cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics as an Extension of Proteomic Analysis: Study of acute kidney injury

Although proteomics studies the global expression of proteins, metabolomics characterizes and quantifies their end products: the metabolites, produced by an organism under a certain set of conditions. From this perspective it is apparent that proteomics and metabolomics are complementary and when joined allow a fuller appreciation of an organism's phenotype. Our studies using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of glucose, amino acids, and trichloroacetic acid cycle metabolites in the urine after 48 hours of cisplatin administration. These metabolic alterations precede changes in serum creatinine. Biochemical studies confirmed the presence of glucosuria, but also showed the accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides in serum, urine, and kidney tissue, despite increased levels of plasma insulin. These metabolic alterations were ameliorated by the use of fibrates. We propose that the injury-induced metabolic profile may be used as a biomarker of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. These studies serve to illustrate that metabolomic studies add insight into pathophysiology not provided by proteomic analysis alone.
NASA radar experiment discovers Mayan canals

Extensive Mayan-built irrigation canals, hidden for more than 1,000 years beneath dense rain forest in Guatemala, have been revealed by a new radar system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The radar's unveiling of the ancient canal systems, dug by the Maya between 250 B.C. and 900 A.D. in Guatemala and the neighboring country of Belize, may answer a question that has long puzzled archeologists: How did the Maya, whose population numbered between 2 to 3 million citizens, feed their people? The canals were recently found in images taken during an early test (1977–1978) of the new radar from an aircraft over the cloud-covered jungles of Guatemala and Belize—once the center of the Mayan empire. The new radar (called SAR for synthetic aperture radar) can penetrate clouds and provides higher resolution for comparable antenna than other radars. It has been developed by NASA and the military. JPL's version was originally designed to penetrate the dense cloud cover of Venus and provide maplike images of the planet's hidden surface.
Research Collaboratives With School Districts: The Potential for Partnerships to Facilitate Enhanced Learning by Students and Enlighten Research Stakeholders

As America and other nations seek ways of providing young people with dramatically improved and updated educations, one thing that is increasingly clear is that the effort requires a broad range of...
Multiple effects of NA+ removal on pancreatic secretion in vitro.

The effects of removing Na+ from the incubation medium on basal and secretagogue induced zymogen release by pancreatic fragments and isolated pancreatic acini were studied by both morphological evaluation and measurement of amylase release. In both fragments and isolated acini, removal of Na+ led to an increased basal secretion of zymogen granule contents from acinar cells via exocytosis; secretory material, however, accumulated in acinar and ductular lumina as a result of the lack of fluid secretion necessary to wash out the enzymes. In studies with fragments, after Na+ removal there was no significant increase in amylase release into the medium; isolated acini, in contrast, showed an increased amylase release consistent with the shorter distance from the acinar lumen to the bathing medium. Stimulation with either bethanechol or caerulein led to a further depletion of zymogen granules in both preparations; in the absence of Na+ secretory product accumulated in intracellular lakes as well as in duct lumens. The hypothesis that Na+ influx is important in stimulus-secretion coupling to release intracellular Ca2+ was directly tested by measuring 45Ca2+ efflux. No effect of removing Na+ on 45Ca2+ efflux was seen. It was concluded, therefore, that while Na+ is essential for pancreatic fluid secretion, it is not necessary for the secretion of zymogen granule contents into acinar lumina.
Reply to "Comment on 'Dynamically maintained steady-state pressure gradients' "

A reply is made to Duncan's Comment [T. L. Duncan, Phys. Rev. E 61, 4661 (2000)] on my earlier paper [D. P. Sheehan, Phys. Rev. E 57, 6660 (1998)] in which he raises an apparent second-law paradox arising from dynamically maintained, steady-state pressure gradients. Resolutions to this paradox are considered in light of current theoretical and experimental understanding.
The Social Ecology of Residential Pattern and Memberships In Immigrant Churches

In this paper, we utilize GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping data to locate eleven immigrant congregations and the residential addresses of their members in Houston, Texas. Combining this information with ethnographic data allows us to understand how ecological variables impact organizationalcharacteristics of religious institutions. Specifically, we combine GIS and ethnographic data on immigrant congregations in Houston, Texas, to analyze characteristics that make them more parish or niche-like in structure. We demonstrate that the combination of GIS techniques and standard field methods yields the greatest potential to provide a comprehensive understanding of what congregations mean to their members.
New nanoporous low-dielectric-constant material for TFT passivation

