cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling integration: co-teaching basic and clinical sciences medicine in the classroom.

Purpose Calls for revision in undergraduate medical education frequently cite the importance of integrating basic and clinical sciences and the use of active pedagogies. One under-appreciated approach to accomplishing both is interactive co-teaching, defined as two instructors with complementary expertise engaging students and each other instead of lecturing. This study sought to determine if interactive co-teaching helped students integrate and learn basic and clinical sciences, as well as to explore potential advantages and barriers to co-teaching. Methods The comparative success of solo- and co-teaching in a microbiology/infectious disease course was determined by surveying student perceptions at the end of the course and examination scores for questions based on either solo- or co-taught content. The advantages and barriers to co-teaching were explored by thematic analysis of student responses to open-ended survey questions. Results Results suggest that co-teaching supported content integration as a significant majority of students (92%, n=112) reported they understood the connection between basic and clinical sciences better when content was co-taught. In addition, a plurality of students indicated that co-teaching provided a better overall learning experience (81%, n=99), was more engaging (74%, n=90), and made it easier to apply content (74%, n=90). These positive perceptions were reflected in better exam outcomes for materials covered in co-taught over solo-taught sessions. Conclusion Results suggest students value co-teaching as a means to integrate basic and clinical sciences. However, interactive co-teaching pedagogies require careful planning and collaboration among faculty. Co-teaching requires the commitment of both faculty members to this pedagogy.
Helplessness and Hopelessness in Adolescents who Commit Sexual and Nonsexual Crimes

The authors’ purpose was to test the relationship of helplessness and hopefulness to experienced trauma, as well to explore the role of these emotions to sexual and nonsexual criminal behaviors amo...
Identification of the substrate recruitment mechanism of the muscle glycogen protein phosphatase 1 holoenzyme.

Glycogen is the primary storage form of glucose. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are tightly controlled by glycogen synthase (GYS) and phosphorylase, respectively. The enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating GYS and phosphorylase, which results in their activation (GYS) or inactivation (phosphorylase) to robustly stimulate glycogen synthesis, is protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, our understanding of how PP1 recruits these substrates is limited. Here, we show how PP1, together with its muscle glycogen–targeting (G M ) regulatory subunit, recruits and selectively dephosphorylates its substrates. Our molecular data reveal that the G M carbohydrate binding module (G M CBM21 ), which is amino-terminal to the G M PP1 binding domain, has a dual function in directing PP1 substrate specificity: It either directly recruits substrates (i.e., GYS) or recruits them indirectly by localization (via glycogen for phosphorylase). Our data provide the molecular basis for PP1 regulation by G M and reveal how PP1-mediated dephosphorylation is driven by scaffolding-based substrate recruitment.
The Role of Financial Analysts and Institutional Investors in the 'Numbers Game'

This paper examines the role of sell-side financial analysts and buy-side institutional investors in the so-called Numbers Game - managers manage earnings and/or guide analysts' earnings forecasts to meet or beat analysts' forecasts. I investigate and find firms with higher analyst following are less likely to engage in upward earnings management and more likely to guide analysts' forecasts downwards. I also find firms held to a greater extent by transient institutional investors are more likely to engage in upward earnings management and less likely to guide analysts' forecasts downwards, while firms held to a greater extent by dedicated institutional investors are less likely to engage in upward earnings management. The results indicate that the occurrence of upward earnings management and downward earnings guidance to meet or beat analysts' forecasts varies differently with analyst following and institutional ownership and with institutional owners having different investment horizons.
“Stem cell therapy to promote limb function recovery in peripheral nerve damage in a rat model” – Experimental research

Abstract Background Optimizing nerve regeneration and mitigating muscle atrophy are the keys to successful outcomes in peripheral nerve damage. We investigated whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy can improve limb function recovery in peripheral nerve damage. Materials and methods We used sciatic nerve transection/repair (SNR) and individual nerve transection/repair (INR; branches of sciatic nerve - tibial, peroneal, sural) models to study the effect of MSCs on proximal and distal peripheral nerve damages, respectively, in male Lewis rats. Syngeneic MSCs (5 × 106; passage≤6) or saline were administered locally and intravenously. Sensory/motor functions (SF/MF) of the limb were assessed. Results Rat MSCs (>90%) were CD29+, CD90+, CD34−, CD31− and multipotent. Total SF at two weeks post-SNR & INR with or without MSC therapy was ∼1.2 on a 0–3 grading scale (0 = No function; 3 = Normal); by 12 weeks it was 2.6–2.8 in all groups (n ≥ 9/group). MSCs accelerated SF onset. At eight weeks post-INR, sciatic function index (SFI), a measure of MF (0 = Normal; −100 = Nonfunctional) was −34 and −77 in MSC and vehicle groups, respectively (n ≥ 9); post-SNR it was −72 and −92 in MSC and vehicle groups, respectively. Long-term MF (24 weeks) was apparent in MSC treated INR (SFI -63) but not in SNR (SFI -100). Gastrocnemius muscle atrophy was significantly reduced (P 0.05) in MSC treated INR compared to the naive contralateral nerve. Conclusion MSC therapy in peripheral nerve damage appears to improve nerve regeneration, mitigate flexion-contractures, and promote limb functional recovery.
The Effects of Conceptual Consistency on the End User’s Mental Models of Multiple Applications

