cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining empirically successful marketing theories: the inductive realist model, approximate truth, and market orientation

Some marketing theories are empirically successful, while others are not. When a marketing theory is empirically successful, is its success a result of miraculous good fortune or something else? For example, market orientation (MO) theory has been empirically successful: it explains and predicts numerous marketing phenomena. What explains the empirical success of MO theory? This article furthers the development of the philosophy of science foundations of marketing research by detailing the recently developed, “inductive realism” model of theory status and using the model to articulate scientific realism’s approximate truth as an explanation of the empirical success of marketing theories, in general, and MO theory, in particular. This article (1) briefly reviews the approaches to explaining the empirical success of science, with particular emphasis on scientific realism’s “no miracles” argument in favor of the approximate truth explanation, (2) discusses the problems associated with realists’ efforts to conceptualize “approximate truth,” (3) focuses on MO as a case-example of an empirically successful marketing theory and develops a “partial formalization” of MO theory for analysis purposes, (4) details the new, “inductive realist” model of theory status and applies the model to MO theory, (5) shows how the model accommodates the fact that, at times, sociological/political factors influence theory acceptance in science, (6) discusses whether political or other inappropriate factors have influenced MO theory’s success, (7) discusses the inductive realist approach to approximate truth and applies it to MO theory.
Characterization of the postnatal development of superior laryngeal nerve fibers in the postnatal kitten.

A combined electron microscopic and electrophysiological study of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was undertaken in postnatal kittens ranging in age from 1-63 days. The superior laryngeal nerve is predominantly a sensory nerve innervating the upper respiratory tract, and could play a potential role in the modulation of respiration, particularly in the infant animal. Distribution of fibers in the developing SLN indicates that within the first postnatal month, 75% of the fibers are unmyelinated, and by 42 days, the myelinated fibers increase in number to approximately 50%. Of the myelinated fibers present in the one day old kitten, 3-4% of those exceeded 4 mum in total diameter, which is the minimum diameter for normal conduction velocity of action potentials. The distribution of the diameter sizes of the myelinated fibers is bell-shaped within the first 45 days after which the curve becomes skewed to the right (43-61 days; mean 2.6 mum, range 0.5-8.0 mum) to resemble the adult distribution of myelinated fibers (mean 4.2 mum, range 1.6-13.0 mum). Two variable plots of myelin width to axon diameter suggest a steeper slope for developing fibers as compared to that of the adult fibers. Electrical stimulation of the sectioned SLN indicates that evoked potentials could be recorded from the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervating the laryngeal intrinsic muscles and from the hypoglossal nerve to the tongue musculature in the youngest kittens tested (i.e., age 9 days). Stimulation at selected frequencies of 3 and 30/sec readily evoked apnea in the youngest kitten studied (i.e., age 5 days), while swallowing was more readily evoked at 28-30 days when using electrical stimulation.
Active vibration control of smart composite plates using self-adaptive neurocontroller

A neural network-based control system is developed for self- adapting vibration control of laminated plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The conventional vibration control approaches are limited by the requirement of an explicit and often accurate identification of the system dynamics and subsequent 'offline' design of an optimal controller. The present study utilizes the powerful learning capabilities of neural networks to capture the structural dynamics and to evolve optimal control dynamics. A hybrid control system developed in this paper is comprised of a feed- forward neural network identifier and a dynamic diagonal recurrent neural network (DRNN) controller. Sensing and actuation are achieved using piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The performance of hybrid control system is tested by numerical simulation of composite plate with embedded piezoelectric actuators and sensors. Finite element equations of motion are developed based on shear deformation theory and implemented for a plate element. The dynamic effects of the mass and stiffness of the piezoelectric patches are considered in the model. Numerical results are presented for a flat plate. A robustness study including the effects of structural parameter variation and partial loss of sensor and actuator is performed. The hybrid control system is shown to perform effectively in all these cases.
Ontology based integration of XBRL filings for financial decision making

In 2008, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandated all tier-1 public companies to report their financial statements in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). XBRL has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of financial disclosures, and thereby reduce costs. However, semantic heterogeneity across XBRL filings poses a challenge for individual (non-institutional) investors seeking to make inter-firm comparisons using XBRL data. In order to extend the benefits of XBRL to individual investors, this paper presents a design artifact, Ontology-based Framework for XBRL-mapping and Decision-making (OFXD), which provides interoperability between different XBRL filings. Specifically, OFXD resolves the semantic heterogeneity of the element and context definitions in various XBRL filings and generates an XBRL ontology - XBRLOnt. The results of this study show that the proposed design artifact is capable of addressing semantic heterogeneities between different XBRL filings. Using the concepts of the information value chain, this paper discusses the implications of XBRL interoperability on financial decision-making. We address the semantic heterogeneity issue and thereby improve the usability of XBRL data.We propose an Ontology-based Framework for XBRL-mapping and financial decision-making (OXFD).OXFD maps semantic heterogeneous XBRL elements and provides rules to calculate financial ratios.The results show the generalizability of our artifact for different XBRL filings.
Environmental context affects outcome and kinematic changes at different rates during skill learning.

