cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol withdrawal is required to produce persisting N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent hippocampal cytotoxicity during chronic intermittent ethanol exposure

Chronic intermittent ethanol consumption is associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in preclinical laboratory animals and in the clinical population. While previous work suggests a role for neuroadaptations in the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the development of ethanol dependence and manifestation of withdrawal, the relative roles of ethanol exposure and ethanol withdrawal in producing these effects have not been fully characterized. To examine underlying cytotoxic mechanisms associated with chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure, organotypic hippocampal slices were exposed to 1-3 cycles of ethanol (50 mM) in cell culture medium for 5 days, followed by 24 h of ethanol withdrawal, in which a portion of slices were exposed to competitive NMDA receptor antagonist (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV; 40 μM). Cytotoxicity was assessed using immunohistochemical labeling of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN; Fox-3), a marker of mature neurons, and thionine (2%) staining of Nissl bodies. Multiple cycles of CIE produced neurotoxicity, as reflected in persisting losses of neuron NeuN immunoreactivity and thionine staining in each of the primary cell layers of the hippocampal formation. Hippocampi aged in vitro were significantly more sensitive to the toxic effects of multiple cycles of CIE than were non-aged hippocampi. This effect was not demonstrated in slices exposed to continuous ethanol, in the absence of withdrawal, or to a single exposure/withdrawal regimen. Exposure to APV significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity observed in the primary cell layers of the hippocampus. The present findings suggest that ethanol withdrawal is required to produce NMDA receptor-dependent hippocampal cytotoxicity, particularly in the aging hippocampus in vitro.
Molecular analysis of transforming growth factor beta in giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a primary bone neoplasm with unique cytogenetic findings including telomeric associations. Elevated expression of message RNA for transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), but not transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), has been reported in this tumor. Further investigation of GCT was undertaken to determine whether genetic loci for TGF beta in GCT patients with and without chromosome abnormalities are altered. Due to the reported TGF beta overexpression in GCT, qualitative and quantitative Southern blot analyses with TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 and an internal control probe (p3-21) were performed with tumor DNA and DNA from normal tissue on ten patients with GCT and control individuals. No obvious TGF beta 1 or TGF beta 2 gene alterations were detected. Normal copy numbers were calculated when comparing tumor and normal DNA from GCT patients as well as DNA from control individuals. Abnormal chromosome findings, including telomeric associations, marker chromosome, double minutes, chromosome fragments, ring chromosomes (possibly representing intra-chromosome telomeric associations), and polyploid cells were observed in seven of the ten patients with GCT. Chromosomes 11, 16, 19, 20, and 21 were most commonly observed in telomeric associations, with the terminus of the long arm of chromosome 19 being the most frequent. We conclude that there are no TGF beta 1 or TGF beta 2 gene alterations detected in GCT with the methodologies described, and that telomeric associations are a reproducible cytogenetic characteristic of this neoplasm.
14C Translocation pathways in honeylocust and green ash: Woody plants with complex leaf forms

Long-distance transport in plants requires precise knowledge of vascular pathways, and these pathways differ among species. This study examines the 14C translocation pathways in honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), species with compound leaves, and compares them with those of cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), a species with simple leaves. The stem vasculature of honeylocust conforms to a 2/5 helical phyllotaxy and that of green ash to a decussate phyllotaxy. The plastochron is relatively long in both species – 2.5+ days in honeylocust and 4.5+ days in green ash. Consequently, the transition from upward to downward translocation from mature source leaves is abrupt and occurs close to the apex. Export of 14C from localized treatment positions within a leaf was found to vary both quantitatively and spatially. To determine export patterns, 14CO2 was administered to either individual leaflets of once-pinnate or pinnae of bipinnate leaves of honeylocust, and to either individual veins of simple or leaflets of compound leaves of green ash. Transections of either the petiole or rachis base were then examined for 14C by micro-autoradiography. In all cases, as treatment positions advanced acropetally in the leaves, the bundles translocating 14C were situated more dorsally in the basal petiole and rachis vasculatures. 14C was confined to the right side of the vasculature when structures on the right side of a leaf were treated. Compound leaves of both species mature acropetally. Thus, mature basal pinnae of honeylocust and basal leaflets of green ash translocate acropetally to younger leaf parts that are still rapidly expanding. All translocation pathways, both in the stem and leaf, conformed with vascular organization previously determined by anatomical analyses.
Thermal Decomposition of Furan Generates Propargyl Radicals

