cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ego Depletion—Is It All in Your Head? Implicit Theories About Willpower Affect Self-Regulation

Much recent research suggests that willpower--the capacity to exert self-control--is a limited resource that is depleted after exertion. We propose that whether depletion takes place or not depends on a person's belief about whether willpower is a limited resource. Study 1 found that individual differences in lay theories about willpower moderate ego-depletion effects: People who viewed the capacity for self-control as not limited did not show diminished self-control after a depleting experience. Study 2 replicated the effect, manipulating lay theories about willpower. Study 3 addressed questions about the mechanism underlying the effect. Study 4, a longitudinal field study, found that theories about willpower predict change in eating behavior, procrastination, and self-regulated goal striving in depleting circumstances. Taken together, the findings suggest that reduced self-control after a depleting task or during demanding periods may reflect people's beliefs about the availability of willpower rather than true resource depletion.
Automated visual inspection of solder bumps

This paper describes a computer vision technique for automated inspection of solder bumps on leadless chip carriers and metallized wafers for advanced VLSI (very-large-scale integration) packaging. It is based on high-contrast imaging of soldered surfaces against a reflective background using dark-field illumination for selective enhancement of surface topography. A bright-field image is also used for resolving ambiguities in image understanding. Gray-scale images are analyzed using vision algorithms to detect topographic discontinuities of soldered surfaces and to identify solder-bump defects.
Reliability Assessment of Mass-Market Software: Insights from Windows Vista®

Assessing the reliability of mass-market software (MMS), such as the Windowsreg operating system, presents many challenges. In this paper, we share insights gained from the Windows Vistareg and Windows Vistareg SP1 operating systems. First, we find that the automated reliability monitoring approach, which periodically reports reliability status, provides higher quality data and requires less effort compared to other approaches available today. We describe one instance in detail: the Windows reliability analysis component, and illustrate its advantages using data from Windows Vista. Second, we show the need to account for usage scenarios during reliability assessments. For pre-release versions of Windows Vista and Vista SP1, usage scenarios differ by 2-4X for Microsoft internal and external samples; corresponding reliability assessments differ by 2-3X. Our results help motivate and guide further research in reliability assessment.
Using Virtual Human Technology to Capture Dentists’ Decision Policies about Pain

Healthcare professionals use race, gender, and age cues when making pain management decisions. Use of these demographic cues, therefore, is an important topic in the study of healthcare disparities. This study used virtual human (VH) technology to investigate the effects of VH patients’ demographic cues on dentists’ pain management decisions. Eighty-nine dentists viewed patients with different demographic cues. Analyses revealed that dentists rated pain intensity higher and were more willing to prescribe opioids to female, African-American, and younger patients than to their demographic counterparts. Results also found significant 2-way interactions between race and age for both pain assessment and treatment decisions. The interaction results suggest that the race difference (Caucasian < African American) was more pronounced for younger than for older patients. This is the first study to examine demographic cue use in dentists’ decision-making for pain. The study found that dentists used demographic cues ...
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF HYPONEOID (COPEPODA) FROM THE OLFACTORY SAC OF A GULPER SHARK CENTROPHORUS SP. (SQUALIFORMES: CENTROPHORIDAE) CAPTURED OFF MADAGASCAR

Greeniedeets buccaneer n. gen., n. sp. (Hyponeoidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) infects the olfactory sac of a gulper shark, Centrophorus sp. (Centrophoridae, Squaliformes) off Madagascar. The adult female of Greeniedeets buccaneer n. gen., n. sp. is most easily distinguished from other hyponeoids (Hyponeoidae) by its possession of a genital complex that is horseshoe shaped in dorsal view. An amended family diagnosis for Hyponeoidae and diagnostic key to hyponeoids based on adult females are provided.
SKINcure: A real time image analysis system to aid in the malignant melanoma prevention and early detection

Melanoma incidence rates have been increasing for the past three decades. The most important risk factor for Melanoma skin cancer is unprotected exposure to UV radiation. However, early diagnosis of malignant melanoma increases the chances for cure significantly. Therefore a real time image analysis system to aid in the malignant melanoma prevention and early detection is highly in-demand. In this paper, we propose a real time image analysis system to aid in the malignant melanoma prevention and early detection. We present an image recognition technique, where the user will be able to capture skin images of different mole types. Our system will analyze and process the images and alert the user at real-time to seek medical help urgently. This work introduces convenient steps for automating the process of melanoma prevention and detection. Experimental results on a PH2 dermoscopy research database images confirms the efficiency of our system.
Formulation and Evaluation of Epidermal Growth Factor in Pluronic F-127 Gel

