cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Mental Health Diagnosis and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotics over Time: A National Study of U.S. Medicaid-Enrolled Children

Objective To describe the relationship between mental health diagnosis and treatment with antipsychotics among U.S. Medicaid-enrolled children over time. Data Sources/Study Setting Medicaid Analytic Extract (MAX) files for 50 states and the District of Columbia from 2002 to 2007. Study Design Repeated cross-sectional design. Using logistic regression, outcomes of mental health diagnosis and filled prescriptions for antipsychotics were standardized across demographic and service use characteristics and reported as probabilities across age groups over time. Data Collection Center for Medicaid Services data extracted by means of age, ICD-9 codes, service use intensity, and National Drug Classification codes. Principal Findings Antipsychotic use increased by 62 percent, reaching 354,000 youth by 2007 (2.4 percent). Although youth with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism proportionally were more likely to receive antipsychotics, youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with three or more mental health diagnoses were the largest consumers of antipsychotics over time; by 2007, youth with ADHD accounted for 50 percent of total antipsychotic use; 1 in 7 antipsychotic users were youth with ADHD as their only diagnosis. Conclusions In the context of safety concerns, disproportionate antipsychotic use among youth with nonapproved indications illustrates the need for more generalized efficacy data in pediatric populations.
Key Predistribution Schemes for Establishing Pairwise Keys with a Mobile Sink in Sensor Networks

Security services such as authentication and pairwise key establishment are critical to sensor networks. They enable sensor nodes to communicate securely with each other using cryptographic techniques. In this paper, we propose two key predistribution schemes that enable a mobile sink to establish a secure data-communication link, on the fly, with any sensor nodes. The proposed schemes are based on the polynomial pool-based key predistribution scheme, the probabilistic generation key predistribution scheme, and the Q-composite scheme. The security analysis in this paper indicates that these two proposed predistribution schemes assure, with high probability and low communication overhead, that any sensor node can establish a pairwise key with the mobile sink. Comparing the two proposed key predistribution schemes with the Q-composite scheme, the probabilistic key predistribution scheme, and the polynomial pool-based scheme, our analytical results clearly show that our schemes perform better in terms of network resilience to node capture than existing schemes if used in wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks.
Reexamining economic sociology : Beyond rational choice reductionism

The article aims at reexamining the origins and character of economic sociology by comparison with rational choice within the history of economic and social ideas, particularly neoclassical economic and classical sociological theory. Some suggestions for a rational choice approach to economic sociology are particularly curious in that they tend to conflate the distinct characters and origins of these two disciplines throughout this history and have in turn provided an impetus for this reexamination. Modern rational choice theorists display a predilection for reducing economic (and, all) sociology into an economic approach to human behavior, with many economic sociologists evincing some degree of lenience or benevolence vis-a-vis such tendencies. Both tendencies do not seem justified in light of the different nature and origin of economic sociology and rational choice in the history of social and economic ideas. Since the current literature lacks coherent attempts at specifying the nature and historical roots of economic sociology versus those of rational choice, the article contributes toward filling in this hole.
Evaluating two experimental approaches for measuring ecosystem carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio

Degree of oxidation of organic carbon (Cox) is a fundamental property of the carbon cycle, reflecting the synthesis and decomposition of natural organic matter. Cox is also related to ecosystem oxidative ratio (OR), the molar ratio of O2 to CO2 fluxes associated with net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Here we compare two methods for measuring Cox and OR: (1) %C, %H, %N, and %O elemental analysis, and (2) heat of combustion (ΔHc) measured by means of bomb calorimetry coupled with %C elemental analysis (hereafter referred to as calorimetry). Compared with %C, %N, %H, and %O elemental analysis, calorimetry generates Cox and OR data more rapidly and cheaply. However, calorimetric measurements yield less accurate Cox and OR data. We additionally report Cox and OR data for a pair of biomass standards and a suite of biomass samples. The OR values we measured in these samples were less variable than OR data reported in the literature (generated by simultaneous measurement of ecosystem O2 and CO2 gas mixing ratios). Our biomass OR values had a mean of 1.03 and range of 0.99–1.06. These estimates are lower than the OR value of 1.10 that is often used to partition uptake of fossil fuel CO2 between the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere.
Characterization and Use of a Sinton FMT-350 Flash Tester at the Tucson Electric Power Solar Test Yard

We characterize a Sinton Instruments FMT-350 module I-V flash tester using NREL primary calibration reference modules. We use the FMT-350 to measure the effect of soiling and light induced degradation on PV modules.
Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) prevalence is higher in males than females, few studies address sex differences in developmental functioning or clinical manifestations. Participants in this study of sex differences in developmental profiles and clinical symptoms were 22 girls and 68 boys with ASD (mean age = 28 months). All children achieved strongest performance in visual reception and fine motor followed by gross motor and language functioning. Sex differences emerged in developmental profiles. Controlling for language, girls achieved higher visual reception scores than boys; boys attained higher language and motor scores and higher social-competence ratings than girls, particularly when controlling for visual reception. Longitudinal, representative studies are needed to elucidate the developmental and etiological significance of the observed sex differences.
Statistical Challenges in Biological Networks

