cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput Mosquito and Fly Bioassay System for Natural and Artificial Substrates Treated with Residual Insecticides

A high-throughput bioassay system to evaluate the efficacy of residual pesticides against mosquitoes and muscid flies with minimal insect handling was developed. The system consisted of 4 components made of readily available materials: 1) a CO2 anaesthetizing chamber, 2) a specialized aspirator, 3) a cylindrical flat-bottomed glass bioassay chamber assembly, and 4) a customized rack.
Quantum Transport and Dynamics for Bloch Electrons in Electric Fields

A novel formalism for treating Bloch electron dynamics and quantum transport in inhomogeneous electric fields of arbitrary strength and time dependence is reviewed. In this formalism, the electric field is described through the use of the vector potential. This choice of gauge leads to a natural set of basis functions for describing Bloch electron dynamics; in addition, a basis set of localized, electric field-dependent Wannier functions is established and utilized to derive a quantum “Boltzmann equation” which includes explicit band-mixing transients such as effective mass dressing and Zener tunneling. The application of this formalism to quantum transport and Bloch oscillations in homogeneous electric fields is emphasized; also, issues relevant to applications concerning spatially localized inhomogeneous electric fields such as occur in problems involving tunneling through “band-enginereed” tunneling barriers and impurity scattering is discussed.
Refractory Glass and Glass Ceramic Tube Seals

Complex vacuum-tube envelopes are required to house and support integrated thermionic circuits (ITC) during long-term operation at elevated temperatures. Li 2 O-ZnO-SiO 2 glass ceramic and CaO-A1 2 O 3 glass seals were investigated because they are refractory, moldable, have relatively high thermal expansion coefficients, and bond directly to a variety of metals.
The Use of a New Ultra-Thin Fiberoptic Bronchoscope to Determine Endotracheal Tube Position in the Sick Newborn Infant

The various techniques available for determining endotracheal tube position after intubation of a newborn are auscultation of the chest, observation of distance rings on the endotracheal tube, and chest radiology. Radiology is considered to be the most reliable method. We evaluated the use of a new ultra-thin fiberoptic bronchoscope on 20 recently intubated newborn infants to determine the position of the endotracheal tube and compared the technique with radiology. The accuracy of the two methods was comparable (correlation 0.91, P
An Integer Optimization Approach to Associative Classification

We aim to design classifiers that have the interpretability of association rules yet have predictive power on par with the top machine learning algorithms for classification. We propose a novel mixed integer optimization (MIO) approach called Ordered Rules for Classification (ORC) for this task. Our method has two parts. The first part mines a particular frontier of solutions in the space of rules, and we show that this frontier contains the best rules according to a variety of interestingness measures. The second part learns an optimal ranking for the rules to build a decision list classifier that is simple and insightful. We report empirical evidence using several different datasets to demonstrate the performance of this method.1 2
Is Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Effective in Preventing Secondary Meniscal Tears and Osteoarthritis

Background:Reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears may potentially prevent the development of secondary meniscal injuries and arthritis.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the protective benefit of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in preventing subsequent meniscal tears or arthritis, (2) determine if earlier ACLR (<1 year after injury) offers greater protective benefits than delayed reconstruction (≥1 year after injury), and (3) evaluate factors predictive of long-term sequelae after ACLR. The hypothesis was that the incidence of secondary meniscal tears, arthritis, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would be higher in patients treated nonoperatively after ACL tears than patients treated with surgical reconstruction.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:This retrospective study included a population-based incidence cohort of 964 patients with new-onset, isolated ACL tears between 1990 and 2000 as well as an age- and sex-matched cohort of 964 patients...
New algorithms for reduced memory and real-time noise prediction

The past few decades have seen the development of numerous aeroacoustic prediction codes. Algorithms based on the Lighthill acoustic analogy, and the Ffowcs WilliamsHawkings (FW-H) equation in particular, are now widely used in industry to predict the aeroacoustic field generated by aerospace vehicles and non-aerospace machinery. In a trend similar to the growth of cluster computing, the size and scale of aeroacoustic problems being computed with these codes has increased dramatically in recent years. A discussion of different algorithms to reduce memory and enable real-time noise prediction is presented. The results of a new data structure and computation algorithm recently implemented in the aeroacoustic prediction code PSU-WOPWOP are shown to significantly decrease the memory requirements – a useful outcome for large permeable surface computations. Only small changes to the algorithm are required to enable the real-time prediction of helicopter rotor noise.
USTR's Implementation of 301 Policy in the Pacific

