cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiences With Hydraulic Prime Mover Controls

This paper is devoted to the prime mover control aspects of some problems encountered by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation with hydrogenerating units. The problems include governor instability, remote control of governor dashpot compensation, and control associated with overspeed following load rejections. First symptoms were often complicated by contributions from voltage regulators, relays, oil pumps, or tie-line control apparatus. Attention is directed to the components or effects principally responsible.
Electronic failures in spacecraft environments

This paper will provide a review of data describing electronic part failures in spacecraft environments. The details of the spacecraft environment and their individual contributions to the overall failure population will be described. The paper will also present an analysis of new data regarding electronic part failures during spacecraft assembly and test. This data provides an indication of incoming part level quality and insight into handling practices.
Determinants of Current Account Balances of Non-Oil Developing Countries in the 1970s: Comment on Khan and Knight

IN A RECENT ARTICLE in Staff Papers Mohsin Khan and Malcolm Knight investigated the impact of internal factors (the fiscal deficit and the appreciation in real effective exchange rates) and external factors (the deterioration in the terms of trade, the slowdown of economic growth in developing nations, and the increase in foreign real interest rates) on the evolution of the current account balances of non-oil developing countries during the 1970s.1 Their results, from regression analysis for a cross-section time-series sample of 32 non-oil developing countries from 1973 through 1980, indicate that both external and internal factors were important in affecting the current account balances of the countries under review.
A study for optional inspection policies in a flexible manufacturing cell

Abstract The objective of the paper is to determine the location of inspection stages in order to minimize the expected total manufacturing cost while satisfying the high-quality product demand of customers in a flexible manufacturing cell (FMC). This allows a designer to examine alternative designs in order to select those which are optimal, or near optimal, in manufacturing cost terms. To accomplish this objective, we have formulated a total manufacturing decision model consisting of machine set-up and processing costs. Inspection set-up and inspection costs, and cost due to defective. A case study and sensitivity analysis are presented to demonstrate the application of the decision model developed.
Reducing the codimension of Kähler immersions

The codimension of an immersion of a Kihler manifold may be reduced if there is a holomorphic vector field normal to the manifold. There have been several recent results on reducing the codimension of an isometric immersion (Erbacher [2], Yau [3, p. 351]) and in particular of a minimal immersion (Colares and do Carmo [1]). In connection with these, the following result for complex geometry may be of interest. THEOREM. Let M be a complex submanifold in C' with normal bundle N and let V be an open subset of M. If N I admits r holomorphic sections, then M lies in some cnr Recall that for any complex manifold U there is a splitting of the complexified tangent bundle C 0 T(U) = T" 0U 0 To, 'U. For typographical convenience let us denote T1 0U by TU for U = M, V or Cn and the restriction of T"0 Cn to a bundle over M (or V) by T'M (or T' V). In the theorem N is the normal bundle of M in TCn, N = -{ E T'M such that = 0 for all Z E TM). Here we use the standard Kahler metric on TCn. N is a complex bundle over M but in general it is not a holomorphic bundle. Indeed, in an appropriate sense, it is an antiholomorphic subbundle of T'M. We may assume that V is a coordinate patch with coordinates z1, . . . , zm. Let Zk = a/aZk. Let I = (il, . .. , ik) be a multi-index with nonnegative integer components and let a be a section of T' V. Using the usual connection on TCn we derive a new section Z' F a by taking the Ill-fold covariant derivative of a. Here III = i + + ik and Z' means first differentiate ik times with respect to Zk, etc. Choose some point q E V. Define Sq = {C E T'VqIt = ZI F a, I some multiindex and a some holomorphic section of TV). Then S = U Sq. the union taken over all points q E V. is a subset of T' V. We shall soon see it is a subbundle. A section T of T'V is said to be parallel if its covariant derivative in each direction is zero. LEMMA. Let T be a parallel section of T' V. If T is orthogonal to S at some point q C V. then T is orthogonal to S at all points of V. PROOF. Because T is parallel we have (1) for any local section a of T' V, Z' = . This also holds for Z, so (2) is a holomorphic function whenever a is a local holomorphic section of T' V. Now if a is a Received by the editors June 18, 1979. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 53B35. O 1980 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/80/0000-01 34/$ 01.50
Spectral evidence of multiple cytochromes b present in succinate: Cytochrome c reductase

