cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone loss in anorexia nervosa: leptin, serotonin, and the sympathetic nervous system

Anorexia nervosa (AN), a disorder characterized by the refusal to sustain a healthy weight, has the highest mortality of any psychiatric disorder. This review presents a model of AN that ties together advances in our understanding of how leptin, serotonin, and hypogonadism are brought about in AN and how they influence bone mass. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a key regulator of satiety and mood. The primary disturbance in AN results from alterations in serotonin signaling. AN patients suffer from serotonergic hyperactivity of Htr1a-dependent pathways that causes dysphoric mood and promotes restrictive behavior. By limiting carbohydrate ingestion, anorexics decrease their serotonin levels. Reduced serotonergic signaling in turn suppresses appetite through Htr1a/2b, decreases dysphoric mood through Htr1a/2a, and activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) through Htr2c receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Activation of the SNS decreases bone mass through β2-adrenergic signaling in osteoblasts. Additional topics reviewed here include osteoblastic feedback of metabolism in anorexia, mechanisms whereby dietary changes exacerbate bone loss, the role of caloric restriction and Sirt1 in bone metabolism, hypothalamic hypogonadism's effects on bone mass, and potential treatments.
Predicting collision efficiencies of colloidal particles in porous media.

A semi-empirical approach for predicting the collision (attachment) efficiency of particle deposition in porous media has been developed. Based on dimensional analysis, a quantitative relationship between the collision efficiency and a set of parameters characterizing the chemical-colloidal properties of the system has been derived. The results of this analysis show that the collision efficiency can be characterized by a one dimensionless parameter. Experimental collision efficiencies determined from controlled deposition experiments exhibited a strong correlation with this dimensionless parameter.
Transmembrane Carboxyl Residues Are Essential for Cation-dependent Function in the Gastric H,K-ATPase

Abstract The K+-dependent ATPase activity of the H,K-ATPase was irreversibly inhibited by the carboxyl activating reagent, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The inhibition was first order and displayed a concentration dependence with the K0.5 (DCCD) = 0.65 ± 0.04 mM. KCl protected 70% of the ATPase activity from DCCD-dependent inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner with a K0.5 (K+) = 0.58 ± 0.1 mM KCl. DCCD modification selectively inhibited the K+-dependent rather than ATP-dependent partial reactions including eosin fluorescence responses and ligand-stabilized initial tryptic cleavage patterns of the membrane-associated enzyme. DCCD modification also inhibited the binding of 86Rb+ and the fluorescent responses of the K+-competitive, fluorescent inhibitor 1-(2-methylphenyl)-4-methylamino-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline. [14C]DCCD was incorporated into the H,K-ATPase in a time course identical to that describing the inactivation of the K+-dependent ATPase activity of the H,K-ATPase. A component of the [14C]DCCD incorporated into the H,K-ATPase was K+-sensitive where K+ reduced the [14C]DCCD incorporated into the enzyme by 1.6 nmol of [14C]DCCD/mg of protein. Membrane-associated tryptic peptides resolved from the [14C]DCCD-modified H,K-ATPase exhibited various K+ sensitivities with peptides at 23, 9.6, 8.2, 7.1, and 6.1 kDa containing 10-78%, 23-52%, 24-36%, 2%, and 3-4% K+-sensitivity, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of the K+-sensitive, ∼23- and 9.6-kDa peptides was LVNE857, a C-terminal fragment of the ATPase α-subunit. The mass of the smaller peptide limited the residue assignment to the transmembrane M7/M8 domains and an intervening extracytoplasmic loop. An N-terminal sequence, SD840IM, was obtained from a 3.3-kDa, [14C]DCCD-labeled peptide resolved from a V8 digest of the partially purified α-subunit. This mass was sufficient to include LVNE but would exclude M8 and the intervening loop between M7 and M8. Glu857 is a unique residue present in each of the proteolytic preparations of the H,K-ATPase modified by [14C]DCCD. These data provide functional evidence of the selective inactivation of the K+-dependent partial reactions of the H,K-ATPase and show that Glu857 located at the M7 boundary in the C terminus of the pump molecule is a significant site of DCCD modification. These data are interpreted to indicate that this carboxyl residue is important for cation binding function.
Clinico-pathologic relevance of Survivin splice variant expression in cancer

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family and has multifunctional properties that include aspects of proliferation, invasion and cell survival control. Survivin is a promising candidate for targeted cancer therapy as its expression is associated with poor clinical outcome, more aggressive clinico-pathologic features, and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. In the present review the different properties of the Survivin splice variants are discussed and their activities correlated with different aspects of cancer cell biology, to include subcellular location. Special emphasis is placed on our current understanding of these Survivin splice variants influence on each other and on the phenotypic responses to therapy that they may control.
SOME KNOWN RESULTS CONCERNING ZERO-ONE SETS*

a family of probabili ty measures on ~ which are indexed by the points of a set A. Denote by s the smallest G-field of A subsets relative to which all of the likelihood functions, Q.(F) with F in ~ are measurable. Suppose g to be a real valued function on A measurable with respect to a a-field ~ of A subsets tha t contains ~. In [2] necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of an ~-measurab le function f on Z with the proper ty tha t
Novel algorithm for measuring the MTF of a digital radiographic system with a CCD array detector

