cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly

The growing population of elderly with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is at greater risk for cardiovascular disease given an independent risk of CKD, as well as from added dyslipidemia of aging and renal dysfunction. Changes in lipid metabolism with more isodense and high-dense, triglyceride-rich particles, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased triglyceride levels occur with CKD and aging, which are noted to have significant atherogenic potential. In addition, lipid abnormalities may lead to the progression of CKD. Cardiovascular mortality in the end-stage renal disease population is more than 10 times higher than the general population. Treatment of dyslipidemia in the general population suggests important benefits both in reducing cardiovascular risk and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Secondary analyses of elderly subgroups of various large prospective studies with statins suggest treatment benefit with statin use in the elderly. Similarly limited data from secondary analyses of CKD subgroups of larger prospective trials using statins also suggest a possible benefit in cardiovascular outcomes and the progression of kidney disease. However, randomized trials have yet to confirm similar benefits and targets of treatment for dyslipidemia in the elderly with CKD and end-stage renal disease. Treatment in the elderly with CKD should be individualized and outweigh risks of side effects and drug-drug interactions. There is a need for further specific investigation of dyslipidemia of CKD in the aging population in relation to renal disease progression and cardiovascular outcome.
Structure of the simple lithium chelate (LiCH2CH2CH2NMe2)4

Abstract The structure of (LiCH2CH2CH2NMe2)4 was determined by single-crystal X-ray difffraction at −100°C. The crystal was monoclinic, space group P2/n, a 9.659(2), b 7.007(1), c 18.896(5) A, β 97.61 (2)°. The structure consisted of a tetrahedron of lithium atoms with each face bridged by carbon. The conformation of the five-membered lithium chelate ring was essentially the same as that found for a palladium chelate of the same ligand.
Nonlinear programming in process modeling and design

In today’s competitive market, it is no longer practical to design by trial and error. Yet, this remains the normal practice, whether through the testing of numerous prototype designs or the simulations of these designs. Of course, the latter is preferred because it is cheaper, but there remains the issue of finding the best possible design. A trial-and-error approach simply does not address this task. In this paper, the authors describe their work combining computational process modeling and nonlinear programming to optimally design manufacturing processes.
Sympathectomy augments adoptively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Abstract Adoptively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was significantly augmented in Lewis rats with ablated sympathetic nervous system. Sympathectomy was obtained by treatment of newborn rats with 6-hydroxydopamine. Sham-injected rats were used as a control. EAE was elicited in 7–8 week-old donor Lewis rats by immunization with a suspension of guinea pig (GP) brain and spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. Successful transfer of EAE was accomplished with 50 × 106 lymph node cells (LNC)/rat, incubated for 72 h with GP myelin basic protein. LNC were obtained from draining lymph nodes, 9 days after immunization for EAE. The severity of passively transferred EAE was significantly augmented when donor LNC obtained from normal Lewis rats immunized for EAE were injected into sympathectomized rats as compared to sham-injected rats. When LNC were obtained from sympathectomized or sham-injected donors, the disease was significantly more severe in recipients of cells from sympathectomized animals. The severity of histological lesions in the brain and spinal cord was greater in rats with passively transferred EAE which received LNC from sympathectomized donors.
One- and Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of X-ray-Degraded Poly(methyl methacrylate)†

The one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of X-ray-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) (400-MHz 1H and 100-MHz 13C) have been obtained. The one-dimensional hydrogen spectrum and the two-dimensional H, H-COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectra allow the assignment of 28 hydrogen and carbon NMR signals for the four polymeric degradation products plus six signals for minor stereoisomers. Methyl formate and acetaldehyde were also observed.
Evidence Of An Emerging Digital Divide Among Hospitals That Care For The Poor

Some hospitals that disproportionately care for poor patients are falling behind in adopting electronic health records (EHRs). Data from a national survey indicate early evidence of an emerging digital divide: U.S. hospitals that provide care to large numbers of poor patients also had minimal use of EHRs. These same hospitals lagged others in quality performance as well, but those with EHR systems seemed to have eliminated the quality gap. These findings suggest that adopting EHRs should be a major policy goal of health reform measures targeting hospitals that serve large populations of poor patients.
An Analysis of Shear Localization During Bending of a Polycrystalline Sheet

The development of shear localization in a polycrystalline sheet subject to pure bending is analyzed numerically using a slip-based constitutive model. The material response at each finite element integration point is determined by averaging the stiffness matrices from differently oriented FCC crystals. The effects of texture evolution, hardening, and strain-rate sensitivity are incorporated. The model predicts localized plastic deformation at both the tensile and the compressive surfaces of the sheet during bending. Comparison of the numerical results with a section of the bent sheet indicates that strain localization is predicted at the appropriate strain levels and orientations.
Diary-keeping as a sex-role behavior

