cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local anesthetic additives to increase stability and prevent organism growth

Abstract Local anesthetics are manufactured with “inactive” ingredients to maintain sterility and prolong the “shelf-life” of the final product. Specific additives such as methylparaben are added to provide antibacterial activity, bisulfites and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) are added for their antioxidant properties, hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate are added to adjust the pH of the final solution, and solutions of sodium chloride and dextrose serve as vehicles. Clinicians must recognize that even local anesthetics labeled as “preservative-free” contain “inactive” ingredients. Therefore, attention must be paid to what is actually present in the local anesthetic product to be administered if toxicity associated with these substances is to be minimized.
Managing Resources to Maximize Serials Access: The Case of the Small Liberal Arts College Library

Given the current economic recession, small liberal arts college libraries can maximize serials access by better managing physical, human, and fiscal resources. A key component of serials access in today's economy is managing the transition from print to online resources. Libraries can eliminate some physical resources such as bound and older volumes and the GPO depository, and stop binding periodicals, thus permitting a reallocation of both physical and human resources to other tasks and services. They can ensure optimal management of fiscal resources by participating in consortia; tracking the price inflation of serials, monitoring its impact on the materials budget and library collections; determining the cost effectiveness of serials with the ongoing analysis of usage statistics; and reducing serials expenditures by making prudent choices to contend with the challenges of the current recession.
On the use of the finite element method for the solution of a cracked strip under thermal shock

Abstract The finite element method is used to solve the problem of a strip containing a crack and subjected to a thermal shock on one edge. The solution of the edge crack problem is compared to the exact solution and it is shown that the FEM yields results with less than 1% error. The dependence of the accuracy of the solution on the time increment is examined. The problem of a strip containing an internal crack is then solved using the FEM. The effects of the Biot number, the length of the crack and the distance of the crack to the edge of the strip, on the transient stress intensity factors are analyzed.
The medullary thick limb: Function and modulation of the single–effect multiplier

The specialized transport properties of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) enable this segment of the nephron to dissociate salt and water absorption. Sodium chloride absorption by the cortical (cTALH) and medullary (mTALH) thick ascending limb accounts for urinary dilution, since each of these segments is virtually water–impermeable. Salt absorption by the mTALH also contributes to medullary interstitial hypertonicity, supplies the energy for the "single effect" of countercurrent multiplication, and hence modulates urinary concentrating mechanisms. The medullary (mTALH) and cortical (cTALH) portions of the TALH are clearly heterogeneous, and can be distinguished on the basis of morphological [1, 2], biochemical [3–6] and functional [7] differences. This article will focus particularly on the transport functions of the medullary segment. The specific issues discussed will include the mechanism of NaCl absorption by the mTALH, the enhancement of this salt absorptive process by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), at least in certain mammalian species, and the major factors that appear to regulate or modulate both ADH-dependent and -independent NaCl transport processes. Sufficient information is currently available which indicates that these modulating factors provide feedback loops which sense interstitial osmolality and serve as a means of controlling the magnitude of interstitial hypertonicity, and hence concentrating power.
Effectiveness of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Citations

Construction safety is gaining recognition as a keystone of the construction process. The increase in both insurance costs and workers’ compensation makes it necessary to eliminate worksite accidents. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was established to provide guidelines for safe worksite practices and to ensure the safety of the workers. Often, the citations that are issued to the employers by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) compliance officers are disputed and brought before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) to decide if the citations were representative of actual violations. This process results in lengthy court cases and increased cost due to the cumulative costs of legal and other services. Two hundred fifty-five OSHA citations were decided by the OSHRC during the years 1991–1993. These 255 cases included 884 violations of OSHA Standards 29 CRF 1926. Out of these 884 violations, 56% were affirmed, 18% were modified, and 26% were vacated by the OSHRC. The most frequently contested violations belonged to Subpart D—Occupational Health and Environmental Controls (118 violations), Subpart P—Excavations (103 violations), and Subpart K—Electrical (90 violations). In the majority of cases, the arguments centered around the vagueness in the interpretation of OSHA standards. Several standards, for example, simply read that the employer must provide safety equipment. While the employer interpreted this to mean “make available,” OSHA interpreted it to mean “require use of.” Also, the large size of each of the standards makes it very difficult for middle managers who supervise safety at worksites to study and comply with each and every standard. In spite of the best worksite safety program provided by the employers, it is highly unlikely that an OSHRC compliance officer would depart any given worksite without citing a minimum of three violations. This statistic makes employers wary of the visiting OSHRC compliance officer. The research conducted at the Construction Safety and Health Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, has analyzed three consecutive years of OSHRC decisions, with the following objectives: (1) guiding the employers in interpreting OSHA standards as OSHA and OSHRC see them; (2) providing a convincing discussion on the fact that OSHA should revisit its standards with an aim toward clarity; and (3) establishing a decision model that can be used by the contesting parties to avoid OSHA citations.
Overview of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea.

