cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-based control of the rate limitation of photosynthetic electron transport

The 2.5 A structure of the cytochrome (cyt) b6 f complex provides a basis for control of the rate-limiting electron transfer step of oxygenic photosynthesis associated with the plastoquinol/quinone exchange pathway. Here, a structural change was made at a site containing two proline residues which border the intra-cyt pathway for plastoquinol/quinone exchange. The proline side chains confer a larger aperture for passage of plastoquinol/quinone. Change of these prolines to alanine in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 results in attenuation of this rate-limiting step, observed by a two-fold reduction in the rate of cell growth, O2 evolution, and plastoquinol-mediated reduction of cyt f. This study demonstrates modification by site-directed mutagenesis of photosynthetic energy transduction based on rational application of information in the atomic structure.
Knee Osteoarthritis and Meniscal Injuries in the Runner

This paper aims to review new evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of knee osteoarthritis and meniscal injuries in the recreational and professional running population. Though conservative measures remain the mainstay of treatment, increasing evidence shows a role for platelet-rich plasma as a conservative management option for osteoarthritis and meniscal injury, though further studies need to be performed. Cell-based therapy, such as mesenchymal stem cells, remains a controversial topic without clear evidence of their efficacy. Newer surgical options, such as collagen scaffolding and synthetic implants are under study, but surgical meniscal repair still remains the primary treatment for meniscal tears that have not responded to conservative treatment. There is no association or causality between running low and moderate distances and knee OA. There is no causality between running and meniscal injury. There is a multitude of conservative and operative management options for both osteoarthritis and meniscal injury in runners. Platelet-rich plasma is one of the most recently studied interventions that has promising results.
Sport MOMsumers: A Modern Reexamination of the Role That Mothers Play in their Families’ Professional Sport Consumption

As the role of women and, therefore, mothers has changed, so too, has their place in their families’ professional sport consumption experience. This qualitative assessment, including a demographic and consumption snapshot, provides insight into the perspective of mothers in their families’ professional sport consumption habits and intentions. Primary findings fall under the themes of Personal Priorities and Constraints. While Constraints drove the conversation, this group of women was interested in maintaining and sharing the role of sport in their lives. As such, minimal- investment recommendations are made to address the concerns that mothers have with many of these items.Subscribe to JASM
Lateral Spine Surgery, Direct (Extreme)

Direct lateral, or extreme lateral, spine surgery usually refers to a minimally invasive technique for approaching the lateral aspect of the spine. It is performed in the lumbar and thoracic spine, using either the retroperitoneal fat pad through the psoas muscle or retropleural planes as a potential space for placement of specialized retractor systems. The unique advantages of direct lateral approaches include minimal blood loss, generous access to the intervertebral disk and vertebral body, and a large surface area to promote fusion.
Response shaping to improve food acceptance for children with autism: Effects of small and large food sets.

Abstract Background Food selectivity, characterized by food refusal, limited food repertoire, or preference for certain types of foods, is common among children with ASD. Method In this study, researchers examined the effects of a response shaping procedure using a large rotating food set and a small constant food set on food acceptance for two boys with ASD. The small set consisted of three foods that were presented during every session; the large set consisted of 15 foods, of which three were presented during each session, in randomly ordered sets. Researchers measured the percentage of correct behaviors and the cumulative number of foods with which participants interacted. Two concurrently operating multiple baseline across behaviors designs were used to assess whether the shaping procedure resulted in increased correct responding compared to baseline conditions, and whether the intervention was differentially effective with large versus small food sets. Results The procedures were similar in efficiency for one participant, although he ate many more foods in the large set condition. For the other participant, shaping was successful at increasing some acceptance behaviors (e.g., putting food in his mouth) but only the small set resulted in eating a new food. Conclusions Practitioners should consider use of less restrictive or intrusive interventions to promote food acceptance and the use of larger sets of foods, modified to include fewer foods in the case of poor response to intervention.
Imaging in Spine Surgery: Current Concepts and Future Directions.

Objective To review and highlight the historical and recent advances of imaging in spine surgery and to discuss current applications and future directions. Methods A PubMed review of the current literature was performed on all relevant articles that examined historical and recent imaging techniques used in spine surgery. Studies were examined for their thoroughness in description of various modalities and applications in current and future management. Results We reviewed 97 articles that discussed past, present, and future applications for imaging in spine surgery. Although most historical approaches relied heavily upon basic radiography, more recent advances have begun to expand upon advanced modalities, including the integration of more sophisticated equipment and artificial intelligence. Conclusions Since the days of conventional radiography, various modalities have emerged and become integral components of the spinal surgeon's diagnostic armamentarium. As such, it behooves the practitioner to remain informed on the current trends and potential developments in spinal imaging, as rapid adoption and interpretation of new techniques may make significant differences in patient management and outcomes. Future directions will likely become increasingly sophisticated as the implementation of machine learning, and artificial intelligence has become more commonplace in clinical practice.
SILICON SOLUTIONS FOR DIRECT TYRE PRESSURE MONITORING

