cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metallophytes—a view from the rhizosphere

Some plants hyperaccumulate metals or metalloids to levels several orders of magnitude higher than other species. This intriguing phenomenon has received considerable attention in the past decade. While research has mostly focused on the above-ground organs, roots are the sole access point to below-ground trace elements and as such they play a vital role in hyperaccumulation. Here we highlight the role of the root as an effective trace element scavenger through interactions in the rhizosphere. We found that less than 10% of the known hyperaccumulator species have had their rhizospheres examined. When studied, researchers have focused on root physical characteristics, rhizosphere chemistry, and rhizosphere microbiology as central themes to understand plant hyperaccumulation. One physical characteristic often assumed about hyperaccumulators is that their roots are small, but this is not true for all species and many species remain unexamined. Transporters in root membranes provide avenues for root uptake, while root growth and morphology influence plant access to trace elements in the rhizosphere. Some hyperaccumulators exhibit unique root scavenging and direct their growth toward elements in soil. Studies on hyperaccumulator rhizosphere chemistry have examined the role of the root in altering elemental solubility through exudation and pH changes. Different interpretations have been reported for mobilization of non-labile trace element pools by hyperaccumulators. However, there is a lack of evidence for a novel role for rhizosphere acidification in hyperaccumulation. As for microbiological studies, researchers have shown that bacteria and fungi in the hyperaccumulator rhizosphere may exhibit increased metal tolerance, act as plant growth promoting microorganisms, alter elemental solubility, and have significant effects on plant trace element concentrations. New evidence suggests that symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizae may not be rare in hyperaccumulator taxa, even in some members of the Brassicaceae. Although there are several reports on the presence of mycorrhizae, a cohesive interpretation of their role in hyperaccumulation remains elusive. In summary, we present the current state of knowledge about how roots hyperaccumulate and we suggest ways in which this knowledge can be applied and improved.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED STEALTH matters: a novel paradigm of durable primate allograft tolerance

Summary: We review a novel strategy for tolerance induction developed in rhesus macaques and termed STEALTH. We summarize the evolution of the STEALTH model, the results of successful trials in inducing long-term, stable transplant tolerance in rhesus kidney and diabetic islet recipients and discuss information related to the mechanism by which durable tolerance is induced. STEALTH tolerance is induced by a 3-day treatment course of CD3e immunotoxin (IT) combined with a 14-day treatment with deoxyspergualin (DSG). IT causes profound depletion of sessile lymph node T cells as well as the more accessible circulating T cells. DSG, an inhibitor of HSC 70-mediated NF-κB nuclear translocation, arrests maturation of myeloid dendritic cells, blocks production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by IT administration, and promotes systemic production of Th2 type cytokines that persist indefinitely. Such Th2 cytokine deviation has not been reported in NHP transplant recipients. These studies provide proof of principle in a preclinical model that prevention of both acute and chronic allograft rejection, for at least 2.2–4.9 years of follow-up, can be achieved in NHP in the absence of chronic immunosuppressive drugs or other interventions. This strategy for inducing NHP tolerance is discussed in relation to current tolerance paradigms.
Fluid and fuel intake during exercise

The amounts of water, carbohydrate and salt that athletes are advised to ingest during exercise are based upon their effectiveness in attenuating both fatigue as well as illness due to hyperthermia, dehydration or hyperhydration. When possible, fluid should be ingested at rates that most closely match sweating rate. When that is not possible or practical or sufficiently ergogenic, some athletes might tolerate body water losses amounting to 2% of body weight without significant risk to physical well-being or performance when the environment is cold (e.g. 5–10°C) or temperate (e.g. 21–22°C). However, when exercising in a hot environment ( >30°C), dehydration by 2% of body weight impairs absolute power production and predisposes individuals to heat injury. Fluid should not be ingested at rates in excess of sweating rate and thus body water and weight should not increase during exercise. Fatigue can be reduced by adding carbohydrate to the fluids consumed so that 30–60 g of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate are i...
MRI Findings in a Dog with Kernicterus

A severe increase in total bilirubin coincided with a decline in neurologic status to comatose in a 9 yr old spayed female mixed-breed dog being treated for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. MRI of the brain was performed to investigate potential causes for the neurologic signs. MRI revealed bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensities within the caudate nuclei, globus pallidus, thalamus, deep cerebellar nuclei, and cortical gray matter on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, which coincided with areas of bilirubin deposition and neuronal necrosis (kernicterus) identified on necropsy examination. This is the second case report of an adult dog exhibiting kernicterus, and the first report to document MRI findings associated with that condition. Kernicterus is an uncommonly reported complication of hyperbilirubinemia in dogs, but is potentially underreported due to difficulties in recognizing subtle lesions and distinguishing kernicterus from other potential causes of neurologic abnormalities with readily available antemortem tests. MRI may be helpful in supporting the diagnosis of kernicterus.
Living kidney donor decision making: state of the science and directions for future research.

