cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRMT8 demonstrates variant-specific expression in cancer cells and correlates with patient survival in breast, ovarian and gastric cancer

Recent emphasis has been placed on the role of epigenetic regulators and epigenetic marks as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and as therapeutic targets for treatment. One such class of regulators is the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family. The present study examined available curated data regarding the expression and alteration of one of the least studied PRMT family members, PRMT8, in various types of cancer and cancer cell lines. Publicly available cancer data on PRMT8 expression were examined using the Human Protein Atlas and the Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to screen a selection of human cell lines for variant-specific PRMT8 expression. High levels of PRMT8 expression in breast, ovarian and cervical cancer was observed. Additionally, in patients with breast and ovarian cancer, high PRMT8 expression was correlated with increased patient survival, whereas in gastric cancer, high PRMT8 expression was correlated with decreased patient survival. The present study also investigated the expression of PRMT8 variant 2, a novel transcript variant recently identified in our laboratory, in various cancer cell lines. Variant-specific expression of PRMT8 in numerous distinct cancer cell lines derived from different tissues, including the expression of the novel PRMT8 variant 2 in U87MG glioblastoma cells was demonstrated. The present study proposes the possibility of PRMT8 as a cancer biomarker, based on the high level of PRMT8 expression in various types of cancer, particularly in tissues that would not normally be expected to express PRMT8, and on the correlation of PRMT8 and patient lifespan in several cancer types. Variant-specific expression of PRMT8 in diverse cancer cell lines suggests the possibility of alternate PRMT8 isoforms to have diverse effects on cancer cell phenotypes.
Review of metabolic pathways activated in cancer cells as determined through isotopic labeling and network analysis

Cancer metabolism has emerged as an indispensable part of contemporary cancer research. During the past 10 years, the use of stable isotopic tracers and network analysis have unveiled a number of metabolic pathways activated in cancer cells. Here, we review such pathways along with the particular tracers and labeling observations that led to the discovery of their rewiring in cancer cells. The list of such pathways comprises the reductive metabolism of glutamine, altered glycolysis, serine and glycine metabolism, mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) induced reprogramming and the onset of acetate metabolism. Additionally, we demonstrate the critical role of isotopic labeling and network analysis in identifying these pathways. The alterations described in this review do not constitute a complete list, and future research using these powerful tools is likely to discover other cancer-related pathways and new metabolic targets for cancer therapy.
Mushunguli to Bantu Jareer: A Trajectory Analysis of the People Now Known as Somali Bantu

This essay is a trajectory analysis of the people now known as Somali Bantu. Beginning with their settlement of the southern Jubba Valley and on through to their third country resettlement in the United States on P2 refugee status, the people now known as Somali Bantu have been continually transformed by engagements with multiple and often disparate cultures, traditions, languages, and histories. According to Stuart Hall, groups such as the Somali Bantu “bear upon them the traces of the particular cultures, traditions, languages and histories by which they were shaped. The difference is that they are not and will never be unified in the old sense because they are irrevocably the product of several interlocking histories and cultures, belonging at one and the same time to several ‘homes.’” (1990, 310) In this essay, I demonstrate the discursive nature of group identity and interrogate the connections between the history of oppression, the sustainability of culture, and the performance of identity in diaspora. I combine first-hand accounts of forced migration with a summary of the documented history of the people now known as Somali Bantu, beginning with their forced migration to Somalia and the various factors shaping their status in the country. The analysis continues through the period of displacement, flight, and human warehousing in the Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps of Kenya and includes an examination of how bureaucratic labeling as refugees, and the public rhetoric of mainstream media further shaped the story of the Somali Bantu. Each of these moments through the refugee trajectory are foundational to the self-representations that would emerge in diaspora.
Electrical Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Schwann‐Cell‐Like Phenotypes Using Inkjet‐Printed Graphene Circuits

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have displayed tremendous promise for use as neurointerfacial substrates as they enable favorable adhesion, growth, proliferation, spreading, and migration of immobilized cells. This study reports the first case of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into Schwann cell (SC)-like phenotypes through the application of electrical stimuli from a graphene-based electrode. Electrical differentiation of MSCs into SC-like phenotypes is carried out on a flexible, inkjet-printed graphene interdigitated electrode (IDE) circuit that is made highly conductive (sheet resistance < 1 kΩ/sq) via a postprint pulse-laser annealing process. MSCs immobilized on the graphene printed IDEs and electrically stimulated/treated (etMSCs) display significant enhanced cellular differentiation and paracrine activity above conventional chemical treatment strategies [≈85% of the etMSCs differentiated into SC-like phenotypes with ≈80 ng mL-1 of nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion vs. 75% and ≈55 ng mL-1 for chemically treated MSCs (ctMSCs)]. These results help pave the way for in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration where the flexible graphene electrodes could conform to the injury site and provide intimate electrical simulation for nerve cell regrowth.
The Big Chill: First Amendment Protections and the War on Terror