Tyre pressure monitoring (TPM) systems have become familiar to the public since the publication in May 2002 of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 138 [1] (FMVSS138) by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) requesting the implementation of tyre pressure monitoring systems in the USA as of November 2003.
Mobility and Energy Consumption Impacts of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Vehicle Strings on Freeway Corridors

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) vehicle string operations have the potential to improve significantly the mobility and energy consumption performance of congested freeway corridors. This...
Efficient Power Transfers in Piezoelectric Energy-Harvesting Switched-Inductor Chargers

Piezoelectric -harvesting transducers can draw power from motion that can be used to energize a host of wireless microsystems that sense, process, and share vital information across a network. Since these tiny devices draw little power, maximizing the power they transfer is critical. Synchronized-discharge circuits are popular in this space because they can collect all the charge from the transducer and increase drawn power. Pre-charging the transducer can draw even more power, but only as much as voltage-breakdown limits allow. This brief examines how synchronous discharge circuits can output the most power possible from tiny difficult-to-overdamp piezoelectric transducers. Measurements will show how pre-charge symmetry and energy-transfer schemes alter the power drawn from the transducer and the power lost in the system. The charges are tested with a $10\times 50\times1$ -mm $^{3}~15$ -nF transducer generates up to $10~\mu \text{A}$ at 100 Hz and the breakdown voltage of the harvester circuit is 3 V. Indirect and direct transfers with symmetric pre-charges output 21% and 43% more power with the same inductor than the $4.2~\mu \text{W}$ that indirect transfers without pre-charge can generate. Generating the highest power possible is important because, with more power, tiny piezoelectric transducers can power wireless microsensors with greater functionality and longer lifetime.
Processing of Anthropogenic Waste of Smelters of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company

The industrial sites of the smelters of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company have accumulated a lot of anthropogenic waste, the processing of which is currently economically impractical. These primarily include tailings and beneficiation tailings, as well as waste granulated and copper smelting slag. This article conducts studies on technologies for x-ray-radiometric/magnetic separation enrichment of discard slags of MMSK as well as using jigging machines. Slag and slag enrichment tailings are used for cement production and road construction. For complex processing of fine copper smelting dusts OJSC Chelyabinsk zinc plant developed, tested and implemented a special technology. After implementation of ”Actions to process industrial waste generated by UMMC enterprises at metallurgical enterprises of UMMC-Holding Corp.”, the following were noted: concentrators and special beneficiation facilities process slag; RD smelting dust was not stored but processed in full; the technology of implementing Waelz process for processing of steel smelting dust has been developed and commercially tested; the technology for extraction of copper and precious metals from pyrite dross is to be improved. Keywords: anthropogenic waste, dust, tailings, slag, pyrite dross
Gender-Based Mass Shootings: An Examination of Attacks Motivated by Grievances Against Women:

This study provides a quantitative examination of gender-based mass shootings in America from 1966-2018. Gender-based mass shootings refer to attacks motivated by grievances against women, divided into four categories based on a specific woman or women in general, as well as whether they directly target the source of their grievances. Findings indicate that specific woman-targeted shooters were the most common and significantly different from their counterparts in their domestic violence history, racial diversity, and engagement in spree attacks. When comparing all gender-based attacks against other mass shootings, significant differences include relationship status, children, domestic violence history, substance abuse history, and suicide. This investigation provides implications for gender and mass shooting scholars, as well as practitioners developing strategies for intervention and prevention.
Discussion of 'Economic Consequences of IFRS Adoption: The Role of Changes in Disclosure Quality'

Li, Siciliano, and, Venkatachalam (hereafter LSV) propose a two-stage approach to studying the effects of the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on economic outcomes. The key innovation of their paper is that it links the economic outcomes effect to a particular channel: disclosure quality. LSV first investigate the effect of IFRS adoption on disclosure quality, then link the change in disclosure quality to two economic outcomes: market liquidity and audit fees. To proxy for disclosure quality, the authors use the measure of line-item disclosure disaggregation in the balance sheet and income statement proposed by Chen et al. (2015). Our discussion proceeds in two steps: First, we discuss the existing literature on this topic and position LSV within it. The goal is to highlight conceptual issues and suggest opportunities for future research. Second, we discuss empirical issues related to the research design and the results. We comment on both stages of LSV’s two-stage approach and suggest possible avenues for future research on this topic.
Severity of Downgaze Palsy in the Context of Disease Duration Could Estimate Survival Duration in Patients With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

