cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis HDZIP Class II Transcription Factor ABIG1 Functions in Leaf Development.

Leaf laminar growth and adaxial-abaxial boundary formation are fundamental outcomes of plant development. Boundary and laminar growth coordinate the further patterning and growth of the leaf, directing the differentiation of cell types within the top and bottom domains and promoting initiation of lateral organs along their adaxial/abaxial axis. Leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and laminar out-growth are regulated by two transcription factors, REVOLUTA (REV) and KANADI (KAN). ABA INSENSITIVE TO GROWTH 1 (ABIG1) is a HOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP) Class II transcription factor and is a direct target of the adaxial-abaxial regulators REV and KAN. To investigate the role of ABIG1 in the leaf development and in the establishment of polarity, we examined the phenotypes of both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutants. Through genetic interaction analysis with REV and KAN mutants, we have determined that ABIG1 plays a role in leaf laminar-growth as well as in adaxial-abaxial polarity establishment. Genetic and physical interaction assays showed that ABIG1 interacts with the transcriptional corepressor TOPLESS (TPL). This study provides new evidence that another HD-ZIP II gene, ABIG1, facilitates growth through the corepressor TPL.
The Physical Self-Perceptions of Rural Lesbians and Heterosexual Women

Lesbians are underrepresented in women's health research. Research exploring lesbians in rural environments is virtually nonexistent. The current study adds to the knowledge base of lesbian health and explores the perceptions of body image, fitness, and health for both lesbians and heterosexual women in rural communities. Findings from exploratory analyses indicated that both groups of women are significantly overweight. However, lesbians exercised more times per week than heterosexual women. Results demonstrated that lesbians with college educations had more positive body image and fitness self-perceptions, whereas heterosexual women with college educations had less positive body image and fitness self-perceptions. Findings have implications for direct practice with lesbians in physical and mental health service settings.
Linear fractal shape interpolation

Interpolation of two-dimensional shapes described by iterated function systems is explored. Iterated function systems define shapes using self-transformations, and interpolation of these shapes requires interpolation of these transformations. Polar decomposition is used to avoid singular intermediate transformations and to better simulate articulated motion. Unlike some other representations, such as polygons, shaped described by iterated function systems can become totally disconnected. A new, fast and image-based technique for determining the connectedness of an iterated function system attractor is introduced. For each shape interpolation, a two parameter family of iterated function systems is defined, and a connectedness locus for these shapes is plotted, to maintain connectedness during the interpolation.
Assessing the Effect of Incentive Regulation on Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The use of incentive regulation in telecommunications in the United States requires accurate measurement of the change in productivity. An approach to measuring productivity change, the Malmquist index approach, is introduced that not only provides a measure of that change but also allows for a decomposition into two mutually exclusive and exhaustive components—changes in technical efficiency over time and shifts in technology over time. Using annual data on four output measures and six input measures for the period 1988 to 1999 for nineteen local exchange carriers, the results indicate that productivity increased by about 5.5 percent per year. This growth is due primarily to innovation rather than improvements in efficiency. Of the nineteen LECs in the sample, eleven were operating efficiently throughout the entire 1988–1999 period. Of the remaining eight, four showed a slight improvement in efficiency while the efficiency of four declined. In the aggregate, however, there was virtually no change in efficiency. Finally, a comparison is made between two methods of estimating the change in productivity. The conventional growth accounting approach yields a lower estimate of the rate of change in productivity than the Malmquist index approach yield. The difference between these estimates is interpreted as the lower bound of the bias associated with the conventional growth accounting approach to measuring the growth in productivity.
Expression of double transmembrane domain GPCR fragments for biophysical analysis.

Introduction There are thousands of protein structures in the databases that have been determined using X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Despite the prevalence of integral membrane proteins, or IMPs (20-30% of the human genome encodes IMPs) few structures of these proteins have been determined, and only one G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) structure, that of rhodopsin, has been solved by X-ray crystallography [1]. Based on biochemical and biophysical analyses, GPCRs have been shown to consist of an N-terminal extracellular region, seven transmembrane (TM) helices separated by intraand extra-cellular loops, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. One of the factors that limits the number of high resolution structures is the low level of expression for a full-length GPCR. A few groups have started to study fragments of GPCRs to help to elucidate their structures [2-3]. We have recently published high resolution structures of a 73-residue peptide corresponding to the third extracellular loop (EL3), the seventh transmembrane (TM) domain and 40 residues of the C-terminal tail (CT40) of the yeast α-factor mating receptor Ste2p in organic aqueous media [4], and completed an NMR analysis of the peptide in DPC micelles [5]. In an attempt to study larger fragments of Ste2p, we have cloned and expressed two double TM domain fragments, TM1TM2 [Ste2p(G31-T110, M54L, C59S, M69V, M71I)] and TM6-TM7-CT40 [Ste2p(R231-S339, M250A, C252S, M294A)], consisting of 80and 109-residues, respectively. These proteins were expressed as fusion proteins (FP) attached to an N-terminal Trp∆LE carrier protein, cleaved with CNBr and purified to >95% purity as observed by RP-HPLC and MS. [N,H]-HSQC analysis was performed to determine the probability of successful structural determination [6].
‘Blamed for Incompetence and Lack of Foresight and Left to Die’: Response to William Tabb's ‘If Detroit Is Dead, Some Things Need to Be Said at the Funeral’

