cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personalization and the Promise of Contact Theory

The article discusses theoretical issues regarding the generalization of positive intergroup contact. It contrasts the models of Brewer and Miller (1984), Hewstone and Brown (1986), and Gaertner and Dovidio (2000). It elaborates the conceptual meaning of key concepts: intergroup salience, typicality of an outgroup member, decategorization, differentiation, and personalization. In particular, the article argues for the conceptual independence of differentiation (individuation) among social category members and personalized interaction (self-disclosure and self/other comparison) with category members. A hypothetical experiment is presented to illustrate the independent operationalization of the two constructs. Stronger benefits are expected for the latter. Whereas the benefits of differentiation primarily rest on cognitive effects, personalization also has motivational consequences: justifying one’s self-disclosure and inducing increased trust.
Estimation of Perilymph Concentration of Agents Applied to the Round Window Membrane by Microdialysis

Objective--The round window membrane (RWM) is known to be permeable to various biological substances. Application of biological substances to the RWM has been shown to affect inner ear fluid composition and damage hair cells, resulting in functional changes. RWM instillation of gentamicin, a preferentially vestibulotoxic aminoglycoside, is used as a therapeutic treatment for patients with intractable vertigo and is gaining acceptance as a chemical vestibular ablation agent, despite considerable variations in the incidence and severity of hearing loss associated with gentamicin. Clearly, the susceptibility of vestibular and auditory hair cells to the ototoxic effects of gentamicin is not well understood. The aim of this study was to understand the kinetics of urea and methylene blue instilled into the inner ear space through the RWM and to establish a method for determining the optimal dosage for the treatment of inner ear disorders. Material and Methods--We used inner ear microdialysis to quantify changes...
DYNAMIC NONLINEAR ECONOMETRIC MODELS—ASYMPTOTIC THEORY

Benedikt Potscher and Ingmar Prucha are two exceptional econometricians who combine an extraordinary knowledge of the statistics and econometrics literature with great analytical skills. Both are excellent mathematicians, and the comment that can be heard among mathematicians that econometricians are “self-made mathematicians” definitely does not apply to them. Therefore, given the task of writing an overview of asymptotic theory for minimization estimators for dependent processes, one could hardly imagine a better choice of writers for such a task. The result is a remarkable book that deserves to receive attention from an audience that is broader than experts in the field only.
Refined Theories for Nonhomogeneous Anisotropic Cylindrical Shells: Part II-Aplication

First approximation thin shell and higher order thick shell correction theories are derived for nonhomogeneous anisotropic cylindrical elastic shells by use of the method of asymptotic expansion in terms of a small parameter along with Reissner's variational principle. The advantages of employing the asymptotic method, in addition to its systematic nature, are that no a priori kinematic or static assumptions need be made or both, that trasverse stresses develop naturally (even in the thin shell analysis) and that thick shell theories follow automatically. Use of the combined method generates various theories based upon different combinations of axial and circumferential length scales introduced in the nondimensionalization of the coordinates. The first approximation theories derived herein for anisotropic materials have their counterparts for isotropic materials. They are: (1)Simplified Donnell theory; (2)simple bending theory; (3)semimembrane theory; and (4)complete Donnell theory.
Cerebellar hemorrhage from a delayed cervical spine hardware migration.

Cerebellar hemorrhage is often seen in patients with longtanding hypertension, vascular malformations, cerebral amyloid ngiopathy, or hemorrhagic tumors. We present the first case in the iterature of cerebellar hemorrhage after remote occipitocervical usion with screw and rod construct protrusion into the posterior ossa. This case report illustrates the necessity of evaluating individal patient characteristics and anatomy when choosing to perform n occipitocervical fusion for spine stability.
Pre-steady-state kinetics of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase

The pre-steady-state kinetics of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) were examined. F1 was found to exhibit hysteretic behavior when hydrolyzing ATP. The hysteretic property was expressed as an activation process which occurred when the enzyme was mixed with its substrate, MgATP. Many catalytic turnovers were required before the activation was complete. The lag in hydrolysis increased hyperbolically as the concentration of enzyme increased. Passage of F1 through Sephadex G25 eliminated the activation process. Several kinetically distinct possibilities for explaining these data, including multiple nucleotide dissociations, enzyme conformational changes, and regulatory site interactions, are discussed. The enzyme was apparently able to recognize nucleotide in a noncatalytic manner, as evidenced by the fact that F1 preincubated with ADP in the absence of substrate achieved partial activation (smaller lag times) before being introduced to substrate. ADP is also a time-dependent inhibitor, exhibiting a slow hysteretic inhibition in addition to immediate competitive inhibition.
Enhanced radiation tolerance of ultrafine grained Fe–Cr–Ni alloy

