cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melting the hydrous, subarc mantle: the origin of primitive andesites

This experimental study is the first comprehensive investigation of the melting behavior of an olivine + orthopyroxene ± spinel—bearing fertile mantle (FM) composition as a function of variable pressure and water content. The fertile composition was enriched with a metasomatic slab component of ≤0.5 % alkalis and investigated from 1135 to 1470 °C at 1.0–2.0 GPa. A depleted lherzolite with 0.4 % alkali addition was also studied from 1225 to 1240 °C at 1.2 GPa. Melts of both compositions were water-undersaturated: fertile lherzolite melts contained 0–6.4 wt% H2O, and depleted lherzolite melts contained ~2.5 wt% H2O. H2O contents of experimental glasses are measured using electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and synchrotron-source reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a novel technique for analyzing H2O in petrologic experiments. Using this new dataset in conjunction with results from previous hydrous experimental studies, a thermobarometer and a hygrometer–thermometer are presented to determine the conditions under which primitive lavas were last in equilibration with the mantle. These predictive models are functions of H2O content and pressure, respectively. A predictive melting model is also presented that calculates melt compositions in equilibrium with an olivine + orthopyroxene ± spinel residual assemblage (harzburgite). This model quantitatively predicts the following influences of H2O on mantle lherzolite melting: (1) As melting pressure increases, melt compositions become more olivine-normative, (2) as melting extent increases, melt compositions become depleted in the normative plagioclase component, and (3) as melt H2O content increases, melts become more quartz-normative. Natural high-Mg# [molar Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)], high-MgO basaltic andesite and andesite lavas—or primitive andesites (PAs)—contain high SiO2 contents at mantle-equilibrated Mg#s. Their compositional characteristics cannot be readily explained by melting of mantle lherzolite under anhydrous conditions. This study shows that experimental melts of a FM peridotite plus the addition of alkalis reproduce the compositions of natural PAs in SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, MgO, and Na2O at 1.0–1.2 GPa and H2O contents of 0–7 wt%. Our results also suggest that PAs form under a maximum range of extents of melting from F = 0.2–0.3. The CaO contents of the melts produced are 1–5 wt% higher than the natural samples. This is not a result of a depleted source composition or of extremely high extents of melt but is potentially caused by a very low CaO content contribution from deeper in the mantle wedge.
Connectionist Learning of Expert Backgammon Evaluations.

A class of connectionist networks is described that have learned to evaluate the strength of backgammon moves. The networks were trained by “back-propagation” learning of a large set of sample positions evaluated by a human expert. A game-playing system using such a network evaluation function achieves an intermediate-to-advanced level of performance, and is significantly better than the best available commercial program. In order to achieve this level of performance, certain novel protocols for the training procedure and input coding scheme design were required. These protocols are expected to be of general utility in applications of network learning to large-scale “real-world” problems.
Study of a global auroral Pc5 pulsation event with concurrent ULF waves

We present results from a study of concurrent, periodic variations in auroral luminosity (auroral pulsations) and in magnetospheric plasma/magnetic field data. This event occurred on 10 March 2010 from ~13 to 17 UT during an extended southward interplanetary magnetic field and was probably triggered by a slow shock. The auroral pulsations, as measured by the Ultraviolet Imager on board the Polar satellite, were long lasting (~2.5 h), monochromatic (~2.5 mHz), large scale, and appeared in the night sector auroral zone with a latitudinal extent comparable to the latitudinal width of the oval. There was no phase shift between the auroral pulsations observed at different local times, indicating a stationary structure. Particle data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Precipitating Electron and Ion Spectrometer indicate that the pulsations were diffuse originating from the central plasma sheet. During this time, Geotail was in the dawn sector plasma sheet and observed a ULF wave with the same frequency as the auroral pulsations last ~35 min. The ULF wave had large radial and compressional components, and the plasma density and total magnetic field were anticorrelated. These two observations strongly suggest that the observed ULF wave was associated with an standing ULF poloidal mode. The wave compressional component may be able to change the loss cone, resulting in periodic auroral precipitating.
On induced discontinuities behind shock waves in isotropic linear viscoelastic materials

In this paper we derive the governing differential equations of induced discontinuities behind longitudinal and transverse shocks propagating in isotropic linear viscoelastic materials. It is shown that, when the shock amplitudes are finite, the evolutionary behavior of the induced discontinuities depends on additional properties of the stress relaxation functions,viz. the initial values of their first and second derivatives, and nonlinearly on the second fundamental form of the shock surfaces. The results indicate that evolutionary behavior of mechanical pulses containing shocks can be quite complex.
Chromosome activity and cell function in polytenic cells: IV. Polyribosomes and their sensitivity to actinomycin