In this forum’s lead article, William Tabb offers a number of insights regarding Detroit’s sobering state of current affairs. Embedded in his discussion are references to a range of fiscal and econ...
Variations in the halogenated monoterpene metabolites of Plocamium cartilagineum and P. violaceum

Abstract Observed variations in the halogenated monoterpene content of Aplysia californica were due to digestion of Plocamium cartilagineum and Plocamium violaceum . Whereas Plocamium violaceum was chemically homogeneous, some variation in the composition of halogenated monoterpene composition of individual plants of P. cartilagineum was observed.
ShatterPB: symmetry-breaking for pseudo-Boolean formulas

Many important tasks in circuit design and verification can be performed in practice via reductions to Boolean Satisfiability (SAT), making SAT a fundamental EDA problem. However such reductions often leave out application-specific structure, thus handicapping EDA tools in their competition with creative engineers. Successful attempts to represent and utilize additional structure on Boolean variables include recent work on 0--1 Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and on symmetries in SAT. Those extensions gracefully accommodate well-known advances in SAT-solving, but their combined use has not been attempted previously. Our work shows (i) how one can detect and use symmetries in instances of 0--1 ILP, and (ii) what benefits this may bring.
A survey of university-prison collaboration and computerized tracking systems in prisons

It is conservatively estimated that 8 percent of inmates in U. S. prisons have significant psychiatric impairment. Correctional mental health systems are often unable to provide adequate treatment ...
Childhood Immunization Registries: A National Review of Public Health Information Systems and the Protection of Privacy

COMMON childhood illnesses, such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and polio, once accounted for a substantial proportion of infant and child morbidity and mortality in the United States.1Complete and timely early immunization can now effectively prevent these and other childhood diseases.2-4Despite the potential to protect the health of society's most vulnerable population, approximately one third of the 4 million infants born annually in the United States do not receive all of their recommended immunizations by age 2 years.5 The rate of complete immunization of school-aged children in the United States (>95%) is as high, or higher, than most other developed countries.6,7Yet the rate of full immunization of preschoolers (
Trial spacing effects in pavlovian conditioning: A role for local context

Two conditioned lick-suppression experiments with rats were conducted in order to replicate and extend findings by Ewing, Larew, and Wagner (1985). Ewing et al. observed that excitatory responding to a CS paired with a footshock US was attenuated when the ITIs thatpreceded each CS-US trial were short (60 sec) relative to when they were long (600 sec). This effect was isolated in the influence of the preceding ITI because the preceding ITI was consistently short for one CS and consistently long for a different CS, while the following ITIs were equally often short and long for both CSs. Ewing et al. interpreted this finding in the framework of Wagner’s (1981) SOP model. Experiment 1 replicated this trial-spacing effect and demonstrated a similar effect under conditions in which thefollowing ITI was consistently short for one CS and consistently long for a different CS, while the durations of preceding ITIs were equally often short and long for both CSs. Experiment 2 revealed that the detrimental effect of a short preceding or a short following ITI could be alleviated by extinguishing the conditioning context after CS-US training. The latter observation indicates that the trial-spacing effect is not mediated by a failure of a CS trained with a short ITI to enter into excitatory associations with the US, a conclusion that is not wholly consistent with the SOP model. Finally, we suggest that short pretrial and short posttrial ITIs may enhance the excitatory value of local context cues that modulate responding to a CS.
Spinal canal bullet embolus causing paraplegia: A case report

1. IntroductionMost bullets enter the body and follow a straight trajectory toexit or lodge in soft tissues, but this is not always the case. The‘‘wandering missile’’ has been well described with bulletsoccasionally displaying unusual trajectories including travellingalong arteries, veins, and soft tissue planes to lodge in thecranium, heart, pulmonary artery, pericardium, and distalextremites.
TRANSCENDENCE AND IMMANENCE

Judaeo-Christian theology represents God as transcendent while Spinoza's metaphysics by contrast represents God as immanent. But transcendentist theology does not altogether abandon the idea of divine immanence, just as immanentist metaphysics does not completely exclude that of divine transcendence. Christian theology, for example, introduces the notion of God's becoming immanent in the world by self-incarnation; Spinoza's metaphysics preserves the idea of divine transcendence by according substantiality exclusively to God and by representing God as not fully comprehensible to the finite human intellect. God and the finite beings in his metaphysics radically differ in status as beings and also as objects of knowledge. The ideas of transcendence and immanence are not mutually exclusive but mutually determinative. All theologies and metaphysical systems that posit an ultimate reality must show its double aspect as both transcendent and immanent, though some emphasize its transcendence, and others its immanence. This essay will explain such duality and explore its implications.
Some histochemical observations on the telencephalon of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw.

