cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colored Saturation Parameters for Rainbow Subgraphs

Inspired by a 1987 result of Hanson and Toft [Edge-colored saturated graphs, J Graph Theory 11 (1987), 191–196] and several recent results, we consider the following saturation problem for edge-colored graphs. An edge-coloring of a graph F is rainbow if every edge of F receives a different color. Let R(F) denote the set of rainbow-colored copies of F. A t-edge-colored graph G is (R(F),t)-saturated if G does not contain a rainbow copy of F but for any edge e∈E(G¯) and any color i∈[t], the addition of e to G in color i creates a rainbow copy of F. Let sat t(n,R(F)) denote the minimum number of edges in an (R(F),t)-saturated graph of order n. We call this the rainbow saturation number of F. In this article, we prove several results about rainbow saturation numbers of graphs. In stark contrast with the related problem for monochromatic subgraphs, wherein the saturation is always linear in n, we prove that rainbow saturation numbers have a variety of different orders of growth. For instance, the rainbow saturation number of the complete graph Kn lies between nlogn/loglogn and nlogn, the rainbow saturation number of an n-vertex star is quadratic in n, and the rainbow saturation number of any tree that is not a star is at most linear.
Seeing the Forest through the Phylogenetic Tree

Cancer is generally considered to be a genetic disease. Tumors arise as a result of cumulative genetic alterations (gene mutations, copy-number changes, gene fusions, or RNA overexpression or underexpression) that affect the properties of single cells and endow them with a growth advantage. Early on, this stepwise path was depicted as a linear model of sequential acquisition of mutations leading to tumor progression.1 It has now become clear that evolution to increasingly malignant phenotypes is a complex, multilayered process, in which various competing subclones that arise from the stochastic accumulation of genomic alterations are selected for fitness by environmental pressures, . . .
Furling the Flag: Explaining the 2015 Vote to Remove the Confederate Flag in South Carolina

Public policy scholars have long recognized the importance of focusing events in shaping policy change. We argue that the 2015 Charleston church shooting served as a focusing event that opened a policy window, leading to the vote to remove the Confederate flag from the South Carolina Statehouse grounds. While Democrats voted unanimously to remove the flag, we employ logistic regression models to explore the determinants of the decision to remove the Confederate flag in South Carolina among Republican state representatives. There is little evidence for the effect of district racial composition or electoral threat, but our model indicates that a few factors—intraparty legislator ideology, median household income in the district, percent urban in the district, and district educational attainment—best explain Republican decisions to furl the flag. These findings have implications for how policy makers respond to focusing events and our understanding of ongoing debates over the Confederate flag. Related Articles Feig, Douglas G. 2004. “Race, the ‘New South,’ and the Mississippi Flag Vote.” Politics & Policy 32 (4): 660-683. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2004.tb00200.x/full Orey, Byron D'Andra, L. Martin Overby, Peter K. Hatemi, and Baodong Liu. 2011. “White Support for Racial Referenda in the Deep South.” Politics & Policy 39 (4): 539-558. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00303.x/abstract Woliver, Laura R., Angela R. Ledford, and Chris J. Dolan. 2001. “The South Carolina Confederate Flag: The Politics of Race and Citizenship.” Politics & Policy 29 (4): 708-730. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2001.tb00612.x/abstract Related Media Watch Fox. 2015. “Rep. Jenny Horne on Confederate Flag Debate.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = wZrrvirBjxE Washington Post. 2015. “South Carolina Takes Down Confederate Flag.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = ZgoI4-HEvW4 CBS This Morning. 2015. “S.C. Statehouse Fights over Confederate Flag Controversy.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXZ6uRyvvc
Pattern of dose delay and dose reduction among cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

e20705 Background: Chemotherapy dose delay or dose reduction due to chemotherapy induced toxicity or other consideration of patient factors has been shown to be associated with worse patient outcom...
How much data should we collect? A case study in sepsis detection using deep learning

