cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systemic Oversimplification Limits the Potential for Human-AI Partnership

The modern world is evolving rapidly, especially with respect to the development and proliferation of increasingly intelligent, artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-related technologies. Nevertheless, in many ways, what this class of technologies has offered as return on investment remains less impressive than what has been promised. In the present paper, we argue that the continued failure to realize the potential in modern AI and AI-related technologies is largely attributable to the oversimplified, yet pervasive ways that our global society treats the relationship between these technologies and humans. Oversimplified concepts, once conveyed, tend to perpetuate myths that in turn limit the impact of such technologies in human society. To counter these oversimplifications, we offer a theoretical construct, which we call the landscape of human-AI partnership. This construct characterizes individual capability for real-world task performance as a dynamic function of information certainty, available time to respond, and task complexity. With this, our goal is to encourage more nuanced discourse about novel ways to solve challenges to modern and future sociotechnical societies, but without defaulting to notions that remain rooted in today’s technologies-as-tools ways of thinking. The core of our argument is that society at large must recognize that intelligent technologies are evolving well beyond being mere tools for human use and are instead becoming capable of operating as interdependent teammates. This means that how we think about interactions between humans and AI needs to go beyond a “Human–or–AI” conversation about task assignments to more contextualized “Human–and–AI” way of thinking about how best to capitalize on the strengths hidden within emergent capabilities of unique human-AI partnerships that have yet to be fully realized.
Temporal Trends in the Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An AAO IRIS® Registry Analysis

Purpose This study examined how treatment patterns for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) have changed over time using clinical registry data from the AAO IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight). Design A retrospective cohort analysis using the IRIS Registry database spanning 2013–2017. Participants A total of 141 317 patients with newly diagnosed PDR (International Classification of Diseases [ICD], Tenth Revision, codes E08.35, E09.35, E10.35, E11.35, and E13.35 and ICD, Ninth Revision, code 362.02) were included. Methods Comparison analyses were conducted using Tukey and chi-square tests, and time-trend analyses were conducted using Mann-Kendall tests and Theil-Sen slopes. Main Outcome Measures Patient characteristics including age, gender, and laterality; whether patients received intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections (IVI) only, panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) only, both IVI and PRP (IVI+PRP), or observation; intravitreal drug data; and diabetic macular edema (DME) status were compared. Results From 2013–2017, the average age of PDR diagnosis was 59.2 years, with 53.3% of patients being male. Sixty-two thousand one hundred five newly diagnosed PDR patients (43.9%) received IVI, 32 293 patients (27.1%) received PRP, 27 664 patients (19.6%) received IVI+PRP, and 13 255 patients (9.4%) underwent observation. In 2013, more PDR patients undergoing treatment received PRP only (47.5%) than IVI only (37.3%) or IVI+PRP (15.1%). From 2013 to 2017, the percentage of patients treated with PRP only decreased by 5.6% per year (P = 0.05) and the percentage of patients treated with IVI only increased by 3.9% per year (P = 0.05). By 2017, most patients received IVI only (52.9%). Patients with PDR with DME were more likely than patients without DME to receive IVI only (64.3% vs. 31.5%; P Conclusions In this cohort analysis of the IRIS Registry, IVI surpassed PRP as the more common method of treating newly diagnosed PDR from 2013 to 2017, with bevacizumab administered in more than two thirds of IVIs.
Finiteness Theorems in Arithmetic: An Application of Herbrand's Theorem For Σ2 - Formulas

Publisher Summary Except for (derivations of) ∀ 2 and hence ∀ 1 →∀ 2 formulas, Herbrand's disjunctions are generally too convoluted for practical use. The application derived, in the chapter, bounds on the number of elements of the set X from simple arithmetic conditions on the disjunction of a Ʃ 2 formula expressing that X is finite, or, more precisely, the size of its elements is bounded. In this way some new (proofs of) effective bounds are found, but also ad hoc unwindings can be interpreted as instances of the mentioned general result. Its analysis leads to criteria for useful extensions or refinements of Herbrand's theorem. Those criteria are then shown to correspond to conclusions derived from two extremes of logical research: from foundational discussions of aims in vogue 50 years ago, and from sifting the body of results obtained in proof theory since then. Finally, a parallel from model theory is discussed.
Monster Fire at Minong: Wisconsin's Five Mile Tower Fire of 1977

Review of: "Monster Fire at Minong: Wisconsin's Five Mile Tower Fire of 1977," by Bill Matthias.
Who Should Regulate Entry into IPTV and Municipal Wireless

