cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis of Dandy-Walker syndrome:fast MRI technique versus ultrasonography

Objective:To compare the accuracy of fast MRI technique and ultrasonography in detecting Dandy-Walker Syndrome(DWS)of fetus.Methods:Clinical data of 13 fetuses with DWS proved by autopsy or follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.The findings of fast MRI technique(T2-HASTE sequence)and ultrasonography were compared to the results of autopsy and corpse MRI.Results:Compared with the final results,DWS of 13 cases,and associated other brain abnormalities of 7cases were shown clearly on fast MRI technology images;DWS of 6cases was clearly demonstrated on ultrasonography,with 3cases being suspected and 4cases being misdiagnosed;Of 7cases with other brain abnormalities,3cases were detected accurately,2cases were suspected and 2cases were misdiagnosed by ultrasonography.Conclusion:Fast MRI technique is superior to ultrasonography in detecting DWS with or without other brain abnormalities and can be an important supplement to ultrasonography in prenatal diagnosis of fetal brain diseases.
Interaction of 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide with Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Synthetic Polydeoxyribonucleotides

Native calf thymus DNA and, to a lesser extent, poly dG:dC produced marked changes in the absorption spectrum of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) as determined by difference spectrum measurements. Poly d(A-T) or denatured calf thymus DNA caused minor changes in the absorption spectrum of 4-NQO, using difference spectrum methods. The addition of sodium chloride from 0.5 mM to 1.0 M decreased the effect of native DNA on the difference spectrum of 4-NQO by approximately 4-fold. The interaction was partially dependent upon ionic parameters, which suggested the importance of charged sites in the interaction of 4-NQO with DNA. Urea (6 M) abolished the effect of DNA on the difference spectrum of 4-NQO. The effect of urea may indicate some role of hydrogen bonding in the formation of the DNA-4-NQO complex or in the alteration of hydrophobic interactions resulting in disruption of the DNA-4-NQO complex. Strand separation ( Tm ) of native DNA was significantly stabilized by the addition of 4-NQO. Studies on the binding of native DNA with 4-NQO resulted in a nonlinear curve, consistent with the involvement of more than one site of interaction in the formation of the DNA-4-NQO complex. The integrity of the double-helical conformation of DNA and the presence of G-C pairs appeared to be essential for maximal complex formation. The binding of 4-NQO to DNA evidently is complex and cannot be described by a single model of complex formation.
A prospective, randomized trial of prednisone and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of patients with factor VIII autoantibodies.

Thirty-one non-hemophilic patients with acquired antibodies to factor VIII were entered into a prospective, randomized, multi- institutional trial to determine the safety and efficacy of prednisone (P), cyclophosphamide ©, or the combination in the treatment of this disorder. Patients were eligible if they had antibody demonstrated by the Bethesda assay, had not received these agents previously, and gave informed consent. All patients were treated initially with P, 1 mg/kg, for 3 weeks. If the antibody persisted and there was no rise in factor VIII activity, patients were randomized to either continue P for an additional 6 weeks; taper P and begin C, 2 mg per kg; or continue P and add C. Antibody disappeared in 10 during the initial P therapy, and in three of four others randomized to continue on P; one patient was discontinued because of an herpetic infection. Antibody disappeared in three of six patients treated with C alone, and five of ten given C and P. The titer of antibody was significantly lower in responders than in non-responders (p = 0.003), but seven patients with titers of more than five Bethesda units had complete remissions. There was no difference in antibody titers between those responding to P and those responding to C. We conclude that all patients with acquired antibodies to factor VIII should receive initial management with P, and that C is effective as second-line therapy for many of those who are steroid-resistant.
Moving toward Positive Mathematics Beliefs and Developing Socio-Mathematical Authority: Urban Preservice Teachers in Mathematics Methods Courses.

This article explores how preservice elementary teachers change their negative beliefs toward mathematics into positive ones after taking a mathematics methods course that follows the Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract (CPA) instructional method. Also explored is the relationship between those beliefs and sociomathematical authority. By administering surveys, using reflective narratives, and informally interviewing 145 preservice teachers who are preparing to work in urban classrooms during two academic years, the study investigated changes in sociomathematical beliefs and mathematical identities. Findings reveal that most of these preservice teachers changed their mathematical identities and beliefs about teaching mathematics in positive ways to be more in accordance with reform oriented practices. Implications for preservice teacher education programs are discussed.
FLUORESCENCE-BASED INTRACELLULAR SENSING

