cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An anthropomorphic spine phantom for proton beam approval in NCI-funded trials.

As part of the approval process for the use of scattered or uniform scanning proton therapy in National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored clinical trials, the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) mandates irradiation of two RPC anthropomorphic proton phantoms (prostate and spine). The RPC evaluates these irradiations to ensure that they agree with the institutions’ treatment plans within criteria of the NCI-funded cooperative study groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an anthropomorphic spine phantom for proton matched-field irradiation, and to assess its use as a credentialing tool for proton therapy beams. We used an anthropomorphic spine phantom made of human vertebral bodies embedded in a tissue substitute material called Muscle Substitute/Solid Rigid Number 4 (MS/SR4) comprising three sections: a posterior section containing the posterior surface and the spinous processes, and left and right (L/R) sections containing the vertebral bodies and the transverse processes. After feasibility studies at three institutions, the phantom, containing two thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) for absolute dose measurements and two sheets of radiochromic film for relative dosimetry, was shipped consecutively to eight proton therapy centers participating in the approval study. At each center, the phantom was placed in a supine or prone position (according to the institution’s spine treatment protocol) and imaged with computed tomography (CT). The images then were used with the institution’s treatment planning system (TPS) to generate two matched fields, and the phantom was irradiated accordingly. The irradiated phantom was shipped to the RPC for analysis, and the measured values were compared with the institution’s TPS dose and profiles using criteria of ± 7% for dose agreement and 5 mm for profile distance to agreement. All proton centers passed the dose criterion with a mean agreement of 3% (maximum observed agreement, 7%). One center failed the profile distance-to-agreement criterion on its initial irradiation, but its second irradiation passed the criterion. Another center failed the profile distance-to-agreement criterion, but no repeat irradiation was performed. Thus, seven of the eight institutions passed the film profile distance-to-agreement criterion with a mean agreement of 1.2 mm (maximum observed agreement 5 mm). We conclude that an anthropomorphic spine phantom using TLD and radiochromic film adequately verified dose delivery and field placement for matched-field treatments.
Hydrodynamic Controls on Acoustical and Optical Water Properties in Tropical Reefs

Abstract : The general objective of the work underway is to develop a baseline characterization of the spatial and temporal variability in optical/acoustical water properties for tropical island environments in response to variations in physical forcing.
Sequelae of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Hypertension is a significant public health challenge because of its high prevalence as well as its associated complications including cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, and heart failure (1). In fact, hypertension is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among adults in the USA (2). Moreover, hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life years in adults (1,3). A recent study examining the economic burden of chronic cardiovascular disease suggested that medical expenditures attributable to hypertension account for 8% of annual US healthcare costs at more than 20 billion dollars (3). There is also increasing evidence that the pathogenesis of hypertension begins in childhood, and hypertension in children is a risk factor for development of adult cardiovascular disease (4,5). However, hypertension in children is often underdiagnosed, and the alterations in end-organ structure and function noted in adult hypertensive patients begin in childhood (6,7). Since treatment of hypertension has been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes and to reduce the risk for development of these complications in the adult population, prompt recognition of these alterations in children and adolescents may prevent future morbidity and mortality in these patients (8).
Characterization of Leucine Auxotrophs of the White Rot Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Six leucine auxotrophic strains of the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium were characterized genetically and biochemically. Complementation studies involving the use of heterokaryons identified three leucine complementation groups. Since all of the leucine auxotrophs grew on minimal medium supplemented with α-ketoisocaproate as well as with leucine, the transaminase catalyzing the last step in the leucine pathway was apparently normal in all strains. Therefore, the wild-type, auxotrophic, and several heterokaryotic strains were assayed for the activities of the other enzymes specific to leucine biosynthesis. Leu2 and Leu4 strains (complementation group I) lacked only α-isopropylmalate synthase activity; Leu3 and Leu6 strains (group III) lacked isopropylmalate isomerase activity; and Leu1 and Leu5 strains (group II) lacked β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. Heterokaryons formed from leucine auxotrophs of different complementation groups had levels of activity for all three enzymes similar to those found in the wild-type strain.
Parametric analysis of a-Si solar cells from current voltage measurements

A procedure is presented for accurately representing the current voltage (JV) characteristic of a-Si solar cells. The measured JV data is separated into the forward diode current and photocurrent. The forward diode current is characterized to obtain standard diode parameters A, J/sub 0/, and R. The AM1.5 photocurrent J/sub L/(V) is characterized using the uniform field model to determine the ratio of collection length to thickness L/sub c//D, flat band potential VB, and total photocurrent J/sub LO/. Very good agreement is found between measured and calculated currents from reverse bias to V/sub OC/ in a variety of cells. We find that degradation of FF under light soaking from 69% to 49% can be explained solely by a decrease in a single parameter L/sub C//D, from 14 to 3. By examining cells with D from 0.2 to 0.6 /spl mu/m we find that /spl mu//spl tau/ ranges from 2-4/spl times/10/sup -8/ cm/sup 2//V.
Minimally invasive mitral valve repair through a right minithoracotomy approach.