Abstract Objectives To provide a general overview of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) that will highlight the pathophysiology, incidence, and impact of this problem, as well as describe the oncology nurse’s role in the management of CID. Data sources Primary and tertiary literature, the authors’ clinical experience. Conclusion CID is a frequent complication of many types of chemotherapy that can significantly affect patient quality of life, increase treatment costs, and limit the ability to deliver full doses of chemotherapy. Because patients may be reluctant to discuss diarrhea with their health care providers, vigilance on the part of the health care team is needed. Implications for nursing practice Through ongoing, regular patient contact, the oncology nurse is uniquely situated to monitor patients for the development of CID, assess its severity, and provide guidance to the health care team on the patient’s status.
Estrogen Enhances Uptake of Amyloid β‐Protein by Microglia Derived from the Human Cortex

In recent years, inflammatory mechanisms have been increasingly appreciated as important steps in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are two pathological defects in AD: chronic inflammation and impaired clearance of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). In the periphery, estrogen both increases macrophage phagocytosis and has antiinflammatory effects. If estrogen had a similar effect in the CNS, it could reverse inflammatory defects in AD. Although microglia are a key component of the immune system and help clear Abeta deposits in the AD brain, little is known about the effects of estrogen on CNS microglia. Therefore, we sought to determine the relationship between estrogen treatment and internalization of Abeta by microglia by quantifying the internalization of aggregated Abeta by human cortical microglia. Abeta uptake was found to be dose- and time-dependent in cultured microglia. Increased Abeta uptake was observed at 1.5 and 24 h after addition of aggregated Abeta (50, 100, or 1,000 nM: Abeta), and this uptake was enhanced by pretreatment with estrogen. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) beta (ER-beta) was also up-regulated by estrogen treatment. Cells cotreated with ICI 182,780, an ER antagonist, showed significantly reduced internalization of Abeta in cultured microglia. These results indicate that microglia express an ER-beta but that the effect of estrogen on enhancing clearance of Abeta may be related to the receptor-independent action of estrogen or to nonclassical ER effects of estrogen. Thus, stimulation of the ER might contribute to the therapeutic action of estrogen in the treatment of AD.
Factors affecting near-threshold fatigue crack propagation behavior of orthopedic grade ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

Abstract It is shown in this work that the manufacturing process, sterilization and aging environment play a critical role on the fatigue threshold and crack propagation rates in medical grade ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Two current manufacturing methods were evaluated for each material sample: compression molding and ram extrusion. The role of notch orientation relative to the extrusion direction was investigated in order to elucidate the effect of polymer microstructure on the fatigue fracture behavior of UHMWPE. In order to understand the role of post-sterilization aging, fatigue specimens were sterilized by γ-radiation and aged in an air to simulate shelf aging or in a hydrogen peroxide to mimic a highly oxidative environment. Non-sterile material was used as a control for all studies. Understanding the factors which affect the threshold and fatigue crack propagation behavior of UHMWPE is crucial for the structural integrity of total joint replacements as polymer debris related to cyclic loading of the polyethylene inserts currently limits the life of orthopedic implants. It is found in this work that microstructure and orientation significantly affect the near threshold regime of UHMWPE. Compression molded and extruded polyethylene with notches oriented perpendicular to the extrusion axis offer the greatest resistance to fatigue crack propagation. Further, it is shown that γ-radiation and oxidative aging are highly detrimental to fatigue threshold and crack propagation resistance. The findings from this study have important implications for the fatigue behavior of orthopedic grade UHMWPE as well as other semicrystalline polymers.
Functional and quality-of-life outcomes in patients undergoing transperineal repair with gracilis muscle interposition for complex rectourethral fistula.

