cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow rule of dense granular flows down a rough incline

We present experimental findings on the flow rule for granular flows on a rough inclined plane using various materials, including sand and glass beads of various sizes and four types of copper particles with different shapes. We characterize the materials by measuring ${h}_{s}$ (the thickness at which the flow subsides) as a function of the plane inclination $\ensuremath{\theta}$ on various surfaces. Measuring the surface velocity $u$ of the flow as a function of flow thickness $h$, we find that for sand and glass beads the Pouliquen flow rule $u∕\sqrt{gh}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\beta}h∕{h}_{s}$ provides reasonable but not perfect collapse of the $u(h)$ curves measured for various $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and mean particle diameter $d$. Improved collapse is obtained for sand and glass beads by using a recently proposed scaling of the form $u∕\sqrt{gh}=\ensuremath{\beta}h\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\theta}∕{h}_{s}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}$ where ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}$ is the angle at which the ${h}_{s}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ curves diverge. Measuring the slope $\ensuremath{\beta}$ for ten different sizes of sand and glass beads, we find a systematic, strong increase of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ with the divergence angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}$ of ${h}_{s}$. Copper materials with different shapes are not well described by either flow rule with $u\ensuremath{\sim}{h}^{3∕2}$.
China's Economy: A View from the Grass Roots

The number of American economists who have been to China is about equal to the number of astronauts who have been to the moon, so each returning traveler can add something to our limited knowledge of that vast and complex country. These notes are intended to supplement the reports of previous visitors without repeating things which are generally known.
Lambda calculus schemata

A lambda calculus schema is an expression of the lambda calculus augmented by uninterpreted constant and function symbols and thus is an abstraction of programming languages such as LISP which permit functions to be passed to or returned from other functions. We then consider two natural implementation strategies: the retention strategy in which all variable bindings are retained until no longer needed (implying the use of some sort of garbage collected store) and the deletion strategy, modelled after the usual stack implementation of ALGOL-60, in which variable bindings are destroyed when control leaves the procedure (or block) in which they were created. Berry shows that the deletion strategy implementation is not “correct” for a wide class of languages in the sense that it is not equivalent to natural extensions of the copy rule of ALGOL to such languages, whereas the retention strategy is correct in that sense. We show, however, that no real power is lost in restricting oneself to a deletion strategy implementation, for any program can be translated into an equivalent one which will work correctly under such an implementation. The proof makes no use of the particular primitive functions and data of the language and hence is true of the corresponding schemata under all interpretations.
Application of Polymer‐Supported Triphenylphosphine and Microwave Irradiation to the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Triflates

Abstract A variety of aryl nitriles were prepared in excellent yield from the palladium(II) acetate–catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl triflates and zinc cyanide under microwave irradiation conditions. To facilitate purification, polymer‐supported triphenylphosphine was used as the palladium ligand. Comparison to the corresponding thermal conditions revealed much shorter reaction times with comparable yields.
Dietary intake and adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study.

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate dietary intake and adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied individuals.DesignA pilot study of dietary intake among a sample of individuals with SCI >1 year ago from a single site compared with able-bodied individuals.Participants/methodsOne hundred black or white adults aged 38–55 years old with SCI >1 year and 100 age-, sex-, and race-matched adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Dietary intake was assessed by the CARDIA dietary history. Linear regression analysis was used to compare dietary intake between the subjects with SCI and those enrolled in the CARDIA study. Further, adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for dairy, fruits, and vegetables, and whole-grain foods was assessed.ResultsCompared with CARDIA participants, participants with SCI consumed fewer daily servings of dairy (2.10 vs. 5.0, P < 0.001), fruit (2.01 vs. 3.64, P = 0.0...
Total synthesis of (−)-salicylihalamide A and related congeners

Abstract A concise, highly efficient total synthesis of (−)-salicylihalamide A ( 1 ), a novel marine sponge metabolite, has been achieved. Key features of the synthetic strategy include a highly E -selective ring-closing metathesis to construct the 12-membered salicylihalamide A macrocycle and a practical method for installation of the labile ene-hepta-( Z , Z )-dienamide side chain involving N -acylation of enecabarmate 5 , the latter derived from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid 28 via acyl azide formation and thermal Curtius rearrangement. Two structurally simplified analogs ( 3 and 4 ) were also prepared which displayed significant, but attenuated cell growth inhibitory activity against several human tumor cell lines.
Surface studies of gas sensing metal oxides

The relation of surface science studies of single crystal metal oxides to gas sensing applications is reviewed. Most metal oxide gas sensors are used to detect oxidizing or reducing gases and therefore this article focuses on surface reduction processes and the interaction of oxygen with these surfaces. The systems that are discussed are: (i) the oxygen vacancy formation on the surface of the ion conductor CeO2(111); (ii) interaction of oxygen with TiO2 (both adsorption processes and the incorporation of oxygen into the TiO2(110) lattice are discussed); (iii) the varying surface composition of SnO2(101) and its consequence for the adsorption of water; and (iv) Cu modified ZnO(0001)-Zn surfaces and its interaction with oxygen. These examples are chosen to give a comprehensive overview of surface science studies of different kinds of gas sensing materials and to illustrate the potential that surface science studies have to give fundamental insight into gas sensing phenomena.
Scaling violation through squark and light gluino production

