cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reappearance of dynamic hyperphagia during the static phase in medial hypothalamic lesioned rats.

Abstract Female rats overate and became obese following electrolytic lesions of the medial hypothalamus. While every animal displayed the characteristic dynamic-static hyperphagic syndrome, not all of them maintained a permanent static phase. After many weeks or months of maintaining body weight at an elevated obese plateau with near-normal food consumption, several of the rats which had at least doubled their preoperative body weight displayed a spontaneous renewal of hyperphagia that was longer lasting and nearly equal in amplitude to the initial dynamic phase. Only one of the less obese animals displayed the phenomenon. The sudden increases in food intake and body weight were not due to a change in diet or any of the other variables which are known to influence the eating habits of obese lesioned rats.
Application of multivariate curve resolution analysis to FTIR kinetics data

Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis has been utilized to extract spectra-like factors and concentration-related scores from Fourier transform infrared data sets. The infrared data sets are from the curing of a bismaleimide. The data and accompanying analysis are used to identify the curing temperature and the optimum experimental conditions for the curing. The MCR analysis provides a straightforward approach to assessing the data, unravels overlapping bands in the raw data, and assists in gaining insight to the chemistry of the curing of the bismaleimide of Cyanacure.
Analytical methods for the study of urinary thioether metabolites in the rat and guinea pig

Abstract Methods are described for the isolation and identification of three classes of bivalent sulfur metabolites characterized as neutral methylthio ethers, ethyl acetate-soluble acidic thioethers and ethyl acetate-insoluble acidic thioethers from rat and guinea pig urine. After extraction of the metabolites by the ammonium carbonate—ethyl acetate procedure, the individual metabolites are separated by capillary gas chromatography and/or by high-performance liquid chromatography with both μBondapak C 18 and Porasil columns. Identification of the metabolites is based on gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (electron impact) and on fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Interesting species differences in metabolism were observed. The major ethyl acetate-soluble acidic thioethers in rat urine are mercapturic acids. In contrast, in the guinea pig a new pathway involving mercaptopyruvic, mercaptolactic and mercaptoacetic acids is operative. The thioether metabolites of styrene oxide and phenanthrene are described, but the procedures have been applied in studies of several drugs and environmental chemicals in our laboratory.
The catalytic hydrodechlorination of mono-, di- and trichlorobenzenes over supported nickel

Abstract The gas phase hydrodechlorination (HDC) of chlorobenzene (CB), chlorotoluene(s) (CT), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), dichlorobenzene(s) (DCB) and trichlorobenzene(s) (TCB) over the temperature range 473 K ≤T≤573 K has been studied using 1.5% and 6.1% (w/w) Ni/SiO2 catalysts; the catalytic data have been obtained in the absence of any appreciable short-term deactivation. HDC of DCB and TCB generated the partially or the fully dechlorinated aromatic product + HCl and there was no significant cyclohexene or cyclohexane in the effluent stream. The conversion of mono-chloroarenes yielded the following reactivity sequence CB
The opposite effects of doxorubicin on bone marrow stem cells versus breast cancer stem cells depend on glucosylceramide synthase

Myelosuppression and drug resistance are common adverse effects in cancer patients with chemotherapy, and those severely limit the therapeutic efficacy and lead treatment failure. It is unclear by which cellular mechanism anticancer drugs suppress bone marrow, while drug-resistant tumors survive. We report that due to the difference of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), catalyzing ceramide glycosylation, doxorubicin (Dox) eliminates bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and expands breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). It was found that Dox decreased the numbers of BMSCs (ABCG2+) and the sphere formation in a dose-dependent fashion in isolated bone marrow cells. In tumor-bearing mice, Dox treatments (5 mg/kg, 6 days) decreased the numbers of BMSCs and white blood cells; conversely, those treatments increased the numbers of BCSCs (CD24−/CD44+/ESA+) more than threefold in the same mice. Furthermore, therapeutic-dose of Dox (1 mg/kg/week, 42 days) decreased the numbers of BMSCs while it increased BCSCs in vivo. Breast cancer cells, rather than bone marrow cells, highly expressed GCS, which was induced by Dox and correlated with BCSC pluripotency. These results indicate that Dox may have opposite effects, suppressing BMSCs versus expanding BCSCs, and GCS is one determinant of the differentiated responsiveness of bone marrow and cancer cells.
American political futures: In conversation with Elaine Kamarck and Robert Reich

Leading US Democrats and former White House insiders Elaine C Kamarck and Robert B Reich break down the US presidential election and the prospects for a less divided America – politically and economically – in Obama's second term.
Radiotherapy for patients with medically inoperable Stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: smaller volumes and higher doses--a review.

