cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient Perceptions and Shared Decisions About PSA Screening.

The past few years have witnessed a rapidly changing panorama regarding recommendations for prostate cancer screening. At one extreme, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued a grade D recommendation against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening.1 Meanwhile, most other groups recommend shared decision making about screening, including a discussion between patients and physicians about the associated controversies and taking into consideration patient preferences.2 For example, the American Urological Association (AUA) recently issued new guidelines supporting shared decision making about PSA testing for average-risk men aged 55 to 69 years, while opposing PSA testing as part of health fairs and other community settings in which shared decision making is not part of routine practice.3 Two recent studies have attempted to quantify the effect of these changing recommendations on patient perceptions and patient-physician discussions regarding PSA screening.
Mental health and the aging woman

The role of the physician as guardian of elderly women's mental and physical health reaches far beyond prescribing medications for symptom relief. The role an elderly woman plays in family, community, and society, are integrally related to the symptoms she experiences. Protocols for evaluation should be taught early and consistently in medical training, and opportunities for creative, multifaceted problem solving should be provided.
Lignin biosynthesis: Tyrosine shortcut in grasses.

Lignin is a principal component of plant cell walls and was thought to be mostly produced from L-phenylalanine. A new study in Brachypodium demonstrates that in grasses — a major source of food, livestock feed and biofuels — nearly half of the plant's lignin is actually made through fewer steps via l-tyrosine.
Spectral Characteristics of Citrus Black Spot Disease

Citrus black spot (CBS) is a fungal disease caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa (synonym Guignardia citricarpa). CBS causes fruit lesions and significant yield loss in all citrus (Citrus) species. The most distinguishing CBS symptom is called hard spot, which is a circular lesion with gray tissue at the center surrounded by a black margin. The spectral characteristic of CBS lesions was investigated and compared with the spectral signature of healthy fruit tissue to determine the best distinguishing wave band. Healthy and CBS-affected samples presented similar reflectance below 500 nm and above 900 nm. However, healthy samples reflected more light between 500 and 900 nm, especially within the visible band. Also, spectral reflectance of the same symptomatic lesion was acquired six times over a 2-month period to determine the variation of symptom's spectral signatures over time after being harvested. A two-sample t test was employed to compare each pair of consecutive repetitions. The results showed that the spectral signature of the CBS lesion did not change significantly over 2 months. The wavelengths between 587 and 589 nm were identified as the distinguishing band to develop a monochrome vision-based sensor for CBS diagnosis. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained using the spectral reflectance data at the selected bands to identify CBS-affected samples in each repetition. The overall CBS detection accuracies varied between 93.3% and 94.6%.
MicroRNA miR-155 Is Necessary for Efficient Gammaherpesvirus Reactivation from Latency, but Not for Establishment of Latency.

UNLABELLED MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) has been shown to play significant roles in the immune response, including in the formation of germinal centers (GC) and the development and maturation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. There is in vitro evidence to support a critical role for cellular miR-155 and viral miR-155 homologs in the establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency in B cells. We sought to determine the contribution of miR-155 to the establishment and maintenance of latency in vivo using murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68) infection. MHV-68-infected mice deficient in miR-155 exhibited decreases in GC B cells and Tfh cells. However, the frequencies of spleen cells harboring latent MHV-68 genomes were the same in both miR-155-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice. Similar latent loads were also observed in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, where B cell-extrinsic effects of miR-155 deficiency were normalized. Interestingly, we observed markedly lower efficiency of reactivation from latency in miR-155-deficient cells, indicating an important role for miR-155 in this process. These in vivo data complement previous in vitro studies and lead to the conclusion that miR-155 is not necessary for the establishment or maintenance of gammaherpesvirus latency but that it does affect reactivation efficiency. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesvirus infection leads to severe disease in immunosuppressed populations. miR-155 has been shown to play important roles in many pathological processes, including tumorigenesis and diseases caused by an overly aggressive immune response. Our work provides valuable in vivo data showing that miR-155 is dispensable for gammaherpesvirus latency but that it is critical for reactivation from latency, which is a crucial step in the viral life cycle.
Tide Predictions in Shelf and Coastal Waters: Status and Prospects

The challenges of supplying accurate tide corrections for satellite altimetry in shelf and near-coastal environments are reviewed. Relative to the deep ocean, tides in shallow water are generally larger and shorter wavelength. Nonlinearity further complicates tide prediction because of the multitude of additional compound tides and overtides that must be accounted for and because standard deep-ocean methods of inferring minor tides are inapplicable. Development of accurate shelf and coastal tide models with high spatial resolution requires assimilation of high-quality data; for most of the globe, the Topex/Poseidon and Jason time series constitutes the primary source. Data assimilation with nested high-resolution models tied to lower resolution global models appears feasible, but it places severe demands on the accuracy and resolution of bathymetry data. Some envisioned next-generation altimeter missions, capable of mapping the ocean topography at very high resolution, could relax these demands by providing direct tidal measurements at the requisite scales.
Synergy between experimental and computational studies of aromatic stacking interactions

