cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamics of easy-axis antiferromagnets in a magnetic field: Tricritical behavior

A linear hydrodynamic theory for the spin dynamics of easy-axis antiferromagnets in an applied magnetic field is outlined, with particular emphasis on the behavior along the second-order line including the region near a tricritical point. Expressions are obtained for the $\ensuremath{\omega}$,$q$-dependent spin susceptibilities. In the paramamagnetic phase, the dynamic staggered susceptibility is characterized by a single peak at $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$. In the antiferromagnetic phase, at long wavelengths, a three-peak structure is found: two narrow peaks centered at $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$ with widths proportional to ${q}^{2}$, which are associated with the coupled magnetization-energy fluctuations and a broad peak, also at $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$, which characterizes the adiabatic, isomagnetic decay of the staggered moment. The relative weight of the broad peak is equal to the ratio of the adiabatic staggered susceptibility at constant magnetization to the isothermal staggered susceptibility at constant field. The coupling of the magnetization-energy fluctuations also affects the frequency dependence of the uniform field susceptibility. The temperature dependence of various parameters in the theory is discussed in light of static scaling laws and a brief comparison is made with the hydrodynamics of antiferromagnets in and near a spin-flop phase.
Piezomagnetic properties and ΔE effect in TbZn at 77 K

Abstract Young's modulus, magnetization and magnetostriction measurements were made as a function of applied magnetic field (0 H σ d -constants greater than 300 nm/A and changes in Young's modulus greater than 40 GPa were found. Magnetomechanical coupling factors reached 0.94.
The National Interest and the Federal Role in Education

The current discussion of national goals for education creates a predicament for the federal government. Political pressure is mounting for an increased federal role in education, but its ability to play this role is limited both by its own budget and policy constraints and by the increase in education policy initiatives of state and local government over the past ten years. This predicament is not amenable to solution by resort to traditional doctrinal or functional views of federalism. It requires the formulation of a new federal strategy. Among the initiatives the federal government might take are raising public discourse about educational performance, sponsoring collaborative efforts to reduce the incoherence of current educational reforms at the high school level, and increased use of federal categorical programs as development projects for new approaches to teaching and learning. These initiatives have the advantage of being consistent with current federal budget and policy constraints, drawing upon traditionalfederal functions, and complementing state and local reform efforts.
Influence of dietary selenite on the binding characteristics of rat serum proteins to mercurial compounds

Abstract The effect of dietary selenite on the binding characteristics of serum proteins was investigated with rats. In the control serum, the maximal binding of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) and methylmercuric chloride (MMC) to rat serum protein was approx. 18 and 9 nmoles per mg protein, respectively. The binding of Hg 2+ was biphasic and it did not reach a maximum at the concentrations used. Selenite treatment caused a reduction in binding capacity of serum proteins to Hg 2+ and PMA, and an increase in the binding affinities. However, there were no such changes for the binding of MMC. Selenite protection from mercury toxicity, therefore, acts not only via a change in tissue distribution and a change in the formation of seleno-proteins but, also, via a change in the binding characteristics to some mercury compounds. In the case of methylmercury, a different mechanism of protection must exist as the modification of tissue distribution, its binding to subcellular and soluble proteins and the binding characteristics remained equivocal.
Impact of seminal cytomegalovirus replication on HIV-1 dynamics between blood and semen.

The genital tract of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an anatomic compartment that supports local HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. This study investigated the association of seminal CMV replication with changes in HIV-1 clonal expansion, evolution and phylogenetic compartmentalization between blood and semen. Fourteen paired blood and semen samples were analyzed from four untreated subjects. Clonal sequences (n = 607) were generated from extracted HIV-1 RNA (env C2-V3 region), and HIV-1 and CMV levels were measured in the seminal plasma by real-time PCR. Sequence alignments were evaluated for: (i) viral compartmentalization between semen and blood samples using Slatkin–Maddison and FST methods, (ii) different nucleotide substitution rates in semen and blood, and (iii) association between proportions of clonal HIV-1 sequences in each compartment and seminal CMV levels. Half of the semen samples had detectable CMV DNA, with at least one CMV positive sample for each patient. Seminal CMV DNA levels correlated positively with seminal HIV-1 RNA levels (Spearman P = 0.05). A trend towards an association between compartmentalization of HIV-1 sequences sampled from blood and semen and presence of seminal CMV was observed (Cochran Q test P = 0.12). Evolutionary rates between semen and blood HIV-1 populations did not differ significantly, and there was no significant association between seminal CMV DNA levels and the frequency of non-unique clonal HIV-1 sequences in the semen. In conclusion, the effects of CMV replication on HIV-1 viral and immunologic dynamics within the male genital tract are not significant enough to perturb evolution or disrupt compartmentalization in the genital tract. J. Med. Virol. 84:1703–1709, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on the derivation of theoretical autocovariances for ARMA models

Derivation of the theoretical autocovariances of an ARMA model is important for anumber of purposes associated with the estimation and testing of the model. Onecommon algorithm, due to McLeod (1975), involves solving a systems of linear equations. By deriving the determinant of the matrix of coefficients in these equations we can ascertain the behaviour of the algorithm with respect to the stationarity of the ARMA model.
Sympathetic nervous system and aging in man.

