cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Location Granularity on Semantic Location Inferences

Privacy issues related to location-based services have been extensively studied in recent years, but the focus has mainly been on providing what is commonly referred to as k-anonymity. The underlying assumptions in this approach, however, are often flawed, since the user's identity is often already known to the service provider. This paper studies the effect of location obfuscation on semantic location attacks, i.e. attacks inferring which places the user has visited, against an adversary with a prior distribution over the possible semantic locations. The prior is estimated using Foursquare venue data from five U. S. cities of varying sizes. Our results indicate that location data must be very low resolution to guarantee that an adversary can never infer a user's location with significant confidence, but the resolution can be increased by an order of magnitude if a low expected probability of a successful inference suffices.
Forecasts of jobless growth: Facts and myths

Information technology (IT) has been and will continue to be pervasive in almost all areas of human endeavor from archaeology to healthcare to sports and to zoology. Herman (1999) predicted that th...
Behaviourism and Linguistics: An Historical Note:

Behaviourism provided a framework within which language could be discussed without presupposing words to be the vehicles of “thought.” Consequently behaviourism created a more favourable intellectu...
Functional difference between SP and NKA: relaxation of gastric muscle by SP is mediated by VIP and NO

The mechanism of action of endogenous tachykinins [substance P (SP) and neurokinin A and B (NKA and NKB)] and of receptor-specific tachykinin analogues (SP methyl ester (SPME), [beta-Ala8]NKA-(4-10), and senktide) was examined in circular muscle of guinea pig stomach. Cross-desensitization studies confirmed that SPME and SP interacted with NK-1 receptors, [beta-Ala8]NKA-(4-10) and NKA with NK-2 receptors, and senktide and NKB with NK-3 receptors. NK-1 and NK-3-receptor agonists induced relaxation and stimulated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) release and nitric oxide (NO) production: tetrodotoxin abolished VIP release, NO production, and relaxation, converting the response to NK-1-receptor agonists to contraction; the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) abolished NO production, partly inhibited VIP release (56-64%, P < 0.01), and abolished relaxation; the VIP antagonist VIP-(10-28) partly inhibited NO production (73-74%, P < 0.001) and relaxation (56-58%, P < 0.01); and atropine augmented relaxation by 28-35% (P < 0.01). The pattern of inhibition implied that: 1) relaxation was mediated by VIP and NO; 2) VIP release was partly dependent on NO production, since it was strongly inhibited by L-NNA; and 3) NO was largely produced by the action of VIP on muscle cells, since it was strongly inhibited by VIP-(10-28). NK-2-receptor agonists elicited only contraction that was not affected by tetrodotoxin; these agonists also inhibited VIP release, NO production, and relaxation induced by NK-1- and NK-3-receptor agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Rapid Method to Isolate Platelets from Human Blood by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Platelets can be damaged easily or activated during isolation, making them unsuitable for functional studies. The most common technique for isolating platelets involves centrifugation. Although gentler methods have been devised to isolate platelets by density gradient centrifugation or electrophoresis, these techniques either result in a relatively dilute platelet preparation or are time-consuming. A simple, gentle technique for isolating concentrated platelet preparations for experimental or clinical use is reported. Freshly drawn whole blood was spun over a commercially available density gradient medium for 30 minutes. The mononuclear cell layer (which also contains most of the platelets) was collected and nucleated cells were pelleted by centrifugation. The recovery of platelets was about 60%. Contamination with leukocytes was less than 1%, and the platelet concentration was about 130% of blood concentration. Higher concentrations can be obtained if more whole blood is layered onto the Mono-Poly Resolving Medium (MPRM; Flow Laboratories, McLean, VA). About 10% of the platelets expressed the activation marker GMP-140 by flow cytometric analysis. They could be activated by thrombin so that 70% to 90% of the platelets expressed GMP-140. Thus, this technique can rapidly and easily yield a functionally intact platelet preparation. This preparation can be purified again if needed. No specialized skills or equipment are needed. A significant advantage of the method is that platelets can be obtained from thrombocytopenic patients in final concentrations that are high enough to use for platelet function testing.
East Midland Region

The area to be covered in an East Midland Region is not easy to define, the more so because there is no obvious regional capital as in the case, for instance, of the West Midlands. At the end of the nineteenth century Nottingham was the principal claimant for the role, but it was closely matched in size and importance by Leicester, and its advantage in returning three Members of Parliament, as against Leicester’s two, was largely the result of the tardiness of municipal boundary extension in Leicester’s case.1 In addition to Nottingham and Leicester, Derby was also a town of considerable size. In effect, the East Midland Region as constituted by Professor Fawcett consists of these three towns, of the largely industrial areas for which they were the obvious local centres, and also of a broad wedge of largely agricultural land stretching eastwards to the North Sea between the Humber and the Wash. In terms of county boundaries, it amounts to the whole of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Rutland, together with the Leek district of Staffordshire and central and southern Derbyshire.
Nonlinear optical properties of organic materials