Two surveys on diary-keeping were conducted in a young adult population. The data showed that many more women than men kept diaries. However, an equal proportion of male and female diary-keepers would allow inspection of their diaries.
Stepwise motor and all-or-none sensory recovery is associated with nonlinear sparing after incremental spinal cord injury in rats.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor and sensory deficits that impair functional performance. While more functional recovery occurs with greater white matter sparing (WMS), it is unclear which locomotor features are more vulnerable to SCI than others, if recovery of certain features depends on specific amounts of WMS, and whether motor recovery patterns differ from sensory recovery. Locomotor and sensory recovery after graded contusive SCI with cord displacements of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.25, and 1.3 mm was examined for 6 weeks in 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven SCI gradations resulted in three locomotor performance levels measured with BBB (P < 0.01): High: laminectomy (LAM) controls and 0.3 (19.87 ± 0.35 SEM); Intermediate: 0.5–0.9 (13.71 ± 0.32); and Low: 1.1–1.3 (9.23 ± 0.36). Normal paw position was most susceptible to SCI requiring 90% WMS, while consistent plantar stepping was least susceptible depending on 10% WMS. A threshold at the 0.9 severity for coordination, toe clearance, and nearly normal trunk stability and tail usage required 25% WMS. Analysis of interlimb coordination using new phase dispersion (PD) techniques delineated three recovery patterns: synchronous (0.3), modified concordance (0.5, 0.7), and disengaged (0.9, 1.1). Lesion severity correlated to WMS (r2 = 0.96) and to BBB (r2 = 0.87) by nonlinear polynomial regressions. Mechanical allodynia developed only after injuries resulting in ≤10% WMS. Nonlinear motor and sensory recovery patterns suggest that small reparative changes may substantially improve function in individuals with SCI. A hierarchical locomotor recovery based on simple segmental versus complex supraspinal motor control is proposed.
CSTP: A parallel data transfer protocol using cross-stream coding

Transferring very high quality digital objects over optical networks is critical in many scientific applications, such as video streaming/conferencing, remote rendering on tiled display walls, or 3D virtual reality. Current data transfer protocols rely on UDP as well as a variety of compression techniques. None of the existing transfer protocols, however, scale well to many parallel data connections. Existing parallel streaming protocols have limited synchronization mechanisms for multiple streams, and they are prone to be slowed down significantly if one stream experiences significant packet loss. In this paper, we propose a new parallel streaming protocol which can stream many parallel data streams over optical networks: CSTP, the Cross-Stream Transfer Protocol. It not only tolerates random UDP packet loss, but also aims to tolerate unevenly distributed packet loss patterns across multiple streams to achieve synchronized parallel streams with limited coding overhead. We simulated the approach, and the results show that CSTP can generate steady throughput with fluctuating data streams of different data loss patterns, and can transfer data in parallel at a higher speed than multiple independent UDP streams.
Shockwave response of two carbon fiber-polymer composites to 50 GPa

Shock compression of two molded, carbon fiber-filled polymer composites was performed in gas gun-driven plate impact experiments at impact velocities up to ≈5 km/s. Hugoniot states for both composites were obtained from <5 GPa to nearly 50 GPa. The two materials contained a high fill percentage of chopped carbon fibers, bound by either phenolic or cyanate ester polymeric resins. Their dynamic responses were similar, although the 10 wt. % difference of carbon fill produced measureable divergence in shock compressibility. The chopped carbon fibers in the polymer matrix led to moderately anisotropic shocks, particularly when compared with the more commonly encountered filament-wound carbon fiber-epoxy composites. A discontinuity, or cusp, was observed in the principal Hugoniot of both materials near 25 GPa. We attribute the accompanying volume collapse to shock-driven chemical decomposition above this condition. Inert and reacted products equations of state were used to capture the response of the two materi...
Accuracy of point cyclic reductions for poisson's equation

Abstract Point cyclic reduction is a very fast method for solving Helmholtz's equation on a rectangle. However, it involves forming an approximation of the discretized equations, and by a fairly simple analysis we show conclusively that for the special case of Poisson's equation on a square the solution computed by point cyclic reductions does not converge to the continuum solution as the gridsize goes to zero.
Buttonwood Park, New Bedford: from conflict to partnering

