cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Antioxidant Activity is Necessary to Modulate the Macrophage Response to Endotoxin

The tissue-fixed macrophage (Mphi) is a key cell in the coordination of the excessive systemic immunoinflammatory response underlying the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Macrophage-generated reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) are involved in both tissue destruction via lipid peroxidation and in the activation of these inflammatory cells. It is unclear whether oxidant-induced activation involves an extracellular effect and membrane destabilization or occurs through intracellular alteration of the redox state and direct involvement as second messengers. In this study, we compare the differential effects of known intracellular vs. extracellular antioxidants on the Mphi response to endotoxin. Rabbit alveolar Mphi were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and exposed to either the extracellular antioxidants [vitamin C (VC) (10-1000 microM), Trolox (100-1000 microM, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (10-500 microM))] or the intracellular antioxidants [N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (0.1-10 mM) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (10-200 microM)] for 1 h. Cells were subsequently stimulated with lipopolysaccharide at 10 ng/mL. After 18 h, supernatants were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and F2 isoprostane (F2ISP) production and cellular monolayers for procoagulant activity (PCA). A dose response inhibition of both TNF and PCA production was demonstrated after both NAC and BHA pretreatment but not with VC, Trolox, or SOD. In addition, northern blots revealed inhibition of TNF mRNA production by both NAC and BHA. F2ISP, a marker of membrane lipid peroxidation, was inhibited by BHA and Trolox but not NAC, VC, or SOD. In conclusion, antioxidants that are incorporated intracellularly are expected to be beneficial in the treatment of excessive inflammatory responses through the interruption of redox dependent signal transduction pathways and subsequent modulation of the Mphi proinflammatory response.
Type and nature of cues used by Nucella lapillus to evaluate predation risk

The ability of prey to detect and adequately respond to predation risk influences immediate survival and overall fitness. Chemical cues are commonly used by prey to evaluate risk, and the purpose of this study was to elicit the nature of cues used by prey hunted by generalist predators. Nucella lapillus are common, predatory, intertidal snails that evaluate predatory risk using chemical cues. Using Nucella and a suite of its potential predators as a model system, we explored how (1) predator type, (2) predator diet, and (3) injured conspecifics and heterospecifics influence Nucella behavior. Using laboratory flumes, we determined that Nucella responded only to the invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas), the predator it most frequently encounters. Nucella did not respond to rock crabs (Cancer irroratus) or Jonah crabs (Cancer borealis), which are sympatric predators but do not frequently encounter Nucella because these crabs are primarily subtidal. Predator diet did not affect Nucella responses to risk, although starved predator response was not significantly different from controls. Since green crabs are generalist predators, diet cues do not reflect predation risk, and thus altering behavior as a function of predator diet would not likely benefit Nucella. Nucella did, however, react to injured conspecifics, a strategy that may allow them to recognize threats when predators are difficult to detect. Nucella did not react to injured heterospecifics including mussels (Mytilus edulis) and herbivorous snails Littorina littorea, suggesting that they are responding to chemical cues unique to their species. The nature of cues used by Nucella allows them to minimize costs associated with predator avoidance.
Active patient orientation

The successful treatment of chronic ambulatory illness requires that patients be involved actively in the management of their own conditions. How health providers orient services toward patients is likely to affect the quality of patients' involvement. In the study reported here, three programs of care were evaluated in terms of the extent to which the care provided was oriented toward patients as active participants in the treatment process. Ninety-one hypertensive patients, randomly assigned among the three programs, rated their care in terms of active patient orientation (APO). On the basis of the structural characteristics of the three programs, it was hypothesized that the contingency-contracting approach would afford a stronger APO than either the educational or routine-care approach. The findings conform to expectation. Observed linkages among structure of care, level of APO reported, and patient participation are discussed in addition to the practice implications.
Single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay for tryptophan oxygenase

Abstract The activity of the enzyme tryptophan oxygenase is determined by a simple sensitive single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay of the rate of formation of two rapidly formed products, N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine. The sum of the concentrations of both products is determined at the wavelength of their isosbestic point, 337 nm, where for both species, ϵ337nm = 3.02 × 103 m −1cm−1. The isosbestic point assay procedure is applicable generally to any system simultaneously yielding two products having overlapping spectral absorbances.
Temporal Trends in Lake Erie Plankton Biomass: Roles of External Phosphorus Loading and Dreissenid Mussels

