cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Transitions in Materials: Types of phase transformations

Part III describes the important and established families of phase transitions in materials. Chapters 10–16 describe structural and chemical phase transformations of materials that occur by movements of atoms. These include heterogeneous first-order transitions such as melting and precipitation, and spinodal decomposition and ordering that may occur homogeneously as second-order phase transitions. Martensite and other displacive phase transitions are the subject of Chapter 15, and microstructural and nanostructural aspects of phase transformations are covered in Chapter 16. All these phase transitions involving atom rearrangements are historical figures in the field of materials science, and new phenomena are often explained with reference to them. Chapter 17 describes some of the major phase transitions involving electrons and spins that occur inside materials. Electronic and magnetic phase transitions can sometimes be understood with similar approaches as phase transformations involving atom rearrangements, but some aspects of electronic or magnetic excitations are not classical. This is emphasized in Chapter 18, which ends by touching on quantum criticality. Research on quantum phenomena such as superconductivity is often reliant on controlling the structures of materials. Likewise, results from condensed matter physics offer new insights into phase transformations in materials.
What is the thermal conductivity limit of silicon germanium alloys

The lowest possible thermal conductivity of silicon–germanium (SiGe) bulk alloys achievable through alloy scattering, or the so-called alloy limit, is important to identify for thermoelectric applications. However, this limit remains a subject of contention as both experimentally-reported and theoretically-predicted values tend to be widely scattered and inconclusive. In this work, we present a possible explanation for these discrepancies by demonstrating that the thermal conductivity can vary significantly depending on the degree of randomness in the spatial arrangement of the constituent atoms. Our study suggests that the available experimental data, obtained from alloy samples synthesized using ball-milling techniques, and previous first-principles calculations, restricted by small supercell sizes, may not have accessed the alloy limit. We find that low-frequency anharmonic phonon modes can persist unless the spatial distribution of Si and Ge atoms is completely random at the atomic scale, in which case the lowest possible thermal conductivity may be achieved. Our theoretical analysis predicts that the alloy limit of SiGe could be around 1–2 W m−1 K−1 with an optimal composition around 25 at% Ge, which is substantially lower than previously reported values from experiments and first-principles calculations.
Theoretical Basis for Decision to Microwave Approach for Industrial Processing

ABSTRACTTheoretical formulae facilitating a decision to adopt a microwave approach for industrial processing in contrast to a conventional approach are introduced. Factors considered include energy, power, utility current, quality of the products, speed, cost, payback period, and profit. Some examples are given.
The pivotal role of CCN2 in mammalian palatogenesis

Mammalian palatogenesis is a complex process involving a temporally and spatially regulated myriad of factors. Together these factors control the 3 vital processes of proliferation, elevation and fusion of the developing palate. In this study, we show for the first time the unequivocally vital role of CCN2 in development of the mammalian palate. We utilized CCN2 knockout (KO) mice and cranial neural crest derived mesenchymal cells from these CCN2 KO mice to investigate the 3 processes crucial to normal palatogenesis. Similar to previously published reports, the absence of CCN2 inhibits proliferation of cells in the palate specifically at the G1/S transition. Absence of CCN2 also inhibited palatal shelf elevation from the vertical to horizontal position. CCN2 KO mesenchymal cells demonstrated deficiencies in adhesion and spreading owing to an inability to activate Rac1 and RhoA. On the contrary, CCN2 KO mesenchymal cells exhibited increased rates of migration compared to WT cells. The addition of exogenous CCN2 to KO mesenchymal cells restored their ability to spread normally on fibronectin. Finally, utilizing an organ culture model we show that the palatal shelves of the CCN2 KO mice demonstrate an inability to fuse when apposed. Together, these data signify that CCN2 plays an indispensible role in normal development of the mammalian palate and warrants additional studies to determine the precise mechanism(s) responsible for these effects.
Cantilever dynamics in higher-harmonic atomic force microscopy for enhanced material characterization

