cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of the Apparent Response of the Vorticity Area Index to the Solar Magnetic Field.

The apparent response of the vorticity area index to the solar magnetic field is confined to tropospheric regions of intense circulation. Discussions and calculations that include larger volumes of the troposphere would not be expected to show a significant Sun-weather effect. Analysis of the effect in time intervals outside the original 1963–73 is also discussed. An assessment of this Sun-weather effect at the present time is given.
Equitable service by a facility: Minimizing the Gini coefficient

In this paper, we investigate the location of facilities with equity considerations, namely, minimizing the Gini coefficient of the Lorenz curve based on service distances. Properties of the Gini coefficient in the context of location analysis are investigated both for demand originating at points and demand generated in an area. An algorithm that finds the optimal location of one facility in a bounded area in the plane when demand is generated at a set of demand points, is constructed. Randomly generated problems with up to 10,000 demand points are successfully solved in a reasonable computer time.
Low-temperature electron transport properties of the alkali metals

The current understanding of the electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering contribution to the temperature dependent part of the resistivity ϱ(T) of the alkali metals is reviewed. Topics treated include the effect of Umklapp scattering (ϱu(T)) and phonon drag (ϱg(T)) on the low temperature resistivity and thermopower. Between 0.3 and 1.3 K there is good evidence that the electron-electron scattering contribution to the resistivity (ϱee(T) ∝ T2) predominates. Below 0.3 K, ϱ(T) appears to change slower than T2 for reasons unknown. Possible sample dependence of ϱee(T) and some theories pertaining to its magnitude are discussed.
Unique solvability of nonlinear Volterra equations in weighted spaces

Abstract We investigate integral equations of the form x(t) = g(t) + ∫−∞t F(t, s, x(s)) ds. (∗) In general, this equation is history-dependent, so one needs to give an initial condition on (−∞, 0] in order to obtain a unique solution. By introducing a weight function on R , we can single out a class of admissible solutions, and give conditions for the unique solvability of (∗) in this restricted class. We also study some Fredholm equations on these weighted spaces. In addition, we also treat a class of equations of the first kind for which similar conclusions can be drawn.
Maternal regulation of zerknüllt: a homoeobox gene controlling differentiation of dorsal tissues in Drosophila

The homoeobox gene zerknullt (zen) plays an important role in the differentiation of dorsal tissues during Drosophila development1,2. zen– embryos show transformations in the dorsal-most regions of the fate map, and lack several tissues that normally derive from these regions, including the amnioserosa and optic lobe1. zen displays a simple dorsal on/ventral off pattern as early as cleavage cycle 10–11 (ref. 2). We have prepared a polyclonal antibody against a full-length zen protein, and used this to examine its pattern of expression in mutants that disrupt dorsal–ventral polarity. Most or all of the maternally expressed genes that are involved in this process have been previously identified and fall into two classes, so called 'dorsalizers' and 'ventralizers' (see refs 4–7, reviewed in ref. 8). On the basis of our analysis of zen expression in each of these maternal mutants we propose that one or more of the dorsalizing genes encodes a represser which inhibits the expression of zen in ventral regions of developing embryos. The ventralizing gene cactus7 might play an important role in restricting the activity of this represser to ventral regions, thereby permitting the activation of zen in those dorsal tissues where its function is critically required.
F1-ATPase, roles of three catalytic site residues.

Three critical residues, β-Lys-155, β-Asp-242, and β-Glu-181, situated close to the γ-phosphate of MgATP in F1-ATPase catalytic sites, were investigated. The mutations βK155Q, βD242N, and βE181Q were each combined with the βY331W mutation; the fluorescence signal of β-Trp-331 was used to determine MgATP, MgADP, ATP, and ADP binding parameters for the three catalytic sites of the enzyme. The quantitative contribution of side chains to binding energy at all three catalytic sites was calculated. The following conclusions were made. The major functional interaction of β-Lys-155 is with the γ-phosphate of MgATP and is of primary importance at site 1 (the site of highest affinity) and site 2. Release of MgATP during oxidative phosphorylation requires conformational re-positioning of this residue. The major functional interaction of β-Asp-242 is with the magnesium of the magnesium nucleotide at site 1; it has little or no influence at site 2 or 3. In steady-state turnover, the MgATP hydrolysis reaction occurs at site 1. β-Glu-181 contributes little to nucleotide binding; its major catalytic effect derives apparently from a role in reaction chemistry per se This work also emphasizes that nucleotide binding cooperativity shown by the three catalytic sites toward MgATP and MgADP is absolutely dependent on the presence of magnesium.
An isentropic three-hourly data assimilation system using ACARS aircraft observations

