cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posterior glenoid bone grafting in total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with severe posterior glenoid wear.

Background Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in cases with posterior wear can be addressed by eccentric reaming of the anterior glenoid or by augmenting the posterior glenoid with bone grafting or augmented glenoid implants. We report the results of TSA with posterior glenoid bone grafting (PGBG) with humeral head autograft in patients with shoulder osteoarthritis and severe posterior glenoid wear. Methods A retrospective review of cases from 2004 to 2014 revealed 34 patients. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were evaluated for glenoid version and humeral head subluxation as well as component loosening. Patient-reported outcomes were compared preoperatively and postoperatively. Complications and reoperations were also evaluated. Results Of the 34 patients, 28 (82.4%) were available at a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. PGBG corrected glenoid retroversion from −28° ± 4° preoperatively to −4° ± 2° ( P P Conclusion Patients undergoing primary TSA with humeral head autograft PGBG showed significant improvements in glenoid version, humeral head subluxation, patient-reported outcomes, and range of motion at an average of 4 years' follow-up. There was a low revision rate and a high rate of graft incorporation.
Operational deployment of compressive sensing systems for seismic data acquisition

Abstract Compressive sensing (CS) provides a new basis for sampling that can increase sampling efficiency for seismic data acquisition by an order of magnitude. A major challenge for this new technology is to show that theoretical increases in sampling efficiency can be translated to real efficiency gains in the field. Along with efficiency gains, data quality must be preserved in order to gain acceptance of a new acquisition technology. CS designs require solution of large optimization problems that are consistent with compressive sampling theory. We refer to our optimization framework for CS-based acquisition design and processing as compressive seismic imaging (CSI). We illustrate our CSI framework on example projects for ocean-bottom node, narrow-azimuth marine streamer, and land vibroseis acquisition. The ocean-bottom-node project was conducted in the UK North Sea during the difficult winter season. A CSI dual-source design was used to significantly reduce shooting time for this project. The project ...
Access to Substituted Trifluoromethyl Ketones Using the Versatile Synthetic Intermediate (E)-1,1-Dimethyl-2-(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ylidene)hydrazine

Abstract The N,N-dimethylhydrazone of 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone, (E)-1,1-dimethyl-2-(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ylidene)hydrazine, has been shown to undergo a diverse set of reactions following deprotonation with n-butyl-lithium; including alkylation, addition to ketones and aldehydes, as well as palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings with aryl bromides. Mild hydrolysis of the N,N-dimethylhydrazone products from these transformations affords the corresponding trifluoromethyl ketones in good to excellent yields.
History and Power: On Pride

This chapter takes up Sunu Gonera’s Pride (2007), a biopic about the life of Jim Ellis, a competitive swim coach who eventually produced the first black swimmers for the US Olympic Team. It discusses the film’s favorable portrayal of Ellis within the history of racially segregated swimming, and the exploitation of African swimming skills under slavery, in order to comprehend the construction of the stereotype that “blacks can’t swim.” Although Ellis challenges government bureaucracy for the opportunity to help his team, his bid for patriarchal protection requires him to call directly upon the state’s police powers. Ellis, not unlike his own white male coach before him, counsels young black men to stand up to racist assault by refusing to fight back in their own defense.
Periodic flow hydrodynamic resistance parameters for woven screen matrices at cryogenic temperatures

The regenerator is a critical component in all Stirling and Pulse Tube cryocoolers. It generally consists of a microporous metallic or rare-earth filler material contained within a cylindrical shell. Accurate modelling of the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviour of different regenerator materials is crucial to the successful design of cryogenic systems. Previous investigations have used experimental measurements at steady and periodic flow conditions in conjunction with pore-level CFD analysis to determine the pertinent hydrodynamic parameters, namely the Darcy permeability and Forchheimer coefficients. Due to the difficulty associated with experimental measurement at cryogenic temperatures, past investigations were mostly performed at ambient conditions and their results are assumed to be appropriate for cryogenic temperatures. In this study, a regenerator filled with woven screen matrices such as 400 mesh T316 stainless steel were assembled and experimentally tested under periodic helium flow at cryogenic temperatures. The mass flow and pressure drop data were analysed using CFD to determine the dimensionless friction factor, Darcy Permeability and Forchheimer coefficients. These results are compared to previous investigations at ambient temperature conditions, and the relevance of room-temperature models and correlations to cryogenic temperatures is critically assessed.
Institutional Interventional Radiology Symposium Increases Medical Student Interest and Identifies Target Recruitment Candidates