Abstract Recently a new microcantilever design was introduced to achieve higher-harmonic nonlinear atomic force microscopy (AFM) by utilizing the benefits of intentional nonlinearity in design (Jeong et al., 2016). This microcantilever was designed with an inner Si paddle so that the linearized frequencies of the leading-order bending modes of the base beam and the inner paddle are in 1:3 rational relationship. In this case the strong, non-smooth nonlinearities generated during the AFM tapping operation via the tip-sample interaction trigger an 1:3 internal resonance in the system and a strong 3rd harmonic component in the paddle response. The experimental AFM measurement using this new cantilever system has shown that the 3rd harmonic signal amplified through internal resonance provides stronger sensitivity to material composition compared with the 1st harmonic signal. In this study, we theoretically analyze the dynamics of this new cantilever design to better relate the third harmonic measurements to the material properties of the sample. By tuning the material properties in the numerical model based on the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) contact model, we were able to qualitatively predict the experimental results which validates the theoretical model used for this new cantilever design. The theoretical results, suggest that there may coexist two stable branches in the steady-state dynamics depending on the material properties; the two branches produce dissimilar trends in the amplitude of the third harmonic and phases of the first and third harmonics but very similar trends in the amplitude of the first harmonic. This suggests that in addition to the phase of the first harmonic, the amplitude and phase of the third harmonic may be utilized as channels with which one can qualitatively measure material properties. More importantly, the theoretical study also reveals a strong linear correlation between the amplitude of the third harmonic and the average tip-sample interaction force, which is employed to develop an empirical model relating these two quantities. Since the conservative DMT tip-sample interaction force is directly related to elastic properties of the sample, this indicates the potential for the third harmonic to be used in the construction of enhanced, qualitative compositional maps of elastic properties.
Marginalized Students in Secondary School Settings

Many believe that in order for true education reform to occur, those in power need to listen to the ones that matter and are impacted the most in such efforts the students (Wilson & Corbett, 2001; Pizarro, 2005). Within the broader student population, however, there are â€œsub-populationsâ€ of students that have become relegated to the margins of their communities, families, schools and society.
Short and long-term impacts of an increase in graduate funding

Abstract This paper studies the short- and long-term impacts of an increase in merit-based scholarships with a novel data set containing 1114 recipients from the 2004 and 2005 doctoral competitions of the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). Using the scores received by recipients and the funding thresholds, I take advantage of a regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal impact of an increase in scholarship amount on locational choice and career outcomes of recipients. First, I find no evidence that recipients are induced to remain in Canada when they are promised a larger scholarship if they study in Canada. Second, there is no evidence that receiving a larger scholarship affects the probability of PhD completion within either five or nine years. Third, there is some evidence that a larger scholarship does increase the probability of having a tenure-track academic position nine years after receiving the award by approximately 15 percentage points. This result only holds for students who were initially awarded the scholarship in their second year.
"Our Privacy Needs to be Protected at All Costs": Crowd Workers' Privacy Experiences on Amazon Mechanical Turk

Crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) are widely used by organizations, researchers, and individuals to outsource a broad range of tasks to crowd workers. Prior research has shown that crowdsourcing can pose privacy risks (e.g., de-anonymization) to crowd workers. However, little is known about the specific privacy issues crowd workers have experienced and how they perceive the state of privacy in crowdsourcing. In this paper, we present results from an online survey of 435 MTurk crowd workers from the US, India, and other countries and areas. Our respondents reported different types of privacy concerns (e.g., data aggregation, profiling, scams), experiences of privacy losses (e.g., phishing, malware, stalking, targeted ads), and privacy expectations on MTurk (e.g., screening tasks). Respondents from multiple countries and areas reported experiences with the same privacy issues, suggesting that these problems may be endemic to the whole MTurk platform. We discuss challenges, high-level principles and concrete suggestions in protecting crowd workers'; privacy on MTurk and in crowdsourcing more broadly.
TGF-β Inhibition and Immunotherapy: Checkmate

Immune checkpoint therapy can induce durable remissions, but many tumors demonstrate resistance. In a recent issue of Nature, Mariathasan et al. (2018) and Tauriello et al. (2018) identify stromal TGF-β signaling as a determinant of immune exclusion. Combination TGF-β inhibition and immunotherapy induces complete responses in mouse models.
Sensor Network Data Fault Detection Using Bayesian Maximum a Posterior Sensor Selection and Hierarchical Bayesian Space-Time Models

Author(s): Ni, Kevin; Pottie, G J | Abstract: Data faults in sensor networks must be marked to ensure accurate inferences. We introduce a two phase semi-realtime end-to-end Bayesian fault detection system for sensor networks. The first phase selects a subset of agreeing sensors from which a model of expected behavior is derived. The second phase uses this subset to derive and tag questionable sensor data. To accurately model the data, we use a hierarchical Bayesian space-time (HBST) model, as compared to the linear autoregressive modeling used in previous works. Applying this system to simulated and real world data, results are excellent when the phenomenon is well modeled by the HBST model. It achieves high detection rates and almost zero false detection rates. Results also indicate that in cases of critically low spatial sampling density a more accurate model is required.
On anisotropy, strain rate and size effects in vat photopolymerization based specimens