Objective To evaluate the results and quality of life outcomes of transperineal repair using gracilis muscle interposition in patients who were candidates for attempted preservation of bowel and bladder function. There is currently no widely accepted procedure for the treatment of complex RUF, such as those complicated by radiotherapy, previous attempts at repair, or large in size. Methods Thirteen patients who underwent transperineal repair with gracilis muscle interposition for complex RUF were identified. Records were reviewed for fistula etiology, prior repair, intraoperative findings, hospital course, complications, diversion reversal, and outcome. Follow-up data were gathered from clinic visits and questionnaires. Results Preoperative diagnoses included: prostate cancer (PCA) (12) and imperforate anus (1). Treatment for PCA included radical prostatectomy (4); brachytherapy (BT) (3); external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) + BT (3); cryoablation (1); and EBRT + cryoablation (1). Five patients underwent prior unsuccessful repair. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included fecal incontinence (3) and bladder neck contracture (1). Nine patients (75%) reported some degree of urinary incontinence, with 2 patients reporting this as significant, defined as incontinence "most of the time." Suprapubic catheters were removed after 6 weeks, and median stomal reversal was at 17.5 weeks (12-28). One patient developed a recurrent RUF. All patients completed quality-of-life questionnaires assessing urinary and fecal outcome. Fecal outcome measures were generally better than urinary, but both were reasonable given the complexity of the situation. Conclusions Transperineal repair with gracilis muscle interposition is an effective treatment for selected patients with complex RUF. Our experience demonstrates low morbidity, high success rates, and reasonable bowel and bladder function postoperatively.
The millimeter-wave spectrum of SrCCH(X2Σ+): chemical trends in metal monoacetylide species

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of the SrCCH radical (X2Σ+) has been recorded using millimeter/sub-mm direct absorption techniques. SrCCH was synthesized in a dc discharge by the reaction of strontium vapor, produced in a Broida-type oven, and acetylene. Seventeen rotational transitions of this molecule were recorded in the range 248–370 GHz and fine structure splittings resolved. Rotational and spin-rotation parameters were determined using a 2 Σ Hamiltonian. SrCCH appears to be linear with an ionic structure, as previously suggested. Comparison of structural parameters with MgCCH and CaCCH suggest subtle differences in the bonding of these monoacetylide species.
A Call to Action for Bioengineers and Dental Professionals: Directives for the Future of TMJ Bioengineering

The world’s first TMJ Bioengineering Conference was held May 25–27, 2006, in Broomfield, Colorado. Presentations were given by 34 invited speakers representing industry, academics, government agencies such as NIH, and private practice, which included surgeons, engineers, biomedical scientists, and patient advocacy leaders. Other attendees included documentary film makers and FDA officials. The impetus for the conference was that the field of TMJ research has been lacking continuity, with no open forum available for surgeons, scientists, and bioengineers to exchange scientific and clinical ideas and identify common goals, strengths, and capabilities. The goal was thus to plant the seeds for establishing a forum for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary interactions. The collective wisdom and interactions brought about by a melting pot of these diverse individuals has been pooled and is disseminated in this article, which offers specific directives to bioengineers, basic scientists, and medical and dental professionals including oral and maxillofacial surgeons, pain specialists, orthodontists, prosthodontists, endocrinologists, rheumatologists, immunologists, radiologists, neurologists, and orthopaedic surgeons. A primary goal of this article was to attract researchers across a breadth of research areas to lend their expertise to a significant clinical problem with a dire need for new talent. For example, researchers with expertise in finite element modeling will find an extensive list of clinically significant problems. Specific suggestions for TMJ research were presented by the leading organizations for TMJ surgeons and TMJ patients, and further research needs were identified in a series of group discussions. The specific needs identified at the conference and presented here will be essential for those who endeavor to engage in TMJ research, especially in the areas of tissue engineering and biomechanics. Collectively, it is our hope that many of the questions and directives presented here find their way into the proposals of multidisciplinary teams across the world with new and promising approaches to diagnose, prevent and treat TMJ disorders.
Chemistry’s Contributions to Our Understanding of Atmospheric Science and Climate

Chemistry, a field focused on the molecular scale, provides important contributions in understanding global-scale phenomena, including climate and climate change. This editorial focuses on chemistry’s contributions to our understanding of atmospheric science and climate from both research and chemical education perspectives.
Putting theory into practice: problems and prospects*

The apparent gap between theory and practice in nursing seems to be widening as it is becoming increasingly difficult for nurses to manage multiple theories and conflicting knowledge claims for their use in practice. Scientific pluralism in nursing provides, on the one hand, a rich array of knowledge about human phenomena and ways of dealing with nursing problems, while on the other a set of theoretical choices available for knowledge-use in practice. This paper presents four ideal-type modes of theory application as viable forms for nurses in practice to deal with theoretical pluralism.
Prognostic significance of ureteral obstruction in primary cervical cancer