The histochemically determined distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase in the telencephalon of the bullfrog supports the classically recognized divisions of the pallium and subpallium. Analysis also corroborates the following gernerally recognized anuran-amniotic homologies: anuran medial pallium to amniotic medial cortex anuran septal nuclei to amniotic septal nuclei, anuran striatum to amniotic corpus striatum. On topographical and histochemical criteria the ventrocaudal and basomedial portions of the anuran telencephalon are considered possible homologues to the mammalian amygdala. It is suggested that two divisions can be recognized: a pars lateralis which may be homologous to the mammalian cortico-medial group. And a pars medialis which may be homologous to the mammalian baso-lateral group. Further analysis suggests, particularly when viewed in the light of recent experimental anatomical studies, that the anuran lateral pallium consists of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. The pars dorsalis may be the reptilian homologue of the dorsal cortex and the pars ventralis may be the field homologue of both the reptilian piriform cortex and the dorsal ventricular ridge.
Recognition and treatment of arterial insufficiency from Cafergot

Abstract Cafergot is a combination of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine and may cause symptoms of peripheral vascular insufficiency. Iatrogenic ergotism should be suspected in any patient exhibiting ischemic symptoms while receiving this medication. Progression to fulminant necrosis and gangrene can occur. Two cases are presented and the management reviewed. This effect of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine may be an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction with therapeutic doses or may result from excessive medication. Iatrogenic ergotism occurs most often in women in their mid-thirties with migraine syndrome. By α-adrenergic agonism, as well as by possible interactions with prostaglandins, calcium, and serotonin, ergotamine causes vasoconstriction of both arteries and veins. The angiographic pattern of spasm, collateral formation, and intravascular thrombi is typical. Treatment of ergotism depends on the severity of the symptoms and the possibility of gangrene. Discontinuation of ergotamine, cigarette smoking, and caffeine may be all that is necessary in most patients. Nitroprusside is the drug of choice in the treatment of acute vascular insufficiency from ergotism, but in a less urgent situation, prazosin has also been effective. Intra-arterial balloon dilatation has also been helpful. Other forms of therapy have been supportive and the results inconsistent. Cafergot should be used with extreme caution in patients with renal or hepatic failure, peripheral vascular disease, or pregnancy. Relative contraindications include hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and Raynaud's phenomenon. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:8-15.)
Stress Wave Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

A series of unidirectional graphite/epoxy laminates of various fiber moduli have been subjected to uniaxial-strain shock loading to assess their resistance to dynamic loading. All of the laminates were found to exhibit nearly identical values of wave attenuation and shock hardness, and the resistance to impact in the through-thickness direction was ascribed prima rily to the response of the epoxy matrix.
Simulations of heat and oxygen diffusion in UO2 nuclear fuel rods

Abstract We present finite-element simulations of coupled heat and oxygen atom diffusion for UO 2 fuel pellets. The expressions for thermal conductivity, specific heat and oxygen diffusivity for the fuel element are obtained directly from previously published correlations, or from analysis of previously published data. We examine the temperature and non-stoichiometry distributions for a varying range of conditions. Simulations are performed for steady-state and transient regime in one-dimensional (purely radial) configurations. For steady-state conditions we perform parametric studies that determine the maximum temperature in the fuel rod as a function of non-stoichiometry and heat generation rate intensity. For transient simulations, we examine the time lag in the response of the temperature and non-stoichiometry distributions with respect to sudden changes in heat generation rate intensity and oxygen removal rate. All simulations are performed with the commercial code COMSOL Multiphysics™.
Urinary amylase: Its estimation and significance

A review of current views concerning the origin of urinary amylase, the nature of amylase, the different phenomena encountered with the different methods for measuring the enzyme, and the factors which govern amylase action has been presented. In an attempt to clarify this discussion, a reliable method for estimating urinary amylase was developed and studies were conducted under various conditions in health and in disease.
Applications of imaging techniques to Si, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 , and CdTe and correlation to solar cell parameters

Characterization by imaging has been performed on various sets of Si, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS), and CdTe solar cell samples. The imaging techniques include photoluminescence (PL) imaging, electroluminescence (EL) imaging, reverse-bias EL imaging (ReBEL), illuminated lock-in thermography (ILIT), and forward- and reverse-bias dark lock-in thermography (DLIT). PL imaging of Si has shown that the image intensity correlates to minority-carrier lifetime. PL imaging of CIGS shows brightness variations after the deposition of the CIGS that persist through the CdS deposition and subsequent processing steps to finish the devices. The PL and EL intensities on both Si and CIGS finished cells correlate to efficiency and open-circuit voltage. Also, for all materials, PL and EL imaging show dark areas due to carrier recombination induced by defects. These same areas often appear in ILIT, DLIT, and ReBEL as heated areas or breakdown sites where currents flow through weak diodes, shunts, and defects. For Si cells, we have correlated the cells' fill factors to the amount of shunting detected by DLIT. For CIGS cells, we have identified these detrimental weak diodes and shunts by imaging and show an example of a defect analyzed in more detail by scanning electron microscopy techniques using top view and cross-sectional imaging.
Improved negative capacitance shunt damping with the use of acoustic black holes