Background—The Federal government and transplantation organizations have called for further study of living donation at a time when 3 new living donor protocols are being introduced throughout the United States that promise to significantly increase the donor pool and change the face of living donation. Donation to a once incompatible and sometimes unknown recipient may now occur through the use of plasmapheresis therapy or paired and nondirected living donor protocols.Objective—To describe the state of the science on living kidney donor decision making, and to provide recommendations for future research to guide donor education and care.Data Sources—Automated literature search using PubMed and CINAHL scientific literature databases.Study Data Extraction—Research papers on living donor decision making from 1997 to 2003. Studies available only as abstracts were excluded.Data Synthesis—Studies of living kidney donor decision making and outcomes have been limited in scope, with small sample sizes and inconsi...
Optimal vs. Traditional Securities under Moral Hazard

This paper provides an explanation for the widespread use of traditional securities by wellestablished firms. Standard moral hazard models predict that equity, debt, and warrants are almost never optimal financing instruments. I show that issuing these securities is, nevertheless, nearly optimal: the issuer would gain very little by using non-traditional securities instead. Combined with equity, one debt issue (without multiple layers of seniority) and one warrant issue (without multiple exercise prices) suffice to achieve near optimality. The near optimality of traditional financing depends crucially on the issuer's ability to use war? rants in addition to debt and equity.
Mitigating multi-path fading in a mobile mesh network

By using robots as routers, a team of networked robots can provide a communication substrate to establish a wireless mesh network. The mobile mesh network can autonomously optimize its configuration, increasing performance. One of the main sources of radio signal fading in such a network is multi-path propagation, which can be mitigated by moving the senders or the receivers on the distance of the order of a wavelength. In this paper, we measure the performance gain when robots are allowed to make such small movements and find that it may be as much as 270%. Our main contribution is the design of a system that allows robots to cooperate and improve the real-world network throughput via a practical solution. We model the problem of which robots to move as a distributed constraint optimization problem (DCOP). Our study includes four local metrics to estimate global throughput.
Resection of Carcinoid Tumor Metastatic to the Right Ventricle and Tricuspid Valve

Carcinoid tumors rarely metastasize to the heart, and previous reports involved the myocardium only. We present a case of carcinoid tumor metastatic to the right ventricle (RV) and tricuspid valve. Preoperative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) showed the tumor arising from the right ventricular free wall and involving the tricuspid valve apparatus. The tumor was resected through a right atriotomy and required tricuspid valve replacement.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METAL-DIE INTERFACIAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND CASTING SOLIDIFICATION RATE IN HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING PROCESS

Based on die casting experiments,metal-die interracial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC or h) was determined,and it is found that the IHTC changes linearly with the solidification rate v,i.e., h=k_(h-v)·v+ω,where k_(h-v) is a function of the initial die surface temperature and the casting thickness whileωis a constant.Both k_(h-v) andωcan be calculated by applying the regression mcthod.Such relationship between h and v is suitable for both AM50 magnesium alloy and ADC12 aluminum alloy.
Layered view of QoS issues in IP-based mobile wireless networks: Research Articles

With the convergence of wireless communication and IP-based networking technologies, future IP-based wireless networks are expected to support real-time multimedia. IP services over wireless networks (e.g. wireless access to Internet) enhance the mobility and flexibility of traditional IP network users. Wireless networks extend the current IP service infrastructure to a mix of transmission media, bandwidth, costs, coverage, and service agreements, requiring enhancements to the IP protocol layers in wireless networks. Furthermore, QoS provisioning is required at various layers of the IP protocol stack to guarantee different types of service requests, giving rise to issues related to cross-layer design methodology. This paper reviews issues and prevailing solutions to performance enhancements and QoS provisioning for IP services over mobile wireless networks from a layered view. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ramanujan congruences for p−k(n) modulo powers of 17

For each integer r we define the sequence pr(n) by We note that p-1(n) = p(n), the ordinary partition function. On account of this some authors set r = — k to make positive values of k correspond to positive powers of the generating function for p(n): We follow this convention here. In [3], Atkin proved the following theorem.
Long-term satisfaction of adults undergoing McIndoe vaginoplasty as adolescents