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York 10032, USA Correspondence to: Michael Argenziano, MD. Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 177 Fort Washington Ave, MHB 7GN-435, New York 10032, USA. Email: ma66@cumc.columbia.edu.
Chronic arsenic exposure and risk of infant mortality in two areas of Chile.

Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated with a range of neurologic, vascular, dermatologic, and carcinogenic effects. However, limited research has been directed at the association of arsenic exposure and human reproductive health outcomes. The principal aim of this study was to investigate the trends in infant mortality between two geographic locations in Chile: Antofagasta, which has a well-documented history of arsenic exposure from naturally contaminated water, and Valparaiso, a comparable low-exposure city. The arsenic concentration in Antofagasta's public drinking water supply rose substantially in 1958 with the introduction of a new water source, and remained elevated until 1970. We used a retrospective study design to examine time and location patterns in infant mortality between 1950 and 1996, using univariate statistics, graphical techniques, and Poisson regression analysis. Results of the study document the general declines in late fetal and infant mortality over the study period in both locations. The data also indicate an elevation of the late fetal, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates for Antofagasta, relative to Valparaiso, for specific time periods, which generally coincide with the period of highest arsenic concentration in the drinking water of Antofagasta. Poisson regression analysis yielded an elevated and significant association between arsenic exposure and late fetal mortality [rate ratio (RR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-1.9], neonatal mortality (RR = 1.53; CI, 1.4-1.7), and postneonatal mortality (RR = 1.26; CI, 1.2-1.3) after adjustment for location and calendar time. The findings from this investigation may support a role for arsenic exposure in increasing the risk of late fetal and infant mortality.
Modulational instability and exact solutions for a three-component system of vector nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The modulational instability (MI) of the three-component system of vector nonlinear Schrodinger equations is investigated. It is found that there are a number of possibilities for the MI regions due to the generalized nonlinear dispersion relation, which relates the frequency and the wave number of modulating perturbations. Some classes of exact traveling wave solutions are obtained. Under some special parameter values, some representative wave structures are graphically displayed. These solutions are obtained by the use of F-expansion method.
Male criminals with organic brain syndrome: two distinct types based on age at first arrest.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether criminals with organic brain syndrome could be divided into two distinct types. The authors proposed that early starters (onset of criminal activity by age 18) would display a persistent, long-lasting pattern of deviance that was largely independent of their brain disorder, whereas late starters (onset at age 19 or after) would exhibit deviant behaviors that began late in life and were more directly related to their brain disorder. METHOD: Subjects were 1,130 male criminal offenders drawn from a birth cohort of all individuals born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1947, in Denmark. The main study group included all men with both a history of criminal arrest and a hospitalization for organic brain syndrome (N=565). In addition, for a subset of analyses, the authors examined a randomly selected, same-size comparison group of men with a history of criminal arrest who were not hospitalized for organic brain syndrome. Data were available on all arrests and all ps...
Graphic displays of gravitational initial data

Abstract The use of perspective graphic displays that facilitate the understanding of numerical solutions is discussed. As a particular example from my own field, successive overrelaxation is used to solve a boundary value problem for gravitational initial data describing a moving black hole. Two techniques of data enhancement are described, and several graphic displays are presented which vividly reveal the detailed radial and angular dependence of the gravitational conformal factor.
STUDY OF THE d + d SYSTEM USING THE METHOD OF RESONATING-GROUP STRUCTURE.

Abstract The method of resonating-group structure with a one-channel approximation is used to study the d + d and d ∗ + d ∗ systems. The calculated 2 H(d, d) 2 H differential cross sections agree fairly well with those determined experimentally. Also, evidence is found for an l = 1 state near the d + d threshold and possibly, a D-wave resonance near 30 MeV excitation in 4 He. Further, no indication of the existence of a bound 4 n system is obtained.
Knockout punches with a fistful of zinc fingers

