cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of P.R.N. psychotropic medications by hospitalized child and adolescent recipients.

ABSTRACT Objective To understand patient perceptions of p.r.n. medication for agitation used in institutional settings. Method A questionnaire was administered to child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients within 12 hours of their receiving p.r.n. medication for agitation and repeated 4 hours later. Research staff completed a form to rate each patient's comprehension and behavior in completing the questionnaire. Results Forty-two patients completed the survey: 38 males and 4 females, aged 7 to 17 years (mean age 12.19 years, median age 12 years). Patients requested the p.r.n. medication in 30% of episodes and assisted with the decision in an additional 10%. The p.r.n. was perceived for loss of control in more than half the cases. About 50% of the youngsters felt that the p.r.n. they received was the “best” for them. Only 30% answered that “something” could have been done by themselves or by staff to avoid requiring a p.r.n. medication. About 65% felt that “something good” happened from receiving the medication. The test-retest reliability of all but one question by κ statistic was p ≤ .001. Conclusions Hospitalized children and adolescents perceive p.r.n. medication as useful. The instrument used allows them to share their views in a reliable manner.
New Models for Metal-Induced Reconstructions on Si(111)

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and surface-core-level chemical shifts have been used to study electronic structure and derive structural models of the Al, Ag, and Ni metal-induced reconstructions on Si(111). We show, for the first time, the connection between the Ni-stabilized $\sqrt{19}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{19}$ and clean 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surfaces, and report a new Si(111)-$(\sqrt{7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{7})\mathrm{Al}$ structure at 0.5 monolayer coverage of Al.
Direct optical phase retrieval from a three-dimensional interferometer

We report temporal phase retrieval from a three-dimensional interferometer, which measures the noncollinear first-order cross-correlation. This diagnostic can directly retrieve the temporal phase when transform-limited reference pulses are available.
An Integrated Model of Global Warming and Policy Making

This paper describes a simple integrated model of global warming due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which can help the policy makers in considering various CO2 mitigation strategies. First, the constant airborne fraction model is generalized to establish relationship between CO2 emissions and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere which is then used to determine the global average surface temperature using the Oglesby and Saltzman’s general circulation model. Using these simple relationships, the forecast for CO2 emissions, CO2 concentration and average global surface temperature is made for years 2030 and 2050 under Business as Usual (BAU) scenario. In order to achieve an acceptable target increase in global average surface temperature, several simple CO2 mitigation approaches, proposed by Socolow and Lam, are included in the integrated model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
“Global Legal Pluralism and the Temporality of Soft Law.” Special Issue on Temporalities of Law

The global legal field is constituted by a wide array of laws, guidelines, recommendations, practices, and standards which are enforced in multiple, overlapping, and sometimes inconsistent ways. Moreover, it is constantly changing as some standards become solidified into rules that have increasingly strong normative and institutional support, while others fall into disuse. Understanding the global legal order requires attending to its temporality. This article emphasizes the temporality of the global legal order by tracing the creation of an index to measure economic and human development. I use the example of Human Development Index to show how, over time, a radical theory can become a widely accepted perspective that influences policy-makers and publics. The index began from a general theory of human development and was translated into a system of ranking that gradually became authoritative for policy-makers and publics.
Locally petersen graphs

A graph Γ is locally Petersen if, for each point t of Γ, the graph induced by Γ on all points adjacent to t is isomorphic to the Petersen graph. We prove that there are exactly three isomorphism classes of connected, locally Petersen graphs and further characterize these graphs by certain of their parameters.
A PCR-based Marker for the Rsv1 Locus Conferring Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a highly destruc- tive viral disease. Three loci with 12 alleles con- ferring SMV resistance have been identifi ed in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The objective of this study was to develop polymerase chain reaction-based markers for detecting the candi- date gene 3gG2 at the Rsv1 locus for SMV resis- tance in diverse soybean germplasm. A pair of DNA primers, Rsv1-f/r, was developed from the 3gG2 sequence. This primer pair produced a 341-bp DNA fragment specifi c for soybean cul- tivars containing Rsv1. The same fragment was confi rmed in genotypes containing Rsv1 alleles including 'Kwanggyo' (Rsv1-k), 'Marshall' (Rsv1- m), 'Ogden' (Rsv1-t), PI 96983 (Rsv1), PI 507389 (Rsv1-n), 'Raiden' (Rsv1-r), and 'Suweon 97' (Rsv1-s). The Rsv1-f/r fragment was also ampli- fi ed in genotypes with two-gene combinations (Rsv1Rsv3 and Rsv1Rsv4) but not in genotypes containing only Rsv3 or Rsv4 or in the sus- ceptible genotypes. The primer pair was used to screen for Rsv1 alleles in 97 SMV resistant genotypes. Results showed that 55 genotypes contained the 3gG2 gene, while 17 genotypes carrying the Rsv1-y allele and additional 25 SMV-resistant genotypes carrying Rsv3 or Rsv4 were not amplifi ed a product using the 3gG2 primer pair. Analysis of an F 2 population derived from J05 (Rsv1Rsv3) × 'Essex' (rsv1rsv3) showed a cosegregation between the marker Rsv1-f/r and the Rsv1 allele. Rsv1-f/r was also shown to be linked to simple sequence repeat marker Satt114 on soybean molecular linkage group F with a distance of 5.42 cM. This marker will give breeders a tool for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding in soybean breeding for SMV resistance.
Research: the moving parts.

