cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual compulsivity and high-risk sex among Latino men: the role of internalized homonegativity and gay organizations

Abstract The objective of this studywas to measure the correlation between compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) and internalized homonegativity(IH) and determine their association with unprotected anal intercourse in Latino men who have sex with men. Nine hundred sixty-three Latino men completed an Internet survey (MINTS study) in 2002 and provided data on two scale exposures. Logistic regression was used to test interactions and generate effect estimates. Higher IH and association with gayorganizations modified the effect of CSB on high-risk sex. Drug and alcohol use also contributed to risk behavior for this subgroup. Overall, CSB had a strong association with high-risk sex. IH and gayorganization membership maymoderate this relationship, which illuminates an additional factor to consider in studying sexual risk-taking. Further work is needed to validate a path from IH and high-risk sex that incorporates drug or alcohol use.
Yeast Sugar Transporters

Transport of sugars is a fundamental property of all eukaryotic cells. Of particular importance is the uptake of glucose, a preferred carbon and energy source. The rate of glucose utilization in yeast is often dictated by the activity and concentration of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane. Given the importance of transport as a site of control of glycolytic flux, the regulation of glucose transporters is necessarily complex. The molecular analysis of these transporters in Saccharomyces has revealed the existence of a multigene family of sugar carriers. Recent data have raised the question of the actual role of all of these proteins in sugar catabolism, as some appear to be lowly expressed, and point mutations of these genes may confer pleiotropic phenotypes, inconsistent with a simple role as catabolic transporters. The transporters themselves appear to be intimately involved in the process of sensing glucose, a model for which there is growing support.
A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING THE CAUSE OF DEATH OF AIRBORNE BACTERIA.

WHEN bacteria are sprayed into the air their ability to survive depends on a large number of factors. The usual criterion for deciding if they are alive or dead depends on the appearance of visible colonies on an agar plate after the organisms have been recovered from the air and subjected to certain laboratory handling techniques. Since, by this method, it is usually difficult or impossible to determine the cause of death, it would be an advantage to be able to distinguish between death resulting from a breakdown of the cell's productive capacity (for example, its enzyme systems) or loss of its reproductive power (for example, nucleoprotein integrity). Attempts have been made to produce a laboratory technique enabling this differentiation to be made. The principle is to label the organisms with a suitable phage. Following aerosolization and recovery of the cells a comparison is made between the degree of lysis of the test cells (containing phage) and the survival of control (phage-free) cells. If the extent of lysis in the test cells is different from the survival-level of control cells then deductions can be made as to whether death is attributable to failure of the cell's productive or reproductive powers. The argument is best demonstrated by example.
Mentors, be nice

Mentors are essential for the training of PhDs and fellows, but many have lost sight of positive leadership and are just mean.
Misfolding of CasBrE SU is reversed by interactions with 4070A Env: implications for gammaretroviral neuropathogenesis

Background: CasBrE is a neurovirulent murine leukemia virus (MLV) capable of inducing paralytic disease with associated spongiform neurodegeneration. The neurovirulence of this virus has been genetically mapped to the surface expressed subunit (SU) of the env gene. However, CasBrE SU synthesized in the absence of the transmembrane subunit (TM) does not retain ecotropic receptor binding activity, indicating that folding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) requires this domain. Using a neural stem cell (NSC) based viral trans complementation approach to examine whether misfolded CasBrE SU retained neurovirulence, we observed CasBrE SU interaction with the “non-neurovirulent” amphotropic helper virus, 4070A which restored functional activity of CasBrE SU. Results: Herein, we show that infection of NSCs expressing CasBrE SU with 4070A (CasES+4070A-NSCs) resulted in the redistribution of CasBrE SU from a strictly secreted product to include retention on the plasma membrane. Cell surface cross-linking analysis suggested that CasBrE SU membrane localization was due to interactions with 4070A Env. Viral particles produced from CasES+4070A-NSCS contained both CasBrE and 4070A gp70 Env proteins. These particles displayed ecotropic receptor-mediated infection, but were still 100-fold less efficient than CasE+4070A-NSC virus. Infectious center analysis showed CasBrE SU ecotropic transduction efficiencies approaching those of NSCs expressing full length CasBrE Env (CasE; SU+TM). In addition, CasBrE SU-4070A Env interactions resulted in robust ecotropic superinfection interference indicating near native intracellular SU interaction with its receptor, mCAT-1. Conclusions: In this report we provided evidence that 4070A Env and CasBrE SU physically interact within NSCs leading to CasBrE SU retention on the plasma membrane, incorporation into viral particles, restoration of mCAT-1 binding, and capacity for initiation of TM-mediated fusion events. Thus, heterotropic Env-SU interactions facilitates CasBrE SU folding events that restore Env activity. These findings are consistent with the idea that one protein conformation acts as a folding scaffold or nucleus for a second protein of similar primary structure, a process reminiscent of prion formation. The implication is that template-based protein folding may represent an inherent feature of neuropathogenic proteins that extends to retroviral Envs.
Data Access Partitioning for Fine-grain Parallelism on Multicore Architectures

