cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heapable sequences and subseqeuences

Let us call a sequence of numbers heapable if they can be sequentially inserted to form a binary tree with the heap property, where each insertion subsequent to the first occurs at a leaf of the tree, i.e. below a previously placed number. In this paper we consider a variety of problems related to heapable sequences and subsequences that do not appear to have been studied previously. Our motivation for introducing these concepts is two-fold. First, such problems correspond to natural extensions of the well-known secretary problem for hiring an organization with a hierarchical structure. Second, from a purely combinatorial perspective, our problems are interesting variations on similar longest increasing subsequence problems, a problem paradigm that has led to many deep mathematical connections. We provide several basic results. We obtain an efficient algorithm for determining the heapability of a sequence, and also prove that the question of whether a sequence can be arranged in a complete binary heap is NP-hard. Regarding subsequences we show that, with high probability, the longest heapable subsequence of a random permutation of n numbers has length (1 − o(1))n, and a subsequence of length (1 − o(1))n can in fact be found online with high probability. We similarly show that for a random permutation a subsequence that yields a complete heap of size αn for a constant α can be found with high probability. Our work highlights the interesting structure underlying this class of subsequence problems, and we leave many further interesting variations open for future work.
Optimization of a Forged Steel Crankshaft Subject to Dynamic Loading

In this study a dynamic simulation was conducted on a forged steel crankshaft from a single cylinder four stroke engine. Finite element analysis was performed to obtain the variation of the stress magnitude at critical locations. The dynamic analysis resulted in the development of the load spectrum applied to the crankpin bearing. This load was then applied to the FE model and boundary conditions were applied according to the engine mounting conditions. Results obtained from the aforementioned analysis were then used in optimization of the forged steel crankshaft. Geometry, material, and manufacturing processes were optimized using different geometric constraints, manufacturing feasibility, and cost. The first step in the optimization process was weight reduction of the component considering dynamic loading. This required the stress range under dynamic loading not to exceed the magnitude of the stress range in the original crankshaft. Possible weight reduction options and their combinations were considered. The optimization and weight reduction were considered in an interactive manner and evaluated by manufacturing feasibility and cost. The optimization process resulted in an 18% weight reduction, increased fatigue strength, and a reduced cost of the crankshaft.
Site variability in treatment outcome in antidepressant trials.

Objective: Site-specific differences in treatment outcome during multisite antidepressant drug trials may contribute to a negative or failed clinical trial. As part of a five-site, long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled, relapse prevention trial with fluoxetine in major depression, the authors examined site-specific variability in outcome ratings. Methods: Data from 390 patients with major depression who participated in a 64-week, placebo-controlled trial were retrospectively analyzed. χ2 Analyses and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were used to examine site-specific differences in relapse rates during 14 weeks of maintenance treatment following randomization to fluoxetine or placebo after remission with fluoxetine treatment. Results: Results from χ2 analysis (P<.001) and Kaplan–Meier survival rates (P<.001) following randomization to placebo after 12 weeks of fluoxetine treatment showed a fluoxetine superiority over placebo among all five sites combined. Individually, however, only three of the five sites (60%) were able to distinguish fluoxetine superiority. In contrast, there was no fluoxetine versus placebo difference observed among all five sites after randomization following 26 weeks of fluoxetine treatment (P=.11, Fisher's exact test). However, one site (20%) individually could still distinguish a drug versus placebo difference (P<.05). Limitations: Analyses were performed retrospectively, with individual sites not specifically powered to distinguish a drug–placebo difference. Conclusion: Substantial site differences were observed in the ability to distinguish drug superiority over placebo, and this variability may contribute to a negative or failed clinical drug trial.
Two-year-olds learn words for absent objects and actions

Two studies of word learning in 24-month-old children are reported, one involving an object word (Study 1) and one involving an action word (Study 2). In both studies, non-verbal scripts of playing with novel objects/actions in particular ways were established before the child was exposed to any language models. Following this pre-training, children heard an experimenter announce her intention to either find an object or perform an action. In the referent condition, children then saw the intended referent (object or action) immediately after hearing the language model. Children in the absent referent condition experienced the same non-verbal scripts and language models, but never saw the referent object or action after hearing the language model: at the appropriate juncture in the script they were told that the toy barn in which the target object had been previously located was “locked”, or that the toy character who had previously performed the target action was missing. Comparisons with two control conditions indicated that children were able to learn words for a novel object and a novel action in both the referent and absent referent conditions and, moreover, that learning was equivalent in these two conditions. These results show quite clearly that early lexical acquisition does not depend on temporal contiguity between word and referent—or indeed any perceptual pairing between word and referent at all—but rather it relies on children's active understandings of a speaker's referential intentions in particular discourse contexts.
EFFECT OF INFECTING CARROT PLANTS WITH CERTAIN VIRUSES ON SEEDSTALK DEVELOPMENT.

