cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hindlimb sensory neuron number increases with body size

As an animal grows, its sensory systems face the task of maintaining sensitivity and discrimination in peripheral fields that are continually enlarging. Without the addition of neurons, existing cells would have to innervate a wider skin area, leading to a decrease in the precision with which stimuli are localized. Neurons were counted in the three dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) that innervate the hindlimb of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Profiles of neuronal nuclei containing the single nucleolus found in these cells were counted in every third section of serially cut ganglia. This means of assessing neuron number was validated by comparing these profile counts with three-dimensional reconstructions of sensory neurons. Large frogs (10–17 cm) had more than twice as many DRG neurons as small frogs (3.3–5 cm). The rate of increase was greatest between 3 and 8 cm, when over 1,300 hindlimb sensory neurons were added for each 1 cm increase in body length. The possibility that selective survival of frogs with many neurons biases estimates of mean neuron number was ruled out by the finding that frogs drawn from the same closed population, half of which were sacrificed immediately and half of which were sacrificed after 1 year's survival, showed expected differences in neuron number. Horseradish peroxidase applied to particular hindlimb nerves retrogradely labeled more neurons in large frogs than small frogs, supporting the hypothesis that added neurons extend their axons to the periphery. No evidence of tritium labeling was found following injection of 3H-thymidine (a marker of DNA synthesis) every third day for 20–22 weeks, a period over which, on the basis of changes in body length, substantial numbers of neurons were likely added. These results, combined with previous studies of motoneuron addition in the lumbar lateral motor column, are consistent with the hypothesis that the population of sensory neurons is augmented by late differentiation of existing precursor cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple bifurcation in a predator–prey system with nonmonotonic predator response

A model of a predator–prey system showing group defence on the part of the prey is formulated, and reduced to a three-parameter family of quartic polynomial systems of equations. Mathematically, this system contains the Volterra–Lotka system, and yields numerous kinds of bifurcation phenomena, including a codimension-two singularity of cusp type, in a neighbourhood of which the quartic system realises every phase portrait possible under small smooth perturbation. Biologically, the nonmonotonic behaviour of the predator response function allows existence of a second singularity in the first quadrant, so that the system exhibits an enrichment paradox, and, for certain choices of parameters, coexistence of stable oscillation and a stable equilibrium.
Detection of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Meat and Tracheal Samples from Experimentally Infected Chickens

The Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus causes a systemic disease with high mortality of poultry and is potentially zoonotic. In both chickens and ducks, the virus has been demonstrated to replicate in both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Experimentally, H5N1 HPAI virus has been transmitted to chickens through the consumption of raw infected meat. In this study, we investigated virus replication in cardiac and skeletal muscle and in the trachea of chickens after experimental intranasal inoculation with the H5N1 HPAI virus. The virus was detected in tissues by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) and virus isolation, and in the trachea by RRT-PCR and a commercial avian influenza (AI) viral antigen detection test. A modified RNA extraction protocol was developed for rapid detection of the virus in tissues by RRT-PCR. The H5N1 HPAI virus was sporadically detected in meat and the tracheas of infected birds without any clinical sign of disease as early as 6 hr postinfection (PI), and was detected in all samples tested at 24 hr PI and later. No differences in sensitivity were seen between virus isolation and RRT-PCR in meat samples. The AI viral antigen detection test on tracheal swabs was a useful method for identifying infected chickens when they were sick or dead, but was less sensitive in detecting infected birds when they were preclinical. This study provides data indicating that preslaughter tracheal swab testing can identify birds infected with HPAI among the daily mortality and prevent infected flocks from being sent to processing plants. In addition, the modified RNA extraction and RRT-PCR test on meat samples provide a rapid and sensitive method of identifying HPAI virus in illegal contraband or domestic meat samples.
Las pertenencias del poema

Vestigios - Conjuraciones y blasfemias. Maria Teresa Caro, Eva Toth (prologo). Editorial Escuela Colombiana de Ingenieria, Bogota, 2004, 63 pags.
Corporate Takeover of U.S. Catholic Education and the Effect on Catholic Identity: Models from the Church’s 19th-Century Schools and 21st-Century Hospitals

AbstractThere is a movement toward “corporatization” evident in Catholic hospitals, Catholic schools, and Catholic social service agencies taking up management structures and other features and behaviors employed by corporations. Many see these practices as threatening the identity and influence of religion as the profit concerns begin to take center stage. This development is assessed from two perspectives. The 19th-century shift in Catholic education was equally radical and raised no less conflicting values in religious identity. The story of Catholic healthcare's movement over the past 30 years from direct control and administration primarily by religious orders of women to mega health systems provides a parallel experience adjusting this Catholic ministry to the demands of the corporate world and re-expressing Catholic identity.
Enacting Reform-Based Science Materials: The Range of Teacher Enactments in Reform Classrooms