Abstract 1. 1. Spectroscopic properties of succinate: cytochrome c reductase were examined at room temperature and near liquid nitrogen temperature. The reductase preparation did not catalyze NADH oxidation and was completely free of cytochrome oxidase. Consequently no terminal inhibitor, such as cyanide, was required to effect the reduction of the cychromes in the system. 2. 2. Isolated cytochrome c 1 , as well as the cytochrome c 1 existing in succinate: cytochrome c reductase, showed spectral splitting but not spectral shift at low temperatures, whereas cytochrome b showed blue shifts but no splitting. 3. 3. At least three species of potentially distinguishable b cytochromes were observed in succinate: cytochrome c reductase. These species showed α bands at (I) 565, (II) 561.5 and (III) 558 nm at room temperature and (I) 562, (II) 559 and (III) 555 nm at about −160°C, respectively. Succinate reduced principally the cytochrome b of type II. The assignment of two b cytochromes with absorption maxima of 558 and 565 nm is mainly because the absorbance ratio of 565 nm: 558 nm was not constant in the preparations examined.
Alternative coupled-cluster ansätze. II: The unitary coupled-cluster method

Abstract New coupled-cluster methods (UCC( n )) for correlation energies and properties are developed based upon a unitary cluster ansatz and a finite-order truncation of the energy functional. These methods are shown to satisfy exactly the generalized Hellmann-Feynman theorem which facilitates the evaluation of molecular properties as derivatives of the energy. The relationship to the expectation value (XCC( n )) approach is discussed, demonstrating that UCC( n ) may be obtained from XCC( n ) provided that a symmetric cancellation of higher-order terms is introduced.
Tillage and residue management effects on β-glucosaminidase activity in soils

Abstract There is an increasing interest in assessing the effects of tillage systems and residue management on biochemical processes, especially enzyme activities, of soils. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of three tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow and moldboard plow) and four residue placements (bare, normal, mulch and double mulch) on the activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAGase, EC 3.2.1.30) involved in C and N cycling in soils. The activity values were significantly affected by tillage and residue management practices, being greatest in soils with no-till/double mulch and least with no-till/bare and moldboard/normal. Also, they were the highest under no-till/ double mulch-treated soils. Linear regression analyses showed that the activity of NAGase was significantly correlated with organic C in the surface soils (r=0.89***) and with organic C content at different depths (r=0.97***). The NAGase activity values were significantly correlated with the arylamidase activity values of the soils (r=0.63**), suggesting that tillage and residue management practices have similar impacts on the activities of these enzymes. The activity of this enzyme decreased markedly with increasing depth of the surface soil (0–15 cm) of the no-till/ double mulch-treated plots.
A theorem about antiprisms

Abstract Let P be a polytope in R n containing the origin in its interior, and let P ∗ be the algebraic dual polytope of P . Let Q ⊆ R n ×[0,1] be the ( n +1)-dimensional polytope that is the convex hull of P ×{1} and P ∗ ×{0}. For each face F of P , let Q ( F ) denote the convex hull of F ×{1} and F ∗ ×{0}, where F ∗ is the dual face of P ∗ . Then Q is an antiprism if the set of facets of Q is precisely the collection { Q ( F )} for all faces F of P . If Q is an antiprism, the correspondence between primal and dual faces of P and P ∗ is manifested in the facets of Q . In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of antiprisms are stated and proved.
Rheumatoid arthritis: New approaches for its evaluation and management

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive disease with a long-term outcome characterized by significant morbidity, loss of functional capacity, and increased mortality. The cornerstone of therapy includes the appropriate melding of pharmacological, rehabilitative, and surgical treatments. New developments in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have focused on aggressive pharmacological therapy early in the course of the illness, ongoing assessment of disease activity and patient function, and a better understanding of the role of rehabilitative techniques such as therapeutic exercise and behavioral approaches to education. This article synthesizes information from studies on recent advances in the management of rheumatoid arthritis outlining diagnosis and assessment, disability issues, outcome studies, current status of traditional and experimental pharmacological therapies, and new strategies of nonpharmacological treatments aimed at the clinician challenged by this fascinating disorder.
Comparative analysis of innate immune system function in metastatic breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer patients with circulating tumor cells

In recent years, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic cancer patients have been found to be a promising biomarker to predict overall survival and tumor progression in these patients. A relatively high number of CTCs has been correlated with disease progression and poorer prognosis. This study was designed to assess innate immune system function, known to be responsible for the immune defense against developing neoplasms, in metastatic cancer patients with CTCs. Our aim is to provide a link between indication of poorer prognosis, represented by the number of CTCs to the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, an important component of the innate immune system, and to represent a promising expanded approach to management of metastatic cancer patients with CTCs. Seventy-four patients, with metastatic breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer, were recruited for this study. Using a flow cytometric assay, we measured natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against K562 target cells; and CTCs were enumerated using the CellSearch System. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression was also determined by flow cytometry. We found that within each of our three metastatic cancer patient groups, NK cell cytotoxic activity was decreased in patients with a relatively high number of CTCs in peripheral blood compared to patients with a relatively low number of CTCs. In the breast and prostate cancer group, patients with CTCs greater than 5 had decreased NK cell cytotoxicity when compared to patients with less than 5 CTCs. In the colorectal cancer group, we found that 3 or more CTCs in the blood was the level at which NK cell cytotoxicity is diminished. Additionally, we found that the toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression was decreased in intensity in all the metastatic cancer patients when compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, within each cancer group, the expression of both toll-like receptors was decreased in the patients with relatively high number of CTCs, i.e. greater than 5 for the breast and prostate cancer group and greater than 3 for the colorectal cancer group, compared to the patients with relatively low number, i.e. less than 5 or 3, respectively. Treatment options to increase NK cell cytotoxic activity should be considered in patients with relatively high numbers of CTCs.
Presence of human papilloma virus type 16 DNA sequences in human nonmelanoma skin cancers

