cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Externally driven bifurcation of current sheet: A particle-in-cell simulation

A current sheet is a confined layer of electric current in the presence of a strong magnetic gradient, which exists ubiquitously in space and the universe. Magnetic energy is stored in current sheets and then potentially released through processes such as magnetic reconnection. Spacecraft observations show that some current sheets in Earth’s magnetotail are bifurcated with a double-peak current density profile. The cause of this bifurcation, however, is still unclear. Here, using a particle-in-cell simulation, we show the bifurcation is formed when the current sheet is thinned by an external driver. In this process, an electron pressure anisotropy (pe⊥ > pe∥) is formed at the center of the current sheet, which decreases the current density at the center, leading to the bifurcated profile of the current density.
Middle-Up Cracking Potential in Flexible Pavements with Stabilized Foundations:

This investigation presents a new perspective on the structural behavior of stabilized foundation pavements through full-scale testing and simulation where the historical premise of bottom-up fatig...
IBFD Indoor Self-Interference Channel Evaluation

In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) systems generate self-interference (SI) that is highly dependent on the environment surrounding each node. The design of various SI mitigation techniques requires an understanding of the potential SI channels that may be encountered in practical scenarios. This paper provides the results of measured multipath SI channels in an indoor location using two dipole antennas that cover many of the proposed fifth-generation new radio (5G NR) bands below 6 GHz, which should help designers better understand SI variation for future IBFD system deployment.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Tematik Pada Mata Pelajaran Sosiologi Siswa Kelas XII IPS SMAN 1 Sungguminasa Kabupaten Gowa

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif- kualitatif dalam bentuk metode studi kasus. Dalam pengumpulan data. Data yang diperoleh melalui dua sumber yaitu informan dan dokumen. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, penilaian proses belajar dan dokumentasi yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive . Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan konsep Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa: (1) mulai dari perencanaan, menentukan tema, pelaksanaan, penilaian pembelajaran tematik pada mata pelajaran Sosiologi, dapat menunjukkan bahwa (a) semua guru telah membuat RPP dengan baik sesuai dengan standar prosedural dan standar isi, (b) guru membuat RPP pada kelas XII satu kali sekaligus dalam satu semester membuat RPP dari barbagai tema yang sudah ada dalam silabus kemudian dikembangkan menjadi anak tema, (e) guru dapat bekerja sama dengan siswa dalam menentukan tema sehingga sesuai dengan minat dan kebutuhan siswa, (f) guru menentukan tema pembelajaran tematik sebagai pemersatu dari standar kompetensi setiap mata pelajaran yang dipadukan. (2) pelaksanaan model pembelajaran tematik terhadap penerapan metode dapat menunjukkan bahwa dalam pembelajaran tematik guru menggunakan metode ceramah, metode diskusi, metode tanya jawab, dan metode demonstrasi sudah efektif dan efisien. (3) pelaksanaan model pembelajaran tematik terhadapsarana media, alat peraga, buku wajib, buku penunjang dapat menunjukkan bahwa (a) media, dan alat peraga menjadi substansi untuk memudahkan siswa memahami materi pelajaran yang disampaikan oleh guru dapat diserap oleh mata dan telinga membantu guru agar proses belajar mengajar siswa lebih efektif dan efisien,(b) sarana, media, alat peraga, buku wajib, buku penunjang dapat mencapai sekitar 80% pengaruhnya untuk membantu guru dan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran.
Experience with a generic quality of life instrument in a general surgical practice.

BACKGROUND The new emphasis on measuring outcomes has generated interest in quality of life instruments. One such instrument is the SF-36, a well-tested and widely used health status survey. This survey was prospectively evaluated over a three month period in a general surgical practice. STUDY DESIGN Ninety-seven patients completed 115 surveys. Patients were asked the following questions: (1) Do you like the survery? (2) Does it accurately reflect your present health condition? (3) Does it reflect the reason for which you came to the surgeon? Patients were then categorized into distinct groups. The results were averaged and compared with national norms of a cross-sectional survey of 2,474 individuals, 79.5% of whom had medical problems. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of patients liked the survey; 77% thought it accurately reflected their health status; but only 45% thought it accurately reflected the problem for which they came to the surgeon. Patients with breast masses did not differ from the norms in any of the eight domains measured by the SF-36. Those with fibrocystic disease/mastalgia showed poorer scores in three domains; patients with thyroid disease had poorer scores in three domains; those with irritable bowel syndrome/chronic abdominal pain had poorer scores in six domains; and those with anorectal disease in three domains. Follow-up surveys were obtained in 18 patients. The measurement of the effects of treatment by the SF-36 was variable. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the SF-36 can measure changes in health status as caused by disease seen by a general surgeon; however, it may be too insensitive to measure the effects of surgery on improvement in health status.
Assessment of the cytotoxic effects and chemical composition of the insoluble precipitate formed from sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate.