Nano-porous containing photo-sensitive materials can be used in TFT-LCD color filter. It is a critical material in color filter on array(COA) manufacturing. Nano-porous material has high light transmittance, high resolution. Band low dielectric constant which can increase the aperture ratio of TFT-LCD display panel. Advantages of low exposure dose, high sensitivity and high resolution can be provided by applying cationic photo acid generator (PAG) in photo sensitive materials. In this paper, chain breakages were produced by photo chemical reaction between the tert-butyl side chain containing polymer and PAG. The butene produced from chain breakages of methacrylate polymer will become nano-porous which is critical to low dielectric constant in materials. The Montomorillonite(MMT) was use as nano-reactor. PAG were inserted between MMT layers though intercalating reaction. The d-spacing was thus increased. By measuring the changes in d-spacing with X-ray, the intercalating reaction between PAG & MMT was shown. The reaction mechanism of nano-porous formation in photo sensitive materials after UV exposure were studied with EPR. Furthermore, MTEM has been used to observe the amount of nano-porous and the hole size in order to study the interrelation among nano-porous.
A shot in the arm for mast cells

The search is on for for vaccine adjuvants that boost the innate immune response and complement existing adjuvants. Mast cell activators may be one option (pages 536–541).
Extent and effect of acid precipitation in northeastern United States and eastern Canada

The alkalinity-to-Σ(base cations) (ABC) ratios and [Aln+ and H+]-versus-[SO4 2−/Σ(base cations)] (AHSBC) plots were used to assess acid precipitation (AP) in northeastern USA and eastern Canada. ABC ratios were used to study the extents when the AP was not severe, and AHSBC plots were used to study the effects when the AP was severe. The Appalachians with calcareous bedrocks were least affected by AP (ABC ratio, 0.65), three New England States were subject to intermediate AP (ABC ratios, 0.49), and the Canadian Shield, New Hampshire and certain Adirondack lakes showed the effects of advanced AP (ABC ratios, 0.29). Groundwater hydrology also affects ratios where highest ABC ratios were recorded for lowest groundwater velocities (largest residence time), and vice versa in Quabbin Reservation, Massachusetts. Lower ABC ratios and higher AHSBC acidic cations in spring compared to summer confirmed the fact the H+ ions were released from spring snowmelt. AHSBC plots had decreasing ABC ratios from left to right when the contribution from Aln+ and organic acids was minimal, ABC ratios were large(e.g., Appalachian and Massachusetts); when the contribution of acidic cations dominated, ABC ratios were small(e.g., certain Adirondack lakes). Limitations associated with the ratio and plot in making interpretations are discussed.
Role of Raf in Vascular Protection from Distinct Apoptotic Stimuli

Raf kinases have been linked to endothelial cell survival. Here, we show that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) differentially activate Raf, resulting in protection from distinct pathways of apoptosis in human endothelial cells and chick embryo vasculature. bFGF activated Raf-1 via p21-activated protein kinase-1 (PAK-1) phosphorylation of serines 338 and 339, resulting in Raf-1 mitochondrial translocation and endothelial cell protection from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, independent of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1). In contrast, VEGF activated Raf-1 via Src kinase, leading to phosphorylation of tyrosines 340 and 341 and MEK1-dependent protection from extrinsic-mediated apoptosis. These findings implicate Raf-1 as a pivotal regulator of endothelial cell survival during angiogenesis.
Distributed programming in Argus

Argus—a programming language and system developed to support the implementation and execution of distributed programs—provides mechanisms that help programmers cope with the special problems that arise in distributed programs, such as network partitions and crashes of remote nodes.
Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by disulfiram

Sprague--Dawley rats, both intact and colostomized animals, were given 24 weekly injections of azoxymethane. Rats were fed either Rat Purina Chow or the same diet plus 0.25% disulfiram. In the intact animals, disulfiram reduced tumors from an average of 6.3 to 0.95. The number of rats developing tumors was reduced from 100% to 60%. In colostomized animals, the reduction was from an average of 5.0 to 0.13. Marked inhibition occurred even in the defunctionalized colon. The results suggest that disulfiram blocks the metabolism of azoxymethane to methylazoxymethanol, and also that the inhibitor may act systemically.
Adolescent romance and emotional health in the United States: beyond binaries.

Research on adolescent same-sex sexuality has focused almost exclusively on risk in the lives of self-identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. The attention to same-sex self identity may obscure heterogeneity in same-sex romance (attractions and relationships) and thus may inaccurately characterize sexual-minority youth as more different than heterosexual youth in terms of emotional health risk. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the nexus of romantic attractions and relationships among contemporary U.S. adolescents, linking experiences of romance to indicators of emotional health. We conclude that broadening the scope of inquiry beyond binaries of identity (that is, gay vs. straight) provides the opportunity to more fully understand the health and well-being of all adolescents.
Characterization of the surfaces of activated carbons in terms of their acidity constant distributions

Abstract A method for characterization of carbon surfaces' acidity using a continuous distribution of acidity constants is proposed. The method is based on potentiometric titration measurements. Titration curves are transformed into proton adsorption isotherms, and are analyzed to yield the distribution of acidity constants. Calculation of the distribution function is sensitive to experimental errors, and therefore a careful smoothing treatment must be applied to the experimental data. The method is tested by application to organic compounds and the calculated pK values are in excellent agreement with literature data. The method is then applied to study the evolution of acidic groups, in terms of their pK values, subsequent to modification processes such as oxidation and reduction of activated carbons. It is demonstrated that the method is sensitive to the changes in the number and character of surface acidic groups.
Invariant meson-sextet interactions in a relativistic formulation of SU(6)-symmetry☆

