cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restructuring: A Process for Constructing Representations for Choice

Consumers seldom make product choices in situations in which information is provided in a representation designed to facilitate choices of good quality with comfortable levels of effort investment. As a result, consumers may often construct multiple representations to facilitate making choices. A framework for dynamic restructuring is presented which describes why, when, and how consumers might restructure information displays over the course of a decision in order to make a choice. The framework incorporates an effort/accuracy approach to develop predictions about restructuring.
Algorithm synthesis through problem reformulation

AI has been successful in producing expert systems for diagnosis, qualitative simulation, configuration and tutoring-e.g. classification problem solving. It has been less successful in producing expert systems that design artifacts, including computer programs. Deductive synthesis of a design from first principles is combinatorially explosive, yet libraries of design schemas do not have sufficient flexibility for application to novel problems. This paper proposes that the major factor in applying design knowledge is reformulating a problem in terms of the parameters of generic designs. This paper shows how to represent knowledge of generic designs as parameterized theories. This facilitates problem reformulation, making it a well defined search for appropriate parameter instantiations. The representation of design knowledge with parameterized theories is illustrated with generic local search algorithms. The utility of parameterized theories is shown by deriving the simplex algorithm for linear optimization from specification.
South Pole Carbon Asset Management - Going for Gold?

In late 2008, Christoph Sutter, CEO of South Pole Carbon Asset Management, reflects on his firm's early success at originating carbon credits in developing nations, and selling them to governments and firms who seek to offset their greenhouse gas emissions voluntarily or to fulfill regulatory obligations. South Pole's early strategy has focused on being a first mover in the niche market for premium quality carbon credits. But as the market evolves in the face of significant policy uncertainty, Sutter wonders what South Pole's strategy should be for the future. This case study can facilitate discussions about environmental markets, about opportunities for entrepreneurship raised by new environmental regulations and about challenges in markets for tradable pollution permits. Learning Objective: To explore firm strategy in an uncertain regulatory environment.
Geoarchaeological Perspectives on Holocene Climate Change as a Civilizing Factor in the Egyptian Sahara

Throughout prehistory, rapid hydroclimatic changes (“wet-dry”cycles) played a key role in landscape habitability and resource availability in the Egyptian Sahara. As water sources waned during episodes of Holocene drought, people developed various subsistence strategies, including opportunistic hunting of small animals and food production such as gathering, transhumance, and livestock rearing. The geoarchaeological record of the Neolithic culture at Nabta Playa ~100 km west of the Nile Valley suggests that Holocene droughts were a civilizing factor; migrations toward water-fostered acculturation and social complexity, which is evident in burials, ceremonial centers, and solar calendars built at Nabta. The ultimate resilience strategy of the desert dwellers was relocation to the Nile Valley and the transition to agriculture after 5300 calendar years B.P.
Bacteriophage Clearance in the Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Since relatively few quantitative immunological studies had been conducted with invertebrates, this study was designed to learn more about the immune potential of the oyster, a molluscan representative. Experiments measured the primary and secondary clearance rates of T2 coliphage in the oyster. The fate of phage injected intracardially or intramuscularly was traced by measuring serum and tissue fluid plaque-forming unit levels at various times postinjection. Phage-neutralizing activity was also measured. Although circulating T2-neutralizing antibody was not induced in the oyster, secondary injections of T2 were cleared more rapidly than primary injections. The difference in clearance rates between primary and secondary groups was not as pronounced in the oyster as in the lemon shark, an animal capable of producing high levels of serum antibody to T2.
Management of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication.

BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the chronic obstruction of the arteries supplying the lower extremities. The most common symptom is intermittent claudication resulting in aching pain, numbness, weakness, or fatigue in the muscle groups of the lower extremities. METHODS Using the key words "peripheral arterial disease," "intermittent claudication," "atherosclerosis," and "cardiovascular disease," MEDLINE databases were searched from 1970 to the present. The most recent articles pertinent to current treatment recommendations for PAD and intermittent claudication were selected to document this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of intermittent claudication are induced by walking or exercise and usually resolve with rest. Disease severity varies from patients who are asymptomatic to those who have unremitting symptoms. A high overlap exists between PAD and coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Risks for long-term morbidity and mortality are identical for PAD, intermittent claudication, and coronary artery disease. Treatment of PAD is aimed at maintaining or improving functional status, reducing or eliminating ischemic symptoms, and preventing disease progression. Exercise and aggressive risk factor modification represent the cornerstones of treatment. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), and hyperhomocystinemia. Antiplatelet and lipid-altering therapies decrease risk of atherosclerotic vascular complications and are being studied to improve intermittent claudication. Cilostazol, a new antiplatelet, antithrombotic agent, reduces claudication symptoms. Angiogenic growth factors have shown preliminary success in patients with rest pain and ischemic ulcers and are being investigated for use in patients with intermittent claudication. Invasive revascularization procedures can be considered for patients with critical limb ischemia or when medical therapy fails.
High-Temperature Growth of GaN and Al x Ga 1−x Nvia Ammonia-Based Metalorganic Molecular-Beam Epitaxy

