cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Status and Mobility Among Elderly Women with Lower Extremity Arterial Disease: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between lower extremity arterial disease, functional status, and mobility among elderly women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: 1492 healthy white women, 65 years of age or older, residing in a rural community, able to walk without the assistance of another person, and enrolled in the Pittsburgh clinic of the multicenter Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Those with bilateral hip replacement were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Ankle/arm index (AAI); instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs); measures of recent physical activity, muscle strength, gait and balance; general demographic, lifestyle, and physical variables. RESULTS: Women with lower extremity arterial disease (defined as an AAI of 0.9 or less) were more likely to report difficulty with one or more IADLs than were women free of this disease. After adjusting for age and other potential confounders, only difficulty with walking 2–3 blocks remained highly correlated with disease (relative risk (RR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6, 4.8). Several measures of physical activity were inversely and independently related to a low AAI. Muscle strength in the hip, arm, knee, and hand and measures of static and dynamic balance were correlated with low AAI in the univariate analysis, but most of these trends were not statistically significant after adjustment for age and other confounders. Exclusion of women with symptomatic arterial disease did not substantially affect the results obtained. CONCLUSION: Women with mild, predominantly subclinical, lower extremity arterial disease living in the community have decreased functional status and mobility.
The Impact of Medicaid Status on Outcome After Gastric Bypass

Background Socioeconomic status has been a predictor of poor outcome in many surgical diseases including morbid obesity. Potential differences in treatment and initial severity of disease have often not been well controlled in patients with bariatric surgery. This study was performed to compare the results of bariatric procedures in financially disadvantaged Medicaid patients compared to patients with Medicare and those with Commercial insurance under controlled conditions.
Preparing Contamination-free Mica Substrates for Surface Characterization, Force Measurements, and Imaging

Due to its perfect cleavage that provides large areas of molecularly smooth, chemically inert surfaces, mica is the most commonly used natural substrate in measurements with the surface forces apparatus (SFA), in atomic force microscopy (AFM), and in many adsorption studies. However, preparing mica surfaces that are truly clean is not easy since mica is a high-energy surface that readily adsorbs water, organic contaminants, and gases from the atmosphere. Mica can also become charged on cleaving, which makes it prone to picking up oppositely charged particles or mica flakes from the surroundings. High refractive index particles, such as metals, will adhere to mica through van der Waals forces. Recent articles have demonstrated that particle contamination is obtained when inappropriate cutting and handling procedures for the mica are used. In this paper, we show that both particle and other critical contamination is easy to detect and provide proper steps to take during the sample preparation process.
Practicing Anthropology in Business Organizations

Today more than half of new Ph.D.s in anthropology in the United States find nonacademic jobs outside of universities. An increasing number of anthropologists are working in the private business sector. Many wellestablished programs are training students for nonacademic careers in applied anthropology. A newly-minted Ph.D. in anthropology should be able to present his or her competence in a language that is comprehensible to nonanthropologist-business people and the general public. And yet, anthropology is hardly a household term, nor is it included in the lexicon of everyday business. While most people can tell something about what an accountant could do for a business firm, few nonanthropologists can articulate the expertise that an anthropologist may bring to the world of business. The value of business anthropology has been grossly underrecognized and underpublicized, in spite of the fact that industrial anthropologists have been studying business for more than sixty years, since its beginning in the ...
Analysis of Thy-1 variants of murine lymphoma cells

Cells obtained from a radiation-induced T-cell lymphoma of BALB/c mice, RL♂-I, were adapted to long-term tissue culture. Clones of cells were obtained in soft agar and a clonally derived population studied for the frequency of mutation in the expression of the surface antigen Thy-1.2 (OC 3H) by immunoselection. The mutation rate was 1.05–1.50× 10−6 per cell per generation. Antigenic and structural analysis of prototype positive and negative clones demonstrated clear differences between them.
The effect of plant-hormone pretreatments on ethylene production and synthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in water-stressed wheat leaves

Excised wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves, when subjected to drought stress, increased ethylene production as a result of an increased synthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an increased activity of the ethyleneforming enzyme (EFE), which catalyzes the conversion of ACC to ethylene. The rise in EFE activity was maximal within 2 h after the stress period, while rehydration to relieve water stress reduced EFE activity within 3 h to levels similar to those in nonstressed tissue. Pretreatment of the leaves with benzyladenine or indole-3-acetic acid prior to water stress caused further increase in ethylene production and in endogenous ACC level. Conversely, pretreatment of wheat leaves with abscisic acid reduced ethylene production to levels produced by nonstressed leaves; this reduction in ethylene production was accompanied by a decrease in ACC content. However, none of these hormone pretreatments significantly affected the EFE level in stressed or nonstressed leaves. These data indicate that the plant hormones participate in regulation of water-stress ethylene production primarily by modulating the level of ACC.
Chest wall rigidity during infusion of fentanyl in a two-month-old infant after heart surgery.

