cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closely spaced external standard: a universal method of achieving 5 ppm mass accuracy over the entire MALDI plate in axial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Close deposition of the sample and external standard was used in axial matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to achieve mass accuracy equivalent to that obtained with an internal standard across the entire MALDI plate. In this work, the sample and external standard were deposited by continuous deposition in separate traces, each approximately 200 micro m wide. The dependence of the mass accuracy on the distance between the sample and standard traces was determined across a MALDI target plate with dimensions of 57.5 mm x 57.0 mm by varying the gap between the traces from 100 micro m to 4 mm. During acquisition, two adjacent traces were alternately irradiated with a 200-Hz laser, such that the peaks in the resulting mass spectra combined the sample and external standard. Ion suppression was not observed even when the peptide concentrations in the two traces differed by more than two orders of magnitude. The five peaks from the external standard trace were used in a four-term mass calibration of the masses of the sample trace. The average accuracy across the whole plate with this method was 5 ppm when peaks of the sample trace had signal-to-noise ratios of at least 30 and the gap between the traces was approximately 100 micro m. This approach was applied to determining peptide masses of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of a tryptic digest of beta-galactosidase deposited as a long serpentine trace across the MALDI plate, with accuracy comparable to that obtainable using internal calibration. In addition, the eluent from reversed-phase LC separation of a strong cation-exchange fraction containing tryptic peptides from a yeast lysate along with the closely placed external standard was deposited on the MALDI plate. The data obtained in the MS and MS/MS modes on a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer were combined and used in database searching with MASCOT. Since the significant score is a function of mass accuracy in the MS mode, database searching with high mass accuracy reduced the number of false positives and also added peptides which otherwise would have been eliminated at lower mass accuracy (false negatives).
Molecular mechanism for the antigonococcal action of lysosomal cathepsin G

Summary Human lysosomal cathepsin G (cat G) appears to be an important mediator of non-oxidative killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ingested by human polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes (PMNLs). Nearly isogenic strains of gonococci having variations in the structure of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) also exhibit different levels of susceptibility to the lethal action of cat G in vitro. Accordingly, we examined the relationship between gonococcal susceptibility to cat G and PBP2 structure. The results of this study suggest that cat G has the capacity to interact with PBP2, as evidenced by its ability to inhibit binding of [3H]-benzylpenicillin to PBP2. We also found that changes in the amino acid sequence within the transpeptidase domain of PBP2, because of certain penA mutations, modulated such interactions. We propose that PBP2 is an intracellular target for cat G and that levels of gonococcal susceptibility to cat G may be related to PBP2 structure and/or intracellular availability.
INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY STUDY OF MODIFIED SMECTITE SURFACES

Inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution, employing alkanes and alkenes as probes, has been used to characterize the surface properties of a series of smectites of varying chemical composition. The results of this study show that the acidic centers and the interlayer distances have a great influence on the specific interaction of the smectite surface with ~r-bonds of alkenes. High values of the specific interaction parameter, ~, are caused by the existence of strong acidic centers that are connected with interlayer cations as well as with the chemical structure of the mineral sheets. On the other hand, alkanes, whose interaction with the smectites is predominantly dispersive, are unaffected by changes in the clays' composition and/or structure.
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments of Thriving and Contribution in Early Adolescence: Findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

Research and practice in youth development converge in an interest in positive development, or thriving. They converge also in seeking to promote among youth an orientation to act in support of their own and others’ well-being through contributions to self, family, and community. Based on the results of both qualitative (open and axial coding of parents’ and students’ answers to several open-ended questions) and quantitative analyses of data from Wave 2 (Sixth Grade; 2003-2004) of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), we found that adolescents and parents define a thriving youth in different ways and, as well, that the groups differ in the salience of contribution as part of their respective conceptions of thriving. We discuss the implications for research and practice of the two generational groups’ contrasting views of thriving and contribution.
Distinct requirements for 5'-monophosphate-assisted RNA cleavage by Escherichia coli RNase E and RNase G.

RNase E and RNase G are homologous endonucleases that play important roles in RNA processing and decay in Escherichia coli and related bacterial species. Rapid mRNA degradation is facilitated by the preference of both enzymes for decay intermediates whose 5' end is monophosphorylated. In this report we identify key characteristics of RNA that influence the rate of 5'-monophosphate-assisted cleavage by these two ribonucleases. In vitro, both require at least two and prefer three or more unpaired 5'-terminal nucleotides for such cleavage; however, RNase G is impeded more than RNase E when fewer than four unpaired nucleotides are present at the 5' end. Each can tolerate any unpaired nucleotide (A, G, C, or U) at either of the first two positions, with only modest biases. The optimal spacing between the 5' end and the scissile phosphate appears to be eight nucleotides for RNase E but only six for RNase G. 5'-Monophosphate-assisted cleavage also occurs, albeit more slowly, when that spacing is greater or at most one nucleotide shorter than the optimum, but there is no simple inverse relationship between increased spacing and the rate of cleavage. These properties are also manifested during 5'-end-dependent mRNA degradation in E. coli.
The villages and towns public health center tuberculosis phlegm smear set point situation analysis in longyan

