cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of collagenase and TIMP in healing human burn wounds.

Degradative events in remodeling connective tissues are mediated through the actions of one or more members of the matrix metalloproteinase family. Conversely, members of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) family act to attenuate proteolysis. Because collagenase and TIMP are rapidly secreted into the extracellular matrix following their biosynthesis and may not remain near their cell of origin, we undertook an immunohistochemical examination of human burn injuries to establish the distribution of these proteins during acute wound repair. immunostaining for collagenase and TIMP was markedly increased within the wound bed but not in adjacent regions of histologically normal skin. Immunoreactive collagenase was first noted at the eschar-dermal interface by day 3 after injury and became very prominent in the dermis from day 5 to day 17. By day 5, focal patches of immunoreactive collagenase were found at the epidermal-dermal junctions at the wound margins. Within the wound bed, intense staining for collagenase was noted in the connective tissue surrounding the surviving epithelial appendages and around blood vessels. Immunoreactive TIMP was detected by day 2 both in the dermis and the overlying eschar but rapidly assumed the same interfacial pattern as described for collagenase. Staining for TIIMP was only sporadically found at the dermal-epidermal margins and surrounding surviving epithelial appendages. Like collagenase, TIMP was prominently localized about vascular structures. These studies demonstrate that, in acute wounds, immunoreactive collagenase and TIMP are generally increased throughout the area of injury but particularly so at interface zones including eschar-dermis, epidermis-dermis, appendages-dermis, and around vascular structures.
The Measure of the Man

In the Yellowstone River Valley of Montana, a handshake is still important. Here, handshakes are used to settle the sale of land, timber, and cattle and are always offered in greeting and in farewe...
VLSI Implementation Of The Fast Fourier Transform

A VLSI implementation of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processor consisting of a mesh interconnection of complex floating-point butterfly units is presented. The Cooley-Tukey radix-2 Decimation-In-Frequency (DIF) formulation of the FFT was chosen since it offered the best overall compromise between the need for fast and efficient algorithmic computation and the need for a structure amenable to VLSI layout. Thus the VLSI implementation is modular, regular, expandable to various problem sizes and has a simple systolic flow of data and control. To evaluate the FFT architecture, VLSI area-time complexity concepts are used, but are now adapted to a complex floating-point number system rather than the usual integer ring representation. We show by our construction that the Thompson area-time optimum bound for the VLSI computation of an N-point FFT, area-time2oc = ORNlogN)1+a] can be attained by an alternative number representation, and hence the theoretical bound is a tight bound regardless of number system representation.
A frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system for time resolved measurement of broadband acoustic transients

A high-sensitivity frequency domain laser based ultrasonic system is presented which uses a low power, amplitude modulated continuous wave (cw) laser source for acoustic wave generation. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to a rf lock-in amplifier. The modulation frequency of the generation laser is scanned over the bandwidth of interest, and transient acoustic signals are reconstructed from the frequency domain data. The effects of measurement frequency resolution, bandwidth, and time domain aliasing on the reconstructed transient response are discussed. Experimental results on thin plates, where diffuse acoustic wave fields lasting several hundred microseconds are seen as a result of multiple reflections off of sample boundaries, demonstrate that the time domain signal can be unambiguously reconstructed through appropriate selection of frequency resolution. Time domain reconstructions of acoustic signals over a bandwidth of 200MHz demonstrate the u...
The relationship between nested subsets, habitat subdivision, and species diversity.

Biotic assemblages are said to be nested when the species making up relatively species-poor biotas comprise subsets of the species present at richer sites. Because species number and site area are often correlated, previous studies have suggested that nestedness may be relevant to questions of how habitat subdivision affects species diversity, particularly with respect to the question of whether a single large, contiguous patch of habitat will generally contain more species than collections of smaller patches having the same total combined area. However, inferences from analyses of nestedness are complicated by (1) variability in degrees of nestedness measured in natural communities, (2) variability in species-area relationships, and (3) the fact that nestedness statistics do not account for the size of habitat patches, only in the degree of overlap among sites with different numbers of species. By comparing various indices of nestedness with a “saturation index” that more directly measures the effect of habitat subdivision, it is shown that the first two of these factors are not as important as the third. Whether a single large site or several smaller ones having the same total combined area maximizes species diversity is dependent on (1) overlap in species composition among sites and (2) the number of species per unit area in the different sites. Because nestedness indices do not account for species number at a site, they cannot accurately predict how habitat subdivision affects species diversity patterns. Still, nestedness analyses are important in that they indicate the degree to which rare species tend to be found in the largest, or the most species-rich, sites, patterns not revealed by the saturation index. Both types of analysis are important in order to obtain a more complete picture of how species richness and compositional patterns are influenced by habitat subdivision.
Uncorrelated, or increasing convex, positive data with multiple least-squares exponential curves