The recent design shift towards multicore processors has spawned a significant amount of research in the area of program paralleliza- tion. The future abundance of cores on a single chip requires pro- grammer and compiler intervention to increase the amount of par- allel work possible. Much of the recent work has fallen into the areas of coarse-grain parallelization: new programming models and different ways to exploit threads and data-level parallelism. This work focuses on a complementary direction, improving per- formance through automated fine-grain parallelization. The main difficulty in achieving a performance benefit from fine-grain paral- lelism is the distribution of data memory accesses across the data caches of each core. Poor choices in the placement of data ac- cesses can lead to increased memory stalls and low resource utiliza- tion. We propose a profile-guided method for partitioning mem- ory accesses across distributed data caches. First, a profile deter- mines affinity relationships between memory accesses and work- ing set characteristics of individual memory operations in the pro- gram. Next, a program-level partitioning of the memory opera- tions is performed to divide the memory accesses across the data caches. As a result, the data accesses are proactively dispersed to reduce memory stalls and improve computation parallelization. A final detailed partitioning of the computation instructions is per- formed with knowledge of the cache location of their associated data. Overall, our data partitioning reduces stall cycles by up to 51% versus data-incognizant partitioning, and has an overall speedup average of 30% over a single core processor.
Arthroscopic subscapularis tenolysis: A technique for treating refractory glenohumeral stiffness following open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced three-part proximal humerus fracture

This case illustrates the treatment of a stiff shoulder following open reduction and internal fixation of a three-part fracture of the proximal humerus. Motion could not be improved with physical therapy or with manipulation under general anesthesia. Arthroscopic subscapularis tenolysis provided a dramatic increase in range of motion. The unique pathological findings may render such cases refractory to manipulation because of thick unyielding scar tissue. In such cases, arthroscopic subscapularis tenolysis may provide the only means of improving the final range of motion.
Intracranial pressure variability and long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND Research suggests that intracranial pressure (ICP) dynamics beyond just absolute ICP level provide information reflecting intracranial adaptive capacity. Specifically, evidence indicates that physiologic variability provides information about system functioning that may reflect dimensions of adaptive capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ICP variability in patients following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and outcome at hospital discharge and 6 months post-injury. METHODS ICP was monitored continuously for 4 days in 147 patients (78% male; mean (SD) age = 37 years (18 years)). ICP variability indices were calculated for four time scales (24 h, 60 min, 5 min and 5 s). Functional outcome was assessed using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of survival or favorable outcome, and ordinal regression was used to estimate odds for outcome above versus below GOSE thresholds, predicted by ICP variability, controlling for age, gender, Glasgow Coma Scale motor score, craniectomy, and ICP level. FINDINGS ICP variability indices were better predictors of 6-month outcome than mean ICP. Survival was significantly associated with greater 5-s ICP variability (p < 0.001). Higher ICP variability on shorter time scales was associated with better functional outcome (5-s RMSSD, 5-min SD: p < 0.002; 60-min SD: p < 0.011). CONCLUSIONS ICP variability may reflect the degree of intactness of intracranial adaptive ability.
Becoming Pilgrims: Engaging Theory through Practice in the Introductory World Religions Course.

. This paper explores the use of the educational pilgrimage as an active learning strategy in the introductory world religions course. As we study pilgrimages from different religious traditions throughout the semester using Victor Turner as our theoretical guide, students also plan their own campus pilgrimage, paying homage to sites that help them reach their educational goals. Using student comments and my own observations, I highlight the ways in which the educational pilgrimage both affirms and raises critical questions about Turner's theory of pilgrimage. In this way, the educational pilgrimage is an opportunity for students to enhance and clarify their understanding of theory through practice.
Imaging for Staging and Response Assessment in Lymphoma

Lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases; remarkable advances have been made in diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic imaging provides important information for staging and response assessment in patients with lymphoma. Over the years, staging systems have been refined, and dedicated criteria have been developed for evaluating response to therapy with both computed tomography (CT) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. The most recent system proposed for staging and response assessment, known as the Lugano classification, applies to both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The use of standardized criteria for staging and response assessment is important for making accurate treatment decisions and for determining the direction of further research. This review provides an overview of the updated CT and PET response criteria to familiarize the radiologist with the most important and clinically relevant aspects of lymphoma imaging. It also provides a short clinical update on lymphoma and the associated spectrum of imaging findings.
Genome-Wide Association Study for Age-Related Hearing Loss (AHL) in the Mouse: A Meta-Analysis

Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is characterized by a symmetric sensorineural hearing loss primarily in high frequencies and individuals have different levels of susceptibility to AHL. Heritability studies have shown that the sources of this variance are both genetic and environmental, with approximately half of the variance attributable to hereditary factors as reported by Huag and Tang (Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267(8):1179–1191, 2010). Only a limited number of large-scale association studies for AHL have been undertaken in humans, to date. An alternate and complementary approach to these human studies is through the use of mouse models. Advantages of mouse models include that the environment can be more carefully controlled, measurements can be replicated in genetically identical animals, and the proportion of the variability explained by genetic variation is increased. Complex traits in mouse strains have been shown to have higher heritability and genetic loci often have stronger effects on the trait compared to humans. Motivated by these advantages, we have performed the first genome-wide association study of its kind in the mouse by combining several data sets in a meta-analysis to identify loci associated with age-related hearing loss. We identified five genome-wide significant loci (<10−6). One of these loci confirmed a previously identified locus (ahl8) on distal chromosome 11 and greatly narrowed the candidate region. Specifically, the most significant associated SNP is located 450 kb upstream of Fscn2. These data confirm the utility of this approach and provide new high-resolution mapping information about variation within the mouse genome associated with hearing loss.
Schwarzschild limit of conformal gravity in the presence of macroscopic scalar fields

In their original study of conformal gravity, a candidate alternate gravitational theory, Mannheim and Kazanas showed that in any empty vacuum region exterior to a localized static spherically symmetric gravitational source, the geometry would reduce to the standard attractive gravity Schwarzschild geometry on solar system distance scales. In a recent paper Flanagan has argued that this would not be the case if the source has associated with it a macroscopic scalar field which makes a nonzero contribution to the energy-momentum tensor in the otherwise empty exterior region. In this paper we examine Flanagan's analysis and show that even with such long range scalar fields, the standard Schwarzschild phenomenology is still recovered.
Monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids of pinus edulis and pinus albicaulis☆

Abstract The sapwood and heartwood of pinyon pine ( Pinus edulis ) and whitebark pine ( P. albicaulis ) were examined for monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids. The principal qualitative differences between the terpene composition of these pines are the presence of limonene in pinyon pine and its apparent absence in whitebark pine, and the presence of α-phellandrene in whitebark pine and its possible absence in pinyon pine. Quantitatively, the principal difference appears to be the predominance of α-pinene in pinyon pine, and the high percentage of δ 3 -carene in whitebark pine. Among acidic components, the main qualitative difference is the presence of δ 8,15 -isopimaric acid in pinyon pine, and its apparent absence in whitebark pine.
The distance-profile representation and its application to detection of distantly related protein families

Detecting homology between remotely related protein families is an important problem in computational biology since the biological properties of uncharacterized proteins can often be inferred from those of homologous proteins. Many existing approaches address this problem by measuring the similarity between proteins through sequence or structural alignment. However, these methods do not exploit collective aspects of the protein space and the computed scores are often noisy and frequently fail to recognize distantly related protein families. We describe an algorithm that improves over the state of the art in homology detection by utilizing global information on the proximity of entities in the protein space. Our method relies on a vectorial representation of proteins and protein families and uses structure-specific association measures between proteins and template structures to form a high-dimensional feature vector for each query protein. These vectors are then processed and transformed to sparse feature vectors that are treated as statistical fingerprints of the query proteins. The new representation induces a new metric between proteins measured by the statistical difference between their corresponding probability distributions. Using several performance measures we show that the new tool considerably improves the performance in recognizing distant homologies compared to existing approaches such as PSIBLAST and FUGUE.
Per-flow Queue Scheduling with Pipelined Counting Priority Index

For advanced per-flow service disciplines at high-speed network links, it is essential to maintain priority queues in sorted order. The scalable priority queue implementation requires managing a large number of queues at ever increasing line speeds. In this paper, we propose novel solutions to the management of priority queues using a previously proposed pipelined Counting Priority Index (pCPI) structure. We consider applications in which hundreds of thousands of priority queues may need to be maintained at line rate at each line card. We provide solutions to two specific problems: the mapping of packet departure times into a priority index, and the locating of the priority queue that contains the packet for a given departure time. We show that the pCPI structure can be effectively implemented for scheduling packets that are maintained in a large number of priority queues.
Seasonal Anisotropy in Short-Period Seismic Noise Recorded in South Asia

