cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thieves of Virtue: When Bioethics Stole Medicine

Tim Koch offers a scathing critique of bioethics, examining the core values that brought it into existence and have enabled it to exert such influence on the practice of medicine and public policy ...
Determination of Baicalin and Dyclonine Hydrochloride in Qinjing Ointment by HPLC

OBJECTIVE To esteblish an HPLC method for the determination of Baicalin and Dyclonine Hydrochloride in Qinjing Ointment.METHODS The C18 column was used,the mobile phase was consisted of aletonitrile-0.02mol potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution(30∶70)(Adjusted pH to 3.0 by Phosphoric Acid),the detection wavelength was 282nm.RESULTS The standard curves of Baicalin and Dyclonine Hydrochloride was linear in range of 25～125μg·mL-1(r=0.9999,n=5),7.5～37.5μg·mL-1(r=0.9999,n=5),respectively and the average recoveries were 99.5%,100.5% with RSD was 0.51%,0.92% respetively.CONCLUSION The method was simple,rapid and accurate.
Calcium transport in renal epithelial cells

Extracellular calcium homeostasis involves coordinated calcium absorption by the intestine, calcium resorption from bone, and calcium reabsorption by the kidney. This review addresses the mechanism...
You are what your great grandmother ate

It has long been understood that what we eat contributes directly to our risk of developing diseases from obesity to diabetes to heart disease. An emerging question in this field is whether our own poor dietary choices can affect the health of our offspring through diet-driven epigenetic
The Role of a COA-Independent Transacylase in the Movement of Arachidonate among Phospholipids and the Synthesis of PAF

The metabolism of arachidonic acid is closely linked to the biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF) and related O-alkyl- and O-alk-1-enyl-containing phospholipids. In this article, we describe several important factors (concentration of arachidonate, number of cells, cell differentiation, and time) that influence the movement of arachidonic acid among subclasses of acyl and ether-linked glycerolipids in HL-60 cells (undifferentiated and those differentiated into a granulocytic form). Kinetic studies in pulse- chase experiments indicate the final destination of arachidonate is the ethanolamine plasmalogens, which may be an important source for the release of 20:4 and PAF biosynthesis under certain conditions. In addition, our results also indicate differentiated HL-60 cells possess a novel CoA-independent transacylase that transfers 20:4 from alkylarachidonoyl-glycerophosphocholine to a lyso-phospholipid that serves as the acceptor molecule for the arachidonate. The resulting lyso-PAF is then acetylated to form PAF. The lyso-phospholipid acceptors (only choline- and ethanolamine-containing lyso- glycerophosphatides) for the transfer of the 20:4 group from the alkylarachidonoylgly- cerophosphocholne pool are believed to be generated in situ through the action of a putative phospholipase A2 activity.
Oral antidiabetic drug use and associated health outcomes in cancer patients

SummaryWhat is new and objective To assess oral antidiabetic drug use and associated health outcomes in American non-elderly adults with cancer Methods A retrospective study was conducted by analysing the Marketscan® Commercial Claims and Encounters Database from 2008 to 2009. Individuals 18–64 years with concomitant diagnoses of cancer (breast, prostate, colon or lung) and type 2 diabetes, and treated with oral antidiabetic medications were included. Medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR); logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with non-adherence. Adherence was compared between patients with cancer and non-cancer controls matched by propensity scores. Negative binomial regression was utilized to examine the effect of antidiabetic drug adherence on all-cause hospitalizations and emergency room visits. The impact of adherence on total medical costs was then evaluated using the generalized linear model (GLM) with the log-link function and gamma error distribution. Results and discussion Of 1918 diabetic, cancer patients who newly initiated oral diabetic drugs, only 37·6% were adherent to oral diabetic medications; a similar proportion of adherence was found in the non-cancer control population (35·8%, P = 0·24). Younger age, living in the southern region, using combination therapy vs. monotherapy, and using retail pharmacy vs. mail order pharmacy were significantly associated with non-adherence in patients with cancer. Adherence to oral antidiabetic drugs was associated with 24% fewer all-cause hospitalizations (P = 0·02). What is new and conclusion We identified high prevalence of non-adherence to oral antidiabetic medications as well as negative consequences associated with non-adherence, among patients with cancer. These findings may underscore the importance of developing relevant intervention strategies for improving diabetes management and treatment outcomes among cancer patients with diabetes.
Providing Staff Training and Programming to Support People with Disabilities: An Academic Library Case Study.

