cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic and Mechanistic Interrogation of Pd/Isocyanide-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling: π-Acidic Ligands Enable Self-Aggregating Monoligated Pd(0) Intermediates

Despite the large number of judiciously designed ligands that have been exploited in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling protocols, the incorporation of ligands bearing appreciable π-acidic properties has remained significantly underexplored. Herein, we demonstrate that well-defined and low-coordinate Pd0 complexes supported by m-terphenyl isocyanides function as competent catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl bromides and arylboronic acids. Two-coordinate Pd(CNArDipp2)2 was active for the coupling of unhindered aryl bromides at room temperature in 2-propanol, while increasing the temperature to 60 °C allowed for the use of mono- or di-ortho-substituted aryl bromides. Oxidative addition of the aryl bromide was shown to proceed via a dissociative mechanism, implicating monoligated Pd(CNArDipp2) as the catalytically active intermediate. Attempts to access this fleeting species via activation of the PdII monoisocyanide PdCl(η3-C3H5)(CNArDipp2) with alkoxide base yielded the dinuclear PdI spe...
An Ecological Approach for Restoration of the Everglades Fen

One of the monumental environmental achievements in the US over the past 100 years was the consensus reached among local, state, and federal agencies – in addition to the agricultural, conservation, Native American, and development communities – to adopt and endorse the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). Everglades restoration is now well underway, but its success still rests to a major degree on our understanding and successful translation of scientific findings into meaningful restoration guidelines. However, restoration is a young science. Knowledge of how to restore wetland communities and ecosystem components with appropriate surface and subsurface hydrologic conditions and nutrient loadings is limited (Zedler 2000). Thus, disagreements on how to proceed will occur, and mistakes will be made, which means that we must be ready to “alter course” as new data on successes and failures become available. As I often say to my students, wetland restoration is not rocket science – it is far more difficult. The scientific information and recommendations in the previous 25 chapters hopefully will advance the scientific understanding of how the Everglades functions. The volume provides new data, synthesizes key findings and insights into current and past conditions in the Everglades, and quantifies the results of multiyear experiments on responses of plant and animal communities to P dosing, soil disturbance, vegetation removal, and hydrologic and nutrient gradients. Each of the research chapters provides a summary of key findings followed by suggested lessons that may help with restoration, especially in terms of community and organism responses. In addition, we highlight potential problem areas or environmental consequences that need to be considered as specific Everglades restoration plans are implemented. Supported by results from the Duke experiments and gradient studies, I now provide in this summary chapter a more comprehensive ecological approach along with science-based restoration recommendations that should dovetail nicely into the current adaptive planning approach used in CERP and recommended by Zedler (2005). Some of these plans and ideas can already be found in current restoration efforts; however, CERP is not a comprehensive, ecologically based restoration approach based on successional principles or peatland hydrodynamics.
A Relational Data Management System

RDMS is a flexible data analysis and manipulation system based on Codd’s relational operations and Child’s set-theoretic operations. This presentation focuses on the application of these techniques to practical problems. Some details of our implementation on a large virtual memory computer will be given.
Bearers of Transience: Simmel and Heidegger on Death and Immortality

This article reconsiders the relationship between Simmel and Heidegger. Scholars commonly argue that Simmel’s work on the topic of death and mortality influenced the early Heidegger’s work on the same topic, as evidenced in Being and Time. I argue however that Simmel’s work particularly in the Lebensanschauung should be read as challenging the basic presuppositions of Heidegger on death. I then compare the two on the issue of immortality in order to show that Simmel is much closer to the subsequent critics of Heidegger than he is to Heidegger himself.
Minimally invasive hepatectomy conversions: an analysis of risk factors and outcomes

Abstract Background Surgical approach may influence morbidity following hepatectomy. This study sought to compare outcomes in minimally invasive surgery (MIS), conversion from MIS to open, and planned open hepatectomy patients and analyze factors leading to conversion. Methods The 2014 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program dataset was queried for patients undergoing hepatectomy. Patients were divided into three cohorts: MIS, open, or conversion. Propensity matching was performed to compare MIS vs. conversion (3:1) and open vs. conversion (8:1). The logistic regression model was used to identify odds ratios for conversion. Results Patients undergoing conversion had a higher transfusion rate (26% vs. 9%, p Conclusion Patients with hypertension and those undergoing right lobectomy had a higher risk of conversion to open procedure. Conversion resulted in higher morbidity and longer length of stay compared to MIS patients, but outcomes were similar to planned open procedures.
On Picard's theorem

