cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On beryllium-10 production in gaseous protoplanetary disks and implications on the astrophysical setting of refractory inclusions

Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs), the oldest known solids of the solar system, show evidence for the past presence of short-lived radionuclide beryllium-10, which was likely produced by spallation during protosolar flares. While such $^{10}$Be production has hitherto been modeled at the inner edge of the protoplanetary disk, I calculate here that spallation at the disk surface may reproduce the measured $^{10}$Be/$^9$Be ratios at larger heliocentric distances. Beryllium-10 production in the gas prior to CAI formation would dominate that in the solid. Interestingly, provided the Sun's proton to X-ray output ratio does not decrease strongly, $^{10}$Be/$^9$Be at the CAI condensation front would increase with time, explaining the reduced values in a (presumably early) generation of CAIs with nucleosynthetic anomalies. CAIs thus need not have formed very close to the Sun and may have condensed at 0.1-1 AU where sufficiently high temperatures originally prevailed.
Binaural modeling from an evolving habitat perspective

Functional binaural models have been used since the mid-20th century to simulate laboratory experiments. The goal of this chapter is to extend the capabilities of a cross-correlation model so it can demonstrate human listening in complex scenarios found in nature and human-built environments. A ray-tracing model is introduced that simulates a number of environments for this study. This chapter discusses how the auditory system is used to read and understand the environment and how tasks that require binaural hearing may have evolved throughout human history. As use cases, sound localization in a forest is examined, as well as the binaural analysis of spatially diffuse and rectangular rooms. The model is also used to simulate binaural hearing during a walk-through a simulated office-suite environment.
Mitochondrial Stress Response in Neural Stem Cells Exposed to Electronic Cigarettes.

Stem cells provide a sensitive model to study exposure to toxicants, such as cigarette smoke. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are popular nicotine delivery devices, often targeted to youth and pregnant mothers. However, little is known about how chemicals in ECs might affect neural stem cells, and in particular their mitochondria, organelles that maintain cell functionality and health. Here we show that the mechanism underlying EC-induced stem cell toxicity is stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion (SIMH), a transient survival response accompanied by increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. We identify SIMH as a survival response to nicotine, now widely available in EC refill fluids and in pure form for do-it-yourself EC products. These observed mitochondrial alterations combined with autophagy dysfunction to clear damaged mitochondria could lead to faulty stem cell populations, accelerate cellular aging, and lead to acquired mitochondriopathies. Any nicotine-containing product may likewise stress stem cells with long-term repercussions for users and passively exposed individuals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Incorporating Reference into A Unified Service Point at an Academic Library: A Case Study

This paper aims to discuss the incorporation of reference services into a trending service point model called the Unified Service Point (USP). Driven by organizational shift, the model was recently...
“EN BY I RUSLAND”: DANISH TRAVELLER’S IDEA OF EARLY MODERN RUSSIA (Based on the travel diary of Just Juel, 1709–1711)

На початку XVIII століття Східною Європою подорожували численні європейські мандрівники, серед яких були й данські дипломати. Їхні мандрівки були зумовлені участю Данії у Великій Північній війні. Зокрема, для данського короля Фредерика IV і його радників було важливо мати більше детальної інформації про свого російського союзника – Петра І і його державу.Данський дипломат Юст Юль, якому випало очолювати дипломатичну місію до царського двору в 1709–1711 рр., у своєму подорожньому журналі дотримувався отриманої королівської інструкції, яка передбачала опис «всього, що з ним трапиться» під час перебування в Росії. Окрім опису військових кампаній, численних придворних розваг, екстраординарної поведінки Петра І та його придворних, Юст Юль мав також змогубагато подорожувати. Таким чином, опис окремих міст російської держави займає вагоме місце в цьому джерелі. Імовірно, що Юст Юль та його подорожній наратив разом з іншими ранньомодерними тревелогами спричинилися до появи в данському мовленні сталого виразу «місто в Росії», який функціонує й досі. Ця стаття має на меті проаналізувати подорожні нотатки данського дипломата про відвідані ним російські міста; обґрунтувати гіпотезу про вплив індивідуальних спостережень на формування стереотипних уявлень про Російську державу
Synthesis and investigation of BODIPYs with restricted meso-8-aryl rotation

Three BODIPYs bearing 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl substituents and a meso-8-aryl group were synthesized and investigated, both experimentally and computationally. The presence of the 1,7-methyl groups and ...
Fetal and Neonatal Marijuana Exposure