Advances in high-throughput technologies have made available a large amount of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic biological data. For biomedical researchers to make sense of the vast amount of information contained in such data, and incorporate structural information and knowledge gleaned from targeted experiments, networks can play a key role in their understanding of biological processes and mechanisms. This article discusses some topics pertaining to biological networks and outline the role of statistical methods in their analysis.
Our Fellow Creatures

This paper defends “moral individualism” against various arguments that have been intended to show that membership in the human species or participation in our distinctively human form of life is a sufficient basis for a moral status higher than that of any animal. Among the arguments criticized are the “nature-of-the-kind argument,” which claims that it is the nature of all human beings to have certain higher psychological capacities, even if, contingently, some human beings lack them, and various versions of the idea that there is a special form of life that all human beings share but of which no animal can be a full participant. The paper concludes that none of these arguments succeeds in demonstrating that there are moral reasons to permit animals to be treated less well than members of our own species whose psychological capacities and potential are no higher than those of the animals.
Altered expression of BRCA1, BRCA2, and a newly identified BRCA2 exon 12 deletion variant in malignant human ovarian, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines.

Germline mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to hereditary breast, ovarian, and possibly prostate cancer, yet structural mutations in these genes are infrequent in sporadic cancer cases. To better define the involvement of these genes in sporadic cancers, we characterized expression levels of BRCA1 and BRCA2 transcripts in cancer cell lines derived from neoplasms of the ovary, prostate, and breast and compared them with those expressed in primary cultures of normal epithelial cells established from these organs. We observed upregulation of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 expression in six of seven ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCA420, OVCA429, OVCA432, ALST, DOV13, and SKOV3) when compared with levels found in normal ovary surface epithelial cells. Furthermore, five cancerous or immortalized prostatic epithelial cell lines (BPH-1, TSU-Pr1, LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) also expressed higher levels of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mRNA than did primary cultures of normal prostatic epithelial cells. In contrast, only the estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cell line overexpressed these messages, whereas the estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell lines Hs578T, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 showed no change in expression levels when compared with normal breast epithelial cells. In addition, expanding on our recent identification of a novel BRCA2 transcript variant carrying an in-frame exon 12 deletion (BRCA2 delta 12), we report increased expression of this variant in several ovarian, prostate, and mammary cancer cell lines (OVCA420, OVCA433, ALST, DOV13, SKOV3, TSU-Pr1, DU145, and MDA-MB-468). Most notably, high levels of BRCA2 delta 12 mRNA were detected in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, and in an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, DU-145. Interestingly, the wild-type BRCA2 transcript was barely detectable in DU145, which could be used as a model system for future investigations on BRCA2 delta 12 function. Taken together, our data suggest disruption of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 gene expression in certain epithelial cancer cell lines of the ovary, prostate, and breast. Because wild-type BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene products increase during cell-cycle progression and are believed to exert growth-inhibitory action, enhanced expression of these genes in cancer cells may represent a negative feedback mechanism for curbing proliferation in fast-growing cells. At present, the functionality of BRCA2 delta 12 remains elusive.
Altered IL-10 levels in trauma patients' MØ and T lymphocytes

Trauma results in concomitant immunosuppression and elevated monocyte (M phi) inflammatory cytokine levels. The augmenting or ameliorating effect of IL-10 in septic complications after trauma is controversial. Here, IL-10 levels of trauma patients' and normals' PBMC, isolated M phi, and isolated T cells were assessed and correlated to their PBMC mitogen responses, their T-cell proliferation in an APC independent system, and their M phi production of elevated TNF-alpha levels. Trauma patients with depressed PBMC responses to PHA stimulation also had significantly decreased IL-10 levels in their stimulated PBMC supernates (P = 0.0022) and their MDP-stimulated isolated M phi population (P = 0.0004). However, patients with depressed PHA responses could have either normal or depressed T-cell proliferation in an anti-CD3-, anti-CD4-stimulated system. If APC-independent T-cell proliferation was depressed, induced IL-10 levels were suppressed (P = 0.007). However, if APC-independent T-cell proliferation was normal or elevated, IL-10 levels could be normal or elevated (P = 0.018). Decreased IL-10 levels correlated with depressed mitogen responses and depressed T-cell proliferation. IL-10, therefore, could not be inducing trauma patients' immunosuppression. Patients with elevated M phi TNF-alpha levels had depressed M phi IL-10 levels.
Comparative Criminological and Criminal Justice Research and the Data that Drive Them

