cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing RNA-Seq data for cancer network inference

An important challenge in cancer systems biology is to uncover the complex network of interactions between genes (tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes) implicated in cancer. Next generation sequencing provides unparalleled ability to probe the expression levels of the entire set of cancer genes and their transcript isoforms. However, there are onerous statistical and computational issues in interpreting high-dimensional sequencing data and inferring the underlying genetic network. In this study, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from a population of 69 human individuals and implemented a probabilistic framework to construct biologically-relevant genetic networks. In particular, we employed a graphical lasso analysis, motivated by considerations of the maximum entropy formalism, to estimate the sparse inverse covariance matrix of RNA-Seq data. Gene ontology, pathway enrichment and protein-protein path length analysis were all carried out to validate the biological context of the predicted network of interacting cancer gene isoforms.
Let's take a break: Trends and cycles in US real GDP

Abstract Trend–cycle decompositions for US real GDP such as the unobserved components models, the Beveridge–Nelson decomposition, the Hodrick–Prescott filter and others yield very different cycles which bear little resemblance to the NBER chronology, ascribes much movements to the trend leaving little to the cycle, and some imply a negative correlation between the noise to the cycle and the trend. We argue that these features are artifacts created by the neglect of a change in the slope of the trend function. Once this is accounted for, all methods yield the same cycle with a trend that is non-stochastic except for a few periods around 1973. The cycle is more important in magnitude than previously reported and it accords well with the NBER chronology. Our results are corroborated using an alternative trend–cycle decomposition based on a generalized unobserved components models with errors having a mixture of normals distribution for both the slope of the trend function and the cyclical component.
Axial length does not correlate with degree of visual field loss in myopic Chinese individuals with glaucomatous appearing optic nerves.

PURPOSE We previously described a group of patients of Chinese ancestry who presented with optic nerve appearance and visual field loss suggestive of glaucoma but did not show progression characteristic of this disease for up to 7 years. The purpose of this study was to assess whether axial length is a risk factor for visual field loss in patients presenting with this cluster of findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty patients of Chinese ancestry with characteristics of this previously described condition including myopia, tilted discs, and glaucomatous visual field abnormalities who also had asymmetric visual field loss were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent axial length measurement of both eyes and a fellow eye analysis was performed to determine the relationship between axial length and visual field loss. RESULTS Tilted discs were found in 30 out of 40 eyes, with cup/disc ratios ranging from 0.5 to 0.9. Myopia >6.00 diopters was also found in 30 out of 40 eyes. In these subjects with disease that was discordant between the 2 eyes, longer axial length was not found to be associated with greater visual field loss (P>0.99, Freeman-Halton extension of the Fisher exact test). No correlation was found between axial length and mean deviation on visual field testing (r=-0.06). CONCLUSIONS We did not find axial length to be a risk factor for visual field loss in eyes with asymmetric disease in this patient population. These findings suggest that factors other than progressive lengthening of the eye play an important role in the etiology of glaucomatous appearing optic nerve damage and visual field loss in this specific subset of patients.
Mutations in proteins and base changes in codons

Summary About 300 single-amino-acid mutations in proteins were compared with the corresponding changes in the amino acid code. Transitional base changes are more common than transversions. Among transitions AG interchanges are more common than CU interchanges and AU interchanges are the most infrequent of transversions. Of the 17 undiscovered single-amino-acid mutations, 15 are transversions that do not produce a change in charge.
A Comparison of Zero Mean Strain Rotating Beam Fatigue Test Methods for Nitinol Wire

Zero mean strain rotating beam fatigue testing has become the standard for comparing the fatigue properties of Nitinol wire. Most commercially available equipment consists of either a two-chuck or a chuck and bushing system, where the wire length and center-to-center axis distance determine the maximum strain on the wire. For the two-chuck system, the samples are constrained at either end of the wire, and both chucks are driven at the same speed. For the chuck and bushing system, the sample is constrained at one end in a chuck and rides freely in a bushing at the other end. These equivalent systems will both be herein referred to as Chuck-to-Chuck systems. An alternate system uses a machined test block with a specific radius to guide the wire at a known strain during testing. In either system, the test parts can be immersed in a temperature-controlled fluid bath to eliminate any heating effect created in the specimen due to dissipative processes during cyclic loading (cyclic stress induced the formation of martensite) Wagner et al. (Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 378, p 105–109, 1). This study will compare the results of the same starting material tested with each system to determine if the test system differences affect the final results. The advantages and disadvantages of each system will be highlighted and compared. The factors compared will include ease of setup, operator skill level required, consistency of strain measurement, equipment test limits, and data recovery and analysis. Also, the effect of test speed on the test results for each system will be investigated.
The Growth Rate of Symplectic Homology and Affine Varieties