This chapter contains an examination of the impact on First Amendment rights from the so-called “war on terror.” Perhaps nothing widens the ideological divide between crime control advocates and civil liberties advocates quite so dramatically as discussion of the war on terror. Herb Packer’s notion about the dynamic tension between advocates of crime control and advocates of civil liberties informs the debate. Crime control advocates see the greatest threat as coming from law-breakers and thus generally trust governmental institutions, while civil liberties advocates see unchecked governmental power as the greatest threat. Strategies employed in the war on terror may seriously disrupt the delicate balance necessary to allow order and liberty to coexist. The direct and indirect effects on First Amendment protections are formidable.
Individualizing and Combining Treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Four Elements for a Theory-Driven Research Agenda

Although several early intervention programs can be efficacious in improving outcomes of children with autism, treatment response is variable, leading most families to enroll their child in several interventions simultaneously. Because knowledge on the effects of combining different therapies is limited, it is critically important to develop and test predictions on how the “active ingredients” of different interventions interact with child characteristics and with one another when combined. An obstacle to this research agenda is the “pre-paradigmatic” stage of the autism early intervention field, in which many practices are organized around seemingly irreconcilable vocabularies. I argue that a formalization of the explanatory structures informing different treatments—based on the four parameters of logical coherence, falsifiability, parsimony, and consilience—can provide a conceptual lingua franca for the formulation of testable hypotheses on treatment individualization and combination, thus facilitating ...
Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome

![Figure][1] A 2-year-old girl with Down syndrome (DS) presented to the emergency department after developing easy bruising and a petechial rash on her arms, legs, and face. Her laboratory results on admission were significant for anemia and thrombocytopenia: white blood cells, 10.1 × 109/L
Irreversibility temperatures of Nb 3 Sn and Nb-Ti

For fine multifilamentary ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn and Nb-Ti wires, it was found that there exists a surprisingly large temperature region (e.g., \ensuremath{\sim}1 and 0.5 K at 2 T for a ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn and Nb-Ti wire, respectively) below the mean-field critical-magnetic-field line ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$(T) where the magnetization is reversible during a cycle of warming and cooling. The magnetic-field dependence of the lower boundary of this temperature region, i.e., the irreversibility temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{r}}$(H), was shown to follow theoretical predictions for flux-lattice melting based on an analysis of thermally induced flux-line fluctuations calculated with nonlocal lattice elasticity and the Lindemann melting criterion.
Reusing PVDF Electroblotted Protein Samples After N-Terminal Sequencing To Obtain Unique Internal Amino Acid Sequence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a simple, high sensitivity method to obtain N-terminal and internal protein sequence from the same sample. The cyanogen bromide (CNBr)/ ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) method to reuse PVDF samples involves three steps: 1) determination of the N-terminal sequence (if not blocked), 2) location of proline residues within CNBr fragments, and 3) isolation of unique sequence by delivering OPA when a proline becomes N-terminal during sequencing. CNBr in combination with OPA is a high sensitivity method to obtain N-terminal and limited internal sequence data. Methods that purify fragments for internal sequencing would have eliminated the N-terminal sequence determination necessary to verify a full-length clone and reduced the quantity available for sequencing even more. Reusing PVDF electroblotted protein samples allow obtaining N-terminal (when not blocked) and internal protein sequence data, consuming only protein that has been dedicated to N-terminal sequence determination.
Complaints About Hospice Care in the United States, 2005-2015.

Abstract Background: Complaints are an opportunity for patients and family members to report allegations of substandard care. No prior studies have examined complaints in hospice care and what migh...
Chemicals in the Environment

There are no anthropic chemically naive humans on earth anymore. The past century was the first in human history in which humans harnessed the power of chemistry to enhance survival and quality of life on a global scale. The age of the pharmaceutical industry, the rise of the agricultural industry, and the petroleum era coincide over the past 100 years. The excitement and profits of the chemistry century lead to accumulation of concern. Dilution is not really a solution to pollution but degradation helps, the levels of chemicals in our environment is the net result of chemicals released minus chemicals degraded. Life on earth is demonstrating just how resilient it can be to new potent chemicals.
Bexarotene in Patients With Peripheral T-cell Lymphomas: Results of a Retrospective Study.

