cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative approaches for thinking about and modeling consumer decisions in relationships

Abstract Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman identify an understudied area in consumer research (namely, decision making in social relationships), propose an important starting point for enquiry (a dyadic framework), and suggest many fruitful moderators for study that can be incorporated in their framework. After pointing out some boundary conditions and opportunities for future research concerning their suggestions, I consider a recent approach in psychology that applies to a relatively circumscribed domain of social relationships (i.e., the social relations model) and then briefly review an emerging approach (plural subject theory applied to goal-directed behavior) that goes beyond the social relations model and better fits certain psychological and social psychological phenomena in consumer behavior.
Composites prepared by the anionic polymerization of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate within supercritical carbon dioxide-swollen poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) was used as an aid in fabricating polymer/polymer composites. Using a two-stage process, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA) monomer was anionically polymerized within poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) substrates. The composite fabrication process involved first infusing triphenylphosphine (the initiator) into the substrate using SC CO2. In the second step, monomer was introduced (again using SC CO2) to the substrate. As the monomer absorbed into the initiator-containing substrate, it polymerized. The composite surfaces were characterized using surface-selective techniques. The mechanical performance of the composites was determined by measuring the adhesive fracture toughness of the composites. The locus of failure of fractured interfaces of composites with epoxy was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Toward understanding the complex mechanisms behind breast thermography: an overview for comprehensive numerical study

The abnormal thermogram has been shown to be a reliable indicator of a high risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, a major weakness of current infrared breast thermography is its poor sensitivity for deeper tumors. Numerical modeling for breast thermography provides an effective tool to investigate the complex relationships between the breast thermal behaviors and the underlying patho-physiological conditions. We have developed a set of new modeling techniques to take into account some subtle factors usually ignored in previous studies, such as gravity-induced elastic deformations of the breast, nonlinear elasticity of soft tissues, and dynamic behavior of thermograms. Conventional "forward problem" modeling cannot be used directly to improve tumor detectability, however, because the underlying tissue thermal properties are generally unknown. Therefore, we propose an "inverse problem" modeling technique that aims to estimate the tissue thermal properties from the breast surface thermogram. Our data suggest that the estimation of the tumor-induced thermal contrast can be improved significantly by using the proposed inverse problem solving techniques to provide the individual-specific thermal background, especially for deeper tumors. We expect the proposed new methods, taken together, to provide a stronger foundation for, and greater specificity and precision in, thermographic diagnosis, and treatment, of breast cancer.
Dual-source computed tomography angiography image quality in patients with fast heart rates.

Background Dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) provides diagnostic quality images of the coronary arteries over a wide range of heart rates (HRs). Current dose reduction techniques, including electrocardiographic (ECG) dose modulation and prospective triggering, are optimized for use in patients with relatively slow ( Objective We evaluated coronary vessel image quality (IQ) at different reconstruction phases in patients with fast HRs (>80 beats/min) to assess potential feasibility of prospective triggering techniques on DSCT. Methods Patients (n = 101) underwent 64-slice DSCT with retrospective ECG-gating without β-blocker premedication. Image reconstructions were performed at 10% R-R wave phase intervals (0%–90%). Patients were grouped by mean HR: group A, 80 beats/min (n = 22). Coronary artery IQ was assessed by 2 readers in consensus on a 5-point scale. Results Optimal IQ occurred at 70% phase for all arteries in groups A and B. In group C, optimal IQ occurred at 30% and 40% phases. The 70% phase achieved diagnostic IQ in 97% of group A and 86% of group B. A widened reconstruction window (30%–50%) was necessary for diagnostic IQ in a similar high proportion (84%) of group C. Conclusion Optimal IQ occurs during late-systolic phases for patients with fast HRs (>80 beats/min). Late-systolic phase prospective triggering is potentially feasible in these patients; however, given the widened reconstruction windows required, a higher radiation dose may be required compared with patients with slower HRs (
The changing concept of cardiovascular reactivity

Cardiovascular reactivity has long been measured in laboratory responses to a wide variety of cognitive and physical stressors, with the hypothesis that exaggerated reactivity plays a pathogenetic role in the development of essential hypertension. However there are few data to support the belief that behavioural differences of cognitive perception of stressors account for observed differences of reactivity. Cardiovascular reactivity in the laboratory does not predict hypertension or account for differences of blood pressure variability in the natural environment. Hypertensives do not exhibit increased blood pressure variability. Antihypertensive therapy consistently fails to lower cardiovascular reactivity in either the laboratory or natural milieu, supporting the dual and largely independent regulation of the basal and reactive blood pressures. It is concluded that there is little support for the use of laboratory stress testing to delineate either the pathogenesis of hypertension, the evaluation of hypertensive subjects, or the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy.
Dogmatism and mental health: a study of perceived relationship.