AIM To investigate (1) the cytotoxic potential of the brown precipitate (BP) formed with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), using both a small animal model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and cultured human gingival fibroblasts; and (2) the chemical composition of BP using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). METHODOLOGY Brown precipitate was obtained by mixing equal volumes of 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX and separating the BP from clear supernatant by centrifugation. The brown precipitate was weighed and solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide for cytotoxicity experiments. The cytotoxic effect of BP was assessed using C. elegans larvae and primary immortalized human gingival fibroblasts-hTERT (hTERT-hNOF) cells. Various dilutions of BP (25 ng/µL-150 ng/µL), supernatant (0.15% v/v), NaOCl (1:100-1:1000 dilutions of 6% NaOCl) or CHX (1:500-1:1000 dilutions of 2% CHX) along with vehicle control (0.5% v/v ethanol and 0.15% v/v DMSO) or untreated control (growth medium) were tested on C. elegans larvae and hTERT-hNOF cells. Viability was assessed in C. elegans larvae using stereomicroscopy and in hTERT-hNOF cells using dehydrogenase-based colorimetric assay. ToF-SIMS was used to assess the chemical composition of BP in comparison with CHX and para-chloroaniline (PCA). The C. elegans and cell line data were analysed using Log-Rank test and Student's t-test, respectively (p < .05). RESULTS BP-75 ng/µL and BP-150 ng/µL were significantly more toxic to C. elegans larvae than the untreated, vehicle, supernatant or CHX treatment groups (p < .0001). Similarly, in hTERT-hNOF cells, BP-50 ng/µL, BP-75 ng/µL and BP-150 ng/µL induced significant cytotoxicity within 2 h compared with untreated, vehicle, supernatant and CHX treatments (p < .05). ToF-SIMS analysis of BP revealed ion composition characteristic of both CHX and the carcinogen PCA. CONCLUSIONS Brown precipitate was toxic in both C. elegans larvae and hTERT-hNOF cells. The ToF-SIMS analysis of BP revealed ions characteristic of CHX and PCA that could account for the toxicities observed in C. elegans larvae and human gingival fibroblasts. Because of the insoluble and toxic nature of BP, consecutive use of CHX and NaOCl irrigants should be avoided in root canal treatment.
Use of large scale EHR data to evaluate A1c utilization among sickle cell disease patients.

The glycated hemoglobin (A1c) test is not recommended for sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. We examine ordering patterns of diabetes-related tests for SCD patients to explore misutilization of tests among this underserved population. We used de-identified electronic health record (EHR) data in the Cerner Health Facts™ (HF) data warehouse to evaluate the frequency of A1c and fructosamine tests during 2010 to 2016, for 37,151 SCD patients from 393 healthcare facilities across the United States. After excluding facilities with no A1c data, we defined three groups of facilities based on the prevalence of SCD patients with A1c test(s): adherent facilities (no SCD patients with A1c test(s)), minor non-adherent facilities, major non-adherent facilities. We determined that 11% of SCD patients (3927 patients) treated at 393 facilities in the US received orders for at least one A1c test. Of the 3927 SCD patients with an A1c test, only 89 patients (2.3%) received an order for a fructosamine test. At the minor non-adherent facilities, 5% of the SCD patients received an A1c test while 58% of the SCD patients at the least adherent facilities had at least one A1c test. Overall, the percent of A1c tests ordered for SCD patients between 2010 and 2016 remained similar. Inappropriate A1c test orders among a sickle cell population is a significant quality gap. Interventions to advance adoption of professional recommendations that advocate for alternate tests, such as fructosamine, can guide clinicians in test selection to reduce this quality gap are discussed. The informatics strategy used in this work can inform other largescale analyses of lab test utilization using de-identified EHR data.
Microstructure, chemistry and mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloy Rene N4 under irradiation at room temperature

Abstract Nickel superalloys with cubic L12 structured γ′ (Ni3(Al, Ti)) precipitates exhibit high strength at high temperatures and excellent corrosion resistance when exposed to water. Unlike prior studies on irradiation damage of other Ni-based superalloys, our study on Rene N4 involves much larger γ′ precipitates, ∼450 nm in size, a size regime where the irradiation-induced disordering and dissolution kinetics and the corresponding mechanical property evolution are unknown. We report that under heavy ion irradiation at room temperature, the submicron-sized γ′ precipitates were fully disordered at ∼0.3 dpa and only later partially dissolved after 75 dpa irradiation. Nanoindentation experiments indicate that the mechanical properties of the alloy change significantly, with a dramatic decrease in hardness, with irradiation dose. Three contributions to the change in hardness were examined: defect clusters, disordering and dissolution. The generation of defect clusters in the matrix and precipitates slightly increased the indentation hardness, while disordering of the submicron-sized γ′ precipitates resulted in a dramatic decrease in the total hardness, which decreased further during the early stages of the intermixing between γ′ precipitates and matrix (
Leonardo’s Sala delle Asse and Sullivan’s Organic Architecture

