cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell surface‐associated ribonuclease activities

The ribonuclease (RNase) activity associated with the surface of cells (primarily the Vero line of Green monkey kidney) was assayed under conditions where all cells remained viable as members of colonies or monolayers. RNase activity associated with individual clones was revealed as clear zones of hydrolyzed (acid-soluble) RNA against an opaque background of acidprecipitated RNA in an isotonic agarose-yeast RNA overlay. High resolution assays for single- and double-stranded RNase were achieved by measuring the loss in activity of infectious Sindbis virus RNA, and of the antiviral state induced by poly(rI). poly(rC), respectively. Experiments using these assay procedures revealed that virtually all of the RNase activity associated with viable (intact) vertebrate cells in culture was contributed by the serum in the growth medium, and was superficially adsorbed to the cell surface, rendering it relatively easy to remove by extensive washing. A confluent monolayer of 2 × 106 unwashed Vero cells contained the equivalent of 500 ng of pancreatic RNase, representing about 5% of the total activity initially present in the serum of the growth medium. In terms of serum nuclease activity, only 0.45 ng equivalents of pancreatic RNase in 500 μl were required to destroy 50% of the activity of an infectious Sindbis virus RNA preparation in 15 minutes at 37°C. Cells grown in the absence of serum and cells washed about ten times had comparably low levels of RNase activity–about 100-fold less than unwashed cells grown in the presence of 6% calf serum. The isotonic yeast RNA:agarose overlay procedure may be useful to identify and isolate cell mutants with different endogenous levels, or binding capacities, of surface RNase activity. Operationally, these studies describe the assay of cell surface-associated RNase activity under conditions where all cells remain viable as members of individual colonies or monolayer populations. Specifically, the assay measures the solubilization of yeast RNA in an isotonic agarose mixture overlaying the cells. We describe its use to determine how much of the total RNase activity in viable cell monolayers or colonies is contributed by serum in the growth medium. In addition, we describe the results of two biological assays used as higher resolution probes for cell surface ribonuclease activity: (i) single-strand (ss) RNA, in the form of infectious RNA from Sindbis virus, and (ii) double-stranded(ds)-RNA, in the form of poly(rI). poly(rC) as an inducer of an interferon-mediated antiviral state.
Nucleation in undercooled liquids

During solidification the amount of undercooling is an important factor in determining microstructural development by controlling phase selection during nucleation. Usually crystallization is initiated at a heterogeneous catalytic site at a relatively small undercooling. The use of fine (10–20 μm) droplet samples is an effective method of obtaining a substantial increase in undercooling to the range (0.3−0.4)Tm (where Tm is the melting temperature) during slow cooling. Droplet undercooling behavior can be controlled by size variation and coating treatments, but the undercooling limit often appears to be set by a surface catalysis consistent with classical nucleation theory. The operative solidification reaction in droplets is determined by a competition between the equilibrium and possible metastable phase products which can be modified by the effect of cooling rate and undercooling on nucleation kinetics. With a controlled heterogeneous catalysis, specific nucleation reactions and product structures may be selected and metastable phase equilibria may be determined experimentally.
Joseph LeConte and the development of the physiology and psychology of vision in the United States.

Summary The nineteenth-century American scientist, philosopher and teacher Joseph LeConte (1823–1901) is well-known for his writings on geology and the reconciliation of evolutionary theory and religion, but he has not been properly recognized for his contributions to the physiology and psychology of vision. This study explores and assesses his work in the latter field, showing the nature of his original investigations into human vision and the influence of his book Sight: an exposition of the principles of monocular and binocular vision, which served as the major textbook on the subject in the United States from its publication in 1881 until after the turn of the century. Grounded in neo-Lamarckian evolutionary theory, LeConte's publications on vision had a strong impact upon subsequent studies of the phenomenon of human sight.
Controlled growth behavior of chemical vapor deposited Ni nanostructures

Isolation of four distinct nanostructured Ni products is demonstrated in a well-controlled chemical vapor deposition process. These nanostructures include core–shell Ni–NiO nanowires, horizontally oriented nanowires, vertically oriented nanowires, and fully isometric cubic crystals all obtained upon an amorphous SiO2|Si growth substrate from an identical metal halide precursor. Transmission electron microscopy indicates the horizontally- and vertically-oriented nanowire products to be high-quality single crystals with a preferred growth axis along the ⟨001⟩ direction while the Ni–NiO core–shell nanowires are polycrystalline metal at the center and surrounded by an outer oxide. The differing crystal structures are reflected in the magnetic response of each nanowire type, as evidenced by magnetoresistance measurements. Detailed discussion of the formation mechanisms leading to each of the four nanostructured Ni products is presented along with a discussion of the general applicability of this non-epitaxial ...
Vibrational spectra of methyl boron difluoride and methyl-ds, boron difluoride

Abstract Gas phase infrared spectra of CH 3 BF 2 and CD 3 BF 2 were measured from 4000 to 250 cm −1 , as well as Raman spectra of both species in the liquid state, including depolarization measurements. A complete vibrational assignment was made on the basis of a molecular model in which there was essentially free rotation of the methyl group about the carbon-boron bond.
From asparagus to zucchini: mapping cognitive space for vegetable names.