Abstract A 3-h intermittent data assimilation system (Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System—MAPS) configured in isentropic coordinates was developed and implemented in real-time operation. The major components of the system are data ingest, objective quality control of the observation, objective analysis, and a primitive equation forecast model, all using isentropic coordinates to take advantage of the improved resolution near frontal zones and greater spatial coherence of data that this coordinate system provides. Each 3-h forecast becomes the background for the subsequent analysis; in this manner, a four-dimensional set of observations can be assimilated. The primary asynoptic data source used in current real-time operation of this system is air-craft data, most of it automated. Data from wind profilers, surface observations, and radiosondes are also included in MAPS. Statistics were collected over the last half of 1989 and into 1990 to study the performance of MAPS and compare it with that of the Re...
Survival, metamorphosis and growth of larvae from four penaeid species fed six food combinations

Abstract Survival, metamorphosis and growth of four larval shrimp species, Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, P. vannamei and P. stylirostris , were compared after feeding six food combinations. The food combinations consisted of the diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros gracilis , or the phytoflagellates, Isochrysis sp. and Tetraselmis chuii , alone or in combination with live Artemia nauplii. Post-larval survival, within each algal food type, was not improved by feeding Artemia beginning at the second protozoeal versus the first mysis substage. In addition, larvae fed only algae survived as well as their counterparts fed Artemia, P. stylirostris was the only species tested which survived significantly better to the post-larval stage when fed diatoms rather than phytoflagellates, regardless of treatment. Except for P. stylirostris fed phytoflagellates, metamorphic rates to the post-larval stage were not improved by feeding Artemia beginning at the second protozoeal versus the first mysis substage. All larval species fed phytoflagellates only rather than diatoms only were delayed metamorphically. Only for P. stylirostris did all the diatom treatments result in better metamorphic rates when compared with their phytoflagellate counterparts. Post-larval dry weights, for the four shrimp species studied, were improved when fed Artemia at the second protozoeal substage regardless of algal food type. Except for P. aztecus , growth was significantly better for all species fed the diatom treatments versus their phytoflagellate counterparts. Larval growth, in terms of biomass rather than survival and/or metamorphic rates, is a better measurement of the nutritional value of a larval diet.
Orbital ordering and unfrustrated ( π , 0 ) magnetism from degenerate double exchange in the iron pnictides

The magnetic excitations of the iron pnictides are explained within a degenerate double-exchange model. The local-moment spins are coupled by superexchanges ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ between nearest and next-nearest neighbors, respectively, and interact with the itinerant electrons of the degenerate ${d}_{xz}$ and ${d}_{yz}$ orbitals via a ferromagnetic Hund exchange. The latter stabilizes $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ stripe antiferromagnetism due to emergent ferro-orbital order and the resulting kinetic-energy gain by hopping preferably along the ferromagnetic spin direction. Taking the quantum nature of the spins into account, we calculate the magnetic excitation spectra in the presence of both, superexchange and double exchange. A dramatic increase in the spin-wave energies at the competing N\'eel ordering wave vector is found, in agreement with recent neutron-scattering data. The spectra are fitted to a spin-only model with a strong spatial anisotropy and additional longer-ranged couplings along the ferromagnetic chains. Over a realistic parameter range, the effective couplings along the chains are negative corresponding to unfrustrated stripe antiferromagnetism.
Heat transfer from fluidized beds to immersed fine wires

Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine the heat-transfer coefficient between fluidized beds and immersed, loose, fine wires. The wires varied in diameter from 50 to 810 μm, and were made of Alumel, while the bed material consisted of uniformly sized sand, aluminum, polyethylene and glass beads, from 105 to 754 μm. Each wire was approximately 20 cm long, was totally immersed in a bed 14 cm ID, and was heated by an electric current. The current and voltage drop across the wire were measured independently and from these measurements the heat-transfer coefficient and wire temperature were determined. The results for large wire—small particle beds show that “h” is more than one order of magnitude above that for wires in air alone. For fine wire—large particle beds, “h” becomes smaller, approaching that for wires in air alone. Equation (8) is the final correlation for “h” as a function of wire size and bed properties.
An Overview of the Evolution of Agricultural Cooperatives in Québec

Two agricultural cooperatives dominate in Quebec, Cooperative federee and Agropur, with sales of 2.4 billion and 1.9 billion, respectively. Although they share similar traits, their evolution over the years has resulted in different business models. In turn, their business models have important implications in terms of their relationship with farmers' union, their sensitivity to policy changes and their approach to capital access problems. Nevertheless, the outlook for agricultural cooperatives in Quebec appears to be good, given the support that the Quebec government intends to give them in appreciation of their stability and capability to promote regional development.
REACTION TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR IN SAME-SEX VS OPPOSITE-SEX OTHERS

A modified version of ambivalence-amplification hypothesis was applied to a situation involving possible sex discrimination. The modified hypothesis stated that people would have a more polarized r...
Occupation and the prevalence of current depression and frequent mental distress, WA BRFSS 2006 and 2008