ObjectiveFinds out the 2005-2007 year villages and towns public health center tuberculosis phlegm smear set point situation in Longyan.MethodsThe working condition carries on the statistical analysis to 2005-2007 year Longyan 42 villages and towns public health center tuberculosis phlegm smear set point.ResultsLooks up the phlegm smear set point for 3 years altogether to complete 5246 phlegm smears,inspects the suspicious patient 1853 examples,in which discovery masculine pulmonary tuberculosis patient 38 examples.ConclusionThe phlegm smear set point plays the extremely vital role in tuberculosis control work,should strengthen to the phlegm smear set point a value and the direction.
Accountability as a Design for Teacher Learning Sensemaking About Mathematics and Equity in the NCLB Era

Using a learning design perspective on No Child Left Behind (NCLB), I examine how accountability policy shaped urban educators’ instructional sensemaking. Focusing on the role of policy-rooted clas...
The First Gaza War

An intimate narrative of the UN secretary general’s good offices to bring the war to an end, including a dramatic visit to Gaza in the first days after the war. A critical analysis of the international community’s role and why resolution 1860 failed to change an unsustainable status quo in Gaza. A short foray into Gaza’s ancient past and analysis of its present entanglement, due to prolonged occupation and Palestinian division. Attention for the UN’s important role on the ground, both in providing humanitarian assistance during the war and leading reconstruction efforts afterward.
MECHANISM AND DETECTION OF MICROBIAL SPOILAGE IN MEATS AT LOW TEMPERATURES: A STATUS REPORT

After 80 years of research, we do not yet know the precise mechanisms by which meats, poultry, and seafoods undergo microbial spoilage at low temperatures. While over 40 different methods have been proposed for detecting incipient spoilage during this time, the lack of general agreement on the validity of any of these methods reflects in large part our lack of agreement on a precise definition of microbial spoilage. Several of the more recently proposed methods for detecting spoilage are discussed in terms of their contribution to our knowledge of spoilage mechanisms along with a brief review of historical beginnings.
Rapid heteroatom transfer to arylmetals utilizing multifunctional reagent scaffolds

Arylmetals are highly valuable carbon nucleophiles that are readily and inexpensively prepared from aryl halides or arenes and widely used on both laboratory and industrial scales to react directly with a wide range of electrophiles. Although C-C bond formation has been a staple of organic synthesis, the direct transfer of primary amino (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups to arylmetals in a scalable and environmentally friendly fashion remains a formidable synthetic challenge because of the absence of suitable heteroatom-transfer reagents. Here, we demonstrate the use of bench-stable N-H and N-alkyl oxaziridines derived from readily available terpenoid scaffolds as efficient multifunctional reagents for the direct primary amination and hydroxylation of structurally diverse aryl- and heteroarylmetals. This practical and scalable method provides one-step synthetic access to primary anilines and phenols at low temperature and avoids the use of transition-metal catalysts, ligands and additives, nitrogen-protecting groups, excess reagents and harsh workup conditions.
Discriminating cognitive screening and cognitive testing from neuropsychological assessment: implications for professional practice

AbstractObjective: To provide clarification on the distinction between cognitive screening, cognitive testing, and neuropsychological assessment and highlight practical implications. Method: Non-systematic brief clinical review. Results: There is a present lack of explicit distinction between the various levels of measurement of cognitive functioning with regard to goals, indications for use, levels of complexity, and outcome. There is also a lack of guidance regarding the identification of who should be responsible for the administration and interpretation at each level. Conclusions: There is a growing awareness of the importance of cognitive health and disability, and of the importance of measurement of cognitive functions across the lifespan. For example, cognitive screening has been mandated by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, and language contained within new psychiatric diagnostic criteria and healthcare regulatory changes reflect increased consideration of the importance of m...
Phase I, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, (17DMAG, NSC 707545), an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), in patients with advanced solid tumors: Final results.

