cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial purification and characterization of NADPH-linked aldehyde reductase from monkey brain.

— The activity of NADPH-linked aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.2) in various regions of monkey brain was determined in vitro. The highest specific activity of the enzyme was found in areas of the brain stem; including the pons, medulla and midbrain. A greater than 500-fold purification of the monkey brain enzyme was obtained by a combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation and subsequent chromatography on calcium phosphate gel cellulose and DEAE-cellulose. The aldehyde metabolites of the biogenic amines, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and octopamine, were readily reduced by the NADPH-linked aldehyde reductase. The Km values for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde were 12.0 μm, 6.1 μm and 27 μm, respectively. The maximum velocity (Vmax) for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde was, respectively, five-fold or three-fold greater than that determined for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde or 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde. The highly purified enzyme derived from monkey brain was markedly inhibited by barbiturates, diphenylhydantoin, and chlorpromazine, but not by pyrazole. From data obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and Sephadex chromatography the molecular weight of aldehyde reductase was determined to be about 70,000 daltons.
Formation of Nb3Sn using mechanically alloyed NbSn powder

Abstract Nb 3 Sn was processed via mechanical alloying (MA). The powder mixture comprising of stoichiometric proportions of elemental niobium and tin powder was mechanically alloyed (MA'd) for three hours and the MA'd powder mixture was heat-treated. While MA resulted in NbSn solid solution, the reaction leading to the formation of Nb 3 Sn occurs during the subsequent heat-treatment of the powder mixture.
A Study of Airline Passenger Susceptibility to Atmospheric Turbulence Hazard

A simple, generic, simulation math model of a commercial airliner has been developed to study the susceptibility of unrestrained passengers to large, discrete gust encounters. The math model simulates the longitudinal motion to vertical gusts and includes (1) motion of an unrestrained passenger in the rear cabin, (2) fuselage flexibility, (3) the lag in the downwash from the wing to the tail, and (4) unsteady lift effects. Airplane and passenger response contours are calculated for a matrix of gust amplitudes and gust lengths of a simulated mountain rotor. A comparison of the model-predicted responses to data from three accidents indicates that the accelerations in actual accidents are sometimes much larger than the simulated gust encounters.
Labor markets and mental wellbeing: Labor market conditions and suicides in the United States (1979–2004)

Abstract Applying a fixed-effects panel analysis to a 1979–2004 panel data of the U.S. states, this essay re-examines the link between labor markets and suicides in the United States. By disaggregating the analysis across genders and three different age groups (20–34, 35–64, and 65+) and analyzing several other labor market indicators besides overall unemployment rates, the essay finds that deteriorations in labor markets is associated with hikes in suicide rates of only men and women between 35 and 64 years of age. In other words, higher group-specific unemployment rates, larger deviations of unemployment rates from their group-specific trends, and larger variance in the overall unemployment rates are all associated with higher suicide rates of adults aged 35–64, or prime working-age adults. These findings suggest that the mental wellbeing of prime working-age adults is more dependent on labor market conditions than people in other age groups. Therefore, during period when prime working-age adults are facing unfavorable labor market conditions, U.S. suicide prevention programs must especially target this group of population.
Marriage, Parenthood, and the Ministry: Differential Effects of Marriage and Family on Male and Female Clergy Careers*

Tandis que le mariage est considere comme une ressource pour le statut occupationnel au sein du clerge protestant ou la femme du pasteur apparait comme une collaboratrice travaillant gratuitement, les effets occupationnels du mariage et de la famille apparaissent comme negatif lorsque le pasteur est de sexe feminin du fait des tâches domestiques et des responsabilites liees a l'education des enfants qui lui incombent. L'A. etudie ce phenomene et presente les resultats d'une analyse de donnees collectees entre 1920 et 1990 concernant un certain nombre de membres du clerge de l'Eglise episcopalienne
Light Trapping to Amplify Metal Enhanced Fluorescence with Application for Sensing TNT

Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) typically produces enhancement factors of 10 to 50. By using a polymer layer as the dielectric spacer enhancements as high as 1,600 can be observed. The effect occurs with a variety of different polymers and substrates, all of which act to trap light in the dielectric layer. This allows the fabrication of sensors with improved sensitivity as demonstrated for detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT).
A predisposition toward inherent impulsivity is associated with elevated 5-HT2AR expression

