cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual-Motor Skill Learning1

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the importance of research on spatial-temporal patterns of behavior, including patterns lasting for only a second or less, and the importance of stimulus coherence as the objective characteristic of tasks and sequences that are of widest importance and of most theoretical interest. One useful way to view the higher level processes in a complex skill is by analogy with the executive routines written into computer programs. The corresponding view of lower level processes is by analogy to the loops and subroutines of such programs. The chapter presents the theoretical view of skilled performance that minimizes the role of motor behavior per se, and thus, removes the principal basis for the commonly made distinction between the verbal and motor processes. Instead, it places major emphasis on the intrinsic coherence of stimulus and response sequences and the cognitive or higher-level processes that govern behavior sequence, and suggests that important aspects of response sequences include such factors as timing, the interrelations of speed, accuracy, and uncertainty, and the limitations imposed by capacities for discrimination and memory.
Military Health Issues

This article provides an overview of occupational and environmental health issues of significance for military service personnel. The article addresses health hazard issues surrounding military service during peacetime or garrison (at home) duty, and health hazard issues pertaining to mobilization and deployment. It also covers issues concerning longer-term health issues. Examples are drawn primarily from U.S. military experiences, however, a number of the issues and experiences are common within military communities worldwide.
Making the Modern American Fiscal State: Law, Politics, and the Rise of Progressive Taxation, 1877–1929

List of tables, charts, and illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Part I. The Old Fiscal Order: 1. The growing social antagonism: partisan taxation and the early resistance to fiscal reform 2. The gradual demise: modern forces, new concepts, and economic crisis Part II. The Rise of the Modern Fiscal State: 3. The response to Pollock: navigating an intellectual middle ground 4. The factories of fiscal innovation: institutional reform at the state and local level 5. Corporate capitalism and constitutional change: the legal foundations of the modern fiscal state Part III. Consolidating the New Fiscal Order: 6. Lawyers, guns, and public monies: the US treasury, World War I, and the administration of the modern fiscal state 7. The paradox of retrenchment: postwar Republican ascendancy and the resiliency of the modern fiscal state Conclusion Index.
Description and Evaluation of Linkage of the 1880 Census to Family Genealogies: Implications for Utah Fertility Research

In this article we summarize the methods and present the initial results from a linkage of [U.S.] genealogical records from the Mormon Historical Demography Project (MHDP) to records from the 1880 Manuscript Census of Utah Territory. Our primary objective is to recount the linkage methods involved and to evaluate the representativeness of the genealogical records as reflected in the correspondence between longitudinal and census data. The data sets concern population characteristics household size family characteristics and fertility. (EXCERPT)
Fermentation of Crystalline Cellulose to Ethanol by Klebsiella oxytoca Containing Chromosomally Integrated Zymomonas mobilis Genes

Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose is generally required for efficient fermentation to ethanol. This hydrolysis requires endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and cellobiase. The Gram-negative bacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca, contains the native ability to transport and metabolize cellobiose, minimizing the need for extracellular cellobiase. Strain P2 is a recombinant derivative in which the Zymomonas mobilis pdc and adhB genes have been integrated into the chromosome and expressed, directing the metabolism of pyruvate to ethanol. This organism has been evaluated in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiments to determine optimal conditions and limits of performance. The temperature was varied between 32 and 40 "C over a pH range of 5.0-5.8 with 100 g/L crystalline cellulose (Sigmacell 50, Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) as the substrate and commercial cellulase (Spezyme CE, South San Francisco, CA). A broad optimum for SSF was observed, with a pH of 5.2-5.5 and temperatures of 32-35 "C, which allowed the production of over 44 g of ethanol/L (8146% of the maximum theoretical yield). Although the rate of ethanol production increased with cellulase, diminishing improvements were observed at enzyme loadings above 10 filter paper units/g of cellulose. Over 40 g of ethanol/L was produced with relatively low enzyme loadings: 7-10 filter paper units/g of cellulose. Two optimal SSF conditions were identified for fermentation yield with strain P2: pH 5.2 at 35 "C and pH 5.5 at 32 "C. Under these conditions, 47 g of ethanol/L was produced in 144 h (0.48 g of ethanol/g of cellulose). Maximal rates of ethanol production were observed at 37 "C and pH 5.0 and produced over 40 g of ethanol/L in 72 h (final yield of 0.432 g of ethanol/g of cellulose after 96 h). All fermentations except those conducted at 40 "C and low pH (pH 5.0-5.5) exceeded 70% of theoretical ethanol yields. Tight process controls may not be required using this organism since temperatures between 32 and 37 "C at pH ranges between 5.0 and 5.8 still produced good yields.
New evidence for deep defect relaxation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon from junction capacitance methods

