cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the generation of surface waves by shear flows. Part 5

Laboratory and field measurements of the generation of gravity waves by turbulent winds imply that a theoretical model based on laminar flow may be adequate on a laboratory, but not an oceanographic, scale. This suggests that the significance of wave-induced perturbations in the turbulent Reynolds stresses for momentum transfer from wind to waves must increase with an appropriate scale parameter. A generalization of the laminar model is constructed by averaging the linearized equations of motion for a turbulent shear flow in a direction (say y) parallel to the wave crests of a particular Fourier component of the surface-wave field. It is shown that the resulting, mean momentum transfer to this component comprises: (i) a singular part, which is proportional to the product of the velocity-profile curvature and the mean square of the wave-induced vertical velocity in the critical layer, where the mean wind speed is equal to the wave speed; (ii) a vertical integral of the mean product of the vertical velocity and the vorticity ω, where ω is the wave-induced perturbation in the total vorticity along a streamline of the y-averaged motion; (iii) the perturbation in the mean turbulent shear stress at the air-water interface. The equation that governs the advection of the vorticity ω under the action of the perturbations in the turbulent Reynolds stresses is derived. Further theoretical progress appears to demand some ad hoc hypothesis for the specification of these turbulent Reynolds stresses. Two such hypotheses are discussed briefly, but it does not appear worth while, in the absence of more detailed experimental data, to carry out elaborate numerical calculations at this time.
Thermal diffusivity of garnets at high temperature

Thermal diffusivity (D) of garnets with diverse chemical compositions was measured using the laser-flash technique, which is accurate (±2%) and isolates the lattice component from direct radiative transfer. Temperatures ranged from ~290 to ~1,600 K (unless limited by melting). Seven synthetic (e.g., YAG, GGG) and 15 natural garnets with two types of ionic substitution [Ca3(Fe,Al)2Si3O12 and (Mg,Fe,Ca)3Al2Si3O12] and varying amounts of OH- were examined. Cation substitution or hydroxyl incorporation lowers D from end-member values. Thermal diffusivity is constant once the temperature (T) exceeds a critical value (T sat) of ~1,100 to 1,500 K. From ~290 K to T sat, the measurements are best represented by 1/D=A+BT+CT 2 where A, B, and C are constants. These constants vary little among diverse chemical compositions, suggesting that the oxygen sublattice controls heat transport. Higher order terms are needed only when T sat is low, such as Ant Hill garnet wherein 1/D=0.049403+0.0032299T−2.3992T 2×10−6+6.0168T 3×10−10(1/D in s/mm2; T in K). The mean free path (λ, computed from D and sound velocities) is slightly larger than the lattice parameter above T sat, in accord with phonon–phonon interactions requiring non-localized modes. At most temperatures, λ is nm-sized. Large values of λ are obtained by extrapolation to a few Kelvins, suggesting that boundary scattering can only be important at extremely cold temperatures. The observed behavior with T and chemical composition is consistent with the damped harmonic oscillator model. Phonon transport is best represented by inverse thermal diffusivity wherein 1/D goes as T n where n is between 1 and 3 up to ~200 K, depends on a quadratic or cubic polynomial at moderate T, but is constant above T sat. The predicted and observed temperature response of 1/D mimics the well-known form for heat capacity, in that acoustic modes control heat transport near cryogenic temperatures, optic phonons dominate above ambient temperature, and a limit analogous to that of Dulong and Petit is reached at very high temperature, due to full population of discrete phonon states.
MnO2 Thin Film Electrodes for Enhanced Reliability of Thin Glass Capacitors

Many dielectric thin films for energy storage capacitors fail by thermal breakdown events under high-field drive conditions. The lifetime of the device can be improved under conditions where the current path within the defect regions in dielectrics is eliminated. Self-healing electrodes were developed by depositing a manganese dioxide (MnO2) thin film between the glass substrate and an aluminum film. For this purpose, thin films of MnO2 on boroaluminosilicate glass were fabricated via chemical solution deposition and heat-treated at temperatures in the range 500°C–900°C. The α-MnO2 structure was stabilized by Ba2+ insertion to form the hollandite structure. The phase transition temperature of α-MnO2 to Mn2O3 is strongly dependent on the Ba concentration, with transition temperatures of 600°C and 675°C with Ba concentrations of [Ba]/[Mn] = 0.04 and 0.1, respectively. The electrical resistivity increased from 4.5 Ω·cm for MnO2 to 105 Ω·cm for Mn2O3. Both dielectric breakdown strength and the associated cleared aluminum electrode area increased with an MnO2 interlayer between Al electrodes and the borosilicate glass. The enhancement in dielectric strength was related with self-healing. The associated redox reaction between MnO2 and Mn2O3 was also proved by RAMAN spectroscopy following dielectric breakdown.
Alternative interpretations of the mole and the ideal gas equation

