cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training in neurology: Flexibility and adaptability of a neurology training program at the epicenter of COVID-19.

Objective To outline changes made to a neurology residency program in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In early March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were announced in the United States. New York City quickly became the epicenter of a global pandemic, and our training program needed to rapidly adapt to the increasing number of inpatient cases while being mindful of protecting providers and continuing education. Many of these changes unfolded over days, including removing residents from outpatient services, minimizing the number of residents on inpatient services, deploying residents to medicine services and medical intensive care units, converting continuity clinic patient visits to virtual options, transforming didactics to online platforms only, and maintaining connectedness in an era of social distancing. We have been able to accomplish this through daily virtual meetings among leadership, faculty, and residents. Results Over time, our program has successfully rolled out initiatives to service the growing number of COVID-related inpatients while maintaining neurologic care for those in need and continuing our neurologic education curriculum. Conclusion It has been necessary and feasible for our residency training program to undergo rapid structural changes to adapt to a medical crisis. The key ingredients in doing this successfully have been flexibility and teamwork. We suspect that many of the implemented changes will persist long after the COVID-19 crisis has passed and will change the approach to neurologic and medical training.
Chapter 1 – Mental Magnitudes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on mental magnitudes—the neural realization of computable numbers—and how they can be subjected to arithmetic manipulation in a physically realized system. Space, time, number, rate, and probability have now been shown to play a fundamental role in the mentation of nonverbal animals and preverbal humans. The representation of space arises in its most basic form in the process of dead reckoning, which is the foundation of an animal's ability to find its way back whence it came and to construct a representation of the locations of landscapes and locations relative to a home base. The representation of time takes two forms: the representation of phase and the representation of temporal intervals. Nonverbal animals represent both, and they compute signed temporal differences: how long it will be, and how long it has been. The autoscaling of sensitivity to stimulus strength has been shown to operate at the single neuron level, with efficiency close to that imposed by physical considerations.
Diverse Changes in Microglia Morphology and Axonal Pathology Over One Year after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Pigs

Abstract Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long-term neurological dysfunction. The mechanical forces that occur due to TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. In this study, we assessed tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1 year post injury. We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. We did not detect changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1 year post injury in some cases. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits.
Technology adoption for airport security: Modeling public disclosure and secrecy in an attacker-defender game

Abstract Airport security agencies throughout the world play a vital role in safeguarding the aviation industry against terrorist attacks. As a result of the evolving and adaptive behaviors of terrorists, it is critical that security agencies continue to adopt new airport screening technologies in order to expose and deter threats. To this end, the question arises as to whether or not to publicly disclose new screening technology adoption. Although there is literature on strategic information disclosure in defensive resource allocation, to the best of our knowledge, no previous literature has focused on modeling disclosure and secrecy for defensive technology adoption. To address this gap, we develop an attacker-defender game model where the defender is considering adopting a new screening technology, and an adversary is considering attacking an aviation target. Our model addresses two distinct information disclosure strategies on behalf of the defender: (i) public disclosure, which is modeled in a sequential subgame, and (ii) secrecy, which is modeled in a simultaneous subgame. We find that in the proposed complete information game, disclosure of the defender’s technology adoption strategy is either preferred to, or equivalent to, maintaining secrecy. That is to say that the defender never prefers secrecy over disclosure. Overall, this paper helps to fill a significant gap in the literature concerning technology adoption and information disclosure strategies for airport security screening, and also has implications that can inform decision makers in the broader homeland security domain. Historical data is used to drive numerical sensitivity analyses of the equilibrium strategies.
COVID-19 Infection Presenting With Cheilitis and Fever in a Toddler

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly found infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first observed in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. An otherwise healthy 13-month-old male presented with persistent fever and cheilitis as his initial findings of COVID-19 in April 2020 prior to the discovery and classification of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are still evolving in the pediatric population, ranging from being asymptomatic to varied symptoms, such as fever, abdominal pain, and myocarditis. Other manifestations such as conjunctivitis and cheilitis can offer clues. We speculate that cheilitis can be a sign of the hyperinflammatory state, as seen in MIS-C.
What is it to be located

The literature suggests two main answers to the question of what it is for a material object to be located at a region of spacetime. Both have a number of virtues. However, both suffer from well-known problems. According to one answer, location is a primitive relation with no informative metaphysical analysis. But this makes a number of necessary truths seem mysterious and leaves them unexplained. According to the other answer, to be located at a region is just to be identical to that region. But this is inconsistent with a number of independently plausible theses about material objects and their locations. In this paper, I explore a new theory of location and argue that it has the virtues of these familiar theories but not their vices. I then explore some further connections the new theory has with some contemporary issues in metaphysics.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis.

