cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of watered-in demethylation-inhibitor fungicide and paclobutrazol applications on foliar disease severity and turfgrass quality of creeping bentgrass putting greens

Abstract Preventive, watered-in applications of DMI fungicides provide control of several soilborne turfgrass diseases on golf putting greens. The objectives of this two-year field study were to determine the impact of these applications on foliar diseases, and evaluate the impact of application timing of paclobutrazol, a plant growth regulator, on disease severity and turfgrass quality. Triadimefon (1.58 kg a.i. ha−1), tebuconazole (0.82 kg a.i. ha−1), metconazole (0.43 kg a.i. ha−1), and triticonazole (0.64 kg a.i. ha−1), were applied twice in late April and May and immediately watered in to the soil profile with 5 mm of post application irrigation. Paclobutrazol (0.28 kg a.i. ha−1) was applied alone, in a tank-mix with the fungicide application, 7 days or 14 days after the fungicide application. Overall dollar spot severity, assessed as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), was significantly lower in fungicide treated plots than non-treated plots in both trial years. The date of threshold symptom observation (≥5 infection centers per plot), however, was not different between fungicide treated and non-treated plots in 2011. Triadimefon treated plots had lower AUDPC values than other fungicide treatments. Brown patch severity was not significantly different among treatments. Paclobutrazol applied alone did not reduce dollar spot or brown patch severity, however, paclobutrazol + fungicide treatments resulted in lower dollar spot severity than plots treated with fungicide alone. Short-lived phytotoxicity (bronze discoloration) was observed in plots treated with triadimefon or paclobutrazol + fungicide. Spring preventive fungicide applications targeted at soilborne disease control also provided residual control of dollar spot in this study.
Games, Players, Rules, and Circumstances

Archaeologists study broader patte:ns of change in human societies over longer periods of time than do the practitioners of any other scholarly discipline. This is both the bane of our existence and the only real reason for it. Doing archaeology has many charms—almost all of them entirely unrelated to the objectives of archaeology—but finally it is an excruciatingly slow, painfully incomplete, and exorbitantly expensive way to find out about past human activities. It is, however, the only way to find out about many past human activities. Even for the quite recent past, the gaps and biases of historical records provide ample opportunity for archaeology to complement history. The longer the time span under study, the more critical archaeology is likely to be to the construction of an adequate account of what happened. Study of these very long sequences of social change looms large in archaeology. Such study is, after all, the one thing archaeologists can do better than anyone else. The longest sequences of human social change that are interesting to study include substantial periods for which historical records long-term social change as nothing more than the outcome of individual decision making in the framework of playing an economic game based on cost/benefit analysis “might be criticized as a projection of the competitive, self-seeking, pragmatic ideology of Western capitalist society” (Brumfiel, 1994:12). Brumfiel then goes on to suggest that “the problem is ameliorated by situating self-interested competition in specific ecological, social, cultural, and historical contexts.”
Ubiquity of Wave-Dominated Deltas In Outer-Shelf Growth-Faulted Compartments

Abstract Growth faults and deltaic coastlines are common features along basin margins with a high flux of sediment delivery. It has been observed in previous studies that wave-dominated deltas are the characteristic and long-lived coastline type in such growth-faulted, extensional basins. During deltaic progradation the structural and depositional systems migrate and adjust as sedimentation rates keep pace with fault displacement rates. A numerical model indicates that increased subsidence along growth faults slows the progradation rate of deltas as new accommodation is being created. The decrease in forward delta growth results in a longer period of wave reworking per unit of sediment due to the retention of large fetch and water depth. Since subsidence is maintained through time, sediments tend to accumulate on delta topsets, creating thick wave-dominated delta-front successions on the downthrown sides of faults. The proposed model may guide subsurface interpretations where it is difficult to assess the shoreline type without cores. It is proposed here to use values of expansion index derived from seismic reflection profiles or well-log correlations as a proxy for the likelihood of “wave dominance” on the delta shoreline.
Identifying genetic modulators of the connectivity between transcription factors and their transcriptional targets

Regulation of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) is highly dependent on genetic background and interactions with cofactors. Identifying specific context factors is a major challenge that requires new approaches. Here we show that exploiting natural variation is a potent strategy for probing functional interactions within gene regulatory networks. We developed an algorithm to identify genetic polymorphisms that modulate the regulatory connectivity between specific transcription factors and their target genes in vivo. As a proof of principle, we mapped connectivity quantitative trait loci (cQTLs) using parallel genotype and gene expression data for segregants from a cross between two strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified a nonsynonymous mutation in the DIG2 gene as a cQTL for the transcription factor Ste12p and confirmed this prediction empirically. We also identified three polymorphisms in TAF13 as putative modulators of regulation by Gcn4p. Our method has potential for revealing how genetic differences among individuals influence gene regulatory networks in any organism for which gene expression and genotype data are available along with information on binding preferences for transcription factors.
State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) High Bit Rate Optical Transmission

