cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consensus from Differences: Lack of Professional Consensus on the Retention of the Gender Identity Disorder Diagnosis

When the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) was asked to provide input into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM 5) process regarding the revision of the Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosis, it quickly became apparent that there was a lack of professional consensus within the field as to whether or not this diagnosis should be retained and, if so, whether GID is best conceptualized as a mental health disorder or as a non-mental health physical disorder. Addressing this lack of consensus was the first issue the WPATH Consensus Statement work groups faced. By acknowledging the arguments on both sides and accepting the lack of consensus on the retention of the diagnosis, the work groups were able to reach agreement upon recommendations for diagnostic revision, should a diagnosis be retained in DSM 5. Thus, starting from standpoints with fundamental differences, and representing a constituency (WPATH members) with widely different views, ...
Sex-specific effects of an avian malaria parasite on an insect vector: support for the resource limitation hypothesis.

Many parasites, such as those that cause malaria, depend on an insect vector for transmission between vertebrate hosts. Theory predicts that parasites should have little or no effect on the transmission ability of vectors, e.g., parasites should not reduce vector life span as this will limit the temporal window of opportunity for transmission. However, if the parasite and vector compete for limited resources, there may be an unavoidable physiological cost to the vector (resource limitation hypothesis). If this cost reduces vector fitness, then the effect should be on reproduction, not survival. Moreover, in cases where both sexes act as vectors, the effect should be greater on females than males because of the greater cost of reproduction for females. We tested these predictions using Haemoproteus columbae, a malaria parasite of Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) that is vectored by both sexes of the hippoboscid fly Pseudolynchia canariensis. Hippoboscids belong to a group of insects (Hippoboscoidea) with unusually high female reproductive investment; eggs hatch in utero, and each larva progresses through three stages, feeding from internal ''milk'' glands in the female, followed by deposition as a large puparium. We compared fitness components for flies feeding on malaria-infected vs. uninfected Rock Pigeons. Survival of female flies decreased significantly when they fed on infected birds, while survival of male flies was unaffected. Our results were contrary to the overall prediction that malaria parasites should have no effect on vector survival, but consistent with the prediction that an effect, if present, would be greater on females. As predicted, females feeding on malaria-infected birds produced fewer offspring, but there was no effect on the quality of offspring. A separate short-term feeding experiment confirmed that female flies are unable to compensate for resource limitation by altering blood meal size. The unanticipated effect on female survival may be explained by the fact that H. columbae also has the option of using male flies as vectors.
Toward a Third Space: Improvisation and Professionalism in Social Work

Pressured to be a “proper profession,” social work often failed to attend to its ambiguous and improvisational nature. In this article, the author recasts social work in a performance framework and repositions the profession between traditional categories such as art or science. In an indeterminate “third space of the borderlands” the critical yet unrecognized improvisational arenas of social life and social work become visible. Exploring improvisation, the author discusses theater literature and provides insights as to how social work is an improvisational profession that always performs and re-forms various identities.
Bernoulli–Euler beam model based on a modified couple stress theory

A new model for the bending of a Bernoulli–Euler beam is developed using a modified couple stress theory. A variational formulation based on the principle of minimum total potential energy is employed. The new model contains an internal material length scale parameter and can capture the size effect, unlike the classical Bernoulli–Euler beam model. The former reduces to the latter in the absence of the material length scale parameter. As a direct application of the new model, a cantilever beam problem is solved. It is found that the bending rigidity of the cantilever beam predicted by the newly developed model is larger than that predicted by the classical beam model. The difference between the deflections predicted by the two models is very significant when the beam thickness is small, but is diminishing with the increase of the beam thickness. A comparison shows that the predicted size effect agrees fairly well with that observed experimentally.
Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide II inhibits lung neovascularization and airway epithelial morphogenesis

Neovascularization is crucial to lung development and is mediated through a variety of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Herein, we show that excess Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide (EMAP) II, an anti-angiogenic protein, not only inhibits fetal lung neovascularization, but also significantly alters airway epithelial morphogenesis. In a murine allograft model of lung neovascularization and morphogenesis, embryonic lungs transplanted under the skin of immunocompromised mice receiving intraperitoneal EMAP II, had a 56% reduction in vessel density (P<0.0001) compared to control. EMAP II treated lung transplants also exhibited a marked alteration in lung morphogenesis, including lack of type II alveolar cell formation, determined by markedly decreased expression of surfactant protein C, and increased apoptosis. In contrast, lung implants in animals receiving an EMAP II blocking antibody had an increase in vessel density of 50% (P<0.0001) and increased expression of surfactant protein C mRNA in distal epithelium. These studies demonstrate that EMAP II negatively modulates lung neovascularization as well as leading to the arrest of lung airway epithelial morphogenesis and apoptosis.
Hydro-elastic behavior of multiple-plate fuel-assemblies—II hydro-static divergence