We are at an unusual moment in telecommunications. We have two very live cases of entry: Internet protocol television (IPTV) and municipal wireless broadband. IPTV will create new competition with cable, satellite and over-the-air broadcast TV, promising lower prices and new services. Muni wireless makes it possible for local communities to add new broadband capabilities to compete with DSL and cable broadband. Unsurprisingly given the newness of the services, there is substantial uncertainty about whether and how these services should be regulated, and we have seen legislative action at municipal, state and federal levels. To assess that, I set forth a general framework for matching jurisdictions to tasks and consider coordination costs; information aggregation; speed; tailoring; and competence, capture and corruption. I also set forth a typology of legislative approaches: mandatory federal; default federal; uniformity by choice; experimental labs and competitive federalism; and mixed jurisdiction regulation. I also consider specific regulatory issues for telcom entry control, namely, the extent of the natural monopoly and the desired level of cross-subsidization. I consider four prior of telcom entry and regulation: cable TV franchising; control over pole attachments; the local entry preemption provisions of the 1996 Telecommunications Act; and entry into satellite broadcasting. With that framework, I turn to muni wireless and IPTV. Muni wireless turns on decisions about quintessentially local assets, such as municipal light poles, and provision of the service involves few across-jurisdiction externalities. Plus there are a number of decisions regarding the service - tradeoffs between advertising and price and disagreements over the extent of the digital divide - that suggest we should see natural variation in the services. That makes local control appropriate and we should be critical of contrary state and federal efforts. For IPTV, a critical question is the required scope of entry: to what extent will an entrant be required to build-out services to serve an entire local area? Again that turns on contested conceptions about universal service obligations and would be best addressed locally.
Database constraints and homomorphism dualities

Global-as-view (GAV) constraints form a class of database constraints that has been widely used in the study of data exchange and data integration. Specifically, relationships between different database schemas are commonly described by a schema mapping consisting of a finite set of GAV constraints. Such schema mappings can be viewed as representations of an infinite set of data examples. We study the following problem: when is finite set of GAV constraints uniquely characterizable via a finite set of data examples? By establishing a tight connection between this problem and homomorphism dualities, we obtain a simple criterion for unique characterizability. We also pinpoint the computational complexity of the corresponding decision problem.
Early life trauma and directional brain connectivity within major depression.

Objective: Early life trauma (ELT) is a significant risk factor for the onset of depression. Emerging findings indicate ELT is associated with enhanced amygdala reactivity to aversive stimuli in never-depressed healthy controls as well as those with acute depression but may be absent in non-ELT exposed depressed. The precise mechanism mediating these differences in amygdala reactivity remains unclear. Method: The authors used Granger causality methods to evaluate task-based directional connectivity between medial or lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 20 unmedicated patients with current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19 healthy matched controls while participants engaged in an affective variant of the flanker task comparing response to sad and neutral faces. These data were correlated with childhood trauma history. Results: Exposure to ELT was associated with failure of inhibition within the MDD group based on medial PFC–amygdala connectivity. In contrast, non-ELT exposed MDD was associated with a negative causal pathway from medial prefrontal cortex to amygdala, despite reduced dorsolateral PFC input in comparison to healthy controls. Neither MDD group demonstrated significant lateral PFC–amygdala connectivity in comparison to healthy controls. Conclusions: Failure of the circuit implicated in emotion regulation was associated with a significant history of ELT but not with MDD more broadly. Non-ELT related depression was associated with intact regulation of emotion despite the absence of difference in severity of illness. These findings indicate opposing system-level differences within depression relative to ELT are expressed as differential amygdala reactivity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4815–4826, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time Response of Jejunal Sucrose and Maltase Activity to a High Sucrose Diet in Normal Man

This study determined the time required for the adaptive changes in human jejunal sucrase and maltase activities when dietary carbohydrate was changed from glucose to sucrose, sucrose to carbohydrate-free, and glucose to fructose. Four volunteer subjects were studied. The time for the increases and decreases in activity was 2 to 5 days and there was no further change for 9 weeks thereafter. This time response is similar to the estimated time for intestinal epithelial cell turnover in the small intestine of man. It is proposed that the changes in disaccharidase activity produced by changes in dietary sugar content are due primarily to an effect on the crypt cell. The effect becomes increasingly manifest as these crypt cells divide and migrate up the villus.
Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers

In this article a method for the fabrication and reproducible in-vitro evaluation of conducting polymer nanoparticles blended with fullerene as the next generation photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is reported. The nanoparticles are formed by hydrophobic interaction of the semiconducting polymer MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) with the fullerene PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) in the presence of a non-compatible solvent. MEH-PPV has a high extinction coefficient that leads to high rates of triplet formation, and efficient charge and energy transfer to the fullerene PCBM. The latter processes enhance the efficiency of the PDT system through fullerene assisted triplet and radical formation, and ultrafast deactivation of MEH-PPV excited stated. The results reported here show that this nanoparticle PDT sensitizing system is highly effective and shows unexpected specificity to cancer cell lines.
The Sanitizing of U.S. Spanish in Academia.

