cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoenolization of o-Methylvalerophenone Ester Derivative.

Photolysis of ester 1 in argon-saturated methanol and acetonitrile does not produce any product, whereas irradiation of 1 in oxygen-saturated methanol yields peroxide 2. Laser flash photolysis studies demonstrate that 1 undergoes intramolecular H atom abstraction to form biradical 3 (λmax ~340 nm), which intersystem crosses to form photoenols Z-4 and E-4 (λmax ~380 nm). Photoenols 4 decay by regenerating ester 1. With the aid of density functional theory calculations, it was concluded the photoenol E-4 does not undergo spontaneous lactonization or electrocyclic ring closure because the transition state barriers for these reactions are too large to compete with reketonization of E-4 to form 1.
Big Opportunities and Big Concerns of Big Data in Education

Against the backdrop of the ever-increasing influx of big data, this article examines the opportunities and concerns over big data in education. Specifically, this article first introduces big data, followed by delineating the potential opportunities of using big data in education in two areas: learning analytics and educational policy. Then, the concerns over data security, privacy protection, and ethical boundaries of accessing personal digital data are discussed. The article concludes with an invitation to education practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to advance our understanding of big data and better serve students in the digital era.
Biomechanical loads during common rehabilitation exercises in obese individuals

BACKGROUND Squats and lunges are commonly prescribed rehabilitation exercises used to improve performance across a wide spectrum of patient populations. However, biomechanical studies have mainly examined young, normal weight populations performing these exercises at a difficulty level potentially too challenging for obese individuals. Understanding how obesity and different levels of difficulty affect lower extremity biomechanics could help to inform rehabilitation approaches used for obese individuals. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics in obese and normal weight females during performance of progressively more difficult squat and lunge exercises. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study design. METHODS Ten obese females (mean age, 37.4 years; BMI 39.2 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)) and ten normal-weight, age-matched female controls (38.1 years, BMI < 23 kg/m(2)) volunteered for the study. Each group performed two exercises, each in three different iterations: squatting at three standardized knee angles (60°, 70°, and 80°) and lunging at three standardized distances (1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 times tibial length). Three dimensional motion analysis using infrared markers and force plates was used to calculate range of motion as well as hip, knee, ankle and support moments (normalized for body weight). A repeated measures ANOVA model was used to determine between and within group differences. RESULTS Support moments were higher in obese females for squat 70° (p=0.03) and 80° (p=0.01). Ankle extensor moments were higher in obese females for squat 80° (p=0.04). During lunge at all levels (1.0, 1.1, and 1.2), hip extensor moments were higher in obese subjects (p=0.004, 0.003, and 0.007 respectively). Within group, the support moments were significantly higher during squat 80° than squat 60° (p=0.01) in obese females. A non-linear relationship was found between hip moments and BMI during squat 60°, 70°, and 80°. CONCLUSION During two commonly prescribed rehabilitation exercises (squat and lunge), there were significantly greater support moments in obese individuals compared to normal controls. The non-linear associations between kinetic and anthropometric measures make the assessment of how best to approach exercise in obese individuals challenging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
Prevention of behavioral deficits in rats exposed to folate receptor antibodies: implication in autism

Folate receptor alpha (FRα) autoantibodies have been associated with fetal abnormalities and cerebral folate deficiency-related developmental disorders. Over 70% of the children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are positive for these autoantibodies and high-dose folinic acid is beneficial in treating these children. Here we show that antibodies (Abs) to the rat FRα administered during gestation produce communication, learning and cognitive deficits in a rat model that can be prevented by folinic acid and dexamethasone. FRα Ab can trigger inflammation as well as block folate transport to the fetus and to the developing brain to produce the functional deficits. In humans, exposure to FRα autoantibodies during fetal development and infancy could contribute to brain dysfunction such as that seen in ASD and other developmental disorders. Identifying women positive for the autoantibody and treating them with high-dose folinic acid along with other interventions to lower the autoantibody titer are effective strategies that may be considered to reduce the risk of having a child with developmental deficits.
Effects of Impaired Fibrinopeptide A Cleavage on Fibrin Clot Structure: Studies with an Aα R16C Dysfibrinogen.

