cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wastewater Treatment Provides for Authentic Inquiry-Based Experiences in the Lab and Beyond

Efforts to reform science education focus on implementing constructivist pedagogy to engage students in scientific practices, promote critical thinking, and provide students with relevant research experiences. In this spirit, this article presents authentic, inquiry-based activities utilizing the real-world bioscience behind wastewater treatment. The activities begin with a tour of a wastewater treatment facility, followed by a guided inquiry activity in which students enumerate E. coli levels from wastewater samples collected from different steps of the treatment process. Students then participate in an open-inquiry experiment to test a unique hypothesis. Learning about wastewater treatment introduces students to important biology content such as bioremediation, microbiology, and nutrient cycling. Additionally, students engage in science practices such as inquiry and constructing evidence-based explanations.
Indexicalities of Language in Ferrante’s Neapolitan Novels: Dialect and Italian as Markers of Social Value and Difference

Across her Neapolitan Novels, Elena Ferrante uses the language choices of her characters as a compelling narrative device, exploiting the rich semiotic potentials of Italian and dialect to situate characters in time and space, enhance the emotional stances of those characters, and highlight the conflicts among friends and kin that drive her narrative. This chapter uses the concept of indexicality as elaborated in linguistic anthropology to analyze how Ferrante depicts the language choices of her characters to situate them in time, space, and social context. In drawing attention to language choice, Ferrante exploits patterns of meanings associated with Italian and dialect, patterns that emerged out of the centuries-old “questione della lingua” (language question) and took particular shape in twentieth-century discourses about language in Italy.
Abstract P074: Loss of Function of TRPC4 Protects Against Cardiac Dysfunction Progression After Myocardial Infarction

The source of Ca 2+ to hypertrophic signaling after myocardial infarction (MI) is not clearly defined. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC) channels could be an important source of hypertrophic Ca 2+ after MI. The objective of this study was to determine if TRPC 4 is a major source of Ca 2+ influx mediating cardiac dysfunction after MI. Methods: Cardiac-specific transgenic mice that express a dominant-negative (dn) TRPC4 that reduces the activity of the TRPC1/4/5 subfamily of channels in the heart were used. MI was produced and in-vivo cardiac function was measured with ECHO. Myocytes were isolated and isoproterenol (ISO) effects on LTCC Current ( I Ca-L ), fractional shortening (FS) and Ca 2+ transients were measured 6 weeks after MI. Results: Baseline ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were greater in (dn) TRPC4 vs. WT mice. Two weeks after MI, EF and FS were significantly decreased in all animals (WT: 37.1% and 18.2%; (dn) TRPC4: 41.7% and 20.5%), but there was no significant difference between WT and (dn) TRPC4 mice. Six weeks after MI, EF and FS were significant greater in (dn) TRPC4 compared with WT mice (WT: 37.4% and 18.2%; (dn) TRPC4: 52.2% and 27.4%). Heart weight and lung weight were significantly increased after 2 weeks MI, but there were significant lower heart and lung weight in (dn) TRPC4 vs. WT mice after 6 weeks MI. I Ca-L [[Unsupported Character - Codename s]] after 6 weeks MI was smaller than that in sham myocytes, and there was no significant difference between (dn) TRPC4 and WT myocytes. Contractions and Ca 2+ transients were significantly greater in sham and post-MI (dn) TRPC4 vs. WT myocytes. ISO increased contractions and Ca 2+ transients to a similar extent in all myocytes. Conclusions: (dn) TRPC4 mice have greater baseline cardiac and myocyte function. While initial effects of MI were similar to control, there was improved function in these mice by 6 weeks. These results suggest that blocking TRPC4 after MI may reduce pathological cardiac remodeling.
Medicaid Becomes the First Third-Party Payer to Cover Passive Remote Monitoring for Home Care: Policy Analysis

