cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemoattractant-elicited translocation of myosin in motile Dictyostelium.

Abstract The distribution of myosin was studied in amebae of the Ax-3 and NC-4 strains of Dictyostelium migrating at room temperature, using indirect immunofluorescence of aggregation-competent amebae and the agar-overlay technique. Amebae were fixed in methanol-formaldehyde or absolute acetone at -15 degrees C before or after stimulation with micromolar cyclic AMP at room temperature (20-25 degrees C). Myosin was detected by monoclonal antibodies to Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain followed by a fluorescent secondary antibody that had been preabsorbed to remove nonspecific staining. In both strains there was a striking increase in intensity of anti-myosin immunofluorescence in the cortex where it appeared as a continuous ring 30 seconds after addition of cyclic AMP. This correlated with a rounding up of the cell body. Sixty seconds after stimulation there was a clear reduction of cytoplasmic myosin rods in conjunction with the increased cortical localization. At this time extensions of largely hyaline cytoplasm were observed that extended beyond the cortical shell of myosin. Two minutes after the stimulus the immunofluorescence remained as a distinct line at the cortex, but the cells began to resume in elongated shape. By 3 minutes (NC-4 strain) or 5 minutes (Ax-3 strain) the amebae had largely returned to the control shape, and myosin had returned to its control distribution. Counts of the treated cells at different time points substantiated the observations of individual cells. The time course of translocation of myosin in the Ax-3 strain parallels the time course of myosin phosphorylation reported in previous studies. The results are interpreted in terms of a working hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation.
Drd4 long allele carriers show heightened attention to high-priority items relative to low-priority items

Humans with seven or more repeats in exon III of the DRD4 gene long DRD4 carriers sometimes demonstrate impaired attention, as seen in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and at other times demonstrate heightened attention, as seen in addictive behavior. Although the clinical effects of DRD4 are the focus of much work, this gene may not necessarily serve as a "risk" gene for attentional deficits, but as a plasticity gene where attention is heightened for priority items in the environment and impaired for minor items. Here we examine the role of DRD4 in two tasks that benefit from selective attention to high-priority information. We examine a category learning task where performance is supported by focusing on features and updating verbal rules. Here, selective attention to the most salient features is associated with good performance. In addition, we examine the Operation Span OSPAN task, a working memory capacity task that relies on selective attention to update and maintain items in memory while also performing a secondary task. Long DRD4 carriers show superior performance relative to short DRD4 homozygotes six or less tandem repeats in both the category learning and OSPAN tasks. These results suggest that DRD4 may serve as a "plasticity" gene where individuals with the long allele show heightened selective attention to high-priority items in the environment, which can be beneficial in the appropriate context.
Mortality salience biases attention to positive versus negative images among individuals higher in trait self-control

Death is inevitable. One way people cope with awareness of death is to focus on the positive things in life. Consistent with this idea, reminders of personal mortality have been found to increase optimism and tune attention towards positive information. The current research tested the hypothesis that persons higher in trait self-control are especially likely to attend to positive (versus negative) stimuli under mortality salience (MS). Participants completed a measure of trait self-control, contemplated their own mortality or a control topic, and then viewed positive and negative affective images while their gaze patterns were recorded. MS increased the attention to positive (versus negative) images among participants higher in trait self-control, whereas those lower in trait self-control exhibited a non-significant trend in the opposite direction. Thus, participants higher in trait self-control showed a positivity bias after contemplating death, which may help explain why they tend to enjoy more positive...
Thermochemical Compatibility of a Seal Glass with Different Solid Oxide Cell Components

Thermochemical compatibility of an aluminosilicate glass (SABS-0) with Crofer 22 APU, nickel, and NiTiHf alloy has been studied for solid oxide cell use. Local SABS-0 devitrification occurs near the interfaces of Crofer 22 APU/SABS-0 and Ni/SABS-0 samples. But extensive SABS-0 devitrification is observed at the NiTiHf/SABS-0 interface. The SABS-0 elements diffuse a few microns into the Crofer 22 APU alloy and the nickel, or vice versa. But the SABS-0 and NiTiHf elements diffuse into each other at ∼25 μm. The SABS-0 glass is thermochemically compatible with the Crofer 22 APU and the nickel but not with the NiTiHf alloy.
Further characterization of the disturbance field in a transversely excited swirl-stabilized flame