Abstract Objectives To assess and raise medical student interest in interventional radiology (IR); and to evaluate student response across gender, level of training, and surgical vs nonsurgical specialty interest. Materials and Methods All Ohio medical students were invited to an IR Symposium held by a large academic medical center in central Ohio. The program encompassed didactic lectures, hands-on simulation models, and a networking luncheon with faculty, trainees, and industry partners. All attendees completed an anonymous, 5-point Likert scaled survey preattending and postattending the event to assess their awareness of IR as a specialty, understanding of the current training pathways, and level of interest. Results A total of 46 participants (M:F 60%:40%, MS1—53%, MS2—36%, and MS3—11%) attended the symposium. The cohort demonstrated increased interest in pursuing a career in IR following the symposium (4.12 vs 3.70, P Conclusions This study demonstrated the role of symposia in improving medical student awareness of IR and training pathways. Findings were validated across gender and training level, and identified the subset of students with nonsurgical interests as most responsive to such intervention and potential recruitment.
Conduct of Head Injury Trials in the United States: The American Brain Injury Consortium (ABIC)

This article provides a brief description of the American Brain Injury Consortium (ABIC), a group of clinical scientists focused on the design and implementation of clinical trials in the United States to improve outcome of the brain injured patient. The structure of the consortium, guidelines for participation, relationship with pharmaceutical industry, and the instruments used for acquisition and analysis of data gathered are described.
The Creative Imagination

My aim in this essay is to engage in a philosophical exploration of the creative imagination in human beings, seeking to discern both its basic structure and its special significance for understanding what it means to be human. For it is unique in the universe, so far as we know it, to human beings: God and angels are certainly creative, but by pure intelligence, without images; animals have imagination, but principally reproductive, to conserve images of past experience, not creative, save to a very limited degree, always tied down to present particular experiences and concrete problems. Humans, on the other hand, enjoy a far wider scope of creative imagination, due partly to the power of human intelligence to abstract, and so break free of the concrete material present we find ourselves situated in — which animals cannot do — and partly from the freedom which our imagination participates in because of its association with the free will of the human spirit.
Phosphorus requirement for irrigated bush beans production on coastal plain soils.

AbstractEconomic agricultural production of coastal plain sandy soils requires intensive nutrient and irrigation management. Optimization of nitrogen and phosphorus applications will bring environm...
Calculated inter-band B(E2)’s in the p-f shell

Abstract Whereas previous works for B(E2)'s in the even-even Ti isotopes focused on yrast transitions we here also consider inter-band transitions to a second group, i.e. states like 02, 11, 22, 31, 42, 51, etc. We focus on variations from one even-even Ti isotope to the next. We make a qualitative comparison with similar transitions in a heavier deformed nucleus.
Real-time PCR and targeted next-generation sequencing in the detection of low level EGFR mutations: Instructive case analyses.

Abstract Background Allele specific real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are widely used to detect somatic mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both methods commonly use formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues as diagnostic materials. Real-time PCR has the advantage of being easy to use and more tolerant of variable DNA quality, but has limited multiplex capability. NGS, in contrast, allows simultaneous analysis of many genomic loci while revealing the exact sequence changes; it is, however, more technically demanding and more expensive to employed. A challenge for both platforms is the varied limit of detection (LoD) for target genomic loci, even within the same gene. The variability of detection sensitivity may be problematic if well-known actionable somatic mutations are missed. Cases We compared LoDs between real-time PCR and targeted NGS tests for some commonly observed EGFR mutations in NSCLC specimens. Conclusions The FDA-approved real-time PCR test was superior to the NGS in detecting low level EGFR exon 19 deletion (near 1% variant allele fraction (VAF)). The cancer hotspot NGS detects low level EGFR c.2369C > T, p.T790M (2–5% VAF) better than the FDA-approved real-time PCR method. We conclude that the real-time PCR and hotspot NGS methods have complementary strengths in accurately determining clinically important EGFR mutations in NSCLC.
Can the digestible indispensable amino acid score methodology decrease protein malnutrition.

