cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of tides, weather, and discharge on suspended sediment concentration

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of long-term monitoring datasets to determine the influences of different external forcing mechanisms on suspended sediment concentration in Suisun Bay, CA, and to evaluate the degree of timescale dependence in the forcing mechanisms. Time- and frequency-domain time series analytic techniques were used on 2-year-long datasets of suspended sediment concentration, river discharge, and weather variables. Surface and bottom SSC are very closely linked in winter, but less so in other seasons. Wintertime subtidal SSC variability is controlled by precipitation and river discharge. During summer months, control shifts to another undefined forcing mechanism. Fortnightly and monthly tides control background and tidally-varying SSC. The relationship between wind and SSC is statistically significant at certain frequencies, but the wind effect comprises a very small proportion of total subtidal variability. When tested individually, 80% of the variance in SSC can be explained by tides, 55% by discharge – rain, and 65% by wind. Collectively, however, wind, river discharge, and tides in combination explained up to 75% of the variance in subtidal SSC, with the other 25% comprising noise and unknown variables. There is a moderate amount of timescale dependence in the forcing mechanisms, but the dominant tidal processes are consistently present over many timescales of observation.
PET imaging in oncology

The role of positron emission tomography (PET) during the past decade has evolved rapidly from a pure research tool to a methodology of enormous clinical potential. Perhaps the most striking development is the use of PET in oncology. PET imaging is approved in the United States for lung, lymphoma, colon, and melanoma cancer imaging. Data are accumulating rapidly to attest the efficacy of Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging in a wide variety of malignant tumors with sensitivities and specificities often in the high 90s. FDG uptake has been shown in tumors of the head and neck, ovary, breast, musculoskeletal system, and neuroendocrine system as well. The major role of PET has emerged as a reliable method for evaluating and staging recurrent disease. But it also has an important role in differentiating benign and malignant primary tumors. This has been shown particularly well in the differential diagnosis of solitary lung nodules. Although FDG has emerged as the dominant radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging in oncology, numerous other compounds are being evaluated. It is likely that more specific and efficacious compounds will be introduced during the next decade. F-18, because of its highly favorable physical characteristics, is likely to become the technetium of PET imaging. The next decade will witness an explosive growth of PET technology in oncologic imaging.
Cortical thickness in adolescent marijuana and alcohol users: A three-year prospective study from adolescence to young adulthood

Studies suggest marijuana impacts gray and white matter neural tissue development, however few prospective studies have determined the relationship between cortical thickness and cannabis use spanning adolescence to young adulthood. This study aimed to understand how heavy marijuana use influences cortical thickness trajectories across adolescence. Subjects were adolescents with heavy marijuana use and concomitant alcohol use (MJ+ALC, n=30) and controls (CON, n=38) with limited substance use histories. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging and comprehensive substance use assessment at three independent time points. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to look at main effects of group, time, and Group × Time interactions on cortical thickness. MJ+ALC showed thicker cortical estimates across the brain (23 regions), particularly in frontal and parietal lobes (ps<.05). More cumulative marijuana use was associated with increased thickness estimates by 3-year follow-up (ps<.05). Heavy marijuana use during adolescence and into young adulthood may be associated with altered neural tissue development and interference with neuromaturation that can have neurobehavioral consequences. Continued follow-up of adolescent marijuana users will help understand ongoing neural changes that are associated with development of problematic use into adulthood, as well as potential for neural recovery with cessation of use.
Dry deposition of sulfur: a 23-year record for the Hubbard Brook Forest ecosystem

Dry deposition of S was estimated for watershed-ecosystems of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from 1964–65 through 1986–87. Two approaches, a regression analysis of bulk precipitation inputs and stream outputs and a mass-balance method, gave similar average values for Watershed 6 (430 and 410 eq SO 4 = /ha-yr, respectively, for this 23-year period). Dry deposition contributed about 37% of total S deposition, varying from 12% in 1964–65 to 61% in 1983–84. Long-term data from “replicated” watershed-ecosystems showed that temporal variability in estimates of dry deposition was considerably greater than spatial (between watersheds) variability. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-3-00002.x
The 1991–1993 El Niño in the central Pacific

