cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Colors of Mixtures of Dental Opaque Porcelains

The colors of mixtures of dental opaque porcelains and modifiers were measured with use of the CIE L*a * b* uniform color space. Mixtures of dental porcelains were tested to duplicate the range of human tooth colors. Vertical movements in the yellow and blue directions were obtained. Horizontal movements in the red and green directions were achieved. Reflectance measurements were made with use of a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Spectrophotometer measurements were converted to absolute reflectance and then used to calculate CIE a* b* values for a 2° standard observer and for illuminant C. Movements in the yellow, red, blue, and green directions for adequate simulation of the tooth color range can be demonstrated with use of dental opaque and modifier porcelains.
Phenomenology without conscious access is a form of consciousness without top-down attention

We agree with Block's basic hypothesis postulating the existence of phenomenal consciousness without cognitive access. We explain such states in terms of consciousness without top-down, endogenous attention and speculate that their correlates may be a coalition of neurons that are consigned to the back of cortex, without access to working memory and planning in frontal cortex.
Comparative serotonin neurotoxicity of the stereoisomers of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine.

Abstract The optical isomers of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine were administered to rats to examine their relative potency for destruction of serotonin neurons. Rats were sacrificed one week following a single 10 mg/kg SC injection of one of the four compounds and monoamine and metabolite levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus brain regions were examined by HPLC-EC techniques. In addition, [ 3 H]-paroxetine binding to homogenates of these brain regions was determined. With the exception of hippocampal 5-HT levels following d -fenfluramine treatment, there was a decrease in all the serotonergic markers assayed, following treatment with the d -enantiomers of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine. No decrease in any serotonergic marker was seen at this dose following treatment with the l -enantiomers of fenfluramine or norfenfluramine. Also, none of the drug treatments resulted in a significant decrease in catecholamines or their metabolites. With all the serotonergic markers examined, d -norfenfluramine was found to cause a significantly greater decrease than d -fenfluramine. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the hypothesis that the long-term serotonergic deficits observed with d -fenfluramine may result from its metabolite, d -norsenfluramine.
Optimization of the Solvent-Free Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fructose-Oleic Acid Ester Through Programming of Water Removal

Fructose oleate, an environmentally-friendly biobased surfactant, was prepared using solvent-free suspensions of saccharide in a mixture of acyl donor and monoester (the latter present at ≥5 wt% initially) continuously recirculated through a closed-loop packed bed bioreactor (PBBR)-based system at 53 °C, with the PBBR containing immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme®IM, Novozymes, Franklinton, NC, USA). To replenish the acyl acceptor consumed during the time course of reaction, the medium was isolated, fructose added, and a suspension formed by rigorous stirring at 80 °C for 6 h followed by centrifugation to remove larger particles, with the placement of the acyl acceptor replenishment treatments during the time course of reaction were optimized. Water removal via free evaporation was augmented during the latter portion of the time course (using a molecular sieve packed column, N2 bubbling, vacuum pressure, or a combination of the latter two), with an optimal performance achieved when initiating N2 + vacuum ( $$ 2. 1 6\,{\text{mg}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} \,{\text{h}}^{{^{ - 1} }} $$ removal rate) upon reaching 60% ester, to maintain the liquid-phase water content near 0.40 wt%. When employing the above-mentioned conditions, 92.6 wt% fructose oleate was produced within 132 h, yielding a productivity of $$ 0. 2 9 7\,{\text{mmol}}_{\text{Ester}} \,{\text{h}}^{ - 1} \, {\text{g}}_{\text{lipase}}^{ - 1} $$ .
Promoting Persistence and Success of Underrepresented Students: Lessons for Teaching and Learning.

This chapter explores the relationships between indicators of student success such as persistence and student engagement in effective educational practices focusing on historically underrepresented populations.
Der Einfluß von Insulin auf die Phosphorsäure des Blutes und des Urins

Wie an Hunden und Menschen festgestellt wurde, erniedrigt Insulin den Phosphorsaurespiegel des Blutes.
Remanent magnetism of sediment governs magnetofossil alignment

Most bacteria navigate by reacting to different chemical signals in their surroundings, but some bacteria have another navigational tool in their arsenal—the Earth's magnetic field. Nestled inside these magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are organelles called magnetosomes, filled with tiny magnetic crystals and arranged in chains, which form nano-sized compass needles. When MTB die and degrade, these tiny crystals can remain in sediment and eventually become magnetic fossils called magnetofossils.
The Internal Transfer of Income from exporters to importers witin a foreign exchange control regime: an Indian case