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e59 Conclusions: This presentation will focus on the process of game and intervention development including multidisciplinary team building, focus groups, manual, story and videogame development, andwill include video and screenshots from the game and describe a future randomized clinical trial. Financial support: Supported by R01HD062080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.179 Community-based buprenorphine treatment program in Baltimore City: Reaching an underserved population M. Fingerhood1, Pia M. Mauro2, D. Agus3,2, Amina A. Chaudhry1 1 Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltmore, MD, United States 3 Behavioral Health Leadership Institute, Baltimore,
Platinum resistance and impaired survival in patients with advanced primary peritoneal carcinoma: matched-case comparison with patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare chemotherapy response and survival of patients with advanced primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) vs those with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Study Design From 1998 to 2004, 43 PPC patients were identified and matched to 129 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIC-IV EOC by criteria abstracted from medical records. Primary endpoints were chemotherapy response, platinum resistance, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results All patients received primary platinum-taxane chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in achieving a clinical complete response. PPC patients were more likely to be platinum resistant at 6 months and had significantly impaired PFS and OS. After multivariate analysis, PPC was independently associated with a worse prognosis for both survival endpoints. Conclusion PPC was associated with a similar initial response but a higher rate of platinum resistance and shorter PFS and OS. Consideration of these results may be useful for patient counseling, trial stratification, and molecular comparisons.
Expression patterns and prognostic value of Bag-1 and Bcl-2 in breast cancer

Introduction Bcl-2 antanogene-1 (Bag-1) binds the anti-apoptotic mediator Bcl-2, and enhances its activity. Bcl-2 and Bag-1 are associated with chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells. Drugs that target Bcl-2 are currently in clinical development. The purpose of the present study was to examine expression patterns of Bag-1 in a large cohort of breast tumors and to assess the association with Bcl-2, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2/neu, and other clinical/pathological variables.
Mechanical behavior of polymethylmethacrylate with molecules oriented via simple shear

Equal-channel angular-extrusion (ECAE) may greatly alter polymer properties because it creates anisotropy in the microstructure. Tensile, fracture toughness, flexure, and ballistic impact tests were performed to quantify ECAE effects on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Young's modulus increased by 5% for one process condition, while strength and elongation to failure remained the same or decreased. Fracture toughness improved by 178% under a one-pass condition. Ballistic impact resistance changes after molecular orientation by ECAE; the failure mode is along the weak planes formed by the first process. The process that subjects the specimen to a second extrusion with 180° rotation produces more isotropic and ductile ballistic impact properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:314–324, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.
A comparison of landscape fragmentation analysis programs for identifying possible invasive plant species locations in forest edge

Context When predicting locations of invasive plant species, mapping habitat fragmentation can be an important part of the prediction process. There are many different fragmentation mapping programs, each computing a unique set of fragmentation metrics that can be used in modeling probabilities of invasive species presence.
The effect of actinomycin D on parathyroid-induced changes in bone and kidney.

Abstract Actinomycin D, an antibiotic known to inhibit DNA-directed RNA synthesis, was used to study parathyroid-induced changes in calcium mobilization in vivo and in vitro as well as renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Intact and parathyroidectomized rats subjected to peritoneal lavage were administered actinomycin D (AMD), and changes in calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and magnesium (Mg) in lavage and serum were examined. AMD consistently lowered the Ca transfer into the peritoneal rinse in both the intact and parathyroidectomized animals although the drop in Ca was more acute if the animals were pretreated by subcutaneous injections of AMD than if AMD was administered as a component of the rinse. Pretreatment of lavaged animals with AMD prevented the expected increase in osteoclast numbers in the distal metaphysis of the femur but had no effect if administered as a component of the peritoneal rinse. The incubation of femora removed from both intact and parathyroidectomized animals resulted in media Ca levels that were significantly lower after 4 hours incubation when AMD was added in vitro . However, transfer of recently injected Ca 45 into the incubation medium from animals treated with AMD was increased. In addition, parathyroidectomy of animals subsequent to administration of AMD still resulted in expected changes in Ca and P in the unine although AMD significantly increased phosphate excretion in both intact and parathyroidectomized animals. It was concluded that endogenous parathyroid hormone requires the continuous production of enzymes ultimately responsible for its action on bone and kidney, but that this action is not necessarily related directly to the production of m-RNA.
Can rapid loss and high variability of Martian methane be explained by surface H2O2

Abstract It has been reported by several groups that methane in the Martian atmosphere is both spatially and temporally variable. Gough et al. (2010) suggested that temperature dependent, reversible physical adsorption of methane onto Martian soils could explain this variability. However, it is also useful to consider if there might be chemical destruction of methane (and compensating sources) operating on seasonal time scales. The lifetime of Martian methane due to known chemical loss processes is long (on the order of hundreds of years). However, observations constrain the lifetime to be 4 years or less, and general circulation models suggest methane destruction must occur even faster ( 2 ·H 2 O 2 and JSC-Mars-1 with H 2 O 2 , were able to oxidize the complex organic compounds (sugars and amino acids) used in the Viking Labeled Release experiments, these analogs were unable to oxidize methane to carbon dioxide within a 72 h experiment. Sodium and magnesium perchlorate, salts that were recently discovered at the Phoenix landing site and are potential strong oxidants, were not observed to directly oxidize either the organic solution or methane. The upper limit reaction coefficient, α , was found to be −17 for methane loss on TiO 2 ·H 2 O 2 and −17 for methane loss on JSC-Mars-1 with H 2 O 2 . Unless the depth of soil on Mars that contains H 2 O 2 is very deep (thicker than 500 m), the lifetime of methane with respect to heterogeneous oxidation by H 2 O 2 is probably greater than 4 years. Therefore, reaction of methane with H 2 O 2 on Martian soils does not appear to be a significant methane sink, and would not destroy methane rapidly enough to cause the reported atmospheric methane variability.
Improved chemical synthesis and enzymatic assay ofΔ1-pyrroline-5-car☐ylic acid