Protein undernutrition is a serious global problem that results in stunted growth, disease, and premature death in millions of people annually. Protein deficiency is caused by a deficiency in specific indispensable amino acids and efforts to alleviate protein malnutrition, therefore, need to focus on the provision of adequate quantities of digestible indispensable amino acids. The digestibility of amino acids is most correctly determined at the end of the small intestine, and digestibility values obtained using this approach are termed “ileal digestibility values.” The total protein provision to an individual is based on the sum of digestible indispensable amino acids consumed in a meal. The protein quality of a single ingredient is less important than the quality of the mixed meal that is consumed. To assist in calculating the protein quality of meals for humans, the FAO recommends that a system called the “Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score” or DIAAS be used. This system is based on the ileal digestibility of each amino acid in individual protein foods, but allows for the calculation of the quality of a meal consisting of a number of protein foods. The system can then be used to assess the quality of total protein intake consumed as a meal. Comparison of this value to the requirements for indispensable amino acids by humans can be used to estimate an individual’s protein status.
How organizations shape medical technology allocation: Insulin pumps and pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Although guidelines for prescribing insulin pumps to patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) focus on patient assessment, sociological research shows decision-making is influenced by the organizations within which actors are embedded. However, how organizational context shapes unequal resource allocation by race and class is less well understood. To investigate this, we compare two pediatric endocrinology centers differing in racial and socio-economic equity in pump use. Using over 400 h of observations and 16 provider interviews, we find allocation is shaped by how organizations use patient cultural health capital to determine pump eligibility, frame technology use, and structure decision-making processes. Overall, findings extend health inequalities research by describing how organizations shape technology resource allocation by race and class.
Efficient Network Anomaly Detection for Edge Gateway Defense in 5G

Various cyber intrusions are constantly invading the edge access networks, disturbing the assured services, and further destroying critical cyberinfrastructure. Efficient and effective edge gateway defense against malicious threats for a multitude of connected physical end devices will remain as a significant problem in the next-generations wireless communications. Edge gateway equipped with network anomaly detection will serve as a first line to protect the online systems, while the robust anomaly detection under label scarcity scenarios is still challenging. In this paper, we propose an efficient network anomaly detection scheme for edge gateway defense in 5G. We first explore the system model of 5G edge access networks. We discuss the motivations of deploying an edge network intelligence for defending against cyber intrusions, and then propose an efficient network anomaly detection scheme. The proposed scheme performs well under label scarcity scenarios, and it supports the requirement with computational efficient real-time processing. Finally, we conduct a case study, and we demonstrate that a proposed scheme achieves solid performance under several evaluation metrics, and it retains efficiency in terms of computational and communication overhead.
CHAPTER 12 – National Institutes of Health Policy on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research

Publisher Summary National Institutes of Health (NIH) focused on scientific considerations in constructing its guidelines to meet the congressional mandate requiring the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research. Implementation of the inclusion guidelines has supported the emerging field of sex-/gender-based medicine. Outreach efforts to communicate the requirements of this policy have been effective and have promoted continued dialog among investigators, potential volunteers, and their communities. The policy and procedures for implementing the requirements are effectively monitored and revised as science demands. Studies that do not meet the requirements are being properly identified, and administrative procedures allow for timely resolution of problems. Procedures have been developed to monitor and measure inclusion after research awards are made. Appropriate measures have also been instituted to ensure that the requirement to provide valid analysis of differences in intervention effect for NIH-defined phase III trials is being met and to encourage the publication of this information. The most cogent argument in favor of the NIH inclusion policy is the societal cost of continued gaps in scientific knowledge about important health problems that affect both women and men of diverse racial/ethnic groups. Sex and racial/ethnic differences must be appraised when generalizing results to entire populations.
Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease.

Background The initiating events of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are not well-defined, but GI infections are implicated. Aims To define the role of GI infections in risk of incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and synthesise the current body of relevant translational data to provide biological context for associations between GI infections and IBD risk. Methods We systematically reviewed electronic databases through February 2020. Clinical studies that provided risk estimates of the association between GI infections and incident IBD were included. Inclusion criteria were broader for translational studies aiming to define mechanisms of GI infections and predisposition to or protection from IBD. Results Of the studies identified, 63 met full inclusion criteria. Among studies of clinical gastroenteritis, bacteria-specifically, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species and Clostridioides difficile-demonstrated consistent positive associations with risk of incident IBD. Of viruses, norovirus was associated with increased risk of incident CD. Regarding inverse associations with incident IBD, Helicobacter pylori and helminth infections were associated with a generally consistent reduced risk of IBD. Based on a qualitative analysis of the translational data, putative mechanisms involve multiple microbial and immunologic pathways. Conclusions Based on this systematic review, certain enteric pathogens are associated with an increased risk of incident IBD, while others are potentially protective. Prospective studies are required to clarify the clinical implications of these enteric pathogens on the risk and course of IBD, and possible therapeutic or preventative benefit.
Using Informatics to Improve Identification and Communication of Incidental Findings in the Emergency Department

Abstract To provide a diagnosis, patients in the emergency department receive many imaging studies. Advancements in imaging have increased the number of identified incidental findings. Owing to the complexity of emergency care, notification and follow-up are inconsistent. Informatics may improve notification and follow-up of incidental findings and improve health outcomes.
Patient characteristics associated with time-to-consult for inpatient palliative radiotherapy.