Vincent T. DeVita Jr, MDIn the process of going through transformation, theAmerican Cancer Society (ACS) convened a group calledResearch 3.0 that made recommendations to the ACSBoard about how to transform its research programs in thenext decade. It is worth looking at Research 3.0 to examinehow it will affect 2 of the moving parts of researchprograms: the investigators who do the research and thegrants orother instruments thatsupport theirresearch.A good place to start is by deﬁning what we mean byresearch. How does clinical research differ from basicresearch; what is translational research, and what do wemean by applied research and applied science? LouisPasteursaid there is no such thing as applied research, only researchand the application of the results of research. The latter isapplied science, the application of what we know to diseases.The failure to distinguish between research and appliedscience causes much confusion when trying to interpretscience budgets and could potentially be a problem ininterpretingtherecommendationsofResearch 3.0.Research is really a methodology. All good researchis characterized by the use of strong inference, a term coinedand described in detail by John Platt in 1964.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Elevation in Congestive Heart Failure in the Human

A sensitive radioimmunoassay for atrial natriuretic peptide was used to examine the relation between circulating atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac filling pressure in normal human subjects, in patients with cardiovascular disease and normal cardiac filling pressure, and in patients with cardiovascular disease and elevated cardiac filling pressure with and without congestive heart failure. The present studies establish a normal range for atrial natriuretic peptide in normal human subjects. These studies also establish that elevated cardiac filling pressure is associated with increased circulating concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and that congestive heart failure is not characterized by a deficiency in atrial natriuretic peptide, but with its elevation.
The nucleic acid of the parainfluenza virus SV5

Abstract The sedimentation coefficient of SV5 nucleocapsid has been found to be approximately 300 S. RNA was isolated from SV5 nucleocapsid or from SV5 virions purified by equilibrium zonal centrifugation in a potassium tartrate gradient. The RNA was dissociated from protein by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and purified by sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient. RNA's which appear to be identical in sedimentation behavior and base composition were isolated from intact virions and from SV5 nucleocapsid, which has an apparent unit length of ∼1 μ. This finding supports the hypothesis that this length of nucleocapsid contains one SV5 genome. The sedimentation coefficient of SV5 RNA was estimated to be 50 S in sucrose gradients containing 0.05 M NaCl, and 40 S in gradients containing 0.001 M EDTA. SV5 RNA appears to be single-stranded on the basis of its ribonuclease sensitivity, base composition, and sedimentation behavior. Cosedimentation of SV5 RNA and Newcastle disease virus RNA in a sucrose gradient indicated that these RNA's sediment at similar rates. The results suggest that SV5 RNA is similar in size to RNA's of other subgroup II myxoviruses.
Stat Protein Transactivation Domains Recruit p300/CBP through Widely Divergent Sequences

The signal transduction and activator of transcription (Stat) gene family has been highly conserved throughout evolution. Gene duplication and divergence has produced 7 mammalian Stat genes, each of which mediates a distinct process. While some Stat proteins are activated by multiple cytokines, Stat2 is highly specific for responses to type I interferon. We have cloned mouse Stat2 and found that while its sequence was more divergent from its human homologue than any other mouse-human Stat pairs, it was fully functional even in human cells. Overall sequence identity was only 69%, compared with 85–99% similarity for other Stat genes, and several individual domains that still served similar or identical functions in both species were even less well conserved. The coiled-coil domain responsible for interaction with IRF9 was only 65% identical and yet mouse Stat2 interacted with either human or mouse IRF9; the carboxyl terminus was only 30% identical and yet both regions functioned as equal transactivation domains. Both mouse and human transactivation domains recruited the p300/CBP coactivator and were equally sensitive to inhibition by adenovirus E1A protein. Interestingly, the Stat3 carboxyl terminus also functioned as a transactivator capable of recruiting p300/CBP, as does the Stat1 protein, although with widely differing potencies. Yet these proteins share no sequence similarity with Stat2. These data demonstrate that highly diverged primary sequences can serve similar or identical functions, and that the minimal regions of similarity between human and mouse Stat2 may define the critical determinants for function.
Severe pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and ILD associated with connective tissue disease, where the underlying pathology is often a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) pattern. The degree of PH in ILD is typically mild to moderate and radiographic changes of ILD are usually prominent. We describe four patients with idiopathic NSIP and severe PH (mPAP > 40 mmHg). The average mean pulmonary artery pressure was 51±7 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance was 13±4 Wood’s units. Pulmonary function was characterized by mild restriction (total lung capacity 63–94% predicted) and profound reductions in DLCO (19–53% predicted). Computed tomographic imaging revealed minimal to moderate interstitial thickening without honeycombing. In two of the cases, an initial clinical diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension was made. Both were treated with intravenous epoprostenol, which was associa...
The Intermingling of Social and Evolutionary Psychology Influences on Hair Color Preferences