To map the perceptual space for 20 common vegetables using multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques.The subjects, 150 adult men and women, were asked to judge the similarity of pairs of vegetable names and rate their compatibility when served together. The subjects also rated the vegetables along 30 attribute scales and rated their preferences for each item. Data analyses employed SINDSCAL and property-fitting (PROFIT) programs as well as correlation and hierarchical clustering (HICLUS) analyses.The principal dimensions of perceptual space for vegetable names were calories, color, and convenience. Preferences were most strongly linked to convenience and versatility. Liking was also influenced by taste: the most disliked vegetables were those that were perceived as bitter. Compatibility was most strongly influenced by color contrast. The most acceptable vegetable pairs were those that combined green and non-green vegetables.Identifying psychological rules that guide the inclusion of vegetables in the diet...
Possible Ancestral Structure in Human Populations

Determining the evolutionary relationships between fossil hominid groups such as Neanderthals and modern humans has been a question of enduring interest in human evolutionary genetics. Here we present a new method for addressing whether archaic human groups contributed to the modern gene pool (called ancient admixture), using the patterns of variation in contemporary human populations. Our method improves on previous work by explicitly accounting for recent population history before performing the analyses. Using sequence data from the Environmental Genome Project, we find strong evidence for ancient admixture in both a European and a West African population (p approximately 10(-7)), with contributions to the modern gene pool of at least 5%. While Neanderthals form an obvious archaic source population candidate in Europe, there is not yet a clear source population candidate in West Africa.
Individuality in the use of orientation cues by green frogs

Abstract The common assumption that test groups are motivationally homogeneous and utilize the same orientation reference cues may not be correct. Green frogs ( Rana clamitans ) were trained in a circular arena to seek a goalbox located 90° counterclockwise from a lamp. Most frogs learned the task, but an analysis of the training and testing records showed marked individuality in task learning. Some frogs found the goalbox only with the lamp as a cue; others used the goalbox, the goalbox and lamp, or the goalbox and the lamp separately as cues. One individual learned to orient non-randomly to some still-unknown but geographically fixed cue. These observations show that even though frogs can learn a common task, under supposedly identical training conditions they may utilize a diversity of cues. Larger (thus, older) frogs were significantly more consistent in their patterns of movement. Paths of movement that succeeded in reaching the goal tended to be repeated in later tests. Frogs trained to move around a partition to a goal continued that path even when the obstruction was later removed, suggesting the use of a motor memory or kinaesthesia. Standard orientation tests, in which the group was significantly oriented in the expected direction, were shown on closer inspection to consist of frogs moving according to several individually stereotyped factors. Thus, the heterogeneity of individual experimental animals should be more fully taken into consideration in orientation research.
Multiband texture synthesis using histogram and power spectral density matching

In this work, we develop a new method for multispectral and hyperspectral texture synthesis using the multiband distribution and power spectral densities. Different approaches to this problem are mostly case specific and include histogram explosion, equalization in HSV or some other color space, and equalization based on the earth mover distance. For multiband images, the usual practice is to define the power spectral density for each band separately. While this captures the in-band autocorrelations, the cross-band correlations are not captured. Sometimes cross-psds are defined if it is known that cross-band correlations are important. However, as the number of bands increases, this method becomes computationally prohibitive. We propose a method that expresses psds for multiband images using a 3D fourier transform. An iterative scheme is used to equalize the histogram and psds for an input and target image. Our experiments show that the iteration tends to converge after 5-10 steps. The proposed method is computationally efficient and yields satisfactory results. We compare synthesized multispectral textures with real multispectral data.
Controlled release of insulin-like growth factor-1 and bone marrow stromal cell function of bone-like mineral layer-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds.