Background Workers with depression and frequent mental distress (FMD) have lost work productivity. Limited systematic comparisons exist for the prevalence of depression and FMD across occupational groups. Methods Using a state-added question for occupation coupled to measures of depression and FMD on the Washington State (WA) 2006 and 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, we estimated the prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) among the 20,560 WA workers. Results The prevalences of current depression and FMD were 5.2% and 7.5%, respectively. The prevalence varied considerably across occupations. Compared with Management occupation, Truck drivers had significantly increased odds for both current depression [OR = 6.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.52–15.16] and FMD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.01–3.41). Cleaning/Building services (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.11–3.40) and Protective services (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.19–3.27) were associated with increased FMD. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the need for research on possible sources of the differences for current depression and FMD across occupations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:893–903, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE OF NEPTUNE IN 1994, 1995, AND 1996 : HST IMAGING AT MULTIPLE WAVELENGTHS

Hubble Space Telescope imaging of Neptune in 1994, 1995, and 1996 reveals changes in atmospheric features. Dark spots at 467 nm near latitude +31° were present in both 1994 and 1995, but absent from images in March 1996. However, a larger data set in August 1996 (Sromovskyet al., Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.28,1077, 1996) revealed a dark spot. The features resemble the Great Dark Spot present during the Voyager encounter in 1989 in size, shape, and contrast. Dark spots occur near the single brightest 619- and 889-nm features visible on the planet at that time. Methane-band clouds in the northern hemisphere were a factor of 6 brighter than the surrounding atmosphere in 1994, but only a factor of 2 brighter in 1995 and 1996. The pattern of zonal bands on Neptune was stable from 1994 to 1996, but differed from that seen by Voyager in 1989 when a prominent dark band from planetographic latitudes −40° to −68° dominated at blue wavelengths. In 1994–1996, this band was weaker and extended only from −55° to −70°, perhaps explaining the 0.06-mag brightening of Neptune between 1989 and 1994. Bright methane clouds generally appear at specific latitudes, but the active latitudes change from −25° in 1989 to −30° and −46° in 1994. The region near +30° was active in both 1989 and 1994–1996. We confirm the general shape and stability of the zonal wind profile measured by Voyager, revising previous measurements with more accurate values and filling in latitudes +38°, −30°, and −31° where no clouds had previously been seen.
Intranasal Nicotine for Postoperative Pain Treatment

Background: Despite pharmacological treatment, 70-80% of patients report moderate to severe pain after surgery. Because nicotine has been reported to have analgesic properties in animal and human volunteer studies, the authors assessed the analgesic efficacy of a single 3 mg dose of nicotine nasal spray administered before emergence from general anesthesia. Methods: The authors conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of 20 healthy women (mean age 45 (SD 8) yr) who were to undergo uterine surgery through a low transverse incision. After the conclusion of surgery but before emergence from general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist administered either nicotine nasal spray or a placebo. Numerical analog pain score and morphine utilization and hemodynamic values were measured for 24 h. Results: The patients treated with nicotine reported lower pain scores during the first hour after surgery (peak numerical analog score, 7.6 (SD 1.4) versus 5.3 (SD 1.6); P < 0.001) and used half the amount of morphine as the control group (12 (SD 6) versus 6 (SD 5) mg; P < 0.05). Patients who received nicotine still reported less pain than those in the control group 24 h after surgery (1.5 (SD 0.5) versus 4.9 (SD 1.4); P < 0.01). Systolic blood pressure was lower in the group that received nicotine (105 (SD 3) versus 122 (SD 3); P < 0.001), but there was no difference in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate. Conclusions: Treatment with a single dose of nicotine immediately before emergence from anesthesia was associated with significantly lower reported pain scores during the first day after surgery. The decreased pain was associated with a reduction in morphine utilization and the analgesic effect of nicotine was not associated with hypertension or tachycardia.
Reaction pathways and intermediates in the decomposition of dimethylzinc on GaAs(100)

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of dimethylzinc (DMZ) on the Ga-rich GaAs(100)-4 × 1 surface was studied using TPD, XPS, and HREELS. DMZ adsorbs readily on the GaAs(100)-4 × 1 surface at 110 K. Physisorbed molecular species desorb at 140 K, while more strongly bound species decompose at temperatures below 275 K to form adsorbed Zn metal and methyl species. The resulting methyl groups form stable surface gallium-ethyl complexes. The adsorbed zinc atoms interact weakly with the surface and desorb as zinc metal between 400 and 600 K. At low coverages, the adsorbed methyl groups desorb as methyl radicals at 625 K. At intermediate coverages a small fraction of the surface methyl groups undergo hydride transfer reactions at 575 K, producing gaseous methane and depositing a small amount of carbon onto the surface. The deposited carbon diffuses into the bulk at temperatures above 700 K. Higher coverages result in the evolution of gaseous Ga-methyl species at 325, 410 and 525 K. This behavior is consistent with the formation of an adsorbed Ga(CH3)x layer. The 525 K Ga methyl peak results from reaction between two adsorbed Ga(CH3) species, while the 325 and 410 K peaks result from the desorption of surface Ga(CH3)2.
Dynamic delamination growth in laminated composite structures