The fundamental concept of the mole stems from the idea of the gram-atom (or gram-molecule): that an amount of one mole of a given substance has an associated mass, in grams, numerically exactly equal to the relative atomic (or molecular) mass of the substance. This means that the particular number of entities comprising one mole, Avogadro’s number, must be exactly equal to the gram-to-dalton mass ratio. Various interpretations of what a mole actually means and how this affects the ideal gas equation depend on how the amount of a given substance, n, is related to the corresponding number of entities, N. We look at three alternatives: (1) the conventional interpretation in which n is directly proportional to N, where the proportionality factor is the reciprocal of the (evidently poorly understood) Avogadro constant; (2) a more easily comprehended alternative in which n is equal to N entities; and (3) an interpretation in which n and N both represent the number of entities, but expressed in different ways. Regardless of these different interpretations, the form of the stoichiometric equations (relating N, n and the total sample mass) and the form of the relationship between the universal gas constant and the Boltzmann constant remain the same.
ETS transcription factors and regulation of immunity

The ETS family is a diverse group of transcription factors that control the expressions of genes that participate in an array of cellular activities, ranging from mitosis to apoptosis. As a consequence of regulating these processes, most ETS factors are oncogenic. However, there is growing evidence that ETS factors are also essential to regulation of the immune system. Of the 29 recognized ETS factors, nine are known to regulate genes involved in immunity, including Ets1, Ets2, GABP, Fli1, Elf1, MEF, ESE1, PU.1, and SpiB. These ETS factors typically activate the transcription of genes associated with pathogen and tumor defense, but several also demonstrate ability to repress transcription. Ets1 and PU.1 appear to have the greatest impact on immunity, primarily through their control of immune cell development. Alterations of Fli1 and Elf1 expression are associated with autoimmunity, emphasizing the role of ETS factors as not only positive, but also negative regulators of immunity. This review summarizes the roles of ETS factors in development of the immune system, defense against pathogens and malignancies, and self-tolerance.
A Meta-Analysis of Studies on the Determinants of Standardization and Localization of International Marketing and Advertising Strategies

Abstract We performed a systematic quantitative meta-analysis of international marketing/advertising research with regard to standardization versus localization or similar versus dissimilar marketing approach across national markets. The analysis used nine estimated moderators from 1268 statistical models in 152 studies published in 10 major marketing, advertising, and international business journals during the period 1960-2004. The study was framed in an extended conceptual model which utilized 10 advertising and marketing moderators. The study findings provided support for standardization approaches with regard to marketing mix (e.g., product, price distribution, promotion) and organization factors. There was slight or little support for localization approaches with target market, market position, environmental factors, and information ad appeals. The conceptual advertising moderators, which include sender (agency/company), affective ad appeals and ad executions, and receiver (attitudes toward advertisi...
Xenon from the Angra dos Reis meteorite

Abstract Xenon released in stepwise heating of the Angra dos Reis stone is found to be largely cosmogenic (from cosmic ray spallation reactions) and fissiogenic (presumably from the spontaneous fission of 82 million year Pu 244 ). This meteorite contains the largest proportion of these two components observed to date with some temperature fractions containing nearly pure spallation and fission-produced xenon. Unlike spallation xenon observed in the eucrites which results chiefly from barium, Angra dos Reis xenon appears to have significant contributions from spallation reactions on rare earth targets. A previous report that Angra dos Reis contains fission xenon of a new type is not substantiated.
Microhemodynamic aberrations created by transfusion of stored blood

Background Human red blood cells (RBCs) can be stored for up to 42 days under controlled conditions. Physical and chemical changes occur during RBC storage, altering their function. This study links stored cell mechanical changes with hemodynamic functional alterations upon transfusion. Study Design and Methods Mechanical properties of fresh and stored RBCs were evaluated in vitro. Their transfusion effects were evaluated in vivo using intravital microscopy of the rat's cremaster muscle preparation. Rats were hemodiluted to 30% hematocrit, to mimic an anemic state before transfusion, and then exchange-transfused with fresh or stored cells. Results In vitro studies on rheology and oxygen affinity of stored cells confirmed previously published results. Storage was found to modify static and dynamic RBC mechanic behavior. After transfusion, systemic hemodynamics were similar for fresh and stored cells; however, microvascular hemodynamics were drastically affected by stored cells. Stored cells reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery. Additionally, the presence of stored cells in circulation affected cell-to-cell and cell-to-wall interactions and affected cell hydrodynamics. Stored cells disrupted the RBC cell-free layer and wall shear stress signals. Conclusion The reduced cell deformability due to RBC “storage lesions” caused pathologic changes in microvascular hemodynamics, endothelial cell mechanotransduction, and RBC dynamics. Thus, the mechanical changes of blood-banked cells can limit transfusion ability to achieve its intended goal.
Improving performance of cluster-based secure application servers with user-level communication