Controlled release of growth factors or drugs provides great therapeutic advantages for bone defects which do not heal with normal therapeutic treatments. We have accelerated the deposition of bone-like mineral (BLM) on the surface of three-dimensional (3D) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous scaffolds to 36–48 h by modifying the biomimetic process parameters and applying surface treatments onto PLGA scaffolds. We used simulated body fluid containing insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; 1 µg/ml) to mineralize the PLGA scaffolds for 48 h. IGF-1 was co-precipitated with mineral on the surface of the PLGA scaffolds. IGF-1-incorporated mineralized scaffolds demonstrated slow controlled release over a 30 day period when they were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C. Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) function on three different types of scaffolds, such as control (non-mineralized) scaffolds, mineralized scaffolds, and IGF-1-incorporated mineralized scaffolds was also investigated. BMSC attachment and proliferation was enhanced for IGF-1-incorporated mineralized scaffolds compared with controls during the culture period. BMSC differentiation was not changed during the culture period among the three groups of scaffolds, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin assay. According to findings from this study, BLM has great potential to be used as a carrier for biological molecules for localized release applications as well as bone tissue-engineering applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium-layer laser-guide-star experimental results

We describe a series of experiments to characterize the sodium-layer guide star that was formed with the high-power laser developed for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation program. An emission spot size of 3.0 m was measured, with an implied laser irradiance spot diameter of 2.0 m. The rms spot motion at the higher laser powers, with active beam-pointing control, was less than 0.5 arcsec and had little effect on the observed spot size under these conditions. We measured the resonant backscatter from the sodium layer as a function of laser power to obtain a saturation curve. With a transmitted power of 1100 W and an atmospheric transmission of 0.6, the irradiance from the guide star at the ground was 10 (photons/cm2)/ms, corresponding to a visual magnitude of 5.1. The implications for the performance of wave-front sensors with a laser guide star of this magnitude and resulting closed-loop adaptive-optics performance are discussed.
The relationships among parent-adolescent differentiation, sex role orientation and identity development in late adolescence and early adulthood

This study had three main objectives. The first was an attempt to clarify inconsistencies in research on family characteristics and identity formation. The second was to test a model that has been discussed over the past several years based on Bowen's intergenerational family systems theory. Finally, gender differences were explored within the models hypothesized. The models included family differentiation variables, sex role orientation and adolescent identity development. The path models that included mother/adolescent and father/adolescent differentiation, masculinity and femininity scales, and ideological and interpersonal identity achievement in separate analyses were tested using LISREL VII. The results suggested that interpersonal and ideological identity domains were differentially related to differentiation in the family system and sex role orientation. There were also gender differences. These results are discussed in relation to previous research evidence about family characteristics that best support identity achievement for males and females.
Paternal family relationships, child risk, and child outcomes

Contemporary focus on fathers and their influence on child development reflects a broader shift in developmental research toward efforts to understand dynamic processes that account for the multi-dimensionality of child development. The family system is a set of relationships that rarely have been studied from a full system perspective. Historically, fathers were excluded from the analysis of factors influencing child development, as were father–mother relationships. In the former case, the assumption that fathers did not matter was at the least a covert aspect of all major theories of child development, which were anchored in mother–child relationship dynamics. In the latter case, the focus was primarily on the quality of the marital relationship, with little attention to how parental relationship quality affected their children. Today, researchers are actively in pursuit of the relationship networks that impact child development and fathers are no longer an invisible component of the child's relationshi...
Effect of lattice vibrations on scanning tunnelling microscope images

Abstract Tersoff and Hamann's theory of the scanning tunnelling microscope is used in a preliminary investigation of the effect of lattice vibrations on the atomic scale contour maps generated with this instrument. It is found that appreciable errors in inferred charge density corrugation amplitudes can arise if the mean-square atomic displacements vary significantly across the sample surface.
Complex Moment As Features For Object Recognition Using Tactile Image Sensor

Complex moments have been considered as useful features for object recognition in general. In this paper, the usefulness of applying the complex moment features into the tactile image for object recognition has been explored. Some complex moment invariants have been derived and implementation of those features has been conducted. With those moment invariants, we can elimiate the effect of lateral displacement and rotation from the tactile images. Through the generation of a decision tree and the utilization of the complex moment features, the shape of the objects from the tactile sensor can easily be recognized.
Training needs in regulatory science for the biopharmaceutical industry

For regulatory affairs professionals as well as newly hired scientists, a solid grasp of regulatory science is needed to succeed in pharmaceutical R&D.
Enzymatic and ultrastructural study of lysosomes in rats bearing radiation‐induced thyroid follicular carcinoma

Radiation-induced well-differentiated and poorly differentiated follicular thyroid cancers were transplanted into the intrascapular fat pads of male Fisher 144 rats. The tumors grew in the recipient rats and after a time interval were removed and studied along with normal rat thyroids for lysosomal activity and ultrastructural characteristics. Plasma from experimental and control rats was also studied for lysosomal activity. Rats with radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma had a decrease in growth rate compared with normal rats. There was no significant increase in plasma lysosomal enzymes in the experimental rats. Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomatous tissue showed increased total activities of lysosomal enzymes as well as a difference in subcellular distribution compared with normal and poorly differentiated carcinomatous tissue. Electron microscopy of normal and carcinomatous tissue demonstrated the greatest number of lysosomes in the well-differentiated carcinoma and the fewest in the poorly differentiated carcinoma.
Analyzing visual questions from visually impaired users