27Background: Delayed inpatient radiotherapy (RT) consultation can result in delayed treatment, extended hospitalization, and increased costs. There are limited data characterizing populations that...
Effect of source and level of forage in the diet on in vitro ammonia emission from manure of Holstein and Jersey dairy cows

Abstract Reducing overall reactive N losses from dairy production systems depends substantially on reducing the atmospheric emission of manure ammonia (NH3). The objective of this study was to determine potential NH3-N emission of reconstituted manure using an in vitro protocol. Feces and urine were collected from a companion study designed as a Latin square in which 4 Holstein and 4 Jersey cows were fed diets containing 2 levels of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) [low-forage NDF (19%) vs. high-forage NDF (24%; dry matter basis)] from either alfalfa silage or corn silage (70:30 vs. 30:70 ratio of alfalfa silage NDF:corn silage NDF) arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. All diets contained similar levels of crude protein (17%) and starch (23%), and had forage-to-concentrate ratios of 55:45 and 68:32 for low- and high-forage NDF diets, respectively. Measurements of NH3-N emission were conducted in a laboratory-scale chamber with 16 g of reconstituted manure (urine plus feces) incubated for 48 h at 15°C with sampling at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Hourly NH3-N emissions data were analyzed using a repeated-measures mixed model in R ( https://www.r-project.org/ ). The fixed effects were breed, forage NDF level, forage NDF source, time of sampling, and all possible interactions; cow was included as a random term. The cumulative 48-h NH3-N emissions and the scaled-up emissions accounting for daily output of manure from each cow were analyzed using the same model but without time of sampling. Level and source of forage in the diet tended to influence the pattern in hourly rate and 48-h cumulative emission, respectively. Accounting for daily manure volume differences, low-forage NDF diets led to lower estimates of daily NH3-N emissions than high-forage NDF diets (20% on a cow basis, 15% on a raw manure basis, and 18% on a manure-N basis). Compared with Holsteins, Jerseys emitted 17% lower estimated NH3-N on a cow basis, mainly due to lower manure excretion but tended to emit 15% more NH3-N expressed on a manure-N basis. Findings of this study suggested that cow breed and dietary forage NDF level should be considered in the prediction of NH3-N emission from the dairy industry.
Automated Indexing of Structured Scientific Metadata Using Apache Solr

Scientific datasets are continuously growing with the amount of raw data being collected worldwide. This amount of data poses the biggest challenge to web search engines on how to retrieve them efficiently. This paper discusses how major scientific data centers are using popular open-source search platforms such as Solr [1] to retrieve structured data stored in data sources such as relational database management systems using its import handler mechanisms [2]. Additionally, we will also focus on how we can configure Solr to serve advanced full-text, faceted search capabilities, along with its key features, which simplify representing and delivering better performance to the scientific search interfaces.
Flex: high-availability datacenters with zero reserved power

Cloud providers, like Amazon and Microsoft, must guarantee high availability for a large fraction of their workloads. For this reason, they build datacenters with redundant infrastructures for power delivery and cooling. Typically, the redundant resources are reserved for use only during infrastructure failure or maintenance events, so that workload performance and availability do not suffer. Unfortunately, the reserved resources also produce lower power utilization and, consequently, require more datacenters to be built. To address these problems, in this paper we propose "zero-reserved-power" datacenters and the Flex system to ensure that workloads still receive their desired performance and availability. Flex leverages the existence of software-redundant workloads that can tolerate lower infrastructure availability, while imposing minimal (if any) performance degradation for those that require high infrastructure availability. Flex mainly comprises (1) a new offline workload placement policy that reduces stranded power while ensuring safety during failure or maintenance events, and (2) a distributed system that monitors for failures and quickly reduces the power draw while respecting the workloads' requirements, when it detects a failure. Our evaluation shows that Flex produces less than 5% stranded power and increases the number of deployed servers by up to 33%, which translates to hundreds of millions of dollars in construction cost savings per datacenter site. We end the paper with lessons from our experience bringing Flex to production in Microsoft's datacenters.
Community Development Education: Convergent Approaches to Community Well-Being

Over the last few decades, the community development field has grown substantially, creating a need for further professional training. Today, there are approximately fifty graduate and undergraduate community development programs across the United States housed in various departments from architecture to business administration, underscoring that the challenges of communities require a holistic view of complex urban issues that go beyond the borders of a single discipline or community context. As part of a three-year research initiative to investigate community development in higher education in the U.S., a symposium focused on Community Development Education was held in Detroit in 2019 bringing together a diverse group of community development educators from over twenty universities to share knowledge, best practices, and innovative ideas for teaching and learning. Important questions emerged from the symposium about the future of community development education. For example, what societal issues are informing the community development field? What knowledge is required of community developers? How can community development education address both? This article responds to these questions and identifies convergent approaches among community development educators. These include growing attention to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary methods, community level responses that require collaboration and engagement, and the co-production of knowledge between educators and the communities they serve. Through a discussion of these approaches, this article seeks to foster dialogue among community development educators around common foci and underscore that community development education is a foundation for enhancing community well-being.
Calibrating UV Emissivity And Dust Absorption At z \approx 3