Although all good social science research is by its very nature comparative, criminology and criminal justice have only recently embraced cross‐national research as a mainstream activity. This pape...
Measurement of excited-state transitions in cold calcium atoms by direct femtosecond frequency-comb spectroscopy

We apply direct frequency-comb spectroscopy, in combination with precision cw spectroscopy, to measure the $4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4s5s\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}$ transition frequency in cold calcium atoms. A $657\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ ultrastable cw laser was used to excite atoms on the narrow $(\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz})$ $4{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ clock transition, and the direct output of the frequency comb was used to excite those atoms from the $4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}$ state to the $4s5s\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}$ state. The resonance of this second stage was detected by observing a decrease in population of the ground state as a result of atoms being optically pumped to the metastable $4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{0,2}$ states. The $4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4s5s\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}$ transition frequency is measured to be $\ensuremath{\nu}=489\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}544\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}285\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}713(56)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$; an improvement by almost four orders of magnitude over the previously measured value. In addition, we demonstrate spectroscopy on magnetically trapped atoms in the $4s4p\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{2}$ state.
Low delay-power product CMOS design using one-hot residue coding

CMOS implementations of arithmetic units for One-Hot Residue encoded operands are presented. They are shown to reduce the delay-power product of conventional, fully-encoded designs by more than 85%, as exemplified by the design of a direct digital frequency synthesizer for frequency-hopped spread spectrum communication systems. The reduction is attributable to the one-hot representation, which decreases the activity factors of the signals and the number of circuit and critical path transistors.
Paying for health care in the USA.

Health care expenditures in the USA, calculated as a proportion of its gross national product (GNP), exceed those of all industrialized countries but without apparent better patient outcomes. Considerable debate occurs about the cause of this discrepancy. Some of the difference may be attributed to excessive use of expensive technology. However, much of the apparent excess expenditure seems to be concerned with the extraordinarily complicated system of reimbursing hospitals and physicians for the care of their patients. Here we try to explain some of the issues that add to the expense of US health care without necessarily improving its quality. Between 1967 and 1994 health care spending in the USA increased from 6·3% to 13·6% of its GNP. The latter level has been maintained since 1994, but recent trends suggest that it may start to climb again. In comparison, Canada spent 10·2% of its GNP on health in 1992, but since then the proportion has steadily declined to an estimated 9·2% in 1997. Germany is the only other country whose national expenditure on health has exceeded 10%; in 1994 it spent 10·8% of its GNP in this way. For many years the costs of health care in the USA have increased at a rate faster than the cost for other goods and services. By 1996 the country's total health care costs were $1·035 x 1012, i.e., a per capita cost of $3759, more than a l5-fold increase from the $247 spent in 1967. In 1995 the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA), which administers the government-run Medicare and Medicaid programmes for the elderly and poor respectively, alone accounted for 16·4% of the federal budget.
Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems

Abstract Qualitative chemical geothermometers utilize anomalous concentrations of various “indicator” elements in groundwaters, streams, soils, and soil gases to outline favorable places to explore for geothermal energy. Some of the qualitative methods, such as the delineation of mercury and helium anomalies in soil gases, do not require the presence of hot springs or fumaroles. However, these techniques may also outline fossil thermal areas that are now cold. Quantitative chemical geothermometers and mixing models can provide information about present probable minimum subsurface temperatures. Interpretation is easiest where several hot or warm springs are present in a given area. At this time the most widely used quantitative chemical geothermometers are silica, Na/K, and Na-K-Ca.
Exploring the boundary between syntax and pragmatics: relevance and the binding of pronouns [*]

This paper explores the interface between syntax and pragmatics, focusing on the binding of pronouns and the pragmatics of the paradigms used to test this aspect of syntactic knowledge. Reinhart's (1986) version of Binding Theory (which accords a specific role to pragmatics in processes of pronoun resolution) and Sperber & Wilson's (1986) Theory of Relevance are used to examine the syntax and pragmatics of pronoun interpretation. A set of predictions based on Relevance Theory are evaluated against published results of tests of Binding Theory. The paper concludes that Relevance Theory provides a means of understanding constraints on testing syntactic knowledge and argues that pragmatic factors must be systematically controlled in any evaluation of syntactic knowledge.
Sperm granuloma of the inguinal vas deferens mimicking recurrent incarcerated inguinal hernia

Masses of the spermatic cord are rare and can be neoplastic or inflammatory lesions. We present a case of a sperm granuloma of the inguinal vas deferens presenting as a recurrent incarcerated inguinal hernia in a 42-year-old man.
Arecoline-stimulated brain incorporation of intravenously administered fatty acids in unanesthetized rats.