Cleavage of fibrinopeptide A is the first step in fibrin clot formation, and mutations at the fibrinopeptide A cleavage site are the most common cause of dysfibrinogenemia. We describe here the effect on clot structure of a mutant Aα R16C fibrinogen with defective fibrinopeptide A cleavage (designated fibrinogen Hershey III). The propositus, a young child with mild bleeding symptoms, was found to be heterozygous for the Aα R16C mutation. Fibrinogen was purified from Hershey III and control plasma via glycine precipitation. Hershey III fibrinogen was only 63 ± 10% clottable with thrombin (mean ± SEM), as compared to 96 ± 0.4% for normal fibrinogen. Since the propositus was heterozygous for the mutation, the unclottable portion likely consisted of mutant homodimers, but it was still possible that normal/mutant heterodimers existed. Because the cysteine in the mutant fibrinogen prevents thrombin-mediated fibrinopeptide A cleavage, we hypothesized that incorporation of uncleaved fibrinopeptide A, if present, would affect clot structure. Western blotting was used to evaluate the presence of fibrinopeptide A in clottable and unclottable fibrinogen. For fibrinogen Hershey III, both forms showed a substantial amount of fibrinopeptide A, suggesting that mutant fibrinogen was incorporated into the final clot. No fibrinopeptide A was seen in either the clottable or unclottable fibrinogen from the normal control. Next, fibrin clots were made with thrombin, critical-point dried, and visualized via scanning electron microscopy. Visco-elastic measurements were obtained with a torsion pendulum and clot permeability was compared to that of clots formed with normal fibrinogen. The relative proportions of normal vs. mutant fibrinogen in the clottable and unclottable fibrinogen were assessed by protein sequencing. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the Hershey III clots displayed abnormal architecture with many short fibrin fibrils, consistent with premature fibril termination. Hershey III clots also had thicker fibers, with an average fiber diameter of 182 nm compared to 151 nm for the normal control. A significant difference in clot stiffness (G′), energy dissipated by viscous processes (G″), and permeability (Ks) was seen when fibrinogen Hershey III was compared to a normal control (see table). Protein sequencing of the unclottable Hershey III fibrinogen showed only the homozygous mutant form, while the fibrin clot showed approximately 50% each of the wild-type and mutant fibrinogen chains. These results support the presence of both homodimers and heterodimers in fibrinogen Hershey III, and suggest that incorporation of Aα R16C heterodimers into the fibrin clot leads to defects in fiber formation and clot structure. | | Hershey | III | Control | P | |:------------- | ------- | ----- | ------- | - | | G′ (dyne/cm2) | 10.8 | 37.9 | 0.03 | | | G″ (dyne/cm2) | 0.83 | 2.77 | 0.04 | | | Tan δ (G″/G′) | 0.077 | 0.076 | 0.79 | | | Ks (10−7 cm2) | 1.86 | 2.44 | 0.01 | | Mechanical Properties of Hershey III and Control Clots
Visual Reasoning with Graphs

Abstract : Understanding diagrams is an important part of human cognition. Computer programs need to understand and reason using diagrams to communicate effectively with people. This paper explains how line graphs can be interpreted in a domain independent manner. We present a computer program called SKETCHY that reasons about physical phenomena visually by using line graphs. SKETCHY can interpret graphs to recover functional relationships, answer comparative analysis questions and generate qualitative descriptions using geometric models.
Presence of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Wait-List Mortality of Patients Supported with Left Ventricular Assist Devices as Bridge to Heart Transplantation

Abstract Background The role of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in reducing mortality in patients with left ventricular assisted devices (LVADs) listed for heart transplant remains unclear. We therefore, sought to interrogate whether ICDs are associated with reduced mortality in patients with LVADs listed for heart transplantation. Methods We searched the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Registry for LVAD patients (age≥18years) with dilated cardiomyopathies listed for heart transplantation (2008-2015). The group was matched by propensity scores with respect to presence of ICD at listing. The primary end-point was waitlist mortality, while secondary endpoints were waitlist mortality, delisting, or cardiovascular cause-specific mortality in patients with and without ICD. Results A total of 1444 LVAD patients were included in this analysis (722 with ICD, 722 without ICD). No statistically-significant differences were present between the two groups in demographics, device type, listing status, or hemodynamics. The presence of an ICD was not associated with decreased wait-list mortality (Hazard Ratio 1.19 [0.75-1.88], p =0.46), waitlist mortality/delisting (Hazard Ratio 1.20 [0.86-1.67], p =0.28), or cardiovascular wait-list mortality (HR 1.24 [0.45-3.43], p =0.67) over a median of 5.6months. Only 7 deaths occurred due to arrhythmia/cardiac arrest (2 in the ICD group and 5 in the non-ICD group). Conclusion Presence of ICDs at listing in heart failure patients bridged to transplantation with durable LVADs is not associated with lower waitlist mortality, cardiovascular wait-list mortality or wait-list mortality or delisting; however, there were numerically fewer arrhythmic deaths in the ICD group. Additional prospective studies should be undertaken to confirm these findings.
Violence and Aggressive Behavior