In an experiment on the effect of temperature on seedstalk development in carrots there appeared some yellow plants in the greenhouse in 1939-1940 which formed seedstalks earlier than others in the cool ranges of temperatures. In the high temperature ranges (60? to 70?, and 70? to 80? F.) these yellowed plants were the only ones that formed seedstalks under certain treatments. Tests showed that these plants were infected with the virus of aster yellows (Eastern). The question arose : Does this disease bring about a change within the plant that results in seedstalk development? If the disease causes a change in the plants that results in seedstalk development, inoculating the plants with the disease under controlled conditions ought to cause them to go to seed. To obtain information on this point the following experiment was conducted : Seed was sown in flats in a 60?-70? F. greenhouse on December 10, 1940. On January 15, the plants were potted in 6-inch pots and on June 5, 80 plants were selected for uniformity and were in good growing condition. These 80 plants were treated as follows : Ten plants served as a check, that is, they were not inoculated ; the remaining 70 plants were divided into lots of 10 plants each. One lot was inoculated with aster yellows using insect carriers, Macrosteles divisus (Uhi.) (Cicadula sexnotata, Fall.) caging 3 to 4 insects around each plant. The other lots were inoculated with sap extract of aucuba mosaic, latent virus of potato, alfalfa mosaic, cucumber virus 1 (the so-called uwhite pickle mosaic") and the remaining 20 plants were inoculated with tobacco mosaic in two forms, one as sap extract from a diseased tobacco leaf and the other form was the compounds of the disease, nucleic acid and protein, after they were separated from diseased leaves and added together again without uniting them chemically. These compounds were supplied through the kindness of Dr. V. L. Frampton of the Plant Pathology Department, Cornell University. The inoculation was done by squeezing the leaf between pieces of clean cheesecloth and rubbing the cheesecloth, saturated with sap, on the carrot leaf. For the tobacco mosaic compounds, a piece of cheesecloth was dipped into the mixture of liquid nature after which it was rubbed on the carrot leaf. The inoculated plants were put under a cheesecloth cage to prevent the spread of the diseases.
Generation of iPS cells using defined factors linked via the self-cleaving 2A sequences in a single open reading frame

Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from somatic cells has been achieved successfully by simultaneous viral transduction of defined reprogramming transcription factors (TFs). However, the process requires multiple viral vectors for gene delivery. As a result, generated iPS cells harbor numerous viral integration sites in their genomes. This can increase the probability of gene mutagenesis and genomic instability, and present significant barriers to both research and clinical application studies of iPS cells. In this paper, we present a simple lentivirus reprogramming system in which defined factors are fused in-frame into a single open reading frame (ORF) via self-cleaving 2A sequences. A GFP marker is placed downstream of the transgene to enable tracking of transgene expression. We demonstrate that this polycistronic expression system efficiently generates iPS cells. The generated iPS cells have normal karyotypes and are similar to mouse embryonic stem cells in morphology and gene expression. Moreover, they can differentiate into cell types of the three embryonic germ layers in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Remarkably, most of these iPS cells only harbor a single copy of viral vector. This system provides a valuable tool for generation of iPS cells, and our data suggest that the balance of expression of transduced reprogramming TFs in each cell is essential for the reprogramming process. More importantly, when delivered by non-integrating gene-delivery systems, this re-engineered single ORF will facilitate efficient generation of human iPS cells free of genetic modifications.
Update on AIDS and sexual behavior of college students: seven years later.

In 1993 at the University of Missouri-Kansas City 82 students from psychology classes participated in a survey (a follow-up of two earlier surveys [1983 and 1985]) designed to learn whether there have been changes in college students concern about AIDS and if so has such concern motivated changes in their sexual behavior. 32.5% were married. 92.7% were heterosexuals. 81% were Caucasians. The study excluded married students since they tend to be monogamous and students who were never sexually active or have had not had sexual intercourse for more than 12 months. This left 54 single sexually active students. On a scale of 1-7 with 1 being not concerned and 7 being very concerned the mean rating on concerns about acquiring AIDS from a current sexual partner was 2.9 compared to 1.4 in 1985. The mean rating on concerns about acquiring AIDS from a future sexual partner was 5.1 compared to 2.8 in 1985. An increase in media coverage on AIDS transmission among heterosexuals may have accounted for the increased rating in the fear of acquiring AIDS from current or future partners. 89.7% practiced vaginal sex; 83% practiced oral sex; and 9.3% practiced anal sex. The mean number of sex partners in the last year was 1.9. 67.3% had only one sexual partner. 50.9% had never used condoms. 17% used condoms consistently. The sex behavior of the students tended to have been about the same (mean rating = 3.9). 35% of students have been tested for AIDS compared to 17% in 1990. The sexual partners of 15 of 30 students have been tested for AIDS. These findings show that an increased concern about AIDS did not translate into risk reduction behavior.
Relative effectiveness of rational restructuring and self-control desensitization in the reduction of interpersonal anxiety