Abstract: Brain incorporation of [1-14C]arachidonate ([14C]AA; 170 μCi/kg), [I-14C]docosahexaenoate ([14C]DA; 100 μCi/kg), or [9,10-3H]palmitate ([3H]PA; 6.4 mCi/kg) infused intravenously for 5 min was examined in the awake rat following systemic administration of the cholinomimetic arecoline (15 mg/kg i.p.). The rat was killed 15 min after infusion, and the brain was removed, frozen, and prepared for biochemical analysis and autoradiography. Brain radioactivity, normalized for plasma exposure, was increased by 41 and 45% in arecoline-treated rats given (14C]AA and [14C]DA, respectively. Pretreatment with atropine prevented the increase in fatty acid incorporation. Arecoline treatment had no effect on brain incorporation of [3H]PA. Quantitative autoradiography indicated regionally selective increases in brain [14C]AA and [14C]DA incorporation in response to arecoline. The results suggest that intravenously administered radiolabeled fatty acids can be used to study neurotransmitter-stimulated brain lipid metabolism in vivo.
Submillimeter spectrum of methyl bromide (CH3Br)

Abstract Methyl bromide is a ubiquitous component of the atmosphere, but has yet to be remotely detected in the upper atmosphere. Due to the strong ozone depletion capability of the activated bromine species, the total atmospheric bromine load needs to be carefully monitored. Combined analysis of precise measurements and cataloging of the rotational spectrum of methyl bromide may enable its concentration to be monitored with future remote sensing instrumentation. In an effort to extend and improve previous work for this molecule, the spectrum of CH 3 Br has been measured at JPL. Using an isotopically enriched 13 CH 3 Br (90%) sample, spectra have been recorded from 750 to 1200 GHz. Quantum number assignments cover the CH 3 79 Br, CH 3 81 Br, 13 CH 3 79 Br and 13 CH 3 81 Br isotopologues with J K ν 3 vibrational states. The dataset for the 12 C isotopologues is more precise than previous THz measurements resulting in reductions of rotational and distortion parameter uncertainties by factors of 2–15. Parameters of the ν 3 state of the 12 C isotopologues are improved by 2–105. The spectra of the 13 C isotopologues are the first reported beyond J = 2.
Inorganic Nanoprobes for Biological Sensing and Imaging (Mattoussi, H. et al; 2009) [Book review]

This book is complementary to other nanotechnology books that appear to have similar topics in interdisciplinary research involving nanoparticles and biological applications. Each chapter in this book is written by internationally known experts, with extensive experiences in nanoparticles and their interactions with biological systems. Most of the topics in the text emphasize the theory and findings that may require knowledge in chemistry, physics, and biology at a graduate level. This reviewer therefore recommends this book for graduate courses in biomaterials and bioimaging or as a reference text.
THREE-FLUID, THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SOLAR WIND MODEL WITH EDDY VISCOSITY AND TURBULENT RESISTIVITY

We have developed a three-fluid, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic solar wind model that incorporates turbulence transport, eddy viscosity, turbulent resistivity, and turbulent heating. The solar wind plasma is described as a system of co-moving solar wind protons, electrons, and interstellar pickup protons, with separate energy equations for each species. Numerical steady-state solutions of Reynolds-averaged solar wind equations coupled with turbulence transport equations for turbulence energy, cross helicity, and correlation length are obtained by the time relaxation method in the corotating with the Sun frame of reference in the region from 0.3 to 100 AU (but still inside the termination shock). The model equations include the effects of electron heat conduction, Coulomb collisions, photoionization of interstellar hydrogen atoms and their charge exchange with the solar wind protons, turbulence energy generation by pickup protons, and turbulent heating of solar wind protons and electrons. The turbulence transport model is based on the Reynolds decomposition and turbulence phenomenologies that describe the conversion of fluctuation energy into heat due to a turbulent cascade. In addition to using separate energy equations for the solar wind protons and electrons, a significant improvement over our previous work is that the turbulence model now uses an eddy viscosity approximation for themore » Reynolds stress tensor and the mean turbulent electric field. The approximation allows the turbulence model to account for driving of turbulence by large-scale velocity gradients. Using either a dipole approximation for the solar magnetic field or synoptic solar magnetograms from the Wilcox Solar Observatory for assigning boundary conditions at the coronal base, we apply the model to study the global structure of the solar wind and its three-dimensional properties, including embedded turbulence, heating, and acceleration throughout the heliosphere. The model results are compared with plasma and magnetic field observations on WIND, Ulysses, and Voyager 2 spacecraft.« less
Changes in the Conceptualization of Personality Disorder: The DSM-5 Debacle