This article provides a parsimonious two-variable model for the explanation of U.S. implementation of its 301 policy in the Pacific: the commercial competitiveness of the industry and GATT regime utility (rule noncompliance and rule creation-relatedness). Employing an organization institutional approach, the study shows that there are empirically derivable decision rules to explain the behavior of USTR and that 301 implementation is neither a random exercise in American trade power nor a process driven by big interest groups. The conclusions of this article are drawn from the (approximate) universe of completed Section 301/302 investigations carried out by USTR between 1974 and 1989. Analysis of these 40 cases contradicts recent research analyses regarding 301 and export policy. Previous analyses, though containing grains of truth, mischaracterize the implementation of 301 policy by overstating the significance of strategic, "picking winners" industrial policy, by ignoring completely the crucially important GATT regime utility variable, and by characterizing 301 policy as the product of a "declining hegemon" or "diminished giant" syndrome when the market sector-specific evidence shows that the U.S. can be more aptly described as no longer a "benevolent hegemon" in agriculture and traditional manufacturing markets and an "ascending hegemon" in services and intellectual property-based markets.
Geochemische Untersuchungen von Wässern aus der ägyptischen Sahara

Die Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit hydrochemischen Analysen agyptischer Tiefenwasser und ihren geologischen Deutungsmoglichkeiten. Bestimmungen stabiler Isotopenverhaltnisse (018/016 und C13/C12) vervollstandigen die Untersuchungen.
ATLeS-SN

As wireless sensor network platforms become increasingly more complex to design and optimize due to the multitude of interdependent parameters that must be considered, computer simulations have emerged as the primary solution to feasibly analyze the long-term effects of design changes within a deployed system. Although several successful wireless sensor network simulators have already been developed, to our knowledge, none provide the modularity necessary to model sensor nodes and/or environmental components at differing levels of abstraction. In this paper, we present the Arizona Transaction-Level Simulator for Sensor Networks (ATLeS-SN), which by virtue of its implementation language--SystemC--allows application developers to easily specify interchangeable component models in order to achieve the desired simulation correctness, performance, and scalability. We provide an overview of our proposed simulation framework and highlight its benefits using a sound ranging application.
Characteristics of Fault Structure and Its Control to Hydrocarbon in Beier Depression

The characteristics of development and activity of fault in Beier Depression were analyzed. The control of fault on hydrocarbon reservoir was investigated. Beier Depression was divided into rift structure,fault-depressed structure and depressed structure from below. According to the relationgship of fault and structure and the characteris-tics of fault movement,the faults in Beier Depression was divided into three types:upper part,lower part and longterm growth fault system. The historical evolution controls the development of fault with different genetic,the extensional deformation in early stage Tongbomiao group to Damoguaihe group controls the occurrence,development,extinction of the rift structure,strike slip deformation in Yimin group mainly form a group of fault densely zone and a mount secondary seal fault,the inversion structural deformation in Qingyuangang group formed the fault tectonic inversion and local anticlinal structural inversion. The formation and development of fault impact the distribution and thermal evolution degree of chief source rock,form kinds of traps,and provide good migration channel. The slope zone with growing long-term active faults and densely zone made by long term succeed activity fault and upper fault structure are the favorable areas of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation,controls the hydrocarbon enrichment in Beier Depression.
The Customer Pulling Power of Different-sized Yellow Pages Advertisements

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze a sample of 745 yellow pages test advertisements to empirically estimate the influence of purchases of different sizes of yellow pages advertisements on customer call rates in the marketplace, controlling for different competitive situations, different market sizes, and the different call levels routinely generated by different yellow page headings (e.g., pizza delivery versus roofing services).
Capital-izing Jurors: How Death Qualification Relates to Jury Composition, Jurors’ Perceptions, and Trial Outcomes

In the U.S., death penalty trials are decided by juries who both determine the defendant’s guilt and recommend a sentence. These juries are special in that they are “death-qualified.” Death qualification is a process in which prospective jurors are eliminated if they have such strong opinions about the death penalty that the opinions would interfere with their duties as jurors. This process has evoked controversy because research has revealed that the process biases jurors toward more punitive decisions (i.e., more guilty verdicts and harsher sentences) and systematically disqualifies some groups of individuals more than others. This chapter examines research on the effects of death qualification on jury composition, jurors’ perceptions, and trial outcomes. Future research and new theoretical connections are explored at the end.
Protein unfolding under isometric tension-what force can integrins generate, and can it unfold FNIII domains?

