cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Performance of a Nonlinear Energy Harvester in Mono- and Bi-Stable Potentials

The quest to develop broadband vibratory energy harvesters (VEHs) has recently motivated researchers to explore introducing nonlinearities into the harvester’s design. Some research efforts have demonstrated that this new class of nonlinear harvesters can outperform their traditional linear (resonant) counterparts; some others however concluded that nonlinearities can diminish the harvester’s transduction. Through this effort, we compare the performance of a nonlinear VEH operating in mono- and bi-stable potentials. With that objective, we consider an axially-loaded clamped-clamped piezoelectric beam which functions as an energy harvester in the mono-stable (pre-buckling) and bistable (post-buckling) configurations. For the purpose of fair performance comparison, the oscillation frequency around the stable equilibria of the harvester is tuned to equal values in both configurations. The harvester is then subjected to harmonic base excitations of different magnitudes and a slowly-varying frequency which spans a wide range around the tuned oscillation frequency. The output voltage measured across an arbitrarily chosen electric load is used as a relative performance measure. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the shape of the potential function plays an essential role in conjunction with the magnitude of the base excitation to determine whether the bi-stable harvester can outperform the mono-stable one and for what range of frequencies.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Smackover Reservoirs in Southwestern Alabama: ABSTRACT

One of the major problems encountered during exploration for hydrocarbons in the Smackover in southwestern Alabama is delineation of porosity trends within the unit. Unlike Smackover reservoirs in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, which are dominated by primary interparticulate porosity, much of the porosity in the Smackover in southwestern Alabama is secondary in nature and does not correlate with primary depositional features. Smackover reservoirs in southwestern Alabama can be divided into 3 general classes: interparticulate-moldic reservoirs, dolomitic intercrystalline reservoirs, and vuggy reservoirs. Interparticulate-moldic reservoirs occur in a narrow band that parallels and lies 10-20 mi downdip of the updip limit of the Smackover. Porosity consists of small a ounts of interparticulate and moderate amounts of oomoldic or pelmoldic porosity. Interparticulate-moldic reservoirs are characterized by moderate to high porosities (10-20%) but relatively low permeabilities (5-10 md) unless the lithology is dolomitized. Moldic porosity is also associated with large amounts of microporosity, which can significantly affect water saturation. Intercrystalline dolomite reservoirs are common along the updip limit of the Smackover and across several prominent paleohighs such as the Conecuh Ridge and the Wiggins arch. Reservoirs possessing only intercrystalline porosity have highly variable permeability but low porosity (6-8%) and are rarely productive unless fractured or leached to produce vuggy porosity. Vuggy reservoirs are common across paleohighs or along the updip margin. They are characterized by good porosity (10-20%) and permeability (10-100 md), but also possess large amounts of microporosity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 237------------
A comparison of food selection and foraging behavior in juvenile and adult goats

Young animals face unique constraints in foraging on rangelands. They are at an inherent disadvantage to older animals because they have higher nutritional requirements and they lack foraging experience. Comparisons were made in diet selection, foraging time and weight changes for adult (does) and juvenile (kids) goats foraging at two stocking rates (heavy vs. light) during the winter of 1979 on rangeland dominated by blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima). The previous experiences of adult and juvenile goats differed because does had browsed blackbrush during the winter of 1978, while kids were raised from birth until 6 months of age on alfalfa hay. Does and kids in the heavily stocked pasture consumed diets that were similar in percentage blackbrush (95 vs. 94), blackbrush leaf:stem ratios (0.44 vs. 0.45), crude protein (7.2 vs. 6.9%) and in vitro digestible organic matter (39.3 vs. 39.2%). Does and kids in the lightly stocked pasture consumed diets that were similar in blackbrush leaf:stem ratios (0.41 vs. 0.42) and crude protein (6.6 vs. 6.6%), but does consumed diets that were slightly higher (P = 0.039) in percentage blackbrush (94 vs. 88), but lower (P = 0.028) in in vitro digestible organic matter (36.0 vs. 39.5%). Kids spent considerably more time foraging than did does (P < 0.0000) in both the heavily (59 vs. 41%) and the lightly (65 vs. 47%) stocked pastures. Kids also lost a greater percentage of body weight (P = 0.02) than did does (22 vs. 17).
Muslim Europe or Euro‐Islam: Politics, Culture, and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization

Muslim Europe or Euro-Islam: Politics, Culture, and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization. AlSayyad, Nezar and Manuel Castells. eds. Lexington Books: London, 2002. 204 pp. ISBN. 7391 0338 5.
Relational Control Patterns and Expressed Emotion in Families of Persons with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