Abstract In the framework of relativistic SU (6)-symmetry the Yang-Mills method is applied to the gauge group of a sextet field. It is shown that invariance under coordinate dependent gauge transformations requires the introduction of meson fields with the correct spin, unitary spin, and parity assignments of the observed mesons. Moreover, a meson mass term may be introduced which is gauge invariant provided the gauge functions are restricted to solutions of a generalized Klein-Gordon equation. The general form of the meson-sextet interaction is discussed in detail. For simplicity the case of a sextet field is considered only; however, the extension to the case of meson-baryon interaction is possible.
Asymptotic stability in singular perturbation problems. II: Problems having matched asymptotic expansion solutions☆

Abstract The stability of systems of ordinary differential equations of the form dx dt = f(t, x, y, ϵ), ϵ dy dt = g(t, x, y, ϵ) , where ϵ is a real parameter near zero, is studied. It is shown that if the reduced problem dx dt = f(t, x, y, 0), 0 = g(t, x, y, 0) , is stable, and certain other conditions which ensure that the method of matched asymptotic expansions can be used to construct solutions are satisfied, then the full problem is asymptotically stable as t → ∞, and a domain of stability is determined which is independent of ϵ. Moreover, under certain additional conditions, it is shown that the solutions of the perturbed problem have limits as t → ∞. In this case, it is shown how these limits can be calculated directly from the equations f(∞, x, y, ϵ) = 0 g(∞, x, y, ϵ) = 0 as expansions in powers of ϵ.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) Controls the Delivery of Platelet Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Platelets are immunologically competent cells containing cytokines such as TGF-β1 that regulate cell-mediated immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying cytokine secretion from platelets are undefined. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) regulates actin polymerization in nucleated hematopoietic cells but has other role(s) in platelets. WASp-null (WASp−/−) platelets stimulated with a PAR-4 receptor agonist had increased TGF-β1 release compared with WT platelets; inhibiting WASp function with wiskostatin augmented TRAP-induced TGF-β1 release in human platelets. TGF-β1 release is dissociated from α-granule secretion (P-selectin up-regulation) and occurs more gradually, with ∼10–15% released after 30–60 min. Blockade of Src family kinase-mediated WASp Tyr-291/Tyr-293 phosphorylation increased TGF-β1 release, with no additive effect in WASp−/− platelets, signifying that phosphorylation is critical for WASp-limited TGF-β1 secretion. Inhibiting F-actin assembly with cytochalasin D enhanced secretion in WT platelets and further increased TGF-β1 release in WASp−/− platelets, indicating that WASp and actin assembly independently regulate TGF-β1 release. A permeabilized platelet model was used to test the role of upstream small GTPases in TGF-β1 release. N17Cdc42, but not Rac1 mutants, increased TGF-β1 secretion and abrogated WASp phosphorylation. We conclude that WASp function restricts TGF-β1 secretion in a Cdc42- and Src family kinase-dependent manner and independently of actin assembly.
The detection and characterization of viral-related double-stranded RNAs in tobacco mosaic virus-infected plants

Abstract The 2 M LiCl-soluble RNA fraction extracted from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco plants contains, in addition to the viral replicative form of 4 × 10 6 MW, three smaller double-stranded (ds) RNA species with apparent molecular weights (estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using ds RNAs as markers) of 2.25, 1.1, and 0.23 × 10 6 . The synthesis of all four ds RNAs is insensitive to actinomycin D. They are completely RNase insensitive at high salt concentrations and are found both in directly inoculated and in apical tissues. In tissues incubated in the presence of 3 H-uridine and actinomycin D, the three small ds RNAs accounted for 6 to 11.5% of the total radioactivity incorporated into viral ds RNA. On a molar basis, however, in apical leaves the smallest ds RNA was synthesized to almost the same level as the replicative form. By molecular hybridization, the three small ds RNAs have been shown to be of viral origin, and each contains sequences represented in the 5′ end of complementary (negative strand) TMV RNA. Based on molecular weight data, none of the ds RNAs can be considered to be a ds form of the subgenomic TMV coat protein mRNA (the LMC), suggesting that it is not replicated independently. None of the small ds RNAs was found to be an endogenous product of the bound TMV RNA replicase.
An expert system for fault diagnosis in a Space Shuttle main engine

The detection and diagnosis of SSME faults in an early stage is important in order to allow enough time for fault preventive or corrective measurements. Since most of the faults in a complex system like SSME develop rapidly, early detection and diagnosis of faults is critical for the survival of space vehicles. An expert system has been designed for automatic learning, detection, identification, verification, and correction of anomalous propulsion system operations. This paper describes an innovative machine learning approach which is employed for the automatic training of this expert system.
Induction of β-sheet structure in amyloidogenic peptides by neutralization of aspartate: a model for amyloid nucleation