Abstract Background Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are generally aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas that portend poor prognosis with currently available therapies. Bexarotene, a retinoic acid derivative, has efficacy in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, but its activity in PTCL is unknown. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective, single-institution, review of off-label bexarotene therapy in patients with PTCL between 2005 and 2016. Results Twelve patients were treated with bexarotene as monotherapy: 3 patients with PTCL, not otherwise specified, and 9 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Bexarotene doses of 300 mg/m2 daily or 150 mg/m2 were used for all patients. The treatment was well-tolerated. The most common toxicities included hypothyroidism and hyperlipidemia, which were effectively managed. The overall response rate for all patients was 58% with a median duration of response of 11 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 months to not estimable). Among patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, there was a 44% overall response rate. The median progression-free survival for all patients was 2.1 months (95% CI, 1.1 months to not estimable), and the median overall survival was 14.9 months (95% CI, 2.1-73.1 months). Conclusion Bexarotene monotherapy is well-tolerated and has encouraging activity in PTCL that warrants further investigation in prospective clinical trials.
Infant brain responses to social sounds: A longitudinal functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Abstract Infants are responsive to and show a preference for human vocalizations from very early in development. While previous studies have provided a strong foundation of understanding regarding areas of the infant brain that respond preferentially to social vs. non-social sounds, how the infant brain responds to sounds of varying social significance over time, and how this relates to behavior, is less well understood. The current study uniquely examined longitudinal brain responses to social sounds of differing social-communicative value in infants at 3 and 6 months of age using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). At 3 months, infants showed similar patterns of widespread activation in bilateral temporal cortices to communicative and non-communicative human non-speech vocalizations, while by 6 months infants showed more similar, and focal, responses to social sounds that carried increased social value (infant-directed speech and human non-speech communicative sounds). In addition, we found that brain activity at 3 months of age related to later brain activity and receptive language abilities as measured at 6 months. These findings suggest areas of consistency and change in auditory social perception between 3 and 6 months of age.
“The difference of colour”: reading and writing abolitionism

Through an analysis of words and images as they moved through material production, circulation, and reception, “The Difference of Colour” explores the literary and pictorial practices of Af...
From Jiang Rong to Jean-Jacques Annaud: An Ecological Rewrite of Wolf Totem

Based on Jiang Rong’s semi-autobiographical novel of the same title, Jean-Jacques Annaud’s Wolf Totem is an ecological rewrite. To better understand and evaluate the rewrite, this chapter adopts a comparative approach and argues that Annaud’s rewrite works as a trans-national and trans-cultural bridge in contemporary ecological discussion. It has impressive visual and audio effects and has done pioneering work in translating Chinese ecological and cultural ethics and aesthetics to the global audience. Yet, the translation is not perfect. It neglects the social and cultural backgrounds and fails to harmonize the eastern and western perspectives in the understanding of ecological issues. With both gain and loss, Annaud’s rewrite proves that the multicultural strategies are needed in contemporary ecological studies, especially trans-national and trans-cultural studies.
Prolongation of rat heart allografts by donor-specific blood transfusion treated with ultraviolet irradiation.

The effect of donor-specific blood transfusion was compared to that of UVB-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusion on heart allograft survival in inbred rats with major histocompatibility differences. In one series ACI rats received heterotopic heart grafts from Lewis rats and 1 mL transfusion of donor-type blood at 1, 2, and 3 weeks prior to the transplantation. Fifty percent of the grafts were permanently accepted (survival greater than 200 days). Following UVB-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusion, 55% of the grafts survived indefinitely. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction ACI lymphocytes are weak responders to Lewis lymphocytes. In another series, Lewis rats received ACI hearts. Donor-specific transfusions at 1, 2, and 3 weeks prior to transplantation did not significantly alter the survival of heart allografts. Lewis lymphocytes react strongly to ACI stimulator cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. However, when the donor blood was UVB-irradiated prior to transfusion, the ACI allograft survival was significantly prolonged in this ACI-to-Lewis strain combination. When Lewis rats received W/F hearts following either donor-specific or UVB-irradiated donor-specific transfusions, the hearts' survival was similarly and significantly prolonged, but did not become permanent. Mixed lymphocyte reaction reveals that the stimulation index of Lewis lymphocytes against W/F lymphocytes is greater than that ofmore » ACI versus Lewis, but is less than that between Lewis responder cells against ACI stimulators.« less
An Analysis of Cybersecurity Legislation and Policy Creation on the State Level