In order to facilitate an understanding of neonatal development, a review of the literature for infants born prematurely provides an avenue for examining neuroplasticity. Through the study of those born too soon, we can explain and compare this vulnerable period for any infant. Brain development involves numerous complex processes that, when disrupted, may lead to serious brain pathology. Science has clearly demonstrated that Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound found in the Cannabis sativa (marijuana) plant is absorbed into the lungs when smoked and the gastrointestinal tract when ingested and readily distributed to brain and fat cells. As a fetus develops, the placenta serves as the critical interface for exchanging gas and nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose) as well as the transmission of noxious substances like marijuana, nicotine, alcohol, or other drugs of abuse. With data demonstrating that THC does cross the placenta, even more damage is likely being done to the neurons still forming, whether inside or outside the womb. Despite the difficulties with effectively studying the effects of marijuana exposure during the perinatal and neonatal periods, the available data is troubling at best. Concerns for learning, attention, focus, and even placement on the autism spectrum must be the focus as the medical community seeks to educate prospective and new parents.
Employment Perceptions of Parolees: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Criminal Thinking:

This study explored offenders’ perception of their barriers to employment and investigated the role of criminal attitudes in parolees recently released from prison. An analysis of open-ended respon...
Differential network analysis of bovine muscle reveals changes in gene coexpression patterns in response to changes in maternal nutrition.

Coexpression network analysis is a powerful tool to reveal transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, identify transcription factors, and discover gene functions. It can also be used to investigate changes in coexpression patterns in response to environmental insults or changes in experimental conditions. Maternal nutrition is considered a major intrauterine regulator of fetal developmental programming. The objective of this study was to investigate structural changes in gene coexpression networks in the muscle of bull beef calves gestated under diets with or without methionine supplementation. Both muscle transcriptome and methylome were evaluated using next generation sequencing. Maternal methionine supplementation significantly perturbed coexpression patterns in the offspring’s muscle. Indeed, we found that neither the connection strength nor the connectivity pattern of six modules (subnetworks) detected in the control diet were preserved in the methionine-rich diet. Functional characterization revealed that some of the unpreserved modules are implicated in myogenesis, adipogenesis, fibrogenesis, canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, ribosome structure, rRNA binding and processing, mitochondrial activities, ATP synthesis and NAD(P) H oxidoreductases, among other functions. The bisulfite sequencing analysis showed that nearly 2% of all evaluated cytosines were differentially methylated between maternal diets. Interestingly, there were significant differences in the levels of gene body DNA methylation between preserved and unpreserved modules. Overall, our findings provide evidence that maternal nutrition can significantly alter gene coexpression patterns in the offspring, and some of these perturbations are mediated by changes in DNA methylation.
Blood backspatter interaction with propellant gases

The theoretical results of the present work reveal a significant interaction of the oncoming vortex ring of propellant muzzle gases with backward blood spatter. It is shown that there is even possibility that a blood droplet from the backspatter will fully turn around by a powerful vortex ring and land behind a victim. Such a predicted outcome is confirmed by experimental data of fully reversed drop trajectories observed in the experiments conducted in the second part of this work [N. Sliefert, G. Li, J. B. Michael, A. L. Yarin, “Experimental and numerical study of blood backspatter interaction with propellant gases,” Phys. Fluids 33, 043319 (2021)]. A parametric study is conducted here to investigate the totality of the outcomes of the vortex ring interaction with the backward blood spatter and the corresponding deflections and landing locations of blood drops. Furthermore, a secondary vortex ring is introduced here to reveal a continuous effect of the propellant gas.
Political Consequences of Income Inequality: Assessing the Relationship Between Perceived Distributive Fairness and Political Efficacy in Asia

A vast literature suggests that income inequality is a crucial precursor for numerous political outcomes. High-level income inequality can have consequences for people's subjective beliefs about their ability to participate in politics effectively, a concept known as political efficacy. In this research, we explore how individuals' perceptions of income inequality are related to their sense of political efficacy. While previous studies on political outcomes of income inequality have focused on objective, country-level inequality indicators, we focus on subjective perception—how individuals' perceptions of distributive fairness are related to political efficacy. Drawing on data from the fourth wave of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS) (2014 ~ 2016), we show that the perception of unfair income distribution negatively affects political efficacy. We posit a mediator in the association, namely the individual’s preference for government's redistributive role, as a linking mechanism between the perception of income inequality and political efficacy. Using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian multilevel model, we also present how country-level variation in income inequality exerts a moderating effect on the association. Our findings suggest that political efficacy is partially linked to how people perceive (un)fair income distribution and subsequent expectations of the government's role in redistribution.
Optimization of Spiral-Wound Microfiltration Process Parameters for the Production of Micellar Casein Concentrate