Investigation of foreign exchange control generally focuses on the black market in currencies and the resultant welfare loss to the country under exchange control. But very little attempt has been made to formulate the internal income transfer from foreign exchange earners who choose not to resort to black market, to importers who receive the foreign exchange at less than free market rate. This paper quantifies such measures of income transfer as importer's cost savings, exporter's income transfer, and the transaction cost loss of the market. A case study is developed using the 1951–74 export figures of the state of Kerala in India, showing that the exchange-earning pure or net exporter pays a hidden subsidy to the exchange-consuming importer; and by extension, an exchange-earning agricultural region of a less developed country subsidizes the import-consuming industrial sector of that country.
Vicarious liability for infringement

Each of these technological advances has challenged copyright law. We focus on litigation when millions of users downloaded the programs from the Internet and proceeded to use them to facilitate widespread file swapping of copyright-protected songs. Such peer-to-peer (P2P) file-swapping has now become a cause celebre for owners of copyright-protected music, and to support legislation to suppress the new P2P technology. The problem of this demand for the imposition of vicarious or indirect liability is by no means unique to copyright infringement. It is just one instance of the old and general legal problem of how to decide whether one person is justly accountable for the wrongs that another person commits or the so-called accidents that harm another.
Testing Winmine Analysis with ATC Operational Error Causal Factors Data

When less than applicable separation minima occur between two or more aircraft or between an aircraft and an obstacle, an operational error (OE) is reported and relevant information is recorded. Most analyses of these data have been descriptive. Five reported categories of OE causal factors (Data Posting, Radar Display, Communications Error, Coordination, and Position Relief Briefing) from 5,487 en route OEs reported between CY2000-2003 were analyzed using WinMine, a tool for probabilistic analysis. Communications Error was reported in 34.5% of the cases and a Radar Display factor in 65.2% of the cases. A dependency network model was constructed to show the direction and magnitude of probability between the five factors. Radar Display and Communications Error were the most strongly linked factors in this sample, suggesting that the relationship between these two factors deserves further examination. This analytic method demonstrates that probabilistic analysis of OE data may help to better understand complex relationships between factors. Language: en
The role of Src kinase in insulin-like growth factor-dependent mitogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Activation of the MAPK pathway mediates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-dependent proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Our previous studies have shown that IGF-I-induced Shc phosphorylation is necessary for sustained activation of MAPK and increased cell proliferation of SMCs, and both Shc and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 must be recruited to the membrane protein SHPS-1 in order for Shc to be phosphorylated. These studies were undertaken to determine whether Src kinase activity is required to phosphorylate Shc in response to IGF-I in SMC and because SHP-2 binds to Src whether their interaction was also required for IGF-I-stimulated mitogenesis. Our results show that IGF-I induces activation of Src kinase and that is required for Shc phosphorylation and for optimal MAPK activation. We tested whether Shc is a substrate of c-Src in SMC by disrupting Src/Shc association using a peptide containing a YXXL (Tyr328) motif sequence derived from Src. The peptide blocked the binding of Src and Shc in vitro and in vivo. Cells expressing a mutant Src (Src-FF) that had Tyr328/Tyr358 substituted with phenylalanines (Src-FF) showed defective Src/Shc binding, impaired IGF-I-dependent Shc phorylation, and impaired mitogenesis. This supports the conclusion that Src phosphorylates Shc. IGF-I induced both Src/SHP-2 and Src/SHPS-1 association. SMCs expressing an SHP-2 mutant that had the polyproline-rich region of SH2 deleted (SHP-2Δ10) had disrupted SHP-2/Src association, impaired IGF-I-dependent Shc phosphorylation, and an attenuated mitogenic response. IGF-I-induced association of Src and SHPS-1 was also impaired in SHP-2Δ10-expressing cells, although SHP-2/SHPS-1 association was unaffected. Upon IGF-I stimulation, a complex assembles on SHPS-1 that contains SHP-2, c-Src, and Shc wherein Src phosphorylates Shc, a signaling step that is necessary for an optimal mitogenic response.
Redundancy management technique for space shuttle computers

This paper describes how a set of off-the-shelf general purpose digital computers is being managed in a redundant avionic configuration while performing flight-critical functions for the Space Shuttle. The description covers the architecture of the redundant computer set, associated redundancy design requirements, and the technique used to detect a failed computer and to identify this failure on-board to the crew. Significant redundancy management requirements consist of imposing a total failure coverage on all flight-critical functions, when more than two redundant computers are operating in flight, and a maximum failure coverage for limited storage and processing time, when only two are operating. The basic design technique consists of using dedicated redundancy management hardware and software to allow each computer to judge the "health" of the others by comparing computer outputs and to "vote" on the judgments. In formulating the design, hardware simplicity, operational flexibility, and minimum computer resource utilization were used as criteria.
The oxygen environment of the arterial media in early rabbit hypertension