1. Joseph Austerman, DO* 1. *Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH * Abbreviations: ADHD: : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder CBT: : Cognitive behavioral therapy DSM-V: : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition GABA: : γ-Aminobutyric acid 5-HT: : Serotonin SSRIs: : Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors It is imperative to understand the etiology and risk factors that contribute to aggressive behaviors. Equally important is effectively assessing and using targeted management strategies to reduce pathologic aggression. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the biological and psychosocial determinants of aggression. 2. Use effective interviewing and screening measures to assess aggressive behaviors. 3. Coordinate psychosocial and biologic interventions to reduce aggression. Aggression is defined as harmful behaviors or attitudes inflicted upon others, which is a universal behavioral trait among animals. It is used either as a mechanism to further an individual’s or group’s power or as a mechanism of defense from a perceived threat. It is one of the basic human traits aiding in the mechanism of survival. However, societies place limits on acceptable levels of aggression and violence. These limits are culturally bound and influence what is considered pathologic versus acceptable. We categorize pathologic aggression into 2 categories: impulsive (emotional, reactive, affective) and premeditated (planned, predatory), which is defined by goal-oriented actions. Distinguishing impulsive from premeditated aggression is important, because of the different biological, psychological, and social etiologic factors as well as management strategies. Universally, the onset of developmentally normative aggressive behavior begins at age 2 or 3 years. Physical aggression is most common at age 2 to 3 years and declines thereafter, whereas verbal and indirect aggression increases throughout the childhood and adolescent years before declining throughout adulthood. The delineation between developmentally appropriate and pathologic aggression is not well defined. However, aggression may be considered pathologic when it is chronic or occurs in greater frequency and severity than developmentally expected. The type, severity, and frequency of pathologic aggressive …
Effect of Glucose Load on Attention and Seizures in Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome

Thirteen patients with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut-1 DS) had repeated measures of attention, memory, fine-motor coordination and well-being during a 5-hour oral glucose tolerance test in a study at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
Earlier leaf-flushing suppressed ecosystem productivity by draining soil water in the Mongolian Plateau

Abstract Recent earlier greening trends are believed to enhance terrestrial ecosystem productivity. However, advanced onset of growing season may also deplete soil water in early spring, leading to summer water stress for plant growth. In this study, we linked soil moisture with start of growing season (SGS, represented by day of year) to examine the responses of ecosystem productivity to water stress during 1982–2011 on the Mongolian Plateau. Results showed that, though not significant, earlier SGS has tendency to enhance spring productivity at north part of the study area. Nonetheless, we observed that suppressed summer photosynthesis due to phenology-induced water stress dramatically reduced annual carbon assimilation. Thus, phenology-associated changes in soil moisture have profound potential in regulating seasonal and annual productivity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The relationship between SGS and GPP was not observed in more mesic forest ecosystems (R2 = 0.04, p > 0.10) nor in the agricultural area (R2 = 0.03, p > 0.10) where practices like irrigation aim to alleviate summer water stress. Therefore, at the scale of the entire study area, earlier growing season did not translate to higher productivity (R2 = 0.006). On the contrary, advanced SGS aggravated growing-season water stress, which in turn, supressed annual carbon assimilation in water limited area. This mechanism implies the advanced greening trends may not necessarily lead to more carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems but rather a carbon loss, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions.
Abstract 15694: Roles of Nitrite and Metformin in Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (PH-HFpEF)

Background: PAH (Group I) is a disease of the small pulmonary arteries, characterized by vasoconstriction, vascular proliferation and remodeling. PH-HFpEF (Group II) is known to occur secondary to ...
Presence and testosterone influence on the levels of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lacrimal tissues of a mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome.

During the past several years our laboratory has shown that testosterone treatment suppresses the inflammation in, and enhances the functional activity of, lacrimal glands in female mouse models (MRL/Mp-1pr/lpr [MRL/lpr] and NZB/NZW Fl [F1]) of Sjogren’;s syndrome.1–5 This hormone action seems to be a unique, tissue-specific effect, that may be reproduced by therapy with a variety of androgen analogues, but not by the administration of danazol, estradiol, dexamethasone, cyclosporine A, or an experimental, non-androgenic steroid.3,4The precise mechanism(s) underlying this androgen influence is unclear, but we hypothesize that this hormone effect is mediated through an interaction with receptors in epithelial cell nuclei, which then cause an altered expression of proto-oncogenes, apoptotic factors and cytokines in lacrimal tissue, thereby leading to the contraction of immunopathological lesions and an improvement in glandular function.6 In support of this hypothesis, we have found that epithelial cells are the target cells for androgen activity,7 and that androgen exposure elicits significant changes in the levels of apoptotic factor mRNAs in the lacrimal glands of autoimmune mice.8,9
A Case of One-to-One Correspondence between Almost Automorphic and Asymptotically Almost Automorphic Solutions

Consider in a Banach space X the differential equation $$x'(t) = Ax(t) + f(t)$$ (6.1) and the nonlinear differential equation $$x'(t) = Ax(t) + f(t) + g(t,x(t))$$ (6.2) where A is the infinitesimal generator of a C 0-group T = (T(t)) t∈ℝ of bounded linear operators X → X,with sup t∈ℝ ||T(t)|| = M < ∞. We will study a one-to-one correspondence between almost automorphic solutions of (6.1) and asymptotically almost automorphic solutions of (6.2).
Chiral Interaction Between Spin-Momentum Locked Photons and Surface Electrons in Topological Insulators

We demonstrate the integration a topological insulator (TI) Bi 2 Se 3 with a chiral photonic waveguide. Because of optical spin-momentum locking, a directional, spin-polarized photocurrent that depends on the light propagation direction is generated on the TI surface.
SINC: a scale-invariant deep-neural-network classifier for bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data.

