cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic-field-induced crossover from Mott variable-range hopping to weakly insulating behavior

In three-dimensional n-CdSe samples that obey Mott variable-range hopping, \ensuremath{\rho}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$exp(${\mathit{T}}_{0}$/T${)}^{1/4}$, in the absence of a magnetic field, we report a field-induced crossover at low temperatures to a resistivity that exhibits a weak power-law divergence, \ensuremath{\rho}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, with an exponent \ensuremath{\alpha} that decreases slowly with increasing field. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Preference heterogeneity for renewable energy technology

Abstract This study explores heterogeneity in individual willingness to pay (WTP) for a public good using several different variants of the multinomial logit (MNL) model for stated choice data. These include a simple MNL model with interaction terms between respondent characteristics and attribute levels, a latent class model, a random parameter (mixed) logit model, and a hybrid random parameter-latent class model. The public good valued was an increase in renewable electricity generation. The models consistently show that preferences over renewable technologies are heterogeneous among respondents, but that the degree of heterogeneity differs for different renewable technologies. Specifically, preferences over solar power appear to be more heterogeneous across respondents than preferences for other renewable technologies. Comparing across models, the random parameter logit model and the hybrid random parameter-latent class model fit the choice data best and did the best job capturing preference heterogeneity.
Effect of sulfhydryl compounds and glutathione depletion on rat heart myocyte toxicity induced by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and acrolein in vitro.

Neonatal rat heart myocytes were used to study the acute cardiotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide (CTX) metabolites. The myocytes were equi-sensitive to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HPC) and acrolein in vitro with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 123 μM and 152 μM, respectively. The parent compound, CTX, was inactive and the myocytes were much less sensitive to the bischloroethylamine alkylator, mechlorethamine (IC50 = 1161 μM). Cellular glutathione (GSH) levels were initially reduced and then transiently elevated following exposure to 4HPC. With acrolein, GSH levels were reduced to unmeasurable levels at all time points. With the addition of 0.5 mM l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), myocyte GSH levels were reduced from control values of 120 nmol/mg protein to < 10 nmol/mg protein without causing direct cytotoxicity. However, pretreatment with BSO significantly enhanced the cardiotoxic effects of 4HPC. Finally, two exogenous sulfhydryl-containing compounds were shown to block the myotoxic effects of both 4HPC and acrolein. Mesna and N-acetylcysteine increased at concentrations of 0.01 μg/ml and 0.1 μg/ml roughly increased the IC50 of 4HPC by 2–3-fold. These results suggest that acrolein and 4HPC are equipotent cytotoxins and that a transient depletion in GSH accompanies this toxic effect in cardiac myocytes.
Protocol-based computer reminders, the quality of care and the non-perfectability of man.

To determine whether clinical errors can be reduced by prospective computer suggestions about the management of simple clinical events, I studied the responses of nine physicians to computer suggestions generated by 390 protocols in a controlled crossover design. These protocols dealt primarily with conditions managed (e.g., elevated blood pressure) or caused (e.g., liver toxicity) by drugs. Physicians responded to 51 per cent of 327 events when given, and 22 per cent of 385 events when not given computer suggestions. Neither level of postgraduate training (first-year postgraduate or third-year post-graduate) nor the order in which physicians served as study and control subjects had statistically significant overall effect on the results. It appears that the prospective reminders do reduce errors, and that many of these errors are probably due to man's limitations as a data processor rather than to correctable human deficiencies.
Tumour cell lines induce interferon in human lymphocytes.

VIRAL infection of cells induces synthesis and release of interferon which renders uninfected cells resistant to subsequent virus infection. Interferon production can also be stimulated by non-viral agents, such as microorganisms1, substances of microbial origin and synthetic polymers2. Moreover, interferon can be stimulated in lymphocytes by mitogenic lectins3, antilymphocyte sera4, viral antigens5–7, PPD8 and exposure to allogeneic cells9. An antitumour effect of interferon and interferon inducers has been demonstrated in vivo10–12. It has been postulated that interferon may act by directly inhibiting tumour cell growth13 and by stimulating host defence mechanisms14–16. We report here that certain human cell lines are able to induce high levels of interferon on contact with human lymphocytes.
Coordination and context-dependence in the generation of embodied conversation

We describe the generation of communicative actions in an implemented embodied conversational agent. Our agent plans each utterance so that multiple communicative goals may be realized opportunistically by a composite action including not only speech but also coverbal gesture that fits the context and the ongoing speech in ways representative of natural human conversation. We accomplish this by reasoning from a grammar which describes gesture declaratively in terms of its discourse function, semantics and synchrony with speech.
The low frequency normal modes of trans, trans-1,3,5,7-octatetraene

Abstract The low frequency normal mode eigenvectors of trans, trans-1,3,5,7-octatetraene were calculated using the CFF-π procedure of Warshel and Karplus. The vibronically active mode observed at 109 cm −1 is identified as an in-plane bend of the entire chain with b u symmetry.
Earthquake Prediction IS Possible