Chest wall rigidity (0%~) is a common complication of potent opioids given as bolus injections, most often as anesthetic induction agents. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid agonist that is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine. When given as a small bolus injection, fentanyl 100 pg has been reported to cause CWR in an adult.’ Reports of CWR in infants are beginning to emerge as clinicians’ interests increase in providing sedation and analgesia in critically ill infants and children. Recognition that routine procedures on critically ill infants (venipunctures, endotracheal suctioning) are associated with sudden increases in blood pressure and intracranial pressure, and occasionally acute increases in pulmonary vascular resistance with profound hypoxia, has prompted the increased utilization of sedative agents and narcotics in the intensive care unit (ICU).’ Opiates such as meperidine, morphine, fentanvl, and alfentanil have been used for sedation of mechan&-ally ventilated neonates but CWR has not been reported with a low dose continuous infusion of
New Approximate Method for Calculating Real Gas Effects on Missile Configurations

New methods have been developed to compute inviscid surface pressures and temperatures for both perfect and equilibrium chemically reacting flows on pointed and blunt bodies of revolution. These new methods include an improved shock-expansion theory, an improved modified Newtonian theory, and an improved method for angle-of-attack effects. Comparison of these approximate engineering techniques to inviscid computations using a full Euler code showed that these new methods gave very good agreement of inviscid surface temperature and pressures as well as forces and moments. Incorporation of this new technology into the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division aeroprediction code will allow the code to be used for engineering estimates of inviscid surface temperature at high Mach numbers. These approximate temperatures can then be used as inputs to perform heat transfer analysis.
Mineralizable phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon relationships in dairy manure at various carbon-to-phosphorus ratios

Phosphorus (P) in animal manure can be an important nutrient for crops or an environmental contaminant if in excess. Organic P in dairy manure may add to the environmentally bioactive P pools upon mineralization. A 353d incubation study of manures containing C:P between 83 and 130:1 was conducted to determine linkages between C and P transformations and the effects of C:P on the immobilization-mineralization of manure P. As C:P widened from 83:1 to 130:1, P mineralization increased and phosphate accumulated at rates between 0.013 and 0.021mgkg(-1) d(-1). Water-extractable C was positively correlated with N:P, particularly at narrow C:P (P<0.001). Absence of a negative feedback by phosphate suggested that P mineralization occurred with degradation of organic P-containing C substrates and appeared incidental to microbial P needs. Carbon content in manure may be managed to lower risks of elevated soluble P and C losses under non-limiting N conditions.
Applications of multivariate statistical methods to process monitoring and controller design

Abstract Novel ways of using multivariate statistical methods to develop process models for on-line monitoring and control are proposed. On a binary distillation column, PLS is used to develop a regression estimation using multiple tray temperature measurements and a manipulated variable to estimate and control distillate composition. Additionally, a feedback controller design based on a static PCA/PCR model is developed and demonstrated on the binary column. This controller's performance is compared with a PI controller for disturbance rejection and setpoint tracking. On a real-world chemical process, it is shown how both PLS and PCS are necessary to model normal plant operations. These models permit real-time monitoring and detection in a reduced subspace defined by the statistical independent variations in the data. Techniques for real-time monitoring and fault detection are demonstrated.
Fabrication and Characterization of Planar Plasmonic Substrates with High Fluorescence Enhancement

The use of plasmonic nanostructures for fluorescence signal amplification is currently a very active research field. The detection of submonolayers of proteins labeled with organic dyes is a widely used technique in surface-based immunoassays and DNA hybridization. There is a strong interest in the development of new optical and chemical methods to increase the signal from ultralow concentrations of dyes on the surface of sensor substrates. Herein, we have explored the possibility of using vacuum-deposited silver nanostructures on dielectric layers and silver mirrors as potential plasmonic substrates that effectively amplify fluorescence over a broad spectral range. By optimizing deposition parameters for dielectric layers and silver nanostructures and applying thermal annealing processes, we observed large fluorescence amplifications from three different dye-strept(avidin) conjugates: about 7-fold for a UV/blue dye AF350-Av, 49-fold for a blue-green dye AF488-SA, and up to 208-fold for red-emitting AF647-SA dye. The observed amplification factors for the ensemble of fluorophores are very promising for development of surface-based bioassays. These substrates can be prepared using simple vacuum deposition in which we circumvent using the expensive nanofabrication methods. In addition, unlike most nanofabrication methods, the present approach is appropriate for large scale fabrication of substrates with microscope slide surface area suitable for sensing applications.
Atrazine reduces reproduction in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Abstract Atrazine, the widely used herbicide, has shown to affect the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis in certain vertebrate species, but few studies have examined reproductive effects of this chemical on fish. Our study was designed to evaluate a population endpoint (egg production) in conjunction with histological (e.g., gonad development) and biochemical (e.g., hormone production) phenotypes associated with atrazine exposure in fathead minnows. Adult virgin breeding groups of 1 male and 2 females were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5.0, and 50 μg/L of atrazine in a flow-through diluter for 14 or 30 days. Total egg production was lower (19–39%) in all atrazine-exposed groups as compared to the controls. The decreases in cumulative egg production of atrazine treated fish were significant by 17–20 days of exposure. Reductions in egg production in atrazine treatment groups were most attributable to reduced numbers of spawning events with increased atrazine exposure concentrations. Gonad abnormalities were observed in both male and female fish of atrazine-exposed fish. Our results also indicate that atrazine reduces egg production through alteration of final maturation of oocytes. The reproductive effects observed in this study warrant further investigation and evaluation of the potential risks posed by atrazine, particularly feral populations of fish from streams in agricultural areas with high use of this herbicide.
Ethical values of individuals at different levels in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm

This study examines the ethical values of respondents by level in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm. It also explores the possible impacts of gender, education and years of experience on respondents' values as well as their perceptions of how the organization and professional associations influence their personal values. Results showed that, although there were differences in individuals' ethical values by hierarchical level, significantly more differences were observed by the length of tenure with the organization. While respondents, as a whole, were rather ambivalent in their perception of the organization's and professional associations' influence on their values, sales/service persons frequently felt pressured to modify their values in order to achieve company goals.
mu. e events in electron-positron annihilation with longitudinally polarized beams

Muon-electron production processes are examined in the case where one of the electron-positron beams is longitudinally polarized. A special emphasis is put on the asymmetry in the angular distribution of muon (or electron) emission to reveal the structure of weak interactions of possible heavy leptons. The angular asymmetry will easily distinguish between V - A and V + A for the weak current of heavy leptons. (AIP)
The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments

Abstract A major question in Economic Geography relates to the scale and nature of transport infrastructure’s contribution to the broader economy. While Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is the most widely used of the three potential approaches, the recent interest in the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure has spawned a variety of macroeconomic models. However, the estimates of magnitudes and direction of economic impacts of infrastructure by various macroeconomic models are sharply different, and these models shed little light on causal mechanisms linking transport and the economy. This paper has two aims: first, to highlight the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure from the observed role of railroads and waterways in economic development, and two by reviewing recent theoretical developments to identify the multiple causal mechanisms which link transport and economic growth such as : market expansion, gains from trade, technological shifts, processes of spatial agglomeration and processes of innovation and commercialization of new knowledge in urban clusters (made possible by transport improvements). Hence the need for developing general equilibrium analyses of transport-economy linkages.
Designing LibGuides as Instructional Tools for Critical Thinking and Effective Online Learning.

Did you ever wish for an easy-to-maintain tool to create course-level or assignment-level instruction for online or distance students? LibGuides can provide the solution! LibGuides provide a versatile and easy-to-maintain platform for delivering step-by-step, scaffolded tutorials that enhance learning outcomes through chunking, reduced strain on cognitive load and working memory, and metacognition. Tutorial-type LibGuides, compared to Pathfinder-type guides: stand alone as modules for online learning; improve student learning outcomes for specific courses; and promote lifelong habits of critical thinking and effective research skills. Assignment-level guides also provide measurable student learning outcomes for the assessment of information literacy instruction.
Where the (state) action is

The questions of how and to what extent constitutional rights do or should bind the actions of private actors have sparked enormous interest among legal scholars worldwide in the last few years. This is not only because of the great practical importance of the subject in the wake of the spectacular burst of constitution-making since 1989 but also because the very range of situations with which many of these new constitutions have been designed to deal - from post-apartheid to post-communism - has challenged scholars to think anew about the nature and function of constitutions. This essay, reviewing "The Constitution in Private Relations: Expanding Constitutionalism," a timely and broad-ranging collection of articles edited by Andras Sajo and Renata Uitz, identifies and then seeks to clarify or resolve four key issues that recur both throughout the book and in the broader scholarly debate. These issues are: (1) the best way to conceptualize the issue of state action/horizontal effect and the spectrum of possible positions a constitution may take on it; (2) the relation between state action/horizontal effect and positive constitutional duties placed on the state; (3) the role of substantive law and commitments in assessing the impact of constitutional rights on private actors; and (4) the best understanding of the position that the U.S. Constitution takes on the general issue. My discussion of this last issue attempts to explain and resolve two somewhat contradictory understandings of the actual position of the U.S. - a more vertical and a more horizontal one - that are quite common in comparative discussions.
Frequency locking and the loss of spatial coherence for driven space-charge domains in ultrapure Ge.