Purpose – To offer a narrative account of an intervention to resolve a conflict and thus enable a community to mobilize against a threat to its Olmsted Park and, simultaneously, to showcase a participatory action research (PAR) approach to change.Design/methodology/approach – A detailed description of the action from the inception of the conflict through the partnering behavior among some of the former adversaries. The narrative account, combined with reflections on the role of the researcher as both a stakeholder in the outcome and a leader of the action provides a complete picture of the PAR approach.Findings – There were four main findings. First, the ultimate divide in this conflict was between the pragmatists and the ideologues. The former could finally compromise; the later could not. Second, personality clashes often masked substantive differences. Third, the PAR approach, which combined quantitative as well as qualitative techniques and which crossed political, organizational, and community change...
Two forms of mouse syntrophin, a 58 kd dystrophin-associated protein, differ in primary structure and tissue distribution

Syntrophin, a 58 kd extrinsic membrane protein, is concentrated at postsynaptic sites at the neuromuscular junction and may be involved in clustering acetylcholine receptors. In muscle and nonmuscle tissues, syntrophin is associated with dystrophin, utrophin, and two homologs of the dystrophin carboxy-terminal region. We have isolated three cDNAs encoding Torpedo and mouse syntrophins. The Torpedo cDNA encodes a full-length protein, and on Northern blots recognizes a 3.5 kb mRNA. The two mouse syntrophin cDNAs are products of separate genes but encode proteins that share 50% identity. Syntrophin-1 mRNA (2.2 kb) is expressed at highest levels in skeletal muscle. Syntrophin-2 mRNAs (2.2, 5.0, and 10 kb) are expressed in all mouse tissues examined. These patterns of expression suggest that syntrophin-1 and syntrophin-2 may associate with different members of the dystrophin family.
Partial excision of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.

A cadaver model was used to evaluate the effect of partial excision of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) on ulnar wrist kinetics. Excision of less than two thirds of the horizontal portion of the TFCC was found to have no statistical effect experimentally on forearm axial load transmission. This data supports, from a biomechanical standpoint, partial excision of the central portion of the TFCC—a procedure advocated clinically by some for treatment of a central TFCC perforation.
Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response.

Abstract We have attempted to assess the stratospheric effects of two different perturbations: 1) a uniform 50% reduction in ozone; and 2) a uniform doubling of carbon dioxide. The primary studies employ an annual mean insulation version of the recently developed GFDL 40-level general circulation model (GCM). Supporting auxiliary calculations using purely radiative models are also presented. One of these, in which the thermal sensitivity is computed using the assumption that heating by dynamical processes is unaffected by changed composition, gives results which generally are in excellent agreement with those from the GCM. Exceptions to this occur in the ozone reduction experiment at the tropical tropopause and the tropical mesosphere. The predicted response to the ozone reduction is largest at 50 km in the tropics, where the temperature decreases by 25 K; at the tropical tropopause, the decrease is 5 K. The carbon dioxide increase results in a 10 K decrease at 50 km, decreasing to zero at the tropopause....
Pathophysiology of Axial Low Back Pain

Axial low back pain is a challenging clinical problem affecting a large segment of our population. Degeneration of the spinal motion segment generally begins with the disc. The changes result from breakdown of the disc molecular structure in response to decreased nutrition, inflammatory factors, and metabolic stress. The degenerative disc leads to altered spinal biomechanics and secondary degenerative consequences within the facets and vertebral endplate. Generous sensory innervation in combination with a host of inflammatory signals produced by and in response to deterioration of the spinal motion segment result in the perception of pain from the disc, facets, endplates, and spinal musculature. Disease states and genetic predisposition contribute to both the degenerative process and the development of pain. Chronic pain can eventually result in changes within the central nervous system, sensitizing patients to noxious stimuli, reducing their pain threshold, and, ultimately, leading to poor responses to treatment.
Blood exposure at the 2010 International Federation of Football Association World Cup: time for universal adaptation of universal precautions.

OBJECTIVE Injuries involving blood exposure are relatively common in football. The goal of this observational study was to assess the use of universal precautions at the 2010 International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) World Cup. DESIGN Observational descriptive study of more than 4000 minutes of FIFA World Cup football. SETTING Televised matches of football in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Republic of South Africa. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS Injuries with visible blood that were attended to by health care providers were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of injuries with visible blood in which gloves were used by responders. RESULTS Twenty-two significant bloody injuries were noted in more than 4000 minutes of play observed. In none of these cases were universal precautions implemented. CONCLUSIONS This brief report shows the need for better implementation of universal precautions in football and other team sports.
Locating Holocaust Information on the Internet

Summary The Internet, being a global tool capable of supporting multi-media format, can provide a venue for information in ways that traditional resources cannot. There is an abundance of information on the Internet regarding various aspects of the Holocaust. Responding to the broad disparity of the quality of information, political agendas of information providers, and the multi-disciplinary nature of the topic, this article is designed to provide an overview of available resources, and a spring-board for further research using the Internet as a medium.
An unexpected cost of sex