Hypotheses were tested as explanations for why men and women have specific hair color preferences for mates. Traditional evolutionary psychology approaches suggest that men should prefer light hair on women because it signals youth and health, while women should desire dark hair on men because it signals maturity and stability. Repeated exposure predicts people prefer the hair color on mates they are exposed to most frequently. Uniqueness implies that men and women should desire the least prevalent hair colors on potential mates because of its scarcity and rarity. Findings primarily support traditional evolutionary psychology predictions and occasionally the repeated exposure hypothesis, but not uniqueness predictions. Sex and regional differences indicate that social and evolutionary processes combine to influence hair color preferences.
Moment-curvature-axial-compression-pressure relationship of structural tubes

Abstract For tubular members in deepwater offshore platforms which are sealed from the water, the high external hydrostatic pressure introduces an additional compressive hoop stress to the tube. In this paper, the effect of this external hydrostatic pressure on axial load and moment carrying capacity of imperfect inelastic tubular beam-columns is investigated parametrically from the standpoint of beam-column theory. Against the background of this information, modified AISC beam-column interaction equations and sectional-capacity interaction equations are proposed for practical use.
Reconstructing Historic Ecotones Using the Public Land Survey: The Lost Prairies of Redwood National Park

Restoration of natural systems depends, in part, on reconstructing historic landscapes to serve as reference ecosystems. The most effective historic landscape reconstruction relies on multiple lines of evidence at different temporal and spatial scales. This study analyzes original Public Land Survey (PLS) records and compares the results with previous work that relied on dendroecology and aerial photograph evidence of vegetation change. Notations in the land survey regarding the location of prairie-woody vegetation ecotones in the Bald Hills of Redwood National Park were transcribed into a geographic information system. Sugihara and Reed (1987) measured the degree of coniferous forest encroachment into prairies and oak woodlands, estimating a 29 percent loss in the spatial extent between 1850 and 1983. The location of 1875–1882 land survey records of ecotones provides evidence that transects across the prairies might have narrowed by as much as 44 percent. Furthermore, this study found evidence of both oa...
iXj: interactive source-to-source transformations for java

Manual large-scale modification or generation of source code can be tedious and error-prone. Integrating scriptable source-to-source program transformations into development environments will assist developers with this overwhelming task. We discuss various usability issues of bringing such ad-hoc transformations to end-users and describe a developer-oriented interactive source code transformation tool for Java that we are building.
Sites on FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) Essential for Its Phosphorylation and NF-κB Modulating Activity

Abstract FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) is an essential modulator of the activity of NF-κB by mechanisms that include alterations in the phosphorylation, ubiquination, and degradation of IκBα. The multiple protein-protein interactions of FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) in a high molecular weight IKK complex indicated that this protein may be a link between some of the receptor-proximal upstream signal transduction molecules such as RIP and the downstream effects on IκBα. Although FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) has no intrinsic kinase activity, it has been shown to increase the kinase activity of IKKβ. In this manuscript, the results of serine to alanine mutations at five sites on FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) are described, and functional assays demonstrated that two of these mutants affect both the phosphorylation and kinase activity of IKKβ. Protein kinase Cα appeared to be the kinase that was required for the posttranslational modification of FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ). One of the serine targets of the protein kinase Cα enzyme at amino acid 141 was within a leucine zipper-like sequence of FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ), which might affect its interactions with other proteins on the signal transduction pathway. The second serine, which augmented the inhibition, was at amino acid 85 within the FIP-3 (NEMO/IKKγ) interaction site with IKKβ. When both serines were mutated simultaneously, the effect on IKKβ and IκBα phosphorylation was more profoundly affected.
Paralanguage and the Interpersonal Impact of Dysphoria: It's Not What You Say But How You Say It.