In this paper, we have investigated the performance implications of SSL protocol for providing secure service in a cluster-based application server, and have proposed a backend forwarding scheme for improving server performance through better load balance. The proposed SSL/spl I.bar/with/spl I.bar/bf scheme exploits the underlying user-level communication minimizing the intra-cluster communication overhead. All results in this paper indicate that the proposed backend forwarding scheme is a viable mechanism for improving the performance of application servers in cluster-based data centers.
Laser-induced isotopic selectivity in the resonance ionization of Os

Isotope selective effects in resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) pose a potentially serious limitation to the application of this technique to the precise and reproducible measurement of isotope ratios. In order to identify some of the underlying causes of isotope selectivity in RIMS and to establish procedures for minimizing these effects, we investigated laser-induced isotope selectivity in the resonance ionization of Os. A single-color, one-photon resonant ionization scheme was used for several different transitions to produce Os photoions from a thermal atomization source. Variations in Os isotope ratios were studied as a function of laser parameters such as wavelength, bandwidth, power and polarization state. Isotope selectivity is strongly dependent on laser power and wavelength, even when the bandwidth of the laser radiation is much larger than the optical isotope shift. Variations in the ^(190)Os/^(188)Os ratio of ≈20% for a detuning of 0.8 cm^(−1) were observed on a transition with a small oscillator strength. Large even—odd isotope selectivity with a 13% depletion of ^(189)Os was observed on a ΔJ = +1 transition at low laser intensity; the odd mass Os isotopes are systematically depleted. For ΔJ = −1 and 0 transitions the isotope selectivity was reduced by polarization scrambling and for strongly saturating conditions. A technique employing the wavelength dependence of even—even isotope selectivity as an internal wavelength standard was developed to permit accurate and reproducible wavelength adjustment of the laser radiation. This technique provides control over laser-induced isotope selectivity for single-color ionization and enabled us to obtain reproducible measurements of ^(192)Os/^(188)Os and ^(189)Os/^(190)Os ratios in the saturation regime for a ΔJ = +1 transition with a precision of better than 0.5%. The application of this wavelength-tuning procedure should significantly improve the quality of RIMS isotope ratio data for many elements.
Mobile robot navigation using neural networks and nonmetrical environmental models

A reasoning and control architecture for vision-guided navigation that makes a robot more humanlike is presented. This system, called NEURO-NAV, discards the more traditional geometrical representation of the environment, and instead uses a semantically richer nonmetrical representation in which a hallway is modeled by the order of appearance of various landmarks and by adjacency relationships. With such a representation, it becomes possible for the robot to respond to commands such as, 'follow the corridor and turn right at the second T junction'. This capability is achieved by an ensemble of neural networks whose activation and deactivation are controlled by a rule-based supervisory controller. The individual neural networks in the ensemble are trained to interpret visual information and perform primitive navigational tasks such as hallway following and landmark detection. >
Comparative Study of the Susceptibilities of Major Epidemic Clones of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Oxacillin and to the New Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin Ceftobiprole

Multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus continue to increase in frequency worldwide, both in hospitals and in the community, raising serious problems for the chemotherapy of staphylococcal disease. Ceftobiprole (BPR; BAL9141), the active constituent of the prodrug ceftobiprole medocaril (BAL5788), is a new cephalosporin which was already shown to have powerful activity against a number of bacterial pathogens, including S. aureus. In an effort to test possible limits to the antibacterial spectrum and efficacy of BPR, we examined the susceptibilities of the relatively few pandemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones that are responsible for the great majority of cases of staphylococcal disease worldwide. We also included in the tests the highly oxacillin-resistant subpopulations that are present with low frequencies in the cultures of these clones. Such subpopulations may represent a natural reservoir from which MRSA strains with decreased susceptibility to BPR may emerge in the future. We also tested the efficacy of BPR against MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and against MRSA strains carrying the enterococcal vancomycin resistance gene complex. BPR was shown to be uniformly effective against all these resistant MRSA strains, and the mechanism of superb antimicrobial activity correlated with the strikingly increased affinity of the cephalosporin against penicillin-binding protein 2A, the protein product of the antibiotic resistance determinant mecA.
Regulatory issues for phage‐based clinical products

