cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The stimulus-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Munc18c facilitates vesicle exocytosis.

Stimulus-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Munc18c was investigated as a potential regulatory mechanism by which the Munc18c-Syntaxin 4 complex can be dissociated in response to divergent stimuli in multiple cell types. Use of [32P]orthophosphate incorporation, pervanadate treatment, and phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies demonstrated that Munc18c underwent tyrosine phosphorylation. Phosphorylation was apparent under basal conditions, but levels were significantly increased within 5 min of glucose stimulation in MIN6 beta cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Munc18c was also detected in 3T3L1 adipocytes and increased with insulin stimulation, suggesting that this may be a conserved mechanism. Syntaxin 4 binding to Munc18c decreased as Munc18c phosphorylation levels increased in pervanadate-treated cells, suggesting that phosphorylation dissociates the Munc18c-Syntaxin 4 complex. Munc18c phosphorylation was localized to the N-terminal 255 residues. Mutagenesis of one residue in this region, Y219F, significantly increased the affinity of Munc18c for Syntaxin 4, whereas mutation of three other candidate sites was without effect. Moreover, Munc18c-Y219F expression in MIN6 cells functionally inhibited glucose-stimulated SNARE complex formation and insulin granule exocytosis. These data support a novel and conserved mechanism for the dissociation of Munc18c-Syntaxin 4 complexes in a stimulus-dependent manner to facilitate the increase in Syntaxin 4-VAMP2 association and to promote vesicle/granule fusion.
Enumerating totally clean words

Abstract Let A be a finite alphabet and let D be a finite set of words in A * labelled dirty. We give a recursive procedure for computing the generating function for the number of words not containing any subsequences that belong to D and having a specified number of each letter. We show that this generating function is always a rational function.
Effects of prolactin and metoclopramide on macrophage cytokine gene expression in late sepsis.

Previous studies indicate a profound suppression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-gamma), IL-1 beta and IL-6 release capacity by peritoneal macrophage (PM phi), splenic macrophage (SM phi) and Kupffer cells (KC) during late sepsis. Such a loss of functional capacity may reduce the animal's ability to ward off infection. Prolactin is known to enhance monocyte, T- and B-lymphocyte immune responses under normal conditions and has beneficial effects on cell-mediated immunity after haemorrhage. In the respect, the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide, has been reported to increase circulating prolactin levels. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether prolactin or metoclopramide have any salutary effect on macrophage (M phi) cytokine gene expression following sepsis. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were subjected to sepsis and immediately thereafter were treated with prolactin (100 micrograms/25 g body weight, s.c.), metoclopramide (100 micrograms/100 g BW, s.c.) or given saline. PM phi, SM phi and KC (only SM phi and KC in metoclopramide-treated animals) were isolated at 24 h after sepsis. The monolayers were stimulated with or without LPS 10 micrograms/ml for 1 h in vitro. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A significant depression of constitutive and inducible mRNA levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in all three M phi populations were observed, when compared with shams (with exception of KC IL-6 mRNA in unstimulated cells). Prolactin as well as metoclopramide treatment after the onset of sepsis caused significant elevation of constitutive and inducible cytokine gene expression in all macrophages examined. Thus, prolactin and metoclopramide enhance the depressed M phi gene expression and may be useful in improving cell-mediated immunity during sepsis.
Short-circuiting the congestion signaling path for AQM algorithms using reverse flow matching

Recently, we introduced a new congestion signaling method called ACK spoofing, which offers significant benefits over existing methods, such as packet dropping and Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). Since ACK spoofing requires the router to create a 'short circuit' signaling path, by matching marked data packets in a congested buffer with ACK packets belonging to the same flow that are traveling in the opposite direction, the focus of this paper is evaluating the feasibility of reverse flow matching. First, we study the behavior of individual flows from real bi-directional Internet traces to show that ACK spoofing has the potential to significantly reduce the signaling latency for Internet core routers. We then show that reverse flow matching can be implemented at reasonable cost, using essentially the same hardware as the packet filtering logic commonly employed in Layer 2 transparent bridges. Finally, we show that this architecture can be scaled to accommodate worst-case traffic patterns on multi-gigabit links that would render ordinary route caching algorithms completely ineffective.
MICROGRAVITY LIQUID PHASE SINTERING AND PORE EVOLUTION