Rosemary extract (RE) is an approved food preservative in the European Union and contains dietary phytochemicals that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. This study investigated the effects of RE on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and also determined the pharmacokinetics of dietary phytochemicals administered to mice via oral gavage. Individual components of rosemary extract were separated and identified by LC–MS/MS. The pharmacokinetics of two major diterpenes from RE, carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CL), administered to mice via oral gavage were determined. Then, the effect of RE pre-treatment on the disease activity index (DAI) of DSS-induced colitis in mice was investigated. The study determined that 100 mg/kg RE significantly improved DAI in DSS-induced colitis compared to negative control. Sestrin 2 protein expression, which increased with DSS exposure, was reduced with RE treatment. Intestinal barrier integrity was also shown to improve via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran administration and Western blot of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein. Rosemary extract was able to improve the DAI of DSS-induced colitis in mice at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg and showed improvement in the intestinal barrier integrity. This study suggests that RE can be an effective preventative agent against IBD.
Acute Fractures in Sport: Ankle

Open reduction and rigid internal fixation (ORIF) for acute ankle fracture and dislocation is effective to re-establish stability and promote fracture healing. Recently, direct anatomic repair of the deltoid ligament has gained popularity in athletes. Syndesmosis fixation is required for all unstable injures with suture button fixation also gaining popularity over screw fixation. Ankle arthroscopy is recommended prior to fixation and repair to address intra-articular pathology. The open and arthroscopically assisted procedures provide stability and the ability to return to sport. Anatomic fixation is paramount to proper healing and return to athletics. Our aggressive rehabilitation protocol is provided and our approach to athletes/patients with concomitant and isolated ligament injury is also addressed. We also discuss up-to-date controversies, including ORIF of rotational instability of the syndesmosis/High Ankle Sprain, arthroscopic advances and advanced plate and screw fixation of fractures.
Obama's Second Term and the Federal Courts

President Obama's first term judicial nomination initiatives were not as successful as many Democrats had hoped, for several reasons. First, the President was slow to nominate federal judges at all, despite the large number of vacancies at all levels on the federal courts.' Second, the Republican caucus in the Senate took almost unprecedented steps at least in combination-to prevent nominations from coming to the floor for a vote or to prevent their passage when they did. Third, many of the President's nominees to the Supreme Court and the federal courts of appeals were not as ideologically liberal as his predecessor's were conservative, causing some Democrats to complain of lost opportunities to balance ideological perspectives. In this paper, we describe the judicial nomination process, explain some of the hurdles the Obama administration encountered in the first term, suggest ways in which the administration could seek to overcome these hurdles in the four years ahead, and demonstrate why an aggressive judicial nomination agenda would result in doctrinal legal change.
Lazy defenders are almost optimal against diligent attackers

Most work building on the Stackelberg security games model assumes that the attacker can perfectly observe the defender's randomized assignment of resources to targets. This assumption has been challenged by recent papers, which designed tailor-made algorithms that compute optimal defender strategies for security games with limited surveillance. We analytically demonstrate that in zero-sum security games, lazy defenders, who simply keep optimizing against perfectly informed attackers, are almost optimal against diligent attackers, who go to the effort of gathering a reasonable number of observations. This result implies that, in some realistic situations, limited surveillance may not need to be explicitly addressed.
Screening for modulators of androgen receptor transcriptional activity using a high-throughput, flow-cytometry system