Lanier, Bollinger, and Krueger (2011) provide an overview of proposed changes to the diagnosis and classification of personality disorders to appear in the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). They are correct that the proposed changes to the personality disorders section are fundamental, and in some respects may represent a true paradigm shift in how a mental disorder is conceptualized and diagnosed. As expressed by the Chair of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group (PPDWG), ‘‘the work group recommends a major reconceptualization of personality psychopathology’’ (Skodol 2010, ‘‘Reformulation of personality disorders in DSM-5,’’ para. 1). I do not myself disagree with some of the more radical proposals that are being made, but a difficulty I do have is the surprisingly liberal threshold that has been accepted for making any such revisions (Frances 2009; Widiger 2011). In addition, one point of strong agreement with Lanier et al. is that the construction of DSM-5 is in a state of ‘‘flux,’’ to the point that it is frankly difficult to predict or anticipate what may in fact happen to the diagnosis of personality disorders. Lanier et al. state that the proposals for DSM-5 consist of four major changes (see Table 1 of Lanier et al.): (1) a change to the definition of personality disorder to require the presence of a pathology of identity integration, integrity of self-concept, and self-directedness in order for a diagnosis to be made; (2) an assessment of level of self and interpersonal dysfunction; (3) the deletion of five diagnoses; and (4) the inclusion of a six domain (37 trait) dimensional trait model. However, since this paper was written, there have been quite a few significant changes to these (and other) proposals.
Structure of Aggregating Rod Suspensions Under Combined Shear and Electric Fields

Efficient strategies for dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polymeric and solvent matrices constitutes an area of active interest. In this article, we examine from a theoretical perspective the hypo...
Subcellular localization and detergent solubility of MVP17/rMAL, a lipid raft-associated protein in oligodendrocytes and myelin.

Detergent-insoluble, glycosphingolipid-cholesterol-enriched microdomains (lipid rafts) have been implicated in both protein trafficking and signal transduction. Previously we identified in oligodendrocytes and myelin the lipid raft-associated, integral membrane protein myelin vesicular protein of 17 kDa (MVP17)/rMAL. Here we have examined the subcellular localization and/or detergent insolubility of native and recombinant MVP17/rMAL in transfected oligodendrocytes and COS-7 cells and purified myelin. Consistent with our previous report regarding the insolubility of MVP17/rMAL in the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-chloramidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS), MVP17/rMAL from purified myelin and oligodendrocytes in culture was mostly insoluble upon extraction at 4 degrees C with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 and floated to a low density in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, but became detergent soluble at 37 degrees C. Data obtained by immunofluorescence microscopy of the expression of epitope-tagged MVP17/rMAL transfected into oligodendrocytes and COS-7 cells were consistent with a model in which both the N- and C-termini of this protein face the cytoplasm. Mutational analysis identified domains of MVP17/rMAL important for its subcellular localization and for its detergent solubility profile. In particular, insertional mutagenesis of loop II prevented the insertion of the mutant protein into the plasma membrane of COS-7 cells and rendered it insoluble in TX-100. Expression of full-length constructs of MVP17/rMAL in COS-7 cells resulted in an enlargement of transfected COS-7 cells, consistent with a proposed role of rMAL in vesicular trafficking.
Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant

Sleep in depressed patients resembles sleep in normal subjects whose circadian rhythms of temperature and rapid-eye-movement sleep are phase-advanced (shifted earlier) relative to their sleep schedules. If this analogy is relevant to the pathophysiology of depressive illness, advancing the time of sleep and awakening should temporarily compensate for the abnormal timing of depressed patients' circadian rhythms. Four of seven manic-depressive patients studied longitudinally spontaneously advanced their times of awakening (activity onset) as they emerged from the depressive phase of their illness. In a phase-shift experiment, a depressed manic-depressive woman was twice brought out of depression for 2 weeks by advancing her sleep period so that she went to sleep and arose 6 hours earlier than usual. The antidepressant effect of the procedure was temporary and similar in duration to circadian desynchronization induced by jet lag in healthy subjects. This result supports the hypothesis that abnormalities of sleep patterns in some types of depression are due to abnormal internal phase relationships of circadian rhythms.
Catalyzed hydrolysis of nerve gases by metal chelate compounds and potentiometric detection of the byproducts

A new method for detection of nerve gases, Sarin and Soman, was proposed on the basis of their catalyzed hydrolysis by metal chelate compounds and potentiometric detection of the byproduct, fluoride ion. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) was used as a nerve gas mimic. The copper ion chelates shift the potential of the fluoride ion-selective electrode to more positive stable potential, which is beneficial for lowering the detection limit. In the presence of DFP, the electrode potential decreases rapidly with time due to the catalyzed hydrolysis of DFP and the production of fluoride ion. This method is sensitive, selective, and reproducible. The detection limit for DFP is 2 × 10-6 M with a potential drop between 40 and 60 mV.
Changes in intrinsic fluorescence during the production of viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli

The potential of intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy to detect and differentiate viable but nonculturable bacteria in the presence of culturable bacteria was explored. Escherichia coli cells, starved for 210 days in nutrient-free normal saline, show new fluorescence emissions near 400 and 440 nm, and reduced emission near 340 nm.
Eta invariants of Dirac operators on locally symmetric manifolds.