Abstract Hypertensive stimulin in experimental animals appear to cause early arterial wall hypermetabolism before hypertension is established and before histomorphic changes are marked. Hypermetabolism and the large diffusion distances for oxygen characteristic of large arteries imply that mural hypoxia could occur early in the disease but this has not been studied. Therefore, we measured aortic wall tissue oxygen distributions in male New Zealand White rabbits 2 weeks (1) after production of upper body hypertension by coarctation of the abdominal aorta, (2) after sham operation, and (3) in normal controls. As compared to normal and sham operated animals, blood pressure in the coarctation animals was significantly elevated from control levels, and the oxygen partial pressures were significantly reduced throughout the media. However, the hypoxic mural oxygen tensions in this relatively thin wall were not low enough to terminate classical respiration. At the time of measurement, moderate microscopic pathology was already present, including increased connective tissue production. The accompanying histomorphic changes are compatible with reports of extrarespiratory oxygen sensitivity of connective tissue metabolism.
FMRFamide inhibition of a molluscan heart is accompanied by increases in cyclic AMP

Abstract The molluscan neuropeptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) inhibits the beat of isolated ventricles of the freshwater clam Lampsilis claibornensis . The decline in frequency and diastolic tone precedes the dose- and time-dependent increase in cAMP also produced by the peptide. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (theophylline, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) and cAMP analogs also inhibit Lampsilis hearts, but only at high doses (10−5–10−3M). Again, the inhibition by theophylline is accompanied by a rise in cAMP. Nevertheless, the delayed increase in cAMP levels following FMRFamide treatment may suggest that cAMP is not mediating the onset of FMRFamide cardioinhibition.
Olympian ghosts: apprehensions and apparitions of the Beijing spectacle.

Choosing not to follow the more popular approach of addressing the Beijing Olympics by critical attention to the political, economic, historical or even ideological meaning of the Olympics to China, this article situates the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the fragmentary everyday life of contemporary Chinese people. The grand spectacle of the Olympics is dissolved into the rumours and stories which reveal the deep sense of fear, anxiety, ungroundedness, uncontrollability and anxiety that is rooted in the heart of a Chinese life. Ostensibly trivial rumours and stories, mutually affecting and reinforcing one another, are juxtaposed with materialized forms of the pursuit of safety (Olympic lanes, subway security checks, limits placed on the access to Beijing etc.), the felt outcome of which has come to be reacted to on a spectrum ranging from ‘the grand 2008 Beijing Olympics’ or ‘Ao ni ma de yun’. This constellation of rumours and creative apprehension in the commonplace reactions of ordinary people to the Beijing...
1982 Grads: Fewer jobs, higher wages

Findings in the most recent salary survey (March 1982) of the College Placement Council indicate a confused picture of employment possibilities for this June's college graduates. The current economic slump has resulted in the postponement of hiring decisions by some employers, but the job market in the geosciences remains strong. Of the 18 fields surveyed, petroleum engineering graduates had the highest average starting salary offers: $30,432 annually. ‘The physical and earth sciences’ group led the scientific disciplines with average offers of $23,940 annually at the bachelor's degree level. At the master's degree level, graduates in geology and related geological sciences received an average offer of $28,836 annually. These salaries represent 8%–14% increases over the March 1981 salary offers.
RNAi of Mitotic Cyclins in Drosophila Uncouples the Nuclear and Centrosome Cycle

Summary Background Successful cell duplication requires orderly progression through a succession of dramatic cell-cycle events. Disruption of this precise coupling can compromise genomic integrity. The coordination of cell-cycle events is thought to arise from control by a single master regulator, cyclin:Cdk, whose activity oscillates. However, we still know very little of how individual cell-cycle events are coupled to this oscillator and how the timing of each event is controlled. Results We developed an approach with RNA interference (RNAi) and real-time imaging to study cyclin contributions to the rapid syncytial divisions of Drosophila embryos. Simultaneous knockdown of all three mitotic cyclins blocked nuclei from entering mitosis. Despite nuclear arrest, centrosomes and associated myosin cages continued to divide until the midblastula transition. Centrosome division was synchronous throughout the embryo and the period of the uncoupled duplication cycle increased over successive divisions. In contrast to its normal actions, injection of a competitive inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) after knockdown of the mitotic cyclins did not interfere with the centrosome-duplication cycles. Finally, we examined how cyclin knockdown affects the onset of cellularization at the midblastula transition and found that nuclear cell-cycle arrest did not advance or delay onset of cellularization. Conclusions We show that knockdown of mitotic cyclins allows centrosomes to duplicate in a cycle that is uncoupled from other cell-cycle events. We suggest that high mitotic cyclin normally ensures that the centrosome cycle remains entrained to the nuclear cycle.
Vision-based tracking of a dynamic target with application to multi-axis position control