Aromatic stacking interactions are one of the most common types of non-covalent interactions. However, their fundamental origins and the ability to accurately predict their stability trends are still an active area of research. The study of aromatic stacking interactions has been particularly challenging. The interaction involves a delicate balance of multiple forces, and the aromatic surfaces can readily adopt different interaction geometries. Thus, the collaborative efforts of theoretical and experimental researchers have been essential to understand and build more accurate predictive models of aromatic stacking interactions.
Terahertz Detection and Imaging Systems and Applications

We describe packaging challenges for the development of practical THz imagers based on InP transistor circuits. Very high aspect ratio (>20:1) die singulation and additive manufacturing for waveguide housings are shown to help in addressing these challenges.
Development of the Neuroimmune Modulator Ibudilast for the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Human Laboratory Trial.

Current directions in medication development for alcohol use disorder (AUD) emphasize the need to identify novel molecular targets and efficiently screen new compounds aimed at those targets. Ibudilast (IBUD) is a neuroimmune modulator that inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 and -10 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor and was recently found to reduce alcohol intake in rats by ∼50%. To advance medication development for AUD, the present study consists of a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory study of IBUD in nontreatment-seeking individuals with current (ie, past month) mild-to-severe AUD. This study tested the safety, tolerability, and initial human laboratory efficacy of IBUD (50 mg b.i.d.) on primary measures of subjective response to alcohol as well as secondary measures of cue- and stress-induced changes in craving and mood. Participants (N=24) completed two separate 7-day intensive outpatient protocols that included daily visits for medication administration and testing. Upon reaching a stable target dose of IBUD (or matched placebo), participants completed a stress-exposure session (day 5; PM), an alcohol cue-exposure session (day 6; AM), and an i.v. alcohol administration session (day 6; PM). Participants stayed overnight after the alcohol administration, and discharge occurred on day 7 of the protocol. Medication conditions were separated by a washout period that was ⩾7 days. IBUD was well tolerated; however, there were no medication effects on primary measures of subjective response to alcohol. IBUD was associated with mood improvements on the secondary measures of stress exposure and alcohol cue exposure, as well as reductions in tonic levels of craving. Exploratory analyses revealed that among individuals with higher depressive symptomatology, IBUD attenuated the stimulant and mood-altering effects of alcohol as compared with placebo. Together, these findings extend preclinical demonstrations of the potential utility of IBUD for the treatment of AUD and suggest that depressive symptomatology should be considered as a potential moderator of efficacy for pharmacotherapies with neuroimmune effects, such as IBUD.
Current Risks of Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion services play a critical role in modern cardiac surgery. Although current surgical techniques, careful attention to blood loss, and intraoperative blood salvage decrease the need for transfusion, few patients and fewer surgeons would consent to an operation if sufficient, safe blood components were not readily available. “Safe”, however, is a relative term. Just a few years ago, the general public, and many experienced physicians, believed somewhat naively that compatible blood transfusions were entirely safe and certainly far less risky than almost any surgical procedure. The AIDS epidemic dispelled this illusion. Ironically, homologous blood transfusion is safer than ever before, and transfusion-associated AIDS is far from its most significant risk. A sober assessment of the risks of transfusion should help develop improved strategies for managing surgical patients.
Closed-Loop Communication Improves Task Completion in Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation

Background Pediatric trauma care requires effective and clear communication in a time-sensitive manner amongst a variety of disciplines. Programs such as Crew Resource Management in aviation have been developed to systematically prevent errors. Similarly, teamSTEPPS has been promoted in healthcare with a strong focus on communication. We aim to evaluate the ability of closed-loop communication to improve time-to-task completion in pediatric trauma activations. Methods All pediatric trauma activations from January to September, 2016 at an American College of Surgeons verified level I pediatric trauma center were video recorded and included in the study. Two independent reviewers identified and classified all verbal orders issued by the trauma team leader for order audibility, directed responsibility, check-back, and time-to-task-completion. The impact of pre-notification and level of activation on time-to-task-completion was also evaluated. All analyses were performed using SAS® version 9.4(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results In total, 89 trauma activation videos were reviewed, with 387 verbal orders identified. Of those, 126(32.6%) were directed, 372(96.1%) audible, and 101(26.1%) closed-loop. On average each order required 3.85 minutes to be completed. There was a significant reduction in time-to-task-completion when closed-loop communication was utilized (p Conclusion While closed-loop communication prevents medical errors, our study highlights the potential to increase the speed and efficiency with which tasks are completed in the setting of pediatric trauma resuscitation. Trauma drills and systems of communication that emphasize the use of closed-loop communication should be incorporated into the training of trauma team leaders. Level of Evidence This is a prospective observational study with intervention level II evidence.
To Teach or Not to Teach for Transfer: That is the Question