Pluronic® F-127 gel was evaluated as a potential topical vehicle for epidermal growth factor delivery. The chemical stability of the polypeptide within the gel matrix was investigated using HPLC. Thermal stability studies were performed on the base gel formulation. Modifications to the formulation were made to improve physical characteristics and chemical stability. Humectants and antioxidants were investigated as potential formulation additives and the microbial status of the product was also evaluated. A formulation containing 10% propylene glycol as humectant showed both physical and chemical stability for 3 months when stored in a refrigerator. Kinetic studies were performed on thermal stability data obtained and apparent degradation rate constants were calculated. The degradation of the epidermal growth factor within the formulation appears to follow Arrhenius kinetic, with an apparent energy of activation of 93 kJ. per mole.
SNPinfo: integrating GWAS and candidate gene information into functional SNP selection for genetic association studies

We have developed a set of web-based SNP selection tools (freely available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/snpinfo) where investigators can specify genes or linkage regions and select SNPs based on GWAS results, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and predicted functional characteristics of both coding and non-coding SNPs. The algorithm uses GWAS SNP P-value data and finds all SNPs in high LD with GWAS SNPs, so that selection is from a much larger set of SNPs than the GWAS itself. The program can also identify and choose tag SNPs for SNPs not in high LD with any GWAS SNP. We incorporate functional predictions of protein structure, gene regulation, splicing and miRNA binding, and consider whether the alternative alleles of a SNP are likely to have differential effects on function. Users can assign weights for different functional categories of SNPs to further tailor SNP selection. The program accounts for LD structure of different populations so that a GWAS study from one ethnic group can be used to choose SNPs for one or more other ethnic groups. Finally, we provide an example using prostate cancer and demonstrate that this algorithm can select a small panel of SNPs that include many of the recently validated prostate cancer SNPs.
Dense Depth and Color Acquisition of Repetitive Motions

Modeling dynamic scenes is a challenging problem faced by applications such as digital content generation and motion analysis. Fast single-frame methods obtain sparse depth samples while multiple- frame methods often reply on the rigidity of the object to correspond a small number of consecutive shots for decoding the pattern by feature tracking. We present a novel structured-light acquisition method which can obtain dense depth and color samples for moving and deformable surfaces undergoing repetitive motions. Our key observation is that for repetitive motion, different views of the same motion state under different structured-light patterns can be corresponded together by image matching. These images densely encode an effectively "static" scene with time-multiplexed patterns that we can use for reconstruction of the time- varying scene. At the same time, color samples are reconstructed by matching images illuminated using white light to those using structured-light patterns. We demonstrate our approach using several real-world scenes.
Evaluating Commercial Counter-Forensic Tools

Digital forensic analysts may find their task compl icated by any of more than a dozen commercial software packages designed to irretrieva bly erase files and records of computer activity. These counter-forensic tools hav e been used to eliminate evidence in criminal and civil legal proceedings and represent an area of continuing concern for forensic investigators. In this paper, we review the performance of six cou nter-forensic tools and highlight operational shortfalls that could permit the recove ry of significant evidentiary data. In addition, each tool creates a distinct operational fingerprint that an analyst may use to identify the application used and, thus, guide the search for residual data. These operational fingerprints may also help demonstrate the use of a tool in cases where such action has legal ramifications.
Selection on Wing Allometry in Drosophila melanogaster

Five bivariate distributions of wing dimensions of Drosophila melanogaster were measured, in flies 1) subjected to four defined environmental regimes during development, 2) taken directly from nature in seven U.S. states, 3) selected in ten populations for change in wing form, and 4) sampled from 21 long inbred wild-type lines. Environmental stresses during development altered both wing size and the ratios of wing dimensions, but regardless of treatment all wing dimensions fell near a common allometric baseline in each bivariate distribution. The wings of wild-caught flies from seven widely separated localities, and of their laboratory-reared offspring, also fell along the same baselines. However, when flies were selected divergently for lateral offset from these developmental baselines, response to selection was rapid in every case. The mean divergence in offset between oppositely selected lines was 14.68 SD of the base population offset, after only 15 generations of selection at 20%. Measurements of 21 isofemale lines, founded from wild-caught flies and maintained in small populations for at least 22 years, showed large reductions in phenotypic variance of offsets within lines, but a large increase in the variance among lines. The variance of means of isofemale lines within collection localities was ten times the variance of means among localities of newly established wild lines. These observations show that much additive genetic variance exists for individual dimensions within the wing, such that bivariate developmental patterns can be changed in any direction by selection or by drift. The relative invariance of the allometric baselines of wing morphology in nature is most easily explained as the result of continuous natural selection around a local optimum of functional design.
Biomass burning emissions and potential air quality impacts of volatile organic compounds and other trace gases from fuels common in the US