Information system managers are increasingly adopting interface design standards for end-user applications and client-server organizational systems (e.g., Apple, 1987; Berry, 1988; Microsoft, 1992). The primary motivation for interface design standards is ease of learning and use resulting from consistent user interfaces (Shneiderman, 1987; Mayhew, 1992). Consistent user interfaces across applications are thought to facilitate ease of learning and use because a user can draw on existing knowledge when learning any new application (Kieras & Polson, 1985; Bennett, 1986; Polson, 1988). However, multiple applications of a variety of types and from a variety of sources are being integrated on the end user’s desktop, making interface consistency difficult if not impossible to achieve (Nielsen, 1989). Despite the acceptance of interface consistency guideConsistent user interfaces across applications are thought to facilitate ease of learning and use because a user can draw on existing knowledge when learning any new computer application. Although empirical research has confirmed that transfer of learning occurs when procedural rules for multiple applications are consistent, no research has been reported that examines the effects of consistent versus inconsistent conceptual models across applications on the accuracy of the user’s mental models of the applications. Applications from a variety of sources available to an end user might conform to interface standards for their “look” and “feel;” however, consistent conceptual models across applications (conceptual consistency) are still not assured. This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that tested the effects of conceptual consistency across applications on user knowledge, performance, and satisfaction when two integrated cooperative work applications were learned and used by student participants. No differences in performance or satisfaction were found; however, participants learning the inconsistent applications formed more accurate mental models of the applications. Schema theory is used to explain the results, and some implications when users initially learn multiple applications are discussed.
Hypertensive Urgency and Eclampsia

Abstract There exists a spectrum of maternal complications related to elevated blood pressure during pregnancy. The most severe of these is eclampsia, which is defined as new-onset, generalized, tonic-clonic seizures or coma in a patient with preeclampsia. Management of eclampsia includes magnesium sulfate to reduce the risk of recurrent seizure and blood pressure stabilization. Diagnosis of eclampsia is an indication for delivery.
Biomarkers of Intravascular and Extravascular Volume Overload: Associations with Parameters of Cardio-Renal Dysfunction

Background Volume overload is a major driver of symptoms and organ dysfunction in heart failure. Although we typically focus on intravascular volume overload, the majority of fluid and sodium actually reside in extravascular spaces. The kidney regulates both intravascular and extravascular sodium and fluid stores. As such, markers of extravascular fluid overload may provide important cardio-renal information. Natriuretic peptides have emerged as the prototype biomarker of intravascular overload, released primarily in response to ventricular stretch. The use of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) in heart failure has also gained popularity. CA-125 is a glycoprotein produced largely from serosal epithelium such as pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum, and its increased circulation can be the result of extravascular volume retention and likely inflammation of these tissues. The goal of this analysis was to better understand the relative importance of intravascular vs. extravascular markers of volume overload on cardio-renal parameters. Methods Plasma NT-proBNP and CA-125 were measured in 199 outpatients presenting to the Yale Transition Care Center for evaluation and treatment of volume overload. Urine samples were collected before and after administration of loop diuretics, in addition to a timed urine collection. Diuretic efficiency was defined as sodium excretion per doubling of loop diuretic dose. Results The median level of CA-125 was 78 U/ml (IQR 28-187 U/ml) and the median NT-proBNP was 1860 pg/ml (IQR 607-4670 pg/ml). There was a modest correlation between these markers (r=0.40, p Conclusion Between the markers of intravascular volume overload (NT-proBNP) and extravascular volume overload (CA-125), we found that signals of intravascular volume overload appeared to have much more important effects on cardio-renal dysfunction. Additional research is warranted to better understand if this is related to the limitations of the biomarkers or the greater importance of intravascular fluid overload on cardio-renal function.
Superfluid condensate fraction and pairing wave function of the unitary Fermi gas