Fibres de Dirac. Determinant de la transformee de Cayley. Operateurs de Dirac sur des espaces localement symetriques. Trace de l'operateur de la chaleur impair. Interpretation cohomologique. La formule de la fonction zeta. η-invariants wistes et applications
My Nation, My Self: Divergent Framings of America Influence American Selves

Current public discourse calls for America to act more interdependently in the world or act more like a conjoint agent. America and American selves, however, are typically associated acting independently or disjoint agency. Since nation is a significant sociocultural source of self, the authors examine what happens to American selves if America is instead associated with conjoint agency. Study 1 surveyed participants in America and nine nations (N = 610) about America’s role in the world and found that although people currently associate America with disjoint agency, they overwhelmingly prefer America to be a conjoint agent. Studies 2—4 demonstrated that framing America’s role in the world with conjoint agency rather than disjoint agency led Americans to see themselves more positively (Studies 2 and 3) and be less individualistic in their self-descriptions and actions (Study 4). The results reveal how changes in the sociocultural context can catalyze a corresponding change in the selves that inhabit that ...
Amphiphilic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic synthetic bacteriochlorins in biohybrid light-harvesting architectures: consideration of molecular designs

Biohybrid light-harvesting architectures can be constructed that employ native-like bacterial photosynthetic antenna peptides as a scaffold to which synthetic chromophores are attached to augment overall spectral coverage. Synthetic bacteriochlorins are attractive to enhance capture of solar radiation in the photon-rich near-infrared spectral region. The effect of the polarity of the bacteriochlorin substituents on the antenna self-assembly process was explored by the preparation of a bacteriochlorin–peptide conjugate using a synthetic amphiphilic bacteriochlorin (B1) to complement prior studies using hydrophilic (B2, four carboxylic acids) or hydrophobic (B3) bacteriochlorins. The amphiphilic bioconjugatable bacteriochlorin B1 with a polar ammonium-terminated tail was synthesized by sequential Pd-mediated reactions of a 3,13-dibromo-5-methoxybacteriochlorin. Each bacteriochlorin bears a maleimido-terminated tether for attachment to a cysteine-containing analog of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides antenna β-peptide to give conjugates β-B1, β-B2, and β-B3. Given the hydrophobic nature of the β-peptide, the polarity of B1 and B2 facilitated purification of the respective conjugate compared to the hydrophobic B3. Bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) associates with each conjugate in aqueous micellar media to form a dyad containing two β-peptides, two covalently attached synthetic bacteriochlorins, and a datively bonded BChl-a pair, albeit to a limited extent for β-B2. The reversible assembly/disassembly of dyad (β-B2/BChl)2 was examined in aqueous detergent (octyl glucoside) solution by temperature variation (15–35 °C). The energy-transfer efficiency from the synthetic bacteriochlorin to the BChl-a dimer was found to be 0.85 for (β-B1/BChl)2, 0.40 for (β-B2/BChl)2, and 0.85 for (β-B3/BChl)2. Thus, in terms of handling, assembly and energy-transfer efficiency taken together, the amphiphilic design examined herein is more attractive than the prior hydrophilic or hydrophobic designs.
The Co-Evolution of Business Model and Organization in an Established Firm

This paper uses a longitudinal case study of a leading firm in the global home appliances industry, the Haier Group, to understand the process of co-evolution between business model and organizatio...
Autonomic Management of Replica Voting based Data Collection Systems in Malicious Environments

We describe a model-based approach to QoS management in a replica voting based data collection system. The voting among replicated data collection devices achieves trusted data delivery to the end-user in a hostile environment: such as data corruptions by malicious devices and security & bandwidth attacks on the wireless data paths. How often an accurate data is delivered to the user in a timely manner depicts the QoS of data collection system. Aided by a computational model of the voting system, a situational assessment module macroscopically controls the voting system core based on the sensed external events. Our goal is the optimal use of system resources while enforcing an acceptable QoS. The paper describes the management methods for autonomic control of the degree of device replication and/or the algorithmic parameters (e.g., wireless bandwidth allocation) in response to the dynamically changing QoS needs and environment conditions. Our management methods are reusable across different systems, which lowers the software costs in the development of such complex systems.
Spectral analysis of fetal sheep EEG during hypoxia

