cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Psychologists as Program Evaluators: Principles and Applications

Summary The field of program evaluation provides unique opportunities to apply social psychological theories and research skills in field settings. The present article (a) discusses why social psychologists are especially qualified to perform evaluations, and (b) illustrates the application of social psychological concepts and methods to projects in three diverse settings: health care, desegregation, and mental health training. In addition, practical problems likely to be encountered when conducting an evaluation are considered from the perspective of the three specific projects. Finally, the benefits provided by the social psychologist/program evaluator for the intervention project are reviewed, as well as the benefits yielded by program evaluation for the discipline of social psychology.
Opposing effects of deoxycorticosterone and spironolactone on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction.

Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to massive myocardial infarction with isoprenaline. Some of the animals were treated with the potent mineralocorticoid, deoxycorticosterone, or the anti-mineralocorticoid, spironolactone. Autopsies spaced at sequential time intervals demonstrated that circulating levels of enzymes, eg, CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, lipids, eg, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol, glucose, BUN, and corticosterone rose in conjunction with on-going necrosis and became lowered in conjunction with myocardial repair. Body and organ weights, ie, adrenal, thymus, heart, and kidney, underwent dynamic changes commensurate with necrosis and repair. Animals given isoprenaline alone died (52 % survival) during the height of their massive infarct and congestive heart failure (Days 3 and 4). Animals treated with DOC showed the most severe congestion but died (36% survival) during the late repair phase (Days 7 and 8). Animals treated with spironolactone showed the most effective clearance of thoracic fluid and also died (18% survival) during the late repair phase (Days 7 and 8). These spironolactone-treated animals had large, left ventricular aneurysms with organised, adherent thrombi. It is believed that alterations in electrolyte balance induced by DOC or spironolactone caused changes in adrenocortical function which greatly modified the usual pathophysiological response to myocardial infarction.
The plastic flow of binary Ni3Al single crystals

Abstract Flow stress measurements were performed on single crystals of binary Ni-rich Ni3Al as a function of temperature, orientation, and sense of the applied uniaxial stress. Data were collected over temperatures ranging from liquid nitrogen to 1300 K. In agreement with previous studies on other Ll2-type Ni3Al based alloys, the yield strength of binary Ni3Al presented a positive temperature dependence up to about 1100 K. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for the {111}〈110〉 slip was found to be orientation dependent, mostly over the positive temperature range (400–1100 K). A tension/compression asymmetry, whose sense and magnitude are orientation dependent, appeared over the same range of temperatures. An orientation dependence was also found for the CRSS for {010}〈110〉 slip at high temperatures where the yield strength of Ni3Al decreases with temperature. In this temperature regime, unlike for the Ni3Al + X alloys, a flow stress asymmetry is found, the sense and magnitude of which are orientation-independent. The magnitude of the peak temperature is orientation-independent as determined from the tensile tests, but it varies randomly with orientation for the compressive tests.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation using intravascular ultrasound guidance.

Abstract Purpose To describe the use of intravascular ultrasound (US) guidance for creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs) in humans. Materials and Methods The initial 25 cases of intravascular US–guided TIPS were retrospectively compared versus the last 75 conventional TIPS cases during the same time period at the same institution in terms of the number of needle passes required to establish portal vein (PV) access, fluoroscopy time, and needle pass–related complications. Results Intravascular US–guided TIPS creation was successful in all cases, and there was no statistically significant difference in number of needle passes, fluoroscopy time, or needle pass–related complications between TIPS techniques. Intravascular US–guided TIPS creation was successful in cases in which conventional TIPS creation had failed as a result of PV thrombosis or distorted anatomy. Intravascular US guidance for TIPS creation was additionally useful in a patient with Budd–Chiari syndrome and in a patient with intrahepatic tumors. Conclusions Intravascular US is a safe and reproducible means of real-time image guidance for TIPS creation, equivalent in efficacy to conventional fluoroscopic guidance. Real-time sonographic guidance with intravascular US may prove advantageous for cases in which there is PV thrombus, distorted anatomy, Budd–Chiari syndrome, or hepatic tumors.
Exposure to Community Violence and Adolescents’ Internalizing Behaviors Among African American and Asian American Adolescents

