cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shadow Prices in Territory Division

We consider a geographic optimization problem in which we are given a region R, a probability density function f(⋅) defined on R, and a collection of n utility density functions u i (⋅) defined on R. Our objective is to divide R into n sub-regions R i so as to “balance” the overall utilities on the regions, which are given by the integrals $\iint _{R_{i}}f(x)u_{i}(x)\, dA$ . Using a simple complementary slackness argument, we show that (depending on what we mean precisely by “balancing” the utility functions) the boundary curves between optimal sub-regions are level curves of either the difference function u i (x) − u j (x) or the ratio u i (x)/u j (x). This allows us to solve the problem of optimally partitioning the region efficiently by reducing it to a low-dimensional convex optimization problem. This result generalizes, and gives very short and constructive proofs of, several existing results in the literature on equitable partitioning for particular forms of f(⋅) and u i (⋅). We next give two economic applications of our results in which we show how to compute a market-clearing price vector in an aggregate demand system or a variation of the classical Fisher exchange market. Finally, we consider a dynamic problem in which the density function f(⋅) varies over time (simulating population migration or transport of a resource, for example) and derive a set of partial differential equations that describe the evolution of the optimal sub-regions over time. Numerical simulations for both static and dynamic problems confirm that such partitioning problems become tractable when using our methods.
Transglutaminase Cross‐linking of Whey/Myofibrillar Proteins and the Effect on Protein Gelation

ABSTRACT: Transglutaminse (TGase)-catalyzed interactions of whey (WPI)/myofibrillar (MPI) protein isolates were investigated under 5 conditions: (1) ionic strengths; (2) calcium/ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA); (3) enzyme:substrate ratio; (4) WPI:MPI ratio; and (5) preheating of WPI (80 °C). TGase treatments of MPI in distilled water converted myosin heavy chain and actin into lower-molecular-weight polypeptides. The reaction, accelerated by the presence of WPI but diminished by NaCl, was completely reversed upon extended incubation. There was no visible WPI/MPI cross-linking; and the enzyme:substrate or WPI:MPI ratio, preheating, calcium, and EDTA did not influence the enzyme reaction. TGase treatment did not alter the melting pattern of WPI/MPI mixtures, but markedly enhanced their thermal gelling ability.
The Role of Fasciotomy for Limb Salvage in Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens, a complication of ileofemoral thrombosis, fre quently results in venous gangrene and limb loss.1,2,3 The ischemia associated with phlegmasia cerulea dolens is secondary to venous occlusion, increased pressure in muscle compartments and diminished capillary perfusion. 1,2,3 Fas ciotomy should theoretically be a logical adjunct to therapy when anticoagula tion or venous thrombectomy is contraindicated or ineffective. Benefits attri buted to compartment decompression have been reported.2,4 Nevertheless, publicized failures of fasciotomy to reverse the ischemia of phlegmasia cerulea dolens have discouraged its use.5,1
A Rule Based Co-operative Approach for Cell Selection in High Speed Cellular Networks

In this era of perpetual connectivity, with the introduction of new data-intensive real-time applications such as video-conferencing, video-on-demand, and interactive gaming, the need for doing more with limited network resources has become more than ever before. The continuous drive toward the notion of pervasive computing and communication requires a shift toward more adaptive and collaborative network resource control. In this paper, a rule based collaborative approach is applied using a Rete based rule engine to manage radio resources in high speed cellular networks. In particular, the cell selection problem in high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) is addressed. As a prerequisite to this work, an extensive HSDPA module in Opnet simulator was developed along with several packet scheduling algorithms. In order to ensure the best user experience, our approach allows the network and the mobile device to cooperatively choose the best serving cell for an incoming user. This approach incorporates many factors in the decision making such as QoS requirements, device capability, available network resources, and channel condition. Our results show that this cooperative approach outperforms the traditional channel condition based approach by as much as 85%.
The impact of prehospital activation of the cardiac catheterization team on time to treatment for patients presenting with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate the accuracy of emergency medical services (EMS) activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its impact on treatment intervals from dispatch to reperfusion. Methods We conducted a before-and-after cohort study of patients presenting via EMS with prehospital electrocardiogram findings consistent with STEMI. Before August 20, 2007, percutaneous coronary intervention was initiated after patient arrival. Afterward, EMS providers could activate the CCL if the prehospital electrocardiogram automated interpretation indicated STEMI. All interval times from EMS dispatch to percutaneous coronary intervention were measured via synchronized timepieces. Results A total of 53 patients, 14 before and 39 after prehospital activation, were included. Emergency medical services CCL activation was 79.6% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.2%-89.3%) and 99.7% specific (95% CI, 99.1%-99.9%). Mean door-to-hospital electrocardiogram and mean CCL-to-reperfusion times were unaffected by the intervention. Prehospital activation of the CCL significantly improved mean door-to-balloon (D2B) time by 18.2 minutes (95% CI, 7.69-28.71 minutes; P = .0029) and door-to-CCL by 14.8 minutes (95% CI, 6.20-23.39 minutes; P = .0024). Improvements in D2B were independent of presentation during peak hours (F ratio=17.02, P P = .0015) in mean dispatch-to-reperfusion time, 22.2 minutes (95% CI, 11.45-32.95 minutes; P = .0003) in mean first medical contact-to-reperfusion time, and 20 minutes (95% CI, 10.95-29.05 minutes; P = .0001) in recognition-to-reperfusion time. Conclusions Emergency medical service providers can appropriately activate the CCL for patients with STEMI before emergency department arrival, significantly reducing mean D2B time. Significant reduction is demonstrated throughout EMS intervals.
Experience with a multidisciplinary antenatal diagnosis and management model in fetal medicine.

