cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Management of Elder Mistreatment: The Physician's Role

The physical abuse, psychological abuse, exploitation, and neglect of older adults constitute a serious and under-recognized public health problem throughout the world. Clinicians often misinterpret the health effects of elder mistreatment (EM) as caused by underlying disease or the aging process. Clues to mistreatment include the patient's appearance, recurrent urgent-care visits for the same diagnosis, missed appointments, suspicious physical findings, and implausible explanations for injuries. Avoiding confrontation and emphasizing treatment of abuse-related health conditions help the clinician maintain a therapeutic alliance with the victim and abuser. Victim safety should be the paramount concern. Victims with decisional capacity should be apprised of the chronic, progressive nature of EM. Clinical strategies to stop abuse include hospitalization and closer monitoring through office visits and home nursing. In most U.S. states, laws require that clinicians report at least physical abuse to the local adult protective services agency or to law enforcement. Mandated reporting, while offering potential social and legal remedies, raises ethical concerns regarding the physician-patient relationship.
The amino acid composition of tobacco mosaic virus protein.

Abstract The first complete analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus protein after it has been freed from nucleic acid is reported. Analyses after 24 and 48 hours of hydrolysis indicate marked decomposition of serine and threonine during hydrolysis and the values for these amino acids in the protein have been obtained by extrapolation to zero time. The corrected analytical values yield integral numbers for most of the amino acids and account for almost all the weight of the protein. The analyses indicate a minimal peptide chain molecular weight of 18,270 composed of the following 164 amino acid residues: Asp19 Glu17 Pro8 Ser18 Thr17 Gly6 Ala15 Val14 Leu13 Isol9 Tyr4 Trypt2 Phe8 CySH1 Lys2 Arg11 (-CONH2)20. From the above composition the calculated value for the partial specific volume ( V ) of the protein is 0.731.
Palliative Chemotherapy or Radiation and Prognostic Understanding among Advanced Cancer Patients: The Role of Perceived Treatment Intent.

Background: As patients' accurate understanding of their prognosis is essential for informed end-of-life planning, identifying associated factors is important. Objective: We examine if receiving pa...
The Thoracoabdominal Aorta in Marfan Syndrome

Although most aneurysms in patients with Marfan syndrome develop in the aortic root, aneurysms can also develop in the thoracoabdominal aorta. Most thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in these patients are caused by progressive aortic dilatation after aortic dissection. Many patients with Marfan syndrome who undergo successful repair of ascending aortic dissection subsequently suffer progressive expansion of the chronically dissected distal aorta. Among patients with Marfan syndrome and aortic dissection, those who undergo surgical repair of the thoracoabdominal aorta include patients with acute dissection and complications involving the thoracoabdominal segment, acute dissection superimposed on a preexisting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, or chronic dissection that has led to a large or symptomatic thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Contemporary surgical approaches balance the need for extensive aortic replacement with the need to protect the spinal cord and other organs and, thereby, prevent postoperative complications. Despite the extensive aortic replacement that typifies these procedures, early outcomes after these operations are excellent. In our contemporary series of 96 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs in patients with Marfan syndrome, the early survival rate was 97 %, and major complications were rare: permanent spinal cord deficit occurred in one patient, stroke occurred in one patient, and permanent renal failure necessitating dialysis occurred in five patients. Recent literature indicates that long-term survival and freedom from repair failure are also excellent.
The Effect of a Virtual No-Step Zone on Balance Control in Walking

Abstract Humans need to actively control their upright posture during walking to avoid loss of balance. We do not have a comprehensive theory for how humans regulate balance during walking, especially in complex environments. Balance must be maintained in a variety of contexts including crowded city side-walks, rocky nature trails, walks on the beach, or fast-paced sporting events. The nervous system must process many aspects of the environment to produce an appropriate motor output in order to maintain balance on two legs. We have previously identified three balance mechanisms that young healthy adults use to maintain balance while walking: 1) The ankle roll mechanism, a modulation of ankle inversion/eversion; 2) The foot placement mechanism, a shift of the swing foot placement; and 3) The push-off mechanism, a modulation of the ankle plantarflexion angle during double stance. We know that these mechanisms are interdependent and can be influenced by internal factors such as the phase of the gait cycle and walking cadence. Here we seek to determine whether there are changes in neural control of balance when walking in the presence of environmental constraints. Subjects walked on a self-paced treadmill while immersed in a virtual environment that provides three different colored pathways. Subjects were instructed not to step in the No-Step Zone, which appeared either on the right or left side of the subject. While walking, subjects received balance perturbations in the form of galvanic vestibular stimulation, providing the sensation of falling sideways, either toward the No-Step zone or toward the Neutral zone on the other side. The results indicate that the use of the balance mechanisms are subtly altered depending on whether the perceived fall is toward the No-Step or the Neutral zone. This experiment provides further evidence that the balance control system during walking is extremely flexible, recruiting multiple mechanisms at different times in the gait cycle to adapt to environmental constraints.
Reflections on the Rule of Law in China

The conventional approach to legal reform in China is to stress the need for the judiciary to attain the professional competence and institutional autonomy to enforce legal doctrine. This essay argues that developing judicial capacity to handle political, as opposed to legal, conflict may be equally important to Chinese legal and political development. The article acknowledges the legitimacy of CCP oversight of the legal system but argues that the very omnipresence of the Party means that it is usually on all sides in instances of major social conflict. The article draws on examples from the United States and Japan to illustrate this possible role
COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Health Among Patients with Cancer.