Abstract Δ 1 -Pyrroline-5-car☐ylic acid, an intermediate in both the biosynthesis and degradation of l -proline, has been synthesized by the periodate oxidation of hydroxylysine and isolated as a pure compound, as indicated by enzymatic assay with pyrroline-5-car☐ylate reductase from Escherichia coli . Some features of the instability in solution ofΔ 1 -pyrroline-5-car☐ylic acid have been studied, leading to the conclusion that the rate of decomposition is sensitive to concentration of the compound. Colorimetric assay with o -aminobenzaldehyde was found to be an inadequate measure of the pyrroline compound in partially decomposed solutions.
A management evaluation scale for social workers

Summary The development, rationale, and evaluation of a management evaluation scale are described. The scale contains 27 items designed to assess one's opinions on seven topic areas (subscales) of management: communication, unit management, program management, regional management, management by objectives, personnel policies, and personnel evaluation. Each of the seven subscales contains between two and five items which are scored on a five-point Likert-type scale. To test for temporal stability and internal consistency the scale was administered twice to 19 employees (stratified by job classification) within the Department of Human Resources (DHR). High correlation coefficients were produced between time one and time two for each item. High alpha coefficients were also obtained for each of the subscales at time two. Thus, a short, stable, and internally consistent scale has been developed to measure seven specific management issues for social workers.
Deadly Doves: Liberal Nationalism and the Democratic Peace in the Soviet Successor States

This article's purpose is to assess the arguments of democratic peace scholars as they apply to the states of the former Soviet Union. The claim that liberalism is associated with nonviolent means of conflict resolution, in particular, is questionable in the case of newly independent states, in which liberalism bears a closer resemblance to nineteenth-century European liberal nationalism than it does to the universalist liberalism envisioned by theories of the democratic peace. I argue that this nonuniversalist form of liberalism is in fact widespread among the Soviet successor states and that, as a result, liberalism's implications for peace are not nearly as benign as had previously been believed. In other regards, however, the attitudes of elites, the mass public, and liberals are in fact fairly consistent with those posited by democratic peace theory, though relative elite bellicosity declines as the policy-making arena broadens. A democratic peace in the region is therefore viable but particularly vulnerable to national issues, as well as to the effects of concentration of political power in the hands of a narrow group of elites.
The 3D radiative effects of clouds in aerosol retrieval: Can we remove them?

We outline a new method, called the ratio method, developed to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) under broken cloud conditions and present validation results from sensitivity and case studies. Results of the sensitivity study demonstrate that the ratio method, which exploits ratios of reflectances in the visible spectral range, has the potential for accurate AOD retrievals under different observational conditions and random errors in input data. Also, we examine the performance of the ratio method using aircraft data collected during the Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) and the Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS). Results of the case study suggest that the ratio method has the ability to retrieve AOD from multi-spectral aircraft observations of the reflected solar radiation.
A statistical parameter study of indium tin oxide thin films deposited by radio-frequency sputtering

Abstract In order to optimize the electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films, a statistical analysis called Taguchi design was employed. It is shown that the sheet resistance and transmittance are inversely proportional to each other as a function of the process parameters. Additionally, the preferred orientation of crystalline ITO film is distinguishably changed with the increase of sputtering temperature and oxygen fraction (O 2 /O 2 +Ar) in the sputtering ambient. The change in crystallinity results from the content of incorporated oxygen, which significantly affects the electrical and optical properties of ITO films and causes a rearrangement of atoms to form preferred closed-packed plane orientation. Finally, the microstructure of the ITO films becomes denser with the increasing oxygen fraction. As a result of this work, we have successfully achieved low sheet resistance (7.0 Ω/□) and high transmittance (~90%) for 300 nm thick films.
Effect of medium composition on growth rate, growth yield and malolactic activity of Leuconostoc oenos LoZH1-t7-1