To promote large-scale science education reform, developers must create innovations that teachers can use to learn and enact new practices. As part of an urban systemic reform effort, science materials were designed to reflect desired reforms and to support teacher thinking by addressing necessary content, pedagogy, and pedagogical content knowledge for teachers. The goal of this research was to describe teachers' enactments in comparison to reform as instantiated in the materials. Four middle school teachers' initial enactment of an inquiry-based science unit on force and motion were analyzed. Findings indicate two teachers' enactments were consistent with intentions and two teachers' enactments were not. However, enactment ratings for the first two were less reflective of curriculum intent when challenges were greatest, such as when teachers attempted to present challenging science ideas, respond to students' ideas, structure investigations, guide small-group discussions, or make adaptations. Overall, findings suggest that purposefully using materials with detailed lesson descriptions and specific, consistent supports for teacher thinking can help teachers with enactment. However, materials alone are not sufficient; reform efforts must include professional development and efforts to create systemic change in context and policy to support teacher learning and classroom enactment. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 283-312, 2005 To promote goals established for student learning, reform efforts in science education have focused attention on classrooms and how teachers can improve their instructional practices. Reformers encourage teachers to use inquiry supported by use of technology tools to promote Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. More information about this work, including the curriculum materials ''Why do I need to wear a bike helmet?'' used in this study, can be obtained from our project's website (http:/ /hi-ce.org/teacherworkroom/middleschool/ physics/index.html).
Fractal Landscapes in Physics and Biology

The purpose of this talk is to describe some recent progress in three aspects of statistical physics that overlap biology. The first of these represents a discovery about the real world for which we presently have no theoretical understanding.1 The second concerns the solution of a rich model of many body physics which should apply to a wide range of biological situations but presently applies primarily to mathematical ecology.2 The third concerns what on the one hand might be a mere numerical coincidence or, on the other hand, might represent evidence that diffusion limited aggregation describes the physical mechanism underlying the growth of nerve cells—at least the quasi-two-dimensional nerve cells that grow in the retina.3
Small size base station antenna using phase difference feed for narrowband ubiquitous communication

Recently, system studies and hardware investigations on wide area ubiquitous network systems have been conducted. In this paper, we propose a compact sector antenna structure based on a co-linear array antenna that employs phase-difference feeding for a suitable base station in a wide area ubiquitous network system. In order to reduce the element interval with the goal of miniaturizing the sector antenna, we clarify the antenna feeding conditions while considering the mutual coupling between elements. Moreover, to achieve the proposed antenna structure, we employ a vertically arranged offset configuration that suppresses the influence on the radiation characteristics to 0.5λ o . To verify the antenna design, we developed a prototype antenna for the VHF band. We confirm that the measured results are in good agreement with the calculated results.
Numerical simulation of the steady state flying characteristics of a 50% slider with surface texture

The steady state flying characteristics of a 50% taper-flat two-rail slider with discrete surface texture features have been numerically simulated using finite elements. Various shapes and patterns of surface texture features are considered. This investigation analyzes the dependence of flying height and pitch angle on the height and number of the surface texture features and on the linear velocity. The results suggest that the surface texture does not significantly change the flying behavior at nominal flying heights but the influence of surface texture becomes more important at low spacings. >
The syphilis epidemic and its relation to AIDS

This article presents an overview of the history of medical and public health responses to syphilis in the 20th-century United States and briefly evaluates the relevance and significance of these approaches for the AIDS epidemic. The parallels are numerous: they relate to science, public health, civil liberties, and social attitudes concerning sexually transmitted infection. The strengths and limits of past approaches to controlling sexually transmitted diseases are explored as a possible guide for AIDS policy.
Collisionless shocks and upstream waves and particles: Introductory remarks

A qualitative account is presented of collisionless shock theory in relation to the problem of upstream waves and particles. Particular attention is given to parallel shocks in high-beta plasmas, the relation of upstream phenomena to local shock structure, and Fermi acceleration.
Quality of life among women undergoing hysterectomies.

