cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoter Variant of PIK3C3 Is Associated with Autoimmunity against Ro and Sm Epitopes in African-American Lupus Patients

The PIK3C3 locus was implicated in case-case genome-wide association study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which we had performed to detect genes associated with autoantibodies and serum interferon-alpha (IFN-α). Herein, we examine a PIK3C3 promoter variant (rs3813065/-442 C/T) in an independent multiancestral cohort of 478 SLE cases and 522 controls. rs3813065 C was strongly associated with the simultaneous presence of both anti-Ro and anti-Sm antibodies in African-American patients [OR = 2.24 (1.34–3.73), P = 2.0 × 10−3]. This autoantibody profile was associated with higher serum IFN-α (P = 7.6 × 10−6). In the HapMap Yoruba population, rs3813065 was associated with differential expression of ERAP2 (P = 2.0 × 10−5), which encodes an enzyme involved in MHC class I peptide processing. Thus, rs3813065 C is associated with a particular autoantibody profile and altered expression of an MHC peptide processing enzyme, suggesting that this variant modulates serologic autoimmunity in African-American SLE patients.
Urological cancer: For localized prostate cancer, does technology equal progress?

Recent evolution of prostate cancer treatment reflects technological arms races driven by economic incentives rather than high-quality evidence—as exemplified by proton-beam radiation, recently found markedly inferior to far less-expensive alternatives. Another study found promise for focal treatment, but much research is required before this could become a standard option.
Tibial bone marrow infusions in infancy

Summary A technique of tibial bone marrow infusion is presented. In forty-three attempts in thirty-four young children there were six failures and two partial failures. X-ray studies following infusion were made on some of these, and while small bone defects were observed, and in one instance periosteal elevation with new bone formation, no other deleterious effects were encountered. The only contraindications ascertained from this study are osteomyelitis and pyogenic septicemia on theoretical grounds and syphilitic osteochondritis. This technique merits further investigation especially in children's hospitals where the great need for a simple and rapid method of infusion into the vascular system exists.
Nuclear electric dipole shielding in molecular ions

A formula, which includes the effects of finite nuclear masses, is derived for the force on a nucleus in a (possibly molecular) ion in a spatially uniform (possibly time dependent) electric field.
Performance prediction for multiple-threshold 7nm-FinFET-based circuits operating in multiple voltage regimes using a cross-layer simulation framework

Because of their many attractive attributes, FinFETs are emerging as the device of choice for CMOS process technology nodes below 20nm. This paper is the first work that investigates the effectiveness of building CMOS circuits operating in the near-threshold regime and above with 7nm FinFET technology through a cross-layer design and simulation framework. Three types of FinFET devices with different threshold voltages are designed using Sentaurus TCAD to accommodate the need for constructing both high-speed cells and low-power cells in the same library. Compact and SPICE-compatible device models are extracted with high accuracy using current source modeling techniques. Standard cell libraries with two different (near-and super-threshold) supply voltages are generated. Circuit syntheses are performed on extensive benchmarks to compare the performance with the state-of-the-art planar CMOS counterparts. Simulation results demonstrate the benefit of 7nm FinFET-based circuits from both aspects of speed and energy efficiency.
Mycophenolate mofetil for interstitial lung disease in dermatomyositis.

Objective To report our experience using mycophenolate mofetil as first-line treatment for dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Methods We examined the medical records of all 16 dermatomyositis patients with interstitial lung disease seen in our outpatient university hospital dermatology clinic between May 26, 2006, and May 25, 2009. In this retrospective case series, we describe the clinical course of the 4 patients with definitive evidence of interstitial lung disease on radiologic imaging who were treated with mycophenolate mofetil and had pulmonary data available to document their outcome. All of the patients also received prednisone. Results All 3 patients with at least 1 year of followup receiving mycophenolate mofetil experienced complete normalization of pulmonary function tests (including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide) and resolution of dyspnea. They were also able to reduce their prednisone doses. The only patient with pre- and posttreatment chest computed tomography imaging had total resolution of her interstitial opacities. The patient with only 5 months of posttreatment followup experienced an improvement in diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide from 44% to 77% predicted, but no change in dyspnea. Conclusion These promising data indicate that mycophenolate mofetil may be a useful therapy for interstitial lung disease in patients with dermatomyositis, but larger studies are needed to more definitively evaluate the role of this medication in therapy.
Effects of combined hemotoxic and anterolateral spinal lesions on nociceptive sensitivity.