The authors have carried out capacitance transient measurements on lightly PH{sub 3} doped a-Si:H films incorporating both ohmic and blocking contacts. They find that the previously reported anomalous variation of emission time with filling pulse duration is completely independent of whether one uses an n{sup +} c-Si substrate (providing a reasonably ohmic back contact) or a p{sup +} c-Si substrate (giving a blocking back contact). Quite similar behavior is observed on a sample which includes an n{sup +} a-Si:H layer at the back contact, exhibiting a variation of more than 2 orders of magnitude change in emission time when the filling pulse duration is decreased from 1s to 100{micro}s. Computer simulations are used to demonstrate that for a fixed (non-relaxing) deep state distribution, a filling problem in general cannot account for the observed experimental behavior. Finally, the authors report measurements that demonstrate that the filling of defects too close to the barrier interface can create difficulties observing the relaxation effects when an n{sup +} a-Si:H contacting layer is used.
On the tour partitioning heuristic for the unit demand capacitated vehicle routing problem

The tour partitioning heuristic for the vehicle routing problem assumes an unlimited supply of vehicles. If the number of vehicles is fixed, this heuristic may produce infeasible solutions. We modify the heuristic to guarantee feasibility in this situation and we analyze the worst-case performance of the modified heuristic.
The Radius of Curvature of a Coupler Curve of the Single Flier Eight-Bar Linkage

The paper begins with a graphical technique to locate the pole; i.e., the point in the plane of motion which is coincident with the instantaneous center of zero velocity of the coupler link. Since the single flier linkage is indeterminate, the Aronhold-Kennedy theorem cannot locate this instantaneous center of zero velocity. The technique that is presented here is believed to be an original contribution to the kinematics literature and will provide geometric insight into the velocity analysis of an indeterminate linkage. The paper then presents an analytical method, referred to as the method of kinematic coefficients, to determine the radius of curvature and the center of curvature of the path traced by an arbitrary coupler point of the single flier eight-bar linkage. This method has proved useful in curvature theory since it separates the geometric effects of the linkage from the operating speed of the linkage.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
New insight into the mechanism of methyl transfer during the biosynthesis of fosfomycin

(1R,2S)-Epoxypropylphosphonic acid, also known as fosfomycin, is a clinically utilized, highly effective antibiotic that has low toxicity and is effective against methicillin and vancomycin resistant pathogens. Seminal pioneering studies by Seto and Hammerschmidt using genetic techniques complemented by feeding studies with isotopically labeled precursors suggested the biosynthetic pathway for fosfomycin shown in Scheme 1A. Yet, the mechanism of an unprecedented methyl transfer step in the biosynthesis of fosfomycin has remained unresolved. We recently identified the complete biosynthetic cluster for this natural product from Streptomyces fradiae and achieved heterologous production in S. lividans. Here we use genetic and chemical complementation studies to show that fomC, a gene with a previously unknown role in fosfomycin biosynthesis, is absolutely required for heterologous production. These results in combination with bioinformatics analysis lead to a radically different mechanism for the methyltransferase encoded by fom3. In the currently accepted biosynthetic pathway for fosfomycin (Scheme 1A), PEP is converted to phosphonopyruvate (PnPy) by PEP mutase (Fom1), followed by decarboxylation by Fom2 to produce phosphonoacetaldehyde (PnAA). In the subsequent step, Fom3 has been proposed to catalyze transfer of a methyl anion from methylcobalamin (MeCbl) to PnAA to form 2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (HPP) (Scheme 2). In the final step, HPP is oxidized by Fom4 to form the epoxide of fosfomycin. The proposed mechanism of the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by Fom3 is fundamentally different from the mechanisms for all known MeCbl dependent methyltransferases in which methylation takes place via nucleophilic attack by the substrate at the methyl group of MeCbl. Intrigued by the apparent mechanistic paradox in how Fom3 would utilize B12 for methyl transfer, we initiated a reinvestigation of the pathway. Several genes besides fom1–4 have been suggested to be part of the biosynthetic cluster and were labeled fomA–F. FomA and FomB provide resistance to fosfomycin via phosphorylation. We recently proposed a function for fomD and determined that fomE,F are not involved directly in fosfomycin production. No function has yet been proposed for fomC. Seto and coworkers showed that a mutant strain with a block in the vitamin B12 biosynthetic pathway could not produce fosfomycin, but did convert HPP to fosfomycin. In addition C-labeled MeCbl fed to this blocked mutant resulted in Clabeled fosfomycin. Based on these results, it was proposed that MeCbl was the methyl donor. However, no intermediates could be isolated from the mutants in which either the B12 pathway 15 or the putative methyltransferase Fom3 was disrupted and neither PnAA nor aminoethylphosphonate (AEP) could be converted to fosfomycin in S. lividans expressing Fom3 and Fom4, whereas HPP was successfully converted. Thus, although the pathway in
A Gestão Educacional: Reflexões, Complexidades e Desafios.

