cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Senior Dental Students’ Experience with Cariogram in a Pediatric Dentistry Clinic

The study objective was to assess predoctoral dental students' experience with a caries risk assessment computer program in the pediatric dentistry clinic at Marquette University School of Dentistry. In 2005, spring semester sophomore dental students (class of 2008) were introduced to the caries risk assessment computer program "Cariogram." The students received a fifty-minute lecture on caries risk assessment and a demonstration on how to use Cariogram in the clinic. After two years of clinical exposure to Cariogram, sixty-six out of eighty senior dental students completed an anonymous eleven-item questionnaire on their experience with the tool. Each item on the questionnaire was scored on a five-point Likert scale with the exception of two questions. Full- and part-time faculty members in the pediatric dentistry clinic were involved in teaching and supervising students in the use of Cariogram for caries risk assessment after their training and calibration. Forty-five percent of the students who participated in the study agreed that Cariogram was easy to understand, and 18 percent disagreed. Thirty-six percent felt that it was easy to apply, and 25 percent reported that it was useful in determining caries preventive procedures. The students reported that 60 percent of full-time and 33 percent of part-time faculty were knowledgeable about Cariogram use. A majority of the students felt that Cariogram was not easy to understand, and eighty-two percent of them reported that they would not be using Cariogram in their private offices. Future studies should explore reasons why students do not feel inclined to use Cariogram as a caries risk assessment tool in their private practices even after being exposed to the tool in dental school.
Parents are able to implement interventions for social and communication skills for children with autism spectrum disorders, but questions regarding social validity, generalization, cultural factors, and treatment fidelity remain

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Meadan, H., Ostrosky, M. M., Zaghlawan, H. Y., & Yu, S. Y. (2009). Promoting the social and communicative behavior of young children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of parent-implemented intervention studies. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 29, 90–104. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Dynamic Routing in Large-Scale Service Systems with Heterogeneous Servers

Motivated by modern call centers, we consider large-scale service systems with multiple server pools and a single customer class. For such systems, we propose a simple routing rule which asymptotically minimizes the steady-state queue length and virtual waiting time. The proposed routing scheme is FSF which assigns customers to the Fastest Servers First. The asymptotic regime considered is the Halfin-Whitt many-server heavy-traffic regime, which we refer to as the Quality and Efficiency Driven (QED) regime; it achieves high levels of both service quality and system efficiency by carefully balancing between the two. Additionally, expressions are provided for system limiting performance measures based on diffusion approximations. Our analysis shows that in the QED regime this heterogeneous server system outperforms its homogeneous server counterpart.
Analysis of Nonstationary, Gaussian and Non-Gaussian, Generalized Langevin Equations Using Methods of Multiplicative Stochastic Processes

Using the methods of multiplicative stochastic processes, a thorough analysis of “non-Markovian,” generalized Langevin equations is presented. For the Gaussian case, these methods are used to show that the nonstationary Fokker-Planck equation already found by Adelman and others is also obtainable from van Kampen's lemma for stochastic probability flows. Here, results applicable to an arbitraryn-component process are obtained and the specific two-component case of the Brownian harmonic oscillator is presented in detail in order to explicitly exhibit the matrix algebraic methods. The non-Gaussian case is presented at the end of the paper and shows that the methods already used in the Gaussian case lead directly to results for the non-Gaussian case. In order to use the methods of multiplicative stochastic processes analysis, it is necessary to transform the “non-Markovian,” generalized Langevin equation using a stochastic extension of a transformation discussed by Adelman. This transformation removes the “memory kernel” term in the usual generalized Langevin equation and in the Gaussian case leads to the result that the original process was in fact not “non-Markovian” but actually nonstationary,Markovian.
On the Decomposition of Cell Phone Activity Patterns and their Connection with Urban Ecology

The goal of this paper is to infer features of urban ecology (i.e., social and economic activities, and social interaction) from spatiotemporal cell phone activity data. We present a novel approach that consists of (i) time series decomposition of the aggregate cell phone activity per unit area using spectral methods, (ii) clustering of areal units with similar activity patterns, and (ii) external validation using a ground truth data set we collected from municipal and online sources. The key to our approach is the spectral decomposition of the original cell phone activity series into seasonal communication series (SCS) and residual communication series (RCS). The former captures regular patterns of socio-economic activity within an area and can be used to segment a city into distinct clusters. RCS across areas enables the detection of regions that are subject to mutual social influence and of regions that are in direct communication contact. The RCS and SCS thus provide distinct probes into the structure and dynamics of the urban environment, both of which can be obtained from the same underlying data. We illustrate the effectiveness of our methodology by applying it to aggregate Call Description Records (CDRs) from the city of Milan.
Development of the flow field during the onset of the Somali current, 1979