The production of starter cultures for induction of malolactic fermentation in wine requires a medium which optimizes growth rate and yield and at the same time malolactic activity of the culture. Glucose and fructose are the main sugars in grape juice and wine and L-malate is an energy source which can affect growth rate and malolatic activity. The effect of these substrates were studied in a synthetic nutrient medium of pH 4.5. Growth rate and growth yield were highest in media containing fructose as carbohydrate source. Maximum cell density was reached in media containing fructose after 36 h, compared to 144 h in media containing glucose. Cell yields in media containing fructose were 160–200% higher than in media containing glucose as carbohydrate source. Molar growth yield was the same for glucose and fructose and with and without L-malate. Maximum malolactic activity of whole cells and cell-free extract was reached during early logarithmic growth phase. Metabolism of L-malate during growth increased the malolactic activity of whole cells when grown on glucose and on glucose plus fructose. In cells grown on fructose only the malolactic activity was increased but the activity of the malolactic enzyme was decreased. The metabolism of L-malate during growth in media containing glucose increased the malolactic activity of whole cells and maintained it at higher activity during late growth and early stationary phase. Best growth rate, cell yield and malolactic activity can be obtained in media containing fructose as the main carbohydrate source with added glucose and L-malate.
EFFECT OF DEFEROXAMINE (DFO) ADMINISTRATION ON NONPROTEIN-BOUND IRON (NPBI) AND TOTAL IRON CONTENT OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL TISSUE OF NEWBORN LAMBS FOLLOWING HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA. • 187

EFFECT OF DEFEROXAMINE (DFO) ADMINISTRATION ON NONPROTEIN-BOUND IRON (NPBI) AND TOTAL IRON CONTENT OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL TISSUE OF NEWBORN LAMBS FOLLOWING HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA. • 187
Effect of divertor geometry on plasma detachment in DIII-D

UEDGE simulation of the radiative divertor plasma (RDP) (nearly closed divertor) in DIII-D indicates a 40% reduction in the core density necessary for fully detached pure deuterium plasmas at 3 MW core power. Including intrinsic carbon impurities to the UEDGE model expands the region for fully detached plasmas and further reduces the necessary core density for this state.
Alibi Framework for Identifying Reactive Jamming Nodes in Wireless LAN

Reactive jamming nodes are the nodes of the network that get compromised and become the source of jamming attacks. They assume to know any shared secrets and protocols used in the networks. Thus, they can jam very effectively and are very stealthy. We propose a novel framework for identifying the reactive jamming nodes in wireless LAN (WLAN). We rely on the half-duplex nature of nodes: they cannot transmit and receive at the same time. Thus, if a compromised node jams a packet, it cannot guess the content of the jammed packet. More importantly, if an honest node receives a jammed packet, it can prove that it cannot be the one jamming the packet by showing the content of the packet. Such proofs of jammed packets are called "alibis" - the key concept of our approach. In this paper, we present an alibi framework to deal with reactive jamming nodes in WLAN. We propose a concept of alibi-safe topologies on which our proposed identification algorithms are proved to correctly identify the attackers. We further propose a realistic protocol to implement the identification algorithm. The protocol includes a BBC-based timing channel for information exchange under the jamming situation and a similarity hashing technique to reduce the storage and network overhead. The framework is evaluated in a realistic TOSSIM simulation where the simulation characteristics and parameters are based on real traces on our small-scale MICAz test-bed. The results show that in reasonable dense networks, the alibi framework can accurately identify both non-colluding and colluding reactive jamming nodes.
Complete Bragg diffraction and high two-beam coupling net gain in a photorefractive polymer

Photorefractive (PR) polymers are a new class of PR materials in which large (approximately 10-3) photoinduced refractive index changes can be generated with very low light power density (approximately 100 mW/cm2 or less). They offer structural flexibility, ease of processing and lower cost compared with commonly used inorganic PR crystals. We have developed a PR polymer composite with significantly enhanced performance compared with the existing PR polymers: for the first time, complete diffraction of an incident beam into the first (Bragg) diffraction order was observed in a 105 micrometers thick layer of a PR polymer. Absorption and reflection losses limit the measured maximum diffraction efficiency to 86%. The material also exhibits a net two-beam coupling gain of more than 200 cm-1. These results show that this class of materials presents a good practical alternative to the inorganic PR crystals.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of nitric oxide on metabolism in health and age-related disease

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a messenger molecule in a variety of physiological systems and also converts into toxic radical species that can damage cells through a process known as nitrosative stress. While the physiological roles of NO in blood vessel dilation, the nervous system and the immune system are well established, recent studies have begun to investigate the role of NO in metabolism and energy expenditure through modulation of mitochondria. NO appears to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in certain situations through activation of proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) co-activator 1α (PGC1-α). Because of this link between NO and mitochondrial biogenesis, the role of NO in certain aspects of metabolism, including exercise response, obesity, fat cell differentiation and caloric restriction, are the subject of increasing investigation. In addition to its role in mitochondrial biogenesis, NO also stimulates mitochondrial fragmentation, which can be caused by too much mitochondrial fission or inhibition of mitochondrial fusion and can result in bioenergetic failure. While the contribution of NO-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation to neurodegenerative diseases seems clear, the mechanisms by which NO causes fragmentation are uncertain and controversial. In this review, we discuss the role of NO in manipulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics and how these events contribute to human health- and age-related disease.
Intimate partner violence and condom use among women: does the information-motivation-behavioral skills model explain sexual risk behavior?