Abstract In the light gluino scenario, squarks in the 100 GeV mass region can be copiously produced at the Tevatron without a second heavy particle. Their subsequent dijet decay into quark plus gluino leads to non-scaling structure in the inclusive jet X T distribution. The expected behavior is similar to recent observations.
Cross-Coupling of Remote meta-C–H Bonds Directed by a U-Shaped Template

meta-C–H arylation and methylation of 3-phenylpropanoic acid and phenolic derivatives were developed using an easily removable nitrile template. The combination of a weakly coordinating U-shaped template and mono-protected amino acid ligand was crucial for the cross-coupling of C–H bonds with organoborons.
What is surgical research

In this paper, delivered before the European SocietyBronowski, Johann Darwin, for Experimental Surgery in Oslo, May 3, 1973, Dr. Francis Moore defines surgical research as ‘research in human biology t
Far-Ultraviolet Spectral Analysis of the Prototype Nova-like Variable VY Sculptoris from the High State to the Low State

The prototype nova-like variable VY Sculptoris was observed by the IUE during four different optical brightness states of the system. The far-ultraviolet (FUV) flux level from the highest state to the lowest state declines by a factor of 28. We have carried out model accretion disk and white dwarf atmosphere fitting to the spectra. The corresponding accretion rates range from ; at the highest FUV flux level down to at the lowest flux level. We report tentative evidence for the detection of the underlying white dwarf with Teff = 45,000 K in the spectrum with the lowest flux level.
Asymptotic Calculation of Three-Dimensional Thin-Film Effects on Unsteady Hele-Shaw Fingering

An asymptotic calculation for the linear stability of a Hele-Shaw finger is presented in the limit $\epsilon \ll $ Ca $\ll $ 1 ($\epsilon $ being the gap to cell width ratio and Ca the capillary number) when three-dimensional thin-film effects are incorporated in the boundary conditions. Through formal asymptotic calculations, it is shown that as with the simpler idealized boundary conditions of McLean & Saffman (1981), there is only one branch of steady finger that is stable, while others are unstable. The spectrum of the linear stability operator is resolved through extraction of transcendentally small terms in $\epsilon $. Further, some aspects of the nonlinear initial value problem are investigated in the asymptotic limit 0 < $\epsilon \ll $ 1. When $\epsilon $ is set to zero in the equations, i.e. lateral curvature neglected, analytical evidence is presented to show that the initial value problem is ill-posed and is characterized by a finite time singularity on the finger boundary. Lateral curvature effects are expected to regularize the problem; nonetheless, calculations for special cases suggest that for 0 < $\epsilon \ll $ 1, extreme sensitivity of the dynamics occur due to the continual approach of complex singularities towards the physical domain, which is inherited from the $\epsilon $ = 0 problem. These findings are consistent with highly unstable fingering observed experimentally for very small $\epsilon $.
Novel dirhodium tetraprolinate catalysts containing bridging prolinate ligands for asymmetric carbenoid reactions

Abstract The D 2 -symmetric dirhodium prolinate complex 3 is an effective catalyst for asymmetric vinylcarbenoid and phenylcarbenoid cyclopropanations.
Extremal free energy in a simple Mean Field Theory for a Coupled Barotropic fluid - Rotating Sphere System

A family of spin-lattice models are derived as convergent finite dimensional approximations to the rest frame kinetic energy of a barotropic fluid coupled to a massive rotating sphere. A simple mean field theory for this statistical equilibrium model is formulated and solved, providing precise conditions on the planetary spin and relative enstrophy in order for phase transitions to occur at positive and negative critical temperatures, $T_{+}$ and $T_{-}.$ When the planetary spin is relatively small, there is a single phase transition at $T_{-}<0,$ from a preferred mixed vorticity state $v=m$ for all positive temperatures and $T < T_{-}$ to an ordered pro-rotating (west to east) flow state $v=n_u$ for $T_{-} < T <0.$ When the planetary spin is relatively large, there is an additional phase transition at $T_{+}>0$ from a preferred mixed state $v=m$ above $T_{+}$ to an ordered counter-rotating flow state $v=n_d$ for $T < T_{+}.$
Occurrence of the adenosine monophosphate inhibition of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs.