This chapter addresses the basic question of transfer of learning: What is it that enables a person with specific knowledge, learning, understanding, or skills learned in one area and/or social context to adapt, modify, or extend it in such a way as to be able to apply it to other areas? The chapter provides a framework for achieving general transfer of learning. This theory of transfer does not necessarily imply the use or nonuse of any particular method of teaching. To achieve general transfer requires some learning and instructional principles that have been previously suggested by philosophies of education in various ways and forms. The principles are specifically connected to transfer, to the latest research that supports these principles, and not just to educational “philosophies.” The nine principles that have been outlined are: (1) acquire a large primary knowledge base or high level of expertise in the area that transfer is; (2) acquire some level of knowledge base in subjects outside the primary area; (3) acquire an understanding of the history of the transfer areas; (4) acquire a “spirit of transfer”; (5) understand what transfer of learning is and how it works; (6) develop an orientation to think and encode learning in transfer terms; (7) create cultures of transfer; (8) understand the theory underlying the transfer areas; (9) engage in hours of practice and drill; (10) take time for the learning to incubate; and (11) observe and read the works of people who are exemplars of transfer thinking. The extent to which a learner, a teacher, or a school adopts these principles is the extent to which transfer will occur and only to that extent.
Approximate Number Sense Shares Etiological Overlap with Mathematics and General Cognitive Ability.

Abstract Approximate number sense (ANS), the ability to rapidly and accurately compare quantities presented non-symbolically, has been proposed as a precursor to mathematics skills. Earlier work reported low heritability of approximate number sense, which was interpreted as evidence that approximate number sense acts as a fitness trait. However, viewing ANS as a fitness trait is discordant with findings suggesting that individual differences in approximate number sense acuity correlate with mathematical performance, a trait with moderate genetic effects. Importantly, the shared etiology of approximate number sense, mathematics, and general cognitive ability has remained unexamined. Thus, the etiology of approximate number sense and its overlap with math and general cognitive ability was assessed in the current study with two independent twin samples (N = 451 pairs). Results suggested that ANS acuity had moderate but significant additive genetic influences. ANS also had overlap with generalist genetic mechanisms accounting for variance and covariance in mathematics and general cognitive ability. Furthermore, ANS may have genetic factors unique to covariance with mathematics beyond overlap with general cognitive ability. Evidence across both samples was consistent with the proposal that the etiology of approximate number sense functions similar to that of mathematics and general cognitive skills.
Developmental biology: sperm-egg fusion unscrambled.

The identity of the sperm molecules that are involved in fusion with an egg's membrane has eluded biologists. Will Izumo, a protein named after the Japanese shrine to marriage, bring harmony to the field?
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Without Underlying Cardiac Disease as a Presentation of Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is an idiopathic lung condition that remains clinically underrecognized despite a growing body of literature. Case report: We present a case of PIG with pulmonary hypertension without underlying cardiac disease. This patient presented with respiratory distress and spontaneous pneumothorax at 6 months of age. Laboratory and imaging investigations demonstrated nonspecific features, but refractory pulmonary hypertension was confirmed on cardiac catheterization. Lung tissue histopathology showed glycogen positive staining of the interstitial cells, consistent with PIG. Conclusion: This unique case demonstrates that pulmonary hypertension can be seen in the setting of PIG without associated cardiac anomalies, and persists despite treatment in an otherwise self-limited condition.
Comparing standard office-based follow-up with text-based remote monitoring in the management of postpartum hypertension: a randomised clinical trial

Background Monitoring blood pressure at 72 hours and 7–10 days post partum in women with hypertensive disorders is recommended to decrease morbidity. However, there are no recommendations as to how to achieve this. Objective To compare the effectiveness of text-based blood pressure monitoring to in-person visits for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the immediate postpartum period. Methods Randomised clinical trial among 206 postpartum women with pregnancy-related hypertension diagnosed during the delivery admission between August 2016 and January 2017. Women were randomised to 2 weeks of text-based surveillance using a home blood pressure cuff and previously tested automated platform or usual care blood pressure check at their prenatal clinic 4–6 days following discharge. The primary study outcome was a single recorded blood pressure in the first 10 days post partum. The ability to meet American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines, defined as having a blood pressure recorded on postpartum days 3–4 and 7–10 was evaluated in the text message group. The study was powered to detect a 1.4-fold increase in a single recorded blood pressure using text messaging. All outcomes were analysed as intention to treat. Results 206 women were randomised (103 in each arm). Baseline characteristics were similar. There was a statistically significant increase in a single blood pressure obtained in the texting group in the first 10 days post partum as compared with the office group (92.2% vs 43.7%; adjusted OR 58.2 (16.2–208.1), p Conclusions Text-based monitoring is more effective in obtaining blood pressures and meeting current clinical guidelines in the immediate postdischarge period in women with pregnancy-related hypertension compared with traditional office-based follow-up. Trial registration number NCT03185455, Remote Surveillance of Postpartum Hypertension (TextBP), https://clinicaltrials.gov.
Chemoprevention of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Induced Carcinogenesis in Rodent Models by Berries