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic significance of ureteral obstruction in women with cervical cancer and the result of aggressive urinary diversion. METHODS: The clinical history and X-rays of 52 women with Stage III and IV cervical cancer seen at Vanderbilt University between 1981 and 1991 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (55.8%) of these patients had unilateral [15] or bilateral [14] ureteral obstruction. There was no statistically significant difference in the survival of patients whether or not ureteral obstruction was present. Ten of fourteen women with bilateral ureteral obstruction and 4 of the 15 patients with unilateral obstruction underwent urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomy [9] or retrograde ureteral catheterization [5]. Complications were few. Although patients who underwent urinary diversion had somewhat better survival, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with ureteral obstruction due to advanced cervical cancer can be salvaged by prompt, aggressive urinary diversion, but large trials are needed to validate this approach.
Comments on some experimental measures of the non–metal to metal transition in thin films

A brief review is presented of experimental indicators of metallicity and the metal–non–metal transition, with particular emphasis on studies of thin films. Problems of definition and measurement are emphasized.
Fiber/Matrix Adhesion in Graphite/PEKK Composites

Experiments with poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK) resin and AS-4, IM-7, and G30-500 fibers showed excellent correlation between resin/fiber contact angle and composite transverse flexural strength as measures of resin/fiber interfacial strength. Both tests indicate the strongest interface for G30-500/PEKK followed by IM-7/PEKK and AS-4/PEKK. Also discussed are fiber effects on interlaminar fracture and on the in situ crystallization of the matrix during composite fabrication.
New tobermorite cation exchangers

Tobermorite minerals, calcium silicate hydrates substituted with Al3+ and alkali, exhibit cation exchange and selectivity properties. The total cation exchange capacities of the Al3+ and alkali substituted tobermorites synthesized here range from 128 to 197 meq per 100g. These substituted tobermorites also have high selectivity for caesium and rubidium. For examples, a tobermorite synthesized from Na2SiO3, AlCl3 and CaO has a caesium adsorption coefficientK d of 7200 while another one synthesized from a zeolite and CaO has a caesium adsorptionK d of 12 850 in 0.02N CaCl2 containing 0.0002N CsCl. Pure tobermorites and tobermorites with only Al3+ substitution do not exhibit much cation exchange capacity or selectivity because of cation hydration effects and steric factors of tobermorites. The cation exchange and selectivity properties of the Al3+ and alkali substituted tobermorites fall between those of clay minerals and zeolites. Unlike clay minerals and zeolites, the new group of cation exchangers is expected to be thermodynamically stable in cement and concrete which have a similar chemical composition. Therefore, the new cation exchangers will be suitable for inexpensive solidification in cement after their use, for example, in decontamination of caesium from low-level nuclear wastes.
Urinary 5-HIAA unrelated to cystic fibrosis.

1994;106;1309 Chest Charles C. Roberts Craig A. Friesen, Martin L. Bauer, William Shaw, V. Fred Burry and Urinary 5-HIAA Unrelated to Cystic Fibrosis http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/106/4/1309.2.citation services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and ISSN:0012-3692 ) http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( written permission of the copyright holder. this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed without the prior Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of Copyright1994by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. is the official journal of the American College of Chest Chest
Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with cotton fiber development in a chromosomal substitution line (CS-B22sh).

One of the impediments in the genetic improvement of cotton fiber is the paucity of information about genes associated with fiber development. Availability of chromosome arm substitution line CS-B22sh (chromosome 22 short arm substitution from 3–79 (Gossypium barbadense) into a TM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum) background) provides a novel opportunity to study fiber-associated genes because previous studies revealed this line was associated with some superior fiber quality traits compared to TM-1. We used an integrated approach of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), microarray, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technologies to identify the potential genes associated with fiber development. Utilizing mRNAs from 15 days post-anthesis (dpa) fibers, we constructed a SSH cDNA library with chromosome substitution line CS-B22sh as the tester and TM-1 as the driver. The SSH cDNA library was screened using microarrays. Microarray analysis showed that 36 genes were differentially expressed in CS-B22sh 15-dpa fiber compared to TM-1 as confirmed by real time RT-PCR. These genes include two beta-tubulins, an actin, a putative kinesin light chain, a cellulose synthase, glycosyl hydrolase family 3 protein, pyruvate decarboxylase, glycoside hydrolase family 5, GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, dynamin-like protein, annexin, and a number of genes involved in signal transduction, and protein, nucleic acid, and lipid metabolisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report on identification of differentially expressed fiber-associated genes in a cotton chromosomal substitution line.
Of mouse, not of man? a surprise at the α-globin locus

Cellular and transgenic models have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms required for mammalian globin gene expression. The homology of the human and murine α- and ζ-promoter sequences coupled with in vivo transcriptional analysis suggested that the genes were controlled in a
Paths of least flow-resistance: Characterization for the optimization of synthetic tissue scaffold design