Abstract The phenomenon of the AMP inhibition of ATP-dependent autotropic CO2 fixation, which was first observed in extracts of Thiobacillus thioparus, has now been shown to occur also in extracts of Chromatium D and spinach (Spinacea oleracea). In Chromatium extracts, inhibition of greater than 90% occurred at a ratio AMP ATP of 0.5, whereas in spinach, 60% inhibition occurred at a ratio of 2. Of the mononucleotides only AMP produced an inhibition in extracts of Chromatium; however, CMP produced some inhibition in spinach extracts, but less than AMP. In Chromatium, ADP also inhibited ATP-dependent CO2 fixation, but a higher ratio of ADP to ATP was required than with AMP. In spinach extracts ADP was more inhibitory than AMP. The inhibition did not seem to be due to nonspecific binding of magnesium ions, or reversal of adenylic kinase activity.
Loss and Damage

This article explores so-called ‘loss and damage’ as well as the emerging legal infrastructure that seeks to address it. The article concludes by identifying some of the deep points of contention in the international discourse on loss and damage, particularly regarding compensation, and considerations for a successful resolution of the impasse that loss and damage has produced.
Exciton Transport in a Bilayer Quantum Hall Superfluid

Bilayer quantum Hall systems at v_T = 1 support an excitonic ground state. In addition to the usual charged quasiparticles, this system possesses a condensate degree of freedom: exciton transport. Detection of this neutral transport mode is facilitated by the use of the Corbino multiply-connected geometry in which charge transport is suppressed. We here summarize our recent experiments on Corbino devices which directly demonstrate exciton transport across the bulk of the incompressible v_T = 1 quantum Hall state.
Synthesis and anti-hiv-1 activities of 6-arylthio and 6-arylselenoacyclonucleosides

6-Arylthio and 6-arylselenoacyclonucleosides was synthesized and tested for the ability to inhibit replication of HIV-1. Lithiation of acyclonucleosides with LDA followed by reaction with the electrophiles phenyl disulfide, diphenyl diselenide, 2,2′-dipyrdyl disulfide or 2,2′-dipyridyl diselenide afforded 6-(arylthio or arylseleno)acyclonucleosides 5a-c, 6, 7, 9, 15a-c, 17a-c. Compounds 19a-c and 20a-c were obtained by deprotection of corresponding TBDMS derivatives. Dehydrated products 16a, and 18a-c were also formed during the reactions. 5-Ethyl-6-(α-pyridylthio or α-pyridylseleno) disubstituted acyclouracils 6 and 7 were more active against HIV-1 in both MT-2 and CEM-IW cell lines than AZT, DDC, DDI or D4T. The EC50 of 6 against HIV-1 in CEM-IW cell was in the nanomolar range with a therapeutic index of 1100.
Heating of Jupiter's Thermosphere by Dissipation of Gravity Waves Due to Molecular Viscosity and Heat Conduction

Heating Jupiter's thermosphere by viscous dissipation of upward propagating gravity waves is evaluated with correct formulations of total energy conservation and the total wave induced vertical energy flux. In contrast to the results of L. A. Young et al. (1997, Science276, 108–111), our calculations, with their wave amplitudes and parameters, yield a maximum thermospheric temperature of T=380 K at 552 km above the 1-bar level in comparison to the Galileo probe inferred temperature of T=900 K and therefore gravity waves may not be solely responsible for the observed steep temperature gradient just above the homopause. The large sensible heat flux associated with dissipating gravity waves generates net heating of the lower regions and net cooling of the upper regions of wave dissipation due to energy redistribution. The transition from net heating to net cooling occurs at the level of constant wave amplitude. In regions of substantial wave dissipation the local cooling rate due to sensible heat flux divergence can exceed the local heating due to convergence of the Eliassen–Palm flux to produce (1) net cooling of and (2) a distinct temperature decrease (≈65 K) in the topside thermosphere. To simulate Jupiter's thermospheric temperature profile inferred from the Galileo probe data with (1) gravity wave heating only, (2) 100% conversion of wave energy to internal energy, and (3) radiative cooling by H+3 near-IR emission ∼0.1 erg cm−2 s−1, gravity waves must deposit their energy high in the thermosphere with peak heating occurring near ∼500 and ∼1000 km with near saturation amplitudes at very high altitudes (>1100 km).
Redshift-Space Distortions and the Real-Space Clustering of Different Galaxy Types

We study the distortions induced by peculiar velocities on the redshift-space correlation function of galaxies of different morphological types in the Pisces-Perseus redshift survey. Redshift-space distortions affect early- and late-type galaxies in different ways. In particular, at small separations the dominant effect comes from virialized cluster cores, where ellipticals are the dominant population. The net result is that a meaningful comparison of the clustering strength of different morphological types can be performed only in real space, i.e., after projecting out the redshift distortions on the two-point correlation function ξ(rp, π). A power-law fit to the projected function wp(rp) on scales smaller than 10 h-1 Mpc gives r -->0=8.35 -->+ 0.75−0.76 h-1 Mpc, γ=2.05 -->+ 0.10−0.08 for the early-type population, and r -->0=5.55 -->+ 0.40−0.45 h-1 Mpc, γ=1.73 -->+ 0.07−0.08 for spirals and irregulars. These values are derived for a sample luminosity limited to MZw ≤ -19.5. We detect a 25% increase of r0 with luminosity for all types combined, from MZw = -19 to -20. In the framework of a simple stable clustering model for the mean streaming of pairs, we estimate σ12(1), the one-dimensional pairwise velocity dispersion between 0 and 1 h-1 Mpc, to be 865 -->+ 250−165 km s-1 for early-type galaxies and 345 -->+ 95−65 km s-1 for late types. This latter value should be a fair estimate of the pairwise dispersion for field galaxies; it is stable with respect to the presence or absence of clusters in the sample, and is consistent with the values found for noncluster galaxies and IRAS galaxies at similar separations.
Atomic Scale Sliding and Rolling of Carbon Nanotubes

