cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Early Sexual Maturity in the Molluscs, Syndosmya alba and Cardium fasciatum

IN November 1920, good numbers of the mollusc Syndosmya alba round about 15 mm. in length and sexually mature were taken by dredging in the Black Deep near the Edinburgh Lightship. The occurrence of this bivalve, practically on the spot where munitions had recently been dumped, is a matter of much interest, so that observations on the life-history of this form are worth recording. It was suspected at the time that the specimens taken in 1920 were at least six months old, as estimated from material obtained in the sea experimentally, but recently the present writer had the good fortune to obtain a good fall of young ones of this species in a cage which had been in the sea in the River Blackwater in the Thames Estuary area about eight months, i.e. from October 22, 1923, to June 7, 1924. In this case the valves of Pecten maximus and Ostrea edulis were strung on tarred rope in pairs, so that pairs of the shells were in the same relative position as in life. In the cavity of these shells a certain amount of mud accumulated, and in this nidus young Syndosmya settled at some time later and grew to a size varying from 6.5 to 12.0 mm. in length. Individuals about 8.0 mm. in length were found to be approaching sexual maturity.
Voltage-Gating in the Hv1 Proton Channel: Clues from Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, is homologous to the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, but uniquely lacks a central pore domain (Ramsey et al., Nature 440, 1213, 2006; Sasaki et al., Science 312, 589, 2006). To begin to understand voltage-dependent activation in the Hv1 channel, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of a homology model for the transmembrane region of the human Hv1 in a hydrated lipid bilayer under a membrane potential. Under a depolarizing potential (positive on the intracellular side), the channel pathway exhibits a robust transmembrane hydrogen bonded water wire connecting the intracellular and extracellular sides. Under a hyperpolarizing potential, a cluster of hydrophobic side chains occludes the central region of the channel and prevents water wire formation. Assuming that a water wire plays a role in proton conduction by Hv1, these observations are consistent with experiments showing that the channel opens at depolarizing potentials. The basic side chains in the VSD S4 segment carry most of the gating charge during the activation of Kv channels. We observe translocation of the third arginine in the Hv1 S4 segment (Arg211) relative to a highly conserved phenylalanine side chain (Phe150) located at the center of the putative channel permeation pathway. Phe150 is homologous to a highly conserved Phe side chain in Kv channels, which is thought to modulate channel activation (Tao et al., Science 328, 67, 2010; Lacroix and Bezanilla, PNAS 108, 12313, 2011). Thus, our simulations suggest that these residues may be involved in voltage activation of Hv1. This work is supported by grants from the NIH (GM74637, GM86685 and GM72507) and NSF (CHE-0750175), and Teragrid resources provided by the NSF-supported NICS.
Stable isotope indicators of provenance and demographics in 18th and 19th century North Americans

Abstract Using stable isotopes to gain insight into individual life histories is a valuable tool for unidentified or incomplete remains lacking historic records. This study analyzed stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes from bones and teeth of 18 th –19 th century North Americans of known ancestry, social class, and region of origin in an effort to discern qualitative patterns and create a quantitative predictive model of demographic information. The δ 13 C collagen , δ 13 C structural carbonate , and δ 18 O structural carbonate values provide the most overall information for detecting demographic differences, with δ 15 N collagen and δ 18 O phosphate to a lesser degree. Region of origin was the most predictable demographic factor with 82% correct classifications based on a two-variable model using δ 13 C collagen and δ 18 O meteoric water calculated from δ 18 O structural carbonate , which reflects the influence of dominant local vegetation types and local drinking water. Ancestry was correctly identified in 68% of cases using δ 13 C collagen . Social class was less predictable with correct identification in 60% of cases based on δ 13 C, δ 15 N, and δ 18 O values where the upper class was most distinguishable. Isotope patterns observed in ancestry and social class groups are linked to cultural food preferences and food availability. Certain sample sites, such as military burials and urban cemeteries, show a greater range of isotope values suggesting a variety of individual regional origins and cultural backgrounds. Burials of extreme upper or lower class individuals show greater isotopic homogeneity suggesting reliance on localized food sources or cultural preferences for particular dietary choices.
Attention and internal monitoring: : A Farewell to HOP