At the Congress of the American Society for Phenomenology, Aesthetics and the Fine Arts in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1996, I was thinking about writing a paper on Leonardo da Vinci’s Sala delle Asse, a room he decorated in 1498 as a pergola for Ludovico Sforza’s Castello in Milan. He painted trees on the walls and ceiling: a powerful root system gives rise to straight trunks that branch at spandrel level to cover the ceiling with boughs trained into an interlace. The decorative scheme was meant to express Ludovico’s affection for his lively young wife, Beatrice d’Este, and the joy of their union. Beatrice had died a year earlier, seven months pregnant.
Assessing the Need for Health Promotion Programs in Nursing Homes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess health program needs, perceived health status, knowledge of available resources, and potential use of health promotion programs for elderly short-term residents in nursing homes. Subjects (N = 54) in four facilities, who were identified as likely to be discharged within three months, were interviewed using a survey designed for this study. Results indicated that 67 percent took good care of their health, 52 percent believed their health to be excellent or good, and 48 percent believed they had some control over their future health. Only 28 percent knew of the existence of any health promotion or education programs, 13 percent had ever attended one, and 45 percent did not know where to go or who to call for information about specific health programs. Subjects perceived the most needed programs to be exercises for arthritis and safety/accident prevention. One noteworthy finding was that those subjects who believed they had a great deal of control over their h...
The Chinese family as instituted fantasy: or, rescuing kinship imaginaries from the ‘symbolic’

This article revisits well-travelled ethnographic portrayals of traditional Chinese family dynamics to draw attention to desire as a product of family life and to how crucial elements of family organization and ideology can be understood, in turn, as effects of desire – that is, as instituted fantasies. Although my case in point is the Chinese family, the analysis addresses the category ‘family’ cross-culturally. In any of its variations, the ‘family’ exists at two synergistically implicated levels: first, it comprises an important part of the reality into which individuals are socialized; second, it embodies in instituted form individuals' attempts to realize – to bring into being – social arrangements as they would like them to be. In the Chinese case, at least two ironies are embedded in this synergy. First, women are primary producers and reproducers of the family in the ‘real world’, despite the fact that patriliny as ‘instituted fantasy’ downplays or veils their agency. Second, the normative subordination of the son to a patriarchal father, expressed and mediated through institutions including ancestor worship and valorization of filial piety, veils a valorizing of the son as agent or protagonist of filial action. Although ultimately unrealizable, patrilineal and familial fantasies animate Chinese family life and are thus an important constituent of Chinese realities. To these ends the analysis re-purposes ‘the symbolic’ and ‘imaginaries’, categories widely employed in contemporary gender studies and social theory, arguing that understanding kinship enjoins incorporating desire's role both in defining institutions and in motivating their creators.
Experiment, in Science and Technology Studies

‘Experiment’ is a category of study that has long stood at the heart of much work in science and technology studies. Its meaning, however, has changed over time, depending upon the overall analytical setting within which it has been invoked and provided with its significance for the understanding of science. This article follows the development of ideas about ‘experiment’ from its role in the mainstream Anglo-American philosophy of science of the 1950s and 1960s through to its reconsideration in the sociologically oriented work of the 1970s and 1980s, until its new, nuanced place in the understandings of science as practice and process that were developed during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s.
Architectural-level synthesis of digital microfluidics-based biochips

Microfluidics-based biochips offer a promising platform for massively parallel DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, and real-time biomolecular recognition. Current techniques for full-custom design of droplet-based "digital" biochips do not scale well for concurrent assays and for next-generation system-on-chip (SOC) designs that are expected to include fluidic components. We propose a system design methodology that attempts to apply classical architectural-level synthesis techniques to the design of digital microfluidics-based biochips. We first develop an optimal scheduling strategy based on integer linear programming. Since the scheduling problem is NP-complete, we also develop two heuristic techniques that scale well for large problem instances. A clinical diagnostic procedure, namely multiplexed in-vitro diagnostics on human physiological fluids, is used to evaluate the proposed method.
Bilingualism in Schools and Society: Language, Identity, and Policy, by Sarah J. Shin

Reviewed by Karen S. Davis University of Miami E-mail: karen.davis@me.com In 2004, Stephen Krashen, responding to the dismantling of bilingual education in three states, delivered the Keynote at th...
Heteroduplex DNA correction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mismatch specific and requires functional PMS genes.