This case study explores services academic libraries provide to students with disabilities and the impact these can have on the success and experience of these students. The study focuses on staff ...
Fano matching bandwidth bounds for small loop antennas based on spherical wave scattering

Fundamental impedance matching bounds for electrically small loop antennas are derived based on spherical wave scattering in the low-frequency limit. A small lossless loop antenna is represented as a two-port network between the excitation port and the fundamental TE spherical wave port. The low-frequency asymptotic expression for the wave reflection coefficient is found and the classical Fano approach is applied to derive integral equalities for the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. A basic loop, one with a series-C element, and one with a parallel-C element are analyzed. The bandwidth upper bounds as functions of the antenna dimension, the port impedance, and the circuit parameters are presented.
Critique [of Chicano Ethnicity and Aging by Marvin A. Lewis]

Art serves the societal functions of recording, interpreting and predicting. Here, analysis of popular archetypes in Chicano fiction and poetry are used to illustrate cultural values toward the elderly and conflicts of values between generations of Chicanos. This leads to an examination of how Chicano values differ from Anglo-American values toward the elderly. The author demonstrates the problems of acculturation, blending into and enriching another culture while retaining a sense of one9s own culture, versus assimilation, abandoning one9s own heritage and taking on the values of another culture. In the latter, upward mobility striving by younger Chicanos creates a chasm between generations.
Combining Anatomy, Measurements and Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Interrogate Circuit Function in Drosophila

In this chapter we will discuss the application of genetics to the interrogation of neuronal function in fruit flies from a historical and modern perspective. We will review the current state-of-the-art tool kit for circuit dissection including neuronal measurements, manipulation and quantitative behavioral assessment. We will then discuss how these approaches can be productively applied to the interrogation of circuit computation by discussing recent discoveries in visual circuitry. Due to dramatic progress in recent years, these new tools have greatly expanded our understanding of the cell types and algorithmic transformations that underpin the detection of visual motion.
Limited indications of tax stamp discordance and counterfeiting on cigarette packs purchased in tobacco retailers, 97 counties, USA, 2012.

Increasing the per-unit cost of tobacco products is one of the strongest interventions for tobacco control. In jurisdictions with higher taxes in the U.S., however, cigarette pack litter studies show a substantial proportion of littered packs lack the appropriate tax stamp. More limited but still present counterfeiting also exists. We sought to examine the role of tobacco retailers as a source for untaxed and counterfeit products. Data collectors purchased Newport Green (menthol) or Marlboro Red cigarette packs in a national probability-based sample of tobacco retailers (in 97 counties) from June-October 2012. They made no effort to buy counterfeit or untaxed cigarettes. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the presence, tax authority, and type (low-tech thermal vs. encrypted) of cigarette pack tax stamps; concordance of tax stamps with where the pack was purchased; and, for Marlboro cigarettes, publicly available visible indicators of counterfeiting. We purchased 2147 packs of which 2033 had tax stamps. Packs missing stamps were in states that do not require them. We found very limited discordance between store location and tax stamp(s) (< 1%). However, a substantial minority of cigarette packs had damaged tax stamps (13%). This occurred entirely with low-tech tax stamps and was not identified with encrypted tax stamps. We found no clear evidence of counterfeit products. Almost all tax stamps matched the location of purchase. Litter studies may be picking up legal tax avoidance instead of illegal tax evasion or, alternatively, purchase of illicit products requires special request by the purchaser.
Ethics Problems in the New Public Service: Back to a Service Ethic?

This article argues that ethical compliance under the New Public Service presents a number of challenges not readily addressed under the ethical considerations of traditional public administration ...
The Upper Paleolithic of Iberia

This article attempts to provide a relatively complete synthesis of what is currently known about the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic and the development of human adaptations and cultures during the latter period in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, as well as Andorra and Gibraltar). The emphases of the work, which is inescapably selective and reliant mainly on the most recent available literature, are on environmental conditions, human settlement, technologies, subsistence and artistic expression, from a perspective that gives importance to the nature and extent of social networks as they changed throughout the course of late Marine Isotope Stage 3 and all of Stage 2. The aim is to give coverage to all regions of the Peninsula, despite their different research histories and their varying site densities. An overall conclusion is that despite the climatic fluctuations of the Last Glacial, one can write differing histoires de la longue duree for such major geographic units as Cantabrian (northern Atlantic) Spain, the Ebro basin, Levantine (Mediterranean) Spain, Andalucia, the Spanish interior mesetas and Duero and Tagus basins, and the Algarve, Estremadura and Douro regions of southern and north-central Portugal. Yet, to varying degrees through time, there was both Peninsular cultural unity created by social networks among these regions and evidence of inter-band contacts with forager groups living to the north of the Pyrenees.
Principles and Procedures in the Conduct of “Interscholastic” Athletics for Adolescent Girls

(1942). Principles and Procedures in the Conduct of “Interscholastic” Athletics for Adolescent Girls. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 60-67.
In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Application to Brain Tumors