Abstract An analysis of hydraulically induced fuel-plate collapse is presented which takes into account the coupling through the elastic structure of pressure disturbances in all the flow channels of a fuel assembly. No a priori assumption is made regarding the mode of plate deflection. This more general formulation is shown to be equivalent to that of other investigators only if special assumptions about the construction of the fuel assembly are made.
Observations on the use of adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with stage I and II uterine sarcoma

Abstract From November 1973 through July 1982, 225 women with Stage I or II uterine srcoma were entered on a protocol which evaluated the use of doxorubicin in the adjuvant setting. Of these, 157 patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Following complete surgical removal of all known clinical disease, consenting patients were randomized to reciece either 30 mg/m 2 of doxorubicin every 3 weeks for eight courses or no further theraphy. The use of radiation therapy in this protocol was optional, and a review of protocol cases was undertaken to determine progression-free interval, survival rates, and site of first recurrence in the radiation therapy and no radiation therapy groups. In patients with Stage I or II leiomypsarcoma of the uterus, there was no difference in the progression-free interval, absolute two-year survival rate, or site of first recurrence in the two groups. There was no difference in the progression-free interval groups. However, those who received radiation therapy to the pelvis experienced a statistically significant reduction of recurrence within the radiation treatment field.
Characterization of Early EDEM1 Protein Maturation Events and Their Functional Implications

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control factor EDEM1 associates with a number of ER proteins and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) substrates; however, an understanding of its role in ERAD is unclear. The early maturation events for EDEM1 including signal sequence cleavage and glycosylation were analyzed, and their relationship to the function of EDEM1 was determined. EDEM1 has five N-linked glycosylation sites with the most C-terminal site recognized poorly cotranslationally, resulting in the accumulation of EDEM1 containing four or five glycans. The fifth site was modified post-translationally when bypassed cotranslationally. Signal sequence cleavage of EDEM1 was found to be a slow and inefficient process. Signal sequence cleavage produced a soluble form of EDEM1 that efficiently associated with the oxidoreductase ERdj5 and most effectively accelerated the turnover of a soluble ERAD substrate. In contrast, a type-II membrane form of EDEM1 was generated when the signal sequence was uncleaved, creating an N-terminal transmembrane segment. The membrane form of EDEM1 efficiently associated with the ER membrane protein SEL1L and accelerated the turnover of a membrane-associated ERAD substrate. Together, these results demonstrated that signal sequence cleavage functionally regulated the association of EDEM1-soluble and membrane-integrated isoforms with distinct ERAD machinery and substrates.
The Cognitive Costs of the Counter-Stereotypic: Gender, Emotion, and Social Presence

We explored the concurrent and subsequent cognitive consequences of the experience of gender counter-stereotypic emotions. Participants experiencing gender counter-stereotypic emotions were expected to display less emotional expression and demonstrate poorer cognitive performance when in the public condition than when in the private condition. Seventy-one women and 66 men completed an anger- or sadness-inducing task privately or publicly. Participants completed two cognitive tasks: one during and one after the emotion-induction task. Participants exhibited poorer performance during and following gender counter-stereotypic emotions only in the public condition. Direct evidence for greater suppression of gender counter-stereotypic emotions in the public conditions was not obtained. These results suggest that the same public emotional events may be differentially cognitively depleting depending on one’s gender, potentially contributing to the perpetuation of stereotypes.
Pressure Dependence of the Radius of the Negative Ion in Helium II

The pressure dependence of the radius of the negative ion in helium II is derived from measurements of trapping cross section in quantized vortex lines.
Weather systems: a global view

Global weather systems, are described for four geographical regions of the world; polar latitudes, middle‐latitudes, subtropical latitudes, and tropical latitudes. Cyclone characteristics over each region are described. Differences between cyclones originating in each of these latitude bands are examined with respect to; direction to cyclone motion, cause for cyclone development, and cyclone vertical structure. It is shown that regional characteristics of cyclone development and cyclone decay are related to the large scale mean circulation. The concept of “storm tracks” has been developed from observations which indicate that cyclones develop, move along and decay in regions of the mean circulation which are favourable for cyclone existence. El Nino and La Nina are briefly described, and there effects on changing (temporarily) the mean global circulation are outlined. A primary reason why extended range weather forecasts are typically erroneous is directly related to the complex interaction between cyclon...
Cardiovascular effects of glucagonlike peptide-1 agonists.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is acknowledged as a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Advancing treatment options for person with diabetes beyond glucose control to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications and ultimately have an impact on CVD development holds great significance for the growing number of persons with diabetes. Glucagonlike peptide–1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted in response to nutrient ingestion that inhibits glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, resulting in reduced postprandial glycemia. GLP-1 has insulinomimetic, insulinotropic, and antiapoptotic properties. GLP-1 agonists (exenatide and liraglutide) are a class of drugs approved for the treatment of diabetes that have significant cardiovascular (CV) effects. These CV effects potentially provide an opportunity for clinicians to address the multifactorial issues involved in the increased CV morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes. This article presents an overview of the CV effects of GLP-1 agonists, highlighting implications for the management of patients with diabetes and heart disease.
Rayleigh scattering by a bianisotropic ellipsoid in a biisotropic medium