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the myriad structures and functions of all the cellularcomponents and describes how they function in concert. It examines the state-of-the-art biosensors available for such use and focuses on those that utilize fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer in particular. Under this, it defines fluorescent sensors as sensing moieties that are labeled with one or two fluorophores wherein the binding of target analyte results in a change in fluorescence or FRET. Alternatively, these sensors can take the form of fluorophores that fluoresce or quench in response to specific stimuli. Intracellular targets of interest for monitoring include nucleic acids, small molecule nutrients and ligands, post-translational modifications, intracellular localization, and a variety of biochemical reactions involved in signal transduction cascades. Fluorescent protein sensors typically contain a centrally located protein or peptide-based substrate moiety appended with two fluorescent proteins that function as an efficient FRET D-A pair. Upon the binding of target analyte or the modification of the substrate sequence, a change in fluorescence or FRET is measured. Intracellular or in situ biosensors are anticipated to have tremendous impact upon research into the understanding of basic cellular structure and function.
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Activity is Better Predicted by Water Availability than Land Cover in a Moderately Fragmented Landscape

Abstract Procyon lotor (Raccoon) is a habitat and dietary generalist that reaches its greatest population densities in heterogeneous, moderately fragmented landscapes. Even within such landscapes, a variety of natural and anthropogenic habitat variables can influence the local activity of Raccoons, and therefore their potential impact as nest predators. We examined Raccoon activity at 34 baited track-stations over 3 summers in forested ravines in the Shawnee National Forest (SNF), IL. We found that the dependability of water at a survey site was the best predictor of Raccoon activity, overshadowing any potential influences of land cover in the surrounding landscape. Landscape-level effects on Raccoon population size and density are likely widespread throughout moderately fragmented regions like the SNF, but variation in local activity can be predicted by the distribution of critical resources (e.g., water, den sites).
Standardizing Care and Parental Training to Improve Training Duration, Referral Frequency, and Length of Stay: Our Quality Improvement Project Experience

Abstract Objectives At our institution, there is a six bed Pediatric Respiratory Care Unit for technology dependent infants and children with a tracheostomy tube. A lack of consistency in patient care and parent/guardian education prompted our group to critically evaluate the services we provided by revisiting our teaching protocol and instituting a new model of care in the Unit. The aims of this quality improvement (QI) project were to standardize care and skills proficiency training to parents of infants with a tracheostomy tube in preparation for discharge to home. Methods: After conducting a current state survey of key unit stakeholders, we initiated a multidisciplinary, QI project to answer the question: ‘could a standardized approach to care and training lead to a decrease in parental/guardian training time, a decrease in length of stay, and/or an increase in developmental interventions for infants with tracheostomy tubes’? A convenience sample of infants with a tracheostomy tube admitted to the Pediatric Respiratory Care Unit were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Results Through this QI approach, we were able to decrease the time required by parents to achieve proficiency in the care of a technology dependent infant, the length of stay for these infants, and increase referral of the infants for developmental assessment. Conclusions These outcomes have implications for how to approach deficiencies in patient care and make changes that lead to sustained improvements.
Patient navigation as a model to increase minority participation in cancer clinical trials.

6559 Background: For ethical, social, and scientific reasons, cancer clinical trials require participation of patients from diverse population groups. Less than 10% of all patients enrolled in clin...
Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites via Alignment of Magnetized SiC Whiskers

This research is focused on the fabrication and properties of epoxy nanocomposites containing magnetized SiC whiskers (MSiCWs). To this end, we report an original strategy for fabrication of magnetically active SiCWs by decorating the whiskers with magnetic (iron oxide) nanoparticles via polymer–polymer (poly(acrylic acid)/poly(2-vinyl pyridine)) complexation. The obtained whiskers demonstrated a substantial magnetic response in the polymerizing epoxy resin, with application of only a 20 mT (200 G) magnetic field. We also found that the whiskers chemically reacted with the epoxy resin, causing formation of an extended interphase near the boundary of the whiskers. The SiC whiskers oriented with the magnetic field demonstrated positive effects on the behavior of epoxy-based nanocomposites. Namely, the aligned MSiCWs enhanced the thermomechanical properties of the materials significantly above that of the neat epoxy and epoxy nanocomposite, with randomly oriented whiskers.
Genetic Algorithms and the Management of Exchange Rate Risk

Many financial market participants are affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. This paper describes and tests a genetic algorithm approach to the problem of monthly currency allocation decisions. Since problem representation is often a significant issue in the application of evolutionary computation techniques, a major contribution of this paper is the description of how these types of decisions can be modeled using genetic algorithms.
On the Innovation Consequences of Market Orientation

The authors apply logical atomism to examine market orientation and its consequences through decomposition, and demonstrate how this type of inquiry can enhance our understanding through conceptual development.
One Health and Antibiotic Resistance in Agroecosystems