The effect of microgravity on liquid phase sintering (LPS) in the Fe-Cu system was investigated through experiments on four sounding rockets and on three Space Shuttle missions. Three compositions, namely, Fe-33 wt.%Cu, Fe-43 wt.%Cu and Fe-53 wt.%Cu were processed for times ranging from 2.5 minutes to 66 minutes. The samples did not exhibit slumping or shape distortion during processing. However, extensive pore formation and metamorphosis was observed in all these samples. Microstructural characteristics such as densification, dihedral angle, contacts per grain, grain growth and pore metamorphosis were evaluated. The evolution of LPS microstructure in microgravity is explained using energy considerations because the liquid, solid and gaseous phases in the Fe-Cu samples seek to attain the minimum energy configuration in the absence of gravitational forces. Therefore, the volume fractions of liquid, solid and gaseous phases and processing times significantly influence the LPS microstructure in microgravity. This paper documents the effect of composition and processing time on microstructural development in the Fe-Cu samples that have been liquid phase sintered under microgravity.
Temperature Predictions and Comparison With Measurements for the Blade Leading Edge and Platform of a 1 1/2 Stage Transonic HP Turbine

A series of computational predictions generated using FINE/Turbo are compared with data to investigate implementation techniques available for predicting temperature migration through a turbine stage. The experimental results used for comparison are from a one-and-one-half stage turbine operating at design-corrected conditions in a short-duration facility. Measurements of the boundary conditions are used to set up the computational models, and the predicted temperatures are compared to measured fluid temperatures at the blade leading edge and just above the blade platform. Fluid temperature measurements have not previously been available for these locations in a transonic turbine operating at design-corrected conditions, so this represents a novel comparison. Accurate predictions for this short-duration turbine experiment require use of the iso-thermal wall boundary condition instead of an adiabatic boundary condition and accurate specification of the inlet temperature profile all the way to the wall. Predictions using the harmonic method agree with the temperatures measured for the blade leading edge from 65% to 95% span to within 1% normalized temperature data. Agreement over much of the rest of the leading edge is within 5% of the measured value. Comparisons at 5–10% span and for the blade platform show larger differences up to 10%, which indicates that the flow in this region is not fully captured by the prediction. This is not surprising since the purge cavity and platform leading edge features present in the experiment are treated as a smooth hub wall in the current simulation. This work represents a step towards the larger goal of accurately predicting surface heat-flux for the complicated environment of an operational engine as it is reproduced in a laboratory setting. The experiment upon which these computations are based includes realistic complications such as one-dimensional and two-dimensional inlet temperature profiles, a heavily film-cooled vane, and purge cooling. While the ultimate goal is to accurately handle all of these features, the current model focuses on the treatment of a subset of experiments performed for a one-dimensional radial inlet temperature profile and no cooling.© 2010 ASME
The relationship between HLA-B45 and B* 5002 in the five major U.S. population groups.

The antigen encoded by B*5002 differs in sequence from that encoded by B*5001 only at amino acid residue 167 (consensus tryptophan vs. serine) which results in B45 serologic reactivity. To search for B*5002, the frequencies of alleles encoding the serologically defined B45 antigen were determined by sequence-based typing in 5 major U.S. populations: Caucasians, African Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The percent of serologically defined B45-positive individuals in the 5 populations ranged from 0.7-9.0%. Thirty-two B45-positive individuals were randomly chosen, when available, for sequence-based typing from each ethnic group from a database of 82,979 consecutively typed unrelated individuals. The B*5002 allele was most prevalent in Hispanic (22%) and Caucasian (9%) individuals, while conspicuously absent in African Americans. In addition, a new allele associated with the B45 antigenic specificity, B*4502, has been identified from an African American individual of Middle Eastern descent. In light of the continuing need to reconcile differences between relationships determined by the sequence homologies among alleles and relationships based on the serologic determinants carried by allelic products when determining the level of HLA match for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, it is suggested that B*5002 be recognized individually from other B*50 alleles when reporting HLA-B typings for clinical purposes.
Acquiring expert rules with the aid of decision tables

This paper describes a computer-assisted approach to help knowledge engineers elicit rules from a domain expert. The approach uses the decision table as a knowledge engineering tool, and incorporates a decision table analyzer that displays rule conditions which can be used to query the expert. The decision table analyzer also reports redundant rules and provides assistance for developing rules that use as few variables as possible. This has the benefit of limiting the number of questions to be asked of the expert. The approach is especially suited for heuristic classification problems where evaluative judgments are based on many combinations of values of the same facts.
A distractor-free test of recognition and false recognition

Following the presentation of 36 words, one at a time, a distractor-free test of word recognition (a single-item test trial in which the 36 targets were presented prior to the 36 distractors) or a traditional target-distractor discrimination test (a single-item test trial in which the 36 targets and 36 distractors were randomly ordered) was given to 137 college students. Contrary to the long-standing assumption that distractors are necessary in tests of recognition in order “to keep the subject honest,” the distractor-free test resulted in recognition performance (hits and serial-position frequency patterns) almost identical with that of the conventional discrimination test for high-, medium-, and low-frequency words. For the low-frequency words (words presumed to be unfamiliar to the subjects), false recognitions were fewer under the distractor-free test than under the discrimination test.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: a Review of Risk Factor-based Algorithms and Assessments of Vascular Health