Abstract The Rayleigh scattering response of an electrically small bianisotropic ellipsoid immersed in an ambient biisotropic medium has been obtained using coupled volume integral equations. This work will be of interest for studying the electromagnetic properties of particulate matter.
Hockets as Compositional and Scribal Practice in the ars nova Motet—A Letter from Lady Music

The whimsical upper-voice texts of the anonymous fourteenth-century motet Musicalis / Sciencie stage an epistolary exchange between Rhetoric, Music, and a long list of French composers and singers. The letters complain that these musicians, whose ranks include Guillaume de Machaut and Philippe de Vitry, split words with rests when they write hockets. The critical tone of Musicalis / Sciencie implies that some ars nova composers must have regularly split words with hockets, while others—the motet’s composer, for one—held this to be bad practice. But since modern editions and medieval scribes alike are imprecise in the placement of text around hockets, the existence of such opposing camps seems difficult to substantiate. An analysis of text-note alignment in four sources for Apta / Flos reveals that some scribes were prescriptive in their texting of hockets, while others, like the scribe of the important Ivrea codex, were pragmatic. An awareness of these differences can lead to alternate modes of interpreting ambiguous text underlay. In the case of Philippe de Vitry’s Petre / Lugentium , shifting syllables adjacent to hockets can transform the work, highlighting carefully differentiated textural zones that are key to its structure. Such editorial intervention can in turn yield fresh insight into competing compositional approaches.
Chromosomal location of genes for novel glutenin subunits and gliadins in wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides)

The glutenin and gliadin proteins of wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides, have potential for improvement of durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) quality. The objective of this study was to determine the chromosomes controlling the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and gliadin proteins present in three T. turgidum var. dicoccoides accessions (Israel-A, PI-481521, and PI-478742), which were used as chromosome donors in Langdon durum-T. turgidum var. dicoccoides (LDN-DIC) chromosome substitution lines. The three T. turgidum var. dicoccoides accessions, their respective LDN-DIC substitution lines, and a number of controls with known HMW glutenin subunits were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), urea/SDS-PAGE, and acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). The results revealed that all three T. turgidum var. dicoccoides accessions possess Glu-A1 alleles that are the same as or similar to those reported previously. However, each T. turgidum var. dicoccoides accession had a unique Glu-B1 allele. PI-478742 had an unusual 1Bx subunit, which had mobility slightly slower than the 1Ax subunit in 12% SDS-PAGE gels. The subunits controlled by chromosome 1B of PI-481521 were slightly faster in mobility than the subunits of the Glu-B1n allele, and the 1By subunit was identified as band 8. The 1B subunits of Israel-A had similar mobility to subunits 14 and 16. The new Glu-B1 alleles were designated as Glu-B1be in Israel-A, Glu-B1bf in PI-481521, and Glu-B1bg in PI-478742. Results from A-PAGE revealed that PI-481521, PI-478742, and Israel-A had eight, 12, and nine unique gliadin bands, respectively, that were assigned to specific chromosomes. The identified glutenin subunits and gliadin proteins in the LDN-DIC substitution lines provide the basis for evaluating their effects on end-use quality, and they are also useful biochemical markers for identifying specific chromosomes or chromosome segments of T. turgidum var. dicoccoides.
The effect of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on intravenous cocaine self-administration

Adult male rats were implanted with intravenous catheters. After a minimum of 10 days recovery from surgery, rats were trained to intravenously self-administer cocaine (1 mg/kg/infusion) during 3-h test sessions. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nw-nitro-Larginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) was used to determine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition on cocaine selfadministration. A 5-day protocol was used and on Days 2 and 5, an intraperitoneal injection of L-NAME (0, 3, 30, 300 mg/kg) was administered 45 to 60 min into a 3-h test session. One to two hours following L-NAME administration, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of self-administered cocaine and an increase in the interresponse time (IRT) between successive cocaine injections. L-NAME appeared to prolong the rewarding effect of cocaine possibly through a pharmacokinetic action. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Hybrid conjugate gradient-Occam algorithms for inversion of multifrequency and multitransmitter EM data