Agriculture reflects One Health principals, with the job of the farmer being to sustainably balance human, animal, and soil health. It is imperative to include an agricultural perspective when addressing antibiotic resistance (AR) from a One Health perspective, as the farmers, ranchers, and agricultural professionals have an intimate working knowledge of these complex systems, and they will be on the front lines of implementing on-farm control measures. Currently, communication across the One Health triad (humans, animals, environment) regarding agricultural AR is hindered by ambiguous language, complicated by cultural and linguistic differences that can lead to the conclusion that the other participant is not aware of the facts, or has ulterior motives. This work explores and identifies the language and vocabulary of AR in the context of supporting strategic short- and long-term problem solving in a One Health context.
Primary Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects: A Probe for the Origin of the Rate Acceleration for Hydride Transfer Catalyzed by Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract. The following primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (1o DKIEs) on kcat/Km are reported for wildtype and mutant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH)-catalyzed reduction of DHAP by NADL (L = H, D) over an 11.5 kcal/mol range of activation barriers: wildtype GPDH, ΔΔG‡ = 0 kcal/mol, 1o DKIE = 1.5; N270A, 5.6 kcal/mole, 3.1; R269A, 9.1 kcal/mol, 2.8; R269A + 1.0 M guanidine, 2.4 kcal/mol, 2.7; R269A/N270A, 11.5 kcal/mol, 2.4. Similar 1o DKIEs were observed on kcat. The narrow range of 1o DKIEs (2.4 – 3.1) observed for a 9.1 kcal/mol change in reaction driving force provides strong evidence that these are intrinsic 1o DKIE on rate determining hydride transfer. Evidence is presented that the intrinsic DKIE on wildtype GPDH-catalyzed reduction of DHAP lies in this range. A similar range of 1o DKIE (2.4 – 2.9) on (kcat/KGA, M -1 s -1 ) was reported for dianion activated hydride transfer from NADL to glycolaldehyde (GA) [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 14526-14529]. These 1o DKIEs are much smaller ...
The Influence of Heidegger on Sartre’s Existential Psychoanalysis

In this chapter, I will address two questions: What was Sartre’s contribution to psychology and to what extent was Sartre’s psychology influenced by Heidegger’s thought? I will concentrate on Sartre’s existential psychoanalysis as outlined in Being and Nothingness (Sartre, 1956). After some preliminaries, I give an account of Sartre’s existential psychoanalysis and then, in the third section of the chapter, review the intellectual encounter between Heidegger and Sartre, especially as it bears on the early Sartre’s alternative to the several incarnations of empirical psychoanalysis, which began with Freud.
The Redshifts of Extragalactic Objects

We review the evidence for a general shift-distance law for galaxies. This is shown directly by a redshift-distance diagram recently prepared by Sandage and Tammann for Sc i galaxies. The distances are measured from H ii region diameters and from the diameters of the Sc i galaxies themselves for the more distant systems. We also show the redshift-apparent magnitude diagrams for several objects which are identifiable over a large range in distance and which prove to have a small range in absolute magnitude: these are supernovae of type I (Kowal and Sargent, 1973, unpublished), brightest cluster galaxies (Sandage, 1972a), and radio galaxies (excluding N-type galaxies) (Sandage, 1972b). Plots of redshift versus angular size for brightest cluster galaxies (Sandage, 1972c) also have the correct slope for this to be a distance effect. In summary, the tightness of the correlations for the various diagrams listed implies that there is a very close correlation between distance and redshift for galaxies out to at least z = Δλ/λ ~ 0.2 and that there is no evidence for redshift anomalies among the objects in these diagrams.
Histone-acetylating enzyme of brain

1. Acetylation of histones by an enzyme system derived from rat brain and liver (histone acetylase) was studied by using [1-(14)C]acetyl-CoA as the acetyl group donor. 2. The activity of this enzyme was largely confined to the nucleus. 3. Histone-acetylating activity of cerebral nuclei purified by centrifugation through 1.9m-sucrose was not altered by the presence of the cytoplasmic fraction. 4. Cerebral nuclei from adult rats exhibited greater histone-acetylating activity than did the corresponding preparation from newborn animals. 5. Nuclear acetylating activity was higher in brain than in liver of adult rats but not in newborn animals. 6. The partially purified enzyme from cerebral nuclei, prepared by ammonium sulphate fractionation of an acetone-dried powder, specifically catalysed histone acetylation. 7. Polylysine, protamine, serum albumin and gamma-globulin were not enzymically acetylated by this preparation. 8. Soluble acetylating preparations from both brain and liver nuclei were more active towards arginine-rich F3 and slightly lysine-rich F2a and F2b histone fractions than towards the lysine-rich F1 fraction. 9. Enzymic acetylation of chromatin-bound proteins was much less extensive than that of free histones. 10. The high histone acetylase activity in mature brain may reflect the importance of this process in the genetic control of cerebral function.
Abstract B08: Acceptability of text messaging for communication of health information among Black and low-income women following abnormal cervical cancer screening

