cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agrarian structure and social organization in a risk-prone environment: A comparison of the Birifor, Dagara, and the Lobi people of Burkina Faso

Differences in spatial organization among the Lobi, Birifor, and Dagara communities in Burkina Faso can be argued to account for differential risk for onchocerciasis in these populations. A logistic regression analysis suggests that the pattern of land use and a number of related factors contribute to the risk of differential microfilarial load. It appears that the unique agrarian structures of the Birifor and Dagara communities represent a successful social adaptation to the threat of the blackfly disease, and that adoption of the forms of spatial organization found in the Birifor and Dagara communities by regional governments could aid in controlling the blackfly more permanently.
Congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction: a comparative review of associated anomalies

A review of 68 cases of intrinsic duodenal obstruction from The Adelaide Children's Hospital is presented, with Particular reference to the differing Incidence of associated anomalies. In this series there is a high incidence of other anomalies associated with atresia and stenosis when compared with a low incidence associated with membrane obstruction — particularly Down's syndrome and congenital heart disease. The overall survival with surgery is 67%.
Syngeneic antiidiotypic monoclonal antibodies to the murine anti-HLA-DR,DP monoclonal antibody CR11-462

Abstract Two out of 625 hybridomas constructed with splenocytes from a Balblc mouse immunized with the murine anti-HLA-DR, DP monoclonal antibody CR11-462 secrete antiidiotypic antibodies. Binding assays with a panel of 12 anti-HLA class I, 14 anti-HLA class II, and 9 anti-human melanoma-associated antigen MoAbs showed that the idiotopes recognized by MoAb F3-C25 and F3-B6 are not expressed by any of the tested antibodies, even those which inhibit the binding of MoAb CR11-462 to cultured B lymphoid cells. Crossblocking experiments showed that the two idiotypes are distinct and spatially distant. Both idiotopes require the association of heavy and light chain of MoAb CR11-462 for their expression. The idiotope recognized by MoAb F3-B6 is an α idiotope, since it is located outside the antigen combining site of MoAb CR11-462. The idiotope recognized by MoAb F3-C25 is a γ idiotope, since it is antigen inhibitable but does not posses an internal image of the antigen. Interestingly the MoAb F3-C25 displays a differential inhibitory effect on the binding of MoAb CR11-462 to lymphoid cells that express different HLA phenotypes or share the HLA-DRw6 allospecificity. These results suggest that antiidiotypic antibodies may sharpen our ability to dissect the heterogeneity of HLA class II antigens.
A Picture Is Worth...: Video Self-Modeling Applications at School and Home.

Video self-modeling (VSM) is a relatively new technique for modifying and training behaviors and has accumulated a relatively impressive track record in the research literature. Using only positive examples, VSM gives persons the opportunity to view themselves perform- ing a task just beyond their present functioning level via creative editing of videos using VCRs or video software. In this article, the author provides instructions on the two primary video- taping strategies for collecting content for self-modeling movies. These are accompanied by case studies illustrating the entire self-modeling process, from selecting behaviors to viewing the videos. The author conducted the case studies in his work with the Restructuring for In- clusive Environments technical assistance project. Suggested applications and caveats on the use of VSM are also presented.
An evaluation of trace element release associated with acid mine drainage

The determination of trace element release from geologic materials, such as oil shale and coal overburden, is important for proper solid waste management planning. The objective of this study was to determine a correlation between trace element residency and concentration to trace element release using the following methods: (1) sequential selective dissolution for determining trace element residencies, (2) toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and (3) humidity cell weathering study simulating maximum trace element release. Two eastern oil shales were used, a New albany shale that contains 4.6 percent pyrite, and a Chattanooga shale that contains 1.5 percent pyrite. Each shale was analyzed for elemental concentrations by soluble, adsorbed, organic, carbonate, and sulfide phases. All leachates were analyzed to determine total trace element concentrations. The results of the selective dissolution studies show that each trace element has a unique distribution between the various phases. Thus, it is possible to predict trace element release based on trace element residency. The TCLP results show that this method is suitable for assessing soluble trace element release but does not realistically assess potential hazards. The results of the humidity cell studies do demonstrate a more reasonable method for predicting trace element release and potential water quality hazards. The humidity cell methods, however, require months to obtain the required data with a large number of analytical measurements. When the selective dissolution data are compared to the trace element concentrations in the TCLP and humidity cell leachates, it is shown that leachate concentrations are predicted by the selective dissolution data. Therefore, selective dissolution may represent a rapid method to assess trace element release associated with acid mine drainage.
Final results of a phase II trial of preoperative TAC (docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) in stage III breast cancer.