We detail a technique for estimating the UV extinction and luminosity of UV selected galaxies using UV quantities alone. The technique is based on a tight correlation between the ratios of far infrared (FIR) to UV flux ratios and UV color for a sample of local starbursts. A simple empirical fit to this correlation can be used to estimate UV extinction as a function of color. This method is applied to a sample of Lyman-break systems selected from the HDF and having $z \approx 3$. The resultant UV emissivity is at least nine times higher than the original Madau et al. (1996) estimate. This technique can be readily applied to other rest-frame UV surveys.
Acute Hyperglycemia Exacerbates Hemorrhagic Transformation after Embolic Stroke and Reperfusion with tPA: A Possible Role of TXNIP-NLRP3 Inflammasome.

Abstract Objectives Acute hyperglycemia (HG) exacerbates reperfusion injury after stroke. Our recent studies showed that acute HG upregulates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression, which in turn induces inflammation and neurovascular damage in a suture model of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute HG on TXNIP-associated neurovascular damage, in a more clinically relevant murine model of embolic stroke and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) reperfusion. Materials and methods HG was induced in adult male mice, by intraperitoneal injection of 20% glucose. This was followed by embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), with or without IV-tPA (10 mg/kg) given 3 h post embolization. Brain infarction, edema, hemoglobin content, expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occluding, and zonula occludens-1), TXNIP, and NOD‐like receptor protein3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome activation were evaluated at 24 h after eMCAO. Results HG alone significantly increased TXNIP in the brain after eMCAO, and this was associated with exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation (HT; as measured by hemoglobin content). IV-tPA in HG conditions showed a trend to decrease infarct volume, but worsened HT after eMCAO, suggesting that HG reduces the therapeutic efficacy of IV-tPA. Further, HG and tPA-reperfusion did not show significant differences in expression of MMP-9, VEGFA, junction proteins, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation between the groups. Conclusion The current findings suggest a potential role for TXNIP in the occurrence of HT in hyperglycemic conditions following eMCAO. Further studies are needed to understand the precise role of vascular TXNIP on HG/tPA-induced neurovascular damage after stroke.
Determinants of postpartum morbidity in laboring monitored patients: A reassessment of the bacteriology of the amniotic fluid during labor

Abstract Identification of the type and concentration of bacterial organisms in the amniotic fluid (AF) during labor might allow for earlier and more effective treatment of postpartum infections. Previous studies have identified organisms typically associated with postpartum endometritis, but the relationship to intrapartum findings has been disappointing. The purpose of this prospective study was to reassess any relationships between the bacteriology of the AF during labor and the postpartum course in the high-risk, noninfected, monitored gravid patient. The intrapartum AF bacterial flora was similar in 70 patients delivered vaginally and 80 patients delivered abdominally. In patients who did not receive prophylactic antibiotics, a total AF organism count of ≥ 10 4 colonies/ml and the presence of any streptococcal or Bacteroides organism, gram-negative bacilus, or staphylococcus aureus were significantly related to postpartum morbidity. Under these conditions, cesarean section considerably increased the risk of clinical endometritis. These results suggest that semiquantitative culture of AF obtained through the intrauterine pressure catheter prior to delivery may be of value in the postpartum management of patients delivered by cesarean section.
The impact of family history on pathological and clinical outcomes in non‐syndromic clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of family history on pathological and clinical outcomes after surgery for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in patients with non-syndromic disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed 2677 patients treated with radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery for non-cystic ccRCC between 1970 and 2004 to identify patients with a family history of ccRCC. Patients with von Hippel–Lindau, tuberous sclerosis, or Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome were excluded from analysis. Demographics and clinico-pathological outcomes were compared to patients with ccRCC without a family history of kidney cancer using chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Postoperative cancer-specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. RESULTS We identified 42 patients (1.6%) with a family history of ccRCC who were treated for non-cystic ccRCC, with a median follow-up of 4.7 years (range 1–34). Demographics and tumour characteristics, including tumour stage and grade, were similar between the two groups. Patients with a family history of ccRCC were more likely to have bilateral tumours (11.9 vs 2.2%, P= 0.003). Nevertheless, cancer-specific survival rates for patients with and without a family history of ccRCC were similar at 5 years (75.7 vs 71.1%) and 10 years (53.9 vs 62.2%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with a family history of ccRCC have pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with sporadic ccRCC. The increased incidence of bilateral tumours associated with a family history of ccRCC provides further evidence to support a nephron-sparing surgical approach when feasible.
Unusual sensory setae of the raptorial Branchinecta gigas (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)