We will show that the cotangent bundle of a manifold whose free loopspace homology grows exponentially is not symplectomorphic to any smooth affine variety. We will also show that the unit cotangent bundle of such a manifold is not Stein fillable by a Stein domain whose completion is symplectomorphic to a smooth affine variety. For instance, these results hold for end connect sums of simply connected manifolds whose cohomology with coefficients in some field has at least two generators. We use an invariant called the growth rate of symplectic homology to prove this result.
INFERRED 4.4 EV UPPER LIMITS ON THE MUON- AND TAU-NEUTRINO MASSES

Abstract By combining experimental constraints from atmospheric and solar neutrino oscillations and the tritium beta decay endpoint, we infer upper limits of 4.4 eV on the νμ and ντ masses, if the universe consists of three neutrinos. For hierarchical mass spectra m3≫m1,m2 or m3≃m2≫m1 we infer that mνα≲0.08 eV for α=e,μ,τ. In a four neutrino universe, and assuming neutrino oscillations also account for the LSND experimental results, m ν α ≲ 5.4 eV. We also obtain lower limits on the masses.
QCD factorization and CP asymmetries in hadronic B decays

Abstract We review recent advances in the theory of strong-interaction effects and final-state interactions in hadronic weak decays of heavy mesons. In the heavy-quark limit, the amplitudes for most nonleptonic, two-body B decays can be calculated from first principles and expressed in terms of semileptonic form factors and light-cone distribution amplitudes. We summarize the main features of this novel QCD factorization and discuss its phenomenological applications to B → D (*) L decays (with L a light meson), and to the rare charmless decays B → π K and B → ππ.
Pharmaceutical Reform In South Korea And The Lessons It Provides

ABSTRACT: Through implementation of its 2000 pharmaceutical reform, the South Korean government expected to reduce the cost of medications and improve service levels, medical appropriateness of car...
The Use of Copper Flow Reactor Technology for the Continuous Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles

A library of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized using a copper flow reactor. Organic azides, generated in situ from alkyl halides and sodium azide, were reacted with acetylenes using the copper-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. This process eliminates both the handling of organic azides and the need for additional copper catalyst and permits the facile preparation of numerous triazoles in a continuous flow process.
The one-pot solution phase preparation of fused tetrazole-ketopiperazines

Abstract A novel application of the TMSN 3 modified Ugi 4-component reaction is disclosed for the solution phase synthesis of fused tetrazole-ketopiperazine libraries. The reaction of an aldehyde, primary amine, methyl isocyanoacetate and trimethylsilylazide in methanol at reflux affords bicyclic tetrazole-ketopiperazines in good yield. This efficient one step protocol, producing products with three potential diversity points, may be used to generate arrays of biologically relevant small molecules for general and targeted screening.
Local geometry of electromagnetic fields and its role in molecular multipole transitions.

Electromagnetic fields with complex spatial variation routinely arise in Nature. We study the response of a small molecule to monochromatic fields of arbitrary three-dimensional geometry. First, we consider the allowed configurations of the fields and field gradients at a single point in space. Many configurations cannot be generated from a single plane wave, regardless of polarization, but any allowed configuration can be generated by superposition of multiple plane waves. There is no local configuration of the fields and gradients that requires near-field effects. Second, we derive a set of local electromagnetic quantities, each of which couples to a particular multipole transition. These quantities are small or zero in plane waves, but can be large in regions of certain superpositions of plane waves. Our findings provide a systematic framework for designing far-field and near-field experiments to drive multipole transitions. The proposed experiments provide information on molecular structure that is in...
Aeroelastic prediction of the limit cycle oscillations of a cropped delta wing

The flutter and limit cycle oscillation (LCO) behavior of a cropped delta wing are investigated using a newly developed computational aeroelastic solver. This computational model includes a well-validated Euler finite difference solver coupled to a high-fidelity finite element structural solver. The nonlinear structural model includes geometric nonlinearities which are modelled using a co-rotational formulation. The LCOs of the cropped delta wing are computed and the results are compared to previous computations and to experiment. Over the range of dynamic pressures for which experimental results are reported, the LCO magnitudes computed using the current model are comparable to those from a previous computation which used a lower-order von Karman structural model. However, for larger dynamic pressures, the current computational model and the model which used the von Karman theory start to differ significantly, with the current model predicting larger deflections for a given dynamic pressure. This results in a LCO curve which is in better qualitative agreement with experiment. Flow features which were present in the previous computational model such as a leading edge vortex and a shock wave are enhanced in the current model due to the prediction of larger deflections and rotations at the higher dynamic pressures.
Efficient parallel evaluation of straight-line code and arithmetic circuits

A new parallel algorithm is given to evaluate a straight line program. The algorithm evaluates a program over a commutative semi-ring R of degree d and size n in time O(log n(log nd)) using M(n) processors, where M(n) is the number of processors required for multiplying n×n matrices over the semi-ring R in O (log n) time.
Let them cheat