Using molecular statics and dynamics methods we investigate the motion of nanotubes on a graphite surface. Each nanotube has unique equilibrium orientations with sharp potential energy minima which lead to atomic scale locking of the nanotube. The effective contact area and the total interaction energy scale with the square root of the radius. Sliding and rolling nanotubes have different characters. The potential energy barriers for sliding nanotubes are higher than that for perfect rolling. When the nanotube is pushed, we observe a combination of atomic scale spinning and sliding motion.
Three-dimensional moment arms and architecture of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) leg musculature.

The muscular and skeletal morphology of the chimpanzee ankle and foot differs from that of humans in many important respects. However, little information is available on the moment arms and architecture of the muscles that function around chimpanzee ankle and foot joints. The main goals of this study were to determine the influence of changes in leg and foot position on the moment arms of these muscle-tendon units (MTUs), and provide new measurements of their architecture. Three-dimensional moment arm data were collected from two adult, cadaveric Pan troglodytes specimens for 11 MTUs that cross the ankle and foot joints. Tendon-excursion measurements were made throughout the full range of plantarflexion-dorsiflexion (PF-DF) and eversion-inversion (EV-IN), including repeated measurements for mm. gastrocnemius at 0 °, 45 °, 90 ° and 135 ° of knee flexion. The total range of motion was calculated from three-dimensional joint motion data while ensuring that foot movement was restricted to a single plane. Measurements of muscle mass, fascicle length, pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area were then collected for each MTU. Our results demonstrate that joint position has a significant effect on moment arm lengths, and that in some cases this effect is counterintuitive. These new data contribute to filling a significant gap in previously published chimpanzee moment arm data, providing a comprehensive characterization of the MTUs that move the chimpanzee ankle and foot joints. They also provide empirical support to the notion that chimpanzees have larger ranges of motion at these joints than humans. Comparison of osteometric estimates of moment arm lengths to direct tendon-excursion measures provides some guidance for the use of skeletal features in estimations of PF-DF moment arms. Finally, muscle architecture data are consistent with the findings of previous studies, and increase the sample size of the chimpanzee data that are currently available.
Codetrail: Connecting source code and web resources

When faced with the need for documentation, examples, bug fixes, error descriptions, code snippets, workarounds, templates, patterns, or advice, software developers frequently turn to their web browser. Web resources both organized and authoritative as well as informal and community-driven are heavily used by developers. The time and attention devoted to finding (or re-finding) and navigating these sites is significant. We present Codetrail, a system that demonstrates how the developer's use of web resources can be improved by connecting the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE) and the Firefox web browser. Codetrail uses a communication channel and shared data model between these applications to implement a variety of integrative tools. By combining information previously available only to the IDE or the web browser alone (such as editing history, code contents, and recent browsing), Codetrail can automate previously manual tasks and enable new interactions that exploit the marriage of data and functionality from Firefox and Eclipse. Just as the IDE will change the contents of peripheral views to focus on the particular code or task with which the developer is engaged, so, too, the web browser can be focused on the developer's current context and task.
Solid state interchain transesterification reactions in macromolecules

Interchain transesterification reactions (ITR) play an important role in high temperature synthesis of most linear polyesters. For example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is prepared commercially by heating and distillation of ethylene glycol from a glycol capped oligomer of PET. In this paper, the potential importance of ITR to effect a much wider range of reactions and process is examined. For example, the ability to control the sequence distribution in linear copolyesters is described. In particular, it is shown that one can induce a random sequence distribution in copolyesters by ITR or, conversely, develop an ordered sequence from a random copolyester again by ITR. In one family of liquid crystalline copolyesters an unusual competition between ordering and a thermal Fries rearrangement is described. A whole new family of crosslinked copolyesters has been developed based on this knowledge of ITR. Solid state processing of cured copolyesters into finished articles by ITR has also been demonstrated. These crosslinked copolyesters can be depolymerized back to the starting oligomers by a reverse ITR, providing for the first time a recyclable thermosetting resin.
Adverse selection and moral hazard: Quantitative implications for unemployment insurance