A systematic selection of different transmembrane pressures (TMP) and levels of diafiltration (DF) was studied to optimize these critical process parameters during the manufacturing of micellar casein concentrate (MCC) using spiral-wound polymeric membrane filtration. Three TMPs (34.5, 62.1, and 103.4 kPa) and four DF levels (0, 70, 100, and 150%) were applied in the study. The effect of the TMP and DF level on flux rates, serum protein (SP) removal, the casein-to-total-protein ratio, the casein-to-true-protein ratio, and the rejection of casein and SP were evaluated. At all transmembrane pressures, the overall flux increased with increases in the DF level. The impact of DF on the overall flux was more pronounced at lower pressures than at higher pressures. With controlled DF, the instantaneous flux was maintained within 80% of the initial flux for the entire process run. The combination of 34.5 kPa and a DF level of 150% resulted in 81.45% SP removal, and a casein-to-true-protein ratio of 0.96. SP removal data from the lab-scale experiments were fitted into a mathematical model using DF levels and the square of TMPs as factors. The model developed in this study could predict SP removal within 90–95% of actual SP removal achieved from the pilot plant experiments.
Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation in the treatment of stage I leiomyosarcoma

Objectives: Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus (LMS) is an aggressive tumor with a high recurrence rate. For women with stage I disease, NCCN guidelines currently recommend observation after resection of gross intraabdominal disease. However, the role of adjuvant therapy after surgery remains controversial. We analyzed the utilization of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for stage I LMS and explored the association between usage of adjuvant therapy and overall survival. Methods: Patients who had pathologically confirmed stage I LMS treated from 2004 - 2016 whose data were recorded in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were identified. Multivariable regression models were fit to estimate predictors of use of either adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy. To analyze the impact of chemotherapy on all-cause mortality, an inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) propensity score method was used to account for measured confounders and adjust for the receipt of radiation therapy in the outcome model. The process was repeated to analyze the impact of radiation therapy on all-cause mortality by using an IPTW propensity score method to account for measured confounders and adjust for the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Results: A total of 2,426 patients were included in the analysis. Overall the chemotherapy utilization rate was 41.7% and the radiation utilization rate was 9.8%. The usage of chemotherapy remained stable between 39% and 44% between 2010 to 2016 whereas the usage of radiation decreased from 17% in 2010 to 4% in 2016. Adjuvant chemotherapy was more commonly prescribed in younger patients, those with poorly differentiated tumors, and tumors larger than 10cm. Adjuvant radiation was less likely to be utilized for patients living in areas with median socioeconomic status in the highest quartile. Overall 5-year survival for the entire cohort was 57.9% (95% CI 55.1 - 60.6%). After propensity score weighting, patient receiving chemotherapy had a 20% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.41, Figure 1A) with a 5-year survival of 53.8% (95% CI 49.4 -58.0%). After propensity score weighting and adjusting for receipt of chemotherapy, radiation therapy was not associated with mortality (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.68 - 1.21, Figure 1B) with a 5-year survival of 55.0% (95% CI 47.0 - 62.3%). Download : Download high-res image (102KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: In women with stage I LMS, adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used. There is no association between use of either chemotherapy or radiation and improved survival.
FairFed: Enabling Group Fairness in Federated Learning.

As machine learning becomes increasingly incorporated in crucial decision-making scenarios such as healthcare, recruitment, and loan assessment, there have been increasing concerns about the privacy and fairness of such systems. Federated learning has been viewed as a promising solution for collaboratively learning machine learning models among multiple parties while maintaining the privacy of their local data. However, federated learning also poses new challenges in mitigating the potential bias against certain populations (e.g., demographic groups), which typically requires centralized access to the sensitive information (e.g., race, gender) of each data point. Motivated by the importance and challenges of group fairness in federated learning, in this work, we propose FairFed, a novel algorithm to enhance group fairness via a fairness-aware aggregation method, aiming to provide fair model performance across different sensitive groups (e.g., racial, gender groups) while maintaining high utility. The formulation can potentially provide more flexibility in the customized local debiasing strategies for each client. When running federated training on two widely investigated fairness datasets, Adult and COMPAS, our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art fair federated learning frameworks under a high heterogeneous sensitive attribute distribution.
Flat on its back: the impact of substrate on righting methods of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys.