O texto discorre sobre os desafios na gestao educacional fazendo reflexoes sobre o dificil papel do gestor e a complexa relacao entre os diversos atores envolvidos no processo educacional. Compara a gestao das organizacoes de educacao com a gestao empresarial mas apresenta os elementos e particularidades do servico educacional, principalmente pelo fato da escola ser uma instituicao de influencia e transformacao da sociedade local. Discute a necessidade que as empresas estao tendo pela carencia de mao de obra capacitada, o que as obriga em criar mecanismos como a chamada "educacao corporativa" preenchendo uma lacuna que diz respeito ao mundo educacional. O texto encerra a discussao refletindo sobre a dificil transicao do educador para o gestor, o que exige dos profissionais um investimento de longo prazo no seu proprio capital intelectual ate ser reconhecido como autoridade cientifica naquele campo em que atua.
Range expansion and distributional limits of the nine-banded armadillo in the United States: an update of Taulman & Robbins (1996)

We conducted a new survey of biologists throughout the southern and central United States, in order to update our last analysis of the range expansion and distributional limits of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) since 1994. While the armadillo's range has remained stationary to the west along a line corresponding to about 50 cm annual precipitation, it has advanced to the north through central Kansas, into central Illinois, south-western Indiana and western Kentucky, through central Tennessee, covering Alabama and all but the north-eastern region of Georgia, and into central South Carolina. The population has reached a latitude corresponding to an average minimum daily January temperature of −8 °C in Kansas. Armadillos may continue to move northwards in states farther east where they do not yet reach the −8 °C zone. In the eastern seaboard states, other factors besides winter temperature extremes may be limiting the armadillo's range expansion.
The Sox axis, Nodal signaling, and germ layer specification

Asymmetries in the egg, established during oogenesis, set the stage for a cascade of intercellular signaling events leading to differential gene expression and subsequent tissue and organ formation. Maternally supplied Sox-type transcription factors have recently emerged as key components in the patterning of the early embryo and the regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation. In deuterostomes, B1-type Soxs are asymmetrically localized to the future animal/ectodermal region where they act to suppress mesendodermal, and favor neuroectodermal differentiation, while vegetally localized F-type Soxs are involved in mesendodermal differentiation. Here, we review past observations and present new data from studies on the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Animally localized Sox3 acts to inhibit Nodal (Xnr5 and Xnr6) expression, and induces the expression of genes (Ectodermin, Xema, and Coco) whose products repress Nodal signaling. Vegetally localized Sox7 positively regulates Nodal (Xnr4, Xnr5, and Xnr6) expression, as well as the expression of genes involved in mesodermal (Xmenf, Slug, and Snail) and endodermal (Endodermin and Sox17β) differentiation. Given the evolutionary strategy of using common regulatory networks, it seems likely that a homologous Sox-Axis is active during embryonic development in many metazoans.
Right hemisphere partial complex seizures: mania, hallucinations, and speech disturbances during ictal events.

Summary: A patient with right hemisphere complex partial seizures exhibited extreme emotional lability resembling mania, neologisms resembling those found in fluent aphasia, and hallucinations during ictal periods. The electroencephalographic and clinical findings in this case suggest that cortical and subcortical structures of the right hemisphere may play a role in mediating the expression of language content. RESUME Chez un patient presentant des crises partielles complexes de l'hemisphere droit, nous avons observe pendant les crises une labiliteemotionnelle evoquant le diagnostic de manie. des neologismes ressemblant a ceux de l'aphasie de Wernicke et des hallucinations. Nos constatation EEG et cliniques suggerent que les structures corticales et sous-corticales de l'hemisphere droit peuvent jouer un role dans la mediation de l'expression du contenu linguistique. RESUMEN Un paciente con ataques parciales complejos originados en el hemisferio derecho mostro una labilidad emocional extrema semejante a la mania, neologismos comparables a los que se encuentran en la afasia fluida y alucinaciones durante los periodos ictales. Los hallazgos clinicos y del EEG en este caso sugieren que estructuras corticales y subcorticales del hemisferio derecho pueden jugar un papel en la funcion del contenido del lenguaje expresivo.
Attachment and Information Seeking in Romantic Relationships

Testing predictions derived from attachment theory, this research investigated how adult attachment orientations are associated with selective exposure to information about the self, one's partner, and one's relationship. The results of two studies revealed that (a) more avoidantly attached individuals have limited interest in knowing their partner's intimate thoughts and feelings, (b) more anxiously attached individuals selectively prefer information on intimate topics pertaining to their partner and relationship and focus on information that highlights their own as well as their partner's shortcomings, and (c) regardless of attachment orientation, individuals express interest in learning about the negative relationship behaviors and characteristics of their insecurely attached partners. These findings suggest that selective information seeking may have important effects on relationships and may help explain how attachment orientations affect important relationship outcomes.
The reverend Charles G. Finney and the post civil war antimasonic crusade