In a previous issue of Seismological Research Letters Paul Silver raised the question: “Why is earthquake prediction so difficult?” What makes the earthquake hazard so different from other natural hazards which are more susceptible to prediction efforts? While Paul raises valid arguments, I remain unconvinced that yet another multimillion dollar program is the solution to the problem. The fault may not lie in our lack of data, our inability to conceptualize the problem, nor in the lack of funds for whatever program may be preferred. I believe we need to refocus on the common goal of making earthquake prediction and forecasting a practical means to promote public safety. Is this an obtainable goal? It has been in other fields, such as forecasting of weather, effects from solar storms, and to some extent volcanic and tsunami hazards. The history of how it came to be so in each of these fields...
Proteomics strategies for protein identification

The information from genome sequencing provides new approaches for systems-wide understanding of protein networks and cellular function. DNA microarray technologies have advanced to the point where nearly complete monitoring of gene expression is feasible in several organisms. An equally important goal is to comprehensive survey cellular proteomes and profile protein changes under different cellular states. This presents a complex analytical problem, due to the chemical variability between proteins and peptides. Here, we discuss strategies to improve accuracy and sensitivity of peptide identification, distinguish represented protein isoforms, and quantify relative changes in protein abundance.
A Further Investigation on the Primary Productivity in the Divergence Zone Near the French Mediterranean Coast

The present investigation re-examines hydrological features, the inorganic phosphate distribution and primary productivity near the “Hyeres” Islands in the French Mediterranean in the early summer divergence zone as previously studied by MINAS and BLANC (1970). In addition, concentrations of particulate nitrogen, Chl-a and nitrate have been determined. Uptake rates of 15N-labelled nitrate (“new production”) and the oxygen consumption (ETS-activity) by the phytoplankton population have been estimated.
Relativistic O-type oscillator-amplifier systems

ABSTRACT Experiments employing a pulsed relativistic electronbeam 0-typet oscillator, which drives two 0-type amplifiers, operating at levels of a few hundred megawatts in the Xbandare described. A second configuration of oscillatoramplifier was also designed, fabricated and cold-tested, but experiments using it have not yet been performed. In the first configuration a backward-wave oscillator (BWO) drives two independenttravelling-wave amplifiers (TWT) , with each slow-wave structure having its own indepen- dent relativistic electron beam. The microwaves are coupled, using matched sections ofTE-mode waveguide, from the upstream end of the BWO into the upstream ends of the amplifiers, with each amplifier having its own output window and waveguide. TWT gain is typically 10 to 25 dB, depending upon the number of ripple sections in its slow-wavestructure (10 to 20) and upon the electron beam parameters. Spontaneous oscillationsoccurred occasionally at the highest gains. The field emission cathodes of the BWO andTWT's were all connected to the same pulse-forming line to eliminate problems with the
The conformation of the duplex of the dodecamer, d(CGCGAATTCGCG) as a model for DNA in the liquid state.

Abstract Detailed examination of Raman spectra from the dodecadeoxynucleotide, duplex, d(CGCGAATTCGCG), in single crystals and in aqueous solution reveal significant differences in the helical conformation exhibited in each of these states. This indicates that rules such as those of Callandino and Dickerson (Ref. 1) that relate structural parameters of the B-DNA helix to base sequence are probably not compeletly valid for DNA in solution. The conformational differences encountered in DNA in proceeding from the crystal to solution include: reduction in the A-helix like character of the C,G steps flanking the central EcoRL recognition site; redistribution of furanose conformations resulting in an increase in the C3′-endo population and reduction in the breath of the C2′-endo conformation; variation in O-P torsional angles; and changes in base stacking organization about the thymine residues. The structural differences are presumably due to the relaxation of solvent and packing constraints imposed by the crystalline environment and modulated by the sequence of the dodecamer.
Massive query resolution for rapid selective dissemination of information

The tasks of choosing documents from a new collection and categorizing the choices, both on the basis of a body of standing queries, are known variously as selection and routing, selective dissemination of information (SDI), and information filtering. The combined operation of selecting and labeling documents naturally separates into two processes: feature scanning and query resolution. The first process examines a document for features and their locations; the second takes the findings from the first process, looks for satisfaction of combinations specified in the queries, and marks the document accordingly. When the body of queries is large, query resolution can become a significant factor in total processing speed. This paper outlines an efficient approach to performing query resolution on massive Boolean queries, suitable for implementation on a desktop computer. Algorithms are sketched in pseudo-code and experimental results are reported.
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Post-Laparotomy Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction

The purpose of this review was to assess the incidence and risk factors for adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO) following laparotomy. The PubMed database was systematically reviewed to identify studies in the English literature delineating the incidence of adhesive SBO and reporting risk factors for the development of this morbidity. A total of 446,331 abdominal operations were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. The overall incidence of SBO was 4.6%. The risk of SBO was highly influenced by the type of procedure, with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis being associated with the highest incidence of SBO (1,018 out of 5,268 cases or 19.3%), followed by open colectomy (11,491 out of 121,085 cases or 9.5%). Gynecological procedures were associated with an overall incidence of 11.1% (4,297 out of 38,751 cases) and ranged from 23.9% in open adnexal surgery, to 0.1% after cesarean section. The technique of the procedure (open vs. laparoscopic) also played a major role in the development of adhesive SBO. The incidence was 7.1% in open cholecystectomies vs. 0.2% in laparoscopic; 15.6% in open total abdominal hysterectomies vs. 0.0% in laparoscopic; and 23.9% in open adnexal operations vs. 0.0% in laparoscopic. There was no difference in SBO following laparoscopic or open appendectomies (1.4% vs. 1.3%). Separate closure of the peritoneum, spillage and retention of gallstones during cholecystectomy, and the use of starched gloves all increase the risk for adhesion formation. There is not enough evidence regarding the role of age, gender, and presence of cancer in adhesion formation. Adhesion-related morbidity comprises a significant burden on healthcare resources and prevention is of major importance, especially in high-risk patients. Preventive techniques and special barriers should be considered in high-risk cases.
Does repeat tibial tubercle osteotomy or intramedullary extension affect the union rate in revision total knee arthroplasty?: A retrospective study of 74 patients

Background and purpose Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is an established surgical technique for exposing the stiff knee in revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA). The osteotomy is usually performed through the anterior metaphyseal cancellous bone of the tibia but it can be extended into the intramedullary canal if tibial stem and cement removal are necessary. Furthermore, repeat osteotomy may be required in another RTKA. We assessed whether intramedullary extension of TTO or repeat osteotomy affected the healing rate in RTKA. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 74 consecutive patients (39 women) with an average age of 60 (29–89) years who underwent 87 TTOs during RTKA. 1 patient had bilateral TTO. 10 patients had repeat TTO and 1 patient received 3 TTOs in the same knee. The osteotomy was extramedullary in 57 knees and intramedullary in 30 knees. Osteotomy repair was performed with bicortical screws and/or wires. Results Bone healing occurred in all the cases. The median time to union was 15 (6–47) weeks. The median healing time for the extramedullary osteotomy group was 12 weeks and for the intramedullary osteotomy group it was 21 weeks (p = 0.002). Repeat osteotomy was not associated with delayed union. Neither intramedullary nor repeat osteotomy was found to increase the complication rate of the procedure. Interpretation Reliable bone healing can be expected with intramedullary extension or repeat TTO in RTKA. However, intramedullary extension of the osteotomy prolongs the union time of the tibial tubercle.
The fungicidal effect of chitosan on fungi of varying cell wall composition

Chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, inhibited the growth of many fungi, including plant and animal pathogens. All fungi tested which reportedly contain chitosan as a cell wall component were insensitive to its fungicidal effects.
Feasibility of vibro-acoustography with a quasi-2D ultrasound array transducer for detection and localizing of permanent prostate brachytherapy seeds: A pilot ex vivo study

Purpose: Effective permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) requires precise placement of radioactive seeds in and around the prostate. The impetus for this research is to examine a new ultrasound-based imaging modality, vibro-acoustography (VA), which may serve to provide a high rate of PPB seed detection while also effecting enhanced prostate imaging. The authors investigate the ability of VA, implemented on a clinical ultrasound (US) scanner and equipped with a quasi-2D (Q2D) array US transducer, to detect and localize PPB seeds in excised prostate specimens. Methods: Nonradioactive brachytherapy seeds were implanted into four excised cadaver prostates. A clinical US scanner equipped with a Q2D array US transducer was customized to acquire both US and C-scan VA images at various depths. The VA images were then used to detect and localize the implanted seeds in prostate tissue. To validate the VA results, computed tomography (CT) images of the same tissue samples were obtained to serve as the reference by which to evaluate the performance of VA in PPB seed detection. Results: The results indicate that VA is capable of accurately identifying the presence and distribution of PPB seeds with a high imaging contrast. Moreover, a large ratio of the PPB seeds implanted intomore » prostate tissue samples could be detected through acquired VA images. Using CT-based seed identification as the standard, VA was capable of detecting 74%–92% of the implanted seeds. Additionally, the angular independency of VA in detecting PPB seeds was demonstrated through a well-controlled phantom experiment. Conclusions: Q2DVA detected a substantial portion of the seeds by using a 2D array US transducer in excised prostate tissue specimens. While VA has inherent advantages associated with conventional US imaging, it has the additional advantage of permitting detection of PPB seeds independent of their orientation. These results suggest the potential of VA as a method for PPB imaging that ultimately may allow US-based real-time intraoperative dosimetry.« less
Biosynthesis of steroid sulfates by normal human testis.