We present an analysis of seismic noise recorded during 1995–2004 by a medium-aperture, short-period seismic array located in Chiang Mai, Thailand (CMAR). We calculated frequency-wavenumber spectra for nearly 1000 randomly selected time windows, each with a length of 160 sec. At frequencies above about 1.4 Hz the noise is unorganized and the wavenumber spectra are isotropic and diffuse; however, at lower frequencies three robust wavenumber peaks exist. Two of the peaks have phase velocities centered near 4.0 km/sec, consistent with higher-mode Rayleigh waves, while the third peak has much higher apparent velocity (>25 km/sec), consistent with body waves that have interacted with the Earth’s core ( PKP , PcP ). All three peaks are strongly seasonal with annual power variations of 10–20 dB, and all show excellent correlation in their putative source regions with ocean wave heights derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite tracks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a high-velocity component of seismic noise has been consistently observed. The presence of this high-velocity peak raises the possibility of using ambient noise to image the Earth’s lower mantle and core.
Changing Knowledge, Local Knowledge, and Knowledge Gaps STS Insights into Procedural Justice

Procedural justice, or the ability of people affected by decisions to participate in making them, is widely recognized as an important aspect of environmental justice (EJ). Procedural justice, more...
Probabilistic Reliability Assessment for transmission planning and operation including cascading outages

Power grids have traditionally been planned and operated to withstand without resulting in cascading events transmission outage contingencies of the N-1 or N-2 kind. However, in actual operation, power grids are potentially vulnerable to cascading outages. Reliable operations therefore require a risk-based approach to monitoring and managing the probability and impact of potential cascading outages. Extending into the transmission planning area, the Probabilistic Reliability Assessment (PRA) method should also study the cost-effectiveness of transmission investment in mitigating potential cascading outages. This paper defines and quantifies a measure that relates to the vulnerability of the power grid to cascading outages. The approach is to simulate and identify potential cascading modes (PCM) and to compute the probability and impact of each stage of the cascade and display the risk of each potential cascade stage on the two-dimensional display of likelihood and consequences. In this display, the traditional N-1 or N-2 contingencies will also be plotted for comparison. This approach enables grid operators and transmission planners to be fully aware of not only the contingencies for which they are required to assess and mitigate, but also the potential cascading modes. This places both types of potential adverse events on the same basis for comparison. This approach to study the PCMs will make potential solutions to the mitigation of cascading outages more apparent, such as transmission additions, automatic islanding, generation and/or load shedding. An example of applying this method is illustrated in this paper.
A Dusty Fluid Model to Predict Hydroxyl Ion Conductivity in Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes

Recent advances in radiation grafting methods have made quaternary ammonium-based alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEMs) fuel cells an attractive option for portable power applications. The alkaline environment of the AAEM provides several advantages that stem from the transport of hydroxyl ions across the membrane and the fuel flexibility this permits. However, demonstration of AAEM fuel cells has shown considerable losses in the form of activation and ohmic overpotentials. This work describes a dusty fluid model used to predict AAEM conductivities as a function of relative humidity and physical membrane description. A percolation model is used to account for the membrane structure and validated to Nafion 115 conductivity data.
“They Were Really Looking for a Male Leader for the Building”: Gender, Identity and Leadership Development in a Principal Preparation Program

This study utilized a comparative case study analysis to investigate how gender influenced the experiences of participants in a leadership development program (principal preparation program) designed to lead public K-12 schools identified as requiring turnaround. We closely focused on two participants, a man and a woman, and compared the ways each participant made meaning of his/her experiences as developing leaders in the program. Although both participants conceptualized effective leadership in similar communally-oriented ways, the way they came to construct their identities as leaders varied greatly. These differences were largely influenced by different and, what appeared to be, gendered feedback occurring during the program and when participants entered the job market.
The p Dimensional Analogue of Smith's Determinant

(1930). The p Dimensional Analogue of Smith's Determinant. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 294-296.
Transmission (forward) mode, transcranial, noninvasive optoacoustic measurements for brain monitoring, imaging, and sensing

We proposed to use transmission (forward) mode for cerebral, noninvasive, transcranial optoacoustic monitoring, imaging, and sensing in humans. In the transmission mode, the irradiation of the tissue of interest and detection of optoacoustic signals are performed from opposite hemispheres, while in the reflection (backward) mode the irradiation of the tissue of interest and detection of optoacoustic signals are performed from the same hemisphere. Recently, we developed new, transmission-mode optoacoustic probes for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and for neonatal patients. The transmission mode probes have two major parts: a fiber-optic delivery system and an acoustic transducer (sensor). To obtain optoacoustic signals in the transmission mode, in this study we placed the sensor on the forehead, while light was delivered to the opposite side of the head. Using a medical grade, multi-wavelength, OPObased optoacoustic system tunable in the near infrared spectral range (680-950 nm) and a novel, compact, fiber-coupled, multi-wavelength, pulsed laser diode-based system, we recorded optoacoustic signals generated in the posterior part of the head of adults with TBI and neonates. The optoacoustic signals had two distinct peaks: the first peak from the intracranial space and the second peak from the scalp. The first peak generated by cerebral blood was used to measure cerebral blood oxygenation. Moreover, the transmission mode measurements provided detection of intracranial hematomas in the TBI patients. The obtained results suggest that the transmission mode can be used for optoacoustic brain imaging, tomography, and mapping in humans.
Distribution of Rhyacionia neomexicana Eggs within Ponderosa Pine Trees