Extracellular matrix fibrils of fibronectin (FN) are highly elastic, and are typically stretched three to four times their relaxed length. The mechanism of stretching has been controversial, in particular whether it involves tension-induced unfolding of FNIII domains. Recent studies have found that ∼5 pN is the threshold isometric force for unfolding various protein domains. FNIII domains should therefore not be unfolded until the tension approaches 5 pN. Integrins have been reported to generate forces ranging from 1 to >50 pN, but I argue that studies reporting 1–2 pN are the most convincing. This is not enough to unfold FNIII domains. Even if domains were unfolded, 2 pN would only extend the worm-like-chain to about twice the length of the folded domain. Overall I conclude that stretching FN matrix fibrils involves primarily the compact to extended conformational change of FN dimers, with minimal contribution from unfolding FNIII domains.
Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism

Publisher Summary The homeostatic regulation for mammalian survival in a cold, hostile environment demands an uninterrupted supply of metabolic fuels to maintain body temperature, to escape from danger, and to grow and reproduce, which is provided by the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. The principal hormones that govern fuel homeostasis are insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T4), and leptin; the principal target organs for these hormones are adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. This chapter describes the hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism, the characteristics of metabolic fuels, and the intrinsic biochemical regulatory mechanisms, under different physiological circumstances. Hypothalamic centers that regulate energy homeostasis, receive input from multiple sources including signals from adipose tissue, the pancreas, the gastrointestinal tract, and circulating nutrients. Under basal conditions an individual on a typical mixed diet derives about half of the daily energy needs from the oxidation of glucose, a small fraction from consumption of protein, and the remainder from fat. The strategy of hormonal regulation of metabolism during starvation or exercise is to provide sufficient substrate to working muscles while maintaining an adequate concentration of glucose in blood to satisfy the needs of brain and other glucose-dependent cells. Hormonal regulation of energy balance is accomplished largely through adjusting the flux of energy-rich fatty acids and their derivatives to muscle, and the consequent sparing of carbohydrate and protein.
A Case Study Examining the Current Evidence and Controversies in the Management of High-Risk Neonates With Malrotation

Abstract Introduction Heterotaxy syndrome (HS) is a loss of the normal position of abdominal and thoracic organs and can be associated with severe cardiac disease and high mortality rates. Frequently associated intestinal malrotation further increases complications. Because of the high morbidity and mortality in this population, ongoing controversies exist regarding appropriate screening and management of these neonates. Case A neonate born with HS and cardiac disease underwent complex cardiac surgery on first day of life. He is later found to have malrotation with midgut volvulus and undergoes Ladd procedure with intestinal detorsion. He subsequently presents with small bowel obstruction necessitating a second abdominal surgical intervention. Conclusion Although surgery is necessary here, this case demonstrates why current controversy exists regarding initial screening and subsequent offering of prophylactic Ladd procedure in asymptomatic neonates with HS because of the risk of challenging complications.
Allograft Reconstruction for Sarcomas of the Tibia

Background Allograft reconstruction of oncologic resections involving the tibia can have unpredictable results. Prior studies have reported a high rate of complications and a long recovery period involving prolonged bracing, repeated procedures and extended periods of antibiotics. Methods The case details of 30 tibial allografts (12 adults, 18 children; 20 intercalary, 7 hemicortical, 3 other) were reviewed retrospectively. Based on factors including function, pain, healing and infection, clinical outcomes were stratified into three categories: excellent, moderate, and poor. Results The overall survival rate of the allografts was 66% at a mean follow-up of 42 mos (adults) and 63 mos (children). Healing for metaphyseal junctions was successful in 73% at a mean of 44 weeks and for diaphyseal junctions, 64% at 41 weeks. Intercalary allografts in adults (4 of 20) all became infected and none had excellent results. All hemicortical allografts were performed in adults and 6 of 7 had excellent results. Distal intercalary allografts in children (6 of 20) had either excellent or moderate results with no infections, but had 3 nonunions and 2 fractures. Proximal intercalary allografts in children (8 of 20) had 2 excellent results, but had 6 infections requiring a cement spacer. Five of the six spacers were ultimately revised to another allograft or an arthroplasty. Conclusion For tibial allograft reconstruction, surgeons and patients should prepare for a prolonged treatment course that may include multiple complications and surgeries. Excellent or moderate results can be achieved eventually in most, but amputation may be necessary in 15-20% of cases.
Ruptured septic popliteal cyst associated with psoriatic arthritis.

Popliteal cyst (Baker’s cyst) was first described by Adams in 1840, popularized by Baker in 1877, and was theorized as an enlarged gastrocnemiussemimembranosus bursa that communicated with the knee and trapped synovial fluid.1 Numerous bursa are located in the popliteal space between the knee ligaments, hamstring tendons, gastrocnemius muscle, and collateral ligaments. The two proposed etiologies of Baker’s cyst include an abnormal herniation of synovial fluid through the posterior knee capsule into the popliteal space or fluid escape from the knee through a normal communication with a bursa located in the popliteal space. This bursa has been reported as the gastrocnemius bursa (located behind the medial head of the gastrocnemius) or semimembranosus bursa (between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius).2 A valvular mechanism allows fluid to pass into the cyst but not escape.3 Intra-articular pathology (meniscal disease, degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, patellofemoral arthrosis, or any chronic synovitis) is commonly associated with Baker’s cyst.3,4 Popliteal cyst dissection has been infrequently reported throughout the literature, mostly in cases of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gonococcal arthritis, and Reiter’s syndrome. Clinically, they mimic deep venous thrombophlebitis.5,6 Popliteal cyst infections also have been reported; however, they are a rare complication of septic arthritis. This article presents a patient with psoriatic arthritis who underwent dissection of a ruptured septic popliteal cyst.
Sixteen-Year Visit

