cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adolescents A Systematic Review

Abstract Objective To conduct a systematic review of controlled trials for adolescent smoking cessation. Methods Online bibliographic databases were searched as of June 2002, and reference lists from review articles and the selected articles were also reviewed for potential studies. The methodology and findings of all retrieved articles were critically evaluated. Data were extracted from each article regarding study methods, intervention studied, outcomes measured, and results. Results The abstracts or full-text articles of 281 relevant studies were examined, of which six met the selection criteria. Included were three school-based studies, a study in pregnant adolescent girls, a hospital-based study, and a trial of laser acupuncture. All three of the school-based studies reported significant impacts on cessation rates, although only one of these was a randomized trial. None of the studies had follow-up times of >5.2 months. Conclusions There is very limited evidence demonstrating efficacy of smoking-cessation interventions in adolescents, and no evidence on the long-term effectiveness of such interventions. Smoking-cessation interventions that have proven most effective in adults, such as nicotine replacement and antidepressant use, have not been studied in adolescents in a controlled manner.
Differential flatness based trajectory generation for time-optimal helicopter shipboard landing

In this paper, a time-optimal trajectory generation algorithm is proposed for helicopter shipboard landing. The algorithm utilizes a simplified model of the helicopter's dynamics and exploits the differential flatness of the model to formulate a nonlinear programming problem, whose solution provides time-optimal reference approach/landing trajectories. The trajectories are then tracked by an inner-loop linear dynamic inversion (LDI) controller to generate the actual inputs that steer the full-state nonlinear helicopter model. The proposed algorithm reduces approach/landing flight time and enables a higher degree of maneuverability (such as obstacle avoidance and large heading angle change) in comparison to typical state of the art methods of trajectory generation. Because of its computational efficiency, the path planner can also be used in real-time, i.e., through iterative recalculation of the remaining trajectory to account for deviations from the planned flight path. High fidelity simulations have been conducted on a verified UH-60A Black Hawk model, which show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Living Shorelines for Coastal Resilience

Abstract A living shoreline (LS) is defined as an estuarine shoreline stabilization approach that primarily utilizes native shoreline habitats and preserves the natural land–water interface. This chapter describes the ability of natural fringing salt marshes to attenuate wave energy, trap sediment, and reduce shoreline erosion. It summarizes the adverse impacts of hardened stabilization structures such as bulkheads and revetments on ecosystem structure and function, including marsh vegetation and faunal utilization, as well as their reduced resilience to sea level rise (SLR) and coastal storms. A review of studies assessing LS projects shows that measures of ecosystem services, including erosion protection, sediment accretion, marsh production, carbon sequestration, and faunal utilization, can equal or exceed those of natural shoreline habitats within five years of establishment. Salt marshes, seagrasses, and oyster reefs are utilized in the LS projects reviewed. Widespread implementation of LS may be limited by regulatory policy and public perceptions. Habitat trade-offs and limited long-term protection from SLR are described.
Metacognition: The Role of Cultural Psychological Capital and Motivational Cultural Intelligence

Employing broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001), we examine the impact of cultural psychological capital (PsyCap) on motivational cultural intelligence (CQ) in a cross-cultural context. Usin...
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Computer Assisted Learning on Metacognitive Performance Development in Psychology Teaching

There is a growing interest in the use of computer-based learning environments to enhance learning in higher education, but the implications of this on the improvement of metacognition in higher education have yet to be adequately explored. In the current study, 175 students who enrolled in an introductory psychology course were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (computer-assisted vs. self-managed). In the computer-assisted condition, besides the lecture delivered four hours per week and for three months in total, students took a set of assignments based on evidence-based teaching in a computer-based environment. The control group, however, took these assignments as in-and-out class activities without using a computer environment. An assessment based on Bloom’s taxonomy was utilized to obtain metacognitive and competency scores for both groups. The results of the study showed that the students who completed the structured learning assignments as computer-based, self-learning environment showed better metacognition performance than those in the self-managed group, who did not engage with the online platform, even though there was no significant difference between the groups regarding competence on the course’s learning objectives. The current experiment offers an empirical validation for why instructors should use technology as a self-regulatory tool that enhances students’ metacognitive performance and competence of learning outcomes.
Short Review: Genomic Alterations in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma.

Hurthle cell tumors (HCT), including Hurthle cell adenomas (HCA) and Hurthle cell carcinomas (HCCs), arise in the thyroid gland and are defined in part by an accumulation of mitochondria. These neoplasms were long considered a subtype of follicular neoplasm, although HCT is now generally considered a distinct entity. HCTs exhibit overlapping but distinct clinical features compared to follicular tumors, and several studies have demonstrated that HCTs harbor distinct genomic alterations compared to other forms of thyroid cancer. Two studies recently reported the most complete characterization of the HCC genome to date. These studies assessed complementary cohorts of HCC specimens. The study by Ganly et al. consisted of a large panel of primary HCCs, including 32 widely invasive and 24 minimally invasive primary tumors. Exome and RNA sequencing of material isolated from fresh-frozen tumor specimens was performed. The study by Gopal et al. utilized exome and targeted sequencing to characterize the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of 32 primary tumors and 38 resected regional and distant metastases using DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Here, HCC is briefly reviewed in the context of these studies.
A comparison of the R_h=ct and LCDM cosmologies based on the observed halo mass function

The growth of structure probes the re-ionization history and quasar abundance in the Universe, constituting an important probe of the cosmological predictions. Halos are not directly observable, however, so their mass and evolution must be inferred indirectly. Studies based on the assumption of a constant halo to stellar mass ratio M_h/M_* (extrapolated from z<4) reveal significant tension with LCDM---a failure known as "The Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem". But whether this ratio evolves or remains constant through redshift 4<z<10 is still being debated. To eliminate the tension with LCDM, it would have to change by about 0.8 dex over this range, an issue that may be settled by upcoming observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. In this paper, we study this problem in the context of another Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model known as the R_h=ct universe, and use our previous measurement of sigma_8 from the cosmological growth rate, together with new solutions to the Einstein-Boltzmann equations, to interpret these recent halo measurements. We demonstrate that the predicted mass and redshift dependence of the halo distribution in R_h=ct is consistent with the data, even assuming a constant M_h/M_* throughout the observed redshift range (4<z<10), contrasting sharply with the tension in LCDM. We conclude that---if M_h/M_* turns out to be constant---the massive galaxies and their halos must have formed earlier than is possible in LCDM.
Social lives and cliques within senior housing communities

A better understanding of social environments will benefit facilitation of social cultures within senior housing communities. Social cliques naturally form among groups of people, particularly those living in close proximity. Research has shown that often older adults experience stigma based upon their health status and are excluded from social groups. This study examined residents' perceptions of life in senior housing, social stigma, and cliques. Forty-eight residents from two types of senior housing communities participated in the study. Qualitative thematic coding was used to analyze responses to open-ended interview questions. Overall, residents reported satisfaction with the community and their privacy and reported difficulties with distance from family, caregiving, and bereavement. The majority were able to identify cliques, defining them based upon common interests, health status, and shared histories. The most salient finding was that while social cliques existed they were not a source of dissatisfaction or stigma.
Collaborative Alert Ranking for Anomaly Detection

Given a large number of low-quality heterogeneous categorical alerts collected from an anomaly detection system, how to characterize the complex relationships between different alerts and deliver trustworthy rankings to end users? While existing techniques focus on either mining alert patterns or filtering out false positive alerts, it can be more advantageous to consider the two perspectives simultaneously in order to improve detection accuracy and better understand abnormal system behaviors. In this paper, we propose CAR, a collaborative alert ranking framework that exploits both temporal and content correlations from heterogeneous categorical alerts. CAR first builds a hierarchical Bayesian model to capture both short-term and long-term dependencies in each alert sequence. Then, an entity embedding-based model is proposed to learn the content correlations between alerts via their heterogeneous categorical attributes. Finally, by incorporating both temporal and content dependencies into a unified optimization framework, CAR ranks both alerts and their corresponding alert patterns. Our experiments-using both synthetic and real-world enterprise security alert data-show that CAR can accurately identify true positive alerts and successfully reconstruct the attack scenarios at the same time.
A Snapshot of SARS-CoV-2 Genome Availability up to April 2020 and its Implications: Data Analysis.

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been growing exponentially, affecting over 4 million people and causing enormous distress to economies and societies worldwide. A plethora of analyses based on viral sequences has already been published both in scientific journals and through non–peer-reviewed channels to investigate the genetic heterogeneity and spatiotemporal dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. However, a systematic investigation of phylogenetic information and sampling bias in the available data is lacking. Although the number of available genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 is growing daily and the sequences show increasing phylogenetic information, country-specific data still present severe limitations and should be interpreted with caution. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the quality of the currently available SARS-CoV-2 full genome data in terms of sampling bias as well as phylogenetic and temporal signals to inform and guide the scientific community. Methods: We used maximum likelihood–based methods to assess the presence of sufficient information for robust phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies in several SARS-CoV-2 sequence alignments assembled from GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) data released between March and April 2020. Results: Although the number of high-quality full genomes is growing daily, and sequence data released in April 2020 contain sufficient phylogenetic information to allow reliable inference of phylogenetic relationships, country-specific SARS-CoV-2 data sets still present severe limitations. Conclusions: At the present time, studies assessing within-country spread or transmission clusters should be considered preliminary or hypothesis-generating at best. Hence, current reports should be interpreted with caution, and concerted efforts should continue to increase the number and quality of sequences required for robust tracing of the epidemic.
Deep Phenotyping Considering Tile Drainage from Uas-Based Multispectral Imagery by Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract. Subsurface agriculture tile lines can greatly impact plant phenotypic characteristics through spatial variation of soil moisture, plant nutrient, and plant rooting depth. Therefore, location of subsurface tile lines plays a critical role in supporting the above ground plant phentoyping and needs to be considered in plant phenotyping analysis. Unnamed Aerial Systems (UAS) imagery together with deep learning methods can develop strong relations between the vegetation spectra and soil parameters. Here, we consider the capability of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to evaluate crop quality based on biomass production derived from soil moisture differences by using UAS-based multispectral imagery over soybean breeding fields. Results are still being evaluated, with particular attention to the temporal and spatial resolution of the data required to apply our approach.
Joint encoding of facial identity, orientation, gaze, and expression in the middle dorsal face area

The last two decades have established that a network of face-selective areas in the temporal lobe of macaque monkeys supports the visual processing of faces. Each area within the network contains a large fraction of face-selective cells. And each area encodes facial identity and head orientation differently. A recent brain-imaging study discovered an area outside of this network selective for naturalistic facial motion, the middle dorsal (MD) face area. This finding offers the opportunity to determine whether coding principles revealed inside the core network would generalize to face areas outside the core network. We investigated the encoding of static faces and objects, facial identity, and head orientation, dimensions which had been studied in multiple areas of the core face-processing network before, as well as facial expressions and gaze. We found that MD populations form a face-selective cluster with a degree of selectivity comparable to that of areas in the core face-processing network. MD encodes facial identity robustly across changes in head orientation and expression, it encodes head orientation robustly against changes in identity and expression, and it encodes expression robustly across changes in identity and head orientation. These three dimensions are encoded in a separable manner. Furthermore, MD also encodes the direction of gaze in addition to head orientation. Thus, MD encodes both structural properties (identity) and changeable ones (expression and gaze) and thus provides information about another animal's direction of attention (head orientation and gaze). MD contains a heterogeneous population of cells that establish a multidimensional code for faces.
Exploring Communicatory Gestures for Simple Multi-robot Systems

The presented online study (N = 405) explores the impact of translational (towards, away, sideways) and rotational (spin and circle) motion patterns on the perceived communications of a three-robot group. All gestures were performed relative to a small humanoid figure at two speeds (slow and fast). Three of the gestures strongly predicted communicatory interpretation: sideways and away were seen as scared or fearful, and spin was seen as excited and joyful. Circle had low convergence and was seen as confused or frustrated. Towards, on the other hand, had a bimodal distribution: slowly towards was seen as greeting, whereas fast towards was seen as confrontational. The context prompts (party vs. meeting) did not affect participant interpretations.
Radial maze performance after hippocampal lesions: beneficial effects of nimodipine

Rats trained in an 8-arm radial maze were given electrolytic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus or sham operations. Within 24 h of surgery, approximately half of the rats in each groups began 14 daily oral treatments with the central calcium channel blocker, nimodipine. Retention testing began seven days after surgery. The untreated rats that received the larger hippocampal lesions did not relearn the maze within one month (2.5 times the preoperative mean number of days). The untreated rats that received the smaller lesions relearned within the allotted time but still showed clear deficits. Nimodipine improved the maze scores of the animals with the smaller lesions, but not those of the animals with the larger lesions. It was unclear whether nimodipine led to the sparing of more cells in the hippocampal region, or whether spared-but-affected cells were returning to normal modes of functioning more rapidly in the group with the smaller lesions. These findings suggest that spared hippocampus was mediating behavior, and extend previous findings from this laboratory showing that nimodipine can enhance recovery of function on higher cognitive tasks after hippocampal lesions.
Part One of Administrative Law: A Context and Practice Casebook

This is Part One of a forthcoming casebook (really, a course book) on administrative law, to be published in Fall 2012 by Carolina Academic Press. An abstract of the book as a whole follows: This book helps students learn how to think, as well as act, like administrative lawyers. The book reflects that most lawyers are not appellate judges reviewing administrative actions already taken. Rather, most lawyers have actual clients — either clients with matters before administrative agencies or clients who are themselves administrative agencies — on whose behalf the lawyer must identify and analyze applicable laws; learn relevant agency procedures; and gather facts to build a favorable administrative record. Given the reality of administrative law practice, the book early on presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing administrative law problems; this framework furnishes the architecture for the rest of the book. The book then teaches students how to find and analyze all the statutes governing a particular agency action. Next, the book focuses on analysis of the two main types of agency action that affect people’s legal rights and duties — namely, rulemaking and adjudication. Finally, the book examines the availability and scope of judicial review of agency action. To teach these subjects and skills, this book, unlike most casebooks, does not rely on judicial opinions. Of course, the book includes excerpts of the major judicial opinions that make up the administrative-law canon. Most of the book, however, consists of author-written descriptions of legal principles and the leading case law; excerpts of statutes, agency rules, and other executive-branch material; and tools to encourage active learning. Those tools include chapter problems plus exercises and graphics throughout each chapter. The book is accompanied by a detailed, user-friendly teacher’s manual.
Chapter 1.6 - Social hierarchy and stress

This chapter reviews several animal models of social stress with a focus on those involving social hierarchy. The chapter describes an appreciation of the different types of laboratory animal models available for social stress research. Manipulations of an animal's environment or the animal itself to elicit a desired response may, appear to be an appropriate model of a human disease condition. However, there are many other aspects of the manipulation that must be addressed such as the ethological relevance of the stressor itself, the influence of the type of interactions that are allowed to occur between animals, and the appropriateness of the included control groups for comparison. It is clear that animal models of social stress have facilitated research in numerous areas of basic and clinical science and will continue to do so as long as the model is recognized and respected for its strengths as well as its limitations.
Late posterior instability of the pelvis after resection of the symphysis pubis for the treatment of osteitis pubis. A report of two cases.

Inflammation of the symphysis pubis, commonly known as osteitis pubis, is a painful disorder of uncertain etiology. The onset of osteitis pubis has frequently been reported after urological or gynecological procedures and is associated with a number of conditions, including trauma, rheumatological disorders, pregnancy, and parturition3,6,8,9,12,15. In most patients, symptoms of osteitis pubis resolve spontaneously; however, a small number of patients have pain that persists indefinitely. Resection of the symphysis has been recommended for the treatment of osteitis pubis that is unresponsive to non-operative management. Several authors have reported early relief of symptoms with this procedure; however, the long-term effect of resection of the symphysis on the integrity of the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint is of concern3,6,14. We report on two patients in whom debilitating posterior instability of the pelvis developed and necessitated operative stabilization twelve and eighteen years after wedge resection of the symphysis pubis for the treatment of osteitis pubis. CASE 1. A forty-two-year-old woman was involved in a skiing accident in 1978. At the time of the injury, the patient noted immediate pain in the area of the symphysis pubis. The pain gradually increased over the next six weeks, prompting her to seek medical attention. Osteitis pubis was subsequently diagnosed, but the patient was not offered any non-operative treatment. One month after she was seen, she was managed with wedge resection of the symphysis pubis, including the entire symphyseal joint and a total of fifteen millimeters of bone. Initially, the symptoms decreased; however, over the next five years the patient noted the onset of low-back pain centered over the sacroiliac joints. The symptoms were managed non-operatively with repeated injections of corticosteroids and oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, …
The Kuiper Widefield Infrared Camera (KWIC)

The Kuiper Widefield Infrared Camera (KWIC) is a wide-field (5.8 arcmin x 5.8 arcmin) imaging spectrometer for use on the KAO in the wavelength range of 18 to 44 micron. Two resolution modes, R = 35 to 200 and R = 2000 to 10,000 are available. Diffraction limited and near background limited images were obtained on the first flights.
Human papillomaviruses: are we ready to type?

The issue of determining which human papillomavirus (HPV) is present in a clinical specimen (typing specimens for HPVs) is receiving attention because HPVs cause condyloma acuminata and are associated with the continuum of disease which ranges from dysplasia to invasive genital cancer. Morphological inspection of precancerous lesions is not sufficient to determine which lesions will progress and which will not. A number of research tools based primarily on deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization have been developed. These permit identification and typing of HPV in genital tract scrapings or biopsies. Some HPV types (e.g., HPV-16 and HPV-18) have been identified in high-grade dysplasias and carcinomas more commonly than other types (e.g., HPV-6) and have been designated "high risk" types for cervical cancer. Thus, the question arises whether HPV typing would improve patient management by providing increased sensitivity for detection of patients at risk or by providing a prognostic indicator. In this review, the available typing methods are reviewed from the standpoint of their sensitivity, specificity, and ease of application to large-scale screening programs. Data implicating HPVs in the genesis of genital tract cancers are reviewed, as is the association of specific HPV types with specific outcomes. We conclude that there is currently no simple, inexpensive assay for HPV types, although such assays may be developed in the future. Analysis of the typing data indicates that, while HPV types can be designated high risk and low risk, these designations are not absolute and thus the low-risk group should not be ignored. In addition, interpretation of the data is complicated by finding high-risk types in individuals with no indication of disease. Insufficient data exist to indicate whether knowledge of the presence of a given HPV type is a better prognostic indicator than cytological or histological results. Thus, more research is needed before it can be determined whether typing information will augment the method currently in use for deciding treatment regimen and whether it warrants widespread use.
CHLOROPHYLL STUDIES ON BARLEY MUTANTS

Those species of plants in which there is considerable information on the genetics of chlorophyll deficiency furnish favorable material for a study of physiological control by the gene over the production of chlorophyll and related pigments. This study is a preliminary survey of the pigments of a number of genetically different chlorophyll mutant stocks in barley. Rabinowitch (8) has pointed out that apart from the isolated observation of Inman and Blakeslee (d), who reported a chlorophyll with a different absorption spectrum from ordinary chlorophyll in an X-rayed mutant of Datura, the chlorophyll of all higher land plants investigated has been found to consist of the two components?the blue-green chlorophyll a and the yellow-green chlorophyll b. However, W. H. Eyster (3) in 1924 reported the "common" occurrence of four types of pigment-deficient plants in maize. These plants were those which: (1) contained carotin, xanthophyll and chlorophyll a but lacked chlorophyll b; (2) contained carotin, xanthophyll and chlorophyll b but lacked chlorophyll a; (3) contained carotin, xanthophyll and chlorophyll a and b in varying amounts; and (4) contained carotin and xanthophyll but lacked both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Eyster reports that in his studies plants which lack either chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b are unable to synthesize sufficient carbohydrates to grow to maturity. Except for this one report by Eyster, the only organisms in which a chlorophyll component has been found lacking are some of the algae, (2), (?), (12), (13), (15), (16), (18). The descriptive term "chlorina" has been applied to certain pale green chlorophyll-deficient characters in barley. The color may vary from pale green to yellow green in different chlorinas. Several of those chlorophylldeficient chlorinas have been described by Robertson (10), Nilsson-Ehle (7) and others. Most of them, when studied in crosses with normal green plants, differ from the normal by one recessive gene. Robertson (9) described one chlorina, however, which is apparently maternally inherited. When this chlorina, Coast V, is used as the female parent and crossed with green, the Fi, F2 and F3 are all chlorinas. The reciprocal cross, using it as the male parent, results in normal F,, F2 and F3.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 inhibits glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Abstract The substantia nigra pars reticulata is a primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia motor circuit and is controlled by a fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The major excitatory input to GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra arises from glutamatergic neurons in the subthalamic nucleus, whereas inhibitory inputs arise mainly from the striatum and the globus pallidus. Anatomical studies revealed that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are highly expressed throughout the basal ganglia. Interestingly, mRNA for group I mGluRs are abundant in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Thus, it is possible that group I mGluRs play a role in the modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission at excitatory subthalamonigral synapses. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of group I mGluR activation on excitatory synaptic transmission in putative GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata using the whole cell patch clamp recording approach in slices of rat midbrain. We report that activation of group I mGluRs by the selective agonist ( R , S )-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (100 μM) decreases synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This effect is selectively mediated by presynaptic activation of the group I mGluR subtype, mGluR1. Consistent with these data, electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies demonstrate the localization of mGluR1a at presynaptic sites in the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata. From this finding that group I mGluRs modulate the major excitatory inputs to GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata we suggest that these receptors may play an important role in basal ganglia functions. Studying this effect, therefore, provides new insights into the modulatory role of glutamate in basal ganglia output nuclei in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock: experimental evaluation.

A model for the production of hemorrhagic shock in the rat was found to offer advantages over canine models. The ready availability of uniform inexpensive animals permitted evaluation of fluid therapy for hypovolemia. After 120 min of hypovolemia, reinfusion of the shed blood or infusion of Ringer's lactate or normal saline in a volume equal to three times the volume of the shed blood reduced mortality equally. The addition of 5% dextrose to Ringer's lactate produced a deleterious effect probably due to increased osmolarity.
Elastic Grüneisen parameters for potassium metal

Various elastic-constant data for potassium metal are used to calculate the temperature dependence of the lattice Gr\"uneisen parameter for this metal for comparison with recent direct measurements. The agreement is excellent.
Levels of chitinolytic activity during development of three entomopathogenic fungi

Abstract 1. 1. Chitinase and exochitinase activity are at low levels in conidia and germinating conidia of three entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sovok, and Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson. 2. 2. There is a low level of chitinase and exochitinase activity at germination. A rapid increase in activity occurs during mycelial growth with a maximum activity detected near the time of sporulation. 3. 3. The amount of chitinase activity was similar for all three fungi; however, B. bassiana contained approximately twice the amount of excochitinase activity detected in M. anisopliae and N. rileyi. 4. 4. Maximum chitinase and exochitinase activity occurred at a time when N- acetylglucosamine is necessary both for fungal growth and conidia formation and when the conidiophore exits the host. Low activity was measured during the growth stage when the fungi initially penetrate the insect cuticle.
The stem-II regional scale acid deposition and photochemical oxidant model—IV. The impact of emission reductions on mesoscale acid deposition in the lower ohio river valley

Abstract Assessment of the effect of reduction in emissions of primary sources on eventual levels of pollutants, pH of precipitation and total wet deposition is crucial in designing acid-rain control strategies. The STEM-II/ASM model is used to investigate the effect of reduction in emissions on the ultimate deposition patterns and amounts of major acidic pollutants in a mesoscale region. This work also investigates the effect of background levels of primary pollutant species on the eventual levels and deposition amounts of SO 4 = and NO 3 − . A series of mesoscale simulations were conducted in which emissions of primary sources of NO x and SO 2 were reduced and/or background concentrations of certain key species were changed. The results indicate that the dominant effect on the eventual deposition amounts of SO 4 = and NO 3 − is due to background concentrations of key precursor species such as SO x and NO x . With relatively high background concentrations, reducing SO 2 emissions by 50% and NO x emissions by 40% resulted in reductions of 2–3% for SO 4 = wet deposition aand about 15% for NO 3 − wet deposition. However, reducing the background concentrations of SO 2 and SO 4 = by 50% and NO, NO 2 and HNO 3 by 40% resulted in substantial reductions in wet deposition; SO 4 = deposition was reduced by 40–50% and NO 3 − deposition was reduced by approximately 35%.
Effective atomic numbers of composite materials for total and partial interaction processes for photons, electrons, and protons.

Effective atomic numbers for total and dominant partial interaction processes of photons (1–50 MeV), electrons (1–50 MeV), and protons (1–200 MeV) for the composite materials bone (cortical), muscle (striated), water, polystyrene, Perspex, and Nylon-6 are derived. For photons, the effective atomic number from pair production in the nuclear field is greater than it is from the incoherent scattering. For electrons the effective atomic number from the radiative losses is greater than it is from the collision losses. In both of these cases however, the effective atomic numbers from partial interaction processes remain more or less the same, whereas the number from the total interaction increases with increasing energy. But in the energy regions from 1 to 5 MeV for photons and from 1 to 10 MeV for electrons, the number from the total interaction remains approximately the same for each of these composite materials. For all these materials, in these energy regions the interaction is predominantly with atomic electrons and the contributions from the pair production for photons and radiative losses for electrons are small. In the case of protons the number from total interaction remains more or less the same in the energy region considered. In this energy region collisions with atomic electrons dominate, and the contribution to the total stopping power is mainly from this process only. Hence the derived effective atomic number is basically from the partial process involving the interactions with atomic electrons. Thus, for photons from 1 to 5 MeV for electrons from 1 to 10 MeV and for protons from 1 to 200 MeV, the dosimetric data collected with composite tissue equivalent phantoms, designed on the basis of interaction with atomic electrons for treatment planning, will have less uncertainty.
Growth and development of flight muscle in the locust (Schistocerca nitens, Thünberg)

The isometric contraction kinetics, ultrastructure, and growth of locust flight muscle that is derived from body wall muscle (metathoracic dorsal longitudinal muscle) and from limb muscle (second metathoracic tergocoxal muscle) were studied during the last three nymphal instars and in the adult 2 weeks past the terminal molt. Two distinct developmental patterns were found that correlated with use during nymphal life. The second tergocoxal muscle (TC2) is used from the time of hatching as a coxal remoter. As such, its contraction kinetics and ultrastructure are characteristic of fast, phasic muscle, which predisposes it to use in the adult as a wing levator. In contrast, the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) is nonfunctional during nymphal life; contraction kinetics and ultrastructure characteristic of fast, phasic muscle develop gradually in late nymphal life until the adult kinetics are attained 2 weeks past the terminal molt. Although growth in both of these muscles occurs as the result of increases in fiber number and cross-sectional area, there are differences in the manner in which this growth is achieved. In the TC2, there is a continuous increase in fiber number through the last three nymphal instars. In contrast, in the DLM, the increase in fiber number is nearly complete by two molts before adulthood.
On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents

Males of many rodent species attain both multiple intromissions before ejaculating and multiple ejaculations. It is suggested that an evolved function of the multiple intromissions may be the removal of sperm, vaginal casts, copulatory plugs, and plug fragments from the female’s reproductive tract. By thus cleansing the female’s tract before ejaculating, the male can both facilitate effective deposition of the plug in the cervix and benefit from reduced sperm competition. Multiple ejaculations are interpretable in relation to pregnancy initiation and sperm competition.
Hexagonal tessellations in image algebra

ABSTRACT In image algebra ', the concept of a coordinate set X is general in that such a set is simply a subset of n- dimensional Euclidean space . The standard applications in 2-dimensional image processing use coordinate sets which are rectangular arrays, X = 72 x ZZm . However, some applications may require other geometries for thecoordinate set. We look at three such related applications in the context of image algebra.The first application is the modeling of photoreceptors in primate retinas. These receptors are inhomogeneously distributed on the retina. The largest receptor density occurs in the center of the fovea and decreases radially outwards. One can construct a hexagonal tessellation of the retina such that each hexagon contains approximatelythe same number of receptors. The resulting tessellation, called a sunflower heart2, consists of concentric ringsof hexagons whose sizes increase as the radius of the ring increases.The second application is the modeling of the primary visual
Annodienin and Jahnonacin: New Bioactive Nontetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenins from the Twigs of Annona Jahnii

Abstract Annodienin (1) and jahnonacin (2), two new bioactive non-tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, have been isolated from the EtOH extract of the twigs of Annona jahnii Saff., using fractionation directed by brine shrimp lethality. These new compounds are unsaturated acetogenins and have a diol system. Compound 1 bears two double bonds in the aliphatic chain. The structures were elucidated by spectral analyses of the parent compounds and/or simple chemical derivatives, especially by employing 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR experiments. These acetogenins showed selective cytotoxicities, with potencies similar to adriamycin, among six human solid tumor cell lines.
Hydrogen production and End-Uses from combined heat, hydrogen and power system by using local resources

Abstract To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
Interfaces in cast metal-matrix composites

Abstract A detailed analysis of possible interfaces in cast aluminum silicon base reinforced particle composites containing SiC, Al 2 O 3 and C indicates that several different kinds of interfaces can form. The reinforcements may be totally surrounded by primary-phase, or primary silicon, or by the eutectic between Al and Si. In addition, some of the original coatings or their reaction products in the case of coated particles (such as nickel or nickel-aluminum intermetallics in nickel coated reinforcements Cu or Cu-aluminum intermetallics in Cu coated reinforcements) may also form the interface. The reaction between dispersoids and the alloy itself can form a complex interface. These different interfaces have also been experimentally observed in the microstructures of cast particulate composites, with the exception of primary α-aluminum surrounding the reinforcement. The absence of α-aluminum on the reinforcements is attributed to possible lack of nucleation, persistent lateral growth and a thermal lag between the reinforcement and the matrix. Estimates of works of adhesion for the different interfaces observed in cast composites have been made using London-van der Waal equation, correlated to the properties of the composites, and used to identify the possibilities of further improving these properties.
He diffusion in olivine

Helium diffusion in olivine (dunite xenolith) has been measured in the temperature range 1180–1460°C; a linear Arrhenius function was obtained with an activation energy of 120−27+32 kcal/mole, and a pre-exponential factor (D0) = 2.2 × 108 cm2/s. Diffusion mechanisms are not a viable means of degassing He from the mantle. Olivine phenocrysts can be expected to retain previously trapped He, during cooling in extrusive basalts, provided the flow units are thinner than ⋍ 50 m; xenoliths will retain mantle He signatures only if magma transport times are less than ⋍ 50 years, or if the He fugacity in the magma is high enough to prevent xenolith degassing. The lower oceanic crust is probably substantially degassed of He. Trapped He will be qualitatively retained in quenched submarine basalt glass only if the cooling rate is faster than ∼ 5 × 1014°C/m.y.; glass at several centimeters depth in a basalt flow (near the spherulite zone) will have cooling rates lower than this, so He loss may be significant in many basalt glass samples.
Extended Evaluations in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse: How Many Sessions Are Sufficient?

This article provides new findings from a national study involving 18 forensic interview sites of 137 children who were randomly assigned to a four or eight session extended evaluation. Cases assigned to the eight session protocol were significantly more likely to be classified "credible disclosure" of sexual abuse (56.6%) than cases assigned to the four session protocol (29.5%) and significantly less likely to be classified "credible nondisclosure" of sexual abuse (9.2%) than cases in the four session protocol (24.6%). When four versus eight sessions, demographic variables, and case characteristics were entered into a regression, variables that predicted likelihood of sexual abuse were eight session protocol, older victim age, and caretaker belief the child had been sexually abused. When new disclosures were examined by session in the eight session protocol, 95% of new disclosures occurred by the sixth session.
Surgical treatment of swan-neck deformity in hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Purpose Previously described surgical treatments for dynamic swan-neck deformity in cerebral palsy are technically difficult and time consuming. Typically only a few fingers could be addressed at one sitting, and postoperative swelling and stiffness were often incurred. An easy procedure of central slip tenotomy is described that allows for multiple fingers to be addressed, with minimal postoperative morbidity. Methods Fifteen patients (33 fingers) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and dynamic swan-neck deformities of their fingers were treated. Only swan-neck deformities of greater than 20° were considered for treatment. Pre- and postoperative measurements of swan-neck deformity were recorded. A central slip tenotomy was performed through a transverse incision proximal to the proximal interphalangeal joint. The joint was pinned in 10° of flexion for 4 weeks, and then active extension was allowed to 10° short of full extension and blocked with an oval-8 splint. Average patient age was 16 years (range 5–44 years). All patients had concurrent procedures performed on the extremity. Average follow-up evaluation was 23 months (±12 months). Results Improvement in dynamic swan-neck deformity averaged 32°. Preoperative swan-neck deformity averaged 38° and postoperative swan-neck deformity averaged 6°. No swan-neck deformity was worse than its preoperative state, and no patient developed boutonniere deformity. No patient lost active or passive flexion after the procedure. All patients would repeat the procedure. Conclusion Central slip tenotomy is a reliable treatment for dynamic swan-neck deformity in cerebral palsy in patients without dynamic metacarpophalangeal flexion deformity. Because of the simplicity of the procedure, it can easily be added to the treatment of the entire upper extremity in cerebral palsy. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Assessment of zinc phytoavailability by diffusive gradients in thin films.

Assessment of Zn phytoavailability can be predicted with routine soil extractants, but these methods generally do not perform well across a wide range of soils. The newly developed technique of diffuse gradients in thin films (DGT) has been employed to determine phytoavailable Cu concentrations, but its suitability for determining plant available Zn concentrations has not been evaluated. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity thresholds and the phytoavailability of Zn to sorghum-sudan (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese) grass by DGT, compared with CaCl 2 extraction. A range of phytoavailable Zn concentrations was created by amending sand with ZnSO 4 or with two different Zn mine wastes. Plant nutrients were added as Hoagland solution. In general, increasing Zn concentrations in the sand mixtures increased Zn adsorption by DGT and decreased the sorghum-sudan yield. A critical value for 90% of the control yield was chosen as an indicator of Zn toxicity. Critical values of DGT Zn, CaCl 2 -extractable Zn, and plant tissue Zn were similar statistically across the three Zn sources. The performances of DGT and CaCl 2 extraction for assessing Zn phytoavailability were similar. Shoot and root Zn concentrations of sorghum-sudan grass exceeded 500 mg kg -1 for many treatments. Calcium-to-Zn ratios for shoots were <32, suggesting Zn phytotoxicity. The data suggested that Zn phytotoxicity can be induced with mine wastes, although further evaluation is needed to establish a link between mine waste and Zn phytotoxicity.
High temperature oxidation of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al coatings containing 1% dispersed oxides

Oxidation studies were conducted on plasma sprayed coatings of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al containing one of the following: 1% MgO, 1% La2O3, 1% Y2O3, and 0.8% Y. The alloy powders containing dispersed oxides were prepared by a variety of processes employing attrition and ball milling. The TEM characterization of the plasma sprayed deposits of Ni-20Cr-12.5Al-1Y2O3 indicated that the oxide particles ranged from almost pure aluminum oxide to various compounds of aluminum and yttrium oxide. In cyclic tests conducted at 1150 and 1225°C, the coating containing 1% Y2O3 appeared to provide the best oxidation resistance. The oxidation resistance appeared to be influenced by the size and distribution of the oxide particles.