cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creeping Legalism in Grievance Arbitration: Fact or Fiction?

The problem of "creeping legalism," or incremental formalism, in grievance arbitration cases has been a continuing refrain in legal literature; however, until now empirical research concerning this problem has been scant. This study provides the most comprehensive and thorough analysis to date and supports the conclusion that legalization has continued to creep upward from the early 1970s to the late 1990s. More specifically, this study shows that there has been a statistically significant upward trend, with two exceptions, for various factors including, elapsed time, charged days, and post-hearing briefs. The two exceptions are the use of transcripts, which remained constant until considerable up-and-down variation began in 1990, and elapsed time during the hearing/post-hearing phase, which maintained a constant trend line for the entire twenty six year period. These results demonstrate the need for more concerted efforts on the part of the parties, arbitrators, and supporting organizations to rein in this trend, whether it is creeping or galloping, to reach a balanced level of legalism to commensurate with the maturation of the Braden model in the mid 1980s.
Uncertainty quantification and error estimation in scramjet simulation

The numerical prediction of scramjet in-flight performance is a landmark example in which current simulation capability is overwhelmed by abundant uncertainty and error. The aim of this work is to develop a decision-making tool for balancing the available computational resources in order to equally reduce the effects of all sources of uncertainty and error below a confidence threshold. To that end, a nested uncertainty quantification and error estimation loop is proposed that balances aleatoric uncertainty, epistemic uncertainty, and numerical error in an efficient way. Application to a nozzle flow problem shows a reduction of the confidence interval by three orders of magnitude. The framework applied to the HyShot II scramjet flight experiment validation simulation indicates that the epistemic uncertainty in the RANS turbulence model is the dominating contribution to the confidence interval.
THE ROLE OF APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR NON-INVASIVE STRESS TESTING TO DIAGNOSE SUSPECTED CARDIAC ISCHEMIA

Non-invasive stress testing is an important tool to diagnose patients suspected of having coronary disease. However, indications for these tests are broad. In this study, we examined appropriate use criteria and outcomes of stress testing to rule out coronary disease. 70 patients that were seen in
A test for speech discrimination composed of CNC monosyllabic words.

In an attenlpt to develop two highly equivalent forms of a test of phonemic discrimination, two lists, each composed of 50 CNC monosyllabic words and conforming to the phonemic balance favored by Lehiste and Peterson (1959), were recorded on magnetic tape in six different word orders. These lists, designated as N. U. Auditory Test No. 4, were administered monaurally on a test-retest basis to 16 Ss with normal hearing, 16 with conductive losses, and 16 with sensori-neural impairments. An interval of 1 to 2 wk. separated the two test sessions for a given S. During each test session six presentation levels were employed. These were arranged in a progression of ascending intensities in order to keep the effects of familiarity with the test vocabulary at a minimum. The total range was from -4 db to 40 db sensation level. All three types of Ss yielded articulation functions which were characterized by a linear segment at low presentation levels and a curvilinear segment at high levels. In the linear portion of the function for the normal and conductive groups the articulation score increased ac the race of 6% per decibel increase in signal intensity. In the sensori-neural group the slope of the linear segment of the function was only 3% per decibel. For all three groups, List I yielded slightly higher discrimination scores than List 11. In addition, a small improvement in discrimination scores was found from test to retest. This was true for all groups and both lists. However, in all groups, scores between lists as well as those from test to retest showed relatively high positive Pearson product-momenc correlations. The general conclusions are that: (1) Lists I and I1 are sufficiently interdependent to be considered as alternate forms of a single exploratory tool; (2) the tool itself appears sufficiently reliable to be viewed as a particularly promising method for determining the slope of the linear portion of an individual's articulation function.
Rubber Oxidation and Aging Studies Safe Limits of Sample Thickness