Abstract. A comprehensive suite of instruments was used to quantify the emissions of over 200 organic gases, including methane and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 9 inorganic gases from 56 laboratory burns of 18 different biomass fuel types common in the southeastern, southwestern, or northern US. A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument provided extensive chemical detail of discrete air samples collected during a laboratory burn and was complemented by real-time measurements of organic and inorganic species via an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) instrument and three different chemical ionization-mass spectrometers. These measurements were conducted in February 2009 at the US Department of Agriculture's Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana and were used as the basis for a number of emission factors reported by Yokelson et al. (2013). The relative magnitude and composition of the gases emitted varied by individual fuel type and, more broadly, by the three geographic fuel regions being simulated. Discrete emission ratios relative to carbon monoxide (CO) were used to characterize the composition of gases emitted by mass; reactivity with the hydroxyl radical, OH; and potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors for the 3 different US fuel regions presented here. VOCs contributed less than 0.78 % ± 0.12 % of emissions by mole and less than 0.95 % × 0.07 % of emissions by mass (on average) due to the predominance of CO2, CO, CH4, and NOx emissions; however, VOCs contributed 70–90 (±16) % to OH reactivity and were the only measured gas-phase source of SOA precursors from combustion of biomass. Over 82 % of the VOC emissions by mole were unsaturated compounds including highly reactive alkenes and aromatics and photolabile oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) such as formaldehyde. OVOCs contributed 57–68 % of the VOC mass emitted, 41–54 % of VOC-OH reactivity, and aromatic-OVOCs such as benzenediols, phenols, and benzaldehyde were the dominant potential SOA precursors. In addition, ambient air measurements of emissions from the Fourmile Canyon Fire that affected Boulder, Colorado in September 2010 allowed us to investigate biomass burning (BB) emissions in the presence of other VOC sources (i.e., urban and biogenic emissions) and identify several promising BB markers including benzofuran, 2-furaldehyde, 2-methylfuran, furan, and benzonitrile.
Statistical Estimation of Parameters of the Weibull and Frechet Distributions

Estimation procedures for parameters of the Frechet and the three-parameter Weibull distribution are reviewed, after the relationships between these two distributions and the Gumbel distribution are discussed. Included in the review are maximum-likelihood and moment estimators as well as linearly based estimators and some that are extremely simple, involving only a few order statistics. Large- and small-sample properties are dis­cussed.
An Inconsistency in the Method of Accounting for Changes in Estimate: Variable Stock Plans

The accepted method of accounting for a change in accounting estimate requires that any over or under expense related to years prior to that change be allocated to current and affected future periods. A change in accounting principle requires that any over or under expense related to years prior to that change be recognized in the year of change. Variable stock plans require estimation of a future market price-the market value at the measurement date. The amount of this estimate may change each year. FIN 28 uses the catch-up method (as for a change in accounting principle) to account for these changes over the service period or vesting period of stock option awards. However, this treatment is not consistent with the treatment applied to other changes in accounting estimate as discussed in APB 20. Should changes in accounting estimate re-lated to variable stock plans be accounted for using the prospective method? This would seem to be more consistent with previous rules of GAAP (i.e., APB 20). However, perhaps there is a more fundamental issue to consider - the usefulness of a measurement approach in reporting an event and its ability to achieve consistent and comparable measures of income. Currently, the FASB is planning to issue an exposure draft on accounting for stock compensation plans. However, over two years have passed since the comment deadline passed on this discussion document, and release of an exposure draft on the subject was postponed each quarter during 1986. As the FASB continues to study this issue, it should consider the position it stated in paragraph 16 of FIN 28: the method of measuring compensation for stock appreciation rights and other variable plan awards should not be changed without a comprehensive reexamination of the measurement principles underlying APB Opinion No. 25. We believe that FASB should reexamine the entire issue of measurement, including the method applied and the circumstances under which that method best reflects operating income when variable stock options are used as compensatory rewards. This review should include APB 20 and the relative importance of consistency among approaches used versus other considerations such as the matching of costs and income measurement.
New Labor Pain Treatment Options

Presently, the gold standard for pain control in laboring patients is neuraxial blockade, which includes a spinal, epidural, or a combined spinal-epidural technique. In conjunction with neuraxial blockade or by itself, some of the other agents employed related to labor pain include opioids, non-opioids, nitrous oxide, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), and distraction therapy. Alternative treatments include acupuncture, hypnotism, yoga, exercise during pregnancy, hydrotherapy, transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation, massage, and relaxation techniques. This review will focus on current updates and recent trends in labor pain management. Neuraxial management, pharmacotherapy, and newer alternative methods to mitigate labor pain are reviewed. Newer techniques in epidural analgesia include the dural puncture epidural technique, which needs further evaluation. There are limited published data on the use of acupuncture, hypnotism, yoga, exercise during pregnancy, hydrotherapy, transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation, massage, and relaxation techniques in the alleviation of labor pain. These alternative therapies maybe considered as an adjuvant as the analgesic efficiency is inferior to that provided by typical standard pharmacotherapy. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of immersion virtual reality in alleviating labor pain.
Estimation of Salt Anisotropy using Zero Offset, Walkaway and Walkaround VSP data from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia: A Case Study