Purpose of review The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread with rising new cases and deaths. Patients with cancer represent a uniquely vulnerable population not only with higher susceptibility to COVID-19 but also at increased risk for its complications. This review focuses on the implications of COVID-19 in the cardiovascular health of patients with cancer. Recent findings Patients more susceptible to COVID-19 with increased severity of disease include those with cancer and cardiovascular comorbidities. In addition, the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 including acute myocardial injury, thromboembolism, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and pericardial disease overlap with many of those encountered during cancer treatment. Despite the absence of large studies of patients with both cancer and cardiovascular disease, the incidence of cardiovascular complications in cancer patients with COVID-19 is expected to be high. This has implications for cardiac monitoring, chemotherapy administration, and the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease during COVID-19.
Magneto-Optical Trap with Millimeter Ball Lenses

We present a magneto-optical trap (MOT) design based on millimeter ball lenses, contained within a metal cube of 19-mm side length. The ball lenses create highly divergent conical MOT trapping beams. In our experiment and in trajectory simulations, we study the effect of beam divergence and light-intensity gradients on MOT performance. We trap approximately $4.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}{\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in our ball-lens MOT at a density of $3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a loading time of 1.3 s. Experimental measurements and the trajectory model are used to calibrate the trapping efficiency in the highly divergent light fields of the ball lenses. The advantages of the design include small lens and chamber sizes favorable to miniaturization, the absence of large-diameter optical-beam pathways, and a low laser-power requirement. These features are conducive to atom-trap geometries with well-defined electromagnetic boundary conditions, as required for ion and plasma traps, and for efficient shielding of black-body and dc stray fields.
Hydrodechlorination of Dichloromethane by a Metal-Free Triazole-Porphyrin Electrocatalyst: Demonstration of Main-Group Element Electrocatalysis*.

In this work, the electrocatalytic reduction of dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2 ) into hydrocarbons involving a main group element-based molecular triazole-porphyrin electrocatalyst H2PorT8 is reported. This catalyst converted CH2 Cl2 in acetonitrile to various hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, and ethylene) with a Faradaic efficiency of 70 % and current density of -13 mA cm-2 at a potential of -2.2 V vs. Fc/Fc+ using water as a proton source. The findings of this study and its mechanistic interpretations demonstrated that H2PorT8 was an efficient and stable catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of CH2 Cl2 and that main group catalysts could be potentially used for exploring new catalytic reaction mechanisms.
A Day at the Beach: A Multidisciplinary Business Law Case Study

This case study, written for use in a multidisciplinary course, exposes students to concepts in business law, economics, and statistics. The case is based upon a hypothetical scenario involving a young woman who, having spent a relaxing day at the beach, heads for home. On the drive home, a flip-flop she is wearing becomes lodged under the gas pedal. In attempting to dislodge the flip-flop, the car she is driving drifts into the lane of oncoming traffic, running head-on into another vehicle. The injured driver of the other vehicle files a lawsuit against the young woman and the manufacturer of the flip-flops. The business law portion of the case raises questions regarding negligence and strict products liability. The economics aspect of the case involves the calculation of lost earnings and present value, and the statistics
'Personal' Property: Owning Genetic Information

Like much of the Constitution, the Fourth Amendment presumes property rights but does not define them. Its text protects individuals against unreasonable government searches and seizures of their “persons, houses, papers, and effects,” but sets no contours for these four categories. Since the Founding, those unfixed boundaries have allowed courts to gradually shift the Fourth Amendment’s property protections to include such modern phenomena as GPS location data and cell phone cloud storage. Such flexibility is both an aspiration and an inevitability of the common law, which evolves over time alongside judicial precedent and custom. Indeed, property rights, themselves a creature of common law, are both often founded in privacy interests and have evolved as those interests expand and contract, across contexts and across time. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, and computing should compel courts to recognize that the common law of property is evolving yet again. Though the Supreme Court has never decided the question, it is widely accepted that individuals retain a substantial expectation of privacy in their genetic data, even if not always in the physical samples that information is extracted from. Just as expectations of domestic solicitude and private ownership have founded the rights underlying longstanding property interests like nuisance and trespass, so too should individuals be able to take refuge from government intrusion within the homes of their own bodies. Drawing on other property rights that are built upon privacy interests, this paper argues that we have—and that the law should recognize—a limited property right in genetic information. This property right would give individuals a sorely-needed right to exclude others from their intimate data, would more accurately reflect the ways in which individuals, private companies, and research institutions transfer and trade in genetic materials, and would help to clarify the scope of various legal protections that turn on both property and privacy interests, such as the Fourth Amendment.
Pedicle Screw Track Augmentation With Fibular Allograft for Significant Bone Loss in Revision Fixation.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:To report the clinical and radiological outcomes for screw track augmentation with fibular allograft in revision of loose pedicle screws associated...
Holomorphy of adjoint L-functions for GL(n): $$n\le 4$$ n ≤ 4