Abstract We consider the problem of fairly allocating a bundle of infinitely divisible goods among a group of agents with “classical” preferences. We propose to measure an agentʼs “sacrifice” at an allocation by the size of the set of feasible bundles that the agent prefers to her consumption. As a solution, we select the allocations at which sacrifices are equal across agents and this common sacrifice is minimal. We then turn to the manipulability of this solution. In the tradition of Hurwicz (1972) , we identify, under some mild assumptions on preferences, the equilibrium allocations of the manipulation game associated with this solution when all commodities are normal: for each preference profile, each equal-division constrained Walrasian allocation is an equilibrium allocation; conversely, each equilibrium allocation is equal-division constrained Walrasian. Furthermore, we show that if normality of goods is dropped, then equilibrium allocations may not be equal-division constrained Walrasian.
Group 13 organometallic chalcogen derivatives: their structures and behavior in solution

The syntheses, structures and equilibria which occur for 13–16 organometallic compounds are reviewed. The organoaluminum thiolates form dimers, trimers, and tetramers with central (AIS)2, (AIS)3, and (AIS)4 rings in the solid state. The structures of the gallium and indium thiolates are dominated by dimers, but a tetramer has been observed for gallium and a trimer for indium. Only dimeric derivatives have been reported for the selenium and tellurium derivatives. In hydrocarbon solutions, the aluminiun thiolates establish equilibria between different aggregates and conformations with dimers and trimers most common. In the dimeric derivatives, [Me2Al(μ-SME)]2 and [Me2Al(μ-SeMe)]2, syn and anti conformations are observed in solution at low temperature by NMR spectroscopy. In the trimeric derivatives, the chair conformation is observed in the solid state. In solution, a chair to chair inversion occurs with the rate dependent on the substituents bound to the sulfur.
Investment bankers and IPO pricing: does prospectus information matter?

Abstract In this study, we examine those factors generally considered to impact IPO performance to assess the extent to which investment bankers might utilize this information in determining the spread within which the offering price is likely to be set and in setting the offering price. Interestingly, we find no evidence that the variables investigated are related to either IPO offer price spread or the IPO offer price. The implications of these findings are notable, as they raise the issue of what information might account for investment bankers' valuation decisions, as captured in the offer price spread and offer price.
Representations of affine quantum function algebras

Let $C$ be a symmetrizable generalized Cartan Matrix, and $q$ an indeterminate. ${\fg}(C)$ is the Kac-Moody Lie algebra and $U=U_q({\fg}(C))$ the associated quantum enveloping algebra over $ k={\Bbb Q}(q)$. The quantum function algebra ${\Bbb C}_{q}[G]$ is defined as a suitable $U$-bisubalgebra of the dual space $\hom_{k}(U,k)$ which can be described using matrix elements of integrable $U$-modules. For $\fg$ affine, the highest weight modules of $C_q[G]$ are constructed and, assuming a minimality condition, their (unitarizable) irreducible quotients are shown to be in a 1-1 correspondence with the reduced elements of the Weyl group of ${\frak g}(C)$. Further, these simple module are described in terms of the $C_q[SL_2]$-modules obtained by restriction, and they satisfy a Tensor Product theorem, similar to the finite type case.
Wireless sensor nodes processor architecture and design

The sensor networks are intended to support a variety of applications. Providing sensor network with flexible nodes design will make possible to support a variety of applications. A detailed view of soft processor core design and the instructions set for flexible sensor network nodes is presented in this paper. This soft core design can be easily modified and integrated with other components to construct different types of sensor nodes. The soft core is implemented using Xilinx ISE design tools. The core has been tested using cycle accurate timing simulation. The performance of above 10 MIPS can be achieved with the designed soft core.
α-Iminocarboxamidato Nickel Complexes

Polyolefins constitute a vast class of macromolecules that range from everyday plastics to sophisticated materials used as hip-replacement joints and in bulletproof vests. By tailoring the molecular structure of the backbone, researchers can tune the bulk properties of these materials for specific product applications. Transition-metal complexes that mediate the polymerization of ethylene, 1-alkenes, and related monomers provide an important tool for industrial preparation. Although commercially viable options exist for large-scale manufacturing, it is not possible to achieve all desirable polymer targets using these methods. For example, the copolymerization of ethylene with co-monomers bearing polar functionalities under living conditions, where there is high activity and minimum chain transfer and termination, is not available at this scale. Also, given the magnitude of polyolefin production, we anticipate a need to more efficiently manage chemical resources. For these reasons, new metal/catalyst combi...
Efficient payload processing: the opposite side of frequent space shuttle launches