Abstract The influence of build orientation, layer thickness, strain rate and size effect on the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength and fracture strains in vat photopolymerization based additively manufactured specimens is investigated. Mechanical testing and subsequent scanning electron microscopy tests on additively manufactured specimens are conducted. Anisotropy in mechanical behavior is only observed in specimens fabricated in different planes. An increase in layer thickness and decrease in strain rate resulted in lower strength, stiffness and higher fracture strains. No significant size effect on strength and failure strains is observed. Cure kinetics is found to have significant influence on mechanical properties of additively manufactured specimens.
A Theory of Reputation Acquisition of Stock Analysts

I study the role of reputation in a multi-stage strategic information transmission game between an analyst and an investor. Absent reputation concerns, a biased analyst does not communicate any information in equilibrium. The unbiased analyst can credibly reveal all but sufficiently good information. In the multi-stage game, (i) when a biased analyst misrepresents her information, she will elevate a set of the worst stocks to the strongest recommendation; (ii) both types of analysts will misrepresent less frequently when they have a higher reputation; and (iii) misrepresentation happens more frequently when there is more market uncertainty.
Making marijuana an environmental issue: Prohibition, pollution, and policy:

Over the past two decades, activists and market actors have successfully liberalized marijuana consumption and distribution in most US states. Given ongoing federal supply-side interdiction strateg...
The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on lumbar musculature in patients with low back pain: a preliminary study

Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration of the lumbar extensors is associated with LBP. Exercise-based rehabilitation targets strengthening these muscles, but few studies show consistent changes in muscle quality with standard-of-care rehabilitation. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on lumbar extensor muscle size (cross sectional area) and quality (fat fraction) in individuals with low back pain (LBP). Fourteen patients with LBP were recruited from a local rehabilitation clinic. Patients underwent MRI scanning before and after a standardized 10-week high-intensity machine-based, resistance exercise program. Patient pain, disability, anxiety/depression, satisfaction, strength, and range of motion was compared pre- and post-rehabilitation using analysis of covariance (covariates: age, gender). Exercise-induced changes in MRI, and patient functional outcome measures were correlated using Pearson’s correlation test. No significant differences were found in muscle size or fatty infiltration of the lumbar extensors over the course of rehabilitation (p > 0.31). However, patients reported reduced pain (p = 0.002) and were stronger (p = 0.03) at the conclusion of the program. Improvements in muscle size and quality for both multifidus and erector spinae correlated with improvements in disability, anxiety/depression, and strength. While average muscle size and fatty infiltration levels did not change with high-intensity exercise, the results suggest that a subgroup of patients who demonstrate improvements in muscle health demonstrate the largest functional improvements. Future research is needed to identify which patients are most likely to respond to this type of treatment.
Not Just Generalizability: A Case for Multifaceted Latent Trait Models in Teacher Observation Systems:

Teacher evaluation systems often include classroom observations in which raters use rating scales to evaluate teachers’ effectiveness. Recently, researchers have promoted the use of multifaceted ap...
Distributed Vehicle Trajectory Tracking for Efficient Routing in VDTNs

Current routing algorithms for Vehicle Delay Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) use contact information, centrality information or location information to deliver packets. Location based routing algorithms can achieve better performance than contact and centrality based routing algorithms since VDTNs have high vehicle mobility, sparsity of vehicles, short contact durations, disruption and intermittent connectivity, which increase the difficulties of routing by contact or centrality information. However, location based routing algorithms always build on the assumption that the trajectories of vehicles are always known beforehand. However, in reality, only a small percentage of vehicles would like to disclose their trajectories and destinations. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a Distributed Trajectory Tracking System (DTTS) to track the trajectory of each vehicle distributively by taking advantage of road side units (RSUs) and the special feature of road map. Furthermore, we implement a previous routing algorithm on top of DTTS. Finally, we design an efficient forward tracing based routing algorithm based on DTTS. Base on the trajectory information stored in RSUs, the packet is forwarded along the shortest path from its current location to the target vehicle. Extensive trace-driven simulation demonstrates that the DTTS based routing has better routing success rate, shorter average delays and fewer routing hops in comparison with state-of-the-art routing algorithms in VDTNs.
UAVSAR Real-Time Embedded GPU Processor

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can provide high-resolution imagery regardless of cloud cover or lighting conditions. These qualities make SAR potentially well-suited for informing response efforts to natural and man-made disasters, but such applications require data products with minimal latency. To meet this challenge, we implemented a real-time SAR processor capable of producing 10 m imagery using an NVIDIA Jetson TX2 embedded GPU module. With its low mass (87 g module) and power consumption under 8 W, the system also holds promise for spaceborne applications.
Who’s to Blame? Partisanship, Responsibility, and Support for Mental Health Treatment:

This article investigates partisan beliefs regarding attributions of responsibility for mental illness and support for mental health treatment. In study 1, we utilize a nationally representative da...
On the Influences of Carrier Gas Type and Flow Rate on CVD Synthesis of CNTs from Postconsumer Polyethylene

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were generated from recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The polymer was pyrolyzed at 800 °C in inert atmospheres, and the gaseous pyrolyzates—light hydroca...
Metabolic Complications in the Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipient

With increasing success of solid organ transplantation, solid organ transplant recipients are experiencing an increased life expectancy and thus are at risk to develop longer-term metabolic complications. These complications include cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, gout, and osteoporosis. Risks for these conditions include both transplant-specific factors such as the side effects of immunosuppressive medication, as well as medical comorbidities, lifestyle, and other factors. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, screening, prevention, and treatment of common metabolic complications affecting solid organ transplant recipients.
Statistical Properties of Subgrid-Scale Turbulence Models

This review examines large eddy simulation (LES) models from the perspective of their a priori statistical characteristics. The most well-known statistical characteristic of an LES subgrid-scale mo...
Opioid dosing among patients with 3 or more years of continuous prescription opioid use before and after the CDC opioid prescribing guideline.

Abstract Background Opioid doses declined after the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) opioid prescribing guideline was published. However, it is unknown if dose declines occurred in patients with ≥ 3 years of continuous opioid use. Methods Optum® de-identified integrated Electronic Health Record and claims data were used to create an adult sample (n = 400) with continuous opioid use for 18 months before and after the guideline publication. Based on the morphine milligram equivalent (MME) distribution at Month 1, patients were categorized into 1–50, 51–100, 101–200, and >200 mg baseline MME. Interrupted time series analysis using segmented mixed linear regression models stratified on baseline MME estimated average monthly changes in MME in the 18-months pre- and post-guideline, before and after adjusting for time-varying pain conditions, psychiatric disorders and benzodiazepine prescription. Results Patients were 59.6 (SD±11.8) years of age, 55.8% female and 84.0% white race. For 1–50 MME, monthly dose slope was significantly (p 200 MME, dose decreased in the pre- and post-guideline periods, and post-guideline decline was significantly (p Conclusions Among patients on multiyear opioid therapy, the CDC guideline was associated with a modest change in dosing, except for patients on very high doses. The guideline was not associated with decreasing MME among lower-dose, long-term users.
Feature Selective Validation (FSV) Application to S-Parameter Models Directly

In this paper, datasets using complex numbers are applied to the Feature Selective validation (FSV) algorithm directly making full use of the original algorithm. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) in the standard FSV algorithm support complex number by nature although the currently available FSV tools do not support it. The distance in complex number plane is more reasonable to measure the error between two complex numbers than the weighted errors by real and imaginary parts, or magnitude and phase parts, separately. A complete flow chart is designed and implemented to deal with the standard S-parameter data file in Touchstone format. To serve for most Signal Integrity/Power Integrity (SI/PI) design applications, the FSV is applied element by element on the whole S-matrix. The FSV results include Point-by-Point Mean Value Amplitude Difference Measure (ADM), Feature Difference Measure (FDM), Global Difference Measure (GDM), and Grade and Spread can be displayed in 3D Bar format on every element of the whole S-matrix. The Confidence Histograms of each S-Matrix element for ADM, FDM, and GDM can also be displayed. Several practical application examples are displayed including 12-port printed circuit board (PCB) via S-parameter models derived from electromagnetic simulation tool. The application examples show easy usage of the method to compare two Touchstone S-parameter models in practical SI/PI design.
Front Tracking For the Conductive Stefan Problem with Surface Tension

We describe an application of the method of lines to the two-phase two-dimensional Stefan problem with a Gibbs-Thomson interface condition. Formally, the resulting sequentially one-dimensional numerical algorithm is unaffected by the presence of a curvature term on the free boundary. Numerical experiments show that its actual performance likewise is unaffected. Thus front tracking can be used to examine the influence of surface tension on the solidification of a supercooled liquid.
Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science