Exposure to community violence can seriously threaten healthy adolescent development. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between exposure to violence in the community and the internalizing behaviors of Asian American and African American adolescents. Data analyzed was from 901 adolescents (57.9% female and 42.1% male, and 84.7% African American and 15.3% Asian American) who had participated in both Wave I and II interviews of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health conducted between 1994 and 1996. Being female, having prior internalizing behaviors at baseline, and being exposed to violence significantly predicted African American adolescents’ subsequent report of internalizing behaviors and their symptoms. Being female and having prior internalizing behaviors also predicted Asian American adolescents’ subsequent internalizing behaviors and their symptoms. However, exposure to violence was not associated with Asian American adolescents’ internalizing behaviors. Findings suggested a need to conceptualize mental health risk in a more nuanced context of cultural diversity.
Direct determination of the growth rate of Drosophila imaginal discs

A simple technique is described which allows the number of cells in the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster to be determined directly, by dissociation of the tissue into single cells. This technique was used to determine the growth rates for the eye-antenna, wing, leg, and haltere discs during the second and third larval instars. The results obtained for the number of cells present at particular stages and for the growth rates during this period are similar to those determined previously using either indirect or more tedious procedures.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism in Experimental Atherosclerosis

Background— Aldosterone has been implicated in the effects of angiotensin II in the vasculature. We hypothesized that there is local expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the vasculature and that the use of a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA) improves endothelial function in early atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— New Zealand rabbits were placed on normal chow or 1% cholesterol diets, randomized to placebo or SARA (eplerenone, 50 mg/kg twice daily), and killed at the end of 6 weeks for various studies. In the hyperlipidemic (HL) chow group, there was a 2.3-fold increase in superoxide (O2·−) generation. SARA normalized O2· − generation in intact aortas and reduced NADH and NADPH oxidase activity to basal levels (0.31±0.04 and 0.27±0.02 in HL versus 0.16±0.05 and 0.07±0.02 in HL-SARA, respectively; P<0.01 by ANOVA). This was associated with improvements in peak relaxations to the endothelial-dependent agonist acetylcholine (82±6% in HL-SARA versus 61±4 in HL; P<0.01 by ANOV...
Anatomic correlations in radiogallium imaging of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum

Radiogallium (67Ga) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis has been useful not only in detecting inflammations in these regions, but in pointing out their precise anatomic localization. Once the anatomic site is determined, it is often possible to infer the source of origin of the problem (such as ruptured viscus or pancreatitis). Interpretation of the images depends on recognition of patterns that define known anatomic boundaries such as the transverse mesocolon, root of the small mesentery, perirenal space, and pararenal space, or else show diffuse peritoneal uptake. The anatomic patterns may have continued usefulness in future studies, such as when radiolabeled leukocytes are employed to localize inflammations.
NN annihilation into two pseudoscalar mesons at high energy

Abstract The amplitudes for the N N → M M annihilation channel are related to the amplitudes for backward MN elastic scattering using a Reggeized baryon exchange model. The angular distributions for N N → π π at high energy are qualitatively predicted from data on πN elastic scattering at large angles. Several cross-section relations are obtained for the N N → K K reactions that should be subject to experiment test.
Microwave spectrum, structure, dipole moment, and quadrupole coupling constants of isopropylamine

Abstract The microwave spectra of (CH 3 ) 2 CHNH 2 , (CH 3 ) 2 CHNHD, and (CH 3 ) 2 CHND 2 have been assigned and analyzed. Only c -type, R -branch transitions were identified. The observed spectra correspond to the trans rotamer, as shown by planar moments, the deuterium isotope effect, dipole moment components, and the N quadrupole coupling constants. The CN bond distance is shorter than that observed in methyl amine, as expected, and significantly longer than that in the analogous closed-ring compound cyclopropylamine.
Factors in visual acuity: I. Neural inhibition and the visual perception of contours

Interpretations of the mechanisms of perception of contours or of Mach bands have stressed either the role of various spatial derivatives of light intensity at the retina or the importance of various forms of inhibitory effects between neighboring retinal elements. Evidence is presented here in support of the latter type of interpretation. It is considered that the brightness contrast and perceived contours arise from neural elements, each of which is stimulated in proportion to the intensity of photo-receptor excitation at a point of the retina and inhibited in proportion to the mean intensity in some neighborhood of that point. The role of the spatial derivatives is best seen as a particular manifestation of the inhibitory mechanism. Predictions based upon this hypothesis appear to be consistent with experimentally observed evidence.
On the Off-Axis Tension Test for Unidirectional Composites

The off axis tensile test was examined experimentally to obtain actual displacement fields over the surface of graphite polyimide coupon specimens. The experimental results were compared with approximate analytical solutions and generated finite element results. An optical method of high sensitivity moireinterferometry was used to determine the actual displacements to high precision. The approximate analytical solution and the finite element results compare very favorably with the measured centerline displacements in the test section, and the finite element displacement fields provide excellent agreement with the moiredisplacements throughout the specimen. A 15 degree fiber orientation and coupon aspect ratios of 5 and 15 are presented. Previously announced in STAR as N82-23553
Microlensing Surveys for Exoplanets