Abstract We compare the results of lakewide plankton studies conducted during 1996–2002 with data reported in the literature from previous years to evaluate the effectiveness of continued nutrient control, the relationship between external phosphorus loading and plankton abundance, and the many predicted outcomes of the dreissenid invasion. We found that although recent external annual phosphorus loading has not changed since reaching mandated target levels in the early- to mid-1980s, phytoplankton communities have. Total phytoplankton biomass, measured through enumeration and size-frequency distributions has increased since minima were observed in 1996 or 1997, with summer (July–September) biomasses generally greater than before the dreissenid establishment in the late 1980s. Cyanobacteria biomass also increased during summer in all basins after the dreissenid invasion. In contrast, chlorophyll a concentration has decreased in all basins during both spring and summer. However chlorophyll a concentration was poorly correlated with total phytoplankton biomass. Relative to the mid-1980s, crustacean zooplankton biomass during the years 1996–2002 increased in the western basin during spring and summer, increased in the central basin during spring but remained the same during summer, and decreased to low levels in the eastern basin. Several of these observations are consistent with predictions made by previous researchers on the effects of reduced total external phosphorus loading and the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of dreissenid mussels. However, several were not. Results from this study, particularly the inconsistencies with tested predictions, highlight the need for further research into the factors that regulate plankton community dynamics in Lake Erie.
Effectiveness of controlled workplace interventions in reducing lower back disorders

Background: Researchers have conducted interventions, based on several different risk factors, designed to minimize the prevalence or incidence of lower back disorders in different occupational settings. However, results have been inconsistent for the observed effectiveness of the intervention methods. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of controlled workplace interventions in preventing the (re)occurrence of lower back disorders (LBDs) in a manufacturing setting. Methods: An electronic and manual literature search was conducted. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed on five categories and a meta-analysis was performed to identify the direction and size of the effect. Because the studies were homogeneous (Q = 0.63), the meta-OR was calculated using the fixed-effect model. Results: The literature survey identified four studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies possessed a marginal to moderate methodological quality (mean quality score 0.78 of 2.0, SD = 0.22). The meta-OR ...
Food Chain Integration and Fluid Milk Marketing

Abstract Major structural changes in marketing are occurring with the integration of food chains into the processing and distribution of fluid milk. Thus, the objectives of this study were 1) to determine the extent of vertical integration by food chains and 2) to explore the implications of such for the dairy industry. The study was confined to the Southern Region. Response to a survey indicated that 60% of the food chains were involved in some type of vertical integration with 84% of these initiated during the past 15 yr. Lower cost and uniform merchandising were the most prominent reasons for having some type of central milk buying programs. Vertical integration leads to increased market power of food chains and can affect both price and market structure. The actual vertical integration of food chains into fluid milk processing through ownership of processing facilities tends to increase the barriers to entry into a market. For processors, the barrier is the nonavailability of market outlets. For the food chain, the number of stores and ownership of processing facilities for fluid milk necessary to compete economically may be the barrier. A continuation of these structural trends can be expected.
Ring gland and prothoracic gland sensitivity to interspecific prothoracicotropic hormone extracts.

Using the techniques of intraspecific in vitro activation of prothoracic glands and ring glands by serial dilutions of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) extracts from pupalManduca sexta (Lepidoptera) and larvalSarcophaga bullata (Diptera), a dose-response of activation was observed for both species. In both species maximum activation was at 0.5 brain equivalents while the number of brain equivalents necessary for half maximal stimulation (ED50) was 0.20 forManduca and 0.15 forSarcophaga. When prothoracic glands or ring glands were challenged with interspecific PTTH extracts from a stage different from that of the gland donor, no dose-response of gland activation was observed. However, whenM. sexta larval prothoracic glands were challenged byS. bullata larval PTTH extract, activation was observed. The dose-response profile fell midway between the dose-response curves obtained for the intraspecific assays. Thus, PTTH extract from one insect has the ability to activate the prothoracic glands of an insect representing another order.
Angiotensin blockade as sole treatment for proteinuric kidney disease in children

Background. The traditional management of children with proteinuric kidney disease is treatment with high dose steroids regardless of comorbid conditions such as obesity. This study evaluated the effect of angiotensin blockade (AB) alone as the sole management of children with non-diabetic proteinuric kidney disease. Methods. Retrospective chart analysis was performed in 146 children. Seventeen were identified to have received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and/ or angiotensin receptor blocker exclusively for management of proteinuria. Total proteinuria (Upr/cr), albuminuria (Ualb/cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum potassium and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and at 3–month intervals for over 24 months. Results. Mean age was 11.2 � 4.8 years with 12 females. Eleven of 17 patients (65%) were overweight or obese. There was a significant decline in total proteinuria and albuminuria after 3–6 months of AB therapy and a further decline with longer duration of treatment (P < 0.001). Although single vs dual AB were similarly effective in lowering total proteinuria, dual therapy was more effective in lowering albuminuria (single 57 � 23% vs dual 71 � 15%; P < 0.02). The eGFR decreased from ‘hyperfiltration’ levels prior to initiation of AB to normal at the end of the treatment period (145 � 41–111 � 17 ml/min/1.73m 2 ; P ¼ 0.01). Systemic blood pressures remained normal throughout the study period. Conclusions. Angiotensin blockade alone appears to effectively control proteinuria and stabilize kidney function in children. This may provide an alternative to more toxic therapies, especially corticosteroids, in children with glomerular disorders such as those associated with obesity.
Cerebral dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting done with mild or moderate hypothermia