Cognitively oriented treatment was compared to a desensitization intervention employing the use of relaxation as a coping skill for socially anxious community residents. Pretreatment anxiety level was also varied (high vs moderate scores on the Social Avoidance and Distress scale) and crossed with treatment procedure (systematic rational restructuring, self-control desensitization, rational restructuring plus self-control desensitization, and waiting-list control). Dependent measures consisted of self-report indexes of interpersonal, nonsocial, and general anxiety, as well as behavioral observations and pulse-rate measures for an in vivo social interaction. The clearest findings emerged only on the self-report measures, which reflected the relative effectiveness of rational restructuring. There was also a greater tendency for the cognitively oriented treatments to result in generalization of anxiety reduction to nonsocial situations. No interaction was found between effectiveness of treatment procedure and initial level of anxiety.
Parallel developmental trajectories of sensation seeking and regular substance use in adolescents.

This study applied piecewise latent growth modeling to longitudinal survey data from 2 different samples of adolescents (N=1,002 and N=1,206) to examine the hypothesis that development of sensation seeking in middle school would predict development of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) in middle school and high school. Results showed that sensation seeking had strong predictive value for both concurrent and distal marijuana and alcohol use in both samples; however, initial level of sensation seeking predicted initial level of cigarette use during high school in 1 sample only. White participants scored consistently higher on both initial level and rate of increase in sensation seeking than did participants of other ethnicities. Advantages of this methodology are discussed in the context of substance use research. Language: en
Recruitment efforts to reduce adverse impact: Targeted recruiting for personality, cognitive ability, and diversity.

Noting the presumed tradeoff between diversity and performance goals in contemporary selection practice, the authors elaborate on recruiting-based methods for avoiding adverse impact while maintaining aggregate individual productivity. To extend earlier work on the primacy of applicant pool characteristics for resolving adverse impact, they illustrate the advantages of simultaneous cognitive ability- and personality-based recruiting. Results of an algebraic recruiting model support general recruiting for cognitive ability, combined with recruiting for conscientiousness within the underrepresented group. For realistic recruiting effect sizes, this type of recruiting strategy greatly increases average performance of hires and percentage of hires from the underrepresented group. Further results from a policy-capturing study provide initial guidance on how features of organizational image can attract applicants with particular job-related personalities and abilities, in addition to attracting applicants on the basis of demographic background.
A visualization tool for material property anisotropy: representational surfaces of 3rd-rank tensors

The representational surface has become an effective means for expressing the anisotropy in piezoelectric single crystals and textured polycrystalline materials. Although the mathematics involved with such a representation can be taught at the graduate level, the knowledge and familiarity necessary to represent these surfaces graphically makes such representations inaccessible to some undergraduate and graduate students. This paper presents a simple, user-friendly tool for generating such representations for 3rd-rank tensors and demonstrates their application to a specific piezoelectric composition. The tool is accessed as a graphical user interface within a commercial mathematical software package.
THE RISE OF PRESIDENTIAL POLLING THE NIXON WHITE HOUSE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

This article traces the institutional development of presidential polling of public opinion. We suggest that Kennedy, Johnson, and especially Nixon developed the institution of the presidency to include a "public opinion apparatus"-an opera- tion that was centralized in the White House and devoted to assembling public opinion data and conducting extensive public relations activities. According to interviews with former officials and archival records, this apparatus had its roots in Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign, but during the Johnson and Nixon presidencies it developed into a regular and enduring institution for connecting presidential activity with public opinion. The visibility of our most recent presidents' use of information about public opinion has fueled the belief that White House interest in gaug- ing public sentiment is a recent phenomenon. Although President Clin- ton was, from the beginning, less guarded and secretive than his prede- cessors, presidents have in fact used public opinion information for generations. Clinton's interest in public opinion data represents a con- tinuation of rather than a departure from the practice of past presi- dents. This article places presidential use of such information in his- toric context, focusing on the Nixon administration's development of
Endoscopic Removal of Chondromyxoid Fibroma of the Ethmoid Sinus

The first case of the endoscopic intranasal excision of chondromyxoid fibroma as an outgrowth of the ethmoid bone is reported. This case appears to represent the second reported type of recurrence of CMF in the head and neck area and the second type of CMF originating in the ethmoid.
On Weak Zonally Symmetric ENSO Atmospheric Heating and the Strong Zonally Symmetric ENSO Air Temperature Response

