cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Gain in the Auger-Recombination-Free Regime Using Strongly Confined Indirect Multiexcitons

Semiconductor hetero-nanocrystals with a small CdSe core and a thick CdS shell show nearly complete suppression of Auger recombination, which allows for efficient optical gain with a very large bandwidth and record-low excitation thresholds.
Two-photon excitation of neon at 133 nm.

High VUV powers, up to 2.5 kW at 133 nm, are obtained from two-photon-resonant, difference-frequency generation in hydrogen by using an ArF excimer laser and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser. This radiation is used to perform two-photon excitation of neon at greater than 150000 cm−1 , the shortest two-photon transition yet accessed to our knowledge.
Airway mucus hypersecretion: Rationales for pharmacotherapy

Airway mucus hypersecretion is a key pathophysiological feature in many patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Consequently, it is important to develop drugs that inhibit mucus hypersecretion in these susceptible patients. Conventional therapy (anticholinergics, β2-adrenoceoptor agonists, corticosteroids, mucolytics and macrolide antibiotics) has variable efficacy in inhibiting airway mucus hypersecretion, and is less effective in COPD than in asthma. Novel pharmacotherapeutic targets are being investigated, including inhibitors of nerve activity, tachykinin antagonists, epoxygenase inducers, inhibitors of mucin exocytosis, inhibitors of mucin synthesis and goblet cell hyperplasia, inducers of goblet cell apoptosis, and purinoceptor antagonists and agonists to inhibit or hydrate secretions. However, real and theoretical differences differentiate the mucus hypersecretory phenotype in asthma from that in COPD. More information is required on these differences to identify spec...
The feeding ecology of Actinophrys sol (Sarcodina : Heliozoa) in Chesapeake Bay

The occurrence of Actinophrys sol, a planktonic heliozoan, in Chesapeake Bay was monitored over a four-year period (1988-1991). Actinophrys sol was widely-distributed throughout Chesapeake Bay and could exceed densities of 5,000 cells liter 1 . It was most abundant during the warmer months. Feeding experiments were conducted with field populations of heliozoa using 1-μm fluorescent microspheres to label ciliate prey. Two ciliates, a small Strobilidium sp. (30 μm in diameter) and a Pleuronema sp. (45 μm length), were the primary ciliate-prey items in the water column when the experiments were conducted, although a wide range of ciliate taxa was ingested. Two other ciliates not present in situ, a Cyclidium sp. (20 μm length) and a Uronema sp. (40 μm length), were also labeled and added at various concentrations to field populations of plankton containing A. sol. Heliozoan ingestion rates on in situ prey at concentrations of 30 Strobilidium and one Pleuronema ml were 0.2 to 0.3 prey heliozoan ' hour 1 . Ingestion rates increased to a maximum of 1.2 prey heliozoan -1 hour -1 with additions of 100 Uronema ml '. A mean clearance rate of 0.15 ml heliozoan -1 day -1 did not change with increasing prey abundance. The abundance and distribution of A. sol suggests that these sarcodines may exert strong grazing pressure on the planktonic ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay at certain times of the year, and may be important in shaping the ciliate community composition and distribution.
Effects of Corrosive Chemicals on Solid-Supported Lipid Bilayers As Measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Because of their wide occurrence, specific functions, and properties, solid-supported phospholipid bilayers are often incorporated in biosensors. The stability of these bilayers in aqueous environments is of utmost importance in sensing. By using surface plasmon resonance, we obtained experimental results for corrosive effects of chemicals on bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) supported on self-assembled monolayers of thiol on gold. The POPC supported bilayers were treated with aqueous solutions of three surfactants, which were anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), and nonionic (Triton X-100), as well as an alcohol (propanol-2), a strong acid (HCl), and a base (NaOH). For all of the surfactants studied, complete corrosion of the bilayer (i.e., complete bilayer removal) occurred at surfactant concentrations near the critical micelle concentration (cmc). However, onset of bilayer solubilization is observed at surfactant concentrations...
Clinical aspects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for single gene disorders combined with HLA typing.

Abstract Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for single gene disorders combined with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching has recently emerged as a therapeutic tool for stem cell transplantation in couples bearing an affected offspring. There may exist, however, several patient- or cycle-specific limitations for certain couples. This article documents data regarding experience of single gene disorders combined with HLA matching obtained at Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Turkey. The data were obtained from 20 couples undergoing 26 PGD-HLA cycles for thalassaemia ( n = 23), Wiscott–Aldrich syndrome ( n = 1) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( n = 2). A total of 206 embryos was biopsied on day 3 of embryo development and subsequently analysed. After the analysis, 26 (12.6%) of them were found to be both healthy and HLA compatible. In 16 embryo transfers performed, seven (43.7%) clinical pregnancies were obtained, one of which resulted in miscarriage. Ten of the 26 cycles started (38.4%) were cancelled due to a lack of suitable (mutation-free and/or HLA-compatible) embryos. The data suggest that application of PGD in combination with HLA typing is a promising therapeutic tool for an affected sibling.
Oil droplet carotenoids of avian cones. I. Dietary exclusion: models for biochemical and physiological studies.