The thermal decomposition of furan has been studied by a 1 mm × 2 cm tubular silicon carbide reactor, C4H4O + Δ → products. Unlike previous studies, these experiments are able to identify the initial furan decomposition products. Furan is entrained in either He or Ar carrier gas and is passed through a heated (1600 K) SiC tubular reactor. Furan decomposes during transit through the tubular reactor (approximately 65 μs) and exits to a vacuum chamber. Within one nozzle diameter of leaving the nozzle, the gases cool to less than 50 K, and all reactions cease. The resultant molecular beam is interrogated by photoionization mass spectroscopy as well as infrared spectroscopy. Earlier G2(MP2) electronic structure calculations predicted that furan will thermally decompose to acetylene, ketene, carbon monoxide, and propyne at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures, these calculations forecast that propargyl radical could result. We observe all of these species (see Scheme 1). As the pressure in the tubular rea...
Micro-Cantilever Based Metrology Tool for Flow Characterization of Liquid and Gaseous Micro/Nanojets

This paper reports the development of MEMS metrology tools to characterize liquid and gaseous jets ejected from micro/nanofabricated nozzles. To date few highly local measurements have been made on micro/nanojets, due in part to the lack of characterization tools and techniques to investigate their characteristics. Atomic force microscope cantilevers are well-suited for interrogating these flows due to their high spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, cantilever sensors with either integrated heating elements or piezoresistive elements have been fabricated to measure thrust, velocity, and heat flux characteristics of micro/nanojets.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Mechanisms for metoclopramide-mediated sensitization and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats

Abstract Typical antipsychotics such as the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol are known to cause movement disorders or catalepsy in experimental animals. Catalepsy is believed to result from blockade of dopamine D 2 receptors. In this study two drugs that differ in antipsychotic potency but are similar in blocking dopamine D 2 receptors were used to investigate the mechanism for catalepsy and its sensitization. Metoclopramide is a strong postsynaptic dopamine D 2 receptor blocker with no antipsychotic potency. At low doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg given subcutaneously (s.c.), metoclopramide did not produce catalepsy or movement disturbance for seven days after drug treatment. Also metoclopramide at 10 mg/kg given for five days, failed to induce catalepsy. Haloperidol, another potent dopamine D 2 receptor blocker at 0.5 mg/kg (s.c.) rapidly produced catalepsy and suppressed movement 1 h after a single dose of the drug. Chronic as well as acute treatment with metoclopramide caused sensitization of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Neurochemical analyses revealed significant dopamine D 2 receptor up-regulation in both frontal cortex and striatum of rats chronically treated with metoclopramide. However, no changes in dopamine D 2 receptor numbers were noted in these areas after chronic treatment with low doses of haloperidol. Significant increases in N -Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor numbers were observed in both frontal cortex and striatum of metoclopramide treated animals, while haloperidol elicited significant decreases in NMDA receptor numbers in both brain areas. These observations plus previous reports have led us to propose a model for catalepsy and its sensitization. According to this model the increase in NMDA receptors by metoclopramide sensitizes the brain to haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Thus, catalepsy appears to be elicited by simultaneous activation of glutamatergic NMDA and dopamine D 1 receptors as well as a blockade of dopamine D 2 receptors.
Recognition of Jurassic transport of rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon: Evidence from the Sonoma Range, north-central Nevada

The Sonoma Range of north-central Nevada exposes lower Paleozoic rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon that were thrust from east to west over Upper Triassic shelf strata in Jurassic time. Also present are Roberts Mountains allochthon rocks that were autochthonous in the Jurassic. Structural analysis of Jurassic allochthonous vs. Jurassic autochthonous rocks of the Harmony Formation indicates that both packages have the same east-verging Paleozoic deformation history: recumbent isoclines (F1), shallowly inclined tight folds (F2), then upright folds (F3). Three generations of Jurassic folds (F4, F5, F6) are present in the Jurassic allochthonous Harmony Formation, whereas the Jurassic autochthonous Harmony Formation has only the youngest Jurassic phase (F6). First Jurassic folds (F4) in the Jurassic allochthonous Harmony Formation are synemplacement major fault-bend folds. F4 folds F1-F3 and does not fold F5 and F6. F5 folds are markedly different from Paleozoic deformations and the younger Jurassic folds (F6) present in both the Jurassic allochthonous and Jurassic autochthonous Harmony Formation (major, upright, west-verging). Recognition of F5 folds in rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon north and east of the Sonoma Range may help define the geographic extent of Jurassic deformation in northern Nevada. These boundaries cannot be established by traditional means because of the absence of exposure of Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic rocks in the region.
Zero-Field Susceptibility of Bloch Electrons

An expression for the zero-field magnetic susceptibility arising from electrons in a simple Bloch band is derived. Uncoupled field-dependent bands developed earlier are employed in the derivation. The expression thus obtained is amenable to very simple physical interpretation. Namely, it consists of three terms: the Landau-Peierls term, crystalline paramagnetism, and induced diamagnetism. Reduction of this result to parameters defined for field-free bands shows the equivalence of this result to those derived by earlier workers.
Antibody formation in early infancy against diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.

