cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The British Trade Disputes Act of 1927

One does not speak of the rights of American trade unions glibly or in off-hand fashion. Unlike the English policy of defining the rights of labor by legislative enactment, our legislatures, both federal and state, have been particularly slow to make such definition. Such predicability as the labor law has thus far assumed has been largely the work of the courts. Here, in other words, we discover the rights of trade unions in the opinions of the courts; in England, we have been accustomed to look to the statute-book rather than to judicial opinions. Comparatively, English labor law has at least enjoyed the merit of being reasonably predicable. The acts of 1859, 1871, 1875, 1906, and 1913 were all designed either to make the existing law more definite or to overturn a judicial interpretation of the law adverse to labor. Thus, by the year 1927 the law was rather definite. The statutes contained statements of what labor could or could not do. A reading of the recent Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act of July 29, 1927, raises the question whether this legislation marks a change in the English policy of fixing the rights of labor by legislative definition.The immediate occasion for the recent act was the general strike of May, 1926. Introduced and rushed through Parliament by the present Conservative government, this measure failed to receive the preliminary study and consideration that preceded the introduction of the acts of 1871 and 1906.
Trapped-Ion Entanglement for Precision Measurements and Decoherence Suppression

Experiments with two entangled trapped 9Be+ ions are discussed. In one type of experiments we used entanglement to increase the precision of rotation angle measurements. For “spin-squeezed" and maximally entangled states we observed a reduction in uncertainty of rotation angle below the standard quantum limit. In a second experiment we demonstrate a decoherence-free quantum memory of one qubit. By encoding the qubit into the decoherence-free subspace of two ions, we protect it from environment-induced dephasing. We increased the storage time by up to an order of magnitude compared to an unprotected qubit.
Measurement of dyspnea: word labeled visual analog scale vs. verbal ordinal scale.

We previously used a verbal ordinal rating scale to measure dyspnea. That scale was easy for subjects to use and the words provided consistency in ratings. We have recently developed a word labeled visual analog scale (LVAS) with labels placed by the subjects, retaining the advantages of a verbal scale while offering a continuous scale that generates parametric data. In a retrospective meta-analysis of data from 43 subjects, individuals differed little in their placement of words on the 100 mm LVAS (mean+/-S.D. for slight=20+/-2.5 mm, moderate=50+/-5 mm and severe=80+/-6 mm) and ratings were distributed uniformly along the scale. A significant stimulus-response correlation was obtained for both the LVAS (r(2)=0.98) and for the verbal ordinal scale (Spearman r=0.94). The resolution of the two scales differed only slightly. With meaningful verbal anchors, well-defined end-points, and clear instructions about the specific sensation to be rated, both scales provide valid measures of dyspnea.
An amino-terminal secretion signal is required for YplA export by the Ysa, Ysc, and flagellar type III secretion systems of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B.

Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B maintains three distinct type III secretion (TTS) systems, which independently operate to target proteins to extracellular sites. The Ysa and Ysc systems are prototypical contact-dependent TTS systems that translocate toxic effectors to the cytosols of targeted eukaryotic host cells during infection. The flagellar TTS system is utilized during the assembly of the flagellum and is required for secretion of the virulence-associated phospholipase YplA to the bacterial milieu. When ectopically produced, YplA is also a secretion substrate for the Ysa and Ysc TTS systems. In this study, we define elements that allow YplA recognition and export by the Ysa, Ysc, and flagellar TTS systems. Fusion of various amino-terminal regions of YplA to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) lacking its native secretion signal demonstrated that the first 20 amino acids or corresponding mRNA codons of YplA were sufficient for export of YplA-PhoA chimeras by each TTS system. Export of native YplA by each of the three TTS systems was also found to depend on the integrity of its amino terminus. Introduction of a frameshift mutation or deletion of yplA sequences encoding the amino-terminal 20 residues negatively impacted YplA secretion. Deletion of other yplA regions was tolerated, including that resulting in the removal of amino acid residues 30 through 40 of the polypeptide and removal of the 5′ untranslated region of the mRNA. This work supports a model in which independent and distantly related TTS systems of Y. enterocolitica recognize protein substrates by a similar mechanism.
Lithosphere thickness beneath the baltic shield

Abstract Long period (3–20 s), longitudinally polarized precursors to direct S have been observed at the NORSAR array from large earthquakes at epicentral distances of 70–82°. The slowness of these precursors differs enough from that of the background that the arrival time can be determined to within a second from the resulting discontinuity in the particle motion. The determined slowness (approximately that of direct S) and differential travel time (~29 s relative to S) suggest the interpretation of these arrivals as Sp; the S-to-P refraction is at an approximately horizontal interface at 250 ± 15 km below the Baltic shield 2–3° from NORSAR. The relative polarity of Sp and S (in phase on the horizontal, out of phase on the vertical) indicates a velocity decrease with increasing depth across the interface. We therefore suggest that the discontinuity is the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary.
Following the wrong footsteps: fixation effects of pictorial examples in a design problem-solving task.