B212 Background: 17DMAG is a water-soluble and potent geldanamycin analog, which inhibits HSP90. The objectives of this first-in-human study were to: establish the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); recommend a phase 2 dose; & characterize the PK & PD of 17DMAG. Methods: Patients (pts) were accrued to a modified accelerated schema. 17DMAG was given IV over 1 h daily x 5 (schedule A) or daily x 3 (schedule B) every 3 weeks. Plasma 17DMAG concentrations during cycle 1 were quantitated by LC/MS assay. HSP27, HSP70, and 4 client proteins CDK4, RAF-1, AKT, and ILK were assessed by western blot at baseline & 24 h on d 1. Pre- & post-treatment (at 24h) biopsies were done in selected patients at the phase 2 dose (n=7). Results: 56 pts were entered. Sequential cohorts of patients on schedule A received 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16 or 22 mg/m2/d (n = 26). On schedule B, the starting dose was 2.5 mg/m2/d. Based on safety information from schedule A, subsequent schedule B dose levels were 14, 19, 25, 34 & 46 mg/m2/d (n = 30). Dose-limiting toxicities on both schedules were pneumonitis, transaminitis, thrombocytopenia and fatigue. Selected grade ¾ toxicities are liver function test elevation (14%), pneumonitis (9%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (4%), fatigue (4%) & platelets (4%). No objective responses were noted, stable disease was seen in 4 pts. Day 1, 17DMAG PK were linear over 1.5-46 mg/m2 and Cmax increased linearly with dose (0.071-1.7 mg/ml). The AUC increased linearly with dose (0.7-14.7 mg/ml•h). Both clearance and T1/2 did not vary systematically with dose (79 + 40 ml/min/m2 and 24 + 15 h). The 24-h urinary excretion accounted for 20 + 9% of dose. The mean HSP70 and HSP27 were 114% (range 58-155) and 154% (range 71-229) of baseline respectively in PBMCs at 24 h at 12, 16, & 25 mg/m2. HSP27, HSP70, AKT and CDK4 levels were decreased in the majority of post treatment biopsy samples, but did not correlate to changes in corresponding PBMC samples. Conclusions: The recommended phase 2 of 17DMAG is 16 mg/ m2 x 5 days or 25 mg/ m2 x 3 days every 3 weeks. Therapy was well tolerated at the phase 2 doses. Reversible pneumonitis was a new DLT and not predicted by animal toxicology. Pneumonitis and transaminitis appear to be schedule-dependent. Cardiac toxicity was not seen. 17DMAG plasma PK are linear over the doses delivered to date, and there is a suggestion of a target effect as manifested by HSP and client protein changes in PMBCs and paired tumor biopsies. Support: U01CA099168-01, U01CA62502, U01CA69912, R01CA90390 & NIH/NCCR/GCRC grants #5M01 RR 00056 & M01 RR00080
Superior oxygen transfer ability of Pd/MnOx-CeO2 for enhanced low temperature CO oxidation activity

Abstract The low temperature CO oxidation activity of Pd doped MnOx-CeO2 (MC) solid solution catalyst is evaluated to determine the role of Pd speciation and oxygen transfer. Dynamic reduction behavior of Pd2+ species in the presence of CO at low temperatures is characterized by in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTs) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). H2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and CO/O2 transient pulse experiments are conducted to evaluate the lattice oxygen reducibility of Pd/CeO2 and Pd/MC. Our results show that highly dispersed PdO species form on the freshly calcined CeO2 and MC supports. Despite the fact that similar Pd species form on the CeO2 and MC supports, PdO can be reduced immediately on CeO2 in the presence of CO, while the MC support can preserve the oxidized Pd species during CO reduction. In the case of CO oxidation, Pd2+ species are maintained through lattice oxygen transfer facilitated by the MC support. CO/O2 transient pulse experiments confirm the higher reducibility of the MC support, which can favor CO oxidation at 50 °C.
Symmetric minimally entangled typical thermal states for canonical and grand-canonical ensembles

Based on the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), strongly correlated quantum many-body systems at finite temperatures can be simulated by sampling over a certain class of pure matrix product states (MPS) called minimally entangled typical thermal states (METTS). When a system features symmetries, these can be utilized to substantially reduce MPS computation costs. It is conceptually straightforward to simulate canonical ensembles using symmetric METTS. In practice, it is important to alternate between different symmetric collapse bases to decrease autocorrelations in the Markov chain of METTS. To this purpose, we introduce symmetric Fourier and Haar-random block bases that are efficiently mixing. We also show how grand-canonical ensembles can be simulated efficiently with symmetric METTS. We demonstrate these approaches for spin-$1/2$ $XXZ$ chains and discuss how the choice of the collapse bases influences autocorrelations as well as the distribution of measurement values and, hence, convergence speeds.
Fourier analysis of iteration schemes for k-eigenvalue transport problems with flux-dependent cross sections

Abstract A central problem in nuclear reactor analysis is calculating solutions of steady-state k -eigenvalue problems with thermal hydraulic feedback. In this paper we propose and utilize a model problem that permits the theoretical analysis of iterative schemes for solving such problems. To begin, we discuss a model problem (with nonlinear cross section feedback) and its justification. We proceed with a Fourier analysis for source iteration schemes applied to the model problem. Then we analyze commonly-used iteration schemes involving non-linear diffusion acceleration and feedback. For each scheme we show (1) that they are conditionally stable, (2) the conditions that lead to instability, and (3) that traditional relaxation approaches can improve stability. Lastly, we propose a new iteration scheme that theory predicts is an improvement upon the existing methods.
Extending Two Classic Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem to the Law of Cosines