In this chapter, some of the basic concepts that are needed to understand the nonlinear optical properties of organic materials are introduced. The definitions, conventions and units that allow for a quantitative description of the nonlinear optical response at the molecular level are first discussed. The general approaches that are used to determine the macroscopic response of nonlinear optical materials in terms of the intrinsic response of the molecular units are illustrated by considering the second-order nonlinear response of organic crystals and poled-doped polymers. Finally, an overview of the quantum mechanical expressions for the molecular linear and nonlinear molecular (hyper) polarizabilities are introduced, after the qualitative response of a simpler damped driven harmonic oscillator is derived.
Sustaining SBIRT in the wild: simulating revenues and costs for Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs

Aims To examine the conditions under which Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs can be sustained by health insurance payments. Design A mathematical model was used to estimate the number of patients needed for revenues to exceed costs. Setting Three medical settings in the United States were examined: in-patient, out-patient and emergency department. Components of SBIRT were delivered by combinations of health-care practitioners (generalists) and behavioral health specialists. Participants Practitioners in seven SBIRT programs who received grants from the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Measurements Program costs and revenues were measured using data from grantees. Patient flows were measured from administrative data and adjusted with prevalence and screening estimates from the literature. Findings SBIRT can be sustained through health insurance reimbursement in out-patient and emergency department settings in most staffing mixes. To sustain SBIRT in in-patient programs, a patient flow larger than the national average may be needed; if that flow is achieved, the range of screens required to maintain a surplus is narrow. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are very sensitive to changes in the proportion of insured patients. Conclusions Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in the United States can be sustained by health insurance payments under a variety of staffing models. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs can be sustained only in an in-patient setting with above-average patient flow (more than 2500 screens). Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in out-patient and emergency department settings can be sustained with below-average patient flows (fewer than 125 000 out-patient visits and fewer than 27 000 emergency department visits).
Antifreeze Mechanism Study of Ice Growth Inhibition by Spin Labeled Ice Binding Proteins

Ice binding proteins (IBPs) were found to play critical role for various organisms to survive in extreme cold climates. We carried out the study on spin labeled type 1 IBPs whose sequence is from that of the Pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder). The spin labeled sites involved in our study have undergone a manipulation on different directions along the α-helical structure. Site directed spin labeling technique was used to make the spin labeled peptides. Combination of the EPR spectra at low temperatures and observation of their inhibition to the growth of ice crystals gives us insight into their antifreeze mechanism on both molecular scale and microscopic scale. This poster will focus on presenting the experimental result of ice crystal inhibition, while another poster of my fellow student researchers will focus on the EPR result. Osmometer-microscopy technique was used to observe the ice crystals. The changes in antifreeze activities, kinetics of ice crystals’ growths and shapes of the ice crystals by these spin labeled IBPs compared with the wild type IBP were observed and will be discussed in this poster. Results include observations of IBP binding on both sides of the basal plane and prism faces of ice seed crystals. Significant differences between thermal hysteresis and crystal structured due to the binding of the Spin labeled IBPs were observed which is correlated to the EPR spectra at molecular level. Single cystal growth on the horizontal axis is observed within the hysteresis gap of the spin labeled IBPs while the wild type IBP showed no crystal growth during the hysteresis gap. There were various differences between thermal hysteresis values between the different spin labeled IBPs.
Interpretable machine learning via convex cardinal shape composition

For safety reasons, the interpretability of models is important in consequential applications of supervised classification in which predictions are used to support human decision makers. In this paper, we extend cardinal shape composition, a new method developed in the image processing and computer vision literature for image segmentation, to general machine learning problems. Our transformation results in a computationally-tractable l 1 -regularized hinge loss optimization over a shape dictionary. This approach yields human-interpretable models with an appropriate choice of atomic shapes in the dictionary used to compose decision boundaries.
Delayed Feedback Optimal Controller

Abstract Linear time invariant control systems are considered. It is assumed that only partial state variables are observable for feedback control. For an arbitrary reference input, the problem is to synthesize a feedback controller using the observable state variables such that the output follows the reference input with zero steady state error. It is also required that the transient behavior of the response satisfies certain constraints. It is shown that the problem can be solved by reformulating it as an optimal control problem and then solving the reformulated problem. The resulting controller consists of delayed feedback of the observable variables and delayed feedforward of the reference input. Several examples are included to illustrate the proposed method.
Human biodistribution and dosimetry of [18F]nifene, an α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PET tracer.