Abstract During the spring and summer of 1979 a multi-ship survey studied the changes in currents along the East African coast in response to the transition from the northeast to the southwest monsoon. The Somali Current in late April and early May flowed southwestward along the coast from northern Somalia to about the equator. Surface currents were 50–100 cm s−1 and the transport was 3×106 m3 s−1. South of the equator the East African Coast Current (EACC) flowed northward. The two currents met in the vicinity of the equator and turned offshore to the southeast. Surface velocities in the EACC were about 200 cm s−1, and its transport in the top 100 m was 15×106 m3 s−1. With the initial onset of southerly winds in early May the Somali Current reversed. By mid-May at 3°N surface speeds of 200 cm s−1 were observed. The flow did not continue up the coast, but turned offshore by 4°N. The second onset of the monsoon took place in mid-June. Shortly after this, surface currents >350 cm s−1 were observed at the tur...
Simple fabrication of micropatterned mesoporous silica films using photoacid generators in block copolymers

An efficient method to fabricate micropatterned mesoporous silicate films has been demonstrated. These films were prepared, in an additive manner, by supercritical CO2-assisted condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate within lithographically exposed block copolymer templates containing photoacid generators. Chemically amplifiable copolymer templates resulted in high-fidelity replication of microscopic and nanoscopic features.
iVisClustering: An Interactive Visual Document Clustering via Topic Modeling

Clustering plays an important role in many large-scale data analyses providing users with an overall understanding of their data. Nonetheless, clustering is not an easy task due to noisy features and outliers existing in the data, and thus the clustering results obtained from automatic algorithms often do not make clear sense. To remedy this problem, automatic clustering should be complemented with interactive visualization strategies. This paper proposes an interactive visual analytics system for document clustering, called iVisClustering, based on a widely-used topic modeling method, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). iVisClustering provides a summary of each cluster in terms of its most representative keywords and visualizes soft clustering results in parallel coordinates. The main view of the system provides a 2D plot that visualizes cluster similarities and the relation among data items with a graph-based representation. iVisClustering provides several other views, which contain useful interaction methods. With help of these visualization modules, we can interactively refine the clustering results in various ways. Keywords can be adjusted so that they characterize each cluster better. In addition, our system can filter out noisy data and re-cluster the data accordingly. Cluster hierarchy can be constructed using a tree structure and for this purpose, the system supports cluster-level interactions such as sub-clustering, removing unimportant clusters, merging the clusters that have similar meanings, and moving certain clusters to any other node in the tree structure. Furthermore, the system provides document-level interactions such as moving mis-clustered documents to another cluster and removing useless documents. Finally, we present how interactive clustering is performed via iVisClustering by using real-world document data sets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two Distinct Components of Release Factor Function Uncovered by Nucleophile Partitioning Analysis

Summary During translation termination, release factor (RF) protein catalyzes a hydrolytic reaction in the large subunit peptidyl transferase center to release the finished polypeptide chain. While the mechanism of catalysis of peptide release remains obscure, important contributing factors have been identified, including conserved active-site nucleotides and a GGQ tripeptide motif in the RF. Here we describe pre-steady-state kinetic and nucleophile competition experiments to examine RF contributions to the rate and specificity of peptide release. We find that while unacylated tRNA stimulates release in a nondiscriminating manner, RF1 is very specific for water. Further analysis reveals that amino acid Q235 of the RF1 GGQ motif is critical for the observed specificity. These data lead to a model where RFs make two distinct contributions to catalysis—a relatively nonspecific activation of the catalytic center and specific selection of water as a nucleophile facilitated by Q235.
Inhibition of anion transport in corn root protoplasts.

The effects of several amino-reactive disulfonic stilbene derivatives and N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate on Cl−, SO42−, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake in protoplasts isolated from corn root tissue were studied. 4-Acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, and NAP-taurine inhibited Cl− and SO42− but not Pi and K+ uptake in corn root protoplasts; whereas mersalyl inhibited Pi but not Cl− or SO42− uptake. The rate of uptake of all anions decreased with increasing external pH. In addition, these reagents markedly inhibited plasmalemma ATPase activity isolated from corn root tissue. Excised root segments were less sensitive to Cl− and SO42− transport inhibitors.
Energy-efficient broadcast and multicast routing in multihop ad hoc wireless networks

Summary This paper addresses the problem of broadcasting and multicasting in large scale multihop ad hoc wireless networks. We focus on the energy-efficient broadcast routing in stationary networks and consider the case where wireless nodes can dynamically control their transmission power for each broadcast session. Minimum spanning tree (MST) has the property that the longest edge in the tree is the shortest among all the spanning trees. We introduce a new algorithm called minimum longest edge (MLE) that constructs a broadcast tree based on MST, and for networks where nodes have different energy reserves, we introduce minimum weight incremental arborescence (MWIA) algorithm to compute the broadcast tree. Multicast tree can be obtained by pruning broadcast tree. These algorithms provide a scheme to balance the energy consumption among all nodes. The simulation results show that MLE and MWIA improved the energy balance and network lifetime for a wide range of networks, and the improvement is more significant when the network size grows. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left-Symmetric Algebras in Hydrodynamics