MOTIVATION Scaling by sequencing depth is usually the first step of analysis of bulk or single-cell RNA-seq data, but estimating sequencing depth accurately can be difficult, especially for single-cell data, risking the validity of downstream analysis. It is thus of interest to eliminate the use of sequencing depth and analyze the original count data directly. RESULTS We call an analysis method 'scale-invariant' (SI) if it gives the same result under different estimates of sequencing depth and hence can use the original count data without scaling. For the problem of classifying samples into pre-specified classes, such as normal versus cancerous, we develop a deep-neural-network based SI classifier named scale-invariant deep neural-network classifier (SINC). On nine bulk and single-cell datasets, the classification accuracy of SINC is better than or competitive to the best of eight other classifiers. SINC is easier to use and more reliable on data where proper sequencing depth is hard to determine. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION This source code of SINC is available at https://www.nd.edu/∼jli9/SINC.zip. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
STRESS AND STRAIN IN SOILS

Summary A rational theory of plasticity for soils must rest upon a knowledge of the yield and flow properties of the material. In this paper, some results obtained in the course of an experimental program at Brown University are described. Tests of a remoulded silt, formed into hollow cylinders and subjected to combined axial compression and torsion in the presence of an all-round hydrostatic pressure, indicate what appear to be significant departures from the usual generalization of the Coulomb yield condition for complex stress states. Moreover, with the exception of stress states close to a simple compression superimposed on a hydrostatic pressure, the directions of flow followed closely those normally associated with an ideally plastic body which obeys Tresca's yield condition. Both the yield stresses and the flow directions appeared to be independent of the loading path.
A qualitative difference in decision-making of rats vs. humans explained by quantitative differences in behavioral variability

When observers make rapid, difficult sensory decisions, their response time is highly variable from trial to trial. We previously compared humans and rats performing the same visual motion discrimination task. Their response time distributions were similar, but for humans accuracy was negatively correlated with response time, whereas for rats it was positively correlated. This is of interest because different mathematical theories of decision-making differ in their predictions regarding the correlation of accuracy with response time. On the premise that sensory decision-making mechanisms are likely to be conserved in mammals, our objective is to reconcile these results within a common theoretical framework. A bounded drift diffusion model (DDM) with stochastic parameters is a strong candidate, because it is known to be able to produce either late errors like humans, or early errors like rats. We consider here such a model with seven free parameters: the evidence accumulator9s starting point z, drift rate v, non-decision-time t, threshold separation a, and three noise terms σz, σv and σt. We fit the model parameters to data from both rats and humans. Trial data simulated by the model recapitulate quantitative details of the relationship between accuracy and response time in both species. On this model, the species difference can be explained by greater variability in the starting point of the diffusion process (σz) in rats, and greater variability in the drift rate (σv) in humans.
Mechanistic performance evaluation of chip seal

Chip seals are mostly constructed based on experience. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of pavement condition and materials type on chip seal performance based on experience only. This study used the mechanistic procedure to evaluate chip seal performance for different types of materials and pavement conditions. Millings and virgin chips are compared to evaluate whether millings can be used in chip seal. It is observed that millings provide the same strength, surface texture, and skid resistance as virgin chips. It is also observed that there is an optimum value of surface texture for which maximum strength is obtained. Cohesive resistance decreases, whereas friction coefficient, skid resistance, and texture depth after the chip seal increase with the increase of texture depth before the construction of the chip seal.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for the Horse

The veterinarians of the University of Florida Equine Lameness & Imaging Service specialize in the treatment and rehabilitation of poor performance in sport horses. This series of one-page full color fact sheets describes various diagnostic and imaging services available for diagnosing and treating lameness issues in horses. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_series_equine_lameness_and_imaging_service
Stanford DRO Toolkit: Digital Reference Objects for Standardization of Radiomic Features