There are uncorrelated positive data with multiple least-squares exponential curves that are closer to the data than the horizontal least-squares line is. Also, for some increasing convex positive data, with positive first and non-negative second differences, computations may yield multiple increasing convex positive least-squares exponential curves.
Epithelioid Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Stomach with Liver Metastases in a 12-Year-old Girl: Aspiration Cytology and Molecular Study

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), a stromal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract defined as CD117 (c-kit)-positive neoplasm, occurs primarily in adults. GIST with CD117 (c-kit) mutation and certain cytogenetic abnormalities is associated with malignancy, though a definite relationship between prognosis and molecular alterations remains to be elucidated. We report the cytologic features of an epithelioid GIST arising in the stomach of a child and metastatic to the liver, and the molecular mutational analysis of both the primary gastric tumor and the liver metastasis. Literature of pediatric GISTs was also reviewed. Fine needle aspiration of the liver metastasis, processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain, showed fragments of cohesive small epithelioid cells with bland oval nuclei and unipolar cytoplasm transected by capillaries. Immunohistochemically, all nodules in the stomach and liver expressed CD117 (c-kit). Interestingly, some of the gastric tumor clusters were uniformly CD34 positive, whereas others were uniformly CD34 negative, suggesting heterogeneity of tumor clones. The presence of neurosecretory granules further subtyped the tumor into gastric autonomic nerve tumor (GANT). Molecular mutational analysis, performed in both the gastric tumor and the liver metastasis, showed no sequence abnormality in exons 9, 11, and 13 of CD117 (c-kit). Cytogenetic study revealed normal karyotype. These features might suggest a different molecular mechanism leading to malignancy in certain GISTs arising in children.
Does critical illness and intensive care unit treatment contribute to neurocognitive and functional morbidity in pediatric patients

whichmayadverselyaffecttheirfunctionalstatusandquality of life. Data are beginning to accumulate in survivorsof the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)suggesting that these patients also expe-riencesignificantneurocognitiveandfunc-tional morbidity after critical illness andintensivecareunit(ICU)treatment.
Successful surgical treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome associated with a divided left atrium that was diagnosed intraoperatively.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) often involves abnormalities in atrial septal morphology, including a restrictive atrial communication and anomalous attachment of a malaligned septum primum. Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital heart abnormality in which the left atrium (LA) is divided into 2 chambers by a diaphragm. Association of cor triatriatum with HLHS is rare, and cor triatriatum is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. We herein describe an unusual case of HLHS with cor triatriatum.
Comparability of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale—Survey Form with Infants Evaluated for Developmental Delay:

The Vineland Social Maturity Scale and its revision, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Survey Form, were evaluated with infants referred for suspected developmental delay. Since the latter is being used more often by psychologists in evaluation and placement of children in the age group of birth to two years, comparative studies must ensure appropriate placement of children observed to have developmental delays. The present study indicated significantly higher over-all adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Survey Form for 33 black and 11 white infants of mean age 12 mo. than on the original Vineland scales. Substituting the Survey Form for the original Vineland scales when evaluating developmentally delayed infants is questionable. These results are also noteworthy in that children whose Vineland Social Maturity scaled scores make them eligible for special services would be excluded if the revised form were used in the evaluation process.
Treatment of neuroblastoma with 131I-MIBG: dosimetric problems and perspectives

Between 7/3/80 and 5/7/86 we gave 32 of our neuroblastoma patients 62 diagnostic doses of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and 12 patients 20 treatment doses. Our conclusion from our diagnostic dose studies is that MIBG should be used for staging the extent of neuroblastoma before therapy is started, because it may change the proposed staging and therapy. In MIBG therapy for neuroblastoma, our criteria for agreeing to treat a patient are based on calculations from a 4-day tracer dose study that assures that the patient will receive from his first therapy dose a tumor dose of at least 2000 rads/100 mCi, with a total body dose of not greater than 200 rads. Under these circumstances in children, the blood dose has been about 50 rads. The platelet count falls routinely with a 150-rad whole-body dose but never to dangerous levels. We have delivered tumor doses of 7000-34,600 rads on the first dose using 150-215 mCi. We have had objective regressions (as shown by before and after CAT scans) of 30-59% in volume of the principal tumor mass in 3 of the first 12 patients treated. All patients had Grade IV neuroblastoma with extensive previous surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, with and without previousmore » bone marrow transplants. MIBG therapy was most effective in patients with slower-growing tumors for whom initial treatment doses were 200 mCi or more.« less
Weathering of fallout.

Subjected to weathering by electrodialysis, fallout pellets collected after a nuclear explosion from the area near ground zero released trace amounts of their total beta activity. Airborne fallout collected 612 miles from the test site released 51.8 percent of its Sr90 activity. Aircraft-collected fallout released 40.5 percent of its Sr90 activity when collected from a tower shot and 86 percent when collected from a balloon shot.
Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle.