Long-term chronic inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease is a well-recognized risk factor for cancer development. Fresh fruits, particularly berries, have been well documented as having protective effects against inflammation and cancer development. There are several key elements in the berries with functions against cancer, including vitamins (A, C, E, and folic acid), minerals (calcium and selenium), phenol compounds (particularly ellagic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin and anthocyanins), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) and oligosaccharides. This chapter focuses on linking berries to chronic colitis-induced carcinogenesis from experimental evidence to potential usefulness on cancer prevention and treatment.
Professional Caregiver and Observer Issues

Lok first came to the Indo-Chinese clinic 9 years ago. I cannot forget the initial interview nor her story. She was a small Cambodian woman (the nurse’s note listed her weight as 113 pounds) who appeared older than her 58 years. Her face reflected fatigue and sadness, yet grace. Ben, the Cambodian mental health worker, had told me a little about her before she came. She was referred from a private physician and had multiple complaints of nausea, headache, arm pain, shoulder pain, and also symptoms of poor sleep and depression. The private physician was treating her for diabetes, and she was on an oral hypoglycemic agent. Ben noted that she had had a very traumatic life in Cambodia. She had suffered many losses with which we now have become familiar from any Pol Pot patient.
Introductory Game Theory and Economic Information

Strategic decisions are an integral part of our daily lives. Game theory provides a foundation for analyzing strategy, and as such, is a vitally important subject. At work, you may need to decide whether it is worth it to put in extra hours to earn a bigger bonus than your colleagues. Strategic decisions are especially common in competitive games, such as chess, tennis, football, and the TV show Survivor. These are considered games because strategic interaction is important to success. That is, to decide your best course of action, you must consider how others are likely to behave. Two examples make this point clear.
Improve the Stability of Hybrid Halide Perovskite via Atomic Layer Deposition on Activated Phenyl-C61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of oxide film on [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) shows a great promise to dramatically improve the ambient stability of hybrid halide perovskite. The nucleation of an ALD oxide on PCBM is critical to reliably apply this strategy. In this paper, we present the first study of the nucleation behavior of ALD oxides, including Al2O3 and ZnO, on PCBM. We find that PCBM film acts a gas diffusion barrier blocking the ALD reactants (diethyl zinc) from etching the underlying CH3NH3PbI3. However, ZnO is not able to nucleate on PCBM. We further identify that trimethyl aluminum, a strongly Lewis acid, reacts readily with C═O on PCBM to generate a seeding layer for nucleating ZnO ALD. This new chemical route is highly reliable and can be used to synthesize ALD ZnO coatings over PCBM. The synthesized PCBM/Al2O3–ZnO dramatically improves the stability of CH3NH3PbI3 against the ambience and even against liquid water. The result signifies the importance of understanding of nu...
Diet and Fertility in Men: Are Sperm What Men Eat?

Abstract The male partner's contribution for a couple fecundity is undeniable. Parallel trend over the last few decades toward lower sperm count and increasing maternal age, particularly in developed countries, motivates the need to understand to what extent lifestyle factors may impact fertility in general and men's contribution in particular. Multiple studies have examined the relation between a multitude of dietary factors and markers of male fertility. Nevertheless, to date, there are no clear clinical dietary guidelines for men especially the ones who are seeking fertility treatment. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence to date regarding the role of diet on men's fertility. Studies from across the world suggest that greater adherence to healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet and local variants, is related to better semen quality although it is unclear which specific elements of these diets are responsible for this relation. Randomized trials suggest that couples undergoing infertility treatment benefit from nutrient supplementation but leave unclear which specific nutrients or combinations of nutrients and at what doses are most effective. Moreover, epidemiological studies and randomized trials point to a key role of omega-3 fatty acids, from marine and vegetable sources, in improving semen quality and couple fertility.
A 26 dBm 39 GHz Power Amplifier with 26.6% PAE for 5G Applications in 28nm bulk CMOS