Abstract 1. 1. The feasibility of producing colonies of Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) with carotenoid-free (“colorless”) retinal oil droplets has been demonstrated by dietary exclusion of carotenoids. 2. 2. Adult quail maintained on carotenoid-free rations undergo a gradual reduction in blood and liver carotenoid level; their “colorless” offspring possess normal growth and reproductive characteristics as well as unaltered visual cell morphology. 3. 3. Zeaxanthin is the major carotenoid found in quail blood. 4. 4. Hydrolysis of quail retinal extracts yields zeaxanthin and astacene. The latter is derived from astaxanthin and/or its esters.
Team theory, garbage cans and real organizations: some history and prospects of economic research on decision‐making in organizations

This essay attempts to articulate and advance a long-term agenda for organizational economics. The essay begins with a general discussion of four specific items on this agenda, and then moves to a more specific discussion of decision-making in organizations--beginning with two polar-opposite conceptions (team theory and garbage cans) and then describing several recent economic models. Part of the rationale for writing this essay is that this agenda has both substantive and methodological commonalities with the work of James March. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Lot-sizing and sequencing delays

In production scheduling, time performance is usually taken to be the province of sequencing models which take task processing times to be given. However, in practice, processing times can often be controlled by the choice of lot sizes which thus have a major impact on makespan, waiting times, flow times and other measures. Here the interface between lot sizing and sequencing is introduced and the effect of lot sizes on makespan and flow times is qualitatively analyzed.
Electronic and molecular structure of aminimides (1-acyl-2,2,2-trimethyldiazan-2-ium-1-ide). 1. Formaminimide (HCON- N+ Me3).

The electronic structure and geometries of (Z)- and (E)-H-CON-N+(CH3)3 have been examined at two levels of theory: B3LYP (basis sets 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), and 6-311G(3df,3pd)) and MP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p). The (Z) conformation about the C(O)−N- bond is thermodynamically preferred over the (E) configuration. Natural bond orbital calculation locates one lone pair of the N- in the HOMO, which is the pz natural hybrid orbital (perpendicular to the OCN-N+ plane). The second lone pair (of lower energy) of N- occupies the HOMO-3, which is the natural hybrid orbital sp1.12 (sp1.01 for the (E) conformation, sp1.74 in the rotational transition state). The carbonyl π bond is the HOMO-2. The charge-transfer ability of the negative nitrogen in H-CON-N+(CH3)3 is more powerful than that of the neutral amidic nitrogen in dimethylformamide. The following facts convincingly sustain this view: (1) the higher rotational barrier (stronger C−N- bond) in the case of H−CON-N+(CH3)3, (2) natural resonance theory analysis ...
Insulin‐like growth factor stimulation of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis by human synovial fluid

We investigated the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) as regulating factors of cartilage metabolism in human synovial fluid (SF), using a bovine explant culture system that was shown to respond to recombinant IGF-1 in vitro. SF from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and from control patients was found to stimulate chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage. A monoclonal antibody directed primarily against IGF-1 (and to some extent, IGF-2) partially blocked the stimulatory action of serum and totally blocked the stimulation by SF. These findings indicate that IGFs are major regulating factors of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis in human SF. In addition, we measured serum and SF levels of IGF-1 in RA patients and control patients, using a radioimmunoassay. No difference in immunoreactive serum IGF-1 was detected between patients and controls. The IGF-1 levels in SF were consistently lower than in serum, for both patient groups. No differences in IGF-1 concentration were found between RA and non-RA SF. The relevance of these data with respect to joint inflammation is discussed.
Age-hardening kinetics and microstructure of PH 15−5 stainless steel after laser melting and solution treating

Microstructural characterization and the kinetics of ageing of 15 PH stainless steel is studied in the fusion zone and in solution-treated and quenched (as-quenched) samples. Fusion zone had a finer structure than the as-quenched samples due to melting and subsequent solidification. This had a major effect on the amount of the hardness received in the fusion zone. The ageing structure of both samples was essentially the same, except for the smaller solidification cell size of the fusion zone. Strengthening was achieved by the formation of coherent precipitation of copper in the b c c martensite. Copper precipitates were found to be related to the parent martensite with a Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship in both samples. Precipitates were spherical in shape and they nucleate and grow both on the dislocations and in the matrix. No incubation period was observed in the hardening curves. Kinetics of precipitation was studied from an Arrhenius type equation for both samples. It was found that, at high ageing temperatures, the activation energy for precipitation hardening was approximately the same as that of the activation energy for substitutional diffusion in b c c ferrite. At lower ageing temperatures, the calculated activation energy was consistent with the activation energy for short circuit diffusion of substitutionals in b c c structure. Microstructural characterization and the activation energy calculations showed that precipitation of copper in both samples was controlled by the diffusion of copper in b c c martensite. At high ageing temperatures, mass transport of copper was through the lattice. At low temperatures, the contribution of high dislocation density to the apparent diffusivity was large.
The geomagnetic coast effect in the Pacific Northwest of North America