Abstract Amyloid fibril formation is widely accepted as a critical step in all types of amyloidosis. Amyloid fibrils derived from different amyloidogenic proteins share structural elements including β-sheet secondary structure and similar tertiary structure. While some amyloidogenic proteins are rich in β-sheet in their soluble form, others, like Alzheimer β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) or serum amyloid A, must undergo significant structural transition to acquire a high β-sheet content. We postulate that Aβ and other amyloidogenic proteins undergo a transition to β-sheet as a result of aging-related chemical modifications of aspartyl residues to the form of succinimide or isoaspartyl methyl ester. We hypothesize that spontaneous cyclization of aspartate residues in amyloidogenic proteins can serve as a nucleation event in amyloidogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized a series of designed peptides having the sequence VTVKVXAVKVTV, where X represents aspartic acid or its derivatives. Studies using circular dichroism showed that neutralization of the aspartate residue through the formation of a methyl ester or an amide, or replacement of aspartate with glutamate led to an increased β-sheet content at neutral and basic pH. A higher content of β-sheet structure correlated with increased propensity for fibril formation and decreased solubility at neutral pH.
Crossing zones in the vestibulocerebellum: a commentary

The contention of this commentary, focused on the vestibulocerebellum (particularly the flocculus), is that the great importance for our understanding of cerebellar organization in terms of climbing fiber zones, begun years ago by Voogd [1969, 2011] and Oscarsson [1969], needs to be matched by coming more to grips with the other fundamental geometrical organization of the cerebellum, the parallel fibers. The central issue is the selection of those parallel fiber signals to be transformed into Purkinje cell activity in the different zones. At present, in comparison to our knowledge of vestibulocerebellar climbing fiber inputs, the deficiencies in our knowledge of the zonal anatomy and physiology of vestibulocerebellar mossy fibers and granule cells are glaring. The recent emphasis on molecularly oriented investigations points to the need to reinvigorate pursuit of unanswered questions about cerebellar anatomy, the handmaiden of physiology.
Efficiency of defect production in cascades

In copper and silver, the defect production by energetic ions has been investigated for projectile masses between 1 and 209 in the energy range between 10/sup 4/ and 10/sup 6/ eV. Thin-film residual-resistivity measurements were used to determine the defect production below 10K. Calculations of the number of Frenkel pairs produced by various projectiles as a function of energy were performed, based on Lindhard's cross sections and a modified Kinchin-Pease expression. A comparison of measured and calculated damage rates shows that the defect-production efficiency decreases with ion mass for light projectiles, whereas at masses >20 the cascade efficiency remains rather constant and assumes a value of xi approximately 0.3 for both Ag and Cu. The decrease in defect efficiency indicates a transition from isolated Frenkel-pair formation to the production of energetic displacement cascades.
Exposure of newborn rats to pharmacologically active compounds may permanently alter carcinogen metabolism

Administration of phenobarbital to mother rats during early lactation causes long-term, perhaps permanent, alteration of hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity and aflatoxin B1 adduct formation in the adult male offspring. These findings suggest that perinatal exposure to pharmacologically active compounds may be a determinant of cancer risk.
Song Selectivity in the Song System and in the Auditory Forebrain

The sensorimotor neurons found in the song-system nuclei are responsive to the sounds of the bird's own song. This selectivity emerges during vocal learning and appears to follow the development of the bird's song vocalization in two ways: at each stage, the neurons are most selective for the bird's current vocalizations and this selectivity increases as the bird learns to produce a stable adult song. Also, because of their location in the sensori-vocal pathway and because their physiological properties are correlated with the motor program, it is postulated that these neurons play a crucial role in interpreting the auditory feedback during song to preserve a desirable vocal output. The neurons found in presynaptic auditory areas lack this selectivity for the bird's own song. Auditory neurons in the secondary auditory areas caudal nidopallium and caudal mesopallium show specific responses to familiar songs or behaviorally relevant songs. These auditory areas might therefore be involved in perceptual tasks. Neurons in the primary forebrain auditory area are selective for the spectrotemporal modulations that are common in song, yielding an efficient neural representation of those sounds. Neurons that are particularly selective for the tutor song at the end of the sensory period have not yet been described in any areas. Although these three levels of selectivity found in the primary auditory forebrain areas, the secondary auditory forebrain areas, and the song system suggest a form of hierarchical sensory processing, the functional connectivity between these areas and the mechanisms generating the specific selectivity for songs that are behaviorally relevant or crucial in song learning and production have yet to be revealed.
Variation in Milk Fat Production in State-Owned Herds in Iowa,