Based on Gentile's learning model, this study used a dart-throwing task to investigate the influence of environmental context. Novice participants (N = 32) were trained in one of four conditions, while measuring outcomes and kinematics. The interaction of regulatory conditions (stationary/in motion) and intertrial variability (present/absent) created four target conditions: (1) stationary with one location, (2) stationary with five locations, (3) moving with one movement pattern, (4) moving with five starting locations. Performance outcome (radial error) and movement coordination (displacement of shoulder, elbow, and wrist) changes were investigated during three days of practice (480 trials). Radial error scores were analyzed using a 3 × 8 × 4 (Day × Trial Block × Condition) analysis of variance, repeated measures design. The transformed cross-correlation values of the kinematic trials were analyzed using a 3 × 3 × 4 (Joint × Day × Condition) analysis of variance, repeated measures design. Reducing the en...
The management and administration of education across Asia: changing challenges

Abstract This chapter analyzes the shifting pressures on education administrators across the region. Particular attention is given to the impact of education decentralization. The school headmaster is the level of management that will experience the greatest change in role and responsibility over the next ten years, and the level least prepared to do so.
Sub-Atmospheric Pressure, Subcooled, Flow Boiling of Water on Screen Laminate Enhanced Surfaces

Subcooled flow boiling experiments with water at 0.2atm pressure assess the utility of fine filament screen-laminate enhanced surfaces as high performance boiling surfaces. Experiments are conducted on vertically oriented, multi-layer copper laminates in distilled water. The channel Reynolds number is varied from 2,000 to 20,000; and, subcooling ranges from 2K to 35K. Boiling performance is documented for ten different surfaces having pore hydraulic diameters ranging from 39μm to 105μm, and surface area enhancement ratios ranging from 5 to 37. Heat flux of up to 453W/cm2 is achieved at 35K subcooling at a channel Reynolds number of 6,000, which represents a 3.5-fold increase in Critical Heat Flux (CHF) over that of saturated pool boiling on the same surface. Results show that CHF is strongly correlated with subcooling; and the effect of subcooling is more pronounced as flow intensity is increased. It is found that CHF enhancement due to subcooling and flow intensity is intrinsically linked to the surface area enhancement ratio, which has an optimum that depends on the degree of subcooling. High speed video imagery (1200fps) and long range microscopy are use to document bubble dynamics. Boiling mechanisms inherent to subcooling, enhanced surface geometry, and CHF are discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Human ZIP1 is a major zinc uptake transporter for the accumulation of zinc in prostate cells.

The prostate gland of humans and other animals accumulates a level of zinc that is 3–10 times greater than that found in other tissues. Associated with this ability to accumulate zinc is a rapid zinc uptake process in human prostate cells, which we previously identified as the hZIP1 zinc transporter. We now provide additional evidence that hZIP1 is an important operational transporter that allows for the transport and accumulation of zinc. The studies reveal that hZIP1 (SLC39A1) but not hZIP2 (SLC39A2) is expressed in the zinc-accumulating human prostate cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3. Transfected PC-3 cells that overexpress hZIP1 exhibit increased uptake and accumulation of zinc. The Vmax for zinc uptake was increased with no change in Km. Along with the increased intracellular accumulation of zinc, the overexpression of hZIP1 also results in the inhibition of growth of PC-3 cells. Down-regulation of hZIP1 by treatment of PC-3 cells with hZIP1 antisense oligonucleotide resulted in a decreased zinc uptake. Uptake of zinc from zinc chelated with citrate was as rapid as from free zinc ions; however, the cells did not take up zinc chelated with EDTA. The cellular uptake of zinc is not dependent upon an available pool of free Zn2+ ions. Instead, the mechanism of transport appears to involve the transport of zinc from low molecular weight ligands that exist in circulation as relatively loosely bound complexes with zinc.
Enhanced Diffusional Separation in Liquids by Sinusoidal Oscillations

Abstract A general analysis of the problem of enhanced diffusional separation of dilute liquid solutions contained within open ended capillary tubes and subjected to axial oscillations is presented. Results show that the mass diffusion flux of the various components is equal to the product of the molecular diffusion coefficient of the species in question, the magnitude of the species axial concentration gradient, the square of the ratio of the tidal displacement to the capillary radius, and a function of the Womersley number. The earlier results of Dryer are shown to be correct for small oscillation frequencies and tube diameters, but predict effective diffusion coefficients which are too low at higher Womersley numbers. Differential diffusion separation fluxes some six orders of magnitude larger than possible with the same geometry in the absence of axial oscillations appear to be achievable for typical aqueous solutions.
Serotonin syndrome associated with clozapine withdrawal.