Negative capacitance shunt damping is an effective broadband method for attenuating flexural vibration. However, proper selection of the location of the piezoelectric patches on a structure to maximize reduction has been an ongoing question in the field. Acoustic black holes are a recently developed concept to reduce vibrations on thin vibrating structures. By engineering the geometric or material properties of these thin structures, it is possible to minimize the reflected wave by gradually reducing the wave speed. However, the flexural wave speed cannot be reduced to zero on a realized structure. Therefore, when acoustic black holes are implemented, some of the incident wave energy is reflected because the wave speed must be truncated. Similarly due to the reduction in wave speed, the transverse velocity significantly increases within the acoustic black hole. It is therefore possible to add piezoelectric transducers to acoustic black hole regions on a structure to utilize negative capacitance shunt damping to address both of these issues. Consequently, the transducers are placed in the locations where the greatest control can be made and the reflected waves can be attenuated. The combination of negative capacitance shunt damping with acoustic black holes shows increased suppression of vibration over shunt damping alone.
808-1 Focal Mechanisms Underlying Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

To define the mechanism of ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed electrical stimulation in the setting of congestive heart failure, 3-dimensional cardiac mapping was performed in six dogs with ischemic cardiomyopathy induced by multiple intracoronary embolizations with microspheres. Ejection fraction (EF) progressively decreased from 54 ± 2 to 30 ± 5% (p l 0.005) after an average of 6 weekly embolizations. Four months later (EF = 28 ± 5%), each dog underwent a thoracotomy with insertion of plungeneedle electrodes into the heart under pentobarbital anesthesia. Continuous recording from 232 intramural sites throughout the left and right ventricles and the interventricular septum was performed during spontaneous rhythm and during programmed stimulation in both the absence and presence of isoproterenol (Iso) (0.1 mg/kg/min). Three dogs (1 at baseline, 2 during Iso) developed sustained VT (SuVT) during programmed stimulation with up to 3 extrastimuli. After the last extrastimulus, the first beat of SuVT (T 1 ) initiated in the subendocardium by a focal mechanism, based on the absence of electrical activity from the termination of the last extrastimulus to the initiation of T 1 despite the presence of multiple intermediate electrode sites. Maintenance of SuVT was also due to a focal mechanism arising in the subendocardium, with a total activation time (TAT) of subsequent SuVT beats (99 ± 14 msec, n = 61 that was comparable to that of initiating beats (85 ± 8 msec. n = 6, p = 0.08). There was no evidence of macroreentry. Episodes of SuVT (n = 3) exhibited TATs of the last extrastimulus before SuVT (106 ± 11 msec) and coupling intervals of T1 (196 ± 70 msec) that were comparable to those observed in nonsustained VT (n = 3) (138 ± 26 msec, p = 0.19; 166 ± 26 msec, p = 0.59). Conduction delay during sinus rhythm in dogs with SuVT (TAT 47 ± 5 msec, n = 10) was comparable to that in dogs without SuVT (TAT 47 ± 4 msec, n = 10, p = 0.96) and was unchanged by Iso (TAT 50 ± 4 msec, n = 7, p = 0.40). In the 2 dogs with inducible SuVT on Iso only, TATs of the last extrastimulus (124 ± 22 msec) and of T 1 (110 ± 36 msec) at baseline were unchanged by infusion of Iso (108 ± 13 msec, p = 0.59; 79 ± 1 msec, p = 0.49). Thus, inducible sustained VT in a model of ischemic cardiomyopathy is due to a focal mechanism, as opposed to macroreentry, and this focal mechanism is enhanced by β -adrenergic stimulation.
Cowboys, Indians, and being human

Niels Winther Braroe. Indian and White: Self‐image and Interaction in a Canadian Plains Community. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. x + 205 pp. Dlustrations, bibliography and index. $8.50.
Targeted peer victimization and the construction of positive and negative self-cognitions: connections to depressive symptoms in children.