Left-Symmetric algebras are shown to appear naturally in integrable hydrodynamical systems. First, to a data a Left-Symmetric algebra and an operator of strong deformation on it is attached an infinite commuting hierarchy of integrable systems of hydrodynamical type in 1+1−d. Second, this picture (without deformation) is embedded into an infinite-component integrable hydrodynamic chain.
Congenital malformations associated with assisted reproductive technology: A California statewide analysis

Abstract Background Management of congenital malformations comprises a large part of pediatric surgical care. Despite increasing utilization of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and fertility-related services (FRS), associations with birth defects are poorly understood. Methods Infants born after ART or FRS were identified from the California Linked Birth Cohort Dataset from 2006 to 2007 and compared to propensity matched infants conceived naturally. Factors associated with major congenital malformations were evaluated using Firth logistic regression. Results With a cohort of 4,795 infants born after ART and 46,025 naturally conceived matched controls, major congenital malformations were identified in 3,463 infants. Malformations were increased for ART infants (9.0% vs. 6.6%, p Conclusion ART contributes a significant risk of congenital malformation and may be more pronounced for multiples. Accurate counseling for parents considering ART and multidisciplinary coordination of care prior to delivery are warranted.
A simple model for forecasting the effects of nitrogen loads on Chesapeake Bay hypoxia

The causes and consequences of oxygen depletion in Chesapeake Bay have been the focus of research, assessment, and policy action over the past several decades. An ongoing scientific re-evaluation of what nutrient load reductions are necessary to meet the water quality goals is needed. While models can provide insights and advice for public policy on load reduction goals, they are caricatures of nature, and it is wise to use independent modeling approaches. In this paper, we describe our simple, biophysically based model that offers a middle ground between statistical models and complex dynamic models. Our model suggests that the target total nitrogen load reduction of 35% will reduce hypoxic volumes by 36–68%, which, on average (53% or 3.4 km3) is lower than values reported for 1950–1970 (4.2 km3), and roughly half of the values reported for 1980–1990 (7.2 km3). By pursuing a simple model construct, we were able to quantify uncertainty to a greater extent than is possible with the more complex numerical models. Yet, by retaining some mechanistic detail we could validate the model against state variables and process rates, an advantage over simple regressions.
Through a lens darkly: evidence for dusty gravitational lenses

Foreground galaxies that amplify the light from background quasars may also dim that light if the galaxies contain enough dust. Extinction by dust in lenses could hide the large number of lensed systems predicted for a flat universe with a large value of the cosmological constant A. We look for one signature of dust, namely reddening, by examining optical-infrared colours of gravitationally lensed images of quasars. We find that the lensed systems identified in radio and infrared searches have redder optical-infrared colours than optically selected ones. This could be due to a bias against selecting reddened (hence dimmed) quasars in the optical surveys, or due to the differences in the intrinsic colours of optical and radio quasars. Comparison of the radio-selected lensed and unlensed quasars shows that the lensed ones have redder colours. We therefore conclude that at least part of the colour difference between the two lens samples is due to dust. From the colour difference between lensed and unlensed radio quasars (and assuming the Galactic extinction law) we can reconcile a large cosmological constant (A = 0.9) with the number of lensed systems observed in flux-limited optical surveys. These results substantially weaken the strongest constraint on cosmological scenarios that invoke a non-zero cosmological constant to explain age discrepancy problems, satisfy predictions of inflationary models of the early Universe and playa role in large-scale structure formation models. They also raise the prospect of using gravitational lenses to study the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies.
A community-based feasibility study using wheat bran fiber supplementation to lower colon cancer risk.

Abstract Methods. In this feasibility study, free-living older adults ( n = 180; x = 67.5 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three levels of a 3-month standardized compliance enhancement program. Results. Regarding subject compliance with the 18 g/day wheat bran fiber supplement, the high compliance enhancement group had a superior regimen compliance rate (88%) versus the medium and low groups, (66 and 29%, respectively) ( P = 0.01), with similar attrition rates. Conclusion. No significant gastrointestinal side effects and changes in body weight were reported. For similar efficacy, the comprehensive compliance enhancement group had the greatest cost effectiveness.
The Goblin Spiders of the New Genus Volborattella (Araneae: Oonopidae) from Madagascar