Objective: To measure the association between gynecologic conditions and quality of life in women before hysterectomy. Methods: We retrospectively identified 482 women who had hysterectomies for nononcologic and nonemergency indications in one of nine capitated medical groups in Southern California between 1993 and 1995. Their symptoms and quality of life before hysterectomy were assessed by medical record review and telephone interview. Women were placed into four symptom-based groups (pain, bleeding, pelvic discomfort, and asymptomatic groups) and compared across six quality-of-life scales. Results: Women with primary pain conditions reported the highest average role impairment compared with women with primary bleeding, pelvic discomfort, or asymptomatic conditions (8.6 days/month versus 5.0, 2.5, and 1.9 days/month, respectively; P < .05). On the five 0 to 100–point quality-of-life scales, women with primary pain conditions, compared with women with bleeding, pelvic discomfort, or asymptomatic conditions, had the highest mean levels of sexual impairment (71.5 versus 54.1, 29.6, and 17.9, respectively; P < .05) and mood impairment (55.2 versus 45.2, 34.6, and 38.1, respectively; P < .05), the poorest perception of general health (74.4 versus 60.7, 44.1, and 49.4, respectively; P < .05), and the greatest increase in severity of symptoms before hysterectomy (77.2 versus 68.7, 61.5, and 57.1, respectively; P < .05). Conclusion: Women’s primary symptoms before hysterectomy are associated differentially with varying levels of impairment. Standardized measurement of quality of life among women with gynecologic complaints that lead to hysterectomy might help in the development of treatment guidelines and in the assessment of appropriateness and outcomes of care for those women.
Control of Mitotic Spindle Angle by the RAS-Regulated ERK1/2 Pathway Determines Lung Tube Shape

During early lung development, airway tubes change shape. Tube length increases more than circumference as a large proportion of lung epithelial cells divide parallel to the airway longitudinal axis. We show that this bias is lost in mutants with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 activity, revealing a link between the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and the control of mitotic spindle orientation. Using a mathematical model, we demonstrate that change in airway shape can occur as a function of spindle angle distribution determined by ERK1/2 signaling, independent of effects on cell proliferation or cell size and shape. We identify sprouty genes, which encode negative regulators of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)-mediated RAS-regulated ERK1/2 signaling, as essential for controlling airway shape change during development through an effect on mitotic spindle orientation.
Active Sites in Fe/MFI Catalysts for NOx Reduction and Oscillating N2O Decomposition

Abstract Fe/MFI catalysts prepared either by sublimation of FeCl3 onto H-MFI or by solid state ion exchange were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and ESR spectroscopy. Ligated Fe3+ ions, such as (Fe(OH)2)+ or (Fe=O)+ in distorted tetrahedral coordination, multinuclear oxocations, such as (HO-Fe-O-Fe-OH)2+, and Fe2O3 oxide particles have been identified. Their relative abundances depend on the Si/Al ratio and the Fe loading. Nitro and nitrate groups, identified by their FTIR bands, are formed upon exposing Fe/MFI with high Fe loading to N2O. These adsorption complexes are reduced with benzene at 200°C but not at room temperature. Their reduction with CO occurs at a lower temperature than that of the bridging oxygen. Exposure to N2O at 320°C and 0.5 kPa pumps 30% more active oxygen into Fe/MFI than calcination in O2 of 100 kPa at 500°C. Thermal decomposition releases NO and O2 at the same temperature. The catalytic decomposition rate of N2O to N2+ 1 2 O2 in diluted feed streams over Fe/MFI is first order in N2O. The rate constant is very low for samples with low Fe loading, but jumps to a much higher value for high Fe loadings, indicating the important role of multinuclear Fe clusters in accordance with recent EXAFS results. Stable isothermal oscillations are observed with overexchanged Fe/MFI (Fe/Al=1; Al/Si=1/14), in the presence of H2O vapor, showing that two different states of catalytic activity exist. No oscillation is observed with a dry feed or over Fe/MFI with low loading.
Learning to watch out prison chaplains as risk managers

In this article, I examine how prison chaplains are socialized to the risks of working with inmates. The dialectical tension of prison work--both routine and repetitive while also potentially uncertain and volatile--requires a distinctive working personality (see Skolnick 1966). I argue that the institution has a significant impact on the construction of a workplace culture defined primarily by risk management. The institutional culture of corrections creates perceptions of risk that chaplains come to internalize and negotiate in various ways. Using qualitative interview data, I discuss chaplains' management of risk. I conclude by discussing the relationship between working in a total institution and the development of a working personality unique to correctional chaplains. Language: en
Doppler Radar Probing of the Clear Atmosphere

Abstract In the past few years, sensitive Doppler radars have been used to probe the clear atmosphere from the boundary layer up to stratospheric altitudes. Routine Doppler radar observations are now attainable over a wide range of frequencies at virtually all altitudes in this height range. Although a number of these systems operate at UHF (300–3000 MHz), sensitive Doppler radars have recently been developed that operate at VHF (30–300 MHz). These new systems employ large, inexpensive antennas constructed of phased arrays of dipole elements. This paper surveys recent developments in the use of both VHF and UHF Doppler radars for probing the clear atmosphere and presents design considerations for new radar systems.
LIFE CYCLE OF SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA IN ITS NATURAL INTERMEDIATE HOST, THE RACCOON, PROCYON LOTOR