The presence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) has been shown to be associated with the development and progression of invasive cancers of the genital tract, skin, and head and neck. In this study we analyzed 37 human nonmelanoma skin cancers (21 squamous cell carcinomas and 16 basal cell carcinomas) for the presence of HPV sequences. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed using primers designed to amplify DNA encoding the E6-E7 region of HPV types 6b/11, 16, and 18. HPV type 6b/11 and 18 sequences were absent from the DNA of all 37 tumors examined. However, HPV type 16 sequences were detected in four of 21 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (19%) and three of 16 basal cell carcinomas (BCC) (19%) as indicated on agarose gel electrophoresis by the presence of a single specific DNA band of predicted length. Furthermore, HPV type 16 sequences were absent in the DNA of normal skin from these seven skin cancer patients. The presence of HPV type 16 sequences in the seven skin tumors was confirmed by dot blot hybridization of PCR-amplified material to 32P-labeled HPV type 16, but not to HPV type 6/11 or 18-specific probes. These data indicate that HPV type 16, but not 6b/11 or 18 , is associated with development of some human nonmelanoma skin cancers.
CONDUCTING MEDICAL OFFSET RESEARCH IN A HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND INSIGHTS

The paper summarizes the experience of a 4-year research project conducted in a large Health Maintenance Organization. Obstacles and solutions related to doing research in this type of system are presented. Suggestions for those seeking to conduct research programs in similar settings are provided.
What is the identity of a sports spectator

Abstract Despite the prominence of sports in contemporary society, little is known about the identity and personality traits of sports spectators. With a sample of 293 individuals, we examine four broad categories of factors that may explain variability in the reported amount of time spent watching sports. Using individual difference regression techniques, we explore the relationship between sports spectating and physiological measures (e.g., testosterone and cortisol), clinical self-report scales (ADHD and autism), personality traits (e.g., NEO “Big Five”), and pastime activities (e.g., video game playing). Our results indicate that individuals who report higher levels of sports spectating tend to have higher levels of extraversion, and in particular excitement seeking and gregariousness. These individuals also engage more in complementary pastime activities, including participating in sports and exercise activities, watching TV/movies, and playing video games. Notably, no differences were observed in the clinical self-report scales, indicating no differences in reported symptoms of ADHD or autism for spectators and non-spectators. Likewise, no relationship was seen between baseline concentrations of testosterone or cortisol and sports spectating in our sample. These results provide an assessment of the descriptive personality dimensions of frequent sports spectators and provide a basic taxonomy of how these traits are expressed across the population.
Simulated annealing for resource-constrained scheduling

Abstract We describe an application of several procedures to a resource-constrained scheduling problem. Basic and augmented neighborhood search procedures are first developed, using a unique way to generate neighborhoods. We then present a simulated annealing procedure which can be viewed as an evolution of the neighborhood search procedures. Computational results indicate that the procedures grow in power as they evolve, with the simulated annealing procedure providing the best results, and further, that it is a viable approach for a very difficult scheduling problem.
Role of avian trigeminal sensory system in detecting coniferyl benzoate, a plant allelochemical

Coniferyl benzoate, a secondary metabolite found in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and other plants, is an avian feeding deterrent of ecological and potential commercial importance. This study was conducted to determine if coniferyl benzoate is a trigeminal stimulant for birds and to ascertain if trigeminal chemoreception of coniferyl benzoate can mediate avian feeding behavior. Five European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with bilateral nerve cuts (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve) and four starlings that had sham surgeries were fed a commercial diet treated with coniferyl benzoate. Birds receiving bilateral nerve cuts ate significantly more feed than intact birds, indicating trigeminal detection of coniferyl benzoate and trigeminal mediation of feeding behavior. In the past, trigeminal chemoreception has not been recognized as important in the detection of plant secondary metabolites despite the irritant or astringent properties of a number of them.
Improvingthe decision-making process in structural modification of drug candidates: reducing toxicity