Abstract Study Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate coital satisfaction, perception of vaginal competence, and impact on lifestyle of adult women undergoing vaginoplasty as adolescents. Design: This is a historical descriptive study. Setting: All study subjects interviewed had undergone modified Mclndoe vaginoplasties between 1972 and 1987 at University of Kansas Medical Center by a single team of surgeons. Participants: Women with diagnosed milllerian agenesis who had undergone vaginoplasty as adolescents. Intervention: Twenty-two questionnaires were mailed to consecutive patients selected through chart review. Of these, 12 women could not be located and 10 women successfully completed the questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure: Coital adequacy and long-term satisfaction after surgical correction of mullerian agenesis. Results: Eight of 10 respondents reported good functional satisfaction with intercourse. Nine of 10 respondents were satisfied with their results and considered vaginal reconstruction a positive event in their life. Conclusions: In this patient population, the Mclndoe vaginoplasty offered long-term coital satisfaction.
Calculation of the Atomic Structure of Grain Boundaries in Metals and Alloys

This paper reports two applications of computer simulations based on the embedded atom method to the structure of grain boundaries. First, the equilibrium segregation at symmetric twist grain boundaries in Ni-Cu alloys is computed. These simulations include both compositional rearrangements and atomic displacements. It is found that Cu segregates to the boundary and that the change in composition is confined to a few atomic layers near the boundary. The degree of segregation was found to be greater for Ni-rich alloys and for large angle boundaries. The variation of the concentration within the planes parallel to the boundary for a low angle twist boundary is studied and the variations are correlated with the positions of the boundary dislocations. The second application addresses the possibility of structural disorder in the Σ5(001) twist boundary in Au. These results show that defects corresponding to local motion of the boundary normal to the interface are low in energy. The energetics of these defects are then mapped onto the body-centered-solid-on-solid model of surface roughening. This model predicts that a roughening transition will occur in this grain boundary at 100 K or 500 K depending on the choice of interatomic interactions. The effect of this roughening transition on the x-ray scattering from the boundary is also computed.
Closed batch initiated chemical vapor deposition of ultrathin, functional, and conformal polymer films.

A modified fabrication process based on initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) has been developed for producing ultrathin and uniform polymer films. This so-called “closed batch” (CB) iCVD process provides fine-tuning of the thickness and deposition rate of polymeric materials while using significantly less reactant material than the conventional continuous flow (CF) iCVD process. Four different polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane), poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate), and poly(e-caprolactone), were synthesized by both CB and traditional CF iCVD. The resulting CB iCVD polymers are functionally identical to CF iCVD and solution-polymerized materials. Additionally, the new CB process retains the desirable ability to achieve conformal coverage over microstructures. Ultrathin (<30 nm) films can be controllably and reproducibly deposited; no prior optimization process is required to obtain excellent film thickness uniformity. The CB iCVD films are also extrem...
Determining the topology of stable protein–DNA complexes

Difference topology is an experimental technique that can be used to unveil the topological structure adopted by two or more DNA segments in a stable protein-DNA complex. Difference topology has also been used to detect intermediates in a reaction pathway and to investigate the role of DNA supercoiling. In the present article, we review difference topology as applied to the Mu transpososome. The tools discussed can be applied to any stable nucleoprotein complex.
Colonialism and Armed Conflict in the Indian Countryside

This paper explores the relationship between British colonial rule and contemporary conflict in India. We argue that colonialism generated deep-seated grievances among tribal and low-caste communities that have ultimately resulted in armed conflict in rural areas. We identify three mechanisms that have given rise to conflict. First, the British exacerbated land inequality in rural areas by granting land ownership rights to zamindars and commandeering forest lands upon which tribal populations rely for sustenance. Second, the British state reified social inequalities in tribal and low-caste areas through their systematic categorization and ranking of caste and tribal communities. Finally, the British instituted a new bureaucratic apparatus that cemented these social inequalities through administrative practice, thereby fostering distrust of India’s legal system among low-caste and tribal groups. The hierarchical social and exploitative economic relationships that originated in the colonial period have had long-term deleterious effects on political stability in the countryside. We test this argument by looking at data on the current Naxalite conflict, which has been fueled by the grievances of tribal and low-caste groups. We analyze conflict outcomes in 595 districts from 2004-2009, specifically comparing areas that were under British rule with those that remained under the rule of native kings.
Understanding Transition Experiences of Combat Veterans Attending Community College

ABSTRACTThe majority of research concerning student veterans has been conducted at the university level, with minimum analysis performed at the level where the vast majority of returning veterans attend school: the community college. While some research has discussed what services colleges and universities should offer returning veterans, little research has been conducted on understanding the actual experiences of veterans making the transition from service member to college student. A group of varied gender and racial backgrounds took part in an effort to describe the lived experiences of combat veterans making the transition into community college after active military service. Findings include the inadequacy of current models for use in understanding student-veteran transition experiences, particularly at the community college, and the discovery that the majority of student veterans involved in this study do not take part in on-campus programs specifically designed for them. The experiences of militar...
HCI Sci-Fi at the Movies and on TV

Sci-Fi movies and television programs can help us appreciate HCI/UX in the present as well as the future. This topic is covered in detail in my book, HCI in Science-Fiction Movies and Television (Marcus 2012).
Design and Application of Video Image Preprocessing System for UAV Ground Control Station