Two experiments examined possible negative transfer in nonexperts from the use of pictorial examples in a laboratory design problem-solving situation. In Experiment 1, 89 participants were instructed to “think aloud” and were assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: (a) control (standard instructions), (b) fixation (inclusion of a problematic example, describing its problematic elements), or (c) defixation (inclusion of a problematic example, with instructions to avoid using problematic elements). Negative transfer due to examples was measured both quantitatively and qualitatively through verbal protocols. Verbal protocols (N 176) were analyzed for participants’ reasons for reference to the examples. In Experiment 2, fixation to examples was evaluated in nonverbalizing participants (N 60). Results of both experiments suggest that (a) although participants consulted the problem instructions, they tended to follow the examples even when they included inappropriate elements and (b) the fixation effects can be diminished with the use of defixating instructions.
Phenomenology of switching and memory effects in semiconducting chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Switching phenomena take place in thick bulk samples of semiconducting glass, once a path of devitrified material is established. Potential probe measurements reveal that threshold switching action takes place in a small region somewhere along this path. Application of voltage pulses can move this region to a different position and is shown to be equivalent to memory switching. Surface temperature measurements show that high temperatures exist in this localized region. Most thin films structures studied to date have indicated phase separation or physical destruction if the device has switched after the application of a single pulse. Surface temperature measurements in this film devices indicate that heating occurs even in the prebreakdown region. Since the characteristics of thin film and bulk type devices are remarkably similar, doubt is cast upon the interpretation of the switching phenomena due to bulk properties of amorphous semiconducting materials.
Strong Unique Continuation Properties of Generalized Baouendi–Grushin Operators

This paper gives a quantitative control of the order of zero of a weak solution to perturbations of the Baouendi–Grushin operator, which generalizes the result due to Aronszaijn, Krzywicki, and Szarski valid for elliptic operators in divergence form with Lipschitz continuous coefficients.
Conditioned effects of heroin on proinflammatory mediators require the basolateral amygdala

Heroin administration alters the induction of nitric oxide, a molecule known to play a critical role in immune function. Previous research has shown that these alterations can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been associated with drug administration. Little is known about the brain areas that mediate these effects; however, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been implicated in the formation of stimulus-reward associations within models of drug abuse. The present study sought to determine whether inactivation of the BLA would alter heroin's conditioned effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the rat. The conditioning procedure involved repeated pairing of heroin with placement into a standard conditioning chamber. To test the conditioned response, animals were returned to the previously drug-paired environment 6 days after the final conditioning session. Prior to testing, animals received intra-BLA microinfusions of a mixture of the GABA agonists muscimol and baclofen. Following removal from the chambers on test day, all animals received subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide to induce systemic expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Analyses using real-time RT-PCR indicated that inactivation of the BLA blocked the suppressive effect of heroin-associated environmental stimuli on iNOS induction and on the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in spleen and liver tissue. This study is important because it is the first to demonstrate that heroin's conditioned effects on proinflammatory mediators require the BLA. These findings may have significant implications for the treatment of heroin users.
The Surgeon and his Experience Remain Paramount

We are pleased to present Issue 2 of the tenth volume of HSS Journal. A variety of multidisciplinary articles are included. Among these are two articles of special interest Goodman et al. have presented their analysis of the effect that disease-modifying drugs have on the outcomes of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. They hypothesize that poorly controlled synovitis before surgery may lead to poor post-op function. Adequate pre-treatment with DMARD’s may lead to better results. It seems likely that this may also pertain to osteoarthritic knees that manifest significant synovitis. One wonders if this synovitis may be a factor in those patients who have poorer functional results after their TKR.
Photoinduced fixation of CO2 by amino acids: Implications for nonbiological reactions on the martian soil

Abstract Carbon dioxide can be incorporated into amino acids under conditions simulating the radiation environment of Mars. The mechanism apparently involves carboxyl exchange and may occur with other organic compounds as well. The reaction may play a role in maintaining CO 2 equilibrium on the Martian surface.
Toxicology in the Service of Patient and Medication Safety: a Selected Glance at Past and Present Innovations