Abstract We give a connection/equivalence between Picard's theorem and characterization of entire solutions of a differential equation.
Lipid bilayer environments control exchange kinetics of deep cavitand hosts and enhance disfavored guest conformations

The effects on the molecular recognition properties of water-soluble deep cavitand hosts upon embedding them in phosphocholine lipid bilayer environments have been studied by 2D NMR experiments. By employing suitable guests containing 19F or 13C nuclei that can be encapsulated inside the host, 2D EXSY NMR experiments can be used to analyze and compare the in/out guest exchange rates in aqueous solution, isotropically tumbling micelles, or magnetically ordered bicelles. These analyses show that embedding the deep cavitands in lipid bilayers slows the guest exchange rate, due to the lipids acting as a "compression sleeve" around the host, restricting guest egress. This effect also enhances guest conformations in the host that are not observed in free solution, such as axial cyclohexane conformers and ketone hydrates.
Atoms and Chemistry

One of the biggest puzzles of 19th-century chemistry was a piece of work by a Russian chemist named Dmitri Mendeleev, who found some strange but systematic repeated behavior among the elements that he arranged in a table called the periodic table of elements. The periodic table is shown in Figure 10.1. The table exhibits a spectacular periodicity (or repetition) of the properties of atomic elements when arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which is the number of electrons in the neutral atom. All elements having similar properties are put in the same column. The rows of the table define the periods. Thus, the first period has two elements, the second and third have eight, the fourth and fifth have 18, and the sixth has 32. It is believed that the seventh period is not complete. This is due to the fact that the atomic nuclei of elements heavier than 92 are increasingly unstable, so much so that it is increasingly difficult for nature to produce them.
Cat vestibular neurons that exhibit different responses to active and passive yaw head rotations

Neurons in the vestibular nuclei were recorded in alert cats during voluntary yaw rotations of the head and during the same rotations delivered with a turntable driven from a record of previous voluntary movements. During both voluntary and passive rotations, 35 percent (6/17) of neurons tested responded at higher rates or for a larger part of the movement during voluntary movements than during the same rotations delivered with the turntable. Neck sensory input was evaluated separately in many of these cells and can account qualitatively for the extra firing present during active movement.
Ultraviolet-Light-Induced Transformation of Human Primary Cells

Understanding solar induction of skin cancer in man at the molecular level demands the development of experimental systems for probing this, the most frequent of all human cancers. A good model system should fulfill at least three criteria: first, the response should be light-dependent, with a low background (light-independent) response. Second, the system should be based on human cells, preferably primary skin cells from normal individuals. Third, after the oncogenic treatment, the responding cells should have properties similar to those cancers produced in man. Such systems should provide an excellent complement to the experimental UV-oncogenesis systems in rodents, which allow experimental manipulation of the intact animal but are subject to differences between rodents and humans in response to UV damage. They will also be useful in conjunction with the human epidemiological studies, which provide both prospective and predictive information on human populations, but are not amenable to experimental manipulation.
Extracellular matrix scaffold and hydrogel derived from decellularized and delipidized human pancreas

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important developmental role by regulating cell behaviour through structural and biochemical stimulation. Tissue-specific ECM, attained through decellularization, has been proposed in several strategies for tissue and organ replacement. Decellularization of animal pancreata has been reported, but the same methods applied to human pancreas are less effective due to higher lipid content. Moreover, ECM-derived hydrogels can be obtained from many decellularized tissues, but methods have not been reported to obtain human pancreas-derived hydrogel. Using novel decellularization methods with human pancreas we produced an acellular, 3D biological scaffold (hP-ECM) and hydrogel (hP-HG) amenable to tissue culture, transplantation and proteomic applications. The inclusion of a homogenization step in the decellularization protocol significantly improved lipid removal and gelation capability of the resulting ECM, which was capable of gelation at 37 °C in vitro and in vivo, and is cytocompatible with a variety of cell types and islet-like tissues in vitro. Overall, this study demonstrates the characterisation of a novel protocol for the decellularization and delipidization of human pancreatic tissue for the production of acellular ECM and ECM hydrogel suitable for cell culture and transplantation applications. We also report a list of 120 proteins present within the human pancreatic matrisome.
The Jefferson Lab Superconducting Accelerator

