cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whenis category learning holistic

Ward and Scott (1987) recently provided evidence consistent with the idea that category learning can occur analytically whether that learning takes place under intentional or incidental conditions and whether the learner is an adult or a young child. Kemler Nelson (1988) raised concerns about Ward and Scott’s conclusions as well as about the logic of some of their arguments. Kemler Nelson also attempted to strengthen the argument that incidental learning conditions induce a less strategic approach to tasks, which necessarily results in a holistic mode of processing. The present paper answers Kemler Nelson’s concerns. It also presents arguments in favor of the idea that incidental learning is neither necessarily holistic nor necessarily analytic. It is argued that tasks, whether intentional or incidental, encourage the participant to process particular types of information. If the task encourages or demands the processing of separate features, then that type of information will be stored whether or not the participant was explicitly asked to learn the category membership of presented items. There are varieties of both intentional and incidental category learning, and what the learner does with the presented material is more important than his/her intent to learn. Furthermore, it is argued that the apparently discrepant results discussed by Kemler Nelson and Ward and Scott are all interpretable as specific cases within a more general episodic trace model of processing.
Direct measurement of the listening of hearing-impaired children.

Listening, a significant dimension of the behavior of hearing-impaired children, may be measured directly by recording childrens' responses to obtain audio narrations programmed via a conjugate rei...
Arsenic remobilization in water treatment adsorbents under reducing conditions: Part I. Incubation study

The redox transformation and mobility of arsenic in spent adsorbents under reducing conditions were studied using an incubation test with mixed reducing bacteria, high-performance liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry for speciation of soluble arsenic (As), and thermodynamic calculations. The spent adsorptive media, including granular ferric hydroxide, granular ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, activated alumina and modified activated alumina, were collected from pilot-scale filters that were tested for removal of arsenate [As(V)] from groundwater in New Jersey, USA. During 65 days of incubation of the spent adsorbents with nutrient media in closed containers, the electron activity, pe, was reduced from about 1.7 to -7. Meanwhile, reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), As(V) to arsenite [As(III)], and sulfate to sulfide occurred. Less than 4% total As was released from iron-based media in the pe range between -3 and -7 due to reduction of As(V) to As(III) and reductive dissolution of ferric (hydr)oxides. Up to 38% As was released from the TiO2 adsorbent, which occurred at extremely low redox potential (i.e., pe<-6). The findings of this study will improve our ability to predict arsenic mobility when As-containing spent media are disposed of in landfills and the environment.
Fractal (fractional) Brownian motion

Fractal Brownian motion, also called fractional Brownian motion (fBm), is a class of stochastic processes characterized by a single parameter called the Hurst parameter, which is a real number between zero and one. fBm becomes ordinary standard Brownian motion when the parameter has the value of one-half. In this manner, it generalizes ordinary standard Brownian motion. Here, we precisely define fBm, compare it with Brownian motion, and describe its unique mathematical and statistical properties, including fractal behavior. Ideas of how such properties make these stochastic processes useful models of natural or man-made systems in life are described. We show how to use these processes as unique random noise representations in state equation models of some systems. We finally present statistical state equation estimation techniques where such processes replace traditional Gaussian white noises. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 149–162 DOI: 10.1002/wics.142 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Assessment of the Contributions of Volatilization and Biodegradation to in Situ Air Sparging Performance

In situ air sparging refers to a process in which clean air is injected directly into an aquifer formation to treat contaminant source zones, remediate dissolved contaminant plumes, or provide barriers to dissolved contaminant plume migration. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the mechanisms and factors contributing to the overall performance of in situ air sparging systems. By examining processes occurring at the microscale, the significance of volatilization, biodegradation, bulk water flow, chemical concentrations, partitioning parameters, and air distribution are assessed. The analysis indicates that (a) if aerobic biodegradation occurs, it only enhances performance relative to the case of volatilization when dissolved contaminant concentrations are 2 cm/d toward the air channels occurs; (c) performance is expected to be significantly better for dissolved plumes than in sources containing immiscible phase contaminants; (d) the chemical property most affecting performance in source zones is solubility; and (e) in situ air sparging has significant potential for remediating spills of very soluble, but slowly degrading fuel oxygenates, such as MTBE.
Secure data hiding in wavelet compressed fingerprint images

With the rapid growth of the Internet, electronic commerce revenue now amounts to several billion US dollars. To avoid fraud and misuse, buyers and sellers desire more secure methods of authentication than today's userid and password combinations. Automated biometrics technology in general, and fingerprints in particular, provide an accurate and reliable authentication method. However, fingerprint-based authentication requires accessing fingerprint images scanned remotely at the user's workstation, a potentially weak point in the security system. Stored or synthetic fingerprint images might be fraudulently transmitted, even if the communication channel itself is encrypted. In this paper we describe an algorithm for secure data hiding in wavelet compressed fingerprint images to alleviate this problem. Assuming the image capture device is secure, then only the decompressor on the server can locate the embedded message and thereby validate the submitted image.
Structure/Performance relationships of high-temperature MSF scale control additives

