cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermogenesis in cafeteria-fed LA/N-cp (corpulent) rats

Abstract The capacity for diet-induced thermogenesis was accessed in groups of 20 week-old lean and corpulent LA/N-cp rats to determine if an impairment in adaptive energy expenditure might be associated with their obese state. Initial body weights of the corpulent rats were twice those of the lean genotype, and the rate of weight gain during cafeteria feeding was four times as rapid as occurred in lean rats. Measurements of resting oxygen consumption were similar in both lean and corpulent rats. Isoproterenol stimulation resulted in a marked increase in oxygen consumption in lean but not in corpulent rats. Acute exposure to a 5°C cold environment resulted in significant decreases in colonic and rectal temperatures in both genotypes but body temperatures recovered more rapidly in lean than in corpulent rats. Cafeteria feeding resulted in an improved cold tolerance only in lean rats. These observations are consistent with an impaired mechanism of diet-induced thermogenesis in the corpulent genotype which may contribute to the development of their obesity.
N,N‐dimethylcarbamyl derivatives of oxazepam

Three N,N-dimethylcarbamyl derivatives of oxazepam {1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam, 3-O-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam, and 1,3-O-bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam} and a 3-O-acyl-1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)-oxazepam were synthesized from either oxazepam or demoxepam. Enantiomeric pairs of these derivatives and of camazepam were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on at least two of three commercially available chiral stationary phase columns employed. Absolute configurations of resolved enantiomers were established by comparing their circular dichroism spectra to those of enantiomeric oxazepams with known absolute stereochemistry. Similar to those of oxazepam, enantiomers of 1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam undergo rapid racemization (t½ 1.9 min at 23°C and 0.9 min at 37°C) in an aqueous solution at pH 7.5. The (R)-enantiomer of rac-3-O-acyl-1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam was hydrolyzed ∼4.6-fold faster than the (S)-enantiomer by esterases in rat liver microsomes, whereas the (S)-enantiomer was hydrolyzed ∼43-fold faster than the (R)-enantiomer by esterases in rat brain S9 fraction.
Is There a Trend of Increased Unwanted Childbearing Among Young Women in the United States

Abstract Purpose The majority of births to young women are unintended (either mistimed or unwanted), bearing an increased risk of poor health outcomes for both mother and child. In this analysis, we describe trends of unwanted, mistimed, and intended births reported by all women and specifically by young women in the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Methods Using data from the 1982, 1988, 1995, and 2002 NSFG surveys, we calculated the proportion of unwanted, mistimed, and intended births by maternal age at birth. For the 1995 and 2002 NSFG surveys, we also assessed birth intentions among 15–24-year-old nulliparous women and the mean number of unwanted births in the past 5 years among all 15–24-year-old women. Results The proportion of unintended births decreased between 1988 and 1995 but increased between 1995 and 2002. This recent increase was attributed to the increased proportion of unwanted births reported by women p p p Conclusions Our analyses suggest an increasing trend in unwanted childbearing among young women between 1995 and 2002. Further research is needed to understand the meaning and causes of increased unwanted childbearing among young women and to identify characteristics of those at risk.
Enter the Chief Energy Officer— Lessons From The Evolution of The IT Industry

The energy services industry is undergoing a renaissance due to the volatility and uncertainty in energy and utility markets. As companies seek to better manage their energy costs and usage, and as energy service providers seek to grow and evolve their businesses, they can derive useful lessons from the evolution of the IT industry over the last 50 years. We should expect to see the emergence of energy integrators, service providers who can combine technology platform independence with the senior management perspective needed to help large organizations make and implement the myriad decisions required to manage energy and carbon at an enterprise level.
New method for elucidating the structures of coal

Abstract A mixture of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) dissolves coals to give colourless solutions. Depending on the nature of the coal, 9–55% of the hydrogen in the original coal is converted to simple aliphatic products. The aliphatic products preserve most of the original aliphatic structure of the coal. This technique of oxidative degradation is a powerful method of elucidating the structure of coal. It is particularly applicable to the aliphatic components of coal structure.
Evaluation of Orphan Products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Orphan drug products generally are used in treating or preventing rare diseases. The small number of patients available for study may create special problems in the evaluation of these products. This paper examines some of the special problems that are associated with the design and implementation of studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of orphan drugs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not established special criteria for evaluating orphan drugs per se, but the FDA has been flexible in evaluating drug products that present special problems, especially when these products are for treatment of serious of life-threatening illnesses. The FDA and other U.S. governmental agencies also have taken steps to promote the development and availability of drugs for rare diseases, including making these products available to patients who are in need, even before the drugs have full FDA marketing approval.
Feminism in Criminology: Engendering the Outlaw