Abstract Incubations of normal adult testis tissue with dehydroepiandrosterone-4-14C and testosterone-4-14C has resulted in the isolation and identification of dehydroepiandrosterone-4-14C sulfate and testosterone-4-14C sulfate among other products. Using dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H ammonium sulfate as the substrate, testosterone-7α-3H sulfate was also isolated. Identification of certain free steroid metabolites following each incubation is included.
A suPAR circulating factor causes kidney disease.

For many years, investigators have been searching for an elusive circulating factor that could cause the common kidney disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The finding that a circulating, soluble form of the urokinase receptor (suPAR) can activate podocyte β3 integrin, leading to FSGS pathology (pages 952–960), provides new insights into this disease and may have important clinical implications.
Use of electron paramagnetic resonance to solve biochemical problems

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a very powerful biophysical tool that can provide valuable structural and dynamic information about a wide variety of biological systems. The intent of this review is to provide a general overview for biochemists and biological researchers of the most commonly used EPR methods and how these techniques can be used to answer important biological questions. The topics discussed could easily fill one or more textbooks; thus, we present a brief background on several important biological EPR techniques and an overview of several interesting studies that have successfully used EPR to solve pertinent biological problems. The review consists of the following sections: an introduction to EPR techniques, spin-labeling methods, and studies of naturally occurring organic radicals and EPR active transition metal systems that are presented as a series of case studies in which EPR spectroscopy has been used to greatly further our understanding of several important biological systems.
Performance of sulfation and nitration plates used to monitor atmospheric pollutant deposition in a real environment

Abstract Sulfation and nitration plates were exposed outdoors for various periods of time to evaluate their performance in a real environment. These passive monitors are used to estimate the deposition of pollutants on metallic surfaces, and thus to evaluate the influence of the atmosphere on the corrosion. Single-column ion chromatography was used to determine the quantity of anions absorbed on the plates. This technique is better than other analytical procedures such as turbidimetry or colorimetry because passive monitors exposed in an atmosphere with a low degree of pollution can be analyzed without preconcentration. However, the pH of the sample to be injected on the Chromatographic column must be adjusted to between 6.0 and 12.0 in order to obtain reproducible sulfate values. For sulfation plates, the additivity of the deposition process is excellent for a period of exposure up to 3 months, with a reproducibility of about 2%. For nitration plates, the deposition process is not cumulative due to a physical change of the monitor during exposure. The correlation between the amounts of sulfate found on sulfation and nitration plates was also examined.
PET Assessment of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerotic Plaques: SUV or TBR?

The accurate quantification of radiotracer activity in a vascular wall plaque on PET can be problematic. Because most atherosclerotic plaques are small and exhibit complex morphology, it can be quite difficult to properly recover activity within a plaque by PET without sophisticated partial-volume
Patterns of psychological problems in university undergraduates: Factor structure of symptoms of anxiety and depression, physical symptoms, alcohol use, and eating problems

This study sought patterns underlying a broad range of psychological problems in 248 undergraduates at a private Midwestern university by examining relations among 1) psychological problems significant in undergraduates and 2) potential correlates of psychological problems. Psychological problems examined were anxiety, depression, emotional stress, physical symptoms, amount and consequences of alcohol consumption, eating problems, and psychological traits associated with eating problems. Personal-emotional adjustment was included as the potential opposite of maladjustment. Factor analyses generally found two broad independent patterns constant across genders. Internalized Distress consisted of anxiety; depression; emotional stress; personal maladjustment; physical symptoms; eating problems; and eating traits. Alcohol Abuse consisted of amount and consequences of alcohol consumption. Multiple regression analyses indicated that whereas stressors were correlates of both factors, female gender predicted higher scores on Internalized Distress, while male gender predicted higher scores on Alcohol Abuse.
Bone ALP and OC reference standards in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas) by sex and age.

Background Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and intact osteocalcin (OC) are markers of bone formation of interest because of easy measurability and potential utility as identifiers of those at risk for fractures associated with bone metabolism disorders. The baboon (Papio hamadryas) exhibits extensive biological similarities to humans making it particularly well suited to studies of bone maintenance and turnover. Methods We measured serum bone ALP and OC in 591 baboons. Results We report significant sex and age effects and present reference ranges and percentile distributions for these markers. Conclusions This study is the first to characterize normal variation in bone ALP and OC levels in baboons and to assess the age and sex effects on this variation. The results provide much-needed reference standards to allow researchers to evaluate the status of their animals in cross-sectional studies and assess the meaning of changes in bone ALP and OC levels in longitudinal studies.
New factors for identifying influential bloggers

