cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A semiparametric approach to physiological flow models.

By regarding sampled tissues in a physiological model as linear subsystems, the usual advantages of flow models are preserved while mitigating two of their disadvantages, (i) the need for assumptions regarding intratissue kinetics, and (ii) the need to simultaneously fit data from several tissues. To apply the linear systems approach, both arterial blood and (interesting) tissue drug concentrations must be measured. The body is modeled as having an arterial compartment (A) distributing drug to different linear subsystems (tissues), connected in a specific way by blood flow. The response CA,with dimensions of concentration) of A is measured. Tissues receive input from A (and optionally from other tissues), and send output to the outside or to other parts of the body. The response CT,total amount of drug in the tissue (T) divided by the volume of T) from the T- th one, for example, of such tissues is also observed. From linear systems theory, CT can be expressed as the convolution of CA with a disposition function, F(t) (with dimensions 1/time). The function F(t)depends on the (unknown) structure of T, but has certain other constant properties: The integral F(t) dt is the steady state ratio of CT to CA,and the point F(0)is the clearance rate of drug from A to T divided by the volume of T. A formula for the clearance rate of drug from T to outside T can be derived. To estimate F(t)empirically, and thus mitigate disadvantage (i), we suggest that, first, a nonparametric (or parametric) function befitted to CA data yielding predicted values, ĈA,and, second, the convolution integral of CA with F(t)befitted to CT data using a deconvolution method. By so doing, each tissue's data are analyzed separately,thus mitigating disadvantage (ii). A method for system simulation is also proposed. The results of applying the approach to simulated data and to real thiopental data are reported.
A cross-cultural test of the ‘five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership’

Abstract Considering the impact of culture on the generalization of leadership theory, we offer a replication of Judge and Bono's [Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E. (2000), Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. J Appl Psychol 85 (5) 751–765.] study “Five-Factor Model of Personality and Transformational Leadership” to examine the applicability of the findings in the Chinese culture. Our study shows that certain personality traits positively associated with transformational leadership behavior in the North American context are not evident in the Chinese environment. Hofstede's four cultural dimensions, cultural tightness and self-monitoring theory are used to explain the differences between our outcomes and those of Judge and Bono.
Combining crowdsourcing and learning to improve engagement and performance

Crowdsourcing complex creative tasks remains difficult, in part because these tasks require skilled workers. Most crowdsourcing platforms do not help workers acquire the skills necessary to accomplish complex creative tasks. In this paper, we describe a platform that combines learning and crowdsourcing to benefit both the workers and the requesters. Workers gain new skills through interactive step-by-step tutorials and test their knowledge by improving real-world images submitted by requesters. In a series of three deployments spanning two years, we varied the design of our platform to enhance the learning experience and improve the quality of the crowd work. We tested our approach in the context of LevelUp for Photoshop, which teaches people how to do basic photograph improvement tasks using Adobe Photoshop. We found that by using our system workers gained new skills and produced high-quality edits for requested images, even if they had little prior experience editing images.
Does rule recursion make melodies easier to reproduce? If not, what does?

Abstract Two experiments examined the effects of variations in melodic rule structure and rhythm upon the ability of musically sophisticated listeners to reproduce auditory patterns. These experiments were designed to evaluate different theoretical perspectives on auditory pattern perception and the role of rule structure in perceiving and remembering. Predictions of a coding model, which emphasizes the impact of rule recursion, were contrasted with those of an accent model, which emphasizes the relative timing of melodic and temporal accents. Effects of recursive (hierarchical) and nonrecursive (linear) rule arrangements were studied in contexts where pattern contour differences were controlled for. Rhythm was also varied. Measured pauses were inserted between certain tones to make a rhythm compatible or incompatible with melodic rule phrases. Experiment 1 showed that pattern simplicity was determined not by rule recursive codes, but by the number and timing of contour changes and melodic rule breaks. Experiment 2 examined additional effects of rhythm on listeners' response to rule recursion and melodic phrasing in melodies of equivalent contour. Although modest effects of rule recursion appeared, these effects were again outweighed by large performance differences due to the relative timing of changes in contour and melodic rule structure. Implications of the accent model for dynamic attending are discussed in the context of a new proposal involving temporal phasing of accents.
Viscoelastic Property Changes of Acute Rat Brain Tissue Slices as a Function of Cell Viability