Eggs of the southwestern pine tip moth, Rhyacionia neomexicana (Dyar), are deposited on the inner surfaces of needles in upper crowns of small ponderosa pines. Most eggs are found ca. 1.5 cm above the needle-fascicle base, and 82 to 94% of the eggs are laid on the 3 uppermost whorls of foliage. Ovipositing females seem to prefer 1-yr-old needles. There are few apparent differences in egg distributions between plantation and natural regeneration trees ca. 1 m tall.
Modified Strain-Based Geometrically Nonlinear Beam Formulation for Modeling Slender Wings with Deformable Cross-Sections

A strain-based geometrically-nonlinear beam formulation has previously been developed and applied in analyzing slender wings of very flexible aircraft. This formulation features strains and curvatures of the beam reference line as the independent variables in the solution. In this study, the deformation of beam cross-sections (warping) is allowed in the modeling process. The warping field of the beam is represented by the Ritz approximation functions at each cross-section, as well as their spatial variations along the beam span. This treatment enhances the one-dimensional beam formulation associated with large-scale beam bending/twist curvatures, with the additional elastic degrees of freedom that consider smallscale local deformations of the cross-sections. It has the potential to provide an efficient solution base for preliminary design and time-domain analysis of flexible aircraft with compliant airfoils, as well as the shape and load control of very flexible aircraft with active actuations.
Transoral robotic surgery in the seated position: Rethinking our operative approach

Objectives/Hypothesis Transoral surgery (TOS) is commonly performed in a supine patient with an oral retractor. Paradoxically, this strategy can create difficulty with visualizing and accessing pathology at the base of tongue, inferior pharynx, and larynx. We investigate the feasibility of TOS with the patient in the seated position. Study Design Pilot study. Methods TOS utilizing the da Vinci Robotic Surgical Xi and Si systems (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) was performed on a fresh cadaver placed in both the traditional supine position and the seated position. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the seated position was then performed on two patients for a supraglottic laryngectomy and a hypopharyngeal carcinoma resection. Results Visualization of the entire upper aerodigestive tract was possible in the cadaver and two patients in the seated position. The Si was superior for docking, instrumentation, and assistant access. The minimum operating table height is critical for successful access. Advantages of this position included increased posterior airway/operative space by approximately 2 cm, ability to manipulate the surgical field (nonrigid retraction), and improved visualization. Surgical procedures were completed in comparable times compared with standard TORS procedures. There were no complications related to seated TORS. Conclusions TORS in the seated position was both safe and effective in this pilot study. It allows the surgeon to optimally operate in the inferior pharynx and larynx without the limitation of line of site access and visualization. A paradigm shift in patient positioning during TOS may allow improved surgical access and even greater patient candidacy. Further clinical investigation into this technique is warranted. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2016
Inter-color NPR Lines: A Comparison of Rendering Techniques

Renderings of 3D scenes can feature lines drawn automatically along sharp edges between colored areas on object textures, in order to imitate certain styles of hand-drawn line art. However, such “inter-color lines” have been studied very little. Two algorithms for rendering these lines were compared in this study—a faster one utilizing precomputed lines “baked” into the textures and a more complex one that dynamically generates the lines in image space on each frame—for the purpose of determining which of the two better imitated traditional, hand-drawn art styles and which was more visually appealing. In this study, test subjects compared results of the two algorithms side by side, both passively and interactively from a moving camera, and they noted the visual differences to reach final judgments as to which better adhered to artistic conventions and which was more appealing. Statistical analysis of the sample proportions that preferred each algorithm did not show that any significant difference existed between the two algorithms in terms of either of the above metrics. Thus the algorithm using precomputed lines appears to be more recommendable overall, as it is known to be computationally faster, whereas the dynamic algorithm was not shown to be preferred by viewers in terms of conventionality or aesthetics.
Using Evidence in L2 Argumentative Writing: A Longitudinal Case Study Across High School and University

