cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What and Where Are We Tweeting About Black Friday

Most studies on Black Friday have largely relied on survey or sales data from case studies of specific cities, which are lack of spatial-temporal granularity. The recent development of location-aware technologies has enabled what Goodchild described as “humans as sensors”, and as a result there has been a large volume of volunteered geographic information with explicitly spatial and temporal tags. Mining these rapidly growing and timely data in the context of space-time synthesis provides a new perspective for understanding the pulse of shopping behavior. In this chapter, we analyze Black Friday patterns and trends in the USA using a dataset retrieved from Twitter. A spatial-temporal analysis of tweeting patterns is conducted. This study tries to discern patterns of tweets on Black Friday in a comparative context.
Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers: A Living Rapid Review.

This rapid and living review examines the epidemiology and risk factors for coronavirus infection in health care workers.
Open-Inquiry Course Design in the Public Policy Classroom

This article describes a variant of experiential course design—open inquiry—that has learning-how-to-learn (or metacognition about learning) as a primary course goal. In open-inquiry designs, students first choose the problems that they will study during the course. They then co-create each class period as the semester progresses. They recognize deficiencies in their own content knowledge, skills, and learning processes and take actions to remedy them. By reflecting on their successes and failures, students practice the skill of self-directed learning. This process of metacognitive reflection is a crucial skill that they will need when they face novel problems after graduation. In open-inquiry courses, students have produced high-quality work by learning about substantive policy areas that they choose to study, developing the policy skills that they deem important, and growing in their understanding about how they learn effectively.
In Cryptocurrencies We Trust: An Empirical Analysis of Bitcoin Demand and Price

Many pundits have alluded to cryptocurrencies as a bubble or Ponzi scheme. Yet, noted economists have long emphasized the need for competing currencies, and the usage of Bitcoin is high in countries where the fiat currency has experienced significant devaluation. With no central authority backing Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, what are the drivers of trust, demand, and market value of such currencies? The literature has posited hashrate, the speed of computations in Bitcoin mining, as a key factor contributing to user confidence due to increased security. Drawing upon the literature on technology adoption and network effects, we hypothesize Bitcoin related development activities on GitHub, and the size of the active user base, a proxy for network effects, as additional drivers of trust, demand, and price. With a comprehensive dataset we created from a large number of sources, we demonstrate that contrary to common wisdom, hashrate (which determines the cost of production) has no effect on either demand or price of Bitcoin. Instead, we find that the demand for Bitcoin and 19 other cryptocurrencies is primarily driven by technological progress in their open-source codebase on GitHub, and the size of their active user base. Further, new features and delays in addressing open issues have positive and negative impacts on demand respectively. Through text mining on data collected from online Bitcoin forums, we find strong associations between (i) GitHub activities and trust, and (ii) network effects and trust in the currency. Overall we establish a unique set of relationships between supply, demand, and price, and underscore the critical role of continuous technological progress in driving demand. Though many have alluded to cryptocurrencies as a baseless phenomenon involving “investor madness”, we find that there are rules governing their supply and demand and that there is “a method in (this) madness”
Stress testing and myocardial perfusion imaging for patients after recovery from severe COVID-19 infection requiring hospitalization: A single-center experience.

As the coronavirus pandemic progresses, patients that have recovered from COVID-19-related hospitalization require resumption of care for other medical issues. Thus far, the literature has not detailed the experience of stress testing in this patient population. We retrospectively reviewed patients that recovered from COVID-19-related hospitalizations and underwent SPECT MPI studies at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center. 15 patients (median age 60 years, 67% male) were identified with COVID-19-related hospitalization and then underwent SPECT MPI imaging after recovery. During COVID-19-related hospitalization (median length of stay 8 days), patients received various COVID-19 therapies; 3 required mechanical ventilation. Stress tests (4 Exercise, 11 Pharmacologic) were performed 65 days (interquartile range 31-94 days) after the diagnosis of COVID-19. None of the patients experienced serious adverse events during or after stress testing. One patient required regadenoson reversal using aminophylline due to chest pain. Over time, more patients that recover from COVID-19 infection will require MPI testing for myocardial ischemia evaluation. Our study provides some information regarding performing stress testing in patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19 infections requiring hospitalization. Further studies are recommended to establish formal protocols for testing in this cohort.
Hardware/software partitioning of operating systems: focus on deadlock avoidance