It is an unmet need to estimate survival duration for patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the survival duration in patients with PSP. We followed up 23 patients with probable PSP-RS (Richardson syndrome) or PSP-P (parkinsonism) in our PSP center until death from 2011 to 2019. We prospectively and quantitatively rated their downgaze palsy whenever first noticed in our clinic. This was utilized along with the disease duration, motor function, medication use for parkinsonism, sex, age at onset of PSP, comorbid pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, and the total survival duration from the onset of PSP to death for prediction analysis. A well-fitted linear regression model and a multivariant Cox model were applied to identify predicting factors for total survival duration. All patients had the specific hummingbird sign on brain MRI for PSP when downgaze palsy was documented. We found that the severity of downgaze palsy and the disease duration at the assessment were consistently correlated with the total survival duration in both models. The total survival duration could be further estimated by a regression equation formed. We conclude that severity and time to develop downgaze palsy could help to estimate the total survival duration in patients with probable PSP-RS and PSP-P, the major forms of PSP, which has significant clinical applications in clinical counseling and trial enrollment.
THE EXCRETION OF HOMOGENTISIC ACID AND OTHER TYROSINE METABOLITES BY THE VITAMIN C-DEFICIENT GUINEA PIG

In the course of the experiments demonstrating that the metabolism of the melanin pigment precursors, tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine, increases the vitamin C requirement of the guinea pig (1) it was learned that those animals receiving tyrosine excreted homogentisic acid in the urine. Furthermore, the amount of the metabolite appeared to be inversely proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid received. Investigation of this point by Sealock and Silberstein (2) has shown that the production of the experimental alkaptonuria is dependent upon a deficiency of the vitamin and that when this deficiency is removed the homogentisic acid no longer appears. On identification of this subst,ance by isolation of the dibenzoylhomogentisamide other tyrosine metabolites were found in the urine of the vitamin C-deficient animals. With the aid of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent of Penrose and Quastel (3) the corresponding keto acid, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, was identified. The cY-hydroxy derivative also has been shown to be present but in smaller amount than in the case of the keto acid. Of even greater significance was the finding that’ these metabolites as in the case of the homogentisic acid are no longer excreted when an adequate amount of ascorbic acid is administered to the guinea pigs.
Design for Adoption: The Development of an Integrated Web-Based Education Environment

AbstractThe Internet, and particularly the World Wide Web, has been hailed as having the potential to transform teaching and learning. However, technological possibilities do not automatically transfer into more effective teaching and learning. Instead it takes a deliberate and careful design to integrate technology into education. This article examines the systematic design of a Web-based education environment that draws on social, cognitive, and technological resources to improve teaching and learning This environment, eWeb, is intended to support a wide variety of educational activities in a range of organizational and theoretical contexts over the Internet. The goals and design principles of eWeb are discussed with an emphasis placed on creating applications that promote widespread adoption and new ways of teaching and learning.
Web Tutorials for Education Students: A Practical Alternative to Traditional Library Instruction—Basic Issues and Concerns

ABSTRACT The role of library instruction in developing students' critical thinking skills is an important issue in academic librarianship. Web tutorials offer education students a viable, cost-effective, participatory, and self-paced alternative to the traditional fifty-minute library instruction session. Although Web tutorials cannot provide all of the answers needed by library users, they can be an effective educational tool for engaging students in the active learning process.
Molecular characterization, biofilm analysis and experimental biofouling study of Fusarium isolates from recent cases of fungal keratitis in New York State.

To characterize Fusarium isolates from recent cases of fungal keratitis in contact lens wearers, and to investigate fungal association with MoistureLoc solution. We studied six fungal isolates from recent cases of keratitis in New York State. The isolates were characterized by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes, and then typed using minisatellite and microsatellite probes. Experimental fungal biofilm formation was tested by standard methods. MoistureLoc solutions were tested in biofouling studies for their efficacy in elimination of Fusarium contamination. Fusarium solani – corneal ulcers (2 isolates), lens case (1 isolate), and F. oxysporum – corneal ulcer (1 isolate), eye (1 isolate), were recovered from five patients. An opened bottle of MoistureLoc solution provided by a patient also yielded F. solani. Two distinct genotypes of F. solani as well as of F. oxysporum were present in the isolated strains. Remarkably, F. solani strains from the lens case and lens solution in one instance were similar, based on phylogenetic analyses and molecular typing. The solution isolate of F. solani formed biofilm on contact lenses in control conditions, but not when co-incubated with MoistureLoc solution. Both freshly opened and 3-month old MoistureLoc solutions effectively killed F. solani and F. oxysporum, when fungal contamination was simulated under recommended lens treatment regimen (4-hr). However, simulation of inappropriate use (15 – 60 min) led to the recovery of less than 1% of original inoculum of F. solani or F. oxysporum. Temporary survival of F. solani and F. oxysporum in MoistureLoc suggested that improper lens cleaning regimen could be a possible contributing factor in recent infections.
Clustered supernovae vs. the gaseous disk and halo A rematch