Selection arising from interactions between the sexes is responsible for some of the most striking diversity on the planet. These interactions generate coevolutionary dynamics between males and females that have shaped traits such as the striking courtship displays of male birds and the less winsome mating appendages of some male insects ( 1 ). But research on sexual selection has relevance beyond understanding the weird sex lives of animals. For example, human disturbance of sexual selection can lead to the loss of native species ( 2 ) and sexually selected male harassment of females can increase a species' risk of extinction ( 3 ). On page 985 of this issue, Mitchell et al. ( 4 ) show that sexual selection can also be relevant to human health.
Beta-adrenergic receptors (βAR): role in modulating the host immune response

Evidence for a relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system has been accumulating. This review will provide a brief overview on the current understanding of how the sympathetic nervous system regulates and modulates the differentiation and function of cells involved in host immune response. In addition, questions regarding the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and rheumatic as well as other inflammatory disease states will be briefly discussed.
Noninvasive measurement of smokers' tar and nicotine intake

A simple device for monitoring cigarette smokers’ intake of tar and nicotine is described. This device divided the mainstream smoke into two parallel paths, one containing seven parallel capillary tubes and the other containing one capillary tube; a Cambridge filter trapped the smoke passing through the path containing one tube. Analyses of both tar and nicotine trapped in the filter were performed by gravimetric and chemical methods. Calibration tests verified that a constant fraction of the tar and nicotine was retained in the apparatus over a wide range of conditions, allowing the calculation of smoke intake into the mouth. With supplementary methods for measuring the amount of smoke exhaled, the apparatus can be used to measure smoke deposition in the respiratory tract.
LSOSS: Detection of Cancer Outlier Differential Gene Expression

Detection of differential gene expression using microarray technology has received considerable interest in cancer research studies. Recently, many researchers discovered that oncogenes may be activated in some but not all samples in a given disease group. The existing statistical tools for detecting differentially expressed genes in a subset of the disease group mainly include cancer outlier profile analysis (COPA), outlier sum (OS), outlier robust t-statistic (ORT) and maximum ordered subset t-statistics (MOST). In this study, another approach named Least Sum of Ordered Subset Square t-statistic (LSOSS) is proposed. The results of our simulation studies indicated that LSOSS often has more power than previous statistical methods. When applied to real human breast and prostate cancer data sets, LSOSS was competitive in terms of the biological relevance of top ranked genes. Furthermore, a modified hierarchical clustering method was developed to classify the heterogeneous gene activation patterns of human breast cancer samples based on the significant genes detected by LSOSS. Three classes of gene activation patterns, which correspond to estrogen receptor (ER)+, ER- and a mixture of ER+ and ER-, were detected and each class was assigned a different gene signature.
Development of a successful spray-dried egg white-based experimental diet for dogs: Effect of heat treatment on diet utilization

Abstract The effect of processing spray-dried egg white (SDEW) was evaluated in two experiments to determine the efficacy of SDEW for use in a semi-purified diet fed to dogs. In previous studies feeding SDEW to growing dogs resulted in poor growth and diarrhea. Therefore to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of heat treating SDEW, four different processing methods were examined: 1) untreated SDEW, 2) extruded SDEW (final product temperature = 105°C), 3) extruded SDEW (final product temperature = 120°C), 4) autoclaved SDEW. Processed SDEW was added to the semi-purified basal diet at 20% of each treatment as the sole source of protein. Diets were fed to ten-weekold Pointer dogs for 14 days which included a 7-day adaptation and 7-day fecal collection period. Dogs fed the untreated SDEW lost weight, while those fed any of the heat-treated SDEWs gained weight. Autoclaved SDEW was more digestible (P
Inherited deficiencies of complement and complement-related proteins

Abstract The complement cascade and cell-surface proteins related to the complement system are critically important to host defense, immune complex catabolism, and possibly immunoregulation. Genetically determined deficiency states have been described for many complement proteins as well as for fluid phase and cell-borne inhibitors of the complement cascade and cellular complement receptors. Autoimmune diseases and enhanced susceptibility to infection are the dominant clinical manifestation of these deficiencies. Classical pathway deficiencies and low numeric expression of erythrocyte C3b receptors (CR1) are typically associated with autoimmune disorders, while aternative pathway, terminal component, and leukocyte iC3b receptor (CR3) defects predispose to pyogenic bacterial disease. This distinction is not absolute, however, and both classes of disease may appear in most of the reported deficiency states. Specific pharmacologic therapy exists for C1-inhibitor deficiency (hereditary angioedema). Management of other complement deficiencies currently involves sustained diagnostic suspicion and meticulous management of complicating diseases.
Los avatares de un nombre: Saavedra y Cervantes