Abstract The evolutions of microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–14Cr–16Ni (wt.%) alloy subjected to Helium ion irradiations were investigated. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process was used to significantly reduce the average grain size from 700 μm to 400 nm. At a peak fluence level of 5.5 displacement per atom (dpa), helium bubbles, 0.5–2 nm in diameter, were observed in both coarse-grained (CG) and ultrafine grained (UFG) alloy. The density of He bubbles, dislocation loops, as well as radiation hardening were reduced in the UFG Fe–Cr–Ni alloy comparing to those in its CG counterpart. The results imply that radiation tolerance in bulk metals can be effectively enhanced by refinement of microstructures.
Functional Contextualism in Context: A Reply to Fox

Fox (2005) deals with three important issues in his article: (a) He gives an assessment of the current conceptual framework within which instructional designers are doing research and development; (b) he suggests a different conceptual framework to guide them; and (c) he offers some specific examples of paths they might follow within that framework. He does a good job with the first two of these. He is less successful with the third. What follows sets Fox’s paper in a slightly broader context and leads to the conclusion that there are more ways to meet the goals Fox sets for a behavior-based science of learning and instruction than those he suggests.
On the optimal strategy for an isotropic blocking problem

This article is concerned with a dynamic blocking problem, originally motivated by the control of wild fires. It is assumed that the region \({R(t) \subset \mathbb {R}^2}\) burned by the fire is initially a disc, and expands with unit speed in all directions. To block the fire, a barrier Γ can be constructed in real time, so that the portion of the barrier constructed within time t has length ≤ σt, for some constant σ > 2. We prove that, among all barriers consisting of a single closed curve, the one which minimizes the total burned area is axisymmetric, and consists of an arc of circumference and two arcs of logarithmic spirals.
The incidences of positive Kleihauer-Betke test in low-risk pregnancies and maternal trauma patients.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of positive Kleihauer-Betke (KB) tests in low-risk, third trimester patients and compare them with historical "control" patients who received KB tests for maternal trauma evaluations. Study design Institution Review Board approval was obtained. KB tests were performed on 100 low-risk gravid women at the time of their routine glucose challenge tests after informed consent. All specimens were analyzed for fetal hemoglobin using the Clayton modification. Patients with identified risk factors for placental abruption were excluded. A retrospective chart review was performed on 583 historical control patients from 1998 to 2001 who had undergone maternal trauma evaluations, of which 151 had a KB test at comparable gestations. Demographic data from medical records were reviewed and compared. Data were analyzed with 2-sided Student t test, Mann-Whitney rank sum, and χ 2 tests, as indicated. Results Of the low-risk women 5 of 98 (5.1%) had a positive KB test, whereas 4 of 151 (2.6%) trauma patients had a positive test ( P =.31). None of these positive results were associated with a clinical abruption or fetal distress. One low-risk patient with sickle cell trait had a 40 mL KB result. Conclusion The incidence of a positive KB test in low-risk pregnancies does not differ from maternal trauma patients. Therefore, the presence of a positive KB test alone does not necessarily indicate pathologic fetal-maternal hemorrhage in patients with trauma.
Calorimetric enthalpies of absorption and desorption of protium and deuterium by palladium

Abstract In this research enthalpies were measured calorimetrically for the reaction of gaseous hydrogen (protium or deuterium) with palladium over a range of hydrogen contents from [H(D)] [Pd] = 0 to [H(D)] [Pd] ≈ 0.77 (at 298 K). A twin-cell, heat leak differential calorimeter was employed for these measurements. Results for the hydride formation enthalpies are − 19.1 kJ (mol H)−1 and − 17.3 kJ (mol D)−1 at 298 K. Enthalpies of essentially the same magnitudes, i.e. ± 0.1 kJ, are obtained from the decomposition of these hydrides. Entropies were determined from the calorimetrically measured enthalpies and the geometric mean of the plateau pressures for hydride formation and decomposition. The magnitudes of these entropies are 46.3 J (mol H)−1 K−1 and 46.7 J (mol D)−1 K−1 using the calorimetric enthalpies of absorption; they agree very well with values determined in the literature from van't Hoff plots of the plateau pressures. For the first time relative partial molar enthalpies have been obtained by calorimetry for the β-phase of Pd-D. The magnitudes of these enthalpies decline markedly with increasing deuterium content. This largely accounts for the marked increase in μD with deuterium content and the concomitant difficulty in obtaining high values of [D] [Pd] .
Serum creatinine values in healthy children.