In order to evaluate and characterize the spatial resolution properties of a direct digital radiography (DDR) system based on a four CCD array detector, we measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the imaging system from its edge spread function (ESF). Different from the traditional algorithm for fine sampling of the ESF of an edge or a slit image with a slight angle to the image coordinate, in this paper we propose a new iterative algorithm. The novel algorithm finely samples the ESF along the column almost parallel to the edge, but not the row perpendicular to the edge. The samples of the first column and the second column are combined and averaged to get a segment of fine-sampled ESF. Then the segment of fine-sampled ESF is further combined with the next column and averaged to get a slight longer segment of ESF, and so forth. A complete fine-sampled ESF can be obtained after repeating the procedure for all columns of the edge image. An adaptive filtering is used for smoothing the ESF so that the sharpness at the edge of ESF can be protected. The MTF of the DDR is obtained from a series of image processing and data processing. The image processing includes the automatic determination of the angle of the edge to the pixel array of the edge image and fine sampling of edge spread function (ESF); data processing includes smooth filtering of ESF, numerical differential and fast Fourier transformation (FFT).
A microstrip antenna array for direct broadcast satellite receivers

A uniformly illuminated square subarray of 16 circularly polarized patch elements is developed. It can be incorporated into a full-size direct broadcast satellite (DBS) receiver antenna. A stacked circular patch microstrip configuration is used to achieve increased bandwidth. Experimental results for the return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and gain are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15, 68–72, 1997.
Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of cadmium (Cd2+) in high and low resistance strains of MDCK cells that express different levels of E-Cadherin

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that cadmium (Cd 2+ ) can disrupt the adhering and occluding junctions between MDCK cells. Recently, we have obtained evidence to suggest that Cd 2+ produces this effect by interacting with E-cadherin, a Ca 2+ -dependent cell adhesion molecule that is localized at the adhering junctions of epithelial cells. The objective of the present study was to examine the junctional and cytotoxic effects of Cd 2+ in subcloned strains of MDCK cells that express different levels of E-cadherin. One strain (MDCK I) expresses high levels of E-cadherin and develops a transepithelial electrical resistance of more than 800 Ω·cm 2 , whereas the other strain (MDCK II) expresses much lower levels of E-cadherin and develops a transepithelial resistance of less than 100 Ω·cm 2 . The results showed that exposure to 20 μ m Cd 2+ for 2–4 hours caused a pronounced loss of E-cadherin from the cell borders in both strains of cells. In the MDCK I cells, the loss of E-cadherin coincided with a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance and the loss of the tight junction-associated proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, from the cell borders. By contrast, the MDCK II cells first exhibited a significant increase in the transepithelial electrical resistance that did not begin to decline until the cells had been exposed for 4–6 hours, a time that coincided with the loss of ZO-1 and occludin from the cell borders. Additional results showed that the MDCK I cells were slightly more sensitive to the lethal effects of Cd 2+ than were the MDCK II cells. These findings indicate that E-cadherin may be an early target for Cd 2+ toxicity in both high and low resistance strains of MDCK cells. However, they also suggest that the disruption of E-cadherin-dependent cell–cell junctions may trigger somewhat different responses in the two cell lines.
Computer sumulations of the nonlinear joint transform correlator performance for disjoint signal and scene noise

The correlation performance of nonlinear joint transform correlator for input signals containing a target in the presence of the input scene noise that is disjoint with the signal is investigated. It is shown that the binary joint transform correlator outperforms other types of nonlinear joint transform correlator for lowpass scene noise. Correlation tests using computer simulations are presented. The nonlinear joint transform correlator performance is determined for various degrees of nonlinear transformations and different input scene noise parameters. The investigations indicate that the correlation performance is sensitive to the bandwidth variation of the small bandwidth noise and is less sensitive to that of the wide band noise.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Apoptotic-like changes in equine spermatozoa separated by density-gradient centrifugation or after cryopreservation