Consciousness in its transitive use (i.e. consciousness-of) has two different kinds of target: external objects and one�s own mental states. We will call consciousness of external objects �external awareness� and consciousness of mental states �internal awareness�. The focus of this article is on the latter case, in which a subject is conscious of one of her/his own mental states. Mental states of which a subject is conscious (or aware) have been called �conscious states� by Armstrong (1968, 1981), Rosenthal (1986, 1990) and Lycan (1987, 1996). We will adopt this usage here, though nothing hangs on how you label cases where the subject is aware of a mental state.1 �Inner sense� or �higher-order perception� (HOP) theories in the philosophy of mind are offered as explanations of what it is that makes a mental state a conscious state in that sense. That is, they aim to at least determine the necessary conditions for one�s being conscious or aware of one�s own mental state. According to HOP, a mental state is conscious just in case it is itself represented in a quasi-perceptual way by an internal monitor, scanning device or attention mechanism. Many arguments have been given in favour of this view, and many objections made to it as well.2 Our purpose here is to start with one of the objections to HOP, review a seemingly innocuous concession to it and then show that the concession ends up undermining HOP. 1. Objection and initial response The objection, put by many over the years,3 is that unlike many of its competitors, HOP posits a particular sort of device, an introspector or internal monitor, which is to be responsible for making a mental state a conscious one. But, the objection continues, this posit is not well motivated � there is no evidence of devices �
Comparative Clinical Evaluation of Two Salts of Quinidine Using 24- H our Holter Monitor Recordings:

In 13 patients admitted to a coronary care unit, antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of quinidine gluconate in a nonmatrix formulation were compared to placebo and quinidine sulfate. Both quinidine preparations were effective in reducing the number and severity of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles when compared to placebo. Except for a few cases in which quinidine gluconate was significantly more effective, both quinidine preparations appear to have similar clinical antiarrhythmic efficacy and duration of action. A 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring device and electrocardioscanner were utilized in this research. No major unexpected adverse effects were observed.
Left-corner parsing and psychological plausibility

It is well known that even extremely limited centerembedding causes people to have difficulty in comprehension, but that left- and right-branching constructions produce no such effect. If the difficulty in comprehension is taken to be a result of processing load, as is widely assumed, then measuring the processing load induced by a parsing strategy on these constructions may help determine its plausibility as a psychological model. On this basis, it has been argued [AJ91, JL83] that by identifying processing load with space utilization, we can rule out both top-down and bottom-up parsing as viable candidates for the human sentence processing mechanism, and that left-corner parsing represents a plausible alternative.Examining their arguments in detail, we find difficulties with each presentation. In this paper we revise the argument and validate its central claim. In so doing, we discover that the key distinction between the parsing methods is not the form of prediction (top-down vs. bottom-up vs. left-corner), but rather the ability to instantiate the operation of composition.
Morphine Up-regulates expression of substance P and its receptor in human blood mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes.

In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that there is an important relationship between morphine and neuropeptide substance P (SP). We therefore investigated the interaction of morphine and cultured human immune cells on the expression of SP, a neuropeptide which we have recently demonstrated to be produced by human monocytes and lymphocytes. Morphine up-regulated SP production in human mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes at both the mRNA and the protein level. In addition, morphine induced SP receptor (NK-1R) expression in human lymphocytes. The specific morphine receptor antagonist (naltrexone) blocked morphine-induced SP expression in human mononuclear phagocytes, supporting the concept of authentic morphine receptor-mediated regulation. Since SP modulates neurogenic inflammation and immunologic events, these data suggest that morphine-induced SP expression in cells of the immune system may be of importance in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases, including neuroimmunologic diseases and AIDS.
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets (HELLP) Syndrome: A Review of Diagnosis and Management

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome is a form of severe preeclampsia that threatens the gravida and her fetus. In this report, the diagnostic criteria and maternal and fetal risks of HELLP are defined. Prompt recognition and treatment in tertiary centers is emphasized, because the prognosis can be adversely affected by delayed or less than optimal diagnosis and treatment. Management guidelines are offered for treating this disorder. The potential roles of corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and expectant management are critically evaluated. Subsequent pregnancy outcome, contraception, and preventative strategies are considered.
Enzyme systems in the mycobacteria. X. The butyryl dehydrogenase system.

The butyryl dehydrogenase system of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been separated into two fractions. The first fraction contains the butyryl dehydrogenase which is a flavoprotein. The flavine is dissociated from the protein during the purification procedure. Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) restores enzymic activity. The second fraction contains the apoenzyme of an electron-transferring flavoprotein which, when supplemented with FAD, catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced butyryl dehydrogenase to indophenol or cytochrome c.
Identification of the Major Prostaglandin Glycerol Ester Hydrolase in Human Cancer Cells

Prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) are produced as a result of the oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, by cyclooxygenase 2. Understanding the role that PG-Gs play in a biological setting has been difficult because of their sensitivity to enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing PG-G hydrolysis across human cancer cell lines to serine hydrolase activities determined by activity-based protein profiling, we identified lysophospholipase A2 (LYPLA2) as a major enzyme responsible for PG-G hydrolysis. The principal role played by LYPLA2 in PGE2-G hydrolysis was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. Purified recombinant LYPLA2 hydrolyzed PG-Gs in the following order of activity: PGE2-G > PGF2α-G > PGD2-G; LYPLA2 hydrolyzed 1- but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol or arachidonoylethanolamide. Chemical inhibition of LYPLA2 in the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, elicited an increase in PG-G production. Our data indicate that LYPLA2 serves as a major PG-G hydrolase in human cells. Perturbation of this enzyme should enable selective modulation of PG-Gs without alterations in endocannabinoids, thereby providing a means to decipher the unique functions of PG-Gs in biology and disease.
HIV testing in an urgent-care clinic.

