cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repurposing ribosomes for synthetic biology

The translation system is the cell's factory for protein biosynthesis, stitching together hundreds to thousands of amino acids into proteins, which are required for the structure, function, and regulation of living systems. The extraordinary synthetic capability of this system, which includes the ribosome and its associated factors required for polymerization, has driven extensive efforts to harness it for societal use in areas as diverse as energy, materials, and medicine. A powerful example is recombinant protein production, which has impacted the lives of patients through the synthesis of biopharmaceuticals such as insulin. In nature, however, only limited sets of monomers are utilized, thereby resulting in limited sets of biopolymers (i.e., proteins). Expanding nature's repertoire of ribosomal monomers could yield new classes of enzymes, therapeutics, materials, and chemicals with diverse, genetically encoded chemistry. Here, we discuss recent progress towards engineering ribosomes both in vivo and in vitro. These fundamental and technical breakthroughs open doors for advanced applications in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
The Enduring Legality of Exit Consents: A Realist's Guide

Almost every proposal for Venezuela’s debt restructuring simply assumes that exit consents are a viable strategy for effectuating an orderly restructuring. Restructurers appear to take this strategy for granted as the “safe option” that has passed the test of time. However, this fundamental assumption is unwarranted. Exit consents have never been put through the crucible of litigation in the sovereign context. Furthermore, the only case law that is available on the issue comes from the corporate setting. But even in that setting, the paramount exit consent case occurred over 30 years ago, and there is a striking dearth of cases to delineate which exit consents are permissible. Moreover, even with the assistance of the available corporate cases to provide sovereigns with guidance as to which exit consents are permissible, the ambiguous litmus test of “wrongful coercion” is an intricately fact-intensive inquiry where courts have tremendous discretion. So, is this seemingly "safe option" more of a gamble than is conventionally assumed? Or are exit consents a risky mechanism that will expose restructuring agreements to costly litigation where billions of dollars are at stake? This paper addresses this glaring issue. This paper proposes that courts look at how exit consents are used within the overall debt restructuring context. If a court perceives that the issuer is overall seeking to wreak havoc on maverick holdouts, the strategy will be invalidated for bad faith. But if the strategy is used to solve the problems inherent with exchange offers, the strategy is permissible.
Heterojunction Energy Band Lineups in Cd1-x ZnxS/Cu2S Solar Cells

We present a study of the heterojunction energy band lineups in Cd1-xZnxS/Cu2S Photovoltaic cells. The values of the Cd1-xZxZnxs gap Eg(x) are calculated using the Van Vechten-Phillips model with the virtual crystal approximation. Good agreement has been obtained between experimental values and this calculation. The effect of disorder has been estimated and seems to contribute little to Eg(x). The heterojunction energy band lineups have been calculated using the LCAO model of Harrison-Chadi. The zinc concentration at which ΔEC=0 is about 40% neglecting changes in the dipole contribution to ΔEc, and 20% when the dipole contribution is included; the experimental value is about 30%.
DNA sequence and muscle-specific expression of human sarcosin transcripts.

We have characterized two abundant human cDNAs which, through Northern hybridization analysis, are selectively expressed in human sarcomeric muscle. DNA sequencing was performed and the two cDNAs were found to share sequence identity, with the exception of a 3′ UTR extension present on the longer transcript. Our data suggest that the two transcripts are generated through alternative use of two poly(A) addition signals. The cDNAs encode a large open reading frame encompassing at least 435 codons. Through sequence comparisons, both at the DNA and predicted amino acid sequence level, we have been unable to find significant sequence similarity to any other characterized sequence. Consequently, we have termed this novel human sequence sarcosin. Although novel, Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated that the sarcosin sequence has been conserved in several mammalian species.
Portable Television Cameras and Videotape Recorders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses portable television cameras and videotape recorders. Contemporary selections among portable, hand-held television cameras are attractive in terms of size, weight, and performance. Portable use of video recording equipment poses many problems for the equipment design engineer. The environment encountered by all portable equipment, television or other, tends to be quite hostile. Early in the design of second-generation, post-U-format, portable video recording systems for ENG and EFP use, some potential users insisted that new equipment designs use tape cassettes identical to the types originally designed for domestic video recorders, for example, VHS format or Beta format. Professional users normally opt, as was almost always the case when film was used for similar applications, to carry their blank recording medium with them and do not rely on purchases on location. Once this fact is accepted, it is possible to design portable recording systems to use magnetic tape of different, much improved performance characteristics; tapes that cater specifically for the needs of professional users. The longitudinal tracks designated for audio recording in portable video recording systems are quite narrow, limiting the signal/noise ratio. Because of the rotary head principle used for the video portion, the longitudinal tape velocity is low, causing degradation of sound recording frequency response due to losses at short wavelengths.
Aggrecan is required for chondrocyte differentiation in ATDC5 chondroprogenitor cells