Saavedra was not Cervantes's last name, nor one that his direct ancestors bore. The writer assumed this surname after his return from Barbary, where he was a captive from 1575 to 1580. This surname acquires an extraordinary significance in the light of the Cervantine literary production, because Saavedra is also the name granted by Cervantes to the protagonists of his dramas El trato de Argel and El gallardo espanol , and to a character in La historia del cautivo , interpolated in Don Quijote Part I. This essay examines the adoption of the patronymic Saavedra by Miguel de Cervantes from interdisciplinary perspectives, such as literary history, psychoanalytic theory, and a study of the frontiers between autobiography and fiction in the Spanish author. Saavedra represents a testimony of the limit experience of captivity and, simultaneously, a response to this experience emerging from artistic creation.
Taking time for patience in organizations

Purpose – Patience is underestimated in organizations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of patience and the individual and organizational benefits it confers. Then, the paper discuses emotional self-regulation and explain how two self-regulatory techniques can affect the patience of individuals in organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers religious, philosophical, and psychological perspectives on patience; and highlight the emotional underpinnings of patience. Findings – The paper argues that patience plays an important role in organizations and that individuals can use emotional self-regulation to enhance their patience. The paper offers two key points about the relationship between self-regulation strategies and patience: first, situation selection mitigates the need for patience and second cognitive reappraisal facilitates the execution of patient responses and the development of the virtue itself. Practical implications – The paper provides recommendations fo...
Sea Ice Simulations Based on Fields Generated by the GLAS GCM

The GLAS General Circulation Model (GCM) was applied to the four-month simulation of the thermodynamic part of the Parkinson-Washington sea ice model using atmospheric boundary conditions. The sea ice thickness and distribution were predicted for the Jan. 1-Apr. 30 period using the GCM-fields of solar and infrared radiation, specific humidity and air temperature at the surface, and snow accumulation; the sensible heat and evaporative surface fluxes were consistent with the ground temperatures produced by the ice model and the air temperatures determined by the atmospheric concept. It was concluded that the Parkinson-Washington sea ice model results in acceptable ice concentrations and thicknesses when used with GLAS GCM for the Jan.-Apr. period suggesting the feasibility of fully coupled ice-atmosphere simulations with these two approaches.
Mechanical CPR devices

It is recognized that the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an important predictor of outcome from cardiac arrest. Mechanical chest-compression devices provide an alternative to manual CPR. Physiological and animal data suggest that mechanical chest-compression devices are more effective than manual CPR. Consequently, there has been much interest in the development of new techniques and devices to improve the efficacy of CPR. This review will consider the evidence and current indications for the use of some of the more common mechanical devices developed to increase the safety and efficacy of CPR administration.
Reconfigurable and finely tunable optical tapped delay line to achieve 40 Gb/s equalization and correlation using conversion/dispersion based delays

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable and reconfigurable optical tapped delay line using conversion dispersion based delays. Correlation and equalization functions are demonstrated. We observed a ~60% improvement of dispersion tolerance at an OSNR penalty of 3 dB.
Specific gravity of Russet Burbank potatoes

Variability in specific gravity of Russet Burbank potatoes was documented in a single 32 hectare field. Maximum variation was 40 units among individual tubers within hills (one unit equals one part in 1000th of specific gravity measurement) and 15 units among hills. Field site variability of 10–15 units was common between sampled grid lines in the field; but bulked samples (truckloads) reduced the sampled variability to 8–10 units. When the samples were taken from bulked lots as opposed to single hill samples, the variability decreased. Grower lots, which were pooled samples from several truckloads, showed specific gravity differences of 2–7 units even though all lots were from the same field. These variations among specific gravity samples should be taken into account when considering total solids content in any lot of potatoes.
Tesseract: Interactive visual exploration of socio-technical relationships in software development

Software developers have long known that project success requires a robust understanding of both technical and social linkages. However, research has largely considered these independently. Research on networks of technical artifacts focuses on techniques like code analysis or mining project archives. Social network analysis has been used to capture information about relations among people. Yet, each type of information is often far more useful when combined, as when the “goodness” of social networks is judged by the patterns of dependencies in the technical artifacts. To bring such information together, we have developed Tesseract, an interactive exploratory environment that utilizes cross-linked displays to visualize the myriad relationships between artifacts, developers, bugs, and communications. We evaluated Tesseract by (1) demonstrating its feasibility with GNOME project data (2) assessing its usability via informal user evaluations, and (3) verifying its suitability for the open source community via semi-structured interviews.
A framework for planning in continuous-time stochastic domains