Marjorie is brought to the pediatric clinic for her camp check up to be a counselor in training in a local day camp by her mother Mrs. Polski, who has been a widow for many years. Marjorie weighs 55.89 kilo (123.25 pounds), stands 162.4 cm (65 in.), and is in the 50th percentile. Her BMI is 21.2, which is in the 52nd percentile. Her blood pressure is 111/66. Her tanner stage is: 4. Marjorie’s best friend moved away recently and a new friend just got a tattoo and a piercing through her tongue. Mrs. Polski is concerned about the influence of peers on her daughter. Mrs. Polski is also concerned about whether Marjorie is sexually active and knows how to have safe sex. She says that Marjorie seems sad at times and withdraws from family life and at other times lashes out in anger at her mother.
A proposal for a microgrid service in urban Nigeria

In light of the inadequate state of Nigerias power sector in comparison to the US, this paper proposes a plug-and-play microgrid concept or Microgrid-as-a-Service (MaaS) for application in an urban Nigeria setting. We focus on an islanded microgrid setup wherein the microgrid will not need the grid-connectivity functionality, ceteris paribus. Under the MaaS plaform, customers can switch between the grid and microgrid power. A dispatcher, similar to an independent operator, coordinates the power flows and transactions in the grid. In particular, the dispatchers functions and decisions are guided within the constraints of ensuring the stable microgrid.
Neurodevelopmental Genetic Diseases Associated With Microdeletions and Microduplications of Chromosome 17p13.3.

Chromosome 17p13.3 is a region of genomic instability that is linked to different rare neurodevelopmental genetic diseases, depending on whether a deletion or duplication of the region has occurred. Chromosome microdeletions within 17p13.3 can result in either isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS) or Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Both conditions are associated with a smooth cerebral cortex, or lissencephaly, which leads to developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures. However, patients with MDS have larger deletions than patients with ILS, resulting in additional symptoms such as poor muscle tone, congenital anomalies, abnormal spasticity, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. In contrast to microdeletions in 17p13.3, recent studies have attracted considerable attention to a condition known as a 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome. Depending on the genes involved in their microduplication, patients with 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome may be categorized into either class I or class II. Individuals in class I have microduplications of the YWHAE gene encoding 14-3-3e, as well as other genes in the region. However, the PAFAH1B1 gene encoding LIS1 is never duplicated in these patients. Class I microduplications generally result in learning disabilities, autism, and developmental delays, among other disorders. Individuals in class II always have microduplications of the PAFAH1B1 gene, which may include YWHAE and other genetic microduplications. Class II microduplications generally result in smaller body size, developmental delays, microcephaly, and other brain malformations. Here, we review the phenotypes associated with copy number variations (CNVs) of chromosome 17p13.3 and detail their developmental connection to particular microdeletions or microduplications. We also focus on existing single and double knockout mouse models that have been used to study human phenotypes, since the highly limited number of patients makes a study of these conditions difficult in humans. These models are also crucial for the study of brain development at a mechanistic level since this cannot be accomplished in humans. Finally, we emphasize the usefulness of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and next generation sequencing in the study of neurodevelopmental diseases.
The low‐molecular‐mass, penicillin‐binding proteins DacB and DacC combine to modify peptidoglycan cross‐linking and allow stable Type IV pilus expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea and is adapted to survive in humans, its only host. The N. gonorrhoeae cell wall is critical for maintaining envelope integrity, resisting immune cell killing and production of cytotoxic peptidoglycan (PG) fragments. Deletion of the N. gonorrhoeae strain FA1090 genes encoding two predicted low-molecular-mass, penicillin-binding proteins (LMM PBPs), DacB and DacC, substantially altered the PG cross-linking. Loss of the DacB peptidase resulted in global alterations to the PG composition, while loss of the DacC protein affected a much narrower subset of PG peptide components. A double ΔdacB/ΔdacC mutant resembled the ΔdacB single mutant, but had an even greater level of cross-linked PG. While single ΔdacB or ΔdacC mutants did not show any major phenotypes, the ΔdacB/ΔdacC mutant displayed an altered cellular morphology, decreased resistance to antibiotics and increased sensitivity to detergent-mediated death. Loss of the two proteins also drastically reduced the number of Type IV pili (Tfp), a critical virulence factor. The decreased piliation reduced transformation efficiency and correlated with increased growth rate. While these two LMM PBPs differentially alter the PG composition, their overlapping effects are essential to proper envelope function and expression of factors critical for pathogenesis.
Barriers to environmental education: How do teachers’ perceptions in rural Ecuador fit into a global analysis?