This article assesses the progress of and prospects for feminism in criminology. The focus is on the last 25 years of feminist research and theorizing about women offenders, victims, and workers in the criminal justice system. A general overview is provided of the directions of this scholarship, and key debates between mainstream and feminist perspectives are reviewed. The article also examines the contributions of feminist activists both within and outside the discipline to concrete social change for women victims and offenders. The article closes with a discussion of emerging trends in feminist criminology. New research and theorizing about women's experiences with crime challenge and subvert the traditional divisions and domains of mainstream criminology.
Defects in Mg-Doped InP and GaInAs Grown by Omvpe

We report on the defects present in doped InP and GaInAs grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The material was grown in an atmospheric pressure system using group III trimethyl sources, arsine and phosphine. Bis(cyclopentadienyl) magnesium (Cp 2 Mg) was present as a p-type source of magnesium. Defects in as-grown material were characterized using photoluminescence (PL), Hall-effect, and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Various levels of Mg doping were investigated, ranging from 5 × 10 15 to 1 × 10 19 cm −3 . Radiative defects were observed at 77 K corresponding to PL emission from conduction band/shallow donor to acceptor levels including emission at 1.37 eV identified as the shallow hydrogenic acceptor, and emission lines at 1.3 eV and 1.0 eV in heavily doped material. Corresponding hole traps in InP:Mg were observed by DLTS having thermal activation energies of 0.20 and 0.40 eV, the 0.40 eV trap being the dominant defect in p-type InP. In GaInAs grown near lattice-matched to InP, radiative emission is also observed from deep centers 100 meV from band edge emission. This emission is observed to be related to lattice-mismatch of the ternary with the InP, and is found to be accentuated and broadened in GaInAs doped with Mg.
Social Functioning, Treatment Dropout, and Recidivism of Probationers Mandated to a Modified Therapeutic Community:

Few studies have examined the impact of corrections-based drug abuse treatment programs on changes in social functioning. The current study, therefore, examines social functioning (i.e., hostility, risk taking, and social conformity) among 406 probationers in a modified therapeutic community. Data are collected prospectively and include intake, during treatment, and posttreatment information. Findings show that social functioning changes modestly during the first 90 days of treatment. Specifically, risk taking decreases with time, social conformity increases, and unexpectedly, hostility increases across time in treatment. Hostility is the only social functioning factor that predicts treatment dropout. Findings show there are no associations between social functioning indicators and recidivism both 1 and 2 years after treatment. However, recidivism within 1 year of treatment release is associated with criminal history, and recidivism within 2 years is associated with age.
Personality traits as related to symptomatology and running performance at altitude under normal and drug (acetazoleamide) conditions.

Sun2mary.-An individual-differences approach was brought to bear on data obtained from a large, multi-disciplinary field study of the effects of altitude on a number of variables, including running performance and illness symptornatology. Personality-related effects of altitude on both performance and symptoms were obtained under placebo and drug (Acetazoleamide) conditions. In addition, age and cigarette smoking were found to be positively related to decrements in running performance from sea level to altitude. The findings supplement certain of the conclusions and generalizations produced by a groupsoriented approach in that the results suggest that Acetazoleamide (1) may adversely affect running performance in some types of individuals, (2) does not appear to reduce illness in some types of individuals, and (3) that Ss for whom the drug appears to be effective in reducing the symptoms of illness appear to be among those in whom the drug induces a performance decrement. Anecdotal evidence (Lester, 1965) and experimental investigations by McFarland ( 1932, 1937), McFarland and Barach ( 1937), Barach ( 1944), Hertzman and his associates (1942, 1944, 1955) and Smith (1946), among others, have indicated thac hypoxia can evoke marked changes in motional behavior as well as in symptomatology and various kinds of performance. Implicit in some of this research is the idea thar the kind and extent of hypoxia-induced changes in symptomatology and performance are related to the personality structures of the exposed individuals. Little effort is reported on attempts to pursue chis idea. This paper describes che results of an atcempt to relate personality traics and other variables to symptom and performance data obcained from a field study at altitude carried out by the U. S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.Vhe relationships were examined in data obtained under normal and drug (Acetazoleamide) conditions. Various aspects of the field study have been reporced elsewhere (Cahoon, 1967; Carver & Winsmann, 1968; Forwand, Hansen, Follansbee, 8: Landowne, 1967; Landowne, Forwand, & Hansen, 1968). While most of the literature cited above dealt with laboratory investigations in which the oxygen content of the air and barometric pressure were
Stromal Expression of miR-21 Identifies High-Risk Group in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype defined by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression. Expression of miR-21, an oncomiR, is frequently altered and may be distinctly expressed in the tumor stroma. Because tumor lesions are a complex mixture of cell types, we hypothesized that analysis of miR-21 expression at single-cell resolution could provide more accurate information to assess disease recurrence risk and BC-related death. We implemented a fully automated, tissue slide–based assay to detect miR-21 expression in 988 patients with BC. The miR-21High group exhibited shorter recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 1.71; P < 0.001] and BC-specific survival (HR, 1.96; P < 0.001) in multivariate regression analyses. When tumor compartment and levels of miR-21 expression were considered, significant associations with poor clinical outcome were detected exclusively in tumor epithelia from estrogen receptor– and/or progesterone receptor–positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative cases [recurrence-free survival: HR, 3.67 (P = 0.006); BC-specific survival: HR, 5.13 (P = 0.002)] and in tumor stroma from TNBC cases [recurrence-free survival: HR, 2.59 (P = 0.013); BC-specific survival: HR, 3.37 (P = 0.003)]. These findings suggest that the context of altered miR-21 expression provides clinically relevant information. Importantly, miR-21 expression was predominantly up-regulated and potentially prognostic in the tumor stroma of TNBC.
The Relatioships Between Tumor-related Gene Expression and Tumor Budding, Tumor Nodule and Lymph Node Extracapsular Extension in Colorectal Cancer