Abstract The 1991–1993 El Nino event is described using data from the TOGA-TAO buoy network, concentrating on variability at 140°W where a full suite of temperature, current, and surface meteorological observations were made. The daily time series furnished by the buoy array brings out the conspicuous importance of remotely forced intraseasonal variability in the form of equatorial baroclinic Kelvin waves during the evolution of the 1991–1993 El Nino. Notable variations along 140°W included a major weakening of the Equatorial Undercurrent in late 1991 to early 1992, and a reduction in intensity of monthly period tropical instability waves during the latter part of 1991 compared to previous non-El Nino years. The North Equatorial Countercurrent showed no major signal due to this El Nino, in contrast to earlier warm events. Although anomalies of the South Equatorial Current spanning the equator were in an eastward sense during the height of the event, the result of these changes was that near-surface flow across 140°W between 5°S and 5°N was close to zero, so there was apparently no large eastward transport of surface water past 140°W into the eastern equatorial Pacific. The relative phasing of anomalies of thermocline depth, equatorial undercurrent speed and SST during the warm event of 1991–1992 was somewhat similar to that seen during the 1986–1987 El Nino, although the earlier event was followed by a strong cold (La Nina) event whereas the recent one was not. Uniquely among modern El Nino events, after the 1991–1992 episode appeared to end with a reappearance of the equatorial cold tongue in mid-1992, a second SST warming in the eastern Pacific occurred in early 1993. The present data set is inadequate to fully diagnose the mechanisms of SST change at 140°W, but time series of insolation, air-sea temperature difference and humidity show that local air-sea heat flux variations (either radiative or turbulent) were probably not the primary cause of the SST changes during the El Nino. Similarly, although horizontal advective mechanisms were important contributors to SST signals at certain times, these alone did not account for the major warming and cooling events. Instead, the largest SST variations of the 1991–1992 El Nino can be ascribed to upwelling variations, and a simple parameterization for this process is presented. The major warming and cooling events in the central/eastern equatorial Pacific occurred nearly simultaneously over a wide longitudinal range, indicating that oceanic wave processes could not have been the sole source of the changes.
The kinetics of resealing of washed erythrocyte ghosts

The kinetics of resealing, defined as the recovery of impermeability to macromolecules, of well-washed human erythrocyte ghosts has been determined. The resealing process is first-order at temperatures above 20–25°C in isotonic salt, with rate constants ranging from 0.01–0.15 min−1. Below 20°C, resealing occurs, but a long lag period is observed. Other erythrocyte membrane properties suggest a transition at about 20°C, and it is possible that resealing rates are a measure of membrane fluidity. A temperature-induced reduction of resealed ghost volume was also observed. The effect of ionic strength on resealing parameters was determined. Low ionic strength buffers prevent resealing, which is also consistent with resealing as a lipid-related event. The effect of microtubule disrupting drugs and changes in the method of preparing ghosts are also described.
Effect of Hydrogen-Bond Strength on the Vibrational Relaxation of Interfacial Water

Time-resolved sum frequency generation (tr-SFG) reveals that the vibrational energy relaxation rate of O−H stretching of dilute HDO in D2O at the silica interface is markedly different from that of bulk water. As compared to the bulk liquid, the vibrational lifetime (T1) of HDO is shorter at the charged surface than in the bulk, but longer at the neutral surface. The vibrational decoupling of the O−H of the HDO species leads to the observation of a frequency-dependent T1 of the O−H stretch, which is shorter at the red than the blue side of the hydrogen-bonded OH spectral region. This correlates with the red-shift of the SFG spectra with increasing surface charge and is consistent with a theoretical model that relates the vibrational lifetime to the strength of the hydrogen-bond network.
Localization of defects in wind turbine blades and defect depth estimation using infrared thermography

Localization of defects and determination of the depth and size using Infrared Thermography is a critical problem in wind turbine blades. Infrared Thermography offers significant advantages over other Nondestructive Testing modalities due to fast, wide-area inspection capabilities. Lock-in Thermography is an ideal method for defect detection due to the presence of deep-lying defects in wind turbine blades, which otherwise go undetected. Multivariate Outlier Analysis is used in conjunction with Lock-in technique to enhance the detectability of the defect. Results are presented on defects present in a 9m CX-100 wind turbine blade that was designed by the Sandia National Laboratory. A defect depth estimation technique based on Pulsed Thermography is also presented. A 3D depth estimation model is presented which aims to address the shortcomings of the classical depth estimation methods that are primarily based on the 1D heat conduction equation. Results are presented on a stainless steel sample with flat-bottom defects at known depths. The results are in excellent agreement with the proposed theory.
Nitric Oxide Reduces Na-K-2Cl Cotransport in Distal Lung Epithelial Cells from Fetal Sheep • 1621