Summary This paper presents the normal serum creatinine values in 408 healthy children aged 4-13. All determinations were carried out with a minimum volume of 50 pl serum specimen. Mean values, standard deviations, and regression lines were calculated in relation to age and body surface for practical reasons of follow-up and assessment in indivdual patients.
Stimulus uncertainty as a variable in the development of conceptual ability

Abstract The principal aims of the investigation were to study (a) the effect of age and stimulus complexity on concept attainment and (b) the role of stimulus cues in the solution of concept attainment problems. Two hundred and seventy S s, 4-, 6-, and 8-years old, were divided into 27 experimental groups, constituting a factorial design of three ages, three levels of stimulus complexity, and three concepts. The concepts were form, color, and size, presented with 0, 1, or 2 irrelevant stimulus dimensions. Significant age and stimulus complexity effects were obtained for errors and for per cent criterion S s per group. Measures of information transmission revealed that the responses of criterion S s were governed primarily by the relevant (reinforced) stimulus dimension under all conditions. The total amount of information transmitted by successful S s correlated positively with the age of the learner. The responses of noncriterion S s were determined significantly by irrelevant stimulus cues and position biases. Total information transmission in the failing group was negatively correlated with age. Older failures did not respond consistently to one cue while younger children tended to perseverate on irrelevant stimulus dimensions. Differences in information transmission were interpreted as reflecting limitations in memory or variations in strategy. Perseveration may have resulted from the reinforcement contingencies. Experimental methods of testing the interpretations were proposed.
Acute bronchodilating effects of ipratropium bromide and theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Abstract The bronchodilator effects of a single dose of ipratropium bromide aerosol (36 μg) and short-acting theophylline tablets (dose titrated to produce serum levels of 10–20 μg/mL) were compared in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 21 patients with stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mean peak forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) increases over baseline and the proportion of patients attaining at least a 15% increase in the FEV 1 (responders) were 31% and 90%, respectively, for ipratropium and 17% and 50%, respectively, for theophylline. The average FEV 1 increases during the 6-hour observation period were 18% for ipratropium and 8% for theophylline. The mean duration of action was 3.8 hours with ipratropium and 2.4 hours with theophylline. While side effects were rare, those experienced after theophylline use did involve the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. These results show that ipratropium is a more potent bronchodilator than oral theophylline in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome

Abstract The first case of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome is described.
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Underwater Acoustics

The system of classical acoustic equations is obtained by linearizing the isentropic compressible Euler equations around an equilibrium stage U0 = (Po, O.0) and it can be easily generalized to the case of an arbitrary "background" incompressible flow vector Ua (see, e.g,. Majda (1984)) . .Jacobian matrices A and n become then functions of the background flow vector Va. ny replacing the Euler equations with Navier-Stokes equations. yiscous effects can be included as welL
Screening and selection of pearl millet for root associated bacterial nitrogen fixation

Abstract There are several reports of genotypic variability in grass species for their ability to achieve associations with N 2 -fixing soil bacteria. These findings imply that plant breeding may be useful in enhancing these associations and thereby making available plant germplasms needed for agronomic and physiological studies of associative N 2 -fixation in grasses. When the N 2 -fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense (strain JM 125) was used as inoculum, differences were found among selfed lines of pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Shum.) for an ability to support bacterial acetylene reduction activity (ARA) when assayed in enclosed seedling agar tubes. These lines were selfed again or hybridized. Although line to line discrepancies were seen, the ARA of these lines and hybrids when categorized into high or low groups matched the activity of their original parental lines. Also, the selfed and hybrid groups obtained from high ARA lines supported higher numbers of bacteria and lost greater quantities of 14 C from their roots than did those groups obtained from low ARA lines. Two of these lines, one having high ARA and one having low ARA, were grown in soil in the greenhouse and were found to differ in their respective ability to support ARA by the soil N 2 -fixing microbes. However, overall ARA of the high line was quite low unless analyzed in a hydroponic culture system at low O 2 tensions.
Creep and rupture of an advanced CVD SiC fiber

Abstract In the as-produced condition the room temperature strength (~6 GPa) of Textron Specialty Materials' 50 μm CVD SiC fiber represents the highest value thus far obtained for commercially produced polycrystalline SiC fibers. To understand whether this strength can be maintained after composite processing conditions, high temperature studies were performed on the effects of time, stress, and environment on 1400 °C tensile creep strain and stress rupture on as-produced, chemically vapor deposited SiC fibers. Creep strain results were consistent, allowing an evaluation of time and stress effects. Test environment had no influence on creep strain but 1 hour annealing at 1600 °C in argon gas significantly reduced the total creep strain and increased the stress dependence. This is attributed to changes in the free carbon morphology and its distribution within the CVD SiC fiber. For the as-produced and annealed fibers, strength at 1400 °C was found to decrease from a fast fracture value of 2 GPa to a 100-hour rupture strength value of 0.8 GPa. In addition a loss of fast fracture strength from 6 GPa is attributed to thermally induced changes in the outer carbon coating and microstructure. Scatter in rupture times made a definitive analysis of environmental and annealing effects on creep strength difficult.
Continuous Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites

Carbon nanotubes are considered short fibers, and polymer composites with nanotube fillers are always analogues of random, short fiber composites. The real structural carbon fiber composites, on the other hand, always contain carbon fiber reinforcements where fibers run continuously through the composite matrix. With the recent optimization in aligned nanotube growth, samples of nanotubes in macroscopic lengths have become available, and this allows the creation of composites that are similar to the continuous fiber composites with individual nanotubes running continuously through the composite body. This allows the proper utilization of the extreme high modulus and strength predicted for nanotubes in structural composites. Here, we fabricate such continuous nanotube polymer composites with continuous nanotube reinforcements and report that under compressive loadings, the nanotube composites can generate more than an order of magnitude improvement in the longitudinal modulus (up to 3300%) as well as dampi...
The curx of the water water power issue

Under existing court decisions can the public protect itself against exploitation if valuable water rights are transferred to private hands?
Vacancy motion in magnesium oxide analyzed via the CNDO/2 cluster model

The dynamics of vacancies in magnesium oxide are studied applying the CNDO/2 method to calculate the electronic properties of clusters both, with and without magnesium and oxygen vacancies. The potentials for vacancy motion are calculated and detailed information about the character of bonding in the neighbourhood of a vacancy is obtained. It is found that the potential for magnesium ion migration is more squared-off than the potential for oxygen ion migration. The shape of the potential well is expected to have practical relevance in microwave-driven ionic diffusion. Die Dynamik von Leerstellen in Magnesiumoxid wird untersucht und dabei die CNDO/2-Methode benutzt, um die elektronischen Eigenschaften von Clustern sowohl mit als auch ohne Magnesium- und Sauerstoffleerstellen zu berechnen. Die Potentiale fur die Leerstellenwanderung werden berechnet und detaillierte Informationen uber den Charakter der Bindung in der Nahe einer Leerstelle erhalten. Es wird gefunden, das das Potential fur Magnesium-Ionenwanderung weniger rechteckig als das Potential fur Sauerstoff-Ionenwanderung ist. Es wird angenommen, das die Form des Potentialtopfes fur die mikrowellenunterstutzte Ionendiffusion von praktischer Bedeutung ist.
Multiple approaches to data‐mining of proteomic data based on statistical and pattern classification methods

The data-mining challenge presented is composed of two fundamental problems. Problem one is the separation of forty-one subjects into two classifications based on the data produced by the mass spectrometry of protein samples from each subject. Problem two is to find the specific differences between protein expression data of two sets of subjects. In each problem, one group of subjects has a disease, while the other group is nondiseased. Each problem was approached with the intent to introduce a new and potentially useful tool to analyze protein expression from mass spectrometry data. A variety of methodologies, both conventional and nonconventional were used in the analysis of these problems. The results presented show both overlap and discrepancies. What is important is the breadth of the techniques and the future direction this analysis will create.
Thromboelastography as a better indicator of hypercoagulable state after injury than prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time.

Objectives To investigate the hemostatic status of critically ill, nonbleeding trauma patients. We hypothesized that a hypercoagulable state exists in patients early after severe injury and that the pattern of clotting and fibrinolysis are similar between burned and nonburn trauma patients.
Is cured early cancer truly cancer

Is cured early cancer truly cancer? is a question that characterizes the dilemma created by pathologists who diagnose cancer while it is still microscopic. This question may be asked by those who hold the diagnosis of cancer valid if the individual patient succumbs, and may even accept a reduction in the mortality rate as a result of therapy; but the ultimate obviation of all deaths by therapeutic interdiction impugns the diagnosis. Both experimental and clinical data can help to explicate the rationale for the answer to the question. In experimental systems of neoplastically transformed cells, fully committed cancer cells are readily characterized biochemically, physiologically, and morphologically; and these cellular observations are the foundation for our understanding of the biology of cancer. We know that biologic neoplastic transformation can precede morphologic evidence of the change and that morphologic evidence of transformation does not always forbode inevitable lethal progression. Human in situ and minimal carcinoma are the earliest microscopic evidences of highly curable cancer. The spectrum considered also includes clinically indolent cancers which may be locally invasive but ordinarily have a low lethal potential, and those hopelessly disseminated cancers which spontaneously regress. Should these latter not be considered real cancers because they did not kill? The relative risk for fatal termination generally increases as the cancer becomes more clinically obvious. Although the minute microscopic cancers have a lethal potential, there is much still to be learned about the probability of their progression. The pathologist and therapist must ascertain and integrate all available data and make their best estimate of the clinical significance of the microscopic findings, giving due consideration to whether therapy is indicated, the extent of therapy required, the potential for physical and psychological disability, and cost. This information should be presented to and discussed with the patient, who must then decide, with the physician(s), what is best in these particular circumstances. Cancer 47:1215–1220, 1981.
Fetal exposure to methamphetamine in utero stimulates development of serotonergic neurons in three-dimensional reaggregate tissue culture