Importance We describe a case of serotonin syndrome secondary to clozapine withdrawal and concomitant use of citalopram hydrobromide, a phenomenon that has been rarely reported. Observations This is a case report of a 47-year-old woman admitted to an academic medical center intensive care unit with coma, hypersalivation, hyperreflexia, and stimulus-induced clonus. The patient received a diagnosis of serotonin syndrome attributed to abrupt clozapine withdrawal with concomitant use of citalopram. She improved only minimally with supportive treatment (intravenous fluids, benzodiazapines, and withdrawal of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor) and received cyproheptadine hydrochloride on her third day of symptoms. Four hours after she received the loading dose of cyproheptadine, she was alert and oriented and at her baseline mental status, although some clonus remained. Conclusions and Relevance Serotonin syndrome can result from the abrupt withdrawal of a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A antagonist from a treatment regimen that also includes a medication that increases serotonin availability.
GluN1-specific redox effects on the kinetic mechanism of NMDA receptor activation.

NMDA receptors are glutamate-activated ion channel complexes central to the functioning of the mammalian nervous system. Opening of the NMDA receptor ion channel pore is initiated by agonist-induced conformational changes in the extracellular ligand-binding domain (LBD) but the dynamic mechanism of this process remains unresolved. We studied how a disulfide bond in the obligatory GluN1 subunit—the sole site of redox modulation in NMDA receptors—controls this activation gating mechanism. This disulfide bond is located in the hinge region of the LBD, and presumably constrains agonist-induced cleft closure of the clamshell-like LBD. Elimination of this bond, by either DTT-mediated reduction or mutagenesis, enhances gating efficiency such that pore opening now occurs with higher frequency and longer duration. The most prominent effect was to shift opening modes to long duration openings reminiscent of a high Po gating mode that the NMDA receptor exhibits under ambient oxidizing conditions. In terms of preopen gating steps, elimination of this bond has effects only on the fast gating step consistent with this step being GluN1-specific and reflecting GluN1 gating movements immediately before channel opening. Overall, our results suggest that the dynamics of the GluN1 LBD have strong effects on late pore opening steps including regulating the duration of pore opening. This redox-mediated gating modulation could be an underlying mechanism of NMDA receptor malfunction in redox-dependent disease states and presents a potential target of pharmacologic action.
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN THE ENDOGONACEAE

A cladistic analysis of 57 species in six genera ofthe Endogonaceae was performed using 27 mor? phological characters of asexual spores and the endophytic phase of mycorrhizal development. These species comprised a monophyletic group defined by two synapomorphies: mutualistic symbiosis with terrestrial plants and production of specialized dichotomously branched intraradical arbuscules interfacing host and fungal symbiont. Members of Endogone, another genus in the Endogonaceae, did not share these characters and thus were a polyphyletic group related to some arbuscular species in Glomus and Sclerocystis only by convergence. Two main branches were hypothesized to have evolved from a common arbuscular ancestor. One branch consisted of Gigaspora and Scutellospora, as defined by extraradical auxiliary cells and spores formed within a thin unit wall on a sporogenous cell. The other branch consisted of Glomus, Sclerocystis, Acaulospora, and Entrophospora, as defined by intraradical vesicles in mycorrhizal roots. Parallelisms were numerous within all descendant monophyletic fungal groups, lowering resolution of branching patterns. The cladogram and phylogenetic tree reconstructed from this analysis establish a theoretical framework for future studies.
Inhibition and promotion of copper corrosion by CTAB in a microreactor system.

We report on an optical microscopy technique for the analysis of corrosion kinetics of metal thin films in microreactor systems and use it to study the role of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant as a corrosion inhibitor in a copper−gold galvanic coplanar microsystem. A minimum in the dissolution rate of copper is observed when the surfactant concentration is ∼0.8 mM. To explain why the inhibitory role of the surfactant does not extend to higher concentrations, we use zero resistance ammetry with separated half cells and show that while the surfactant inhibits cathodic reactions on gold, it also promotes the corrosion of copper because of the catalytic action of bromide counterions. These two competing processes lead to the observed minimum in the dissolution rate.
Conceptual Spacecraft Design Using a Genetic Algorithm Trade Selection Process