We identified 48 barriers to teaching environmental education reported by teachers in global literature and compared frequency to empirical data we collected from rural Ecuador, part of an understu...
Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Hypoxia Is Modulated by a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway in Ha-ras-Transformed Cells Through a Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Transcriptional Element

Tumor angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is a highly regulated process that is controlled genetically by alterations in oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression and physiologically by the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies indicate that the angiogenic switch in Ras-transformed cells may be physiologically promoted by the tumor microenvironment through the induction of the angiogenic mitogen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this report, we show Ras-transformed cells do not use the downstream effectors c-Raf-1 or mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) in signaling VEGF induction by hypoxia as overexpression of kinase-defective alleles of these genes does not inhibit VEGF induction under low oxygen conditions. In contrast to the c-Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, hypoxia increases phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity in a Ras-dependent manner, and inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity genetically and pharmacologically results in inhibition of VEGF induction. We propose that hypoxia modulates VEGF induction in Ras-transformed cells through the activation of a stress inducible PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway and the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional response element.
Decision-Making, the Direction of Change, and the Governance of Complex, Large-Scale Settlement Systems

In this chapter, Bowen and Gleeson argue that the evolutionary processes by which human settlements have evolved through countless experiments throughout millennia are the most likely paths for resolving today’s greatest problems. Darwin’s great insight has important implications for understanding decision-making, the direction of change and the governance of complex, large-scale settlement systems. Darwinian views accommodate fallible Homo sapiens making decisions, some of which work and others that do not. Darwinian views imply the value of diverse institutions and reliance upon general patterns of social, ideational, and technical interaction rather than upon specific policies designed to directly produce particular results for particular individuals, groups, and settlement systems. Solutions will evolve only if we ensure continuous, diverse, problem-solving initiatives.
MIEF1 Microprotein Regulates Mitochondrial Translation.

Recent technological advances led to the discovery of hundreds to thousands of peptides and small proteins (microproteins) encoded by small open reading frames (smORFs). Characterization of new mic...
Capturing Emergency Department Discharge Quality With the Care Transitions Measure: A Pilot Study.

Background Recent attention has been given to developing measures to capture the quality of ED transitions of care. We examined the utility of a patient-reported measure of transitional care, the Care Transitions Measure-3 (CTM-3), in the ED setting and its association with outcomes of care after ED discharge. Methods A telephone survey was conducted of a convenience sample of patients 14 days after discharge from two emergency departments (EDs) in an academic health system. Patients responded to three statements using a four-point agreement scale (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree): 1) "The hospital staff took my preferences and those of my family or caregiver into account when deciding what my health care needs would be"; 2) " When I left the ER, I had a good understanding of the things I was responsible for in managing my health"; and 3) "When I left the hospital, I clearly understood the purpose for taking each of my medications." Patients were also queried about outcomes after ED discharge that are known to be related to ED care transitions including medication adherence, completion of recommended follow-up, and return visits to the ED. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between the CTM-3 score (on a 100-point scale) and outcomes of interest. Results Among 1,832 patients called, 576 were reached by phone, and 410 consented and completed our survey, representing a 22.4% response rate of patients we attempted to call. A 10-point increase in the CTM-3 score (better care experiences) was associated with a 12% decrease in the odds of having an ED return visit (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-1.00) and a 45% increase in the odds of taking prescribed medications as recommended (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.12-1.87). There was no association between CTM-3 score and completion of follow-up. Conclusions The CTM-3 is associated with outcomes of care after an ED visit, including ED return visits and medication adherence, and may have utility as a patient-reported measure of ED transitions of care.
What is a life worth

We cannot avoid the need to make rationing decisions; right now they are made not by just processes, such as democratic deliberation, but by the market and the political machinations of interest groups.
Patient preferences for maintenance PARP inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer treatment

Abstract Objective To measure preferences of women with ovarian cancer regarding risks, side effects, costs and benefits afforded by maintenance therapy (MT) with a poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Methods A discrete-choice experiment elicited preferences of women with ovarian cancer regarding 6 attributes (levels in parentheses) relevant to decisions for MT versus treatment break: (1) overall survival (OS; 36, 38, 42 months); (2) progression-free survival (PFS; 15, 17, 21 months); (3) nausea (none, mild, moderate); (4) fatigue (none, mild, moderate); (5) probability of death from myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia (MDS/AML; 0% to 10%); (6) monthly out-of-pocket cost ($0 to $1000). Participants chose between 2 variable MT scenarios and a static scenario representing treatment break, with multiple iterations. Random-parameters logit regression was applied to model choices as a function of attribute levels. Results 95 eligible participants completed the survey; mean age was 62, 48% had recurrence, and 17% were ever-PARP inhibitor users. Participants valued OS (average importance weight 24.5 out of 100) and monthly costs (24.6) most highly, followed by risk of death from MDS/AML (17.9), nausea (14.7), PFS (10.5) and fatigue (7.8). Participants would accept 5% risk of MDS/AML if treatment provided 2.2 months additional OS or 4.8 months PFS. Participants would require gains of 2.6 months PFS to accept mild treatment-related fatigue and 4.4 months to accept mild nausea. Conclusions When considering MT, women with ovarian cancer are most motivated by gains in OS. Women expect at least 3–4 months of PFS benefit to bear mild side effects of treatment.
Changes in Cannabis Use-Related Factors Prior to a Self-Quit Attempt in Young Adults