Abstract Observations show that regions of anomalous deep convective El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) heating tend to be balanced by anomalous ENSO cooling elsewhere so that, averaged around the globe from (say) 10°S to 10°N, the net anomalous heating is nearly zero. The zonally symmetric heating is weak because it is approximately proportional to vertical velocity that, when averaged over a constant pressure surface S around the earth from 10°S to 10°N, is nearly zero. The horizontally averaged vertical velocity over S is small because the net horizontal geostrophic convergent flow across 10°S and 10°N is zero. Although the zonally symmetric ENSO heating is weak, the observed ENSO tropospheric air temperature anomaly has a large zonally symmetric component. Past work has shown that with weak momentum and thermal damping, Kelvin and Rossby waves can travel around the earth without significant loss of amplitude so that a zonally symmetric response is favored. This physical interpretation depends on know...
A study of 61Ni by the 59Co(3He, p)61Ni reaction

Abstract The 59 Co( 3 He, p) 61 Ni reaction has been studied at 11.65 MeV incident energy. The 61 Ni levels found were compared with previous high-resolution 60 Ni(d, p) 61 Ni studies. Angular distributions for 20 prominent transitions were extracted, and, although no DWBA analysis was performed, the presence of L = 0 amplitudes was tentatively deduced. The positions of possible proton core-excited states of two-particle-one-hole character were suggested, and a discussion of these results in terms of intermediate structure is given.
Use of Dried Tofu to reduce the Severity of Retinoid-induced Hypertriglyceridemia

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To assess the ability of dried tofu to reduce the severity of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia in an animal model. 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-CRA), a retinoid used in the treatment of acne and the chemoprevention of cancer, has the induction of hypertriglyceridemia (HTGA), a risk factor for the development of pancreatitis, as a side effect of its use. Retinoid-induced HTGA can be modelled in the rat by incorporating 13-CRA into casein-based purified diets. Since the replacement of casein with soy protein (SP) in standard purified animal diets is a dietary manipulation that can lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels in the rat, the ability of SP (as dried tofu) to reduce the severity of HTGA induced by dietary 13-CRA was investigated. In a 14-day study, male Fischer 344 rats were fed purified diets having casein with or without 13-CRA, or tofu with 13-CRA, diets C+A, C, and T+A, respectively. Diets, which were offered ad libitum to groups of 5-6 rats, were isonitrogenous, isbenergetic, and similar in fatty acid profile; 13-CRA was used at a level of 100 mg/kg. The serum level of TGs (Mean ± SEN) for animals fed diet C+A (568 ± 34 mg/dL) was significantly (P
Efficiency of least squares estimators in the presence of spatial autocorrelation

The effect of spatial autocorrelation on inferences made using ordinary least squares estimation is considered. It is found, in some cases, that ordinary least squares estimators provide a reasonable alternative to the estimated generalized least squares estimators recommended in the spatial statistics literature. One of the most serious problems in using ordinary least squares is that the usual variance estimators are severely biased when the errors are correlated. An alternative variance estimator that adjusts for any observed correlation is proposed. The need to take autocorrelation into account in variance estimation negates much of the advantage that ordinary least squares estimation has in terms of computational simplicity
THE EFFECTS OF BLOCKING MOUTHING OF LEISURE ITEMS ON THEIR EFFECTIVENESS AS REINFORCERS

Leisure items are commonly used as reinforcers in behavior-analytic applications. However, a defining feature of autism is the occurrence of stereotypy, and individuals with autism often engage leisure items in a stereotyped manner. The opportunity for stereotyped interaction may be the only aspect of a contingent stimulus that makes it a reinforcer for appropriate behavior. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of blocking stereotyped reinforcer interaction on reinforcer efficacy for 2 children with autism. Results showed that blocking stereotypic reinforcer interaction did not influence reinforcer efficacy.
What is the role of affect in the spacing effect

In Experiments 1 and 2, after studying a list containing connotatively neutral words that were presented once or were presented at various spacing intervals, subjects either attempted free recall or made affective judgments of the study-list targets along a pleasant/unpleasant dimension. Spacing effects occurred in recall, and massed items were judged to be more unpleasantthan once-presented and spaced words. In the third experiment, subjects studied homogeneous lists composed of either connotatively good words or connotativelybad ones. Spacing effects were absent in the recall of both types of words because massed-practice words were recalled at a high level, one that was about the same as that for spaced-practice words. Affective judgments were unrelated to presentation condition, and both good and bad massed words were judged to be positive in affect. Although the data suggest that different study conditions can lead to different affective reactions, the results are moot with regard to the relationship between affect and the magnitude of spacing effects.
Calculating the Asset Allocation