Abstract Safe limits of sample thickness for rubber oxidation and aging studies, such that the chemical reaction rather than the rate of diffusion will be rate-controlling have been investigated for natural-rubber vulcanizates and for four synthetic-rubber types. For studies involving the entire range of oxidation, including the autocatalytic stage of rapid oxygen absorption, the conventional 0.075-inch thickness is frequently not satisfactory for accelerated aging and oxidation studies if it is desired to avoid limitation by diffusion. Only in the GR-S black stock was this thickness found to be satisfactory up to a temperature of 100° C. The other stocks, including natural rubber, Butaprene-NXM, and Neoprene black and gum stocks all require thinner samples to ensure that the observed rate of oxygen absorption is free of limitation by diffusion. A method of calculating the probable limiting value of sample thickness, above which the rate of oxidation in the autocatalytic stage is limited by diffusion, has...
The need for preoperative baseline arm measurement to accurately quantify breast cancer-related lymphedema.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a feared outcome of breast cancer treatment, yet the push for early screening is hampered by a lack of standardized quantification. We sought to determine the necessity of preoperative baseline in accounting for temporal changes of upper extremity volume. 1028 women with unilateral breast cancer were prospectively screened for lymphedema by perometry. Thresholds were defined: relative volume change (RVC) ≥10 % for clinically significant lymphedema and ≥5 % including subclinical lymphedema. The first postoperative measurement (pseudo-baseline) simulated the case of no baseline. McNemar’s test and binomial logistic regression models were used to analyze BCRL misdiagnoses. Preoperatively, 28.3 and 2.9 % of patients had arm asymmetry of ≥5 and 10 %, respectively. Without baseline, 41.6 % of patients were underdiagnosed and 40.1 % overdiagnosed at RVC ≥ 5 %, increasing to 50.0 and 54.8 % at RVC ≥ 10 %. Increased pseudo-baseline asymmetry, increased weight change between baselines, hormonal therapy, dominant use of contralateral arm, and not receiving axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) were associated with increased risk of underdiagnosis at RVC ≥ 5 %; not receiving regional lymph node radiation was significant at RVC ≥ 10 %. Increased pseudo-baseline asymmetry, not receiving ALND, and dominant use of ipsilateral arm were associated with overdiagnosis at RVC ≥ 5 %; increased pseudo-baseline asymmetry and not receiving ALND were significant at RVC ≥ 10 %. The use of a postoperative proxy even early after treatment results in poor sensitivity for identifying BCRL. Providers with access to patients before surgery should consider the consequent need for proper baseline, with specific strategy tailored by institution.
Synchronized fast rhythms in inspiratory and expiratory nerve discharges during fictive vocalization.

In precollicular decerebrate and paralyzed cats, respiratory nerve activities were recorded during fictive vocalization (FV), which consisted of a distinctive pattern of 1) decreased inspiratory (I...
Assessing change- proneness and nutrition- related behaviors.

How important are attitudes and personality traits, as compared with nutritional knowledge, in predicting nutritional behavior?
Salient Choice Criteria for Selecting Marketing as an Academic Major: A Factor Analytic Approach

This research identified salient choice criteria and developed an instrument for measuring student perceptions of marketing as an academic major. The analysis identified the factor dimensions of freedom, growth and significance as being important in students’ choice decisions. MANOVA analysis examined differences in perceptions of freshmen and sophomore students.
Implementing a Hospitalist Program in a Critical Access Hospital.

Purpose The hospitalist model of inpatient care has rapidly expanded, but little is known about hospitalist care in critical access hospitals (CAHs). We aimed to determine the impact of a hospitalist model of care on staff satisfaction, patient volumes, patient satisfaction, length of stay, and care quality in a CAH. Methods We initiated a hybrid rotating hospitalist program in September 2008 at Winneshiek Medical Center (Decorah, Iowa), a 25-bed rural CAH. We reviewed patient volumes, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services core quality measures, acute length of stay, and staff satisfaction for primary care—hospitalist physicians and inpatient and clinic nurses. Patient volume and length of stay were compared with CAH data reported by the Iowa Hospital Association. Findings Patient volumes (acute, skilled, and observation) increased by 15% compared with a 17% decrease for statewide CAHs. Length of stay decreased from 2.88 to 2.75 days and remained lower than the average stay for Iowa CAHs (3.05 days). In the year after implementation, we observed no deterioration in core quality measures (range, 93%-100%) or patient satisfaction (86th percentile). Inpatient nurse satisfaction and primary care-hospitalist satisfaction improved. Early clinic nurse skepticism showed improved satisfaction at the 5-year review. Conclusions Hospitalist care contributed to ongoing delivery of high-quality care and satisfactory patient experiences while supporting the mission of a CAH in rural Iowa. Implementation required careful consideration of its effects on the outpatient practice. Broader implementation of this model in CAHs may be warranted.
3 rd International Workshop Software Testing in the Cloud (STITC 2011)

MOTIVATION Software testing is an important aspect of the software engineering life cycle. Testing requires resources, which are often not readily available and therefore contributes to an inefficient testing process. Imagine a scenario where an application needs to be tested for multiple operating systems, multiple browsers and requires different database clients as well as different server interactions. A tester running thousands of test cases each day was required to configure the machines. There is a huge cost associated with setting up and tearing down test configurations each time testing needs to be done (e.g., server setup, database clients setup, installation of the product). Using virtual machines to perform testing is not a new idea. Testing teams are one of the early adopters of virtual machines. The problem arises when these virtual machines are not available as needed. There are other problems that can be encountered with virtual machines such as servers and databases not working properly within virtualized environments. The solution to this problem can be found by taking the testing process to the cloud. Cloud computing can be thought of as a cluster of virtual servers enabling a new level of agility that was incomprehensible with the traditional silo computing model. It represents a paradigm shift offering companies a pay-per-use model: instead of building in-house data centers, companies can expand their computing resources to meet the on-demand model offered by the cloud. It generally includes virtualized hardware (such as the scalable processor facility provided by Amazon's EC2 application), effectively unlimited storage (such as Amazon's S3 system), and the software (operating system, middleware, and services) necessary for thin-client network access to the infrastructure. The resultant computing environment is "in the cloud" in the sense that the user does not need to have any of these resources installed locally because they are hosted remotely and/or virtually. The software industry is the only one where low quality has become acceptable. A big part of low quality directly points to lack of proper testing. With new technologies such as SOA, virtualization, on-demand and cloud computing, it is possible to change this scenario. Instead of creating new test cases with different input/output scenarios, it is beneficial to think about how to become a test designer in order to test cases that will leverage the resources offered by these cutting edge technologies. Instead of trying to find more resources for testing, it is worthwhile to explore existing resources in a virtualized environment that will increase the power of execution to build an efficient testing environment.
Epidemiology of Vocal Health in Young Adults Attending College in the United States