This paper reviews state-of-the-art technologies that will play important roles in high bit rate transmissionsystems. To take full advantage of fiber capacity, combined multiplexing of WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) technologies is recommended. Not only device technologies, but also system-side viewpoints are emphasized in order to clarify the differences between TDM and WDM systems. Linear transmission and nonlinear ones, which includes optical soliton systems are comparedfrom such a viewpoint. Short light pulse sources, electrical and optical time-division multiplexing/demultiplexing, timing extraction, dispersion tolerant coding, equalization for second- and third-order dispersionof dispersion-shifted fiber, and optical soliton transmission technologies are described. This paper predictsthat pursuing increased transmission capacity will result in more combined designs of detailed fiberdispersion and transmitted optical signal parameters.
P6.053 Evaluation of Cost & Efficiency of Alternative Service Delivery Models For Providing STI Services to High Risk Individuals in India

Background Avahan, a large-scale HIV prevention programme, provides STI services to over 300,000 high risk individuals (HRIs) in six states of India through six different service delivery models varying by provision site (programme operated vs. contract provider) and use of outreach activities. This study aims to determine the cost-efficiency of alternative STI service delivery models. Methods Data from the period between January to June 2010 was collected retrospectively from a stratified random sample of 30 selected NGO/CBOs, providing STI services to HRIs. Service statistics were obtained from Avahan’s Computerized Management Information System, and cost data from the NGO/CBOs financial records. Cost and outcome performance from the NGO/CBOs were annualised and standardised to reflect a high risk group size of 1,000. Analysis was done from a service delivery perspective and did not include programme management and outreach activity costs. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis allows us to identify the most cost-effective NGO/CBO model for STI service delivery. Results Most of the NGO/CBOs served more than 2,000 HRIs. However, when standardised to reflect a population of 1,000 HRIs, the programme operated clinic with outreach model was able to deliver STI control services at a lower cost per STI consultation, than alternative models. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative STI service models with regards to coverage of STI screening & syphilis testing, show this model to be the most cost-effective model. Conclusions For larger NGO/CBOs, use of outreach is critical to obtain operational efficiencies. Program operated clinics with outreach were found to be the most cost-effective model, probably due to increased access to scattered high-risk populations through effective outreach activities and continuity of care.
Temporal Order-based First-Take-All Hashing for Fast Attention-Deficit-Hyperactive-Disorder Detection

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Although the root cause of the problem still remains unknown, recent advancements in brain imaging technology reveal there exists differences between neural activities of Typically Developing Children (TDC) and ADHD subjects. Inspired by this, we propose a novel First-Take-All (FTA) hashing framework to investigate the problem of fast ADHD subjects detection through the fMRI time-series of neuron activities. By hashing time courses from regions of interests (ROIs) in the brain into fixed-size hash codes, FTA can compactly encode the temporal order differences between the neural activity patterns that are key to distinguish TDC and ADHD subjects. Such patterns can be directly learned via minimizing the training loss incurred by the generated FTA codes. By conducting similarity search on the resultant FTA codes, data-driven ADHD detection can be achieved in an efficient fashion. The experiments' results on real-world ADHD detection benchmarks demonstrate the FTA can outperform the state-of-the-art baselines using only neural activity time series without any phenotypic information.
The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder versus resilience on nocturnal autonomic nervous system activity as functions of sleep stage and time of sleep

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with sleep disturbances including alterations in sleep stages and recently, elevated nocturnal autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal (i.e., dominance of the sympathetic nervous system over the parasympathetic nervous system). Data suggest that sleep contributes to the regulation of ANS activity. In our previous ambulatory heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring study, strong relationships between sleep and nocturnal ANS activity in resilient participants (i.e., individuals who had never had PTSD despite exposure to high-impact trauma) were not seen with PTSD. In this study, we examined the impact of PTSD vs. resilience on ANS activity as a function of sleep stage and time of sleep. Participants (age 18-35) with current PTSD (n=38) and resilience (n=33) completed two overnight polysomnography recordings in a lab setting. The second night electrocardiogram was analyzed for frequency domain HRV parameters and heart rate within rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep periods. Results indicated that ANS arousal indexed by HRV was greater during REM compared with NREM sleep and that the REM-NREM difference was greater in the PTSD than in the resilient participants. This effect of PTSD was reduced to non-significance when analyses controlled for REM sleep percentage, which was lower with PTSD. Exploratory analyses revealed that the REM-NREM difference in HRV was correlated with REM sleep percentage in resilient participants, but not with PTSD. In contrast with our data from home settings, the present study did not find increased overall nocturnal ANS arousal with PTSD. Analyses did reveal higher heart rate during initial NREM sleep with more rapid decline over the course of NREM sleep with PTSD compared with resilience. Findings suggest that elevated ANS arousal indexed by heart rate with PTSD is specific to the early part of sleep and possible impairment in regulating ANS activity with PTSD related to REM sleep.
Solvent effects on modulus of poly(propylene oxide)-based organogels as measured by cavitation rheology