Two well-known proofs of the Pythagorean theorem are generalized to prove the law of cosines in a geometrically elegant way by computing areas.
Limbic and new onset refractory tonic status epilepticus (NORSE) in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Aims To present a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDAR) with new onset refractory non-convulsive status epilepticus (NORSE).
The Spread of Islamikaze Terrorism in Europe: The Third Islamic Invasion, by Raphael Israeli

Raphael Israeli writes extensively on the subject of Islamism. In this book he follows many other authors who have examined the rise of Islam in Europe and its implications for the West. He labels ...
Error bounds analysis of de-embedded results in 2x thru de-embedding methods

In this paper, an error bound analysis is performed for 2x thru de-embedding methods: AFR (Automatic Fixture Removal) and SFD (Smart Fixture De-embedding). Basically, a certain amount of error is assumed to exist in S11 of 1x. This error will cause the de-embedded results to vary within a certain range. The upper bound and lower bound of the magnitude of the de-embedded results are given.
Habeas Corpus in Wartime: From the Tower of London to Guantanamo Bay (Introduction)

Habeas Corpus in Wartime unearths and presents a comprehensive account of the legal and political history of habeas corpus in wartime in the Anglo-American legal tradition. The book begins by tracing the origins of the habeas privilege in English law, giving special attention to the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, which limited the scope of executive detention and used the machinery of the English courts to enforce its terms. It also explores the circumstances that led Parliament to invent the concept of suspension as a tool for setting aside the protections of the Habeas Corpus Act in wartime. Turning to the United States, the book highlights how the English suspension framework greatly influenced the development of early American habeas law before and after the American Revolution and during the Founding period, when the United States Constitution enshrined a habeas privilege in its Suspension Clause. The book then chronicles the story of the habeas privilege and suspension over the course of American history, giving special attention to the Civil War period. The final chapters explore how the challenges posed by modern warfare during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have placed great strain on the previously well-settled understanding of the role of the habeas privilege and suspension in American constitutional law, particularly during World War II when the United States government detained tens of thousands of Japanese American citizens and later during the War on Terror. Throughout, the book draws upon a wealth of original and heretofore untapped historical resources to shed light on the purpose and role of the Suspension Clause in the United States Constitution, revealing all along that many of the questions that arise today regarding the scope of executive power to arrest and detain in wartime are not new ones.
Hamming Distance Computation in Unreliable Resistive Memory

Enabled by new storage mediums, Computation-in-Memory is a novel architecture that has shown great potential in reducing the burden of massive data processing by bypassing the communication and memory access bottleneck. Suggested by Cassuto and Crammer, allowing for ultra-fast Hamming distance computations to be performed in resistive memory with low-level conductance measurements has the potential to drastically speed up many modern machine learning algorithms. Meanwhile, Hamming distance Computation-in-Memory remains a challenging task as a result of the non-negligible device variability in practical resistive memory. In this paper, build upon the work of Cassuto and Crammer, we study memristor variability due to two distinct sources: resistance variation, and the non-deterministic write process. First, we introduce a technique for estimating the Hamming distance under resistance variation alone. Then, we propose error-detection and error-correction schemes to deal with non-ideal write process. We then combine these results to concurrently address both sources of memristor variabilities. In order to preserve the low latency property of Computation-in-Memory, all of our approaches rely on only a single vector-level conductance measurement. We use so-called inversion coding as a key ingredient in our solutions and we prove the optimality of this code given the restrictions on bit-accessible information. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approaches on the k-nearest neighbors classifier.
Introduction to Special Issue: Misdemeanor Justice Project—A Focus on Criminal Justice System Responses to Lower Level Offenses:

To date, the enforcement of lower level offenses and the criminal justice system’s response to these enforcement actions has received little scholarly attention. To address this gap in scientific r...
Psychosocial and demographic predictors of postpartum physical activity