Abstract 1. 1. The analysis of puff function was extended to include the usage of mRNA by polyribosomes. Cellular extracts were prepared from the salivary gland of Chironomus tentans and polyribosome profiles were analyzed in sucrose gradients by using the radioactivity of labeled nascent polypeptides as marker. Few polyribosomes were recovered unless heparin as an inhibitor of ribonuclease and detergents were present during extraction. 2. 2. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin causes a decay of polyribosomes in young last instar larvae but has no effect in older ones. This supports the hypothesis that mRNA's of different stability are active at these two developmental stages. During both stages most polyribosomes appear to be bound to membranes. 3. 3. Some rapidly labeled RNA cosediments with polyribosomes in sucrose gradients. Its response to EDTA treatment and its buoyant density in CsCl gradients (1.44 g/cm 3 ) suggest, however, that it is not polyribosome-bound mRNA.
Threats and Challenges in Reconfigurable Hardware Security

Abstract : Computing systems designed using reconfigurable hardware are now used in many sensitive applications, where security is of utmost importance. Unfortunately, a strong notion of security is not currently present in FPGA hardware and software design flows. In the following, we discuss the security implications of using reconfigurable hardware in sensitive applications, and outline problems, attacks, solutions and topics for future research.
Chemical modification of carbonic anhydrase II with acrolein.

Abstract We have reacted acrolein with human carbonic anhydrase II using conditions reported to result in maximal formylethylation of exposed histidine and lysine residues (Pocker, Y., and Janjic, N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6169-6176). Pocker and Janjic proposed that the decrease by 95-98% in the steady-state turnover number for the hydration of CO2 caused by this chemical modification is due predominantly to the alkylation of one residue, the imidazole side chain of histidine 64. We measured the rate of 18O exchange between CO2 and water catalyzed by these enzymes at chemical equilibrium using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. The catalyzed rate of interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- at chemical equilibrium was the same for the acrolein-modified and the unmodified carbonic anhydrases, but the rate of release of 18O-labeled water from the active site had decreased by as much as 85% for the acrolein-modified enzyme. The 18O-exchange kinetics catalyzed by the acrolein-modified carbonic anhydrase II was similar to that catalyzed by a mutant human carbonic anhydrase II in which histidine at residue 64 was replaced with alanine. Moreover, modification of this mutant carbonic anhydrase II with acrolein did not alter to a significant extent its 18O-exchange pattern. These results support the proposal of Pocker and Janjic and the suggested role of histidine 64 in carbonic anhydrase II as a proton shuttle residue that transfers a proton from zinc-bound water to buffer in solution.
Depressive Symptoms and Compromised Parenting in Low-Income Mothers of Infants and Toddlers: Distal and Proximal Risks

Low-income mothers develop depressive symptoms at higher rates than the general population, adding to the existing risk that economic hardship places on their infants and toddlers. Emphasizing a few key intervention targets, an approach that is especially relevant to mothers when depressive symptoms compromise their energy and concentration, can improve interventions with populations facing adversity. The goal of this study was to identify contextual risk factors that significantly contributed to depressive symptoms and that, in combination with depressive symptoms, were associated with compromised parenting. Using baseline data from 251 ethnically diverse mothers from six Early Head Start programs in the Northeastern and Southeastern US, who were recruited for a clinical trial of an in-home intervention, Belsky's ecological framework of distal to proximal levels of influence was used to organize risk factors for depressive symptoms in hierarchical regression models. Under stress, mothers of toddlers reported more severe depressive symptoms than mothers of infants, supporting the need for depressive symptom screening and monitoring past the immediate postpartum period. Multivariate models revealed intervention targets that can focus depression prevention and intervention efforts, including helping mothers reduce chronic day-to-day stressors and conflicts with significant others, and to effectively handle challenging toddler behaviors, especially in the face of regional disciplinary norms. Presence of a live-in partner was linked to more effective parenting, regardless of participants' depressive symptom severity.
Periodic Flows and Resonance

In Chapters 1 through 7, we considered transient flows that represented the intermediate flow conditions when the flow is changed from one steady state to another. However, depending upon the characteristics of the system and of the excitation, a disturbance in a piping system may be amplified with time instead of decaying and may result in severe pressure and flow oscillations. This condition is called resonance. A periodic forcing function or excitation causes the pressure and flow in the entire system to oscillate at the period of the excitation. This flow is called periodic or steady-oscillatory flow.
Laboratory measurement of the anticoagulant activity of edoxaban: a systematic review