Many animals, including insects, need to solve the problem of self-righting if inverted and substrate is one understudied factor that could affect righting ability. In this study we ask the questions, how does Halyomorpha halys self-right and does variation in substrate affect self-righting? To address our questions we used four substrates with different features and filmed H. halys righting response on each substrate (n = 22 individuals). We also used two synced cameras to film the most common righting method and quantified its kinematics. Self-righting metrics did vary depending on substrate in terms of diversity of righting methods used, duration of the successful righting event, number of fails per attempt, and stance width. We also determined that the symmetrical forward flip is the most common method used by H. halys. In the forward flip H. halys creates a tripod of support using the hindlegs and the tip of the abdomen to elevate the anterior portion of the body off the substrate and pitch forward onto its feet. In addition to demonstrating that substrate can impact self-righting and quantifying the symmetrical forward flip, we also provide a foundation for future explorations of sensory feedback and adaptive motor control using H. halys.
THE PARTICLE TRACK RECORD OF THE LUNAR SURFACE

Information about lunar surface history revealed by fossil particle tracks is summarized. Such tracks are the result of damage left in dielectric materials by highly ionizing charged particles including heavy solar and galactic cosmic ray nuclei, heavy nuclei recoiling from cosmic ray induced spallation reactions and induced- and spontaneous-fission fragments. From the distribution of cosmic ray and spallation tracks in the lunar rock, surface residence times of 1 to 30 million yr and rock erosion rates of 1 to 10 A/yr have been determined. Particle tracks also record surface orientation and depth history of the rocks and contain information about ancient solar activity. The distribution of particle tracks in lunar soil is found to be consistent with a model which includes repeated excavation, layering and burial. With this model one core 12025 + 28 soil layer can be identified as unmixed and weakly irradiated; the others contain soil which has been better and better mixed and more and more irradiated.
Re-assessing the science - society relation: The case of the US National Science Foundation's broader impacts merit review criterion (1997 - 2011)

Article discussing research on re-assessing the science to society relation and the case of the U.S. National Science Foundation's broader impacts merit review criterion from 1997 to 2011.
Household fuel choice in Zimbabwe

Abstract The ‘energy ladder’ is a concept used to describe the way in which households will move to more sophisticated fuels as their economic status improves. This paper applies a multinomial logit formulation of the energy ladder to household energy-use data from Zimbabwe. The results show that although households do move away from wood to kerosene and electricity as their economic status improves, a large number of other factors are important in determining household fuel choice. The policies which can be used to encourage substitutions are therefore rather limited, and will prove more effective in the urban areas where higher incomes provide greater flexibility.
Turbo like decoding of LDPC codes

In this paper developed a new coding scheme for LDPC codes that effectively reduces the decoding complexity. The paper explained the advantages of turbo-like decoding algorithm and BER performance and computational cost.
Regional Economic Diversification and Residential Mortgage Default Risk

Geographic diversification allows those involved in real estate markets to manage risk. In this paper we discuss the role of local economic diversification in risk management. We show that resident...
Quaker Constitutionalism and the Political Thought of John Dickinson: Bureaucratic Libertines: The Origins of Quaker Constitutionalism and Civil Dissent

The Quakers' conception of a political constitution and their understanding of acceptable forms of civil dissent were based on their theology, ecclesiology, and experiences with the English and Massachusetts governments during the Interregnum and Restoration. This chapter gives an overview of the religious structures and processes that were evolving in Quaker society in the mid-1650s through the 1670s and that informed their political thought. The Quaker ecclesiastical polity was animated by a bureaucratic process that determined how the members of the meeting related to each other and to the world outside their Society. If we think of their authority and their modus operandi in Weberian terms – legal-rational, traditional, or charismatic – it does not fit into any one of these categories; rather it rejected the second and is an amalgam of the first and the third. It was not a category Weber envisioned, and it can be described most simply as a “legal-charismatic” model. It was based on the “rule of law,” but instead of being rooted in rationality, as Weber's model is, it was based on charisma. Further, rather than this charisma being unique to one individual, it was found in each member of the group. There was a paradox in Quaker theologico-political thought and expression that is captured in the name “bureaucratic libertines.” Their bureaucratic process was designed to produce charismatically based unity and dissent in the ecclesiastical and civil polities, and with both of these things aimed at the same purpose – discovering God's law.
Solution Equilibrium Characteristics of Electroless Copper Deposition on Thermally-Activated Palladium-Catalysed Polyimide Substrates

Solution equilibrium characteristics of two electroless copper baths containing EDTA and tartrate as the complexing agents were studied as functions of pH. Equilibrium diagrams were constructed for both Cu-tartrate and Cu-EDTA systems. It was determined that copper is chiefly complexed as Cu2L2 in acidic conditions and as Cu(OH)2L2−4 in alkaline conditions in the tartrate bath, and as CuA−2 in the EDTA bath, where L and A are the complexing tartrate and EDTA ligands, respectively. Electroless copper deposition rates were studied from a tartrate bath on thermally activated palladium-catalysed polyimide substrates as functions of copper and formaldehyde concentrations, and pH.
Mixed effects models for recurrent events data with partially observed time-varying covariates: Ecological momentary assessment of smoking

