cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Wolter I x-ray optics by diamond turning and electrochemical replication

Abstract Demonstration x-ray optics have been produced by diamond turning and replication techniques that could revolutionize the fabrication of advanced mirror assemblies. The prototype optics were developed as part of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility—Spectrographic program (AXAF-S). The initial part of the project was aimed at developing and testing the replication technique so that it could potentially be used for the production of the entire mirror array. This assembly will ultimately be comprised of up to 50 nested mirror shells. The mirrors are produced by electroforming a thin shell optic with a conical mandrel. The mandrel is diamond-turned electroless nickel over an aluminum substrate. The initial goal was to produce a surface finish on the replicated mirror shell of less than 10 A rms (measured with a WYKO 3D at 20X). The electroformed mirror shell is made from pure nickel deposited in a state of minimum stress. A cryogenic separation technique is used to remove the finished mirror from the mandrel. The replication technology for the mirror components has the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of precision components. The extremely high precision required of x-ray optics may lead to advances in manufacturing techniques that could be utilized in the fabrication of other precision components. The key procedures of the fabrication process are presented with the appropriate testing results.
The role of credit constraints and government subsidies in farmland valuations in the US: an options pricing model approach

The Modigliani–Miller (M–M) theorem of financial asset theory concludes that asset values are independent of financing. In other words, debt-solvency (credit constraints) does not affect asset values. Therefore, using the M–M theorem one can argue that credit constraints in the farm sector (where land is the most important asset) do not affect the value of farmland. However, this proof relies on several arbitrage assumptions that are violated in the case of agricultural assets. This paper examines the effect of debt-solvency and government payments on changes in annual farmland values by state in the United States. Using panel cointergration method, results indicate that farmland values are significantly affected by both solvency and government payments. In addition, the results imply that government payments may affect agricultural asset values beyond the direct effect hypothesized in the literature.
Effect of Laser Surface Modification on the Crystallinity of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)

Crystallinity of semicrystalline polymers such as aliphatic homopolymer poly(L -lactic acid) (PLLA) affects their degradation and physical properties. In this paper, the effects of laser irradiation using the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser on the crystallinity, long-range order, and short-range conformations at the surface of PLLA films are investigated. The factors affecting the transformation are also studied. Detailed characterization of the effect of laser treatment is accomplished using microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The cooling rates in the process and the spatial and temporal temperature profiles are numerically examined. The simulation results in conjunction with melting and crystallization kinetics of PLLA are used to understand the effect on sample crystallinity. The effects of laser fluence and annealing conditions on the crystallinity of the processed films are examined. Since degradation profiles depend on crystallinity, laser processing can potentially be used to achieve a modified spatially controlled polymer surface with promising applications such as controlled drug delivery.
Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: Psychometric properties of the Functional Disability Inventory

The Functional Disability Inventory (FDI; Walker LS, Greene JW. The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol 1991;16:39–58) assesses activity limitations in children and adolescents with a variety of pediatric conditions. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the FDI in pediatric pain patients. Participants included 596 patients with chronic abdominal pain, ages 8–17, and a subset of their parents (n = 151) who completed the FDI and measures of pain, limitations in school activities, and somatic and depressive symptoms at a clinic visit. Test–retest reliability was high at 2 weeks (child report, .74; parent-report, .64) and moderate at 3 months (child report, .48; parent report, .39). Internal consistency reliability was excellent, ranging from .86 to .91. Validity was supported by significant correlations of child- and parent-report FDI scores with measures of school-related disability, pain, and somatic symptoms. Study results add to a growing body of empirical literature supporting the reliability and validity of the FDI for functional assessment of pediatric patients with chronic pain.
Frequency estimation by principal component AR spectral estimation method without eigendecomposition

An eigenvalue filtering method is proposed that applies a transformation to an autocorrelation matrix, which has the effect of truncating the undesired eigenvalues so that the corresponding matrix function closely approximates the pseudoinverse. It is shown using a computer simulation that compared to the forward-backward method, the proposed method enhances the threshold in SNR by about 6-8 dB. Further improvement is obtained by a simple subset selection method and a second eigenvalue filtering iteration. >
Control, monitoring and reconfiguration of sampled-data hybrid process systems with actuator faults

This work presents an integrated model-based framework for control, fault detection and control system reconfiguration of hybrid process systems with measurement sampling rate constraints and actuator faults. A family of output feedback controllers are initially synthesized to stabilize each fault-free subsystem with the aid of a dynamic inter-sample model predictor for each mode. The stability properties for each closed-loop subsystem are then analyzed to obtain the maximum allowable sampling period together with an explicit characterization of the fault-free behavior of each mode. Conditions that guarantee asymptotic stability of the overall switched system are also derived and used to examine the interplay between the selection of the sampling period, the model, the controller and observer design parameters, and the dwell time for each mode. To detect actuator faults within a given mode, a time-varying alarm threshold based on the fault-free behavior is obtained and used, and when faults are detected, actuator reconfiguration is performed to maintain closed-loop stability. A key idea of the reconfiguration strategy is to take into account not only the stability properties of the current mode, but also the stabilizing ability and availability of the fall-back actuator configurations for the future modes. The design and implementation of the developed methodology are demonstrated using a hybrid chemical reactor example.
Substitution of Transducin Ser202 by Asp Abolishes G-protein/RGS Interaction