Abstract Objective: Ninety-nine patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the incidence of cerebral dysfunction after "mild" or "moderate" hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Patients were evaluated before and after operation before hospital discharge and in some cases at follow-up at least 6 weeks later with a complete neurologic examination (85 patients) and a battery of standard neuropsychometric tests (86 patients). Results: Postoperative changes detected by neurologic examination consisted of the appearance of new primitive reflexes in both groups. No statistically significant differences in incidence were found. The neuropsychometric performances of the two groups were statistically similar by either event-rate or group-rate analysis. Conclusions: There is no detectable difference in postoperative cerebral dysfunction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting who are supported by cardiopulmonary bypass with either mild or moderate hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:270-7
Empirical Methods and the Law

(2000). Empirical Methods and the Law. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 95, No. 450, pp. 665-669.
Radar imaging via random FM correlations

Our goal is to study the properties of a random FM process correlator as applied to radar imaging. The driver of the transmitted FM signal is Gaussian, bandlimited random process while the initial phase of the process is uniformly distributed. Thus, the FM process is wide-sense stationary. For wideband modulation, both the autocorrelation and spectrum of the FM process are approximately Gaussian as inferred from Woodward's adiabatic principle. Since the half power bandwidth of the process is linearly proportional to the modulation index (lambda) , the range-delay resolution is inversely proportional to (lambda) . We make use of Monte Carlo simulations to illustrate the stationary nature of the correlator output. Radar imaging of rotating targets is implemented using a microwave tomography algorithm, which requires data collection for a finite number of viewing angles. We demonstrate that the self-noise power in this type of imagery is controlled by the number of samples processed and the number of signal realizations included in calculating the autocorrelations.
Dolphin "packet" use during long-range echolocation tasks.

When echolocating, dolphins typically emit a single broadband “click,” then wait to receive the echo before emitting another click. However, previous studies have shown that during long-range echolocation tasks, they may instead emit a burst, or “packet,” of several clicks, then wait for the packet of echoes to return before emitting another packet of clicks. The reasons for the use of packets are unknown. In this study, packet use was examined by having trained bottlenose dolphins perform long-range echolocation tasks. The tasks featured “phantom” echoes produced by capturing the dolphin's outgoing echolocation clicks, convolving the clicks with an impulse response to create an echo waveform, and then broadcasting the delayed, scaled echo to the dolphin. Dolphins were trained to report the presence of phantom echoes or a change in phantom echoes. Target range varied from 25 to 800 m. At ranges below 75 m, the dolphins rarely used packets. As the range increased beyond 75 m, two of the three dolphins increasingly produced packets, while the third dolphin instead utilized very high click repetition rates. The use of click packets appeared to be governed more by echo delay (target range) than echo amplitude.
Basic research in electronic structure theory past and future: musings of a West Coast DoD transplant

Abstract The process of securing basic research funding at the Naval Research Laboratory is described. Some general ideas for general themes of future research directions in electronic structure theory are identified and discussed.
In Vitro Susceptibility of Pathogenic Naegleria and Acanthamoeba Species to a Variety of Therapeutic Agents

Six pathogenic strains of Naegleria fowleri , two of Acanthamoeba castellanii , and three of Acanthamoeba polyphaga were tested in vitro for susceptibility to a variety of potentially useful therapeutic agents. Minimal motility inhibitory concentrations and minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by a technique of subculturing pure clones of amoebae in plastic tissue culture chamber slides containing liquid axenic media and serially diluted drug, incubating at 30°C for Acanthamoeba and at 37°C for Naegleria , and observing on an inverted microscope at 6 h for inhibition of motility and at 24 and 48 h for inhibition of growth. Drug concentrations were selected on the basis of fluid levels achievable in humans. Amphotericin B, clotrimazole, and miconazole were the most effective drugs against Naegleria , whereas polymyxin B sulfate and pentamidine isethionate were somewhat effective against pathogenic Acanthamoeba . Our results suggest that amphotericin B is the most effective agent against Naegleria , but few agents are effective against Acanthamoeba . Images
Yield of screening sigmoidoscopy in Puerto Rican born immigrants to the mainland United States