Abstract The objective was to evaluate apoptotic markers in ejaculated equine spermatozoa after separation by density-gradient centrifugation and after cryopreservation. Subpopulations of percoll-separated equine spermatozoa differed ( P ± S.E.M.), low mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; 6.8 ± 1.1 vs 23.8 ± 3.7), altered plasma membrane permeability (1.3 ± 0.2 vs 3.0 ± 0.5), DNA fragmentation (2.0 ± 1.3 vs 14.3 ± 3.6), total motility (81.8 ± 3.3 vs 35.1 ± 5.4), and progressive motility (66.3 ± 4.3 vs 24.1 ± 4.5) for high-density versus low-density subpopulations, respectively. Phosphatidylserine externalization did not differ ( P = 0.67) between the high- and low-density subpopulations (2.6 ± 0.7 vs 3.1 ± 0.9). After cryopreservation, equine spermatozoa differed ( P P = 0.21) in percentage of DNA fragmented cells before (5.5 ± 1.2) versus after cryopreservation (6.6 ± 1.1). We concluded that apoptotic-like changes were detectable in ejaculated equine spermatozoa and were more prevalent after cryopreservation.
Surgical Management of Carcinoid Tumors: Role of Debulking and Surgery for Patients with Advanced Disease

Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for patients with carcinoid tumors. Patients with localized disease even with lymph node metastases can be resected for potential cure. Patients with distant metastatic disease have been reported to be cured by resection of all tumor. However, long-term follow-up of these individuals suggests that these patients probably will recur. Debulking surgery, that is removal of part but not all disease, has been advocated by some to decrease symptoms secondary to hormone secretion, relieve intestinal obstruction and ischemia, and prolong survival. Certainly, the first and second indications have been demonstrated by retrospective analysis of patient records. The final indication is less substantiated. It is my opinion that surgery to prolong survival will be beneficial if all gross tumor can be removed. Debulking procedures may improve quality but not quantity of life. Because of the potential benefits of surgery in the management of all patients with carcinoid tumors, a surgeon should be part of the team of physicians who manage these complex patients.
Yield and Angular Distribution of the D-D Neutrons

The differential and total cross sections for neutron emission from the d-d reaction have been measured for deuteron energies between 0.5 and 3.7 Mev. A "thin" deuterium gas target and an energy insensitive neutron detector were used in the measurements. The yield in the center of mass coordinates was of the form $N(\ensuremath{\theta})=K(1+A{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}+B{cos}^{4}\ensuremath{\theta}+C{cos}^{6}\ensuremath{\theta})$; the total cross section was essentially constant (0.1 barn) for deuteron energies above 1 Mev. The coefficient $A$ was found to be negative above 1.4 Mev and appreciable ${cos}^{4}\ensuremath{\theta}$ was needed at all energies. Above 2.5 Mev, a ${cos}^{6}\ensuremath{\theta}$ term was also appreciable. The angular distribution results can be understood qualitatively in terms of penetration of Coulomb and centrifugal barriers plus spin-orbit coupling.
Mechanism of hydroxyl radical generation from a silica surface: molecular orbital calculations.

The interaction of an H2O molecule with cluster models of fractured silica surfaces was studied by means of quantum mechanical calculations. Two clusters representing homolytic cleavage (≡Si• and ≡SiO•) and two representing heterolytic cleavage (≡Si+ and ≡Si−O-) of silica surfaces were modeled. Vibrational frequencies of the reactants and products of these silica surfaces reacting with H2O have been calculated and compare favorably with experiment. Comparisons of the Gibbs free and potential energies for the model ionic and radical states were made, and the radical pair of sites was predicted to be more stable by approximately −70 to −85 kJ/mol, depending on the computational methodology. These calculations suggest that when silica is fractured in a vacuum homolytic cleavage is favored. Reaction pathways were investigated for these four model surface sites interacting with H2O. The reaction of H2O with ≡SiO• was predicted to generate OH•. Rate constants for these reactions were also calculated and predict...
Comparison of ent-kaurene and ent-isokaurene synthesis in cell-free systems from etiolated shoots of normal and dwarf-5 maize seedlings

An active cell-free system, prepared from young etiolated shoots of normal Zea mays seedlings, was shown to biosynthesize the terpenoid hydrocarbons ent-kaur-16-ene, squalene and phytoene from mevalonic acid. The biosynthesis of ent-kaur-16-ene from mevalonic acid was compared using cell-free systems obtained from normal and dwarf-5 seedlings. ent-Kaur-16-ene was the predominant diterpene hydrocarbon synthesized by extracts from the normals; however, ent-kaur-15-ene was the major diterpene hydrocarbon synthesized by the dwarf-5 mutants. ent-Kaur-15-ene and ent-kaur-16-ene were also produced as minor products in the normal and dwarf-5 systems, respectively. The possible significance of the synthesis of the ‘wrong isomer’ (ent-kaur-15-ene) by the mutant is discussed.
Hedgehog signalling in liver regeneration

Regeneration of adult livers requires Hh-dependent modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in multipotent progenitors. Data generated by studying models of acute and chronic liver injury reveal that robust epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) normally occur in injured livers, and show that conditionally abrogating canonical Hedgehog signaling in multi-potent aSMA-expressing cells blocks these EMT, instead triggering a cascade of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions (MET). This has global consequences for liver wound healing. Regeneration of different types of liver cells becomes unbalanced, leading to excessive accumulation of quiescent HSC but reduced outgrowth of hepatocytic and ductular progenitors and their progeny, as well as depletion of MF populations. Thus, de-regulating Hh-sensitive EMT/MET responses disrupts both scarring and regeneration of injured livers. These findings, in turn, suggest that the liver is uniquely suited for regeneration because it harbors large populations of multi-potent progenitors and is generally able to constrain signals, such as Hedgehog, that modulate the differentiation of these cells towards less epithelial (and more mesenchymal) phenotypes.
The conditional inhibition of gene expression in cultured Drosophila cells by antisense RNA.