Risk factors related to the development of subclinical atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events are well established. Starting with the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), several algorithms have been developed using these risk factors to predict the development of CVD, and the recent ACC/AHA guidelines recommend the use of new pooled cohort equations to predict 10-year risk for a first hard atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event in subjects 40–79 years of age. However, the limitations of these risk factor-based algorithms have been well documented and include decreased calibration when applied to populations outside of the initial cohort, inability to account for lifetime risk in younger populations, and the heterogeneity that exists between the presence of risk factors and actual atherosclerotic disease burden. As such, recent strategies have attempted to incorporate measurements of both vascular health, including carotid interna media thickness (CIMT), microalbuminuria, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and aortic stiffness, and subclinical atherosclerosis through coronary artery calcium (CAC) screening into traditional risk assessment. Here, we review these different strategies for risk assessment and examine how these strategies can be combined to improve discrimination and reliability.
Electron-stimulated desorption study of hydrogen-exposed aluminum films

H2 adsorption of evaporated clean and H2-exposed aluminum films is investigated by using the electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) method. A strong H(+)ESD signal is observed on a freshly evaporated aluminum surface which is clean according to previously proposed cleanlines criteria. An increased H(+) yield on H2 exposure is also observed. However, the increasing rate of H(+) emission could be directly correlated with small increases in H2O partial pressure during H2 exposure. It is proposed that the oxidation of aluminum by water vapor and subsequent adsorption of H2 or water is the primary process of the enhanced high H(+) yield during H2 exposure.
Thermal imaging in the detection of bowel ischemia

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to introduce thermal imaging in the intraoperative detection of bowel ischemia by comparing thermal imaging with conventional techniques in detecting acutely ischemic bowel, using histologic evidence for intestinal necrosis as the standard. METHODS: A prospective study was performed using a porcine model. Laparotomy was performed on four pigs under general anesthesia. A 25-cm segment of mid jejunum was tagged with proximal and distal sutures, and its mesentery was ligated and divided. Thermal imaging, visual inspection, Doppler ultrasound, and fluorescence with Wood's lamp after fluorescein were used to estimate the extent of bowel ischemia five minutes after ligation of the mesentery. Measurements were taken in reference to both the proximal and distal tags to obtain two data points per animal for each method. After two hours of warm ischemia, the jejunum was harvested and sectioned longitudinally. Comparisons were made between the estimated region of necrosis for each method and microscopic evidence of necrosis. RESULTS: Visual inspection was the only method unable to detect a difference between vascularized and devascularized bowel for each of the eight data points. Fluorescein dye missed 3 cm of ischemic bowel. Doppler ultrasound and thermal imaging were 100 percent sensitive for necrotic bowel, with thermal imaging overestimating necrosis to a greater extent than Doppler ultrasound. The positive predictive value of fluorescein dye, Doppler ultrasound, and thermal imaging for determining nonviable bowel was 91.8, 80.8, and 69.5 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thermal imaging has the potential to be a useful adjunct in the intraoperative determination of bowel ischemia. Further studies are indicated to study this technique.
Elimination of iron interference in the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry of copper

Abstract The interference of iron(III) on the quantitation of copper(II) in citrate media by differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry can be completely removed by lowering the pH to 1.5 with 70% perchloric acid.
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND HYPERANDROGENEMIA: NATURAL HISTORY AND PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND HYPERANDROGENEMIA: NATURAL HISTORY AND PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE
Scales of perception: public awareness of regional and neighborhood climates

Understanding public perceptions of climate is critical for developing an effective strategy to mitigate the effects of human activity on the natural environment and reduce human vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. While recent climate assessments document change among various physical systems (e.g., increased temperature, sea level rise, shrinking glaciers), environmental perceptions are relatively under-researched despite the fact that there is growing skepticism and disconnect between climate science and public opinion. This study utilizes a socio-ecological research framework to investigate how public perceptions compared with environmental conditions in one urban center. Specifically, air temperature during an extreme heat event was examined as one characteristic of environmental conditions by relating simulations from the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) atmospheric model with self-reported perceptions of regional and neighborhood temperatures from a social survey of Phoenix, AZ (USA) metropolitan area residents. Results indicate that: 1) human exposure to high temperatures varies substantially throughout metropolitan Phoenix; 2) public perceptions of temperature are more strongly correlated with proximate environmental conditions than with distal conditions; and 3) perceptions of temperature are related to social characteristics and situational variables. The social constructionist paradigm explains public perceptions at the regional scale, while experience governs attitude formation at the neighborhood scale.
Evolution of Cybersecurity Issues In Small Businesses

Cybercrime is not only relevant to large corporations, but to the millions of small businesses in the United States. According to the US Small Business Administration and the Small Business Act, a small business is an independently owned entity and not dominant in its field of operation [4]. The US Small Business Act also states that the size definition of a small business varies by industry. The Office of Advocacy, of the US SBA, defines a small business as a business having 500 or fewer employees.Small businesses play a significant role in the US economy [4]. According to the US SBA's Office of Advocacy, the US had 17,000 large businesses and approximately 25 million small ones in 2005. Small businesses generated 2.4 times more innovations than large businesses. According to the US SBA, small businesses employ half of all private sector employees and pay half of the total US private payroll. As such, the evolution of cybercrime against small businesses impacts a large section of the economy.
Economies of Scale, by Program, in Secondary Schools.

