cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A soma-to-germline transformation in long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans mutants

Unlike the soma, which ages during the lifespan of multicellular organisms, the germ line traces an essentially immortal lineage. Genomic instability in somatic cells increases with age, and this decline in somatic maintenance might be regulated to facilitate resource reallocation towards reproduction at the expense of cellular senescence. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with increased longevity exhibit a soma-to-germline transformation of gene expression programs normally limited to the germ line. Decreased insulin-like signalling causes the somatic misexpression of the germline-limited pie-1 and pgl family of genes in intestinal and ectodermal tissues. The forkhead boxO1A (FOXO) transcription factor DAF-16, the major transcriptional effector of insulin-like signalling, regulates pie-1 expression by directly binding to the pie-1 promoter. The somatic tissues of insulin-like mutants are more germline-like and protected from genotoxic stress. Gene inactivation of components of the cytosolic chaperonin complex that induce increased longevity also causes somatic misexpression of PGL-1. These results indicate that the acquisition of germline characteristics by the somatic cells of C. elegans mutants with increased longevity contributes to their increased health and survival.
The nonspecific nature of the vanadate inhibition of rat ileal (NA,K)-ATPase.

Abstract Vanadate has been suggested as an intracellular regulator of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. To test this hypothesis we examined the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of vanadate on 86∧Rb efflux and influx (measurements of the activity of the Na-pump) in rat ileum under conditions of normal, reduced and increased (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The half maximal stimulation of the Rb efflux and the half maximal inhibition of the Rb influx were not different in the three conditions tested. This suggests that vanadate does not have a regulatory effect on the activity of the Na-K-transport enzyme. The vanadate effect seem rather, to be nonspecific in terms of being unrelated, on a mole per mole basis, to the activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzyme.
GTfold: a scalable multicore code for RNA secondary structure prediction

The prediction of the correct secondary structures of large RNAs is one of the unsolved challenges of computational molecular biology. Among the major obstacles is the fact that accurate calculations scale as O(n4), so the computational requirements become prohibitive as the length increases. Existing folding programs implement heuristics and approximations to overcome these limitations. We present a new parallel multicore and scalable program called GTfold, which is one to two orders of magnitude faster than the de facto standard programs and achieves comparable accuracy of prediction. Development of GTfold opens up a new path for the algorithmic improvements and application of an improved thermodynamic model to increase the prediction accuracy.In this paper we analyze the algorithm's concurrency and describe the parallelism for a shared memory environment such as a symmetric multiprocessor or multicore chip. In a remarkable demonstration, GTfold now optimally folds 11 picornaviral RNA sequences ranging from 7100 to 8200 nucleotides in 8 minutes, compared with the two months it took in a previous study. We are seeing a paradigm shift to multicore chips and parallelism must be explicitly addressed to continue gaining performance with each new generation of systems. We also show that the exact algorithms like internal loop speedup can be implemented with our method in an affordable amount of time. GTfold is freely available as open source from our website.
The interactive chef: a task-sensitive assistant

In this paper, we describe the Interactive Chef (IChef), an intelligent system that attempts to emulate a human cooking assistant. The user navigates through a recipe using voice, while IChef reads aloud each step. IChef is designed to be aware of the present context and exploit this knowledge by answering questions about ingredients or techniques posed by the user in natural spoken language.
Evidence for the non-identity of proteins having synthase phosphatase, phosphorylase phosphatase and histone phosphatase activity in rat liver.

Synthase phosphatase, phosphorylase phosphatase and histone phosphatase in rat liver were measured using as substrate purified liver synthase D, phosphorylase a and 32P-labelled phosphorylated f1 histone, respectively. The three phosphatase enzymes had different sedimentation characteristics. Both synthase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase were found to sediment with the microsomal fraction under our experimental conditions. Only 10% of histone phosphatase was in this fraction; the majority was in the cytosol. No change in histone phosphatase was observed in the adrenalectomized fasted rat whereas synthase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase activities were decreased 5–10-fold. Fractionation of liver extract with ethanol produced a dissociation of the three phosphatase activities. When a partially purified fraction was put on a DEAE-cellulose column, synthase phosphatase and phosphorylase phosphatase both exhibited broad elution profiles but their activity peaks did not coincide. Histone phosphatase eluted as a single discrete peak. When the supernatant of CaCl2-treated microsomal fraction was put on a Sepharose 4B column, the majority of synthase phosphatase was found to elute with the larger molecular weight proteins whereas the majority of phosphorylase phosphatase eluted with the smaller species. Histone phosphatase migrated as a single peak and was of intermediate size. Synthase phosphatase was inhibited by phosphorylase a (Ki < 1 unit/ml) and phosphorylase phosphatase by synthase D (K1 ≈ units/ml). The inhibition of synthase phosphatase by phosphorylase a was kinetically non-competitive with substrate. Histone phosphatase activity was not inhibited by synthase D or by phosphorylase a. The above results suggest that different proteins are involved in the dephosphorylation of synthase D, phosphorylase a and histone in the cell.
A chemosystematic survey of the fern genus Bommeria