Aggrecan is an integral component of the extracellular matrix in cartilaginous tissues, including the growth plate. Heterozygous defects in the aggrecan gene have been identified as a cause of autosomal dominant short stature, bone age acceleration, and premature growth cessation. The mechanisms accounting for this phenotype remain unknown. We used ATDC5 cells, an established model of chondrogenesis, to evaluate the effects of aggrecan deficiency. ATDC5 aggrecan knockdown cell lines (AggKD) were generated using lentiviral shRNA transduction particles. Cells were stimulated with insulin/transferrin/selenium for up to 21 days to induce chondrogenesis. Control ATDC5 cells showed induction of Col2a1 starting at day 8 and induction of Col10a1 starting at day 12. AggKD cells had significantly reduced expression of Col2a1 and Col10a1 (p<0.0001) with only minimal increases in expression over time, indicating that chondrogenesis was markedly impaired. The induction of Col2a1 and Col10a1 was not rescued by culturing of AggKD cells in wells pre-conditioned with ATDC5 extracellular matrix or in co-culture with wild-type ATDC5 cells. We interpret our studies as indicating that aggrecan has an integral role in chondrogenesis that may be mediated through intracellular mechanisms.
Nuclear resonance investigation of hydrogen mobility in chromous acid (α-HCrO2)

Abstract Nuclear relaxation times (T 1 and T 2 ) for protons in α-HCrO 2 were found to be temperature independent between 24–400°C. The absence of motional narrowing requires H + diffusion times to satisfy τ jump ≳ T 2 = 30 μsec at 400°C. Thus α-HCrO 2 does not appear promising as a hydrogen ion solid electrolyte.
A"U"Shape Pressurization Device Designed for the Pressurized Liquefied Petroleum Gas Injection Analysis on Gas Chromatography

[Objective]To solve the inaccuracy problem when injecting liquid petroleum gas(LPG)samples into gas chromatography(GC).[Methods]Liquid petroleum gas sample for analysis was usually a mixture of air and liquid,and can be liquefied only under high pressure.The developed system used high-pressure stainless steel pipes to connect some commonly used liquid valves,to liquefy LPG samples in U shape pressurization pipes.And then,with fixed volume circle,samples were injected to GC inlets.[Results]Special designed U shape pressurization device was used in dimethylmethane liquid gas’pressurized liquefied injection analysis.Under the pressure 1200Ps(i1psi=6.895kPa),GC’s response was 146516,and relative standard deviation(RSD)was 0.4%.[Conclusion]Compared with manual injection in LPG analysis,in the system developed,GC’s RSD was improved to 1/70.
Thinking Transformational System Change

The dire condition of planetary systems, growing inequality, and other grand challenges seem to make system transformation, either purposeful or not, inevitable. This paper argues transformation ag...
Blood purification therapy for pediatric acute poisoning

The venenums which lead to acute poisoning are frequent, such as drug and intoxicant poisoning,and the therapeutic means are not the same. This text only introduces blood purification for goals of treatment which remove etiological factors and recover function of impair organ, including principle, main types and indication. Key words: Acute poisoning; Blood purification; Children
Hybrid fuzzy-Bayesian decision support tool for dynamic project scheduling and control under uncertainty

Construction projects are complex and highly uncertain due to their special characteristics. Considering the incapability of current project scheduling methods in addressing the associated uncertai...
Atomic-resolution structure imaging of defects and interfaces in compound semiconductors

Abstract This review focuses on the use of atomic-resolution structure imaging in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to determine atomic arrangements at defects and interfaces in compound semiconductor (CS) thin films and heterostructures. The article begins with a brief overview of relevant sample preparation techniques and a short description of suitable TEM operating modes and some practical requirements for atomic-structure imaging. Atomically-resolved structural defects, including different types of dislocations associated with stacking faults and twin boundaries, are then described. Attention is directed towards isovalent and heterovalent heterostructures with several types of interfacial defects. Critical issues associated with assessing interface abruptness and chemical intermixing, which directly impact proposed CS device applications, are also considered. Finally, ongoing challenges and prospects for future atomic-resolution studies of CS materials are briefly discussed.
First Amendment, Fourth Estate & Hot News: Misappropriation is Not a Solution to the Journalism Crisis