Background: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. However, there is a group of patients who are medically inoperable and are treated with radiotherapy alone. This review summarizes findings from published series of radiotherapy for patients with medically inoperable Stage I lung carcinoma. Methods: A literature search was used to identify studies of treatment with radiotherapy alone for patients with medically inoperable Stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Ten studies that utilized megavoltage irradiation to doses of >55 gray (Gy) in conventional fractionation were selected for analysis. Results: Radiotherapy doses were similar throughout the series, with a median dose of 60-66 Gy. However, treatment volumes varied considerably, from small "postage stamp" fields to comprehensive lymph node coverage. Averaging the results of these studies showed that approximately 15% of patients will be long term survivors, 25% will die of intercurrent disease, 30% will die of distant metastatic disease and 30% will die after local failure only. Eight of ten series report Grade 3-5 complications occurring in <2% of patients. Analysis of treatment factors affecting survival revealed a consistent benefit of higher radiotherapy doses in terms of local control or disease free survival. No benefit from prophylactic lymph node irradiation was demonstrated. Conclusions: Despite the infirm nature of patients with medically inoperable Stage I lung carcinoma, the majority will ultimately die of uncontrolled lung carcinoma. Because complications are uncommon after doses of 60-66 Gy, trials of dose escalation to limited fields are indicated for patients with medically inoperable nonsmall cell carcinoma in an attempt to improve overall survival.
Electron energy deposition in N2 gas

The processes by which energetic electrons lose energy in a weakly ionized gas of molecular nitrogen are analyzed and calculations are carried out taking into account the discrete nature of the excitation processes. The excitation, ionization, dissociation and heating efficiencies are computed for energies up to 200 eV absorbed in a gas with fractional ionizations varying from 10(-6) to 10(-2). Individual vibrational excitations up to the seventh vibrational level are presented.
The Functional Endoscopic Approach to Inflammatory Sinus Disease: Current Perspectives and Technique Modifications:

Endoscopic examination and pleuridirectional polytomography provided some important insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory sinus disease. These insights have been further refined by the inc...
Detecting changes in trends in water quality using modified Kendall's tau

A method for testing the equivalence of two modified Kendall's tau nonparametric correlation coefficients, neither necessarily equal to zero, is presented. Several estimators of the variance taumod were evaluated using simulation. A bootstrap estimate, the standard null-case variance estimate, and a delta method variance estimate are shown to provide reasonable estimates in different circumstances. The results of a power study are also given, including a comparison with the test of equivalence of two Pearson correlation coefficients. The variance estimators and their corresponding Wald-type tests were studied under different conditions, including the presence of varying degrees of serial correlation, different distributions, and different percentages of tied data. The power study revealed that in the presence of serial correlation, a new method for estimating variance, called the effective sample size bootstrap, allowed the hypothesis test to consistently hold its level while no other method of estimating the variance did. Finally, through the use of an example, it is demonstrated how this test can be used to detect changes in trend of water-quality variables over time. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folding, Self-Assembly, and Bulk Material Properties of a De Novo Designed Three-Stranded β-Sheet Hydrogel

A de novo designed three-stranded β-sheet (TSS1) has been prepared that undergoes temperature-induced folding and self-assembly to afford a network of β-sheet rich fibrils that constitutes a mechanically rigid hydrogel. Circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopies show that TSS1 folds and self-assembles into a β-sheet secondary structure in response to temperature. Rheological measurements show that the resulting hydrogels are mechanically rigid [at pH 9, G′ = 1750−9000 Pa, and at pH 7.4, G′ = 8500 Pa] and that the storage modulus can be modulated by temperature and peptide concentration. Nanoscale structure analysis by transmission electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering indicate that the hydrogel network is comprised of fibrils that are about 3 nm in width, consistent with the width of TSS1 in the folded state. A unique property of the TSS1 hydrogel is its ability to shear-thin into a low viscosity gel upon application of shear stress and immediately recover its mechanical rigidity upon...
Oceanography: a marine nitrogen cycle fix?

Some of our suppositions about the marine nitrogen cycle may be wrong. An innovative analysis of nutrients at the ocean's surface reveals a feedback mechanism that might hold the whole cycle in balance.
Skin cancer screening—a local experience

During a local voluntary Melanoma/Skin Cancer Detection Week, 983 participants were screened with 356 (36%) referrals made to exclude possible malignancy of the skin. The median age of the screened participants was 59 years, with actinic keratosis (62%) the most common referral diagnosis. Referrals for presumptive clinical diagnoses of basal cell carcinomas and malignant melanomas numbered 28% and 8%, respectively. Through the support of the local media and a central organized format, local skin cancer detection programs can successfully screen large numbers of participants. These examinations provide maximum visibility for dermatologists while meeting the primary goals of early disease detection and enhancing public awareness of skin cancer and the harmful effects of actinic radiation.
Cocaine Up-regulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter Requires Threonine 30 Phosphorylation by p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

The norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) regulates NE signaling by rapidly clearing synaptic NE. Cocaine binds NET and modulates NE transport. These actions contribute to rewarding effects and abuse liability of cocaine. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades is implicated in cocaine-induced neuroadaptations. However, the role of MAPK and the mechanisms involved in cocaine modulation of NET are not clear. Acute intra-peritoneal injections of cocaine (20 mg/kg body weight) to rats resulted in increased NE uptake by prefrontal cortex (PFC) synaptosomes with a parallel increase in the surface expression of endogenous NET. Cocaine also enhanced the immunoreactivity of phospho-p38 MAPK in the PFC synaptosomes without affecting the total p38 MAPK. In vitro cocaine (30–50 μm) treatment of rat PFC synaptosomes increased native NET function, surface expression, and phosphorylation in a manner sensitive to p38 MAPK inhibition by PD169316. We next examined cocaine-elicited effects on wild-type human NET (hNET) expressed heterologously in human placental trophoblast cells to gain more insights into the mechanisms involved. Cocaine treatment of hNET expressing human placental trophoblast cells up-regulated the function, surface expression, and phosphorylation of hNET in a PD169316-sensitive manner. In addition, cocaine inhibited constitutive endocytosis of hNET. Mutational analysis of serine and threonine residues revealed that substitution of threonine 30, located at the amino terminus of hNET with alanine (T30A-hNET), abolished cocaine-induced up-regulation of NET function, surface expression, and phosphorylation. Furthermore, cocaine did not alter T30A-hNET endocytosis. These studies identify a novel molecular mechanism that cocaine-activated p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of NET-T30 dictates surface NET availability, and hence, NE transport.
Parameter Studies on Rotational and Translational Accelerations of Flat Plates

Abstract : We compare a broad range of transient translations, and a smaller collection of transient rotations, of flat plates of aspect ratio 2, 4, and nominally 2D, tracking lift and drag coefficients vs. motion history, for a range of acceleration profiles and motion modalities, and for Reynolds numbers from 14 through 10,000. Kinematics include a translational acceleration, consisting of a linear ramp in velocity vs. convective time, starting from rest and with fixed incidence angle; a pitch about various chordwise pivot points in constant free-stream; a combination of the two, with both pitch and translational acceleration; a plunging motion in steady free stream; and finally, a rotational acceleration, where the plate is again initially at rest and accelerates azimuthally to some steady rotational speed. Accelerations cover reduced frequencies from K = pi/48 to pi/4. Noncirculatory loads vary as the square of the reduced frequency, and are particularly pronounced during smoothing-transients applied to linear ramps. For the cases of pitching and combined pitching and translational acceleration, moving the pitch pivot point aft delays leading edge vortex production and attenuates lift. At Re = 10,000 lift and drag histories are essentially identical for the translational acceleration case. The same is true for the rotational acceleration case, implying that the net aerodynamic force is wall-normal.While we do not presently aspire to comprehensive reconciliation of the extant literature, the aim is to build a large parameter-library of cases using comparatively topical techniques (direct force measurement and flow visualization by dye injection) to compare translational and rotational motions, to then prompt deeper study of a few expository cases. The work is part of the NATO AVT-202 Task Group, Extension of Fundamental Flow Physics for Practical MAV Aerodynamics , and as such aims towards basis for computational validation and investigation of experimental parameters.
Multivariate measures of similarity and niche overlap

Niche overlap measures are used to assess the similarity in resource use by two species. Recently researchers have used niche overlap measures as summary measures and for making inferences, typically about competition for resources. The problem of estimating niche overlap when the niches are multivariate normal distributions with equal covariance matrices has previously been studied. In this work, the assumption of equal covariance matrices is relaxed. Two general measures of similarity are evaluated assuming general multivariate normal distributions. Commonly used measures of overlap are given as special cases of these two general measures. The question of bias in estimating these measures is discussed and shown to be a potential problem, especially when there are many redundant variables or if sample sizes are small.
Using ILIAC to Systematically Plan and Implement a Library Information Literacy Assessment Program for Freshman Classes

In order to prepare for the 2013 SACS reaffirmation, the Joyner Library instruction librarians developed a systematic assessment program using Oakleaf's Information Literacy Instruction Assessment Cycle (ILIAC) to plan for instruction, assess student learning and improve future student learning by reviewing data and enacting changes. The paper outlines the systematic development, implementation, assessment, and improvement of an information literacy instruction assessment program for freshman classes over a three-year period from 2008 to 2011. It also analyzes student learning outcomes assessment data from 1,956 freshman students using quizzes and formative assessment during the 2010–11 school year.
Non-linear incentives, plan design, and flood mitigation: the case of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's community rating system