The process of relational control, that is, the negotiation of "who's in charge," was examined in 40 families of persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Verbal interaction recorded during problem-solving tasks was coded with the Relational Control Coding System (RCCS). Patterning of message and response sequences was compared by diagnosis of the patient and level of expressed emotion (EE) of the family. Results indicated that patients with either diagnosis assert control more than their parents, that high-EE families compete for control more than low-EE families, and that families of bipolar patients compete for control whatever their EE status. The most dramatic differences in control patterns were in the dual-parent, high-EE families of persons with schizophrenia, in which the patients successfully challenged parents for control, and parents often yielded. It was concluded that EE reflects transactional processes in families that vary by diagnosis of the patient.
Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in pure culture, whole live and half shell oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by X-ray

Aims: To study the inactivation effect of different doses of X-ray on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in pure culture, inoculated whole live and half shell oysters and to evaluate the efficacy of X-ray doses on reduction of inherent microflora on oysters. Methods and Results: X-ray was produced using RS 2400 generator system (Rad Source Technologies Inc.). Pure culture of V. parahaemolyticus, inoculated half and whole shell oysters with V. parahaemolyticus were treated with 0·0, 0·1, 0·5, 0·75, 1·0, 1·5, 2·0, 3·0 and 5·0 kGy X-ray. Surviving bacteria in the pure culture and inoculated oysters, before and after treatment, were enumerated using overlay plating (in TSA then TCBS) and most probable number (MPN) methods. A greater than 6·0 log reduction of V. parahaemolyticus was observed with 0·75, 2·0 and 5·0 kGy X-ray for pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters, respectively. Treatment with 0·75, 2·0 and 5·0 kGy X-ray reduced the MPN to <3 for pure culture, half and whole shell oysters, respectively. Treatment with 1·0 kGy X-ray significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the inherent micro-organisms on whole shell oysters from 4·7 ± 0·1 to less than the detectable limit (<1·0 log CFU g−1). Conclusions: X-ray (1–5 kGy) significantly (P < 0·05) reduced V. parahaemolyticus and inherent microflora on oysters to less than detectable limit (<1·0 log CFU g−1). Significance and Impact of the Study: Treatment with X-ray could control pathogenic bacteria and extend the shelf life of oysters.
Preliminary investigation of symptom distress in the head and neck patient population: validation of a measurement instrument.

Objective:Observations indicate that the acute toxicity of chemoradiation for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck is not the same as that which occurs with radiation therapy alone. Thus, the specific aim of this pilot study was to estimate the reliability and validity of a modified ve
Estimating the physicochemical properties of polyhalogenated aromatic and aliphatic compounds using UPPER: part 2. Aqueous solubility, octanol solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient.

Abstract The UPPER (Unified Physicochemical Property Estimation Relationships) model uses additive and non-additive parameters to estimate 20 biologically relevant properties of organic compounds. The model has been validated by Lian and Yalkowsky (2014) on a data set of 700 hydrocarbons. Recently, Admire et al. (2014) expanded the model to predict the boiling and melting points of 1288 polyhalogenated benzenes, biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, diphenyl ethers, anisoles and alkanes. In this work, 19 new group descriptors are determined and used to predict the aqueous solubilities, octanol solubilities and the octanol–water coefficients.
Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in the human fetus during labor.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to record, during labor, the brain stem auditory evoked potentials of the fetus from standard fetal scalp electrodes. Study Design: A personal computer–based instrument was developed to record, during labor, brain stem auditory evoked potentials from 10 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 36 to ≥40 weeks. Auditory stimulus was provided by clicks (16/s) delivered on the mother's abdomen with an intensity of 120 dB. The evoked potential signals were digitized and averaged. Interfering artifacts were excluded from the averages. Results: In 80% of the subjects, all the principal waveforms of the brain stem auditory evoked potentials—waves I, III, and V—were clearly identifiable. The latency for wave I ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 ms, wave III from 3.4 to 5.6 ms, and wave V from 5.8 to 8.4 ms. The morphologic features of the waveform and the interwave latency values were similar to those of normal term infants recorded in the past studies. Conclusion: We have reestablished that it is possible to record auditory evoked potentials during labor from fetal scalp electrodes. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials may be a useful screening tool for at least the severely neurologically damaged fetus. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1422-6.)
CO oxidation on a model Cu/Rh(100) catalyst

The reaction between carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen on a model Cu/Rh(100) bimetallic catalyst was studied at 455 K using a CO/O2 = 2 reactant gas mixture at a total pressure of 10.0 Torr. A maximum in the initial activity was observed at a Cu coverage of 1.3 monolayers. However, the Cu overlayers were found to be unstable at the reaction conditions employed in that the Cu films interact strongly with surface oxygen to form three-dimensional CuOx clusters. The morphological modifications were found to influence markedly the catalytic properties of the surface. However, the initial catalytic activity and surface morphology of the Cu films could be restored by flashing the sample to > 750 K.
Global near Infrared Models to Predict Lignin and Cellulose Content of Pine Wood

Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood were developed using 517 samples for lignin and 457 samples for cellulose. Samples came from seven different pine species, including tropical species (Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) and temperate species (P. radiata and P. taeda) from five different countries (Brazil, Colombia, Chile, South Africa and the USA). The global models were tested on an independent validation data set and had excellent fits for lignin [correlation coefficient (r2)=0.97 and standard error of prediciton (SEP) = 0.44] and good fits for cellulose (r2 = 0.82 and SEP = 1.08). Subsets of the data were used to develop smaller multi-species, multi-site calibrations that could be tested on independent datasets containing different species not included in the calibration model. For calibrations based on four or more species, predictions from those models on independent datasets were generally good, with only slight degr...
Couple collaboration: a design research exploration

In the past few years, technologies designed to mediate intimacy have been growing, especially devices that support intimate acts and connectivity between geographically separated couples. However, romantic intimacy has several components, and the majority of couples are co-located, suggesting a design space to be explored. The current study aims to investigate how local intimate couples collaborate with each other to accomplish collective tasks in their daily life, and how couple collaboration may differ from teamwork within the workplace. The research process and findings will be discussed, and design implications for intimate technology will be provided. These insights could be used to explore novel design opportunities to mediate cognitive intimacy and mutuality within a couple.
A formal approach to the teaching of programming language concepts

While the power of formal semantics is well recognized, it is not usually considered a teaching tool. This paper describes the use of denotational semantics in a course on programming language design for beginning graduate students. The course introduces the semantic and implementation issues underlying such concepts as naming, block structure, scope rules, parameter passing, flow control, and exception handling. The approach taken is to specify the semantics of these mechanisms, using a simplified form of denotational semantics, and use these descriptions as the basis for discussion. Implementations are developed from the specifications, and are available to students for experimentation.
Quantification of the extent of area at risk with fast contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in experimental coronary artery stenosis

Abstract Fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have the capability of demonstrating regions of ischemia caused by stenosis. The size of the potentially ischemic area determines the importance of the stenosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative values of relaxivity-enhancing and magnetic-susceptibility MR contrast media in detecting and sizing the area at risk in dogs. Eight dogs were subjected to critical left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) stenosis. Sixty sequential inversion-recovery— and driven-equilibrium—prepared fast gradient recalled echo images were acquired during bolus administration of 0.03 mmol/kg gadodiamide or 0.4 mmol/kg sprodiamide in basal and vasodilated (dipyridamole-stress) states. The size of the area at risk was measured and compared with that measured post mortem. In the basal state, gadodiamide and sprodiamide equivalently altered the signal intensities of nonischemic myocardium and the territory of stenosed coronary artery. Dipyridamole produced a significant increase in left anterior descending coronary artery flow with a decrease in LCX flow. The hypoperfused region was observed as a low— and high—signal intensity region after administration of gadodiamide and sprodiamide, respectively. The size of the hypoperfused region was slightly smaller with gadodiamide (37.4% ± 2.8%) and sprodiamide (34.0% ± 2.2%) than the true area at risk measured post mortem (41.8% ± 2.2%; p
Dissociation of Cascadia margin gas hydrates in response to contemporary ocean warming

Gas hydrates, pervasive in continental margin sediments, are expected to release methane in response to ocean warming, but the geographic range of dissociation and subsequent flux of methane to the ocean are not well constrained. Sediment column thermal models based on observed water column warming trends offshore Washington (USA) show that a substantial volume of gas hydrate along the entire Cascadia upper continental slope is vulnerable to modern climate change. Dissociation along the Washington sector of the Cascadia margin alone has the potential to release 45–80 Tg of methane by 2100. These results highlight the importance of lower latitude warming to global gas hydrate dynamics and suggest that contemporary warming and downslope retreat of the gas hydrate reservoir occur along a larger fraction of continental margins worldwide than previously recognized.
Thermodynamics of aqueous solvation: Solution properties of alcohols and alkanes

Molecular dynamics is used, with thermodynamic‐cycle perturbation theory, to calculate relative Helmholtz free energies of hydration, ΔΔAsolv, for ethane, propane, methanol, and ethanol. The thermodynamic derivative properties ΔΔEsolv and ΔΔSsolv are also calculated from direct finite difference methods. The calculated values of ΔΔAsolv for hydrophobic→hydrophilic ‘‘mutations’’ (and the reverse) are in excellent agreement with the experimental values of ΔΔGsolv. This is believed to be the case because this transformation is dominated by the change in electrostatic interactions between solute and solvent. Similar agreement is not found for transformations between hydrophobic moieties where solute–solvent electrostatic interactions play no role. Changes to the existing model are suggested, namely the inclusion of explicit hydrogens containing partial atomic charges, and their evaluation through the use of ‘‘free energy’’ simulations is outlined.
Thermoelectric generators: Linking material properties and systems engineering for waste heat recovery applications

Abstract Waste-heat recovery with thermoelectric power generators can improve energy efficiency and provide distributed electricity generation. New thermoelectric materials and material performance improvements motivate development of thermoelectric generators for numerous applications with excess exhaust and process heat. However, thermoelectric generator product development requires solving coupled challenges in materials development and systems engineering. This review discusses these challenges and indicates ways system-level performance relies on more factors than traditional thermoelectric material performance metrics alone. Relevant thermo-mechanical and chemical material properties, system components such as thermal interface materials and heat exchangers, and system form factors are examined. Manufacturing processes and total system cost components are evaluated to provide product development and commercial feasibility contexts.
Laryngomalacia and intra-neural striated muscle in an infant with the Freeman-Sheldon syndrome.

