cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade-off queuing delay and link utilization for solving bufferbloat

Abstract To solve the bufferbloat problem, active queue management (AQM) has been recommended but existing AQM algorithms suffer from poor adaptability to dynamic traffics. We develop a novel adaptive AQM algorithm named TODU for a better Trade-Off between queuing Delay and link Utilization. TODU aims to maintain a stable queue length against dynamical network traffics by adapting the drop probability to balance the expected link utilization and queuing delay. We compare TODU with benchmark algorithms in Network Simulator-2 and the results demonstrate that TODU achieves a better trade-off between low queuing latency and high link utilization in a dynamical environment.
Parent-Child Relationship Quality in the Family of Origin and Later Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Systematic Review.

A large and diverse literature has shown that parent-child relationship quality shapes development to affect later romantic relationship functioning. Guided by the developmental psychopathology framework, the current systematic review aimed to characterize the links between two major subtypes of parent-child relationship quality (parent-child attachment security and interaction quality) and several romantic relationship outcomes (i.e., adjustment, attachment security, aggression, and observed interaction quality), as well as to identify mechanisms accounting for these associations. We focused on studies that included both members of a couple/partnership for dyadic assessment of romantic relationship functioning, to more accurately and fully capture both partners' perspectives. A total of 40 articles met inclusion criteria, most of which sampled early/emerging adult couples between the ages of 18 and 26 years. Findings suggest that parent-child attachment security and interaction quality have similar associations with dyadic romantic relationship functioning, with the strongest evidence of effects on romantic relationship adjustment and observed interactions between romantic partners. Many studies found gender differences in effects, as well as cascading effects across development and over the course of a relationship. We argue that it is important for future studies to explore effects of one partner's parent-child relationship quality history on the other partner's romantic relationship adjustment and behavior, and to evaluate the extent to which parent-child attachment security mediates associations between parent-child interaction quality and romantic relationship functioning.
Standardization of fertility preservation discussion amongst pediatric oncology and bone marrow transplant patients.

10051Background: As treatment for pediatric malignancies improves long term survival, physicians are shifting focus to late effects of therapy such as infertility. Currently, options for fertility ...
Spinal intramedullary hematoma presenting years following a cervical epidural injection.

Background Intramedullary cervical cystic lesions are typically attributed to tumors, infection, or trauma. Here, a patient newly presented with quadriparesis due to a chronic cervical intramedullary hematoma attributed to a cervical epidural steroid injection (CESI) performed 4 years earlier. Case Description A 38-year-old patient had a CESI in 2014. Resulting in a transient quadriparesis attributed to an inadvertent intramedullary cord injection. Now, at age 42, she presented with a recurrent cervical myelopathy due to an MR-documented C3-C6 intramedullary cystic lesion that at surgery proved to be a chronic liquified hematoma rather than a syrinx. Conclusion CESI can result in inadvertent intramedullary hemorrhages and spinal cord injuries. Here, a 42-year-old female presented with recurrent myelopathy due to a chronic intramedullary C3-C6 cervical hematoma attributed a prior intramedullary CESI injection performed 4 years previously.
ALGEL/sup /spl reg// as a dural sealant, determination of effects on the sensori-motor cortex in rats

ALGEL/sup /spl reg// (Neural Intervention Technologies, Ann Arbor, MI) has shown promise as a biocompatible and mechanically stable material when used as a dural sealant. ALGEL provides a suitable interface between the brain surface and cortical neural implants to help attain long-term neural recordings for over one year in laboratory animals. This paper investigates whether the ALGEL can cause abnormal neural activity or seizures when placed in contact with the motor cortex. Sixteen rats underwent craniotomy procedures and ALGEL and its reactive component, calcium chloride, were placed in contact with the cortex. The response of the animals was evaluated with electroencephalography (EEG) and clinical monitoring of behavior during controlled anesthesia for up to two hours post-application. ALGEL was compared with tranexamic acid (tAMCA), a synthetic fibrinolysis inhibitor that has been shown to cause epileptic seizures. tAMCA, at a dose of 100 mg/ml, showed marked paroxymal brain activity with associated and distinct episodes of jerk-correlated convulsive behaviors. However, various applications of ALGEL on the rat cortex showed no abnormal EEG signals and no episodes of jerk-correlated convulsive behaviors. ALGEL appears to be a safe and effective dural sealant that can be used alone or in combination with neural implants.
Sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to lipids in healthy human ageing

Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase vascular resistance and blood pressure (BP); however, the response with ageing is not known. The objectives of this study were to characterize the cardiovascular, neural and endocrine responses to acute elevation of NEFA concentration. Seventeen healthy older volunteers (7 male and 10 female; age, 69 +/- 1 years; body mass index, 24 +/- 0 kg m(2); values are means +/- s.e.m.) received a 4 h intravenous infusion of the lipid emulsion Intralipid 20% or placebo (single-blind, randomized, balanced order) on two different days separated by at least 2 weeks. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), heart rate (HR), BP, cardiac output, leptin, insulin, aldosterone, angiotensin II and F(2)-isoprostanes were measured. The change in HR (+8.8 +/- 0.9 versus +3.0 +/- 0.9 beats min(1)), systolic BP (+13.9 +/- 2.2 versus +6.6 +/- 2.4 mmHg) and diastolic BP (+7.4 +/- 1.5 versus +1.3 +/- 0.8 mmHg) was significantly greater after Intralipid versus placebo infusions (P < 0.001). Lipid infusion increased MSNA burst frequency (+6.7 +/- 1.6 bursts min(1)), total MSNA (+45%; P < 0.001) and concentrations of insulin (+40%), aldosterone (+50%) and F(2)-isoprostanes (+80%), but not leptin. Hyperlipidaemia caused directionally opposite responses for insulin (increased) and calf vascular resistance (decreased) in men, whereas insulin and calf vascular resistance responses were severely blunted and non-existent, respectively, in women. We conclude that direct vascular mechanisms and central sympathetic activation contribute to the NEFA pressor response; though absolute values are higher, the change is not different compared with previous studies in a younger population.
The impact of apologies and promises on post‐violation trust

Purpose – This research aims to separate the effect of a promise from an apology, examine interactional justice as a theoretical mechanism explaining the relationship between these accounts and post‐violation trust, examine how message content compares to the gesture of sending a message, and test offense severity as a moderator.Design/methodology/approach – This study employed the Trust Game.Findings – Results indicated significant apology × promise and apology × promise × offense severity interactions on interactional justice, and interactional justice fully mediated the relationship between promises and post‐violation trust.Research limitations/implications – Although this study was completed using a laboratory game with anonymous partners, results suggest that interactional justice provides a means for relationships to quickly get back on track after a violation. Specifically, promises provide “forward‐looking” information (trustworthy intent) and interpersonal sensitivity (demonstration of courtesy a...
Integrated information theory of consciousness: an updated account

This article presents an updated account of integrated information theory of consciousness (liT) and some of its implications. /IT stems from thought experiments that lead to phenomenological axioms (existence, compositionality, information, integration, exclusion) and corresponding ontological postulates. The information axiom asserts that every experience is spec~fic - it is what it is by differing in its particular way from a large repertoire of alternatives. The integration axiom asserts that each experience is unified- it cannot be reduced to independent components. The exclusion axiom asserts that every experience is definite - it is limited to particular things and not others and flows at a particular speed and resolution. /IT formalizes these intuitions with postulates. The information postulate states that only "differences that make a difference" from the intrinsic perpective of a system matter: a mechanism generates cause-effect information if its present state has selective past causes and selective future effects within a system. The integration postulate states that only information that is irreducible matters: mechanisms generate integrated information only to the extent that the information they generate cannot be partitioned into that generated within independent components. The exclusion postulate states that only maxima of integrated information matter: a mechanism specifies only one maximally irreducible set of past causes and future effects - a concept. A complex is a set of elements specifying a maximally irreducible constellation of concepts, where the maximum is evaluated over elements and at the optimal spatiatemporal scale. Its concepts specify a maximally integrated conceptual information structure or quale, which is identical with an experience. Finally, changes in information integration upon exposure to the environment reflect a system's ability to match the causal structure of the world. After introducing an updated definition of information integration and related quantities, the article presents some theoretical considerations about the relationship between information and causation and about the relational structure of concepts within a qua/e. It also explores the relationship between the temporal grain size of information integration and the dynamic of metastable states in the corticothalamic complex. Finally, it summarizes how liT accounts for empirical findings about the neural substrate of consciousness, and how various aspects of phenomenology may in principle be addressed in terms of the geometry of information integration.
First demonstration of an integrated photonic phase-sensitive amplifier

For the first time, an integrated photonic phase-sensitive amplifier is reported. Approximately 6.3 dB extinction of on-chip phase-sensitive gain based on a signal-degenerate dual pump four-wave mixing architecture has been achieved.
Hierarchical temporal video segmentation and content characterization

This paper addresses the segmentation of a video sequence into shots, specification of edit effects and subsequent characterization of shots in terms of color and motion content. The proposed scheme uses DC images extracted from MPEG compressed video and performs an unsupervised clustering for the extraction of camera shots. The specification of edit effects, such as fade-in/out and dissolve is based on the analysis of distribution of mean value for the luminance components. This step is followed by the representation of visual content of temporal segments in terms of key frames selected by similarity analysis of mean color histograms. For characterization of the similar temporal segments, motion and color characteristics are classified into different categories using a set of different features derived from motion vectors of triangular meshes and mean histograms of video shots.
Associative learning in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti: avoidance of a previously attractive odor or surface color that is paired with an aversive stimulus