Purpose: Despite the similar lymph node metastasis observed in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), there was a different clinical outcome. The relationships between tumor-related gene expression and prognostic factors such as tumor budding, tumor nodule and extracapsular extension (ECE) of lymph nodes in patients with CRC remain unclear yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between expression of molecular markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and E-cadherin and the tumor budding, tumor nodule and ECE of lymph nodes in patients with stage III CRC. Methods: The tissue of 87 patients with stage III CRC were investigated for expressions of molecular markers using immunohistochemical methods. Results: VEGF and MMP-9 expression in tumor tissue were positively associated with the colorectal cancer prognostic factors such as tumor budding, tumor nodule and extracapsular lymph node extension (P<0.05). But, MMP-2, EGF and Ecadherin expression were of no value with regard to them. Conclusion: Our results suggest that molecular markers, in particular VEGF and MMP-9, may provide additional prognostic information regarding tumor budding, ECE and tumor nodule.
Interpolation with cubic spirals

Numerical techniques are used to study parametric Bezier cubics of monotonic curvature, and tools are presented for design applications. Values are computed to aid in the selection of control points for building interpolatory cubic spirals, and a table is developed which helps in adjusting the endpoint curvatures.
A STIM1-dependent ‘trafficking trap’ mechanism regulates Orai1 plasma membrane residence and Ca2+ influx levels

ABSTRACT The key proteins mediating store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) are the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+-selective channel Orai1. Here, we quantitatively dissect Orai1 trafficking dynamics and show that Orai1 recycles rapidly at the plasma membrane (Kex≃0.1 min−1), with ∼40% of the total Orai1 pool localizing to the plasma membrane at steady state. A subset of intracellular Orai1 localizes to a sub-plasmalemal compartment. Store depletion is coupled to Orai1 plasma membrane enrichment in a STIM1-dependent fashion. This is due to trapping of Orai1 into cortical ER STIM1 clusters, leading to its removal from the recycling pool and enrichment at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, upon high STIM1 expression, Orai1 is trapped into STIM1 clusters intracellularly, thus preventing its plasma membrane enrichment following store depletion. Consistent with this, STIM1 knockdown prevents trapping of excess Orai1 into limiting STIM1 clusters in the cortical ER. SOCE-dependent Ca2+ influx shows a similar biphasic dependence on the Orai1:STIM1 ratio. Therefore, a STIM1-dependent Orai1 ‘trafficking trap’ mechanism controls Orai1 plasma membrane enrichment and SOCE levels, thus modulating the SOCE ‘bandwidth’ for downstream signaling.
Scalability in adaptive multi-metric overlays

Increasing application requirements have placed heavy emphasis on building overlay networks to efficiently deliver data to multiple receivers. A key performance challenge is simultaneously achieving adaptivity to changing network conditions and scalability to large numbers of users. In addition, most current algorithms focus on a single performance metric, such as delay or bandwidth, particular to individual application requirements. We introduce a two-fold approach for creating robust, high-performance overlays called adaptive multimetric overlays (AMMO). First, AMMO uses an adaptive, highly-parallel, and metric-independent protocol, TreeMaint, to build and maintain overlay trees. Second, AMMO provides a mechanism for comparing overlay edges along specified application performance goals to guide TreeMaint transformations. We have used AMMO to implement and evaluate a single-metric (bandwidth-optimized) tree similar to Overcast and a two-metric (delay-constrained, cost-optimized) overlay.
G-Protein–Coupled Receptors Signaling Pathways in New Antiplatelet Drug Development