Spacecraft design is a highly coupled problem. The design of the spacecraft must balance payload objectives and orbital design against cost and schedule guidelines. In commmon practice, a limited set of spacecraft design alternatives are considered and the design objectives are often not formally stated. With this approach there is no guarantee that a system-level focus will be taken, and feasibility rather than optimality is commonly all that is achieved. With support from NASA, the author has investigated better methods for performing the earliest stage of spacecraft design (including cost analysis) to ensure that a systems perspective is taken. This paper describes a tool for conceptual spacecraft design, the spacecraft concept optimization and utility tool (SCOUT), which uses a set of design-estima ting relationships and cost-estimating relationships coupled with genetic algorithm optimization. A retrospective comparison between SCOUT results and the actual design of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft is made. This approach helps to enhance the understanding of the feasible design space, as well as uncovering interesting design points that merit further investigation.
Vitamin Uptake Studies on Organisms Isolated from Crop Contents of Turkeys with Pendulous Crop

Abstract THE occurrence of pendulous crop in turkeys has been described by Hinshaw and Asmundson (1936). In a subsequent study, Asmundson and Hinshaw (1938) reported evidence in favor of heredity as a factor which influenced the occurrence of pendulous crop. Cline (1933) attributed the abnormal crop condition to the level of protein in the ration. Experimentally induced pendulous crop was reported by Wheeler et al. (1957). In further work by Rigdon et al. (1958) and Manfre et al. (1958) on the experimentally induced pendulous crop, three microorganisms, Saccharomyces tellustris, Candida albicans, and Torulopsis glabrata were isolated from the crop of affected birds. The occurrence of the enlarged crop was significantly greater when the source of the carbohydrate in the diet was glucose monohydrate than when starch was substituted for the glucose. Wheeler et al. (1960) reported an apparent difference in susceptibility of the induced pendulous crop condition between Beltsville Small White…
Optimized Regression for Efficient Function Evaluation

In many applications of regression, one is concerned with the efficiency of the estimated function in addition to the accuracy of the regression. For efficiency, it is common to represent the estimated function as a rectangular lattice of values—a lookup table (LUT)—that can be linearly interpolated for any needed value. Typically, a LUT is constructed from data with a two-step process that first fits a function to the data, then evaluates that fitted function at the nodes of the lattice. We present an approach, termed lattice regression, that directly optimizes the values of the lattice nodes to minimize the post-interpolation training error. Additionally, we propose a second-order difference regularizer to promote smoothness. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on two image processing tasks that require both accurate regression and efficient function evaluations: inverse device characterization for color management and omnidirectional super-resolution for visual homing.
Fluorescent labeling of COS-7 expressing SNAP-tag fusion proteins for live cell imaging.

SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag protein labeling systems enable the specific, covalent attachment of molecules, including fluorescent dyes, to a protein of interest in live cells. These systems offer a broad selection of fluorescent substrates optimized for a range of imaging instrumentation. Once cloned and expressed, the tagged protein can be used with a variety of substrates for numerous downstream applications without having to clone again. There are two steps to using this system: cloning and expression of the protein of interest as a SNAP-tag fusion, and labeling of the fusion with the SNAP-tag substrate of choice. The SNAP-tag is a small protein based on human O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (hAGT), a DNA repair protein. SNAP-tag labels are dyes conjugated to guanine or chloropyrimidine leaving groups via a benzyl linker. In the labeling reaction, the substituted benzyl group of the substrate is covalently attached to the SNAP-tag. CLIP-tag is a modified version of SNAP-tag, engineered to react with benzylcytosine rather than benzylguanine derivatives. When used in conjunction with SNAP-tag, CLIP-tag enables the orthogonal and complementary labeling of two proteins simultaneously in the same cells.
Interpretation of bone mass determinations as they relate to fracture: implications for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Determination of bone mass is currently the most clinically useful measurement of bone strength and of fracture risk. Interpretation of bone mass determination as it relates to fracture has been developed largely from studies of age-related bone loss. A decrease in bone mass and an increase in fracture incidence with aging are universal phenomena that are causally related by virtue of the major contribution bone mass makes to skeletal strength. Over 70% of the skeleton's strength to resist fracture resides in its mineral content in vitro. Clinically, the relationship between trauma and fracture is complex, and in the general population, fracture appears as a random event occurring more frequently as bone mass decreases. In the individual, measurement of bone mass in relation to the range of bone mass and the fracture incidence of the reference population provides an estimate of the risk of sustaining a fracture in the future. In primary hyperparathyroidism, interpretation of a bone mass determination must take into account the effect of the disease activity on the skeleton against the background of universal age-related changes in bone mass and fracture incidence. This general relationship is likely to be altered by at least three unique effects that parathyroid hormone may have on the skeleton: (1) parathyroid hormone has a differential effect on cortical and cancellous bone; (2) it has a biphasic effect on bone that is concentration dependent; and (3) it alters bone quality and architecture. In asymptomatic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who are considered for long-term medical follow-up, bone mass determination and fracture incidence must be part of the essential monitoring process both to provide a best estimate of fracture risk for the subject and to provide prospective data to refine the estimate of fracture risk for the disease itself.
Peer-Assisted Learning and Interactions in Inclusive Music Classrooms Benefits, Research, and Applications