Methamphetamine is a potent psychomotor stimulant with neurotoxic potential which is widely abused by females of childbearing age, raising serious public health concerns in terms of exposure of the fetus to the drug. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of maternal administration of methamphetamine on developing monoaminergic neurons using three-dimensional reaggregate tissue cultures prepared from fetal mesencephalic and striatal cells. In this culture system, the dopaminergic and serotonergic mesencephalic-striatal projections are reconstructed and develop with a time course similar to that observed in vivo. Pregnant C57Bl/6J mice were injected twice daily with 40 mg/kg methamphetamine or saline from gestational days 6-13. On gestational day 14, cells from methamphetamine and saline-exposed embryos were used to prepare reaggregate cultures. Levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the reaggregates and culture medium were monitored at 14, 29, 43, and 64 days of culture. Reaggregates prepared from methamphetamine-exposed embryos showed a significant elevation in serotonin levels at all culture ages compared to reaggregates prepared from saline-treated embryos. Levels of 5-HIAA in reaggregates and culture medium were also elevated in 14- and 29-day-old cultures derived from drug-exposed embryos. The development of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection was resistant to repeated in utero exposure to methamphetamine. In contrast, exposure of the fetus to methamphetamine, during early to midgestation, produced a long-lasting stimulatory effect on serotonergic development in culture.
Foundations of A Theory of Economic Warfare and Arms Control

War is carried out even in “peacetime” by exerting economic pressure in the form of forced deterring expenditure as well as by military threat. Peace can achieved only by considering both economic and military arms control. In this paper, disarmament and its verification by fiscal control are studied as a means of negotiating a reduction and elimination of both dimensions of war. This is first done under simplifying assumptions, but then is followed by an analysis of the complete theory of economic and military interactions.
Interfacial area transport of subcooled boiling flow in a vertical annulus

Abstract In an effort to improve the prediction of void fraction and heat transfer characteristics in two-phase systems, the two-group interfacial area transport equation has been developed for use with the two-group two-fluid model. The two-group approach treats spherical/distorted bubbles as Group-1 and cap/slug/churn-turbulent bubbles as Group-2. Therefore, the interfacial area transport of steam-water two-phase flow in a vertical annulus has been investigated experimentally, including bulk flow parameters and wall nucleation characteristics. The theoretical modeling of interfacial area transport equation with phase change terms is introduced and discussed along with the experimental results. Benchmark of the interfacial area transport equation is performed considering the effects of bubble interaction mechanisms such as bubble break-up and coalescence, as well as, effects of phase change mechanisms such as wall nucleation and condensation for subcooled boiling. From the benchmark, sensitivity in the constitutive relations for Group-1 phase change mechanisms, such as wall nucleation and condensation is clear. The Group-2 interfacial area transport is shown to be dominated by the interfacial heat transfer mechanism causing expansion of Group-1 bubbles into Group-2 bubbles in the boiling flow.
Relation of Affect Control Theory to the Sentencing of Criminals

Past researchers (A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. E. Martin, & M. H. Tonry, 1983; A. Von Hirsch & H. Gross, 1981) have explored legal variables and demonstrated the significance of various criteria (e.g., criminal's prior record, seriousness of offense, influence of victim) on the sentencing of criminals. Affect control theory (D. R. Heise, 1979) focuses on inferences about the identity of the criminal. In the present study, the author examined the influence of the foregoing legal variables and affect control theory in sentencing decisions by using U.S. undergraduates' reactions to statements of criminals and of victims. Results of a 2 (criminal's emotion: sad vs. unconcerned) x 2 (victim's emotion: sad vs. unconcerned) x 2 (prior record: none vs. auto theft) factorial design supported affect control theory and demonstrated the significance of the victim's perceived identity in sentencing decisions, even when information about the prior record was provided.
Distinguishing Public and Presentational Speaking

In the November 1987 issue of Management Communication Quarterly, Frank E.X. Dance concludes that behaviors for public and presentational speaking overlap, and any differences between them must be differences not of genre but of situation or setting. In response to Dance, this article examines pedagogical and linguistic literature to recommend the validity and value of adopting “presentational speaking” as a distinct genre or speaking type. In conclusion, the author suggests that treating public, presentational, and conversational speaking as distinct genres may spawn the development of theoretical models and pedagogical approaches more relevant to particular business speaking events.
Systematic isolation of transducing phages for Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract Six new phages active on Myxococcus xanthus have been isolated from cultures of myxobacteria. The six are all capable of transduction, and they fall into three groups. Members of one group have long contractile tails, have a characteristic neutralization antigen, and resemble the previously described M×4. Members of a second group, exemplified by M×8, have very short tails and a characteristic antigen. M×9, the sole member of the third group, has a very short tail and a characteristic antigen. Phage M×8, which is active on fruiting as well as nonfruiting strains of M. xanthus , can transduce auxotrophic, antibiotic resistance and motility markers in M. xanthus . Although crude lysates of M×8 contain 58-nm diameter particles with a tail and 29-nm particles without tail, only 58-nm particles can form plaques and transduce. The plaque-forming particles of M×8 possess a single DNA molecule of 56,000 base pairs with a buoyant density of 1.726 g/cm 3 , virtually identical to that of the DNA from its host.
Chlorophyll Meter to Predict Nitrogen Topdress Requirement for Semidwarf Rice