(1960) method of controlled marginals. Each time the scale was preceded by different instructions (adapted from Stotsky, 1955) : in Condition I Ss were asked to reply to the statements according to their personal opinion; in Condition 11 Ss were instructed ro answer the statements as a normal person would answer; in Condition I11 Ss were required to respond to the statements as a neurotic individual, a person in poor mental health who showed anxiety symptoms, would respond. The order in which conditions occurred was counterbalanced with no interval berween the three administrations. Three t tests for correlated measures compared the dogmatism scores berween Conditions I and 11, I and 111, and I1 and 111. These two-tailed t tests indicated significant differences (p < ,001). T he Ss perceived themselves as being far less dogmatic than either normals (Personal, M = -658.15, SD = 631.00; Normal. M = 399.95, SD = 913.67; t = 6.20, df = 38) o r neurotics (M = 1671.92, SD = 911.39, t = 15.08, df = 38). Perhaps they interpreted the word normal to mean an average individual. Consequently, it is not surprising that they considered themselves somewhat less dogmatic than the average person. Neurotics were viewed as being more dogmatic than normals (t = 6.69, df = 38). Thirty-five of 39 Ss attributed higher dogmatism scores to neurotics than either to normals or to themselves. It means that a strong relationship between dogmatism and poor mental health exists in the minds of the students, even though no empirical study, so far, has indicated any such relationship. Whether this stereotype is prevalent among studena or is simply restricted to psychology students who have had relevant courses, is hard to ascertain from the present data. It is plausible that psychology professors are responsible for fostering such a stereotype among the students through insinuation and speculation. The scores of the 25 females and 14 males were compared for all three conditions separately. The results indicated that the female Ss perceived the neurotics as being more dogmatic than the male Ss did (Female, M = 1701.40, SD = 637.39; Male, M = 1262.14, SD = 1181.47; t = 2.21, df = 37, p < .05). The remaining rwo comparisons were not significant. It appears that, if a stereotype concerning the dogmatic attirude of the neurotics is being conveyed to the students, the females seem more susceptible to belief in it. There is some evidence indicating that females are on the whole more submissive and susceptible to influence; whereas, males are more independent and dominant (Di Vesta & Cox, 1760). However, recently the validity of these findings has been
God in Recent French Phenomenology

In this essay, I provide an introduction to the so-called ‘theological turn’ in recent French, ‘new’ phenomenology. I begin by articulating the stakes of excluding God from phenomenology (as advocated by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger) and then move on to a brief consideration of why Dominique Janicaud contends that, by inquiring into the ‘inapparent’, new phenomenology is no longer phenomenological. I then consider the general trajectories of this recent movement and argue that there are five main themes that unite the work of such varied thinkers as Levinas, Derrida, Marion, Henry, Chretien, Lacoste, and Ricœur. I conclude by outlining points of overlap between new phenomenology and contemporary analytic philosophy of religion and suggest that the two stand as important resources for each other.
Phase formation and characterization of the SrBi2Ta2O9 layered-perovskite ferroelectric

Abstract The Sr-Bi-Ta-O system is of interest for thin-film non-volatile ferroelectric memories. A better understanding of the process by which the perovskite phase forms can provide insight for improved processing of this ferroelectric compound. We have prepared thin-films by a chemical method using Sr-acetate, Bi-acetate and Ta-ethoxide; cation ratios were ∼1:2:2 for Sr, Bi, and Ta, respectively. Results of in-situ crystallization studies using High-Temperature Grazing-Incidence X-ray Diffraction (HTGIXRD) have demonstrated that a fluorite structure, forming in the ∼600 – 700 °C range, acts an intermediate phase prior to the crystallization of the perovskite. Additional samples with cation ratios of –1:0.8:2 were also investigated. Results for samples prepared with the 0.8 Bi content indicated that a pyrochlore phase forms which contains a substantial deficiency in Bi compared to the composition of the perovskite phase. The structures of the pyrochlore and fluorite phases and their relation to the forma...
A rapid flow cytometry assay for the relative quantification of protein encapsulation into bacterial microcompartments

Bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are protein-based organelles that have been suggested as scaffolds for creating in vivo nanobioreactors. One of the key steps towards engineering MCPs is to understand and maximize the encapsulation of enzymes into the lumen of the MCP. However, there are currently no high-throughput methods for investigating protein encapsulation. Here, we describe the development of a rapid in vivo assay for quantifying the relative amount of protein encapsulated within MCPs based on fluorescence. In this assay, we fuse a degradation peptide to a MCP-targeted fluorescence reporter and use flow cytometry to measure overall fluorescence from the encapsulated, protected reporter protein. Using this assay, we characterized various MCP-targeting signal sequence mutants for their ability to encapsulate proteins and identified mutants that encapsulate a greater amount of protein than the wild type signal sequence. This assay is a powerful tool for reporting protein encapsulation and is an important step towards encapsulating metabolic enzymes into MCPs for synthetic biochemical pathways.
Computer tomography-assisted three-dimensional technique to assess rectal and bladder wall dose in intracavitary brachytherapy for uterine cervical cancer