Background: Fetal medicine is a new and evolving specialty. Complex fetal conditions may require the multidisciplinary input of clinicians from many different specialties. Methods: Referral of fetal patients was made to a multidisciplinary antenatal diagnosis and management (MADAM) board if more than one specialty (in addition to maternal-fetal medicine) needed to be intimately involved in the evaluation or care of the fetus; consultation would probably lead to alterations in fetal or perinatal management; or development or revision of management guidelines was anticipated. The case log of the MADAM conferences was reviewed retrospectively for number and type of fetal anomalies, and outcome of the presentation to the MADAM board. Results: During a 5-year period, 1% of 25 654 pregnant women who were evaluated required consultations with individual pediatric and pediatric surgical specialists. Of these, 114 patients were referred to one of 77 MADAM conferences for consensus recommendation. Of these 77 discu...
THE ROLE OF STUDENTS ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATION IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING IN ONLINE LANGUAGE COURSES

This study investigated the role of students' motivation and attitudes in second language (L2) study within an online language course context (LOL). Students' attitudes and motivation were examined within a socioeducational framework (Gardner & MacIntyre, 1993) while learning contexts were examined based on Dorneyi's (1994) components of foreign language learning motivation. Students' learning behaviors and learning outcomes were used as predictor and criterion variables in a series of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results showed that students tended to have relatively high anxiety about the LOL course at the beginning of the semester, perhaps due to their lack of familiarity with the specific LOL learning environment. However, students' motivation and attitudes toward L2 study were relatively positive and stable during the course. The findings provided some evidence that motivated students studied regularly and productively to take every opportunity to perfect their language skills. It was also found that each teacher idiosyncratically implemented the LOL course, thereby creating a unique class culture and affecting students' motivation and attitudes toward studying the L2 in the LOL context. The findings reinforced the importance of students' motivation and attitudes in L2 study and, equally important, the continuing critical role of the teacher in technology-enhanced teaching.
Bacillus megaterium spore germination is influenced by inoculum size

Methods and Results: Inoculum size varied from approximately 10 3 to 10 8 cfu ml –1 in a medium where pH ¼ 7 and the sodium chloride concentration was 0AE5% w/v. Inoculum size was measured by global inoculum size (the concentration of spores on a microscope slide) and local inoculum size (the number of spores observed in a given microscope field of observation). Both global and local inoculum sizes had a significant effect on time-to-germination (TTG), but only the global inoculum size influenced the percentage germination of the observed spores. Conclusions: These results show that higher concentrations of Bacillus megaterium spores encourage more rapid germination and more spores to germinate, indicating that low spore populations do not behave similarly to high spore populations. Significance and Impact of the Study: A likely explanation for the inoculum size-dependency of germination would be chemical signalling or quorum sensing between Bacillus spores.
Effects of radiofrequency glow discharge on impression material surface wettability.

Abstract Statement of problem. Argon radiofrequency glow discharge (RGD) may simultaneously sterilize and improve surface wettability of impression materials. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to define RGD technical parameters that influence the surface wettability of impression material (optimization phase). Definition of RGD was followed by an assessment of these optimized RGD parameters on the wettability of four impression materials either uncontaminated or contaminated with saliva, compared with conventional liquid disinfection (application phase). Material and methods. For the optimization phase, addition silicone samples were cast against glass with 10 samples per group/parameter ( n = 210). Parameters evaluated were duration of exposure, sample shape and angle, position within the RGD chamber, and argon gas delivery pressure. Changes in surface wettability were determined with contact angle measurements. For the application phase, standardized RGD parameters (90 degrees to the plasma flow, flat, 60 seconds, 5 psi) were used on four groups of impression materials with ( n = 120 samples, 30 per material) or without ( n = 120 samples, 30 per material) prior saliva contamination. Results. RGD treatment of a polyvinyl siloxane impression material significantly ( p n = 80, 10 samples per group). Conclusion. These results suggest RGD selectively alters impression material surface wettability. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:414-22.)
High throughput screening of library compounds against an oligonucleotide substructure of an RNA target