Abstract Background The use of preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer has been demonstrated to result in similar disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Additionally, the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast after preoperative chemotherapy has been shown to correlate with survival. The objective of this study was to determine the pCR rate in patients with stage III breast cancer treated with 4 cycles of TAC (docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 , doxorubicin 50 mg/m 2 , cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m 2 ) on day 1 before surgery. Patients and Methods From November 1998 through August 2001, we treated 40 patients (mean age, 47 years) with stage III breast cancer with TAC administered every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. Results We now report follow-up at 24 months. Responses were seen in 83% of patients, with 25% experiencing a clinical complete response, of which 4 patients (10%) had pCRs. At a follow-up of 2 years, data on DFS and OS are available on 37 patients: 12 patients (38%) had disease progression, and 7 patients (21%) had died. Despite the use of prophylactic ciprofloxacin, some degree of myelosuppression was seen in all patients, with 24 patients (63%) experiencing grade 3/4 neutropenia. Conclusion Based on the pCR rate seen in this trial, docetaxel given concomitantly with AC (doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) for 4 cycles does not appear to be superior to 4 cycles of AC as preoperative treatment for stage III breast cancer. Based on other trials, longer durations of therapy and/or sequencing of AC and docetaxel may result in a higher pCR rate.
High-energy, fourth-harmonic generation using CO2 lasers

laser to 2.38 μm has been studied experimentally by using tandem AgGaSe2 and ZnGeP2 crystals. Up to 24 mJ per pulse of 2.38-μm radiation at a 10% overall conversion efficiency has been achieved with a mode-locked pulse format. A computer model was also developed and its predictions are in reasonable agreement with our experimental data.
MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY OF AMORPHOUS ALLOY RIBBONS IN AS-QUENCHED STATE

Abstract The in-plane magnetic anisotropy Ku in as-quenched state has been studied for amorphous Fe-based, FeNi-based and Co-based alloys. The change in anisotropy Ku with stress relief annealing has been measured and the dependence of anisotropy Kus on magnetization square M2s after annealing is linear. Results show that the anisotropy Ku consists of two parts: one is Kuσ that can be annealed out, which is related to the coupling between magnetostriction and internal stress; the other is Kus that originates from the surface shape effect.
Designations of ds2p energy levels in neutral zirconium, hafnium, and rutherfordium (Z=104).

We have examined available data for the odd-parity energy-level structures in Zr and Hf, stimulated by the designations of four predicted 6d7${\mathit{s}}^{2}$7p levels in the homologous atom rutherfordium (Rf, Z=104) by Eliav et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1079 (1995)]. We point out some errors and deficiencies in the Zr data and give the results of Hartree-Fock calculations for Hf 5d6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$6p and Rf 6d7${\mathit{s}}^{2}$7p levels. Configuration interactions within the (d+s${)}^{3}$p complexes were included. The resulting eigenvectors allow meaningful LS-coupling designations for most of the levels belonging mainly to Hf 5d6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$6p and for most of the predicted Rf levels belonging mainly to 6d7${\mathit{s}}^{2}$7p. Some changes in the designations assigned to these levels in the literature are suggested: in particular, the lowest level of both Hf 5d6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$6p and Rf 6d7${\mathit{s}}^{2}$7p is most appropriately designated $^{3}\mathrm{F}_{2}^{\mathit{o}}$. We point out the need for systematic whole-row studies of the low odd-parity configurations in 4d- and 5d-shell spectra. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Mobility induced network evolution speeds up synchronization of wireless sensor networks

Mobility is a key characteristic of ad hoc networks. Yet the influence of mobility on interaction pattern evolution has not been analytically investigated for mobile networks. Based on the observation that future interaction patterns are usually dependent on the current interaction status, we model the mobility-induced evolving network structure in mobile sensor networks as a continuous-time Markovian process, which conforms to the continuous position variation due to sensor node movements. Employing spatial coverage theory, we quantitatively characterize how the velocity of sensor movements affects the parameters of the continuous-time Markovian process, and hence characterize how the velocity of sensor movement affects the evolution of interaction patterns among mobile sensors. These results enable us to theoretically predict how the velocity of sensor movements affects the speed of time synchronization, which is crucial for wireless sensor network synchronization algorithms since it directly affects energy-efficiency. QualNet experimental results confirm the theoretical predictions.
Non-radioactive electron-capture detector operating in the pulsed mode

