cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thought on Blood Transfusion in Kidney Transplantation

Author reviewed and discussed the issue about blood transfusion in recipient with kidney transplantation. Some advice were also brought up for people to consider: how treat the benefit and danger of transfusion, how support better for kidney transplantation by transfusion, research thoroughly on mechanism of transfusion in kidney transplantation, how push donor-specific transfusion.
The development and survival of Trichuris suis ova on pasture plots in the south of England.

Pasture plots in the south of England were contaminated each month throughout 1975 with pig faeces containing Trlchuris suis ova. At regular intervals thereafter, soil samples were taken, the T suis ova extracted and their state of development noted. Depending on the time of year that the plots were contaminated, ova required between 62 and 90 weeks to complete their development to the infective stage. Little or no development occurred during winter. Once the infective stage was reached, the ova survived for at least two years. Samples taken from the plots at various depths demonstrated that T suis ova did not rapidly leach through the soil but were still available to grazing pigs up to two and a half years later. The early developmental stages of ova appeared to be more susceptible to desiccation than those that had developed to the blastula stage or beyond.
Two-dimensional femtosecond spectroscopies of coupled chromophores

The coupling pattern of vibrational or electronic excitons as probed by multidimensional techniques provides a unique view into structure and dynamics of proteins and molecular aggregates.
Generation of Music Data: J. Peterson and L. Dzuris

In this chapter, music data in the form of sad, angry, happy and neutral emotional labellings is developed. There is a careful discussion of how this data was generated also. This data is then used with a special matrix called a Wurfelspiel matrix to construct as much emotionally labeled auditory data as desired. This data can then be used in a brain model to train auditory cortex.
Funding in a Time of Recession: Map Collection Revenues

A survey was conducted to provide information on the consequences to map department budgets in academic libraries from recent economic events. Survey questions included asking about the existence of budgeted funding sources, changes in that budget due to the Great Recession, and various attempts to compensate for changes in budgets and the efficacy of those attempts. In addition, using basic descriptive data about the institutions such as student body size and whether being private or public schools, differences in groups of funding techniques were determined and considered in light of the characteristics of the school. A multipronged approach to analysis of the resulting data was applied, and outcomes are shared. The various funding techniques tried by survey participants may provide impetus to other institutions seeking assistance to help fund resources devoted to map collections specifically, and their libraries more broadly.
Preliminary assessment of the modification of polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin with lipid-tethered ligands for selective separations

Functionalized lipid tethered ligands use physical adsorption to anchor reactive head groups to hydrophobic supports. We previously demonstrated the use of these species adsorbed onto polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers. The general use of lipid tethered ligands on other hydrophobic chromatographic supports is demonstrated here for polystyrene-divinylbenzene. Evaluation of ligand adsorption conditions was performed using a fluorescein isocyanate head group to quantify the extent of loading by UV-Vis absorbance and by fluorescence microscopy. Selective protein capture was demonstrated by the detection of Texas Red labeled streptavidin (using fluorescence microscopy imaging, with quantification assessed through the depletion of solution-phase protein using UV-Vis absorbance. A second demonstration of the coupling involved an iminodiacetic acid head group lipid tethered ligand to capture the cationic dye, methylene blue. Two common means of alleviating nonspecific binding, adsorption in detergent media and use of a bovine serum albumin block, were evaluated. The first was found to cause release of the ligands, while the second was nominally effective. Indeed, the lipid tethered ligands itself may be most effective at impeding nonspecific binding. While further optimization and chromatographic evaluation is required, the general viability of this ligand immobilization method onto this common polymer support is demonstrated.
Dynamics of molecular evolution in RNA virus populations depend on sudden versus gradual environmental change