Background: Early detection of HIV is increasingly important in light of advances in HIV research and treatment. Although treatment advances offer the potential to curtail HIV incidence and seroprevalence, the full benefits remain unrealised because many infected individuals remain unaware of their serostatus. An intensive observational study of HIV testing and counselling was undertaken in a large health maintenance organisation’s urgent-care clinic (UCC) for non-threatening illnesses and non-traumatic injuries in order to better understand the HIV testing process in a medical setting. Methods: Multiple data collection strategies, including observation, semi-structured interviews and document and policy analyses, were used in order to identify key factors influencing HIV testing. The study examined physicians’, nurses’ and physician’s assistants’ relationships with patients in the UCC. Results: It was found that HIV testing in the UCC is highly variable because some patients are asked about their sexual risk histories and given HIV prevention education materials and others are not. Moreover, for those patients who do receive these components of testing, the content of both the risk assessments and HIV prevention counselling varies from patient to patient. Findings also highlight the problematic nature of providing HIV test results in an UCC. Conclusions: A number of implementation issues were found to be relevant to the new US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) policy of making HIV testing a routine feature of medical care. The study results suggest the need for organisationally fine-tuned interventions designed to improve the process of testing patients for HIV in medical settings.
Patterns and processes of global shrub expansion

Shrub expansion is a global phenomenon that is occurring on savannas, rangelands, and grasslands. In addition, this is an increasingly documented occurrence in the Arctic. Numerous recent studies have strived to pinpoint the drivers of this phenomenon, quantify the changes, and understand their implications for regional and global land use, disturbance regimes, and nutrient cycling. Inquiry into these topics has been facilitated by recent technological developments in satellite remote sensing, aerial photograph analysis, and computer simulation modeling. We provide a new review that accounts for more recent studies in these regions, Arctic shrub expansion, and technological and analytical developments. This four-part discussion focuses on observed patterns of shrub expansion in three rangeland types (desert grasslands, mesic grasslands, savannas) and the Arctic tundra, the primary causes of this expansion, critical comparisons and contrasts between these land types, and recommendations for future avenues ...
A minute magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) mixer

Abstract A theoretical and experimental investigation of a magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) stirrer is presented. Such a stirrer can be used to enhance mixing in micrototal analysis systems. The stirrer utilizes arrays of electrodes deposited on a conduit’s walls. The conduit is filled with an electrolyte solution. By applying alternating potential differences across pairs of electrodes, currents are induced in various directions in the solution. In the presence of a magnetic field, the coupling between the magnetic and electric fields induces body (Lorentz) forces in the fluid. Since, the electrodes can be patterned in various ways, fairly complex flow fields can be generated. In particular, in this paper, we describe the induction of cellular motion. This motion can be used to deform and stretch material interfaces and to enhance mixing. The MHD stirrer does not utilize any moving parts. The experimental observations are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Behavioral performance of wild-caught and laboratory-reared red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus) larvae

Laboratory- and hatchery-reared fish often differ morphologically, physiologically, and/or behaviorally from wild-caught fish. We compared the behavioral performance of laboratory-reared red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae to that of wild-caught larvae to examine potential differences due to rearing and to validate interpretations of experiments on lab-reared larvae. Routine swimming speed and the timing and magnitude of startle responses elicited by acoustic and visual stimuli were measured on three size classes (developmental stages) of larvae (8, 13, and 27 mm TL). Mean routine swimming speeds were greater in wild larvae compared to reared larvae at 8 mm TL, but 27-mm wild larvae exhibited lower speeds than reared larvae at 27 mm TL. In acoustically mediated startle responses, wild larvae of all sizes were more responsive, took less time to respond, and in the 8-mm size class, had greater response distances and speeds than reared larvae. In visually mediated startle responses, 8- and 13-mm reared larvae had greater response distances and durations, while 27-mm wild larvae were less responsive than reared larvae. These observations suggest caution when inferring behavioral capabilities of wild larvae based on observations of lab-reared red drum and that behavioral deficiencies due to rearing may reduce survivorship of lab-reared red drum upon release into the environment.
Genetic Map of the Chicken Z Chromosome Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers

Commercially important traits of domestic animals have often been genetically linked to sex chromosomes, such as the Z chromosome of chickens. Using a backcross mapping population between two divergent, inbred lines and random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR markers, a genetic map of the chicken Z chromosome has been generated. Thirteen Z-linked RAPD markers were identified, mapped, and linked to two RFLPs and one phenotypic marker. The protocol used also generated RAPD markers for the W chromosome. The linkage distances obtained suggest that the RAPD markers are widely distributed throughout the Z chromosome and are likely to be linked to most or all traits of interest on this chromosome. The map provides a preliminary estimate of genetic to physical distance of about 0.5 Mb per centimorgan for the Z chromosome in chickens (male-specific recombination). A similar approach should be applicable to facilitate the mapping and analysis of sex-linked traits in other domestic animals.
Semiclassical formulation of term energies and electrostatic intervals in He I

A semiclassical core-polarization-penetration model has been used to parametrize energy-level and energy-interval data for He I. Various contributions to the energy of the form $〈\ensuremath{\gamma}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}s}〉$ with $s\ensuremath{\le}10$ were tested in attempts to account for different types of polarizabilities, dynamical correlations, and relativistic and retardation effects, which are all exactly calculable for the hydrogenlike core. Penetration effects were simulated by replacing expectation values by time averages over classical Kepler orbits that penetrate a parametrized hollow shell of core charge. It was found that the best fits were obtained if only dipole, quadrupole, lowest-order dynamical correlations, and relativistic mass corrections to the gross energy were included, and that higher-order polarizabilities and retardation effects worsened the fit. The approach generally reproduces observed $J=L$ singlet-triplet averages to within experimental uncertainties for $n\ensuremath{\ge}5$ and $l\ensuremath{\ge}2$. Three free parameters each are necessary to describe the $D$ and $F$ Rydberg series, whereas the $l\ensuremath{\ge}4$ series can be described with no free parameters. The model can be very precisely tested with the use of available microwave-optical resonance data for the $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0 F\ensuremath{-}G\ensuremath{-}H\ensuremath{-}I$ intervals, for which the relativistic and polarization energies have been observed directly.
Paleocene lakes of the central rocky mountains, Western United States

Abstract Lacustrine environments are well developed in the Paleocene to early Eocene sedimentary sequences in the intermontane basins of the central Rocky Mountains. The available evidence points toward a widespread episode of lake formation in the middle-late Paleocene (Torrejonian-Tiffanian) followed by a second major period during the latest Paleocene to early Eocene (Clarkforkian-Wasatchian). The earlier period of lake formation is dominated by relatively shallow, although often areally extensive, freshwater lakes associated with fluvial and paludal environments. In basins in northern Wyoming and Montana, a high clastic input prevailed. Thich mudstone, often structureless, marks the deep-water facies of these lakes, with tabular sandstone, lenticular carbonate and lignite occurring along the fluviodeltaic margins. Farther south and west, in Colorado and Wyoming, alkaline lakes dominated by carbonate deposition were prevalent. The appearance and disappearance of standing water in both northern and southern basins may be more closely controlled by tectonics than by climate: most evidence points toward prevailing humid sub-tropical conditions until the very end of the Paleocene.
The construction of new gauged N = 8 supergravities

Abstract The methods used in the construction of new gaugings of N = 8 supergravity are discussed. They are used to rederive the gaugings of N = 4 supergravity and details of the construction of the ISO(7) and SO(7,1) gaugings of N = 8 supergravity are given. These theories are described in the symmetric gauge and it is shown that the non-compact gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken down to its maximal compact subgroup. The possibility of obtaining such theories through dimensional reduction and the existence of counterterms is considered.
Optimization of dynamic battery paramter characterization experiments via differential evolution

Characterization is important for making models match reality and allowing for quick and accurate measurements of parameters. In this paper we present a method for designing dynamic battery experiments using an evolutionary algorithm that directly generates Pareto fronts via differential evolution. This optimization creates current trajectories for multiple objectives, namely, maximizing Fisher information gathered while minimizing battery damage. An estimator is used on simulated battery experiments to verify the improvements associated with these trajectories. This exercise illustrates the experimental trade-offs between gathering parameter information and causing battery degradation. The procedure in this paper is widely applicable as both the battery model and parameter's of interest can be substituted as needed.
The State as a Unit in Study of Economic Growth

Empirical study of a process of change requires a definition of characteristics of change to be measured, and of units for which the measurable characteristics are to be observed. The choice of characteristics was discussed in “Measurement of Economic Growth,” and in that discussion the state was assumed to be the unit of observation. The purpose here is to explore the implications of that assumption, thus in a sense providing a lengthy footnote to the earlier paper.
Central odontogenic fibroma, myxoma (odontogenic myxoma, fibromyxoma), and central odontogenic granular cell tumor