Scholars in the areas of economics and educational administration have in recent years examined the relationship between educational cost and school size. One distinguishing characteristic of such studies has been the choice of a school or a school district as the unit of analysis. Another is the overwhelming choice of a parabolic function to describe the cost‐size relationship. This study examines the question whether the unit of analysis should be a specific program of study (such as mathematics or social studies), utilizing data collected from Michigan secondary schools for the school year 1971–1972. The data are also used to check whether a hyperbolic relationship between school size and costs provides a better statistical fit to the data. The Michigan data encompass both secondary academic and vocational programs.
Structural and thermodynamic basis of (+)-α-pinene binding to human cytochrome P450 2B6.

Despite recent advances in atomic-level understanding of drug and inhibitor interactions with human cytochromes P450, the decades-old questions of chemical and structural determinants of hydrocarbon binding are still unanswered. (+)-α-Pinene is a monoterpene hydrocarbon that is widely distributed in the environment and a potent P450 2B inhibitor. Therefore, a combined biophysical and structural analysis of human P450 2B6 interactions with (+)-α-pinene was undertaken to elucidate the basis of the very high affinity binding. Binding of (+)-α-pinene to the P450 active site was demonstrated by a Type I spectral shift. Thermodynamics of ligand binding were explored using isothermal titration calorimetry and compared to those of P450 2A6, which is much less flexible than 2B6 based on comparison of multiple X-ray crystal structures. Consistent with expectation, entropy is the major driving force for hydrocarbon binding to P450 2A6, as evidenced by the calorimetric results. However, formation of the 2B6-(+)-α-pin...
Assessing rural tourism efforts in the United States

Abstract This study reports on a survey of state-sponsored rural tourism programs contacted by phone in 1991. Analysis reveals that 30 states had tourism programs specifically targeted for rural areas; 14 states included rural areas as part of their overall tourism packages; and only 6 states had no specific rural component to their state programs. Using this program data and various contextual factors, a series of multivariate discriminant analyses were conducted. These results identify characteristics of states with multiple rural tourism programs. Possible implications of these findings for rural development research are discussed.
Dosimetric considerations of symmetric and asymmetric 60Co teletherapy split fields.

Split fields are commonly used for a variety of treatments for which local shielding is desired; a single field is split into two fields by means of lead blocks placed in the beam. The condition for assuming independence of the two fields is investigated by using the area over perimeter calculational method and comparing this to experimental depth‐dose data measured in a water phantom using a Shonka ionization chamber. Two principal variations affecting dose distributions are examined: block width and position of the block expressed as the fractional perpendicular distance between the central ray of the overall field and the center of the block. An intercomparison between calculation and experimental data shows that the right and left sides of the split field behave as independent fields giving TAR values in agreement with experimental data to within ±1%. If the fields are asymmetric and if the larger field is less than 70% of the total area including the blocked part, then the dosimetry should be based on average TARs, off‐center ratios, and backscatter factors for the two fields. If the larger area is greater than 70% of the total area, then the treatment time can be calculated from the larger field only.
Tuning characteristics of a tunable-single-frequency external-cavity laser

The lasing characteristics of a tunable-single-frequency laser operated in conjunction with a tunable external cavity are investigated. The effect of phase error in the external cavity on the lasing frequency, linewidth, and output power is calculated by deriving the characteristic equation for the FP cavity as a traveling amplifier with an effective mirror concept. The analysis suggests that the diode laser and the external cavity may be successfully tuned open-loop if the feedback strength is appropriate and the tuning nonlinearities in the active and passive cavities are not too severe. This is demonstrated by maintaining a linewidth of 4 MHz while tuning continuously over 34 GHz. >
Compression creep of a pultruded E-glass/vinylester composite

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation pertaining to the long-term behavior of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymeric materials subjected to longitudinal compressive loading. Material coupons cut from a pultruded vinylester/E-glass I-shape section were subjected to axial compressive loads at various stress levels for time durations up to 10 000 h. The strain measurements over time were recorded and compared to a practical power law formulation, with good agreement. A predictor design equation for the time-dependent longitudinal modulus was developed on the basis of the experimental results.
Transient response of a liquid metal heat pipe