Abstract To differentiate between the effects of heat stress (HS) and decreased dry matter intake (DMI) on physiological and metabolic variables in growing beef cattle, we conducted an experiment in which a thermoneutral (TN) control group (n=6) was pair fed (PF) to match nutrient intake with heat-stressed Holstein bull calves (n=6). Bulls (4 to 5 mo old, 135kg body weight [BW]) housed in climate-controlled chambers were subjected to 2 experimental periods (P): (1) TN (18°C to 20°C) and ad libitum intake for 9 d, and (2) HS (cyclical daily temperatures ranging from 29.4°C to 40.0°C) and ad libitum intake or PF (in TN conditions) for 9 d. During each period, blood was collected daily and all calves were subjected to an intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT) on day 7 and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) on day 8. Heat stress reduced (12%) DMI and by design, PF calves had similar nutrient intake reductions. During P1, BW gain was similar between environments and averaged 1.25kg/d, and both HS and PF reduced ( P P P P P P =0.11) to have a blunted overall glucose response to the ITT. Independent of reduced nutrient intake, HS alters post-absorptive carbohydrate (basal and stimulated) metabolism, characterized primarily by increased basal insulin concentrations and insulin response to a GTT. However, HS-induced reduction in feed intake appears to fully explain decreased average daily gain in Holstein bull calves.
Civic Participation, Regional Subcultures, and Violence The Differential Effects of Secular and Religious Participation on Adult and Juvenile Homicide

This analysis extends prior macro-level homicide research by examining the links between civic participation, regional subcultures of violence, and age-specific homicide rates. To this end, an integrated community resource perspective was developed and this approach was contrasted with community deficit perspectives. To lend greater specificity, the distinctive effects of religious and secular participation on community levels of juvenile and adult homicide were also considered. Analyses of county-level adult and juvenile homicide offending patterns suggest that regional subcultures as well as religious and secular forms of civic participation play important—yet age-graded—roles in reducing interpersonal violence.
Decentralized Average Consensus in Wireless Sensor Networks with Unreliable Communication Channels

This study proposes and evaluates an average consensus scheme for wireless sensor networks. For this, two communication error models, the fading signal error model and approximated fading signal error model, are introduced and incorporated into the proposed decentralized average consensus scheme, especially adapted to the constraints of wireless sensor networks. A mathematical analysis is introduced to derive the approximated fading signal model from the fading signal model and different simulation scenarios are introduced and their results analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and its effectiveness in meeting the needs of wireless sensor networks.
Phase behavior of clathrate hydrates: a model for single and multiple gas component hydrates

Abstract Presented here is a model that accurately predicts equilibrium pressures as a function of temperature of hydrates with CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , N 2 , H 2 , and CO 2 and their mixtures as guests. The model parameters fit to a subset of the equilibrium pressure data for single guest hydrates allow the prediction of phase behavior in mixed guest hydrates. For single guest hydrates, our model improves upon the van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdWP) model with a percent absolute average deviation (%AAD) from all equilibrium pressure data of 5.7% compared to 15.1% for the vdWP model. Predictions of equilibrium pressures for all available mixed guest hydrates result in a 11.6%AAD with our fugacity-based model compared to 18.6% for the vdWP model. Also, our model leads to a prediction of the structure change of the methane–ethane hydrate within 5% of its known equilibrium composition in the vapor phase without any adjustment of its parameters. We have also found that at temperatures above 300 K , double occupancy of nitrogen in the large cavity of structure II hydrate is important for the prediction of accurate equilibrium pressures.
Characterization of Hydroxyl Compounds Identification of Their 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate Esters by Infrared Spectroscopy

Standard methods for the identification of alcohols often produce questionable results. The infrared spectrum of a 3 5-dinitrobenzoate ester permits rapid identification of the original alcohol. Therefore, reference infrared spectra have been obtained for the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate derivatives of 24 alcohols containing from 1 to 22 carbon atoms. The infrared spectra of these 3,5-dinitrobenzoate derivatives are unique; even closely related alcohols that differ only by one methylene group form 3,5-dinitrobenzoate esters, which often exhibit markedly different infrared spectra. Although the melting points of these derivatives may be close, the infrared spectra permit positive identification. In qualitative analysis, infrared techniques can be used either alone or in conjunction with x-ray diffraction techniques.
Functions of BET proteins in erythroid gene expression

Inhibitors of bromodomain and extraterminal motif proteins (BETs) are being evaluated for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, yet much remains to be learned about how BET proteins function during normal physiology. We used genomic and genetic approaches to examine BET function in a hematopoietic maturation system driven by GATA1, an acetylated transcription factor previously shown to interact with BETs. We found that BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 were variably recruited to GATA1-regulated genes, with BRD3 binding the greatest number of GATA1-occupied sites. Pharmacologic BET inhibition impaired GATA1-mediated transcriptional activation, but not repression, genome-wide. Mechanistically, BETs promoted chromatin occupancy of GATA1 and subsequently supported transcriptional activation. Using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genomic engineering and shRNA approaches, we observed that depletion of either BRD2 or BRD4 alone blunted erythroid gene activation. Surprisingly, depletion of BRD3 only affected erythroid transcription in the context of BRD2 deficiency. Consistent with functional overlap among BET proteins, forced BRD3 expression substantially rescued defects caused by BRD2 deficiency. These results suggest that pharmacologic BET inhibition should be interpreted in the context of distinct steps in transcriptional activation and overlapping functions among BET family members.
Insulin and IGF-I stimulate normal and virally transformed T-lymphocyte cell growth in vitro.