Summary It is often assumed that salt is isotropic and that a constant isotropic velocity model in the salt is adequate for seismic imaging. Theoretical studies and physical modeling experiments have shown that this may not be the case everywhere. The presence of anisotropy in salt would introduce imaging problems in surface seismic data processing, causing depth misties between well and surface seismic data and the lateral mispositioning of reflectors. This paper presents a case study from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia where shear wave splitting analysis and VTI analysis was applied to Walkaway and Walkaround VSP data acquired in a salt body, in the presence of a heterogeneous overburden. The salt is found to be
A Ten-Year Study of Bacteriuria in Schoolgirls: Final Report of Bacteriologic, Urologic, and Epidemiologic Findings

A long-term study of the epidemiology and natural history of urinary-tract infections in schoolgirls has been conducted for the past 10 years in central Virginia [1-4]. The purpose has been to develop a rational approach to early detection, treatment, and cure by defining as many characteristics as possible of the dynamics of bacteriuria in this population. It is clear, from data already presented, that among schoolgirls bacteriuria is common, often asymptomatic, and frequently recurrent. At least 596 of girls will acquire bacteriuria during the elementary and secondary school years [4]. This report will summarize the clinical, bacteriologic, and urologic characteristics of the cases detected in the epidemiologic studies and complete the description of the emergence of bacteriuria in the general population. An analysis of the natural history of recurrent infection in the population was recently published [5].
A MELUS Interview: Mitsuye Yamada

Mitsuye Yamada's own words are the best introduction to her life and work. In 1986 she wrote this statement for Amnesty International: "My writings generally express my ethnic experiences; my literature and writing courses are taught from a multicultural perspective; and my community activities reflect my human rights interests. With these activities I have been working towards integrating the complex fragments of my life into a profound whole throughout most of my adult life. I have tried to contribute towards making our society a truly multicultural one in which our institutions would eventually reflect the experiences of women as well as the working class and ethnic minorities of both sexes." Born in Kyushu, Japan, Mitsuye spent most of her childhood and youth in Seattle, Washington, until in 1942 she was removed with her family to a concentration camp in the dry, windswept valley of southern Idaho. That experience was the basis for many of the poems collected in her first book, Camp Notes (Shameless Hussy Press, 1976). Her second collection, Desert Run (Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1988), explores a return to those unforgettable events: a physical return and re-experiencing of the desert environment, and a re-visioning of the tragic upheaval of removal and relocation. In 1981 she was featured with Nellie Wong in a documentary film, "Mitsuye and Nellie: Two American Poets," which was shown on public television. The film places the artistic work of the two poets in the context of the historical experience of immigrants from Japan and China, and it offers a unique distillation of Mitsuye's life work as expressed in her statement for Amnesty International: the integration of the art of poetry with the activist's commitment to work for change in the outside world.
Hypoelastische Stoffe. Klassische Elastizitätstheorie

Die in Kapitel VI und VII betrachteten Stoffgleichungen verknupfen den Spannungstensor mit dem Tensor der Verformungsgeschwindigkeit. Um zu andersartigen Stoffgleichungen zu gelangen, wollen wir neben diesen Tensoren noch den Tensor der Spannungsgeschwindigkeit einfuhren.
Grazing by bison is a stronger driver of plant ecohydrology in tallgrass prairie than fire history

Fire and grazing are important disturbances in grasslands, yet we know little about how they impact a variety of plant physiological processes such as plant ecohydrology. Here, we assessed the impact of fire history and grazing by Bison bison on the source of water uptake and niche overlap in common grassland species at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, a temperate mesic grassland located in northeastern Kansas, USA. We used the stable isotopic signature of soil and xylem water to evaluate water uptake in Andropogon gerardii, Vernonia baldwinii, Amorpha canescens, and Rhus glabra within varying grazing (grazed, ungrazed), fire (0,1,2 or 3 years since last burn), topography (upland, lowland), and month (July, August) contrasts over 3 years (2013–2015). The presence of grazers, not fire history, altered water uptake patterns in these common grassland species. Particularly, grazing increased the proportion of shallow water utilized by A. gerardii and R. glabra, reducing niche overlap with other co-occurring species. However, these responses varied intra-annually and were often modulated by topography. These results suggest that grazing can alter aspects of grassland ecohydrology at small scales, which may extend to impact community and ecosystem processes at larger spatial scales.
Multienzyme Immobilization and Colocalization on Nanoparticles Enabled by DNA Hybridization