Unlike most other planet-detection techniques, gravitational microlensing does not rely on detection of photons from either the host or the planet. Rather, planets are discovered by their gravitational perturbation of light from a more distant source. I review the fundamental concepts of microlensing planet searches and discuss their practical application. I show how the strengths and peculiarities of the method flow from the basic manner in which planets are discovered. In particular, microlensing is sensitive to very low-mass planets on wide orbits and free-floating planets, and can be used to search for planets orbiting host stars with a broad range of masses and Galactocentric distances. However, microlensing events are rare and cannot be predicted in advance, the majority of the host stars are extremely faint, and the planetary signals typically last less than a day. These strengths motivate microlensing searches as powerful, complementary probes of unexplored parameter space that have already provid...
Coalitions and Language Politics: Policy Shifts in Southeast Asia

Why is it that some governments recognize only one language while others espouse multilingualism? Related, why are some governments able to shift language policies, and if there is a shift, what explains the direction? In this article, the authors argue that these choices are the product of coalitional constraints facing the government during critical junctures in history. During times of political change in the state-building process, the effective threat of an alternate linguistic group determines the emergent language policy. If the threat is low, the government moves toward monolingual policies. As the threat increases, however, the government is forced to co-opt the alternate linguistic group by shifting the policy toward a greater degree of multilingualism. The authors test this argument by examining the language policies for government services and the education system in three Southeast Asian countries (Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand).
Data dependency diagrams for spreadsheet applications

We conducted experiments to evaluate on-line data dependency diagrams for spreadsheets. Results were consistent those of earlier experiments with written data dependency diagrams. Although users had no trouble browsing the on-line diagrams, the diagrams did not seem to improve the performance of a maintenance task on a small spreadsheet. The diagrams may be helpful for larger spreadsheets.
Content analysis of the leading general academic databases

Title lists from the three leading general academic databases were compared to evaluate journal content. Some of the elements that were analyzed include subject coverage, the quality of titles provided, accessibility issues, and trends over time for these databases. While database title lists are now readily available on the Internet for comparison, as our article illustrates, these lists need further evaluation for proper assessment.
Identification and characterisation of a regulatory region in the Toxoplasma gondii hsp70 genomic locus.

Toxoplasma gondii is an important human and veterinary pathogen. The induction of bradyzoite development in vitro has been linked to temperature, pH, mitochondrial inhibitors, sodium arsenite and many of the other stressors associated with heat shock protein induction. Heat shock or stress induced activation of a set of heat shock protein genes, is characteristic of almost all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Studies in other organisms indicate that heat shock proteins are developmentally regulated. We have established that increases in the expression of bag1/hsp30 and hsp70 are associated with bradyzoite development. The T. gondii hsp70 gene locus was cloned and sequenced. The regulatory regions of this gene were analysed by deletion analysis using β-galactosidase expression vectors transiently transfected into RH strain T. gondii. Expression was measured at pH 7.1 and 8.1 (i.e. pH shock) and compared to the expression obtained with similar constructs using BAG1 and SAG1 promoters. A pH-regulated region of the Tg-hsp70 gene locus was identified which has some similarities to heat shock elements described in other eukaryotic systems. Green fluorescent protein expression vectors driven by the Tg-hsp70 regulatory region were constructed and stably transfected into T. gondii. Expression of green fluorescent protein in these parasites was induced by pH shock in those lines carrying the Tg-hsp70 regulatory constructs. Gel shift analysis was carried out using oligomers corresponding to the pH-regulated region and a putative DNA binding protein was identified. These data support the identification of a pH responsive cis-regulatory element in the T. gondii hsp70 gene locus. A model of the interaction of hsp70 and small heat shock proteins (e.g. BAG1) in development is presented.
Synchronicity related to dead loved ones as a natural healing modality

The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to explore the experience of synchronicity (meaningful coincidence) related to dead loved ones and to identify whether these events, when experienced by those who are grieving, help to create opportunities for personal transformation and enhanced well-being. Nine female adults agreed to participate in the study, which was conducted in a nondenominational community group setting using weekly group sessions, one-to-one interviews, and written questionnaires. Several common themes emerged: participants verbalized feeling happy while sad, believing and at the same time disbelieving, being scared and yet reassured, feeling connected but also disconnected, and sometimes having faith while at other times lacking faith. In addition, it was identified that the sharing of synchronicity experiences with other individuals who were grieving contributed positively to the grief-healing process for the group as a whole. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stiffness-based design methodology for steel braced tube structures: A sustainable approach