We used a computer tomography (CT)-assisted three-dimensional (3D) technique to assess dose to the rectum and bladder in intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) for patients with cervical cancer, and compared this technique with the conventional method. The results revealed that the difference in dose to the rectal and bladder wall between these two methods were significant. The CT-assisted technique is a feasible method, and it gives different results than the conventional method.
Information theory in optoelectronic systems: introduction to the feature

There has been an explosion of recent interest concerning information theory in optoelectronic (OE) systems. This interest has been motivated in part by (1) the accelerating deployment of OE components into digital systems, (2) the blurring of the analog–digital interface within many OE applications, and (3) the increasing sophistication and complexity of computational tools. These trends are being driven by revolutionary improvements in both OE devices and electronic processors together with increasing demand for high-speed and high-capacity solutions. This feature addresses the application of information- and communication-theoretic concepts, algorithms, and techniques to important problems in OE system analysis and design.
FRET sensitization of tungsten-alkylidyne complexes by zinc porphyrins in self-assembled dyads.

The photophysical properties of self-assembled zinc–porphyrin/tungsten–alkylidyne dyads have been investigated with the aim of determining whether the porphyrin S1 excited state sensitizes the tungsten–alkylidyne 3[dπ*] state. The luminescent metalloligand W(≡CC6H4CCpy)(dppe)2Cl (1; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) has been synthesized and shown by electronic and NMR spectroscopy to coordinate axially to ZnTPP and ZnTPClP (TPClP = tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin) via the terminal pyridyl group. Coordination of 1 to ZnPor results in partial quenching of porphyrin S1 fluorescence and a decrease in the 3[dπ*] excited-state lifetime of 1. Transient-absorption spectroscopy shows that fluorescence quenching occurs via intramolecular Forster resonance energy transfer from the porphyrin S1 state to the 1[dπ*] excited state of 1, which then undergoes rapid singlet–triplet intersystem crossing to produce the 3[dπ*] excited state. Sensitization of the 3[dπ*] state occurs with high overall efficiency (ϕEnT ≈ 8...
The effect of microvise gap width on microbond pull-out test results

Abstract We have examined the effects of the location of load application in microbond pull-out experiments by varying the gap width between the microvise plates. Apparent IFSS values for Kevlar® 49/Epon 828 specimens increase as the gap widens, leveling off at higher gap widths. On analyzing the stress distribution and force balance, we conclude that this increase in IFSS represents an overestimation of the intrinsic value, which is best evaluated with the gap width as small as practicable.
Ethanol induces redox-sensitive cell-cycle inhibitors and inhibits liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

Background Doses of ethanol (EtOH) that are not overtly cytotoxic inhibit mitogen-induced hepatocyte proliferation and delay liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). The mechanisms for this are poorly understood. This study evaluates the hypothesis that EtOH inhibits hepatocyte proliferation after PH by inducing redox-sensitive factors, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p21 (WAF1/CIP1), that protect cells from oxidative stress but prevent cell-cycle progression by inhibiting cyclin D1. Methods Mechanisms that regulate the transition from the prereplicative G1 phase of the cell cycle into S phase were compared in EtOH-fed mice and normal pair-fed mice after PH. Results Prior EtOH exposure significantly increases p38 MAPK and p21 after PH. This is accompanied by reduced expression of cyclin D1 messenger RNA and protein, increases in other cell-cycle regulators (such as signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and p27) that are normally inhibited by cyclin D1, and hepatocyte G1 arrest. Conclusions EtOH amplifies G1 checkpoint mechanisms that are induced by oxidative stress and promotes hepatic accumulation of factors, including p38 MAPK, p21, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, that enhance cellular survival after oxidant exposure. Therefore, cell-cycle inhibition may be an adaptive response that helps EtOH-exposed livers survive situations, such as PH, that acutely increase reactive oxygen species in hepatocytes.
A flash photolysis study of 5-methoxyindole

— The conventional flash photolysis of 1-methylindole in aqueous media was studied at Λexcitation≥290 nm. The transients observed 20 μs after excitation consisted mainly of the radical cation (R+). the hydrated electron (e-aq) and the triplet state (T). Electron counting experiments indicate that photoionization is the only source of R+ with e-aq/R+= 1.07±0.09 in neutral media. Quenching of the R+ yield with H+ indicates that the fluorescent state is the precursor to 80% of the photoionization events with the remainder probably arising from a prefluorescent state. The triplet decays with a lifetime of 29 μs in deaerated neutral media. This decay is unchanged by N2O saturation, but T reacts with acrylamide with k≥2.8 × 109M-1. In 2 M Br-, R+ and T yields are increased by factors of 2–3. Consideration of fluorescence quenching and T enhancement by Br-permits an estimate of φIsc between 0.33 and 0.49. The increased R+yield at high Br-concentrations cannot be accounted for by induced photoionization or triplet state reactions.
Trigger wrist due to idiopathic synovial hypertrophy.