The fourth and last in a series that integrates investments and taxes, this article challenges two features of the traditional approach to calculating an individual or family9s asset allocation. The author argues that the traditional approach includes only financial assets in the portfolio and it weighs them according to their market value. It ignores other assets, such as a company pension, for instance. Thus, it makes no adjustment for the fact that the deductible pension contains before-tax dollars and the savings account contains after-tax dollars. The author recommend calculating the asset allocation based on after-tax values and also shows that the decision of what to include in the family portfolio can dramatically affect the measured asset allocation. Presenting the logic of converting market values to after-tax values, he then discusses, for assets in each savings vehicle, how to convert market values to after-tax values, and presents a family9s hypothetical portfolio, asking how one should measure its asset allocation. He shows that the measurement of the family9s asset allocation can vary dramatically depending upon what is included in the portfolio and whether one uses market values or after-tax values.
Florida Current meandering and evolution of cyclonic eddies along the Florida Keys Reef Tract: Are they interconnected?

[1] The Florida Current (FC) is the branch of the Gulf Stream system within the Straits of Florida, connected to the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico. Cyclonic, cold-core eddies travel along this oceanic current system, entering the Straits of Florida in the vicinity of the Dry Tortugas and evolving along the Florida Keys island chain and coral reefs. The development of the high-resolution (∼900 m) hydrodynamic model Florida Straits, South Florida, and Florida Keys (FKeyS), nested within a Gulf of Mexico model (both based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model), has enabled new findings in eddy variability. Together with high-resolution (∼1 km) ocean color imagery, multiyear model archives have been employed to study the changes in the position of the FC front and the relationship with eddy evolution. It was found that eddy interactions and transformations are common, with multiple eddy cells within individual eddies or new cells emerging from existing vortices. Features in the Dry Tortugas area previously thought to be semipermanent are shown to be frequently transformed and/or replenished. A mechanism of local cyclogenesis is also proposed. Incoming eddies interact with and influence the downstream propagation of previous eddies. Systems of eddies, rather than individual vortices, can form the elongated features observed between the FC front and the Atlantic Florida Keys Shelf. Topography plays an important role in eddy dissipation or growth. A close synergy between eddy evolution and FC meandering is revealed. The results have implications on the connectivity of remote coastal and reef ecosystems.
Patterns and correlates of drinking in offspring from the San Diego Prospective Study.

Background: The decision among young people to drink is complex and reflects multiple domains of influence. This paper applies the results from a previous test of an externalizing-based model predicting heavy drinking and alcohol problems in the probands from the San Diego Prospective Study to evaluate how similar characteristics relate to the decision to drink in their offspring. Methods: Data were generated from multiple sources for 152 offspring with a mean age of 17.2 years. Information on the family histories, personal alcohol and other substance use, socioeconomic stratum, the child’s gestational problems, and additional characteristics were gathered from face-to-face interviews with a parent approximately every 5 years between their mid-20s and mid-40s. Data regarding the drinking status and additional variables applicable to the offspring were extracted from the 25-year (T25) epoch of the family evaluations using data supplied directly by the offspring. The relationships of variables to the drinking status in that generation were determined through correlations, regression analyses, and an AMOS-based structural equation model (SEM). Results: Significant correlations to the drinking status in offspring were observed for age, but not for sex. Using age-adjusted backgrounds and data supplied by the offspring at T25, the most robust correlations to the drinking status were seen for a disinhibition measure, peer drinking, expectations of the effects of alcohol, and the history of having worked outside the home. When placed into an SEM, the former 3 variables performed in a manner similar to that observed in the original probands in the prediction of the drinking status, in a model with good fit characteristics. Conclusions: These data from a prospective study support the importance of similar domains across 2 generations in characterizing age-appropriate alcohol-related outcomes.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Hubble's scientific and technological successor

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) - the 21st century follow-on to NASA's highly successful Hubble Space Telescope - has moved one step closer to becoming a reality. In addition to selecting the instrument and science teams, NASA announced on September 10, 2002 that TRW Space and Electronics and its partners - Ball Aerospace and Eastman Kodak - had won the prime contract to build the high-profile observatory, formerly known as the Next Generation Space Telescope. It will be up to the contractor team and NASA to finalize designs and being laying the groundwork for assemblying one of the largest single-aperture telescopes ever flown. This article provides a general overview of the JWST mission - a centerpiece of NASA's Origins Program - and describes some of the technological challenges that NASA and TRW face.
Zone refining at the base of lithospheric plates: A model for a steady-state asthenosphere