Semidwarf rice (Oryza sativa L.) tolerates excessive N fertilizer without lodging. In fact, it is difficult to maximize semidwarf rice yield without applying excessive N fertilizer since most farmers have not found a quick, unbiased, reliable method for assessing the N requirement for rice plants. A portable chlorophyll meter that instantly provides a measure of leaf chlorophyll may quickly monitor the need for additional N fertilizer. The Minolta model SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter was evaluated during a 3-yr period for its potential to determine the need for N fertilizer by semidwarf Lemont' rice grown in research plots on several soils and locations in Texas (...)
Total synthesis of camptotheein. I. Synthesis of ethyl 8-(α-chlorobutyryloxymethyl)-7,9-dioxo-7,8,9,11 -tetrahydroindolizino[ 1,2-a]quinoline-8-carboxylate and related tetracyclic compounds

A practical synthesis of the 8-ethoxycarlbonyl-8-hydroxymethyl-7,9-dioxo-7,8,9,11-tetrahydro-indolizino[ 1,2-a]quinoline ester of α-chlorohutyric acid, a tetracyclic intermediate for the total synthesis of the alkaloid camptothecin, was prepared from the anil of o-aminohenzaldehyde in six steps. Preparative procedures of other related tetracyclic compounds are also reported.
Nitrate deposition to the Alaskan snowpack

Abstract Snowpack samples were collected from interior and arctic Alaska during March 1988 and analysed for pH, conductivity, NO3−, SO42− and other constituents. The mean snowpack NO3− and SO42− concentrations in the interior Alaska snowpack were found to be 160 and 179 mg g−1, respectively. The interior snowpack was observed to have concentrations and deposition fluxes of NO3− which are approximately 1.5 and 1–3 times, respectively, those observed in Greenland. In the arctic samples, collected in the Sagavanirktok River Valley, wind-deposited loess substantially increases both pH and SO42− concentrations in the snowpack. Snowpack nitrate in these samples is unaffected by the windborne loess and had a mean NO3− concentration of 688 ng g −1. The NO3− deposition flux in the Arctic is approximately two times that found in the interior snowpack. The most plausible explanation for the elevated NO3− deposition flux is that the snowpack deposition is strongly influenced by the presence of the “arctic front”, a meteorological boundary which acts to contain the polluted, arctic air mass. Alternatively, local NOx emissions on Alaska's arctic coast or substantial changes in the scavenging efficiencies may also influence the observe north-south gradient in NO3− concentrations in the snowpack.
Chromatographic fractionation of sugar beet araban

Crude araban prepared from sugar beet pulp is not a pure araban, but yields appreciable amounts of galactose upon hydrolysis. In order to obtain galactose-free araban this material was acetylated and fractionated by precipitation from acetone by the addition of petroleum ether. Arabinose content rose from 78 to 85%. Chromatographic fractionation on a charcoal column by elution with chloroform-acetone mixtures resulted in an increase in purity from 89 to 95%. Optical rotation was the most sensitive indication of the progress of the fractionation, with the chromatographic fractionation resulting in a change from −102 to −124°. Specific viscosity measurements support the findings of Claesson that retention volume is related to molecular weight; the strength of adsorption increasing with molecular weight up to a maximum near a molecular weight of 10,000. Reported molecular weights for sugar beet araban have ranged from 5,700 to 10,000. An arabogalactan was found which is strongly adsorbed, and is not eluted by chloroform, but may be removed with pyridine. Total recovery from the column was 89%.
Multiple sclerosis therapeutic pipeline: opportunities and challenges.

The year 2010 marked the beginning of the era of oral medications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, with the approval of dalfampridine to improve walking and fingolimod as the first oral disease-modifying agent. This review provides an overview of these and other emerging therapies, with an emphasis on the opportunities for new treatment paradigms they have the potential to offer, followed by a discussion of the challenges they will pose in the new era of multiple sclerosis management. Therapeutics in late-stage development for MS include non-selective immunosupressants, targeted immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. Oral agents including cladribine, teriflunomide, laquinimod, and dimethyl fumarate, as well as monoclonal antibodies alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and rituximab are considered. Potential side effects and adverse event monitoring, including opportunistic infections, emergent malignancies, and other systemic consequences of immunosuppression are discussed in a unified section. Challenges of optimally staging, sequencing, and combining treatments in the expanding multiple sclerosis armamentarium are discussed. This review emphasizes the multifactorial decision making that these new therapeutics will warrant in terms of patient selection and personalization/individualization of therapy, and the increasingly interdisciplinary approach that will be necessitated by the new generation of agents. Mt Sinai J Med 78:192–206, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Evaluation of the Kullback-Leibler Discrepancy for Model Selection in Open Population Capture-Recapture Models