Abstract Striated muscle cells within peripheral nerve trunks, a very rare dishistogenetic lesion, was found in the arytenoid submucosa of a ten and a half week old afroamerican male with the Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (craniocarpotarsal dysplasia) who presented with obstructive apnea. Laryngomalacia was confirmed endoscopically. Supraglottoplasty offered temporary relief of the obstruction. Our histopathological observation is puzzling and perhaps adds a new dimension to the appropriateness of ‘dysplasia’. It remains to be seen whether the neuromuscular lesion is a coincidental finding, a mere curiosity or bears any clinical significance.
Bacillus subtilis 168 Contains Two Differentially Regulated Genes Encoding l-Asparaginase

Expression of the two Bacillus subtilis genes encoding L-asparaginase is controlled by independent regulatory factors. The ansZ gene (formerly yccC) was shown by mutational analysis to encode a functional L-asparaginase, the expression of which is activated during nitrogen-limited growth by the TnrA transcription factor. Gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting experiments indicate that TnrA regulates ansZ expression by binding to a DNA site located upstream of the ansZ promoter. The expression of the ansA gene, which encodes the second L-asparaginase, was found to be induced by asparagine. The ansA repressor, AnsR, was shown to negatively regulate its own expression.
50-year trends in US socioeconomic inequalities in health: US-born Black and White Americans, 1959–2008

Background: Debates exist over whether health inequities are bound to rise as population health improves, due to health improving more quickly among the better off, with most analyses focused on mortality data. Methods: We analysed 50 years of socioeconomic inequities in measured health status among US-born Black and White Americans, using data from the National Health Examination Surveys (NHES) I-III (1959–70), National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) I-III (1971–94) and NHANES 1999–2008. Results: Absolute US socioeconomic health inequities for income percentile and education variously decreased (serum cholesterol; childhood height), stagnated [systolic blood pressure (SBP)], widened [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)] and in some cases reversed (age at menarche), even as on-average values rose (BMI, WC), idled (childhood height) and fell (SBP, serum cholesterol, age at menarche), with patterns often varying by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic measure; similar results occurred for relative inequities. For example, for WC, the adverse 20th (low) vs 80th (high) income percentile gap increased only among Whites (NHES I: 0.71 cm [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.74, 2.16); NHANES 2005–08: 2.10 (95% CI 0.96, 3.62)]. By contrast, age at menarche for girls in the 20th vs 80th income percentile among Black girls remained consistently lower, by 0.34 years (95% CI 0.12, 0.55) whereas among White girls the initial null difference became inverse [NHANES 2005–08: −0.49 years (95% CI −0.86, −0.12; overall P = 0.0015)]. Adjusting for socioeconomic position only modestly altered Black/White health inequities. Conclusions: Health inequities need not rise as population health improves.
Older Adult Safety and Mobility: Issues and Research Needs

In the coming decades, about one in five drivers will be aged 65 or more years in many Western nations. Given the increased fatal crash risk of older adults coupled with the continuing need for effective mobility, the issue of older adult safety and mobility is complex. Indeed, researchers have suggested that this issue has two interdependent, underlying goals for research and programs: to help those who are able to drive safely continue to do so and to identify and provide community mobility support to those who are no longer able to drive. This article briefly discusses the issues and research needs related to older adult safety and mobility including population and driving trends, crash risks, skills needed for safe driving, the effects of medical conditions and medicines on driving skills, screening and assessment, strategies for extending safe driving, and driving cessation and the use of alternative transportation options.
Public Health Imperative of the 21st Century: Innovations in Palliative Care Systems, Services, and Supports to Improve Health and Well-Being of Older Americans

A primary aim of federal aging and health policy must be promoting innovations in palliative care systems, services, and supports that improve the experience of growing old in America. Older adults must contend today with increasing burden over the life course often as the result of life-limiting chronic pain and chronic illnesses as well as social and economic factors beyond their control. These burdens are frequently shared with unpaid family caregivers who provide significant uncompensated medical care and social support to their loved ones. Enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, recognized as a fundamental human right under international law, remains a goal for all older adults and encompasses the right to palliative care. For many older Americans, especially vulnerable subgroups who face health and pain disparities, however, this goal remains elusive. A public health strategy for implementing palliative care policy interventions will help to build age-friendly environments, assure the availability and accessibility of palliative systems of care, essential medicines, and an adequate generalist-level workforce, and sustain diffusion of innovation across all levels of health and social provision. The 2015 White House Conference on Aging must make these realignments a policy priority in order to foster social and economic development for all older Americans.
A New Species of Leech from the New York Metropolitan Area