Abstract Isotopic heterogeneity of oceanic basalt types provides evidence of long-term chemical heterogeneity in the earth's upper mantle. Processes operating at oceanic ridges and beneath cooling lithospheric plates are capable of generating heterogeneities that, when allowed to age for billions of years in the mantle, resemble heterogeneities now present in the mantle. The processes involve migration of melt relative to solid, both at the ridge and, in a model developed in this paper, under thickening oceanic plates. A steady-state asthenosphere, enriched in chemically “incompatible” elements, is possible under the following conditons: “incompatible” element — enriched peridotite from the base of thickened lithospheric plates is added to the asthenosphere at a rate equal to the rate of asthenospheric mantle processed during basalt magma generation.
Dissecting on-node memory access performance: a semantic approach

Optimizing memory access is critical for performance and power efficiency. CPU manufacturers have developed sampling-based performance measurement units (PMUs) that report precise costs of memory accesses at specific addresses. However, this data is too low-level to be meaningfully interpreted and contains an excessive amount of irrelevant or uninteresting information. We have developed a method to gather fine-grained memory access performance data for specific data objects and regions of code with low overhead and attribute semantic information to the sampled memory accesses. This information provides the context necessary to more effectively interpret the data. We have developed a tool that performs this sampling and attribution and used the tool to discover and diagnose performance problems in real-world applications. Our techniques provide useful insight into the memory behaviour of applications and allow programmers to understand the performance ramifications of key design decisions: domain decomposition, multi-threading, and data motion within distributed memory systems.
Metasurface-on-fiber enabled orbital angular momentum modes in conventional optical fibers

We demonstrate generation and propagation of an optical vortex using a metasurface fabricated directly on the cross-section of a few-mode optical fiber at visible wavelengths. The experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations.
Pupil capture: Prevention and management

Pupil capture occurs in a small percentage of patients following posterior chamber lens implantation. We noted a 3% incidence in 100 patients using sulcus fixated planar J-loop lenses, a 1% incidence using sulcus fixated angulated J-loop lenses, and a 1% incidence in capsular bag fixated flexible Y-loop lenses. No patients lost vision from pupil capture, and no clinically significant late complications were observed. Pupil capture may be successfully treated in the early postoperative period in some patients by mydriasis and a noninvasive loop compression technique using Q-tips.
A Theoretical and Empirical Study of a Noise-TolerantAlgorithm to Learn Geometric Patterns

Developing the ability to recognize a landmark from a visual image of a robot‘s current location is a fundamental problem in robotics. We describe a way in which the landmark matching problem can be mapped to that of learning a one-dimensional geometric pattern. The first contribution of our work is an efficient noise-tolerant algorithm (designed using the statistical query model) to PAC learn the class of one-dimensional geometric patterns. The second contribution of our work is an empirical study of our algorithm that provides some evidence that statistical query algorithms may be valuable for use in practice for handling noisy data.
The influence of carbonate and magnesium ions on the growth of hydroxyapatite, carbonated apatite and human powdered enamel

Abstract Human dental enamel can be modelled by a defect apatite in which carbonate ions have been incorporated into the crystal lattice. This study, using the constant composition (CC) kinetics technique, investigates the growth of synthetically prepared carbonated apatites (CAP), stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP), as well as powdered human enamel (HE) seed crystals. The CC technique was modified by the addition of a gas mixing device in order to allow for the quantitative introduction of known amounts of carbon dioxide into the reactant mixture. This provided a constant source of carbonate ions which could then be incorporated into the growing lattice. With all seed materials, an increase in carbon dioxide resulted in a decrease in the rate of growth. This effect was greatest for the HAP and enamel seed crystals but not as pronounced using CAP seed crystals. In the presence of magnesium ions, the growth rate for both HAP and CAP decreased markedly. Thus the addition of magnesium chloride at concentrations of 5.00·10−3 and 5.00·10−5 mol 1−1 reduced the growth rates of HAP and CAP seed crystals from 7.19·10−6 to 3.92·10−7 mol m−2 min−1 and from 2.68·10−8 to 8.80·10−9 mol m−2 min−1, respectively.
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Enters Cells by Two Different Pathways, and Infection Requires the Activation of the Cellular Kinase ROCK1

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesviridae, displays a broad host range in vitro, allowing for detailed study of the mechanisms of productive infection, including attachment and entry, in various cell culture systems. Previously, we showed that EHV-1 infects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells even though these cells do not express a known alphaherpesvirus entry receptor. In this report, we show by electron microscopy and an infectious recovery assay that entry into CHO-K1 cells occurs via an endocytic or phagocytic mechanism, while entry into equine dermal (ED) or rabbit kidney (RK13) cells occurs by direct fusion at the cell surface. In both cases (endocytic/phagocytic or direct fusion), entry leads to productive infection. Using drugs that inhibit clathrin-dependent or caveola-dependent endocytosis, we showed that EHV-1 entry into CHO-K1 cells does not require clathrin or caveolae. We also show that EHV-1 infection requires the activation of cell signaling molecules. In particular, we demonstrate that activation of the serine/threonine Rho kinase ROCK1 is critical for infection. Inhibition of this kinase by drugs or overexpression of a negative regulator of ROCK1 significantly blocked EHV-1 infection. These results show that EHV-1 can enter disparate cell types by at least two distinct mechanisms and that productive infection is dependent upon the activation of ROCK1.
Estimating Minimal Clinically Important Differences of Upper-Extremity Measures Early After Stroke