Abstract Low molecular weight polymers (MWw = 500–10,000) of maleic, fumaric, itaconic, methacrylic, acrylic, and vinylsulfonic acid were prepared and evaluated as high-temperature alkaline scale inhibitors. Suppression of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide scale was measured in a laboratory single-stage flash, evaporator (120°C) and the results compared with the performance of monomeric inhibitors such as amino and hydroxyphosphonates and phosphonocarboxylates. Some critical properties which contribute to scale control were also investigated - including the ability of these additives to inhibit crystal growth, to disperse or suspend alkaline precipitates, and to remain soluble in concentrated seawater over a range of temperatures. Key findings of these studies included the following: 1. Low molecular weight maleic-based polymers provided the most effective all-round scale control. 2. Magnesium hydroxide deposition was more difficult to control than that of calcium carbonate, because Mg(OH)2 crystal growth inhibition and crystallite dispersion required much larger amounts of inhibitor. Monomeric antiscalants and polyvinylsulfonic acids were essentially ineffective against magnesium hydroxide. 3. Poor compatibility or temperature-dependent solubility in seawater rendered some additives ineffective. For example, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid and polytaconic acid (MWw∼7,000) formed insoluble calcium and sodium complexes which precipitated from seawater. The relationship between the alkaline scale control performance of the various additives and their chemical structure, molecular weights and degree of ionization is discussed.
Does Topical Phenylephrine, Tropicamide, or Proparacaine Affect Macular Blood Flow?

The acute effect of topical phenylephrine HCl 10%, tropicamide 1% and proparacaine HCl 0.5% on macular capillary blood flow was studied in six healthy human volunteers using the blue field simulation technique. This technique provides a method for quantifying the velocity of leukocytes flowing in one's own retinal macular capillaries. Patients adjusted the velocity of computer simulated leukocytes moving on a CRT screen to match that of their own entoptically perceived leukocytes before instillation of each of the tested preparations and for 35 minutes immediately thereafter A 5% NaCl solution was used as a control. We found no significant difference in leukocyte velocity between the control drop and any of the tested drugs. With the six subjects tested, the calculated average minimum percentage change in leukocyte velocity detectable with this technique (P less than 0.05, paired t-test) was 9%. None of the tested drugs affected macular leukocyte velocity, and presumably blood flow, by more than this amount.
Monte Carlo Comparisons of Three Tests for Homogeneity of Independent Correlations

A comparison of the power and Type I error rates of three tests of homogeneity for independent product-moment correlation coefficients (X;, Q, and LRS) were evaluated using Monte Carlo methods. Conditions simulated include data having varying sample sizes, reliabilities, and range restriction, with central and noncentral conditions, and having normal and nonnormal distributions. The LRS test almost always had a Type I error rate higher than the nominal alpha. Correspondingly, it was always more powerful than the other two tests given the same condition. The X2 and Q tests performed comparably regarding their Type I and Type II error rates. However, for all three tests power decreases substantially with the introduction of range restriction or measurement error when fewer than 18 correlations are being tested. Average Type II error rate for "perfect" data was less than .01 for both a = .05 and .01. The presence of range restriction and unreliability increased the average Type II error rate to approximately...
The TREAT Upgrade Manual Reactor Control System and Its Interface with the Automatic Reactor Control System and the Plant Protection System

The Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) at Argonne National Laboratory is being upgraded to to simulate extreme conditions in a reactor. This facility will be used to subject test assemblies of fuel bundles to very rapid and intense power transients. This paper will describe in detail the manual reactor control system and its interfaces with the plant protection system the automatic reactor control system.
Comparison of breast ductal branching pattern classification using x-ray galactograms and MR autogalactograms

We have analyzed the branching patterns of the breast ductal network visible in magnetic resonance (MR) autogalactograms - images of breast ducts which appear enhanced due to the presence of proteinacous or hemorrhagic material in the ducts. The enhanced portions of the ductal network were segmented separately in MRI slices acquired with a 3D GRASS sequence. A semi-automated region growing algorithm was used for segmentation. The ductal network was manually constructed from the segmented portions in each slice. The branching pattern was analyzed by calculating ramification (R-) matrices, whose elements represent the probabilities of branching at various levels of a ductal tree. The R-matrix elements have been used to classify the analyzed cases into those with and without radiological findings. The classification accuracy was estimated using the radiologists' reports as ground truth. An ROC analysis was performed to assess the classification accuracy. The classification of nine MR autogalactograms from eight women yielded an area under the ROC curve of A=0.73. This performance is comparable with our previous analysis of 25 2D x-ray galactograms from 15 women (A=0.88). The observed results support our hypothesis that a relationship exists between the topological properties of the breast ductal network and the underlying breast pathology.
The Impact of Demand/Withdraw Patterns on Health in Emerging Adults’ Serial Arguments with Parents