Summary This investigation was of 12,623 records made by 4,487 cows from 1940 through 1956 in 12 state-owned herds in Iowa. Herd differences and herd-by-year interactions were responsible for about 6 and 10% of the total variance, respectively. Years, seasons, and the other interactions among these three mainly environmental factors were of minor importance individually; together they accounted for 4% of the total variance. The records were corrected for the major environmental effects by taking each record as a deviation from the average of all records made in that herd in that same year. Then, for obtaining sire and dam components, etc., only the cows whose sires and dams each had at least two daughters in the herd were used. This analysis involved 7,003 records by 2,398 daughters of 295 sires and was made in three different ways: (1) hierarchal classification of sires, dams within sires, etc.; (2) full sister analysis; and (3) cross classification by sires and by dams. Four times the sire component in the first method gave 0.16 as the intraherd heritability of differences in butterfat production. By the second method, twice the full sister component gave 0.12 as the estimate. By the first method 1.6% of the total variance was attributed to dominance deviations and other things, such as maternal effects, that make full sisters resemble each other more than twice as much as paternal half-sisters. In the cross classification, the component for sire-by-dam interaction was 1.8%. These results suggest that deviations from the additive scheme of inheritance are unimportant, but these estimates of nonadditive genetic effects were not precise.
Strength design with 2-D triaxial braid textile composites

Textile preforms are currently being considered as a possible means of reducing the cost of advanced fiber composites. This paper presents a methodology for strength design of carbon/epoxy 2-D braid fiber composites under general conditions of biaxial stress loading. A comprehensive investigation into the in-plane strength properties of 2-D braids has been carried out on tubular specimens of AS4/1895 carbon-fiber/epoxy composite made with the resin transfer molding process. The biaxial loadings involved both compression-compression and tension-tension biaxial tests. The results show that prediction of failure under biaxial loading conditions can be based on procedures similar to those developed for laminates, using critical strain values in the axial and braid direction fibers, but with degraded strength properties because of the undulating nature of the fiber paths. A significant loss of strength is observed in the braid directions.
Spatial and habitat-based variations in total and methyl mercury concentrations in surficial sediments in the San Francisco Bay-Delta.

Recent studies indicate significant amounts of mercury (Hg) are annually transported into the San Francisco Bay-Delta (Bay-Delta) as a result of historic gold and Hg mining activities. We examined temporal and spatial variation in concentrations of total Hg (HgT) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in surficial sediments of various ecosystem types in the Bay-Delta. We sampled surficial sediments across the Bay-Delta system and found HgT sediment concentrations in the central Delta were generally 100−200 ng g-1 and increased westward through Suisun Bay to 250−350 ng g-1. MMHg concentrations in the central Delta were between 1 and 3 ng g-1, while those in sediments in the perimeter waterways and adjacent bays were less than 1 ng g-1. Six sites were monitored monthly for over a year to identify seasonal changes in Hg sediment concentrations. HgT sediment concentrations ranged from 48 to 382 ng g-1 and varied as a function of location not season. However, MMHg concentrations varied seasonally, increasing from 1 ng g...
Growth rates of summer nanoplankton (<10 μm) populations in lower Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA

Growth rates of summer (June–September) phytoplankton assemblages and constituent species were measured in 30 diffusion culture experiments. Size-fractionated (<10 μm) phytoplankton assemblages were incubated in situ or under simulated in-situ conditions in outdoor tanks connected to a running seawater system. Doubling rates of important species and groups (such as microflagellates) were compared to community biomass doubling rates estimated from 14C uptake and changes in chlorophyll a concentrations. Division rates of dominant diatom species generally equalled or exceeded community biomass doubling rates, while those of flagellates and non-motile ultraplankters were slower. Maximum division rates of sixteen common diatom species exceeded 2.1 divisions d-1, while nine had maximum division rates in excess of 3 d-1. Mean division rates of 12 diatom species exceeded 1 d-1. Maximum division rates of flagellated species, uncharacterized microflagellates and non-motile ultraplankton assemblages were 2.1, 1.5 and 1.4 d-1, respectively. Microflagellate and non-motile ultraplankton assemblage doubling rates were less than 0.5 d-1 in over half of all growth experiments.
Forecasting Accuracy of the McGraw-Hill Anticipatory Data

Abstract This study analyzes the forecast accuracy of the McGraw-Hill (M-H) anticipations with one- to four-year horizons of investment, sales and capacity for major manufacturing industries for the period 1948–71. Average absolute percentage errors are presented for each anticipation series. In comparison to the BEA survey of one-year investment anticipations, the M-H data are generally less accurate. On the other hand, in forecasting experiments the M-H series are shown to be more accurate predictors than several naive statistical models and yield lower forecast errors than the accelerator and neoclassical econometric models of investment behavior.
Implementation of an implicit shear Alfvén operator in the M3D code

A new pair of linear operators is introduced into the partially implicit but largely explicit time advance algorithm for the MHD equations in the M3D code. These operators jointly render the algorithm implicit with respect to propagation of the shear Alfven wave to leading order. As a result, the maximum stable time step is increased by up to a factor of three for many practical applications. The additional computational cost is trivial for the linear mode of operation and adds only approximately 30% additional execution time per step for nonlinear calculations.
Simulation probability points of b2 for small samples