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA LB-150 Small molecules modulators of androgen receptor (AR) activity may serve as therapeutic agents against prostate cancer. The most effective screens for identification of novel chemotherapeutic agents are likely to be based on the measurement of specific biologic activity. As interest in screens to identify active chemicals in cancer research grows, we have developed a novel, high-throughput assay to screen for small-molecules that modulate AR activity to aid in the identification of new agents against prostate cancer. This assay, designated the Multifunctional Androgen Receptor Screening (MARS) assay, can efficiently screen for both AR agonists and antagonists in a rapid, high-throughput format. Androgen-independent human prostate adenocarcinoma-derived PC3 cells were transfected to co-express the wild-type human AR and an androgen-sensitive promoter regulating the expression of destabilized enhanced GFP. The sensitivity and dynamic range of androgenic stimulation was established using a dose-response of the stable, synthetic androgen R1881. Identification of novel antagonists of AR transcription was achieved via co-administration of R1881 at its EC50 (i.e., 1 pM) with potential AR antagonists. The assay was formatted for high-throughput screening using the HyperCyt autosampling system and flow cytometry. A library of endocrine active chemicals developed by NICETAM/ICCVAM, which includes steroidal compounds with known agonist and antagonist activity and compounds with putative endocrine modulatory activity, was used to validate the utility of the MARS assay. High-throughput screening of 118 chemicals from the library using the MARS assay resulted in the identification of compounds with a range of activities on AR transcription. The endogenous AR ligand dihydrotestosterone, and the therapeutic AR antagonists bicalutamide and cyproterone acetate, compounds with known AR-mediated activity, performed as expected, verifying the accuracy of the assay. Surprisingly, because the MARS assay uniquely measures AR activity, agonist activity of both bicalutamide and cyproterone acetate was observed at higher concentrations of these agents, which may have important implications for screening AR antagonists. Analysis of screening results from the NICETAM/ICCVAM library indicated that 19 compounds exhibited agonist activities, 37 were antagonists, and 16 compounds displayed partial agonist characteristics. The remaining compounds were not active. Dose-response assays were completed to determine the potency of compounds with novel activities and to help elucidate novel mechanisms of action (e.g., competitive binding versus allosteric activity). MARS analyses of additional chemical libraries are in progress to identify chemical classes modulating AR activity to further guide the development of therapeutic agents against prostate cancer.
Input-output gains of switched linear systems

The problems which follow are motivated primarily by a desire to develop a bona fide performance-based theory of adaptive control. At this point it seems fairly clear that such a theory will require a much better understanding of certain types of linear time-varying systems than we have at present. In an adaptive context, switched {as opposed to continuously tuned} linear systems seem to be the most tractable and it is for this reason that the problems formulated here are for switched linear systems.
Idealism down on the farm: Is the rhetoric of country music changing?

(1994). Idealism down on the farm: Is the rhetoric of country music changing? Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 33-51.
Adhesion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and disease.

Adhesion of gonococci to mucosal epithelial cells appear to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of gonococcal infection. Parameters affecting adhesion, the antigens involved in adhesion and the human antibody response that blocks adhesion have been studied. Gonococci adhere to a variety of human cells grown either in tissue culture or organ culture or scraped from mucosal surfaces. They adhere in greatest number to mucosal cells derived from sites of natural infection but buccal mucosal cells were used for most of these studies because of the ease of obtaining them, the homogeneous population obtained, and the similarity of the results of antibody studies with all cell types. The ability of a given strain of gonococci to attach to buccal cells (receptors) varied with the individual from whom the cells were obtained, and the capacity to support adhesion of a given strain fluctuated from day to day. The principal antigens mediating attachment are pili (filamentous protein appendages extending from the bacterial cell wall) which are antigenically heterogeneous. Lipopolysaccharide also blocks attachment but it is less efficient than pili and is not species-specific. Other antigens, probably proteins, also block attachment. Human antibody (both local and humoral) blocked the adhesion of gonococci. The antibody was directed against pili and the antigens in naturally occurring disease and could be induced by immunizing subjects with purified pili. The results of these studies suggest two new approaches to the prevention of gonorrhoea: (1) (competitive) inhibition of the adhesion with specific antigens, i.e. pili; and (2) immunization with purified attachment antigens to produce shielding antibodies.
Use of radioisotope renography and intravenous pyelography in carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Radioisotope renography has proved uniquely useful in following patients with cervical cancer because of the ease of performance of the test, lack of need for special preparation, and ability to contribute information in many patients with azotemia. Serial renograms seem to give the most sensitive index to changes in renal function, particularly in patients who are under observation for recurrence of cancer after surgical or radiation therapy. In the patient with iodine hypersensitivity, the renographic technique may be the only procedure which will provide insight into the functional integrity of the urinary tract. However, when direct anatomic information is needed, intravenous or retrograde pyelography must be used.
Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury: IV. Alteration of ionic permeability of mitochondria from ischemic rat kidney