Cigarette smoking is a prototypical example of a recurrent event. The pattern of recurrent smoking events may depend on time-varying covariates including mood and environmental variables. Fixed effects and frailty models for recurrent events data assume that smokers have a common association with time-varying covariates. We develop a mixed effects version of a recurrent events model that may be used to describe variation among smokers in how they respond to those covariates, potentially leading to the development of individual-based smoking cessation therapies. Our method extends the modified EM algorithm of Steele (1996) for generalized mixed models to recurrent events data with partially observed time-varying covariates. It is offered as an alternative to the method of Rizopoulos, Verbeke, and Lesaffre (2009) who extended Steele's (1996) algorithm to a joint-model for the recurrent events data and time-varying covariates. Our approach does not require a model for the time-varying covariates, but instead assumes that the time-varying covariates are sampled according to a Poisson point process with known intensity. Our methods are well suited to data collected using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a method of data collection widely used in the behavioral sciences to collect data on emotional state and recurrent events in the every-day environments of study subjects using electronic devices such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) or smart phones.
Association Between Sedentary Work and BMI in a U.S. National Longitudinal Survey

Introduction Technological advancements have made life and work more sedentary, and long hours of sitting are known to be associated with many health concerns. Several studies have reported an association between prolonged sitting time at work and weight gain, but the results are inconsistent. This study examined the relationship between sitting time at work and BMI using data from a large prospective cohort of U.S. men and women from 2002 to 2010. Initial analyses were performed in 2013, with additional analyses in 2014 and 2015. Methods The sample size at the base year (2002) was 5,285 and the age range 38–45 years. The outcome, BMI, was based on self-reported measures of height and weight. Estimates of workplace sitting time were linked from an external database (Occupational Information Network), and the occupation-wide rating for sitting time was linked to survey participants by occupation. Fixed-effects models controlling for time-invariant effects of all time-invariant characteristics were employed to examine the association, controlling for age, education, work hours, and hours of vigorous and light/moderate physical activities. Results Longer sitting time was significantly associated with higher BMI for the overall sample (β = 0.054; p p Conclusions The findings provide further support for initiatives to reduce workplace sitting time as a means of reducing the risk of weight gain and related health conditions.
The Constitution Outside the Courts: A Preliminary Inquiry

Chief Justice Rehnquist's dissent in Texas v. Johnson, in contrast, was obviously passionate, but precisely because he had to quote poetry to make his point, his opinion somehow seemed inappropriate for the pages of the United States Reports.5 ' But, in some ways more interesting, there was something else the Court's opinions could not adequately express and legislators could: the feeling of commitment to the principles of the Constitution. When members of the Supreme Court say they are doing something because the Constitution requires it, as Justice Kennedy did, there is a certain kind of self-interest at stake that weakens the force of the claim.52 When members of Congress say that they should not amend the Constitution to deal with flag-burning because the values of free speech are too important to tinker with, there may be something a bit askew in their rhetoric,53 but it seems to me clear that they contribute something distinctive to discussion of the meaning of the Constitution. None of this suggests, of course, that legislators should never use the doctrinal terms the courts have developed. Legislators may be convinced, by independent reflection on the Constitution or by reading what the courts say, that the doctrines the courts use actually are responsive to the fundamental values of the Constitution. Any legislator who believes that the courts' doctrines accurately identify the relevant considerations of principle and policy should of course use those terms in discussing alternatives to the courts' decisions.
Vocabulary Enrichment for deaf adults

Vocabulary Enrichment is complete instructional software package that teaches vocabulary to deaf and other language-impaired adults without the need for an instructor. The package consists of four IBM-based modules that present a total of nine hundred carefully-selected and defined words. The goal of the Vocabulary Enrichment package is to quickly and easily increase the size of students' vocabulary, thereby improving their reading abilities. >
Noninvasive laser coagulation of the human vas deferens: optical and thermal simulations.

Background and Objectives Successful noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens, in vivo, has been previously reported. However, there is a significant difference between the optical properties of canine and human skin. In this study, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of light transport through tissue and heat transfer simulations are performed to determine the feasibility of noninvasive laser vasectomy in humans. Materials and Methods A laser wavelength of 1,064 nm was chosen for deep optical penetration in tissue. MC simulations determined the spatial distribution of absorbed photons inside the tissue layers (epidermis, dermis, and vas). The results were convolved with a 3-mm-diameter laser beam, and then used as the spatial heat source for the heat transfer model. A laser pulse duration of 500 milliseconds, pulse rate of 1 Hz, and cryogen spray cooling were incident on the tissue for 60 seconds. Average laser power (5–9 W), cryogen pulse duration (60–100 milliseconds), cryogen cooling rate (0.5–1.0 Hz), and increase in optical transmission due to optical clearing (0–50%) were studied. Results After application of an optical clearing agent (OCA) to increase skin transmission by 50%, an average laser power of 6 W, cryogen pulse duration of 60 milliseconds, and cryogen cooling rate of 1 Hz resulted in vas temperatures of approximately 58°C, sufficient for thermal coagulation, while 1 mm of the skin surface (epidermis and dermis) remained at a safe temperature of approximately 45°C. Conclusions MC and heat transfer simulations indicate that it is possible to noninvasively thermally coagulate the human vas deferens without adverse effects (e.g., scrotal skin burns), if an OCA is applied to the skin prior to the procedure. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:443–449, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous Curvature of Comblike Polymers at a Flat Interface