Blogs have become a major communication media, and have recently been extremely effective in making political and social changes. It is therefore vital to recognize powerful, persuasive bloggers in a web community. In this work we examine existing models for identifying influential bloggers, and construct an improved model based on two new factors: uniqueness and FacebookCount. The former measures the originality of a post, combining with outlink count they represent the novelty of the post. The latter reflects the influence of emerging social network platforms, and can be extended to include twitter share, G +1's, etc. The proposed model also adopts other effectual factors including the number of inlinks, outlinks and comments, the timing of posts and of comments, and the influence of commenters. In addition, to capture the true influence of a post we mine through each comment on a post to identify the sentiment, or the tone of the comment. The experiments show that, comparing with an existing model [3], the proposed approach is able to capture the true influence, and to give bloggers distinctive rankings. We believe that the two new factors are timely and are significant for identifying influential bloggers in the blogosphere.
Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens

Abstract Preparations of isolates of the biocontrol fungi Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens were evaluated during four growing seasons for their efficacy in preventing damping-off of cotton caused by Rhizoctonia solani in field plots artificially infested with the pathogen. Pathogen saprophytic activity and populations of the biocontrol fungi were monitored periodically in the soils. The preparations included bran/germlings (actively growing hyphae on bran), a powder (Pyrax/biomass), and alginate pellets containing milled fermentor biomass of the fungi. Of the three preparations, bran/germlings consistently prevented disease, reduced pathogen saprophytic activity and stimulated proliferation of populations of the biocontrol fungi. In all four years, bran/germling preparations of an isolate of T. hamatum (TRI-4) and an isolate of G. virens (Gl-21) significantly prevented disease, and in three of the years gave a plant stand comparable to that of the non-infested plots. Pyrax/biomass preparations of Gl-21 prevented damping-off in two of the four years, but stands similar to those of the non-infested plots were never achieved. Pyrax/biomass preparations of most other isolates used were ineffective in preventing disease. Alginate pellets of the isolates studied did not prevent disease in the two years in which they were applied to soil. Generally, Pyrax/biomass and alginate pellet preparations did not reduce pathogen saprophytic activity or stimulate an increase in numbers of antagonistic fungi.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry for characterizing photopatterned, self‐assembled monolayers on gold

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine the lateral distribution of molecular photoproducts in a photopatterned, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au. The photosensitive SAMs, Au‐I, are made by immersing evaporated Au films into a solution of a disulfide with a pendant aryl azide. Near‐UV irradiation (λ≳320 nm) of these SAMs through a Cr‐on‐glass mask and a thin film of N‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)‐N‐(2‐ferrocenylethyl) amine, II, results in the photoattachment of II to the Au surface where irradiated. Cyclic voltammetry establishes the presence of 2.8×10−10 mol/cm2, or about one monolayer, of ferrocene centers on the irradiated substrate. Positive SIMS survey spectra of the photosensitive Au‐I SAMs show several peaks assigned to the aryl azide functionality. Survey spectra of Au‐I substrates irradiated in the presence of II show peaks assigned to ferrocene fragments. Importantly, the high lateral resolution imaging capability of SIMS is used to map the lateral distribution of molecula...
Ozone and Chlorine Treatment of Minimally Processed Lettuce

ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of ozone in combination with chlorine on the microbiological and sensory attributes of lettuce as well as the quality of the water used for processing commercial lettuce salad. Iceberg lettuce was inoculated with 8.0 log CFU/g microorganisms isolated from spoiling lettuce, treated with combinations of chlorine and ozone, and analyzed microbiologically. Commercial salads rinsed with chlorine, ozone, or a mixture were evaluated for sensory acceptability. Chlorine, ozone, and chlorine-ozone reduced aerobic plate count up to 1.4, 1.1, and 2.5 log, respectively. As determined by appearance, commercial lettuce salads treated with chlorine, ozone, or a combination had a shelf life of 16, 20, or 25 d, respectively. Using an ozone-chlorine or ozone rinse for commercial lettuce salads, there were no visible turbidity changes in process water. The quality of the water remained constant for longer periods of time making it available for longer reuse. Therefore, chlorine-ozone combinations may have beneficial effects on the shelf life and quality of lettuce salads as well as on the water used for rinsing or cleaning the lettuce.
Displacement cascades and defect annealing in tungsten, Part II: Object kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Tungsten Cascade Aging

Abstract The results of object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulations of the annealing of primary cascade damage in bulk tungsten using a comprehensive database of cascades obtained from molecular dynamics (Setyawan et al.) are described as a function of primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy at temperatures of 300, 1025 and 2050 K. An increase in SIA clustering coupled with a decrease in vacancy clustering with increasing temperature, in addition to the disparate mobilities of SIAs versus vacancies, causes an interesting effect of temperature on cascade annealing. The annealing efficiency (the ratio of the number of defects after and before annealing) exhibits an inverse U-shape curve as a function of temperature. The capabilities of the newly developed OKMC code KSOME (kinetic simulations of microstructure evolution) used to carry out these simulations are described.
Tax smoothing and tariff behavior in the United States