Abstract A model of optimal unemployment insurance with adverse selection and moral hazard is constructed. The model generates both qualitative and quantitative implications for the optimal provision of unemployment insurance. Qualitatively, for some agents, incentives in the optimal contract imply consumption increases over the duration of non-employment. Calibrating the model to a stylized version of the U.S. economy quantitatively illustrates these theoretical predictions. The optimal contract achieves a welfare gain of 1.94% relative to the current U.S. system, an additional 0.87% of gains relative to a planner who ignores adverse selection and focuses only on moral hazard.
Velocity Measurements in a Combustor Undergoing Limit-Cycle Pressure Oscillations

Velocity measurements are reported in a swirl-stabilized spray combustor undergoing limit cycle pressure oscillations. The pressure-oscillations are a manifestation of the thermo-acoustic instability in the combustor (at 200Hz), and the goal of the present work is to understand the flow in a combustor with strong pressure oscillations. A second goal of the work is to provide data for the CFD modeling of self-excited combustion. The measurements have been made with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) for both the non-reacting case and the reacting flow case, and include velocity information for both the gas phase (with titanium dioxide seeding) and the droplet phase (no seeding). Measurements reveal substantial increases in the axial and tangential velocities under reacting flow conditions. The swirl-induced recirculation zone is much stronger (higher negative velocities) with combustion. Droplets are observed as far downstream as 0.72R o (where R o is the radius of the combustor). Significant enhancements in the turbulence levels are noted in the presence of combustion, and these are partly attributed to the thermoacoustic instability and strong pressure oscillations.
Measurements of vacuum arc ion charge-state distributions

The charge-state distribution of ions generated in the metal vapor vacuum arc under a wide range of experimental conditions was measured. The experiments were carried out using an ion source in which the metal vapor vacuum arc is used as the method of plasma production and by which a high-quality, high-current beam of metal ions is produced. Charge-state spectra were measured using a time-of-flight diagnostic; arc voltages were also measured. Parameters that were varied include cathode material, arc current, axial magnetic field strength, neutral gas pressure, and arc geometry. >
On the Algebras of BPS States

We define an algebra on the space of BPS states in theories with extended supersymmetry. We show that the algebra of perturbative BPS states in toroidal compactification of the heterotic string is closely related to a generalized Kac–Moody algebra. We use D-brane theory to compare the formulation of RR-charged BPS algebras in type II compactification with the requirements of string/string duality and find that the RR charged BPS states should be regarded as cohomology classes on moduli spaces of coherent sheaves. The equivalence of the algebra of BPS states in heterotic/IIA dual pairs elucidates certain results and conjectures of Nakajima and Gritsenko & Nikulin, on geometrically defined algebras and furthermore suggests nontrivial generalizations of these algebras. In particular, to any Calabi–Yau 3-fold there are two canonically associated algebras exchanged by mirror symmetry.
Unified strategy for the synthesis of the "miscellaneous" lycopodium alkaloids: total synthesis of (+/-)-lyconadin A.

Total synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid lyconadin A was achieved in 18 steps starting from a readily available vinylogous ester and bromopicoline. The key step in the total synthesis is a proximity-driven oxidative C−N bond-forming reaction that yields the lyconadin pentacycle from a tetracyclic precursor. The key tetracycle, which has been prepared for the first time, is a versatile intermediate that may be utilized for the total synthesis of a variety of Lycopodium alkaloids. Critical to the success of this plan was the efficient preparation of a pyridine-annulated cycloheptadiene tricycle that promises to be a general strategy to access a variety of seven-membered ring containing natural products.
The size of SPP

Derandomization techniques are used to show that at least one of the following holds regarding the size of the counting complexity class SPP: 1. µp(SPP)=0. 2. PH ⊆ SPP. In other words, SPP is small by being a negligible subset of exponential time or large by containing the entire polynomial-time hierarchy. This addresses an open problem about the complexity of the graph isomorphism problem: it is not weakly complete for exponential time unless PH is contained in SPP. It is also shown that the polynomial-time hierarchy is contained in SPPNP if NP does not have p-measure 0.
Hygroscopicity frequency distributions of secondary organic aerosols

[1] Secondary organic compounds are an important component of ambient aerosol and potentially lower the supersaturation that is required for individual particles to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the oxidation of a single precursor can be composed of many different compounds and their overall CCN efficiency has been reported for many different SOA systems. An aerosol's CCN efficiency can be described by a single hygroscopicity parameter, κ. However, this κ comprises an unknown distribution of underlying κ-values resulting from each individual compound in the SOA mixture. Here we report on a new technique for characterizing this distribution ofκ. Precursor hydrocarbons were oxidized in an environmental chamber to form SOA, which was collected on filters and extracted using ethyl acetate. Extracts were then fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using gradient elution with acetonitrile and water. The eluate was atomized, the solvent was removed by evaporation, and the residual aerosol particles were analyzed as a function of retention time using scanning flow CCN analysis. Kappa-values generally decreased with component retention time, consistent with expected decreasing polarity. Averaged SOAκ-values reconstructed by integrating over the chromatogram agreed well with values measured for SOA sampled directly from the environmental chamber, suggesting thatκfor SOA represents the volume-weighted average of the constituent compounds'κ-values. We anticipate that our measured hygroscopicity distributions will serve as validation points for mechanistic models that seek to predict the generation and evolution of organic aerosol composition and properties in the atmosphere.
FexPb4−xSb4Se10: A New Class of Ferromagnetic Semiconductors with Quasi 1D {Fe2Se10} Ladders