A series of novel organogels were synthesized from poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) functionalized with main chain urea moieties which provided rapid gelation and high moduli in a variety of solvents. Three different molecular weight PPOs were used in this study: 430, 2000, and 4000 g mol−1, each with α,ω-amino-end groups. Four urea groups were introduced into the main chain by reaction with hexamethylene diisocyanate followed by subsequent reaction with a monofunctional alkyl or aromatic amine. This PPO/urea gelator was found to form gels in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran. Among these, carbon tetrachloride and toluene were found to be the best solvents for this system, resulting in perfectly clear gels with high moduli at low mass fraction for PPO-2000 systems. Flory–Huggins polymer–solvent interaction parameter, χ, was found to be a useful indicator of gel quality for these systems, with χCCl4/PPO-2000 0.5 were found to form low moduli gels, indicating that for these systems, polymer–solvent interaction parameters can be a useful predictor of gel quality in different solvent systems.
Recurrence of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Following Liver Transplantation

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by destruction of interlobular and septal bile ducts leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and premature death in liver failure. Orthotopic liver transplant remains the definitive treatment for decompensated liver disease secondary to PBC. However, it is estimated that 10–40 % of patients develop clinical, biochemical, and histologic changes consistent with recurrent PBC after liver transplant. The presence of recurrent PBC does not appear to affect either graft or patient survival. There is conflicting evidence regarding the effect of specific immunosuppressant medications (i.e., tacrolimus vs. cyclosporin) and the risk of recurrence. In addition, rapid steroid tapering may play a role in recurrent PBC. Today, most experts use ursodeoxycholic acid at the time of diagnosis of recurrent PBC, given the beneficial effects noted in the pretransplant setting. Ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with improvements of biochemical markers in the posttransplant setting; however, progression of fibrosis does not seem to be altered. Whether treatment prophylactically starting at the time of liver transplant will prevent or delay recurrent PBC has yet to be proven. Long-term follow-ups of patients with recurrent PBC are needed to determine the impact it will have on patient and graft survival.
Herbal product use by hispanic surgical patients.

We hypothesized that the use of herbal products is highly prevalent in Hispanic surgical patients on both sides of the U.S./Mexico border. One hundred fifteen patients were interviewed in El Paso and 112 in Ciudad Juarez from December 2001 to June 2002. This prospective, randomized study evaluated patients aged 18 years or older that were scheduled for surgery. Sixty-two per cent of our sample in the United States and 81 per cent of patients in Mexico reported using herbal products in the past year. About 58 per cent of patients in the United States and 49 per cent in Mexico rated the products as "excellent" in treating their conditions. Ninety-two percent of U.S, and 93 per cent of Mexican patients did not inform their physician of their herbal use. Preoperative assessment of patients did not include inquiries about herbal products in either hospital. With the growing use of herbal products and because most users do not inform their physician, there is increasing concern related to the possible occurrence of herbal-related adverse events during and after surgery. The fact that health care personnel did not inquire about herbal product use before surgery is an added concern.
RISK AND RETURNS OF SPRING AND FALL CALVING FOR BEEF CATTLE IN TENNESSEE

We determined the profitability and risk for spring- and fall-calving beef cows in Tennessee. Simulation models were developed using 19 years of data and considered the seasonality of cattle prices and feed prices for least-cost feed rations to find a distribution of net returns for spring- and fall-calving seasons for two weaning months. Fall calving was more profitable than the spring calving for all feed rations and weaning months. Fall calving was also risk preferred over spring calving for all levels of risk aversion. Higher calf prices at weaning were the primary factor influencing the risk efficiency of fall calving.
Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse: Two Disorders or One?