Abstract Charles Grandison Finney, 1792–1875, by 1831 had become the premier American evangelist. Later serving as president (1851–1865) of Oberlin College, Finney became involved in the post-Civil War Antimasonic crusade led by the Reverend Jonathan Blanchard, founding president of Wheaton College. Finney, who had briefly been a Mason in early adulthood, wrote twelve articles attacking Masonry for the New York Independent which were expanded into book form. Although these produced a favorable reaction from a circle of aging admirers, Finney's work, like that of Blanchard, failed to stem the growth of fraternal organizations in the late nineteenth century.
Distributed node placement algorithms for constructing well-connected sensor networks

We study the problem of node placement in a sensor network. We consider proximity-based communication models where each sensor can only communicate with the ones within a given distance from it and the quality of communication between two sensors decreases with their distance. Each sensor can move locally and our goal is to improve the network connectivity by locally relocating the sensors. We use tools from spectral graph theory to determine the criticality of each edge to the global network connectivity. Based on the criticality measure, we develop algorithms that iteratively move the sensors in directions that improve the communication along more critical edges. Our algorithms are fully decentralized and only use local information exchange which are essential features for the sensor network application due to lack of centralized control and access to information in such networks. We formulate our problem as a convex optimization and use techniques from proximal minorant methods to prove the convergence of our iterative algorithms. Further, to make the algorithms fully local we use ideas such as the alternating direction method of multipliers from the distributed optimization literature. We also quantitatively illustrate the effectiveness of our schemes using simulation on a few sample networks.
Placental pathology in women with gestational diabetes.

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate pathologic differences of the placenta in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes compared to non-diabetic pregnancies. Methods. Forty singleton pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes were recruited and compared to 40 consecutive normal pregnancies. A pathologist, blinded to all clinical data, reviewed all histological samples of the placentas. The histological assessment was carried out with regard to the following aspects: fetal vessel thrombosis, villous immaturity, chorangiosis, presence of nucleated fetal red blood cells (NFRBCs), ischemia, infarction, presence of hydropic or avascular villi, lymphohistiocytic villitis and villous fibrinoid necrosis. Results. The presence of degenerative lesions such as fibrinoid necrosis and vascular lesions like chorangiosis was apparent, mainly in the diabetes group. Villous immaturity and the presence of NFRBC as an indication of chronic fetal hypoxia were significantly increased in the placentas of women with diabetes compared with the control group. Fetal/placental weight ratio was significantly lower in the diabetic group. Conclusion. Histological abnormalities were observed more frequently in the diabetic placentas compared to the controls. These findings support the hypothesis that impaired placental function is one of the main reasons for the increased frequency of fetal complications in diabetic pregnancies.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL COHERENT STATES IN PLANE SHEAR FLOWS

Three-dimensional steady states in plane Couette flow and traveling-wave solutions in plane Poiseuille flow are calculated for stress boundary conditions. The procedure is tied to a self-sustaining mechanism associated with the coherent structures that have been observed in turbulent shear flows. The exact states in both types of flow are remarkably similar to each other and to the coherent structures. They survive down to Reynolds numbers below the critical value for turbulence onset. These results suggest that the underlying process is generic and fundamental to both transitional and developed turbulence.
Abstract LB-45: Multiple melanoma suppressors are downregulated by loss of human chromosome 10.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Increasingly high-resolution genomic studies have made it clear that recurrent focal deletions and amplifications in cancer can selectively target specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors. In melanoma, MITF, MDM2, BRAF, CDKN2A, and PTEN are some of the more well-validated oncogenes and tumor suppressors that are targeted by such focal copy number-changing aberrations. However, there are also many recurrent large losses and gains that affect up to whole chromosome arms. One hypothesis is that, in targeting single genes such as PTEN, large chromosomal losses may inadvertently hit other loci. However, gathering evidence is pointing towards a possible functional role for these other collateral loci in affecting tumor progression. Here, we ask whether recurrent losses in melanoma may broadly target multiple tumor suppressors acting at different steps in tumor progression. We demonstrate via in vivo and in vitro shRNA screens that multiple genes on human chromosome 10, other than PTEN, affect both tumor growth and invasion. Citation Format: Lawrence N. Kwong, Lynda Chin. Multiple melanoma suppressors are downregulated by loss of human chromosome 10. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-45. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-45
Radionuclide Imaging Shuntography for the Evaluation of Shunt Patency

Abstract Radionuclide-imaging shuntography using technetium 99m pertechnetate was performed 78 times in 43 pediatric patients to evaluate the patency of their cerebrospinal fluid shunts. The flow patterns of the isotope that best correlated with adequate shunt function were complete supine patency and immediate erect patency. Delayed erect patency and pump patency indicated inadequate shunt function. Deceptive patency, defined as a shuntogram that demonstrates patency by any mechanism but that fails to reflect the true functional state of the shunt system, was observed in 40% of all patent shuntograms. Causes of deceptive patency included intermittent shunt obstruction, partial shunt obstruction, and failure to provide complete anatomic information. Other factors important for the accurate interpretation of radionuclide-imaging shuntography included extravasation of isotope, peritoneal spread of the radioactivity, ventricular images, and failure to diagnose disconnection of the shunt.
Word Processing for Library Patrons