Sarcocystis neurona causes encephalomyelitis in many species of mammals and is the most important cause of neurologic disease in the horse. Its complete life cycle is unknown, particularly its development and localization in the intermediate host. Recently, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) was recognized as a natural intermediate host of S. neurona. In the present study, migration and development of S. neurona was studied in 10 raccoons that were fed S. neurona sporocysts from experimentally infected opossums; 4 raccoons served as controls. Raccoons were examined at necropsy 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 22, 37, and 77 days after feeding on sporocysts (DAFS). Tissue sections of most of the organs were studied histologically and reacted with anti–S. neurona–specific polyclonal rabbit serum in an immunohistochemical test. Parasitemia was demonstrated in peripheral blood of raccoons 3 and 5 DAFS. Individual zoites were seen in histologic sections of intestines of raccoons euthanized 1, 3, and 5 DAFS. Schizonts and mero...
Annotated list of the scale insects of Guatemala

Ένας λeπτομeρής κατάλογος των eιδών της οικογένeιας Coccidae παρουσιάζeται για μια χώρα της κeντρικής Αμeρικής, τη Γουατeμάλα. Το φυτό ξeνιστής και η τοποθeσία παρουσιάζeται για κάθe eίδος μαζί μe παρατηρήσeις για την ταξινομική του κατάσταση. Ο κατάλογος αναπτύχθηκe από μeλέτeς που πραγματοποίησe ο συγγραφέας στη Γουατeμάλα καθώς και από υλικό που συλλέχθηκe από άλλους eπιστήμονeς την πeρίοδο 1990-2007, καθώς eπίσης και από την ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας και καταγραφές που βρίσκονται στις ΗΠΑ, στη συλλογή του Eθνικού Μουσeίου Κοκκοeιδών. Η μeλέτη του παραπάνω υλικού οδήγησe στην αύξηση του αριθμού των eιδών της οικογένeιας Coccidae από την Γουατeμάλα σe 29 eίδη που ανήκουν σe 23 γένη. Η Γουατeμάλα πλέον κατατάσσeται ως δeύτeρη σe αριθμό eιδών της οικογένeιας Coccidae μeταξύ των χωρών της κeντρικής Αμeρικής, μeτά από τον Παναμά όπου έχουν καταγραφeί 36 eίδη που ανήκουν σe 18 γένη.
It's the Conflict, Stupid: An Empirical Study of Factors that Inhibit Successful Mediation in High-Conflict Custody Cases

High-conflict custody disputes continue to bedevil the legal profession and the social and behavioral sciences. This empirical study analyzes data from parties in high conflict custody cases in a jurisdiction with mandatory mediation of custody disputes. The study supports the findings of a number of studies in its conclusion that parties reach mediated agreements more quickly than judges produce custody orders and that the mediated agreements are more stable than the litigated orders. Other findings, however, challenge some of the conventional wisdom about the impact of mediation on custody cases. The mediated agreements were not associated with more shared parenting time. To the contrary, the litigated orders resulted simultaneously in more shared parenting time in some and in more lopsided divisions of parenting time in others. On the other hand, the study supported the conventional wisdom that conflict between the parties prevents them from reaching a mediated agreement about custody. Using allegations of domestic violence and unfitness as measures of conflict, those factors were associated with the failure to reach a mediated agreement. The article concludes that mandatory mediation might be cost-effective in a state willing to use a differentiated case management system to exempt those parties whose experience reflects too much conflict for mediation to be worthwhile.
Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint: A Review Of 150 Cases

The findings in my first 150 consecutive arthroscopies of the knee joint, performed with the Watanabe arthroscope, have been presented. Although the technique is somewhat demanding and considerable experience is required before the procedure can be done satisfactorily, it is without doubt a safe maneuver of great value to any orthopaedic surgeon who has enough interest to try to make an accurate diagnosis of a knee lesion, rather than just opening the joint "to have a look around." Any orthopaedist who sees many patients with knee injuries and disabilities will be fully rewarded for the time required to learn to do a good examination. Sixty of the 150 knees in which arthroscopies were performed were subsequently operated on. In forty-eight of these knees, the arthroscopic findings were confirmed at operation. In the remaining knees, there were six false negative and six false positive findings. The false negatives were errors which could be explained by in-experience or poor visualization caused by cloudy or bloody fluid. The false positives were in knees in which strands of synovium floating in the saline-filled joint were misinterpreted as cartilage degeneration or loose bodies, again because of lack of experience. Besides its obvious value, especially in difficult diagnostic problems, arthroscopy provides a means for morphologic follow-up of patients who have had prior surgery. The systematic use of arthroscopy should shed light on the ability of cartilage to repair itself, the seemingly protective effect of salicylates on damaged cartilage, and the like. The Watanabe arthroscope also provides a method of studying the interior of the knee joint without disturbing normal relationships, particularly the patellofemoral joint which can be visualized when the knee is in positions in which the patellofemoral joint cannot be visualized roentgenographically, notably between full extension and 60 degrees of flexion.
The Trial of Errors in Bangladesh: The International Crimes (Tribunal) Act and the 1971 War Crimes Trial