Purpose The purpose of this study was to document typical vocal health characteristics (including voice-related activities, behaviors, and symptomatology) of young adults attending college and to determine lifetime and point prevalence rates of voice disorders. Method Undergraduates at University of Wisconsin–Madison completed an anonymous online survey detailing vocal use, symptomatology, impact, sociodemographics, and voice-related quality of life. Univariate analyses and multivariate regression models isolated risk factors for lifetime and point prevalence rates of a voice disorder. Results Vocal health and associated factors were analyzed for 652 students (predominantly 18–25 years of age). Lifetime prevalence rate of a voice disorder was 33.9% (point prevalence = 4.45%). Change in voice function (odds ratio [OR] = 2.77), seasonal or chronic postnasal drip (OR = 2.11), hoarseness (OR = 2.08), and restrictions to social activity (OR = 2.07; all p < .05) were identified as the strongest predictors of di...
Evaluation of a Unique Chamber for a Beef Carcass Cleaning Unit1,2

Our objective was to develop basic design criteria for use in fabricating a functional chamber for a red meat carcass cleaning unit. Emphasis was placed on eliminating the doors. A model carcass cleaning chamber was constructed to test effects of selected design parameters on direction and velocity of airflow. Based on data from the tests using the model, a full-scale chamber with no doors was designed, fabricated, and installed in a commercial packing plant for testing. The air moves into the chamber at both the entrance and the exit. This movement of air into the chamber prevents water droplets entrained in the air from escaping into the slaughtering area and causing condensation on the walls and roof.
Low Harmonic Rectifier Modeling and Control

The techniques developed in earlier chapters for modeling and analysis of dc—dc converters are extended in this chapter to treat the analysis, modeling, and control of low-harmonic rectifiers. The CCM models of Chapter 3 are used in Section 18.1 to compute the average losses and efficiency of CCM PWM converters operating as rectifiers. The results yield insight that is useful in power stage design. Several converter control schemes are now in use. Peak current programming, average current control, and input voltage feedforward are all implemented in the available control ICs. Nonlinear carrier control is a relatively new scheme having a simple implementation. These schemes are discussed in Section 18.2. Modeling of the rectifier control system is covered in Section 18.3.
The Physiological Responses to Low Coal Mining

The Physiological responses of male and female coal miners measured both above and below ground were studied to ascertain the characteristics and task demands of mining coal in very restricted surr...
Drugs Used in Ocular Treatment

Abstract The side effects of drugs annuals forms a series of volumes in which the adverse effects of drugs and adverse reactions to them are surveyed. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. This review of the January 2018–December 2018 publications on drugs used in ocular treatment covers: aflibercept, atropine, azithromycin, bevacizumab, bimatoprost, brimonidine, brinzolamide, ciprofloxacin, conbercept, cyclopentolate, delafloxacin, dexamethasone, erythromycin, fluorometholone, gemifloxacin, latanoprost, latanoprostene bunod, levofloxacin, minocycline, moxifloxacin, netarsudil, ofloxacin, pegaptanib, phenylephrine, ranibizumab, ripasudil, tafluprost, timolol, travoprost, triamcinolone acetonide, vancomycin and voriconazole.
Magnetron Coupling to Sulfur Plasma Bulb

Sulfur plasma lamps are a convenient, table-top system for the study of acoustics in dense, weakly ionized plasmas. Herein, we describe the construction and tuning of a passive waveguide circuit capable of igniting and sustaining the sulfur plasma and exciting acoustic modes within it.
Food Webs, Competition Graphs, and a 60-Year Old Unsolved Problem

Food webs describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. Understanding food webs can help to predict how important any given species is and how ecosystems change with the addition of a new species or the removal of an existing species. This paper indicates how teachers can challenge students to solve real world problems and, in the process, provides ways to model food webs with directed graphs and model competition by creating competition graphs . It has students consider a long standing conjecture that competition graphs derived from real food webs are interval graphs. The last section considers this sixty-year old unsolved problem and introduces the weighted model of a food web to better understand competition in an ecosystem.
Environmental survey for Listeria species in California milk processing plants

This survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. in environmental samples obtained from milk processing plants located throughout California. Identification of Listeria spp. other than L. monocytogenes was not made. Milk processing plants were categorized as to type of product produced and subdivided into areas based on manufacturing activity occurring in that area. A total of 597 environmental samples from 156 plants were analyzed in the six month period of January through July 1987. Listeria spp. were isolated from 75 (12.6%) of the samples. Thirty-eight of the Listeria spp. (50.7%) were identified as L. monocytogenes . Forty-six plants (29.5%) yielded positive results for Listeria spp., of which, 31 plants (19.9%) were positive for L. monocytogenes . Listeria was recovered more frequently from fluid milk product plants and frozen milk product plants. Likewise, Listeria was isolated most frequently from the packaging-filling room location within a plant and least frequently from the raw milk receiving room. Although Listeria spp. was isolated most frequently from the conveyor site, the drain site within a plant location gave a Listeria isolation rate similar to the total number of Listeria positive sites within that plant location.
Ammonia Metabolism in Mammals: Interorgan Relationships

In nature nitrogen can exist in many oxidation states ranging from +5 (nitrate), +3 (nitrite), 0 (N2) to -3 (NH3 ). Many organisms are able to assimilate nitrogen by reduction of compounds containing nitrogen at its higher oxidation states to the -3 oxidation state (ammonia) which in turn is incorporated into amino acids in a reaction requiring removal of two electrons (1). Until relatively recently it was thought that in mammals all enzymatic reactions of nitrogen occur at oxidation states involving =NH, -NH2, or NH3. In 1978, however, Tannenbaum et al. (2) showed that nitrite and nitrate are generated within the human intestine possibly by bacterial heterotrophic nitrification in the upper part of the intestine. The nitrite/nitrate may be used by other bacteria in the gut, may be involved in formation of N-nitroso compounds or may be reduced (2–4). More recently it has been found that mammals can catalyze formation of NO (nitric oxide, +2 oxidation state) from the co-nitrogen (i.e. =NH2) of L-arginine in a fascinating reaction that requires a five electron transfer. The free radical NO is involved in the physiological functioning of the mammalian cardiovascular system, immune system and central nervous system (5 and references quoted therein). Nevertheless, it is still apparent that in mammals most nitrogen is ingested, assimilated and excreted in negative oxidation states. Ammonia plays a pivotal role in these processes and is thus a key component of mechanisms used to maintain nitrogen homeostasis. Ammonia is generated and consumed in a large number of reactions within the body; yet despite its central importance ammonia at elevated concentrations is toxic, especially to the central nervous system, and its concentration must be kept low. The physical properties of ammonia, enzymatic reactions in which ammonia is generated or consumed, and the interorgan flux of ammonia and related compounds are reviewed in the chapter.
Low n Boolean subalgebras

Every $\textrm{low}_n$ Boolean algebra, for 1≤n≤4, is isomorphic to a computable Boolean algebra. It is not yet known whether the same is true for n>4. However, it is known that there exists a $\textrm{low}_5$ subalgebra of the computable atomless Boolean algebra which, when viewed as a relation on the computable atomless Boolean algebra, does not have a computable copy. We adapt the proof of this recent result to show that there exists a $\textrm{low}_4$ subalgebra of the computable atomless Boolean algebra which, when viewed as a relation on the computable atomless Boolean algebra, has no computable copy. This result provides a sharp contrast with the one which shows that every $\textrm{low}_4$ Boolean algebra has a computable copy. That is, the spectrum of the subalgebra as a unary relation can contain a $\textrm{low}_4$ degree without containing the degree 0, even though no spectrum of a Boolean algebra (viewed as a structure) can do the same.
Nanoparticle-based hollow microstructures formed by two-stage nematic nucleation and phase separation.

Rapid bulk assembly of nanoparticles into microstructures is challenging, but highly desirable for applications in controlled release, catalysis, and sensing. We report a method to form hollow microstructures via a two-stage nematic nucleation process, generating size-tunable closed-cell foams, spherical shells, and tubular networks composed of closely packed nanoparticles. Mesogen-modified nanoparticles are dispersed in liquid crystal above the nematic-isotropic transition temperature (TNI). On cooling through TNI, nanoparticles first segregate into shrinking isotropic domains where they locally depress the transition temperature. On further cooling, nematic domains nucleate inside the nanoparticle-rich isotropic domains, driving formation of hollow nanoparticle assemblies. Structural differentiation is controlled by nanoparticle density and cooling rate. Cahn-Hilliard simulations of phase separation in liquid crystal demonstrate qualitatively that partitioning of nanoparticles into isolated domains is strongly affected by cooling rate, supporting experimental observations that cooling rate controls aggregate size. Microscopy suggests the number and size of internal voids is controlled by second-stage nucleation.
Escherichia coli as a platform for the study of phosphoinositide biology