The goal was to examine the relation of covert/relational and overt/physical targeted peer victimization (TPV) to each other, to positive and negative self-cognitions, and to symptoms of depression. In a sample of elementary and middle school children, TPV was assessed by self-report, peer-nomination, and parent report in a multitrait–multimethod study. Positive and negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms were assessed by self-report. Confirmatory factor analytic results support the convergent and discriminant validity of these two types of TPV. Both kinds of TPV were significantly related to positive and negative self-cognitions as well as self-reported depressive symptoms; however, structural equation modeling revealed that the effects of covert/relational TPV accounted for the effects of overt/physical TPV. In exploratory analyses, positive and negative self-cognitions explained the relation between TPV and depressive symptoms.
Chevato: The Story of the Apache Warrior who Captured Herman LehmannMaking Indian Law: The Hualapai Land Case and the Birth of Ethnohistory

The history of Native Americans is both a long neglected subject of the traditional academy and a fascinating part of the tri-racial history of the U.S. Indeed, in these two books oral history is a...
Learning a trajectory using adjoint functions and teacher forcing

A new methodology for faster supervised temporal learning in nonlinear neural networks is presented which builds upon the concept of adjoint operators to allow fast computation of the gradients of an error functional with respect to all parameters of the neural architecture, and exploits the concept of teacher forcing to incorporate information on the desired output into the activation dynamics. The importance of the initial or final time conditions for the adjoint equations is discussed. A new algorithm is presented in which the adjoint equations are solved simultaneously (i.e., forward in time) with the activation dynamics of the neural network. We also indicate how teacher forcing can be modulated in time as learning proceeds. The results obtained show that the learning time is reduced by one to two orders of magnitude with respect to previously published results, while trajectory tracking is significantly improved. The proposed methodology makes hardware implementation of temporal learning attractive for real-time applications.
Halogen Bonding in Iodo-perfluoroalkane/Pyridine Mixtures

Mole fraction and temperature studies of halogen bonding between 1-iodo-perfluorobutane, 1-iodo-perfluorohexane, or 2-iodo-perfluoropropane and pyridine were performed using noisy light-based coher...
A phenomenological nuclear cluster model with shell structure

Abstract A phenomenological nuclear model is outlined which assumes that nucleons are correlated into α-clusters and also have a shell structure. The shell structure is determined by an LS coupling scheme in which the intrinsic spins of the nucleons within an α-cluster interact with each other, but not with the spins of nucleons outside the alpha. In order to apply a quantum-number scheme to α-clusters, it is assumed that the alphas strongly interact and can be described by antisymmetric wave functions which lead to an exclusion principle. A possible quantum-number scheme showing the so-called magic numbers is given. The ground and excited state energies of the nucleons are assumed to depend on the radial and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the nucleons. The large binding energy of the α-cluster causes the spatial subgrouping of the nucleons. A semi-empirical binding energy equation in terms of the α-cluster aspect of the model is presented. This equation, which roughly accounts for the nucleons that are not in alphas, is used to interpret the main features of the chart of the nuclides. Some details of nuclear structure are considered in terms of the quantum-number scheme. The magnetic moments on several light nuclei are discussed on the basis of the angular momentum the alphas and extra nucleons might be expected to have. The possibility of other stable clusters, such as deuterons, tritons and 3He, existing in nuclei is also considered. It is shown that deuterons and 3He clusters probably do not occur in stable nuclei. The magnetic moments of 7Li, 19F, 23Na and 27Al indicate that these nuclei have stable triton clusters.
The Computer Science and Engineering Core Curriculum

The guidelines for developing the CSE model curricula presented in the first paper of this issue were (1) to span the entire spectrum of computer science and engineering and provide the opportunity for in-depth study or specailization in any area of the field; (2) to bridge the traditional gap between hardware and software by emphasizing the interrelationship, common concepts, and inseparability of these two aspects of the field; and (3) to provide a blueprint for specific implementations.
Simplified VAT invoicing requirements and electronic invoicing

Today, the adoption rates of e-invoices are relatively low and vary widely among Member States. Furthermore, businesses often struggle with the general requirements to issue an invoice, the content requirements as well as the requirements for invoice correction in particular when involved in cross border transactions affecting different legislations in numerous Member States. The Council Directive 2010/45/EU has introduced changes regarding the respective invoicing rules effective as of 01 January 2013 in order to resolve these problems incurred by businesses. In particular the establishment of the “Principle of Equal Treatment” is deemed to be suited to remove existing barriers and hurdles for the use of e-invoicing.
Mutation of the protein tyrosine kinase consensus site in the herpes simplex virus 1 α22 gene alters ICP22 posttranslational modification