We show entireness of complete adjoint L-functions associated to any cuspidal representations of $${{\,\mathrm{GL}\,}}(3)$$ or $${{\,\mathrm{GL}\,}}(4)$$ over an arbitrary number field. Twisted cases are also investigated.
Reported Crime Frequencies: A Statistical Comparison of State Crime Reports and the UCR

Prior research suggests there are inconsistencies between the UCR and other National-level crime data sources. Less research has tested whether similar inconsistencies exist between UCR and State annual crime reports. The current study compared 48 U.S. State’s Part I offense counts to the FBI’s UCR’s Part I offense counts for the years 2000–2018. Paired samples t-tests revealed significant differences for specific Part I offense counts as reported by individual States and the UCR. Percentage differences further indicated that the magnitudes of differences were substantively meaningful. Pairwise correlations indicated strong linear associations and convergence between State and UCR Part I offenses Nationally, but convergence diminished when assessing individual States. Frequency and percentage differences were treated as dependent variables in multivariate models. Results from OLS regressions suggest certain State-level factors significantly predict the observed differences between State and UCR reported Part I offenses. These results reveal that inconsistencies exist between two official data sources which have the same origin.
Preliminary Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of Chemical Ablation of the Seminal Vesicles in the Bull

Bulls affected with septic seminal vesiculitis are often classified as unsatisfactory potential breeders due to leukocyte contamination, poor sperm motility and other abnormalities noted during the breeding soundness examination.1,2 The prognosis of chronically affected bulls for resolution of this condition using antimicrobial therapy, sclerosing agents or surgical removal is guarded at best.1,2,5 Because of this poor response to present treatment options, we performed a preliminary study investigating a method of chemically ablating the entire seminal vesicle with a 4% formaldehyde solution. In horses, ablation of ethmoidal hematomas and salivary glands using a 4% formaldehyde solution is successfully documented.3,4 The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of injecting the seminal vesicles of healthy bulls, percutaneously, with a 4% solution of formaldehyde, and the efficacy of this procedure in ablating the parenchyma of the seminal vesicles as a potential treatment of chronic septic seminal vesiculitis.
Offshore Wind in the Great Lakes: Fostering Development Through State Policy

This paper proposes a new regulatory scheme for offshore wind in the Great Lakes. Building on the work of the Great Lakes Offshore Wind Council, it exams past experiences with offshore wind development on the East Coast and in the Great Lakes. Drawing lessons from those experiences, it proposes a leasing scheme for the state of Michigan with three components. First is site screening and review. Second is a periodic lease auction held by the Michigan Department of Energy, Great Lakes, and the Environment. And third is annual lease payments of $100 to $200 per acre. The paper also proposes incorporating offshore wind renewable energy credits (ORECs) into Michigan's existing Renewable Portfolio Standard law, and creating a thorough community engagement process to continue for the duration of development.
Compatible and Counteracting Aspectsof Organic Osmolytes in Mammalian Kidney Cells in Vivo and in Vitro

Typical mammalian body fluids have osmotic pressures of about 300 mosm/kg, with inorganic ions as the major osmotic effectors (osmolytes) both extra- and intracellularly. Many non-mammalian species face much higher osmotic pressures, and comparative physiologists have long known that cells in such organisms generally use organic solutes to maintain osmotic balance. From eubacteria to lower vertebrates, these organic osmolytes appear to fall within a few categories of compounds, namely polyols, neutral amino acids and derivatives, dimethyl-sulfonioproprionate, and urea, usually in combination with methylamines (Yancey et al. 1982; Somero, this Vol.). Only recently has it been fully recognized that some mammalian tissues follow this widespread evolutionary pattern, in particular the kidney. As a consequence of the urine-concentrating mechanism, cells of the renal inner medulla may be exposed to extracellular urea and NaC1 at well over 1000 mosm/kg. In the mid-1980s (Balaban and Knepper 1983; Finely 1984; Bagnasco et al. 1986), it was found that the inner kidney can contain high levels of the polyols sorbitol and (myo)-inositol, and the methylamines betaine and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC; first detected by Ullrich 1959). These appear to be intracellular (since they are not found in urine or blood), and it was proposed that these compounds serve as osmolytes in renal cell volume maintenance (Fig. 1).
Large Disks as Representations for the Lunar Mascons with Implications Regarding Theories of Formation