The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEB AF) at the Jefferson Lab is a 5-pass recirculating superconducting linac capable of delivering beam simultaneously to three experimental halls. The accelerator contains 338 niobium cavities operating at 1497 MHz in superfluid helium and was designed to accelerate 200 liA of electrons to 4 GeV. Each cavity is individually powered by a 5 kW klystron and controlled in phase and amplitude. First beam delivery to halls C, A, and B occurred in November 1995, April 1996, and December 1996 respectively. During 1996, 6 nuclear physics experiments were successfully completed in hall C. An upgrade program to raise the maximum energy of the accelerator is under way, and single-pass energy of 1 GeV has already been achieved. Jefferson Lab is also applying its superconducting rf and accelerator technology to other applications such as a Free Electron Laser for Navy and industrial applications.
A Neuropsychologic Interpretation of Infantile Autism

Infantile autism is a behavioral syndrome, almost certainly having various etiologies. The present paper focuses on one group of autistic children, which might be designated the neurologically impaired group. In the course of investigating a number of children exhibiting features of early infantile autism, we have been impressed by the finding of consistent changes on pneumoencephalography, apparently reflecting a specific anatomical pathology (Hauser et al., 1975). These changes have centered on the left medial temporal lobe and have been seen as dilatation of the temporal horn of the left lateral ventricle. The present chapter represents our attempt to relate these anatomical abnormalities to the known clinical manifestations of this disorder.
Current and future therapies for targeting HER2 mutations in gastrointestinal cancer

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers altogether represent the most common cancer type. HER2 is found to be present in nearly all histologic types of GI cancers in variable degrees of express...
Neuromuscular complications occurring in solid tumor cohort treated with PD-1 inhibitors (P6.176)

Objective: The aims of this study are to define the incidence of neurological complications with PD-1 inhibitor therapy and describe the spectrum of immune mediated neuromuscular complications. Background: There have been increasing reports of neuromuscular complications with PD-1 inhibitor treatment of solid tumors, but the full spectrum of neuromuscular complications is still not well characterized. Design/Methods: We searched the Mayo Cancer Pharmacy Database in Rochester, MN for patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) for the treatment of solid tumors, from the drugs FDA approval until May 19, 2016. We identified patients who developed neurological complications following treatment with these medications. Clinical, laboratory, electrodiagnostic, radiologic and pathologic information was extracted by retrospective chart review. Clinical followup and management were reviewed in all cases. Results: Three hundred forty-seven patients received treatment with PD-1 inhibitors. We identified 8 patients with subacute onset of neurological complications (incidence of 2.3%). Seven occurred with pembrolizumab; 1 with nivolumab. Median age was 75 years (range 31–78). Cases included necrotizing myopathy (n=2), neuropathy (n=4), cerebellar ataxia (n=1) and retinopathy (n=1). The complications occurred after a median of 5.5 cycles of PD-1 inhibitor (range 1–20 cycles). PD-1 inhibitor was discontinued in all patients except for one. Five patients received treatment with steroids and 2 received IVIG, one as monotherapy and the other in conjunction with prednisone. Seven patients improved, 1 patient with severe necrotizing myopathy died. Conclusions: Immune mediated neuromuscular adverse events from PD-1 inhibitor therapy are diverse, can affect any part of the nervous system and have an unpredictable time of onset. Although relatively rare, they are likely to be encountered with increasing frequency as PD-1 inhibitors become widely used. Clinicians need to keep a high suspicion for these disorders. The neurological deficits can evolve rapidly and may be life threatening. With prompt recognition and treatment, neurological outcomes are generally favorable. Disclosure: Dr. Kao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Markovic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Naddaf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Staff has received research support from BrainStorm and Biogen. Dr. Klein has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme, Inc. as a speaker. Dr. Hammack has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sandroni has nothing to disclose. Dr. Finnes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mauermann has nothing to disclose.
Catalytic Radical Process for Enantioselective Amination of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds

A new catalytic radical system involving CoII -based metalloradical catalysis is effective in activating sulfamoyl azides for enantioselective radical 1,6-amination of C(sp3 )-H bonds, affording six-membered chiral heterocyclic sulfamides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The CoII -catalyzed C-H amination features an unusual degree of functional-group tolerance and chemoselectivity. The unique reactivity and stereoselectivity is attributed to the underlying stepwise radical pathway. The resulting optically active cyclic sulfamides can be readily converted into synthetically useful chiral 1,3-diamine derivatives without loss in enantiopurity.
Radiofrequency ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus for management of atrial flutter in patients with congenital heart disease after tricuspid valve surgery: A single-center experience

