cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating a personal computer requirement in a technical and liberal arts environment

A review is presented of recent work on understanding the educational and social significance of computers in campus life. Emphasis is placed on a study investigating precollege computer ownership as potentially relevant to the formation of attitudes toward computing. A common set of survey items developed by the Stevens Institute of Technology and Drew University faculties were administered to freshman classes at both institutions in 1985 and again in 1986. The findings for the 1985 survey at both institutions and the 1986 survey at Stevens are reported. Marked differences between the responses concerning computer usage from the two populations are noted. It was concluded that precollege experience with computers was significantly related to precollege ownership at both Stevens and Drew. Students who owned a microcomputer before coming to college reported using microcomputers more frequently at home, at other people's homes, and in school in grades 9-12 that those who did not own a microcomputer prior to college. This led to the use of precollege ownership of computers as a proxy for precollege experience. Microcomputer ownership was also found to be significantly related to both self-rated proficiency and assessment of support services in 1985. >
Stochastic temperatures impede RNA virus adaptation

Constant environments are often assumed to favor the evolution of specialization whereas exposure to changing environments may favor the evolution of generalists. Here we explored the phenotypic and molecular changes associated with evolving an RNA virus in constant versus fluctuating temperature environments. We used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to determine whether selection at a constant temperature entails a performance trade-off at an unselected temperature, whether virus populations evolve to be generalists when selected in deterministically changing temperature environments, and whether selection under stochastically changing temperatures prevents evolved generalization, such as by constraining the ability for viruses to adaptively improve. We observed that all VSV lineages evolved at constant temperatures showed fitness gains in their selected temperature with little evidence for trade-offs in performance in the unselected environment. Evolution in deterministically and stochastically changing temperatures led to populations with the highest and lowest overall fitness gains, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed little evidence for convergent molecular evolution among lineages within the same treatment. Across all temperature treatments, the majority of genome substitutions occurred in the G (glycoprotein) gene, suggesting that this locus for the cell-binding protein plays a key role in dictating VSV performance under changing temperature.
Oral and Print Cultures in Ireland, 1600–1900

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2010 Pages: 256 Publisher: Four Courts Press ISBN: 978-1-84682-195-0 (hard cover). Prices: $74.5(hard cover).
Driving Patterns of Older Adults: Results from the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey

OBJECTIVES: To describe older adults' driving patterns, including self-imposed driving restrictions and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). DESIGN: The Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2) was a national, random-digit-dial telephone survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2001 to 2003. ICARIS-2 sampled 113,476 English- and Spanish-speaking households, using weighting variables to generate national estimates. RESULTS: The response rate was 48% (N=9,684). Six percent (n=728) of respondents were aged 75 and older. Of these, 85.6% (n=613) were aged 75 to 84, and 14.4% (n=115) were aged 85 and older; 59.2% were female. Three-fourths (74.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=70.4-79.4%) of adults aged 75 to 84 and 69.9% (95% CI=48.2-71.6%) aged 85 and older were current drivers. Most (81.9%; 95% CI=77.6-86.2%) older drivers limited their driving, usually in bad weather (59.0%), at night (57.0%), on long trips (49.6%), in traffic (49.0%), or at high speeds (33.6%); only 15.4% limited driving for medical reasons. Women were more likely to self-limit driving (odds ratio (OR)=1.83, 95% CI=0.99-3.39). Few (4.2%, 95% CI=2.4-6.1%) older adults reported MVC involvement in the past year as a driver or passenger. In multivariate analysis, drivers living alone (OR=3.93, 95% CI=1.55-9.95) and men (OR=2.59, 95% CI=1.18-5.67) were more likely to report a recent crash; drivers who self-limited were less likely (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.18-1.60). CONCLUSION: Large majorities of older adults, including those aged 85 and older, are current drivers. Although many limit driving in hazardous conditions, fewer do for medical reasons. Men and older adults who live alone are more likely to report a recent MVC; those who self-limit their driving are less likely to report crash involvement. Language: en
Photokinetic Drug Delivery: Light-Enhanced Permeation in an In Vitro Eye Model.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate light-enhanced molecular movement as a potential technology for drug delivery. To do this, we developed an in vitro eye model while representing similar concentration gradient conditions and compositions found in the eye. Methods: The eye model unit was fabricated by inserting a cross-linked type I collagen membrane in a spectrophotometer cuvette with 1% hyaluronic acid as the drug recipient medium. Photokinetic delivery was studied by illuminating 1 mg/mL methotrexate (MTX) placed in the drug donor compartment on top of the membrane, with noncoherent 450 nm light at 8.2 mW from an LED source pulsed at 25 cycles per second, placed in contact with the solution. A modified UV-visual spectrophotometer was employed to rapidly determine the concentration of MTX, at progressive 1 mm distances away from the membrane, within the viscous recipient medium of the model eye after 1 h. Results: A defined, progressive concentration gradient was observed within the nonagitated drug recip...
Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase and the Regulation of Lipid Synthesis from Acetate in Cultured Cells

