cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A heterologous coiled coil can substitute for helix I of the Sindbis virus capsid protein.

Alphavirus core assembly proceeds along an assembly pathway involving a dimeric assembly intermediate. Several regions of the alphavirus capsid protein have been implicated in promoting and stabilizing this dimerization, including a putative heptad repeat sequence named helix I. This sequence, which spans residues 38 to 55 of the Sindbis virus capsid protein, was implicated in stabilizing dimeric contacts initiated through the C-terminal two-thirds of the capsid protein and nucleic acid. The studies presented here demonstrate that helix I can be functionally replaced by the corresponding sequence of a related alphavirus, western equine encephalitis virus, and also by an unrelated sequence from the yeast transcription activator, GCN4, that was previously shown to form a dimeric coiled coil. Replacing helix I with the entire leucine zipper domain of GCN4 (residues 250 to 281) produced a virus with the wild-type phenotype as determined by plaque assay and one-step growth analysis. However, replacement of helix I with a GCN4 sequence that favored trimer formation produced a virus that exhibited ∼40-fold reduction in virus replication compared to the wild-type Sindbis virus. Changing residues within the Sindbis virus helix I sequence to favor trimer formation also produced a virus with reduced replication. Peptides corresponding to helix I inhibited core-like particle assembly in vitro. On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that helix I favors capsid protein-capsid protein interactions through the formation of dimeric coiled-coil interactions and may stabilize assembly intermediates in the alphavirus nucleocapsid core assembly pathway.
Cooperative lengths of DNA during melting

The mean cooperative length of domains of DNA, determined from the variance in (G + C) content in derivative melting curves of large bacterial DNAs, varies from 230 base pairs (bp) for (A − T)-rich domains to 580 bp for (G − C) domains. These values correspond to values for the cooperativity parameter of 2(±2) × 10−5 and 3(±2) × 10−6, respectively, and to +7.2 and +9.6 kcal for the free energy of helix interruption in those regions.
Factors Affecting Line Tracing in Tactile Graphs

Twenty-four braille readers in grades 4 to 12 performed a line-tracking task on tactile line graphs which differed in the type of raised line used to represent the data curve (continuous-interrupted, narrow-wide) and the nature of the display background (grid, no grid). A grid was found to impair the trackability of every line tested, despite high levels of discriminability between the test lines and the grid line. Line type and grade level had only marginal effects on tracking proficiency. Implications for the design of tactile line graphs for the blind are discussed.
Helen Keller as cognitive scientist

Abstract Nature's experiments in isolation—the wild boy of Aveyron, Genie, their name is hardly legion—are by their nature illusive. Helen Keller, blind and deaf from her 18th month and isolated from language until well into her sixth year, presents a unique case in that every stage in her development was carefully recorded and she herself, graduate of Radcliffe College and author of 14 books, gave several careful and insightful accounts of her linguistic development and her cognitive and sensory situation. Perhaps because she is masked, and enshrined, in William Gibson's mythic and false Miracle worker, cognitive scientists have yet to come to terms with this richly enlightening, albeit anecdotal, resource.
Extreme Value Theory for engine health monitoring and diagnosis

Modern commercial aircraft engine maintenance includes a form of threshold testing on monitored engine parameters. In most cases the thresholds used to monitor the respective parameters are determined by the engine manufacture and do not take into account an aircraft's engines actual usage. In addition, thresholds set by the engine manufacture are set to provide a warning for the most severe cases in which an engine failure may occur if the threshold is reached. More importantly these thresholds impact the engine maintenance and management procedures used by the commercial airlines. Though useful, the thresholds given do not provide enough information for daily operation and maintenance planning. What is needed is a “worst case” analysis which can provide an improved insight on the behavior of monitored engine parameters. Presented is an investigation of applied ideas and concepts from Extreme Value Theory to engine health monitoring.
Characterization of a pathogen-induced calmodulin-binding protein: mapping of four Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding domains.

Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM), a key Ca2+ sensor in all eukaryotes, have been implicated in defense responses in plants. To elucidate the role of Ca2+ and CaM in defense signaling, we used 35S-labeled CaM to screen expression libraries prepared from tissues that were either treated with an elicitor derived from Phytophthora megasperma or infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Nineteen cDNAs that encode the same protein, pathogen-induced CaM-binding protein (PICBP), were isolated. The PICBP fusion proteins bound 35S-CaM, horseradish peroxidase-labeled CaM and CaM-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+ whereas EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator, abolished binding, confirming that PICBP binds CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Using a series of bacterially expressed truncated versions of PICBP, four CaM-binding domains, with a potential CaM-binding consensus sequence of WSNLKKVILLKRFVKSL, were identified. The deduced PICBP protein sequence is rich in leucine residues and contains three classes of repeats. The PICBP gene is differentially expressed in tissues with the highest expression in stem. The expression of PICBP in Arabidopsis was induced in response to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato carrying avrRpm1. Furthermore, PICBP is constitutively expressed in the Arabidopsisaccelerated cell death2-2 mutant. The expression of PICBP in bean leaves was also induced after inoculation with avirulent and non-pathogenic bacterial strains. In addition, the hrp1 mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and inducers of plant defense such as salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and a fungal elicitor induced PICBP expression in bean. Our data suggest a role for PICBP in Ca2+-mediated defense signaling and cell-death. Furthermore, PICBP is the first identified CBP in eukaryotes with four Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding domains.
Design of IFIR eigenfilters