Abstract Known RGS proteins stimulate GTPase activity of Gi and Gq family members, but do not interact with Gsα and G12α. To determine the role of specific Gα residues for RGS protein recognition, six RGS contact residues of chimeric transducin α-subunit (Gtα) corresponding to the residues that differ between Giα and Gsα have been replaced by Gsα residues. The ability of human retinal RGS (hRGSr) to bind mutant Gtα subunits and accelerate their GTPase activity was investigated. Substitutions Thr178 → Ser, Ile181 → Phe, and Lys205 → Arg of Gtα did not alter its interaction with hRGSr. The Lys176 → Leu mutant had the same affinity for hRGSr as Gtα, but the maximal GTPase stimulation by hRGSr was reduced by ∼2.5-fold. The substitution His209 → Gln led to a 3-fold decrease in the affinity of hRGSr for the Gtα mutant without significantly affecting the maximal GTPase enhancement. The Ser202 → Asp mutation abolished Gtα recognition by hRGSr. A counteracting replacement of Glu129 by Ala in hRGSr did not restore the interaction of hRGSr with the Gtα Ser202 → Asp mutant. Our data suggest that the Ser residue at position 202 of Gtα is critical for the specificity of RGS proteins toward Gi and Gq families of G-proteins. Consequently, the corresponding residue, Asp229 of Gsα, is likely responsible for the inability of RGS proteins to interact with Gsα.
Taking Educational Psychology Back to the Classroom

The authors describe an effective integration of theoretical/experimental material with practical experience.
A highly porous 3‐dimensional polyphosphazene polymer matrix for skeletal tissue regeneration

Current methods for the replacement of skeletal tissue in general involve the use of autografts or allografts. There are considerable drawbacks in the use of either of these tissues. In an effort to provide an alternative to traditional graft materials, a degradable 3-dimensional (3-D) osteoblast cell–polymer matrix was designed as a construct for skeletal tissue regeneration. A degradable amino acid containing polymer, poly[(methylphenoxy)(ethyl glycinato) phosphazene], was synthesized and a 3-D matrix system was prepared using a salt leaching technique. This 3-D polyphosphazene polymer matrix system, 3-D-PHOS, was then seeded with osteoblast cells for the creation of a cell–polymer matrix material. The 3-D-PHOS matrix possessed an average pore diameter of 165 μm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed a reconnecting porous network throughout the polymer with an even distribution of pores over the surface of the matrix. Osteoblast cells were found attached and grew on the 3-D-PHOS at a steady rate throughout the 21-day period studied in vitro, in contrast to osteoblast growth kinetics on similar, but 2-D polyphosphazene matrices, that showed a decline in cell growth after 7 days. Characterization of 3-D-PHOS osteoblast-polymer matrices by light microscopy revealed cells growing within the pores as well as on surface of the polymer as early as day 1. This novel porous 3-D-PHOS matrix may be suitable for use as a bioerodible scaffold for regeneration of skeletal tissue. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intratemporal facial nerve neuroma: anatomical location and radiological features.

Objectives To present the imaging findings and anatomical locations of a series of 88 facial nerve neuromas from two centers over a 30-year period. We describe the salient radiological features of neuromas in each anatomical location and outline the ways in which modern imaging techniques have altered our perception of this entity. Study Design A retrospective review of tumors presenting to two tertiary care referral institutions since 1970. Methods The charts and available imaging of patients with the diagnosis of facial neuroma were reviewed. These patients presented to the House Ear Clinic between 1970 and 1994 and to the University of Utah Medical Center (Salt Lake City, UT) between 1986 and August 2000. We examined anatomical location to determine patterns of tumor presentation and compared the findings before and after the era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results All segments of the facial nerve were represented. Overall, multiple-segment tumors were almost twice as common (63.6%) as single-segment tumors (36.4%). Before the advent of MRI, all segments of the nerve from the cerebellopontine angle to the tympanic portion were almost equally represented (29.5%–36.3%). After MRI, the geniculate ganglion (68.2%) and labyrinthine portion (52.3%) were by far the most commonly affected areas. Before MRI, there were, on average, 1.89 segments involved per tumor. After MRI, this average number increased to 2.57 segments per tumor. Radiologically, the high-resolution computed tomography and MRI features cannot be generalized. Rather, the imaging features depend on which segments are involved. This is because of the variation in the surrounding anatomical landscape of the facial nerve in its course through the temporal bone. Conclusion The more sensitive imaging provided by newer radiological techniques has altered our perception of facial neuroma. It has provided us with an increased ability to diagnose and fully evaluate this neoplasm preoperatively, allowing improved patient counseling and surgical planning.
Mangling Symbols of Gentility in the Wild West: Case Studies in Interpretive Archaeology