A basic proposition of ‘agency theory’ is that output-based performance incentives encourage greater effort. However, studies find that incentive schemes can distort effort if rewards for performance are discrete or non-linear. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Community Rating System (CRS) is a flood mitigation programme with a non-linear incentive design. Under this programme, localities are incentivised to implement a mix of 18 flood mitigation activities. Each activity is performance scored, with accumulated scores corresponding to a percent discount on flood insurance premiums for residents that hold National Flood Insurance policies. Discounts range from 0 to 45% and increase discretely in increments of 5%. With multivariate statistical and Geographic Information Systems analytic techniques, tests are made to find whether observed changes in annual CRS scores for participating localities in Florida are explained by non-linear incentives, adjusting for hydrologic conditions, flood disa...
When do short cycles generate the cycle space

Let G = (V, E) be a graph with arbitrary (perturbed) edge weights and let C(e) denote the shortest cycle containing the edge e. It is easy to show that the cycles in {C(e) | e ∈ E} are not only independent (over GF(2)) but are also contained in the cycle basis of minimum weight. We characterize, in several ways, those graphs for which {C(e) | e ∈ E} is a cycle basis (hence, the cycle basis of minimum weight) for every perturbed edge weighting. For example, these are the planar graphs such that no dual graph has two non-adjacent nodes connected by three internally node-disjoint paths. Another characterization shows that these graphs can be obtained from cycles, bonds, and K4′s by a special type of 2-sum operation; this leads to a linear time recognition algorithm for this class.
Honeywell Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

The Honeywell HG1930, is a Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that measures angular rates and linear accelerations. It was specifically designed for navigation, control, and platform stabilization of numerous tactical applications. The HG1930's extremely small package size, light weight, and low power make it ideal for guidance and control of UAVs, projectiles, missiles, and munitions. Pinnacle to the outstanding tactical performance of the HG1930 is Honeywell's designed, developed, and manufactured MEMS gyros and accelerometers. In addition, the HG1930 offers many configurable features, such as programmable data rate output and flight control filtering, to simplify system integration. Numerous technological advances have taken place in the Honeywell MEMS based inertial products over the past decade via a spiral development design process. Continuous product improvement and robust qualification procedures have increased design margin for existing applications, while simultaneously demonstrating capability for new, more demanding missions. The HG1930 has been successfully deployed by the US military, international militaries, and commercial businesses on a wide range of weaponry, Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV), and platform stabilization applications. This paper presents an overview of the HG1930, including information on its design, features, performance, and rigorous qualification process.
Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose transporter-1 protein and mRNA levels in rat brain

In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirement, as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. We have previously observed that ethanol impairs hexose uptake by rat astrocytes in culture. In the present study, male Sprague-Dawley rats, 200-250 g, were fed liquid diet in which 36% of the calories were derived from ethanol (EF) for 4 weeks. Controls were fed ad libitum (AF) or pair-fed (PF) an equicaloric diet without ethanol. Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups at the time of study. Glucose transport by brain plasma membranes was characterized by cytochalasin B binding and showed a slight increase in transporter number (mean +/- SEM of 4 experiments = 76.4 +/- 2.5 pmoles/mg protein in EF vs. 69.5 +/- 1.0 in PF) with no change in affinity (1.8 +/- 0.1 nM-1 in EF and 1.6 +/- 0.1 in PF). Glucose transporter, GLUT-1, was increased on Western blots. In contrast, Northern analysis of cortical tissue, using a rat brain glucose transporter cDNA insert (1.59 kb Bgl II fragment of pSPGT-1), showed a 23 to 35% decrease in steady-state levels of glucose transporter mRNA. GLUT-1 mRNA, localized in brain sections by in situ hybridization histochemistry, showed marked reductions in choroid plexus and hippocampus following ethanol treatment. Ethanol appears to have multiple effects on brain GLUT-1.
764 ANOREXIA AND GASTROPARESE AS A MECHANISM OF REFRACTORY FAILURE TO THRIVE IN INFANCY

Previous studies have attributed the feeding disorder associated with non-organic FTT as secondary to psychosocial deprivation or chronic malnutrition. We report 8 infants (6M, 2F) first evaluated at an average (AV) age of 18 mo (Range 10-30 mo), all with wt/ht 90%). Onset of wt deceleration averaged 5 mo (range 3-12 mo). All were term gestations (5 AGA, 3 SGA). 4/8 had mild to moderate delay in language development. All had at least one GI symptom (7/8 diarrhea, 2/8 regurgitation, 3/8 constipation) from early infancy. All had a history of multiple formula changes and dietary manipulations. Caloric intake averaged 60 kcal/kg/d. Extensive evaluation revealed no evidence of gastrointestinal disease (including 6/6 small bowel biopsies) except: (a) transient elevation in serum alkaline phospha-tase in 4/8 (Range 474-4680, nl < 250 U/L), and (b) abnormal gastric emptying measured by milk scintigraphy in 5/7 tested (AV 88% residual at 1 hr, nl < 70%). Psychological evaluation revealed normal maternal-child and caretaker-child interaction except for feeding related behavior. All infants demonstrated a lack of interest or aversion to eating. Therapeutic intervention including nutritional counseling, hospitalization, metoclopramide and overnight NG feedings failed to significantly improve caloric intake during follow-up (Range 5-15 mo). We suggest that a primary feeding disorder may be a mechanism of refractory FTT. Alternatively, multiple dietary changes in early infancy may induce a secondary feeding disorder. Early satiety from 1° or 2° delayed gastric emptying may be a component of the disorder.
Effects of Modeling Instruction on Descriptive Writing and Observational Skills in Middle School