Abstract This study reports reversible and irreversible changes in ionic permeability of mitochondria isolated at serial time intervals from ischemic rat kidney. It was found that mitochondrial permeability changes occur shortly after the onset of ischemia and accelerate until 30–60 minutes. At later intervals no further acceleration occurs. Contraction of swollen mitochondria correlates well with the swelling rate until 60 minutes; after this ischemic interval the rate of contraction declines drastically. There was a good correlation between the rate of contraction and the total amount of swelling or the initial rate of swelling before 1–2 hours of ischemic time. Changes in ΔOD of mitochondrial responses were correlated with electron micrographs of samples before swelling, after swelling and after addition of contraction medium. On the basis of the data presented it is proposed that permeability changes of the mitochondrial inner membrane represent important indicators of alterations occurring in the fine structure of the inner membrane. It is furthermore proposed that the initial alteration is reversible.
Transcranial cerebral oximetry in random normal subjects

AbstractNear infrared optical spectroscopy is becoming a useful method for monitoring regional cerebral oxygenation status. The method is simple, reliable and noninvasive and the information which it provides is clinically significant in managing a growing number of neurological ailments. Use of this technique has been described previously by numerous authors. In the present study, regional cerebral oxygen saturation was measured at rest in 94 subjects randomly selected from a diverse population of individuals. This sample consisted of 38 males and 65 females (age range 18–70 years). There were 68 light-skinned individuals and 35 with darker skin comprising various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Mean (egional cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation was recorded as 67.14± 8.84%. The association of the mean regional cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation in various groups of individuals with relationship to their age, race, sex and skin color is examined. [Neural Res 1998; 20: 137–141]
Progress towards wind predictive control on ShaneAO: test bench results

The identification and prediction of time-varying wavefront errors in adaptive optics (AO) systems promises fainter limiting guide star magnitudes and improved temporal bandwidth errors. In a new UCSC-LLNL collaboration, we aim to demonstrate the power of predictive Fourier controllers for AO in the laboratory and on-sky. We have used the Fourier Wind Identification technique to measure wind velocities at several telescopes, and now have demonstrated the identification of frozen flow turbulence with a translating phase screen on a laboratory test bench. Here, we present identification of the wind direction and velocity using telemetry data from a laboratory testbed simulating the ShaneAO system geometry. Our wind identification system uses a Fourier decomposition technique to identify the correlated movement of the atmosphere from WFS telemetry data, which are then used to construct a Kalman filter for real-time operation. We demonstrate the use of an LQG controller with the ShaneAO system architecture, and show that the effects of frozen flow turbulence can be easily identified in laboratory telemetry. We describe the adaptations made to the LQG controller to integrate it into the dual-DM architecture of the ShaneAO system, and demonstrate that these modifications produce stable and well-understood AO correction in the laboratory.
Stability of neurological signs with clozapine treatment

The examination of the effect of clozapine on the neurological sign provides a mechanism for evaluating the relationship between extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia and neurological signs, and between change in psychopathology with change in neurological sign scores
Adiponectin Attenuation of Endocrine Function within Human Term Trophoblast Cells

The hormone adiponectin has been shown to be important in maintaining insulin sensitivity throughout the body, whereas potential effects on the placenta have not been assessed. Pregnancy constitutes a unique physiological environment in which metabolism has a profound effect on the health of both the mother and the developing fetus. It is imperative that a delicate balance in glucose delivery be maintained between maternal tissues and the fetal/placental unit. Adiponectin's role in regulating peripheral insulin responsiveness suggests it may be a factor in maintaining this balance during gestation as well. Examination of human cytotrophoblast cells revealed that mRNA for both adiponectin receptors, adipoR1 and adipoR2, are abundantly expressed at term. We were, however, unable to reliably detect mRNA for adiponectin in primary cytotrophoblasts. Expression of both receptors was maintained after induction of syncytium formation by exogenous epidermal growth factor treatment. Treatment of cytotrophoblasts with adiponectin resulted in a significant drop, as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, in expression for a number of genes involved in the endocrine function of the placenta, including the chorionic gonadotropin subunits, placental lactogen, and some steroidogenic enzymes. Immunofluorescent staining for connexin 43 and desmoplakin in primary trophoblasts revealed that adiponectin does not inhibit syncytialization of trophoblast cells in culture. Taken together, these data describe a novel role for maternal adiponectin in regulating the placental environment. Determination of the effects of such adipokines on the maternal-fetal interface is increasingly important, because the incidence of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes remains a significant health problem in developed countries.
Principal results of the Hypertension and Lipid Trial (HALT): A multicenter study of doxazosin in patients with hypertension