Background: Recent years have seen an influx of location-tracking, activity-monitoring sensors, and Web-cameras to remotely monitor the safety of older adults in their homes and to reduce reliance on in-person assistance. The state of research on these monitoring technologies leaves open crucial financial, social, and ethical cost-benefit questions, which have prevented widespread use. Medicaid is now the first large third-party payer in the United States to pay for these technologies, and their use is likely to increase as states transition to managed long-term services and supports (MLTSS). Objectives: This is the first study to examine how state Medicaid programs are treating passive remote monitoring technologies. This study identifies (1) which states allow location tracking, sensor systems, and cameras; (2) what policies are in place to track their use; (3) what implementation processes and program monitoring mechanisms are in place; and (4) what related insights Medicaid program stakeholders would like to learn from researchers. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 43 state, federal, and managed care organization (MCO) Medicaid program stakeholders about how these technologies are used in state waivers serving community-dwelling older adults in 15 states, and what policies are in place to regulate them. The interviews were analyzed by the research team using the framework analysis method for applied policy research. Results: Two-thirds of the states cover location tracking and activity-monitoring sensors and one-third cover cameras, but only 3 states have specific service categories that allow them to track when they are paying for any of these technologies, impeding regulation and understanding of their use at the state and federal level. Consideration of ethical and social risks is limited, and states struggle to understand which circumstances warrant use. They are further challenged by extreme resource restrictions and transitions to MLTSS by MCOs inexperienced in serving this growing “high-need, high-cost” population. Conclusions: Decisions about Medicaid reimbursement of technologies that have the potential to dramatically alter the way older adults receive supportive services are being made without research on their use, social and ethical implications, or outcomes. At a minimum, new service categories are needed to enable oversight. Participants prioritized 3 research aims to inform practice: (1) determine cost-effectiveness; (2) identify what type of information beneficiaries want to be generated and whom they want it to be shared with; and (3) understand how to support ethical decision making for beneficiaries with cognitive impairment. These findings provide direction for future research and reveal that greater interaction between policy makers and researchers in this field is needed. [J Med Internet Res 2018;20(2):e66]
Effects of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Brain Response to High‐Calorie Food Cues in Young Adults

Objective Physical activity (PA) promotes weight maintenance, potentially because of its beneficial effects on feeding behavior regulation via diminished food cue reactivity within brain reward regions. This study examined how levels of PA and sedentary behavior (SB) relate to brain responses to food cues. Methods Participants (22 lean, 18 with obesity) completed three to five PA recalls over 2 months. Average minutes per day of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and SB were calculated. Participants completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging session, viewing food and nonfood images following glucose ingestion. Region of interest (ROI) analysis examined associations between MVPA and brain percent signal change in response to food versus nonfood images, controlling for obesity and sex. Secondary analysis examined associations between SB and brain responses to food cues. Results Greater MVPA was associated with decreased food cue reactivity after glucose across brain ROIs (β = -0.00057, P = 0.005), controlling for obesity and sex. Greater SB was associated with increased food cue reactivity after glucose across brain ROIs in unadjusted analyses (β = 0.00041, P = 0.026). Conclusions PA may have beneficial effects on brain regulation of feeding behavior after caloric intake in lean individuals and individuals with obesity.
Sharing the Job: Cooperation Between the Priesthood and Laity

In the frequent absence of priests, laypeople had to make choices: perform a religious role themselves or leave it undone. The consequences of leaving something undone could be disastrous: the loss of a soul. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the extent of lay participation in rituals, sacraments, and religious instruction formed the crux of the discussion. By the early eighteenth century, the discussion had broadened to include not only whether the laity would participate in fulfilling traditional clerical roles but also in defining how they participated. By the end of the eighteenth century, laypeople openly re-defined the larger structural relationship between laity and clergy in open letters addressed to every Catholic in the land. As the government gradually repealed the penal laws and removed restrictions on Catholic opportunities in the next decades, it would be difficult to turn back the clock on these changes in lay-clerical relations.
Development Characteristics of Ga+ Exposed PMMA and Associated Lithographic Resolution Limits

With the development of liquid metal sources, Ga has become an important ion species for Ion Beam Lithographic applications. Thin PMMA films are exposed to 250keV Ga+ ions for a series of doses (0.06 x 10-6 C/cm2 - 0.14 k x 10-6 C/cm2) and they are subsequently developed in a 1:1 (MIBK:IPA) solution. Development depth versus time curves are determined. A number of conclusions concerning the exposure and development mechanisms are deduced from the particular shape of the above curves. Important differences between heavy and light ions concerning their effectiveness in resist exposure are pointed out. With the help of a Monte Carlo type program, called PIBER, which furnishes three-dimensional energy-loss data for ions traversing amorphous solids, and a specially-developed fitting-scheme, development parameters for Ga+- irradiated PMMA are derived. Development profiles in PMMA are computer simulated. Lithographic resolution limits due to Ga+ ion scattering in PMMA are thus established.
Incidencia del trabajo infantil en el logro académico de alumnos de sexto grado: Hallazgos del TERCE