Contemporary music classrooms include a beautiful mosaic of individual children from diverse backgrounds, children who vary considerably in their capabilities, interests, and levels of motivation. ...
LEARNING GENERIC, NONGENERIC AND COMPOUND-GENERIC COMPUTER COMMANDS

Generic commands use the same verb to invoke a given action on different kinds of objects in a computer system. For example, the command "DELETE 3" might delete 3 lines of text and "DELETE/abc/" might delete the character string "abc". In contrast, nongeneric commands use different verbs to invoke a given action on different kind of objects (e.g., ERASE 3, DELETE/cat/). Generic verbs are frequently easier to learn than nongeneric verbs, in part because nongeneric verbs that have meanings appropriate to the same action are frequently poorly differentiated synonyms. Thus, users frequently confuse nongeneric verbs with each other. Although generic verbs are frequently easier to learn than nongeneric verbs, when several different parameter constructions are mapped onto the same generic verb the parameter mappings become difficult to learn. For example, "ADD/abc/xyz/" might be used to insert the characters "abc" following the characters "xyz" in an existing line of text and "ADD abc" might be used to insert the characters "abc" as a new line of text. Generic commands such as these, having several different parameter constructions mapped onto the same verb, make the parameter mappings difficult to learn.
Nitrous Oxide Emission from Cropland and Adjacent Riparian Buffers in Contrasting Hydrogeomorphic Settings

Riparian buffers are important nitrate (NO) sinks in agricultural watersheds, but limited information is available regarding the intensity and control of nitrous oxide (NO) emission from these buffers. This study monitored (December 2009-May 2011) NO fluxes at two agricultural riparian buffers in the White River watershed in Indiana to assess the impact of land use and hydrogeomorphologic (HGM) attributes on emission. The study sites included a riparian forest in a glacial outwash/alluvium setting (White River [WR]) and a grassed riparian buffer in tile-drained till plains (Leary Weber Ditch [LWD]). Adjacent corn ( L.) fields were monitored for land use assessment. Analysis of variance identified season, land use (riparian buffer vs. crop field), and site geomorphology as major drivers of NO fluxes. Strong relationships between N mineralization and NO fluxes were found at both sites, but relationships with other nutrient cycling indicators (C/N ratio, dissolved organic C, microbial biomass C) were detected only at LWD. Nitrous oxide emission showed strong seasonal variability; the largest NO peaks occurred in late spring/early summer as a result of flooding at the WR riparian buffer (up to 27.8 mg NO-N m d) and N fertilizer application to crop fields. Annual NO emission (kg NO-N ha) was higher in the crop fields (WR: 7.82; LWD: 6.37) than in the riparian areas. A significant difference ( < 0.02) in annual NO emission between the riparian buffers was detected (4.32 vs. 1.03 kg NO-N ha at WR and LWD, respectively), and this difference was attributed to site geomorphology and flooding (WR is flood prone; no flooding occurred at tile-drained LWD). The study results demonstrate the significance of landscape geomorphology and land-stream connection (i.e., flood potential) as drivers of NO emission in riparian buffers and therefore argue that an HGM-based approach should be especially suitable for determination of regional NO budget in riparian ecosystems.
Neoliberal Governmentality in the European Union: Education, Training, and Technologies of Citizenship:

In this paper I argue that increasingly neoliberal forms of governmentality are evident in the educational sector of the European Commission. This is especially the case vis-α-vis the institutional philosophy of how immigrants and second-generation ‘minorities’ should be best integrated into European society. Both the policies and the programs associated with education and training are becoming more oriented towards the formation of mobile, flexible, and self-governing European laborers and less oriented towards an institutionalized affirmation of personal development and individual or group ‘difference’. This represents a fairly substantive philosophical and practical transformation over the past five to ten years, with significant implications for conceptions of European citizenship, multiculturalism, and social belonging.
Mayo Genome Consortia: A Genotype-Phenotype Resource for Genome-Wide Association Studies With an Application to the Analysis of Circulating Bilirubin Levels