Two sub-pixel resolution approaches to measure in-plane displacements and in-plane rotation of a known target, through image processing, are described in this research. A dynamic known target is displayed on a pixel grid, which is attached to one end of the kinematic chain of an XY? Z stage; the latter represents the experimental testbed. At the other end of the kinematic chain, a digital monochrome camera is fixed to the bottom of the stage and provides 3D position information used as the feedback signal to the vision-based control system in charge of the tool's motion. The illuminated pixels on the display are captured in real time by the digital camera, and the stage motion control system attempts to keep the displayed image in the proper location with respect to the camera image plane. The result is a direct sensing multi-DOF position feedback system. The proposed camera-pixel grid sensing setup eliminates the reliance on the kinematic model and also avoids the need for traditional error compensation techniques, along with their associated cost and complexity. Positioning resolutions on the order of 1/100th of the pixel size on the display are achieved.
The uses of coherent structure (Dryden Lecture)

The concept of coherent structure in turbulent flow is a revolutionary idea which is being developed by evolutionary means. The main objective of this review is to list some solid achievements, showing what can be done by using the concept of coherent structure that cannot be done without it. The nature of structure is described in terms of some related concepts, including celerity, topology, and the phenomenon of coalescence and splitting of structure. The main emphasis is on the mixing layer, as the one flow whose structure is well enough understood so that technical applications are now being made in problems of mixing and chemistry. An attempt is made to identify some conceptual and experimental obstacles that stand in the way of progress in other technically important flows, particularly the turbulent boundary layer. A few comments are included about the role of structure in numerical simulations and in current work on manipulation and control of turbulent flow. Some recent developments are cited which suggest that the time is nearly right for corresponding advances to occur in turbulence modeling.
Entertainment (Mis)Education: The Framing of Organ Donation in Entertainment Television

Researchers and practitioners who have sought to understand public reluctance to donating organs in spite of favorable attitudes toward organ donation have long thought that belief in myths about donation contribute to the problem. How these myths emerged and more important, why they have persisted in spite of national education campaigns is not clear. In the absence of direct personal experience with organ donation or transplantation, we believe that most people receive their information about donation through the media. In this study, we identify all entertainment television shows with organ donation storylines or subplots broadcast on ABC, NBC, CBS, and FOX from 2004–2005. Frame analysis reveals 2 competing metaframes: the moral corruption of the powerful and organ donors are good people. In addition to the metaframes, 4 secondary frames, and 6 tertiary frames are identified. Organ donation is framed in mostly negative terms, with a few notable exceptions. Recommendations for how to address negative fr...
Well-woman care among Obstetrician-Gynecologists: opportunity for preconception care

Objective: To describe the practices of obstetrician-gynecologists who provide routine gynecological care and assess the relative importance of well-woman care to their training and practices. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, of whom 600 participated in the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network. Results: The response rate was 57%. Of these, 403 respondents providing routine obstetric and gynecologic care (OB&Gyn) are included. Obstetricians-gynecologists spend the majority of their time on labor/delivery (22%) followed by well-woman care (14%). It was found that 26% of the respondents rarely or never discuss sexual abuse or domestic violence with non-pregnant patients and only 19% always discuss folic acid with non-pregnant patients during well-woman care. Most (71%) say that 50% or more of their pregnant patients initially contact them once they are pregnant. Respondents rated their training in well-woman care least strong...
Paraoxon deethylation in the metabolism of parathion

Abstract Monoethyl paraoxon has been shown to be a major in vivo urinary metabolite of parathion with several rat strains. The metabolite was identified by radiometric, chromatographic, and infrared analyses. Rats given monoethyl paraoxon excreted only a portion of the dose whereas practically all diethyl phosphoric acid was recovered in the urine. Degradation of O,O -diethyl phosphate triesters by O -dealkylation may be more prevalent than previously believed.
Poly(ethylene oxide)/Silica Nanocomposites: Structure and Rheology

The effects of polymer−particle and particle−particle interactions on viscoelastic properties of nanocomposite materials are investigated using narrow molecular weight distribution poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing isotropic silica nanospheres. Nanocomposites are prepared using a “freeze-drying” method to guarantee homogeneous dispersion of silica. The dispersion state of silica nanospheres is characterized by atomic force microscopy phase contrast imaging, and mechanical rheometry is used to study relaxation dynamics and viscoelastic properties of these materials in the melt state. Linear viscoelastic data indicate a transition to a solidlike response at low oscillation frequencies for particle volume fractions φ as low as 2%, dramatically lower than the theoretical percolation threshold (φ ∼ 30%). Nanoparticle volume fraction, surface chemistry, and PEO molecular weight are all found to strongly influence nanocomposite structure and dynamics. A filler networking mechanism, wherein nanosized silica p...
Type 1 human poliovirus binds to human synaptosomes