Gentility (aka, "Victorian culture") was the preeminent model of propriety in mid- and late-nineteenth-century California. Thanks to industrial production and an efficient supply network, the genteel mores of Victoria's England came to be expressed in a suite of artifacts that became de rigueur for anyone who aspired to a position of respectability—even in the wilds of the American West. The trappings of gentility, however, were not used only by the aspiring white middle class to achieve some kind of nervous social acceptance. In this essay, we present archaeological examples from a high-ranking Mexican-Californio, a Chinese American merchant, African American porters, and an expensive brothel to suggest that the symbols of gentility had power outside the parlors of the white middle class and that other groups manipulated the potent symbolic content of these artifacts for their own diverse ends. [African Americans, Chinese Americans, historical archaeology, interpretive archaeology, Victorianism]
Control of a hair bundle's mechanosensory function by its mechanical load.

Hair bundles are the sensory antennae that detect different types of mechanical signals in diverse sensory systems of vertebrates. Here we design and use a mechanical-load clamp to show that the mechanical properties of hair bundles and their accessory structures dictate their sensory behaviors. By demonstrating how the same organelle can be used to detect a wide gamut of signals, this study reveals both the versatility and essential similarity of hair bundles across receptor organs. These observations reveal a general principle that may be used by both biological and artificial systems: by adjustment of only a few key parameters, a nonlinear system can be controlled to serve many different functions.
Relaxin-insulin homology: predictions of secondary structure and lack of competitive binding.

Abstract 1. 1. Two methods for the prediction of protein secondary structure have been applied to the amino acid sequences of porcine relaxin and bovine insulin. A comparison has been carried out between the predicted secondary structure and the known structure of insulin. 2. 2. Circular dichroism spectra for relaxin in the UV (peptide bond) region have been analyzed and are consistent with 29% alpha helix and 19% beta structure in the hormone. 3. 3. No immunochemical homology was seen in radio immunoassay competition experiments using radioiodinated insulin and very large excesses of unlabeled relaxin. Three purified electrophoretic variants or isohormone species were tested. 4. 4. Homology at the level of receptor binding was evaluated in competition experiments using radioiodinated insulin, unlabelled relaxin and isolated peripheral mononuclear leukocytes bearing insulin receptors. 5. 5. Taken together these data are consistent with a significant homology in secondary structure between relaxin and insulin which parallels the striking correspondence in disulfide pattern. On the other hand, the data obtained in this study indicate no significant homology or overlap in immuno-chemical determinants nor any competition for binding to a human insulin receptor system.
Dynamic Behavior of a Boron Carbide-Aluminum Cermet: Experiments and Observations

Experimental techniques to study and characterize the dynamic behavior of ceramics and ceramic composites are described. A new technique based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of brittle materials at moderately high strain rates. A normal plate impact recovery technique is used to study the evolution of damage under controlled loading conditions and understand the micromechanisms of damage in materials. The normal plate impact recovery technique has the advantage of applying sufficiently high stress levels to initiate damage and yet providing controlled amounts of energy input to avoid catastrophic failure of the material. Hence, the samples can be recovered intact and evaluated for damage using standard characterization techniques such as microscopy and ultrasonics. The damage assessment in the material together with the real-time interferometric measurements serves as a powerful experimental procedure to study processes such as damage initiation, damage evolution, and the failure modes of very hard and brittle ceramics and ceramic composites under stress wave loading. Results are presented for a boron carbide aluminum cermet, a ceramic composite and the role of its microstructure on the failure mechanisms is studied. The cermet exhibits high strength and large strain to failure, in comparison to monolithic ceramics. The basic failure mechanisms in the cermet appear to be axial microcracking due to compression, and transverse cracking generated by compression release and by tension. The cracks are also found to be bridged by ductile aluminum or intermetallics, which together with the microcracking could possibly increase the toughness of the cermet at high loading rates.
Moral Voices of Women and Men in the Christian Liberal Arts College: Links between views of self and views of God

Views of self (using Gilligan's paradigm) and of the Christian God (using a similar, newly-developed paradigm) were explored in 44 first-year and senior Christian college students. Men aligned with a self-ethic of justice; women, more often with justice than predicted. Moral voice thus appears contextually dependent, contrary to Gilligan's earlier predictions. Senior students integrated both views of self, but not both views of God, more often than first-year students. This suggests that the Christian liberal arts context nurtures integrated and complex views of the self, but authoritative views of God. All but one student described God as authoritative; most did not see God as relational. This preference for authoritative views of God perhaps shaped the heavy justice self-ethic. Consistent with earlier findings, justice views of the self were generally elicited by impersonal dilemmas; authoritative views of God, in contrast, were equally associated with both impersonal and personal dilemmas.
Antibiotic Resistance of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Tropical Fish Imported from Singapore