Abstract This paper develops and tests a public finance theory of tariff behavior. Tariffs are viewed as being part of the optimum revenue raising tax package so that tariff revenue is closely tied to government spending. A key implication of the theory is that tariff rate movements should be consistent with tax-smoothing behavior. The test focuses on the United States during the years 1869–1916. The results of the test support the theory.
A modeling study of the impact of the δ18O value of near-surface soil water on the δ18O value of the soil-surface CO2 flux

Abstract Measurements of 18 O in atmospheric CO 2 have been used to partition site-level measured net ecosystem CO 2 fluxes into gross fluxes and as a constraint on land surface biophysical processes at regional and global scales. However, these approaches require prediction of the δ 18 O value of the net CO 2 flux between the soil and atmosphere (δ F ), a quantity that is difficult to measure and accurately predict. δ F depends on the depth-dependent δ 18 O value of soil water (δ sw ), soil moisture and temperature, soil CO 2 production, and the δ 18 O value of above-surface CO 2 . I applied numerical model manipulations, regression analysis, a simple estimation method, and an analysis of the characteristic times of relevant processes to study the impacts of these parameters on δ F . The results indicate that ignoring δ sw gradients in the near-surface soil can lead to large errors. In particular, in systems where δ sw gradients exist, generalizing previous experimental observations to infer that a bulk (e.g., 5–10 cm or 5–15 cm depth) estimate of δ sw can be used to estimate δ F is problematic. These results highlight the need for further experiments and argue for the importance of accurately resolving near-surface δ sw in the context of partitioning ecosystem CO 2 fluxes and CO 2 source attribution.
An electron microscopy study of naturally occurring oxidation produced precipitates in iron-bearing olivines

Iron-bearing olivine grains naturally altered by oxidation were examined in the transmission electron microscope to determine the precipitate phases and their crystallographic and morphological relationships to the host. Precipitate complexes heterogeneously nucleated on dislocations were composed of Si-rich, Mg-rich/Si-rich, and Fe-rich regions corresponding to α- tridymite, enstatite, and magnetite and/or hematite, respectively. The tridymite and magnetite (hematite) occurred as rod-like interleaved fingers, while the enstatite was more equidimensional. The crystal orientations of the precipitate phases with respect to the host structure, listed in Table 2, were well defined, but, in general, could not be simply related to the close packing of oxygen planes. Iron-rich (001) planar precipitates occasionally nucleated homogeneously in the host as well as heterogeneously on dislocations. Oxygen diffusion does not appear to be the rate-controlling process for precipitate nucleation and growth as precipitation kinetics in fresh olivine oxidized at 900 ° C would indicate an oxygen diffusivity of 10−8 cm2/sec, a value 10 orders of magnitude faster than determined previously.
On the effectiveness of the metamorphic shield

In this paper we determine analytically the effectiveness of dynamic artificial diversity, i.e., artificial diversity in which the subject of the diversity is re-randomized periodically and mechanically. We refer to a mechanism that implements dynamic diversity as a Metamorphic Shield since this mechanism applies metamorphosis to the system's attack surface to try to shield the system from certain attacks. Contrary to intuition, our analysis reveals that dynamic diversity appears to provide limited benefit except in special cases. In particular, it offers benefit for attacks that seek to leak information. We present a case study of the use of dynamic diversity applied to Instruction Set Randomization that is subject to an incremental attack on the key.
On the eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat

From a simple consideration, the eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat are shown to be equal in terms of statistical properties of turbulence. A universal semi-empirical expression for the eddy diffusivities in a turbulent shear flow is obtained in terms of the distance from the solid boundary and flow properties.
Spectrophotometric measurement of seawater carbohydrate concentrations in neritic and oceanic waters from the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight and the Delaware estuary

Abstract Total carbohydrate concentrations were measured in unfiltered seawater samples collected in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight during spring 1998, and in the Delaware Estuary during fall 1998. Surface and vertical profiles were determined in five distinct marine regimes: the Delaware Estuary; the continental shelf; the continental shelfbreak; the Gulf Stream; and the oligotrophic ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station (BATS). Concentrations of free monosaccharides [MCHO] were measured at sea using the spectrophotometric reagent 2,4,6-tripyridyl- s -triazine (TPTZ). Total seawater carbohydrate concentrations [TCHO] were determined after acid hydrolysis with 0.09 N HCl, and acid-hydrolyzable polysaccharide concentrations [PCHO] were calculated by difference, assuming [TCHO]=[PCHO]+[MCHO]. Total carbohydrates comprised 4–14% of the total organic carbon (TOC) in these waters. Free monosaccharides were measurable only in neritic waters; in oligotrophic surface waters, free monosaccharide concentrations were below detection limits using the TPTZ method. Total carbohydrates measured in surface waters during spring 1998 decreased 1.9-fold from the continental shelf to BATS, from 16.9 μM C in the Delaware Estuary to 8.7 μM C at BATS. The highest concentration of total carbohydrates was measured within the Delaware estuary during fall 1998. Total carbohydrate concentrations of 67.2 μM C were measured at station 03, the least saline (salinity=11.4 ppt) site examined in this study. Seven estuarine seawater samples were analyzed using the TPTZ method and compared to values obtained using the more established, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) method. Our results show that the TPTZ method detected similar polysaccharide and total carbohydrate values as the MBTH method, but it was less precise than the MBTH method for determining monosaccharide concentrations in seawater.
Nonlinear optical fiber endomicroscopy towards clinical applications