ENDOCRINE and neuroendocrine systems have long held the fascination of gerontologists, since alterations in these integrative networks might underlie either the aging process itself or the clear-cut clinical manifestations of altered homeostasis in old age. With the exception of obvious changes in female reproductive endocrinology, most investigations of endocrine systems in man, including studies of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic, and adrenal cortical function, have failed to show a major effect of aging on basal hormone levels and have displayed only modest changes in these systems as a result of stress (1). An exception to this generalization may be found in the age-related declines in renin and aldosterone (2, 3), changes that are probably secondary to decline in renal mass. During the last several years, considerable attention has been focused on the possibility that changes in neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system may either underlie aging or its manifestations. Althoug...
Adrenocorticoids of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

Abstract 1. 1. Goldfish serum and adrenal corticosteroids were demonstrated by rigorous criteria (chemical, spectrographic and radiochemical) to have identical isopolarity, isomorphology and certain structural configuration as authentic standards. 2. 2. The major glucocorticoid was cortisol. Two mineralocorticoids, aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone, were isolated and positively identified directly from lyophilized adrenal tissue and from serum. 3. 3. The isolated intermediates, cortisone, corticosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone suggest a similarity of teleostean and mammalian steroid biosynthetic pathways. 4. 4. Teleostean adrenal tissue is the site of glucocorticoid and mineralocoid production as its steroid level is considerably greater than the circulating titer and non-circulating intermediates are present.
Consuming relationships 1

Fred Hirsch. Social Limits to Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. xi + 208 pp. $10.00. Paperback edition, 1978. $3.95. A Twentieth Century Fund Study.
Position of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF1A on the 40S ribosomal subunit mapped by directed hydroxyl radical probing

The universally conserved eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), eIF1A, plays multiple roles throughout initiation: it stimulates eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi Met attachment to 40S ribosomal subunits, scanning, start codon selection and subunit joining. Its bacterial ortholog IF1 consists of an oligonucleotide/ oligosaccharide-binding (OB) domain, whereas eIF1A additionally contains a helical subdomain, N-terminal tail (NTT) and C-terminal tail (CTT). The NTT and CTT both enhance ribosomal recruitment of eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi Met , but have opposite effects on the stringency of start codon selection: the CTT increases, whereas the NTT decreases it. Here, we determined the position of eIF1A on the 40S subunit by directed hydroxyl radical cleavage. eIF1A’s OB domain binds in the A site, similar to IF1, whereas the helical subdomain contacts the head, forming a bridge over the mRNA channel. The NTT and CTT both thread under Met-tRNAi Met reaching into the P-site. The NTT threads closer to the mRNA channel. In the proposed model, the NTT does not clash with either mRNA or Met-tRNAi Met , consistent with its suggested role in promoting the ‘closed’ conformation of ribosomal complexes upon start codon recognition. In contrast, eIF1A-CTT appears to interfere with the P-site tRNA-head interaction in the ‘closed’ complex and is likely ejected from the P-site upon start codon recognition.
A Study of Heat Transfer Augmentation for Recuperative Heat Exchangers: Comparison Between Three Dimple Geometries

This study presents an investigation of the heat transfer augmentation for the purpose of obtaining high effectiveness recuperative heat exchangers for regeneration. The focus of the present work is in the fully developed portion of a 2:1 aspect ratio rectangular channel characterized by dimples applied to one wall at channel Reynolds numbers of 10,000, 18,000, 27,000, and 36,000. The dimples are applied in a staggered-row, racetrack configuration. In this study, a segmented copper test section was embedded with insulated dimples in order to minimize (to a negligible level) the heat transfer within the dimpled feature. The insulated material used to create a dimpled geometry isolates the heat transfer within the dimple cavity from the heat transfer augmentation on the surrounding smooth walls promoted by the flow disturbances induced by the dimple. Results for three different geometries are presented, a small dimple feature, a large dimple, and a double dimple. The results of this study indicate that there is significant heat transfer augmentation even on the non-featured portion of the channel wall. Overall heat transfer augmentations for the small dimples are between 13–27%, large dimples between 33–54%, and double dimples between 22–39%, with highest heat transfer augmentation at the lowest Reynolds number for all three dimple geometries tested.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Structural requirements and thermodynamics of the interaction of proline peptides with profilin.