Changes in mechanical properties within brain tissues after losses in cell viability have not been well investigated. Lack of oxygen and nutrient transport can induce hypoxic neuronal injury and increase cell membrane permeability, and cell membranes and matrix components can lose their structural and mechanical integrity. These physical changes may have an effect on mechanical properties of brain tissue [1]. In this study, the viscoelastic behavior of two anatomical regions (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) in acute rat brain tissue slices were measured as a function of cell viability using indentation combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Neuronal viability in brain tissue slices was determined by measuring Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining to assay neuronal death or degeneration as a function of incubation time. OCT-measured deformation depths were compared with finite element (FE) simulations to estimate the relaxation of shear modulus. Measured equilibrium shear modulus (μ∞) after 8 hrs incubation was lower than μ∞ measured after 2 hrs incubation in the cerebral cortex (μ∞, 2hrs = 225 Pa, μ∞, 8hrs = 62 Pa) and hippocampus regions (μ∞, 2hrs = 170 Pa, μ∞, 8hrs = 33 Pa). Instantaneous shear modulus (μ0) after 8 hrs incubation was also an order of magnitude lower than μ0 after 2 hrs incubation in cortex (μ0, 2hrs = 1600 Pa, μ0, 8hrs = 100 Pa) and hippocampus regions (μ0, 2hrs = 370 Pa, μ0, 8hrs = 70 Pa). The results of this study provide a timeline for measuring mechanical properties of brain tissues ex vivo and provide better understanding of changes in brain modulus after injury or cell death.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Study on the Control System of an Automatic Testing Equipment for Diffusion Vacuum Pumps by Fault Tree Analysis

In order to promote the performance measurement technique of the diffusion vacuum pumps, one full-automatic test equipment was newly developed and patented. The control system is the core of the test equipment and its reliability analysis is necessary. The structure and the characteristics of the test equipment are introduced in paper. The fault tree of the test equipment is set up and illustrated in detail. Based on fault tree analysis, the reliability designs of the hardware and software of the test equipment are carried out.
Real-time surveillance and decision support: Optimizing infection control and antimicrobial choices at the point of care

As information technology has expanded into all sectors of society, the value of real-time decision support in the areas of infection control and antimicrobial management is becoming increasingly recognized. This articles discusses ideal systems of support for infection control surveillance and outbreak recognition, as well as systems for antimicrobial management. Numerous software packages have been developed and marketed that provide various components applicable to these areas. Studies published in peer-reviewed literature assessing their utility are reviewed. The number of good studies is very limited, however, and no previous study has compared various programs in a scientifically rigorous fashion. We recognize that the implementation of goals outlined by National Healthcare Information Infrastructure of "anywhere, anytime health care information and decision support," especially as it applies to infection control and antimicrobial management, is slow in developing. The expansion of health care information technology tools, such as computer physician order entry and clinical decision support, in all health care settings remains a significant challenge.
Use of tissue expansion for separation and primary closure of thoracopagus twins

The technique of tissue expansion is used to provide tissue for reconstruction or closure where insufficient native tissue exists. We used this technique to allow for successful separation and primary closure of thoracopagus twins. Two 160-ml Dow Corning Tissue expanders with self-contained injection ports were placed beneath the subcutaneous layer of each twin's lateral abdominal wall. These were gradually inflated to maximal capacity over a period of 3 weeks. After separation, each twin was closed primarily. Closure using native tissue that was under no tension avoided the respiratory and wound complications frequently associated with the previously reported closure techniques.
Evolution of pelagic direct development in the starfish Pteraster tesselatus (Asteroidea: Velatida)

Abstract Despite a diversity of larval forms, remarkably conservative features of asteroid development define a larval body plan that occurs throughout the class. However, recent work on the starfish Pleraster tesselatus has documented a highly derived pattern of development. Several features, including radial symmetry, parallel embryonic and adult axes of symmetry, absence of a preoral lobe, and formation of coeloms in the adult orientation from seven separate enterocoels, have not been reported in asteroids before. The complete absence of the larval body plan features that are found in other asteroids, indicates that P. tesselatus develops directly from the embryo to the juvenille and has a pelagic, nonfeeding (lecithotrophic), but nonlarval mode of development. I postulate that direct development evolved over an extended period in a lineage of brooding, deep-sea velatid (probably pterasterid) ancestors of P. tesselatus . Selection for increased developmental efficiency (loss of nonfunctional larval features) in the brooded offspring, could explain the lack of larval settlement structures, the nonlarval arrangement of coeloms, the lack of a preoral lobe, the transverse orientation of the juvenile disc, and the lack of bilateral symmetry. The pattern of coelomogenesis could have been derived from that of other velatids (e.g. solasterids) by relatively simple changes in timing and orientation of enterocoel formation. Rotation and posterior translation of the coelomic fate map of the archenteron prior to enterocoel formation would produce the coelomic compartments in the adult orientation that characterizes direct development in P. tesselatus . These unusual developmental features lead to a radically different interpretation for the evolution of the pelagic ‘larva’ of P. tesselatus : (1) evolution of benthic brooding, (2) extreme simplification of development involving the loss of all larval features from the life cycle, and (3) subsequent re-evolution of pelagic development. In the case of P. tesselatus , where all larval structures were lost, there do not seem to be functional constraints preventing the re-evolution of pelagic development. Analysis of pelagic and benthic larvae, in other asteroids, suggests that major ecological transitions in life histories need not be associated with substantial changes in morphology. The loss of pelagic development should have occurred repeatedly and should be readily reversible. These findings have interesting implications for the loss and evolution of pelagic dispersal in the life histories of marine benthic invertebrates.
Temperamental Activity and Fussiness: Implications for Weight of 3-Mo.-Old Infants:

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of activity and perceived fussiness in predicting infants' weight. Temperament characteristics did not predict weight for male infants, but leg activity was inversely associated with weight for female infants.
Etch patterning for advanced devices

Recent trend in CMOS technology showed migration towards new device structures. In order to reduce leakage at very small dimension, FINFET has been incorporated into the roadmap. This introduces new challenges on etch patterning due to topography. FINFET gate etch and spacer etch are two of the most challenging steps. For gate last flow, the dummy gate etch is very similar to planar polysilicon gate etch. Selectivity > 1:100 can be easily achieved between polysilicon and silicon dioxide. However, for gate first flow, the gate stack consists of a-Si/TiN/HfO 2 on FINFET topography, which makes gate etch very challenging. Significant over etch is needed to clear the gate materials from FIN side wall, so very high selectivity is needed between multiple etch materials. Nanowire represents the next evolution from FINFET where the gate now surrounds the channel. To overcome the etch challenges, one structure has been demonstrated utilizing a non conventional gate etch process to remove the gate material from under the nanowire [3]. New materials are also being proposed to replace silicon such as SiGe [5] and III-V [6]. For both materials, high selectivity and low damage gate etch and spacer etch are required. For III-V InGaAs MOSFET, the material is even more prone to damage than SiGe. EarlyMOSFET work has always relied on low damage gate definition such as wet etch or lift-off. We have demonstrated that similar performance can be achieved with anisotropic low damage RIE gate etch.
A further note on the optimality of the OLS hedge strategy

This note considers the hedging effectiveness of a dynamic hedge strategy as compared to the conventional OLS strategy. The conditions for the superiority of the OLS strategy are identified. It is argued that these conditions are frequently satisfied and therefore one expects to find the dominance of the OLS strategy over any dynamic strategy in the empirical work. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:308–311, 2008
Tolerance during chronic benzodiazepine treatment associated with decreased receptor binding

Studies were performed to evaluate the time course and possible significance of changes in specific benzodiazephine binding that occur during chronic treatment. Rats were offered flurazepam in a saccharin solution as their only fluid supply. Each rat consumed 100–150 mg/kg daily. Such treatment produced no change in the binding constant (KD) of specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding. Maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was reduced by about 20% after 4 or 8 weeks of treatment, but not by 2 weeks or less. Bmax returned to control within 24 h after the end of chronic treatment. Rats were tested for suceptibility to flurazepam by injecting 20–200 mg/kg i.p., and assessing locomotor impairment. Dose-response analysis showed tolerance only after treatments and at times when Bmax was reduced. The results suggest that the reduced Bmax is an adaptive change in response to chronic benzodiazepine treatment, and that the mechanism for tolerance is a reduction of receptors.
Effects of Nonresponse Acquisition on Latent Extinction in a Differential Reinforcement Setting

The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of 100%, 50%, and 0% reinforcement of nonresponse acquisition on the regular acquisition, latent extinction, and regular extinction of an instrumental running response. Ss were 78 male rats randomly assigned to six treatment conditions which included the administering of pretraining and training placements under varied reinforcement, followed by latent extinction and regular extinction test periods. Although the administration of pretraining and training placements had no significant effect on running speeds during acquisition, the results did indicate that Ss which had encountered nonreinforced placements prior to latent extinction were significantly more resistant to the effects of the pre-extinction placements. The discrimination hypothesis and frustration theory were considered as interpretations of the latent extinction data.
Extinguishing the Torch of Terror: The Threat of Terrorism and the 2010 Olympics

With the change in seasons comes the expected change of insurgency operations in Afghanistan as Taliban and al-Qaida fighters mount their spring and summer offensives against both NATO forces and Afghanis sympathetic to foreign troops. As insurgents curtail their seasonal operations with the arrival of fall and winter, is it likely that a threat may arise from Afghanistan to affect the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia? As will be illustrated herein, the threat to the games will not be borne directly from the insurgency in Afghanistan but rather by the universal jihadist ideology of al-Qaida rather than the nationalist beliefs of their fellow fighters, the Taliban. This article aims to call attention to the plausible threat to the 2010 Olympics posed by al-Qaida's far-reaching terrorist network while also offering a focused threat analysis based on the network's preferred tactics. Essentially, the power of al-Qaida lies in their network: the threat to the Olympic Games stems from proxy extremist and terrorist groups linked directly and indirectly to al-Qaida. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss4/5 53 Extinguishing the Torch of Terror: The Threat of Terrorism and the 2010 Olympics By Serge E. Vidalis, CD, MA "It cannot be insisted upon too strongly that in a small war the only possible attitude to assume is, speaking strategically, the offensive." Colonel C.E. Callwell, 19061
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of a Three-Level Maser