Platelet G-protein–coupled receptors influence platelet function by mediating the response to various agonists, including ADP, thromboxane A2, and thrombin. Blockade of the ADP receptor, P2Y12, in combination with cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition by aspirin has been among the most widely used pharmacological strategies to reduce cardiovascular event occurrence in high-risk patients. The latter dual pathway blockade strategy is one of the greatest advances in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In addition to P2Y12, the platelet thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor-1, has also been recently targeted for inhibition. Blockade of protease activated receptor-1 has been associated with reduced thrombotic event occurrence when added to a strategy using P2Y12 and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition. At this time, the relative contributions of these G-protein–coupled receptor signaling pathways to in vivo thrombosis remain incompletely defined. The observation of treatment failure in ≈10% of high-risk patients trea...
Effects of Sufentanil on Regional Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats

Sufentanil, a narcotic five to ten times more potent than fentanyl, reduces cortical cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in rats, with seizure activity occurring in some animals. However, the effects of sufentanil on blood flow and metabolism in subcortical structures have not been defined clearly. The present study examines the effects of intravenous sufentanil (40 or 160 micrograms/kg) on regional cerebral glucose utilization (r-CMRgl) in paralyzed, mechanically ventilated rats using 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose and autoradiography. Regional cerebral glucose utilization was decreased in all cortical areas examined in rats receiving either dose of sufentanil; the larger dose of sufentanil (160 micrograms/kg) decreased r-CMRgl in cortical structures 20-45% below control values. Two subcortical structures, the caudate nucleus and the ventral thalamic nucleus, manifested a 39-54% decrease in r-CMRgl at each dose of sufentanil. Limbic system structures responded differently. Sufentanil 40 micrograms/kg produced focal areas of markedly increased r-CMRgl in the amygdala of two of six rats; sufentanil 160 micrograms/kg produced marked increases in r-CMRgl in focal areas of hippocampus (four of eight rats) and amygdala (seven of eight rats). EEG activation suggestive of seizure activity was evident in the two low-dose sufentanil and six of the seven high-dose sufentanil rats that had focally increased r-CMRgl in the amygdala. Sufentanil causes a selective increase in r-CMRgl in subcortical limbic nuclei, particularly the amygdala, in the rat. EEG patterns of seizure activity may reflect subcortical, rather than cortical activation.
Differentiation of semi-arid vegetation types based on multi-angular observations from MISR and MODIS

Mapping accurately vegetation type is one of the main challenges for monitoring arid and semi-arid grasslands with remote sensing. The multi-angle approach has been demonstrated to be useful for mapping vegetation types in deserts. The current paper presents a study on the use of directional reflectance derived from two sensor systems, using two different models to analyse the data and two different classifiers as a means of mapping vegetation types. The multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) provide multi-spectral and angular, off-nadir observations. In this study, we demonstrate that reflectance from MISR observations and reflectance anisotropy patterns derived from MODIS observations are capable of working together to increase classification accuracy. The patterns are described by parameters of the modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete and the RossThin-LiSparseMODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models. The anisotropy patterns derived from MODIS observations are highly complementary to reflectance derived from radiances observed by MISR. Support vector machine algorithms exploit the information carried by the same data sets more effectively than the maximum likelihood classifier.
MUSTANG: state assignment of finite state machines targeting multilevel logic implementations

The problem of state assignment for synchronous finite-state machines (FSM), targeted towards multilevel combinational logic and feedback register implementations, are addressed. The authors present state-assignment algorithms that heuristically maximize the number of common cubes in the encoded network to maximize the number of literals in the resulting combinational logic network after multilevel logic optimization. Results over a wide range of benchmarks which prove the efficacy of the proposed techniques are presented. Literal counts averaging 20%-40% less than other state-assignment programs have been obtained. >
Effect of a 6-week strengthening program on shoulder and scapular-stabilizer strength and scapular kinematics in division I collegiate swimmers.

Context: Shoulder injuries are common in swimmers because of the demands of the sport. Muscle imbalances frequently exist due to the biomechanics of the sport, which predispose swimmers to injury. To date, an effective shoulder-injury-prevention program for competitive swimmers has not been established. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a 6-wk strengthening and stretching intervention program on improving glenohumeral and scapular muscle strength and scapular kinematics in collegiate swimmers. Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: University biomechanics research laboratory. Participants: Forty-four Division I collegiate swimmers. Interventions: The intervention program was completed 3 times per week for 6 wk. The program included strengthening exercises completed using resistance tubing—scapular retraction (Ts), scapular retraction with upward rotation (Ys), scapular retraction with downward rotation (Ws), shoulder flexion, low rows, throwing acceleration and deceleration, scapular punches, shoulder internal rotation at 90° abduction, and external rotation at 90° abduction—and 2 stretching exercises: corner stretch and sleeper stretch. Main Outcome Measurements: Scapular kinematics and glenohumeral and scapular muscle strength assessed preintervention and postintervention. Results: There were no significant between-groups differences in strength variables at pre/post tests, although shoulder-extension and internal-rotation strength significantly increased in all subjects regardless of group assignment. Scapular kinematic data revealed increased scapular internal rotation, protraction, and elevation in all subjects at posttesting but no significant effect of group on the individual kinematic variables. Conclusions: The current strengthening and stretching program was not effective in altering strength and scapular kinematic variables but may serve as a framework for future programs. Adding more stretching exercises, eliminating exercises that overlap with weight-room training and swim training, and timing of implementation may yield a more beneficial program for collegiate swimmers.
First (?) Occurrence of Common Terms in Mathematical Statistics