We previously reported that at least eight HSV-1 and five HSV-2 proteins were tyrosine phosphorylated in infected human and mouse cells and the first phosphotyrosine-modified gene product identified was the ICP22 regulatory protein (Blaho, J. A., Zong, C. S., and Mortimer, K. A., 1997, J. Virol. 71, 9828-9832). All electrophoretic forms of ICP22 are tyrosine phosphorylated with the exception of the fastest migrating (unmodified) isoform. We now report the following. (i) ICP22 that reacted with a specific anti-phosphotyrosine antibody contained a significant amount of phosphotyrosine based on phospho-amino acid analysis. These results validate the discovery of ICP22 tyrosine phosphorylation. (ii) Wild-type ICP22 extracted from infected HEp-2 cells migrated as at least seven isoforms, termed ICP22a-g, in denaturing gels. (iii) The primary structure of ICP22 possesses a sequence that is homologous to protein tyrosine kinase recognition sites. A virus, termed RF141, was generated in which ICP22 tyrosine(193) in the kinase target site was mutated to an alanine. (iv) Biochemical analyses of infected HEp-2 and primary HFF cells indicated that the distributions of ICP22 isoforms differed between RF141 and control HSV-1(F). (v) The accumulations of representative viral polypeptides in RF141-infected HEp-2 cells appeared similar to wild-type virus. (vi) RF141 had reduced efficiencies of plating in HFF cells compared to control Vero cells. These differences increased as the multiplicity of infection decreased. Based on these results, we conclude (vii) that ICP22 tyrosine(193) is required for optimal posttranslational modification of the protein in HSV-1 infected human epithelial HEp-2 and primary human fibroblast cells.
Hemoprotein catabolism during stimulation of microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Abstract The stimulation of rat hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation by ADP and FeCl3 is associated with the rapid degradation of microsomal heme and the microsomal hemoprotein cytochrome P-450, with the concomitant evolution of CO. The reaction stoichiometry suggests that heme degradation occurs with the fission of one methene bridge in the tetrapyrrole ring. The process can be accelerated by increasing the cytochrome P-450 content of the incubation mixture. The product(s) of the reaction have not yet been characterized. It is suggested that this mechanism could provide an alternative pathway for hemoprotein catabolism under some normal or pathological conditions.
A Revision of the Genera Parapetalus Steenstrup & Lutken and Pseudopetalus Nov

Ce memoire donne la description complete de six especes de Parapetalus, parmi les sept decrites jusqu'ici. Une etude comparee de ces especes montre que la definition du genre demande quelques modifications, ce qui m'a amene a donner une nouvelle definition de Parapetalus. Les deux especes, P. formicoides (Redkar, Rangnekar & Murti) et P. caudatus Gnanamuthu, different des autres especes et sont par consequent classees ici dans un nouveau genre, Pseudopetalus. Un autre nouveau genre, Parechetus, est cree pour inclure Caligoides carangis Bassett-Smith. J'ai donne ici une description complete et illustree de Parapetalus orientalis Steenstrup & Lutken.
Modulation of the Jovian emission below 8 MHz

RAE-1 data on Jovian decametric emission between 1 and 8 MHz are analyzed to investigate modulation of the emission with respect to the rotation phase of the planet and Io phase as well as a possible variation with flux density of the rotation-phase and Io-phase control below 8 MHz. Attention is given to the observing interval, identification of Jovian emission, orbital-phase constraint, and calculated emission occurrence probabilities. Five frequencies are selected for the analysis (6550, 4700, 3930, 2200, and 1310 kHz), and System III coordinates are used to illustrate the rotation-phase behavior. The spectral distribution of peak flux density is examined along with the overall occurrence probability, the individual modulations, theoretical implications of invariance of active Io phases, and possible modulation by Europa. The results show that Io exerts a suprisingly high degree of control at the low frequencies, that rotation-phase control is only marginal, and that the manner in which Io control is found to vary with flux density is consistent with previous findings at higher frequencies.
Influence of Age and Size on the Response to Novel Prey by Fry of the Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma managuense (Pisces: Cichlidae)

The response to a novel prey item was investigated during the first month of feeding of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma managuense. The relative contribution of size and age to improvement in predatory behavior was addressed. Group I (control) was fed nauplii of Artemia salina and group II a manufactured flakefood diet. Group II fish were tested for their ability to prey on a novel diet, the nauplii of Artemia salina. Latency to respond to the presence of novel prey decreased and the number of capture attempts increased with increasing experience with the artificial diet and with age. As size increased so did the number of capture attempts, but the latency did not change. Size and experiential and maturational factors may affect parts of the predatory behavior differentially. During the first month of feeding, age may be more important than size for the decrease in latency and the increase in the number of capture attempts. The number of capture attempts during the first 30 s of the observation period and the capture success increased faster than the latency decreased. Latency to respond to novel prey may mature at a slower rate than the number of capture attempts.
Management of Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Re-induction Therapy or Straight to Transplantation?