What Is Ethics? Introduction Ethical Theories The Study of Ethics Utilitarianism: The Greater Good Deontological Ethics: Obligation and Intention Comparing Approaches for Forensic Science Ethical Decision Making Framework for Ethical Decisions Rule 1: Inherent Good Surpasses Noninherent Good Rule 2: Noninherent Evil Surpasses Inherent Evil Rule 3: When Selecting between Levels of Good or Evil, Select the Highest Good or the Lowest Evil Result of Decisions The Ethics of the Criminal Justice Culture Introduction Recruitment Culture Ethics of Criminal Justice Ethics Training Unethical Behavior Sources of Pressure for the Forensic Scientist Ethics in the Courtroom: The Scientist's Perspective Introduction Role of Attorneys Attorney-Expert Relationship Misconduct Examples of Misconduct Duke Lacrosse Case, 2006 Federal Prosecutors, 2007 Research Ethics in Science Introduction Science, Technology, and Society Research and Publication Ethics in Science and Research Misconduct Ethics in Forensic Science Introduction Crime Scene Laboratory Role of the Scientific Expert Witness Qualification Admissibility of Scientific Evidence The Frye Case The Daubert Case Parameters Misconduct Unethical Behavior: The Fork in the Road Introduction Unethical Behavior Motivation Justification Consequences Whistle-Blowing Good Examples of Bad Behavior O. J. Simpson Case Case Studies False Credentials (Associated Press 2007a) Misleading Degree (Moran 2006) Abuse of Power (North 2001) Supporting a Habit (Huicochea 2008) "Errors" (Armstrong 2007) Prosecutor Pressure (Moxley 2008) Detroit (Clickondetroit.com 2008) Procedure (Johnson 2008) Fingerprints (Associated Press 2008) Personal Gain (Bone 2007) Research (Associated Press 2006) FBI Whistle-Blower Notorious Examples Every Forensic Scientist Should Know Fred Zain Michael West Kathleen Lundy Allison Lancaster David Petersen Joyce Gilcrist Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory Codes of Ethics Introduction National Forensic Center Developing Codes of Ethics Purpose Council of Scientific Society Presidents Study of Codes of Ethics Familiarity with Codes of Ethics The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) Article II. Code of Ethics and Conduct The American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) Rules of Professional Conduct American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors The International Association for Identification (IAI) An Ethical Approach to Forensic Professionalism Introduction Education Competence Professions and Professionalism Awareness National Academy of Sciences Report Bibliography Appendices Index
Medically enabled suicides

Medically enabled suicides occur when an individual (a) puts herself in a physiological condition requiring lifesaving medical care, and (b) the individual takes advantage of recognized treatment protocols (e.g., advance directives) requiring the withholding or withdrawal of care from competent patients to ensure that medical personnel enable her to die. Such suicides are likely to be attractive to those with chronic illnesses who either do not live in jurisdictions legally permitting assisted dying or who do not meet the legal requirements for assisted dying. Here I consider (and reject) two ethical objections to medical personnel refusing to participate in medically enabled suicides. The first alleges that medical care providers may not contribute to harming their patients, and so they may not contribute to their patients’ suicides. The second alleges that if care providers, as a matter of personal conscience, believe that suicide is wrong, then they may not be compelled to contribute to their patient’s acting wrongly by assenting to the wishes of a patient pursuing medically enabled suicide. Both dilemmas arise from the fact that while medical personnel are bound by widely accepted precepts of medical ethics to honor the competent wishes of their patients, medically enabled suicides entangle them in their patients’ suicidal plans in ways that result in their contributing to those suicides. I conclude that neither dilemma should be resolved in the direction of medical personnel having the right to refrain from involvement in medically enabled suicides. Thus, while we may find medically enabled suicide distasteful or exploitative, a strong case cannot be made that medical personnel refusing to involve themselves in such suicides is ethically permissible.
Utilization and Performance in Wheat of Yellow Dwarf Virus Resistance Transferred From Thinopyrum Intermedium

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV – previously PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV – previously RPV) which cause the yellow dwarf (YD) disease are serious pathogens of the small cereal grain crops like barley, wheat, oat, and rye in many cereal-growing areas of the world. Highly effective resistance to yellow dwarf viruses was introgressed into wheat (Triticum aestivum) from Thinopyrum intermedium. A translocation line containing the Th. intermedium-derived Bdv3 locus for YD virus resistance was identified during inbreeding to adapted soft winter wheat. Two selections from this germplasm line P961341 (Ohm et al. 2005) were released as the cultivars INW0315 and INW0316. These lines have excellent grain yield and soft wheat milling and baking qualities. They also have resistance to an array of other diseases, including Soil borne mosaic virus and the fungal diseases: powdery mildew, stem rust, stripe rust and tan spot. Current research is in progress to shorten the 7E translocation segment yet retain the YD resistance that is on this segment
Modulation of mouse mammary tumor growth and linoleate enhanced metastasis by oleate