The phenomenon of “trigger wrist” has been reported several times since 1961, when it was first described (Eifel, 1961). Most of these cases related to patients suffering from “triggering” at the wrist associated with carpal tunnel compression. Below is a hitherto undescribed case of trigger wrist occurring in a fit girl, without carpal tunnel syndrome, due to idiopathic synovial hypertrophy.
Assessing antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli in young calves using cluster analysis techniques

This study uses cluster analysis techniques to describe the antibiotic susceptibility patterns seen in calf fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli). Cohorts of 30 dairy calves at six farms were sampled at 2-week intervals during the pre-weaning period. At each sampling occasion five fecal E. coli isolates per calf were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility to 12 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. All isolates had a profile consisting of the aggregate measured inhibition zone size for each of the evaluated antibiotics. Several cluster analytic algorithms were assessed to partition the E. coli isolates. For our data, Ward's minimum variance method met the objectives of the study. Relative to the number of possible combinations of resistance clusters, a parsimonious set of 14 patterns was developed. This set of E. coli isolates exhibited a limited set of resistance patterns to the different antibiotics indicating that certain resistance genes may be linked.
Corporate Advertising as Inoculation against Negative News: An Experimental Investigation of Efficacy and Presentation Order Effects

Abstract One objective of corporate advertising is to build a positive image for the organization in order to immunize it against the impact of negative news in the future. An experiment was conducted to test if a corporate ad could inoculate an audience with initially positive attitudes toward the organization against a negative news report about the organization. Study participants exposed only to a negative news report had more positive attitudes toward the organization than participants who saw the news report in addition to an image ad. Participants' initial attitudes were found to be the most potent predictor of final attitudes toward the organization, suggesting that information integration theory offers a better explanation of attitude formation than the theory of reasoned action.
Subdifferential analysis of differential inclusions via discretization

Abstract The framework of differential inclusions encompasses modern optimal control and the calculus of variations. Necessary optimality conditions in the literature identify potentially optimal paths, but do not show how to perturb paths to optimality. We first look at the corresponding discretized inclusions, estimating the subdifferential dependence of the optimal value in terms of the endpoints of the feasible paths. Our approach is to first estimate the coderivative of the reachable map. The discretized (nonsmooth) Euler–Lagrange and Transversality Conditions follow as a corollary. We obtain corresponding results for differential inclusions by passing discretized inclusions to the limit.
Effect of plate manipulators on coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer

A three-dimensional sampling grid was used to investigate the effect of manipulators on the ensemble-averaged velocities and pseudoinstantaneous distributions of the structures associated with Reynolds-stress producing events detected at the wall over the Reynolds number range 3400<Re θ <5200.
J-matrix method: Application to s-wave electron-hydrogen scattering

The method of the preceding paper is here applied to $s$-wave electron-hydrogen collisions. A pseudo-state model is developed and applied to elastic and inelastic scattering above and below the ionization threshold where we compare with the results of Burke and Mitchell. Additional calculations show the effect of Kato correction, the effect of the closed-channel asymptotic forms, and include a comparison with the results of Schwartz.
Buprenorphine pharmacology and clinical applications

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic, oripavine alkaloid derived from thebaine. It is a longacting, lipid-soluble, mixed agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic first synthesized in 1966. Continued interest in buprenorphine has been attributed to its unique pharmacological effects, including moderate intrinsic activity and high affinity to and slow dissociation from -opioid receptors. Buprenorphine was one of the first narcotic analgesics to be studied for its abuse liability in humans. The low abuse liability of the drug in humans soon turned it into a widely used therapeutic agent in patients with opioid dependence. Currently, the principal clinical application of buprenorphine is as an analgesic for moderate to severe pain in the perioperative setting. This article will explore its use in th eperioperativ esetting. 1
An experimental method for detecting blood splatter from retractable phlebotomy and intravascular devices