Abstract This paper describes an electron-capture detector (ECD) which does not require a radioactive source for the generation of electrons and which can be operated in the pulsed mode. Other researchers have developed non-radioactive versions of the ECD; however, all of these have required the application of a constant potential for electron collection. The pulsed mode allows electron attachment to occur under field-free conditions, and is the more commonly used mode of ECD operation. In our detector, electrons are produced by energetic species derived from a microwave-induced discharge in helium. The identity of these energy carriers has not been established definitively, but various possibilities are discussed. The remainder of the apparatus is identical to that used with a normal pulsed-mode ECD with the exception that our detector operates at a pressure of 10-20 Torr. In this paper we report characteristic data for the significant operational parameters (pulse period and pulse width) and measured quantities (rate constants for loss of electrons and for production of electrons) associated with our detector. These are compared to corresponding data typical of a conventional pulsed-mode, radioactive-foil ECD. The detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio  2) of our detector for carbon tetrachloride. which captures electrons dissociatively with an extremely high capture coefficient, is on the order of 70–80 fg. For methylene chloride, which also captures dissociatively but with a much lower capture coefficient, the detection limit is 8 ng. For hexafluorobenzene, which captures non-dissociatively, the detection limit is 530 fg. These limits were obtained using a prototype detector. We anticipate that improvements in design will result in even better performance.
Our Americas archive partnership demonstration

The Our Americas Archive Partnership (OAAP) project is in year 2 of a 3-year IMLS funded grant led by Rice University in Partnership with the University of Maryland's Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities (MITH). Designed to meet the needs of American studies scholars researching the Americas from a hemispheric perspective, OAAP is developing an integrated framework for the discovery of digital resources that are managed in heterogeneous distributed repositories. This demonstration will show the current state of the project's common interface to support resource discovery.
The Elastohydrodynamic Solution of Journal Bearings Under Dynamic Loading

The Newton-Raphson algorithm was used in conjunction with Murty’s algorithm and the finite-element method to analyze the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of a journal bearing under dynamic loading. Cavitation boundary conditions were used. A realistic compliance matrix and load schedule were used in the illustrative example. Solutions for the film pressure, the film thickness and its rate of change with time were obtained as functions of the crank angle.
Error-checking for 5-channel telegraphic tape

The uses and the advantages of 5-channel paper tape are well recognized in the business world. Paper tape has been used for many years for message sending. Its use in telegraphic communication equipment serves as the life line of communications for many businesses. In recent years the decentralization of factory equipment and the general growth of businesses have made the transmission of accounting or scientific data between cities increasingly important. The rapidly expanding use of commercial computers and business machines will result in a further increase in the volume of data that must be communicated between cities. As more and more data are communicated, one becomes aware that a major improvement is required to refine the system, especially with regard to error handling. There is a practical limit on the improvements that may be made in transmission facilities to decrease the error rate. However, these improvements, plus a system of error detecting, could provide a highly efficient system that would be able to handle large volumes of data with a minimum amount of error-handling techniques.
Employment and Filial Relations: Is There a Conflict?

Since children, particularly daughters, are among the most important sources of help and support for older Americans, it has been suggested that women's increasing employment will affect filial relations. Empirical evidence on this issue is inconsistent, in part due to the use of nonprobability samples. Few studies have measured effects for men. We attempt to broaden the scope of this question beyond help to the frail elderly by asking whether employment affects filial relations in general. We examine effects of hours employed on telephone contact, visiting, feelings of closeness, filial attitudes, and assistance to biological parents, for an area probability sample of men and women over 40. There are no effects of employment for men or women on contact, closeness, or assistance. For the vast majority of this population sample, contact and assistance involve few hours per week, and thus do not seem to conflict with employment.
Intracellular marking with lucifer yellow CH and horseradish peroxidase of cells electrophysiologically characterized as glia in the cerebral cortex of the cat

Intracellular microelectrodes filled with either Lucifer Yellow CH, a highly florescent dye, or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to electrophysiologically characterize and mark cells in the cerebral cortex of cat. Fifty-eight cells, characterized electrophysiologically as glia, were marked with Lucifer Yellow CH. All were identified as protoplasmic astrocytes, and included cells in the glia limitans of the molecular layer. An additional 54 cells, similarly characterized as glia, were labeled with HRP. The results were the same; only protoplasmic astrocytes were labeled. The "staining quality" of the glia labeled with HRP was superior to that of cells injected with Lucifer Yellow; greater lengths of individual processes were revealed, and they could often be followed to blood vessels where they ended on the walls of vessels with expanded perivascular end-feet. The observations indicate that the many previously reported studies on presumed glial cells in the cat cerebral cortex have characterized the behavior of protoplasmic astrocytes. Neurons were also marked during these experiments. The "staining" quality of the Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was excellent; dendritic spines, axons, and axon collaterals were clearly visible. These fine neuronal details were not as well revealed after HRP labeling. High resting membrane potentials (RMP's) were not a prerequisite for obtaining well-marked neurons (mean RMP of Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was -33.6 mV; mean RMP of HRP filled neurons was 42.3 mV). In contrast, the mean RMPs of Lucifer Yellow and HRP marked glia was -68 Mv and -75 mV respectively, and the quality of "staining" appeared to be more closely related to the RMP.
Passive Transfer of Allergic Encephalomyelitis with Blood Leucocytes