Edoxaban, an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa, was recently approved in the United States and Japan for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and for treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is also licensed in Japan for prevention of VTE after major orthopedic surgery. Although routine laboratory monitoring of edoxaban is not required, laboratory measurement may be desirable in special circumstances. Our objective was to provide a systematic review of current evidence on laboratory measurement of the anticoagulant activity of edoxaban. PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies that reported a relationship between coagulation tests and plasma edoxaban levels. Study quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2). We identified 9 eligible studies. Anti-Xa activity is linear across a broad range of drug levels (R (2) > 0.95) and may be used for edoxaban quantification. The assay shows greater variability at above on-therapy drug concentrations. The PT is less sensitive to edoxaban. A normal prothrombin time may not exclude clinically relevant on-therapy drug levels. The activated partial thromboplastin time has insufficient sensitivity to edoxaban for measurement of its anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban exhibits variable effects on coagulation assays. Understanding these effects facilitates interpretation of test results in edoxaban-treated patients. More data on the relationship between drug levels, coagulation test results, and clinical outcomes in patients are needed.
Comparing the Power of Full Disk Encryption Alternatives

This paper examines the energy costs of different approaches to full disk encryption, including hardware encryption, software encryption, and “no encryption”. Using the DEEP power measurement platform, we measured the energy consumed by each configuration under various workloads. We demonstrate that hardware encryption saves energy for many (though not all) workloads, but that the energy savings may not compensate for the hardware price at current rates.
The effect of microcrystalline cellulose on the mixing and compaction response of ferrous powders

Microcrystalline cellulose has physical and chemical qualities which can prove advantageous for a powder lubricant and binder. Specifically, it possesses good green strength, fine particle size, complete decomposition, cleanliness, i.e. <10 ppm metallic constituents, as well as good mixing response. In an experimental study, lubricant properties, specifically mixing and compaction response of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® PH-105) are evaluated against standard lubricants (Acrawax® and zinc stearate). Iron and stainless steel powders were compacted over a wide density range, i.e. 70 – 90%, at fixed lubricant additions in each range. Compaction characteristics were measured in order to evaluate the effects of the amount and type of lubricant upon consolidation pressure, ejection pressure, green density and green strength. With regard to mixing, compaction and sintering behavior, microcrystalline cellulose performed comparably to the standard lubricants in most cases. Considering the extreme purity, the material may be used as the prime lubricant in P/M processing particularly when metallic contaminants and decomposition products create processing/property difficulties.
Regenerative simulation of a queuing model of an automated tape library

Recently, techniques have been developed for estimating confidence intervals when simulating stochastic systems having a regenerative structure. These techniques are applied to the simulation of a queuing model of a computer system's automated tape library. Theoretical and practical issues related to the application of these techniques are addressed. An interesting feature of the automated tape library represented in the queuing model is that certain queues have finite capacity; when these queues are filled to capacity certain services are prevented from occurring. The regenerative techniques are used in conjunction with multiple comparison procedures to make statistically valid statements about the effect of the finite queue capacities on performance.
Hereditarily aspherical compacta and cell-like maps

Abstract This paper introduces a notion of strongly hereditarily aspherical compacta and gives a sufficient condition for an inverse limit to have this property. The main result shows that cell-like maps defined on strongly hereditarily aspherical compact metric spaces cannot raise dimension. It suggests why 2-dimensional examples of this sort are plentiful and then sets forth 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional examples.
Four pancreatic endocrine cells in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).

Abstract The pancreas of the bullfrog was studied by the immunoperoxidase method and electron microscopy for hormone-storing cells and radioimmunoassay for content of four pancreatic hormones. Immunoperoxidase staining disclosed four cell types, namely insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (SRIF), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells with regional differences of distribution: the hepatic process contained relatively small islets with abundant insulin, glucagon, and PP cells, and a few SRIF cells, whereas the duodenal process contained relatively large islets with abundant insulin cells and scattered glucagon and SRIF cells. There were few PP cells in the duodenal process. The morphology of four distinct secretory granules was confirmed by electron microscopy. The amount of the four hormones was estimated by nonhomologous radioimmunoassay and compared with the levels of immunoreactive hormone measured in human pancreas.
Response to Perspective : “Separation anxiety: An analysis of ethylene-induced cleavage of EIN2”

Cooper questions one specific technical aspect of our study—the site of cleavage in EIN2—and suggests that cleavage of EIN2 likely occurs elsewhere. Here, we explain how our immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and genetic mutation studies justify our conclusions.
Separating deployment-related traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: preliminary findings from the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening program.