Abstract The effects of spinal lesions on reactions of rats to nociceptive electrocutaneous stimulation (ES) were evaluated by measuring the speed of operant escape responses, the magnitude of hindlimb flexion reflexes and the amplitude of reflex vocalizations. ES intensities ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mA were delivered to either hindpaw of rats that were trained to terminate stimulation (perform an escape response) with one forelimb. Unilateral thoracic lesions within the lateral column were produced by surgically transecting axons, with or without insertion of blood-soaked Gelfoam into the lesion cavity. The latter procedure was intended to standardize and maximize hemotoxic damage to the gray matter at the lesion site. The speed of conscious escape responses to all intensities was reduced contralaterally and to comparable extents following each type of lesion. Involvement of mid-lateral axons was an important determinant of contralateral deficits in escape responding. Escape speed for ipsilateral stimulation was not affected by the lesion without intentional insertion of blood but was reliably increased by addition of blood to the lesion site. Flexion reflexes were substantially decreased contralaterally and slightly decreased ipsilaterally, in accordance with previous investigations of anterolateral lesion effects in monkeys. Early (reflex) vocalizations were essentially eliminated for stimulation contralateral to the lesions, but vocalizations following ipsilateral stimulation were little affected. Postoperative variations in behavioral responsivity over time were not accounted for by pre- and post-estrous stages of the estrous cycle. The principal finding of this study is that hemotoxic accompaniments of a spinal lesion produce hyperalgesia for nociceptive stimulation applied ipsilaterally to segments well caudal to the lesion. This finding indicates that hemotoxic injury of the gray matter near an anterolateral spinal lesion enhances the excitation of certain rostral structures that receive nociceptive information.
Assembly of submicrometre ferromagnets in gallium arsenide semiconductors

THE discovery of spin-dependent electronic phenomena in magnetic multilayers1 and granular solids2,3 has provided valuable insights into the nature of spin interactions in low-dimensional magnetic systems, and has opened the way to new technologies based on these phenomena. In the case of semiconductors, the incorporation of microscopic magnets would allow the electronic flexibility of semiconductor-based quantum structures to be combined with local magnetism4, potentially enabling the development of new tunable spin-dependent magneto-electronic and magneto-optical devices. Recent attempts to introduce ferromagnetism into III–V compound semiconductors have involved epitaxial growth of atomically thin layers, yielding two-dimensional magnetic films5 rather than localized magnetic structures. Here we describe a simple approach for fabricating discrete microscopic ferromagnets in the III–V semiconductor gallium arsenide. The semiconductor is first uniformly implanted with manganese ions. Subsequent heat treatment leads to a striking phase separation, whereby submicrometre crystals of GaMn nucleate and grow from the implanted layer. The resulting particles are ferromagnetic, with Curie temperatures exceeding room temperature.
Automated Analysis of O-Phthalal-Dehyde Derivatives of Amino Acids in Physiological Fluids by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract An automated method is described for the determination of free amino acids in biological fluids using precolumn deriva-tization with o-phthalaldehyde and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic separation of amino acids is accomplished in 24 minutes (cycle time 44 minutes). As little as 1.5 pmol of most commonly occurring amino acids can be accurately quantified. Accuracy and reproducibility are optimized by automating the derivatization-injection sequence and by correcting for variations in the fluorescence response of each amino acid in each run. A total of 31 analyses can be completed in 24 hours on a single column (7 standards and 24 unknowns). The method can be used in the general determination of free amino acids in biological fluids, or can be further accelerated and used for the quantitation of specific amino acids simply by altering the elution conditions.
Cardiovascular effects of experimentally induced efficacy (ability) appraisals at low and high levels of avoidant task demand

Subjects were led to believe they had low or high ability with respect to a scanning task and then given the chance to avoid a noise by attaining a low (easy) or high (difficult) standard on a version of the task. Performance period measurements indicated that heart rate reactivity was greater in the difficult than easy condition for high-ability subjects but greater in the easy than difficult condition for low-ability subjects. Furthermore, whereas heart rate responses tended to be greater for low- than for high-ability subjects when the standard was low, they were greater for high- than for low-ability subjects when the standard was high. Results for blood pressure reactivity were comparable, although pairwise comparisons were not as consistently reliable. The main findings conceptually replicate and extend effects from previous studies; they also call further into question conventional conceptions that intimate an inverse relation between perceived self-efficacy and physiologic responsivity in the face of threat.
Effect of Emodin on the Mutagenicity of 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol toward Salmonella

(1980). Effect of Emodin on the Mutagenicity of 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol toward Salmonella. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 2513-2515.
Thermography: a reevaluation

This is a brief review of the physical and physiologic aspects and theories of thermography and its clinical use in musculoskeletal conditions. Thermography is a simple, non-invasive procedure with a potential for usefulness. However, the majority of clinical studies to date have not been performed independent of other examinations with controlled verification, nor are there standards of normal available for comparison. Thermography should not be offered to the public as a confirmed and reliable tool for the diagnosis an management of musculoskeletal problems. It is still experimental, and its clinical use cannot be justified until appropriate data support it.
TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT : I. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND PATHOLOGY