SUMMARY We describe novel hybrid algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic geophysical data, combining the computational and storage efficiency of a conjugate gradient approach with an Occam scheme for regularization and step-length control. The basic algorithm is based on the observation that iterative solution of the symmetric (Gauss-Newton) normal equations with conjugate gradients effectively generates a sequence of sensitivities for different linear combinations of the data, allowing construction of the Jacobian for a projection of the original full data space. The Occam scheme can then be applied to this projected problem, with the tradeoff parameter chosen by assessing fit to the full data set. For EM geophysical problems with multiple transmitters (either multiple frequencies or source geometries) an extension of the basic hybrid algorithm is possible. In this case multiple forward and adjoint solutions (one each for each transmitter) are required for each step in the iterative normal equation solver, and each corresponds to the sensitivity for a separate linear combination of data. From the perspective of the hybrid approach, with conjugate gradients generating an approximation to the full Jacobian, it is advantageous to save all of the component sensitivities, and use these to solve the projected problem in a larger subspace. We illustrate the algorithms on a simple problem, 2-D magnetotelluric inversion, using synthetic data. Both the basic and modified hybrid schemes produce essentially the same result as an Occam inversion based on a full calculation of the Jacobian, and the modified scheme requires significantly fewer steps (relative to the basic hybrid scheme) to converge to an adequate solution to the normal equations. The algorithms are expected to be useful primarily for 3-D inverse problems for which the computational burden is heavily dominated by solution to the forward and adjoint problems.
Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of terazosin versus placebo in women with prostatism-like symptoms.

AbstractPurpose: We attempt to determine whether terazosin is effective therapy for the treatment of prostatism-like symptoms in women.Materials and Methods: A total of 29 women 47 to 79 years old with prostatism-like symptoms entered a randomized double-blind study comparing terazosin (14) versus placebo (15). The salient inclusion and exclusion criteria consisted of an American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score of 8 or more, post-void residual volume less than 300 ml. and absence of stress urinary incontinence.Results: The baseline and final visit AUA symptom scores were 12.7 and 10.7, respectively, in the placebo group, and 16.4 and 13.6, respectively, in the terazosin group. The differences between the change in AUA symptom score in the placebo and terazosin groups were not clinically or statistically significant.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that terazosin is not effective for the treatment of prostatism-like symptoms in aging women.
Split Nucleoli as A Source of Error in Nerve Cell Counts

The number of nerve cells in a given ganglion or nucleus is usually determined by counting the nucleoli in serial sections. The possibility that nucleoli may split and appear in more than one section is recognized as a source of error. A determination of the value of this error was made as follows; from nodose ganglia of four cats were cut serial transverse sections in which the sections varied in thickness. Thus from one ganglion, four sections were cut at 12 μ, then six at 9μ, and eight at 6μ. The process was repeated over and over until the entire ganglion was sectioned. The other ganglia were sectioned similarly. After mounting and staining, separate counts were made of the nucleoli of each given ganglion from the sections of different thicknesses. If nucleoli split according to theoretical expectations, the percentage of nucleoli split in thick sections should be less than the percentage split in thinner sections and the counts based on the sections of different thicknesses should vary accordingly. T...
Surgical Care Improvement Project Performance Measures: Good but Not Perfect

The process of development, implementation, and maintenance of national performance measures to assess the quality of healthcare is complex. Topics are selected for quality improvement on the basis of the impact of a clinical condition (mortality, morbidity, costs of care), presence of evidence-rated guidelines to identify best practices that can be measured, and known gaps in performance. Measures are developed after a careful review of guidelines with vetting from clinical experts in the field. Pilot testing occurs through review of samples of patient records with the target condition or with groups of providers who volunteer to participate. Implementation of the measures requires publication of detailed specifications for all data elements that must be collected to evaluate performance, and requires the programming of tools for data collection and analysis that can be utilized to evaluate performance. Maintenance of performance measures to ensure that the specifications are valid and consistent with newly developed medical knowledge requires ongoing review of published evidence. Just as postmarketing surveillance often reveals side effects of medications not identified during clinical trials, rolling out national performance measures to thousands of healthcare providers for implementation often brings to light issues with measure specifications and clinical scenarios not anticipated based on pilot testing. Changes to performance measure specifications often require additional field testing of data elements for
Incompatible ABO-plasma exchange and its impact on patient selection in paediatric cardiac transplantation.