Sepsis is an acute, life-threatening condition that results from bacterial infections, often acquired in the hospital. Undetected, sepsis can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock, with a risk of death as high as 30% to 80%. Early detection of sepsis can improve patient outcomes. Collecting and evaluating continuous physiological variables, such as vital signs, using sophisticated classification algorithms may be highly beneficial to aid diagnosis of septic patients. However, setting up a data acquisition system that can collect (and store) high frequency/high volume data is challenging both from technology management and storage standpoints. In this paper, we build two deep learning models, a convolutional neural network and a multilayer perceptron model, to classify patients into sepsis and non-sepsis groups using data collected at various frequencies from the first 12 hours after admission. Our results indicate that the convolutional neural network model outperforms the multilayer perceptron model for all data collection frequencies. In addition, our results put into perspective the value of data collection frequency and translate its value into lives saved. Such analysis can guide future investments in data acquisition systems by hospitals.
Interconversion of Molybdenum Imido and Amido Complexes by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Interconversion of the molybdenum amido [(Ph Tpy)(PPh2 Me)2 Mo(NHtBuAr)][BArF24 ] (Ph Tpy=4'-Ph-2,2',6',2"-terpyridine; tBuAr=4-tert-butyl-C6 H4 ; ArF24 =(C6 H3 -3,5-(CF3 )2 )4 ) and imido [(Ph Tpy)(PPh2 Me)2 Mo(NtBuAr)][BArF24 ] complexes has been accomplished by proton-coupled electron transfer. The 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl radical was used as an oxidant and the non-classical ammine complex [(Ph Tpy)(PPh2 Me)2 Mo(NH3 )][BArF24 ] as the reductant. The N-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of the amido N-H bond formed and cleaved in the sequence was experimentally bracketed between 45.8 and 52.3 kcal mol-1 , in agreement with a DFT-computed value of 48 kcal mol-1 . The N-H BDFE in combination with electrochemical data eliminate proton transfer as the first step in the N-H bond-forming sequence and favor initial electron transfer or concerted pathways.
Syntactic role identification of mathematical expressions

This paper presents a prediction algorithm to infer the syntactic role (SR) of mathematical expressions (ME), or SR me , in ME-plaintext mixed sentences. SR me is a predicted syntax label of ME, which could be integrated into any constituent parser to improve their accuracy in sentence parsing. SRME is based upon three features of ME placement in a sentence: properness of Sentence structure (feature F3), properties of ME (feature F2), and PoS of the Local neighbor plain text (feature F1). An inside-outside inspired algorithm is proposed for SRME by maximizing the probability of a relaxed parsing tree. Features in F2 was found to fit into both exponential and Poisson distributions, which could fuse with other features to re-weight the prediction rule that improves the prediction precision for SRme as a noun phrase (noun modifier) by 3.6% (18.7%). F1, F2, and F3 were found to complement each other. Significant discriminative patterns on the part-of-speech (PoS) of the neighbor plaintext are adopted to build a Naive Bayesian classifier, which is fused with the F3 baseline that improved the precision of the prediction of SRme as a sentence by 10%. The overall error rate of the SRME prediction algorithm was found to be 15.1% based on an experiment using a public ME-plaintext mixed parsing tree data set provided by Elsevier.
Genus of the hypercube graph and real moment-angle complexes

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate a calculation to find the genus of the hypercube graph Q n using real moment-angle complex Z K ( D 1 , S 0 ) where K is the boundary of an n-gon. We also calculate an upper bound for the genus of the quotient graph Q n / C n , where C n represents the cyclic group with n elements.
Trial Sequential Boundaries for Cumulative Meta-Analyses:

We present a new command, metacumbounds, for the estimation of trial sequential monitoring boundaries in cumulative meta-analyses. The approach is based on the Lan�DeMets method for estimating group sequential boundaries in individual randomized controlled trials by using the package ldbounds in R statistical software. Through Stata�s metan command, metacumbounds plots the Lan�DeMets bounds, z-values, and p-values obtained from both fixed and randomeffects cumulative meta-analyses. The analysis can be performed with count data or on the hazard scale for time-to-event data.
Localization of 3H-diethylstilbestrol in skeletal muscle

The localization of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in skeletal muscle was studied in CF1 mice and perfused rat hindlimbs. There was a slow accumulation of 3H-DES in mouse muscle from 4 to 24 hours following i.p. injection even though plasma DES was decreasing. Twenty-four hours after injection of 50 microCi 3H-DES (714 pmole) mouse gastrocnemius contained 8.9 x 10(-17) mole unaltered 3H-DES per mg muscle. Extrapolating to the entire skeletal muscle mass of the animal, this represents 0.15% of the radioactivity injected. The radioactivity in muscle was completely extracted with 95% ethanol or ether: ethanol (3:1), and both unaltered DES and DES-metabolites were present in the extracts. The fraction of radioactivity due to unaltered DES 4 hours after injection was 0.51 +/- 0.09 in muscle and 0.30 +/- 0.11 in plasma. Significant extrahepatic metabolism of DES was demonstrated in perfused isolated rat hindlimbs by the presence of DES-metabolites in the perfusate. The radioactivity extracted from the perfused muscle itself was unaltered DES. These results indicate that skeletal muscle is an important site of DES localization in rodents.
Physical activity monitors can be successfully implemented to assess perioperative activity in urologic surgery