Abstract The dynamic growth of a thin strip delamination in a thick base laminate under in-plane loadings has been analysed. A variational principle, coupled with a Griffith-type fracture criterion, is used to formulate the delamination growth problem. Two approximate solutions, including one mode and two modes, respectively, are calculated in this paper. The resulting equations of motion and the dynamic local growth condition at the crack tip turn out to be two and three coupled ordinary differential equations for one-mode and two-mode solutions. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is then used to obtain the numerical solutions. The results show that delamination growth will approach a state of arrest for materials with high fracture toughness, and continue all the way without a limit for low fracture toughness materials. The inertial effect is important and should not be ignored in calculation of the arrested delamination length for high fracture toughness materials. For materials with low fracture toughness, the inertial effect is significant and high admissible modes are noticeable. A comparison between the present results and the previously known quasi-dynamic solution is also given.
Neural generators of the somatosensory evoked potentials: recording from the cuneate nucleus in man and monkeys.

Abstract The neural generators of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited by electrical stimulation of the median nerve were studied in man and in rhesus monkeys. Recordings from the cuneate nucleus were compared to the far-field potentials recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. It was found that the shape of the response from the surface of the human cuneate nucleus to stimulation of the median nerve is similar to that of the response recorded more caudally in the dorsal column, i.e., an initially small positivity followed by a negative wave that is in turn followed by a slow positive wave. The beginning of the negative wave coincides in time with the N14 peak in the SEP recorded from the scalp, and its latency is 13 msec. The response from the cuneate nucleus in the rhesus monkey has a similar shape and its negative peak appears with the same latency as the positive peak in the vertex response that has a latency of 4.5 msec; the peak negativity has a latency of about 6 msec and thus coincides with P6.2 in the vertex recording. Depth recordings from the cuneate nucleus and antidromic stimulation of the dorsal column fibers in the monkey provide evidence that the early components of the response from the surface of the cuneate nucleus are generated by the dorsal column fibers that terminate in the nucleus. The results support the hypothesis that the P14 peak in the human SEP is generated by the termination of the dorsal column fibers and that the cuneate nucleus itself contributes little to the far-field potentials.
On a graph partition problem with application to VLSI layout

We discuss a graph partition problem with application to VLSI layout. It is not difficult to show that the general partition problem is NPComplete, so we restrict our attention to some special classes of graphs. A graph is called a circZe graph if the nodes of the graph represent the chords of a circle and there is an edge between the two nodes if the corresponding chords intersect. Supowit in [17] had posed the partition problem of circle graphs as an open problem. However, it is also not too difficult to show that the partition problem on circle graphs remains NP-Complete. We give an integer linear programming formulation for the general graph par-
Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of a slender RC shear wall considering soil–structure interaction effects

Abstract Reinforced concrete shear walls are often used to resist the lateral loads imposed by earthquakes. Accurate evaluation of the seismic demands on shear walls requires adequate considerations of the nonlinear behavior of structural and foundation elements, the interaction between them, and the uncertainty and variability associated with earthquake ground motions. This paper presents a comprehensive probabilistic seismic demand analysis of a typical mid-rise slender shear wall in western US with a flexible foundation and evaluates the significance of soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on their damage probability. Utilizing realistic numerical models for the shear wall and its foundation, the nonlinear time history analyses were conducted with a large number of recorded ground motions. Response quantities such as maximum inter-story drift ratio, base shear, foundation displacement and rotation are monitored and related to the intensity measure of ground motions (i.e. the inelastic spectral displacement S d i ) for the cases with and without considering the SSI effects. Subsequently, the fragility functions of the shear wall are derived and the impact of SSI effects is investigated. It is found that the SSI generally reduces the damage probability of the shear wall, especially when soil nonlinearity is taken into account. The sensitivity of various seismic demands to soil parameters is also discussed. Under strong ground shakings, SSI effects on the maximum inter-story drift are most sensitive to the friction angle of the soil. It is suggested that the damages in foundation and surrounding soil should also be considered in order to systematically evaluate the SSI effects on damage probability of shear wall buildings.
Revised Scaling of Optical Distortions Caused by Compressible, Subsonic Turbulent Boundary Layers

New measurements of optical aberrations caused by a compressible subsonic turbulent boundary layer are presented. These new measurements are based on more-accurate Malley Probe measurements made possible by developing new wind- tunnel test sections that greatly reduced vibration corruption that imprints itself on the Malley Probe's small-aperture, probe-beam deflection-angles. These new measurements give more-accurate levels of optical distortions for laser propagation through boundary layers, lowering previously-obtained values by ~ 30%. Using a similarity analysis based on these new measurements, a rigorous approach of extracting boundary-layer-related optical information from partially corrupted spectra is proposed and demonstrated by applying it to previously-obtained, vibration-corrupted measurements. Optical spanwise and streamwise length scales for a boundary layer are also presented and these statistical data is used to develop a method of creating realizations of 2-D wavefronts.
The Effects of Atrial Peptide in Humans With Chronic Renal Failure