Young adults who use cannabis frequently often attempt to quit on their own and may try several times before achieving cessation. Preparing to quit may increase the likelihood that abstinence will be achieved. However, little is known about the process of preparing to quit in this population and how that process relates to patterns of use during the quit attempt. In a community sample of 18-25 year olds reporting daily/near-daily cannabis use and planning to quit (N=34), we assessed changes in momentary and daily cannabis use-related factors during two weeks prior to a self-quit attempt, and evaluated whether these changes predicted abstinence, time to lapse, and cannabis use days during the 2-week quit attempt. Several factors changed from the first week to the second week prior to the quit attempt, including decrease in momentary positive affect, cannabis craving, availability, situational permissibility, use since last report, bad feeling following use, daily withdrawal symptoms and use in the past 24 hours, and increase in momentary and daily confidence to not use cannabis. Greater difference in cannabis use days between two weeks and one week (decrease in use) before the self-quit attempt predicted all three measures of quit success, including abstinence, longer time to lapse, and fewer use days. In summary, young adults preparing to quit cannabis demonstrated changes in advance of quitting that may reflect preparatory actions; only reducing cannabis use before a quit date predicted success with attempting abstinence. Further research on pre-quit changes will be important for developing effective tools and strategies to aid frequently-using young adults to successfully quit on their own.
Slit2 May Underlie Divergent Induction by Thyrotropin of IL-23 and IL-12 in Human Fibrocytes

IL-23 and IL-12, two structurally related heterodimeric cytokines sharing a common subunit, divergently promote Th cell development and expansion. Both cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune component of Graves disease. In TAO, CD34+ fibrocytes, putatively derived from bone marrow, can be identified in the orbit. There they masquerade as CD34+ orbital fibroblasts (OF) (CD34+ OF) and cohabitate with CD34- OF in a mixed fibroblast population (GD-OF). Slit2, a neural axon repellent, is expressed and released by CD34- OF and dampens the inflammatory phenotype of fibrocytes and CD34+ OF. In this study we report that thyrotropin (TSH) and the pathogenic, GD-specific monoclonal autoantibody, M22, robustly induce IL-23 in human fibrocytes; however, IL-12 expression is essentially undetectable in these cells under basal conditions or following TSH-stimulation. In contrast, IL-12 is considerably more inducible in GD-OF, cells failing to express IL-23. This divergent expression and induction of cytokines appears to result from cell type-specific regulation of both gene transcription and mRNA stabilities. It appears that the JNK pathway activity divergently attenuates IL-23p19 expression while enhancing that of IL-12p35. The shift from IL-23p19 expression in fibrocytes to that of IL-12p35 in their derivative CD34+ OF results from the actions of Slit2. Thus, Slit2 might represent a molecular determinant of balance between IL-23 and IL-12 expression, potentially governing immune responses in TAO.
Comparison of Suction Seal and Contact Pressures Between 270° Labral Reconstruction, Labral Repair, and the Intact Labrum.

Purpose To biomechanically compare the suction seal, contact area, contact pressures, and peak forces of intact native labrum, torn labrum, 12 to 3 o’clock labral repair, and 270° labral reconstruction in the hip. Methods A cadaveric study was performed using eight fresh-frozen hemi-pelvises with an intact labrum and without osteoarthritis. Intraarticular pressure maps were produced for each specimen using an electromechanical testing system under the following conditions: 1) intact labrum 2) labral tear, 3) labral repair between 12 and 3 o’clock (REPAIR), and 4) 270° labral reconstruction (RECON) using iliotibial band (ITB) allograft. Specimens were examined at neutral, 20° of extension and 60° of flexion. In each condition, contact pressure, contact area, and peak force were obtained. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify differences in biomechanical parameters among the three conditions. Qualitative differences in suction seal were compared between labral repair and labral reconstruction using a Fisher’s exact test. Results Repeated measures ANOVA for contact area in neutral, extension, and flexion demonstrated statistically significant differences between the normalized study states (p Conclusion In the current in vitro biomechanical model, 270° labral reconstruction resulted in decreased intraarticular contact area and loss of suction seal when compared to labral repair. Clinically, labral reconstruction may not restore the biomechanical characteristics of the native labrum as compared to labral repair. Clinical Relevance Labral reconstruction may result in lower intra-articular hip contact area and loss of suction seal affecting the native biomechanical function of the acetabular labrum. Further biomechanical studies and clinical studies are necessary to determine if there are any long term consequences of 270° labral reconstructions.
Colorado geoid modeling at the US National Geodetic Survey