Recent developments, both observational and theoretical, require a reevaluation of the effects of clustered supernovae on the two-dimensional porosity parameter Q 2D and the rates of mass injection into the halo \(\dot M\) of both cold and hot gas. Clustered supernovae produce two types of bubble. Most clusters produce breakthrough bubbles, which do no more than break through the dense gas disk. But large clusters produce enough energy to make blowout bubbles, which blow gas up into the halo. We calculate area filling factors and mass injection rates into the halo for different types of galaxy. We relate our calculations to two observables, the area covered by H I ‘holes’ and the area covered by giant H II regions. We also reiterate the difficulty of producing the very largest supershells by clusered supernovae.
A passport into the lymph node.

Lymphocytes continuously recirculate throughout the body. Evidence now suggests chemokine receptor CCR7 actively controls lymphocyte entry into afferent lymphatic vessels.
Chemical-shift encoding in NMR images

On a developpe une nouvelle sequence d'impulsions pour obtenir l'information de deplacement chimique dans les images RMN. L'information de deplacement chimique est codee comme modulation d'amplitude de la composante longitudinale d'aimantation
Dancing rhinos in stilettos: The amazing saga of the genomic and nongenomic actions of STAT3 in the heart

A substantial body of evidence has shown that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has an important role in the heart in protecting the myocardium from ischemia and oxidative stress. These actions are attributed to STAT3 functioning as a transcription factor in upregulating cardioprotective genes. Loss of STAT3 has been implicated as well in the pathogenesis of heart failure and, in that context and in addition to the loss of a cardioprotective gene program, nuclear STAT3 has been identified as a transcriptional repressor important for the normal functioning of the ubiquitin-proteasome system for protein degradation. The later finding establishes a genomic role for STAT3 in controlling cellular homeostasis in cardiac myocytes independent of stress. Surprisingly, although a well-studied area, very few downstream gene targets of STAT3 in the heart have been definitively identified. In addition, STAT3 is now known to induce gene expression by noncanonical means that are not well charact...
Schedule dependent and schedule induced behavior at reduced and recovered body weight

Abstract Rats maintained at 80 percent ad lib feeding body weight became hyperdipsic during 60 min FI-1 min food reinforcement sessions in standard rat operant test chambers. Animals were then allowed to return gradually to their ad lib feeding weight and were tested again in the same experimental chambers for 18 daily and 9 weekly sessions. Data were obtained for test sessions of 10, 30 and 60 min. When body weight recovered, schedule dependent lever pressing and eating as well as schedule induced licking and drinking occurred at reduced frequencies. The behavior endured throughout the test session and over periods as long as 80 days. These persistent and robust stereotyped behaviors are evoked by specific environmental stimuli during a resultant increased responsiveness.
Modulation of Collagen Gene Expression: Its Relation to Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis and Other Disorders

Fibrosis is the pathologic hallmark of many common diseases. Much information has recently emerged about the cellular and biochemical events that result in its development and progression. It is no...
Physicochemical-Viral Synergism During Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: A Review

Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous herpesvirus, may be asymptomatic or may result in any one of a number of mild to severe hematopoietic disorders. Besides causing infectious mononucleosis, EBV has been associated with 95% of endemic African Burkitt's lymphoma and 10%-20% of the sporadic form of Burkitt's lymphoma outside Africa. EBV has also now been associated with all histological forms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. During the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis, a surprisingly large number of EBV-infected cells can be detected in the peripheral circulation (up to 0.05%). EBV also replicates in epithelial cells in the oropharyngeal region. It is known that physicochemical carcinogens can act synergistically with tumor viruses to enhance both viral replication and cellular transformation. Several laboratories have shown that chemical carcinogens and, in particular, DNA-alkylating agents can enhance EBV replication, EBV-induced lymphocyte transformation, and EBV-associated malignant conversion. Since there are approximately 10(12) lymphocytes in an adult, the large number of EBV-infected cells present in the circulation and oropharynx during infection would present an extraordinarily large target for carcinogen interaction. Moreover, after infection, EBV remains latent in lymphoid cells for life. When these findings are considered in light of analytical and descriptive epidemiological evidence suggesting that, in addition to EBV infection, other environmental cofactors are important in EBV-associated tumor formation, the question could be asked whether these cofactors are physicochemical carcinogens. In an attempt to answer this question, I will review the ways in which physicochemical carcinogens can influence viral replication and virally induced transformation; aspects of the biology of the EBV-lymphocyte-epithelial cell interaction that make this system perhaps unique in terms of possible physicochemical interactions; the epidemiological and experimental evidence supporting EBV-physicochemical carcinogen synergisms; and finally, possible mechanisms whereby chemicals could influence the outcome of EBV infection and the probability of these events occurring during naturally acquired EBV infection.
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience in Human–Machine Systems: A Roadmap for Improving Training, Human–Robot Interaction, and Team Performance