The regulation of lipid synthesis from acetate in cultures of L cells in response to changes in exogenous lipid supply has been studied, and the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase has been investigated in reference to its possible role in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis from acetate. When serum lipid was removed from monolayers of L cells, a relatively rapid stimulation of [14C]acetate incorporation into lipid was observed within 2 hours. This stimulation of incorporation was observed in both sterol and fatty acid fractions. Conversely, an inhibition of [14C]acetate incorporation was observed within 1 to 2 hours when cells cultured in lipid-free medium were transferred to serum-supplemented medium. As with the stimulation, this inhibition was observed both in sterol and fatty acid fractions of the cell lipid. The data indicated a coordination of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism in the cells. Inhibition of [14C]acetate incorporation was observed in sterol as well as free fatty acid and glycerolipid fractions in cultures grown in lipid-free medium and transferred to fatty acid-supplemented medium; and similarly, cultures transferred to medium supplemented with cholesterol showed inhibition not only of acetate incorporation into sterol but also into fatty acid and glycerolipid fractions. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D and mitomycin C seemed to have no influence on the early stimulation or inhibition of [14C]acetate incorporation into total lipid. Acetyl-CoA synthetase activity was assayed in homogenates of L cells cultured in the presence of serum-supplemented or lipid-free medium and a 5-fold decrease in enzyme activity was observed in homogenates of cultures grown in the presence of exogenous lipid. When cells grown in serum-supplemented medium were transferred to serum-free medium, a stimulation of enzyme activity occurred within 2 to 3 hours which reached a maximum by 6 hours. Conversely, when cells were cultured in lipid-free medium and transferred to serum-supplemented medium, inhibition of enzyme activity occurred within the same time course. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and mitomycin C had no influence on the stimulation or inhibition of enzyme activity observed in response to changes in exogenous lipids. Inhibition of enzyme activity also was observed in cells cultured in lipid-free medium which were transferred to medium containing either fatty acid or cholesterol, indicating fatty acid and cholesterol might be part of the components of serum lipid that can influence the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase. However, when various concentrations of serum lipid were added to the reaction mixture in vitro, there was no influence on enzyme activity. The data suggest that the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase may play a role in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis from acetate in cultured cells.
Factors influencing soil adsorption and bioactivity of pesticides

Several reviews describe in considerable detail the mechanisms of the adsorption of pesticide molecules by soil colloids (Adams 1972, Bailey and White 1964 b and 1970, Bertagna 1959, Hayes 1970, Helling et al 1971, Knight et al 1970, Kunze 1966, Osgerby 1970 Sheets and Danielson 1960, White and Mortland 1970). These workers indicated that such factors as the physical and chemical nature of the pesticide, the physical and chemical nature of the soil colloid, soil reaction, soil temperature, soil moisture, the nature of the saturating cation on the soil colloids, and the nature of the formulation all affect the adsorption-desorption of pesticides in soils. Because of the detail given by the above reviews and the current nature of the material presented by them, duplication of their efforts will be avoided.
Increasing the energy of SLC by transient wake field

Abstract This paper describes a way to make use of the field excited by the beam in the disk-loaded waveguide combined with the rf field in phase, to increase the output energy of the linear accelerator at the expense of beam duty cycle. Actually, the whole facility can be operated with both a Linac and storage rings.
Results from the calibration of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer instruments

The paper describes the main features and selected results of the calibration of the scientific instruments to be flown on the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer in 1991. The instrument payload includes three grazing incidence scanning telescopes and an EUV spectrometer/deep survey instrument covering the spectral region 70-800 A. The measured imaging characteristics, the effective areas, and the details of spectral responses of the instruments are presented. Diagrams of the cross-sectional views of the scanning telescope and the deep-survey/spectrometer telescope are included.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation: A Central-Neural Change during Wakefulness

Three adult cats were deprived of rapid eye movement sleep for six separate periods of up to 32 days. Animals were allowed normal amouints of sleeping time during which rapid eye movement sleep was interrupted, whenever it occurred, by human observers who continually monitored the animals and their electrocortical activity. Cortical responses evoked by pairs of acoustic clicks were recorded during wakefulness. Recovery functions derived from these data were facilitated during periods of deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep and returned to base-line values when animals were allowed normal amounts of this sleep phase. This change was noted repeatedly within, as well as between, subjects. It did not occur during control periods when non-rapid eye movement sleep was interrupted on identical schedules, nor did it occur when the cats were deprived of all sleep for 22 hours a day for 5 days.
WE-D-T-6C-02: Role of Imaging in Drug Response: Challenges and Opportunities