Approximately 300,000 compounds from selected libraries were screened against a subdomain of a hepatitis C viral (HCV) RNA using a high throughput flow injection mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) method with automated data storage and analysis. Samples contained 2 µM RNA target and 10 µM of each of up to ten ligands. Preliminary studies to optimize operational parameters used the binding of aminoglycosides to the A44 subdomain of bacterial RNA. Binding (confirmed by titration) and sensitivity were maximized within the constraints of the library and throughput. The mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium acetate in 50% isopropanol maintained the noncovalent complexes and provided good detection by electrospray mass spectrometry. Additionally, this composition maximized general solubility of the various classes of compounds including the oligonucleotide and organic library molecules. Cation adduction was insignificant in this screen although some solute and target dependent acetate adduction was observed. The ion trap mass spectrometer provided sufficient mass resolution to identify complexes of RNA with known components of the library. Converted mass spectral data (netCDF) were subjected to two types of statistical evaluation based on binding. The first algorithm identified noncovalent complexes that correlated with the molecular weights of the injected compounds. The second yielded the largest peak in the noncovalent complex region of the spectrum; this spectrum may or may not correlate with expected well components. Sixty-three compounds were confirmed to bind by more stringent secondary testing. Titrations, which were carried out with selected binding compounds, yielded a range of dissociation constants. Biological activity was observed for eleven confirmed binders.
Spontaneous bursts are better indicators of tetanus-induced plasticity than responses to probe stimuli

We culture dissociated mouse cortical neurons in a dense monolayer on multi-electrode arrays, which allow us to stimulate and record from thousands of neurons. Tetanization has been widely used in the study of long-term plasticity. Stimulus-evoked responses constantly change (drift), which makes it difficult to observe the changes caused by the plasticity inducing tetanic stimulation. The most robust pattern of activity in these cultures is spontaneous culture-wide bursting. We studied the effect of tetanization on the properties of spontaneous bursts. We show that the burst-based quantity, spatial extent, does not drift and shows significant change after tetanization. Thus, a burst-based quantity might be a more robust method to study long-term plasticity compared to stimulus-evoked responses
Steady State In A Markov Process

It is well known that a Markov process whose transition matrix is regular approaches a steady-state distribution, or equilibrium distribution. To find these steady-state probabilities requires the solution of a system of linear homogenous equations. However, the matrix of this system is singular and thus the system has infinitely many solutions. This obstacle is overcome by replacing one of the equations of the linear homogenous system by the linear non-homogeneous equation that simply expresses the requirement that the steady-state probabilities sum to one. But which equation of the original system should be chosen to be the one replaced. This brief article demonstrates that any of the equations of the original linear system can be selected as the one to be replaced; no matter which one is selected for replacement; the revised linear system will have the same unique solution.
Carbonic Anhydrase II Deficiency Syndrome

Since osteopetrosis (marble bone disease) was first described by Albers-Schonberg in 1904, over 300 cases have been reported.5 An autosomal dominant form, the adult, benign form, has a relatively benign course and is compatible with a normal life span. The clinically more severe, autosomal recessive, “malignant, lethal” form has its onset in infancy and produces anemia, leukopenia, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, cranial nerve symptoms, and early death. Intermediate forms have also been described.
"Whether You Like It Or Not:" California's Proposition 8 and the Rhetoric of Monitory Democracy

"Whether You Like It Or Not:" California's Proposition 8 and the Rhetoric of Monitory Democracy
The Expansion of Education in California: A Closer Examination

In Chapter II, we have considered the main outlines of the administrative and financial structure of education in California. Now we explore this structure further, with emphasis chiefly on economic questions. The following topics will be dealt with: stock of educational capital in the State projections of educational out-turns and the problem of absorption of educated manpower in the economy (the “external efficiency” of the system); expenditure plans in the various branches of the system; the rising concern with “internal efficiency” of the system; alternatives for fiscal reform; and, finally, the “social efficiency” of educational enterprises in the State.
The Relationship Between KLF5 and PPARα in the Heart: It’s Complicated