Phage-based therapeutic products are members of a growing and diverse group of products categorised as 'biologics', 'biologicals' or 'biotechnological products'. They are regulated in much the same way as conventional drugs although in America they have their own division at FDA, the Centre for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 'CBER' (as opposed to 'CDER', the corresponding drugs division). The distinction is important because there are significant differences between the two divisions in the amount of toxicological characterisation, clinical testing and manufacturing data that must be submitted for approval. Also, there are important differences in the extent to which multiparty manufacturing arrangements are permitted. There are a number of regulatory issues surrounding phage-based clinical products that, if addressed early during product development, will not become blocks to progress later on. The regulatory issues arise in part because of the unique nature of phage-based clinical products and in part because of their intended clinical use.
Crosstalk Noise Variation Assessment and Analysis for the Worst Process Corner

As the relative levels of coupling capacitance in smaller process geometries and of process variations caused due to lithography, CMP, and Etch process increases, process variation aware coupled noise analysis is becoming more important especially at under 45 nm design and below. We propose a method to simulate crosstalk noise for the worst process corner cases. Our method considers a spatial correlation for transistor length variations because the difference of the driver strength between victim and aggressor is the main source of the variation. Both lithography and CMP variation are first considered separately and combined to show crosstalk noise change for interconnect variations. We compare results for various process variation models using a crosstalk test structure. In these simulation studies, crosstalk noise without variation consideration underestimates by up to 17% the noise of the proposed worst corner model.
Novel Pathways Revealed in Bursa of Fabricius Transcriptome in Response to Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) Infection

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) has major negative impacts on human and animal health. Recent research suggests food-borne links between human and animal ExPEC diseases with particular concern for poultry contaminated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), the avian ExPEC. APEC is also a very important animal pathogen, causing colibacillosis, one of the world’s most widespread bacterial diseases of poultry. Previous studies showed marked atrophy and lymphocytes depletion in the bursa during APEC infection. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of the avian bursa response to APEC infection will facilitate genetic selection for disease resistance. Four-week-old commercial male broiler chickens were infected with APEC O1 or given saline as a control. Bursas were collected at 1 and 5 days post-infection (dpi). Based on lesion scores of liver, pericardium and air sacs, infected birds were classified as having mild or severe pathology, representing resistant and susceptible phenotypes, respectively. Twenty-two individual bursa RNA libraries were sequenced, each yielding an average of 27 million single-end, 100-bp reads. There were 2469 novel genes in the total of 16,603 detected. Large numbers of significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes were detected when comparing susceptible and resistant birds at 5 dpi, susceptible and non-infected birds at 5 dpi, and susceptible birds at 5 dpi and 1 dpi. The DE genes were associated with signal transduction, the immune response, cell growth and cell death pathways. These data provide considerable insight into potential mechanisms of resistance to ExPEC infection, thus paving the way to develop strategies for ExPEC prevention and treatment, as well as enhancing innate resistance by genetic selection in animals.
Ovulation in the Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius latifrons)

Forty descented, female western spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius latifrons) were physically and visually isolated from males. Reproductive tracts were collected in September through April, serially sectioned and examined for the presence of corpora lutea (CL) vera, corpora lutea atretica, corpora albicantia, Craafian follicles, and ova in the oviduct or uterus. Vaginal condition was diagnosed and compared with ovarian condition. Of the females, 52% had ova in the oviduct or uterus and/or CL vera in their ovaries. Sixteen of the 19 remaining skunks were categorized as either (1) nearing ovulation, (2) exhibiting reasonable evidence that ovulation had occurred in isolation, or (3) sampled during months when receptivity would not be expected. The remaining three animals were anestrus and had not ovulated. An additional three skunks failed to ovulate in response to artificial stimulation of the cervix or physical exposure to a male. It was concluded that S. p. latifrons is a polyestrus, spontaneous ovulator, with estrous cycles occurring in September through January.
Research Fraud: A Sui Generis Problem Demands a Sui Generis Solution (Plus a Little Due Process)

This article examines the highly-publicized case of research fraud perpretrated by Dr. Werner Bezwoda as a case study for analyzing research fraud, and the various mechanisms available to remedy the problem. I argue that these mechanisms were never designed to combat research fraud, because research fraud, unlike many other kinds of health care fraud, is often undermotivated, if motivated at all, by the specter of pecuniary gain. However, the mechanism that was designed to counter research fraud, embodied in the Office of Research Integrity, is deeply flawed in terms of both process and result. Finally, I suggest some ways of improving the available mechanisms, and sketch some possible directions for future action.
The Knowledge-as-Object Metaphor: A Case of Semantic Pathology

It is argued that a "knowledge-as-object" metaphor is predominant within knowledge management discourse and that this metaphor underlies our conceptualization of knowledge in both an external sense and an internal sense. This dual application of the word "knowledge" within the common context of knowledge management represents a semantic pathology, a condition which leads to confused thinking and dysfunctional problem solving. The pathology has had profound effects on our understanding of knowledge management problems and the nature of the solutions that are offered. A more balanced and unbiased approach will require that both researchers and practitioners exhibit a greater awareness of the knowledge-as-object metaphor and that they fully appreciate the pervasiveness and power of the associated semantic pathology.
News Media Conditioning Presidential Responsiveness to the Public