Objectives:A decade ago, the first series of ABO-incompatible heart transplants was published, with surprising and extremely promising results; drastically reduced waiting list mortalities of infants listed for heart transplantation. Essential to the procedure was the process of plasma exchange transfusion, required to reduce isohaemagglutinin titres and facilitate the crossing of ABO blood group boundaries. Since then, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London has offered ABO-incompatible heart transplants to infants who potentially would die waiting for a suitable organ. We report the results of a decade of evolving plasma exchange experience and its impact upon patient selection.Methods:A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all elective ABO-incompatible heart transplants at Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital from January 2001 until January 2011. Data were sought on underlying conditions and demographics of the patients, the isohaemagglutinin titre before and after plasma exchange and survival figu...
Defective cerebellar response to mitogenic Hedgehog signaling in Down's syndrome mice

Trisomy 21 is the cause of Down [corrected] syndrome (DS) which is characterized by a number of phenotypes, including a brain which is small and hypocellular compared to that of euploid individuals. The cerebellum is disproportionately reduced. Ts65Dn mice are trisomic for orthologs of about half of the genes on human chromosome 21 and provide a genetic model for DS. These mice display a number of developmental anomalies analogous to those in DS, including a small cerebellum with a significantly decreased number of both granule and Purkinje cell neurons. Here we trace the origin of the granule cell deficit to precursors in early postnatal development, which show a substantially reduced mitogenic response to Hedgehog protein signaling. Purified cultures of trisomic granule cell precursors show a reduced but dose-dependent response to the Sonic hedgehog protein signal in vitro, demonstrating that this is a cell-autonomous deficit. Systemic treatment of newborn trisomic mice with a small molecule agonist of Hedgehog pathway activity increases mitosis and restores granule cell precursor populations in vivo. These results demonstrate a basis for and a potential therapeutic approach to a fundamental aspect of CNS pathology in DS.
Transients in chiral media with single-resonance dispersion

We study theoretically the propagation of a transient electromagnetic pulse in an unbounded homogeneous, isotropic, reciprocal, chiral medium, using the standard Fourier transform technique. We assume linear, causal, dispersive chiral media with single-resonance dispersion. For the permittivity and permeability functions a single-resonance Lorentz model is assumed, and for the chirality admittance function a single-resonance model consistent with Condon’s model of optical activity is used. Propagation of a TEM plane wave of a step sinusoidal signal is considered. We analyze the transient behavior of the electric-field components at a distant location and at various times of observation. In particular the role of the chirality of the medium and its effects on the dynamical evolution of the transient pulse in such a medium are highlighted, and the similarities and the differences between the transient signal propagation in chiral and nonchiral dispersive media are investigated. We show that several novel phenomena result from the presence of chirality in the medium. Among them are the development of a cross-polarized component, the splitting of instantaneous frequency (which suggests that there are effectively two first precursors and two second precursors for each field component of the transient pulse), and the buildup of the main signal in two stages. Other notable effects are also discussed. Physical insights into these results are provided.
A Review and Analysis of Power Dynamics in Organizational Romances

Anecdotal, case history, and field survey reports on organizational romances are reviewed to develop a theoretical framework of power dynamics in organizational romances. Internally, the relationship is viewed as an exchange relation among three domains of power; externally, the relationship is viewed as a coalition formation that may create instability in the work group. The limitations of the existing research and the implications for management intervention also are discussed.
Scattering of Low-Mode Internal Waves at Finite Isolated Topography

AbstractA series of two-dimensional numerical simulations examine the breaking of first-mode internal waves at isolated ridges, independently varying the relative height of the topography compared to the depth of the ocean h0/H0; the relative steepness of the topographic slope compared to the slope of the internal wave group velocity γ; and the Froude number of the incoming internal wave Fr0. The fraction of the incoming wave energy, which is reflected back toward deep water, transmitted beyond the ridge, and lost to dissipation and mixing, is diagnosed from the simulations. For critical slopes, with γ = 1, the fraction of incoming energy lost at the slope scales approximately like h0/H0, independent of the incoming wave Froude number. For subcritical slopes, with γ < 1, waves break and lose a substantial proportion of their energy if the maximum Froude number, estimated as Frmax = Fr0/(1 − h0/H0)2, exceeds a critical value, found empirically to be about 0.3. The dissipation at subcritical slopes therefor...
An L-section DC electric field switchable bulk acoustic wave solidly mounted resonator filter based on Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3

This paper reports on the demonstration of a voltage switchable barium strontium titanate solidly mounted resonator filter at 6 GHz. The filter insertion loss was measured to be −4.26 dB and the return loss to be −13.5 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth was measured to be 72 MHz and the quality factor was calculated to be 83. The data was collected at a dc bias voltage of 10 V.
Territories of Concern: Vacant Housing and Perceived Disorder on Three Suburban Blocks:

Social context affects the way disorder is understood, but research is inconclusive about how it does so. Survey analysis highlights the role of neighborhood level conditions, while ethnographic wo...
Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan

Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. ANNE ALLISON. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. xxvi. 225 pp., figures, notes, references, index.
3-hydroxyglutaric acid fails to affect the viability of primary neuronal rat cells