The unitary Fermi gas is a many-body system of two-component fermions with zero-range interactions tuned to infinite scattering length. Despite much activity and interest in unitary Fermi gas and its universal properties, there have been great difficulties in performing accurate calculations of the superfluid condensate fraction and pairing wave function. In this paper, we present auxiliary-field lattice Monte Carlo simulations using a lattice interaction which accelerates the approach to the continuum limit, thereby allowing for robust calculations of these difficult observables. As a benchmark test, we compute the ground-state energy of 33 spin-up and 33 spin-down particles. As a fraction of the free Fermi gas energy ${E}_{\text{FG}}$, we find ${E}_{0}/{E}_{\text{FG}}=0.369(2),0.372(2),$ using two different definitions of the finite-system energy ratio, in agreement with the latest theoretical and experimental results. We then determine the condensate fraction by measuring off-diagonal long-range order in the two-body density matrix. We find that the fraction of condensed pairs is $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.43(2)$. We also extract the pairing wave function and find the pair correlation length to be ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{p}{k}_{F}=1.8(3)\ensuremath{\hbar}$, where ${k}_{F}$ is the Fermi momentum. Provided that the simulations can be performed without severe sign oscillations, the methods we present here can be applied to superfluid neutron matter as well as more exotic $P$-wave and $D$-wave superfluids.
Multilayered Activatable Nanoprobe for Ultra-Bright Tumor Imaging

The development of tumor targeted probes with strong signal and high contrast is always challenging in cancer imaging. Here, a unique multilayered activatable nanoprobe (MAN) is prepared to fulfill this long-standing goal. MAN adopts a versatile layer-by-layer fabrication technique that sequentially assembles multifunctional polyelectrolytes onto nanoparticles via charge-charge interaction. Unlike the common one-probe-one-fluorochrome construct, MAN offers a dramatic fluorescence enhancement by transporting a large quantity of quenched fluorochromes for maximal signal and contrast. Excellent signal amplification and retention with negligible cytotoxicity is observed in cell study. Upon systemic injection into mice, MAN quickly accumulates in tumor and its fluorescent signal is turned on by proteases overexpressed in tumors, resulting in >700% tumor-to-normal-tissue contrast. This multilayered fabrication provides a simple and powerful universal platform to design sensitive tumor imaging probes.
CHAPTER II – LIST PROCESSING

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews list processing in data processing languages. A list consists of a set of elements. Each element contains a—possibly empty—set of data and at least one relational pointer to other elements. These pointers may imply that the items belong to the same set or that some sequence relationship exists. The first element in a list is called the HEAD and the last element in the list is called the TAIL. The ordering of elements in this list is uniquely defined by the relational pointers. Some lists may have several sets of pointers. The physical location of items in the list is of no significance. Simple lists are readily stored as two-dimensional arrays in the computer using certain data declarations. The chapter presents three fundamental list operations: (1) modifying a given element, (2) deleting an element, and (3) inserting an element. In most cases, the act of modifying a particular data item, after the pointer to its location has been found, is simple. It is significantly more complex to delete an element from a list than it is to alter the value of the element. The reason for this is that several pointers need to be altered to completely remove or delete the element from the list.
Material Adverse Effect Clauses and the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper considers whether the COVID-19 pandemic, the governmental responses thereto, and actions taken by companies in connection with both of these constitute a “Material Adverse Effect” (MAE) under a typical MAE clause in a public company merger agreement. Although in any particular case everything will depend on the exact effects suffered by the company and the precise wording of the MAE clause, this paper concludes that, under a typical MAE clause, given the current tremendous contraction in economic activity, most companies will have suffered a material adverse effect as such term in used in the base definition of most MAE clauses. The question thus becomes whether the risks of a pandemic or of governmental responses thereto have been shifted to the acquirer under exceptions to the base definition. This paper considers some of the difficult causal questions that would arise in answering this question, including the relation of actions taken by the company to remain solvent while suffering the effects of COVID-19 and governmental lockdown orders, and concludes that, in some instances, a company will have suffered an MAE even if the MAE clause contains exceptions for pandemics, changes in law, or both.
The Politics of Redevelopment Planning in Tysons and Outcomes 10 Years Later

Following the allocation of funds for a new line on the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority’s Metrorail system, the Board of Supervisors in Fairfax County, Virginia, undertook redevelopment planning for its Tysons area. The redevelopment plan was the first of its kind. The board adopted a comprehensive plan that established the objective of transforming Tysons from highway-oriented suburban office park development into a walkable, mixed-use area. The redevelopment effort has received extensive attention for its goal to turn a highly car-oriented area into walkable, transit-oriented development. But what is perhaps more notable about the Tysons redevelopment planning effort is its objective to allow extensive multifamily housing construction in a wealthy suburban community. So far, more progress has been made toward the goal of housing construction than walkability.
Frequency and Mechanism of Expansion of the C-terminal Domain of Yeast RPB1

The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, RPB1, is made up of tandem heptapeptide repeats whose residues are heavily post-translationally modified, helping to ...
Variation in nutrient availability and plant species diversity across forb and graminoid zones of a Northern New England high salt marsh