The rule of three, relating to activity-exposure-toxicity, presents the single most difficult challenge in the design and advancement of drug candidates to the development stage. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies are widely used in drug discovery to optimize this balance of properties necessary to convert lead compounds into drugs that are both safe and effective for human patients. Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs; referred to as type B reactions, which are mainly caused by reactive metabolites) are one type of adverse drug reaction that is important to human health and safety. This review highlights the strategies for the decision-making process involving substructures that, when found in drugs, can form reactive metabolites and are involved in toxicities in humans; the tools used to reduce IDRs are also discussed. Several examples are included to show how toxicity studies have influenced and guided drug design. Investigations of reactive intermediate formation in subcellular fractions with the use of radiolabeled reagents are also discussed.
CNS pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents

The goal in treatment of infections is to achieve a beneficial effect while minimizing toxicity. It is widely recognized that the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are critical to determining an adequate dose-response relationship. There has been an increased involvement of the CNS to infection from opportunistic and endemic fungi over the last several decades due to establishment of solid-organ and bone marrow transplantation as well as immunosuppression from HIV. In this regard it has become critical to define optimal dosing regimens by an understanding of the processes which govern delivery of an antifungal agent to the targeted CNS site of involvement. The objective of this review is to: i) summarize published experimental and clinical antifungal pharmacokinetics; and ii) examine the relationship between CNS antifungal pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Examination of these studies reveal marked variability among antifungal drugs with regard to cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchymal penetration. Formal examination of the relationship between CNS antifungal pharmacokinetics and efficacy are limited. The few experimental studies available suggest that brain parenchymal kinetics is a superior predictor of antifungal efficacy than cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.
Ocular disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous DNA virus of the herpesvirus genus with a high prevalence rate for antibody (about 90%) in the adult population. It is the most common causative agent of infectious mononucleosis syndrome. During recent years an increasing number of ocular disease entities have been reported to be linked to EBV infection. These entities include oculoglandular syndrome, conjunctivitis, dry eye, keratitis, uveitis, choroiditis, retinitis, papillitis and ophthalmoplegia. While EBV-specific serologic tests can now document recent and past primary infection with EBV and also identify patients manifesting atypical immunologic reactions to EBV, the lack of an animal model, the absence of clear-cut response to therapy and the paucity of documentation by culture render the pathogenesis uncertain or the association questionable in many of these cases.
Identification of photogenerated intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Solutions of [CpFebz]PF6 (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl, bz = η6-benzene) were photolyzed in the tip of an electrospray ionization source and the photoproducts analyzed by mass spectrometry. Two main series of products were found in acetonitrile (AN): [CpFe(AN)1-3]+ and [Fe(AN)3-6]2+. In 1,2-dichloroethane solutions containing cyclohexene oxide (CHO), three main product series were detected: [(H2O)Fe(CHO)4-12]2+, [(H2O)CpFe(CHO)1-3]+, and [X(CHO)0-5]+, where X+ (m/z = 140) is a non-iron species. Involvement of these CHO-containing products in initiating epoxide polymerization is discussed.
Pregnancy after adjustable gastric banding.

Abstract Objective: To determine outcomes of pregnancies of obese women who had surgical placement of an adjustable gastric band to treat obesity. Methods: We conducted two clinical trials to evaluate adjustable gastric banding that involved 359 obese women of reproductive potential (age 18–51 years), of whom 20 conceived resulting in 23 pregnancies. Specific information about pregnancies and fetal outcomes was collected from medical records and direct patient contact. Results: Eighteen pregnancies were full term, one was an ectopic gestation, two ended in elective abortions, and two in spontaneous abortions unrelated to the womens’ medical conditions. Of the 18 full-term pregnancies, 14 delivered vaginally and four by cesarean (one for prolonged fetal bradycardia, two for cephalopelvic disproportion, and one repeat cesarean for twins). The mean birth weight was 3676 g (range 2381–3912 g). Five women lost weight (range 1.8–17.6 kg) during pregnancy without obvious fetal and neonatal effects. Three women had fluid removed from their gastric bands (decreasing the mechanical constriction) to treat nausea and vomiting. Two women who had no fluid in their bands eliminated the effectiveness of the obesity treatment, resulting in excessive weight gain. Conclusion: Morbidly obese women who became pregnant soon after receiving an adjustable gastric band had uncomplicated pregnancies. Adjustment of the gastric band to decrease the amount of mechanical obstruction decreased nausea and vomiting, but led to excessive weight gain in two women when it was done prophylactically. Obese women at risk of pregnancy should be counseled that it might occur unexpectedly after weight loss from gastric banding unless birth control is promptly instituted.
Host gall size predicts host quality for the parasitoid Eurytoma gigantea (Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae), but can the parasitoid tell?