Several institutions have developed image feature extraction software to compute quantitative descriptors of medical images for radiomics analyses. With radiomics increasingly proposed for use in research and clinical contexts, new techniques are necessary for standardizing and replicating radiomics findings across software implementations. We have developed a software toolkit for the creation of 3D digital reference objects with customizable size, shape, intensity, texture, and margin sharpness values. Using user-supplied input parameters, these objects are defined mathematically as continuous functions, discretized, and then saved as DICOM objects. Here, we present the definition of these objects, parameterized derivations of a subset of their radiomics values, computer code for object generation, example use cases, and a user-downloadable sample collection used for the examples cited in this paper.
Patient Length of Stay Under the Two-Midnight Rule: Assessing the Accuracy of Providers' Predictions.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We sought to determine emergency medicine physicians' accuracy in designating patients' disposition status as "inpatient" or "observation" at the time of hospital admission in the context of Medicare's Two-Midnight rule and to identify characteristics that may improve the providers' predictions. We conducted a 90-day observational study of emergency department (ED) admissions involving adults aged 65 years and older and assessed the accuracy of physicians' disposition decisions. Logistic regression models were fit to explore associations and predictors of disposition. A total of 2,257 patients 65 and older were admitted through the ED. The overall error rate in physician designation of observation or inpatient was 36%. Diagnoses most strongly associated with stays lasting less than two midnights included diverticulitis, syncope, and nonspecific chest pain. Diagnoses most strongly associated with stays lasting two or more midnights included orthopedic fractures, biliary tract disease, and back pain. ED physicians inaccurately predicted patient length of stay in more than one third of all patients. Under the Two-Midnight rule, these inaccurate predictions place hospitals at risk of underpayment and patients at risk of significant financial liability. Further work is needed to increase providers' awareness of the financial repercussions of their admission designations and to identify interventions that can improve prediction accuracy.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Neurosurgery Residency Action Plan: An Institutional Experience from the United States.

ABSTRACT Background The current pandemic crisis caused by a novel human coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has forced a dramatic change in our society. A key portion of the medical work force on the front line is comprised of resident physicians. Thus, it becomes imperative to create an adequate and effective action plan to restructure this valuable human resource amid the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. Objective To describe a comprehensive approach taken by a Neurosurgery Department in quaternary care academic institution in the United States of America amid the SARS-CoV2 pandemic focused in resident training and support. Interventions A restructuring of the Neurosurgery Department at our academic institution was performed focused on decreasing their risk of infection/exposure and transmission to others, while minimizing negative consequences in the training experience. An on-line academic platform was built for: resident education, guidance, and support, as well as continue channel for pandemic update by the department leadership. Conclusions and Relevance: The SARS-CoV2 pandemic constitutes a global health emergency full of uncertainty. Treatment, scope, duration, and economic burden forced a major restructuring of our medical practice. In this regard, academic institutions must direct efforts to diminish further negative impact in the training and education of the upcoming generation of physicians including those currently in medical school. Perhaps the only silver lining in this terrible disruption will be greater appreciation of the role of current health care providers and educators, whose contributions to our society are often neglected or unrecognized.
Hyponatremia in Heart Failure

Hyponatremia is a common problem in patients with heart failure. Many studies in patients with acute and chronic heart failure have demonstrated a very strong link between hyponatremia and poor outcomes. This link has persisted despite the use of modern neurohormonal blocking agents. Whether there is a causal relationship between hyponatremia and poor outcome in heart failure is uncertain, as hyponatremia is typically found in sicker patients, and it may simply be an association. Nonetheless, there are reasons to suspect a causal relationship, and more research is needed to investigate this possibility. Efforts to more carefully examine the relationship between hyponatremia and outcomes in heart failure have been hampered by the lack of safe and effective treatment for this condition. There are several factors which may influence the development of hyponatremia in heart failure, but since most patients with this condition are either euvolemic or hypervolemic, excess free water reabsorption due to inappropriate levels of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin is the major factor in most circumstances. The development of antagonists to the renal V2 receptor for vasopressin has now provided an effective and safe therapy for euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in patients with heart failure. The use of these agents should greatly simplify the treatment of hyponatremia in heart failure when it is symptomatic or interfering with the use of other needed therapies. As well, it may now be possible to undertake studies in which the relationship between hyponatremia and outcomes in heart failure is more fully examined.
S -folds, string junctions, and 4D N = 2 SCFTs

S-folds are a non-perturbative generalization of orientifold 3-planes which figure prominently in the construction of 4D $\mathcal{N} = 3$ SCFTs and have also recently been used to realize examples of 4D $\mathcal{N} = 2$ SCFTs. In this paper we develop a general procedure for reading off the flavor symmetry experienced by D3-branes probing 7-branes in the presence of an S-fold. We develop an S-fold generalization of orientifold projection which applies to non-perturbative string junctions. This procedure leads to a different 4D flavor symmetry algebra depending on whether the S-fold supports discrete torsion. We also show that this same procedure allows us to read off admissible representations of the flavor symmetry in the associated 4D $\mathcal{N} = 2$ SCFTs. Furthermore this provides a prescription for how to define F-theory in the presence of S-folds with discrete torsion.
A unified kinetic and thermodynamic model of evaporation for forensic applications