In the backwards world of genetics, the aberrant function of a mutant gene often reveals its normal role in the life of the individual. The whole spectrum of mutations (altered activity, overexpression, dominant-negative) has been brought to bear in this quest, but null mutations (those that yield no product) occupy a place of special importance: they set the baseline for all comparisons. So critical is this reference point that researchers in yeast have created deletion libraries in which every known gene and suspicious ORF has been surgically removed, from start codon to stop codon, using the scalpel of homologous recombination (HR). Although this stem-to-stern knockout strategy is not practical in most eukaryotes, HR has been used routinely, if tediously, to eliminate gene function in mammalian cells. There, the main barrier to facile gene knockout is not the low frequency of HR, as often stated, but rather the overwhelming preponderance of homology-independent integrations that obscure the targeted event (1). In this issue of PNAS, Santiago et al. (2) have turned this standard approach on its head: forsaking HR in favor of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). They exploit a custom-designed zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) to cleave the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene, and then search for cells that have inaccurately repaired the lesion by NHEJ. Remarkably, >1% of the treated cells were found to have both DHFR alleles modified in a way that completely abolished their activity. This work extends to mammalian cells the observation that ZFNs can induce gene-specific, NHEJ-based mutations at high frequency in flies (3, 4), worms (5), and plants (6).
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS : V. ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRAINS OF STREPTOCOCCUS FROM SCARLET FEVER AND ERYSIPELAS.

1. Strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from cases of erysipelas agglutinate in a high percentage of instances with erysipelas immune sera. When agglutination occurs with one serum, the strain usually agglutinates with all other erysipelas sera. 2. Erysipelas immune sera agglutinate strains from erysipelas in a higher percentage of instances than they agglutinate scarlatinal strains. 3. Strains from miscellaneous pyogenic infections may agglutinate in these sera, but the percentage of positive reactions is low and a strain usually agglutinates in but one or two of several sera. 4. Erysipelas strains which agglutinate in immune sera are not necessarily identical, although identical strains may occur. Similarly, identical strains may occur among scarlatinal strains agglutinated by scarlatinal immune sera. 5. Erysipelas strains form a closely related group of hemolytic streptococci. Scarlatinal strains form an equally compact group. The two groups are related antigenically but less closely related than the strains within the groups. These groups are related to pyogenic strains, but less closely than they are related to each other. 6. Erysipelas, scarlatinal, or pyogenic strains which agglutinate in erysipelas or scarlatinal sera are capable of absorbing the agglutinin for all other strains except the homologous strain and strains identical with it. Strains identical with the homologous strain absorb the agglutinin completely. 7. Erysipelas or scarlatinal strains may absorb the common group agglutinin from their respective sera, when they are incapable of agglutination in these sera. 8. The agglutinogen is probably of complex or composite nature, with characteristic variations in the scarlet fever and erysipelas groups.
fac-Re(CO)3L complexes containing tridentate monoanionic ligands (L-) with a seldom-studied sulfonamido group as one terminal ligating group.

To achieve a net-neutral coordination unit in radiopharmaceuticals with a fac-M(CO) 3 + core (M = Tc, Re), facially coordinated monoanionic tridentate ligands are needed. New neutral fac-Re(CO) 3 L complexes were obtained by treating fac-[Re(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + with unsymmetrical tridentate NNN donor ligands (LH) based primarily on a diethylenetriamine (dien) moiety with an aromatic group linked to a terminal nitrogen through a sulfonamide. LHs contain 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl (tmbSO 2 ) and 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl (DNS) groups. X-ray crystallographic and NMR analyses confirm that in both the solid and the solution states all L - in fac-Re(CO) 3 L complexes are bound in a tridentate fashion with one donor being nitrogen from a deprotonated sulfonamido group. Another fundamental property that is important in radiopharmaceuticals is shape, which in turn depends on ring pucker. For L- = tmbSO 2 -dien - , tmbSO 2 -N'-Medien - , and tmbSO 2 -N,N-Me 2 dien - , the two chelate rings have a different pucker chirality, as is commonly found for a broad range of metal complexes. However, for fac-Re-(CO) 3 (DNS-dien), both chelate rings have the same pucker chirality because the sulfonamido ring has an unusual pucker for the absolute configuration at Re; a finding that is attributable to intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds from the sulfonamido oxygens to the NH 2 groups. Averaging of tmb NMR signals, even at -90 °C for Re(CO)3(tmbSO 2 -N,N-Me2dien), indicates rapid dynamic motion in the complexes with this group. However, examination of the structures suggests that free rotation about the S-C(tmb) bond is not possible but that concerted coupled rotations about the N-S and the S-C bonds can explain the NMR data.
Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation on Temperature and Blood Flow in Human Skeletal Muscle

The circulatory response to ultrasonic irradiation of the upper limbs was measured under controlled conditions by venous occlusion plethysmography. Volumetric blood flow changes were related to temperature measurements in the treated tissues. Ultrasonic irradiation of the extremities was not found, per se, to be an effective means of promoting a sustained increase in blood flow. The information obtained on the nature of the circulatory effects of ultrasonation permits a more satisfactory evaluation of this new method of treatment.
Taking Soft Power Seriously