Reoccurring argumentative episodes are known as serial arguments. Prior research on serial arguing has shown that engaging in demand/withdraw patterns during episodes with a romantic partner is detrimental to one's physical and mental health. This study asked emerging adults to report on a serial argument with their parents. Emerging adult-demand/parent-withdraw was related to a disruption in one's daily activities due to health problems, and this relationship was mediated by the degree to which the participants felt hyperaroused. Contrary to our hypothesis, parent-demand/emerging adult-withdraw also was positively related to a disruption in daily activities. This relationship also was mediated by hyperarousal.
The Filtration of Fibrous Aerosols

Fibrous particles constitute an important class of aerosols that are potential human health hazards. Filters can remove aerosols from the air. The capture of spherical and fibrous aerosols by fibrous filters was investigated in this study. The governing equations of motions for translation and rotation of fibrous particles are derived for airflow over a cylindrical object. Only impaction and interception losses were considered in this study. Transport and deposition of fibrous particles were found to depend on Stokes number, fibrous particle aspect ratio, and ratio of the fibrous particle diameter to the diameter of fibrous filters. Using the Kuwabara flow field, transport and single-fibrous filter capturing efficiency of spherical and fibrous particles were calculated numerically, and these calculations were compared with available data in the literature. The calculated results compared favorably with the results of Yeh and Liu (1974) for spherical particles. Good agreement for losses by interception for...
The future of futures

The growth rate in futures volume has leveled off worldwide, and the market share of the U.S. exchanges has declined. In a period of limited growth, the competition for market share between the open-outcry exchanges and their competitors—the OTC market and the electronic trading systems—will intensify. Market share will be determined by which trading system offers participants the lowest transaction costs. During the next decade, technological innovations will determine the long-run viability of the exchanges.
Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma

Cancer immunoresistance and immune escape may play important roles in tumor progression and pose obstacles for immunotherapy. Expression of the immunosuppressive protein B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), also known as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), is increased in many pathological conditions, including cancer. Here we show that expression of the gene encoding B7-H1 increases post transcriptionally in human glioma after loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) pathway. Tumor specimens from individuals with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) had levels of B7-H1 protein that correlated with PTEN loss, and tumor-specific T cells lysed human glioma targets expressing wild-type PTEN more effectively than those expressing mutant PTEN. These data identify a previously unrecognized mechanism linking loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN with immunoresistance, mediated in part by B7-H1.
Deformation Model for Thioredoxin Catalysis of Disulfide Bond Dissociation by Force

We develop a theoretical model describing the effect of applied force on the rate of enzymatic dissociation of disulfide bonds (Wiita, A. P. et al., Nature 450:124–127, 2007). The timescale characterizing the extension of the 8-domain protein chain, in which every domain contains a disulfide bond, exhibits anomalous force dependence: The extension time first increases and then decreases with increasing force. This type of force dependence indicates catch-binding and is under active investigation in a variety of systems. The disulfide system presents the first example of a chemical catch-bond. The key difference between the deformation model developed here and the two-pathway model used in the original publication is the bond-deformation term in the force dependence of the dissociation rate constant. The bond-deformation concept provides a different interpretation of the phenomenon. Rather than invoking a new dissociation pathway, which is difficult to rationalize for a simple S–S bond, catch-binding is explained by a force-induced deformation in the protein system disfavoring bond dissociation by thioredoxin. The analysis of the experimental data is performed within the Michaelis–Menten kinetic mechanism of enzyme catalysis. A simplified version of the Michaelis–Menten mechanism containing only four parameters is found to provide a quantitative description of the key features of the experimental data.
Oxidative addition reactions and reverse ylide formation involving macrocyclic (TMTAA, C22H22N4) complexes of germanium(II) and tin(II)

Abstract The germanium(II) and tin(II) macrocyclic complexes Ge(tmtaa) ( 1 ) and Sn(tmtaa) ( 2 ) (tmtaa = dibenzotetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene) undergo facile oxidative addition reactions and reverse ylide formation with MeI and C 6 Fe 5 I, respectively.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of calcium stone-formers with and without primary hyperparathyroidism.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical presentation, laboratory features and outcome of treatment in stone formers (SF) with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) to those without systemic disease. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS We compared 105 (54 female) stone-formers (SF) with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) to 2416 (835 female) common SF with no systemic disease, and 260 normal subjects (NS, 106 female) using pre-treatment and treatment data from our kidney-stone programme. All were assessed before treatment, with three 24-h urine samples, for stone risk factors, each with a corresponding fasting blood sample. Records were reviewed for stone rates and urological stone-related procedures. RESULTS The hypercalcaemia of HPT was modest, but hypercalciuria was far more marked than in SF because the fractional calcium excretion of HPT exceeded that of SF. Surgical cure of HPT did not completely eradicate either hypercalciuria or hypophosphataemia, suggesting that these patients have some additional mineral disorder. Serum calcium and phosphate, and fractional excretion of calcium, combined into a discriminant function provided the best separation between HPT and SF. However, we present 49 patients for whom the diagnosis (HPT vs SF) has never been resolved, despite years of observation and successful reduction of stone recurrence. Stones in HPT have slightly more phosphate than SF but the difference is not large enough to be of clinical interest. The stone frequency in HPT is about that for SF, and treatment reduces stones in HPT and SF by about the same amount, 10 times. CONCLUSION No study to date has compared HPT with SF and NS, as done here. SF with even slight hypercalcaemia and brisk hypercalciuria probably have this curable disease, and after cure clinicians must be wary of residual hypercalciuria that requires medical treatment. Some patients will never be fully diagnosed and remain, like ours, an enigma, albeit responsive to usual medical treatments. Although stones are modestly enriched with phosphate, most are mainly calcium oxalate, so the stone analysis is not clinically a guide to diagnosis.
Resistance is futile: reading science fiction alongside ubiquitous computing