Before science can be completely understood, one of the fundamental skills that must be developed is observation. Improving descriptive writing and investigating students’ observational skills in the classroom is the purpose of this study. The study was designed to determine if such skills, practiced through modeling activities, serve as a way to improve students’ descriptive directional writing skills. Participating in this study were two groups of seventh (N = 12) and eighth graders (N = 12) at a middle school in the Midwest, USA. The students participating in the study each received a set of materials to construct an item (a 3D object) in an isolated area within the room for privacy. After constructing the item, the student was to write a set of directions on how to construct the item that they had made. A second student was then given the same set of materials along with the first student’s instructions on how to construct it. This activity was repeated four times over a 4-week period. Results indicated that over time students made a significant improvement in their descriptive writing skills and observational skills. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the characteristics of middle school students’ skills and knowledge of descriptive writing and observation.
Genetic linkage between immune response to GAT and the fate of RSV-induced tumors in chickens

Recent studies suggest that the gene locus controlling the fate of tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is linked to theB histocompatibility complex. Birds carrying the dominant allele regress the tumor; homozygous recessives being unable to do so, develop large tumors and die. These are called progressors. The Bryan strain of RSV was inoculated into 220 6 week old Leghorns homozygous forB 1 B 1,B 2 B 2, orB 19 B 19 of which the percentages of progressors were 79, 22 and 56, respectively. The balance of each were regressors and survived. TheB 1 B 1 test birds were derived from special matings, i.e., high and low immune responders to the amino acid polymer, GAT. Of 67 tests progeny of theB 1 B 1 GAT-low mating, 63 or 94% proved to be progressors, and 6% were regressors. Of 84 test progeny of theB 1 B 1 GAT-high matings, 67% were progressors, and 33% were regressors. The difference between the high and low GAT responders is highly significant and indicates that the locus controlling the fate of RSV-induced tumors is closely linked to the locus controlling immune response to GAT. The latter maps within theIr region of theB histocompatibility complex.
Estimation for first-order autoregressive processes with positive or bounded innovations

Abstract We consider estimates motivated by extreme value theory for the correlation parameter of a first-order autoregressive process whose innovation distribution F is either positive or supported on a finite interval. In the positive support case, F is assumed to be regularly varying at zero, whereas in the finite support case, F is assumed to be regularly varying at the two endpoints of the support. Examples include the exponential distribution and the uniform distribution on [−1, 1 ]. The limit distribution of the proposed estimators is derived using point process techniques. These estimators can be vastly superior to the classical least squares estimator especially when the exponent of regular variation is small.
AGGLUTINATION PHENOMENA IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1. Agglutinins are present in the blood of patients suffering from lobar pneumonia during some stage of the disease in a large percentage (73.8 per cent.) of the cases due to pneumococci belonging in groups I, II, and IV. 2. In most very severe and fatal cases agglutinins cannot be demonstrated, and it is probable that their absence during the later days of the disease may have unfavorable prognostic significance. 3. No agglutinins are demonstrable by the technique employed in the blood of patients suffering from infection with Pneumococcus mucosus (group III). 4. In certain cases agglutinins may be demonstrable for only one day, and in other cases they may persist for several weeks. 5. When agglutinins are demonstrable they usually appear at about the time of the crisis. 6. It has not been possible to demonstrate that treatment with immune serum has any effect on the appearance of agglutinins. 7. The agglutinins present in cases due to organisms of types I and II are always specific for the type of organism causing the infection. In certain cases the agglutination reaction may be more active or appear earlier when the homologous organism is employed than when other organisms of the group are used in the test. In cases due to organisms of type IV, the serum never causes agglutination of any organism except the homologous one.
Synthesis of 8‐aza‐15‐hydroxy‐7‐oxo‐12S‐13E‐prostenoic acids

The synthesis of a prostaglandin E1 analog, 8-aza-15-hydroxy-7-oxo-12S-13E-prostenoic acid, is reported.
Synthesis and Neurotoxic Potential of Racemic and Chiral Dihydroxytetrahydroquinoline Derivatives

Abstract The synthesis and preliminary neurotoxic investigation of (±), (+) and (−)-3-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, (±)-3-amino-6,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and (±)-3-aminomethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline are described. While exhibiting relatively no dopamine and only moderate norepinephrine depletions, these compounds elicit serotonin depletions equal to those provided by the well-known serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in whole mouse brain.
Notch1 signaling regulates the neuroendocrine phenotype of medullary thyroid cancer cells