The binding to poly(l-proline) is used for the affinity purification of profilins, but little is known about the structural and thermodynamic aspects of the interaction. We used changes in the intr...
New constitutive model for vibrations of a beam with a piezoceramic patch actuator

Piezoceramic wafer (patch) actuators have been used for the excitation and control of vibrations of beam and plate-like structures. Accurate constitutive modeling of the beam or plate with a piezo-patch actuator adhered to it is an important aspect to understanding this problem. In this paper, a multi-layered beam model is presented that predicts natural frequencies of the open-circuited beam-patch system. Both the beam and the patch actuator are modeled as Timoshenko beams. Constraints are introduced to ensure continuity of the axial and transverse displacements at the interface of the two Timoshenko beams. The cross section of each layer is allowed to take different values, which adds an additional degree of freedom to the system. The displacement equation of each Timoshenko beam is represented in a factored matrix form. This factored matrix form is utilized to develop a procedure for derivation of element mass and stiffness matrices using a symbolic manipulation program (MAPLE). MAPLE is used to form the global mass and stiffness matrices. An eigenvalue analysis is conducted and natural frequencies of the layered beam are calculated. To verify the model, experimental studies are performed to determine cantilevered beam-patch system natural frequencies. Better agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is observed than could be obtained using Euler's (thin) beam theory.
Water, climate change, and sustainability in the southwest

The current Southwest drought is exceptional for its high temperatures and arguably the most severe in history. Coincidentally, there has been an increase in forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogenic outbreaks. Although the high temperatures and aridity are consistent with projected impacts of greenhouse warming, it is unclear whether the drought can be attributed to increased greenhouse gasses or is a product of natural climatic variability. Climate models indicate that the 21st century will be increasingly arid and droughts more severe and prolonged. Forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogens will increase. Demography and food security dictate that water demand in the Southwest will remain appreciable. If projected population growth is twinned with suburb-centered development, domestic demands will intensify. Meeting domestic demands through transference from agriculture presents concerns for rural sustainability and food security. Environmental concerns will limit additional transference from rivers. It is unlikely that traditional supply-side solutions such as more dams will securely meet demands at current per-capita levels. Significant savings in domestic usage can be realized through decreased applications of potable water to landscaping, but this is a small fraction of total regional water use, which is dominated by agriculture. Technical innovations, policy measures, and market-based solutions that increase supply and decrease water demand are all needed. Meeting 21st-century sustainability challenges in the Southwest will also require planning, cooperation, and integration that surpass 20th-century efforts in terms of geographic scope, jurisdictional breadth, multisectoral engagement, and the length of planning timelines.
Is Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as Predictive as Other Noninvasive Techniques for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease?

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by B-mode ultrasound is the most widely used noninvasive imaging method to assess atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. CIMT has been consistently associated with coronary artery disease and stroke; however, recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews suggest that its clinical usefulness may be limited because the addition of CIMT to traditional risk factors has not improved the risk prediction of cardiovascular events in the general population. Characterizing the carotid wall by MRI may have greater clinical utility compared with CIMT measurements by ultrasound. Unlike CIMT, MRI measurements of wall thickness include the adventitia and may be sensitive to adventitial thickening that results from vasa vasorum proliferation as a sign of early plaque development. MRI also has the ability to image the entire circumference of the carotid wall, including the outer wall of the carotid bulb where plaque forms in its earliest stage, and identify plaque components such as the lipid core, fibrous cap, and intraplaque hemorrhage that are closely related to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular risk. Additional research is needed to assess the added prognostic value of MRI measurements of wall and plaque features in risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors.
Sorption behavior of mercuric and methylmercuric salts on wool

Sorption by wool of mercuric nitrate, mercuric chloride, and methylmercuric chloride was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Both inorganic mercury compounds are efficiently taken up at low concentrations from acid solution. The rate of binding from the nitrate is appreciably slower than from the chloride. Methylmercuric chloride is bound slowly at low pH, rapidly at pH 6. The extent of its binding is roughly 10% to 20% of that of the inorganic salts. The wool-bound mercury can be recovered by serial extraction with aqueous citrate or ethylenediaminetetraacetate at pH 6. The residual, firmly bound mercury is roughly equivalent to the sulfhydryl sulfur. Sorption of inorganic mercury compounds at low pH roughly follows a Freundlich isotherm in the concentration range 5×10-6 to 10−1M. Sorption of methylmercurie chloride at pH 6 follows a roughly parallel isotherm in the range 5×10−6 to 10−3M. These data suggest the potential value of wool and other animal keratins to remove and recover mercury from contaminated water. Wool may also serve as an instructive model for mercury binding and release in the body.
Efficient energy extraction from highly forbidden transitions by means of high-power pulses