Associative learning has been shown in a variety of insects, including the mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae . This study demonstrates associative learning for the first time in Aedes aegypti , an important vector of dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses. This species prefers to rest on dark surfaces and is attracted to the odor of 1-octen-3-ol. After training in which a dark surface alone or a dark surface with odor was paired with electric shock, mosquitoes avoided the previously attractive area. The association was stronger when odor was included in training, was retained for at least 60 min but not for 24 h, and was equal for males and females. These results demonstrate the utility of a bulk-training paradigm for mosquitoes similar to that used with Drosophila melanogaster .
Motivated migrants: (Re)framing Arab women's experiences

Synopsis Much of the existing literature on Arab migration either assumes women do not migrate or focuses on their experiences in the diaspora. Using two unique data sets, one collected in a source country (Palestine) and the other in a host country (France), we are able to make visible a type of migration that has remained largely invisible to date. Combining quantitative analysis and a case study approach, we examine patterns as well as the motivations for Arab women's migration, categorizing motivations as political, educational, and employment-related, but also highlighting how political and economic forces, as well as educational and familial motives, are difficult to disentangle, and may shift over time. We also contextualize our findings historically by exploring the multifaceted manner in which structural factors, such as political systems and economic forces, influence both decisions to leave one's home and reception in the host country in gendered ways. In particular, we find that in recent decades new opportunities have emerged for women to migrate to pursue educational goals.
Coping with pediatric ambulatory surgery : Effectiveness of parent-implemented behavioral distraction strategies

This study evaluated two behavioral distraction interventions for parents of pediatric ambulatory surgery patients. One hundred and one children, 4 to 8 years of age, and their parents were randomly assigned to one of three groups, written behavioral distraction guidelines (n = 34), didactic session plus written behavioral guidelines (n = 33), and standard procedure control (n = 34). Baseline assessment of child and parent anxiety took place immediately prior to surgery. Intervention effects were measured on child outcomes including distress, cooperation, and postoperative pain, and on parent outcomes including their perceptions of intervention helpfulness and satisfaction with the surgical experience. Control parents received standard care. Intervention parents received, in addition, written behavioral guidelines describing the use of distraction to reduce children's preoperative distress as well as age-appropriate toys to use during the preoperative period. One group of parents also participated in a brief didactic session on the use of distraction techniques. While no differences were found between the control and the distraction with didactic instruction groups, the group that received written instructions alone showed significantly more distress behaviors prior to surgery compared to the control and didactic instruction groups. Although parents responded positively to the didactic session, it appeared that a structured parent-implemented behavioral distraction program as described in this study was not more effective than standard care.
Chronic placental ischemia alters amniotic fluid milieu and results in impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia in young rats

Although small size at birth is associated with hypertension and associated co-morbidities such as insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus, many of the animal models employed to simulate this phenomenon do not closely mimic the ontogeny of growth restriction observed clinically. While intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is often detected near mid-pregnancy in women and persists until term, most rodent models of IUGR employ ligation of uterine arteries for a brief period during late gestation (days 19–21 of pregnancy). We hypothesized that IUGR associated with chronic reduction in uteroplacental perfusion (RUPP) and placental ischemia during the third trimester of pregnancy in the rat alters the amniotic fluid (AF) environment and results in hypertensive offspring presenting with metabolic abnormalities such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-2, Na+ concentration and oxidative stress in the AF were increased, while K+ concentration was decre...
Childhood Trauma and Active Mental Processes: Dissociation and Metacognition Influence Control of Negative Thoughts

Among trauma survivors, efforts to control distressing thoughts may be linked with dissociation. We examined the hypothesis that dissociation was related to metacognitive need to control thoughts (NCT); and explored dissociation and NCT as mediators between trauma and thought control techniques in a sample of college students. Dissociation was positively related to NCT and to childhood betrayal trauma (abuse by someone close to the victim). Dissociation and NCT mediated the relationship between childhood betrayal trauma and strategies used to control negative thoughts. Overall, childhood betrayal trauma was associated with NCT and with the use of active thought control methods such as reappraisal and worry, which require focusing directly on the thought; dissociation mediates this relationship. Therapeutic approaches that enhance awareness for cognitive and emotional experiences may be helpful for dissociative trauma survivors.
Possible fault detection in cottonball basin, California: an application of radar remote sensing