Background: Mobile health and physical activity monitors (PAMs) are emerging technologies allowing patients to track multiple health parameters. These parameters could be useful in monitoring and modifying the perioperative health of urology patients. We performed a pilot study and describe a model for which to implement mHealth applications in a urology population. Methods: Patients undergoing robotic assisted retropubic prostatectomy were screened for inclusion and provided with Fitbit® Charge HR TM (Boston, MA, USA) devices. Patients were fitted with the device during the preoperative visit and instructed to wear before and after surgery. Biophysical data was collected and patient acceptance was assessed with a Mobile Physical Activity Monitor Questionnaire (MPAMQ). Results: Forty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Median duration of PAM usage was one and seven days preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperatively, there was a reduction in median daily steps compared to preoperatively (2,782 vs. 3,907, P=0.024), but no statistically significant difference in minutes slept or nighttime awakenings. Obese (BMI ≥30) and older men (≥65 years) had a greater reduction in steps after surgery (P<0.001 and P=0.055), whereas there was no difference in non-obese and men age <65. Patients with BMI ≥30 took 35% fewer steps postoperatively than BMI <30 (P=0.017). The majority of patients (82%) reported a medical benefit and 95% were satisfied with using PAM technology in the perioperative period. Conclusions: PAM effectively captures perioperative biophysical parameters and is associated with high patient satisfaction. Clinically, obese and elderly men appear to have significantly reduced activity following prostatectomy.
Splenic Artery Aneurysm Case Report

Splenic artery aneurysm rupture is a rare complication of pregnancy with very high maternal and fetal mortality rate. In this paper, a case of splenic artery aneurysm rupture at 34 weeks of gestation with both maternal and fetal survival is presented.
Spatial cognition in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla): an analysis of distance, linearity, and speed of travel routes

Spatial memory allows animals to retain information regarding the location, distribution, and quality of feeding sites to optimize foraging decisions. Western gorillas inhabit a complex environment with spatiotemporal fluctuations of resource availability, prefer fruits when available, and travel long distances to reach them. Here, we examined movement patterns-such as linearity, distance, and speed of traveling-to assess whether gorillas optimize travel when reaching out-of-sight valued resources. Our results show that gorillas travel patterns are affected by the activity they perform next, the type of food they feed on, and their preference level to specific fruits, suggesting they are able to optimize foraging based on spatial knowledge of their resources. Additionally, gorillas left in the direction of the next resource as soon as they started traveling and decelerated before approaching food resources, as evidence that they have a representation of their exact locations. Moreover, home range familiarity did not influence gorillas' movement patterns, as travel linearity in the core and periphery did not differ, suggesting that they may not depend wholly on a network of paths to navigate their habitat. These results show some overlap with chimpanzees' spatial abilities. Differences between the two ape species exist, however, potentially reflecting more their differences in diet (degree of frugivory) rather than their cognitive abilities. Further studies should focus on determining whether gorillas are able to use shortcuts and/or approach the same goal from multiple directions to better identify the spatial abilities used by this species.
Relevance of routine activities for understanding the impact of the dual systems model on binge drinking among college students.

Abstract Background Past research has indicated that dual systems model constructs (impulsivity, sensation-seeking) are predictors of binge drinking. Further, engagement in routine unstructured social activities also predicts elevated risk for binge drinking. However, there has yet to be any research that examines the interactive effect of these constructs. Methods The present study utilized a sample of 248 undergraduate students to understand the relationships between concepts on interest. A series of ordinal logistic regression models were estimated to determine the direct effects of impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and routine activities on binge drinking and also determine whether or not involvement in routine activities moderated the direct effects of either impulsivity and/or sensation-seeking on binge drinking. Results Results indicated that lower sensation-seeking was associated with elevated binge drinking frequency. However, the interaction between routine activities and sensation-seeking indicated a positive relationship. This meant that the effects of high levels of sensation-seeking on binge drinking were exacerbated at higher levels of routine activities involvement. Conclusions Findings of the present study indicate that students high in sensation-seeking and engagement in unstructured socializing present great risk for high frequency binge drinking. However, students who demonstrate low levels of sensation-seeking may also present an at-risk population, as they may be using alcohol to self-medicate anhedonia symptoms.
Anatomy of Corporate Borrowing Constraints

Macro-finance analyses commonly link firms’ borrowing constraints to the liquidation value of physical assets. For U.S. nonfinancial firms, we show that 20% of debt by value is based on such assets (asset-based lending in creditor parlance), whereas 80% is based predominantly on cash flows from firms’ operations (cash flow–based lending). A standard borrowing constraint restricts total debt as a function of cash flows measured using operating earnings (earnings-based borrowing constraints). These features shape firm outcomes on the margin: first, cash flows in the form of operating earnings can directly relax borrowing constraints; second, firms are less vulnerable to collateral damage from asset price declines, and fire sale amplification may be mitigated. Taken together, our findings point to new venues for modeling firms’ borrowing constraints in macro-finance studies.
Optical Thermalization via Kerr Nonlinearity in Spatiotemporal Pulse Propagation

We report observation of optical thermalization in ultrashort pulse propagation in the normal dispersion regime. Mode-resolved measurements provide direct evidence of thermalization of mode occupancies via the Kerr nonlinearity in a multimode fiber.
Fast and general-purpose linear mixed models for genome-wide genetics