Abstract Glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) is an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCD) resulting in the accumulation of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3OHG), glutaric acid and glutaconic acid in body fluids. GA I is characterized by a specific age- and brain region-dependent neuropathology. Previous studies using organotypic slice cultures of rats and primary chick embryo telencephalon cell cultures indicated that death of neurons is a consequence of an excitotoxic mechanism induced by 3OHG. We used primary neuronal cells of neonatal rats as a model system to test cell viability after treatment with 3OHG. Western blot analysis was used to prove the expression of functional N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors revealing no alteration in the expression of NMDA-2a and -2b receptor subtypes in response to 3OHG. When neuronal cells cultured for 10 or 20 days were treated with 1 mM glutamate, the viability of cells was reduced by 40%. This effect could be prevented by coincubation with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801. In contrast, incubation of cells with 3OHG for up to 24 h in concentrations of 4–8 mM did not cause increased cell death as compared with untreated control cultures. These results indicate that 3OHG is not excitotoxic in this model of neuronal rat cell cultures despite the presence of functional NMDA receptors. Therefore, alternative or additional pathomechanisms than excitotoxicity may be relevant for neurodegeneration in GA I.
Conjugating the Cuban Revolution It Mattered, It Matters, It Will Matter

If 50 years on it is a challenge to get a clear picture of the place of the process known as the Cuban Revolution, no event in that time has had more lasting impact on so many people in so many places. The Cuban Revolution mattered, matters, and will continue to matter. It enabled and enobled people around the world to stand up and struggle or renew struggles already under way, it continues to stand as a powerful testament to both social justice work and commitment in countries around the world, and it will provide a model—for what to do and not to do—for future actors in popular collective efforts as well as efforts to improve health care and education. The legacy of the Cuban Revolution, its premise and its promise, is deep and wide.
A Comparison of Methods for Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models

Recently, we proposed a new method called the plausibility transformation method to convert a belief function model to an equivalent probability model. In this paper, we compare the plausibility transformation method with the pignistic transformation method. The two transformation methods yield qualitatively different probability models. We argue that the plausibility transformation method is the correct method for translating a belief function model to an equivalent probability model that maintains belief function semantics.
Phosphoinositide Binding Differentially Regulates NHE1 Na+/H+ Exchanger-dependent Proximal Tubule Cell Survival

Tubular atrophy predicts chronic kidney disease progression, and is caused by proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTC) apoptosis. The normally quiescent Na+/H+ exchanger-1 (NHE1) defends against PTC apoptosis, and is regulated by PI(4,5)P2 binding. Because of the vast array of plasma membrane lipids, we hypothesized that NHE1-mediated cell survival is dynamically regulated by multiple anionic inner leaflet phospholipids. In membrane overlay and surface plasmon resonance assays, the NHE1 C terminus bound phospholipids with low affinity and according to valence (PIP3 > PIP2 > PIP = PA > PS). NHE1-phosphoinositide binding was enhanced by acidic pH, and abolished by NHE1 Arg/Lys to Ala mutations within two juxtamembrane domains, consistent with electrostatic interactions. PI(4,5)P2-incorporated vesicles were distributed to apical and lateral PTC domains, increased NHE1-regulated Na+/H+ exchange, and blunted apoptosis, whereas NHE1 activity was decreased in cells enriched with PI(3,4,5)P3, which localized to basolateral membranes. Divergent PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 effects on NHE1-dependent Na+/H+ exchange and apoptosis were confirmed by selective phosphoinositide sequestration with pleckstrin homology domain-containing phospholipase Cδ and Akt peptides, PI 3-kinase, and Akt inhibition in wild-type and NHE1-null PTCs. The results reveal an on-off switch model, whereby NHE1 toggles between weak interactions with PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. In response to apoptotic stress, NHE1 is stimulated by PI(4,5)P2, which leads to PI 3-kinase activation, and PI(4,5)P2 phosphorylation. The resulting PI(3,4,5)P3 dually stimulates sustained, downstream Akt survival signaling, and dampens NHE1 activity through competitive inhibition and depletion of PI(4,5)P2.
Validation of torso force feedback slope simulation through an energy cost comparison

This paper compares the energy cost of locomotion on a real slope and on a simulated slope using a tether force on the Sarcos Treadport. Walking and running both up and down slopes are investigated. Horizontal tether forces were based on f=Kmgsin(/spl theta/) to simulate the slope /spl theta/. For uphill walking and running, average values of K were determined to be 0.84 and 0.78. For downhill walking and running, average values of K were determined to be 0.72 and 0.66. These values of K reinforce previous findings from psychological and biomechanical studies that found K equal to an average of 0.65.
On Modes of Tropical Circulation and Climate Anomalies