Before birth secretion of Cl- into the lung lumen by the respiratory epithelium provides the osmotic force for transepithelial water movement and resultant filling of the fetal lung with liquid. Production of lung liquid is dependent on Na-K-2Cl cotransport, indicating that Cl- transport by this mechanism is important in fetal lung liquid secretion. After birth, Cl- secretion diminishes and Na+ transport-linked liquid reabsorption is established. The mechanism by which Cl-linked fluid secretion decreases after birth is uncertain, but we hypothesized that nitric oxide may be involved because it reduces lung liquid production in fetal lambs by a mechanism independent of Na+ reabsorption (J Appl Physiol 83: 1538, 1997). To test this notion, we studied the effect of nitric oxide on Na-K-2Cl cotransport in a line of cultured epithelial cells derived from the distal lung of a fetal lamb. After harvesting the cells into suspension, we incubated the cells for 5 min in a buffered salt solution saturated with nitrogen (control) or nitric oxide (≅6 × 10-7 M) and then calculated K+ uptake (using the K+ substitute86 Rb+) in the presence and absence of bumetanide (10-4 M) to determine the bumetanide-sensitive fraction of Rb uptake, an index of Na-K-2Cl activity. Bumetanide-sensitive Rb+ uptake averaged 58 ± 28 (nmol/million cells)/h under control conditions and was reduced (on average by 54%) to 30 ± 30 (nmol/million cells)/h when exposed to nitric oxide(n=6, mean ± SD, p < 0.002). To confirm this result, we used s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 250 μM) as an alternative method of generating nitric oxide. After harvesting the cells into suspension, we incubated the cells for 10 min with SNAP and then calculated Rb+ uptake in the presence and absence of bumetanide. SNAP reduced bumetanide-sensitive Rb+ uptake (on average by 47%) from 26 ± 8 (nmol/million cells)/h to 15 ± 10 (nmol/million cells)/h (control vs SNAP, n=6, p< 0.01). Thus, in fetal distal lung epithelial cells in culture, nitric oxide inhibits Na-K-2Cl cotransport, an ion transport mechanism that is important in the production of lung liquid in the fetus. We speculate that nitric oxide may play a role in reducing Cl- transport in the developing lung after birth.
NMR Studies of Drugs. Use of Lanthanide Shift Reagents in Polar Solvent with Thalidomide

Abstract The 200.1 MHz 1H NMR spectra of thalidomide, 1, have been studied in CD3CN solution at ambient temperatures with the achiral shift reagent, tris (6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8-heptafluoro-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 5-octanedionato) europium (III), 2, and the chiral reagent, tris [3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-(+)-camphorato]europium (III), 3. The use of sufficiently high LSR:1 molar ratios served to compensate for competitive binding of LSR by the polar solvent, and permitted substantial lanthanide-induced shifts to be observed with 2 or 3. With 3, significant enantiomeric shift differences were produced for the methine NCH multiplets of each enantiomer to be fully separated from one another, offering the potential for direct determination of enantiomeric excess of 1.
Volatility, trade size, and order imbalance in China and Japan exchange traded funds

In recent years there have been reports of excessive price volatility and value differences between prices of exchange traded funds (ETFs) and their underlying asset values. The objective of our study is to shed light on these facts by taking a closer look at the relationship between return volatility, trade size, and order imbalance for international ETFs. Even after controlling for order imbalance, volume as represented by number of trades in one of five trade size categories continues to have a significant and predominantly positive impact on volatility. Both trade size and order imbalance are important determinants of the Japan and China ETFs’ price volatility.
The making of a medical tradition: vaginal birth after cesarean.

Abstract By 1982, both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists had recommended that hospitals adopt policies favoring vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Yet VBAC has since made only small inroads against repeat cesarean section and is primarily popular among progressive obstetricians and middle-class women wanting to experience natural childbirth and to avoid surgery. This study was undertaken to learn why, in hospitals permitting and ostensibly encouraging VBAC, some obstetrical patients choose ‘trial of labor’ for vaginal delivery, and others choose elective repeat cesarean section. Interviews with 100 women showed that the choice of a delivery method was largely influenced by the respondents' interactions with physicians, their reconstructions of the meanings of the previous cesarean section, and their personal ideologies about reproduction and motherhood. Ethnic minority women exhibited a greater preference for elective repeat cesarean than did white women. Caution is nevertheless urged in overinterpreting the significance of patient ethnicity for the continued popularity of elective repeat cesarean surgery.
Electron Stimulated Desorption and other Methods for the Study of Surface Phenomena Related to Atomic Level Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis

The three lectures to be presented at this workshop illustrate the use of modern physical methods of research for understanding the details of the molecular behavior of chemisorbed species on transition metal surfaces. The use of electron stimulated desorption as an investigative tool for the study of small molecules adsorbed on single crystal surfaces will be emphasized in the first two lectures. In the third lecture both infrared spectroscopy and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy will be employed to study the behavior and modification of model supported catalyst systems.
Thermal diffusion and convective stability (III): A critical survey of Soret coefficient measurements

Abstract This review of the reported experiments on the Soret coefficient correlates the often divergent findings with the existence of a recently discovered buoyancy driven instability which arises when the more dense component migrates to the heated plate (when heating from above). It is shown that many of the discrepancies between experimental results can be accounted for by the instability.
Inhibition of type I procollagen production in photodamage: Correlation between presence of high molecular weight collagen fragments and reduced procollagen synthesis