Child labor negatively affects children’s learning and futures if it lowers their chance to acquire math and reading skills. However, work outside of school could also provide an alternative path to adult socialization and material welfare where schools do not provide such a path. In Latin America the possible development of skills from work is not only an academic question, but also a critical point bearing on policy, because many children and youth divide their time and energies between both schooling and work. This article contributes to the debate about the net impact on academic achievement among children who both work and study during sixth grade. The article reports analysis of data from the TERCE survey of students and families in fifteen Latin American countries. OLS regression estimations suggest there is no level of paid or unpaid out-of-school work that is not associated with lowered academic achievement. HLM estimates controlling for school quality also show a negative association between work and proficiency in math and reading.
Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti ) Recruitment, Survival,Seed Production, and Interference in Soybean ( Glycine max )

Field studies were conducted at Rosemount, MN, in 1992 and 1993 to quantify the demographic processes regulating the population dynamics of velvetleaf in soybean as part of a corn-soybean rotation. A consistent 6.8 ± 0.5% of the total velvetleaf seedbank emerged each year. Less than 21% of all velvetleaf seedlings survived each year in mixture with soybean, due in part to Verticillium spp wilt infection. The probability of seedling survival varied across time of emergence. Velvetleaf seed production in the absence of crop competition was 125 and 227 seeds plant−1 in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Velvetleaf plants that emerged early produced greater numbers of seed than later emerging plants. Velvetleaf survival and seed production were reduced up to 82% in the presence of crop competition. Soybean yield varied across soybean densities in both years, but was not reduced across velvetleaf densities.
Menstrually related mood disorder in developmentally disabled adolescents: review and current status.

The occurrence of menstrually related mood disorders is a well documented phenomenon within the general female population, however, reports of psychopathology related to the menstrual cycle in autistic and mentally retarded women are rare. In this review particular attention is focused on methodologic problems which contribute to difficulties in correctly identifying the presence of this type of disorder in developmentally disabled women.
SELF-SIMILARITY, LP-SPECTRUM AND MULTIFRACTAL FORMALISM

This is an expository survey of recent work on self-similar measures centered around the L p -spectrum and its relationship to the local dimension spectrum. The relationship is the multifractal formalism proposed by physicists. We will treat the formalism rigorously here. The open set condition and a new weaker separation condition will be discussed in detail; several techniques for calculating the L p -spectrum will be introduced; and the multifractal structure of functions satisfying the two-scale dilation equations will also be discussed.
Vitamin D and the Innate Immune Response

Active vitamin D metabolites play a major role in key functions of the innate immune response. Triggering of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) by those metabolites has been demonstrated to mediate the expression of antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as mechanisms of host defense. The role of vitamin D has been well characterized in the context of tuberculosis from both a molecular and epidemiological standpoint. Activation of Toll-like receptors, a family of innate immune pattern recognition receptors, on human macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived ligands results in activation of the vitamin D pathway, including (1) the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), (2) activation of the VDR, and (3) antimicrobial activity against intracellular M. tuberculosis infection. This provides a potential explanation for the association between the host vitamin D status with susceptibility to tuberculosis infection and disease.
Die lokale Gruppe

In dem vorangehenden Kapitel haben wir die sichtbaren Zuge der Nebel und ihre Verteilung sowie die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Erforschung ihrer wahren Eigenschaften beschrieben. Die weiteren Kapitel berichten uber einige der mit diesen Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnisse; zunachst eine Anwendung auf eine Gruppe von Nebeln in unserer unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft, dann auf entferntere Nebel, die im allgemeinen Feld verstreut sind, und schlieslich auf das Reich der Nebel als Ganzes.
CD40L Pathway Blockade as an Approach to Immunotherapy

CD154, also known as CD40 Ligand (CD4OL), was discovered in 1992 as the ligand for CD40. Initial studies of this pathway generated great excitement as these coreceptors were recognized as the long sought after molecular mediators of cognate T cell help for B cells. This seminal finding was the culmination of efforts begun decades prior by Mitchison and others, when cell-cell cooperation was first shown to be required for the elicitation of antibody (Ab) production in response to protein antigens (ags) (1). Although identified recently, progress in dissecting the role of the pathway in normal physiologic and pathologic processes has been rapid and provocative. Herein is a concise overview of the pivotal role of the CD4OL pathway in regulating humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and its more recently discovered role in events underlying fibrosis and vascular pathology. The potential for therapeutic application of CD4OL blockade is emphasized. In particular, promising results of recent experiments in nonhuman primate model systems with a humanized anti-CD4OL mAb, humanized 5C8 (hu5C8) are summarized. CD4OL-dependent and CD4OL-independent immunity are discussed, providing basis for the favorable activity profile observed in animals treated with this powerful immunomodulatory approach.
Crystal structure of NiFe(CO)5[tris(pyridyl-meth-yl)aza-phosphatrane]: a synthetic mimic of the NiFe hydrogenase active site incorporating a pendant pyridine base.