Intimate partner violence (IPV) undermines women's ability to enact safer sex and increases their vulnerability to HIV and other STDs. To better understand the relationship between IPV and sexual risk behavior, we investigated whether the Information – Motivation –Behavioral Skills (IMB) model differentially predicted risk behavior among women who had and had not recently experienced IPV. Data from 717 women who were recruited from a public health clinic showed that 18% reported IPV by a sexual partner in the past 3 months, 28% in the past year, and 57% lifetime. Women who experienced IPV in the last 3 months reported more episodes of unprotected sex and more episodes of unprotected sex with a steady partner in the past 3 months. Multi-group path analyses provided mixed evidence regarding the associations hypothesized by the IMB model; the strength of these associations varied as a function of IPV history. Thus, although information did not predict risk behavior for either group, motivation was associated with condom use only for women with no history of IPV. Behavioral skills were associated with more condom use for both groups. Overall, the IMB model is useful for predicting sexual risk behavior; however, for women with partner violence histories a broader model that includes other contextual factors may be needed. These findings can help to inform the development of more effective sexual risk reduction interventions.
Facile polyisobutylene functionalization via thiol–ene click chemistry

Thiol–ene click chemistry was adapted to easily and rapidly modify exo-olefin polyisobutylene with an array of thiol compounds bearing useful functionalities, including primary halogen, primary amine, primary hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid.
Properties and use of cycled grown OMVPE GaAs:Zn, GaAs:Se, and GaAs:Si layers for high-conductance GaAs tunnel junctions

Heavily doped GaAs layers for high conductance GaAs tunnel junctions have been grown by atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) using Zn as the dopant for thep + regions and either Se or Si as the dopant for then + regions. At a growth temperature of 700° C using a “cycled” growth technique for the Zn-dopedp ++-GaAs layer, both the conductance and the peak current density of the tunnel diode has been increased by a factor of ∼65 compared to a tunnel junction with a continuously grown Zn-doped p+-GaAs. The conductance of the tunnel junction, which is maximized at a growth temperature of 650° C using cycled growth, is comparable to the best reported values for tunnel junctions grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Cycled growths forn + Se-doped regions are found to reduce the conductance of a tunnel junction by more than two orders of magnitude. However, cycled growth for the n+-GaAs regions with Si doping show no conductance degradation. A model based on incorporation sites of these dopants during OMVPE growth of GaAs is presented to account for the experimental observations.
Effects of physiological manipulations on locus coeruleus neuronal activity in freely moving cats. II. Cardiovascular challenge.

Abstract Several cardiovascular manipulations were examined for their effects on single-unit activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons in unanesthetized, unrestrained cats: hydralazine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to present a tonic hypotensive stimulatus, and to activate preferentially the neural component of the sympathoadrenal system; hemorrhage was used to decrease blood volume and to activate both the neural and hormonal components of the sympathoadrenal system; intravenous infusion of isotonic saline was used to increase blood volume. LC-NE neurons were activated by hydralazine, in parallel with the sympathetic response (indicated by elevated heart rate and plasma NE). LC-NE unit activity was decreased folowing a volume load. However, contrary to previous findings in anesthetized animals, hemorrhage had no effect on LC-NE unit activity, but did activate both components of the sympathetic response. It is concluded that: (1) cardiovascular stimuli can influence the activity of LC-NE neurons, though they show less sensitivity to such stimuli than do primary regulatory mechanisms; (2) the response of LC-NE neurons to physiological stimuli can occur independent of changes in behavioral state; (3) these neurons do not appear to play a specific role in cardiovascular regulation, but may respond to physiological challenges in general; (4) finally, in agreement with previous studies, our data show that LC-NE neurons are generally co-activated with the sympathetic nervous system, but also that the two can be dissociated (e.g. hemorrhage).
Effects of laboratory procedure on fuel oil toxicity

Abstract Laboratory testing of No. 2 fuel oil toxicity to the amphipod Neohaustorius schmitzi in artificial sea water demonstrated that each of several experimental factors produced significant variation in test results. variables examined were: presence of substrate (sand), concentration of oil (0·05 or 0·025 ml/litre), stirring rate, age of the oil/water mixture, evaporation and temperature.
Magnetic Anisotropy and Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE) in NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles

Magnetic refrigeration based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) has been proposed as an attractive alternative to gas compression technology. Some calculations suggest that MCE can be obtained with higher efficiencies than compressor driven refrigeration. We examine the MCE in a system of nickel ferrite nanoparticles with size range of 6 to 15 nm. A peak in the MCE at 55 K is observed that increases with higher magnetic fields. This gives this system a relatively high peak entropy change compared to other ferrite systems. A sensitive radio-frequency (RF) transverse susceptibility measurement has also been used to study the magnetic anisotropy. We show that the MCE peak is not associated with the blocking temperature and is likely a field-driven surface spin reorientation which also has a signature in the transverse susceptibility. Work supported by NSF-CTS-0408933 and ARO- W911NF-05-1-0354
Pituitary function in the deprivation syndrome

Fasting serum growth hormone values of infants and some children with thedeprivation syndrome were increased, providing tests were done before unrestricted feeding. Pituitary growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone release were unresponsive to hypoglycemia only in children (5/7); however, some (3/5) had normal or increased serum growth hormone values on admission, and all had normal metyrapone tests. One severely emaciated child probably had deficient growth hormone and thyroid function. Control infants with growth failure due to undernutrition with an organic basis had elevated fasting serum growth hormone values. Insensitivity to hypoglycemia was not related to the severity of the linear growth failure and probably does not reflect growth hormone deficiency at the target organ.
Interactive responses to diethylstilboestrol in C3H mice

Female C3HeB/FeJ mice were fed diethylstilboestrol (DES) at a dietary concentration of 100 ppb beginning at 6 wk of age. Several oestrogen-sensitive target organs (uterus, vagina, bone and mammary gland) were removed and examined histologically when mice died, became moribund, were killed at scheduled intervals or were removed because of presumptive mammary tumours (palpable mass having a 1-cm diameter). Oestrogen-sensitive histological observations for which there was less than a 100% prevalence and/or severity included uterine fibrosis and glandular hyperplasia, vaginal mucoid stroma and keratinization, mammary adenocarcinomas and osseous trabecular proliferation or marrow fibrosis. Mice from this treated population were grouped according to the specific grade of uterine glandular hyperplasia. Each mouse having a given grade of hyperplasia was matched with a mouse that failed to develop glandular hyperplasia and was fed the 100 ppb DES diet for approximately the same time period. This procedure provided three sets of matched pairs (no hyperplasia v. grade 0; no hyperplasia v. grade 1 and no hyperplasia v. grade 2). Pairwise comparisons were then made in these groups for each of the other oestrogen endpoints. Within each set of matched pairs, mice with glandular hyperplasia had a greater prevalence and/or severity of uterine fibrosis and vaginal mucoid stroma and vaginal keratinization than those without hyperplasia and differences within matched sets were greater as the severity of hyperplasia increased. In contrast, the prevalence of osseous trabecular proliferation or marrow fibrosis were equivalent across all grades of glandular hyperplasia and the prevalence of mammary adenocarcinomas was inversely related to the severity of glandular hyperplasia. These data suggest the existence of a subpopulation of inbred mice that is especially sensitive to DES exposure for uterine and vaginal endpoints and highly insensitive to mammary tumour induction.
Physiologic and clinical aspects of magnesium metabolism.

Abstract Magnesium is among the principal cations in extracellular and especially intracellular fluids. It appears to have an activating action on a wide variety of enzymatic reactions essential to metabolism. The ion has a number of systemic pharmacologic actions, most notable being depression of nervous and cardiovascular systems. Nevertheless the importance of disturbances in magnesium metabolism to clinical medicine has been difficult to determine for a variety of reasons. These include (1) lack of easy and accurate analytic methods; (2) its occurrence in several forms including a protein-bound fraction and its preponderant location in the skeleton or within body cells; and (3) the similarity of probable manifestations of hypo- and hypermagnesemia to symptoms and signs of other disorders also likely to be present in the same patients. Magnesium deficiency may be responsible for a type of tetany distinguishable only by chemical determinations from the tetany of hypocalcemia. Other patients may show less specific findings such as muscular twitching, anxiety, agitation, delirium, or psychotic behavior. Conditions likely to be associated with magnesium deficiency include that of postoperative or other patients on prolonged parenteral fluids especially if associated with large losses of gastric fluid, diabetic acidosis during insulin and fluid therapy, chronic alcoholism and delerium tremens, and chronic renal disease without renal failure especially when daily urinary output is large. Although definite confirmation of a causal relation between hypomagnesemia and clinical manifestations is lacking in such patients, experience suggests that many will benefit from parenteral therapy. Magnesium salts must be given slowly and in dilute concentrations if the intravenous route is used. Magnesium should not be administered to patients with severe oliguria. Magnesium excess may be responsible for drowsiness, loss of deep tendon reflexes, prolonged P-R interval in the electrocardiogram, and, in severe cases, coma and hypotension. In experimental animals, death occurs most often following respiratory arrest. Magnesium excess is most likely in patients with acute or chronic renal failure with oliguria and in those who have received injudicious magnesium therapy. Calcium salts are useful in treatment for their antagonistic action. Dialysis has been effective in reducing hypermagnesemia in patients with acute renal failure.
Heat Transfer by Simultaneous Conduction and Radiation in an Absorbing Medium

Heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and radiation in a thermal radiation absorbing and emitting medium is considered. Consideration is given to a one-dimensional system consisting of twos diffuse, nonblack, infinite, isothermals parallel plates separated by a finite distance. The space between the plates is filled with a thermal radiation absorbing and emitting medium. The problem is formulated in terms of a nonlinear integro-differential equation and the solution is obtained by reducing it to a nonlinear integral equation. The numerical results are obtained by an iterative method. The temperature distri butions and heat transfer are calculated. Two approximate methods for formulating radiant heat-transfer problems are presented and comparisons of the resuits are made with the most exact solution.
Ion-exchange chromatography of creatine kinase isoenzymes: a method with improved specificity and sensitivity.

Abstract A method of separating the principal isoenzymes of creatine kinase from tissue and blood extracts by ion-exchange chromatography on minicolumns containing DEAE-Sephadex has been described. Particular attention was given to establishing elution conditions that would permit clear-cut separations of CK-MM, CK-MB, and CK-BB isoenzymes even when one or more of these isoenzymes was present in the sample in relatively high concentrations. Very good sensitivity and intraassay precision were obtained by measuring the isoenzyme activity of column eluates on a continuous-rate-monitoring spectrophotometer. Also, a new technique utilizing multiple sample applications has been shown to increase still further the sensitivity of this chromatographic method for the measurement of CK-MB and CK-BB.
New microcavity substrates for enhancing Raman signals of microscopic samples

A novel method for improving the detection limit of normal Raman spectra of chemicals using a micro-Raman system and pico-liters volume is presented. A micro-cavity substrate uses various mechanisms that collectively improve the normal Raman signal from the sample without surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement. The microcavity substrate enhances the entire Raman spectra of the molecules under investigation and maintains the relative intensity ratios of the various Raman bands. This feature of maintaining the overall integrity of the Raman features during signal enhancement makes the micro-cavity substrate ideal for forensic science applications requiring chemical detection of residual traces and other applications requiring low sample volumes and concentrations. It will be further shown that micro-cavities coated with nano films of gold and silver takes advantage of both SERS and micro-cavity method and significantly improve the detection limits of samples.
Direct Stereospecific Synthesis of Unprotected N-H and N-Me Aziridines from Olefins

Despite the prevalence of the N-H aziridine motif in bioactive natural products and the clear advantages of this unprotected parent structure over N-protected derivatives as a synthetic building block, no practical methods have emerged for direct synthesis of this compound class from unfunctionalized olefins. Here, we present a mild, versatile method for the direct stereospecific conversion of structurally diverse mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted olefins to N-H aziridines using O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine (DPH) via homogeneous rhodium catalysis with no external oxidants. This method is operationally simple (i.e., one-pot), scalable, and fast at ambient temperature, furnishing N-H aziridines in good-to-excellent yields. Likewise, N-alkyl aziridines are prepared from N-alkylated DPH derivatives. Quantum-mechanical calculations suggest a plausible Rh-nitrene pathway.
Insulin reduces norepinephrine transporter mRNA in vivo in rat locus coeruleus

Acute and chronic in vitro insulin treatment can inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) by adult rat brain synaptosomes and slices, fetal neuronal cultures, and PC12 cells. In the present study we tested whether chronic in vivo insulin treatment could alter the biosynthetic capacity of rat locus coeruleus neurons for the NE transporter protein (NET). Chronic third ventricular insulin treatment resulted in a suppression of NET mRNA to about one third of the level of vehicle-treated controls. Our finding suggests that insulin may play a regulatory role in the synthesis of this transporter, thereby modulating activity in CNS noradrenergic pathways.
Assessment of Attention in People With Aphasia: Challenges and Recommendations

Assessing nonverbal cognitive constructs, such as attention, in persons with aphasia is particularly challenging. The most difficult aspect of this task is determining whether language deficits are...
Coding Collected Research Papers to Create a Simple Information System

A major issue with research archives is the difficulty of finding contextually relevant information when developing a theory or project. Utilizing a sociotechnological approach, this paper proposes a descriptive markup language to function as a notational system to be used to convert collections of research papers in various disciplines into an information system. Markup codes attached to research papers can significantly improve data retrieval. A theoretical framework for the notational system is proposed, drawn from Charles Fillmore's frame semantics and Thomas Kuhn's conception of a lexicon specific to numerous research areas. Examples of how the notational system can be used are offered and the steps needed for the implementation of the notational system are outlined.
Signaling through FcRγ-associated receptors on dendritic cells drives IL-33–dependent TH2-type responses