Abstract An analysis of a 3-cm wavelength radar image of Cottonball Basin in Death Valley National Monument has revealed the existence of two suspect fault traces in evaporite deposits that are less than 2000-yr old. The traces are well defined on the image because the radar system was able to differentiate surface roughness variations at the centimeter scale. The features are not recognizable on data sets recorded in the visible and near-infrared spectral bands. Results indicate the potential of radar images as a tool to help locate recent breaks along a fault when the disturbed zone is represented by a somewhat rougher surface than is found in immediately adjacent areas.
Mutation-rate determinations based on electrophoretic analysis of laboratory mice

Rate calculations are described for germinal mutations detected by an electrophoretic system as applied to mice in a series of recent experiments. The utility of the electrophoretic system is examined from several comparative viewpoints. The electrophoretic approach has a number of features to recommend it for future applications concerned with genetic hazard assessment. Its advantages include sensitivity, versatility, cost effectiveness and relevance to humans.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGIC STUDIES ON ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN THE AVASCULAR CORNEA I. REACTIONS IN RABBITS ACTIVELY SENSITIZED TO FOREIGN PROTEIN

The injection of antigen into the center of the avascular cornea of homologously sensitized animals induced a ring of opacification between the center of the cornea and the limbus. This ring of opacification was composed of a line of deeply eosinophilic amorphous material in a matrix of swollen collagen fibers, palisaded by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. By use of fluor-tagged antigen, it was shown that the line of damage in the cornea coincided with the precipitation of antigen presumably by antibody entering the cornea from the limbal vessels. With the passage of time, the antigen-antibody precipitates were removed, at least in part by phagocytosis, and the ring of opacification was replaced by ingrowing blood vessels surrounded by plasma cells. Treatment of sensitized animals with nitrogen mustard showed that antigen-antibody interaction could injure the corneal stroma in the relative absence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Preparation and properties of pbs crystals with low carrier concentrations

By using a two-temperature annealing technique to reduce native defect concentrations we have achieved carrier concentrations as low as 5. 6 x l015 cm-3 in bulk single crystals of PbS. Hall coef-ficient, electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, infrared absorption coefficient, and CO2 laser transmission scan measure-ments were carried out for various samples in the carrier con-centration range from 5. 6 x l015 cm-3 to 4. 8 x 1018 cm-3. The low-temperature carrier concentration data were analyzed using a quantitative theory for the native defect concentrations as a function of the sulfur vapor pressure. Calculations based on this theory yield good agreement with experiment for intrinsic carrier concentration and defect equilibrium coefficient values of 5.5 x 1017 cm-3 and 5. 0 x 1017 cm-3, respectively, at 600°C.
Coarse-grained simulation of cellulose Iβ with application to long fibrils

Cellulose microfibrils are recalcitrant toward dissolution, thus it is difficult to extract and characterize them without modifying their native state. To study the molecular level behavior of microfibrils over 100 sugar residues, we construct a coarse-grained model of solvated cellulose Iβ microfibril using one bead per sugar residue. We derive the coarse-grained force field from atomistic simulation of a 36 chain, 40-residue microfibril by requiring consistency between the chain configuration, intermolecular packing and hydrogen bonding of the two levels of modeling. Coarse-grained force sites are placed at the geometric center of each glucose ring. Intermolecular van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions are added sequentially until the microfibril crystal structure in the atomistic simulation is achieved. This requires hydrogen bond potentials for pairs that hydrogen bond in cellulose Iβ, as well as those that can hydrogen bond in other structures, but not in cellulose Iβ. Microfibrils longer than 100 nm form kinks along their longitudinal direction, with an average periodicity of 70 nm. The behavior of kinked regions is similar with a bending angle of approximately 20°. These kinked regions might be linked to observations of periodic disorder from small angle neutron scattering and acid hydrolysis.
β-Adrenergic Blockade and Leptin Replacement Effectively Mitigate Disuse Bone Loss

Our objective was to test effects of β-adrenergic blockade on hindlimb unloading (HU)-induced bone loss and serum leptin and to compare these responses with those observed with leptin replacement. Adult male rats were randomized into six groups (n = 10 each): HU rats treated with vehicle (VEHHU), leptin analog (LEPHU), or β-blocker (BBHU) during a 28-day HU and cage activity controls (CC) treated with the same three agents and pair-fed to HU rats. On days 0 and 28, pQCT scans of proximal tibia and serum collections for leptin assays were performed, and histomorphometric measures of proximal tibia cancellous bone were assessed. The 20% decrease in cancellous vBMD observed in the VEHHU group was halved in BBHU rats and LEPHU rats. Bone formation rate (BFR) in BBHU rats, but not in LEPHU rats, was preserved. The 3-fold increase in resorption surface with HU was abolished by BB and LEP treatments. The decrease in serum leptin after a 28-day HU was attenuated in BBHU and LEPHU rats and was predictive of the decrease in BFR with HU. Blocking sympathetic adrenergic signaling by peripheral administration of a β-blocker during HU mitigates disuse-induced decreases in cancellous bone mass through stimulation of osteoblastic activity and suppression of osteoclastic activity. A direct effect of β-adrenergic blockade on bone cells during HU may be enhanced by an indirect effect mitigating reductions in circulating leptin, possibly through disinhibition of leptin release from adipocytes.
Nutritional and chemical evaluation of the protein fraction from fermented ammoniated whey.