The heart consumes a significant amount of ATP to maintain its contractile performance, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) serves as a primary source of energy in the adult heart. Research in the past several decades has demonstrated that the nuclear receptor family, in particular peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα), is a major transcriptional mechanism regulating expression of proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism. Although much progress has been made in understanding the functional role of PPARα in cardiac physiology and disease, less is known about the regulation of PPARα itself.1 PPARα-mediated transcriptional cascades are determined by the level of PPARα expression as well as its activity. Long chain fatty acids and synthetic ligands, such as fibrates, increase the transcriptional activity of PPARα in multiple cell types, including cardiac myocytes. The endogenous ligands of PPARα are still debated but evidence indicates that they may be associated with triglyceride lipolysis.2–4 Expression of PPARα in the heart changes during the development, and under multiple pathological conditions, including heart failure and diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism(s) underlying these changes are poorly understood. In this issue of Circulation Research , Drosatos et al5 report that Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) regulates the transcription of PPARα in the heart (Figure). Figure. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) expression and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the heart: proposed regulation by Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), sepsis, and diabetes mellitus. PPARα level and the availability of its ligands regulate the expression of key proteins for fatty acids transport and FAO in the heart. Alterations in FAO act through feedback mechanisms to regulate PPARα expression and restore FAO to optimal levels. Deletion of KLF5 in the heart resulted in lower PPARα expression and decreased FAO. PPARα transcript levels are reduced in parallel to reduced KLF5 expression in …
The Philadelphia Transit Strike of 1944

iNOT all violent confrontations of World War II occurred on foreign battlefields. Bitter fighting also took place on the riot-torn streets of several American cities. Racial tensions that had been growing throughout the war could no longer be contained by 1943. Within one three month period Los Angeles, Detroit, and then Harlem suffered serious disruptions. Urban areas that remained calm were nonetheless equally vulnerable. And when, in August 1944, a massive transit strike threatened job opportunities for blacks in Philadelphia, the next domestic battle seemed ready to begin. The Philadelphia transit strike affected the entire city. For a full week traction employees protested the upgrading of eight Negroes to positions formerly restricted to whites. Refusing to operate their vehicles, the strikers made normal activity impossible for residents and commuters. The walkout inconvenienced whites, antagonized blacks, and hampered war production in the large metropolitan area. Fearful of racial violence, local authorities took emergency measures to preserve order. They were more successful in preventing a riot than in ending the dispute, however, and finally needed federal troops to revive the City of Brotherly Love. Trouble in Philadelphia had been brewing for several years. The city, long an important military production center, supplied "everything from battleships to braid for uniforms" as soon as World War II began.' Flourishing industrial activity attracted newcomers to Philadelphia, and immigration changed the city's complexion. Most significant was the increase in the black population. Between April 1, 1940, and April 1, 1945, the 36,000 Negroes who entered Philadelphia increased the number of blacks to nearly 300,000 out of a total population of about 2,000,000.2 Scattered
Relationship between shear force and trained sensory panel tenderness ratings of 10 major muscles from Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle.

The present experiments were conducted to determine 1) the relationship between shear force and overall tenderness of 10 major beef muscles, 2) the effect of Bos indicus inheritance on the tenderness of various beef muscles, 3) whether differences in tenderness between genotype are affected by method of cookery, and 4) the relationship between tenderness of the longissimus and tenderness of other muscles. To meet the first objective, shear force and trained sensory panel overall tenderness were determined for psoas major (PM), infraspinatus (IS), triceps brachii (TB), longissimus (LD), semitendinosus (ST), gluteus medius (GM), supraspinatus (SS), biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), and quadriceps femoris (QF) steaks from grain-fed steer carcasses (n = 16). Shear force did not accurately reflect differences among muscles in overall tenderness. To accomplish the remaining objectives, muscles were removed from grain-fed Bos taurus x Bos taurus (n = 31) and Bos indicus x Bos taurus (n = 18) steer carcasses and aged until 14 d postmortem. Shear force of LD, TB, SS, BF, and QF steaks and QF, BF, TB, and LD roasts was higher (P < .05) for progeny of Bos indicus sires than for progeny of Bos taurus sires. Shear force differences among genotypes were reduced slightly by roasting. Shear force of LD was not highly related to shear force of other muscles. Thus, systems that accurately predict the tenderness of LD of a carcass will likely do little to predict the tenderness of other muscles.
Efficient algorithms for interference detection in dynamic environments

Fast and accurate interference detection between general polygonal models is a fundamental problem in CAD/Manufacturing and virtual prototyping. Most earlier algorithms are either restricted to a class of models, such as convex polytopes, or are not fast enough for practical applications. We outline and demonstrate an efficient algorithm for solving the interference detection problem between general polygonal models in simulated environments. The algorithm combines hierarchical representation with incremental frame to frame computation to rapidly detect collisions. For each pair of objects, it localizes the interference regions on their convex hulls and computes exact contacts using hierarchies of oriented bounding boxes. It has been implemented and we highlight its application to virtual prototyping and simulation-based design applications.
Sacrifice in the Ancient Mediterranean: Recent and Current Research:

This essay provides a summary and critical assessment of scholarship on sacrifice in the ancient Mediterranean over the last two decades. It focuses on Greek, Roman, Judean and Christian evidence f...
Gamma Ray Line Observational Results from OSSE

A major objective of the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on NASA’s COMPTON Observatory is the observation of gamma ray line emission from a variety of astronomical objects. Gamma ray lines are of particular interest because they provide unique information on the production, relative abundances, acceleration and interactions of the nuclear component of matter. In this paper, we present some of the initial results obtained by OSSE on observations of line gamma-ray emission from solar flares, the galactic center region, and from supernovae.
Development and assessment of a smartphone application for irrigation scheduling in cotton

Easy-to-use and engaging smartphone application.Interactive ET-based soil water balance model.Uses meteorological data from weather station networks.Estimates root zone soil water deficits (RZSWD).Has mostly outperformed other irrigation scheduling tools. The goal of this work was to develop an easy-to-use and engaging irrigation scheduling tool for cotton which operates on a smartphone platform. The model which drives the Cotton SmartIrrigation App (Cotton App) is an interactive ET-based soil water balance model. The Cotton App uses meteorological data from weather station networks, soil parameters, crop phenology, crop coefficients, and irrigation applications to estimate root zone soil water deficits (RZSWD) in terms of percent as well as of inches of water. The Cotton App sends notifications to the user when the RZSWD exceeds 40%, when phenological changes occur, and when rain is recorded at the nearest weather station. It operates on both iOS and Android operating systems and was released during March 2014. The soil water balance model was calibrated and validated during 2012 and 2013 using data from replicated plot experiments and commercial fields. The Cotton App was evaluated in field trials for three years and performed well when compared to other irrigation scheduling tools. Its geographical footprint is currently limited to the states of Georgia and Florida, United States, because it is enabled to use meteorological data only from weather station networks in these states. A new version is currently under development which will use national gridded meteorological data sets and allow the Cotton App to be used in most cotton growing areas of the United States.
Synthesis and characterization of françoisite-(Nd): Nd[(UO2)3O(OH)(PO4)2]·6H2O

In this report, synthesis and characterization data for francoisite-(Nd), Nd[(UO2)3O(OH)(PO4)2]·6H2O are presented. Experimental studies including chemical digestion, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were conducted. The local bonding environments of uranyl and water were investigated with ATR-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The average axial uranium-oxygen bond lengths [R(U=O)] and the oxygen-oxygen hydrogen bond distances [R(O···O)] in water were calculated from the vibrational frequencies of the stretching modes of uranyl and water, respectively. The IR spectra of protiated and deuterated francoisite-(Nd) appear to confirm a coordinated hydroxyl group bridging vicinal uranyl groups in the structural unit. These studies provide the basis for further thermodynamic (e.g., calorimetry, solubility, and sorption) and geochemical modeling investigations of hydrated uranyl phosphate compounds.
The Exposome: A New Frontier for Education

The historic debate of nature vs. nurture has emerged as a central yin-yang of contemporary health and disease research. The Human Genome Project provided the capability to define the nature of an individual by one's genetic sequence. But tools are not available to sequence lifelong exposures (i.e., the nurture of an individual). Many believe that nurture has an even greater role than genetics in determining lifelong success, health, and well-being. In contemporary terminology, the cumulative measure of environmental influences and associated biological responses throughout the life span is termed the "exposome." This includes all external exposures from the environment, diet, behavior, societal influences and infections, and also cumulative biological responses to exposures and endogenous processes. Pursuit of a Human Exposome Project is a vision worthy of our youth: development of strategies and tools will require the brightest and most imaginative. Incorporation of the exposome into education curricula will foster discussion, development of interest, improvement of skills, and promotion of critical thinking to prepare students for civically engaged lives, ongoing study, and future career opportunities. The long-term vision is that sequencing the exposome will support better understanding of healthful and harmful lifelong exposures and lead to improved opportunity for the health and prosperity of all.
A Second Look at the CREATES Act: What's Not Being Said

The recently introduced CREATES Act would require innovative drug companies to sell their products to their competitors, and it would also require these companies to share with these same competitors the use and distribution arrangements they developed to manage the risks of the products. Supporters describe the bill as the latest remedy for the “regulatory abuse” and “predatory delay tactics” of the innovating pharmaceutical companies and thus part of a broader program to address high drug prices. Earlier proposals relating generally to the same topic, but differing in approach, were introduced in 2014 and 2015 but failed to move forward. Several recent drug pricing controversies have placed the pharmaceutical industry in the spotlight, however, and momentum for the proposal has picked up.This brief article offers important additional context for understanding the proposal by laying out some of the things that are not being said — about use and distribution restrictions associated with new medicines, about the underlying complaints from the generics industry, and about the design and likely effect of the bill. The first part explains pharmaceutical risk management and FDA’s decades–old practice of requiring use and distribution restrictions for certain drugs to manage risk. The second part critically assesses the complaints levied against the research–based companies and the proposals offered to address those complaints. The final part explores the possible practical effects of the proposed legislation and broader implications for innovation policy.
Mental Health Issues and Counseling Services in US Higher Education: An Overview of Recent Research and Recommended Practices