Yield of screening sigmoidoscopy in Puerto Rican born immigrants to the mainland United States
The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability

Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and satellite-derived measurements of temperature and the vegetation index were used to investigate relationships among climate, carbon dioxide, and ecosystems. At the global scale, lagged correlations between temperature and carbon dioxide growth rate were found, indicating modulation by biogeochemical feedbacks. Spatial analysis of the temperature and vegetation index data suggests that the global correlations are a composite of individualistic responses of different ecosystems. The existence of biome-specific time scales of response implies that changes in global ecosystem distributions could indirectly alter the relationships between climate and carbon storage.
87Rb-87Sr ages of silicate inclusions in iron meteorites

Rb-Sr measurements were made on silicate inclusions extracted from the iron meteorites Toluca, Odessa, Four Corners, Linwood, Pine River, Colomera and Weekeroo Station. Strontium isotopic analyses were made on samples as small as 24 ng. The typical Sr and Rb blanks were 2 × 10^(−9) g and 2 × 10^(−10) g, respectively. In certain cases it was possible to obtain relatively precise isochrons. With the exception of Colomera, all of these samples gave ages compatible with 4.4 to 4.8 × 10^9 y. The Colomera data scatter widely and do not meet the requirements for defining a reliable age. None of the samples are compatible with an age of 6 × 10^9 y. The primary strontium observed or estimated for Toluca and Pine River agrees with that obtained from achondrites. It is evident that extensive Rb-Sr isotopic studies may be made on a large number of rather typical iron meteorites.
Fictionalizing the Readers of Scholarly Articles in Biology

Is “the writer's audience always a fiction,” as Walter Ong contends, even when the writing is not poetry or fiction but scientific prose? To demonstrate the usefulness of Ong's approach to audience for analysts of nonfiction prose and for those who wish to empower student writers, we consider from a reader-response perspective two scientific articles on the same general topic written for the same discourse community in the same year. The authors of the two essays (prestigious scientists) directed their readers into two radically different roles. One makes his readers not only into “conventional” scientists but into willing novices who take note of his presentation but who do not take issue with it; the other creates disciplinary nonconformists, inquistive skeptics who have the perspectives necessary to understand the limits of scientific thought. The analysis elaborates the rhetorical nature of scientific discourse, demonstrates that even within the constraints of the journal article scientists have consi...
Daily tornado frequency distributions in the United States

The authors examine daily tornado counts in the United States over the period 1994‐2012 and find strong evidence for a power-law relationship in the distribution frequency. The scaling exponent is estimated at 1.64 (0.019 s.e.) giving a per tornado-day probability of 0.014% (return period of 71 years) that a tornado day produces 145 tornadoes as was observed on 27 April 2011. They also find that the total number of tornadoes by damage category on days with at least one violent tornado follows an exponential rule. On average, the daily number of tornadoes in the next lowest damage category is approximately twice the number in the current category. These findings are important and timely for tornado hazard models and for seasonal and sub-seasonal forecasts of tornado activity.
Psychological Treatment of Late-Life Depression

This article summarizes the following psychological interventions for late-life depression: cognitive and behavioral therapy, problem-solving therapy, reminiscence and life review therapy, brief psychodynamic therapy, and interpersonal therapy. Results indicate that all psychological interventions reviewed were effective in reducing depressive symptoms in older adults. Future research should include larger sample sizes and focus on moderators of treatment such as age, depression severity, medical illness, and cognitive impairment.
Development of ventilatory responses to exercise in normal white children : A longitudinal study

Cross-sectional studies have indicated that the pattern of ventilatory responses to exercise evolves during the course of childhood. This 5-year study was designed to provide a longitudinal assessment of minute ventilation ( V ˙ e), tidal volume (Vt), and breathing frequency (f R ) in 20 children (11 girls, nine boys) between the ages of 9 and 13 years. Subjects performed maximal and identical submaximal steady-state treadmill walking tests annually. No significant gender differences were observed in any of the three variables. At submaximal exercise, Vt per kilogram remained stable, with a progressive fall in f R . As a result, submaximal V ˙ e per kilogram declined with age. A similar pattern was observed at maximal exercise, but the decrease in V ˙ e per kilogram was not statistically significant. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen ( V ˙ e/ V ˙ o 2 )> fell with age at submaximal exercise but declined only in the boys with maximal testing. V ˙ e/ V ˙ o 2 at maximal and submaximal exercise was greater in the girls at all ages. These findings support previous data derived from cross-sectional studies.
Isolation of Marmoset P450c17 cDNA and Gene Regulation In Vitro