Abstract Whey from cottage cheese was fermented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus at 43C and pH 5.5 (ammonia was added continuously to maintain the pH), and the fermented product was fractionated by dialysis into a protein fraction containing whey proteins and bacterial cells and an ammonium lactate fraction. The protein fraction was concentrated by evaporation, lyophilized, contained 95.5% total solids, 64.4% crude protein, 6.9% lactose, and had a gross energy of 5.5 kcal/g. Approximately 91.6% of crude protein in protein fraction was hot trichloroacetic acid precipitable or true protein. The modified essential amino acid index and in vitro protein digestibility of protein fraction were 99 and 92.4%. Based on feeding trials with rats, protein fraction had a protein efficiency ratio of 4.1±.15 which was higher than the protein efficiency ratio of 3.34±.26 for casein. Protein fraction is a potentially valuable protein supplement for humans. The ammonium lactate fraction, concentrated by evaporation to 32° Baume, contained 63.9% total solids, 53.8% crude protein, .6% lactose and had a gross energy of 3.5 kcal/g. The trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen accounted for 99.9% of the total nitrogen in ammonium lactate fraction of which 74.4% was ammonia nitrogen. The ammonium lactate fraction is a potential nonprotein nitrogen supplement for ruminants.
Status of mammography education and knowledge of radiology residents

PURPOSE: To evaluate breast imaging training and knowledge of radiology residents over a 3-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1992 through 1994, the American College of Radiology (ACR) sponsored a 1-day comprehensive breast imaging seminar, which was attended by 2,249 radiology residents at the 6-week radiologic-pathology course of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. At each course, the residents were asked to complete a demographics survey and identical pre- and post-tests to assess knowledge before and after the seminar. RESULTS: The majority of residents who attended the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology course were in their 2nd or 3rd year of radiology training, and 75% (1,682 of 2,249 residents) responded that they had training in breast imaging before the ACR seminar. There was an increase in the median residency training time devoted to mammography from 4-6 weeks in 1992 to 8-11 weeks in 1994. There was no statistically significant change in the pretest scores over the 3 years, with pe...
Pollen Tube Growth After Intergeneric Pollinations of iap-Homozygous Sorghum

Hybridization within sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been the primary means of creating genetic diversity for improvement. While considerable variation exists within S. bicolor, traits such as biotic stress tolerance could be improved if secondary and tertiary germplasm pools were accessible through hybridization. Sorghum germplasm possessing the inhibition of alien pollen (iap) allele has enhanced the ability to make successful wide hybridizations between secondary and tertiary gene pools. However, the range of this efficacy has not been tested. Pollen from Miscanthus Andersson, Pennisetum Rich., Sorghastrum Nash, and Zea L. was transferred to the stigmas of S. bicolor lines Tx3361 (with the iap allele) and ATx623 (without the iap allele). Pollen of all genera exhibited tube growth, but the frequencies of germination and growth rates varied among species and accessions within a genus. Significantly more pollen germinated and grew into the pistils of Tx3361 than ATx623. Pollen grains were noticeably more numerous on stigmas of Tx3361, implying that factors within Tx3361 may also affect pollen adhesion. The results indicate that the potential for intergeneric hybridization of S. bicolor via Tx3361 will vary based on the individual species and accessions within a species that are used as pollinators.
The functional properties of human slow skeletal troponin T isoforms in cardiac muscle regulation

Human slow skeletal troponin T (HSSTnT) shares a high degree of homology with cardiac TnT (CTnT). Although the presence of HSSTnT has not been confirmed in the heart at the protein level, detectable levels of HSSTnT mRNA have been found. Whether HSSTnT isoforms are expressed transiently remains unknown. Because transient re-expression of HSSTnT may be a potential mechanism of regulating function, we explored the effect of HSSTnT on the regulation of cardiac muscle. At least three HSSTnT isoforms have been found to exist in slow skeletal muscle: HSSTnT1 (+exons 5 and 12), HSSTnT2 (+exon 5, −exon 12), and HSSTnT3 (−exons 5 and 12). Another isoform, HSSTnT hypothetical (Hyp) (−exon 5, +exon 12), has only been found at the mRNA level. Compared with HCTnT3 (adult isoform), Tn complexes containing HSSTnT1, -2, and -3 did not alter the actomyosin ATPase activation and inhibition in the presence and absence of Ca2+, respectively. HSSTnTHyp was not evaluated as it did not form a Tn complex under a variety of conditions. Porcine papillary skinned fibers displaced with HSSTnT1, -2, or -3 and reconstituted with human cardiac troponin I and troponin C (HCTnI·TnC) complex showed a decrease in the Ca2+ sensitivity of force development and an increase in maximal recovered force (HSSTnT1 and -3) compared with HCTnT3. In contrast, HSSTnTHyp showed an increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of force development. This suggests that re- or overexpression of specific SSTnT isoforms might have therapeutic potential in the failing heart because they increase the maximal force of contraction. In addition, circular dichroism and proteolytic digestion experiments revealed structural differences between HSSTnT isoforms and HCTnT3 and that HSSTnT1 is more susceptible to calpain and trypsin proteolysis than the other HSSTnTs. Overall, HSSTnT isoforms despite being homologues of CTnT may display distinct functional properties in muscle regulation.
Creating Channel Dependence through the Use of Minimum Order Quantities