Regarding presidential responsiveness and leadership, this study addresses the question: Do the news media affect presidential leadership of and responsiveness to the public? This study argues that the news media intervene in the relationship between the president and the public. The public receives most of their political information including presidential messages from the news media. Also, presidents recognize public policy sentiments from news stories and understand the influence of the news media on the public. Hence, the manner in which the news media deal with social issues can affect presidential issue stances and public issue sentiments. Regarding presidential leadership, this study argues that presidents are more likely to move public opinion when the news media report consonant news stories with presidential issue stances. Similarly, presidents are more likely to respond to the public when news stories are harmonious with public opinion changes. To examine these arguments, this study analyzes the three actors' issue stances from 1958 to 2004 in the United States. The conditional effects of the news media on presidential leadership of and responsiveness to the public are estimated by utilizing interaction models. The regression results in this study show that presidential responsiveness to the public is likely to be observed when news stories are congruent with past public opinion changes.
Medical Legal Aspects of Multidetector CT

What are the medical-legal ramifications of multidetector CT? This chapter seeks to review the basis of medical-legal responsibility when advocating and implementing multidetector CT in the diagnosis of thoracic lesions. An example drawn from personal experience will be presented as a framework for analysis. This case exemplifies some legal issues that can embroil the practice of radiology. Medical malpractice litigation dominates the medical-legal ramifications of diagnostic imaging. Typically, radiologists are concerned about being sued for a failure to diagnose something that is subsequently demonstrated to have been present on the image, but it was either not observed or not correctly interpreted by the person who reported the film. In any diagnostic procedure, though mostly discussed in conjunction with “screening” procedures, a false-positive result can potentially injure the patient as much as a false-negative result. But also the diagnostic procedure itself may harm the patient, e.g., through an adverse reaction to contrast agent or through potentially carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation. A different legal aspect may be encountered in cases of imaging for forensic rather than medical purposes, a field in which the application of ionizing radiation needs to be justified by other than medical reasons. Prominent examples of forensic indications are abdominal imaging in suspected drug couriers (body packers) or hand and wrist imaging in forensic age estimation; the thoracic region is only peripherally concerned, e.g., in age estimation by CT of the sternoclavicular joints. Last but not the least, postmortem MDCT for determining the cause of death in a deceased is becoming more widely used with completely different medical-legal implications.
Drug use among a misdemeanant population * Exploration of a legal syllogism of the "drug war"

Over the past two decades, researchers studying drugs and crime have employed a variety of methods to produce findings in support of the drug-crime connection including criminal justice records, self-report surveys, and the evaluation of physical evidence through urinalysis. Using these techniques, they have been able, to demonstrate linkages between hard drugs and criminal behavior,1 make estimates of the prevalence of drug use among criminal populations, 2 specify drug trends in the general population and make forecasts of drug epidemics. 3 The purpose of this paper is not to review the extensive research on drugs and crime. It suffices to point out that although research on drug use, crime, and criminal justice has covered most of the spectrum of criminality, much of the concern, and a majority of the research and scholarship has focused on the connection between drugs and serious crime. Less attention has been given to the connection between drug use and what are frequently thought to be more minor criminal offenses. This paper attempts to expand our knowledge of drug use among populations involved in law breaking by examining some drug use indicators in a sample of felony and misdemeanor arrestees in one city, Omaha, Nebraska (pop. 339,671). In particular we will make comparisons on selected drug-use indicators for various misdemeanant subpopulations such as those arrested for DUI with those arrested for other offenses. Comparisons will also address felony populations in order to determine the extent to which they differ from misdemeanor populations. The aim is to see if drug use indicators vary between levels of seriousness.
RECURRENT CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA TREATED WITH CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS.

Purpose To describe a rare case of recurring central serous chorioretinopathy associated with retinitis pigmentosa successfully treated with oral acetazolamide. Methods A 17-year-old male with retinitis pigmentosa who developed four separate episodes of central serous chorioretinopathy over a 12-month period. Results After the patient's fourth recurrence, he was treated with daily oral acetazolamide, which resulted in resolution of submacular fluid. He has had no subsequent recurrences while being maintained on alternating and then biweekly doses of oral acetazolamide. Conclusion Recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy associated with retinitis pigmentosa is a rare occurrence. The presented case demonstrates that oral acetazolamide successfully treated and may have delayed recurrent episodes of central serous chorioretinopathy in the patient with retinitis pigmentosa.
Sex work: constructing ‘families’ with community of practice theory