To best create an effective cybersecurity strategy, it is imperative to understand the policy discussions and trends on a federal and state level. Effective cybersecurity legislation is vital to maintaining our country’s infrastructure and protecting our citizenry. Since cybersecurity is often decided on the state level, states need to be aware of the trends in cybersecurity legislation. The purpose of this research was to conduct an analysis of cybersecurity policy from across the United States in an effort to assist the State-level understanding on their cybersecurity risk profile. This analysis included an examination of common trends in cybersecurity legislation. It involved researching cybersecurity policies from all 50 states and the federal government. After creating this baseline, the next phase of the research was to find and record relevant metadata for each policy. This data contained additional data, such as did it pass, who were the supporters, was it revised and other information that is useful to cybersecurity policy creators. The final goal of the research was to provide a searchable tool that could be utilized to fashion a successful cybersecurity bill and a summary of cybersecurity trends from 2011 to Spring 2018.
Pipelining Wavefront Computations: Experiences and Performance

Wavefront computations are common in scientific applications. Although it is well understood how wavefronts are pipelined for parallel execution, the question remains: How are they best presented to the compiler for the effective generation of pipelined code? We address this question through a quantitative and qualitative study of three approaches to expressing pipelining: programmer implemented via message passing, compiler discovered via automatic parallelization, and programmer defined via explicit parallel language features for pipelining. This work is the first assessment of the efficacy of these approaches in solving wavefront computations, and in the process, we reveal surprising characteristics of commercial compilers. We also demonstrate that a parallel language-level solution simplifies development and consistently performs well.
Gout in China, 1990-2017: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to estimate the gout burden and risk factors in China from 1990 to 2017. Study design The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study uses various analytical tools and a diverse set of data sources to generate comparable estimates of deaths and mortality rates broken down by age, sex, cause, year, and geography. Methods We used the results from the GBD Study 2017 to compare disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of gout in China. The median of the percentage change and 95% uncertainty intervals were determined for the period between 1990 and 2017. Results The age-standardized DALY rate, prevalence, and incidence increased 6.92%, 6.88%, and 6.16%, respectively, in China from 1990 to 2017. Although the rates of gout both globally and in China were increasing, the range of change for males in China was larger than that of the global level. All risk factors combined accounted for 30.04% of gout DALYs in 2017. The leading risk factors for gout DALYs were high body mass index and impaired kidney function, and the proportion of high body mass index increased significantly from 10.67% to 24.31%, whereas the proportion of impaired kidney function remained basically unchanged. Conclusions The age-standardized DALY rate, prevalence, and incidence in China have increased progressively since 1990. Increasing attention on body weight management should be prioritized for controlling the rising prevalence of gout in the young and middle-aged population.
Computational Elucidation of Recombinant Fusion Protein Effect on Peptide-Directed Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles synthesized using various peptides have optimized properties and functional abilities which can be achieved via peptide flexibility and site specificity. Using peptide Pd4 and other alanine substitution combinations of Pd4 attached to a green fluorescent protein (GFPuv), nanoparticles with well-defined sizes that are soluble in aqueous solutions can be produced. In this study, extensive molecular dynamics simulations explored the structural and functional differences between the free peptides and the peptides bound to the GFPuv used in nanoparticle production. Binding affinities of histidines of Pd4 peptide and its two mutants A6 and A11 to a palladium atom were calculated using the free energy perturbation method. Interestingly, the average particle sizes obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images correlated with our calculated free energies of different peptide sequences. Remarkably, when the peptide was bound to GFPuv, the free energies of histidine were very similar in the wild-type and other mutated peptides. However, this trend is not observed with free peptide simulations, where binding affinities differ by mutation of histidine residues. This study describes, at a molecular level, the role of amino acid sequence on binding affinity of the peptide to the surface of the palladium particles, and the functional ability of the GFPuv protein controlling these free energies irrespective of peptide sequence. Our study will provide a framework for designing free and protein attached peptides that facilitate peptide-mediated nanoparticle formation with well-regulated properties.
Teaching to Transform - Educating 21st Century Learners

This presentation will focus on a pedagogical approach to achieving better assessment outcomes and creating an all-inclusive safe zone where students are free to learn in the classroom / lecture setting. The teaching seminar will explore teaching strategies and teaching methodologies specific to diverse student learning populations. As a higher education faculty for the past sixteen years, I have developed and implemented a pedagogical approach to achieving better assessment outcomes. By creating an all-inclusive classroom and safe zone for learning, students are free to learn. I am given the gift of educating them. I began implementing various assessment strategies and pedagogical practices that created a complete multi-sensory experience for students to achieve better learning outcomes.
State minimum wages and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008-2018.