Simulation models presented here show that gall size of Eurosta solidaginisFitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a reliable predictor of its quality as a host to the parasitoid Eurytoma giganteaWalsh (Hymenoptera; Eurytomidae). The nutritional value of a gall to a parasitoid increases with diameter, but so does the likelihood that ovipositing parasitoids will fail to penetrate to the gall's central chamber. Despite the large differences in gall quality with size, this parasitoid seems incapable of distinguishing large, impenetrable galls from smaller, more suitable ones (Weis, A. E., et al., Ecol. Entomol. 10:341–348, 1985). This paper shows that Eurytomais capable of quick rejection of nonhost galls of similar size and shape to suitably sized host galls. Several lines of reasoning are explored to understand the seemingly maladaptive lack of sizediscrimination ability on host galls.
Experimental investigation of convective stability in a superposed fluid and porous layer when heated from below

Experiments have been carried out in a horizontal superposed fluid and porous layer contained in a test box 24 cm x 12 cm x 4 cm high. The porous layer consisted of 3 mm diameter glass beads, and the fluids used were water, 60 and 90 percent glycerin-water solutions, and 100 percent glycerin. The depth ratio d, which is the ratio of the thickness of the fluid layer to that of the porous layer, varied from 0 to 1.0. Fluids of increasingly higher viscosity were used for cases with larger d in order to keep the temperature difference across the tank within reasonable limits. The size of the convection cells was inferred from temperature measurements made with embedded thermocouples and from temperature distributions at the top of the layer by use of liquid crystal film. The experimental results showed: (1) a precipitous decrease in the critical Rayleigh number as the depth of the fluid layer was increased from zero, and (2) an eightfold decrease in the critical wavelength between d = 0.1 and 0.2. Both of these results were predicted by the linear stability theory reported earlier (Chen and Chen, 1988).
Water: Structure and Properties

Water is a major component of all living things. It is anomalous in many of its physical and chemical properties. Some are essential for life while others have profound effects on the size and shape of living organisms, how they work, and the constraints within which they must operate. Many of water's basic physical properties can now be explained, at least semiquantitatively, in molecular and structural terms, although in spite of intense study it remains incompletely understood. Keywords: hydrogen bonds; hydrophobicity; hydration; solvation; polarity; hydrophilicity
How to Build an Integrated Biobank: The Washington University Translational Cardiovascular Biobank & Repository Experience

Translational studies that assess and extend observations made in animal models of human pathology to elucidate relevant and important determinants of human diseases require the availability of viable human tissue samples. However, there are a number of technical and practical obstacles that must be overcome in order to perform cellular and electrophysiological studies of the human heart. In addition, changing paradigms of how diseases are diagnosed, studied and treated require increasingly complex integration of rigorous disease phenotyping, tissue characterization and detailed delineation of a multitude of "_omics". Realizing the need for quality-controlled human cardiovascular tissue acquisition, annotation, biobanking and distribution, we established the Translational Cardiovascular Biobank & Repository at Washington University School of Medicine. Several critical details are essential for the success of cardiovascular biobanking including coordinated, trained and dedicated staff members; adequate, nonrestrictive informed consent protocols; and fully integrated clinical data management applications for annotating, tracking and sharing of tissue and data resources. Labor and capital investments into growing biobanking resources will facilitate collaborative efforts aimed at limiting morbidity and mortality due to heart disease and improving overall cardiovascular health.
Modeling the Evolution of Degree Correlation in Scale-Free Topology Generators

In this paper, we examine the asymptotic behavior of degree correlation (i.e., the joint degree distribution of adjacent nodes) in several scale-free topology generators GED [13], PLRG [1], GLP [10], BA [3], AB [2]. We present a unifying analytical framework that allows tractable analysis of degree correlation in all studied models and derive asymptotic formulas of two degree correlation metrics - assortativity and clustering. Our results indicate that all studied generators become uncorrelated as graph size increases, which is inconsistent with time-invariance of these metrics in real networks such as the Internet [36], [48], [50]. Since the class of degree-based generators is incapable of reproducing evolving characteristics of the Internet, we study three other models that evolve graphs using different rules than preference of degree (e.g., based on random walks [50], optimization [17], and geometry [23]) and show using simulations that these models are much more viable alternatives for replicating the complex structure of Internet-like graphs.
A case study of model context for simulation composability and reusability

How much effort will be required to compose or reuse simulations? What factors need to be considered? It is generally known that composability and reusability are daunting challenges for both simulations and more broadly software design as a whole. We have conducted a small case study in order to clarify the role that model context plays in simulation composability and reusability. For a simple problem: compute the position and velocity of a falling body, we found that a reasonable formulation of a solution included a surprising number of implicit constraints. Equally surprising, in a challenge posed to a small group of capable individuals, no one of them was able to identify more than three-quarters of the ultimate set of validation constraints. We document the challenge, interpret its results, and discuss the utility our study will have in future investigations into simulation composition and reuse.
Automatic Mixed Pixel Classificatio (AMPC): Anomaly Classification