Understanding the dynamics of molecular adaptation is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. While adaptation to constant environments has been well characterized, the effects of environmental complexity remain seldom studied. One simple but understudied factor is the rate of environmental change. Here we used experimental evolution with RNA viruses to investigate whether evolutionary dynamics varied based on the rate of environmental turnover. We used whole-genome next-generation sequencing to characterize evolutionary dynamics in virus populations adapting to a sudden versus gradual shift onto a novel host cell type. In support of theoretical models, we found that when populations evolved in response to a sudden environmental change, mutations of large beneficial effect tended to fix early, followed by mutations of smaller beneficial effect; as predicted, this pattern broke down in response to a gradual environmental change. Early mutational steps were highly parallel across replicate populations in both treatments. The fixation of single mutations was less common than sweeps of associated "cohorts" of mutations, and this pattern intensified when the environment changed gradually. Additionally, clonal interference appeared stronger in response to a gradual change. Our results suggest that the rate of environmental change is an important determinant of evolutionary dynamics in asexual populations.
Localization of carbohydrate antigens in the walls of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract A set of five carbohydrate-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used to probe the ultrastructure of the walls of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea , using a combination of immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labelling techniques. Results with β-1,3 glucan-specific antibodies suggest that β-1,3 glucans are present throughout the walls of both germ tubes and cysts, but are more prevalent in the outer portion. In addition, β-1,3 glucans on the surface of hyphal walls, but not cysts, are closely associated with other material, most likely protein, that sterically hinders antibody binding except to non-reducing terminal residues. An antibody whose epitope involved both β-1,4 and β-1,3 glucosyl linkages bound predominantly to the inner portion of the hyphal wall. However, fluorescent labelling with this antibody suggested that β-1,4 linkages are present on the exterior of P. megasperma f.sp. glycinea walls as well. Staining with another antibody indicates that changes in wall composition occur over 50–100 μm from the hyphal tip, a greater distance than previously supposed. The role of the antigens recognized by these mAbs in the plant-pathogen interaction is not known, but potential uses of these and other mAbs are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of gallium-arsenic compounds containing a four-membered l or s ring: crystal structures of (Me3SiCH2)2l and [(Me3SiCH2)2GaAs(SiMe3)2]2

The third example of an organogallium four-membered ring compound with arsenic, halogen mixed bridging, (Me3SiCH2)2GaAs(SiMe3)2Ga(CH2SiMe3)2Cl (1), was prepared by the reaction of (Me3Si)3As (2) with two equivalents of (Me3SiCH2)2GaCl. X-ray crystallographic analysis showed that the compound contains a nonplanar GaAsGaCl ring. The crystals belong to the monoclinic system space group P21/c (C25h) with four molecules per unit cell of dimensions a 12.476(2), b 15.832(2), c 22.279(3) A, β 108.87(1)°, V 4164(2) A3. The dimer [(Me3SiCH2)2GaAs(SiMe3)2]2 (3) was prepared by reaction of LiAs(SiMe3)2 and (Me3SiCH2)2GaCl. Its solid-state dimeric structure was established by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystals of 3 belong to the orthorhombic system space group Pbcn (D142h) with four dimers in a unit cell of dimensions a 12.886(1), b 21.172(2), c 18.610(2) A, V 5077(1) A3. The centrosymmetric dimers contain a planar GaAsGaAs ring with GaAs bond lengths of 2.572(1) and 2.561(1) A, and AsGaAs angles of 85.85(3) and 86.32(3), and GaAsGa 93.91(2)°. Compound 3 reacts with two equivalents of (Me3SiCH2)2GaCl to produce 1 as a minor product along with a mixture of other unidentified products. 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectra of the product mixture obtained from the reaction of 3 with two equivalents of Ph2GaCl and that from the reaction of [Ph2GaAs(SiMe3)2]2 with two equivalents of (Me3SiCH2)2GaCl display some common signals, which are believed to be due to Ph2GaAs(SiMe3)2Ga(CH2SiMe3)2Cl.
Understanding Field Experiences: The Zone of Maximal Contact and the Conundrums and Sacred Stories in Teacher Education

Student teaching occurs in what Bakhtin (1981) labels a zone of maximal contact. The student teachers, the cooperating teachers, and the teacher educators involved are constantly confronting memori...
Ultrasound Assessment of the Transverse Abdominis During Functional Movement.