Summary A study was made of the development of antitoxin after two injections of combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in a group of young infants. It was found that the production of tetanus antitoxin is as good in the early months of life as later, and this finding denotes that the mechanism for the production of antibodies is well developed in young infants. With diphtheria antigen, the development of antitoxin is definitely defective in a considerable number during the first 6 months of life. This impairment of antibody formation is related to the presence of passive immunity in the resistant infants and appears specific for diphtheria. The application of these findings to the practical immunization of infants to diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough was discussed.
Water transport during startup and shutdown of polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks

Abstract A dynamic three-phase transport model is developed to analyze water uptake and transport in the membrane and catalyst layers of polymer electrolyte fuel cells during startup from subfreezing temperatures and subsequent shutdown. The initial membrane water content ( λ , the number of water molecules per sulfonic acid site) is found to be an important parameter that determines whether a successful unassisted self-start is possible. For a given initial subfreezing temperature at startup, there is a critical λ ( λ h ), above which self-start is not possible because the product water completely engulfs the catalyst layers with ice before the stack can warm-up to 0 °C. There is a second value of λ ( λ l ), below which the stack can be self-started without forming ice. Between λ l and λ h , the stack can be self-started, but with intermediate formation of ice that melts as the stack warms up to 0 °C. Both λ l and λ h are functions of the initial stack temperature, cell voltage at startup, membrane thickness, catalyst loading, and stack heat capacity. If the stack is purged during the previous shutdown by flowing air in the cathode passages, then depending on the initial amount of water in the membrane and gas diffusion layers and the initial stack temperature, it may not be possible to dry the membrane to the critical λ for a subsequent successful startup. There is an optimum λ for robust and rapid startup and shutdown. Startup and shutdown time and energy may be unacceptable if the λ is much less than the optimum. Conversely, a robust startup from subfreezing temperatures cannot be assured if the λ is much higher than this optimum.
Reverse end-diastolic flow velocity on umbilical artery velocimetry in high-risk pregnancies: an ominous finding with adverse pregnancy outcome.

Systolic/ diastolic ratios of umbilical velocimetry have been used to assess downstream placental vascular resistance. Reverse end-diastolic flow velocity during end diastole suggests extreme abnormality in waveform and resistance. We reviewed our experience of patients showing reverse end-diastolic flow velocity over a 2 1/2-year period. Out of 550 high-risk patients studied with umbilical velocimetry over this period, 12 patients showed the finding. All patients were delivered of small for gestational age fetuses and the perinatal mortality in this group was 50%. There was also significant perinatal morbidity as judged by cesarean section performed because of fetal distress, low Apgar scores, days in neonatal intensive care, prematurity, placental infarcts, and lethal anomalies. These findings suggest that reverse end-diastolic velocity on umbilical velocimetry is associated with catastrophic perinatal outcome, and aggressive perinatal management may be advised in this group of patients.
Identifying vertically differentiated products

Abstract Rauch (1999) introduced a product classification scheme that has since been widely used to empirically identify differentiated goods. Using firm-level data on export unit values, we provide direct evidence that this classification is well suited for capturing quality differentiation.
Three‐Fold Induction of Renal 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3‐24‐Hydroxylase Activity and Increased Serum 24,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Levels Are Correlated with the Healing Process After Chick Tibial Fracture