Many new technologies have been developed to assist people who are visually impaired in learning about their environment, but there is little understanding of their motivations for using these tools. Our tool VizWiz allows users to take a picture using their mobile phone, ask a question about the picture's contents, and receive an answer in nearly realtime. This study investigates patterns in the questions that visually impaired users ask about their surroundings, and presents the benefits and limitations of responses from both human and computerized sources.
Analysis of failure modes in impulsively loaded pre-notched steel plates

Abstract We analyze transient plane strain thermomechanical deformations of a pre-notched 4340 steel plate impacted by a 4340 steel projectile in the direction of two parallel notches, and study the influence of the impact speed and notch tip radius on the localization of the deformation. The plate configuration is identical to that in Kalthoff's experiments (1987, 1988). There is no failure or fracture criterion included in our work. However, the computed evolution of stress and plastic strain fields strongly suggest that with an increase of impact speed and decrease in notch tip radius, there is a failure mode transition from a tensile crack opening at approximately 70° to the notch ligament to an adiabatic shear band propagating at −5° to −15° to the notch ligament. This is in qualitative agreement with Kalthoff's findings.
Policy Experiments Selected Analytic Issues

Policy experiments represent a powerful tool for testing the consequences of contemplated social programs. However, experimentation in the policy field raises perplexing problems and issues, some o...
Predictors of self-efficacy for sleep in primary care

Aims and objectives To identify factors impacting self-efficacy for sleep. Specifically, the aims were to examine associations between self-efficacy for sleep and (1) socio-demographic variables and (2) potential predictors including sleep severity, depression, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, quality of life/health status and insomnia treatment acceptability for behavioural treatment. Background Between 50 and 70 million Americans experience insomnia. Costs of treatment, absenteeism and reduced productivity exceed 42 billion dollars annually. Medication for insomnia can result in impaired memory, fatigue, injuries, reduced health, medication habituation, difficulties in work and relationships and enhanced healthcare usage. Studies have suggested that behavioural management can be beneficial; however, factors contributing to success with behavioural management are unclear. Design This quantitative correlational study used inventory-based measures. Methods The Self-Efficacy for Sleep Scale, Insomnia Treatment Acceptability Scale, SF-8™ Health Survey, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Scale were completed by 236 individuals with significant insomnia as measured by Insomnia Severity Index scores of 8 or higher. Results A significant association was found between sleep self-efficacy and race (p < 0·01). All predicator variables except one were found to be significantly correlated with the self-efficacy for sleep (p < 0·01). Conclusions For behavioural self-management strategies to be effective for treating insomnia, these reported predictors may need to be assessed and managed. Relevance to clinical practice These findings suggest that nurses may want to assess insomnia severity, health status, level of depression and beliefs about sleep prior to beginning or when encountering barriers to the successful utilisation of behavioural approaches to manage sleep. If a patient is found to possess these limiting factors, the nurse may want to address these issues through medication, education and/or other behavioural approaches. Once addressed, the patient may find behavioural management for insomnia to be quite successful.
The diseased embodied mind: constructing a conception of mental disease in relation to the person

Without a better understanding of mental disease, patients diagnosed with a mental disease may be mistreated clinically and/or socially, and caregivers and families may be wrongfully blamed for causing the disease and/or for not effectively helping and developing meaningful relationships with the patient as person. In trying to understand mental disease and why its various dimensions raise difficulties for our systems of classification and our medical models of diagnosis and treatment, a framework is required. This framework will connect metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical considerations in ways that are mutually supportive and illuminating. This, in turn, will benefit those who are diseased and those persons who study, classify, diagnose, and treat disease.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN B1 AND YEAST ON CALORIE INTAKE AND WEIGHT BALANCE OF HYPERTHYROID DOGS

IT HAS BEEN SHOWN that experimental hyperthyroidism increases the requirements for the B vitamins. Himwich, Goldfarb and Cowgill (1) first studied the calorie intake during thyroid feeding and demonstrated an increased requirement for undifferentiated vitamin Bi. They found that dogs receiving a yeastfree diet developed anorexia in an average of 34 days, whereas dogs fed the same diet plus thyroid gland showed anorexia in an average of 17 days. Drill (2) reported that removal of the yeast from the diet of hyperthyroid dogs produced a rapid fall to values below normal in calorie intake, complete anorexia being produced in some cases. The loss of appetite in turn was followed by a secondary loss of weight. The subcutaneous injection of 2 mg. of vitamin B1 would raise the calorie intake to the previous hyperthyroid level within 24 to 48 hours. The weight of the animals was maintained as long as no deficiency of the B vitamins occurred.
Inferring Latent Attributes of an Indian Twitter User using Celebrities and Class Influencers