Abstract In vitro-constructed heteroduplex DNAs with defined mismatches were corrected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with efficiencies that were dependent on the mismatch. Single-nucleotide loops were repaired very efficiently; the base/base mismatches G/T, A/C, G/G, A/G, G/A, A/A, T/T, T/C, and C/T were repaired with a high to intermediate efficiency. The mismatch C/C and a 38-nucleotide loop were corrected with low efficiency. This substrate specificity pattern resembles that found in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting an evolutionary relationship of DNA mismatch repair in pro- and eucaryotes. Repair of the listed mismatches was severely impaired in the putative S. cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair mutants pms1 and pms2. Low-efficiency repair also characterized pms3 strains, except that correction of single-nucleotide loops occurred with an efficiency close to that of PMS wild-type strains. A close correlation was found between the repair efficiencies determined in this study and the observed postmeiotic segregation frequencies of alleles with known DNA sequence. This suggests an involvement of DNA mismatch repair in recombination and gene conversion in S. cerevisiae.
Beneficial Branding: Will Benefit Corporations Promote Environmental Interests More Effectively than the Traditional Corporate Form?

This article suggests that, while benefit corporation legislation allows companies to articulate and enforce both a for-profit mission as well as social and environmental missions, corporations have several existing methods to ensure their ability pursue social and environmental goals. Rather than changing corporate law and the practice of corporations, benefit corporation legislation merely articulates and clarifies existing practices that corporations may use to pursue a social and environmental benefit. Benefit corporations could potentially serve as a means for corporations to create a brand for themselves as a business pursuing the creation of an environmental benefit, but issues regarding the implementation and provisions of the statutes may prevent the forms from serving as an effective brand. The article first describes several issues that many believe to face companies seeking to pursue the creation of an environmental benefit. The article then provides an overview of several recently enacted benefit corporation statutes and describes how the benefit corporation may be legally unnecessary in that it merely articulates pre-existing methods of ensuring companies are able to have a triple bottom line. The article then explains that despite the lack of a legal necessity for benefit corporations, the new forms may serve a valuable role in acting as both a brand for companies adopting the benefit corporation form and green business practices generally. Finally, the article addresses issues with the statutes that may impede the corporate form’s ability to serve as a brand for environmentally focused corporations.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize epitopes in the core and envelope proteins of HCV.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of posttransfusion and community-acquired hepatitis, and a majority of individuals infected with this virus will subsequently develop chronic hepatitis. Characterization of the host immune response to this infection is an important first step that should facilitate the development of immunomodulatory agents and vaccines. Cellular immune responses, especially those mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are important in the control of many viral diseases. In this study, liver-infiltrating lymphocytes from persons with chronic HCV hepatitis were examined for evidence of HCV-specific CTL by using target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the HCV core, E1, E2, and part of the NS2 proteins. Bulk expansion of liver-derived CD8+ lymphocytes resulted in the detection of HCV-specific CTL activity, whereas activity could not be found in CD8+ lymphocytes expanded from peripheral blood. Epitopes recognized by these CTL were defined by using CTL clones obtained by limiting dilution and target cells sensitized with synthetic HCV peptides. Four distinct HLA class I-restricted epitopes were identified, including two epitopes in the amino-terminal portion of the core protein. These studies provide evidence that the highly conserved core protein is a target for HCV-specific CTL and identify CTL epitopes within the more highly variable E2 envelope protein. Our studies also suggest that HCV-specific CTL are localized at the site of tissue injury in infected persons with chronic hepatitis. Identification of the epitopes recognized by HCV-specific CTL will facilitate exploration of their role in disease pathogenesis and may provide information useful in development of therapeutic interventions or vaccines.
The Application and Applicability of Terrestrial Atmospheric Tidal Theory to Venus and Mars

Abstract The parameters of conventional atmospheric tidal theory which vary from planet to planet are isolated and evaluated for Earth, Mars and Venus. The assumptions of tidal theory are investigated in order to determine their validity for Mars and Venus.
The dynamics and acoustics of viscous two-dimensional leapfrogging vortices

Abstract The dynamics and acoustics of two identical pairs of counter-rotating vortices in viscous compressible flow are investigated. Each finite-sized vortex has an initially Gaussian distribution of vorticity. The dilating vortex particle method—developed in previous work—is used for the high-fidelity solution of the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations in the nearfield and a portion of the acoustic field; the radiated sound is extrapolated from a Kirchhoff surface adjusted for mean flow. The trailing vortex pair periodically slips through the leading pair, producing a sharp acoustic pulse. During the ensuing relaxation period as the cores return to horizontal alignment, filaments of vorticity are stripped from the outer part of each vortex while its inner core remains intact, and a small oscillatory acoustic signal is emitted. In contrast to previous studies of inviscid patches of uniform vorticity, this signal is much weaker than the slip-through pulses. Passive particles in the vortex cores are used to explore the filament evolution and core dynamics. The elastic deformation of the inner core, which is a crucial source of sound in previous patch studies, is found to be insignificant to sound production in these smooth cores. Instead, the weak oscillatory component of sound is generated by the anchors of filamentary structures as they rotate about the core. After several slip-through cycles, the pairs coalesce to form a single counter-rotating pair, and the sound emissions become weak and sinusoidal.
EDM machinability of SiCw/Al composites