OBJECTIVE To create a cohort for cost-effective genetic research, the Mayo Genome Consortia (MayoGC) has been assembled with participants from research studies across Mayo Clinic with high-throughput genetic data and electronic medical record (EMR) data for phenotype extraction. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Eligible participants include those who gave general research consent in the contributing studies to share high-throughput genotyping data with other investigators. Herein, we describe the design of the MayoGC, including the current participating cohorts, expansion efforts, data processing, and study management and organization. A genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with total bilirubin levels was conducted to test the genetic research capability of the MayoGC. RESULTS Genome-wide significant results were observed on 2q37 (top single nucleotide polymorphism, rs4148325; P =5.0 × 10 −62 ) and 12p12 (top single nucleotide polymorphism, rs4363657; P =5.1 × 10 −8 ) corresponding to a gene cluster of uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (the UGT1A cluster ) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B1 ( SLCO1B1 ), respectively. CONCLUSION Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with numerous phenotypes but have been historically limited by inadequate sample size due to costly genotyping and phenotyping. Large consortia with harmonized genotype data have been assembled to attain sufficient statistical power, but phenotyping remains a rate-limiting factor in gene discovery research efforts. The EMR consists of an abundance of phenotype data that can be extracted in a relatively quick and systematic manner. The MayoGC provides a model of a unique collaborative effort in the environment of a common EMR for the investigation of genetic determinants of diseases.
Report on First International Workshop of Pediatric Management in Hemophilia

The first meeting of the Pediatric Advisory Committee, those pediatricians interested in the care of the child with hemophilia, took place in Pomerio, Italy, in November, 1982. The participants were from Holland, France, Denmark, Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Italy and the United States. In the first session the participants discussed the pediatric care in each of their countries and how it interdignitated with the hemophilia care. There was consistency in that all countries had a system of comprehensive care and a home care program within that system. The major topic of discussion was the use of prophylaxis: the criteria for entering patients on a prophylactic program, the protocol for treatment, the evaluation of efficacy of the program and the risks of long term therapy on the physical, immunologic, and the psychological functioning of the patient. It was agreed that an in-depth prospective study needs to be done to compare the outcome of children on prophylaxis to those on-demand therapy. The role of the pediatrician in the growth and development and the hematologic care of the children was explored and found to vary widely from country to country both in the Centers and in liaison with the local physicians. There was no consistency in family support or learning of coping skills. Problems in care for the adolescent were universal. Neither the hematologic nor the psychosocial problems specific to this age group are well addressed and the liaison with the internist needs to be expanded to fully service the growth and maturation of the young man. In summary, we believe that the role of the pediatrician as primary care physician and hematologist for the child and the adolescent needs to be expanded to improve the mental and physical development of the patient with hemophilia.
The SDN Shuffle: Creating a Moving-Target Defense using Host-based Software-Defined Networking

Moving target systems can help defenders limit the utility of reconnaissance for adversaries, hindering the effectiveness of attacks. While moving target systems are a topic of robust research, we find that prior work in network-based moving target defenses has limitations in either scalability or the ability to protect public servers accessible to unmodified clients. In this work, we present a new moving target defense using software-defined networking (SDN) that can service unmodified clients while avoiding scalability limitations. We then evaluate this approach according to seven moving-target properties and evaluate its performance. We find that the approach achieves its security goals while introducing low overheads.
Quantum Theory of the Polarizability of an Idealized Crystal

The quantum-mechanical polarizability of an idealized insulating crystal is calculated by the semiclassical method, in which the electromagnetic radiation of frequency small compared with electronic resonance absorption frequencies is treated classically. A generalization of the Lorentz "internal field" effect emerges naturally from the treatment. Correction terms to the Lorentz value for the polarization of a crystal, ${n}_{0}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{a}}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}{n}_{0}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{a}}{3})}]\mathcal{E}$, where ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{a}$ is the polarizability of an isolated atom, ${n}_{0}$ the density of atoms, and $\mathcal{E}$ the applied field, arise from three main sources: (1) exchange and overlap effects, (2) higher order terms in the atomic interactions than dipole-dipole terms, and (3) second and higher powers of the small parameter $\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}{n}_{0}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{a}}{3}$. These correction terms, which are shown to be important in real crystals, are briefly discussed, although more must be known about specific wave functions in order to make quantitative calculations. The connection is pointed out between the propagation of excitons and the Lorentz effect.
Evaluating Breath Methane as a Diagnostic Test for Constipation-Predominant IBS

Studies suggest that subjects with IBS have altered gut flora. Among these findings, methane production is more commonly associated with constipation-predominant symptoms. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the role of methane as a diagnostic test. Consecutive Rome I positive IBS patients referred for a lactulose breath test were eligible to participate. After exclusion criteria, subjects completed a symptom questionnaire grading bloating, diarrhea, and constipation on a VAS scale (0–100 mm). Once completed, a physician interviewed the subjects and rated the subject accordingly, and also determined whether the patient had C-IBS, D-IBS, or neither. Subjects and physicians were blinded to the results of the breath test. The presence of methane in the breath test was compared to the results of the scoring by subjects and physicians. A total of 56 Rome I positive IBS subjects were enrolled. During breath testing, 28 subjects produced methane. Good agreement between physician’s evaluation and the patient’s was seen (diarrhea = 0.69; constipation = 0.69; bloating = 0.62). The severity of constipation was noted to be greater in the methane group (49.3 ± 28.7) than in the non-methane group (25.3 ± 31.47) (P < 0.01). In contrast, diarrhea was less severe in the methane group (12.3 ± 21.0) than the non-methane group (36.7 ± 32.4) (P < 0.01). Out of the 56 patients, 23 C-IBS subjects were identified by the physician. When methane was used to predict the assignment of C-IBS compared to non-C-IBS, it had a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 81.3% (OR = 47.7, CI = 9.4–232, P < 0.00001). In conclusion, methane is a potential diagnostic test for the identification of C-IBS and may guide treatment.
Who's to Blame for America's Drug Problem?: The Search for Scapegoats in the "War on Drugs.".

This essay extends Burke's notion of victimage as a symbolic response to socially‐created guilt to analyze six years of political debate and action in the U.S. drug war (1986—1991). We use a Burkean/metaphorical framework to explore the characteristics of guilt‐based drug rhetoric and its ethical entailments. We argue that scapegoating rhetoric—the rhetoric of vilification in times of “war"—is “dialectically appealing”; in Burkean terms because it provides for common enemies, invites a community united against these foes, morally justifies public opinion, and offers guilt relief to a large number of people. Scapegoating in the drug war was problematic, however, because it misplaced blame for the drug problem, it circumscribed drug policy debate about alternative solutions, and it contributed to a frustrated and sometimes apathetic citizenry more often the victims of racism, vigilantism, and unfair drug sentencing than the beneficiary of medical attention and drug education. The essay concludes with a disc...
Imaging Use and Cryptorchidism: Determinants of Practice Patterns

Purpose: We determined the rate of diagnostic imaging use for the preoperative evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism and the factors that influence referring providers to obtain imaging.Materials and Methods: We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of pediatricians randomly sampled from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. The primary outcome was whether the respondent obtained imaging at the initial evaluation of boys with cryptorchidism. Participants were queried regarding practice location and type, length of time in practice, frequency of reading academic journals and the accessibility of surgical subspecialists. For those who ordered imaging, respondents were asked how frequently they ordered imaging, and were asked to select patient factors and professional beliefs that influenced their decision to obtain imaging. Factors associated with imaging use were identified using multivariate logistic regression.Results: Of the pediatricians who acknowledged contact by surveyors 47%...
Forgone health care among U.S. adolescents: associations between risk characteristics and confidentiality concern.

Abstract Purpose To examine risk characteristics associated with citing confidentiality concern as a reason for forgone health care, among a sample of U.S. adolescents who reported having forgone health care they believed was necessary in the past year. Methods The study used data from Wave I home interviews of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The generalized estimating equations method was used to account for the clustered nature of the data. Results Prevalence of several risk characteristics was significantly higher among boys and girls who reported confidentiality concern, as compared with those who did not report this concern. Regression analyses for boys (n = 1123), which adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, parental education and insurance type showed that high depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt were each associated with increased odds of reporting confidentiality concern as a reason for forgone health care. In multivariate analyses for girls (n = 1315), having ever had sexual intercourse, birth control nonuse at last sex, prior sexually transmitted infection, past-year alcohol use, high and moderate depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and unsatisfactory parental communication were each associated with increased odds of citing confidentiality concern as a reason for forgone care. Conclusion The population of U.S. adolescents who forgo health care due to confidentiality concern is particularly vulnerable and in need of health care services. Adolescents who report health risk behaviors, psychological distress and/or unsatisfactory communication with parents have an increased likelihood of citing confidentiality concern as a reason for forgone health care, as compared with adolescents who do not report these factors. Findings of this study suggest that if restrictions to confidentiality are increased, health care use may decrease among adolescents at high risk of adverse health outcomes.
Effect of Two Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents on the Antibacterial Activity of Three Antimicrobial Agents

Cancer chemotherapeutic agents and antibacterial antibiotics are often given concomitantly. Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and three antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacin, and ticarcillin) were tested individually and in combinations to determine their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. These cytotoxic agents are commonly employed in the therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia for remission induction therapy, and these antimicrobial agents are used in infection therapy. The maximum concentrations of the two cytotoxic drugs were chosen to be twice the known peak plasma levels of commonly employed dosage schedules. Neither of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents, alone or in combination, demonstrated bactericidal activity at the levels tested. However, in the presence of these agents, the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin and amikacin, although not that of ticarcillin, was depressed for 11 of 15 K. pneumoniae strains and 8 of 15 P. aeruginosa strains, but for none of the strains of E. coli. This level of decreased activity occasionally resulted in a minimal inhibitory concentration of the tested aminoglycoside well above the standard serum levels. Daunorubicin was more likely to antagonize gentamicin than was cytosine arabinoside.
The Effects Of Antecedent Interventions And Extinction On Toddlers' Compliance During Transitions

We compared the effects of two antecedent strategies commonly used in early childhood settings to increase compliance during activity transitions: a warning condition, in which children were informed of the transition 2 min before it began, and a condition in which children were allowed access to a toy during the transition. Both antecedent interventions were ineffective when implemented alone; however, when these strategies were combined with extinction, improvements in compliance were observed for all children.
Adenyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase and cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase of malignant glial cells in culture.