ABSTRACT A new genus of goblin spider from Madagascar, Volborattella Saucedo and Ubick, is proposed and its five included species newly described and illustrated: V. teresae, the type species, V. guenevera, V. nasario, V. paulyi, and V. toliara. These species differ from other oonopids in several unusual characters, especially the variously modified setae: abdominal scutes having thick recumbent setae with large bases and conspicuous pits; the pedicel region with mats of plumose setae and associated cuticular projections; and anterior metatarsi with prolateral combs. The male palp of Volborattella appears to be unique in having a terminal projection (embolar superior prong, ESP) that forms an abrupt spiral and the female a receptaculum with an accessory duct (curved tube). Volborattella resemble members of the Gamasomorpha complex in lacking leg spines and having a flattened abdomen with complete scutes, but differ genitalically. The Volborattella female has a receptaculum that is wider than long (as oppo...
Hyperbaric oxygen in traumatic brain injury

Abstract Objectives: This critical literature review examines historical and current investigations on the efficacy and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Potential safety risks and oxygen toxicity, as well as HBO's future potential, are also discussed. Methods: Directed literature review. Results: Historically, cerebral vasoconstriction and increased oxygen availability were seen as the primary mechanisms of HBO in TBI. HBO now appears to be improving cerebral aerobic metabolism at a cellular level, namely, by enhancing damaged mitochondrial recovery. HBO given at the ideal treatment paradigm, 1.5 ATA for 60 minutes, does not appear to produce oxygen toxicity and is relatively safe. Discussion: The use of HBO in TBI remains controversial. Growing evidence, however, shows that HBO may be a potential treatment for patients with severe brain injury. Further investigations, including a multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial, will be required to definit...
Safety and cost-effectiveness of managing patients at risk for immediate preterm delivery on a minimum care unit.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of managing pregnant women with 1) preterm, premature rupture of the membranes, 2) preterm labor with advanced cervical dilitation and effacement, and 3) complete placenta previa on a minimum care unit obviating the need for routine hospitalization.Methods: After obtaining informed consent, patients with the above noted diagnoses were placed in a minimum care unit with close proximity to labor and delivery (Perinatal Access and Support Services [PASS Program]). Physicians saw the patients on a regular weekly basis, while nurses saw the patients daily. The majority of each patient's care and daily assessment was performed by the patient, herself, much as if the patient was discharged to home. Neonatal outcome was assessed and a cost comparison between routine hospitalization and utilization of the minimum care unit was calculated.Results: Sixty-one patients consented to participate in the PASS program. The mean gestational age on admission vs delivery was 30 4/7 weeks vs 31 5/7 weeks for patients with premature rupture of the membranes and 29 3/7 weeks vs 34 4/7 weeks for patients with preterm labor and advanced cervical dilatation. All complaints resulting in a transfer to labor and delivery were initiated by the patient and not the nurse or physician provider. All four neonatal deaths were due to complications of immaturity (gestational ages <24 weeks). There were no intrauterine fetal demises on the minimum care unit. Utilization of this program saved over $220,000 in hospital costs.Conclusion: The PASS program is a safe, cost-effective alternative to routine hospitalization for patients who do not need routine hospitalization but who must have immediate access to labor and delivery.
Selective Enrichment of Human Epidermal Cell Subpopulations Using Monoclonal Antibodies

In studying the mechanisms that regulate the growth and differentiation of the human epidermis, it would be helpful to obtain relatively pure populations of the different epidermal cell types. We have used a solid-phase immunoabsorption method termed " planning " to positively select two types of epidermal cells: Langerhans cells and the keratinocytes found in the basal cell layer (basal cells). To attach basal cells to a goat anti-mouse IgG-coated plastic surface, we used murine monoclonal antibodies (VM-1 or VM-2), which were recently produced in our laboratory and bind specifically to antigens on human basal cells. Using antibodies VM-1 or VM-2, we panned for basal cells and obtained a yield of about 40 percent (an enrichment of about 2.5-fold). The cells enriched for basal cells demonstrated much better growth and DNA synthesis titan did the cell fraction depleted of basal cells. For positive selection of Langerhans cells, we used OKTO, a murine monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to Langerhans cells in the epidermis. We determined that of those cells preincubated with OKTO and adherent to an antibody-coated petri dish surface, about 70 percent demonstrated OKT6 binding by fluorescence microscopy. This represents a 15- to 20-fold enrichment for Langerhans cells. The nonadherent cell fraction contained less than 1 percent OKT6-positive cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the cells thus separated were Langerhans cells, The OKT6-positive but not the OKT6-negative cells were capable of stimulating allogeneic lymphocytes in the skin-cell-lymphocyte reaction. Thus the panning technique is an effective method for obtaining greatly enriched subpopulations of viable epidermal cells.
In SituHybridization with33P-Labeled RNA Probes for Determination of Cellular Expression Patterns of Liver Transcription Factors in Mouse Embryos☆