Abstract Genes producing antisense RNA are becoming important tools for the selective inhibition of gene expression. Experiments in different biological systems, targeting different mRNAs have yielded diverse results with respect to the success of the technique and its mechanism of action. We have examined the potential of three antisense genes, whose transcription is driven by a Drosophila metallothionein promoter, to inhibit the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) or a microtubule associated protein (205K MAP) in cultured Drosophila cells. Expression of ADH was significantly reduced upon induction of the anti-ADH genes. The ADH mRNA does not appear to be destabilized by the presence of antisense RNA but rather exists at similar levels in hybrid form. Hybrids are detected with both spliced and unspliced ADH RNA. In contrast to these results, antisense genes producing antisense RNA in great excess to 205K MAP mRNA, which is itself far less abundant than the ADH mRNA, failed to show any inhibition of 205K MAP expression.
CARMA Measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in RX J1347.5?1145

We demonstrate the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect imaging capabilities of the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) by presenting an SZ map of the galaxy cluster RX J1347.5–1145. By combining data from multiple CARMA bands and configurations, we are able to capture the structure of this cluster over a wide range of angular scales, from its bulk properties to its core morphology. We find that roughly 9% of this cluster's thermal energy is associated with sub-arcminute-scale structure imparted by a merger, illustrating the value of high-resolution SZ measurements for pursuing cluster astrophysics and for understanding the scatter in SZ scaling relations. We also find that the cluster's SZ signal is lower in amplitude than suggested by a spherically symmetric model derived from X-ray data, consistent with compression along the line of sight relative to the plane of the sky. Finally, we discuss the impact of upgrades currently in progress that will further enhance CARMA's power as an SZ imaging instrument.
Intrusion of retinal tacks

We examined nine patients in whom retinal tacks intruded into the eye and lodged in the subretinal space, preretinal space, vitreous cavity, or anterior chamber. Complications included retinal pigment epithelium atrophy; retinal phlebitis; vitreous hemorrhage; focal corneal, iris, and retinal injury; and corneal edema. The intrusion of the retinal tacks did not apparently cause, but was associated with retinal redetachment in five patients. Factors associated with intrusion of the retinal tacks included (1) absence of a barb at the end of the tack to anchor it to the sclera, (2) absence of a groove in the tack, (3) a short shaft, (4) incomplete penetration of the retina, choroid, and sclera by the tack, (5) self-inflicted trauma to the eye, (6) placing a scleral buckle after inserting the tacks, and (7) reproliferation of periretinal membranes. In four patients the intruded tacks did not cause any complications. In four patients the intruded tacks were removed without complications and in the remaining five patients, they were left in the eye.
Implementation of the grid file: design concepts and experience

The grid file is an adaptable, symmetric multikey file structure. It stores highly dynamic sets of multidimensional data in such a way that different types of queries can be performed using few disk accesses. We present the design concepts underlying our implementation of the grid file and describe applications of thegrid file system.
Communities of Practice Expanding Professional Roles to Promote Reflection and Shared Inquiry

The field of early intervention continues to experience challenges in connecting theory and practice, reducing professional isolation, and translating principles into action. An examination of the way we perceive and enact professional roles reveals their limited scope in addressing these challenges. This article introduces the concept of expanding roles to include collaborative reflective inquiry within communities of practice as one way to reform professional practices. We suggest that reflection within communities of practice not only extends our own understanding, insight, and command of the situations in which we work, but also holds the potential to advance the field as a whole.
Dynamic Axial Crush Tests of Roll Wrapped Composite Tubes: Plug vs. Non-Plug Crush Initiators

This paper discusses the effects of the method of crush initiation on the dynamic axial crush response of roll wrapped composite tubes. This constitutes a portion of a successful fundamental study conducted at GM R&D of the dynamic axial crush of automotive rail-sized composite tubes reinforced variously with carbon fiber, Kevlar® and hybrid combinations of the two, and manufactured using roll wrapping techniques suitable for the low cost high volume needs of the automotive industry. All tubes were manufactured using roll wrapping from multiple layers of uni-directional thermoset prepreg with the uni-directional fabric plies being oriented at ± 15° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube. A total of 21 dynamic axial crush tests were conducted using a free flight drop tower facility. Tests spanned a range of tube geometries — circular and square with different wall and cross section dimensions with cored and uncored walls and differing numbers of plies — and a range of drop heights/impact velocities and drop masses. A general finding was that stable and progressive crush occurred at acceptable load levels in all of the roll-wrapped tubes that were tested for all methods of crush initiation that were considered — a 45° lead end bevel either alone, with a zero radius plug-type crush initiator, or with a 12.7 mm radius plug. The method of crush initiation was, however, found to be capable of producing major differences in the crush initiation force Fp, the displacement average crush force Fav(D), the specific energy absorption SEA, and the crush morphology. As examples, both the displacement average value of dynamic axial crush force and the value of SEA were changed by as much as a factor of eight by the method of crush initiation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pyoderma gangrenosum in an HIV-infected patient

Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum has previously been reported in four patients with HIV infection. We describe here the case of a fifth HIV-infected patient with pyoderma gangrenosum and review the characteristics of the four previously reported cases.
Thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia in IFN-γ deficient NOD.H-2h4 mice

Abstract The role of inflammatory cells in thyroid epithelial cell (thyrocyte) hyperplasia is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that thyrocyte hyperplasia in IFN-γ−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice has an autoimmune basis. After chronic exposure to increased dietary iodine, 60% of IFN-γ−/− mice had severe thyrocyte hyperplasia with minimal or moderate lymphocyte infiltration, and thyroid dysfunction with reduced serum T4. All mice produced anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody. Some wild-type NOD.H-2h4 mice had isolated areas of thyrocyte hyperplasia with predominantly lymphocytic infiltration, whereas IL-4−/− and 50% of wild-type NOD.H-2h4 mice developed lymphocytic thyroiditis but no thyrocyte hyperplasia. Both thyroid infiltrating inflammatory cells and environmental factors (iodine) were required to induce thyrocyte hyperplasia. Splenocytes from IFN-γ−/− mice with thyrocyte hyperplasia, but not splenocytes from naive IFN-γ−/− mice, induced hyperplasia in IFN-γ−/− NOD.H-2h4.SCID mice. These results may provide clues for understanding the mechanisms underlying development of epithelial cell hyperplasia not only in thyroids but also in other tissues and organs.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER DURING UNSATURATED FLOW IN DUAL-SCALE POROUS MEDIA

This numerical study investigates the heat transfer during unsaturated flow in dual-scale fibrous porous media. An iterative, control-volume approach, based on energy balance in a two-layer model, is used for developing discretized equations for average temperatures in the channels and fiber bundles. A significant difference in the channel and bundle temperatures is observed near the flow front. The ratio of the outer- and inner-region pore volumes, the ratio of liquid and fiber heat capacities, and the fiber-bu ndle thermal conductivity are identified as the three important parameters for temperature distribution. The proposed model deviates significantly from the conventional single-scale model.
Immunoglobulin heavy-chain switching in pre-B leukaemias

Immunoglobulin gene expression is initiated in pre-B cells by rearrangements of heavy-chain variable genes V, D and J, for transcription together with the constant region gene Cμ (refs 1–7). The subsequent joining of light-chain V–J genes in the κ or λ families8,9 leads to formation of complete IgM molecules, which are then expressed on the surface of B cells. Heavy-chain isotype switching has been thought to occur later and to involve CH gene rearrangement via deletion of DNA between a switch site 5′ to Cμ and a switch site 5′ to the downstream Cγ, Ce or Cα gene expressed by a mature plasma cell10–15. On the other hand, isotype switching has been seen in human pre-B-cell leukaemias16,17 and in a murine pre-B-cell line before light-chain gene rearrangements and without Cμ gene deletion18,19. To explore further the isotype switching in pre-B cells, we used monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence assays to allow unambiguous assignment of the heavy-chain isotypes expressed by individual leukaemic cells in 11 pre-B-cell leukaemias. Switching in these leukaemic clones invariably led to expression of γ1 heavy-chain and κ light-chain determinants, occasionally together with γ4 and α. These results indicate a nonrandom order for heavy-chain isotype switching and for light-chain isotype expression, and also suggest that a mechanism exists for coordinating the two events.
Editorial for “prediction of significant prostate cancer diagnosed 20 to 30 years later with a single measure of prostate‐specific antigen at or before age 50”