Three-dimensional lattices of reconstituted, polymerized type I collagen were subjected to partial hydrolysis by organ culture fluid from human skin or by various matrix metalloproteinases, including matrix metalloproteinase-1 (interstitial collagenase), -2 (72 kDa gelatinase A), -8 (neutrophil collagenase), -9 (92 kDa gelatinase B), or -13 (collagenase 3). Following partial digestion, human dermal fibroblasts were incubated on the enzyme-treated or control lattices and examined for ability to contract the collagen lattice and synthesize type I procollagen. Collagen lattices partially degraded by organ culture fluid were contracted by fibroblasts under conditions in which control collagen lattices were not. On the partially degraded collagen, fibroblasts synthesized reduced amounts of type I procollagen (approximately 70% reduction). Purified matrix metalloproteinases with collagenolytic activity duplicated the effects of the human skin organ culture fluid, although matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 13 were less efficient than matrix metalloproteinase-1 (65% vs 40% and 18% reduction in type I procollagen production for matrix metalloproteinases 1, 8, and 13, respectively). Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were without effect on intact collagen; however, when collagen lattices were subjected to digestion by a combination of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9, fragments produced by matrix metalloproteinase-1 were further degraded by the gelatinase. Collagen contraction and inhibition of procollagen synthesis were both reduced. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 was less effective than matrix metalloproteinase-9 in clearing matrix metalloproteinase-1-generated fragments. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 was also less effective in preventing contraction and inhibiting the downregulation of type I procollagen synthesis. These observations suggest that in the presence of high molecular weight fragments of type I collagen, type I procollagen synthesis is inhibited. As these fragments are processed further, there is less inhibition of type I procollagen production.
Design of optimal imaging concentrators for partially coherent sources: ratio of encircled energy criterion

Using an absolute encircled energy (AEE) measure as the criterion for imaging concentrator performance, we develop a design procedure that specifies the passive pupil screen providing optimal light concentration for sources of arbitrary coherence. The prescription for the optimal AEE pupil screen is shown to be the consequence of a maximum principle for imaging concentrators that is applicable for steady-state optical sources of arbitrary spatial coherence and for arbitrary detector configurations in the image plane. The maximum principle allows one to specify the optimal AEE pupil screen through a two-step process. The first step solves an eigenvalue problem expressed as a homogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind, where the integral kernel is the product of the cross-spectral density function of the pupil field and a detector kernel function equal to a two-dimensional Fourier transform of the detector responsivity distribution. Step two specifies the optimal pupil screen by setting to unity the modulus of the eigenfunction corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of the eigenproblem specified in step one. We present a numerical example that illustrates the effect that source size and spatial coherence have on the specification of the optimal pupil screen.
Elevation of susceptibility to ozone-induced acute tracheobronchial injury in transgenic mice deficient in Clara cell secretory protein

Increases in Clara cell abundance or cellular expression of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) may cause increased tolerance of the lung to acute oxidant injury by repeated exposure to ozone (O{sub 3}). This study defines how disruption of the gene for CCSP synthesis affects the susceptibility of tracheobronchial epithelium to acute oxidant injury. Mice homozygous for a null allele of the CCSP gene (CCSP-/-) and wild type (CCSP+/+) littermates were exposed to ozone (0.2 ppm, 8 h; 1 ppm, 8 h) or filtered air. Injury was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy, and the abundance of necrotic, ciliated, and nonciliated cells was estimated by morphometry. Proximal and midlevel intrapulmonary airways and terminal bronchioles were evaluated. There was no difference in airway epithelial composition between CCSP+/+ and CCSP-/- mice exposed to filtered air, and exposure to 0.2 ppm ozone caused little injury to the epithelium of both CCSP+/+ and CCSP-/- mice. After exposure to 1.0 ppm ozone, CCSP-/- mice suffered from a greater degree of epithelial injury throughout the airways compared to CCSP+/+ mice. CCSP-/- mice had both ciliated and nonciliated cell injury. Furthermore, lack of CCSP was associated with a shift in airway injury to include proximal airway generations.more » Therefore, we conclude that CCSP modulates the susceptibility of the epithelium to oxidant-induced injury. Whether this is due to the presence of CCSP on the acellular lining layer surface and/or its intracellular distribution in the secretory cell population needs to be defined.« less
Vaccination with Ad5 Vectors Expands Ad5-Specific CD8+ T Cells without Altering Memory Phenotype or Functionality

Background Adenoviral (Ad) vaccine vectors represent both a vehicle to present a novel antigen to the immune system as well as restimulation of immune responses against the Ad vector itself. To what degree Ad-specific CD8(+) T cells are restimulated by Ad vector vaccination is unclear, although such knowledge would be important as vector-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion could potentially further limit Ad vaccine efficacy beyond Ad-specific neutralizing antibody alone. Methodology/principal findings Here we addressed this issue by measuring human Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-specific CD8(+) T cells in recipients of the Merck Ad5 HIV-1 vaccine vector before, during, and after vaccination by multicolor flow cytometry. Ad5-specific CD8(+) T-cells were detectable in 95% of subjects prior to vaccination, and displayed primarily an effector-type functional profile and phenotype. Peripheral blood Ad5-specific CD8(+) T-cell numbers expanded after Ad5-HIV vaccination in all subjects, but differential expansion kinetics were noted in some baseline Ad5-neutralizing antibody (Ad5 nAb) seronegative subjects compared to baseline Ad5 nAb seropositive subjects. However, in neither group did vaccination alter polyfunctionality, mucosal targeting marker expression, or memory phenotype of Ad5-specific CD8(+) T-cells. Conclusions These data indicate that repeat Ad5-vector administration in humans expands Ad5-specific CD8(+) T-cells without overtly affecting their functional capacity or phenotypic properties. This is a secondary analysis of samples collected during the 016 trial. Results of the Merck 016 trial safety and immunogenicity have been previously published in the journal of clinical infectious diseases [1]. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00849680[http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00849680].
A Mammalian Host-Vector System that Regulates Expression and Amplification of Transfected Genes by Temperature Induction