Abstract The Hypertension and Lipid Trial (HALT) was undertaken to assess the efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective α 1 -adrenergic blocker, in patients with hypertension in a clinical practice setting. The effects of doxazosin on office blood pressure, changes in lipid profiles, and theoretic coronary disease risk were studied. In an open, noncomparative, multicenter trial, 851 patients were studied for a maximum of 16 weeks. Doxazosin significantly reduced mean sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 15.212.5 mm Hg and standing SBP and DBP by 16.112.7 mm Hg in the total study population ( n = 807; p = 0.0001), with no significant effect on heart rate. Mean total cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by 2.7%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 2.4%, and mean triglyceride levels by 3.4% (all p values p p p
Attributing mind to animals: The role of intuition

Cognitive hypotheses and tests of them do not provide for the criterial properties by which presence and absence of mind can be distinguished. This is because the Morganian form of parsimony does not permit a disconfirmation of the null hypothesis that a phenomenon is not mental. Nevertheless, mental and non-mental events can intuitively be distinguished. These intuitive judgments are based on biases that powerful actions directed towards oneself are mindful, that unlikely events have intentional origins, and that certain similarities between human and animal behavior and physiognomies imply mental states in animals. The latter bias is often applied in cognitive research on animals and leads to unresolvable dilemmas concerning the existence of mental states. For example, evidence for negative feedback control or symbolicity in animals has served to support the argument that they are intentional or aware. But machines and physiological processes which also meet criteria for feedback control and symbolicity are not credited with mental qualities. An analysis of the use of analogy in science suggests that it is misapplied when one reasons that when certain non-human behaviors resemble human behavior, the non-human must be ‘mindful’. The intuitive tendency to judge animals as mindful can be justified in circumstances requiring conservative ethical decisions on animal treatment. But in the context of purely empirical judgments, animal behavior can only be characterized as ‘mind-like’ and it must be recognized that other behavior, normally considered as ‘mindless’, can be similarly characterized.
Analysis and urban government: Experience of the New York City—Rand institute

For almost four years New York City and the Rand Corporation have been engaged in an enterprise distinctive if not unique: the subjection of a wide variety of the City's problems to the scrutiny of independent analysts. This paper* is the attempt of a participant in that enterprise to describe the background of that effort and the novel arrangements made to institutionalize it, to outline the nature and effect of the analyses produced, and then to reflect on some of the lessons this effort has taught some of its participants.
New Data on the Composition and Identification of Chlorites

A series of clay minerals with a 7A series of reflections has been shown to exist in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system. It has been demonstrated both on synthetic and natural samples that these minerals are polymorphous with the 14A-series chlorite minerals. Widespread occurrence of these minerals in nature is expected. The polymorphic relationship found clarifies the whole picture of the isomorphism of the chlorites. The problem of nomenclature of these 7 A series minerals is examined and the term “septechlorites” hesitantly proposed. On the basis of some experimental work it is shown that the currently adopted procedure for the identification of chlorites is not generally valid, and that the factors of time, temperature, composition and particle size are of crucial importance in such procedures.
A METHOD FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

We describe a method that allows for the concurrent proteomic analysis of both membrane and soluble proteins from complex membrane-containing samples. When coupled with multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), this method results in (i) the identification of soluble and membrane proteins, (ii) the identification of post-translational modification sites on soluble and membrane proteins, and (iii) the characterization of membrane protein topology and relative localization of soluble proteins. Overlapping peptides produced from digestion with the robust nonspecific protease proteinase K facilitates the identification of covalent modifications (phosphorylation and methylation). High-pH treatment disrupts sealed membrane compartments without solubilizing or denaturing the lipid bilayer to allow mapping of the soluble domains of integral membrane proteins. Furthermore, coupling protease protection strategies to this method permits characterization of the relative sidedness of the hydrophilic domains of membrane proteins.
Adenovirus Transduction is Required for the Correction of Diabetes Using Pdx-1 or Neurogenin-3 in the Liver