It is shown that a pulsed laser can efficiently extract energy from an inverted molecular medium even when the transitions involved are highly forbidden. This is accomplished by injecting pulses that are strong enough to drive the molecules from the excited to the weakly coupled ground state. It is well known that this Rabi flopping can be accomplished with a π pulse. We show that essentially the same energy requirements are associated with optically bleaching the inverted medium in the rate-equation limit.
Electronics packaging - a Web-based course for the IEEE community

The authors profile a course that is a Web-based enhancement of a new graduate. course entitled "Electronics Packaging" that was developed and introduced into the ECE Department at Rutgers University during the spring of 2001. This new course deals with the electrical characterization and modeling of the parasitics for integrated circuit packaging. The course is targeted to the electrical engineering graduate population of full-time students and industry part-time graduate students that have a background in circuit analysis. The authors discuss the status of the course and demonstrate a sample of the Web designed lectures related to the electrical parasitics of the package.
Central venous septic thrombosis managed by superior vena cava Greenfield filter and venous thrombectomy: A case report

Abstract Operative management of a patient with septic thrombosis from Candida organisms of the subclavian and central veins is described. Diagnosis was suspected on the basis of positive blood and catheter tip cultures, indium-labeled leukocyte scan, and bilateral upper extremity phlebograms. Venous thrombectomy with a Fogarty catheter of the upper extremity central veins was performed after a superior vena cava Greenfield filter had been placed to prevent pulmonary embolism. The thrombus culture was positive for Candida albicans , and the reestablishment of vein patency in conjunction with amphotericin B therapy resulted in cure. This technique allows a definitive diagnosis of septic central thrombosis to be made and reestablishment of vein patency may also enhance antibiotic therapy. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:606-11.)
The effect of rifampicin on the in-vitro activity of cefpirome or ceftazidime in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The in-vitro activity of cefpirome and ceftazidime when combined with aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin) in the presence and in the absence of rifampicin was evaluated against 32 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by two methods. Agar dilution susceptibilities demonstrated a marked reduction in synergy (FIC less than or equal to 0.5) when rifampicin was added to the combination. Synergy rates decreased from 59.4-84.4% without to 3.1-9.4% with the addition of rifampicin. In contrast, kill curve tests performed on two P. aeruginosa strains demonstrated synergy at 24 h when rifampicin was added to cefpirome, ceftazidime, gentamicin or a beta-lactam agent plus gentamicin combination. The addition of rifampicin to the combinations of cefpirome or ceftazidime plus gentamicin achieved a 2-log10 lower bacterial count at 24 h than that of the beta-lactam and gentamicin combination alone. When rifampicin was added to the combination cefpirome or ceftazidime plus gentamicin at different times during incubation, a greater bactericidal effect was observed when rifampicin was added at 0 and 1 h of incubation than when added later. No antagonism was observed with rifampicin when used in combination with beta-lactam agents and/or aminoglycosides.
Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part II: An Instrument That Reveals Hidden Error Variance Distributions from Ensemble Forecasts and Observations

AbstractIn Part I of this study, a model of the distribution of true error variances given an ensemble variance is shown to be defined by six parameters that also determine the optimal weights for the static and flow-dependent parts of hybrid error variance models. Two of the six parameters (the climatological mean of forecast error variance and the climatological minimum of ensemble variance) are straightforward to estimate. The other four parameters are (i) the variance of the climatological distribution of the true conditional error variances, (ii) the climatological minimum of the true conditional error variance, (iii) the relative variance of the distribution of ensemble variances given a true conditional error variance, and (iv) the parameter that defines the mean response of the ensemble variances to changes in the true error variance. These parameters are hidden because they are defined in terms of condition-dependent forecast error variance, which is unobservable if the condition is not sufficien...
Cotranslational Ubiquitination of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in Vitro

Ubiquitination is a covalent protein modification that can target proteins in eukaryotic cells for degradation by the 26 S proteasome. Substrates for this degradation pathway include abnormal proteins that arise from misfolding and/or mutation. How and when the ubiquitination machinery recognizes misfolded proteins and targets them for degradation remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), is rapidly degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent fashion, without any detectable lag following its synthesis (Ward, C. L., and Kopito, R. R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25710-25718), suggesting that ubiquitination and protein synthesis may be temporally linked. In the present study, we have investigated the timing of CFTR ubiquitination relative to its translation in reticulocyte lysates containing 125I-ubiquitin. In synchronized, proteasome-inhibited lysates, translation of full-length CFTR chains was completed in approximately 30 min, whereas modification of CFTR with [125I]ubiquitin was evident by 20 min, indicating that ubiquitination precedes the completion of full-length polypeptide chains. Moreover, ubiquitin was also found to be transferred to nascent CFTR chains while attached to ribosomes. Together, these data establish that ubiquitination, which is widely assumed to be a post-translational event, can occur cotranslationally and suggest a role for ubiquitination early in protein biosynthesis.
Electromigration-resistance enhancement with CoWP or CuMn for advanced Cu interconnects