The term soft power is entrenched in the theory and practice of American foreign policy, yet scholars have not yet developed, or empirically tested, a theory about the conditions under which governments can use soft power to their advantage—and that makes good policy hard to design. Drawing on research from the fields of communications, social psychology, and international relations theory, we develop a theory about the conditions under which state efforts to employ soft power will be most likely to succeed. We argue that to apply soft power effectively states must communicate to an intended target in a functioning marketplace of ideas, persuade the target to change its attitude on a relevant political issue, and ensure that the target's newly held attitude influences international political outcomes. We probe the plausibility of our theoretical claims through an examination of U.S. attempts to use soft power in the Iraq War, the war on terror, and democracy promotion. In conclusion, we set forth an agend...
Pediatric Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases: An Update on Disease Characteristics, Associations, and Management

There are several different autoimmune connective tissue diseases that may occur during childhood, each with variable clinical presentations. Gaining familiarity with these disorders and their systemic associations is important, because early therapy may help prevent potentially serious and permanent sequelae. In this review, we discuss the various juvenile autoimmune connective tissue diseases, highlight their clinical manifestations and potential complications, and provide an update on treatment options. In addition, we underline the differences between juvenile and adult-onset autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
Extracellular matrix components of the peripheral pathway of chick trigeminal axons

The directed growth of axons to their peripheral targets during development may be influenced by a variety of intrinsic and environmental factors, the latter including the pattern of extracellular matrix components in the region through which they grow. We investigated the localization within the chick trigeminal mesenchyme of a variety of extracellular matrix molecules (laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, entactin, collagen type IV) by using indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The trigeminal mesenchyme contained several of these molecules, but only laminin was specifically localized to trigeminal axon pathways. Double immunofluorescence localization of affinity-purified laminin antibodies and monoclonal antibodies directed against a neuron-specific beta-tubulin (to visualize growing axons and postmitotic V ganglion neurons) demonstrated that the V motor and sensory peripheral nerves confine their growth to two patches of laminin-rich mesenchyme--a ganglionic laminin patch colocalized with V ganglion neurons and their axons, and a mandibular laminin patch colocalized with the V motor axons. Thus, laminin pathways in the mesenchyme may help guide V axons along their appropriate routes in the periphery. Double immunofluorescence localization of these laminin antibodies and monoclonal antibodies that recognize neural crest cells (to visualize precursors of V ganglion neurons and glia) demonstrated that the majority of cells within the ganglionic laminin patch were neural crest and differentiating neurons derived from the trigeminal epidermal placode. Since these cells often were laminin-immunopositive, they might be a source of the ganglionic laminin matrix. The mandibular laminin patch contains nearly no neural crest cells, and probably contains the somitomeric precursors to the mandibular muscle mass. These results suggest that laminin, a matrix molecule implicated in the guidance of trigeminal peripheral axons, might be produced in localized patches by peripheral nervous system components and by muscle targets.
The coactivator SRC-1 is an essential coordinator of hepatic glucose production

Gluconeogenesis makes a major contribution to hepatic glucose production, a process critical for survival in mammals. In this study, we identify the p160 family member, SRC-1, as a key coordinator of the hepatic gluconeogenic program in vivo. SRC-1-null mice displayed hypoglycemia secondary to a deficit in hepatic glucose production. Selective re-expression of SRC-1 in the liver restored blood glucose levels to a normal range. SRC-1 was found induced upon fasting to coordinate in a cell-autonomous manner, the gene expression of rate-limiting enzymes of the gluconeogenic pathway. At the molecular level, the main role of SRC-1 was to modulate the expression and the activity of C/EBPα through a feed-forward loop in which SRC-1 used C/EBPα to transactivate pyruvate carboxylase, a crucial gene for initiation of the gluconeogenic program. We propose that SRC-1 acts as a critical mediator of glucose homeostasis in the liver by adjusting the transcriptional activity of key genes involved in the hepatic glucose production machinery.
NAGPRA's Effects on Anthropology Education: Views from a College Serving Native American Communities

: “Promoting Native American Scholarship,” by Kathleen Fine-Dare “Focus on Professional Responsibility,” by Mona Charles “Repatriation Laws Impact Osteological Training,” by Dawn Mulhern “Providing Background in Ethics and Law,” by Charles Riggs
Systemic hypertension: A complication of intra‐arterial cis‐diammine dichloroplatinum (II) infusion

Intra-arterial Cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II) administered to five patients produced systemic and sustained hypertension in four of them. This finding persisted for six months despite discontinuation of the drug. This complication has not been observed in patients receiving the drug by the intravenous route. Possible etiologic factors are discussed.
MySpace Politics: Uses and Gratifications of Befriending Candidates