The regeneration of insulin-producing cells in vivo has emerged as a promising method for treating type I diabetes. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1), NeuroD, and Neurogenin-3 (Ngn3) are pancreatic transcription factors important for the development of insulin-producing cells in the liver. Other groups have demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated transgene expression of these transcription factors in the liver can reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. We delivered Pdx-1 and Ngn3 to the livers of diabetic mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8, a vector that has been shown to result in non-toxic, persistent, high level expression of the transgene. We were unable to correct hyperglycemia in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes using AAV vectors expressing Pdx-1 and Ngn3. However, when we co-delivered these transcription factor expression cassettes in non-viral vectors with an irrelevant adenoviral vector, we were able to correct hyperglycemia in diabetic animals. Further studies demonstrated that an antigen-dependent immune response elicited by the adenoviral capsid together with the expression of a pancreatic transcription factor was required for restoration of serum insulin levels by the liver. Our results suggest that a host response to adenovirus in combination with expression of a pro-endocrine pancreas transcription factor is sufficient to induce insulin production in the livers of diabetic mice.
Representing architectural design using virtual computers

The concept of the virtual computer is one of the most significant ideas to emerge in the field of computing. Computational models of architectural design, including state models and process models, have been based in the past on the von Neumann model of computer systems. Von Neumann systems are characterized by stored programs and data, and sequential processing on a single processor. The concept of the virtual computer enables us to break away from the von Neumann model in the representation of architectural design. Virtual computers can now be used to represent architectural design using concepts of parallel or networked systems. One of the limitations of modeling architectural design processes on the computer has been the representation of the processes as serial processes. Virtual computers can eliminate that bottleneck. This paper introduces the concept of representing architectural design using virtual computers. The application of the concept in an auditorium design system developed by the author is briefly examined.
LOCUS OF CONTROL AND SELF-ESTEEM AS STRESS-MODERATORS OR STRESS-MEDIATORS IN PARENTALLY BEREAVED CHILDREN

Parentally bereaved children's locus of control and self-esteem were examined as stress-moderators or stress-mediators of their internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Seventy-six children ages 8 to 16 and their surviving parent were assessed 4 to 34 months after the death. Stress, locus of control, and self-esteem were measured by child report questionnaires. Internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were measured by child report on both questionnaires and a structured interview and by parent report questionnaires. The results revealed that self-esteem was a significant mediator of the relations between stress and both child and parent reports of internalizing problems but not externalizing problems. No significant mediation effects were found for locus of control. Neither locus of control nor self-esteem was a significant moderator of the relations between stress and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Implications for understanding parentally bereaved child...
New developments in speciality polymers: polymeric stabilizers

Abstract Many new speciality polymers have been developed in the last few years. In this paper polymeric stabilizers (antioxidants, flame retardants and ultraviolet stabilizers) will be discussed. Polymeric antioxidants of the hindered-phenol type, copolymers of 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-vinyl(or isopropenyl)phenol with styrene, methyl methacrylate, or more importantly butadiene or isoprene have been prepared; hydrogenation of the latter copolymers gave copolymers of the two polymerizable phenolic antioxidants with ethylene or ethylene/propylene. The polymeric antioxidants have been blended with diene polymers and selected polyolefins and have improved the long-term oxidative stability of these polymers. Polymeric flame retardants have been prepared by copolymerizing styrene and/or acrylonitrile with acrylates and methacrylates of aliphatic bromine-containing alcohols or bromine-containing phenols. Polymers with polymer-bound flame retardants have a higher limiting oxygen index compared with the original polymer. A new class of polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers has also been developed; these stabilizers are styryl, α-methylstyryl, acryloyl and methacryloyl derivatives of 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazoles. These monomers have been copolymerized with styrene, acrylates and methacrylates. 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazoles substituted in the 4 position of the benzotriazole ring with hydroxyl, acetoxy or carboxyl groups suitable for incorporation into polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides and epoxy resins have also been synthesized. All 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers and the polymers into which they are incorporated have high light absorbency with γ max between 330 and 350 nm and extinction coefficients in some cases as high as 4.5 × 10 4 1 mol −1 cm −1 .
An experimental investigation of rotary diamond truing and dressing of vitreous bond wheels for ceramic grinding

Abstract Experiments of rotary diamond truing and dressing of vitreous bond grinding wheels were conducted to investigate the effects of feed, speed ratio, and overlap ratio on cylindrical grinding of zirconia. The applications of ceramic engine components with complex and precise form and the lack of technology for precision truing of diamond grinding wheels have driven the need to study the use of vitreous bond CBN and SiC wheels for form grinding of ceramics. Truing and grinding forces and the roundness and surface finish of ground zirconia parts were measured. By varying truing process parameters, a wide range of surface finish and roundness could be achieved. Experimental results showed that wheels trued at speed ratio below −1.0 could grind parts with fine surface finish and good roundness. The analysis of truing and grinding results showed the trend of increasing grinding force at higher specific truing energy and better surface finish at higher grinding force. The lack of speed control of the direct–drive, variable–speed truing spindle was observed and its effect on the reverse of direction of truing force at positive speed ratios was studied.
Azide inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. I. The aerobic steady state of succinate oxidation.