Multienzyme complexes (MECs) in nature exhibit highly efficient catalytic mechanisms in reaction cascades. Different strategies have been developed to colocalize enzymes on nanocarriers to improve ...
Brexpiprazole and cariprazine: distinguishing two new atypical antipsychotics from the original dopamine stabilizer aripiprazole

Background:Brexpiprazole and cariprazine are the latest US Food and Drug Administration approved atypical antipsychotics available in the United States. Both function as partial agonists of the dop...
Anticipating the Vicious Circle of Postinfarction Mitral Regurgitation Imaging Insights

Imaging has been key to deciphering the fundamental mechanism of postinfarction ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) based on 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of leaflet tethering.1–4 Advanced magnetic resonance and radionuclide techniques combined with echocardiography have related this restrictive leaflet dysfunction to the severity and location of myocardial damage5–7 and perfusion defects.8,9 The subsequent impact of Ischemic MR on heart failure and mortality is well known. Ischemic MR—a dynamic lesion during the cardiac cycle at rest and with exercise10,11—is also a progressive lesion, contributing to a downhill spiral in which MR begets MR through geometric changes that augment leaflet tethering12 and primary adverse alterations in myocardial and valvular biology.13–18 In the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) study, progression of MR post infarct primarily related to mitral leaflet tethering,12 the …
Thematic Mapping Maps Much Territory But Needs Stronger Evidence-based Coordinates: A Commentary

Thematic mapping (TM) is a transtheoretical, transdiagnostic, pattern-focused method of case formulation. It involves systematically gathering a broad range relevant client information, collecting representative behavioral episodes, using inductive and deductive reasoning to identify themes and subthemes that characterize a client's dysfunctional patterns, and then developing a treatment plan to address them. The TM method includes debiasing steps to minimize clinician judgment errors and addresses a client's cultural context. TM was developed in response to several "case misconceptualizations" that the authors contend have created a crisis in the field of case conceptualization. This commentary critiques the case misconceptualizations and the TM method is evaluated. Acknowledging multiple innovations of TM, the commentary recommends a stronger evidence-based focus, and discusses the benefits of theory-guided case formulation, reasons to consider diagnosis in case formulation, and research as a means to resolve case misconceptualizations.
The effects of virtual human's spatial and behavioral coherence with physical objects on social presence in AR

In augmented reality, people can feel the illusion of virtual humans (VHs) integrated into a real (physical) space. However, affordances of the real world and virtual contents might conflict, for example, when the VHs and real objects “collide” by occupying the same space. This implausible conflict can cause a break in presence in real–virtual human interactions. In this paper, we address an effort to avoid this conflict by maintaining the VH's spatial and behavioral coherence with respect to the physical objects or events (e.g., natural occlusions and appropriate help-requesting behaviors to avoid implausible physical–virtual collisions). We present a human subject experiment examining the effects of the physical–virtual coherence on human perceptions, such as social/copresence and behaviors with the VH. The basic ideas, experimental design, and results supporting the benefit of the VH's spatial and behavioral coherence are presented and discussed.
Measuring Network Latency Variation Impacts to High Performance Computing Application Performance

In this paper, we study the impacts of latency variation versus latency mean on application runtime, library performance, and packet delivery. Our contributions include the design and implementation of a network latency injector that is suitable for most QLogic and Mellanox InfiniBand cards. We fit statistical distributions of latency mean and variation to varying levels of network contention for a range of parallel application workloads. We use the statistical distributions to characterize the latency variation impacts to application degradation. The level of application degradation caused by variation in network latency depends on application characteristics, and can be significant. Observed degradation varies from no degradation for applications without communicating processes to 3.5 times slower for communication-intensive parallel applications. We support our results with statistical analysis of our experimental observations. For communication-intensive high performance computing applications, we show statistically significant evidence that changes in performance are more highly correlated with changes of variation in network latency than with changes of mean network latency alone.
Regulation of IRAK1 Ubiquitination by the Antiviral Radical SAM Enzyme Viperin

Viperin is a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme that plays a multifaceted role in the cellular antiviral response; however, the mechanism by which viperin mediates its antiviral effects remains unknown. Viperin is implicated regulating K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) as part of the Toll-like receptor-7 and 9 (TLR7/9) innate immune signaling pathways. We show that poly-ubiquitination of IRAK1 requires the association of viperin with IRAK1 and TRAF6 and is SAM-dependent. Furthermore, IRAK1 and TRAF6 activate viperin to reductively cleave SAM in the presence of either ATP or CTP. Based on these and other observations, we propose a mechanism in which SAM cleavage switches the viperin-IRAK1-TRAF6 complex between poly-ubiquitination-active and inactive states, thereby regulating TLR7/9 signaling. This finding represents a new regulatory mechanism for protein post-translational modifications by radical SAM enzymes that may also explain viperin's seemingly unconnected antiviral effects.
Fostering Transitions to College: Considerations for Youth Aging Out of Foster Care