We describe Grid-LMM, a general algorithm for fitting linear mixed effect models across a wide range of applications in quantitative genetics, including genome-wide association mapping and heritability estimation. Grid-LMM provides approximate (yet highly accurate) frequentist test statistics or Bayesian posterior summaries in a fraction of the time compared to existing general-purpose methods. Most importantly, Grid-LMM is suitable for genome-wide analyses that account for multiple sources of heterogeneity, such as additive and non-additive genetic variance, spatial heterogeneity, and genotype-environment interactions. We demonstrate that Grid-LMM can increase power in common settings using simulation studies and two real data applications. Grid-LMM is available in an R-package.
Potassium Glutamate and Glycine Betaine Induce Self-Assembly of the PCNA and β Sliding Clamps.

Abstract Sliding clamps are oligomeric ring-shaped proteins that increase the efficiency of DNA replication. The stability of the Escherichia coli β-clamp, a homodimer, is particularly remarkable. The dissociation equilibrium constant of the β-clamp is of the order of 10 pM in buffers of moderate ionic strength. Coulombic electrostatic interactions have been shown to contribute to this remarkable stability. Increasing NaCl concentration in the assay buffer results in decreased dimer stability and faster subunit dissociation kinetics in a way consistent with simple charge-screening models. Here, we examine non-Coulombic ionic effects on the oligomerization properties of sliding clamps. We determined relative diffusion coefficients of two sliding clamps using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Replacing NaCl by KGlu, the primary cytoplasmic salt in E. coli, results in a decrease of the diffusion coefficient of these proteins consistent with the formation of protein assemblies. The UV-vis spectrum of the β-clamp labeled with tetramethylrhodamine shows the characteristic absorption band of dimers of rhodamine when KGlu is present in the buffer. This suggests that KGlu induces the formation of assemblies that involve two or more rings stacked face-to-face. Results can be quantitatively explained on the basis of unfavorable interactions between KGlu and the functional groups on the protein surface, which drive biomolecular processes that bury exposed surface. Similar results were obtained with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PCNA sliding clamp, suggesting that KGlu effects are not specific to the β-clamp. Clamp association is also promoted by glycine betaine, a zwitterionic compound that accumulates intracellularly when E. coli is exposed to high concentrations of extracellular solute. Possible biological implications are discussed.
A New Corporate Tax

This article will argue that we should tax corporations for the same reason we originally adopted the corporate tax in 1909: to limit the power and regulate the behavior of our largest corporations, which are monopolies or quasi-monopolies that dominate their respective fields and drive their competitors out of business (the best example being Big Tech — that is, Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft). But if that is the reason to have a corporate tax, it should have a different structure from the current flat corporate tax of 21 percent. Instead, the tax should be set at zero for normal returns by allowing the expensing of physical capital, but at a sharply progressive rate for supernormal returns (rents).
Functional roles of lipids in biological membranes

Abstract Membranes are complex structures composed primarily of proteins and lipids stabilised by dynamic cooperative non-covalent interactions. During the course of evolution, proteins and lipids have co-evolved following a set of interdependent rules based on their respective physical and chemical properties that govern the biogenesis, organisation and function of membrane proteins. Our understanding of the function of membrane lipids has progressed from a static canonical role as a cell barrier matrix supporting membrane proteins to dynamic roles as molecular chaperones, topological determinants, allosteric ligands and organisers of complex biological machines. Combined molecular genetic and biochemical approaches have uncovered a picture of biological membranes in which lipids and proteins interact dynamically, reversibly, temporally and spatially depending on different cellular circumstances and demands. Membrane proteins can undergo conformational changes and even transmembrane re-organisation in response to variations in the lipid environment or posttranslational modification without a severe thermodynamic cost. Lipids can contribute to execution of genetic code by decoding protein sequences subject to a variable lipid composition.
Examining current physical activity interventions in Black school-age children and parents: A systematic review.

Abstract Obesity is prevalent in Black children and adults; increasing physical activity (PA) can aid in reducing childhood obesity in both age groups. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine current research on PA interventions in school-age Black children. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in six databases for PA interventions in Black children. A total of 13 articles met inclusion criteria (n = 7 randomized controlled trial, n = 5 quasi-experimental, n = 1 cross-sectional). The majority of the articles were on a combination of diet and PA programs (n = 9). Four articles targeted PA and parental role modeling of PA as the outcome showing positive intervention effects. Nine additional studies included PA as an outcome variable along with at least one additional obesity-related predictor. PA interventions for Black school-age children typically use a parent-child dyadic approach (n = 13), are guided by theory (n = 11) and are high quality. However, continued investigation is warranted to draw definitive conclusions and determine how to best involve parents within the PA interventions. Theory-driven higher quality trials that clearly describe the structured PA component and outcomes among Black parent-child dyads are needed.
Comparison of Circadian Variation for In-Hospital Versus Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest Survivors.