Abstract The azide inhibition of the succinate oxidase activity of rat-liver mitochondria is specific for active (State 3) respiration with no observable inhibition of resting (State 4) respiration. In the range of azide concentrations which inhibit State 3 to rates less than those of State 4, a negative control of respiration by ADP and inorganic phosphate is observed. The inhibition is specific for a site between cytochromes a and a 3 , causing a crossover between these two cytochromes with cytochrome a becoming reduced and cytochrome a 3 remaining highly oxidized. Trapped steady-state difference spectra at liquid nitrogen temperatures show that the reduced cytochrome a in the azide-inhibited system has an α band at 596 mμ, 6 m μ displaced from its usual position at 602 mμ. The azide inhibition is released by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such that the uncoupled respiration requires up to ten times as much azide as does coupled (State 3) respiration for comparable inhibition. The release of inhibition by uncouplers occurs with no change in the steady-state concentration of reduced cytochrome a 596 and the increased respiration is attributed to an increased rate of oxidation of the cytochrome a 596 . This cytochrome is postulated to be either an intermediate in electron transport and energy conservation reactions or an azide compound of such an intermediate.
The Cornell Electron Beam Ion Source

An electron beam ion source (EBIS) for the production of low energy, multiply charged ion beams to be used in atomic physics experiments has been designed and constructed. An external high perveance electron gun is used to launch the electron beam into a conventional solenoid. Novel features of the design include a distributed sputter ion pump to create the ultrahigh vacuum environment in the ionization region of the source and microprocessor control of the axial trap voltage supplies.
Correlated Responses in Reproduction Accompanying Selection for Milk Yield in Jerseys

Reproductive traits of heifers and primiparous cows from a long-term selection project were analyzed to determine correlated response to single-trait selection for milk yield. Data were from 1056 daughters (765 selection, 291 control) of 37 bulls (17 selection, 20 control). Traits in heifers were ages at first observed estrus and at first breeding, services to conception, interval from first service to conception, and length of first gestation. Traits in primiparous cows were ages at first calving and at first breeding, after calving; services to conception; length of second gestation; and intervals from calving to first observed estrus, to first breeding, and to conception, from first service to conception, and from first to second calving. Analyses for services to conception in heifers and primiparous cows were categorical using models containing genetic group and generation. Analyses of other traits were by linear mixed models using fixed effects of genetic group, generation within group, and year-season of birth. Sires were assumed random and nested within genetic group. The mean square for sires within group was used to test for group differences. No significant differences were found between genetic groups in traits measured in heifers; however, the interval from first service to conception approached significance (control superior). In primiparous cows, differences between genetic groups were significant for the intervals of calving to first breeding and calving to conception and for length of second gestation (control superior). For other traits, reproductive performance of the control was better but not significantly different from that of the selected group. Reproductive performance should be monitored during selection for high milk yield.
The Tragedy of Terrorism: Perspective, Reflection, and Action in the Aftermath

Public reactions to the terrorist acts of September 11 included a range of responses from shock, fear, and anger, to group profiling, acts of violent retribution, and dichotomous “us” and “them” thinking. The cycle of terrorism requires perspective and reflection so that educational anthropologists can act in ways that lead to more useful understandings of the phenomenon and tragedy of terrorism within society-at-large.
The structure of replicating adenovirus 2 DNA molecules