Abstract Objectives: To review evidence about mechanisms and consequences of relationships between bipolar and substance use disorders. Methods: Articles were identified using a MEDLINE search linking (1) bipolar disorder to substance use disorders, alcoholism, and specific drugs, (2) bipolar disorder and substance abuse to treatment strategies, and (3) bipolar disorder or substance abuse to behavioral sensitization, impulsivity, and suicide. We attempted to select only the most relevant refereed articles. In addition to articles found in the search, key references cited in the articles were used. Results: Substance use disorders and bipolar disorders are associated with mutually increased risk. Patients with the combination are more impulsive and are at greater risk for suicidal or violent behavior than are subjects with either illness alone. Compared to subjects with bipolar disorder who do not have a substance use disorder, those with combined disorders have earlier onset of illness, more frequent hosp...
Chapter 16 – Hyaluronan Biology in Vocal Fold Morphology and Biomechanics

Vocal folds are complex, multilayered structures that consist of a variety of tissue types including epithelium, connective tissue, striated muscle, nerves, and blood vessels. The layers of mucosa and muscle include a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, a lamina propria deep to the epithelium, and an underlying muscular layer consisting of thyroarytenoid muscle. The lamina propria plays a critical role in the production of voice as the lamina propria's shape and tension determine the vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds. The vibratory characteristics, in turn, establish the vocal quality or sound produced. The shape and tension are modified by vocal fold pathologies, which arise from the cover, and change the biomechanics and subsequent voice source, causing considerable vocal dysphonias. Hyaluronan (HA) found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lamina propria has significant biological and mechanical impact on the properties of the vocal folds and its subsequent vibration. In the vocal folds, HA influences several different functions including tissue viscosity, tissue flow, tissue osmosis, shock absorption, wound healing, and space filling. In particular, the large, loosely coiled molecular structure of HA allows it to function as a shock absorber that allows the tissue to resist compression. In this capacity, HA acts as a tissue damper that may protect the vocal fold edges from the oscillatory trauma experienced during phonation. This wide range of properties that HA modulates suggest that there are pharmacological and/or structural manipulations of HA that may produce valuable treatment options for a number of vocal fold diseases and pathologies.
Book Review: Save the World on Your Own Time

The author presents a contemplative review of Save the World on Your Own Time by Stanley Fish (2008). A methodical review of the book, by chapter, offers the reader insight into the controversial and Fish’s thought-provoking views as he addresses the purpose of higher education and the job of the faculty. The author confronts Fish with reason and passion while offering additional insight to the presented challenges and issues in higher education which are subjectively displayed throughout the book. The seven chapters are summarized by highlighting key arguments discussed in the context of the book.
Scrub typhus, myocarditis and a possible drug interaction

Scrub typhus, caused by O. Tsutsugamushi is a re-emerging disease which is being increasingly reported from different parts of India. This disease has a wide spectrum of presentation which can range from uncomplicated febrile illness to life-threatening sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction. Myocarditis has been described as one of the rare manifestations of this infection and very few cases have been reported. Myocarditis in scrub typhus is usually subclinical and therefore many times ignored. Here, we report of a case of scrub typhus presenting without the typical rash and eschar with features of myocarditis requiring treatment. We highlight a possible drug interaction between ivabradine and doxycycline which were used in this patient. We also highlight the possibility of other drug interactions between the various drugs used in the treatment of scrub typhus and its complications and stress the need to be vigilant when prescribing multiple drugs, especially in a disease with such a varied presentation and multiple complications that require the use of a number of drugs.
Use of Google Glass to Enhance Surgical Education of Neurosurgery Residents: “Proof-of-Concept” Study

Background The relatively decreased time spent in the operating room and overall reduction in cases performed by neurosurgical trainees as a result of duty-hour restrictions demands that the pedagogical content within each surgical encounter be maximized and crafted toward the specific talents and shortcomings of the individual. It is imperative to future generations that the quality of training adapts to the changing administrative infrastructures and compensates for anything that may compromise the technical abilities of trainees. Neurosurgeons in teaching hospitals continue to experiment with various emerging technologies—such as simulators and virtual presence—to supplement and improve surgical training. Methods The authors participated in the Google Glass Explorer Program in order to assess the applicability of Google Glass as a tool to enhance the operative education of neurosurgical residents. Google Glass is a type of wearable technology in the form of eyeglasses that employs a high-definition camera and allows the user to interact using voice commands. Results Google Glass was able to effectively capture video segments of various lengths for residents to review in a variety of clinical settings within a large, tertiary care university hospital, as well as during a surgical mission to a developing country. The resolution and quality of the video were adequate to review and use as a teaching tool. Conclusion While Google Glass harbors the potential to dramatically improve both neurosurgical education and practice in a variety of ways, certain technical drawbacks of the current model limit its effectiveness as a teaching tool.
A Montessori-Inspired Career in Mathematics Curriculum Development: GeoGebra, Writing-to-Learn, Flipped Learning