Machinability of high temperature composites was investigated. Target materials, 15 and 25 vol pct SiC whisker-2124 aluminum composites, were machined by electrodischarge sinker machining and diamond saw. The machined surfaces of these metal matrix composites were examined by SEM and profilometry to determine the surface finish. Microhardness measurements were also performed on the as-machined composites.
Density functional theory study on adsorption of thiophene on TiO2 anatase (0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract In order to develop a fundamental understanding of the adsorption mechanism of thiophenic compounds on TiO 2 -based adsorbents for ultra-deep desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, a density functional theory (DFT) study was conducted on the adsorption of thiophene over the TiO 2 anatase (0 0 1) surface. The perfect, O-poor (with oxygen vacancies), and O-rich (with activated O 2 on the surface) anatase (0 0 1) surfaces were built, and the interaction of thiophene molecule with these surfaces was examined. The adsorption configuration and adsorption energy on the different surfaces and sites were estimated. The results showed that thiophene may be adsorbed on both the perfect and O-poor surfaces through an interaction between the Ti cations on the surface and the S atom in thiophene, whereas on the O-rich surface through an interaction of the activated O atoms (the dissociatively or associatively adsorbed O 2 ) on the surface with the S atom in thiophene to form a sulfone-like surface species. The adsorption of thiophene on the O-rich surface is significantly stronger than adsorption on the perfect and O-poor surfaces on the basis of the calculated adsorption energies. The results indicate that the activated O 2 on the TiO 2 anatase (0 0 1) surface may play an important role in the adsorption desulfurization over the TiO 2 -based adsorbents, and increased concentration of the activated O 2 on the surface may result in improvement of the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents.
New global synchronization analysis for complex networks with coupling delay based on a useful inequality

This paper is concerned with the problem of global synchronization for a general complex networks. Based on a useful inequality and Kronecker product technique, a new criterion is obtained, which has fewer unknown variables and is a significant improvement in the performance. Synchronization criteria are derived by some new mathematical skills and Schur complement. The result is expressed by linear matrix inequalities, which can be easily computed and checked in practice. Finally, numerical examples will be used to show the effectiveness of the obtained result.
The Greek Philological Society in Constantinople

Charanis speaks about the importance of the periodical published by the Greek Philological Society of Constantinople (Hellenikos Philologikos Syllogos Konstantinowpoleos), established in 1861 which, in time became the principal intellectual and educational force among the Greeks—and they numbered millions—living in the Ottoman empire. Tt was published in thirty-three volumes until 1922.
Subsidence at The Geysers Geothermal Field, N. California from a comparison of GPS and leveling surveys

Between 1994 and 1996 three GPS surveys were conducted in The Geysers region of northern California. Our aim was to constrain models of the stresses and strains induced by geothermal power production in that region. Each survey spanned The Geysers geothermal field and consisted of typically 40 monuments. These monuments had been previously employed in a series of first order leveling surveys during the 1970's. This earlier study had determined that The Geysers region was subsiding, with a maximum rate of 0.048 ± 0.0055 m/yr between 1973 and 1977. In order to be able to directly compare the leveling and GPS surveys we transform them to the same reference frame using the GEOID 96 geoid model. For the period 1977–1996 we determine a maximum susbsidence rate of 0.047 ± 0.002 m/yr. We then model this subsidence using a series of point sources of contraction and find their optimal configuration by applying the random cost method and the F-test. The minimum volume strain that we find consistent with this subsidence is approximately 5 × 10−4. Such a strain cannot be explained by a thermoelastic mechanism, but does seem to be consistent with poroelastic deformation and a quasi-static reservoir bulk modulus, K, of ≤ 3.6 × 109 Pa.
Stability, Bioavailability, and Bacterial Toxicity of ZnO and Iron-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles in Aquatic Media

The stability and bioavailability of nanoparticles is governed by the interfacial properties that nanoparticles acquire when immersed in a particular aquatic media as well as the type of organism or cell under consideration. Herein, high-throughput screening (HTS) was used to elucidate ZnO nanoparticle stability, bioavailability, and antibacterial mechanisms as a function of iron doping level (in the ZnO nanoparticles), aquatic chemistry, and bacterial cell type. ζ-Potential and aggregation state of dispersed ZnO nanoparticles was strongly influenced by iron doping in addition to electrolyte composition and dissolved organic matter; however, bacterial inactivation by ZnO nanoparticles was most significantly influenced by Zn2+ ions dissolution, cell type, and organic matter. Nanoparticle IC50 values determined for Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were on the order of 0.3−0.5 and 15−43 mg/L (as Zn2+), while the IC50 for Zn2+ tolerant Pseudomonas putida was always >500 mg/L. Tannic acid decreased toxic...
Charged current measurements: a Tau96 overview

New measurements, presented at the Tau96 Workshop, probing the characteristics of the weak charged current using the τ as a tool are summarized. Results on τ Michel parameters, branching ratios to inclusive and exclusive final states, including those containing ω, η and strange mesons, and structure in the three charged pion decay are briefly discussed. Areas in which there are experimental or theoretical problems are emphasized with the aim to stimulate further investigation.
Writing to mean in middle school: Understanding how second language writers negotiate textually-rich content-area instruction