Spontaneous curvature of molecular brushes adsorbed on a flat substrate was observed by scanning force microscopy for comblike polymers of poly(butyl acrylate). This phenomenon was analyzed theoretically for a 2D model of a brush molecule in the regime of strong adsorption. Although all side chains were confined to the substrate plane, they were allowed to flip over and change their position with respect to the backbone. Instability of the straight backbone was caused solely by the entropic elasticity of the side chains: smaller extension of the side chains was attained upon their uneven distribution relative to the backbone. An equilibrium, i.e., spontaneous, curvature resulted from competition between elasticity of the side chains and stabilizing factors such as inherent stiffness of the backbone, mixing entropy of the side chains and excluded volume interactions of distant parts of the brush. The curvature radius is found to be proportional to the degree of polymerization of the side chains. The effect of polydispersity of the side chains is discussed.
Cost considerations of converting to digital photography.

Objectives To provide the practicing surgeon with data to make an informed economic decision regarding conversion from analog to digital photography. Methods A cost analysis of photography based on 35-mm vs digital platforms (low-, medium-, and high-cost hardware). Results Break-even thresholds for the investment in a digital platform of low, medium, and high costs were 3674, 15,789, and 34,000 images, respectively. Conclusion Given the current excellent image quality and ongoing refinements in digital photography, a digital photography platform may be cost-effective for a busy facial plastic surgery practice.
Therapeutic Hypothermia: The Safar Vision

At the 2(nd) International Brain Hypothermia conference, in Miami, the late Dr. Peter Safar was honored for his many contributions to the field of therapeutic hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia played a central role in his overall vision for optimized resuscitation and neurointensive care, across a large number of potential insults. The successful use of therapeutic hypothermia in comatose patients after cardiac arrest, for example, was already included in the historic first "ABCs" of resuscitation, published by Safar in 1964. This review addresses key historical events in the development and implementation of therapeutic hypothermia across a number of central nervous system insults. A discussion of future potential uses of this therapy in a variety of applications as part of the Safar vision is also presented.
Lateral variations in shear velocity and attenuation in the upper mantle

Abstract We have used digitally recorded long period seismic data from the HGLP and SRO networks to obtain estimates of multiple ScS travel times and spectra and have used these to place constraints on the lateral variations in upper-mantle shear velocity and attenuation structure. The travel time results are consistent with our previous findings: to a first approximation, upper-mantle heterogeneity as expressed in vertical travel time differences can be correlated with surface tectonic features. A spectral stacking procedure for retrieving the attenuation operator for SH polarized multiple ScS waves has been applied to seismograms representing a variety of tectonic provinces. The spectral analysis has yielded stable estimates of the phase and amplitude response of the attenuation operator in the frequency interval 6–60 mHz. These estimates indicate that the apparent Q can also be correlated with surface tectonic regimes.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of iron-chromium and iron-chromium-molybdenum alloys with chlorine gas

This report deals with the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of iron-chromium and iron-chromium-molybdenum alloys (containing 1.25 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo, 5 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo, and 12 pct Cr) with low partial pressure chlorine gas in the temperature range 270 to 550 °C. The rate of reaction generally decreases with exposure time and, in the case of alloys containing five pct Cr and higher chromium content, the kinetics follows a parabolic rate law. The reaction kinetics is influenced by surface films containing FeCl2 and CrCl3 which have very low vapor pressure in the temperature range studied. The effect of molybdenum on the reaction is negligible. In the case of alloys containing five pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo and 12 pct Cr, the reaction product film consists essentially of CrCl3 (outer layer) and much smaller concentration of FeCl2 (inner layer). For these alloys, the observed parabolic kinetics is attributed to kinetic control of the overall reaction by solid-state diffusion through the reaction product surface film. In the case of the 1.25 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo alloy, the film consists essentially of a mixture of FeCl2 and CrCl3. In this case, an outer CrCl3 film layer is not formed and the overall kinetics is influenced by the rate of formation of volatile FeCl3 speciesvia the reaction 2 FeCl2 + Cl2 (FeCl3)2.
On the choice of correctors for semi-implicit Picard deferred correction methods

The goal of this study is to assess the implications of the choice of correctors for semi-implicit Picard integral deferred correction (SIPIDC) methods. The SIPIDC methods previously developed compute a high-order approximation by first computing a low-order provisional solution using a semi-implicit method and then using a first-order semi-implicit method to solve a series of correction equations, each of which raises the order of accuracy of the solution by one. In this study, we examine the efficiency of SIPIDC methods that instead use standard second-order semi-implicit methods to solve the correction equations. The accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the resulting methods are compared to previously developed methods, in the context of both nonstiff and stiff problems.
The RecRO pathway of DNA recombinational repair in Helicobacter pylori and its role in bacterial survival in the host.