During the summer of 1984, Brown University measured magnetic variations at a series of 9 sites along an 80 km profile which began in the Willamette Valley in West-Central Oregon, extended westward across the Coast Range, and terminated at the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Our primary objective was to investigate the "coast effect" with a density of coverage and at shorter periods (10-100 sec) than had previously been attempted in this region. The data collected show a significant coast effect at sites closest to the ocean. While it is tempting to assume that, to first-order, all such effects are due to induced electric currents flowing in the ocean, our studies for the Oregon coast show that the contribution of electric currents flowing in the lithosphere, especially the contribution of induced currents in a thick accretionary wedge of marine sediments offshore, is actually more significant than the contribution from the ocean itself. In addition, we have detected a conductive feature beneath the Coast Range which appears to be another zone of structurally coherent sediments along our profile. The pattern of short-wavelength induction anomalies inland suggests that at these periods a very close spacing of sites (5 km or less) is called for in future studies.
Mass and heat transfer by natural convection in a vertical cavity

Abstract This paper reports a fundamental study of laminar natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with heat and mass transfer from the side, when the bouyancy effect is due to density variations caused by either temperature or concentration variations. In the first part of the study scale analysis is used to determine the scales of the flow, temperature and concentration fields in boundary layer flow for all values of Prandtl and Lewis numbers. In particular, scale analysis shows that in the extreme case where the flow is driven by bouyancy due to temperature variations, the ratio of mass transfer rate divided by heat transfer rate scales as Le 1 2 only if (Pr > 1, Le Le 1 3 if (Pr > 1, Le > 1) or (Pr 1). In the second part of the study, the boundary layer scales derived in the first part are used to determine the heat and mass transport characteristics of a vertical slot filled with fluid. Criteria for the existence of distinct thermal and concentration boundary layers in the slot are determined. Numerical solutions for the flow and concentration fields in a slot without distinct thermal boundary layers are reported. These solutions support further the method of scale analysis employed in the first part of the study
Addressing battering during pregnancy: Reducing low birth weight and ongoing abuse

It has been established that battering during pregnancy is a frequently occurring and significantly deleterious phenomena. This article reviews the evidence regarding dynamics, prevalence, out-comes, and cultural and other influences on this issue. Although tested interventions for abuse during pregnancy are limited, there are clear indications from research with other battered women for directions to be taken.
Weighted norm inequalities for analytic functions

We present a weighted norm inequality involving convolutions of arbitrary analytic functions and certain confluent hypergeometric functions. This result implies a family of weighted norm inequalities both for entire functions of exponential type and for (generalized) hypergeometric series. The approach is based on author's general inequality for continuous functions and some hypergeometric transformations.
Instrumental relationships and high expectations: exploring critical care in two Latino community‐based schools

Using in‐depth interviewing, participant observations, and the review of historical and curricular documents, this paper describes and analyzes two Latino community‐based small high schools—the Dr Pedro Albizu Campos High School (PACHS) and El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice (El Puente). The findings suggest that these schools are successful because they foment a culture of high academic expectations for their students, value high‐quality interpersonal relationships between students and teachers, and privilege the funds of knowledge that students and their respective communities bring to school. Based on these findings, a theory of critical care emerges that embodies these necessary conditions if small high schools created for and by communities of color are to succeed. Finally, the implications of this theory of critical care and its impact are discussed within the framework of small urban high school reform in the US.
Room temperature operated diffraction limited λ ≃ 3 µm diode lasers with 37 mW of continuous-wave output power

Single spatial mode GaSb-based type-I quantum well diode lasers operating near 3 μm at room temperature were designed and fabricated by chlorine-free dry etching technique. The etching profile was optimised to minimise the optical loss. The 5.5 μm-wide ridge lasers demonstrated the same slope efficiency as that of 100 μm-wide multimode devices and generated 37 mW of continuous-wave output power at 17°C.
Differential Expression and Functions of Cortical Myosin IIA and IIB Isotypes during Meiotic Maturation, Fertilization, and Mitosis in Mouse Oocytes and Embryos

To explore the role of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms during mouse gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development, localization and microinjection studies were performed using monospecific antib...
Shape recovery: a visual method for evaluation of information retrieval experiments