Journalism is a public good. The Framers understood the importance of a free press in a self-governing society and embedded a structural right for freedom of the press in the First Amendment. There is a journalism crisis. Symptoms of the crisis include layoffs of journalists, diminishing content in newspapers and shuttering of newspapers. The rise of online technologies has exacerbated the crisis, mainly by siphoning advertising revenue away from traditional news organizations to free classified advertisement websites such as Craigslist, search engines and myriad other non-journalistic online endeavors. The internet, however, is not the main cause of the journalism crisis. Concentration of media ownership and the influence of advertising revenue on traditional news content are the primary causes of the journalism crisis. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the hot news misappropriation doctrine as a potential solution to the journalism crisis. Not only will this doctrine fail to help resolve the journalism crisis, it will perpetuate a twentieth-century news business model – a model of concentrated ownership dependent on direct advertising revenue. In addition to explaining that hot news perpetuates the journalism crisis, this Article shows that there are constitutional and practical obstacles to the legal viability of the hot news doctrine. The constitutional obstacle is the First Amendment guarantee of free speech. The practical obstacle is the difficulty in proving the utilitarian factor required to establish a hot news claim. The Article concludes by describing alternative solutions to the journalism crisis, including why taxation of all online advertising and using some portion to fund non-profit members of the institutional press is appealing from both normative and pragmatic perspectives.
Noninvasive direct current stimulation for schizophrenia: a review.

Purpose of review To provide an update of recent studies describing the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on patients with schizophrenia, with particular focus on auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), cognitive deficits, and negative symptoms. Recent findings As a low-cost, easy-to-use neuromodulation technique, tDCS may have clinical implications for those suffering from treatment-persistent AVH, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Over the past decade, tDCS has shown no effects for negative symptoms, except when used at a high frequency of sessions, and inconclusive results for AVH and cognitive symptoms. The treatment has little to no adverse effects. Summary The studies reviewed here support the need for further investigation and empirical data regarding the use of tDCS. The underlying mechanisms of tDCS as well as the most effective stimulation parameters must be better understood. Findings support the need for increased duration and frequency of tDCS sessions. One of the next steps is the investigation of effects of concomitant nonpharmacological treatments with tDCS.
A meta-analytic review of interventions to improve children’s attitudes toward their peers with intellectual disabilities

Abstract Children’s biases toward their peers with intellectual disabilities tend to have negative developmental and social consequences for those with intellectual disabilities. As a result, researchers developed intervention programs to reduce biases toward children with intellectual disabilities. This meta-analysis is a quantitative summary of 59 studies and 144 hypothesis tests involving intervention programs to change children’s attitudes toward their peers with intellectual disabilities. Results revealed an overall significant effect (d = 0.44): following intervention programs, children’s attitudes toward their peers with intellectual disabilities increased. Moderators indicate that the most effective interventions were those that occurred over multiple sessions, involved active engagement in multiple strategies and social interactions, emphasized equal status contact that was unstructured or indirect, and had little adult guidance. Interventions had no effect on changing children’s perceptions of competence and participants in junior high had more negative attitudes following the interventions. Findings provide guidance for researchers, educators, and counselors who seek methodologies to reduce biases toward children with intellectual disabilities.
Split-personality inhibitors.

A rationally designed class of mTORC1 inhibitors combines the selectivity of rapamycin with the potency of mTOR kinase inhibitors.
Adiabatic criterion for fermion bound states in the core of a moving vortex.

We derive a criterion which the velocity of a vortex line must satisfy in order that the fermion bound states follow the core adiabatically. The criterion appears strongly violated in vortex tunneling in high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors, which raises issues regarding vortex mass and viscosity in the theory of quantum creep.
A congruence theorem for structured operational semantics of higher-order languages

In this paper we describe the promoted tyft/tyxt rule format for defining higher-order languages. The rule format is a generalization of Groote and Vaandrager's tyft/tyxt format in which terms are allowed as labels on transitions in rules. We prove that bisimulation is a congruence for any language defined in promoted tyft/tyxt format and demonstrate the usefulness of the rule format by presenting promoted tyft/tyxt definitions for the lazy /spl lambda/-calculus, CHOCS and the /spl pi/-calculus.
Social comparison of romantic relationships: The influence of family, friends, and media

The purpose of these studies was to gain understanding of multiple facets of relationship social comparison. Study 1 (N = 304) utilized a longitudinal survey design to determine 1) the relative importance to one’s own relationship of social comparisons to the relationships of family members, friends, and media portrayals of romantic relationships; and 2) the impact of comparisons to relationships of higher or lower quality on outcomes of relationship quality and stability at a follow-up three months later. No differences emerged in the impact of comparisons to family members, friends, or media portrayals on participants’ evaluations of their own romantic relationships. Evidence was found for a detrimental effect of upward comparisons, with participants making upward comparisons experiencing lower relationship quality and a higher rate of break-up than those making downward comparisons. Study 2 (N = 221) used an experimental design to explore the effects of a forced upward or downward comparison to media portrayals of relationships on the outcome of perceived relationship quality. No significant differences in relationship quality were found between those assigned to view and evaluate positive versus negative media portrayals of romantic relationships, although participants who judged the media portrayal relationships more negatively did experience a bolstering effect on their own relationship satisfaction.
Preoperative neuropsychological and behavioral evaluation of children with thalamic tumors.