Braced tubes are efficient structural systems for tall buildings and have been continuously used for major tall buildings since their emergence in the late 1960s. This paper presents a stiffness-based design methodology for determining preliminary member sizes of braced tubes for tall buildings. The methodology is applied to a set of buildings ranging from 40 to 80 stories tall, and parameters for the most economic design in terms of material usage are generated for representative design loadings. The impact of different geometric configurations of the structural members on the economic design is also discussed, and recommendations for the optimal geometries are made. The stiffness-based methodology, with a less iterative process, is very efficient for the preliminary design of braced tube structures, and will contribute to constructing built environments using minimum amounts of resources.
Sexually transmitted infections in female rape victims.

Sexual assault is a common occurrence that carries significant physical and mental health morbidity. Some of the most common concerns expressed by sexual assault victims can be allayed by addressing the risks of rape-related sexually transmitted infections. Although exact risks cannot be accurately quantified, it is important that health-care professionals provide counseling as well as prophylaxis and/or treatment as indicated. Screening and treatments should follow established guidelines, and follow-up care is indicated to confirm successful prevention or treatment. Continued support, surveillance, and medical attention should be offered as needed. This article will address important clinical issues regarding the prevalence and consequences of sexual assault, and will summarize current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in adolescent and adult rape victims. Some of the logistical issues surrounding HIV testing, counseling, and prevention for rape victims ...
The spontaneous loss of contact sensitivity in the mouse does not require B cells.

In the mouse, allergic contact dermatitis to the strong contact allergen dinitrofluorobenzene is maximal 5 to 6days after sensitization and rapidly fades in the succeeding days. It has been proposed that this loss of T-cell reactivity depends on feedback inhibition by anti-idiotypic antibody of the expression of allergic contact dermatitis. We have examined this question by studying the course of allergic contact dermatitis in mice made B- cell deficient by the chronic administration from birth of a heterologous antibody with specificity for mouse IgM. We found in these mice a spontaneous loss of allergic contact dermatitis comparable to that seen in normal intact mice. This implies that the rapid rise and fall of contact sensitivity in the mouse is not necessarily mediated by B cells (or B-cell products) and is compatible with its control, at least in part, by T-suppressor cells.
Bulk lifetime and efficiency enhancement due to gettering and hydrogenation of defects during cast multicrystalline silicon solar cell fabrication

Abstract Cast multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) shows a significant variation in quality depending on the location of the brick in the ingot and the location of the wafer in the brick. Variation also occurs in ingots from different suppliers, which is attributed to the difference in the cleanliness of the crucible used for growth and the quality of the silicon feedstock used. Process-induced lifetime investigation conducted in this paper showed that wafers from the top region of mc-Si ingot grown by Heat Exchanger Method (HEM) benefited most from the gettering step during phosphorus diffusion to form the n + junction. Wafers from the bottom of the ingot, however, benefited most from the hydrogenation taking place from the SiN x film during the co-firing cycle used to form simultaneous front and back contacts and aluminum back surface field. Wafers from the middle region benefited from both, the diffusion-gettering, and the SiN x -hydrogenation. Un-textured, 4 cm 2 , screen-printed, best solar cell efficiencies of 15.9% and above were achieved on wafers from top, middle, and bottom regions of most of the ingots used in this study because the bulk lifetime exceeded 100 μs after gettering and hydrogenation. Lifetimes in excess of 300 μs were achieved from the middle region of some mc-Si ingots. Solar cell efficiencies of 16.7% were attained from the middle regions of two out of the three ingots investigated in this study. Device modeling was performed to provide guidelines to reduce the efficiency variation across different regions of the ingots and to obtain the highest possible efficiency with a given bulk lifetime and device structure.
Modeling of Gaussian beam diffraction on volume Bragg gratings in PTR glass

A detailed model of diffraction of Gaussian beams on plane uniform volume Bragg gratings based on a Kogelnik’s theory of coupled waves is presented. The model describes transmitting and reflecting gratings and takes into account spectral width and angular divergence of diffracted beams. Exact formulas for angular and spectral selectivity are derived. Conditions for Bragg diffraction based on comparison between beam quality (divergence and spectral width) and volume grating parameters (angular and spectral selectivity) are formulated. The model results are compared with experimental data for high-efficient Bragg gratings in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass.
In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by isolated rat kidney cells.