This 8-year longitudinal case study of Fabiola, a Spanish-English bilingual, investigated her argumentative writing development, focusing on her use of evidence to support and develop arguments over time from high school through university. Data sources included 36 writing samples. Texts across grade levels and course types were analyzed to determine changes in evidential types (quotations and paraphrases), evidential functions, and reporting verbs used to introduce evidence. Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify Fabiola's changing perspectives on use of evidence in argumentative writing. Evidentials were found to vary according to course type, but more dramatic changes (in type, function, and range of reporting verbs used) were found over time as language proficiency and writing expertise developed, providing longitudinal support for other studies that have examined writers at only one point in time.
“Agreement” in the IPCC Confidence measure

Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has, in its most recent Assessment Report (AR5), articulated guidelines for evaluating and communicating uncertainty that include a qualitative scale of confidence. We examine one factor included in that scale: the “degree of agreement.” Some discussions of the degree of agreement in AR5 suggest that the IPCC is employing a consensus-oriented social epistemology. We consider the application of the degree of agreement factor in practice in AR5. Our findings, though based on a limited examination, suggest that agreement attributions do not so much track the overall consensus among investigators as the degree to which relevant research findings substantively converge in offering support for IPCC claims. We articulate a principle guiding confidence attributions in AR5 that centers not on consensus but on the notion of support. In concluding, we tentatively suggest a pluralist approach to the notion of support.
Changing Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised

Abstract How easily can our first impressions of others be updated when we learn new, contradictory evidence? We review recent work in the social cognition literature on the ways in which implicit evaluations can be updated in a durable and robust manner. These findings show that implicit evaluations of novel individuals can be revised when the new information is believable and diagnostic, and if it reinterprets the evaluative meaning of the original information. We discuss implications of this evidence for the degree to which evaluative memories can be updated, as well as new directions for theories of human evaluation and implicit cognition.
Sources of Primary Inoculum of Botrytis cinerea and Their Impact on Fungicide Resistance Development in Commercial Strawberry Fields

Strawberry transplants produced in nurseries across Canada, northern United States, and California are shipped annually to other strawberry-growing regions, including Florida. Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, causes latent infections on transplants which are suggested as a potential source of primary inoculum in strawberry fields. In this study, we investigated the survival of B. cinerea isolates over the summer in Florida, the presence of B. cinerea in transplants from 14 nurseries from Canada and the United States in 2011, 2012, and 2013, and the sensitivity of nursery population to several botryticides. Botrytis cinerea was detected on dead strawberry plants sampled from commercial strawberry fields between March and June but not in July and August, suggesting that the fungus does not over-summer in strawberry fields in Florida. Nursery transplants surveyed in 2011, 2012, and 2013 showed B. cinerea incidences of 20 to 37, 20 to 83, and 2.5 to 92.5%, respectively. In total, 409 isolates ...
A Generalized Approach to Implement Efficient CMOS-Based Threshold Logic Functions

An integer linear programming-based framework to identify the current-mode threshold logic functions is presented. The approach minimizes the transistor count and benefits from a generalized definition of threshold logic functions. It is shown that the threshold logic functions can be implemented in CMOS-based current mode logic with reduced transistor count when the input weights are not restricted to be integers. A novel implementation of rational weights is proposed. Process variations, transistor aging, and circuit parasitics are taken into consideration. Experimental results show that many more functions can be implemented with predetermined hardware overhead, and the hardware requirement of a large percentage of the existing threshold functions is reduced when comparing with the traditional CMOS-based threshold logic implementation.
Cost effectiveness of combination HIV therapy: 3 years later.

Since 1997, expert panel guidelines for HIV care have recommended the use of combination antiretroviral therapy with at least 3 antiretroviral drugs. Several studies have examined the cost effectiveness of 3-drug combination antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of HIV infection. Analyses comparing a 3-drug protease inhibitor-containing regimen with a 1- or 2-drug non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimen have consistently yielded incremental direct cost estimates ranging from $US10 000 to just over $US13 000 per year of life saved. In Western societies, such an incremental cost per year of life saved compares favourably with chronic therapy for other diseases and argues for the adoption of these drugs by payors and policy makers. The reason for this favourable costeffectiveness ratio appears to be the decrease in opportunistic complications and hospitalisation associated with the effective use of combination antiretroviral therapy. Whether this initial benefit will be maintained is not yet known. Other comorbid illnesses such as hepatitis C or renal failure may subsequently increase the cost of HIV care, and some analyses suggest that resistance may develop to these drugs over the long term. In addition, studies are needed to assess the cost effectiveness of these therapies in developing countries where the expense of these drugs appears to put them out of reach. The collection and analysis of economic data will continue to be needed as newer HIV therapies become available and the HIV healthcare environment evolves. Quantifying medical care costs and calculating cost effectiveness involve assessing a moving target. Economic analyses of HIV infection must evolve in tandem with therapeutic changes to continue to be relevant to policy makers, payors of care, and those who provide and receive HIV care.
Circulating levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 as a potential measure of biological age in mice and frailty in humans