The purpose of this research was to investigate the transient response of a liquid metal heat pipe under external radiant thermal loading at the condenser section. An experiment was conducted using an Inconel screen wick sodium heat pipe. The external wall axial temperature profile vs time was recorded for various radiant heat fluxes and condenser coverages. A simple one-dimensional model was developed. The theoretically determined temperature vs time profiles compared closely to those obtained experimentally. The analytical model predicts transient vapor mass flow rates and condensation/evaporation rates along the pipe for a variety of condenser heat load conditions. From this information, heat-pipe reversal and incipient failure can be predicted. The model also includes a dryout prediction based on the maximum capillary transport limit. This model can be easily modified for use with a variety of different heat-pipe designs and heat loading conditions. Nomenclature Ac = surface area of the condenser As = surface area of the condenser radiant heat input C = effective thermal capacity h = enthalpy of fluid L = length ra = mass m = mass flow rate me c = evaporation or condensation rate n = number of nodes Pin = equivalent power input at the evaporator Qext = net external heat input rate into a given section grad = heat rejection due to radiation qc = condenser external radiant heat flux T = temperature 7^av = averaged temperature of radiant heater surface / = time X = heat-pipe axial position € = heat-pipe surface emissivity X = latent heat of vaporization ju, = dynamic viscosity p = density a = Stefan-Boltzmann constant a, = liquid sodium surface tension
Thermal stability of the methyl group adsorbed on Si( 100): CH3I surface chemistry

Abstract The adsorption and thermal behavior of methyl iodide on Si(100)-(2 × 1) have been studied by kinetic uptake measurements, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) mass spectroscopy. Methyl iodide adsorbs on Si(100) at room temperature with high efficiency (initial reaction probability of unity). From the kinetic uptake measurements and the AES measurements an average saturation coverage of (2.9 ± 0.3) × 1014 methyl iodide molecules cm 2 is calculated, i.e., about one methyl iodide molecule per two silicon surface atoms. Experimental evidence is presented indicating that the molecule dissociates into a covalently bonded methyl group and an iodine atom upon adsorption. Heating causes the decomposition of the methyl group. The hydrogen atoms liberated from the methyl group mainly desorb as molecular hydrogen. The adsorbed iodine desorbs in the form of atomic iodine and possibly some small amount of hydrogen iodide as detectable by line-of-sight mass spectrometry. Less then 1% of the carbon desorbs in the form of C2 hydrocarbon species. Neither the desorption of methane nor the desorption of methyl iodide is observed.
What does treatment of depression really cost

This DataWatch presents estimates of the health care charges for adults who are diagnosed and treated for depression in primary care. More than nine out of ten of these adults sought care for at least one nondepressive illness during the year following treatment initiation. One average, these conditions accounted for more than 70 percent of the total charges. Attempts to manage the costs of caring for depressed persons must consider the impact of nondepressive illness.
Opening, Stellation and Handle Replacement of Edges of the Cube, Tetrahedron and Hexagonal Prism: Application to 3-Connected Three-Dimensional Polyhedra and (2,3)-Connected Polyhedral Units in Three-Dimensional Nets

Opening, stellation or handle replacement of edges of the regular cube, the regular tetrahedron and the semi-regular hexagonal prism (minimum point group symmetry 2/ m ) yields totals of 144, 11 and 205 geometrically distinct configurations respectively. Edge opening is restricted to a vertex connectivity of two or three. Sixty-five of the (2, 3)-connected polyhedral units were found in real three-dimensional (3D) framework structures. Low-symmetry configurations are as abundant as high-symmetry ones. With minor exceptions, those (2, 3)-connected patterns with the fewest converted edges are observed in each point group. The 113 polyhedra derived by double-stellation or double-handle replacement are uniformly three-connected. The ones observed in frameworks have a high symmetry. This study extends the general theory of 3D polyhedra and can be further expanded to other polyhedra and geometrical transformations. It may provide insight on the nature and growth of some seemingly complex framework structures that cannot otherwise be easily described topologically. The new polyhedral units are useful for classification of known framework structures in zeolites and related materials. New hypothetical nets generated from linkage of the units may solve unknown framework structures.
Pruritus in Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease

Pruritus is a troublesome complication in patients with cholestatic liver disease. Several links to its pathogenesis have been proposed, including the role of bile acids, endogenous opioid and serotonins, and lysophosphatidic acid. The management of pruritus in cholestasis is challenging. Medical treatment of the underlying cholestatic condition may provide benefit. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis can be pursued for those who have a poor quality of life and failed the various therapeutic interventions, while awaiting liver transplantation. Experimental interventions, and the management of pruritus in certain conditions such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, are also briefly reviewed.
A compact high current pulsed electron gun with subnanosecond electron pulse widths

A magnetically-collimated, double-pulsed electron gun capable of generating electron pulses with a peak instantaneous current of approximately 70 microamps and a temporal width of 0.35 ns (FWHM) has been developed. Calibration is accomplished by measuring the lifetime of the well known 2(1P)-to-1(1S) transition in helium (58.4nm) at a near-threshold electron-impact energy by use of the delayed-coincidence technique.
Dissociation of acetylcholine-induced responses of arteriolar resistance vessels and precapillary sphincter-like arterioles.

Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) is reported to have “ambivalent” actions on peripheral microcirculation. It dilates vascular smooth muscle including precapillary sphincter-like arterioles (PSLA) at rest, but constricts PSLA under less well-defined circumstances (e.g., exercise). To examine these events we used isolated autoperfused dog hind-limb preparations during pentobarbital anesthesia and a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge to measure precapillary resistance ( R a ), postcapillary resistance ( R v ), isovolumetric capillary pressure ( P ci ), and capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) before and during intraarterial ACh (40 μg/min) after limbs were isovolumetric. Group I dogs had constant mean arterial pressure (MAP) throughout; in Group II MAP was allowed to fall from systemic effects of ACh and dropped 27 mm Hg. Both groups showed similar reductions in R a and R v with P ci constant. Group I CFC rose 46% ( P = 0.006), but Group II CFC was constant. Group II dissociation R a and PSLA are consistent with the thesis that ACh dilates PSLA and R a , but the former action is overridden when MAP is reduced from resting levels. This supports Hyman's theory (1971, Microvasc. Res. 3, 89–94) that separate control systems exist for arteriolar smooth muscle governing “shunt” and “nutritional” flow.
Education for Institutional Food Service—On Wheels

T gives me much satisfaction to be able, at long last, to bring to the attention of the agricultural economists of this nation some concept of a major market for agricultural products that has been long and flagrantly neglected, some of the vital characteristics of this market, and a suggested method of reaching the numerically largest portion of it through the Extension service. I refer to the great market of public food service and lodging. It is defined as comprising all establishments serving food for immediate consumption and/or lodging accommodations outside of the home. This industry is the fourth largest in dollar volume of sales and the third largest employer of labor in the United States [1]. Its composition, in terms of types of establishments, is shown in Table 1 [3]. In 1966 it consumed agriculturally produced food products to the value of over 22 billions of dollars [4], and employed over 2.1 millions of people [1]. Its continuing rate of growth is shown in Table 2 [1, p. 3]. While no statistics are available for the acres of textiles that food service and lodging establishments consume annually in sheets, pillow cases, towels, uniforms, draperies, upholstery, etc., or for the miles of carpet they use, it is apparent from even a casual examination that this consumption must be a significant factor if the market for agriculturally produced fibers. I am amazed and often disheartened that a market of this magnitude and importance for agricultural products has received so little attention from either agricultural economics or the Extension service. This neglect may be caused by the high segmentation of the industry, which is composed primarily of small volume units, largely independently owned and operated. For example, in my own state of Missouri, the composition of the food service segment for 1963 [5] is as shown in Table 3. It will be interesting to compare this with the 1968 Census when that becomes available.
The acetylation of tau inhibits its function and promotes pathological tau aggregation

The microtubule associated protein tau promotes neuronal survival through binding and stabilization of MTs. Phosphorylation regulates tau-microtubule interactions and hyperphosphorylation contributes to the aberrant formation of insoluble tau aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. However, other pathogenic post-translational tau modifications have not been well characterized. Here we demonstrate that tau acetylation inhibits tau function via impaired tau-microtubule interactions and promotes pathological tau aggregation. Mass spectrometry analysis identified specific lysine residues, including lysine 280 (K280) within the microtubule-binding motif as the major sites of tau acetylation. Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies of brains from tau transgenic mice and patients with AD and related tauopathies showed that acetylated tau pathology is specifically associated with insoluble, Thioflavin-positive tau aggregates. Thus, tau K280 acetylation in our studies was only detected in diseased tissue, suggesting it may have a role in pathological tau transformation. This study suggests that tau K280 acetylation is a potential target for drug discovery and biomarker development for AD and related tauopathies.
Measurement of similarity between nouns

A study was made of the degree of similarity between pairs of Russian nouns, as expressed by their tendency to occur in sentences with identical words in identical syntactic relationships. A similarity matrix was prepared for forty nouns; for each pair of nouns the number of shared (i) adjective dependents, (ii) noun dependents, and (iii) noun governors was automatically retrieved from machine-processed text. The similarity coefficient for each pair was determined as the ratio of the total of such shared words to the product of the frequencies of the two nouns in the text. The 780 pairs were ranked according to this coefficient. The text comprised 120,000 running words of physics text processed at The RAND Corporation; the frequencies of occurrence of the forty nouns in this text ranged from 42 to 328.The results suggest that the sample of text is of sufficient size to be useful for the intended purpose. Many noun pairs with similar properties (synonymy, antonymy, derivation from distributionally similar verbs, etc.) are characterized by high similarity coefficients; the converse is not observed. The relevance of various syntactic relationships as criteria for measurement is discussed.
Representation and bounds for the general fractional factorial