This paper augments recent advances in social cognitive and affective neuroscience (SCAN) and illustrates their relevance to the development of novel human–machine systems. Advances in this area are crucial for understanding and exploring the social, cognitive, and neural processes that arise during human interactions with complex sociotechnological systems. Overviews of the major areas of SCAN research, including emotion, theory of mind, and joint action, are provided as the basis for describing three applications of SCAN to human–machine systems research and development. Specifically, this paper provides three examples to demonstrate the broad interdisciplinary applicability of SCAN and the ways it can contribute to improving a number of human–machine systems with the pursuit of further research in this vein. These include applying SCAN to learning and training, informing the field of human–robot interaction (HRI), and, finally, for enhancing team performance. The goal is to draw attention to the insights that can be gained by integrating SCAN with ongoing human–machine system research and to provide guidance to foster collaborations of this nature. Toward this end, we provide a systematic set of notional research questions for each detailed application within the context of the three major emphases of SCAN research. In turn, this study serves as a roadmap for preliminary investigations that integrate SCAN and human–machine system research.
Anti-plane foundationless soil–structure interaction

This paper presents a closed-form wave function analytic solution of two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of anti-plane SH-waves by a two-dimensional foundationless structure that corresponds to a shear wall on an elastic half-space. A wave-function expansion method is used to solve this model by first prescribing a set of wave functions with undetermined coefficients and then assembling them together based on the stress and displacement boundary conditions on the surface between the structure and half space. This results in a set of infinite equations to be solved by truncating to a finite set. The amplitudes and residuals of the displacement and stress distributions around the structure and nearby ground surface will be discussed carefully. While the solution is analytical, the computation of the numerical results involves the evaluation of complicated integrals. This analytic solution will be helpful to the understanding of propagation of seismic or other stress waves within the superstructure(s) undergoing earthquakes or other blast loads.
114: Giant placental chorioangioma: techniques in fetoscopic devascularization and outcomes

in fetoscopic devascularization and outcomes Foong-Yen Lim, William Polzin, Ronald Jaekle, Mounira Habli, David Lewis, James Van Hook, Timothy Crombleholme Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Fetal Care Center, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, Good Samaritan Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cincinnati, OH, University of Cincinnati, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cincinnati, OH, University of Cincinnati, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cincinnati, OH, University of Cincinnati, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cincinnati, OH OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intrauterine management and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by giant placental chorioangioma ( 4cm). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of 8 cases of giant placental chorioangioma referred to a single center between May 2006 and December 2010. Information on maternal demographics, prenatal imaging (ultrasound, fetal MRI, echocardiography), response to fetoscopic treatment for high cardiac output state or non-immune hydrops, obstetrical complications, and perinatal outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: All 8 cases were isolated, had an average tumor size of 8.3cm (range 5.1-12.5cm). Mean gestational age at evaluation and delivery was 23.5 weeks and 35.5 weeks, respectively. Overall survival was 75%. Six (75%) cases were associated with obstetrical complications, including polyhydramnios (n 6), non-immune hydrops (n 3), high cardiac output state (n 5). Five patients had fetoscopic devascularization of the chorioangiomas: all 5 were contiguous with the placental cord insertion (PCI) at mean gestational age of 23.9 weeks with 80% survival. The tumors were devascularized by bipolar coagulation (n 1), combination of bipolar and diode laser (n 2), bipolar and radiofrequency ablation (n 1), and surgical clip application (n 1). Post-operatively, hydrops resolved in 2 of 2 and cardiac output normalized in 4 of 4, and all were liveborn at mean gestational age of 35.4 weeks. The three cases managed non-operatively had mild polyhydramnios persisted in one, and stillbirth occurred at 30 weeks gestation in one, with 66% survival. Mean gestational age at delivery was 35.6 weeks. CONCLUSION: Giant placental chorioangioma is associated with obstetrical complications particularly when contiguous with the PCI. Fetoscopic devascularization is indicated for high cardiac output or non-immune hydrops, which may require multiple techniques including bipolar coagulation or clip application to interrupt arterial inflow and laser to coagulate surface collateral vessels.
Who benefits from large rebates: Manufacturer, retailer or consumer?