Youth in foster care have additional considerations when transitioning to college mental health services. Frequently, high school graduation coincides with reaching the legal age of majority resulting in multiple transitions for youth in foster care. There are additional options to leave state services and increase autonomy. This chapter details the story of a young man with ADHD and a mild intellectual disability who had been in state custody while maintaining communication with his birth mother. Ultimately, his transition plan assumed that an adolescent with multiple disabilities would choose to remain in the custody of the state because of the services provided and likely underestimated his intrinsic desire to reconnect with his mother. The case discussion looks at the importance of shared decision-making with foster youth, creating multifaceted treatment plans that incorporate the youth voice, and the importance of early transition planning for youth in state custody.
Current controversies on the role of lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer

Abstract Significant evidence exists regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of pelvic lymph node dissection at the time of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer. Despite this, lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer is still underutilized and even where performed, controversies exist in regard to what defines an adequate dissection and whether or not the indications for lymphadenectomy have changed now that we are firmly entrenched in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy era. A comprehensive literature review was performed to touch on these important issues and highlight future directions and current trials that will soon provide more clarity for surgeons and patients dealing with bladder cancer.
Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy Chemical Kinetics

This chapter describes the key aspects of the chemical kinetic processes that are critical to the metal organic vapor epitaxy (MOVPE) growth process. The chapter presents the basic structure of the chemical kinetic processes operant during the MOVPE growth process, including those reactions present in the gas phase and on the growth surfaces. The structure of the chemical kinetic models is developed. The basic chemical reaction pathways for common source precursors within the MOVPE environment used in the formation of epitaxial films of compound semiconductor alloy materials are outlined, along with a discussion of the experimental and computational approaches to obtaining the quantitative rate expressions. The use of these kinetic expressions within the formation of reactor-level models is developed.
Participation of Orbital Fibroblasts in the Inflammation of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Graves’ ophthlamopathy (GO) is a disease process where the orbital connective tissue and musculature undergo a complex remodeling. Certain aspects of the tissue changes associated with GO are unusual, such as the disordered accumulation of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (1). Other changes resemble several other diseases inside and distant from the orbit. In early GO, the muscles and fat/connective tissue are inflamed and this inflammation appears to be driven through the infiltration of bone marrow-derived cells including lymphocytes and mast cells (2). It is this population of recruited cells that is currently believed to be the source of pro-inflammatory cytokines that provoke in orbital fibroblasts the expression of several important lipid mediators and cytokines. Later, scar formation is common and probably leads to the irreversible damage seen in advanced disease. We hypothesize that the unusual phenotype of the orbital fibroblast underlies the particular susceptibility of the orbit to the inflammatory reaction and tissue remodeling that are characteristic of GO. Specifically, it would appear that orbital fibroblast activation is a critical step in the pathogenesis of GO and many of the aspects of the disease can be attributed directly to the phenotype of these cells. In this chapter, I will briefly review those aspects of orbital fibroblast biology which appear to set these cells apart from fibroblasts residing in other anatomic regions of the human body and render them particularly adept at mediating inflammation and fibrosis.
“God’s Spirit Lives in Me”Metaphysical Theology in Charleszetta “Mother” Waddles’ Urban Mission to the Poor

This article explores the work of the Rev. Charleszetta “Mother” Waddles (1912–2001), an independent African American Christian minister who operated the Perpetual Mission for Saving Souls of All Nations in Detroit, Michigan. It argues that Mother Waddles sought to reshape and repurpose the spiritual rhetoric of New Thought theology—especially the concept of “positive thinking”—for her daily practice as a home missionary and for others living in similar circumstances. Mother Waddles was distinct from other twentieth-century, African American New Thought messengers because she sought to speak to and change the lives and mindsets of other impoverished African Americans without making a theological case for their divine entitlement to material prosperity or by encouraging their desire for financial wealth. Her undated, self-published book, Attributes and Attitudes , offered twelve divine virtues that every potential home (urban) missionary worker should embody—as well as twelve negative attitudes they must reject—in order to serve others.
Mixotrophic Plankton in the Polar Seas: A Pan-Arctic Review