A new family of quasi-one-dimensional ferromagnetic selenides with general formula FexPb4−xSb4Se10 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) was generated by isoelectronic substitution in octahedral positions of Pb atoms by Fe within the structure of Pb4Sb4Se10. Two members of this family with x = 0.75 and x = 1 were synthesized as a single phase through direct combination of the elements at 823 K. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that Fe0.75Pb3.25Sb4Se10 crystallizes with the orthorhombic space group Pnma, whereas Fe0.96Pb3.04Sb4Se10 adopts the lower symmetry monoclinic subgroup P2(1)/m (#11). Both compounds are isomorphous with Pb4Sb4Se10, and their crystal structures consist of corrugated layers of edge-sharing bicapped trigonal prisms and octahedra around Pb atoms. Adjacent layers are interconnected by NaCl-type {SbSe} ribbons. The voids left by this arrangement are filled by the novel one-dimensional {Fe2Se10} double chains (ladder) of edge-sharing octahedra running along [010]. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibil...
θ-vacua, fermions from bosons, solitons and Wess-Zumino terms in string models

Abstract String models are presented in a new formalation which shows that the conventional string admits the analogue of the QCD θ-vacuum and that Schild's null string can be quantized using either bosonic or fermionic states only. The latter is also shown to contain a soliton and to admit the analogue of a Wess-Zumino term. The new formulation reveals the possibility of several string models, permits their classification (in a way similar to the classification of point particles in representations of the Poincare group) and suggests a novel description of spinning strings.
The Permanent Income Hypothesis and Consumption Durability: Analysis Based on Japanese Panel Data

The permanent income hypothesis with durability of commodities is tested on a panel of about 2,000 Japanese households for several commodity groups. Under static expectations about real interest rates and for some class of utility functions, consumption, which is a distributed lag function of current and past expenditure, follows a martingale. Main empirical results are (i) the durability of commodities usually classified as services is substantial, (ii) the hypothesis applies to about 85 percent of the population consisting of wage earners, and (iii) income changes explain only a small fraction of the movements in expenditure.
Protective effects of polyamine depletion in mouse models of type 1 diabetes: implications for therapy

The underlying pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune-mediated islet inflammation, leading to dysfunction and death of insulin-secreting islet β cells. Recent studies have shown that polyamines, which are essential for mRNA translation, cellular replication, and the formation of the hypusine modification of eIF5A may play an important role in the progression of cellular inflammation. To test a role for polyamines in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, we administered the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethylornithine to two mouse models—the low-dose streptozotocin model and the NOD model—to deplete intracellular polyamines, and administered streptozotocin to a third model, which was haploinsufficient for the gene encoding the hypusination enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase. Subsequent development of diabetes and/or glucose intolerance was monitored. In the low-dose streptozotocin mouse model, continuous difluoromethylornithine administration dose-dependently reduced the incidence of hyperglycemia and led to the preservation of β cell area, whereas in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes difluoromethylornithine reduced diabetes incidence by 50 %, preserved β cell area and insulin secretion, led to reductions in both islet inflammation and potentially diabetogenic Th17 cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. Difluoromethylornithine treatment reduced hypusinated eIF5A levels in both immune cells and islets. Animals haploinsufficient for the gene encoding deoxyhypusine synthase were partially protected from hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin. Collectively, these studies suggest that interventions that interfere with polyamine biosynthesis and/or eIF5A hypusination may represent viable approaches in the treatment of diabetes.
Limit points badly approximable by horoballs

For a proper, geodesic, Gromov hyperbolic metric space X, a discrete subgroup of isometries Γ whose limit set is uniformly perfect, and a disjoint collection of horoballs {H j }, we show that the set of limit points badly approximable by {H j } is absolutely winning in the limit set Λ(Γ). As an application, we deduce that for a geometrically finite Kleinian group acting on $${\mathbb{H}^{n+1}}$$ , the limit points badly approximable by parabolics, denoted BA(Γ), is absolutely winning, generalizing previous results of Dani and McMullen. As a consequence of winning, we show that BA(Γ) has dimension equal to the critical exponent of the group. Since BA(Γ) can alternatively be described as the limit points representing bounded geodesics in the quotient $${\mathbb{H}^{n+1}/\Gamma}$$ , we recapture a result originally due to Bishop and Jones.
Probabilistic risk attitudes and local risk aversion: a paradox