It is shown that large (hundred-km diam) near-surface disks are capable of accurately representing the lunar mascons with very few parameters. While this does not ‘prove’ that the mascons are excess mass in disk form, it is highly suggestive. It is pointed out that virtually every proposed mascon theory is consistent with a disk shape for the excess mass. The tentative hypothesis is advanced that the mascons are, in fact, disk shaped mass excesses. The conditions for mascon formation and preservation are reviewed in the light of this hypothesis.
May Cooler Tempers Prevail: Let Technology Reduce Hot Air Over Global Warming

In the absence of incontrovertible scientific evidence to forecast the consequences of global warming - or the costs of preventing it - the debate over emissions targets has often been driven by personal and political interests. Mark Bernstein, Scott Hassell, and Robert Lempert argue that developing and industrialized countries alike can avoid both environmental and economic disaster by harnessing alternative fuel technologies. The authors suggest that such a strategy would produce reasonable outcomes no matter whose view of the future proves correct. Zalmay M. Khalilzad explores whether the United States should abandon or modify its strategy of engagement with China or switch entirely to a strategy of containment, concluding that a new, blended strategy, which he terms "congagement," should be adopted. RAND studies on military personnel policies explore alternative strategies for recruitment, retention, and retirement to help the U.S. military attract and keep enough good people. Included are news briefs on the following: An experimental drug may be linked to Gulf War syndrome; judges hold the key to eliminating abuses and improving outcomes in class action lawsuits; government e-mail could cut costs and improve service; increasing education levels among blacks and Latinos could pay for itself; a new study is assessing the quality of public vocational education in the United States.
Hydromorphone in the Management of Cancer-Related Pain: An Update on Routes of Administration and Dosage Forms

Pain is experienced by a majority of cancer patients. As life expectancy has increased in developed and developing countries, cancer-related pain has become a major health concern. Despite the use of the three-step analgesic ladder proposed by the World Health Organization, pain still remains under treated. Morphine, the gold standard against which all other opioids has been compared is considered the first choice for management of cancer-related pain. However, recently focus has shifted to the use of hydromorphone, a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine, which is more potent, more soluble and has a comparable side-effect profile. This review focuses on the use of hydromorphone for the management of cancer-related pain emphasizing on the various routes of administration as well as dosage forms, and providing a direction for the preference of a particular route depending on the need for a rapid effect and the individual’s situation. Various approaches used to modify the release of hydromorphone from the drug delivery systems with the perspective of improving patient compliance are also being discussed.
Permeability and channel-mediated transport of boric acid across plant membranes. An explanation for differential B uptake in plants

Boron enters plant roots as undissociated boric acid (H3BO3). significant differences in B uptake are frequently observed even when plants are grown under identical conditions. It had been theorized that these differences reflect species differences in permeability coefficient of H3BO3 across plasma membrane. The data presented in this study suggest that B enters the plant cells in part by passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and in part through proteinaceous channels. Also the lipid composition of the plasma membrane can affect total B uptake.
Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading

People are minded creatures; we have thoughts, feelings and emotions. More intriguingly, we grasp our own mental states, and conduct the business of ascribing them to ourselves and others without instruction in formal psychology. How do we do this? And what are the dimensions of our grasp of the mental realm? In this book, Alvin I. Goldman explores these questions with the tools of philosophy, developmental psychology, social psychology and cognitive neuroscience. He refines an approach called simulation theory, which starts from the familiar idea that we understand others by putting ourselves in their mental shoes. Can this intuitive idea be rendered precise in a philosophically respectable manner, without allowing simulation to collapse into theorizing? Given a suitable definition, do empirical results support the notion that minds literally create (or attempt to create) surrogates of other peoples mental states in the process of mindreading? Goldman amasses a surprising array of evidence from psychology and neuroscience that supports this hypothesis.
Eddy convergence of heat, salt, density, and vorticity in the subtropical North Atlantic

Abstract Profiles of absolute three-dimensional velocity at POLYMODE Array III Clusters A, B, and C are derived by vertically integrating the thermal wind relations and the first order vorticity equation. Horizontal reference velocities are set by using stable mean flows observed at 1500 m at Clusters A and B, and at 2500 m at Cluster C. The vertical reference velocity is Ekman pumping at the surface from published charts. The dot product of the resultant absolute profiles with the gradients of potential temperature, salinity, and potential density, gives profiles of turbulent convergence of the respective quantities. The implications that these velocity and convergence profiles have on North Atlantic water mass movements are discussed. While the relative velocity profile at Cluster B in identical to that published for a nearby area (using the β-spiral method), the reference velocity is more to the north. By referring to the profiles of turbulent convergence it is shown that the β-spinal method (which relies on finding the intersections of surfaces of constant potential density and potential vorticity, as well as their conservation) is ill-conditioned where conservation holds and physically unrealistic where it does not hold.
Molecular hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon: NMR evidence