A serum biomarker of biological versus chronological age would have significant impact on clinical care. It could be used to identify individuals at risk of early-onset frailty or the multimorbidities associated with old age. It may also serve as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials targeting mechanisms of aging. Here, we identified MCP-1/CCL2, a chemokine responsible for recruiting monocytes, as a potential biomarker of biological age. Circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels increased in an age-dependent manner in wild-type (WT) mice. That age-dependent increase was accelerated in Ercc1-/Δ and Bubr1H/H mouse models of progeria. Genetic and pharmacologic interventions that slow aging of Ercc1-/Δ and WT mice lowered serum MCP-1 levels significantly. Finally, in elderly humans with aortic stenosis, MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in frail individuals compared to nonfrail. These data support the conclusion that MCP-1 can be used as a measure of mammalian biological age that is responsive to interventions that extend healthy aging.
SMC protein complexes and the maintenance of chromosome integrity.

Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family proteins have attracted much attention for their unique protein structure and critical roles in mitotic chromosome organization. Elegant genetic and biochemical studies in yeast and Xenopus identified two different SMC heterodimers in two conserved multiprotein complexes termed ‘condensin’ and ‘cohesin’, These complexes are required for mitotic chromosome condensation and sister chromatid cohesion, respectively, both of which are prerequisite to accurate segregation of chromosomes. Although structurally similar, the SMC proteins in condensin and cohesin appear to have distinct functions, whose specificity and cell cycle regulation are critically determined by their interactions with unique sets of associated proteins. Recent studies of subcellular localization of SMC proteins and SMC-containing complexes, identification of their interactions with other cellular factors, and discovery of new SMC family members have uncovered unexpected roles for SMCproteins and SMC-containing complexes in different aspects of genome functions and chromosome organization beyond mitosis, all of which are critical for the maintenance of chromosome integrity.
DISCUSSION OF KOOPMANS' NEW INTRODUCTORY COURSE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Koopman's new introductory course. Koopmans has carefully analyzed what is wrong with the classical introductory statistics course, such as too much meaningless data organization, too much arithmetic, too much algebra, too much calculus of probability, and not enough attention to the way real data behave. Koopmans introduction to statistical inference relies on the classical methods derived from normal theory, though modified by devices such as censoring to make the methods more robust. For well over 10 years, the approach to achieving robustness has been through nonparametrics, an approach mentioned by Koopmans but found wanting. The chapter discusses the reason for the nonparametric approach for introducing beginning students to the basic ideas of statistical inference being preferable to Koopmans' modified classical approach.
Finding essential complexity for learning in virtual worlds

This theoretical paper introduces one possible avenue for measuring learner performance in virtual worlds, intended to leverage these virtual worlds as learning systems that can provide individualized learning experiences at an appropriate level of complexity for any given learner. First, we extensively define essential complexity. Then, we describe an assessment framework for finding this essential complexity in a virtual world, using a variety of embedded measurement techniques.
LECTIN-DEPENDENT NATURAL KILLER CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY IN MICE (NK-LDCC): A NEW SUBPOPULATION OF NK-LIKE CYTOTOXIC CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on determining whether normal mouse lymphocytes mediate lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) against natural killer cell (NK)-sensitive targets, and delineating whether the defect in NK activity in low NK strains of mice can be corrected by lectin. Spleen cell suspensions were treated with H 2 O for 15 s to remove red blood cells. The effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against YAC-1 targets was tested in high- and low-NK strains of mice. Previous studies in the murine system have shown that normal spleen cells do not mediate CMC in the presence of Con A when tested against a battery of non-NK-sensitive target cells. Several lectins have been shown to mediate LDCC with mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Evidence is presented defining a new subpopulation of murine spleen cells, which mediate NK–CMC in the presence of Con A. The demonstration of a unique subpopulation of cells effective in NK–LDCC raises several questions relevant to the mechanism of NK–CMC. The nature of the effector cell in NK–LDCC classifies the cell as distinct from classical NK effector cells.
Leveraging protein dynamics to identify cancer mutational hotspots in 3D-structures