Abstract Large-scale departure maps of sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST) are presented for the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, as obtained by stratification with respect to extreme climatic events in key regions of the tropical Americas. Drought in the Central American-Caribbean region is characterized by an equatorward expansion of the North Atlantic high, a band of anomalously cold water extending across the North Atlantic and a positive SST anomaly in the eastern Pacific. Drought in northeast Brazil is associated with high SLP over the South Atlantic and low SLP over the North Atlantic, cold water in the South Atlantic, a band of positive SST anomalies across the North Atlantic, and positive SST departures in the eastern Pacific. During the Ecuador/Peru El Nino, SLP in the eastern Pacific is low and SST high, and positive SLP departures dominate the tropical Atlantic. Independently, preferred modes of departure configurations are identified from principal compone...
Unifying Two Forms of Memory: A Neural Model

We provide a parsimonious description of the fundamental processes of short- term and long-term synaptic plasticity. The model consists of two interacting differential equations, one describing alterations of the synaptic weight and the other the speed of recovery (forgetting). The latter exhibits an inverse S-shaped curve whose high value corresponds to short-term memory, and low value to long-term memory. The model has been verified on habituation data of toad’s prey-catching behavior spanning from several hours to several weeks.
The Editor's Song

The program of the 2011 Mathfest�s opening banquet was �MAA�The Musical!� Produced by Annalisa Crannell and starring the �MAA Players� (active MAA members all), it highlighted activities of the Association and of Mathfest itself. This song represents the journals. It was sung by past editor Frank Farris to the tune of �A Wand�ring Minstrel I,� from Gilbert and Sullivan�s the Mikado.
The Sudden Embrace of Executive Discretion in Immigration Law

In recent years, immigration law scholars known for criticizing federal plenary power over immigration are openly embracing it. This includes Hiroshi Motomura, who has not only defended executive discretion over immigration enforcement under a myriad of legal theories, but was also instrumental in influencing President Barack H. Obama’s administration to exercise it. Until recent years Motomura has characterized federal plenary power as nothing more than a constitutional anomaly. In the book Americans in Waiting, Motomura wrote that federal plenary power was in essence “imaginary law,” and even went so far to assert that the legal doctrine was primarily nativist in origin. Yet today Motomura and other immigration law scholars are embracing federal plenary power, thus begetting the question: what led them to embrace the very legal doctrine they despised for so long? Initially, the embrace of federal plenary power by immigration law scholars was in response to the rapid growth of state and local legislation touching upon immigration. From their perspective, these laws were unconstitutional because they conflicted with the overarching federal immigration scheme, needlessly intruded into United States foreign policy, and encouraged unconstitutional racial profiling. It was additionally asserted that such state and local legislation was unconstitutional under the theory it undermined the executive’s authority to establish immigration priorities and strategies. Herein arose the overarching legal and constitutional justification for President Obama’s immigration program known as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) — executive discretion of immigration enforcement. This article explores this sudden transformation — that is how Motomura and other immigration law scholars suddenly embraced federal plenary power. It raises an eyebrow whenever scholars which have criticized a legal doctrine for decades all of a sudden embrace it. As a matter of legal ethics, there is certainly nothing wrong with Motomura and others changing their position to advance the interests of unlawfully present immigrants. In the legal profession it is quite common, and often encouraged, for legal scholars and advocates to tailor or change their position dependent upon the case before them. At the same time, however, this intellectual shift deserves further examination, and this article serves as a history in law intervention of sorts.
Anaphylactic Sensitization of Guinea-Pigs to Streptococcic Filtrate and to Uninoculated Broth

Scarlatinal streptococcus filtrates have been shown to be antigenic since a neutralizing antibody is formed following injections of such filtrates in man and in horses. Dochez and Sherman,1 and Mackie and McLachlan 2 have reported the production of a skin sensitivity in guineapigs after injections of filtrates. Although there is some doubt about the specificity of the skin reactions obtained by the latter observers, these authors have interpreted their results as indicating an anaphylactic sensitization. In guinea-pigs the demonstration of the altered anaphylactic reactivity of smooth muscle in the Schultz-Dale reaction after sensitization to filtrate has not been attempted. In this paper are reported observations on the production of such anaphylactic sensitization to the filtrate in guinea-pigs, and also experiments which show that injections of uninoculated broth can produce similar anaphylactic hypersensitivity. All filtrates used for sensitizing injections were from 5-day veal infusion broth cultures of hemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin and varied in titer of toxin from 7,500 to 50,000 standard skin test doses per cc. None contained any added blood or other protein. Streptococci were used for sensitizing injections in certain experiments. When living organisms were employed, they were grown on bloodfree agar, and injected without previous washing. In one series of tests, the organisms were grown in blood-free broth, washed, centrifugated, and desiccated over sulphuric acid. This bacterial powder was then mixed with salt solution in the proportion of 1 mg. per cc. before injection. Young female virgin guinea-pigs were injected with successive small doses of filtrate and when later tested in the anaphylactic experiment had reached 250 to 350 grams weight. In each the uterus was perfused with warm Tyrode solution until completely blanched and each horn was suspended in a 100 cc. bath of oxygenated Tyrode
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Three-dimensional diagnostics in air and water by molecular tagging and molecular scattering