SUMMARY A table of percentiles of b2, the fourth standardized sample moment, applicable for samples of size 50 or less is given. The table was constructed by means of simulations. It can be used for testing the hypothesis of normality against alternatives of nonnormality due to kurtosis.
Molecular beam epitaxial GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors on

Absrrucr- We have investigated the characteristics and reproducibility of Si-doped p-type (311)A GaAs layers for application to heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We have obtained p = 2.2 x lOI9 ~111~~ in a layer grown at 670°C. We have used all-Si doping to grow n-p-n transistors. These devices exhibit excellent dc characteristics with B = 230 in a device with base doping of p = 4 x 10'~ ~m-~.
Missionary activity in the Victorian era: a selective bibliography

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify unique Victorian-Era collections of British and American missionary activity, which provide an introduction to the breadth and depth of primary sources in the field of missiology. Design/methodology/approach – This article provides a list of physical archives, digital repositories, microfilm collections and subscription databases with relevance to missionary activity in the Victorian Era. Collections were purposefully selected based on denominational importance or historical relevance. The bibliography consists of collections from both the USA and Great Britain. Findings – Through grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the digital availability of Victorian Era missionary materials has increased significantly over the past decade. Originality/value – This bibliography includes archival collections housed or hosted in the USA and Great Britain. The annotations describe the scope and uniqueness of each archive, and will be of interest to scholars interested in the field of missiology.
Value of an Endovascular Suite in the Operating Room

The purpose of this study is to describe the advantages and value of an endovascular suite in the operating room from a vascular surgeon's perspective. All endovascular procedures were performed in a specially equipped operating room by vascular surgeons using digital flouroscopic imaging equipment. Between January 1, 1994 and August 31, 1996, intraoperative balloon angioplasties were attempted by vascular surgeons in 102 patients with insertion of 22 stents. Angioplasties were performed for stenoses in 50 arterial bypasses and 25 iliac, 17 femoral and 10 popliteal arteries proximal or distal to arterial grafts. Sixty-two procedures were performed concomitantly with a surgical bypass and 40 were performed as the sole procedure (30 percutaneous, 10 open) in patients who had previously undergone a bypass. There were five technically unsatisfactory results which were converted to surgical procedures and one postoperative hematoma that required surgical repair. Ninety of the 102 grafts remained patent more than 1 month after the procedure. Establishment of an endovascular operating room suite enables vascular surgeons to perform adjunctive endovascular procedures concomitantly with vascular surgery and treat unexpected findings in the operating room amenable to endovascular intervention without requesting other interventionalists to participate on an emergent basis.
International measures of comparative health care

Measures of health input and output are analysed for their advantages and disadvantages in assessing international health. Data from four countries are analysed using current international measures, then more refined indicators developed in the United States are discussed and related to the international indicators. An international health systems model is proposed using five indicators to measure overall system output.
Cognition in schizophrenia.

Cognitive dysfunction has been described as a hallmark feature of schizophrenia since the first descriptions of the illness. Kraepelin described a number of features of the disorder that he thought reflected impairments in cognition and attention. He also speculated that cognitive impairments were mediated by neurobiologic dysfunction, specifically impairments in the functions of the frontal lobe. Since Kraepelin’s time, there have been many changes in the general conceptions of schizophrenia, including ideas regarding the status and importance of cognitive impairment in the illness. Due to increased sophistication of neuropsychologic assessment and neuroimaging techniques, cognitive impairment has again has risen to the forefront of importance in terms of theories regarding the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia.
Cythogenetic Research Techniques in Humans and Laboratory Animals That Can Be Applied Most Profitably to Livestock

Abstract The usefulness of various chromosome banding techniques, i.e., Q, C, G, R, Ag-NOR, and SCE, which are currently in use in many clinical cytogenetics laboratories are discussed. Since C-banding revealed the location of constitutive heterochromatin, it must be applied in conjunction with Q, G, or R-banding techniques. For the longitudinal differentiation of mammalian chromosomes one can use either the G-banding or the Q-banding and, if possible, R-banding technique. The results of such studies should not only contribute to our understanding of cytogenetics of domestic animals but also assist breeding programs and improvement of livestock.
Comparative study of the performance of field-aged photovoltaic modules located in a hot and humid environment

Long-term monitoring of systems installed in the field is the ultimate standard for evaluating photovoltaic components and systems. This study, which involves the long-term outdoor exposure in a hot and humid climate, intends to address the performance degradation and failure mechanisms which are difficult or impossible to simulate in the lab during time constrained accelerated tests. Experimental data including irradiance, temperature, DC/AC current and voltage has been collected on diverse generations of photovoltaic modules installed throughout the state of Florida. Long term module reliability and lifetime are evaluated using a two pronged approach. 1) Modules have been deployed outdoors for long time periods with systematic - 15 minutes interval- climatic and performance measurements 2) Real-time climatic and performance measurements of modules following long-term outdoor exposed. Visual, IR and electrical insulation inspections were performed are also presented in this paper. Multiple analytical methods are used to quantify energy production and power degradation over time, including Performance Ratio analysis, and PVUSA regression analysis. Real-time field measurements were reviewed for both overall return rates and compare them with the nameplate performance values and to identify the failure mechanism that caused the return.
Constructing phylogenetic trees using interacting pathways.