Abstract The planned rate of up to 40 Space Shuttle missions per year from the Kennedy Space Center requires a matching payload processing capability that must be efficient and economical. Five facilities are being converted to handle spacecraft assembly and checkout, two to handle explosives and other dangerous spacecraft components, and one for total payload integration. New handling and transporting equipment is being built, and new procedures established. This paper presents an overview of the processing cycles of the two presently known types of payloads, their integration into Shuttle-ready cargos, and the installation of the cargo into the Space Shuttle Orbiter.
Coupling of smooth particle hydrodynamics with the finite element method

Abstract A gridless technique called smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has been coupled with the transient dynamics finite element code pronto . In this paper, a new weighted residual derivation for the SPH method will be presented, and the methods used to embed SPH within pronto will be outlined. Example SPH pronto calculations will also be presented. One major difficulty associated with the Lagrangian finite element method is modeling materials with no shear strength; for example, gases, fluids and explosive biproducts. Typically, these materials can be modeled for only a short time with a Lagrangian finite element code. Large distortions cause tangling of the mesh, which will eventually lead to numerical difficulties, such as negative element area or “bow tie” elements. Remeshing will allow the problem to continue for a short while, but the large distortions can prevent a complete analysis. SPH is a gridless Lagrangian technique. Requiring no mesh, SPH has the potential to model material fracture, large shear flows and penetration. SPH computes the strain rate and the stress divergence based on the nearest neighbors of a particle, which are determined using an efficient particle-sorting technique. Embedding the SPH method within pronto allows part of the problem to be modeled with quadrilateral finite elements, while other parts are modeled with the gridless SPH method. SPH elements are coupled to the quadrilateral elements through a contact-like algorithm.
Theoretical He I Emissivities in the Case B Approximation

We calculate the He I case B recombination cascade spectrum using improved radiative and collisional data. We present new emissivities over a range of electron temperatures and densities. The differences between our results and the current standard are large enough to have a significant effect not only on the interpretation of observed spectra of a wide variety of objects, but also on determinations of the primordial helium abundance.
Modeling seismically induced deformation and fluid flow in the Nankai subduction zone

[1] Fluid pressure changes induced by seismic strains in the Nankai subduction zone were investigated through numerical modeling. Seismic strains resulting from dislocations along fault surfaces were coupled to pore pressure generation, and subsequent transient fluid flow was simulated. This study is distinct from previous efforts that modeled homogeneous systems. Effects of variable mechanical and hydrologic properties were investigated by assigning different mechanical and hydrological properties to marine sediments, the decollement zone, and the upper oceanic crust. Model sensitivity studies suggest that for a reasonable range of parameter scenarios, transient pressure head signals caused by discrete dislocations of a few meters in the updip region of the seismogenic zone can be observed over large areas of the margin from within shallow depths of the sediment wedge to the oceanic crust below the decollement.
Optimization and acceleration guidance of flight trajectories in a windshear

Guidance strategies for near-optimum performance in a wind shear are examined. The takeoff problem is considered with reference to flight in a vertical plane; the presence of a downdraft is assumed. Trajectories for optimum performance in a wind shear are determined for different wind shear models and intensities. Numerical experiments with the optimum control approach lead to the conclusion that, for weak to moderate shear/downdraft combinations, the optimal trajectory is characterized by a monotonic climb, and for severe shear/downdraft combinations, it is characterized by an initial climb, followed by a nearly horizontal flight, followed by renewed climbing after the aircraft has passed through the shear region. An acceleration guidance scheme based on relative acceleration is presented in both analytical form and feedback control form. Numerical results with this scheme result in trajectories close to the optimum and considerably superior to those arising from alternative guidance schemes.
Regiochemical directing effects in palladium catalyzed alkylations with polyene electrophilic partners

Abstract Unusual regioselectivity in alkylations arise as a result of the dynamic behavior of trihapto pentadienyl metal complexes, a phenomenon previously studied from a theoretical point of view.
Public perceptions of comparative effectiveness research and use of evidence in healthcare decision-making.

Aims: This study elaborates on the public's understanding of comparative effectiveness research (CER) or patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR), attitudes toward CER/PCOR and use of evidence in healthcare decision-making. Materials & methods: We conducted six focus groups with the general public – three with individuals actively engaged in healthcare decision-making and three with individuals more passive in their approach. Results: The general public has little knowledge of CER/PCOR, and its perceptions of certain CER/PCOR concepts are inconsistent with those of researchers and policy-makers. Active healthcare consumers value information more than passive consumers and are likely to use evidence in decision-making. Conclusion: Providers are an important source for disseminating and communicating CER/PCOR evidence to active and passive consumers.
Attitude and disposition: Do they make a difference in cancer survival?