Poliovirus is a neurotropic virus that selectively infects human motoneurons in vivo. The basis for the specificity of this infection is not fully understood. It has been suggested that this tropism occurs because motoneurons are the only neurons to express poliovirus receptors. We have examined this hypothesis by measuring the binding of 125I-labeled poliovirus type 1 to neural tissues. With this assay we have detected highly specific binding sites in human but not rodent neural tissue. Regional assays of binding in human central nervous system homogenates demonstrate that binding sites are not confined to motoneurons. Rather, they are widely distributed throughout the human neuraxis. Particularly in the forebrain, binding is more abundant in gray than white matter. For this reason, we performed tissue fractionation studies which indicate that poliovirus binding sites are enriched in synaptosomes, the subfraction of central nervous system gray matter tissue rich in synaptic endings. The preferential expression of poliovirus binding sites in synaptic endings may be an important factor in the motor tropism of this virus, inasmuch as the major category of neurons with synaptic endings outside the central nervous system are motoneurons; thus, particles of virus may preferentially bind to this cell type during poliovirus viremia.
Unequal synthesis of globin chains after extended incubation of rabbit reticulocytes with L-O-methylthreonine.

Abstract Rabbit reticulocytes were incubated in vitro as long as 20 hr with l - O -methyl threonine, the OMT was removed, and the capacity of the cells to synthesize α- and β-globin chains was determined. After 20 hr incubation in vitro , OMT-treated cells can make β chains about twice as well as cells incubated for 20 hr without OMT. However, the capacity of OMT-treated cells to synthesize α chains was only about 60% that of cells incubated without OMT for 20 hr. These results suggest that the capacity of reticulocytes to produce a specific globin chain after an in vitro incubation correlates positively with the number of ribosomes associated with the specific messenger RNA for that chain during the incubation.
Cooperative Mission Execution and Planning

Utilizing multiple cooperating autonomous vehicles to perform tasks enhances robustness and efficiency over the use of a single vehicle. Furthermore, because autonomous vehicles can be controlled precisely and their status known accurately in real time, new types of cooperative behaviors are possible. This paper presents a working system called MEPS that plans and executes missions for multiple autonomous vehicles in large structured environments. Two generic spatial tasks are supported, to sweep an area and to visit a location while activating on-board equipment. Tasks can be entered both initially by the user and dynamically during mission execution by both users and vehicles. Sensor data and task achievement data is shared among the vehicles enabling them to cooperatively adapt to changing environmental, vehicle and tasks conditions. The system has been successfully applied to control ATV and micro-robotic vehicles in precision agriculture and waste-site characterization environments.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Virus-specific CD8 + T-cell memory determined by clonal burst size

Although some viruses, particularly the herpes viruses, may never be eliminated from the body, others like influenza A, regularly reinfect humans and boost waning crossreactive CD8+ T-cell immunity. Prolonged T-cell memory is found for viruses that are unlikely to be re-encountered and which do not persist in the host genome, indicating that CD8+ T-cell memory might be independent of continued (or sporadic) antigenic exposure. A feature of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell memory is that antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) are greatly increased and remain high throughout life. The idea that persistence of the inducing antigen is essential is based on experiments in which adoptively transferred CD8+ memory T cells could not be detected for more than a few weeks in naive recipient mice without secondary challenge. Here we show that restimulation of such chimaeric mice with an inducing Sendai virus antigen increases the clonal burst size more than 7-fold within 8 days, making memory CTLp easier to detect in the longer term. We find that Sendai-virus-specific CTLp are maintained for > 250 days in irradiated uninfected recipients, including reconstituted beta 2-microglobulin-/- mice. To determine whether a source of viral peptide can persist after primary infection, we gave Sendai-virus-specific Thy1.1+ memory spleen cells to naive mice that had been minimally depleted of Thy1.2+ T cells, or to comparable recipients that had recovered from infection with Sendai virus or influenza virus. Although antibody against Sendai virus was never found in the naive recipients, Sendai-virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells were maintained equally well in each case for > 100 days after cell transfer. We find no evidence for persisting depots of viral protein that might feed into the endogenous processing pathway and maintain virus-specific CD8+ T-cell memory.
A sufficient condition for backtrack-bounded search

Backtrack search is often used to solve constraint satisfaction problems. A relationship involving the structure of the constraints is described that provides a bound on the backtracking required to advance deeper into the backtrack tree. This analysis leads to upper bounds on the effort required for solution of a class of constraint satisfaction problems. The solutions involve a combination of relaxation preprocessing and backtrack search. The bounds are expressed in terms of the structure of the constraint connections. Specifically, the effort is shown to have a bound exponential in the size of the largest biconnected component of the constraint graph, as opposed to the size of the graph as a whole.
Sample extensiveness in qualitative nutrition education research.