This study examines the uses and gratifications (U&G) of accessing political candidate profiles on social network Web sites. An online survey of visitors to the MySpace profiles of 2008 primary candidates revealed that voters are drawn to this source of political information mainly by the desire for social interaction with other like-minded supporters, followed by information-seeking, and entertainment. While information seeking and entertainment are common U&G of consuming online political content, they were weaker factors compared to the social interaction factor that seems to distinguish MySpace, possibly SNSs in general, from other online sources of political content.
A survey by scanning electron microscopy of the extracellular matrix and endothelial components of the primordial chick heart

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphogenesis of the primitive embryonic chick heart (stage 5 late primitive streak through stage 9+). Components of the developing heart (myocardium, endocardial endothelium, and extracellular matrix) were viewed from the ventral surface after removal of the endoderm. The myocardial component of the heart can first be seen by light microscopy at stage 5 as two darker oval-shaped areas located on either side of the embryonic axis in the cranial region of the embryo. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that as early as stage 6 an area of extracellular matrix, enriched in comparison to more lateral and medial splanchnic mesoderm, can be identified ventral to the myocardial primordium. As heart formtion progressed we observed primordial endothelial elements in the splanchnic mesoderm lateral to the myocardial primordia. By late stage 7 these lateral primordial elements had anastomosed into small, loose plexuses. This process of anastomosis progressed rapidly, and by stage 8 the entire cranial surface of the myocardial primordium was covered with vascular plexuses. By late stage 8 the progressive fusion of these plexuses resulted in the formation of large multiple tubular elements near the midline. More medially the fusion of tubular elements resulted in a continuous endothelial sheet at the midline.
THz imaging performance of a broadband 80×64 focal plane array

We present the performance characterization of a large-format, sub-millimeter resolution, real-time focal plane array (FPA) sensor for THz imaging. With the aid of in-house hybrid electromagnetic modeling tools, the FPA is optimized for diffraction limited image resolution and conjugate impedance matching for highest THz sensitivity. The sensor operates in the 0.6-1.2 THz band with 5 frames-per-second image acquisition speed and with pixel responsivity of 1,000 V/Watt. The simulated images are verified by imaging of various objects at ~0.7 THz and the results are presented to highlight the overall imaging performance of the THz FPA sensor.
Electric energy restructuring in the European Union: Integration, subsidiarity and the challenge of harmonization

Abstract In 1996, the European Union (EU) instituted Directive 96/92/EC that aims to establish a competitive, secure and transparent EU-wide internal electric energy market. The process of electricity market restructuring in the EU is being guided primarily by the principle of subsidiarity. As an organizational concept, the principle of subsidiarity allows Member States to establish their own implementation strategies and methods as a means of achieving the EU-mandated goal of electric energy restructuring. Historically, the structure of the electric energy industry in place among the Member States exhibited widely disparate organizational and functional characteristics with regard to ownership, control and regulation. Under these varied and contrasting political and economic conditions, the goal of a EU-wide harmonized electric energy market becomes very challenging. In this paper, I describe the policy mechanisms and the market conditions mandated by the EU directive aimed at liberalizing the electric energy market. I then assess the role of political culture, historical resource endowment and geographical conditions in the utility restructuring strategies of some key Member States and its effects on the overall goals of a harmonized internal electric energy market. Finally, I argue that European electric energy restructuring must be understood within the context of the political and economic milieu that spawned the individual Member States’ electric energy industry.
Distortions in cognitive maps

Cognitive maps refer to mental representations of maps or environments, as revealed in a variety of tasks. The simplest model of cognitive maps is that they are random degradations of real ones. Research using distance judgments, direction judgments, map recognition, map construction, and other information from memory for maps or environments suggests that distortions, rather than being random, are systematic. They result from cognitive organizing principles, such as hierarchical organization, perspective, reference points and frames, and other devices that facilitate memory and induce distortion at the same time. These distortions do not seem to be reconcilable in any simple way. There does not seem to be a single, coherent cognitive map that captures what we know about a particular map or environment.
Renewable Energy Electricity State Level Policies in the WRAP Region: What, Why and Maybe How

Abstract Traditional fossil fuel production of electricity has serious externality issues that influence air quality, public health and viewscapes. In order to limit these influences, public policy aims at increasing the production of electricity using renewable fuels. For a variety of reasons, including market cost barriers, antiquated government policy and the overall lack of knowledge by energy consumers, renewable energy has had a tough time finding a niche in the energy marketplace. In this article we explain the theoretical question of treating air quality as a private externality or a public good, and propose various policy implements that will allow states to increase production of electricity from renewable sources. The set of policies currently developed for Arizona are used as a baseline for recommendations for more advanced policies. However, fossil-fueled electric generation contributes to regional haze and other environmental problems, the public cost of which is not reflected in electricity...
Bronchiolitis obliterans and Nocardia asteroides infection of the lung.