We propose a framework for policy generation in continuous-time stochastic domains with concurrent actions and events of uncertain duration. We make no assumptions regarding the complexity of the domain dynamics, and our planning algorithm can be used to generate policies for any discrete event system that can be simulated. We use the continuous stochastic logic (CSL) as a formalism for expressing temporally extended probabilistic goals and have developed a probabilistic anytime algorithm for verifying plans in our framework. We present an efficient procedure for comparing two plans that can be used in a hill-climbing search for a goal-satisfying plan. Our planning framework falls into the Generate, Test and Debug paradigm, and we propose a transformational approach to plan generation. This relies on effective analysis and debugging of unsatisfactory plans. Discrete event systems are naturally modeled as generalized semi-Markov processes (GSMPs). We adopt the GSMP as the basis for our planning framework, and present preliminary work on a domain independent approach to plan debugging that utilizes information from the verification phase.
A Multiscale Network Analysis of Protected-Area Connectivity for Mammals in the United States

Protected areas must be close, or connected, enough to allow for the preservation of large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes, such as gene flow, migration, and range shifts in response to climate change. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether the network of protected areas in the United States is connected in a way that will preserve biodiversity over large temporal and spatial scales. It is also unclear whether protected-area networks that function for larger species will function for smaller species. We assessed the connectivity of protected areas in the three largest biomes in the United States. With methods from graph theory--a branch of mathematics that deals with connectivity and flow--we identified and measured networks of protected areas for three different groups of mammals. We also examined the value of using umbrella species (typically large-bodied, far-ranging mammals) in designing large-scale networks of protected areas. Although the total amount of protected land varied greatly among biomes in the United States, overall connectivity did not. In general, protected-area networks were well connected for large mammals but not for smaller mammals. Additionally, it was not possible to predict connectivity for small mammals on the basis of connectivity for large mammals, which suggests the umbrella species approach may not be an appropriate design strategy for conservation networks intended to protect many species. Our findings indicate different strategies should be used to increase the likelihood of persistence for different groups of species. Strategic linkages of existing lands should be a conservation priority for smaller mammals, whereas conservation of larger mammals would benefit most from the protection of more land.
The Progression of the Ocular Abnormalities of Herpes Zoster: Histopathologic Observations of Nine Cases

The ocular pathologic findings from nine patients who suffered from herpes zoster ophthalmicus are described. Autopsy material from four patients who died within weeks of the illness and ocular specimens from five patients who required surgery for complications of the disease months to years later demonstrated how the ocular abnormalities caused by zoster may progress in severity with time. The changes ranged from superficial keratitis and mild uveitis to severe granulomatous inflammation of the ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve within the first several weeks of the disease. In some instances damage secondary to vasculitis predominated, and in others inflammation directly involved ocular tissue. In some chronically affected eyes, granulomatous reaction to Descemet's membrane persisted for years, whereas in others the inflammatory reaction apparently resolved, allowing successful penetrating keratoplasty to be performed in one case.
Establishing the trustworthiness of scenario assignments as assessment tools for undergraduate engineering education

How to establish the trustworthiness of qualitative tools to assess students' knowledge of engineering practices, teamwork and problem solving is a question that remains unanswered for many faculty. This paper describes a process that was conducted to ensure the dependability of scenario assignments. Scenarios are a qualitative performance assessment tool designed to assess students' knowledge of engineering practices, teamwork, and problem solving. Two scoring rubrics, a holistic and an analytic, were developed to assess students' knowledge with respect to the learning outcomes associated with the scenario tool. Careful training of the scorers, analysis of the scores, and comparison of test scores determined dependability of the tool. Students were given a scenario that describes a "day in the life" problem faced by engineers, then they are asked to explain the process they would use to solve the problem. Initial findings suggest that faculty who score the scenarios with the analytic rubric can quickly identify, students' strengths and weaknesses in these areas and adapt their course to address the areas where students need attention. At the departmental or college level, scoring the scenarios with the holistic rubric is useful to assess changes in students' learning and development over time. Careful testing of the rubric revealed that the scores can reliably differentiate among student abilities.
Enacting Others: Politics of Identity in Eleanor Antin, Nikki S. Lee, Adrian Piper, and Anna Deavere Smith by Cherise Smith

Cherise Smith’s book Enacting Others brings together a disparate group of artists who “have all crossed racial, ethnic, gender, and class boundaries in works that they have conceived and performed.” Smith delivers a particularly engaging study because questions of identity and the possibilities of shifting or transforming identities are particularly relevant in societies, such as the United States, that seem emphatically riven and delineated along fixed lines of identity—of race, sex, gender, and so on.
Movement detection for power-efficient smartphone WLAN localization