Word processing, one of the derivative benefits of the computer revolution, will have a profound impact on scholarship. To support scholarship, libraries should adopt productivity aids: public access word processors, citation formatting software and public terminal‐to‐portable microcomputer interface capability.
Occurrence of 4-hydroxyalkenals in rat tissues determined as pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Malondialdehyde measurements have been the major tool for studying relationships between lipid peroxidation and tissue pathology. Recently, we presented a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for direct detection of phospholipid peroxides with picogram sensitivity based on transesterfication of phospholipids or triglycerides to form pentafluorobenzyl esters. Under some circumstances the reactive primary oxidation products break down. Therefore, we developed a convenient, high sensitivity method to detect more stable secondary lipid oxidation products, the 4-hydroxyalkenals. The method accomplishes a facile extraction of 4-hydroxynonenal from tissues by forming pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivatives to displace aldehydes from Schiff base linkages. 4-hydroxynonenal was found in heart, liver, adrenal, and testis from rats and was detected to the 10–100 pg level by the current method.
Studies in nonlinear stochastic processes. III. Approximate solutions of nonlinear stochastic differential equations excited by Gaussian noise and harmonic disturbances

A fusion of the highly successful methods of harmonic and statistical linearization is used as a first approximation in determining, either iteratively or via a nonlinear integral equation, the effects of higher harmonics and non-Gaussian distortion terms on the second-order statistics of a wide variety of nonlinear stochastic differential equations perturbed by some linear combination of Gaussian noise and a periodic deterministic/stochastic excitation. Physical a posteriori applicability criteria are presented which justify when these higher order effects may be neglected. A simple modification of this statistical-harmonic linearization procedure based upon the Fokker-Planck variance is proposed.
Influence of colloidal-gold films on the luminescence of Eu(TTFA)3 in PMMA

Abstract The effects of colloidal-gold layers on the luminescent properties of thin films of Eu(TTFA) 3 (TTFA=thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) in PMMA (PMMA=poly(methyl methacrylate)) were investigated. Layers of spherical gold nanoparticles (12 nm) were formed by self-assembly on the surface of amino-derivatized glass slides. Eu(TTFA) 3 -PMMA films were then spin-coated either directly onto the Au metal surfaces or onto spacer layers covering the gold. The luminescence properties were characterized both as a function of the density of Au particles in the colloidal layer, and as a function of the distance between the Au layer and the luminescent film. The distance between the metal and luminescent layers was controlled using polyelectrolyte spacer layers deposited on the colloidal-gold films by a spin-assisted, layer-by-layer (SA-LBL) method. It was found that the colloidal gold layer has a net quenching effect on Eu(TTFA) 3 luminescence under all conditions considered in this study. The luminescence intensities and lifetimes decrease with increasing density of Au nanoparticles and with decreasing separation ( d ) between the luminescent film and the gold layer. The measured luminescence intensity drops more quickly with decreasing distance than one would predict based solely on lifetime data, if one assumes a constant radiative relaxation rate. Fits of the luminescence decay kinetics to a model for non-radiative energy-transfer from Eu(TTFA) 3 to the gold layer yields a 1/ d 2 dependence, where d is the distance from the gold layer to the nearest face of the luminescent film. It is suggested that there is no reasonable physical interpretation of this result within the constraints of the model and, therefore, the interaction between the luminescent and gold layer cannot be explained solely in terms of non-radiative energy transfer.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF SPECIES OF THE EDWARDSII GROUP OF ALPHEUS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO AND NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC (DECAPODA: CARIDEA: ALPHEIDAE)

ABSTRACT Ambiguities concerning character variation in species of the edwardsii group of Alpheus led to an investigation of morphometric variation in Alpheus from the northern Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic coasts. Specimens of A. heterochaelis, A. angulatus, and A. estuariensis examined using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) revealed intraspecific variation attributed to sexual dimorphism, and interspecific variation not noted in previous morphological studies.
Tourism and employment in the Adirondack Park

Abstract Attempts to estimate the direct impacts of tourism on large regions are often thwarted by the cost of primary surveys that use probability sampling techniques, and by the problem of separating tourist from resident expenditures in published secondary business data. This study used monthly employment data maintained by the state labor agency to investigate tourism impacts and seasonality in the Adirondack Park of northern New York State. It was found that such a data base can provide reasonable estimates of tourism-related employment and excellent estimates of seasonality. Furthermore, comparison of two time periods provides indication not only of rate of growth, but of change in seasonality patterns. Such unaggregated data typically have legislative-mandated confidentiality constraints, however, and special working relationships will have to be developed with the agency before such data bases can be accessed.
Psychosocial Adjustment among Children Experiencing Persistent and Intermittent Family Economic Hardship.