Marmosets express a fetal zone during adrenal development but fail to produce significant amounts of C19 steroids in adulthood. It is not clear however if P450c17 regulation is different from that in humans/rhesus or the primary sequence is altered. To this end we isolated marmoset and rhesus adrenocortical cells, and treated the cells with known regulators of P450c17 expression for 48 h. P450c17 protein increased with Forskolin (F) treatment, but was marginally inhibited by AII (A) and TPA (T) alone. Combined A + F and T + F dramatically ablated the F response. Cortisol levels (EIA) increased upon F treatment and were inhibited by A and T. Combination of treatments partially inhibited the F‐induced response. The protein‐coding region of marmoset and rhesus P450c17 cDNAs were then isolated from adrenals using RT‐PCR/TA cloning. Marmoset P450c17 shows one amino acid deletion but otherwise shares 90.6% and 91.4% homologies with the human and rhesus cDNA sequences, and 82.4% and 85% homologies with the human...
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of NO and OH mole fraction in fuel-lean, high-pressure (1–10 atm) methane flames: Fluorescence modeling and experimental validation

Abstract A method for quantifying laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signals and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) images of the OH and NO radicals in high pressure flames is presented. The fluorescence signal per unit radical mole fraction is modeled as a function of temperature, pressure, overall flame stoichiometry and laser spectral bandwidth. A recently developed model ( JQSRT , 51, 511; Appl. Phys. B , 57, 249) 1,2 for electronic quenching cross-sections of OH and NO is utilized to express the fluorescence yield as a function of these parameters. The models are confirmed using single-point measurements in the burnt gas region of a flat flame burner at up to 10 atm. The measurements are performed at points in the flame where the temperature, pressure, OH and NO mole fraction are all known. For fuel-lean flames at elevated pressure, interference from the O 2 Schumann-Runge system was found with NO A ← X (0, 0) fluorescence measurements. This interference must be considered when selecting an appropriate NO transition in this type of environment.
SALEM-a programming system for the simulation of systems described by partial differential equations

Digital simulation has attained a broad and enthusiastic usage in recent years, due largely to the increased speed and flexibility of digital computer hardware and the notable efforts of the authors of simulation programs such as MIMIC, DSL-90, PACTOLUS, and many others. All of these programs perform basically a single task: they solve a system of ordinary differential equations of the initial value type. Indeed, the expression "digital simulation of continuous systems" has become synonymous with this definition.
Clonidine: a new antihypertensive agent.

Abstract Intravenous administration of clonidine in hypertensive patients resulted in a short, hypertensive response followed by a prolonged reduction of both systolic and diastolic pressure. The antihypertensive response was associated with a decrease of total forearm blood flow, while the muscle blood flow of the calf was unchanged or moderately increased. Skin blood flow showed a sharp reduction initially, followed by a slow return to control levels. In patients with essential hypertension the reduction in blood pressure after acute oral administration of clonidine was associated with a decrease in cardiac output in the supine position. In contrast, in the upright position, a reduction in both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were observed. During the antihypertensive response, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were maintained, both acutely and chronically. Intravenous or intramuscular administration of clonidine proved to be very effective in hypertensive emergencies. In 174 hospitalized patients, prolonged oral administration resulted in significant improvement of the blood pressure in 61 percent of the cases. In 115 ambulatory patients, significant improvement occurred in 64 percent. Clonidine was added to the therapeutic regimen of 20 ambulatory patients who had remained hypertensive during diuretic therapy alone, and 16 (80 percent) of the 20 showed a significant antihypertensive response in both the supine and upright positions. The most common side effects were drowsiness and dryness of the mouth. Because of its marked efficacy and the beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects, clonidine represents a most useful addition to our antihypertensive armamentarium.
Charge Transfer Properties of dl-Thioctic Acid and Other Disulphides

THE ability of organic sulphur compounds to act as donors with electron acceptor molecules is well established. As far as disulphides are concerned, previous studies have been limited to simple aliphatic compounds with iodine as the acceptor1. In these systems, the charge transfer (CT) band appears between the disulphide absorption and the blue-shifted iodine absorption, and its position appears to be little affected by changing the alkyl groups. We wish to report that alkyl aryl and cyclic disulphides form 1 : 1 complexes in solution with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), which show well-separated CT bands in the visible region. Further, the position of these bands clearly reflects steric and electronic factors in the disulphide molecule.
Spaceborne lidar aerosol retrieval approaches based on improved aerosol model constraints

