cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weighted backprojection implemented with a non-uniform attenuation map for improved SPECT quantitation

A method is developed to improve quantitation in single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging by using an attenuation compensation method that includes the correct nonuniform attenuation spatial distribution (i.e. map). The method is based on the technique of weighted back projection, previously developed for uniform attenuation. It is tested by imaging a nonuniform phantom, reconstructing it with the known attenuation map, and quantitatively comparing the resultant image with the known activity distribution. Reconstructed image profiles are dramatically improved in comparison to reconstructions without compensation or with an assumed uniform attenuation map. Contrast measurements further quantify the improvement. Line-spread-function distortions seen previously in nonuniform geometries are essentially eliminated by the method, making it appropriate for these geometries if the nonuniform map can be determined. Some additional image distortions introduced by the compensation method are noted that will require further study. >
Nonreplication of heterochromatic chromosomes in a mealy bug, Planococcus citri (Coccoidea: Homoptera)

In males of mealy bugs with the lecanoid chromosome system, the paternal set of chromosomes becomes heterochromatic in early embryogeny. In males of the mealy bug, Planococcus citri, the heterochromatic (H) set in testis sheath cells and in most of the oenocytes apparently did not replicate while the euchromatic (E) set was undergoing several cycles of endoreplication. In third instar males, testis sheath cells in endoanaphase and endotelophase exhibited 5H and either 40 or 80E chromosomes. The increase in the number of E chromosomes was attributed to the replication of only the E chromosomes. Oenocytes of third instar males had 0, 5, or 10H chromosomes and from 10 to 240E chromosomes. The oenocytes with 5H chromosomes had a mean of 50.8E chromosomes, and those with 10H chromosomes had a mean of 155.6E chromosomes. Nuclear and cell fusion was considered as a means of producing the various numbers of H and E chromosomes in oenocytes, and it was concluded that although nuclear fusion probably took place, the differences between the number of H and E chromosomes was at least in part due to replication of only the E chromosomes. The size of the H chromosomes was about the same in all the testis sheath cells and the oenocytes irrespective of the level of endopolyploidy for the E set. These H chromosomes apparently did not increase in polyteny, because they were only about half the size of the H chromosomes in prophase I of spermatogenesis. The significance of the nonreplication of the H set and the control of nonreplication are briefly discussed.
Erratum to: Health Message Framing Effects on Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors: A Meta-analytic Review

Erratum to: ann. behav. med.DOI 10.1007/s12160-011-9308-7In “Health Message Framing Effects on Attitudes, Inten-tions, and Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review,” (Volume43, Number 1, February 2012, pp. 101–116, doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9308-7) the effect size for Rothman et al. (1993[70]) study 2 should be reported as r0.06 (95 % CI0−.15,.23) in Table 1. The summary effect size for the 2 studies ofskin cancer prevention behavior should be reported as mar-ginally significant, r0.15 (p0.054; 95 % CI0−.00, .289) inTable 3 and on p. 109. The meta-analysis’ main finding ofan overall effect size for framing on prevention behaviorremains significant, and should be reported asr0.075(p0.003; 95 % CI0.03, .13) in Table 2 and on pp. 101,109, and 111; the fail-safe N for this finding is 166 (p. 110).All other findings remain unchanged.
Slumping on the continental margin southeast of Long Island, New York

Abstract The sedimentary framework of the continental margin southwest of Long Island, New York has been modified by slumping and gravitational sliding. Mass movements were probably due to either rapid deposition or an earthquake, and could have occurred asrecently as late Tertiary of Pleistocene times.
TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz

Quartz and rutile were synthesized from silica-saturated aqueous fluids between 5 and 20 kbar and from 700 to 940°C in a piston-cylinder apparatus to explore the potential pressure effect on Ti solubility in quartz. A systematic decrease in Ti-in-quartz solubility occurs between 5 and 20 kbar. Titanium K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurements demonstrate that Ti4+ substitutes for Si4+ on fourfold tetrahedral sites in quartz at all conditions studied. Molecular dynamic simulations support XANES measurements and demonstrate that Ti incorporation onto fourfold sites is favored over interstitial solubility mechanisms. To account for the P–T dependence of Ti-in-quartz solubility, a least-squares method was used to fit Ti concentrations in quartz from all experiments to the simple expression $$ RT\ln X_{{{\text{TiO}}_{ 2} }}^{\text{quartz}} = - 60952 + 1.520 \cdot T(K) - 1741 \cdot P(kbar) + RT\ln a_{{{\text{TiO}}_{ 2} }} $$ where R is the gas constant 8.3145 J/K, T is temperature in Kelvin, $$ X_{{{\text{TiO}}_{ 2} }}^{\text{quartz}} $$ is the mole fraction of TiO2 in quartz and $$ a_{{{\text{TiO}}_{ 2} }} $$ is the activity of TiO2 in the system. The P–T dependencies of Ti-in-quartz solubility can be used as a thermobarometer when used in combination with another thermobarometer in a coexisting mineral, an independent P or T estimate of quartz crystallization, or well-constrained phase equilibria. If temperature can be constrained within ±25°C, pressure can be constrained to approximately ±1.2 kbar. Alternatively, if pressure can be constrained to within ±1 kbar, then temperature can be constrained to approximately ±20°C.
ANDROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY TO REVERSE AND/OR PREVENT AGE-ASSOCIATED SARCOPENIA IN MEN