Advances in biomedical imaging technology such as anatomical, functional and molecular imaging methods permit new protocols and informatics tools to be developed for measuring drug response. There is, however, an increasing need to harmonize methods for data collection and analysis to provide a greater acceptance of these methods by the clinical community, and in particular, the pharmaceutical industry community. Recently the NCI and the FDA have entered into a broad inter agency agreement, referred to as the Interagency Oncology Task Force (IOTF) to review how to accelerate the use of biomarkers for measurement of drug response. Biomedical imaging is an integral part of this IOTF. NCI is also reviewing its drug trial infrastructure, including web accessible methods to access trial data to enhance the development of informatics tools to measure drug response. http://iotftraining.nci.nih.gov/ NCI CancerImaging Program (CIP) therefore has an interest in challenging the cancer center, academic and industry communities to engage in research that may lead to harmonization of imaging protocols, related quality assurance methods and data analysis methods as required to measure drug response across different imaging platforms and clinical sites. NCI is actively engaged, for example, in providing web accessible reference imagedata sets collected from drug response investigations. These efforts include providing annotated data to permit more standardized methods for measuring the performance of related informatics tools, such as change analysis. They are part of an overall development of a large data archive and web query systems referred to as caBIG. http://imaging.cancer.gov/programsandresources/InformationSystems http://cabig.nci.nih.gov/ This presentation will outline example scientific and NCI programmatic opportunities in this area. The intent of this presentation is to challenge investigators to consider this area of research. Educational Objectives: 1. Understanding NCI Imaging Initiatives
159 IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS OF THE CHO ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE GENES

The mRNA of the APRT gene appears to be constitutively expressed and, thus, enzyme levels will be directly affected by mutations which alter translational efficiency. Accordingly, we have generated mutants altering the ATG start codon by in vitro mutagenesis of the CHO apt gene (the 2.8 kb bam Hl-XbaI fragment) on an M13 vector. Mutagenesis was performed by the use of dut−ung− E. coli strains as described by Kunkel, et. al. (Methods in Enzymology, 1987). Mutant genes are transferred to an Epstein-Barr virus derived plasraid (p220.2). These plasmids grow episomally in human cell lines. We have also generated APRT- mutants in the HL-60 myelocytic leukemic cell line, which will be used as recipients for the plasmid. In addition to increasing our knowledge of translational efficiency of non-cannonical start codons in eucaryotes, such a system can be used as a mutagen test system for potential mutagens and carcinogens, and also to analyze functional regions of the APRT protein.
Dimensions of territorial conflict and resolution: tangible and intangible values of territory

Competitions over territorial control serve as the cornerstones upon which many wars and rivalries have been mounted over the past two centuries and beyond. Disputes over territory form the basis of the IndiaPakistan rivalry (i.e., Kashmir) which is also true for the hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ownership of Jerusalem, rights of return for Palestinian refugees, and the legitimacy of Israeli settlements all with a strong territorial component represent difficult barriers to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Part of the difficulty is that people on different sides of a conflict may value the same territory differently. Indeed, even beyond the discipline of Geography, there is recognition that territory is better understood as having dynamic meaning that influences conflict not just "on-off" features of proximity or contiguity (Starr, 2005). Territory may have tangible or "real" value as measured by population, resources or the number of people killed in a conflict. The very same territory also may have intangible, symbolic or relational value to others who equate the land with historical claims, attach religious or cultural significance to territory, or recognize third party involvement (Goertz and Diehl, 1992; Newman, 1999; Hensel, 2000). For example, conflicts over Northern Ireland, Kosovo, and Kurdistan fundamentally raise issues of territorial control grafted onto broader concerns of ethnicity, religion, and historical memory. Conflict over the control of oil reserves and pipelines, freshwater sources, ocean fish stock and arable land, all of which are gaining increasing attention amidst growing global consumption and advanced technological capabilities, also imply conflict over territory (Falk, 1971; Le Billon, 2001; Peluso and Watts, 2001). Territorial issues also dominate many ethnic and other intrastate conflicts.
A small-scale decomposition for 3D boundary integral computations with surface tension