Background Typical atrial flutter involving the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) is the most common reentrant arrhythmia in congenital heart disease and ablation is effective in its management. However, congenital heart disease patients often require surgical interventions on their tricuspid valve that utilize prosthetic material, making CTI ablation technically challenging. Objective To describe the techniques and outcomes of CTI ablation in the presence of prior tricuspid valve repair or replacement. Methods We included all patients who had undergone tricuspid valve repair utilizing an annuloplasty ring or tricuspid valve replacement who underwent CTI ablation for treatment of atrial arrhythmias between 2005 and 2017. Acute procedural success was defined as demonstration of bidirectional conduction block across the CTI. Long-term success was defined as lack of arrhythmia recurrence on monitoring or related symptoms. Results Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Twelve (75%) patients had Ebstein's anomaly, 14 (88%) patients had a prosthetic tricuspid valve, and 2 (12%) patients had annuloplasty ring. Acute success was achieved in all cases, with no complications. Radiofrequency ablation was required on the ventricular side in 9 (56%) patients. In 1 case, ablation in the small cardiac vein was required. All patients remained free from atrial flutter during 18 months follow-up (range, 1–101 months). Conclusion Our study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation of the CTI in the presence of a tricuspid annuloplasty ring or a prosthetic tricuspid valve. This may require ablation from the ventricular side of the valve to target atrial tissue rendered inaccessible as a result of tricuspid valve surgery.
The Relationship Between Shoreline Armoring and Adjacent Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Chesapeake Bay and Nearby Atlantic Coastal Bays

Shoreline armoring is an ancient and globally used engineering strategy to prevent shoreline erosion along marine, estuarine, and freshwater coastlines. Armoring alters the land water interface and has the potential to affect nearshore submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) by changing nearshore hydrology, morphology, water clarity, and sediment composition. We quantified the relationships between the condition (bulkhead, riprap, or natural) of individual shoreline segments and three measures of directly adjacent SAV (the area of potential SAV habitat, the area occupied by SAV, and the proportion of potential habitat area that was occupied) in the Chesapeake Bay and nearby Atlantic coastal bays. Bulkhead had negative relationships with SAV in the polyhaline and mesohaline zones. Salinity and watershed land cover significantly modified the effect of shoreline armoring on nearshore SAV beds, and the effects of armoring were strongest in polyhaline subestuaries with forested watersheds. In high salinity systems, distance from shore modified the relationship between shoreline and SAV. The negative relationship between bulkhead and SAV was greater further off shore. By using individual shoreline segments as the study units, our analysis separated the effects of armoring and land cover, which were confounded in previous analyses that quantified average armoring and SAV abundance for much larger study units (subestuaries). Our findings suggest that redesigning or removing shoreline armoring structures may benefit nearshore SAV in some settings. Because armoring is ubiquitous, such information can inform efforts to reverse the global decline in SAV and the loss of the ecosystem services that SAV provides.
The Impact of an Advance Care Planning Intervention for Patients with Heart Failure

Introduction Patients with chronic heart failure face a life-limiting disease trajectory, yet many have not addressed end-of-life planning. The ideal method to assist patients with advance directive (AD) completion and end-of-life goal setting is not clearly established. Hypothesis: A nurse practitioner led, interactive education program for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure utilizing the Institute of Healthcare Improvement tool, The Conversation Project, will improve patient attitudes regarding advance directives, increase completion of advance directive documents and increase discussion of end-of-life goals with significant others and health care providers. Methods A convenience sample of 30 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure who had not completed AD was used. Study participants completed the Advance Directive Attitude Survey (ADAS) prior to reviewing The Conversation Project materials and receiving education from a nurse practitioner trained in end-of-life counseling. A comparison of pre-/post-intervention outcome measures included ADAS scores, completion of AD, establishment of surrogate decision maker and discussion of end-of-life goals with provider and significant others. Results All study participants (n=30) had positive ADAS scores prior to the intervention. Post intervention outcomes were measured 30 days after the intervention in 25 participants (83%). ADAS scores remained positive with no significant change (p=0.53). A noteworthy 64% (n=16) of participants discussed AD with significant other, 40% (n=10) established surrogate decision maker and 28% (n=7) completed AD. Only 12% (n=3) discussed AD with a health care provider. Conclusions A nurse practitioner led advance care planning program using The Conversation Project showed clinically significant, but limited outcome improvement. A positive attitude regarding AD was not associated with completion of AD documents or discussion of end-of-life goals with significant others or health care providers. Further study of measures to improve the AD completion process, including programs targeting the outpatient population over a longer time frame and strategies to increase discussion with health care providers is recommended.
The Effects of Nicotine on Development

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine–containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Advances in the management of primary bone sarcomas of the skull base