ment in mortality (rate ratio, 1.13: 95% CI, 0.75-1.70) 1 after a median 9 years of follow-up. In contrast, the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) found improvement in survival (rate ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.90) 2 at a slightly longer follow-up. Even in this positive trial, it was clear that a large number of patients need to be screened, biopsied, and then treated to result in a relatively small number of lives saved. The ERSPC study estimated that 1410 men would need to be screened and 48 of these men treated to prevent 1 PCa death over a 10-year period. 2 Recent analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data strongly supports the conclusion that we are overdiagnosing patients. 3 Using validated mathematical models, Draisma et al calculated that the risk of overdiagnosis in American men undergoing PSA screening ranged from 23% to 42%. In actual numbers, Albertson attributed PSA screening to having led to an addition 1.3 million cancer cases since 1985. 5 What is lost in this debate is that the use of PSA itself has profoundly changed the presentation and management of prostate cancer. As a result, in the United States, PSA no longer serves as a marker of disease aggressiveness for many patients. At a population level, PSA screening has nearly eliminated metastatic prostate cancer at diagnosis. 6 Stamey et al examined patients from both early and late in the PSA era. They found that although PSA correlated with cancer volume, the presence of capsular penetration, the presence of lymph node metastasis, lymph node status, and Gleason score in patients treated from 1983 to 1989, there was no relation to disease aggressiveness in patients treated from 1999 to 2003. 7 The study by Lilja et al in this issue of Cancer reflects an earlier time, when PSA had not profoundly changed prostate cancer presentation. They found that at a median follow-up of 23 years, PSA drawn in men prior to 50 years of age correlated strongly with the eventual diagnosis of prostate cancer in general (AUC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.70-0.74) and advanced prostate cancer specifically (AUC, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72-0.78). This study is based in the pre-PSA era, with patients being recruited from 1974 to 1986, and the PSA values obtained were not used to dictate treatment because the values were
Challenges and changes in spirituality among doctors who become patients

Though spirituality can help patients cope with illness, several studies have suggested that physicians view spirituality differently than do patients. These issues have not been systematically investigated among doctors who become patients, and who may be able to shed critical light on this area. We interviewed fifty doctors from major urban US centers who had become patients due to serious illnesses about their experiences and views relating to religion and spirituality before and after diagnosis, and we explore the range of issues that emerged. These physician-patients revealed continua of forms and contents of spirituality. The forms ranged from being spiritual to start with; to being spiritual, but not thinking of themselves as such; to wanting but being unable to believe. Some continued to doubt and, perhaps relatedly, appeared depressed. The contents of beliefs ranged from established religious traditions, to mixing beliefs, or having non-specific beliefs (e.g., concerning the power of nature). One group of doctors felt wary of organized religion, which could prove an obstacle to belief. Others felt that symptoms could be reduced through prayer. At times, self-assessments of spirituality were difficult to make or inaccurate. Questions surfaced concerning whether and how medical education could best address these issues, and how spirituality may affect clinical work. This study is the first that we know of to examine spirituality among physicians when they become patients. Obstacles to physicians' attentiveness to the potential role of spirituality arose that need to be further explored in medical education and future research. Increased awareness of these areas could potentially have clinical relevance, strengthening doctor-patient relationships and communication, and patient satisfaction.
Fluoride removal by powdered dental enamel from solutions of stannous or of sodium fluoride.

IN 1955, Hatton, Nebergall and Muhler1 described an experiment in which powdered enamel samples were shaken in dilute solutions of stannous fluoride or of sodium fluoride that initially contained equivalent concentrations of fluoride. Much more fluoride was removed (presumably taken up by the enamel) from the stannous fluoride solution; for example, when the final concentrations of fluoride were 17 µgm./ml., 7–8 times as much fluoride was removed from the stannous as from the sodium fluoride solution. Hatton et al. suggested that the greater initial acidity of the stannous fluoride solutions may have been in part responsible2. Another important pH effect was overlooked by Hatton et al., namely, shaking with powdered enamel increased the pH of the solutions, markedly for stannous fluoride and detectably for sodium fluoride. Stannous fluoride solutions are not stable when the pH increases and even at acid pH's on standing. Nebergall, Muhler and Day3 described the opalescence, “probably stannous hydroxide” (contained less than 0.01 per cent fluorine), which developed and was ultimately precipitated from a solution of pH 2.38. We found that by increasing the pH of stannous fluoride solutions in the absence of enamel, precipitates were formed which contained larger percentages of fluoride (≫ 0.01 per cent fluoride) that might account at least in part for the greater amount of fluoride removed from stannous fluoride solutions. Amorphous precipitates were seen microscopically along with the centrifuged enamel particles when powdered enamel was shaken with stannous fluoride solutions.
Muscle membrane protein kinase in myotonic muscular dystrophy.

MYOTONIC muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder of man with manifestations in many organ systems including skeletal muscle myotonia and dystrophy, testicular atrophy, cataract formation, hypercatabolism of IgG, cranial bone malformations, and glucose intolerance with enhanced insulin levels (see ref. 1 for clinical references). Our previous experiments demonstrated a significant diminution in the phosphorylation of endogenous membrane proteins of frozen erythrocyte ghosts from myotonic patients1. In subsequent studies the technique of electron magnetic resonance was employed to compare the erythrocyte membrane milieu of normal and myotonic paients2. Following incorporation of 5-nitroxide methyl stearate into erythrocyte membranes, the spin label was located in a less polar and somewhat more fluid region in myotonic membranes than in normal membranes. Although such experiments do not specify the molecular membrane abnormality or its possible relationship to protein phosphorylation, they do support the suggestion that myotonic muscular dystrophy is a disease resulting from a basic membrane abnormality.
Isolation of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate from rat urine.