The geoid computation method currently used at the US National Geodetic Survey is based on the analytical downward continuation solution of the Molodensky geodetic boundary value problem. The quasigeoid is computed first in 1′ × 1′ grids for the whole area, and then, the geoid is obtained by adding the geoid–quasigeoid separation term based on the simple Bouguer anomalies. A few variations in data combination and topographic/gravity reductions are tested, and three models are selected for the Colorado experiment. Historical GPS/leveling data are used as a guide in the computations. The standard deviation of geoid differences between the historical GPS/leveling data and geoid models is 5.2, 5.0 and 4.9 cm for the models of the initial run, the first and second iteration, respectively. After the models were submitted to the Colorado experiment, they were validated using the GSVS17 (Geoid Slope Validation Survey 2017) GPS/leveling data. The standard deviation of the geoid differences on 223 GSVS17 marks is 3.2, 2.6 and 2.3 cm for the three runs, respectively. In addition to the (quasi)geoid models, the geopotential numbers at 223 GSVS17 marks are also computed and submitted to the Colorado geoid computation experiment and it is evaluated in Sanchez et al. (2020 this issue).
A technique to measure spin-dependent trapping events at the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor interface: Near zero field spin-dependent charge pumping

We discuss a new technique to measure spin-dependent trapping events at the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) channel/gate dielectric interface. We call this technique near zero field spin-dependent charge pumping (NZF SDCP). It is based on a powerful MOSFET interface trap characterization measurement called charge pumping and related to an electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) technique called SDCP. NZF SDCP and EDMR SDCP measurements are made on 4H-SiC MOSFETs, and we find that the introduction of nitrogen to the MOSFET interface can have a profound impact on the NZF SDCP response, which suggests that NZF SDCP may be useful to get atomic scale information about MOSFET interfaces such as defect identification. We also find that the NZF SDCP amplitude appears to saturate as a function of charge pumping frequency in most cases but not all. We make model calculations to explain this behavior. We also find that the NZF SDCP spectrum broadens with increasing charge pumping frequency, which may be an inherent NZF SDCP phenomenon. We hypothesize that NZF SDCP may also allow for experimental exploration of some magnetoresistance theories regarding interaction times between charge carriers and traps.
Beauty in the Classroom: Instructors' Pulchritude and Putative Pedagogical Productivity.

Adjusted for many other determinants, beauty affects earnings; but does it lead directly to the differences in productivity that we believe generate earnings differences? We take a large sample of student instructional ratings for a group of university professors, acquire six independent measures of their beauty and a number of other descriptors of them and their classes. Instructors who are viewed as better looking receive higher instructional ratings, with the impact of a move from the 10 th to the 90 th percentile of beauty being substantial. This impact exists within university departments and even within particular courses, and is larger for male than for female instructors. Disentangling whether this outcome represents productivity or discrimination is, as with the issue generally, probably impossible.
ANO5 ensures trafficking of annexins in wounded myofibers

Mutations in ANO5 (TMEM16E) cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R12. Defective plasma membrane repair is a likely mechanism. Using myofibers from Ano5 knockout mice, we show that trafficking of several annexin proteins, which together form a cap at the site of injury, is altered upon loss of ANO5. Annexin A2 accumulates at the wound to nearly twice the level observed in WT fibers, while annexin A6 accumulation is substantially inhibited in the absence of ANO5. Appearance of annexins A1 and A5 at the cap is likewise diminished in the Ano5 knockout. These changes are correlated with an alteration in annexin repair cap fine structure and shedding of annexin-positive vesicles. We conclude that loss of annexin coordination during repair is disrupted in Ano5 knockout mice and underlies the defective repair phenotype. Although ANO5 is a phospholipid scramblase, abnormal repair is rescued by overexpression of a scramblase-defective ANO5 mutant, suggesting a novel, scramblase-independent role of ANO5 in repair.
Educational Research: Why Medical Students Choose Neurology: A Computational Linguistics Analysis of Personal Statements.