The method described permits visual analysis of information retrieval experiment results in classic control and treatment group protocols. It is an additional analysis technique for the evaluation of IR procedures that may be conducted within the rich terrain of human visual acuity, supported by two well-known statistical measures.
INHIBITION OF Clostridium perfringens BY BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE

Several concentrations of butylated hyrdoxyanisole (BHA) were tested for effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of C. perfringens. Three strains of C. perfringens were inhibited by 150 ppm BHA in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium. BHA was equally effective as an autoclaved or filter-sterilized solution. Inhibition with 100 ppm was found to increase at the extremes of the pH range tested (5.5-8.5). With 100 and 200 ppm, BHA was found to be bactericidal to C perfringens cells in a dilution buffer. BHA was found to have a synergistic inhibitory effect when used in conjunction with nitrite, sorbic acid, or esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). In the presence of a lipid and surfactant, the antimicrobial activity of BHA against C. perfringens was greatly reduced.
InGaAs/InAlAs heterojunction Schottky transistors grown by MBE

Heterojunction bipolar transistors incorporating a Schottky collector have been fabricated in In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Devices show very high emitter-base junction saturation current densities, low offset voltages and current gain greater than unity (≃2.5) in spite of the fact that no attempt was made to isolate the extrinsic base-emitter junction.
Ultrastructural Changes in Pasteurized and Then Frozen Egg Albumen Containing Functional Additives

Abstract The electron microscope revealed changes in the ultrastructure of egg albumens containing functional additives which were pasteurized using two commercial methods and subsequently frozen and thawed three times. Pasteurizing followed by freezing caused a greater incidence of compacted areas of proteins than pasteurizing or freezing alone. Sodium hexametaphosphate, and triethyl citrate plus trisodium citrate minimized this compacting. When both sodium lauryl sulfate and aluminum sulfate were present in the same system, an interaction took place which decreased the amount of aluminum available to stabilize the heat sensitive conalbumin. Pasteurizing with hydrogen peroxide at 54.5°C. appeared to cause somewhat less protein compaction than pasteurization with lactic acid plus aluminum sulfate at 60°C. in albumens that subsequently were frozen and thawed.
Common motor mechanisms support body load in serially homologous legs of cockroaches in posture and walking

We studied the mechanisms underlying support of body load in posture and walking in serially homologous legs of cockroaches. Activities of the trochanteral extensor muscle in the front or middle legs were recorded neurographically while animals were videotaped. Body load was increased via magnets attached to the thorax and varied through a coil below the substrate. In posture, tonic firing of the slow trochanteral extensor motoneuron (Ds) in each leg was strongly modulated by changing body load. Rapid load increases produced decreases in body height and sharp increments in extensor firing. The peak of extensor activity more closely approximated the maximum velocity of body displacement than the body position. In walking, extensor bursts in front and middle legs were initiated during swing and continued into the stance phase. Moderate tonic increases in body load elicited similar, specific, phase dependent changes in both legs: extensor firing was not altered in swing but was higher after foot placement in stance. These motor adjustments to load are not anticipatory but apparently depend upon sensory feedback. These data are consistent with previous findings in the hind legs and support the idea that body load is countered by common motor mechanisms in serially homologous legs.
Topical vancomycin in combination with perioperative antibiotics and tight glycemic control helps to eliminate sternal wound infections.

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether topical vancomycin would further reduce the incidence of sternal infections in the presence of perioperative antibiotics and tight glycemic control. Methods A total of 1075 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery from December 2007 to August 2013 receiving topical vancomycin (2.5 g in 2 mL of normal saline) applied as a slurry to the cut edges of the sternum were compared with 2190 patients from December 2003 to November 2007 who did not receive topical vancomycin. All patients received perioperative antibiotics (cefazolin 2 g intravenously every 8 hours and vancomycin 1 g intravenously every 12 hours) on induction of anesthetic and continuing for 48 hours; and intravenous insulin infusions to maintain serum blood glucose level between 120 and 180 mg/dL. Results Patients receiving topical vancomycin had less superficial sternal infections (0% vs 1.6%; P P = .005), any type of sternal infection (0% vs 2.2%; P P = .0004). Conclusions Topical vancomycin applied to the sternal edges, in conjunction with perioperative antibiotics and tight glycemic control, helps to eliminate wound infections in cardiac surgical patients.
Chandra Observations of Magnetic White Dwarfs and Their Theoretical Implications

Observations of cool DA and DB white dwarfs have not yet been successful in detecting coronal X-ray emission, but observations of late-type dwarfs and giants show that coronae are common for these stars. To produce coronal X-rays, a star must have dynamo-generated surface magnetic fields and a well-developed convection zone. There is some observational evidence that the DA star LHS 1038 and the DB star GD 358 have weak and variable surface magnetic fields. It has been suggested that such fields can be generated by dynamo action, and since both stars have well-developed convection zones, theory predicts detectable levels of coronal X-rays from these white dwarfs. However, we present analysis of Chandra observations of both stars showing no detectable X-ray emission. The derived upper limits for the X-ray fluxes provide strong constraints on theories of formation of coronae around magnetic white dwarfs. Another important implication of our negative Chandra observations is the possibility that the magnetic fields of LHS 1038 and GD 358 are fossil fields.
Lead poisoning in telephone cable strippers: A new setting for an old problem