Abstract Statement of problem. Investigators have attempted to resolve the question: do psychosocial, emotional, and attitudinal factors have any effect on cancer survival? Purpose. This article presents a literature review and an overview of the developments in the mind-body connection to examine the influence of attitude in cancer survival. Conclusion. Even though a causal effect of emotional issues on the initiation and promotion of cancer is speculative, the effect of emotions on numerous medical conditions cannot be ignored. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:352-5.)
Evolution of multi-component anion relay chemistry (ARC): construction of architecturally complex natural and unnatural products

Efficient construction of architecturally complex natural and unnatural products is the hallmark of organic chemistry. Anion relay chemistry (ARC)—a multi-component coupling protocol—has the potential to provide the chemist with a powerful synthetic tactic, enabling efficient, rapid elaboration of structurally complex scaffolds in a single operation with precise stereochemical control. The ARC tactic can be subdivided into two main classes, comprising the relay of negative charge either through bonds or through space, the latter with aid of a transfer agent. This review will present the current state of through-space anion relay, in conjunction with examples of natural and unnatural product syntheses that illustrate the utility of this synthetic method.
International Saving, Investment and Trade

Feldstein and Horioka (Econ J 90:314–329, 1980) observed that saving and investment move closely together in the major OECD countries. This finding is a puzzle if national economies are characterized by one sector neoclassical production functions—with diminishing returns to capital, a high level of savings in a country should create an incentive to export capital. In this paper, we show that this incentive disappears in the presence of multiple sectors with differing capital intensities. In a high saving country, national capital can be absorbed domestically without a decline in its marginal product through a shift in the sectoral composition of national production towards capital intensive sectors. This is nothing but the well-known Rybczynski effect. We present a modified version of the standard Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) Model to show that very small barriers to capital mobility are enough to force national savings to stay within the country of origin. We also argue that, while the assumptions of this model may appear special, they are not unrealistic for the developed countries in the Feldstein Horioka study. Some historical economic trends are also consistent with the picture presented in this paper. Finally, the paper shows that the conventional insights from the one sector neoclassical model can be completely overturned in a multi-sector setting when technological differences are introduced.
Maximizing system throughput by cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) allow unlicensed users to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum without causing disruptive interference to the primary users (PUs). One of the main challenges in CRNs is the ability to detect PU transmissions. Recent works have suggested the use of secondary user (SU) cooperation over individual sensing to improve sensing accuracy. In this paper, we consider a CRN consisting of multiple PUs and SUs to study the problem of maximizing the total expected system throughput. First, we study the sensing decision problem for maximizing the system throughput subject to a constraint on the PU throughput, and we design a Bayesian decision rule-based algorithm. The problem is shown to be strongly NP-hard and solved via a greedy algorithm with time complexity O(N5/log2 1/1-e), where N is the total number of SUs. The algorithm achieves a throughput strictly greater than 1/2(1-e) of the optimal solution and results in a small constraint violation that goes to zero with e. We then investigate the more general problem with constraints on both PU throughput and the sensing time overhead, which limits the number of SUs that can participate in cooperative sensing. We illustrate the efficacy of the performance of our algorithms and provide sensitivity analysis via a numerical investigation.
Seeded Epitaxial Growth of PbTiO3 Thin Films on (001) LaAlO3 using the Chemical Solution Deposition Method

Epitaxial PbTiO3 (PTO) thin films were grown on (001) LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates by a preseeded, two-step process via spin coating a Pb–Ti double alkoxide precursor solution. In the first step, a substrate was preseeded with epitaxial islands of PTO by coating the substrate with a very thin layer of the precursor solution and heat treating to 800 °C for 1 h. The isolated islands had an epitaxial orientation relationship of [100] (001)PTO || [100] (001)LAO. In the second step, another PTO thin film was deposited by spin coating to produce an epitaxial film via grain growth from the seeded islands. The sequence of epitaxy during heating between 400 and 800 °C was characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This sequence was compared to the case where the LAO substrate was not seeded. Regardless of whether the substrate was seeded or not, perovskite PTO grains nucleated and grew within the pyrolyzed, amorphous film. Films grown on the unseeded substrates were, at best, only highly textured, polycrystalline films. TEM observations showed that only a low number of epitaxial nuclei formed at the substrate/film interface due, apparently, to the large strain energy associated with the large lattice mismatch (~4%) between PTO and LAO. Other, unoriented, PTO grains that nucleated within the amorphous film were not consumed as the epitaxial grains grew larger with increasing temperature. On the other hand, good epitaxial films could be produced when the number density of epitaxial nuclei was increased by first forming a seeded substrate.
Hierarchical packet fair queueing algorithms