A phytochemical survey of the species of Bommeria showed that foliage of the members of this genus contains a variety of flavonol and flavone glycosides. The distributions of chemical and morphological characters in Bommeria correlated to circumscribe infrageneric affinities: B. hispida and B. subpalaecea comprise one evolutionary line, while B. pedata and B. ehrenbergiana form a second. Flavonoid data may also be applied in concert with spore morphology in defining intergeneric species groups within Bommeria and Hemionitis.
Superconvergent second derivative recovery technique and its application in a nonlocal damage mechanics model

Abstract This study proposes a nonlocal finite element technique that is based on the super-convergent patch (SCP) second derivative recovery methods. The SCP second derivative recovery methods are proven effective in evaluating the Laplacian of the equivalent strains at C0 linear elements. The element-based patches and their construction criteria are defined. Other patch-based techniques either are limited to structured meshes or only utilize nodal based patches for first derivative recoveries. The SCP technique has not previously been used to recover higher order (2nd and higher) strain derivatives. The proposed technique can deal with unstructured meshes with various element types and the patches are constructed in a fashion that greatly accelerates the evaluation of Hessian matrices. A numerical example of a strain gradient damage mechanics problem is given at the end. The results show that the proposed technique is capable of evaluating the Laplacian of the equivalent strains and has the potential for even higher order derivative recovery.
Acid-base regulation in prolonged hypoxia: effect of increased PCO2.

Abstract Conscious rats maintained for 3 wk at PB 370–380 Torr were studied in a chamber where PI O 2 was kept at 68–70 Torr at ambient barometric pressure (740–750 Torr). Blood samples were obtained through an arterial catherer. Controls were pair-fed rats maintained at ambient barometric pressure and studied at PI O 2 68–70 Torr for 4 h (acute hypoxia) or at ambient PI O 2 (normoxia). Arterial blood pH of 3-wk hypoxic rats was not different from that of normoxic rats. Hypercapnia was produced by increasing PI CO 2 for 4 h. The 3-wk hypoxic rats showed the highest apparent non-bicarbonate buffer value of arterial blood ( β app): 77 mmol/(pH·kg), compared to 38 in normoxia and 43 mmol/(pH·kg) in acute hypoxia. Comparison of β app at different times of hypercapnia in intact and in nephrectomized rats suggests that the high β app of prolonged hypoxia is largely due to an increased renal compensation, and, to a smaller extent, to increased chemical buffering. While the extracellular fluid of normoxic and acute hypoxic rats showed a net gain of base of non-renal origin during hypercapnia, the 3-wk hypoxic rats showed a net non-renal base loss, which may be ,asked by the increased renal compensation.
Regulation of Serotonin-Induced Trafficking and Migration of Eosinophils

Association of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) with the pathogenesis of allergic asthma is well recognized and its role as a chemoattractant for eosinophils (Eos) in vitro and in vivo has been previously demonstrated. Here we have examined the regulation of 5-HT-induced human and murine Eos trafficking and migration at a cellular and molecular level. Eos from allergic donors and bone marrow-derived murine Eos (BM-Eos) were found to predominantly express the 5-HT2A receptor. Exposure to 5-HT or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), a 5-HT2A/C selective agonist, induced rolling of human Eos and AML14.3D10 human Eos-like cells on vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 under conditions of flow in vitro coupled with distinct cytoskeletal and cell shape changes as well as phosphorylation of MAPK. Blockade of 5-HT2A or of ROCK MAPK, PI3K, PKC and calmodulin, but not Gαi-proteins, with specific inhibitors inhibited DOI-induced rolling, actin polymerization and changes in morphology of VCAM-1-adherent AML14.3D10 cells. More extensive studies with murine BM-Eos demonstrated the role of 5-HT in promoting rolling in vivo within inflamed post-capillary venules of the mouse cremaster microcirculation and confirmed that down-stream signaling of 5-HT2A activation involves ROCK, MAPK, PI3K, PKC and calmodulin similar to AML14.3D10 cells. DOI-induced migration of BM-Eos is also dependent on these signaling molecules and requires Ca2+. Further, activation of 5-HT2A with DOI led to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in murine BM-Eos. Overall, these data demonstrate that 5-HT (or DOI)/5-HT2A interaction regulates Eos trafficking and migration by promoting actin polymerization associated with changes in cell shape/morphology that favor cellular trafficking and recruitment via activation of specific intracellular signaling molecules (ROCK, MAPK, PI3K and the PKC-calmodulin pathway).
DYNAMICS OF THE GEOMAGNETIC STORM