Abstract Introduction The α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) system is implicated in many neuropsychiatric pathologies. [ 18 F]Nifene is a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand that has shown promise for in vivo imaging of the α4β2* nAChR system in preclinical models and humans. This work establishes the radiation burden associated with [ 18 F]nifene PET scans in humans. Methods Four human subjects (2M, 2F) underwent whole-body PET/CT scans to determine the human biodistribution of [ 18 F]nifene. Source organs were identified and time-activity-curves (TACs) were extracted from the PET time-series. Dose estimates were calculated for each subject using OLINDA/EXM v1.1. Results [ 18 F]Nifene was well tolerated by all subjects with no adverse events reported. The mean whole-body effective dose was 28.4 ± 3.8 mSv/MBq without bladder voiding, and 22.6 ± 1.9 mSv/MBq with hourly micturition. The urinary bladder radiation dose limited the maximum injected dose for a single scan to 278 MBq without urinary bladder voiding, and 519 MBq with hourly voiding. Conclusions [ 18 F]Nifene is a safe PET radioligand for imaging the α4β2* nAChR system in humans. Advances in Knowledge and Implications for Patient Care This works presents human internal dosimetry for [ 18 F]nifene in humans for the first time. These results facilitate safe development of future [ 18 F]nifene studies to image the α4β2* nAChR system in humans.
Non-Free Radical Oxidation Mechanisms

Free radical chain autoxidation is the primary oxidation mechanism for many polymers, but it is not the only way that organic materials can react with oxygen. Organic chemists have identified several ways that molecular oxygen can react directly with molecules despite the spin-forbidden nature of the reaction or apparently high energy barriers. These reactions tend to be very slow or to occur rapidly and cleanly only under special conditions, so they are very difficult to study. Several of these mechanisms are briefly reviewed, and two recently reported examples from this laboratory are discussed in more detail. One example is the photooxidation of the methyl groups of an aryl ether model compound that seems to involve oxygen directly abstracting a hydrogen atom from the methyl group. The intermediate state can be trapped by a solvent bearing secondary or tertiary hydrogen atoms. The second example is the thermal oxidation of fully aromatic triaryloxazoles that seem to add molecular oxygen in a spin-forbidden 4 + 2 cycloaddition reaction.
Embryology and Anatomy of the Child’s Cervical Spine

The process of the embryological development of the child’s cervical spine shows unique variations from other spinal levels. An understanding of this anatomy and embryology is fundamental to safe surgical approaches in this area.
The intrinsic properties of MAPbxSn1-xBr3 perovskite single crystals (Withdrawal Notice)

Publisher's note: This paper and conference presentation originally published on 21 February 2018, was withdrawn per author request.
Antisepsis: A Turning Point in Surgery

The introduction of antisepsis by Joseph Lister in 1867, as is generally known, made possible the healing of wounds without suppuration. In a very short time operative surgery advanced to unprecedented levels. It did in fact reveal an entirely new era. In order to visualize clearly the special meaning of this discovery let us first try to form an impression of the seriousness and scale of the problem of wound infection in the 100 years preceding Lister’s breakthrough.
Localized Vibrational Modes of Defect Pairs in Silicon

There have been many recent studies(1) of the effect of impurities, both substitutional and interstitial, on the vibrational modes of crystals. The conditions for introducing high frequency localized vibrational modes have been discussed in the literature, and experimental observation of infrared absorption bands associated with localized modes have been reported for a number of systems. Several cases have involved impurities, with concentrations ranging between 1016 and 1020 cm-3, in semiconductor crystals. In many cases the impurity used is an electrical dopant, and the resulting absorption from the large free carrier concentration must be reduced by the introduction of an electrically compensating impurity. This is the reason for some cases involving pairs of impurities.
Growth and Differentiation of Preadipocyte Cell Lines in Serum-Free Medium

Obesity arises from an abnormal growth and differentiation of adipose cells. Previous works have shown that obesity could be due to either an increase in adipose cell number (hyperplasia) or an increase in the triglyceride content of adipocytes (hypertrophy) (Faust et al., 1979; Bjorntorp, 1979). The origin of adipocytes is still unknown. They derive from mesodermal tissue and are thought to result from the reprogramming of committed fibroblastlike cells, called preadipocytes, populating the adipose tissue (Green, 1979). The reprogramming takes place during embryonic life, but some evidence indicates that the formation of new adipocytes can also occur in adults (Faust et al., 1978). Preadipocyte cells constitute a pool of cells in the stromal-vascular fraction of the already developed adipose tissue. Bjorntorp and co-workers (1978) succeeded in cultivating cells isolated from the stromal-vascular fraction and showed that the cells could undergo proliferation and adipose conversion in culture. But the identification of the replicating preadipocyte or differentiated adipocyte has yet to be accomplished (Hausman et al., 1980).
Experiments on Nonlinear Interactions in Wake Transition