We measured the concentrations of molecular hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H})$ using a Jeener-Broekaert three-pulse sequence. For samples prepared by both plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD), the molecular hydrogen concentrations are about one order of magnitude larger than those inferred from spin-lattice-relaxation time ${(T}_{1})$ measurements. There are two distinct environments for hydrogen molecules. In one the molecules are essentially isolated and act as relaxation centers for hydrogen bonded to silicon atoms. In the other, the hydrogen molecules are clustered and do not relax the bonded hydrogen. Samples prepared by HWCVD have a lower transition temperature for freezing of the molecular hydrogen motion than those prepared by PECVD. This behavior is attributed to a more ordered silicon structure in HWCVD samples. The nonexponential behavior of the dipolar relaxation and possible relation with the defects and doping is discussed.
The geometrical and vibrational properties of the Rh(111) surface

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) data have been used to characterize the clean Rh(111) surface. The surface geometry, the degree of surface relaxation, and the Debye temperature have been determined. In the Debye temperature measurement, specular LEED beam intensities were monitored as a function of temperature over a range of electron energies from approximately 30 to 1000 eV. It was found that the bulk Debye temperature is 380 ± 23 K, and the normal component of the Debye temperature at the lowest electron energy used is 197 ± 12 K. The Rh(111) surface relaxation has been determined both by a convolution-transform analysis and by dynamical calculations. Within experimental error, neither expansion nor contraction of the topmost layer has been detected. The results of the convolution-transform analysis of specular beams at two angles of incidence and of a nonspecular beam at normal incidence suggest an expansion of the topmost layer of 3 ± 5% of the bulk layer spacing. In agreement with this, comparisons between the results of the dynamical calculation and experimental data for five nonspecular beams at normal incidence suggest that the surface layer relaxes by 0 ± 5%. In addition, the dynamical calculations indicate that the topmost layer maintains an fcc structure.
Four-wave mixing in stochastic fields: Fluctuation-induced resonances

The effect of pump fluctuations on various coherent processes that arise in three-level systems interacting with two external fields is examined. Such coherent processes include the forward Hanle effect and various four-wave mixing effects such as the generation of phase-conjugate signals. A general formulation that enables one to calculate the influence of laser linewidth on the coherent signals produced in various directions is presented. Ensemble averages, over laser temporal fluctuations, of various physical quantities, such as atomic polarization, are calculated. The spectrum of polarization fluctuations is shown to consist of several new features which lead to coherent radiation in different directions depending on the resonant frequencies in the polarization fluctuations. The influence of pump linewidth on pressure-induced extra resonance (PIER) is treated in detail. The possibility of producing a laser-fluctuation-induced coherent signal at one of the atomic frequencies is examined. This new signal, which is produced in a direction different from that of the PIER signal, but has the same type of resonant character as PIER, is found to have significantly different pressure dependence than the PIER signal. The results of our numerical computations are qualitatively explained in terms of the convolutions of products of third-order susceptibilities and pump field-correlation functions.
Projecting Function of Stroke Patients in Rehabilitation Using the AlphaFIM Instrument in Acute Care

Objectives (1) To establish the reliability and validity of the AlphaFIM instrument; (2) To examine the hypotheses that the 6-item AlphaFIM instrument administered in acute care would closely approximate the full 18-item FIM instrument rating administered at admission to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF); (3) to determine whether the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict the full FIM instrument ratings at discharge from the IRF; (4) to test whether the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict length of stay (LOS) in the IRF; (5) to determine if the acute AlphaFIM projected rating could predict the likelihood of patients being discharged from the IRF to the community. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective cohort study of 144 stroke patients in an acute care stroke unit with subsequent transfer to an IRF. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measurements IRF admission FIM rating, IRF discharge FIM ratings, LOS, and likelihood of discharge to community. Results The AlphaFIM instrument displayed adequate reliability and validity. Results of a linear regression showed the acute AlphaFIM instrument ratings were significant in predicting IRF admission FIM instrument ratings, IRF discharge FIM instrument ratings, and IRF LOS. Results of a logistic regression indicated the ability of the acute AlphaFIM instrument ratings to predict the likelihood of patients being discharged from the IRF to the community was statistically significant but did not account for a great deal of the variance in the model. Conclusions The AlphaFIM instrument, used in acute care, has utility in projecting FIM instrument ratings of stroke patients' function at admission to and discharge from the IRF.
Brittleness of materials: implications for composites and a relation to impact strength