The interpolated finite impulse response (IFIR) and eigenfilter approaches are combined. The eigenfilter approach to the design of FIR filters requires very simple computation and has the advantage that both time- and frequency-domain constraints can be incorporated. On the other hand, the IFIR filter approach can design FIR filters efficiently and implement them with significant savings in the number of arithmetic operations. The authors present a design example which gives a comparison of the eigenfilter approach and linear programming approach under the unit-step-response constraint. >
Composite Grafting for Pediatric Fingertip Injuries

Background Fingertip injuries are common in the pediatric population. Composite grafting is a frequently used technique for distal amputations in children given the reported success rate. We sought to study the early clinical results of composite grafting for fingertip injuries in the pediatric population.
Stress transfer into a fragmented, anisotropic fiber through an imperfect interface

A new analysis for stress transfer from the matrix to a fragmented fiber through an imperfect interface was derived using a Bessel-Fourier series stress function with some important additional polynomial terms. The solution satisfies equilibrium and compatibility every place and satisfies most boundary conditions exactly. The only approximation is that the axial stress in the fiber at a fiber break is equal to zero in an averaged sense instead of exactly. Two important advantages of the analysis are that it can handle anisotropic fibers and it can include imperfect interfaces or interphases. Theoretical predictions of stress transfer were compared to experimental Raman spectroscopy results. The results agreed well and were used to measure interface properties. The strain energy was integrated to get total strain energy in a fiber/matrix fragment. It is proposed that this result will be useful for developing fracture mechanics models of the fragmentation test.
Pregnancy and thrombophilia

The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy create a hypercoagulable milieu. This hypercoagulable state is thought to be protective, especially at the time of labor, preventing excessive hemorrhage. The presence of hereditary or acquired causes of thrombophilia during pregnancy tilts the balance in favor of unwanted venous thromboembolism and adverse pregnancy outcomes due to vascular uteroplacental insufficiency. These adverse pregnancy outcomes include recurrent pregnancy losses, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia and placental abruption. Much of the current data with regards to the association of the different thrombophilias and pregnancy-related complications are based on retrospectively designed studies. This lack of randomization, in-homogeneity of patient populations, varying case definitions, selection biases and inadequately matched control populations, have given rise to conflicting data with regard to screening for, and treatment of, pregnant women with suspected thrombophilias. The limited data that we have support the use of anticoagulant drugs for the prevention of pregnancy-related complications in the setting of thrombophilia. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins are the anticoagulant drugs of choice as they do not cross the placental barrier and, hence, do not cause fetal anticoagulation or teratogenicity. Warfarin can be used from the 12th week of gestation onwards but is preferably reserved for the postpartum period.
Molecular cloning and expression of the biodegradative threonine dehydratase gene (tdc) of Escherichia coli K12.

The biodegradative threonine dehydratase gene (tdc) of Escherichia coli was cloned by isolating a dehydratase-negative mutant after Tn5 mutagenesis, cloning the tdc::Tn5 DNA into pBR322 and then replacing the Tn5 element on the plasmid in vivo. Subcloning and nucleotide sequence data revealed two distinct procaryotic promoterlike elements each containing a potential CAP-binding site and AT-rich regions, and a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. One of these putative promoters, P2, was located immediately upstream from the tdc coding region, and a second, P1, was approximately 1 kilobase upstream from P2. Deletion of the potential CAP-binding site from P1 prevented tdc gene expression. However, removal of P2 and a large segment of the upstream DNA had no discernible effect on dehydratase synthesis. A 936-base pair open reading frame was found between P1 and the tdc coding region, which produced a polypeptide of about 32 kilodaltons. The data suggest that P1, and not P2, is necessary for tdc gene expression, and that the DNA sequences coding for the 32 KD polypeptide and threonine dehydratase are part of a single transcriptional unit.
Pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to graded decreases in precapillary blood PO2 in intact-chest cat

