cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical truss and retroreflector modeling for picometer laser metrology

Space-based astrometric interferometer concepts typically have a requirement for the measurement of the internal dimensions of the instrument to accuracies in the picometer range. While this level of resolution has already been achieved for certain special types of laser gauges, techniques for picometer-level accuracy need to be developed to enable all the various kinds of laser gauges needed for space-based interferometers. Systematic errors due to retroreflector imperfections become important as soon as the retroreflector is allowed to either translate in position or articulate in angle away from its nominal zero-point. Also, when combining several laser interferometers to form a three-dimensional laser gauge (a laser optical truss), systematic errors due to imperfect knowledge of the truss geometry are important as the retroreflector translates away from its nominal zero-point. In order to assess the astrometric performance of a proposed instrument, it is necessary to determine how the effects of an imperfect laser metrology system impact the astrometric accuracy. This paper show the development of an error propagation model from errors in the 1-D metrology measurements through the impact on the overall astrometric accuracy for OSI. Simulations are then presented based on this development which were used to define a multiplier which determines the 1-D metrology accuracy required to produce a given amount of fringe position error.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using writing to confront student misconceptions in physics

This paper discusses a particular writing strategy, called a folder activity, which is used in an introductory physics course for non-science majors at American University. The folder activity has proven to be an effective tool for students to discover their misconceptions regarding a particular concept in physics while the learning is actually taking place. This early discovery allows students to confront and deal with their misconceptions. This paper focuses on the function and usefulness of the folder activity as a learning tool. The specific elements of the folder activity are described. Finally, the role of the folder activity as an assessment tool is outlined.
Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation

Abstract The participation of individual African lions, Panthera leo , during 64 communal hunts of four prey species was measured to quantify the extent to which lions cooperate and the factors affecting the degree of cooperation. The extent of individual participation in communal hunts varied significantly. Finite mixture models were used to determine the probability that each lion's behaviour belonged to each of three strategies: ‘refraining’ (non-participation in hunts), ‘conforming’ (active participation in groups in which all individuals behaved similarly) and ‘pursuing’ (active participation in groups where individual behaviour varies). Our analysis reveals two important trends. First, males refrain more and pursue less than females. Second, refraining during a group hunt is more common during hunts of prey that appear to be easier to capture: lions are more likely to refrain during hunts of wart hog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus , and less likely to refrain during hunts of zebra, Equus burchelli , and buffalo, Syncerus caffer . Of the alternatives considered, the data indicate that refraining is ‘cheating’ and that lions exhibiting this strategy are thus exploiting the hunting behaviour of their companions. These results are discussed in the framework of a recent game-theoretical model of cooperative hunting.
Free Radical Studies by Electron-Spin Resonance of Some Derivatives of Phenothiazine

The existence of stable free-radical semiquinoid intermediates in the oxidation of several N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives of therapeutic importance has been demonstrated by means of electron-spin resonance. The spectra differ from those of the parent compound in the lack of hyperfine structure.
Effects of six carcinogens on SCE frequency and cell kinetics in cultured human lymphocytes

Abstract The BrdU-differential staining technique has been used in analyzing the effects of six carcinogens on asynchronously dividing cells. Two parameters were used to assess damage: (1) changes in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE); and (2) changes in the proportion of fluorescent patterns. Some but not all of these carcinogens produced a statistically significant change in both the distribution of fluorescent patterns (i.e. cell kinetics) and the frequency of SCE. The degree of the effect was dependent on both concentration and length of exposure. It was found that the two parameters, cell fluorescence and SCE frequency, are useful in estimating cumulative damage produced by a chemical over several divisions and could be applied to mutagen and carcinogen screening tests.
Temperature dependence of the flux-flow resistance near H sub c 2 in type-II superconductors.

Temperature dependence of flux flow resistance near critical field in type 2 superconductors
Action of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes On Their Hosts

A theory of nematode-plant relations, based on quantitative treatment of plant-parasitic nematodes and host root systems was developed, with emphasis on a separation of parasitic and pathogenic action and the effects of host root diameter. Approximations to real root systems were derived from a cylindric model, of constant volume, with length and area related to root diameter. Area was taken as the curved surface of a cylinder, exclusive of ends; since root tip area is cancelled by that portion of the parent root masked by branch root emergence. A special root model treating only the tips of branch roots and with area represented by the end of a cylinder was developed as a basis for numerical analysis of root-tip feeding nematodes. Parasitic action on the host is distinguished by sparseness of root system; pathogenic action by necrosis and growth malformation. Both parasites and pathogens extract host substance, inject enzymes to facilitate extraction and produce mechanical injury by their feeding activities; both may cause stunting and other reactions of the host. Pathogens differ intrinsically from parasites by their ability to inject toxic or incitant substances into the host. Parasites comprise more than 90 per cent of known species of plant-parasitic nematodes and involve much greater numbers of hosts and total geographical crop areas than pathogens. The theory stresses the importance of population levels, the effects on young plants, the biological control of plant-parasite nematodes, and suggests designs for basic tests of their parasitic and pathogenic action. The theory predicts that: (a) plant damage is related to diameter of roots attacked, (b) parasites are capable of causing significant crop losses, (c) certain conditions must exist before crop losses can occur, (d) resistance of small grasses to root-knot and reniform nematodes occurs because their roots are of insufficient diameter to support development and reproduction of the females.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND A TEST OF THE CURRENT INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF NOROPS (BETA ANOLIS)