Abstract Two pathways for DNA recombination, AddAB (RecBCD-like) and RecRO, were identified in Helicobacter pylori , a pathogenic bacterium that colonizes human stomachs resulting in a series of gastric diseases. In this study, we examined the physiological roles of H. pylori RecRO pathway in DNA recombinational repair. We characterized H. pylori single mutants in recR and in recO , genes in the putative gap repair recombination pathway, and an addA recO double mutant that is thus deficient in both pathways that initiate DNA recombinational repair. The recR or recO single mutants showed the same level of sensitivity to mitomycin C as the parent strain, suggesting that the RecRO pathway is not responsible for the repair of DNA double strand breaks. However, H. pylori recR and recO mutants are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and separately to acid stress, two major stress conditions that H. pylori encounters in its physiological niche. The complementation of the recR mutant restored the sensitivity to oxidative and acid stress to the wild type level. By measuring DNA transformation frequencies, the recR and recO single mutants were shown to have no effect on inter-genomic recombination, whereas the addA recO double mutant had a greatly (∼12-fold) reduced transformation frequency. On the other hand, the RecRO pathway was shown to play a significant role in intra-genomic recombination with direct repeat sequences. Whereas the recA strain had a deletion frequency 35-fold lower than that of background level, inactivation of recR resulted in a 4-fold decrease in deletion frequency. In a mouse infection model, the three mutant strains displayed a greatly reduced ability to colonize the host stomachs. The geometric means of colonization number for the wild type, recR , recO , and addA recO strains were 6 × 10 5 , 1.6 × 10 4 , 1.4 × 10 4 and 4 × 10 3 CFU/g stomach, respectively. H. pylori RecRO-mediated DNA recombinational repair (intra-genomic recombination) is thus involved in repairing DNA damage induced by oxidative and acid stresses and plays an important role in bacterial survival and persistent colonization in the host.
Energy Absorption Behavior of a Hyperelastic Membrane for Micro Air Vehicle Wings: Experimental and Finite Element Approaches

The rubber latex membrane is used for micro air vehicles construction and plays an important role in their wings performance. This paper presents finite element (FE) models for investigating the deformation and energy absorption behavior of the latex membrane at static loading, validated by the experimental results. The membrane at different pre-tension levels are attached to a circular steel ring and statically loaded using steel spheres of different sizes placed at the center of the membrane. The deformation of the membrane is measured by the visual image correlation (VIC), a non-contact measurement system and strain energy is calculated based on the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material model. It is found that the deflection and strain energy of the membrane estimated by experiments and FE models are correlated well although discrepancy is expected among experimental and FE results within reasonable limits due to the variation of the thickness of the membrane. The deformation and energy absorption of the...
The psychological theory of Michael Balint.

Discussed here are some of Michael Balint's contributions in the field of two-person psychology: his observations upon the importance of object-relations in human development, his theoretical presentation of the concept of the “basic fault,” and his description of two character types, the ocnophil and the philobat. A concluding statement attempts to link Balint's theoretical concepts to issues of health and maturity as encountered by physicians in general medical practice.
Hvem and Internal Oxidation Studies of Lithiated Nickel

Pure, polycrystalline nickel samples were implanted with lithium to doses up to 5 × 1017 lithium ions per square centimeter, at a temperature of 500°C, such that the implantation damage would anneal. These samples were then prepared for electron microscopy and examined at 1 MeV, in the Argonne National Laboratory HVEM facility. It was observed that compared to pure nickel, the lithium implanted nickel showed a different radiation damage behaviour. A plausible explanation for the difference in behaviour is presented in this paper. The lithium implanted nickel, in the high dose samples, also showed an unusual form of precipitation. Electron microscopy revealed the precipitates to have truncated octahedral shapes with {111} planes for sides and {100} planes truncating the corners. They resemble voids and helium bubbles in nickel. The precipitates appear to be associated with dislocations. The lithium implanted nickel was internally oxidized in order to obtain evidence for the presence of lithium. Electron diffraction analysis of the internally oxidized lithiated nickel showed the presence of a topo-taxial compound being formed, with an ordered NaCl-structure. Possible interpretations of this diffraction pattern are discussed.
Feulgen-DNA changes during autolysis of mouse ascites cells.