Skull base primary malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of histologic diagnoses and sarcomas of the skull base are specific malignant tumors that arise from mesenchymal cells and can be classified by site of origin into bony and soft tissue sarcomas. The most common bony sarcomas include: chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chordoma, Ewing's sarcoma. Given the relative rarity of each histologic diagnosis, especially in the skull base, there is limited published data to guide the management of patients with skull base sarcomas. An electronic search of the literature was performed to obtain key publications in the management of bony sarcomas of the skull base published within the last decade. This article is thus a review of the multi-disciplinary management principles of primary bony sarcomas of the skull base. Of note, there have been several recent advancements in the realm of skull base sarcoma management that have resulted in improved survival. These include advances in: imaging and diagnostic techniques, surgical techniques that incorporate oncologic surgical principles, conformal radiation paradigms and targeted systemic therapies. Early access to coordinated multi-disciplinary subspecialty care immediately at suspicion of diagnosis has further improved outcomes. There are several ongoing trials in the realms of radiation therapy and systemic therapy that will hopefully provide further insight about the optimal management of bony sarcomas of the skull base.
Chapter 6 – Acids, Bases, and Nonaqueous Solvents

Classification of substances as acids or bases makes it possible to predict much their chemical behavior. In water, an acid produces H3O+ whereas a base produces OH− and neutralization involves the reaction of these species. The Bronsted concept of acids and bases considers an acid to be proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. In the Lewis concept of acids and bases, an acid is an electron pair acceptor and a base is an electron pair donor. The interaction of acids and bases is related to the fact that species of similar electronic character (size, charge, and polarizability) interact best, and numerous applications of this principle are discussed. Acids and/or bases often function as catalysts. Nonaqueous liquids used as solvents include ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. Superacids are compounds that generate exceedingly strong acids in nonaqueous solvents.
Applying the Concepts of "Community Spread" and "Flatten the Curve" to Chronic Conditions and Their Prevention

As this is being written, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading around the planet. To date, 210 countries have been affected.1 Billions of people are in lockdown as health services strug...
Cholangiopancreatoscopy-guided laser dissection and ablation for pancreas and biliary strictures and neoplasia.

Background and study aims Cholangiopancreatoscopy-guided laser dissection or ablation (CPL) is a novel therapeutic modality for refractory benign strictures. Our aim was to describe the safety and efficacy of CPL for pancreaticobiliary disorders. Patients and methods Patients who underwent CPL using holmium or thulium laser between February 2017 and September 2019 were included. For stricture dissection, gentle strokes of the laser fiber from a distal to proximal approach were applied until luminal patency permitted advancement of the cholangiopancreatoscope. Immediate technical success was defined as ability to traverse the stricture with the cholangiopancreatoscope after CPL. Short-term technical success was defined as > 90 % resolution of the stricture on follow-up pancreatogram. Results Eleven patients underwent a mean of 3.6 ERCPs (mean total diameter of 14.2 Fr of stenting) prior to CPL. Indications included pancreatic duct stricture (n = 8), pancreaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture (n = 1), bile duct stricture (n = 1) and pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm ablation (n = 1). Immediate technical success was 94.1 % and short-term technical success rates was 88.2 %. At a mean follow-up of 12.1 months, there have been no stricture recurrences. Conclusions CPL may be an effective therapy for strictures refractory to conventional dilation and multiple stenting.
Surfacing Values in Difficult Conversations: Game-Based Training to Lower the Stakes on Challenging Topics

Games can facilitate conversations. When people are learning to have conversations about challenging subject matter, games can help to guide players toward more productive approaches and help them to share their expertise. This chapter describes important moments in the process of the development of a game designed to help dormitory resident assistants and orientation counselors gain experience taking reflective and nonviolent approaches to difficult conversations. Using framing techniques in Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt’s Oblique Strategies and Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA, the Conversation Game creates a collaborative training situation that encompasses a range of challenging situations.
Reexaminando el árbol de la teoría de la evaluación

Al examinar comparativamente varias teorias de evaluacion, resulta util tener un marco que muestre como se relacionan, destacando las caracteristicas que distinguen a las diferentes perspectivas teoricas, en definitiva, una teoria acerca de las teorias. El arbol de la teoria de la evaluacion que presentamos en un libro reciente de Alkin, Evaluation Roots (Las raices de la evaluacion) es un marco de este tipo [Eisner, E. The roots of connoisseurship and criticism: A personal journey; Guba, E., y Lincoln, Y. The roots of fourth generation evaluation: Theoretical and methodological origins; Stake, R. Stake and responsive evaluation; Wholey, J. S. Using evaluation to improve performance and support policy decision making. En M. Alkin (ed.) (2004). Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage]. Asi como los teoricos modifican sus puntos de vista a lo largo del tiempo, en este articulo sugerimos modificaciones al arbol teorico presentado en el libro, incluyendo un reposicionamiento de algunos teoricos, los aportes de nuevos teoricos y una reconceptualizacion en la rama de la valoracion.
8R Resilience Model: A stakeholder-centered approach of disaster resilience for transportation infrastructure and network