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships among anoles have been much studied and difficult to unravel. Most work has focused on the Caribbean anoles, leaving the phylogenetic relationships among mainland anoles and the majority of Norops (beta Anolis) species virtually uninvestigated. A classification of series, subseries, and species groups within Norops was previously proposed and many workers in the field use this classification, despite a lack of understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Norops. This paper reviews the taxonomic history and current status of Norops taxonomy. The focus of the study was to evaluate the monophyletic status of five previously described groups of Norops: the auratus, fuscoauratus, grahami, petersi, and sagrei series. Additional subgroupings below these levels were also investigated. The existing classification was tested by examining the relationships among Norops species using nuclear ITS-1 (internal transcribed spacer) DNA sequences. These data resulted in nin...
Conceptualizing personality disorders from a general model of personality functioning: antisocial personality disorder and the five-factor model

Research suggests that personality disorders (PDs) can be conceptualized as constellations of traits from a general model of personality functioning. This research examined the ability of the five-factor model (FFM) to conceptualize antisocial PD (APD). Participants consisted of 481 21 to 22-year-old men and women who were part of the Lexington Longitudinal Study. APD was assessed by the degree of resemblance to an expert-generated APD FFM prototype, using the FFM count approach, and through the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). FFM APD was related to childhood delinquency, substance use, aggression, risky sexual behaviour, externalizing disorder symptoms, psychopathy, education and employment. The profile of these relations was very similar in shape and magnitude to results obtained using the DIS. There was also a high degree of predictive overlap between the assessments. Results were not due to personality pathology generally. These results offer support for the FFM understanding of the PDs more generally, and APD specifically. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of metal catalysts by temperature programmed desorption: II. Chemisorption of hydrogen on platinum

Abstract The chemisorption of hydrogen on a platinum black catalyst was investigated over a wide range of temperature (−196 to 400 °) by the temperature programmed desorption (TPD) technique. At least four different states of chemisorbed hydrogen on platinum were indicated by the appearance of four TPD peaks, with peak maxima at about −100, −20, 90, and 300 °. These peaks are referred to as α, β, γ, and δ, respectively, α is the weakest chemisorption and is easily removed by pumping at −100 °. β chemisorption occurs rapidly at −76 ° but cannot be removed by pumping at the same temperature, γ and δ are stronger chemisorptions and occur much more slowly at −76 °. The apparent activation energies of adsorption are about 2.8, 0.9, 0.4, and 2.1 kcal/mole, respectively, for α, β, γ, and δ. Although γ adsorption is slower than α and β at −76 °, it is the only adsorption which occurs appreciably in 10 to 15 min at −196 °, because of its smallest apparent activation energy of adsorption. When all the four types of chemisorption are established at higher temperatures and then brought to −196 °, none of the four chemisorbed forms can be removed by pumping at −196 °. Experimental results indicate that at least β, γ, and δ forms of hydrogen are interrelated to the extent that any one of these more or less retards the chemisorption of the others. It is likely, therefore, that these chemisorptions take place on the same surface but in different forms. The four chemisorptions are tentatively assigned to four different adsorption forms, two atomic and two molecular adsorptions.
65Zinc and Endogenous Zinc Content and Distribution in Islets in Relationship to Insulin Content