This study examines whether oleate may influence the linoleate enhanced metastasis of line 4526 murine mammary tumors. In addition, the in vitro proliferative response of line 4526 to oleate and other selected fatty acids was assessed. Initially, the tumor cells were grown in a defined medium supplemented with palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate or arachidonate. The unsaturated fatty acids stimulated and the saturated fatty acids inhibited proliferation compared to fatty acid-free medium. Next, we examined the effect of oleate on the linoleate enhanced metastasis of 4526 tumors by substituting oleate for saturated fat in isoenergetic diets containing high or low levels of linoleate. Oleate had no effect on metastasis in mice fed the high linoleate diets but it significantly increased metastasis in mice fed the low linoleate diets. Finally, the fatty acid compositions of tumors and mammary fat pads were compared to diet fatty acid compositions and metastatic frequency. Metastasis corresponded more closely to total unsaturated fatty acids than to total polyunsaturated fatty acids or to any individual fatty acid. These studies suggest that both mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids may stimulate mammary tumor metastasis. However, the influence of dietary oleate probably depends on the level of linoleate and total unsaturated fatty acids in the diet.
Hierarchical Deployment and Control of Energy Storage Devices in Data Centers

Recent work has presented hierarchical deployment of energy storage devices (ESDs) at the data center, rack, and server levels within a data center, along with a corresponding control framework for peak power shaving and energy cost reduction under (time-of-use) dynamic energy pricing policies. However, the prior work does not use a realistic power delivery architecture of the data center with hierarchical ESD structure, and fails to account for some key characteristics such as rate capacity effect of batteries and power losses in various AC/DC and DC/DC converters in the power delivery architecture. This paper aims to overcome these shortcomings by (i) adopting a realistic power delivery architecture (from Intel) for centralized ESD structure as the starting point, (ii) presenting a novel power delivery architecture for data centers with hierarchical ESD structure, borrowing the best features of the centralized ESD structure from Intel and the distributed single-level ESD structures from Google and Microsoft, (iii) providing a mathematical framework for the optimal design (i.e., ESD provisioning) and control (i.e., Scheduling the charging and discharging of various ESDs) of the hierarchical ESD structure to minimize overall energy cost under dynamic energy pricing functions. This framework accounts for constraints on ESD volume (for each level) and the overall (annually amortized) capital cost, and power losses due to the rate capacity effect and conversion circuitry. The ESD design problem is solved by using a search-based algorithm, whereas the ESD control problem is formulated and solved as a hierarchical convex optimization algorithm. Experiments have been conducted using real Google cluster workload based on realistic data center specifications, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optimal design and control framework.
John Resig: Building JQuery

John Resig discusses the birth of the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/B7Aut4OUuvs is a video in which jQuery creator John Resig talks with Charles Severance about the birth of the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/ZRxcFzSqatE is an audio recording of the Computing Conversations column in which Charles Severance discusses his interview with John Resig about the JavaScript library jQuery and how it came to play a key role in the browser software ecosystem.
Adaptive tensor product grids for singular problems

We consider piecewise polynomial approximation of order M in N-dimensions with a tensor product partition of the space. We assume that the partition is to be chosen to minimize ------'the-maximum----em>r---in-the-approximation.------1be---optimal---Iate---gf--cgrwetgence-foyieGeWisef--------polynomial approximation to a smooth function for unconstrained partitions is known to be order ~/N where K is the number of elements in the partition. This rate of convergence is achieved K by a uniform grid which may be taken to be a tensor product. In 1979 de Boor and Rice gave an adaptive algorithm which achieves this same order of convergence for a wide variety of singular functions. We now study whether this optimal order of convergence can be achieved by partitions constrained to be tensor products. We show that the optimal order of convergence is achieved by tensor product grids (partitions) for functions with point or boundary layer singularities. For some other singularities, the tensor product constraint reduces the order of convergence substantially_ This wol1r.was supported in part by the National Science POODdation graDtMS-83-01589
Characterization of colicin Ia and colicin Ib. Purification and some physical properties.

Abstract Colicins Ia and Ib have been purified from mitomycin C-induced Escherichia coli strains W 3110 str-r (col Ia) and W3110 str-r (col Ib) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, treatment with diethylaminoethylcellulose, and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, phosphocellulose, and hydroxylapatite. Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium centrifugation as well as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at several pH values indicated that both colicin preparations were homogeneous. The molecular weight of colicin Ia was determined from its s20,w0 (3.57 S) and D20,w0 (4.12 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1) as well as from sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be approximately 77,600. The molecular weight of colicin Ib was approximately 79,600 (s20,w0 = 3.67 S; D20,w0 = 4.32 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1). Colicins Ia and Ib had f/f0 values of 1.82 and 1.76, respectively.
Fast track article: Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure-based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged experiments