Abstract Drawing on theoretical perspectives and analytical tools that view writing as meaning-making, we examined student writing associated with an instructional intervention designed to expand the kinds of texts that second-language learners of English were asked to engage with, and produce, in social studies classrooms in a U.S. middle school. Exploring the writing of 40 students on one essay assignment, we documented what students could do with their developing linguistic resources to respond to a prompt that presented unanticipated challenges. Our findings illuminate the dialogic and multimodal process of meaning-making in school-aged second-language writers’ essays. We discuss implications of a meaning-based approach for expanding the textual repertoire of second-language writers in school settings, and for understanding how students navigate the associated challenges.
Reconstructing Holocene palaeoclimate and palaeoceanography in Ìsafjarðardjúp, northwest Iceland, from two fjord records overprinted by relative sea-level and local hydrographic changes

We reconstruct palaeoclimate and palaeoceanography of the Isafjarðardjup fjord system from two cores – one from the inner fjord and one near the fjord mouth – while separating the potential overprinting of relative sea-level (RSL) and local fjord hydrographic changes on these records. The inner fjord core (B997-339) reflects local fjord hydrography; the outer fjord core (MD99-2266) reflects the regional oceanic signal. Glacial marine conditions ended at ca. 10 200 cal. a BP, indicated by both ice-rafted debris records. The other proxy records show spatial and temporal variability within the fjord system. At the inner fjord site (B997-339) foraminiferal assemblages and the δ18O record indicate lowered RSL between ca. 10 600 and 8900 cal. a BP and document the onset of fjord water overturning at ca. 8900 cal. a BP, which obscured the climate record. At the fjord mouth (MD99-2266) mass accumulation rates suggest lowered RSL between ca. 10 200 and 5500 cal. a BP and local freshwater and/or reduced salinities of the Irminger Current water masses affected the δ18O signal between ca. 10 200 and 7900 cal. a BP. At MD99-2266, foraminiferal fauna record the Holocene Thermal Maximum between ca. 8000 and 5700 cal. a BP and the onset of modern oceanic circulation at ca. 7000 cal. a BP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transbronchial Catheterization of Pulmonary Abscesses

A major indication for bronchoscopy in patients with pulmonary abscess is the need to establish adequate drainage. Often, associated bronchial swelling precludes direct entry into the cavity with standard suctioning devices. Satisfactory drainage may require numerous bronchoscopic procedures, prolonging hospitalization and subjecting the patient to the complications of pyogenic pulmonary abscess. We have recently adopted the technique of passing angiography catheters through the rigid bronchoscope into the abscess cavity, thereby facilitating the bacteriological diagnosis and drainage of the cavity.
Further Notes on Why American Sociology Abandoned Mass Communication Research

Communication research seems to be flourishing, as evident in the number of universities offering degrees in communication, number of students enrolled, number of journals, and so on. The field is interdisciplinary and embraces various combinations of former schools of journalism, schools of speech (Midwest for ‘‘rhetoric’’), and programs in sociology and political science. The field is linked to law, to schools of business and health, to cinema studies, and, increasingly, to humanistically oriented programs of so-called cultural studies. All this, in spite of having been prematurely pronounced dead, or bankrupt, by some of its founders. Sociologists once occupied a prominent place in the study of communication— both in pioneering departments of sociology and as founding members of the interdisciplinary teams that constituted departments and schools of communication. In the intervening years, we daresay that media research has attracted rather little attention in mainstream sociology and, as for departments of communication, a generation of scholars brought up on interdisciplinarity has lost touch with the disciplines from which their teachers were recruited. The object of this speculative article is to reflect on why mainstream sociology in the United States may be said to have abandoned media research early on in spite of the centrality it occupied in the pioneering departments.
Tumor Localization Using Fluorescence of Indocyanine Green(ICG) In Rat Models

ABSTRACT The permeability of tumor blood vessels to contrast agents (Gd chelates) has formed thebasis for MRI breast tumor identification [1]. It is also believed that angiogenesis starts beforefurther tumor growth [2]. Here we report tumor detection and localization using the fluores-cence of Indocyanine Green (ICG). ICG fluorescence is excited by CW NIR (Near Infrared)laser light with a central wave-length of 780 nm. The DC signal of fluorescent emission with apeak wave-length of 830 nm is recorded as a function of time. Differential fluorescence signalswere observed after a low-dose (' 8Oi g/Kg body weight per injection) intravenous injectionof ICG aqueous solution in rat model experiments. The difference between the fluorescencesignal from the tumor side and the fluorescence signal from the control side is detectable evenwhen the tumor is very small (e.g., around 0.15 cm3). During the tumor exponential growthphase, the ratio of these two signals is approximately 2.5; the ratio of the initial ICG clearancevelocity in the tumor leg to that in the control leg is about 3. New investigations on humansubjects with breast tumors, or reoccurrence after breast tumors were removed, are underway,and preliminary differential fluorescence signals have been observed.
On finite axi-symmetrical deformations of thin elastic shells of revolution