In many vernal pools, visibility is very poor because of the turbidity from suspended clay particles. For predatory species like Branchinecta gigas, these conditions can be detrimental to successful prey capture. In vernal lakes in central California, B. gigashave developed specialized hunting modes to capture anostracan prey in pools of low visibility. The position of their body, the kinematics of their locomotion, and their reduced eye size suggested the possibility of novel sensory structures on their antennae and/or their cercopods designed to enhance their prey capture abilities. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, we investigated the presence and design of sensory setae on the antennae and cercopods of B. gigas. On both males and females, there are dense patches of sensilla along the length of the antennae. They are oriented ventrally and slightly anteriorly. These antennal setae appear to be chemosensory in structure and position; they resemble antennal setae of other branchiopods. However, the setae of the cercopods are unusual in their morphology and location on the appendage. The cercopods, which are bent over the head in the hunting position, have a linear arrangement of specialized setae on their ventral side. They are jointed setae with an anterior crown of protective spines. The setal joint only permits limited abduction either toward the head in the hunting position or ventrally when swimming. These setae appear to be mechanosensory in function and may be adaptations to a raptorial lifestyle. They correlate well with the behavioral components of hunting in B. gigasand their complex prey capture mechanism.
Cursoriality in bipedal archosaurs

Modern birds have markedly foreshortened tails and their body mass is centred anteriorly, near the wings1,2,3,4,5. To provide stability during powered flight, the avian centre of mass is far from the pelvis, which poses potential balance problems for cursorial birds. To compensate, avians adapted to running maintain the femur subhorizontally, with its distal end situated anteriorly, close to the animal's centre of mass; stride generation stems largely from parasagittal rotation of the lower leg about the knee joint6,7,8,9,10,11,12. In contrast, bipedal dinosaurs had a centre of mass near the hip joint and rotated the entire hindlimb during stride generation4,5,6,7,8,11,12,13. Here we show that these contrasting styles of cursoriality are tightly linked to longer relative total hindlimb length in cursorial birds than in bipedal dinosaurs. Surprisingly, Caudipteryx , described as a theropod dinosaur14,15, possessed an anterior centre of mass and hindlimb proportions resembling those of cursorial birds. Accordingly, Caudipteryx probably used a running mechanism more similar to that of modern cursorial birds than to that of all other bipedal dinosaurs. These observations provide valuable clues about cursoriality in Caudipteryx , but may also have implications for interpreting the locomotory status of its ancestors.
Geophysical and geological databases and CTBT monitoring: A case study of the Middle East

With the anticipated completion of multilateral comprehensive nuclear test ban and nonproliferation treaties in the near future, it is essential for the monitoring efforts that multidisciplinary information on a given region is readily available and accessible in a digital, on-line format via electronic networks for use by concerned researchers and decision makers.
Multistatic lidar profiling of urban atmospheric aerosols

[1] It has become increasingly important to obtain information on the vertical distribution, i.e., profile, of aerosols in the open atmosphere. To complement data obtained from a monostatic Raman lidar, a multistatic receiver configuration was designed to take measurements of the parallel and perpendicular polarization scattered components for altitudes from 10 m to 1000 m above the ground. The measurements, taken at night, were used to form a polarization ratio that was subsequently fitted using Mie theory and a trimodal lognormal aerosol distribution. Experimental results revealed the presence of strong variations in the aerosol distribution within the nighttime planetary boundary layer with some time sequences revealing rapid temporal and spatial changes. Subsequent modeling of the aerosol profile suggested that the observed aerosol variations may depend on a combination of factors, including altitude, composition, and number density. However, in instances when the atmosphere was found to be uniformly mixed, retrieval of aerosol parameters (number density, median radius, and geometric standard deviation) was obtained.
An effective algorithm for implementing perfectly matched layers in time-domain finite-element simulation of open-region EM problems

An algorithm is presented to implement perfectly matched layers (PMLs) for the time-domain finite-element (TDFE) simulation of two-dimensional open-region electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems. The proposed algorithm is based on the TDFE solution of a special vector wave equation similar to the one in an anisotropic and dispersive medium. The impact of the PML on the stability of the resultant TDFE solution is studied for a variety of temporal discretization schemes, and it is shown that the proposed algorithm for implementing PML can support unconditionally stable TDFE schemes. Both the total- and the scattered-field formulations are described, and numerical simulations of radiation and scattering problems are presented to validate the proposed PML algorithm for the mesh truncation of the TDFE solution.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF YUCCA SEED PROTEINS