We used normal and HTLV-II-transformed T-lymphocytes as target cells to study clonal proliferative responses to physiologic and supraphysiologic concentrations of insulin and IGF-I. Responses of both growth factors were measured in the presence and absence of αIR-3, an IGF-I receptor-blocking antibody. A biphasic response to insulin was noted in all cell lines with the first peak [78 ± 6.6% (means ± SE) above control] occurring at 1.4 or 1.6 nmol/liter and a second peak (84 ± 4.9% above control) occurring at 18.0 nmol/liter. Following preincubation with αIR-3, the overall clonal profile in response to insulin was significantly reduced [F(7,56) = (10.4, p < .0001] as a result of blunting at high physiologic and supraphysiologic insulin concentrations, i.e., ≥1.6 nmol/liter. As expected, the overall clonal profile in response to IGF-I was blocked by αIR-3 [F(4,32) = 11.6, p < .0001]. These data show that insulin at both physiologic and supraphysiologic concentrations, as well as IGF-I, stimulate virally transformed T-lymphoblast growth. The significant inhibition of growth responses to high concentrations of insulin and to IGF-I by αIR-3 suggests mediation of these effects through the IGF-I receptor. Similar studies were performed using freshly isolated, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T-lymphocytes. The overall response to insulin was significantly reduced compared to the profile of transformed T-lymphoblasts [F(7,70) = 4.9, p = .0002] as a result of blunting at physiologic insulin concentrations <1,8 nmol/liter. In response to IGF-I, the clonal profile of PHA-stimulated T-lymphocytes was slightly reduced compared to that of virally transformed T-lymphoblasts [F(4,40) = 3.4, p = .0174]. Thus, both insulin and IGF-I receptor-effector mechanisms are involved in the growth of virally transformed T-lymphoblasts, whereas the IGF-I receptor-effector mechanism appears to play a more significant role in the growth of normal, mitogen-activated T-lymphocytes.
In Vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties of resveratrol and several of its analogs

Resveratrol (RES), a component of red wine, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The studies described in the present work were aimed at evaluating the potential for RES and related stilbene analogs (piceatannol, PIC; pterostilbene, TPS; trans-stilbene, TS; and trans-stilbene oxide, TSO) to exhibit toxicity towards RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The effect of TS, TSO, RES and TPS on RAW 264.7 macrophage viability was determined by two standard methods: (a) the MTT assay and (b) the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Whereas macrophages were more sensitive to PIC (LC50 trypan ∼ 1.3 μM) and to TPS (LC50 trypan ∼ 4.0 μM and LC50 MTT ∼ 8.3 μM) than to RES (LC50 trypan ∼ 8.9 μM and LC50 MTT ∼ 29.0 μM), they were relatively resistant to TSO (LC50 trypan ∼ 61.0 μM and LC50 MTT > 100 μM) and to TS (LC50 trypan ≥ 5.0 μM and LC50 MTT ≥ 5.0 μM). The ability of selected stilbenes (RES, TPS and PIC) to exhibit growth inhibitory effects was also examined. Although RES and TPS were observed to inhibit cell proliferation in macrophages (IC50 ≤ 25 μM), these cells were resistant to growth inhibition by PIC (IC50 ≥ 50 μM). The data obtained in the present analysis demonstrate that substituted stilbene compounds such as RES have the capacity to exhibit cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities in macrophages.
Breaking Ice with Gravity Waves

The plane-wave impulse response of a laterally compressed floating elastic plate, derived in earlier work, provides a simple means of describing the response of a floating ice sheet to gravity waves induced by a moving vehicle. Vehicle speeds above the cut-off phase velocity produce gravity waves that grow in amplitude with time. These waves grow in amplitude most rapidly when the vehicle speed equals the critical gravity-wave phase velocity. For vehicle speeds above the critical phase velocity, the critical wave is excited at an angle to the vehicle motion; hence, the amplitude grows at a high but decreasing rate as the vehicle speed increases from the critical speed. The critical speed is the optimum speed for breaking an ice sheet by moving vehicle. Vehicles travelling at speeds below the cut-off phase velocity do not excite growing waves that increase the deflection of the ice sheet; thus, vehicular travel below the cut-off speed is recommended. Easily derived plots of the cut-off and critical phase velocities and wave lengths are presented as functions of ice thickness and water depth.
Catalytic preparation of magnesium hydride