The clinical manifestations and pathology of a disorder associated with pregnancy in the rabbit have been described. The disorder bears a close analogy to toxemia of pregnancy in man and offers an experimental approach to the problems associated with that condition. The evidence at hand indicates that the disorder is of endogenous origin and arises from a disturbance of functions concerned in reproductive processes.
Viscoelastic properties of extrusion cast sheets of natural and synthetic aliphatic polyesters

The objective of this study was to determine the viscoelastic properties of natural (starch and protein) blends and synthetic biodegradable aliphatic copolyester blends. Blends of natural and synthetic biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) were cast into sheets using a coathanger die and then subjected to stress relaxation and creep tests at various temperatures. The natural content was varied at 10%, 30%, and 50% by weight. In some formulations a small (5% by weight) amount of compatibilizer was added. The materials were blended using a twin screw-extruder, pelletized, and sheeted using a coathanger die. The decay of stress upon the imposition of constant strain showed two regions, an exponential and power law; the stresses relaxed sharply at the initial stage and then decayed at a reduced rate for the duration of the experiment. The addition of compatibilizers increased the time required for the stress to relax compared to uncompatibilized blends of the same composition. Similarly, as the natural content increased the time taken to relax to a specified stress level decreased. Increased temperature enhanced the relaxation process. The initial strain of the creep curves was affected by the natural content; the higher the natural content, the lower the initial strain for the samples upon imposition of a constant stress. Similarly, the presence of compatibilizer in the blend reduced the initial strain for samples containing the same natural content. As the natural content of the blend decreases, the time required to attain the plateau compliance is reduced. The equilibrium compliance increased with temperature. These behaviors are described in terms of blend morphology. The empirical Struik and power law models can be used to fit the compliance data well. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1452–1460, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pharmacokinetics of Ranitidine Following Oral Administration With Ascending Doses and With Multiple‐Fixed Doses

The aim of these studies was to further delineate pharmacokinetic characteristics of ranitidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist. In one study, ranitidine was administered orally to six normal men in increasing doses of 100 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, and 400 mg weekly over a four-week period. The peak serum concentrations increased with the corresponding increases in dose but the time needed to reach peak serum concentration did not vary significantly with increased doses. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each subject at each of the four dose levels. The total area under the curve (AUC) at the four different doses was linearly related to the dose for each individual subject; and a plot of AUC versus dose had a correlation coefficient of .886 (P less than .001). The apparent plasma clearance did not vary with the increase in dose; and the average corrected clearance values ranged between 6.7 and 10 mL/(min X kg). Elimination half-life was between 2.6 and 3.0 hours; and the volume of distribution (Vd area) was between 1.6 and 2.4 L/kg. About 35% of the ranitidine dose was excreted in the urine in the unchanged form over a 12-hour excretion interval. In the second study, ranitidine was administered orally to 12 normal subjects in doses of 150 mg and 200 mg twice daily for 28 days. The pharmacokinetic parameters for ranitidine with multiple-dose treatment were similar to those obtained with single-dose administration. Predose ranitidine concentrations (trough levels) did not increase with multiple dose administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An adjoint sensitivity study of blocking in a two-layer isentropic model

This paper presents a new methodology for adjoint sensitivity analysis, previously developed in general terms by Cacuci, into a form directly applicable 10 meteorological problems. This technique is illustrated by examining the sensitivity of a blocking index in a two-layer isentropic model. The index represents a response function for the sensitivity analysis that unlike previous meteorological applications, is an operator and not a functional, and thus extends the scope of adjoint sensitivity to general operator-type responses depending on time and/or space. The sensitivity of the blocking index to perturbations introduced into the model atmosphere, as well as to model parameters, is discussed. The methodology of generalized adjoint sensitivity analysis described in this paper constitutes a prototype for further applications in the atmospheric and/or oceanic sciences.
A comparative study of paraquat intoxication in rats, guinea pigs and monkeys.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the toxicity, clinical syndrome, and pathology of paraquat in rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. The LD50 of oral paraquat was 126, 22, and 50 mg/kg in the three species, respectively. Clinical signs of intoxication were anorexia, adipsia, diarrhea, hyperpnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia. All animals were hypoxic. Monkeys which received greater than 63 mg/kg of paraquat died within 1–2 days. Death was preceded by convulsive seizures. Monkeys that received paraquat dosages of 50–53 mg/kg showed signs of dyspnea prior to death while those monkeys given 30–40 mg/kg paraquat showed signs of dyspnea for 1–5 days and subsequently developed pulmonary fibrosis. Focal necrosis was noted in liver, kidney, and the gastrointestinal tract but the primary lesion occurred in the lungs of all species. Animals that died in less than 7 days showed pulmonary hemorrhage, edema, and congestion. Rats and monkeys but not guinea pigs developed interstitial fibrosis of the lung after 7–10 days. Monkeys did not have liver and kidney dysfunction. It was concluded that the paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in humans could be duplicated in monkeys and rats.
High-resolution transrectal ultrasound: Pilot study of a novel technique for imaging clinically localized prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives To determine how high-resolution transrectal ultrasound (HiTRUS) compares with conventional TRUS (LoTRUS) for the visualization of prostate cancer. Methods and materials Twenty-five men with known prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy were preoperatively imaged with both LoTRUS (5 MHz) and HiTRUS (21 MHz). Dynamic cine loops and still images for each modality were saved and subjected to blinded review by a radiologist looking for hypoechoic foci≥5 mm in each sextant of the prostate. Following prostatectomy, areas of prostate cancer≥5 mm on pathologic review were anatomically correlated to LoTRUS and HiTRUS findings. The accuracy of LoTRUS and HiTRUS to visualize prostate cancer in each sextant of the prostate and to identify high-grade and locally advanced disease was assessed. The McNemar test was used to compare sensitivity and specificity and paired dichotomous outcomes between imaging modalities. Results Among 69 sextants with pathologically identified cancerous foci at radical prostatecomy, HiTRUS visualized 45 and missed 24, whereas LoTRUS visualized 26 and missed 43. Compared with LoTRUS, HiTRUS demonstrated improved sensitivity (65.2% vs. 37.7%) and specificity (71.6% vs. 65.4%). HiTRUS's agreement with pathologic findings was twice as high as LoTRUS ( P = 0.006). HiTRUS provided a nonsignificant increase in visualization of high-grade lesions (84% vs. 60%, P = 0.11). Conclusions HiTRUS appears promising for prostate cancer imaging. Our initial experience suggests superiority to LoTRUS for the visualization of cancerous foci, and supports proceeding with a clinical trial in the biopsy setting.
Nitric oxide-loaded echogenic liposomes for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage

Delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage causes severe ischemic neurologic deficits leading to permanent neurologic dysfunction or death. Reduced intravascular and perivascular nitric oxide (NO) availability is a primary pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm. In this study, we evaluated NO-loaded echogenic liposomes (NO-ELIP) for ultrasound-facilitated NO delivery to produce vasodilation for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. We investigated the vasodilative effects of NO released from NO-ELIP both ex vivo and in vivo. Liposomes containing phospholipids and cholesterol were prepared, and NO was encapsulated. The encapsulation and release of NO from NO-ELIP were determined by the syringe/vacuum method and ultrasound imaging. The ex vivo vasodilative effect of NO-ELIP was investigated using rabbit carotid arteries. Arterial vasodilation was clearly observed with NO-ELIP exposed to Doppler ultrasound whereas there was little vasodilative effect without exposure to Doppler ultrasound in the presence of red blood cells. Penetration of NO into the arterial wall was determined by fluorescent microscopy. The vasodilative effects of intravenously administered NO-ELIP in vivo were determined in a rat subarachnoid hemorrhage model. NO-ELIP with ultrasound activation over the carotid artery demonstrated effective arterial vasodilation in vivo resulting in improved neurologic function. This novel methodology for ultrasound-controlled delivery of NO has the potential for therapeutic treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. This ultrasound-controlled release strategy provides a new avenue for targeted bioactive gas and therapeutic delivery for improved stroke treatment.
An efficient depth- and energy-dependent Monte Carlo model for columnar CsI detectors

We developed an efficient, depth- and energy-dependent Monte Carlo model for columnar CsI detectors. The optical photon, electron/positron Monte Carlo package MANTIS developed by our group, was used to generate optical photon response and collection efficiency as a function of the x-ray/electron interaction depth for a realistic scintillator geometry. The detector geometry we used for the simulations was reported in the past and is based on a 500 μm thick columnar CsI scintilator. The resulting depth-dependent optical photon responses were fit to a parametrized Gaussian mixture model. The model parameters were the depth-dependent radial shift of the response peak, the depth dependent widths of the Gaussians, and the depth-dependent magnitude of the Gaussians in the mixture. The depth-dependent optical spread has a maximum spatial shift of 53 μm. The optical collection efficiency at the photo-diode layer followed a power law varying from 90% for interactions at the scintillator exit surface to 20% for interactions at the detector entrance. The responses were consequently incorporated into penMesh, a PENELOPE based Monte Carlo x-ray, electron/positron transport simulation package for generating clinically realistic images of triangular mesh phantoms. The resulting detector responses from this empirical model were compared against the full x-ray/electron/optical photon simulation using the package MANTIS, showing good agreement. The simulation speed, using the optical transport model in penMesh, increases by two orders of magnitude compared to MANTIS.
Vegetable Oils in Rations for Laying Hens