Patients with primary resistant and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are rarely cured without undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. What is currently debated is whether a trial of re-induction chemotherapy prior to transplantation is beneficial. Data from multiple retrospective analyses have shown that pretreatment variables are useful in predicting response to salvage chemotherapy. For patients unlikely to respond, re-induction attempts may be detrimental, leading to added organ toxicity and possible increased tumor resistance. Allogeneic transplantation in the setting of active disease is the alternative strategy. Multiple studies have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, but cure rates have been low with the use of traditional transplant approaches. Newer strategies employing allogeneic transplantation earlier in patients with relapsed or refractory AML, as well as the incorporation of novel and effective antileukemic agents into the transplant conditioning regimen, may lead to better outcomes.
Inadequacy of effective CO2 as a proxy in assessing the regional climate change due to other radiatively active gases

Recent general circulation model (GCM) study suggests that CO2 maintains the present regional climate differently than trace gases CH4, N2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12, thus raising the question of the adequacy of using “effective” CO2 to assess future climate changes due to the greenhouse effect of these other radiatively active gases. Our GCM simulations indicate that, although the effective CO2 can provide global mean surface temperature responses in good agreement with that when these other trace gases are explicitly considered, it calculates smaller surface warming in several continental regions, notably in northwestern North America by 20–30% during winter and 10–15% during summer.
Myocardial performance after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest: impact of na+/h+ exchanger inhibition.

This study was designed to determine if pretreatment with a sodium/hydrogen exchange inhibitor (EMD 96 785) improves myocardial performance and reduces myocardial edema after cardioplegic arrest (CPA) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Anesthetized canines ( n = 18) were instrumented with vascular catheters, myocardial ultrasonic crystals, and left ventricle (LV) micromanometer to measure preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW), + dP/dt max , and cardiac output. Serial myocardial tissue water content (MWC) was determined from sequential biopsy. After baseline measurements, hypothermic (28°C) cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated. CPA was maintained for 2 h, followed by reperfusion/rewarming and separation from CPB. PRSW and myocardial tissue water were measured at 30, 60, and 120 min after CPB. EMD 96 785 (3 mg/kg) was given 15 min prior to CPB. Controls received the same volume of saline vehicle. It was found that MWC increased from baseline in both EMD 96 785 and controls with CPB/CPA. PRSW decreased from ...
The impact of race on criminal justice ideology: An examination of high school students

Research suggests that differences exist in the criminal justice ideology of Black and White Americans. For example, adult African Americans are more likely than their White counterparts to support criminal justice measures that address the root causes of crime. There has, however, been limited interest in exploring the criminal justice ideology of juveniles. Using survey data collected from 1,398 rural and suburban public high school students, the present study examined the influence of race on the criminal justice ideology of juveniles. The findings suggested that while Black teenagers are significantly more likely to hold a liberal crime control ideology and White teenagers are significantly more likely to hold a conservative ideology, confidence in the justice system to be fair strongly influences the beliefs of both groups.
Fluvial response to rapid episodic erosion by earthquake and typhoons, Tachia River, central Taiwan

Abstract Analysis of typhoon- and earthquake-triggered landsliding and fluvial response in the Tachia River, central Taiwan, documents highly episodic sediment supply over decade to century timescales. Landslide data from the Chi-Chi earthquake (1999) and subsequent typhoons (2001, 2004, and 2005) quantify the sediment supply from these events. Fluvial response was investigated by decadal-scale and century-scale longitudinal river profile data spanning 1904 to 2008 and by sediment delivery recorded in suspended sediment load and reservoir sedimentation data. Our results show that the different time periods of satellite images and aerial photographs used in previous studies make it difficult to unambiguously identify the causes of landslides previously attributed by some studies to the effects of the Chi-Chi earthquake rather than subsequent high intensity precipitation. In response to significant variability in sediment delivery from hillslopes, century-scale profile variation data indicate substantial bed surface elevation change of 2.6 ± 6.7 m, and decade-scale bed surface elevation change of 1.1 ± 3.3 m. Since 1993, the downstream reaches incised in response to bedload sediment trapping by reservoirs while headwater reaches aggraded in response to increased sediment delivery from uplands. A tremendous increase in reservoir sedimentation after 2000 likely reflects the effects of the highest decade-average daily rainfall since 1900. Suspended sediment load data indicate a post Chi-Chi earthquake increase in sediment concentration in low-flow events but do not exhibit the clear influence on sediment yields at higher flows as (e.g., typhoons) reported by others for fluvial response in the epicentral region.
Differential payoff-loss in probability-learning and decision-making

Payoffs were differentially manipulated in a modified factorial arrangement to determine the effects on the probability-learning (PL) of two independent events and a subsequent decision-making (DM) task based on the PL. Results were consistent with previous studies using an “absolute” method of incentive distribution. However, differentially weighting the low-probability event appeared to effect early learning and subsequent decision behavior.
Coccidioides releases a soluble factor that suppresses nitric oxide production by murine primary macrophages