Suppressing Cu diffusion along the Cu/Cap interface has proven to be one of the most effective ways to enhance the electromigration (EM) resistance of advanced Cu interconnects. Two methods, depositing a thin layer of CoWP on the Cu surface and doping the Cu seed layer with Mn, are presented in this paper. While each effectively enhanced the EM performance, they behaved somewhat differently in improving the line-depletion and via-depletion EM performance. CoWP functioned primarily as a Cu surface modifier and did not alter the Cu diffusion behavior below the surface, making Cu interconnects capped with CoWP very sensitive to defects in the via. As a result, the hardware processed with CoWP had greatly increased EM failure times, but also had large variability in failure times and activation energy. On the other hand, the hardware with the CuMn seed layer relied on Mn segregation to the Cu surface to slow down the Cu diffusion, plus Mn also may have diffused to grain boundaries and defective areas of the liner. Although the EM failure times of Cu interconnects with CuMn seed in some cases were not as long as those with CoWP, the variability and sensitivity to process defects was reduced.
A mutation-centric approach to identifying pharmacogenomic relations in text

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Identifying genetic variants is crucial to extracting pharmacogenomic relations. ? Identifying genetic variants characterizes our mutation-centric approach. ? Our approach achieves a recall of 33-46% and a precision of 65%. ? Our performance is roughly similar to Stanford's relation-centric approach. ? We show that mutation- and relation-centric approaches are complementary. ObjectivesTo explore the notion of mutation-centric pharmacogenomic relation extraction and to evaluate our approach against reference pharmacogenomic relations. MethodsFrom a corpus of MEDLINE abstracts relevant to genetic variation, we identify co-occurrences between drug mentions extracted using MetaMap and RxNorm, and genetic variants extracted by EMU. The recall of our approach is evaluated against reference relations curated manually in PharmGKB. We also reviewed a random sample of 180 relations in order to evaluate its precision. ResultsOne crucial aspect of our strategy is the use of biological knowledge for identifying specific genetic variants in text, not simply gene mentions. On the 104 reference abstracts from PharmGKB, the recall of our mutation-centric approach is 33-46%. Applied to 282,000 abstracts from MEDLINE, our approach identifies pharmacogenomic relations in 4534 abstracts, with a precision of 65%. ConclusionsCompared to a relation-centric approach, our mutation-centric approach shows similar recall, but slightly lower precision. We show that both approaches have limited overlap in their results, but are complementary and can be used in combination. Rather than a solution for the automatic curation of pharmacogenomic knowledge, we see these high-throughput approaches as tools to assist biocurators in the identification of pharmacogenomic relations of interest from the published literature. This investigation also identified three challenging aspects of the extraction of pharmacogenomic relations, namely processing full-text articles, sequence validation of DNA variants and resolution of genetic variants to reference databases, such as dbSNP.
Systematic review identifies number of strategies important for retaining study participants.

Objective Loss to follow-up threatens internal and external validity yet little research has examined ways to limit participant attrition. We conducted a systematic review of studies with a primary focus on strategies to retain participants in health care research.
Principles and management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s dementia

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (NPS-AD) are highly prevalent and lead to poor medical and functional outcomes. In spite of the burdensome nature of NPS-AD, we are continuing to refine the nosology and only beginning to understand the underlying pathophysiology. Cluster analyses have frequently identified three to five subsyndromes of NPS-AD: behavioral dysfunction (for example, agitation/aggressiveness), psychosis (for example, delusions and hallucinations), and mood disturbance (for example, depression or apathy). Recent neurobiological studies have used new neuroimaging techniques to elucidate behaviorally relevant circuits and networks associated with these subsyndromes. Several fronto-subcortical circuits, cortico-cortical networks, and neurotransmitter systems have been proposed as regions and mechanisms underlying NPS-AD. Common to most of these subsyndromes is the broad overlap of regions associated with the salience network (anterior cingulate and insula), mood regulation (amygdala), and motivated behavior (frontal cortex). Treatment strategies for dysregulated mood syndromes (depression and apathy) have primarily targeted serotonergic mechanisms with antidepressants or dopaminergic mechanisms with psychostimulants. Psychotic symptoms have largely been targeted with anti-psychotic medications despite controversial risk/benefit tradeoffs. Management of behavioral dyscontrol, including agitation and aggression in AD, has encompassed a wide range of psychoactive medications as well as non-pharmacological approaches. Developing rational therapeutic approaches for NPS-AD will require a firmer understanding of the underlying etiology in order to improve nosology as well as provide the empirical evidence necessary to overcome regulatory and funding challenges to further study these debilitating symptoms.
Enhancing Majority Carrier Transport in WO3 Water Oxidation Photoanode via Electrochemical Doping

unﬁltered Xe illumination.© The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0871501jes] All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted October 9, 2014; revised manuscript received November 18, 2014. Published December 1, 2014.
Characterization of Airborne Microbial Communities at a High-Elevation Site and Their Potential To Act as Atmospheric Ice Nuclei