The reaction of Ni(TPAP)(COD) {where TPAP = [(NC5H4)CH2]3P(NC2H4)3N} with Fe(CO)5 resulted in the isolation of the title heterobimetallic NiFe(TPAP)(CO)5 complex di-μ-carbonyl-tricarbon­yl[2,8,9-tris­(pyridin-2-yl­meth­yl)-2,5,8,9-tetra­aza-1-phosphabi­cyclo­[3.3.3]undeca­ne]ironnickel, [FeNi(C24H30N7P)(CO)5]. Characterization of the complex by 1H and 31P NMR as well as IR spectroscopy are presented. The structure of NiFe(TPAP)(CO)5 reveals three terminally bound CO mol­ecules on Fe0, two bridging CO mol­ecules between Ni0 and Fe0, and TPAP coordinated to Ni0. The Ni—Fe bond length is 2.4828 (4) A, similar to that of the reduced form of the active site of NiFe hydrogenase (∼2.5 A). Additionally, a proximal pendant base from one of the non-coordinating pyridine groups of TPAP is also present. Although involvement of a pendant base has been cited in the mechanism of NiFe hydrogenase, this moiety has yet to be incorporated in a structurally characterized synthetic mimic with key structural motifs (terminally bound CO or CN ligands on Fe). Thus, the title complex NiFe(TPAP)(CO)5 is an unique synthetic model for NiFe hydrogenase. In the crystal, the complex mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming undulating layers parallel to (100). Within the layers, there are offset π–π [inter­centroid distance = 3.2739 (5) A] and C—H⋯π inter­actions present. The layers are linked by further C—H⋯π inter­actions, forming a supra­molecular framework.
Changing Expected Returns Can Induce Spurious Serial Correlation

Changing expected returns can induce spurious autocorrelation in returns and possible bias in other financial models. We show why this happens with some simple examples and then investigate its prevalence in actual equity data. Assets may undergo changes in expected returns for a variety of reasons. Hence, autocorrelations computed from extended records can be subject to spurious bias. The bias might be difficult to measure because of noise but a re-sampling method (the bootstrap) discloses its rather ubiquitous presence in US equity data. Turning the phenomenon on its head, return serial correlation in an efficient market is evidence of changing expected returns. Estimated risk measures such as “beta” might also be subject to bias induced by non-stationary mean returns, but the direction of the bias is more ambiguous.
Frontal Crash Injury Metrics Are Below Mandated Limits for a Spica Casted Child Dummy in Currently Available Restraints.

Background There is a paucity of data defining safe transport protocols for children treated with hip spica casting. Although restraint devices for casted children are available, all federally mandated testing uses a noncasted anthropomorphic test device (ATD or crash dummy). The purpose of this study was to evaluate current restraint options in simulated frontal crash testing using a casted pediatric ATD to determine injury risk to the head, cervical spine, chest, and pelvis. Methods Using a 3-year-old ATD, dynamic crash sled tests simulating frontal crash were performed in accordance with government safety standards. The ATD was casted in a double-leg spica and the following restraint devices were tested: a seat designed for spica casted children, a restraint vest-harness, a traditional booster seat, and 2 traditional forward-facing car seats. Results Although the presence of the cast increased many of the injury metrics measured, all seats passed current federal guidelines for the head and chest. No single seat performed best in all metrics. The greatest magnitude of neck loading and second-highest head injury criterion values were observed for the booster seat. The vest-harness produced the highest head injury criterion and the chest compression exceeded proposed federal limits. Conclusions The results suggest safe transport in commercially available seats is possible with the child properly restrained in a correctly fitting seat. However, parents should not assume a child restraint system is appropriate for use just based on fit as, for example, seats with harnesses outperformed an easy to fit booster seat. Clinical relevance Each child and the position of the child's cast are unique and discharge planning involves consideration of safe transportation. Although this study suggests several seats used to transport spica casted children pass the federal head and chest injury prevention requirements, it is important to recognize that some children may still require emergency vehicle transport.
Pissing in political cisterns, or laughing into the pot of “The Flight 93 Election”

Laughter can provoke both cultural catharsis and sociopolitical critique. However, in an era of Trumpism, laughter has become troubled by vulgar rhetoric of shrugging off comic possibilities insofa...
Low temperature dissociation of CO on manganese promoted cobalt(poly)

We observe that metallic manganese alloyed with polycrystalline cobalt promotes the dissociation of CO. Increasing coverages of Mn on Co facillitate stronger molecular CO binding energies and stronger C(ad) + O(ad) binding energies. These findings show the role of metallic manganese in promoting model Co Fischer-Tropsch catalysis.
Designing Synergistic Nanocatalysts for Multiple Substrate Activation: Interlattice Ag–Fe3O4 Hybrid Materials for CO2-Inserted Lactones