Researchers have shown that clinically depressed persons and dysphoric normals have a negative impact on others. In this study we aimed to identify what about the dysphoric paralinguistic style creates the aversive impact experienced by others. Results suggest that moderately dysphoric normals are rejected to the extent that they speak in relatively soft, flat tones, with long pauses before “taking the floor” for an extended period of time. In addition, these persons pulled for rejection to the extent that their speech varied in loudness and pitch over a 15-minute telephone interaction. Implications for both Coyne's (1976a) interpersonal conceptualization of depression as well as future research and psychotherapy were discussed.
RFID privacy workshop

Radio frequency identification devices (RFID) are at the center of much debate and controversy. Backers have hyped them as a godsend to supply-chain efficiency, while some privacy advocates have labeled RFID as the "worst thing that ever happened to consumer privacy."A group of technologists, industry proponents, academics, and privacy advocates gathered for the RFID Privacy Workshop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on 15 November 2003 to discuss privacy issues in RFID systems.
THE RELATION OF THE THYROID GLAND TO THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF THE RAT1

The study of the influence of the thyroid gland on the spontaneous activity of the rat, by means of the revolving drum technique was initiated by Hoskins (1). In his studies on the physiology of vigor, he found a depressive effect of thyroidectomy on a few rats, but in a subsequent paper (2) on a larger number of rats he claimed that removal of the thyroid gland did not depress the activity of the rats as measured by the revolving drum. After this preliminary study, Lee and Van Buskirk (3) reported quantitatively a similar effect. Richter (4), the latest worker in the field, claimed that complete thyroidectomy (checked by histological study), produces a ‘definite but moderate drop in activity.’ It has been shown by Hoskins (2), Lee and Van Buskirk(3), Rickey (5), and Richter (4), that in all cases where thyroid substancewas fed in large doses to normal animals, the spontaneous activity decreased. However, Richter (4) showed that the depressive effect of thyroidectomy on activity could be alleviated by pro...
Crystal Structures of Oxalato and Oxamido Polyaminecobalt(III) Complexes Produced by Hydrolysis of Monooxamide

The reactions of sodium monooxamide (H2NCOCO2Na) with trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans-[Co(3,2,3-tet)Cl2]Cl (3,2,3-tet = 1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane), cis-α-[Co(trien)Cl2]Cl and [Co(tren)Cl2]Cl result in the formation of [Co(en)2(ox)]Cl · 4H2O (1), cis-β-[Co(3,2,3-tet)(ox)]Cl· 4 H2O (2), cis-α-[Co(trien)(ox)]Cl · 2 H2O (3), and [Co(tren)(ox)](ClO4) · 0.5 H2O (4) respectively, implying a hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bond. [Co(tren)(O,O′-oxam)]Cl2 · 2 H2O (5) (oxam = H2NCOCO2−) and p-[Co(tren)(NH3)(O-oxam)]Cl2 (6) have also been prepared in order to give mechanistic information for the hydrolysis of monooxamide. Crystal structures of the products are reported and possible pathways for the hydrolysis reactions are discussed.
Silicon nanophotonic devices for integrated sensing

The potentials of a nanophotonic platform, including compactness, low power consumption, integrability with other functionalities, and high sensitivity make them a suitable candidate for sensing applications. Strong light-matter interaction in such a platform enables a variety of sensing mechanisms, including refractive index change, fluorescence emission, and Raman scattering. Recent advances in nanophotonic devices include the demonstration of silicon and silicon-nitride microdisk resonators with high intrinsic Q values (0.5-2×106) for strong field enhancement and the realization of compact photonic crystal spectrometers (high spectral resolution at 100-µm length scales) for on-chip spectral analysis. These two basic building blocks, when combined with integrated fluidic channels for sample delivery, provide an efficient platform to implement different sensing mechanisms and architectures.
Diagnosis of conjunctival B-cell lymphoma by polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex analysis.