A method for the analysis of preferred fluid movement into and out of porous specimen's pore networks has been developed that characterizes the flow pathways inside a pore network, an important property for the design of future synthetic tissue scaffolds. Current tissue scaffolds rely on diffusion as the solute transport mechanism for the sustenance and growth of cells into the scaffold's pore network. Utilizing convective transport induced by periodic scaffold deformation or subjecting the scaffold to a fluid pressure gradient are proposed methods for delivery/removal of nutrients/metabolic waste products. These future designs require an understanding of the flow properties of the designed scaffold. The developed method for characterizing the paths of least flow-resistance is applied to a computer model porous scaffold, a synthetic porous tissue scaffold, and a sea sponge.
Novel features of the confinement factor in a plasmonic waveguide

We considered the net modal gain and the confinement factors for semiconductor gain and metal loss in a metal-semiconductor-metal waveguide. We found that these confinement factors can have extraordinarily large values and can be gain-dependent and strongly enhanced by pumping in the semiconductor.
Stem Cells and β Cells: The Same, but Different?

Researchers have long debated whether new pancreatic β cells derive from stem cells or from pre-existing β cells. A new study in this issue of Cell Stem Cell (Smukler et al., 2011) suggests that both sides may be right.
A Model to Promote Activity Competence in Elders

This paper describes an occupational therapy home­ based intervention in which purposeful activities were used to promote adaptation and competence in older adults with chronic disabilities. Seven home care therapists visited 17 randomly selected, community­ living elders who were chronically disabled and who volunteered to partiCipate in the program. The num­ ber of visits ranged from 3 to 10 and occurred over a 3-month period according to clients' needs and wish­ es. Therapists enhanced their ability to enter the cli­ ent's social and cultural system by using participant­ observation techniques and collaboratively identified activities. Therapists documented each home visit with a structuredfieldnote form. An analysis of112 field­ notes indicated that therapists were able to under­ stand a client's needs; this understanding resulted in small qualitative gains in areas identified as impor­ tant by the client. Reilly's concept ofan activity con­ tinuum was a usefulframework from which to work with thiS population. The implicationsfor program de­ velopment, treatment outcomes, and accountability with this approach promote improvedfuture treat­ ment planning with the elderly with chronic disability.
Outcome After Acute Incomplete Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Apposition as Assessed by Serial Intravascular Ultrasound

We investigated the fate of postprocedural incomplete stent apposition (ISA) after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation by evaluating long-term intravascular ultrasound findings in 168 consecutive patients (182 de novo lesions). Postprocedural ISA was defined as ≥1 stent strut that was clearly separated from the vessel wall with evidence of blood speckle behind the strut without overlapping a side branch. After SES implantation, there were 61 ISA sites in 46 stents in 31 patients (23 at the proximal edge, 7 at the distal edge, and 31 within the stent body). There were no clinical, procedural, or intravascular ultrasound measurement differences between patients and lesions with versus without ISA. At follow-up, 15 acute ISA sites (25%) in 11 patients completely resolved and 40 sites (75%) in 20 patients persisted, although 32 of 46 persisting ISA sites (70%) decreased. There was a greater decrease in effective lumen area and a greater increase in peristent plaque area in the complete-resolution group than in the persistent-ISA group. No lesion developed stent thrombosis or in-stent restenosis (angiographic diameter stenosis >50%). Six acute ISA sites were also associated with new, late acquired ISA, only 1 of which resulted in aneurysm formation. Although most ISAs after SES implantation do not resolve completely, the incidence of restenosis or thrombosis is not affected.
Equivalence Principle Implications of Modified Gravity Models

Theories that attempt to explain the observed cosmic acceleration by modifying general relativity all introduce a new scalar degree of freedom that is active on large scales, but is screened on small scales to match experiments. We demonstrate that if such screening occurs via the chameleon mechanism, such as in f(R) theory, it is possible to have order unity violation of the equivalence principle, despite the absence of explicit violation in the microscopic action. Namely, extended objects such as galaxies or constituents thereof do not all fall at the same rate. The chameleon mechanism can screen the scalar charge for large objects but not for small ones (large/small is defined by the depth of the gravitational potential, and is controlled by the scalar coupling). This leads to order one fluctuations in the ratio of the inertial mass to gravitational mass. We provide derivations in both Einstein and Jordan frames. In Jordan frame, it is no longer true that all objects move on geodesics; only unscreened ones, such as test particles, do. In contrast, if the scalar screening occurs via strong coupling, such as in the DGP braneworld model, equivalence principle violation occurs at a much reduced level. We propose several observational tests of the chameleon mechanism: 1. small galaxies should accelerate faster than large galaxies, even in environments where dynamical friction is negligible; 2. voids defined by small galaxies would appear larger compared to standard expectations; 3. stars and diffuse gas in small galaxies should have different velocities, even if they are on the same orbits; 4. lensing and dynamical mass estimates should agree for large galaxies but disagree for small ones. We discuss possible pitfalls in some of these tests. The cleanest is the third one where mass estimate from HI rotational velocity could exceed that from stars by 30% or more. To avoid blanket screening of all objects, the most promising place to look is in voids.
Management of monosodium glutamate toxicity.