Let T denote a main effect plan for the ∏ si = s1 × s2 … × sn factorial with N treatments, that is T = [d1 d 2 … dn] is an N × n matrix with di having elements from the{0, 1, …, si− 1}. Denote by T1, T2, …, Tn the N × si matrices of indicator variables of d1, d2,…, dn, respectively. That is Ti = [di(0) di(1)…di(si − 1)] where and In the usual way we write E{Y} = Xα, where X is a (0, 1) design matrix corresponding to T. A transformation G is obtained for which X = X∗G', where thus giving a representation of the design matrix directly in terms of a full rank (0, 1)-incidence matrix. The determinants of X'X, X∗'X∗, and G'G are evaluated. The determinant of the information matrix is directly expressible in terms of the determinant of a (0, 1)-matrix. Upper and lower bounds are obtained for the determinant values of X∗ when X∗ is square and in general for X∗'X∗. One important aspect of this representation is that the construction of main effect plans and an assessment of their goodness via the determinant crit...
Establishing a Beachhead in International Markets A Direct or Indirect Approach

Abstract In the contemporary highly competitive international business environment companies have to exercise great care in devising entry strategies for foreign markets. This article analyses the role of beachheads in international strategy and how it fits with the company's entry strategy. It also describes the characterics of a desirable beachhead, and analyzes how firms expand beyond the initial entry position. Finally, an evaluation of what retaliatory action may be undertaken to prevent the establishment of such beachheads is presented.
Development of intractable ascites following upper abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis

Recently, two patients with cirrhosis in whom ascites intractable to medical therapy had developed were referred to Medical Center Hospital and Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital. Ascites had developed in both following upper abdominal surgery. To better characterize postoperative ascites, the records of all patients with cirrhosis who had upper abdominal operations at these hospitals during a five-year period were reviewed. Patients with portacaval shunts or pre-existing ascites were excluded. Of the 31 patients meeting the study requirements, ascites developed in 12 in the immediate postoperative period. In 10, the ascites resolved with medical management. As a group, these 10 patients had more severe liver disease than the group in whom ascites did not develop. The remaining two patients had ascites intractable to medical therapy. The ascitic fluid protein level was high in these two patients as well as in the two referred patients with a mean value of 4.5 +/- 1.6 g/dl. One patient with intractable ascites died and the other three required operative management. No clinical or laboratory features distinguished the patients in whom intractable ascites developed from the patients in whom postoperative ascites did not develop. It is suggested that intraoperative injury to vessels draining hepatic lymph was the cause of the intractable ascites.
High order correlation effects in intermolecular forces

Abstract A new approach to the calculation of intermolecular forces is presented. The total hamiltonian is used and no arbitrary separation into “orders” is made. The approach allows the interaction to be calculated, including intraatomic electron correction, to various degrees of approximation, the ultimate being full configuration interaction. The approximations are guided by the choice of wave function and the partitioning of the variational form. In this paper the method is applied to the long range interactions of helium, and in more approximate forms to HHe and LiHe. For He2, studies are made of two- and three-electron excitations. Three-electron excitations contribute almost 9% to the value of the C6 coefficient. Our final C6 coefficient is 1.457 (in atomic units) versus the best semi-empirical value of 1.4618 ≠ 0.0004. The results are compared with other calculations in a formal way so as to demonstrate the value of our alternative expressions.
Biosynthesis of DNA by Isolated Mitochondria: Incorporation of Thymidine Triphosphate-2-C 14

Thymidine triphosphate-2-C(14) and other deoxynucleoside triphosphates are incorporated into the DNA of isolated mitochondria from rat liver cells. The reaction is partially dependent on the other deoxynucleoside triphosphates and proceeds in the virtual absence of bacteria. The product has the properties of mitochondrial rather than nuclear DNA, and end-group studies indicate labeling of the interior of the molecule.
Reconstructing landscape at Chavin de Huantar, Peru : A GIS-based approach

The landscape around the prehistoric Peruvian ceremonial center of Chavin de Huantar has undergone extensive geomorphic and anthropogenic change since the beginning of monumental construction at the site in approximately 1200 BCE. Archaeological and geomorphic stratigraphy from the site and its near periphery provide the data necessary to characterize these changes in detail. This paper reports on the use of GIS-based interpolation tools to approximate a complex prehistoric land surface using unevenly scattered point data. Such an interpolated surface serves as the basis for the reconstruction of the pre-Chavin landscape and assessment of landscape change contemporary with the site.
Infant mortality in Macaca fascicularis: Neonatal and post-neonatal mortality at the regional primate research center field station, university of Washington, 1967–1976