We derive a generalized version of the known system of two simultaneous second order differential equations for the problem of axi-symmetric torsionless deformations of elastic shells of revolution, for finite deformations and including transverse shear deformations and membrane drilling moments. Our generalization, which involves the introduction of a semicomplementary energy density, comes out in a particularly simple and compact form. We furthermore consider the effect of transverse normal stress deformations and discover the possibility of reducing this problem to a system of three simultaneous second order equations, with the supplementary third equation harmoniously adding itself to the two equations without consideration of transverse normal stress deformation effects.
Unipolar pacer artifacts induced failure of an automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator to detect ventricular fibrillation

Abstract The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD®)1–5 has been implanted in over 500 patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. For detection of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VF), the sensing system of the standard AICD uses a combination of the rate of electric signals received by sensing leads, and a probability density function.1–3 Because of the nature of sensing system of the AICD, several kinds of interactions with temporary or permanent pacemakers have been described.4,6 We have observed another phenomenon: failure of an AICD to detect VF due to large electrical signals from a unipolar pacemaker.
Perceptive field size in fovea and periphery of the light- and dark-adapted retina.

Abstract The sizes of perceptive fields between 0 and 70° eccentricity were measured in the light- and dark-adapted human retina using the Westheimer paradigm. The results indicate that at photopic background luminances, centre size increases from a foveal diameter of less than 9′ to 1° at 10° eccentricity, then more slowly to 1.75° at 70° eccentricity. Total perceptive field size, on the other hand, increases more rapidly from 1° in the fovea to about 6.5° at 70° eccentricity. With dark-adaptation, the perceptive field surround becomes almost ineffective and centre size expands at all eccentricities by about a quarter of its photopic size. These results are compared to previous estimates of perceptive field sizes obtained with other methods and their relationship to the retino-cortical mignification factor are discussed.
HIV provides ample PAMPs for innate immune sensing

Viral genomes comprise either RNA or DNA, and sometimes both, as can happen with retroviruses at different stages of their life cycle. Viral nucleic acids are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are detected by a variety of pathogen-recognition receptors (PPRs), key components of the innate immune system. A diverse set of PRRs has evolved to sense the genetic material of viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are archetypical PRRs, and several (TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9) recognize various RNA species and DNA CpG motifs in the endosomes. In addition, many cells also have RIG-I–like receptor (RLR) homologs that act as cytosolic sensors of viral RNA species (ssRNA or dsRNA with a 5′ppp group). The ligand specificities of these RLRs and the signaling cascades they induce are relatively well characterized (1). More recently, the discovery that intracellular DNA can induce an IFN response in a TLR-independent manner (2), and the identification of stimulator of IFN genes (STING) as a critical adaptor in the IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway (3, 4), have stimulated the discovery of many cytosolic DNA sensors (5). However, our understanding of cytosolic DNA sensors in innate immune sensing is far from clear. Although numerous receptors have been proposed for the STING-dependent ISD pathway, a consistent definition of what constitutes a DNA-based STING-activating ligand is lacking. In PNAS, Jakobsen et al. provide evidence that the candidate DNA sensor IFI16 also serves a sensor of DNA forms generated during the lentiviral replication cycle and may serve to control or restrict HIV replication in myeloid human cell types (6).
Model Predictive Control of Interconnected Linear and Nonlinear Processes

A plant-wide control strategy based on integration of linear model predictive control (LMPC) and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is proposed. The design method is applicable to plants that can be decomposed according to the nonlinearity properties of the individual unit operations. The basic idea is to apply LMPC and NMPC controllers to the linear and nonlinear subsystems, respectively. A systematic procedure for performing the plant decomposition given nonlinearity information is presented. Because the subsystems are coupled via material and energy flows, a sequential solution procedure that aims to minimize the amount of unknown information in the MPC designs is developed. The plant decomposition and sequential MPC solution algorithms are applied to a large-scale styrene production flowsheet. Three controller coordination strategies are developed to handle the information-exchange problems caused by sequential MPC solution. The methods are shown to be nominally stabilizing for nonlinear plants with a certain triangular structure. A multi-rate extension for plants with time-scale separations is presented. A reaction/separation process with recycle is used to compare the different hybrid MPC approaches.
The Path from Molecular Indicators of Exposure to Describing Dynamic Biological Systems in an Aquatic Organism: Microarrays and the Fathead Minnow