To investigate the possible biological actions of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), a tibial fracture-healing model was established in White Leghorn chicks. Three-week-old White Leghorn chicks fed a vitamin D3-replete diet were divided into four groups (control, anesthetized, sham, and fractured). On varying days after tibial fracture (F) or sham manipulation (S), renal 25(OH)D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and 25(OH)D3-24-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) activities and serum Ca2+ concentrations were measured. Metofane anesthesia was found to have no effect on the activity of either of the hydroxylases; the activities of the hydroxylases in the control, anesthetized, and sham-operated birds were similar. By 10 days after tibial fracture, the renal 24-hydroxylase activity increased more than 3-fold in F (1.33 +/- 0.07 pmol/mg of protein) as compared with S (0.42 +/- 0.03 pmol/mg of protein) (p < 0.0001). A time-dependent study of the renal 24-hydroxylase activity during the fracture repair process revealed a slow increase from the first day after fracture, a higher activity at 8 days, which peaked at 10-11 days, which is consistent with the formation of the callus. The 24-hydroxylase activity then returned to the same level as the sham group 14 days after fracture. There was no significant difference in serum Ca2+ levels between the F and S groups over the 3-week postfracture period. Serum levels of vitamin D3 metabolites were also measured during the fracture healing process: a 3.4x increase of the 24,25(OH)2D3 level in the fractured group (3.64 +/- 1.16 nM) was observed as compared with the control groups (1.08 +/- 0.49 nM) at 10 days after fracture (p = 0.068). No significant differences were observed in the plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 or 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 between the group with a fracture and the controls. Exposure of primary chick kidney cells in culture to serum obtained from chicks with a tibial fracture for 20 h resulted in an approximately 40% increase in the activity of the 24-hydroxylase as compared with cells exposed to serum from control birds. These results suggest that 24,25(OH)2D3 is involved in the early process of fracture repair and that there is some form of physiological communication between the fractured bone and the kidney so as to increase the renal 24-hydroxylase and the circulating concentration of this metabolite.
The Statics and Dynamics of a Transversely Isotropic Timoshenko Beam

A partial differential equation is derived that describes the motion of a transversely isotropic Timoshenko beam under initial stress, initial displacement, and transverse loading. Suitable specializations of this equation permits one to investigate buckling behavior, vibrational be havior as affected by initial stress, and wave propagation behavior in initially stressed infinite beams. Each separate topic provides important results for designing structures with high values of the ratio of longi tudinal modulus to longitudinal-transverse shear modulus which are common among advanced composites. The buckling investigation pre dicts moderate decreases in the buckling coefficient for simply sup ported beams but predicts very large decreases for clamped beams. The vibration investigation shows that initial tension and compression have practically no effect on the thickness shear frequencies for all modes. The wave propagation investigation shows (a) the extreme sensitivity of the thickness shear cutoff freque...
Thin Film Modeling of delamination buckling in pressure loaded laminated cylindrical shells

This phenomenon is modeled here as a first approximation by considering a two-dimensional geometry (ring approximation) and a thin delaminated layer. Growth is studied by a fracture mechanics-based energy release rate citerion. Closed-form expressions for the critical pressure and growth conditions are derived, as well as for the cutoff level of the delamination range below which local delamination buckling cannot take place
Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Graphitic Carbon Nanofiber Polymer Brushes

Herringbone graphitic carbon nanofiber (GCNF)−polymer brushes are prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the “grafted-from” synthesis strategy. Polymerization of acrylate esters occurs at surface sites covalently derivatized with ATRP initiators to form GCNF−poly(n-butyl acrylate), GCNF−poly(isobutyl methacrylate), and GCNF−poly(tert-butyl acrylate) polymer brushes. Acid hydrolysis of the GCNF−poly(tert-butyl acrylate) polymer brush gives a GCNF−poly(acrylic acid) polymer brush. Solution dispersibilities of GCNF−polymer brushes are controlled by the solubility properties of the polymer brush component, with GCNF−poly(acrylate ester) brushes being hydrophobic, whereas the GCNF−poly(acrylic acid) brush is hydrophilic. Because of the unique atomic structure of GCNFs, a high surface density (ca. 3 chains/10 nm2 of GCNF surface) of polymer brush functionalization is realized.
Quantitation of type I, III, and V collagens in human tissue samples by high-performance liquid chromatography of selected cyanogen bromide peptides.

Abstract A method to determine the proportions of the major fiber-forming collagens (types I, III, and V) in noncartilaginous human tissues is presented. The procedure relies on direct solubilization of tissue collagen as cyanogen bromide peptides. The peptides are subjected to cation exchange chromatography followed by gel permeation chromatography in a manner consistent with the rapid resolution and quantitation of relatively low-molecular-weight marker peptides for each collagen. The marker peptides utilized for type I, III, and V collagens are α1(I)-CB2, α1(III)-CB2, and α1(V)-CB1, respectively. Quantitation of the peptides is attained as a function of ultraviolet absorbance during gel permeation chromatography. The nature of the marker peptides, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, and quantitation of the peptides by ultraviolet absorbance renders the method suitably rapid, sensitive, and accurate for routine evaluations of collagen composition. The utility of the method is illustrated in the presentation of analyses on specimens of placental membranes and blood vessel walls.
Quality of life and outcomes after radiofrequency His-bundle catheter ablation and permanent pacemaker implantation: Impact of treatment in paroxysmal and established atrial fibrillation

Abstract One hundred seven patients underwent atrioventricular (AV)-junctional ablation and pacing for atrial fibrillation, and 90 were alive 2.3 ± 1.2 years later. Quality of life index (1.9 ± 1.2 to 3.6 ± 1.1; 3.6 ± 1.1; p p p p p
Fundamental Limits of Wavefront Sensing using Microlens Arrays