Abstract Lang CE, Edwards DF, Birkenmeier RL, Dromerick AW. Estimating minimal clinically important differences of upper-extremity measures early after stroke. Objective To estimate minimal clinically important difference (MCID) values of several upper-extremity measures early after stroke. Design Data in this report were collected during the Very Early Constraint-induced Therapy for Recovery of Stroke trial, an acute, single-blind randomized controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy. Subjects were tested at the prerandomization baseline assessment (average days poststroke, 9.5d) and the first posttreatment assessment (average days poststroke, 25.9d). At each time point, the affected upper extremity was evaluated with a battery of 6 tests. At the second assessment, subjects were also asked to provide a global rating of perceived changes in their affected upper extremity. Anchor-based MCID values were calculated separately for the affected dominant upper extremities and the affected nondominant upper extremities for each of the 6 tests. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants Fifty-two people with hemiparesis poststroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Estimated MCID values for grip strength, composite upper-extremity strength, Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), and duration of upper-extremity use as measured with accelerometry. Results MCID values for grip strength were 5.0 and 6.2kg for the affected dominant and nondominant sides, respectively. MCID values for the ARAT were 12 and 17 points, for the WMFT function score were 1.0 and 1.2 points, and for the MAL quality of movement score were 1.0 and 1.1 points for the 2 sides, respectively. MCID values were indeterminate for the dominant (composite strength), the nondominant (WMFT time score), and both affected sides (duration of use) for the other measures. Conclusions Our data provide some of the first estimates of MCID values for upper-extremity standardized measures early after stroke. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to refine these estimates and to determine whether MCID values are modified by time poststroke.
An epidemic of coronary heart disease

The major public health concern during the past 50 years has been coronary heart disease (CHD), which has been the leading cause of death in the UK and other nations in the temperate parts of the world, in particular northern Europe and North America. It has run in families and it has brought to a premature end the lives of people in their prime. It has robbed wives of their husbands and husbands of their wives. It has robbed children of their parents and sometimes parents of their children. However, it is now clear that in these countries CHD was an epidemic of the latter half of the 20th century. The onset of the epidemic appears to have been shortly after the First World War, but now, in the early 21st century, the epidemic is almost at an end. The earliest clinico-pathological report of CHD was in 1859, an anecdotal case report of myocardial infarction (MI) presented to the Swedish Medical Society.1 It defined the clinical features of MI and also the pathological features found at autopsy, linking the two aspects. The report was not known outside Sweden and at the time it did not appear to be important. The fact that this was a single case report was emphasized by the Swedish physician B.W. Johansson and pathologist P. Nichol. They drew attention to the 1859 report, contrasting it with 770 new cases of MI occurring in Malmo in 1978 alone.1 At the beginning of the 20th century, CHD was effectively unknown in the UK. It received no mention in the earlier writings of Sir James MacKenzie, who was initially a general medical practitioner in Burnley, Lancashire and later the father of cardiology in the UK.2 MacKenzie first mentioned angina in the third edition of his book …
Biotechnology and the merged evolution of genes and culture

Abstract Biologists and social scientists have described the evolutionary characteristics respectively of genetic and cultural systems. This essay describes how through biotechnology the information in the two systems are beginning to “merge,” and thus have to be considered as one evolving whole.
Cognitive slippage in children vulnerable to schizophrenia.

Psychological deficit research with adult schizophrenics has been hindered by numerous methodological problems that may be avoided by the prospective study of children vulnerable to the disorder. An object sorting task was administered to 156 children of schizophrenic patients, 102 children of depressed patients, and 139 children of normal parents. The children were between 6 and 15 years old. The children of schizophrenic parents made fewer “superordinate” sorting responses than those of normal parents, and more “complex” sorts (a category of inadequate responses) than children of either normal or depressed parents. Our analyses showed that these deficits could not be explained by differences in intelligence. These deficits in conceptual performance may reflect the genotypic predisposition to schizophrenia and/or represent an early precursor of later maladjustment.
Similar breakdown rates and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages on native and Eucalyptus globulus leaf litter in Californian streams