Abstract Cells were dispersed from rat kidney after enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix. When the cells were suspended in a serum-free medium and incubated with 3H-labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) several polar metabolites, including 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 and 24,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 were produced. The specific activities of the 25-OH-D3:1- and 24-hydroxylases in isolated rat kidney cells were 10-100 times greater than in avian kidney homogenates. The rates of production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 were linear over a wide range in cell densities (0.65-5.0 × 106 cells per ml) and substrate concentrations (3.5-70 nM). The rate of production of 24,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 from 25-OH-[3H]D3 by cells isolated from rats fed control diet was linear with time for up to 30 min, while the synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 was linear for over 90 min. The specific activity of the 25-OH-D3:1-hydroxylase was increased in kidney cells from vitamin D-deficient rats (11.5 fmol/min per 106 cells) as well as calcium-deficient rats (8.1 fmol/min per 106 cells) when compared to cells from rats fed the control diet (2.0 fmol/min per 106 cells). Also, the specific activity of the 25-OH-D3:24-hydroxylase was reduced in cells from the vitamin D-deficient rats (<0.2 fmol/min per 106 cells) and calcium-deficient rats (5.1 fmol/min per 106 cells) compared to the controls (15.2 fmol/min per 106 cells). On the basis of these results, as well as previous in vivo studies, we conclude that the metabolism of 25-OH-D3 by freshly isolated rat kidney cells reflects the in vivo activities of the renal vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes and may prove useful as an assay.
CHICK TESTIS WEIGHT RESPONSE TO GONADOTROPIC HORMONE

For use as assay animals male chicks have the advantage of being relatively cheap and usually available. Moreover, they require a minimum of care and the equipment used is inexpensive. Quantitative measurement of the sensitivity of the chick testis to gonadotropic hormone will make possible its use in assays of gonadotropic potency. The reports of numerous investigators have shown that the chick testis responds to administered gonadotropic hormone from various sources by rapid weight increase. The response to hormone from pituitary preparations and pregnant mare serum is known to be greater than that to hormone from pregnancy urine preparations. Asmundson, Gunn and Klose (1) and Breneman (2) have made recent reports of a qualitative nature, and these papers may be consulted for references to previous work.
INFINIBAND ROUTING TABLE OPTIMIZATIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS

The achievable performance on Infiniband networks is governed by the latencies and bandwidths of communication channels as well as by contention within the network. Currently Infiniband uses static routing to transfer messages and thus does not take into account dynamic loading of the channels. By interrogating the network routing tables we quantify the contention that occurs for a number of communication patterns using a large-scale (1024 processor) system. Empirical data confirms our contention calculation almost exactly. Custom routing tables are defined that provide both optimum and worst-case performance for a large-range of communication patterns. Performance differences can be as large as 12× (from optimum to worst-case). Two large-scale applications show a run-time improvement of between 10-20% and up to a 40% improvement in just their communication time when using optimized routing tables. The approach taken is applicable to many Infiniband systems, and we expect the performance improvements to be even greater on larger-scale systems.
Accuracy assessment and implementation of an electromagnetically tracked endoscopic orbital navigation system

Optic neuropathies are historically difficult to treat due to difficulty in reaching the optic nerve in the tight neurovascular environment of the orbit. An orbital endoscopic system is currently under development that may be able to administer treatment to the optic nerve in a significantly less invasive manner than that of previous surgical procedures. However, due the tight confines of the orbital environment, this endoscopic system has proven to be time consuming and tedious. By combining an orbital endoscope with a flexible electromagnetic tracking system, it may be possible to develop a quick and accurate method of locating the optic nerve. Much of the guesswork involved in orbital endoscopy could be relieved by live tracking in preoperative CT scans. This project focuses on the accuracy assessment of such a tracked endoscopic system as well as its implementation in phantom and animal models. With the combined benefits of orbital endoscopy and electromagnetic tracking, this is the route to providing the best support possible for safe and efficient orbital surgery.
Social Context, Sexual Networks, and Racial Disparities in Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections

African-Americans have the highest rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, including heterosexual transmission, in the United States. Although numerous factors probably contribute to the extreme racial disparity, reasons for its persistence remain poorly explained. Mathematical modeling demonstrates that concurrent sexual partnerships speed transmission of HIV through sexual networks more effectively than does serial monogamy, for the same total number of sexual partners. This paper examines the evidence that the social and economic environment for many African-Americans discourages long-term monogamy and promotes concurrent sexual partnerships, which may, in turn, fuel the HIV epidemic in this population.
Vietnamese Perceptions of Community and Health: Implications for the Practice of Community Health Education