Objective: Traumatic brain injury in returning Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans has been the subject of numerous articles by the popular press and congressional inquires. Recent research has questioned the accuracy of the traumatic brain injury diagnosis in veterans with depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder and the validity of the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening tool to identify traumatic brain injury in returning combat veterans. Design: Medical records of all combat veterans in the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System who both screened positive for traumatic brain injury and received clinical evaluation for traumatic brain injury during the first year of the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening program were reviewed to explore the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and self-reported symptoms attributed to deployment-related traumatic brain injury. Results: Ninety-four combat veterans identified from positive traumatic brain injury screens were seen in the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System from April 1, 2007, to March 30, 2008. Eighty-five percent of the veterans with positive screens met the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine definition of probable traumatic brain injury. Symptom reporting was similar for veterans with and without a history of traumatic brain injury. Veterans with both posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury were more likely to report falling as a mechanism of injury and indicated that they had suffered a head injury during deployment (P ≤ 0.10). Veterans with both posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury reported more exposures and symptoms compared with veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury. Conclusions: Veterans who screen positive for mild traumatic brain injury by the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening tool have high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, which suggests that interdisciplinary rehabilitation teams need to include mental health professionals with expertise in posttraumatic stress disorder. Because both traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder are defined, in part, by the same events and the same self-reported symptoms, the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening tool does not distinguish between these two commonly reported diagnoses in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans.
The Immanent Counter-Enlightenment: Christianity and Morality

In this translation of Charles Taylor's paper, ‘Die Immanente Gegenauf klarung: Christentum und Moral', the author discusses the relationship between Christianity and morality, in the light of developments in the West over the past five centuries. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between morality and the development of unbelief, the rejection of God, and atheism. S. Afr. J. Philos. Vol.24(3) 2005: 224-239
MPs or ICs

In this issue of Blood , Gyorgy and colleagues used multiple methods to characterize cell-derived microparticles (MPs) in the plasma and synovial fluid of arthritis patients and discovered that MPs and immune complexes (ICs) have overlapping biophysical properties (see figure).[1][1] MPs (also
The Lone Inventor: Low Success Rates and Common Errors Associated with Pro-Se Patent Applications

A pro-se patent applicant is an inventor who chooses to represent himself while pursuing (“prosecuting”) a patent application. To the author's knowledge, this paper is the first empirical study addressing how applications filed by pro-se inventors fare compared to applications in which inventors were represented by patent attorneys or agents. The prosecution history of 500 patent applications filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office were analyzed: inventors were represented by a patent professional for 250 of the applications (“represented applications”) but not in the other 250 (“pro-se applications”). 76% of the pro-se applications became abandoned (not issuing as a patent), as compared to 35% of the represented applications. Further, among applications that issued as patents, pro-se patents' claims appear to be narrower and therefore of less value than claims in the represented patent set. Case-specific data suggests that a substantial portion of pro-se applicants unintentionally abandon their applications, terminate the examination process relatively early, and/or fail to take advantage of interview opportunities that may resolve issues stalling allowance of the application.
Nativity, US Length of Residence, and BMI Among Diverse Asian American Ethnic Groups

Little is known about body mass index (BMI) patterns by nativity and length of US residence among Asian American ethnic groups. We used linear regression to examine the association of BMI with nativity and length of residence across six ethnic groups (Filipinos, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, South Asians, and Vietnamese) using data from the California Health Interview Study. There was significant heterogeneity in the nativity/length of residence patterns in unadjusted BMI across ethnic groups (p < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, heterogeneity was attenuated (p = 0.05) with BMI among all US-born ethnic groups significantly higher than BMI for immigrants with the exception of South Asians. Longer US residence was positively associated with BMI among all groups, though only significant among Filipinos and Koreans. Programs targeting Asian Americans should take into consideration BMI patterns by nativity and US length of residence among diverse Asian American ethnic groups.
CHARLES WARREN THORNTHWAITE, MARCH 7, 1899–JUNE 11, 19631

(1964). CHARLES WARREN THORNTHWAITE, MARCH 7, 1899–JUNE 11, 1963. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 615-621.
Acute reduction of atrial overload during vasodilator and diuretic therapy in advanced congestive heart failure

Although acute afterload reduction is known to improve cardiac output in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), the effect of therapy on the atrial overload directly causing congestive symptoms has not been systematically studied. Atrial volumes and mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, in addition to left ventricular ejection fraction and indexes of left ventricular contractility (mean acceleration, ejection time and peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume index), were measured using 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography and color flow imaging in 30 patients with advanced CHF, before and after acute vasodilator and diuretic therapy tailored to hemodynamic goals. Therapy increased stroke volume by 64% (36 +/- 10 to 55 +/- 14 cc), decreased right atrial pressure by 45% (15 +/- 5 to 8 +/- 4 mm Hg), systemic vascular resistance by 36% (1,700 +/- 400 to 1,030 +/- 300 dynes s cm-5) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure by 37% (31 +/- 6 to 19 +/- 6 mm Hg) (all p less than 0.001). Echocardiography showed simultaneous reductions in left and right atrial volumes: 24 +/- 19 and 18 +/- 12%, respectively (p less than 0.001). Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation measured by color flow fraction both decreased by a mean of 44% (p less than 0.001). While ejection fraction increased from 15 +/- 5 to 19 +/- 7% (p less than 0.001), there were no changes in relatively load-independent indexes of contractility. Therefore, acute therapy with vasodilators and diuretics in advanced CHF causes reductions in atrial volumes and atrioventricular valve regurgitation that are evident from serial noninvasive studies and may play a major role in the improvement of congestive symptoms.
Liquefaction characteristics of silts