The population distribution and the associated thermodynamic properties of a three-level maser are calculated. By treating the three spin states as individual chemical species, it is possible to write the partition function, free energy, internal energy, entropy, and chemical potential for each species. The principle of minimum entropy production is used to derive an equation of reaction equilibrium. This equation is used in separate thermodynamic and statistical mechanical calculations to obtain the normalized population distribution. This result agrees in first order with that obtained by means of the rate equations. Competitive relaxation processes and partial saturation effects are discussed. The saturation parameter used is the one defined in the treatment of the Overhauser effect. An explicit expression is obtained for this parameter in terms of the various transition probabilities, and its effect on maser performance is discussed. (auth)
Temporal observations of surface soil moisture using a passive microwave sensor

A series of 10 aircraft flights was conducted over agricultural fields to evaluate relationships between observed surface soil moisture and soil moisture predicted using passive microwave sensor observations. An a priori approach was used to predict values of surface soil moisture for three types of fields: tilled corn, no-till corn with soybean stubble, and idle fields with corn stubble. Acceptable predictions were obtained for the tilled corn fields, while poor results were obtained for the others. The source of error is suspected to be the density and orientation of the surface stubble layer; however, further research is needed to verify this explanation. Temporal comparisons between observed, microwave predicted, and soil water-simulated moisture values showed similar patterns for tilled well-drained fields. Divergences between the observed and simulated measurements were apparent on poorly drained fields. This result may be of value in locating and mapping hydrologic contributing areas.
Effect of 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid on growth of Agaricus bisporus

Abstract 10-Oxo- trans -8-decenoic acid (ODA) was found to stimulate mycelial growth and stipe elongation in Agaricus bisporus . Higher mushroom yield at the first flush resulting from supplementation of the casing layer with ODA in the form of mushroom powder suggested that ODA may be involved in the initiation of fruiting.
Unobtrusive in-home assessment by means of everyday computer mouse usage

An important component of future proactive healthcare is the detection of changes in the individual's physical or cognitive performance, especially for aging and for those with neurodegenerative diseases. For a variety of reasons, the current techniques for neuropsychological assessment are not suitable for continuous monitoring and assessment. This paper proposes a technique for continuous monitoring of behaviors that could potentially be used to complement the traditional assessment techniques. In particular we monitor the movements of a computer pointing device (mouse) to assess cognitive and sensory-motor functionality of human users unobtrusively. The focus of this paper is on an approach that can be used to identify moves so that they can later be used as the basis for constructing sensory-motor measures. Due to the nature of the data the distinction between moves and pauses between moves is not immediately apparent. The segmentation of the data into moves is done by constructing an estimated distribution of the mouse cursor velocity for the entire computer session and locating a particular minimum which indicates a likely point of division between active moves and inter-move intervals. We analyzed computer usage data for 113 elderly participants over a period of two years, and the technique applied to that data was able to divide data from a session of computer usage into a series of mouse moves in 98% of observed computer sessions with a physically sensible value for the cutoff dividing moves from stops.
OBSERVATION OF NEW NEUTRON - RICH ISOTOPES BY FRAGMENTATION OF 205-MEV/NUCLEON AR-40 IONS

Yields of projectile fragments have been measured at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the reaction of 205-MeV/nucleon $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ ions on an 860-mg-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ carbon target. Mass resolution was achieved using a combination of magnetic analysis and energy-loss measurements. The isotopes $^{28}\mathrm{Ne}$ and $^{35}\mathrm{Al}$ have been observed for the first time.
Immunization rates and vaccine beliefs among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an opportunity for improvement.

BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive agents used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can increase the risk for infections, several of which are preventable through vaccination. Our study aimed to describe vaccine utilization by immunosuppression status, examine reasons for vaccine refusal, and identify characteristics associated with lack of influenza vaccination in patients with IBD. METHODS We administered an online survey between February 2012 and April 2012 to an internet-based cohort of patients with IBD in the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America Partners program. RESULTS During this time, 958 individuals completed the survey. The median age was 45, 72.8% were female, and 62.0% had Crohn's disease. Self-reported vaccination rates were low. Those on immunosuppression (n = 514) were more likely to be counseled to avoid live vaccines (P < 0.01). However, counseling rates were low (3.5%-19.1% for various live vaccines). Among the 776 individuals who received the influenza vaccine, maintaining health (74.1%), importance of prevention (66.1%), and provider recommendation (38%) were the most frequently cited motivations. Factors associated with lack of influenza vaccine included lower education level (P = 0.01), younger age (P = 0.02), and no chronic immunosuppression use (P < 0.01). Five hundred seventy (59.5%) individuals thought that patients were responsible for keeping track of their vaccines, whereas 428 (44.7%) placed responsibility on their gastroenterologist and 595 (62.1%) on their primary care physician. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine utilization remains suboptimal in patients with IBD. Educational interventions may increase vaccination rates by clarifying misconceptions. Gastroenterologists can play a more active role in health care maintenance in patients with IBD by counseling patients on which vaccines to receive or avoid.
Thermodynamics in Kaluza-Klein theories.