Abstract Introduction. The Notch1 pathway plays an essential role in regulating the development of neuroendocrine (NE) cells in the gut and lung. During development, induction of Notch1, a multi-functional trans-membrane receptor, leads to downstream suppression of the NE transcription factor hASH1, causing a reduction in the number of NE cells in the GI tract and lung. The role of Notch1 in the NE differentiation of the thyroid is unknown. However, based upon its role in the gut and lung, we hypothesized that activation of Notch1 signaling could potentially reverse NE differentiation and reduce hormone production from NE tumors such as medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Methods. To determine the role of Notch1 in thyroid NE tumor cells, human MTC “TT” cells were stably transfected with a dose-dependent, doxycycline-inducible Notch1 vector creating TT-Notch cells. TT and TT-Notch cells were treated with various concentrations of doxycycline (0–1 μg/ml). Doxycycline-inducible Notch1 protein expression was confirmed by Western Blots. Notch1 activation and pathway induction were determined by Notch1 binding assays and Western analysis for its downstream targets HES-1 and hASH1. NE hormone production was measured by Western blots for chromogranin A. Results. TT cells had no detectable Notch1 protein and high levels of hASH1 and chromogranin A at baseline. Induction of Notch1 with doxycycline treatment of TT-Notch cells led to a dose-dependent increase in Notch1 protein and Notch1 binding activity. Furthermore, with increasing Notch1 induction, there was a progressive reduction in hASH1 protein and a dramatic corresponding decrease in chromogranin A levels. Conclusions. The Notch1 signaling pathway is functionally conserved in MTC cells. Activation of this important developmental pathway led to dose-dependent reductions in NE hormone levels. Therefore, the Notch1 pathway tightly regulates the NE phenotype of MTC cells. Moreover, activation of Notch1 could potentially serve as a novel target for the treatment of NE tumors including MTC.
Relationship Between Calf Birth Weight and Dam's Subsequent 200- and 305-Day Yields of Milk, Fat, and Total Solids in Holsteins

Abstract Relationships between calf birth weight and the dam's subsequent 200- and 305-day yields of milk, fat, and total solids were investigated in a total of 1471 calvings from two experimental stations and 28 yr. Independent variables included in least-squares analyses were year of calving, sex of calf, and linear and quadratic effects of age of cow and calf birth weight. Sex of calf had no significant effect on any yield variable. Effects of age of cow and year of calving were significant and positive on all measures of yield. The relationship between calf birth weight and each yield measure was linear and positive for calf birth weights between 23 and 50 kg. Expected differences in 200-day yields of milk, fat, and solids were 15.2, 11.0, and 18.8% higher for 50 kg calf birth weight as compared to 30 kg calf birth weight. Corresponding differences in 305-day milk, fat, and solids were 9.4, 4.5, and 11.8%. Thus, yields of milk, fat, and solids in Holsteins increase with increasing calf birth weight.
Role of estrogen receptor gene demethylation and DNA methyltransferase- DNA adduct formation in 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells

The cytosine analog 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine is a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. Its cytotoxicity has been attributed to several possible mechanisms including reexpression of growth suppressor genes and formation of covalent adducts between DNA methyltransferase and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-substituted DNA which may lead to steric inhibition of DNA function. In this study, we use a panel of human breast cancer cell lines as a model system to examine the relative contribution of two mechanisms, gene reactivation and adduct formation. Estrogen receptor-negative cells, which have a hypermethylated estrogen receptor gene promoter, are more sensitive than estrogen receptor-positive cells and underwent apoptosis in response to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. For the first time, we show that reactivation of a gene silenced by methylation, estrogen receptor, plays a major role in this toxicity in one estrogen receptor-negative cell line as treatment of the cells with anti-estrogen-blocked cell death. However, drug sensitivity of other tumor cell lines correlated best with increased levels of DNA methyltransferase activity and formation DNA·DNA methyltransferase adducts as analyzed in situ. Therefore, both reexpression of genes like estrogen receptor and formation of covalent enzyme· DNA adducts can play a role in 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine toxicity in cancer cells.
Spinal primitives and intra-spinal micro-stimulation (ISMS) based prostheses: a neurobiological perspective on the "known unknowns" in ISMS and future prospects.