Bacteria and fungi are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. The diversity and abundance of airborne microbes may be strongly influenced by atmospheric conditions or even influence atmospheric conditions themselves by acting as ice nucleators. However, few comprehensive studies have described the diversity and dynamics of airborne bacteria and fungi based on culture-independent techniques. We document atmospheric microbial abundance, community composition, and ice nucleation at a high-elevation site in northwestern Colorado. We used a standard small-subunit rRNA gene Sanger sequencing approach for total microbial community analysis and a bacteria-specific 16S rRNA bar-coded pyrosequencing approach (4,864 sequences total). During the 2-week collection period, total microbial abundances were relatively constant, ranging from 9.6 10 5 to 6.6 10 6 cells m 3 of air, and the diversity and composition of the airborne microbial communities were also relatively static. Bacteria and fungi were nearly equivalent, and members of the proteobacterial groups Burkholderiales and Moraxellaceae (particularly the genus Psychrobacter) were dominant. These taxa were not always the most abundant in freshly fallen snow samples collected at this site. Although there was minimal variability in microbial abundances and composition within the atmosphere, the number of biological ice nuclei increased significantly during periods of high relative humidity. However, these changes in ice nuclei numbers were not associated with changes in the relative abundances of the most commonly studied ice-nucleating bacteria.
Amygdala temporal dynamics: temperamental differences in the timing of amygdala response to familiar and novel faces

Background: Inhibited temperament - the predisposition to respond to new people, places or things with wariness or avoidance behaviors - is associated with increased risk for social anxiety disorder and major depression. Although the magnitude of the amygdala's response to novelty has been identified as a neural substrate of inhibited temperament, there may also be differences in temporal dynamics (latency, duration, and peak). We hypothesized that persons with inhibited temperament would have faster responses to novel relative to familiar neutral faces compared to persons with uninhibited temperament. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the temporal dynamics of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to both novel and familiar neutral faces in participants with inhibited or uninhibited temperament. Results: Inhibited participants had faster amygdala responses to novel compared with familiar faces, and both longer and greater amygdala response to all faces. There were no differences in peak response. Conclusion: Faster amygdala response to novelty may reflect a computational bias that leads to greater neophobic responses and represents a mechanism for the development of social anxiety.
Review: antibiotics have a slight beneficial effect on acute bronchitis

(1999) Am J Med 107, 62. Bent S, Saint S, Vittinghoff E, et al. . Antibiotics in acute bronchitis: a meta-analysis. . Jul; . : . –7 . [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] QUESTION: In patients with acute bronchitis, do antibiotics reduce sputum production, cough, or days off work? English language studies were identified in Medline (1966 to April 1998) by using the terms drug therapy, bronchitis, and acute disease; the reference lists of relevant articles were reviewed, and experts in the field were contacted. Studies were selected if they were randomised controlled trials that compared antibiotics with placebo in patients who had acute bronchitis but no history of chronic lung disease or pneumonia, therapy was given for ≥5 days, and effect sizes could … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BAmerican%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bmedicine%26rft.stitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DBent%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%26rft.volume%253D107%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D62%26rft.epage%253D67%26rft.atitle%253DAntibiotics%2Bin%2Bacute%2Bbronchitis%253A%2Ba%2Bmeta-analysis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10403354%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10403354&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F5%2F2%2F42.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000081396100010&link_type=ISI
A mass-conservative, positive-definite, and efficient Eulerian advection scheme in spherical geometry and on a nonuniform grid system

Abstract The flux-form advection scheme of Bott is modified for the spherical coordinates, combined with the expanded-polar-zone (EPZ) technique to improve the overall performance of the advection calculations. With the EPZ technique, this Eulerian scheme has comparable efficiency as semi-Lagrangian methods for advection of nonreactive tracers on a sphere but with somewhat better overall numerical accuracy. The conservation of global tracer mass and the, positive definiteness of the algorithm are achieved to machine precision. For the test problem of solid body rotations on a sphere, this scheme shows small numerical diffusion, almost undetectable phase errors, and very little artificial deformation of the test shape even for cross-polar transport. In comparison with some semi-Lagrangian schemes and other high-order Eulerian methods, it shows very competitive performance. Numerical tests also indicate that, without any modifications, it performs just as well on slightly nonuniform Gaussian grid as on unif...
Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind: Memory Scanning is Attuned to Threatening Faces