Object Functional involvement of the thalamus in cognitive processing has been only anecdotally reported in the literature, and these cases are mostly related to thalamic hemorrhages; there is no available information on cognitive development in children with thalamic tumors. Methods All children admitted with a diagnosis of thalamic tumor at the authors' institution between January 2008 and January 2011 were considered for the present study. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 months and the presence of severe neurological deficits, both of which prevented a reliable neuropsychological evaluation. A complete preoperative neuropsychological evaluation was performed. Results Twenty children were selected (mean age 102.4 months). Total IQ was in the normal range in all patients (mean 90.1, SD 13.87) with a significant difference between verbal IQ (mean 97.70, SD 17.77) and performance IQ (mean 84.82, SD 17.01). A significant correlation was found between global cognitive impairment and a histological f...
Preparing Preservice Teachers to Use an Interdisciplinary Approach to Science and Language Arts Instruction

(2000). Preparing Preservice Teachers to Use an Interdisciplinary Approach to Science and Language Arts Instruction. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 345-362.
The induction of HIV Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue by parenteral or mucosal immunization with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes HIV Gag.

The induction of mucosal immunity is crucial in controlling viral replication during HIV infection. In this study we compare the ability of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes that expresses and secretes the HIV Ag Gag to induce CD8+ T cells against this Ag in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches and the ability to provide effector Gag-specific CD8+ T cells to the lamina propria after i.v., oral, or rectal administration of the vaccine. The levels of Ag-specific CD8+-activated T cells were measured ex vivo using intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-γ and H-2Kd Gag peptide tetramer staining. We found that all routes of immunization induced Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen. After secondary infection, we observed substantial increases in splenic levels of CD8+ T cells, and levels of Gag-specific cells were similar to those against listeriolysin O, the immunodominant Ag of L. monocytogenes. Both primary and secondary oral immunization resulted in abundant Gag-specific CD8+-activated T cells in the lamina propria that constituted ∼35% of the CD8 compartment. However, significant levels of Gag and listeriolysin O-specific CD8+ T cells were observed in mucosal lymphoid tissue only after two immunizations, perhaps because they had already entered the lamina propria compartment after a single immunization. In the context of HIV, a mucosally administered vaccine seems best calculated to prompt an immune response that is capable of preventing infection. The data presented in this report demonstrate that mucosally administered Listeria can prompt such a response and that booster doses can maintain this response.
An overview of privacy improvements to k-optimal DCOP algorithms

For agents to be trusted with sensitive data, they must have mechanisms to protect their users' privacy. This paper explores the privacy properties of k-optimal algorithms: those algorithms that produce locally optimal solutions that cannot be improved by changing the assignments of k or fewer agents. While these algorithms are subject to large amounts of privacy loss, they can be modified to reduce this privacy loss by an order of magnitude. The greatest improvements are achieved by replacing the centralized local search with a distributed algorithm, such as DPOP.
Point pattern matching by a genetic algorithm

The problem of finding a subset of points in a pattern that best match to a subset of points in another pattern through a transformation in an optimal sense is considered. An exhaustive search to find the best assignment mapping one set of points to another set is, if the number of points that are to be matched is large, computationally expensive. A genetic algorithm that searches for the best ('almost the best') assignment efficiently is described. To map the point pattern matching into the framework of a genetic algorithm, a fitness function that is inversely proportional to the match error and a scheme for encoding an assignment between two sets of points into a string are used, along with a genetic operator known as the mixed-type partial matching crossover. Experimental results have demonstrated the robustness and the fast convergence of the algorithm. The algorithm can be applied to n-dimensional point patterns and any transformation. Results are presented for two-dimensional point patterns and a similarity transformation. >
Gender differences in veterans health administration mental health service use: effects of age and psychiatric diagnosis.

Purpose The objective of this study was to compare gender differences in mental health disease burden and outpatient mental health utilization among veterans utilizing Veterans Health Administration (VHA) mental health services in fiscal year 1999 (FY99), after the first Gulf War and significant restructuring of VHA services. Methods We used logistic regression to examine the relationships among gender, age, diagnostic groups, and utilization of mental health and specialty mental health services in a national sample of veterans. The sample included 782,789 veterans with at least 1 outpatient visit in the VHA in FY99 associated with a mental health or substance abuse (SA) diagnosis. Subgroup analyses were performed for 4 diagnostic categories: 1) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 2) SA disorders, 3) bipolar and psychotic disorders, and 4) mood and anxiety disorders. Main Findings Younger women veterans ( Conclusion Women veterans underutilized specialty mental health services in relation to men but receipt of mental health care overall in FY99 varied by age and diagnosis. Examining gender differences alone, without taking other factors into account, may not provide an adequate picture of women veterans' current mental health service needs.
Fermion propagator and composite-boson propagators on random lattices

Abstract The ensemble averages of various propagators of a free-fermion system on random lattices in D = 1 and D = 2 are calculated numerically. The results indicate a correct continuum limit. The cancellation mechanism of the unphysical states is investigated.
Behavior-genetic analysis of Phormia regina. I. isolation of pure-breeding lines for high and low levels of the central excitatory state (CES) from an unselected population.