Normal ageing is associated with a decline in lean body mass, muscle mass and strength. The functional consequences of these changes may be significant and include falls, fractures, loss of mobility and increasing dependency. The anabolic actions of testosterone on muscle have been known for over 60 years, and replacement studies in young hypogonadal men have shown that testosterone can improve muscle mass and strength. In addition, the supraphysiological replacement of testosterone in young eugonadal men has also been shown to increase muscle mass and improve strength. Although the data are limited, studies of testosterone replacement in healthy older men with relative testosterone deficiency have demonstrated some modest improvements in muscle mass and strength, although the clinical and functional relevance of the muscle changes have yet to be determined. More data and experience are needed before testosterone can be advocated for the prevention or reversal of sarcopenia in the ageing male.
Patient Safety, Resident Education and Resident Well-Being Following Implementation of the 2003 ACGME Duty Hour Rules

The ACGME-released revisions to the 2003 duty hour standards. To review the impact of the 2003 duty hour reform as it pertains to resident and patient outcomes. Medline (1989–May 2010), Embase (1989–June 2010), bibliographies, pertinent reviews, and meeting abstracts. We included studies examining the relationship between the pre- and post-2003 time periods and patient outcomes (mortality, complications, errors), resident education (standardized test scores, clinical experience), and well-being (as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory). We excluded non-US studies. One rater used structured data collection forms to abstract data on study design, quality, and outcomes. We synthesized the literature qualitatively and included a meta-analysis of patient mortality. Of 5,345 studies identified, 60 met eligibility criteria. Twenty-eight studies included an objective outcome related to patients; 10 assessed standardized resident examination scores; 26 assessed resident operative experience. Eight assessed resident burnout. Meta-analysis of the mortality studies revealed a significant improvement in mortality in the post-2003 time period with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.95). These results were significant for medical (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98) and surgical patients (OR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97). However, significant heterogeneity was present (I2 83%). Patient complications were more nuanced. Some increased in frequency; others decreased. Outcomes for resident operative experience and standardized knowledge tests varied substantially across studies. Resident well-being improved in most studies. Most studies were observational. Not all studies of mortality provided enough information to be included in the meta-analysis. We used unadjusted odds ratios in the meta-analysis; statistical heterogeneity was substantial. Publication bias is possible. Since 2003, patient mortality appears to have improved, although this could be due to secular trends. Resident well-being appears improved. Change in resident educational experience is less clear.
Motor Proteins: Tightening Your Belt with Myosin VI

New work shows that the motor protein myosin VI, acting through vinculin, plays a key role in the maturation of cadherin-based adherens junctions in epithelial cells.
Psychiatric Patients Who Refuse Nourishment

Recently publicized court cases focused attention on two individuals who wished to be permitted to starve themselves to death in health care facilities. These cases constitute one variation of a more common event arising in medical practice: the patient's refusal to take nourishment voluntarily. The authors discuss medical, ethical, and legal considerations relevant to such refusals and analyze two clinical examples of patients who refused nourishment. The authors suggest that physicians restrict coercive feeding to individuals who are incompetent or suffering from serious mental disorders and adamantly refuse nourishment, as for these individuals the benefits of involuntary nourishment outweigh its risks.
Rostrum structure and development in the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Dryophthoridae).

A documentation and review of weevil rostrum growth is made through examination of the developmental life stages in the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus). Histological and morphological examinations are made utilizing light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. In S. oryzae, rostral tissue begins proliferating in the late 4th instar larva and continues through to the pupal stage, with the majority of rostrum growth taking place in the prepupa. Adult cranial and rostral morphology is also reviewed, focusing on structures that may be pertinent to phylogeny reconstruction. The weevil rostrum is essentially an extension of various head sclerites that are basal to the mouthparts. Therefore, while the mouthparts are fairly similar to other Coleoptera in basic form, the head is markedly different due to its anterior extension. By understanding the more noticeable details of rostrum growth and structure, this study may serve as a foundation for comparative studies of a similar nature and as a basis for beginning research on the genetic nature of rostrum formation and evolution throughout the weevil clade.
Evaluation of the Painful Shoulder