Abstract Murine hepatocyte nuclear factor-3β (HNF-3β) protein is a member of a large family of developmentally regulated transcription factors that share homology in the winged helix/ fork head DNA binding domain and that participate in embryonic pattern formation. HNF-3β also mediates cell-specific transcription of genes important for the function of hepatocytes, intestinal and bronchiolar epithelium, and pancreatic acinar cells. We have previously identified a hepatocyte and pancreatic cut-homeodomain transcription factor, HNF-6, which is required for HNF-3β promoter activity. In this study, we used in situ hybridization studies of stage-specific embryos to demonstrate that HNF-6 and its target gene, HNF-3β, are coexpressed in the foregut endoderm and in the pancreatic and hepatic diverticulum. More detailed analysis of HNF-6 and HNF-3β's developmental expression patterns provides evidence of colocalization in hepatocytes, intestinal epithelium, and pancreatic ductal epithelium and exocrine acinar cells. In support of the role of HNF-6 in regulating HNF-3β expression in developing hepatocytes, their liver expression levels are both transiently reduced between 14 and 15 days of gestation. At day 18 of gestation and in adult pancreas, HNF-6 and HNF-3β transcripts remain colocalized in the exocrine acinar cells, but their expression patterns diverge in endocrine cells. HNF-3β expression is restricted to the endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans, whereas the ductal epithelium expresses HNF-6. We discuss these expression patterns with respect to specification of hepatocytes and differentiation of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.
A Novel Method for Chemical Modification of Functional Groups Other Than a Carboxyl Group in Proteins byN-Ethyl-5-phenylisooxazolium-3′-sulfonate (Woodward's Reagent-K): Inhibition of ADP-Induced Platelet Responses Involves Covalent Modification of Aggregin, an ADP Receptor

The chemical reaction of N-ethyl-5-phenylisooxazolium-3'-sulfonate (Woodward's Reagent-K, WR-K) with a carboxyl group yields an enol ester that cannot be reduced by sodium borohydride in an aqueous solution, while other nucleophiles such as sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, amino, and imidazole groups, react with WR-K to yield unsaturated ketones that are capable of being reduced by sodium borohydride in an aqueous medium. Aggregin, a 100-kDa protein on the surface of human blood platelets has been identified as an ADP receptor. Autoradiography of the gels obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the samples of solubilized human blood platelets modified by WR-K and then reduced by tritiated sodium borohydride (NaB[3H]4) showed the presence of a prominent band corresponding to a 100-kDa radiolabeled protein. Labeling of platelets by WR-K and NaB[3H]4 was inhibited by ADP, ATP, and thiol group modifying reagents. WR-K blocked completely labeling of platelets by [beta-32P]-8-(4-bromo-2, 3-dioxo-butylthio)adenosine-5'-diphosphate, an ADP-affinity analog that selectively and covalently labels aggregin (Puri, R. N., Kumar, A., Chen, H., Colman, R. F., and Colman, R. W. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 24482-24488). WR-K also inhibited ADP-induced platelet shape change, aggregation, and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and blocked ADP-induced inhibition of stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The results show conclusively that WR-K inhibited ADP-induced platelet responses by preventing binding of ADP to aggregin and suggest that ADP binding domain of aggregin contains an essential thiol group. The method of labeling proteins by WR-K and NaB[3H]4, hitherto not used to distinguish among functional groups modified by WR-K, offers a useful and convenient alternative to previously used ultraviolet spectral methods which cannot be used to investigate the modified proteins in intact cellular systems.
Application of Generalized Pareto Distribution to Constrain Uncertainty in Peak Ground Accelerations

Abstract Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has become standard practice to characterize earthquake ground-motion hazard and to develop ground-motion inputs for seismic design and performance analyses. One emerging issue is the application of PSHA at low annual exceedance probabilities, particularly the characterization of scatter (aleatory variability) in the recorded ground-motion parameters, including peak ground acceleration (PGA). Lognormal distributions are commonly used to model ground-motion variability. However, a lognormal distribution, when unbounded, can yield a nonzero probability for unrealistically high ground-motion values. In this article, we evaluate the appropriateness of the lognormal assumption for low-probability ground motions by examining the tail behavior of the PGA recordings from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research–Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (PEER NGA) database and the PGA residuals using Abrahamson–Silva NGA ground-motion relations. Our analyses show that the tail portion of the PGA and the residual data do not always follow a lognormal distribution and are instead often better characterized by the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). We propose using a composite distribution model (CDM) that consists of a lognormal distribution (up to a threshold value of ground-motion residual) combined with GPD for the tail region. We demonstrate implications of the CDM in PSHA using a simple example and GPD parameters derived from the residual fit. Our results show that, at low annual exceedance probabilities, the CDM yields considerably lower PGA values than the unbounded lognormal distribution. It also produces smoother hazard curves than truncated lognormal distributions because the PGA increases asymptotically with a decreasing probability level. The presented approach is readily adapted to spectral accelerations and other ground-motion parameters.
Photonic crystal chips for optical communications and quantum information processing