: The rapidly increasing number of Spanish speakers in the United States has resulted in increased national linguistic tensions. Groups such as U.S. English aim to restrict the use of all non-English languages in general, and Spanish in particular, in certain public domains. At the same time, another group, which includes a nucleus of language scholars, is engaging in efforts to change or suppress the use of U.S. Spanish, particularly in the domain of education. In this article, the author asserts that the arguments put forward by the latter group are based principally on the attitudes of its leaders and not on carefully constructed linguistic bases. He offers an alternative model, one suggested by Cameron (1995), as a means of carrying out well-reasoned debate on the use of the Spanish language for academic purposes in the United States.
Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

Choline acetyltransferase immunhistochemistry was employed at light and electron microscopic levels in order to determine the distribution of cholinergic neurons in two subdivisions of the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus that were previously defined on cytoarchitectonic grounds, and to compare the synaptic inputs to cholinergic and non-cholinergic somata in the subnucleus dissipatus, which receives major input from the substantia nigra. Large cholinergic neurons were found in both the pars compacta and the pars dissipata of the pedunculopontine nucleus. However, they were intermingled with non-cholinergic neurons and did not respect the cytoarchitectural boundaries of the nucleus. Ultrastructural study showed that all cholinergic neurons in the subnucleus dissipatus exhibited similar features. The majority had large somata (largest diameter ⩾20 μm) containing abundant cytoplasmic organelles and nuclei displaying a few shallow invaginations. Synaptic terminals on the cholinergic cell bodies were scarce and unlabeled boutons containing spherical synaptic vesicles and establishing asymmetric synaptic junctions were the dominant type. In contrast, the non-cholinergic neurons presented prominent differences in the size of their somata as well as in the distribution of axosomatic synapses. Two almost equally represented classes of non-cholinergic neurons which are referred to as large (largest diameter ⩾20 μm) and small (largest diameter <20 μm) were recognized. Large non-cholinergic cell bodies were ultrastructurally similar to the cholinergic ones, but they received rich synaptic input by unlabeled nerve terminals which contained pleomorphic vesicles and were engaged in symmetric synaptic junctions. Small non-cholinergic cell bodies were characterized by deeply invaginated nuclei surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm, and were often found near or in direct apposition to the cholinergic somata. Their major input consisted of axosomatic boutons containing round synaptic vesicles. These results demonstrate that cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are differentiated with regard to their axosomatic synaptic inputs which may influence their firing properties. Furthermore, they support previous suggestions that nigral afferents may be preferentially distributed to a subpopulation of the pedunculopontine neurons.
Enthalpies and entropies of proton and cadmium adsorption onto Bacillus subtilis bacterial cells from calorimetric measurements.

Abstract We used titration calorimetry to measure the bulk heats of proton and Cd adsorption onto a common Gram positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis at 25.0 °C. Using the 4-site non-electrostatic model of Fein et al. [Fein, J.B., Boily, J.-F., Yee, N., Gorman-Lewis, D., Turner, B.F., 2005. Potentiometric titrations of Bacillus subtilis cells to low pH and a comparison of modeling approaches. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (5), 1123–1132.] to describe the bacterial surface reactivity to protons, our bulk enthalpy measurements can be used to determine the following site-specific enthalpies of proton adsorption for Sites 1–4, respectively: −3.5 ± 0.2, −4.2 ± 0.2, −15.4 ± 0.9, and −35 ± 2 kJ/mol, and these values yield the following third law entropies of proton adsorption onto Sites 1–4, respectively: +51 ± 4, +78 ± 4, +79 ± 5, and +60 ± 20 J/mol K. An alternative data analysis using a 2-site Langmuir–Freundlich model to describe proton binding to the bacterial surface (Fein et al., 2005) resulted in the following site-specific enthalpies of proton adsorption for Sites 1 and 2, respectively: −3.6 ± 0.2 and −35.1 ± 0.3 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic values for Sites 1–3 for the non-electrostatic model and Site 1 of the Langmuir–Freundlich model of proton adsorption onto the bacterial surface are similar to those associated with multifunctional organic acid anions, such as citrate, suggesting that the protonation state of a bacterial surface site can influence the energetics of protonation of neighboring sites. Our bulk Cd enthalpy data, interpreted using the 2-site non-electrostatic Cd adsorption model of Borrok et al. [Borrok, D., Fein, J.B., Tischler, M., O’Loughlin, E., Meyer, H., Liss, M., Kemner, K.M., 2004b. The effect of acidic solutions and growth conditions on the adsorptive properties of bacterial surfaces. Chem. Geol. 209 (1–2), 107–119.] to account for Cd adsorption onto B. subtilis, yield the following site-specific enthalpies of Cd adsorption onto bacterial surface Sites 2 and 3, respectively: −0.2 ± 0.4 and +14.4 ± 0.9 kJ/mol, and the following third law entropies of Cd adsorption onto Sites 2 and 3, respectively: +57 ± 4 and +128 ± 5 J/mol K. The calculated enthalpies of Cd adsorption are typical of those associated with Cd complexation with anionic oxygen ligands, and the entropies are indicative of inner sphere complexation by multiple ligands. The experimental approach described in this study not only yields constraints on the molecular-scale mechanisms involved in proton and Cd adsorption reactions, but also provides new thermodynamic data that enable quantitative estimates of the temperature dependence of proton and Cd adsorption reactions.
HiPPI-based parallel computing