Bangladesh was born of bloodshed and violence in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. There have been several failed attempts at prosecuting the perpetrators of war crimes from 1971 to the present, culminating in the present Awami League-led Bangladeshi government’s proclamation of its plan to hold a war crimes Tribunal for the 1971 criminals under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act. This paper will discuss the legislation and the key legal issues that arise from it, after recapitulating and recapturing the context of the legislation, viz. the Bangladesh War of 1971. However, analysing the trial that has commenced last year is outside the purview of this paper.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Decreases Broadband Power in Area CA1

Cognitive impairment caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to devastating consequences for both patients and their families. The underlying neurological basis for TBI-induced cognitive dysfunction remains unknown. However, many lines of research have implicated the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of TBI. In particular, past research has found that theta oscillations, long thought to be the electrophysiological basis of learning and memory, are decreased in the hippocampus post-TBI. Here, we recorded in vivo electrophysiological activity in the hippocampi of 16 mice, 8 of which had previously undergone a TBI. Consistent with previous data, we found that theta power in the hippocampus was decreased in TBI animals compared to sham controls; however, this effect was driven by changes in broadband power and not theta oscillations. This result suggests that broadband fluctuations in the hippocampal local field potential can be used as an electrophysiological surrogate of abnormal neurological activity post-TBI.
THE SEMANTIC METHOD FOR TESTING VOCABULARY

Measuring more meanings in approximately the same time limits. Individuals were able to designate all the meanings of a word in about the same time limits as they would need for finding the single meaning response. Determining grade levels of meaning for each multi-meaning word used in the test for grades four through grade eight. No claim is made that this is a classification of multi-meaning words according to grade levels, but pupils' performance on each item demonstrated their proficiency or fail ure in identifying the meaning at each grade level included in the test. sack Development of the Test
A systematic review of the association between depression and health care utilization in children and adults with sickle cell disease.

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience a disproportionately high use of health care resources. Several studies have examined depression and other negative mood states as risk factors for increased health care utilization; however, there have been no systematic reviews examining and summarizing this evidence in SCD. The aim of this systematic review, therefore, was to determine whether depression or depressive symptoms are associated with health care utilization among children and adults with SCD. We followed a quantitative systematic review protocol based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses guidelines and performed a literature search of records from January 1980 to April 2014 using six databases. Empirical studies were eligible if the sample was primarily composed of patients with SCD and included data on depression, mood disorder diagnosis or depressive symptoms and health care utilization. We included 12 studies involving 54 036 unique participants. The prevalence estimates for depression ranged from 2-57%. Seven studies found a significant, or marginally significant, association between depression and utilization while five did not. Patients reporting depression had an estimated 2·8 times greater relative risk of being a high utilizer, and 2·9 versus 1·8 hospitalizations per year on average compared to patients without depression. Overall, depressive symptoms are common in SCD and may increase risk for poor outcomes including health care utilization. The available studies on depression in SCD, however, are limited by small sample sizes, retrospective designs or short follow-up. This systematic review found a modest association between depression and health care utilization in SCD.
The Successor to Metaphysics: Absolute Idea and Absolute Spirit

Hegel remains widely known but largely unread in Anglo-American philosophy. Although the earlier hostility to his thought in these circles has begun to fade, Hegel still remains for many philosophers a more or less peripheral figure, somebody to be taught once other subjects in the philosophy department have been covered. This is partly because of his obscure style and mostly because of the standard picture of Hegel that re mains in the psychic geography of many academic philosophers. Hegel is conceived as the last great thinker who tried to fashion a unified systematic picture of God, man and the world through something called dialectic. On this standard view, Hegel is seen as arguing for a kind of grand Spirit (God) who is gradually coming to self-consciousness by struggling through the contradictions He has created, using people as instruments for His (or its) coming to self-consciousness, until finally (around 1820 or thereabouts) He succeeds somewhere in Berlin. Spirit-God comes to full self-consciousness and as parts of this grand Spirit-God, we too come to a full awareness of what we really are. This kind of grand metaphysical cosmology and theodicy does not fit the more skeptical temperaments of many twentieth century academic thinkers. This view, however popular at large, has been widely challenged by Hegel scholars, and it is hard to find in the best recent literature on Hegel any example of such a reading. Hegel's thought has come in once more for serious and careful study. One fairly widely known and controversial view among Hegel scholars has been dubbed the non-metaphysical reading of Hegel.1 This sees Hegel as far more concerned with Kantian style questions about the nature of our categories and about questions of explanation than with these grand cosmological questions, and it sees Hegelian dialectic not as some esoteric procedure involved with a notion of the Absolute Spirit God working its way through contradictions to full Self-consciousness but with the construction, explanation and justification of basic categories of thought and reality. However, there has always been an overriding objection to this reading: regardless of how nicely it may fit some aspects of Hegel's thought, it does an injustice to his overall system and to why people have continually returned to Hegel for new insights. Whereas it might serve to locate some core of Hegelian dialectic that can be preserved, it slices so much out of his
Application of Service-Oriented Architecture to Distributed Simulation