Abstract Objective Extensiveness represents the amount of information gathered in qualitative research. This study examined sample extensiveness in qualitative nutrition education research. Design Retrospective analysis was performed on articles published in the Journal of Nutrition Education (JNE) from 1969 to 1999 (Volumes 1 to 31). Subjects Content analysis was used to code articles and the studies they reported as units of analysis. Outcome Measures Articles were coded to determine whether they included one or more studies using qualitative research and, if so, the types of qualitative studies performed, the sample extensiveness of each study, and mention of sample extensiveness limitations in the article. Statistical Analyses The statistics used were univariate (counts, percentages, means, medians, modes, ranges) and bivariate (chi-square, correlations). Results Of the published JNE articles, 71 (8%) used qualitative methods, and most (85%) qualitative articles were published in the 1990s. Some (19%) of these articles reported using multiple qualitative methods. The 30 studies using individual interviews interviewed an average of 45 people (range 15–155). The 38 studies using group interviews averaged 15 groups (range 1–180) and 141 people (range 9–900). Ten studies used observation/fieldwork, and eight used other types of qualitative research, mixed with patterns of sample extensiveness in those studies. Few articles made specific statements about limitations based on sample extensiveness. Implications Sample extensiveness in qualitative research in JNE varied considerably. Future qualitative research would benefit from more explicit attention to sample extensiveness.
Running Habits of Competitive Runners During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Background:Running is a popular sport that may be performed safely during pregnancy. Few studies have characterized running behavior of competitive female runners during pregnancy and breastfeeding.Hypothesis:Women modify their running behavior during pregnancy and breastfeeding.Study Design:Observational, cross-sectional study.Level of evidence:Level 2.Methods:One hundred ten female long-distance runners who ran competitively prior to pregnancy completed an online survey characterizing training attitudes and behaviors during pregnancy and postpartum.Results:Seventy percent of runners ran some time during their pregnancy (or pregnancies), but only 31% ran during their third trimester. On average, women reduced training during pregnancy, including cutting their intensity to about half of their nonpregnant running effort. Only 3.9% reported sustaining a running injury while pregnant. Fewer than one third (29.9%) selected fetal health as a reason to continue running during pregnancy. Of the women who breastf...
Thymic independence of the bone marrow lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response demonstrated in nude mice.

The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response of lymphocytes from the bone marrow and lymph nodes of athymic, nude mice and their normal littermates was studied using a sensitive microculture assay system. Whereas the lymph node PHA response was virtually absent in nude mice, the bone marrow lymphocyte response to this phytomitogen was undiminished in the athymic mice at all concentrations of PHA and all incubation periods. As shown on radioautographs, the responding cells were morphologically identical with PHA-responsive lymphocytes of normal marrow and lymph node. The possibility of mature T cell contamination of the nude mice was ruled out by the observation that the nature of the PHA response of the nude bone marrow was identical with that of normal bone marrow lymphocytes, but was distinct from that of normal lymph node cells. The studies unequivocally demonstrate that the bone marrow response to PHA is independent of the thymus. A hypothesis is discussed which suggests that precursor T cells are responsible for the bone marrow PHA response, whereas mature T cells are primarily involved in the response of other lymphomyeloid organs to this mitogen.
Stochastic neural networks

The first purpose of this paper is to present a class of algorithms for finding the global minimum of a continuous-variable function defined on a hypercube. These algorithms, based on both diffusion processes and simulated annealing, are implementable as analog integrated circuits. Such circuits can be viewed as generalizations of neural networks of the Hopfield type, and are called "diffusion machines." Our second objective is to show that "learning" in these networks can be achieved by a set of three interconnected diffusion machines: one that learns, one to model the desired behavior, and one to compute the weight changes.
Natural history as entrepreneurship: Maria Sibylla Merian's correspondence with J. G. Volkamer II and James Petiver

The artist, naturalist and entrepreneur Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) constructed her network by exchanging natural history specimens with other naturalists in Europe, created a market for her publication Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (1705), and had her book reviewed in major literary journals in northwestern Europe. Two collections of letters provide information on this process: those exchanged between James Petiver (1664–1718) and his correspondents in Amsterdam and those between the German physician and botanist J. G. Volkamer II (1662–1744) and his friends in Amsterdam. Merian's strategies demonstrate that patronage played a limited role in her success as naturalist, while her skill as an entrepreneur provided a chance to engage in communication with other naturalists and have other naturalists receive her work positively. Merian's work epitomizes the growing role played by entrepreneur-naturalists in the accumulation of knowledge about the natural resources of overseas colonies and the d...
Poster: a hybrid-hybrid solver for manycore platforms