The IBM Enhanced Clustered Fortran (ECF) advanced technology project combines parallel computing technology with a HiPPI-based LAN network. The ECF environment is a clustered, parallel computing environment which consists of IBM ES/90001 complexes and possibly other parallel machines connected by HiPPI. The ECF software, including the language processor, is independent of hardware architectures, operating systems, and the Fortran compiler and runtime library. The ECF software is highly portable because it is based on well-known, standard technology and transport protocols such as Remote Procedure Call (RPC), X/Open Transport Interface (XTI), and TCP/IP. The ECF software is transport-independent, and can accommodate other transport protocols concurrently. This paper describes the IBM ECF environment including the language extensions, the programming model, and the software layers and components. Also, this paper explains how to achieve portability and scalability. Lastly, this paper describes how effective task communication is accomplished in ECF through RPC, XTI, TCP/IP, and a customized enhancement over HiPPI. An analysis of network performance in terms of bottleneck conditions is presented, and empirical data indicating improved throughput is provided. Comparisons to alternative methodologies and technologies are also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new radioisotope technique of splenic localization for radiation treatment

A new technique of splenic localization, before initiating radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease, is described. We find this method of splenic localization economical and accurate.
Fine control of operantly conditioned firing patterns of cortical neurons.

Abstract Chronic recording microelectrodes were implanted in the hand-arm area of the precentral gyrus of three Macca mulatta monkeys. The firing patterns of individual and combined units were operantly conditioned with either a four- or an eight-target random tracking task. Neurons were considered “conditioned” only if the performance was significantly different from control runs. Conditioning occurred in 77% (37 of 48) of the single units and 65% (15 of 23) of the combined units. The activity of conditioned neurons was associated with specific hand or limb movements, whereas the activity of unconditioned neurons was either uncorrelated with any movement made by the monkey or correlated with seldom-made movements. Performance was measured in terms of information outflow rate to compare different task parameters. The best performance of 3.85 bits/s was obtained with a four-target, 0.5 s hold-time task. This compared to 4.29 bits/s when the same task was performed with a manipulandum and wrist movement. Monkeys were able to exert fine control of the firing rate of cortical neurons and to change rapidly from one rate to another on visual command.
The Intelligent-Design Movement: Science or Ideology?

The past decade has seen the rise of a new wave of criticism of evolutionary biology, led by claims that it should be replaced by a new science of intelligent design. While the general question of inferring design may fairly be considered worthy of attention, claims that intelligent-design theory (IDT) constitutes a biological science are highly problematic. This article briefly summarizes the assertions made about IDT as a biological science and indicates why they do not stand up to analysis. While claiming that IDT is a biological science, its advocates have failed to actually produce a research program that merits serious attention. As such, it is clear that IDT is more driven by ideological considerations than by attention to actual scientific research.
Deep prepiriform cortex kindling and amygdala interactions

The deep prepiriform cortex (DPC) has been recently suggested to be a crucial epileptogenic site in the rat brain. We investigated the susceptibility of the DPC to the development of electrical kindling as compared to that of the superficial prepiriform cortex (SPC) and amygdala as well as the transfer interactions between the two prepiriform sites and amygdala. Adult rats with electrodes implanted in the right prepiriform cortex (DPC or SPC) and left amygdala were divided into a DPC-amygdala and SPC-amygdala group while a third group consisted of rats with electrodes implanted in the ipsilateral DPC and amygdala. Within each group the rats were initially kindled from one site selected randomly and then rekindled from the other site. Both DPC and SPC were as sensitive to the development of kindling as the amygdala. The behavioral seizures elicited with DPC or SPC primary kindling were identical to those induced by amygdala kindling. Initial DPC kindling facilitated the development of kindling from either ipsilateral or contralateral amygdala with the ipsilateral transfer being significantly more potent than the contralateral. SPC kindling also facilitated the development of contralateral amygdala kindling but was less effective than DPC kindling. On the other hand, amygdala kindling did not facilitate contralateral SPC or DPC kindling although it transferred to the ipsilateral DPC. These results indicate that the prepiriform cortex can be readily kindled but not faster than the amygdala and that there are unequal kindling transfer interactions between prepiriform cortex and amygdala.
Posterior cruciate-sacrificing versus posterior cruciate-substituting total knee arthroplasty: a study of clinical and functional outcomes in matched patients.