Objectives The traditional activation ratio divides contracted muscle thickness by resting muscle thickness while an abdominal draw-in maneuver is performed during hook lying. Ultrasound imaging during function, such as standing or gait, or peak knee flexion in a single-leg squat allows for further visualization of muscle activity. The goal of this study was to examine activation ratio calculations for transverse abdominis function in supine versus loaded conditions to determine the most informative normalization strategy for muscle activity based on thickness values. Methods Transverse abdominis thickness was measured via ultrasound in 35 healthy participants under 4 different conditions. Comparisons were made between the traditional activation ratio tabletop, standing activation ratio (standing abdominal draw-in maneuver thickness/quiet standing thickness), and functional activation ratio (single-leg squat thickness/quiet standing thickness). Additionally, a cued activation ratio (single-leg squat with cued abdominal draw-in maneuver thickness/single-leg squat thickness) during the single-leg squat was obtained. Activation ratios of greater than 1.0 indicated that participants could activate the muscle during activity, and values were compared by analysis of variance. Results The participants included 23 women and 12 men with a mean age ± SD of 21.3 ± 2.7 years, mass of 66.1 ± 14.4 kg, and height of 168.5 ± 10.1 cm. Activation ratios exceeded 1.0 in 94.3% for the traditional activation ratio, 85.7% for the standing activation ratio, 82.9% for the cued activation ratio, and 82.9% for the functional activation ratio. With groups defined as tabletop activated or not, the standing, cued, and functional activation ratios were all significantly different (all P Conclusions Normalizing muscle thickness to the corresponding functional position quiet value provides a useful functional activation ratio and may help clinicians better understand the transverse abdominis role during complex functional tasks. Assessment techniques using various formulas for activation ratios reveal that the muscle functions differently during weight bearing compared to traditional measures.
Optimizing Travel Time to Outpatient Interventional Radiology Procedures in a Multi-Site Hospital System Using a Google Maps Application.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether a custom Google Maps application can optimize site selection when scheduling outpatient interventional radiology (IR) procedures within a multi-site hospital system. The Google Maps for Business Application Programming Interface (API) was used to develop an internal web application that uses real-time traffic data to determine estimated travel time (ETT; minutes) and estimated travel distance (ETD; miles) from a patient’s home to each a nearby IR facility in our hospital system. Hypothetical patient home addresses based on the 33 cities comprising our institution’s catchment area were used to determine the optimal IR site for hypothetical patients traveling from each city based on real-time traffic conditions. For 10/33 (30%) cities, there was discordance between the optimal IR site based on ETT and the optimal IR site based on ETD at non-rush hour time or rush hour time. By choosing to travel to an IR site based on ETT rather than ETD, patients from discordant cities were predicted to save an average of 7.29 min during non-rush hour (p = 0.03), and 28.80 min during rush hour (p < 0.001). Using a custom Google Maps application to schedule outpatients for IR procedures can effectively reduce patient travel time when more than one location providing IR procedures is available within the same hospital system.
Tailored Silica Nanomaterials for Immunotherapy

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with extra-large pores show promise as a nanomaterial adjuvant for cancer vaccines.
Beyond rationality in engineering design for sustainability

If you try to ensure long-term human well-being within the limits of the natural world, then you design for sustainability. This Review organizes research describing how cognitive biases can hinder and help engineering design for sustainability. For example, designers might overlook climate change implications because of nearsighted thinking, a bias which can be overcome by vividly imagining the future. For researchers, this Review illuminates needs at the convergence of decision science and engineering design. For designers (that is, all of us), the Review promises new routes to sustainability, through changes to decision environments and through insights into our own design thinking. Ensuring human well-being within the limits of the natural world over time requires designing for sustainability. This Review analyses the extent to which cognitive biases can either limit or help such design. It also suggests possible changes to the decision settings of engineers as new ways to achieve sustainability.
Malnutrition and infection in industrialized countries

Malnutrition is a major cause of immune deficiency that directly affects the acute phase response and leads to greater frequency and severity of common infections. Primary malnutrition is not uncommon in wealthy industrialized societies due to poverty, lack of education, food allergies, inappropriate or limited diet, or eating disorders. Inadequate intake of micronutrients including vitamin A, E, calcium, iron and zinc are prevalent among children under 10 years of age and often unrecognized. Although chronic infectious diseases are less prevalent in industrialized countries, infections with HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hepatitis C virus are significant problems and parasitic infections may appear among immigrant populations. Obesity is becoming increasingly common in children and may enhance risk of serious complications of common infections. Adequate nutrition is critically important for the development of the immune system, immune response to environmental antigens and pathogens, and for the maintenance of host defense. In children with congenital anomalies or medical conditions affecting growth, poor nutrient status will have a disproportionate effect on development, immunity, and susceptibility to infection since nutrients are cofactors in immune response. Defects in T cell immunity lead to increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens, reactivation of viral infections, and development of opportunistic infections. Zinc deficiency inhibits Th1 cytokine responses, thymic hormone activity, and lymphopoiesis. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with severity of many infections including measles, rotavirus, HIV, and bacterial infections. Selenium deficiency is associated with HIV progression. Nutrient cofactors of innate immune response include 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which is a direct regulator of antimicrobial responses. The overall impact of chronic subclinical malnutrition in children may determine the quality and duration of immune response to vaccines and may be an important topic for future research.
Heuristic refinements of approximate linear programming for factored continuous-state Markov decision processes

Approximate linear programming (ALP) offers a promising framework for solving large factored Markov decision processes (MDPs) with both discrete and continuous states. Successful application of the approach depends on the choice of an appropriate set of feature functions defining the value function, and efficient methods for generating constraints that determine the convex space of the solution. The application of the ALP in continuous state-space settings poses an additional challenge – the number of constraints defining the problem is infinite. The objective of this work is to explore various heuristics for selecting a finite subset of constraints defining a good solution policy and for searching the space of such constraints more efficiently. The heuristics that we developed rely upon: (1) the structure of the factored model and (2) stochastic state simulations to generate an appropriate set of constraints. The improvements resulting from such heuristics are illustrated on three large factored MDP problems with continuous states.
Metabolism of Palmitate Differs in Neurospora Crassa Mutants with Impaired Fatty Acid Synthase