The current literature on Intra-Spinal Micro-Stimulation (ISMS) for motor prostheses is reviewed in light of neurobiological data on spinal organization, and a neurobiological perspective on output motor modularity, ISMS maps, stimulation combination effects and stability. By comparing published data in these areas, the review identifies several gaps in current knowledge that are crucial to the development of effective intraspinal neuroprostheses. Gaps can be categorized into a lack of systematic and reproducible details of: a. Topography and threshold for ISMS across the segmental motor system, the topography of autonomic recruitment by ISMS, and the coupling relations between these two types of outputs in practice. b. Compositional rules for ISMS motor responses tested across the full range of the target spinal topographies. c. Rules for ISMS effects' dependence on spinal cord state and neural dynamics during naturally elicited or ISMS triggered behaviors. d. Plasticity of the compositional rules for ISMS motor responses, and understanding plasticity of ISMS topography in different spinal cord lesion states, disease states, and following rehabilitation. All these knowledge gaps to a greater or lesser extent require novel electrode technology in order to allow high density chronic recording and stimulation. The current lack of this technology may explain why these prominent gaps in the ISMS literature currently exist. It is also argued that given the 'known unknowns' in the current ISMS literature, it may be prudent to adopt and develop control schemes that can manage the current results with simple superposition and winner-take-all interactions, but can also incorporate the possible plastic and stochastic dynamic interactions that may emerge in fuller analyses over longer terms, and which have already been noted in some simpler model systems.
INHIBITION OF ELECTROGENIC SODIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS TOAD URINARY BLADDER BY THE MYCOTOXIN PATULIN

Summary The effects of the mycotoxin patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2(6H)-one) on short circuited intact toad bladder and on Na+-K+, activated ATPase were examined in an attempt to elucidate the relationship between toxin, the Na+-K+ ATPase enzyme system and associated active sodium transport. Patulin inhibited transbladder short circuit current and Na+-K+ ATPase from isolated bladder preparations. The effect was exponentially dependent on time. A significantly slower rate of inhibition was achieved within 15–30 min. The results are compatible with the assumption that Na+-K+ ATPase is associated with the pump mechanism since patulin inhibited enzyme activity and concomitantly reduced the rate of electrogenic Na+ transport. A significant correlation suggested a cause-effect relationship.
Residue and tillage effects on planting implement-induced short-term CO2 and water loss from a loamy sand soil in Alabama

Abstract Recent research indicates tillage operations result in a rapid physical release of CO 2 and water vapor from soil. However, effects of soil disturbance on gas fluxes during planting operations have not been adequately explored. Our objective was to measure short-term gas loss resulting from the use of different planting preparation implements on long-term residue-covered soil (no-till) on a Norfolk loamy sand (Typic Kandiudults; FAO classification Luxic Ferralsols) in east-central Alabama, USA. A crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop was killed with herbicide two weeks prior to the study. Due to dry soil conditions, 15 mm of water was applied 24 h prior to study. Gas fluxes were measured with a large canopy chamber (centered over two rows) for an integrated assessment of equipment-induced soil disturbance. Increased losses of CO 2 and water vapor were directly related to increases in soil disturbance. Although these short-term C losses are minor in terms of predicting long-term C turnover in agro-ecosystems, results suggest that selecting planting equipment that maintains surface residue and minimizes soil disturbance could help to conserve soil water needed for successful seedling establishment in these coarse textured soils.
Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes

Continental precipitation not routed to the oceans as runoff returns to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration. Partitioning this evapotranspiration flux into interception, transpiration, soil evaporation, and surface water evaporation is difficult using traditional hydrological methods, yet critical for understanding the water cycle and linked ecological processes. We combined two large-scale flux-partitioning approaches to quantify evapotranspiration subcomponents and the hydrologic connectivity of bound, plant-available soil waters with more mobile surface waters. Globally, transpiration is 64 ± 13% (mean ± 1 standard deviation) of evapotranspiration, and 65 ± 26% of evaporation originates from soils and not surface waters. We estimate that 38 ± 28% of surface water is derived from the plant-accessed soil water pool. This limited connectivity between soil and surface waters fundamentally structures the physical and biogeochemical interactions of water transiting through catchments.
Advances in acoustical holography.

The most recent branch of holography, acoustical holography employing acoustical radiation, presents a variety of new and highly interesting possible applications: Thus objects can be imaged in a turbid liquid medium (marine research); the technique can be used for non-destructive investigations of the internal structure of objects that are opaque to light (testing of materials) and is possibly also a potential tool for the three-dimensional imaging of biological structures (biomedical diagnosis).
Ovule-bearing reproductive organs of the glossopterid seed ferns from the Late Permian of the Beardmore Glacier region, Antarctica