This chapter presents a methodology for hardware/software partitioning of operating systems among pre-designed hardware and software RTOS pieces. The δ hard ware/software RTOS/MPSoC codesign framework has been used to configure and generate simulatable RTOS/MPSoC designs having both appropriate hardware and software interfaces for each specified system architecture. The δ framework is specifically designed to help RTOS/MPSoC designers more easily and quickly explore their design space with available hardware and software modules so that they can effi ciently search and discover a few optimal solutions matched to the specifications and requirements of their design.In summary, we present recent updates to the δ hardware software RTOS partitioning framework. We focus on the DAU and the PBAU, the first work known to the authors on hardware support for deadlock avoidance in MPSoC/RTOS hardware/software codesign.
Ethical Frameworks and Ethical Modalities: Theorizing Communication and Citizenship in a Fluid World

Citizenship;Civic Engagement;Communication and Popular Culture;Communication and Social Movements;Communication and Technology;Rhetoric
The age-related loss of FoxN1 and associated thymic involution leads to increased susceptibility to autoimmunity by impairing negative selection rather than influencing the generation of Tregs. (HEM4P.235)

The thymus maintains immunotolerance to self-antigen by deleting self-reactive T cells and generating nTregs. The thymus involutes with age, which is driven by the loss of FoxN1. Thymic involution is thought to be linked with increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease. However, how the age-related loss of FoxN1 induced thymic involution impacts autoimmunity remains unclear. We used a FoxN1 cKO mouse model that mimics natural thymic involution. We found impaired negative selection in the FoxN1 cKO thymus, evidenced by an increase in the frequency of CD4 and CD8 SP thymocytes and a decrease in Aire+ mTECs. Recent thymic emigrants from the FoxN1 cKO thymus have increased proliferation and are more often CD44+, indicating that they may be self-reactive T cells. Additionally, we found that nTreg frequency was increased in the thymus, but not in the spleen. We adoptively transferred aged wild-type splenocytes, in which there are a higher proportion of Treg cells into young Rag2-/- mice. We found that the young periphery was able to reverse Treg accumulation. Additionally, the adoptive transfer led to an increase in salivary infiltration independent of peripheral age. We conclude that loss of FoxN1 impairs negative selection, which may lead to an escape of self-reactive T cells. However, the age-related accumulation of Tregs depends on the age of the microenvironment in which they stay.
Adequacy evaluation of residential distribution network with PHEVs penetration

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are emerging as a new form of distributed energy resources for power grid, and their charging/discharging patterns will inevitably affect the power system reliability. This paper is concerned about the system adequacy after integrating PHEVs into residential distribution systems. To truly reflect the impact of PHEVs charging, a conditions-dependent outage model is applied to calculate the change of probability distribution function (PDF) for the power transformer. A time sequential Monte Carlo simulation is utilized to obtain the reliability indices in system adequacy evaluation. The IEEE-34 feeder system is used to represent the residential distribution system in case studies, and simulation results are presented and discussed.
Applying data redundancy to differential equation solvers

Data redundancy methods evaluate the output of a program on a given input by examining the outputs produced by the same program on additional inputs. This papers explores the use of data redundancy to detect and/or tolerate failures in differential equation solvers. Our first goal is to show that data redundancy techniques are applicable to a wide class of differential equations. Our second task is to identify circumstances in which an independence model of the sort used in program checking can be exploited to build highly reliable solvers from moderately reliable components. We conclude with illustrative examples of applying various data redundancy techniques to a standard differential equation solver. The method has potential for critical systems in which the application’s control laws are specified as sets of differential equations.
Calcium-Dependent Spike-Frequency Accommodation in Hippocampal CA3 Nonpyramidal Neurons

Chitwood, Raymond A. and David B. Jaffe. Calcium-dependent spike-frequency accommodation in hippocampal CA3 nonpyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 983–988, 1998. Interneurons of the hippocampal...
Citizenship as horizon

The idea of citizenship has today emerged as a global horizon under which a proliferating range of claims and demands for recognition, visibility, care, moral dignity, and inclusion are made. Initially a legal concept tied to self-determination and national sovereignty, the global human rights agenda has made citizenship less tied to the nation-state and instead a carrier of multiple cultural and political meanings and agendas from the global level to the most localized context. But can there be meaningful forms of citizenship that are not guaranteed by a sovereign state?
Anaerobic life-a centennial view.