Although the odontogenic myxoma has remained gical pathologists have confused the dental follicle, a well-recognized tumor over the years, the central odontogenic fibroma (COdF) and central granular cell odontogenic tumor (GCOT) have been at the center of controversy. Some degree of controversy still exists regarding histogenesis, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria for all three tumors; however, the recent literature more clearly has defined their clinical, radiographic, and histologic parameters. The COdF, odontogenic myxoma, and central GCOT are rare tumors in the overall context of all of the tumors that can occur in the human body. Even within the odontogenic group, these three tumors rank as uncommon to rare. The incidence of odontogenic myxoma among odontogenic tumors has ranged from 3% to 18% [1–7]. The true incidence of odontogenic fibromas is difficult to determine because of the different diagnostic criteria that have been applied to the lesion over the years. Surveys from seven different countries have shown a range from 0% to 14%; however, most of the aforementioned studies have indicated a 4% to 5% incidence for the COdF [1–7]. In the English-language literature, at least 30 examples of central GCOT have been reported. Of special concern to oral and maxillofacial surgeons is that surgical pathologists who are not familiar with odontogenic tumors and the odontogenic apparatus may have difficulty distinguishing these three odontogenic tumors from one another and from normal components of odontogenesis [8,9]. Sur-
Optimizing the support vector machines (SVM) committee configuration in a colonic polyp CAD system

This paper presents a method to optimize the SVM committee used in a colonic polyp CAD system to achieve high detection performance and efficiency. In our CAD system, characteristic features of polyp candidates are fed into a committee of SVMs to determine if one detection is a true polyp. The committee consists of M different SVMs, and each of them is established by an N-feature vector. A progressive feature vector selection scheme was proposed to select a population of feature vectors, in which N-feature vectors are composed progressively in N stages. To optimize the SVM committee configuration, two-way ANOVA is performed to analyze the effect of committee-member-number (M) and feature-vector-length (N). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) in a ten-fold cross validation is used as the performance metric. Pairwise Tukey’s tests are performed to reveal if the performance differences between two configurations are statistically significant. The experiments were tested on 29 patients with 53 polyps. The committee configuration in comparison are N=1 to 7 and M=1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. ANOVA showed that N = 3 has statistically significant performance improvement over N=1 and 2, but is statistically equivalent with N= 4 to 7. It also showed that there is statistical improvement from M = 1 to 7, while M = 7 and 9 are statistically equivalent. Based on the result, we chose a committee configuration with N = 3 and M = 7 since it is the most efficient committee with statistically best performance.
Reduction of Horse and Deer Flies on the Cottonwood Range and Livestock Experiment Station as a Result of Grazing

Horse fly and deer fly populations were sampled on an experiment station in southwestern South Dakota during the summer of 1977, 1978, and 1980. Tabanus similis Macquart and Chrysops aestuans van der Wulp were the most common species collected by blackball and sticky-drum traps. T. similis adults were commonly observed as a pest of beef cattle from June to early August, whereas C. aestuans was attracted more commonly to humans during this period. Fly populations were lower in 1980 when compared with numbers found in previous years. It is suggested that weather conditions and grazing by beef cattle in 1979 reduced the amount of vegetation on which flies could oviposit, resulting in fewer adults caught dunng the 1980 season. C. sequax Williston and C. carbonarius Walker also were attracted to humans, whereas collections of T. marginalis F., T. orbicallus Philip, and Silvius pollinosus Williston represent new records for South Dakota.
Seasonal variability of aerosol vertical profiles over east US and west Europe: GEOS-Chem/APM simulation and comparison with CALIPSO observations

Abstract In this study, we employed 5 years (2007–2011) of the CALIPSO level-3 monthly aerosol extinction product to compare with the GEOS-Chem/APM simulations for the same time period over two major industrial regions (east US and west Europe). The objective is to understand which aerosol types or species significantly determine the vertical profiles by comparing the seasonal variability between the simulations and observations. Our study shows that the model successfully produces the magnitude of aerosol extinction, profile shape, and their seasonal variability observed by CALIPSO over both east US (EUS) and west Europe (WEU). The extinctions below 1 km make up 44–79% to the total, from either the model simulations or satellite retrievals, with larger percentages in winter seasons (62–79%) and smaller percentages in summer seasons (44–57%) associated with the strength of vertical transport. The shape of the vertical profiles has, therefore, a distinct seasonal variability, with a more like quasi-exponential shape in DJF (December, January, and February) and SON (September, October, and November) than in MAM (March, April, and May) and JJA (June, July, and August), which have been discerned from both measurements and simulations. Analysis of modeled aerosol species indicates that secondary particles (SP), containing sulfate, ammonia, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), predominantly determine the total aerosol vertical profiles while black carbon (BC), primary organic carbon (OC), and sea salt (SS), only account for a small fraction and are also limited near the surface. Mineral dust (DS) contributes more to the total extinction over WEU than over EUS, particularly in MAM, a result of being adjacent to the North Africa desert. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA, i.e. sulfate, ammonia, and nitrate) contributes most of the total SP mass in DJF and SON while SOA is particularly important in MAM and JJA when the emissions from leafed plants are active. Our study also indicates that, compared to aerosol extinction, the number concentration of particles larger than 10 nm (CN10) exhibits a different seasonal variation and vertical profile, but Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) concentration at supersaturation of 0.4% (CCN0.4) presents a consistent seasonal variation and similar vertical profile. Therefore, aerosol extinction could be a good indicator for CCN0.4 with regard to seasonal variations of vertical profiles.
Global and dimensional self-esteem in preadolescent and early adolescent children who are overweight: age and gender differences.