Transverse instabilities in annular gas turbine combustors are an important problem for both power generation and aircraft applications. These instabilities, also found in afterburners and rocket engines, are manifested as strong acoustic field fluctuations perpendicular to the flow direction. Transverse acoustic waves not only directly perturb the flame, but also couple with nozzle acoustics and inherent fluid mechanic instabilities. As such, the unsteady flow field that disturbs the flame is a complex superposition of transverse and longitudinal disturbances associated with both acoustic and vortical waves. This study closely follows prior work of the authors, which overviewed the disturbance field characteristics of a transversely forced, swirling nozzle flow. Velocity data from a transversely forced, swirl-stabilized flame was taken using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV). The topology of the velocity and vorticity field is compared between the inphase and out-of-phase forcing cases using both filtered and instantaneous data. These data also show that the acoustic and vortical disturbances are comparable in amplitude and, because they propagate at very different speeds, their superposition leads to prominent interference patterns in the fluctuating velocity. Data from both non-reacting and reacting test cases are presented to show that many features of the unsteady shear layers are quite similar. NOMENCLATURE A1 Amplitude of acoustic wave (model) A2 Amplitude of vortical wave (model) D
Estimating the short-time bandwidth of wheeze sounds

This paper proposes a system for estimating the short-time bandwidth of wheeze sounds using a network of coupled adaptive bandpass filters. Inherent spectral characteristics of the input signal (wheeze) are exploited to determine its bandwidth. The bandwidth information can be used to reconfigure the overall power consumption of components such as the preamplifier, anti-aliasing filter, drivers and ADC of a wheeze detection system. The simulation results in AMI 0.5 μm with Vdd of 3.3V are presented. The proposed system consumes 34 μW, for a input signal bandwidth of 10kHz. This implementation can be extended to other audio sensor interface systems resulting in bandwidth dependent power consumption.
Polarization of the λ = 5876 Å and λ = 6679 Å Lines in Helium Excited by Electrons

The polarization of the lines $\ensuremath{\lambda}=5876$ \AA{} and $\ensuremath{\lambda}=6679$ \AA{} resulting from the excitation of helium by electrons was measured as a function of the bombarding electron energy. The dependence of the polarization on the helium pressure is also reported for these lines. The observations reported here conflict with the theory of the polarization of collision-induced radiation at the threshold energy for excitation.
Enriching Interlinear Text using Automatically Constructed Annotators

In this paper, we will demonstrate a system that shows great promise for creating Part-of-Speech taggers for languages with little to no curated resources available, and which needs no expert involvement. Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) is a resource which is available for over 1,000 languages as part of the Online Database of INterlinear text (ODIN) (Lewis and Xia, 2010). Using nothing more than IGT from this database and a classification-based projection approach tailored for IGT, we will show that it is feasible to train reasonably performing annotators of interlinear text using projected annotations for potentially hundreds of world’s languages. Doing so can facilitate automatic enrichment of interlinear resources to aid the field of linguistics.
Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights, and the Environment

This essay is taken from the authors’ remarks to a workshop on Indigenous Peoples, International Human Rights Law, and the Environment, which was part of the New Directions in Environmental Law conference held at Yale Law School on April 2, 2011. The goals of the workshop were to examine whether the international human rights framework can give legal and practical meaning to indigenous peoples’ environmental aspirations and struggles and whether and how the indigenous peoples’ rights movement is relevant and useful to the environmental movement. To assist in addressing these questions, the history of the indigenous peoples’ rights movement and its relationship to the international human rights movement was explored, followed by a discussion of three indigenous lands and natural resources cases decided within the context of this human rights framework. Although many indigenous lands rights cases have roots in resisting the destruction of their lands and preventing the harmful extraction of natural resources, one stark conclusion that the sampling of cases illustrates is that these types of cases are driven primarily by the threats to the physical and cultural survival of indigenous peoples. As a result, the cases rely primarily on human rights law to argue for the protection and recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights to lands and resources. However, a review of both international human rights law and the indigenous rights cases decided under this framework demonstrate an inextricable link between indigenous peoples’ concerns and the environment. This essay highlights some of these linkages and their potential impact on environmental law.
Promoting student-to-student discourse in small groups : findings of a practitioner action research project

"Effective discourse happens when students articulate their own ideas and seriously consider their peers' mathematical perspectives as a way to construct mathematical understandings" (NCTM, 2010). Establishing a classroom community in which discourse is an integral part of teaching and learning can be challenging, especially if students are more accustomed to being passive listeners rather than active participants in the mathematics classroom. As a classroom teacher, I found myself in this situation. Although I incorporated both small-group and whole-class discussions into my lessons, I was particularly interested in promoting discourse between students while they were working in small groups: How should I help students when they are working in groups? Do my interactions promote or hinder student-to-student communication? How do I encourage students to listen to and evaluate each others' explanations?
Blind polychromatic X-ray CT reconstruction from poisson measurements