Background This study was designed to evaluate the safety of retractable intravascular devices in terms of their potential to produce blood splatter. A method for measuring this blood splatter designed by the research team was used to evaluate 3 specific intravascular devices. Methods Scientific filters were positioned around the retraction mechanisms of the devices and weighed with an analytical scale, both before and after activation, in a simulated vein containing mock venous blood. The difference in filter mass was used as the primary unit of analysis to detect blood splatter. In addition, the filters were visually inspected for the presence or absence of blood. Results A paired t -test revealed significant differences in the prefilter and postfilter groups for 2 of the 3 devices tested ( P Conclusions Our findings indicate a potential for bloodborne pathogen exposure with the use of intravascular devices with a retractable mechanism. This experiment may serve as a model in the design and implementation of future sharps device evaluation protocols to validate the threat of bloodborne pathogen exposure.
Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular capillaries

Abstract Use of 75 μm i.d. capillaries as the separation compartment for zone electrophoresis promotes efficient dissipation of Joule heat. This permits application of potentials as high as 30 kV to 1 m long capillaries, resulting in rapid and effective separations. With on-line sample injection and zone detection a completely instrumental format is created for electrophoresis.
Peripheral T follicular helper cells from H1N1/09 vaccine nonresponders fail to induce antigen-specific antibody production in vitro

Methods The study was conducted in cryopreserved cells of 16 HIVinfected, ART-treated individuals and 8 healthy donors (HD) who had been given a single dose of H1N1/09 influenza vaccine in 2009. Only 8 of the 16 patients and all HD had a flu-Ab response at 4 wks post vaccination. Vaccine responder (VR) and non responder (VNR) patients were equivalent in mean age, viral load, CD4 and CD8 T and B cells. B (CD20+) and TFH (CD3+ CD4+ CD45RA– CXCR5+) cells were purified by cell sorting on a FACS ARIA and co-cultured. IgG levels in culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. B and T cell phenotypic analysis was performed by multicolor flow cytometry. Differences between groups were analyzed by Student t-test or the 2-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.
Agent or Avatar? Using Virtual Confederates in Conflict Management Research

Virtual confederates–i.e., three-dimensional virtual characters that look and act like humans–are used in a growing number of empirical studies, especially in the behavioral and medical sciences. T...
Sensors and monitoring challenges in the smart grid

This paper discusses new types of sensors and data management approaches that can be applied to operate and manage the grid more efficiently and flexibly while maintaining reliability. Sensors can help increase awareness of asset condition and grid conditions for more optimum management of the grid. Integration of sensors with system models to predict conditions on the grid can further improve the grid management potential. Examples of sensors that can contribute to smart grid goals include advanced meters, wireless voltage and current sensors, line post sensors, sensors integrated with IEDs, PMUs, etc. These devices must be integrated with data collection systems, data management systems, and system models to help achieve new functionality that benefits the overall efficiency, reliability, and flexibility of the grid.
Microfluidic device for immunoassays based on surface plasmon resonance imaging.

We have designed and fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device containing an array of gold spots onto which antigens or antibodies of interest can be attached. We use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging to monitor the antibody–antigen recognition and binding events. This combination offers two significant advantages: (1) the microfluidic device dramatically reduces reaction time and sample consumption; and (2) the SPR imaging yields real-time detection of the immunocomplex formation. Thus, an immunoreaction may be detected and quantitatively characterized in about 10 min. The sensitivity of this method is at the subnanomolar level. When gold nanoparticles are selectively coupled to the immunocomplex to cause signal amplification, the sensitivity reaches the ten to one hundred picomolar level but the time required increases to about 60 min.
Concurrent random interval schedules of reinforcement

Two pigeons were trained on concurrent random interval schedules of reinforcement. The parameters of the schedules were then changed to make them progressively more ratio-like, while maintaining their average interreinforcement intervals of 32 and 64 sec. Both the relative response rate and the relative amount of time spent on each schedule matched the relative rate of reinforcement, as it varied from 36% to 2%. Preference became extreme when the changeover delay was increased from 2 to 5 sec, but matching was still obtained.
Carbon fibers based on C60 and their symmetry.

Carbon fibers based on the recently discovered fullerenes are proposed and their symmetry properties examined with respect to Raman- and infrared-active vibrational modes. Such carbon fibers are of interest as approximating the smallest possible diameter for a vapor-grown carbon fiber, and can be used for model calculations for the structure and properties of this limiting case of a carbon fiber.
Triethyl tin does not induce intramyelinic vacuoles in the cns of the quaking mouse.