Spatially resolved measurements of the dynamics of sinusoidally driven space-charge domains in ultrapure Ge are presented for frequency-locked and driven chaotic oscillations. At liquid-He temperatures, moving space-charge domains form due to impact ionization of shallow acceptors, resulting in a spontaneous periodic current oscillation for dc voltage bias. With a superimposed sinusoidal ac voltage bias, these oscillations exhibit frequency locking and a quasiperiodic transition to chaos similar to those studied previously in the time domain by Gwinn and Westervelt. Spatial measurements using an array of capacitive probes show that frequency locking and the transition to chaos initially occur via modulation of the amplitude and motion of a single domain; thus the dynamics can be described by a low-dimensional model. For larger ac drives in the chaotic region above the critical line, spatial coherence is lost as domains form and disappear in the interior of the sample, and the electric field profile becomes spatially complex.
Hexabromocyclododecane in White-Sided Dolphins : Temporal Trend and Stereoisomer Distribution in Tissues

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used primarily in expanded polystyrene foams and other styrene resins. Samples of blubber (n = 57) and liver (n = 16) from Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus, that stranded on the eastern coast of United States between 1993 and 2004 were obtained from the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB). Blubber samples from most of these animals (n = 47) were previously analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and several toxaphene congeners. The three most abundant diastereomers in the technical HBCD mixture (alpha-HBCD, beta-HBCD, and gamma-HBCD) and their enantiomers were determined using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). alpha-HBCD was found in all blubber and liver samples while beta-HBCD and gamma-HBCD were not detected in any samples. The alpha-HBCD concentration in blubber and liver ranged from 14 ng/g wet mass (19 ng/g lipid) to 280 ng/g wet mass (380 ng/g lipid) and 0.051 ng/g wet mass (2.9 ng/g lipid) to 3.6 ng/g wet mass (140 ng/g lipid), respectively. Concentrations of alpha-HBCD were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than previously reported PBDE, PCB, and toxaphene concentrations in these same animals. There was not a significant temporal trend for these compounds in white-sided dolphin blubber. The enantiomeric fractions (EF) measured in blubber and liver were not statistically different and ranged from 0.34 to 0.53. Blubber EFs were significantly correlated with both alpha-HBCD concentrations and white-sided dolphin body length. In general, concentrations of HBCDs were lower in these white-sided dolphins than in cetaceans from Western Europe.
Nonlinear Optomechanical Couplings: Tools for Dealing with Solid Mechanical Objects in the Quantum Regime

We demonstrate several different forms of the optomechanical coupling (linear, quadratic, and quartic) realized at avoided crossings in the spectrum of an optical cavity containing a flexible dielectric membrane. Each coupling is tunable in situ.
Enhanced CNS uptake of systemically administered proteins through conjugation with tetanus C-fragment

No other exogenous protein enters the central nervous system from the circulation as readily as tetanus toxin. We examined the capability of the non-toxic binding fragment of tetanus toxin (C-Fragment) so serve as a vehicle for transport of other proteins into the mouse CNS. Using periodate oxidation of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we synthesized two separate macromolecular complexes, one containing C-fragment and HRP, and the other C-fragment, HRP and a third "test" protein-human IgG. The distribution of C-fragment-HRP was typical of blood borne proteins including native C-fragment, with labeling of all neurons with known projections outside the blood-brain barrier, particularly large spinal motoneurons. C-fragment-HRP conjugates showed superior neuronal labeling to over 100-fold greater quantities of free HRP. Complexes containing C-fragment, HRP and human IgG were internalized by neurons from both intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections. The efficiency of neuronal uptake of IgG in the C-fragment conjugated form was enhanced over 40-fold compared to free IgG. Linkage of a large protein to C-fragment probably leads to enhanced endocytosis of that protein by neuronal terminals projecting outside the blood-brain barrier. C-fragment can serve as a vehicle to allow selected proteins to bypass the barrier and enter the CNS.
Multiresolution sampling procedure for analysis and synthesis of texture images

This paper outlines a technique for treating input texture images as probability density estimators from which new textures, with similar appearance and structural properties, can be sampled. In a two-phase process, the input texture is first analyzed by measuring the joint occurrence of texture discrimination features at multiple resolutions. In the second phase, a new texture is synthesized by sampling successive spatial frequency bands from the input texture, conditioned on the similar joint occurrence of features at lower spatial frequencies. Textures synthesized with this method more successfully capture the characteristics of input textures than do previous techniques.
Temporary Non-Etching Adhesion Promotion System for Dry Film Applications