Continued demand for 5G cellular connectivity in mobile handheld devices, where antenna real-estate is at a premium, necessitates high output power from individual transmitter elements. While more expensive heterogeneous and SOI CMOS process based power amplifiers (PAs) provide high P out at good efficiencies, deep sub-μm bulk CMOS still remains the technology of choice for cost and integration benefits. This paper presents a 5G mm-Wave PA at 39 GHz that generates a saturated P out of 26 dBm with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 26.6% and a saturated power gain of 28.6 dB. The output stage utilizes compact layout & triple-well transistors to enable efficient yet reliable device stacking and a compact, 4-way, low-loss, series-parallel power combiner further enhances P out . High average power measurements have been demonstrated during single-carrier as well as 5G NR OFDM modulations at competitive efficiencies. Long term reliability measurements using aging acceleration techniques demonstrate the robustness of the implemented PA. This PA achieves one of the highest ITRS figure-of-merit among reported 5G mm-Wave works in CMOS and also the highest output power among deep sub-μm (<90nm) 5G bulk CMOS PAs.
The Relationship Between Gratitude and Happiness in Young Children

Over the past decades, much progress has been made in understanding the relationship between gratitude and well-being in adults, school-aged children, and adolescents (see Emmons and Mishra, in: Sheldon, Kashdan, Steger (eds) Designing positive psychology: taking stock and moving forward, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 248–262, 2011; Watkins in Gratitude and the good life: toward a psychology of appreciation, Springer, New York, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3 ). However, relatively little is known about this relationship in young children (see Park and Peterson in J Happiness Stud 7(3):323–341, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3648-6 ). The aim of the present study was to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between gratitude and happiness in young children. The general propensity for gratitude, domain-specific gratitude, and trait happiness were measured in a group of children (N = 80, Mage = 5.04 years). The results revealed that children’s domain-specific gratitude predicted children’s happiness above and beyond a general propensity for gratitude. These findings establish the presence of a relationship between gratitude and happiness in children by age 5 years, and reveal the type of gratitude, namely domain-specific, that is associated with happiness among young children.
Body-focused repetitive behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury: A comparison of clinical characteristics and symptom features.

Abstract Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are recognized as distinct categories in the DSM-5. However, definitions and assessment of NSSI sometimes encompasses behaviors similar to BFRBs, and little data exist about their clinical differences. The current study examined clinical characteristics and symptom features associated with NSSI vs. BFRBs. The current sample included 1523 individuals who endorsed moderate to severe NSSI (n = 165) or BFRBs: hair pulling group (n = 102), skin picking group (n = 216), nail picking group (n = 253), nail biting group (n = 487), and cheek biting group (n = 300). Responders were asked to complete questionnaires on clinical features relevant for BFRBs and NSSI. NSSI and BFRBs had significant differences on several clinical features. Individuals in the NSSI group were more likely than individuals with BFRBs to report engaging in the behavior for social-affective reasons (i.e., to get out of doing something, or receive attention from others). Individuals in the NSSI group were also more likely to engage in the behavior to regulate tension and feelings of emptiness, and to experience relief during the act. In contrast, individuals in the BFRB groups were more likely to engage in the behavior automatically without reflective awareness, to reduce boredom, or to fix appearance. The NSSI group obtained significantly higher scores on questionnaires assessing stress, anxiety, depression, and harm avoidance. Overall, the results showed several notable differences between NSSI and BFRBs that are consistent with clinical literature and definitions of these problems in the DSM-5.
Dilated Cerebral Arteriopathy in Classical Pompe Disease: A Novel Finding.

Abstract Background In Pompe disease, glycogen deposition results in an augmentation of blood flow and abnormal remodeling, with resultant weakening of the arterial walls, which may result in pathologic dilatation of the cerebral arteries. This complication is rare in patients with late-onset Pompe disease, but it has not been well-described in infantile-onset Pompe disease. The effect of enzyme replacement therapy on this process is not known. Methods We examined clinical and imaging data on two patients who exhibit cerebrovascular arteriopathy: a 14-year-old boy with infantile-onset Pompe disease on enzyme replacement therapy and a 23-year-old woman with late-onset Pompe disease who was also receiving enzyme replacement therapy. Results Our 14-year-old patient exhibits cerebrovascular arteriopathy, primarily proximal and vertebrobasilar, while the 23-year-old patient has a more diffuse pattern. The 14-year-old patient is unique because cerebral dolichoectasias have not been described in infantile-onset Pompe disease. The 23-year-old patient is notable given the age and history of enzyme replacement therapy since age 15 years. Conclusions Dilative cerebral arteriopathy in infantile-onset Pompe disease is novel and similarly atypical is the diffuse vascular dilation seen in our young patient with late-onset Pompe disease, both receiving enzyme replacement therapy. We should be cognizant of the risk of cerebrovascular disease in Pompe disease regardless of the disease variant and enzyme replacement therapy status.
Toward a fusion of two lines of thought: creating convergence between Aldo Leopold and sociology through the community concept