The preparation of MgH2 by the reaction of hydrogen with magnesium metal in the presence of certain catalysts has been investigated.
Transition to the Radiative Phase in Supernova Remnants

The evolution of a supernova remnant through the transition from an adiabatic Sedov-Taylor blast wave to a radiative pressure-driven snowplow phase is studied using one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. This transition is marked by a catastrophic collapse of the postshock gas, forming a thin, dense shell behind the forward shock. After the transition, the shock front is characterized by a deceleration parameter, Vt/R ≈ 0.33, which is considerably higher than the analytic estimate of for a pressure-driven snowplow. In two dimensions, the catastrophic collapse is accompanied by violent dynamical instabilities of the thin, cool shell. The violence of the collapse and the subsequent instability of the shell increase with increasing ambient density. Preshock density perturbations as small as 1% in an ambient medium with density of 100 cm-3 can lead to distortions of the shock front larger than 10% of the radius of the remnant.
Abstract A2: Region 4 NCI CRCHD BMaP: A team science approach towards a multistate network to reduce cancer health disparities

Background/Objectives: NCI CRCHD Region 4 BMaP (Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas) was initiated in 2009. The overall goal is achieving measureable reductions in racial cancer health disparities through developing regional networks where resources can be pooled to facilitate team science approaches to cancer health disparity reduction. Methods: We established a regional hub infrastructure with specific cores: administration, training, bioinformatics, biospecimen/biobanking, clinical trials, community translation, emerging technologies, and ethical-legal-policy issues. Three methods, a group meeting and two survey tools were employed to identify regional resources. The NCI-developed Readiness Assessment Tool (RAT) collected data on cores; the “Face-to-Face” gathering provided for a SWOT analysis in cancer health disparities among Region 4 stakeholders. The online Comprehensive Needs Assessment (CNA) survey identified institutional-level characteristics necessary to develop a regional implementation plan. Results: 100% complete response for RAT and CNA surveys. Few reported significant needs although many reported significant institutional deficiencies in bioinformatics, biospecimen/biobanking, clinical trials, and emerging technologies. Primary diseases of interest include breast and colorectal cancers. In Region 4, few CRCHD funded investigators collected biospecimens in their research programs; and all members reported strong training programs. The Face-to-Face meeting strengthened existing partnerships and increased collaboration while providing attendees a regional overview of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Implications/Next Steps: Regional networks of health disparities researchers are already leverging resources to reduce cancer health disparities among minorities in the region. The GMaP/BmaP network provided contacts to leverage CHEs in the region. The program is investigating methods to create a region-wide virtual biorepository, with descriptions of biospecimens collected in research program by Region 4 PIs. Such a virtual biorepository database would be linked with other regioanl BMaP databases that are developed. In addition, Region 4 implementation plan includes creating bioethics training tools for biomedical research on US minority populations. Training materials to be developed would address missing bioethical topics on health disparities issues with an emphasis on Native Americans and Hispanic Populations, and within the topics of biospecimen collection and clinical trial participation. This aims at creating career opportunities in bioethics for students and junior investigators at minority serving institutions. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A2.
Syntheses of azo dyes containing 4,5-diphenylimidazole and their evaluation as analytical reagents

Abstract Eight azo dyes containing the 4,5-diphenylimidazole group have been synthesized, and their potential for determinations of metals has been studied spectrophotometrically. Of these reagents, the pyridylazo and quinolylazo derivatives are suitable as chromogenic reagents, the best being 2-(quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (QAI), which reacts with several metal ions. The copper and mercury complexes of QAI show molar absorptivities of the order of 80 000 l mol−1 cm−1.
Laboratory measurements of the oxidation kinetics of organic aerosol mixtures using a relative rate constants approach

[1] Organic aerosols in the atmosphere are exposed to oxidants, but the oxidation kinetics are largely unknown. We investigate the decay of organic species in laboratory-generated organic aerosols exposed to atmospherically relevant ozone concentrations in a smog chamber. The experiments were conducted using five different organic aerosols, varying in complexity from three to twelve components. These mixtures include alkenoic acids, alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, n-alkanes, and sterols and are designed to simulate meat cooking emissions. A relative rate constants approach was used to compare reaction rates of individual organic species and to compare the reaction rates of the aerosol species to gas phase tracers. Significant decay was observed for all species (except for the n-alkanes) in at least one of the experimental systems. By relating the decomposition of condensed phase alkenoic acids to gas phase alkenes, we show that the reaction rate constants of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid evolve as the aerosol is processed, decreasing by a factor of ∼10 over the course of a 4-hour experiment. The decay rate constants of cholesterol, oleic acid, and palmitic acid all depend strongly on aerosol composition, with more than an order of magnitude change in the effective rate constants depending on mixture composition. Effects of aerosol composition are likely to be even more significant in atmospheric aerosol, where particle compositions are highly variable. The data presented here indicate these mixture effects are complicated, making it difficult to extrapolate from simple laboratory systems to atmospherically relevant conditions.
Ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection of the trapeziometacarpal joint: description of technique.