The topological effects on thermodynamics are investigated for massless particles on a sphere and a product of two spheres.
The Robber Flies of Texas(Diptera, Asilidae)

Texas not only has the distinction of being the largest state in the Union, but also appears to be proportionately endowed in other respects. There is a tremendous variety of both flora and fauna. The Dipterous family Asilidae, with which this paper deals, is represented to an extent unparalleled either in species or in individuals by any other region in the country. The list following, which must be considered as only preliminary, comprises 161 species. If contrasted with the author's recent list for Ohio of 65 species, an idea of the wealth of the Texas asilid fauna may be gained. In addition, Texas may boast of some of the largest species of these predacious flies occurring in North America. Microstylum morosum (Pl. 1, Fig. 9), (No. 30 in the list), originally described from Dallas, reaches a length of 50 mm.; Promachus giganteus (Pl. 1, Fig. 2), (No. 111) from the western part of the state, may exceed a length of 47 mm.; while in actual bulk there are probably no species in North America greater than the large bumblebeelike Bombomima lata . (No. 88), the type locality of which is Galveston, or the huge MalloPhora belzebul (No. 100), from the Uvalde region. The latter species also occurs in Mexico and Brazil.
A Clay Self-Assembled on a Gold Surface as Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy and Electrochemistry

A 2:1 smectite-type clay containing thiol groups on a basal plane was synthesized by reacting nickel chloride with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane in an alkaline methanol/water solvent. The material (denoted as an HS-Ni layer) was revealed to be self-assembled on a gold surface. The process was confirmed by the mass increase of a gold electrode with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) when the electrode was immersed in a chloroform suspension of an HS-Ni layer. The nanoscale images of a gold surface modified with an HS-Ni layer were obtained with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface was covered with a single layer of the platelets of about 30 nm in diameter and 1.6 nm in thickness. When the cyclic voltammogram was measured on an electrode modified with such a layer, the reversible redox peaks were observed in the potential range 0−300 mV (vs SCE). The peaks were ascribed to the reduction-oxidation of nickel(II)/nickel(I) couple. From the Coulometric measurements, the fraction of the electroact...
Atlantic overturning responses to Late Pleistocene climate forcings

The factors driving glacial changes in ocean overturning circulation are not well understood. On the basis of a comparison of 20 climate variables over the past four glacial cycles, the SPECMAP project proposed that summer insolation at high northern latitudes (that is, Milankovitch forcing) drives the same sequence of ocean circulation and other climate responses over 100-kyr eccentricity cycles, 41-kyr obliquity cycles and 23-kyr precession cycles. SPECMAP analysed the circulation response at only a few sites in the Atlantic Ocean, however, and the phase of circulation response has been shown to vary by site and orbital band. Here we test the SPECMAP hypothesis by measuring the phase of orbital responses in benthic delta(13)C (a proxy indicator of ocean nutrient content) at 24 sites throughout the Atlantic over the past 425 kyr. On the basis of delta(13)C responses at 3,000-4,010 m water depth, we find that maxima in Milankovitch forcing are associated with greater mid-depth overturning in the obliquity band but less overturning in the precession band. This suggests that Atlantic overturning is strongly sensitive to factors beyond ice volume and summer insolation at high northern latitudes. A better understanding of these processes could lead to improvements in model estimates of overturning rates, which range from a 40 per cent increase to a 40 per cent decrease at the Last Glacial Maximum and a 10-50 per cent decrease over the next 140 yr in response to projected increases in atmospheric CO(2) (ref. 4).
Perceptions of religious and non-religious targets who participate in premarital sex

University students ( N = 276) read one of twelve scenarios that varied a target’s gender, the target’s length of delay in a dating relationship before onset of sexual intercourse (1 month vs. 6 months ), and degree of a target’s religious involvement ( never attended church, occasionally attends church, or regularly attends church). Subjects then rated how moral and trustworthy they thought the target person was and how likely they thought it was that the dating relationship would lead to marriage. Results indicated that female targets, targets who delay sex in a relationship, and regular churchgoers were perceived and evaluated most favorably. The findings were interpreted in terms of earlier research on the religious “halo” and religious “boomerang” effects.
Fictitious data generator for analytical aerotriangulation