This report describes a patient with right lower lung (RLL) pneumonia of a subacute nature. Sputum and bronchial washings both grew N asteroides , Open lung biopsy showed bronchiolitis obliterans. Both the clinical and radiologic picture dramatically improved during three weeks of treatment with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP - SMX), indicating the possibility that N asteroides infection contributed to bronchiolitis obliterans pneumonia in this patient.
The filter-feeder as an optimal forager, and the predicted shapes of feeding curves

If a filter-feeder is assumed to maximize the net rate of energy gained from its food, then the theoretically predicted relations between filtering r.ate, ingestion rate, and the abundance of food agree with empirical models at high concentrations of food cells, but not at low particle densities where experimental results are scarce. A general model is derived for filter-feeding behavior in mixtures of particle types and is used to evaluate selective ingestion of particles based on their comparative abundances, sizes, and digestibilities. Filter-feeders are predicted to harvest optimally in a mixture if their rates of ingestion are maximal for particles slightly larger than those most numerous in the mixture. Conditions which could lead to the passage of viable cells of some species of algae through the gut of a filter-feeder are examined.
Proteoglycans: Master modulators of paracrine fibroblast–carcinoma cell interactions

Reciprocal interactions between tumor and stromal cells govern carcinoma growth and progression. Signaling functions between these cell types in the tumor microenvironment are largely carried out by secreted growth factors and cytokines. This review discusses how proteoglycans, which are abundantly present in normal and neoplastic tissues, modulate paracrine growth factor signaling events. General principles of proteoglycan involvement in paracrine signaling include stromal induction, core protein processing by proteases and growth factor binding via proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan chains or core protein domains.
Microstructure science research and the semiconductor research corporation

Abstract The role of the Semiconductor Research Corporation in assessing current IC technology and in funding and directing research is reviewed.
Nonverbal behaviors and initial impressions of trustworthiness in teacher‐supervisor relationships

This study investigated the relationship between nonverbal behaviors of immediacy and dominance on teachers’ initial impressions of trust toward a supervisor. Pre‐service teachers (N = 266) watched videotaped segments of teacher‐supervisor conferences and rated the supervisor on the Individualized Trust Scale (ITS). As hypothesized, supervisor immediacy resulted in higher perceptions of trust than supervisor dominance. Immediacy also rated higher on measures of appropriateness and effectiveness than dominance. In addition, teachers’ perceptions of trust were highly correlated with measures of appropriateness and effectiveness, reinforcing trust as a key element in the teacher‐supervisor relationship.
Synthesis and characterization of trichlorostannyl—platinum(II) complexes containing a platinum—carbon bond and mixed ligands

Abstract Several trichlorostannyl—platinum(II) complexes containing platinum—carbon bond and mixed ligands, trans -[PtSnCl 3 (PC)L] (1) [where (PC) = Bu 2 t PCMe 2 CH 2 and L = Ph 3 As, Ph 3 Sb, CO, PCy 3 , PBu 2 t R, PPh 2 Me, P(C 6 H 4 Y) 3 (Y = Cl, F, H, CH 3 , OCH 3 ) have been prepared by the reaction of tin(II) chloride with the corresponding chloro—platinum(II) complexes, trans -[PtCl(PC)L] (2). Complexes 1 have been characterized by their elemental analysis, 1 H and 31 P NMR spectral data. 31 P NMR spectra of these complexes show complex patterns with platinum—phosphorus and tin—phosphorus couplings. The trans -configuration has been assigned to these complexes containing mixed phosphine ligands on the basis of 31 P NMR spectra which show large phosphorus—phosphorus coupling constants ( 2 J(PP′) ∼ 307–339 Hz). The trans -effect of the para -substituted phosphines has been related to their electronic parameters by measuring the platinum—phosphorus coupling constants (J PtP) of the metalated phosphine present at the trans position which follows the trend Cl 3 3 O.
Government legislation and the shipbuilding industry

One of the fundamental problems encountered by goverrmer~: is the progressive blurring of the line between public and private interest in government-business relationships. This intertwining of public and private sectors raises some important long run questiolis of public policy. For example, what should be the essential requirements for private industry's performance that 'will maximize efficiency and overall effectiveness in doing business with government? In this same light, it appears that firms doing business with government and desiring to be independent in their day-to-day operation.,, find government controls in much of the everyday decision-making ?rocess ro~alting from procurement legislation and regulations. "The; te, dency for government to become primarily a policy formulaw~ and overseer" is most clearly seen when one examiines existintg legislation in the sh~;pbuilding industry. The purpose of this study is to show that the fede~ al government, in striving for procurement efficiency of ships, ihas ,Teated a situation of over-regulation and redunda~t administration. In order to explore these ambiguities further, a cursory examinrti,gn of existing legislation of the Merchant Marine Act and the R,me~.otiation Act of 1951 [14] will give the reader cognizance o~f the probiems associated with the shipbuilding industry. The conclusions of this study are that government policy as it stands now has been self.defeating and fails to meet the desired objective~ because it results in inefficient allocation of economic resources.
Drugs and development: the global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development.