We present recent advances on scanning endomicroscopy technologies which can perform nonlinear optical imaging with an ultracompact fiber-optic platform of a 2mm diameter. Two-photon fluorescence and SHG imaging of unstained biological tissues will be reported.
Symbolic enhancement of perspective displays

Two exocentric azimuth judgment experiments with a perspective display were conducted with 16 subjects. Previous work has shown these judgments to exhibit a bias possibly due to misinterpretation of the viewing parameters used to generate the display. Though geometric compensations may be used to correct for the bias, an alternate technique selected in the following 2 experiments was the introduction of symbolic enhancements in the form of compass roses. It is suggested that a compass rose with 30 deg divisions results in overall optimal azimuth estimation accuracy when accuracy and decision time are both considered. The data also suggest that the added radial lines on the compass roses may interact with normalization processes that influence the judgment errors.
Multiple molecular forms and lectin interactions of organophosphate-sensitive plasma and liver esterases during development of the chick

Liver and plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase activities of the chick embryo and adult chickens were separated by sucrose density gradient sedimentation and further differentiated by their lectin affinities and organophosphate sensitivities. Changes in plasma cholinesterases during development indicated a characteristic shift in tetrameric (G4) isoforms from a slightly larger G4 AChE in the embryo to G4 BChE in the adult. These changes were not reflected in isoform patterns of liver homogenates, however. Interestingly, the time course of an increase in plasma BChE activity corresponded to the time course of a decrease in liver BChE activity, as if this enzyme was being mobilized and released. The distribution of liver esterases included both monomeric (G1) and G4 BChE and a large p-nitrophenylacetate (p-NPA) esterase activity that was separated into two main peaks by density gradient ultracentrifugation. The effects of organophosphate inhibitors indicated that the two liver p-NPA esterase activities may be regarded as carboxylesterases; however, these enzymes showed very different sensitivities to paraoxon and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), with IC50 values differing by 3 and 4 orders of magnitude. Lectin affinity studies with multiple esterase forms suggested a heterogeneous group of glycoproteins that were packaged at different sites in the liver cell and were consistent with the presence of an intracellular precursor form to plasma BChE.
Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, complementary imaging techniques. These imaging agents facilitate the real-time assessment of pathways and mechanisms in vivo, which enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. This article presents the protocol for the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) - a novel class of agents for use in multimodal, molecular imaging applications. The imaging modalities incorporated in the nanoparticles, fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have complementary features. The PB NPs possess a core-shell design where gadolinium and manganese ions incorporated within the interstitial spaces of the PB lattice generate MRI contrast, both in T1 and T2-weighted sequences. The PB NPs are coated with fluorescent avidin using electrostatic self-assembly, which enables fluorescence imaging. The avidin-coated nanoparticles are modified with biotinylated ligands that confer molecular targeting capabilities to the nanoparticles. The stability and toxicity of the nanoparticles are measured, as well as their MRI relaxivities. The multimodal, molecular imaging capabilities of these biofunctionalized PB NPs are then demonstrated by using them for fluorescence imaging and molecular MRI in vitro.
Reducing the Endorsement of Sexism Using Experiential Learning: The Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation (WAGES)

In two multipart studies, we tested the effectiveness of an experiential learning-based intervention (Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation–Academic [WAGES-Academic]) to reduce sexism endorsement. We randomly assigned undergraduates to either WAGES (n = 144) or one of two control conditions (n = 268): one where participants received the same information as WAGES but without experiential learning or another that included an experiential group activity but no gender equity information. WAGES participants (vs. both controls) reported less endorsement of sexist beliefs after completing the activity and/or at a follow-up 7–11 days later as measured by the Modern Sexism (Study 1), Neo-sexism (Study 2), Hostile Sexism (Study 2), and Gender-Specific System Justification (Studies 1 and 2) scales. Both studies demonstrated that these effects were attributable to WAGES providing more information, evoking less reactance, eliciting more empathy, and instilling more self-efficacy compared to the other conditio...
Comparative goldthioglucose effects on goats, sheep, dogs, rats, and mice.