This centennial view is, of course, a personal one; as students, each of us comes to identify and admire certain scientific heroes/heroines and their experiments as we traverse the microbial terrain. Experiments that we perform today have roots. So, in this brief view from what we now believe to be the lofty vantage point of 1999, I would like to share with you some discoveries that I believe were pivotal to an understanding of anaerobic life.
Mitotic Cycle and Chromosome Reproduction

In mitosis the genetic material of a cell is divided equally and exactly between two daughter cells. Each chromosome replicates in interphase, then divides into two daughter chromosomes, which segregate in anaphase and, with the other chromosomes of the set, form two daughter nuclei. In other words, the cells undergo a regular alternation of chromosome replication and segregation. The main features of mitosis are strikingly universal and may be observed throughout eukaryotes, from unicellular organisms to man. Figure 3.1 illustrates mitosis in untreated human lymphocytes. (Nowadays, only a few cytogeneticists have even seen human chromosomes that have not been treated with colchicine and hypotonic solution.) For comparison, Fig. 17.1 shows the last premeiotic mitosis in untreated pollen mother cells of the liliaceous plant, Eremurus (2n = 14).
Symptomatic Atlantoaxial Dislocation in Down Syndrome

Spinal cord compression secondary to atlantoaxial dislocation in Down syndrome is relatively uncommon. This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate radiologic procedures.
Difference in Second-Formant Transitions between Aspirated and Unaspirated Stop Consonants Preceding [α]:

Perceptual experiments with synthetic speech have shown that the category boundary on an acoustic [pa]— [ta] (/ba/-/da/) continuum (obtained by varying the onset frequencies of the second and third...
The structure of spoken syllables: evidence from novel word games.

Abstract Several linguists and psychologists have proposed that the syllable has a hierarchical internal structure. Its primary constituents, according to the model, are the onset and the rime. The onset contains the initial consonant or consonant cluster. The rime contains the peak (vowel nucleus) and coda (final consonant or cluster). The psychological validity of this model was tested in seven experiments involving novel word games. The results provided strong support for the validity of onset and rime. Adults preferred rules that referred to these units over rules that referred to other units. Further, they learned rules that kept the onset and the rime intact more easily than rules that divided these units. The experiments did not find strong support for the notion that the rime is subdivided into peak and coda. Taken together, the results show that there is at least one level of structure intermediate between the syllable and the phoneme. Implications for several aspects of speech processing are discussed.
The ramsey number N(3, 3, 3, 3; 2)

A partition of the nonzero elements of the finite abelian group Z7Z x Z7Z into four sum-free sets shows that N(3,3,3,3;2) > 49. Based on a matrix technique for analyzing the structure of the two nonisomorphic 16-vertex edge-colorings nondegenerate with respect to N(3, 3, 3; 2), an involved argument proves that no 65-vertex coloring nondegenerate with respect to N(3, 3, 3, 3; 2) exists. Thus 49 < N(3,3,3,3;2) @? 65.
How We Conceptualize Our Attitudes Matters: The Effects of Valence Framing on the Resistance of Political Attitudes

Three studies tested the valence-framing effect: that merely conceptualizing one's preferences as opposing something will make that preference more resistant to persuasion than will thinking about the same preference in terms of supporting something. In Study 1, participants who were led to conceptualize their political preferences as being against a candidate were more resistant to a counterattitudinal message than were participants who were led to conceptualize the same preference as being in favor of the other candidate. Study 2 showed that this effect was not due to a priming process, while Study 3 provided evidence for the effect's generalizability.
Broad-Spectrum Biofilm Inhibition by Kingella kingae Exopolysaccharide

Cell-free extracts prepared from Kingella kingae colony biofilms were found to inhibit biofilm formation by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, and K. kingae. The extracts evidently inhibited biofilm formation by modifying the physicochemical properties of the cell surface, the biofilm matrix, and the substrate. Chemical and biochemical analyses indicated that the biofilm inhibition activity in the K. kingae extract was due to polysaccharide. Structural analyses showed that the extract contained two major polysaccharides. One was a linear polysaccharide with the structure →6)-α-d-GlcNAcp-(1→5)-β-d-OclAp-(2→, which was identical to a capsular polysaccharide produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. The second was a novel linear polysaccharide, designated PAM galactan, with the structure →3)-β-d-Galf-(1→6)-β-d-Galf-(1→. Purified PAM galactan exhibited broad-spectrum biofilm inhibition activity. A cluster of three K. kingae genes encoding UDP-galactopyranose mutase (ugm) and two putative galactofuranosyl transferases was sufficient for the synthesis of PAM galactan in Escherichia coli. PAM galactan is one of a growing number of bacterial polysaccharides that exhibit antibiofilm activity. The biological roles and potential technological applications of these molecules remain unknown.
Purification and Characterization of Bacillus subtilis PyrR, a Bifunctional pyr mRNA-binding Attenuation Protein/Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase

Bacillus subtilis PyrR has been shown to mediate transcriptional attenuation at three separate sites within the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic (pyr) operon. Molecular genetic evidence suggests that regulation is achieved by PyrR binding to pyr mRNA. PyrR is also a uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase). Recombinant PyrR was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, physically and chemically characterized, and examined with respect to both of these activities. Mass spectroscopic characterization of PyrR demonstrated a monomeric mass of 20,263 Da. Gel filtration chromatography showed the native mass of PyrR to be dependent on protein concentration and suggested a rapid equilibrium between dimeric and hexameric forms. The UPRTase activity of PyrR has a pH optimum of 8.2. The Km value for uracil is very pH-dependent; the Km for uracil at pH 7.7 is 990 +/- 114 muM, which is much higher than for most UPRTases and may account for the low physiological activity of PyrR as a UPRTase. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, PyrR was shown to bind pyr RNA that includes sequences from its predicted binding site in the second attenuator region. Binding of PyrR to pyr RNA was specific and UMP-dependent with apparent Kd values of 10 and 220 nM in the presence and absence of UMP, respectively. The concentration of UMP required for half-maximal stimulation of binding of PyrR to RNA was 6 muM. The results support a model for the regulation of pyr transcription whereby termination is governed by the UMP-dependent binding of PyrR to pyr RNA and provide purified and characterized PyrR for detailed biochemical studies of RNA binding and transcriptional attenuation.
Determination of the upper limits, benchmarks, and critical properties for gas separations using stabilized room temperature ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) for the purpose of guiding future research

Abstract The literature reports that supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) outperform standard polymers for the separations of CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 , even under continuous flow mixed gas conditions. Before the expenditure of more resources to develop new room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and SILMs, it is time to consider what benchmarks for SILM performance exist and if upper limits could be projected based on the physical chemistry of RTILs. At this juncture, we should ask if the current research efforts are properly focused based on the successes and failures in the literature. We summarize literature data, along with adding new data, on the SILM permeabilities and selectivities for the following gas pairs: CO 2 /N 2 , CO 2 /CH 4 , O 2 /N 2 , ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, 1-butene/butane, and 1,3-butadiene/butane. The analysis predicts a maximum CO 2 -permeability for SILMs and an upper bound for permeability selectivity vs. CO 2 -permeability with respect to the CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 separations. Also summarized are the representative successes and failures for improving the separation performance of SILMs via functionalization and facilitated transport in the context of the CO 2 /N 2 , CO 2 /CH 4 , and olefin/paraffin separations. In the context of the CO 2 -separations, the analysis recommends a number of future research foci including research into SILMs cast from RTILs with smaller molar volumes. In the context of olefin/paraffin separations, the preliminary data is encouraging when considering the use of facilitated transport via silver carriers. Since RTIL-solvent/solvent interactions dominate in terminating the overall SILM performance, past attempts at enhancing solute/solvent interactions via the addition of functional groups to the RTILs have not produced SILMs with better separation performance compared to the unfunctionalized RTILs. Future research into functionalized RTILs needs to consider the changes to the dominant solvent/solvent interactions and not just the solute/solvent interactions.
Radiation safety in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: operational radiation safety.

The goal of the catheterization laboratory radiation safety program is to facilitate invasive cardiology while simultaneously reducing staff risks to an acceptable level. Achieving this goal requires a balance between the value of catheterization to the patient and the associated radiation risk to the staff. This article introduces the principles of radiation protection as applied in the catheterization laboratory. Prudent conformance to these principles will appropriately reduce radiation risk. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 47:347–353, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurements of the spatial-temporal statistics of stellar speckle patterns at Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Abstract The spatial-temporal intensity correlations of stellar speckle patterns have been measured over 10 nights (June 24–July 4, 1981) at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The measurements indicate that the intensity correlation was cross-spectrally pure on most nights of observation. The correlation time of the image was typically 15ms, while the intensity variance was within the range of 0.4–1.1
Noise strategy in robust design: What aspects of noise factors are important in quality engineering?

Robust design is important to quality engineering because it can improve the consistency of a system response. However, the correlation and variances of noise factors induced during robust design can influence the success of the quality process. A model..
Preference endogeneity in discrete choice models