Aerosol retrievals at 532 nm for the current GLAS and upcoming CALIPSO satellite lidar missions employ/will employ a table look-up approach to select climatologically based S/sub a/ model values for these retrievals when alternate, less uncertain methods for either defining S/sub a/ (the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio, or aerosol lidar ratio) or providing the needed auxiliary information are unavailable. Reagan et al. (2004, 2005) addressed a revised table look-up approach that incorporated two notable revisions for improved S/sub a/ selection, which, as a consequence, enable more bounded aerosol retrievals. One is a refined, more bounded set of S/sub a/ values, both for 532 nm and 1064 nm, representative of a definitive set of aerosol types/models determined from an extensive analysis of the AERONET database. The other is an accompanying set of key spectral ratio parameters (i.e., dual wavelength, 532 nm to 1064 nm, ratios of backscatter, extinction and S/sub a/) also derived from the AERONET data which offer additional ways to bound the lidar aerosol retrievals. Thus, aerosol retrievals can be obtained subject to the constraints that the lidar data yield retrievals with spectral ratio parameters consistent with a given aerosol model (or models), to confirm the model choice and better bound the retrievals. This paper presents the simulation results made by assuming different models in support of the two-wavelength lidar constrained ratio aerosol model-fit (CRAM) retrieval approach. In addition, a performance function and multiple scattering corrections based on LITE signals are also investigated.
Electron Cooling Experiments at Fermilab

A 115 MeV proton beam has been successfully cooled in the Electron Cooling Ring at Fermilab. Initial experiments have measured the longitudinal drag force, transverse damping rate, and equilibrium beam size. The proton beam was cooled by a factor of ~50 in momentum spread in 5 sec, and by a factor of 3 in transverse size in 15 sec. Long term losses were consistent with single scattering from residual gas, with lifetime ~1000 sec. Using the measured electron beam temperature Te= 0.8(2) eV, the observed cooling agrees well with expectations from cooling theory.
Molecular simulation of CO2/N2 separation using vertically-aligned carbon nanotube membranes

Abstract The CO2/N2 permeation through carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane was studied using molecular simulations to explore its potential for flue gas separation. The theory of gas permeation was derived on the basis of the Maxwell–Stefan formulas. Adsorption isotherms calculated using grand-canonical Monte Carlo methods show a higher loading of pure CO2 than that of N2, while an approximately identical loading was found for CO2/N2 mixture with a feed pressure ratio of 1:9. The molecular snapshot indicates a concentrically layered structure inside the cylindrical channel of CNT. Results of molecular dynamics simulations show that the diffusion of N2 is a few times faster than that of CO2. For binary mixtures, the diffusion coefficients of CO2/N2 mixtures become identical at high concentrations due to the correlation effect that causes a slowing-down of the mobile species, and a speed-up of the other tardy component. The calculated N2 permeance agrees with the experimental measurement. The computed CO2 flux through CNT membranes is higher than N2 for single components, while they become nearly equal under flue gas conditions.
Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 °C and 55-60% humidity for 10 – 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 °C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 °C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 °C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans and Propionibacterium acnes postoperative endophthalmitis in a pseudophakic eye.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of persistent polymicrobial postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans and Propionibacterium acnes in a pseudophakic eye. A. xylosoxidans is a gram-negative bacteria resistant to most antibiotics. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 72-year-old man presented with clinical signs of endophthalmitis on the first postoperative day after a phacoemulsification procedure with posterior chamber intraocular lens, left eye. Initial treatment included topical, subconjunctival, and oral antibiotics. After initial clearing, there was recrudescence of infection on postoperative day 37 that prompted referral of the patient to the Cullen Eye Institute. Treatment at that time included anterior chamber and vitreous taps with intravitreal antibiotic injections. Complete pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular lens explantation were eventually required because of persistent infection with a resistant organism. Cultures from the first procedure grew A. xylosoxidans and P. acnes . Cultures from the vitrectomy grew only A. xylosoxidans . At the final follow-up visit 6 months after the initial procedure. The eye was without inflammation with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40. CONCLUSION: Both A. xylosoxidans and P. acnes can cause chronic progressive endophthalmitis after cataract extraction often resistant to corrective antibiotic therapy. Successful intervention may require complete vitrectomy with intraocular lens and capsule removal.
The Basmachi movement from within: An account of Zeki Velidi Togan*

J. V. Stalin, in his 1923 denunciation of Sultan Galiev, formerly Stalin's own assistant in Narkomnats, stated: I accused him (Sultan Galiev) of creating an organization of the Validov type … despite that, a week later, he sent … a secret letter … to establish contact with the Basmachi and with their leader Validov.
The λ-scheme

Abstract A scheme for integrating the Euler equations of compressible flow in any hyperbolic case is presented. The scheme relies on the concept of characteristics but is strictly a finite difference scheme. Improvements is accuracy and physical consistence due to the scheme are discussed and results of its application to complex flows are shown.
Cell-cell interactions in inflammation and cancer metastasis