Prominent theories of decision under risk that challenge expected utility theory model risk attitudes at least partly with transformation of probabilities. This paper shows how attributing local risk aversion to attitudes towards probabilities can produce extreme probability distortions that imply paradoxical risk aversion.
Photodetachment of Relativistic Ions

A series of fundamental laser ion beam experiments has been made feasible by the high-quality, relativistic (s = 0.842) H- ion beam available at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). The relativistic Doppler shift of the light from an ordinary ultraviolet laser provides what is, in effect, a continuously tunable vacuum-ultraviolet laser in the rest frame of the moving ions. The Lorentz transformation of a modest laboratory magnetic field provides an electric field of several megavolts/centimeter. The latest results of our photo-detachment work with H- beams and our spectroscopic work with H0 beams are presented. Our plans for future work are discussed.
Statistical Assessment of Shapes and Magnetic Field Orientations in Molecular Clouds through Polarization Observations

We present a novel statistical analysis aimed at deriving the intrinsic shapes and magnetic field orientations of molecular clouds using dust emission and polarization observations by the Hertz polarimeter. Our observables are the aspect ratio of the projected plane-of-the-sky cloud image and the angle between the mean direction of the plane-of-the-sky component of the magnetic field and the short axis of the cloud image. To overcome projection effects due to the unknown orientation of the line-of-sight, we combine observations from 24 clouds, assuming that line-of-sight orientations are random and all are equally probable. Through a weighted least-squares analysis, we find that the best-fitting intrinsic cloud shape describing our sample is an oblate disc with only small degrees of triaxiality. The best-fitting intrinsic magnetic field orientation is close to the direction of the shortest cloud axis, with small (~24°) deviations towards the long/middle cloud axes. However, due to the small number of observed clouds, the power of our analysis to reject alternative configurations is limited.
Clustering kinetics of granular media in three dimensions

Abstract Three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of dissipative particles (∼10 6 ) are carried out for studying the clustering kinetics of granular media during cooling. The inter-connected high particle density regions are identified, showing tube-like structures. The energy decay rates as functions of the particle density and the restitution coefficient are obtained. It is found that the probability density function of the particle density obeys an exponential distribution at late stages. Both the fluctuation of density and the mean cluster size of the particle density have power law relations against time during the inelastic coalescing process.
Chronic Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration in Normal Men: Evidence that Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Is Necessary for the Maintenance of Quantitatively Normal Spermatogenesis in Man

The role of FSH in the maintenance of spermatogenesis in man is poorly understood. To determine whether normal serum levels of FSH are necessary for the maintenance of quantitatively normal spermatogenesis, we first studied the effect on sperm production of selective FSH deficiency induced by chronic administration of hCG in normal men. Then, we determined the effect of FSH replacement in some of these men. After a 3-month control period, eight normal men (aged 30-39 yr) received 5000 IU hCG, im, twice weekly for 7 months. Then while continuing the same dosage of hCG, subjects simultaneously received 200 mg testosterone enanthate (T), im, weekly for an additional 6 months. hCG administration alone resulted in partial suppression of the mean sperm concentration from 88 +/- 24 (+/-SEM) million/ml during the control period to 22 +/- 7 million/ml during the last 4 months of hCG treatment (P less than 0.001 compared to control values). With the addition of T to hCG, sperm counts remained suppressed to the same degree. Except for one man who became azoospermic while receiving hCG plus T, sperm motilities and morphologies remained normal in all subjects throughout the entire study. During both the hCG alone and hCG plus T periods, serum FSH levels were undetectable (less than 25 ng/ml), and urinary FSH levels were comparable to those in prepubertal children and hypogonadotropic hypogonadal adults. We replaced FSH activity in four of the eight men in whom prolonged selective FSH deficiency and partial suppression of sperm production were induced by hCG administration. Immediately after the period of hCG plus T administration, T was stopped in four men who continued to receive hCG alone (5000 IU, im, twice weekly) for 3 months. Then, while continuing the same dosage of hCG, these men received 100 IU human FSH, sc, daily (n = 2) or 75 IU human menopausal gonadotropin, sc, daily (n = 2) for 5-8 months. During the second period of hCG administration alone, serum FSH levels were undetectable (less than 25 ng/ml), and sperm concentrations were suppressed (34 +/- 13 million/ml) compared to the control values for these four men (125 +/- 39 million/ml; P less than 0.001). With the addition of FSH to hCG, FSH levels increased (213 +/- 72 ng/ml) and sperm concentrations rose significantly, reaching a mean of 103 +/- 30 million/ml (P less than 0.03 compared to hCG alone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Comparison of Ring Current Methods for Use in Molecular Modeling Refinement of NMR Derived Three-Dimensional Structures

A comparison between three different methods commonly used to estimate ring current effects on chemical shifts is presented. Haigh−Mallion, Johnson−Bovey, and classical point-dipole approximations ...
Preservation of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin in the Digital Repository