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of mental health issues and counseling services on college campuses in the USA. The findings from several national surveys are reviewed to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression, suicide and suicidal ideation, and violence among college students. Common prevention and treatment programs are then described with particular attention to innovative campus-wide programs. Student outcomes research is examined to determine whether receiving counseling services is associated with academic performance and the likelihood of graduation. The article concludes with a set of recommended practices to improve the effectiveness of counseling services on campus.
GuidingYour Allergic Child into the Mainstream

We designed this book to help parents recognize, manage, and prevent their children’s allergic problems. Much of what we discuss concerns avoiding allergen contact or exposure at home. However, as every parent realizes, a child’s universe begins expanding from the day of birth, continually widening with exposure to different environments, new situations, and changed responsibilities. During their formative years, children spend many hours in school or at the homes of friends; those with working parents have lengthy periods of time at home, alone; they may celebrate holidays or special occasions more actively than adults do; they attend summer camp, travel, or vacation with their families. For the allergic child, each of these aspects of growing up represents a special circumstance and poses certain risks—risks that can be met and countered with careful planning and forethought.
Detection of mercury(II) with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor based on functionalized gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles functionalized with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid can selectively capture Hg2+ in the presence of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, generating a fingerprint surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) peak at 374 cm−1. This SERS sensor exhibits a limit of detection of 5 ppt toward Hg2+ in water.
GABAergic Networks in the Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory.

### Introduction Working memory, the ability to briefly store and act on mental representations of information, even when that information is no longer associated with sensory input, is crucial to completing goal-directed behaviors ([Goldman-Rakic, 1996][1]; [Miller and Cohen, 2001][2]). This type
Noradrenergic Regulation of Central Amygdala in Aversive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer

Abstract The neural mechanisms through which a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits innate defense responses are well understood. But a Pavlovian CS can also invigorate ongoing instrumental responding, as shown by studies of aversive Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). While the neural circuitry of appetitive PIT has been studied extensively, little is known about the brain mechanisms of aversive PIT. We recently showed the central amygdala (CeA) is essential for aversive PIT. In the current studies, using pharmacology and designer receptors in rodents, we demonstrate that noradrenergic (NE) activity negatively regulates PIT via brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) activity and LC projections to CeA. Our results provide evidence for a novel pathway through which response modulation occurs between brainstem neuromodulatory systems and CeA to invigorate adaptive behavior in the face of threat.
Epistemology and Ontology of Indian Psychology

As ecology and history shape culture, any discussion of the roots and practice of a discipline like psychology needs to be couched in the historical context since the present emerges from the interaction between the past and the zeitgeist (Bhawuk, 2003a, 2010; Liu, in press; Liu & Hilton, 2005; Triandis, 1994). It is important to do so as this would allow us to be objective about the role of colonialism and the zeitgeist of dominant logical positivism in shaping the way we view ourselves, our profession, and the knowledge we create. It would be ostrich like to try to bury the pathological consequences of colonialism and its impact on who we are, what we study, and how (Bhawuk 2007a, b; 2008a; Smith, 1999). However, delving too much in the history of colonialism and its impact on knowledge creation can also take away the freedom to break the fetters of intellectual colonization and soar in the indigenous space of insight and wisdom. In this chapter, an attempt is made not to ignore the history of colonization, but yet to look at the epistemology and ontology of Indian Psychology with an open eye on the Indian wisdom tradition, which is consistent with the advice of Yang (1997) that includes what to avoid as well as some positive guidelines for pursuing indigenous research.
A continuous time model of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex

Patients with cerebellar damage exhibit a variety of motor deficits1, and both human and animal studies indicate that cerebellar lesions disrupt several forms of motor learning2. A number of competing hypotheses regarding the nature of cerebellar involvement in motor function have been proposed3–8. One particularly influential class of models, based on the original proposals of Marr9, and shortly thereafter amended by Albus10, asserts that motor memories are stored in the cerebellar cortex at synapses from parallel fibers onto Purkinje cells (pf*Pkj). This class of models can be characterized by the following four hypotheses. I) Climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum, which originate from the inferior olive, are topographically organized by motor function. Each climbing fiber conveys a precise motor instruction to a group of target Purkinje cells, which in turn project to cells in the cerebellar nuclei capable of generating the instructed movement via projections to brain stem motor nuclei. 2) Mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum, which originate from the pontine and other brain stem nuclei, are activated by virtually every sensory modality, as well as by direct inputs from the cerebral cortex. Granule cells, whose axons give rise to parallel fibers, receive a highly divergent input from mossy fiber afferents. The precise pattern of parallel fibers active at any given moment provides a sparse distributed representation of the mossy fiber input. 3) For any given Purkinje cell, each climbing fiber input induces a cell wide signal that causes the weights of any coactive pf*Pkj synapses to be depressed. 4) By repeatedly pairing a particular movement context with the appropriate pattern of climbing fiber activity, the occurrence of that context alone becomes sufficient to initiate the instructed movement. In particular, the occurrence of a previously paired movement context leads to a reduction of Purkinje cell firing, thereby initiating the instructed movement by releasing the appropriate target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei from tonic Purkinje cell inhibition. In order to account for the reversibility of learned motor behavior, the above model is typically augmented by an additional hypothesis: 5) When pf*Pkj synapses are active in the absence of a climbing fiber input, their synaptic weights are potentiated11,12. Thus, repeated presentations of a previously established movement context in the absence of activity in those climbing fibers which instruct for that movement will eventually eliminate the motor response associated with that context.
Der Umbruch zum Social Business Unternehmen

Die Art, wie wir arbeiten, aber auch wie wir leben, verandert sich fortlaufend, allerdings mit unterschiedlichem Tempo. War es in den 1950ern das Automobil fur jedermann, das personliche Mobilitat schuf und zu massiven Veranderungen fuhrte – der Italienurlaub, Einkaufszentren vor der Stadt, ein Arbeitsplatz in 50 km oder mehr Entfernung – so ist es heutzutage die Informationstechnologie, die unser Privatleben massiv verandert, aber eben auch wie wir arbeiten, wie Unternehmen Geschaft machen, wie uber Jahrzehnte funktionierende Geschaftsmodelle zusammenbrechen und neue entstehen. Langsam steigert sich die Leistungsfahigkeit der schnellsten Computer in den Bereich der Rechenleistung des menschlichen Gehirns und es ist nur eine Frage von wenigen Jahren, wann auch ein ganz normaler PC eine solche Leistung haben wird. Das heist zwar noch lange nicht, dass PCs dann denken konnen wie ein Mensch – die Architekturen von Gehirn und PC sind doch zu unterschiedlich und ein Nachbau gehirnahnlicher Strukturen in Computern ist noch weit weg von vergleichbarer Leistung, selbst wenn es dem IBM-Spezialcomputer Watson 2011 gelang in der US Quizshow Jeopardy in naturlicher Sprache gestellte Fragen schneller zu beantworten als es die beiden bisherigen Sieger vermochten.
Common statement kind changes to inform automatic program repair

The search space for automatic program repair approaches is vast and the search for mechanisms to help restrict this search are increasing. We make a granular analysis based on statement kinds to find which statements are more likely to be modified than others when fixing an error. We construct a corpus for analysis by delimiting debugging regions in the provided dataset and recursively analyze the differences between the Simplified Syntax Trees associated with EditEvent's. We build a distribution of statement kinds with their corresponding likelihood of being modified and we validate the usage of this distribution to guide the statement selection. We then build association rules with different confidence thresholds to describe statement kinds commonly modified together for multi-edit patch creation. Finally we evaluate association rule coverage over a held out test set and find that when using a 95% confidence threshold we can create less and more accurate rules that fully cover 93.8% of the testing instances.
Changing the Culture and Attitude: Supporting Women Studying Mining Engineering

Attracting and retaining women studying STEM fields can be difficult, but even more so in very male-dominated industries such as mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, and mining engineering. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology is an engineering and science research university located in the state of South Dakota, United States of America. Researchers at the university have developed a program, funded by a NSF S-STEM grant, which provides financial support, mentoring, and programmatic activities to approximately 30 female students. In this paper, we will discuss curriculum changes, e.g., classroom environment, project-based learning, made by the program’s mining engineering faculty. We will also present lessons learned and ideas for future curriculum modifications.
Annular lesions: diagnosis and treatment.