This chapter contains an overview of the relatively recent applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for studies of experimental and human brain tumors. Specific examples have been chosen to demonstrate the unique possibilities offered by magnetic resonance techniques to advance our understanding of the physiology, biochemistry, and therapeutic response of brain tumors.
Severe Intravascular Hemolysis Associated With Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Envenomation by the brown recluse spider (loxoscelism) is classically associated with a necrotic ulcer. Systemic manifestations occur in a minority of cases, but are generally mild and self-limited. The hematologic complications of brown recluse spider bite range from mild hemolysis to fulminant intravascular hemolysis with or without evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Intravascular hemolysis is a rare but occasionally lethal complication of brown recluse spider envenomation. This article presents two cases of severe hemolysis associated with loxoscelism occurring in two young women in Memphis, Tennessee. The second documented death in an adult from severe hemolysis due to a brown recluse spider bite is reported. A review of the literature emphasizing the pathogenic mechanisms of spider bite hemolysis is also included.
Development of Industry-Specific Physical Job Evaluation Tool:

BackgroundAccording to Washington State workers’ compensation data, construction as an industry ranked first in its compensable claims rate of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) injuries...
Programmable design of orthogonal protein heterodimers

Specificity of interactions between two DNA strands, or between protein and DNA, is often achieved by varying bases or side chains coming off the DNA or protein backbone—for example, the bases participating in Watson–Crick pairing in the double helix, or the side chains contacting DNA in TALEN–DNA complexes. By contrast, specificity of protein–protein interactions usually involves backbone shape complementarity1, which is less modular and hence harder to generalize. Coiled-coil heterodimers are an exception, but the restricted geometry of interactions across the heterodimer interface (primarily at the heptad a and d positions2) limits the number of orthogonal pairs that can be created simply by varying side-chain interactions3,4. Here we show that protein–protein interaction specificity can be achieved using extensive and modular side-chain hydrogen-bond networks. We used the Crick generating equations5 to produce millions of four-helix backbones with varying degrees of supercoiling around a central axis, identified those accommodating extensive hydrogen-bond networks, and used Rosetta to connect pairs of helices with short loops and to optimize the remainder of the sequence. Of 97 such designs expressed in Escherichia coli, 65 formed constitutive heterodimers, and the crystal structures of four designs were in close agreement with the computational models and confirmed the designed hydrogen-bond networks. In cells, six heterodimers were fully orthogonal, and in vitro—following mixing of 32 chains from 16 heterodimer designs, denaturation in 5 M guanidine hydrochloride and reannealing—almost all of the interactions observed by native mass spectrometry were between the designed cognate pairs. The ability to design orthogonal protein heterodimers should enable sophisticated protein-based control logic for synthetic biology, and illustrates that nature has not fully explored the possibilities for programmable biomolecular interaction modalities. Computational design incorporating modular buried hydrogen networks produces highly orthogonal protein heterodimers.
Functional Genomics Reveals Synthetic Lethality between Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Summary The plasticity of a preexisting regulatory circuit compromises the effectiveness of targeted therapies, and leveraging genetic vulnerabilities in cancer cells may overcome such adaptations. Hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is characterized by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency caused by fumarate hydratase (FH) nullizyogosity. To identify metabolic genes that are synthetically lethal with OXPHOS deficiency, we conducted a genetic loss-of-function screen and found that phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) inhibition robustly blocks the proliferation of FH mutant cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PGD inhibition blocks glycolysis, suppresses reductive carboxylation of glutamine, and increases the NADP+/NADPH ratio to disrupt redox homeostasis. Furthermore, in the OXPHOS-proficient context, blocking OXPHOS using the small-molecule inhibitor IACS-010759 enhances sensitivity to PGD inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Together, our study reveals a dependency on PGD in OXPHOS-deficient tumors that might inform therapeutic intervention in specific patient populations.
Maintenance Resource Management for Technical Operations

Abstract This chapter starts with a brief historical overview of the MRM program, presents the key findings of the research program, discusses the typical training content and the different delivery models, and their outcomes, and concludes with the review of the influence of MRM programs on the overall safety culture in Technical Operations. Maintenance resource management (MRM) or maintenance human factors (MHF) programs started with a unique, three-party research program. The aviation industry (airlines and repair stations), federal agencies (the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)), and the academic community came together to study specific safety issues in the technical operations environment (line and base maintenance facilities, maintenance, repair, and overhaul-MRO-facilities, as well as ramp operations). The FAA and NASA funded this research, university faculty members and students conducted the research activities, and the industry partners provided access to facilities and personnel. At an international level, the FAA and NASA, Transport Canada, and United Kingdom. Civil Aviation Authority participated in another three-way partnership that enabled information sharing among the researchers, regulators, and practitioners. This chapter also reviews some of the most commonly used incident review tools and the associated taxonomies. With the increased use of structured approach to incident investigation, the use of MRM programs moved from simple awareness programs to reactive error-correction programs, and subsequently matured to proactive, error-avoidance programs, paving the way for predictive trend analysis programs. Finally, this chapter reviews the influence of MRM programs on the safety culture in technical operations and identifies some emerging opportunities for continued research and development.
Chapter 24 – Data Sharing