Fatty acid metabolism in the fungus Neurospora crassa resembles that in higher plants. Neurospora additionally has the advantages of microbial systems, allowing biochemical and genetic studies of the metabolism of both common and unusual fatty acids. The Neurospora cel mutant is impaired in fatty acid synthase, and requires supplementation with palmitate (16:0) for growth. By following metabolism of exogenous [2H]16:0 using GC/MS, we have observed that wild-type Neurospora only poorly converts exogenous 16:0 to unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, cel readily converts 16:0 to the usual major fatty acids formed by Neurospora, 18:0, 18:1Δ9, 18:2Δ9,12 and 18:3Δ9,12,15. It also forms high levels of two other fatty acids not normally observed in Neurospora. Addition of the cyclopropane fatty acid dihydrosterculate suppresses formation of these fatty acids in cel. This altered metabolism of exogenous 16:0 may be directly due to impaired flux through the endogenous biosynthetic pathway, or may result from altered regulation of the synthesis of unsaturates in the mutant.
Probabilistic hierarchical planning over MDPs

In this paper, we propose a new approach to using probabilistic hierarchical task networks (HTNs) as an effective method for agents to plan in conditions in which their problem-solving knowledge is uncertain, and the environment is non-deterministic. In such situations it is natural to model the environment as a Markov decision process (MDP). We show that using Earley graphs, it is possible to bridge the gap between HTNs and MDPs. We prove that the size of the Earley graph created for given HTNs is bounded by the total number of tasks in the HTNs and show that from the Earley graph we can then construct a plan for a given task that has the maximum expected value when it is executed in an MDP environment.
Homology of Calcium-Modulated Proteins: Their Evolutionary and Functional Relationships

In 1972 Kretsinger published a “Gene Triplication Deduced from the Tertiary Structure” of parvalbumin. He then proposed (1975) that “ Calcium Modulated Proteins Contain EF-Hands”. Calcium-modulated proteins, as a distinct superfamily of all the proteins that bind calcium, are defined by two characteristics. They are found within the cytosol or on a membrane facing the cytosol. They bind calcium with a dissociation constant about 10-6 M under cytosolic conditions, i. e., about 10-3 M free Mg2+ ion. They are inferred to be involved in transmitting the information inherent in calcium’s functioning as a cytosolic messenger.
Distant relations: Class, “race,” and national origin in the German women's movement

Abstract This article examines the problems western German feminists have encountered in their attempts to work with other activist women's groups in Germany. The article places the postunification intra-German difficulties in the context of the history and political philosophy of second-wave German feminism and compares these recent developments with problems previously evident in coping with class, ethnic, and racial heterogeneity.
Adaptive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: relationship to cognition, behavior, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Aim To characterize the adaptive behavior profile of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and determine its relationship to neuropsychological functioning and non-neoplastic T2-weighted hyperintense brain lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Method In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively reviewed neuropsychological reports from 104 children with NF1 (56 males, 48 females; mean age 10y 4mo; standard deviation [SD] 3y 4mo; range 3y 5mo-17y 6mo), and extracted data from a range of cognitive and behavioral measures, including the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS). Brain MRI was retrospectively reviewed in 42 individuals. Results Adaptive Behavior Assessment System scores were continuously distributed and pathologically shifted by 0.79 to 1.26SD across Conceptual, Social, and Practical domains, and 46.5% of individuals had a composite score in the borderline or impaired range. Impairment in adaptive functioning was correlated with deficits in executive function (r=-9.543, p Interpretation Adaptive functioning deficits are common among children with NF1 and are associated with impairment in other cognitive/behavioral domains, independent of general cognitive ability. What this paper adds Deficits in adaptive behavior are common in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Poor adaptive functioning is associated with impairments in executive function, externalizing behaviors, and attention, regardless of cognitive ability. The presence or location of unidentified bright objects do not predict adaptive behavior skills in children with NF1.
Abstract 104: Topographic White Matter Hyperintensity Patterns Associated With Alzheimer Pathologies

Background: Although white matter hyperintensities (WMH) have been viewed as a marker of vascular disease, pathology studies have found an association of WMH with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologi...
Optimal control strategies for efficient energy harvesting from ambient vibration

Ease of miniaturization and minimal maintenance are among the advantages for replacing conventional batteries with vibratory energy harvesters in a wide of range of disciplines and applications, from wireless communication sensors to medical implants. However, the current harvesters do not extract energy from the ambient vibrations in a very efficient and robust fashion, and hence, there need to be more optimal harvesting approaches. In this paper, we introduce a generic architecture for vibration energy harvesting and delineate the key challenges in the field. Then, we formulate an optimal control problem to maximize the harvested energy. Though possessing similar structure to that of the standard LQG problem, this optimal control problem is inherently different from the LQG problem and poses theoretical challenges to control community. As the first step, we simplify it to a tractable problem of optimizing control gains for a linear system subjected to Gaussian white noise excitation, and show that this optimal problem has non-trivial optimal solutions in both time and frequency domains.
Rethinking Citizenship: Faith Institutions and Residents Working to Coproduce a New Reality for Returning Citizens:

Urban communities and people of color continue to be disparaged by any number of quality of life indicators in 2019 as were identified in 1968. This article examines the evolution of state-sponsore...
How Do We Explain the Clinical Benefits of Estrogen? From Bedside to Bench

Cardiovascular disease claims the lives of 500 000 women in the United States every year.1 Although women are largely protected from clinical coronary disease before the menopause, they rapidly develop increased risk thereafter.2 Both experimental and clinical data suggest that this loss of protection results from a deficiency of endogenous estrogens. Estrogen replacement therapy markedly attenuates the development of dietary atherosclerosis in ovariectomized monkeys.3 4 In epidemiological studies, postmenopausal women taking estrogen replacement therapy experience up to 50% fewer adverse coronary events, with the greatest benefit occurring in women with coronary artery disease.5 6 These observations indicate that estrogen replacement therapy may have an important role in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Any therapy intended to reduce the risk of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction or of sudden coronary death must alter the biology of atherosclerosis, prevent plaque rupture (the proximate cause of sudden coronary occlusion), or reduce its consequences. Vulnerable plaques typically contain a large pool of extracellular lipid, surrounded by a dense inflammatory infiltrate, and are covered by only a thin fibrous cap.7 8 9 10 11 12 Estrogen, directly or indirectly, might retard the development of such plaques, favorably affect the vulnerability of existing plaques, or reduce the risk of coronary occlusion by preventing formation of an occlusive thrombus, a consequence of plaque rupture.13 14 In addition, estrogen may attenuate vasomotor dysfunction, a possible trigger of plaque rupture. Estrogen may protect women from cardiovascular disease in part through modification of the lipid profile. Premenopausal women have reduced LDL and elevated HDL cholesterol compared with men.15 After menopause, women develop a more atherogenic lipid profile as LDL cholesterol levels rise, HDL cholesterol levels fall, and lipoprotein(a) levels increase.16 17 18 19 …
Parliamentary Procedure: Lay on the Table

The motion to Lay on the Table is used to temporarily delay action on a pending question while something else of immediate urgency needs consideration, or when another item of business needs to be addressed before consideration of the pending question. This 2-page fact sheet was written by James E. Dyer and published by the UF Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc137
Antecedents and outcomes of restaurant employees’ food safety intervention behaviors

Abstract Restaurants are likely culprits of having foodborne illness outbreaks, causes of which are often linked to employees failing to control food threats during the flow of food. Research indicates that many food risks posed by restaurants could be thwarted if employees would intervene as threats are noticed. For unknown reasons, employees are not always motivated to reduced or eliminate threats when observing poor food safety behaviors, regardless of position, education, or experience in the industry. This study applies the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM) and protection motivation (PMT) theories to investigate employee reactions to food safety threats. Of keen interest was to identify employees of differing positions in the restaurant and to study how they react to food safety threats to either intervene, passively dismiss, or simply leave the location of the incident.
The nanoscale organization of the Wnt signaling integrator Dishevelled in the development-essential vegetal cortex domain of an egg and early embryo

Wnt/{beta}-catenin (cWnt) signaling is a crucial regulator of development and Dishevelled (Dsh/Dvl) functions as an integral part of this pathway by linking Wnt binding to the frizzled:LRP5/6 receptor complex with {beta}-catenin-stimulated gene expression. In many cell types Dsh has been localized to ill-defined cytoplasmic puncta, however in sea urchin eggs and embryos confocal fluorescence microscopy has shown that Dsh is localized to puncta present in a novel and development-essential vegetal cortex domain (VCD). In the present study, we used super-resolution light microscopy and platinum replica TEM to provide the first views of the ultrastructural organization of Dsh within the sea urchin VCD. 3D-SIM imaging of isolated egg cortices demonstrated the concentration gradient-like distribution of Dsh in the VCD, whereas higher resolution STED imaging revealed that some individual Dsh puncta consisted of more than one fluorescent source. Platinum replica immuno-TEM localization showed that Dsh puncta on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane consisted of aggregates of pedestal-like structures each individually labeled with the C-terminus specific Dsh antibody. These aggregates were resistant to detergent extraction and treatment with drugs that disrupt actin filaments or inhibit myosin II contraction, and coexisted with the first division actomyosin contractile ring. These results confirm and extend previous studies and reveal, for the first time in any cell type, the nanoscale organization of plasma membrane tethered Dsh. Our current working hypothesis is that these Dsh pedestals represent a prepositioned scaffold organization that is important for canonical Wnt pathway activation at the sea urchin vegetal organization and may also be relevant to the submembranous Dsh puncta present in other eggs and embryos.
n. 15 - AN ANALYSIS OF ANTIBULLYING LAWS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Os jovens da America Latina e do Caribe (LAC) sao desproporcionalmente afetados pela violencia interpessoal, incluindo o bullying. Os governos da ALC adotaram legislacao anti-bullying, mas nenhuma analise aprofundada dessas leis foi realizada. Este estudo fornece uma analise quantitativa e descritiva das legislacoes da regiao. Dos 33 paises na regiao, 11 promulgaram leis anti-bullying. A maioria dos paises nao possui legislacao. Entre as leis identificadas, o escopo e os comportamentos de bullying foram amplamente definidos. As medidas corretivas careciam de mais detalhes e poucas leis abordavam explicitamente os servicos de saude mental. Estudos futuros devem se concentrar na avaliacao da implementacao e eficacia dessas leis.
Commitment and oncogene-induced plasticity of human stem cell-derived pancreatic acinar and ductal organoids.