(1982). Management of monosodium glutamate toxicity. Journal of Asthma: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 105-110.
A systematic investigation of the critical tribological properties of a gold nanoparticle coating used for texturing micro-electromechanical systems surfaces

This paper reports on a novel gold nanoparticle (AuNP) coating, which is deposited on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) surfaces using a gas-expanded liquid technique and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and several microinstruments. Surface coverage of the AuNP coating, which is determined using a resonating microinstrument; and the tribological properties including the work of adhesion, the coefficient of static friction and the rupture strength of the AuNP coating, which are determined using specific microinstruments, are reported in the paper.
NatC Nα-terminal acetyltransferase of yeast contains three subunits, Mak3p, Mak10p and Mak31p

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaecontains three types of Nα-terminal acetyltransferases, NatA, NatB, and NatC, with each having a different catalytic subunit, Ard1p, Nat3p, and Mak3p, respectively, and each acetylating different sets of proteins with different Nα-terminal regions. We show that the NatC Nα-terminal acetyltransferases contains Mak10p and Mak31p subunits, in addition to Mak3p, and that all three subunits are associated with each other to form the active complex. Genetic deletion of any one of the three subunits results in identical abnormal phenotypes, including the lack of acetylation of a NatC substrate in vivo, diminished growth at 37 °C on media containing nonfermentable carbon sources, and the lack of maintenance or assembly of the L-A dsRNA viral particle.
cis-Acting Elements within the Candida albicans ERG11 Promoter Mediate the Azole Response through Transcription Factor Upc2p

The azole antifungal drugs are used to treat infections caused by Candida albicans and other fungi. These drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the major sterol in fungal cells, by inhibiting an ergosterol biosynthetic enzyme, lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, encoded by the ERG11 gene. In vitro, these drugs as well as other ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors increase ERG11 mRNA expression by activation of the ERG11 promoter. The signal for this activation most likely is the depletion of ergosterol, the end product of the pathway. To identify cis-acting regulatory elements that mediate this activation, ERG11 promoter fragments have been fused to the luciferase reporter gene from Renilla reniformis. Promoter deletions and linker scan mutations localized the region important for azole induction to a segment from bp -224 to -251 upstream of the start codon, specifically two 7-bp sequences separated by 13 bp. These sequences form an imperfect inverted repeat. The region is recognized by the transcription factor Upc2p and functions as an enhancer of transcription, as it can be placed upstream of a heterologous promoter in either direction, resulting in the azole induction of that promoter. The promoter constructs are not azole inducible in the upc2/upc2 homozygous deletion, demonstrating that Upc2p controls the azole induction of ERG11. These results identify an azole-responsive enhancer element (ARE) in the ERG11 promoter that is controlled by the Upc2p transcription factor. No other ARE is present in the promoter. Thus, this ARE and Upc2p are necessary and sufficient for azole induction of ERG11.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS OF A HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TAT-BINDING PROTEIN/26S PROTEASE SUBUNIT HOMOLOG FROM DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM

We have characterized a newly identified gene from Dictyostelium discoideum, DdTBP alpha, that encodes a member of the family of eukaryotic proteins. These proteins contain a conserved ATPase domain, include subunits of the 26S protease subunit, and are homologous to the mammalian human immunodeficiency virus Tat-binding protein TBP1. While information indicates that some family members are involved in the regulation of transcription in mammalian and yeast cells during growth, these proteins are also involved in other cellular functions, and nothing is known about their possible function in multicellular development. The Dictyostelium DdTBP alpha gene is developmentally regulated, with its expression at the highest levels occurring during growth and early development. The gene is present in two copies in the genome. Disruption of one copy by homologous recombination leads to aberrant morphogenesis, which lasts from the formation of the first finger until the onset of culmination. The gene appears to be essential for growth since we were unable to obtain a complete null phenotype and since expression of an inducible antisense construct in the partial null background resulted in cell death. Expression of the antisense construct during development accentuated the partial null phenotype and also resulted in very abnormal fruiting bodies. Overexpression of DdTBP alpha from its own promoter leads to very large multinucleated vegetative cells when the cells are grown in suspension culture. When the cells are plated onto petri dishes in growth medium, they rapidly split into multiple cells containing one to two nuclei, in a manner similar to that of wild-type cells. Overexpressing cells are significantly delayed in forming a multicellular aggregate, but development proceeds normally once the first finger stage is reached. The results indicate that DdTBP alpha plays an important role in regulating both growth and morphogenesis in D. discoideum.
Assessing and improving acoustic radiation force image quality using a 1.5-D transducer design