Plant zonation patterns across New England salt marshes have been investigated for years, but how nutrient availability differs between zones has received little attention. We investigated how N availability, P availability, and plant N status varied across Juncus gerardii, Spartina patens, and mixed forb zones of a Northern New England high salt marsh. We also investigated relationships between several edaphic factors and community production and diversity across the high marsh. P availability, soil salinity, and soil moisture were higher in the mixed forb zone than in the two graminoid zones. NH+ 4-N availability was highest in the J. gerardii zone, but NO− 3-N availability and mid season net N mineralization rates did not vary among zones. Plant tissue N concentrations were highest in the mixed forb zone and lowest in the S. patens zone, reflecting plant physiologies more so than soil N availability. Community production was highest in the J. gerardii zone and was positively correlated with N availability and negatively correlated with soil moisture. Plant species diversity was highest in the mixed forb zone and was positively correlated with P availability and soil salinity. Thus, nutrient availability, plant N status, and plant species diversity varied across zones of this high marsh. Further investigation is needed to ascertain if soil nutrient availability influences or is a result of the production and diversity differences that exist between vegetation zones of New England high salt marshes.
The Lessened Lis Pendens

This article warns attorneys to advise their clients to think twice before recording that lis pendens. Two California cases demonstrate that attempts to obtain a lis pendens may be worse than ineffective, and quite dangerous, leading to liability for attorney fees and compensatory and punitive damages.
A Decade of Distraction? How Multitasking Affects Student Outcomes

The proliferation and ease of access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as Facebook, text messaging, and instant messaging has resulted in ICT users being presented with more real-time streaming data than ever before. Unfortunately, this has also resulted in individuals increasingly engaging in multitasking as an information management strategy. The purpose of this study was to examine how college students multitask with ICTs and to determine the impacts of this multitasking on their college GPA. Using web survey data from a large sample of college students at one university (N = 1,839), we found that students reported spending a large amount of time using ICTs on a daily basis. Students reported frequently searching for content not related to courses, using Facebook, emailing, talking on their cell phones, and texting while doing schoolwork. Hierarchical (blocked) linear regression analyses revealed that using Facebook and texting while doing schoolwork were negatively associated with overall college GPA. Conversely, emailing was positively associated with college GPA. Engaging in Facebook use or texting while trying to complete schoolwork may tax students’ capacity for cognitive processing and preclude deeper learning, while emailing may be directly related to learning. Our research indicates that the type and purpose of ICT use matters in terms of the educational impacts of multitasking.
Transient and steady state dynamic vibration measurements of HDD

Vibration diagnostics is based on the detection of change from a reference condition, which is generally defined through a reference characterization signature. In the present study, the reference characterizations have been obtained with the HDD operating in normal condition. Once the reference signatures are established under normal operating conditions, malfunctions on the HDD are imposed using a sharp scratch on the top surface of the top disk inside the drive and by exposing the HDD on multi-directional shocks. The vibration signatures are again measured, and it is found that vibration measurements can reliably detect malfunctioning HDD.
The Stock of Private Real Estate Capital in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

The stock of private real estate capital is estimated for each of 242 MSAs, annually, for 1982 through 1994. Three series are computed: (1) total private real estate capital (residential and nonres...
Numerical modeling of the failing ventricle: impact of a nonpulsatile ventricular assist system

The Cleveland Clinic Implantable Ventricular Assist System (IVAS) is a nonpulsatile rotary pump designed to augment the failing left ventricle. The purpose of this study is to assess its impact on the cardiovascular system using computer simulation. The authors modified an existing numerical model (24 coupled differential equations representing all cardiac chambers and systemic and pulmonary vasculature). The pump was added as an auxiliary chamber between the left ventricle (LV) and aorta with pressure flow speed characteristics derived from in vitro testing. Pump function was assessed for normal and failing ventricles at various pump speeds. Computer simulations show that: 1) numerical modeling is useful for predicting hemodynamic response to IVAS; 2) IVAS results in normalization of cardiac output, especially in failing hearts, though with reduced pulse pressure.
Correlation between PDZK1, Cdc37, Akt and Breast Cancer Malignancy: The Role of PDZK1 in Cell Growth through Akt Stabilization by Increasing and Interacting with Cdc37

PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1) is a scaffold protein that plays a role in the fate of several proteins. Estrogen can induce PDZK1 gene expression; however, our recent report showed that PDZK1 expression in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is indirect and involves insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor function. Such a relationship was established in cell culture systems and human breast cancer tissues. Here we show that overexpression of PDZK1 promoted an increase in cyclin D1 and enhanced anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 cells in the absence of 17β-estradiol, suggesting that PDZK1 harbors oncogenic activity. Indeed, PDKZ1 overexpression enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-stimulated MEK/ERK1/2 signaling and IGF-induced Akt phosphorylation. PDZK1 appeared to play this role, in part, by stabilizing the integrity of the growth promoting factors Akt, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/Neu) and EGFR. Increased Akt levels occurred via a decrease in the ubiquitination of the kinase. PDZK1 overexpression was associated with resistance to paclitaxel/5-fluorouracil/etoposide only at low concentrations. Although the increased stability of Akt was sensitive to heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibition, increased levels of the cochaperone cell division cycle 37 (Cdc37), as well as its ability to bind PDZK1, appear to play a larger role in kinase stability. Using human tissue microarrays, we show strong positive correlation between PDZK1, Akt and Cdc37 protein levels, and all correlated with human breast malignancy. There were no positive correlations between PDZK1 and Cdc37 at the mRNA levels, confirming our in vitro studies. These results demonstrate a relationship between PDZK1, Akt and Cdc37, and potentially Her2/Neu and EGFR, in breast cancer, representing a new axis that can be targeted therapeutically to reduce the burden of human breast cancer.
Neural model of stereoacuity and depth interpolation based on a distributed representation of stereo disparity.