Abstract A list of over 300 terms commonly used in mathematical statistics is presented with their apparent first occurrence in print. Some of the more interesting problems encountered in preparing the list are described.
Information Literacy Policies from the Perspective of the European Commission

Still notably absent in the European Information Literacy discourse is a targeted, definite and resolute political strategy, despite the fact that, from the outset, Information Literacy has been conceived of as an objective of national policy, thus requiring an intervention at the policy level. Based on this assumption, the paper begins by introducing some theoretical aspects that form the basis of a rationalisation of the various aspects of Information Literacy, suggesting separate plans of analysis from which different levels of intervention can then be developed. The paper then goes on, illustrating the point of view of the European Commission, through the examination of some recently issued official documents, and also by looking at financing initiatives for programs and research projects by the Commission itself. Purpose of the essay: to illustrate vision and strategic policies of the European Commission on Information Literacy, highlighting priorities, objectives and different types of agents.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Causes for Thirty-Day Unplanned Readmissions Following Primary Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients with Diabetes.

Background The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services targeted thirty-day readmissions as a quality-of-care measure. Hospitals can be penalized on unplanned readmissions. Given the frequency of amputation in diabetic patients and our changing health-care system, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and causes for unplanned thirty-day readmissions following primary lower-extremity amputation in diabetic patients. Methods Patients with a diagnosis of diabetes undergoing primary lower-extremity amputation between 2002 and 2013 were retrospectively identified in a single-center patient database. Chart review determined patient factors including comorbidities, hemoglobin A1c level, amputation level, and demographic characteristics. Patients were divided into groups with and without unplanned readmission within thirty days postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compare cohorts and to identify variables associated with readmission. Results Overall, forty-six (10.5%) of 439 diabetic patients undergoing primary lower-extremity amputation had an unplanned thirty-day readmission. The top reason for readmission was a major surgical event requiring reoperation (37.0%), followed by medical events (28.3%) and minor surgical events (28.3%). In the univariate analysis, discharge on antibiotics (p = 0.002), smoking (p = 0.003), chronic kidney disease (p = 0.002), peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.002), and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p = 0.001) were each associated with readmission. In the multivariate analysis, diagnosis of gangrene (odds ratio [OR], 2.95 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.37 to 6.35]), discharge on antibiotics (OR, 4.48 [95% CI, 1.71 to 11.74]), smoking (OR, 3.22 [95% CI, 1.40 to 7.36]), chronic kidney disease (OR, 2.82 [95% CI, 1.30 to 6.15]), and peripheral vascular disease (OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.08 to 5.67]) were independently associated with readmission. Conclusions Thirty-day readmission rates following primary lower-extremity amputation in patients with diabetes were high at >10%. Both medical and surgical complications, many of which were unavoidable, contributed to readmission. Quality-reporting metrics should include these risk factors to avoid undeservedly penalizing surgeons and hospitals caring for this patient population. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
REDUCED BASIS APPROXIMATION AND A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR THE PARAMETRIZED UNSTEADY BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS

In this paper we present reduced basis (RB) approximations and associated rigorous a posteriori error bounds for the parametrized unsteady Boussinesq equations. The essential ingredients are Galerkin projection onto a low-dimensional space associated with a smooth parametric manifold — to provide dimension reduction; an efficient proper orthogonal decomposition–Greedy sampling method for identification of optimal and numerically stable approximations — to yield rapid convergence; accurate (online) calculation of the solution-dependent stability factor by the successive constraint method — to quantify the growth of perturbations/residuals in time; rigorous a posteriori bounds for the errors in the RB approximation and associated outputs — to provide certainty in our predictions; and an offline–online computational decomposition strategy for our RB approximation and associated error bound — to minimize marginal cost and hence achieve high performance in the real-time and many-query contexts. The method is applied to a transient natural convection problem in a two-dimensional "complex" enclosure — a square with a small rectangle cutout — parametrized by Grashof number and orientation with respect to gravity. Numerical results indicate that the RB approximation converges rapidly and that furthermore the (inexpensive) rigorous a posteriori error bounds remain practicable for parameter domains and final times of physical interest.
Na+ and Ca2+ Fluxes and Differentiation of Transformed Cells