This article examines the construction and maintenance of fictive kinships within a street-level sex work community. The analysis is supported by interviews of 14 street-level sex workers regarding everyday language use within their community. Utilizing community of practice theory to demonstrate how peripheral participants of the sex work community are socialized to understand and participate in fictive kinships, a primary finding is that language use within this community operates as a discursive framework which creates a metaphorical family where kin terms are used as an identity-making strategy. The implications of this research suggest that familial structures impact sex workers' sense of agency in relation to other members of the community. Finally, this article discusses the implications for understanding the discourse of a street-level sex worker community in the context of relationship formation and maintenance.
The Convergence of Fourier Series

(1934). The Convergence of Fourier Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 67-84.
Antithrombotic Drugs (Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics)

Abstract Thromboembolic disorders are one of the major disorders that causes morbidities and mortalities worldwide. (More than 1 million deaths occur each year in the United States alone.) Blood clots that form in the circulatory system often break off and travel to other areas of the system, causing major organ damage or death. Heart attacks and strokes usually are caused by these “emboli.” Pathologic clotting or bleeding usually is the result of disbalance of hemostasis, which is a complex series of physiologic processes based on interactions among the blood vessels and supporting tissues, endothelial cells, platelets, fibrinolytic system, plasma coagulation proteins, and protease inhibitors that maintain the fluidity of the blood, stop bleeding when injury to a vessel occurs, and confine blood to the vascular spaces. Thrombosis is the process of formation of thrombus in the circulation from constituents of flowing blood. At the same time hemostatic plugs are the blood clots formed in healthy individuals at the site of bleeding that stop the escape of blood and plasma, whereas thrombi developing in the unruptured blood vessels may be harmful. Three primary events predispose to thrombus formation: alterations in or injury to the vascular endothelium, activation of the coagulation system, and/or reduction in flow (Virchow’s triad). As such, antithrombotic drugs in general are divided into three types as follows: anticoagulant drugs whose primary target of action are enzymes; antiplatelet drugs, which act on platelet receptors; and fibrinolytic drugs, which act on fibrinogen. The anticoagulant drugs enoxaparin (Lovenox) and fondaparinux (Arixtra) are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
Toward a normative approach for forensicability

Sociotechnical systems (STSs), where users interact with software components, support automated logging, i.e., what a user has performed in the system. However, most systems do not implement automated processes for inspecting the logs when a misuse happens. Deciding what needs to be logged is crucial as excessive amounts of logs might be overwhelming for human analysts to inspect. The goal of this research is to aid software practitioners to implement automated forensic logging by providing a systematic method of using attackers' malicious intentions to decide what needs to be logged. We propose Lokma: a normative framework to construct logging rules for forensic knowledge. We describe the general forensic process of Lokma, and discuss related directions.
Easy Multiple-Precision Divisors and Word-RAM Constants

For integers \(b\ge 2\) and \(w\ge 1\), define the (b, w) cover size of an integer A as the smallest nonnegative integer k such that A can be written in the form \(A=\sum _{i=1}^k(-1)^{\sigma _i}b^{\ell _i}d_i\), where \(\sigma _i\), \(\ell _i\) and \(d_i\) are nonnegative integers and \(0\le d_i<b^w\), for \(i=1,\ldots ,k\). We study the efficient execution of arithmetic operations on (multiple-precision) integers of small (b, w) cover size on a word RAM with words of w b-ary digits and constant-time multiplication and division. In particular, it is shown that if A is an n-digit integer and B is a nonzero m-digit integer of (b, w) cover size k, then \(\lfloor A/B\rfloor \) can be computed in \(O(1+{{(k n+m)}/w})\) time. Our results facilitate a unified description of word-RAM algorithms operating on integers that may occupy a fraction of a word or several words.
Metastatic renal cell cancer and radical nephrectomy: identification of prognostic factors and patient survival.

AbstractBetween January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1980 (followup 2 years or more) 158 patients with histologically proved metastatic renal cell cancer and no prior therapy were seen. Statistical analyses identified variables that significantly influenced survival, including grade of the primary lesion (p equals 0.002), weight loss of more than 10 per cent (p less than 0.0001) and multiple versus single metastases (p equals 0.0001). Cell type, soft tissue versus bone metastasis, age, sex, site and size of primary lesion, and delay in the diagnosis did not influence survival significantly. Adjuvant nephrectomy markedly influenced survival only in patients with solitary metastasis, low grade primary tumor and weight loss of less than 10 per cent (p equals 0.06). Based on this analysis a score system was constructed to help predict survival and the impact of new forms of therapy in the future.
How the Integration of Pathology in the Gross Anatomy Laboratory Affects Medical Students.