Polar marine ecosystems are characterized by low water temperatures, sea ice cover, and extreme annual variation in solar irradiance and primary productivity. A review of the available information from the Arctic suggests that mixotrophy (i.e. the combination of photosynthetic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition in one cell) is wide spread among plankton. In the central Arctic Ocean (AO) in summer, mixotrophic flagellates such as Micromonas and Dinobryon can account for most of bacterivory. Planktonic ciliates with acquired phototrophy form the bulk of microzooplankton biomass in both the ultra-oligotrophic deep basins of AO and its productive shelf seas. With the exception of the diatom bloom in the marginal ice zone, mixotrophic ciliates often dominate total chlorophyll in the mixed layer in summer taking advantage of the 24-h insolation. Their relatively high growth rates at low temperatures indicate that they are important component of primary and secondary production. The key Arctic copepod species preferentially feed on chloroplast-bearing ciliates, which form an important link in the planktonic food web. The limited year round data indicate that are available show that mixotrophic plankton persist in the water column during the long polar winter when irradiance is low or absent and ice cover reduces further light penetration. These observations suggest that at high latitudes an alternative food web based on mixotrophy may dominate the pelagic lower food web during much of the year.
To Have and To Hold: The Role of Marriage in Nonfiction Indenture Narratives

Chapter 2 focuses on nonfiction narratives from the laborers and their descendants: autobiographies, testimonials, and interviews. This chapter demonstrates the ways that laborers suffered under, perpetuated, and resisted categorizations along gender, ethnic, and class lines. In particular, it examines colonial legislation around marriage and the impact of that legislation. Marriage, the publicly recognized institution of a private relationship, was a flashpoint for religious, ethnic, and class tensions in the Caribbean colonies. To explore the broader implications of these tensions, this chapter analyzes autobiographies by Munshi Rahman Khan, a formerly indentured laborer, and Alice Singh, the daughter of an indentured laborer, as well as interviews with and testimonials by indentured laborers. These texts demonstrate that the British legislation of marriage, meant to impose Victorian ideals and justify imperialism, tended instead to support the view of women as contested property, and to solidify existing class and racial hierarchies in both the colonizers and the colonized. Further, these texts demonstrate a colonial anxiety around single female laborers, who challenged the justification that colonialism brought comfort and safety to the helpless and victimized colonized women.
A case of recurrent gliosarcoma mimicking subdural hematoma

Abstract The authors present the case of a patient who after undergoing craniotomy for glioblastoma resection was found to have gliosarcoma recurrence in the subdural space without intraparenchymal recurrence. A 74-year old man originally presented with the first seizure of his life and was found to have a right temporal glioblastoma multiforme. He underwent craniotomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Five months later, he presented with what was to be presumed to be a right subdural hematoma found on surveillance imaging. After expanding on repeat imaging, the patient was electively taken for burr hole evacuation, however intraoperatively thickened membranes were encountered leading to craniotomy and resection of lesion with pathology consistent with gliosarcoma. What we describe is novel because not only was there rare subdural spread of previously resected glioblastoma observed, but also transformation to the more aggressive tumor of gliosarcoma. Thus, we add to the body of literature and evidence to the clinical consideration of glioma as a rare cause of non-traumatic subdural collection. Specifically in a population of patients who have already undergone glioma resections, work up of subdural collections should include contrasted MRI beyond CT. The treatment paradigm does not change in this presentation of glioma recurrence. Surgical decompression and resection to alleviate brain compression, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation.
Chapter 3 - Plant reproductive fitness and phenology responses to climate warming : Results from native populations, communities, and ecosystems

Abstract Influences of climate on plant reproductive yields and phenology are likely among the first natural history observations made by early humans and continued in prominence through the agricultural revolution until today. Many natural populations are adapted to local abiotic and biotic environmental conditions they have experienced during their evolutionary histories. Currently, human actions are altering climatic and nonclimatic selection agents, which can lead to discrepancies between average phenotype and the phenotype associated with the greatest fitness under new environmental conditions. Climate change may impose strong novel selection, shifting fitness landscapes and reducing survival and fecundity in natural populations. Indeed, altered seasonal dynamics of plants and animals are one of the strongest biotic signals of contemporary climate change. In addition to depressing fitness, shifts in selection mediated by climate change could result in widespread patterns and increased risk of local—or even regional—extinction. Here we synthesize field studies using warming manipulations to investigate impacts on fitness components in wild plants (quantities of flowers, fruits, and seeds, seed viabilities, and seedling establishment success) and reproductive phenology (seasonal and interannual timing of reproductive events). We use a comprehensive approach in that we include reproduction and establishment events from initial flowering to survivorship and growth responses of resulting F1 seedlings with continued warming. In contrast to reproductive investigations of increased atmospheric CO2, we did not find many references addressing pollen responses to warming under field conditions, so we begin here with flowering, fruiting, and seed responses to soil warming. We include new data exploring warming impacts on plant reproduction from a temperate deciduous forest and a Low Arctic tundra and conclude with a reproductive case study covering desert and dryland ecosystems.
Temperament in obesity-related research: concepts, challenges, and considerations for future research.