Uptake of 65Zn and distribution of 65Zn, total zinc, and insulin were measured in rat islets and islet granules under different conditions of islet culture. Specific activity of islet zinc (65Zn/zinc) was less than 15% that of extracellular zinc even after 48 h. In contrast, once in the islet, 65Zn approached 70% of equilibrium with granular zinc in 24 h and apparent equilibrium by 48 h. During a 24-h culture, at either high or low glucose, reduction of both islet zinc and insulin occurred. However, zinc depletion was greater than that predicted if zinc loss was proportional to insulin depletion and occurred only from the granular compartment, which represents only one third of the total islet zinc. Extension of culture to 48 h caused additional insulin depletion, but islet zinc was unchanged. Omission of calcium during the 48-h culture caused a predicted increase in insulin retention, presumably by inhibiting secretion; however, zinc retention was not increased proportionately. Pretreatment of rats with tolbutamide caused a massive depletion of insulin stored in isolated islets, with little change in total islet zinc; subsequent culture of these islets resulted in a greater loss of granular zinc than predicted from the small loss of granular insulin. None of the conditions tested affected the percentage of either 65Zn or total zinc that was distributed in the islet granules. Results show that zinc exists in a metabolically labile islet compartment(s) as well as in secretory granules; and extra-granular zinc, although not directly associated with insulin storage, may act as a reservoir for granular zinc and may regulate insulin synthesis, storage, and secretion in ways as yet unknown.
Dragonfly: strengthening programming skills by building a game engine from scratch

Computer game development has been shown to be an effective hook for motivating students to learn both introductory and advanced computer science topics. While games can be made from scratch, to simplify the programming required game development often uses game engines that handle complicated or frequently used components of the game. These game engines present the opportunity to strengthen programming skills and expose students to a range of fundamental computer science topics. While educational efforts have been effective in using game engines to improve computer science education, there have been no published papers describing and evaluating students building a game engine from scratch as part of their course work. This paper presents the Dragonfly-approach in which students build a fully functional game engine from scratch and make a game using their engine as part of a junior-level course. Details on the programming projects are presented, as well as an evaluation of the results from two offerings th...
Observations of snow and ice features during the polar winter using moonlight as a source of illumination

Sunlight reflected off the surface of the moon provides sufficient illumination for nighttime imaging of the earth from those spacecraft on which the instruments are sensitive to low light levels. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series of satellites are at present the only systems capable of furnishing visible nocturnal images of the earth from space. Features having a high albedo in the visible wavelengths, such as snow and ice, can easily be identified on moonlit nights when the moon is in the gibbous or full phases. Little information exists about the distribution of leads, fractures, and polynya on a basin-wide scale in the winter pack ice, and knowledge of oceanic and atmospheric fluxes is hindered by the limited data available in winter. The DMSP data is a relatively untapped source for observing polar regions during the winter. Using nighttime imagery is a novel way to explore polar areas during the winter months when the sun is below the horizon for much of the time.
Pain management and substance abuse: a national dilemma.

Pain is the most common reason for medical care in the United States (Vukmir, 2004), with 32.8% of the U.S. population experiencing persistent or chronic pain symptoms. Undertreatment of pain is pervasive, as Congress declared 2001 to 2010 “the decade of pain control in research” and pharmaceutical companies responded with more effective medications to fight pain. However, nonmedical use and abuse of prescription pain medication has risen at an alarming rate in the United States within the past 5 years, especially among adolescents. The number of those abusing prescription drugs exceeds even combined numbers of those abusing cocaine, heroin, inhalants, and hallucinogens. This article examines the intersection of policies addressing nonmedical use and abuse of prescription pain medications and effects of enforcement strategies and policy direction on pain patients. Alternative policy direction and enforcement strategies are discussed.
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Infertility in an Apparently Healthy 23-Year-Old Woman

### Patient: 23-year-old Caucasian female. ### Chief Complaint: The patient presented to a reproductive specialist with concerns of recurrent pregnancy loss and subsequent secondary infertility. ### Past Medical History: The patient experienced 2 unexplained miscarriages in 1 year. The first occurred at 12 weeks gestation and the other at 13 weeks. After the second miscarriage, a dilation and curettage was performed with no complications. Since this time she experienced problems with infertility. She had a history of oligo-ovulation and irregular menstrual cycles, which were treated with fertility drugs. Previous laparoscopic surgery to investigate unexplained pelvic pain revealed no abnormalities and no evidence of endometriosis. The patient denied any history of headaches, visual changes, or galactorrhea. ### Family History: She had no family history of pregnancy loss and no personal or family history of a clotting disorder or autoimmune disease. ### Physical Examination: No physical abnormalities were noted and results of a transvaginal ultrasound and hysterosalpingogram were normal. ### Principal Laboratory Findings: Table 1. 1. What is the definition …
Seismic Damage Characteristics of Cripple Walls

Abstract Significant losses were reported for wood-framed construction during past earthquakes in California due to damage or collapse of cripple walls in single-family residential buildings. A com...
An ontogenetic framework linking locomotion and trabecular bone architecture with applications for reconstructing hominin life history