ABSTRACTProblem: The main objective of this project was to integrate pathologists into the gross anatomy laboratory setting to increase the exposure that early medical students receive to pathologists as clinicians. Intervention: Pathologists visited the gross anatomy laboratory 3 times throughout the 15-week course to assist medical students in determining the cause of death of the cadaver being dissected. Context: This intervention was implemented with 1st-semester medical students for 2 consecutive years (a total of 100 dissection teams consisting of 4 students in each team). Outcome: A quantitative content analysis was performed on the students' end of the course assignments to determine whether the students learned a greater percentage of pathologic information by having interactions with pathologists in the gross lab and to identify trends in the way medical students diagnosed their “first patient” (i.e., the cadaver). The students who had interactions with pathologists in the laboratory had signifi...
Next generation virtual network architecture for multi-tenant distributed clouds: challenges and emerging techniques

Providing services for multiple tenants within a single or federated distributed cloud environment requires a variety of special considerations related to network design, provisioning, and operations. Especially important are multiple topics concerning the implementation of multiple parallel programmable virtual networks for large numbers of tenants, who require autonomous management, control, and data planes. This paper provides an overview of some of the challenges that arise from developing and implementing parallel programmable virtual networks, describes experiences with several experimental techniques for addressing those challenges based on large scale distributed testbeds, and presents the results of the experiments that were conducted. Distributed environments used include a distributed cloud testbed, the Chameleon Cloud, sponsored by the National Science Foundation's NSFCloud program, the NSF's Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI), an international distributed OpenFlow testbed, and the Open Science Data Cloud.
Brain-Mimetic Microenvironments for Culture of Primary Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells

Gliobastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive cancer that is minimally responsive to current treatments. Pharmacological epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors have shown promise as a clinical treatment; however, tumors consistently acquire resistance with continued treatment. GBM tumor stiffness increases more than 20-fold compared to healthy brain. Meanwhile, increased matrix stiffness has been shown to promote GBM proliferation and invasion through focal adhesion kinase (FAK)- and integrin-mediated pathways. Substantial biochemical changes also occur in GBM. In particular, the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA) and its receptors are highly upregulated and are hypothesized to be key mediators of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibition. Unlike the extracellular matrix (ECM) of peripheral tissues, the brain ECM contains few fibrous proteins and high amounts of HA. In addition to HA, increased deposition of other ECM components, including tenascin-C, directly correlates with poor prognosis. However, the influence of the ECM and the mechanisms dictating this influence remain largely uncharacterized, in part because of a lack of physiological translatable experimental models in which to study GBM. To address this need, we have developed three-dimensional microenvironments as ex-vivo culture systems that mimic the native brain microenvironment, maintain the physiology of patient-derived GBM cells, and provide researchers with a controlled experimental space in which to study the role of ECM in GBM. To our surprise, our results indicate that increasing hydrogel stiffness to approximate native GBM does not affect cell proliferation or resistance to EGFR inhibitors in GBM cells isolated from multiple individual patients. In contrast, GBM cells encapsulated in softer hydrogels, approximating the stiffness of normal brain, showed increased proliferation and gained complete EGFR inhibitor resistance. Cell-ECM interactions and the subsequent intracellular response governing drug resistance will be investigated to see how mechanical and biochemical parameters affect treatment failure.
Rethinking the ‘New Regionalism’ in the Context of Globalization

Following its decline in theory and practice in the 1970s, regionalism both revived and changed dramatically in the 1980s, and has gained strength in the 1990s. Regionalism today is emerging as a potent force in the global restructuring of power and production.
Conservative Management and Planned Surgery for Periviable Advanced Extrauterine Abdominal Pregnancy with Favorable Outcome: Report of Two Cases

Advanced abdominal pregnancy is an extremely rare condition that poses diagnostic and management challenges. A high index of suspicion and careful assessment of the patient's symptoms, supplemented with obstetric ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, are crucial for timely diagnosis and management to prevent life-threatening complications. The presence of periviable fetuses in advanced abdominal pregnancies increases the challenge to achieve a balance between maternal and fetal benefits and risks. Early diagnosis and management decisions via a multidisciplinary approach and planned delivery are of paramount importance to minimize complications and achieve favorable maternal and fetal outcomes. Even in the setting of oligohydramnios and suspected preterm premature rupture of membranes, in-patient conservative management and an individualized planned surgical approach that includes removing or leaving the placenta in place are appropriate for managing the periviable abdominal pregnancy.
Engineering Management Lessons on NCSX

The National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) is under construction at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The stellarator is a complex, 3-D assembly that has been designed by a team of engineers from the partner institutions, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and PPPL. The complex, 3-D nature of the stellarator design and the multi-institutional, geographically dispersed nature of the team have created special management challenges. Management systems were implemented to address these challenges. The lessons learned from our experience on NCSX thus far are discussed
Multiple functions and signal concordance of the pyow loud call of blue monkeys