Abstract Infrastructure and network resilience directly or indirectly deal with the impact of risks, criticalities, emergencies, and stakeholders. It is evaluated based on the retrieval of system functionality during global setbacks such as natural disasters, man-made disasters, etc. Despite inherent complexities and posed threats, proper scientific methods to evaluate the transportation infrastructure and network resilience from the users’ point of view is absent. This study developed a unique ‘8R Resilience Model’, which is an information management tool based on resilient concepts for assessing transportation infrastructure and network resilience. The findings of this study present opportunities to influence policymakers to reassess the disaster resilience of the transportation system during a global crisis. The proposed 8R Resilience Model provides a dynamic stakeholder-centered assessment strategy of disaster resilience. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process comprising of the 8R Resilience Model, statistical (survey) model, and social media reaction (Twitter) model has been performed for validation. MCDA result suggests that adopting the dynamic 8R Resilience Model combined with operational resilience metrics is more beneficial in terms of assessing the criticality of any transportation infrastructure than using models developed from survey data and social media reactions.
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty and light adjustable lens triple procedure.

Abstract Purpose The objective of this series is to report the early post-operative visual outcomes of a novel triple procedure utilizing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) plus light adjustable lens (LAL) in two patients (four eyes). Methods Two patients with bilateral, visually significant cataracts and Fuchs’ dystrophy were selected for DMEK plus LAL triple procedure. Patient B also exhibited a high amount of preoperative astigmatism. Both patients desired spectacle independence and were initially targeted for monovision with the dominant eye corrected for distance and the nondominant eye corrected for near. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and manifest refraction were recorded at each postoperative appointment and light treatment. Results In the early post-operative course, Patient A chose to pursue binocular distance correction instead of monovision. This was adjusted for accordingly using the LAL. Following final lock-in, Patient A had a distance UCVA of 20/15 in the right eye (OD) and a distance UCVA of 20/20 in the left eye (OS). Patient B was targeted for monovision. After final lock-in, Patient B had a distance UCVA of 20/15 in the dominant eye (OD) and a near UCVA of Jaeger No. 1+ in the nondominant eye (OS). Conclusions and Importance The first reported cases of DMEK plus LAL triple procedures achieved exceptional UCVA at the desired target. The post-operative customizability of the LAL allows for the achievement of excellent refractive outcomes after DMEK, even in patients with significant astigmatism and in patients who change their mind regarding refractive target.
The Psychometric Properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory Hostility and Anxiety Subscales in a Prison Population.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) hostility and anxiety subscales in prison inmates. METHODS Reliability and construct validity of the BSI hostility and anxiety subscales were examined using Cronbach's alphas, factor analysis, and hypothesis testing. RESULTS Of the 373 male inmates, 63% were White with a mean age of 36 years. Cronbach's alphas for hostility and anxiety were 0.83 and 0.81, supporting internal consistency. Factor analysis demonstrated two dimensions, hostility and anxiety. Supporting construct validity, inmates with higher hostility as well as those with higher anxiety had a greater number of mentally unhealthy days and lower perceived control. CONCLUSION The BSI hostility and anxiety subscales are reliable and valid for use in prison inmates.
Is Exercise Extra? A Mixed Methods Examination of Cultural Barriers and Enablers of Physical Activity in Management of Type 2 Diabetes in M’Bour, Senegal

Objective: This study seeks to produce culturally-attuned recommendations for disease management in individuals with type 2 diabetes in M’Bour, Senegal. Methods: The PEN-3 Cultural Model (PEN-3) framed this mixed methods study to capture a) the qualitative barriers and enablers to participating in physical activity through narrative interviews; as well as b) the quantitative extent to which participants engaged in physical activity through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Content analysis identified emergent themes from interviews and descriptive statistics summarized IPAQ responses. Results: Among 41 individuals formally diagnosed with diabetes, the mean age was 58 (SD=11.8). Results elicited from PEN-3 included several barriers and enablers to physical activity. Barriers included prohibitive costs of gym membership and exercise equipment; limb pain; and feeling ill. Participants reported walking as their main source of exercise, with an average frequency of 4 days per week (SD=2.8). Although patients reported a lack of others with whom to exercise, familial support aided in maintaining exercise behaviors such as walking. Conclusions: Given participants’ need for exercise companions, group-based activities ​may be useful. Patients with diabetes may also benefit from complimentary home-based exercises that are gentle and pain alleviating.
Natural variation in the irld gene family affects insulin/IGF signaling and starvation resistance