In order to overlap graphics and character on UAV reconnaissance image a image preprocessing system which is loosely coupled with control computer is designed.The DSP technique based system is controlled through RS232 serial port to receive overlapping information and to switch image filtering and enhancing algorithms.The interference between preprocessing system and the control computer is largely reduced by packaging the preprocessing system in a separate standard 1U box.The system principle and design is described in detail.Test results show that the system meets all the feature and function requirements,the image filtering and enhancing function is effective and real-time.The design concept of this system can be used for reference for similar system design.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on the behavioral abnormalities of socially isolated mice

Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract(GBE) on the behavioral abnormalities of mice induced by social isolation. Methods: Mice, socially isolated for 4 weeks, were given GBE(0.1-0.6g/kg p.o. Bid). One week later, the pentobarbital induced sleep and aggressive behavior were measured. In addition, the gene expression of 5α-reductase in the cortex was measured using RT-PCR technique. Results: As compared with non-treated group, isolated mice treated with GBE showed significant decrease of the duration and number of attacks(towards intruder). GBE also normalized significantly the shortened hypnotic duration induced by pentobarbital on social isolated but not group-housed mice. PCR result showed that GBE dose dependently normalized the expression of 5α-reductase in the brain of social isolated mice. Conclusion: GBE at doses used here can normalize the behavioral abnormalities of mice induced by social isolation stress.
Basic science is the fuel that drives the engine of biotechnology: a personal science transfer vision for the 21st century

In the span of just a few decades, the advent of recombinant DNA technology as well as other tools of biotechnology have revolutionized the health sciences-dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy. The original federal investment in basic science research, primarily through the creation of the National Institutes of Health and several other federal agencies, has delivered truly incredible dividends. Currently, this nation has 1,200 biotechnology companies which contribute over $11 billion a year to the nation's economy. These sales are expected to reach approximately $50 billion in the next decade. In addition to the creation of nearly 100,000 highly skilled jobs and contribution to the nation's economy, biotechnology provides the promise and some uncertainty to vastly improve the quality of life throughout the world. Yet do we have a strategy which encompasses federal, state and private sector policies and an infrastructure sufficient to sustain a substantial basic science investment to fuel the engine of technology and a process that enhances the quality of life for all Americans?
Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Phagomixotrophic Green Alga Cymbomonas tetramitiformis

We report here the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Cymbomonas tetramitiformis strain PLY262, which is a prasinophycean green alga that retains a phagomixotrophic mode of nutrition. The genome is 84,524 bp in length, with a G+C content of 37%, and contains 3 rRNAs, 26 tRNAs, and 76 protein-coding genes.
Isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in children with latent tuberculosis infection.

Objectives We aimed to determine overall incidence of severe and mild isoniazid (INH) hepatotoxicity and outcome of hepatotoxicity in children who were receiving INH for latent tuberculosis. Methods Patients who had received isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis were included in the study. Hepatotoxicity was classified according to the World Health Organization Toxicity Classification Standards. Results Among 1038 patients, overall hepatotoxicity was observed in 23 patients (2.2 %), while 5 patients (0.48 %) had moderate - severe hepatotoxicity; while other 18 patients had grade I - II hepatotoxicity (1.73%). Age and gender did not appear to be risk factors for hepatotoxicity. The median time for therapy rechallenge in patients with grade III - IV hepatotoxicity was 21 days (ranging from 14 to 25 days). Conclusions Isoniazid hepatotoxicity is lower and generally reversible after cessation of INH in children. The grade of hepatotoxicity affects the duration for recovery of hepatotoxicity and restarting of INH therapy.
Optimal Lentivirus Production and Cell Culture Conditions Necessary to Successfully Transduce Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of airway cell differentiation and function. In the past few years, the use of lentiviral vectors for transgene delivery became common practice. While there are reports of transduction of fully differentiated airway epithelial cells with certain non-HIV pseudo-typed lentiviruses, the overall transduction efficiency is usually less than 15%. The protocol presented here provides a reliable and efficient method to produce lentiviruses and to transduce primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using undifferentiated bronchial epithelial cells, transduction in bronchial epithelial growth media, while the cells attach, with a multiplicity of infection factor of 4 provides efficiencies close to 100%. This protocol describes, step-by-step, the preparation and concentration of high-titer lentiviral vectors and the transduction process. It discusses the experiments that determined the optimal culture conditions to achieve highly efficient transductions of primary human bronchial epithelial cells.
The Nonphonetic Basis of Phonology