Molecular-based approaches are particularly well suited to three-dimensional flow field diagnostics. Images simultaneously capture a wide range of scales and give both vector and scalar quantities. The diagnostic approaches discussed here include flow tagging by RELIEF and PHANTOMM in air and water, respectively; planar imaging in air with Rayleigh Scattering and Filtered Rayleigh Scattering; and planar imaging in water with Laser-Induced Fluorescence. For the tagging approaches, images can be captured using a stereoscopic camera pair to observe the threedimensional displacement of patterns written into the flow field. In the case of Rayleigh Scattering and Laser-Induced Fluorescence, three-dimensional images are captured by sequential or simultaneous images of planar cross sections through the three-dimensional volume. The visualization of these three-dimensional volume data sets requires transparent reprojection, preferably with partial obscuration and motion, if the full complex structure is to be visualized.
Improved Functional Prediction of Hypothetical Proteins from Listeria monocytogenes 08-5578

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne human pathogen responsible for listerosis. The genomes of several L. monocytogenes strains have been recently sequenced. The genome of L. monocytogenes 08-5578, which was in part responsible for a significant listerosis outbreak in 2008, contains an unexpectedly high percentage of protein-encoding genes (1,927 out of 3,161; 60.96%) autonomously annotated as hypothetical proteins. The aim of this study was to test whether a manual annotation strategy could be used to assign more meaningful functional names to the hypothetical proteins of 08-5578. A holistic, manual gene annotation strategy that utilized sequence homology, cellular localization predictions, structure-based evidence, phylogeny, and protein-protein interaction data was used to assign potential cellular roles to 79 out of 100 hypothetical proteins randomly selected from the genome of 08-5578. Of significance, 5 of the 79 hypothetical proteins assigned a more meaningful name may contribute to the virulence ...
Modelling of Gas-Phase and Surface Kinetics in Movpe of GaAs and AlxGal-xAs

We present detailed chemical reaction mechanisms that describe the deposition of GaAs films from tertiary-butyl-arsine (TBA) and trimethyl-gallium (TMG) as well as the deposition of Al x Ga 1-x As (0≤x≤1) films from trimethyl-aluminum (TMAl), TMG and arsine during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The kinetic models include both gas-phase and surface reactions, whose rates are used to predict production or consumption of the participating species as well as the growth rate of the film. Two-dimensional simulations of flow, heat and mass transfer in horizontal MOVPE reactors have been coupled with the kinetic models to provide a realistic picture of the process. The predicted growth rates at different operating conditions as well as the predicted incorporation ratio, x, of Al in the Al x Ga l-x As films are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Determination of the Dominant Catalyst Derived from the Classic [RhCp*Cl2]2 Precatalyst System: Is it Single-Metal Rh1Cp*-Based, Subnanometer Rh4 Cluster-Based, or Rh(0)n Nanoparticle-Based Cyclohexene Hydrogenation Catalysis at Room Temperature and Mild Pressures?

Determining the kinetically dominant catalyst in a given catalytic system is a forefront topic in catalysis. The [RhCp*Cl2]2 (Cp* = [η5-C5(CH3)5]) system pioneered by Maitlis and co-workers is a classic precatalyst system from which homogeneous mononuclear Rh1, subnanometer Rh4 cluster, and heterogeneous polymetallic Rh(0)n nanoparticle have all arisen as viable candidates for the true hydrogenation catalyst, depending on the precise substrate, H2 pressure, temperature, and catalyst concentration conditions. Addressed herein is the question of whether the prior assignment of homogeneous, mononuclear Rh1Cp*-based catalysis is correct, or are trace Rh4 subnanometer clusters or possibly Rh(0)n nanoparticles the dominant, actual cyclohexene hydrogenation catalyst at 22 °C and 2.7 atm initial H2 pressure? The observation herein of Rh4 species by in operando-X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, at the only slightly more vigorous conditions of 26 °C and 8.3 atm H2 pressure, and the confirmation o...
Many-body localization in the presence of a small bath

In the presence of strong disorder and weak interactions, closed quantum systems can enter a many-body localized phase wherein the system does not conduct heat or charge, does not equilibrate even for arbitrarily long times, and robustly violates quantum statistical mechanics. While this is well established in closed quantum systems, the interplay of such systems with delocalized degrees of freedom is much less understood. Here, the authors consider a model for which, in the noninteracting limit, some degrees of freedom are localized while others remain delocalized. Such a system can be viewed as a model for a many-body localized system brought into contact with a small bath of a comparable number of degrees of freedom. The authors numerically and analytically study the effect of interactions on this system and find that in certain parameter regimes, results are consistent with interaction-induced localization of the entire system.