Summary Triethyl tin (TET), when injected intraperitoneally, failed to produce the typical intramyelinic edema in the spinal cord of quaking mice with two different genetic backgrounds (B6C3H-qk and BTBRTF/Nev-qk), while control littermates and normal C57BL/6J mice were susceptible, as expected. The only prominent change in the quaking mice was the presence of spherical vacuoles containing floccular electrondense materials, some of which were clearly within the oligodendroglial perikarya and the inner and outer tongues. They are likely to represent degenerative responses. Consistent with the lack of edema, no increase in the water content was found in the quaking spinal cord following TET injection. Although the presence of numerous interlamellar tight junctions in quaking CNS myelin may mechanically restrict formation of the intralamellar vacuoles, the unique changes in the oligodendroglia and the lack of edema fluid accumulation suggest more fundamental metabolic abnormality that renders the quaking CNS resistant to the triethyl tin-induced edema.
Evolution of small cumulus clouds in Florida: observations of pulsating growth

Observations have been made in six small cumulus clouds using instrumented aircraft, a ground-based radar, and a 95 GHz airborne Doppler radar. The clouds occurred on two days during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study in east-central Florida, summer 1995. Cloud tops were below 3 km and in-cloud temperatures were warmer than 10°C. Maximum observed reflectivity factors were less than 0 dBZ. The evolution of the kinematics of the observed clouds was tracked using measurements from both radars. High-resolution cross-sections of reflectivity and vertical Doppler velocity from the airborne radar appear remarkably similar to fine-scale models of convection reported in the literature. In general, each cloud resembled a collection of individual bubbles ascending through the boundary layer. During the growth phase of a bubble, a positive correlation existed between vertical velocity and reflectivity. As bubbles penetrated further into the inversion, entrainment/detrainment led to a weakening or, in some cases, a reversal of this correlation. Growth of subsequent bubbles ascending through remnants of earlier bubbles were aided by an increase in the amount of moisture in the environment resulting from earlier detrainment of cloudy air, and thus were able to achieve higher altitudes than their predecessors.
Cell Death of Melanophores in Zebrafish trpm7 Mutant Embryos Depends on Melanin Synthesis

Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a broadly expressed, non-selective cation channel. Studies in cultured cells implicate TRPM7 in regulation of cell growth, spreading, and survival. However, zebrafish trpm7 homozygous mutants display death of melanophores and temporary paralysis, but no gross morphological defects during embryonic stages. This phenotype implies that melanophores are unusually sensitive to decreases in Trpm7 levels, a hypothesis we investigate here. We find that pharmacological inhibition of caspases does not rescue melanophore viability in trpm7 mutants, implying that melanophores die by a mechanism other than apoptosis. Consistent with this possibility, ultrastructural analysis of dying melanophores in trpm7 mutants reveals abnormal melanosomes and evidence of a ruptured plasma membrane, indicating that cell death occurs by necrosis. Interestingly, inhibition of melanin synthesis largely prevents melanophore cell death in trpm7 mutants. These results suggest that melanophores require Trpm7 in order to detoxify intermediates of melanin synthesis. We find that unlike TRPM1, TRPM7 is expressed in human melanoma cell lines, indicating that these cells may also be sensitized to reduction of TRPM7 levels.
The undying uncertainty of the narrator in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried

(1993). The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 43-52.
Opiate Withdrawal Complicated by Tetany and Cardiac Arrest

Patients with symptoms of opiate withdrawal, after the administration of opiate antagonist by paramedics, are a common presentation in the emergency department of hospitals. Though most of opiate withdrawal symptoms are benign, rarely they can become life threatening. This case highlights how a benign opiate withdrawal symptom of hyperventilation led to severe respiratory alkalosis that degenerated into tetany and cardiac arrest. Though this patient was successfully resuscitated, it is imperative that severe withdrawal symptoms are timely identified and immediate steps are taken to prevent catastrophes. An easier way to reverse the severe opiate withdrawal symptom would be with either low dose methadone or partial opiate agonists like buprenorphine. However, if severe acid-base disorder is identified, it would be safer to electively intubate these patients for better control of their respiratory and acid-base status.
Enhancing Independence in Supported Employment Natural Supports in Business and Industry

Independence-related issues are the topics of the day in supported employment discussions. These issues find their roots in earlier discussions of the principle of normalization and other related principles. Today's discussions revolve around the achievement of full employment access and the integration of people with severe disabilities in the most normalized manner possible. This article discusses two facets of enhancing independence: first, increasing access to employment settings and the community in general as a result of the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act; second, identifying naturally available support sys­ tems in today's business and industry settings. The roles of employment specialists in service provision within the context of naturally available resources and the limitations related to the use of these resources are also discussed. In 1972 Wolf Wolfensberger published the book Normalization. Among the philosophies detailed in this book were principles of the dignity of risk (Perske, 1972), the right to self-determination (Nirje, 1972), and normalization. These princi­ ples have formed the philosophical bases for the provision of human services since their inception. Two decades later, however, service providers are still struggling to apply these same three princi­ ples. Despite using community locations, appro­ priate materials, and real tasks, human service providers have yet to actualize these principles in intervention methods used and types of services delivered. Taken together, the three principles provide the idealized service model, a model in which services are delivered in the community in a manner that enhances the dignity of the persons who receive these services and are under the maxi­ mal control of these same persons. Clearly, the application of these principles was intended to afford all people, including those with the most severe disabilities, the dignity of independence and the right to full community participation. Community participation, independence, de­ pendence, am:!. interdependence are topics at the heart of every current disability discussion. They are typified in events that have surrounded the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and debates about the best prac­ tices in supported employment.
Nirogen dioxide effects on alveolar macrophages.