The paper presents a summary of the results of cyclical triaxial load testing of samples of silt and silty sands. The paper emphasizes differences in behaviour observed between reconstituted triaxial samples of clean sand, of sand containing 10, 20, 30 and 60% silt, pure silt, and undisturbed samples of silt and silty sand. An important observation is that the mechanisms of deformation for sit are different for reconstituted and undisturbed samples, the undisturbed sample having a specific ‘geological’ structure which seems to slow down the excess pore water pressure accumulation, but which still results in cyclic deformations regularly increasing from the very beginning of the test and rapidly reaching high levels. The other important observation is that fine-grained noncohesive soils such as silts and silty sands can be as, or even more, susceptible to liquefaction as clean sands. Test results on samples of sand containing 10, 20 or 30% of silt indicate lesser resistance to liquefaction than pure sand samples. The paper shows the difficulty in identifying a representative parameter to compare the behaviour of silts and silty sands with pure sand, and it seems that more research will be needed in this area.
Ovarian follicular waves in dairy cows after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at estrus.

Abstract A crossover design experiment was conducted to examine the effects of GnRH on hormonal concentrations and changes in ovarian structures of lactating dairy cows during the estrous cycle. Cows were assigned randomly to receive either 100 μ g of GnRH or saline 12h after estrus (d 0) was first observed. Ultrasonographic examinations of the ovaries performed daily throughout the estrous cycle detected either three (n = 7) or four (n = 6) follicular waves. Transient increases in FSH generally preceding the follicular wave containing the dominant (preovulatory) follicle, and the emergence of the dominant follicle before the subsequent estrus occurred later in GnRH-treated than in saline-treated cows with either three or four follicular waves. Day of emergence of dominant follicles within follicular waves was preceded 83% of the time by a transient increase in FSH and was followed consistently by increased serum estradiol-17 β which generally reached peak concentrations concomitant with the peak diameter of the dominant follicle. Although clearly defined pulses were detected in 19 out of 26 sampling periods on d 7 and 14, number of FSH pulses and percentage of cows with pulses of FSH were similar in GnRH-treated and saline-treated cows with three or four follicular waves. In conclusion, treatment of cows with GnRH 12h after the onset of estrus delayed the appearance of the next ovulatory follicle in cows with either three or four follicular waves. Regardless of treatment, emergence of dominant follicles was preceded in most cases by a transient increase in FSH and followed consistently by increased estradiol-17 β .
Dynamic body weight and body composition changes in response to subordination stress

Social stress is prevalent in many facets of modern society. Epidemiological data suggest that stress is linked to the development of overweight, obesity and metabolic disease. Although there are strong associations between the incidence of obesity with stress and elevated levels of hormones such as cortisol, there are limited animal models to allow investigation of the etiology of increased adiposity resulting from exposure to stress. Perhaps more importantly, an animal model that mirrors the consequences of stress in humans will provide a vehicle to develop rational clinical therapy to treat or prevent adverse outcomes from exposure to chronic social stress. In the visible burrow system (VBS) model of chronic social stress mixed gender colonies are housed for 2 week periods during which male rats of the colony quickly develop a dominance hierarchy. We found that social stress has significant effects on body weight and body composition such that subordinate rats progressively develop characteristics of obesity that occurs, in part, through neuroendocrine alterations and changes in food intake amount. Although SUB are hyperphagic following social stress they do not increase their intake of sucrose solution as CON and DOM do suggesting that they are anhedonic. Consumption of a high fat diet does not appear to affect development of a social hierarchy and appears to enhance the effect that chronic stress has on body composition. The visible burrow system (VBS) model of social stress may be a potential laboratory model for studying stress-associated metabolic disease, including the metabolic syndrome.
An experimental investigation of S-duct flow control using arrays of low-profile vortex generators