The information theoretic bounds of Shack-Hartmann type wavefront sensors is evaluated. A tradeoff analysis among the photon count, the number of aberration coefficients to estimate, and the array size leads to optimal sensor architectures.
British and American systems of income tax withholding

INCOME TAX WITHHOLDING FROM wage and salary receipts is an accepted feature of modern life in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The systems have acknowledged administrative advantages; their economic significance is the subject of this dissertation. Ten criteria of current payment collection at source are introduced to provide a framework for the analysis. The initial criterion formulates preconditions for the successful implementation of wage withholding. The second criterion, one of four equity criteria, advances the familiar principle of the equal treatment of equals, as related to the present context. The third criterion establishes the companion principle of progressive tax burdens among unequals. The relation between tax withdrawals and income receipts is considered in the fourth criterion. The final equity criterion states that wage and salary withholding should be an integral part of a general plan for current payment tax collection. The important sixth criterion stipulates that the collection apparatus should express the built-in flexibility potential of the tax structure to the fullest extent possible. The four remaining criteria warn of disadvantages to be minimized, in the form of rigidities that impair discretionary fiscal policy, excessive administrative cost, adverse incentive effects, or a reduction in the level of tax consciousness. The British Pay As You Earn system is examined. Its place within the tax structure is outlined. The events preceding its inauguration in 1944 are sketched. The operation of the system is described in detail. The system in both conception and practice is then carefully evaluated in the light of the individual criteria. The withholding system of the United States is discussed in a similar manner. Pay As You Earn embodies elements not found in its American counterpart. In Britain, specific tax withdrawals are based on the cumulative earnings of the tax year, taken in conjunction with a careful estimate of individual reliefs and allowances. The graduated tax-
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)—Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Allergically Sensitized Mice Is Inhibited by Live RSV and Exacerbated by Formalin-Inactivated RSV

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced disease is associated with recurrent episodes of wheezing in children, and an effective vaccine currently is not available. The use of 2 immunizations (a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated RSV vaccine [FI-RSV] given intramuscularly and live RSV given intranasally [LVIN]), with a control immunization, were compared in a well-characterized model of RSV challenge, with or without concomitant allergic sensitization with ovalbumin. FI-RSV caused a significant increase in airway hyperresponsiveness in mice after RSV infection during allergic sensitization, and this was associated with an increase in type 2 cytokine production. In contrast, immunization with LVIN did not change type 2 cytokine production and protected against RSV-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in the setting of allergic sensitization. This study suggests that immune modulation with RSV vaccination can have profound effects on RSV-induced airway disease and that prevention of airway hyperresponsiveness is an important end point in vaccine development.
Critical Incidents in Communicating Culture to Newcomers: The Meaning is the Message

Recent hires (n = 149) in 12 electronics manufacturing firms were asked to relate their experiences of formative events and the messages derived from them. Newcomers also described the behavioral norms characterizing their organization, one facet of its culture. Critical incidents newcomers reported were significantly related to their perceptions of behavioral norms. The messages newcomers interpreted from these incidents were coded in terms of positive or negative frame (emphasizing desirable or undesirable outcomes). Positively framed events were related to experiencing the organization's culture as team-oriented. Negatively framed events were related to describing the culture as more control-oriented. Analyses indicate that the critical incidents impact beliefs regarding cultural norms through their effect on the frame of the message newcomers derive from the events. Moreover, team norms were negatively related to role conflict and positively related to role clarity. Findings are interpreted with respe...
Three-dimensional visualization and analysis of microvessels in prostate cancer

A significant increase in diagnostic incidence of prostate cancer underscores the need to accurately stratify and quantify the cancers to facilitate appropriate therapy. Currently, there is no reliable method to preoperatively predict pathological stage and thus malignant potential of prostate cancer. Tumor volume and microvessel density have been shown postoperatively to be accurate predictors of cancer metastatic potential. 3D visualization and analysis of image volumes produced from series of immunocytochemically stained pathological sections may improve our understanding of the relationships of the tumor to angiogenesis, i.e., to the microvessel density of the tumor. Sequential thinly sliced (approximately 7 microns) pathological sections of the prostate will be differentially stained with fluorescent antibodies to clotting factor VIII- related antigen, which labels the endothelial cells of the vessels, facilitating automated color separation for visualization of the microvessels. Digitized images of the sections can be synthesized into 3D volumes and measured to quantify vessel quantity and density. Using 3D colorwash and transparency display techniques, anatomic and densitrometric relationships between the tumor and microvessels can be visualized. The microvessel density can be measured using image processing algorithms and compared to measurements made by pathologists. Advanced approaches to imaging the prostate in vivo include dynamic MRI techniques using contrast agents to accurately detect and quantify the region of prostate cancer. The cancerous region can be correlated with histologic specimens using the same methods described for measurement of microvessel density. This detailed information could lead to improved methods to properly stratify patients with diagnosed prostate cancer.
Latinos at community colleges