Background: An estimated one in eight cervical cancer cases is due to lack of follow-up care for abnormal Pap smear results. Low rates of completion of follow-up care particularly affect low-income and minority women and women from rural areas (SEER, 2014). The burden of cervical cancer could be significantly reduced through interventions that improve timely follow-up and treatment. Mobile communications via text messaging may present a low-cost opportunity to increase rates of clinic return among women referred to follow-up on abnormal primary cervical cancer screening results. Purpose: To determine the acceptability and feasibility of using text messaging as a means of increasing completion of follow-up care following an abnormal cervical cancer screening result. We also examined factors that may affect the acceptability and use of text messaging to increase communications between health care providers and low-income and minority women. Methods: Study participants were 15 African American and low-income women who had undergone a Pap smear within the preceding 12 months. Semistructured interviews, including open- and closed-ended questions from a validated questionnaire, were conducted by phone or in person, depending on participant preference. Data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. Responses to closed-ended survey items were tabulated and descriptive statistics generated using Excel. Responses to the open-ended questions were coded and analyzed using NVivo 11 qualitative analysis software. Results: Nearly all women in the study (93%) were comfortable receiving a text message from a health care provider stating that their Pap smear results were available (age Conclusions: Most participants indicated a willingness to receive text messages from their health care providers on the results of their cervical cancer screening and believed that text messages were the best way to remind them of their appointment for follow-up care. Concerns about privacy of health information could be addressed by minimizing reference to the nature of an appointment in the message. While text messaging seems promising to improve adherence to timely follow-up, personal preferences should be considered in the use of this technology--possibly by allowing patients to opt out of text communications. Further research is needed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach to improve adherence to follow-up in high-risk populations. Citation Format: LaHoma Smith Romocki, Leslie Cofie, Andrea Des Marais, Theresa Curington, Chelsea Anderson, Jennifer S. Smith. Acceptability of text messaging for communication of health information among Black and low-income women following abnormal cervical cancer screening [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B08.
Development of Virtual Reality-based Visual Perception and Cognitive Rehabilitation Service

Purpose: Patients with brain damage suffer from limitations in performing the activities of daily living (ADL) because of their motor function and visual perception impairment. The aim of this study was to help improve the motor function and visual perception ability of patients with brain damage by providing them with virtual reality-based contents. The usability results of the patients and specialists group were also evaluated. Methods: The ADL contents consisted of living room, kitchen, veranda, and convenience store, similar to a real home environment, and these were organized by a rehabilitation specialist (e.g., neurologist, physiotherapist, and occupational therapist). The contents consisted of tasks, such as turning on the living room lights, organizing the drawers, organizing the kitchen, watering the plants on the veranda, and buying products at convenience stores. To evaluate the usability of the virtual reality-based visual cognitive rehabilitation service, general elderly subjects (n=11), stroke patients (n=7), stroke patients with visual impairment (n=4), and rehabilitation specialists (n=11) were selected. The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects who were using the service, and the subjective satisfaction of individual users was obtained as data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. The general characteristics of the users and the evaluation scores of the experts were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The usability test result of this study showed that the mean value of the questionnaire related to content understanding and difficulty was high, between 4-5 points. Conclusion: The virtual reality rehabilitation service of this study is an efficient service that can improve the function, interest, and moti vation of stroke patients.
The Beginnings: Radio in the 1920s

This chapter looks at the beginnings of broadcast radio in Germany, and the extremely rapid development of a radio hobby culture located largely in clubs. It discusses the importance of the clubs for the spread of radio and raises issues of class and public perception of the new media. It covers the beginnings of a real mass-based radio hobby culture in Germany, from 1923 to approximately 1927, shows how technology was domesticated by hobbyists, and describes the mix of fear and desire with which they were met by both government and business. It pays particular attention to the importance of parties and other social activities in the hobby clubs, and also to the role of radio as a focus for middle-class fears and hopes.
Using the SURF Model to Simulate Fragment Impact on Energetic Materials

The Scaled Uniform Reactive Front (SURF) model developed by Menikoff and Shaw (Comb. Theory Model., 2012) is a High Explosive (HE) reactive burn model. It has been shown to accurately model plate impact shock experiments while requiring only a minimal number of calibration parameters. We have implemented SURF into the Eulerian code Pagosa. SURF has been shown to suitably model high-speed impact and accurately capture the entire Shock-to-Detonation Transition (SDT) process. SURF is also able to model short shocks and dead zones, critical for finite sized impactors such those used in fragment impact investigations. Many burn models cannot do this. The success of SURF is derived from it being based on the physics of hotspots, triggered by the leading shock, and thus can naturally account for properties like shock desensitization. SURF needs to be calibrated for each explosive modeled and for that we use plate impact experiments. For the three explosives considered in this work, PBX 9501, PBX 9502 and Composition B, we use the data of Gustavsen and Dattelbaum (Embedded electromagnetic gauge measurements and modeling of shock initiation in the TATB based explosives PBX 9502 and LX-17. LA-UR-01-3339). After discussing the model, its calibration, we apply SURF to model fragment impact experiments where the effects of release waves originating from finite sized impactors is critical. For example, we use SURF to investigate fragment impact on PBX9502, diagnosed using high speed photography, to support our numerical study of the effect of lateral and back surface release wave on the detonation process. SURF is also applied to successfully model ball impact on the explosive PBX 9501. These successes support the notion that SURF is a reliable tool for modeling impacted explosives.
Intensity measure adequacy assessment for nonlinear site response using Information Theory