The paper describes an effort to apply Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and technologies in a distributed simulation environment. The goal of this effort was to develop and prove concepts for using SOA to increase the flexibility and ease-of-use of a set of corporate assets that are used for analyzing future concepts for the National Airspace System (NAS). These assets include simulations, algorithms, visualization tools, and data archives. The paper provides background information on SOA principles and technology, as well as some general discussion of how SOA can be applied to distributed simulation. Performance issues that arise when using SOA technologies are discussed, and data from a set of performance experiments is presented and analyzed. The paper then describes concepts we developed and prototypes we built to demonstrate and prove these concepts. The concepts include some unique ideas for controlling simulations and managing simulation contexts by creating a simulation-aware extension to a SOA registry, as well as concepts for allowing different assets to be combined without programming.
Maspin expression inversely correlates with breast tumor progression in MMTV/TGF-alpha transgenic mouse model

Maspin is a novel serine protease inhibitor (serpin) with tumor suppressive activity. To date, despite the mounting evidence implicating the potential diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic value of maspin in breast and prostate carcinoma, the lack of a suitable animal model hampers the in vivo investigation on the role of maspin at diAerent stages of tumor progression. In this study, we used MMTV/TGF-a transgenic mouse model to study the expression profile of maspin in mammary tumor progression. Histopathological examinations of MMTV/TGF-a transgenic mice revealed TGF-a expression leading to hyperproliferation, hyperplasia, and occasional carcinoma in mammary gland. Interestingly, when MMTV/TGF-a transgenic mice were breed to homozygocity, they also developed characteristic skin papillomas. Immunohistochemistry analysis of maspin expression in the breast tissues of TGF-a transgenic mice showed a direct correlation between down-regulation of maspin expression and tumor progression. The loss of maspin expression was concomitant with the critical transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. Subsequent in-situ hybridization analyses suggest that the down-regulation of maspin expression is primarily a transcriptional event. This data is consistent with the tumor suppressive role of maspin. Furthermore, our data suggests that MMTV/TGF-a transgenic mouse model is advantageous for in vivo evaluation of both the expression and the biological function of maspin during the slow multi-stage carcinogenesis of mammary gland. Oncogene (2001) 20, 6538‐6543.
Duality for actions of weak Kac algebras and crossed product inclusions of II_1 factors

We show that indecomposable weak Kac algebras are free over their Cartan subalgebras and prove a duality theorem for their actions. Using this result, for any biconnected weak Kac algebra we construct a minimal action on the hyperfinite II1 factor. The corresponding crossed product inclusion of II1 factors has depth 2 and an integer index. Its first relative commutant is, in general, non-trivial, so we derive some arithmetic properties of weak Kac algebras from considering reduced subfactors.
Critical pedagogy and the fierce urgency of now: opening up space for critical reflections on the U.S. civil rights movement

AbstractThis manuscript engages with the U.S. civil rights movement and offers reflections on how critical scholarship and pedagogy can benefit from a robust engagement with the African American freedom struggle. While widely studied in other disciplines and despite the work of some very committed geographers, the U.S. civil rights movement has enjoyed less critical scrutiny within the broader discipline. More specifically, I outline a set of broader concepts that can be utilized and which illustrate the power of grass-roots social movements to change oppressive social conditions. This has implications not only for social and cultural geography, but also for the ways we engage in the hard and often unrewarded work of classroom engagement and teaching.
Ideas in pathology. Exfoliation of renal tubular cells.