ABSTRACT Hens fed rations containing crude cottonseed oil produce eggs that develop viscous pink whites and large salmon colored yolks after six months or more of cold storage (Sherwood, 1928). Lorenz and Almquist (1934) observed that crude kapok oil, the seeds of cheeseweed (buttonweed or mallow), and other plants of the family Malvacea also caused “pink-white” storage discoloration in eggs when fed to laying hens, but that coconut, peanut, sesame, linseed, and soybean oils did not. Thompson (1934) observed color changes in stored eggs from hens fed cottonseed, peanut, soybean, or linseed meals. Because of the increasing use of fats and oils in high energy poultry rations and the scarcity of information on the production of “pink-white” eggs by feeding oils other than cottonseed to laying hens, it was decided to study a number of the more common crude vegetable oils. Each group consisted of twelve S.C. White Leghorn pullets housed . . .
Hypersonic plasma particle deposition of nanostructured coatings and micropatterns

Nanostructured materials are attractive candidates for advanced friction and wear-resistant coatings due to their potentially enhanced mechanical properties. We have developed a one-step method called hypersonic plasma particle deposition [1] to produce and deposit nanoparticles using a thermal plasma reactor. Particle synthesis is achieved by dissociating vapor phase reactants in the plasma, and quenching the hot gas in a supersonic nozzle expansion. Particles are deposited on a substrate by hypersonic impaction to form a film, or are deposited as micropatterns using a process called focused particle beam deposition [2]. In-situ particle size distribution measurements are performed using a sampling probe interfaced to an extraction/dilution system for measurement by a scanning electrical mobility spectrometer.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Chemical detection of predators by a lizard, the broad‐headed skink (Eumeces laticeps)

The scincid lizard Eumeces laticeps is shown experimentally 1) to be capable of detecting integumentary chemical stimuli from two congeneric species of snakes that are sympatric predators of lizards and 2) to discriminate these chemical stimuli from similar ones derived from a sympatric snake that does not eat lizards and from a common insect food species. The experimental technique employed in this study, i.e., presentation of odorants on cotton-tipped applicators, allows rapid assessment of responses to predator odors and is suitable for a survey of these responses in a wide variety of lizards. The skinks showed significantly higher tongue-flicking rates in response to odors of snake predators and food odors (cricket) than to odors of a snake that does not eat lizards and an odorless control. Tongue-flick attack score, a measure of response strength to chemical stimuli from food, was much greater for cricket stimuli than for the predator stimuli. Significantly more lizards bit applicators bearing cricket stimuli than bit applicators bearing any of the other stimuli. After biting applicators bearing predator odors, the lizards quickly released. In contrast, they frequently maintained a grasp after biting applicators bearing cricket odors. A few preliminary speculations are made regarding ecological factors that may affect responsiveness by lizards to predator odors.
Recurrent Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Heart

A previously healthy 15-year-old boy was admitted after 6 months of intermittent fevers, night sweats, and 9 kg weight loss. A systolic murmur was appreciated at the left upper sternal border. Laboratory data revealed elevated white blood cells (11 800/μL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (75 mm/h), and C-reactive protein (10.5 mg/dL). The results of blood cultures were negative. Imaging demonstrated a hypermetabolic 2×2×4.5 cm pedunculated mass in the right ventricle, suggestive of a neoplasm with overlying thrombus (Figures 1A, 2A and 2B and online-only Data Supplement Movie I). Figure 1. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating the initial IMT originating from the interventricular septum near the right ventricular outflow tract ( A ) and the recurrent IMT near the tricuspid annulus ( B ). IMT indicates inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Figure 2. Transthoracic echocardiography before and after resection of the initial inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. A and B , Preoperative images showed a large echogenic mass in the apex of the right ventricle extending superiorly through the right ventricular outflow tract. C and D , Postoperative echocardiography revealed no evidence of residual tumor. A4C indicates apical 4-chamber view; Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; PA, pulmonary artery; PSAX, parasternal short axis view; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; Pre-op, preoperative; and Post-op, postoperative. Arrow denotes the tumor. At surgery, the mass was found to originate from the midportion of the interventricular septum and was covered with thrombus. …
Estuarine transport of trace metals in a buoyant riverine plume

Abstract The distributions of dissolved and particulate trace metals in Elliott Bay, Washington were determined in April,1985 during the period of maximum discharge of freshwater for the year. The high freshwater discharge generated a thin buoyant plume (
The persistence of cumulative semantic interference during naming