Channel control has become increasingly more important to both marketing practitioners and researchers. The manufacturers' ability to influence the marketing policies, strategies, and tactics of other channel members has been recognised as a critical element in the organisation's survival and effectiveness. However, current trends in the economy have made channel control by the manufacturer increasingly difficult. One technique that can help increase manufacturer control by increasing channel dependence is the use of minimum order quantities.
A time dependent solution to the relativistic one-dimensional diode

Abstract Work in understanding electron flow across a simple potential gap, a diode, has a long history: The Child-Langmuir law [C. Child, Phys. Rev. 32 (1911) and I. Langmuir, Phys. Rev. 2 (1913) 450] describes the current density achievable in a one dimensional diode in the steady state. Pierce [Theory and Design of Electron Beams (Van Nostrand, Princeton and London, 1949)] extended the work by demonstrating that a beam of charged particles of finite transverse extent will exactly obey the one dimensional law as long as appropriate boundary conditions exterior to the beam are satisfied. Jory and Trivelpiece extended the solution to relativistic energies [J. Appl. Phys. 40 (1969) 3924], and Lampel and Tiefenback presented a solution for a time dependent non-relativistic step function current [Appl. Phys. Lett. 43 (1983) 57]. This paper presents an analytic solution for a voltage waveform across a fully relativistic one-dimensional diode which produces a constant electron current exiting the diode after a time equal to an electron transit time under steady state space charge limited operation. This result is compared to the previous result obtained for the non-relativistic case. Relevance of this solution to single cell RF-guns is discussed.
Bodies and their parts.

How do we think about the space of bodies? Several accounts of mental representations of bodies were addressed in body part verification tasks. Animagery account predicts shorter times to larger parts (e.g., back < hand). Apart distinctiveness account predicts shorter times to more discontinuous parts (e.g., arm < chest). Apart significance account predicts shorter times to parts that are perceptually distinct and functionally important (e.g., head < back). Because distinctiveness and significance are correlated, the latter two accounts are difficult to distinguish. Both name-body and body-body comparisons were investigated in four experiments. In all, larger parts were verified more slowly than smaller ones, eliminating the imagery/size account. Despite the correlation between distinctiveness and significance, the data suggest that when comparisons are perceptual (body-body), part distinctiveness is the best predictor, and when explicit or implicit naming is involved, part significance is the best predictor. Naming seems to activate the functional aspects of bodies.
Liposomes as Membrane Models in Studies of Bacterial Toxins

AbstractLiposomes have become important research tools in biology and medicine, not only because of their usefulness as models of cell membranes, but also for their potential role as drug delivery vehicles. It is as a membrane model system that these structures have been most useful in understanding the interaction between bacterial toxins and the cell membrane. In this review, liposome studies with two major groups of bacterial toxins will be considered. The first group includes the subunit toxins such as cholera toxin and diphtheria toxin, in which the B subunit or fragment of the molecule binds to membrane receptors, and a different portion of the molecule, the A component, then crosses the cell membrane to produce alterations of physiological processes in the cell. Both the binding and internalization steps have been studied with liposomes, and in addition, liposomes have been used to deliver the diphtheria toxin A fragment directly to the cytoplasm, bypassing the initial binding step. The toxins in t...
Intracounter, Intralaboratory, and Interlaboratory Variation of Asbestos Counting with Phase-Contrast Microscopy

The findings from this study illustrate how a recently developed industrial hygiene laboratory can be evaluated in its performance in assessing the precision of asbestos fiber counting data. Furthe...
Dynamics of strings made of phase-transforming materials

This paper presents a theory to describe the dynamical behavior of a string made of a phase-transforming material like a shape-memory alloy. The study of phase boundaries, the driving force acting on them and the kinetic relation governing their propagation is of central concern. The paper proposes a qualitative experimental test of the notion of a kinetic relation, as well as a simple experimental method for measuring it quantitatively. It presents a numerical method for studying general initial and boundary value problems in strings, and concludes by exploring the use of phase transforming strings to generate motion at very small scales.
Regulation of gene expression: possible role of repetitive sequences