Mobile phone services based on the location of a user have increased in popularity and importance, particularly with the proliferation of feature-rich smartphones. One major obstacle to the widespread use of location-based services is the limited battery life of these mobile devices and the high power costs of many existing approaches.We demonstrate the effectiveness of a localization strategy that performs full localization only when it detects a user has finished moving. We characterize the power use of a smartphone, then verify our strategy using models of long-term walk behavior, recorded data, and device implementation. For the same sample period, our movement-informed strategy reduces power consumption compared to existing approaches by more than 80% with an impact on accuracy of less than 5%. This difference can help achieve the goal of near-continuous localization on mobile devices.
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Disease-Related Autoantibodies in Individuals at Increased Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. To examine the relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis to the presence of autoantibodies in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Study participants included the following: 1) a cohort enriched in subjects with HLA–DR4 and 2) subjects at risk of RA by virtue of having a first-degree relative with RA. None of the study subjects satisfied the American College of Rheumatology 1987 classification criteria for RA. Autoantibodies measured included anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA; by second-generation anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide
Influence of systematic error on least squares retrieval of upper atmospheric parameters from the ultraviolet airglow

[1] This paper investigates the effect of simple systematic error, or bias (i.e., in the magnitude of data or an associated model), on physical parameters retrieved by least squares algorithms from observations that are indexed by an independent variable. This factor is now of critical interest with the advent of global, space-based ultraviolet remote sensing of thermospheric and ionospheric composition by experimental and operational systems. A finite bias between an observed intensity profile and the parametric physical model used to compute a least squares solution will contaminate the values of retrieved physical parameters. The simplest mitigation method is to retrieve an additional bias adjustment parameter (additive or multiplicative) as part of the solution. The result is a measurably superior fit. The utility of this approach can depend on the particular spectral feature of interest. The discussion includes derivation of relevant equations and diagnostic tests. An illustrative application concerns recent observations of the dayside O II 834 A airglow, which contains information on O+, the dominant ion in the ionospheric F region.
Faster 3D Vocal Tract Real-time MRI Using Constrained Reconstruction

Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) is a valuable emerging tool for studying the dynamics of vocal production. Conventional 2D rtMRI typically images the midsagittal plane of the vocal tract, acquiring data from all the important articulators. Dynamic 3D MRI would be a major advance, as it would provide 3D visualization of the vocal tract shaping dynamics, especially for the modeling of complex vocal tract geometries, such as liquid and fricative consonants, which is not easily available from 2D rtMRI. In this paper, we present an approach to directly acquire data in 3D using a highly temporally-undersampled stack-of-spirals imaging sequence, and perform reconstruction using a partially separable model. We demonstrate visualization of vocal tract dynamics from midsagittal and coronal scan planes in the articulation of fricative consonants.
Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of iron- and cobalt-pincer complexes

Abstract The tBuPONOP (2,6-bis(di-tert-butyl-phosphinito)pyridine) complexes of iron and cobalt, (tBuPONOP)FeCl2 (1) and (tBuPONOP)CoCl2 (2)) have been prepared. Both complexes are paramagnetic and the solid-state structures of 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Analogous Fe and Co complexes of the tBuPNP (2,6-bis(di-tert-butyl-phosphinomethyl)pyridine) ligand (3 and 4, respectively) were prepared to allow comparison between the closely related pincer ligands in the hydrosilylation of carbonyl moieties. All four complexes were found to be catalytically active when treated with NaBEt3H, which was assumed to generate a metal-hydride species in-situ.
Paperboat Novels: The Later Bienvenido N. Santos

(1986). Paperboat Novels: The Later Bienvenido N. Santos. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 163-170.
Sweepnet Captures of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adult Genders and Age-Classes in Cotton

Abstract Management of the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, in cotton usually relies on population estimates obtained using the sweepnet. Recent studies indicated adult L. hesperus gender and physiological age influence feeding behavior, within-plant distribution, and injury to cotton. Whether these differences in behavior also influence capture by the sweepnet is not known. We evaluated the sweepnet for sampling L. hesperus adults of known gender and age class in Pima and Acala Upland cotton. Adults of 4 classes (females, prereproductive or reproductive; males, prereproductive or reproductive) marked with fingernail polish to prevent flight were released into assigned sample rows. Captures of marked adults declined seasonally in all experiments. In Pima cotton, the sweepnet was least effective for sampling prereproductive female L. hesperus, and most effective for collecting reproductive males. Captures of reproductive females and prereproductive males were intermediate. We suggest the...
The Relevance of Cell Kinetics in Determining Drug Activity in vitro