Abstract Adenyl cyclase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase are present at easily measured levels in a human malignant glial cell line and distribute in subcellular fractions in a manner similar to that found for these enzymes from other mammalian tissues. The specific activity of adenyl cyclase in homogenates of the astrocytoma cells is as high as that found in homogenates of rat and human cerebral cortex. Phosphodiesterase activity measured at various concentrations of cyclic AMP could be attributed to an enzyme with an apparent Km value of 15 μM. Cyclic AMP increased protein kinase activity of cell extracts 2-fold with casein as substrate and 4-fold with calf-thymus histone as substrate. The Km for cyclic AMP stimulation was 3–5 × 10 −8 M with either substrate. The level of cyclic AMP in 1181N1 astrocytoma cells (10 pmoles/mg protein) is similar to values observed in most mammalian tissues. These results suggest that cyclic AMP in the brain may be involved in the regulation of the function of glial cells as well as neurons.
Force Enhancement in the Drosophila Jump Muscle

Force Enhancement (FE), a history-dependent phenomenon observed in skeletal muscle, is characterized by an elevated steady-state force after an active stretch compared to that of an isometric contraction at the corresponding length. FE has been observed for nearly a century, and demonstrated in whole muscle and single fiber preparations. Although the underlying mechanism(s) are yet to be elucidated, FE has been well characterized on both the ascending and descending limb of the force-length relationship, demonstrating a positive correlation with stretching amplitude and no clear relation to stretching rate. Furthermore, evidence has suggested that the mechanism for FE is multi-fold, encompassing both a passive structural element (titin) and kinetic mechanism. The limitations of investigating FE arise from the ability to manipulate molecular structure of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle. For that reason, it is advantageous to study alternative models. We have recently demonstrated the Drosophila's Tergal Depressor of the Trochantor (TDT), or jump muscle, to be an analogous to that of skeletal muscle. Furthermore, our ability to genetically manipulate the structure and subsequent myosin kinetics of the TDT muscle through transgene expression allows unprecedented insight into an analogous muscle model. Therefore, the TDT offers unique opportunities to investigate the underlying mechanism(s) associated with FE. The purpose of this investigation was to confirm the presence of FE in a wild-type (WT) Drosophila TDTs. TDT muscles were dissected, prepared, and mechanically evaluated on a custom-built, microscope-based mechanics rig as previously established. Preliminary results not only suggest that FE exists in WT TDTs, but that this phenomenon is also characteristically similar to that observed in mammalian skeletal muscle.
Effects of geometric nonlinearities on damage propagation in patched beam-plates subjected to pressure loading

The problem of edge debonding of patched beam-plates subjected to transverse pressure is examined using two related mathematical models; one which incorporates geometric nonlinearities and the other which neglects them. The models, developed in a prior study, present the energy release rates in self-consistent functional form and yield closed form analytical solutions for the specific problem of interest. Results of numerical simulations based on each model are presented in the form of debond growth paths and compared. The growth paths are subsequently presented with corresponding pre-growth load-deflection paths to further examine the differences resulting from each model. It is seen that significant discrepancies occur between the behaviors predicted by the two models, both with regard to the onset of damage propagation and with regard to the stability of the process, as well as with regard to the pre-growth behavior, demonstrating the critical influence of geometric nonlinearities on the phenomena of interest.
Markovian Petri Nets protocols with product form solution

Abstract A class of Markovian Petri Net models whose equilibrium state probabilities satisfy detailed (local) balance equations is presented. Examples of their applicability include a bus oriented multiprocessor model, a version of the classical dining philosophers problem and an alternating bit protocol model. The natural topological space for embedding the state transition lattices for this class of MPNs is shown to be a multidimensional toroidal manifold.
Jet vetoes for Higgs boson production at future hadron colliders

We study Higgs boson production in exclusive jet bins at possible future 33 and 100 TeV proton-proton colliders. We compare the cross sections obtained using fixed-order perturbation theory with those obtained by also resumming large logarithms induced by the jet-binning in the gluon-fusion and associated production channels. The central values obtained by the best-available fixed-order predictions differ by 10%--20% from those obtained after including resummation over the majority of phase-space regions considered. Additionally, including the resummation dramatically reduces the residual scale variation in these regions, often by a factor of two or more. We further show that in several new kinematic regimes that can be explored at these high-energy machines, the inclusion of resummation improvement is mandatory.