Within the Semi Additive Process (SAP) it is common for the Process's Copper seed layer to be only chemically cleaned before dry film lamination and imaging. While this has been historically acceptable, as imaging requirements increase, it is now beginning to reach its limitations. Two methods to resolve this exist; the one being pursued by dry film manufacturers is to increase the flow and adhesion properties of the dry films themselves, while the other solution is to treat the available Copper surface so that its own adhesive properties increase. Atotech's ResistAssistreg IC process is a novel non-etching chemistry that actively increases dry film adhesion without any effect on track geometry or subsequent processing steps. This paper discusses the development and latest results achieved with this process. Test methods centre on adhesion of fine line dry films to surfaces treated with the ResistAssistreg IC chemistry, and then subjected to further tape testing. For comparison, the relative performance to surfaces treated with acid cleaning only is also reported. The summary of this work is that this novel approach offers yield improvements over a current acid clean process, or potentially an increase in fine line capability with the same dry film.
THY1 expression is associated with tumor suppression of human ovarian cancer.

Abstract Microcell-mediated transfer of chromosome 11 into the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 results in suppression of tumorigenicity in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. To identify the differentially expressed transcripts associated with suppression of tumorigenicity, cDNA populations from the slow-growing tumorigenic clone 11(H)8-3, tumorigenic clone 11(H)8-4, and parental SKOV-3 cells were subtracted from the nontumorigenic clones, 11(H)7-2 and 11(C)9-8. The subtracted cDNA populations were either cloned, sequenced and searched in GenBank, or analyzed by gene discovery array screening. A cDNA transcript corresponding to the THY1 gene located at chromosome 11q23∼q24 was found to be exclusively expressed in the two nontumorigenic cell clones. In contrast, THY1 expression was not detected in SKOV-3, the tumorigenic hybrid clones, or six other tumorigenic ovarian cancer cell lines. Further analysis using immunocytochemistry and quantitative flow cytometry with a Thy-1–specific antibody confirmed the exclusive expression of THY1 at the protein level in the two nontumorigenic clones. Several cell growth and differentiation-related genes, including thrombospondin 1 ( THBS1 ), SPARC [secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin)], and fibronectin ( FN1 ) were also found to be upregulated in the nontumorigenic clones; however, these were expressed in the slow-growing tumorigenic clones as well. Expression of these genes was not observed in the parental SKOV-3 cell line and therefore must be regulated by a gene or genes on chromosome 11. Our results suggest that THY1 is a putative tumor suppressor gene for ovarian cancer and that THBS1 , SPARC , and FN1 are genes associated with the regulation of in vivo tumor growth rate.
Measuring risk/benefit perceptions of emerging technologies and their potential impact on communication of public opinion toward science

This study presents a systematic comparison of two alternative measures of citizens' perceptions of risks and benefits of emerging technologies. By focusing on two specific issues (nanotechnology and biofuels), we derive several insights for the measurement of public views of science. Most importantly, our analyses reveal that relying on global, single-item measures may lead to invalid inferences regarding external influences on public perceptions, particularly those related to cognitive schema and media use. Beyond these methodological implications, this analysis suggests several reasons why researchers in the area of public attitudes toward science must revisit notions of measurement in order to accurately inform the general public, policymakers, scientists, and journalists about trends in public opinion toward emerging technologies.
Discrete subaortic stenosis in adults

Abstract Discrete subaortic stenosis tends to be a progressive, severe defect that occurs most often in children. Of 138 patients who underwent operation for this defect at the Texas Heart Institute and affiliated hospitals from 1956 to 1976, only 36 patients (26 percent) were adults. The clinical, hemodynamic and surgical findings and follow-up data of these 36 patients, aged 18 to 65 years, are reviewed. The high incidence rate of associated cardiac defects and bacterial endocarditis is emphasized. Follow-up information, available for 22 of the original 36 patients, revealed three perioperative and two late deaths. One patient died 6 months after operation of unknown cause, and another died 4 years later of myocardial infarction. Fifteen of the 17 known survivors are asymptomatic or in improved condition. The symptoms and electrocardiographic findings of discrete subaortic stenosis are similar to those of aortic valve stenosis. The presence of an aortic ejection click or calcification of the valve on chest roentgenography or fluoroscopy indicates a diagnosis of valve stenosis. The usual criteria for diagnosis, localization of the gradient below the aortic valve at cardlac catheterizatlon or anglographic demonstration of discrete subaortic stenosis, are not always evident. Echocardiography may aid in determining the diagnosis by demonstrating early systolic closure of the aortic valve leaflets. An acceptable low surgical mortality rate can be achieved; however, some patients require aortic valve replacement or multiple operations for adequate repair of their defect. Patients with a thin membrane generally have a more favorable result than those with a flbro-muscular collar or secondary muscular hypertrophy. Aortic regurgitation is not always predictable and may recur or progress postoperatively.
Isolated mesenteric CD20-positive myeloid sarcoma.