Abstract Over a ten-year period from 1967–1976, 175 live births of Macaca fascicularis were recorded at the Regional Primate Research Center Field Station. Neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates were calculated from these records. The neonatal mortality rate was 18.7%, and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 13.3%. By contrast with reports on closely related species, post-natal survivorship was lower among female than male patients.
Quantifying collective behavior in mammalian cells

Collective social behaviors generate one emergent response from many individual actors without central coordination: bees swarm, birds flock, and fish school. Single-celled bacteria and amoebae collectively swarm, detecting chemical signals emitted by close neighbors to synchronize their motion. Within organisms, collective behaviors drive multicellular processes during migration and wound healing. Similar to unicellular organisms, mammalian cells coordinate their responses during these complex processes by detecting changes in concentration of signaling molecules. However, the signaling pathways used by mammalian cells are typically more interdependent than those in unicellular organisms, and gene expression varies with the time-dependent concentration of signaling molecules. Understanding the role of intercellular communications for collective behavior in mammalian cells thus demands sensitive measurements of responses to chemical signals. In PNAS, Sun et al. (1) quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of calcium response to ATP stimulation in fibroblasts. They find that the response of dense colonies of cells to ATP stimulation is faster and more synchronized than that of isolated cells. By quantitatively correlating responses between neighboring pairs of cells, they identify pacemaker cells; by physically separating cells in a hydrogel matrix, they confirm that cells communicate via gap junctions to synchronize their responses. These experiments show that both temporal and spatial dynamics of collective response in mammalian cells depend on intercellular signaling.
High-temperature electrocatalysis using thermophilic P450 CYP119: Dehalogenation of CCl4 to CH4

The use of a thermophilic cytochrome P450, CYP119, in electrocatalytic dehalogenations of C1 halocarbon solvents is studied. Temperature stable enzyme-modified electrodes were constructed using sol−gel and polymeric surfactant approaches. CYP119 deposited in a dimethyldidodecylammonium poly(p-styrene sulfonate) (DDAPSS) film has good retention of electrochemical activity up to 80 °C. At potentials approaching the FeII/I couple, the CYP119/DDAPSS films demonstrate high catalytic dehalogenations of the C1 chloromethanes CCl4, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2. Product analysis identified mixtures of sequentially dechlorinated products up to methane; no evidence for radical-coupled products was observed. The yield of methane from the CYP119-catalyzed reduction of CCl4 is increased 35-fold from 25 °C to 55 °C. In combination with the lack of C2 products, the facility of an overall eight-electron reductive dehalogenation suggests that the substrate is constrained within the protein during electrocatalytic turnover.
Comparative effectiveness of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and hexachlorophene on the bacteria of the perineum and groin of pregnant women.

Four percent chlorhexidine gluconate detergent solution at relatively low concentrations is lethal to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as to fungi. In previous studies we observed that chlorhexidine gluconate produced >99.9% kill of vaginal and perigenital skin bacteria and, unlike povidone-iodine, is not readily absorbed through intact vaginal epithelium into the bloodstream.1-4 In the present study the activity of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens) against bacteria of the perineum and groin is compared with that of 10% povidone-iodine (Betadine, 1% available iodine) and 3% hexachlorophene (pHisoHex).
STRESS HORMONES IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

The aim of this study was to define the role of “stress hormones” in the pathogenesis of acute diabetic ketoacidosis. Hourly plasma levels of glucose, growth hormone (GH), cortisol (C) and glucagon (G) and urinary norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured for the first 24 hours in 20 children, ages 2-21 years who presented on 25 occasions with ketoacidosis of a few hours duration despite their usual insulin therapy. In 23/25 studies, E excretion was >4 S.D. (in 7 studies > 10 S.D.) above the normal mean during the first hour while NE was within or slightly above 2 S.D. of the normal mean in 21. Plasma C was above 25 μg/dl in 16/25 and often remained elevated for several hours. Ten patients with an initial C level > 40 μg/dl excreted > 1 μg/M2 of E (normal 200 pg/ml on admission, 3 of these > 1000 pg/ml. No correlation was noted between initial G and any of the other hormones, including E. The data suggest endogenous E production in response to stress is the trigger event in acute ketoacidosis in insulin-treated Juvenile diabetics. High or inappropriate secretion of glucocorticoids, GH and glucagon also is present in many patients with this disorder.
A Precautionary Tale: Separating the Infant from the Fetus

This article confronts growing conservative opposition to abortion based on the claim that abortion is morally equivalent to infanticide. By examining the relationship between moral skepticism and precautionary ethics the article promotes a completely permissive position on abortion from conception to birth while consistently rejecting the possibility that such a position entails permissive implications for infanticide. The article introduces and traces the implicit relationship between moral skepticism, the precautionary principle and political liberalism.