Design-oriented research is an act of collective imagining--a way in which we work together to bring about a future that lies slightly out of our grasp. In this paper, we examine the collective imagining of ubiquitous computing by bringing it into alignment with a related phenomenon, science fiction, in particular as imagined by a series of television shows that form part of the cultural backdrop for many members of the research community. A comparative reading of these fictional narratives highlights a series of themes that are also implicit in the research literature. We argue both that these themes are important considerations in the shaping of technological design and that an attention to the tropes of popular culture holds methodological value for ubiquitous computing.
Large-Scale Earthquake Simulation: Computational Seismology and Complex Engineering Systems

Methods commonly used to generate artificial ground histories can't deal with the complex interactions that occur during earthquakes, including the seismic source and wave's path, site conditions, and the presence of the built environment. To address this problem, researchers in Carnegie Mellon University's Quake Group have used high-performance computing to simulate earthquakes at regional scales including complex engineering systems.
A critical review of laser beam welding

The use of lasers for welding has exhibited tremendous growth over the last decade for improving efficiency and reducing costs in a broad range of industries. Much of these successes are based on the development and availability of enabling technologies, which include improvements in process understanding, enhancements in laser sources and systems, and continued development and progression in process technology for laser beam welding of macro and micro components. The development of accurate numerical simulation techniques has provided an unprecedented opportunity to view the transient nature of laser processing. Advancements in laser source technology include the introduction of higher-power Nd:YAG lasers, utilizing diode pumped rods or disks, and fiber lasers, both providing the capability for fiber optic beam delivery. Although CO2 laser systems continue to dominate thick section welding, this influence will be challenged by emerging source technologies, namely high power fiber lasers. One of the most promising advances in laser process technology is laser-arc hybrid welding, which is seeing considerable interest worldwide and is currently being evaluated for various applications within heavy industry and manufacturing. The benefit of hybrid welding is the synergistic effect of improved processing rates and joint accommodation over either of the processes viewed separately. Other processing methods are also being developed to increase the utility of laser beam welding for industry, such as the use of dual beams and beam manipulation. The continued advancement in process knowledge is seen as a key element for facilitating the development of new processes and encouraging the acceptance of new source technology.
1710 CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND PREGNANCY — PREDICTIVE FACTORS

With improved survival in cystic fibrosis (CF), women with CF are now seeking advice about the risk of pregnancy. To identify predictive factors, 8 pregnancies in 7 women, evaluated within 1 year prior to conception, were studied. Five pregnancies occurred in 4 women who did well (Group I) and 3 pregnancies occurred in 3 women who deteriorated and did not regain pregravid nutritional or pulmonary status post partum (Group II). The groups were similar in age and height. Group I had better weight gain during pregnancy, fewer hospitalizations, normal length gestation and normal birth weight infants. There were no deaths during pregnancy, however, 2 women in Group II died post partum. Although 2 infants of Group II mothers were premature, all infants survived and none had CF. These data suggest that comprehensive assessment of pulmonary and nutritional status is useful to predict the maternal outcome of pregnancy in CF.
An Intersonic Slip Pulse at a Frictional Interface Between Dissimilar Materials

Two homogeneous and isotropic elastic half-spaces are acted upon by remote normal and shear tractions. The applied shear stress is less than that which is required to produce overall sliding of the two bodies. The possible existence of a slip pulse is investigated, i.e., a finite-width region, on the interface, of altered normal and shear stress which satisfies the Amontons-Coulomb law of friction. Pulses which travel at a speed which is greater than the minimum shear wave speed and less than the maximum dilatational wave of the two bodies, are of interest in this investigation. Such pulses are shown to exist for sufficient friction and for modest mismatches in material combinations. The pulse is weakly singular at the leading edge and bounded at the trailing edge. Furthermore it travels at speeds just below the lesser dilatational wave speed and in the opposite direction of sliding of the lower wave-speed material. In addition, a pair of equations are given which relate the interfacial normal and shear stress to the interfacial slip velocity. These relations are analogous to the subsonic results of Weertman, but are valid for an arbitrary speed range.
Time-frequency and space-wavenumber analysis for damage inspection of thin-walled structures