Initial phases of the behavior-genetic analysis ofPhormia regina using the central excitatory state (CES) have demonstrated stable individual differences, replicated bidirectional selection for CES expression, and produced pure-breeding high- and low-CES lines from single-pair matings. An immediate response to selection and results from single-pair matings provide converging evidence suggesting the influence of a single, major gene associated with CES expression. A new CES test that allowed greater numbers of flies to be tested was validated by comparing mean CES response levels to those from the original CES test. These behavioral and breeding analyses produced a sound empirical basis for a hybridcross analysis [Tully, T., and Hirsch, J. (1983).Anim. Behav. (in press)] which tested the one-gene model more adequately.
Formulating clinical strategies for angiotensin antagonism: a review of preclinical and clinical studies.

Abstract Extensive animal studies and a growing number of human clinical trials have now definitively demonstrated the central role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the expression and modulation of cardiovascular disease. In contrast to the original hypothesis, the benefits of angiotensin antagonism do not emanate from the antihypertensive effect alone. Subsequent extensive investigations of angiotensin blockade suggest that the benefits of this approach may also result from the pharmacalogic alteration of endothelial cell function and the ensuing changes in the biology of the vasculature. The more recent availability of direct antagonists of the AT 1 angiotensin receptor has introduced an element of doubt into this realm of clinical decision making. The receptor antagonists and the more widely studied converting-enzyme inhibitors share many endpoint attributes. Nevertheless, the partially overlapping mechanisms of action for the two classes of angiotensin antagonists confer distinct pharmacologic properties, including side effect profiles, mechanisms of action, and theoretic salutary effects upon the expression of cardiovascular disease. The current review will attempt to contrast the biology of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition with angiotensin II receptor antagonism. A discussion of the differential effects of these drug classes on endothelial cell function and on the modulation of vascular disease will be utilized to provide a theoretic framework for clinical decision making and therapeutics.
Sensation of static force in muscles of different length.

Abstract Five subjects matched a series of static contractions of a muscle with simultaneous contractions of the contralateral muscle. Matching experiments were conducted with adductor pollicis, biceps, and triceps muscle pairs. Individual muscle lengths were varied thereby altering maximal force according to the length-tension relationship. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and ulnar nerve stimulation produced greatest forces at the same length. Excitatory input was monitored from smoothed rectified electromyograms (SREs); the measure of sensation was matching force. In two muscles with the same MVC, the slope of the function relating reference and matching forces was about 1.0. Slopes of functions obtained from muscles with unequal MVCs were proportional to the ratio of MVCs. Differences in MVC were accompanied by significant differences in the slope from 1.0 but the intercepts did not differ from zero. Corresponding SRE relations during these trials were not influenced by muscle length indicating a constant excitatory input for a given level of sensation. These data suggest that the conscious sensation of force from human skeletal muscle contraction depends primarily on the central command to muscle and is only slightly modified by feedback from peripheral receptors.
Identification of an Amplified, Highly Expressed Gene in a Human Glioma

A gene, termed gli, was identified that is amplified more than 50-fold in a malignant glioma. The gene is expressed at high levels in the original tumor and its derived cell line and is located at chromosome 12 position (q13 to q14.3). The gli gene is a member of a select group of cellular genes that are genetically altered in primary human tumors.
High-pressure phase transition and equation of state of CsI.

Stuructural properties of CsI at high pressure have been investigated by the use of synchrotron X-ray-diffraction techniques with the diamond-anvil cell at 300 K. The results indicate that the material undergoes a continuous distortion from B2 to an hcp-like phase, which is stable to at least 302 GPa. The intermediate orthorhombic phase is geometrically different from previous assignments and about 10 percent denser. With the new structure, the p-V results of static pressure experiments, shock-wave studies, and theoretical calculations are now in good agreement.
Experimental comparison of mechanically ruled and holographically recorded plane varied-line-spacing gratings