With the increasing levels of parallelism in a compute node, it is important to exploit multiple levels of parallelism even within a single compute node. We present ShyLU (pronounced "Shy-loo" for Scalable Hybrid LU), a "hybrid-hybrid" solver for general sparse linear systems that is hybrid in two ways: First, it combines direct and iterative methods. The iterative method is based on approximate Schur complements. Second, the solver uses two levels of parallelism via hybrid programming (MPI+threads). Our solver is useful both in shared-memory environments and on large parallel computers with distributed memory (as a subdomain solver). We compare the robustness of ShyLU against other algebraic preconditioners. ShyLU scales well up to 192 cores for a given problem size. We compare flat MPI performance of ShyLU against a hybrid implementation. We conclude that on present multicore nodes flat MPI is better. However, for future manycore machines (48 or more cores) hybrid/ hierarchical algorithms and implementations are important for sustained performance.
Endoscopic Removal of Large and Difficult Colon Polyps

Abstract Videos are presented showing the technique of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large and difficult polyps carried out by the authors at their center, which is also a referral center for EMR of large and flat polyps, difficult polyps, and partially removed polyps. Most of the procedures are done in an outpatient setting under monitored sedation. The center has a large database of polyps removed by EMR. Its faculties are active in EMR-related research and have many recent publications in this area. The purpose of this instructional video is to teach EMR of large and difficult polyps to gastroenterologists. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
A 37/spl sim/50 GHz InP HBT VCO IC for OC-768 fiber optic communication applications

This paper reports a 50 GHz voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) integrated circuit (IC) designed for OC-768 fiber optic communication applications. Implemented with a 140 GHz f/sub t/ InP HBT technology, the VCO IC is designed based on a modified Colpitts configuration with a unique resonator to maximize the tuning range. Tuned by a single-ended voltage, the VCO exhibits 37/spl sim/50 GHz (30%) tuning range over a tuning voltage range of 1.2 V.
Trajectory fusion for three-dimensional volume reconstruction

We address the 3D volume reconstruction problem from depth adjacent sub-volumes acquired by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Our goal is to align the sub-volumes by estimating a set of optimal global transformations that preserve morphological continuity of medical structures, e.g., blood vessels, in the reconstructed 3D volume. We approach the problem by learning morphological characteristics of structures of interest in each sub-volume to understand global alignment transformations. Based on the observations of morphology, sub-volumes are aligned by connecting the morphological features at the sub-volume boundaries by minimizing morphological discontinuity. To minimize the discontinuity, we introduce three morphological discontinuity metrics: discontinuity magnitude at sub-volume boundary points, and overall and junction discontinuity residuals after polynomial curve fitting to multiple aligned sub-volumes. The proposed techniques have been applied to the problem of aligning CLSM sub-volumes acquired from four consecutive physical cross sections. Our experimental results demonstrated significant improvements of morphological smoothness of medical structures in comparison with the results obtained by naive feature matching followed by volume transformation at the sub-volume boundaries. The experimental results were evaluated by visual inspection and by quantifying morphological discontinuity metrics.
Fast track anesthesia for liver transplantation reduces postoperative ventilation time but not intensive care unit stay

Fast tracking is an approach to health care delivery that emphasizes the efficient use of resources. This investigation was designed to determine whether shorter-acting drugs and different drug administration practices reduce the length of time for which patients require mechanical ventilation and intensive care after liver transplantation. After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, we randomized 80 consecutive patients (>17 years) undergoing liver transplantation to receive either our traditional anesthetic (thiopental, pancuronium, 50 μg/kg fentanyl), or fast track anesthetic (propofol, cisatracurium, 20 μg/kg fentanyl). The patients were weaned to extubation in the intensive care unit after an established clinical protocol. Measured data included the occurrence of intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative hypertension, intraoperative tachycardia, the length of postoperative mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, and episodes of reintubation. Seventy-eight patients remained in the study through the investigation (two died intraoperatively). Operating time; amount of intraoperative red blood cells transfused; lowest body temperature achieved; and minutes of intraoperative hypotension, hypertension, and tachycardia were not different between the traditional and fast track patient groups. Postoperative ventilation time was greater in the patients who received the traditional anesthetic; mean. 1,081 minutes (median, 855) versus mean, 553.5 minutes (median, 390) (P < .001). However, there was no difference in length of intensive care unit stay. Five patients required reintubation (two patients given the traditional anesthetic, three given the fast track anesthetic). We conclude that a fast track approach to anesthetic care reduces the requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation, but does not reduce intensive care unit stay after liver transplantation.
A 19-year-old at 37 weeks gestation with an acute acetylsalicylic acid overdose.