Abstract This paper describes the development of a computer program designed to produce fictitious data for the testing of extensive programs of analytical aerotriangulation. The program generates the positions of ground points and exposure stations, and the angular orientation elements for the photographs. From these, the theoretically correct image coordinates are computed. The correct image coordinates can be perturbed to simulate the effects of lens distortion, atmospheric refraction, film shrinkage, and normally distributed measuring errors. The number of photographs per flight, the number of parallel flights, and the number of image points per photograph can be selected by the operator. The area to be photographed can be located anywhere on the earth's surface and the flight can be at any azimuth. Any geodetic figure can be adopted.
Discrimination between transmembrane ion gradient-driven and electron transfer-driven ATP synthesis in the methanogenic bacteria

As with Methanococcus voltae [(1986) FEBS Lett. 200, 177–180], ATP synthesis in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (ΔH) can be driven by the imposition of a sodium gradient, but only in the presence of a counterion. Monensin (but not SF6847) inhibits this synthesis. Methanogenic electron transfer-driven ATP synthesis, however, is insensitive to the combination of these two ionophores. In M. voltae, 117 μM diethylstilbestrol effectively inhibits both membrane potential- and sodium gradient-driven ATP synthesis, but has no effect on ATP production coupled to methanogenesis. In Mb. thermoautotrophicum (ΔH), a similar pattern of inhibition is exhibited by harmaline, an inhibitor of sodium-linked membrane transport systems. We conclude that ATP-driven sodium translocation and electron transfer-driven ATP synthesis are accomplished by separate entities, at least for these two only distantly related species of methanogen.
Coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease: diagnosis with ultrafast CT.

Coronary artery aneurysms are the most serious complication of Kawasaki disease, and periodic screening examinations are necessary. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography represents the standard screening method; however, visualization of the distal coronary arteries is often limited. This report describes the complementary role of ultrafast computed tomography (CT) with 2D echocardiography in the evaluation of coronary artery aneurysms resulting from Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). Six pediatric patients with coronary aneurysms were examined with 2D echocardiography and ultrafast CT. Ten of 11 lesions were detected with ultrafast CT. The one missed coronary artery aneurysm was one of two contiguous aneurysms. Because of intersection thickness these two discrete aneurysms were interpreted as a solitary aneurysm. Ultrafast CT allowed detection of one aneurysm not initially visualized with echocardiography. In conclusion, ultrafast CT was found to be an effective complementary procedure...
Exploring the Politics of Differential Resource Allocation: Implications for Policy Design and Leadership Practice

This qualitative case study explores the political and leadership challenges imbedded within the implementation of a district-wide resource reallocation policy. Based on a two-year study of a medium-sized district’s efforts to address changing demographics of families in the district and a widening achievement gap, we draw upon concepts from education finance and the politics of policymaking to better understand the strategies used to introduce and implement a differential resource-allocation formula. Leadership strategies are explored, with a focus on anticipated areas of both internal and external “pushback,” and a discussion of the cycle of political support for equity-focused policy initiatives.
A modified procedure for radioactive hydroxyproline assay in urine and tissues after labeled proline administration.

Abstract A simple modification of the procedure of Prockop and Udenfriend is suggested for the removal of nonhydroxyproline radioactivity not adequately separated with existing procedures from the urine and tissues of rats and rabbits given labeled proline. The modification consists of extraction of the pyrrole-containing toluene with an aqueous solution of semicarbazide; by its use both nonhydroxyproline radioactivity and materials capable of interference with the colorimetric phase of the procedure are removed. The modified and existing procedures are compared in studies of collagen metabolism in the rat.
Serial thalamic lesions and tactile discrimination in the rat.

Rats with one-stage and two-stage lesions centered in the ventrobasal homologue of the thalamus, and animals with control operations were tested in a T-maze for the ability to acquire two ridge-smooth tactile discriminations. The groups with one-stage and two-stage ventrobasal complex lesions performed significantly worse than rats with sham operations or control lesions, but did not differ from each other. Thus, although the data demonstrate the importance of the ventrobasal complex in the acquisition of tactile habits in the rat, they give no evidence for sparing of function after serial lesions in this part of the brain. Parameters such as lesion size and the interoperative period are discussed with reference to this result. Of considerable importance is the added finding that survival rates were significantly higher after two-stage lesions than after one-stage lesions centered in the same thalamic structures.
Computational study of line tip printability of sub-20-nm technology

This paper illustrates the increasing importance of line tip printing as measured by the size of the weak line tip zone for sub-20nm technology. This paper suggests adding line tip printability into sub-20nm lithography performance metric in addition to the conventional tip-to-tip resolution. This study shows that these two metrics sometimes respond to lithography conditions inversely. The importance of including line tip printability into technology evaluation is demonstrated by comparing LELE optical lithography and EUV lithography. Also, line tip printing with EUV lithography is explored with various illumination conditions and resist developer tones.
Heated fats. I. Studies of the effects of heating on the chemical nature of cottonseed oil