Signals that occur in multiple contexts and evoke varied responses from receivers underscore the challenges of assessing a signal’s function (adaptive benefit to signaler) or relationships between receivers’ responses and their own fitness. Our study investigated the “pyow” loud call of male blue monkeys in a wild population in western Kenya. Using natural observation and playback experiments, we characterized pyow function based on behavioral responses by adult male and female receivers, and contextual, seasonal, and demographic variation in call usage. To identify associations between call features and traits of callers (signal concordance), we examined pyows’ usage patterns and acoustic structure in relation to attributes of callers. Pyows occurred in association with numerous stimuli and contexts, including predators, other males, intergroup aggression, and often “spontaneously,” and were more frequent in the mating season. Receivers consistently oriented toward calls and increased scanning, but other responses differed by sex—females moved toward and spent more time near the caller and groupmates, whereas males retreated. Pyows exhibited concordance with identity and social status, but were not associated with callers’ attention to any particular external entity. Results indicate pyows achieve multiple functions, including mate defense, group cohesion, and mate attraction. The call’s functional versatility appears best explained by its ability to draw attention and that receivers’ subsequent behavior is consistent with their own fitness priorities relevant to the caller’s identity, status, and context of calling. To understand how selection favors a signal, it is important to acknowledge all the ways the signal is used, responses by multiple receivers, and that a signal’s fitness relevance might be different for different receivers. Our investigation of blue monkey pyows used natural observations and experiments to characterize variation in how males use the call and responses by male and female receivers. We also identified relationships between pyow features and attributes of callers—proposing the term “signal concordance”—as an objective basis for exploring receivers’ responses in relation to their own fitness. Our results demonstrate that pyows achieve multiple functions by evoking varying responses from receivers. We suggest that variation in responses relates to the pyow’s multiple concordance elements. Our study demonstrates how “generalist” signals can achieve specific outcomes and highlights the additive influence of multiple selection factors.
Antiperistasis in Marvell’s “Horatian Ode”

In Andrew Marvell’s famed poem “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland,” written to commemorate the Parliamentary army’s triumphant return in June 1650, the images of lightning and cos...
Surface engineering of macrophages with nanoparticles to generate a cell–nanoparticle hybrid vehicle for hypoxia-targeted drug delivery

Tumors frequently contain hypoxic regions that result from a shortage of oxygen due to poorly organized tumor vasculature. Cancer cells in these areas are resistant to radiation- and chemotherapy, limiting the treatment efficacy. Macrophages have inherent hypoxia-targeting ability and hold great advantages for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics to cancer cells in hypoxic areas. However, most anticancer drugs cannot be directly loaded into macrophages because of their toxicity. In this work, we designed a novel drug delivery vehicle by hybridizing macrophages with nanoparticles through cell surface modification. Nanoparticles immobilized on the cell surface provide numerous new sites for anticancer drug loading, hence potentially minimizing the toxic effect of anticancer drugs on the viability and hypoxia-targeting ability of the macrophage vehicles. In particular, quantum dots and 5-(aminoacetamido) fluorescein-labeled polyamidoamine dendrimer G4.5, both of which were coated with aminederivatized polyethylene glycol, were immobilized to the sodium periodate-treated surface of RAW264.7 macrophages through a transient Schiff base linkage. Further, a reducing agent, sodium cyanoborohydride, was applied to reduce Schiff bases to stable secondary amine linkages. The distribution of nanoparticles on the cell surface was confirmed by fluorescence imaging, and it was found to be dependent on the stability of the linkages coupling nanoparticles to the cell surface.
The Books of the Justices (Foreword)

For this Michigan Law Review issue devoted to recently published books about law, I thought it would be interesting to see what books made an appearance in the past year’s work of the Supreme Court. I catalogued every citation to every book in those forty opinions in order to see what patterns emerged: what books the justices cited, which justices cited which books, and what use they made of the citations. Justices cite books. Collectively, they cite many books: 132 separate volumes during October Term (OT) 2015, with 41 of the Term’s 62 signed, published opinions12 containing citations to books. In this Foreword, I count and categorize the Justices’ book citations, emerging from this exercise with a view toward fashions, preferences, and the art of the dueling citations – perhaps the best and highest use of a citation to a book in a Supreme Court opinion.
Septree Representations Of Moving Objects Using Hexagonal Cylindrical Decomposition

This paper describes decomposition of an object into upright hexagonal cylinders to represent the space occupied by the object. The representation results in a 7-order tree data structure, called septree. A hierarchical addressing system, the Generalized Balanced Ternary (GBT), is employed as an addressing mechanism for the cylinders. The objective of this paper is to present efficient computational algorithms for manipulating the tree representation as the object undergoes translation and limited rotation through space.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.