Low-frequency difference modes are generated in the earliest stages of transition through nonlinear difference interactions between growing instabilities. The generation of difference modes, and their influence on the subsequent stages of transition is sensitive to the relative amplitudes and frequencies of the interacting instabilities. Phase (frequency) modulations are produced by nonlinear interactions involving low-frequency difference modes and respond to changes in the intensity of the difference mode. The occurrence of randomizing events is related to the frequency modulation level of transition and can be accelerated by increasing the intensity of the difference mode. A threshold frequency modulation index of Δf / fd ≅ 0.9 exists in the present experiments for the onset of randomization and final breakdown to turbulence.
Angst and the amygdala

Fear is an adaptation to danger, but excessive fear underlies diverse forms of mental anguish and pathology. One neural site linked to a sense of adversity is the amygdala, and one neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), is localized within the central nucleus of the amygdala. Glucocorticoids enhance the production of CRH in this region of the brain, resulting in increased attention to external events and, when sustained for longer periods of time, perhaps contributing to anxious depression.
Writing Research Proposals for Foundations

Foundations are an important source of support for research as well as development of services for clinical child and pediatric populations. For the most part, the application process to foundations is much less involved and detailed than it is for government research grants. This is a clear advantage for a researchers. Nevertheless, several features of foundations make them less accessible to pediatric and clinical child psychologists than they need to be. Because there are such a large number of local and national foundations, it can be difficult for investigators to find out about foundations’ interests and priorities. Moreover, each foundation has somewhat different guidelines for the priority areas of the research they fund, as well as for the application and review process. The heterogeneous nature of foundations’ structures, procedures, and priorities also can make the application process a confusing one.
CoDDA: A Flexible Copula-based Distribution Driven Analysis Framework for Large-Scale Multivariate Data

CoDDA ( C opula-based D istribution D riven A nalysis) is a flexible framework for large-scale multivariate datasets. A common strategy to deal with large-scale scientific simulation data is to partition the simulation domain and create statistical data summaries. Instead of storing the high-resolution raw data from the simulation, storing the compact statistical data summaries results in reduced storage overhead and alleviated I/O bottleneck. Such summaries, often represented in the form of statistical probability distributions, can serve various post-hoc analysis and visualization tasks. However, for multivariate simulation data using standard multivariate distributions for creating data summaries is not feasible. They are either storage inefficient or are computationally expensive to be estimated in simulation time ( in situ ) for large number of variables. In this work, using copula functions, we propose a flexible multivariate distribution-based data modeling and analysis framework that offers significant data reduction and can be used in an in situ environment. The framework also facilitates in storing the associated spatial information along with the multivariate distributions in an efficient representation. Using the proposed multivariate data summaries, we perform various multivariate post-hoc analyses like query-driven visualization and sampling-based visualization. We evaluate our proposed method on multiple real-world multivariate scientific datasets. To demonstrate the efficacy of our framework in an in situ environment, we apply it on a large-scale flow simulation.
Reflectance confocal microscopy and melanocytic lesions: The road to saving a biopsy.

e21614Background: Melanocytic lesions can be difficult to evaluate, even with the advent of dermoscopy. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is an FDA-approved device to supplement clinical examin...
Discussion on infrared accurate temperature-measuring technology of composite insulators for overhead lines

Through analysing the infrared temperature measurement data obtained from composite insulators for overhead lines in actual operation state and atmospheric environment, detection requirements of infrared accurate temperature-measuring technology of composite insulators for overhead lines were discussed, such as the detector, detection environment, and position. According to the local detection, two kinds of insulators' local heating, caused by insulation deterioration and damp contamination on the surface, were researched. A judgment method was proposed, and overheat of the electric equipment, which was caused by voltage effect, should be judged from both the contrast of similar equipment and the thermal image characteristic. This method can greatly reduce the insulators overheat error rate, improve the detection efficiency of composite insulators, and enhance the accuracy of composite insulators' insulation defects judgment.
Data Reduction, Compression, and Recovery for Online Performance Monitoring