Abstract Purpose To report a case initially assessed as giant papillary conjunctivitis and subsequently as B-cell lymphoma by the molecular technique of polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex analysis. Design Observational case report. Methods Clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex analysis findings are presented. Results A 32-year-old man developed unilateral blepharoptosis secondary to an extensive palpebral conjunctival follicular-like process. Excisional biopsy showed a dense small lymphocyte infiltrate consistent with benign lymphoid hyperplasia by histology and immunohistologic marker studies. Polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex analysis revealed low-grade B-cell lymphoma, however. Systemic examination was negative. Focal radiation therapy was performed, and preliminary results show no signs of lymphoma. Conclusions Polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex analysis established a diagnosis of conjunctival B-cell lymphoma in the absence of supporting histology and immunohistochemistry studies. This technique may provide independent, diagnostic distinction between benign lymphoid hyperplasia and low-grade B-cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexa.
BALLAST: a methodology for partial scan design

In the proposed partial scan methodology, the scan path is constructed so that the rest of the circuit belongs to a class of circuits called balanced sequential structures. Test patterns for this structure are generated by treating it as being combinational. Each test pattern is applied to the circuit by shifting it into the scan path. holding it constant for a fixed number of clock cycles, loading the test result into the scan path, and then shifting it out. This technique achieves full coverage of all detectable faults with a minimal number of scannable storage elements and using only combinational test pattern generation. >
Torque estimation in electrical power steering systems

Currently, all Electric Power Assist Steering (EPAS) systems employ a pinion torque sensor, between the steering column and pinion, to determine the amount of the torque assist to the driver. This torque assist is calculated via a tunable nonlinear boost curve. Then, this signal is used as control command to the electric motor to achieve the desirable level of assist. In this paper, torque estimators are devised to generate accurate estimates of the driver torque input and eliminate the need of the pinion torque sensor. Together with measured signals such as steering wheel rotational position, these estimates provide signals for a robust controller that consists of a feedforward part vs. the boost curve and an H∞ optimal feedback to ensure refined performance, robustness, and disturbance attenuation. Introduction of estimators results in additional feedback loops and ushers in new issues of robust stability and performance. The concept of structural stability is introduced to capture the requirements of robust stability under various system configurations due to component failures. The requirements will guarantee a level of fault tolerance in case of control failure during its operation. Conditions are provided under which such structural stability is maintained.
Separation of Dead Tree Crowns from the Oak Woodland Forest Mosaic by Integrating Spatial Information

A stratified method of separating dead tree crowns from the forest mosaic, especially bare soil, is proposed. Both spectral and spatial information extracted from 1 m high-resolution digital airborne imagery was used. First, spectrally homogeneous objects were recognized based on a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image. From this image, large patches of bare soil and small patches of noise were excluded by object-size thresholding. Next, an incomplete bare soil image was generated from thresholding the red band using a histogram-based method. A region-based subtraction algorithm was developed and performed on the homogeneous object image and the bare soil image to remove most small patches of bare soil. Finally, medium-sized patches of bare soil were deleted using the assumption that bare soil areas are spatially much closer to larger, pure bare soil areas. The method proved to be effective. The classification accuracy of dead tree crowns was increased from 21% to 75%. Index Terms-Sudden Oak Death, hardwood forest, remote sensing, NDVI, object size, homogeneous object, region-based subtraction, high-resolution imagery.
Environmental Interactions: An Extension of the Model of Occupation

Although occupational therapists historically acknowledged contributions of the environment to the maintenance of productive behavior, their literature has only recently begun to illustrate the interrelationships between persons and settings. Incorporating environmental themes into the model of occupation broadens an examination of the concept of occupational performance and helps establish the clinic as a therapeutic milieu. This paper considers three facets of person-environment interactions: environmental properties that influence the volition subsystem and the person's decision to enter a setting; the influence of the setting's demands for performance on the development of roles, habits, and skills; and factors affecting the individual's engagement in an expanding range of occupational settings.
Rapid Effects of Hyperprolactinemia on Basal Prolactin Secretion and Dopamine Turnover in the Medial and Lateral Median Eminence

Subcutaneous injections of ovine PRL (oPRL; 4 mg/kg) were used to study the negative feedback of PRL on its own secretion in the adult male rat. A single injection of oPRL significantly suppressed the endogenous secretion of rat PRL within 3–4 h, an effect that persisted until the oPRL was substantially cleared from the circulation some 4–6 h later. In rats injected every 8 h, rat PRL levels were suppressed for 48 h, while LH titers increased significantly at some time points, and FSH levels varied in the same direction as LH. LHRH concentrations in 10 brain structures containing cell bodies, axons, and terminal boutons were not affected by 48 h of oPRL treatment. Dopamine turnover in both medial and lateral aspects of the median eminence increased as early as 2 h after the first oPRL injection and remained elevated after 10 and 26 h of oPRL exposure. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons mediate the negative feedback action of PRL on its own secretion...
Semi-infinite-geometry boundary problem for light migration in highly scattering media: a frequency-domain study in the diffusion approximation