Abstract Naming semantically related pictures (e.g., “goat” “cow” “mouse”) becomes increasingly slower when repeatedly naming from a semantic category even when several unrelated trials intervene (Howard, Nickels, Coltheart, & Cole-Virtue, 2006). The aim of this study was to test whether cumulative semantic interference is independent of time and unrelated trials between naming occurrences as predicted if interference is the result of learning reflected by persistent changes to semantic–lexical connection strength (Oppenheim, Dell, & Schwartz, 2010). Consistent with this account, changes in response stimulus intervals did not affect cumulative interference, allowing rejection of a temporary residual activation account of interference, suggesting that persistence of cumulative interference in this paradigm is similar to when exemplars are repeatedly named in the blocked-cyclic naming paradigm. However, cumulative interference disappeared when intervening unrelated trials increased (8–50) except when a short lag occurred (2) in the sequence. Critically, when a short lag occurred in the sequence, interference extended to new categories separated by long lags (8–14) which were not previously named. To account for results, modifications of learning models of naming should include a mechanism by which interference dissipates, and a mechanism which biases learning to create persistence in contexts where semantic relationships are amplified.
Examination of the differences in structure–function of human and rat 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Abstract Human 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are potential drug targets since they regulate the occupancy and trans- activation of steroid hormone receptors by interconverting potent hormones with their cognate inactive metabolites. The human isoforms (AKR1C1-4) are all members of the aldo–keto reductase superfamily and display distinctive differences in steroid specificity and catalytic efficiency when compared with the closely related and more extensively studied rat 3α-HSD (AKR1C9). Specifically, AKR1C1-4 display 3α-, 17β- and 20α-HSD activities to varying degrees whereas AKR1C9 is positional- and stereo-specific for the 3α-HSD reaction. In addition, AKR1C1-4 isoforms have significantly lower catalytic efficiencies ( k cat / K m ) than AKR1C9 and this is largely due to a lower k cat . To understand these functional differences, human type 3 3α-HSD (AKR1C2) was studied as a representative human 3α-HSD. Comparison of the crystal structure of AKR1C2–NADP + –ursodeoxycholate ternary complex (3.0 A) with that of the AKR1C9–NADP + –testosterone ternary complex (2.8 A) demonstrates the expected conservancy in overall structure and active site topology. More interestingly, it reveals striking differences in the structure of the steroid binding pockets of the two enzymes and shows how ursodeoxycholate binds ‘backwards’ and ‘upside-down’ with respect to testosterone. This difference in steroid binding provides a structural basis for the broad positional specificity of AKR1C2 and the exquisite stereospecificity of AKR1C9. To determine why AKR1C2 has a much lower k cat than AKR1C9, the events associated with the binding of cofactor to both enzymes were studied by steady state fluorescence titration and stopped-flow experiments. Comparable K d values for E–NADP(H) and k obs values for the fluorescence transients were obtained for the two enzymes. These data are consistent with both enzymes binding NADP(H) in a conserved manner which is supported by the available crystal structures. The results suggest that cofactor binding or release for the human and rat 3α-HSDs are similar and do not account for the observed differences in k cat . (Supported by DK40715 and CA90744 to T.M.P.)
Editorial: How to Monetize the Value of OR

In his last months as editor in chief of this journal, the first author was seeking papers for this 40th anniversary issue of Interfaces. He wanted to generate a final issue with works from folks who were truly in the interface between academia and industry. In the first author’s opinion, few currently fit that bill better than the second author. When approached by the first author about a paper for this issue, the second author happily agreed. We then set about finding a topic that had not been broached. The first author has been consulting successfully for 20 years or so, but had never landed a project in which the client would agree to a percentage-of-savings fee. He had once come close with a Fortune 100 company. However, the client’s boss must have been scared off by the glee in the first author’s voice and never approved the deal. The second author has been able to accomplish percentageof-savings deals and has created a very successful company based on operations research (OR), while continuing to be a very productive professor. How has he been so successful in navigating the interface? That’s what the first author set out to learn and share with the readers of Interfaces. The most efficient approach for acquiring this information turned out to be an interview format. In what follows, the first author (JC) discusses, among other topics, monetizing the value created by OR with the second author (ST) in the hopes that we can all learn from the second author’s experiences. JC: OR methods, when applied appropriately, have created significant monetary and economic value. Most of the time, however, it appears that the OR person who played a role in this value creation does not get a proportional amount in compensation. In your OR Practice paper published earlier this year (Tardif et al. 2010), you discuss a project at Deere executed under a gain-sharing agreement. Can you give some details? ST: I agree with your general observation. The short answer to your question on the Deere project is that it was a 50-50 split based on the value created that can be attributed to this OR effort. In the paper, we show that the value created is clearly incremental over what Deere would have made (or was making from parallel projects, termed as “preexisting” initiatives) had we not done the engagement. Thus, we were paid about $5 million for this project over a period of 2 2 years. As you said, typically, even if an OR project saves $500 million and wins the Edelman competition (or is a competition finalist), the OR folks on that team most likely make less than $5 million. JC: Let’s take a step back. How did you get to this gain-sharing agreement? ST: This was not our first interaction with Deere. When we were crafting this arrangement during the fall of 2004, we had already done two very successful OR-based projects. One was an Edelman finalist in 2004 (Troyer et al. 2005); as a result of this project, Deere either eliminated or avoided over $1 billion of inventory. In the second project, we helped Deere save tens of millions of dollars by optimizing its product portfolio (Yunes et al. 2007).
US versus European Approaches to Terrorism: Size Really Does Matter