Much research on family economic hardship and its effects on children has been cross-sectional in nature, has focused primarily on white children, and has assessed the impact of episodic rather than chronic economic difficulties. In contrast, the present research was designed to study outcomes associated with persistent economic hardship among a heterogeneous group of children over time. Results showed that, for both black and white children, a broad range of difficulties was associated with enduring economic hardship. Children who experienced persistent family economic hardship were more likely than those who did not to have difficulties in peer relations, show conduct problems at school, and report low self-esteem. Children who experienced intermittent family economic hardship fell between the other 2 groups. Connections between persistent economic hardship and psychosocial adjustment were more pronounced for boys than for girls. Consistent with suggestions by a number of investigators, the impact of economic hardship on children in the present sample was mediated in part by its association with parental behavior.
Converting a C pointer to an Ada access type

This paper describes the particular problem - converting a C pointer to an Ada access type - encountered when we translated the CGI (Computer Graphics Interface) C binding to the CGI Ada binding under the VAX/VMS system. Our solutions are also presented in this paper.
An averaging technique for stability analysis

Abstract A technique is developed whereby the stability of autonomous or nonautonomous second order nonlinear systems can be accurately determined in a straightforward manner. The differential equations describing the system under consideration are transformed into polar coordinates and the average distance of the phase point from the point in question (usually the singular point whose stability is to be investigated) is calculated a function of time. This relationship is expressed in the form of a new set of ordinary differential equations. These equations can then be integrated to yield a prediction of the behaviour of the system in future time, by providing an approximate analytical solution to the original set of differential equations. No assumptions about small or large parameters are necessary for the application of this averaging technique. In addition to stability determination, this technique proves the existence or nonexistence of limit cycles and shows how fast a phase point approaches a singular point or a limit cycle. This information is of great importance in the design of control systems and in improving the quality of control. This averaging technique is applied to the analysis and control of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and is used to investigate the behaviour of a CSTR under the effect of some forcing functions. It is shown small perturbations introduced into an asymptotically stable CSTR can produce large oscillations. A system comprising of a series of CSTR's is successfully analyzed with this averaging technique.
Green composites of polypropylene and eggshell: Effective biofiller size reduction and dispersion by single-step processing with solid-state shear pulverization

Abstract Eggshell (ES), a waste byproduct from food processing and hatcheries, contains ∼95% calcium carbonate (CC), making it a potentially attractive, less expensive substitute for commercial CC. Past work used complex grinding–sieving and/or chemical modification steps to aid in dispersing ES in polymers such as polypropylene (PP). Both steps add to the cost and reduce the green aspect of the composite. Here, green composite materials of PP with 5–40 wt% unmodified ES shards of several centimeters in size are directly processed using continuous, single-step solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP). Electron microscopy and particle size analysis show very good dispersion with some ES particles near the nanoscale in the composite. Well-dispersed ES particles dramatically increase PP crystallization rates with a 5–7% increase in PP crystallinity. The very good dispersion leads to a major increase in Young’s modulus (87% increase relative to neat PP for 40 wt% ES) and a modest increase in hardness; composites exhibit reductions in yield strength, elongation at break, and impact properties. Mechanical and crystallization properties are equal to or better than the best literature data for PP/ES composites without chemical modification made by multi-step approaches involving melt processing. In addition, the composites exhibit high thermal degradation temperatures compared to neat PP, indicating the potential for ES to improve processing stability. Composites with 20–40 wt% ES exhibit solid-like rheological response with no crossover of shear storage and loss moduli. Nevertheless, PP/ES composites retain viscosities close to that of neat PP at shear rates experienced in melt processing. Overall, property enhancements resulting from superior dispersion of ES in PP achieved by SSSP reveal ES to be a promising green filler for thermoplastics.
Structure and functional expression of a complementary DNA for porcine parathyroid hormone /parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor

Abstract A complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the receptor for porcine parathyroid hormone /parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH/PTHrP) was isolated from a porcine kidney cDNA library. The porcine PTH/PTHrP receptor is a 585 amino acid protein containing seven putative membrane-spanning domains. The porcine PTH/PTHrP receptor has amino acid identity of 95.6%, 80.4%, and 88.7% with human, opossum, and rat PTH/PTHrP receptors, respectively and 53.4% identity to the recently cloned human PTH2 receptor. The receptor cDNA was subsequently cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector (pRC/CMV) which contains a human cytomegalovirus promoter. A human kidney cell line (293), stably transfected with this vector, expressed the receptor at a high level and, when challenged with human PTH(1–34), increased cytoplasmic CAMP and inositol triphosphate production. Radioligand binding studies revealed that the receptor bound both human PTH(1–34), and PTHM(1–36). Scatchard analyses of three clones showed that the cells harbor a single class of high affinity receptor (K d = 1−4 nM for human PTH(1–34)) but had varying receptor numbers (10) 5 – 10 6 receptors/cell). In contrast to PTH(1–34), the [Arg 2 ]PTH(1–34) analog bound to the porcine PTH/PTHrP receptor with low affinity and was a weak agonist for cAMP stimulation with the cloned receptor. These response characteristics differentiate the porcine receptor from the previously cloned rat and opossum PTH/PTHrP receptors.
Estrogen and antiestrogen binding to rat uterine and pituitary estrogen receptor: Evidence for at least two physicochemical forms of the estrogen receptor