Summary The exocrine pancreas, consisting of ducts and acini, is the site of origin of pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our understanding of the genesis and progression of human pancreatic diseases, including PDAC, is limited because of challenges in maintaining human acinar and ductal cells in culture. Here we report induction of human pluripotent stem cells toward pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids that recapitulate properties of the neonatal exocrine pancreas. Expression of the PDAC-associated oncogene GNASR201C induces cystic growth more effectively in ductal than acinar organoids, whereas KRASG12D is more effective in modeling cancer in vivo when expressed in acinar compared with ductal organoids. KRASG12D, but not GNASR201C, induces acinar-to-ductal metaplasia-like changes in culture and in vivo. We develop a renewable source of ductal and acinar organoids for modeling exocrine development and diseases and demonstrate lineage tropism and plasticity for oncogene action in the human pancreas.
Learning to Stop with Surprisingly Few Samples

We consider a discounted infinite horizon optimal stopping problem. If the underlying distribution is known a priori, the solution of this problem is obtained via dynamic programming (DP) and is given by a well known threshold rule. When information on this distribution is lacking, a natural (though naive) approach is ``explore-then-exploit," whereby the unknown distribution or its parameters are estimated over an initial exploration phase, and this estimate is then used in the DP to determine actions over the residual exploitation phase. We show: (i) with proper tuning, this approach leads to performance comparable to the full information DP solution; and (ii) despite common wisdom on the sensitivity of such ``plug in" approaches in DP due to propagation of estimation errors, a surprisingly ``short" (logarithmic in the horizon) exploration horizon suffices to obtain said performance. In cases where the underlying distribution is heavy-tailed, these observations are even more pronounced: a single sample exploration phase suffices.
Evaluation of stem cell therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder for which treatment consists mainly of palliative care Two drugs are currently widely available in the US for treatment Riluzole and Edaravone which can mildly attenuate motor decline and slightly prolong survival Stem cells are currently being explored as treatment possibilities because of their ability to differentiate to healthy motor neurons and astrocytes especially which are thought to be a major source of the neuronal damage by engaging in a positive feedback loop of neuroinflammation Various stem cell types are also known to secrete neurotrophic factors which can promote healthy astrocyte function and mediate axonal regeneration and repair This leads to two broad classifications of stem cell therapies Replacement and Nonreplacement Replacement therapies tend to use neural stem cells to supplant the host rsquo s diseased astrocytes and create a healthy environment Motor replacement is less feasible due to the distance they need to grow to reach the neuromuscular junction and difficulties of integration Non replacement therapies tend to use bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and tend to focus on immunomodulation to reduce damage to the motor neurons Results from animal trials and phase I II clinical trials show that both types of treatment using stem cells such as neural stem cells bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells dental pulp and adipose derived stem cells can reduce neuroinflammation and motor neuron degradation attenuate motor decline and in many cases prolong survival Future studies should look to the application of combined replacement and non replacement strategies using both neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells to achieve an even greater level of neuroprotection
A prelab-lab-postlab digital electronics course as a prerequisite for the CS computer architecture course

This paper introduces a course that may serve as a prerequisite for the CS Computer Architecture course. The paper describes an introductory laboratory course in digital electronics that is currently taught in an engineering-based department. The paper also presents and discusses a procedure that may be incorporated in computer science programs, electronics programs, or any program that offers courses with laboratory instructions.Upon successful completion of this course students are able to clearly conceptualize basic digital systems. The practical hands-on experience of this course increases students' interest and provides a solid foundation for student employment after graduation.
Application of a Low Order Observer to the On-Line Estimation of the Surface and Center Temperatures of Ingots in a Soaking Pit

This paper describes the application of a low order state observer to the on-line estimation of the normally unmeasurable surface and center temperatures of ingots in soaking pits based on a discrete dynamic ingot model developed by the authors. The simulation results show that the estimates of the ingot temperature states as given by the observer are in very good agreement with the real states of the observed ingot-soaking pit system for different operating conditions of the soaking pits. The observer can also readily compensate for initial errors in the estimates of the temperature states of the ingot. The tuning of the observer gain matrix is also investigated in this paper.
Insulin resistance, skin changes, and virilization: a recessively inherited syndrome possibly due to pineal gland dysfunction.