Starvation resistance is a fundamental, disease-relevant trait, but the genetic basis of its natural variation is unknown. We developed a synthetic population-sequencing approach to measure starvation resistance for many wild C. elegans strains simultaneously. We identified three quantitative trait loci with variants in 16 insulin/EGF receptor-like domain (irld) family members. We show that four irld genes affect starvation resistance by regulating insulin/IGF signaling. We propose that IRLD proteins bind insulin-like peptides to modify signaling in the sensory nervous system thereby affecting organismal physiology. This work demonstrates efficacy of using population sequencing to dissect a complex trait, identifies irld genes that regulate insulin/IGF signaling, and shows that an expanded gene family modifies a deeply conserved signaling pathway to affect a fitness-proximal trait.
Chest Imaging for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

SUMMARY Chest radiography can be an important diagnostic examination for many patients. The oral and maxillofacial surgeon must know both the usefulness and the limitations of this examination. Understanding the basic pattern recognition method used by most radiologists is important. Familiarity with the diseases associated with the common radiographic patterns is also helpful. Finally, a knowledge of the clinical course and seriousness of thoracic disease is important to the overall care of any patient.
Identifying structural connectivity priorities in eastern Paraguay's fragmented Atlantic Forest.

The Atlantic Forest of eastern Paraguay has experienced extensive recent deforestation. Less than one-third of the region is forested, and the remaining forest largely consists of isolated remnants with potentially disrupted connectivity for forest fauna. We used a graph theory approach to identify those forest remnants that are important in maintaining landscape structural connectivity for mammals in this fragmented forest. We quantified structural connectivity for forest remnants over the period 2000–2019 at three levels: the entire network of Atlantic Forest remnants in eastern Paraguay; at 10 smaller, nested spatial scales (40–10,000 m) encompassing a range of potential mammalian dispersal abilities; and at the level of individual remnants. We used 10 graph theory metrics to assess aspects of network complexity, dispersal-route efficiency, and individual remnant importance in supporting structural connectivity. We identified forest remnants that serve as important structural connectivity roles as stepping stones, hubs, or articulation points and that should be prioritized for connectivity conservation. Structural connectivity was constrained for organisms incapable of travelling at least 9–12 km (farthest distances between nearest-neighboring forest remnants depending on whether smaller remnants were included or not) and was particularly limited for area-sensitive forest-specialist mammals. With the increased forest loss and fragmentation that is occurring, the connectivity of this system will likely be further compromised, but most of the remnants that we identified as playing important roles for structural connectivity were outside of the country’s proposed “green corridor,” indicating additional areas where conservation action can be directed.
Diffuse Leg Induration

Clinical differential diagnosis of leg induration includes lipodermatosclerosis (LDS), morphea, fasciitis, pretibial myxedema, necrobiosis lipoidica, and panniculitis. Pretibial myxedema, panniculitis, and necrobiosis lipoidica are easy to diagnose clinically and histologically. Lipodermatosclerosis, morphea, and fasciitis are more difficult to distinguish, both, clinically and histologically compared to the above three. The most common cause of leg induration in the USA at present is LDS. The diagnosis is generally clinical but may be confirmed by histopathology by excluding other disorders.
ION FLUXES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Publisher Summary This chapter critically reviews recent studies on ion fluxes in brain tissue. There is a discussion about the advantages and limitations of the experimental methods as well as the results obtained because the interpretation and significance of data obtained from such experiments depend heavily upon the experimental techniques and preparations used. The discussion of transport phenomena, both active and passive, presented in the chapter is largely limited to those aspects peculiar to the central nervous system (CNS) and particularly the cortex. The assumptions underlying tracer experiments are discussed because of the frequent use of radioisotopes in studying ion movements. The basic mathematical relations governing ion movements across single cell boundaries are presented and several simple examples of ion fluxes in multicellular tissues are considered. A brief discussion of the concept of cell permeability is also included. Various anatomical and histological studies of the extracellular space in brain are considered in the chapter. An attempt is made to correlate the data and explain some apparent discrepancies. Most of the experimental studies of ion fluxes in the brain were carried out in an effort to explain the phenomenon of spreading cortical depression. The study of drug-induced changes in membrane permeability is an additional, useful tool in analyzing the effects of drugs on nervous activity. A few examples of such experiments and the preliminary conclusions drawn from the results are presented.
Metaphor, recursive systems, and paradox in science and developmental theory.