Research professionals in life and biomedical sciences have traditionally been cautious about sharing their research data. However, the sharing of data has become more common and more accepted, even in those disciplines that had previously been wary of these practices. This is due in part to an increase in interdisciplinary research and the pressure to demonstrate reproducibility as well as an increase in funder mandates for data sharing. This chapter provides a discussion of the benefits and challenges of data sharing, presents an overview of funder mandates, and provides insights on how the concept of data sharing is leading to new publishing opportunities.
Studying the development of agency and political consciousness in science education

In this commentary, we wrestle with key ideas presented in Schenkel, Calabrese Barton, Tan, Nazar, and Flores’ Framing Equity through a Closer Examination of Critical Science Agency and offer a series of theoretical and methodological attunements we view as germane to the visions of educational justice discussed therein. We begin by discussing the promising theoretical framework presented in the article, particularly the authors’ call for the field to engage more directly with issues of power and political consciousness in science education. We then turn to their empirical analysis of critical science agency, highlighting interactional moments and student reflections on learning that offer important insights into this concept. We then trace a series of theoretical and methodological tensions that raise questions about the ways researchers conceptualize and study the development of agency and political consciousness among youth, particularly those from minoritized and non-dominant communities, as well as the ways terms like community, consequentiality, and scales of justice/injustice are defined analytically. This discussion is interwoven with our efforts to name dispositions and lines of inquiry we view as imperative for research on the learning experiences of others that moves from a place of criticality and humility. We write as scholars and educators who share many of the authors’ concerns and are invested in research on science education that supports expansive learning and transformative praxis across researchers, educators, young people, and communities (Engestrom in Theory Psychol 21(5):598–628, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354311419252 ).
Automated prostate lesion detection and PI-RADS assessment with deep learning.

e16605Background: Prostate Cancer is the most commonly diagnosed male cancer in the U.S. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is increasingly used for both prostate cancer evaluation ...
A Poincaré series on hyperbolic space

Abstract Let L be the unique even self-dual lattice of signature ( 25 , 1 ) . The automorphism group Aut ( L ) acts on the hyperbolic space H 25 . We study a Poincare series E ( z , s ) defined for z in H 25 , convergent for Re ( s ) > 25 , invariant under Aut ( L ) and having singularities along the mirrors of the reflection group of L. We compute the Fourier expansion of E ( z , s ) at a “Leech cusp” and prove that it can be meromorphically continued to Re ( s ) > 25 / 2 . Analytic continuation of Kloosterman sum zeta functions imply that the individual Fourier coefficients of E ( z , s ) have meromorphic continuation to the whole s-plane.
Equality: Norma M. Riccucci

This country was built on the doctrine of inequality. Indeed, as Donald E. Klingner accurately points out in his essay, the U.S. Constitution ensured that enslaved Blacks would count as three-fifth...
Solving Stochastic and Bilevel Mixed-Integer Programs via a Generalized Value Function

We introduce a generalized value function of a mixed-integer program, which is simultaneously parameterized by its objective and right-hand side. We describe its fundamental properties, which we ex...
Performance analysis of grid-integrated brushless doubly fed reluctance generator-based wind turbine: modelling, control and simulation

Due to the absence of the rotor windings, the brushless doubly fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) presented a much better efficiency with less complicated control and modelling than that introduced by the brushless doubly fed induction generator. As a result, the BDFRG gained more preference than that of the doubly fed induction generator. Moreover, this result led to the emerging of the (BDFRG) as one of the most promising generators in the new modern wind turbines. This paper introduces modelling as well as control strategy for the grid-connected BDFRG-based wind turbine systems. This study was carried out using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Exploring Kerr and Mckay's Beehive of Smart Girls: Understanding the Challenges Facing Gifted Adolescent Females.

For gifted girls, the journey toward self-actualization can be particularly challenging during adolescence. To better support gifted adolescent girls, this article explores a contemporary framework...
THE PEOPLING OF AN AFRICAN SLAVE PORT: ANNAMABOE AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD

Abstract Annamaboe, located on the Gold Coast in modern-day Ghana, was a sleepy Fante fishing village when Dutch traders arrived there in 1638. The arrival of the Europeans ushered Annamaboe into the Atlantic world and brought fundamental changes to the town’s physical landscape, economic and cultural life, and literally to its DNA as Europeans and Africans formed relationships that gave rise to a substantial mixed-race population. Like other Atlantic towns and cities, Annamaboe grew as a conduit for trade. Its traders funneled African trade goods -primarily enslaved peoples but also gold, maize and other provisions - to Europe and the Americas and it brought in a variety of products from Europe and around the world in exchange - fabrics, metals, manufactured goods, alcohol and tobacco - and distributed those goods into the interior. The Atlantic world is defined by the movement of goods, ideas and peoples around it, and much of that movement operated through the urban hubs that grew up around the Atlantic. Much of the scholarship on the Atlantic world has focused on the North Atlantic, particularly on the British Atlantic. This article’s focus on an African Atlantic port offers an important corrective to that bias, a necessary one if we are to fully comprehend that world.
NPM1 Biology in Myeloid Neoplasia