The effects of graded changes in pulmonary lobar arterial blood PO2 and ventilatory hypoxia were investigated in the intact-chest cat under conditions of controlled lobar blood flow. A reduction in precapillary PO2 from systemic arterial levels to below 60 Torr increased lobar arterial pressure. Ventilation with 10% O2 increased lobar arterial pressure, and responses to ventilatory hypoxia and precapillary hypoxemia were independent but additive. The magnitude of the pressor response to precapillary hypoxemia was similar in experiments in which the lung was autoperfused with right atrial blood or cross-perfused with aortic blood from a donor cat breathing 10% O2. During retrograde perfusion of the ventilated lung, a reduction in pulmonary venous PO2 to 40 Torr did not affect inflow pressure. The present data suggest that sensor sites upstream to the alveolar-capillary region in segments of lobar artery unexposed to alveolar gas sense a reduction in precapillary blood PO2 and elicit a pulmonary vasoconstrictor response. The sensor site in the precapillary segment is independent of sensors in the alveolar-capillary-exposed segment region, and the effects of stimulation of both sensors on the pulmonary vascular bed are additive. In addition, the present data indicate that sensors in the pulmonary veins do not sense a reduction in PO2 in venous blood and elicit a vasoconstrictor response. These data suggest that the mixed venous blood PO2 may exert an important regulatory role in controlling pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in the cat under normal and pathological conditions.
Modulation of the sarcolemmal L-type current by alteration in SR Ca2+ release

Modulation of the L-type current by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release has been examined in patch-clamped mouse myotubes. Inhibition of SR Ca2+ release by inclusion of ryanodine in the intern...
Effect of a Novel Engagement Strategy Using Twitter on Test Performance.

Introduction: Medical educators in recent years have been using social media for more penetrance to technologically-savvy learners. The utility of using Twitter for curriculum content delivery has not been studied. We sought to determine if participation in a social media-based educational supplement would improve student performance on a test of clinical images at the end of the semester. Methods: 116 second-year medical students were enrolled in a lecture-based clinical medicine course, in which images of common clinical exam findings were presented. An additional, optional assessment was performed on Twitter. Each week, a clinical presentation and physical exam image (not covered in course lectures) were distributed via Twitter, and students were invited to guess the exam finding or diagnosis. After the completion of the course, students were asked to participate in a slideshow “quiz” with 24 clinical images, half from lecture and half from Twitter. Results: We conducted a one-way analysis of variance to determine the effect Twitter participation had on total, Twitter-only, and lecture-only scores. Twitter participation data was collected from the end-of-course survey and was defined as submitting answers to the Twitter-only questions “all or most of the time”, “about half of the time”, and “little or none of the time.” We found a significant difference in overall scores (p<0.001) and in Twitter-only scores (p<0.001). There was not enough evidence to conclude a significant difference in lecture-only scores (p=0.124). Students who submitted answers to Twitter “all or most of the time” or “about half the time” had significantly higher overall scores and Twitter-only scores (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) than those students who only submitted answers “little or none of the time.” Conclusion: While students retained less information from Twitter than from traditional classroom lecture, some retention was noted. Future research on social media in medical education would benefit from clear control and experimental groups in settings where quantitative use of social media could be measured. Ultimately, it is unlikely for social media to replace lecture in medical curriculum; however, there is a reasonable role for social media as an adjunct to traditional medical education.
The folly of theorizing “A” but testing “B”: A selective level-of-analysis review of the field and a detailed Leader–Member Exchange illustration

Abstract Leadership research has recently begun to emphasize the importance of examining the level of analysis (e.g., individual, dyad, group, organization) at which phenomena are hypothesized to occur. Unfortunately, however, it is still not commonplace for theory to clearly specify, and for investigations to directly test, expected and rival level-of-analysis effects. This article first selectively reviews a cross-section of theories, models, and approaches in leadership, showing generally poor alignment between theory and the level of analysis actually used in its testing. A multiple levels of analysis investigation of the Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) model is next presented. This theory has as its foundation the dyadic relationship between a supervisor and his or her subordinates. Yet, less than 10% of published LMX studies have examined level of analysis—and none has employed dyadic analysis. Using within- and between-entities analysis (WABA) and two different samples, four LMX level-of-analysis representations are tested, which involve monosource data; three of these models are then tested using heterosource data. Overall, good support is found for the LMX approach at the within-groups and between-dyads levels. Implications for aligning theory with appropriate levels of analysis in future research are considered.
Review Essay: Baldwin Then and Now

There is no dearth of scholarship on the life and writing of essayist, novelist, and playwright James Baldwin. Consequently, continued interest in the writer almost twenty-five years after his deat...
Structural and electrical characterization of platinum (~15 at%) doped nickel silicides on Si(100) and SiGe/Si(100) substrates