This paper is intended as a critical review of current ideas concerning the mechanisms responsible for the geomagnetic storm. The dynamical theory of the geomagnetic storm phenomenon is formulated as a problem in elasticity. The observed variations in the field are the strains produced by particle stresses exerted by gases in interplanetary space, by gases enmeshed in the field, and by the gases in the ionosphere. The stresses exerted by interplanetary gases are principally inward, resulting in the initial phase increase of the horizontal component. The stresses exerted by gases enmeshed in the field are principally outward, resulting in the main phase decrease of the horizontal component. The transient sudden commencement is a hydromagnetic wave phenomenon. The main phase is most simply explained by the shock heating of the ions to kev energies at 3 – 5 R E during the active phase of the storm. The recovery follows then from charge exchange with the ambient neutral hydrogen. The predicted more rapid recovery at sunspot minimum has been verified observationally.
Crystal structures of A‐DNA duplexes

All crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes exhibit a typical crystal packing, with the termini of one molecule abutting the shallow grooves of symmetry related neighbors, while all other forms (B, Z, and RNA) tend to form infinitely stacked helices. The A-DNA arrangement leads to the formation of shallow groove base multiples that have implications for the structure of DNA in compacted states. The characteristic packing leaves big solvent channels, which can be sometimes occupied by B-DNA duplexes. Comparisons of the structures of the same oligomer crystallizing in two different space groups and of different sequences crystallizing in the same space group show that the lattice forces dominate the A-DNA conformation in the crystals, complicating the effort to elucidate the influence of the base sequence on the structures. Nevertheless, in both alternating and nonalternating fragments some sequence effects can still be uncovered. Furthermore, several studies have started to define the minimal sequence changes or chemical modifications that can interconvert the oligomers between different double-helical conformers (A-, B-, and Z-form). Overall, it is seen that the rigid nucleotide principle applies to the oligomeric fragments. Besides the structures of the naked DNAs, their interactions with water, polyamines, and metal ions have attracted considerable attention. There are conserved patterns in the hydration, involving both the grooves and the backbone, which are different from those of B-DNA or Z-DNA. Overall, A-DNA seems to be more economically hydrated than B-DNA, particularly around the sugar-phosphate backbone. Spermine was found to be able to bind exclusively to either of the grooves or to the phosphate groups of the backbone, or exhibit a mixed binding mode. The located metal cations prefer binding to guanine bases and phosphate groups. The only mispairs investigated in A-DNA are the wobble pairs, yielding structural insight into their effects on helix stabilities and hydration. G · T wobble pairs have been determined in various sequence contexts, where they differentially affect the conformations and stableness of the duplexes. The structure of a G · m5C base pair, which surprisingly also adopted the wobble conformation, suggests that a similar geometry may transiently exist for G · C pairs. These results from the crystalline state will be compared to the solution state and discussed in relation to their relevance in biology. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 44: 45–63, 1997
Wherefore Art Thou, Multiple Intelligences? Alternative Assessments for Identifying Talent in Ethnically Diverse and Low Income Students

The recent popularity of Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory corresponds with current efforts to move away from the use of standardized measures of achievement and ability to more authentic assessme...
UAS remote sensing missions for rangeland applications

Rangelands cover about 50% of the earth's land surface, are in remote areas and have low population densities, all of which provide an ideal opportunity for remote sensing applications from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In this article, we describe a proven workflow for UAS-based remote sensing, and discuss geometric errors of image mosaics and classification accuracies at different levels of detail. We report on several UAS missions over rangelands in Idaho and New Mexico, USA, where we acquired 6–8 cm resolution aerial photography and concurrent field measurements. The geometric accuracies of the image mosaics were in the 1–2 m range, and overall classification accuracies for vegetation maps ranged from 78–92%. Despite current FAA regulations that restrict UAS operations to distances within line-of-sight of the UAS, our results show that UAS are a viable platform for obtaining very high-resolution remote sensing products for applied vegetation mapping of rangelands.
Generic quantum block compression

A generic approach for compiling any classical-block-compression algorithm (which works in bounded space and time) into a quantum-block-compression algorithm is presented. Using this technique, compression asymptotically approaching the von Neumann entropy of a qubit source can be achieved. The automatically compiled algorithms are competitive (in time and space complexity) with hand-constructed quantum-block-compression algorithms.
Synthesis of novel compounds with the pyrochlore and hexagonal tungsten bronze structures