Community colleges serve as the point of entry for the majority of Latinos in higher education, offering low-cost, smaller-scale educational opportunities in the communities where students live and providing the preparation for four-year colleges and universities that may have been lacking in their K–12 education. The challenges to community colleges in providing services to Latinos are great, but their potential to facilitate the achievement of Latinos is vast.
Replacement of forage or concentrate with combinations of soyhulls, sodium bicarbonate, or fat for lactating dairy cows

Abstract A lactation study was performed from wk 4 to 19 of lactation to evaluate the ability of soyhulls with or without 1% sodium bicarbonate to replace corn silage and the ability of soyhulls, roasted soybeans, and rumen-inert fat to replace concentrate. All diets contained similar concentrations of NE L (tabular value), CP, and degradable protein. When forage NDF was reduced to 62.5% of total dietary NDF (32 to 36% NDF, depending on analytical method) with soyhulls, milk production and total tract nutrient digestibility were unaffected. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the soyhull diet reduced milk production, but other production aspects were similar. As evaluated using body condition scoring, cows fed soyhulls with buffer appeared to lose less condition before the trial and to recondition earlier and more during the trial than did those fed soyhulls without buffer, which explains differences in milk production. Buffer did not increase digestibility of OM and NDF, perhaps because the high rate of passage of soyhulls limited digestibility more than did ruminal pH. Replacement of concentrate with soyhulls and fat tended to increase milk and FCM production, resulting in improved efficiency of milk production. However, fat fed to cows reduced the percentage of milk protein. As evaluated during the last 4 wk of a 6-wk posttreatment period, fat fed to cows had no residual effects on any production aspect measured.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters bovine luteal cell synthetic capacity and viability.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a macrophage-derived cytokine that is also reportedly produced by granulosal cells and is localized in luteal cells. The present study employed serum-free culture of midcycle bovine luteal cells to investigate the effects of TNF-alpha, alone and with other cytokines, on luteal function. TNF-alpha (1-1000 ng/ml) produced a dose-dependent increase in prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis on all days of culture, but had no effect on basal progesterone (P4) production. TNF-alpha, in combination with other known stimulators of luteal PG synthesis, interleukin-1 beta (2.5 ng/ml) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 100 U/ml), had synergistic effects on PGF2 alpha production (greater than 50-fold above control, P less than 0.05) whereas interferon-alpha (1000 U/ml) significantly suppressed TNF-alpha-stimulated PGF2 alpha production. By day 7 of culture, TNF-alpha inhibited LH-stimulated P4 production (P less than 0.05). Luteal cell numbers were significa...
Depression Dependent Parkinsonism: Case Report

With increasing depression a patient's Parkinsonian tremors increased. With successful treatment of the patient's depression with Imipramine, the tremors disappeared, but slowly began again after drug noncompliance resulted in recurrence of depression. Evidence suggesting a relationship between depression and extrapyramidal dysfunction is discussed. The need for a greater understanding of the role of the extrapyramidal system in emotion and behavior and the connections between the extrapyramidal system to limbic and cortical structures are noted.
Microelectronics for the real world: “Moore” versus “More than Moore”

Memories and microprocessors improvements rely on the continued scaling in silicon based CMOS technologies known as ldquoMoorepsilasrdquo law. However, new classes of products are emerging that provide additional value based on functional innovation and diversification instead of scaling. This functional diversification is being called ldquoMore-than-Moorerdquo. Product innovation in ldquoMore-than-Moorerdquo technologies is differentiated by circuit design, architecture, embedded software and unique process technology. These innovations enable the use of older, proven technologies in highly reliable products. This approach allows for non-digital functions such as RF, power control, passive components, sensors and actuators to migrate from the system board level into a package level (SiP) or chip level (SoC) implementation. The objective of ldquoMore-than-Moorerdquo is to incorporate digital and non-digital functionality into compact systems. ldquoMore-than-Moorerdquo technologies are application specific and focus on the interface between the ldquoAnalogrdquo and the digital world. In this paper we will discuss the applications of ldquoMore-than-Moorerdquo concept and its utility in real life.
Optics and nonlinear effects in repetitive systems