The effect of high-temperature growth on the crystalline quality and surface morphology of GaN and Al x Ga1−x N grown by ammonia-based metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy (NH3-MOMBE) has been investigated as a means of producing atomically smooth films suitable for device structures. The effects of V/III ratio on the growth rate and surface morphology are described herein. The crystalline quality of both GaN and AlGaN was found to mimic that of the GaN templates, with (002) x-ray diffraction (XRD) full-widths at half- maximum (FWHMs) of ~350 arcsec. Nitrogen-rich growth conditions have been found to provide optimal surface morphologies with a root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of ~0.8 nm, yet excessive N-rich environments have been found to reduce the growth rate and result in the formation of faceted surface pitting. AlGaN exhibits a decreased growth rate, as compared with GaN, due to increased N recombination as a result of the increased pyrolysis of NH3 in the presence of Al. AlGaN films grown directly on GaN templates exhibited Pendellosung x-ray fringes, indicating an abrupt interface and a planar AlGaN film. AlGaN films grown for this study resulted in an optimal RMS roughness of ~0.85 nm with visible atomic steps.
Stability analysis of carbon nanotube probes for an atomic force microscope via a continuum model

A continuum model is employed in the stability analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the application in atomic force microscope (AFM) probes. Current experimental results have observed instability of CNT in the applications in AFM probes. However, a complete study and understanding of the instability of CNT has not yet been conducted so far. The research in the paper provides a complete mechanics analysis on the global and local buckling of both single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNT) via an elastic beam model. A cantilever beam model under a tilted compressive load for possible global buckling or local buckling instability of the CNT probe is employed, since a CNT probe interacts with the surface of a probe at an angle relative to the surface normal. A discrete beam model is employed to propose a mechanism of local buckling instability for beam structures. Based on this model, the development of kink instability of CNT is revealed and studied. A benchmark study on the size effect of the CNT on the critical axial force is carefully made for SWNT and DWNT probes. In addition, the global buckling load of CNT under horizontal axial force can be recovered from the current results on local instability by setting a zero tilted angle, and the predicted results are compared with those from a model considering the van der Waals effect to demonstrate the great feasibility of the proposed local instability model for global buckling analysis use. It is hoped this research may provide a benchmark study on a practical and novel design for effective AFM probes with CNT.
Effectiveness of Trichogramma spp. in Parasitizing Eggs of Pieris rapae and Trichoplusia ni in the Laboratory

Laboratory studies indicated that strains of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley responded differently in the laboratory than in the field. The Brownsville strain did not complete larval development in eggs of Pieris rapae (L.). However, it heavily parasitized eggs of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) but was ineffective in parasitizing field populations of this host. Both this species and Trichogramma evanescens Westwood proved able to distinguish previously parasitized hosts ( T. ni and P. rapae ) after the parasite eggs eclosed. Usually both species of parasites could develop in the same eggs of T. ni if the parasite eggs were deposited the same day.
K-vertex guarding simple polygons

A polygon P is called k-vertex guardable if there is a subset G of the vertices of P such that each point in P is seen by at least k vertices in G. For the main results of this paper, it is shown that the following number of vertex guards is sufficient and sometimes necessary to k-vertex guard any simple n-gon P without holes: @?2n/[email protected]? are needed for k=2 if P is any n-gon and @?3n/[email protected]? are needed for k=3 if P is any convexly quadrilateralizable n-gon. The proofs for both of the results yield algorithms with O(n^2) runtimes.
TIMEOUT AND CONCURRENT FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS1

Human subjects given choices among 10 different pairs of concurrent fixed-ratio schedules preferred the smaller ratio. After a preference had been determined, timeout of increasing duration followed the completion of the preferred schedule. The larger the fixed-ratio difference, the longer the timeout necessary to produce the shift to the previously nonpreferred ratio. Responses by two of three subjects were unaffected by changes from response-dependent to response-independent pay.
Coronary Perfusion Versus Cold Ischemic Arrest During Aortic Valve Surgery A Randomized Study