Abstract Power spectra and coherence functions were obtained on samples of EEG recorded from fetal sheep in utero . Hypoxia was produced by respiring the ewe on gas mixtures containing reduced oxygen pressure. With both halothane and local anesthesia, the EEG changes associated with hypoxia consisted of an early power reduction in higher frequencies followed by a reduction of over-all amplitude leading to the isoelectric stage. The times at which statistically significant changes occurred were not earlier during the progressive fall of fetal arterial pO 2 than visual estiamtes of abnormality made on line from the paper record and were in all cases later than significant cardiovascular changes.
Influence of smoking, hypertension, and sex on the phenotypic expression of familial intracranial aneurysms in siblings.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of smoking, hypertension, and sex on the phenotypic expression of familial intracranial aneurysms (FIAs). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the case records of 806 consecutive patients undergoing aneurysm surgery at our institution (1986-1995) and discovered 24 families with at least two affected siblings. Prevalence rates for the smoking, hypertension, and sex risk factors in these nuclear families were compared with those of patients with sporadic intracranial aneurysms (SIAs) and population-based control patients. RESULTS: Affected family members with FIAs exhibited prevalence rates of smoking and hypertension (74% and 43%, respectively) that tended to be higher than those of population-based control patients (52% [P < 0.005] and 36% [P = not significant (NS)], respectively) and comparable to those of patients with SIAs (64% [P = NS] and 40% [P = NS], respectively). A positive association existed between FIA formation and female sex but was somewhat less strong than that observed in the SIAs (59% FIAs, 71 % SIAs, 50% control patients). In addition, the prevalence rates of smoking, hypertension, and female sex were higher in affected family members with FIAs than in their unaffected siblings (58% [P < 0.05], 28% [P = 0.06], and 39% [P < 0.05], respectively). Individuals in families with expressed FIAs who had high aneurysmal penetrance had a greater tendency to be smokers, hypertensive, and female (74%, 59%, and 55%, respectively) than did their low-penetrance counterparts (61 % [P = 0.1], 27% [P < 0.05], and 45% [P = NS], respectively). CONCLUSION: Together these data suggest that hypertension, smoking, and female sex increase the likelihood that a member of a family with an expressed FIA will have an aneurysm. These observations may prove helpful in guiding the use of screening studies and encouraging education about the potential risks of continued tobacco use and untreated hypertension in this patient cohort.
Gender differences in tumor-induced anorectic feeding pattern in Fischer-344 rats

Abstract Gender differences of feeding pattern in normal male and female rats are well recognized. Differences in gender-related feeding patterns have also been established following a variety of experimental manipulations, such as hypothalamic lesions, nicotine infusion, and total parenteral nutrition administration. Anorexia is a common feature during tumor growth. The present study examined whether the feeding indices constituting the feeding patterns differed with the development of cancer anorexia in male and female rats. Sixteen male and 15 female Fischer-344 rats had their food intake (FI) and feeding indices, meal number (MN) and meal size (MZ), continuously measured by a computerized rat eater meter. Viable methylcholanthrene (MCA) sarcoma cells (10 6 ) were inoculated subcutaneously in 10 male (M-TB) and 8 female (F-TB) Fischer rats, while the rest were controls and received an equal volume of vehicle. Tumor-bearing (TB) rats became anorectic by Day 18, when the weight of the tumor was approximately 8% of the total body weight (BW). A notable decrease in BW was observed in both M-TB and F-TB. A decrease in FI resulted from different feeding indices between male and female rats. In male rats, lower FI was due to a decrease in both MN and MZ. In female rats, lower FI was solely due to a decrease in MN. The data show that gender differences in feeding patterns, which are an external manifestation of biochemical changes in the brain, occur following development of cancer-related anorexia suggesting that besides other factors, cancer anorexia is also influenced by sex-related hormones.
Lipid Imaging with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Fundamental advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) now allow for the examination and characterization of lipids directly from biological materials. The successful application of SIMS-based imaging in the investigation of lipids directly from tissue and cells are demonstrated. Common complications and technical pitfalls are discussed. In this review, we examine the use of cluster ion sources and cryogenically compatible sample handling for improved ion yields and to expand the application potential of SIMS. Methodological improvements, including pre-treating the sample to improve ion yields and protocol development for 3-dimensional analyses (i.e. molecular depth profiling), are also included in this discussion. New high performance SIMS instruments showcasing the most advanced instrumental developments, including tandem MS capabilities and continuous ion beam compatibility, are described and the future direction for SIMS in lipid imaging is evaluated.
Sibling popularity: A moderator of sibling influence for adolescent substance use

AbstractSibling substance use is a known correlate of adolescent substance use. Yet, not all siblings are equally influential. Sibling influence has been found to vary by age gap, sex and birth order. Little research, however, has investigated whether siblings' peer context is also a source of variation. The present study tested whether more popular siblings were more influential for adolescent use of cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana. Data were obtained from sibling pairs in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings indicate that older siblings have more influence on younger sibling marijuana use when they have more friends. These findings contribute to prior work examining which siblings are more influential and highlight the need to consider siblings as part of a greater peer context.
Ammonia-excreting mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis supports growth of wheat