SV40-transformed simian cells that permit temperature-dependent regulation of vector DNA replication were isolated and characterized. These cell lines (ts COS cells) produce high levels of thermolabile large T antigen under the transcriptional control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. The ts COS cell lines can complement SV40 A gene mutants and support replication of SV40-origin containing vectors at 33 degrees C but not at 40 degrees C. It should now be possible to regulate the copy number of transfected plasmid DNA's and also maintain selectable vector sequences either as integrated DNA or as autonomously replicating episomes by modulating T antigen activity in ts COS cells.
High surface area carbon aerogel monoliths with hierarchical porosity

Abstract This letter describes the synthesis and structural characterization of monolithic carbon aerogel (CA) materials that possess both high surface areas and hierarchical porosity. Thermal activation of a macroporous CA structure, one that was derived from an acetic acid-catalyzed sol–gel polymerization reaction, yields monolithic materials with large pore volumes and surface areas exceeding 3000 m2/g. Given the flexibility of CA synthesis, this approach offers viability to engineer new materials for use as catalyst supports, electrodes, capacitors and sorbent systems.
Alcohol-Related Diagnoses in Hospital Admissions for All Causes Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Trends and Cohort Differences From 1993 to 2010.

Objective: This aim of this study was to characterize trends in alcohol-related hospital admissions among middle-aged and older adults from 1993 to 2010 in relation to age, gender, race, and cohort membership. Method: This study utilized repeated cross-sectional data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Using alcohol-related classified admissions, yearly rates and longitudinal trends of alcohol-related inpatient hospitalizations based on age, period, birth cohort, gender, and race were estimated. Results: Among those aged 45 and older, admissions rose from an estimated 610,634 to more than 1,134,876, and rates of any alcohol-related diagnosis also increased from 1993 to 2010. Rates for men were consistently higher than women, and rates for Blacks were higher than Whites. Age was associated with decreasing rates, but post–World War II cohorts displayed higher rates over time. Discussion: Rates of alcohol-related admissions are increasing among adults above age 45, which may be a function of cohort effects...
Cannabichromene and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Interactions relative to lethality, hypothermia and hexobarbital hypnosis

Abstract 1. 1. LD50's in mice after single intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of cannabichromene (CBC) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) were 113.4 and 276.3 mg/kg, respectively. A small dose (25 mg/kg) of CBC given concurrently with Δ9-THC lowered the LD50 of Δ9-THC to 152.0 mg/kg. 2. 2. CBC, like Δ9-THC, caused hypothermia in mice; it reduced the effect of Δ9-THC at early times and increased it at later times after the two were injected simultaneously i.p. 3. 3. CBC and Δ9-THC, in 25 mg/kg i.p. doses, each prolonged hexobarbital hypnosis equally in mice, but had no additive effect in combination.
Equilibrium and dynamical properties of epitaxial oxide ferroelectrics

Abstract The oxide class in general includes an enormous number of compounds with widely ranging properties. Study of oxide hetero-structures promises to lead to both new areas of physics research and new generation of devices. However, the growth of oxide thin films presents some unique challenges due to the presence of large number of phases present in the phase diagrams. Epitaxial thin films of various ferroelectric perovskite-type oxides have been successfully grown using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique. The design of MOCVD processes and equipment requires great care. In this talk, MOCVD growth strategies will be presented largely by using numerical models, which can simulate the complicated fluid mechanics and mass transfer taking place in the reaction chamber. The equilibrium and the dynamical properties of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films have been predicted by using a theory based on a free-energy functional of the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire type. Good agreement betw...
Photoacoustic Enhancement of Surface IR Modes in Zeolite Channels

The photoacoustic (PA) signal enhancement of an infrared-active mode of the adsorbed pyridine in the channel/cage of zeolites HZSM-5 and HY was studied comparatively with the use of photoacoustic, transmittance, and diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopies. The data indicate that the PA enhancements of an infrared band of the adsorbed pyridine in the channel/cage of HY and HZSM-5 are 2.1 and 3.3, respectively. The importance of interstitial gas expansion in the photoacoustic signal enhancement of the surface infrared mode is discussed.
Reactions of proteins with gossypol.