Abstract The weakly nonlinear dynamics in repetitive systems like synchrotrons, storage rings, linacs, and many new compact accelerators in the class of FFAGs is determined by criteria different from those in single pass optical systems. In the latter case, a clean description is obtained by the aberrations, i.e. nonlinear terms in the Taylor representation of the transfer map, and possible connections between them because of the symplectic symmetry of Hamiltonian systems or geometric symmetries of the system under consideration. For repetitive systems other criteria are relevant because conventional aberrations can be either enhanced or weakened by the repeated passage through the same system. We begin with methods that provide highly accurate representations of fields, a pre-requisite for a detailed analysis of nonlinear motion, and discuss surface-based methods that assure accurate field representation far from midplane or axis. We then discuss methods to enforce the symplectic symmetry of the motion by minimal deformations in a suitable metric of Hamiltonian spaces, which is important in the attempt of long-term tracking of the dynamics. We then develop an analytical mechanism most closely related to the conventional aberration correction in conventional systems, the method of normal forms. As a result, quantitative measures of those linearities that matter are obtained in the form of resonance strengths and tune shifts. Residual effects can be described quantitatively using normal form defect methods, which allow rigorous predictions of long-term stability. For practical calculations, the above methods can be expressed seamlessly in terms of differential algebraic structures on Taylor representations, either in a truncated representation in the conventional DA framework, or under consideration of remainder error terms in a fully rigorous setting.
Mapping functional regions of transcription factor TFIIIA.

Abstract Functional deletion mutants of the trans-acting factor TFIIIA, truncated at both ends of the molecule, have been expressed by in vitro transcription of a cDNA clone and subsequent cell-free translation of the synthetic mRNAs. A region of TFIIIA 19 amino acids or less, near the carboxyl terminus, is critical for maximal transcription and lies outside the DNA-binding domain. The elongated protein can be aligned over the internal control region (ICR) of the Xenopus 5S RNA gene with its carboxyl terminus oriented toward the 5' end of the gene and its amino terminus oriented toward the 3' end of the gene. The nine "zinc fingers" and the linkers that separate them comprise 80% of the protein mass and correspond to the DNA-binding domain of TFIIIA. The zinc fingers near the amino terminus of the protein contribute more to the overall binding energy of the protein to the ICR than do the zinc fingers near the carboxyl end. The most striking feature of TFIIIA is its modular structure. This is demonstrated by the fact that each zinc finger binds to just one of three short nucleotide sequences within the ICR.
Heuristic algorithms for adaptive load sharing in local networks

Load sharing algorithms which do not use any control messages are investigated. Four such algorithms are proposed and compared with a well-known algorithm which uses control messages. Under heavy load, the proposed algorithms have superior performance. The first algorithm uses a central controller which has the sole responsibility for determining where a task should be sent. The second algorithm improves upon the first one by replacing a long task transmission to the controller by two short control messages and by reducing the communication bottleneck at the controller. The third algorithm removes the controller completely, having its function performed in each processor without global knowledge. The fourth algorithm improves upon the third algorithm by utilizing global information which is easily available due to the broadcast nature of the network. The algorithms with a central controller perform very well up to about 30 processors, even under heavy load. The second algorithm performs significantly better than the first one. The third algorithm performs surprisingly well even though it uses no global information. The fourth algorithm performs better than the third algorithm, but it does not bring a substantial improvement. >
Power density minimization for highly-associative caches in embedded processors

Caches are essential components in embedded processors, taking up a significant fraction of the chip area and power. As a result of the relatively large size and infrequent activity, leakage power of caches is becoming an important problem. There exist a number of power density minimization schemes that distribute the activity evenly among computational entities, thereby lowering the temperature to reduce the leakage power. In this paper, we first present various power density minimization schemes for highly-associative caches in embedded processors via access distribution. It is then suggested that they should be used in conjunction with other power-down techniques to be more effective. We show that conventional power-down techniques for on-chip caches can be suboptimal if thermal effects are ignored, and propose a thermal-aware power-down technique that minimizes power density of the active parts. Simulations based on MediaBench, NetBench, and MiBench applications in a 70nm technology show that the proposed thermal-aware schemes can improve leakage power savings of a conventional power-down technique by 8.5% on average, and up to 23%.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL ORGANIC COSMOCHEMISTRY

Organic synthesis processes, which may have occurred in the primitive earth atmosphere or in comets, produced in the laboratory by methods of electric discharge, uv light and ionizing radiation
Attitudes and beliefs about 12-step groups among addiction treatment clients and clinicians: toward identifying obstacles to participation.