We present an extended analysis of our previous work on the HydroSense technology, which is a low-cost and easily installed single-point sensor of pressure for automatically disaggregating water usage activities in the home (Froehlich et al., 2009 [53]). We expand upon this work by providing a survey of existing and emerging water disaggregation techniques, a more comprehensive description of the theory of operation behind our approach, and an expanded analysis section that includes hot versus cold water valve usage classification and a comparison between two classification approaches: the template-based matching scheme used in Froehlich et al. (2009) [53] and a new stochastic approach using a Hidden Markov Model. We show that both are successful in identifying valve- and fixture-level water events with greater than 90% accuracies. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations in our experimental methodology and open problems going forward.
Experimental Study and Model on Critical Heat Flux of Refrigerant-123 and Water in Microchannels

The present work is aimed toward understanding the effect of flow boiling stability on critical heat flux (CHF) with Refrigerant 123 (R-123) and water in microchannel passages. Experimental data and theoretical model to predict the CHF are the focus of this work. The experimental test section has six parallel microchannels, with each having a cross-sectional area of 1054×157 μm 2 . The effect of flow instabilities in microchannels is investigated using flow restrictors at the inlet of each microchannel to stabilize the flow boiling process and avoid the backflow phenomena. This technique resulted in successfully stabilizing the flow boiling process. The present experimental CHF results are found to correlate best with existing correlations to overall mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 33.9% and 14.3% with R-123 and water, respectively, when using a macroscale rectangular equation by Katto (1981, "General Features of CHF of Forced Convection Boiling in Uniformly Heated Rectangular Channels," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24, pp. 1413-1419). A theoretical analysis of flow boiling phenomena revealed that the ratio of evaporation momentum to surface tension forces is an important parameter. A theoretical CHF model is proposed using these underlying forces to represent CHF mechanism in microchannels, and its correlation agrees with the experimental data with MAE of 2.5%.
Artificial chromosomes in yeast

Abstract Eukaryotic chromosomes contain special DNA sequences required for chromosome replication, segregation and stability DNA-mediated transformation of yeast has enabled these sequences to be identified, and combining them into ‘artificial chromosomes' in yeast has produced some surprising findings about their functions and interactions.
Librarianship and Information Science in The Sahel 1966–1999: An Annotated Bibliography

Abstract This work is an annotated bibliography that consists of articles, books, conference papers, dissertations, reports, etc., published in various library and information science forums on the subject of librarianship in the Sahel. The Encyclopaedia Britannica Online defines the term Sahel as an English translation of the Arab term Sahil which refers to the semi-arid region of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal to The Sudan. The Sahel for the purposes of this work consists of the region of West Africa and the nations of Gambia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Nigerian library literature will be given a full and separate treatment in two subsequent articles. While this work is by no means an exhaustive analysis of the entire Sahelian library, literature, it does strive to be comprehensive in terms of its country-by-country breakdown of librarianship within the region. In providing a citation for a non-English language work, the English equivalent of the title of that work will be given next to the non-English title.
The Influence of an Untoward Public Act on Conceptions of Self1

This study focuses on the process of making sense of the experience of being exposed to. It looks at audience interpretations of the experience of having viewed a stranger's genitals in a public place and the effects on viewer self concepts. The study is based on in-depth interviews with 25 adult women. Findings indicate that women typically incorporate their definitions of the experience into their self-images which, as a result, are impuned and discredited. Women often saw the self as having played a role in the production of the event. Although women generally were critical in their assessment of themselves and their management of the situation they used vocabularies of non-responsibility when recounting the experience thereby reducing the likelihood of criticism by others.
The role of prognostic stratification in preventing the bias permitted by random allocation of treatment.

THE MAIN reason for using randomization in a therapeutic trial is to prevent bias in the assignment of the compared treatments and to allow mathematical theories of probability to be used in statistical appraisals of the results. When the randomization process is unrestricted, the treatments are assigned directly according to the sequence in which random digits are provided from their source in an appropriate table or in a computer generator. Thus, for a comparison of two treatments, Treatment X might be assigned whenever the random digit is odd, and Treatment Y when it is even. With this type of unconstrained randomization, however, the actions of chance may create one or both of two major types of inequality. The therapeutic groups formed by the randomization may be unequal in their numbers of patients or in their prognostic composition. The possibility of numerical inequality can easily be prevented by using the balancing technique suggested by Herrera [l]. With this technique, treatment is still assigned randomly, but a numerical balance is produced at regular intervals among the treatments. Thus, if k is the size of the balancing interval in a randomization to treatments X and Y, each sequence of k patients would be allocated in a manner that assigns k/2 to treatment X and k/2 to treatment Y. The maintenance of a randomized assignment within each balancing interval can be achieved by using tables of random permutations [Z] or special adaptations of ordinary random numbers. The hazard of an inequality in prognostic composition is more difficult to avoid. The prophylactic procedure requires a knowledge. before the trial begins. of the
Quantum cascade laser-based measurement of metal alkylamide density during atomic layer deposition.