In my chapter, “The structure of developmental theory,” I argued that the way we decide the value of any theory depends to a significant degree on abstract philosophical assumptions that we bring to the evaluation. Specifically, I claimed that the assumptions of ontological and epistemological realism set one context for theory evaluation; the assumptions of epistemological rationalism or interpretationism set a different context. My general point was simply that the rules define the game, and decisions about whether a game is being played well or poorly necessarily require understanding of the rules. A North American who watches Europeans play “football” can be excused for thinking that Europeans play poorly — indeed insanely — if he is not aware that the rules of North American and European football differ significantly. A Realist who watches a Rationalist play “science” must have similar unkind thoughts.
Traditional Welfare Analysis of a Small Country's Trade Policy: A Note

This paper reexamines the standard welfare analysis of export subsidies under perfect competition, pointing out that the prevailing textbook analysis ignores the incentives of foreign producers to sell at the highest price possible, which may be in the domestic market. This substantially alters welfare analysis and perversely leads to intra-industry trade. This is well-understood in the literature, though not included in standard undergraduate textbooks.
The IL-17 cytokine family.

IL‐17A and its receptor are the founding members of a recently described cytokine family, with unique sequences and functions in the immune system and elsewhere. Consisting of six ligands (IL‐17A–F) and five receptors (IL‐17RA–IL‐17RE) in mammals, these molecules have distinct primary amino acid structures with only minimal homology to other cytokine families. By far the best studied of these cytokines to date are IL‐17A and its receptor, IL‐17RA. IL‐17A is produced primarily by T cells, and is the hallmark cytokine of a newly defined T helper cell subset that appears to be involved in generation of autoimmunity. Despite its production by the adaptive immune system, IL‐17A exhibits proinflammatory activities similar to innate immune cytokines such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α and appears to play important and nonredundant roles in regulating granulocytes in vivo . As a result, IL‐17A also plays key roles in host defense. In contrast to the restricted expression of IL‐17A, the IL‐17RA receptor is ubiquitously expressed, and thus most cells are potential physiological targets of IL‐17A. This chapter describes the major molecular properties, biological activities, and known signaling pathways of the IL‐17 family, with an emphasis on IL‐17A and IL‐17RA.
On the theorem of Hayman and Wu

We show that the Hayman-Wu constant O is strictly smaller than 4π. Previously it has been shown that π 2 < O ≤ 4π. A main tool in our proof is an analysis of the hyperbolic geodesic curvature of straight lines in simply connected domains.
Vagus nerve stimulator-induced apneas and hypopneas in a child with refractory seizures

Vagal nerve stimulators (VNS) can decrease seizure frequency in pediatric patients with refractory seizure disorders. However, vagal nerve stimulation can cause apneas and hypopneas during sleep, especially in patients with undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. We currently care for a young boy with cerebral palsy and refractory seizures. His mother noted intermittent noisy breathing and pauses in breathing at night following VNS implantation. An overnight sleep study revealed very abnormal sleep architecture and an apnea-hypopnea event rate of nine per h (18 per h when supine). After a review of the management options, the VNS was disabled. A repeat sleep study demonstrated improved sleep architecture and a reduced number of apneas and hypopneas (overall and supine event rate 1.7 per h). Management options in these patients include changing the VNS parameters, the use of positive airway pressure therapy, and discontinuing the VNS device.
Supported metal electronic structure: Implications for molecular adsorption

Using ab initio methods, we examine the electronic structure of substrate-supported metal films. We predict a coexistence between charge-transfer valence-bond states and bandlike metallic states. The role of the support composition in determining the balance of bond and band states is elucidated for Pt on Al- and O-terminated $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and we reveal how this coexistence evolves with metal film thickness. Using CO chemisorption as a probe of metal film electronic structure, we demonstrate that this combination of bond and band effects leads to significant changes in surface chemistry.
Sensitometric response of Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te detectors for chest radiography

The sensitometric response of Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te semiconductor detectors using a geometrical chest phantom, within the X-ray diagnostic energy range, has been studied with the aim of optimizing the image quality parameters of these solid state-ionization devices. In addition, the dependence of the spatial resolution of a planar Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te substrate on the phantom thickness has been experimentally determined. The results of this study indicate that Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te detectors exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N).