Abstract Several methods for the preparation of protein-gossypol complexes are described. When gossypol combines with blood albumin or with cottonseed protein, the reaction is with the free e-amino groups of lysine. The ratio of moles of free lysine ϵ-amino groups which disappear to moles of gossypol combined with protein varies according to the conditions of the test. Under certain conditions, this ratio is 2, indicating that both of the reactive carbonyl groups of gossypol are linked to lysine. Sedimentation velocity studies with bovine plasma albumin-gossypol complex preparations showed the presence of one to four different components depending on the gossypol content of the preparation. The data suggest that gossypol cross links protein molecules to form, dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. When gossypol reacts with cottonseed protein either with or without heat, peptic and tryptic digestion is markedly decreased. Autoclaving purified cottonseed protein free of carbohydrates, gossypol, and phytin did not reduce in vitro digestibility with pepsin or with trypsin.
Free-space fluorescence molecular tomography utilizing 360° geometry projections

Fluorescence tomography of diffuse media can yield optimal three-dimensional imaging when multiple projections over 360° geometries are captured, compared with limited projection angle systems such as implementations in the slab geometry. We demonstrate how it is possible to perform noncontact, 360° projection fluorescence tomography of mice using CCD-camera-based detection in free space, i.e., in the absence of matching fluids. This approach achieves high spatial sampling of photons propagating through tissue and yields a superior information content data set compared with fiber-based 360° implementations. Reconstruction feasibility using 36 projections in 10° steps is demonstrated in mice.
Living with hypoglycemia.

OBJECTIVE: To increase understanding of the everyday experiences of hypoglycemia for patients with type 1 diabetes through the use of a narrative research approach. SETTING: Center for diabetes treatment and research. DESIGN: Cross-sectional assessment using a narrative research approach. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty outpatients (aged 21–30 years) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Experiences of hypoglycemia were investigated during in-depth, semistructured interviews that were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify common themes, Self-report measures of depression (Revised Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) also were administered. Subjects reported the following common themes: interpersonal conflict including fears of dependency and loss of control and problems addressing concerns about hypoglycemia with significant others; difficulty making sense of their hypoglycemic behaviors in relation to their usual ways of functioning; and perceived lack of understanding by others, including physicians, about the emotional experiences of hypoglycemia. Subjects were neither clinically depressed nor anxious. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that type 1 diabetes patients’ experiences of hypoglycemia negatively affect their interpersonal relationships and views of themselves. Hypoglycemia also was described as an extremely private experience that was rarely discussed with others. Patient education and professional support in the treatment of hypoglycemia are recommended to enhance treatment decision making for patients with type 1 diabetes.
"But It Is Not So": Toward a Poetics of Legal Narrative in the Talmud

This article examines two consecutive legal stories on BT Bava Metsi'a 97a that share a narratological device—the emotional marker. Rava's anger in the first story and his shame in the second allow for a reading that substitutes emotional life for legal content at the heart of these narratives. This reading continues to utilize the legal content of these stories as richly textured background for the affective power of Rava's emotions. The interaction of psychological affect and rabbinic law encourages an examination of the relationship between law and life that notes the ways in which judges and legal scholars are profoundly and unwittingly implicated in their subject matter. The article's final section utilizes the structural and conceptual mirroring of the two stories as an opportunity to bring each story to bear on the other. Holding each story to the light of the other highlights the shared and contrasted themes of both stories and explores their multiple possibilities for meaning. In modeling a reading that deliberately details the ways in which these stories create meaning, this article comprises a first step toward a poetics of talmudic legal narrative.
The Logic of Our Language

Wittgenstein wrote in the Tractatus that “logic is not a body of doctrine, but a mirror–image of the world.” 1 In line with his suggestion that a proposition is a ‘picture’, Wittgenstein argued that propositions ‘show’ the logical structure of the real. He was insistent, however, that “the apparent logical form of a proposition need not be its real one.” 2 As a result of this we can misunderstand the structure of fact. Philosophical problems arise just when “the logic of our language is misunderstood.”3
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood of Chronic Headache Patients

Lymphocyte subsets from 5 groups of patients with different types of chronic headaches were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the number of cells bearing the following markers: T11 (E-rosette receptor), T3 (total T cells), T4 (T-helper/inducer cells), T8 (T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells), B1 (B-cells), NKH-1 (Natural killer cells), I2 (Class II histocompatibility antigens, monomorphic determinants) and Mo2 (monocytes). In 4 of 5 of these groups, the absolute number of T8 lymphocytes was significantly lower than that of control group. In addition, the T4:T8 ratio was higher in these 4 groups. These findings may suggest a relationship between the immune system and the cause of chronic headaches.
Intracellular phosphate and its possible role as an exchange anion for active transport of methotrexate in L1210 cells.