Abstract Since the introduction of the Total Condylar Prosthesis (TCP) in 1974, concomitant improvements in surgical technique and prosthetic design have occurred. The individual effects of each of these variables have not been investigated, however. This study evaluates 2 different knee designs using the same operative technique by a single surgeon. All primary total knee arthroplasties performed between 1986 and 1989 were entered into a database of 2 cohorts, TCP and Press Fit Condylar (PFC) knees, matched for age, gender, body weight, and diagnosis. Follow-up data within 12 months of each other were used, evaluating patients clinically and using a self-administered questionnaire. In each cohort, 74 knees were matched by these criteria. Follow-up time was 4.04 and 4.45 years for the TCP and PFC cohorts. Range of motion averaged 107° and 112° for the TCP and PFC cohorts. This difference was statistically significant. Total knee score and functional score improved significantly. Anterior knee pain was present in 9 TCP and 3 PFC knees. Lateral release was performed in 30 TCP and 18 PFC knees. The PFC showed an advantage in ROM, stair function, anterior knee pain, and use of lateral release. Both designs showed comparable pain relief and walking ability.
Annie Ernaux's Passion Simple and Se Perdre: Proust's 'Amour-Maladie' Revisited and Revised

At first blush it may seem that Marcel Proust and Annie Ernaux have little in common. The author a A la recherche du temps perdu depends extensively on metaphor and serpentine sentences which culminate in a three-thousand-page work while the more contemporary writer rejects prolixity and imagery and produces dramatically briefer texts. [excerpt]
Contextual cues associated with nicotine administration increase arc mRNA expression in corticolimbic areas of the rat brain.

Conditioned responses to cues associated with the administration of drugs of misuse are an impediment to continued abstinence for drug-free addicted individuals. In order to study the neuroanatomical and cellular response of the brain to cues associated with nicotine administration, we conditioned Sprague–Dawley rats to receive an ascending dose regimen of nicotine over 14 days in two distinct non-home cage environments and assessed expression of the early response gene arc in corticolimbic areas in response to the nicotine-associated context. All of the rats received the same dose regimen of nicotine. Three days after the last training day, the rats were exposed to the test environment. The rats that had previously received nicotine exhibited increased motor activity compared with the rats that had received saline in the test environment. After 45 min in the test environment, brains were taken for Northern blotting and in situ hybridization analysis, which revealed an increase in levels of activity-regulated, dendritically localized mRNA for arc in a variety of brain regions (medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, cingulate cortex, primary sensory cortex, sensorimotor cortex, ventral striatum and amygdala). Plasma corticosterone levels were not different between the groups, suggesting that exposure to nicotine cues is insufficient to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Given that Arc plays a direct role in neuronal plasticity and memory consolidation, its induction by nicotine-associated cues in brain regions critical for cognitive and emotional processing suggests that rats may be learning that these cues are no longer necessarily predictive of nicotine administration. Further work will be needed in order to assess the role of arc expression in the extinction of conditioned responses to drug-paired cues.
A new method for the solution of the Schrödinger equation

We approximate the potential in the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation by a step function with a finite number of steps. In each step, the resulting differential equation has constant coefficients and is integrated exactly in terms of circular or hyperbolic functions. The solutions are then matched at the interface of each layer to construct the eigenfunctions in the whole domain. Unique features of the numerical method are: (a) All the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are obtained with the same absolute accuracy for the same number of steps in the potential;(b) any desired number of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are obtained in one single pass without any need to supply initial guesses for the eigenvalues; (c) for any fixed number of steps in the potential, we obtain in principle the whole infinite spectrum of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
Different sensitivities of acetylcholine-induced “after-hyperpolarization” compared to dopamine-induced hyperpolarization, to ouabain or to lithium-replacement of sodium, in rabbit sympathetic ganglia

Abstract The ganglionic potentials elicited by a test dose of acetylcholine (ACh) acting nicotinically consist of an initial depolarization followed by a longer “after-hyperpolarization” (after-HP). The after-HP is abolished selectively and relatively rapidly after treatment with ouabain or with Li-replacement of 90% of Na in Ringer. The hyperpolarizing response to a test dose of dopamine (DA), however, is as or more resistant than the ACh-depolarization to either treatment. These findings provide further strong evidence that the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential (s-IPSP), for which DA is the transmitter in these ganglia, is not mediated by an activation of an electrogenic NaK pump.
Effect of Environmental Variables upon Crappie Young, Year-Class Strength, and the Sport Fishery

Abstract Abundance of juvenile crappies Pomoxis spp. was positively related to floodwater storage in Rathbun Lake, Iowa, from 1972 to 1980. Regression analysis showed that age-0 crappies less than 15 d old increased by 1,330/acre for each million acre-feet–days of water stored above conservation pool from April through August. However, this relationship did not hold for data collected from 1981 to 1989. Abundance of crappies less than 15 d old was also positively related to numerical catch in the sport fishery 2–4 years later. Effects of temperature, wind, substrate, and turbidity on catch of age-0 crappies in townets from 1980 to 1983 were investigated. Once a spawning threshold temperature was attained, turbidity was most influential in determining age-0 crappie densities. About 50% of the variability in larval crappie abundance was explained by turbidity, exclusive of water level. The relationship between substrate firmness and larval crappie abundance was best described by a parabolic function; modera...
Zirconium−Phosphonate Monolayers with Embedded Disulfide Bonds