Extramedullary manifestations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) include myeloid sarcomas (MS), which are tumor masses composed of myeloid blasts, with or without maturation, arising in any anatomic location other than the bone marrow (BM) [1]. With only case reports and small retrospective studies available, the incidence of MS is unclear [2, 3]. We present an unusual, diagnostically-challenging case of isolated mesenteric MS without BM involvement [2, 3].
A model for fingerprint formation

The uniqueness of fingerprints (epidermal ridges) has been recognized for over two thousand years. They have been studied scientifically for more than two hundred years. Yet, in spite of the accumulation of a wealth of empirical and experimental knowledge, no widely accepted explanation for the development of epidermal ridges on fingers, palms and soles has yet emerged. Informed by an extensive literature study we suggest that fingerprint patterns are created as the result of a buckling instability in the basal cell layer of the fetal epidermis. Analysis of the well-known von Karman equations informs us that the buckling direction is perpendicular to the direction of greatest stress in the basal layer. We propose that this stress is induced by resistance of furrows and creases to the differential growth of the basal layer and regression of the volar pads during the time of ridge formation. These theories have been tested by computer experiments. The results are in close harmony with observations. Specifically, they are consistent with the well-known observation that the pattern type depends on the geometry of the fingertip surface when fingerprint patterns are formed.
An exact formulation of hyperdynamics simulations

We introduce a new formula for the acceleration weight factor in the hyperdynamics simulation method, the use of which correctly provides an exact simulation of the true dynamics of a system. This new form of hyperdynamics is valid and applicable where the transition state theory (TST) is applicable and also where the TST is not applicable. To illustrate this new formulation, we perform hyperdynamics simulations for four systems ranging from one degree of freedom to 591 degrees of freedom: (1) We first analyze free diffusion having one degree of freedom. This system does not have a transition state. The TST and the original form of hyperdynamics are not applicable. Using the new form of hyperdynamics, we compute mean square displacement for a range of time. The results obtained agree perfectly with the analytical formula. (2) Then we examine the classical Kramers escape rate problem. The rate computed is in perfect agreement with the Kramers formula over a broad range of temperature. (3) We also study another classical problem: Computing the rate of effusion out of a cubic box through a tiny hole. This problem does not involve an energy barrier. Thus, the original form of hyperdynamics excludes the possibility of using a nonzero bias and is inappropriate. However, with the new weight factor formula, our new form of hyperdynamics can be easily implemented and it produces the exact results. (4) To illustrate applicability to systems of many degrees of freedom, we analyze diffusion of an atom adsorbed on the (001) surface of an fcc crystal. The system is modeled by an atom on top of a slab of six atomic layers. Each layer has 49 atoms. With the bottom two layers of atoms fixed, this system has 591 degrees of freedom. With very modest computing effort, we are able to characterize its diffusion pathways in the exchange-with-the-substrate and hop-over-the-bridge mechanisms.
Effector function of lymphokine-activated killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in ovarian epithelial carcinoma

From 20 patients with ovarian carcinoma (4 with stage I and 16 with stage III disease), we obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from each, tumor-associated MNC from 9, and ascitic MNC from 6. These cells were stimulated with interleukin 2 (IL-2), and radioactive chromium-release cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate the lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity against autologous tumor cells and two natural killer-resistant cell lines. The LAK response was consistently better with control peripheral blood MNC than with patient-derived MNC against all targets. However, within the ascitic MNC population, LAK activity against two cell lines (Daudi and OVCAR) was not statistically different from that of the control MNC. Phenotypic analysis of the ascitic MNC with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry revealed an activated population (IL-2 receptor-positive) characterized by predominantly monocytes/macrophages and T cells. In addition, the peripheral blood LAK activity for patients with stage I disease was statistically better against each target than that from patients with stage III disease. These results suggest an immunosuppressive effect directly related to tumor burden. Except perhaps for the ascitic MNC, autologous MNC do not appear to be effective LAK sources. Follow-up of the stage III patients revealed no difference in 2-year survival associated with in vitro LAK response.
We enter the twenty‐first century with schooling designed in the nineteenth

Recognizing that the current system of schooling is grounded in – and was designed for – the industrial machine age of the nineteenth century, this paper brings into focus the necessity of designing new systems of learning and human development that are in-sync with the new realities of the information/knowledge age and are capable to co-evolve with the emerging society of the new century. The paper offers an approach to the design and self-organization of these new systems. In closing, two educational images are projected; one stands for ‘the new story of education’, the other depicts ‘the old story.’ Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supplemental Online Pharmacology Modules Increase Recognition and Production Memory in a Hybrid Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Curriculum