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations are encountered in myeloid neoplasia and are present in ~ 30% of de novo acute myeloid leukemia cases. This review summarizes features of mutant NPM1-related disease, with a particular emphasis on recent discoveries relevant to disease monitoring, prognostication, and therapeutic intervention. Recent studies have shown that HOX/MEIS gene overexpression is central to the survival of NPM1-mutated cells. Two distinct classes of small molecule drugs, BH3 mimetics and menin-MLL interaction inhibitors, have demonstrated exquisite leukemic cell toxicity in preclinical AML models associated with HOX/MEIS overexpression, and the former of these has shown efficacy in older treatment-naive NPM1-mutated AML patients. The results of ongoing clinical trials further investigating these compounds will be of particular importance and may alter the clinical management of patients with NPM1-mutated myeloid neoplasms. Significant scientific advancements over the last decade, including improved sequencing and disease monitoring techniques, have fostered a much deeper understanding of mutant NPM1 disease biology, prognostication, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. These discoveries have led to the development of clinical assays that permit the detection and monitoring of mutant NPM1 and have paved the way for future investigation of targeted therapeutics using emerging cutting-edge techniques.
Mechanics at the interfaces of 2D materials: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract At the interfaces of 2D materials, the solid-state condensed matter physics is closely intertwined with the mechanics in terms of adhesion/separation and friction as well as deformation of 2D materials. With atomically thin 2D layers in atomically close proximity, the chemical, physical, and mechanical interactions simultaneously evolve and influence each other, leading to a wide range of topological structures and properties across nano- and micro-scales. Can the study on the mechanics of interfaces help to understand the physics and chemistry at the interfaces of 2D materials or vice versa? This Opinion aims to highlight the recent mechanics research on such material interfaces, where a multiscale, multidisciplinary effort is most effective moving forward with plenty of challenges and opportunities.
Oxygen binding of the heme-containing subunits of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris.

Abstract Fully oxygenated heme-containing subunits of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus , terrestris were isolated by gel filtration in 0.05 M sodium borate, pH 9.0 at 7 ± 1°C. The polypeptide chain composition of the isolated subunits was determined by SDS PAGE. Most of the subunits exhibited reversible oxygenation curves with oxygen affinities higher than the intact hemoglobin. The Hill plots were nonlinear for Lumbricus hemoglobin and its subunits: the latter exhibited substantial cooperativities as evidenced by Hill constants at half-saturation in the range 2.0 to 2.8.
Reasons for inhaled corticosteroid non-adherence disclosed by African American adults during primary care visits for uncontrolled asthma

Background: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the foundation of asthma management. However, ICS adherence is low in all groups. African Americans (AA) have lower ICS adherence than Whites, which likely contributes, in part, to the asthma disparities that AAs experience. Aims/Objectives: To identify reasons for ICS non-adherence disclosed by AA adults during primary care provider (PCP) visits for uncontrolled asthma. Methods: Audio recordings of 80 clinical visits were inductively coded by 2 independent researchers using grounded theory methodology where codes were categorized, and themes emerged. Thematic findings were discussed until consensus was reached. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis of audio recordings of 80 visits with AA adults (82% female; mean age 45). Personal misconceptions include erroneous beliefs about ICS purpose and suspicions about PCPs motivation for prescribing ICS. Management confusion reflects misunderstandings about ICS need, dosing frequency, and inability to differentiate between ICS and rescue inhalers. The theme external influence captures concerns raised by direct-to-consumer advertising and prescription access barriers. Conclusions: Reasons for ICS non-adherence disclosed by AA adults with uncontrolled asthma offer potential targets for interventions that facilitate enhanced adherence. Presenting with uncontrolled asthma should prompt PCPs to assess patient beliefs, knowledge and ICS adherence. While patient education is necessary it likely will not be enough to address erroneous beliefs and suspicions which may require patient-centered strategies such as shared decision-making and patient engagement.
Small herbaria contribute unique biogeographic records to county, locality, and temporal scales.