Multimetallic architectures that combine chemically diverse materials to affect tandem reactions within a single scaffold drive future nanocatalyst development. Here, we show the unique, interlatti...
Obesity Prevalence and Potential Comorbidities among Rural Primary Care Patients in East Texas

Objective: This study reports the prevalence of obesity among patients in a primary care clinic at a university teaching hospital in rural East Texas and explores potential disparities and comorbidities. Method: The study was a retrospective review of a deidentified, non-relinkable copy of the electronic health records for 6,955 patients who visited the Family Medicine Clinic of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler North Campus between August 31, 2017, and August 1, 2018. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 43.2% with an increased likelihood of being obese among females compared to males (OR=1.49, 95%CI=1.35, 1.64), among blacks compared to whites (OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.11, 1.38), among patients 40-65 years old compared to those younger than 18 years (OR=8.83, 95%CI=7.31, 10.68) and a reduced likelihood among patients with public insurance/grants (OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.79, 0.98) and self-pay (OR=0.81, 95%CI=0.71, 0.93) compared to those with private insurance. Those who were obese were also more likely to report having hypertension (OR=2.59, 95%CI=2.35, 2.87), and diabetes (OR=3.26, 95%CI=2.85, 3.73). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of obesity among rural primary care patients in East Texas especially among the female, minority black and 40-65 years age groups as well as among patients with diabetes and hypertension. With this facility being a teaching hospital, these findings suggest the need for increased emphasis in the training of medical Residents on the screening and management of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and associated comorbidities in these groups, with special focus on the root cause.
Symbolic analysis of multiple steady states in a MAPK chemical reaction network

Abstract We consider the problem of analyzing chemical reaction networks that may allow multiple positive steady states. We use tools from “classical” computer algebra (Grobner bases over a parametrized domain, computation of a discriminant variety, graphical and mathematical analysis of solution sets, cylindrical decomposition) to help determine regions of stoichiometric compatibility classes that have multiple steady states. Hybrid symbolic-numeric tools are employed to determine stability of equilibria and also to determine or rule out the possibility of boundary equilibria. Symbolic and numeric methods of perturbation analysis are also developed in order to assess robustness of equilibria and equilibria counts to changes in parameters. A brief consideration of parameter identification for the kinetic rate constants is also presented. Computational effectiveness is demonstrated on a nontrivial benchmark example from biochemistry.
Chromosome-scale genome assembly of a single outbred Drosophila melanogaster

A high quality genome assembly is a vital first step for the study of an organism. Recent advances in technology have made the creation of high quality chromosome scale assemblies feasible and low cost. However, the amount of input DNA needed for an assembly project can be a limiting factor for small organisms or precious samples. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of creating a chromosome scale assembly using a hybrid method for a low input sample, a single outbred Drosophila melanogaster. Our approach combines an Illumina shotgun library, Oxford nanopore long reads, and chromosome conformation capture for long range scaffolding. This single fly genome assembly has a N50 of 26 Mb, a length that encompasses entire chromosome arms, contains 95% of expected single copy orthologs, and a nearly complete assembly of this individual9s Wolbachia endosymbiont. The methods described here enable the accurate and complete assembly of genomes from small, field collected organisms as well as precious clinical samples.
When Ideologies Align: Examining Factors behind Progressive Corporate Activism

This paper examines the recent trend in corporate political activism in which firms actively and publicly support progressive causes. In particular, it focuses on firm participation in letter campa...
Fluorescence yields: a new parameterization

Se describe un nuevo modo para representar la fraccion de ionizaciones que resultan en la emision de rayos X. En estudios anteriores, siempre se ha dado relaciones empiricas para representar los datos experimentales en terminos del numero atomico de los atomos. Aqui presentamos nuevas expresiones analiticas para esta fraccion, pero en terminos de la energia del rayo x emitido. Al hacerlo en esta forma, los valores para las lineas K, L y M caen muy cerca unos de los otros. La busqueda de una curva universal de este tipo fue uno de los motivos del estudio. De hecho, resulto necesario utilizar ecuaciones diferentes para K, L y M. Las nuevas expresiones analiticas seran, en muchos casos, mejores que los datos experimentales (que traen errores muy grandes) y los valores dados tendrian un error de menos de 20%. Estos resultados serian utiles en la espectroscopia de rayos x para microanalisis
An accurate and efficient finite element Euler equation algorithm