Growth of wheat in a nitrogen-free hydroponic co-culture with a mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilitis (strain SA-1) was enhanced over plants grown with the parent strain SA-0. This increase was achieved in the dry weight, grain yield, and total nitrogen content of the plants. Nitrogenase activity of the mutant strain SA-1 was increased in a co-culture of the cyanobacterial mutant with wheat plants compared to the activity of the wild-type strain in association with wheat.
El Chichon: The genesis of volcanic sulfur dioxide monitoring from space

The 1982 eruption of El Chichon inspired a new technique for monitoring volcanic clouds. Data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on the Nimbus-7 satellite were used to measure sulfur dioxide in addition to ozone. For the first time precise data on the sulfur dioxide mass in even the largest explosive eruption plumes could be determined. The plumes could be tracked globally as they are carried by winds. Magmatic eruptions could be discriminated from phreatic eruptions. The data from El Chichon are reanalyzed in this paper using the latest version of the TOMS instrument calibration (V8). They show the shearing of the eruption cloud into a globe-circling band while still anchored over Mexico in three weeks. The measured sulfur dioxide mass in the initial March 28 eruption was 1.6 Tg; the April 3 eruption produced 0.3 Tg more, and the April 4 eruptions added 5.6 Tg, for a cumulative total of 7.5 Tg, in substantial agreement with estimates from prior data versions. TOMS Aerosol Index (absorbing aerosol) data show rapid fallout of dense ash east and south of the volcano in agreement with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) ash cloud positions.
An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system

An evaluation of a large, operational full-text document-retrieval system (containing roughly 350,000 pages of text) shows the system to be retrieving less than 20 percent of the documents relevant to a particular search. The findings are discussed in terms of the theory and practice of full-text document retrieval.
Nutrition Education for Cardiac Patients An Interdisciplinary Approach

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To develop an organized means of providing discharge nutrition education for cardiac catheterization patients. Lack of an effective communication network on the in-patient floor serving cardiac patients led to patients being discharged without adequate nutrition education and heightened tensions between nursing and nutrition staff. The procedure in place at this time, involved nursing or the floor unit secretary paging the floor dietitian just prior to the patient's discharge time. This short notice often did not allow adequate time to instruct the patient properly, if at all, and interfered with other dietitian job responsibilities. Our goal was to develop a more organized means of delivering important nutrition information to cardiac patients while improving the quality of that education. At an interdisciplinary meeting among nursing and nutrition staff a new means of alerting the dietitian to cardiac patients needing discharge education was devised. A sign up sheet with morning and afternoon slots was prepared. Nursing agreed to list daily morning and afternoon discharges and the dietitians agreed to see patients on the list between 9 am and 10 am for morning discharges and between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. for afternoon discharges. After seeing the patient, the dietitian crosses the patient name off the list so that nursing would know the patient has been instructed. A videotape was also made available on the patient television channel in the event that a dietitian was unavailable to provide instruction, which was often the case on weekends due to reduced staffing. A policy for the new procedure was written and distributed to nursing, the unit secretaries and to the dietitians. The discharge education materials for cardiac education were also revised. From May 1996 through January 1997 nursing listed 168 patients requiring discharge education. Ninety-three percent of these patients were seen by the dietitian for discharge instruction. In addition, a patient and nursing satisfaction survey was circulated. Of the responders, 100% were highly satisfied with the program.
Towards a biomorphic soft robot: Design constraints and solutions

Soft animals move by controlling body deformation instead of actuated joints and they are able to exploit changes in conformation for different forms of locomotion. The goal of this study is to identify the key constraints in a soft-bodied animal and attempt to produce locomotion in a robotic platform with the same constraints. We first designed a soft robot platform as a reduced physical model of a caterpillar. Then we fabricated a variety of devices to explore possible modes of locomotion under the constraints of such a body plan. In particular, we found six gaits and several examples in which the soft actuators and body structure determine gait generation. We intend to translate these locomotion methods and body plans directly to a biomorphic robot that is biocompatible and biodegradable. This device will be actuated by cultured insect muscles and made from soft biomaterials.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis associated with Crohn's disease

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) was first described by Giedion in 1972 as a self-limited relapsing noninfectious inflammatory condition usually affecting children and adolescents. The association of CRMO with psoriasis, palmoplantar pustulosis, and SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) has been described. In this case report, we present a 49-year-old man with CRMO coexisting with Crohn's disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CRMO with Crohn's disease without the presence of pustular skin lesions or other features of SAPHO syndrome.