With an overview of Montessori education, I set the stage for curriculum materials aimed at improving undergraduate mathematics education. I describe four ways to enhance student learning with the dynamical mathematics software GeoGebra: classroom demonstrations, student activities with instructor-created applets, student activities with applets that students create by following podcast instructions, and student-created applets that more advanced students generate independently to solve problems. I discuss two types of writing-to-learn assignments: guided reflection and journaling. I also describe collaborative classroom activities, including associated video lessons that I constructed to implement a flipped or blended learning environment. Connections are made between current mathematics education research findings, Montessori principles and the curriculum materials that I designed. The chapter closes with a reflection on my career path. I discuss my passion for mathematics and social justice, how this led to professional opportunities in mathematics education including a project in the scholarship of teaching and learning, and how my work in mathematics education is useful as I assume leadership as chair of my department.
Black Pimps Matter: Racially Selective Identification and Prosecution of Sex Trafficking in the United States

In nearly fifty years since incarceration rates started their remarkable rise in the United States, there have been numerous discussions of racially selective arrest, prosecution, and sentencing of blacks who constitute 37% of drug arrests, 42% of death row prisoners, and 40% of the incarcerated. However, there has been little concern about the recent finding by researchers at the National Institute of Justice that 62% of national sex trafficking prosecutions are black. This essay begins such a discussion by drawing on three publicly funded studies of legally defined sex traffickers and victims, several in-depth case studies of federal sex trafficking trials against black pimps, and preliminary quantitative research on national and regional disparities in sex trafficking prosecution and sentencing. Our findings suggest that black men are probably far more than 62% of those prosecuted for sex trafficking and sentencing disparities are extreme and may constitute a systematic and serious human rights violation. Finally, we question whether it is possible for a black pimp to receive a fair trial in a socio-legal regime that grants overzealous prosecutors near complete impunity through broad and vague statutes built on empirically unsupported presuppositions about gender and sex work and ubiquitous substandard expert witness testimony that conflates popular racist stereotypes, hip hop and black pulp fiction mythology, and human trafficking propaganda to demonize black pimps.
A fast level-set segmentation algorithm for image processing designed for parallel architectures

Among the many choices to perform image segmentation, Level-Set Methods have demonstrated great potential for unstructured images. However, the usefulness of Level-Set Methods have been limited by their irregular workload characteristics such as high degree of branch divergence and input dependencies, as well as the high computational costs required to solve partial differential equations (PDEs).In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for Level-Set Segmentation that first divides the pixels from an image into 4 categories. Then we traverse each image curve to obtain the final contour. The first two categories drive the inward evolution of the curve, while the remaining two drive the outward evolution of the curve. Using our categorization, we avoid solving PDEs and perform the evolution with an optimized flood-fill algorithm.Leveraging recently-introduced CUDA features that include dynamic parallelism and concurrent kernel execution, we can accelerate this algorithm on an NVDIA GPU. Our results show we can obtain benefits across a variety of input sizes. We can achieve a speedup greater than 56x with our CUDA optimized implementation run on a K20m GPU as compared to an OpenMP parallel implementation executed on a 16-core Intel Xeon E2560 SandyBridge CPU.
Turkey’s Journey to Consolidate Liberal Democracy

This research looks at Turkey’s journey for democratization in its historical context for the last two hundred years with the objective to assess whether the process is strictly path-dependent. The study for this paper is based on empirical evidence found in academic literature, documents readily available in the public domain, and public statements from primary sources of academic, civil, and diplomatic backgrounds. Considering a dilemma of whether it is possible to build liberal institutions in a repressive system or it would be better to build liberal institutions and a democratic electoral system simultaneously, this research finds that repressive regimes undermine liberal institutions and offer an unrealistic alternative to a gradual, inclusive evolution of democracy. What distinguished modern Turkey from autocratic regimes of the Middle East is not electoral majoritarianism that pre-conditioned a strict sequencing of public order and liberalization first, but the embodiment of democratic principles and citizenship rights into state-building from very early on. The rise of Islamism in Turkey and deviation from the goal of institutionalized liberal democracy to authoritarianism threatens to overturn the gradual evolution of democracy in the Turkish society.
CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN THE EVALUATION OF FIBROFATTY INFILTRATION FOR ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA/CARDIOMYOPATHY (ARVD/C)

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) impact in diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). We also studied how intramyocardial fat or fibrofatty infiltration imaged by CMR might influence diagnostic
Comparison of genomic alterations in bladder urothelial tumors with and without telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation using a next-generation sequencing assay.