Lead poisoning among workers processing lead sheathed telephone cable was identified at five worksites. High blood lead levels (BLLs) were identified during the medical evaluation of symptomatic workers following employer mandated air monitoring and through employer mandated blood lead levels. Once high BLLs were identified, governmental agencies became involved at every site, either as a result of worker complaints to OSHA or as a registry reporting mechanism. Workplace evaluation revealed significant overexposure to lead, particularly among workers mechanically stripping the lead sheaths. After intervention by a government agency, four of the workplaces chose to stop lead cable processing. Because the ongoing replacement of lead sheathed telephone cable with fiber optics may be continuing in many areas of the country, there is concern that the clusters we have identified represents a widespread and little recognized setting for lead overexposure. Recommendations for preventing overexposure to lead in this setting are given.
Spatial distribution and properties of ash and thermally altered soils after high-severity forest fire, southern California

After a century of fire suppression, dense forests in California have fueled high-severity fires. We surveyed mixed conifer forest with 995-1178 trees ha −1 (stems > 10 cm diameter at breast height), and nearby pine- oak woodland having 175-230 trees ha −1 , 51 days after a severe burn, to contrast the spatial extent and properties of thermally altered soil at sites with different tree densities. Water-repellent soils were more extensive in forest than woodland. Deposits of white ash, composed largely of calicite, covered at most ∼25% of the land surface, in places where large fuel items (e.g. logs, branches, exfoliated oak bark) had thoroughly combusted. At least 1690 kg ha −1 of CaCO3 in ash was deposited over the forest, and at least 700 kg ha −1 was added to the woodland. Combustion of logs and large branches also reddened the underlying yellow-brown soil as deep as 60 mm (average 8 mm), and over ∼1-12% of the land surface. The reddened soils have magnetic susceptibilities that are three to seven times greater than surrounding unreddened soils within the burn, indicating thermal production of maghemite. Such fire-altered conditions persist over spatial and temporal scales that influence soil genesis in Mediterranean-type climate regions.
Resilience Predicts Functional Outcomes in People Aging With Disability: A Longitudinal Investigation

Abstract Objectives To investigate the links between resilience and depressive symptoms, social functioning, and physical functioning in people aging with disability and to investigate the effects of resilience on change in functional outcomes over time. Design Longitudinal postal survey. Setting Surveys were mailed to a community sample of individuals with 1 of 4 diagnoses: multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, or spinal cord injury. The survey response rate was 91% at baseline and 86% at follow-up. Participants A convenience sample of community-dwelling individuals (N=1594; age range, 20–94y) with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, or spinal cord injury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (to assess depressive symptoms) and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (to assess social role satisfaction and physical functioning). Results At baseline, resilience was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms ( r =−.55) and positively correlated with social and physical functioning ( r =.49 and r =.17, respectively). Controlling for baseline outcomes, greater baseline resilience predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms (partial r =−.12) and an increase in social functioning (partial r =.12) 3 years later. Conclusions The findings are consistent with a view of resilience as a protective factor that supports optimal functioning in people aging with disability.
Randomized Trial of a Broad Preventive Intervention for Mexican American Adolescents.

Objective: This randomized trial of a family-focused preventive intervention for Mexican American (MA) adolescents evaluated intervention effects on adolescent substance use, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and school discipline and grade records in 8th grade, 1 year after completion of the intervention. The study also examined hypothesized mediators and moderators of intervention effects. Method: Stratified by language of program delivery (English vs. Spanish), the trial included a sample of 516 MA adolescents (50.8% female; M 12.3 years, SD 0.54) and at least one caregiver that were randomized to receive a low-dosage control group workshop or the 9-week group intervention that included parenting, adolescent coping, and conjoint family sessions. Results: Positive program effects were found on all 5 outcomes at 1-year posttest but varied depending on whether adolescents, parents, or teachers reported on the outcome. Intervention effects were mediated by posttest changes in effective parenting, adolescent coping efficacy, adolescent school engagement, and family cohesion. The majority of intervention effects were moderated by language, with a larger number of significant effects for families who participated in Spanish. Intervention effects also were moderated by baseline levels of mediators and outcomes, with the majority showing stronger effects for families with poorer functioning at baseline. Conclusion: Findings not only support the efficacy of the intervention to decrease multiple problem outcomes for MA adolescents but also demonstrate differential effects for parents and adolescents receiving the intervention in Spanish vs. English, and depending on their baseline levels of functioning.
Neuropoiesis: Proposal for a connectionistic neurobiology☆