The volume of data needed for effective monitoring of datacenters poses significant challenges in its collection, transmission, analysis, and storage. Considering a setting wherein data collected locally at a server is sent to a monitoring station for analysis, this paper develops computationally efficient methods for systematic reduction of this data during the transfer and its subsequent recovery at the monitoring station. Specifically, we develop a low-cost method of obtaining a sparse representation of the data collected at each individual server while preserving a specified fidelity with respect to the original signal. The sparsified representation obtained from the data-collection step is amenable to further compression prior to transmission to the monitoring station. Upon receipt of the compressed-data stream at the monitoring station, a method of sparse-signal recovery is utilized to reconstruct the original full-length signal for further analysis. The techniques are validated using workload traces collected from one of Google's production clusters. Experiments show that the achieved data reduction, which is a function of the specified fidelity, is significant: to reconstruct the signal with a fidelity between 90%–95%, the sample size that must be be transferred to the monitoring station is under 10% of the original. We also verify that the recovered signal tracks the target minimum fidelity requirements specified by the operator with high precision.
Accuracy of the standard-target sonar-calibration method, and criteria for accepting the results of a calibration

The standard-target method of calibrating active sonars used to measure or image backscattering aspires to an accuracy of ±0.1 dB. This is an order-of-magnitude better than that of conventional, analytical calibrations in which the sonar is viewed as a collection of parts and the performance of each part is measured separately, often using standard hydrophones or standard acoustic sources requiring their own calibrations, with inevitable compounding of errors. In contrast, the holistic approach of the standard-target method, which views the sonar as a black box with input and output channels, enables both precise and accurate calibration through the fiducial of a standard target. This is typically a compact object whose acoustic scattering properties are known a priori or a posteriori. The claim of sonar measurement accuracy is supported by reference to methods establishing the target strength of the standard target, accurate to within ±0.01 dB, and repeated sonar measurements with different standard targets performed during the same calibration exercise, observed to be accurate to within ±0.1 dB. Criteria for accepting calibration results are more tolerant, but this reflects the complexity of the sonar as a collection of mechanical and electrical parts, need to suspend the standard target at known positions in the transmit and receive beams, and environmental variability over time and place. Nonetheless, time series of calibration results support criteria based on observed variability in gain parameters ranging from ±0.1dB at 38 kHz to ±0.5 dB at 200 kHz.
Markov Chain Monte-Carlo Phylogenetic Inference Construction in Computational Historical Linguistics.

More and more languages in the world are under study nowadays, as a result, the traditional way of historical linguistics study is facing some challenges. For example, the linguistic comparative research among languages needs manual annotation, which becomes more and more impossible with the increasing amount of language data coming out all around the world. Although it could hardly replace linguists work, the automatic computational methods have been taken into consideration and it can help people reduce their workload. One of the most important work in historical linguistics is word comparison from different languages and find the cognate words for them, which means people try to figure out if the two languages are related to each other or not. In this paper, I am going to use computational method to cluster the languages and use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to build the language typology relationship tree based on the clusters.
Depressive symptom severity mediates the association between avoidant problem-solving style and suicidal ideation.

Abstract Background The contemporaneous association between avoidant style, a maladaptive social problem-solving strategy, and adolescent suicidal ideation has been well established. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. Using cross-lagged panel modeling, the present study examined whether depressive symptom severity mediates the relation between avoidant style and severity of suicidal ideation. The specificity of depressive symptom severity as a mediator was also evaluated by simultaneously testing whether avoidant style mediates the association between depressive symptom and suicidal ideation severity. Methods The sample included 110 adolescents enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial. Avoidant style as well as depressive symptom and suicidal ideation severity were assessed via self-report with the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised, Children's Depression Scale-2, and Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior, respectively, at baseline, 3-and 6-months. Results After accounting for participant age, sex, and treatment condition, path analyses supported the specificity of 3-month depressive symptom severity as a mediator of the association between baseline levels of avoidant style and 6-month suicidal ideation severity. Limitations Results may not be generalizable to non-clinical samples. Causality cannot be inferred from study results. Data were exclusively collected via self-report. Conclusions Findings suggest that avoidant style is indirectly related to suicidal ideation through depressive symptom severity. Thus, treatment targeted at improving social problem-solving skills, particularly avoidant style, may help reduce depressive symptoms and lower suicide risk.
A control-oriented combustion model framework for compression ignition engines operating on low-reactivity fuel:

This work focuses on zero-dimensional modeling of the heat release rate in a compression ignition engine operating on gasoline-like fuels. Due to the properties of gasoline, such as high volatility...
The Semantics of ἐν ᾧ in 1 Peter

The prepositional phrase ἐν ᾧ occurs repeatedly in 1 Peter, and scholars debate its function in each occurrence. To determine the most likely functions of the phrase, this article analyzes each ins...
Job Satisfaction and Retirement Savings