EXPERIMENTAL allergic encephalomyelitis can be induced in mammals and birds by injection of central nervous system antigen with adjuvants1. The regional lymph nodes draining the inoculation site contain the immuno-competent cells which are responsible for development of the disease. Removal or irradiation of these draining nodes prevents allergic encephalomyelitis1. Suspensions of living cells from the nodes transfer the disease to normal recipients2,3. Viability of the lymphoid cells is essential as is shown by the failure of passive transfer if the cells are heated to 48° C, subjected to freeze–thaw cycles, or are injected into histoincompatible recipients2. Transfers succeed if living cells are injected into histocompatible recipients (isogenic or F1 hybrids)2,3.
MiRP1 Forms IKr Potassium Channels with HERG and Is Associated with Cardiac Arrhythmia

A novel potassium channel gene has been cloned, characterized, and associated with cardiac arrhythmia. The gene encodes MinK-related peptide 1 (MiRP1), a small integral membrane subunit that assembles with HERG, a pore-forming protein, to alter its function. Unlike channels formed only with HERG, mixed complexes resemble native cardiac IKr channels in their gating, unitary conductance, regulation by potassium, and distinctive biphasic inhibition by the class III antiarrhythmic E-4031. Three missense mutations associated with long QT syndrome and ventricular fibrillation are identified in the gene for MiRP1. Mutants form channels that open slowly and close rapidly, thereby diminishing potassium currents. One variant, associated with clarithromycin-induced arrhythmia, increases channel blockade by the antibiotic. A mechanism for acquired arrhythmia is revealed: genetically based reduction in potassium currents that remains clinically silent until combined with additional stressors.
CONSTRUCTION AND CUSTOMIZATION OF STABLE OSCILLATION MODELS IN BIOLOGY

Oscillations exist at all levels of biological systems and are often crucial for their proper functioning. Among the various types of oscillations, limit cycles have received particular attention for more than one hundred years. Specifically, theorems have been established that characterize whether a system might have the capability of exhibiting limit cycles. However, the practical application of these theorems is usually cumbersome and there are hardly any guidelines for devising de novo models that exhibit limit cycles of a desired form. In this paper, we propose a simple method for constructing and customizing stable limit cycles in two-dimensional systems according to desired features, including frequency, amplitude, and phase shift between system variables. The method is based on "inverting" a criterion proposed by Lewis for characterizing oscillations in two-dimensional S-system models. First, we execute comprehensive simulations that result in a set of over 2000 prototype limit cycles. Second, we show with examples how these prototypes can be further customized to adhere to predetermined specifications. This two-step process is fast and efficacious, especially when one considers the paucity of alternative methods. Finally, we illustrate how one may create systems with more complex dynamics by modulating the prototypes with external input signals.
Electrochemical characterization of copper chemical mechanical polishing

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper was performed using H2O2 as oxidizer and alumina particles as abrasives. The interaction between the Cu surface and the slurry was investigated by potentiodynamic measurements taken during the polishing process as well as under static conditions. The Cu removal rate reached a maximum at 1% H2O2 concentration, and decreased with a further increase in H2O2 concentration. The static etch rate showed the same trend. Atomic force microscopic measurements were performed on both the etched surface and polished surface. It was shown that the surface roughness of the polished surface increased as the H2O2 concentration increased. This can be explained by changes in the structure of the passivating layer and the dominating role of the dynamic repassivation during polishing.
Smoking is an occupational hazard

Background Even though the prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined in the general population and among white-collar workers, the prevalence of tobacco smoking among blue-collar workers remains unacceptably high. Blue-collar workers experience greater exposure to workplace toxins which can add to, or even multiply, their risk of adverse health effects from tobacco smoking. Among blue-collar workers, workers in the restaurant, bar, and gaming industries are exposed to much higher levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) than are office workers, and are at increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases even if they are non-smokers themselves. Methods The literature on health risks, and the disparity between white and blue collar workers in smoking prevalence, and the literature on various tobacco control strategies provide the sources on which this review is based. Conclusions Over the past 20 years, the accumulating scientific evidence about smoking as an occupational hazard has prompted the implementation of various educational, economic, and legal tobacco control strategies.
Water purity investigation using proton induced X-ray emission