Medical and medication errors remain definite threats to patients in US health care. Medical toxicologists frequently encounter patients either harmed by or at risk for harm from adverse drug events, including medication errors and inadvertent exposures. An historical perspective, as viewed through the lens of specific disciplines, can be useful to trace systemic responses to safety threats. Early efforts to address anesthesia perioperative risks and recent actions in medicine, surgery, and obstetrics to introduce checklists, communication tools, and systems approaches are reviewed. Patient safety concepts can be utilized and disseminated by toxicologists to improve medication safety and drive innovative approaches to confront patient harm. Various approaches include simulation of high-risk scenarios which might predispose to medication error, assembling multidisciplinary groups of health care providers to review events and implement mitigation strategies, and proactive patient safety rounds in clinical areas to allow frontline staff to voice concerns and introduce solutions for administration, evaluation, and implementation. We review selected lessons from the past and current innovations to achieve safe medication practice.
Museum of misinformation

A religious motivation doesn't make presenting a false picture of science any less fraudulent, says Lawrence Krauss
Abstract 1365: Sun protection practices among melanoma survivors.

Purpose: Unprotected sun exposure is a key risk factor for melanoma and further exposure to ultraviolet radiation after a melanoma diagnosis may increase the risk of a subsequent melanoma. We sought to determine whether melanoma survivors observed sun protection practices more vigilantly than the rest of the population. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is an annual, cross-sectional survey of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States on a wide range of health topics. We used the 2010 NHIS data on self-reported history of melanoma, sun protection practices, and indoor tanning to determine if individuals with a previous history of melanoma adhered more to sun protection practices than the general population. Results: In 2010, the NHIS surveyed 27,120 adults, of whom 171 (0.74%) had a prior history of melanoma. 54.8% of melanoma survivors were men, and 10.2% were under the age of 40. More melanoma survivors reported they always stay in the shade than the general population (15.6% vs. 10.5%, p Conclusion: Melanoma survivors, in general, engage in more sun protection practices than the general population. However, the fact that many do not seek shade and never use sunscreen, and some reported tanning bed use, remains a concern for their skin cancer risk. Citation Format: Jeremy Puthumana, Leah Ferrucci, Susan Mayne, Donald Lannin, Anees Chagpar. Sun protection practices among melanoma survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1365. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1365
Minimizing diagnostic error: the importance of follow-up and feedback.

An open-loop system (also called a “nonfeedback controlled” system) is one that makes decisions based solely on preprogrammed criteria and the preexisting model of the system. This approach does not use feedback to calibrate its output or determine if the desired goal is achieved. Because open-loop systems do not observe the output of the processes they are controlling, they cannot engage in learning. They are unable to correct any errors they make or compensate for any disturbances to the process. A commonly cited example of the open-loop system is a lawn sprinkler that goes on automatically at a certain hour each day, regardless of whether it is raining or the grass is already flooded. 1 To an unacceptably large extent, clinical diagnosis is an open-loop system. Typically, clinicians learn about their diagnostic successes or failures in various ad hoc ways (e.g., a knock on the door from a server with a malpractice subpoena; a medical resident learning, upon bumping into a surgical resident in the hospital hallway that a patient he/she cared for has been readmitted; a radiologist accidentally stumbling upon an earlier chest x-ray of a patient with lung cancer and noticing a nodule that had been overlooked). Physicians lack systematic methods for calibrating diagnostic decisions based on feedback from their outcomes. Worse yet, organizations have no way to learn about the thousands of collective diagnostic decisions that are made each day— information that could allow them to both improve overall performance as well as better hear the voices of the patients living with the outcomes. 2
Assessment of Water Quality in Corps of Engineers Reservoirs

ABSTRACT Concern over freshwater quality and emphasis on developing improved methods for managing existing water resource projects led the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to initiate several water research programs. Compiling and analyzing a Corps-wide water quality database for reservoirs and tailwaters was one such effort: These data are being supplemented with subjective information about enhancement needs solicited from field offices. The survey included more than 750 reservoirs, locks, and dams, and dry dams. Most frequently cited during the survey was the need to improve tailwater conditions – particularly low dissolved oxygen levels, temperature extremes, and the presence of reduced metals – reduce nutrient concentrations, and ameliorate conditions associated with the eutrophication process. A preliminary investigation indicated southeastern reservoirs exhibited (1) lower total nitrogen concentrations than the national average; (2) significant longitudinal gradients in water quality; and (3) turbidity...
Demonstrational customization of a shared whiteboard to support user-defined semantic relationships among objects