310Background: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the most frequently altered gene in urothelial cancer (UC), detected across all grades and stages of disease. We sought to characterize TERT alterations within a prospective cohort of UC treated at our institute and compare the frequency of genomic alterations in TERT promoter mutant vs wild-type UC specimens. Methods: Patients diagnosed with bladder urothelial tumors were enrolled onto an institutional review board approved prospective sequencing protocol. Tumor and matched germline DNA were analyzed for somatic point mutations, truncations, copy number alterations, and insertions/deletions using the MSK-IMPACT NGS assay that detects alterations in all exons and select introns of 410 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes as well as the entire TERT promoter region. Results: 329 UC were sequenced of which 236 (71.7%) harbored TERT mutations, the majority being promoter region hotspots (chr5: 1295228 G > A [81%] and chr5:1295250 G > A [16%]). Patients...
The Moral Limits of the Market: Science Commercialization and Religious Traditions

Entrepreneurs of contested commodities often face stakeholders engaged in market excluding boundary work driven by ethical considerations. For example, the conversion of academic scientific knowledge into technologies that can be owned and sold (i.e., science commercialization) is a growing global trend and key stakeholders have different ethical responses to this contested commodity. Commercialization of science can be viewed as a good thing because people believe it bolsters economic growth and broadly benefits society. Others view it as bad because they believe it discourages basic research that ought to be freely shared without concern for profit. Taking a descriptive sociological approach, we posit that the stance of a religious tradition toward capitalism will help shape individual scientists’ views on science commercialization and test whether the religious tradition of scientists correlates with their attitude toward the commercialization of science. To maximize variance on the religious tradition dimension, we analyze pooled data from a cross-national survey of university biologists and physicists encompassing France, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Taiwan, Turkey, UK and the USA. We indeed find religious tradition differences. Hindus and scientists with no religious tradition are more likely to agree that commercialization of science “harms a university’s commitment to knowledge production” than Protestants. We end with a discussion on business ethics and the moral limits of the market as well as implications for entrepreneurs of contested commodities.
Endogenous dopamine and endocannabinoid signaling mediate cocaine-induced reversal of AMPAR synaptic potentiation in the nucleus accumbens shell.

Abstract Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse alters the structure and function of neural circuits mediating reward, generating maladaptive plasticity in circuits critical for motivated behavior. Within meso-corticolimbic dopamine circuitry, repeated exposure to cocaine induces progressive alterations in AMPAR-mediated glutamatergic synaptic transmission. During a 10–14 day period of abstinence from cocaine, AMPAR signaling is potentiated at synapses on nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs), promoting a state of heightened synaptic excitability. Re-exposure to cocaine during abstinence, however, rapidly reverses and depotentiates enhanced AMPAR signaling. To understand how re-exposure to cocaine alters AMPAR synaptic transmission, we investigated the roles of dopamine and endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in modifying synaptic strength in the NAc shell. Using patch-clamp recordings from NAc slices prepared after 10–14 days of abstinence from repeated cocaine, we found that AMPAR-mediated depotentiation is rapidly induced in the NAc shell within 20 min of cocaine re-exposure ex vivo, and persists for up to five days before synapses return to levels of potentiation observed during abstinence. In cocaine-treated animals, global dopamine receptor activation was both necessary and sufficient for the cocaine-evoked depotentiation of AMPAR synaptic function. Additionally, we identified that CB1 receptors are engaged by endogenous endocannabinoids (eCBs) during re-exposure to cocaine ex vivo. Overall, these results indicate the central role that dopamine and eCB signaling mechanisms play in modulating cocaine-induced AMPAR plasticity in the NAc shell.
Oxidation Protection with Amorphous Surface Oxides: Thermodynamic Insights from Ab Initio Simulations on Aluminum

Native surface films play a key role in the oxidation and corrosion protection of functional and structural materials. Here, we present a fully ab initio approach for understanding the thermodynamic driving force behind the initial phase selection among amorphous and crystalline structures for a surface film growing on a crystalline substrate. We apply the approach to elucidate the competition among corundum (α), spinel (γ), and amorphous (am.) Al2O3 films growing on aluminum metal. We show that the amorphous Al2O3 film becomes thermodynamically the most stable form below around ∼1 nm, that is, the relative energetic stabilities of thin polymorphic Al2O films follow am. < γ < α. As the film thickness increases, the relative stability relation first changes to γ < α < am. and then to the bulk limit of α < γ < am. The nanoscale γ films distort substantially to form exclusively four- and fivefold-coordinated Al–O polyhedra, lose the close-packed O framework, and become “amorphous-like”, that is, exhibit both...
A modular, agile, scalable optical terminal architecture for space communications

As we look towards the future of optical communications, there are ever more missions requiring low size, weight, and power (SWaP), low cost, and very agile space terminals. Increased numbers of end-users look to minimize the costs associated with non-recurring engineering, and spacecraft operators that prefer not to deviate from their primary mission during communications operations. We present an optical terminal architecture which is specifically designed to have ready access to a greater-than-hemispherical field of regard (±175° in azimuth and ±120° in elevation, at up to 10°/sec slew rate), is modular to facilitate future technology upgrades and technology transfer to industry, can be scaled for use in LEO, GEO and deep-space applications, and leverages experience from a variety of successful space terminals that precede this design. In the past two years, this agile, modular, and scalable optical terminal architecture concept has been realized as a 10-cm aperture space terminal design. The terminal design was divided into subassemblies and further developed by industry partners, yielding an Engineering Development Unit (EDU) that has been assembled and tested. The optical and pointing performance of the EDU have been measured and are reported. Flight units of this 10-cm aperture space terminal are being developed for two upcoming missions, one for a LEO-based application and another for a lunar-based application, both presently scheduled for launch in 2021.
TRANSFER OF CELLULAR REACTIVITY TO 3 NONHUMAN PRIMATE SPECIES WITH HUMAN AND BABOON TRANSFER FACTOR