We discuss recent our recent progress on functional photonic crystals devices and circuits for classical and quantum information processing. For classical applications, we have demonstrated a room-temperature-operated, low threshold, nanocavity laser with pulse width in the picosecond regime; and an all-optical switch controlled with 60 fJ pulses that shows switching time on the order of tens of picoseconds. For quantum information processing, we discuss the promise of quantum networks on multifunctional photonic crystals chips. We also discuss a new coherent probing technique of quantum dots coupled to photonic crystal nanocavities and demonstrate amplitude and phase nonlinearities realized with control beams at the single photon level.
Low temperature adsorption of CO on Pt(111): disequilibrium and the occupation of three-fold hollow sites

Abstract The adsorption of CO on a Pt(111) surface held at 20 K under ultrahigh vacuum was investigated using vibrational and thermal desorption spectroscopies. In contrast to adsorption at higher temperatures, surface diffusion of chemisorbed CO across the surface was suppressed and vibrational spectroscopy showed non-equilibrium occupation of top, bridge and three-fold hollow sites. The saturation coverage of chemisorbed CO at 20 K was 0.5 ML. The infrared absorption band attributed to three-fold hollow site CO was centered at 1736 cm−1. The integrated absorbance of the 1736 cm−1 band grew in and saturated as the exposure was increased from 0.35 to 1 ML.
Nick-dependent and -independent Processing of Large DNA Loops in Human Cells

DNA loop heterologies are products of normal DNA metabolism and can lead to severe genomic instability if unrepaired. To understand how human cells process DNA loop structures, a set of circular heteroduplexes containing a 30-nucleotide loop were constructed and tested for repair in vitro by human cell nuclear extracts. We demonstrate here that, in addition to the previously identified 5' nick-directed loop repair pathway (Littman, S. J., Fang, W. H., and Modrich, P. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 7474-7481), human cells can process large DNA loop heterologies in a loop-directed manner. The loop-directed repair specifically removes the loop structure and occurs only in the looped strand, and appears to require limited DNA synthesis. Like the nick-directed loop repair, the loop-directed repair is independent of many known DNA repair pathways, including DNA mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair. In addition, our data also suggest that an aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerase is involved in the excision step of the nick-directed loop repair pathway.
Intrinsic four-point properties

Many characterizations of euclidean spaces (real inner product spaces) among metric spaces have been based on euclidean four point embeddability properties. Related “intrinsic” four point properties have also been used to characterize euclidean or hyperbolic spaces among a suitable class of metric spaces. The present paper provides new characterizations of euclidean or hyperbolic spaces based on intrinsic four point properties which are related to known four point embedding properties.
Predicting Knowledge Complexity in the Wake of an Environmental Risk

In 1993, the parasite cryptosporidium infested the Milwaukee-area drinking supply and sickened some 400,000 people. This study uses survey data gathered from 610 residents in the wake of that outbreak to look at predictors of the complexity of people’s understanding of two causal components of the outbreak: (1) how the parasite got into the water and (2) how it caused illness in the human body. Analysis of open-ended data indicated that, consistent with the predictors used in the knowledge gap literature, indicators of socioeconomic status are significant predictors of differences in explanatory complexity. Also, consistent with the literature on motivation and knowledge seeking, experience with and worry about the parasite served as predictors of explanatory complexity under certain circumstances.
Are Enterprise System Related Misfits Always a Bad Thing

Fits and misfits between information systems and their organizational contexts are important to many theoretical streams in the information systems research tradition. A premise underlying this fit-related research is that a fit is generally a good thing and should therefore be pursued, whereas misfits are bad and should be eliminated. In this conceptual essay we draw upon work on enterprise information systems to question whether this premise is necessarily always the case. In doing so we make two broad contributions: first, we conceptualize the different points where we might find fits or misfits between an enterprise system and its organizational context, second, we theorize about situations where misfits may not negatively influence organizational performance. We conclude with a provocation about the simultaneous desirability and danger of fit.
Tail Length Determination in Bacteriophage T4

Abstract This report identifies a protein that regulates tail length in bacteriophage T4. Earlier work (Duda et al. , 1990) suggested that the gene 29 protein could be involved in T4 tail length determination as a "template" or "tape-measure", similar to that proposed for the gene H protein in bacteriophage λ. We have altered the length of a recombinant gene 29 by constructing deletions and duplications in different parts of the gene. Each of these constructs was incorporated into the high-level expression vector, pET-11d. Seven plasmids with different lengths of gene 29 were made and used in complementation studies. We have found that the length of the tail can be decreased by deleting the C-terminal part of gene 29 or increased by forming duplications in different parts of this gene, and that the length of the tail can be proportional to the size of the engineered protein. Unlike phage λ, plasmids with deletions in the middle of gene 29 or from the N-terminal end produced correspondingly smaller but inactive gene 29 protein and no viable phage were formed. Our results show that alterations in the length of gene 29 protein proportionately alters tail length, and argue strongly for a scheme in which 29 protein is a ruler or template that determines tail length during tail assembly.
Use of the automatic external defibrillator in homes of survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation☆