Large contrasts are observed between the messenger RNA populations of different tissues and of embryos at different stages of development. Nevertheless, coding sequences for genes not expressed in a cell appear to be present in its nuclear RNA. Though many nuclear RNA transcripts of single copy DNA sequences are held in common between tissues, an additional set, probably consisting of non-message sequences, is not shared. Nuclear RNA also contains transcripts of repetitive DNA sequences. Certain repeat families are represented at high levels in the nuclear RNA of particular tissues and much lower levels in others. It is surprising that both complements of most repeat sequences are present in nuclear RNA. These observations lead to model for regulation of gene expression in which the formation of repetitive RNA-RNA duplexes controls the production of messenger RNA.
Vascular Lesions of the Mediastinum

Most mediastinal masses seen on thoracic imaging are of solid tumor origin. As such, vascular lesions of the mediastinum can be mistaken for, or misinterpreted as, one of these more common mediastinal masses. This article stresses the importance of considering vascular entities in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses.
Migration of potassium on iron and alumina surfaces as studied by Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract The migration of potassium on model iron and alumina surfaces was studied with Auger electron spectroscopy. The extent of potassium migration at 670 K was found to be dependent on the gasphase composition during treatment. In particular, the mobility of potassium was greater in hydrogen than in oxygen, and the mobility in either gas was increased by the addition of H2O. The kinetics of migration are consistent with a surface-stabilized potassium species. After initial vaporphase transport of volatile, bulk potassium species, surface diffusion controls the migration. Potassium appears to be bonded with comparable strengths to iron and alumina surfaces.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Children's Resource-directed Behaviour in Peer Relationships: An Introduction

The goal of this special section is to provide an evolutionary framework for conceptualising children's resource-directed behaviour in peer relationships. Resource-directed behaviour is of importance for an evolutionary approach to behaviour because it raises fundamental theoretical issues centring on the role of self-interest, co-operation, competition, and altruism in human relationships. These issues have been central to biological theory since Darwin but they have taken on increased importance in recent years. Indeed, one might say that the revolution in evolutionary biology which has occurred since the publication of G.C. Williams' Adaptation and natural selection (1966) and E.O. W ilson's Sociobiology: The new synthesis (1975) has been fundamentally concerned with these issues. At the heart of these issues is the question of altruism. It would be difficult to overestimate the theoretical importance of altruism in evolutionary accounts of behaviour. Altruism is deeply problematic because it implies t...
Seasonal productivity of a periphytic algal community for biofuel feedstock generation and nutrient treatment.

a b s t r a c t Algal biomass is a promising feedstock for biofuel production. With a high lipid content and high rate of production, algae can produce more oil on less land than traditional bioenergy crops. Algal communities can also be used to remove nutrients from impacted waters. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of an algal turf scrubber (ATS) TM to facilitate the growth of periphytic algal communities for the production of biomass feedstock and the removal of nutrients from a local stream. A pilot-scale ATS was implemented in Springdale, AR, and operated over the course of a nine-month sampling period. System productivity over the nine-month operating time averaged 26 g m−2 d−1. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen removal averaged 48% and 13%, respectively. The system showed potential for biomass generation and nutrient removal across three seasons.
Venturicidin C, a new 20-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces sp. TS-2-2

Venturicidin C (1), a new 20-membered macrolide along with the known venturicidins A (2) and B (3) were isolated from the crude extract of the Appalachian bacterial strain Streptomyces sp. TS-2-2. Additionally, nine other known compounds namely nocardamine, dehydroxynocardamine, desmethylenylnocardamine, ferrioxamine E, adenosine, riboflavin, cyclo(D)-trans-4-OH-Pro-(D)-Phe, cyclo(D)-Pro-(D)-Phe and N-(2-phenylethyl)-acetamide were also isolated and identified. The structure of the new macrolide 1 was elucidated by the cumulative analyses of NMR spectroscopy and HR-MS data. Complete NMR assignments for the known venturicidins A (2) and B (3) are also provided, for the first time, in this report. Venturicidins A–C did not inhibit the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cell line but all displayed potent antifungal activity.
Contribution of Company Affiliation and Social Contacts to Risk Estimates of Between-Farm Transmission of Avian Influenza