Extant work demonstrates that individuals with lower job satisfaction plan to retire earlier which should lead to an increase likelihood of stock market participation. On the other hand, job satisfaction is negatively correlated with neuroticism and those predisposed to neuroticism tend to focus on the negative. As a result, lower job satisfaction may lead to lower expected returns, higher perceived risk, and lower stock market participation. Empirically, that latter effect appears to dominate. Even when controlling for standard covariates (e.g., wealth, income, age, gender), lower job satisfaction is strongly associated with lower stock market participation.
Eliciting public concerns about an emerging energy technology: The case of unconventional shale gas development in the United States

Abstract Development of shale gas resources using hydraulic fracturing has dramatically increased U.S. gas production, but also created new needs for risk analysis and governance. Risk analysis for an emerging technology has traditionally relied on experts with knowledge of the technology and its anticipated impacts. But today it is accepted that input from non-expert interested and affected parties (IAPs) is also essential. We present a novel method to elicit concerns from IAPs about the development of shale gas resources. We used an Internet-based snowball sample to identify IAPs and an open-ended prompt to gather their concerns. Reported concerns included potential consequences for environmental, social, and health systems, as well as hazards, hazardous events, precursors to hazards, risk amplifiers, and issues concerning the effective and fair governance of the risks. Some concerns raised have not been addressed in expert-led analyses of shale gas risks. Long-term consequences such as disruptions to economic activities, and governance issues such as regulatory capacity, were more prominent in the responses than in expert analyses. These findings show how engagement with interested and affected parties can elucidate key issues for risk governance in shale gas development. The method can also be applied to other emerging energy development issues.
The Enzymology of Nitrogen Fixation in Cell-free Extracts of Clostridium Pasteurianum

Abstract Extracts of Clostridium pasteurianum have been separated into five protein fractions, which are necessary for nitrogen fixation when pyruvate is used as the source of energy and electrons. Pyruvate oxidase is shown to be heat-stable and to have gel filtration properties corresponding to a molecular weight of 100,000 or greater. The function of ferredoxin as an electron carrier for nitrogen fixation is verified. In addition, it is shown here that reduced ferredoxin can act as the sole source of electrons for nitrogen fixation and for acetylene reduction. Fraction C1S1, which is necessary for both nitrogen fixation and acetylene reduction, has gel filtration properties corresponding to a molecular weight of 100,000 or greater. Its activity is stable at 0° but not at 60°, and is found in nitrogen-grown cells but not in ammonium sulfate-grown cells. Fraction IVn, which is necessary for nitrogen fixation but not for acetylene reduction, is of a size corresponding to a molecular weight of 40,000. Its activity is present only in cells grown on nitrogen gas, and this activity is stable at 0° as well as at 60°. Fraction IVs is necessary for both nitrogen fixation and acetylene reduction, and its size corresponds to a molecular weight of about 45,000. Its activity, which is found in cells grown on either nitrogen gas or ammonium sulfate, is stable at 60° but not at 0°. The properties of these fractions are compared with those of similar fractions previously described.
Rehabilitation strategies for facial nerve injuries

Many treatment techniques, including exercise, electrical stimulation, biofeedback, and neuromuscular retraining, have been described for the treatment of patients with facial paresis. The degree of nerve injury determines the recovery of the facial muscles. Patients with a Sunderland third-degree injury benefit most from therapy to maximize facial nerve function. Following a facial nerve palsy, many patients present with facial muscle weakness in addition to aberrant synkinetic movements. Therefore therapy must be directed toward control of voluntary movement and decreasing synkinesis. Neuromuscular reeducation involves selective muscle control to decrease synkinesis and increase muscle excursion. Muscle reeducation using surface electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and home exercises has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of facial palsies. Neuromuscular retraining can be beneficial in maximizing facial recovery by initially decreasing aberrant synkinetic muscle activity and then increasing voluntary movement and excursion.
Early Mucosal Changes in Experimental Sinusitis

Normal mucociliary flow is a significant defense mechanism in the prevention of acute sinusitis. We have undertaken a study to examine the early sinus mucosal and mucociliary changes that occur in response to acute infection. Twenty rabbits were evaluated for 5 days after an obstructed maxillary sinus was inoculated with either Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or a sterile saline solution. Data collected included measurements of sinus mucosal ciliary beat frequency, quantitation of ciliated cell losses, and electron microscopic observations. Results demonstrate statistically significant (p 0.55). Control animals likewise demonstrated no loss of ciliated cells from mucosal epithelium; however, dramatic losses of ciliated cells from the sinus mucosa of the experimental groups were observed. These losses occurred at different rates, depending on the infecting organism, but all infected groups demonstrated a > 86% decrease in the number of viable ciliated cells from the sinus mucosa after sinusitis of 5 days duration. We conclude that a significant loss of ciliated cells from sinus mucosa and a corresponding disruption of normal mucociliary flow occurs early after exposure to pathogenic organisms and is a significant predisposing factor in the development of acute sinusitis.
Economic Opportunities and the Division of Labor among Japanese Immigrant Couples in Southern California*: ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR

Based on 36 in-depth interviews conducted with 18 Japanese couples who live in Southern California, this study examines the impact of differential economic opportunities on the division of labor among Japanese immigrant couples. Three main factors facilitate Japanese professional and businessmen’s mobility to and settlement in Southern California: (1) the gender-based stratification of the workplace in Japan; (2) U.S. immigration policies that favor foreign nationals with strong corporate ties and business experience; and (3) the strong presence of Japanese corporations in Southern California. Whereas these conditions enable men to maintain their earning power, they do not benefit women in employment opportunities. The difference in economic opportunities encourages Japanese couples to preserve a breadwinner and homemaker division of labor, and women continue to do a bulk of housework and childcare even when women reenter the labor force later in their lives.
Electron microscopic radioautographic identification of the ECL cell as the histamine-synthesizing endocrine cell in the rat stomach

Abstract Rat gastric oxyntic glands contain argyrophil "enterochromaffin-like" endocrine cells that synthesize and store histamine and also have APUD ability—they can take up exogenous l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), can decarboxylate it to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) by the enzyme DOPA-decarboxylase, and can store the amine. Previous cytochemical studies suggested that these cells correspond to both the ECL and A-like cells, the two predominant endocrine cells identified by electron microscopy (EM) in rat oxyntic glands. In a recent study, however, we demonstrated that the ECL but not the A-like cell exhibited APUD ability when rat gastric mucosa was incubated with H3-5-HTP and studied by EM radioautography. The purpose of the present study was to identify by EM radioautography the histamine-synthesizing endocrine cells in the rat stomach. Pieces of rat (male Sprague-Dawley) gastric mucosa were incubated in organ culture with l-H3-histidine (50 μCi, 1.8 × 10 −5 M) with and without inhibitors and were processed for LM and EM radioautography. H3-histidine labeled the ECL cells heavily but the A-like and other endocrine cells only lightly. The labeling of ECL cells was only modestly reduced by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, whereas the labeling of A-like and other endocrine cells was almost abolished. In contrast, the labeling of ECL cells was markedly reduced by 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine (NSD-1055), an inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase and DOPA decarboxylase, but was not appreciably affected by carbidopa, an inhibitor of only the DOPA decarboxylase. Incubations with H3-histamine (50 μCi, 0.9 × 10 −5 M) failed to label endocrine cells. Thus, this study demonstrates that the ECL but not the A-like cell is the histamine-synthesizing endocrine cell of the rat stomach.
Cranial function in a late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Mammalia: Carnivora) revealed by comparative finite element analysis

Carnivoran ecomorphologies evolved repeatedly during the Cenozoic. Whereas extreme forms (e.g. sabretoothed predators) probably represent similarities in ecology, other morphologies are more subtle with respect to the extent of their shared niche space. Finite element models of the skulls of Dinocrocuta gigantea, Canis lupus, and Crocuta crocuta were constructed to test the interpretation of D. gigantea as a bone cracker, an interpretation made on the basis of its large, conical premolars, and robust cranial morphology. Dinocrocuta gigantea is also of interest because it represents a lineage that has been placed in its own family, sister to Hyaenidae. Thus, functional similarity in craniodental performance could represent rapid convergence. The findings obtained indicate that the crania of D. gigantea and C. crocuta perform better in stress dissipation and distribution than that of C. lupus, regardless of P3 or P4 biting. In particular, the domed frontal region of the bone crackers received lower and more evenly distributed stress than C. lupus. Thus, the craniodental forms of the two bone-crackers are linked by functional advantage over that of C. lupus. Further examination of lineages such as borophagine canids could elucidate the extent of functional convergence of the bone-cracking ecomorph across diverse groups. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 51–67.
A Bayesian approach to direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is one of the most important problems in array processing. Many existing high resolution methods are based on eigen-decomposition techniques, and they, in many physical scenarios, have excellent performance. In the presence of coherent signals, however, these methods may no longer provide reliable results. In this paper, a Bayesian method is proposed based on a model constructed specifically for coherent signals. In addition, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme is proposed to solve some intractable integrals. Finally, simulation results are presented that compare the performance of the Bayesian DOA estimation with some existing approaches.
A Patient With Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma Harboring Concurrent EGFR L858R, EGFR Germline T790M, and PIK3CA Mutations: The Challenge of Interpreting Results of Comprehensive Mutational Testing in Lung Cancer