We have developed a model for the representation of stereo disparity by a population of neurons that is based on tuning curves similar in shape to those measured physiologically (Poggio and Fischer, 1977). Signal detection analysis was applied to the model to generate predictions of depth discrimination thresholds. Agreement between the model and human psychophysical data was possible in this model only when the population size representing disparity in a small patch of visual field was in the range of about 20-200 units. Interval encoding and rate encoding were found to be inconsistent with these data. Psychophysical data on stereo interpolation (Westheimer, 1988a) suggest that there are short-range excitatory and long-range inhibitory interactions between disparity-tuned units at nearby spatial locations. We extended our population model of disparity coding at a single spatial location to include such lateral interactions. When there was a small disparity gradient between stimuli at 2 locations, units in the intermediate, unstimulated position developed a pattern of activity corresponding to the average of the 2 lateral disparities. When there was a large disparity gradient, units at the intermediate position developed a pattern of activity corresponding to an independent superposition of the 2 lateral disparities, so that both disparities were represented simultaneously. This mixed population pattern may underlie the perception of depth discontinuities and transparent surfaces. Similar types of distributed representations may be applicable to other parameters, such as orientation, motion, stimulus size, and motor coordinates.
A major role for microRNAs in glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells

Studies have demonstrated that miRNAs contribute to the maintenance and phenotype of in several cancer types. This review will focus on the roles of a few well studied miRNAs in cancer stem-like cells of glioblastoma.
An ultra-high-stability Mössbauer spectrometer drive using a type-2 feedback system

Abstract A new electromechanical drive for 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy has been designed and implemented. The drive, a highly modified version of a commercially available drive, comprises a “type-2” servo mechanism — meaning that its open-loop transfer function has a second-order pole at zero frequency. This constant-acceleration drive is therefore highly linear and immune to drifts in velocity and position regardless of the duration of data acquisition. The maximum velocity variation at any point is less than ±1 μm/s at low velocity scans and ±3 μm/s at high scans. The performance of the spectrometer is documented by a measurement of velocity using a Moire fringe interferometer over a 10 h run. This measurement shows a correlation that could only result if the drive repeated the position of its motion during each sweep of the acquisition to an accuracy much better than 12 microns, the fringe repeat distance. This performance is unprecedented in the history of the spectroscopy, especially for a vertical geometry spectrometer, and allows the acquisition of Mossbauer spectra of arbitrary precision over extended time periods. The need for this precision is two-fold: (1) to permit high-resolution spectrometry of enriched multi- 57 Fe compounds over short time periods, and (2) to make natural abundance spectrometry possible. Circuit descriptions are included. The circuits are simple combinations of operational amplifiers that are readily available and inexpensive.
The use of vitamin D metabolites and analogues for the prevention of milk fever in dairy cattle

During the past decade it has been discovered that vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted into 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver and that this compound in converted in the kidney into 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. These metabolites and particularly 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, rather than vitamin D itself, have powerful effects on calcium metabolism, stimulating the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract and the resorption of calcium from bone. A synthetic analogue of these metabolites, 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol, is rapidly converted in the liver into 1α, 25-dihycroxycholecalciferol. Thus the two metabolites and the synthetic analogue may be valuable for the prevention on treatment of milk fever.
Meta-analysis of joint preservation versus arthroplasty for the treatment of displaced 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus

Abstract Purpose This meta-analysis compares the clinical outcomes of joint preservation versus arthroplasty in the treatment of displaced proximal humerus fractures. Methods Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2011 reporting outcomes of the treatment of 3- or 4-part proximal humerus fractures using the Constant–Murley score in skeletally mature patients. Randomised and cohort studies with ≥1-year follow-up were included. Two individuals independently extracted data, and study results were divided into subgroups based on type of treatment. Results A meta-analysis with meta regressions was performed on the mean Constant score. Of 610 total participants in the studies analysed, 340 were treated with joint-preserving techniques. The random-effects mean Constant score across all treatment types was 62.7 (95% CI, 61.6–63.9, P Conclusions In the existing literature, displaced proximal humerus fractures demonstrate improved Constant scores when treated with joint-preserving options. Age, fracture pattern, and complication rate are significant predictors of the Constant score independent of the selected treatment. Given the observed heterogeneity and variance in treatment techniques in the included studies, more comparative studies are needed to definitively recommend joint-preserving techniques versus arthroplasty for specific fracture patterns.
Empirical Approaches to Outlier Detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems Data