We have studied light migration in highly scattering media theoretically and experimentally, using the We approximation in a semi-infinite-geometry boundary condition. Both the light source and the diffusion detector were located on the surface of a semi-infinite medium. Working with frequency-domain spectroscopy, we approached the problem in three areas: (1) we derived theoretical expressions for the measured quantities spectroscopy by applying appropriate boundary conditions to the diffusion equation; (2) in frequency-domain we experimentally verified the theoretical expressions by performing measurements on a macroscopically medium in quasi-semi-infinite-geometry conditions; (3) we applied Monte Carlo methods to homogeneous the semi-infinite-geometry boundary problem. The experimental results and the confirming Monte simulate Carlo simulation show that the diffusion approximation, under the appropriate boundary conditions, accurately estimates the optical parameters of the medium.
Simultaneous wind and rain retrieval using SeaWinds data

The SeaWinds scatterometers onboard the QuikSCAT and the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 2 measure ocean winds on a global scale via the relationship between the normalized radar backscattering cross section of the ocean and the vector wind. The current wind retrieval method ignores scattering and attenuation of ocean rain, which alter backscatter measurements and corrupt retrieved winds. Using a simple rain backscatter and attenuation model, two methods of improving wind estimation in the presence of rain are evaluated. First, if no suitable prior knowledge of the rain rate is available, a maximum-likelihood estimation technique is used to simultaneously retrieve the wind velocity and rain rate. Second, when a suitable outside estimate of the rain rate is available, wind retrieval is performed by correcting the wind geophysical model function for the known rain via the rain backscatter model. The new retrieval techniques are evaluated via simulation and validation with data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar. The simultaneous wind/rain estimation method yields most accurate winds in the "sweet spot" of SeaWinds' swath. On the outer-beam edges of the swath, simultaneous wind/rain estimation is not usable. Wind speeds from simultaneous wind/rain retrieval are nearly unbiased for all rain rates and wind speeds, while conventionally retrieved wind speeds become increasingly biased with rain rate. A synoptic example demonstrates that the new method is capable of reducing the rain-induced wind vector error while producing a consistent (yet noisy) estimate of the rain rate.
Seasonal Variation in Corticosterone Receptor Binding in Brain, Hippocampus, and Gonads in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

ABSTRACT. Both baseline and stress-induced concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) vary seasonally in a predictable fashion in many wild birds. Hypotheses about why these patterns exist include the “behavior hypothesis,” which predicts that animals will down-regulate stress-induced CORT when CORT-induced behaviors are too likely to cause reproductive failure; and the “preparative hypothesis,” which posits that baseline and stress-induced CORT will both be high at times of year with a higher incidence of predictable stressors. We tested predictions made by the behavior and predictive hypotheses about the CORT sensitivity of tissues involved in breeding: whole brain, hippocampus, and gonads. We used radioligand binding assays to examine glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) binding in free-living House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) at several different life history stages. We found lowest GR binding in whole brain during breeding; this suggests relative insensitivity of brain tissu...
SEASONAL PARTITIONING OF NITROGEN BY PLANTS AND SOIL MICROORGANISMS IN AN ALPINE ECOSYSTEM

The seasonal dynamics of plant N assimilation and microbial N immobili- zation were studied in an alpine ecosystem to evaluate temporal patterns of plant and microbial N partitioning and the potential for plant vs. microbial competition for N. Plant N uptake was higher in the first half of the growing season than later in the season, as indicated by changes in biomass N and by 15 N uptake. Microbial N pools were low during the first half of the growing season (9.5 g N/m 2 on 1 June) and increased late in the season, from 11.4 g N/m 2 on 1 August 1991 to 38.6 g N/m 2 on 14 October 1991. Two different measures of N availability were highest in the midseason. Ion exchange resin bag N uptake was greatest in July (86.0 m gN · g
Control variates techniques for Monte Carlo simulation

In this paper we present an overview of classical results about the variance reduction technique of control variates. We emphasize aspects of the theory that are of importance to the practitioner, as well as presenting relevant applications.
Herbivory could unlock mutations sequestered in stratified shoot apices of genetic mosaics

Many higher plants have shoot apical meristems that possess discrete cell layers, only one of which normally gives rise to gametes following the transition from vegetative meristem to floral meristem. Consequently, when mutations occur in the meristems of sexually reproducing plants, they may or may not have an evolutionary impact, depending on the apical layer in which they reside. In order to determine whether developmentally sequestered mutations could be released by herbivory (i.e., meristem destruction), a characterized genetic mosaic was subjected to simulated herbivory. Many plants develop two shoot meristems in the leaf axils of some nodes, here referred to as the primary and secondary axillary meristems. Destruction of the terminal and primary axillary meristems led to the outgrowth of secondary axillary meristems. Seed derived from secondary axillary meristems was not always descended from the second apical cell layer of the terminal shoot meristem as is expected for terminal and primary shoot meristems. Vegetative and reproductive analysis indicated that secondary meristems did not maintain the same order of cell layers present in the terminal shoot meristem. In secondary meristems reproductively sequestered cell layers possessing mutant cells can be repositioned into gamete-forming cell layers, thereby adding mutant genes into the gene pool. Herbivores feeding on shoot tips may influence plant evolution by causing the outgrowth of secondary axillary meristems.
A Formal Analysis of Fault Diagnosis with D-matrices