Placobdella ali, n.sp., a sanguivorous glossiphoniid leech, is described from material collected in Harriman State Park, approximately 50 km north of the island of Manhattan, New York City. The new species resembles Placobdella ornata and could be easily confused with Placobdella papillifera. Dorsal papillation and internal reproductive anatomy distinguish P. ali from existing descriptions of the latter. Ventral pigmentation and salivary anatomy distinguish it from the former.
Early Readmission After Vascular Surgery: Characteristics of an Academic Tertiary Care Institution

Objectives: Readmission is associated with high mortality, morbidity, and cost. We used the NSQIP to determine predictors of 30-day readmission rates Methods: We identified all patients who received lower extremity (LE) bypass in the 2011 ACS-NSQIP database. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of 30-day readmission. Results: Among 5018 patients undergoing LE bypass, readmission rate was 16.6%. In those readmitted, the most common complications included wound infections (33%), sepsis (5.7%), graft failure (5.1%), and MI (2.6%). Out of 2204 patients (44%) with complications, 87% had pre-discharge complications and 25% had postdischarge complications. Thirty-day mortality was 129 (2.6%), with 42 (33%) occurring postdischarge. Multivariable predictors of readmission were dependent functional status (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.1-1.78), cardiac comorbidity (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.1-1.80), ASA class >4 (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11.66), obesity (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.1-1.57), malnutrition (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.1-1.75), increased operative time (per hour, OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.0-1.12), and return to OR during index admission (OR, 7.29; 95% CI, 6.1-8.71). On univariate analysis, while many postdischarge complications were associated with readmission (Table), the only associated predischarge complication was blood transfusion. Conclusions: Readmissions are common after lower extremity bypass. Avoidance of infection and optimization of selected chronic conditions may improve readmission rates.
Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow.

The "no-reflow" phenomenon, the occurrence of areas with very low flow in hearts reperfused after ischemia, is thought to be largely established at the time of reperfusion as a result of microvascular damage induced by ischemia. In the present study we sought to determine whether additional impairment of tissue perfusion might also occur during the course of reperfusion. Open-chest dogs were subjected to 90 minutes of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion and reperfused for 2 minutes (n = 7) or 3.5 hours (n = 8). Myocardial perfusion was visualized in left ventricular slices following in vivo injection of the fluorescent dye thioflavin-S just before killing. The area of impaired perfusion (absent thioflavin) averaged 9.5 +/- 3.0% of the risk region in dogs reperfused for 2 minutes, whereas it was nearly three times as large in dogs reperfused for 3.5 hours (25.9 +/- 8.2% of the risk region, p less than 0.05). Serial measurements of flow by microspheres during reperfusion demonstrated zones within the postischemic myocardium that were hyperemic 2 minutes after reperfusion, with adequate flow still present at 30 minutes, but with a subsequent marked fall in perfusion. After 3.5 hours these areas showed negligible flow (0.13 +/- 0.3 ml/min/g) and no thioflavin uptake. Tissue samples showing postischemic impairment in perfusion has received virtually no collateral flow during ischemia (less than 0.01 ml/min/g), whereas collateral flow was significantly higher in adjacent thioflavin-positive zones (0.04 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g in endocardial samples and 0.07 +/- 0.02 ml/min/g in samples from the midmyocardium, p less than 0.001 vs. thioflavin-negative areas). Areas that showed late impairment of flow invariably demonstrated contraction band necrosis, which contrasted with the pattern of coagulation necrosis observed in areas of "true" (i.e., immediate) no-reflow. Intracapillary erythrocyte stasis and marked intravascular neutrophil accumulation (to levels greater than 20-fold that found after 2 minutes reperfusion) were typically observed in areas of delayed impairment to flow. Obstruction to flow at the capillary level was confirmed in additional dogs in which the heart was injected postmortem with silicone rubber to delineate the microvascular filling pattern. Areas of absent capillary filling were much more extensive after 3.5 hours than after 2 minutes reperfusion. Thus, this study shows that the occurrence of areas of markedly impaired perfusion in postischemic myocardium is related only in part to an inability to reperfuse certain areas on reflow. A more important factor is represented by a delayed, progressive fall in flow to areas that initially received adequate reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interstitial water and sediment chemistry of two cores from Florida Bay