Abstract An investigation into the possibility of using the highly sensitive proton induced X-ray emission analysis technique (PIXE) to carry out large scale monitoring of the trace elements in household tap water is presented. Quantitative result of lead contamination from samples examined is also presented as an example.
Comparison of linear array endoscopic ultrasound and helical computed tomography for the staging of periampullary malignancies.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare linear array endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and helical computed tomography (CT) scan in the preoperative local staging evaluation of patients with periampullary tumors. Methods: Patients evaluated with EUS and CT for suspected periampullary malignancies from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed. Surgical/pathology staging results were the reference standard. Results: Forty-eight patients (28 men and 20 women; mean age, 62 ± 4.9 years; range, 18–90 years) were identified. Malignancy was histologically confirmed in 44 patients. Parameters evaluated included tumor size, lymph node metastases, and major vascular invasion. EUS was significantly more sensitive (100%), specific (75%), and accurate (98%) than helical CT (68%, 50%, and 67%, respectively) for evaluation of the periampullary mass (P < .05). In addition, EUS detected regional lymph node metastases in more patients than helical CT. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS were 61%, 100%, and 84%, in comparison to 33%, 92%, and 68%, respectively, with CT. Major vascular involvement was noted in 9 of 44 patients. EUS correctly identified vascular involvement in 100% compared with 45% with CT (P < .05). Conclusions: Linear array EUS was consistently superior to helical CT in the preoperative local staging of periampullary malignancies.
Effect of argon laser photocoagulation on fluorescein transport across the blood-retinal barrier

Abstract The effect of argon laser photocoagulation on the active transport of fluorescein across the blood-retinal barrier was examined in the rabbit, before and after healing of the photocoagulation scars. The outward fluorescein transport across the blood-retinal barrier, which was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry after intravitreal administration of sodium fluorescein, was greatly reduced in the first days after panretinal photocoagulation with the argon laser. However, this alteration of the barrier recovered progressively with time, depending on the intensity of the photocoagulation burns. When moderate panretinal laser photocoagulation was used (500 μm, 0·1 sec, 0·1 W), the transport activity was markedly altered by 6 days, but there was almost complete recovery at the end of 30 days. When severe photocoagulation was performed (500 μ, 0·1 sec and 0·25–0 · 35 W), very little recovery was observed, even 90 days afterwards.
Magnetoresistance Coefficients and Their Temperature Dependence in Iron and Silicon-Steel

By using single-crystal strips of iron and silicon steel having the crystallographic orientations (001)-[100] and ($1\overline{1}0$)-[111], the magnetoresistance coefficients ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2}$, and their temperature dependence were measured below room temperature. The measurement of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$ was accomplished by changing the domain structure in the demagnetized state by utilizing the magnetic field induced by the measuring current in the sample. It is found that both ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2}$ are strongly dependent on temperature and composition, but it seems difficult to obtain a complete quantitative interpretation of the results.
The photolysis of rigid solutions of triphenyl tin anion

Abstract The alkali metal reduction in vacuo of Ph 4 Sn, Ph 6 Sn 2 , or Ph 3 SnCl in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) solution proceeds stoichiometrically to yield Ph 3 Sn − . The near UV photolysis at 93 K of rigid THF or MTHF glasses of Ph 3 Sn − generates the Ph 3 Sn radical. A g value of 1.998 ± 0.001, obtained from analysis of the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum, is compared with results reported in single crystal matrices and in gas phase condensations.
Significant Developments in Choral Music Education in Higher Education Between 1950-1980

The years between 1950 and 1980 were a time of unprecedented growth in American higher education. Beginning in the late fifties and continuing through the early seventies, college enrollments rapid...
Diagnosis as a notion of grammar

This paper will sketch an approach to natural language parsing based on a new conception of what makes up a recognition grammar for syntactic analysis and how such a grammar should be structured. This theory of syntactic analysis formalizes a notion very much like the psychologist's notion of "perceptual strategies" [Bever "70] and makes this formalized notion which will be called the notion of wait-and-see diagnostics a central and integral part of a theory of what one knows about the structure of language. By recognition grammar, we mean here what a speaker of a language knows about that language that allows him to assign grammatical structure to the word strings that make up utterances in that language.
On a shrinkage estimator of a normal common mean vector

Abstract The problem of estimating the p × 1 mean vector θ based on two independent normal vectors Y 1 ∼ N p ( θ , σ 2 I ) and Y 2 ∼ N p ( θ , ξσ 2 I ) is considered. For p ≥ 3, when ξ and σ 2 are unknown, it was shown by George (1991, Ann. Statist. ) that under certain conditions estimators of the form δ η = ηY 1 + (1 − η ) Y 2 , where η is a fixed number in (0, 1), are uniformly dominated by a shrinkage estimator under the squared error loss. In this paper, George's result is improved by obtaining a simpler and better condition for the domination.
Total circulatory support during CPR by vest inflation

A system has been developed that generates cyclic fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure for use in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The system was realized with a pneumatic vest, which is placed around the thorax, and an inflation system. The vest contains a bladder that is cyclically inflated and deflated. Air flows into and out of the bladder by the proper sequencing of solenoid valves. A safety system monitors the pressure in the bladder and can vent pressure from the bladder and disable operation of the valves if a malfunction occurs. This systems uses real-time control of vest pressure to overcome the vast-pressure variations of older systems, and is safer than previous systems. >
The acoustic response in a liquid layer overlying a multi-layered viscoelastic half-space

Abstract A Green function is constructed that represents the steady-state acoustic response in a liquid layer overlying a Voigt viscoelastic multi-layered half-space. The effect of the solid half-space is characterized by a ratio related to the impedance of the sub-bottom. This ratio is evaluated by first developing a matrix recurrence relation for the potentials in the solid which, when repeatedly applied, directly relates the first viscoelastic layer's response to the last layer's. After boundary conditions are applied at the liquid-solid interface, the impedance ratio is obtained from another matrix relation. The result is in a form convenient for digital computer calculations. The response for the homogeneous single layer or half-space is shown to be consistent with existing results.
Lack of effect on human lipoprotein-triacylglycerol on the function of perfused rat kidney.