The role of atrial peptide in humans with chronic renal insufficiency is uncertain. Therefore, the effects of synthetic atrial peptide (atriopeptin III, 24 amino acids) infusion on renal function and solute excretion were examined in 16 subjects with chronic renal insufficiency of diverse etiologies. After a two-hour baseline period, atrial peptide was infused for four hours in doses ranging from 0.005 to 0.1 μg/kg/min. When all doses were combined, absolute and fractional excretions of sodium increased significantly from baseline values (130 ± 15 to 231 ± 28 μEq/min and 3.57 ± 0.57 to 6.03 ± 1.26%, respectively, P 20% in five of 16 subjects. Two subjects with severe renal insufficiency (GFR = 9 and 12 mL/min) had no apparent response to atrial peptide infusion. Subjects receiving doses of 0.05 and 0.1 μg/kg/min had significant falls of mean arterial pressure by the last hour of infusion. A dose-dependent effect of atrial peptide on sodium excretion was suggested, but not statistically significant. No apparent dose-dependent effect was seen on GFR or other solute excretions. Despite the presence of chronic renal insufficiency, atrial peptide increased renal solute excretion in most subjects. The demonstration that atrial peptide retains its diuretic and natriuretic effect in the presence of renal insufficiency supports the hypothesis that atrial peptide plays an important adaptive role in sodium homeostasis of the failing kidney.
Biological activity of apomorphine fragments: Dissociation of emetic and stereotypical effects

Abstract 2-Amino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 2-methylamino-5,6-dihy-droxy-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 2-dimethylamino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene were all found to be potent emetics in dogs; potency increasing with additional N-Substitution. The methyl and dimethyl derivatives were more active than the reference standard apomorphine. On the other hand, the compounds did not provoke compulsive behavioral activities in either mice or pigeons, a fact which disrupts the pattern of parallelism that had previously been established.
Becoming a Face Expert: A Computerized Face-Training Program for High-Functioning Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Typically developing individuals process faces using strategies that differ from those used for processing objects, and which tend to be holistic and based on configural information. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals with autism may not utilize the same specialized strategies for face processing. The present study was designed to investigate whether computerized face-specific training, based on a modified version of Gauthier and Tarr's (1997) expertise protocol, can influence the face processing strategies and abilities of adolescents and young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Ten individuals with ASD were assigned to either a training protocol designed to improve face processing (N = 5) or a control condition (N = 5). Outcomes assessed holistic processing and configural sensitivity. All trained individuals achieved a behavioral criterion of developing expertise in face recognition established in the literature. Outcome assessments indicated that the trained group showed significantly greater sensitivity to second-order configural relations compared with untrained controls, but did not differ on the measure of holistic processing. These findings suggest that face processing ability and strategies in autism can be significantly improved through training.
Infectious diseases in primitive societies

Incidence of various infectious diseases in several Amazon Indian tribes has been determined serologically. Diseases that infect only man fall into two distinct categories. Those which can persist in an individual for a prolonged period are highly endemic, but those which are infectious only in the acute phase die out quickly after introduction. The suggestion is made that the latter diseases could not perpetuate themselves before the advent of advanced cultures and did not exert selective pressures on the human genetic constitution until relatively recently.
Risk of Infection With an Antibiotic Coated Penile Prosthesis at Device Replacement for Mechanical Failure

Purpose: The inflatable penile prosthesis is well established as an effective treatment for select patients with organic erectile dysfunction. The risk of prosthetic infection at primary implantation is approximately 2%. However, for revision or replacement procedures the risk of infection has been reported to be as high as 13.3%. To minimize the overall risk of prosthetic infection an antibiotic coated inflatable penile prosthesis (InhibiZone™) has been developed. To assess the impact on infection rates we reviewed our experience with the use of this device at prosthesis replacement for mechanical failure.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients undergoing inflatable penile prosthesis replacement for mechanical failure with an antibiotic coated prosthesis between May 2001 and November 2004. Salvage procedures for clinically infected prostheses were excluded from analysis. Chart review was performed with examination of operative notes, all postoperative contacts and m...
A systematic study of the D-state probability of 4He using eight different realistic N-N interactions

Abstract The D-state probability of the ground state of 4 He has been calculated using the shell model with these eight N-N interactions: RSC, ARGONNE V 14 , TRSB, PARIS, SSC-B, SSC-C, URBANNA, BONN-OBEPR. The results range from about 9% to 17% for all interactions and from 10% to 15% for modern potentials. Our results are compared with other calculations that use these potentials where possible.
Effect of sea roughness on bistatically scattered range coded signals from the Global Positioning System