The extent to which humans and wildlife are exposed to toxicants is an important focus of environmental research. This work has been directed toward the development of molecular indicators diagnostic for exposure to various stressors in freshwater fish. Research includes the discovery of genes, indicative of environmental exposure, in the Agency's long-established aquatic toxicological organism, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Novel cDNAs and coding sequences will be used in DNA microarray analyses for pattern identification of stressor-specific, differentially up- and down-regulated genes. The methods currently used to discover genes in this organism, for which few annotated nucleic acid sequences exist, are cDNA subtraction libraries, differential display, exploiting PCR primers for known genes of other members of the family Cyprinidae and use of degenerate PCR primers designed from regions of moderate protein homology. Single or multiple genes noted as being differentially expressed in microarray analyses will then be used in separate studies to measure bioavailable stressors in the laboratory and field. These analyses will be accomplished by quantitative RT-PCR. Moving from analysis of single gene exposures to the global state of the transcriptome offers possibilities that those genes identified by DNA microarray analyses might be critical components of dynamic biological systems and networks, wherein chemical stressors exert toxic effects through various modes of action. Additionally, the ability to discriminate bioavailability of stressors in complex environmental mixtures, and correlation with adverse effects downstream from these early molecular events, presents challenging new ground to be broken in the area of risk assessment.
Birch reduction of the dichlorocarbene adduct of poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene)(Cl2C-I): synthesis and characterization of poly(1,1-dimethyl-3,4-methylene-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) CH2-I)

Birch reduction of the dichlorocarbene adduct of poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) (Cl2C-I) yields poly(1,1-dimethyl-3,4-methylene-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) (CH2-I) which has been characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis. The molecular weight distribution of CH2-I has been determined by GPC and its thermal stability by TGA. Its glass transition temperature was obtained by DSC.
Does adjuvant chemoradiation benefit patients who have undergone resection of pancreatic or periampullary cancer

Does adjuvant chemoradiation benefit patients who have undergone resection of pancreatic or periampullary cancer?
Beside the point: motor adaptation without feedback-based error correction in task-irrelevant conditions

Adaptation of movement may be driven by the difference between planned and actual motor performance, or the difference between expected and actual sensory consequences of movement. To identify how the nervous system differentially uses these signals, we asked: does motor adaptation occur when movement errors are irrelevant to the task goal? Participants reached on a digitizing tablet from a fixed start location to one of three targets: a point, an arc, or a ray. For the arc, reaches could be in any direction, but to a specific extent. For the ray, reaches could be to any distance, but in a targeted direction. After baseline reaching to the point, the direction or extent of continuous visual feedback was perturbed during training with either a cursor rotation or gain, respectively, while reaching to either the ray (goal = direction) or the arc (goal = extent). The perturbation, therefore, was either relevant or irrelevant to the task goal, depending on target type. During interspersed catch trials, the perturbation was removed and the target switched back to the point, identical to baseline. Although the goal of baseline and catch trials was the same, significant aftereffects in catch trials indicated behavioral adaptation in response to the perturbation. Adaptation occurred regardless of whether the perturbation was relevant to the task, and it was independent of feedback control. The presence of adaptation orthogonal to task demands supports the hypothesis that the nervous system can rely on sensory prediction to drive motor learning that can generalize across tasks.
First-principles molecular dynamics for metals

A Car-Parrinello-type first-principles molecular-dynamics approach capable of treating the partial occupancy of electronic states that occurs at the Fermi level in a metal is presented. The algorithms used to study metals are both simple and computationally efficient. We also discuss the connection between ordinary electronic-structure calculations and molecular-dynamics simulations as well as the role of Brillouin-zone sampling. This extension should be useful not only for metallic solids but also for solids that become metals in their liquid and/or amorphous phases.
Nanofluid Analysis for the Intestinal Flow in a Symmetric Channel

This article deals with the influence of heat transfer and nanofluid on the peristaltic flow of a third order fluid. Numerical solutions are evaluated for temperature, nanofluid phenomenon, streamlines and pressure rise. Graphical illustrations investigate the influence of various embedded parameters. It is seen that with high buoyancy forces and Stress relaxation time velocity profile decreases.
Frost-Free Record Reconstruction for Eastern Massachusetts, 1733–1980

Abstract A reconstruction methodology utilizing such varied documents as diaries, agricultural journals, U.S. Weather Bureau killing frost records and instrumental records is discussed. A resultant 248-year frost record for eastern Massachusetts exhibits marked variations in the length of the growing season, that occur on a time scale of approximately 70 years. There is an apparent systematic long-term relationship between the timing of spring and fall killing frosts and the last 100 years of record reveals a decline in year-to-year variability.
Visualizing the First 50 Hr of the Primary Immune Response to a Soluble Antigen

Recently, static and dynamic imaging methods have produced the first glimpses of the interactions between antigen-specific T cells and peptide-MHC-bearing antigen-presenting cells in the lymph nodes. Using data from these experiments, we produced a numerically, spatially, and temporally scaled simulation of the first 50 hr of the primary T cell-dependent immune response. The simulation highlights how lymph node structure facilitates antigen presentation to rare, naive, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells.