cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curating the Nation: The Politics of Recognition in a Bahamian National Museum

The Commonwealth of The Bahamas achieved independence in 1973, yet plans to open a national museum have not reached fruition. Drawing on this vacancy, I analyze what could be entailed in thinking about the Bahamian nation from the curatorial standpoint of a national museum. I employ a framework grounded in museum anthropology to identify specific areas that this institution might consider. In particular, I argue for engagement with the politics of recognition of multiple perspectives and heritages within the Bahamian community. While many kinds of diverse experiences can be explored, I address the opportunity to rethink race, color, and Bahamian national identity in light of an exclusionary black Bahamian rhetoric deployed in early nation-building projects from 1973 to 1992. I also explore previous African-centered curatorial frameworks in various Caribbean national museum systems to caution against this one-dimensional regional trend. More broadly, I consider how a national museum of this nature could facilitate a more fluid notion of Bahamian national identity.
The Stability of Currents in the Atmosphere and the Ocean: Part II

Abstract The stability, with respect to quasi-geostrophic disturbances, of flows containing both horizontal and vertical shear is studied, as a continuation of a previous paper. Bounds are placed on the phase speed of neutral waves and necessary conditions for the existence of marginally stable waves are derived for the two-layer system. These conditions show how, for the two-layer model, a classification of flows is possible on the basis of allowable marginally stable waves. The classification distinguishes flows with potential vorticity extrema within a layer from those with no such extrema. The stability of particular flows illustrating the classes of flows is examined in detail. Those unstable waves occurring in a current with no extremum are shown to be potential-energy converting while they increase the kinetic energy of the mean flow. Waves which owe their existence to a potential vorticity extremum appear to be similar to barotropic, kinetic-energy converting waves which reduce the kinetic energy ...
Improving the accuracy of Laplacian estimation with novel multipolar concentric ring electrodes

Conventional electroencephalography with disc electrodes has major drawbacks including poor spatial resolution, selectivity and low signal-to-noise ratio that are critically limiting its use. Concentric ring electrodes, consisting of several elements including the central disc and a number of concentric rings, are a promising alternative with potential to improve all of the aforementioned aspects significantly. In our previous work, the tripolar concentric ring electrode was successfully used in a wide range of applications demonstrating its superiority to conventional disc electrode, in particular, in accuracy of Laplacian estimation. This paper takes the next step toward further improving the Laplacian estimation with novel multipolar concentric ring electrodes by completing and validating a general approach to estimation of the Laplacian for an (n + 1)-polar electrode with n rings using the (4n + 1)-point method for n ≥ 2 that allows cancellation of all the truncation terms up to the order of 2n. An explicit formula based on inversion of a square Vandermonde matrix is derived to make computation of multipolar Laplacian more efficient. To confirm the analytic result of the accuracy of Laplacian estimate increasing with the increase of n and to assess the significance of this gain in accuracy for practical applications finite element method model analysis has been performed. Multipolar concentric ring electrode configurations with n ranging from 1 ring (bipolar electrode configuration) to 6 rings (septapolar electrode configuration) were directly compared and obtained results suggest the significance of the increase in Laplacian accuracy caused by increase of n.
Options for Non-Timber Forest Product Management in the Condor Bioreserve, Ecuador

Abstract This paper describes and evaluates the current role that non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their users play on the conservation of the four protected areas-Reserva Ecologica Cayambe-Coca, Reserva Ecologica Antisana, Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, and Parque Nacional Sumaco-Napo Galeras-that comprise the Condor Bioreserve. The category non-timber forest product (also referred to as non-wood forest product) encompasses a myriad of resources that reside in forests and can be useful to people. Plants from which NTFPs are derived play essential roles in tropical forest ecosystem processes such as regeneration and nutrient cycling. In the Condor Bioreserve, certain species of such plants are commercially valuable while others are endangered. People are extracting these NTFPs from the Bioreserve, yet the magnitude and frequency of such extraction is unknown. This paper examines how the three groups of land users that have been identified by The Nature Conservancy-colonists, indigenous peoples, and hacie...
Micromechanical Modeling of Composites: A Local Approach for Imposing Periodic Boundary Conditions

Recent advances in computational speed have resulted in the ability to model composite materials using larger representative volume elements (RVEs) with greater numbers of inclusions than have been previously studied. It is often necessary to assume periodicity for the effective evaluation of material properties, failure analysis, or constitutive law development for composite materials. Imposing periodic boundary conditions on very large RVEs can mean enforcing thousands of constraint equations. In addition, most commercial finite element codes incorporate these constraints on a global level, thereby drastically reducing computational speed. The present study investigates a method that uses a local implementation of the constraints that does not adversely affect the computational speed. As a step toward a three-dimensional formulation, the present study utilizes a two-dimensional triangular RVE of a periodically-spaced regular hexagonal array of composite material containing fibers of equal radii. In the present study, the finite element method is employed to obtain the response of the RVE. To impose the boundary conditions along the edges, this study utilizes a cubic interpolant to model the displacement field along the matrix edges and a linear interpolant to model the field along the fiber edges. The method eliminates the need for the conventional node-coupling scheme for imposing periodic boundary conditions, consequently reducing the number of unknowns to the interior degrees of freedom of the RVE along with a finite number of global parameters. The method results in a valuable computational savings that greatly simplifies the pre-processing stage of the analysis.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cardiac staircase and NMR-determined intracellular sodium in beating rat hearts

Isolated, perfused rat hearts (30 degrees C, n = 13) were paced from 218 +/- 4 beats/min to 433 +/- 4 beats/min while systolic and diastolic pressure were recorded and intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) was monitored by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. [Na+]i increased progressively with increasing stimulation frequency. In seven hearts (group I) an initial, progressive increase in systolic pressure was observed followed by a decrease in pressure with further increase in frequency. From the onset, a progressive decrease in systolic pressure was observed in group II (n = 6) in response to increased frequency. In group I an [Na+]i increase of up to 134 +/- 7% of control (P < 0.001) was observed, whereas in group II the gain in [Na+]i with increasing pacing rate was attenuated, reaching a maximum of 120 +/- 3% of control (P < 0.02). The differential pressure response between group I and group II hearts may reflect an enhanced sensitivity of rat hearts to the shortening of the restitution period of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, outweighing the positive inotropic effect induced by an increased [Na+]i. Only in rat hearts whose [Na+]i-induced increase in pressure outweights the restitution deficit would a complete positive inotropic effect be anticipated.
The physical foundation for describing reservoir oil displacement process with exergy transfer

In oil and gas transport dynamics the fluid potential can characterize the comprehensive driving force of the driven fluid,its concept can unify transport,accumulation and dissipation of oil and gas.In seepage mechanics the transport process of oil and gas was seen as homogeneous multi-phase flow process in macroscopical scale,and the relation between force and motion velocity was expressed by Darcy Law.On the basis of above,the physical explanation of exergy transfer to oil displacement process was deeply discussed.It was illuminated that exergy transfer corresponds to the related theory of oil and gas transport dynamics and seepage mechanics from the points of flow potential,driving ability and driving velocity.Finally,the oil displacement mechanism of multi-field synergy based on exergy transfer theory was described,which is clear,succinct and can felicitously reflect practical process,thus it is showed that using exergy transfer to describe oil displacement process is reasonable and necessary.
Investigation of Drinking Water in Rural Area of YingDong District,FuYang City

Objective To survey the hygienic status of drinking water in rural oreas of the YingDong District,FuYang City,and provide basis for improving it.Methods Multistage sampling strategy was used to collect to water samples,including the centralized distributed monitoring points.Take the site investigation and water quality analysis.Results Mainly used shallow underground water as source of drinking in the rural area of the YingDong District,70.99% adapted decentralized water supply.The qualified rate of drinking water was 56.00% in the rural area,the qualified rate of centralized water supply was 45.00%,the qualified rate of decentralized water supply was 43.33%.The qualified rate of drinking water in the mutagenicity was inferior to the drought period.Conclusion The rate of coverage of centralized water supply in the YingDong District was lower.The microbiological and fluoride indicator were the major factors to affect the drinking water quality in the rural area.
Conclusion: Selling a Just War

The preceding analysis provides an exploratory assessment intended to push beyond the anecdotal impression that just war theory matters in US foreign policy, in order to address the more compelling question of how it does. While it is possible for even a casual observer to find copious evidence of the saturation of the prevailing American wardiscourse in the rhetoric of just war theory, the manner in which the concepts embedded within that centuries old ‘decision-law’ concerning war are actually related to the decision to employ military force within the context of contemporary US foreign policy is less clear. The central question advanced here (e.g., how just war theory is employed to sell the decision to go to war as legitimate to domestic audiences by those responsible for that decision) is a direct by-product of that concern.
2016 Presidential Address: Diabetes at 212°-Confronting the Invisible Disease.

This address was delivered by Desmond Schatz, MD, President, Medicine & Science, of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), at the Association’s 76th Scientific Sessions in New Orleans, LA, on 12 June 2016. Dr. Schatz is Professor and Associate Chairman of Pediatrics, Medical Director of the University of Florida Diabetes Institute, and Director of the Clinical Research Center at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. A physician-scientist, he has been involved in type 1 diabetes research since the mid-1980s and has published over 300 articles and book chapters. Dr. Schatz’s research focuses on the prediction, natural history, genetics, immunopathogenesis, and prevention of type 1 diabetes, as well as the treatment of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. He is the principal investigator on several National Institutes of Health, JDRF, and other competitively funded grants. Dr. Schatz earned his medical degree from the University of the Witwatersrand School of Medicine in Johannesburg, South Africa, and completed his residency and fellowship at the University of Florida. He has been an ADA volunteer for over 30 years and has served on the Professional Practice Committee (twice), Scientific Sessions Meeting Planning Committee, Publications Policy Committee (Chair), Government Relations Committee, Youth Strategies Committee, and Board of Directors. A board-certified pediatric endocrinologist, Dr. Schatz is the 2016 recipient of the Banting Medal for Leadership and Service from the ADA for his outstanding commitment and contributions to the Association.
Monte Carlo validation of spike-timing-dependent plasticity identification from spiking activity

As increasingly complex non-stationary models become possible to be identified from neural data, rigorous validation approaches must be developed to rule out overfitting and the potential to identify features by chance. Specifically, identification of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) from recorded spontaneous in vivo spike timing is a potentially powerful tool to quantify activity-dependent plasticity. In previous work, we presented a methodology to perform this STDP identification from spike timing alone and successfully identified a generative model. Validation was straightforward with the generative model because the underlying model was known, but becomes challenging when applied to experimental data. Here, we introduce a set of null hypothesis tests that can be performed with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of null models to rule out cases of overfitting with experimental data. We demonstrate the identification of these null models and null hypothesis testing on a generative model in two test cases, one with and one without overfitting. Importantly, we show that it is possible to distinguish an identified STDP rule from a null case where there are similar weight fluctuations which are activity-independent. With the development of the null hypothesis tests described here, STDP identification can be effectively applied to experimental data recordings.
Attenuation of Conduction Slowing during Global Ischemia in Guinea Pig Hearts through Increased Extracellular Calcium

Cardiac ischemia is associated with decreased conduction velocity (CV) which can lead to conduction block and reentrant arrhythmias. Previously we have demonstrated that physiologically relevant changes in extracellular [K+] and [Ca2+] can modulate CV. The aim of the current study was to test whether changes in perfusate [K+] or [Ca2+] could alter loss of conduction during global ischemia and reperfusion. Guinea pig Langendorff hearts were perfused with a modified Tyrode's solution containing 153mM Na+, 4.6 or 6.9mM K+, and 1.25 or 2.0mM Ca2+, and loaded with the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS. Hearts were paced at a cycle length of 300ms at baseline and every 2 minutes during no flow ischemia to assess changes in transverse CV (CVT) and the time to conduction block. In separate studies, hearts were perfused with Tyrode's solution containing 146mM Na+, 4.6mM K+, and 1.25mM Ca2+, then subjected to 15 minutes of no flow ischemia before reperfusion with the test solutions for 15 minutes. At baseline (preischemia), there were no significant differences in CVT among the test solutions (153Na+/4.6K+/1.25Ca2+: 19.3±1.7 cm/s, n=6; 153Na+/4.6K+/2.0Ca2+: 16.4±1.9 cm/s, n=7; 153Na+/6.9K+/1.25Ca2+: 20.8±1.1 cm/s, n=6; p=NS). By 4 minutes of ischemia, CVT decreased significantly in the 153Na+/4.6K+/1.25Ca2+ (95% of baseline, p<0.05) and 153Na+/6.9K+/1.25Ca2+ (84% of baseline, p<0.05) solutions. In contrast, increasing [Ca2+] preserved CVT (153Na+/4.6K+/2.0Ca2+: 111% of baseline, p=NS). This preservation of CVT persisted through 12 minutes of ischemia (98% of baseline, p=NS), whereas at the same time point CVT in the 153Na+/4.6K+/1.25Ca2+ solution had decreased by 40% (p<0.01) and all hearts with 153Na+/6.9K+/1.25Ca2+ exhibited conduction block by 8 minutes. Despite the Ca2+-mediated differences in ischemia-induced changes in CV, the median time to conduction block was not significantly different between the 153Na+/4.6K+/1.25Ca2+ (16 minutes) and 153Na+/4.6K+/2.0Ca2+ (12 minutes, p=NS) solutions. However, increasing [K+] significantly shortened the median time to block (153Na+/6.9K+/1.25Ca2+: 7 minutes) relative to either solution containing 4.6mM K+ (p<0.01). Upon reperfusion, there were no significant differences in CVT among the test solutions, with a restoration of preischemia values within 3 minutes for each solution. In conclusion, increased extracellular Ca2+ improved conduction during global no flow ischemia, whereas decreased extracellular K+ prolonged the time to conduction block. Therefore, altering plasma ionic milieu during acute ischemia, in order to preserve cardiac conduction, may be a novel mechanism for preventing reentrant arrhythmias.
Mass Measurements of Proton-Rich Nuclei and Exotic Spectroscopy

In this report we review the progress of recent work aimed at extending our knowledge of proton-rich nuclei. The work focuses on Q-value measurements via the (4He, 8He) reaction, a reaction that populates very proton-rich nuclei by the removal of four neutrons from the most neutron-deficient stable targets. The (4He, 8He) reaction has quite negative Q-values (typically -60 MeV) and low cross section (a few nb/sr), necessitating incident beams with both high energy and high intensity. We first review techniques for performing Q-value measurements with reactions of such low cross section. We then discuss the recent results, including new isobaric quintet tests of the isobaric multiplet mass equation (IMME).
A Comparison of Born and Rytov Approximations in Acoustic Tomography

This paper gives a comparison of acoustic tomograms based on the wave equations using the Born and Rytov approximations. The comparisons are based on the distortions in the reconstructions using these two methods. It is shown that when a large forward scattering component exists that tomograms based on Born’s approximation are greatly in error. Rytov’s method has a wider range of validity, in practice, but suffers from the problems associated with the determination of the phase of the scattered wave.
Hearing loss and quality of life.

Abstract Objective We sought to identify multidimensional factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for use in developing an inventory in which HRQoL is a core concept in evaluating the impact of hearing loss and the efficacy of rehabilitative interventions. Method A qualitative approach was used in which we posed two major questions to a focus group consisting of eight adults with self-reported, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of varying degrees. In essence, those questions were: (1) How do you define quality of life?, and (2) Can you describe specific incidents in your everyday life in which your hearing loss has impacted your quality of life? The discussion was embedded within a framework that utilized a modification of the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). We used well-established analytic techniques to translate the data into unitized thought units, which we coded into meaningful categories. Response frequency was used to determine the salience of responses in addressing the research questions. Results Participants defined QoL in terms of a number of primary dimensions, most of which were directly or indirectly associated with specific recalled incidents in which those dimensions have played a notable role in contributing to their QoL. Conclusions The use of well-established methods to gather and analyze qualitative data generated by self-report techniques offers a promising direction for developing a standardized inventory for identifying the factors that impact QoL for persons with hearing loss and for evaluating the success of intervention strategies aimed at improving their HRQoL.
The Assistant Lighting Designer's Toolkit

What are the do’s and don’ts of being a good assistant lighting designer? What are focus tapes, and how do I use them? What is the best method for creating a magic sheet? What should be found in every assistant’s kit? How do I make that first important leap into this professional career? Answer these questions and many more with The Assistant Lighting Designer’s Toolkit. This definitive guide unlocks the insider-secrets used to succeed as a professional assistant lighting designer (ALD) – whether choosing assisting as a career or while transitioning to another. This book outlines, step-by-step, the challenges the ALD faces during every phase of production. Never before has a resource existed that views the design process through the eyes of the assistant. Intermingled among the nuts and bolts of the paperwork and essential procedures, top industry professionals reveal tips for personal survival in this challenging career – both domestically and abroad as well as in other careers in lighting. Within these pages are the industry secrets rarely taught in school! The author's website can be found at http://www.aldtoolkit.com/.
Quantifying coconut palm extent on Pacific islands using spectral and textural analysis of very high resolution imagery

Native forests on islands throughout the global tropics face increasing pressure from the human-driven expansion of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) planted for the purposes of coconut oil harvest. Co...
The Impact of Juvenile Ageism on Individuals

If juvenile ageism is not addressed, our nation is in peril. The emphasis will continue to fall on parents to protect their children from its hostile, exploitative elements rather than on creating a benevolent society that values its young and its own future. The first challenge is to recognize the devaluation of parenthood as a form of juvenile ageism.
Evaluating spatial patterns in precipitation trends across the Amazon basin driven by land cover and global scale forcings

Spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall are governed by complex interactions between climate and landscape perturbations including deforestation, fire, and drought. Previous research demonstrated that rainfall in portions of the Amazon Basin has intensified, resulting in more extreme droughts and floods. The basin has global impacts on climate and hydrologic cycles; thus, it is critical to understand how precipitation patterns and intensity are changing. Due to insufficient precipitation gauges, we analyzed the variability and seasonality of rainfall over the Amazon Basin from 1982 to 2018 using high-resolution gridded precipitation products. We developed several precipitation indices and analyzed their trends using the Mann–Kendall test (Mann 1945; Kendall, 1975) to identify significant changes in rainfall patterns over time and space. Our results show landscape scale changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall events. Specifically, wet areas of the western Basin have become significantly wetter since 1982, with an increase of 182 mm of rainfall per year. In the eastern and southern regions, where deforestation is widespread, a significant drying trend is evident. Additionally, local alterations to precipitation patterns were also observed. For example, the Tocantins region has had a significant increase in the number of dry days during both wet and dry seasons, increasing by about 1 day per year. Surprisingly, changes in rainfall amount and number of dry days do not consistently align. Broadly, over this 37-year period, wet areas are trending wetter and dry areas are trending drier, while spatial anomalies show structure at the scale of hundreds of kilometers.
Variations in Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma Outcomes by Hospital Type: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

PURPOSE:Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma (RPS) treatment. Patient- and sarcoma-related factors are well known to influence survival outcomes. The ef...
Conductivity, permeability, and stability properties of chemically tailored poly(phenylene oxide) membranes for Li+ conductive non-aqueous redox flow battery separators

Abstract Non-aqueous redox flow batteries can operate at a higher voltage and energy density than aqueous systems, but developing these batteries will require new membrane separators engineered specifically for non-aqueous applications. Herein, we report the preparation and characterization of a series of membranes engineered specifically for a non-aqueous redox flow battery by functionalizing a poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) backbone with increasing amounts of a highly sulfonated side chain, phenoxyaniline trisulfonate (POATS). These POATS-PPO membranes appear to be dimensionally stable over a period of at least four months in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and they exhibit lithium ion conductivities greater than that of previously reported control membranes. Ionic conductivity values, measured in non-aqueous and aqueous electrolytes, reveal solvent-specific ionic conductivity properties that differ from expected scaling relationships based on the ionic conductivity of the bulk electrolyte solution. The permeability of the membranes to ferrocene, a representative redox active molecule, does not change significantly with the degree of functionalization of the membrane. As a result, selectivity increases due to the increase in ionic conductivity as the degree of functionalization increases. Overall, the characterization of flow battery-relevant electrochemical properties suggests that these POATS-PPO membranes are promising materials for non-aqueous flow battery applications.
Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Objectification Theory among Black Women in the United States: The Role of Protective Factors

Recent studies find that Black women experience rates of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction comparable to those of White women. Abundant research suggests that objectification theory could help explain the development and maintenance of eating disorder (ED) symptoms among diverse women. However, research on the applicability of objectification theory to ED symptoms in Black women is equivocal. Specifically, some have suggested that body surveillance might operate differently for Black women. Thus, the current study examined ethnic-racial identity (ERI) commitment and body appreciation as moderators of the mediated associations among body surveillance, body shame, and ED symptoms. Black women (n = 175) in the United States completed measures of body image, ERI commitment, and ED symptoms. Consistent with objectification theory, body shame mediated the association between body surveillance and ED symptoms. Contrary to our hypothesis, ERI commitment did not moderate the link between body surveillance and body shame. However, body appreciation was a significant moderator, such that the strength of the relation between body surveillance and ED symptoms via body shame was weakened at high levels of body appreciation. Future work should consider interventions that foster body appreciation in Black women.
Precursors for chemical vapor deposition of tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a deposition technique capable of depositing a thin layer of material through the gas-phase decomposition of precursor molecules. In addition to the deposition parameters, the choice of precursor is crucial in determining the stoichiometry, composition and properties of the films. The established library of CVD precursors for tungsten and molybdenum oxides has been extended well beyond the originally studied simple inorganic precursors to also include organometallic, metal–organic and metal salt precursors. Herein, we highlight the progress in precursor development for both metal oxides.
A Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Smart Home Security

Although smart home systems contribute to improving many societal challenges, they usually have limited hardware which makes them vulnerable to attack. A security system in a smart home should have the capability to detect any existing or upcoming threats from the network, devices, sensors, or users. In this paper, we use machine learning algorithms for intrusion detection. In particular, we explore a publicly available dataset, CSE-CIC-IDS2018, to discover anomalous activities that can occur in a smart home environment by using a two-tiered system. We use the dataset2018, and run multiple machine learning classification models such as the random forest, xgboost, and decision tree. The algorithms are trained on the decision layer, and our experiments show that each of the models achieve a different level of accuracy in identifying possible anomalies that indicate attacks. The accuracy level achieved by our approach is promising for its practical implementation in a smart home system.
Ubiquitous Performance Analysis

In an effort to guide optimizations and detect performance regressions, developers of large HPC codes must regularly collect and analyze application performance profiles across different hardware platforms and in a variety of program configurations. However, traditional performance profiling tools mostly focus on ad-hoc analysis of individual program runs. Ubiquitous performance analysis is a new approach to automate and simplify the collection, management, and analysis of large numbers of application performance profiles. In this regime, performance profiling of large HPC codes transitions from a sporadic process that often requires the help of experts into a routine activity in which the entire development team can participate. We discuss the design and implementation of an open source ubiquitous performance analysis software stack with three major components: the Caliper instrumentation library with a new API to control performance profiling programmatically; Adiak, a library for automatic program metadata capture; and SPOT, a web-based visualization interface for comparing large sets of runs. A case study shows how ubiquitous performance analysis has helped the developers of the Marbl simulation code for over a year with analyzing performance and understanding regressions.
Comparison of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and intracellular metabolism of remdesivir and its parent nucleoside

Abstract Remdesivir, a monophosphate prodrug of nucleoside analog GS-441524, is widely used for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19. It has been suggested to use GS-441524 instead of remdesivir in the clinic and in new inhalation formulations. Thus, we compared the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of remdesivir and GS-441524 in Vero E6, Vero CCL-81, Calu-3, Caco-2 ​cells, and anti-HCoV-OC43 activity in Huh-7 ​cells. We also compared the cellular pharmacology of these two compounds in Vero E6, Vero CCL-81, Calu-3, Caco-2, Huh-7, 293T, BHK-21, 3T3 and human airway epithelial (HAE) cells. Overall, remdesivir exhibited greater potency and superior intracellular metabolism than GS-441524 except in Vero E6 and Vero CCL-81 ​cells.
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty: The Extramedullary Technique

MIS unicondylar knee arthroplasty was introduced in the mid-1990s by Repicci and Eberle.1 The procedure was essentially a freehand technique that used limited instrumentation. Over the years there have been modifications in the surgical instruments in order to perform the procedure accurately and reproducibly through a limited incision. The Miller Galante Unicondylar prosthesis (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) introduced intramedullary instrumentation and most recently extramedullary instrumentation.2 The smaller modified instruments clearly help in bone preparation and component position. Reliable instrumentation and surgical technique produce clinical results that are comparable with a conventional procedure.3 Reproducible and predictable placement of the components is based on sound surgical principles.4 Improved instrumentation allows the surgeon to operate through a minimally invasive arthrotomy, without everting the patella, and permits more accurate bone resection. It is the refinements in instrumentation that have contributed to successful clinical results.
Signal-averaged intracardiac electrograms: a new method to detect kent potentials.

Signal Averaged Intracardiac Electrograms. Introduction: In patients with manifest accessory pathways, Kent potentials are often difficult to identify even at sites of successful catheter ablation, due largely to signal noise and catheter instability. We hypothesized that signal averaging the intracardiac electrogram recorded from the ablation catheter over a number of beats would improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the electrogram and aid in the detection of Kent potentials at accessory pathway locations. Methods and Results: We retrospectively analyzed distal-pair electrograms recorded from 9 successful, 6 transiently successful, and 10 failed ablation sites in 10 patients with manifest accessory pathways who underwent catheter ablation. We developed custom software to finely align 20 to 30 consecutive sinus beats and compute the signal average of the electrogram (SAE) for each site. Kent potentials were classified as probable, possible, or absent in the raw ablation site electrogram and the SAE base on morphologic criteria. A measure of beat-to-beat signal instability, the variability quotient (VQ), was also computed for each site. Probable Kent potentials were found in the raw ablation site electrogram at only 2 of the 15 successful and transiently successful sites, but were found in the SAE at 10 of these sites (P = 0.008). Eight of the 9 successful sites had VQ 0.2, indicating unstable contact. Conclusions: Signal averaging the intracardiac ablation site electrogram enhances detection of Kent potentials at accessory pathway locations. Catheter instability can be quantified by signal variability analysis and, when high, may predict lack of successful ablation even at sites where Kent potentials are present.
Spanners with slack

Given a metric (V,d), a spanner is a sparse graph whose shortest-path metric approximates the distance d to within a small multiplicative distortion. In this paper, we study the problem of spanners with slack: e.g., can we find sparse spanners where we are allowed to incur an arbitrarily large distortion on a small constant fraction of the distances, but are then required to incur only a constant (independent of n) distortion on the remaining distances? We answer this question in the affirmative, thus complementing similar recent results on embeddings with slack into lp spaces. For instance, we show that if we ignore an e fraction of the distances, we can get spanners with O(n) edges and O(log 1/e) distortion for the remaining distances. We also show how to obtain sparse and low-weight spanners with slack from existing constructions of conventional spanners, and these techniques allow us to also obtain the best known results for distance oracles and distance labelings with slack. This paper complements similar results obtained in recent research on slack embeddings into normed metric spaces.
The chemokine receptor CCR2 mediates the binding and internalization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 along brain microvessels.

Previous results from this laboratory revealed the presence of high-affinity saturable binding sites for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) along human brain microvessels (Andjelkovic et al., 1999; Andjelkovic and Pachter, 2000), which suggested that CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), the recognized receptor for this chemokine, was expressed by the brain microvascular endothelium. To test the role of CCR2 directly in mediating MCP-1 interactions with the brain microvasculature, we assessed MCP-1 binding activity in murine brain microvessels isolated from wild-type mice and from CCR2 (−/−) mice engineered to lack this receptor. Results demonstrate that MCP-1 binding is greatly attenuated in microvessels prepared from CCR2 (−/−) mice compared with wild-type controls. Moreover, microvessels from wild-type mice exhibited MCP-1-induced downmodulation in MCP-1 binding and a recovery of binding activity that was not dependent onde novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, MCP-1 was shown to be internalized within wild-type microvessels, but not within microvessels obtained from CCR2 (−/−) mice, additionally demonstrating that CCR2 is obligatory for MCP-1 endocytosis. Last, internalization of MCP-1, but not transferrin, was observed to be inhibited by disruption of caveolae. Internalized MCP-1 also colocalized at some sites with caveolin-1, a major protein of caveolae, implying that this chemokine is endocytosed, in part, via nonclathrin-coated vesicles. These results prompt consideration that MCP-1 signals may be relayed across the blood–brain barrier by highly specialized interactions of this chemokine with its cognate receptor, CCR2, along brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Combined segregation and linkage analysis for IDDM and HLA‐DR under several ascertainment assumptions

Combined segregation and linkage analysis of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 5 (GAW5) data suggests a complex basis for susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). One susceptibility gene, linked to the HLA-DR region, is additive on the liability scale (d = .49 +/- .15, t = 2.9 +/- .6) with a gene frequency q = .30 +/- .03. A second locus, with a gene frequency of q = .07 +/- .02, which is recessive and unlinked to HLA, is also suggested by the analysis. The ascertainment correction used has little effect on the results, presumably because most of the information comes from the cosegregation of HLA alleles and disease status. The results are consistent with a direct involvement of the HLA-DR region in susceptibility, but are not a proof of it.
Contextual implications for transformational and servant leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there is historical support for the proposal of Smith, Montagno and Kuzmenko that the specific cultures associated with transformational and/or servant leadership would be more or less applicable, based on context. Moreover, its purpose is also to demonstrate that a historical approach can be used effectively to examine such constructs.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a historical examination of the military retreats of Xenophon, a transformational leader, and Chief Joseph, a servant leader, during very similar contextual crises.Findings – Given similar contexts, the historical record offers support for the proposal of Smith et al.Research limitations/implications – First, the retreats of Xenophon and Chief Joseph were separated by many hundreds of years and miles. Also inherent with this type of methodology is simple disagreement among readers. Although this author finds great similarity in the retreats of Xenophon and Chief Jose...
Independent and overlapping effects of corticosterone and testosterone on corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone release.

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release is regulated by both glucocorticoids and androgens; however, the precise interactions are unclear. We have controlled circulating corticosterone (B) and testosterone (T) by adrenalectomy (ADX) ± B replacement and gonadectomy (GDX) ± T replacement, comparing these to sham-operated groups. We hoped to reveal how and where these neuroendocrine systems interact to affect resting and stress-induced ACTH secretion. ADX responses. In gonadal-intact rats, ADX increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in hypothalamic parvocellular paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and ACTH in pituitary and plasma. B restored these toward normal. GDX blocked the increase in AVP but not CRH mRNA and reduced plasma, but not pituitary ACTH in ADX rats. GDX+T restored increased AVP mRNA in ADX rats, although plasma ACTH remained decreased. Stress responses. Restraint-induced ACTH responses were elevated in ADX gonadally intact rats, and B reduced these toward normal. GDX in adrenal-intact and ADX+B rats increased ACTH responses. Without B, T did not affect ACTH; together with B, T restored ACTH responses to normal. The magnitude of ACTH responses to stress was paralleled by similar effects on the number of c-fos staining neurons in the hypophysiotropic PVN. We conclude that gonadal regulation of ACTH responses to ADX is determined by T dependent effects on AVP biosynthesis, whereas CRH biosynthesis is B-dependent. Stress-induced ACTH release is not explained by B and T interactions at the PVN, but is determined by B- and T-dependent changes in drive to PVN motorneurons.
What is a Tarsier

The living tarsier is represented by three species—Tarsius spectrum, T. bancanus, and T. syrichta—distributed throughout the islands of southeast Asia. Historically, Tarsius has been considered a primate that is somehow intermediate between the lower lemurs and lorises and the higher anthropoids. There have been two major recent views of the broader relationships of Tarsius (and, by association, fossil taxa) within Primates: (1) following Pocock (1918), extant tarsiiforms and Anthropoidea are considered sistertaxa (the clade Haplorhini) primarily because the nostrils are aborally rounded, without a slit (Hofer 1980); and (2) tarsiiforms are most closely related to the generally Paleocene “archaic” plesiadapiform primates because of common possession of an enlarged anterior tooth (only in the upper jaw of Tarsius); this group is the sister of all other primates (Gingerich 1975; Schwartz 1978a).
Bundled Payments in Cardiac Surgery: Is Risk-Adjustment Sufficient To Make It Feasible?

Background Policymakers have proposed risk-adjusted bundled payment as the single most promising method of linking reimbursement to value rather than to quantity of service. Our objective was to assess the relationship between risk and cost to develop a model for forecasting the costs of cardiac operations under a bundled payment scheme. Methods All patients undergoing adult cardiac operations for which there was a Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score over a 5-year period (2008 to 2013) at a tertiary care, university hospital were reviewed. Patients were stratified into five groups based on preoperative risk as a basis for negotiating risk-adjusted bundles. A multivariable regression model was developed to analyze the relationship between risk and log-transformed costs. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to validate the model by comparing predicted with actual fiscal year 2013 costs. Results Among the 2,514 patients analyzed, preoperative risk was strongly correlated with costs ( p R 2 = 0.28) of the variation in costs between individual patients. The use of bundling to diffuse and adjust for risk improved prediction to only 33% ( R 2 = 0.33). Actual costs in 2013 were $21.6M compared with predicted costs of $19.3M (±$350K), which is well outside the forecast's 95% confidence interval. Conclusions Even among the most routine cardiac operations and with use of the most widely validated surgical risk score available, much of the variation in costs cannot be explained by preoperative risk or surgeon. Consequently, policymakers should reexamine whether individual practices or insurers are best suited to manage the residual financial risk.
Excessive follicle-stimulating hormone excretion and production in males with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Excessive Follicle-stimulating Hormone Excretion and Production in Males with Untreated Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Box Turtle (Terrapene spp.) Hematology

Abstract Box turtles ( Terrapene spp.) maintained as pet animals are commonly presented to the veterinary clinic for health care. A complete blood count (CBC) is recommended for box turtle patients as part of the annual physical examination, when they are ill, and before owner-induced brumation. Box turtles from the wild also are commonly presented for injuries and illness, including vehicular trauma, bot fly infestation, and predator attack. The initial health assessment of a wild turtle patient may be enhanced by evaluating the results of a CBC. This article will review venipuncture sites and hematologic techniques for obtaining blood samples to submit for a CBC, as well as give comments on interpreting CBC results in box turtles based on author experience and literature review. Hopefully, this article will promote further exploration and publication relevant to the evaluation of box turtle hematology.
Childhood Maltreatment, Adult Attachment, and Depression as Predictors of Parental Self-Efficacy in At-Risk Mothers

Childhood abuse and neglect can have far-reaching effects on adult relationships, mental health, and parenting. This study examined relations between maltreatment types, anxious and avoidant adult attachment, maternal depression, and parental self-efficacy in a community sample of 76 at-risk mothers. After controlling for other forms of maltreatment, emotional abuse uniquely predicted higher levels of anxious attachment and maternal depression. Structural equation modeling revealed that childhood maltreatment predicted lower parental self-efficacy through indirect pathways involving anxious attachment and depression. Specifically, maltreatment's influence on maternal depression was mediated by attachment anxiety, while its influence on parental self-efficacy was mediated by depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of attachment theory and ways in which parental self-efficacy contributes to adaptive caregiving behavior.
Understanding Bossung curve asymmetry and focus shift effect in EUV lithography

As minimum semiconductor critical dimension feature sizes become smaller and smaller, many adverse effects in lithography printing due to mask topography start to stand out. These effects existed in the optical lithography in the past many generations. Usually, these effects contributed to a negligible depth of focus (DOF) consumption, and therefore, were neglected. In the case of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL), due to the drastic reduction in wavelength, some of these adverse effects that related to the wavelength tend to magnify in the case of EUVL as compared to the deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. For example, the asymmetry of Bossung curves and focus shift for semi-isolated to isolated lines is found to be much less in DUV optical lithography. However, in the case of EUVL, a maximum 40nm focus offset between the dense and the isolated lines exists. This focus shift effect in EUVL has been previously discussed by C. Krautschik, et al1 and explained via the complex phase behavior for the EUVL mask that is fundamentally different from the thin mask. In this paper, we will present a detailed and simpler explanation for the cause of the Bossung curve asymmetry and focus shift effect. Our simulation study indicated that the asymmetry and focus shift effect is simply due to a phase error at the mask pattern edge. This phase error is primarily caused by the interference of the reflected light from the reflective substrate with the diffracted light at the absorber edge or boundary and with the partially transmitted light from the absorber edge. This effect is not unique for the reflective masks; it exists in transmission masks as well. The analogy of this effect to the conventional thin transmission mask can be simply made and will also be discussed in detail.
Mobile Maps and the Research Library

We're all familiar with MapQuest and Google maps as quick-and-easy online resources to use while we are sitting at our desks. But what if you want to escape the confines of your desk and take it wi...