Abstract Nonlinear site response modeling is a crucial aspect of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis. Site amplification models routinely rely on a rock intensity measure to characterize the strength of the bedrock motion. However, the adequacy of such intensity measures towards predicting amplifications across the oscillator period range has not been investigated in the literature. This paper analyzes the adequacy of rock intensity measures using state of the art criteria established in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering and techniques from Information Theory. The efficiency and the sufficiency of several rock intensity measure are assessed. It was found that spectral accelerations at bedrock at short periods usually are adequate for predicting amplifications across the period range. This supports the current practice of using Peak Ground Acceleration in Ground Motion Models. However, for extremely soft sites, which demonstrate nonlinear effects well into the long period range, it is better practice to ensure that amplification factors and spectral acceleration share the same oscillator period. Finally, for predicting the peak shear strain (an important parameter that controls nonlinearity of site response), Peak Ground Velocity is generally adequate, and this conclusion is in line with the commonly used definitions of proxy shear strains.
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells exhibit phenotypic features reflecting robust helper function, lack of terminal differentiation, and high proliferative potential

ABSTRACT Convalescing COVID-19 patients mount robust T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting an important role for T cells in viral clearance. To date, the phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells remain poorly defined. Using 38-parameter CyTOF, we phenotyped longitudinal specimens of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from nine individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were exclusively Th1 cells, and predominantly Tcm with phenotypic features of robust helper function. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly Temra cells in a state of less terminal differentiation than most Temra cells. Subsets of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells express CD127, can homeostatically proliferate, and can persist for over two months. Our results suggest that long-lived and robust T cell immunity is generated following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and support an important role for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in host control of COVID-19.
Probability that a Sequence is Lost Without Trace Under the Neutral Wright–Fisher Model with Recombination

I describe an approximate formula for calculating the short-term probability of loss of a sequence under the neutral Wright–Fisher model with recombination. I also present an upper and lower bound for this probability. Exact analytical calculation of this quantity is difficult and computationally expensive because the number of different ways in which a sequence can be lost, grows very large in the presence of recombination. Simulations indicate that the probabilities obtained using my approximation are always comparable to the true expectations provided that the number of generations remains small. These results are useful in the context of an algorithm that we recently developed for simulating Wright–Fisher populations forward in time.
Deprescribing in Hospice Patients: Discontinuing Aspirin, Multivitamins, and Statins

Abstract Objective To facilitate deprescribing of aspirin, multivitamins, and statins in hospice patients enrolled in Mayo Clinic Hospice, Rochester, Minnesota. Patients and Methods During the fall of 2019, we conducted a quality improvement project to improve care of Mayo Clinic Hospice patients by decreasing the percentage of patients taking aspirin, multivitamins, or statins. Project interventions included the addition of a palliative medicine fellow to the hospice interdisciplinary team, nurse education, and implementation of an evidence-based deprescribing resource tool. The resource tool included a communication framework to guide deprescribing conversations and a literature summary supporting deprescribing. The project team recorded the number of patients taking 1 of these medications by intermittently surveying the hospice census. Process and counterbalance measures were tracked with online surveys of hospice nursing staff. Results At the start of the project, 22 of 69 patients (32%) were taking aspirin, a multivitamin, or a statin. After introduction of the deprescribing resource tool and the addition of a palliative medicine fellow to the interdisciplinary team, this was reduced to 20 of 83 patients (24%), a 24% decrease. Results appeared to be driven primarily by a reduction in multivitamin use (33% decrease). Self-reported comfort and knowledge about deprescribing improved among the hospice nursing staff, as did satisfaction in their workflow from 5.4 to 6.0 (maximum, 7). Conclusion The addition of a dedicated team member to address medication issues and provision of an evidence-based deprescribing resource tool appear to reduce the use of unnecessary and potentially harmful medications in ambulatory hospice patients.
Demography of Race in Brazil