As new approaches and algorithms are developed for system diagnosis, it is important to reflect on existing approaches to determine their strengths and weaknesses. Of concern is identifying potential reasons for false pulls during maintenance. Within the aerospace community, one approach to system diagnosis--based on the D-matrix derived from test dependency modeling--is used widely, yet little has been done to perform any theoretical assessment of the merits of the approach. Past assessments have been limited, largely, to empirical analysis and case studies. In this paper, we provide a theoretical assessment of the representation power of the D-matrix and suggest algorithms and model types for which the D-matrix is appropriate. We also prove a surprising result relative to the difficulty of generating optimal diagnostic strategies from D-matrices. Finally, we relate the processing of the D-matrix with several diagnostic approaches and suggest how to extend the power of the D-matrix to take advantage of the power of those approaches.
A unified approach for the investigation of branch and circuit defects

In the first part of this paper, a graphical method is proposed which unifies the resolution of branch and circuit defects, and full or partial input link rotatability in graphical mechanism synthesis. Linkages with partial rotatability of the input link can have one single range of motion of the input link or two disjointed ranges of motion of the input link. Circuit defect will appear only if the input link has two disjointed ranges of motion and if the design positions belong to different ranges. Starting from the follower link, the graphical method develops elliptical and hyperbolic boundaries of regions, in a fixed reference system, where the choice of the ground pin of the driving (input) link either would yield a mechanism free of branch and circuit defects, or most likely would yield potential-circuit-defective-mechanisms (PCDM). Then, the analytical method is presented and it involves the development of the algebraic curves, in a reference system connected to the coupler, which represents the boundaries of the PCDM regions. The analytical method enables the unification of the PCDM regions with the branch defect region (due to Filemon) and also those for the design of mechanisms with transmission angle within prescribed limits (due to Gupta). Both graphical and analytical methods are developed and illustrated with examples for the planar four-bar mechanisms.
Genetic Associations With Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Hazardous Drinking Men in Batterer Intervention Programs

The etiology of intimate partner violence (IPV) is multifactorial. However, etiological theories of IPV have rarely included potential genetic factors. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether a cumulative genetic score (CGS) containing the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and the human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) was associated with IPV perpetration after accounting for the effects of alcohol problems, drug problems, age, and length of relationship. We obtained DNA from 97 men in batterer intervention programs in the state of Rhode Island. In the full sample, the CGS was significantly associated with physical and psychological aggression and injuries caused to one’s partner, even after controlling for the effects of alcohol problems, drug problems, age, and length of relationship. Two of the men in the sample likely had Klinefelter’s syndrome, and analyses were repeated excluding these two individuals, leading to similar results. The implications of the genetic find...
The creeping motion of a non-Newtonian fluid past a sphere

The equations of motion and continuity are solved together with the slow-flow stress equations for an incompressible Rivlin-Ericksen fluid. The boundary conditions for slow flow past a sphere are satisfied by matching inner (Stokes) and outer (Oseen) Reynolds-number expansions of the stream function. The terms in the inner expansion are the solutions of non-linear partial differential equations which are solved approximately by expanding in terms of a non-Newtonian parameter λ. The drag force on the sphere is obtained from the solution.
Future Policy Directions: Challenges for the States

"Who is to decide?" is the quintessential question in politics. For energy and environmental policies, the issue will be partially determined by which level of government, federal or state, serves as the central decision-making arena. This article suggests that, if brought together, the insights of two separate literatures might usefully be applied to this question. An overview of natural resources and environmental policy literature will suggest that the locus of decision-making authority in states and regions may result in more rational, less environmentally damaging decisions. An examination of the literature on federalism points toward a trend of growing state influence over and capability for decision making. The article therefore concludes with a list of some of the challenges involved in effectuating state influence over energy and environmental policy.
APPLICATION OF TIMEOUT FROM POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SPEECH TRAINING1