Abstract Locating development efforts within the context of globalism and global drug capitalism, this article examines the significant health and social impact both legal and illegal drugs have on international development efforts. The paper takes on an issue that is generally overlooked in the development debate and is not much addressed in the current international development standard, the Millennium Development Goals, and yet is one that places serious constraints on the ability of underdeveloped nations to achieve improvement. The relationship between psychotropic or "mind/mood altering" drugs and sustainable development is rooted in the contribution that the legal and illegal drug trade makes to a set of barriers to development, including: (1) interpersonal crime and community violence; (2) the corruption of public servants and the disintegration of social institutions; (3) the emergence of new or enhanced health problems; (4) the lowering of worker productivity; (5) the ensnarement of youth in drug distribution and away from productive education or employment; (6) the skewing of economies to drug production and money laundering. The paper emphasizes the need for new approaches for diminishing the burden placed by drugs on development.
Contraceptive discontinuation among white, black, and hispanic adolescents

Abstract Study Objective: To compare profiles of risk for contraceptive discontinuation among groups of family planning white, black, and Hispanic teenagers. Design: Retrospective chart review comparing groups of patients who returned or failed to return for the 3- to 4-month follow-up appointment after initiating oral contraceptives. For purposes of analysis, patients were divided into three distinct ethnic groups: white, black and Hispanic. Setting: Family Planning Clinic at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Participants: 183 indigent adolescents aged ≤17 who initiated oral contraceptives between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1988. Outcome Measure: Contraceptive continuation defined as return to clinic for 3- to 4-month follow-up appointment. Results and Conclusions: Bivariate and multivariate analyses conducted to identify risk factors for discontinuation within each ethnic group produced unique profiles of risk. Prior pregnancy and age
Mental simulation inflates performance estimates for physical abilities

In five experiments, we examined how mental simulation of physical activities affected estimates of one’s ability to perform the same activities. In Experiment 1, participants who simulated lifting a heavy object estimated that they could lift more weight than did participants who did not perform the simulation. In Experiment 2A, the frequency with which participants performed the simulation exercises was manipulated. In Experiments 2B and 2C, we manipulated the amount of weight that people simulated lifting in order to address potential alternative explanations of the inflation effect. In Experiment 3, mental simulations were manipulated within subjects. In all the experiments, the simulated events showed inflated estimates, as compared with nonsimulated events. These results were interpreted in the context of the misattribution-of-familiarity account of imagination inflation.
Real time incoherent optical-electronic image subtraction☆

Abstract An image subtraction system using Ronchi grating modulation in white light and electronic bandpass filtering with a real time television output is described.
Tear Diluents in the Treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Abstract To determine the optimum solution concentration for lowering elevated tear film osmolarity in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), tear osmolarity was measured in four KCS patients before and after instillation of either an isotonic saline solution or one of four hypotonic saline solutions (range, 75–225 mOsm/L). Average tear osmolarity one minute after instillation was significantly lower with the hypotonic solutions than with the isotonic saline (mean ± SEM, 290 ± 3 mOsm/L vs. 317 ± 1 mOsm/L, P P = 0.01).
Caring and Continuity in Education.

Abstract In order for teachers to care adequately for students and teach them to care for themselves, others and the quality of their own work, continuity is required. I argue here for continuity of purpose, place, people and curriculum.
Low temperature separation of trace amounts of dimethylpolysiloxanes from food

Dimethylpolysiloxanes, which are difficult to determine in fatty foods, can be separated at low temperatures by special freeze-out apparatus. Final determination is made by atomic absorption, visible or ultraviolet spectrometry. Recoveries from cottonseed oil and cake mix ranged from 95% to 110%.
Ethos and credibility: The construct and its measurement after three decades

Three decades of research involving the definition and measurement of the source credibility construct are reviewed and a new study reported. It is concluded that factor analytic research reported over the past decade has strayed from the original credibility/ethos construct and has treated that construct as virtually isomorphic with the construct of person perception. It is argued that future factor analytic studies of source credibility would serve no useful purpose, that the historical definitions of the construct should be retained, and that satisfactory measures of that construct already exist.
Chromosome 9p21, risk associations, and biological mechanisms in coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a set of complex, prevalent, related conditions that often lead to mortality, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). CHD begins as atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease [(1)][1] that is influenced by multiple environmental and
Climatic factors and preeclampsia-related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Seasonal variations of temperature and humidity are said to influence the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were assessed on the basis of temperature and relative humidity at diagnosis. Temperature variations with constant high humidity do not influence the incidence of preeclampsia-eclampsia-related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Need for DNA topoisomerase activity as a swivel for DNA replication for transcription of ribosomal RNA.