Abstract To determine the scope of antibacterial resistance among Aeromonas spp., bacterial cultures were taken from a variety of tropical fish species imported from Singapore. The samples were plated on Rimler-Shotts medium for bacterial isolation and identified with both the API20E and Nonfermenter Test Strip systems. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. caviae were identified in monomicrobic and concomitant infections. Following identification of bacterial isolates, 11 antimicrobials routinely used in the tropical fish industry and 1 new fluoroquinolone were tested for their effectiveness against Aeromonas spp. with the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion technique. Aeromonas sobria proved to be the most resistant, often showing susceptibility to only 3 of 12 test drugs. Aeromonas hydrophila was consistently the least resistant. Based on these results, antimicrobial resistance appears to be a rapidly emerging problem in the pet fish industry.
Asymptotic behavior of dynamical correlations via perturbative analysis of infinite continued fractions.

The continued-fraction formalism demonstrates that the Laplace-transformed dynamical correlations can be expressed as infinite continued fractions (ICF's). We propose a generalization of the dynamical convergence method (GDCM) of J. Hong and M. H. Lee [Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2375 (1985)] of perturbatively evaluating insoluble ICF's when a closely related ICF is exactly soluble. The proposed method overcomes an existing limitation of the dynamical convergence method which involves accurate computing of ratios of small numbers. The limitations are surmounted by exploiting an ``inversion'' property of ICF's. The GDCM allows computationally fast and simple perturbative evaluation of insoluble ICF's with up to ${10}^{\ensuremath{\xi}}$, \ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\le}6, levels of the insoluble ICF when a related ICF is soluble. The method appears to be appropriate for studies of asymptotic behavior of dynamical correlations described by slowly converging and nonconverging ICF's, which are otherwise insoluble, when closely related soluble ICF's exist. The desirable feature of the GDCM is that the computation times required to solve the ICF's are unrelated to the details of the convergence properties. The method has been applied to recalculate the dynamical-spin pair correlation of a recently studied classical XX spin cluster. This application is described in this work.
Molecular and Electronic Structures of the Long-Bonded π-Dimers of Tetrathiafulvalene Cation-Radical in Intermolecular Electron Transfer and in (Solid-State) Conductivity

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) as the prototypical electron donor for solid-state (electronics) applications is converted to the unusual cation-radical salt, TTF+• CB- (where CB- is the non-coordinating closo-dodecamethylcarboranate), for crystallographic and spectral analyses. Near-IR studies establish the spontaneous self-association of TTF+• to form the diamagnetic [TTF+,TTF+] dication and to also undergo the equally rapid cross-association with its parent donor to form the mixed-valence [TTF+•,TTF] cation-radical. The latter, most importantly, represents the first (dyad) member of a series of p-doped tetrathiafulvalene (stacked) arrays, and the thorough scrutiny of its electronic structure with the aid of Mulliken−Hush (two-state) analysis of the diagnostic (intervalence) NIR band reveals Robin−Day Class II behavior. The theoretical consequences of the unique structure of the mixed-valence [TTF+•,TTF] dyad on (a) the electron-transfer mechanism for self-exchange, (b) the molecular-orbital analysis of the Ma...
Marital Partners' Perceptions of Marital Maintenance Strategies

The purpose of the present study was to examine marital partners' perceptions of the underlying similarities among the marital maintenance strategies initially reported by Dindia & Baxter (1987). The perceptual judgment sorts of ninety-one married persons were analyzed using individual differences multidimensional scaling, hierarchical cluster analysis and content analysis. Results indicated that husbands and wives sorted the maintenance strategies similarly. Three underlying dimensions organized the perceptual space: constructive/destructive communication styles, ambivalence-based versus satiation-based conditional use and proactivity/passivity. Six cluster neighborhoods were situated in the three-dimensional space: Last Resort Strategies, Satiation Strategies, Inward Withdrawal Strategies, Problem Avoidance Strategies, Destructive Strategies and Constructive Strategies. The findings differ substantially from the a priori classification typology employed by Dindia & Baxter (1987).
Nanoparticle and Surfactant Interactions with Model Cell Membranes