Abstract Existing models of disaggregate decision-making assume that preferences, as indicated by taste parameters and choice sets, are characteristics of the decision-maker that are exogenous to the choice situation and stable over time. Though the assumption has allowed travel demand analysts to use these models to forecast changes in observable behavior in response to changes in the decision-making environment, the assumption has overlooked the influence of these changes on the preferences underlying observable behavior. As a consequence, the use of these models has been limited to forecasting horizons over which preferences can reasonably be assumed to be stable. We build on Latent Class Choice Models (LCCMs) to allow for preference endogeneity. Conventional LCCMs formulate class membership as some function of the decision-maker’s characteristics, but they ignore the impact of alternative attributes, which usually enter the class-specific choice models, on class membership. In this paper we introduce LCCMs with feedback from the class-specific choice models to the class membership model through the construct of consumer surplus. Class membership is hypothesized to be a function not only of the characteristics of the decision-maker but also of the consumer surplus offered by each class, which in turn is a function of alternative attributes, taste parameters and choice sets. The framework is applied to a case study on travel mode choice behavior. A comparison between LCCMs with feedback and traditional models that do not allow for preference endogeneity finds that the former performs better in terms of fit and offers greater behavioral insights, and that the latter can lead to biased forecasts.
The Role of Community Consultation in the Ethical Conduct of Research Without Consent

In 1996, the federal government finalized regulations that permit certain types of emergency research without obtaining prospective informed consent from participants or their surrogates (U.S. Food...
The Book of Durrow and the question of programme

In a recent study of the iconographic character of the cross-carpet page (lv) opening the Book of Durrow (Dublin, Trinity College A. 4. 5 (57)), I suggested that the miniature and its facing evangelist symbols page (2r) were intended to call to mind images of adjacent loca sancta of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem – the relic of the True Cross exhibited on the altar of Golgotha church for the sombre Good Friday Adoratio crucis and the monumental cross on Golgotha Hill, the site of the Crucifixion. These and other references I claimed for Adomnan, the scholarly abbot of the Columban foundation of Iona, who, very likely, sponsored the creation of the gospelbook between 682 and 686. Besides the opening miniatures just cited, the codex contains separate evangelist symbol pages, elaborately decorated incipits, small ornamental initials and five carpet pages. Given the great and unusual weight which the Durrow introductory sequence places on the iconographic explication of the Easter theme, an examination of the possibility that other of the decorated pages in the manuscript develop or reiterate Easter associations seems warranted.
A new interference-cancellation technique for instruments impacted by line-frequency signals

This paper introduces a new interference-cancellation technique for use in biomedical instruments and other devices impacted by line-frequency interference. This approach uses a Fourier decomposition to construct sinusoids that are subtracted from the corrupted input signal. The method has been implemented both in hardware and in software. Both systems have been designed using tools and techniques that have been successfully employed in power-system monitoring applications. Experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of both prototypes. The software-based approach uses a Kalman filter to drive a synchronization and resampling process that provides a simple and effective digital solution. Both systems are shown to be particularly useful in cases where the signal-to-noise ratio falls below unity.
Electron-impact ionization of moderately charged atomic ions in excited states

Nonperturbative $R$-matrix and perturbative distorted-wave methods are used to calculate electron-impact ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ in excited states. Convergence studies for the cross sections of the $1{s}^{2}5s$ excited configuration reveal that both the $R$-matrix and distorted-wave methods need fairly high ejected electron angular momenta. Reasonable agreement is found between the converged $R$-matrix and distorted-wave cross sections. Thus, the use of the computationally less demanding distorted-wave method as a tool for the $n$ scaling of excited-state ionization cross sections appears to be reasonable for atomic ions with charge $q\ensuremath{\geqslant}3$.
Robotic systems for Nasa ground-based research

Abstract The realization of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( nasa ) Space Station Program will mark the beginning of a major new era in space exploration and utilization. This new era will be identified by much increased utilization of dexterous robotics systems to reduce the need for hazardous extravehicular activities by astronauts. The goals are to improve overall system safety and efficiency as well as provide significant spin-off technology to improve the productivity of the US industrial sector. In support of these goals, the Laboratory Telerobotic Manipulator ( ltm ) is being developed at ornl under the direction of nasa Langley Research Center to provide telerobotic hardware for use in nasa ground-based laboratory research. A significant technical limitation is the lack of available telerobotic hardware that can function well as a real-time teleoperator and can also provide a sound hardware basis for intelligent robotic operations. The ltm is being developed to merge these technical domains in common hardware to further nasa 's research investigations. This article summarizes the mechanical and controls approach being utilized to realize these goals.
Construction of the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template of a conformationally locked carbocyclic adenosine via an olefin keto-carbene cycloaddition.