Several studies have reported circadian periodicity of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). It remains unclear to what extent this circadian rhythm is influenced by variation in patients’ activities. One way to elucidate this is to compare patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) with those with in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCAs). We therefore examined the presence of a circadian pattern of SCA in a large cohort of OHCA and IHCA survivors. A total of 1,433 consecutive survivors of SCA in the Pittsburgh area from 2002 to 2012 were included. Patient demographics, including clinical histories and details of SCA, were collected. The distribution of SCA throughout the day was tested for differences using the chi-square test. Of the 1,224 patients analyzed, 706 had IHCA and 518 OHCA. We observed a nadir of SCA in the nighttime hours between 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. in both IHCA and OHCA groups (p
The cost-effectiveness of economic resilience

Abstract: Society is increasingly focused on resilience to catastrophic events. Firms generally observe two forms of economic disruption, property damage and business interruption (BI). In contrast to pre-event mitigation intended primarily to avoid property damage, firms can use a variety of resilience tactics once the disaster strikes to reduce BI losses by improving stability and continuity of operations. This paper makes a theoretical contribution by incorporating resilience into longstanding economic production theory and by identifying the key components for evaluating the cost and effectiveness of resilience. It also makes important empirical contributions by designing, administering and analyzing surveys of firms affected by two of the most devastating disasters in U.S. history. This paper is the first to econometrically analyze these production theory relationships, identifying the cost-effectiveness of a full range of explicit resilience tactics. Results show that BI losses exceeded property damage losses by over 900% and, on average, firms avoided $4.57 in BI for every dollar spent on resilience. Generalizable comparative static estimates are presented for the manufacturing sector to test formalized relationships, which identify tactics capable of improving factor productivity can significantly enhance the cost-effectiveness of resilience.
Amphotericin B bladder irrigation for the treatment of neonatal bladder fungus ball

An 801 gram very premature infant was delivered by Cesarian section at 28 weeks gestation and developed invasive Candida parapsilosis infection at 4 weeks of age complicated with obstructive uropathy, bilateral hydronephrosis and bladder fungus ball. The baby was treated with systemic amphotericin B and bladder irrigation with amphotericin B solution. Treatment resulted in complete eradication of the bladder fungus ball and resolution of the obstructive uropathy. The difficulty of per- forming bladder irrigation in an extremely small premature infant is discussed. This case illustrates the need to investigate for renal involvement in newborns with persistent candidemia and the effectiveness of bladder irrigation with amphotericin B so- lution in the treatment of bladder fungus balls.
Settlement of India/EU WTO Dispute re Seizures of In-Transit Medicines: Why the Proposed EU Border Regulation Isn't Good Enough

European Customs officials have used fictive patent rights to justify the seizure of lawful generic medicines produced in India and destined for non-European markets. Following a public outcry and initiation of two WTO complaints, the EU has proposed amendments to Border Regulations Measure 1383/2003. The Proposed Border Regulation in its current form will not adequately resolve the risk of interception in Europe of medicines lawfully manufactured and exported from India and destined for lawful import and consumption in a non-EU country. This analysis concludes that multiple weaknesses remain in the Border Regulations, including: (1) continued coverage of alleged patent and supplemental protection certificate infringement claims that can be based on fictional patent status under national law; the addition of utility models; and continued coverage of design rights and civil trademark infringement matters that are more appropriately addressed in ordinary court proceedings; (2) inappropriate application of the law of the in-transit country instead of the law of the importing country when assessing an IP infringement claim; (3) unclear directives to “consider” the risk of diversion to EU markets with no explicit prohibition against seizing in-transit medicines in the absence of such a showing and without requirement of clear and convincing evidence of an imminent diversion by an identified party; (4) insufficient opportunities to be heard for declarants and holders of goods; and (5) insufficient remedies for declarants and holders of goods and for purchasers and consumers who are proximately harmed by unsuccessful border applications.
Biology and Physiology of Vines

Vines have long fascinated botanists. Charles Darwin (1875) dedicated an entire volume to this subject, as he painstakingly documented the movement patterns of these intriguing plants. Curiously, since this rather auspicious scientific beginning, vines have received relatively much less attention from botanists than other plant groups. However, recently there has been a greatly increased interest in this area on thepart of plant scientists from many disciplines (Isnard and Silk 2009). In this review, we bring together some historical perspective on the study of vines with more recent physiological and structural investigations on this fascinating group of plants.
Social Studies for the Twenty-First Century: Methods and Materials for Teaching in Middle and Secondary Schools

When teaching social studies, it is very difficult to decide how to teach the content. As a social studies teacher, one must decide exactly what to teach, how to go about teaching the material, and...
Electrode system influence on biphasic waveform defibrillation efficacy in humans.