A 1.5-D transducer array was proposed to improve acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNRARFI) and image contrast relative to a conventional 1-D array. To predict performance gains from the proposed 1.5-D transducer array, an analytical model for SNRARFI upper bound was derived. The analytical model and 1.5-D ARFI array were validated using a finite element model-based numerical simulation framework. The analytical model demonstrated good agreement with numerical results (correlation coefficient = 0.995), and simulated lesion images yielded a significant (2.92 dB; p <; 0.001) improvement in contrast-to-noise ratio when rendered using the 1.5-D ARFI array.
Persons with Disabilities and Entrepreneurship: Barriers and Opportunities

Persons with disabilities represent a large and growing portion of the world population (World Health Organization, 2011). Entrepreneurship has been suggested as a means for PWD to lead meaningful ...
Determination of Micro-amount of Bismuth in Polymetallic Ores by Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry with Alkaline Mode

A method for the determination of micro-amount of bismuth in polymetallic ores by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry with alkaline mode was developed.The instrumental parameters were optimized and the effect of coexisting ions on the determination was studied.The method was validated by determination of micro-amount of Bi in National Standard Reference Materials and the results were in agreement with certified values.The recovery of the method was 95%~104% with precision of 2.97%RSD(n=12).
Characterization of fuel properties for coal and torrefied biomass mixtures

Abstract Recently, there has been growing interest in co-liquefaction of coal with biomass because biomass has potential to substitute as a cheap hydrogen-donor and enhance liquid yields during direct coal liquefaction. In addition, inclusion of biomass can reduce greenhouse gas emission compared to solely coal-based processes. This paper presents characterization of coal, biomass, torrefied biomass and mixtures of coal with biomass and torrefied biomass to be used for direct liquefaction for the production of liquid fuels. Samples of yellow-poplar (YP) and red maple (RM) biomass collected from Appalachian logging residue and West Virginia Kingwood bituminous coal (C) were used in this study. The red maple and yellow-poplar samples were torrefied at 300 °C to produce torrefied red maple (TRM) and torrefied yellow-poplar (TYP), respectively. The untorrefied and torrefied samples were mixed with coal in a 1:1 ratio (by weight) creating coal-biomass and coal-torrefied biomass mixtures to be used as feed for co-liquefaction. In addition, untreated yellow-poplar and coal samples were tested as controls. All samples and mixtures were characterized for calorific value and underwent proximate, ultimate, and thermo-gravimetric analyses. The volatiles produced during thermo-gravimetric analysis were tested for chemical functional groups present in the products.
Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced complement activation. Evidence for C5a participation.

Plasma activity inducing polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) aggregation, augmenting PMN adherence, plasma chemotatic activity as well as peripheral PMN count were estimated in patients during card...
Formation of Double Ridges on Europa due to Viscoelastoplastic Deformation above Crystallizing Cryovolcanic Intrusions

Jupiter’s moon Europa is comprised of an icy shell and a ~100 km thick global ocean overlying a rocky core. Among the myriad topographic features etched across its enigmatic surface, double ridges, which consist of two raised flanks with a central trough, are the most pervasive. Often running for hundreds of kilometers, they frequently overprint and offset pre-existing features and appear to be genetically related to cracks in the icy shell. Yet, after nearly two decades of study, these ridge systems and the processes through which they form remain incompletely understood. Several mechanisms have been proposed for ridge formation, one of which is that they are the surface expression of cryovolcanic dikes. Previous mechanical models have considered the elastic response of the icy shell above a crystallizing cryovolcanic intrusion. We present results from numerical models in which we treat the ice shell as a viscoelastoplastic medium and explore the variability of topographic expression due to varying rates of intrusion, tectonic extension, the initial width and depth of the dike. The irreversible viscous and plastic response of Europa’s ice shell during intrusion allows large-amplitude topography to develop. However, we produce no topography comparable to double ridges on Europa.
Longitudinal evaluation of anhedonia as a mediator of fear of positive evaluation and other depressive symptoms.

Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is experiencing dread during real or potential praise. FPE is associated with social anxiety, but its relation to depressive symptoms is unclear. Anhedonia is a co...
Enemy Construction and the Press

When the president of the United States declared recently that the press is “the enemy,” it set off a firestorm of criticism from defenders of the institutional media and champions of the press’s role in the democracy. But even these Trump critics have mostly failed to appreciate the wider ramifications of the president’s narrative choice. Our earlier work describes the process of governmental “enemy construction,” by which officials use war rhetoric and other signaling behaviors to convey that a person or institution is not merely an institution that, although wholly legitimate, has engaged in behaviors that are disappointing or disapproved, but instead an illegitimate “enemy” triggering a state of Schmittian exceptionalism and justifying the compromise of ordinarily recognized liberties. The Trump administration, with a rhetoric that began during the campaign and burgeoned in the earliest days of Donald Trump’s presidency, has engaged in enemy construction of the press, and the risks that accompany that categorization are grave. This article examines the fuller components of that enemy construction, beyond the overt use of the label. It offers insights into the social, technological, legal, and political realities that make the press ripe for enemy construction in a way that would have been unthinkable a generation ago. It then explores the potential motivations for and consequences of enemy construction. We argue that enemy construction is particularly alarming when the press, rather than some other entity, is the constructed enemy. Undercutting the watchdog, educator, and proxy functions of the press through enemy construction leaves the administration more capable of delegitimizing other institutions and constructing other enemies — including the judiciary, the intelligence community, immigrants, and members of certain races or religions — because the viability and traction of counter-narrative is so greatly diminished.
Physical and Numerical Simulation of the Fluid Flow and Temperature Distribution in Bloom Continuous Casting Mold

For the purpose of improving the quality of low-alloy steel production, the influence of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) on fluid flow and temperature field in a bloom mold sized 250 × 350 mm is investigated by using a 1:0.8 ratio water model and a three-dimensional mathematical model. The results show that the level fluctuation with the one-port SEN is weak (below 0.55 mm) and supercooling at free surface is relatively high (around 10.0 K), which go against the flux melting. Compared with the one-port SEN, the high temperature zones of the mold for the two-port and four-port SEN concentrate in the upper part with fully developed equiaxed area. However, the highest mean wave height (around 2.91 mm) and the uneven distribution of temperature will cause the two-port SEN slag entrapment and non-uniform solidified shell. With the four-port SEN, a reasonable level fluctuation (about 1.60 mm) and uniform supercooling (around 2.8 K) near the free surface will favor to heat transfer and the equiaxed crystal formation. The practical production shows that the application of four-port SEN significantly improves the center equiaxed crystal ratio, and the center segregation indexes of carbon and chrome are effectively decreased with the non-metallic inclusions grades obviously decreases simultaneously.
Fatty infiltration of the minor salivary glands is a selective feature of aging but not Sjögren's syndrome.

Objective Determine the presence and assess the extent of fatty infiltration of the minor salivary glands (SG) of primary SS patients (pSS) as compared to those with non-SS sicca (nSS). Methods Minor SG biopsy samples from 134 subjects with pSS (n = 72) or nSS (n = 62) were imaged. Total area and fatty replacement area for each glandular cross-section (n = 4-6 cross-sections per subject) were measured using Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The observer was blinded to subject classification status. The average area of fatty infiltration calculated per subject was evaluated by logistic regression and general linearized models (GLM) to assess relationships between fatty infiltration and clinical exam results, extent of fibrosis and age. Results The average area of fatty infiltration for subjects with pSS (median% (range) 4.97 (0.05-30.2)) was not significantly different from that of those with nSS (3.75 (0.087-41.9). Infiltration severity varied widely, and subjects with fatty replacement greater than 6% were equivalently distributed between pSS and nSS participants (χ2 p = .50). Age accounted for all apparent relationships between fatty infiltration and fibrosis or reduced saliva flow. The all-inclusive GLM for prediction of pSS versus non-SS classification including fibrosis, age, fatty replacement, and focus score was not significantly different from any desaturated model. In no iteration of the model did fatty replacement exert a significant effect on the capacity to predict pSS classification. Conclusions Fatty infiltration is an age-associated phenomenon and not a selective feature of Sjogren's syndrome. Sicca patients who do not fulfil pSS criteria have similar rates of fatty infiltration of the minor SG.
Ethical/Legal Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter identifies and discusses both traditional and emerging ethical and legal issues that can arise in the process of adult assessment. Adult psychological assessment requires knowledge, sensitivity, and the application of current ethical and legal standards. Ignorance of these standards is not an excuse for violations. Legal issues are raised by high-risk clients who may be dangerous to others or themselves. These legal guidelines evolve from ongoing litigation and case law. The explosion of Internet access and information has created new ethical and legal problems. Similarly, the increase of talk radio/TV with on-air immediate assessment and advice pushes or exceeds the boundaries of ethical practice.