This study examines the effect of minimum wage hikes on the shares of uninsured people during the period 2008–2018. Despite some concern that higher minimum wages would lead to higher uninsured rates by (1) reducing employment, (2) inducing employers to stop offering health insurance to their employees, and (3) making minimum wage workers ineligible for Medicaid by increasing their earnings, the findings indicate that the uninsured rate tends to decrease with higher minimum wages, suggesting that minimum wage hikes might encourage minimum-wage workers to obtain health insurance. The effects appear to come from minimum wage hikes that occurred after the Affordable Care Act (ACA) took effect in 2014, suggesting that higher minimum wages combined with federal subsidies for the ACA marketplace and the individual mandate might have contributed to a reduction in the uninsured rate. However, Medicaid expansions seem to mitigate the effect of the minimum wage on the uninsured rate among low-income households.
Applicant Perceptions Regarding the 2020 to 2021 Virtual Ophthalmology Residency Interview and Match Season

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has significantly impacted medical education, notably the mandate for all residency programs to implement virtual (rather than in-person) residency interviews. Understanding residency applicants' perceptions and approach to this novel virtual interview season will be beneficial as potential future interview formats are considered. Objective The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency match applicants regarding the virtual interview season prior to the start of the interview season. Patients and Methods Ophthalmology residency applicants during the 2020 to 2021 cycle were invited to complete the survey between October 20 and 29, 2020. Respondent demographic information, perceived importance of various application details in a normal versus virtual interview season, strengths and limitations of virtual interviews, and preferences for optimal virtual interview format were obtained. Results There were 337 survey respondents, with at least 50% of the survey completed by 190 applicants (56%). Of these, 73% of respondents applied to more than 60 ophthalmology residency programs, and 78% felt that the evaluation of candidates would be impacted by the virtual interview format. Regardless of interview format, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score and letters of recommendation were perceived to be the two most important factors related to matching at an applicant's top ranked programs. The primary limitation of a virtual interview season was the inability to experience a program's culture in person, while largest strength was cost savings. Conclusion The ophthalmology residency match is a competitive process made potentially more complex by a novel virtual interview format. A detailed postcycle analysis will be important to optimize future interview seasons.
Movement for the Actor: A Practical Approach to the Application of Movement Training

iv The Problem with Movement Training 1 Stanislavski’s System for Actor Training 5 The Body: Tension and Muscular Release 5 The Body: Physical Characterization 7 The Body: Action 8 The Mind: Objectives: Tasks and the Supertask 9 The Mind: Tempo-Rhythm 11 The Imagination: Given Circumstances 12 Teaching Junior Movement 13 First Semester: The Physical Body 17 Creating a Group Culture 17 Boot Camp: Strength, Stamina, and Flexibility 20 Daily Warm-Up 20 Yoga and Stretching 21 Strength Building 22 Isolations 22 Statue Work 23 Impulse 24
Interest rate effects of commercial bank underwriting of municipal revenue bonds

This study analyzed data for municipal revenue bond issues sold in 1979 to identify the impact of commercial bank eligibility on the interest cost to the issuing state or local government. The empirical evidence developed suggests that commercial bank eligibility had no statistically significant effect on the interest cost of municipal revenue bonds sold competitively or by neogotiation, when other factors explaining the interest cost are taken into account properly. Nor did bank eligibility increase the power of the model to explain the interest cost of the bono issues. The theoretical and empirical weaknesses of some earlier studies that report opposite findings are analyzed.
The Chinese and Soviet reassessment of socialism

Abstract This article makes a systematic comparison of the reassessment of socialism in China under Deng Xiaoping and in the former Soviet Union under Gorbachev, focusing on the official discourse on diagnosing the problems and failures of socialism as theory and practice and prescribing for their remedy. First, the evolving processes of the two reassessments are contrasted and the progressive differences in the direction and realm of reappraisal are discussed. Then the content of the two reassessments are compared in the three key areas of re-evaluation: the roots of past failures in the socialist system; the treatment of the individual person under socialism; and the position of the communist party in society. The article concludes with an explanation of the differences in the processes and contents of reassessment in the two cases and an interpretation that links the different discourses to the divergent reformist and revolutionary outcomes in the two systems.
Formal verification of microprocessors

A general method is presented for formally verifying the correctness of microprocessor designs. The abstract-level specification of the processor defines the effect of every instruction in terms of a suitably chosen programmer model of the processor. The concrete-level specification describes the design of the processor at a synchronous level by defining the behavior over a single microcycle. A general criterion of correctness to relate the two levels of behavior of the processor is developed. An application of the method to a simple processor, Simple, and a larger realistic processor, MiniCayuga, which uses instruction pipelining, is presented. Both designs are completely verified using an applicative-language-based verification system Clio. >
Timghriwin: Mass Marriage of Berbers in the Atlas Mountains- Marriage Destined for Divorce