Abstract Umphrey GL, Brault JS, Hurdle M-FB, Smith J. Ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection of the trapeziometacarpal joint: description of technique. Objective To describe a new technique to perform an ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection of the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint. Design Ultrasound-guided injection of the TMC joint was completed on fresh frozen cadaver hand specimens using diatriazoate meglumine contrast. A fluoroscopic posteroanterior image of the TMC joint was then obtained to verify intra-articular placement of the contrast. Setting Anatomy lab in a medical college. Specimens Seventeen fresh frozen cadaver hand specimens. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measure Verification of this technique was confirmed using fluoroscopy and contrast. Results Sixteen (94%) of 17 joints injected showed contrast material within the TMC joint with a single cutaneous puncture. One intra-articular injection was initially misplaced into the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint. Conclusions Ultrasound may be used to accurately perform intra-articular TMC injections. Ultrasound provides a viable alternative to fluoroscopy when accurate injection into the TMC joint is required for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
23. Cultural Diversity and Child Passenger Safety

Death due to a motor vehicle crash (MVC) is the number one cause of death in Hispanic and African-American populations to ages 34 and 14, respectively. A 300-bed level I trauma center in Kansas City is the safety net hospital for the urban core and is committed to decreasing injury and death. This medical center instituted an educational program to increase knowledge of child passenger and home safety in several culturally diverse populations of pregnant women. During Child Passenger Safety Week a baby shower was held to educate parents on child passenger safety (CPS) and home safety. This concept was chosen to encourage participation from pregnant women. The participants included 74 pregnant patients at the medical center's obstetrical/gynecological clinic. Six language-specific programs were held in English (39 attendees), Spanish (14), Somali (6), French (3), Arabic (11), and Chinese (1). Interpreters were present to provide oral translation. The participants completed a pretest, presented in their native language, to assess baseline knowledge of CPS and home safety. A 20-item, true/false test was designed and administered as written (English, Spanish, and French) or orally (Somali, Arabic, and Chinese) using translators. Next, the injury prevention coordinator gave a child passenger safety PowerPoint educational presentation followed by a demonstration of placing an infant in a car seat. Participants repeated the test (same questions, different order) to assess knowledge gained and then completed a return demonstration of placing an infant in a car seat. During the past 3 years, this program reached more than 160 women. Evaluation of the pretest and posttest data to assess knowledge improvement is in progress. In evaluating the program, a few cultural issues were identified that might affect the success of the program. These issues included literacy, family presence (husbands of Arabic-speaking women wanted to take the test for their wives), and (possibly) concept of time. Many participants did not view 'being on time' as important, so flexibility in scheduling was critical. Understanding that death and injury are preventable and can be reduced by education that is language and cultural specific, consideration is needed when designing and teaching injury prevention education.
Recent advances in the IL-17 cytokine family

The IL-17/IL-17 receptor family is the newest and least understood of the cytokine subclasses. Composed of ligands IL-17A-IL-17F and receptors IL-17RA-IL-17RE, these cytokines have many unique structural and functional features. Since the discovery of the 'Th17' subset in 2005, particular attention has been paid to IL-17A and IL-17F and their cognate receptors. To date, far less is known about the rest of the family. This review discusses recent advances in the field, with an emphasis on IL-17A biology.
Soot temperature and volume fraction retrieval from spectrally resolved flame emission measurement in laminar axisymmetric coflow diffusion flames: Effect of self-absorption

Abstract The effects of self-absorption on the inverted soot temperature and volume fraction distributions in coflow laminar diffusion flames were investigated using two correction methods. Self-absorption was found unimportant when the optical thickness of the flame is less than 0.3, but can be very important in flames of large optical thicknesses. Due to the uncertainty in soot absorption function E ( m ), different assumptions of the variation of E ( m ) with wavelength were investigated. Decreasing E ( m ) with wavelength leads to largest errors in the recovered soot temperature and volume fraction when self-absorption correction is not accounted for. The assumption of constant E ( m ) in general results in smallest errors in the inverted soot volume fraction and the increasing E ( m ) with wavelength gives rise to smallest errors in the recovered soot temperature. Neglect of self-absorption correction in general leads to underestimate of the inverted soot temperature, while the inverted soot volume fraction can be higher or lower than the true value, depending on how E ( m ) varies with wavelength. The self-absorption correction method of Snelling et al. [D.R. Snelling, K.A. Thomson, G.J. Smallwood, O.L. Gulder, E.J. Weckman, R.A. Fraser, AIAA J. 40(9) (2002) 1789–1795] is effective in recovering accurate soot temperature and volume fraction distributions from noise-free emission data even for flames with optical thickness as large as 5. For inversion of emission data containing noise it is still advantageous to account for self-absorption. Multi-wavelength emission data from a laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure and a methane/air diffusion flame at 40 atm were reanalyzed to demonstrate how self-absorption affects the reconstructed temperature and soot volume fraction distributions. It is preferred to detect flame emissions at longer wavelengths in the visible spectrum to minimize the self-absorption effect. The effect of self-absorption should in general be taken into account in the reconstruction of soot temperature and volume fraction from the line-of-sight spectral flame emission data using the method of Snelling et al.
Operation of the ORNL High Particle Flux Helicon Plasma Source