Large-scale exome sequencing of tumors has enabled the identification of cancer drivers using recurrence and clustering-based approaches. Some of these methods also employ three-dimensional protein structures to identify mutational hotspots in cancer-associated genes. In determining such mutational clusters in structures, existing approaches overlook protein dynamics, despite the essential role of dynamics in protein functionality. In this work, we present a framework to identify driver genes using a dynamics-based search of mutational hotspot communities. After partitioning 3D structures into distinct communities of residues using anisotropic network models, we map variants onto the partitioned structures. We then search for signals of positive selection among these residue communities to identify putative drivers. We applied our method using the TCGA pan-cancer atlas missense mutation catalog. Overall, our analyses predict one or more mutational hotspots within the resolved structures of 434 genes. Ontological and pathway enrichment analyses implicate genes with predicted hotspots to be enriched in biological processes associated with tumor progression. Additionally, a comparison between our approach and existing hotspot detection methods that use structural data suggests that the inclusion of dynamics significantly increases the sensitivity of driver detection.
Korean immigrant older adults residing in Non-Korean ethnic enclaves: Acculturation strategies and psychosocial adaptation

ABSTRACTBased on Berry’s bi-dimensional model of acculturation, this study examined acculturation strategies among first-generation Korean immigrant older adults residing in areas without a well-es...
Accuracy and Verisimilitude: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

AbstractIt seems like we care about at least two features of our credence function: gradational-accuracy (high credences in truths, low credences in falsehoods) and verisimilitude (investing higher...
Electric sails are potentially more effective than light sails near most stars

Abstract Electric sails are propulsion systems that generate momentum via the deflection of stellar wind particles through electric forces. Here, we investigate the relative merits of electric sails and light sails driven by stellar radiation pressure for F-, G-, K- and M-type stellar systems. We show that electric sails originating near M-dwarfs could attain terminal speeds of ~ 500 km/s for minimal payload masses. In contrast, light sails are typically rendered ineffective for late-type M-dwarfs because the radiation pressure is not sufficiently high to overcome the gravitational acceleration. Our analysis indicates that electric sails are better propulsion systems for interplanetary travel than light sails in proximity to most stars. We also delineate a method by which repeated encounters with stars might cumulatively boost the speeds of light sails to ≳ 0.1 c , thereby making them more suitable for interstellar travel. This strategy can be effectuated by reaching ~ 10 5 stars over the span of ~ 10 Myr.
The destruction of Hazor: Israelite history and the construction of history in Israel:

The present study presents an alternative model of pre-monarchic Israel’s political organization in tandem with an investigation into the role of place in the preservation of memory that explains h...
Marcela Crespo Buiturón. Diálogo de voces: Nuevas lecturas sobre la obra de María Rosa Lojo: Raleigh, NC: A Contracorriente, 2018. 234 pp

This collection of essays critically examines Maria Rosa Lojo’s texts: from poetry, short stories, and micro-fictions to historical novels. As Marcela Crespo Buituron points out in the introduction...
Identifying the factors that predict a Consumer's willingness to ride in various types of driverless vehicles

Abstract The current study provides data about the type of person who may be willing to ride in a driverless vehicle considering six different vehicle types. Participants from the United States were provided with hypothetical scenarios about riding in various driverless vehicles. Across two data collection sessions, they rated emotional responses to the scenarios, along with the willingness to ride. They also provided information about the familiarity, complexity, fun, and value of driverless vehicles. Regression analyses revealed seven of the 13 predictors were significant for at least one type of vehicle. Happiness and fear were significant for all vehicle types. The model fit between the two datasets was strong. These data provide a base for manufacturers attempting to match their vehicles with consumers.
Real-time dispatching of air taxis in metropolitan cities using a hybrid simulation goal programming algorithm

Abstract Expected to begin its operations in the coming years, air taxi aims to provide everyday transportation services to customers in metropolitan cities. These vehicles offer urban air mobility (UAM) services using the electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology. This research is the first to present a hybrid simulation goal programming (HSGP) approach to dispatch vehicles in a centralized air taxi network. After each customer drop-off, the model makes real-time decisions on (i) whether the air taxi must become idle or pick up customers, and (ii) the station to which the air taxi should be dispatched (if the air taxi is operational). The feasibility of the HSGP approach is tested using potential air taxi demands in New York City (NYC) provided by a prior study. The results of the experimentation suggest that the minimum number of air taxis required for efficient operation in NYC is 84, functioning with an average utilization rate of 66%. In addition, the impacts of commuter’s “willingness to fly” rate, percentage of demand fulfillment, on-road travel limit, maximum customer wait time, and arrival distribution on the optimal number of air taxis, utilization rate, number of customers served, and cost incurred per customer are examined. Analyses show that the “willingness to fly” rate appears to have a linear influence on the number of air taxis and the efficiency, while on-road travel distance has an exponential impact on the performance measures. The HSGP algorithm developed in this paper can be used by any company that is interested in venturing into the air taxi market.
Comparing Japan's Lost Decade with the U.S. Great Recession

Japan's economy began its "Lost Decade" in the 1990s, with persistent slow growth and low inflation. One could argue, however, that the Lost Decade has persisted for nearly three decades.