The clinical evaluation of the painful shoulder by an experienced and knowledgeable health care professional remains the most sensitive and clinically useful tool for the assessment of most patients with rotator cuff disease, glenohumeral instability, glenohumeral arthritis, and adhesive capsulitis. The judicious and appropriate use of diagnostic imaging studies requires a thoughtful and thorough evaluation of the data obtained from these studies and their correlation to the patient's symptoms, history, mechanism of injury, and physical findings. The appropriate use of all of this diagnostic information should result in a precise, complete, and accurate diagnosis for most patients with shoulder pain.
Targeting secreted heat shock protein-90alpha (Hsp90α) to prevent breast cancer progression

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has been historically known as an abundant and intracellular ATP-driven chaperone with more than 100 target proteins that often play critical roles in various branches of the signaling networks for control of cell metabolism, survival, growth and differentiation. In many cancers, Hsp90 is either over-expressed or over-activated and it, therefore, becomes a target for anti-cancer drugs with a hope to simultaneously shut down multiple constitutively activated oncogene products in cancer cells. Despite of the high expectations, the toxicity of geldanamycin (GM)-derived inhibitors in humans has been a long-standing hurdle. However, studies of past few years have demonstrated a surprising need for cancer cells to secrete Hsp90α for tissue invasion and metastasis. I will present here new evidence that the metastatic breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, constitutively secrete Hsp90α due to their constitutive expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1α). Down-regulation of either HIF1α or HIF1β completely blocked Hsp90α secretion. The main function of the secreted Hsp90α is to promote breast cancer cell motility via binding to the cell surface lipoprotein receptor LRP1 (LDL Receptor-Related Protein-1). We have mapped this important extracellular Hsp90α function to a 27-amino acid peptide located at the boundary between the linker region (LR) and the middle domain (M) of Hsp90α. Selective inhibition of the extracellular action of Hsp90 or down-regulation of LRP-1 receptor blocked breast cancer invasion in an in vitro matrigel assay and tumor formation in nude mice. Most intriguingly, since secretion of Hsp90α was only found to occur under pathological conditions such as cancer and is not part of normal cells’ life, anti-cancer drugs targeting the 27-amino acid peptide of the extracellular Hsp90α should be more effective and less toxic in humans. We propose that the novel “secreted Hsp90-LRP1 Receptor” autocrine signaling plays a role in breast cancer progression and the extracellular, not intracellular, Hsp90α is an effective and safer target for anti-cancer therapies.
Ultrasound Phased Arrays for Hyperthermia: New Techniques Based on the Field Conjugation Method

Phased arrays, which can be focused and steered electronicaliy, offer an attractive alternative to the mechanically scanned focused systems currently in use. This could be attributed to the speed and flexibility o f electronic control systems which, while complex, can be implemented remotely from the a pplicator aperture. However, both electrical and mechanical scanning require a very intense focal spot which could increase the risk of unwanted nonthermal effects, e.g., cavitation. Moreover, hot spots proximal to the tumor might occur because of near-field beam overlapping due to scanning. In this paper, a method is proposed to allow scanning at reduced spatial-peak temporal-peak (SPTP) intensity compared to approaches used in conventional scanning techniques. Moreover, the method permits the direct synthesis of the more diffuse heating patterns useful in hyperthermia without the need for mechanical or electrical scanning.
Susceptibility of the Cottonwood Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Different Strains and Transgenic Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Populus spp. (which include cottonwoods, aspens, and poplars) are important sources of wood, wood fiber (pulp), and biofuels throughout the world, and are often intensively managed in short rotation stands. The cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., is a major pest of Populus throughout North America. It would be difficult to breed insect resistance into these trees using traditional plant breeding techniques because of their long generation time (4–8 yr); however, insect resistance could be produced through genetic engineering. Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) genes have negligible nontarget effects and are amenable to genetic engineering. We tested the toxicity of 16 B. thuringiensis preparations to identify genes that produce toxins effective against the cottonwood leaf beetle. B. thuringiensis preparations that contained spores were found to be only moderately more virulent than isolated toxins. Strains that produced Cry3A, Cry3B, and Cry8B caused 97–100% mortality in 1st and 2nd instars, with a mean time to death of 1–5 d. Mature larvae were less susceptible to these toxins than were neonates; however, the toxicity of 1 moderately active strain was not affected by larval age. Adults were not as sensitive as larvae to any of these toxins. Cropping with trees genetically engineered to produce B. thuringiensis toxins could lead to the evolution of toxin resistance in cottonwood leaf beetles. We found beetles from 3 different U.S. states varied significantly in their susceptibility to Cry3A. This variation means that regional differences in control levels could occur in the field, and that the potential for evolution of B. thuringiensis- resistance may already exist in some populations of this insect. Therefore, it is very important that before genetically engineered poplars are used extensively, management strategies be developed and implemented to prevent the evolution of resistance to B. thuringiensis in the cottonwood leaf beetle.
Calcium-Channel Blocker Overdose