In Chapter 13, one type of AMPC, the unsupervised MPC, was considered. It made use of an unsupervised algorithm to generate necessary unsupervised target information required for unsupervised MPC. In this chapter, another type of AMPC, automatic target detection and classification (ATDC) is investigated, which does not require any prior target knowledge. It extends anomaly detection to anomaly classification. A natural approach is to combine an anomaly detector with a classifier to classify the detected anomalies. Unfortunately, it is not that simple. Two issues are needed to address before doing so. Since detected anomalies do not necessarily belong to the same target class, a mechanism is required to discern among these targets. Besides, it also needs the knowledge of target classes for classification. In order to cope with these two problems, an automatic thresholding method and four target discrimination measures are introduced in this chapter. The proposed automatic thresholding method is developed to segment anomalies from image background before target discrimination takes place. It can be implemented automatically. The target discrimination measures are designed based on two criteria, the Mahalanobis distance and matched-filter based distance, which can be used to cluster the detected anomalies into different target classes in an unsupervised manner. The mean of each clustered target class is calculated to generate the required target information for that particular target class to be used for classification. Coupled with the automatic thresholding and a target discrimination measure, anomaly detection can be extended to anomaly classification.
Spatial ecology and conservation of two sloth species in a cacao landscape in limón, Costa Rica

The spatial ecology of sloths was studied in an agricultural landscape in Limon Province, Costa Rica. Two sloth species, the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) and the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni), actively used and traveled through a cacao agroforest and its contiguous living fence rows and riparian forests. This agroecosystem was embedded in an agricultural landscape dominated by banana and pineapple plantations and pastures with dispersed trees. The two-toed sloth (C. hoffmanni) was found in 101 tree species and used 34 for food; the three-toed sloth (B. variegatus) was found in 71 tree species and used 15 for food. Choice of preferred species differed between the two sloth species. Trees commonly used by sloths for food and/or refuge in the cacao agroforest included Erythrina poeppigiana, Cecropia obtusifolia, Leucaena leucocephala; in the living fence rows, Cordia alliodora, Erythrina poeppigiana, Ocotea sinuata and Trophis racemosa; in the riparian forests, Coussapoa villosa, Cecropia obtusifolia, Hura crepitans, Pterocarpus officinalis and Spondias mombin; and in the pastures with dispersed trees, Cordia alliodora, Coussapoa villosa, Erythrina poeppigiana, Ocotea sinuata and Hura crepitans. This study demonstrates the importance of the cacao agroforest as well as arboreal elements in other land uses in providing resources for sloth conservation in a larger agricultural landscape.
Computer Science and Computer Information Technology majors together: Analyzing factors impacting students' success in introductory programming

In 2004 Northern Kentucky University began offering a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Information Technology. As these new majors began to enroll alongside Computer Science majors in the required and standard Computer Science 1 (CS 1) course, the context of CS 1 shifted. Accordingly, we made curriculum changes to adapt the introductory programming sequence to this new context. These changes included: creating a “CS 0.5” preparatory programming course taught in a variety of languages; allowing the scheduled laboratory component of CS 1 to be optional; and lowering the mathematics prerequisite for CS 1 from Pre-Calculus to College Algebra. We have studied the impact of these changes on student success. Because many Computer Science Departments in the U.S. began offering Information Technology degrees since 2000, in part to offset the downturn in CS enrollment, our results may be of broader interest. We found that gender, major, the programming language used in CS 0.5 and student attitudes toward technology (as revealed by surveys) did not affect student success in CS 1. Factors that were positively correlated with CS 1 success included mathematics ACT score, completing CS 0.5, and enrolling in the optional CS 1 laboratory section.
The Bipartite Rationing Problem

In the bipartite rationing problem, a set of agents share a single resource available in different “types,” each agent has a claim over only a subset of the resource types, and these claims overlap in arbitrary fashion. The goal is to divide fairly the various types of resources between the claimants when resources are in short supply. With a single type of resource, this is the standard rationing problem [O'Neill B (1982) A problem of rights arbitration from the Talmud. Math. Soc. Sci. 2(4):345–371], of which the three benchmark solutions are the proportional, uniform gains, and uniform losses methods. We extend these methods to the bipartite context, imposing the familiar consistency requirement: the division is unchanged if we remove an agent (respectively, a resource), and take away at the same time his share of the various resources (respectively, reduce the claims of the relevant agents). The uniform gains and uniform losses methods have infinitely many consistent extensions, but the proportional me...
On the estimation of uncertain signals using an estimation-detection scheme