Abstract Adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-infected KB cells were exposed to a 2.5 min pulse of 3 H-thymidine at 19 hr after infection. The labeled DNA molecules were separated from cell DNA and mature Ad2 DNA by sucrose gradient sedimentation and CsCI equilibrium centrifugation under conditions designed to minimize branch migration and hybridization of single strands. Electron microscopy-of fractions containing radioactivity revealed two basic types of putative replicating molecules: Ad2 length duplex DNA molecules with one or more single-stranded branches (type I) and Ad2 length linear DNA molecules with a single-stranded region extending a variable distance from one end (type II). Length measurements, partial denaturation studies and 3′ terminal labeling experiments were consistent with the following model for Ad2 DNA replication. Initiation of DNA synthesis occurs at or near an end of the Ad2 duplex. Following initiation, a daughter strand is synthesized in the 5′ to 3′ direction, displacing the parental strand with the same polarity. This results in the formation of a branched replicating molecule (type I). Initiations at the right and left molecular ends are approximately equal in frequency, and multiple initiations on the same replicating molecule are common. At any given displacement fork in a type I molecule, only one of the two parental strands is replicated. Two nonexclusive mechanisms are proposed to account for the replication of the other parental strand. In some cases, before completion of a round of displacement synthesis initiated at one end of the Ad2 duplex, a second initiation will occur at the opposite end. In these doubly initiated molecules, both parental strands serve as templates for displacement synthesis. Two type II molecules are generated when the oppositely moving displacement forks meet. Alternatively, displacement synthesis may proceed to the end of the Ad2 duplex, resulting in the formation of a daughter duplex and a parental single strand. Replication of the displaced parental strand is then initiated at or near its 3′ terminus, producing a type II molecule. Daughter strand synthesis proceeds in the 5′ to 3′ direction in type II molecules generated by either mechanism, and completion of synthesis results in the formation of a daughter duplex.
Cultural models of education in American Indian, Asian American and European American contexts

Three studies examined models of education among American Indian (AI), Asian American (AA), and European American (EA) students. Cultural models of education are patterns of ideas and practices relevant to schools, teachers, and self that mediate and regulate behavior in the academic domain. In study 1, mainstream university students (N = 148) and AI University students (N = 187) viewed education as a tool for success. AI, however, generated more mentions of education as a tool for community success and more negative associations to education. Study 2 (N = 166) showed that AI, in contrast to EA and AA, placed family and community concerns ahead of academic concerns. In Study 3 (N = 118), AI and AA endorsed independent and interdependent representations of self, while EA endorsed only independent representations. For AI and AA, but not for EA, interdependent representations were positively related to trust for teacher.
Intention-to-treat analysis in randomized trials: who gets counted?

This article discusses the rationale and implications associated with the selection and use of analysis strategies for randomized clinical trials as they relate to protocol deviations. The topics addressed specifically are the conceptual and methodologic approaches and biases of clinical efficacy and effectiveness assessment. Examples are provided that highlight the consequences of different analytic strategies, particularly regarding intention-to-treat analysis. Favored by statisticians, intention-to-treat analysis seeks to answer the question, “Is it better to adopt a policy of treatment A if possible, with deviations if necessary, or a policy of treatment B if possible, with deviations if necessary?” This is a relevant question, sometimes more relevant than “Is treatment A better than treatment B?” The authors suggest that different analytic strategies may be more or less appropriate depending on the intended audience.
An Empirical Examination of the Classical Assumptions concerning Errors in Data

Abstract A method is presented to examine the classical assumptions concerning errors in data; namely, that the errors are independently and normally distributed with zero mean and constant variance. The only requirement is that the investigator have two sets of observations on a single set of events. Applied to a set of international trade data, the results indicate that, at least for the data under consideration, the classical assumptions cannot be accepted. Alternative error distributions are hypothesized and tested with a new sample.
Ultraviolet behavior of N = 8 supergravity at four loops.

We describe the construction of the complete four-loop four-particle amplitude of N = 8 supergravity. The amplitude is ultraviolet finite, not only in four dimensions, but in five dimensions as well. The observed extra cancellations provide additional non-trivial evidence that N = 8 supergravity in four dimensions may be ultraviolet finite to all orders of perturbation theory.
Bvui: a site-specific endonuclease from Bacillus vulgatis.

Abstract A site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease was partially purified from an extract of osmotically shocked spheroplasts of a Bacillus vulgatis strain; the enzyme has been designated BvuI and its activity was characterized. The locations of BvuI-generated cleavages on bacteriophage lambda and M13 derivatives mp7, mp8 and mp9, SV40 and pBR322 DNA molecules were determined. BvuI was shown to recognize the DNA sequence 5'-G-Pu-G-C-Py↓-C-3' 3'↑-C-Py-C-G-Pu-G-5' and cleaves it at the positions indicated by arrows. Two identical BvuI recognition sites separated by fourteen nucleotide pairs were shown to occur within the tetracycline resistance gene of pBR322; Bvul should be useful for molecular cloning in that plasmid vector.