Timghriwin: Mass Marriage of Berbers in the Atlas Mountains- Marriage Destined for Divorce. By Norbert Mylius. Jr. (Austria). 16mm, color, 35 minutes. Distributed by Phoenix Films, Inc., 13-A Jules Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08902. (201)246-3456.
Chemical protein folding probes to quantify folded and functional cellular proteins to understand proteostasis network functions (753.1)

While much is known about protein folding in buffers, current methodology is limited in probing how protein folding in vivo is influenced by the cellular proteostasis network quantitatively, particularly with regard to partitioning client proteins between folded and functional, soluble and misfolded, and aggregated conformational states in the face of genetic and environmental stresses. Herein we develop protein-of-interest folding probes that specifically recognize the functional and folded fraction of the protein-of-interest, , and serve to quantify the amount of folded and functional protein in cell lysate. Rapid depletion of ATP levels during cell lysis minimizes folding equilibria shifts by creating sufficient cellular chaperone holdase activity. The folding probes strategy is exemplified with retroaldolase (RA), a de novo designed enzyme, and transthyretin, a tetrameric plasma protein. This strategy revealed that partitioning of RA and TTR mutants between the aforementioned conformational states was...
Equal Incorporation of Both Parental Bacteriophage T7 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strands into Intracellular Concatemeric Deoxyribonucleic Acid

After infection of Escherichia coli B with radiolabeled T7 bacteriophage, the parental deoxyribonucleic acid label was found in both polynucleotide chains of the intracellular T7 concatemer.
Shaping Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis: The Role of International Law and the State Department Legal Adviser

Shaping Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis grew out of a series of meetings that the authors convened with all ten of the living former U.S. State Department legal advisers (from the Carter administration to that of George W. Bush). Based on their insider accounts of the role that international law actually played during the major crises on their watch, the book explores whether international law is real law or just a form of politics that policymakers are free to ignore whenever they perceive it to be in their interest to do so. Written in a style that will appeal to the casual reader and serious scholar alike, the book includes a foreword by the Obama administration's State Department legal adviser, Harold Koh; background on the theoretical underpinnings of the compliance debate; an in-depth case study of the treatment of detainees in the war on terror; and a comprehensive glossary of the terms, names, places, and events that are discussed in the book.
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

With the upcoming release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) there has been a necessary critique of the DSM-IV including questions regarding how to best improve the next iteration of the DSM classification system. The aim of this article is to provide commentary on the probable direction the DSM-V is headed with regard to panic attacks, panic disorder (PD), and agoraphobia (AG). The DSM-V Work Group’s recommendations for panic attacks, PD, and AG are reviewed, and important diagnostic questions and concerns are raised. Future research directions are discussed that will hopefully help improve our understanding of anxiety and our ability to accurately diagnose and classify these conditions.
Regulation of Food Intake

Publisher Summary This chapter mainly focuses on the concepts in the regulation of food intake and the progress in the knowledge of nutrition, the importance of food, water, and nutrition for the survival of a living element and also the processes that take place during food intake. Nutrition consists of many biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes, all of them interlocked and geared to the specific function that is the survival of each animal. Food exists in the external environment. To obtain food requires a sense of need or appetite. Appetite or drive sets an animal in search for food. This requires locomotion, exploration, and examination. Recognition of food is made possible by the chemical senses. The animal must choose an adequate diet in accordance with its needs. Information about food in the external environment is integrated in the brain with information on bodily needs, leading to a choice of food best suited to the survival of the animal. The chapter covers topics like early concepts in the regulation of food intake, appetite, hunger, drive, urges for food, the gastrointestinal tract and regulation of food intake, role of adipose tissues in regulation of food intake, alimentary behavior, processing of food: flavors; obesity: impairment of regulation of food intake; diet and span of life.
A Review of Social Justice and Diversity Content in Diversity Course Syllabi

Given United State's leading position among international social work organizations, it is important that its standards of practice for diversity in social work education are examined. Using a nationwide sample of syllabi (N = 174) in the United States, the purpose of this study is to measure the extent to which various facets of diversity and social justice are incorporated into social work course syllabi. The study further assesses whether social justice content is integrated into diversity courses according to the Council on Social Work Education's 2001 and 2008 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS). The goal is to better understand program adherence to diversity objects designed for social work education curriculum. An examination of course titles, syllabi content, and course objectives revealed a broad array of identified topics; however, terms such as culture/multicultural (79.2%), race (71.7%), diversity (68.2%), ethnicity (63.6%), gender (60.1%), oppression (57.8%), and gay/lesbian...
Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle – By Oleg V. Khlevniuk

This book offers an almost encyclopedic account of high politics in the Stalin era. Starting with the first Five‐Year Plan, Oleg V. Khlevniuk pieces together a truly comprehensive story of high pol...
Intergovernmental Loans: Their Fit into a Transfer System