An experimental investigation was undertaken to measure the effect of various configurations of low-profile vortex generator arrays on the flow in a diffusing S-duct. Three parameters that characterize the vortex generator array were systematically varied to determine their effect: (1) the vortex generator height; (2) the streamwise location of the vortex generator array; and (3) the vortex generator spacing. Detailed measurements of total pressure at the duct exit, surface static pressure, and surface flow visualization were gathered for each vortex generator configuration. These results are reported here along with total pressure recovery and distortion coefficients determined from the experimental data. Each array of vortex generators tested improved total pressure recovery. The configuration employing the largest vortex generators was the most effective in reducing total pressure recovery. No configuration of vortex generators completely eliminated the flow separation that naturally occurs in the S-duct, however the extent of the separated flow region was reduced.
A mobile agent based push methodology for global parallel computing

The 1990s are seeing the explosive growth of the Internet and Web-based information sharing and dissemination systems. The Internet is also showing a potential of forming of a supercomputing resource out of networked computers. Parallel computing on the Internet often works in a machine-centric “pull” execution model. That is, a coordinator machine maintains a pool of tasks and distributes the tasks to other participants on demands. This paper proposes a novel mobile agent based “push” methodology from the perspective of applications. In the method, users declare their computation-bound jobs as autonomous agents. The computational agents will roam on the Internet to find servers to run. Since the agents can be programmed to satisfy their goals, even if they move and lose contact with their creators, they can survive intermittent or unreliable network connection. During their lifetime, the agents can also move themselves autonomously from one machine to another for load balancing, enhancing data locality, and tolerating faults. We present an agent-oriented programming and resource brokerage infrastructure, TRAVELER, in support of global parallel computing. The TRAVELER provides a mechanism for clients to wrap their parallel applications as mobile agents. The agents are dispatched to a resource broker. The broker forms a parallel virtual machine atop available servers to execute the agents. TRAVELER relies on an integrated distributed shared array (DSA) runtime system to support inter-agent communication and synchronization on clusters of servers. We demonstrate the feasibility of the TRAVELER in parallel sorting and LU factorization problems.
Using meta‐analyses to evaluate curriculum: An examination of selected college textbooks

This essay uses the results of meta‐analyses examining the effects of various message design strategies to evaluate public speaking and persuasion textbooks. The conclusions of the meta‐analyses are compared to the conclusions and advice offered by textbooks that rely on social scientific studies. The comparisons using four issues (fear appeals, message sidedness, foot‐in‐the‐door/door‐in‐the‐face, and “sleeper”; effect) show that only for the “sleeper”; effect do more than 50% of the textbooks draw conclusions consistent with the meta‐analyses. Implications of this comparison for the teaching of public speaking and persuasion are considered.
Development of a New Animal Model of Chronic Mitral Regurgitation in Rats Under Transesophageal Echocardiographic Guidance

Large animal models (dog and sheep) are often used for the investigation of the pathophysiology of chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). A major limitation of large animal models is cost. The aim of this study was to develop a new animal model of chronic MR. Left thoracotomy was performed in 34 rats. Under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography, a fine needle was inserted into the left ventricle (LV) to damage the mitral leaflets and produce MR. Serial transthoracic echocardiography was performed to assess LV remodeling and function. Left atrial and LV diameters were significantly larger, and LV fractional shortening was lower in the MR group than in the sham group. The 150-day survival was 59% in the MR group and 100% in the sham group (P < .01). This new animal model of chronic MR may be used in the study of the pathophysiology of chronic MR and pharmacologic therapies.
A multilevel investigation of neighborhood effects on parental warmth.

Although researchers recognize that social contexts shape parenting behaviors, the relationship between neighborhood environment and parenting remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we investigated the associations between compositional and contextual (structural, social, and safety) characteristics of neighborhoods and parental warmth. Data came from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) Study and the 1990 Census. Results of multilevel linear regression analyses suggested that most of the unexplained variation in warmth resulted from compositional differences between caregivers within neighborhoods. We also found significant unexplained neighborhood variation in warmth after adjusting for numerous compositional variables, though our neighborhood variables did not explain this remaining variation. Other compositional or contextual variables may account for this neighborhood level variation. Findings suggest that although differences between caregivers explain most of the between-neighborhood variation in parental warmth, neighborhood environment is important. These findings highlight the importance of the neighborhood in studies of parenting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlates of career traumatization and symptomatology among active-duty police officers

This study investigated the relation between posttraumatic distress symptoms, relational and spiritual health, and different types of potentially traumatic incidents common among active-duty police officers (N = 183). Multiple regression analyses showed that greater hyperarousal trauma symptoms were predicted by less effort toward personal relationships and more on-duty assaults resulting in serious injury. Greater avoidance trauma symptoms were predicted by less effort put toward personal relationships and more on-duty assaults resulting in serious injury. Heightened intrusion trauma symptoms were correlated with more on-duty assaults resulting in serious injury. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Instructions and interstimulus interval in eyelid conditioning

A group presented with a relatively short interstimulus interval (ISI) was not as able to inhibit successfully the development of conditioned responses as was a group given a relatively longer ISI when both groups had received inhibitory instructions. This contrasted with approximately equal levels of responding attained by two other groups given the same short and long ISIs but facilitatory instructions.
Absorption and motility of the bypassed human ileum.