The objective of this paper is to introduce the logical basis of AIC-based model selection to persons analyzing capture-recapture data and to explore the key theorettical aspect of AIC based model selection, for open-model capture-recapture, needed for AIC to perform well in this context. Almost all previous work on AIC assumes a Gaussian model; that assumption does not hold for capture-recapture models. Assuming the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model as the true model, we used numerical methods to evaluate the expectation of the log-likelihood relative to Akaike's target predictive log-likelihood. The use of this particular target criterion was motivated by the idea of using the Kullback-Leibler discrepancy for model selection, for which Akaike found the bias of the sample log-likelihood was asymptotically K, where K = the number of estimated (by MLE) parameters. In some sense, then, AIC is a bias-adjusted log-likelihood. For a set of 81 plausible cases, we evaluated this bias almost exactly. The ratio of this bias to the first order theory (bias of K) and to second order theory (K + a sample size adjustment) is essentially 1 for these 81 cases. Thus, AIC should be a suitable basis for model selection in open model capture-recapture.
Distributed 3-D iterative reconstruction for quantitative SPECT

We describe a distributed three dimensional (3-D) iterative reconstruction library for quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This library includes 3-D projector-backprojector pairs (PBPs) and distributed 3-D iterative reconstruction algorithms. The 3-D PBPs accurately and efficiently model various combinations of the image degrading factors including attenuation, detector response and scatter response. These PBPs were validated by comparing projection data computed using the projectors with that from direct Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The distributed 3-D iterative algorithms spread the projection-backprojection operations for all the projection angles over a heterogeneous network of single or multi-processor computers to reduce the reconstruction time. Based on a master/slave paradigm, these distributed algorithms provide dynamic load balancing and fault tolerance. The distributed algorithms were verified by comparing images reconstructed using both the distributed and non-distributed algorithms. Computation times for distributed 3-D reconstructions running on up to 4 identical processors were reduced by a factor approximately 80-90% times the number of the processors participating, compared to those for non-distributed 3-D reconstructions running on a single processor. When combined with faster affordable computers, this library provides an efficient means for implementing accurate reconstruction and compensation methods to improve quality and quantitative accuracy in SPECT images. >
THE CULTIVATION OF HUMAN TISSUE IN VITRO

A strain of human connective tissue was kept in a condition of active life in vitro for more than two months. When a medium has been devised the composition of which is more constant, it is reasonable to suppose that human connective tissue can be cultivated in vitro for an indefinite period.
Performance-based assessment of reconstructed images

During the early 90s, I engaged in a productive and enjoyable collaboration with RobertWagner and his colleague, Kyle Myers. We explored the ramifications of the principle that the quality of an image should be assessed on the basis of how well it facilitates the performance of appropriate visual tasks. We applied this principle to algorithms used to reconstruct scenes from incomplete and/or noisy projection data. For binary visual tasks, we used both the conventional disk detection and a new challenging task, inspired by the Rayleigh resolution criterion, of deciding whether an object was a blurred version of two dots or a bar. The results of human and machine observer tests were summarized with the detectability index based on the area under the ROC curve. We investigated a variety of reconstruction algorithms, including ART, with and without a nonnegativity constraint, and the MEMSYS3 algorithm. We concluded that the performance of the Raleigh task was optimized when the strength of the prior was near MEMSYS's default "classic" value for both human and machine observers. A notable result was that the most-often-used metric of rms error in the reconstruction was not necessarily indicative of the value of a reconstructed image for the purpose of performing visual tasks.
Power system harmonic state estimation via sparsity maximization

This paper presents a new system-wide harmonic state estimation method with the capability to identify harmonic sources with fewer meters than state variables. Note there are only a few simultaneous harmonic sources among the suspicious buses. By extending the concept of observability, the underdetermined system can be observable when considering the sparsity of harmonic sources. We formulate harmonic state estimation as a constrained sparsity maximization problem. It is solved by linear programming using L1-norm equivalence to L0-norm. Meter placement is optimized to enhance the robustness of the solution. Our numerical experiments in IEEE 14-bus power systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The hedgehog pathway and basal cell carcinomas

Developmental pathways first elucidated by genetic studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are conserved in vertebrates, and disruption of these pathways has been associated with various human congenital anomalies. Many developmental genes continue to play an important role in regulation of cell growth and differentiation after embryogenesis, and mutations in some of these genes can result in cancer. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is the most common type of cancer in humans. Although most BCCs are sporadic, in rare cases, individuals have a hereditary disease, Gorlin syndrome, that predisposes to multiple skin tumors as well as a variety of birth defects. Mutations in the human homolog of a Drosophila gene, patched, underlie Gorlin syndrome. Genetic studies in Drosophila show that patched is part of the hedgehog signaling pathway, important in determining embryonic patterning and cell fate in multiple structures of the developing embryo. Human patched is mutated in sporadic as well as hereditary BCCs, and inactivation of this gene is probably a necessary if not sufficient step for tumor formation. Delineation of the biochemical pathway in which patched functions may lead to rational medical therapy for skin cancer and possibly other tumors.
Mechanisms of Doping-Enhanced Superlattice Disordering and of Gallium Self-Diffusion in GaAs