Abstract L1210 cells transport P i in the absence of added Na + . Uptake shows saturation kinetics (K t = 1.7 mM), is temperature-dependent, and can be reduced 80% by high levels of unlabeled P i , and thus has the characteristics of a carrier-mediated process. This transport process is also inhibited by methotrexate. The methotrexate-sensitive component constitutes half of total P i uptake, and is reduced by 50% at a concentration of methotrexate (2 μM) that is comparable to its K t (1.5 μM) for transport into the cells. An impermeable fluorescent analog of methotrexate and an irreversible inhibitor of the methotrexate transport system (carbodiimide-activated methotrexate) also inhibit this same P i uptake component. It is concluded that methotrexate and P i can be transported by the same carrier system. The basis for this shared uptake is suggested to be that the methotrexate carrier protein facilitates the obligatory exchange of extracellular folate compounds for intracellular divalent anions, and that a primary exchange anion is P i . A principal energy source for active transport of methotrexate might then be the concentration gradient for P i that is maintained by the Na + -dependent, P i transport system of these cells.
Parent and pediatrician perspectives regarding the primary care of children with autism spectrum disorders.

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (n = 144) and primary care providers (PCPs) (n = 144) completed similar surveys assessing the ability of the PCP to address ASD-specific needs. Parents also rated their PCP’s ability to deliver family-centered care. A majority of parents rated their PCP’s ability as “not good” in addressing 14 of 17 ASD-specific needs, while a majority of PCPs rated themselves as “good” in addressing 10 of 17 areas. On 7 of 17 items, parents rated their PCPs lower than PCPs rated themselves. Parents who reported receiving family-centered care were more likely to rate the PCP’s ability to meet ASD specific needs as “good”. Both parents and PCPs identified areas for improvement in caring for children with ASD.
Prevalence of urease in Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the Mississippi Sound

UNLABELLED Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a pathogenic marine bacterium that causes food-borne gastroenteritis and, less commonly, wound infections. As is the case for many pathogens, all V. parahaemolyticus strains possess at least one erythrocyte-lysing haemolysin. In addition, many V. parahaemolyticus also possess the enzyme urease. We tested 206 environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Mississippi coastal waters for urease and haemolytic activity using urea agar with added salt and Wagatsuma agar, respectively. The relative abundance of haemolysin-producing V. parahaemolyticus was consistently high throughout the sampling period. In contrast, the number of urease-positive organisms increased from 36% in 2006 to 80% in 2007 and 97% in 2009. We then tested the ability of four strains representing each of the three sample years along with seven other bacterial strains for their ability to grow in seawater urea and raise the pH of this seawater broth. Finally, one of the 4 strains was tested for its ability to form an alkaline microhabitat immediately above its biofilm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study illustrate that V. parahaemolyticus has the ability to create alkaline microhabitats that could enhance virulence, including virulence from haemolysins. This finding could have both clinical and ecological impact as to how V. parahaemolyticus can modify its habitat.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia predicts heart rate and visual responses during visual attention in 14 and 20 week old infants.

The prediction of cardiac attentional responses by respiratory sinus arrhythmia was tested in infants at 14 and at 20 weeks of age. Heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured in a 5-min baseline period. Respiration and heart rate responses were recorded during the habituation of infant visual attention. The level of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the baseline was significantly correlated with the cardiac deceleration, especially in the 20-week-old infants. The relationship between cardiac and respiratory responses during attention was stronger in the 20-week-olds, paralleling the increase in respiratory sinus arrhythmia at this age. Visual fixation durations were also significantly correlated with measures of heart rate variability from the baseline. These results imply that cardiac variability not only predicts the level of cardiac attentional responsivity, but may be useful in the indexing of individual differences in the responsivity of more general attentional systems.
Capping Techniques for Zone-Melting-Recrystallized Si-On-Insulator Films

To prepare silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films by graphite-strip-heater zone-melting recrystallization (ZMR), a capping technique must be used to insure wetting by the molten Si zone. We have demonstrated two new capping techniques that result in reproducible wetting without degrading the crystallographic texture of the recrystallized film: annealing SiO 2 - capped Si films in NH 3 and depositing two SiN x layers with carefully controlled compositions on the SiO 2 capping layer. Wetting is promoted by the incorporation of trace amounts of nitrogen at the Si-SiO 2 interface. Both N implantation experiments and Auger spectroscopy studies establish that the presence of less than a monolayer of nitrogen at this interface is sufficient to insure wetting.
Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (Eutretauranosuchus delfsi) and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia

ABSTRACT The goniopholidid Eutretauranosuchus delfsi is currently known from two skulls from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Colorado. Here we present a detailed osteology for a third Eutretauranosuchus delfsi specimen (AMNH FARB 570), consisting of a skull and fragmentary postcranium from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming (Morrison Formation). Additional preparation, computed tomography (CT), and three-dimensional processing of CT images reveal matrix-covered structures on AMNH FARB 570, provide new information on goniopholidid cranial anatomy, and allow for the first description of an articulated North American goniopholidid braincase. These new data, along with restudy of the palatal anatomy in Eutretauranosuchus, provide valuable insight into the phylogenetic history of goniopholidid crocodyliforms. The skull of AMNH FARB 570 is extremely similar to other specimens of E. delfsi and Amphicotylus spp., especially in details of the architecture of the palate. In these Morrison Formation goniopholidids t...
Development of an automated medical equipment replacement planning system in hospitals