The authors assessed absorption and motility of the human ileum after a prolonged period of disuse. In eight patients with ulcerative colitis, a manometric-catheter assembly was placed via the ileostomy into the unused portion of distal ileum two months after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and temporary diverting loop ileostomy. The distal ileum was perfused at 5 ml/min with an isosmotic solution of either sodium chloride or ileal chyme diluted with sodium chloride for three hours before and three hours after a meal on two consecutive days. Absorption was measured, single and clustered pressure waves were identified and quantitated with the aid of a computer program, and a motility index was calculated. Mean absorption +/- S.E.M. of both perfusates was poor on day 1 (-10 +/- 2 ml/25 cm x 30 min), and the meal induced no ileal motor response. By day 2, however, absorption of both perfusates was much improved (-1 +/- 2 ml/25 cm x 30 min; P less than 0.05), and the number of discrete clustered contractions and the motility index now clearly increased after the meal (2.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 7.2 +/- 1.0 clustered waves/hr; 7.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 9.7 +/- 0.2 motility units/30 min; P less than 0.05). The conclusion was that absorption and motility of the human ileum were impaired after two months of disuse, but that ileal absorption and motility improved one day after the introduction of isosmotic ileal perfusates.
Locating binary features for keypoint recognition using noncooperative games

Many applications in computer vision rely on determining the correspondence between two images that share an overlapping region. One way to establish this correspondence is by matching binary keypoint descriptors from both images. Although, these descriptors are efficiently computed with bits produced by an arrangement of binary features (pattern), their matching performance falls short in comparison with other more elaborated descriptors such as SIFT. We present an approach based on noncooperative game theory for computing the locations of every binary feature in a pattern, improving the performance of binary-feature-based matchers. We propose a simultaneous two-player zero-sum game in which a maximizer wants to increase a payoff by selecting the possible locations for the features; a minimizer wants to decrease the payoff by selecting a pair of keypoints to confuse the maximizer; and the payoff matrix is computed from the pixel intensities across the pixel neighborhood of the keypoints. We use the best locations from the obtained maximizer's optimal policy for locating every binary feature in the pattern. Our evaluation of this approach coupled with Ferns shows an improvement in matching keypoints, in particular those with similar texture. Moreover, our approach improves the matching performance when fewer bits are required.
Towards a model for malate accumulation in plant tissues

Abstract A partial model for the accumulation of potassium and malate in plant tissue is proposed on the basis of the kinetics of 14CO2 uptake and release by roots in the presence and absence of potassium in the medium. In the presence of potassium, there is a greater amount of 14C from 14CO2 accumulated in malate and other organic acids than in the absence of potassium. The decarboxylation of accumulated organic acids is slower in the presence of potassium than in its absence leading to the hypothesis that carboxylation is most likely independent of potassium, but decarboxylation is depressed in the presence of potassium because malate is in an inactive pool perhaps (in vacuoles) acting as a counter ion to potassium which also accumulates.
Association between presence of transplanted leukemia and morphological changes in hosts' thyroid glands.

SummaryC57 male mice which had been inoculated 11 days previously with leukemia C1498 had statistically significantly lower thyroid follicle epithelium than did untreated controls. Thyroids of inoculated mice also had slightly, though not statistically significantly, larger follicle diameters. These changes in thyroid morphology were present but less extensive 8 days after tumor inoculation.
Mode Coupling Effects in Graded-index Optical Fibers

Mode coupling theory is applied to the study of multimode optical fibers with graded-index cores. For coupling caused by random bends in the waveguide axis, the results predict the dependence of the induced losses on the fiber's characteristics. The impulse response is determined for fibers with random bends having several different power spectra. The results are used to predict the transmitted power, the delay time, and the rms pulse width in fibers with graded-index cores.
The scope of interanomeric glycosyl transfer reactions: hetero-dialdoside synthesis by enzymic glucosylation of D-galactose and D-mannose.