Ethnic identification has provided a strong network of social support for Vietnamese and Amerasians who have relocated to the US. Thus the design of health education programs for Vietnamese communities in the US requires consideration of cultural and perceptual differences. To facilitate this process in-depth interviews were conducted with 60 Vietnamese community workers human service agency supervisors and residents in the western Massachusetts region. Close to half the respondents did not believe that the Western version of community existed in Viet Nam. To obtain social support Vietnamese people rely on kinship networks. Respondents emphasized the importance of community-based organizations rather than the community per se to help immigrants adjust to a new cultural context. Functions of such organizations included programs for youth and elders skills training transportation to medical and government appointments and translation language classes knowledge transfer for public assistance benefits cultural activities and health education. Respondents identified health followed by family and community as their key priorities. Health was valued primarily for its role in maintaining the ability to perform salaried work and support ones family. The impact of the community on personal health was perceived as limited but significant influence was attributed to community expectations in personal behavior. By strengthening existing cultural values and network ties health education and promotion programs can enhance the ability of Vietnamese communities to assess their needs and build the capacity to promote health.
Stimulants as Specific Inducers of Dopamine-Independent σ Agonist Self-Administration in Rats

A previous study showed that cocaine self-administration induced dopamine-independent reinforcing effects of σ agonists mediated by their selective actions at σ1 receptors (σ1Rs), which are intracellularly mobile chaperone proteins implicated in abuse-related effects of stimulants. The present study assessed whether the induction was specific to self-administration of cocaine. Rats were trained to self-administer the dopamine releaser, d-methamphetamine (0.01–0.32 mg/kg per injection), the μ-opioid receptor agonist, heroin (0.001–0.032 mg/kg per injection), and the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor/channel antagonist ketamine (0.032–1.0 mg/kg per injection). As with cocaine, self-administration of d-methamphetamine induced reinforcing effects of the selective σ1R agonists PRE-084 [2-(4-morpholinethyl)1-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate hydrochloride] and (+)-pentazocine (0.032–1.0 mg/kg per injection, each). In contrast, neither self-administration of heroin nor ketamine induced PRE-084 or (+)-pentazocine (0.032–10 mg/kg per injection, each) self-administration. Although the σ1R agonists did not maintain responding in subjects with histories of heroin or ketamine self-administration, substitution for those drugs was obtained with appropriate agonists (e.g., remifentanil, 0.1–3.2 µg/kg per injection, for heroin and (5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine ((+)-MK 801; dizocilpine), 0.32–10.0 µg/kg per injection, for ketamine). The σR antagonist N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamine dihydrobromide (BD 1008; 1.0–10 mg/kg) dose-dependently blocked PRE-084 self-administration but was inactive against d-methamphetamine, heroin, and ketamine. In contrast, PRE-084 self-administration was affected neither by the dopamine receptor antagonist (+)-butaclamol (10–100 μg/kg) nor by the opioid antagonist (−)-naltrexone (1.0–10 mg/kg), whereas these antagonists were active against d-methamphetamine and heroin self-administration, respectively. The results indicate that experience specifically with indirect-acting dopamine agonists induces reinforcing effects of previously inactive σ1R agonists. It is further suggested that induced σ1R reinforcing mechanisms may play an essential role in treatment-resistant stimulant abuse, suggesting new approaches for the development of effective medications for its treatment.
Community Leader Perceptions of the Health Needs of Older Adults

The purpose of this needs assessment was to determine community leader perceptions of health-related needs and resources available to rural-dwelling older adults as part of a community-academic partnership in the rural Midwest. A community advisory board, in accordance with community-based participatory research principles, was influential in study design and implementation. Key informant interviews (N = 30) were conducted with community leaders including professionals from schools, businesses, churches, and health care as well as government officials. Thematic analysis revealed "Family Is Central," "Heritage," "Strength," and "Longevity" as important themes related to older adults and their health care needs within the community. "Close-knit" and "Church Is Central" were also identified as important aspects of elder care. Community leaders perceived the "Rural Economy," "Distance to Resources," and "Seasonal Resources" as significant barriers for older adults. This work contributes important insights into community leaders' perceptions of health needs and challenges faced by older adults in rural settings.
Two Exhibitions Resignify Aboriginality and Photographyin Australia's Visual Lexicon

Photography has long been central to the construction of Aboriginal peoples in the Australian national imaginary. In the last 20 years, the social role of photography has shifted: from origins in scopic regimes that racialized and dispossessed Aboriginal peoples to an era of contemporary reappropriation, recontextualizing colonial archives, and producing new Indigenous high art photography. Photographs are no longer stable, visible testimony of Indigenous peoples' presumed imminent decline or innate savagery but are, rather, colonial objectifications now available for resignification as evidence of kinship networks, land claims, and local knowledge systems. In July 2006, two exhibitions were spearheading these important transitions. “Colliding Worlds” opened at Melbourne Museum, and “Michael Riley: Sights Unseen” premiered at the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) in Canberra. Together, these exhibitions destabilize historical legacies of the visual in Australia's national imaginary, resignifying photography as a medium of new knowledge production, aesthetic expression, and social change.
The Conformational Model and the Structure Function Relation in Mitochondria