As a promising approach to end-user computing, programming by demonstration (PBD) techniques have been explored by many researchers in single-user applications. This paper investigates how PBD techniques can be used to support end-user customization of groupware tools. In collaborative applications, complex semantic relationships can emerge unanticipatedly among objects (participants, data artifacts, tools, devices, etc.) such as the hierarchical organization of participants, consistency maintenance among different views of the same data, and awareness control. It is important that end users are empowered to customize the groupware application to model and enforce such relationships. We present an active rule based approach to modeling user-defined semantic relationships in collaborative applications and explore a demonstrational approach for end-user customization of collaboration tools to support the definition of those relationships. The presented work is based on our work on a shared whiteboard tool, CAB or Collaborative Active whiteBoard. Our approach is being generalized to support end user defined object relationships in shared workspaces.
Pore size and pore shape--but not mesh density--alter the mechanical strength of tissue ingrowth and host tissue response to synthetic mesh materials in a porcine model of ventral hernia repair.

Abstract Background Over 100 types of soft tissue repair materials are commercially available for hernia repair applications. These materials vary in characteristics such as mesh density, pore size, and pore shape. It is difficult to determine the impact of a single variable of interest due to other compounding variables in a particular design. Thus, the current study utilized prototype meshes designed to evaluate each of these mesh parameters individually. Methods Five prototype meshes composed of planar, monofilament polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were evaluated in this study. The meshes were designed to focus on three key parameters, namely mesh density, pore size, and pore shape. The prototype meshes were implanted in the preperitoneal, retrorectus space in a porcine model of ventral incisional hernia repair, and tissue ingrowth characteristics were evaluated after 90 days. Mesh-tissue composite specimens were obtained from each repair site and evaluated via T-peel mechanical testing. Force–displacement data for each T-peel test were analyzed and five characteristics of tissue ingrowth reported: peak force (fp), critical force (fc), fracture energy (Γc), work (W), and work density (Wden). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of explanted mesh-tissue composites were also assessed for characteristics of tissue response including cellular infiltration, cell types, inflammatory response, extracellular matrix deposition, neovascularization, and fibrosis, with a composite score assigned to represent overall tissue response. Results The medium-weight, very large pore, hexagonal (MWVLH) mesh performed significantly better than the light-weight, medium pore, diamond (LWMD) mesh for all parameters evaluated (fp, fc, Γc, W, Wden) and trended toward better results than the medium-weight, medium pore, diamond (MWMD) mesh for the majority of the parameters evaluated. When the data for the five meshes was grouped to evaluate mesh density, pore size, and pore shape, differences were more pronounced. No significant differences were observed with respect to mesh density, however significant improvement in mechanical strength of tissue ingrowth occurred as pore size increased from medium to very large. In addition, the hexagonal pores resulted in the strongest tissue ingrowth, followed by the square pores, and finally the diamond pores. Scores for several histological parameters were significantly different for these prototype meshes. For example, the MWVLH mesh showed significantly greater tissue ingrowth by neovascularization histological score than MWMD and MWVLS meshes (p Conclusion Pore shape and pore size significantly altered the mechanical strength of tissue ingrowth and host-site integration in a porcine model of ventral hernia repair, while mesh density had no effect.
Comparative habitat use by grazing fishes in a Bornean stream

Habitat use by four grazing fishes in a rainforest stream was determined by direct observation (snorkeling) and microhabitat measurements for individual fish. Significant species heterogeneity (P < 0.004) occurred along two principal component gradients of velocity, depth and substrate and most pairwise species contrasts were significant. Abundant Paracrossochilus acerus (Cyprinidae) occupied the slower, deeper end of the gradient and Gastromyzon punctulatus (Balitoridae) the fast, shallow end with common G. cranbrooki and rare G. aeroides intermediate. However, overlap was substantial and as many as three species grazed on a single rock with no apparent interaction. All species were primarily day-active. Incomplete experiments suggest the fishes rapidly abandon rocks with reduced algal cover. Frequent spates with high discharge, turbidity and bedload movement disturbed the river. Disturbance, rather than biotic interactions, may be the dominant factor in the ecology of these fishes.
An Informative Interpretation of Decision Theory: The Information Theoretic Basis for Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Log Likelihood Ratio

The signal processing concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), in its role as a performance measure, is recast within the more general context of information theory, leading to a series of useful insights. Establishing generalized SNR (GSNR) as a rigorous information theoretic measure inherent in any set of observations significantly strengthens its quantitative performance pedigree while simultaneously providing a specific definition under general conditions. In turn, this directly leads to consideration of the log likelihood ratio (LLR): first, as the simplest possible information-preserving transformation (i.e., signal processing algorithm) and subsequently, as an absolute, comparable measure of information for any specific observation exemplar. The information accounting methodology that results permits practical use of both GSNR and LLR as diagnostic scalar performance measurements, directly comparable across alternative system/algorithm designs, applicable at any tap point within any processing string, in a form that is also comparable with the inherent performance bounds due to information conservation.
High flux palladium–copper composite membranes for hydrogen separations