We develop a sparse image reconstruction method for Poisson-distributed polychromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements under the blind scenario where the material of the inspected object and the incident energy spectrum are unknown. We employ our mass-attenuation spectrum parameterization of the noiseless measurements for single-material objects and express the mass-attenuation spectrum as a linear combination of B-spline basis functions of order one. A block coordinate-descent algorithm is developed for constrained minimization of a penalized Poisson negative log-likelihood (NLL) cost function, where constraints and penalty terms ensure nonnegativity of the spline coefficients and nonnegativity and sparsity of the density-map image; the image sparsity is imposed using a convex total-variation (TV) norm penalty term. This algorithm alternates between a Nesterov's proximal-gradient (NPG) step for estimating the density-map image and a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno with box constraints (L-BFGS-B) step for estimating the incident-spectrum parameters. We establish conditions for biconvexity of the penalized NLL objective function, which, if satisfied, ensures monotonicity of the NPG-BFGS iteration. We also show that the penalized NLL objective satisfies the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz property, which is important for establishing local convergence of block-coordinate descent schemes in biconvex optimization problems. Simulation examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.
Performances of the F_1s from the test-crosses by use of R-line Guanghui 128 with different MS lines

Guanghui 128, a restorer line bred by Rice Research Institute of GDAAS, was cross-tested with 19 of MS lines, including 6 indica PTGMS lines and 13 CMS. The performances of the F 1s were evaluated. Most of the combinations showed intermediate growth stage, high seed setting rate, strong heterosis, fine grain quality and better resistance to diseases. These suggested that Guanghui128 has wide range of restoration, quite strong combining ability and restoring ability to various MS lines. Four suitable hybrid combinations matched with the restorer line have been selected preliminarily.
The Age Distribution and Follow up of Uterine Myoma

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the prevalence and the course of uterine myoma and patient'age.Methods:To analyse the data of gynaecopathia survey in LiuZhou Maternal and Children Health Hospital from 1999 to 2004 and follow up the uterine myoma patients at an interval of 2 years.Results:38826 women participated in the survey, 2555 women had uterine myoma, 77.18% aged between 40 and 54 and were in the perimenopausal period. 21.15% patients aged between 40 and 54 needed operative treatment. 1151 patients were followed up, 25.20% patients with myoma of uterus of 5 years needed operative treatment.Conclusions:Perimenopausal women have higher prevalence and operability of myoma of uterus. Patients with myoma of uterus of 5 years have higher operability. 80.63%～84.45% patients can select expectant treatment.
Specific requirements of nonbilayer phospholipids in mitochondrial respiratory chain function and formation

Mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition affects mitochondrial function by influencing the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes into supercomplexes. For example, the loss of cardiolipin (CL), a signature non-bilayer-forming phospholipid of mitochondria, results in disruption of MRC supercomplexes. However, the functions of the most abundant mitochondrial phospholipids, bilayer-forming phosphatidylcholine (PC) and non-bilayer-forming phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), are not clearly defined. Using yeast mutants of PE and PC biosynthetic pathways, we show a specific requirement for mitochondrial PE in MRC complex III and IV activities but not for their formation, whereas loss of PC does not affect MRC function or formation. Unlike CL, mitochondrial PE or PC is not required for MRC supercomplex formation, emphasizing the specific requirement of CL in supercomplex assembly. Of interest, PE biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can functionally substitute for the lack of mitochondrial PE biosynthesis, suggesting the existence of PE transport pathway from ER to mitochondria. To understand the mechanism of PE transport, we disrupted ER-mitochondrial contact sites formed by the ERMES complex and found that, although not essential for PE transport, ERMES facilitates the efficient rescue of mitochondrial PE deficiency. Our work highlights specific roles of non-bilayer-forming phospholipids in MRC function and formation.
Antithrombin "Chicago": a functionally abnormal molecule with increased heparin affinity causing familial thrombophilia

A family with a high incidence of spontaneous thromboembolism over four generations has been investigated. The propositus is a 21-yr-old male with a history of thrombophlebitis. Medical histories of 46 family members were obtained. Twelve of these individuals have experienced deep venous thromboses and/or pulmonary emboli. Seven members of the kindred, with a prior history of thrombotic phenomena, were investigated in detail. These subjects were found to have normal plasma concentrations of immunoreactive antithrombin (mean 96%), decreased plasma levels of progressive antithrombin activity (mean 50%), and greatly reduced amounts of plasma heparin cofactor activity (mean 42%). The abnormal antithrombin ("Chicago") was found to elute from heparin-Sepharose at a higher ionic strength than normal inhibitor. The functionally defective antithrombin molecules exhibit a reduced ability to neutralize thrombin in the presence or absence of heparin (approximately 10%-20% of normal). The molecular defect of this protease inhibitor thus appears to be distinct from those of previously described abnormal antithrombins.
A novel resistance mutation in eccC5 of the ESX-5 secretion system confers ofloxacin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Background Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often conferred by DNA gyrase mutations. However, a substantial proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates do not have such mutations. Methods Ofloxacin-resistant and lineage-matched ofloxacin-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates underwent WGS. Novel candidate resistance mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and conferral of resistance was assessed via site-directed mutagenesis and allelic exchange. Ofloxacin MIC was determined by resazurin microtitre assay (REMA) and the effects on MICs of efflux pump inhibitors (CCCP, reserpine and verapamil) were determined. Results Of 26 ofloxacin-resistant isolates, 8 (31%) did not have resistance-conferring DNA gyrase mutations. The V762G mutation in Rv1783 (eccC5, encoding a protein in the ESX-5 membrane complex secretion system) was present on WGS in 8/26 (31%) resistant isolates and 0/11 susceptible isolates (P = 0.005). The mutation was identified in five isolates without DNA gyrase mutations and three isolates with such mutations; it was identified in both European-American and East Asian M. tuberculosis lineages. The ofloxacin MIC increased from 1 to 32 mg/L after introduction of the V762G mutation into M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In this strain with the V762G mutation, ofloxacin MIC did not change in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors. Conclusions A novel V762G mutation in Rv1783 conferred ofloxacin resistance in M. tuberculosis by a mechanism other than drug efflux. This occurred in a substantial proportion of resistant isolates, particularly those without DNA gyrase mutations.
Social Media, Big Data, and Employment Decisions: Mo’ Data, Mo’ Problems?