Abstract Previous research has shown that price discrimination motivates manufacturers to offer coupons and rebates when their products are sold directly to consumers. This paper shows that manufacturer rebates can be profitable even if price discrimination does not occur, when the product is sold through a channel of distribution.
The Success and Failure of Quality Improvement Projects in Peer Production Communities

Peer production communities have been proven to be successful at creating valuable artefacts, with Wikipedia as a prime example. However, a number of studies have shown that work in these communities tends to be of uneven quality and certain content areas receive more attention than others. In this paper, we examine the efficacy of a range of targeted strategies to increase the quality of under-attended content areas in peer production communities. Mining data from five quality improvement projects in the English Wikipedia, the largest peer production community in the world, we show that certain types of strategies (e.g. creating artefacts from scratch) have better quality outcomes than others (e.g. improving existing artefacts), even if both are done by a similar cohort of participants. We discuss the implications of our findings for Wikipedia as well as other peer production communities.
Differential Roles of CD8+ and CD8− T Lymphocytes in Corneal Allograft Rejection in ‘High-Risk’ Hosts

We examined the role of perforin and FasL in corneal allograft rejection mediated by CD8+ and CD8− T cells. BALB/c corneas were transplanted orthotopically into vascularized, ‘high-risk’ graft beds in C57BL/6 mice, perforin knockout mice and FasL-defective gld/gld mice. CD8+ and CD8− T cells were collected following graft rejection and adoptively transferred to SCID mice, which were then challenged with BALB/c corneal allografts. In every case, CD8− T cells could mediate graft rejection when adoptively transferred to SCID mice that received BALB/c corneal allografts. Although CD8+ T cells also mediated graft rejection, the tempo was slower. Moreover, CD8+ T cells collected FasL-defective donors that had rejected corneal allografts, mediated corneal allograft rejection in only 50% of the SCID mice that received the adoptively transferred cells. In some cases, CD8+ T-cell-mediated rejection occurred in the absence of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity, but was associated with CD8+ T-cell-mediated apoptosis of BALB/c corneal cells in vitro. The results demonstrate the redundancy in immune mechanisms of corneal allograft rejection. Either CD8+ or CD8− T cells can produce corneal allograft rejection, however functional FasL is necessary for optimal rejection, even in a high-risk setting.
Dose requirement of local anaesthetic to produce grand mal seizure during stellate ganglion block

Two case reports illustrate that low doses of local anaesthetics such as bupivacaine 2.5 mg and a mixture of bupivacaine 1.25 mg and lidocaine 5 mg can induce grand mal seizures if injected into the vertebral artery during stellate ganglion block. The effect of the dose of local anaesthetic agent and technique of administration into the stellate ganglion region discussed as is the relationship between vertebral artery blood flow and cerebral intravascular local anaesthetic concentration required to produce seizure activity. Suggestions are made concerning possible modification of the technique of anterior approach to the stellate ganglion, including test dose size, to reduce the incidence of inadvertent injection into the vertebral artery and subsequent central nervous system toxicity.
An essential role of interleukin-17 receptor signaling in the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis

In recent years, proinflammatory cytokines in the nephritic kidney appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of AGN. The complex inflammatory cytokine network that drives renal pathology is poorly understood. IL-17, the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, which promotes autoimmune pathology in a variety of settings, is beginning to be identified in acute and chronic kidney diseases as well. However, the role of IL-17-mediated renal damage in the nephritic kidney has not been elucidated. Here, with the use of a murine model of experimental AGN, we showed that IL-17RA signaling is critical for the development of renal pathology. Despite normal systemic autoantibody response and glomerular immune-complex deposition, IL-17RA(-/-) mice exhibit a diminished influx of inflammatory cells and kidney-specific expression of IL-17 target genes correlating with disease resistance in AGN. IL-17 enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from tECs. Finally, we were able to show that neutralization of IL-17A ameliorated renal pathology in WT mice following AGN. These results clearly demonstrated that IL-17RA signaling significantly contributes to renal tissue injury in experimental AGN and suggest that blocking IL-17RA may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Contracts Versus Price Discrimination: Evidence From the SONJ Case

A feature of the Standard Oil antitrust case is that much of the case revolves around Standard’s selling lubricating oils to railroads. This paper explores the government’s theory that Standard’s rebates to the Pennsylvania RR represented price discrimination. Standard’s defense was an assertion that the lubrication contracts were relational contracts involving a service and that the behavior which the government labeled discriminatory represented persistent inefficient behavior on the part of the Pennsylvania system. Data from the trial and other sources are used to attempt to determine if the evidence presented at trial favors price discrimination or Standard’s inefficiency defense. This is done using data envelopment analysis to determine the inefficiency the Pennsylvania RR. However, in the end, most aspects of the case must be considered “not proven.”
Volumetric properties of aqueous 1-1 electrolyte solutions near and above the critical temperature of water I. Densities and apparent molar volumes of NaCl(aq) from 0.0025 mol·kg−1 to 3.1 mol·kg−1, 604.4 K to 725.5 K, and 18.5 MPa to 38.0 MPa