A syndrome of glucose intolerance associated with hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, skin changes, and mild virilization occurred in two daughters of a first-cousin marriage. The condition is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is likely to represent a widespread disturbance in neuro-endocrine control; the primary metabolic error may involve pineal, virilization.
Explanation Over Inference Hierarchies in Active Mediation Applications

This paper gives algorithms to compute the explanation of instance membership in classes over an Inference Hierarchy. i>O(i>c) time algorithms are given to compute the positive, negative, and conditional explanations over an Inference Hierarchy limited to conjunctive parents, where i>c is the total number of conditions in the Inference Hierarchy.1 Algorithms requiring i>O(i>c2i>k) time and space are given for computing the i>k-minimal positive, negative and conditional explanations over disjunctive hierarchies with independent conditions. Worst-case exponential time is required for computing negative and negative conditional explanations over disjunctive hierarchies with dependent conditions. All types of explanation are worst-case exponential time for the i>k-minimal explanations over hierarchies using negation in parent relationships. An application for these algorithms is provided. The application is motivated by the DARPA ALP storyboard and provides active mediation of airport facility status in a combat situation. These techniques may be transferred to financial, administrative, and environmental domains as well.
Metalation reactions : VI. Metalation of substituted ferrocenes with methylpentacarbonyl-manganese and -rhenium; formation of homoannular metalated ferrocenes and of the novel ferrocenylmethyl(methyl)aminomethylenetetracarbonylmanganese

Abstract The isolation and characterization of tetracarbonyl-2-(acetyl)ferrocenylrhenium and tetracarbonyl-2-(acetyl)ferrocenylmanganese from the reaction of acetylferrocene with methylpentacarbonylrhenium (Ia) and -manganese (Ib) respectively, are reported. In addition tetracarbonyl-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenylrhenium has been prepared from dimethylaminomethylferrocene (IV) and Ia, but treatment of IV with Ib results in formation of the novel ferrocenylmethyl(methyl)aminomethylenetetracarbonylmanganese.
Emotional dysfunction in a geriatric population: Staff observations and patients' reports

Abstract This study was designed to determine the following about a geriatric rehabilitation population: (1) the relationship between patients' self-reports of depression and anxiety and staff observations of compromised participation in treatment secondary to emotional dysfunction; (2) the relationship of observations among different disciplines; and (3) changes that may occur to staff observations during the patient's hospitalization. The Geriatric Depression Scale, the depression and anxiety subtests of the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam were administered to geriatric patients on admission to and discharge from two DRG-exempt acute rehabilitation units. In addition, day nurses, evening nurses, occupational therapists, and physical therapists rated the same geriatric patients on how frequently their emotional functioning interfered with rehabilitation. Significant correlations were obtained between staff observations and patients' reports of emotional dysfunction, with occupational therapists' ratings generally the most highly correlated with patients' reports. At admission, day and evening nurses reported significantly greater patient emotional dysfunction than did occupational therapists, who reported significantly greater emotional dysfunction than did physical therapists. These differences, however, were not evident by time of discharge. Thus, staff members can rovide reliable information to mental health professionals in determining the effect of emotional functioning on rehabilitation participation. However, level of compromised participation secondary to emotional dysfunction reported by staff appears to be contingent on which rehabilitation discipline is asked and when during the patient's hospitalization the inquiry is made. Also, patients who generally participated less in treatment tended to be older, depressed women with less education and greater cognitive impairment. Finally, contrary to some reports in the literature, there were no differences in staff observations of emotional dysfunction between left and right hemisphere stroke patients.
In vitro biosynthesis of TSH- and LH-releasing factors by the human placenta

Abstract Human chorionic membrane and human placental tissue contain substances with the same elution volume as hypothalamic TRF and LRF standards during separation by carboxylmethyl-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Homogenates prepared from fresh human placentas delivered at term caused release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) when bioassayed in rats. After dialysis of placental homogenates, synthesis of biologically active TSH- and LH-releasing factors can be shown to occur in vitro following the addition of appropriate precursor amino acids and cofactors.
BEDDING AND BACKFILLING OF BURIED PIPE CONDUITS