Novel methods for implementation of detector-level multivariate screening methods are presented. The methods use present data and classify data as outliers on the basis of comparisons with empirical cutoff points derived from extensive archived data rather than from standard statistical tables. In addition, while many of the ideas of the classical Hotelling's T2-statistic are used, modern statistical trend removal and blocking are incorporated. The methods are applied to intelligent transportation system data from San Antonio and Austin, Texas. These examples show how the suggested new methods perform with high-quality traffic data and apparently lower-quality traffic data. All algorithms were implemented by using the SAS programming language.
High rotation number effects on heat transfer in a rectangular (AR=2:1) two pass channel

This paper experimentally investigated the rotational effects on heat transfer in a smooth two-pass rectangular channel (AR=2:1), which is applicable to the cooling passages in the mid portion of the gas turbine blade. The test channel has radially outward flow in the first passage and radially inward flow in the second passage after a 180° sharp turn. In the first passage, the flow is developing and heat transfer is increased compared to the fully developed case. Rotation slightly reduces the heat transfer on the leading surface and increases heat transfer on the trailing surface in the first pass. Heat transfer is highly increased by rotation in the turn portion of the first pass on both leading and trailing surfaces. Rotation increased heat transfer enhancement in the tip region up to a maximum Nu ratio (Nu/Nus ) of 1.83. In the second passage, under rotating conditions, the leading surface experienced heat transfer enhancements above the stationary case while the trailing surface decreased. The current study has more than 4 times the range of the rotation number previously achieved for the 2:1 aspect ratio channel. The increased range of the rotation number and buoyancy parameter reached in this study are 0–0.45 and 0–0.8, respectively. The higher rotation number and buoyancy parameter have been correlated very well to predict the rotational heat transfer in the two-pass, 2:1 aspect ratio flow channel.© 2009 ASME
The Effect of Peptoids on Aβ Aggregation and NF-κB Activation in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a costly and devastating illness, which is characterized by progressive neurological degeneration, manifesting in memory and cognitive impairment until eventual death. Although the exact mechanism for AD is unknown, it is hypothesized that disease etiology lies within the aggregation of the protein amyloid-β (Aβ), whose aggregates are toxic to neuronal cells. Thus, inhibition of Aβ aggregation is one therapeutic strategy. Peptoids are peptide derivatives that resist proteolytic degradation through a structural modification in the backbone, while maintaining side chain chemistry. This study examines the therapeutic potential of three peptoids designed to mimic the hydrophobic core of Aβ and incorporate a neutral, positive, or negative spacer between aromatic side chains. These peptoids are assessed for their ability to abate Aβ aggregation and reduce the aggregate-induced NF-κB activation in neuronal cells.To examine the effect of peptoids on small, oligomeric aggregate formation, Aβ monomer was solubilized in DMSO and diluted into PBS to initiate oligomer formation. Oligomer size was assessed via SDS-PAGE and Western blot; oligomer structure was evaluated using ANS. Finally, the effect of peptoids on Aβ physiological activity was assessed using activation of NF-κB in human neuroblastoma cells.All three peptoids reduced the quantity and size of oligomers formed, with the peptoid containing the positively charged spacer possessing the greatest inhibitory capabilities. In contrast, only peptoids containing a neutral or negatively charged spacer also altered oligomer structure. NF-κB activation was significantly reduced for oligomers formed in the presence of all three peptoids. In addition, when peptoid was added post-oligomerization, peptoids with a neutral and negatively charged spacer both elicited a significant reduction in NF-κB activation. In sum, peptoids are capable of inhibiting Aβ oligomerization and associated physiological activity, demonstrating potential as AD therapeutics.
More holes in social roles

Given the strength of Archer's case for a sexual selection account, he is too accommodating of the social roles alternative. We present data on historical changes in violent crime contradicting that perspective, and discuss recent evidence showing how an evolutionary perspective predicts sex similarities and differences responding in a flexible and functional manner to adaptively relevant triggers across different domains.
A SIMPLE SURFACE MATERIAL

Abstract The surface stress-deformation behavior of some real phase interfaces is viscoelastic. The present surface stress is determined not only by the current deformation of the interface from some reference configuration but also by the past history of deformations that the interface has undergone. In an effort to provide a general framework for understanding such behavior, we have proposed the simple surface malerial, for which the present stress is determined by the past history of only the surface deformation gradienl. The simple surface material is analogous to the Noll simple material, a broad class of bulk stress-deformation behavior believed to include nearly all known real materials. After considering the concept of isotropy, we are led to isotropic simple surface materials and the simple surface fluid. The linear Boussinesq surface fluid is a limiting case of the simple surface fluid, for which the relaxation lime of the surface is so short or the flow so slow that memory effects disappear.
DFT investigation of NH3 physisorption on CuSO4 impregnated SiO2.