This review presents current knowledge about the effects of fluid mechanical shearing stress on receptor-mediated cellular interactions relevant to the processes of inflammation and cancer metastasis, two of the most critical pathological disorders affecting humankind today. Specifically, the multistep sequential models describing leukocyte-endothelium/platelet and tumor cell-endothelium/platelet interactions are discussed, with an emphasis on the similarities and differences amongst these processes. Elucidation of the complex interplay among blood flow, cell adhesion, and vascular biology at the molecular level will have an impact in the search for cellular/tissue engineering based therapeutic interventions against inflammatory and metastastic disorders.
Optical Response of Semiconductors in Electric Fields: Excitonic Effects

The effects of a uniform electric field on the optical response functions of a semiconductor are calculated, by numerically solving the effective-mass equation for a Wannier exciton. The calculations assume an isotropic effective-mass model of direct transitions at a three-dimensional ${M}_{0}$ threshold. The relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function are discussed for the purposes of understanding the physics of electroreflection and developing rules of thumb for interpreting electroreflectivity spectra. The theory is compared with the electroreflectivity data at the direct edge of Ge taken by Handler, Jasperson, and Koeppen, and yields very good agreement. The value of the momentum matrix element extracted from the fit of theory to experiment is $0.35\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{a}_{0}}$, in excellent agreement with experimentally measured values.
In-situ cyclic deformation of Al single crystals in the HVEM and the concept of internal backstresses

Aluminum single crystals were cyclically deformed in single-slip at small strain amplitudes at 77 K to presaturation. In-situ cyclic deformation experiments were successfully performed on thin foils extracted from these (predeformed) by the X-Y technique, where thin foils are stressed in alternating perpendicular directions. Screw dislocations span the channel and easily move and reverse direction with shear reversal. Our experiments indicate that loops frequently expand from the dipole bundles into the channel and the edge component is absorbed by nearby bundles leaving screw segments behind. There is no obvious evidence for internal backstresses that assist plastic deformation on reversal of the applied shear.
Pacific Northwest 1952 power shortage

One of the longest and most widespread power shortages ever experienced in the United States occurred in the Pacific Northwest in 1952 due to the extended drought. The way this shortage was handled both by advance planning and later revisions as conditions changed are presented.
Distinct pro-vigilant profile induced in rats by the mGluR5 potentiator LSN2814617.

While treatment options are available, excessive daytimesleepiness(EDS)remainsasignificantunmetmedical need for many patients. Relatively little rodent behavioural pharmacology has been conducted in this context to assess potential pro-vigilant compounds for their ability to restore functional capacity following experimentally induced sleep loss. Male Wistar rats were prepared for electroencephalo- graphic (EEG) recording and subject to 11 h of sleep restric- tion using a biofeedback-induced cage rotation protocol. A simple response latency task (SRLT) was used to behaviourally index sleep restriction and the effects of pro- vigilant compounds: modafinil, D-amphetamine, caffeine, and the mGlu5-positive allosteric modulator LSN2814617. Sleep restriction resulted in a consistent, quantified loss of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep that im- paired SRLT performance in a manner suggestive of progres- sive task disengagement. In terms of EEG parameters, all compounds induced wakefulness. Amphetamine treatment further decreased SRLT performance capacity, whereas the other three compounds decreased omissions and allowed an- imals to re-engage in the task. Caffeine and modafinil also significantly increased premature responses during this peri- od, an effect not observed for LSN2814617. While all com- pounds caused compensatory sleep responses, the magnitude of compensation observed for LSN2814617 was much small- er than would be predicted to result from the prolongation of wakefulness exhibited. Using simple response latencies to in- dex performance, an mGlu5 PAM dramatically increased wakefulness and improved functional capacity of sleep- restricted animals, without eliciting a proportionate compen- satory sleep response. This effect was qualitatively distinct from that of amphetamine, caffeine and modafinil.
Digital testing theory and practice

Digital testing is an emerging interdisciplinary branch of engineering. A solid foundation in the field requires good knowledge of calculus and discrete mathematics, and an awareness of the practical considerations encountered in actual testing of the digital systems. The balance of theory and practice within a digital testing course taught by the author is examined, and it is shown to be a function of the level of the course. >
Eye-safe laser line striper for outside use

Collision warning or autonomous driving in cluttered environments like urban areas require short-range high-resolution sensors. Rangefinders using laser triangulation fulfil these requirements but they face the additional challenge of operating in bright sunlight while remaining eye-safe. The laser line striper introduced in this paper achieves all these requirements without the need of expensive components. The sensor can be built with a variety of field-of-views.
The Crystal Structure of the Bifunctional Primase-Helicase of Bacteriophage T7