This paper presents a dynamics-based methodology for accurate damage inspection of thin-walled structures by combining a boundary-effect evaluation method (BEEM) for space-wavenumber analysis of measured operational deflection shapes (ODSs) and a conjugate-pair decomposition (CPD) method for time-frequency analysis of time traces of measured points. BEEM is for locating and estimating small structural damage by processing ODSs measured by a full-field measurement system (e.g., a scanning laser vibrometer or a camera-based motion measurement system). BEEM is a nondestructive spatial-domain method based on area-by-area processing of ODSs and it works without using any structural model or historical data for comparison. Similar to the short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, CPD uses adaptive windowed regular harmonics and function orthogonality to perform time-frequency analysis of time traces by extracting time-localized regular and/or distorted harmonics. Both BEEM and CPD are local spectral analysis based on local, adaptive curve fitting. The first estimation of the wavenumber for BEEM and the frequency for CPD is obtained by using a four-point Teager-Kaiser algorithm based on the use of finite difference. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the combination of BEEM and CPD for space-wavenumber and time-frequency analysis provides an accurate tool for damage inspection of thin-walled structures.
Spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy

In this paper, a review is presented of a powerful technique for studying magnetic microstructures: spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy, denoted as spin-SEM, or SEMPA. When the beam of a scanning electron microscope traverses a ferromagnetic sample, secondary electrons are emitted whose spin polarization contains information on the magnitude and direction of the magnetization of the surface. Various illustrative examples are presented which describe the main features of the technique, such as its very high surface sensitivity, its suitability for achieving complete separation of relevant magnetic and topographic information, and its high lateral resolution.
Evaluation and optimization of multiple fluorophore analysis of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm

Conventional laser scanning microscopy for multiple fluorescent stains can be a useful tool if the problems of autofluorescence and cross-talk are eliminated. The technique of spectral imaging was employed to unmix five different fluorophores – ranging in emission from 435 to 665 nm – applied to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm with overlapping spectra and which was not possible using traditional channel mode operation. Using lambda scanning and linear unmixing, the five fluorophores could be distinguished with regions of differentiation apparent.
A new characterization of taut distance-regular graphs of odd diameter

We consider a bipartite distance-regular graph @C with vertex set X, diameter D>=4, and valency k>=3. Let C^X denote the vector space over C consisting of column vectors with rows indexed by X and entries in C. For z@?X, let z@? denote the vector in C^X with a 1 in the z^t^h row and 0 in all other rows. For 0@?i@?D, let @C"i(z) denote the set of vertices in X that are distance i from z. Fix x,y@?X with distance @?(x,y)=2. For 0@?i,j@?D, we define w"i"j=@?z@?, where the sum is over all vertices z@?@C"i(x)@?@C"j(y). Define a parameter @D in terms of the intersection numbers by @D=(b"1-1)(c"3-1)-(c"2-1)p"2"2^2. For 2@?i@?D-2 we define vectors w"i"i^+=@?|@C"1(x)@?@C"1(y)@?@C"i"-"1(z)|z@?, where the sum is over all vertices z@?@C"i(x)@?@C"i(y). We define W=span{w"i"j,w"h"h^+|0@?i,j@?D,2@?h@?D-2}. In [M. MacLean, An inequality involving two eigenvalues of a bipartite distance-regular graph, Discrete Math. 225 (2000) 193-216], MacLean defined what it means for @C to be taut. Assume D is odd. We show @C is taut if and only if @D 0 and the subspace W is invariant under multiplication by the adjacency matrix.
Immune responses in hepatitis C: is virus or host the problem?

Purpose of reviewHepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that usually establishes persistent infection in its host. As an important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide, hepatitis C is a growing public health concern. Despite recent advances in therapy, most people infected with the v
Adolescent Deliberate Self-Harm: Linkages to Emotion Regulation and Family Emotional Climate

Parents' responses to their children's emotional expressivity have been shown to significantly influence children's subsequent psychosocial functioning. This study hypothesized that adolescents' deliberate self-harm (DSH) may be an outcome associated with poor emotion regulation as well as an invalidating family environment. The mediational role of specific emotion processes (i.e., poor awareness of emotion, difficulties expressing emotions) between family emotional environment and the frequency of DSH was examined with 131 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (M age=14.84 years, SD=1.75 years). Results indicated that adolescents who self-injured reported that this behavior reduced their negative emotional states. Structural equation modeling provided support for the proposed model that family climate influences frequency of DSH through emotion regulation skills but the model held for girls only. A direct model effect was not supported. Emotion regulation partially mediated the relationship between family climate and DSH, and direct effects were also observed.
An environment for rule-based blackboards and distributed problem solving