Calcium-channel blockers (CCB) were first developed in the 1960s. Since then, the list of formulations and variety of uses has increased significantly. Unfortunately, toxic exposures to CCBs have also increased since their debut. This review will discuss the CCBs currently marketed in the United States with a focus on their toxicities and potential management.
Low third-order glass-host nonlinearities in erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers

Recently the effects of glass-host nonlinearities, particularly XPM and FWM, in EDFAs have received much attention . The reason is that in WDM communication systems these effects in typical EDFAs can be almost as large as in the transmission fibers themselves, and may affect communication system performance. Here we show theoretically that by using highly-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs), which are just a few cm long, we can reduce these effects by several orders of magnitude compared to typical EDFAs which are several meters long. These effects remain moderate even if highly-nonlinear hosts such as tellurite or bismuth oxide are used; this may also open the way for the utilization of such materials, which are problematic for EDFAs. We have used analytical approximations as well as very accurate numerical simulations to calculate XPM and FWM in EDWAs and EDFAs. Nonlinearities are treated as a perturbation: we first calculate the power evolution for each wave along the amplifier, neglecting the effect of nonlinearities; we then use the power maps of all the relevant signals to calculate the nonlinear effects, by numerically integrating the corresponding differential equations. We will present the significant features of our simulation program, particularly the incorporation of the nonlinear effects. We will present examples of calculations for representative lengths, gains, and glass host materials, illustrating the considerable nonlinearity reduction achievable by using short waveguide amplifiers.
Impact of Asphalt Rubber Friction Course Overlays on Tire Wear Emissions and Air Quality Models for Phoenix, Arizona, Airshed

Tire wear contributes to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and is regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency because PM has been shown to affect human health. Vehicle emissions are a significant source of both PM2.5 and PM10. Vehicle fleet emissions per mile traveled have been reduced significantly in the past 30 years as a result of improved engine operation and tailpipe controls. However, "zero emission" vehicles will continue to generate PM from tire wear, road wear, brake wear, and resuspended road dust. In this study, aerosol measurement techniques at Arizona State University were applied to evaluate tire wear emissions from the vehicle fleet by using the Deck Park Tunnel in Phoenix, Arizona. The Deck Park Tunnel highway surface was portland cement concrete (PCC) and was resurfaced with an asphalt rubber friction course (ARFC) layer as part of the Arizona Department of Transportation Quiet Pavements Program. This study took advantage of a rare opportunity to sample tire wear emissions at...
Prospective, Randomized Single-blind Study of the Anesthetic Efficacy of 1.8 and 3.6 Milliliters of 2% Lidocaine with 1:50,000 Epinephrine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the degree of pulpal anesthesia obtained in vital, asymptomatic teeth by using 1.8 mL and 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine compared with 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block. Methods Thirty adult subjects randomly received IAN blocks of 1.8 mL and 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine and 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine at 3 separate appointments in a crossover design. An electric pulp tester was used to test for anesthesia in 3-minute cycles for 60 minutes of the first molars, first premolars, and lateral incisors. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive 80 readings were obtained within 15 minutes, and the 80 reading was continuously sustained through the 60th minute. Results By using 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine, successful pulpal anesthesia ranged from 33%–50%, and when using 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine, success ranged from 40%–60%. When using 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, success ranged from 40%–60%, with no significant difference among the 3 anesthetic formulations. Conclusion Increasing the epinephrine concentration to 1:50,000 epinephrine or increasing the volume to 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine did not result in more successful pulpal anesthesia when compared with 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine by using the IAN block.
NMR studies of the exocyclic 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine adduct (epsilon dA) opposite deoxyguanosine in a DNA duplex. Epsilon dA(syn).dG(anti) pairing at the lesion site.

Proton NMR studies are reported on the complementary d(C-A-T-G-G-G-T-A-C).d(G-T-A-C-epsilon A-C-A-T-G) nonanucleotide duplex (designated epsilon dA.dG 9-mer duplex), which contains exocyclic adduct 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine positioned opposite deoxyguanosine in the center of the helix. The present study focuses on the alignment of dG5 and epsilon dA14 at the lesion site in the epsilon dA.dG 9-mer duplex at neutral pH. This alignment has been characterized by monitoring the NOEs originating from the NH1 proton of dG5 and the H2, H5, and H7/H8 protons of epsilon dA14 in the central d(G4-G5-G6).d(C13-epsilon A14-C15) trinucleotide segment of the epsilon dA.dG 9-mer duplex. These NOE patterns establish that epsilon dA14 adopts a syn glycosidic torsion angle that positions the exocyclic ring toward the major groove edge while all the other bases including dG5 adopt anti glycosidic torsion angles. We detect a set of intra- and interstrand NOEs between protons (exchangeable and nonexchangeable) on adjacent residues in the d(G4-G5-G6).d(C13-epsilon A14-C15) trinucleotide segment which establish formation of right-handed helical conformations on both strands and stacking of the dG5(anti).epsilon dA14(syn) pair between stable dG4.dC15 and dG6.dC13 pairs. The energy-minimized conformation of the central d(G4-G5-G6).d(C13-epsilon A14-C15) segment establishes that the dG5(anti).epsilon dA14(syn) alignment is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds from the NH1 and NH2-2 of dG5(anti) to N9 and N1 of epsilon dA14(syn), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Screening bulk curvature in the presence of large brane tension