An estimation-detection scheme is proposed for the estimation of signals with unknown parameters. The scheme is illustrated by considering the case of a signal with unknown but bounded variance. Two sets of bounds are used to determine two regions of signal uncertainty, and different linear estimators are used for each region. A detector is then used to select the appropriate estimator. Since no a priori information is assumed on the unknown parameters a weighted minimax criterion is used to optimize the detector and the estimators.
New classes of non-crystalline photonic band gap materials

Due to their ability to control the most fundamental properties of light, photonic band gap (PBG) materials open a new frontier in both basic science and technology [1,2]. Until now, the only materials known to have complete photonic band gaps were photonic crystals, periodic structures. We show that there exists a more general class of systems, called hyperuniform photonic structures, which exhibit large and complete photonic band gaps. The common feature of hyperuniform photonic structures considered here is that they are derived from hyperuniform point patterns [3]. Hyperuniform point patterns are those whose number variance within a spherical sampling window of radius R (in d dimensions) grows more slowly than the window volume for large R, i.e., 〈N R 2〉 − 〈N R 〉2 ∼ Rp, where p ≪ d. This classification includes all crystals and quasicrystals [4], as well as a special subset of disordered structures.
Improving TCP robustness under reordering network environment

In this paper, we propose a simple algorithm to adaptively adjust the value of dupthresh, the duplicate acknowledgment threshold that triggers the TCP fast retransmission algorithm, to improve the TCP performance in a network environment with persistent packet reordering. Our algorithm uses an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and the mean deviation of the length of the reordering events, reported by a TCP receiver with the DSACK extension, to estimate the value of dupthresh. We also apply an adaptive upper bound on dupthresh to avoid retransmission timeout events. In addition, our algorithm includes a mechanism to exponentially reduce dupthresh when the timer expires. With these mechanisms, our algorithm is capable of converging to and staying at a near-optimal interval of dupthresh. The simulation results show that our algorithm improves the protocol performance significantly with minimal overhead, achieving a greater throughput and fewer false fast retransmissions.
159. A Preliminary Study of Cortisol Reactivity Among High-Risk Adolescent Females Engaged in Perpetration Teen Dating Aggression

femalesweremore likely to choose online time over in-person socializing (OR 2.9; 95% CI: 9-9.2; p .07). Females were also more likely to report academic problems resulting from internet overuse (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0-5.7). Seventy percent of the sample indicated spending more time online than intended, but females were more likely to report trying to cut down on online time (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.8). Conclusions: Profile analysis revealed similar levels of SNS activity between genders, but more extensive online social networks among females. Survey data identified females as at higher risk for PIU, and more likely to report social and academic consequences. Additionally, females were more likely to report trying to reduce internet use. Thus, females SNS use may increase their risk for PIU compared to males. As females also reported greater symptom awareness andmore attempts at behavioral change, this suggests they may be an accessible group for intervention. Sources of Support: The work described was supported by K12HD055894 from NICHD and by R21AA017936-01A1 from NIAAA.
Label-free optical detection of small-molecule compound microarrays immobilized on solid support using macromolecular scaffolds and subsequent protein binding reactions

Small-molecule microarrays composed of tens of thousands of distinct synthetic molecules, natural products, and their combinations/modifications provide a high-throughput platform for studying protein-ligand interactions. Immobilization of small molecule compounds on solid supports remains a challenge as widely varied small molecules generally lack unique chemical groups that readily react with singly or even multiply functionalized solid support. We explored two strategies for immobilizing small molecule compounds on epoxy-functionalized glass surface using primary-aminecontaining macromolecular scaffolds: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and amine-modified poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). Small molecules with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) groups were conjugated to BSA or amine-modified PVA. Smallmolecule-BSA conjugates and small-molecule-PVA conjugates were subsequently immobilized on epoxy-functionalized glass slides through amine-epoxy reactions. Using an oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) scanning microscope as a label-free detector, we performed a comparative study of the effectiveness of BSA and PVA as macromolecular scaffolds for anchoring small molecule compounds in terms of conjugation efficiency, surface immobilization efficiency, effect of the scaffold on end-point and kinetics of subsequent binding reactions with protein probes.
Recommendations of Sedation and Anesthetic Considerations During Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has gained popularity in a variety of applications, including acute respiratory failure, and it has been shown to be beneficial in the reduction of complications and improvement in outcomes [1]. A variety of factors can lead to failure to tolerate NIV, and the use of sedation can be effective in keeping the patient comfortable, yet awake and arousable, so as to prevent distress while providing a suitable level of sedation. A survey of the use of sedation in patients receiving NIV revealed that practices vary widely, likely because of a lack of evidence, and as such its application is underused [2]. There are inconsistencies in how often sedation and analgesia are provided, which agents are used, methods of administration, and determination of patient requirements. This lack of consistency sets up a situation in which the patient is exposed to circumstances that make it more difficult to be successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation.
Gender, Position of Authority, and the Risk of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a National Sample of U.S. Reserve Component Personnel