A B S T R A C T Embryos and nutritive tissues in ungerminated Yucca seeds of 4 species contain many spherical bodies which stain positively for proteins. Two distinct morphological types were observed at both the light and electron microscope levels. A meshwork-type consists of electron-dense and electron-transparent regions in which are embedded slightly birefringent inclusions. The second type, named the core-type, consists of a core surrounded by a matrix in which the inclusions are embedded. A single unit membrane surrounds each protein body. Both types are present in the embryo while only the core-type protein body appears in the surrounding nutritive tissue (perisperm). All regions in each of the two protein body types, except the inclusions, stain histochemicaIly for proteins. Seeds were planted at 2-day intervals and allowed to germinate through 14 days. As germination comnmences (day 0) protein bodies in the embryo begin to break down. By day 4 the bodies are depleted in embryos of 3 of the 4 species. About day 4, protein bodies ill perisperm surrounding the embryo begin to break down and this process continues outward to the seed coat until day 14 when all seed proteins have disappeared. Dulring germination the protein bodies in the embryo and perisperm of 3 species coalesce and then uiidergo breakdown. In a fourth species, there is no appreciable increase in size of the bodies, but an erosion of the periphery and possibly internally as well takes place, followed by ulti-nate dissolutioi.
Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis as an Efficient Means of Generating Steam From Liquid Waste

The present study focuses on the performance evaluation of contact glow discharge electrolysis as a potential means for efficient generation of steam from liquid waste in the form of cooling tower blowdown produced at the campus of the University of California at Merced. The cooling tower blowdown, which acts as an electrolyte is fed into a stainless steel electrolytic cell connected to a DC power supply. After describing the transition from normal electrolysis to contact glow discharge electrolysis, the electrolytic cell is run in glow discharge mode for a specific duration of time and data for current, voltage, and rate of steam generation are recorded. Steam generation efficiency as high as 87% is obtained. High efficiency of steam generation makes it a practical method of generating steam from liquid waste.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Inter- and intrapopulational variation in time to metamorphosis in a freshwater copepod

SUMMARY 1 Adjacent populations of the copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars living in lakes in southern Norway exhibit remarkably different life cycles. A series of laboratory-common environment experiments were used to partition variance in one life cycle trait—time to metamorphosis—among and within five populations of C. scutifer, to examine the extent to which variation in this trait has a generic basis and to test whether populations are polymorphic for development rates. The experimental populations exhibit a variety of life cycles in the field and occupy environments that represent a broad range of conditions. 2 Populations with different life cycles in the field continued to express differences in time to metamorphosis in the laboratory, indicating a genetic contribution to life cycle variation. Differences in developmental rates in the laboratory were smaller, however, than differences observed in the field, suggesting that environmental conditions also contribute to observed life cycle variation. 3 In addition to interpopulation variation, each population maintained substantial intrapopulation variation in time to metamorphosis; differences between individuals from the same population were often as large as or larger than differences between populations. 4 Individual females in most populations produced highly variable offspring, and there often was little difference in time to metamorphosis among families within a population. 5 Cyclops scutifer exhibits a hierarchy of variation in time to metamorphosis, with a major portion of this variation expressed among siblings. Intrapopulation life history variation important to natural selection may be maintained by different processes among the major groups of freshwater zooplankton.
Cobalt concentration effect in Pt1−xCox on the reversible potential for forming OHads from H2Oads in acid solution

We present results of a periodic spin-density-functional theory study of the effect of the cobalt concentration in Ptx−1Cox surfaces on the reversible potential for forming OH(ads) from H2O(ads). Adsorbed OH is recognized as a poison to oxygen cathodes that contributes to the high O2 reduction overpotential. Five surface compositions with a cobalt concentration of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were studied, and these surfaces were covered with a monolayer Pt skin. The OH(ads) formation potential was found to depend significantly on the sub-surface composition. Alloying platinum with cobalt atoms led to an increasingly positive shift of the reversible potential for forming OH(ads), as the amount of cobalt is increased. Beyond 75% cobalt concentration the effect levels off. Experimentally, the Pt3Co alloy has been well studied and is believed to be covered by a Pt skin and the potential for OH(ads) formation on it, from water oxidation, is shifted positive. The present theoretical results suggest that if Pt skins form on alloys more concentrated in Co than Pt3Co, the positive shift in the potential for OH(ads) formation will be greater and, on an oxygen cathode in a fuel cell, the overpotential for O2 reduction will be even less.
Chemical immobilization of free-ranging dhole (Cuon alpinus), binturong (Arctictis binturong), and yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) in Thailand