Objective To examine age and gender differences in global and dimensional self-esteem in children who are overweight. Method As part of a pretreatment assessment, the Perceived Competence Scale for Children was completed by 121 children (ages 8–14) who were overweight and enrolling in a weight reduction program. Results Gender differences in general self-esteem and age differences in physical self-esteem were found. Also, girls who were highly overweight reported lower physical self-esteem than girls who were moderately overweight. However, for boys, the opposite pattern emerged. For both boys and girls, cognitive and social self-esteem predicted general self-esteem and physical self-esteem did not. Discussion Children who are overweight may emphasize dimensions of their self-esteem in nongender stereotyped ways that are protective of their general self-esteem. Understanding developmental trends and gender differences in self-esteem can enhance our ability to assist youth who are overweight in maintaining favorable self-evaluations. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 424–429, 2002.
Climate and vegetation since the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) in a putative glacial refugium, northern Idaho, USA

Abstract There are very few terrestrial sediment records from North America that contain a nearly continuous sequence spanning from the Last Interglacial period to the present. We present stratigraphic records of pollen and several other proxies from a Carex -dominated wetland, Star Meadows, located 140 km south of the maximum extent of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and near the current southern extent of interior mesic forests in northern Idaho. Many species in this region are disjunct by 160 km of arid steppe and dry forest from their more extensive distribution along the Pacific Northwest coast and may have survived in an interior refugium. The chronology for the upper 251 cm was determined by six radiocarbon dates and one tephra deposit, and the age of the remainder of the core (251–809 cm) was estimated by correlation with SPECMAP δ 18 O. Fluctuating water levels were inferred from alternating peat, biogenic silica, and aquatic pollen types. During MIS 5e the region was warmer and drier than today and was dominated by Pinus (likely Pinus contorta ) mixed conifer forest surrounding a Carex meadow. A cool-moist climate (MIS 5b–5d) soon developed, and the site was inundated with deep water. Pollen indicated wetland vegetation ( Betula glandulosa , Typhaceae, and Salix ) developed around a lake with a Pseudotsuga/Larix and Picea forest on the surrounding slopes. During MIS 5a, a warmer climate supported a Pseudotsuga / Larix , Abies , and Picea forest on the surrounding hillsides and a Carex- dominated environment within a dry meadow. From MIS 4 to MIS 3, a cool and wet Pinus and Picea forest predominated. Water levels rose, enabling Nuphar to persist within a perennial lake while a sedge fen established along the lake margin. As climate transitioned into MIS 2, a cooler and drier climate supported a Pinus and Picea subalpine parkland, though water levels remained high enough to support Nuphar . During the Last Glacial Maximum the sediment was mainly silt and clay with high Artemisia and very poor pollen preservation. Glaciers descended to 500 m elevation above Star Meadows in adjacent drainages suggesting a periglacial environment occurred at the site. Lake level decreased through the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (ca. 11.7 ka) and the site returned to a sedge peatland surrounded by an open Pinus forest. The most striking vegetation change occurred in the middle to late Holocene with the first occurrence and then later dominance of Cupressaceae pollen, most likely Thuja plicata , which is a dominant species in modern interior mesic forests. The late Holocene vegetation was uniquely mesic in the context of the last 120,000 years, casting doubt on this region serving as a glacial refugium.
Reaction of char nitrogen during fluidized bed coal combustion -- influence of nitric oxide and oxygen on nitrous oxide

Abstract The conditions that favor the formation of nitrous oxide from char under fluidized bed combustion conditions are shown to be the oxidation of the char to make the nitrogen bound in the heterocyclic rings accessible so that it can react heterogeneously either with oxygen to form NO or with nitric oxide to form N2O. This was demonstrated by measurement of the gas composition when a batch of coal particles was introduced into a fluidized sand bed electrically heated to 1023 K. Oxygen and nitric oxide were added to the fluidizing helium gas in varying concentrations. N2O was formed in amounts that increased with increasing NO concentration showing the importance of NO for N2O formation. The N2O concentration, however, fell to zero when the O2 supply was interrupted underlying the essential role of oxygen in freeing the organically bound nitrogen so that it can react with NO to form N2O.
Introduction: Crime and the Media

