cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alien Invasions and Gut “Island Biogeography”

Animals harbor gut microbiota characteristic of the host and diet of origin. Whether bacteria from diverse nonindigenous origins successfully invade foreign gut habitats is not well known. Now, Seedorf et al. show that microbiota from a variety of disparate habitats can successfully colonize and compete in the mammalian gut environment.
A heterogeneous thermal environment enables remarkable behavioral thermoregulation in Uta stansburiana

Ectotherms can attain preferred body temperatures by selecting specific temperature microhabitats within a varied thermal environment. The side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana may employ microhabitat selection to thermoregulate behaviorally. It is unknown to what degree habitat structural complexity provides thermal microhabitats for thermoregulation. Thermal microhabitat structure, lizard temperature, and substrate preference were simultaneously evaluated using thermal imaging. A broad range of microhabitat temperatures was available (mean range of 11°C within 1–2 m2) while mean lizard temperature was between 36°C and 38°C. Lizards selected sites that differed significantly from the mean environmental temperature, indicating behavioral thermoregulation, and maintained a temperature significantly above that of their perch (mean difference of 2.6°C). Uta's thermoregulatory potential within a complex thermal microhabitat structure suggests that a warming trend may prove advantageous, rather than detrimental for this population.
Geographic Distance and Communication During Courtship

Based on interdependence theory, this study explores how the features of geographic separation are associated with the nature of dating partners’ talk throughout courtship. It is hypothesized that the communication of long-distance dating relationship (LDDR) partners, relative to that of geographically close dating relationship (GCDR) partners, reflects greater intimacy, greater conflict avoidance, greater topic avoidance, greater selective positive self-presentation, and less discussion of important premarital topics. Results supported these predictions. Findings suggest LDDR partners communicate in a manner to accentuate positive affect and minimize differences. Although these forms of communication can be effective for LDDR partners’ maintenance of satisfying relationships, it is speculated that there might be negative ramifications of such communication patterns for partners’ informed decisions on relational investment.
Nucleotide sequence of gamma delta resolvase gene and demonstration that its gene product acts as a repressor of transcription.

The related transposons γδ and Tn3 each encode an efficient site-specific recombination system essential for transposition1,2. The recombination occurs at a particular site, res, located within the intercistronic region between the two divergently transcribed genes that are required for transposition2. The product of one of these genes, resolvase, catalyses the recombination at res. Recently, in vitro site-specific recombination has been demonstrated using purified resolvase and a model substrate containing two res sites3. Genetic analysis of mutants in the γδ/Tn3 tnpR gene, which encodes the resolvase protein, suggested that resolvase regulates the frequency of transposition in addition to catalysing recombination4–6. Analysis of element-encoded proteins in minicells indicated a direct effect of resolvase on the levels of the element-encoded transposase, as well as on its own expression7. Here we report the sequence of the gene encoding γδ resolvase and compare the predicted amino acid sequence with that of the functionally interchangeable Tn3 protein6. In addition, we have determined the sites at which transcription of the transposase and resolvase genes initiates in vitro and have demonstrated that purified resolvase protein specifically represses transcription of both transposition related genes in this in vitro transcription system.
Twelve-month-olds’ understanding of prior actions and final goals

Twelve-month-olds were habituated to trials in which a grasping action preceded the holding of an object. Infants recovered looking to test events when a new object was held, but only when this was preceded by prior contact with the object.
Permeability of model membranes containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides: some preliminary results.

The outer membrane layer of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria appears to be highly permeable for small, hydrophilic molecules. The hypothesis that this permeability is due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides was tested by the use of model bilayer membranes consisting of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. When closed vesicles bounded by such bilayer structures were tested, it was found that the presence of lipopolysaccharide did not markedly increase their permeability to uncharged organic molecules.
Global Temperature Stability by Rule Induction: An Interdisciplinary Bridge

Rules incorporating influences on global temperature, an estimate of radiation balance, were induced from astronomical, geophysical, and anthropogenic variables. During periods of intermediate global temperatures (generally like the present century), the influences assume cancelingroles; influences cancel the effects of extreme states potentially imposed by other influences because they are, in aggregate, most likely to be assuming opposite values. This imparts an overall stability to the global temperature. To achieve cold or hot global temperature, influences assume reinforcingroles. CO 2 is an active influence on global temperature. By virtue of its constancy in the atmosphere, it can be expected to sponsor frequent hot years in combination with the other influences as they cycle through their periods. If measures were implemented to maintain warm or cool global temperatures, it could retain the status quoof present global agricultural regions. They are probably more productive than hot world regions would be because of narrow storm tracks.
Genital anomalies in girls with imperforate anus: A 20 year review

Background Pediatricians and pediatric gynecologists need to be aware of genital anomalies associated with imperforate anus. Methods In a retrospective review of patients with vaginal anomalies in a single children's hospital from 1964 to 1984, the largest subgroup 40 patients,(43%) had a vaginal anomaly with imperforate anus. Results 23 patients had the anus terminating in a “recto-vaginal” fistula recorded as the sole genital anomaly. Seventeen (43%) of patients in this subgroup had imperforate anus and a major genital anomaly. Five of these had cloacal type anomalies. Five others had vaginal atresia (one with a bicornuate uterus also; another had ambiguous genitalia; two had urogenital sinuses, one of whom had a bicornuate uterus). Two patients had uterine agenisis; two others had vaginal duplication (both with two uterine horns). The remaining patients had double uterine horns as the sole genital anomaly. Conclusion Some of the genital anomalies in these 17 patients may not be readily identified by initial physical examination or newborn ultrasound. This may represent only a fraction of girls with this combination of anomalies as the denominator in the study was “identified vaginal anomalies”. It is, therefore, recommended that patients with any type of imperforate anus have frequent genital exams in childhood and full genital evaluation including an ultrasound in a prepubertal Tanner II Stage in order to identify “obstructed”, genital anomalies missed in the newborn period. This is especially important for pediatricians and pediatric gynecologists to be aware of as females more commonly have a low imperforate anus and may be continent. They may be, therefore, lost to follow up of the surgeon and the pediatric service may be the only source of contact.
Determination of MK-507, a novel topically effective carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and its de-ethylated metabolite in human whole blood, plasma, and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Sensitive methods for the determination of a novel topically effective carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) I, MK-507, and its de-ethylated metabolite II, in human whole blood, plasma and urine were developed. These methods were based on liquid—liquid extraction of I and II from biological matrices, back extraction into acid, and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection (252 nm). The assays were fully validated in the concentration range of 5 to 500 ng/ml, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for I and II, defined as the lowest concentration on the standard curve for which precision (coefficient of variation, C.V.) is
Preconditioning against infarction in the rat heart does not involve a pertussis toxin sensitive G protein

Objective: Adenosine receptor antagonists and pertussis toxin both block the anti-infarct effect of preconditioning in rabbit heart. Because adenosine receptor blockers were found to have no effect against preconditioning in rat heart, a study was performed to test whether ribosylating G proteins with pertussis toxin would block the protection. Methods: A branch of the left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min and reperfused for 2 h to produce infarction in open chest rats. Infarct size was assessed by tetrazolium staining. Pertussis toxin was given 48 h before surgery. Preconditioned rats experienced three cycles of 5 min regional ischaemia and 5 min reperfusion before the 30 min occlusion. Results: Four groups of rats were studied. Non-treated control rats had 68.8(SEM 2.2)% infarction of the risk zone and preconditioning reduced this to 32.0(6.5)%. Pertussis toxin completely eliminated the G protein mediated bradycardia caused by intravenous acetylcholine or adenosine infusion. Pertussis toxin treatment had no effect on infarct size in non-preconditioned rats [60.9(4.2)% infarction]. Preconditioning the pertussis toxin treated heart reduced infarction to 21.3(5.6)%, an amount comparable to that seen in non-treated rats. Arrhythmias during the 30 min ischaemia were reduced in preconditioned hearts and this protection was not altered by pertussis toxin treatment. Conclusions: Preconditioning against either infarction or arrhythmias in the rat does not appear to involve a pertussis toxin sensitive G protein. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :608-611
On the decoding of a class of shortened cyclic codes for a compound channel

In a previous paper Hsu (1971) , it was pointed out that the shortened cyclic codes generated by g(x) = (xc + 1) g1(x) have the best rate of transmission when it is used as error correcting codes in a compound channel. The shortened cyclic codes are of length N + c where N and c are relatively prime and g1(x) generates a cyclic code of length N with dmin ⩾ 2t + 1. This paper studies the random error decoding algorithms for the shortened cyclic codes. Two random error decoding algorithms are presented. It is also found that if g1(x) generates a maximum length code, then N and c are not required to be relatively prime. The shortened cyclic codes generated can be easily decoded without using the two random error decoding algorithms presented. This result is also reported.
Privacy regulation and place attachment : Predicting attachments to a student family housing facility

Abstract Although similar processes and functions have been proposed for privacy regulation and place attachment, little theoretical or empirical work encompasses both constructs. In the present study, a theoretical model relates privacy regulation to place attachment in the home. According to this model, the home setting may either facilitate or inhibit privacy regulation with family. When regulation is facilitated, family functioning and feelings of control should be enhanced, promoting attachments to the home. Questionnaire data from student family apartment residents supported this model. Residents who reported greater ease in regulating privacy with family also reported greater apartment attachment. Analyses suggested that this relationship was mediated by family functioning and feelings of control. Similar relationships were found for three different types of attachment. By bridging across concepts often treated separately, the model supported in this study suggests new directions for theoretical and empirical study, and new applications for housing policy and design.
New Tetraazacrown Ethers Containing Two Pyridine, Quinoline, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, or 8-Aminoquinoline Sidearms

A series of macrocyclic tetraazacrown ethers containing two pyridine, quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, or 8-aminoquinoline sidearms has been prepared. Crab-like cyclization of bis(alpha-chloroacetamide)s and diamines followed by reduction of the cyclic diamides was used to synthesize the selected crown ethers containing two unsubstituted macroring nitrogen atoms. The preparation of the macrocycles with sidearms was accomplished by reductive amination of the proper aldehydes with the crown ethers using sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OAc)(3)) as the reducing agent. The 8-hydroxyquinoline- and 8-aminoquinoline-containing macrocycles were synthesized by reductive amination of 8-acetoxyquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde or 8-nitroquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde followed by removing the acetate groups or reducing the nitro groups to amino groups, respectively. Complexation of ligand 22 with Cu(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+) was evaluated potentiometrically in aqueous solution (0.10 M Me(4)NCl) at 25 degrees C. Ligand 22 formed very stable complexes with these metal ions. The UV-vis spectra of 22 and its complexes were examined in an aqueous acetic acid buffer solution (pH 5). The 22-Cu(2+) complex provided a new absorption band at 258 nm.
Spirituality Within the Patient-Surgeon Relationship

Objective To assess the attitudes of general and orthopaedic surgical outpatients regarding inquiry into their religious beliefs, spiritual practices, and personal faith. Design Prospective, voluntary, self-administered, and anonymously-completed questionnaire, regarding religious beliefs, spiritual practices, and personal faith, March-August, 2009. Setting General and orthopaedic surgical outpatient settings, Health Services Foundation, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, a tertiary care academic medical center in Mobile, Alabama. Participants All patients referred for evaluation and management of general and orthopaedic surgical conditions, pre- and postoperatively, were approached. Methodology The questionnaire solicited data regarding patient: (1) demographics; (2) religious beliefs, spiritual practices, and personal faith; and (3) opinions regarding inquiry into those subjects by their surgeon. The latter opinions were stratified on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” Statistical analysis was conducted using software JMP ® 8 Statistical Discovery Software (S.A.S. Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina) and a 5% probability level was used to determine significance of results. Results Eighty-three percent (83%) of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that surgeons should be aware of their patients' religiosity and spirituality; 63% concurred that surgeons should take a spiritual history; and 64% indicated that their trust in their surgeon would increase if they did so. Nevertheless, 17%, 37%, and 36% disagreed or strongly disagreed with those perspectives, respectively. Conclusions By inference to the best explanation of the results, we would argue that religiosity and spirituality are inherent perspectives of patient-surgeon relationships. Consequently, those perspectives are germane to the therapeutic milieu. Therefore, discerning each patient's perspective in those regards is warranted in the context of an integrative and holistic patient-surgeon relationship, the intent of which is to restore a patient to health and well-being.
Tetrazolium reduction in acidicSphagnum-derived peat

Assessment of how carbon storage in peat and gas fluxes across the peatland/atmosphere interface may be affected by predicted climate changes requires an understanding of the controls on C mineralization in peat. Toward this end, our goal was to develop the INT[2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride] reduction procedure for use in the field as a rapid and reliable approach to estimating C mineralization (CO2 and CH4 production) in peat under near-natural conditions with considerable spatial and temporal replication.Sphagnum peat samples collected from three sites were divided and analyzed for INT reduction activity, as well as for production of CO2 and CH4, under both oxic and anoxic conditions. For peat from each site, we found no significant relationships between INT reduction and oxic or anoxic CO2 or CH4 production. Although INT is reduced in acidicSphagnum peat, INT reduction rates do not provide a usable index of C mineralization.
Perfusion-based functional magnetic resonance imaging

The measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a very important way of assessing tissue viability, metabolism, and function. CBF can be measured noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using arterial water as a perfusion tracer. Because of the tight coupling between neural activity and CBF, functional MRI (fMRI) techniques are having a large impact in defining regions of the brain that are activated due to specific stimuli. Among the different fMRI techniques, CBF-based fMRI has the advantages of being specific to tissue signal change, a critical feature for quantitative measurements within and across subjects, and for high-resolution functional mapping. Unlike the conventional blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) technique, the CBF change is an excellent index of the magnitude of neural activity change. Thus, CBF-based fMRI is the tool of choice for longitudinal functional imaging studies. A review of the principles and theoretical backgrounds of both continuous and pulsed arterial spin labeling methods for measuring CBF is presented, and a general overview of their current applications in the field of functional brain mapping is provided. In particular, examples of the use of CBF-based fMRI to investigate the fundamental hemodynamic responses induced by neural activity and to determine the signal Source of the most commonly used BOLD functional imaging are reviewed.
Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates Social Reward and Punishment in Rhesus Macaques

Background Serotonin signaling influences social behavior in both human and nonhuman primates. In humans, variation upstream of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has recently been shown to influence both behavioral measures of social anxiety and amygdala response to social threats. Here we show that length polymorphisms in 5-HTTLPR predict social reward and punishment in rhesus macaques, a species in which 5-HTTLPR variation is analogous to that of humans. Methodology/Principal Findings In contrast to monkeys with two copies of the long allele (L/L), monkeys with one copy of the short allele of this gene (S/L) spent less time gazing at face than non-face images, less time looking in the eye region of faces, and had larger pupil diameters when gazing at photos of a high versus low status male macaques. Moreover, in a novel primed gambling task, presentation of photos of high status male macaques promoted risk-aversion in S/L monkeys but promoted risk-seeking in L/L monkeys. Finally, as measured by a “pay-per-view” task, S/L monkeys required juice payment to view photos of high status males, whereas L/L monkeys sacrificed fluid to see the same photos. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that genetic variation in serotonin function contributes to social reward and punishment in rhesus macaques, and thus shapes social behavior in humans and rhesus macaques alike.
Comparison of ELY-2.1 with blood group and ELY-1 markers in the horse.

Summary The distribution of ELY-2 was compared to the distribution of blood group factors Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Ca, Da, Db, Dc, Dd, De, Df, Dh, Dk, Ka, Pa, Pb, X, Qa, Qc, Ua, and W in 2465 American Standardbred horses and to ELY-1 in 193 American Standardbred horses. The distribution patterns were different in each case. The segregation of ELY-2.1 and factors at the A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (W) blood group loci and at the ELA locus indicated that ELY-2.1 is not a product of any of those loci. No segregation data were available for the ELY-I locus. Family studies indicated that the gene for ELY-2.1 is not sex-linked.
Composite Fourier-plane nonlinear filter for distortion-invariant pattern recognition

We investigate composite Fourier-plane nonlinear filters for distortion-invariant pattern recognition. Different types of noise such as spatially nonoverlapping color background noise, other nontarget objects, real scene noise, and additive white noise are used to investigate the performance of the filter. Computer simulation results are presented to show the performance enhancement using Fourier-plane nonlinearities in the composite filter designs. The training image sets and the test image sets are generated by in-plane and out-plane rotation of different aircraft.
Novel Dual-Targeting Benzimidazole Urea Inhibitors of DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Possessing Potent Antibacterial Activity: Intelligent Design and Evolution through the Judicious Use of Structure-Guided Design and Stucture−Activity Relationships

The discovery of new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action is necessary to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance that affects all currently used classes of antibiotics. Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are well-characterized clinically validated targets of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics which exert their antibacterial activity through inhibition of the catalytic subunits. Inhibition of these targets through interaction with their ATP sites has been less clinically successful. The discovery and characterization of a new class of low molecular weight, synthetic inhibitors of gyrase and topoisomerase IV that bind to the ATP sites are presented. The benzimidazole ureas are dual targeting inhibitors of both enzymes and possess potent antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of relevant pathogens responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections. The discovery and optimization of this novel class of antibacterials by the use of structure-guided design, modeling, and structure-activity relationships are described. Data are presented for enzyme inhibition, antibacterial activity, and in vivo efficacy by oral and intravenous administration in two rodent infection models.
A Photoluminescent Copper(I) Complex with an Exceptionally High CuII/CuI Redox Potential: [Cu(bfp)2]+ (bfp=2,9‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,10‐phenanthroline)

Unprecedented stabilization of the copper(I) oxidation state is demonstrated for the complex cation [Cu(bfp)2 ]+ (1) due to the steric and electronic effects of the CF3 groups (E1/2 (CuII /CuI )=+1.55 V vs. SCE). The redox existence range of the copper(I) species is remarkably high at 2.77 V. It is emissive in solution at room temperature and shows great potential as a photocatalyst; in the excited state it is a very potent photooxidant.
The Nanopore Inner Sphere Enhancement Effect on Cation Adsorption: Sodium and Nickel

This study compared the adsorption behavior of Na + and Ni 2+ by zeolite minerals that differed only in the physical size of the nanopores in their interstitial regions. Any differences observed in the adsorption of these ions were interpreted in terms of how the physical variations of their nanopores might be involved. The adsorption strength of Ni 2+ was weak with zeolite Y and ZSM-5 but strong with mordenite. The adsorption strength of Na + was weak with zeolite Y but strong with ZSM-5 and mordenite. Even when Na + adsorbed weakly, its adsorption strength was comparable to that of Ni 2+ . Similarly, when both adsorbed strongly, they both adsorbed with nearly the same strength. The adsorption reaction is a three-way competition between H + , Na + , and Ni 2+ for the adsorption sites. We propose a new theory to explain the increase in adsorption by the ZSM-5 zeolite for Na + and by mordenite for Na + and Ni 2+ . The new theory states that a dehydrated inner sphere adsorbing ion will be stable if either the ion's attraction to the surface site is stronger than toward the bulk water or the ion's attraction to the bulk water is offset by hindering the presence of water in the region. This occurs when the nanopore diameters are larger than the ionic diameter of the ion but much smaller than the hydrated diameter of the ion, which occurs with interstitial cavities that are not greater than approximately 0.3 to 0.5 nm in size in at least one dimension.
A general analysis of exact lumping in chemical kinetics

A general analysis of exact lumping is presented. This analysis can be applied to any reaction system with n species described by a set of first order ordinary differential equations dy/dt = f(y), where y is an n-dimensional vector; f(y) is an arbitrary n-dimensional function vector. Here we consider lumping by means of an ri x n real constant matrix M with rank fi (fi <n). It is found that a reaction system is exactly lumpable if and only if there exist nontrivial fixed invariant subspaces _& of the transpose df the Jacobian matrix JT(y) of f(y), no matter what value y takes, and the corresponding eigenvalues are the same for JT(y) and JT(dMy). Here the rows of M are the basis vectors of ~2' and n;i is any generalized inverse of M satisfying MA = I, with IR being the A-identity matrix. The fixed invariant subspaces of Jr(y) can be obtained either from the simultaneously invariant subspaces of all A,, where the A,'s form the basis of the decomposition of T(y), or by determining the fixed Ker {Il,(J'.(y)-%iI, )" nj((~f+rj')r,-20 ,J~(y) +(Y(y))*)'~). where 2,. nj+irj are the real and nonreal eigenvalues of JT (y) and li, oj and tj are usually functions of yiri, rj are nonnegative integers. The kineticequations of the lumped system can be described as dp/dz = Mf (MQ). This method is illustrated by some simple examples.
The use of virtual fiducials in image-guided kidney surgery

The alignment of image-space to physical-space lies at the heart of all image-guided procedures. In intracranial surgery, point-based registrations can be used with either skin-affixed or bone-implanted extrinsic objects called fiducial markers. The advantages of point-based registration techniques are that they are robust, fast, and have a well developed mathematical foundation for the assessment of registration quality. In abdominal image-guided procedures such techniques have not been successful. It is difficult to accurately locate sufficient homologous intrinsic points in imagespace and physical-space, and the implantation of extrinsic fiducial markers would constitute "surgery before the surgery." Image-space to physical-space registration for abdominal organs has therefore been dominated by surfacebased registration techniques which are iterative, prone to local minima, sensitive to initial pose, and sensitive to percentage coverage of the physical surface. In our work in image-guided kidney surgery we have developed a composite approach using "virtual fiducials." In an open kidney surgery, the perirenal fat is removed and the surface of the kidney is dotted using a surgical marker. A laser range scanner (LRS) is used to obtain a surface representation and matching high definition photograph. A surface to surface registration is performed using a modified iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The dots are extracted from the high definition image and assigned the three dimensional values from the LRS pixels over which they lie. As the surgery proceeds, we can then use point-based registrations to re-register the spaces and track deformations due to vascular clamping and surgical tractions.
Particle fluorescence and bioluminescence distributions in the eastern tropical Pacific

The measurement of certain optical properties provides valuable information regarding the distribution of planktonic organisms in the ocean. Here we report vertical profiles of fluorescence, beam attenuation and bioluminescence in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical Pacific relative to possible physical and biological particle sources. Of particular interest is the observation of a deep fluorescence maximum within the oxygen minimum zone that has not been previously reported.
The readthrough domain of pea enation mosaic virus coat protein is not essential for virus stability in the hemolymph of the pea aphid

A fraction of the coat protein (CP) subunits in virions of members of the family Luteoviridae contain a C-terminal extension called the readthrough domain (RTD). The RTD is necessary for persistent aphid transmission, but its role is unknown. It has been reported to be required for virion stability in the hemolymph. Here, we tested whether this was the case for pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) virions in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) using RNA1Δ, a natural deletion mutant lacking the middle portion of the RTD ORF, and CPΔRTD, in which the entire RTD ORF was deleted. In infected plants, RNA1Δ virions were as abundant and stable as wild-type (WT) virions, while CPΔRTD virions were unstable. No RTD of any size was translated from artificial subgenomic mRNA of CPΔRTD or RNA1Δ in vitro. Thus, only the major CP was present in the mutant virions. Using real-time RT-PCR to detect virion RNA, no significant differences in the concentration or stability of WT and RNA1Δ virions were detected in the aphid hemolymph at much longer times than are necessary for virus transmission. Thus, the RTD is not necessary for stability of PEMV RNA in the aphid hemolymph, and it must play another role in aphid transmission.
Use of liquid nitrogen and high ionic strength for the isolation of functional polyribosomes from Neurospora crassa.

1. Buffers of high ionic strength, e.g. containing 0.33 M KCl, have been shown to be effective for the preservation of the in vivo distribution of polyribosomes extracted from Neurospora crassa. 2. Polyribosomes collected by centrifugation prior to analysis on sucrose gradients have an altered size distribution in comparison to those found in crude extracts. 3. Storage of mycelial samples in liquid N2 for up to 10 days was shown to have little or no effect on the activity and size distribution of extracted polyribosomes.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF SINGLE-CONTAMINANT WATER NETWORKS

One common assumption used in the design of water/wastewater systems for single components is to fix the process outlet concentrations of the pollutant to its maximum allowed value. This converts the problem from one with nonlinear constraints into one with linear constraints. For problems minimizing freshwater consumption in single-contaminant systems, this assumption has been proven to lead to global optimality (Savelski and Bagajewicz, 2000). In this article, we investigate the effect of using this assumption in cases where it may not lead to global optimal solutions, namely when the number of connections is minimized and when the cost is minimized. We therefore show that the use of nonlinear models helps in dealing with degenerate solutions featuring the same freshwater consumption.
A functional genomic yeast screen to identify pathogenic bacterial proteins.

Many bacterial pathogens promote infection and cause disease by directly injecting into host cells proteins that manipulate eukaryotic cellular processes. Identification of these translocated proteins is essential to understanding pathogenesis. Yet, their identification remains limited. This, in part, is due to their general sequence uniqueness, which confounds homology-based identification by comparative genomic methods. In addition, their absence often does not result in phenotypes in virulence assays limiting functional genetic screens. Translocated proteins have been observed to confer toxic phenotypes when expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This observation suggests that yeast growth inhibition can be used as an indicator of protein translocation in functional genomic screens. However, limited information is available regarding the behavior of non-translocated proteins in yeast. We developed a semi-automated quantitative assay to monitor the growth of hundreds of yeast strains in parallel. We observed that expression of half of the 19 Shigella translocated proteins tested but almost none of the 20 non-translocated Shigella proteins nor ∼1,000 Francisella tularensis proteins significantly inhibited yeast growth. Not only does this study establish that yeast growth inhibition is a sensitive and specific indicator of translocated proteins, but we also identified a new substrate of the Shigella type III secretion system (TTSS), IpaJ, previously missed by other experimental approaches. In those cases where the mechanisms of action of the translocated proteins are known, significant yeast growth inhibition correlated with the targeting of conserved cellular processes. By providing positive rather than negative indication of activity our assay complements existing approaches for identification of translocated proteins. In addition, because this assay only requires genomic DNA it is particularly valuable for studying pathogens that are difficult to genetically manipulate or dangerous to culture.
Trade and Investment Liberalization and China's Rural Economy: Impacts and Policy Responses

While the forces of development and transition have been in part responsible for generating the progress that rural China has experienced during the past 20 years as well as being responsible for some of the remaining barriers, the nation's efforts at pushing ambitious Trade and Investment Liberalization (TIL) policies threaten to further accentuate the trends in rural China. Surprisingly, however, even though the potential for gain and for damage is great, almost no literature exists to answer some of the most basic questions about the proposed efforts to push TIL. On balance, will TIL policies help or hurt rural residents? How will they affect rural incomes? How will they affect rural employment in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors? What policies can the government adopt to reduce the harmful effects and enhance the positive benefits? The general goal of my essay will be to begin the discussion of these critical questions. In particular, I will attempt to meet this broad goal by pursuing four objectives: First, I will review the rural economy's record on income generation. Second, I will review the rural economy's record on employment. Third, I will attempt to assess the net results of the positive and negative impacts that TIL policies may have on rural incomes and employment. Finally, I will discuss a number of alternative policies that leaders may consider adopting to reduce TIL's costs and increase its benefits. To meet this goal, I will organize the rest of this paper as follows. In the first section, I will first review China's macro setting and discuss a number of the important macro-forces that may have important impacts on rural incomes. I then trace out the record of rural incomes during the reform era. In the second section, I examine in more detail the record on employment in the rural economy during the past two decades. The purpose of the first two sections will be to motivate the third section: a discussion of how TIL policies may help and hurt incomes and employment in rural China. Finally, the last section concludes with a discussion of policies that may assist policy makers in dealing with the cost and benefits of TIL policies.
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction by Longitudinal Strain Is an Independent Predictor of Incident Atrial Fibrillation A Community-Based Cohort Study

Background— The increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a public health issue. Identifying new predictors of AF is therefore necessary to plan preventive strategies. We investigated whether left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction by global longitudinal strain (GLS), a predictor of cardiovascular events, may predict new-onset AF in a population setting. Methods and Results— Participants (n=675; mean age, 71±9 years; 60% women) in sinus rhythm from the population-based Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) underwent 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiography as part of the Cardiac Abnormalities and Brain Lesions (CABL) study. LV systolic function was assessed by LV ejection fraction and speckle-tracking GLS. During a mean follow-up of 63.6±18.7 months, 32 (4.7%) new confirmed cases of AF occurred. Lower GLS (adjusted hazard ratio/unit decrease, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.43; P =0.015) and increased left atrial volume index (LAVi; adjusted hazard ratio/unit increase, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.17; P –14.7%) was associated with risk of new-onset AF with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.4–7.5; P =0.007). The coexistence of abnormal GLS/abnormal LAVi was associated with a 28.6% incidence of AF (adjusted hazard ratio, 12.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.3–44.8; P <0.001) compared with participants with normal GLS/normal LAVi (AF incidence, 2.0%). AF incidence was intermediate in those with either abnormal GLS or abnormal LAVi (9.3% and 11.1%, respectively). GLS prognostic value for incident AF was incremental over risk factors and LAVi. Conclusions— LV systolic dysfunction by GLS was a powerful and independent predictor of incident AF. GLS assessment may improve AF risk stratification in addition to established parameters.
Naturalistic Observation in the Laboratory

Symbolic interactionists generally eschew laboratory research in favor of naturalistic observation in field settings. This is consistent with the recommendations of Blumer, who argued that social processes and relationships, which are the appropriate subject matter for sociology, cannot be studied adequately within the laboratory. In this statement, I argue that when the laboratory is used as a “provocative stage,” the integrity of social action and social relationships as they are manifest in social process can be as adequately studied in the laboratory as they can be in the field. I further argue that when the laboratory is used in the manner specified here, Blumer's recommendations are more adequately met than they are in field studies.
Antimicrobial Therapy of Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotic resistance among pneumococci, enterococci, and staphylococci has become increasingly important in recent decades. Clinicians should be familiar with the nuances of antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpretation in selecting antibiotics for these infections. The clinical significance of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, macrolide-resistant S pneumoniae, and multidrug-resistant S pneumoniae is discussed. The clinical spectrum and therapeutic approach to Enterococcus faecalis (i.e., vancomycin-sensitive enterococci) and E faecium (i.e., vancomycin-resistant enterococci) are discussed. Differences in therapeutic approach between methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) infections are reviewed. Differences between in vitro susceptibility testing and in vivo effectiveness of antibiotics for hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) are described. Finally, the clinical features of infection and therapy of HA-MRSA and community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections are compared.
Abstract No. 4: Phase II trial of sorafenib combined with doxorubicin eluting bead-transarterial chemoembolization for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Interim efficacy analysis

Purpose This study reports the final analysis (n=50) of a prospective phase II study evaluating the efficacy of the combination of sorafenib and doxorubicin eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Therapeutic protocol consisted of 6-week cycles with sorafenib at 800 mg/day beginning 1 week prior to DEB-TACE with up to four DEB-TACE treatments within 6 months. Tumor response was assessed by RECIST and EASL criteria using contrast enhanced MRI at baseline and at 1 month follow-up. Time to untreatable progression(TTUP) was defined as the interval from the initiation of sorafenib therapy until inability of patient to further receive intra-arterial therapy. Overall survival (OS) and TTUP were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method; outcomes were stratified by BCLC A/B and C and compared with the log-rank test. Results DEB-TACE in combination with sorafenib was successfully performed in 50 patients: mean 62 yrs(range, 31-88yrs), Child-Pugh A/B(92%/8%), BCLC A/B/C(10%/28%/62%), ECOG 0/1 (52%/48%), HCV/HBV(44%/8%), mean tumor burden 20%, mean tumor size 7.2 cm(range, 1.0-17.6cm), and mean tumor enhancement 78%. Patients were enrolled for a median of 3 (range, 1-22) cycles including a median of 1(range, 0-6) DEB-TACE procedure. Median dose regimen was 400 mg QD and median dose taken while on study was 318 mg/day(range, 100 - 800 mg/day). 1 month follow-up showed a mean tumor enhancement reduction of 48.2% (n=46, p Conclusion The results of this phase II study suggest a potential benefit to the combination of sorafenib and DEB-TACE Single arm and non-randomization are limitations of the study.
On Predicting the Times to Failure of Power Equipment

Across power systems, large classes of identical devices can be found which support the system operation (transformers, breakers, switches, utility poles, etc.) The problem of their operational management is often aggravated by in-service failures and associated additional costs. Part of asset management strategy is to learn the failure characteristics of classes of devices in service and attempt to formulate the preventive replacement strategy based on that information. The paper presents an algorithm based on Bayesian learning which enables predictions of times to failure of identical devices to be refined with accumulated experience.
Higher order linear approximations to nonlinear control systems

One traditional approach in the analysis and design of nonlinear control systems is a first order approximation by a linear system. A new approach is to use nonlinear change of coordinates and feedback to construct linear approximations that are accurate to second and higher orders. However, the algebraic calculations required to obtain these aproximations are somewhat lengthy. In this paper, the theoretical framework for finding such change of coordinates for a nonlinear system are described. A software package that symbolically solves these transformations is currently being prepared.
Implementing the chronic care model for improvements in diabetes care and education in a rural primary care practice.