Aldo Leopold made great contributions to our understanding of the interconnections between people and their environments, and community is central to his best-known work. The social dimensions of the land-community concept were not his focus, however, and subsequent research on Leopold has not emphasized such issues. Community was foundational to sociology, and while the concept faded from prominence during the significant social change of the post-war era, some scholars in the field continue to debate its meaning and salience more than 130 years later. They generally do not discuss Leopold, though, and the “fusion” of ecological and sociological thought that he desired remains elusive. I propose a convergence via the integrative landscape interactional field extension of community. The goal is to revitalize the community concept and strengthen the connection between ecological and sociological research, while helping us better understand the reality of humans and their environments—how we live and might live in particular places.
360 GHz f MAX Graded-Channel AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for mmW Low-Noise Applications

We report scaled, graded-channel AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with an extrinsic fT and fMAX of 170 GHz and 363 GHz, which is the highest in emerging graded-channel GaN HEMTs. At 50-nm gate length, the fT*Lg of 8.5 GHz $\ast \mu \text{m}$ is comparable to that of conventional scaled AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated together. At low DC power, the scaled graded-channel AlGaN/GaN HEMTs show a higher fMAX than the scaled AlGaN/GaN HEMT with the same gate length. The devices also exhibit a 2 dB improvement in gain at low DC bias, and the measured minimum noise figure was as low as 0.5 dB at 30 GHz. This is comparable to state-of-the-art device noise figure from a 20-nm gate length AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The combination of improved fT, fMAX, and minimum noise figure at low DC power for the graded-channel AlGaN/GaN HEMTs shows great promise for ultra-low-power, low-noise amplifiers.
Persistent Renin-Angiotensin System Sensitization Months After Body Weight Recovery From Severe Food Restriction in Female Fischer Rats

Background Prior exposure to periods of severe food restriction (sFR) is associated with increased risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life. Methods and Results To i...
‘Se Mantiene de Lavar’: The Laundry Business in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Mexico City

Francois draws on archival and contemporary published sources to investigate the women who worked as lavanderas, or laundresses, in Mexico City in the late Spanish colonial period and early national period. This chapter casts laundresses as entrepreneurs with diverse backgrounds who managed risk, investment and client relations in a capital city with a scarcity of water, a steady demand for clean clothes and linens, and secrets that only laundresses knew. Laundry was unregulated but similar in its business and skilled labour characteristics to sectors regulated in guilds. The laundering workplace was diffuse, spread across the city in public washhouses, private patios and rooftops, and institutions such as schools. Francois demonstrates that rather than being live-in servants, laundresses were independent businesswomen.
Revisiting the Relationships Between Genomic G + C Content, RNA Secondary Structures, and Optimal Growth Temperature

Over twenty years ago Galtier and Lobry published a manuscript entitled “Relationships between Genomic G + C Content, RNA Secondary Structure, and Optimal Growth Temperature” in the Journal of Molecular Evolution that showcased the lack of a relationship between genomic G + C content and optimal growth temperature (OGT) in a set of about 200 prokaryotes. Galtier and Lobry also assessed the relationship between RNA secondary structures (rRNA stems, tRNAs) and OGT, and in this case a clear relationship emerged. Increasing structured RNA G + C content (particularly in regions that are double-stranded) correlates with increased OGT. Both of these fundamental relationships have withstood test of many additional sequences and spawned a variety of different applications that include prediction of OGT from rRNA sequence and computational ncRNA identification approaches. In this work, I present the motivation behind Galtier and Lobry’s original paper and the larger questions addressed by the work, how these questions have evolved over the last two decades, and the impact of Galtier and Lobry’s manuscript in fields beyond these questions.
Observational learning and irreversible starvation in first-feeding zebrafish larvae: is it okay to copy from your friends?