Problem-based learning (PBL) presents unique challenges to longitudinal disciplines such as pharmacology. A curricular supplement (PharmWeb) was created to increase pharmacology knowledge, increase surface learning/recognition memory, and increase deeper learning/production memory. First-year medical students (162) were presented 14 brief, optional, self-paced, weekly online learning modules. Usage was assessed by module views and quiz completions. Learning gains were assessed via multiple-choice question (MCQ) pre-/post-tests and existing curriculum assessments (National Board of Medical Examiners [NBME] MCQ customized assessment and an essay examination). Most students (92 %) visited PharmWeb; users demonstrated significant learning gains (t(32) = 6.12, p < 0.0001; t(19) = 3.34, p < 0.01) from pre-test (means: 50.0, 52.9 %) to post-test (means: 73.1, 65.0 %). Usage predicted increased essay exam performance specifically for pharmacology topics. Pharmacology scores were correlated with total module quizzes completed: r = 0.26, p = 0.001; partialling out the effect of non-pharmacology question scores: r = 0.19, p = 0.014. Students who completed ≥50 % of the PharmWeb quizzes scored significantly higher on pharmacology essay questions (F(1, 161) = 8.1, p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 0.44), and this difference remained significant after controlling for non-pharmacology scores (ANCOVA: F(1, 160) = 5.0, p = 0.026). Early PharmWeb usage was even more predictive of essay exam performance. Similar results were observed on the NBME customized assessment MCQs, but the effect was not specific to pharmacology. Students exhibited significant learning gains on both recognition and production memory assessments using voluntary modules encouraging distributed learning. Students’ pharmacology knowledge increased on both recognition and production memory assessments. Thus, supplemental modules may be valuable in supporting deeper learning in longitudinal disciplines within a PBL curriculum.
Intersection-number operators and Chebyshev polynomials IV: non-planar cases

We define operators on a ring that allow one to determine the geometric intersection number of two simple closed curves on an oriented surface of genus g ≥ 0 with free fundamental group. A variation of these same operators was used in a previous paper to do a similar thing on a punctured disc. This result is used to give a necessary condition for two words in a free group to have the same character under all representations of the free group into \(SL(2,{\mathbb{C}})\) .
Infants and Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Early Identification and Early Intervention

The increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its detection during the first 3 years of life have substantial relevance for early intervention. The purpose of this article is to summarize current scientific and policy information on early identification and early intervention for infants and toddlers with ASD and their families. Following a brief overview that provides basic information about ASD, the authors discuss early warning signs of the disorder and available screening and diagnostic tools. Finally, they highlight focused intervention practices and comprehensive treatment models appropriate for infants and toddlers with ASD, as well as issues affecting the delivery of effective early intervention services to children and families.
Lattice self-potentials and madelung constants for some compounds

The computerised potential and electrostatic energy calculations described in Part 1 can be used as the first step in more sophisticated calculations, four types of which are described. (i) The results obtained by calculating the actual crystal field in a sodium vacancy in NaCl are compared to the results of the familiar approximation for that situation. (ii) CaF2 and β-alumina are used as examples of compounds in which there is remarkable similarity between some of the interstitial and some of the lattice sites. A complete calculation of all the self-potentials and the Madelung constant of β-alumina is included. (iii) In a discussion of p- and n-type semiconduction in simple binary compounds, self-potentials are used to show that many structures have a built-in preference for a deviation from stoichiometry, although other factors (not considered in this paper) can obscure this preference. (iv) The concept of a solid-state energy storage using compounds with two different cations in non-interacting sublattices is explored, using the mineral quenselite (PbMnO2(OH)), as an example. The computer program is used to evaluate this mineral with respect to its energy density.
El sujeto explosionado: Eltit y la geografía del discurso del padre

El siguiente ensayo analiza el texto El Padre Mio (1989) de Diamela Eltit como escritura posmoderna que subraya la agudizacion de la fragmentacion social y del sentido de comunidad en el Chile dictatorial. El referente utilizado por Eltit es la figura historica de un esquizofrenico que habita un descampado a las afueras de Santiago. Su habla se convierte en lenguaje (des)ocultado de la mirada publica, que arroja trozos y desechos linguisticos "sin principio ni fin", encerrando al sujeto que lo enuncia en su propio delirio. Para Eltit este lenguaje revela la memoria trizada de todo un pais; su crisis se ejemplifica en este personaje vagabundo y excluido de todos los circuitos del poder, senalando el reverso de la imagen oficial del pais. En la capacidad de desborde total, radica la cualidad barroca de un delirio informado y transgresor, que se situa mas alla de un mero caso clinico y se vincula a la estetica de Eltit. La escenificacion de los margenes y de la precariedad de los sujetos y las verdades, propias de la escritura de Eltit, aparecen tambien en El Padre Mio en un monologo "tragico y burlesco" que nombra el poder hasta la sin razon. El padre aparece despojado de toda su autoridad y masculinidad y su discurso reducido a "encadenamientos silabicos" traspasados por la ilegalidad, la corrupcion, los avisos comerciales, el discurso economico y el dictatorial.
Microprocessor software applications in color graphics