Brittleness of materials—whether it occurs naturally or with aging—affects significantly performance and manifests itself in various properties. In the past, brittleness was defined qualitatively, but now a definition of brittleness for viscoelastic materials exists, enabling analysis of all types of polymer-based materials. The quantity brittleness, B, has been evaluated for neat thermoplastics, but here composites and metal alloys are also assessed. The physical significance of brittleness is connected to the dimensional stability of materials. The connections of brittleness to tensile elongation and to fatigue are explored while its relationship to surface properties—specifically wear by repetitive scratching—is examined more closely. The economic impact of wear results in monetary loss associated with failure and reduced service life of plastic parts—thus its connection to brittleness finds use across a broad spectrum of industrial applications which utilize plastics for manufacturing, processing, etc. We also demonstrate a correspondence between impact strength (Charpy or Izod) and brittleness of polymers. It is shown that the assumption hardness is equivalent to brittleness is inaccurate; this fact has important implications for interpreting the results of mechanical testing of viscoelastic materials.
The Coyote-Proof Pasture Experiment How fences replaced predators and labor on US rangelands

Few scientific experiments have influenced more land than one conducted in the Wallowa Mountains of eastern Oregon by the US Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Plant Industry and US Forest Service in 1907–1909. Four square miles of land were enclosed with a “coyote-proof fence,” guarded by a hunter, and stocked with an untended band of sheep. Data were collected on vegetation and sheep performance inside and outside the fence, and two years later success was declared. By 1910, the Forest Service had wrested range research from the Bureau of Plant Industry, subordinating the emerging field to timber production and fire suppression for decades to come. The young scientist who conducted the experiment, James Jardine, was promoted to Inspector of Grazing for the fledgling Forest Service, while his Wallowa collaborator, Arthur Sampson, went on to become “the father” of range science. The model of range management that they pioneered was applied across the US West and, later, on many rangelands in the develo...
Percentage Number of Nonthermal Sources in the Northern and Southern Halves of the Galaxy

COMPARISONS1,2 of continuum spectral indices with the presence or absence of radio recombination lines show that virtually all sources with no recombination lines have steep spectral indices, that is, are nonthermal.
Zero-point energy in bag models

The zero-point (Casimir) energy of free vector (gluon) fields confined to a spherical cavity (bag) is computed. The result is quadratically divergent, but it is argued that this divergence may be absorbed by a suitable renormalization of a constant force parameter. If so, the result for eight gluons is E=+0.51/a. This result is substantially larger than that for a spherical shell (where both interior and exterior modes are present), and so affects Johnson's model of the quantum-chromodynamic vacuum. It is also smaller than, and of opposite sign to, the value used in bag-model phenomenology, so it will have important implications there.
Modelling and performance of distributed algorithm for scheduling dissimilar machines with set-up

Distributed arrival time control is a highly decentralized scheduling approach where each part entity autonomously controls its arrival time to meet the due-date in real time. This paper presents differential equation-based models for distributed arrival time control of parallel dissimilar machines including sequence-dependent set-up and flowshop scheduling. The main objective was to show that the behaviour of general systems under distributed arrival time control was predictable. Convergence properties of the resulting nonlinear systems were established using the theory of discontinuous differential equations. Geometry was used to gain insight into the behaviour of these nonlinear systems. An approximation model was proposed for mean arrival times when the dynamics resulted in a non-unique steady-state. The model was tested using numerical simulation and agreed well. Geometric insights were also used to investigate scheduling performance of distributed arrival time control. Simulation results indicated t...
Large ground-state entropy changes for hydrogen atom transfer reactions of iron complexes.

Reported herein are the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions of two closely related dicationic iron tris(α-diimine) complexes. FeII(H2bip) (iron(II) tris[2,2‘-bi-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine]diperchlorate) and FeII(H2bim) (iron(II) tris[2,2‘-bi-2-imidazoline]diperchlorate) both transfer H• to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxyl) to yield the hydroxylamine, TEMPO-H, and the respective deprotonated iron(III) species, FeIII(Hbip) or FeIII(Hbim). The ground-state thermodynamic parameters in MeCN were determined for both systems using both static and kinetic measurements. For FeII(H2bip) + TEMPO, ΔG° = −0.3 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1, ΔH° = −9.4 ± 0.6 kcal mol-1, and ΔS° = −30 ± 2 cal mol-1 K-1. For FeII(H2bim) + TEMPO, ΔG° = 5.0 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1, ΔH° = −4.1 ± 0.9 kcal mol-1, and ΔS° = −30 ± 3 cal mol-1 K-1. The large entropy changes for these reactions, |TΔS°| = 9 kcal mol-1 at 298 K, are exceptions to the traditional assumption that ΔS° ≈ 0 for simple HAT reactions. Various studies indicate that hydrogen bond...
Application of Gas-Phase Partitioning Tracer Tests to Characterize Immiscible-Liquid Contamination in the Vadose Zone Beneath a Fuel Depot