"Acute tubular necrosis" is characterized histologically by tubular cell loss and nonreplacement. There is new evidence that tubular cells may be shed from the tubular basement membrane while still viable. This phenomenon is described in both clinical and experimental acute renal failure. Exfoliation of tubular cells may contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of acute renal failure due to tubular cell injury.
Judging Knowledge in the Digital Age: The Role of External-Memory Organization

Two studies examined relations between features of external-memory repositories (personal computers) and confidence in knowing. Participants judged their confidence in knowledge related to their work or studies and then answered questions about the way they store and use information. Participants who maintained more organized repositories were more confident in their knowledge. Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that the participants who navigated through their files by manually clicking through folders to find documents, but not those who use an automated search feature, felt more knowledge confident if they maintained a well-organized electronic repository. These results provide evidence for relation between assessments of internally ‘stored’ knowledge and the degree of organization of their externally stored ‘knowledge.’ Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pence, Putin, Mbeki and Their HIV/AIDS-Related Crimes Against Humanity: Call for Social Justice and Behavioral Science Advocacy

Indiana, a large rural state in the Midwestern United States, suffered the worst North American HIV outbreak among injection drug users in years. The Indiana state government under former Governor and current US Vice President Mike Pence fueled the HIV outbreak by prohibiting needle/syringe exchange and failed to take substantive action once the outbreak was identified. This failure in public health policy parallels the HIV epidemics driven by oppressive drug laws in current day Russia and is reminiscent of the anti-science AIDS denialism of 1999–2007 South Africa. The argument that Russian President Putin and former South African President Mbeki should be held accountable for their AIDS policies as crimes against humanity can be extended to Vice President Pence. Social and behavioral scientists have a responsibility to inform the public of HIV prevention realities and to advocate for evidence-based public health policies to prevent future outbreaks of HIV infection.
Striking the Balance between Selectivity and Efficiency: An Integrative Model of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport

Macromolecular traffic through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) occurs by either passive or facilitated diffusion. While passive diffusion rates are believed to decrease dramatically beyond the approximately 30-60 kDa size threshold, facilitated diffusion, which is mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), proceeds rapidly even for large macromolecular assemblies such as intact ribosomal subunits. To study the mechanism by which the NPC facilitates rapid facilitated diffusion while maintaining an effective barrier to the passive diffusion of large macromolecules, we created a model of transport dynamics that integrates data from multiple empirical and theoretical sources: small-angle x-ray scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron tomography, dynamic light scattering, atomistic simulations, and additional datasets available from the literature. In both our model and in independent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, we show that the barrier to passive diffusion is much softer than previously thought, and completely lacks a well-defined size cutoff at 30-60 kDa. Coarse-grained Brownian Dynamics simulations replicate these results, and indicate that this gradual decrease in passive diffusion rates with molecular weight is consistent with an entropic gating mechanism, in which repulsive forces are set out by the crowded and highly dynamic FG repeat domains that fill the central channel of the NPC. In facilitated diffusion, we show that cargo-bound NTRs counter these repulsive forces by utilizing a unique dynamic interaction mechanism with the FG repeats, transitioning between weakly- and strongly-interacting states, thereby sliding and exchanging between proximal FG repeats. This ‘slide-and-exchange’ interaction mechanism is reminiscent of the sliding of transcription factors on DNA molecules. Our results highlight the direct role of the disorder within FG repeats in nucleocytoplasmic transport, and resolve the apparent conflict between the selectivity and speed of transport.
Transforming Millets: Strategies and Struggles in Changing Taste in Madurai

AbstractIndian food systems are famously intricate, but the southern state of Tamil Nadu has a single foundation for its cuisine: rice. A few generations ago, other grains collectively called “millets” were the daily staple for many Tamil people. Then, they almost totally eschewed millets in favor of polished, white rice, as the latter became more accessible. Yet in the past few years, public health and development professionals have launched efforts to re-popularize millets as neglected and underutilized species that have the potential to positively affect consumer nutrition, use of environmental resources, and livelihood stability. Drawing on ethnographic evidence collected through field research in and around the city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, this paper explores how the particularities of Tamil history and cultural values shape the current confused status of millets there. By emphasizing the interplay of structure and change over time, the paper considers how a denigrated food from the past can be made ...
Muslim Voices in the Blogosphere: Mosaics of Local-Global Discourses

Global networks can potentially become vehicles that transform local concerns into global causes and vice versa. The recent development of Internet applications, such as blogs and other social exchange and networking software, has enabled more people to engage in global conversations. Blogs, in particular, can potentially be a venue for global dialogue and the formation of a global community.Through a comparative study of the Indonesian and Iranian blogospheres, this chapter shows that these platforms and the messages they promote do not, however, result in a single global metanarrative or the advocacy for a single course of action. The local contextualization of globally circulating discourses results in a diverse mosaic of interpretations, positions, and identiﬁcations of sources of discontent.
Alloy-assisted deposition of three-dimensional arrays of atomic gold catalyst for crystal growth studies.