Alterations in cation fluxes across the plasma membrane appear to play a central role in the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation [1,2,4,6–8,17,19]. Oocyte maturation is stimulated by Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm [7], and serum factors which stimulate growth of quiescent cells in culture cause rapid changes in Na+, H+, Ca2+, and K+ fluxes across the plasma membrane [4,8,17]. However, it has not been conclusively demonstrated that these changes in cation fluxes are essential for the subsequent acceleration of growth. In this context, a limited number of established cell lines, which are capable of undergoing differentiation in culture, provide an opportunity for investigating the role of cation fluxes in growth regulation and signaling terminal differentiation.
Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine: Addressing the Vexing Problem of Persistent Muscle Atrophy in the Chronically Torn Human Rotator Cuff

Persistent muscle atrophy in the chronically torn rotator cuff is a significant obstacle for treatment and recovery. Large atrophic changes are predictive of poor surgical and nonsurgical outcomes and frequently fail to resolve even following functional restoration of loading and rehabilitation. New insights into the processes of muscle atrophy and recovery gained through studies in developmental biology combined with the novel tools and strategies emerging in regenerative medicine provide new avenues to combat the vexing problem of muscle atrophy in the rotator cuff. Moving these treatment strategies forward likely will involve the combination of surgery, biologic/cellular agents, and physical interventions, as increasing experimental evidence points to the beneficial interaction between biologic therapies and physiologic stresses. Thus, the physical therapy profession is poised to play a significant role in defining the success of these combinatorial therapies. This perspective article will provide an overview of the developmental biology and regenerative medicine strategies currently under investigation to combat muscle atrophy and how they may integrate into the current and future practice of physical therapy.
North Vs. South: Effects of Regional Competition on the American Textile Industry During the 1950s

This note traces the history of the U.S. textile industry and the reasons for its flight to the South in the 1950s. Written to accompany the Malden Mills series of cases (UVA-E-0125, UVA-E-0126, UVA-E-0127, and UVA-E-0128, concerning a company that did not migrate to the South), the note discusses the circumstances surrounding this anomaly.
The alkyl moieties in wax esters and alkyl diacyl glycerols af sharks

The alkyl moieties in wax esters and alkyl diacyl glycerols from the liver of the dogfish, soupfin shark, and silky shark are almost exclusively saturated and monounsaturated, the main alkyl moieties being the C(16) and C(18) chains in both lipid classes. However, the alkyl moieties in wax esters occur in a wider range of chain lengths. The unsaturated alkyl moieties in the two classes of lipids are mixtures of isomers. The distribution of isomeric octadecenyl moieties in wax esters and alkyl diacyl glycerols is almost the same.
AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS IN COLOMBIA

I estimate an elasticity of wages with respect to city population of about 5 percent for Colombian cities. This finding is robust to a number of econometric concerns. The second main finding is a negative effect of market access on wages. Third main finding regards stronger agglomeration effects in the informal sector. In turn, this explains a range of other negative findings, including only weak evidence in favor of human capital externalities, no evidence of a complementarity between cities and skills, and an absence of learning effects. I do not find measurable effects of roads or amenities on wages either.
“You Tweet Like a Girl!” How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter

We investigate the Twitter activity of all congressional candidates leading up to the 2012 U.S. House elections to assess whether there are significant differences in the tone and content of the tweets from male and female candidates. We argue that the electoral environment will have a significant effect over whether candidates engage in negative tweeting, address political issues, and discuss so-called “women’s issues” on Twitter. We find that gender has both a direct and contextual effect on candidates’ communication style on Twitter. Female candidates tweet significantly more “attack-style” messages than their male counterparts, discuss policy issues at a significantly higher rate, and women representatives focus more on “women’s issues.” We also find strong contextual effects in races with more female candidates: There is significantly more tweeting about political issues as well as significantly more negative attack-style tweets. However, with more female candidates, the number of tweets about “women...
Factors Involved in Differential Susceptibility of Corn Earworm Larvae to DDT

Full-grown corm earworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), require more than 1,000 times as much DDT on a weight basis as small larvae in order to obtain LD-50 values for topical applications in acetone, Injected DDT in acetone is only slightly less effective on large larvae than on small ones, Chemical and radiometrie analysis showed that lack of penetration by DDT through the integument of the large larvae was the chief factor causing the increase in LD-50 values. Addition of nonvolatile oils to the topically applied material increases the effectiveness of DDT to the larger larvae. Tests with different colored larvae indicate that light yellow larvae are approximately twice as susceptible as the dark red or black larvae.
A Model for Identifying Patients Who May Not Need Neurologic Intensive Care Unit Admission: Resource Utilization Study