Replacement requests for healthcare technology and equipment in hospitals are often managed without the benefit of factual, safety, technical, financial and performance data. An automated equipment replacement planning system (ERPS) has been developed to identify equipment most in need of replacement in order to optimize the utilization of capital budget resources, the attention to patient safety and efficiency of the healthcare process. Rules have been developed to assist in determining which equipment should be prioritized for replacement. The ERPS consists of a skeleton database in which the replacement rules have been programmed. Data from a Clinical Engineering department's equipment management database are imported into the skeleton database of the ERPS. The imported data are evaluated by a program from the replacement-rule base to produce a relative replacement number (RRN) for each medical device in the inventory of the hospital. This number enables prioritization of all medical devices identifying the recommended order of replacement. The results are compared with replacement priorities obtained from traditional manual methods. This ERPS is designed such that replacement criteria can be custom edited for each hospital that will use the system, according to its own requirements and restrictions.
Inclination estimation and balance of robot using Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer

Traditionally, the sensor design for Inertial Sensing of Human movement/posture is done using an accelerometer-gyroscope combination while detection of static or dynamic activities is done using uniaxial accelerometers. A single axis accelerometer-gyroscope combination uses sensor fusion along with a Kalman Filter to estimate the inclination. The inclination is obtained by integrating angular velocity and acceleration combinations. Due to imperfect sensors, this leads to magnification of errors and drift over time. The sensor discussed in the paper, called the Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (VDI), uses two dual-axis accelerometers and one single axis gyroscope per axis to estimate the inclination. The concept of ‘equilibrium axis’, the axis along which the robot is at equilibrium, is discussed. The inclination angle obtained from the VDI is relative to the equilibrium axis and thus is more desirable as a control input rather than the inclination angle relative to the absolute gravity vector (as obtained from the accelerometer-gyroscope combination). The inclination angle obtained is independent of acceleration experienced by the robot and is not obtained by integration of angular velocity or acceleration unlike traditional designs. The control strategies proposed in the paper are torque control and acceleration control. Torque control requires generation of torque at the point of contact (analogous to the hip and ankle generating balancing torque in humans) and acceleration/postural control requires the acceleration of point of contact (analogous to running in humans) to maintain the body at equilibrium. The paper also proposes Lyapunov based non-linear adaptive controllers for an inverted pendulum(which approximates a human body) for both the control strategies. The controllers guarantee asymptotic stability. Simulations are performed assuming noise in the sensors.
State estimation using an approximate reduced statistics algorithm

The problem of state estimation using nonlinear additive Gaussian noise measurements is addressed. A geometric model for the posterior state density is assumed based on a multidimensional Haar basis representation. An approximate reduced statistics (ARS) algorithm, suggested by the parameter estimator of Kulhavy is then developed, using successive minimization of relative entropy between model densities and an approximate posterior density. The state estimator thus derived is applied to a bearings-only target tracking problem in a multiple sensor scenario.
Multiuser two-way relaying: detection and interference management strategies

We consider a multiuser two-way relay network where multiple pairs of users communicate with their preassigned partners, using a common intermediate relay node, in a two-phase communication scenario employing code division multiple access (CDMA). By taking advantage of the bidirectional communication structure, we first propose that each pair of partners share a common spreading signature and design a jointly demodulate-and-XOR forward (JD-XOR-F) relaying scheme, where all users transmit to the relay simultaneously followed by the relay broadcasting an estimate of the XORed symbol for each user pair. We derive the decision rules and the corresponding bit error rates (BERs) at the relay and at the users' receivers. We then investigate the joint power control and receiver optimization problem for each phase for this multiuser two-way relay network with JD-XOR-F relaying. We solve each optimization problem by constructing the iterative power control and receiver updates that converge to the corresponding unique optimum. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed multiuser two-way JD-XOR-F relaying scheme in conjunction with the joint power control and receiver optimization algorithms. Specifically, we observe significant power savings and user capacity improvement with the proposed communication scheme as compared to the designs with a "one-way" communication perspective.
Fibrosarcoma associated with intensive chemotherapy for advanced germ cell testicular tumor.

A case is presented in which an abdominal low grade fibrosarcoma developed 4 years after completion of a 3-year therapeutic regimen of intensive combination therapy for a metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis.
Training in the Land of Doone: An Exercise in Understanding Cultural Differences

The ability to manage workforce diversity effectively has achieved strategic significance for many organizations. This article describes an exercise that has helped students understand cultural differences and their interpersonal and organizational implications.