Due to their small size, nanoparticles have the ability to penetrate cell membranes, and are therefore classified as potential human carcinogens. Nanoparticle insertion into targeted cells also proves beneficial for drug delivery and gene therapy applications, prompting a need to more thoroughly characterize nanoparticle/membrane interactions. Polystyrene nanoparticles with modifications in surface functionalization and detergent conditions were introduced to a Langmuir phospholipid monolayer, a model of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. Negatively charged (COO- functionalized) detergent free nanoparticles introduced beneath a zwitterionic 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine monolayer held at constant, physiological pressure solubilized the phospholipid layer, removing material from the air/water interface, to a greater extent than did positively charged (NH3+ functionalized) nanoparticles. To further examine the role of lipid charge, negatively charged 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) and positively charged 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane lipid monolayers were used. Nanoparticles of opposite charge removed a larger percentage of the monolayer compared to like-chargedparticle/phospholipid systems illustrating the role of electrostatics.Ionic and non-ionic surfactants, typically present in nanoparticle solutions to prevent aggregation, were introduced beneath the monolayer and all detergents showed significant insertion which directly correlated to surfactant hydrophobicity. Adding a low mol% of surfactant to detergent-free nanoparticle solutions decreased the amount of monolayer destruction compared to nanoparticles alone. At increased detergent concentrations in the nanoparticle solutions, insertion into the monolayers was intermediate in behavior between the particles and surfactant alone. To better understand how nanoparticles and detergents interact with each other and with the membrane, either nanoparticles or detergents were introduced beneath the monolayer, and following a time lapse, the other component was introduced. A model of detergent sequestration by the polystyrene nanoparticles has been developed to explain these results.
Characteristics of smaller company leveraged buyouts

Abstract While stories abound in the business press about multibillion dollar leveraged buyouts (LBOs), scant attention has been paid to this type of buyout financing in smaller companies. Some observers argue that LBOs are little more than financial manipulation, while others suggest that they are an alternative form of entrepreneurial endeavor and that smaller company LBOs may serve to rejuvenate formerly stodgy organizations. In this study, data from 56 firms that experienced an LBO between 1981 and 1987 were analyzed to ascertain the current state of smaller company LBOs and what changes, if any, occur after the LBO takes place. Most of the smaller company LBOs occur in industries far different from the high-growth, high-technology environments of the glamorous start-up. The cash flow requirements of the high debt component seem to favor industries in which growth is very slow or even negative and in which the technology is stable. Likewise, smaller LBOs are relatively immune from foreign competition. The typical smaller company LBO individual has generally been associated with the company as an officer or director prior to the buyout, and possesses at least a college education. While it was presumed that the typical LBO individual would be between 40 and 55 years of age, a substantial number of both older and younger individuals were discovered in the study. In terms of internal operating changes after the buyout, it was expected that the locus of decision making would shift toward the lead investor and that managerial compensation would become increasingly incentive based. Unexpectedly, little change in the locus of decision making occurred, but there was a pronounced shift away from salaried compensation. Sample firms indicated that asset stripping or personnel layoffs occurred relatively infrequently, and the most common operating changes focused on such revenue-generation efforts as increased sales and marketing and on imposing more stringent capital budgeting requirements. The study suggests that the once-stable environments in which these firms operated may become far more exciting in the future. On the positive side, these smaller companies are being operated by owner-managers experienced in both the company and the industry. The financial requirements of the high debt levels and the resulting emphasis on cash flow rather than profitability may make these firms extremely fierce competitors. On the negative side is the instability that may be caused by the high debt levels. Because most of these companies have not yet faced an economic recession, their long-term viability remains to be tested.
Evaluation of abomasal enzyme and hormone levels in the diagnosis of ostertagiasis.

Abstract Pathophysiological changes in the ruminant abomasum caused by Ostertagia infections include changes in the activity and concentration of gastrointestinal enzymes and hormones. Under certain circumstances, increases in concentration also occur in the bloodstream and, as such, are detectable. Determination of serum pepsinogen levels is useful in evaluating the risk or presence of ostertagiasis Type I in a herd. It seems less reliable when used to diagnose (pre) ostertagiasis in individual animals. Measurement of the concentration of other zymogens is not useful. The variations in methodology to determine pepsinogen levels (e.g. biochemical and immunological measurements) are discussed. Serum gastrin levels are, generally, increased in animals with ostertagiasis. At present, gastrin is mainly determined by RIA assays using human gastrin antibodies, but few baseline data are available on normal levels in ruminants. The use of gastrin determination as a diagnostic tool in Ostertagia -infected ruminants is limited.
The effects of shared decision making in the conservative management of stable ankle fractures.