Composite Pd alloy membranes have been investigated as a means of reducing the membrane cost and improving H2 flux. Recently, we have been able to dramatically reduce the thickness of our Pd alloy membranes to approximately one micron. This is significant because at this thickness, it is the cost of the porous support that controls the materials cost of the composite Pd alloy membrane, not the palladium inventory. We have prepared a 1.3-micronthick Pd95Cu5 (composition given in mass %) alloy film, coated on a Pall Corporation Membralox® T1-70 tubular ceramic substrate, which nearly meets the DOE pure hydrogen flux target of 200 scfh/ft2 at 400°C and 20 psi hydrogen partial pressure.
Performance measurement in nonprofit governance: an empirical study of the Minnesota independent school districts

Linearity and input separability assumptions are pervasive in most nonprofit cost and performance measurement systems. In this paper, we employ both parametric and nonparametric econometric methodologies to test the linearity and input separability assumptions using data collected from the Minnesota independent school districts. Our test results reject both the assumptions for the Minnesota independent school districts. These findings suggest a need to develop alternative procedures that do not rely on these two pervasive assumptions if the information provided by not-for-profit performance measurement systems is to be relevant for decision making and performance evaluation.
Wavelet-based filtering in scale space for data fusion

Multisensory data often have different resolutions and measurement noises. To integrate the multiresolution information together while removing their respective noises, a fusion process is performed to improve the sensing quality. Wavelet-based multiresolution analysis provides a new approach to study the data fusion problem. In such an approach, the approximation of a signal at each scale may be interpreted as the state variables and the state transition takes place from a coarse scale to a fine scale. Through the use of Kalman theory, data fusion can be obtained by optimally estimating the finest scale representation from a set of multiscale noisy measurements, in a scale recursive form. In this paper, a generalized fusion algorithm has been developed using the dyadic-tree wavelet transform with either orthogonal or biorthogonal wavelets. We then have more choices of analyzing wavelets to be used for fusing data. Examples are given to illustrate the improved fusion performance.
Flow structures and heat transfer in a Lid-driven cavity filled with liquid gallium and heated from below

Abstract Experiments and three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations have been performed to investigate natural and mixed convection in a shallow rectangular cavity filled with liquid gallium. The cavity was heated from below and cooled from above either in the absence or presence of lid motion. Experiments were conducted in a cavity having aspect ratios of 10 and 5 in the longitudinal and spanwise directions, respectively. Temperatures were recorded at different locations in the cavity, and temporal variation of the temperatures were analyzed using a fast Fourier transform. Three-dimensional unsteady direct numerical simulations were performed to obtain improved understanding of the flow structure in the cavity. The results show that lid motion has a significant effect on the flow and thermal structures in the cavity. For Richardson numbers less than unity, the effect of the lid motion is to reorganize the flow and to make the flow structure quasi-two-dimensional.
Examination of microbial proteome preservation techniques applicable to autonomous environmental sample collection

Improvements in temporal and spatial sampling frequency have the potential to open new windows into the understanding of marine microbial dynamics. In recent years, efforts have been made to allow automated samplers to collect microbial biomass for DNA/RNA analyses from moored observatories and autonomous underwater vehicles. Measurements of microbial proteins are also of significant interest given their biogeochemical importance as enzymes that catalyze reactions and transporters that interface with the environment. We examined the influence of five preservatives solutions (SDS-extraction buffer, ethanol, trichloroacetic acid, B-PER, and RNAlater) on the proteome integrity of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH8102 after four weeks of storage at room temperature. Four approaches were used to assess degradation: total protein recovery, band integrity on an SDS-PAGE gel, and number of protein identifications and relative abundances by 1D LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses. Total protein recoveries from the preserved samples were lower than the frozen control due to processing losses, which could be corrected for with internal standardization. The trichloroacetic acid preserved sample showed significant loss of protein band integrity on the SDS-PAGE gel. The RNAlater preserved sample showed the highest number of protein identifications (103% relative to the control; 520 + 31 identifications in RNAlater versus 504 + 4 in the control), equivalent to the frozen control. Relative abundances of individual proteins in the RNAlater treatment were quite similar to that of the frozen control (average ratio of 1.01 + 0.27 for the 50 most abundant proteins), while the SDS-extraction buffer, ethanol, and B-PER all showed significant decreases in both number of identifications and relative abundances of individual proteins. Based on these findings, RNAlater was an effective proteome preservative, although further study is warranted on additional marine microbes.
A polymer-supported silyl triflate and subsequent functionalization: synthesis and solid-phase Diels-Alder reactions of silyloxydienes