Differences between densities of NaCl(aq) and water were measured with a vibrating-tube densitometer from 0.0025 mol·kg−1 to 3.1 mol·kg−1, 604.4 K to 725.5 K, and 18.5 MPa to 38.0 MPa. The density differences and apparent molar volumes of NaCl are tabulated and the accuracy of the results is discussed.
Neuronal specification: Notch signals Kuz it's cleaved

Recent experiments with Kuzbanian, a disintegrin metalloprotease that is required during development for lateral inhibitory signaling, suggest that signaling molecules of the Notch family may guide cell fate only after they are activated by proteolysis, and that the proteolysis may be catalyzed by Kuzbanian.
Recharge and groundwater models: an overview

Recharge is a fundamental component of groundwater systems, and in groundwater-modeling exercises recharge is either measured and specified or estimated during model calibration. The most appropriate way to represent recharge in a groundwater model depends upon both physical factors and study objectives. Where the water table is close to the land surface, as in humid climates or regions with low topographic relief, a constant-head boundary condition is used. Conversely, where the water table is relatively deep, as in drier climates or regions with high relief, a specified-flux boundary condition is used. In most modeling applications, mixed-type conditions are more effective, or a combination of the different types can be used. The relative distribution of recharge can be estimated from water-level data only, but flux observations must be incorporated in order to estimate rates of recharge. Flux measurements are based on either Darcian velocities (e.g., stream baseflow) or seepage velocities (e.g., groundwater age). In order to estimate the effective porosity independently, both types of flux measurements must be available. Recharge is often estimated more efficiently when automated inverse techniques are used. Other important applications are the delineation of areas contributing recharge to wells and the estimation of paleorecharge rates using carbon-14.
Targeting anionic phospholipids on tumor blood vessels and tumor cells

Vascular targeting agents (VTAs) bind selectively to molecules that are present on tumor vasculature, and either recruit host effector cells or deliver agents that occlude or destroy tumor blood vessels [1]. This leads to an avalanche of tumor cell death through deprivation of oxygen and nutrients. VTAs have a number of advantages over other cancer therapies. First, a single vessel provides the nutrition and waste removal for hundreds or thousands of tumor cells, and only has to be damaged at a single point to block blood flow upstream and downstream. Second, the endothelial cell is in contact with the blood stream ensuring rapid drug delivery. Third, the target is unlikely to acquire genetic mutations that render it drug resistant. Fourth, VTAs act on existing as well as newly forming tumor vasculature. Finally, VTAs preferentially kill the hypoxic core regions of tumors, where the vasculature is most stressed and compromised, thus providing a complementary pattern of killing to chemotherapeutic drugs and irradiation, which are most effective against well-oxygenated peripheral regions of tumors. The VTA described in the present article is a naked antibody, bavituximab, which employs host cells as the effectors. Other VTAs employ coupled toxins, procoagulants and pro-apoptotic drugs as effectors. The functionally-similar tumor vascular disrupting agents, such as combretastatin, also occlude tumor vasculature, but do so by exploiting pathophysiological differences between tumor vessels and normal ones, rather than by selectively binding to tumor vessels. The vascular disrupting agents also show improved efficacy when used together with irradiation [2]. Bavituximab stands apart from other VTA and vascular disrupting drugs in causing no significant toxicity by itself and no enhancement of toxicity when combined with other anti-cancer strategies [1].
Synthesis and characterization of highly conjugated, chiral bridging ligands

This paper describes the synthesis of four chiral derivatives of the electronically highly conjugated tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (TPPZ) bridging ligand, which are denoted (R)- and (S)-4,5- and 5,6-pineno-tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (PTPPZ). Preparation of these ligands was undertaken through the use of commercially available, enantiomerically pure (1R)- and (1S)-α-pinene, which was functionalized and subsequently employed in a Krohnke pyridine synthesis involving a furan-substituted pyridinium salt to yield a chiral, furan-substituted pyridyl intermediate. Oxidative degradation and subsequent reduction of this furan led to a chiral, substituted 2-pyridylaldehyde, which underwent a pyridoin condensation followed by cyclization to produce the final PTPPZ ligands.
The control of gold nanocluster sizes and volume fraction in dielectric thin films via ion-beam assisted deposition

Abstract Gold nanocluster in silica were deposited by co-evaporation of gold and silica in the presence of an argon ion beam. Gold clusters are formed in situ during the deposition process. The damage induced by the ion beam controls the cluster size and clusters with a diameter between 15 and 30 A are obtained. The Au clusters show a highly compressive strain, as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and lattice parameters up to 3.5% smaller than in bulk gold are observed. Deposition at 500°C leads to the formation of slightly larger clusters (22–35 A), which show less strain. Post-annealing at temperatures up to 800° C relieves the strain and leads to a growth of the gold clusters up to 45 A. By the choice of the substrate the orientation of the clusters can be influenced.
Determinants of the pathogenicity of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF)