Phylogenetic trees are used to represent evolutionary relationships among biological species or organisms. The construction of phylogenetic trees is based on the similarities or differences of their physical or genetic features. Traditional approaches of constructing phylogenetic trees mainly focus on physical features. The recent advancement of high-throughput technologies has led to accumulation of huge amounts of biological data, which in turn changed the way of biological studies in various aspects. In this paper, we report our approach of building phylogenetic trees using the information of interacting pathways. We have applied hierarchical clustering on two domains of organisms—eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Our preliminary results have shown the effectiveness of using the interacting pathways in revealing evolutionary relationships.
Retrograde amnestic effects of inferotemporal and amygdaloid seizures upon conditioned suppression of lever-pressing in monkeys.

Abstract Seizures induced electrically in the inferotemporal cortex, as monitored by EEG recording, produced retrograde amnestic effects upon the development of conditioned suppression of lever-pressing to a visual CS paired with shock US but not to a similarly paired auditory CS. The afterdischarges, which propagated to the amygdala among other structures, appeared to interfere with the association of the visual CS with the noxious US without blocking retention of information about the noxious US itself. By contrast, seizures induced in the amygdala, which showed a more variable pattern of propagation to inferotemporal cortex, produced no apparent retrograde amnestic effects.
High-Performance Device Optimization and Dual-VT Technology Options for DoubleGate FET

In this paper we explore the technology design space for sub-45nm double-gate devices. Device geometry is optimized to achieve minimum gate delay (CV/I) under a leakage constraint. We show that the constraint on silicon thickness (to control short-channel-effect) can be relaxed by optimizing gate sidewall offset spacers (to control source/drain extension). Further, to reduce active leakage power in high-performance circuits, we explore technology options for dualthreshold voltage device design. We compare the effectiveness of higher body doping and longer channel length to obtain high-VT devices, and propose high-VT devices using dual-spacer thicknesses to vary channel length instead of increasing drawn gate length. Results indicate that the dual-spacer technique yields device/circuit performance comparable to body doping, while offering the advantage of less process variability.
Imperfect linear-optical photonic gates with number-resolving photodetection

We use the numerical optimization techniques of Uskov et al. [Phys. Rev. A 81, 012303 (2010)] to investigate the behavior of the success rates for Knill-Laflamme-Milburn-style [Knill et al., Nature (London) 409, 46 (2001)] two- and three-qubit entangling gates. The methods are first demonstrated at perfect fidelity and then extended to imperfect gates. We find that as the perfect fidelity condition is relaxed, the maximum attainable success rates increase in a predictable fashion depending on the size of the system, and we compare that rate of increase for several gates.
Association of a juvenile phoretic uropodid mite with the beach hopper Traskorchestia traskiana (Stimpson, 1857) (Crustacea: Talitridae)

A phoretic association of an undescribed uropodid deutonymph (Acari: Uropodidae) with the beach hopper Traskorchestia traskiana (Crustacea: Talitridae) is examined. Only juvenile mites (deutonymphs) were found attached to the coxal gills of the 257 beach hoppers examined. Both prevalence (range = 27·1–75·0%) and mean intensity (range = 1·3–3·7) increased as host size increased, possibly due to increased exposure time to the mites and a greater area for attachment in larger hosts. Among the gills, the mites exhibited a preference for coxal gill 5, which may be due to pH and humidity gradients but did not seem to be influenced by grooming or agitation of the gills by adjacent appendages.
Verbal Reports on Mental Processes Ignoring Data for the Sake of the Theory

Nisbett and Wilson (1977) proposed that subjects are often unaware of important stimuli, cognitive processes, and responses, and that verbal reports concerning these are often incorrect. Following this hypothesis, the experimenter may assume that when the subjects disagree with the experimenter and his or her hypothesis, the subjects must be unaware of the process involved and are wrong. One problem with Nisbett and Wilson's hypothesis, then, is that valuable verbal reports may be abandoned when they conflict with established theories. Using the misattribution of arousal paradigm, an example of how this can happen is outlined. A warning against too free use of Nisbett and Wilson's hypothesis is given.
On a generalized bin‐packing problem

In this paper we address a bin-packing problem which possesses a variety of modifications of the classic theme. Among these are bin-dependent chip weights, bin costs, and bin-dependent penalties for unused capacity. Lagrangian relaxations are employed in the context of a branch-and-bound framework in order to solve the problem after which substantial computational experience is provided.
Extreme quantum limit in a quasi-two-dimensional organic conductor.