An implicit finite element algorithm is established for numerical solution of the multi-dimensional Euler equations. The theoretical construction employs a multi-pole expansion of the Galerkin-Weighted Residuals concept requiring the error in the semi-discrete (finite element) approximation to be rendered orthogonal to the finite dimensional sub space of H1 selected to generate the solution. Identification of the tensor matrix product resolution of the Newton iteration algorithm Jacobian, valid for arbitrary degree k of the approximation subspace, and a generalized-coordinates framework amenable to use with any regularizing coordinate transformation, renders the algorithm economically competitive. Numerical results document accurate solutions for mixed subsonic-supersonic flows, including robust resolution of shocks on rather coarse discretizations of Rn, as well as convergence estimates in H1 and E. The algorithm concept is equally applicable to the complete Navier-Stokes equations.
The design of software interfaces in Spec

Spec, a language for giving black-box specifications in the early stages of software design is presented. The underlying computational model combines message passing with temporal events in a precisely defined way. The features of the language, especially those important for large-scale design, are presented by example. >
Evidence that de novo protein synthesis participates in a time-dependent augmentation of the chemotactic peptide-induced respiratory burst in neutrophils. Effects of recombinant human colony stimulating factors and dihydrocytochalasin B.

Abstract We examined the effects of the recombinant human colony stimulating factors GM-CSF and G-CSF, cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor) and dihydrocytochalasin B (a microfilament disrupting agent) upon FMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine)-stimulated O 2 − production by neutrophils. We confirmed a time dependent augmentation of O 2 − production following preincubation of neutrophils either alone or with colony stimulating factors. Furthermore, we found that GM-CSF, but not G-CSF, increased O 2 − production at some concentrations of the stimulus. Preincubation of neutrophils with cycloheximide in the absence of CSF caused a marked fall in O 2 − -production that was first evident at 2 hours. The fall in O 2 − -forming capacity caused by cycloheximide was much less pronounced if dihydrocytochalasin B was also included in the preincubation buffer. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for de novo protein synthesis in maintaining the ability of neutrophils to manufacture O 2 − , and support earlier studies indicating that the cycling of FMLP receptors between the cell membrane and an intracellular compartment is important in determining the magnitude of the respiratory burst in FMLP-stimulated neutrophils.
Customizing Office to Suit You

Microsoft has put a lot of work into making the Office apps easy to use, but only you know exactly how you work and what you need. To make the Office apps suit you better, you can customize their user interface a little and their behavior a lot.
Characterization and regulation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa algC gene encoding phosphomannomutase

The nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa algC gene encoding phosphomannomutase (PMM; EC 5.4.2.8) was determined. The codon usage in algC in the wobble base position was 90.4% G+C, typical of Pseudomonas genes. The predicted amino acid sequence of phosphomannomutase (PMM) showed homology over a stretch of 112 amino acids in the carboxyl terminus with rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase (PGM), an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction analogous to that catalyzed by PMM. In addition, a specific amino acid sequence within PMM showed homology with the catalytic site of PGM. DNA sequence analysis of a defective algC gene (algC') cloned from a mutant of P. aeruginosa that lacked PMM activity revealed one point mutation (a C to T transition) in the carboxyl terminus of PMM which resulted in an amino acid change from arginine 420 to cysteine 420. The mutation identified in the algC' gene was not within the regions of homology with PGM. The algC promoter showed significant homology with the promoters of two other P. aeruginosa genes involved in alginate synthesis, algD and algR1. Both the algD and algR1 promoters are activated by the product of the algR1 gene in P. aeruginosa. The upstream region of the algC gene contained a sequence identical to the algD upstream sequence that is known to be the binding site for the AlgR1 protein. Expression of algC was reduced 5.7-fold in an algR1 mutant of P. aeruginosa compared to its isogenic parent strain (lacking the algR1 mutation), suggesting that the algR1 gene product activates the transcription of the algC gene.
Insulin binding of acute lymphocytic leukemia cells

Because of differences in insulin binding of cultured lymphoic cell lines, T- and B-cell surface receptor and 125I-insulin binding studies were performed on the bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes of 13 children with active acute lymphocytec leukemia. Based on surface receptors, nine patients had null-cell disease and four had T-cell disease. The mean per cent insulin binding of the bone marrow cells from the null-cell patients was 10.0% +/- 8.1 and from the T-cell patients was 0.18% +/- 0.13. The mean insulin binding of the cell suspensions of the peripheral blood from the null-cell patients was 7.3% +/- 7.5 and 0.07% +/- 0.06 from the T-cell patients. Displacement studies with nonradioactive insulin indicated that null leukemic cells bore specific binding sites. These results indicated that there may be metabolic as well as surface membrane heterogeneity among the acute lymphocytic leukemias of childhood.
A Theoretic Analysis of Corporate Auctioneers' Liability Regimes