Despite being a minor component of cells, phosphoinositides are essential for eukaryotic membrane biology, serving as markers of organelle identity and involved in several signaling cascades. Their many functions, combined with alternative synthesis pathways, make in vivo study very difficult. In vitro studies are limited by their inability to fully recapitulate the complexities of membranes in living cells. We engineered the biosynthetic pathway for the most abundant phosphoinositides into the bacterium Escherichia coli, which is naturally devoid of this class of phospholipids. These modified E. coli, when grown in the presence of myo-inositol, incorporate phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) into their plasma membrane. We tested models of biophysical mechanisms with these phosphoinositides in a living membrane, using our system to evaluate the role of PIP2 in nonconventional protein export of human basic fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that PI alone is sufficient for the process.
Metformin inhibits IL-6 signaling by decreasing IL-6R expression on multiple myeloma cells

IL-6 signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including multiple myeloma, primary amyloidosis, cytokine release syndrome and other inflammatory conditions. It is central for the growth and survival of malignant plasma cells. IL-6R and IL-6ST receptors transduce IL-6 signaling. Molecular mechanisms regulating expression of IL-6R are not well understood and current therapies are based on monoclonal antibody to target IL-6 signaling. Small molecule inhibitors targeting IL-6 signaling are highly desirable. Metformin specifically decreased IL-6R expression which is mediated via AMPK, mTOR, and miR34a. This is a novel finding and adds to existing therapies targeting IL-6 signaling.
More than victims: Resiliency of undocumented Latinas near Chicago, United States, and the strategic use of psychological suffering in obtaining legal status

Caught between abusive partners and restrictive immigration law, many undocumented Latina women are vulnerable to domestic violence in the United States. This article analyzes the U-Visa application process experienced by undocumented immigrant victims of domestic violence and their legal advisors in a suburb of Chicago, United States. Drawing on theoretical concepts of structural violence and biological citizenship, the article highlights the strategic use of psychological suffering related to domestic violence by applicants for such visas. It also investigates the complex intersection between immigration law and a humanitarian clause that creates a path towards legal status and eventual citizenship.
High Tc Y-Ba-Cu-O Films Prepared by Multilayer, Reactive Sputtering from Separate Y, Cu, and Ba0.5Cu0.5 Targets

In order to thoroughly investigate the phase diagram in films, and to perform destructive tests (e.g. various annealing procedures), a set (nearly ninety) of films having a composition YxBa2CuyOz with 0.6 < x < 1.9 and 2.5 < y < 4.5 (centered around the Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ compound in the ternary phase diagram) were prepared on MgO. Multilayer deposition of the constituents at ambient temperature was performed by reactive de-maguetron sputtering from separate Y, Cu, and Ba0.5Cu0.5 targets in an atmosphere of 6×10-5 Tarr O2 and 1.0×10-2 Torr Ar. Two hinds of post-deposition heat treatment were applied: rapid thermal annealing between 950–1000°C and slow annealing between 840–860°C. Superconducting films with Tc (R=0) between 80 K and 90 K were routinely produced by the rapid thermal annealing process, if the stoichiometry lay in the range of 0.9 < x < 1.4 and 3.2 < y < 3.5. The interrelation between stoichiometry, heat treatment, Tc (R=0), chemical reactions with the substrate, and the presence of phases; other than the known 1-2-3 superconductor was explored, Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the latter two properties. A stroug correlation was found between the Raman spectra and Tc (R=0), which suggests the potential utility of Raman scattering as an in-situ probe to characterize the growth of Y-Ba-Cu-O films. We also found that the rapid thermal annealing process is a very efficient way to reduce chemical reactions of the film with its substrate.
Understanding Comorbidities and Their Contribution to Predictors of Medical Resource Utilization for an Age- and Sex-Matched Patient Population Living With HIV: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND More than 60% of people aging with HIV are observed to have multiple comorbidities, which are attributed to a variety of factors (eg, biological and environmental), with sex differences observed. However, understanding these differences and their contribution to medical resource utilization remains challenging as studies conducted exclusively and predominantly among males do not translate well to females, resulting in inconsistent findings across study cohorts and limiting our knowledge of sex-specific comorbidities. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to provide further insight into aging-related comorbidities, their associated sex-based differences, and their contribution to medical resource utilization, through the analysis of HIV patient data matched by sex. METHODS International Classification of Disease 9/10 diagnostic codes that comprise the electronic health records of males (N=229) and females (N=229) were categorized by individual characteristics, chronic and mental health conditions, treatment, high-risk behaviors, and infections and the codes were used as predictors of medical resource utilization represented by Charlson comorbidity scores. RESULTS Significant contributors to high Charlson scores in males were age (beta=2.37; 95% CI 1.45-3.29), longer hospital stay (beta=.046; 95% CI 0.009-0.083), malnutrition (beta=2.96; 95% CI 1.72-4.20), kidney failure (beta=2.23; 95% CI 0.934-3.52), chemotherapy (beta=3.58; 95% CI 2.16-5.002), history of tobacco use (beta=1.40; 95% CI 0.200-2.61), and hepatitis C (beta=1.49; 95% CI 0.181-2.79). Significant contributors to high Charlson scores in females were age (beta=1.37; 95% CI 0.361-2.38), longer hospital stay (beta=.042; 95% CI 0.005-0.078), heart failure (beta=2.41; 95% CI 0.833-3.98), chemotherapy (beta=3.48; 95% CI 1.626-5.33), and substance abuse beta=1.94; 95% CI 0.180, 3.702). CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified sex-based differences in medical resource utilization. These include kidney failure for men and heart failure for women. Increased prevalence of comorbidities in people living long with HIV has the potential to overburden global health systems. The development of narrower HIV phenotypes and aging-related comorbidity phenotypes with greater clinical validity will support intervention efficacy.
Extending the Essential Schools Metaphor: Principal as Enabler.