The mitochondrion has long been studied as an organelle which couples electron transfer to synthesis of ATP and other processes. The transduction of energy inherent in these coupled processes poses three closely related problems: (a) what is the mechanistic principle underlying the transduction?; (b) how can this principle account for multiple coupling modes; and (c) how are these coupling modes controlled? We are now at the stage at which partial but definitive answers to each of these questions can now be given with a reasonable degree of certainty.
Deregulation of cdk5, Hyperphosphorylation, and Cytoskeletal Pathology in the Niemann–Pick Type C Murine Model

NPC-1 gene mutations cause Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), a neurodegenerative storage disease resulting in premature death in humans. Spontaneous mutation of the NPC-1 gene in mice generates a similar phenotype, usually with death ensuing by 12 weeks of age. Both human and murine NPC are characterized neuropathologically by ballooned neurons distended with lipid storage, axonal spheroid formation, demyelination, and widespread neuronal loss. To elucidate the biochemical mechanism underlying this neuropathology, we have investigated the phosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in the brains of npc-1 mice. A spectrum of antibodies against phosphorylated epitopes in neurofilaments (NFs) and MAP2 and tau were used in immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analyses of 4- to 12-week-old mice. Multiple sites in NFs, MAP2, and tau were hyperphosphorylated as early as 4 weeks of age and correlated with a significant increase in activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and accumulation of its more potent activator, p25, a proteolytic fragment of p35. At 5 weeks of age, the development of axonal spheroids was noted in the pons. p25 and cdk5 coaccumulated with hyperphosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins in axon spheroids. These various abnormalities escalated with each additional week of age, spreading to other regions of the brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and eventually, the cortex. Our data suggest that focal deregulation of cdk5/p25 in axons leads to cytoskeletal abnormalities and eventual neurodegeneration in NPC. The npc-1 mouse is a valuable in vivo model for determining how and when cdk5 becomes deregulated and whether cdk5 inhibitors would be useful in blocking NPC neurodegeneration.
Interactions Between Genotype and Depressive Symptoms on Obesity

Depression and Genetic variation in serotonin and monoamine transmission have both been associated with body mass index (BMI), but their interaction effects are not well understood. We examined the interaction between depressive symptoms and functional polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) on categories of BMI. Participants were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate interactions between candidate genes and depression on risk of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) or overweight + obese combined (BMI ≥ 25). Males with an MAOA active allele with high depressive symptoms were at decreased risk of obesity (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.06–0.78) and overweight + obesity (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.26–0.89). No similar effect was observed among females. These findings highlight that the obesity–depression relationship may vary as a function of gender and genetic polymorphism, and suggest the need for further study.
Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei vsg expression site switching in vitro

Trypanosoma brucei can undergo antigenic variation by switching between distinct telomeric variant surface glycoprotein gene (6sg) expression sites (ESs) or by replacing the active6sg. DNA rearrangements have often been associated with ES switching, but it is unclear if such rearrangements are necessary or whether ES inactivation always accompanies ES activation. To explore these issues, we derived ten independent clones, from the same parent, that had undergone a similar6sg activation event. This was achieved in the absence of an immune response, in vitro, using cells with selectable markers integrated into an ES. Nine of the ten clones had undergone ES switching. Such heritable changes in transcription state occurred at a frequency of approximately 6 10 7 . Comparison of switched and un-switched clones highlighted the dynamic nature of T. brucei telomeres, but changes in telomere length were not specifically associated with ES switching. Mapping within and beyond the ESs revealed no detectable DNA rearrangements, indicating that rearrangements are not necessary for ES activation:inactivation. Examination of individual cells indicated that ES activation consistently accompanied inactivation of the previously active ES. In some cases, however, we found cells that appeared to have efficiently established the switched state but which subsequently, at a frequency of approximately 210 3 , generated cells expressing both pre- and post-switch 6sgs. These results show that ES activation:inactivation is usually a coupled process but that cells can inherit a propensity to uncouple these events. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Racial Disparities in Men’s Health and the Transition to Marriage Among Unmarried Fathers