Sixty-four randomized patients undergoing primary, isolated, scheduled, prosthetic aortic valve replacement were studied to determine the safety of coronary perfusion and mild hypothermia (31 patients) and of cold ischemic arrest (33 patients). Cardiac performance, metabolism, and isoenzyme release and the electrocardiogram were studied early postoperatively. No differences greater than expected by chance were found between the two groups; however, the difference between group means of several hemodynamic variables was significantly larger than experimental error. Combined abnormalities of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) heart-specific isoenzymes, indicative of myocardial necrosis, were found in 33 of 48 patients (68.7%) so studied. The incidence was similar in both study groups. In 14 of 52 (27%) patients with electrocardiographic studies, changes indicative of new infarction or ischemia were demonstrated, but no differences in incidence between the two groups of patients were...
Color vision deficits during laser lithotripsy using safety goggles for coumarin green or alexandrite but not with holmium: YAG laser safety goggles

AbstractPurpose: Laser lithotripsy requires urologists to wear laser eye protection. Laser eye protection devices screen out specific light wavelengths and may distort color perception. This study tests whether urologists risk color confusion when wearing laser eye protection devices for laser lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: Urologists were tested with the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test for Color Blindness (D-15) and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test (FM-100) without (control) and with laser eye protection devices for coumarin green, alexandrite and holmium:YAG lasers. Error scores were tabulated. The pattern of color deficits was characterized with confusion angles, confusion index (C-index), scatter index (S-index) and color axes. Laser eye protection devices were tested with spectrophotometry for spectral transmittance and optical density.Results: The D-15 transposition errors (mean plus or minus standard deviation) for control, holmium:YAG, alexandrite and coumarin green laser eye protection were 0 ...
Use of high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry to investigate the β–α transition in calcium pyrophosphate

High-temperature differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermodynamic parameters of the γ–β and β–α transitions in calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7). The measured enthalpy of transition compared well with previous results when higher heating rates (≥20 K min−1) were used. Recommendations for optimal use of HTDSC in high-temperature phase transition measurements are presented.
Testing unconventional formations

Testing unconventional reservoirs, particularly hydrocarbon-bearing shale formations, presents considerable challenges. This paper reviews those challenges and their effects on testing. Conventional testing methods, although applicable, are often impractical because of excessive test duration. Diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) has become the preferred option for unconventional formations. Several methods may be used for interpreting DFIT data. We examine those methods in detail and explore their relative strengths while interpreting field data.
σ and π-interactions of the pyrrolic ligand of sandwich-like lanthanide phthalocyanines determined from magnetic susceptibility and ligand-field theory

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility data of praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, holmium and erbium phthalocyanines taken in the 80–300 K or 4.2–300 K ranges are reported. The σ- and π-interactions of the pyrrolic nitrogen ligand with the praseodymium, neodymium, holmium and erbium f-orbitals are obtained from angular overlap model ligand-field calculations including the full ground-state manifold. The position of the pyrrolic nitrogen ligand in the metallic two-dimensional spectrochemical series is reported. The results show that the pyrrolic nitrogen is a weak σ-donor and a moderate π-donor ligand. The cross-term AOM parameter eπσ is necessary in order to get good fits.
Previous Corn Row Effects on Potassium Nutrition and Yield of Subsequent No‐Till Soybeans

Abstract Narrow‐row soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in corn [Zea mays L.]–soybean rotations results in various distances of soybean rows from previous corn rows, yet little is known about soybean responses to proximity to prior corn rows in no‐till systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of preceding corn rows on potassium (K) nutrition and yield of subsequent no‐till soybeans. Four field experiments involving a corn–soybean rotation were conducted on long‐term no‐till fields with low to medium K levels from 1998 to 2000 near Paris and Kirkton, Ontario, Canada. In the corn year, treatments included K application rate and placement in conjunction with tillage systems or corn hybrids. Before soybean flowering, soil exchangeable K concentrations (0–20 cm depth) in previous corn rows were significantly higher than those between corn rows. At the initial flowering stage, trifoliate leaf K concentrations of soybeans in preceding corn rows were 2.0 to 5.3 g kg−1 higher than t...
Chromatic number of classes of matrices of zeros and ones

Abstract We investigate the chromatic number of a class of matrices of 0's and 1's with given row and column sum vectors, equivalently the chromatic number of hypergraphs with given degree and dual-degree sequences.
The attachment of thin alumina ceramic plates to Kovar® using gold germanium solder

Abstract An electronics firm experienced difficulty attaching gold metalized alumina ceramic plates to gold plated Kovar® alloy assemblies using gold germanium eutectic solder. The soldering process often left large voids in the soldered joint. Using an automated oven and various gasses to reduce the formation of oxides a reliable and repeatable process was found. Real time X-ray and cross section analysis of the joined parts determined that a high quality solder joint can be obtained by using spring probes to fixture the assemblies.
Cyclic GMP system in epidermis: II. Histamine stimulates cyclic GMP formation.

In search of hormones and drugs which might elevate the intracellular level of cyclic GMP in pig epidermis, we have tested the effects of carbachol, concanavalin A, prostaglandin F 2α , insulin, epinephrine, Vitamin A acid and histamine. Only histamine was found to cause consistent activation of the cyclic GMP system. Epidermal slices incubated in Hank's balanced salt solution with histamine exhibited 2- to 4-fold increases in intracellular cyclic GMP concentrations. Histamine's effect on cyclic GMP was not due to contamination by the 1000-fold higher level of cyclic AMP. The time course after histamine addition showed maximal response for cyclic GMP at 1min and for cyclic AMP at 5min. Leakage of cyclic GMP into the media was much more marked than that of cyclic AMP. Maximal histamine activation of the cyclic GMP system required a 1mM concentration, whereas that for the cyclic AMP system required only a 100 μM final concentration. 3-Isobutyl, 1-methylxanthine (IBMX) highly potentiated the effect of histamine on both cyclic nucleotides, but the synergistic effect was more marked in relation to cyclic GMP accumulation. Histamine activation of the cyclic AMP system was specifically inhibited by an (H 2 ) inhibitor. Although both (H 1 ) and (H 2 ) inhibitors significantly reduced histamine activation of the cyclic GMP system, the inhibition by the (H 1 ) inhibitor was predominant. These results indicate that the pig epidermis has a weak but distinct histamine-guanylate cyclase system.
Emulating conventional operator interfaces on window-based workstations

Abstract This paper explores an approach to support the LAMPF and PSR control systems on VAX/VMS workstations using DECwindows and VI Corporation DataViews as the operator interface. The PSR control system was recently turned over to MP division and the two control-system staffs were merged into one group. One of the goals of this new group is to develop a common workstation-based operator console and interface which can be used in a single control room controlling both the linac and proton storage ring. The new console operator interface will need a high-level graphics toolkit for its implementation. During the conversion to the new consoles it will also probably be necessary to write a package to emulate the current operator interfaces at the software level. This paper describes a project to evaluate the appropriateness of VI Corporation's DataViews graphics package for use in the LAMPF control-system environment by using it to write an emulation of the LAMPF touch-panel interface to a large LAMPF control-system application program. A secondary objective of this project was to explore any productivity increases that might be realized by using an object-oriented graphics package and graphics editor.
Effect of reversible pulmonary hypertension on outcomes after heart transplantation

Background Conflicting data exist regarding the impact of reversible pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) on post-transplant (Tx) outcomes. In this study we sought to determine the influence of reversible PHTN on outcomes after Tx. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult patients who underwent heart Tx from 1993 to 2002. Patients were grouped depending on their measured pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Group 1 patients had a pre-Tx pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 4.5 WU). Results Records for 222 adult heart recipients were reviewed (Group 1, n = 171; Group 2, n = 35; Group 3, n = 16). Baseline clinical characteristics (age, gender, heart failure etiology, history of diabetes, ischemic time, donor age and gender) were similar in the three groups and the average follow-up was 58 months. One-month and 1-year mortality (Groups 1, 2 and 3: 2%, 0% and 13%; and 8%, 0% and 13%, respectively) did not differ significantly between groups. Actuarial mortality was assessed using Cox regression analysis, adjusted for age and gender, and no increased risk of death was demonstrated for patients with reversible PHTN (for Group 2: multivariate hazard ratio [HR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17 to 1.32, p = 0.15; for Group 3: HR 0.98, CI 0.34 to 2.84, p = 0.97). No differences were observed between the three groups for various post-Tx events, such as hospital stay, ICU stay, extubation time, transfusions, acute allograft dysfunction, acute hepatic dysfunction, acute and chronic renal dysfunction, infections, neurologic complications, gastrointestinal complications and coronary allograft vasculopathy. Conclusions Reversible pulmonary hypertension is associated with similarly good post-transplant survival outcomes and morbidity, regardless of severity.
Studies of radioiodinated fibrinogen. I. Physicochemical properties of the ICl, chloramine-T, and electrolytic reaction products.

Abstract The rate of catabolism of fibrinogen is known to be increased by extensive iodination. (MacFarlane, A.S., (1963) J. Clin. Invest. 42, 346–361) Clottability measurements are, however, insensitive to this biological damage. (Regoeczi, E., (1971) J. Nucl. Biol. Med. 15, 37–41). We have used gel permeation chromatography in an attempt to understand the chemical modifications of the protein that underlie this alteration in biological activity. In a comparative study of 125I-labelled fibrinogen labelled by the ICl, chloramine-T, and electrolytic methods, we have found that product 125I-labelled fibrinogen is formed with a molecular weight significantly greater than that of normal fibrinogen. The chloramine-T method gives the highest degree of aggregation and the ICl method gives a product whose molecular weight profile most clearly resembles that of authentic fibrinogen. All of the products are hydrolyzed at similar rates in saline (30 ± 3% in the first 24 h) and in plasma or albumin (2.0 ± 0.5% per day). Some chloramine-T preparations have been noted to be more rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma following a two-day induction period. The rate of breakdown is slower in polyethylene containers than in glass. Our results suggest that ICl preparations of 125I-labelled fibrinogen show the least alteration in chemical properties and may therefore be the best for use in in vivo tracer studies involving radioiodinated fibrinogen.
Evaluation of field singularities by an iterative boundary‐element method

A numerical method is presented for the evaluation of field singularities of the type (1/r1-λ) using iterative solutions of standard boundary-element analyses in a region surrounding the origin of singularity. Results for λ are presented for both two and three-dimensional problems, and representative asymptotic fields for these examples are discussed.
Electrospun Fibers for Solid-Phase Microextraction

A method of producing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers based on electrospinning polymers into nanofibrous mats is demonstrated. Using this method the polymer mat is attached to a stainless steel wire without the need of a binder. While applicable to any polymer that can be electrospun, a polymeric negative photoresist, SU-8 2100, is used for this initial study. SPME devices composed of carbon nanofibers are also illustrated by pyrolyzing SU-8 to produce amorphous carbon. Nonpolar compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) and polar compounds, phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol are extracted under headspace SPME conditions. Extraction efficiencies are compared to commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), and polyacrylate (PA) fibers. For both the nonpolar and polar compounds, the carbon nanofiber based phases demonstrated enhanced or comparable (o-xylene only) extraction efficiencies. Distribution constants, K, for benzene on the electrospun fibers are of greater or similar magnitude to those of the compared commercial fibers and increase with carbonization temperature. Finally, the measured detection limits for all the organic compounds are similar to those measured with other SPME gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) methods with a large linear dynamic range (3 orders of magnitude) for quantification.
On a special case of forced capillary–gravity waves in a circular basin under Hocking’s edge condition

Abstract In [M.C. Shen, N.S. Yeh, Exact solution for forced capillary–gravity waves in a circular basin under Hocking’s edge condition, Wave Motion 26 (1997) 117], an exact solution was constructed for the linear problem of forced capillary–gravity waves in a water-filled circular basin generated by a prescribed horizontal vibration of its side wall under Hocking’s edge condition [L.M. Hocking, The damping of capillary–gravity waves at a rigid boundary, J. Fluid Mech. 179 (1987) 253] at the contact line. The solution becomes not valid in the special case that the forcing frequency ω is equal to one of the resonance frequencies Ω mn , m= non-negative integer, n=1,2,…, under the classical edge condition for the circular basin. In this paper we show that the limiting solution as ω→Ω mk for a fixed k satisfies the governing equations for ω=Ω mk . A uniqueness result is established by showing that Ω mn , n=1,2,…, are not eigenvalues of the linear problem.
Angiographic features of transgenic mice with increased expression of human serine protease HTRA1 in retinal pigment epithelium

Purpose. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by a branching vascular network (BVN) of choroid that terminates in polypoidal dilations. We have previously reported the generation of the first PCV model by transgenically expressing human HTRA1 (hHTRA1+), a multifunctional serine protease, in mouse RPE. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive examination of the PCV phenotypes (e.g., lesion type and distribution) of hHTRA1+ mice by a variety of in vivo imaging techniques.
Lemas: A Comparative Organizational Research Platform:

The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey is a comparative organizational research platform from which studies of police organizational structures can be launched. This article briefly describes the survey and its origin, discusses its capacity to provide measures of organizational dimensions, and considers how the survey results can best be used to increase our understanding of police organizations.
Innovative Diffusion Driven Desalination Process

An innovative diffusion driven desalination (DDD) process is presented, and its perfor-mance based on thermodynamic considerations is thoroughly explored. The desalinationis driven by water vapor saturating low humidity air ﬂowing through a diffusion tower.Liquid water is condensed out of the air/vapor mixture in a direct contact condenser. Thedesalination process is suitable for operation at low temperatures and may be driven bywaste heat with low exergy. It is demonstrated that the DDD process can yield a freshwater production efﬁciency of 4.5% with thermal energy consumption of 0.56 kWh perkilogram of fresh water production based on a feed water temperature of only 50°C.Anexample is discussed in which the DDD process utilizes waste heat from a 100 MW steampower plant to produce 1.51 million gallons of fresh water per day.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1786927#
The Broken Family and Juvenile Delinquency: Scientific Explanation or Ideology?

The relationship between broken homes and juvenile delinquency was widely accepted from about 1900 until 1932. Then the broken home was rejected for a period of time. In the past 20 years, there has been a revival of interest in the broken home as an important factor in predicting delinquency. More recent studies have provided contradictory evidence; some evidence supports the hypothesis, while other evidence fails to support it. It is the contention here that these periods of varying acceptance reflect changing cultural and ideological conditions rather than scientific empirical evidence. Because cultural bias seems to have been influential in affecting the acceptance of the broken home as a factor in delinquency etiology, further research is justified before either accepting or rejecting the importance of the broken home as a significant variable in delinquency theory.
Quantitative Exploratory Techniques to Simplify Multiple Objectives in Product Design Optimization

The objective of this paper is to develop techniques to sub-group multiple responses of a system. The proposal is intended for explorative preprocessing steps prior to the execution of a more formal multi-objective optimization. The sub-grouping techniques are developed based on orthonormal expansions. Factor Analysis (FA) and Total Sensitivity Analysis (TSA) are suggested when the relationships among responses are linear and non-linear, respectively. Automotive road Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) data is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodologies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Speed, more than depth, determines the strength of induced motion.

Motion of an inducer in a given direction can cause illusory motion in the opposite direction in a neighboring target object, a phenomenon called induced motion. Induced motion may be due to inducer–target interactions that are local in visual space. Accordingly, increasing the depth between inducer and target should weaken induced motion. Alternatively, separation in depth may not determine whether one object can affect the motion of another. Either viewpoint is supported by separate studies. We show that this contradiction is due to a methodological artifact related to target velocity. Our results support the suggestion that induced motion is not affected by depth separation. Participants rated the effect of an inducer on a target dot presented at different disparities. When target velocity varied with depth, induced motion decreased with depth separation. When target velocity was constant across depth, induced motion was also constant across depth. Thus, target velocity, more than depth, influence motion induction.
An Investigation of Start-Up Outcomes Over Time: Does Start-Up Capital Structure

Given that the type of financing available during the earliest phases of the new firm founding process can influence the likelihood of venture success or failure, start-up capital structure in nascent ventures is a topic of important and timely theoretical and practical relevance. This research explores the relationship between start-up capital structure and time to start-up outcomes consistent with Pecking Order Theory. In addition, we examine why some start-up financial models enable a particular outcome resolution faster than others in the nascent context. We hypothesize certain forms of start-up capital will attenuate or accelerate the incidence of either new firm founding or disbanding. In general, we find that as team size increases the proportion of debt and equity utilized increases; the percentage of personal funds decreases if start-ups aspire to maximize growth; greater percentages of debt financing decrease the incidence of quitting; greater percentages of equity financing had the most impact on the time to new firm founding; greater percentages of debt funds influenced the time to new firm founding; and greater percentages of personal funding accelerated the time to new firm founding. Limitations, considerations, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Applying Coherent Design to Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Operations and Control Stations

This paper addresses principles of coherent design in the design of operational procedures, control systems and ground control stations for uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs). Creating a coherent set of operating procedures, automatic functions and Ground Control Stations (GCS) requires a systematic design approach that creates a consistent conceptual thread between these elements. Following this approach, Cognitive Work Analysis was used to develop procedures, automatic functions and ground control stations for continuous target surveillance using a UAV. The importance of the coherence was subsequently analyzed through human-in-the-loop simulation. The results indicate that UAV controllers, using coherent designs, achieve significantly higher mission performance and experience lower workloads than those using incoherently matched procedures, automatic functions and GCS.
Cutaneous histamine-releasing activity of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in guinea pigs

Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) induced swelling in guinea pig ears was found to be abolished by H1- and H2-receptor blocking agents. On histological examination of the ears some degranulation of mast cells was seen. It was concluded that the swelling was mediated by histamine release.
Infrared Milk Analysis — Challenges for the Future

Abstract Infrared milk analyzers are the only practical method of economically testing large numbers of milk samples for fat, protein, and SNF content in producer payment and dairy herd improvement programs. The major challenge for successful use of infrared analyzers is correctly establishing and maintaining accurate calibration. To achieve an accurate calibration, an infrared analyzer needs to be checked periodically to verify that zero drift, repeatability, purging efficiency, linearity, and homogenization efficiency meet minimum instrument performance standards. Once these performance criteria have been satisfied, the primary slope for each channel can be established and maintained. Next, intercorrection factors for each component need to be determined. Two different approaches are used to determine intercorrection factors for an instrument: characterization with reference solutions or multiple regression of uncorrected instrument data versus chemical data on large numbers of milk samples. The comparative ruggedness of these two approaches has never been collaboratively studied. Finally, secondary slope and bias for day-to-day adjustment of calibration are established. In instruments with both fat A and B filters, the ratio of these signals used for fat determination needs to be set. Various approaches for combining the A and B filter signals have been proposed, but the relative ruggedness of different approaches has not been collaboratively studied. In the future, uniform and highly accurate procedures need to be developed for infrared analyzer calibration based on collaborative studies.
Trends in Racial Disparities Among the Elderly for Selected Procedures

The authors examine trends over 1997-2001 in racial or ethnic disparities in the utilization of three costly, referral-sensitive procedures among the elderly-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and hip/joint replacement. Using a multivariate framework, they undertake a simultaneous examination of the relationships between patient, local area context, and health systems on these admission types after comparing them to a control group. This period spans the implementation of the Balanced Budget Act and a major Department of Health and Human Services initiative to reduce disparities in cardiovascular and other diseases. Findings suggest increasing disparities for African Americans relative to Whites in their lower utilization of CABG and PTCA over time, and increasing disparities in the utilization of hip/joint replacement among other races' relative to Whites. The authors find that racial or ethnic disparities in use of referral-sensitive procedures did not narrow over 1997-2001.
To Build an Enzyme...

The structural components that lead to enzyme function are discussed for one simple enzyme-catalysed reaction: that mediated by triosephosphate isomerase. First, the recognition and binding of the substrates' phospho group is seen to involve four main-chain-NH-hydrogen bonds, two of which are positioned at the positive end of a short alpha-helix aimed precisely at the phospho group and interact with the three peripheral phospho group oxygens. Second, the chemical steps (of substrate enolization) are shown to require both base and general acid catalysis. The identity and the positioning of the base, a carboxylate group, nicely fulfils the expectations both of mechanistic economy and of stereoelectronics. The identity of the general acid is shown by Fourier transform infrared and by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to be a neutral imidazole group, lying between the two substrate oxygens. The positioning of the ring is ideal, but its protonation state is unexpected. Thus the pKa of this histidine side-chain is less than 4.5, lowered from 6.5 (the value in the denatured protein) by its position at the positive end of another well-aimed alpha-helix. Third, the need for enzymes to provide kinetic barriers to the loss of reaction intermediates from the active site is emphasized. Triosephosphate isomerase achieves this sequestration of the reaction intermediate by using a flexible loop of the protein, and thus improves the efficiency of the catalysed transformation.
Long-term responses to factorial, NPK fertilizer treatment by Alaskan wet and moist tundra sedge species

At thirteen sites in northern and central Alaska, full factorial and partial factorial NPK fertilizer experiments were completed in wet and moist tundras. The effects of the fertilizers on N and P concentrations in leaves, leaf mass per tiller, tillering, and flowering of the dominant sedge species (Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, and Carex aquatilis) were documented for 3-10 yr at each site. Almost all sites showed at least some response to the fertilizer treatment, but the specific treatments and elements that caused the responses varied greatly among sites. There also was no consistent difference in responses between wet and moist sites. There was, however, a consistent temporal pattern to the responses observed, starting with increases in N and P concentration in leaves in the year that fertilizer was added, followed by growth and tillering responses in the second year, and increased flowering in the third year. The increases in N concentration generally only appeared in the first year, while increased P concentrations were sustained for 3-4 yr. Effects of fertilizer on flowering were still significant after 6 years in some cases. Results are discussed in terms of the role of "nutrient limitation" in ;:ucturing arctic plant communities and determining their productivity following disturbance or fertilization.
Optimal Location of Inspection Stations in a Multistage Production Process

A method for determining where to locate the inspection stations in a multistage production process with imperfect inspection is presented. Dynamic programming is used to establish that the optimal expected total cost function at every stage is piecewise linear and concave. While the optimal policy at every stage usually consists of one “inspect” region and one “do not inspect” region, this policy structure is found not to hold in general. A computation scheme based directly on the dynamic programming formulation is proposed, a time-sharing computer program is discussed, and the results of an example problem are presented.
Causation and Causal Factuals

Martin Bunzl in a recent article, 'Causal Factuals', attempts to adapt and improve upon an approach to causation associated with the counterfactual theory of causation.1 The best known counterfactual theory, that proposed by David Lewis, analyses singular causal state? ments in terms of counterfactuals, and analyses the latter by way of possible world semantics.2 Bunzl proposes to short-circuit this strategy by moving directly from causation to a possible world semantics very much like that given for counterfactuals by Lewis. Any claimed advantage is to be gained by dropping Lewis' requirement that the relevant possible worlds which appear in the analysis satisfy some condition of comparative overall similarity. This condition, which is central to Lewis' theory of counterfactuals, has generated severe difficulties with respect to the task of stating truth conditions for causal statements. In this paper I will argue that Bunzl's analysis is subject to problem cases which bear a close resemblance to those which plague counterfactual theory. The counterfactual theory of causation has it that c causes e if and only if had c not occurred then e would not have occurred. This counterfactual is analysed using possible worlds. Roughly, in worlds as much like the actual world as possible, except that c does not occur, e does not occur. Comparative similarity of worlds is determined by way of similarity of fact and law. According to Bunzl the counterfactual theorist would like to hold that the closest possible worlds are those in which the following principle reigns, a principle which is central to our causal intuitions: all the facts are the same up to the point of the occurrence of the alledged cause c and the only law violations are those necessary at that point just to prevent c from occurring, e does not occur in such worlds just in case c is a cause of e in the actual world. As Bunzl says "the task confronting counterfactual theorists is to show how such an outcome is the outcome that occurs under circumstances that
Excellence in Education: Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies and Schools.

Would-be reformers in education have historically approached the question of how to improve the quality of public education through structural analysis-examining a school's curriculum, standards, requirements, and performance measures. Such studies inexorably lead to recommendations for the alteration and manipulation of these elements, as they are believed to be the principal levers of change. However, experience in attempts at educational reform tell us that "the more things change the more they stay the same." It is this author's contention that the traditional levers employed by policy makers are inadequate; we must look elsewhere for ways to effect change. This paper explores a new approach to change in the schools, namely, through the dynamics of school culture and environment and their effect on the quality of teaching and thus on the effectiveness of schools. The current round of educational reform proposals is somewhat more comprehensive than previous efforts. Today's reformers have suggested that changes may be required in all of the major components of schooling; no one culprit has been singled out, and no one remedy has been suggested. However, because there are indications that significant
The performance of hafnium and gadolinium self powered neutron detectors in the TREAT reactor.

The use of gadolinium and hafnium self powered neutron detectors in a transient reactor is described in this paper. The detectors were calibrated to the fission rate of U-235 using calibrated fission chambers; the calibration factors were tested in two reactors in steady state and found to be consistent. Calibration of the detectors in transient reactor conditions was done by using uranium wires that were analyzed by radiochemistry techniques to determine total fissions during the transient. This was correlated to the time-integrated current of the detectors during the transient. A temperature correction factor was derived to account for self-shielding effects in the hafnium and gadolinium detectors. The dynamic response of the detectors under transient conditions was studied, and found to be excellent.
Fcc-bcc transition for Yukawa interactions determined by applied strain deformation

Calculations of the work required to transform between bcc and fcc phases yield a high-precision bcc-fcc transition line for monodisperse point Yukawa (screened-Coulomb) systems. Our results agree qualitatively but not quantitatively with recently published simulations and phenomenological criteria for the bcc-fcc transition. In particular, the bcc-fcc-fluid triple point lies at a higher inverse screening length than previously reported.
On the normal law of errors

This article is only a very general and theoretical introduction to the modified normal distributions. The author is presently engaged in further development of the theory in the analysis of various examples, the most remarkable of which are of astronomical origin. The lineo-normal distributions seem to be strikingly well confirmed by many types of observations and measurements. It is only through the analysis of a great number of large samples that the concept of zero error and its impact on the general theory of errors will be definitely clarified.
Hormone requirements for early maintenance of rat granulosa cell cultures.

Granulosa cells, obtained from preovulatory follicles of PMS-LH treated immature rats, were cultured as monolayers in 90% medium 199, 10% human male serum and antibiotic. Purified rFSH, rGH, rPRL, hLH or hPL was added separately to the culture medium. Control cultures lacked the above hormones. Progesterone secreted into the culture medium was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and served as an index of luteotrophic stimulation. During a 2 week culture period, rPRL and hPL, but not rFSH, rGH or hLH, brought about complete luteinization as observed by electron microscopy and enhanced progesterone secretion over that of control cultures. The transformation of lamelliform to villiform cristae within mitochondria was the most striking ultrastructural feature indicative of luteotrophic stimulation and progesterone secretion. Rat granulosa cells were also cultured with 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 μg/ml of rPRL alone or in combination with 0.5 fig rFSH, 0.1 μg hLH or 4.0 ng estradiol (E2)/ml. Cultures maintained with t...
Time-resolved reflection high-energy electron diffraction

A review of time-resolved reflection high-energy electron diffraction studies of approximately 100-ps laser heated surfaces is given. The dynamic structural behavior is shown to be strongly dependent on surface orientation and is different from that observed under slow heating conditions. Surface superheating and melting of single crystals of lead are described in addition to surface reconstruction of germanium.
Modeling and Control of Acoustic Structure Interaction Problems Via Piezoceramic Actuators: 2-D Numerical Examples

Abstract : The modeling and active control of acoustic pressure in a 2-D cavity with a flexible boundary (a beam) is considered. Control is implemented in the model via piezoceramic patches on the beam which are excited in a manner so as to produce pure bending moments. The incorporation of the feedback control in this manner leads to a system with an unbounded input term. Approximation techniques are discussed and by writing the resulting system as an abstract Cauchy equation, the problem of reducing interior pressure fluctuations can be posed in the context of an LQR time domain state space formulation. Examples illustrating the dynamic behavior of the coupled system as well as demonstrating the viability of the control method on a variety of problems with periodic forcing functions are presented.