Phonological alternations have their source in sounds being affected by the phonological context in which they occur. Synchronic phonological alternations are the consequence of sound changes that have occurred in the history of the language, and these sound changes are phonologically conditioned, altering a given sound only in a specific environment. The sound changes in question are phonetically motivated; that is, not only does the change take place in a specific phonological context but also there is a phonetic explanation for why the change in question occurs in the context that it does. The sound changes that occurred, and the conditions under which they occurred, become obscured through subsequent historical evolution. The phonetic basis of the original change may be lost, resulting in an alternation that from a synchronic point of view must be accounted for by a rule that lacks phonetic motivation. In some cases, the alternation may continue to be conditioned by phonological factors, while in other cases, nonphonetic conditioning may arise. This chapter discusses several different ways in which the original basis of an alternation may become altered in the course of language change.
Lyrik und Poetische Kleinformen

Das folgende Kapitel fasst Gegenstande zusammen, die im Bewusstsein der Zeit nicht unbedingt zusammengehorten. Es orientiert sich an heutigen Lesegewohnheiten. Lyrische Texte sehen die Barockpoeten noch nicht als eine literarische Gattung. Denn es gilt nicht, dass der »Inhalt des lyrischen Kunstwerks […] das einzelne Subjekt« (Hegel: Asthetik III, 203) prasentiere und auch nicht »das Lyrik im Wesen Selbstaussprache der Dichterseele« (Kayser 201992 [11948], 191) sei. Die Barocklyrik stellt nicht das Erlebnis des jeweiligen Sprechers in ihr Zentrum. Solche Gattungsdefinitionen setzen eine moderne Subjektvorstellung voraus, die erst im 18. Jahrhundert entsteht, wo die Lyrik — neben der Epik und Dramatik — zur dritten Hauptgattung der Literatur erhoben wird. Charles Batteux (1713–1780) weist ihr eine eigene Art der Nachahmung zu; er sieht sie in Les Beaux-Arts reduits a un meme principe (1746) als Nachahmung von Empfindungen. Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) rechnet sie 1819 — folgenreich fur die deutschen Gattungstheorien — zu einer der drei »Naturformen der Poesie« (Hamburger Ausgabe, II, 187).
Lipids and Lipoproteins

Cholesterol, other lipids, and lipoproteins play essential physiological functions, and data show reasonably consistent elevations in these parameters during both chronic and acute psychological stress. Among healthy individuals at risk for future cardiovascular disease, elevations are often exaggerated. In addition, those with excessive lipid reactivity to stress are at subsequently elevated risk. Several potential mechanisms for these elevations have been explored, and it is likely that they are multifactorial and operate differently for chronic versus acute stress. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for explicating the potential clinical significance of stress-associated lipid elevations.
The invisible revolving door: the issue of teacher attrition in English language development classrooms in Arizona

The most restrictive language policy context in the United States, Arizona’s monolingual and prescriptive approach to teaching English learners continues to capture national and international attention. Five school years removed from the initial implementation, this study aimed to understand the complexities of Arizona language policy in classrooms and communities across the state, using the perspectives and experiences of 26 individuals engaged in the policy work across local and state levels. This paper hones in on the pertinent issue of teacher attrition, which was recognized as the central challenge at the local level, but ignored at state education and government levels. Findings indicated that various sub-policies of the broader language policy intersected to result in teacher attrition, including teacher certification, teacher induction, teacher preparation, and teacher evaluation. Implications target Arizona stakeholders as they consider directions to improve education for English learners, particularly focused on how to raise qualifications and define teacher expertise to yield the placement and retention of quality teachers.
Microwave-Induced Thermoacoustic Communications

Wireless communications from an airborne device to an underwater receiver is challenging because the conductivity of water severely dampens the magnitude of electromagnetic waves in the spectrum commonly used for wireless applications. In this paper, microwave-induced thermoacoustic communications (TAC), a hybrid technique for wireless communications, is investigated and experimentally demonstrated to provide a potential solution to this deficiency. TAC is based on the thermoacoustic effect and directly converts electromagnetic energy in air into acoustic energy in water. Experimental demonstration of TAC is reported by successful wireless information transmission from a microwave antenna in air to an acoustic transducer in water. Bench-top TAC experiments are combined with an analytical model to study the influences of pivotal design parameters on the performance of TAC. The experiments and theoretical analysis suggest that TAC might lead to a new paradigm of air-to-underwater wireless communications.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Energy Transfer Immunoassay

Time-resolved methods, including both time- and frequency-domain techniques, are of growing importance in fluorescence immunoassay due to their selectivity and ability to reject background fluorescence (Soini and Hemmila, 1979). Phase methods are especially interesting because the instrumentation is simple, and can potentially be made compact and solid state. We decided to test the utility of variable-frequency phase fluorometry for measurement of an antigen-antibody binding reaction, a reaction which could also be quantitated by a separate method. Thus antibodies and antigens were labeled with fluorescence energy transfer acceptors and donors, respectively. This allowed binding to be measured from changes in the donor’s decay kinetics (quenching), or from changes in the acceptor’s fluorescence excitation spectrum, which are caused by energy transfer.
Targeted Metabolomics Demonstrates Distinct and Overlapping Maternal Metabolites Associated With BMI, Glucose, and Insulin Sensitivity During Pregnancy Across Four Ancestry Groups