In this paper we classify a user into three categories: "Gender", "Age" and "Political Affiliation" with an application to Indian Twitter users. Our approach automatically predicts these attributes by leveraging observable information such as the tweet behavior, linguistic content of the user's Twitter feed and the celebrities followed by the user.This paper would also use a novel feature that we would define in this paper as "class influencers". Class influencers are the Twitter users which influence a particular class so much that, they themselves can be used as a discriminating feature.Our approach first extracts the linguistic content based features using LIWC dictionary. Then, we derive features like smiley types, smiley count, tweet frequency, night-time tweet frequency, etc. We have also derived celebrity based feature: age, genre, gender (using Wikipedia and Freebase) of the celebrities a user is following. Finally, we refine the results using class influencers. Results show that rich linguistic features combined with popular neighborhood and influencers prove valuables and promising for additional user classification needs.
Migrating bullet: a case of a bullet embolism to the pulmonary artery with secondary pulmonary infarction after gunshot wound to the left globe

Bullet embolism is a rare phenomenon following gunshot injuries. We present a case of a 25-year-old male who sustained a gunshot wound to his left globe with the bullet initially lodged in his right transverse sinus. The bullet ultimately embolized to a left lower lobe pulmonary artery resulting in a pulmonary infarct. A discussion of select prior cases, pathophysiology, and management strategies follows.
Quantitative Coronary Dimensions and Restenosis after Directional Atherectomy or Balloon Angioplasty

Coronary artery dimensions were evaluated in 42 patients (52 lesions) undergoing directional atherectomy of primary atheromatous lesions in native coronary arteries between October 1989 and April 1991, Dimensions were compared with a cohort of 162 patients (213 lesions) undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of similar lesions between March 1984 and April 1988. Computer-assisted quantitative angiography was performed for paired near-orthogonal views (captured during diastole) of each treated lesion; image pairs taken prior to, immediately following, and 6 months after coronary intervention were studied. Although coronary dimensions were equivalent for the two treatment groups before therapy, the immediate posttreatment minimal lumen diameter was significantly larger after atherectomy than angioplasty (2.24 ± 0.53 mm vs 1.52 ± 0.34 mm, P < 0.01). Despite this, coronary dimensions were similar in the two groups at follow-up angiography. Several dichotomous definitions of restenosis were tested using these quantitative data. Restenosis rates were similar for the two treatments using most definitions, but those definitions based on loss of relative or absolute lumen dimensions resulted in higher rates of restenosis following atherectomy. These data demonstrate that: (1) directional coronary atherectomy can achieve greater initial gain in luminal dimensions than angioplasty; (2) the loss in vessel dimensions within 6 months (late loss) is greater after atherectomy than after angioplasty; and (3) restenosis definitions rely on relative or absolute loss of initial luminal gain favor of angioplasty. (J Interven Cardiol 1996;9:121–127)
Improving appliance efficiency in Indonesia

Abstract We report on findings from a study of household electricity consumption and the potential impact on future electricity demand of improving appliance efficiency in urban Java, Indonesia. We describe the current pattern of household electricity use in urban Java, based on results from a recent survey of 2 700 households, and the market for and characteristics of appliances currently sold in Indonesia. We estimate the impact on future electricity demand of two scenarios of penetration of higher efficiency. Finally, we discuss the barriers to improvement of appliance efficiency, and describe various policy approaches that the government could take in order to accelerate the adoption of higher-efficiency appliances. While in this article we focus our attention on Indonesia, many of the conclusions would apply to other developing countries as well.
The Agora Project: the New Agoras of the twenty‐first century

The Agoras of the City States of the Classical Greeks were public spheres where democracy was lived by citizens who made collective decisions about issues affecting their daily lives. The Agora Project—New Agoras—is a metaphor for social action contexts in which people can make collective decisions about their future. People in the settings of their families, neighborhoods, community groups, organizations and institutions have the potential to organize themselves as evolutionary design communities. Participants in the Agora Project collectively enjoin to establish a new public sphere that can sustain a meaningful actionable design dialogue among individuals within and across New Agoras. These New Agoras, communicatively linked, would serve as the infrastructure for democratic civil society and a system of public spheres animated by evolutionary conversation and guided by evolutionary design with purpose of self-guided evolution of the society—cultural evolution of our species, Homo sapiens sapiens. Critical to the Agora Project is the establishment of stewardship communities. The task of these communities is to create knowledge bases for evolutionary inquiry, develop resources for evolutionary learning and explore suitable approaches, methods and technologies. This article will present an overview of the Agora Project and the Agora Steward Community that has evolved in relation to the project. Organization of the article includes: (1) an examination of the evolution of humankind, (2) a discussion of conscious purposeful evolution, (3) an examination of the Agora of ancient Athens, (4) an introduction of the New Agoras as a metaphor for social action in contemporary society, (5) a discussion of the New Agoras as public spheres for democratic civil society, (6) a description of the Agora Project, and (7) a discussion of the New Agoras as public spheres for evolutionary design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECT OF LOW DOSE DROPERIDOL ON POSTOPERATIVE VOMITING IN CHILDREN