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the transfer of cellular reactivity to three nonhuman primate species with human and baboon transfer factor (TF). Three primate species have been evaluated for their ability to convert in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses in vivo subcutaneous administration of TF from either human or nonhuman primate donors. Primates included the baboon, the cebus monkey and the cotton-top marmoset. The particular species were selected because they exhibit varying susceptibility to infectious and oncogenic agents, and also demonstrate differences in cellular immune competence and baboon immunologic responses are relatively normal, those of the cebus are intermediate and the cotton-top marmoset is deficient, using criteria developed for humans. Gross inspection of skin tests and in vitro assay of lymphocyte blastogenes is appeared to be sensitive and reliable methods of demonstrating transfer in primates. There were no significant differences observed between the three primate species either in their responses human TF or baboon TF. The limited number of animals examined may have obviated recognition of more subtle species differences.
Human neural tissues express a truncated Ror1 receptor tyrosine kinase, lacking both extracellular and transmembrane domains.

Abstract Human heart, lung and kidney express a 6 kb mRNA encoding Ror1, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family with as yet unknown ligand specificity. We used a Ror1 cDNA probe to screen a cDNA library prepared from the human neuronogenic teratocarcinoma line, NTera2, and cloned a 2373 nucleotide transcript. This transcript contains an open reading frame that encodes a 388 amino acid protein identical with the cytosolic, C-terminal region of ror1 but lacking the ror1 transmembrane and entire extracellular domains. Northern blots demonstrate that mRNA encoding this truncated Ror1 ('t-Rorl') is abundantly expressed in fetal and adult human CNS, in human leukemia, lymphoma cell lines, and in a variety of human cancers derived from neuroectoderm. While previous studies have documented alternative splicing patterns within 5' and 3' regions of mRNAs encoding various RTKs altering their ligand binding specificity or their intracellular signaling, the present report is the first to demonstrate tissue-specific alternative mRNA splicing causing loss of the entire extracellular and transmembrane regions of an RTK.
This Article Corrects: “Behind the Curtain: The Nurse’s Voice in Assessment of Residents in the Emergency Department”

Author(s): Pavlic, Ashley; Liu, Dana; Baker, Kara; House, Joseph; Byrd, Michael; Martinek, Tina; O’Leary, Diana; Santen, Sally A. | Abstract: Introduction: Feedback provides valuable input for improving physician performance. Conventionally, feedback is obtained from attending physicians; however, residents work in close contact with other members of the care team, especially nurses. Nurses may have more opportunity to directly observe trainees. In addition, they may value different behaviors and provide unique feedback. The objective of this study was to examine the nurse’s perspective of resident performance in the emergency department.Methods: This was a retrospective, mixed-methods study of nursing assessments of residents using a five-point scale from 1 (unsatisfactory) to 5 (outstanding) and providing comments. Analysis included descriptive statistics of the quantitative assessments and content analysis of the nursing comments by a group of attendings, residents, and nurses. Results: Nurses assessed residents as above expectation or outstanding, especially for the categories of “How would you rate this resident’s attitude?” (65%) and “Is this resident a team player?” (64%). Content analysis of the comments yielded nine themes including being kind, communication with nurses, being a team player, work ethic and efficiency, and respect for other team members. Of the comments made, 50% provided positive feedback, and the majority of comments (80%) were determined to be actionable. Conclusion: Our data indicate that nurses provide feedback on residents’ kindness, efficiency and communication. These two aspects of interacting in the healthcare setting may not be highlighted in conventional, attending provider feedback, yet they are clearly noted by the nurse’s voice.
Equation of state of the α − Pb O 2 and P a 3 ¯ -type phases of Ge O 2 to 120 GPa