Cell cultures provide a rapid, efficient and economic system for initial cytotoxicity screenings of antitumor agents, allowing elucidation of the mode of action of a drug in a controlled, systematic fashion with a high degree of resolution. The main assumption for in vitro studies with chemotherapeutic agents is that the survival response of cultured cells will reflect that of in vivo cells once the drug reaches the neoplastic elements, thus circumventing the pharmacokinetics determinants of tumor response (i.e. absorption, transportation, combination, transformation and degradation). While a direct translation from in vitro to in vivo systems is not possible, many survival responses of proliferating mammalian cells are reasonably similar to the two situations (1–4) provided that strict criteria are established to define cell survival. Drug-induced cell killing is the result of an interplay between the type, extent, and duration of the damaging effect caused by a drug to critical biosynthetic pathways or subcellular structures and the capacity of living elements to bypass or repair such damage. Because of this interplay, a lethally damaged cell may divide several times before the entire progeny perishes from the damage inherited from the single ancestor (5–8).
Urinary Tract Calculi

Unfortunately, urinary tract stone formation is common in affluent Western countries, with one person in 1,000 requiring hospital care for stones each year in the United States. Most stones are observed in the upper part of the u r i n a r y t r ac t , and the frequency of occurrence of lower-tract stones, especially bladder stones, continues to fall. Among untreated patients, renal stones frequently recur, with as many as 40% to 50% of the patients experiencing a second stone within five years and 60% to 80% experiencing a second stone within ten years. Many renal stones appear to grow on kidney epithelial membrane surfaces (soft-tissue calcification). When the stones break free, they travel with the natural flow of the urine through the urinary tract. Stones that are large enough to obstruct the narrow segments of the infundibula, ureters, or urethra may obstruct the flow of urine, leading to severe pain. As a consequence, hospitalization with urologic in tervent ion, including surgery or other procedures for stone removal, must be employed. Obstructing ureteral stones and nephrolithiasis contribute significantly to morbidity but seldom lead to end-stage renal failure.
Emission Behavior of Three Conditioned Carbon Fiber Cathode Types in UHV-Sealed Tubes at 200 A/ $\mathrm{cm}^{2}$

When subjected to high electric fields in vacuum, carbon fiber cathodes produce intense electron beams suitable for high-power microwave (HPM) generation at very high current densities. However, the production mechanisms of these intense electron beams are not fully understood. This paper presents the postmortem examination of three conditioned carbon fiber cathode types. The three cathode types consist of an uncoated, bare unimodal fiber structure, a bare bimodal fiber structure, and a cesium-iodide (CsI)-coated bimodal fiber structure, all with identical fiber coverage of 2% by area. Each cathode was conditioned prior to testing by single pulse operation driven by an 80 J Marx generator for 10 000 pulses. HPM, voltage, and current waveforms of each cathode are presented. The bare bimodal cathode radiated more microwave power than the CsI-coated cathode and bare unimodal cathode. Scanning electron microscopy imagery presents evidence of two emission mechanisms: 1) explosive electron emission and 2) surface flashover, which both were found on the CsI-coated cathode. In addition, no evidence of surface flashover was found on either uncoated cathode.
Other Dimensions Involved in Shopping Center Preference

What determines customer preference for shopping centers? How important is driving time? A study of driving times for shoppers in seven shopping centers in Cleveland, Ohio is reported and compared ...
Edcamp unconferences: Educators' perspectives on an untraditional professional learning experience

Abstract Edcamps are a free, voluntary, and participant-driven form of unconference professional development. This article reports on survey data gathered from 769 Edcamp participants. Beforehand, these educators indicated diverse motivations for their attendance, including anticipation of what, how, and with whom they would learn. Afterwards, respondents overwhelmingly gave high ratings to their Edcamp experiences, and expressed interest in participating in future Edcamps. Qualitative comments suggested that the combination of how learning occurred and with whom appeared to be the salient strength of participants' experiences. However, most participants also identified areas for improvement in the Edcamps they attended.
Biomechanics of the cornea and wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery.

PURPOSE: Wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery induces postoperative optical aberrations that are not explained by the ablation profile. METHODS: A conceptual model is presented for a potential mechanism of surgically-induced corneal shape change that is dependent on structural modification, rather than ablation profile. RESULTS: Examples are provided from clinical and basic studies that are consistent with the proposed model. CONCLUSION: Corneal biomechanical response to ablative surgery may significantly affect outcomes, and should be taken into account when planning customized procedures.