Low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of acidified tungstate solutions leads to the formation of defect pyrochlores, M W 2 O 6 O 1/2 · x H 2 O, and compounds with the hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB) structure, M x WO 3+x/2 , where M is normally a monovalent cation. The initial pH of the tungstate solution is critical to the structure obtained; a pH of 3.5 leads to the formation of a pyrochlore phase and pH 1.5 gives the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure. The HTB compound is formed with lithium or sodium in the hexagonal tunnel whereas the pyrochlore contains sodium, cesium, or rubidium inside the three-dimensional tunnels. Both phases are metastable and decompose around 500°C. The sodium ions in the pyrochlore phase can be exchanged for many monovalent cations and those in the hexagonal phase by hydrogen. Both structures readily intercalate lithium.
We teach as we are taught: exploring the potential for emotional climate to enhance elementary science preservice teacher education

Bellocchi, Ritchie, Tobin, Sandhu and Sandhu’s (2013) study highlights the crucial role that emotions play in learning at the university level in a preservice secondary science teacher education class. They examine the classroom structures that tended to lead to both a positive valence and a high level of intensity of the emotional climate (EC). This article explores the implications of their study for better understanding how to foster a positive classroom emotional climate for elementary level preservice teachers, given the specifics of elementary school environments. Drawing on theories of interactional solidarity. I explore the implications of EC for increasing pre-service teachers’ capacity to avoid order-giving rituals and to create science-centered communities in their classrooms. I also suggest possible areas for future research, such as the role of expectations in EC, the different EC outcomes of lectures, EC and the development of confidence in science, and the ways in which teacher candidates are positioned within interaction rituals in elementary science methods classes.
Control of peripheral vascular resistance in perfused hindquarters of dogs: lack of effect of nicotinic and muscarinic ganglion block.

Abstract The effects of nicotinic and muscarinic ganglion blockade were studied on the peripheral resistance of the perfused hindlimbs of the dog. Nicotinic ganglion blockade by chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced reflex vasomotor responses but did not significantly alter hindlimb peripheral resistance. Combined nicotinic ganglion blockade by chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg) and muscarinic ganglion blockade by atropine (50 μg/kg) abolished the reflex vasomotor response but did not alter hindlimb peripheral resistance. It was concluded that autoregulatory mechanisms are capable of maintaining a peripheral resistance after block of both muscarinic and nicotinic ganglion transmission.
Methods Not Motives: Implications of the Convergence of International Organized Crime and Terrorism

Transnational organized crime and corruption are topics that security planners are increasingly visiting in their analyses of terrorism, most often examining how terrorism and transnational organized crime intersect and diverge. Clarifying these relationships is vital to approaching the current turbulence in global politics. This article examines the relationships between these two entities to arrive at the conclusion that transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups often adopt similar methods, they are inherently striving for divergent ends. Crime is primarily an economically driven enterprise, while terrorism remains rooted in political pursuits. While we note that such a relationship results in a number of consequences for policymakers and practitioners from both the US and the larger global community, an important conclusion we revisit throughout the article is the need for scholarly research on this relationship.
Basic research in Europe; different countries favor different systems for the support and organization of scientific work.

Europe, traditionally the breeding ground for basic scientific research until the 19309s, is only now approaching full recovery from the devastating effects of the war. Great Britain has a more stimulating climate for research, a more progressive graduate-school program, and a more flexible professorship structure than any other country of Europe. Germany still has several years to go before the effects of the war will be obliterated. In most northern European countries, the organization and support of academic research ranges from good to excellent, and a stimulating intellectual atmosphere exists. Germany is rapidly contending for the lead in basic research along with England and Sweden, which are now in the forefront. The Netherlands is typified by superb organization, and most of the Scandinavian countries are high in quality if not always in quantity of research. France is characterized by brilliant individual contributions but over-all falls far short of her potential for scientific research. Switzerland, a highly industrialized country, is geared primarily for engineering and does not compete as highly on basic research as might otherwise be expected. Italian research is good in certain areas but is plagued by a number of difficulties that retard progress. Nevertheless, there are encouraging efforts being made in Italy to develop some good scientific programs. In the south of Europe the situation is generally discouraging and will continue to be so, except where a few dedicated, brilliant individuals are making good contributions with the meager resources available. Europe will continue to be a tremendous scientific manpower reserve for the United States, and, despite accusations of proselyting, the fact remains that in many European countries the employment possibilities are not commensurate with the production rate of scientists and engineers. If the universities of Europe would realign the professional structure of their departmental staffs and extend their graduate curricula they would give far more opportunity to young research scientists and make better use of their facilities. America can indeed be grateful to Europe for a great cultural and academic heritage, and one can sincerely hope that close cooperation in science will take place for many years to come.
High-temperature creep and cavitation of polycrystalline aluminum nitride