Recently available Ga-Al interdiffusion results in GaAs/AlAs superlattices allow to conclude that Ga self-diffusion in GaAs is carried by triply-negatively charged Ga vacancies under intrinsic and n-doping conditions. The mechanism of the Si enhanced superlattice disordering is the Fermi-level effect which increases the concentrations of the charged point defect species. For the effect of the p-dopants Be and Zn, the Fermi-level effect has to be considered together with dopant diffusion induced Ga self-interstitial supersaturation or undersaturation. Self-diffusion of Ga in GaAs under heavy p-doping conditions is governed by positively charged Ga self-interstitials.
Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus infection and hormonal pathways : enhancement of calcium-induced but reduction of glucocorticoid-induced cell death

We examined the effect of chronic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection on the growth of human leukemic CEM T cells exposed to compounds which act through several major hormone or hormone-like signal transduction systems. Three were not altered by HIV-1 infection. Micromolar 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited cell growth equally in uninfected and infected cells. At the concentrations tested, neither (Bu)2cAMP nor the stimulator of protein kinase C, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, altered the growth of infected or uninfected cells. The synthetic prostaglandin analog enisoprost also inhibited both equally. However, responses to two basic signal transduction systems, calcium uptake and the glucocorticoid pathway, were influenced by HIV infection. In chronically HIV-infected cells increased sensitivity to lysis by the calcium ionophore A23187 was observed. Additionally, the infected cells contained reduced amounts of glucocorticoid receptor sites and showed a statistically significant shift toward resistance ...
Are osmotic forces involved in influenza virus-cell fusion?

The kinetics of the fusion process of unsealed and resealed erthyrocyte ghosts with influenza virus (A/PR8/34, A/Chile 1/83), were measured under hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic conditions using a recently developed fluorescence assay (Hoekstraet al. (1984)Biochemistry 23:5675–5681]. No correlation between the external osmotic pressure and kinetics and extent of fusion was observed. Influenza viruses fuse as effectively with unsealed ghosts as with resealed ghosts. It is concluded that osmotic forces as well as osmotic swelling of cells are not necessary for virus-cell membrane fusion.
Support vector machines with adaptive Lq penalty

The standard support vector machine (SVM) minimizes the hinge loss function subject to the L"2 penalty or the roughness penalty. Recently, the L"1 SVM was suggested for variable selection by producing sparse solutions [Bradley, P., Mangasarian, O., 1998. Feature selection via concave minimization and support vector machines. In: Shavlik, J. (Ed.), ICML'98. Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA; Zhu, J., Hastie, T., Rosset, S., Tibshirani, R., 2003. 1-norm support vector machines. Neural Inform. Process. Systems 16]. These learning methods are non-adaptive since their penalty forms are pre-determined before looking at data, and they often perform well only in a certain type of situation. For instance, the L"2 SVM generally works well except when there are too many noise inputs, while the L"1 SVM is more preferred in the presence of many noise variables. In this article we propose and explore an adaptive learning procedure called the L"q SVM, where the best q>0 is automatically chosen by data. Both two- and multi-class classification problems are considered. We show that the new adaptive approach combines the benefit of a class of non-adaptive procedures and gives the best performance of this class across a variety of situations. Moreover, we observe that the proposed L"q penalty is more robust to noise variables than the L"1 and L"2 penalties. An iterative algorithm is suggested to solve the L"q SVM efficiently. Simulations and real data applications support the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.
The human papillomavirus in women over 40: Implications for practice and recommendations for screening

Purpose: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to be the precursor of cervical cancer in over 99% of these cases. Although preventative measures have greatly reduced the burden of HPV-induced cervical cancer, these measures cannot be utilized by women who are unaware of the existence of HPV and its relationship to their health. Women over the age of 40 are being newly diagnosed with HPV, profoundly impacting their lives and their sense of well-being. This article highlights the necessity for clinicians to assess knowledge, health beliefs, and preventative measures regarding HPV and cervical cancer in women over the age of 40. Data sources: Review of scientific literature of knowledge, health beliefs, and preventative measures in women regarding HPV and cervical cancer and clinical practice guidelines. Conclusions: Although women aged 40 and above are not specifically considered high risk for HPV infection, many women are testing positive in this age group and are facing the impact of an HPV diagnosis that implicates a sexually transmitted disease and is known to be a precursor to cervical cancer. Implications for practice: Suggested questions to use for all patients are presented as it is crucial for healthcare providers to understand the healthcare needs of this age group in order to appropriately direct resources and to save the lives of women from this preventable disease.