Abstract Our laboratory has previously reported that calf uterine cytosol prepared in buffer containing 10 mM molybdate and chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex contains two forms of the unactivated estrogen receptor, Peak I and Peak II; however, cytosol receptor bound to the high-affinity antiestrogen, H 1285 (4-( N,N -diethylaminoethoxy)-4'-methoxy-α-( p -hydroxyphenyl)-α'-ethylstilbene), eluted only as Peak I. We have extended these studies to the rat uterus and pituitary in order to determine the organ and species specificity of this phenomenon. Cytosol prepared in Tris-molybdate buffer from immature and adult rat uteri or pituitaries was labelled with 10 nM [ 3 H]estradiol or [ 3 H]H1285 and chromatographed on QAE-Sephadex. Uterine estrogen receptors bound to either [ 3 H]estradiol or [ 3 H]H1285 eluted from QAE-Sephadex as a large Peak I (~ 0.21 M KC1) and a smaller Peak II (~0.25 M KC1). Analyses of these partially purified estrogen receptor fractions using high-salt sucrose density gradients showed that Peak I [ 3 H]estradiol-receptor complexes sedimented predominantly as a lighter form (4.0S). In contrast, Peak I [ 3 H]H1285-receptor complexes sedimented primarily as a heavier form (5.5S) often accompanied by a smaller lighter form (4.0S). Peak II [ 3 H]estradiol- and [ 3 H]H1285-receptor complexes sedimented as the heavier form (5.3–5.5S). These data suggest a monomer-dimer relationship between estrogen receptor forms with antiestrogen binding favoring the formation of the dimeric form. Further analysis of these Peak I receptor complexes by gel filtration chromatography yielded molecular forms of approx 70 KDaltons for [ 3 H]estradiol-receptor complexes and 73 KDaltons and 165 KDaltons for [ 3 H]H1285-receptor complexes, supporting the monomer-dimer concept. Data from experiments with the pituitary also suggest that H1285 causes the formation of the dimeric receptor form whereas estradiol interaction with the receptor results only in the monomeric form. These differences in estrogen receptor forms when bound by estrogen versus antiestrogen may be related to the different biological responses induced by these ligands.
First-principles study of phase stability in pseudobinary ( Ni 1 − x Pt x ) 3 Al alloys

We studied the phase stability in pseudobinary ${({\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{x})}_{3}\mathrm{Al}$ alloys using a combination of first-principles calculations, a cluster expansion technique, and Monte Carlo simulations. Our ground state search yields $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}\mathrm{Pt}\mathrm{Al}$ and $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{2}\mathrm{Al}$ as the two stable ground state structures, and the latter has been observed experimentally. The calculated $c∕a$ ratio of $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{2}\mathrm{Al}$ is also in good agreement with experiments. By performing Monte Carlo simulations, the order-disorder transition temperatures of $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}\mathrm{Pt}\mathrm{Al}$ and $\mathrm{L}{1}_{0}$ $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{2}\mathrm{Al}$ were predicted to be $\ensuremath{\sim}915\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}1275\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, respectively. The mixing enthalpies of random pseudobinary $\mathrm{L}{1}_{2}$ ${({\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{x})}_{3}\mathrm{Al}$ alloys were also predicted using our cluster expansion, and the results agree well with direct first-principles calculations on Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS's) for $\mathrm{L}{1}_{2}$ alloys developed in the present study.
A neural network model for fault detection in conjunction with a programmable logic controller

This paper discusses the feasibility of using neural networks as a tool in the fault detection process. A neural network is integrated with a state language programmable logic controller, an important device in an automatic control system. Time series data related to time spent in a state is gathered and used as input into a neural network, for the purpose of identifying when a fault has occurred. A feedforward neural network is used to identify which (if any) of three types of faults may have occurred. Experimental results related to sensitivity and accuracy measures are presented. A brief review of related applications and research is also presented.
Mid-Infrared Imaging of Orion BN/KL. II. Luminosity Sources, Extinction Distribution, and the Nature of IRc2

We have obtained array camera images of the Orion BN/KL infrared complex at nine wavelengths between 4.8 and 20 mue.
A study of porcine liver motion during respiration for improving targeting in image-guided needle placements

Purpose Liver motion due to respiration restricts targeting and needle placement accuracy during image-guided interventional procedures. Breath holds, imaging techniques, and navigation systems are used to improve targeting accuracy. Data of in-vivo liver behavior under respiration can enhance these approaches.
ADVERTISING AS A STRATEGY FOR MEETING PEOPLE