Given current assumptions about the biology of neural organization, some connectionists believe that it may not be possible to accurately model the brain's neural architecture. We have identified five restrictive neurobiological dogmas that we believe have limited the exploration of more fundamental correlations between computational and biological neural networks. We postulate that: 1) the dendritic tree serves as a synapse storage device rather than a simple summation device; 2) connection strength between neurons depends on the number and location of synapses of similar weight, not on synapses of variable weights; 3) axonal sprouting occurs regularly in adult organisms; 4) the postsynaptic genome directly controls the presynaptic cell via mRNA, rather than indirectly by the expression of NCAMs, reverse neurotransmitters, etc.; 5) dendritic spines serve a trophic function by controlling development of new sprouts via a process we term retroduction. We entertain an alternative formulation of a computational neural element that is fully consistent with modern neuroscience research. We then show how our model neuron can learn under Hebbian conditions, and extend the model to explain non-Hebbian, one-trial learning. This work is significant because by stretching the theoretical boundaries of modern neuroscience, we show how connectionists can potentially create new, more biologically-based neural elements which, when, interconnected into networks, exhibit not only properties of existing backpropagation networks, but other physiological properties as well.
Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated Damage-Signaling Kinase- and Proteasome-Dependent Destruction of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Subunits in Simian Virus 40-Infected Primate Cells

Although the mechanism of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication has been extensively investigated with cell extracts, viral DNA replication in productively infected cells utilizes additional viral and host functions whose interplay remains poorly understood. We show here that in SV40-infected primate cells, the activated ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) damage-signaling kinase, γ-H2AX, and Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) assemble with T antigen and other viral DNA replication proteins in large nuclear foci. During infection, steady-state levels of MRN subunits decline, although the corresponding mRNA levels remain unchanged. A proteasome inhibitor stabilizes the MRN complex, suggesting that MRN may undergo proteasome-dependent degradation. Analysis of mutant T antigens with disrupted binding to the ubiquitin ligase CUL7 revealed that MRN subunits are stable in cells infected with mutant virus or transfected with mutant viral DNA, implicating CUL7 association with T antigen in MRN proteolysis. The mutant genomes produce fewer virus progeny than the wild type, suggesting that T antigen-CUL7-directed proteolysis facilitates virus propagation. Use of a specific ATM kinase inhibitor showed that ATM kinase signaling is a prerequisite for proteasome-dependent degradation of MRN subunits as well as for the localization of T antigen and damage-signaling proteins to viral replication foci and optimal viral DNA replication. Taken together, the results indicate that SV40 infection manipulates host DNA damage-signaling to reprogram the cell for viral replication, perhaps through mechanisms related to host recovery from DNA damage.
The Relationship between Treatment Modality, Demographic Characteristics, and Staff Perceptions Concerning Their Jobs in 26 Philadelphia Drug Treatment Centers

The staffs of 26 Philadelphia drug treatment centers, representing four major treatment modalities, were interviewed concerning their attitudes and perceptions of treatment and the treatment milieu. By employing canonical correlation, two basic modality contrasts were found that significantly differentiated these attitudes and perceptions: (1) staff in small therapeutic communities tended to manifest more positive attitudes than their counterparts in large methadone maintenance settings, and (2) outpatient drug-free staff tended to be more satisfied and optimistic than detoxification staff.
Relative Importance of Near-, Intermediate- and Far-Field Displacement Terms in Layered Earth Synthetic Seismograms

Waveform modeling and moment tensor inversion commonly assume only the far-field response to the seismic source. However, for certain frequencies and distances the near- and intermediate-field terms of the Earth's response becomes important. We developed a criterion to estimate the relative importance of these terms for horizontally layered Earth models by comparing reflectivity synthetic seismograms, computed with just the far-field response (far-field terms only), with the complete response (all terms included). The frequency and range dependent differences of these two responses are quantified by measuring the difference between synthetics for regional and local earthquake scenarios, the 1992 Little Skull Mountain, Nevada ( M w 5.7) and 1997 Calico Hills, Nevada ( M w 4.0) earthquakes. For these crustal earthquakes, we found that the near-field term becomes important when the minimum frequency, f n (Hz) of the simulation at hypocentral distance r ( km ) is f n = γ cr -1 where a reasonable crustal velocity for c is 5.8 km/sec and γ is the fraction of a wavelength estimated in this study to be ≈ 0.6. The far-field response converges to the complete response for frequencies greater than f n. Manuscript received 30 September 1999.
Receptive-field properties of deafferentated visual cortical neurons after topographic map reorganization in adult cats