Gas-phase partitioning tracer tests were conducted at a fuel depot to evaluate the utility of the partitioning tracer method for characterizing organic immiscible-liquid contamination in the vadose zone. One test was conducted within the boundaries of an existing fuel dispensing island and former underground fuel tank facility. Core sampling indicated that the vadose zone at this location is heavily contaminated throughout its vertical extent by fuel-related hydrocarbons. A tracer test was conducted after 30 mo of operation of a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system. Analysis of hydrocarbon concentrations in the SVE effluent indicates that approximately 355 000 L of hydrocarbons were recovered during the 30-mo operation period. Comparing this value to the initial volume of hydrocarbons present, estimated to be approximately 454 000 L based on core data, produces an estimate of 99 000 (64 000–134 000) L of hydrocarbons remaining within the area influenced by the SVE system. Extrapolation of the tracer test results ( S n = 0.44%) to the SVE-impacted zone produces an estimate of 107 000 (59 000–155 000) L of hydrocarbon present. The two values and associated approximate uncertainty ranges are relatively similar. The second test was conducted approximately 200 m from the former tank facility. Analysis of borehole material collected during well drilling at this location indicates minimal hydrocarbon contamination of the vadose zone, except in the vicinity of the water table (approximately 30 m below ground surface [bgs]), on which floating free product is found. Analysis of the tracer test results produced a hydrocarbon saturation value of 0.37%, which is significantly smaller than the initial value of approximately 1.9% (i.e., before SVE operation) estimated based on core data for the former tank facility location. The lower level of vadose-zone contamination suggests that the source of immiscible-liquid contamination found at the second location may be related to lateral migration of floating free product along the water table from the up-gradient tank facility, rather than vertical migration from the surface above. However, additional studies would be required to more fully evaluate this hypothesis. The results of this work illustrate the utility of the gas-phase partitioning tracer method for characterizing immiscible-liquid contamination in the vadose zone.
Hurricane Katrina's Impact on Gifted Programs in Louisiana, 2005–2007

Hurricane Katrina had, and continues to have, a devastating effect on every student who was living in the southeastern quadrant of Louisiana at the beginning of the 2005–2006 school term. African American public school students who were enrolled in gifted and talented programs were particularly impacted by the storm, although they comprised a healthy proportion of gifted and talented students statewide before Katrina struck. Following the hurricane, 20% of all of the gifted and talented students in Louisiana were displaced. Because the majority of that displacement occurred among the predominantly African American public school population in New Orleans, gifted and talented program enrollment among African American students was reduced by 47%. This article examines the circumstances in 4 Southeastern Louisiana parishes before and after Hurricane Katrina that contributed to the drastic reduction in gifted and talented African American participants. Included are suggestions for recovering this population of...
Process Variables in the Mixture Problem for Categorized Components

Abstract A method is presented for the design of experiments and the fitting of polynomial models where the experimentation involves not only mixture components but process variables as well. The experimentation is performed in a region of operation comprised of an ellipsoidal region in the mixture components and an ndimensional rectangular region in the process variables. The designs discussed are standard designs for factorial experiments.
Unenhanced Raman scattering from pyridine adsorbed on stepped and kinked silver surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract As part of a study to elucidate chemical contributions to the total enhancement factor in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the adsorption and Raman scattering from pyridine on several stepped and kinked silver surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum was examined. On Ag (521) and Ag (987), which are kinked surfaces comprising (111) terraces of different widths, pyridine does not chemisorb or exhibit SERS. On the Ag (540) surface, however, pyridine chemisorbs, but does not exhibit SERS. These observations are discussed in relation to current theories of the chemical enhancement mechanism.
Perceptual correlates of variability in the duration of the cortical excitability cycle

Abstract To determine effects of cortical excitability cycle duration on human perceptual and cognitive performance, EEG frequency spectra were calculated from EEGs recorded while subjects were performing a two-flash discrimination or a duration estimation task. In the two-flash discrimination task, subjects' report of two flashes seen was associated by higher frequency EEG than when only one flash was reported. Primary EEG differences were in the alpha frequency range, about 10 c/sec. In the duration estimation tasks, correlation coefficients determined between a weighted mean frequency measure of EEG frequency composition and objective durations showed that significantly high correlations were achieved within a small frequency band (about 2 c/sec wide) near the alpha frequency. Results are related to the duration of the spontaneous cortical excitability cycle: when the cycle is shorter, discrimination threshold is reduced. Similarly, subjective duration seems to be regulated by rate of cortical information processing, which is in turn regulated by cortical excitability cycle duration.
Clinicopathologic correlation of a subconjunctival foreign body using ultrasound biomicroscopy and anterior segment ocular coherence tomography.

Clinicopathologic correlation of a subconjunctival foreign body using ultrasound biomicroscopy and anterior segment ocular coherence tomography
The synthesis and characterization of N-substituted iminodiacetato cis-, trans-R, R- and trans-S, S-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) complexes: steric effects on the diastereomeric ratios.