Abstract Introduction The majority of ankle fractures seen in clinic are stable, will not displace and do not require plaster casting to achieve union in a good position. Nevertheless, many patients with stable ankle fractures are advised that they need a cast. In this study we counseled patients regarding the different options for conservative management of their stable ankle fracture. We then encouraged them to make an informed decision on which method of treatment they would like to pursue. Materials and methods We analyzed eight years of a single consultant's fracture clinic. 163 patients were offered a choice of: a weight bearing below knee cast; a functional ankle brace; or a regime of rest, ice, compression bandage and elevation (“RICE” regime). All patients were advised to mobilize on the injured ankle as their pain allowed. Results 163 patients were suitable for all 3 treatment options. 82% (133/163) chose an ankle brace, 15% (25/163) opted for a RICE regime and 3% (5/163) chose a below knee cast. Of these only one returned to clinic complaining of increased pain, however after further discussion the patient opted to continue with his RICE regime as planned. Discussion A conservative approach to these injuries is now common practice; however there is a wide variation in what type of conservative management is given. Recent studies suggest orthopedic surgeons are still treating the majority of these injuries with a weight-bearing cast despite risks of stiffness, skin damage and thromboembolism. This study showed when the patient is given opportunity to make an informed choice the vast majority opt not to have a cast. The study suggests management of these injuries should be decided via a two-way conversation between patient and practitioner. Conclusions Using a shared decision making approach to these injuries is a useful method of providing patients with the most suitable treatment for their personal treatment goals.
The power of interoperability: why objects are inevitable

Three years ago in this venue, Cook argued that in their essence, objects are what Reynolds called procedural data structures. His observation raises a natural question: if procedural data structures are the essence of objects, has this contributed to the empirical success of objects, and if so, how?This essay attempts to answer that question. After reviewing Cook's definition, I propose the term service abstractions to capture the essential nature of objects. This terminology emphasizes, following Kay, that objects are not primarily about representing and manipulating data, but are more about providing services in support of higher-level goals. Using examples taken from object-oriented frameworks, I illustrate the unique design leverage that service abstractions provide: the ability to define abstractions that can be extended, and whose extensions are interoperable in a first-class way. The essay argues that the form of interoperable extension supported by service abstractions is essential to modern software: many modern frameworks and ecosystems could not have been built without service abstractions. In this sense, the success of objects was not a coincidence: it was an inevitable consequence of their service abstraction nature.
Detection of Campylobacter species using monoclonal antibodies

A panel of species specific monoclonal antibodies were raised to Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lari. The isotypes, and cross-reactivity profiles of each monoclonal antibody against an extensive panel of micro- organisms, were determined.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vanadium(V) hydroxylamido complexes: Solid state and solution properties

A novel series of vanadium(V) hydroxylamido complexes with weak ligands including glycine, [VO(NH2O)2(Glycine)]·H2O (1); serine, [VO(NH2O)2(Serine)]·H2O (2); glycylglycine, [VO(NH2O)2(GlyGly)]·H2O (3); and imidazole, [VO(NH2O)2(imidazole)2]Cl (4) were prepared and characterized both in solution and in the solid state. All complexes were prepared in aqueous solution at neutral pH at ambient temperature and as crystalline solids. The vanadium atom in these four complexes is seven-coordinate with pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. In complexes 1−3 the hydroxylamido groups are coordinated side-on with the hydroxylamido nitrogen cis to the organic ligand in the equatorial plane. In complex 4, the hydroxylamido groups are coordinated side-on with the hydroxylamido nitrogen trans to the imidazole ligand in the equatorial plane. The UV/vis spectra of these complexes were also examined, and the absorbance peaks show similarities between the properties of the vanadium(V) hydroxylamido complexes and known side-on pero...
The Importance of Metastable RNA Folding in Biological Regulation and Control

We explain the radical difference in pause site patterns during the synthesis of MDV-1 RNA, depending on the nature of the process involved. The two situations of interest are: a) Replication by Qβ-replicase, a template-instructed synthesis b) Transcription performed by E. Coli RNA polymerase. The starting point is an extended mode analysis of the backbone soliton-like dynamics. These solitary waves induce a tautomerization of uracil which occurs exclusively in transcription with a definite probability. This tautomeric form of uracil forms base-pairing with guanine and leads to a unique metastable folding of RNA. The assessment of this fact enables us to prove that in both replication and transcription, the pauses in the process are due to refolding events occurring in the replica chain as it is being synthesized and in the upstream portion of the template strand.
Inferences about ungulate population dynamics derived from age ratios

Abstract Age ratios (e.g., calf:cow for elk and fawn:doe for deer) are used regularly to monitor ungulate populations. However, it remains unclear what inferences are appropriate from this index because multiple vital rate changes can influence the observed ratio. We used modeling based on elk (Cervus elaphus) life-history to evaluate both how age ratios are influenced by stage-specific fecundity and survival and how well age ratios track population dynamics. Although all vital rates have the potential to influence calf:adult female ratios (i.e., calf:cow ratios), calf survival explained the vast majority of variation in calf:adult female ratios due to its temporal variation compared to other vital rates. Calf:adult female ratios were positively correlated with population growth rate (λ) and often successfully indicated population trajectories. However, calf:adult female ratios performed poorly at detecting imposed declines in calf survival, suggesting that only the most severe declines would be rapidly d...
High-resolution simulations of the impacts of asteroids into the venusian atmosphere III: further 3D models