OBJECTIVE We used targeted metabolomics in pregnant mothers to compare maternal metabolite associations with maternal BMI, glycemia, and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Targeted metabolomic assays of clinical metabolites, amino acids, and acylcarnitines were performed on fasting and 1-h postglucose serum samples from European ancestry, Afro-Caribbean, Thai, and Mexican American mothers (400 from each ancestry group) who participated in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks gestation. RESULTS K-means clustering, which identified patterns of metabolite levels across ancestry groups, demonstrated that, at both fasting and 1-h, levels of the majority of metabolites were similar across ancestry groups. Meta-analyses demonstrated association of a broad array of fasting and 1-h metabolites, including lipids and amino acids and their metabolites, with maternal BMI, glucose levels, and insulin sensitivity before and after adjustment for the different phenotypes. At fasting and 1 h, a mix of metabolites was identified that were common across phenotypes or associated with only one or two phenotypes. Partial correlation estimates, which allowed comparison of the strength of association of different metabolites with maternal phenotypes, demonstrated that metabolites most strongly associated with different phenotypes included some that were common across as well as unique to each phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI and glycemia have metabolic signatures that are both shared and unique to each phenotype. These signatures largely remain consistent across different ancestry groups and may contribute to the common and independent effects of these two phenotypes on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collaboration for sustainable tourism through strategic bridging: A case of travel2change:

Although the importance of collaboration for sustainable tourism has been widely emphasized for value co-creation, there is a lack of understanding about alternative collaboration models and how pa...
Different interventions, same outcomes? Here are four good reasons.

Conundrums in musculoskeletal research are common. Halliday and colleagues1 demonstrated similar outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain who received two seemingly different interventions: (1) a McKenzie approach and (2) motor control exercises. Chmielewski and associates2 reported similar knee function and psychosocial status scores in those who received either low intensity or high intensity plyometric exercise programmes. Finally, van Beijsterveildt et al found no differences in the prevention of injuries among amateur footballers when usual care was compared against an exercise strategy that consisted of core stability, eccentric training of thigh muscles, proprioceptive training, dynamic stabilisation and plyometrics exercises.3 These findings beg the question: Why do we see similar outcomes in randomised trials, which compare treatment strategies that are ostensibly different? Our goal is to provide explanations beyond the obvious answers —such as treatments that have similarly effective or ineffective causal mechanisms or failing to account for patient heterogeneity in trial design and consequent insufficient statistical power to detect differences. In this editorial, we present the reader with four additional yet plausible explanations for why trials report similar outcomes. ### Reason 1: the type of outcome assessment may bias findings Our first explanation is the most obvious one. Outcome measures that capture direct measurements of strength and/or flexibility, or other indices of physical performance, may yield findings that are notably different from outcome measures that capture self-reports of pain, function, overall health status or quality of life. Therefore, null findings (no difference among groups) may be related to the fact that different sets of outcome measures are being used to compare the groups being studied. Examples of variant findings among outcomes are present in the literature. One month after total hip arthroplasty, Dayton and colleagues4 report that performance-based function (eg, timed up and go, 6 min walk test and stair climbing test) declined compared with baseline, whereas self-reported …
The optional Spanish subjunctive mood grammar of New York City heritage bilinguals

Abstract Carried out within a variationist-sociolinguistic framework, this study seeks to gain a better understanding of the underlying mood grammar of second-generation heritage bilinguals in New York City (NYC). To that end, we compare optional subjunctive use in the speech of 26 second-generation heritage bilinguals to that of 26 of their first-generation counterparts. Based on usage patterns observed in both generations, a total of ten linguistic contexts are identified as subjunctive optional, i.e., where the subjunctive and the indicative alternate. Results stemming from quantitative analyses show that generation conditions optional subjunctive use, suggesting the presence of two distinct generational groups in our corpus. Furthermore, two internal variables are found to be statistically significant for both cohorts: linguistic context and rank order; whereas only one external variable is significant for the bilingual heritage speakers: level of English skill. Finally, we take a critical approach to challenge widely-accepted notions surrounding heritage languages, namely simplification, attrition and incomplete acquisition, concluding that all three lack the theoretical means to accurately describe the complex bilingual situation in NYC.
Deep learning of biomimetic sensorimotor control for biomechanical human animation