Disulfides are chemically and electrochemically reactive functional groups that could be useful for ultra-high-resolution patterning of self-assembled monolayer films (SAMs) by atomic force microscopic (AFM) anodization. Zirconium−organophosphonate monolayers that contain embedded disulfide bonds were prepared by sequential deposition of Zr4+ and H2PO3-S−S−R components. Bis(10-phosphodecyl) disulfide and 10-phosphodecyldodecyl disulfide form monolayers on zirconated Si(100) and gold surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), AFM, contact angles, and ellipsometry were used to characterize these self-assembled films. The growth process is sluggish, and contact angle measurements suggest that the hydrocarbon chains in the film are disordered. The origin of these effects appears to be the preferred C−S−S−C dihedral angle of about 90°. Silicon substrates that have a thin native silicon oxide give a plasmon band in the XPS spectra, which can be mistaken for oxidized sulfur; we discuss a strategy for elim...
Multidimensional scaling of video surrogates

This article is concerned with the problem of representing moving images for information retrieval. Of primary concern is evaluating the representativeness of different types of surrogates for various tasks. The basic factor considered is the ability of a surrogate to enable users to make the same distinctions that they would make given the actual video. To explore this issue, four types of video surrogates were created and compared under two tasks. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to map the dimensional dispersions of users' judgments of similarity between videos and similarity between surrogates. Congruence between these maps was used to evaluate the representativeness of each type of surrogate. Congruence was greater for image-based surrogates than for text-based surrogates overall, while congruence between text-based surrogates and videos was greatest when a specific task was introduced.
Whitehead's Unconscious Ontology:

Alfred North Whitehead's process metaphysics remain largely unknown to psychology despite his treatise on human consciousness, perception and the nature of the soul. What is of greater significance...
Renal α2-Adrenoceptor Overexpression in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats: Regulation by Dietary NaCl and Dissociation from Salt-Insensitive Hypertension

Dietary NaCl-induced changes in blood pressure and agonist and antagonist binding properties to renal α2-adrenoceptors were studied in inbred (Rapp) strains of Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) rats. S and R rats were placed on either salt-deficient (0.13% NaCl in chow) or high salt (1% NaCl solution to drink plus 0.13% NaCl chow) diets for 1 to 8 weeks. Saturation binding studies with [3H]-rauwolscine and [3H]-p-aminoclonidine and competition studies with [3H]-rauwolscine and epinephrine were then performed in renal plasma membranes from each group. Systolic blood pressure rose significantly in S rats on the salt-deficient diet for 2 or more weeks, and was further increased by high salt intake, indicating that there are salt-sensitive and salt-insensitive components to the hypertension in inbred S rats. The blood pressure of R rats was unaffected by dietary NaCl content. Two or more weeks of high salt feeding significantly elevated renal α2-adrenoceptor density ([3H]-rauwolscine binding) in S but not R rats. Interestingly, NaCl restriction in weanling S rats completely prevented this increase in α2-adrenoceptor density over the course of the study. The number of high affinity agonist binding sites (assessed with [3H]-p-aminoclonidine and epinephrine displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine) was increased in S rats after high salt feeding. Removal of the high salt diet failed to reverse the NaCl-induced elevations in total and high affinity α2-adrenoceptor density in S rats. We conclude that: 1) the initiation of renal α2-adrenoceptor overexpression in Dahl S rats is entirely dependent on dietary NaCl content; 2) the overexpression of renal α2-adrenoceptors was independent of the salt-insensitive component of hypertension in S rats, precluding a causal linkage between these parameters; 3) the rise in renal α2-adrenoceptors was closely paralleled by salt-sensitive increments in blood pressure, suggesting a functional relationship between these two variables; 4) In contrast to reported changes in renal α2-adrenoceptor properties following renal denervation, dietary NaCl augments the number of high affinity renal α2-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in S rats but does not increase the proportion of these sites relative to total receptor number. (Hypertens Res 1992; 15: 85-92)
Disentangling the neuroanatomical correlates of perseveration from unilateral spatial neglect

Perseverative behavior, manifest as re-cancelling or re-visiting targets, is distinct from spatial neglect. Perseveration is thought to reflect frontal or parietal lobe dysfunction, but the neuroanatomical correlates remain poorly defined and the interplay between neglect and perseveration is incompletely understood. We enrolled 87 consecutive patients with diffusion-weighted, perfusion-weighted imaging, and spatial neglect testing within 24 hours of right hemisphere ischemic stroke. The degrees of spatial neglect and perseveration were analyzed. Perseveration was apparent in 46% (40/87) of the patients; 28% (24/87) showed perseveration only; 18% (16/87) showed both perseveration and neglect; and 3% (3/87) showed neglect only. Perseverative behaviors occur in an inverted "U" shape: little neglect was associated with few perseverations; moderate neglect with high perseverations; and in severe neglect targets may not enter consciousness and perseverative responses decrease. Brodmann areas of dysfunction, and the caudate and putament, were assessed and volumetrically measured. In this study, the caudate and putamen were not associated with perseveration. After controlling for neglect, and volume of dysfunctional tissue, only Brodmann area 46 was associated with perseveration. Our results further support the notion that perseveration and neglect are distinct entities; while they often co-occur, acute dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ischemia is associated with perseveration specifically.
Oxidation of cholesterol by rat liver mitochondria: influence of deuterium oxide.