PREMISE With digitization and data sharing initiatives underway over the last 15 years, an important need has been prioritizing specimens to digitize. Because duplicate specimens are shared among herbaria in exchange and gift programs, we investigated the extent to which unique biogeographic data are held in small herbaria vs. these data being redundant with those held by larger institutions. We evaluated the unique specimen contributions that small herbaria make to biogeographic understanding at county, locality, and temporal scales. METHODS We sampled herbarium specimens of 40 plant taxa from each of eight states of the United States of America in four broad status categories: extremely rare, very rare, common native, and introduced. We gathered geographic information from specimens held by large (≥100,000 specimens) and small (<100,000 specimens) herbaria. We built generalized linear mixed models to assess which features of the collections may best predict unique contributions of herbaria and used an Akaike information criterion-based information-theoretic approach for our model selection to choose the best model for each scale. RESULTS Small herbaria contributed unique specimens at all scales in proportion with their contribution of specimens to our data set. The best models for all scales were the full models that included the factors of species status and herbarium size when accounting for state as a random variable. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that small herbaria contribute unique information for research. It is clear that unique contributions cannot be predicted based on herbarium size alone. We must prioritize digitization and data sharing from herbaria of all sizes.
Governance inseparability and the evolution of US biotechnology industry

Abstract This paper explores mechanisms through which a party’s choice of governance mode for a focal transaction is constrained by the governance choices it made for other, prior transactions. We argue that this condition of “governance inseparability” plays an important role in determining the differential organizational costs incurred by various firms when undertaking the same new activity, and is therefore important for theories aimed at predicting what kinds of firms will undertake such an activity. We develop these arguments by showing how governance inseparability conditions help explain the persistent fragmentation of the US biotechnology industry.
Provenance and genetic diversity of the non-native geckos Phelsuma grandis Gray 1870 and Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758) in southern Florida, USA

Accurately characterizing the provenance and genetic diversity of non-native populations aids the management of biotic invasions because population-level genetic diversity is potentially correlated with invasive success. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA of non-native Phelsuma grandis Gray 1870 (Cyt-b, 610 bp) and Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758) (ND2, 751 bp) specimens collected from southern Florida, and compared these sequences to those of georeferenced native-range conspecifics. Multiple mtDNA clades were identified in southern Florida populations of both species. In the case of G. gecko these were traceable to geographically distinct native-range locales, confirming that southern Florida’s population ultimately derives from multiple native-range regions. The majority of the P. grandis sequenced were closely allied with a specimen from the far north of Madagascar, while a minority clustered in a well-supported clade with P. grandis derived from northeastern Madagascar. Sympatry of individuals belonging to multiple mtDNA clades was confirmed for both species, and uncorrected pairwise distances as high as 11.41% were detected in sympatric G. gecko, highlighting the potential for interpopulation—and perhaps even interspecific—diversity to be transformed into intrapopulation diversity during invasion events. Our findings provide further evidence that introduced squamate populations are frequently highly heterogeneous and derived from multiple, distinct native-range lineages.
Impact of ABO and Rhesus blood groups on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A case-control study.

Early evidence from China suggested that blood groups may be involved in susceptibility to COVID-19. Several subsequent studies reported controversial results. We conducted a retrospective matched case-control study that aims to investigate the association between blood groups and the risk and/or severity of COVID-19. We compared the blood groups distribution of 474 patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 between March 2020 and March 2021, to that of a positive control group of outpatients infected with COVID-19 and matched them for sex and age, as well as to the distribution in the general population. Three hundred and eighteen HC+ pairs with available blood group information were matched. The proportion of group A Rh+ in hospitalized patients (HC+) was 39.9% (CI 35.2%-44.7%), compared to 44.8% (CI 39.8%-49.9%) and 32.3% in the positive outpatient controls (C+) and the general population (C-), respectively. Both COVID-19-positive groups (HC+ and C+) had significantly higher proportions of group A Rh+ compared to the general population (p = 0.0019 and p < 0.001, respectively), indicating that group A Rh+ increases susceptibility to COVID-19. Although blood group A Rh+ was more frequent in the outpatients C+ compared to the hospitalized group HC+, the association did not reach statistical significance, indicating that blood group A Rh+ is not associated with severity. There was no significant relationship between COVID-19 and other blood groups. Our findings indicate that blood group A Rh+ increases the susceptibility for COVID-19 but is not associated with higher disease severity.
Seamless visual guidance of virtual and real trips

This work creates a complete view index of an area for seamless visual guidance in the cyber world. The goal is to generate continuous route views that direct people to their destination. In addition to a route map, continuous scenes will be displayed to effectively guide virtual and real trips. We employ compact and seamless image media such as route panoramas and panoramic views in the scene registration. A uniformed framework of space indexing is developed to visualize information in various spaces. View-to-space indexes allow in-depth transitions from a global space to local spaces, and transitions between adjacent spaces. The information of the same format can be displayed on different platforms such as WWW and wireless PDA. An urban area has been modeled to implement the proposed scheme of view indexing.
A fundamental decomposition theory for phylogenetic networks and incompatible characters