Big data and analytics are popular “buzzwords” gathering momentum in the academic literature and trade journals. While the exact definition of big data and analytics remains widely debated, it cannot be argued that the predictive power and obscure trends that big data and analytics can reveal have the potential to transform the field of human resources. Organizations, looking for new ways to collect and harness big data, are scouring the Internet in search of untapped outlets of information about job applicants and automated ways to use social media for recruiting and selection, and are using analytics on their internal big data generated by internal social media and intranets to improve their performance management systems and internal processes. However, there are a number of questions surrounding the accuracy, ethics, and legality of big data and analytics in human resources. This chapter will discuss the implications of using big data and analytics in making employment decisions, the potential they have to revolutionize the industry, and the possible unforeseen consequences of their use.
Educating Marketers to Market Education

As the demand for higher education levels off and heads toward an absolute decline, administrators and faculty must become aware of the need to adopt a marketing orientation. The authors review progress that has been made to date by colleges and universities and make some suggestions for future strategies.
Assessing the Consequences of Unrealistic Optimism: Challenges and Recommendations

Of the hundreds of studies published on unrealistic optimism (i.e., expecting a better personal future than is reasonably likely), most have focused on demonstrating the phenomenon, examining boundary conditions, or documenting causes. Few studies have examined the consequences of unrealistic optimism. In this article, we provide an overview of the measurement of unrealistic optimism, review possible consequences, and identify numerous challenges confronting investigators attempting to understand the consequences. Assessing the consequences of unrealistic optimism is tricky, and ultimately probably impossible when researchers assess unrealistic optimism at the group level (which reveals if a group of people is displaying unrealistic optimism on average) rather than the individual level (which reveals whether a specific individual displays unrealistic optimism). We offer recommendations to researchers who wish to examine the consequences of unrealistic optimism.
Boko Haram from Salafism to Jihadism

The most infamous outgrowth of Nigerian Salafism is the violent movement Ahl al-Sunna li-l-Daʿwa wa-l-Jihād (Salafis for Proselytisation and Jihad), better known by its Hausa nickname Boko Haram (Western Education Is Forbidden by Islam). In March 2015, Boko Haram reinforced its infamy by swearing allegiance to Al-Dawla al-Islāmiyya fī al-ʿIrāq wa-l-Shām (the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, ISIS), a jihadi army and proto-state that blossomed amid the ashes of post-Saddam Hussein Iraq and war-torn Syria. Given its local roots and global affiliations, what is the relationship between Salafism and jihadism for Boko Haram? What light does this case shed on the trajectory of so-called Salafi-jihadism worldwide? Boko Haram's founder Muḥammad Yūsuf (1970–2009) was a Salafi rooted in the broader landscape of northern Nigerian Salafism. In his June 2009 “Open Letter to the Federal Government of Nigeria” – one of the last lectures Yūsuf delivered before Boko Haram launched an ill-fated but consequential uprising the following month – his rhetorical debt to Jaʿfar Ādam was clear. Yūsuf was not a graduate of the Islamic University of Medina, but he rose to prominence as a member of the Salafi networks around the Medina graduates and he had been a protege of Ādam. By 2009, Yūsuf's break with Ādam was complete: they had denounced each other publicly, and Ādam had been assassinated – perhaps by Yūsuf's followers – in 2007. But Yūsuf continued to draw on styles the Medina graduates had honed. In his June 2009 lecture, he began with the Sermon of Necessity and then, like Ādam had done in many of his lectures, launched into a methodical but free-flowing polemic against the political authorities. Unlike Ādam, however, Yūsuf exhorted his audience not just to criticize and correct the authorities, but to confront them. Drawing on Yūsuf's manifesto and Boko Haram's propaganda videos, this chapter argues that Boko Harm first narrowed and then later deemphasized the Salafi canon. Boko Haram frequently invoked the Salafi canon during its phase of open preaching from 2002 to 2009. Yūsuf sought canonical legitimation for his most famous stances, his rejection of Western-style schools and his denunciation of secular government, as well as for his underlying framework of religious exclusivism.
On the Spectroscopic Diversity of Type Ia Supernovae