Mutational testing has moved to the forefront as an integral component in the management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently 3 targeted therapies (erlotinib, afatinib, and crizotinib) are approved by the FDA to treat patients with specific genetic abnormalities in NSCLC. As mutational screening expands to include a greater number of genes, the results will become more difficult to interpret, particularly if mutations are found in multiple genes or genes that are not actionable at the time of testing. This case report summarizes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with NSCLC that harbored multiple potentially targetable driver mutations. It also discusses the current NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for mutational testing in NSCLC and the inherent difficulties with interpreting mutational results when multiple mutations are found in a single gene or across multiple genes.
Methods and Beyond: Learning to Teach Latino Bilingual Learners in Mainstream Secondary Classes

This article reports empirical evidence about the influence of a pre-service methods course on preparing aspiring and practicing content teachers to work with adolescent bilingual learners in secondary schools. Qualitative methods were used to analyze the extent to which participants developed abilities to plan instruction and to think complexly about instruction for bilingual learners in mainstream classes. Data sources included surveys, observations, interviews, and student work including an electronic blog. Findings suggest that although participants felt more prepared to teach bilingual learners, their skill in planning instruction for bilingual learners and ability to think complexly about such instruction varied. Secondary content teachers also recognized roles as language teachers and advocates for immigrant and bilingual adolescents. Further research is recommended to follow participants into the classroom, provide site-based coaching, observe continued teacher development, and assess pupil learning.
Energy spectrum for an electron in a periodic potential and an electric field

Abstract By means of the special case of a virtual, or null, one-dimensional lattice, it is shown that the energy spectrum for an electron in an unbounded lattice does not generally converge uniformly to the zero-field spectrum as the electric field goes to zero. It is shown, on the other hand, that the energy spectrum for the case of a bounded lattice does converge uniformly in the zero-field limit.
An Actor Rewriting Theory

Abstract We present a semantic framework for actor systems based on rewriting logic. This framework accounts for fairness and provides a variety of semantics for actor system components that have good composability properties.
Inability of autoimmune mice with the lpr gene to spontaneously produce interleukin 3

A recent report (Palacios, R., Eur. J. Immunol. 1984. 14: 599) indicates that spleen cells from MRL-MpJ-lpr/lpr mice spontaneously produce interleukin 3 (IL 3) and suggests that this lymphokine could be responsible for promoting the lymphoid hyperplasia regulated by the lpr gene. The present study shows that splenocytes from several murine strains bearing the lpr gene do not spontaneously produce IL3. This has been determined by measuring the amount of this lymphokine by a bioassay and by the detection of IL3 mRNA using Northern blot analysis. We suggest that another lymphokine is responsible for growth of lymphocytes regulated by the lpr gene.
TRANSIT TIME INTERNET ACCESS

Transit Time Internet Access (TTIA) is a World Wide Web application that delivers real-time bus schedule information to users of the Internet. TTIA allows a bus rider to request and receive schedule deviation information about a specific bus at a specific time. The design of TTIA, the specifics of the implementation, the issues of scope, and the problems that were encountered are described, and some conclusions are drawn. TTIA is accessible at .
Structure of Nuclei and Nucleons Extension of electron-scattering studies to higher energies gives a new model of the neutron and proton

In concluding this discussion it may be appropriate to return to the theme introduced earlier and raise the question once again of the deeper, and possibly philosophical, meaning of the term "elementary" particle. As we have seen, the proton and neutron, which were once thought to be elementary particles, are now seen to be highly complex bodies. It is almost certain that physicists will subsequently investigate the constituent parts of the proton and neutron—the mesons of one sort or another. What will happen from that point on? One can only guess at future problems and future progress, but my personal conviction is that the search for ever-smaller and ever-more-fundamental particles will go on as long as man retains the curiosity he has always demonstrated ( 29 ).
The Platonic Enlightenment

Abstract Mark Blitz has written an analysis of Plato’s political philosophy that engages with a large proportion of the Platonic corpus. His examination is orientated by Plato’s intention of expressing his views in dialogue form, and animated by Plato’s principle that political philosophy must emerge from the attentive critique of ordinary or political experience. This article raises the question whether Blitz has done justice to the “poetic” (constructed, historical, etc.) character of ordinary experience or doxa, and so of the radical nature of Plato’s political thought.