Abstract The synthesis of a polymer-supported silyl triflate and subsequent functionalization with enolizable α, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to form silyloxydienes is reported herein. This novel route is ideal for the generation of substrates for solid-phase Diels-Alder reactions. The silyl triflate and diene synthesis, subsequent [4 + 2] cycloadditions, and electrophilic cleavage are described. Download full-size image
The motion of one-component surface waves

I pt is known that one-component surface waves exist only for certain anisotropic elastic materials. A simple derivation of the conditions for the existence of one-component surface waves is presented which does not require a priori knowledge of Stroh's sextic formalism. For the half-space x2 > 0 with surface waves propagating in the x1-direction, the displacement component u2 and the stress components σ2j, j = 1,2, 3, vanish everywhere. Therefore, one-component surface waves have the unique feature that the deformation is both plane strain and plane stress with respect to the (x1, x3) plane. The displacement vector u = (u1, u3) describes an elliptic path on a plane parallel to the (x1, x3) plane and so do the velocity vector v = (v1, v3), the surface traction vectors t = (σ11, σ13) acting on the surface x1 = constant and q = (σ31, σ33) on the surface x3 = constant. In fact, the vectors u, v(kv) and t(ρkv2) describe the same ellipse, where ϱ is the mass density, k the wave number and v the surface wave speed. u and v(kv) form a pair of conjugate radii of the ellipse while t(ρkv2) is identical to −v(kv). These properties lead to two invariant relations connecting u, v and t. The geometry of this ellipse depends on two material parameters ξ and γ which are functions of the reduced elastic compliances ŝ14, ŝ16, ŝ54 and ŝ56. The principal axes of the ellipse coincide with the x1-, x3-axes when ŝ54 = ŝ16. The ellipse degenerates into a circle when ŝ54 = ŝ16and ŝ56 = −ŝ14. If ŝ54 = −ŝ16 the directions of u, v, t and q are independent of x2. The results and the geometry of the motion are simplified substantially for monoclinic materials with the symmetry plane at x1 = 0.
Constraints on priming in spatial memory: naturally learned versus experimentally learned environments.

In four experiments, we explored constraints on priming in spatial memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects who were familiar with the locations of buildings on the Vanderbilt campus participated in a recognition test. The subjects' task was to decide whether or not named buildings were on the campus. Foils in this recognition test were realistic but fictional names of buildings. In principle, the subjects could have performed this task without using spatial knowledge; in fact, they must not have used spatial knowledge, because there was no evidence of priming in recognition as a function of the spatial relations between buildings on the campus. This result differs from those obtained in earlier experiments that have examined memory of spatial layouts learned in laboratory settings. In Experiment 3, the fictional foils were replaced by names of buildings in an area of the campus separated geographically from the main campus. Evidently, this change induced subjects to retrieve spatial knowledge, because the spatial priming effect materialized. A fourth experiment replicated the above findings in a single experiment and demonstrated that spatial priming could be obtained when the configuration of buildings was learned experimentally. These results are explained by appealing to the “decontextualization” that takes place in memory over time.
Convoys of social support in Mexico: Examining socio-demographic variation

The Convoy Model suggests that at different stages of the lifespan the makeup of the social support network varies in step with developmental and contextual needs. Cultural norms may shape the makeup of social convoys as well as denote socio-demographic differences in social support. This study examines the social convoys of adults in Mexico. Specifically, it examines whether social network structure varies by age, gender, and education level, thus addressing the paucity of research on interpersonal relations in Mexico. A sample of 1,202 adults (18-99 years of age) was drawn from the Study of Social Relations and Well-being in Mexico. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated older adults had larger, more geographically proximate networks with a greater proportion of kin but less frequent contact. Women had larger, less geographically proximate networks with less frequent contact. Less educated individuals had smaller, more geographically proximate networks with more frequent contact and a greater proportion of kin. Age moderated gender and education effects indicated that younger women have more diverse networks and less educated older adults have weaker social ties. This study highlights socio-demographic variation in social convoys within the Mexican context, and suggests implications for fostering intergenerational relationships, policy, and interventions. Future research on Mexican convoys should further explore sources of support, and specifically address implications for well-being.
Abundance of volatile organic compounds in white ash phloem and emerald ash borer larval frass does not attract Tetrastichus planipennisi in a Y‐tube olfactometer