Abstract The carbon-nitrogen skeleta and the phosphate moieties of most nucleotides of mammalian bodies are excreted by the kidney as separate units, the non-phosphate portion usually appearing in degraded form. One exception is urinary excretion by man of an intact cyclic nucleotide, adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (3′,5′-AMP) ( Butcher and Sutherland, 1962 ). Earlier evidence had suggested presence of unidentified organic phosphate compounds in normal urine at a level approximating 1% of the total phosphate ( Rae, 1937 ). The existence of only a certain type of intact nucleotide in urine represents a selective biological behavior that may prove of interest in relation to rather general biochemical and biophysical characteristics of a system. This communication describes the finding of two cyclic nucleotides in the urine of Fisher rats.
On the conditioning number and the selection criteria for p-version approximation functions

This paper discusses the full and reduced set one-, two- and three-dimensional p-version approximation functions based on Lagrange, Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials, and the criteria for their selection for linear as well as nonlinear problems. A study of the element conditioning number is presented for various aspect ratios and element distortions for various p-levels. Conditioning number studies are also presented for uniform as well as nonuniform meshes for various p-levels. The influence of the element and the mesh conditioning number on the accuracy of the computed solution as well as the convergence of the linear and nonlinear iterative solution procedures is discussed. A discussion of the ease of computation and recursive forms as well as the ease of describing boundary conditions is presented. Numerical examples are given to illustrate various aspects discussed and presented in the paper.
Holographic fabrication of woodpile-type photonic crystal templates using silicon based single reflective optical element

In this work, we present the holographic fabrication of woodpile-type photonic crystal templates in photosensitive polymer using a silicon-on-PDMS based reflective optical element. The reflective optical element is fabricated from four silicon chips placed inside a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold, which reflects a circularly or elliptically polarized beam into four linearly polarized side beams, arranged four-fold symmetrically about a central beam, with electric fields normal to the incident plane, and also reduces the laser intensity of the side beams. With a single beam and a single reflective optical element, we can generate the desired laser beam intensities and polarization of each beam, thereby creating woodpile-type photonic crystal templates, and improving the contrast of 3D structures.
A randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for aggressive behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current research was to test the efficacy of a group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for partner aggression, compared with a support and discussion control group, in a clinical sample of adults. METHOD: One hundred one participants (mean age = 31; 68% female; 18% minority) who endorsed recently engaging in at least 2 acts of partner aggression were randomly assigned to receive ACT or a support-and-discussion control condition. Both interventions consisted of 12 weekly 2-hr sessions. Assessments at pretreatment, during treatment, posttreatment, and 3 and 6 months after treatment measured psychological aggression (Multidimensional Measure Emotional Abuse Scale [MMEA]), physical aggression (Conflict Tactics Scales [CTS-2]), experiential avoidance (Avoidance and Action Questionnaire [AAQ]), and emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [DERS]). RESULTS: Results of growth curve modeling analyses demonstrated that participants in the ACT group had significantly greater declines in psychological and physical aggression from pre- to posttreatment and from pretreatment to follow-up and that 6-month treatment outcomes were partially mediated by levels of experiential avoidance and emotion dysregulation at posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this first trial of ACT for aggressive behavior indicate that the ACT group significantly reduced both physical and psychological aggression and that these changes were significantly greater than those of the control group, suggesting that an ACT approach to aggression may serve as an efficacious treatment for aggression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Irrigation Produces Elevated Arsenic in the Underlying Groundwater of a Semi-Arid Basin in Southwestern Idaho

Abstract The shallow aquifer beneath the Western Snake River Plain (Idaho, USA) exhibits widespread elevated arsenic concentrations (up to 120 μg L−1). While semi-arid, crop irrigation has increased annual recharge to the aquifer from approximately 1 cm prior to a current rate of >50 cm year−1. The highest aqueous arsenic concentrations are found in proximity to the water table (all values >50 μg L−1 within 50 m) and concentrations decline with depth. Despite strong vertical redox stratification within the aquifer, spatial distribution of aqueous species indicates that redox processes are not primary drivers of arsenic mobilization. Arsenic release and transport occur under oxidizing conditions; groundwater wells containing dissolved arsenic at >50 μg L−1 exhibit elevated concentrations of O2 (average 4 mg L−1) and NO3 (average 8 mg L−1) and low concentrations of dissolved Fe (
Research trends in the field of speech and hearing