Yeast strains with mutations in the genes for DNA topoisomerases I and II have been identified previously in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae1–3 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe4. The topoisomerase II mutants (top2) are conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. They are defective in the termination of DNA replication and the segregation of daughter chromosomes2–5, but otherwise appear to replicate and transcribe DNA normally. Topoisomerase I mutants (top1), including strains with null mutations are viable and exhibit no obvious growth defects, demonstrating that DNA topoisomerase I is not essential for viability in yeast1,4,6,7. In contrast to the single mutants, top1 top2 ts double mutants from both Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow poorly at the permissive temperature and stop growth rapidly at the non-permissive temperature4,7. Here we report that DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis are drastically inhibited in an S. cerevisiae top1 top2 ts double mutant at the restrictive temperature, but that the rate of poly(A)+ RNA synthesis is reduced only about threefold and transfer RNA synthesis remains relatively normal. The results suggest that DNA replication and at least ribosomal RNA synthesis require an active topoisomerase, presumably to act as a swivel to relieve torsional stress, and that either topoisomerase can perform the required function (except in termination of DNA replication where topoisomerase II is required).
The Theory of Ecological Expansion: An Empirical Test

This study utilizes data on 157 monocentered SMSAs to examine the theory that increases in the size of peripheral areas of ecological units will be matched with a development of organizational functions in their centers to insure integration and coordination of activities and relationships throughout the enlarged units. Seven detailed components of organizational development in metropolitan central cities and two summary measures of the total organizational components of the central cities are computed from 1960 census data. Correlation and regression analysis are used to determine the influence that increases in both the absolute and relative size of the suburban rings have on the organizational structure of central cities. Findings demonstrate that a balance exists between peripheral growth of metropolitan areas and organizational functions performed in the central cities, and provide strong support for the theory of ecological expansion. The general purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between population size and organizational structure at the level of the metropolitan community. Its specific purpose is to provide an empirical test of the theory of ecological expansion. In essence, this theory stipulates that population growth in peripheral areas of a system will be matched with an increase in organizational functions in its nucleus to insure integration and coordination of activities and relationships throughout the expanded system.
Postlactational changes in cadmium retention in mice orally exposed to cadmium during pregnancy and lactation.

Mice were continuously exposed to 109Cd in drinking water (0.03 microCi/ml; 0.11 ppb total cadmium) during pregnancy and lactation. After cessation of exposure, /sup 109/Cd retention and distribution were examined during a 4-week postlactational period. At the start of the postlactational period (0 time), the fraction of oral /sup 109/Cd retained by the dams was 2.4 times greater than that retained by similarly exposed nonpregnant mice. /sup 109/Cd concentrations at 0 time were greater in the dams than in the nonpregnant mice in kidney (5-fold), liver (2.6-fold), mammary tissue (greater than 28-fold), and duodenum (13-fold). No changes in /sup 109/Cd content of the whole body (minus gastrointestinal tract) occurred during the 4 weeks after cessation of exposure in either the dams or the nonpregnant mice; i.e., pregnancy-dependent increases in /sup 109/Cd contents of individual organs were maintained during the 4 weeks of observation. An indication of translocation of /sup 109/Cd from liver to kidney was observed in the dams but not in the nonpregnant mice. /sup 109/Cd concentrations in the mammary tissue of the dams increased 2-fold during the postlactational period concomitant with a 3-fold decrease in mammary tissue mass. /sup 109/Cd in the duodenum of the pregnant/lactating mice decreased,more » with a half-life of 14 days. Results indicate that multiparous women exposed to environmental levels of cadmium may takeup and retain in their kidneys, livers, and mammary tissue a greater fraction of their dietary cadmium than women with few or no children. Such results may bear on the etiology of Itai-Itai disease, a disease of the skeleton potentially related to oral cadmium exposure, with an incidence predominantly among postmenopausal women with a history of multiple childbirths.« less
Letter to the Editor: Fallacies in the Refutation of Causality

To the Editor:A case was reported in this journal of peripheral neuropathy and neurogenic bladder developing after an acute dermal and inhalational organophosphate poisoning 1. A letter to this jou...