Abstract This work describes COPS, an environment for distributed problem solving in networks of heterogeneous computers. COPS is intended for problems with coarse grains of parallelism. Communication among processes is by messages. A modified production system model permits rule-based blackboards to be constructed. Ambassadors are used to provide remote processes with access to blackboards.
On the roles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dna2p and Flap endonuclease 1 in Okazaki fragment processing

Short DNA segments designated Okazaki fragments are intermediates in eukaryotic DNA replication. Each contains an initiator RNA/DNA primer (iRNA/DNA), which is converted into a 5'-flap and then removed prior to fragment joining. In one model for this process, the flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) removes the iRNA. In the other, the single-stranded binding protein, replication protein A (RPA), coats the flap, inhibits FEN1, but stimulates cleavage by the Dna2p helicase/nuclease. RPA dissociates from the resultant short flap, allowing FEN1 cleavage. To determine the most likely process, we analyzed cleavage of short and long 5'-flaps. FEN1 cleaves 10-nucleotide fixed or equilibrating flaps in an efficient reaction, insensitive to even high levels of RPA or Dna2p. On 30-nucleotide fixed or equilibrating flaps, RPA partially inhibits FEN1. CTG flaps can form foldback structures and were inhibitory to both nucleases, however, addition of a dT(12) to the 5'-end of a CTG flap allowed Dna2p cleavage. The presence of high Dna2p activity, under reaction conditions favoring helicase activity, substantially stimulated FEN1 cleavage of tailed-foldback flaps and also 30-nucleotide unstructured flaps. Our results suggest Dna2p is not used for processing of most flaps. However, Dna2p has a role in a pathway for processing structured flaps, in which it aids FEN1 using both its nuclease and helicase activities.
Conjuring Unity: The Politics of the Crowd and the Poetics of the Candidate

Although the rhetorical gifts of Barack Obama have been copiously examined, considerably less attention has been paid to one of the principal actors in political campaigns: the crowd. This critical analysis examines the nature and influence of the crowd as a political actor in the Obama campaign. Drawing on dramaturgical theory and literary history, the article also considers how a candidate’s strategic performance of his or her political self can be understood within the legacy of American romantic and transcendental conceptions of the self and its mystical and sacramental relationship to the crowd.
Spinel-Supported Oxygen Carriers for Inherent CO2 Separation during Power Generation

Chemical looping combustion potentially offers inherent CO2 capture during power generation. Implementation of the process, however, is hindered by the lack of suitable materials to function as oxygen carriers. In this context, spinel-supported nickel oxides were investigated, using modified TGA to study the redox characteristics of NiO/NiAl2O4 and (NiO)1-y(MgO)y/Ni(1-x)MgxAl2O4, prepared by solution combustion synthesis using varying precursor ratios. The long-term performance of the promising stable oxide (NiO)0.79(MgO)0.21/Ni0.62Mg0.38Al2O4 was tested by cycling the oxidant/reductant gases 100 times at 1000 °C, where it exhibited excellent reactivity and stability. Finally, attrition resistance of the oxygen carriers was determined via a modified ASTM test, which indicated mechanical strength superior to that of commercially available iron oxide.
Toxicity of the crystalline polypeptides of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in Japanese quail

Abstract The solubilized parasporal crystalline proteins (SPCP) of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis when administered to Japanese quail by intraabdominal (IA) injection were toxic with an LD 50 at 24 hr of 22.8 mg/kg. No deaths were noted by intranasal, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. SPCP were highly hemolytic against quail red blood cells but this SPCP-induced hemolysis was inhibited by preincubation of SPCP with quail serum. Electrocardiographic analyses of IA-injected quail demonstrated cardiac dysfunction consistent with bradycardia. Hypothermia was also positively correlated with heart rate reduction. SPCP IA injection reduced serum lipid levels and alkaline phosphatase, and increased serum glucose, creatine phosphokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Induction of a septic shock-like condition may be the toxic mode of action of IA-injected SPCP in Japanese quail.
Young Multitableaux and Higher Dimensional Determinants

The sum of its row-lengths (i.e., p1+p2+ } } } +pd ) is called the area of T. Such a bitableau is said to be standard if the row-lengths are nonincreasing (i.e., p1 p2 } } } pd ) and the entries along each column are nondecreasing (i.e., T[1](1, 1) T[2](1, 1) } } } T[d](1, 1) and so on). A typical row of a bitableau bounded by m=(m(1), m(2)) may be called a bivector bounded by m=(m(1), m(2)). Analogously we can define (Young) multitableaux or tableaux of given ``width'' q, which are bounded by m=(m(1), ..., m(q)), as q-sided arrangements of the above type. The corresponding notions of standardness, multivectors, etc., can be similarly defined as well. Now, given any multivector a of width q and length p which is bounded by m=(m(1), ..., m(q)), and any nonnegative integer V, let stab(q, m, p, a, V ) denote the set of all standard tableaux T of width q which are bounded by m, whose area is V, and which are predominated by a (i.e., if we place a before the first row of T, then the resulting tableau is again standard). Note that the set stib(q, m, V ) of all standard tableaux of width q which are bounded by m and whose area is V can be obtained as a particular case of stab(q, m, p, a, V ) by suitably article no. 0051
End-vessel reactivity and capillary clearance in diabetes mellitus