A comparison of the ratio of the depths of two absorption features in the spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) near the time of maximum brightness with the blueshift of the deep red Si II absorption feature 10 days after maximum shows that the spectroscopic diversity of SNe Ia is multidimensional. There is a substantial range of blueshifts at a given value of the depth ratio. We also find that the spectra of a sample of SNe Ia obtained a week before maximum brightness can be arranged in a "blueshift sequence" that mimics the time evolution of the pre-maximum-light spectra of an individual SN Ia, the well-observed SN 1994D. Within the context of current SN Ia explosion models, we suggest that some of the SNe Ia in our sample were delayed detonations while others were plain deflagrations.
Second stage cooling from a Cryomech PT415 cooler at second stage temperatures up to 300 K with cooling on the first-stage from 0 to 250 W

The amount of cooling delivered to the second stage of a two stage cooler is dependent on the second stage temperature and the amount of refrigeration provided by the cooler first stage. The second stage cooling as a function of temperature for a Cryomech PT-415 cooler (1.5 W at 4.2 K with 42 W on the first stage) has been estimated by scaling similar data that was measured for a Cryomech PT-410 cooler (1.0 W at 4.2 K with 28 to 30 W on the first stage). In order to accurately calculate the cool-down time for a superconducting magnet using PT-415 K coolers one must know how much cooling can be delivered by the cooler second-stage as a function of the second-stage temperature and the added cooling delivered to the cooler first-stage. There are applications where PT415 coolers are used in the temperature range from 15 to 25 K to liquefy hydrogen or cool magnets fabricated from MgB2. This report describes the method for estimating the cooler performance for a PT415 cooler as well as the results of the measurements on several PT415 coolers.
Plans: Policy Geographies of Sustainable Growth

This chapter focuses empirically on the “intercurrence of intentions” that characterizes the policy geographies of smart growth across Greater Seattle. Focusing methodologically on the substantive content of adopted plans at various territorial scales of authority, from the neighborhood to the federal government but especially local plans, I argue for the ideational and institutional coexistence of multiple orders as Greater Seattle seeks to reshape the uneven geography of local metropolitan life into putatively more sustainable forms and functions in the coming years. Local public plans, whether comprehensive, sub-area, or sectoral, are key governance spaces through which diverse values and interests in visions of urban sustainability inevitably emerge. Accordingly, the discussion considers various multi-scalar policy efforts to reshape the location, connectivity, design, and procedures associated with the uneven growth dynamics across the Greater Seattle city-region.
MEACA: efficient gene-set interpretation of expression data using mixed models

Competitive gene-set analysis, also called enrichment analysis, is a widely used tool for functional interpretation of high-throughput biological data such as gene expression data. It aims at testing a known category (e.g. a pathway) of genes for enriched differential expression (DE) signals compared to genes not in the category. Most enrichment testing methods ignore the widespread correlations among genes, which has been shown to result in excessive false positives. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that existing methods to account for correlations, such as GSEA and CAMERA, can result in severely mis-calibrated type 1 error and/or considerable power loss due to the failure to properly accommodate the DE heterogeneity across genes. We propose MEACA, a new gene-set testing framework based on a mixed effects model. Our method flexibly incorporates the unknown distribution of DE effects, effectively adjusts for completely unknown, unstructured correlations among genes, and does not rely on time-consuming permutations. Compared to existing methods, MEACA enjoys robust type 1 error control in widely ranging scenarios and substantially improves power. Applications of MEACA to a Huntington's disease study and a lymphoblastoid cell line data set demonstrate its ability to recover biologically meaningful relationships. MEACA is available as an R package.
Influence of Soil Color on Seedbed Microclimate and Seedling Demographics of a Perennial Bunchgrass

ABSTRACT Perennial bunchgrasses are critical to maintaining sagebrush plant communities, but seeding of native bunchgrasses following fire has had limited success. Previous research indicated that blackened soils beneath burned sagebrush canopies have increased bunchgrass seeding success when compared with interspace locations. We investigated soil moisture and temperature across white, neutral, and black soils and tested the relationship between soil color and seedling demographics for bluebunch wheatgrass. We used a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications conducted in a Wyoming big sagebrush community in southeast Oregon. The study site was rototilled before establishing 50 × 50 cm plots in each of 2 yr. We installed soil temperature/ moisture probes at 3-cm depth in each plot. Plots were seeded in November of each year with 125 viable seeds and covered in a < 1-mm layer of white, brown, or black aquarium sand. We counted emergent seedlings weekly through May of the year foll...
Intraspecific variability and reaction norms of forest understorey plant species traits