To assist agricultural librarians in their new role as digital preservation and distribution specialists, this article documents the basic procedures for scanning and digitizing print agricultural serial publications and submitting them to a DSpace digital repository, through a case study of a project at Texas A&M University Libraries to digitize Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins. It is hoped that a dispersed network of similar agricultural materials in all the various land grant university digital repositories could be crawled to harvest the metadata records and make them accessible in a central user-friendly digital library for agriculture.
Lithium carbonate and neuromuscular blocking agents

The effects of lithium carbonate on the responses to five neuromuscular blocking agents were evaluated in dogs anesthetized with halothane (1 per cent) and N2O (60 per cent) in O2. Latency (time from first twitch-height depression to maximal blockade), maximal twitch-height depression, and times to return to 50 per cent and 100 per cent control twitch tension were measured before and after intravenous infusion of lithium carbonate (1 mg/kg/min for one hour) during neuromuscular blockades produced by succinylcholine, decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Lithium prolonged the latencies of neuromuscular blockades produced by 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine and 0.1 mg/kg decamethonium by 248.1 per cent and 49.0 per cent, respectively, but had no effect on latency produced by 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium. The times for return to 50 per cent of control twitch height were prolonged by 69.5, 40.0, and 120.1 per cent, respectively. Lithium had no effect on latency or duration of blockades produced by 0.15 mg/kg d-tubocurarine and 0.6 mg/kg gallamine, but enhanced maximal twitch-height depressions produced by 0.9 mg/kg gallamine and 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium by 22.9 and 9.9 per cent, respectively. Twitch tensions decreased 5-10 per cent over three hours in three dogs receiving lithium infusion without relaxants. Twitch tension was depressed 0-2 per cent in three dogs after five hours of anesthesia in the absence of lithium or relaxants. Lithium prolonged the time required for neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium in two of three dogs from a mean of 60 seconds to 135 seconds.
Dynamics of the Stratiform Sector of a Tropical Cyclone Rainband

AbstractAirborne Doppler radar documented the stratiform sector of a rainband within the stationary rainband complex of Hurricane Rita. The stratiform rainband sector is a mesoscale feature consisting of nearly uniform precipitation and weak vertical velocities from collapsing convective cells. Upward transport and associated latent heating occur within the stratiform cloud layer in the form of rising radial outflow. Beneath, downward transport is organized into descending radial inflow in response to two regions of latent cooling. In the outer, upper regions of the rainband, sublimational cooling introduces horizontal buoyancy gradients, which produce horizontal vorticity and descending inflow similar to that of the trailing-stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system. Within the zone of heavier stratiform precipitation, melting cooling along the outer rainband edge creates a midlevel horizontal buoyancy gradient across the rainband that drives air farther inward beneath the brightband. The organi...
War finance and the baby boom

Abstract In this paper, I extend the Barro–Becker model of endogenous fertility to incorporate specific fiscal policies and use it to study the effects of the fiscal policy changes following WWII on fertility in the United States. The US government went through large changes in fiscal policy after the beginning of WWII. The marginal income tax rate for an average American jumped from 4% on average before 1940 to approximately 25% during the war and stayed around 20% afterwards. The government debt–GDP ratio jumped from approximately 30% on average before WWII to 108% in 1946 and then dropped gradually in the following two decades to about 30% again at the end of 1960s. I find that the dramatic increase in the marginal income tax rate was an important cause of the postwar baby boom in the US because it lowered the after-tax wage and thus the opportunity cost of child-rearing. I also find that the differential change in taxes by income was an important reason why the baby boom was more pronounced among richer households (as documented by Jones and Tertilt, 2008 ). Furthermore, I argue that the government's debt policy may also matter for understanding fertility choices because government debt implies a tax burden on children in the future and thus affects their utility, which is a key determinant of current fertility choice in the Barro–Becker model. The results of a computational experiment show that the US government's postwar debt policy also contributed to the baby boom, but its quantitative importance is relatively small.
Varieties fibered by good minimal models

Let f : X → Y be an algebraic fiber space such that the general fiber has a good minimal model. We show that if f is the Iitaka fibration or if f is the Albanese map with relative dimension no more than three, then X has a good minimal model.
Interactive Audio Documents

Abstract Communicating technical material orally is often hindered by the relentless linearity of audio; information flows actively past a passive listener. This is in stark contrast to communication through the printed medium, where we can actively peruse the visual display to access relevant information. ASTER is an interactive computing system for audio formatting electronic documents (presently, documents written in (LA)TEX) to produce audio documents. ASTER can speak both literary texts and highly technical documents that contain complex mathematics. In fact, the effective speaking and interactive browsing of mathematics is a key goal of ASTER. To this end, a listener can browse both complete documents and complex mathematical expressions. ASTER thus enables active listening. This paper describes the browsing component of ASTER. The design and implementation of ASTER is beyond the scope of this paper. Here, we will focus on the browser, and refer to other parts of the system in passing for the sake of completeness.