A series of aircraft experiments was performed using a specialized GPS receiver and a nadir-oriented left hand circularly polarized antenna. This apparatus received reflections of the GPS signals from water surfaces under a variety of sea states. The cross-correlation between the reflected signal and a reference pseudo-random noise code was recorded as a function of the relative time delay. The shape of this function showed a dependence on the roughness of the reflecting surface. This dependence generally followed that predicted by theory for bistatic scattering of range-coded signals. Use of this information as a remote sensing technique for the determination of sea state is discussed.
MUSICAL ACCULTURATION IN IRAN

Acculturation has been accomplished traditionally when asociety has absorbed foreign elements originally superimposed by invasion or acquired through excursions and study in other countries. These traditional means have been supplemented more recently by modern forms of communication and rapid travel, which tend to aggravate the natural imbalance of acculturation and to raise the specter of a cultural imperialism attended by a decline in quality or a reduction in number of indigenous cultural undertakings.
EVOLUTION OF EVOLVABILITY IN A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

Evolvability, the ability of populations to adapt, can evolve through changes in the mechanisms determining genetic variation and in the processes of development. Here we construct and evolve a simple developmental model in which the pleiotropic effects of genes can evolve. We demonstrate that selection in a changing environment favors a specific pattern of variability, and that this favored pattern maximizes evolvability. Our analysis shows that mutant genotypes with higher evolvability are more likely to increase to fixation. We also show that populations of highly evolvable genotypes are much less likely to be invaded by mutants with lower evolvability, and that this dynamic primarily shapes evolvability. We examine several theoretical objections to the evolution of evolvability in light of this result. We also show that this result is robust to the presence or absence of recombination, and explore how nonrandom environmental change can select for a modular pattern of variability.
Microbial metabolism of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline

Abstract A Pseudomonas sp. which grew on 4-chloroaniline as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen was able to degrade 15% of 0.05 m M [ 14 C]3,4-dichloroaniline to 14 CO 2 within 10 days in presence of 1.5 m M 4-chloroaniline. The catabolic enzymes which degraded 3,4-dichloroaniline to CO 2 were inducible by 4-chloroaniline and by 3,4-dichloroaniline. However, their activity was much lower on 3,4-dichloroaniline than on 4-chloroaniline. The strain showed no significant growth on 3,4-dichloroaniline as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Soils supplemented with [ring- 14 C]propanil and the Pseudomonas sp. evolved 25–50% 14 CO 2 within 5 days. The 14 CO 2 evolution remained below 1% in absence of the Pseudomonas sp.
CO2 solubility in Martian basalts and Martian atmospheric evolution

Abstract To understand possible volcanogenic fluxes of CO 2 to the Martian atmosphere, we investigated experimentally carbonate solubility in a synthetic melt based on the Adirondack-class Humphrey basalt at 1–2.5 GPa and 1400–1625 °C. Starting materials included both oxidized and reduced compositions, allowing a test of the effect of iron oxidation state on CO 2 solubility. CO 2 contents in experimental glasses were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fe 3+ /Fe T was measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The CO 2 contents of glasses show no dependence on Fe 3+ /Fe T and range from 0.34 to 2.12 wt.%. For Humphrey basalt, analysis of glasses with gravimetrically-determined CO 2 contents allowed calibration of an integrated molar absorptivity of 81,500 ± 1500 L mol −1 cm −2 for the integrated area under the carbonate doublet at 1430 and 1520 cm −1 . The experimentally determined CO 2 solubilities allow calibration of the thermodynamic parameters governing dissolution of CO 2 vapor as carbonate in silicate melt, K II , ( Stolper and Holloway, 1988 ) as follows: ln K II 0 = - 15.42 ± 0.20 , Δ V 0 = 20.85 ± 0.91 cm 3 mol −1 , and Δ H 0 = −17.96 ± 10.2 kJ mol −1 . This relation, combined with the known thermodynamics of graphite oxidation, facilitates calculation of the CO 2 dissolved in magmas derived from graphite-saturated Martian basalt source regions as a function of P , T , and f O 2 . For the source region for Humphrey, constrained by phase equilibria to be near 1350 °C and 1.2 GPa, the resulting CO 2 contents are 51 ppm at the iron–wustite buffer (IW), and 510 ppm at one order of magnitude above IW (IW + 1). However, solubilities are expected to be greater for depolymerized partial melts similar to primitive shergottite Yamato 980459 (Y 980459). This, combined with hotter source temperatures (1540 °C and 1.2 GPa) could allow hot plume-like magmas similar to Y 980459 to dissolve 240 ppm CO 2 at IW and 0.24 wt.% of CO 2 at IW + 1. For expected magmatic fluxes over the last 4.5 Ga of Martian history, magmas similar to Humphrey would only produce 0.03 and 0.26 bars from sources at IW and IW + 1, respectively. On the other hand, more primitive magmas like Y 980459 could plausibly produce 0.12 and 1.2 bars at IW and IW + 1, respectively. Thus, if typical Martian volcanic activity was reduced and the melting conditions cool, then degassing of CO 2 to the atmosphere may not be sufficient to create greenhouse conditions required by observations of liquid surface water. However, if a significant fraction of Martian magmas derive from hot and primitive sources, as may have been true during the formation of Tharsis in the late Noachian, that are also slightly oxidized (IW + 1.2), then significant contribution of volcanogenic CO 2 to an early Martian greenhouse is plausible.
(+)-2-Methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (LY367385) selectively antagonises metabotropic glutamate mGluR1 receptors