An in situ gas-phase diagnostic for the metal alkylamide compound tetrakis(ethylmethylamido) hafnium (TEMAH), Hf[N(C2H5)(CH3)]4, was demonstrated. This diagnostic is based on direct absorption measurement of TEMAH vapor using an external cavity quantum cascade laser emitting at 979 cm−1, coinciding with the most intense TEMAH absorption in the mid-infrared spectral region, and employing 50 kHz amplitude modulation with synchronous detection. Measurements were performed in a single-pass configuration in a research-grade atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber. To examine the detection limit of this technique for use as a TEMAH delivery monitor, this technique was demonstrated in the absence of any other deposition reactants or products, and to examine the selectivity of this technique in the presence of deposition products that potentially interfere with detection of TEMAH vapor, it was demonstrated during ALD of hafnium oxide using TEMAH and water. This technique successfully detected TEMAH at molecular densities present during simulated industrial ALD conditions. During hafnium oxide ALD using TEMAH and water, absorbance from gas-phase reaction products did not interfere with TEMAH measurements while absorption by reaction products deposited on the optical windows did interfere, although interfering absorption by deposited reaction products corresponded to only ≍4% of the total derived TEMAH density. With short measurement times and appropriate signal averaging, estimated TEMAH minimum detectable densities as low as ≍2 × 1012 molecules/cm3 could be obtained. While this technique was demonstrated specifically for TEMAH delivery and hafnium oxide ALD using TEMAH and water, it should be readily applicable to other metal alkylamide compounds and associated metal oxide and nitride deposition chemistries, assuming similar metal alkylamide molar absorptivity and molecular density in the measurement chamber.
Cortical anatomy, size invariance, and spatial frequency analysis.

In a recent application of an algorithm developed in computer and optical pattern recognition, Cavanagh has suggested that a composite of spatial frequency mapping and complex logarithmic mapping would provide a translationally, rotationally, and size-invariant mechanism for human vision. In this work, Cavanagh has not made explicit the fact that this transformation is composite, that is, that the first step (global Fourier analysis) is perceptually, anatomically, and physiologically inconsistent with primate vision, but that the second step (complex logarithmic mapping) is actually embodied in the anatomy of the primate retinostriate projection. Moreover, it is the complex logarithmic remapping step which is entirely responsible for the computational simplification of the symmetries of size and rotation invariance. These facts, which have been extensively discussed in a recent series of papers, are briefly reviewed and illustrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the architecture of the retinostriate map m...
INTERPRETING BIOMARKER DATA IN THERAPEUTIC TRIALS

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not directly observable; definite diagnosis requires histopathological investigation post-mortem. Clinical diagnosis must necessarily utilize biomarkers, characteristics that can be objectively measured as indicators of the neurobiology. Neuropsychological assessment can be viewed as a form of biomarker measurement, with the advantage of face validity, as cognitive impairment represents the primary symptom of the disease. Cognitive testing is useful in diagnosis and in monitoring response to therapy, but as an indirect measure it is not in itself sufficient for either purpose. Clinical assessment must be included with neuropsychological testing for reasonably accurate diagnosis or assessment of the impact of therapeutic intervention. Combining cognitive assessment with clinical assessment has been sufficient for the development of symptomatic treatments that directly improve cognition in the short-term. But many factors confound cognitive and clinical assessments, including heterogeneity of disease symptoms, medical comorbidity, concomitant medications, variable quality and experience of raters; the impact of these factors is generally aggravated in long trials involving many performance sites. Therefore, development of disease-modifying treatments, requiring trials with many subjects and long observation periods, is complicated by variance in cognitive and clinical assessments. Biomarker assessments in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or involving neuroimaging may be critical to successful diseasemodifying trials. Such biomarkers can directly reflect pharmacodynamic effects (eg, measurement of cerebrospinal fluid abeta peptide levels in response to secretase inhibitors), support proposed mechanisms (eg, measurement of plasma abeta elevation to indicate sequestration induced by passive immunotherapy), or suggest an impact of treatment on brain structure (with MRI volumetric analysis) or histopathology (with amyloid neuroimaging). Further, baseline biomarkers measurements can be utilized as covariates in analyses, reducing unexplained variance and thereby increasing the power to demonstrate treatment effects. Potential Pitfalls
An Evaluation of Certain Incentives Used in School Work.

In the present experiment, an attempt has been made to evaluate reproof, when used continuously over a given period of time, with praise used in a similar manner. In addition to this, the writer endeavored to discover what, if any, improvement would be found in the work of a group of children who, a