Abstract A series of platinum(II) comlexes of the type [Pt(N-R-IDA)(DACH)], where DACH was either cis-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-R, R-l, 2-diaminocyclohexane, or trans-S, S-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane, and N-R-IDA was either the iminodiacetate, N-methyliminodiacetate, N-n-propyliminodiacetate, or N-t-butyliminodiacetate ion, has been prepared and characterized. A detailed NMR investigation shows that the N-R-IDA ions bind to the platinum (II) ion through one of the acetate oxygens and the imino nitrogen, forming a five-membered ring. The second acetate ion does not bind to the platinum. By virtue of the pro-chiral N-atom of N-R-IDA and the absence of a horizontal plane of symmetry of the Pt(DACH) moiety, two diastereomers are observed corresponding to the two different orientations of the unbound acetate and the R-group with respect to the platinum coordination plane. The ratio of the two geometric isomers is controlled by steric factors depending upon both the isomeric form of 1, 2-diaminocyclohexane and the nature of the R group bound to the imino nitrogen of N-R-IDA.
164 EFFECT OF ELEVATED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE ON CERE BRAL BLOO D FLOW AND EVOKED POTENTIAL RESPONSES

We studied the relationship of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral O2 uptake (CMRO2) to somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) under conditions of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Sheep were anesthetized with pentobarbital and pancuronium and ventilated. ICP was increased to a fixed level by infusing mock CSF into the lateral ventricle. ICP was raised to a calculated cerebral perfusion pressure of either 0, 20-25, or 50 mmHg. CBF was measured using the radiolabelled microsphere technique. CMRO2 was calculated with sagittal sinus blood samples. When CBF fell, cerebral O2 extraction increased. However, with CBF below 70% of baseline, CMRO2 was not sustained by increased extraction. BAER interwave I to V latency increased below a mid-brain blood flow of 15 ml·min−1. 100g−1. SEP central conduction time (CCT) determined from the latency differences between N1 of foreleg SEP and C2 increased below a CBF threshold of 15-20 ml·min−1·100g−1 (50-65% reduction from baseline CBF). Changes in CCT were associated with a 25% decrease in CMRO2 from baseline. Therefore, under conditions of elevated ICP, cerebral ischemia as defined by CMRO2 appears to correlate with changes in evoked potential responses. The large threshold observed when evoked potentials are related to regional CBF is probably a function of the O2 extraction reserve.
Chemokine signaling in gliomas: prognostic factor, therapeutic target or both?

Commentary to:Prognostic Value of CXCL12 Expression in 40 Low-Grade Oligodendrogliomas and OligoastrocytomasChiara Calatozzolo, Emanuela Maderna, Bianca Pollo, Maurizio Gelati, Carlo Marras, Antonio Silvani, Danilo Croci, Amerigo Boiardi and Andrea SalmaggiCancer Biology & Therapy; Vol: 5 | Issue: 7 | pgs: 827-832
Prediction of Radial Porosity Distributions in Randomly Packed Fixed Beds of Uniformly Sized Spheres in Cylindrical Containers

The purpose of the investigation is to correlate the experimental data of Roblee et al. (1958) Brosilow (1959), Benenati and Brosilow (1962) and Ridgway and Tarbuck (1966) to produce an empirical model which consists of one principal equation for the radial porosity distribution and includes the damped oscillations. The radial porosity model is correlated in terms of the diameter aspect ratio and a non dimensional distance from the container wall. The model can be used in analytical transport models for simulating packed beds of uniform spheres in cylindrical containers
Evaluation of malnutrition in orthopaedic surgery

Malnutrition can increase the risk of surgical site infection in both elective spine surgery and total joint arthroplasty. Obesity and diabetes are common comorbid conditions in patients who are malnourished. Despite the relatively high incidence of nutritional disorders among patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery, the evaluation and management of malnutrition is not generally well understood by practicing orthopaedic surgeons. Serologic parameters such as total lymphocyte count, albumin level, prealbumin level, and transferrin level have all been used as markers for nutrition status. In addition, anthropometric measurements, such as calf and arm muscle circumference or triceps skinfold, and standardized scoring systems, such as the Rainey-MacDonald nutritional index, the Mini Nutritional Assessment, and institution-specific nutritional scoring tools, are useful to define malnutrition. Preoperative nutrition assessment and optimization of nutritional parameters, including tight glucose control, normalization of serum albumin, and safe weight loss, may reduce the risk of perioperative complications, including infection.
Two-nucleon pion absorption in 3,4He

Abstract Results are presented for π+NN → Np yields in 3,4He relative to πd → pp from (π, p) measurements at energies between 50 and 295 MeV and estimates are given for total cross sections. These yields are nearly proportional to the number of target NN pairs, which is not true for 6Li and heavier nuclei. This is believed to indicate that πNN → Np is sensitive to the NN short-range behavior which is deuteron-like for 3,4He but not always so for NN pairs in other nuclei.