L'oxydation du cholesterol-26-14C et de l'octanoate de sodium-1-14C par une preparation de mitochondries de foie de rat a ete effectuee en milieu aqueux a un pH de 8,5 et dans l'eau lourde (D2O) a un pH de 8,1 et 8,5. La presence d'eau lourde a inhibe l'oxydation des deux substrats. L'oxydation du cholesterol dans l'eau lourde a un pH de 8,5 a ete reduite de 60% a 70% de la valeur normale et de plus de 90 % dans l'eau lourde a un pH de 8,1. Aux deux valeurs de pH, l'oxydation de l'octanoate a ete reduite de 50% a 70%.
Tradeoffs between bias, robustness, and common sense when choosing selectivity forms

Abstract Selectivity, as a combination of gear vulnerability and fish availability, can be modeled in age-structured assessment models with simple functions that range from those that employ a small number of parameters to those that use complex and highly parameterized functions. We conducted simulations across two life history types to test whether allowing more complicated selectivity forms is both estimable and justified when compared to simpler selectivity curves with a lower number of parameters. Operating models were constructed with asymptotic and dome-shaped fishery and survey selectivity and estimation models were evaluated that used a range of complexity in fishery selectivity from the 2-parameter logistic to the highly parameterized double normal function. Results indicated that in general, uncertainty and bias in final year spawning biomass was not consistent across the life history types, the parameterizations employed, or fishing to the left or right side of the maturity curve. For instance, estimating a dome shaped selectivity for the survey when the true selectivity was asymptotic did not result in positive bias in all cases, and, estimating asymptotic fishing selectivity was not always conservative. Overall, we find that more complex selectivity functions and even time-dependent parameterizations of selectivity may be robust for short-lived species, but may not be robust when applied to long-lived species.
Nucleon Transition Form Factors and New Perspectives

The status of the electro-excitation program to study baryon resonances at Jefferson Lab will be exemplified by the most recent results on resonance parameters and transition form factors in single and double-pion production. These results demonstrate that the separation of resonance and background contributions and therefore the extraction of the electro-coupling amplitudes of resonances become easier and cleaner at higher four-momentum transfers (Q2). Furthermore, the double-pion in comparison to the single-pion channel shows a higher sensitivity to higher excited resonances and a distinctly different Q2 dependence of the background amplitudes. The combined analysis of the single- and double-pion data reduces model dependent uncertainties significantly, which allows us to extract the resonant electrocoupling amplitudes with an unprecedented quality.
Iron regulation in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice subjected to iron overload

Many genes are likely involved in the control of iron metabolism in brain and in peripheral tissues, and genetically-defined murine strains present the opportunity to investigate genetic variations in iron metabolism. Weanling C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice were divided into two treatment groups receiving distilled water with or without 5000 ppm ferric chloride ad libitum as their sole fluid source for 100 days. Iron overload increased liver, spleen and plasma iron levels in male and female B6 and female D2 mice. In D2 males, liver iron was increased relative to control, but spleen and plasma iron remained unaffected. Brain iron content was not different between control and iron-treated mice in ventral midbrain, caudate, pons or hippocampus, but D2 iron overloaded mice displayed lower iron levels in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. We conclude that genetic background influences the accumulation of excess iron in the periphery and iron regulation in the central nervous system.
Interstitial cystitis in adolescents and children: a review.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a disease of the bladder. Often considered to be a problem in adults (over age 18), its cause(s) are unknown, diagnostic criteria are debatable, and treatment options are limited. As it currently stands, there is no cure, but science and medicine are making steps in the right direction. The purpose of this review article is to expand the current thinking of practitioners who treat pediatric girls and young women to consider IC by understanding the current pathogenesis, diagnostic options and treatment modalities available. There are several hurdles to appreciate when considering if an adolescent has interstitial cystitis. The first hurdle is that the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) diagnostic criteria for interstitial cystitis excludes anyone under the age of eighteen. To the naive, this suggests that no child could possibly have this disease. However, the astute practitioner should realize that the NIDDK criteria are used to select a uniform group of people into study trials, and there is little doubt among experts that these criteria select only the most severe cases of IC. Moreover, there are liability and consent issues for patients under the age of eighteen, which can hamper patient enrollment into trials. The second hurdle is that there is a paucity of articles on IC in the pediatric population. Using the
FOUNDATIONS OF A KANTIAN THEORY OF PUNISHMENT

It has recently been argued that there is probably no theory of punishment to be found in Immanuel Kant's writings, but that “if one selects carefully among the many remarks and insights that Kant has left us about crime and punishment, one might even be able to build such an edifice from the bricks provided.”1 In this paper, I seek to provide part of a foundation of a Kantian theory of punishment, one which is consistent with many, if not all, of Kant's own insights on justice. Finally, I assess the plausibility of Kant's view.
Speciation in a small space.