Abstract A unified kinetic and thermodynamic model was derived to predict evaporation for forensic applications, such as fire debris analysis. In this model, a reversible first-order reaction served as the foundation, with rate constants (kinetic regime) and standard vapor pressures (thermodynamic regime) as input parameters. The rate constants and standard vapor pressures for normal (n-) alkanes were fit by linear regression to the retention index, with correlation coefficients of 0.9969 and 0.9998, respectively. These regression equations were used to calculate fraction-remaining curves as a function of the retention index. From these curves, the kinetic and thermodynamic models were able to predict the total fraction remaining of the fuel, either as a bulk quantity or as a chromatogram, as well as the fractions remaining of individual compounds. To evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic models, gasoline samples were experimentally evaporated to nominal fractions remaining of 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 (30%, 50%, 70% and 90% evaporated). The experimental chromatograms were compared to predicted chromatograms, with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of 0.9913 – 0.9068 for the kinetic model and 0.9903 – 0.8921 for the thermodynamic model. The experimental and predicted fractions remaining for individual compounds were compared for n-alkanes and alkylbenzenes spanning a wide range of retention indices and abundances. For the n-alkanes, the mean average percent error was 2.8 – 13.9% for the kinetic model and 3.2 – 20.2% for the thermodynamic model. This approach provides a unified basis for the comparison of the models, and demonstrates the accurate performance of each model.
Thematic accuracy assessment of the NLCD 2016 land cover for the conterminous United States

Abstract The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) is an operational land cover monitoring program providing updated land cover and related information for the United States at five-year intervals. NLCD2016 extends temporal coverage to 15 years (2001–2016). We collected land cover reference data for the 2011 and 2016 nominal dates to report land cover accuracy for the NLCD2016 database 2011 and 2016 land cover components at Level II and Level I and for Level I 2011–2016 land cover change using two definitions of agreement. For both the 2011 and 2016 land cover components, single-date Level II overall accuracies (OA) were 72% (standard error of ±0.9%) when agreement was defined as match between the map label and primary reference label only and 86% (± 0.7%) when agreement also included the alternate reference label. The corresponding level I OA for both dates were 79% (± 0.9%) and 91% (± 1.0%). The 2011–2016 user's and producer's accuracies (UA and PA) were ~ 75% for forest loss and PA for water loss, grassland loss, and grass gain were > 70% when agreement included a match between the map label and either the primary or alternate reference label. Depending on agreement definition and level of the classification hierarchy, OA for the 2011 land cover component of the NLCD2016 database was about 4% to 7% higher than OA for the 2011 land cover component of the NLCD2011 database, suggesting that the changes in mapping methodologies initiated for production of the NLCD2016 database have led to improved product quality. Additionally, we used the reference dataset collected for assessment of the NLCD2011 database to assess the 2001 and 2006 land cover components of the NLCD2016 database. OA for the 2001 and 2006 land cover components was 1% - 5% lower than OA for the 2011 and 2016 land cover components of the NLCD2016 database. Higher OA for 2011 and 2016 land cover components of the NLCD2016 database relative to OA for its 2001 and 2006 components may be attributable to differences in reference data quality.
Pediatric interfacility transport effects on mortality and length of stay

We aimed to evaluate the effects of interfacility pediatric critical care transport response time, physician presence during transport, and mode of transport on mortality and length of stay (LOS) among pediatric patients. We hypothesized that a shorter response time and helicopter transports, but not physician presence, are associated with lower mortality and a shorter LOS. Retrospective, single-center, cohort study of 841 patients (< 19 years) transported to a quaternary pediatric intensive care unit and cardiovascular intensive care unit between 2014 and 2018 utilizing patient charts and transport records. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, diagnosis, mode of transport, response time, stabilization time, return duration, mortality risk (pediatric index of mortality-2 and pediatric risk of mortality-3), and inotrope, vasopressor, or mechanical ventilation presence on admission. Four hundred and twenty-eight (50.9%) patients were transported by helicopter, and 413 (49.1%) were transported by ambulance. Physicians accompanied 239 (28.4%) transports. The median response time was 2.0 (interquartile range 1.4–2.9) hours. Although physician presence increased the median response time by 0.26 hours (P = 0.020), neither physician presence nor response time significantly affected mortality, ICU length of stay (ILOS) or hospital length of stay (HLOS). Helicopter transports were not significantly associated with mortality or ILOS, but were associated with a longer HLOS (3.24 days, 95% confidence interval 0.59–5.90) than ambulance transports (P = 0.017). These results suggest response time and physician presence do not significantly affect mortality or LOS. This may reflect the quality of pre-transport care and medical control communication. Helicopter transports were only associated with a longer HLOS. Our analysis provides a framework for examining transport workforce needs and associated costs.
Anamorelin combined with physical activity, and nutritional counseling for cancer-related fatigue: a preliminary study