Slavery, based on African labor, has been the primary economic system for most of Brazilian history and throughout its national territory. From the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, 4.9 million enslaved Africans disembarked in Brazil, fully 12 times as many as in the United States and just over half of all those arriving in the Western Hemisphere. A high sex ratio (predominance of males) among the Portuguese settlers in Brazil during the colonial/slave period resulted in extensive miscegenation in which these white males sought out black, indigenous and mulatto females, whether through violence or consensus. Since Independence in the nineteenth century, Brazil’s racial ideology has evolved from an elite obsession with whitening, which was related to modernity, to considering itself a racial democracy in the mid and late twentieth century where race mixture was valued as the essence of Brazilianness and racism considered un-Brazilian to the twenty-first Century, marked by widespread affirmative action and consciousness of race and racism. From the late nineteenth century to the 1940s, Brazil’s racial composition has become whiter as a result of mass European immigration encouraged by whitening policies. Then it became browner probably because of miscegenation, the end of European immigration and higher nonwhite fertility rates. Since the 1990s, the black and brown population has grown while the white population diminished as a result of reclassification when race consciousness has grown and nonwhite categories have become less stigmatized. Despite these changes, racial inequality, marked by the absence of nonwhites in the middle and upper classes, has persisted throughout Brazilian history.
An architecture for streaming coclustering in high speed hardware

We seek to learn the semantics of a data stream at optical line speed. We focus on text data, but the techniques developed should apply to broad modalities of network data wherever appropriate features can be computed rapidly enough. We consider a custom hardware system designed to categorize documents based on feature clusters and document clusters that have been learned offline on standard general-purpose computers, and we present a technique for extending this system to permit online learning from arbitrarily large data sets.
Metal-dependent binding of a factor in vivo to the metal-responsive elements of the metallothionein 1 gene promoter

Using the technique of genomic footprinting, we demonstrate cadmium-inducible protection from dimethyl sulfate (DMS) modification of guanine residues in vivo in five metal-responsive elements (MREs) in the promoter of the rat metallothionein 1 (MT-1) gene. We also identify a site of extreme DMS hyperreactivity which, like the MRE protection, occurs only after metal ion induction. With this hyperreactive site as an indicator, we can measure the kinetics of induction and deinduction. Changes in the intracellular metal ion concentrations are reflected in alterations in the reactivity with DMS of guanine residues in the MT-1 gene promoter. Lastly, for both control and metal-induced cells, we observe DMS protection and enhancement of a binding site (located 5' of the distal MRE) which is a consensus sequence for the Sp1 transcription factor. Transfection experiments with deletion mutations of a fusion gene construct indicate both that a sequence region which includes this GC box regulates the basal level of expression of the MT-1 gene and that increasing the number of MREs in the promoter increases the induced level of transcription. Our genomic footprinting and transfection data together suggest that (i) a transcription factor, possibly Sp1, plays an important role in regulating the basal level of expression of the MT-1 gene and (ii) metal induction involves the metal-dependent binding to a sequence-specific binding factor which responds to changes in intracellular metal ion levels.
Robust Stabilization of Uncertain Systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of stabilizing a class of systems with arbitrarily large uncertainty bounding set. In particular, we consider stabilization of linear uncertain systems via bound invariant Lyapunov function. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a bound invariant Lyapunov function are derived for systems with block structured uncertainty and a class of systems with scalar linear uncertainty.
Physics-based simulation of biological structures

Physics-based simulation provides a powerful framework for understanding biological form and function. Simulations may be used by biologists to study macromolecular assemblies and by clinicians to examine disease mechanisms. Physics-based simulations help biomedical researchers understand the physical constraints on biological systems as they engineer novel drugs, drug delivery systems, synthetic tissues, medical devices, and surgical interventions. We have established an NIH national center for physics-based simulation of biological structures (Simbios) to help integrate the field of physics-based simulation in biomedicine and accelerate future research. This center is engaged in the development and dissemination of a simulation tool kit that enables biomedical scientists to develop and share models and simulations of biological structures across a range of physical scales.
Wavelets for image compression

The wavelet transform is becoming increasingly important in image compression applications because of its flexibility in representing nonstationary signals. Current techniques use exhaustive search procedures that are computationally intensive to find the "optimal" basis (type, order, tree). In this paper, we propose some guidelines based on the statistics of the image to be coded, for determining the need to search for the "optimal" wavelets as well as the improvement that can be achieved by using the "optimal" over "standard" wavelets. The proposed guidelines can be used to find a good initial guess for the exhaustive search if the optimal basis is needed. >
Intrahepatic cholesterol stones: A rationale for dissolution therapy

A case of primary cholesterol hepatolithiasis is reported. Stone composition was documented by infrared spectroscopy, and the presence of cholesterol saturated bile was demonstrated using standard biochemical techniques. The patient was treated with operative stone extraction, choledochoscopy, biliary enteric anastomosis, and oral dissolution therapy. The administration of oral dissolution agents has altered the composition of the patient's bile and may prevent further stone formation. We advocate the use of both stone and biliary biochemical analysis for patients with primary hepatolithiasis to facilitate optimal therapy.
The SLEUTH Land Use Change Model: A Review