Introduction and objectives: A number of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF) have been developed over the years to replace asbestos fibres in its uses as insulating material. Concerns have been raised that these man-made fibers may also pose a significant health hazard when inhaled during their manufacture and application. As will be discussed in this brief overview, dose, dimension and durability of fibrous particles are key parameters with respect to the induction of adverse pulmonary effects, including carcinogenicity as well as non-cancer effects. In particular, fiber biopersistence plays a most important role for pulmonary pathogenicities, and consequently biopersistence receives greatest attention in the search of new fibrous materials. Methods and results: Tests to evaluate fiber biopersistence include the administration of fibers by a short-term inhalation (5 days) or intratracheal instillation into rats. Advantages of the inhalation methodology include the even distribution throughout the lung administered by a physiological process. A disadvantage of this method is the limited respirability of long fibers in the rat whereas they are well respirable by humans. Such long fibers (>20 μm) have the greatest potential for tumorigenicity and need special consideration in connection with the evaluation of fiber biopersistence. Enrichment of the inhaled aerosol by these long fibers needs to be considered in order to deposit enough of them in the lower respiratory tract of the rat. In contrast, the advantage of the instillation technique is that these long fibers can be delivered to the lung. However, the major disadvantages of intratracheal instillations are the potential of the administered fibers to form clumps and aggregates in the airways and the induction of a major inflammatory response when high-bolus doses are administered. This could influence fiber dissolution in the lungs significantly. Conclusions: At the same delivered lung dose, a fiber of low biopersistency has the least effect and is, therefore, less likely to induce lung or pleural tumors even under chronic exposure conditions. Respective animal studies with more fibers of different biopersistence have confirmed this general principle. It is very important that, when evaluating and interpreting fiber effects observed in experimental animals, species differences with respect to respirability, lung retention and mechanisms of responses are considered.
Adaptive image segmentation for robust measurement of longitudinal brain tissue change

We present a method that significantly improves magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based brain tissue segmentation by modeling the topography of boundaries between tissue compartments. Edge operators are used to identify tissue interfaces and thereby more realistically model tissue label dependencies between adjacent voxels on opposite sides of an interface. When applied to a synthetic MRI template corrupted by additive noise, it provided more consistent tissue labeling across noise levels than two commonly used methods (FAST and SPM5). When applied to longitudinal MRI series it provided lesser variability in individual trajectories of tissue change, suggesting superior ability to discriminate real tissue change from noise. These results suggest that this method may be useful for robust longitudinal brain tissue change estimation.
Dynamics of rainbow smelt during and after exploitation in South Bay, Lake Huron

Abstract We examined population dynamics of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax in South Bay of Lake Huron during intensive fishing of the spring spawning runs (1948–1957) and after exploitation was stopped (1958–1970). Modal ages of spawning rainbow smelt changed from 2 to 3 during the intensive fishing period to 3 and 4 after 1959. Percentage males in the spawning run samples from dip nets increased from 60% (1950–1957) to 78% (1958–1964). Percentage males in summer samples from gill nets increased from 39% to 50% between the same periods. Total annual mortality rate averaged 90% during exploitation and 67% after fishing stopped. Instantaneous natural mortality rate during 1948–1970 was estimated as 1.1. Relative stock sizes, estimated from cohort analysis, sharply increased after 1957; an extremely large 1960 year-class caused a peak in 1962. Growth of rainbow smelt to age 1 and to age 2 was decreasing while their own abundance and that of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus were increasing. Growth after age 2 was ...
A New All-Geometric Pose Estimation Algorithm Using A Single Perspective View

Pose estimation is an important operation for many robotic tasks. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm of pose estimation. The input to this algorithm are the six distances joining all feature pairs and the image coordinates of the quadrangular target. The output of this algorithm are (1) the effective focal-length of the vision system, (2) the interior orientation parameters of the target, (3) the exterior orientation parameters of the camera with respect to an arbitrary coordinate system if the coordinates of the target are known in this frame, and (4) the final pose of the camera. The contribution of this method is the fast recovery of the vectors joining the effective focal-point and each of the target points using an all-geometric close form unique solution. Taking advantage of all the geometric information inherent in the target and its image, each of these vectors is recovered in six different ways. This redundancy is exploited in order to minimize the effect of random errors in the target sizing or in the recovery of its image coordinates. Knowing the relative position of the vision system frame with respect to a fixed coordinate system, the exterior orientation parameters are recovered in the form of a matrix transformation relating the fixed coordinate system to the target coordinate system. The decomposition of the latter matrix transformation into a translation and three rotations about the major axes provides the final pose of the camera.