Background Although allergic sensitization can be generated against various allergens, it is unknown how such a diversity of antigens is able to promote T H 2-mediated inflammation leading to atopy. Our previous studies demonstrated that allergen-specific IgG immune complexes (ICs) and house dust mite (HDM) extract both induced dendritic cells (DCs) to drive T H 2-mediated inflammation, but the mechanism by which these diverse stimuli produce similar responses is unknown. Objective We sought to identify the DC signaling pathways used by T H 2 stimuli to promote T H 2-mediated inflammation. Methods C57BL/6, FcγRIII −/− , FcRγ −/− , and ST2 −/− mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM, and inflammation was assessed based on results of flow cytometry and histology and cytokine production. Bone marrow–derived DCs from these strains were used in signaling and adoptive transfer experiments. Results Our findings indicate that 2 distinct T H 2 stimuli, ICs and HDM, use the FcRγ-associated receptors FcγRIII and Dectin-2, respectively, to promote T H 2-mediated lung inflammation. In this study we demonstrate that both ICs and HDM induce expression of IL-33, a critical mediator in asthma pathogenesis and the differentiation of T H 2 cells, in DCs. Upregulation of IL-33 in DCs is dependent on FcRγ, Toll-like receptor 4, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Exogenous IL-33 is sufficient to restore the development of T H 2 responses in FcRγ-deficient mice. Finally, adoptive transfer of allergen-pulsed FcRγ +/− bone-marrow derived DCs restores the development of T H 2-type inflammation in FcRγ-deficient mice, demonstrating the necessity of this signaling pathway in DCs for allergen-induced inflammation. Conclusion These data identify a mechanism whereby T H 2 stimuli signal through FcRγ-associated receptors on DCs to upregulate IL-33 production and induce T H 2-mediated allergic airway inflammation.
Diffusion lengths in epitaxial GaAs by angle lapped junction method

Abstract The technique for moving a tiny spot of light along the surface of an angle-lapped incline of a p - n junction has been extended to epitaxial p on n GaAs to determine minority carrier diffusion lengths from photocurrent measurements. Typical values are between 0·5 and 2·0 μ. New equations are derived for the photovoltaic collection efficiency in a three-layer structure such as p + - p - n or p - p + - n . This theory is applied to experimental data on epitaxial structures where multi-layer behaviour has been observed.
Notch pathway regulation of neural crest cell development in vivo

The function of Notch signaling in murine neural crest-derived cell lineages in vivo was examined. Conditional gain (Wnt1Cre;RosaNotch) or loss (Wnt1Cre;RBP-Jf/f) of Notch signaling in neural crest cells (NCCs) in vivo results in craniofacial, cardiac, and trunk abnormalities. Severe craniofacial malformations are apparent in Wnt1Cre;RosaNotch embryos, while less severe skull abnormalities are evident in Wnt1Cre;RBP-Jf/f mice. Deficient cardiac neural crest migration, resulting in cardiac outflow tract malformations, occurs with increased or decreased Notch signaling in NCCs. Smooth muscle cell differentiation also is impaired in pharyngeal NCC derivatives in both Wnt1Cre;RosaNotch and Wnt1Cre;RBP-Jf/f embryos. Neurogenesis is absent and gliogenesis is increased in the dorsal root ganglia of Wnt1Cre;RosaNotch embryos, while neurogenesis is increased and gliogenesis is decreased in Wnt1Cre;RBP-Jf/f embryos. Together, these studies demonstrate essential cell-autonomous roles for appropriate levels of Notch signaling during NCC migration, proliferation, and differentiation with critical implications in craniofacial, cardiac, and neurogenic development and disease.
Heavy Metal Exposure in Populations Living around Zinc and Copper Smelters

Arsenic, cadmium, and lead levels were determined simultaneously in multiple environmental media and human tissues in two zinc smelter (Bartlesville, Oklahoma and Palmerton, Pennsylvania) and two copper smelter (Ajo, Arizona and Anaconda, Montana) communities. Environmental media sampled included air, soil, household dust, and tap water; human samples included hair, blood, and urine. Between 200 and 300 residents from various age groups (1-5, 6-18, 20-40, and 60 + yr) were sampled in 1978 and 1979 and completed questionnaires in each of the four communities. Samples for all media were selected under a probability sampling framework at various distances from the smelters. Results of this investigation indicated that increased environmental levels and body burdens were exhibited at distances closest to the smelters. Of the three tissues sampled, hair was the most useful in determining relationships between environmental metal levels, distance, and body burden. Furthermore, while there was evidence that all ages had hair metal levels that were related to environmental levels and distance from the smelter, these relationships were much more pronounced for the 1- to 5-yr-old age group. The 1 to 5 yr olds also had the highest tissue metal levels across age groups. Higher hair metal levels were also found for males; smokers; children who ate paint, dirt, or clay; and for individuals who spent more time out of doors.