Abstract Starvation is one cause of high mortality during the early life stages of many fish species. If larvae do not learn to feed, or if no food is available during early stages, irreversible starvation occurs and larvae reach the Point of No Return (PNR), the developmental period/age when they will not feed even if food is available. Fish larvae may learn to how to feed by observing conspecifics or through personal/individual experience with prey items that are encountered. We examined food acquisition in first-feeding zebrafish larvae to determine the impact of delayed feeding and identify the time of irreversible starvation and the PNR. Next, we examined how feeding ability, and the PNR, is altered by either observational learning or previous experience, to determine which paradigm facilitates successful feeding.Our data indicate that zebrafish larvae learn to feed, with the PNR at 7-8 days postfertilization (dpf). Exposure to prey items immediately after hatching (3-5 dpf) results in the highest survival rates. Zebrafish larvae learning to feed by observing conspecifics also had high survival, though the PNR was not changed. In contrast, previous experience with prey items caused an earlier PNR and reduced survival. Overall, these results that indicate feeding is a learned behavior in zebrafish larvae and interacting with/observing conspecifics during the early larval period is a better predictor of feeding ability than previous experience with food.
Impact of oncotype Dx score on treatment and long-term outcomes.

e12518Background: Oncotype dx is a 21 gene breast cancer assay that helps predict benefit of chemotherapy in early-stage hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2 negative, 0 to 3 node positive breast ...
Menstruation Matters: Making Law and Society Responsive to Human Needs

As we embarked on writing this book in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had just begun to reach the United States. For several years, we had been closely following the state-by-state campaign to repeal the sales tax on menstrual products—commonly called the “tampon tax.” This kind of gender discrimination, at the cash register and otherwise, flourishes in a culture of silence, stigma, and shame associated with menstruation. As law professors, we were struck by the fact that the law seemed mostly silent about menstruation, even though approximately half the population menstruates for a large portion of their lives. Until recently, most people would have said that periods are private matters not to be discussed in public. The pandemic may have changed that culture of silence, though, as “period poverty” became more visible both in the United States and elsewhere. Menstrual products like tampons and pads were revealed as the essential products that they are; during a time of stay-at-home orders and disruptions in supply chains, the importance of being able to address the involuntary biological process of menstruation in a reliable, safe, and affordable way became more obvious than ever. Inspired by the work of advocates of all ages, we set out to explore the many ways that menstruation matters in law and life in the United States. The topics covered in this book range from cultural attitudes toward menstruation, the tampon tax, the need for accessible products in schools, prisons, and other public buildings, employment discrimination matters, health and environmental concerns, the complex market for menstrual products, and how similar issues manifest in other countries. Our book asks what the law says about menstruation (spoiler alert: not much) and lays out a course of action for legal reform aimed at eliminating menstruation-related barriers to full participation in all aspects of public life.
A Longitudinal Study to Describe the Presence of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella spp in Feedlot Cattle Pens

The objective of this study was to use a novel diagnostic strategy to describe the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp in pens of feedlot cattle over the course of the feeding period.
Serum hepcidin levels predict response to intravenous iron and darbepoetin in chemotherapy-associated anemia

To the editor: Patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer frequently experience anemia, which may require red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.[1][1] The erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) epoetin and darbepoetin reduce transfusion needs and increase hemoglobin levels in 40% to 70% of patients
Use of Charged Nanoparticles in NMR-Based Metabolomics for Spectral Simplification and Improved Metabolite Identification.

Metabolomics aims at a complete characterization of all metabolites in biological samples in terms of both their identities and concentrations. Because changes of metabolites and their concentrations are a direct reflection of cellular activity, it allows for a better understanding of cellular processes and function to be obtained. Although NMR spectroscopy is routinely applied to complex biological mixtures without purification, overlapping NMR peaks often pose a challenge for the comprehensive and accurate identification of the underlying metabolites. To address this problem, we present a novel nanoparticle-based strategy that differentiates between metabolites based on their electric charge. By adding electrically charged silica nanoparticles to the solution NMR sample, metabolites of opposite charge bind to the nanoparticles and their NMR signals are weakened or entirely suppressed due to peak broadening caused by the slow rotational tumbling of the nanometer-sized nanoparticles. Comparison of the edi...
Undergraduate Student Retention Prediction Using Wavelet Decomposition

In this paper, we have presented some results on undergraduate student retention using signal processing techniques for classification of the student data. The experiments revealed that the main factor that influences student retention in the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) is the cumulative grade point average (GPA). The linear smoothing of the data helped remove the noise spikes in data thereby improving the retention results. The data is decomposed into Haar coefficients that helped accurate classification. The results showed that the HBCU undergraduate student retention corresponds to an average GPA of 2.8597 and the difference of −0.023307. Using this approach we obtained more accurate retention results on training data.
Human Cognitive Capabilities, Representativeness, and Ground Rules for Research