We study a flat brane solution in an effective $5D$ action for cascading gravity in six dimensions, and propose a mechanism to screen extrinsic curvature in the presence of a large tension on the brane. The screening mechanism leaves the bulk Riemann-flat, thus making it simpler to generalize large extra-dimension dark energy models to higher codimensions. By studying an action with cubic interactions for the brane-bending scalar mode, we find that the perturbed action suffers from ghostlike instabilities for positive tension. The solution can be made ghost-free for sufficiently small negative tension, though the connection to $6D$ cascading gravity is less clear in this case.
Patterns of hip flexion motion predict frontal and transverse plane knee torques during a single-leg land-and-cut maneuver

Background Impulsive frontal plane knee joint torques directly strain the anterior cruciate ligament and therefore may contribute to injury risk. Because deleterious torques may in part be related to aberrant kinematic movement patterns the primary purpose of this study was to establish a prediction model for frontal plane knee joint torques based on motion characteristics derived from Principal Component Analysis.
Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Politics, Community Needs, and Community Oriented Policing Services Grants

Both local and national political considerations may play a role in determining the distribution of intergovernmental grant funds. This article focuses on the Community Oriented Policing Services program from 1993 to 1997 to examine how local politicians weigh their electoral desires against community needs in their decisions to apply for grants and how national politicians and bureaucrats similarly determine their responses to cities’ requests. Due to electoral pressures, mayors were more likely than city managers to seek the short-term grants. National party politics also seemed to affect the allocation of grant funds. Finally, community needs played a role, as cities with high crime rates, police-funding shortages, and the ability to support the new officers after the grants expired were more likely to request grants. Communities with larger minority populations were less likely to request grants and were given fewer funds.
Radiative Recombination in Annealed Electron-Irradiated GaAs

Broad-band emission peaking near 1.39 eV appears in Zn-doped GaAs in addition to the narrow bound-exciton emission at 1.49 eV. Electron irradiations at energies between 0.6 and 2.0 MeV for time-integrated fluxes of 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ e/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ quench all luminescence. For bombardment energies below a critical value, which lies between 1.0 and 1.5 MeV, isochronal annealing near 190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C causes the reappearance of the broad-band emission, which now is found to possess structure. The structure consists of three no-phonon lines at 1.4433, 1.4415, and 1.4402 eV which are repeated at intervals of the transverse acoustic phonon energy. The emission intensity is greatest for temperatures near 220\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Further annealing at higher temperatures diminishes the intensity of the fine structure and the associated broad-band emission; complete disappearance occurs above 260\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The emission is not regained upon annealing when the bombardment energy exceeds the critical value. It is suggested that direct lattice displacement occurs at the critical bombarding energy. This would correspond to a threshold displacement energy of 50-60 eV. It is also suggested that previous measurements of threshold energy (10-20 eV) in GaAs and other experimental observations may be due to known large concentrations (\ensuremath{\approx}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) of defects in as-grown GaAs, in the form of Ga-As interstitial pairs.
Pulmonary Manifestations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma is an unusual pre-mortem diagnosis in AIDS patients. During a four-year period, 318 patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma presented to New York University Medical Center; 19 patients were found to have pulmonary involvement. All 19 patients were homosexual men; 18 of these patients presented with cutaneous and/or visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Seventy-nine percent of patients had previous or concurrent pulmonary opportunistic infections. Clinical presentation of pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma was indistinguishable from opportunistic pneumonia with respect to symptoms, physical examination results, and laboratory findings. Chest roentgenograms revealed a typical nodular pattern in only five patients. In contrast to AIDS-associated opportunistic pneumonia, the yield from fiberoptic bronchoscopy (24 percent) and open lung biopsy (56 percent) was low. Pathologically, Kaposi's sarcoma of the lung is less cellular than the cutaneous lesion. It is focal and scattered throughout the pulmonary interstitium, which may explain the difficulty in pre-mortem diagnosis.
Understanding a basic biological process: Expert and novice models of meiosis