Physical activity promotes better health outcomes across the lifespan, and provides physical and mental health benefits for women who have recently given birth. However, research has not adequately characterized physical activity levels or risk factors for inadequate physical activity during the postpartum period. The objective of the present study was to describe levels and correlates of physical activity at 6 months postpartum in mothers of diverse race/ethnicity (55% African American, 23% White, 22% Hispanic/Latina), with the majority living in or near poverty. We analyzed data collected by the five-site Community Child Health Network study. Women (n = 1581) were recruited shortly after the birth of a child. Multinomial logistic regression models tested associations of demographic factors and self-reported stress in several life domains with total physical activity levels at 6-9 months postpartum, including activities done at work, at home, for transportation, and leisure. Thirty-five percent of participants in this sample reported low levels of physical activity. African American race, Latina ethnicity, and living in a rural area were associated with low levels of physical activity, whereas working outside the home was associated with high physical activity. Contrary to hypotheses, chronic stress was not associated with physical activity with the exception of financial stress, which predicted greater likelihood of being highly physically active. These findings suggest that optimal postpartum care should integrate physical activity promotion, and that African American, Latina, and rural-dwelling women may benefit most from efforts to promote activity following birth.
Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy of unsaturated fatty acids: applications for fish and meat lipids and rendered meat source identification

Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) is a simple, rapid technique for determining the unique structures of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Improved lipid spectra and vibrational assignments have many applications in food safety and quality. Herein we analyze the residual lipid components in porcine and poultry meat and bone meal (MBM) collected directly from rendering operations. We are developing a rapid throughput GTRS method that requires no special extraction methods or toxic/expensive solvents, and can be adapted to field use. Crude ethanol, methanol and water extracts of pork, poultry samples and 20:80 pork:poultry MBM were investigated from -100 to 80°C. GTRS provides 20 Mb three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2°C increments and graphical first and second derivatives. Comparison of second derivative data showed good reproducibility among samples, with some vibrational modes distinct for either pork or chicken. The 20:80 pork:poultry data showed for the first time that lipid prepared from mixed MBM can be positively identified. Oil from pollack waste was also examined. GTRS and other methods can easily identify pure fishmeal or fishmeal mixed into terrestrial MBM; fishmeal is distinguished by its long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The analytical challenge is to determine economic or accidental adulteration whereby porcine, bovine or ovine MBM are mixed with each other, or mixed into poultry or fish meals.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE LUNG

The mechanical properties of the lung parenchyma are described as a linear elastic continuum. Small deformations are measured from a state of uniform inflation defined by the pressure–volume curve of the lung. Two material constants, the bulk and shear modulus, are measured by standard deformation tests. Stress–strain distribution in the lung is studied using methods of linear elasticity. Two general types of nonuniform lung deformation problems are considered. First, the lung within the thorax is acted on by forces that arise from the interaction among the lung, heart, and abdomen. Gravity produces a vertical gradient in transpulmonary pressure of a magnitude that depends on body position. Second, the lung parenchyma interacts with internal structures such as blood vessels and bronchi. This interaction produces interstitial pressures surrounding the structures that change with lung inflation and vascular pressure. These pressures are related to the formation of interstitial fluid cuffs with edema formation that affects blood flow and airway resistance.
Imaging substance P receptors (NK1) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography.

Substance P (SP)-neurokinin-1 (NK 1 ) receptor pathways have been implicated in the pathophysiology of emesis and depression. Autoradiographic studies in monkey and human brains have shown a high expression of NK 1 receptors in regions important for the regulation of affective behaviors and the neurochemical response to stress. Furthermore, clinical studies demonstrated that treatment with the SP (NK 1 receptor) antagonist (SPA) aprepitant (also known as MK-0869) significantly improves depression symptoms and reduces the incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. An important objective of all neuroscience drug discovery and development programs is to establish the correlation between dose, receptor occupancy, and the observed clinical effect (the dose-response relationship). These goals can be achieved using radioactive receptor-specific tracers and dynamic noninvasive brain imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET). In the SPA program, a tracer [ 18 F]SPA-RQ was chosen for PET studies on the basis of several criteria, including high affinity for the NK 1 receptor, low nonspecific binding, and good blood-brain barrier penetration. PET imaging studies in rhesus monkeys and humans confirmed these tracer features and established the usefulness of this probe for in vivo NK 1 receptor occupancy studies. Subsequent PET occupancy studies in humans predicted that very high levels of central NK 1 receptor occupancy (>90%) were associated with therapeutically significant antidepressant and antiemetic effects. Future PET imaging studies will focus on quantification of NK 1 receptor expression in depressed patients, both before and after successful treatment with antidepressants.
Semiquantitative Analysis of Maximum Standardized Uptake Values of Regional Lymph Nodes in Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Is There a Reliable Threshold for Differentiating Benign from Malignant?