We studied the effect of the presence of Coccidioides on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by primary macrophages previously activated by IFN-γ and LPS. The fungal cells were isolated from cultures of arthroconidia that had been incubated for 24 h in a medium that supported parasitic phase growth and were co-cultured with the macrophages. These live, first-generation parasitic cells of Coccidioides, referred to as spherule initials, suppressed NO production as well as iNOS mRNA expression by activated macrophages. Phagocytosis was not required for suppression of NO. We also showed that the culture supernatant of the spherule initials was capable of suppressing NO production, and that this activity was mediated by an as yet unidentified, secreted fungal factor(s). Heat-, paraformaldehyde- or X-ray-treated spherule initials did not show this inhibitory effect. To our surprise, macrophages obtained from iNOS-deficient mice revealed phagocytic activity and killing efficiency which were comparable to that of macrophages isolated from wild type C57BL/6 mice. Although the cultured fungal pathogen can suppress NO production, this oxidative product is apparently not essential for in vitro killing of Coccidioides by activated macrophages. Our results suggest that other unidentified fungicidal mechanisms exist against Coccidioides which are apparently independent of NO production.
Plastic enclave sizes for internal cracks emanating from circular cavities within elastic plates

Abstract The size of the plastic enclave at the tip of a crack within an externally loaded elastic medium is important for the complete understanding of the stress distribution in the cracked medium. One of the first useful approximations of zone size was given by Irwin[1]. Later, Dugdale[2] significantly aided in the estimation of plastic enclave lengths by introducing his elastic-plastic strip model of the enclave region. Experimental results from tests made by him and others [3] with mild steel substantiate the model's use to reduce the analytical complexity of the non-linear plasticity effect in the enclave problem for materials with similar mechanical properties.
Evolving clinical phenotypes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

Purpose of review To describe the changes in the presentation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comparing the current combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment era to the pre-cART era. Recent findings The frequency of the most severe stage of HAND, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), has decreased, but the frequencies of milder stages of HAND, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and mild neurocognitive disorder, have increased. In the pre-cART era, HAD was a progressive disorder leading to death within months. With cART, HIV+ individuals with HAND frequently remain stable over many years, though they may still show signs of the ongoing central nervous system (CNS) injury. On neuropsychological testing, there may be a shift from the prominent slowed motor and speed of processing deficits in the pre-cART era to a greater impact on learning, memory, and executive functioning deficits in the cART era. Importantly, ANI has recently been shown to lead to a two-fold to five-fold increased progression to symptomatic HAND. Thus, early recognition and treatment of those with ANI is important to protect the CNS over the long term. Summary HAND continues to be an important neurological manifestation in both HIV+ individuals naive to cART and on cART.
Engineering Blood Cells and Proteins as Blood Substitutes: A Short Review

In this brief review, basic principles and recent progresses on the development of therapeutic substitutes for major blood components are briefly discussed with primary focus on the red cell substitutes.
On penalty methods for interelement constraints

Abstract The problem of enforcing constraints across interelement boundaries can be treated directly in the construction of the basis or by using multiplier or penalty methods. We demonstrate that the multiplier approach can induce linear dependence in the constraints and lead to a singular system of equations if appropriate precautions are not exercised. The penalty method, on the other hand, is shown to be directly applicable to the overconstrained 1 problem. There are, however, some subtle points regarding loss of accuracy in the penalty approach. We present some new results and corroborating numerical experiments to support the arguments. In particular, we show that there is progressive erosion of accuracy in the approximate solution using finite precision arithmetic as the penalty factor is increased beyond an optimal value. This implies that a control must be applied on the size of the penalty factor. These ideas are quite broadly pertinent to computation of solutions to other constrained optimization problems in which multiplier and penalty methods are used as well as the specific class of problems we consider here.
Chemical studies on the composition of fiber fractions and lignin determination residues

Abstract The objective was to define better the nature of the plant fraction identified as lignin by various assay procedures. Seven materials (alfalfa, orchardgrass, red clover, and switchgrass hays, a mixed hay, peanut hulls, and wheat straw) were used. Lignin procedures studied were as follows: acetyl bromide, 72% sulfuric acid, permanganate, chlorite, and triethylene glycol. These procedures then were applied to a variety of fiber sources (ADF, hot water-organic solvent, and extraction with 5% ammonium oxalate). Fractions were examined for CP, phenolics, and carbohydrate composition and by performing lignin assays on the residues from other lignin procedures. Results showed large differences in the values obtained by the various procedures. The most common problem was the tendency for at least some CP to be included as lignin. Each method, however, displayed unique problems. Acetyl bromide easily can overestimate lignin because of interference by carbohydrates, especially with residues from other lignin determinations. The chlorite and triethylene glycol methods did not remove all the lignin, and the 72% sulfuric acid and permanganate procedures determined some CP as lignin. Finally, although the permanganate method for lignin generally removed all the lignin, it altered carbohydrates as did the triethylene glycol method.
Hoarding Behavior Among Consumers: Conceptualization and Marketing Implications

In the western world, and in the United States in particular, there has been an abundance of food, materials and fuel over the past several decades. However, many futurists suggest this condition will soon change and a wide range of scarcities will result. Conditions in underdeveloped countries suggest one probable reaction to shortages in hoarding. In light of the predicted shortages this paper (1) develops definition and conceptualization of what constitutes hoarding, and (2) examines the influence hoarding activities have on channel decisions. An overriding purpose of the paper is to generate interest and research into the topic before conditions necessitate that concern.