We propose to use the idealized hierarchical generalized processor sharing (H-GPS) model to simultaneously support guaranteed real-time, rate-adaptive best-effort, and controlled link-sharing services. We design hierarchical packet fair queueing (H-PFQ) algorithms to approximate H-GPS by using one-level variable-rate PFQ servers as basic building blocks. By computing the system virtual time and per packet virtual start/finish times in unit of bits instead of seconds, most of the PFQ algorithms in the literature can be properly defined as variable-rate servers. We develop techniques to analyze delay and fairness properties of variable-rate and hierarchical PFQ servers. We demonstrate that in order to provide tight delay bounds with an H-PFQ server, it is essential for the one-level PFQ servers to have small worst-case fair indices (WFI). We propose a new PFQ algorithm called WF/sup 2/Q+ that is the first to have all the following three properties: (1) providing the tightest delay bound among all PFQ algorithms; (2) having the smallest WFI among all PFQ algorithms; and (3) having a relatively low asymptotic complexity of O(log N). Simulation results are presented to evaluate the delay and link-sharing properties of H-WF/sup 2/Q+, H-WFQ, H-SFQ, and H-SCFQ.
Measurements of the Distribution of Solutes between Liquid Water and Steam

Direct measurements of the concentration of solutes in both liquid and steam phases in equilibrium with each other have been made in a static mode utilizing a platinum-lined autoclave to a maximum of 350°C. Partitioning constants were derived from these measurements based on existing experimental or estimated values of the stoichiometric mean activity coefficients for the solutes in the liquid phase. Independent measurements of the conductance of some of the solutes in dilute aqueous solutions to 600°C and 300MPa were also made. The combined results are discussed in terms of a speciated model and the implications of these results to industrial and natural hydrothermal processes are presented.
Free radical-mediated vinyl amination: a mild, general pyrrolidinyl enamine synthesis

The complete scope of free radical-mediated vinyl amination is described, using 5-exo-trig cyclizations of vinyl radicals to the nitrogen of azomethines. The focus is primarily on N,N-dialkyl enamines since their nucleophilicity renders them the most challenging enamines to synthesize using redox conditions. These studies establish several encouraging precedents for the broader application of this strategy.
Highly divergent SSU rRNA genes found in the marine ciliates Myrionecta rubra and Mesodinium pulex

Myrionecta rubra and Mesodinium pulex are among the most commonly encountered planktonic ciliates in coastal marine and estuarine regions throughout the world. Despite their widespread distribution, both ciliates have received little attention by taxonomists. In order to understand the phylogenetic position of these ciliates better, we determined the SSU rRNA gene from cultures of M. rubra and M. pulex. Partial sequence data were also generated from isolated cells of M. rubra from Chesapeake Bay. The M. rubra and M. pulex sequences were very divergent from all other ciliates, but shared a branch with 100% bootstrap support. Both species had numerous deletions and substitutions in their SSU rRNA gene, resulting in a long branch for the clade. This made the sequences prone to spurious phylogenetic affiliations when using simple phylogenetic methods. Maximum likelihood analysis placed M. rubra and M. pulex on the basal ciliate branch, following the removal of ambiguously aligned regions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization probes were used with confocal laser scanning microscopy to confirm that these divergent sequences were both expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleolus of M. rubra and M. pulex. We found that our sequence data matched several recently discovered unidentified eukaryotes in Genbank from diverse marine habitats, all of which had apparently been misattributed to highly divergent amoeboid organisms.
Incorporation of mean stress effects into the micromechanical analysis of the high strain rate response of polymer matrix composites

The results presented here are part of an ongoing research program, to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. A micromechanics approach is employed in this work, in which state variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified to model the deformation of the polymer matrix, and a strength of materials based micromechanics method is used to predict the effective response of the composite. In the analysis of the inelastic deformation of the polymer matrix, the definitions of the effective stress and effective inelastic strain have been modified in order to account for the effect of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers. Two representative polymers, a toughened epoxy and a brittle epoxy, are characterized through the use of data from tensile and shear tests across a variety of strain rates. Results computed by using the developed constitutive equations correlate well with data generated via experiments. The procedure used to incorporate the constitutive equations within a micromechanics method is presented, and sample calculations of the deformation response of a composite for various fiber orientations and strain rates are discussed.
Equation-of-Motion Approach to Dynamical Mean Field Theory

We propose using an equation-of-motion approach as an impurity solver for dynamical mean field theory. As an illustration of this technique, we consider a finite-U Hubbard model defined on the Bethe lattice with infinite connectivity at arbitrary filling. Depending on the filling, the spectra that is obtained exhibits a quasiparticle peak, and lower and upper Hubbard bands as typical features of strongly correlated materials. The results are also compared and in good agreement with exact diagonalization. We also find a different picture of the spectral weight transfer than the iterative perturbation theory.
Energy Dissipation Analysis of Piezoceramic Semi-Active Vibration Control:

In this paper, the performances of two novel low frequency piezoceramic shunt techniques for structural damping are compared to the traditional passive resonant shunt circuit technique. The first n...
Cost bounds for Pickup and Delivery Problems with application to large-scale transportation systems