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to determine an optimum standardized uptake value (SUV) threshold for identifying regional nodal metastasis on 18 F–fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomographic (PET)/computed tomographic (CT) studies of patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Materials and Methods A database search was performed of patients newly diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer who underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging at the time of diagnosis at a single institution between January 1, 2001, and September 30, 2009. Three radiologists blinded to the histopathology of the regional lymph nodes retrospectively analyzed all 18 F-FDG PET/CT images by measuring the maximum SUV (SUVmax) in visually abnormal nodes. The accuracy of 18 F-FDG PET/CT image interpretation was correlated with histopathology when available. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic performance of PET/CT imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated using three different SUV cutoff values (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0). Results A total of 888 regional nodal basins, including bilateral axillary, infraclavicular, internal mammary, and supraclavicular lymph nodes, were evaluated in 111 patients (mean age, 56 years). Of the 888 nodal basins, 625 (70%) were negative and 263 (30%) were positive for metastasis. Malignant lymph nodes had significantly higher SUVmax than benign lymph nodes ( P Conclusions SUVmax of regional lymph nodes on 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging may help differentiate benign and malignant lymph nodes in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. An SUV cutoff of 2 provided the best accuracy in identifying regional nodal metastasis in this patient population.
Crack Formation within Ceramics Via Coupled Multiscale Genome and XFEM Predictions under Various Loading Conditions

Abstract Because of the complex heterogeneous microstructure of ceramics, predicting crack formation within ceramics is still a challenge. The extended finite element method (XFEM) serves as a good tool for fracture prediction but is incapable of considering heterogeneous microstructure. In this paper, a numerical framework is developed to model cracks within ceramics by coupling a multiscale genome model with XFEM. XFEM is embedded in the formulation of the multiscale genome through the variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH). The implementation of both multiscale genome model and XFEM retains the capabilities of XFEM in modeling fracture while providing accurate predictions by considering heterogeneous microstructure. The crack formation within SiC ceramics under different loading conditions is simulated in comparison with experiments in order to assess the validity of the proposed method. It is shown that the developed model captures the typical characteristics of crack formation within silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics under bending and indentation loadings. The predicted cutting forces and crack depth exhibit a good agreement with the experimental results during machining processes.
Particulate Air Quality over Europe in the Growing Season of 1995 and 2010 as Simulated with the MADE/EURAD Model

MADE (Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe) provides detailed information on the size distribution, primary and secondary contributions, as well as the chemical composition of atmospheric particles. Coupled to the three-dimensional Eulerian gas-phase air quality model EURAD (European Air Pollution and Dispersion Model) it is applied to simulate particle formation, transport and deposition during a long-term simulation over essentially the whole growing season in the year 1995 and 2010. To take account of regional difference the model domain covers Europe in a sufficiently fine horizontal resolution (grid resolution: 27 km). The results of the results of the base case simulation are compared to available measurements during the modeled period.
The Long Good-Bye: After the Innocence Movement, Does the Attorney-Client Relationship Ever End?

Inspired by the Innocence Movement, the American Bar Association has approved an unprecedented new obligation on defense counsel in the form of an “Innocence Standard.” This new Standard imposes an affirmative “duty to act” upon criminal defense attorneys who learn of newly discovered evidence that a former client may be innocent or wrongfully convicted. The new Standard, while well-intentioned, reconceives the traditional defense attorney function, creating an ethical parity between prosecutors and defense attorneys in innocence cases while overlooking the fact that the two sides play distinct and incompatible roles in our adversarial system. While prosecutors must to seek the truth and administer justice, defense counsel’s obligation is to zealously defend her current client. The Innocence Standard has the unintended effect of potentially destabilizing that primary and paramount relationship. It may require counsel to place the interests of a former client above those of a current client. It may expose counsel to allegations of ineffective assistance in the representation of the former client. And, perhaps most importantly, it may require labor-intensive, complex work that will draw scarce resources away from current clients because most defense attorneys are already under-resourced and staggering under excessive caseloads. In an ideal world, every defense attorney would embrace the work of freeing a wrongfully convicted former client, but in the real world, is it practicable to demand that they do so and fair to suggest that they are unethical if they do not?This Article - the first scholarship to discuss the Innocence Standard - examines how the innocence movement’s influential emphasis on accuracy may be eroding other important values and aims served by the adversarial process. The Innocence Standard asks defense counsel to serve two masters, her client and the truth. The creation of this dual obligation conflicts with centuries of defense tradition and decades of well-established doctrine. The truth-seeking function has traditionally rested with prosecutors, judges and juries: defense counsel’s primary obligation has always been to zealously represent her present-day client. Shifting the truth-seeking burden onto defense counsel after her representation of a client has ended threatens to erode the adversarial system, the historical loyalties of defense counsel, and the meaning of zealous advocacy.
Large Orbital Pediatric Intraosseous Hemangioma.

A five-year-old male presenting with progressive right facial swelling underwent multiple biopsies before being diagnosed with a polyostotic frontal-zygomatic primary intraosseous hemangioma. Intraosseous hemangiomas are rare, more frequently afflict adult females, and very rarely involve the orbit. Our case with bony destruction and surrounding soft tissue mass measured 5.3 cm in a child mimicked a more ominous malignancy. This case is unique with its rapid progression and largest reported size, leading to additional challenges such as difficulty in achieving an adequate tissue sample and in the surgical management with respect to significant blood loss in a small child.
Identification of Risk Factors for Readmission in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cervical Discectomy Fusion: A Predictive Risk Scale.