Many natural enemies employ plant- and/or herbivore-derived signals for host/prey location. The larval parasitoid Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is 1 of 3 biocontrol agents currently being released in an effort to control the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coloeptera: Burprestidae) in North America. To enhance its efficiency, allelochemicals that attract it need to be assessed. In this study, ash phloem volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of black, green, and white ash, and EAB larval frass were compared. Foraging behavior of T. planipennisi females in response to VOCs of white ash or frass from EAB larvae feeding on white ash phloem was tested using a Y-tube olfactometer. Results indicated that the 3 ash species had similar VOC profiles. EAB larval frass generally contained greater levels of VOCs than phloem. Factor analysis indicated that the 11 VOCs could be broadly divided into 2 groups, with α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, limonene, methyl benzoate, methyl indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate as the first group and the rest (i.e., methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) as a second. Abundance of VOCs in white ash phloem tissue and frass, nevertheless, did not attract T. planipennisi females. The concealed feeding of EAB larvae might explain the selection for detectable and reliable virbrational signals, instead of undetectable and relatively unreliable VOC cues from phloem and frass, in short-range foraging by T. planipennisi. Alternatively, it is possible that T. planipennisi is not amenable to the Y-tube olfactometer assay employed.
Reaction rates in the synthesis of ammonia

A study has been made of the reaction rates of mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia over a doubly promoted iron catalyst at 400° and 450°C. and at pressures up to 1,000 atm. In this work particular care has been taken to obtain data representing the true kinetics of the reaction. The reactor used was essentially isothermal, and the effects of diffusion have been reduced to a minimum. The results have been correlated by the use of the mechanism proposed by Temkin and Pyschev (19) with moderate success.
Caterpillar’s 3600 PEEC Locomotive Governor (Programmable Electronic Engine Control)

Systeme de commande pour les moteurs diesel de locomotive Caterpillar 6000 (commande electronique programmable)
Medial prefrontal cortex supports source memory accuracy for self-referenced items

Previous behavioral work suggests that processing information in relation to the self enhances subsequent item recognition. Neuroimaging evidence further suggests that regions along the cortical midline, particularly those of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), underlie this benefit. There has been little work to date, however, on the effects of self-referential encoding on source memory accuracy or whether the medial PFC might contribute to source memory for self-referenced materials. In the current study, we used fMRI to measure neural activity while participants studied and subsequently retrieved pictures of common objects superimposed on one of two background scenes (sources) under either self-reference or self-external encoding instructions. Both item recognition and source recognition were better for objects encoded self-referentially than self-externally. Neural activity predictive of source accuracy was observed in the medial PFC (Brodmann area 10) at the time of study for self-referentially but not self-externally encoded objects. The results of this experiment suggest that processing information in relation to the self leads to a mnemonic benefit for source level features, and that activity in the medial PFC contributes to this source memory benefit. This evidence expands the purported role that the medial PFC plays in self-referencing.
Epileptic seizures in thrombotic stroke.

Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic cerebral infarction were studied in 118 patients. The occurrence of seizures had a bimodal distribution with one peak period within 2 weeks and another peak period from 6 to 12 months after stroke. Four patients had seizures preceding stroke, while 23 patients without a history of previous stroke had “silent infarct” on the CT scan. Fifteen patients (13%) had status epilepticus. Simple partial seizures occurred in 56% of patients, complex partial seizures in 24% and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 4%. Epilepsy developed in 35% of patients with early seizures and in 90% of patients with late seizures.
Effects of body mechanics training on performance of repetitive lifting.

Objective To measure the efficacy of body mechanics instruction (BMI) in patients with low back pain. Method The effect of BMI was measured in four participants with back injuries using a standardized lifting protocol. Static strength, weight lifted, number of lifts completed, and motion analysis data to describe the body mechanics were measured before and after work hardening to evaluate treatment effects. The participants' performances were compared with 52 controls from an earlier study. Results Starting postures, characterized by degrees of hip and knee flexion, varied by participant but favored a squat lift in three participants when compared with the controls. Dynamic motion synchrony of the hip and knee joints was similar to controls in three of the four participants. Posttest data revealed significant changes in static strength, dynamic endurance, and lifting speed. Conclusion Intensive instruction in body mechanics provided during the work-hardening treatment produced major changes in lifting styles, in terms of both starting postures and dynamic aspects of repetitive lifting. The computerized measurement procedures used in this study permitted more careful and detailed analyses of body mechanics, particularly dynamic aspects, than is possible with observational methods. This study demonstrated some of the inherent intricacies in isodynamic lifting and suggests additional areas of performance that may be important to address in BMI.
Inhibitory mechanisms for cross‐bridge cycling: the nitric oxide‐cGMP signal transduction pathway in smooth muscle relaxation