This article compares the European tendency toward 'conflict negotiation' with the USA's 'conflict resolution/ elimination' approach to terrorism. Historical/social experiences, political strategies and arsenal sizes impact their different perspectives on terrorism that also impact their different approach to managing Islamic terrorist threats. In the European Union, the Islamic threat is perceived differently from country to country. On the other hand, the USA generates a uniform ideological perspective. The USA has the military and diplomatic resources to fight for its interests abroad while also practicing isolationism in the homeland. Because of its close proximity to the Middle East, its greater sensitivity to cultural differences in the area, its large, relatively unintegrated Muslim population and limited military resources, Europe is more willing to pursue a mixed strategy of appeasement and aggression within the homeland. Language: en
Depositional Control of Diagenesis in Tight Gas Sands, Corcoran and Cozzette Sandstone Members of Price River Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Book Cliffs of Western Colorado: ABSTRACT

Diagenetic history and petrophysical properties of the Corcoran and Cozzette sandstones are closely related to depositional environment. Coarsening-upward shoreface-beach sequences and fining-upward tidal-inlet sequences display the same diagenetic phases: (1) compaction and deformation, (2) overgrowth of quartz, (3) cementation by carbonate, (4) dissolution of feldspar and carbonate, and (5) precipitation of kaolinite. Development of the phases differs according to vertical position within the sequences. Finer grained (3^phgr-4^phgr) shoreface and upper tidal-inlet deposits contain abundant pseudomatrix. Poorly developed quartz overgrowths and little secondary porosity indicate that pseudomatrix and carbonate restricted fluid movement during phases 2 and 4. Abundant over rowths and pervasive secondary porosity in coarser (2^phgr-3^phgr) beach and lower tidal-inlet deposits suggest freer movement of diagenetic fluids apparently in the absence of much pseudomatrix. Kaolinite is best developed in coarser sandstones and occurs as local replacement and ubiquitous pore-filling phases, but its abundance varies with abundance of feldspar and prekaolinite porespace. Lower tidal-inlet sandstones containing 8-13% feldspar display both replacement and ubiquitous pore-filling kaolinite. Beach sandstones with less feldspar (3%) contain only local replacement kaolinite. Lower tidal-inlet deposits present a paradox: well-developed secondary porosity but abundant diagenetic kaolinite has reduced permeability. Permeability is greatest in high-energy beach deposits where t e least pseudomatrix and diagenetic kaolinite occur; these are the best targets for exploration. End_of_Article - Last_Page 514------------
A bibliography of parallel debuggers, 1993 edition

A bibliography of over three hundred technical reports, journal and conference papers, and Ph.D. dissertations dealing with parallel and distributed debuggers. Treatments of programming environments, debugging methodology, and techniques for program analysis are included when a significant portion of the publication is devoted to factors influencing the design or implementation of debugging tools.
Interference between Gamow-Teller and Fermi interaction in Mn52

The existence of a strong interference between the Gamow-Teller and the Fermi part of the β interaction has been reported from this laboratory(1,2) in a study of the circular polarization of the γ rays measured in coincidence with the preceding β particles(3) in the case of Sc46.
Kinetic studies in contact metamorphic zones

Abstract The effects of thermal metamorphism on mineral ages have been investigated near the contacts of two basic intrusives. Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages of biotite, muscovite and potassium feldspar and K-Ar ages of hornblende from the Snowbank granitic stock near the contact with the Duluth Gabbro in Minnesota and Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages of biotite and K-Ar ages of hornblende from amphibolite near the contact with a quartz dolerite dike in the Beartooth Mountains in Wyoming are the basis of the kinetic studies. The Snowbank stock is 2·60 billion (10 9 ) yr old and was transgressed by the Duluth Gabbro 1·05 billion yr ago. The gneisses and amphibolites in the Beartooth Mountains were subjected to metamorphism 2·6 billion yr ago and were intruded by the dolerite dike, 50 m thick, approximately 800 million yr ago. Volume diffusion and zero order and first order chemical reaction rate models are used to describe the rate of loss of the radiogenic strontium and argon from the minerals. The chemical reaction rate models may apply if the rate of loss is controlled by recrystallization. It is assumed that the Arrhenius relation describes the temperature dependence of the rate constants and diffusion constants over the range of temperatures considered, and the effect of heating on the rate of loss of daughter products is estimated by numerical integration of the time-dependent temperature curves based on Jaeger's heat-flow model for basic igneous intrusives infinite in two dimensions, such as dikes and sills. The loss of radiogenic argon and strontium from biotite took place over a range of temperatures from 720 to 450°C near the Wyoming dike and over a range from 500 to 350°C near the Duluth Gabbro. If the loss of radiogenic daughters is attributed to a simple volume diffusion mechanism, an activation energy of 50–75 kcal/mole is indicated. For a zero order reaction rate model an activation energy of about 30 kcal/mole is required and for a first order reaction rate model an activation energy of about 50 kcal/mole. The loss of argon from hornblende took place at higher temperatures than the loss from biotite. The activation energies for the hornblende models may be higher than the activation energies for the respective biotite models. The relative stability of mineral ages in a contact zone is hornblende K-Ar > muscovite Rb-Sr > muscovite K-Ar > biotite Rb-Sr > biotite K-Ar, although for the micas the Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages are essentially concordant.
Limited Evidence That Competitive Food and Beverage Practices Affect Adolescent Consumption Behaviors