Large-scale assembly of individual atoms over smooth surfaces is difficult to achieve. A configuration of an atom reservoir, in which individual atoms can be readily extracted, may successfully address this challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that a liquid gold–silicon alloy established in classical vapor–liquid–solid growth can deposit ordered and three-dimensional rings of isolated gold atoms over silicon nanowire sidewalls. We perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulation and unveil a surprising single atomic gold-catalyzed chemical etching of silicon. Experimental verification of this catalytic process in silicon nanowires yields dopant-dependent, massive and ordered 3D grooves with spacing down to ~5 nm. Finally, we use these grooves as self-labeled and ex situ markers to resolve several complex silicon growths, including the formation of nodes, kinks, scale-like interfaces, and curved backbones. Parallel patterning of atoms over a large surface would represent a major advance over current serial methods of single atom manipulation. Here, the authors explore a periodic instability from liquid alloy droplets for high-throughput atom printing.
Longevity in vivo of primary cell wall cellulose synthases

Our work focuses on understanding the lifetime and thus stability of the three main cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins involved in primary cell wall synthesis of Arabidopsis. It had long been thought that a major means of CESA regulation was via their rapid degradation. However, our studies here have uncovered that AtCESA proteins are not rapidly degraded. Rather, they persist for an extended time in the plant cell. Plant cellulose is synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). The CSC is composed of cellulose synthases (CESAs), of which three distinct isozymes form the primary cell wall CSC and another set of three isozymes form the secondary cell wall CSC. We determined the stability over time of primary cell wall (PCW) CESAs in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, using immunoblotting after inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide treatment. Our work reveals very slow turnover for the Arabidopsis PCW CESAs in vivo. Additionally, we show that the stability of all three CESAs within the PCW CSC is altered by mutations in individual CESAs, elevated temperature, and light conditions. Together, these results suggest that CESA proteins are very stable in vivo, but that their lifetimes can be modulated by intrinsic and environmental cues.
Utilization of Alkali Waters

Municipal engineering practice and procedures are influenced by the occurrence of alkali salts in the soils and ground waters of certain regions of the state of Montana. These salts occur in soil that has been formed under arid or semi-arid climatic conditions, and in mineral deposits laid down in a saline sea. Naturally ground waters may have a high concentration of alkali salts in solution in localities where soil alkali is abundant. The composition and properties of alkali salts will be discussed in another portion of this paper. Alkali salts in water and soil have effects in a wide range of engineering practice. The engineer who is considering a highly mineralized ground water for public supply should have the chemical analysis interpreted from several viewpoints : the physiological effect of alkali or mineral salts in solution; the hardness of the water, caused by the calcium and magnesium content ; and the undesirable iron and manganese compounds in solution. If the water is to be used for steam raising or other industrial applications, the chemical analysis will furnish a basis for classifying it from the standpoint of scale formation and foaming ingredients, corrosive properties, and the possibility of caustic embrittlement of steam boiler plate. In cases where alkali water and soil come in contact with concrete engineering structures, precautions should be taken to hinder the penetration of alkali solutions into the interior of the concrete in order to prevent the destructive action of alkali salts on the chemical compounds in set cement. Finally the chemical analysis of a mineralized water furnishes a basis for predicting the effect on the soil of the mineral salts in solution, and on plant life in cases where such a water is to be used for irrigating trees, shrubbery, lawns, and gardens.
C-37: Measurement of intracellular water and trehalose in desiccated cells

Stability of intracellular glass, a requirement for long-term storage in the dry state, largely depends on the residual water content and the heterogeneity in trehalose and water distributions. In light of studies on the slowed rate of desiccation in sessile droplets due to glassy skin formation at the air-liquid interface, we investigated the potential heterogeneity in water and trehalose distributions at the single-cell level in spin-dried samples. We utilized label-free detection capabilities of Raman microspectroscopy for quantitative analysis and measurement of water and trehalose concentrations in the intra- and extracellular milieu. The results confirmed the previous measurements of water content in trehalose thin film (∼0.1 g water/g trehalose). Intracellular trehalose resulted in a marginally higher water content compared to non-loaded cells. Nonetheless, we were able to show that the retained water was bound, and we observed no free intracellular water in the absence or presence of intracellular trehalose. Also, cross-sectional analysis of the desiccated cells showed that the concentrations of intracellular trehalose and water were the highest at the cell membrane adjacent to the extracellular milieu, and both followed a decreasing trend toward the middle of the cell. This was the first study to probe into desiccated cells at the single-cell level and to quantify intracellular water and trehalose contents and distributions, which are essential information for studies on storage stability of desiccated cells. The results suggest that, for optimum stabilization of trehalose-loaded cells, further desiccation for increasing the Tg of the desiccated cells and the trehalose layer is required, or otherwise, storage at below-ambient temperature is recommended. Also, our results warrant further studies on the observed uneven intracellular distribution of trehalose and investigation of its intracellular glassy/crystalline state, which may adversely impact the biostabilization properties of trehalose.