When neurons in primary visual cortex of adult cats and monkeys are deprived of their normal sources of activation by matching lesions in the two retinas, they are capable of acquiring new receptive fields based on inputs from regions of intact retina around the lesions. Although these "reactivated" neurons respond to visual stimuli, quantitative studies of their response characteristics have not been attempted. Thus, it is not known whether these neurons have normal or abnormal features that could contribute to or disrupt an analysis of a visual scene. In this study, we used extracellular single-unit recording methods to investigate their stimulus selectivity and responsiveness. Specifically, we measured the sensitivity of individual neurons to stimulus orientation, direction of drift, spatial frequency, and contrast. Over 98% of all units in the denervated zone of cortex acquired new receptive fields after 3 months of recovery. Newly activated units exhibited strikingly normal orientation tuning, direction selectivity, and spatial frequency tuning when high-contrast (< 40%) stimuli were used. However, contrast thresholds of most neurons were abnormally elevated, and the maximum response amplitude under optimal stimulus conditions was significantly reduced. The results suggest that the striate cortical neurons reactivated during topographic reorganization are capable of sending functionally meaningful signals to more central structures provided that the visual scene contains relatively high contrast images.
Integrating Indigenous Knowledge with Science Teaching

I describe the next steps in the research study in which I elicit traditional healers’ ideas about indigenous teaching strategies. I offer a model of teaching and learning, and a more detailed description of my teaching strategy: tailored teaching. I present two examples of how indigenous knowledge could be worked into classroom science lessons. I describe a university program in the United States and a high school in Thailand that incorporate indigenous knowledge into their curriculums, and comment on the growing interest of international organizations in identifying, testing, and preserving indigenous knowledge.
Conductance Measurements of Thermally Annealed, Si-Implanted Quartz

The use of gaseous discharge for ion plating and related techniques have been well known to improve coating properties in several ways. IN the arc-induced ion plating (AIIP), the ionization efficiency for the evaporants is so enhanced without any introduction of inert gases that the bias voltage for, and the temperature of the substrate are reduced in the preparation of the coatings. Highly transparent (> 90% transmission in the visible range) and highly conductive (resistivity ≅ 1.5 x 10-4 Ω cm) in-oxide films were deposited at a rate of 500 - 900 A/min by aIIP of pure in in an O2 atmosphere of 10-4 Torr. Hall-effect measurement revealed that the observed low resistivity is due primarily to the excellent electron mobilty (≥ 70 cm2 / V sec) with carrier density up to 7 х 1020/cm3. Electrochromic WO3 films were also prepared and characterized.
Investigations of metamaterial-based ultra-dense antenna arrays

Advances in technology will continue to require smaller circuitry to further reduce the overall size of current communication and sensor systems. One approach to achieve this reduction in size is to develop small, efficient and multi-band transmitting and receiving structures that will fit into restricted areas while simultaneously accommodating the desired frequencies and high data rates. A metamaterial-based antenna paradigm to achieve these often conflicting requirements is proposed. It is demonstrated that specifically designed radiating elements can be spaced much closer than the usual lambda/2 distance in an array configuration while maintaining reasonable overall radiation efficiency and directivity.
Mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis and growth arrest in human breast cancer cells.

2-Methoxyestradiol, a well-known nonpolar endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol, has been shown to selectively induce apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines, but not in normal cells. The mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis appears to vary considerably in different cell lines examined. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the mechanisms of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis in the estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435s human breast cancer cells. We found that 2-methoxyestradiol induced the activation of JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs. 2-methoxyestradiol-induced JNK activation was associated with the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathways as a result of increased phosphorylation (inactivation) of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. In comparison, 2-methoxyestradiol-induced activation of ERK and p38 in these cells was found to have a protective effect against 2-MeO-E2-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this observation, the presence of pharmacological inhibitor of ERK or p38 enhanced 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, inhibition of ERK and p38 activity was associated with activation of various caspases and PARP cleavage, and it also stabilized the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim, thereby preventing them from degradation during 2-methoxyestradiol treatment. These results suggest that ERK and p38 MAPKs may serve as viable targets for the sensitization of human breast cancer cells to 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Establishing a framework for analyzing market power in electronic commerce: an empirical study

The research presented aims to develop some suitable metrics for the measurement of market power in the online retailing business. While it is obvious that market power exists in the online retailing business, especially among the market leaders, the factors that drive that market power have been considerably less analyzed. One of the main reasons why existing research in this area has concentrated on case studies and generalized observations is the lack of data that has been traditionally used to measure market power. On the other hand, the electronic nature of an online transaction makes available "new" clickstream data, in the form of individual and aggregate Web statistics. We explain the strategic conduct of an online retailer in terms of its manifestation in the clickstream data. In the process, we develop a framework for measuring market power as applicable to the world of online retailing.
Synthesis of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 Piezoelectrics by a Solution Coating Approach