SLEUTH is a cellular automata (CA) model that has been successfully applied worldwide over the last 15 years to simulate land use change. The objective of this paper is to review the current status of the SLEUTH land use change model. Clarke et al. (2007) and Clarke (2008a) provided detailed reviews of the model and its application from its initial days until about 2005. This paper brings the debates, modifications and applications of the model up to date, and provides a brief discussion of past SLEUTH applications. We next highlight the technical modifications published after 2005 and provide a detailed review of applications published until 2012. Structurally, first this paper presents a brief history and description of the SLEUTH model, and then reviews the recent successful technical modifications and applications.
The Ethics of Exhibiting Salvaged Shipwrecks

The contentious relationship between cultural heritage professionals and commercial entities is nowhere more fraught than in underwater archeological sites. More and more often, museums are drawn into this conflict through hosting traveling exhibitions. This article explores the ethical issues in two shipwreck exhibitions, Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds, and Real Pirates: The Untold Story of the Whydah from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship, and the specific responses museums have made to address the ethical issues around commercial exploitation of cultural heritage. The article calls for museums to be more thoughtful and deliberate consumers, and embrace their potential as safe venues for exploring ethical dilemmas these sites embody.
A brief personal history of cancer immunotherapy at Stanford: if these walls could talk…

This is a journey that began in medical school at Stanford in 1963 and that is still underway, now as faculty member here for the past 40 years. History is by its nature selective, and I chose highlights that reflect on the remarkable progress we have made using the immune system to treat cancer. We will never be satisfied until we eliminate suffering and early mortality from cancer, but the progress is indeed remarkable as are the people who have contributed to it.
Contributions of Black Women in Political Science to a More Just World

African-American women represent fewer than 5% of the doctoral degrees awarded in political science. There are only a handful of tenured black women in the nation's top-rated political science departments (Sarkees and McGlen 1999). There is no major text in the field that deals exclusively with the public opinion, political behavior, or institutional contributions of African-American women. Despite some recent notable exceptions, black women as authors of and subjects of research inquiry are still largely absent from the pages of periodicals that define the field. Many black women in political science are laboring in obscurity relative to the profession. “African American women faculty continue to be concentrated among the lower ranks, primarily in non-tenured positions, promoted at a slower rate, paid less than their male and white female counterparts, located in traditional disciplines, and primarily employed by two year colleges,” according to Sheila Gregory (1999, 11). Even from this position on the margin, black women political scientists have contested the field, challenged the academy, and contributed to the development of more just communities.
Near infrared diode laser cw slit jet investigations of O13C:HCl, 14N2:HBr and OC:HBr

Abstract Application of near infrared diode laser spectroscopy for enhanced investigation of neutral closed shell molecular complexes is reported. The capabilities of high-frequency wavelength modulation with second derivative absorption detection using a cw supersonic slit jet expansion are demonstrated by an investigation of the previously unrecorded ν 1 K=2←1 P 1 ( J ) and P 2 ( J ) transitions of OC:Ar with transitions having signal-to-noise ratios up to 10 3 :1. Subsequently, rovibrational analyses are reported for the hydrogen-bonded interactions: (i) ν 1 O 13 C–H 35 Cl and O 13 C–H 37 Cl in natural abundance; (ii) analysis of a Coriolis perturbation in J ′=19 of ν 1 excited state in 14 N 2 –HBr; (iii) ν 1 , ν 2 + ν 5 1 , ν 2 + ν 5 1 − ν 5 1 in OC–H 79 Br and OC–H 81 Br, and generation of rovibrational parameters for the ground-state low frequency intermolecular vibrational ν 5 1 .
"Love our kids, lock your guns": a community-based firearm safety counseling and gun lock distribution program

Background Safer storage practices may reduce injury rates by limiting youth access to firearms. Objective To determine if a firearm safety counseling and gun lock distribution program improved storage practices. Design Community-based before-after trial. Setting Urban county in central North Carolina. Participants One hundred twelve adult gun owners recruited through a mass media advertising campaign. Intervention In the parking lot of a shopping mall, participants completed a survey, and were then provided with tailored counseling, gun safety information, a gun lock, and instructions to use it. Main Outcome Measures Firearm storage practices, assessed by survey and personal interview (baseline) and telephone interview (6-month follow-up). Results Most participants were white (62%), men (63%), had children (58%), and owned a gun for protection (74%). At follow-up, of the 82 participants, 63 (77%) (up from 39 [48%]) reported storing their gun(s) in a locked compartment ( P = .004), 59 (72%) (up from 0) reported using gun locks ( P = .001), 61 (74%) (up from 57 [69%]) reported storing their ammunition locked in a separate location, 59 (72%) (up from 52 [63%]) reported storing their gun(s) unloaded, and 6 (7%) (down from 15 [18%]) reported storing firearms unlocked and loaded. Participants with children were more likely at baseline to store weapons unlocked and loaded (38 [59%] vs 19 [41%]; P = .02) but were more likely after counseling to lock their weapons (29 [58%] vs 14 [44%]) and remove guns from the home (5 [10%] vs 0 [0%]). Conclusions This program prompted reporting of safer firearm storage practices, particularly among parents. Longer follow-up, verification of self-reports and correct use, testing of gun locks, and monitoring firearm injury rates after distribution programs are needed to establish the public health potential of this approach.
An application of homotopy theory to mapping class groups