An intramolecular olefin keto-carbene cycloaddition reaction created the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template 10 that was necessary for the synthesis of carbocyclic amine 15. This amine is a direct precursor to a family of rigid nucleosides that are conformationally locked in the Southern hemisphere of the pseudorotational cycle. The synthesis of the conformationally locked adenosine analogue is reported herein as an illustrative example of the methodology. The racemic (South)-methanocarba adenosine analogue (±)-4 is the first example of a conformationally locked ribonucleoside version in the Southern hemisphere.
Erratum to: Elemental Composition of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 and Its Implications for Nutrient Recycling in a Long Island Estuary

The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is an ecologically important predator in temperate coastal environments. Their populations fluctuate seasonally, serving as sinks of nutrients during periodic blooms, but as sources via excretion and during population collapse. Ctenophores were analyzed for elemental composition (C, N, and P) during 2008 and 2009 in Great South Bay, NY, USA. Salt-free weight percent C, N, and P correlated positively with ctenophore sizes and zooplankton prey abundances. Nitrogen and P were higher at the onset of blooms than during collapse when prey were substantially fewer. Ctenophores collected during average to high zooplankton densities had atomic ratios averaging C/N ~6:1 and C/P ~66:1, but became C- and P-depleted (C/N ~5:1, C/P ~128:1) with decreasing zooplankton. Incubations demonstrated rapid remineralization of ctenophore biomass (as NH4 +, HPO4 2−), following first order kinetics (e.g., k ~0.1–0.4 day−1) with enriched stoichiometric N and P fractionation relative to biomass under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Based on reported excretion rates, nutrient regeneration from excretion by active populations greatly exceeds nutrients remineralized during population crashes. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting natural seasonal patterns in ctenophore elemental stoichiometry as a function of ctenophore size and prey availability.
Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: results of exploratory factor analysis.

Risk factor clustering is thought to better characterize cardiovascular disease (CVD) and endocrine risks that impart a health hazard. Cardiometabolic syndrome is defined through a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, primarily identified as overweight/obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance.1,2 To a lesser extent, the defined risks include a pro-thrombotic state and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is currently considered so threatening to health and well-being that it has fueled a named initiative, “Heart of Diabetes,” by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American Heart Association (AHA), targeting greater focus on evidence-based prevention, recognition, and treatment of all risk factors for diabetes and CVD.3 While the evidence base in spinal cord injury (SCI) is fairly robust with studies of risk factors, there is very little evidence focusing on the unique clustering of risk factors in people with SCI. Using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP ATP III) guidelines,4,5 Nash and Mendez6 found that the combination of abdominal obesity, elevated fasting triglycerides (TG), low levels of fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, and fasting hyperglycemia was observed in more than 1 in 3 young, healthy persons with paraplegia. Wahman and Nash followed with an examination of risk and risk clustering in Swedish patients with paraplegia and found pervasive clustering of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and overweight.7 The prevailing clinical opinion is that CVD is a relatively rare but major health concern for persons with SCI.8–10 However, in the 2008 Evidence Report on Carbohydrate and Lipid Disorders After Spinal Cord Injury, which was conducted by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center and published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),11 it was concluded that evidence for carbohydrate and lipid disorders after SCI is weak and limited due to the number of published studies, study designs, and variation in study outcomes. In response to this statement of need, the purpose of this article is to advance the strength of the evidence on cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in people with SCI utilizing more advanced analytic methods of factor analysis, a multivariate analytic technique.
Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms: the principled optimism of Elinor Ostrom

Of her many contributions to the social, behavioral and applied natural sciences, which title by Elinor ‘Lin’ Ostrom towers over all others? Answering this question is no simple task. The amount of...
The association of parity with mortality outcomes among triplets.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of parity with stillbirth and neonatal and infant death among triplets. Study design This was a retrospective cohort study of 15,930 triplets who were delivered in the United States between 1995 and 1997. Infants of nulliparous mothers were compared with infants of multiparous mothers. Adjusted relative risks for death by parity were computed with the use of the generalized estimating equations framework. Results The likelihood for stillbirth (odds ratio, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.20-5.26) was significantly greater among nulliparous mothers. Neonatal (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.95-1.43) and infant mortality rates (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.92-1.32) were comparable, however. With an increase in parity, there was a consistent declining trend in the risk for stillbirth (P Conclusion Nulliparity more than triples the risk for intrauterine fetal death among triplets. This parity-related disparity underscores the need for care providers to be particularly concerned about triplet gestations among nulliparous mothers.
Lexical Entrainment and Lexical Differentiation in Reference Phrase Choice.