This double blind study assessed the effect of low dose droperiodol (0.005 mg- kg-1) on the incidence of postoperative vomiting in 200 children in ASA classification I and II, ranging from one to 15 years of age. The results showed that the dose of droperidol used in this study was very effective in reducing vomiting in children 11 to 15 years of age. The duration of stay in the post-anaesthetic care unit was not prolonged and no extrapyramidal symptoms related to the drug were observed.
ACTH and vasopressin treatments immediately after a defeat increase future submissiveness in male mice

Male mice were given a single injection of either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or lysine vasopressin immediately after a defeat in an encounter with an aggressive male mouse. The defeated mice were tested for submissiveness at either 24 hours, 48 hours, or 7 days after the initial encounter. Both hormone treatments increased future submissiveness, although the time courses of the effects were different: The effects of ACTH disappeared after 48 hours, whereas those of vasopressin persisted for 7 days. These results suggest that changes in peptide hormone levels following naturally stressful experiences can affect the memory of those experiences, as expressed in future adaptive responses.
A Novel Destruction Sequence Targets the Meiotic Regulator Spo13 for Anaphase-promoting Complex-dependent Degradation in Anaphase I

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) or cyclosome is a multisubunit ubiquitin-protein ligase that ubiquitinates and thereby promotes the destruction of the mitotic cyclins and the separase inhibitor, securin. The contributions of the APC to progression through the meiotic program are not clear. To clarify the function of the APC in meiosis, we screened several yeast meiotic proteins as APC substrates in vitro. We found that the meiotic regulator Spo13 is an APC substrate that is degraded during anaphase I. Spo13 is expressed only in meiotic cells, where it has multiple functions, including the promotion of monopolar chromosome attachment in the first division. Spo13 ubiquitination by the APC depends on an LxExxxN sequence (residues 26–32) that is distinct from previously described destruction sequences of APC substrates. Mutation of one residue, leucine 26, prevented Spo13 ubiquitination by the APC in vitro and stabilized the protein through the meiotic divisions. Analysis of meiotic progression and spore viability of yeast containing the stabilized Spo13 mutant revealed no significant defects, indicating that Spo13 destruction in anaphase I is not essential for meiosis. We propose that Spo13 destruction is one of multiple mechanisms underlying the switch from monopolar to bipolar chromosome attachment between the meiotic divisions.
The formation of vertical Vortices in the convective boundary layer

A study of the dynamical formation mechanisms of atmospheric boundary-layer vortices is being conducted. These vortices are typically manifest as dust devils although there is evidence that they exist with some frequency in the absence of visible flow tracers. For example, in 1997 MacPherson and Belts pointed out instrument observations of invisible boundary-layer vertical vortices over the boreal forest. Several possible mechanisms for vortex formation under a variety of different dynamical regimes are described. Most observational investigators have reported that dust devils form in environments characterized by low wind speeds. The most intriguing unknown is the source of vorticity for the formation of vortices for convection in the absence (or near absence) of mean winds. Vertical vortex formation in convection without a mean shear has not often been documented in laboratory or numerical simulations. A Large-Eddy Simulation of the convective boundary layer is performed, without mean winds, with the purpose of examining vertical vortex-format ion mechanisms. The current work emphasizes the conjectured larger (convective) scale vorticity-generating mechanisms. The results indicate that vertical vortices form at some, but not all of the vertices of the simulated pattern of open convective cells. The columnar vortices may be essentially vertical or tilt with height, and may or may not extend to the surface. It is suggested that the vertical vorticity initially available to the vortices comes from the tilting of horizontal vorticity associated with local unidirectional shears due to the convective-cell circulations, with convective-cell asymmetries being important to the process. Subsequent evolution apparently results in the co-location of vertical vorticity centres with local updraught maxima.
Evaluating educational materials

In the evaluation of materials, the type of medium is much less important than the characteristics of the medium and of the learners who use it.
Conditions for Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in Heart Mitochondria