The solution coating method is shown to provide more homogeneous mixing of the starting powders and purer (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) powder than the conventional method thereby rendering cold isostatic pressing unnecessary. Sintering NKN with potassium copper niobate (KCN) by uniaxial pressing gave a relative bulk density of 92%, d33 coefficient of 112 pC/N and a loss factor of 1% after 6 h at 1100°C. In contrast, the conventional method yielded 84% relative bulk density and a 31% loss factor after 6 h at 1100°C and the sample was too porous to allow for dielectric and piezoelectric measurements.
CHIRAL LAGRANGIAN WITH VECTOR MESONS AND SOLITON ANSATZ TO THE SU(4) SKYRME MODEL

We propose a chiral Lagrangian in which the pions and the vector mesons are treated on equal footing. It gives the usual meson physics and a mass relation for the mesons. We introduce a soliton ansatz for the SU(4) Skyrme model which approximates the more realistic covariant theory. Upon quantization, a rich mass spectrum for the soliton is obtained.
The learning environment of the 21st century

The coming of the new millennium encourages a new vision in education. The recent accelerated growth in technology, demographics, geography, financial considerations of institutions of higher education, but most of all the modus operandi of the student of the 21 st century will contribute to the new vision. The typical college student of the next millennium is an individual with a substantial number of commitments in addition to pursuing an education. This student is maturer, more likely financially selfsupporting, and more serious academically than many of today's students. The typical student of the 21 st century does
Taming chaos: a numerical experiment using low-order LTI filters

According to a recent paper by Jonckheere, Hammad, and Wu (1993), it is not possible to reduce the Kohnogorov-Sinai entropy by linear, stationary feedback, if the closed loop system is stable and minimum phase. This paper provides some extra insight into the understanding of this situation by bifurcation diagram (rather than entropy) analysis of three simple examples. In this numerical experiment, a chaotic signal is used as input to a linear filter that models the closed loop system. No forcing or tuning of the chaotic input is available. It appears that low-order LTI filters cannot tame chaos. >
Cervical Precancer Detection Using a Multivariate Statistical Algorithm Based on Laser‐Induced Fluorescence Spectra at Multiple Excitation Wavelengths

A portable fluorimeter was developed and utilized to acquire fluorescence spectra from 381 cervical sites in 95 patients at 337, 380 and 460 nm excitation immediately prior to colposcopy. A multivariate statistical algorithm was used to extract clinically useful information from tissue spectra acquired in vivo. Two full-parameter algorithms were developed using tissue fluorescence emission spectra at all three excitation wavelengths (161 excitation-emission wavelength pairs) for cervical precancer (squamous intraepithelial lesion [SIL]) detection: a screening algorithm that discriminates between SIL and non-SIL with a sensitivity of 82 +/- 1.4% and specificity of 68 +/- 0.0%, and a diagnostic algorithm that differentiates high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL with a sensitivity and specificity of 79 +/- 2% and 78 +/- 6%, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis was also employed to reduce the number of fluorescence excitation-emission wavelength pairs needed to redevelop algorithms that demonstrate a minimum decrease in classification accuracy. Two reduced-parameter algorithms that employ fluorescence intensities at only 15 excitation-emission wavelength pairs were developed: the screening algorithm differentiates SIL from non-SIL with a sensitivity of 84 +/- 1.5% and specificity of 65 +/- 2% and the diagnostic algorithm discriminates high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL with a sensitivity and specificity of 78 +/- 0.7% and 74 +/- 2%, respectively. Both the full-parameter and reduced-parameter screening algorithms discriminate between SIL and non-SIL with a similar specificity (+/-5%) and a substantially improved sensitivity relative to Pap smear screening. A comparison of the full-parameter and reduced-parameter diagnostic algorithms to colposcopy in expert hands indicates that all three have a very similar sensitivity and specificity for differentiating high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL.
Introduction to Supraventricular Tachycardia

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid tachycardia with an abrupt onset and termination cardiomyopathy. The three most common causes of PSVT are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (50%-60%), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (25%-30%), and atrial tachycardia (10%). Rare causes of PSVT include focal junctional tachycardia, atriofascicular tachycardia, permanent reciprocating junctional tachycardia, and nodoventricular/nodofascicular tachycardia. This article, based on challenging PSVT cases, is a guide for clinicians dealing with diagnostic or therapeutic dilemmas in the electrophysiology laboratory.
Performance Evaluation of Liquid Flow With PCM Particles in Microchannels

A two-phase, non thermal equilibrium-based model is applied to the numerical simulation of laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of suspension with microsize phase-change material (PCM) particles in a microchannel. The model solves the conservation of mass, momentum, and thermal energy equations for liquid and particle phases separately. The study focuses on the parametric study of optimal conditions where heat transfer is enhanced with an increase in fluid power necessary for pumping the two-phase flow