Annular lesions can present in a variety of diseases. Knowledge of the physical appearance and history of presentation of these skin findings can help in the diagnosis. A pruritic, annular, erythematous patch that grows centrifugally should prompt evaluation for tinea corporis. Tinea corporis may be diagnosed through potassium hydroxide examination of scrapings. Recognizing erythema migrans is important in making the diagnosis of Lyme disease so that antibiotics can be initiated promptly. Plaque psoriasis generally presents with sharply demarcated, erythematous silver plaques. Erythema multiforme, which is due to a hypersensitivity reaction, presents with annular, raised lesions with central clearing. Lichen planus characteristically appears as planar, purple, polygonal, pruritic papules and plaques. Nummular eczema presents as a rash composed of coin-shaped papulovesicular erythematous lesions. Treatment is aimed at reducing skin dryness. Pityriasis rosea presents with multiple erythematous lesions with raised, scaly borders, and is generally self-limited. Urticaria results from the release of histamines and appears as well-circumscribed, erythematous lesions with raised borders and blanched centers. Annular lesions occur less commonly in persons with fixed drug eruptions, leprosy, immunoglobulin A vasculitis, secondary syphilis, sarcoidosis, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and granuloma annulare.
Adolescent Sexting: The Roles of Self-Objectification and Internalization of Media Ideals:

We examined adolescent sexting using objectification theory as a framework. We hypothesized that sexting is a manifestation of trait self-objectification and the internalization of gender-specific ...
Are Nondenominational Colleges More Liberal Than Denominational Colleges?: A Comparison of Faculty Religious Identity, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Actions

AbstractThroughout American history, scholars called Christian higher education by other names. They used terms such as “denominational,” “sectarian,” “church-related,” “church-sponsored,” “church-based,” and “church-affiliated” higher education to describe Christian higher education. What these terms failed to include, however, were the increasing number of nondenominational institutions that began to emerge in the nineteenth century.In The Dying of the Light, James Burtchaell (1998) did include these institutions in his argument. He suggested that nondenominational colleges and universities had the same weakness as denominational institutions that abandoned their church connections. In fact, compared to institutions that kept their church ties, in Burtchaell’s eyes, they appeared to be weaker institutions since they lacked direct denominational support.Apart from Burtchaell’s one historical case study, very little empirical literature exists that supports this argument. This study explores this claim em...
Building a Large-Scale Microscopic Road Network Traffic Simulator in Apache Spark

Road network traffic data has been widely studied by researchers and practitioners in different areas such as urban planning, traffic prediction, and spatial-temporal databases. For instance, researchers use such data to evaluate the impact of road network changes. Unfortunately, collecting large-scale high-quality urban traffic data requires tremendous efforts because participating vehicles must install GPS receivers and administrators must continuously monitor these devices. There has been a number of urban traffic simulators trying to generate such data with different features. However, they suffer from two critical issues (1) scalability: most of them only offer single-machine solution which is not adequate to produce large-scale data. Some simulators can generate traffic in parallel but do not well balance the load among machines in a cluster. (2) granularity: many simulators do not consider microscopic traffic situations including traffic lights, lane changing, car following. In the paper, we propose GeoSparkSim, a scalable traffic simulator which extends Apache Spark to generate large-scale road network traffic datasets with microscopic traffic simulation. The proposed system seamlessly integrates with a Spark-based spatial data management system, GeoSpark, to deliver a holistic approach that allows data scientists to simulate, analyze and visualize largescale urban traffic data. To implement microscopic traffic models, GeoSparkSim employs a simulation-aware vehicle partitioning method to partition vehicles among different machines such that each machine has a balanced workload. The experimental analysis shows that GeoSparkSim can simulate the movements of 200 thousand vehicles over a very large road network (250 thousand road junctions and 300 thousand road segments).
Children and families of the opioid epidemic: Under the radar

As increasing resources are now being directed towards addressing the growing U.S. opioid epidemic, the long-term care of children from opioid-affected families has been relatively neglected. While an array of evidence suggests long-term negative developmental, medical, and social impacts to children related to their parents' opioid use, there remains much to be learned about how best to support children and families to promote healthy outcomes. Here, we report on the launch of an innovative family-centered pediatric medical home for opioid-affected families in Boston. We describe the program, the patient cohort, and early lessons learned. Important themes include the vulnerability of families with infants whose parents are in early recovery, and the need for compassionate, high-touch, high-continuity, team-based care that views the needs of the family as a whole. We recommend a future emphasis on non-stigmatizing, trauma-informed care; centering the needs of the family by addressing social and logistics barriers and by expanding models of parent-child dyadic care; investing in attachment and mental health interventions; developing strategies for prevention of opioid use disorder (OUD) in the next generation; and grounding our advocacy and actions in a social justice approach.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery

This chapter is to introduce the use of an intrathecal drug delivery system for the management of refractory chronic cancer or noncancer pain. The chapter begins with an overview as to how intrathecal therapy can be a useful modality to modulate spinal transmission of pain (nociceptive) signals, followed by historical perspectives, indications, contraindications of intrathecal therapy, and current guidelines from the Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC). The chapter introduces the relevant surgical techniques, complications, and troubleshooting and concludes with a summary of the use of intrathecal therapy and future advancements in developing new pump technology, catheter materials, and intrathecal drugs for the treatment of severe chronic pain.