In this quantum chemical investigation, NH3 physisorption onto a model of copper sulfate impregnated silica is compared with pure silica and copper sulfate adsorbents. The physisorption process is modeled as direct binding of the NH3 molecule to the adsorption site of the dry adsorbents and as displacement of a H2O molecule by NH3 in the hydrated complexes. The surface of silica is represented by a hydroxyl group attached to a silsesquioxane cage, H7Si8O12(OH) and silica impregnated with CuSO4 by the most stable configuration of the cluster containing a CuSO4 ion pair placed adjacent to the silica cage. H2O is systematically added to the dehydrated adsorbents to investigate the role of water in NH3 adsorption. Modeling hydrated environments of each type of adsorbent is focused on H2O molecules that directly coordinate with the active sites. The results indicate that the binding energy of adsorbing NH3 onto the mixed adsorbent is greater than in pure silica. This enhanced binding in the mixed adsorbent is consistent with improved Bronsted acidity of the silanol in the presence of CuSO4.
Impact of work hour restrictions on resident case experience in an obstetrics and gynecology residency program.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate senior resident case experience before and after enactment of work hour restrictions. Study design Obstetrics and gynecology experience from 2 postgraduate year 4 classes were evaluated before and after adoption of work hour restrictions. Data were limited to experience obtained during the fourth year of residency. Data were analyzed with the 2-sample t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, and adjusted for changes in institutional procedural volume. Results There were significant decreases in resident experience in total abdominal hysterectomy ( P =.018), procedures for genuine stress urinary incontinence ( P =.004), and hysteroscopy ( P =.006). Decreases were seen in resident experience in vaginal birth after cesarean section ( P =.011), primary cesarean section ( P =.31), and vacuum delivery ( P =.007), despite increase in institutional volume. Conclusion Work hour restrictions have had impact on resident case experience in obstetrics and gynecology. Variance in institutional case numbers account for only some of these changes.
Mechanical Characterization of ZrB2–SiC Composites with Varying SiC Particle Sizes

Flexural strength, elastic modulus, and hardness were used to characterize the mechanical properties of ZrB2–SiC composites that contained varying SiC particle sizes. Dense ZrB2–SiC composites consisting of 70 vol% ZrB2 and 30 vol% α-SiC were produced via hot pressing. This series of composites had maximum SiC particle sizes that ranged from 4.4 to 18 μm. The mechanical properties scaled with the maximum SiC particle size, not with ZrB2 grain size. Flexural strength decreased as the maximum size of SiC particles increased from 1150 MPa at 4.4 μm to 245 MPa at 18 μm with an abrupt decrease in strength at ~11.5 μm. Elastic modulus remained constant at ~530 GPa for compositions containing SiC particles smaller than 11.5 μm, but exhibited a decrease with larger SiC particle sizes. Vickers and Knoop hardness were 21.4 and 17.2 GPa, respectively, for ceramics with SiC particle sizes <11.5 μm, but hardness decreased for larger SiC particle sizes. The decreases in strength, elastic modulus, and hardness with SiC particles larger than 11.5 μm were coincident with stress-induced microcracking in the composites.
Tools for glycoproteomic analysis : Size exclusion chromatography facilitates identification of tryptic glycopeptides with N-linked glycosylation sites

Proteomic techniques, such as HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have proved useful for the identification of specific glycosylation sites on glycoproteins (glycoproteomics). Glycosylation sites on glycopeptides produced by trypsinization of complex glycoprotein mixtures, however, are particularly difficult to identify both because a repertoire of glycans may be expressed at a particular glycosylation site, and because glycopeptides are usually present in relatively low abundance (2% to 5%) in peptide mixtures compared to nonglycosylated peptides. Previously reported methods to facilitate glycopeptide identification require either several pre-enrichment steps, involve complex derivatization procedures, or are restricted to a subset of all the glycan structures that are present in a glycoprotein mixture. Because the N-linked glycans expressed on tryptic glycopeptides contribute substantially to their mass, we demonstrate that size exclusion chromatography (SEC) provided a significant enrichment of N-linked glycopeptides relative to nonglycosylated peptides. The glycosylated peptides were then identified by LC-MS/MS after treatment with PNGase-F by the monoisotopic mass increase of 0.984 Da caused by the deglycosylation of the peptide. Analyses performed on human serum showed that this SEC glycopeptide isolation procedure results in at least a 3-fold increase in the total number of glycopeptides identified by LC-MS/MS, demonstrating that this simple, nonselective, rapid method is an effective tool to facilitate the identification of peptides with N-linked glycosylation sites.
Examining the Causes and Consequences of Hybridization During Chinook Salmon Reintroductions: Using the San Joaquin River as a Restoration Case Study of Management Options

Successful salmonid restoration efforts depend upon an understanding of the evolutionary processes that historically shaped population diversity, as well as the realities of currently available, altered river systems. Habitat alterations over the past century have dramatically changed the ecological forces that shaped salmonid speciation and evolution, bringing formerly separate and distinct populations into contact and in some cases leading to hybridization. Hybridization can threaten the genetic diversity within salmonid species and may affect the outcomes of restoration efforts. Here we use the San Joaquin River Restoration as a case study to discuss some of the genetic challenges of Chinook salmon restoration in a newly reopened habitat. We discuss a range of genetic management strategies—from passive reintroduction to tightly managed, active reintroduction—and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
Do patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism in San Francisco, CA, and Bursa, Turkey, differ?