In Schneider v. Lazard Freres & Co. a New York appellate court greatly expanded the liability of investment advisers working as corporate auctioneers. Under this new legal regime, auctioneer/advisers accused of simple negligence are exposed to billions of dollars of potential legal liabilities. This article first reviews the existing law covering auctioneer/advisers and shows that the Schneider decision conflicts with the law governing general auctioneers and with the law governing the role of advisers and directors during the sale of the corporate control. Next, using an auction-theoretic framework, this Article shows that Schneider will likely result in: (1) increased indemnification of auctioneer/advisers by corporations; (2) reduced net proceeds to selling company shareholders when there is a sale of the corporation; (3) increased use of pure cash as means-of-payment in sales of corporations; and (4) fewer sales of corporations. Schneider's net impact therefore is to place shareholders in a less advantageous position than under prior law. To demonstrate these economic effects, the authors employ a combination of principal/agent theory and auction theory. This is natural, for the advisers are hired by the directors to conduct an auction. A simple principle/agent model is the basis for the authors' predictions of indemnification; if indemnification does indeed occur, the selling corporation retains the Schneider liability. Rational bidders for the corporation, knowing they will assume this liability, will lower their bids, and auction theory predicts that the expected high bid will fall by more than the expected Schneider liability.Thus, the net effect on the selling shareholder is negative: the lower price more than offsets expected proceeds from legal suits.
Lies, Honor, & the Government’s Good Name: Seditious Libel & the Stolen Valor Act

Later this term the Supreme Court will decide the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act, which punishes anyone who falsely represents themselves to have been awarded certain military medals. Although the Court declared the crime of seditious libel inconsistent with the First Amendment long ago, the Act revives something very like that crime. The connection between the two crimes is not immediately obvious but the government’s underlying reasoning is nearly identical in both. Officials justified seditious libel prosecutions by claiming, without proof, that criticism of the government undermined its authority and reduced the public’s respect for it, ultimately threatening national security. Contemporary government officials argue, without proof, that the Act is necessary because lies dilute the “prestige and honor” of military medals, undermining the reputations of those who receive them and military readiness. The Court’s rejection of seditious libel suggests that the Stolen Valor Act is similarly unconstitutional. The Court’s low value speech jurisprudence, which was at the core of lower court disputes over the Act, evolved in response to the government’s pursuit of seditious libel prosecutions. That jurisprudence requires a tight causal nexus between speech and harm, which is completely lacking in the government’s justification of the Stolen Valor Act. The Court has also rejected the government’s interest in protecting it’s own “honor” or “dignity”, the core interest the Act seeks to protect. Laws based in such interests compel respect for government and establish government orthodoxy, which is inconsistent with the Court’s jurisprudence.
What matters, matters differently: a conjoint analysis of the decision policies of angel and venture capital investors

Prior studies have examined the importance of economic, strategic, and human factors to decision policies of angel investors and venture capitalists. As more angels professionalize into angel funds and as markets for technologies and ideas become more competitive, it is becoming more important to compare their decision policies with those of venture capitalists. Drawing upon agency theory, we examine whether economic potential, specific human capital, strategic readiness, and passion matter differently to venture capitalists and angel investors. Our study is an experimental conjoint analysis of more than 2700 investment decisions nested within a mixed sample of venture capitalists and angel investors. We find that strategic readiness for funding and affective passion matter more to angel investors, while economic potential matters more to venture capitalists. We also find that both investor types place similar weights on the specific human capital of entrepreneurs. These findings support the agency view t...
Service-learning: an innovative approach to teaching accounting: a teaching note

Service-learning allows students to enhance their learning through real-world applications of accounting concepts. This Teaching Note describes the service-learning process and the benefits to students, faculty, the university, the community, and the accounting profession. Quotations from students' reflective journals are used as illustrations regarding how students develop communication, leadership, strategic, and critical thinking skills. Practical issues for implementing and supervising service-learning projects are also given.
Bile Acid Content of Gallbladder of Infants, Children and Adults

The bile acid content of the human gallbladder obtained post mortem from 30 subjects was studied. The principal components were found to be cholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. Deoxycholic acid was notably absent from the bile of infants and some children, a matter which has been recognized earlier. Ursodeoxycholic acid was found in 4 specimens obtained from subjects 8 years of age or younger. A particular quest for 3β-hydroxy bile acids in early life was fruitless. This latter species clearly does not constitute a significant portion of bile in early human life despite the recognition of similar species of adrenal steroids at this time. Methods have been described for the relatively simple measurement of bile acids by densitometry on paper chromatograms. A useful characteristic of chenodeoxycholic acid, when treated with acetic-sulfuric acid reagent, has been detailed.
The Radioactive Isotopes of Scandium and Their Properties