Abstract Ni(Pt~15 at%)Si/Si(100) and Ni(Pt~15 at%)SiGe/SiGe/Si(100) films corresponding to rapid thermal annealing (RTA1) temperatures of 220, 230 and 240 °C with constant RTA2 (at 420 °C) have been investigated for sub 20 nm devices. X-ray reflectometry (XRR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), four point probe, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed for the characterization of NiSi and NiSiGe films. XRR results indicated that NiSi and NiSiGe film thicknesses increased with RTA1 temperatures. NiSi films densities increased with layer thickness but NiSiGe films displayed an opposite trend. The diffractograms revealed that NiSi and NiSiGe layers contain identical phases and possessed fiber texture at 220 °C. Whereas, the peaks shift were observed for NiSi (211) and NiSi (021) at higher RTA1 temperatures which appear due to Pt diffusion (hexagonal structures of larger grain size were noted). NiSiGe crystallites self-alignment was observed because of strained SiGe/Si(100) substrate. At 240 °C, NiSiGe layer showed the smallest crystallites. This is believed to be due to Pt distributed along the silicide grain boundaries which obstructs silicide grain growth. NiSi and NiSiGe sheet resistance decreased significantly with increase in RTA1 temperatures and found to correlate with multiple grain orientation. AFM revealed a smooth-stable surface morphology for all films.
Incentive Schemes for Privacy-Sensitive Consumers

Businesses (retailers) often offer personalized advertisements (coupons) to individuals (consumers). While proving a customized shopping experience, such coupons can provoke strong reactions from consumers who feel their privacy has been violated. Existing models for privacy try to quantify privacy risk but do not capture the subjective experience and heterogeneous expression of privacy-sensitivity. We use a Markov decision process (MDP) model for this problem. Our model captures different consumer privacy sensitivities via a time-varying state, different coupon types via an action set for the retailer, and a cost for perceived privacy violations that depends on the action and state. The simplest version of our model has two states (“Normal” and “Alerted”), two coupons (targeted and untargeted), and consumer behavior dynamics known to the retailer. We show that the optimal coupon-offering strategy for a retailer that wishes to minimize its expected discounted cost is a stationary threshold-based policy. The threshold is a function of all model parameters: the retailer offers a targeted coupon if their belief that the consumer is in the “Alerted” state is below the threshold. We extend our model and results to consumers with multiple privacy-sensitivity states as well as coupon-dependent state transition probabilities.
Studies on the Sexuality of Nannizzia. II. Morphogenesis of Gametangia in N. Incurvata

Morphogenesis of gametangia in Nannizzia incurvata has been studied. Sex organs were not observed in single mating type cultures and were found to be produced only when mycelia of two compatible st...
The Political Environment and Citizen Competence

care reform, we find that performance depends heavily on environmental conditions. A combination of general information with increased motivation to act responsibly improves aggregate performance. An extremely favorable informational environment not only enhances performance, but it even eliminates the effects of individual differences in education and political sophistication. The analysis points toward reforming structures that shape the political environment as the most plausible route to improved democratic governance. rom the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, the study of citizen decision making focused almost exclusively on the individual citizen's cognitive capabilities and political knowledge. With few exceptions, this research reached the familiar verdict that most citizens know little about politics, do not care to know much about it, and often make ill-considered and superficial judgments (Converse 1964;Sniderman 1993). An important corollary was that the well educated and politically sophisticated-the cognitively engaged, to use Zaller's (1992) term-outperform other citizens on judgment tasks (see Luskin 1987 for an excellent review). More recently, some scholars have argued that the political environment serves as an "informational crutch" that assists citizens when they are making political judgments (Lupia 2000). The optimistic outlook of the political-heuristics literature, in particular, rests on the view that the environment gives people simple judgment tasks to perform and generally provides reliable cues to help citizens perform them (Carmines and Kuklinski 1990; Lupia 1994; Lupia and McCubbins 1998; Mondak 1993; Popkin 1991; Sniderman 2000; Sniderman, Brody, and Tetlock 1991; Wittman 1995). From this perspective, the cognitively highly engaged still outperform the less engaged, but even the latter usually make reasonable choices. Critics contend that the environment of contemporary American politics provides considerably less assistance than champions of heuristics have portrayed (see Bartels 1996; Kuklinski and Quirk 2000; and Luskin 2000 for critiques). Nevertheless, the idea that political environments might enhance citizen performance is an important advance in public opinion research.
Integral kašin splittings

Forx ∈ ℝn andp≥1 put ‖x‖p:=(n−1Σ|xi|p)1/p. An orthogonal direct sum decomposition ℝ2k=E⊕E⊥ where dimE=k and\(\sup 0 \ne x \in E \cup E \bot \left\| x \right\|_2 /\left\| x \right\|_1 \leqslant C\) ‖x‖2/‖x‖1≤C is called here a (k, C)-splitting. By a theorem of Kasin there existsC>0 such that (k, C)-splittings exist for allk, and by the volume ratio method of Szarek one can takeC=32eπ. All proofs of existence of (k, C)-splittings heretofore given are nonconstructive.
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science: A Brief Report on 2015 and Calls for Manuscripts in 2016 and Beyond

In June 2015, Eddie Lam completed his second term as Editor-in-Chief for Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES). We thank Eddie for his service and we look forward to his co...
Finite Element Analysis of Influence of Mandrel on Thinning Ratio of Wall in NC Tube Bending