We determined whether addition of human lipoprotein-TG to the perfusate for the isolated rat kidney would increase net Na+ reabsorption or maintain renal tissue K+ content. Rat kidneys (n = 6) were perfused for 75 min with a perfusate containing 6 g% of substrate-free albumin in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate and a mixture of human chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (human lipoprotein-triacylglycerol (HL-TG]. Control kidneys (n = 6) were perfused in the substrate-limited state, i.e., without any exogenous substrates added to the perfusate. Means (n = 6) for function of control kidneys were GFR = 808 +/- 50 microliter g-1 X min-1; %T-Na+ = 63.3 +/- 1.3%. A significant loss of tissue K+ occurred: tissue K+ remaining after 75 min of perfusion = 79.1 +/- 1.9%. Although kidney tissue contains lipoprotein lipase, HL-TG (n = 6) did not increase %Na+ reabsorption (64.3 +/- 2.6%) or maintain tissue K+ content (80.6 +/- 2.0%). Therefore, the TG might have been hydrolyzed and taken up for biosynthesis, the rat kidney lipoprotein lipase might have been inactive, or the rat kidney might not use lipoprotein-TG for biosynthesis or oxidation.
Revving the innovation engine in China, Japan, and the United States

SummaryIn the early 1980s when IBM launched the Personal Computer, senior executives of many multinational corporations (MNCs) demonstrated little initial interest in reaping the returns on investments promised by budding technology pundits. Corporate adoption of subsequent advances in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) have since promulgated worldwide. Today, MNC managers have come to regard ICT as a key differentiator of their competitive advantage. Drawing from metrics produced by the World Economic Forum, this paper comparatively assesses the viability of Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. firms as they increasingly compete for global market share, relying on technology as a critical success factor.
A two-step hierarchical hypothesis set testing framework, with applications to gene expression data on ordered categories

In complex large-scale experiments, in addition to simultaneously considering a large number of features, multiple hypotheses are often being tested for each feature. This leads to a problem of multi-dimensional multiple testing. For example, in gene expression studies over ordered categories (such as time-course or dose-response experiments), interest is often in testing differential expression across several categories for each gene. In this paper, we consider a framework for testing multiple sets of hypothesis, which can be applied to a wide range of problems. We adopt the concept of the overall false discovery rate (OFDR) for controlling false discoveries on the hypothesis set level. Based on an existing procedure for identifying differentially expressed gene sets, we discuss a general two-step hierarchical hypothesis set testing procedure, which controls the overall false discovery rate under independence across hypothesis sets. In addition, we discuss the concept of the mixed-directional false discovery rate (mdFDR), and extend the general procedure to enable directional decisions for two-sided alternatives. We applied the framework to the case of microarray time-course/dose-response experiments, and proposed three procedures for testing differential expression and making multiple directional decisions for each gene. Simulation studies confirm the control of the OFDR and mdFDR by the proposed procedures under independence and positive correlations across genes. Simulation results also show that two of our new procedures achieve higher power than previous methods. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a microarray dose-response study, to identify 17 β-estradiol sensitive genes in breast cancer cells that are induced at low concentrations. The framework we discuss provides a platform for multiple testing procedures covering situations involving two (or potentially more) sources of multiplicity. The framework is easy to use and adaptable to various practical settings that frequently occur in large-scale experiments. Procedures generated from the framework are shown to maintain control of the OFDR and mdFDR, quantities that are especially relevant in the case of multiple hypothesis set testing. The procedures work well in both simulations and real datasets, and are shown to have better power than existing methods.
Effect of hammer mill retention screen size on fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process