ABSTRACT The interstitial water and sediment chemistry of cores from two different environments in Florida Bay, mangrove swamp and submerged mud bank, have been analyzed. The interstitial water profiles show that sulfate reduction, along with the resulting ammonium, phosphate, and alkalinity production, is occurring in Florida Bay sediments. However, the sulfate concentration profile is not typical of other anoxic environments, in that the sulfate concentration increases below a depth of approximately 20 cm. The ammonium, phosphate, and alkalinity concentrations all decrease below this depth. It is suggested that these interstitial water profiles might be explained in terms of a balance between the mixing of the interstitial water with the overlying seawater and decreasing rates of organic mat er decomposition with depth. The rates of organic matter decomposition have been measured in laboratory experiments, which indicate that sulfate reduction and ammonium generation are much faster (a factor of 3 to 9 times) between 0 and 10 cm than between 10 and 20 cm. Organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and amino acid profiles show decreases as large as a factor of 2 in the organic content of Florida Bay sediments in the top 60 cm of the sediment column.
Physical and biological disturbances interact differently with productivity: effects on floral and faunal richness

Physical and biological disturbances are ecological processes affecting patterns in biodiversity at a range of scales in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggest that effects of disturbance on diversity differ qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on levels of productivity (e.g., the dynamic equilibrium model). In this study we contrasted the interactive effects between physical disturbance and productivity to those between biological disturbance and productivity. Furthermore, to evaluate how these effects varied among different components of marine hard-substratum assemblages, analyses were done separately on algal and invertebrate richness, as well as richness of the whole assemblage. Physical disturbance (wave action) was simulated at five distinct frequencies, while biological disturbance (grazing periwinkles) was manipulated as present or absent, and productivity was manipulated as high or ambient. Uni- and multivariate analyses both showed significant effects of physical disturbance and interactive effects between biological disturbance and productivity on the composition of assemblages and total species richness. Algal richness was significantly affected by productivity and biological disturbance, whereas invertebrate richness was affected by physical disturbance only. Thus, we show, for the first time, that biological disturbance and physical disturbance interact differently with productivity, because these two types of disturbances affect different components of assemblages. These patterns might be explained by differences in the distribution (i.e., press vs. pulse) and degree of selectivity between disturbances. Because different types of disturbance can affect different components of assemblages, general ecological models will benefit from using natural diverse communities, and studies concerned with particular subsets of assemblages may be misleading. In conclusion, this study shows that the outcome of experiments on effects of disturbance and productivity on diversity is greatly influenced by the composition of the assemblage under study, as well as on the type of disturbance that is used as an experimental treatment.
Molecular phylogenetics, morphological variation and colony-form evolution in the family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta)

Abstract A phylogenetic analysis of 26S and internal transcribed spacer–2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) data from members of the freshwater green algal family Hydrodictyaceae, including multiple taxa from both culture collections and new isolates, sets the stage to explore morphological variation and patterns of colony-form evolution within the family. These analyses particularly focus on Pediastrum boryanum, P. tetras, P. duplex, Hydrodictyon and Sorastrum. The genera Hydrodictyon and Sorastrum are derived from within Pediastrum in the individual and combined analyses, indicating a pattern of colony-form evolution within the family from two-dimensionality to three-dimensionality. In some cases the gene topologies reveal discrepancies in the morphological characters used to delimit species, varieties and forms within Pediastrum. Some isolates, such as those of H. reticulatum, exhibited little or no genetic variation between different geographic localities. Additional data and taxa are needed to better resolve and ...
Characterizing mobile ad hoc networks -: the maniac challenge experiment

This paper reports data collected during the first Mobile Ad-hoc Network Interoperability And Cooperation (MANIAC) Challenge, a multi-institution competition that allows us to study issues of interoperability and cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). We characterize network topology and routing. The former includes network connectivity and diameter, node degree distribution, clustering, and frequency of topology changes. The latter includes route length distribution, route asymmetry, frequency of route changes, and packet delivery ratio. Results show a high degree of topology and route changes, even when mobility is low, and a prevalence of asymmetric routes, both of which contradict assumptions commonly made in MANET simulation studies. Our data sets will be made publicly available for use by other researchers.
How should the risk associated with the introduction of biological control agents be estimated

1 Florida has an exceptional burden of invasive species. The history of the classical biological control of invasive arthropod pest species in the region largely is one of inadequate pre-release testing for nontarget effects. 2 A recent analysis indicated that a substantial risk of nontarget effects may exist in Florida, although the risk appears to be confined to a relatively small group of species within approximately ten families and documented cases of nontarget effects are rare, despite previous risky practices. 3 Great progress has been made recently in creating an organized framework for dealing with the uncertainty accompanying biological control importations in Florida and elsewhere. We suggest some ways in which balancing the risks and associated costs of releasing a biological control agent against the risks and associated costs of not releasing the agent may be improved. 4 Ultimately, experts will need to set some level of acceptable risk, and the ‘precautionary principle’ has been advanced to guide this process. As it stands, however, the precautionary principle applied to biological control falls short as a guide because it does not provide a prescription for action. 5 Florida case histories clearly illustrate both the complexity and urgency related to developing a prescription for action.
The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations

In 1933, John W. Hill opened the New York office of what would become the most important public relations agency in history: Hill & Knowlton, Inc. By 1959, the firm had a payroll of 250 employees around the world and was ranked as the best in its business by journalists and other public relations practitioners. The Voice of Business, the first full-length study of a single public relations firm, chronicles the influence exerted by Hill & Knowlton on American public discourse in the years following World War II.
The role of histone H2Av variant replacement and histone H4 acetylation in the establishment of Drosophila heterochromatin

Activation and repression of transcription in eukaryotes involve changes in the chromatin fiber that can be accomplished by covalent modification of the histone tails or the replacement of the canonical histones with other variants. Here we show that the histone H2A variant of Drosophila melanogaster, H2Av, localizes to the centromeric heterochromatin, and it is recruited to an ectopic heterochromatin site formed by a transgene array. His2Av behaves genetically as a PcG gene and mutations in His2Av suppress position effect variegation (PEV), suggesting that this histone variant is required for euchromatic silencing and heterochromatin formation. His2Av mutants show reduced acetylation of histone H4 at Lys 12, decreased methylation of histone H3 at Lys 9, and a reduction in HP1 recruitment to the centromeric region. H2Av accumulation or histone H4 Lys 12 acetylation is not affected by mutations in Su(var)3-9 or Su(var)2-5. The results suggest an ordered cascade of events leading to the establishment of heterochromatin and requiring the recruitment of the histone H2Av variant followed by H4 Lys 12 acetylation as necessary steps before H3 Lys 9 methylation and HP1 recruitment can take place.
The kinetics of iron metabolism in normal growing swine.

Plasma and red cell iron turnover rates were determined in 18 normal growing swine by the use of tracer doses of Fe59. Body surface counting was performed on a representative group of animals following the injection of the isotope. The mean half-time of plasma iron disappearance was 1.19 ± 0.26 hours. Two exponential rates of disappearance of Fe59 from the plasma were observed in 15 of the pigs and a single rate was observed in the other 3. The mean plasma iron turnover rate was 1.11 ± 0.34 mg./kg. day. The average maximum incorporation of Fe59 into the erythrocytes was 92 ± 9 per cent. The mean red cell iron incorporation rate was 1.10 mg./kg. day, but an average of 0.42 mg./kg. day of this was calculated as being due to increasing red cell mass incidental to body growth, so that the true mean red cell iron turnover rate was 0.59 ± 0.19 mg./kg. day. The average "apparent" red cell life span was 63 ± 16 days. This is in agreement with the red cell life span of 62 days determined previously with glycine-2-C14.
A vertical integration of high-Q filters with patch antennas with enhanced bandwidth and high efficiency

A new approach to integrate high quality (Q)-factor 3-D vertical cavity filters with patch antennas into a single unit is presented in this paper. This integrated filter/antenna system exhibits small footprint, high efficiency, and enhanced bandwidth. The patch antenna is designed to provide an additional transmission pole for the filtering function and work as a highly efficient radiator. In addition, this integrated patch antenna with a filter can achieve a bandwidth much larger than a standalone patch antenna with the same geometry. A prototype three-pole Chebyshev filter/antenna is demonstrated at X band. The center frequency and fractional bandwidth of the filter/antenna system are 10.27 GHz and 8.7%, respectively. Due to the high Q factor (∼700) of the cavity resonator and near loss-less transition between the antenna and filter, the overall efficiency of the filter/antenna system is simulated to be as high as 91%. The reduced footprint, enhanced bandwidth, and low-loss performance of these integrated filter/antenna systems make them particularly useful for phased array applications. The measured impedance matching, efficiency, gain, and radiation pattern closely agree with simulation results.
A Three-Dimensional Variational Data Analysis Method with Recursive Filter for Doppler Radars

Abstract In this paper, a new method of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) approach is proposed. In it, a cost function, including background term and radial observation term, is minimized through a limited memory, quasi-Newton conjugate-gradient algorithm with the mass continuity equation imposed as a weak constraint. In the method, the background error covariance matrix, though simple in this case, is modeled by a recursive filter. Furthermore, the square root of this matrix is used to precondition the minimization problem. The current method is applied to Doppler radar observation of a supercell storm, and the analysis results are compared to a conceptual model and previous research. It is shown that the horizontal circulations, both within and around the storms, as well as the strong updraft and the associated downdraft, are well analyzed. Because no explicit integration of the anelastic mass continuity equation is involved, error accumu...
The politics of biblical interpretation: A review essay:

This article reviews four recent books that all purport to deal with politics in ancient Israel. Despite dealing with the Bible, they are all saturated with modern concerns.
Public Stakeholders: What We Know and Expect