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most frequent and debilitating symptom in patients with advanced cancer. There are limited effective treatments for CRF. The objective of this prospective longitudinal study was to evaluate the change in CRF at Day 43 after treatment with combination therapy of oral Anamorelin 100 mg daily with physical activity and nutrition counseling. In this study, patients with CRF [≤ 34 Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue subscales(FACIT-F)] received Anamorelin 100 mg orally daily with standardized physical activity and nutrition counseling for 43 days. Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Anorexia Cachexia(FAACT-ACS), Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form(MFSI-SF), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(PROMIS-Fatigue), body composition, and physical performance tests were assessed at baseline, Day 15, 29, and 43. Frequency and type of side effects were determined by NCI CTAE 4.0.(NCT03035409). 28/45 (62%) of patients dosed were evaluable at Day 43. The mean, SD for FACIT-F subscale improvement from baseline was 4.89 (± 13.07), P = .058, MFSI-SF (G) − 3.46 (± 6.86), P = 0.013, PROMIS-fatigue − 4.14 (± 7.88), P = 0.010, FAACT ACS 3.48 (± 8.13), P = 0.035. Godin Liesure-Time physical activity questionnaire 7.41 (± 16.50), P = 0.038. Weight (kg) 1.81 (± 2.63), P = 0.005, and Lean Body Mass 1.54 (± 1.85), P = 0.001, IGF-1 36.50 (± 48.76), P = 0.015. There was no significant improvement in physical performance outcomes. No adverse events > grade 3 related to the study drug were reported. The use of the combination therapy was associated with improvement of CRF (FACIT-F fatigue, PROMIS-fatigue, MFSI-SF-general), activity (Godin-leisure time), anorexia (FAACT), body composition, and IGF-1 levels. Further studies using combination therapy for CRF are justified.
A Multi-bit Data Modulation Using Orthogonal Pulses for High-Density Data Transmission

Analog pulse-based data telemetry is a novel technology that improves data transmission rate for spectrum efficient secure communication in high-volume wireless sensor applications. However, the analog pulse transmission technology suffers from proper orthogonal pulse generation, data modulation scheme, propagation media, and receiver detection techniques to decode the transmitted bits. This paper introduces a multi-bit data encoding scheme using a set of orthogonal pulses and their time delay factors. The energy-efficient pulse generation technique based on Modified Hermitian Polynomial is used to generate the orthogonal analog pulse set. The proposed analog pulse-based data compression and decompression schemes are validated using MATLAB Simulink packages. The results show that the proposed data modulation scheme increases the data transmission rate 1.5×n more compared to single bit transmission, where ’n’ is the distinct pulse order, indicating the number of individual data channels. The proposed scheme shows an alternative solution for spectrum efficient wireless data transmission in high-density sensor networks.
Vertellen en verwerken, deel 2: Cognitieve verwerking

Nadat het kind het traumaverhaal heeft gemaakt en uitgebreid over zijn of haar trauma(’s) heeft gepraat, moet de therapeut een begin maken met het benoemen, onderzoeken en corrigeren van de maladaptieve (onjuiste en niet-helpende) cognities van het kind die verband houden met het trauma. Onjuiste cognities zijn ideeen die hetzij absoluut niet correct zijn, hetzij zo onrealistisch dat ze aan het onmogelijke grenzen. Niet-helpende cognities kunnen eveneens onjuist zijn, maar ze kunnen ook weinig zin hebben hoewel ze wel juist zijn of mogelijk juist zijn. Juiste cognities die niet helpend zijn kunnen door het kind of de ouder worden gezien als een manier om ‘de realiteit onder ogen te zien’ of ‘de waarheid te accepteren’, dat wil zeggen, als iets wat noodzakelijk is om met de situatie om te kunnen gaan. In werkelijkheid is het geen noodzaak, maar een keuze om je op de afschuwwekkendste (niet-helpende) realiteit of mogelijke realiteit van de traumatische gebeurtenis te concentreren, en die keuze kan het vermogen van het kind aantasten om zo goed mogelijk met het trauma en/of het verlies om te gaan.
Long-term cortical reorganization following stroke in a single subject with severe motor impairment.

BACKGROUND Stroke continues to be a major public health concern in the United States. Motor recovery in the post-acute stages of stroke is possible due to neuroplasticity, or the capacity of the brain to reorganize. OBJECTIVE This case study tracks neuroplastic and motor change in a subject with severe hemiparesis following an extensive middle cerebral artery stroke. He had absence of ipsilesional motor evoked potentials in early evaluations. This report is unique in that the duration of follow-up evaluation extends nearly 2 years, with evaluations being performed at 7, 9, 10, 13, 20, and 21 months post-stroke. METHODS At each evaluation we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to track neuroplastic change and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment and the Wolf Motor Function Test to evaluate upper extremity motor performance. RESULTS The contralesional hemisphere showed dynamic change throughout the study period. In contrast, the ipsilesional hemisphere demonstrated notable change only between 13 and 21 months post-stroke, with the most dramatic change occurring between 20 and 21 months post-stroke. Motor performance generally improved throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that substantial neuroplasticity-mediated motor recovery can occur nearly 2 years after stroke in an individual with severe post-stroke motor impairment.
Tumor suppressor p53 negatively regulates glycolysis stimulated by hypoxia through its target RRAD.