Dense, polycrystalline AIN samples of grain size between 1.8 and 19 {mu}m were fabricated by hot-pressing. Bar-shaped samples were subjected to creep in four-point bending under static loads in nitrogen atmosphere. The outer fiber stress was varied between 20 and 140 MPa and the temperature between 1650 and 1940 K. Steady-state creep was established in each of the tests. This paper reports that the steady-state creep rate, d{epsilon}/dt was proportional to {sigma}{sup n}d{sup m} where the stress exponent, n, was between 1.27 and 1.43 and grain-size exponent, m, between {approximately}2.2 and {approximately}2.4. The activation energy for creep ranged between 529 and 625 kJ/mol. Both round (r type) and wedge-shaped (w type) cavities were observed in electron micrographs of the deformed samples. No noticeable change in the dislocation density was observed. Contribution of cavitation to the creep rate was estimated using an unconstrained cavity model. Based on this study it is concluded that the dominant mechanism of creep in polycrystalline AIN is diffusional.
Tinman function is essential for vertebrate heart development: elimination of cardiac differentiation by dominant inhibitory mutants of the tinman-related genes, XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5.

Abstract In Drosophila, the tinman gene is absolutely required for development of the dorsal vessel, the insect equivalent of the heart. In vertebrates, the tinman gene is represented by a small family of tinman -related sequences, some of which are expressed during embryonic heart development. At present however, the precise importance of this gene family for vertebrate heart development is unclear. Using the Xenopus embryo, we have employed a dominant inhibitory strategy to interfere with the function of the endogenous tinman -related genes. In these experiments, suppression of tinman gene function can result in the complete elimination of myocardial gene expression and the absence of cell movements associated with embryonic heart development. This inhibition can be rescued by expression of wild-type tinman sequences. These experiments indicate that function of tinman family genes is essential for development of the vertebrate heart.
Synthesis and characterization of a beta-hairpin peptide that represents a 'core module' of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI).

A new strategy for the design and construction of peptide fragments that can achieve defined, nativelike secondary structure is presented. The strategy is based upon the hypothesis that ‘core eleme...
TEST INFORMATIZADOS Y EL REGISTRO DEL TIEMPO DE RESPUESTA, UNA VIA PARA LA PRECISION EN LA DETERMINACION DEL NIVEL DE LOGRO DE UN SABER MATEMATICO

Resumen es: Preocupados por la educacion de calidad, se presenta un proceso de precision en la determinacion del nivel de competencias matematicas de los alumnos, po...
Experimental study of thermally stratified hot water storage tanks

Abstract Temperature stratification in hot water storage systems was studied experimentally. In particular, high extraction rates from plastic cylindrical vessels were emphasized. Data were taken at various length to diameter ratios, inlet-outlet temperature differences and mass flow rates. The effect of inlet and exit port configuration on thermal stratification was also studied. The data were empirically correlated to yield useful relations for the design of effective hot water storage systems. Finally, a novel inlet and exit configuration scheme was designed for an 80 gal. (300 l.) and a 500 gal. (1900 l.) storage tank.
Problems of permo‐triassic terrestrial vertebrate extinctions

The problems posed by apparent extinctions of terrestrial vertebrates at the Permo‐Triassic (P.T) transition are treated in context of three questions: (1) its reality, geographic extent and rapidi...
Investigation of Changes in Segmental Kinematics and Load Distribution on Components of Lumbosacral Fixation After Addition of Iliac Screw

Spinal fusion technique is the common traditional surgical intervention for treatment of various spinal disorders. Long lumbosacral fixation is often recommended for adjustment of lumbar scoliosis [1]. However when extending a long fusion system down to the sacrum, the lumbosacral junction is a common site of implant problem and pseudarthrosis [2,3].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Semicarbazide protection from in vivo oxidant injury of vascular tissue by allylamine.

Abstract Allylamine is a specific cardiovascular toxin that causes vascular and myocardial lesions. Previous studies showed that allylamine-induced chronic lesions are markedly reduced by semicarbazide, an inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), and that allylamine is metabolized to the aldehyde, acrolein, by SSAO. We hypothesized that inhibitors of SSAO might reduce the acute cardiovascular toxicity of allylamine. To test our hypothesis, we fed 150 mg kg allylamine to semicarbazide-pretreated (3 h; 98 mg kg ) rats. Animals were sacrificed 1 h after allylamine treatment. Aorta, epicardium, and endocardium were assayed for SSAO, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, thiol status and lipid peroxidation. SSAO activity was decreased significantly in aorta, epicardium and endocardium. Activity was 30-times higher in aorta than in epicardium and endocardium. A striking decrease in malonalydehyde level (lipid peroxidation) was found in aorta of pretreated rats as compared to allylamine-only treated rats. The reduction of free-SH content in aortic mitochondria was also attenuated in pretreated rats. Changes were not so marked in epicardium and endocardium. These results suggest that in vivo pretreatment with semicarbazide at least partially protects aortic mitochondria from allylamine toxicity. The mechanism can be explained on the basis of the fact that semicarbazide inhibits acrolein formation in allylamine-treated rats.
Increases in phonotactic probability facilitate spoken nonword repetition.