Hundreds of surveys have sampled public preferences for different energy sources and associated perceptions. Far fewer polls have focused on waste management. The foundation for in-depth investigations rests on five sets of respondent attributes: (1) concern about the options, marked especially by strong feelings and emotions; (2) trust of responsible parties; (3) demographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status; (4) culture and worldviews; and (5) personal history, including familiarity with sites and benefits associated with living near sites. The better studies show variation over time and place in support for nuclear and other energy sources and waste management policies. European surveys, for instance, show fascinating differences among adjacent countries that appear to parallel national energy policies. Initial reports show that the Fukushima nuclear-related events have caused a decrease in public support for nuclear energy that is also associated with decreasing trust of those responsible for managing waste sites.
Chapter 8 Chloride Conductances of Salt-Secreting Epithelial Cells

Publisher Summary There has been much interest in apical membrane receptors for regulatory substances released from immune cells. Chloride conductance pathways at the apical membranes of epithelial cells play a well-defined role in determining the rate of salt secretion across the epithelia. Salt secretion is regulated on the seconds–minutes time scale by a variety of endocrine substances, neurotransmitters, and immune cell products, whose receptors lie predominantly at the plasma-facing, basolateral membranes. Secretion can be activated also by bacterial enterotoxins, acting from the lumen, for example, those inducing intestinal secretion and diarrhea. It is evident that Cl conductance in secretory cells has been identified at a variety of levels of resolution. The role of secondary-active Cl transport in salt secretion has been identified, from transepithelial measurements, and the location of Cl conductances at the apical membranes is resolved, using microelectrode recordings. The introduction of single-channel recording techniques generated candidates for the apical membrane secretory Cl channel. However, the leap from the Ussing chamber to the patch pipette left in its wake considerable uncertainty, as to the single-channel basis of the regulated Cl conductance pathways of secretory epithelial cells. Ultimately, whole-cell recording techniques bridged this gap and identified three regulated Cl current components, two of which are controlled by secretory agonists, the other by cell volume. The primary signal transduction events that control the activities of the secretory Cl conductance have emerged, but the understanding of their detailed modulation is incomplete.
Postincarceration policies and prisoner reentry: Implications for policies and programs aimed at reducing recidivism and poverty

ABSTRACTThe concept of postincarceration policy is used in this article to define policies focused on preventing populations often described as “criminals,” who have completed their incarceration time, to enter workplaces, use public housing, public assistance, and receive government student loans. The authors argue that aside from these postincarceration policies being punitive, they result in significant social, financial, educational, housing, and health care barriers to reentry and reintegration of prisoners into their communities as productive citizens. Further, these policies have a number of unintended consequences, including reducing the effectiveness of policies aimed at decreasing poverty and homelessness and improving the education attainment of the low-skilled workforce. This article describes these postincarceration policies and critically examines the consequences, intended and unintended, of these policies. Implications for future postincarceration policy development, program implementation...
Phenomenally Mine: In Search of the Subjective Character of Consciousness

It’s a familiar fact that there is something it is like to see red, eat chocolate or feel pain. More recently philosophers have insisted that in addition to this objectual phenomenology there is something it is like for me to eat chocolate, and this for-me-ness is no less there than the chocolatishness. Recognizing this subjective feature of consciousness helps shape certain theories of consciousness, introspection and the self. Though it does this heavy philosophical work, and it is supposed to be relatively obvious to anyone who introspects, it is rather difficult to see just what this phenomenal me-ness is supposed to be; indeed, many philosophers deny it exists. In this paper we try to provide a clear sense of what phenomenal me-ness involves, and then then consider some arguments for the existence of phenomenal me-ness experience as well as some accounts of what gives rise to it. In the end, we argue that the plausible senses of me-ness are a good deal thinner than what often seems to be claimed.
Relative Phosphorus Requirements of Three Strains of White Leghorn Cockerels

Abstract Three strains of White Leghorn Cockerels were fed a degerminated corn meal diet supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus. The basal diet which contained .30% phosphorus and .21% calcium was adjusted to contain added phosphorus levels of 0, .05, .10, or .15%, with calcium levels of .49, .47, .57 and .61%, respectively. At the end of a 21-day trial period, birds were group weighed by replicate, and four birds from each replicate sacrificed for bone ash determinations. The experiment was repeated one time. Maximum body weights of Babcock B-300 and Hyline W-36 chicks was attained at the .10% supplemental phosphorus level; whereas Kimber K-137 chick body weight data indicated a response beyond this point to the .15% level. Bone ash data indicated that there may be a difference in phosphorus requirement and/or utilization among the three strains. There was no significant response beyond the .10% supplemental phosphorus level when tibia ash values of the B-300 and W-36 chicks were analyzed. A significant response in ash values was noted, however, to the .15% supplemental phosphorus level with K-137 chicks.