Efficiency, scattering, and spectral resolution measurements were made on two equivalent varied-line-spacing plane (VLS) gratings with a central groove density of 1200 1/mm, one a blazed grating made by mechanical ruling and the other holographically recorded and ion etched to a laminar groove profile. The line spacing variation of the holographic grating was obtained by interfering a plane wave and a spherical wave. Both gratings were designed to be used in the monochromator of the Calibration and Standards beamline built and operated by the Center for X-ray Optics at the Advanced Light Source, and all measurements were made efficient in the 600-850 eV region but more efficient below 600 eV and above 850 eV. Substitution of the holographic grating into the beamline extended the energy range from 1000 eV to 1300 eV. The holographic grating exhibited considerably less scattering, but its spectral resolution was lower at an energy of 400 eV. It is likely that this resolution can be improved by adopting a holographic recording system which employs interference of a plane and an aspheric wave.
Two Approaches to the Measurement of Adaptive Style: Comparison of Normal, Psychosomatically Ill, and Delinquent Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective This project evaluated the discriminant validity of two self-report measures of adaptive styles. Method The Weinberger Adjustment Inventory, which assesses distress, restraint, denial, and repressive defensiveness, and the Bond Defense Style Questionnaire, which assesses immature, neurotic, and mature defenses, were administered to 272 adolescents: normal comparison group boys ( n = 63), normal comparison group girls ( n = 68), girls with psychosomatic disorders ( n = 75), and incarcerated delinquent boys ( n = 66). Multivariate analyses of covariance, analyses of covariance, and discriminant analyses (with socioeconomic status and age as covariates) were conducted. Results Adaptive styles from the Defense Style Questionnaire differentiated the adolescent groups better than did the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory styles. Conclusion Measurement of adaptive style by the Defense Style Questionnaire may be a useful adjunct to other measures of psychopathology and can assist in assessment of risk, treatment planning, and treatment progress.
The Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Potential of MicroRNA Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer

MicroRNAs (or miRNAs) are small transcripts of 20–24 nucleotides that have emerged as important regulators of gene expression in cancer cells. Overexpression and silencing of specific miRNAs has been linked to the stepwise disease progression during the normal adenoma-cancer sequence in colorectal cancer (CRC). Given their cancer-specific pattern of expression, remarkable stability, and presence in blood and other body fluids, miRNAs are considered to be highly promising cancer biomarkers. Although the use of miRNA biomarkers for CRC is still in its infancy, accumulating evidence firmly supports the existence of unique “miRNA signatures” that can not only facilitate earlier detection of the tumor, but can also assist in predicting disease recurrence and therapeutic outcome to currently available treatment regimens. There is a great hope and promise that some of these miRNA biomarkers will eventually be validated in large-scale clinical trials, and if successful, it will open new avenues for the earlier diagnosis and personalization of therapy for CRC. In this review, we summarize the current state of literature on the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive potential of miRNA biomarkers in CRC.
The complete tetramerization of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b by AMP and salt. An analytical ultracentrifuge study

Abstract The association of dimetric rabbit phosphorylase b to tetrameric form was studied. The results indicate that transformation from dimer to tetramer in the presence of 0.2 M sodium fluoride and 0.04 M 2-mercapto-ethanol (at 20° at pH 6.8 or 7.5) is influenced by 5′-AMP as follows: 1. (1) 2. (2) In the absence of sodium fluoride, complete tetramerization of the enzyme with 5 × 10−3 M AMP was not possible.
Development of sleep-waking temporal sequencing in infants at risk for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

The periodic organization of waking, quiet sleep, and active sleep was studied in control infants and siblings of victims of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Spectral estimates of all-night binary state time series recorded at 1 week and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months of age revealed disturbed patterns of sleep states, especially in active sleep, from as early as the first week of life. These disruptions continued until at least 6 months of age. These data support the contention that the temporal patterning of sleep state can be used as an important neurologic marker for development.
Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton

This review focuses on the anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton, emphasizing the requirement for IGF-1 signaling in normal bone formation and remodeling. We first discuss the genomic context, splicing variants, and species conservation of the IGF-1 locus. The modulation of IGF-1 action by growth hormone (GH) is then reviewed while also discussing the current model which takes into account the GH-independent actions of IGF-1. Next, the skeletal phenotypes of IGF-1-deficient animals are described in both embryonic and postnatal stages of development, which include severe dwarfism and an undermineralized skeleton. We then highlight two mechanisms by which IGF-1 exerts its anabolic action on the skeleton. Firstly, the role of IGF-1 signaling in the modulation of anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone will be discussed, presenting in vitro and in vivo studies that establish this concept and the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms involving Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and the ephrins. Secondly, the crosstalk of IGF-1 signaling with mechanosensing pathways will be discussed, beginning with the observation that animals subjected to skeletal unloading by hindlimb elevation are unable to mitigate cessation of bone growth despite infusion with IGF-1 and the failure of IGF-1 to activate its receptor in bone marrow stromal cell cultures from unloaded bone. Disrupted crosstalk between IGF-1 signaling and the integrin mechanotransduction pathways is discussed as one of the potential mechanisms for this IGF-1 resistance. Next, emerging paradigms on bone-muscle crosstalk are examined, focusing on the potential role of IGF-1 signaling in modulating such interactions. Finally, we present a future outlook on IGF research.
Effects of alumina addition and heat treatment on the behavior of Cr coatings electroplated from a trivalent chromium bath