Abstract The ontogeny of bipedal walking is considered uniquely challenging, due in part to the balance requirements of single limb support. Thus, locomotor development in humans and our bipedal ancestors may track developmental milestones including the maturation of the neuromuscular control system. Here, we examined the ontogeny of locomotor mechanics in children aged 1–8, and bone growth and development in an age-matched skeletal sample to identify bony markers of locomotor development. We show that step-to-step variation in mediolateral tibia angle relative to the vertical decreases with age, an indication that older children increase stability. Analyses of trabecular bone architecture in the distal tibia of an age-matched skeletal sample (the Norris Farms #36 archaeological skeletal collection) show a bony signal of this shift in locomotor stability. Using a grid of eleven cubic volumes of interest (VOI) in the distal metaphysis of each tibia, we show that the degree of anisotropy (DA) of trabecular struts changes with age. Intra-individual variation in DA across these VOIs is generally high at young ages, likely reflecting variation in loading due to kinematic instability. With increasing age, mean DA converges on higher values and becomes less variable across the distal tibia. We believe the ontogeny of distal tibia trabecular architecture reflects the development of locomotor stability in bipeds. We suggest this novel bony marker of development may be used to assess the relationship between locomotor development and other life history milestones in fossil hominins.
Small bowel obstruction due to ingested superabsorbent beads

Superabsorbent water beads have found many uses as household decorative items, crafts, and other industrial uses. We report a case of ingestion of several LiquiBlock Rainbow brand superabsorbent beads by a ten month old girl leading to small bowel obstruction requiring laparotomy and removal of the beads.
Amino acid sequence determination of Ancrod, the thrombin-like α-fibrinogenase from the venom of Akistrodon rhodostoma

The thrombin-like serine protease and antithrombotic agent. Ancrod, was rapidly purified from the crude venom of Akistradon rhodostoma by agmatine-Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by MonoQ anion exchange chromatography. N-Terminal sequencing and analysis of overlapping proteolytic fragments of purified Ancrod by automated Edman degradation in combination with tandem mass spectroscopy allowed the determination of the 234 amino acid sequence of the protease. Glycosylation sites at all five canonical N-linked glycosylation sites were inferred from the appearance of blank sequencer cycles in the amino acid sequence and were confirmed by mass spectroscopic analysis of the N-glycanase-treated peptides. Monoclonal antibodies raised against the denatured protein and HF-deglycosylated protein recognized Ancrod on Western blots. Sequence comparison to other thrombin-like serine proteases and reptilian fibrinogenases revealed a number of similarities, most notably the catalytic triad and many conserved cysteine positions.
Indeterminism and the Causal Markov Condition

The causal Markov condition (CMC) plays an important role in much recent work on the problem of causal inference from statistical data. It is commonly thought that the CMC is a more problematic assumption for genuinely indeterministic systems than for deterministic ones. In this essay, I critically examine this proposition. I show how the usual motivation for the CMC-that it is true of any acyclic, deterministic causal system in which the exogenous variables are independent-an be extended to the indeterministic case. In light of this result, I consider several arguments for supposing indeterminism a particularly hostile environment for the CMC, but conclude that none are persuasive.
Nitrogen Fixation as a Stress-Avoidance Strategy Among Actinorhizal (Non-Legume) Trees and Shrubs

Summary Actinorhizal species of trees and shrubs are a diverse group of plants that may survive in poor soils by virtue of their associations with the actinomycete Frankia. These species include several important woody plants that are well suited for horticultural use in temperate climates. The symbiosis between Frankia and actinorhizal species shows some similarity to symbioses between rhizobia and woody legumes, and a common ancestor has been proposed for the predisposition to root-nodule symbiosis. Despite their probable common origin, important differences exist between actinorhizal and leguminous symbioses; characteristics of the microsymbiont, nodule architecture, and mechanisms controlling oxygen relations of the nodule are among the ways the two systems differ. If nitrogen fixation is sustained under unfavorable conditions, woody plants that associate with nitrogen-fixing organisms may show enhanced tolerance of environmental stress; species of plants capable of nitrogen-fixing symbioses are known...
Worms as a Substitute for Rodents in Toxicology: Acute Toxicity of Three Nickel Compounds

In a continuing investigation of the use of the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) as test subjects for metal toxicity, three nickel salts were evaluated. Saline solutions of either the chloride, the sulfate, or the acetate were injected into the coelom of the worm. Care was taken not to enter the gastrointestinal tract. The acute toxicities were determined by graphical methods using probit paper. The most consistent results were found when lethality was measured at 48 h rather than 24 h. The 48-h LD50 values for the different salts of nickel are as follows: chloride, 52 mg/kg; sulfate, 54 mg/kg; and acetate, 69 mg/kg. The ratios of toxicity of nickel acetate to the chloride and sulfate salts in the worms are similar to those ratios noted in mice. The European Economic Commission (EEC) now suggests using earthworms for toxicity testing for legislation purposes.
Results of Treatment One Year Later: Child and Adolescent Partial Hospitalization