No published information exists on the chemical immobilization of free-ranging dholes (Cuon alpinus), binturongs (Arctictis binturong), or yellow-throated martens (Martes flavigula). We chemically immobilized these species in Thailand using a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride with xylazine hydrochloride (KH–XH) and tiletamine hydrochloride with zolazepam hydrochloride (TH–ZH). Mean (±SD) dose of KH–XH was 18.1±5.3 and 0.9±0.1 mg/kg for dholes (n=2), 19.7±4.1 and 1.3±0.4 mg/kg for binturongs (n=8), and 28.7±3.3 and 1.1±0.1 mg/kg for yellow-throated martens (n=5), respectively. Mean dose of TH–ZH was 4.1±0.1 mg/kg for dhole (n=2). Induction time, duration of anesthesia, and recovery time were satisfactory for standard field research procedures including radio-collaring, although the effects on yellow-throated martens and binturongs were more variable. Respiration and muscle rigidity were monitored during sedation with no observed adverse physiological effects. Individuals were released after full recovery and monitored via radio telemetry for 4–23 months with no observed detrimental effects due to chemical immobilization. We conclude that KH–XH and TH–ZH are safe and effective immobilization agents for these carnivores; however, we suggest testing different KH–XH ratios and dosages, and other immobilizing agents for these species.
Vulvar Hemangioma Simulating Child Abuse

An infant with a vulvar hemangioma that had undergone extensive ulcerative changes was initially diagnosed as having a perineal burn secondary to child abuse. Although genital burns are a well-recognized manifestation of child abuse, knowledge of the natural course of untreated hemangiomas and the uncommon complication of ulceration as well as familiarity with the characteristic patterns of abusive burn injuries may allow the physician to avoid making this misdiagnosis. The confusion in diagnosis led to an extensive social service investigation that, in this case, had a positive outcome for the mother's ability to cope. There exists, however, the possibility of iatrogenic-induced emotional stress if child abuse is misdiagnosed.
Combining ability in crosses within and between diverse groups of alfalfa introductions

144 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) introductions were classified into eight groups based on their origin, winterhardiness, leafhopper yellowing, and growth characteristics. We studied the performance of crosses within and between these groups. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for persistence among the eight groups were about equal. The Chilean group had a high positive GCA for persistence, suggesting that it may be become a good source of germplasm for persistance and, perhaps, disease resistance.
Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Nanostructured, Mesoporous Manganese Oxide in Aqueous Electrolytes

Manganese oxide (MnOx) xerogel and ambigel films were investigated as ultracapacitor electrodes in unbuffered aqueous electrolytes. These nanostructured, mesoporous gels, derived from the sol-gel reaction of NaMnO 4 .H 2 O and fumaric acid, were cast as continuous thin films on indium-tin oxide glass. Further processing of the wet gels produces hirnessite Na δ MnO 2 .xH 2 O nanoarchitectures in either a densified xerogel or a highly porous ambigel form. The pseudocapacitances of these mesoporous MnOx films in unbuffered aqueous electrolytes are characterized by spectroelectrochemical methods. Monitoring the changes in the optical absorbance during electrochemical cycling provides an in situ measure of the electronic state of the MnOx as the electrode is charged and discharged. Manganese oxide films prepared as highly porous ambigels exhibit a more capacitive-like character than xerogels, and also undergo less capacity loss with cycling.
Reimagining psychoses: An agnostic approach to diagnosis

Abstract Objectives Current approaches to defining and classifying psychotic disorders are compromised by substantive heterogeneity within, blurred boundaries between, as well as overlaps across the various disorders in outcome, treatment response, emerging evidence regarding pathophysiology and presumed etiology. Methods We herein review the evolution, current status and the constraints posed by classic symptom-based diagnostic approaches. We compare the continuing constructs that underlie the current classification of psychoses, and contrast those to evolving new thinking in other areas of medicine. Results An important limitation in current psychiatric nosology may stem from the fact that symptom-based diagnoses do not “carve nature at its joints”; while symptom-based classifications have improved our reliability, they may lack validity. Next steps in developing a more valid scientific nosology for psychoses include a) agnostic deconstruction of disease dimensions, identifying disease markers and endophenotypes; b) mapping such markers across translational domains from behaviors to molecules, c) reclustering cross-cutting bio-behavioral data using modern phenotypic and biometric approaches, and finally d) validating such entities using etio-pathology, outcome and treatment-response measures. Conclusions The proposed steps of deconstruction and “bottom-up” disease definition, as elsewhere in medicine, may well provide a better foundation for developing a nosology for psychotic disorders that may have better utility in predicting outcome, treatment response and etiology, and identifying novel treatment approaches.