Abstract Lipinski and Gupta (2005) report the results of 12 experiments and numerous analyses that attempted to examine further the effects of phonotactic probability originally reported in Vitevitch and Luce (1998, and further explored in Vitevitch & Luce 1999) . They suggested that Vitevitch and Luce’s results were due to differences in the duration of the stimuli rather than to differences in phonotactic probability. The present report describes the results from another nonword naming experiment—employing a new set of duration-matched stimuli—that demonstrate a facilitative effect of phonotactic probability above and beyond that of stimulus duration. The current results provide support for Vitevitch and Luce’s original claims. Possible sources of the discrepancies between Lipinski and Gupta’s data and those in the present report are discussed. Although many factors may mediate the facilitative effect of phonotactic probability on nonword repetition latency, we believe there is still sufficient evidence to support the claim that increases in phonotactic probability for nonwords are associated with decreases in nonword processing times, even when stimulus duration is controlled.
Spectral evidence for interactions between membrane-bound hemes: resonance Raman spectra of mitochondrial cytochrome b--c1 complex as a function of redox potential.

Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of many hemeproteins [l-lo] and metalloporphyrins [ 1 l-161 have been reported since the initial analysis of the scattering enhanced by resonance between the laser frequency and porphyrin rr to n* transitions in cytochrome c by Spiro et al. [17]. Later, more detailed descriptions of the scattering phenomenon in both cytochrome c [ 18-201 and other metalloporphyrins [ 15 ,16,2 l] were presented and correlations were made between RR band frequencies and oxidation and spin states of the iron in various hemeproteins [6,22,23]. Moreover, the proposal was made that because of its high resolution capabilities, RR spectra could be exploited as a probe of interactions between hemes in functioning biological membranes [24] . A model study on the ~-0x0 dimer of tetraphenylporphin indicated that this technique was indeed sensitive to heme aggregation. Our initial work on the succinate cytochrome c reductase showed it to be a fruitful system for RR study for a variety of reasons: (1) RR spectra of isolated cytochromes exhibit well-defined marker bands [7] ; (2) The RR quantum yields of ferrous cytochromes are unusually large (lo-‘) [25] ; (3) The spectroscopic characterization of the RR effect in ferrous cytochromes is highly developed [17-191.
Documenting the Initial Second Language Reading Experience: The Readers Speak

: This article documents strategy, affective reactions, and metacognitive assessments of beginning French students encountering their very first French reading exercise via think-aloud and recall protocols. The findings of this exploratory investigation suggest that beginning second language (L2) readers transfer strategies from the first language (L1) and/or other L2 reading experiences to new reading situations, and are able to manage authentic texts from as early as 12 hours of instruction.
Some New Approaches to Semiclassical and Quantum Transition State Theory

Semiclassical and quantum mechanical transition state theory is reviewed and two new approaches described. One is a general implementation of a semiclassical rate expression [Miller, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 62, 40 (1977)] that involves the “good” action-angle variables associated with the saddle point (i.e., transition state) of a potential energy surface. The other is an evaluation of a formally exact quantum expression for the rate [Miller, Schwartz, and Tromp, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 4889 (1983)] in terms of Siegert eigenvalues associated with the transition state. Siegert eigenvalues are usually associated with scattering resonances, so their identification with the saddle point of a potential surface, and the expression for the reaction rate in terms of them, is quite an unexpected and novel development.
Natural Law: A Functional Interpretation

This study represents a preliminary inquiry into certain of the functional aspects of the natural law doctrine, particularly as it applies to American constitutional development. Throughout, the conceptual considerations, as such, will be ignored. Instead, the basic consideration will be one of usage. How does natural law work? What does it do? If this distinction seems arbitrary, the writer can only point out that law and politics are not theoretical studies; that they are the bone and sinew of society; that if the social order is to serve humanity with the greatest possible direction, it should know the proper functioning of its constituent elements. Natural law, like atomic energy, is important because it works, not because it was invented. And by the same token, it is best understood by a respectable familiarity with its usage, not by memorizing the symbols of its essence.The easy identification of natural law with the constitutional development of this country is apparent from even a cursory examination of the great body of constitutional doctrine. We have, for example, the whole concept of property relationships as they have come to us from the eighteenth century. We have a similar form-pattern in the development of certain processes of the law itself. We talk of the â€œreasonable man,â€ or we invoke the â€œrule of reason.â€ But the decisive characteristic of American constitutional development has been none of these. Rather it has been the acceptance of the working principle of negation. To avoid an enactment or a statute is considered, in this country at least, a valid exercise of authority. While it might be difficult to seek the legitimate derivation of such an action, or even to justify it, it is possible to consider its assumptions.
Nested deletion analysis of Wheat streak mosaic virus HC-Pro: Mapping of domains affecting polyprotein processing and eriophyid mite transmission