Within minutes after infecting Escherichia coli, bacteriophage T7 synthesizes many copies of its genomic DNA. The lynchpin of the T7 replication system is a bifunctional primase-helicase that unwinds duplex DNA at the replication fork while initiating the synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. We have determined a 3.45 A crystal structure of the T7 primase-helicase that shows an articulated arrangement of the primase and helicase sites. The crystallized primase-helicase is a heptamer with a crown-like shape, reflecting an intimate packing of helicase domains into a ring that is topped with loosely arrayed primase domains. This heptameric isoform can accommodate double-stranded DNA in its central channel, which nicely explains its recently described DNA remodeling activity. The double-jointed structure of the primase-helicase permits a free range of motion for the primase and helicase domains that suggests how the continuous unwinding of DNA at the replication fork can be periodically coupled to Okazaki fragment synthesis.
The Status of Women in Corporate Governance in High-Growth, High-Potential Firms

Surveys of the largest U.S. corporations routinely demonstrate that the role of women in corporate governance is acutely limited. In this research we examine how high-growth entrepreneurial sectors of the economy compare to that standard. We posit that high demand labor markets, enhanced higher education of women, and dynamic industry and firm conditions could result in a greater participation of women executives in firms moving toward major corporate status through initial public offering. However, our study results show few significant differences between women’s participation in high-growth, highpotential firms versus the Fortune 500. Several of the findings directly contradict our hypotheses, with lower rates of women as board directors and a greater likelihood of the executive team being composed exclusively of men in high-growth, high-potential firms. Women are not present in the top leadership spots of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Board Chair in either sector, and within high-growth firms are significantly less likely to be found on the boards of venture capital backed companies. The implications of these findings for companies, for policy, and for women and men planning careers in business are discussed.
Symposium on Econometric Tools

In the Broadway play Copenhagen, Niels Bohr and Warner Heisenberg impose the self-enforced requirement that they discuss quantum physics in a way that Bohr’s wife, Margrethe, can understand. If Broadway actors can attempt to explain the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle to a lay audience, then surely econometricians and applied economists can explain recent developments in econometric tools to the diverse audience of economists that makes up the readership of this journal. As a starting point for offering a discussion of econometric tools to the broad audience of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, we recognized that ordinary least squares regression is the workhorse statistical method of economics, typically taught to every undergraduate economics major in a required econometrics or statistics course. The enduring popularity of ordinary least squares estimation is easy to understand. If the relationship between the dependent variable (sometimes called the outcome or response variable) and the explanatory variables (sometimes called the independent variables or regressors) is linear, and if the explanatory variables and the equation error are independent, then ordinary least squares using data from a random sample provides an unbiased estimate of the “true” regression line. 1 An unbiased estimator will not always yield the correct estimate—after all, no estimate is likely to be perfectly correct— but it will be correct on average.
Technical Writing in English Renaissance Shipwrightery: Breaching the Shoals of Orality.

Describing the emergence of the first shipbuilding texts, particularly those in English provides another chapter in the story of the emergence of English technical writing. Shipwrightery texts did not appear in English until the middle decades of the seventeenth century because shipwrightery was a closed discourse community which shared knowledge via oral transmission. The shift from orality to textuality in shipwrightery did not occur until advancing navigation principles enabled ships to sail in open waters. Shipping rapidly became a commercial business, and shipwrightery was forced to move from closely-guarded simple design principles to mathematically-based designs too complex to be retained only in memory of shipwrights and shared via oral transmission. Textual transmission began to supplant oral instruction. The evolution of English shipwrightery provides rich research opportunities for historians tracking the development of technical writing.
Escape of methane gas through sediment waves in a large methane hydrate province

Despite paleoceanographic evidence that large quantities of methane have escaped from marine gas hydrates into the oceans, the sites and mechanisms of methane release remain largely speculative. New seismic data from the Blake Ridge, a hydrate-bearing drift deposit in the western Atlantic, show clear evidence for methane release and suggest a new mechanism by which methane gas can escape, without thermal or mechanical disruption of the hydrate-bearing layer. Rapid, post–2.5 Ma formation of large sediment waves and associated seafloor erosion created permeable pathways connecting free gas to the seafloor, allowing methane gas expulsion. The amount of missing methane, 0.6 Gt, is equivalent to ∼12% of total present-day atmospheric methane. Our results imply that significant amounts of methane gas can bypass the hydrate stability zone and escape into the ocean. Mechanisms of tapping methane directly from the free-gas zone, such as widespread seafloor erosion, should be considered when seeking the causes of large negative carbon isotope excursions in the geological record.