ABSTRACT Objective One criticism of academicians is that they evaluate and disseminate outcome studies based more on the value and merit of the research design than on the utility of the findings for improving clinical practice. Increasing pressure on programs to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral health care is transitioning outcome measurement from the exclusive domain of the researcher toward the clinical/organizational domain. To explore the multiple applications of such clinical outcome data, this article presents the results from a study of 114 patients completing treatment in two child and adolescent partial hospital programs. Method Four areas define the scope of clinical outcome measurement pertinent to partial hospitalization: changes in the patient's clinical status, changes in the patient's level of daily functioning, impact on the utilization of behavioral health services after discharge, and patient/family satisfaction with treatment. Using these four domains, this study compares data assessed at admission and at 1 year post discharge. Results Analyses used paired t tests primarily to measure change between admission and 1 year after discharge. Overall, the data show improvement in general functioning that remains evident up to 1 year post discharge. Conclusions Finding positive results in specific areas emphasized therapeutically—such as family functioning and use of community-based mental health resources after discharge, and the parent's attribution of improvement to experiences in treatment—provides justification for relating improvement to the treatment episode.
HER2 gene amplification and EGFR expression in a large cohort of surgically staged patients with nonendometrioid (type II) endometrial cancer

Type II endometrial cancers (uterine serous papillary and clear cell histologies) represent rare but highly aggressive variants of endometrial cancer (EC). HER2 and EGFR may be differentially expressed in type II EC. Here, we evaluate the clinical role of HER2 and EGFR in a large cohort of surgically staged patients with type II (nonendometrioid) EC and compare the findings with those seen in a representative cohort of type I (endometrioid) EC. In this study HER2 gene amplification was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 279 patients with EC (145 patients with type I and 134 patients with type II EC). All patients were completely surgically staged and long-term clinical follow up was available for 258 patients. The rate of HER2 gene amplification was significantly higher in type II EC compared with type I EC (17 vs 1%, P<0.001). HER2 gene amplification was detected in 17 and 16% of the cases with uterine serous papillary and clear cell type histology, respectively. In contrast, EGFR expression was significantly lower in type II compared with type I EC (34 vs 46%, P=0.041). EGFR expression but not HER2 gene amplification was significantly associated with poor overall survival in patients with type II EC, (EGFR, median survival 20 vs 33 months, P=0.028; HER2, median survival 18 vs 29 months, P=0.113) and EGFR expression retained prognostic independence when adjusting for histology, stage, grade, and age (EGFR, P=0.0197; HER2, P=0.7855). We conclude that assessment of HER2 gene amplification and/or EGFR expression may help to select type II EC patients who could benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting both HER2 and EGFR.
Accurate numerical solutions for transonic viscous flow over finite wings

An explicit multistage Runge-Kutta type of time-stepping scheme is used to solve the three-dimensional, compressible, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. A finite-volume formulation is employed to facilitate treatment of complex grid topologies encountered in three-dimensional calculations. Convergence to steady state is expedited through the use of acceleration techniques. Further numerical efficiency is achieved through yectorization of the computer code. The accuracy of the overall scheme is evaluated by comparing the computed solutions with the experimental data for a finite wing under different test conditions in the transonic regime. A grid refinement study is conducted to estimate the grid requirements for adequate resolution of salient features of such flows.
Esophageal perforation after placement of wireless Bravo pH probe

Prolonged, ambulatory monitoring of esophageal pH is important in the management of patients with atypical or refractory GERD. Traditionally, transnasal catheters are used to monitor esophageal pH, but patient comfort and modification of diet and activity may influence test reliability. TheBravopHmonitoring system (Medtronic Inc., Shoreview, Minn) is a catheter-free radiotelemetric antimony pH capsule that is attached to the esophageal mucosa. The capsule is connected to a delivery system that is designed for transoral, transnasal, or endoscopic attachment. This device is comparable to the conventional catheter system and studies have demonstrated patient tolerability with minimal complications. This is a report of an esophageal perforation that occurred during placement of the Bravo pH catheter delivery system.
NORMAL STATE RESISTIVITY OF SINGLE CRYSTALLINE V3Si AS A FUNCTION OF NEUTRON IRRADIATION