Study design This was a retrospective cohort study. Objective The objective of this study was to analyze readmission rates among patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), determine which factors were associated with higher readmission rates, and develop a scale for utilization during surgical planning. Summary of background data ACDF is the most common surgical treatment for many cervical disk pathologies. With the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services selecting readmissions as a measure of health care quality, there has been an increased focus on reducing readmissions. Materials and methods There were 114,174 recorded ACDF surgeries in the derivation cohort, the State Inpatient Database (SID) of New York and California between 2006 and 2014. There were 115,829 ACDF surgeries recorded in the validation cohort, the SID from Florida and Washington over the same time period. After identification of risk factors using univariate and multivariate analysis of the derivation cohort, a predictive scale was generated and tested utilizing the validation cohort. Results Overall, readmission rates within 30 days of discharge were 5.87% and 5.52% in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. On multivariate analysis of the derivation cohort, age older than 80 years [odds ratio (OR), 1.67] male sex (OR, 1.16), Medicaid insurance (OR, 1.90), Medicare insurance (OR, 1.64), revision ACDF (OR, 1.43), anemia (OR, 1.45), chronic lung disease (OR, 1.23), coagulopathy (OR, 1.42), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.31), diabetes (OR, 1.23), fluid and electrolyte disorder (OR, 1.56), liver disease (OR, 1.37), renal failure (OR, 1.59), and myelopathy (OR, 1.19) were found to be statistically significant predictors for readmission. These factors were incorporated into a numeric scale that, that when tested on the validation cohort, could explain 97.1% of the variability in readmission rate. Conclusions Overall, 30-day readmission following ACDF surgery was 5%-6%. A novel risk scale based on factors associated with increased readmission rates may be helpful in identifying patients who require additional optimization to reduce perioperative morbidity. Level of evidence Level III-prognostic.
Chapter 10 – Change Management

This chapter covers the related but distinct fields of change and configuration management. The chapter introduces the two topics, why they are useful and important, and how they fit in the project management life cycle. The two fields are distinguished, and then each is described in detail. Change management topics discussed are phases of the process, differential processes for different severities of changes (e.g., critical, minor, or insignificant), and how change management directly bears on security. Automation and documentation of change management processes are also discussed. Configuration management begins with an item that straddles change and configuration management: software patch management. Configuration management is then discussed in the context of management systems, configuring software, configuring network devices, configuration information-assurance critical items, configuration and system maintenance, and finally configuration management databases for tracking the various configurations. The chapter concludes with the relevant change and configuration management certification bodies.
A map of cis-regulatory modules and constituent transcription factor binding sites in 77.5% regions of the human genome

ABSTRACT Annotating all cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in genomes is essential to understand genome functions, however, it remains an uncompleted task despite great progresses made since the development of ChIP-seq techniques. As a continued effort, we developed a new algorithm dePCRM2 for predicting CRMs and constituent transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBSs) by integrating numerous TF ChIP-seq datasets based on a new ultra-fast, accurate motif-finding algorithm and an efficient combinatory motif pattern discovery method. dePCRM2 partitions genome regions covered by extended binding peaks in the datasets into a CRM candidates (CRMCs) set and a non-CRMCs set, and predicts CRMs and constituent TFBSs by evaluating each CRMC using a novel score. Applying dePCRM2 to 6,092 datasets covering 77.47% of the human genome, we predicted 201 unique TF binding motif families and 1,404,973 CRMCs. Intriguingly, the CRMCs are under stronger evolutionary constraints than the non-CRMCs, and the higher a CRMC can score, the stronger evolutionary constraint it receives and the more likely it is a full-length enhancer. When evaluated on functionally validated VISTA enhancers and causal ClinVar mutants, dePCRM2 achieves 97.43~100.00% sensitivity at p-value ≤ 0.05. dePCRM2 also largely outperforms existing methods in sensitivity and specificity, as well as by the evaluation of evolution constraints. Based on our predictions and evolutionary behaviors of the genome, we estimated that about 21.95% and 54.87% of the genome might code for TFBSs and CRMs, respectively, for which we predicted 80.21%.
Influence of serum complement and IgG on rituximab-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity to Raji cells