Central to secondary and college-level biology instruction is the development of student understanding of a number of subcellular processes. Yet some of the most crucial are consistently cited as the most difficult components of biology to learn. Among these is meiosis. In this article I report on the meiosis models utilized by five individuals at each of three levels of expertise in genetics as each reasoned about this process in an individual interview setting. Detailed characterization of individual meiosis models and comparison among models revealed a set of biologically correct features common to all individuals' models as well as a variety of model flaws (i.e., meiosis misunderstandings) which are categorized according to type and level of expertise. These results are suggestive of both sources of various misunderstandings and factors that might contribute to the construction of a sound understanding of meiosis. Each of these is addressed in relation to their respective implications for instruction.
Estimate of subsidence in venice using a one-dimensional model of the subsoil

This work applies a one-dimensional model, based on K. Terzaghi's theory of vertical consolidation, to the calculation of land subsidence in the Venetian Lagoon, caused by extraction of water from artificial wells. Certain assumptions are made in order to compensate for the scarcity of data currently available, and these are discussed with regard to both the geophysical characteristics of the subsoil and the decline in piezometric level in the various strata. The interpretation of the results shows a direct correlation between water extraction and surface subsidence.
Calculation of the nucleon g 1 structure function using the meson cloud model in the light-cone frame

We calculate polarized quark distribution functions and ${g}_{1}$ structure functions for the nucleon. The calculation is performed in the light-cone frame. The dressed nucleon is assumed to be a superposition of the bare nucleon plus virtual light-cone Fock states of baryon-meson pairs. For bare nucleon we consider both the case of diquark-quark clusterization and the case which there is no quark clusterization inside the nucleon. The initial distributions are evolved. The final results are compared with other theoretical calculations and experimental observations.
Neonatal cocaine and/or ethanol exposure: Effects on a runway task with suckling reward

Abstract This experiment employed a rodent model to examine the effects of neonatal exposure to cocaine, ethanol, or both drugs in combination on acquisition and extinction of an appetitive runway task. After implantation with an intragastric cannula, subjects were artificially reared (AR) from postnatal days (PND) 4–10. There were five treatment groups, including: cocaine (20 mg/kg/day), ethanol (4 g/kg/ day), cocaine/ethanol (20 mg/kg/day cocaine and 4 g/kg/day ethanol), stock (an AR control), and sham (a suckled control). Subjects were tested on PND 13–14. The runway task consisted of traversing a runway for nonnutritive suckling on an anesthetized dam and a subsequent milk reward, given manually by the experimenter. Pups from all treatment groups acquired and extinguished the runway task; however, pups exposed to cocaine had longer latencies to leave the start box than controls. Pups exposed to cocaine or ethanol, but not cocaine/ethanol, were impaired on the nipple attachment measures compared to sham controls. These results provide further support that the “third trimester” is a sensitive period for developmental drug exposure.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor From a Defective Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Amplicon Vector Induces Angiogenesis in Mice

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted endothelial cell-specific angiogenic growth factor. VEGF gene transfer strategies to stimulate focal angiogenesis could be used to ameliorate myocardial ischemia. To induce angiogenesis in vivo, we have constructed a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon vector that places the human VEGF-165 cDNA under the transcriptional control of the HSV immediate-early 4/5 promoter (HSVhvegf). Transduction of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with HSVhvegf resulted in the secretion of high levels of biologically active VEGF, as assayed by microvascular endothelial mitogenesis. By use of an ex vivo protocol, BLK-CL4 fibroblasts were transduced with HSVhvegf or control HSVlac virus (expressing Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase), resuspended in basement membrane extract (matrigel), and coinjected subcutaneously into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. One week later, the matrigel plugs with HSVhvegf showed a strong angiogenic response, in contrast to the plugs with HSVlac-transduced fibroblasts. These data indicate that transduction with HSVhvegf virus can induce an angiogenic response in vivo and suggest that this is a viable gene therapy approach for tissue ischemia.
Deregulation and oligopolistic rivalry in bank deposit markets

Abstract This paper provides a partial equilibrium analysis of a deregulated market for bank deposits in which banks behave oligopolistically but entry and exit are freely permitted. It is demonstrated that the effects of variations in market interest rates, reserve requirements, and bank cost and demand conditions upon the market quantity of bank deposit money are fundamentally altered if the degree of bank rivalry adjusts endogenously. Hence, banking deregulation may produce significant changes in the relationships between these variables and the stock of deposit money.
A numerical investigation of the influence of friction on energy absorption by a high-strength fabric subjected to ballistic impact

Abstract A finite element analysis was conducted to study the influence of friction during ballistic impact of a rigid sphere onto a square fabric panel that was firmly clamped along its four edges. Projectile-fabric friction and yarn–yarn friction were investigated. Modeling indicates that friction dramatically affects the local fabric structure at the impact region by hindering the lateral mobility of principal yarns. Reduction of lateral yarn mobility allows the projectile to load and break more yarns so that fabric possessing a high level of friction absorbs more energy than fabric with no friction. The projectile-fabric friction delays yarn breakage by distributing the maximum stress along the periphery of the projectile-fabric contact zone. The delay of yarn breakage substantially increases the fabric energy absorption during the later stages of the impact. The yarn–yarn friction hinders the relative motion between yarns and thus resists de-crimping of fabric weave tightness. It induces the fabric to fail earlier during the impact process. The overall influence of projectile-fabric friction and yarn–yarn friction cannot be calculated by simply adding their individual effects.
Noncovalent Polycationic Coatings for Capillaries in Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins

The adsorption of proteins with net positive charges (pI > pH) on the walls of fused-silica capillaries is a common problem in the analysis of proteins by capillary electrophoresis. This paper explores the use of polycationic polymers as noncovalent coatings to limit this problem. The behavior of three sets of proteins was compared using uncoated and coated capillaries: (i) a protein charge ladder obtained by acetylation of lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17); (ii) a protein charge ladder obtained by acetylation of carbonic anhydrase II (EC 4.2.1.1); (iii) a test panel of proteins with a range of values of molecular weight and pI. Four polycationic polymers were examined: polyethylenimine (PEI; MWav = 15 000), Polybrene (MWav = 25 000), poly(methoxyethoxyethyl)ethylenimine (MWav = 64 000), and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (MWav = 10 000). Detection of proteins with high pI was readily achieved using the first three of these polycationic polymer coatings but not with the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chlorid...
Nongray gas analyses for reflecting walls utilizing a flux technique

A flux formulation for a planar slab of molecular gas radiation bounded by diffuse reflecting walls is developed. While this formulation is limited to the planar geometry, it is useful for studying approximations necessary in modeling nongray radiative heat transfer. The governing equations are derived by considering the history of multiple reflections between the walls. Accurate solutions are obtained by explicitly accounting for a finite number of reflections and approximating the spectral effects of the remaining reflections. Four approximate methods are presented and compared using a single absorption band of H2O. All four methods reduce to an identical zeroth-order formulation, which accounts for all reflections approximately but does handle nonreflected radiation correctly. A single absorption band of CO2 is also considered using the best-behaved approximation for higher orders. A zeroth-order formulation is sufficient to predict the radiative transfer accurately for many cases considered. For highly reflecting walls, higher order solutions are necessary for better accuracy. Including all the important bands of H2O, the radiative source distributions are also obtained for two different temperature and concentration profiles.
Charting a knowledge base solution: empowering student-employees and delivering expert answers

This paper describes the creation of Eureka, a knowledge base solution developed in 2000 at Harvard and the first-place winner in the Student Employee Web Site category at SIGUCCS 2001. Our methodology in creating Eureka was to focus on creating a central core of knowledge: expert answers to common questions, stored in a lowest-common-denominator format accessible across a variety of channels. This core set of knowledge allows our organization to maintain full control over a set of official answers that student staff may then propagate to end users in person, over the telephone, and via the Web and e-mail.
Single unit activity vs. amplitude of the epidural evoked potential in primary auditory cortex of awake cats

Abstract The study investigated, in primary auditory cortex (AI) of awake cats, the relationship over a range of stimuli between the amplitude and latency of the initial positive deflection (P 1 ) of the primary evoked potential and the intensity of concurrent underlying evoked single unit activity. Epidural evoked potentials and extracellular responses of 155 single units to monaural 100 μsec clicks ranging from 45 to 110 dB were recorded. At low stimulus levels, considerable unit response could occur with a very small P 1 . At middle stimulus levels, unit response was directly proportional to P 1 amplitude. At higher stimulus levels, P 1 amplitude continued to increase while unit response began to saturate.
Multivariate Assessment of a Repair Program for a New York City Electrical Grid

We assess the impact of an inspection repair program administered to the secondary electrical grid in New York City. The question of interest is whether repairs reduce the incidence of future events that cause service disruptions ranging from minor to serious ones. A key challenge in defining treatment and control groups in the absence of a randomized experiment involved an inherent bias in selection of electrical structures to be inspected in a given year. To compensate for the bias, we construct separate models for each year of the propensity for a structure to have an inspection repair. The propensity models account for differences across years in the structures that get inspected. To model the treatment outcome, we use a statistical approach based on the additive effects of many weak learners. Our results indicate that inspection repairs are more beneficial earlier in the five-year inspection cycle, which accords with the inherent bias to inspect structures in earlier years that are known to have problems.
The Voiceless Colonizer: The Homosexual Man of Imperialism in Nineteenth Century Britain