PurposeThe purpose of this pilot study was to determine the impact of implementing elements of the chronic care model (CCM; decision support, self-management, and delivery system redesign) on provi...
Dietary capsaicin does not alter synovial concentrations of prostaglandin E2 or the acute phase response in aged horses after antigenic challenge.

Dietary capsaicin enhances disease resistance and immunity in various species. Because relatively little is known about the potential benefits of capsaicin when used on horses, this study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary capsaicin on measures of health in horses. Twelve horses were fed over 28 days a basal diet with three levels of dietary capsaicin: 0 mg (C), 50 mg (CAP50), or 100 mg (CAP100) per horse per day. Before feeding on day 0, horses were weighed, a blood sample taken, and a sample of synovial fluid from the left distal carpal joint was taken. Subsequent body weights and blood samples were obtained on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. On day 21, tetanus toxoid (TT) and an immunomodulator (EqStim) were given to each horse. On days 21 to 28, daily rectal temperature (RT) and blood samples were taken. On day 28, synovial fluid was obtained immediately after blood sampling and RT measurement. Synovial concentrations of prostaglandin E2 did not differ among dietary treatments or between days 0 and 28. No effect of dietary capsaicin on serum immunoglobulin G subclass T or a1-acid glycoprotein concentrations was observed. Serum haptoglobin was elevated (P < .0003) and RT increased (P < .05) after challenge with EqStim and TT; however, haptoglobin concentrations and RT did not differ due to diet. We conclude that the doses of dietary capsaicin fed to horses in this study had no beneficial effect on measures of joint health or the immune response in horses.
Characterization of emissions of biogenic atmospheric hydrogen sulfide

The emission rate measurements of H 2 S into the atmosphere from coastal marine sediments were made by the use of an emission flux reactor (chamber) technique under deaerated (gaseous N 2 ) and aerated (ambient air) conditions. The emission rates of H 2 S varied over a wide range (>0.05 to < 100 gS m -2 yr -1 ) . The emission of H 2 S was inversely related to the stage of tidal hydrology, with incoming and outgoing tidal hydrostatic pressure affecting the gaseous release at the locale. The diurnal studies showed an enhancement in the emission rates at night; however the emission rate of H 2 S is unaffected by increasing light intensity (between 100 and 90,000 lux) at constant temperature. The emission rates of H 2 S are greater in the deaerated chamber than in the aerated chamber. The measured marine fluxes of ~0.1 gS m -2 yr -1 seem to agree well with those derived from global marine sulfur budgets. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00091.x
STUDIES ON ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION : I. TRANSPLANTATION OF THE THYROID GLAND WITH INTACT BLOOD SUPPLY.

Our experiments on dogs showed that the thyroid gland which was autoplastically transplanted, by means of various methods of blood vessel anastomosis, could live in good condition and functionate favorably several months after the operation, even after the interruption of the circulation for 1½ hours. They further showed that the circulation through the transplanted blood vessels as well as glands was as good as normal, and that permanent successful results of the homoplastic transplantation of the gland are as yet not possible.
The Silencing of Latino Student “Voice”: Puerto Rican and Mexican Narratives in Eighth Grade and High School

Narratives of 27 Puerto Rican and Mexican students, written first in eighth grade then again as juniors in high school, address the important question of "Who am I?" and illustrate school-sponsored silencing, with students' critiques of their educational experience ignored by both the elementary and the high school. The narratives also provide a window into the high dropout rates of Latino children, the reasons behind students" academic decisions, and interventions needed to change negative schooling processes and outcomes. By giving witness to these voices, we as readers help ensure that through their writing, these Latino adolescents do not just speak but that they are heard. In sixth grade my teacher was Mr. S. Mr. S. had a stick. If you were talking or something he would hit you with it. His stick's name was "George." He had wrapped it in tape so that when he hit you it would hurt more. In seventh grade my teacher had red hair and when she spoke to someone she always spit at that person. Since she retired we got a substitute until the principal could find another capable teacher. So our teacher for a long period of time was Mrs. R. We used to call her "chocolate chip" because she had a big mole on her upper lip. After Mrs. R. we had another teacher who we thought was going to be our permanent seventh grade teacher. She lasted about two days I think. Then she left for an eighth grade class... and the teachers kept changing. That seventh grade was so confusing I didn't learn a thing but I tried.