Abstract The synthesis of three novel 4-carboxyphenylglycine derivatives is described. 2-Methyl substituents increase the antagonist potency compared to (S)-4CPG at mGluR1 receptors. Resolution of compound 1 showed that the activity resided in the (+)-isomer LY367385.
Oscillator strengths for lines of ionized uranium (UII)

Oscillator strengths for 49 lines of U II recently measured by Voight can be used to calibrate the intensity scale of the U II lines in the NBS Tables of Spectral-Line Intensities and derive a larger set of oscillator strengths of lower precision but consistent with the new measurements. The standard deviation of the differences between the two sets of gf-values for the 49 lines is 29 percent. Oscillator strengths of that precision are given for 776 additional lines from the NBS Intensity Tables. The uncertainty in absolute value is 67 percent.
Radiative Effects of Cirrus Clouds

Abstract The divergence of net radiation in a tropical atmosphere with cirrus clouds has been examined in terms of two bulk radiative properties of the cloud: effective shortwave optical thickness τ* and broad–band infrared emissivity ϵ&ast. The effective shortwave optical thickness of the cirrus cloud is the primary factor controlling the radiative energy budget at the earth's surface while the cloud's broad–band infrared emissivity is the primary factor influencing the heat budget of the atmosphere. The net radiative energy budget of the tropical atmosphere over an ocean surface in the presence and absence of a cirrus cloud has been examined. The total net radiative energy at the top of the atmosphere is relatively unchanged from the clear sky value by the presence of a cirrus cloud layer while the surface energy budget shows a significant decrease in the shortwave component. The total net radiative energy loss of the atmosphere when a cirrus layer is present is shown to be 22 to 78% of the loss from a ...
Mechanism of Brown-Rot decay : Paradigm or paradox

Interest in understanding how brown-rot fungi degrade wood has received increasing attention in recent years because of a need to identify novel targets that can be inhibited for the next generation of antifungal wood preservatives. Brown-rot fungi are unique in that they can degrade holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) in wood without first removing the lignin. Furthermore, they degrade holocellulose in an unusual manner, causing a rapid decrease in degree of polymerization at low weight loss. Despite increased research effort, the mechanism of brown-rot decay remains unclear. Furthermore, this research has not pointed to biochemical targets for inhibition and development of new wood preservatives. In reviewing the brown-rot literature, it became apparent that many beliefs about brown-rot decomposition of wood are based more on tradition or conjecture than on facts. In some cases, these misconceptions have become near dogma. They cloud our understanding of brown-rot decay and as a result may contribute to a misdirection of research efforts. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to identify and clarify some of these misconceptions.
Diurnal variation in the chemical clearance of acid gastroesophageal reflux in infants.

Background & Aims: Clearance of acid gastroesophageal reflux is biphasic. During volume clearance, refluxed material is cleared from the esophagus by peristalsis, and during chemical clearance, acidified esophageal mucosa is neutralized by saliva and possibly secretions from the esophageal lumen. In this study, we examined the effects of feeding on the durations of volume clearance and chemical clearance. Methods: Combined pH/multichannel intraluminal impedance tracings from 12 symptomatic infants (median age, 20 weeks) were analyzed. Acid gastroesophageal reflux episodes having both volume clearance and chemical clearance components were grouped into 1 of 4 feeding cycle phases (feeding, first hour postprandial, second hour postprandial, and fasting). Results: Mean duration of volume clearance and chemical clearance was 7.0 ± 2.3 and 36.3 ± 8.5 minutes ( P = .001), respectively, per patient and 24.7 ± 2.7 and 127.5 ± 10.7 seconds ( P P = .0046) and 1st postprandial (64.0 ± 19.4 seconds, P = .0333). Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between nadir pH and chemical clearance ( P = .3104) or between chemical clearance and the interaction between nadir pH and feeding cycle. Conclusions: Chemical clearance is significantly prolonged during fasting in infants. Falling pH alone cannot explain declining chemical clearance efficiency during later postprandial periods. We speculate that inefficient chemical clearance during fasting is likely due to reduced efficiency of acid clearance mechanisms that could include salivation, swallowing, peristalsis, and/or intraluminal secretion.
Fatal bioprosthetic regurgitation immediately after mitral and tricuspid valve replacements with lonescushiley bioprostheses