Summary 1.Trait-based models of ecological communities typically assume intraspecific variation in functional traits is not important, though such variation can change species trait rankings along gradients in resources and environmental conditions, and thus influence community structure and function. 2.We examined the degree of intraspecific relative to interspecific variation, and reaction norms of 11 functional traits for 57 forest understory plant species, including: intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), Δ15N, 5 leaf traits, 2 stem traits and 2 root traits along gradients in light, nitrogen, moisture and understory cover. 3.Our results indicate that interspecific trait variation exceeded intraspecific variation by at least 50% for most, but not all traits. Intraspecific variation in Δ15N, iWUE, leaf nitrogen content and root traits was high (47-70%) compared with most leaf traits and stem traits (13-38%). 4.Δ15N varied primarily along gradients in abiotic conditions, while light and understory cover were relatively less important. iWUE was related primarily to light transmission, reflecting increases in photosynthesis relative to stomatal conductance. Leaf traits varied mainly as a function of light availability, with some reaction norms depending on understory cover. Plant height increased with understory cover, while stem specific density was related primarily to light. Resources, environmental conditions and understory cover did not contribute strongly to the observed variation in root traits. 5.Gradients in resources, environmental conditions and competition all appear to control intraspecific variability in most traits to some extent. However, our results suggest that species cross-over (i.e., trait rank reversals) along the gradients measured here are generally not a concern. 6.Intraspecific variability in understory plant species traits can be considerable. However, trait data collected under a narrow range of environmental conditions appears sufficient to establish species rankings and scale between community and ecosystem levels using trait-based models. Investigators may therefore focus on obtaining a sufficient sample size within a single set of conditions rather than characterizing trait variation across entire gradients in order to optimize sampling efforts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Characterization of β-Ga 2 O 3 interface and conduction band offset with GaN using a Sol-gel process of deposition

Significant efforts have been reported on oxide dielectrics on GaN and their role on device performance. It has been noted by several researchers [1, 2] that a few monolayers of native Ga 2 O 3 decorate the GaN surface due to the spontaneous termination of the Ga-atoms with Oxygen. In an attempt to characterize the quality of Ga 2 O 3 and GaN interfaces and evaluate its band offset on GaN, we have successfully deposited Ga 2 O 3 on GaN using a sol-gel process developed by Kaya et al. [3, 4]. In this work, we report successful deposition of the sol-gel process enabled thin-film of Ga 2 O 3 on n-type GaN with the assistance of photochemical reaction involving the exposure to the UV light. Interface-state density and conduction band offset between Ga 2 O 3 and GaN were characterized on Au/Al/Ga 2 O 3 /GaN MOS capacitors.
“Recordless Company”: Precarious Postmemory in Helen Oyeyemi’s The Icarus Girl

E. Kim Stone argues that Oyeyemi, like many third-generation novelists of the Nigerian diaspora, reimagines the coming-of-age tale as a narrative of transnational subject formation. When the novel opens, Jessamy Harrison, an 8-year-old with an English father and a Nigerian mother, despondently hides in cupboards and underneath beds in her London home, preferring to spend her time reading and “amending” classic Anglo-American girls’ texts—Little Women, A Little Princess—rather than interacting with girls her own age. Her low spirits rise on a trip to Nigeria, where Jess befriends Titiola, a girl whom only Jess can see. Like Jess’s parents who bring her to a psychiatrist back in London, Western readers of The Icarus Girl would find it easy to interpret Titiola as an imaginary playmate produced from Jess’s mental instability. However, Oyeyemi quickly dismisses psychiatric discourse as too limiting to account for Jess’s “madness.” This essay argues that the novelist purposefully produces an intertextual entanglement of Yoruba vernacular paradigms with British Gothic aesthetics to implicate both cultures in the African slave trade. Just as Jess has “amended” the classic literary narratives of Western girlhood, she must disentangle Titiola’s unfamiliar aspects from this forgotten history of slavery and then interrogate the unsung potency of this re-memory in order to reconcile this fraught past with her burgeoning diasporic identity.
Membrane Permeability of Fatty Acyl Compounds Studied via Molecular Simulation.