In this paper, the influence law of the mandrel on the thinning ratio of wall, including the initial lead of the mandrel, and the clearance between the tube and the mandrel has been obtained through 3D FEM simulation: (1) The larger the initial lead of the mandrel is, the larger the thinning ratio of wall is. (2) When the initial lead of the mandrel is 0, with the increase of the clearance between the mandrel and the tube, the thinning ratio of wall will be smaller and smaller; When the initial lead of the mandrel is 0.8 E , 1.0 E or 1.2 E , with the increase of the clearance, the thinning ratio of wall will decrease at the beginning, then increase.
Preclinical Evaluation of 18F-PF-05270430, a Novel PET Radioligand for the Phosphodiesterase 2A Enzyme

The enzyme phosphodiesterase 2A (PF-05270430) is a potential target for development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of cognitive impairments. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the PDE2A ligand 18F-PF-05270430, 4-(3-fluoroazetidin-1-yl)-7-methyl-5-(1-methyl-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]triazine, in nonhuman primates. Methods:18F-PF-05270430 was radiolabeled by 2 methods via nucleophilic substitution of its tosylate precursor. Tissue metabolite analysis in rodents and PET imaging in nonhuman primates under baseline and blocking conditions were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic and binding characteristics of the new radioligand. Various kinetic modeling approaches were assessed to select the optimal method for analysis of imaging data. Results:18F-PF-05270430 was synthesized in greater than 98% radiochemical purity and high specific activity. In the nonhuman primate brain, uptake of 18F-PF-05270430 was fast, with peak concentration (SUVs of 1.5–1.8 in rhesus monkeys) achieved within 7 min after injection. The rank order of uptake was striatum > neocortical regions > cerebellum. Regional time–activity curves were well fitted by the 2-tissue-compartment model and the multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method to arrive at reliable estimates of regional distribution volume (VT) and binding potential (BPND) with 120 min of scan data. Regional VT values (MA1) ranged from 1.28 mL/cm3 in the cerebellum to 3.71 mL/cm3 in the putamen, with a BPND of 0.25 in the temporal cortex and 1.92 in the putamen. Regional BPND values estimated by the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) were similar to those from MA1. Test–retest variability in high-binding regions (striatum) was 4% ± 6% for MA1 VT, 13% ± 6% for MA1 BPND, and 13% ± 7% SRTM BPND, respectively. Pretreatment of animals with the PDE2A inhibitor PF-05180999 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of 18F-PF-05270430 specific binding, with a half maximal effective concentration of 69.4 ng/mL in plasma PF-05180999 concentration. Conclusion:18F-PF-05270430 displayed fast and reversible kinetics in nonhuman primates, as well as specific binding blockable by a PDE2A inhibitor. This is the first PET tracer with desirable imaging properties and demonstrated ability to image and quantify PDE2A in vivo.
Characterization of a Radical Intermediate in Lipoyl Cofactor Biosynthesis.

Lipoyl synthase (LipA) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of the lipoyl cofactor, the insertion of two sulfur atoms at C6 and C8 of an n-octanoyl chain. LipA is a member of the radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) superfamily of enzymes and uses two [4Fe–4S] clusters to catalyze its transformation. One cluster binds in contact with SAM and donates the requisite electron for the reductive cleavage of SAM to generate two 5′-deoxyadenosyl 5′-radicals, which abstract hydrogen atoms from C6 and C8 of the substrate. By contrast, the second, auxiliary [4Fe–4S] cluster, has been hypothesized to serve as the sulfur donor in the reaction. Such a sacrificial role for an iron–sulfur cluster during catalysis has not been universally accepted. Use of a conjugated 2,4-hexadienoyl-containing substrate analogue has allowed the substrate radical to be trapped and characterized by continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Here we report the observation of a 57Fe hyperfine coupling interacti...
Contemporary Issues in Pediatric Hodgkin’s Disease

This article focuses on some of the unresolved and more controversial aspects of Hodgkin’s disease in children, including etiology and epidemiology, pathology, immunologic aspects, clinical features and staging, treatment philosophies, and treatment side effects.
Graph Efficiency Measurement