When cottonseed oil was heated at 225°C. in the presence of air for long periods of time, nonurea adduct-forming monomers and dimers were formed which were toxic to rats. Analyses showed that the toxic fractions contained moderate amounts of carbonyl and hydroxyl and that they contained unsaturation difficult to remove by hydrogenation. Cyclic structures appeared to be present in the dimer fraction. The production of nonurea adducting monomers and dimers is associated with polymerization and other reactions of linoleic acid.
Enhanced distraction by magnocellular salience signals in schizophrenia

Research on schizophrenia has provided evidence of both impaired attentional control and dysfunctional magnocellular sensory processing. The present study tested the hypothesis that these impairments may be related, such that people with schizophrenia would be differentially distracted by stimuli that strongly activate the magnocellular pathway. To accomplish this, we used a visual attention paradigm from the basic cognitive neuroscience literature designed to assess the capture of attention by salient but irrelevant stimuli. Participants searched for a target shape in an array of non-target shapes. On some trials, a salient distractor was presented that either selectively activated the parvocellular system (parvo-biased distractors) or activated both the magnocellular and parvocellular systems (magno+parvo distractors). For both manual reaction times and eye movement measures, the magno+parvo distractors captured attention more strongly than the parvo-biased distractors in people with schizophrenia, but the opposite pattern was observed in matched healthy control participants. These results indicate that attentional control deficits in schizophrenia may arise, at least in part, by means of an interaction with magnocellular sensory dysfunction.
Bile acid alone, or in combination with acid, induces CDX2 expression through activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

Bile acids and acid are implicated in the development of Barrett’s esophagus. Evidence suggests that Barrett’s esophagus intestinal metaplasia may occur via induction of caudal homeobox gene 2 (CDX2). We hypothesized that induction of CDX2 by bile acids may be due to ligand-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Human mucosal epithelial cells (SEG-1) were treated for 0 to 24 h with up to 300 μM deoxycholic acid (DCA) at pH 7 or 5 with or without (w/wo) antibodies against EGFR ligand-binding site (Mab528, 3–5 μg/ml). Treatment with 100 ng/ml EGF served as control. CDX2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. EGFR activation was analyzed by Westerns of phosphorylated EGFR tyrosines. Acid (pH 5) increased the induction of CDX2 mRNA expression caused by DCA. CDX2 mRNA induction was markedly reduced by EGFR blockade with Mab528. Each treatment (pH 5, DCA or pH 5 plus DCA) activated the EGFR on all tyrosines tested but in different time courses. Phosphorylation by DCA was inhibited by Mab528. Activation of EGFR by DCA at pH 5 resulted in EGFR degradation, while that by DCA alone did not. Thus, CDX2 induction by DCA w/wo acid occurs through ligand-dependent transactivation of the EGFR. The variations in EGFR degradation pattern with DCA or DCA at pH 5 indicate differential transactivation pathways. The molecular pathogenesis of Barrett’s esophagus may occur via bile-stimulated cell signaling through the EGFR.
Life Cycle Benefits of Using Nanotechnology To Stabilize Platinum-Group Metal Particles in Automotive Catalysts

Due to advances in nanotechnology, the approach to catalytic design is transitioning from trial-and-error to planned design and control. Expected advances should enable the design and construction of catalysts to increase reaction speed, yield, and catalyst durability while also reducing active species loading levels. Nanofabrication techniques enabling precise control over the shape, size, and position of nanoscale platinum-group metal (PGM) particles in automotive catalysts should result in reduced PGM loading levels. These reductions would decrease energy consumption, improve environmental quality, and contribute to sustainable resource usage. We estimate the amount of PGM required to meet U.S. vehicle emissions standards through 2030 based on current catalyst technology. We then estimate the range of PGM that could be saved from potential nanotechnology advances. Finally, we employ economic input−output and process-based life cycle assessment models to estimate the direct and life cycle benefits from ...
Mid infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) as a viable alternative to tissue ablation with the free electron laser (FEL).

Background and Objectives Investigations with a Mark-III free electron laser, tuned to 6.45 µm in wavelength have demonstrated minimal collateral damage and high ablation yield in ocular and neural tissues. While the use of mid-IR light produced by the free electron laser (FEL) has shown much promise for surgical applications, further advances are limited due the high costs of its use. Further investigation and widespread clinical use of six-micron radiation requires the development of an alternative laser source. In this research, we compared a Mark-III FEL and an Er:YAG pumped ZGP-OPO with respect to the effect of pulse duration on ablation efficiency and thermal damage on porcine cornea. Study Design/Materials and Methods A five by seven grid of craters was made about the center of each cornea. Craters were made with a 60-µm spotsize with a 500-µm spacing. Ablation craters were made using 50 pulses per crater at approximately three times the ablation threshold (for water). Histological analysis was used to determine crater depth and thermal damage. Results The average zone of thermal damage at 6.1 µm was found to be 4.1 µm for the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and 5.4 µm for the FEL. At 6.45 µm, the damaged zone was 7.2 µm for the OPO and 7.2 µm for the FEL. At 6.73 µm, the damaged zone was 6.3 µm for the OPO and 7.6 µm±0.3 µm for the FEL. Conclusions The OPO caused similar or significantly less thermal damage in porcine cornea when compared with the FEL while generating significantly deeper craters. We determined that the ZGP-OPO has much promise as a bench-top replacement for the FEL for soft tissue ablation. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:230–236, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SVM-Fold: a tool for discriminative multi-class protein fold and superfamily recognition