Rigid pipe sewer and culvert installations are frequently weakened by failure to install the pipe in a high-quality bedding which will laterally distribute the upward reaction on the bottom of the pipe. If the reaction is caused to be concentrated, the bending moment in the pipe wall is seriously increased, and failure in the form of cracking or spalling may result. Another construction feature which may lead to difficulty is failure to place the sidefill soil in initimate contact with the sides of the pipe. Every pound of active lateral pressure which can be brought to bear against the sides of the pipe increases its ability to carry vertical load practically one for one. The writer indicates that a pipe on a high-quality bedding with favorable conditions for the development of active lateral pressure on the pipe sides will carry approximately 2-1/2 times as much load as the same pipe on a poor-quality bedding with no opportunity for side pressure to develop.
Neurocognitive Development of Children After a Cerebellar Tumor in Infancy: A Longitudinal Study

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term neuropsychologic effects experienced by children who have tumors in the cerebellum that are diagnosed and treated during infancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven children with posterior fossa tumors diagnosed at less than 36 months of age were assessed prospectively with a comprehensive set of age-appropriate tests. Group means and SDs are reported for assessments conducted at diagnosis (analysis 1) and at the most recent follow-up appointment (analysis 2). Cognitive developmental growth curves were derived from the prospective data (analysis 3) using mixed model regression analyses and controlling for age at diagnosis and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: In the first analysis, eight of 11 infants at diagnosis scored within normal limits on all neuropsychologic domains, except for motor skills, which were impaired. In the second analysis, mean scores at the most recent follow-up of 21 of 27 patients were mostly in the normal range; however, group comparisons between those...
Corynebacterium macginleyi: A cause of ventilator associated pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient

Purpose and Importance Corynebacterium macginleyi, a lipophilic diphtheroid from the genus Corynebacteria, is a known cause of conjunctivitis. It was recently reported as a cause of serious infections in immunocompromised individuals. It has never been reported as a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia, that which carries a high burden and risk of mortality. Our report intends to increase awareness of a potentially lethal nosocomial bacterial infection.
Acidic Fibroblast Factor Induction of Cyclooxygenase II in Rabbit Cardiac Muscle Microvessel Endothelial Cells: Mediation by Protein Kinase C

Objective: To determine if the novel cyclooxygenase, COX II, was induced by acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in rabbit cardiac muscle microvessel (RCME) endothelial cells and to determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the mediation of the aFGF induction of COX activity.Methods: Cultured RCME cells were treated with aFGF (200 ng/ml). Induction of COX II activity was assessed by determination of COX activity (PGE2 production), by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled COX II, and by Northern analyses. The role of PKC was assessed using phorbol myristate acetate and PKC inhibitors and by determination of PKC activity in cytosol and membrane fractions of RCME cells treated with aFGF and phorbol myristate acetate.Results: aFGF selectively induced COX II protein and mRNA. Protein kinase C activation was implicated in the transduction of the effects of aFGF for the following reasons: (1) phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a direct activator of protein kinase C, was a potent inducer o...
Sociocultural Contexts of Time to First Sex Among Hispanic Adolescents

This investigation examines the sociocultural influences on risk of first sex among a representative sample of Hispanic (primarily of Mexican origin) teens living in Los Angeles County. Teen acculturation (measured as language of interview) moderates the effects of gender on risk of sex, with less acculturated teens exhibiting the greatest gender difference. Teens living with both biological parents have significantly lower risk of sex and the effect of family acculturation (measured as generational status) operates through teens' language of interview. Neither measure of parent-youth relationship (socioemotional support, parental control) is significant. Hispanic teens living in low-density Hispanic neighborhoods have significantly higher risk of sex than do teens living in neighborhoods with higher levels of ambient hazards. The results highlight the importance of characterizing sociocultural influences at multiple levels of aggregation.
Accumulation of caspase cleaved amyloid precursor protein represents an early neurodegenerative event in aging and in Alzheimer's disease

The activation of caspase-3 and possibly other caspases during apoptosis may lead to the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and subsequent accumulation of APP cleavage products (cAPP). We examined the association between activated caspase-3 and cAPP in human brain by qualitative and quantitative analysis of in situ immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Frontal cortex and hippocampal tissue from age-matched control and Alzheimer's brains (AD) was used. Both activated caspase-3 and cAPP are increased in AD [Braak and Braak (BB) stage IV-VI] compared to aged control (BB stage 0-1) and transitional (BB stage II-III) cases in the hippocampal and frontal cortex. Caspase-3 activation and the accumulation of APP cleavage fragments appear to either parallel or precede neurofibrillary tangle formation. These findings raise the possibility that the activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of APP may be involved with neuronal degeneration and that pathways characteristic of apoptosis are activated in AD.