Darwin’s greatest achievement was explaining how one species evolves over time, but it was not until the 1930s that biologists seriously addressed the other big problem of biodiversity: how does a single species divide into two or more lineages? The answer has involved a recurrent controversy: does that splitting, or speciation, require that populations be geographically isolated, or can species split in situ? A paper by Papadopulos et al. in PNAS (1) supports the latter idea, shedding light on the role of biogeography in speciation.
Erosion testing and surface preparation using abrasive water-jetting

Erosion testing and surface preparation are studied using a 3-axis Computer Numerical Control (CNC) abrasive water jetting (AWJ) apparatus. The effects of erosion time t, impingement angle α and pressure p on the erosion rate E, average surface roughness Ra, and surface hardness Rockwell C Hardness (HRC) were investigated in detail. Compared with conventional grit blasting, AWJ can reduce grit embedment in the target material due to the action of the high-pressure water. AWJ also has the advantage of generating a higher average surface roughness Ra over water jetting (WJ) due to the action of abrasive particles. In addition, AWJ increases the surface hardness HRC of the substrate material. The obtained higher degree of average surface roughness is helpful for improving the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate material. The erosion testing and the surface preparation are numerically controlled by a 3-axis CNC system; therefore precise and detailed results for various operating parameters can be obtained.
A Multichannel Telemetry System for Flow Research on Turbomachine Rotors

Flow data taken directly from turbomachine rotors are valuable, but the instrumentation problems are difficult. Information must be transferred from high-speed rotors, and the measurements require miniature transducers that can operate in high-acceleration environments. Recent advances in electronics, particularly in integrated circuitry, have permitted the design of miniature radio-telemetry systems for the transmission of data from rotors to stationary measurement equipment. Measurements are obtained without physical contact with the rotor, eliminating a principal problem. The present paper describes the design of a six-channel telemetry system for on-rotor research in turbomachinery.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
Thermal properties characterization of sodium alanates

High energy density hydrogen storage is a critical technology requirement in a hydrogen-based energy infrastructure. Although there are no current storage methods that meet desired energy density goals for vehicular hydrogen storage, complex metal hydride based systems are among the most promising. These materials form compounds with hydrogen under appropriate conditions and release hydrogen by thermal decomposition. The complex hydride, sodium alanate, is particularly useful due to its favorable reversibility. Thermal properties characterization of sodium alanate has been performed at Sandia National Laboratories to gain a detailed understanding of how complex hydrides will behave in a storage system. Thermal properties were investigated using the thermal probe method (ASTM D5334). Custom test hardware was designed and built to accommodate the complex decomposition and recombination of sodium alanate. Thermal conductivity and thermal wall resistance were determined by utilizing analytical and numerical data analysis methods. The thermal conductivity of sodium alanate was found to vary by more than 90% with changes in phase composition and hydrogen gas pressures between 1 and 100 atm. The quality of thermal contact between the alanate and the vessel wall was characterized numerically for various pressures and phase compositions. The contact resistance is high for all states, indicating poor contact between the material and the vessel wall.
Simple Statistical Analysis Techniques to Determine Minimum Sense Amp Set Times

Simple statistical analysis techniques are described, involving a relatively small number of actual circuit simulations, to accurately determine the minimum required sense amp set time for memory designs. Techniques to generate and evaluate the statistical distributions for signal development, leakage and sense amp asymmetry are discussed with important implications to sense amp design.
Bradykinin activates tyrosine hydroxylase in rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells.

Tyrosine hydroxylase is activated in PC-12 cells by bradykinin in a concentration-dependent manner with maximal stimulation occurring at 1 μM. This stimulatory effect occurs within 15 s and is maximal at 5 min. This stimulation is due to an increase in the affinity of tyrosine hydroxylase for its pterin cofactor, and can be blocked by a specific bradykinin receptor antagonist. These data indicate that bradykinin can regulate the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC-12 cells.
Enhanced focal-plane irradiance in the presence of thermal blooming

The use of multiple transmitter beams is shown to significantly increase the peak focal-plane irradiance that can be achieved in the presence of thermal blooming. Computer simulation studies of the beam propagation problem show over a factor of 2 increase in the irradiance of a single beam and a factor of 9 increase when three coherent beams are focused on the same target spot. Preliminary experimental results with three mutually noncoherent, nonoverlapping beams are in qualitative agreement with the computer simulation.