Abstract An efficient, non-stiff boundary integral method for the initial value problem for interfacial Darcy flow (which is a model of porous media flow) in three space dimensions is presented. We consider a ‘doubly-periodic’ interface separating two fluids, with surface tension present at the boundary. Surface tension introduces high order (i.e., high derivative) terms in the governing equation, and this imposes a severe stability constraint on explicit time-integration methods. Furthermore, the high order terms appear in a nonlocal operator, which makes it difficult to design an efficient implicit method. The stiffness is removed by developing a small-scale decomposition in the spirit of prior work in the two-dimensional problem by Hou, Lowengrub, and Shelley. In order to develop this small-scale decomposition, we formulate the problem using a generalized isothermal parameterization of the free surface. An additional difficulty is the efficient calculation of the Birkhoff–Rott integral for the velocity of the interface. We present a new algorithm, based on Ewald summation, to compute this in O ( N log N ) operations, where N is the number of interface grid points. Our non-stiff method is expected to apply widely to problems for doubly-periodic interfacial flow with surface tension which have a boundary integral formulation.
“Are They Still Having Sex?” STIs and Unintended Pregnancy Among Mid-Life Women

Research has shown that women remain sexually active throughout mid-life and into the post-menopausal years. Recent data reveal that significant numbers of STIs (sexually transmitted infections) an...
Does it matter what you call it? The relationship between labeling unwanted sexual experiences and distress

Using cross-sectional data from 2 samples of women attending a university (N = 1,395), the author examined the relationship among women's labeling of their unwanted sexual experiences (USEs) with dating partners and a variety of psychological and school-related outcomes. Three competing path analysis models were tested to determine whether the distress associated with sexual victimization stems from the USE itself, from the woman's self-definition as a victim, or from both. The best-fitting model indicates that labeling is irrelevant to the determination of negative outcomes and that it is the USE itself that is associated with psychological and school-related distress. These results suggest that labeling cannot be considered a valid criterion for determining who has experienced sexual victimization.
ULTRATHIN PSEUDOMORPHIC FILMS: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION AND STRAIN ANALYSIS

This paper is a review of the procedure followed in studies of ultrathin pseudomorphic films by means of quantitative analysis of low-energy electron diffraction intensities and subsequent strain analysis of the bulk. Two examples are discussed in detail: (Fe on Rh{001}), for the case in which the unit mesh of the substrate surface and the unit mesh of the growth plane of the film material are similar and differ only in size (so-called Case-1 epitaxy); and [Co onTiAl(010)], for the case in which the two unit meshes are not similar, but differ from one another in both shape and size (so-called Case-2 epitaxy). Both examples show that these procedures can use the measured bulk strain to discriminate between body-centered-cubic and face-centered-cubic structures for the equilibrium phase of the epitaxial film.
Deregulation of mouse antibody-forming cells by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin II. Modification of spleen T-cell-complemented nude mouse PFC responses

Abstract Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE), a toxic protein, secreted by Group A streptococci modifies antibody responses in two ways. It suppresses the early peak plaque-forming cell (PFC) and serum antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes (SE) and it engenders a late burst of PFC detected at 12–14 days. We have termed the late phase a deregulated response. This effect has been observed in rabbits and NIH (+/+ and +/nu) mice. NIH athymic nude (nu/nu) mice exhibit the early suppressed response but do not show the late phase. In reconstruction experiments to delineate the responsible target site of SPE we have conferred upon the nude or nude spleen cells in vitro , +/nu PFC responsiveness to SE by transfer of +/nu spleen cells in vivo or by supplementation with +/nu spleen cells in Marbrook cultures. When this is done, complementation of nude PFC responses and their ability to exhibit a deregulated response after SPE treatment is conferred coordinately. Pretreatment of donor cells with a B-cell inhibitory dose of X-ray or with a B-cell inhibitory dose of anti-Ig serum + C′ does not inhibit complementation of nude cells to +/nu responsiveness. Moreover, such donor suspensions when treated with SPE retain the ability to complement and to confer upon nude cells the ability to exhibit the late burst of PFC (a deregulated response). A similar pretreatment of the donor cell suspension with an anti-T-cell serum and C′, however, markedly inhibits both the adoptive complementation and the deregulation of the nude mouse PFC response. Thus, it is demonstrated that the target cell affected in this way by SPE is a T-cell. We presume from this evidence that SPE inhibits a T-cell which is involved in the regulation of antibody formation.
Structure and formation of self-assembled monolayers of helical poly (γ-benzyl l-glutamate) by surface plasmon resonance and infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The self-assembly of a rigid, rod-like, α -helical polypeptide was investigated on gold substrates. A disulfide labeled poly( γ -benzyl- l -glutamate) (PBLG) was prepared by a novel synthetic route wherein the polymerization of the N -carboxyanhydride was initiated with an amine terminated disulfide. Two different SSPBLG materials with molecular weight of 11 and 28 kDa were prepared and characterized using dielectric spectroscopy. The kinetics of self-assembly of the two polypeptides was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the organization of the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was characterized by polarization-modulation infrared absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). SPR revealed that self-assembly of the high molecular weight polypeptides on gold substrates proceeds rapidly on a time-scale of minutes and is comparable to the time of assembly of simple n -alkanethiols. The increase in length of the polypeptide led to an increase in the dipole moment from 156 to 363 D. The enhanced electrostatic interactions in the SAMs were manifested as an increase in the average tilt of the helix axis from the normal to the surface and monolayers with smaller thickness.
Joshua/James Seixas (1802–1874): Jewish apostasy and Christian Hebraism in early nineteenth-century America