Demand-responsive transport (DRT) systems, where users generate requests for transportation from a pickup point to a delivery point, are expected to increase in usage dramatically as the inconvenience of privately-owned cars in metropolitan areas becomes excessive. However, despite the increasing role of DRT systems, there are very few rigorous results characterizing achievable performance (in terms, e.g., of stability conditions). In this paper, our aim is to bridge this gap for a rather general model of DRT systems, which takes the form of a generalized Dynamic Pickup and Delivery Problem. The key strategy is to develop analytical bounds for the optimal cost of the Euclidean Stacker Crane Problem (ESCP), which represents a general static model for DRT systems. By leveraging such bounds, we characterize a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of DRT systems; the condition depends only on the workspace geometry, the stochastic distributions of pickup and delivery points, customers' arrival rate, and the number of vehicles. Our results exhibit some surprising features that are absent in traditional spatially-distributed queueing systems.
The Skorokhod problem in a time-dependent interval

Abstract We consider the Skorokhod problem in a time-varying interval. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution. We also express the solution in terms of an explicit formula. Moving boundaries may generate singularities when they touch. Under the assumption that the first time τ when the moving boundaries touch after time zero is strictly positive, we derive two sets of conditions on the moving boundaries. We show that the variation of the local time of the associated reflected Brownian motion on [ 0 , τ ] is finite under the first set of conditions and infinite under the second set of conditions. We also apply these results to study the semimartingale property of a class of two-dimensional reflected Brownian motions.
Synthesis of 2-(2-alkoxyethylidene)-1,3-dioxolanes by using the 1,3-dioxolane ring as a double bond directing group

Abstract The title compounds could be synthesized from 2-chloro-acetal precursors having a dioxolan ring as acetal function so that the double bond is directed towards the dioxolan ring.
Application of advanced flywheel technology for energy storage on space station

Abstract In space power applications where solar inputs are the primary thermal source for the power system, energy storage is necessary to provide a continuous During the past several years graphite fiber technology has advanced, and this has led to significant gains in flywheel storage density. The tensile st With these high-strength fibers, operational storage densities for flywheel storage modules applicable to the space station storage need could reach 20
Identifying Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants through Positron Annihilation Radiation

We model the annihilation of relic positrons produced in a gamma-ray burst (GRB) after its afterglow has faded. We find that the annihilation signal from at least one GRB remnant in the Milky Way should be observable with future space missions such as the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysical Laboratory and the Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope, provided that the gas surrounding the GRB source has the typical density of the interstellar medium, 1 cm-3. Three fortunate circumstances conspire to make the signal observable. First, unlike positrons in a standard supernova, the GRB positrons initially travel at a relativistic speed and remain ahead of any nonrelativistic ejecta until the ejecta become rarefied and the annihilation time becomes long. Second, the GRB remnant remains sufficiently hot (T 5 × 105 K) for a strong annihilation line to form without significant smearing by three-photon decay of positronium. Third, the annihilation signal persists over a time longer than the average period between GRB events in the Milky Way.
Higher-Derivative Gravitation and a New Mechanism for Supersymmetry Breaking in Four-Dimensions

A discussion of the number of degrees of freedom, and their dynamical properties, in higher derivative gravitational theories is presented. The complete non-linear sigma model for these degrees of freedom is exhibited using the method of auxiliary fields. As a by-product we present a consistent non-linear coupling of a spin-2 tensor to gravitation. It is shown that non-vanishing $(C_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta})^2$ terms arise in $N=1$, $D=4$ superstring Lagrangians due to one-loop radiative corrections with light field internal lines. We discuss the general form of quadratic $(1,1)$ supergravity in two dimensions, and show that this theory is equivalent to two scalar supermultiplets coupled to the usual Einstein supergravity. It is demonstrated that the theory possesses stable vacua with vanishing cosmological constant which spontaneously break supersymmetry. We then generalize this result to $N=1$ supergravity in four dimensions. Specifically, we demonstrate that a class of higher derivative supergravity theories is equivalent to two chiral supermultiplets coupled in a specific way to Einstein supergravity. These theories are shown to possess stable vacuum states with vanishing cosmological constant which spontaneously break the $N=1$ supersymmetry.
An Investigation of the Historical Black Wage Premium in Nursing

This paper builds off of prior work analyzing the historical wage premium paid to black registered nurses (RNs) (Coomer, Nurs Econ 31(5):254–259, 2013). The average observed wages of black RNs was higher than that of white RNs in the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN) over more than two decades from 1984 to 2008. This study examines the wage differential between black and white nurses that remains after controlling for factors likely to affect wages in addition to race, such as experience, education, employer type, and specialty. The differential is decomposed, following Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973), revealing a large unexplained portion. Four possible explanations are examined and support is found for self-selection, experience, shift work, and demand effects.
Meritocracy and diversity in higher education: Discrimination against Asian Americans in the post-Bakke era