Speakers reuse prior references to objects when choosing reference phrases, a phenomenon known as lexical entrainment. One explanation is that speakers want to maintain a set of previously established referential precedents. Speakers may also contrast any new referents against this previously established set, thereby avoiding applying the same reference phrase to refer to different referents, a complementary phenomenon I call lexical differentiation. This study provides evidence for lexical differentiation in the context of lexical entrainment. Both phenomena are present when speakers and addressees interact, when speakers imagine addressees, and when speakers simply name objects. This indicates that lexical entrainment and lexical differentiation may be products of speaker-centered processes. However, the magnitudes of these effects differ when speakers have different audience demands, indicating that audience-centered processes may also be involved.
Atmospheric expansion through Joule heating by horizontal electric fields

Abstract Incoherent scatter measurements made along a magnetic field line into aurora during a period of high electric field in the recovery phase of a substorm show (1) considerably increased electron densities well above the normal F-region maximum, and (2) field-aligned plasma drifts that increase with altitude. A model invoking atmospheric expansion through Joule heating by the horizontal electric field driving the auroral electrojet is used to explain the observations. From this study it is concluded that during magnetically disturbed periods (1) Joule heating by the auroral electrojet raises the neutral temperature and density in the auroral zone ionosphere at F-region heights, (2) ionization formed by the aurora is transported upward by the expanding atmosphere, at times producing an appreciable increase in lower exospheric plasma densities on the field lines containing the aurora, and (3) combined satellite, radar, and optical observations during periods of aurora and high electric field could provide measured F-region collision frequencies.
Strategies to translate research into practice

Objectives : To describe potential strategies that may be useful in translating research into practice and to review the findings of recent reviews of the research conducted within medicine. Data Sources : Review articles, textbooks, research studies, and guidelines. Conclusions : The most effective way to change physician behavior is through multifaceted strategies tailored to the particular setting. Strategies with consistent effect are education outreach visits and reminders. Implications for Nursing Practice : The generalizability of these findings to nursing is not known. However, appraising this body of knowledge in medicine should help nursing's future efforts to investigate how to best translate research into practice.
‘A nigger in the new England’: ‘Sus’, the Brixton riot, and citizenship

In April 1981, Black youth in the South London neighborhood of Brixton participated in a two-day riot that resulted in numerous injuries and widespread property damage in an already economically depressed area. Immediately after the event, many politicians, including new Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, labeled the ‘disorder’ as wanton lawlessness; a framing that has, in many circles, scholarly and popular persisted. However, activists at the time attempted to locate the Brixton riot within a history of institutional racism endemic to all levels of English society. This paper situates the Brixton riot within the context of Section IV of the 1824 Vagrancy Act, which shaped the lives of Black youth in the 1970s and early 1980s, and demonstrates the level to which Black people were historically marginalized in English society in the post-World War II period.
Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice: preparative techniques and partial characterization.

Several problems have frustrated the isolation of lamellar bodies (LB) from mammalian epidermis. We obtained pellets enriched in intact LB by utilizing the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin to provide intact, outer epidermal sheets, by controlled homogenization in a cell disrupter, and by passage of homogenates through a graded series of nuclepore filters (Science 221:962, 1983). Such preparations contained more intact LB than did fractions prepared by a variety of differential or sucrose/metrizamide discontinuous centrifugation methods. Initial characterization of the enzymatic content of this fraction revealed it to be enriched in certain hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin B, acid lipase, sphingomyelinase, and phospholipase A), but strikingly depleted in all sulfatases, β-glucuronidase, and the non-lysosomal protease, plasminogen activator. Thus, LB show some properties of lysosomes, although certain characteristic lysosomal enzymes are strikingly absent. Lamellar body fractions contained 2–3 times more lipid per unit weight than did homogenates, and were enriched in phospholipids, free sterols, and glycosphingolipids, but not in other neutral lipids or ceramides. In summary, whereas some of the enzymes in LB could participate in the metabolism of LB lipid precursors to hydrophobic barrier constituents, others may attack intercellular constituents, ultimately resulting in desquamation. The lipid profile of these organelles suggests that they deliver precursors of permeability barrier lipids to intercellular domains.
Usability training: An overlooked component in an on‐going program of web assessment and development

Purpose – To provide a model for implementing an on‐going program of training in usability topics for staff throughout the organization. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on best practices and thinking of industry leaders, a model for implementing an on‐going training program is developed based on learning theory, training practices, and the unique issues related to usability engineering. Findings – Provides a model for developing a localized training program for usability. Originality/value – This paper addresses an area of usability, training in usability, which has not been addressed directly. It fills a vacuum in the literature by offering a practical model for beginning an on‐going program of usability training for staff.
Traction force in tetraspanin CD151 deficient human dermal microvascular endothelial cells

CD151 plays an important role in the regulation of cell migration, vascular morphogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Many of these processes are related to the strength of cell-matrix attachment. In this study, traction force microscopy (TFM) was used to determine whether knockdown of CD151 in endothelial cells would lead to a significant modification in cell-matrix adhesion. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) were transfected to inhibit the production of CD151. Control and knock-down (KD) HMECs were plated on polyacrylamide gels (E = 16 kPa) coated with 10ug/ml fibronectin. Measurements of maximum traction stress and average perimeter stress reveals that CD151 KD HMEC cells tended to generate less traction force than the controls cells. These results suggest that knock-down of CD151 reduces HMEC traction force on a fibronectin coated substrate.
Cognitive competence and performance in everyday environments