Participation in 12-step groups (12SG) during and after formal treatment has been associated with positive outcome among substance users. However, the effectiveness of 12SG may be limited by high attrition rates and by low participation, areas on which there has been little research. Clinicians play an important role in fostering 12-step participation, and the insights which they develop in their practice can greatly contribute to informing the research process. Yet, little is known about clinicians’ attitudes about 12-step groups or about their experiences in referring clients. This study surveyed clients (N = 101) and clinicians (N = 102) in outpatient treatment programs to examine 12-step-related attitudes and to identify potential obstacles to participation. Data collection was conducted between 05, 2001 and 01, 2002 in New York City. Both client and clinician samples were primarily African-American and Hispanic; 32% of clients reported substance use in the previous month, with crack and marijuana cit...
Failure modes of shales and their implications for natural and man-made fracture assemblages

Shale is one of the most common rock types, with a rich and complex variety of failure structures in the Earth’s continental crust. In this paper, a synopsis of these structures including joints, pressure-solution seams and cleavages, faults, and shear bands is presented. First, two main categories, sharp and diffuse structures, each of which has subclasses based on its displacement discontinuity type including shear, compaction, and dilation are defined. Then, natural field examples are provided for each class as well as complex structural assemblages that include more than one type of failure-mode structures. Finally, the significances of these assemblages in terms of how older structures may influence later natural and man-made fractures and how they may interact in terms of fluid and gas flow are briefly discussed.
The evolving biology and treatment of prostate cancer

Since the effectiveness of androgen deprivation for treatment of advanced prostate cancer was first demonstrated, prevention strategies and medical therapies for prostate cancer have been based on understanding the biologic underpinnings of the disease. Prostate cancer treatment is one of the best examples of a systematic therapeutic approach to target not only the cancer cells themselves, but the microenvironment in which they are proliferating. As the population ages and prostate cancer prevalence increases, challenges remain in the diagnosis of clinically relevant prostate cancer as well as the management of the metastatic and androgen-independent metastatic disease states.
Sensor Defects in Digital Image Forensic

Just as human fingerprints or skin blemishes can be used for forensic purposes, imperfections of digital imaging sensors can serve as unique identifiers in numerous forensic applications, such as matching an image to a specific camera, revealing malicious image manipulation and processing, and determining an approximate age of a digital photograph. There exist several different types of defects that are of interest to the forensic analysts caused by imperfections in manufacturing, physical processes occurring inside the camera, and by environmental factors. This chapter begins with analyzing the pixel defects, while pointing out their forensic potential. Then, specific problems are formulated as tasks involving detection or matching of defects and noise patterns. Practical algorithms for these tasks are developed within the framework of parameter estimation and signal detection theory. The performance of the algorithms is demonstrated in real world examples.
Application of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for the Identification of Disease Resistant Trees

New approaches for identifying disease resistant trees are needed as the incidence of diseases caused by non-native and invasive pathogens increases. These approaches must be rapid, reliable, cost-effective, and should have the potential to be adapted for high-throughput screening or phenotyping. Within the context of trees and tree diseases, we summarize vibrational spectroscopic and chemometric methods that have been used to distinguish between groups of trees which vary in disease susceptibility or other important characteristics based on chemical fingerprint data. We also provide specific examples from the literature of where these approaches have been used successfully. Finally, we discuss future application of these approaches for wide-scale screening and phenotyping efforts aimed at identifying disease resistant trees and managing forest diseases.
The Importance of Key Financial Concepts as Identified by SecondaryStudents

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge that newly enrolled students in a financial literacy course possess at the beginning of the academic school year. Ninth through twelfth graders taking the beginning financial literacy course were surveyed to determine the perceived importance of key financial concepts like budgeting, saving money, the use of checking accounts and debit cards, and managing credit card debt. Demographic factors like the highest educational level achieved by their parents was also examined to determine if this affected the amount of knowledge the students possessed going into the course. Two hundred forty-six students were surveyed at seven different high schools located in one school system in the southeastern United States. Utilizing a Pearson product-moment correlation design, a significant correlation was found between the overall level of perceived importance of financial literacy and the perceived importance of establishing a household budget, saving money in a savings account, paying bills on time, immediately recording transactions in a check register, and managing credit card debt. Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a significant difference was found between perceived degree of importance and the high school attended and perceived degree of importance and gender. Also, the perceived importance of financial literacy in relation to the highest degree attained by the student’s mother was statistically significant. Overall, the school attended by the student and the gender of the student affected perception. Also, the higher the degree attained by the student’s mother, the greater the amount of knowledge the students possessed going into the course.
Oil Revenues and Export Earnings Instability: The Evidence from Iran

As a member of OPEC, Iran is a nation that is dependent on petrodollars. More specifically, roughly 80 percent of total export earnings in Iran are generated from oil revenue. This in fact is one o...