Childhood obesity is emerging as a considerable public health problem with no clear antidote. The school food environment is a potential intervention point for policy makers, with competitive food and beverage regulation as a possible policy lever. This research examines the link between competitive food and beverage availability in school and adolescent consumption patterns using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999. Results from value-added multivariate regression models reveal limited evidence that competitive food policy affects fruit and vegetable consumption. Findings suggest a stronger link between competitive beverage policy and consumption of sweetened beverages for population subgroups.
The biochemical basis for increased Testosterone production in theca cells propagated from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Ovarian theca cells propagated from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) convert steroid precursors into T more efficiently than normal theca cells. To identify the basis for increased T production by PCOS theca cells, we examined type I-V 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta HSD) isoform expression in long-term cultures of theca and granulosa cells isolated from normal and PCOS ovaries. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that theca cells express type V 17 beta HSD a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily (17 beta HSDV, AKR1C3), whereas expression of type I, II, and IV 17 beta HSD, which are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, was limited to granulosa cells. Type III 17 beta HSD, the testicular isoform, was not detected in either granulosa or theca cells. Northern and real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that 17 beta HSDV transcripts were not significantly increased in PCOS theca cells compared with normal theca cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that theca cells also express another AKR, 20 alpha HSD (AKR1C1). Both basal and forskolin-stimulated 20 alpha HSD mRNA levels were increased in PCOS theca cells compared with normal theca cells. However, 17 beta HSD enzyme activity per theca cell was not significantly increased in PCOS, suggesting that neither AKR1C3 nor AKR1C1 contributes to the formation of T in this condition. In contrast, 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase and 3 beta HSD enzyme activities were elevated in PCOS theca cells, driving increased production of T precursors. These findings indicate that 1) increased T production in PCOS theca cells does not result from dysregulation of "androgenic" 17 beta HSD activity or altered expression of AKRs that may express 17 beta HSD activity; and 2) increased synthesis of T precursors is the primary factor driving enhanced T secretion in PCOS.
“Technologies of the Self:” Foucault and Internet Discourse(1)

While some have argued that computing via the Internet offers a vision of freedom and a shared humanity, others have claimed with equal vehemence that it may become the instrument of global surveillance and personal alienation. Foucault's notion of self-fashioning (souci de soi) exemplifies both sides of this debate, since fashions may both be imposed and freely chosen. To present a Foucauldian perspective on fashioning of self online I use instances of recent postings to the Usenet news group rec.games.chess. Key aspects of self-fashioning that I identify include romantic and modernist images of interior experience, the importance of keeping your “cool,” the discussion of techniques designed to improve skill or strength, and the purchase and use of chess computers as icons of mastery. Finally, I consider some implications of this Foucauldian approach for future research on Internet self-constructions.
Appointment-keeping behavior in adolescents†

Adolescent appointment-keeping behavior was investigated prospectively in 245 first-scheduledappointments in a general youth clinic within a pediatric ambulatory setting, to determine if older adolescents were more compliant when they made their appointments and less compliant when their appointments were made by their parents. Among single variables (age, sex, and who made the appointment), rates of kept appointments varied considerably. The highest rates of compliance were found in males, under the age of 15, whose parents made the appointment. The lowest rates were found in females, over the age of 15, who made their own appointment. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine which of the variables was most important in predicting compliance. The most important factor was appointment source. Whether parents make the appointment for their sons and daughters (irrespective of age) was the most important predictor of compliance, emphasizing the importance of parental involvement in scheduling appointments.
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles with the Nimbus 5 Microwave Spectrometer

The paper discusses the accuracy of atmospheric vertical temperature profile measurements performed by the Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer and compares results obtained during the first 6 months of its operation with independent ground-truth measurements (coincident radiosonde measurements). The microwave spectrometer can measure temperature profiles averaged over the instrument weighting function (about 10 km) layers with a root-mean-square accuracy of a few tenths of a degree K for measurement integration times of 16 s. Lower tropospheric temperature data from the spectrometer measurements is used in the numerical weather prediction model of the National Meteorological Center.
Quantum radiation from quantum gravitational collapse

We study quantum radiation emitted during the collapse of a quantized, gravitating, spherical domain wall. The amount of radiation emitted during collapse now depends on the wavefunction of the collapsing wall and the background spacetime. If the wavefunction is initially in the form of a sharp wavepacket, the expectation value of the particle occupation number is determined as a function of time and frequency. The results are in good agreement with our earlier semiclassical analysis and show that the quantum radiation is non-thermal and evaporation accompanies gravitational collapse.