This paper considers software capabilities and limitations relative to the development of a microprocessor-based operating system for the Intecolor 8001G graphic terminal. Complete discussions of the implementation of a microoperating system are included, from initial design considerations to descriptions of techniques used in the final system.
Clinical implications of the diagnosis of renal allograft infarction by percutaneous biopsy

BACKGROUND: Herein we investigated the relationships between acute rejection (AR), infection, and renal allograft infarcts, particularly those infarcts that occur beyond the immediate posttransplant period and that affect functioning grafts. METHODS: Infarcts (n=59) were classified as: (1) early (EI; 2 months; n=27). Controls included patients with severe AR but without infarction (n=84). RESULTS: There were not significant differences in donor or recipient characteristics between infarcts and controls. At diagnosis, patients with infarcts were more likely to be infected (30%) than controls (14%, P=0.01); 15% of infarcts and 1% of controls had disseminated cytomegalovirus (P=0.04). Infarct and AR coexisted in the biopsy specimens of 66% of patients with EI and 62% of patients with LI, but the AR severity ranged from borderline to severe. Furthermore, 30% of patients with EI/LI had a history of severe AR. Graft survival was 47% in patients with EI, 22% in patients with LI (NS), and 71% in controls (P<0.0001, chi-square and Cox regression). Correlates of better graft survival in infarcts included: older recipient (P=0.03); smaller area of infarction in the biopsy specimen (P=0.04); and use of anti-AR therapy (P=0.03). Therapy was effective in patients with EI (treated, 71% survival; untreated, 29%, P=0.02) but not in patients with LI (25% vs. 23%). CONCLUSIONS: Allograft infarcts are associated with AR in 64% of patients, but the AR may be mild. Infarcts are associated with infections. Graft survival is worse in patients with infarcts than in patients with severe AR, consequently these two pathologic diagnoses should not be considered as a single entity.
Performance of LDPC Coded MC-CDMA Downlink Sysetm with Constant Envelope Spread Sequences

This paper proposes a Low Density Parity Coding (LDPC) Coded Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) downlink system with constant envelope spread sequences. Unlike traditional downlink MC-CDMA systems, the Complex Quadratic Sequences (CQS), which has constant envelope in both time and frequency domains, is used as the spread sequences. The CQS helps the system decrease the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and reduce the linearity requirements on the power amplifier consequently. On the other hand, the capability of CQS to mitigate Multiple Access Interference (MAI) has also been indicated. The simulations are carried out in a multi-user environment. The simulation results show that the proposed system outperforms the conventional LDPC coded MC-CDMA system in both PAPR reduction and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance.
Strategies to develop putative biomarkers to characterize the female phenotype with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Current observational inventories used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders (ASD) apply similar criteria to females and males alike, despite developmental differences between the sexes. Recent wor...
Efficient sequential decision‐making algorithms for container inspection operations

Following work of Stroud and Saeger (Proceedings of ISI, Springer Verlag, New York, 2006) and Anand et al. (Proceedings of Computer, Communication and Control Technologies, 2003), we formulate a port of entry inspection sequencing task as a problem of finding an optimal binary decision tree for an appropriate Boolean decision function. We report on new algorithms for finding such optimal trees that are more efficient computationally than those presented by Stroud and Saeger and Anand et al. We achieve these efficiencies through a combination of specific numerical methods for finding optimal thresholds for sensor functions and two novel binary decision tree search algorithms that operate on a space of potentially acceptable binary decision trees. The improvements enable us to analyze substantially larger applications than was previously possible. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
Performance comparison of 3G and metro-scale WiFi for vehicular network access

We perform a head-to-head comparison of the performance characteristics of a 3G network operated by a nation-wide provider and a metro-scale WiFi network operated by a commercial ISP, from the perspective of vehicular network access. Our experience shows that over a wide geographic region and under vehicular mobility, these networks exhibit very different throughput and coverage characteristics. WiFi has frequent disconnections even in a commercially operated, metro-scale deployment; but when connected, indeed delivers high throughputs even in a mobile scenario. The 3G network offers similar or lower throughputs in general, but provides excellent coverage and less throughput variability. The two network characteristics are often complementary. It is conceivable that these properties can be judiciously exploited for a hybrid network design where 3G data can be offloaded to WiFi for better performance and to reduce 3G network congestion and to lower costs.