This 57-month study evaluated the use of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) in the homes of high risk cardiac patients (survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation [VF]). The goal was to determine the utility of these devices by trained lay persons in actual cardiac arrest episodes. Ninety-seven survivors of out-of-hospital VF were enrolled in the study; 59 patients received AEDs, and 38 patients served as a control group. During the study period, 7 deaths occurred in the hospital without preceding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or from noncardiac causes. There were 14 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, 10 in the AED group and 4 in the control group. There was 1 long-term survivor in the control group. In the AED group, among the 10 cardiac arrests for which the device was available, it was used in 6. Only 2 patients were in VF; 1 was resuscitated with residual neurologic deficits and survived several months. This study observed a small potential for AEDs to save high risk patients.
The Value of Dried Penicillin Mycelium as a Supplement in Practical Chick Rations

Abstract INTRODUCTION WITHIN the past 10 years considerable research has been done on the problem of protein sources for poultry rations. Fish meal has been found more efficient than meat scrap in supplementing soybean oil meal in practical chick rations (Hammond and Titus, 1944). Parkhurst et al. (1945) found corn distillers solubles to be an excellent protein supplement to soybean oil meal for laying chickens. Fish press water not only serves as a good protein source in practical chick rations but may supply other nutritive factors necessary for optimum growth as well (Cravens et al. 1945). In the manufacture of penicillin there are produced as by-products, enormous amounts of spent broth and mold mycelium which at present constitute a serious disposal problem. Since the mold is grown in a rich medium consisting mainly of lactose and corn steep liquor, the mycelium is high in protein and vitamins. Hence, this material should . . .
Personal ads: An exploratory investigation into the relationships among ad characteristics, communication apprehension, and contact

This study examined the relationships among personal ad characteristics, interpersonal communication apprehension (CA), and personal contact. A questionnaire was sent to 600 people who placed personal ads in free weekly newspapers across the United States. Forty‐five percent of these people returned the surveys. The results revealed a clear connection between CA, ad composition, and contact. Personal ads from subjects with higher levels of CA emphasized the personal characteristics and exclusions regarding the potential partner more than ads from those with lower levels of CA. High CA persons contacted fewer potential partners than did those with lower CA. The results and implications are discussed at the conclusion of this report.
On the Use of Mesoscale and Cloud-Scale Models in Operational Forecasting

Abstract In the near future, the technological capability will be available to use mesoscale and cloud-scale numerical models for forecasting convective weather in operational meteorology. We address some of the issues concerning effective utilization of this capability. The challenges that must be overcome are formidable. We argue that explicit prediction on the cloud scale, even if these challenges can be met, does not obviate the need for human interpretation of the forecasts. In the case that humans remain directly involved in the forecasting process, another set of issues is concerned with the constraints imposed by human involvement. As an alternative to direct explicit prediction of convective events by computers, we propose that mesoscale models be used to produce initial conditions for cloud-scale models. Cloud-scale models then can be run in a Monte Carlo–like mode, in order to provide an estimate of the probable types of convective weather for a forecast period. In our proposal, human forecaste...
Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Three criteria should be met for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to be eligible for surgical resection: there should be no metastatic disease, there should be no bilobar disease, and the patient should be left with adequate hepatic reserve after surgery. Given the association of severe liver disease with HCC, these criteria are met by less than 30% of patients. In contrast, transplantation does not require that the second and third criteria be met in patients who are otherwise candidates for this procedure. Most reports have demonstrated that patients with tumors greater than 5 cm in size or patients with more than four tumors have low 5-year survival rates after transplantation, but the survival rates with smaller tumors are much better and it has even been suggested that survival may approach that of transplantation for nonmalignant conditions. This presentation will discuss the role and indications for transplantation as definitive therapy for HCC.
N,N-Dimethylglycine hydrochloride

Crystals of C4H10NO2Cl, Mr=139.58 are monoclinic,P21/c, witha=7.061(2),b=7.194(2),c=13.932(3) A,β=98.88(2)°,V=699.2(5) A3,Z=4,Dx=1.326(1) g cm−3. The structure was solved by hand application of direct methods and refined to a goodness of fit of 1.7 for 1212 reflections and 114 parameters (R=0.028 for 1202 reflections withF2>0).
342 MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT (MDR) SALMONELLA TYPHI (ST) IN PAKISTANI CHILDREN