Governments decentralized for various political and economic reasons. It can be a means to move decision making closer to people, to enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of service delivery, and to make tax systems more productive. In some countries, it may also promote national cohesion (e.g., Indonesia). Done well, decentralization can lead to all of the benefits promised by a multi-tiered intergovernmental system: better public services, enhanced local accountability, and a potential tool for poverty alleviation. But if decentralization is done badly, it can lead to macroeconomic instability, deterioration in service delivery, corruption and collapse of the safety net.
Test-Retest Reliability of High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging Acquisition within Medial Temporal Lobe Connections Assessed via Tract Based Spatial Statistics, Probabilistic Tractography and a Novel Graph Theory Metric

This study examined the reliability of high angular resolution diffusion tensor imaging (HARDI) data collected on a single individual across several sessions using the same scanner. HARDI data was acquired for one healthy adult male at the same time of day on ten separate days across a one-month period. Environmental factors (e.g. temperature) were controlled across scanning sessions. Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was used to assess session-to-session variability in measures of diffusion, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). To address reliability within specific structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL; the focus of an ongoing investigation), probabilistic tractography segmented the Entorhinal cortex (ERc) based on connections with Hippocampus (HC), Perirhinal (PRc) and Parahippocampal (PHc) cortices. Streamline tractography generated edge weight (EW) metrics for the aforementioned ERc connections and, as comparison regions, connections between left and right rostral and caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Coefficients of variation (CoV) were derived for the surface area and volumes of these ERc connectivity-defined regions (CDR) and for EW across all ten scans, expecting that scan-to-scan reliability would yield low CoVs. TBSS revealed no significant variation in FA or MD across scanning sessions. Probabilistic tractography successfully reproduced histologically-verified adjacent medial temporal lobe circuits. Tractography-derived metrics displayed larger ranges of scanner-to-scanner variability. Connections involving HC displayed greater variability than metrics of connection between other investigated regions. By confirming the test retest reliability of HARDI data acquisition, support for the validity of significant results derived from diffusion data can be obtained.
Pulmonary Delivery of Human Protein C and Factor IX

Recent advances in structural elucidation of numerous natural peptides and proteins1, enhanced understanding of their role in several physiological processes, and the use of biotechnological techniques for their production have stimulated considerable interest in establishing peptides and proteins as therapeutic agents. A major problem, aside from proteolytic degradation and physical alteration of the protein molecule at the site of administration, is the slow rate of transport of macromolecules across membrane barriers into the systemic circulation.
Power Dynamics Within Top Management and Their Impacts on CEO Dismissal Followed by Inside Succession

Following a power perspective, this study is a longitudinal examination of the antecedents of CEO dismissal followed by inside succession. Our theory highlights interest conflicts and competition w...
Spin and device engineering for blue organic light emitting devices

The realization of stable, high efficiency blue organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) remains challenging. The efficiency of blue fluorescent OLEDs is fundamentally limited, and blue phosphors are typically less stable. We discuss potential solutions to these problems. We show that device engineering can be used to optimize the color of a relatively stable and efficient bluegreen phosphor. In addition, we demonstrate the ability to manipulate the fraction of excitons which form as singlets in fluorescent materials by inserting a mixing layer that affects only the precursors to excitons.
The Student Experience Using Virtual Reality Simulation to Teach Decontamination

Abstract Background There is a need to prepare new nurses in disaster procedures. Virtual reality simulation (VRS) offers a method for disaster training; yet, little is known about the student experience using this type of simulation. Methods Senior baccalaureate students at two universities who experienced a VRS decontamination exercise were asked to participate in focus groups to describe their experience. Responses were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Results Student feedback was positive, and three themes emerged from the data: The Experience of VRS, The Learning Process, and The Implementation of the Learning Activity. Conclusions VRS provides an engaging learning opportunity to learn the skill of decontamination. Educators and developers must work together to ensure optimal learning opportunities for students in virtual environments.
Kant on Transcendental Freedom1

Transcendental freedom consists in the power of agents to produce actions without being causally determined by antecedent conditions, nor by their natures, in exercising this power. Kant contends that we cannot establish whether we are actually or even possibly free in this sense. He claims only that our conception of being transcendentally free involves no inconsistency, but that as a result the belief that we have this freedom meets a pertinent standard of minimal credibility. For the rest, its justification depends on practical reasons. I argue that this belief satisfies an appropriately revised standard of minimal credibility, but that the practical reasons Kant adduces for it are subject to serious challenge.
Neurological mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 13-year follow-up