This article examines the role of the principal in school restructuring using essential school precepts. Based on qualitative data from a longitudinal study covering two and one-half years, the res...
Diffuse Axonal Injury

This chapter is a brief review of pathophysiology and imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury.
Sports Physical Therapy Education in the United States: Where Do We Go From Here? A Survey of American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy Members

Background: The specialty of sports physical therapy has grown substantially in size and scope over the past 50 years. Despite this growth, there is limited information on the educational opportunities and entry-level skills of clinicians in the management of sports-related injuries. Purpose: To characterize the opinions of sports physical therapists on: 1) factors that distinguish the practice of sports physical therapy, 2) the need for sports physical therapy content to be included as part of entry-level physical therapy curriculums, and 3) the perceived levels of competence for the typical new entry-level graduate regarding skills and knowledge unique to sports physical therapy. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive survey. Methods: A 54-item web-based questionnaire was distributed to student and professional members of the American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy (AASPT). Results: In total, 565 (7.4%) AASPT members responded to the survey. 60% of respondents did not have a specific sports physical therapy curricular course during their physical therapy education training. 95% felt the patient's rehabilitation goals or activity level aspirations were a primary factor that differentiated the practice of sports physical therapy from orthopedic physical therapy. 59% believed that sports physical therapy curricular education should be required content by CAPTE, and 37% believed that elements of sports physical therapy practice represent entry-level skill and knowledge. Most respondents indicated that entry-level graduates were novice in 11 of the 18 content areas identified as inherent to sports physical therapy. Conclusion: The survey findings suggest further work is needed to define the extent of sports physical therapy content included in professional education curricula in the United States and how to best integrate it with post-professional education. The findings provide information for educators to discuss regarding the necessity, structure, and implementation of education content needed to prepare new graduates. Level of evidence: IV, cross-sectional descriptive survey design.
Application of Galerkin’s Method to Calculate the Behavior of Boiling Water Reactors During Limit-Cycle Oscillations

A technique for calculating an approximation to the time-dependent power of a boiling water reactor (BWR) during steady-state, low-amplitude limit-cycle oscillations is described. An approximate so...
Understanding and mitigating mechanical degradation in lithium–sulfur batteries: additive manufacturing of Li2S composites and nanomechanical particle compressions

Lithium–sulfur batteries are poised to outcompete lithium-ion batteries in key sectors such as transportation and grid storage due to the low cost and high theoretical energy density of sulfur as a cathode material. Widespread implementation of this technology is hindered by significant degradation during cycling, including mechanical failure via cracking or detachment of insulating lithium sulfide (Li2S) from the conductive matrix in the cathode, causing irreversible capacity fade. We developed a technique to additively manufacture Li2S composites to fabricate rationally designed cathodes and demonstrate the utility of a three dimensionally architected Li2S composite cathode in a battery. We additionally measure the yet unknown material properties and deformation mechanisms of Li2S powders via in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) nanomechanical experiments. Measuring these mechanical properties is a first step towards understanding the process of mechanical degradation and is necessary to enable the rational design of high energy density, long-cycling, and mechanically robust sulfur cathodes.
Annotated Examples of Assessments and Rubrics

This chapter presents sample syllabi, learning activities, and rubrics with annotations with accompanying rationales for each of the choices made in the assignment design. The materials are annotated within the context of the book’s themes to serve as examples.
“Who’s the Mom?”: Heterosexism in Patient-Provider Interactions of Queer Pregnant Couples

Previous scholarship has discussed how queer individuals experience discrimination in healthcare settings. This study furthers this area of research by exploring how queer pregnant couples encountered heterosexism within patient-provider interactions. Heterosexism is being used as a framework for the study by looking at how healthcare acts as a power system to promote heterosexual identity. Through using a multiadic analysis, I interviewed 16 couples both together and separately, resulting in 46 total interviews. The analysis demonstrated that the couples experienced heterosexism by providers not understanding who the "mom" is, having to explain sexual identity to providers and providers reinforcing heterosexist expectations. The couples also provided advice for healthcare providers to improve their interactions with future queer pregnant couples.
Effectiveness of a Team-Based Learning exercise in the learning outcomes of a medical pharmacology course: insight from struggling students.