In the roster of prominent American Jewish apostates of the early nineteenth century Joshua/James Seixas (1802-1874) remains something of an enigma. His contemporaries, both Jewish and Christian, differed widely in their descriptions of his religious convictions and affiliations. We find him described by Jews as a convert to Christianity and by some Christians as a "devout Jew." Evaluations of his ability as a teacher of Hebrew and a scholar vary widely, and the researcher in search of the biographical details of Seixas' life is confronted with conflicting and confusing data. For his life was a restless one. Seixas moved around the United States in search of employment and professional satisfaction and one is struck with the feeling that the subject of our investigations deliberately obscured the details of his personal life. ~
Detection of particles under a potential barrier

We introduce a model detector which registers the passage of a particle through the detector location, without substantially perturbing the particle wave function. (The exact time of passage is not determined in such measurements.) We then show that our detector can operate in a classically forbidden reigon and register particles passing through a certain point under a potential barrier. We show that it should be possible to observe the particle's track under the barrier.
Electronic packaging evolution in IBM

A quarter century of innovation in the development of packaging for semiconductors has culminated in the announcement of the IBM 4300 Series of computers and the IBM 3081. This technology has been built on a broad and expanding base starting with packaging for the 1400 Series in thel ate 1950s. In the next series, System/360, IBM chose to follow a unique approach which employed solder joints for the semiconductor connections, allowing ultimately a higher density and total number of interconnections compared to the rest of the industry. This has driven the packaging at the module level to achieve extremely high density and has led to multichip interconnections and multilayers on this first level of package. The dramatically increasing circuit function at the module level requires area arrays of pins to be able to get enough of them in a small area. Thus the nexlte vel (second level) of packaging has likewise been driven to provide many layers of dense interconnections to link to the module pins. New types of plated through holes join the many layers of interconnection. The highlights of the technical approaches which have been developed over the twenty-five-year period are discussed briefly in this paper.
The Effects Of Differential Perceptions Of Formal Budgetary Procedures On Affective Employee Responses

Abstract Prior budgeting research has established that characteristics of organizational budgeting systems are linked to affective employee responses. This work has generally assumed that variation in affective responses between employees is due to differences in the actual characteristics of the budgetary systems they face. The present study examines whether employees facing the same formal budgetary system characteristics vary in their affective responses because of differences in how they perceive the system characteristics. Data were gathered with a survey of non-supervisory production workers at a single plant and analysed with hierarchical regression analysis. The results indicate that employees who are subject to a common set of formal budgetary procedures vary in their perceptions of the extent to which those procedures are functioning; this variation in perceptions of budgetary procedures, in turn, explains variation in perceived budget usefulness, general attitude toward the budgetary process, and organizational commitment. Implications of the results to budgetary decision makers are discussed.
Diesel particulate matter: Chemical and biological assays

Abstract This study involves the chemical characterization and biological assay of diesel particulate matter generated from a single-cylinder, direct-injected diesel engine. This engine was powered with a pure hydrocarbon fuel. The total extract obtained with this fuel had a positive biological activity by various biological assays, although the raw particulate matter was negative. The methodology of sampling and the assays are discussed together with the implications of the results to date.
Predictors of Growth in Small and Mid-Sized Nonprofit Organizations in the Detroit Metropolitan Area

This study investigated predictors of self-reported growth in a purposive sample of 398 small to mid-sized nonprofit organizations, including small grassroots organizations, which were providing their services in a metropolitan area facing dire economic conditions. The analytic design used both a multinomial logit and structural equation approach to investigate the associations between program development, readiness to change, management capacity, and fund development and organizational growth. The results indicated that program development, readiness to change, and fund development were positively and directly related to growth, while management capacity was indirectly associated with growth via the pathways of program development and readiness to change.
Soluble ST2 predicts elevated SBP in the community.