This first chapter presents a basic overview of the book, its topic, and outline. Basic issues related to the perception of media, the perception of crime, and the perception of youth are presented. It is argued that for understanding media, crime, and adolescence, both research and public policy debates must be put into a larger context of sociological phenomena influencing relations between older adults and youth. Concepts such as juvenoia and moral panic are discussed and a basic framework for the remainder of the book is presented.
Structural basis for syk tyrosine kinase ubiquity in signal transduction pathways revealed by the crystal structure of its regulatory SH2 domains bound to a dually phosphorylated ITAM peptide

The Syk family of kinases, consisting of ZAP-70 and Syk, play essential roles in a variety of immune and non-immune cells. This family of kinases is characterized by the presence of two adjacent SH2 domains which mediate their localization to the membrane through receptor encoded tyrosine phosphorylated motifs. While these two kinases share many structural and functional features, the more ubiquitous nature of Syk has suggested that this kinase may accommodate a greater variety of motifs to mediate its function. We present the crystal structure of the tandem SH2 domain of Syk complexed with a dually phosphorylated ITAM peptide. The structure was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement at 3.0 A resolution. The asymmetric unit comprises six copies of the liganded protein, revealing a surprising flexibility in the relative orientation of the two SH2 domains. The C-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding site is very different from the equivalent region of ZAP-70, suggesting that in contrast to ZAP-70, the two SH2 domains of Syk can function as independent units. The conformational flexibility and structural independence of the SH2 modules of Syk likely provides the molecular basis for the more ubiquitous involvement of Syk in a variety of signal transduction pathways.
Understanding Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: The Roles of Trust in Sources of Climate Information, Climate Change Beliefs, and Perceived Risk

Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Farmers face pressures to adjust agricultural systems to make them more resilient in the face of increasingly variable weather (adaptation) and reduce GHG production (mitigation). This research examines relationships between Iowa farmers’ trust in environmental or agricultural interest groups as sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, perceived climate risks to agriculture, and support for adaptation and mitigation responses. Results indicate that beliefs varied with trust, and beliefs in turn had a significant direct effect on perceived risks from climate change. Support for adaptation varied with perceived risks, while attitudes toward GHG reduction (mitigation) were associated predominantly with variation in beliefs. Most farmers were supportive of adaptation responses, but few endorsed GHG reduction, suggesting that outreach should focus on interventions that have
Proteoglycan 4, a novel immunomodulatory factor, regulates parathyroid hormone actions on hematopoietic cells.

Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), a critical protective factor in articular joints, is implicated in hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion and megakaryopoiesis. PRG4 loss-of-function mutations result in camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome, which is characterized primarily by precocious joint failure. PRG4 was identified as a novel parathyroid hormone (PTH) responsiveness gene in osteoblastic cells in bone, and was investigated as a potential mediator of PTH actions on hematopoiesis. Sixteen-week-old Prg4−/− mutant and Prg4+/+ wild-type mice were treated daily with intermittent PTH (residues 1–34) or vehicle for 6 weeks. At 22 weeks of age, Prg4 mutant mice had increased peripheral blood neutrophils and decreased marrow B220+ (B-lymphocytic) cells, which were normalized by PTH. The PTH-induced increase in marrow Lin−Sca-1+c-Kit+ (hematopoietic progenitor) cells was blunted in mutant mice. Basal and PTH-stimulated stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was decreased in mutant mice, suggesting SDF-1 as a candidate regulator of proteoglycan 4 actions on hematopoiesis in vivo. PTH stimulation of IL-6 mRNA was greater in mutant than in wild-type calvaria and bone marrow, suggesting a compensatory mechanism in the PTH-induced increase in marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. In summary, proteoglycan 4 is a novel PTH-responsive factor regulating immune cells and PTH actions on marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Planar double layers in magnetized plasmas: Fine structures and their consequences

[1] Using two-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell code, we study the dynamical behavior of planar double layers (DLs) in magnetized plasmas nonuniformly distributed along an ambient magnetic field Bo. The plasma is driven by a magnetic field-aligned (parallel) potential drop with a polarity appropriate for the return current auroral plasma; the low-density hot plasma at the top of the simulation plane is positive with respect to the high-density cold plasma at the bottom. In response to the applied potential drop, a planar double layer rapidly forms at the evolving interface between the cold and hot plasmas. The ions accelerated downward by the DL into the cold plasma generate low-frequency electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) fluctuations; their nonlinear evolution fragments the DL horizontally into filamentary DLs having U- and V-shaped equipotentials like in diverging electrostatic shocks (D-shocks). The filamentary potential structures have density depletions bounded by high-density plasma columns. The cold electrons accelerated by the parallel fields inside the DL substructures (DLSS) generate electron holes, which become the dominant feature of the plasma above the regions of the parallel fields. The initial filaments have the size of hot ion Larmor radius, but at latter times the transverse size of the filaments increases as they dynamically evolve both in shape and size with the transverse ion heating. During the process of fragmentation of the initial DL the cold ions undergo considerable transverse acceleration by the perpendicular electric fields in the developing substructures. Those initially cold ions which manage to get above the time-dependent DLSSs and even the hot ions traversing the region above them are seen to undergo significant heating in both parallel and perpendicular directions by the sustained interactions with the upward moving large-amplitude electron holes. Relevance of our findings to the physics of the auroral return current plasma is discussed.
Humidity-resistant high-conductivity amorphous-InZnO transparent conductors