Abstract Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-DNA in the Ehrlich-Lettre ascites tumor were made. The DNA content of hyperdiploid tumor cells (46 chromosomes) is the same as that measured in diploid liver cells (40 chromosomes) from the mouse. DNA changes during tumor cell autolysis were followed over a four day period in two independent experiments. DNA remains constant through 36 hours of autolysis. At 48 hours, practically all cells have lost their DNA while about 10 per cent of the cells still retain most of their DNA. At 60 hours, there is a complete absence of DNA in all cells. Autolyzing tumor cells were inoculated into mice. Tumors were produced in all mice that had been inoculated with cells autolyzed up to 3–4 hours. These tumors kill recipient mice in about three weeks. Cells autolyzed for longer periods failed to produce tumors.
The Challenges of Assessing Osteoarthritis and Postoperative Pain in Dogs

The challenge of measuring pain in veterinary medicine is compounded by the lack of fully validated, reliable methods to measure and assess pain in nonverbal patients. In human medicine, there are numerous, validated pain assessment tools (PATs) for assessing various, specific types of pain. The advances in human medicine pain management and numerous validated pain scales should serve as incentives and templates to facilitate similar advances in the development of validated PATs for use in dogs (and other species). The limited number of canine PATs constrains our ability to adequately and reliably assess pain. Improving the ability to quantify osteoarthritis and postoperative pain in dogs would enhance the development of analgesics for animals, advance the management of animal pain, facilitate the use of animal pain models in preclinical trials for human analgesics, and provide insight into the quantification of pain responses in humans who lack the ability to adequately communicate. This review describes the need for practical, valid, and reliable PATs for use in veterinary patients and discusses some currently available PATs commonly used to evaluate acute and chronic pain in dogs.
Data association problems posed as multidimensional assignment problems: numerical simulations

The central problem in multitarget-multisensor tracking is the data association problem of partitioning the observations into tracks and false alarms so that an accurate estimate of the true tracks can be recovered. Many previous and current methodologies are based on single scan processing, which is real-time, but often leads to a large number of partial and incorrect assignments, and thus incorrect track identification. The fundamental difficulty is that data association decisions once made are irrevocable. Deferred logic methods such as multiple hypothesis tracking allow correction of these misassociations and are thus considered to be the method for tracking a large number of targets. The corresponding data association problems are however NP-hard and must be solved in real-time. Such algorithms have been developed in earlier work of the authors and the intent of this work is to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness on a class of tracking problems.
The Role of Bronchography in the Diagnosis of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

The resectability and five-year survival rate for bronchogenic carcinoma have not shown the anticipated rise in spite of a widespread awareness of the problem, broader application of roentgenographic survey of the general and selectedpopulation groups and the utilizationof diagnostic exfoliative cytology. Evaluation of 300 patients admitted to the University Hospital prior to 1952 in whom the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma was established demonstrated that the interval of time between the onset of symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma and the first consultation with a physician averaged 11 weeks. In most of these patients an additional 22 weeks under medical observation and symptomatic treatment elapsed before definitive diagnostic studies and treatment were performed at this medical center. A more recent survey of this problem indicates a definite improvement in this costly delay, yet the deferral of definitive diagnosis and surgical therapy still persists and reflects the inherent difficulty in the present methods of early diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. The presence of bronchogenic carcinoma can be suspected on the basis of symptomatology, physical examination and plain roentgenograms; however, various nonmalignant pulmonary lesions may also produce these findings. Differential diagnostic procedures necessary to arrive at a final and accurate diagnosis are time-consuming, quite expensive, and frequently not successful. As a result, many physicians will persist in watching a lesion on serial x-ray films over a period of many months and years and apply the entire gamut of antibiotics. Repeated examination of bronchial secretions for malignant and endoscopy are resorted to. The first two methods certainly must be condemned. Cytological examination of bronchial secretions can be performed in a few centers by experienced pathologists. However, when such an individual is not available, these techniques become woefully inadequate and can be misleading. Because of its limitationof direct visual examination of only a portion of the tracheobronchial tree, bronchoscopy is diagnostic in less than half of all our patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and is particularly inadequate when dealing with lesions located in the periphery of the lung. An aid in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma is bronchography. Contrast study of the bronchial tree has been available since 1922, and was shown to be of value in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma by Graham, Singer and Ballont and others.25 This procedure, used extensively in the investigation of bronchiectasis, lung abscess, tuberculosis and other pulmonary lesions, has not been used extensively in this country