Analysis of the normal state resistivity of a neutron damaged single crystal of V/sub 3/Si shows two different regions of behavior: one for T/sub c/ equal to or greater than 10/sup 0/K and another for T/sub c/ equal to or less than 10/sup 0/K.
Measurement invariance of the SF-12 across European-American, Latina, and African-American postpartum women.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a postpartum-specific version of the SF-12 was invariant across three ethnic groups. Specifically, we examined the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) among European-American, Latina, and African-American mothers. DIF refers to differential endorsement of item responses that are not due to the construct being measured. DIF can result in biased group comparisons. We analyzed cross-sectional data of postpartum women (n = 655) who delivered at an urban hospital in the northeast region of the USA. Multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model was used to examine differential item functioning. The analyses revealed the presence of DIF for three items: Item 1 “self-assessed general health,” item 8 “bodily pain,” and item 9 “calm and peaceful.” Only two DIF effects were meaningful based on odds ratios and on the percentage of the total effect accounted for by the DIF effect. Specifically, African-American women differentially endorsed item 8 “bodily pain” when compared to European-American women (OR = 2.11, CI95 = 1.20, 3.71) and Latinas were more likely to endorse item 9 “calm and peaceful” when compared to European-American women (OR = 2.62, CI95 = 1.64, 4.17). The results of this study indicate that the SF-12 is to a great degree an invariant measure for the assessment of HRQoL among postpartum ethnically diverse women. More research is needed to examine other aspects of invariance (e.g., configural and metric) and longitudinal invariance in ethnically diverse samples. To better understand ethnic differences in health, future studies need to examine the factors that may underlie DIF effects in quality of life.
Reliability and Validity Evidence for the Institutional Integration Scale

The Institutional Integration Scale is claimed to measure five facets of college student academic and social integration. The scale was based on Tinto’s model of college student withdrawal. Psychometric properties of the scale were examined based on a sample of 1st-year college students. These results led to item revisions and additions. The scale was administered to a second sample of 1st-year college students. The final 34-item instrument showed improved psychometric properties. The revised scale scores had satisfactory internal consistency reliability and intercorrelations among the subscales and with the total scale. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the original theoretical model may be problematic. Revisions to the model resulted in improved fit.
Differential endothelial cell gene expression by African Americans versus Caucasian Americans: a possible contribution to health disparity in vascular disease and cancer.

Health disparities and the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease continue to be perplexing worldwide health challenges. This study addresses the possibility that genetic differences affecting the biology of the vascular endothelium could be a factor contributing to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease and cancer among African Americans (AA) compared to Caucasian Americans (CA). From self-identified, healthy, 20 to 29-year-old AA (n = 21) and CA (n = 17), we established cultures of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) and applied microarray profiling. BOEC have never been exposed to in vivo influences, and their gene expression reflects culture conditions (meticulously controlled) and donor genetics. Significance Analysis of Microarray identified differential expression of single genes. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis examined expression of pre-determined gene sets that survey nine biological systems relevant to endothelial biology. At the highly stringent threshold of False Discovery Rate (FDR) = 0, 31 single genes were differentially expressed in AA. PSPH exhibited the greatest fold-change (AA > CA), but this was entirely accounted for by a homolog (PSPHL) hidden within the PSPH probe set. Among other significantly different genes were: for AA > CA, SOS1, AMFR, FGFR3; and for AA CA) for 46/157 genes within that system. Many of the genes implicated here have substantial roles in endothelial biology. Shear stress response, a critical regulator of endothelial function and vascular homeostasis, may be different between AA and CA. These results potentially have direct implications for the role of endothelial cells in vascular disease (hypertension, stroke) and cancer (via angiogenesis). Also, they are consistent with our over-arching hypothesis that genetic influences stemming from ancestral continent-of-origin could impact upon endothelial cell biology and thereby contribute to disparity of vascular-related disease burden among AA. The method used here could be productively employed to bridge the gap between information from structural genomics (for example, disease association) and cell function and pathophysiology.
Mormonism, Free Agency, and Free Press/Speech: A Study of Consequences and Choices

This study examines the confluence of free or moral agency in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church or Church) as it interacts in U.S. society with the First Amendment to the Constitution (freedom of the press and speech). The major finding of this study is that this control over choices, the responsibility to live by the consequences, is the bridge between free agency and the ability to report the news and speak our minds in a relatively free manner. The method for this study was interviewing conducted by graduate students in the Department of Communications at Brigham Young University of 19 individuals in the media who had knowledge of both First Amendment rights and the principles of free or moral agency in the religion of the Mormon Church.
A soft lithography route to nanopatterned photovoltaic devices