Background:Soluble ST2 (sST2) is an emerging prognostic biomarker in patients with existing cardiovascular disease. ST2 and its ligand, interleukin-33 (IL-33), are expressed in endothelial cells, and may play an important role in the development of early atherosclerosis and vascular biology. We soug
Rotation of fold-hinge lines associated with simple shear during southerly directed thrusting, Ouachita Mountains, southeastern Oklahoma

Abstract The Broken Bow uplift in southeastern Oklahoma contains the oldest rocks exposed in Ouachita orogenic belts and has experienced tour phases of deformation. First generation folds are tight, overturned, Sverging. and have a well developed slaty cleavage. Second-generation folds are coaxial with first-generation structures, are open to tight, are inclined, and reveal S-vergence. Northerly dipping faults truncate second generation fold limbs. Third-phase structures, including recumbent folds and pencil structures, are interpreted to be contemporaneous with S-directed thrusting. The hinges of earlier folds documented in the area least affected by thrusting are horizontal and trend E-W. The hinges of folds of the same generation within fault zones plunge 30–50 ° toward the north or northwest. Thus, it is concluded that the earlier folds have been passively rotated during S-direeted thrusting, as have the contemporaneous folds and pencil structures. A simple-shear model associated with S-directed thrusting is proposed to explain these geometrical relations. The rotated fold hinges provide quantifiable shear-strain gauges which can be used to quantify shear strain in the Broken Bow uplift as well as in other orogenic belts. A model for shear-strain calculation is developed using the general geometric relationship between fold-hinge lines, the shear direction, and the shear plane.
Delayed fatal impact cardiopathy

Abstract The lesions of impact cardiopathy (“cardiac contusion”) which fail to heal satisfactorily, leading to delayed heart failure and death, are infrequently recognized, in part because of a general lack of appreciation of the lingering significance of lesser degrees of trauma. The case of a 31-year-old male dying 4 weeks after a vehicular collision provides strong confirmation of the expectable intermediate aspects of this spectrum of post traumatic lesions.
Causes for an asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and refined petroleum products

We revisit the issue of asymmetries in the relation between the price of crude oil and refined petroleum products in the United States. An econometric analysis of monthly data indicates that the asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and motor gasoline is generated by refinery utilization rates and inventory behavior. The asymmetric relation between the price of crude oil and home heating oil probably is generated by contractual arrangements between retailers and consumers. Together, these results imply that price asymmetries may be generated by efficient markets. Under these conditions, there is little justification for policy interventions to reduce or eliminate price asymmetries in motor gasoline and home heating oil markets.
Treatment and prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis.

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Even if successfully treated, IC can cause significant neurodevelopmental impairment. Preterm infants are at increased risk for hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis owing to increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, so antifungal treatment should have adequate central nervous system penetration. Amphotericin B deoxycholate, lipid preparations of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and micafungin are first-line treatments of IC. Fluconazole prophylaxis reduces the incidence of IC in extremely premature infants, but its safety has not been established for this indication, and as yet, the product has not been shown to reduce mortality in neonates. Targeted prophylaxis may have a role in reducing the burden of disease in this vulnerable population.
Do Cell-Penetrating Peptides Actually “Penetrate” Cellular Membranes?

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also referred to as peptide transduction domains (PTDs), are polypeptide domains that can enter many, if not most, cell types. CPP/PTDs mediate transduction into cells of a wide range of cargos that otherwise lack bioavailability, such as peptides, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides, and small interfering RNAs. CPP/PTDs are thus being studied extensively as delivery agents for molecular therapies, and a variety of transducing peptides have now been identified, including both naturally occurring domains and synthetically derived sequences comprising polycationic or amphipathic residues.1 Although much progress has been made in understanding the endocytotic mechanisms by which CPP/PTDs enter cells,1 several important unanswered questions remain. In an upcoming issue of Molecular Therapy, Hirose and colleagues report a study in which they reexamined the direct membrane transduction mechanism of CPP/PTDs using highly sensitive imaging techniques and well-controlled experimental systems.2 The study reinforces the notion that CPP/PTDs enter cells by endocytosis (macropinocytosis), but it also highlights the significance of the specific peptide and cargo conditions that drive membrane deformations required for concomitant, low-level nonendocytotic uptake.
Sociology as a Vocation