Summary.-A study was conducted in three American cities on the use of personal advertisements. 400 advertisers were sent questionnaires about their reasons for using this medium and the results of their experience with this system of meeting people. The 88 respondents were well-educated and successful financially but felt disconnected from traditional modes of meeting others (family, friends, work). Placement of advertisements may represent an effective strategy for some people to cope with this predicament. The dilemma for many contemporary single individuals is to find new methods of meeting others, and Woll and Cozby (1987) have identified several of these methods: fax dating services, videodating, computer dating, telephone introductions, radio shows, cable television, and personal advertisements. One method, personal advertisements, has recently become popular (Woll & Cozby, 1987). Prior analyses of the content of personal advertisements show (Bolig, Stein, & McKenry, 1984; Cameron, Oskamp, & Sparks, 1977; Sitton & Rippee, 1986) that personal advertisements have become a means for the busy professional to save time and effort in dating. Although several studies have analyzed advertisement content, very few have obtained information from the writers themselves, a valuable source of data (Lynn & Bolig, 1985). The present study surveyed advertisers to examine the use of the personal advertisements in publications at three different urban sites, Seattle, Chicago, and Washington, DC. We were looking at whether lacking other means of initiating relationships was the determining factor in use of advertisements and whether the majority of the writers could be considered desirable by others.
Common Origin of Four Diverse Families of Large Eukaryotic DNA Viruses

Comparative analysis of the protein sequences encoded in the genomes of three families of large DNA viruses that replicate, completely or partly, in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (poxviruses, asfarviruses, and iridoviruses) and phycodnaviruses that replicate in the nucleus reveals 9 genes that are shared by all of these viruses and 22 more genes that are present in at least three of the four compared viral families. Although orthologous proteins from different viral families typically show weak sequence similarity, because of which some of them have not been identified previously, at least five of the conserved genes appear to be synapomorphies (shared derived characters) that unite these four viral families, to the exclusion of all other known viruses and cellular life forms. Cladistic analysis with the genes shared by at least two viral families as evolutionary characters supports the monophyly of poxviruses, asfarviruses, iridoviruses, and phycodnaviruses. The results of genome comparison allow a tentative reconstruction of the ancestral viral genome and suggest that the common ancestor of all of these viral families was a nucleocytoplasmic virus with an icosahedral capsid, which encoded complex systems for DNA replication and transcription, a redox protein involved in disulfide bond formation in virion membrane proteins, and probably inhibitors of apoptosis. The conservation of the disulfide-oxidoreductase, a major capsid protein, and two virion membrane proteins indicates that the odd-shaped virions of poxviruses have evolved from the more common icosahedral virion seen in asfarviruses, iridoviruses, and phycodnaviruses.
Desegregation, Accountability, and Equality: North Carolina and the Nation, 1971-2002.

Using North Carolina as a lens to illuminate broader national developments, this paper examines how and why educational policy in the United States turned away from a civil rights agenda of opportunity and embraced test-based accountability as a way of promoting racial equality. We show that comprehensive desegregation, enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Great Society Programs expanded educational opportunities for African Americans, fueled significant increases in black educational achievement and attainment, and brought African Americans closer to equality with whites by the 1980s. We situate the turn to accountability in a political context shaped by an increasingly conservative political environment, and examine three overlapping waves of test- based accountability that began in North Carolina in the late 1970s and spread throughout the region and the nation in the decades that followed: the minimum competency movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s, the standards based reforms of the 1980s, and the more comprehensive and coercive forms of high stakes testing in the 1990s. We argue that the southern political leaders who shaped U.S. educational policy turned to test-based accountability as a politically expedient alternative to the task of equalizing educational opportunities for African Americans. Civil rights organizations endorsed test-based accountability, but we find little evidence that test-based approaches improved African American educational outcomes. Opportunity policies, we conclude, did more to promote racial equality in educational achievement and attainment than test-based accountability.
Erikson on Freud on Irma: The rhetoric of the patriarchy

Abstract In their writings about one of the most important cornerstones in the edifice of psychoanalysis, Freud's interpretation of his Irma Dream, Freud and Erikson act as apologists for the modern patriarchy. Using the rhetorical persona of the progressive, scientific hero, Freud and Erikson cast themselves as protagonists in the drama of modernization. Their rhetorical structures, syntax, and diction reveal their sexism. The strategy of their discourses invites their audience to believe that the audience is witnessing scientific discoveries in the making; the rhetoric of Freud and Erikson suggests that their discourse is not patriarchal rationalization, but rational analysis, the drama of the scientific method applied for progress. Their interpretation of Freud's Irma Dream disassociates Freud from women, assigning separate behaviors for rational, progressive males and irrational, traditional females. But the truth of the Irma Dream is that it associates Freud with females and reveals the irresponsibil...
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris.

Excerpt The extracorporeal exposure of pathogenic peripheral blood leukocytes to the natural compound 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A radiation has provided great benefit in certain adv...