We introduce a biomimetic framework for human sensorimotor control, which features a biomechanically simulated human musculoskeletal model actuated by numerous muscles, with eyes whose retinas have nonuniformly distributed photoreceptors. The virtual human's sensorimotor control system comprises 20 trained deep neural networks (DNNs), half constituting the neuromuscular motor subsystem, while the other half compose the visual sensory subsystem. Directly from the photoreceptor responses, 2 vision DNNs drive eye and head movements, while 8 vision DNNs extract visual information required to direct arm and leg actions. Ten DNNs achieve neuromuscular control---2 DNNs control the 216 neck muscles that actuate the cervicocephalic musculoskeletal complex to produce natural head movements, and 2 DNNs control each limb; i.e., the 29 muscles of each arm and 39 muscles of each leg. By synthesizing its own training data, our virtual human automatically learns efficient, online, active visuomotor control of its eyes, head, and limbs in order to perform nontrivial tasks involving the foveation and visual pursuit of target objects coupled with visually-guided limb-reaching actions to intercept the moving targets, as well as to carry out drawing and writing tasks.
Antigenic Relationships of Coronaviruses Detectable by Plaque Neutralization, Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay, and Immunoprecipitation

The antigenic relationships of mouse coronaviruses JHM and A59, human viruses OC43 and 229E, and multiple sclerosis (MS) isolates SD and SK have been investigated by plaque neutralization, competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. A59, SK, or SD plaques are neutralized by antiserum prepared against homologous as well as heterologous virus. Plaque neutralization also demonstrated weak reactivity between SD or SK and mouse virus JHM but no reactivity with human coronavirus 229E. An antiserum prepared against human virus OC43 neutralized viruses SD and SK but not mouse viruses A59 or JHM. In a competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (cELISA) the binding of antiserum prepared against MS isolate SK to bound SK antigen was inhibited to a comparable degree using OC43, SD, or A59 viral antigens. Coronavirus 229E or uninfected cell antigens did not block the binding of anti-SK serum to bound antigen. However, a cELISA utilizing OC43 as bound antigen and competing an anti-OC43 serum suggests that virus OC43 may be more closely related to SK than A59. Specific viral polypeptides that share antigenic determinants have been identified by immunoprecipitation of S35 methionine labeled viral infected cell extracts. Polypeptides of similar molecular weight were precipitated from A59, SD, or SK infected cell extracts by SD, SK, OC43, or A59 antisera. Our data suggests that the mouse coronavirus A59, human coronavirus OC43, and MS isolates SD and SK contain antigenically related polypeptides of similar molecular weight.
A Fast Tabu Search Algorithm for the Reliable P-Median Problem

Lean distribution networks have been facing an increased exposure to risk of unpredicted disruptions causing significant economic forfeitures. At the same time, the existing literature features very few studies which examine the impact of facility fortification for improving network reliability. In this paper, we present a reliable P-median problem (RPMP) for planning distribution networks against disruptions. We consider heterogeneous facility failure probabilities, one layer of supplier backup, and facility fortification within a finite budget. The RPMP is formulated as nonlinear integer programming model and we develop a Tabu search heuristic that is capable of solving large size problems efficiently.
A demonstration of the ottertune automatic database management system tuning service

Database management systems (DBMSs) have a plethora of tunable knobs that control almost everything in the system. The performance of a DBMS is highly dependent on these configuration knobs, however, getting this tuning right is hard. Many organizations resort to hiring experts to configure these knobs, but this is prohibitively expensive. As databases grow in both size and complexity, optimizing a DBMS has surpassed the abilities of even the best human experts. We recently introduced OtterTune, a tuning service that is able to automatically find good settings for a DBMS's configuration knobs. OtterTune leverages data collected from previous tuning efforts to train machine learning models, and recommends new configurations that are as good as or better than ones generated by existing tools or a human expert. In this demonstration, we showcase OtterTune's ability to automatically select a configuration that improves a DBMS's performance.
Controlling the fluoridophilicity of sulfonium boranes via chelation, Coulombic and hydrophobic effects

Abstract We describe the synthesis and properties of a series of sulfonium boranes featuring a dimesitylboryl unit and a dimethylsulfonium or methylphenyl sulfonium moiety connected by an ortho- or para-phenylene linker. Acid-base and fluoride anion tritration experiments carried out in aqueous media indicate that [o-(Mes2B)C6H4(SMePh)]+ is the most Lewis acidic derivative. Structural and computational analysis indicate that the favorable properties of this cationic borane derive from the proximity of the sulfonium and boryl units which enhances the Coulombic stabilization of the ensuing zwitterions o-(Mes2XB)C6H4(SMePh) with X = OH or F. Another important factor is the overall hydrophobicity of the sulfonium borane which, we propose, promotes anion desolvation, a factor also favoring B-X bond formation. Finally, the crystal structure of o-(Mes2FB)C6H4(SMePh) shows that the zwitterion is further stabilized by formation of a B F→S chelate motif.
Toward Cooperative Behavior Between Pragmatic Behaviorists and Marxist Behaviorists: Philosophical, Empirical, and Social Action Considerations