We have previously reported that multiple Team-Based Learning (TBL™) exercises in a 4-week pre-clinical medical school course improved final exam performance and significantly reduced the number of course failures. Here, we conducted a long-term study, with eight cohorts of first-year medical students, to determine whether the implementation of a single TBL individual readiness assessment test (iRAT) exercise in a 4-week medical school pharmacology course produces similar effects in overall course performance. We implemented a single TBL iRAT exercise that covered the subjects addressed during one week of the medical pharmacology course, with the four most recent cohorts of students matriculating at Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (n = 403). The first four cohorts matriculating at CMSRU did not participate in the TBL exercises (n = 266). Correlation of individual student TBL iRAT and final examination scores in the medical pharmacology course was compared to a second, unrelated first-year course (physiology) to control for variation in student performance between cohorts. We found that there was a significant moderate correlation between final examination and TBL iRAT scores (r = 0.49, p 0.05). Implementation of the single TBL exercise also significantly reduced variance or range of student final examination performance compared to the group of the first four cohorts. These results suggest that implementation of a single TBL exercise, which covers only one week of content delivered in a 1-month medical pharmacology course, benefits first-year medical students by reducing the disparity in knowledge acquisition among them and providing a means to identify students who may struggle with course content.
Successful treatment of myxedema coma using levothyroxine and liothyronine in the setting of adrenal crisis and severe cardiogenic shock in a patient with apparent primary empty sella

Abstract Hypothyroidism is a common pathological condition of thyroid hormone deficiency that varies widely in relation to both the acuity with which the deficiency develops and the clinical manifestations of the disease. While hypothyroidism is commonly mild or even subclinical, one rare complication of hypothyroidism that can cause multiorgan dysfunction is myxedema coma. Myxedema coma is precipitated by an acute stressor such as infection, surgery, or trauma, which disrupts the otherwise compensatory mechanisms present in severe hypothyroidism. Swift diagnosis and treatment of the condition is vital to improving patient outcomes as mortality from myxedema coma ranges from 40 to 60%. The mainstay of treatment includes IV levothyroxine (LT4) with or without the use of liothyronine (LT3). Here we present a case of a patient who presented with presyncope in the setting of generalized fatigue, poor appetite, anhedonia, and slowed speech and movement. Full workup revealed hypotension, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, respiratory acidosis, undetectable cortisol, free T4, total T4 and an inappropriately normal TSH level. A diagnosis of myxedema coma and adrenal crisis due to pituitary dysfunction was made. A combination of 300 mcg IV LT4 and 5 mcg IV LT3 every 8 hours was used with successful resolution of the patient's symptoms. The patient is currently well maintained on a combination of oral LT4 and hydrocortisone replacement with no further endocrinological complications. This case underscores the need for physicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for secondary adrenal insufficiency and central hypothyroidism in patients with compatible symptoms or risk factors. Furthermore, it also highlights the successful treatment of adrenal crisis and myxedema coma with severe cardiogenic shock with a combination of hydrocortisone, levothyroxine, and liothyronine therapy.
Academic Libraries and Innovation: A Literature Review

Academic libraries are facing times of unprecedented challenge and unparalleled change. Innovation has moved from a consideration to a necessity. And yet, academic libraries continue to operate in a climate of declining budgets and increasing costs. In such a resource-scarce environment, academic library leaders are under pressure to make wise decisions in regards to how innovations are adopted and implemented in their libraries. To help inform these decisions and to highlight areas of future research, this study reviews the literature on academic libraries and innovation. The information presented will assist library leaders in making decisions that affect innovation and it will highlight areas for further research. While there has been an uptick in the number of high quality studies on this topic since 2010, significant research remains to be done if the literature is going to help chart the direction for innovation in academic libraries.
Efficient pairwise RNA structure prediction and alignment using sequence alignment constraints

We are interested in the problem of predicting secondary structure for small sets of homologous RNAs, by incorporating limited comparative sequence information into an RNA folding model. The Sankoff algorithm for simultaneous RNA folding and alignment is a basis for approaches to this problem. There are two open problems in applying a Sankoff algorithm: development of a good unified scoring system for alignment and folding and development of practical heuristics for dealing with the computational complexity of the algorithm. We use probabilistic models (pair stochastic context-free grammars, pairSCFGs) as a unifying framework for scoring pairwise alignment and folding. A constrained version of the pairSCFG structural alignment algorithm was developed which assumes knowledge of a few confidently aligned positions (pins). These pins are selected based on the posterior probabilities of a probabilistic pairwise sequence alignment. Pairwise RNA structural alignment improves on structure prediction accuracy relative to single sequence folding. Constraining on alignment is a straightforward method of reducing the runtime and memory requirements of the algorithm. Five practical implementations of the pairwise Sankoff algorithm – this work (Consan), David Mathews' Dynalign, Ian Holmes' Stemloc, Ivo Hofacker's PMcomp, and Jan Gorodkin's FOLDALIGN – have comparable overall performance with different strengths and weaknesses.
Making Sense of the Sensory Lineage