Abstract Background Recent U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have seen dramatic increases in the proportion of women serving and the breadth of their occupational roles. General population studies suggest that women, compared with men, and persons with lower, as compared with higher, social position may be at greater risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, these relations remain unclear in military populations. Accordingly, we aimed to estimate the effects of 1) gender, 2) military authority (i.e., rank), and 3) the interaction of gender and military authority on a) risk of most recent deployment-related PTSD and b) risk of depression since most recent deployment. Methods Using a nationally representative sample of 1,024 previously deployed Reserve Component personnel surveyed in 2010, we constructed multivariable logistic regression models to estimate effects of interest. Results Weighted multivariable logistic regression models demonstrated no statistically significant associations between gender or authority, and either PTSD or depression. Interaction models demonstrated multiplicative statistical interaction between gender and authority for PTSD (beta = −2.37; p = .01), and depression (beta = −1.21; p = .057). Predicted probabilities of PTSD and depression, respectively, were lowest in male officers (0.06, 0.09), followed by male enlisted (0.07, 0.14), female enlisted (0.07, 0.15), and female officers (0.30, 0.25). Conclusions Female officers in the Reserve Component may be at greatest risk for PTSD and depression after deployment, relative to their male and enlisted counterparts, and this relation is not explained by deployment trauma exposure. Future studies may fruitfully examine whether social support, family responsibilities peri-deployment, or contradictory class status may explain these findings.
A mother's gift? Astrology and the pyxis of al-Mughīra

ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the most celebrated, and most controversial, of the Cordoban ivories, the al-Mughīra pyxis, from a perspective of gender and kinship relations within the court hierarchy. It proposes an alternative patron for this object, namely al-Mughīra's mother al-Mushtaq, a consort of the Cordoban Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Rahmān III (r. 929–61) in the latter years of his life, and a patron of architecture. The article suggests astronomical and astrological possibilities for interpreting the pyxis’ unusual iconography, which arise from considering al-Mushtaq as a potential patron of the al-Mughīra pyxis. Key to the argument is the notion that women in the Cordoban court were ‘makers’ of art and architecture, in that they could and did exercise authority through artistic patronage.
Speech Recognition without a Lexicon - Bridging the Gap between Graphemic and Phonetic Systems

Modern speech recognizers rely on three core components: an acoustic model, a language model, and a pronunciation lexicon. In order to expand speech recognition capability to lowresource languages and domains, techniques to peel away the expert knowledge required to craft these three components have been growing in popularity. In this paper, we present a method for automatically learning a weighted pronunciation lexicon in a data-driven fashion without assuming the existence of any phonetic lexicon whatsoever. Given an initial grapheme acoustic model, our method utilizes a novel technique for semiconstrained acoustic unit decoding, which is used to help train a letter to sound (L2S) model. The L2S model is then used in conjunction with a Pronunciation Mixture Model (PMM) to infer a pronunciation lexicon. We evaluate our method on English as well as Lao and Haitian, two low-resource languages featured in the IARPA Babel program. Index Terms: lexicon learning, pronunciation modeling
Status of Populations of the White-Tailed Ptarmigan at the Southern Edge of its Range.

—The White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) is the only ptarmigan species endemic to North America. In New Mexico, the species was first reported from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in 1865. At a latitude of slightly below 36o N, this location is the extreme southern extent of White-tailed Ptarmigan distribution. Over the next 125 years, the species was reported in New Mexico only occasionally, usually by sheep herders or backpackers. By 1981, it was generally thought that White-tailed Ptarmigan had become extirpated from the state, and a reintroduction was attempted. Regardless of whether the remaining White-tailed Ptarmigan in New Mexico are a result of this reintroduction effort or are indigenous to the state, this remnant population might now be imperiled due to changes in the alpine vegetation and advancing timber lines resulting from climate change. Recent survey efforts have shown that White-tailed Ptarmigan exist in at least two areas in New Mexico, albeit separated by a considerable distance. Received 7 March 2011, accepted 6 June 2011. WOLFE, D. H., L. C. LARSSON, J. R. OLDENETTEL, H. A. WALKER, AND M. A. PATTEN. 2011. Status of populations of the White-tailed Ptarmigan at the southern edge of its range. In R. T. Watson, T. J. Cade, M. Fuller, G. Hunt, and E. Potapov (Eds.). Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/gpcw.2011.0122
Chemical Analysis of the Defensive Scent Fluid Produced by Mozena lunata (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

In Central Texas, mesquite trees ( Prosopis sp.) are host to at least 2 species of Mozena bugs, M. obtusa Uhler and M. lunata Burmeister, both of which can be found on the same tree at times. However, the former, although smaller in size, is much more abundant in Travis County.