The results of further studies of the radioactive isotopes of scandium can be summarized as follows. (a) The activity of half-life 53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 min., now measured more accurately as 57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 min., produced by bombarding calcium with deuterons, which emits $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}$ of energy 1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev previously assigned to ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{41}$ is shown to be probably due to ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{49}$. ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{49}$ can be produced by the decay of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{49}$ and from titanium by bombardment with fast neutrons. It emits no $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$. (b) ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{42}$, half-life 13.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 days, emits positrons of maximum energy 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev. (c) The continuous spectrum of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{43}$ is complex, there being two groups of positrons and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ of energy 1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev. (d) The 52-hour isomer of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$ is the metastable form decaying by emitting highly internally converted $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ of energy 250 kev. (e) There is only one form of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{46}$ of half-life 85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 days, emitting $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}$ of energy 0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 Mev (g95 percent) and 1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev (5 percent) and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ of energy 1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev. (f) ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{47}$, half-life 63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 hours, emits $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}$ of energy 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev. (g) ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$, half-life 44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 hours, emits $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}$ of energy 0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev (\ensuremath{\sim}90 percent) and 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev (\ensuremath{\sim}10 percent) and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ of energy 0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 Mev. The following previously unreported reactions have been established:
Species as units of analysis in ecology and biogeography: time to take the blinders off

when evidence clearly indicates that a formally recognized species either fails to convey important Species and their geographical distributions, evolutionary and geographical information (i.e. tabulated either from regional faunal and floral includes multiple geographically distinct evolumonographs or directly from natural history tionary lineages) or fails to delineate a natural collections, often are used as the basic units of entity (i.e. does not represent a monophyletic set of analysis by ecologists and biogeographers. It has populations). We demonstrate the limitations of been argued that in order for species to be current species as evolutionary, geographical, and
Dentofacial orthopedics: a critical review.

T he effect of orthodontic or orthopedic forces on the skeletal bases (beyond the teeth and alveolar processes) has been the subject of many controversies. In part, this is due to semantics : Different investigators use similar terminology to describe opposite things. It is also due to the techniques used to record the changes observed and measured. Then it depends upon the proper use of data analysis and experimentation. Finally, it is subject to diverse interpretations of findings. Without going into all the details, some highlights will be reported here. It is emphasized at this time that most of the procedures, either diagnostic or therapeutic, illustrated here demand the critical knowledge and experience of the specialist in orthodontics. The general practitioner, however, should know about the principles, the limitations, and the potentialities of orthopedic therapy. This is necessary if one is to make the proper decision in the interest of the patient and to advise him properly. Furthermore, this knowledge will contribute to an understanding of growth processes influencing the dentofacial complex. Finally, it will demonstrate the overlap between the different medical and dental specialties dealing with the face.
Current issues in directional motor control

Many studies during the past 15 years have shown that the direction of motor output (movement or isometric force) is an important factor for neuronal activity in the motor cortex, both at the level of single cells and at the level of neuronal populations. Recent studies have investigated several new aspects of this problem including the effect of posture, the relations to time-varying movement parameters (for example, position, velocity and acceleration) and the cortical representation of memorized simple movements and complex-movement trajectories. Furthermore, the neural correlates of directional operations, such as mental rotation and memory-scanning of visuomotor directions, have also been investigated. In addition, neural networks have been used to model dynamic, time-varying, spatial motor trajectories.
Inhaler device, administration technique, and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma

To compare inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) inhaler type with user technique and ICS medication adherence among adults with asthma. We classified 270 adults into two groups by ICS device type: metered-dose inhaler (MDI) or dry powder inhaler (DPI). Inhaler technique was assessed using standardised checklists. Medication adherence was evaluated using the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS). Differences in inhaler technique and MARS score among patients using MDIs versus DPIs were evaluated. Univariate analysis showed no difference in technique scores between the groups (p=0.46), but better ICS adherence among DPI users (p=0.001). In multivariable analysis, DPI use remained significantly associated with higher rates of adherence (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.8) but not with inhaler technique (−0.2; 95% CI −0.5 to 0.1) after adjusting for potential confounders. Type of inhaler device appears to be associated with adherence to asthma controller medications. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate further the potential effect of the type of ICS delivery device on asthma self-management.