Abstract Hitherto, all de novo syntheses of nonreducing di- and trisaccharides from sucrose and its analogs by soluble enzymes have involved either aldopyranosyl (i.e., α- d -glucopyranosyl) transfers to the anomeric-OH of ketofuranoses, or ketofuranosyl (e.g., β- d -fructofuranosyl) transfers to the anomeric-OH of aldopyranoses. It is now clear that soluble as well as cellular dextransucrase preparations from L. mesenteroides can transfer the α- d -glucopyranosyl moiety from sucrose to the anomeric-OH of certain aldoses, yielding unique hetero-dialdosides. Bourne et al. (1961) first recovered a small quantity of an α- d -glucopyranosyl d -galactofuranoside among saccharides produced by a culture of strain Birmingham grown with sucrose and d -galactose. By use of acetone-killed B-742 cells as enzyme source we have isolated 1.5 g of this disaccharide, and have established its full structure as α- d -glucopyranosyl β- d -galactofuranoside. In a parallel synthesis, similar cells acting on sucrose and d -mannose have provided the first known example of a nonreducing disaccharide of d -glucose and d -mannose, α- d -glycopyranosyl β- d -mannopyranoside. Both dialdosides also were synthesized by soluble dextransucrase preparations from three different L. mesenteroides strains. As the enzymes were not highly purified, these results may not provide conclusive proof of identity of the catalyst. But the syntheses by the soluble enzymes do demonstrate the occurrence of α- d -glucopyranosyl transfer reactions beyond the limits set for interanomeric glycosyl transfers by previous collective experience with various enzymes.
ELECTRON-HYDROGEN SCATTERING AT LOW ENERGIES

The effective range in the singlet electron-hydrogen system has been evaluated as 2.646\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 atomic units by using the asymptotic amplitude of the 202-parameter ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ wave function of Pekeris. This value of the effective range, together with the value of the electron affinity of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, determines the scattering length in the singlet system as 6.167 atomic units. The effective range in the triplet system is calculated to be 1.219 atomic units by a Hartree-Fock approximation. It is shown that the effective-range approximation is very good for all energies at which only elastic scattering is allowed. The photo-ionization of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is briefly discussed on the basis of the effective-range theory.
An ab initio study of the reaction of atomic fluorine and chlorine with trifluoroacetaldehyde

Abstract In the present work, ab initio molecular orbital theory has been used to examine the reaction of atomic fluorine and chlorine with trifluoroacetaldehyde CF 3 C(O)H. Equilibrium geometries and transition state structures have been fully optimized at the unrestricted second-order Moller-Plesset (UMP2/6-31G*) level of theory. Activation barriers and heats of reaction have been estimated using fourth-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory with spin projection including single, double, triple and quadruple excitations (PMP4 (SDTQ)). The predicted activation barrier for the abstraction of hydrogen from trifluoroacetaldehyde, as from similar compounds, is found to be higher for chlorine than for fluorine atoms. Barriers for hydrogen abstraction are lower for CF 3 C(O)H than HFCO, in accord with known trends in substituent effects.
The Endgame of Taste: Keats, Sartre, Beckett

In deciding what kind of weather suits his taste, Beckett’s absurdist quest-hero Molloy decides that he has no taste, that he had lost it long ago.1 Modernism never wholly let go of the aesthetic legacy of taste, and by 1947 when Beckett was working on the first novel in his trilogy, Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable, it had already experienced this legacy in the form of an existentialist nausea. Perhaps nowhere do we see this more clearly than in Keats’s late fragmentary epics, Hyperion and The Fall of Hyperion, where the metaphor of taste gives way to an all-pervasive sickness in the stomach. While the starving speaker of The Fall of Hyperion fails to relish the stale banquet he is offered at the outset of the poem, the defeated gods of Hyperion suffer an existential queasiness playing itself out in bodies that are “crampt and screw’d.”2 Hyperion experiences a “nauseous feel” from the repulsive smells he is forced to consume. Critics since Walter Jackson Bate have noticed the proleptically existential tone of the Hyperion poems: they “anticipate much that we associate with existentialism (no other major nineteenth-century poem does this to the same extent).”3 Here I pursue the possibility, evinced by Keats, that existentialism itself— and its dominant paradigms of nausea and disgust—constitutes the philosophical aftermath of aesthetic taste.
A Multichamber Integrated-Processing UHV System For The Formation Of Silicon Heterostructures On Three-Inch Wafers

This paper describes the design and construction of a multichamber integrated dielectric processing system. We describe a methodology for managing the design process of complex integrated-processing systems which includes model building and computer aided design. The advantages of a flexible modular approach to integrated processing are discussed. The finished system has three processing and analysis modules networked by a central server with capabilities for (i) remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of dielectric films, (ii) downstream cleaning of semiconductor surfaces, and (iii) in-situ materials characterization by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and reverse view low energy electron diffraction (LEED). With this integrated processing system we have the capability of depositing and analyzing Si-based heterostructures which can be fabricated to include any combination of silicon oxide; silicon nitride; silicon oxynitride; and amorphous, microcrystalline, or polycrystalline silicon layers.