Abstract We compare high-resolution 2D and 3D numerical hydrocode simulations of asteroids striking the atmosphere of Venus. Our focus is on aerobraking and its effect on the size of impact craters. We consider impacts both by spheres and by the real asteroid 4769 Castalia, a severely nonspherical body in a Venus-crossing orbit. We compute mass and momentum fluxes as functions of altitude as global measures of the asteroid's progress. We find that, on average, the 2D and 3D simulations are in broad agreement over how quickly an asteroid slows down, but that the scatter about the average is much larger for the 2D models than for the 3D models. The 2D models appear to be rather strongly susceptible to the “butterfly effect,” in which tiny changes in initial conditions (e.g., 0.05% change in the impact velocity) produce quite different chaotic evolutions. By contrast, the global properties of the 3D models appear more reproducible despite seemingly large differences in initial conditions. We argue that this difference between 2D and 3D models has its root in the greater geometrical constraints present in any 2D model, and in particular in the global conservation of enstrophy in 2D that forces energy to pool in large-scale structures. It is the interaction of these artificial large-scale structures that causes slightly different 2D models to diverge so greatly. These constraints do not apply in 3D and large scale structures are not observed to form. A one-parameter modified pancake model reproduces the expected crater diameters of the 3D Castalias reasonably well.
Organometallic complexes with RSSR ligands: a new synthetic method

Abstract Reactions of [Me 2 SSMe]BF 4 with metal thiolate complexes have been used to prepare new complexes with coordinated organic disulfide ligands. Complexes prepared include [CpFe(CO)(L)(PhSSMe)]BF 4 (L , PPh 3 , PPh 2 Me, PPh 2 OMe, P(OPh) 3 ), [CpFe(CO) 2 (MeSSMe)]BF 4 and [CpW(CO) 3 (MeSSMe)[BF 4 . A molybdenum analogue of the last compound and [Mn(CO) 5 (MeSSMe)]BF 4 were identified in solution as products of this type of reaction, but these species were unstable and could not be isolated. Isomerization of [CpFe(CO){P(OPh) 3 }(PhS-SMe)]BF 4 upon heating was noted. This synthetic method is easy and versatile, and is a useful alternative to other known routes to this type of complex.
Solar urticaria: Studies of the active serum factor

Abstract An attempt has been made to isolate, from 2 patients with solar urticaria, the serum factor which is capable of passively sensitizing the human skin. Electrophoretically, the serum factor behaves like a globulin. Fractionation on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex suggests that it is not IgG or IgM.
A solar fryer

Abstract The design and operation of a large-area frying pan heated by solar radiation is described. A mirror below the pan directs the radiation to the pan bottom, which is coated with a low-emissivity black absorber. The mirror uses flat, hexagonal panels of aluminized-Mylar to provide uniform illumination across most of the pan bottom. The mirror mount allows 8 h/day operation with a single mirror-angle adjustment, plus a seasonal mounting adjustment for full-year use. A 0.46 m (18″) diameter pan and ∼1.2 m (48″) diameter mirror are used in the prototype, which is designed for cooking 0.42 m diameter slices of injera bread in East Africa. The prototype provides ∼640 W of heating power (60% efficiency compared to the full mirror area), and loses ∼100 W while cooking the bread. This allows for cooking ∼4 kg of bread per hour. The pan preheats to the 180 °C cooking temperature in 15–20 min. Materials and design are chosen for low-cost, and the prototype US-retail materials cost is ∼100 US$. The design is scalable to any desired pan size, with cost proportional to pan area. Most of the construction requires only hand tools, encouraging production in the country of use.
The clinical spectrum and early diagnosis of Dawson's encephalitis: With preliminary notes on treatment

Dawson's encephalitis is a progressive, fatal, degenerative disease of the central nervous system due to the measles virus. The clinical course of progressive intellectual and personality changes, myoclonic seizures, and increasing neurologic deficit may progress rapidly over several weeks. Early diagnosis depends on clinical awareness and may be confirmed by electroencephalography, spinal fluid gamma globulin levels, and measles antibody titers. Early diagnosis is imperative if therapy is to result in a functional child. The preliminary results of treatment with pyran copolymer and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine are presented.
Cultural Trauma: Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity

In this book, Ron Eyerman explores the formation of the African-American identity through the theory of cultural trauma. The trauma in question is slavery, not as an institution or as personal experience, but as collective memory: a pervasive remembrance that grounded a people's sense of itself. Combining a broad narrative sweep with more detailed studies of important events and individuals, Eyerman reaches from Emancipation through the Harlem Renaissance, the Depression, the New Deal and the Second World War to the Civil Rights movement and beyond. He offers insights into the intellectual and generational conflicts of identity-formation which have a truly universal significance, as well as providing a compelling account of the birth of African-American identity. Anyone interested in questions of assimilation, multiculturalism and postcolonialism will find this book indispensable.
AMINO ACID (AA) AND CSF NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT) PROFILES IN NEONATES WITH GALACTOSEMIA (GAL)