Relaxation follows sequestration of Ca2+ mobilized by an excitatory stimulus in striated muscle. Removal of excitatory stimuli also relaxes smooth muscle in vitro after reductions in the myoplasmic [Ca2+] and dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chains. However, there are several experimental procedures that produce relaxation in the presence of excitatory stimuli and elevated Ca(2+)-dependent cross-bridge phosphorylation. Of potential widespread physiological importance are treatments that increase myoplasmic [cGMP] owing to the ubiquity of nitric oxide (NO) as a signalling molecule for endothelial-mediated vasodilation and inhibitory nerves in most types of smooth muscle. Several mechanisms are implicated in the NO-cGMP mediated relaxation. Most studies support reductions in myoplasmic Ca2+. However, there is evidence that increases in cGMP also lower the Ca(2+)-sensitivity of cross-bridge phosphorylation. This would contribute to a decline in force through actions on the myosin light chain kinase/phosphatase system. In addition, changes in the dependence of force on phosphorylation are observed in tissues partially relaxed by treatments that elevate cGMP. This demonstrates that either the attachment and cycling of phosphorylated cross-bridges is impaired or blocked, or that the formation of dephosphorylated, force-generating cross-bridges ('latch-bridges') is reduced. Protein kinase G-catalysed phosphorylation of either a thin filament protein that blocks attachment of cross-bridges or a protein that inhibits myosin light chain phosphatase may explain the NO-induced relaxation with elevated cross-bridge phosphorylation.
Dynamic mode II delamination fracture of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites

Abstract Dynamic fracture and delamination of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites are investigated for end-notched flexure (ENF) and center-notched flexure (CNF) pure mode II loading configurations using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar. Results show that delamination and energy absorbed in fracture increase with impact energy with CNF>ENF. A power law analytical model reasonably describes the variation of energy release rate with delamination and energy absorbed. A crack embedded deeper in a specimen (as in CNF) contributes more to dynamic fragmentation than cracks at the surface or near the edge (as in ENF). Hackle features on mode II fracture surfaces decrease with impact energy.
Social Choice and System Structure in World Politics

This paper analyzes the implications of social choice theory for the study of world politics. A view of the world system as a social choice mechanism leads to the observation that the outcomes of world politics are determined neither by structure nor by preferences alone, but rather by their interaction. Structural change occurs only when the actors cannot achieve their preferences through the current system. Three particular social choice mechanisms are analyzed to determine which conditions of Arrow's theorem they violate. The argument is illustrated by examining two salient theoretical works, Waltz's Theory of International Politics and Gilpin's War and Change in World Politics. The critique of Waltz illustrates that structure alone cannot determine outcome; the critique of Gilpin examines how structural change occurs in world politics and underlines the importance of preferences in such changes.
A method for achieving stable distributions of wireless mobile location in motion simulations

A cellular engineer typically estimates system performance via simulation. Most cellular operations software provides data from which one can infer the average, busy hour, subscriber location distribution, which becomes an input to the simulation. When the simulation does not include mobility, as is typical with Monte Carlo simulations, modeling this distribution is a straightforward task. However, when the simulation models mobility, it must do so in such a way that the subscriber location distribution is stable. We introduce a stochastic mobility model for the purpose of achieving and stabilizing a priori subscriber location distributions.
Acoustic properties of silica aerogels between 400 mK and 400 K

Abstract Using acoustic resonant spectroscopy, we have studied the low frequency elastic properties of silica aerogels with densities of 0.045–0.267 g/cm 3 over a temperature range of 400 mK to 400 K. We observe a large drop in the elastic moduli between 20 and 100 K accompanied by a damping peak and attribute this to a thermally activated relaxation process. At higher temperatures the elastic moduli increase linearly with temperature, a phenomenon normally associated with elastomers like rubber and indicative of a significant entropic contribution to the stiffness of the aerogels.
Excitation Transfer Effects Between Semantically Related and Temporally Adjacent Stimuli

Although excitation transfer theory has been supported in numerous contexts, questions remain regarding transfer of arousal between events that are semantically and temporally related. This article summarizes two studies exploring excitation transfer between such events: sequential plays from a college football game. Study 1 failed to support the theory, instead suggesting contrast effects between stimuli. A follow-up study, which altered the method and incorporated psychophysiological measures, demonstrated that arousal may transfer between semantically related, temporally adjacent events. We suggest implications for the theory vis-a-vis misattribution of arousal, as well as opportunities to expand the application of excitation transfer.
Rugged and Efficient Ka-Band Extended Interaction Klystrons for Satellite Communication Systems

In this paper, CPI Canada enhancement of the capabilities of the Ka-band extended interaction klystrons (EIK) for the Satcom Communication Uplink community is discussed.