A series of in-frame and nested deletion mutations which progressively removed 5′-proximal sequences of the Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) HC-Pro coding region (1152 nucleotides) was constructed and evaluated for pathogenicity to wheat. WSMV HC-Pro mutants with 5′proximal deletions of 12 to 720 nucleotides systemically infected wheat. Boundary sequences flanking the deletions were stable and unaltered by passage through plants for all deletion mutants except HCD12 (lacking HC-Pro codons 3–6) that exhibited strong bias for G to A substitution at nucleotide 1190 in HC-Pro codon 2 (aspartic acid to asparagine). HC-Pro mutants with 5′-proximal deletions of up to 720 nucleotides retained autoproteolytic activity in vitro. In contrast, 5′-proximal deletion of 852 nucleotides of the HC-Pro coding region (HCD852) abolished both infectivity and in vitro proteolytic activity, confirming that the proteolytic domain of WSMV HC-Pro resides within the carboxy-terminal third of the protein and includes the cysteine proteinase motif (GYCY) conserved among four genera of the family Potyviridae. Inoculation of wheat with HC-Pro deletion mutants also bearing the GUS reporter gene revealed that HCD852 was unable to establish primary infection foci in inoculated leaves, indicating that processing of the P3 amino-terminus was essential. Deletion of as few as 24 nucleotides of HC-Pro (codons 3–10) eliminated transmission by the eriophyid mite vector Aceria tosichella Keifer. Collectively, these results demonstrated similar organization of proteinase and vector transmission functional domains among divergent HC-Pro homologues encoded by potyviruses and tritimoviruses. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Emergency Endovascular Deployment of Stent Graft in the Ascending Aorta for Contained Rupture of Innominate Artery Pseudoaneurysm in a Pediatric Patient

Endovascular approaches to treat aortic diseases have become an important alternative to open surgical intervention in aortic pathologies. We report a case of an emergency placement of a stent graft in a 16-year-old boy with a contained rupture of an innominate artery pseudoaneurysm. This patient had been previously treated for a mediastinal T-cell lymphoma and underwent mediastinal chemoradiation. He developed tracheal stenosis, requiring multiple tracheal reconstructive surgical procedures, and subsequently emergency ligation of a tracheal-innominate fistula. A pseudoaneurysm of the previously ligated innominate artery developed. Despite coil embolization, it continued to enlarge, requiring emergency endovascular intervention. A pseudoaneurysm of the previously ligated innominate artery subsequently developed, and despite coil embolization, it continued to enlarge, which required emergency endovascular intervention.
Synchronous motor starting performance calculation

MANY METHODS have been proposed and used during the past 50 years for calculating the starting performance of synchronous motors. Although many of these have been quite satisfactory for the bulk of design and application work, each method suffers from one of two basic faults. If the method is simple enough for routine hand calculation, much detail is lost in the solution, and the sweeping assumptions that must be made to simplify the equivalent circuits introduce considerable error. On the other hand, if the method is sufficiently detailed to eliminate these disadvantages, the numerical calculations become very ponderous.
On the universally beneficial manipulation conjecture

The universally beneficial manipulation conjecture of Campbell and Kelly states that for a social choice rule, if everyone gains as a result of any optimal manipulation, then the rule satisfies universally beneficial manipulation, i.e., everyone gains as a result of any manipulation, optimal or not. We prove the conjecture for three alternatives and any number of individuals. We also construct a counterexample in a general form with more than three alternatives and at least two individuals.
The average dipole moment in vibrationally excited states of CH3F

Abstract The anharmonic average of the dipole moment in a vibrationally excited state of a polyatomic molecule may be expressed in terms of the normal coordinate force constants and the derivatives of the dipole moment with respect to the normal-coordinates. These expressions have been evaluated in the particular case of CH3F and the calculated values of the average dipole moment have been compared with the measured values. From this comparison it has been possible to determine that, in CH3F, extension of the CF bond results in an increase in the dipole moment whereas extension of the three CH bonds results in a decrease.
Ionization of positive ions.