Objective To determine the influence of serum complement and IgG on rituximabdependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity to Raji cells in vitro.Methods FcγR Ⅲ a (CD16a) polymorphism of NK cells were detected by nest-PCR. Effects of serum IgG on FcγRⅢ a expression of NK cells in vitro were analyzed by flow cytometry.The target cells(Raji cells) were stained with DIO,cultured with effector cells(NK cells) and rituximab with or without serum IgG/complement,and finally stained with propidium iodide (PI),then these cells were tested by flow cytometry and the cytotoxic index was calculated as well. Results The cytotoxic indexes of the ADCC +CDC groups were higher than those of ADCC groups, but the serum IgG groups were lower than the ADCC groups. In FcγRⅢa-158Ⅴ/Ⅴ groups, the cytotoxic indexs of the ADCC+ CDC groups,the serum IgG groups and the ADCC groups were (94.25±1.79) ％,(59.79±0.66) ％ and(69.05± 2.38) ％,respectively,and the differences among the groups were statistically significant (P＜ 0.05).In FcγRⅢ a-158Ⅴ/F groups,the cytotoxic indexs of these three groups were (66.71±5.57) ％,(18.13±2.99) ％ and (39.63±3.86) ％, respectively, and the differences among the groups were also statistically significant (P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Complement may enhance the rituximab-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity to Raji cells, whereas,serum IgG may weaken the cytotoxicity against Raji cells. It is clued up that for patients treated by tumorspecific monolonal antibody (MAb), combined infusion of fresh frozen plasma could promote its anti-tumor effect,however,MAb combined with IVIG may impair its anti-tumor effect. Key words: Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity; Complement-dependent cytotoxicity; Antineoplastic protolols; Rituximab; Killer cells, natural
Cenozoic Marine Environments in the North Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Sea

A warm ocean, with an abundant and diverse flora and fauna invaded the newly forming branches of the North Atlantic, first the Labrador Sea (Late Cretaceous), then, beginning with the Eocene, the northeastern North Atlantic. Land and marine biotas at high latitudes indicate equable climates and low Paleogene latitudinal thermal gradients. The Greenland-Scotland Ridge, forming along with the opening ocean may have acted as an oceanic barrier, but not as an impenetrable hindrance to surface exchange of flora and fauna. Rising rates of biogenic silica deposition during the Eocene suggest high fertility, and thus, upwelling. The global Eocene/Oligocene cooling impoverished North Atlantic planktonic floras and faunas, while the deep water environment was drastically changed, both qualitatively and dynamically. Extinctions, speciations and fundamental depth and abundance readjustments of deep water benthic faunas bear witness to the physicochemical and structural changes of the deep hydrosphere; unconformities and a change in the sedimentation regime suggest a marked intensification of deep currents. It is uncertain whether these events are related to the onset of North Atlantic bottom water formation. Calcareous oozes on Voring Plateau indicate that substantial influx of North Atlantic surface water into the Norwegian Sea occurred during the middle and late Oligocene, following the opening of a seaway to the Arctic. An early Miocene warming trend was interrupted at the beginning of middle Miocene, expressed In the establishment of cool and temperate microfaunas and floras, as well as in oxygen isotope ratios. A dramatic drop in North Atlantic biological productivity, a change in the style of sedimentation (drift deposits), and the appearance of carbon-isotopically young water coincides with an inferred subsidence of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge In the middle Miocene. Initiation of cold water reflux across the ridge was probably the last principal event towards the establishment of the modern global deep water circulation; the benthic microfaunas assumed their present day aspects through a major taxonomic turnover during the middle Miocene.
Surface-Facet-Dependent Electrochromic Properties of WO3 Nanorod Thin Films: Implications for Smart Windows

The influence of nanoparticle surface facets on electrochromic properties remains largely unexplored in nanostructured “smart” materials. Here, we explore how surface facets influence the coloratio...
Beauty and the Beast: The Value of Teaching Fairy Tales to University Students in the 21st Century

In this essay, I suggest that fairy tales have particular value for students studying at the university level. Assigning fairy tales allows students to read familiar stories from their childhood and reconsider them from critical perspectives. When teaching a college course on fairy tales, my students and I utilize three essential frameworks for understanding fairy tales, focusing on the psycho-social development and sexual maturation of the human person, feminist critique and the need for gender equality in a patriarchal world, and audience reception and reader responses leading to emotional progress and even spiritual enlightenment. Students primarily familiar with Disney film versions of fairy tales enlarge their understanding of multiple versions of tales, both early modern and contemporary. They become familiar with classic fairy tale writers and collectors, such as Charles Perrault, Madame d’Aulnoy, the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Anderson, Oscar Wilde, Andrew Lang, J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Anne Sexton, Angela Carter, and J.K. Rowling as well as fairy tale scholars like Bruno Bettelheim, Maria Tartar, and Jack Zipes. Their study not only results in a firm grasp of the key aspects of story in general, but in the ability to see connections between the real-world problems of the 21 st century – such as poverty, starvation, disease, inequality, child abuse, human trafficking, and abuses of political power, among others – and lessons learned from fairy tales. This essay analyzes “Beauty and the Beast” as a key example of the genre and identifies pedagogical strategies for teaching it.