A high power, high particle flux rf‐based helicon plasma source has been constructed at ORNL and operated at power levels up to 30 kW. High‐density hydrogen and helium plasmas have been produced. The source has been designed as the basis for a linear plasma materials interaction (PMI) test facility that will generate particle fluxes Γp1023 m−3 s−1, and utilize additional ion and electron cyclotron heating to produce high parallel (to the magnetic field) heat fluxes of ∼10 MW/m2. An rf‐based source for PMI research is of interest because high plasma densities are generated with no internal electrodes, allowing true steady state operation with minimal impurity generation. The ORNL helicon source has a diameter of 15 cm and to‐date has operated at a frequency f = 13.56 MHz, with magnetic field strength |B| in the antenna region up to ∼0.15 T. Maximum densities of 3×1019 m−3 in He and 2.5×1019 m−3 in H have been achieved. Radial density profiles have been seen to be dependent on the axial |B| profile.
Variable response to long-term corticosteroid therapy in chronic beryllium disease.

Objectives: Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) shares many of its characteristics with sarcoidosis and is often treated with corticosteroids. There is limited available literature regarding the effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy on the natural history of CBD. Methods and materials: We conducted an observational retrospective study of six patients with CBD who received prolonged corticosteroid treatment with a mean pulmonary function test follow-up period of 10.1 years. Five of the six patients were exposed to beryllium at the same workplace. The diagnosis in four of the six cases was confirmed by a positive beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test result on blood or BAL fluid. Periodic pulmonary function tests were analyzed in relation to removal from beryllium exposure and treatment with corticosteroids. Measurements and results: Two broad patterns of response were noted in these patients. The first pattern seen in two patients showed no improvement in FVC or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) with corticosteroids. However, a significant improvement in these parameters was noted on cessation of beryllium exposure in one of the two patients. The second pattern showed an initial improvement in FVC and Dlco with corticosteroids, which was not sustained. An improvement was noted on stopping beryllium exposure. Conclusions: The response to long-term corticosteroids in CBD, quite like that in sarcoidosis, is variable. Significant lung function improvement may be seen following cessation of beryllium exposure.
Contingency management and information feedback in outpatient heroin detoxification

Outpatient detoxification from heroin has been markedly unsuccessful in terminating heroin use. Further, premature termination rates are generally high. In the present study, contingent payment in combination with verbal feedback was used to decrease use of illegal drugs and increase treatment completion rate in an outpatient heroin detoxification clinic and was compared to a standard detoxification treatment condition. Urine test results indicated significantly lower illegal drug use rates and significantly longer sequences of drug-free days for the contingency management condition. Premature termination rates were not significantly lower in the contingency management group.
The Promise of Administrative Conservatorship vs. the Threat of Administrative Evil in the Mission of Public Service

This article discusses how moral lapses by elected and administrative officials, combined with inflammatory rhetoric, have deepened distrust of government. High-profile misdeeds of leaders are linked to cynicism about civil society, fanning the skepticism about public bureaucracies. While distrust of government seems to put administrators in the position of having to prove a negative, the work of Larry Terry offers an affirmative and enduring model that is grounded in the Constitution. This approach addresses the potential for administrative malpractice and the threat of administrative evil. A principled bureaucracy must be led by administrators prepared to defend the Constitution without regard to political pressure, popular sentiment, or personal interest. The theory of administrative conservatorship serves as a professional and ethical touchstone to defend against abuses of power and, ultimately, restore people's faith in their government.
The fate of the human follicular sac in heterologous transplantation.