Abstract Temperament, defined as individual differences in reactivity and regulation, has important implications for the development of childhood obesity. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated associations between temperament and children's eating behavior, parent feeding practices, and children's weight outcomes. Together, these findings have significantly improved our understanding of the developmental pathways to obesity-related outcomes. However, to better our understanding of the role of temperament in children's health, greater attention to how temperament is conceptualized and measured is needed. The purpose of this paper is to review the concept and principles of temperament, describe challenges in the measurement of temperament, and provide considerations for future research aimed at understanding the relationship between temperament, food intake, and childhood obesity. Moving forward, a fuller appreciation of the complexity of the temperament concept and thoughtful selection of temperament measures may help improve predictions and identify targets for interventions aimed at decreasing the risk for obesity in childhood.
Secularism and Cosmopolitanism: Critical Hypotheses on Religion and Politics: by Étienne Balibar, translated by G. M. Goshgarian, New York, Columbia University Press, 2018, xxxvi + 246 pp., $28.00 (cloth)

The work of Etienne Balibar—one of France’s leading intellectuals, from his remarkable chapter on historical materialism in Reading Capital, more than fifty years ago, to the present day—needs litt...
MONITORING OF TRAINING, WARM UP, AND PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES

Overtraining syndrome is a serious disorder, equivalent in severity to many orthopaedic injuries, and often sufficient to end a competitive season. Although various therapeutic approaches have been tried, overtraining syndrome is generally refractory to treatments other than an extended rest from heavy training and competition. Accordingly, prevention of overtraining syndrome is of critical importance. Although widely studied, the ultimate causes and pathophysiologic nature of overtraining syndrome are not fully understood .There is a general understanding of the factors likely to cause overtraining syndrome relative to the structure of the training program, with large increases in training load, training monotony, travel, frequent competition and social factors all thought to increase the liklihood of developing overtraining syndrome. Despite extensive study, the diagnosis of overtraining syndrome still remains a diagnosis by exclusion of other pathophysiologic abnormalities. Further, even with extensive laboratory facilities available, there are no universally agreed upon markers which signal the impending development of overtraining syndrome. Beyond this, the length of time involved in the analysis of complex hematological or hormone variables creates a feedback loop which is too long to be of significant practical value to coaches and athletes. Certainly, at the present time, there are no simple indicators of impending overtraining syndrome that are available to coaches and athletes. Given the nearly universal tendency for coaches and athletes to respond inappropriately to temporary training or competitive incompetence by doing more training, simple markers which might signal impending overtraining, or at least deteriorating overreaching, would be most useful.
Canonical transient receptor potential 6 channel deficiency promotes smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation and increased proliferation after arterial injury.

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed the benefit of canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channel deficiency in promoting endothelial healing of arterial injuries in hypercholesterolemic animals. Long-term studies utilizing a carotid wire-injury model were undertaken in wild-type (WT) and TRPC6-/- mice to determine the effects of TRPC6 on phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and neointimal hyperplasia. We hypothesized that TRPC6 was essential in the maintenance or reexpression of a differentiated SMC phenotype and minimized luminal stenosis following arterial injury. Methods The common carotid arteries (CCA) of WT and TRPC6-/- mice were evaluated at baseline and 4 weeks after wire injury. At baseline, CCA of TRPC6-/- mice had reduced staining of MYH11 and SM22, fewer elastin lamina, luminal dilation, and wall thinning. After carotid wire injury, TRPC6-/- mice developed significantly more pronounced luminal stenosis compared with WT mice. Injured TRPC6-/- CCA demonstrated increased medial/intimal cell number and active cell proliferation when compared with WT CCA. Immunohistochemistry suggested that expression of contractile biomarkers in medial SMC were essentially at baseline levels in WT CCA at 28 days after wire injury. By contrast, at 28 days after injury medial SMC from TRPC6-/- CCA showed a significant decrease in the expression of contractile biomarkers relative to baseline levels. To assess the role of TRPC6 in systemic arterial SMC phenotype modulation, SMC were harvested from thoracic aortae of WT and TRPC6-/- mice and were characterized. TRPC6-/- SMC showed enhanced proliferation and migration in response to serum stimulation. Expression of contractile phenotype biomarkers, MYH11 and SM22, was attenuated in TRPC6-/- SMC. siRNA-mediated TRPC6 deficiency inhibited contractile biomarker expression in a mouse SMC line. Conclusions These results suggest that TRPC6 contributes to the restoration or maintenance of arterial SMC contractile phenotype following injury. Understanding the role of TRPC6 in phenotypic modulation may lead to mechanism-based therapies for attenuation of IH.