Introduction Chapters 3 and 4 of this monograph introduce and decompose cost and revenue efficiency, respectively. In this chapter we are interested in profit efficiency, which requires that we simultaneously adjust input and output quantities, given input and output prices. Since we simultaneously wish to increase output quantities and associated revenues and decrease input quantities and their associated costs, we require a different reference technology and perhaps a different means of attaining the frontier of that technology than in Chapters 3 and 4. In order to judge adjustments of both input and output quantities simultaneously, we model technology with the graph. Specifically, we introduce a series of efficiency measures which judge performance relative to technology as described by the graph. In contrast to most of the efficiency measures introduced in earlier chapters, those introduced here are not radial contractions or expansions of observed data, but rather follow a hyperbolic path to the frontier of technology. More specifically, both inputs and outputs are allowed to vary by the same proportion, but inputs are proportionately decreased while outputs are simultaneously increased at the same proportion. The fact that we require increases in output quantities and decreases in input quantities to occur at the same proportion or rate, yields a hyperbolic path to the frontier of the graph. One can imagine alternatives: a Russell type measure which allows variation in the rate of increase of individual outputs and in the rate of decrease of individual inputs, or a measure which increases outputs at a proportionate rate which may differ, however, from the proportionate rate of decrease of inputs. These variations are left to the interested reader.
Observation of sulfate formation rates during ACE-1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the observation of sulfate formation rates during ACE-1. Conducted in November and December, 1995, over the Pacific and Southern Oceans, Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1), involves observations from one aircraft, two ships, and three land sites by scientists from several countries. The chapter evaluates the mechanisms of non-seasalt sulfate (NSS) formation. It conducts two two-day sets of airborne Lagrangian observations of aerosol budgets in the marine boundary layer south of Tasmania, from which aerosol formation and removal rates are derived. It also observes the diurnal cycle of NSS and Methanesulfonate (MSA) at Cape Grim, an alternate method for assessing the daily aerosol production. These formation rates are essential input to models of the aerosol forcing of climate.
AirportLogic: Usability Testing, Prototyping, and Analysis of an Airport Wayfinding Application

As air travel continues to be prevalent in our lives, and as the use of mobile devices designed to assist us become more common, the creation of wayfinding applications for mobile devices continues to be a challenge for both developers and interface designers. Unfortunately, many airport specific wayfinding applications do not live up to user expectations. In preliminary project phases, usability testing and evaluation of existing applications was performed, followed by prototyping and evaluation of a proposed application. Task-based user testing was performed to address two primary questions: 1) are current and proposed applications efficient for users?, and 2) is the information architecture and navigation suitable for average users? A prototype application and corresponding website were developed, and tested, with user testing confirming enhancements over previous airport way finding applications.
The microphagous feeding behavior of Oreaster reticulatus (Echinodermata: Asteoridea)

The microphagous feeding mechanism of Oreaster reticulatus involves accumulation of the substratum (sand, seagrass) in the oral region by the tube feet which simultaneously rake the substratum towards the mouth while gradually rotating the sea star about the oral‐aboral axis. On sand bottoms this results in the formation of a sediment mound (5–15 mm high) upon which the cardiac stomach is everted. Measurements of sediment chlorophyll indicate that microphytes are concentrated in the thin (1–2 mm deep) surface layer which is raked into the mound. The degree of individual mound‐building activity varied directly with the chlorophyll concentration and grain size of surface sediments.
Expression of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) by lymphomas of B-cell and T-cell lineage

Previous studies have demonstrated that the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is expressed by leukemic cells from approximately 80% of patients with non-T-cell ALL and 30%-50% of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. A small number of normal bone marrow and fetal liver cells also express CALLA, but the functional role of this molecule is unknown. In the present study, we have used a monoclonal antibody (J5) specific for CALLA to study the expression of this antigen in non-Hodgkin9s lymphomas. Within the B-cell lymphomas, it was found the CALLA was expressed by almost all Burkitt9s and nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas. Within the T-cell lymphomas, CALLA was expressed in 40% of patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma. Three of 3 Burkitt9s lymphoma cell lines and three of eight T-lymphoblast cell lines were also found to express CALLA. Normal spleen, lymph node, and thymus cells were not reactive with J5 antibody. These findings indicate that expression of CALLA is not limited to relatively undifferentiated leukemic lymphoblasts but also occurs in more differentiated lymphoid malignancies. However, normal differentiated lymphoid cells in lymph node, spleen, and thymus, which have a phenotype similar to that of lymphoma cells, do not appear to express CALLA.
How to Make a Heterosexual Romance Queer: Anna Marsden's Experiment and the Limits of Sexual/Gendered Inversion

Anna Marsden’s Experiment builds on the generic conventions of New Woman novels in order to interject a radically queer character who first appears to follow the normative paths of cross dressing within the genre, but this novel plays with audience assumptions and sexological discourse in order to show the limits that still existed within this growing pseudo science. Williams successfully critiques the limited understanding of gender in New Woman fiction, sexology, and British society in general. Anna/Dick cannot be contained or understood singularly as a heterosexual woman, an inverted woman, a heterosexual man, or an inverted man. An academic reclaiming of this novel not only allows for a greater understanding of lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans characters in historical literature, but also provides an excellent case study in the connections between the “sexual anarchy” of the fin de siecle and the nonnormative female experience in early twentieth century modernist fiction.
Overcoming cellular barriers for RNA therapeutics

RNA-based therapeutics, such as small-interfering (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, synthetic mRNAs and CRISPR-Cas9, have great potential to target a large part of the currently undruggable genes and gene products and to generate entirely new therapeutic paradigms in disease, ranging from cancer to pandemic influenza to Alzheimer's disease. However, for these RNA modalities to reach their full potential, they first need to overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses that have kept RNAs on the outside of cells from invading the inside of cells. Overcoming the lipid bilayer to deliver RNA into cells has remained the major problem to solve for widespread development of RNA therapeutics, but recent chemistry advances have begun to penetrate this evolutionary armor.
Multimodal ambulatory sleep detection