Abstract Goldthioglucose injections produce lesions in the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus readily in mice and in some cases in rats. These lesions usually result in hyperphagia and obesity. Glucose and insulin solutions were injected into jugular veins of goats and sheep for an hour to increase glucose utilization rate which in mice increases the severity of the hypothalamic lesion. Immediately folowing this, goldthioglucose and insulin were injected into a carotid artery for 30 minutes while the opposite carotid was occluded. This treatment caused high levels of goldthioglucose in the brain. Even though the gold concentration of the venous blood was 30 to 40 times that of mice which developed hypothalamic lesions, the goats and sheep did not develop hypothalamic lesions. Dogs similarly treated or rats injected intravenously with goldthioglucose also did not have hypothalamic lesions. Mice injected intraperitoneally first with glucose and insulin for 1 hour and then goldthioglucose and insulin for 30 minutes had hypothalamic lesions. Sheep suffered some impairment of liver function and severe kidney dysfunction which was often lethal. The ruminants were sensitive to the toxic effects of goldthioglucose but resistant to any hypothalamic-lesioning effect.
Risk factors for male-to-female partner physical abuse

We review the risk and protective factors for male-to-female partner physical abuse and present effect sizes. We distinguish among the various operationalizations of physical aggression (e.g., men in court mandated abuse programs, men identified through a single item on the CTS). Overall, however, several risk factors showed moderate to strong effect sizes. Perpetrator factors include SES, education, history of child sexual victimization, exposure to parental physical and/or verbal aggression, violent adult models in childhood, non-family aggression by parent, elevated levels of state and trait anger and hostility; various personality disorders; various Axis I psychopathology, particularly depression alcohol and drug abuse; deficits in spouse-specific assertiveness; and attitudes that condone abuse. Risk factors for women being victimized included less education, unemployment, and history of child emotional/verbal victimization.
Micromirror-based 3D display system and its defense applications

We report the design, fabrication, and test of a micromirror-based 3D display system. This real-time and full-color 3D display system has left and right eye views in the forms of both still and motion 3-D scenes, and the viewers were able to fuse the stereo information. Furthermore, we report the design concepts for defense applications of this 3D display system.
The use of galactosyltransferase to probe nitrocellulose-immobilized glycoproteins for nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues.

Abstract We report the use of UDPgalactose: N -acetyl- d -glucosaminyl-glycopeptide 4-β- d -galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.38), purified from bovine milk, to detect nonreducing terminal N -acetylglucosamine residues on glycoproteins immobilized on nitrocellulose by electrophoretic transfer from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Soluble galactosyltransferase incorporates radiolabeled galactose from the substrate UDP-[6- 3 H]galactose into the appropriate immobilized acceptor with high specificity. Incorporation is proportional to substrate amount and is saturable with time. The kinetics of labeling are independent of substrate amount. Half-maximal incorporation occurs by 4 h and saturation occurs by 16 h. We have used galactosyltransferase as a probe (i) to verify the presence of nonreducing terminal N -acetylglucosamine residues in bovine rod outer segment membrane rhodopsin and in several glycoproteins in F9 murine teratocarcinoma cells and (ii) to detect previously reported endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase activity in a commercial preparation of endoglycosidase F.
Sex Differences on the Structure of Intellect (SOI-LA) Gifted Screening Form:

Resulfs from scores on the Structure of Intellect (SOI-LA) Gifted Screening Form of approximately 300 gifted students in the 4th, 7th, and 10th grade showed significant differences by sex on five variables and by grade on each of the ten subtests. Boys scored significantly higher on CFU (visual closure) and CMU (vocabulary) Girls scored significantly higher on NSI (analysis), DMU (verbal-creative) and CMS (extended verbal systems) Implications of these findings and cautions about the use of the SOI because of its limited reliability and validity are discussed.
ODMR spectroscopy of photoexcitations in C60 and C70 polystyrene glasses

Abstract We have used a variety of optical characterization techniques to study photoexcitations in C 60 and C 70 fullerenes as dispersion in polystyrene glass. These techniques include photoluminescence (PL), photomodulation (PM) and their respective versions of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). In both fullerenes at 4 K we found long-lived (∼5 ms in C 60 and 0.5s in C 70 ) triplet excitons with two pronounced PA bands below the gap. The zero-field splitting parameters indicate that the triplet excitons are delocalized over the entire molecule: 6 A in C 60 and 7.8 A in C 70 .
Studies of food quality and preference: The contribution of Rose Marie Pangborn

Abstract Modern sensory analysis of foods and the evaluation of food preferences have been greatly influenced by the innovative research and teaching of Rose Marie Pangborn. Her work has also had a major impact on the study of dietary behaviors and the regulation of food intake. Among her many research contributions were the use of complex stimuli in sensory evaluation studies, the focus on individual differences in hedonic response profiles, and the study of attitudes and beliefs as potential determinants of food acceptance.