Sputtered, amorphous mixed metal transparent conductive oxides, TCOs, are of increasing interest. The TCOs have excellent opto-electronic properties and smoothness (R RMS ≪ 0.5 nm) obtained for films deposited at 50–150 °C.1 In the case of amorphous InZnO (a-InZnO) films grown from a ceramic target with 20 atomic % ZnO in In 2 O 3 , conductivities σ ≥ 2500 S/cm are common.2–5 This project specifically centers on the combined materials phase space of oxygen stoichiometry and metals composition (In:Zn ratio) and their effect on the environmental stability and water permeability of the resultant transparent films. Amorphous IZO films deposited from a fixed composition target with a range of oxygen concentrations allowed for a comparison of the relative stability of various composition and conductivity. In the initial testing within an 85/85 chamber, the more conductive a-InZnO films with ≫ 1000 S/cm, did not show any change in conductivity or transparency after 1000 hrs. In contrast a-InZnO films of comparable thickness and ≪0.01 S/cm while remaining transparent would improve in conductivity anywhere from 10% to over 2 orders of magnitude. These results establish the possibility that a-InZnO layers may be a viable replacement to traditional resistive and conductive ZnO layers and may find application as a transparent, non-organic barrier layer.
Compiler and runtime support for enabling reduction computations on heterogeneous systems

A trend that has materialized, and has given rise to much attention, is of the increasingly heterogeneous computing platforms. Presently, it has become very common for a desktop or a notebook computer to come equipped with both a multi-core CPU and a graphics processing unit (GPU). Capitalizing on the maximum computational power of such architectures (i.e., by simultaneously exploiting both the multi-core CPU and the GPU), starting from a high-level API, is a critical challenge. We believe that it would be highly desirable to support a simple way for programmers to realize the full potential of today's heterogeneous machines. This paper describes a compiler and runtime framework that can map a class of applications, namely those characterized by generalized reductions, to a system with a multi-core CPU and GPU. Starting with simple C functions with added annotations, we automatically generate the middleware API code for the multi-core, as well as CUDA code to exploit the GPU simultaneously. The runtime system provides efficient schemes for dynamically partitioning the work between CPU cores and the GPU. Our experimental results from two applications, for example, k-means clustering and principal component analysis, show that, through effectively harnessing the heterogeneous architecture, we can achieve significantly higher performance compared with using only the GPU or the multi-core CPU. In k-means clustering, the heterogeneous version with eight CPU cores and a GPU achieved a speedup of about 32.09x relative to one-thread CPU. When compared with the faster of CPU-only and GPU-only executions, we were able to achieve a performance gain of about 60%. In principal component analysis, the heterogeneous version attained a speedup of 10.4x relative to the one-thread CPU version. When compared with the faster of CPU-only and GPU-only versions, the heterogeneous version achieved a performance gain of about 63.8%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful incorporation of robotic surgery into gynecologic oncology fellowship training

Background The increasing role of robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology may impact fellowship training. The purpose of this study was to review the proportion of robotic procedures performed by fellows at the console, and compare operative times and lymph node yields to faculty surgeons.
Design and Evaluation of a Buffered Time-Wavelength Crossconnect

We examine the impact of fiber delay line (FDL) configurations on a crossconnect's performance by looking at its scheduling ability. The FDLs are shared per crossconnect, and our model incorporates feedback and wavelength conversion capabilities.
Reducing the risk of human extinction

In this century a number of events could extinguish humanity. The probability of these events may be very low, but the expected value of preventing them could be high, as it represents the value of all future human lives. We review the challenges to studying human extinction risks and, by way of example, estimate the cost effectiveness of preventing extinction-level asteroid impacts.
The time is now for action research

Despite highly systematic methods for identifying priority problems and assessing intervention effects, the recent study by Tourgeman-Bashkin and colleagues would not be considered rigorous by conventional standards of validity, nor would its sample size of three units impress policymakers eager to promote large-scale change through improvement programs. Yet, study findings suggest that no single intervention would have accomplished as much as the action research approach the authors’ employed. This perspective argues that although action research may lend itself to neither clean comparisons of intervention and control units over time nor far-reaching improvement campaigns, its advantages, including responsiveness to context, emphasis on implementation and sustainability, and insight about underlying mechanisms of change, make rigorous action research a highly attractive alternative for engendering real world improvement.