1. Let M(g,O) denote the mapping class group of a closed surface Sg of genus g, and let M(g, 1) denote the mapping class group of a surface Sg,, with one boundary component. (The elements of M(g, 1) fix the boundary of S,,, pointwise.) Then, according to the work of Harer in [7], the latter M(g, 1) forms a direct limit system of groups and the cohomology of this direct limit M= li,mg M(g, 1) is isomorphic to the cohomology of M(g, l), up to a stable range, i.e., for gl3q,
Numerical Investigation of Two-Dimensional Thermally Assisted Ductile Regime Milling of Brittle Materials

This study investigates the effects of different variables (preheating temperature, edge radius, and rake angle) on ductile regime milling of a bioceramic material known as nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) using numerical simulation. AdvantEdge FEM Version 6.1 is used to conduct the simulation of 2D milling mimicked by orthogonal machining with varying uncut chip thickness. Thermal boundary conditions are specified to approximate laser preheating of the work material. Based on the pressure-based criterion for ductile regime machining, the dependence of critical depth of cut on cutting conditions is investigated using Tecplot 360. It is found that as uncut chip thickness decreases, the critical depth of cut decreases. In addition, the critical depth of cut increases as the negativity of rake angle and/or preheating temperature increase.© 2014 ASME
Synaptic repression at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. II. Evidence for calcium involvement

The inability of synaptic junctions to generate normalsized postsynaptic potentials under normal physiological conditions was studied at crayfish neuromuscular synapses. Synaptic repression in the superficial flexor muscle system of the crayfish was induced by surgery: the nerve was cut in the middle of the target field, and the lateral muscle fibers were removed. After this surgery, the remaining medial synapses were unable to generate normal-sized junction potentials (jp) over the medial muscle population. In an attempt to study the mechanism underlying this response, we varied the extracellular calcium concentration of the Ringers solution bathing the preparation, in both repressed and control animals, while monitoring the size of the same junction potential. The junction potential generated by the spontaneous activity of the nerve increased in size with increasing calcium concentrations in control animals, but failed to do so in repressed animals, that is, changes in external calcium concentrations did not affect repressed synapses. However, in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187, control and repressed synapses both show an increase in the junction potential sizes they generate. Our data suggest that calcium is involved in the mechanisms that underlie synaptic repression in this crustacean neuromuscular system. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recalibration of the KLL Auger spectrum of carbon

Numerous KLL Auger transition energies for C ii, C iii, and C iv have been calculated using the saddle-point variational method and the unrestricted Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field technique. For Li-like C iv resonances, relativistic corrections are made. The theoretical energy for the C iv (1s2s2p${)}^{4}$${P}^{o}$ state is calculated to high accuracy by means of a multiconfiguration-interaction wave function and by taking relativistic and mass polarization effects into account. The $^{4}P^{o}$ channel energy is then used as a calibration point of the high-resolution carbon Auger spectra reported by Ro/dbro, Bruch, and Bisgaard. Generally, excellent agreement is found between our theoretical results and experimental data. A number of carbon Auger lines have been identified for the first time.
Rationally self-ascribed anti-expertise

In their paper, “I Can’t Believe I’m Stupid,” Adam Elga and Andy Egan introduce a notion of anti-expertise and argue that it is never rational to believe oneself to be an anti-expert. I wish to deny the claim that it is never rational for agents like us to ascribe anti-expertise to ourselves by describing cases where self-ascribed anti-expertise makes real life agents more rational.
Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy

Non-surgical treatments of back pain may have prolonged and lasting benefit. Epidural steroid injections is one of the non-operative managements of back pain. These injections are recommended in patients with signs and symptoms of nerve root irritation. Relief of pain is attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of the steroid. Patients with acute radiculopathy have better response compared to patients with chronic symptoms. Improvement may not be noted until 6 days after the injection. The depression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis lasts 3 weeks. While complications have been reported, these are rare. Intrathecal steroid injection is not advisable since polyethylene glycol, the vehicle used in depot steroid preparations, may cause arachnoiditis.