Phylogenetic networks are models of evolution that go beyond trees, allowing biological operations that are not consistent with tree-like evolution. One of the most important of these biological operations is recombination between two sequences (homologous chromosomes). The algorithmic problem of reconstructing a history of recombinations, or determining the minimum number of recombinations needed, has been studied in a number of papers [10, 11, 12, 23, 24, 25, 16, 13, 14, 6, 9, 8, 18, 19, 15, 1]. In [9, 6, 10, 8, 1] we introduced and used “conflict graphs” and “incompatibility graphs” to compute lower bounds on the minimum number of recombinations needed, and to efficiently solve constrained cases of the minimization problem. In those results, the non-trivial connected components of the graphs were the key features that were used. In this paper we more fully develop the structural importance of non-trivial connected components of the incompatibility graph, to establish a fundamental decomposition theorem about phylogenetic networks. The result applies to phylogenetic networks where cycles reflect biological phenomena other than recombination, such as recurrent mutation and lateral gene transfer. The proof leads to an efficient O(nm2) time algorithm to find the underlying maximal tree structure defined by the decomposition, for any set of n sequences of length m each. An implementation of that algorithm is available. We also report on progress towards resolving the major open problem in this area.
Neurofilament phosphorylation in development: a sign of axonal maturation?

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies to the 200K neurofilament (NF) protein selectively decorated axons in tissue sections. Dilution of the antibodies in phosphate buffer and digestion with phosphatase abolished the stain. With conventional monoclonal and polyclonal NF antibodies, i.e. antibodies decorating NF regardless of their location (axons, perikarya and dendrites), the staining was not affected by this treatment. With all antibodies, axonspecific and conventional, the staining was abolished by trypsin digestion. Subsequent digestion with phosphatase did not restore the staining. Compared with conventional NF antibodies, staining with axon-specific anti-NF 200K was a late phenomenon in chick embryo development. NF 200K immunoreactivity was first observed in peripheral nerves and in the anterior columns of the spinal cord on day 10. Sensory ganglia and optic nerve fibers were negative. With conventional NF antibodies these structures were stained on days 4 and 5, respectively. In the following days of development the study was confined to the retina, optic nerves, cranial peripheral nerves and sensory ganglia. Up to day 16, bundles of thin peripheral nerve fibers, strongly decorated by conventional NF antibodies, did not stain with anti-NF 200K in double labelling experiments. Nerve bundles emerging from the ganglia were also negative, although some thick nerve fibers within the ganglia were stained. NF 200K immunoreactivity was first observed on day 17 in the optic nerve and in the layer of optic nerve fibers. At this time, staining was confined to the bundle emerging from the temporal side of the retina. In newborn chicken, only few fibers stained with anti-NF 200K in the nasal bundle, while the temporal bundle was well stained. It is suggested that the NF 200K antibodies reacted with a phosphorylated epitope in the axon, and that NF phosphorylation is a late event in ontogenesis probably related to axonal maturation.
Racial Differences in Location Before Hospice Enrollment and Association with Hospice Length of Stay

African Americans are less likely than Whites to enroll in hospice. In addition, patients are often referred to hospice very close to death, when they may not have time to take advantage of the full range of hospice services. Understanding how race and location before hospice enrollment are related to hospice length of stay (LOS) may inform the development of interventions to increase timely access to hospice care. Using data from a national hospice provider, African Americans and Whites admitted to routine home hospice care in a private residence between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, were identified. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between race and hospice preadmission location (hospital vs other locations) and preadmission location and hospice LOS (≤7 days vs >7 days) after adjusting for demographic and hospice use variables. Of 43,869 enrollees, 15.3% were African American. One to 2 days before hospice enrollment, African Americans were more likely than Whites to be in the hospital than in all other locations (48.6% vs 32.3%, P<.001; adjusted odds ratio=1.83, 95% confidence interval=1.73-1.95). Regardless of race, those whose preadmission location was the hospital were more likely than those from other locations to die 7 days or less after hospice enrollment. Initiatives to improve end-of-life care should focus on increasing timely access to hospice referrals in settings outside of the hospital. Future research should examine whether racial differences in hospice preadmission location reflect differences in preferences for care or disparities in timely access to hospice referrals in non-acute care settings.
Effect of “standing” on spasticity, contracture, and osteoporosis in paralyzed males

The effect of "standing" in a frame on spasticity (clinical assessment and H-reflex), contracture (lower extremity joint range of motion), and osteoporosis (dual photon absorptiometry) was studied in six paralyzed males (mean age 49 yr) who had been confined to wheelchairs for an average of 19 years. Standing time averaged 144 hours over a mean of 135 days. Clinical Assessment measured reflexes, tone, and clonus in the legs. Results revealed no important differences between initial and final scores for clinical assessment and joint range of motion. In three subjects for whom H-reflexes were found, latency and amplitude were not altered by "standing." Bone density was normal in the lumbar spine but significantly reduced in the femoral neck. "Standing" did not modify the bone density in any site. A follow-up interview revealed that 67% of subjects continued to "stand" and felt healthier because of it. In summary, "standing" had no ill effects, did not alter measured variables, and had a positive psychological impact.
Bactericidal Antibody Response in the Pacific Hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii

The hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, has been shown to synthesize bactericidal antibodies after injections of gram-negative organisms. These bactericidins could be detected as early as 2 days after the primary injection. Secondary responses were accelerated, although titers were not significantly higher than those reached in the primary response. The bactericidins of hagfish were found to react with other gramnegative enteric bacteria, but not with gram-positive strains. The bactericidins show a lesser degree of specificity and a shorter induction period than other hagfish antibodies or most antibodies induced in higher vertebrates. The bactericidal activity was temperature dependent and could be irreversibly destroyed by heating at 50 C for 20 min. Immune sera were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and bactericidal activity was found to be associated with the excluded peak indicating a high-molecular-weight component. Evidence indicates that inducible immune responses of this bactericidal type represent a primitive capacity which arose before the emergence of vertebrate species.
CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIONS TO GAMMA HYDROXYBUTYRATE IN MAN

Eight volunteer subjects were put to sleep with 65 mg. /kg. of gamma hydroxybutyrate. Respiratory function and cardiac output were determined. Cardiac output diminished, related to a reduction of either cardiac rate or stroke volume or both, and increased again to control levels on administration of atropine. Spontaneous respiration was well maintained. Once the subject had recovered, he rapidly became alert without residual depression. Several serum enzyme activities, blood glucose, and blood urea nitrogen values remained at control levels throughout the anaesthetic period.
Mechanism of Benzoquinone-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions

This communication describes mechanistic studies of the Pd-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of benzo[h]quinoline with simple arenes. Through a series of experiments, including determination of the order of the reaction in various reagents, H/D exchange studies, kinetic isotope effect investigations, and the evaluation of electronic effects, we propose a detailed mechanism for these reactions. Importantly, this mechanism explains the key role of benzoquinone in these transformations; in addition, it provides insights that allow the rational tuning of reaction conditions to control the chemoselectivity of Ar−Ar′ coupling.
Ibn Khaldun's Perception of Sufis and Sufism: The Discipline of Tasawwuf in Umran

The purpose of this study is to analyse, against the backdrop of historical, social and political philosophy, Ibn Khaldun's perception of tasawwuf, a discipline he enumerates among the sharia sciences to emerge in umran, and notwithstanding his commending of the first phases of the incipience of tasawwuf rooted in ascetic ethics, his general criticisms of the Sufi thought of muhaqqiqs, i.e., investigative post-Ghazzalian Sufis, lead by Ibn al-Arabi. The analysis will seek to accentuate two determining problems of Ibn Khaldun's connected outlook: first, the identity of the religious-political authority; and second, how tasawwuf ought to be in umran. Historical experience illustrates, Ibn Khaldun holds, that the attempts of saints in seizing religious-worldly authority have been futile, as attested by the upheavals of Ibn al-Qasi and other Sufis, a failure which accordingly is occasioned by their deprivation of the support of tribalism, more precisely, their inefficiency in garnering social agreement on their ideas. Proceeding from this sociohistorical perspective, Ibn Khaldun has urged tasawwuf to abide by interpreting the spiritual states of pre-Ghazzalian Sufis, at the detriment of ruing the notion of tasawwuf espoused by muhaqqiq Sufis.
Scavenging of the cofactor lipoate is essential for the survival of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Lipoate is an essential cofactor for key enzymes of oxidative metabolism. Plasmodium falciparum possesses genes for lipoate biosynthesis and scavenging, but it is not known if these pathways are functional, nor what their relative contribution to the survival of intraerythrocytic parasites might be. We detected in parasite extracts four lipoylated proteins, one of which cross-reacted with antibodies against the E2 subunit of apicoplast-localized pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Two highly divergent parasite lipoate ligase A homologues (LplA), LipL1 (previously identified as LplA) and LipL2, restored lipoate scavenging in lipoylation-deficient bacteria, indicating that Plasmodium has functional lipoate-scavenging enzymes. Accordingly, intraerythrocytic parasites scavenged radiolabelled lipoate and incorporated it into three proteins likely to be mitochondrial. Scavenged lipoate was not attached to the PDH E2 subunit, implying that lipoate scavenging drives mitochondrial lipoylation, while apicoplast lipoylation relies on biosynthesis. The lipoate analogue 8-bromo-octanoate inhibited LipL1 activity and arrested P. falciparum in vitro growth, decreasing the incorporation of radiolabelled lipoate into parasite proteins. Furthermore, growth inhibition was prevented by lipoate addition in the medium. These results are consistent with 8-bromo-octanoate specifically interfering with lipoate scavenging. Our study suggests that lipoate metabolic pathways are not redundant, and that lipoate scavenging is critical for Plasmodium intraerythrocytic survival.