Abstract Corn is widely used as animal feed as well as for fuel ethanol production. Fiber present in corn is not digested well by non-ruminants such as chicken and swine. Also, this fiber does not participate in conversion of starch to ethanol. Fiber separation from ground corn flour using the Elusieve process, a combination of sieving and elutriation (air classification) results in high starch animal feed, and in increased ethanol productivity. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of retention screen size in the hammer mill on fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process. Four different retention screen opening sizes were studied; 1.4 mm (3.5/64”), 2.0 mm (5/64”), 2.8 mm (7/64”) and 3.2 mm (8/64”). Ground corn flour was sieved into size fractions and the size fractions were subjected to air classification. As the retention screen size increased, fiber separation improved, and the difference in starch content between enhanced flour and original flour increased. The highest starch content of 64.1–65.2% was in the enhanced flour from Elusieve processing of corn flour obtained by using 3.2 mm (8/64”) retention screen in the hammer mill, while the starch content of the original corn flour was 62.5%. It is expected that at some threshold retention screen size, the fiber separation using the Elusieve process would be deteriorated. This threshold retention screen size was not reached in this study.
The irony of immaturity: K’iche’ children as mediators and buffers in adult social interactions:

In Santa Catarina Ixtahuacan adults constantly face the threat of resentment from other members of their community. Evading others’ resentment requires concealing one’s possessions, a feat that in turn entails the immoral act of speaking untruths. Children, however, can utter falsehoods that adults cannot because adults do not see children as principals of harmful words. It is argued in this article, therefore, that K’iche’ children in Santa Catarina are in the ironic situation of having influence on the adult social world precisely because adults do not view children as influential. The article shows how children’s very status as supposedly unimportant individuals gives them the pragmatic power to mediate malicious feelings between adults via their words and actions.
Bonding and Penetration at Metal/Self-Assembled Organic Monolayer Interfaces

The purpose of research on metals (M) deposited onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is to understand the interactions between the metal and eventually metal oxide overlayers on well-ordered organic substrates. Applications of M/SAM and inorganic/SAM research results to the understanding of real inorganic/organic interfaces in vacuum and under environmental conditions can potentially play a key role in the development of advanced devices with stable interfacial properties. The results of selected M/SAM studies to date are reviewed, and MISAM combinations ranked according to reactivity and penetration. Specific examples of reactive interfaces (Cu/COOH, Cr/several groups) and nonreactive interfaces with penetration (Ag/CH3, Ag/COOH) are used to illustrate the extremes.
Volumetric cutaneous microangiography of human skin in vivo by VCSEL swept-source optical coherence tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) assessment of cutaneous microcirculation in human skin is essential in the identification of disease states in skin or other organs. Few 3D imaging techniques have revealed the skin micro-vasculatures non-invasively and with sufficient imaging depth. Here, we demonstrate volumetric cutaneous microangiography of the human skin in vivo that utilizes a 1.3 µm high-speed swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The swept source is based on a MEMS tunable vertical cavity surface emission laser (VCSEL) that is advantageous in terms of long coherence length over 50 mm and 100 nm spectral bandwidth that enables the visualization of microstructures within a few mm from the skin surface. We show that skin microvasculature can be delineated in 3D SS-OCT images using ultrahigh-sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG) with a correlation mapping mask, providing a contrast enhanced blood perfusion map with capillary flow sensitivity. 3D microangiograms of a healthy human finger are shown with distinct cutaneous vessel architectures from different dermal layers and even within hypodermis. These findings suggest that the OCT microangiography could be a beneficial biomedical assay to assess cutaneous vascular functions in clinic.
Inhibition of HIV Tat-TAR interactions by an antisense oligo-2′-O-methylribonucleoside methylphosphonate

Abstract An antisense oligo-2′-O-methylribonucleotide having alternating methylphosphonate/phosphodiester linkages, 1676, whose sequence is complementary to the apical stem-loop of HIV-1 TAR RNA, was prepared to determine its effects on Tat protein–TAR interaction and Tat-mediated gene transactivation in cell culture. This oligomer and its all-phosphodiester analogue, 1707, were shown to: (1) bind to TAR at 37 °C with Kd's in the low nM concentration range; (2) inhibit Tat-TAR complex formation; and (3) inhibit expression of a chloramphenicol reporter gene under control of the HIV LTR in HeLa HL3T1 cells in culture.
Environmental health summit report: research blueprint for the 21st century.

The Environmental Health Summit was held 1-4 June 1995 at Biosphere 2 in Oracle, 30 miles north of Tucson, Arizona. Nearly 30 scientists from across the country gathered to formulate a new national blueprint for addressing the nation's most urgent environmental health research priorities. The priorities were addressed by five committees: 1) children's health, 2) respiratory system, 3) immune system, 4) nervous system, and 5) reproductive system. The summit was a public-private partnership between the nonprof? it Environmental Health Foundation, the National Institute of Environmental Health
The Quantitative Determination of Free Menthol in Peppermint Oil

The free menthol content of peppermint oil is determined by refluxing a sample of oil with chloroacetyl chloride. Hydrogen chloride, a by-product of the reaction, is carried over into a solution of standard silver nitrate with the aid of nitrogen gas. Excess silver nitrate is determined with standard ammonium thiocyanate.
Biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of proteins in Hurthle cell carcinoma