Abstract To study the effect of Al 2 O 3 particles on corrosion behavior of Cr–C coating, low carbon steel substrates are electroplated in Cr(III) baths without and with Al 2 O 3 . The results demonstrate that the introduction of Al 2 O 3 particles eliminates the cracks within coatings as a result of the reduction of internal stress. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 composite coating is better than that of Cr–C coating. Heat treatment is also utilized to improve hardness of the Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 composite coating. The hardness increases with heat treatment temperature. The highest hardness (HV 1520) is found for Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 composite coating annealed at 600 °C due to the precipitation of Cr 23 C 6 and Cr 2 O 3 during the treatment. However, the corrosion resistance decreases after annealing at 600 °C. The Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 composite coating with improved hardness can be obtained by annealing the coating at 400 °C. Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 coatings annealed at such temperature are free of through-deposit cracks. It leads to the corrosion resistance of Cr–C–Al 2 O 3 annealed at 400 °C is comparable to that of as-deposited one.
High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation

The improved survival rate of premature infants with respiratory failure is attributable to advances in mechanical ventilation, although an adverse consequence has been an increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (1;32). Positive pressure ventilation with its attendant “barotrauma” is suspected in the causation of BPD. While many attempts to alter respirator variables, such as pressure and time components, have produced optimal patterns for gas exchange, evidence is lacking to support any one pattern that minimizes the incidence of chronic lung injury. The high incidence of BPD has promoted a search for alternative methods of ventilation that might reduce lung injury through a reduction in peak pressure applied to the lung. Additional motivation has come from the need for oxygenation when mechanical ventilation has failed or pulmonary interstitial emphysema has developed. Less compelling reasons have come from the desire to avoid high swings in thoracic pressure that might adversely affect cardiac output, venous return, and cerebral blood flow.
Effects of H2 annealing on polycrystalline copper substrates for graphene growth during low pressure chemical vapor deposition

Abstract It has been shown that the hydrogen annealing process plays an important role on the crystallographic orientation changes of polycrystalline copper substrates during low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of graphene, which subsequently influence the generation of graphene films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the copper foil crystallographic orientation and morphology changes with and without hydrogen annealing. Graphene films were successfully synthesized on copper foils by LPCVD at 1000 °C with hydrogen annealing process. Raman spectroscopy was also performed to determine the formation of graphene films as well as their quality. Without hydrogen annealing no significant graphene Raman signal are detected and it is hypothesized that this is related to the different crystallographic orientations of copper substrates.
One Practitioner's Perspective on Online Cataloging Education

Adjuncts teaching cataloging is becoming increasingly popular in library science programs. This article shares the experience of one practicing cataloger invited to teach an online introductory cataloging course as an adjunct. Curricular decisions and pedagogical methods are among the topics explored in this informal article, with emphases on the benefits of learning cataloging from a practitioner and the importance of teaching the practical aspects of information organization.
Cultivating the Arts of Inquiry, Interpretation, and Criticism: A Peircean Approach to Our Educational Practices.

Peirce was a thinker who claimed that his mind had been thoroughly formed by his rigorous training in the natural sciences. But he was also the author who proclaimed that nothing is truer than true poetry. In making the case for Peirce’s relevance to issues of education, then, it is necessary to do justice to the multifaceted character of his philosophical genius, in particular, to the experimentalist cast of his mind and his profound appreciation for the aesthetic, the imaginative, and (more narrowly) the metaphorical in their myriad guises. My aim in this paper is to go some distance, however small, toward doing such justice to Peirce.
Links between two interacting factors, novel habitats and non-native predators, and aquatic invertebrate communities in a dryland environment.

In dryland regions, increased demand for water has led to the reduction of natural aquatic habitats and threatens persisting aquatic habitats. In the Madrean Sky Islands (MSI), water demands have also resulted in the creation of novel aquatic habitats, including stock ponds. Stock ponds are important surrogate habitat for native species, yet little is known about the aquatic invertebrates utilizing these habitats. Additionally, stock ponds support non-native vertebrate predators including American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) and Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and the effects of these predators on invertebrate communities in stock ponds are unknown. We explored similarities in invertebrate communities in stream pools and stock ponds and compared aquatic invertebrate community composition, abundance, and richness in stock ponds with and without non-native predators. We found that despite considerable functional (trait-based) overlap in aquatic invertebrate communities, a large majority (81%) of taxa were exclusive to either stock ponds or stream pools. Additionally, we observed few differences in aquatic invertebrate community composition, abundance, and richness in stock ponds with and without non-native predators. We discuss ecological implications of our observations, limitations of our approach, and the importance of future work in determining the role of stock ponds in conservation of the region’s aquatic invertebrates.
Density of methanol‐carbon dioxide mixtures at three temperatures: Comparison with vapor‐liquid equilibria measurements and results obtained from chromatography