The compression behavior of crystalline and amorphous germania holds considerable interest as an analog for silica and for understanding the structural response of $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{X}}_{2}$ compounds generally. In this paper, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-type and $Pa\overline{3}$-type polymorphs of $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ were investigated under high pressure using angle-dispersive synchrotron x-ray diffraction in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory were also performed. The experimental pressure-volume data were fitted to third-order Birch-Murnaghan equations of state. The fit parameters for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ type are ${V}_{0}=53.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(2)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\AA{}}^{3},{K}_{0T}=293\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(7)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ with fixed ${K}_{0T}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$, where $V,{K}_{T}$, and ${K}_{T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are the volume, isothermal bulk modulus, and pressure derivative of the bulk modulus and the subscript zero refers to ambient conditions. The corresponding parameters for the $Pa\overline{3}$-type phase are ${V}_{0}=50.3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(3)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\AA{}}^{3},{K}_{0T}=342\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(12)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ with fixed ${K}_{0T}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results with slight underestimation and overestimation of ${V}_{0}$ and ${K}_{0T}$, respectively. A theoretical Hugoniot was calculated from our data and compared to shock equation of state data for vitreous and rutile-type $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The high-pressure phase observed on the Hugoniot is most consistent with either the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-type or $\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}$-type phase. Finally, we have compared our data on crystalline germania with existing studies on the corresponding phases of $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to better understand the effects of cation substitution on phase transformations and equations of state in group 14 dioxides.
Characterization of a Large Pericentric Inversion in Plateau Fence Lizards ,(Sceloporus tristichus): Evidence from Chromosome-scale Genomes

Spiny lizards in the genus Sceloporus are a model system among squamate reptiles for studies of chromosomal evolution. While most pleurodont iguanians retain an ancestral karyotype formula of 2n=36 chromosomes, Sceloporus exhibits substantial kary- otype variation ranging from 2n=22 to 2n=46 chromosomes. In this study, we present two annotated chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Plateau Fence Lizard (Sceloporus tristichus) in order to facilitate research on the role of pericentric inversion polymorphisms on adaptation and speciation. Based on previous karyotype work using conventional staining, the S. tristichus genome is characterized as 2n=22 with 6 pairs of macrochromosomes and 5 pairs of microchromosomes with a large pericentric inversion polymorphism on chromosome seven that is geographically variable. We provide annotated, chromosome-scale genomes for two lizards located at opposite ends of a dynamic hybrid zone that are each fixed for different inversion polymorphisms. The assembled genomes are 1.84 to 1.87 Gb (1.72 Gb for scaffolds mapping to chromosomes) with a scaffold N50 of 267.5 Mb. Functional annotation of the genomes resulted in 65,417 annotated genes, 16,426 of which were deduced to have a function. We confirmed the presence of a 4.62 Mb pericentric inversion on chromosome seven, which contains 59 annotated coding genes with known functions. These new genomic resources provide opportunities to perform genomic scans and investigate the formation and spread of pericentric inversions in a naturally occurring hybrid zone. Key words: chromosome rearrangement, de novo assembly, hybrid zone, pericentric inversion, phrynosomatidae, Sceloporus, genome sequencing.
Speculum-Free Callascope for Cervical Self-Visualization: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Improved Awareness of the Reproductive System

PURPOSEInvasive cervical cancer is preventable, yet it affects 500,000 women worldwide each year, and more than one half these women die. Barriers to cervical cancer screening include a lack of awa...
Long-term cancer surveillance: results from the Forteo Patient Registry Surveillance Study.

The Forteo Patient Registry estimated the incidence of osteosarcoma in US patients treated with teriparatide and enrolled in the study between 2009 and 2019. No incident cases of osteosarcoma were identified among patients registered, and the crude incidence rate was 0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0–10.2) cases per million person-years. The prospective, voluntary Forteo Patient Registry was established to estimate the incidence of osteosarcoma in patients who have received treatment with teriparatide (Forteo). Information on US adults prescribed teriparatide and enrolled in the Forteo Patient Registry 2009–2019 was linked with data from participating state cancer registries annually (2010–2019) to identify incident osteosarcoma cases using a standardized linkage algorithm. Teriparatide exposure was ascertained from self-reported data that included teriparatide initiation and demographics necessary to complete linkage. Osteosarcoma cases diagnosed on or after January 1, 2009, were identified by participating state cancer registries. The crude incidence rate (IR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of observed cases to the expected number of cases adjusted to the background rate (3 per million person-years) and corresponding 95% CIs for the occurrence of osteosarcoma were calculated whereby the cumulative amount of person-time observed was adjusted for mortality. Data for 75,247 enrolled patients (representing 361,763 cumulative person-years) were linked to each of 42 participating state cancer registries (covering 93% of the US population), which included information on 6180 cases of osteosarcoma. No matches with incident cases of osteosarcoma following registry enrollment were found. The crude IR was 0 (95% CI, 0–10.2) cases per million person-years and the SIR was 0 (95% CI, 0–3.0). The ability to draw conclusions about the incidence of osteosarcoma among patients participating in the registry was limited due to the smaller than expected amount of patient follow-up time and the fact that no cases were identified.