Abstract Capillary clearance and end-vessel reactivity to pressor substances may be factors that could modify wound healing and the response to infection in diabetes mellitus. Angiotensin and saline were injected intradermally in control, diabetic, and atherosclerotic patients to evaluate this hypothesis. Capillary clearance of saline and end-vessel reactivity to angiotensin were both prolonged in the diabetic patient when compared with the control and atherosclerotic patients. Reduced end-vessel perfusion and delayed capillary clearance could combine with the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes mellitus to facilitate the development of infection and to interfere with wound healing.
FTIR spectral/structural investigation of the ion exchange/thermal treatment of silver ions into a silicate glass

Abstract Infrared reflectance spectra were measured for sodium calcium silicate glass which had undergone ion exchange/heat treatment, and were interpreted on the basis of structural changes in the near-surface region of the glass. Analysis of the spectral data clearly indicated that Ag+ ions penetrated into the near surface of the glass during the ion-exchange process, replacing Na+ ions. Also, the spectral data indicate that heat treatment of the resulting glass caused an increase of Si-O-Si linkages in the near surface of the glass due to the creation of colloidal silver in the near surface and/or the diffusion of Ag+ ions from the near-surface to the bulk region of the glass during treatment.
From coordinators to expediters to owners: A study of cross functional teams as integrating mechanisms

Abstract This study looks at the “fit” between distinctively different customer environments and the internal process of cross functional product development teams interfacing with these environments. Earlier research has suggested as the environment becomes turbulent, teams must be more adaptable, multidisciplinary, and empowered. From interviews and observations of team meetings three team patterns, Coordinators, Expediters, and Owners, emerged supporting the contingency perspective. Similarities and differences in their leadership, meeting dynamics, and boundary management are analyzed and discussed. A general model is proposed to help managers and team members in designing and developing teams as integrating mechanisms.
Tomato spotted wilt virus in peanut tissue types and physiological effects related to disease incidence and severity

Three peanut cultivars, Georgia Green, NC-V11, and ANorden, were grown using production practices that encouraged the development of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The progression of TSWV infection was examined through the season using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests on different tissue types [roots, leaves, pegs (pod attachment stem structures) and pods] and the effect of TSWV infection on physiological functions was examined at three harvest dates. Plants were classed into three severity categories: (i) no TSWV symptoms or previous positive ELISA tests; (ii) less than 50% of leaf tissue exhibiting TSWV symptoms; and (iii) greater than 50% of leaf tissue affected. TSWV showed a slow rate of infection at the beginning of the season and a greater percentage of infection of the roots than in the leaves. Photosynthesis was reduced in virus-affected infected plants by an average of 30% at the mid-season harvest and 51% at the late season harvest compared with virus-free plants across all three cultivars. Leaf tissue with symptoms had lower photosynthetic rates than healthy leaves. There were small differences among cultivars, with cv. ANorden maintaining higher average photosynthetic levels than cv. Georgia Green and higher transpirational levels than cv. NC-V11. The ability to maintain high assimilation physiology in the presence of the virus may help cultivars withstand TSWV infection and maintain final yields.
Autonomic Changes and Heart Rate Variability in Children with Neurocardiac Syncope

This study evaluated resting autonomic function and autonomic responses to head-up tilt-table testing in children who experienced neurocardiac syncope to determine whether predictable differences existed between these patients and normal volunteers. Neurocardiac syncope is a common cause of syncope in children. The mechanism, though related to abnormalities in autonomic function, has not been fully elucidated, particularly in pediatric patients. This study evaluated resting autonomic tone using noninvasive autonomic function tests (i.e., Valsalva, handgrip, and deep breathing) and 24-hour heart rate variability (HRV). In addition, heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated during head-up tilt examination. Values from patients who experienced neurocardiac syncope were compared to those from age-matched normal volunteers. No significant differences were noted during noninvasive testing. Some time domain HRV variables demonstrated a trend toward significant difference (p < 0.10). Tilt testing data were significantly different in sinus beat to sinus beat (RR) intervals between controls and syncope patients at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after tilting. In addition, significant differences were noted in RR interval and the standard deviation of RR interval 1 or 2 minutes prior to syncope when compared to controls at 5 and 10 minutes after tilting. Children with syncope exhibited abnormalities during tilt testing indicating an increased sympathetic or decreased parasympathetic tone, particularly prior to syncope. Some measures of HRV might constitute noninvasive parameters that correlate with the positive tilt table test.
On the Crisis of Liberalism