We have fabricated bulk heterojunction photovoltaic (PV) cells using a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) elastomeric stamp to control the morphology of the donor-acceptor interface within devices. Devices were fabricated using the Pattern Replication In Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) process to have nanoscale control over the bulk heterojunction device architecture. The low-surface energy, chemically resistant, variable modulus, fluoropolymer based molds used in PRINT provide a route to patterning, with nanometer resolution, general polymeric donor materials such as polythiophene and polyphenylenevinylene derivatives and 'hard' inorganic oxide structures typically used as acceptor materials in hybrid organic solar cells such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdSe. This "top-down" approach allows for patterning over large areas and for the functionalization of the donor/acceptor interface. Specifically, nanostructured anatase titania with post-like features ranging from 30-100 nm in diameter and 30-65 nm in height was fabricated to form the ordered bulk heterojunction of a titania-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) PV-cell. Nanostructured devices showed a two-fold improvement in both short-circuit current (J sc ) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) relative to reference bilayer cells. Additionally, we will discuss devices fabricated with other organic and inorganic materials in order to investigate the effect on cell performance of controlling the nanoscale architecture of the bulk heterojunction via patterning.
THE RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OF STATUS GROUPS IN PUERTO RICO'S METROPOLITAN AREAS

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of residential segregation of status groups in Puerto Rico’s three metropolitan areas. The findings showed that in all three areas: (1) as the social status distance between groups increases so too does the degree of dissimilarity of their residential distributions; (2) the status groups most residentially segregated are those at the top and at the bottom of the status pyramid; (3) the pattern of residential centralization of status groups for Ponce and Mayaguez are such that the highest status groups are the most centralized while the lowest status groups are the most decentralized, but in San Juan it is the highest status groups that are the most decentralized and the lowest status groups that are the most centralized. The data are from the 1960 census. Indicators of status employed are education, occupation, and income. Differences in findings about centralization between San Juan and the other cities are explained in terms of differential economic development.
Persistent fifth aortic arch in a patient with a history of intrauterine thalidomide exposure

Persistence of the fifth aortic arch is a very rare congenital anomaly often associated with various other congenital cardiac and aortic abnormalities. It is important to be aware of this anomaly and not confuse it with other aortic pathology.
Implementation of Porous Media Formulation for Geomaterials

The mechanical behavior of saturated geomaterials is largely governed by the interaction of the solid skeleton with the fluids present in the pore structure. Traditional geotechnical analyses, commonly based on simplified effective stress theories, fail to fully describe the behavior of saturated porous materials. Hence, it has become necessary to use more robust and complete formulations. In this context, the use of multiphase theories appears to be an alternative and more appropriate approach. In this work, the governing equations of a porous media interacting with immiscible porous fluids are presented in the light of the theory of mixtures. A generalized Galekin procedure is devised to establish the coupled mixed finite-element equation set with u-p-U form. An unconditionally stable implicit solution procedure is used for the time domain numerical solution. Finally, a recently developed constitutive model based on the fuzzy set plasticity concept is described and implemented in the finite-element tool...
Surface flaw in a pressurised and thermally-shocked hollow cylinder

Abstract The first part of this paper deals with stress intensity factors of a semi-elliptical crack, with a third order polynomial pressure distribution in a finite thickness flat plate. These solutions are determined by the alternating technique in three-dimensional fracture mechanics where both the front and back surface effects of the flat plate are accounted for. The second part is concerned with the applications of these solutions in deriving approximate solutions for a semi-elliptical crack in a pressurised cylinder and in a thermally-shocked cylinder. Curvature effects of the cylinder are estimated from two-dimensional finite element solutions of fix-gripped single-edge notched plates with prescribed crack pressure and single-edge notched cylinders with the same prescribed crack pressure. The stress intensity factors of a pressurised semi-elliptical crack in a flat plate are modified by this curvature correction factor to yield an estimate of the stress intensity factors of semi-elliptical cracks in a pressurised or thermally-shocked cylinder, with outer to inner diameter ratios ranging from 10:9 to 3:2 at crack depths of 0·4 to 0·8.
Within-die variation-aware dynamic-voltage-frequency scaling core mapping and thread hopping for an 80-core processor

Many-core processors with on-die network-on-chip (NoC) interconnects have emerged as viable architectures for Single-Instruction/Multiple-Data (SIMD) vector applications and parallel workloads, and have been implemented in 65nm CMOS with Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling (DVFS). Chips with Single-Voltage/Single-Frequency (SVSF) for all cores running homogeneous threads as well as Multiple-Voltage/Multiple-Frequency (MVMF), running heterogeneous applications and using independent V/F control for each core, have been reported. Combination of DVFS with dynamic core-count scaling (or DVFCS) has been proposed to further improve performance & energy efficiency across varying workloads. With technology scaling, both leakage power and core-to-core variations in frequency (Fmax) & leakage due to within-die device parameter variations have become significant, thus creating the need for per-core power gating and variation-aware DVFCS. Recently, variation-aware core mapping has been investigated using high level architectural simulations and statistical variation models.
A Randomized, Evaluator‐Blinded Comparison of Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Gel and Avian‐Sourced Hylan B Plus Gel for Correction of Nasolabial Folds