Background Predicting a protein's structural class from its amino acid sequence is a fundamental problem in computational biology. Much recent work has focused on developing new representations for protein sequences, called string kernels, for use with support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. However, while some of these approaches exhibit state-of-the-art performance at the binary protein classification problem, i.e. discriminating between a particular protein class and all other classes, few of these studies have addressed the real problem of multi-class superfamily or fold recognition. Moreover, there are only limited software tools and systems for SVM-based protein classification available to the bioinformatics community.
Performance of Chlorophyll-Deficient and Normal Near-Isolines of Two Soybean Cultivars

Leaves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seedlings heterozygous at the y11 locus contain less chlorophyll, but have net CO 2 assimilation rates equal to rates of normal green leaves when grown at relatively low irradiance in growth chambers. The y11 allele is lethal in the homozygous condition and plants with this genotype die at the uni-foliolate or first trifoliolate stage of development (.)
Combined quick freezing, freeze‐drying, and embedding tissue at low temperature and in low viscosity resins

The techniques of quick freezing and freeze-drying provide an alternative to the more classical methodologies of chemical fixation and dehydration with organic solvents. It is possible to embed freeze-dried tissue in low viscosity resins, either at room temperature or at subzero temperatures in Spurr's resin or Lowicryl K4M, respectively. The choice of embedding medium affords additional flexibility in postdrying and embedding conditions, since Spurr's resin allows vapor fixation with osmium tetroxide and thermal polymerization. Osmium tetroxide is not recommended for Lowicryl resins, but these media permit polymerization at subzero temperatures with ultraviolet light. Both resins have unique advantages that may be utilized, depending upon the purpose of the embedding. In this paper, we discuss the details of preparing smooth muscle, from rabbit renal artery, by quick freezing and freeze-drying, as well as methods for the embedding of the freeze-dried tissue in both Spurr's resin and Lowicryl K4M. Although we have previously reported the ultrastructure of smooth muscle embedded in Spurr's low viscosity resin, the combination of freeze-drying and infiltration in Lowicryl K4M represents a new approach that allows the elimination of chemical fixation, dehydration with organic solvents, and heat polymerization of the embedding medium.
Establishing construct validity of a stages-of-change algorithm for physical activity.

Abstract Purpose. Examine the construct validity of a modified stages-of-change (SOC) scale among adults with physical disabilities by investigating the relations among the transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs, physical activity (PA), and SOC. Additionally, the SOC algorithm was compared with previously recommended SOC scales. Design/Setting. Cross-sectional online survey. Subjects. 271 adults with physical disabilities (x¯age = 49.25; 73.4% females). Measures. Standardized questionnaires for the TTM constructs and PA. Analyses/Results. Based on the multivariate analysis of variance, the hypothesized relations between the SOC and the TTM constructs were supported. According to the analysis of variance, PA levels increased almost linearly across the SOC. Precontemplators (x¯ = 8.53 metabolic equivalent [MET]-h/d) had lower PA scores than contemplators (x¯ = 14.27 MET-h/d) and preparators (x¯ = 17.64 MET-h/d), who in turn had lower scores than those in action (x¯ = 23.03 MET-h/d). Based on the ...
The cellular changes produced by two variants within type E54 of vesicular exanthema of swine virus in tissue culture.

Abstract The cytopathology produced by two plaque-type variants within one antigenic type of vesicular exanthema of swine virus has been correlated with the production of infectious virus. The large-plaque former can be distinguished from the minute-plaque former by the morphologic alterations found in the nucleolus and at the cell periphery of the host cell. Cells producing both variants of the virus undergo both types of cytopathic changes. Cells in mitosis are blocked at metaphase by each variant of the virus.
LICHEN PLANUS EN LICHENOÏDE LAESIES

Lichen planus, ook kortweg lichen (Griekse leichen = boommos) genoemd, is een ontstekingsachtige afwijking van de huid- en/of slijmvliezen, gekenmerkt door het optreden van huidpapels en/of witte, streepvormige verhevenheden op de slijmvliezen. De in de literatuur vermelde prevalentie varieert van 0,5-2%. Evenals de etiologie van lichen van de huid is de oorzaak van orale lichen planus onbekend. door prof.dr. Isaac van derWaal