Interest in fatty acid-derived products as fuel and chemical precursors has grown substantially. Microbes can be genetically engineered to produce fatty acid-derived products that are able to cross host membranes and can be extracted into an applied organic overlay. This process is thought to be passive, with a rate dependent on the chemistry of the crossing compound. The relationship between the chemical composition and the energetics and kinetics of product accumulation within the overlay is not well understood. Through biased and unbiased molecular simulation, we compute the membrane permeability coefficients from production to extraction for different fatty acyl products, including fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, alkanes, and alkenes. These simulations identify specific interactions that accelerate the transit of aldehydes across the membrane bilayer relative to other oxidized products, specifically the lack of hydrogen bonds to the surrounding membrane environment. However, since extrac...
Religion and Foreign Aid

Foreign aid allocations represent one of several important economic policy tools used by governments to realize their foreign policy objectives. Using a conjoint survey of respondents in the United States, this paper shows that recipient country religion is a significant determinant of individual-level foreign aid preferences. In particular, respondents express a preference for giving to Christian-majority countries in contrast to Muslim- or Buddhist-majority countries. This effect is comparable with that of other important determinants of support for foreign aid, such as a country's status as a U.S. ally or trade partner. Importantly, the preference for Christian recipient countries is especially pronounced among Christian, and most notably Evangelical Christian, respondents. This paper explores two potential mechanisms for the effect of religion: country religion as a heuristic and an individual-level preference for giving to co-religionists.
Autoimmunity: Interferon α or β: which is the culprit in autoimmune disease?

Type I interferons contribute to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, with each interferon being preferentially produced in different settings by different cells. Could knowing which one is predominant in a given disease — or patient — lead to better therapies?
Paleoethnobotany of the Early Initial Period of Gramalote in Northern Peru

The Gramalote site is an early Initial Period (1500–1200 B.C.E.) fishing village located in the Moche valley in northern Peru. Previous research assessed the social dynamics and economic interactions within that fishing settlement. The well-preserved animal and plant record facilitates the archeological study of diet and subsistence strategies through time. The examinations of faunal remains of seabirds, sea mammals, and mollusk shells support the expected marine-oriented subsistence strategy. However, the site also contains a long record of botanical remains suggesting that people had access to plant resources. For this reason, a paleoethnobotanical study was conducted with the focus on reconstructing the pollen record of Gramalote. Previously identified botanical remains were also considered. The analysis of diverse botanical proxies helped to study the relationships between humans and plants in this region of northern Peru during the second millennium B.C.E. Grasses; reeds; food, woody, and wild plants were identified suggesting an environment that allowed small-scale agriculture and a trading network during the Initial Period of Gramalote.
Baldrige Assessment and Organizational Learning: The Need for Change Management

Self-assessment using the Malcolm Baldrige Award Criteria for Performance Excellence (CPE) has become a widespread practice among all types of organizations. Empirical evidence suggests that Baldri...
The 9/11 Commission Report: History Under the Sign of Memory

The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004) has served as an archive upon which films, TV docudramas, and literary pieces on the 9/11 attacks rely. The Commission’s work represents the degree of independence exercised by state-appointed investigative bodies. The article argues that the Report’s book-like format, conception as historical work, and collective authorship were intrinsic to public tasks the Commission undertook beyond its nominal purview, namely the effort to revive a bipartisan public spirit in the United States. The article examines the underlying ideas about historical representation and the purpose of history that this foundational document of the post-9/11 era propagates as it also exemplifies the increasing influence of the discourse of memory on contemporary historical thinking.
Microneurosurgery: Principles, Applications, and Training

To fully discern and accept the significance of microneurosurgery a clear interpretation and grasp of its components is essential (see Table 1).
Divided attention during encoding causes separate memory traces to be encoded for repeated events

Abstract Strengthening some items on a list adversely affects memory for the remaining items on the list – a phenomenon known as the list-strength effect (LSE; e.g., Tulving & Hastie, 1972). Whether the LSE is observed depends on how memory is tested and how items are strengthened (Malmberg & Shiffrin, 2005; Ratcliff, Clark, & Shiffrin, 1990), with free recall producing robust LSE, whereas recognition test typically producing null LSE. In this report, we examined the LSE in free recall and recognition when items were learned with full attention or under divided attention at encoding. In free recall, the results showed a robust LSE under full attention, but a null LSE in divided attention. In contrast, in recognition a null LSE was observed under full attention, but a positive LSE emerged under divided attention. Within REM theoretical framework, the combination of these findings suggests that DA reduces the tendency to accumulate information across repetitions in a single trace, thereby reducing the influence of differentiation.
Molecular Correlates of Chromosome Bands

Bernardi and his coworkers have demonstrated that the human genome is organized into alternating blocks, each over 300 kb long, of rather homogeneous DNA of quite different GC richness, called isochores (Saccone et al., 1996). These can be separated from one another on the basis of their buoyant density in a cesium chloride ultracentrifugal gradient (Fig. 7.1). This reflects the average nucleotide composition of the isochores, because GC base pairs and GC-rich DNA are denser than AT base pairs and AT-rich DNA. There are five classes of isochores, called Li, L2 (pooled in Fig. 7.1), H1, H2, and H3, in order of increasing buoyant density and thus GC-richness. In situ hybridization shows that the H3 isochores are gene-richest (especially in housekeeping genes) and are present in highest concentration in 28 T-bands and at somewhat lower concentration in 31 additional R-bands (Fig. 7.2; see color insert).
Twofold Variation Propagation Modeling and Analysis for Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Systems

Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing has emerged as one of the most cost-effective manufacturing techniques for high-volume production of flexible printing electronics, graphene films, thin-film batteries, and solar cells, as opposed to low-volume batch production. However, in practice, real-time monitoring of the R2R process and in situ measurement of fabricated materials during production are challenging because of the high speed and dynamic variation of the web. In addition, due to the lack of cost-effective sensors and in-line metrology systems with a large range and high resolution, effective quality control and defect diagnosis are difficult to achieve. To address these challenges, this paper aims to develop analytical models that can serve as virtual sensing and metrology tools to quantify process state variation and estimate product quality in R2R processes with limited accessibility of in situ sensor. First, the quality variation propagation mechanism in R2R processes is investigated. Second, a hybrid multistage modeling method is proposed to characterize the twofold variation propagation—product-centric and process-centric variations, and its relationship with product quality in R2R processes. Note to Practitioner s—The novel modeling method developed in this paper employs both physics-based analysis (e.g., web handling system dynamics) and regression methods [e.g., censored regression and linear/logistic regression (LG)] using multisensor signals. The estimation results from the model can serve as virtual sensing and virtual metrology tools to increase the system visibility and be applied for process monitoring and error detection in real time. A print registration unit of elastic film in a roll-to-roll system is employed to demonstrate and validate the proposed modeling method in terms of the accuracy of state estimates and quality prediction. Based on the comparison results, the hybrid modeling method shows higher accuracy in state estimation and quality prediction than do the models with data-driven methods only.
MEASUREMENT OF CORROSION IN SATURATED SOLUTIONS UNDER SALT DEPOSITS USING COUPLED MULTIELECTRODE ARRAY SENSORS

The corrosion rates of type 1010 carbon steel, and types 304 and 316 stainless steels in saturated solutions under salt deposits were measured using coupled multielectrode sensors. The measurements were carried out in the presence of the following salts: KCl, NaCl, NaNO3, MgCl2, NiCl2, FeCl3, FeCl2, CuCl2, and an NaCl+NaNO3 mixture. The results indicate that the corrosiveness of the salts increased in the following order: KCl ~ NaCl ~ NaNO3 ~ NaCl+NaNO3 ~ MgCl2 < NiCl2 < FeCl3 < FeCl2 < CuCl2 for carbon steel, and KCl ~ NaCl ~ MgCl2 ~ NiCl2 ~ NaCl+NaNO3 < FeCl3 ~ FeCl2 ~ CuCl2 for type 304 stainless steel. Some inhibition of corrosion of type 316 stainless steel by NaNO3 was observed in a mixture of NaCl+NaNO3, but not in pure NaNO3 solution.
Multiparticle Correlations and Fluctuations in High Energy Hadronic and Nuclear Collisions

Space time geometries of breakup in individual relativistic events can be expected to be highly irregular, perhaps fractal. Since the observable, the S Matrix for particle production and nuclear breakup, lives in (mass shell) momentum space, it is not easy to reconstruct the typical geometry of an individual event. In addition the S-Matrix predicts only probabilities averaged over many events. From the S Matrix we can in principle construct all the correlations (averaged over an infinite number of events) and thereby deduce the probabilities of certain structures.
Rate constant for the reaction ClO + NO yields Cl + NO2

The rate constant for the reaction ClO + NO yields Cl + NO2 has been determined over the temperature range 226.7-415.4 K in a discharge flow system using a mass spectrometer as a detector. The results, expressed in the Arrhenius form, are compared with previous measurements.
Statin intensity and postoperative mortality following open repair of intact abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Author(s): Alshaikh, HN; Bohsali, F; Gani, F; Nejim, B; Malas, M | Abstract: BackgroundThere is a lack of evidence for the association between intensive statin therapy and outcomes following vascular surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between perioperative statin intensity and in-hospital mortality following open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.MethodsPatients undergoing open AAA repair between 2009 and 2015 were identified from the Premier Healthcare Database. Statin use was classified into low, moderate and high intensity, based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Supratherapeutic intensity was defined as doses higher than the recommended guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess the association between statin intensity and postoperative major adverse events and in-hospital mortality.ResultsOf 6497 patients undergoing open AAA repair, 3217 (49·5 per cent) received perioperative statin. Statin users were more likely to present with three or more co-morbidities than non-users (26·5 versus 21·8 per cent; P l 0·001). Unadjusted postoperative mortality was significantly lower in statin users (2·6 versus 6·3 per cent; P l 0·001); however, there was no difference in the risk of developing major adverse events. Multivariable analysis showed that statin use was associated with lower odds of death (odds ratio 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·31 to 0·54). Moderate, high and supratherapeutic statin intensities were not associated with lower odds of death or major adverse events compared with low-intensity statin therapy.ConclusionStatin use is associated with lower odds of death in hospital following open AAA repair. High-intensity statins were not associated with lower morbidity or mortality.