Over the past 20 years, the study of children's thinking has more and more been influenced by Piagetian research and ideas directed towards a theory of the growth of children's intellectual competence. Perhaps 30-40 percent of current published research on children's cognition is in some way connected with Piaget's work. His influence spreads beyond Psychology. More than a dozen books in print offer short courses on Piagetian theory for students in Psychology or Education. The longest "short course" (and one of the best) is The Essential Piaget, a set of commentaries and excerpts from Piaget's writings by Gruber and Voneche (1977) that runs to 881 pages. Eight hundred and eighty one pages make up a lot of essence but, of course, we are dealing with the work of a scholar who has to date published some 50 books and hundreds of articles. .At the moment, his productivity is not faltering. There are mixed judgments about Piaget's work among American psy chologists. Some tender him respect bordering on the reverential, but the number of psychologists who base their work completely and uncritically upon that of Piaget is really rather small. Those who see him as providing an important map of children's cognitive development generally concede that other mappings, such as those of Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Werner, and Vygotsky, reveal important aspects of children's development not treated by Piaget. Piaget's map says that there are broad stage changes in children's cog nitive development, from sensorimotor intelligence to preoperational thought to concrete operations to formal operations. But careful studies have shown that the idea that children's thought advances in broad leaps is, at best, a very approximate picture of what is going on in children's cognitive development (Brainerd 1978; Gelman 1978).
Generalized boundary integral equation for heat conduction in non-homogeneous media: recent developments on the sifting property

Abstract In this paper, we address concerns which were raised with respect to the sifting property of the forcing function D which is crucial in deriving an integral equation for heat conduction in non-homogeneous media. The error in the sifting property (which we neglected in our previous papers) is expanded in a series which leads to evaluation of the error in terms of boundary integrals. This provides a practical estimate of the approximation encountered in the analysis of particular problems, as this may be small in certain cases and significant in others. The correction can be implemented directly or iteratively. In this paper, both methods are used. The iterative approach provides a quantitative measure of the correction and is shown to rapidly converge and improve results, particularly in the case of boundary fluxes. The boundary-only feature of our original boundary integral formulation for heat conduction in non-homogeneous media is thus retained.
“Are We Real Americans?”: Cultural Production of Forever Foreigners at a Diversity Event

Although the history of Asian immigrants dates back to the 17th century, their status as authentic Americans is still questioned today. With this in mind, this article looks at how a diversity event at a racially diverse inner-city high school produces the image of Asian Americans as “forever foreigners.” Using qualitative tools like observation and interviews, the article argues that mere celebration of cultural differences at a diversity event with a focus on teaching about the differences and improving human relations narrowly defines “real” Americans to mean cultureless Whites. Korean students are consequently portrayed as unauthentic Americans. The findings add to the ongoing discussions on Asian American school experiences, the construction of whiteness in schools, and schools’ approaches to diversity.
Opportunistic sensor activation in the face of data deluge

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing optimal measurement policies for a sensor that acquires sequential compressive measurements of a static vector of unknown sparsity as originally formulated in [3]. The scenario is modeled as a finite horizon sequential decision making problem when the number of samples is strictly restricted to be less than the overall horizon of the problem. We assume that at each instant of time the sensor can decide whether or not to take an observation, based on the quality of the sensing parameters. The objective of the sensor is to minimize the coherence of the final sensing matrix. We provide a closed-loop optimal measurement policy for a low-dimensional problem. We generalize the optimal policy to obtain a feasible policy for acquiring arbitrary length sparse vectors of unknown sparsity. Finally, we illustrate the performance of the proposed policy by providing simulation results.
A History of Mesopotamian Religion

Recension de: T. Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1976, 273p. Quelques critiques mineures sont adressees. Jugement par ailleurs tres positif.
Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome

The term metabolic syndrome refers to a virulent and lethal group of atherosclerotic risk factors, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and hypertension. This syndrome affects some 47 million people in the United States, placing them at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Particularly prominent as a risk factor for development of heart disease is central obesity. Immediate treatment of the metabolic syndrome is essential because these patients quickly develop diabetes, CAD, and stroke. Treatment is a multifactorial process and includes diet, exercise, and pharmacologic therapy. The latter consists of statins, fibrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones, all of which can decrease the risk and incidence of CAD.