Liberalism is facing a severe crisis. Crisis indicates an impending change of direction and orientation. In addition, the term is commonly inferred to indicate that the change is to be dramatic and caused by the ineffectiveness of the prior direction or orientation in providing for some set of felt needs. In both systems for ordering society and systems for ordering thought, crisis has meaning as a situation in which the prevailing institutions and world views fail to meet some critical set of needs and suffer a decline in authority and ability to provide cohesion. The modern classic concerning crisis in thought systems is Kuhn (1970). Ward (1972) and Stanfield (1974a) have applied Kuhn’s discussion to economics. Wallace (1972) has suggested a generalization of the paradigmatic change model. The abundant literature on crises in social systems is reminiscent of the Marxist literature on an institutional configuration becoming a fetter on further progress.
Decreased metastasis and improved survival with early thoracic radiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation in combined-modality treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer

In an attempt to verify the relative efficacy of early concurrent vs. sequential timing of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) and platinum/etoposide chemotherapy, 48 patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer treated with either early-concurrent (29 patients) or sequential (19 patients) TRT and platinum/etoposide chemotherapy were evaluated. Disease-specific prognostic variables and the role of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) were also analyzed. Thirty-four patients (71%) received TRT to a dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions (range, 30-55 Gy). Most patients (75%) received 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy. Twenty-one of 27 patients achieving a complete response after completion of TRT and chemotherapy received PCI. Median follow-up was 29.3 months (range, 12-98 months). Variables of potential prognostic significance were evaluated by both univariate and multivariate analysis. The absolute and relapse-free survival rates for all patients were 42% and 35% at 2 years and 32% and 31% at 5 years, respectively. Thirty-six sites of failure were observed in 27 patients. Thoracic recurrence occurred in nine patients, and the central nervous system (CNS) was the most common site of distant failure (15 patients). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that (a) early concurrent TRT and chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy followed by sequential TRT and (b) disease volume [less than or greater than one-third of the thoracic width] were significantly predictive for survival (P=0.036 and P=0.05, respectively). Rates of control of thoracic disease were 79% for patients with a disease volume less than one-third of the thoracic width vs. 36% for disease volumes greater than one-third of the thoracic width (P=0.0009). Early concurrent TRT and chemotherapy resulted in a significantly lower incidence of distant metastasis (26% for concurrent vs. 63% for sequential; P=0.008). In patients who received PCI, the CNS control rate was 86% vs. 56% in patients not treated with PCI. Our findings suggest that (a) treatment with early concurrent TRT and platinum/etoposide chemotherapy may improve survival when compared with sequential treatment and (b) PCI for patients with complete systemic responses is effective in preventing CNS recurrence. We also conclude that thoracic disease volume is a significant prognostic factor for both local control and overall survival.
FLT3 receptors with internal tandem duplications promote cell viability and proliferation by signaling through Foxo proteins

In about 30% of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia, activating FLT3 receptor mutations have been identified, often as in-frame internal tandem duplications (ITD) at the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. FLT3-ITD receptors exhibit constitutive tyrosine kinase activity in the absence of FLT3 ligand (FL) binding, and when expressed in cytokine-dependent cell lines and primary hematopoietic cells suppress programmed cell death and increase cell division. However, the signaling pathways important for transformation, in particular the nuclear targets, are unknown. Here we demonstrate that FLT3-ITD expression in Ba/F3 cells results in activation of Akt and concomitant phosphorylation of the Forkhead family member Foxo3a. Phosphorylation of Foxo proteins through FLT3-ITD signaling promotes their translocation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, which requires the presence of conserved Akt phosphorylation sites in Forkhead transcription factors and PI3K activity. Induction of Foxo3a phosphorylation by FLT3-ITD receptors in Ba/F3 cells correlates with the suppression of Foxo-target genes p27Kip1 and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Specifically, FLT3-ITD expression prevents Foxo3a-mediated apoptosis and upregulation of p27Kip1 and Bim gene expression. These data indicate that the oncogenic tyrosine kinase FLT3 can negatively regulate Foxo transcription factors, thereby promoting cell survival and proliferation.
Aqueous Base Developable Deep UV Resist Systems Based On Novel Monomeric And Polymeric Dissolution Inhibitors

Certain "onium salt" photochemical acid generators such as triphenylsulfonium and diphenyliodonium metal halides work as dissolution inhibitors for novolac resins in a fashion similar to diazonaphthoquinone. The two-component deep UV positive resists can be imaged in an aqueous base at 25 m.1/cm2 of 254 nm radiation. The system allows addition of a third component. For example, polyphthalaldehyde, a novel and efficient dissolution inhibitor miscible with novolac resins, is completely reverted to the starting monomer in the novolac matrix upon postbake. The design is based on removal of the polymeric dissolution inhibitor from the exposed areas through acid-catalyzed depolymerization to volatile monomer. Such three-component resist systems offer high deep UV sensitivity (2 mJ/cmh), high contrast (4.2), and wide formulation and process latitudes.