We have measured magnetoresistance, Hall resistance, and magnetization of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalenium perchlorate [(TMTSF${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_{4}$] at low temperatures in fields up to 31 T. Above the cascade of field-induced spin-density-wave transitions, the system remains in a remarkably stable semimetallic state, with constant Landau filling factor (\ensuremath{\nu}), from 8 to 27 T. The measurements indicate that this state is related to the \ensuremath{\nu}=(1/3 fractional quantum Hall effect. At 27 T there is a new transition, to a novel state, distinct in its behavior from the lower-field transitions.
Risk factors predicting the postoperative outcome in 134 patients with active endocarditis

Background: Surgery remains the cornerstone in management of endocarditis.Methods: In this retrospective cohort we evaluated the operative outcome of patients with infective endocarditis. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data.Results: A total of 134 predominantly male patients (60%) with a mean age of 55 ± 12.4 years were examined. The procedures included single valve (n = 88; 66%), double/multiple valves (n = 29; 22%), and valve-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (n = 16; 12%). Perioperative mortality was 11.9% (n = 16). In the multivariate analysis, dialysis (odds ratio [OR] = 7.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.78-34.77]; P = .006), sepsis (OR = 19.5; 95% CI [2.76-137.9]; P = .002), and perfusion time (95% CI [1.00-1.02]; P = .003) were independent predictors of perioperative mortality. The overall long-term survival at 28 months was 69.2% ± 4%. Dialysis (P = .0001) was a predictor of mortality, whereas elevated creatinine in nondialysis patients (P = .0002) was not. In the multivariate analysis, dialysis (hazard ratio [HR] 4.06%; 95% CI [0.936-8.526]; P = .0002), CABG (HR 2.32; 95% CI [1.086-4.978]; P = .0299), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 2.20; 95% CI [1.027-4.739]; P = .0426), and double/multiple valve procedure (HR 3.0; 95% CI [1.467-6.206]; P = .0027) were risk factors for long-term mortality.Conclusion: Renal failure but not renal insufficiency is a risk factor for short and long-term mortality.
Effects of CeO2 support facets on VOx/CeO2 catalysts in oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol

Abstract CeO 2 supports with dominating facets, i.e., low index (1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) facets, are prepared. The facet effects on the structure and catalytic performance of supported vanadium oxide catalysts are investigated using oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol as a model reaction. In the presence of mixed facets, Infrared and Raman characterizations demonstrate that surface vanadia species preferentially deposit on CeO 2 (1 0 0) facets, presumably because of its higher surface energy. At the same surface vanadium densities, VO x species on (1 0 0) facets show better dispersion, followed by (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) facets. The VO x species on CeO 2 nanorods with (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) facets display higher activity and lower apparent activation energies compared to that on CeO 2 nanopolyhedras with dominating (1 1 1) facets and CeO 2 nanocubes with dominating (1 0 0) facets. The higher activity for VO x /CeO 2 (1 1 0) might be related to the more abundant oxygen vacancies present on the (1 1 0) facets, evidenced from Raman spectroscopic measurements.
MRI Technologies in Recent Human Brain Mapping

The recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology and techniques used in human brain mapping are remarkable. They are getting, faster, stronger and better. The advanced MRI technologies and techniques include, but not to limited to, the magnetic resonance imaging at higher magnetic field strengths, diffusion tensor imaging, multimodal neuroimaging, and monkey functional MRI. In this article, these advanced MRI techniques are briefly overviewed.
ON-LINE CROSS CORRELATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO NATURAL STIMULI.

Abstract The procedure of cross correlation of peripheral nerve activity, first described by Casby, Siminoff and Houseknecht, has been extended. With the present method of “fixed delays” the temporal pattern of nerve activity in response to natural stimuli can be studied. Mechanical stimulation of the skin produces activity in three groups of fibers: the A, alpha-beta; A, delta-gamma; and C fiber groups. The myelinated fiber groups are organized to follow the phasic aspect of the stimulus and for a given mechanical stimulus there is usually more small fiber activity than large fiber activity. The myelinated fiber groups have response patterns typical of phasic units. The unmyelinated fiber group completely differ in their response to mechanical stimuli in that they do not readily respond to repeated stimuli. Rather, the C fiber group gives an initial response which quickly adopts out to a low level tonic discharge. Due to various technical limitations, the use of fixed delay is the method of choice and even here can only be used to study the dominant patterns of activity.
Poly(phenylethylnorbornene)s and their Hydrogenated Derivatives

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was used to synthesize novel ring-opened poly[5-(2-phenylethylnorbornene)]. Hydrogenation can produce two different saturated derivatives, with the phenyl groups either preserved or saturated to cyclohexyl groups. These two different hydrogenated products allowed us to compare the effect of replacing the pendant phenyl groups with cyclohexyl groups on properties such as the glass transition temperature (Tg). We found that Tg decreased by only 2 °C (from 28 to 26 °C) upon replacement of the phenyl groups. This contrasts with the effect of saturating the phenyl ' groups in the addition polymer of 5-(2-phenylethylnorbornene), where the Tg increased by 34°C, from 215 to 249 °C, a remarkable difference in magnitude and direction compared with the ROMP polymers.