Inadequate sleep affects health in multiple ways. Unobtrusive ambulatory methods to monitor long-term sleep patterns in large populations could be useful for health and policy decisions. This paper presents an algorithm that uses multimodal data from smartphones and wearable technologies to detect sleep/wake state and sleep episode on/offset. We collected 5580 days of multimodal data and applied recurrent neural networks for sleep/wake classification, followed by cross-correlation-based template matching for sleep episode on/offset detection. The method achieved a sleep/wake classification accuracy of 96.5%, and sleep episode on/offset detection F1 scores of 0.85 and 0.82, respectively, with mean errors of 5.3 and 5.5 min, respectively, when compared with sleep/wake state and sleep episode on/offset assessed using actigraphy and sleep diaries.
Balloon-Guidewire Entrapment

This chapter discusses the case of a dialysis patient who was referred to the dialysis access center for non-maturation of a left radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Becuse of the location of the lesion adjacent to the anastomosis, the technique of balloon-guidewire entrapment was used to cannulate the access.
Binge Drinking Episodes in Young Adults: How Should We Measure Them in a Research Setting?

Objective:Worldwide, consequences of binge drinking are a major health and policy concern. This article reviews contemporary binge drinking definitions as well as different questionnaires and biomarkers that have been used in research settings to examine binge drinking behavior among young adults.Method:A review of electronic databases was conducted for binge drinking definitions, questionnaires, and biomarkers for the measurement of binge drinking in young adults (18–30 years).Results:Binge drinking is often defined as four or more drinks for females and five or more drinks for males on an occasion or in one sitting within a designated time frame (2 weeks vs. past 30 days). Several tools and questionnaires are available to identify young adult repeated binge drinkers. Biomarkers have been used to corroborate self-reported alcohol consumption, of which direct biomarkers such as phosphatidylethanol may be useful in confirming recent heavy drinking.Conclusions:It is important to measure binge drinking along...
Disparate effects of catecholamines under stress conditions on endothelial glycocalyx injury: An in vitro model.

Abstract Background Geriatric trauma patients have high circulating norepinephrine (NE) levels but attenuated release of epinephrine (Epi) in response to increasing severity of injury. We hypothesized that NE and Epi have different effects on the endothelial and glycocalyx components of the vascular barrier following shock. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with varying concentrations of NE or Epi and exposed to simulated shock conditions (HR). Relevant biomarkers were sampled to index glycocalyx injury and endothelial cell activation. Results NE was associated with significantly greater glycocalyx damage and endothelial activation/injury vs. Epi treatment groups. There were minimal changes in PAI-1 with either NE or Epi ± H/R. However NE ± H/R was associated with significantly higher tPA levels. Conclusions NE favors a profibrinolytic state. Our study supports investigating liberal use of the anti-fibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid in the severely injured geriatric trauma patient.
“The Shadow of Disrepute”: G.B.S. and Testimonial Marketing

The author begins with an interpretive reading of Shaw’s 1916 one-act play “O’Flaherty V. C.” within the context of recruitment advertising campaigns run by the British government during the First World War. In the comedy, Shaw explores both print forms such as posters and pamphlets as well as the personality testimonial marketing technique. The author provides a brief history of the bumpy evolution of this technique, from its origins to its repudiation in connection with patent medicine marketing to its “rebirth” in the era of the modern celebrity. Shaw adopts the technique in branding “G.B.S.,” although “near-testimonial” is an apt way to characterize Shaw’s involvement with product-based marketing campaigns, beginning with one for Formamint lozenges right around the time of Misalliance in which he is featured as spokesman via “indirect” endorsement.
CITAR LOS RENGLONES CINEMATOGRÁFICOS EN LA CONVERSACIÓN: ¿QUÉ, POR QUÉ, Y CÓMO?

Although media are known to impact affect, attitudes, behavior, and physiological indicators, no research has examined the very common but long-ignored behavior of quoting lines from movies in conversation. The primary goal of the present exploratory studies was to observe the emotions, reasons, and behaviors associated with movie quoting, and compare predicted accuracy with actual accuracy. Questionnaires were administered to two samples of 478 young adult university students. Results showed that 100% quoted movies, primarily comedies (about 70%), in conversation. They did so primarily in order to amuse themselves and others and reported little to no effort necessary to remember the lines. Lines were quoted completely or almost completely accurately around 90% of the time, and the intended hearers were usually others who had seen the film, with quoters seldom surprised at others’ reactions. Results were interpreted in light of Bandura’s (2002) theory of observational learning and its four components.
THE STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE

The elastic properties of a variety of graphites have been studied up to the ultimate stress. The measurements included the stress-strain behavior in tension, compression and flexure. The room temperature permanent sets and the lateral strains defined by Poisson's Ratio were also measured. The materials used in these measurements included a variety of commercial extruded graphites and a large number of moulded samples prepared by two distinct methods of mixing and firing. The effects of heat treatment, impregnation and neutron irradiation were used to introduce further variations in the properties measured. The discussion includes a comparison of the variabilities of the destructive and non-destructive tests. From this, and other evidence relationships between modulus and strength are demonstrated. An attempt is made to define the possible modes of failure of graphite under stress.
Extrusion processing of amaranth and quinoa

Because of the growing epidemic of gluten intolerance, there is growing interest in gluten‐free foods. Beyond just being gluten‐free, such foods can have other positive nutritional benefits to human health. Extrusion processing is commonly used to produce a wide variety of human food products. Gluten‐free grains can be a processing challenge, however, due to lack of proper binding, which can lead to poor quality food products. This research explores how extrusion parameters impacted the quality of amaranth‐ and quinoa‐based extrudates. The specific objectives of this project included extruding each of the grains, then measuring extrudate properties, such as color, unit density, expansion ratio, and durability. Both the quinoa and amaranth were extruded as raw grain, as well as ground to 2mm and 1mm particle sizes. Other experimental conditions included moisture contents of 20% and 40% (d.b.), and extruder screw speeds of 50 rpm and 100 rpm. All treatments were successfully extruded, and all extrudates had high quality attributes, making this the first time either quinoa or amaranth was extruded without any binding ingredients.
Neutron capture cross section of cobalt-59 in the energy range 2. 5 to 1000 keV

Time-of-flight measurements of the neutron capture cross section of /sup 59/Co were carried out in the energy region 2.5 to 1000 keV using the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator and a pair of nonhydrogenous liquid-scintillator gamma-ray detectors. Resonance energies and capture areas were determined for a large number of resolved resonances up to 85-keV neutron energy, and radiation widths for 35 known s-wave resonances were derived. Positive correlation coefficients (p approximately equal to 0.3) between the radiative widths and neutron reduced widths of these s-wave resonances for both possible spin states were calculated. The significance of the correlations is discussed.
Enzyme Replacement in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome with Long-Term Erythrocyte Transfusions

The pathogenesis of the neuro-behavioral abnormalities associated with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome remains obscure despite recent reports of neurotransmitter abnormalities in these patients1. Many attempts to correct the characteristic manifestations of spasticity, mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and compulsive self-mutilation have been reported but none have reported sustained clinical efficacy. Many pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed over the past two decades to explain the relationship between the known aberration in purine metabolism and the observed neurologic dysfunction. One of these proposed mechanisms is that the absence of the purine salvage pathway in the central nervous system (CNS) results in (1) the accumulation of oxypurines in the spinal fluid which then may act as toxic endogenous mediators2 and (2) the depletion of guanine and adenine nucleotides that are important to normal CNS function3–5. Supplementation of purine intermediates with dietary adenine, guanosine, inosine, and GMP have not altered the clinical course of the disease.
Cytogenetic and Phylogenetic Studies in Carnivora

Let us look at the carnivores from the point of view of their presently accepted taxonomy and phylogeny and see how the study of their chromosome constitution fits with the accepted scheme, or where it may give us something new to consider. The earliest Carnivora were the creodonts which appeared in the Paleocene about 75 million years ago. By the Eocene, 60 million years ago, a branch called the Miacidae was flourishing. The creodonts subsequently became extinct, but toward the end of the Eocene the Miacidae diverged into three major branches of the Carnivora (Fig. 1*): these are first the Feloidea, which include the cats, the hyenas, and the mongooses and civets; the second the Canoidea, which include the raccoons, bears, dogs, wolves and foxes, and the weasels, minks, martens, badgers, skunks and otters; and the third the Pinnipedia or marine carnivores, which include the walruses, seals and sea lions. The Pinnipedia are, today, generally not included with the Carnivora but are placed in a separate Order. They did, however, arise from the Canoidea and still retain close serological (Leone and Wiens, 1956; Pauly and Wolfe, 1957) and chromosomal relationships. The latter can be seen in the figure by comparing the diploid number, fundamental number and marker chromosomes with those of the Canoidea.
Bacillus thuringiensis : Integrated Control — Past, Present, and Future

In this paper, I shall consider the integration of Bacillus thuringiensis by man in microbial, biological, and chemical control programs, i.e., in pest management. The discussion will consider the question: Is B. thuringiensis a prime candidate for integrated control? The answer is yes. B. thuringiensis has high pathogenicity for target pests; it is safe for most nontarget organisms, including humans; it is compatible with other insects pathogens; and it is compatible with chemical insecticides, miti-cides, fungicides, and adjuvants. I shall review past and present accomplishments and discuss future objectives. The past will cover the period up to 1960 and the present from 1960 to 1980.