Neural crest cells are multipotent stem cell-like precursors that give rise to many different cell types in the developing embryo. In her Perspective, Bronner-Fraser discusses new research ( Lee et al.) that identifies the Wnt signaling pathway as the developmental instruction directing neural crest cells to become sensory neurons.
Isostasy and Tectonic Origins of Pacific Seamounts

Previous studies have shown that the response of the Pacific plate to oceanic island and seamount loads can be used to estimate the distribution of ridge-crest, superswell, and normal mid-plate volcanism. Similarly, estimation of the degree of Airy isostatic compensation can be used to predict the tectonic origin of an oceanic island or seamount. In this study 150 Pacific seamounts, each surveyed with at least three sea surface profiles, are classified as ridge-crest or superswell, mid-plate, or uncertain origin based on bathymetry and on-axis gravity. The results correlate well with those obtained from three-dimensional flexural and isostatic studies. Most of the analyzed seamounts rimming the Central Pacific Basin are locally isostatically compensated, i.e., ridge crest or superswell, including the Marshall Islands (10), the Mid-Pacific Mountains (5), the Line Islands (6), Tuvalu (1), and Phoenix seamounts (1). Sixteen compensated edifices were estimated on 150–170 Ma Jurassic sea floor in the Japanese (2), Magellan (3), Marcus Wake (1), and Marshall seamounts (10), but reef fossil and radiometric age determinations show no evidence of ridge crest eruptions during the Jurassic. The gravity results are therefore compatible with recent flexural studies, geochemical results, seafloor depths, age dating, and plate rotation models for other edifices in these seamount clusters that suggest eruption from a South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly or superswell during the Cretaceous (80–120 Ma). Recent radiometric age determinations and geochemistry indicate that four Late Cretaceous Marshall seamounts were erupted from mantle sources that are presently in the South Pacific. Our determination of 10 isostatically compensated edifices suggests that many of the Marshall seamounts may have been erupted from the South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly. The passage of Jurassic lithosphere over at least four superswell hot spots may also explain the apparent multiple episodes of volcanism in the Marshall Islands.
Reversible dissociation of the monomer of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase into catalytically active heavy and light subunits.

Abstract The monomer of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase can be reversibly dissociated to a heavy (mol wt ∼130,000) and a light (mol wt ∼42,000) subunit by treatment with 1 m potassium thiocyanate. The separated heavy subunit can catalyze carbamyl phosphate synthesis from ammonia but not from glutamine; it can also catalyze two of the partial reactions that are catalyzed by the native enzyme, i.e. bicarbonate-dependent ATP cleavage, and the synthesis of ATP from ADP and carbamyl phosphate. The only catalytic activity associated with the light subunit is hydrolysis of glutamine (or γ-glutamylhydroxamate). Recombination of the heavy and light subunits restores ability of the enzyme to utilize glutamine for carbamyl phosphate synthesis. The light and heavy subunits have been characterized by hydrodynamic, chemical, and enzymatic procedures. Evidence was obtained that the heavy subunit contains the sites for the allosteric activators (NH4+, IMP, ornithine) and the inhibitor UMP. The glutaminase activity exhibited by the light subunit exhibits an apparent Km value (130 to 180 mm) which is much higher than that found for the native enzyme or the reconstituted enzyme (1 mm). The effect of glutamine concentration on the glutaminase activity of the reconstituted enzyme and also of the native enzyme that has been stored for long periods was found to be the sum of two independent hyperbolic functions, indicating that in these enzyme preparations a portion of the molecules have a relatively low affinity for glutamine. Although the heavy subunit contains all of the structural properties required for carbamyl phosphate synthesis from ammonia (and the binding sites for allosteric effectors) and the light subunit functions to bind and cleave glutamine, the data indicate that there are substantial interactions between the subunits which in the native enzyme facilitate the utilization of glutamine for the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate.
A Research Agenda for Online Advertising: Surveying Campaign Practices, 2000-2012

This article traces the development of online political advertising across four presidential election cycles (2000–2012) to outline an agenda for scholarly research. In 2000, campaigns purchased banner advertisements on sites such as AOL.com. In 2004, campaigns engaged in search engine advertising and piloted much of the data-driven practice of targeting and measuring returns that is standard today. In 2008, the Obama campaign pioneered online advertising designed to find and mobilize supporters and convince undecided voters. In 2012, campaigns began integrating online data with voter files, expanding their ability to target communications based on models of voter attitudes and behavior. Drawing on these empirical findings, we suggest an agenda for research into the processes and effects of online political advertising.