The primary purposes of this paper are: (1) to examine some of the recent changes in admission patterns and policies among some of the most prestigious institutions of higher education, especially recent moves away from strict meritocratic criteria to increasing reliance on subjective and non-academic criteria and on an emerging, but vaguely defined concept of "diversity," and (2) to determine the implications of these changes not only on the admissions and enrollments of Asian American students in these institutions but also on the time-honored principle of meritocracy upon which these so-called world-class universities have built their reputation of academic excellence. The scope of this study is severely limited by the closely guarded data and documents available to date as well as by the fact that the issue is complex and still unfolding. As a consequence, this study should therefore be considered a contribution to an ongoing public policy debate and its conclusions considered tentative.
Modularity of the Bacterial Cell Cycle Enables Independent Spatial and Temporal Control of DNA Replication

Summary Background Complex regulatory circuits in biology are often built of simpler subcircuits or modules. In most cases, the functional consequences and evolutionary origins of modularity remain poorly defined. Results Here, by combining single-cell microscopy with genetic approaches, we demonstrate that two separable modules independently govern the temporal and spatial control of DNA replication in the asymmetrically dividing bacterium Caulobacter crescentus . DNA replication control involves DnaA, which promotes initiation, and CtrA, which silences initiation. We show that oscillations in DnaA activity dictate the periodicity of replication while CtrA governs the asymmetric replicative fates of daughter cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that DnaA activity oscillates independently of CtrA. Conclusions The genetic separability of spatial and temporal control modules in Caulobacter reflects their evolutionary history. DnaA is the central component of an ancient and phylogenetically widespread circuit that governs replication periodicity in Caulobacter and most other bacteria. By contrast, CtrA, which is found only in the asymmetrically dividing α-proteobacteria, was integrated later in evolution to enforce replicative asymmetry on daughter cells.
Crystal structure and chemistry of topological insulators

Topological surface states, a new kind of electronic state of matter, have recently been observed on the cleaved surfaces of crystals of a handful of small band gap semiconductors. The underlying chemical factors that enable these states are crystal symmetry, the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling, and an inversion of the energies of the bulk electronic states that normally contribute to the valence and conduction bands. The goals of this review are to briefly introduce the physics of topological insulators to a chemical audience and to describe the chemistry, defect chemistry, and crystal structures of the compounds in this emergent field.
Mixing and CP-violation in charm

The motivation most often cited in searches for D 0 − D 0 ¯ mixing and CP-violation in charm system lies with the possibility of observing a signal from new physics which dominates that from the Standard Model. We review recent theoretical predictions and experimental constraints on D 0 − D 0 ¯ mixing parameters. We also discuss the current status of searches for CP-violation in charmed meson transitions, as well as some recent theoretical ideas.
Finding longest increasing and common subsequences in streaming data

We present algorithms and lower bounds for the Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS) and Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problems in the data-streaming model. To decide if the LIS of a given stream of elements drawn from an alphabet αbet has length at least k, we discuss a one-pass algorithm using O(k log αbetsize) space, with update time either O(log k) or O(log log αbetsize); for αbetsize = O(1), we can achieve O(log k) space and constant-time updates. We also prove a lower bound of Ω(k) on the space requirement for this problem for general alphabets αbet, even when the input stream is a permutation of αbet. For finding the actual LIS, we give a ⌈log (1 + 1/ɛ)-pass algorithm using O(k1+ɛlog αbetsize) space, for any ɛ > 0. For LCS, there is a trivial Θ(1)-approximate O(log n)-space streaming algorithm when αbetsize = O(1). For general alphabets αbet, the problem is much harder. We prove several lower bounds on the LCS problem, of which the strongest is the following: it is necessary to use Ω(n/ρ2) space to approximate the LCS of two n-element streams to within a factor of ρ, even if the streams are permutations of each other.
Segmental Dynamics and Ionic Conduction in Poly(vinyl methyl ether)−Lithium Perchlorate Complexes

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was used to investigate the segmental dynamics and ionic conduction in LiClO4/PVME complexes with Li/O from 0.1/100 to 10/100, at temperatures from Tg to ∼Tg + 80 °C. Although no microphase separation is observed via DSC, dielectric experiments reveal two segmental relaxations and one localized ion motion process. The fastest process is attributed to relaxations of segments in ion-depleted domains and it slows down with increasing salt content, as does the ion motion. The segmental relaxation of PVME chains in ion-rich domains is even slower than the ion motion process, and about 104 times slower than the fast segmental process in the 0.5/100 complex. This process becomes faster with increasing LiClO4 content, despite the concurrent increase in the bulk Tg. Maximum molar conductivity is obtained in the 2/100 complex and the ionic conduction is about 10-9 S/cm at 30 °C. By using the dynamic bond percolation model, it was found that the ions move about 0.8 nm for the 0.5/10...