Behaviorists interested in promoting social change are likely to identify primarily with one of two broadly defined social action philosophies, namely pragmatism (liberal, democratic reform) or Marxism/Socialism. This paper advances two arguments: (1) Behaviorism is compatible with many significant aspects of both philosophical approaches and can serve as the “umbrella philosophy,” and (2) for behaviorists, a focus on the very real differences between the philosophies is currently not warranted on empirical grounds. Finally, concrete suggestions for cooperative behavior between pragmatic behaviorists and Marxist behaviorists are offered.
Collapse of LiNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2 Lattice at Deep Charge Irrespective of Nickel Content in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Volume variation and the associated mechanical fracture of electrode materials upon Li extraction/insertion are a main cause limiting lifetime performance of lithium-ion batteries. For LiNi1–x–yCox...
Pimping: a tradition of gendered disempowerment.

The use of pimping as a method of teaching is widespread in the clinical phase of medical education. In this paper we consider pimping’s colloquial meanings and discuss how it was introduced into the language of medical education. We posit that such language reflects persistent gendered hierarchies in medicine, and we evaluate pimping’s pedagogical value. Finally, we call for an end to the term and the practice, and for a renewed emphasis on pedagogy in medical education.
SNAKE OILS AND SHOCK: SUPPLEMENT AND ESSENTIAL OIL INGESTION LEADING TO ANTHRACYCLINE-LIKE TOXICITY AND CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Toxin ingestion can lead to myocardial injury, which may be recoverable. We present a case of cardiogenic shock due to supplement use. A 64-year-old male with no known cardiac disease presented after a motor vehicle accident caused by hypoglycemia. He became progressively hypotensive requiring
Emerging Therapies and Approaches to Treat and Prevent Hearing Loss

Purpose More than 460 million people are impacted by disabling hearing loss worldwide. Hearing loss has negative impacts across the life span and varies by individual. Specifically, in children, he...
Ralf König’s Kondom des Grauens and a Socially Just Ethical Aesthetic

With his signature wildly satiric style, Ralf Konig represents in his comic Kondom des Grauens contrasting and even competing social movements of the 1980s: voices from within the homosexual commun...
Cryptosporidium and Giardia prevalence amongst lemurs, humans, domestic animals and black rats in Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar

Few studies have measured the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. infections in Madagascar. This project provides baseline data of these pathogens in humans and other mammals in Tsinjoarivo. Fecal samples were collected May-July 2014 from lemurs (Propithecus diadema and Hapalemur griseus), humans, domestic animals (cattle, pigs and dogs), and black rats (Rattus rattus). Samples were analyzed utilizing immunofluorescence assay. No lemurs were positive for either parasite. Cryptosporidium sp. was found in humans (10%), cattle (20%), pigs (20%), dogs (15%) and rats (38%), and Giardia sp. was found in humans (10%), pigs (40%), dogs (29%) and rats (53%). Coinfections were noted in humans (6%), pigs (20%), dogs (15%) and rats (33%). All human subjects reported daily contact with domestic animals and rats, and all infected humans were ≤13 years old. Human population growth and increasing human-wildlife encounters make it critical to understand the potential for zoonotic pathogen transmission.
Parametric Maximum Likelihood Estimation

In this chapter, we study maximum likelihood estimation for parametric families of probability density functions, typically involving only a small number of scalar parameters.
LGBTQ+ Sensemaking: The Mental Load of Identifying Workplace Allies:

The sensemaking process is complex and mentally demanding, inviting sensemakers to establish and apply schema about individuals and groups. This study assesses the ways LGBTQ+ employees evaluate co...
HIV-1 and drug abuse comorbidity: Lessons learned from the animal models of NeuroHIV

Various research studies that have investigated the association between HIV infection and addiction underpin the role of various drugs of abuse in impairing immunological and non-immunological pathways of the host system, ultimately leading to augmentation of HIV infection and disease progression. These studies have included both in vitro and in vivo animal models wherein investigators have assessed the effects of various drugs on several disease parameters to decipher the impact of drugs on both HIV infection and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, given the inherent limitations in the existing animal models of HAND, these investigations only recapitulated specific aspects of the disease but not the complex human syndrome. Despite the inability of HIV to infect rodents over the last 30 years, multiple strategies have been employed to develop several rodent models of HAND. While none of these models can accurately mimic the overall pathophysiology of HAND, they serve the purpose of modeling some unique aspects of HAND. This review provides an overview of various animal models used in the field and a careful evaluation of methodological strengths and limitations inherent in both the model systems and study designs to understand better how the various animal models complement one another.