Working memory (WM) theoretically affords the ability to privilege social threats and opportunities over other more mundane information, but few experiments have sought support for this contention. Using a functional logic, we predicted that threatening faces are likely to elicit encoding benefits in WM. Critically, however, threat depends on both the capacities and inclinations of the potential aggressor and the possible responses available to the perceiver. Two experiments demonstrate that participants more efficiently scan memory for angry facial expressions, but only when the faces also bear other cues that are heuristically associated with threat: masculinity in Study 1 and outgroup status in Study 2. Moreover, male participants showed robust speed and accuracy benefits, whereas female participants showed somewhat weaker effects, and only when threat was clearly expressed. Overall results indicate that working memory for faces depends on the accessibility of self-protective goals and on the functiona...
Ex Vivo and In Vivo Cytokine Studies in Irradiated Animals

With the recent availability of a number of cloned colony-stimulating factors (CSF), preclinical studies of recombinant CSF in irradiated animals have been possible. These studies have been and will continue to be the prelude for clinical trials. This review will highlight previous studies which led to the first clinical trials and will discuss preclinical strategies for future clinical testing.
Forget Congress: Reforming Campaign Finance Through Mutually Assured Destruction

Congress will not enact meaningful campaign finance reform. Under the nation’s current legislative, regulatory, and judicial regimes, remedies to the problem of money in politics appear unattainable. This Comment provides an entirely novel approach toward reducing the corrosive influence of outside money on the U.S political system. Aided by the power of the profit motive, this Comment proposes the creation of Super PAC Insurance, a nonpartisan private entity with one central goal: deterring outside Super PACs and 501(c)(4) organizations from spending money in elections. The Comment details the mechanics of Super PAC Insurance, addresses its legality, and proposes several variations on its basic model.Super PAC Insurance disincentivizes outside spending by applying the principle of “mutually assured destruction.” As demonstrated in the 2012 U.S. Senate race in Massachusetts — when then Professor Elizabeth Warren and Senator Scott Brown took The People’s Pledge — adding costs can effectively deter Super PACs from spending in elections. Once Super PACs know their spending will trigger a barrage of opposition spending by Super PAC Insurance, they should be less likely to spend against an insured candidate. Thus, Super PAC Insurance will reduce the influence of money in politics writ large.In the wake of Citizens United and its progeny, American political spending has skyrocketed out of control. Rather than produce despondency among reformers, this new reality must catalyze innovation. This Comment’s private ordering solution moves beyond government paralysis and offers a workable path forward toward reducing the influence of outside money in politics.
Oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity of fed and starved rats

Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured at short time intervals in cardiac and skeletal muscles of normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats fed ad libitum or deprived of food. In normal animals fed ad libitum, lipoprotein lipase activities of heart, diaphragm, soleus, and fast-twitch red fibers of the quadriceps muscle showed rhythmic oscillations that appeared to coincide with the nocturnal feeding habits of the animals. During the day (7 A.M. to 7 P.M.), when food consumption by the rats was greatly reduced, lipoprotein lipase activity in all muscles increased, followed by a decline to basal levels during the night. Similar oscillatory changes in lipoprotein lipase activity were observed in the muscles of diabetic rats fed ad libitum. In normal rats deprived of food, however, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were not abolished and persisted for at least 48 h. In diabetic rats starved during a 48-h period, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were markedly altered. In all animals, muscle lipoprotein lipase activities were not correlated to plasma glucagon levels.
Invisible programming

A user interface in which the user gives an example of the desired operation and the system generalizes to construct a general-purpose procedure is discussed. The user sees the results of the program execution and the data the program is operating on, but the program itself is not shown. The program is specified by demonstrating the operations that should be performed using example data. These systems are called programming-by-example or demonstrational interfaces. An overview of this idea and a survey of such systems are presented. >
Organics in Water — An Engineering Challenge

Efforts should be made to reduce the presence of organic contaminants in water because of their potential for causing cancer, a disease equal in magnitude to the infectious diseases of the past. General principles for the removal of organics from water are presented, and the effectiveness of various treatment processes, singly and in combination, are given. General organics as represented by COD are removed effectively by chemical coagulation, activated carbon, and reverse osmosis. However, trace organics such as trihalomethanes, chlorinated solvents, chlorobenzenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are removed most effectively by air stripping. Trihalomethane removal of greater than 70% was obtained in the relatively inexpensive stripping process following reverse osmosis treatment. Based upon Henry's law coefficients, many of the priority pollutants appear removable by this simple process.
Linear Stability Analysis of Baffled Combustion Chamber with Radial and Circumferential Blades