Abstract Topics of research in the field of speech and hearing were identified and compared over a 21-yr period (1954–1974). The topics were identified by a key-word analysis of approximately 8200 titles consisting of articles in national and international journals, and of theses and dissertations presented in the state of Ohio. Results of this analysis have pinpointed certain research trends in the field of speech and hearing. Attention to certain topics has either declined, increased, or reached a peak during the 21-yr period, while interest in some topics has been consistently maintained throughout the years. The information reported provides a perspective from which to view contributions made by researchers in the field of speech and hearing in the last two decades.
An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Ethical Beliefs Among Early Childhood Teachers

The purpose of this study is to learn how early childhood educators make ethical decisions. The study also explores how these educators might learn to base their ethical decisions on a professionally accepted ethical code through a participatory professional development process. The professional code of ethics used in this study is the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Code of Ethical Conduct. Study participants are six early childhood teachers who work with children aged Birth through 5 years old in a University Lab School. The results of the analysis show that from pre-assessment to the post-assessment, teachers shifted in how they identified and resolved professional ethical dilemmas. As a result of participation in the professional learning and discussions of ethical dilemmas, participants gained new understanding and familiarity with professional ethical behavior and were able to distinguish ethical dilemmas from other judgments as they grew more familiar with and able to use the NAEYC Code. Although participants demonstrated that they are better able to identify and resolve ethical dilemmas, this study concludes by suggesting additional professional learning and research on how protocols and professional learning communities can support teachers’ ethical reasoning.
Glycosaminoglycan mimetic biomaterials. 4. Synthesis of sulfated lactose-based glycopolymers that exhibit anticoagulant activity.

Cyanoxyl persistent radicals can be used as chain-growth moderators of the statistical copolymerization of a variety of monomers. We report herein the preparation of fully sulfated lactose-based glycopolymers by cyanoxyl (.OC[triple bond]N)-mediated free-radical polymerization of acrylamide derivatized glycomonomers in good yield (60-80%) and low polydispersity (1.1 < M(w)/M(n) < 1.6). Prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was observed, and structure-activity relationships were defined. Specifically, the anticoagulant effect varied in response to both polymer molecular weight and the density of pendant sulfated lactose units. Nonetheless, measured thrombin times were only modestly prolonged suggesting that the observed anticoagulant effect is not primarily related to direct thrombin inhibition.
Diffusion of Lipid-like Single-Molecule Fluorophores in the Cell Membrane

The dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) class of single-molecule fluorophores contains an amine donor and a dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran acceptor linked by a conjugated unit (benzene, naphthalene, or styrene). Molecules in this class have a number of useful properties in addition to those usually required for single-molecule studies (such as high fluorescence quantum yield and photostability), including second-order optical nonlinearity, large ground-state dipole moment, and sensitivity to local environment. Moreover, most DCDHF molecules have amphiphilic structures, with a polar dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran headgroup and nonpolar hydrocarbon tails on the amine or furan ring, and can be used as fluorescent lipid analogues for live cell imaging. Here we demonstrate that individual molecules of several different DCDHF lipid analogues can be observed diffusing in the plasma membrane of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The photophysical and diffusive behaviors of the DCDHF lipid analogues in membranes are described and are found to be competitive with the well-known lipid probe N-(6-tetramethylrhodaminethiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
The structure and antigenic analysis of amorphous inclusion bodies induced by potato virus X

Abstract Cells of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Burley 21’) infected by a mottle strain of potato virus X contained amorphous inclusion bodies with a unique ultrastructural organization. In addition to normal cytoplasmic materials, they were composed of masses of virus particles and conspicuous, laminate inclusion components (LIC). The LIC consisted of collateral bundles of smooth or beaded sheets which were either slightly curved or rolled into scrolls, usually with virus particles interspersed between alternating layers. The beaded sheets were destroyed when tissues were exposed to potassium permanganate and were susceptible to digestion by the proteolytic enzyme subtilisin. Both beads and sheets were antigenically unrelated to PVX and its depolymerized structural protein, as demonstrated by tagging experiments with ferritin-labeled antibodies. The sheets often appeared as single electrondense layers approximately 3 nm thick. The beads, with modal diameters of 11–14 nm, were smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes. It was concluded that the LIC were virus-specific infection products not normally present in the cytoplasm of healthy plants and that they were analogous to intracellular cylindrical inclusions induced by certain other rod-shaped viruses.
Improving Milling Performance with High Pressure Waterjet Assisted Cooling / Lubrication

During machining due to relative motion between tool and workpiece, severe thermal/frictional conditions exist at the tool-chip interface. Metal machining processes can be more efficient in terms of increasing the metal removal rate and lengthening tool life, if the thermal/frictional conditions are controlled effectively. A high pressure waterjet assisted coolant/lubricant system that can be used in conjunction with rotary tools (e.g., face milling) is developed here. The performance of this system is evaluated in terms of cutting force, surface quality, tool wear, and chip shape. The improvement in the effectiveness of the developed system with increase in water pressure and orifice diameter is also investigated. Stochastic modeling of the surface profile is performed to obtain more information about the role of waterjet in the machining process.