This article uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Survey to examine the association between transitioning to marriage and general health status or serious health problems among low-income men. Beginning with a sample of 3,631 unmarried fathers, the study observes the relationship between their transitions to marriage within 3 years after the birth of their child and their health status 5 years postbirth. The authors also explore if unmarried fathers benefit from marrying mothers who have health insurance. Results indicate that transitions to marriage and transitions to marriage with mothers who have health insurance, are associated with fewer serious health problems. The authors did not observe a significant relationship between transitioning to marriage and general health, likely because the sample comprised men who were young (average age was 26 years) and in very good health.
The Mean of a Maximum Likelihood Estimator Associated with the Brownian Bridge

A closed formula for the mean of a maximum likelihood estimator associated with the Brownian bridge is obtained; the exact relation with that of the Brownian motion is established.
Differences in Siphonal Anatomy between Dreissena Polymorpha and D. Bugensis (Mollusca: Dreissenidae) in Lake Ontario

Abstract The Great Lakes region has come to be occupied by at least two species of Dreissena, the zebra mussel, D. polymorpha and the quagga mussel, D. bugensis. The species are distinguished on the basis of shell morphology and electrophoretic patterns. Comparisons of the posterior mantle regions reveals differences between the two species in the extent of sensory papillae above the exhalant siphon and the point of union of the middle mantle fold.
Work-Family Balance, Role Integration and Employee Well-Being

Researchers have long been interested in understanding the antecedents of subjective well-being, which has been generally defined as “how people evaluate their lives” (Diener et al., 2003, p. 404). A number of studies have adopted a top-down approach to predicting subjective well-being, whereby a person’s dispositional characteristics influence the level of life satisfaction that the person experiences (see Heller et al., 2004). On the other hand, there is also evidence for a bottom-up process whereby a person’s levels of satisfaction with specific life domains (e.g., work, marriage, etc) are combined to form an overall level of satisfaction with one’s life in general (Heller et al., 2004).
Understanding the Connection Between Epistemic Beliefs and Internet Searching

Within the context of exploring an ill-structured task using the Google search engine, this study examined (a) the connections between general epistemic beliefs and the complexity of learners' know...
Application of sdp to product rules and quantum query complexity

In recent years, semidefinite programming has played a vital role in shaping complexity theory and quantum computing. There have been numerous applications ranging from estimating quantum values, over approximating combinatorial quantities, to proving various bounds. This work extends the use of semidefinite programs (SDPs) to proving product rules and to characterizing quantum query complexity. In the first application, we provide a general framework to establishing product rules for quantities that can be expressed (or approximated) using SDPs. We use duality theory to give product rules, which bound the value of the “product” of two problems in terms of their value. Some previous results have implicitly used the properties of SDPs to give such product rules. Here we give sufficient and necessary conditions under which these approaches work, thereby enabling us to capture these previous results under our unified framework. We also include a discussion about alternate definitions of what a “product” means and how they fit into our approach. The second application provides an SDP characterization of quantum query complexity, which is one of the ways in which complexity of a function can be measured. It is known that quantum query complexity can be lower bounded by the so-called “adversary method” which is expressible as a semidefinite program. Recently, Ben Reichardt showed that the adversary method leads to a tight lower bound for boolean functions by converting the solution of this SDP (of adversary method) into an algorithm. We show that a related SDP, called “witness size” in this thesis, provides a tight bound on the quantum query complexity of non boolean functions (total as well as partial). This witness size SDP is also used to give composition results for quantum query complexity. We also show that the witness size is bounded by a constant multiple of the adversary bound. Finally, we briefly explore whether other convex programming paradigms can be useful in complexity theory. One of them is copositive programming. We show that one of the recent result about parallel repetition of unique games, by Barak et.al., can be interpreted as an application of copositive programming.
Low-Noise Preamplifier Design Considerations for Large Area High Capacitance Solid-State Neutron Detectors

In this paper, the design of a low noise charge sensitive preamplifier, suitable for high capacitance solid-state neutron detector arrays, is described. Noise considerations related to arraying multiple detectors in either series or parallel are also presented. Using the designed preamplifier, an energy resolution of 12 keV FWHM in Si is achieved with 1 nF equivalent detector capacitance and $10~\mu\hbox{S} $ shaping time. Additionally, a novel preamplifier topology, which utilizes a capacitance canceling input stage, is presented. Detailed analysis of the capacitance cancelling stage is discussed with special consideration given to its use with a charge sensitive preamplifier. Up to a 15% decrease in noise is demonstrated using the capacitance cancelling technique.
Ultra-precision diamond machining of freeform optics

We review the use of multi-axis milling as a method for manufacturing freeform optics in brittle materials. Implementing this technology requires understanding of material behavior and error correction/minimization. Several examples with infrared applications are discussed.