Rabbits were exposed to 5, 15, 25, or 50 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for three hours. Their alveolar cells were harvested and tested for phagocytic activity, rate of oxygen uptake, and hexosephosphate shunt activity. Other groups of animals were given parainfluenza 3 virus intrafracheally prior to NO2 exposure in order to measure the effect of this gas on virus-induced resistance to rabbitpox virus. Virus-induced resistance and phagocytic activity were suppressed by 15 ppm of NO2. In contrast, 50 ppm stimulated oxygen uptake and hexosephosphate shunt activity. Suppression of phagocytic activity and virus-induced resistance were observed to be the most sensitive indicators of NO2 alterations of alveolar cells.
Color discrimination by rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to discriminate standard stimuli which were Munsell papers differing considerably in Hue, Value, and Chroma. They were then given stimuli lying between the standards and were required to match each stimulus to one of the standards. Matching depended on changes in one dimension, as well as simultaneous changes in two or more dimensions, e.g. a change in Hue and Value was more likely to lead to a shift in matching than a change in either alone. Other Es using unlike stimulus dimensions, e.g. form, size, and color, reported that cues must be equally potent to summate. In the present study, however, additivity occurred in spite of cue dominance.
Energy saving by centralized sleep in early detection of captured nodes

We have previously shown that the first stage scheme is effective in the detection of physical capture attacks in wireless sensor networks. Like most existing detection schemes, our scheme relies upon message passing. Regular message passing consumes considerable energy. In this paper the first stage scheme is integrated with a novel sleep/wakeup mechanism, which is completely pre-scheduled based upon a node's internal clock. The scheduling tolerates minor clock alignment errors, so no frequent synchronization is needed. In addition, a sink-based dissemination technique is adopted, which replaces frequent and overlapped flooding of many regular nodes with sparse sink-triggered flooding. The adoption further saves energy expense. A LDCFSD protocol has been implemented in simulation. Simulation results have confirmed above conclusion.
Comparing short protein substructures by a method based on backbone torsion angles.

An efficient algorithm was characterized that determines the similarity in main chain conformation between short protein substructures. The algorithm computes Δt, the root mean square difference in ϕ and ψ torsion angles over a small number of amino acids (typically 3–5). Using this algorithm, large number of protein substrates comparisons were feasible. The parameter Δt was sensitive to variations in local protein conformation, and it correlates with Δr, the root mean square deviation in atomic coordinates. Values for Δt were obtained that define similarity thresholds, which determine whether two substructure are considered structurally similar. To set a lower bound on the similarity threshold, we estimated the component of Δt due to measurement noise fromcomparisons of independently refined coordinates of the same protein. A sample distribution of Δt from nonhomologous protein comparisons identified an upper bound on the similarity threshold, one that refrains from incorporating large numbers of nonmatching comparisons large numbers of nonmatching comparisons. Unlike methods based on Cα atoms alone, Δt was sensitive to rotations in the peptide plane, shown to occur in several proteins. Comparisons of homologus proteins by Δt showed that the active site torsion angles are highly conserved. The Δt method was applied to the α-chain of human hemoglobin, where it readily demonstrated the local differences in the structures of different ligation states.
Transcriptional linkage of Haloferax volcanii proteasomal genes with non-proteasomal gene neighbours including RNase P, MOSC domain and SAM-methyltransferase homologues.

Comparative genomics reveals a common theme of 20S proteasome and proteasome-activating nucleotidase genes dispersed throughout archaeal genomes yet arranged in conserved linkages with gene homologues of translation and/or transcription machineries. To provide biological evidence for these linkages as well as insight into proteasome operon organization, transcripts of the five proteasomal genes of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii were analysed by Northern (RNA) blotting, RT-PCR and primer extension. These included psmA, psmB and psmC, encoding the 20S proteasomal subunits α1, β and α2, as well as panA and panB, encoding the PanA and PanB proteasome-activating nucleotidase proteins, respectively. All five of these genes are dispersed throughout the H. volcanii genome. For each proteasomal gene, a distinct transcript was detected by Northern blotting that was similar in size to the respective coding region. For both psmA and psmC, an additional transcript was detected that was 1.34 and 0.85 kb greater, respectively, than the coding region. Further analysis by Northern blotting and RT-PCR revealed that psmA was co-transcribed with genes encoding a Pop5 homologue of the RNase P endoRNase as well as an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase. Likewise, psmC was co-transcribed with a downstream gene encoding a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase C-terminal (MOSC) domain protein. Additional proteasomal and neighbouring gene-specific transcriptional linkages were detected by RT-PCR. These results provide the first evidence that proteasome and tRNA modification genes are co-transcribed, reveal that a number of additional enzymes including those predicted to facilitate metal–sulfur cluster assembly are co-regulated with proteasomes at the transcriptional level, and provide further insight into proteasome gene transcription in archaea.
At the Intersection of Public Health and National Security: The Evolution of Smallpox Policy in the Clinton and G.W. Bush Administrations