GAL is an inborn error of galactose metabolism characterized by CNS and liver disease, cataracts and hyperaminoaciduria. The pathogenesis of cellular damage in GAL has not been defined; AA disturbances may play a role. We have studied AA in blood and CSF and the CSF AA-related NT metabolites in neonates with GAL, and have related the results to the other biochemical and the clinical disturbances. Twenty-two infants had blood AA determinations from the routine newborn screening specimen. Substantial elevations of tyrosine and phenylalanine were present in 3/5 who later became septic. Plasma AA were measured in 11/22 infants immediately prior to therapy. Tyrosine was the most conspicuously elevated (211-1515 μM; n1 70 ± 29 μM) .Less markedly elevated AA included phenylalanine, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, ornithine, lysine and histidine. Methionine was only mildly increased, while the branched-chain AA were normal. CSF AA in 5 infants reflected plasma abnormalities. There was no correlation between the degree of AA abnormality and either the severity of liver disease or the presence of cataracts. However, 2 variant infants with residual transferase activity who were phenotypically normal had normal AA profiles. CSF NT metabolites were normal in 5 infants. There appears to be a pattern of AA abnormality characteristic of neonates with classic GAL. The early CNS effect in GAL, however, seems not to be associated with AA-related NT deficiencies.
Improved surface properties of polyaniline films by blending with Pluronic polymers without the modification of the other characteristics

Abstract Films of conductive polyaniline and amphiphilic Pluronic (P105) copolymer blends were prepared by dissolving the two polymers in N -methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) followed by a slow solvent evaporation at 55 °C. The characteristics of both doped and undoped films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water droplet contact angles, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetry analysis (TG), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and tensile strength measurements. The surface of the blends became more hydrophilic than that of the hydrophobic PANI film, but the other properties of the blends did not change appreciably for Pluronic content lower than 50 wt%. Compared to PANI films, the more hydrophilic surfaces decreased the amount of bovine serum albumin protein adsorbed. By preventing biofouling, the polyaniline–Pluronic blends can become more useful as biosensors than the polyaniline films.
The origins of exploratory play

(1985). The origins of exploratory play. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 19, CHILDREN'S PLAY, pp. 3-24.
Linking phenomenon during atrial stimulation with accessory pathways

Linking is an electrophysiologic phenomenon in which each successive impulse entering a macroreentry circuit propagates preferentially along 1 limb because of the functional impedance to conduction in the contralateral limb produced by the previous impulse. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 12 patients with a bidirectionally conducting accessory pathway. Linking was analyzed while 1:1 atrioventricular conduction took place through the normal pathway. When atrial pacing (at the same cycle length) could be initiated during sinus rhythm in patients with rapidly conducting accessory pathways, linking was dynamically maintained by repetitive local refractoriness (interference). When it could be initiated during the usual type of orthodromic circus movement tachycardia, linking was sustained by actual impulse collision, the underlying mechanism having also been called entrainment. When it could be initiated during sinus rhythm in a patient with a slowly conducting accessory pathway, linking was maintained by impulse collision, but the underlying mechanism could not be called entrainment because stimulation had not been started during tachycardia. This study showed that 2 terms—linking and entrainment—may be applied to the same mechanism and, conversely, that the same name could not be used in reference to the same mechanism when pacing was initiated under different circumstances. However, using the proposed conceptual formulation for linking, it is apparent that seemingly diverse mechanisms associated with macroreentry circuits involving accessory pathways are, in fact, variations on a common electrophysiologic theme.
Therapy for syphilis.

Excerpt To the Editor:Although I accept the conclusions of Musher (1), and Lukehart and colleagues (2) concerning the treatment of syphilis in persons positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV...
Early UML Model Testing using TTCN-3 and the UML Testing Profile

Motorola has been driving the use of model-driven engineering for a number of years with good successes. Now with its drive to deploy the Unified Modelling Language (UML) version 2 for more effective development, Motorola has developed capabilities to enable the early testing of UML design models. To ensure commonality the standard testing specification and execution frameworks TTCN-3 and the UML testing profile were chosen. In doing so, a number of tools have been developed, extending both commercial and internal tools to provide an effective test capability for the early functional testing of UML design models. The same toolset can be used to test the same design on a target system after code generation. The toolset is being used by several different product groups within Motorola, and the paper reports some experience and findings, including areas where TTCN-3 can be extended.
Multimodality correlations of patellar height measurement on X-ray, CT, and MRI

Purpose To investigate whether the universally accepted range of normal patellar height ratios derived from radiography for the Insall–Salvati (IS) and Blackburne–Peel (BP) methods could be similarly applied to both CT and MRI.