Acute salicylate overdose in pregnancy is potentially fatal for both the mother and fetus and presents a unique challenge in intensive care management. While suggested thresholds exist for hemodialysis in adults with toxic salicylate ingestion, it is unclear if these thresholds remain appropriate for the gravid patient, particularly given that medications such as acetylsalicylic acid may cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the fetal bloodstream. We describe a case of a gravid patient at ~37 weeks gestational age with a self-reported acetylsalicylic acid ingestion of 32.5 g and review prior cases of both acute and chronic salicylate ingestion in pregnancy in order to determine the clinical precedent for hemodialysis in this situation.
Estimating statistical significance of sequence alignments

Algorithms that compare two proteins or DNA sequences and produce an alignment of the best matching segments are widely used in molecular biology. These algorithms produce scores that when comparing random sequences of length n grow proportional to n or to log(n) depending on the algorithm parameters. The Azuma-Hoeffding inequality gives an upper bound on the probability of large deviations of the score from its mean in the linear case. Poisson approximation can be applied in the logarithmic case.
Bupropion SR in adolescents with comorbid ADHD and nicotine dependence: a pilot study.

ABSTRACT Objective Bupropion SR has been shown to be effective for the treatment of nicotine dependence in adults. This open-label pilot study was designed to examine the feasibility and preliminary tolerability of bupropion SR in adolescents with nicotine dependence. Method Sixteen adolescents aged 12 to 19 years were enrolled in the study. Eleven of the 16 participants also had comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants were titrated over 1 week to bupropion SR 150 mg b.i.d. and maintained at this dosage for 6 weeks. Participants also received two brief smoking cessation counseling sessions. Results Nine participants received at least 4 weeks of medication. There was a significant decrease in the average number of cigarettes smoked ( p p = .04) over the course of treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis showed that 31.25% of the adolescents were completely abstinent (5/16) after 4 weeks of taking bupropion SR. Participants' weight did not change significantly during the study ( p = .55). There was a no significant change in ADHD symptoms during the study ( p = .1). Conclusions Bupropion SR along with brief counseling may be safe and potentially efficacious for adolescents with nicotine dependence with and without ADHD. Smoking cessation trials in adolescents need to focus on strategies to increase retention for optimal effect.
Modelling and control of a high speed, long travel, dual voice coil actuator

This paper presents a dual voice coil actuator which is suitable for both long travel and high speed short stroke movements. The actuator is arranged in the form of two voice coils motors (VCM), with the small one responsible for high speed/short travels, and the larger one for lower speed and longer travels. However, this arrangement introduced problems of inter-VCM motion coupling disturbances, and undesirable mechanical characteristics on the small VCM. To overcome them, this paper proposed to investigate the full control model of the dual voice coil actuator, and to use this knowledge as compensation blocks in the control system to reduce the control nonlinearities and coupling effects. Due to the nonconventional geometry of the dual VCM actuator, a novel method of obtaining the model parameters has been developed. Results show that the proposed control structure has substantial improvement over traditional dual PID control in terms of speed, accuracy, disturbance rejection and control robustness.
Communicators' Perceptions of Social Presence as a Function of Avatar Realism in Small Display Mobile Communication Devices

This study describes an experiment in which 126 participants engaged via a mobile telephone simulation that included a visual display in a discussion that required self-disclosure and affective evaluation of the other participant. Participants in same gender and mixed gender dyads were represented by avatars that varied in visual realism (unmodified video, modified video, graphic display, or no visual display) and behavioral realism (static visual display versus dynamic or animated). Participants subsequently rated the Perceived Social Richness of the Medium and the Interactant Satisfaction with the conversation. Interactant Satisfaction was a new measure of social presence created to tap emotional and affective evaluations. Participants rated devices with higher-realism and more behaviorally realistic avatars as being more capable of effective social interaction, but their actual perceptions of affective dimensions of their conversational partner were essentially unaffected by visual representations.
Meditación sobre la compleja relación entre medicina y animales: un responso para un gato fiel

From its basis in the writings of the philosopher Peter Singer and the bioethical shortcomings of animal experimentation and animal husbandry, the animal rights movement has evolved into an important societal movement critical of animal experimentation in biomedical research. A lack of dialogue and transparency, an absence of understanding and an unreasonable radicalization of different positions regarding animal experimentation has frequently resulted in an adversarial relationship between some members of the scientific community and societal groups aggressively protecting animal rights. In response to this problem, both the bioethical regulations pertaining to biomedical experimentation with animals and the powers of animal care committees (IACUCs) have been strengthened. Careful analysis of the relevance of animal models to human conditions, replacement of these models with non-animal models when possible, adequate re-examination of existing knowledge before undertaking new experimental projects involving animals, and the improvement of methods to avoid animal stress and pain have further strengthened the bioethical basis of animal experimentation. To improve the ethical integrity of research conducted with animals, it is also necessary to increase the editorial scrutiny of the bioethical standards of potentially publishable research utilizing animals. Of note is also the recent use of animals in alternative animal associated therapies (AAT) to ameliorate several medical conditions. Education of the biomedical community, including students and professionals, and of societal groups concerned about this issue as well as directness and continuous dialogue among all the stakeholders are essential to insure the wellbeing of animals and the ethical integrity of biomedical research.