Purpose:Limited resources, neurointensivists, and neurologic intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) beds warrant investigating models for predicting who will benefit from admission to neuro-ICU. This study presents a possible model for identifying patients who might be too well to benefit from admission to a neuro-ICU.Methods:We retrospectively identified all patients admitted to our 16-bed neuro-ICU between November 2009 and February 2013. We used the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) outcomes database to identify patients who on day 1 of neuro-ICU admission received 1 or more of 30 subsequent active life-supporting treatments. We compared 2 groups of patients: low-risk monitor (LRM; patients who did not receive active treatment [AT] on the first day and whose risk of ever receiving AT was ≤10%) and AT (patients who received at least 1 of the 30 ICU treatments on any day of their ICU admission).Results:There were 873 (46%) admissions in the LRM group and 1006 (54%) admissions in the AT gro...
Applied research of the ibuprofen sustained release capsules by near infrared spectroscopy technology

Objective:In order to explore the function of Near Infrared(NIR) Prescreening Identification System equipped on mobile lab,the spectra of suspicious samples were directly compared with the spectra from their authenticated medicine in routine supervision.Methods:The calibration model was developed using NIR and HPLC.Results:The examination results indicate that there was not obvious difference between the near infrared spectrometry method and the laboratory standard method,the model had good stability.Conclusion:Near-infrared spectrum can be sustained release capsules for rapid screening,The method is simple and rapid,the NIRDRS result can be used for rapid analysis of drugs.
Numerical simulation of long-distance slurry transport based on FLUENT

Mine grouting pipeline system is a relatively closed space,slurry pipeline flow process pressure distribution is difficult to grasp.So,in the first,established a numerical model of the flow in the slurry pipeline,then to mesh,boundary conditions and numerical simulation process.The established model is numerically calculated to obtain a slurry characteristic changes in the pipeline; Secondly,according to the influence of the static pressure and dynamic pressure grouting,using the software of ANSYS FLUENT12.1,simulation of the pressure field,comparison of the pipe pressure distribution with static and dynamic pressure and pressure loss characteristics analysis are carried out.The model can predict the pipe pressure distribution state when static and dynamic pressure grouting,which can help to analyze transport conduit pressure changes and distribution of the different positions of the pipeline,the simulation results show that: use of the dynamic pressure grouting operations can play a significant booster effect; Finally,a comparison of the data of numerical simulation and industrial field tests shows the both data are consistent.Comparative analysis of the results showed that: the numerical model is reasonable with a guiding value for the remote mine grouting work.
Extractors for Affine Sources with Polylogarithmic Entropy.

We give the first explicit construction of deterministic extractors for affine sources over F2, with entropy k ≥ log n for some large enough constant C, where n is the length of the source. Previously the best known results are by Bourgain [Bou07], Yehudayoff [Yeh11] and Li [Li11b], which require the affine source to have entropy at least Ω(n/ √ log log n). Our extractor outputs one bit with error n. Our construction is obtained by reducing an affine source to a non-oblivious bit-fixing source, and then applying a deterministic extractor for such sources in the recent breakthrough result of two-source extractors by Chattopadhyay and Zuckerman [CZ15]. To reduce an affine source to a non-oblivious bit-fixing source, we adapt the alternating extraction based approach in previous work on independent source extractors [Li13a] to the affine setting. ISSN 1433-8092 Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity, Report No. 121 (2015)
Influence of histaminergic receptors on denervated canine gracilis muscle vascular tone during endotoxemia.

The purpose of this study was to determine if endogenously released histamine and its non-neural interaction with the H1- and H2-histaminergic receptors in the peripheral vasculature can account for the decompensatory loss of peripheral vascular tone associated with the hypotension occurring during endotoxemia. A denervated in situ constant flow double canine gracilis muscle preparation that permitted one muscle to serve as a control (GMc) for the contralateral experimental muscle (GMe) was used. Endotoxemia was induced by intravenous infusion of 2 mg.kg-1.30 min-1 endotoxin. The specific H1 and H2 antagonists diphen-hydramine and cimetidine were infused either together or separately in both high and low dosages into the GMe. Blockades were validated by intra-arterial injection of histamine or the specific agonists betahistine for H1 and dimaprit for H2 receptors. The results suggest that the high-dose diphenhydramine produced a nonspecific dilation not seen with the lower dose. Because both the blocked and unblocked vascular beds exhibited the same degree of vasodilation after endotoxin, these studies do not support the hypothesis that endogenously released histamine is responsible for the loss of vascular tone. These studies do verify, however, that a nonneurally mediated loss of skeletal muscle vascular tone is an important factor to consider in the overall cardiovascular hypotension occurring during endotoxin shock.
The transition from melt to glass and its molecular basis