Language training procedures, which involved positive reinforcement for verbal imitation, were applied to increase the appropriate verbal behavior of an almost non-verbal, brain damaged, 5-yr-old boy. Two experiments assessed the effectiveness of timeout from positive reinforcement as a training procedure viewed as having potential punishing and negatively reinforcing functions. In both experiments, timein, termination of timeout and resumption of training, was arranged to have reinforcing properties in that it presented an opportunity to receive positive reinforcers. In Exp. I, the procedure consisted of temporarily halting language training (timeout) following verbal jargon and resuming it (timein) contingent upon the boy sitting quietly in his chair for approximately 30 sec. The jargon declined to almost zero for an extended period each time the procedure was employed. In Exp. II, the procedure consisted of halting language training (timeout) after emission of undesired verbal responses which previously had been reinforced as the desired approximation to the target verbal behavior. Resumption of training (timein) was made contingent upon the emission of the then-desired approximation of the target verbal behavior. In each experiment, the contingent timeout and timein of the language training that involved positive reinforcement effectively reduced the undesired and increased the desired responses.
Phytochelatin production in marine algae. 2. Induction by various metals

Phytochelatin has been quantified in Thalassiosira weissflogii, a marine diatom after exposure to a series of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, Ag, and Hg) at concentrations similar to those in the marine environment. Within the range of concentrations relevant to natural waters, Cd, and to a lesser extent Cu and Zn, are the most effective inducers of phytochelatins. The generality of this result was confirmed by short-term experiments with two other phytoplankton species. Quantification of intracellular Cd, Ni, and Zn shows that phytochelatin production does not follow a simple stoichiometric relationship to the metal quotas. The rapid formation of phytochelatin in T. weissflogii after Cd exposure and the fast elimination when metal exposure is alleviated reveal a dynamic pool of phytochelatin which is tightly regulated by the cell. Many trace metals have been shown to induce phytochelatin production in plants (Grill et al. 1987), although the concentration necessary to stimulate the response as well as the magnitude of the response depend on the particular metal. Although it is believed that production of this peptide is a general metal detoxification system, Cd has been found to be the most effective inducer of phytochelatin synthase (Grill et al. 1989). Our goal is to elucidate the factors that control phytochelatin production by phytoplankton in the laboratory in order to better understand what stimulates phytochelatin production in the field (Ahner et al. 1994). In a companion paper (Ahncr et al. 1995), we investigated phytochelatin production by several phytoplankton species in response to Cd. In this study we examine the response of Thalassiosira weissflogii to a variety of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Ag, and Hg), all of which have been found to stimulate phytochelatin production in higher plants. As in our experiments with Cd, we tested free metal concentrations that would be encountered in natural seawater in order to evaluate which metals may stimulate this response in natural populations of algae. We performed short-term assays with two other phytoplankton species to compare the patterns of the phytochelatin response to various metals. Finally, to assess how changing environmental conditions might affect cellular concentrations of phytochelatin, we examined the kinetics of phytochelatin production and elimination upon changes in metal exposure.
Jockey Falls, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated With Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse Racing in California, 2007-2011.

Background:Despite the popularity of the horse racing industry in the United States and the wide recognition that horse racing is one of the most hazardous occupations, little focused research into the prevention of falls by and injuries to jockeys has been conducted.Purpose:To describe the incidence rates and characteristics of falls and injuries to Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racing jockeys in the state of California.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Data on race-day falls and injuries were extracted from jockey accident reports submitted to the California Horse Racing Board from January 2007 to December 2011. Denominator data, number of jockey race rides, were obtained from commercial and industry databases. Jockey fall, injury, and fatality incidence rates and ratios in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse flat races were estimated using Poisson regression. Characteristics of falls and injuries are described and compared.Results:In Thoroughbred races, 184 jockey injuries occurred from 3...
A conductor confronts cacophony.

A t age 94, in July of 2009, conductor David Randolph (who recently celebrated the 49th anniversary of his conducting debut at Carnegie Hall) experienced his first hospitalization and surgery, an aortic valve replacement, at NYU Medical Center. He sent frequent e-mails to relatives, friends and members of the St. Cecilia Chorus and Orchestra, which he has conducted twice a year in Carnegie Hall for the last 40 years.
The State of Ethical Training for Counseling Psychology Doctoral Students

Ethics training in graduate psychology programs has blossomed in the last decade but the debate continues regarding how graduate ethics training should be taught. Although an effective model of ethics training is being discussed among professors, student input has been negligible and information from students in counseling psychology programs nonexistent. The present study surveyed student representatives from APA-accredited doctoral programs in professional psychology for 1990 on their exposure and type of ethics education as well as their perception of preparedness to deal with ethical dilemmas. Results indicate that 94% of the programs require training in ethics and that most students feel prepared for both legal and ethical issues that may arise in their professional roles. Students feel more prepared in the decision-making process than in factual information of ethics; this finding was surprising given that the reported emphasis of their training was much stronger on content than on process.