The present study reports the biochemical and immunohistochemical findings in the cytosol of a Hurthle cell carcinoma as compared with that of normal thyroid tissue. Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the extract derived from a Hurthle cell carcinoma and from normal thyroid tissue revealed three identical pools. Pool I consisted mainly of thyroglobulin (Tg), pool II corresponded to albumin, while pool III contained unidentified low molecuar weight fragments which could not be studied further. Hurthle cell carcinoma, pool I, had a Tg content of 12.9 μg Tg/mg equivalent tissue and a 127I content of 5, 6 mole/mole of Tg. Its sialic acid content was undetectable, however. In pool I of the normal thyroid gland, the respective values were 62.8 μg Tg/ mg equivalent tissue, 21.3 mole 127I/mole Tg, and 15.4 mole sialic acid/mole Tg. The albumin contained in both pools II was shown to be ioidinated at the following levels: 0.025 mole 127I/mole albumin in Hurthle tumor pool II vs 1.28 mole 127I/mole albumin in normal thyroid pool II. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the presence of Tg and albumin in the malignant Hurthle cells and acini and colloid. Thus, Hurthle cell carcinoma contained Tg and albumin. The Tg content was five times less compared with control tissue. Both proteins (Tg and albumin) were poorly iodinated in Hurthle carcinoma tissue, and the iodination of albumina seemed to be more severely impaired. The site of synthesis of both proteins could not be derived from the presejit studies.
Semisimplicial Unital Groups

If there is an order-preserving group isomorphism from a directed abelian group G with a finitely generated positive cone G+ onto a simplicial group, then G is called a semisimplicial group. By factoring out the torsion subgroup of a unital group having a finite unit interval, one obtains a semisimplicial unital group. We exhibit a representation for the base-normed space associated with a semisimplicial unital group G as the Banach dual space of a finite dimensional order-unit space that contains G as an additive subgroup. In terms of this representation, we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for G to be archimedean.
Flowfield Measurements About an Airfoil with Leading-Edge Ice Shapes

Flowfield measurements were carried out on the upper surface of a GLC-305 airfoil configured with glaze and rime ice-shape simulations. The mean and root-mean-square fluctuation of the streamwise velocity were measured using a split-hot-film probe at several chordwise locations. These data were taken at three different angles of attack preceding stall for each iced-airfoil configuration at Reynolds numbers of 3.5 × 10 6 and 6.0 x 10 6 with Mach numbers of 0.12 and 0.21. The velocity measurements confirmed the presence of a large separation bubble downstream of the ice shapes. The separation bubbles for the glaze ice configuration were much larger than those for the rime ice case, resulting from the differences in the ice horn geometry. Other than the differences in size, the integral boundary-layer characteristics were very similar. Changes in Reynolds number did not significantly affect the separation bubble characteristics. However, a larger Mach number did result in a slightly larger separation bubble for the glaze ice case at α = 6 deg. The root-mean-square velocity distributions had peak values in the separated shear layer, downstream of transition, that compared well with previous work.
Expression of luxCD-E in Anabaena sp. can replace the use of exogenous aldehyde for in vivo localization of transcription by luxAB.

Abstract The genes luxCDABE from four luminescent bacteria suffice for light production in Escherichia coli [Meighen, Microbiol. Rev. 55 (1991) 123–142]. We have inserted these gene clusters between inverted polylinkers, and placed the resulting cassettes as reporters within derivatives of transposon Tn5. Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 was mutagenized with these transposons. The luminescence of all but the most highly self-luminescent resulting derivatives of Anabaena sp. was strongly dependent on exogenously added aldehyde. Thus, luminescence based on luxCDABE is multiplicatively limited by production of luciferase and aldehyde. No toxicity was observed over protracted periods of luminescence. By deletion, new cassettes were derived in which only the aldehyde biosynthetic genes, luxCD-E, remained intact. Transcription was localized at the single-cell level in strains of cyanobacteria bearing constitutively expressed Xenorhabdus luminescens luxCD-E on a plasmid and relatively weakly expressed, developmentally regulated luxAB from Vibrio spp. in the chromosome. The developmentally critical gene, hetR, was thereby shown to remain active in mature heterocysts.
Screening effects in surface infrared spectra of CO adsorbed on electrodes: application to isothermal desorption measurements

Abstract Infrared spectra of CO adsorbed on platinum electrodes were examined for effects of dielectric screening. Screening of the incident infrared radiation field by the adlayer polarization typically results in non-linear relationships between adsorbed CO vibrational band intensities and CO surface coverages. It is shown that the solvent in the electrochemical environment can reduce the strong Beer’s law deviations observed for adsorbed CO in vacuum by maintaining the adlayer polarizability more constant with changes in CO surface coverage. The screening analysis was applied to correct adsorbed CO infrared peak absorbances in measurements of rate constants for CO desorption from electrodes.