Abstract Background To compare the preoperative clinical symptoms and associated conditions and findings in operations in age- and sex-matched patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) living in the two different regions of the world to determine whether PHPT differs in various countries. Methods Fifty-two patients from Bursa, Turkey were matched with 52 age and sex matched patients from San Francisco, USA. Patients' preoperative symptoms, biochemical and radiologic findings and surgical procedures were documented. Results More patients in the American Group (15%) had preoperatively persistant or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, P = 0.016. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were higher in Turkish group (546 ± 75.33 pg/mL) than in American group (146 ± 75.33 pg/mL). More Turkish patients had osteoporosis ( P P Conclusions Patients with PHPT from Bursa, Turkey have higher plasma parathyroid hormone levels, larger parathyroid adenomas and more severe bone disease than in age and sex matched patients with PHPT in San Francisco.
Conceptualizing the New Urban Renewal: Comparing the Past to the Present

In the 1990s and 2000s, inner city neighborhood redevelopment occurred throughout the United States as billions in public and private investments entered impoverished black communities. This revita...
Identification of citrate as the albumin-bound inhibitor of the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin

The influence of several commercial albumin preparations on the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase I, ferrous: O2 oxidoreductase EC 1.16.3.1) at pH 6.0 was determined using ferric-transferrin formation. The ability of several albumin preparations to inhibit the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin differs more than three hundredfold. It appears to depend on the method of isolation of albumin rather than the source of albumin, suggesting the existence of an inhibitor bound to albumin. The inhibitor was isolated after chromatography of an albumin preparation on Sephadex G-200. It was identified as citrate by thin layer chromatography and by comparison of the spectrum of the sulfide-pentabromoacetone derivative. Albumin preparations, even with bound citrate, do not exert a significant inhibitory effect at pH 7.4.
Some principles and paradoxes about the phase control of biological oscillations

Abstract Stable, self‐sustaining oscillations respond to a stimulus in very complicated ways; but they typically regulate back to normal oscillation with only a phase shift remaining to distinguish the disturbed oscillator from an undistrubed control. The new phase (latent, if not immediately expressed, at the moment the stimulus ends) depends on an old phase and a stimulus magnitude. Graphed, this dependence typically resembles one turn of a screw surface, repeated periodically along both the old phase axis and the new phase axis. This 3‐dimensional graph summarizes pictorially several “rules of phase control”. Their range of application seems to include several biologically interesting rhythms.
Silicon phthalocyanine (pc 4) photodynamic therapy is a safe modality for cutaneous neoplasms: results of a phase 1 clinical trial†

Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. However, PDT systems currently used clinically have limitations such as pain and superficial tissue penetration. The silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 is a second-generation photosensitizer with peak absorption in the far red at 675 nm. Objective To assess the safety and tolerability of topically applied Pc 4 followed by red light (Pc 4-PDT) in treating cutaneous neoplasms. Study Design/Materials and Methods Forty three adults with a diagnosis of neoplasms including actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, or mycosis fungoides were treated with a single administration of Pc 4-PDT and followed for 14 days. The study utilized a light and Pc 4 dose escalation design in sequential groups of three subjects each. Results Pc 4-PDT was well tolerated with no significant local toxicity or increased photosensitivity. It has promising biologic effects, particularly in mycosis fungoides where 14 of 35 subjects demonstrated a clinical response, which correlates with Pc 4-PDT-induced apoptosis, as measured by increased active caspase-3 in the treated skin lesions. Conclusions Pc 4-PDT is a safe and tolerable treatment modality that effectively triggers apoptosis in cutaneous neoplasms such as mycosis fungoides. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:888–895, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The governing equations of Moiré interferometry II. Gratings at ±45° to the measurement axes

Abstract The analysis of Livnat and Post (Experimental Mechanics, 25(4) (1985) 6–360) is used to show that the fringe patterns observed using gratings at ±° to the desired displacement components (as discussed by Czarnek and Post (Experimental Mechanics, 24(1) (1984) 68–74) correspond to the fringes observed using geometric moire gratings aligned with the measurement axes. Such gratings may be interrogated with a three-laser-beam interferometer as described by McDonach et al. (Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1 (1980) 85–105).