// Cen Zhang 1,* , Juan Liu 1,* , Rui Wu 1 , Yingjian Liang 1 , Meihua Lin 1 , Jia Liu 1 , Chang S. Chan 2 , Wenwei Hu 1 and Zhaohui Feng 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA * These two authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Wenwei Hu, email: // Zhaohui Feng, email: // Keywords : p53, glycolysis, RRAD, hypoxia, lung cancer Received : May 17, 2014 Accepted : June 24, 2014 Published : June 26, 2014 Abstract Cancer cells display enhanced glycolysis to meet their energetic and biosynthetic demands even under normal oxygen concentrations. Recent studies have revealed that tumor suppressor p53 represses glycolysis under normoxia as a novel mechanism for tumor suppression. As the common microenvironmental stress for tumors, hypoxia drives the metabolic switch from the oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, which is crucial for survival and proliferation of cancer cells under hypoxia. The p53’s role and mechanism in regulating glycolysis under hypoxia is poorly understood. Here, we found that p53 represses hypoxia-stimulated glycolysis in cancer cells through RRAD, a newly-identified p53 target. RRAD expression is frequently decreased in lung cancer. Ectopic expression of RRAD greatly reduces glycolysis whereas knockdown of RRAD promotes glycolysis in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, RRAD represses glycolysis mainly through inhibition of GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane. Under hypoxic conditions, p53 induces RRAD, which in turn inhibits the translocation of GLUT1 and represses glycolysis in lung cancer cells. Blocking RRAD by siRNA greatly abolishes p53’s function in repressing glycolysis under hypoxia. Taken together, our results revealed an important role and mechanism of p53 in antagonizing the stimulating effect of hypoxia on glycolysis, which contributes to p53’s function in tumor suppression.
Reduction Sequences in the Manufacture of Mousterian Implements of France

The Mousterian of France, which represents the Middle Paleolithic in that region, has had a long history of research. Nonetheless, it is clear that many fundamental issues relating to our understanding of this period are still to be resolved. Most of these have to do with problems that are common to all aspects of Pleistocene prehistory: chronology and intersite correlation, the interpretation of assemblage variability, and the relationship between biological and behavioral-cultural development. Recent attempts to integrate marine sedimentological sequences reflecting global climatic change with the more localized terrestrial records (Laville et al. 1983; Texier et al. 1983; Turon 1984; Wolliard 1978; Wolliard and Mook 1982) are promising, though at this time still tentative. Different opinions still exist regarding the Mousterian variability question (Bordes 1961b; Binford 1973; Binford and Binford 1966; Mellars 1969; Rolland 1981), though no single explanation has been fully demonstrated. And the diversity of approaches and conclusions apparent in recent publications regarding human biocultural evolution (Orquera 1984; White 1982; see papers in Trinkaus 1983) suggests that future research in this area will continue to be of great importance. Clearly, there is still much to be done before regional syntheses of this material can be raised to a higher level of interpretation and explanation. Toward that end, this chapter focuses on the second of these basic problems, namely the meaning, in terms of prehistoric behavior, of particular typological differences among assemblages.
Phase separation, charge-density waves, and magnetism in La 2 NiO 4 + δ with δ=0.105

Neutron diffraction measurements on a highly doped single crystal of La[sub 2]NiO[sub 4+[delta]] ([delta]=0.105) reveal that below room temperature the crystal undergoes phase separation into an orthorhombic structure, with a doubled unit cell along [ital c], and a tetragonal phase. The lattice distortion in the orthorhombic phase suggests charge-density-wave order, and related diffuse scattering is observed at room temperature. The orthorhombic phase orders antiferromagnetically below 55 K with a significant ordered moment ([similar to]0.7[mu][sub [ital B]]).
Grid and applications (industrial session)

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that to date grid middleware has focused principally on the basic issues of storage, computation, and resource management needed to make a global scientific community's information and tools accessible. However, from an e-Science viewpoint, the purpose of the grid is to deliver a collaborative and supportive environment that allows geographically distributed scientists to achieve research goals more effectively. Such an environment is likely to hide many aspects of a grid middleware, and to exploit both generic and application-specific service discovery, invocation, and composition. Norman Paton focuses on higher-level grid services, indicating how grids might affect the working environments of e-Scientists, and illustrates such higher-level services in the context of the myGrid project.