During the 1950s, when sociology modeled itself on the natural sciences, the vocational ideals that shaped the profession were also modeled on the natural sciences; objectivity, peer review, and other such ideals were linked to the epistemological assumption that reality existed out there in the world to be discovered by the techniques of science. With postmodern and other similar philosophical challenges in the air, it is no longer possible to believe that the relationship between reality and its representations is so uncomplicated. But what do these new epistemologies have to say about professional conduct? This paper argues that it would be a mistake to practice the deconstruction one preaches. Epistemological skepticism, far from leading to an attitude toward professional conduct that “anything goes,” requires an ever-greater belief in professional responsibility.
What does community and social media use look like among early PEV drivers? Exploring how drivers build an online resource through community relations and social media tools

Abstract Multi-way social interactions among individuals, businesses, governments, and other actors are increasingly mediated by communication technologies: we take this to be “social media”. This paper presents the results of 28 in-depth interviews with household plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) drivers in San Diego, California. The interviews elicited descriptions of social interactions between PEV drivers and between PEV and non-PEV drivers via social media and face-to-face interactions. A subset of PEV drivers used social media to facilitate interpersonal interactions and reflect face-to-face interactions to a larger, if overlapping, subset. Social media are serving as the platform upon which some early PEV buyers are building an information resource for both their own use the use of potential future PEV buyers. Whether that information base constitutes a community informs the discussion of the social processes at work in the possible diffusion of information regarding PEVs from earlier to later buyers.
Fast simulation of atomic-force-microscope imaging of atomic and polygonal surfaces using graphics hardware

We present a fast method for computing simulated Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) image scans (including tip artifacts). The basic insight is that the array of depth values in the depth buffer of a graphics system is analogous to the height field making up an AFM image, and thus the ability of graphics hardware to compute the depth of many pixels in parallel can be used to radically speed up the AFM imaging simulation. We also present a method for reconstructing better approximations to the true shape from AFM images distorted by tip artifacts. These algorithms are implemented using operations from 3D grayscale mathematical morphology operations of dilation and erosion.
The October 29th Group: Defining a feminist science

Synopsis A group of scientists and those interested in the sciences, all feminists, has been meeting for six years at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to discuss and define a feminist critique of science. We consider science an important area for feminist investigation for several reasons. Scientific research is funded, conducted, and applied for the goals of those with political power. Patriarchy throughout history has used science to justify itself, for example, assigning sociobiological explanations to class, race, or gender inequalities. Many of the characteristics we value would generally be considered part of “dgood” science. These include sharing of information, availability of funding for projects representing diverse points of view, opportunity regardless of gender, race, religion, and judging work on its merits rather than the status of the authors. Other criticisms are more specifically feminist, examining how patriarchal politics and worldview are played out in science. Some examples include an emphasis on the control of nature rather than understanding, a search for “master” molecules presupposing a hierarchical rather than an interactive model, or reliance on reductionism, quantification, and linear thinking while denegating other modes of obtaining and organizing information. We emphasize ways to bring a feminist commitment and philosophy into the laboratory and outline one possible mechanism for transformation of science to more egalitarian principles. Our group represents for us an example of feminist science in action, in its emphasis on open discussion, support as well as criticism, and awareness of the relationship between means and ends, theory and practice.
The Role of Change in Physical Performance in Determining Risk for Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Nondisabled Community-Living Elderly Persons

Among community-living elderly persons, a single assessment of physical performance is a powerful predictor of dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs). The aim of this study was to determine whether an assessment of change in physical performance provides useful prognostic information beyond that available from a single assessment. Among a large representative cohort of elderly persons, we evaluated the 586 participants who were ADL independent at both the baseline and the one year interviews. For each of the three timed tests, participants who had a large decline in physical performance were significantly more likely to develop ADL dependence at three years than those who improved or showed no change. After adjusting for 1-year scores, however, change in physical performance was no longer associated with ADL dependence. However, among the 775 participants who were ADL independent at the baseline interview, change in physical performance was significantly associated with the onset of ADL dependence at one year, even after adjusting for baseline performance. When determining risk for ADL dependence, an assessment of change in physical performance over one year does not provide useful prognostic information beyond that available from a single assessment. Nevertheless, change in physical performance is independently associated with concurrent ADL dependence and may be useful in predicting future disability if measured over shorter intervals.
A lower bound on the number of cells in arrangements of hyperplanes

Abstract Lower bounds on the numbers of k-cells in arrangements of hyperplanes are found. These bounds are shown to be the best possible and arrangements attaining them are characterized.
The Weizenbaum controversy

I have so far managed to keep out of the great Weizenbaum debate, although I find my name and research bandied about enough. However, the last piece by Weizenbaum written in response to McCarthy's SIGART review has caused me to take the gauntlet at last.
Hall effect measurements on YBa2Cu3O7−δ-films with different oxygen defficiency