This paper discusses the paradox of the British man in the nineteenth century as both an imperialist and a homosexual; its goal is to understand the lack of attention to the homosexual man in history in nineteenth century Britain and his inability to maintain substantial power and presence as the championed explorer or imperial officer. Through primary sources, we can analyze the language which reveals the perceived image of the explorer – and his apparently assumed heterosexuality – and, in addition, the laws condemning homosexuality, specifically those of sodomy. Other useful strategies will be to take historical lenses of the theme of homosexuality, such as settings of Greece and Rome, to analyze trends in societal norms in later Britain and, also, to compare these feelings to those felt toward women. Through these many different avenues, we may better understand the complex quandary of the homosexual man to be caused by the perceived violation of an expected gender role – in which the homosexual man is stripped of power and respect because of his lack of traditional masculinity.
Libraries and Electronic Resources: New Partnerships, New Practices, New Perspectives

In 13 essays 21 authors tackle how libraries foster innovative cooperative programs for electronic resources. Editor Pamela Higgins groups contributions into five sections: scholarly publishing, st...
Correlations in the final states ppπ + π - π + π - and ppπ + π - π + π - π + π - from 28.5 GeV/ c pp collisions

Abstract We compare various invariant mass and angular distributions from the final states ppπ+π−π+π− and ppπ+π−π+π−π+π− with the predictions of two models. The essential input to these models is the correct single-particle distributions with energy and momentum conservation constraints taken into account. The data is from 28.5 GeV/c pp interactions in the BNL 80-inch bubble chamber. Substantial agreement between the data and the models is obtained inferring that the kinematic constraints of energy and momentum conservation play a strong role in determining correlations between particles in these high multiplicity final states.
Illuminance Uniformity of Outdoor Sports Lighting

AbstractThis paper analyzes the illuminance uniformity of 30 outdoor sports fields at various points in their service lives. The study was limited to the fields that employ 1500 W metal halide lamps with a rated life of 3000 hours. The sample was comprised of 12 soccer fields, 14 baseball fields, and 4 softball fields, all of which are owned and maintained by municipal parks and recreation departments. Five uniformity indices were computed for both measured illuminance and initial design calculations: maximum to minimum ratio (Max:Min), maximum to average ratio (Max:Ave), average to minimum ratio (Ave: Min), coefficient of variation (CV), and uniformity gradient (UG). Measured uniformity was rarely as good as the uniformity predicted by the design calculations. The uniformity of the baseball and softball fields was better with hours-of-use, with infields and outfields exhibiting similar trends. Max:Min, UG, and CV indices, as well as the illuminance of the transition area between infield and outfield, are...
Movement disorders associated with spontaneous CSF leaks: A case series

Importance and ObjectiveHeadache is the most common symptom in spontaneous CSF leaks, frequently associated with additional manifestations. Herein, attention is drawn to movement disorder as a nota...
Enhancing simulation efficiency with analytical tools

Some means of combining both computer simulation and anlytical techniques are indicated in order to mutually enhance their efficiency as design tools and to motivate those involved in engineering design to consider using such combinations. While the idea is not new, heavy reliance on computers often seems to overshadow the potential utility of analytical tools. Although the example used is drawn from the area of dynamics and control, the principles espoused are applicable to other fields. In the example the parameter plane stability analysis technique is described briefly and extended beyond that reported in the literature to increase its utility (through a simple set of recursive formulas) and its applicability (through the portrayal of the effect of varying the sampling period of the computer). The numerical values that were rapidly selected by analysis were found to be correct for the hybrid computer simulation for which they were needed. This obviated the need for cut-and-try methods to choose the numerical values, thereby saving both time and computer utilization.
Monte Carlo simulation of xenon adsorption with dealumination of an idealized mordenite structure

Abstract Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the effect of dealumination on adsorption of xenon in an idealized structural model of Na-mordenite. Simulations were carried out at Si/Al ratios of 5, 11, and ∞, chosen to represent prototype cation occupancies. A recent experimental study of xenon adsorption in mordenites with different Si/Al ratios found unexpected nonmonotonic trends. In disagreement with experiment, the isotherms of our idealized zeolite changed monotonically with the degree of dealumination. This trend supports recent observations that significant structural chages result from dealumination.
The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany – By Jonathan Zatlin

As a student living in East Germany, this reviewer's idee fixe about the problems it faced realizing communist utopian ideals was that one could not simply transplant a nineteenth‐century Marxist i...
REDUCTION OF VESICANT TOXICITY BY BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE IN A-431 SKIN CELLS

Mechlorethamine (HN2) and 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES) are mustard vesicants. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a phenolic antioxidant. In the present work, the ability of BHA to reduce the toxicity of HN2 and CEES was investigated using A-431 skin cells. HN2 toxicity was found to be dependent, at least in part, on the cellular glutathione (GSH) status. BHA also decreased HN2-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. The cytoprotective activity of BHA was also compared with that of the structurally unrelated antioxidant ebselen. Whereas ebselen (30 microM) protected skin cells from the toxicity of both HN2 (10-80 microM) and CEES (10-40 microM), BHA (100 microM) reduced the toxicity of HN2 only. Taken together, these data suggest that antioxidants such as BHA or ebselen may serve as useful treatments for injury caused by blistering agents.