BACKGROUNDSeveral clinical studies have demonstrated a general superiority of biphasic waveform defibrillation compared with monophasic waveform defibrillation using epicardial lead systems. To test the breadth of utility of biphasic waveforms in humans, a prospective, randomized evaluation of defibrillation efficacy of monophasic and single capacitor biphasic waveform pulses was performed for two distinct nonthoracotomy lead systems as well as for an epicardial electrode system in 51 cardiac arrest survivors undergoing automatic defibrillator implantation.METHODS AND RESULTSThe configurations tested consisted of a right ventricular-left ventricular (RV-LV) epicardial patch-patch system, an RV catheter-chest patch (CP) nonthoracotomy system, and a coronary sinus (CS) catheter-RV catheter nonthoracotomy system. For each configuration, the defibrillation current and voltage waveforms were recorded via a digital oscilloscope to measure defibrillation threshold voltage, current, resistance, and stored energy....
Child labor versus educational attainment: some evidence from Latin America.

The paper addresses the issue of child labor in relation to the educational attainment of working children. The empirical analysis is based on household surveys in Bolivia and Venezuela. It was found that labor force participation is non-trivial among those below the legal working age or supposed to be in school. Working children contribute significantly to total household income. The fact that a child is working reduces his or her educational attainment by about 2 years of schooling relative to the control group of non-working children. Grade repetition, a common phenomenon in Latin America, is closely associated with child labor.
Formation and persistence of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide-DNA adducts in liver of English sole (Parophrys vetulus).

The formation of DNA adducts from the carcinogenic environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was investigated in liver of English sole (Parophrys vetulus), a fish species that exhibits a high prevalence of liver neoplasms in several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated areas of Puget Sound, WA. Analysis by the 32P-postlabeling assay of hepatic DNA digests from English sole exposed parenterally to BaP showed the presence of BaP-diol epoxide (BaPDE)-DNA adducts. When English sole were injected with 2–15 mg BaP/kg body wt., one major adduct was detected and was identified as the anti-BaPDE-DNA adduct. Moreover, in English sole sampled at 1, 28 and 60 days post-exposure to 15 mg BaP/kg body wt., there was no significant change in the level of the anti-BaPDE-DNA adduct. The autoradiographs of 32P-labeled hepatic DNA digests from fish exposed to 100 mg BaP/kg body wt. showed an elongated spot suggesting the presence of more than one adduct. Chromatography on large polyethyleneimine sheets (20 × 20 cm) showed 2 spots with the same chromatographic characteristics as those of syn- and anti-BaPDE-deoxyguanosine adduct standards. Mild acid hydrolysis of hepatic DNA of English sole, exposed to 100 mg BaP/kg body wt., also revealed the presence of tetrols derived from both anti- and syn-BaPDE, thus confirming the presence of syn- and anti-BaPDE. In fish exposed to 2–100 mg BaP/kg body wt., a linear (0.996) dose response for anti-BaPDE-DNA adduct formation was observed. The results from this study offer the first direct evidence for the formation of the suspected ultimate carcinogen, BaPDE, in liver of English sole exposed to BaP in vivo and thus further support the hypothesis that exposure to PAHs is an important factor in the etiology of hepatic neoplasms in English sole from contaminated sites.
The new dysmorphology: Application of insights from basic developmental biology to the understanding of human birth defects

Abstract Information obtained from studies of developmental and cellular processes in lower organisms is beginning to make significant contributions to the understanding of the pathogenesis of human birth defects, and it is now becoming possible to treat birth defects as inborn errors of development. Mutations in genes for transcription factors, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, intercellular junctions, molecules involved in signal transduction, growth factors, structural proteins, enzymes, and transporters have been identified in genetically caused human malformations and dysplasias. The identification of these mutations and the analysis of their developmental effects have been greatly facilitated by the existence of natural or engineered models in the mouse and even of related mutations in Drosophila, and in some instances a remarkable conservation of function in development has been observed, even between widely separated species.
The Animated Resurrection of the Legend of the White Snake in Japan

This article analyses and elucidates the factors involved in the animated reappearance of the Legend of the White Snake in Japan in the 1950s. Driven by the multiple demands of a new post-Second World War era in East and Southeast Asia, where the business of making new images was more urgent, profitable and competitive than ever before, the tale served both micro and macro purposes. Since the legendary tale was well known in the Chinese-speaking world and was initially a joint film project between Japan and Hong Kong, one would have expected the producers (Toei Animation Studio) to envisage the animated tale as primarily for Chinese audiences. However, the Japanese producers had, or later discovered, a wider hidden agenda in making the film that promised more lucrative and geopolitical rewards. Using the concept of ‘performativity’, this article interprets the course of the animated performance within several dimensions, and traces the history of the foundational role of Toei Animation Studio and its drea...
P-27: Maintaining Position and Display Perspective in a Walking Simulator while Self-Pacing on a Treadmill