Abstract We have investigated the puzzling normal-state transport properties of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films. The Hall coefficient RH(B,T,δ) and the resistance ϱ xx (B,T,δ) were measured for an oxygen deficiency δ from 0.05 to 0.5. The temperature dependence of the cotangent of the Hall angle cot ϑ H = ϱ xx (T)/(R H (T) B z ) fits the relation cot ϑ = αT2 + C. The value of α at B=1Tesla for the film with the highest critical temperature Tc is α=40×10−3 K−2. This is in good agreement with reported data.
Behavior Assessment and Cross-Validation by Surrogate Measures in Drug Prevention Research

When used with more orthodox survey or interview techniques, surrogate measures can enhance a study's credibility. Presented is a case report which illustrates the viability of using a surrogate measure to cross-validate self-reports of alcohol consumption by members of a fraternity at a large Midwestern university. As federal authorities continue to scrutinize myriad ways to reduce the nation's health care burden drug abuse research will have an enhanced opportunity to justify its role in that movement. The historical reliance on self-report methods which lack supportive, corroborating evidence of behavior change may jeopardize preventive drug education's opportunity to play a more integral part in influencing health promotion policies.
Role of dopamine transporter genotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviors.

Abstract Objective To examine the joint effects of a dopamine transporter (DAT) polymorphism and maternal prenatal smoking on childhood hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness. Study design A cohort of 161 children was followed prospectively from age 6 months to 60 months. Primary outcomes were the DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive scales of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale Revised-Long Version (CPRS R:L). A secondary outcome was the oppositional scale. Predictors included DAT genotype and maternal report of prenatal smoking. Children homozygous for the 480-bp DAT allele (DAT +/+) were compared with all other children (DAT +/− or −/−). Results In multivariate analyses, children with both prenatal smoke exposure and the DAT +/+ genotype had significantly elevated hyperactive-impulsive scores (β, 7.5; SE, 2.9; P Conclusions Child hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional behaviors were associated with a DAT polymorphism but only when the child also had exposure to maternal prenatal smoking. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating environmental cofactors in genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Review of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα), beta (PPARβ), and gamma (PPARγ) in rodent and human development ☆

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and there are three primary subtypes, PPARα, β, and γ. These receptors regulate important physiological processes that impact lipid homeostasis, inflammation, adipogenesis, reproduction, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. These nuclear receptors have important roles in reproduction and development and their expression may influence the responses of an embryo exposed to PPAR agonists. PPARs are relevant to the study of the biological effects of the perfluorinated alkyl acids as these compounds, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), activate PPARα. Exposure of the rodent to PFOA or PFOS during gestation results in neonatal deaths, developmental delay and growth deficits. Studies in PPARα knockout mice demonstrate that the developmental effects of PFOA, but not PFOS, depend on expression of PPARα. This review provides an overview of PPARα, β, and γ protein and mRNA expression during mouse, rat, and human development. The review presents the results from many published studies and the information is organized by organ system and collated to show patterns of expression at comparable developmental stages for human, mouse, and rat. The features of the PPAR nuclear receptor family are introduced and what is known or inferred about their roles in development is discussed relative to insights from genetically modified mice and studies in the adult.
Co-Production, Service Exchange Networks, and Social Capital

ABSTRACT Much social commentary has been written of late on the loss of mediating structures within communities and the resulting decline in social capital. One way to rebuild these structures is through a model known as co-production, which has been championedby attorney, Edgar Cahn. Co-production provides a vehicle by which community members can exchange services and build reciprocal relationships for mutual benefit. Economic value is accorded these services through a mechanism known as “time dollars.” This paper provides an overview of co-production models and examines the ways in which time dollars can be used to strengthen economic and social capital.
Addressing the corner problem in BEM solution of heat conduction problems

A numerical problem which features prominently in the implementation of the boundary-element method (BEM) for the solution of heat-conduction problems arises from double-valued heat fluxes at boundary corners. This problem is readily dealt with by explicitly treating nodal heat fluxes as double-valued prior to assembly of the nodal equations. This formulation is very flexible as it also permits imposing discontinuous thermal conditions at any boundary node. However, at corner nodes where temperature only is prescribed, the scheme leads to two unknowns, while only one nodal BEM equation is available there. An additional equation which closely follows the previous work of Walker and Fenner is derived for these nodes, and this provides sufficient information to resolve the upstream and downstream values of the heat flux at the temperature node. The additional equation is general, is free of heuristic constraints, and is applicable through the wide range of acute, shallow, obtuse and re-entrant angles encountered in practice. Numerical examples are used to compare the present method with the Walker and Fenner approach and with analytical solutions. Results indicate both improved accuracy and generality, thus validating the present method.