The density of methanol-carbon dioxide mixtures has been measured at 40, 50, and 60°C and the data presented as constant density curves in plots of pressure against composition. Mixtures containing from 1 to 23.5% methanol were covered. The density information was compared with liquid-vapor equilibria data from the literature and with results from chromatographic separations using both sub- and supercritical conditions. The results indicate that phase transitions do not usually occur when the concentration of the modifier is increased while holding temperature and pressure constant. Similarly, no phase transition occurs when the temperature is increased from 28 to 80°C, at a constant (high) pressure and modifier concentration. Binary fluids with many desirable compositions cannot be prepared at low densities: densities below 0.4–0.5 g/cm3 cannot be obtained from methanol-carbon dioxide mixtures because the fluids separate into two phases. This means that density programming with many binary fluid combinations will be of secondary importance compared with composition programming.
Global Epidemiology of HIV

The number of persons living with HIV worldwide reached approximately 35.3 million in 2012. Meanwhile, AIDS-related deaths and new HIV infections have declined. Much of the increase in HIV prevalence is from rapidly increasing numbers of people on antiretroviral treatment who are now living longer. There is regional variation in epidemiologic patterns, major modes of HIV transmission, and HIV program response. It is important to focus on HIV incidence, rather than prevalence, to provide information about HIV transmission patterns and populations at risk. Expanding HIV treatment will function as a preventive measure through decreasing horizontal and vertical transmission of HIV.
Self‐Esteem, the Fear of Crime, and the Decision to Protect Oneself From Victimization

This research extends prior work that examines self-esteem as an outcome of protective behaviors against crime victimization by focusing instead on the moderating influence of self-esteem on the relationship between the fear of crime and the decision to protect oneself from victimization. The fear of crime is conceptualized as two separate components (fear of victimization and perceived risk) in accordance with prior work. Self-esteem is conceptualized as three separate components (worth, efficacy, and authenticity), and measured with a recently designed instrument for capturing each aspect of self-esteem separately. Data are collected through surveys of a population at high risk for victimization (undergraduate college students). Logistic regression analyses demonstrate that self-esteem does play a role for deciding whether to engage in protective behaviors, and that the specific components of self-esteem moderate defensive behavioral outcomes differently. Specifically, the self-worth, self-efficacy, and authenticity components of self-esteem influence the decision to carry protection, but not the decision to take a self-defense class. Implications for both the fear of crime and self-esteem literatures are addressed.
Toward DSM-V: Mapping the Alcohol Use Disorder Continuum in College Students

Objective The present study examined the dimensionality of DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) criteria using Item Response Theory (IRT) methods and tested the validity of the proposed DSM-V AUD guidelines in a sample of college students.
Decision-making in a Risk-taking Task: A PET Study

As decision-making is central to motivated behavior, understanding its neural substrates can help elucidate the deficits that characterize various maladaptive behaviors. Twenty healthy adults performed a risk-taking task during positron emission tomography with 15O-labeled water. The task, a computerized card game, tests the ability to weigh short-term rewards against long-term losses. A control task matched all components of the risk-taking task except for decision-making and the difference between responses to contingent and non-contingent reward and punishment. Decision-making (2 runs of the active task minus 2 runs of the control task) activated orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, inferior parietal cortex and thalamus predominantly on the right side, and cerebellum predominantly on the left side. In an exploratory analysis, guessing (run 1 minus run 2 of the active task) accompanied activation of sensory-motor associative areas, and amygdala on the left side, whereas informed decision-making (run 2 minus run 1) activated areas that subserve memory (hippocampus, posterior cingulate) and motor control (striatum, cerebellum). The findings provide a framework for future investigations of decision-making in maladaptive behaviors.
Disruption of the Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton Is a New Mechanism for Neuronal Injury

Many factors contribute to nervous system dysfunction and failure to regenerate after injury or disease. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized mechanism for nervous system injury. We show that neuronal injury causes rapid, irreversible, and preferential proteolysis of the axon initial segment (AIS) cytoskeleton independently of cell death or axon degeneration, leading to loss of both ion channel clusters and neuronal polarity. Furthermore, we show this is caused by proteolysis of the AIS cytoskeletal proteins ankyrinG and βIV spectrin by the calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain. Importantly, calpain inhibition is sufficient to preserve the molecular organization of the AIS both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that loss of AIS ion channel clusters and neuronal polarity are important contributors to neuronal dysfunction after injury, and that strategies to facilitate recovery must preserve or repair the AIS cytoskeleton.