Experimental description The preceding chapters of Part II have dealt with the primary relaxation that takes place in the melt and secondary subglass relaxations at lower temperature. However, it is a matter of experimental observation that the time or frequency locations of these relaxations tend to merge as temperature increases or conversely to diverge as temperature is lowered. This is implied in loss maps such as Figure 7.13 where extrapolation to higher temperature, as illustrated in Figure 8.1, indicates the secondary and primary relaxations merge. In fact the extrapolations based on the centers of the processes seem to converge in the region of ∼10 11 –10 12 Hz or on the time scale of picoseconds. This would seem to be inevitable since the time scale of slower intramolecular vibratory and torsional oscillations is of this order and motions related to more elaborate conformational transitions could not be faster than these limits. Since the relaxations are broad, the merging region is expected to be noticeable experimentally in loss vs. frequency curves at temperatures well below this implied high frequency limit. In fact this is the case. Examples of the overlap and coalescence behavior from dielectric spectroscopy It is useful to recognize several stages in the merging. The first is an overlap region where maxima in the loss processes for both relaxations are clearly visible.
Capacitor-Less Photovoltaic Cell-Level Power Balancing using Diffusion Charge Redistribution

This paper presents a new strategy, diffusion charge redistribution (DCR), for balancing power among photovoltaic cells to increase energy extraction and to improve maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) efficiency under partial shading conditions. With DCR, testing and binning during cell manufacturing can be eliminated and significant cost savings can be achieved during production. The proposed technique performs power balancing by taking advantage of the intrinsic diffusion capacitance of the solar cells and requires no external passive components for energy storage, thereby minimizing power electronics cost and complexity. Strings balanced by this technique exhibit power versus current curves that are convex, which also greatly reduces the cost and complexity of the required MPPT algorithm.
Commentaries on Validity Issues in Foreign and Second Language Assessment

For this issue of Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguists, we invited three contributors to extensively comment on validity issues in second or foreign language assessment. Jorge Beltran looks at the English Language Arts Regents Exam, a test widely used in the K-12 system in New York. He takes an analytical approach in evaluating the exam in light of current validity frameworks in order to discuss the possible threats to validity and its impact on English language learners taking the exam. Next, Andrea Durkis looks at language assessments used as part of the citizenship process in France. While reviewing its history over the past twenty years, she examines validity issues through the lens of Kane’s framework. Finally, Heidi Liu Banerjee further explores fairness, an important test quality essential to the discussion of validity and its conceptualization in relation to Kane’s framework.
Neuropathology of Developmental Dyslexia

The brains of three women with dyslexia were examined at the Dyslexia Research Laboratory, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Chm7 and Heh1 collaborate to link nuclear pore complex quality control with nuclear envelope sealing

The integrity of the nuclear envelope barrier relies on membrane remodeling by the ESCRTs, which seal nuclear envelope holes and contribute to the quality control of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs); whether these processes are mechanistically related remains poorly defined. Here, we show that the ESCRT-II/III chimera, Chm7, is recruited to a nuclear envelope subdomain that expands upon inhibition of NPC assembly and is required for the formation of the storage of improperly assembled NPCs (SINC) compartment. Recruitment to sites of NPC assembly is mediated by its ESCRT-II domain and the LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM) family of integral inner nuclear membrane proteins, Heh1 and Heh2. We establish direct binding between Heh2 and the "open" forms of both Chm7 and the ESCRT-III, Snf7, and between Chm7 and Snf7. Interestingly, Chm7 is required for the viability of yeast strains where double membrane seals have been observed over defective NPCs; deletion of CHM7 in these strains leads to a loss of nuclear compartmentalization suggesting that the sealing of defective NPCs and nuclear envelope ruptures could proceed through similar mechanisms.
Text Mining for Precision Medicine: Bringing Structure to EHRs and Biomedical Literature to Understand Genes and Health

The key question of precision medicine is whether it is possible to find clinically actionable granularity in diagnosing disease and classifying patient risk. The advent of next-generation sequencing and the widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) have provided clinicians and researchers a wealth of data and made possible the precise characterization of individual patient genotypes and phenotypes. Unstructured text—found in biomedical publications and clinical notes—is an important component of genotype and phenotype knowledge. Publications in the biomedical literature provide essential information for interpreting genetic data. Likewise, clinical notes contain the richest source of phenotype information in EHRs. Text mining can render these texts computationally accessible and support information extraction and hypothesis generation. This chapter reviews the mechanics of text mining in precision medicine and discusses several specific use cases, including database curation for personalized cancer medicine, patient outcome prediction from EHR-derived cohorts, and pharmacogenomic research. Taken as a whole, these use cases demonstrate how text mining enables effective utilization of existing knowledge sources and thus promotes increased value for patients and healthcare systems. Text mining is an indispensable tool for translating genotype-phenotype data into effective clinical care that will undoubtedly play an important role in the eventual realization of precision medicine.