BACKGROUND Five hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, biodegradable dermal fillers are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the correction of moderate to severe facial wrinkles and folds. Because satisfactory initial correction can be obtained with all these agents, duration of cosmetic correction is an important distinguishing characteristic. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the efficacy and duration of treatment effects of HA gel and hylan B plus gel for the cosmetic correction of nasolabial folds. METHODS Fifteen patients with prominent nasolabial folds were randomized to treatment with HA gel and hylan B plus gel on contralateral sides of the face. Wrinkle severity and global aesthetic improvement were assessed by patients and a blinded evaluating investigator. Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale scores and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores on both facial sides were assessed 2 weeks, 3 months, 4.5 months, and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale scores and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores were significantly higher for HA gel at 3, 4.5, and 6 months as assessed by both patients and evaluating investigator. CONCLUSION Both HA gel and hylan B plus gel provide dermal augmentation of nasolabial folds. The magnitude and duration of nasolabial fold correction appear to be greater for the HA gel than for the hylan B plus gel.
Intracerebral hemorrhage and head trauma: Common effects and common mechanisms of injury

Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a devastating condition with 30-day mortality rates of 35% to 52%. Until the pathophysiology of this condition is better understood, it will not be possible to develop effective therapies. Studies of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with acute ICH show similar abnormalities to those that occur in patients with traumatic brain injury, thus raising the question of whether there are common mechanisms of injury shared by the 2 conditions. In both ICH and traumatic brain injury, there is an early reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen without ischemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and transient focal increases in regional glucose metabolism that occur after a few days. ICH and traumatic brain injury share barotrauma from pressure waves that propagate through the intracranial contents as a common mechanism of brain injury. Recent data demonstrating contralateral hemispheric damage in patients with acute ICH provide further support for this theory of common injury mechanisms.
Synergistic role for pituitary growth hormone in the regulation of hepatic estrogen and progesterone receptors and vitellogenesis in female freshwater turtles, Chrysemys picta.

Previous studies using the freshwater turtle Chrysemys picta have demonstrated that estradiol, progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and growth hormone (GH) regulate hepatic vitellogenin synthesis, suggesting a multihormonal regulation of vitellogenesis in the turtle. In this study we further investigated the interaction between estradiol-17β (E) and growth hormone in the regulation of vitellogenin (vtg) in hypophysectomized post-reproductive female turtles (C. picta). Northern blot analysis was used to monitor the changes in vtg mRNA, ER mRNA, and PR mRNA expression; Western blot to determine changes in PR isoform expression and a homologous ELISA for measurement of plasma vtg. Compared to sham-operated controls, hypophysectomy did not reduce the hepatic levels of any parameters below the seasonal norm. Changes in these parameters in hypophysectomized animals after administration of GH alone, estrogen alone, or GH in combination with estrogen were well correlated. The effect of estrogen alone was greater than that of GH, and elevated all end-points analyzed. With the exception of plasma vitellogenin, the effect of GH plus estrogen was significantly greater than either hormone alone. In contrast to changes in ER mRNA, vtg mRNA, and vtg protein, the effect of estrogen and GH plus estrogen treatments on PRA mRNA and PRC mRNA, although significant, was relatively modest. However, changes in PRA and PRB protein were large (5- to 10-fold), and of similar magnitude to the changes in ER mRNA, vtg mRNA, and plasma vtg. Further, PRA and PRB protein levels appeared to be differentially affected. Thus, in sham and normal animals, only PRB was detected, and the levels were similar. After GH administration, PRB increased 4- to 5-fold, and PRA became detectable. Estrogen increased both isoforms of PR equally (approximately 6-fold), and some synergism was apparent when the two hormones were administered together, PR levels being the highest in this group (about an 8-fold increase). The results suggest that although estrogen is the primary regulatory factor involved in activation of vitellogenin synthesis, basal levels of all primary components of signaling pathways involved in vitellogenesis measured here may be maintained in the absence of either estrogen or GH, and that GH alone can activate transcription of some of these important transcription factors.
Tortuosity of the descending thoracic aorta simulating dissection on transesophageal echocardiography

In an 80-year-old patient with syncope, a markedly tortuous descending thoracic aorta produced images on transesophageal echocardiography which were suggestive of an intimal flap caused by dissection. A magnetic resonance aortogram clearly showed that the transesophageal echocardiogram was a false positive. In addition, multiplanar reconstructed images of the magnetic resonance aortogram through the tortuous descending thoracic aorta could reproduce images similar to that seen by transesophageal echocardiography. Because transesophageal echocardiography has become a popular imaging modality for the detection of aortic dissection, it is essential for echocardiographers to be aware of possible pitfalls which may create false positive findings.