We developed a feedback controller for a walking simulator composed of a treadmill and a rear projection screen. The controller keeps the subject centered and visual extent consistent across subjects and throughout individual trials while allowing subjects to set their own walking pace.
Global noise characteristics of a laser Doppler vibrometer part II: experiments using beam dynamics

ABSTRACTPart I of this paper discussed the presence of "laser noise" in velocity measurements taken with an SLDVsystem. In this paper, an experiment is presented to investigate the optimal operating range of velocities for theSLDV system. Additionally, an experiment investigating the effect of the use of a highly retroreflective surfacetreatment on "laser noise" is also presented. In order to determine the relative extent of the "laser noise" in thesescans, a novel statistical value which quantifies the overall quality of the scan data is developed, presented, and exercised on experimental test data. Keywords: Noise, Scanning, Laser, Doppler, Vibrometer, Deviation, Optimal1. BACKGROUND Part I of this paper discussed the presence of "laser-noise" in velocity measurements taken with the WI Sensorsystem. The noise was attributed to velocity "drop-outs" which are unidirectional, always estimating the velocity response closer to zero than reality. These velocity "drop-outs" can be attributed to Doppler signal amplitudeswhich fall below the Modulator-demodulator circuit threshold (approximated as 300 to 400 mV pk-pk). Several
Effect of soil application of imidacloprid on survival of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), used for biological control in greenhouse

Abstract In the greenhouse, survival of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), was reduced after feeding on flowers from plants treated with a soil application of imidacloprid (Marathon 1% G, label rate and twice label rate). Percent survival for C. carnea at 10 d was statistically different between treatments and controls: 79% for untreated flowers, 14% for label rate, and 6% for twice label rate. Trembling was observed in imidacloprid treatments, but not controls. A cold anthrone test showed that C. carnea were feeding equally from all treatments, confirming that lacewings were not starving to avoid feeding on treated flowers. In support of these data, a previous study in this system using residue analysis demonstrated that soil-applied imidacloprid was translocated to flower nectar. Consequently, plants treated with imidacloprid for the control of greenhouse pests will reduce populations of C. carnea and lower their efficacy as biological control agents.
Comparison of ethanol electro-oxidation on Pt/C and Pd/C catalysts in alkaline media

Abstract The ethanol electro-oxidation behaviors of Pt/C and Pd/C in alkaline media were compared using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods. Various ethanol and alkaline concentrations were studied. In addition, the temperature effect of ethanol oxidation was investigated. The Pd/C showed a higher activity toward ethanol oxidation than the Pt/C, especially in the potentiostatic measurement. This is mainly due to the higher oxyphilic characteristics of the Pd/C and the relatively inert nature of the Pd/C on C–C bond cleavage. The apparent activation energies of the ethanol oxidation on the Pd/C in alkaline media varied from 26.6 to 30.4 kJ mol −1 , depending on the potentials. The Tafel slopes could be divided into two parts on both catalysts: at low overpotentials, the Tafel slope on both the Pt/C and the Pd/C was close to 120 mV dec −1 at all temperatures; at high overpotentials, the Tafel slope was ca. 260 mV dec −1 on the Pd/C at all temperatures, but was much higher on the Pt/C, especially at high temperatures. Based on these results, it is concluded that Pd/C has less poisoning effect and higher activity than Pt/C for selective oxidation of ethanol to acetate.
Economic Inefficiency of Passive Transmission Rights in Congested Electricity Systems with Competitive Generation

In their paper, Harvey, Hogan and Pope (1996) argue that trading, reconfiguration and opportunity cost compensation of TCRs can be accomplished within a pool-based system by turning these TCRs over to the ISO in return for TCCs. The optimal dispatch by the ISO can be viewed as an optimal reconfiguration which maximizes the value of the TCRs and the opportunity costs (or value) resulting from such reconfiguration accrues to the TCC holders. The argument that transmission trading is implicit in economic dispatch fails, however, to recognize the strategic implication of replacing active trading in transmission capacity with passive ownership compensated ex-post based on the energy trading outcomes. The analysis supporting the above argument and its conclusion hinge on the premises that the energy market does not react to the way in which transmission property rights are being exercised, and that in the absence of locational market power in generation bid prices will be driven to marginal costs. These premises are based on economic theory that has not dealt explicitly with the implication of congested distribution channels and has not been substantiated by any empirical evidence. On the contrary, limited experimental results suggest that in the absence of active market participationmore » by transmission rights owners, bid prices for generation may deviate from marginal costs which will defeat the TCC-based approach. 21 refs., 5 figs.« less
Job-shop layout analysis via computer simulation

Abstract In this paper, the applications of computer simulation and statistically designed experiments are presented as a means to diagnostically evaluate and design more efficient, layouts for manufacturing job-shops. The simulation model is defined and driven based entirely on actual operating data, shop procedures and the physical configuration of the shop. Utilizing the flexibility and realism of a simulation model, layout analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of changes in material handling methods, in-process storage locations and various operating procedures on shop floor congestion and job throughput. An experimental design is used to allow statistical comparison of the results in the light of the variability of the entire shop system and a predictive model for mean job flow time is developed using multiple regression analysis. The results show than an improved layout and better operating procedures can eliminate the need for additional capital investment and work force expenses, yet still...
PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN BEHCET'S DISEASE

Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem vasculitis of unknown etiology, characterized by recurrent urogenital ulceration, cutaneous eruptions, uveitis, arthritis and vasculitis. Less commonly, coronary arteries are involved, with potential serious consequences. We aimed to determine the prevalence
Determination of the Core-structure of Shockley Partial Dislocations in 4H-SiC

Synchrotron x-ray topographs taken using basal plane reflections indicate that the electron-hole recombination activated Shockley partial dislocations in 4H silicon carbide bipolar devices appear as either white stripes with dark contrast bands at both edges or dark lines. In situ electroluminescence observations indicated that the mobile partial dislocations correspond to the white stripes in synchrotron x-ray topographs, while immobile partial dislocations correspond to the dark lines. Computer simulation based on ray-tracing principle indicates that the contrast variation of the partial dislocations in x-ray topography is determined by the position of the extra atomic half planes associated with the partial dislocations lying along their Peierls valley directions. The chemical structure of the Shockley partial dislocations can be subsequently determined unambiguously and non-destructively.
Air‐Cleaning Devices for Home and Office

Evaluation des differents procedes de purification de l'air contamine: le lavage en phase liquide, l'incineration, la filtration, l'adsorption et la precipitation electrostatique appliques seuls ou en combinaison en fonction des facteurs suivants: a) le type des contamiannts (particule ou gaz); b) l'efficacite de l'unite de traitement constituee face aux polluants vises et c) le flux total d'air a traiter en rapport avec la taille de la piece et des caracteristiques du melange d'air. On compare ainsi divers types de procedes actuellement commercialises
The Mars Odyssey navigation experience

The 2001 Mars Odyssey Mission has returned an Orbiter to Mars to map the planet and search for water. This paper will present an overview of the Navigation performance, with a comparison of the pre-launch requirements and expected performance to the in-flight experience.
Practical parthenote policy and the practice of science.

We wrote our article, “An Obscure Rider Obstructing Science: The Conflation of Parthenotes with Embryos in the Dickey-Wicker Amendment,” out of concern for the practical effects of the Dickey-Wicke...
Elaborate security TRAINing to fight against expression of genomic junk

A new study shows that the expression of two classes of repetitive elements in the mouse genome is controlled through two complementary mechanisms: DNA methylation and p53-mediated transcription suppression.¹ When both lines of defense fail, expression of the repeats yields large quantities of double-stranded RNA, triggering interferon response that leads to caspase-dependent cell death. These notable findings highlight two fundamental trends: tight coupling of defense and cell death mechanisms that appears to be universal in cellular life and the exploitation of the expression of “junk” DNA as a signal triggering “altruistic” cell suicide.
Searching for Signs of Life in the Reflected Light from Exoplanets: A Catalog of Nearby Target Stars

Which stars are the best stars to search for habitable planets and signs of life? This is a trick question, because it depends not only on the kind of circumstellar environment we think is likely to be supportive to life as we know it, but it depends also on the technique being used to do the search. For example, the Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems was designed for SETI, a search for technological signals. Because this search strategy relies on life forms out-shining their star (at least at certain frequencies), target selection is not complicated by the need to spatially resolve the habitable planets on which these life forms presumably live. On the other hand, because the life forms being sought are technologically advanced, it seems reasonable to assume that their planet had to be continuously habitable for long enough to evolve such biological complexity. Thus the deciding factor for SETI is that of long term habitability. Meanwhile, other missions to directly detect habitable planets (e.g., NASA’s TPF and ESA’s Darwin) are less worried about long term habitability but must struggle with the competing factors of planet separation from the star and planet brightness relative to the star. This paper outlines a variety of challenges in the search for simple and complex life in the Solar Neighborhood.
Studies on Dried Cysts of Tillina magna

SUMMARY. Tillina magna is a large holotrichous ciliate, of the family Colpodidae, which normally forms resting cysts. These cysts, when formed in their natural environment, withstand drying. Active animals have been excysted from dirt collected more than 10 years ago. However, until recently, laboratory work on these, as well as on most other ciliate cysts, has been done on wet cysts. A method is described for producing viable dry cysts under laboratory conditions. It consists essentially of inducing the tillinas to encyst on prepared sections of grass stems. In this way dry cysts have been formed which are viable up to 4 months. These cysts, when first formed, can be activated simply by the addition of water. Cysts which are no longer responsive to water alone may sometimes be induced to excyst by the addition of lettuce infusion. Cysts withstand extremes of temperature from -5°C. to 45°C. These facts have some bearing on the question of the factor or factors causing excystment.