Abstract Significant cardiac valve regurgitation immediately after cardiac valve replacement is rare. Silver et al 1 described a patient who had severe bioprosthetic regurgitation immediately after replacement of the mitral valve with an Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis. The regurgitation resulted from inadvertent encircling of 2 of the 3 stents of the bioprosthesis by sutures, which prevented mobility of the cusps and closure of the bioprosthetic orifice. In this report we describe another patient in whom a similar mechanism caused severe bioprosthetic regurgitation in both mitral and tricuspid valve positions. Because this mechanism of development of severe bioprosthetic regurgitation is apparently not well appreciated, we describe this second patient in hopes of preventing this fatal complication in others.
Central nervous system and non-central nervous system antigen vaccines exacerbate neuropathology caused by nerve injury

Previously, we showed that autoimmune (central nervous system myelin-reactive) T cells exacerbate tissue damage and impair neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. Conversely, independent studies have shown T cell-mediated neuroprotection after spinal cord injury or facial nerve axotomy (FNAx). The antigen specificity of the neuroprotective T cells has not been investigated after FNAx. Here, we compared the neuroprotective capacity of autoimmune and non-autoimmune lymphocytes after FNAx. Prior to axotomy, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) or ovalbumin (a non-self antigen) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). FNAx mice receiving injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only (unimmunized) or PBS/CFA emulsions served as controls. At 4 weeks after axotomy, bilateral facial motor neuron counts were obtained throughout the facial motor nucleus using unbiased stereology (optical fractionator). The data show that neuroantigen immunizations and 'generic' lymphocyte activation (e.g. PBS/CFA or ovalbumin/CFA immunizations) exacerbated neuron loss above that caused by FNAx alone. We also found that nerve injury potentiated the effector potential of autoimmune lymphocytes. Indeed, prominent forelimb and hindlimb motor deficits were accompanied by disseminated neuroinflammation and demyelination in FNAx mice receiving subencephalitogenic immunization with MOG. FNAx or neuroantigen (MOG or myelin basic protein) immunization alone did not cause these pathological changes. Thus, irrespective of the antigens used to trigger an immune response, neuropathology was enhanced when the immune system was primed in parallel with nerve injury. These data have important implications for therapeutic vaccination in clinical neurotrauma and neurodegeneration.
American relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1981

(1980). American relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1981. Iranian Studies: Vol. 13, No. 1-4, pp. 307-326.
Experimental observation of transient photocurrent overshoot in quantum well infrared photodetectors

The experimental results on nonlinear transient photocurrent behavior in quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are presented. When the background photocurrent was less than the transient photocurrent, the QWIPs with small number of QWs revealed a strongly nonlinear behavior. A photocurrent overshoot, the amplitude of which could be over 50% of the steady state photocurrent, in response to a high power step-like infrared illumination, was observed. Numerical simulations reveal that this effect is related to the time dependent nonlinearity of QWIP responsivity due to the redistribution of the electric field in QWIP.
Does age or life expectancy better predict health care expenditures

It is an unresolved issue whether age or (expected) remaining life years better predicts health care expenditures. We first estimate a set of hazard models to predict life expectancy based on individual demographic characteristics and health conditions, and then use regression analyses to compare the predictive power of age and life expectancy in explaining health care expenditures. This paper differs from previous studies in that it uses predicted life expectancy to address the censoring of death; as a result, this paper goes beyond the large health care expenditures at the end of life and the results apply to both deceased and survivors. We find that age has little additional predictive power on health care expenditures after controlling for life expectancy, but the predictive power of life expectancy itself diminishes as health status measures are introduced into the model. These results are not of esoteric interest only for their statistical properties; we show that using life expectancy rather than age results in lower projections of future health care expenditures. This result suggests that increases in longevity might be less costly than models based on the current age profile of spending would predict. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crop Residue Coverage of Soil Influenced by Crop Sequence in a No‐Till System

Field research was conducted to determine the influence of crop and crop sequencing on crop residue coverage of soil with 10 crops [buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), canola (Brassica napus L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), oil seed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. Crop residue production was obtained. Crop residue coverage of the soil surface was measured with a transect technique at the time of seeding spring wheat. Crop residue coverage varied and was more clearly associated with the second-year crop than with the first-year crop of a 2-yr crop sequence. Crop sequences composed of spring wheat, proso millet, and grain sorghum had higher crop residue coverage compared with sequences composed of the other crops. When these three crops and three crops that provide lower crop residue coverage of soil the subsequent year (lentil, chickpea, and sunflower) were analyzed as a subset to compare various sequences of crops providing a range of residue coverage, for example, lower (first yr)/lower (second yr), the surface residue coverage ranged from 65% for the lower/lower combination to 93% for the higher/ higher combination in 2004 and from 56 to 94% in 2005, respectively. A producer operating on more fragile soil and concerned about reducing soil erosion hazards would be advised to grow crops that provide higher residue coverage in the year before crops that provide lower residue coverage.