Abstract Although heart mitochondria contain glutamate dehydrogenase, it has not been thought to play a role in their metabolism. We investigated this matter to define the conditions under which it is active. We found modest activity in the presence of glutamate and malate and a continuous source of ADP when pyruvate is added. This increases several fold as the osmolarity is increased from 296 to 370 moSM. At the higher osmolarity ammonia formation is brief, associated with a lower intramitochondrial α-ketoglutarate content and a 17% drop in glutamate conversion to α-ketoglutarate. Formation of α-ketoglutarate from citrate does not make up for the drop in glutamate conversion to α-ketoglutarate. Mitochondrial content of nucleotides and CoA compounds are not altered by pyruvate addition. The rate of glutamate deamination by GDH in sonicated heart mitochondria agrees with the rate of ammonia formation in intact mitochondria in the presence of pyruvale (20 nmol/min/mg of mitochondrial protein). We conclude pyruvate lowers mitochondrial oxalacetate which decreases α-ketoglutarate formation by transamination. The lower mitochondria α-ketoglutarate level permits glutamate deamination until α-ketoglutarate reaches a level that inhibits the forward reaction. Further proof of the key role of α-ketoglutarate is seen with aminooxyacetate which blocks transamination. In its presence ammonia formation occurs at the same rate (18 nm/min/mg of mitochondrial protein), is not dependent upon pyruvate, and does not stop after a couple of minutes. Leucine, which decreases α-ketoglutarate inhibition of GDH, also results in ammonia formation, further supporting the concept of regulation by α-ketoglutarate. The higher osmolarity increases GDH activity by increasing α-ketoglutarate transport from mitochondria.
Increased soluble leptin receptor levels in morbidly obese patients with insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The adipocyte hormone, leptin has been demonstrated to have profibrogenic actions in vitro and in animal models. However, no correlation was found between plasma leptin levels and fibrosis stage in humans. Thus, our aim was to study whether soluble leptin receptor (SLR) or free leptin index (FLI; calculated as the ratio of leptin to SLR), may correlate better with the features of metabolic syndrome and with the histological grade and stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We studied a population (n = 104) of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Data including BMI, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were obtained. Plasma fasting leptin and SLR, fasting glucose and insulin were measured, and homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMAIR) index and FLI were calculated. All patients had intraoperative liver biopsies. Leptin levels correlated with the BMI. The multiple regression analysis indicated that increasing HOMA and decreasing FLI were predictors of steatosis in the liver (P < 0.0003). SLR levels were positively correlated with the presence of diabetes mellitus and the stage of fibrosis. In conclusion, increased SLR levels in morbidly obese patients with diabetes are correlated with the stage of liver fibrosis, and may reflect progressive liver disease.
Root resorption during orthodontic therapy

Abstract External apical root resorption (EARR) is the most common iatrogenic consequence of orthodontics, and orthodontics is the most common cause of EARR. Localized root resorption is a normal and constant remodeling process, a response to oral microtraumas throughout life. Roots do not shorten naturally with age unless forces (eg, bruxism, tongue thrusting) overcompress the periodontal ligament. Appositional repair normally corrects resorptive defects. Irreversible root shortening occurs with excessive forces or decreased resistance to normal forces. Orthodontically induced root resorption starts adjacent to hyalinized zones and occurs during and after elimination of hyalinized tissue. Incisors are most susceptible to EARR, probably because of their roots' spindly apex and because incisors typically are moved farther than other teeth during correction. Intrusion is probably the most detrimental direction of tooth movement, although simply the distance the apex is moved is often correlated with the degree of root shortening. The strongest single association with EARR seems to be a person's genotype. Familial studies show that a person's genotype accounts for about two-thirds of the variation in the extent of periapical resorption. In most instances, this absolves the orthodontist from blame that treatment markedly influenced the extent of resorption, and it also means that a test can be developed that will flag individuals at particular risk of developing EARR. In any event, all patients' root status should be monitored periodically. Rapid resorption can be diminished with slow, intermittent forces with pauses of 2 to 3 months to allow repair of the eroded cementum.
Gender, workplace problems, and stress in policing

This paper focuses on the connection of workplace problems with stress for women and men working in police departments. Field research was used to identify the problems that women experience in police departments, and quantitative measures were developed to measure these problems in a survey of women and men in 25 departments. Although women and men experience many of the same work-related problems, and although such problems account for a high proportion of workplace stress in both groups, the gendered nature of police organizations causes unique stressors for women. Overall, however, women do not report higher levels of stress than men.
Identification of the 100-kD victorin binding protein from oats.