The Glossopteridales are an extinct group of seed ferns that dominated Gondwana during the Permian. The strap-shaped leaves of Glossopteris are widespread and provided early evidence of continental drift, but reproductive organs of this group have remained enigmatic since they were first described in the 1950s. Based on compression- impression fossils, there are at least two basic types of ovulate (seed-bearing) organs. In one form, numerous ovules are borne on the surface of a leaf-like megasporophyll (e.g., Plumsteadia, Dictyopteridium), while the second type consists of stalked, apparently uniovulate cupules borne on a branching system (e.g., Lidgettonia). More than 30 genera of seed- bearing organs have been described, many based on compressions or, more commonly, impression fossils, in which it is often impossible to discern the three-dimensional morphology or attachment of these structures. Both morphological types have now been found in permineralized peat from Skaar Ridge, central Transantarctic Mountains (CTM), and provide some of the first anatomical detail of the diversity of reproductive organs of Glossopteris. The multiovulate organ is small (6 mm wide), with ovules borne on the upper (adaxial) surface; the uniovulate structure consists of four stalked cupules, each containing a single ovule about 2 mm long. These two forms provide important information about the diversity of the glossopterids and their status as a natural group of seed plants. Citation: Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and P.E. Ryberg (2007), Ovule-bearing or gans of the glossopterid seed ferns from the Late Permian of the Beardmore Glacier region, Antarctica, in Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World - Onlin e Proceedings of the 10 th ISAES, edited by A.K. Cooper
Direct-Write Vapor Sensors on FR4 Plastic Substrates

Functioning chemiresistor vapor sensing devices on plastic substrates were prepared using low-temperature direct-Xwrite techniques. Interdigitated Ag electrodes were first deposited onto printed circuit boards using a mesoscale maskless materials deposition system (M3D). These Ag lines were 20-50 mum wide and 8-10 mum thick with good adhesion to the substrate and electrical conductivity of 4-12 muOmegamiddotcm. Deposition of chemoselective polymer/C black composite transducer layers on such lines gave sensors that responded to nerve gas stimulant (dimethylmethyl phosphonate) thereby demonstrating the efficacy of direct write for this application. A new approach to localized direct-write deposition, termed Enhanced M3D, allows the formation of sharply defined line edges and enables printing of conductors that operate at radio frequency with low signal loss. The direct-write approaches described here are amenable to future deposition on more interesting substrates and development of more sensitive transducers, orthogonal sensor arrays and an integrated power source/communication platform that might constitute the basis for radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor tags
Time-Additive Consumption-Wealth Utility

This paper presents a new model of time-additive consumption-wealth utility. Like recursive utility, this model separates the roles of risk aversion and the intertemporal elasticity of consumption allowing it to be calibrated to a wider variety of data. Indeed, the observed equity premium and low interest rate – the joint puzzle of the equity premium puzzle – can be explained within this model without requiring a large relative risk aversion.
Differential absorption lidar measurement of vertical ozone profiles in the troposphere that contains aerosol layers with strong backscattering gradients: a simplified version

A technique for determining approximate ozone-concentration profiles from differential absorption lidar (DIAL) data obtained in the troposphere with large gradients of aerosol backscattering is presented. The atmospheric interferences are defined as errors of the off–on DIAL signal ratio; the interferences are separated and removed before the ratio is differentiated. To facilitate the separation of the regular (subjected to differentiation) component of the signal ratio from random noise, the ratio is transformed into an intermediate function, and the measurement error is minimized by fitting of an analytical function to the transformed function. Simple criteria are used to demarcate atmospheric layering, for which a strong aerosol-backscattering gradient can result in an unacceptably large error in the measured ozone concentration.
AMCLC 2012 Resident Roundtable: what will the radiology practice of the future look like?

A resident and fellow roundtable discussion was held during the 2012 AMCLC, discussing the topic of what the future radiology practice might look like. Discussion points were proposed, followed by open debate regarding multiple aspects of radiology, including the importance of subspecialization, the demands of academic practices and private practices, and the possible decentralization of radiology departments, among other topics. The discussion began by addressing the shifting dynamic between interventional radiology and diagnostic radiology departments, a topic many residents have thought about while contemplating fellowship choices. This relationship seems to be changing at boththepractice levelandtheresidency training level. Residents have already begun to hear swirling rumors about the movement to completely separate interventional radiology residency training programs from the traditional diagnostic radiology residency curriculum. Many of the participants felt that the independent workflow, growing volume, and expanding procedural capabilities might enable interventional departments to become independently functioning departments without negatively affecting workflow in either the interventional or diagnostic sections. On the contrary, the counterpoint was raised that an increasing number of non–interventional-trained radiologists are performing image-guided procedures, blurring the distinction between the two departments, leading to a scenario in which it would be beneficial to have the interventional radiology section incorporated within the
Complementarity is not enough

The near-horizon field B of an old black hole is maximally entangled with the early Hawking radiation R, by unitarity of the S-matrix. But B must be maximally entangled with the black hole interior A, by the equivalence principle. Causal patch complementarity fails to reconcile these conflicting requirements. The system B can be probed by a freely falling observer while there is still time to turn around and remain outside the black hole. Therefore, the entangled state of the BR system is dictated by unitarity even in the infalling patch. If, by monogamy of entanglement, B is not entangled with A, the horizon is replaced by a singularity or “firewall.” To illustrate the radical nature of the ideas that are needed, I briefly discuss two approaches for avoiding a firewall: the identification of A with a subsystem of R; and a combination of patch complementarity with the Horowitz-Maldacena final-state proposal.