Summary 1. Eucalyptus globulus, a tree species planted worldwide in many riparian zones, has been reported to affect benthic macroinvertebrates negatively. Although there is no consensus about the effects of Eucalyptus on aquatic macrobenthos, its removal is sometimes proposed as a means of ecological restoration. 2. We combined the sampling of macroinvertebrates with measurement of the colonisation of leaf packs in mesh bags, to examine the effects of riparian Eucalyptus and its litter on benthic macroinvertebrates in three small streams in California, U.S.A. Each stream included one reach bordered by Eucalyptus (E-site) and a second bordered by native vegetation (N-site). 3. The macrobenthos was sampled and two sets of litter bags were deployed at each site: one set with Eucalyptus litter (Euc-bags) and one with mixed native tree litter (Nat-bags) containing Quercus, Umbellularia, Acer and Alnus. Bags were exposed for 28, 56 and 90 days and this experiment was repeated in the autumn, winter and spring to account for effects of changing stream flow and insect phenology. 4. Litter input (average dry mass: 950 g m−2 year−1 in E-sites versus 669 g m−2 year−1 in N-sites) was similar, although in-stream litter composition differed between E- and N-sites. Litter broke down at similar rates in Euc-bags and Nat-bags (0.0193 day−1 versus 0.0134 day−1), perhaps reflecting the refractory nature of some of the leaves of the native trees (Quercus agrifolia). 5. Summary metrics for macroinvertebrates (taxon richness, Shannon diversity, pollution tolerance index) did not differ significantly between the E and N sites, or between Euc-bags and Nat-bags. No effect of exposure time or site was detected by ordination of the taxa sampled. However, distinct seasonal ordination clusters were observed in winter, spring and autumn, and one of the three streams formed a separate cluster. 6. The presence of Eucalyptus was less important in explaining the taxonomic composition of the macrobenthos than either ‘season’ or ‘stream’. Similarly, these same two factors (but not litter species) also helped explain the variation in leaf breakdown. We conclude that patches of riparian Eucalyptus and its litter have little effect on stream macrobenthos in this region.
IUI'09 workshop summary: sketch recognition

This paper describes the IUI’09 workshop on Sketch Recognition. ACM Classification: I.7.5 [Document Capture] Graphics recognition and interpretation, H5.2 [Information interfaces and presentation]: Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse,
Migratory properties of normal lymphoid cells with different concanavalin A-binding capacities☆

Abstract It has been proposed that Con A receptor sites on lymphoid cell surfaces control lymph node localization of normal T cells. To investigate this hypothesis, suspensions of whole spleen, splenic T cells, and thymocytes from normal BALB/c mice were fractionated on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and fractions were examined separately for their ability to bind 125 I-labeled concanavalin A and to migrate to lymph nodes. Low density cells from whole spleen or splenic T-cell gradients bound more concanavalin A (Con A) per cell than high density cells. However, dense cells, of low Con A-binding capacity, migrated in higher numbers to recipient lymph nodes than less dense cells. Similarly, studies with thymocytes revealed no correlation between Con A-binding and lymph node-seeking propensity. Thus, although Con A significantly inhibits lymph node localization of lymphoid cells, migration to lymph nodes and Con A binding of normal lymphocytes are not directly correlated. The data do not support a hypothesis that normal T-cell migration to lymph nodes is promoted by Con A receptors on lymphocyte surfaces.
Vagus nerve stimulation activates central nervous system structures in epileptic patients during PET H2(15)O blood flow imaging.

OBJECTIVE : To determine the central areas of activation by vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) in epilepsy. VNS is a promising neurosurgical method for treating patients with partial and secondary generalized epilepsy. The anti-epileptic mechanism of action from VNS is not well understood. METHODS : We performed H 2 15 O PET blood flow functional imaging on three patients with epilepsy in a vagal nerve stimulation study (E04 Protocol with Cyberonics). The three patients included two that had previous epilepsy surgery but continued to have frequent seizures. Seizure onset was frontal in two patients and bitemporal in the third patient. Twelve PET scans per subject were acquired every 10 minutes with a Siemens 953/A scanner. In 6 stimulus scans, VNS was activated for 60 seconds (2 mA, 30 Hz) commensurate with isotope injection. In 6 control scans no VNS was administered. No clinical seizures were present during any scan. Three way ANOVA with linear contrasts (subject, task, repetition) of coregistered images identified significant treatment effects. RESULTS : The difference between PET with VNS and without revealed that left VNS activated right thalamus (P<0.0006), right posterior temporal cortex (P<0.0003), left putamen (P<0.0002), and left inferior cerebellum (P<0.0009). CONCLUSIONS : VNS causes activation of several central areas including contralateral thalamus. Localization to the thalamus suggests a possible mechanism to explain the therapeutic benefit, consistent with the role of the thalamus as a generator and modulator of cerebral activity.