Typhoid fever (TF) remains a major public health problem in Pakistan this problem is further compounded by development of MDR-ST. The MDR-ST is defined as resistance to the commonly used oral antibiotics(ATB): chloramphenicol (CLP), ampicillin (AMP) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Susceptibility of ST was tested to CLP, AMP, TMP-SMX, ofloxacin(OFX), cefotaxime(CTX) and ceftriaxone(CTR). TF is defined as isolation of ST from blood or a positive Widal test in appropriate clinical situation. We prospectively investigated the presence of MDR-ST in 170 children admitted to CH-PIMS between 1/1/90-12/31/90. There were 111(65%) males and 59(35%) females; 27(16%) from rural and 143(84%) from urban areas. Average age was 6.2 yrs: 4(2%) 5 yrs old. All pts received antibiotics prior to admission to CH-PIMS and diagnosis of TF. ST was isolated in 109(64%) pts and Widal test was positive in 84(49%) pts. 23(14%) pts had both positive blood culture and Widal test. There were 79(72%) MDR-ST from as many pts; all isolates were sensitive to OFX, CTX and CTR. Of the 79 pts with MDR-ST 55(70%) were treated with OFX and 24(30%) with CTR. All pts responded to treatment and recovered from TF. 16 pts had complications of TF and there were no deaths. The clinical features of pts with MDR-ST were not useful in differentiating them from those pts who did not have MDR-ST.
Effects of selective lingual gustatory deafferentation on suprathreshold taste intensity discrimination of NaCl in rats.

In rats, chorda tympani nerve transection (CTX) greatly increases the detection threshold of sodium chloride (NaCI) ard severely disrupts salt discriminability. Here it is shown that CTX has surprisingly little effect, if any, on suprathreshold intensity discrimination. Glossopharyngeal nerve transection (GLX), which has no reported effect on salt sensibility, also did not affect performance. Rats were tested in a 2-response, operant taste intensity discrimination task. Difference thresholds for CTX rats were only slightly higher (∼0.15 log 10 unit) than those for GLX and sham-transected rats, when 0.05 M served as the standard, and did not significantly differ when 0.1 M NaCI was the standard. Although the perceived intensity of NaCI might be reduced by CTX, input from remaining taste nerves sufficiently maintains the relative discriminability of suprathreshold NaCI concentrations.
Quantum confinement induced by strain relaxation in an elliptical double-barrier Si ∕ Si x Ge 1 − x resonant tunneling quantum dot

Starting with a double-barrier $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}∕{\mathrm{Si}}_{0.75}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.25}$ resonant tunneling heterostructure, we fabricated sub-$100\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}$ elliptical quantum dots. Sidewall strain relaxation in the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ layer induces a lateral confining potential that quantizes heavy hole (HH) and light hole (LH) states in the SiGe quantum well, leading to fine structure in the HH-LH $I(V)$ resonant tunneling curves at low temperature. In this paper, we present the magnetotunneling $I(V,B)$ characteristics of heavy holes and light holes in magnetic fields $B$ parallel to the tunneling current. From the evolution of the fine structure, we observe the competition between the strain-induced lateral confinement potential and the magnetic confinement, from which we infer lateral potentials of HH and LH different from those of previously studied cylindrically symmetric dots. The experimental data are in qualitative agreement with inhomogeneous strain-induced HH and LH potential obtained via a full three-dimensional finite-element strain simulation.
Foliar flavonoids of selected Vitis taxa in the Southeastern United States

Abstract A total of 19 compounds were isolated from the leaves of five North American members of the genus Vitis The flavonoid data indicate three distinct chemical groups: one producing flavonols, flavones and C-glycosylflavones (V. aestivalis and V. cinerea var. cinerea, one producing fiavonols and flavones (V. cinerea ver. floridana) and one producing only fiavonols ( V. vulpina and V. riparia). The fiavonoid complements of the taxa are extremely useful in taxon delimitation and in suggesting systematic relationships.
Special investigations for female incontinence

Abstract Urodynamics is the measurement of the ability of the bladders and urethra to store and expel urine. This article describes some of the investigations that are used in the diagnosis and management of incontinence in women and that come under the umbrella of ‘urodynamics’. Pad tests quantify the amount of urine loss and are also helpful in patient counselling and measuring the results of intervention. Urinary flow rates are assessed by uroflowmetry and help identify poor bladder emptying (the cause of which can then be determined by pressure-flow studies). Filling cystometry is the main test of the lower urinary tract’s ability to store urine and measures the capacity, stability and compliance of the bladder, as well as assessing the competence of the urethra. Pressure-flow studies are used to identify the cause of poor bladder emptying. In selected cases, it is necessary to image the lower urinary tract whilst simultaneously measuring pressure and flow; this is achieved by videourodynamics. When abnormalities cannot be demonstrated by any of these clinic-based investigations, ambulatory urodynamics provide a means of measuring the physiological function of the lower urinary tract over a long period of time, away from the hospital environment. The ability of the urethra to contain urine within the bladder can be quantified by a variety of techniques including urethral pressure profilometry, urethro retro-resistance pressure and leak point pressure, but currently, these tests have limited clinical value. Urodynamics is not necessary for every woman with urinary incontinence but is highly desirable before considering irreversible surgical intervention.