Publisher Summary Psychology, in their formulation, was concerned with explicating the functions of the “generalized normal adult human mind.” The goal was generalization. Any individual's mind was as much a representative that of the “generalized normal adult human” as any other, so it seemed both natural and convenient to use the subjects closest to hand. The commonplace observation that some actors are “quick studies,” able to learn their lines in a few read-through, while others are the opposite, did not seem to stimulate much interest either in individual variability, inherent or acquired, in ability to perform rote memorization, or in the relationship between that variability and what was being memorized. More recently, there has been a fifteen-year spate of studies that purport to show that men are incompetent intellectually. The arena for such studies has been probabilistic reasoning. Probabilities are convenient because they are of some intellectual importance, they are easy to estimate, and most important, the existence of a body of theory specifies the right answer and so makes it easy to find that human beings do it wrong. Studies of unmotivated subjects and use of non-expert subjects are enshrined in psychological tradition. The main reason for this mismatch between the subject of study and preference would be that it is extremely difficult to obtain access to the right tasks and people. In the intellectual domain, it is needed to study specific classes of minds performing specific kinds of tasks. There is no choice but to develop taxonomy of intellectual tasks themselves.
The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce

For a century and a half the artists and intellectuals of Europe have scorned the bourgeoisie. And for a millennium and a half the philosophers and theologians of Europe have scorned the marketplace. The bourgeois life, capitalism, Mencken's "booboisie," and David Brooks' "bobos" all have been, and still are, framed as responsible for everything from financial and moral poverty to world wars and spiritual desuetude. Countering these centuries of assumptions and unexamined thinking is Deirdre N. McCloskey's "The Bourgeois Virtues", a magnum opus offering a radical view: capitalism is good for us. McCloskey's sweeping, charming, and even humorous survey of ethical thought and economic realities - from Plato to Barbara Ehrenreich - overturns every assumption we have about being bourgeois. Can you be virtuous and bourgeois? Do markets improve ethics? Has capitalism made us better as well as richer? Yes, yes, and yes, argues McCloskey, who takes on centuries of capitalism's critics with astonishing erudition and range of reference. Applying a new tradition of "virtue ethics" to our lives in modern economies, she affirms American capitalism without ignoring its faults and celebrates the bourgeois lives we actually live, without supposing that they must be lives without ethical foundations. High Noon, Kant, Bill Murray, the modern novel, Van Gogh, and, of course, economics and the economy all come into play in a book that can only be described as a monumental project and a life's work. "The Bourgeois Virtues" is nothing less than a dazzling reinterpretation of Western intellectual history, a dead-serious reply to the critics of capitalism - and surprising entertainment as well.
Gene therapy with neurogenin3, betacellulin and SOCS1 reverses diabetes in NOD mice

Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes is limited by a shortage of donor islets and requirement for immunosuppression. We approached this problem by inducing in vivo islet neogenesis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) diabetic mice, a model of autoimmune diabetes. We demonstrate that gene therapy with helper-dependent adenovirus carrying neurogenin3 (Ngn3), an islet lineage-defining transcription factor, and betacellulin (Btc), an islet growth factor, leads to the induction of periportal insulin-positive cell clusters in the liver, which are rapidly destroyed. To specifically accord protection to these ‘neo-islets’ from cytokine-mediated destruction, we overexpressed suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) gene, using a rat insulin promoter in combination with Ngn3 and Btc. With this approach, about half of diabetic mice attained euglycemia sustained for over 4 months, regain glucose tolerance and appropriate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Histological analysis revealed periportal islet hormone-expressing ‘neo-islets’ in treated mouse livers. Despite evidence of persistent ‘insulitis’ with activated T cells, these ‘neo-islets’ persist to maintain euglycemia. This therapy does not affect diabetogenicity of splenocytes, as they retain the ability to transfer diabetes. This study thus provides a proof-of-concept for engineering in vivo islet neogenesis with targeted resistance to cytokine-mediated destruction to provide a long-term reversal of diabetes in NOD mice.
Transduction of R Factors by a Proteus mirabilis Bacteriophage

A transducing phage, designated φm, was isolated from a lysogenic strain of Proteus mirabilis and was characterized with respect to its physical and genetic properties. The phage contains double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with an S20,w° of 29 which corresponds to a molecular weight of 24 × 106 daltons. The base composition of φm DNA was estimated to be 40% guanine plus cytosine on the basis of the buoyant density of the DNA. φm carries out generalized transduction of chromosomal genes in P. mirabilis at a frequency of 5 × 10−8 to 2 × 10−6 per adsorbed phage. To obtain R-factor transduction, it was necessary to have a resident R factor in the recipient cells. In these experiments, different combinations of genetically distinguishable R factors were used in the donor and recipient cells. The frequencies of R-factor transduction were 10−9 to 2 × 10−8. The transduction of R factors using an R− recipient could not be detected. Transductant R factors were usually recombinant between donor and resident R factors. All of the transduced R factors were transferable by conjugation. A plausible explanation for the requirement for a resident R factor in the recipient cells is that φm transduces only a portion of the R-factor genome and therefore requires a resident R factor for genetic recombination. The reason for the low frequencies of R-factor transduction is not known, but some possible interpretations have been discussed.