Abstract 1. 1. Dental follicles were removed from impacted or embedded teeth of human beings varying in age from 8 to 50 years. 2. 2. Portions of these dental follicles were transplanted to the anterior chamber of guinea pigs' eyes. 3. 3. Growth of the transplant was observed within the anterior chamber of the eyes in 70 per cent of the cases. 4. 4. Microscopic analysis of the transplanted tissue revealed growth of bone, collagen, and cementum-like structures. 5. 5. In six cases there was no evidence of survival or growth of the transplant. 6. 6. The epithelial elements of the transplanted tissue did not survive, proliferate, or differentiate in any of the cases.
Uncertainty estimation and the uncertaintyprobability shift under information load

The human organism functions as a decider in a variety of systems, particularly at the level of groups and organizations. Because of the importance of the human's decisions to the performance of these systems, it is desirable to understand how human decision makers respond to the uncertainty and handle the information within them. Three experiments are reported which deal with the human's response to uncertainty in decisions varying in objective uncertainty as measured by the information theoretic metric, H. Results confirm earlier findings that mean uncertainty estimates increase linearly with H from 0.2 to 2.8 bits where a discontinuity in the function occurs. The location of this discontinuity is shown to change with information processing load and to be as high as 3.8 bits under low load conditions. Uncertainty estimation proves to be rather robust under conditions of reduced supports for estimation, such as the elimination of anchors (sample stimuli). Finally, a shift also from uncertainty to probability estimation occurs at the discontinuity in the function and this shift is shown to be dependent on information processing load.
Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Release of the Antimicrobial Subtilosin for Prophylaxis of Bacterial Vaginosis

Current treatment options for bacterial vaginosis (BV) have been shown to be inadequate at preventing recurrence and do not provide protection against associated infections, such as that with HIV. This study examines the feasibility of incorporating the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin within covalently cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels for vaginal administration. The PEG-based hydrogels (4% and 6% [wt/vol]) provided a two-phase release of subtilosin, with an initial rapid release rate of 4.0 μg/h (0 to 12 h) followed by a slow, sustained release rate of 0.26 μg/h (12 to 120 h). The subtilosin-containing hydrogels inhibited the growth of the major BV-associated pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis with a reduction of 8 log10 CFU/ml with hydrogels containing ≥15 μg entrapped subtilosin. In addition, the growth of four common species of vaginal lactobacilli was not significantly inhibited in the presence of the subtilosin-containing hydrogels. The above findings demonstrate the potential application of vaginal subtilosin-containing hydrogels for prophylaxis of BV.
A 2.18-Microsecond Megabit Core Storage Unit

A magnetic core memory is described which has a read-write cycle time of 2.18 ?sec, an access time of 1 ?sec, and a storage capacity of 1,179,648 bits. The array configuration and the design of the driving system are shown. The core and transistor requirements are discussed, and a description is given of the sensing and the driving circuitry. Design factors which governed the choice of the 3-dimensional system organization are presented.
Long-term ECG trends in atherosclerotic mouse subjects

The double-knockout (dKO) mouse model, with homozygous null encoding for the apoE lipoprotein molecule and SRB-I receptor, shows extremely elevated LDL and severely depressed HDL levels in blood serum. The subjects show 100% mortality by the age of 8 weeks, with accompanying cardiac hypertrophy, reduced ejection fraction and high incidence of atherosclerosis and multiple regions of myocardial infarct noted on necropsy. While these gross observations have been published previously, we now present long-term ECG trends of these subjects. Of specific note in the dKO subjects are the appearance of severe bradycardia during the night and early morning; high-amplitude ultradian rhythm fluctuations relative to wild-type mice; ST-segment elevation and depression; and an array of ECG anomalies ranging from bigeminy to 2nd and 3rd degree heart block. While the dKO mice can, and periodically do, experience self-limited episodes of ventricular tachycardia and subsequent fibrillation, the small size of the heart makes sustained re-entry and fibrillation impossible (in accordance with the critical mass hypothesis). Our study of 11 dKO subjects indicates that these subjects are not suffering a tachyarrhythmic death, but rather a progressive bradyarrhythmia and terminal asystolic cardiac arrest
Highly elevated atmospheric levels of volatile organic compounds in the Uintah Basin, Utah.

Oil and natural gas production in the Western United States has grown rapidly in recent years, and with this industrial expansion, growing environmental concerns have arisen regarding impacts on water supplies and air quality. Recent studies have revealed highly enhanced atmospheric levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from primary emissions in regions of heavy oil and gas development and associated rapid photochemical production of ozone during winter. Here, we present surface and vertical profile observations of VOC from the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Studies conducted in January–February of 2012 and 2013. These measurements identify highly elevated levels of atmospheric alkane hydrocarbons with enhanced rates of C2–C5 nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) mean mole fractions during temperature inversion events in 2013 at 200–300 times above the regional and seasonal background. Elevated atmospheric NMHC mole fractions coincided with build-up of ambient 1-h ozone to levels exceeding 150 ppbv (parts per bi...
Human-agent teamwork for distributed team training

This paper presents an approach to human-agent mixed teams for distributed team training, demonstrated through the integration of the domain independent multiagent architecture CAST with the military command-and-control simulation software DDD (distributed dynamic decision-making). We extend the CAST architecture in a way such that agents can replace any number of teammates on a DDD team. To capture the overall picture of teamwork, we explore the MALLET language in CAST for the specification of team structures and processes that involve both humans and agents.