Binary encounter model for ionization by charged particle impact modified to evaluate cross section for ionization of positive ions by electron impact
Menopause-Related Changes in Body Fat Distribution

Menopause-related changes in body fat distribution may partially explain the greater risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease during the postmenopausal years. To date, however, the effect of the menopause transition on body fat distribution remains unclear. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using waist circumference or the waist-to-hip ratio show no effect of menopause on body fat distribution. By contrast, studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry showed increased trunk fat in postmenopausal women. Moreover, studies using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show that postmenopausal women have greater amounts of intra-abdominal fat compared to premenopausal women. Collectively, these studies suggest that the menopause transition is associated with an accumulation of central fat and, in particular, intra-abdominal fat. Whether menopause-related differences in trunk or intra-abdominal fat are independent of age and/or adiposity, however, is unclear. Thus, we recently examined the effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat distribution in 53 middle-aged, premenopausal women (47 +/- 3 years) and 28 early postmenopausal women (51 +/- 4 years). Postmenopausal women had 36% more trunk fat (p < 0.01), 49% greater intra-abdominal fat area (p < 0.01), and 22% greater subcutaneous abdominal fat area (p < 0.05) than premenopausal women. The menopause-related difference in intra-abdominal fat persisted (p < 0.05) after statistical adjustment for age and fat mass, whereas no differences were noted in trunk or abdominal subcutaneous fat. A similar pattern of differences in trunk, subcutaneous, and intra-abdominal fat was observed in subsamples of pre- and postmenopausal women matched for age or fat mass. Our data and that of others suggest that early postmenopausal status is associated with a preferential increase in intra-abdominal fat that is independent of age and total adiposity. Thus, CT and MRI should be used when examining menopause-related changes in body fat distribution.
Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice

In this volume, Julie Klein provides the first comprehensive study of the modern concept of interdisciplinarity, supplementing her discussion with the most complete bibliography yet compiled on the subject. Spanning the social sciences, natural sciences, humanities, and professions, her study is a synthesis of existing scholarship on interdisciplinary research, education and health care. Klein argues that any interdisciplinary activity embodies a complex network of historical, social, psychological, political, economic, philosophical, and intellectual factors. Whether the context is a short-ranged instrumentality or a long-range reconceptualization of the way we know and learn, the concept of interdisciplinarity is an important means of solving problems and answering questions that cannot be satisfactorily addressed using singular methods or approaches.
Factors Affecting Philanthropic Behavior of Jewish Adolescents

A field study of children's philanthropic behavior, focusing specifically on the giving patterns of adolescents, was conducted in a Jewish school in the United States over a 5-month period. Classrooms were observed by using ethnographic methods, and a written questionnaire was administered to seventh- through ninth-graders (N = 48). Monetary records from 23 class sessions were analyzed. Giving to charity was inversely related to age, with the oldest students in the school giving the least. Both teachers of adolescents and the majority of the adolescents attributed this finding to the dispositions of the givers rather than to contextual factors in the school or to the nature of the charitable enterprise.
Serum cholesterol efflux potential in postmenopausal monkeys treated with tibolone or conjugated estrogens.

Abstract Tibolone is a synthetic steroid used for the treatment of climacteric symptoms and the prevention of osteoporosis, but the effect on the cardiovascular system is unclear since tibolone lowers high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. We investigated if long-term treatment with tibolone or conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in cynomolgus monkeys could affect their serum cholesterol efflux potential. Surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys were treated for 2 years with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), low-dose tibolone, or high-dose tibolone. Plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels were monitored during the study. The cholesterol efflux potential of the serum from each animal was determined in 3 H-cholesterol[ndash ]labeled Fu5AH cells and skin fibroblasts in culture. Tibolone induced a dose-dependent 30% to 52% reduction in HDL levels. When HDL concentrations were reduced by 30%, as seen in women, there was no reduction in the serum cholesterol efflux potential in Fu5AH cells. With a 52% reduction in HDL, there was a 14% reduction in cholesterol efflux. Although CEE or CEE+MPA had no significant effect on HDL levels, CEE treatment increased serum cholesterol efflux potential by 7%. With the same sera, no changes in cholesterol efflux were seen with fibroblasts. Although our findings suggest that HDL concentration is correlated with cholesterol efflux potential of serum, this relationship is weak, explaining only 16% of the variability. This is emphasized by the fact that despite a 30% lowering of HDL with tibolone, there was no indication of an adverse effect on cellular cholesterol efflux. Other changes in the serum not measured in this study must contribute significantly to the cholesterol efflux potential of serum. Because changes in cholesterol efflux potential of serum were seen only in Fu5AH cells, a cell line rich in SR-B1 receptors, this implies that the changes seen in this study were mediated largely by the SR-B1 pathway.
Far Infrared Detection with a Si p-i Interface and Multilayer Structures

Far infrared detection utilizing the work functions associated with lightly and heavily doped semiconductor interfaces is analyzed. Experimental results obtained with a single interface p-i structure are reported. The detector response shows a strong bias dependence and also the cutoff wavelength (λc) increases with increasing bias, which we attribute to the lowering of the work function barrier. This barrier lowering agrees with an empirical formula based on the doping profiles. Based on these results, multilayer structures are proposed. Estimates for layer thicknesses, concentrations and number of layers are provided for MBE grown multilayer structures. These structures should have an improved IR response with a possible gain through impact ionization. Another possible gain mechanism through initiation of an electron-phonon cascade is proposed.