Background Models of between-farm transmission of pathogens have identified service vehicles and social groups as risk factors mediating the spread of infection. Because of high levels of economic organization in much of the poultry industry, we examined the importance of company affiliation, as distinct from social contacts, in a model of the potential spread of avian influenza among broiler poultry farms in a poultry-dense region in the United States. The contribution of company affiliation to risk of between-farm disease transmission has not been previously studied. Methodology/Principal Findings We obtained data on the nature and frequency of business and social contacts through a national survey of broiler poultry growers in the United States. Daily rates of contact were estimated using Monte Carlo analysis. Stochastic modeling techniques were used to estimate the exposure risk posed by a single infectious farm to other farms in the region and relative risk of exposure for farms under different scenarios. The mean daily rate of vehicular contact was 0.82 vehicles/day. The magnitude of exposure risk ranged from <1% to 25% under varying parameters. Risk of between-farm transmission was largely driven by company affiliation, with farms in the same company group as the index farm facing as much as a 5-fold increase in risk compared to farms contracted with different companies. Employment of part-time workers contributed to significant increases in risk in most scenarios, notably for farms who hired day-laborers. Social visits were significantly less important in determining risk. Conclusions/Significance Biosecurity interventions should be based on information on industry structure and company affiliation, and include part-time workers as potentially unrecognized sources of viral transmission. Modeling efforts to understand pathogen transmission in the context of industrial food animal production should consider company affiliation in addition to geospatial factors and pathogen characteristics. Restriction of social contacts among farmers may be less useful in reducing between-farm transmission.
Prenatal and Postpartum Care of Women with Substance Use Disorders

The incidence of substance abuse in pregnancy is substantial and affects pregnancy health and outcomes. Multiple challenges exist in the identification of women with substance abuse disorders in pregnancy and the provision of care. A multidisciplinary approach has been shown to be most successful in providing comprehensive and effective care. This article outlines key aspects of prenatal and postpartum care, with a brief overview provided of intrapartum care. Issues covered include screening, opioid replacement therapy, comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, environmental stressors, parenting preparation, pain management in labor and postpartum, breastfeeding guidance, prevention of relapse, and assistance with postpartum transition to primary care.
Inputs of the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus into the abducens nucleus of the cat.

Abstract Intracellular potentials in anesthetized cats were recorded in abducens motoneurons after stimulation of the ipsilateral and contralateral pulvinar-lateral posterior nuclei (Pul-LPs). The contralateral superior colliculus was ablated to determine the dependence of the ocular input of the Pul-LP on this structure. Stimulation of the contralateral Pul-LP produced predominately excitatory responses in abducens motoneurons. The excitatory responses occurred as an early and/or late EPSP and demonstrated a variability of latency and amplitude characteristic of Pul-LP-evoked saccades. Stimulation of the ipsilateral Pul-LP produced inhibition more frequently than the contralateral Pul-LP. Stimulation of identical, bilateral sites in the Pul-LP suggests the ipsilateral and contralateral Pul-LP have reciprocal input into the abducens motoneurons. The polysynaptic pathway to the abducens nucleus is not dependent on the integrity of the superior colliculus. We conclude in agreement with Crommelinck et al. that although the Pul-LP definitely has an input into the oculomotor system, it is not closely linked to the final common pathway.
Hydration of soda-lime silicate glass, effect of alumina

Abstract Profiles of the elements in the surface of hydrated soda-lime silicate and soda-lime alumino-silicate glasses were measured with a resonant nuclear reaction (hydrogen) and Rutherford backscattering. The profiles were consistent with interdiffusion of sodium and hydrogen-bearing ions. Interdiffusion in the glass without alumina was faster, presumably because it had a transformed surface layer. A small amount of preferential leaching of calcium was detected in this glass.
The Specific Charge of the Positron

Previous measurements of the specific charge of beta-particles have been supplemented to include data on positrons by making a direct comparison between electrons and positrons. The positrons and electrons were obtained from artificially radioactive copper. Comparisons were made for beta-particles having approximately the velocity $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.72$. The results indicate that the ratio $\frac{e}{{m}_{0}}$ for positrons is the same as for electrons within an error of approximately two percent.
Collective situational ethnicity and Latino subgroups' struggle for influence in U.S. Spanish‐language television 1

This article explores the complex and variable nature of media advocacy when undertaken by organizations representing sub‐groups of the U.S. Latino population. Drawing from the constructs of pan ethnicity and situational ethnicity, the author presents a four‐part model of collective situational ethnicity, then applies it to media advocacy efforts focused on the U.S. Spanish‐language television industry from the 1970s through 1990s. The model posits that advocacy strategies and alliances vary according to groups’ mutable perceptions of the most expedient means for achieving two related goals: increased employment in media industries, and greater influence over the production of media content. In some circumstances this results in cooperation between media advocacy organizations representing different Latino sub‐groups; in others it leads to competition between such groups.
Telling Our Stories of Leadership: If We Don’t Tell Them They Won’t Be Told:

The purpose of this qualitative study is to bring the interlocking system of race, gender, and social class (intersectionality) to the conversation of leadership by examining the leadership experie...