Objective: We sought to understand medical students’ motivations for choosing neurology and how applicants conceptualize the field. This information can be used to enhance interest in neurology and develop educational programs to help identify, support, and recruit future neurologists. Applicants to neurology residencies submit personal statements describing themselves and their motivations. Textual analysis of personal statements has been performed in internal medicine and general surgery, but never before in neurology. We hypothesized that specific words and themes would be mentioned in residency personal statements with high frequencies indicating student’s motivations. To test this hypothesis, we used computational linguistics software to assess key words and thereby study motivations, expectations, and themes present amongst neurology applicants. Methods: 2,405 personal statements submitted over five years to our institution were de-identified and compiled into a database for evaluation through three computational linguistics software programs. We performed calculations of term frequencies (TF), Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequencies (TF-IDF) and performed K-means clustering to identify unique words and common themes. Results: Specific disease states were discussed. For example, stroke (TF=2178), epilepsy (TF=970), dementia (TF=944) were referenced more often than ALS (TF=220) and carpal tunnel (TF=10). The most common proper names cited were Oliver Sacks (TF=94) and Sherlock Holmes (TF=41). Common themes included fascination with the brain, interest in research, desire to help patients, early interests in neurology, continued pursuit of learning, appreciation for time with patients, family history with neurologic illness, and intellectual curiosity. Conclusions: This first computational linguistic analysis of neurology personal statements provides understanding into medical students’ motivations and interests. Ongoing subgroup and thematic analyses may inform educational strategies and enhance recruitment to our field.
A new high-frequency photoacoustic sensing probe (PAS) using silicon acoustic delay lines (SADLs)

In this paper, we report a high-frequency photoacoustic sensing (PAS) probe design consisting of an optical fiber for light delivery and two silicon acoustic delay lines (SADLs) for detecting/relaying the PA signals. A beveled tip is formed at the distal end of the optical fiber to overlap the illumination region with the detection zone of the SADLs. Detected PA signals are transmitted through the SADLs with low loss at frequencies up to 17 MHz. For demonstration, a prototype PAS probe using SADLs is designed, fabricated, and tested. Testing results show that the PAS probe provides superior sensitivity with considerable high-frequency improvement.
The Declarative Mapping Sentence and Qualitative Facet Theory Research

In the earlier chapters of this book, I have presented facet theory and mapping sentences in both their quantitative and qualitative formats. However, I have emphasised the traditional mapping sentence and quantitative facet theory research. In this chapter, I concentrate on more recent forms of mapping sentences and facet theory and provide a review and examples of qualitative facet theory and the declarative mapping sentence. To achieve this, I will consider the declarative mapping sentence in greater detail and then consider its application in a study into fine art that takes into account perceptual neuroscience and visual impairment. The study employs the declarative mapping sentence to allow the investigation of the modern art trope of the grid image through theoretically reviewing extant grid images. Uniquely, the mapping sentence then provides a guide for painting a body of work, which constitutes both the investigation and validation of the mapping sentence. Other qualitative uses of the approaches are also presented. The chapter ends with suggestions for future research.
Patient Understanding of Abnormal Imaging Findings Under Pennsylvania Act 112: A Call to Revise Mandated Notification Message Language

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pennsylvania Act 112 notification reading level and presentation on patient understanding and anxiety. Methods Four notifications were developed by alternating 12th grade and 6th grade reading level Act 112 language with letters or infographics. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 909 US adult volunteers were randomly assigned to one notification followed by a survey. Participants who answered all 12 survey questions on understanding, anxiety, and sociodemographics were paid $0.10. Chi-square analysis and multivariate regression were used to determine the impact of notification type and sociodemographic data on understanding of communicated information and anxiety. Results Sixty percent of participants (489 of 821) correctly understood all three questions directly answered within notifications regarding Act 112 subject, next steps, and process for obtaining reports. Approximately half of respondents understood that notifications indirectly conveyed “definitely” or “possibly” abnormal test results (344 of 821 [42%] and 99 of 821 [12%], respectively). Compared with the 12th grade letter, correct understanding of all directly communicated information was lower with the 12th grade infographic after adjustment (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.95; P = .028) and equivalent with the 6th grade infographic and letter (P = .744 and P = .316). Correct indirect understanding of abnormal test results was not associated with notification type after adjustment but was associated with higher anxiety (odds ratio, 2.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.35; P Conclusions Layperson understanding of information directly and indirectly communicated in Pennsylvania Act 112 is suboptimal, regardless of reading level or presentation. New Act 112 language is needed to improve patient understanding, which would ideally be coproduced with Pennsylvania patients, policymakers, and other relevant stakeholders.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination to treat endometriosis.

Abstract Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a vaccine intended to protect against tuberculosis disease, can elicit protection against heterologous infections, and even specific types of cancer. In this mini-review, we will address the possible use of BCG as a therapeutic for endometriosis, a syndrome of chronic pelvic pain due to ectopic growth of endometrial-type tissue outside of the uterine lining. These implanted tissues cycle synchronously with menses in pre-menopausal women, generating cellular debris inciting chronic inflammation and tissue scarring leading to pelvic pain and infertility. Further, these lesions may evolve into ovarian clear cell carcinoma. We hypothesize that implantation, survival and transformation of these implants is enabled by a form of immune suppression within the peritoneum, which may be overcome by BCG vaccination.