In spite of its eradication in 1980, the threat posed by the use of smallpox as an instrument of terror has increased its salience to policy makers. Events of the 1990s and beyond have demonstrated the willingness and ability of terrorists to utilize biological weapons against Americans. Biological terrorism is unique in that it connects public health concerns with national security. As such, policy making on biological terrorism issues has tended to be housed in the executive branch bureaucracy (in particular the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) until the threat environment causes a shift of the policy-making process into the White House. We contend that this phenomenon for smallpox policy occurred in both the William J. Clinton and George W. Bush administrations.
A low-dimensional model for simulating three-dimensional cylinder flow

We investigate the stability and dynamics of three-dimensional limit-cycle states in flow past a circular cylinder using low-dimensional modelling. High-resolution direct numerical simulations are employed to obtain flow snapshots from which the most energetic modes are extracted using proper orthogonal decomposition. We show that the limit cycle is reproduced very accurately with only twenty three-dimensional modes. The addition of two-dimensional modes to the Karhunen–Loeve expansion basis improves the ability of the model to capture the three-dimensional bifurcation, including the discontinuity in the Strouhal number discovered experimentally.
Beyond career choice: the role of learning style analysis in residency training.

Summary. A recent article in this journal took an important step toward rethinking the utility of behavioural instruments designated as learning style tests (Jewett et al. 1987). The authors of that paper made much of a distinction between the terms ‘learning style’ and ‘learning preference’. However, the results of their study do not seem to substantiate a marked difference between the function of the Rczler Learning Preference Inventory (LPI) and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) with which it was contrasted. The most important aspect of their paper was that it rescued the concept of learning style analysis from the arena of career choice prediction at the undergraduate level and applied these ideas to doctors who had already made their specialty selections and were actively engaged in residency training. Clinical instructors in teaching institutions have, for the most part, little or no formal background in educational principles. For these individuals, an easily comprehensible model of resident-instructor psychology can be very useful on a daily basis. This article reviews the authors' experience with the LSI and describes their utilization of Kolb's Experiential Learning Model in the areas of resident counselling and residency curriculum design. The results of two recent studies arc also presented in which learning style was examined as a predictor of success in residency, and teacher-resident learning style distributions were shown to exhibit parallel relationships at four different anaesthesiology residency training programmes.
Relativistic photoelectron measurements from ionization of argon and xenon in ultrahigh fields

Photoelectron angular distributions with energies as high as 1 MeV were measured and calculated with a semi-classical tunneling model at relativistic laser intensity. Measurements and theory show directional higher energy electrons and isotropic lower energy electrons.
Hydrologic design of a wetland: advantages of continuous modeling

Abstract A continuous hydrologic model for constructed or depressional wetlands, intended as a design tool to supplement event-based hydrologic methods, uses reservoir routing methods and is driven by daily rainfall and watershed inflows. Simulated daily hydrology provides annual and monthly water balances, hydroperiod distributions, flood frequency distributions, soil exceedance values for hydrologic plant suitability and retention time distributions. The model was applied to a standard stormwater wetland design. The hypothetical wetland performed as designed, providing good flood reduction and an adequate supply of water even in dry years. The analysis of drawdown regimes showed that for this wetland-watershed system, the water supply was so reliable from the watershed (423 cm/year ± 130 cm/year), that, without water level management, 40% of the wetland would likely develop into an open-water pond with low species diversity and an additional 40% would only support late-season emergents. Retention time distributions showed that an orifice outlet design would retain and provide longer treatment (98% of all runoff stays > 9 days) than would a weir outlet structure (60% of all runoff stays > 9 days).
Viscous Effects in the Inception of Cavitation on Axisymmetric Bodies

Cavitation inception and development on two axisymmetric bodies was studied with the aid of a Schlieren flow visualization method developed for that purpose. Both bodies were found to exhibit a laminar boundary layer separation; cavitation inception was observed to occur within this region of separated flow. The incipient cavitation index was found to be closely correlated with the magnitude of the pressure coefficient at the location of flow separation on one of the bodies. There is also experimental evidence that events at the site of turbulent reattachment of the separated flow may also greatly influence cavitation inception.