*† A linear acoustic analysis has been conducted to study the combustion instability characteristics of baffled combustion chambers. The theoretical formulation is based on a generalized three-dimensional wave equation. Normal mode expansion and spatial averaging techniques are implemented to solve for the acoustic motions in the chamber. Several specific effects of baffles are presented as mechanisms by which baffles eliminated combustion instabilities. Included are longitudinalization of transverse waves inside baffle compartments, restriction of velocity fluctuations near the injector face, and decreased oscillation frequency. Potential destabilizing influences of baffles are found to be the concentration of acoustic pressure or velocity at the injector face, depending on chamber geometry and excitation modes.
Live objects: A system for infrastructure-less location-based services

Location-based services are rapidly changing the way users explore and interact with the surrounding environment. They typically associate location information, provided by GPS or Bluetooth Low Energy devices, with remote content accessible through the Internet. However, Internet connectivity, especially in outdoor spaces, is not always available or may be too costly to be used for downloading large content (e.g. when users are abroad or have a limited data plan). In this paper we propose Live Objects, a system for infrastructure-less proximity-based services. Live Objects are pervasive media-server devices, which can be discovered by users and stream locally stored media content in proximity without the need for an Internet connection. Live Objects can be installed anywhere, even in places without power supply and communication infrastructure. We demonstrate a deployment of Live Objects in an outdoor test field. Using these devices, together with an Android app and a software middleware, users can have a self-guided tour of the area, discover the interesting places, and get associated information, particularly in the form of high-resolution video.
Method and Realization of Intelligent System of Rehabilitation Training for Stroke

In the process of drawing up rehabilitation training program, there are some uncertainties of patients and the process needs long time. So the intelligent system of rehabilitation training for stroke was developed, combing with the case-based reasoning(CBR) and interval type-2 fuzzy reasoning(IT2FR), and the intelligent model of rehabilitation training program for stroke was proposed. Experimental results studied on 100 patients and series of testing show that the intelligent system can make a rehabilitation training program, shorten the time for making up the training program, and can guide the upper limb rehabilitation robot which has five degrees of freedom to train patients, improve the rehabilitation efficiency effectively, and make patients look after themselves early. After training, the function score of patient is more than 94.
The effect of E-selectin A561C (S128R) polymorphism on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Objective:To investigate the effect of E-selectin A5 61C (S128R) polymorphism on ambulatory blood pressure.Method:Genotyp es of 347 essential hypertension patients[male 163,female 184, age 46.08±12.49 , BMI[(26.13±3.14)kg/m+2] and 315 healthy individuals [male 93,female 222, age 42.21±14.67, BMI(25.66±3.19]kg/m+2 were typed by polymerase chain reaction r estriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).Blood pressure and BG,TG,TC,LD L,HDL,UA,BUN of each individuals were examined.Result:Three geno types (AA,AC,CC) were found.In EH group,the percentage of genotype AC-CC(6.92%) and allele C (4.76%) are significantly higher than in healthy group (3.17% and 2 .22%),P=0.029 and 0.013.Risk of hypertension for allele C is 2.197 times of that for allele A(OR=2.197,95% CI:1.164-4.144).24 hSBP,24 hDBP,dSBP,dDBP,nSBP,n DBP,MAXSBP, MAXDBP,MINSBP,MINDBP,LoadSBP and LoadDBP are higher in individuals with CC-AC ge notypes,especially for nDBP and LoadDBP(P=0.043 and 0.016).Risk of nondipper SBP for AC-CC is 1.972 times of that for AA (OR=4.367,95% CI:0.047-1.122);and r isk of nondipper DBP for AC-CC is 4.367 times of that for AA OR=1.972,95% CI:0.1 24-2.070).Conclusion:E-selectin A561C (S128R) polymorphism affe ct blood pressure significantly.
Twelve years of emergency medicine at Hennepin County Medical Center. Changing critical care experience.

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the critical care experience of emergency medicine faculty and delineate changing patterns of practice. METHOD A retrospective review of the resuscitation room dictations for all patients treated in the emergency department resuscitation room by one emergency medicine physician from July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1997, was performed. RESULTS A total of 1,325 cases were reviewed. The number of cases of arrhythmia (p < 0.01) and medical cardiac arrest (p < 0.01) significantly decreased over time, while the number of cases involving firearm injury (p < 0.01) increased. The percentage of trauma cases steadily rose from 38.5% in year 1 to 50.2% (p < 0.01) in year 12. Significant decreases in the rate of arterial line placement (p < 0.01), central line placement (p < 0.01), nasotracheal intubation (p < 0.01), and thoracotomy (p < 0.05) have occurred. Significant increases were seen in cardiac ultrasound examination (p < 0.01), rapid sequence induction for intubation (p < 0.01), and the use of paralytic medications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Significant changes have occurred in the type of case and rate of utilization of various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.