Background This study focuses on long-term mortality, specifically brain cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS) of 621,902 veterans who served in the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War (GW), and 746,248 non-GW veterans. Methods Follow-up began with the date the veteran left the GW theater or May 1, 1991 and ended with the date of death or December 31, 2004. Cox proportional hazard models were used for analyses. Results Adjusted mortality rate ratios (aRR) of GW veterans compared to non-GW veterans were not statistically significant for brain cancer (aRR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 1.11), MS (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.23, 1.63), Parkinson's disease (aRR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.17, 2.99), or ALS (aRR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.62). GW veterans potentially exposed to nerve agents for 2 or more days and GW veterans exposed to oil well fire smoke were at increased risk for brain cancer mortality (aRR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.25, 5.87; aRR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.27; respectively). Conclusions The risk of death due to ALS, MS, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer was not associated with 1991 GW service in general. However, GW veterans potentially exposed to nerve agents at Khamisiyah, Iraq, and to oil well fire smoke had an increased risk of mortality due to brain cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:663–670, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Approximation by scattering solutions and applications to inverse scattering

Estimates of the growth of the norm of @n are given as @? -> 0. Here, @n(@a) @? L^2(S^2) is the function such that @?@!s^2u(x,@a)v(@a)d@a-@j@?"L"^"2"("D")@?@?,u(x,@a) is the scattering solution of the Schrodinger equation with a compactly supported potential, @j is an exponentially growing at infinity solution to this equation, D @? R^3 is a bounded domain. Estimates of this type are important in the inverse scattering theory. An application to stability of the solution to the 3-D inverse scattering problem is given.
Cavernous angiomas and refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: Excellent results following lesionectomy and removal of the epileptogenic zone, sparing the mesial temporal structures

Abstract Cavernous angiomas accounted for five of a total of 98 patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy treated surgically at Indiana University from 1984 to 1992. The mean age of onset of seizures was 17.2 years. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed characteristic features in all patients, but computed tomography of the head was negative in three patients. Most patients had evidence of old hemorrhage either on head MRI, noted at the time of surgery, or in the pathological specimen. Lesionectomy and removal of the epileptogenic area, sparing the mesial temporal structures, led to excellent results.
Stability of Proteins Inside a Hydrophobic Cavity

We study the effects of confinement and hydrophobicity of a spherical cavity on the structural and thermal stability of proteins in the framework of a hydrophobic-polar (HP) lattice model. We observe that a neutral confinement stabilizes the folded state of the protein by eliminating many of the open-chain conformations of the unfolded state. Hydrophobic confinement always destabilizes the protein because of protein-surface interactions. However, for moderate surface hydrophobicities, the protein remains stabilized relative to its state in free solution because of the dominance of entropic effects. These results are consistent with our experimental findings of (a) enhanced activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) when immobilized inside the essentially cylindrical pores of hydrophilic mesoporous silica (SBA-15) and (b) unaffected activity when immobilized inside weakly hydrophobic pores of methacrylate resin compared to its activity in free solution. In the same vein, our predictions are also consistent with the behavior of lysozyme and myoglobin in hydrophilic and hydrophobic SBA-15, which show qualitatively the same trends. Apparently, our results have validity across these very different enzymes, and we therefore suggest that confinement can be used to selectively improve enzyme performance.
A learning curve prediction model for operators performing industrial bench assembly operations

Abstract Learning curves of operators performing industrial operations vary according to the characteristics of the operator and the characteristics of the operation being performed. In this paper a method is developed to enable prediction of a specific learning curve of the function Y = c+a(1 −exp −b(t−1)) for a specific operator performing a specific operation. This specific curve is based on certain measurements of the operator and certain measurements of the operation.
Energy-Based Micromechanics Analysis on Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior in Sn-Ag Eutectic Solder

Sn-Ag-eutectic-based solders are replacing Sn-Pb eutectic solders in the electronics industry. The current paper extends the recently developed approach based on phase transformation theory, micromechanics, and fracture mechanics to treat fatigue crack nucleation and propagation for steels and alloys to predict fatigue crack propagation in solder alloys. To verify the proposed method, fatigue experiments were conducted on Sn-3.5Ag solder alloys. Finite element analysis is performed to predict the stress intensity factor range ΔK and the required energy U to increase the crack by a unit area. Unified creep-plasticity theory and a cohesive zone model are incorporated to predict the creep and hysteresis effects on fatigue crack propagation in solder and the interfacial behavior between the solder alloy and the intermetallic layer, respectively. With U determined numerically, the predicted fatigue crack propagation rate using phase transformation theory is compared with experimental data for Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-37Pb eutectic solders. Reasonable agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results is obtained.