The fungus Cochliobolus victoriae, the causal agent of victoria blight of oats, produces the host-specific toxin victorin. Sensitivity of oats to victorin, and thus susceptibility to the fungus, is controlled by a single dominant gene. This gene is believed to also confer resistance to the crown rust pathogen Puccinia coronata. In the case of victoria blight, the gene has been hypothesized to condition susceptibility by encoding a toxin receptor. A 100-kD victorin binding protein (VBP) has been identified; it binds radiolabeled victorin derivatives in a ligand-specific manner and in a genotype-specific manner in vivo. The VBP may function as a toxin receptor. In vitro translation coupled with indirect immunoprecipitation was used to identify the mRNA for the 100-kD VBP, and fractionated mRNAs were used to prepare cDNA libraries enriched in the relative abundance of cDNA for the 100-kD VBP. A 3.4-kb cDNA clone was isolated that, when subjected to a 400-bp 59 deletion, was capable of directing the synthesis of a protein in Escherichia coli, which reacted to an antibody specific for the 100-kD VBP. Peptide mapping, by limited proteolysis, indicated that the protein directed by the cDNA is the 100-kD VBP. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA revealed extensive homology to a previously cloned cDNA for the P protein component of the multienzyme complex glycine decarboxylase. Glycine decarboxylase is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial enzyme complex. Protein gel blot analysis indicated that the 100-kD VBP copurifies with mitochondria. Based on analysis of in vitro translation products, nucleotide sequence homology, mitochondrial localization, and the widespread species distribution of the 100-kD VBP, we concluded that the 100-kD VBP is the P protein component of glycine decarboxylase.
WORK ACTIVITY AND FATAL HEART ATTACK STUDIED BY MULTIPLE LOGISTIC RISK ANALYSIS

A group of 3975 San Francisco longshoremen in cohorts classified annually by work activity (WA) was followed for fatal heart attack (FHA) over a 22-year period. In 57,632 person-years of follow-up, 410 men died from heart attack. A multi-factor logistic analysis was used to study work energy output adjusted for age, race, systolic blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, glucose intolerance and EKG status as predictors of FHA. After adjustment for these factors, men with a high WA of 7 kcal/min above basal metabolism at the beginning of a yearly follow-up period had a FHA rate about one-half the rate for men in the lowest WA category of 1 kcal/min above basal metabolism (p = 0.0003). In addition, the predictability of average WA during the four years preceding a yearly follow-up period was isolated to see if the lower risk associated with high WA derives from selective factors. After adjustment for factors described above and also for rate of change in WA used to represent selective factors, subjects with WA of 7 kcal/min still had about one-half the FHA rate observed for men at the lowest WA level (p = 0.0006). The findings from these and other phases of the analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that a substantial protective effect against FHA results from vigorous physical exertion.
Untoasted Soybean Oil Meal in a Simplified Chick Ration

Abstract NUMEROUS investigators including Osborne and Mendel (1917), Vestal and Shrewsbury (1932), Robison (1930), Hayward, Steenbock, and Bohstedt (1936), Wilgus, Norris, and Heuser (1936) Fritz, Kramke, and Reed (1947), and others have observed that the nutritive value of soybean protein is greatly increased by heat. Mitchell and Smuts (1932), and Hayward, Steenbock and Bohstedt (1936a) observed that the addition of cystine to diets containing raw soybeans resulted in appreciable growth increases. Then the work of Rose et al. (1936), Womack, Kemmerer, and Rose (1937), and Rose (1937) proved that methionine was indispensable in the diet, but that cystine could replace part of the methionine effectively. Hayward and Hafner (1941) found that the protein of raw soybeans was effectively supplemented by 0.3 percent cystine, but even better by 0.3 percent methionine. Autoclaving the soybeans increased the nutritional value of the protein much in the same manner as did cystine and methionine supplements . . .
Impaired Growth in Rabson-Mendenhall Syndrome: Lack of Effect of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I*

Mutations in the insulin receptor gene cause the severe insulin-resistant syndromes leprechaunism and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. There is no accepted therapy for these inherited conditions. Here we report the results of recombinant human GH (rhGH) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) treatment of a male patient, Atl-2, with Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. The patient was small for gestational age, had premature dentition, absence of sc fat, acanthosis nigricans, fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia, and extremely high concentrations of circulating insulin (up to 8500 microU/mL). Fibroblasts and lymphoblasts established from this patient had reduced insulin binding, which was 20-30% of the control value. Binding of epidermal growth factor, IGF-I, and GH to the patient's fibroblasts was normal. The growth of fibroblasts cultured from patient Atl-2 in vitro was intermediate between that of fibroblasts from patients with leprechaunism and control values. The patient's growt...
In Situ Microspatial Imaging Using Two-Photon and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Bacteria and Extracellular Polymeric Secretions (EPS) Within Marine Stromatolites

The combination of a hydrophilic embedding resin, Nanoplast, with fluorescent probes, and subsequent imaging using two-photon and confocal laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM and CLSM) has allowed in imaging of the in situ microspatial arrangements of microbial cells and their extracellular polymeric secretion (EPS) within marine stromatolites. Optical sectioning by 2P-LSM and CLSM allowed imaging of endolithic cyanobacteria cells, Solentia sp., seen within carbonate sand grains. 2P-LSM allowed very clear imaging with a high resolution of bacteria using DAPI, which normally require UV excitation and reduced photo-bleaching of fluorescent probes.