cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The periodicity in stable equivariant surgery

The classical surgery theory (see [5] and [23]) computes the structure set Sm (M, rel ∂) of manifolds homotopy equivalent to M relative to the boundary. Siebenmann showed that in topological category, the structure set is 4-periodic: Sm(M, rel ∂) ≅ Sm+4(M × D4, rel ∂) up to a copy of ℤ; see [12]. Cappell and Weinberger gave a geometric interpretation of this periodicity in [8]. By using Weinberger's stratified surgery theory (see [24]), we extend this to an equivariant periodicity result for topological manifolds with homotopically stratified actions by compact Lie groups, with D4 replaced by the unit ball of certain group representations. In particular, if G is an odd order group acting on a topological manifold M, then the equivariant stable structure sets satisfy S (M, rel ∂) ≅ S(M × D(ℝ4 ⊗ ℝG), rel ∂) up to copies of ℤ. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive Profile of Neurofibromatosis Type 1

General consensus has yet to be reached with regard to the exact cognitive profile of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The current overview seeks to provide a more comprehensive review of the literature by examining studies that have specifically compared individuals with NF1 to siblings, controls, and/or norms. We also examined results of studies that compared individuals with NF1 with various manifestations to each other. Consistent with previous reviews, no clear cognitive profile emerged; however, greater insight into patterns was obtained. Additionally, future directions for research on NF1 were suggested.
Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides.

Achieving control of light-material interactions for photonic device applications at nanoscale dimensions will require structures that guide electromagnetic energy with a lateral mode confinement below the diffraction limit of light. This cannot be achieved by using conventional waveguides or photonic crystals. It has been suggested that electromagnetic energy can be guided below the diffraction limit along chains of closely spaced metal nanoparticles that convert the optical mode into non-radiating surface plasmons. A variety of methods such as electron beam lithography and self-assembly have been used to construct metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides. However, all investigations of the optical properties of these waveguides have so far been confined to collective excitations and direct experimental evidence for energy transport along plasmon waveguides has proved elusive. Here we present observations of electromagnetic energy transport from a localized subwavelength source to a localized detector over distances of about 0.5 μm in plasmon waveguides consisting of closely spaced silver rods. The waveguides are excited by the tip of a near-field scanning optical microscope, and energy transport is probed by using fluorescent nanospheres.
The reaction of gaseous bromine penta-fluoride with uranium compounds—I

Abstract The kinetics of the gas-solid reactions between BrF5 und UF4 and UO2F2 have been studied in the temperature range 175–300°C and in the BrF5 partial pressure range of 130–370 torr. Both of these reactions produce UF6 as the main product, and in the case of the UF4-BrF5 reaction the intermediate uranium fluorides (U2F9, U4F17, and UF5) as minor products. Analysis of the reaction products of the UF4BrF5 reaction showed elemental bromine to be the other gaseous product of that reaction. The data were correlated using the diminishing sphere model which describes the gas-solid reaction occurring at a continuslly diminishing spherical interface. Values of the activation energy of 16·9 and 8·3 kcal/mole and of the order of the pressures dependence of 0·38 and 0·71 were calculated for the reactions with UF4 and UO2F2, respectively. The following equations were derived to represent the temperature and BrF5 partial pressure dependence of these two reactions. UF4BrF5: log k′ = 0·38 log PBrF5 (torr) − 3690/T(°K) + 4·286 UO2F2BrF5: log k′ = 0·71 log PBrF5 (torr) − 1810/T(°K)
Critical behavior of the thermal conductance of 3He-4He mixture films at the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.

We report measurements of the convective conductance of /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He films near the superfluid transition. This thermal response is tested for the critical behavior observed in pure /sup 4/He films. We find that this is preserved for mixtures. The parameters b and D/a/sup 2/, however, show a strong renormalization, and an unusual /sup 3/He dependence. The conductance at fixed T-T/sub c/ decreases upon addition of /sup 3/He implying a decrease of the 2D correlation length. We observe a decrease in the maximum value of conductance which we attribute to a residual free-vortex density, even for T
Synoptic temperature structure of the East China and southeastern Japan/East Seas

Abstract Air-deployed expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) surveys are used to investigate the synoptic temperature structure of the East China Sea (ECS), southern Yellow Sea, and southeastern Japan/East Sea (JES) from 1992–1995, in the depth range 0–400 m. The main results of this study are as follows. The regional winter mixed layer is shallow along the paths of the Kuroshio and Polar Front due to strong advection of warm water, which suppresses vertical mixing. The region where mixing is to the bottom is generally northwest of the 100-m isobath in the ECS and in the Tsushima Strait. Two September surveys reveal two different Kuroshio Front positions: in 1992 this front was far on-shelf of its mean position, preventing the formation of eddies at Mien Hwa Canyon; in 1993, the Kuroshio Front had migrated off-shelf, and eddies along the front had formed. The Kuroshio Current Branch West of Kyushu is not seen in summer at 60 m depth, only winter and spring; however, there is evidence of this branch current in all seasons at 100 m depth. Along the entire length of the ECS in all surveys except winter (where wind mixing had homogenized the water column), cross sections show that cold water (
Antioxidant Inhibition of Protein Kinase C-Signaled Increases in Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Mesangial Cells

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC)-signaled increases in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) have been implicated in the stimulation of matrix protein synthesis induced by high concentrations of glucose, thromboxane, angiotension II (All), and other stimuli in cultured glomerular mesangial cells. In the present study, the effects of several antioxidants on mesangial cell responses to high glucose, thromboxane, and All were examined. α-Tocopherol blocked increases in PKC, TGFβ bioactivity, collagen, and/or fibronectin synthesis induced in mesangial cells by high glucose, the thromboxane analog U46619, and All. By contrast, α-tocopherol did not alter increases in matrix protein synthesis in mesangial cells in response to exogenous TGFIβ, a cytokine that does not activate PKC in mesangial cells and whose actions to stimulate matrix protein synthesis in these cells are not blocked by PKC inhibition or downregulation. Taurine and N-acetylcysteine similarly inhibited activation of PKC and increases in TGFβ in response to high glucose, U46619, and All, α-Tocopherol but not taurine or N-acetylcysteine partially blocked increases in PKC activity in mesangial cells in response to the diacylglycerol (DAG) analog, phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu). Thus, α-tocopherol may have direct effects on interaction of the PKC system of mesangial cells with DAG that are not shared by N-acetylcysteine or taurine. Increases in TGFβ have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis in diabetes and other nephropathies. The capacity of antioxidants to block increases in TGFβ in mesangial cells in response to high glucose, thromboxane, and All suggests their potential therapeutic utility to attenuate glomerulosclerosis.
Current concepts in therapeutic strategies targeting cognitive decline and disease modification in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia in the Western world. Postmortem, it is characterized neuropathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and a profound gray matter loss. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of an abnormally hyperphosphorylated intracellular protein called tau, tightly wound into paired helical filaments and thought to impact microtubule assembly and protein trafficking, resulting in the eventual demise of neuronal viability. The extracellular amyloid plaque deposits are composed of a proteinacious core of insoluble aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and have led to the foundation of the amyloid hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that Abeta is one of the principal causative factors of neuronal death in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. With multiple drugs now moving through clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, we will review current and future treatment strategies aimed at improving both the cognitive deficits associated with the disease, as well as more novel approaches that may potentially slow or halt the deadly neurodegenerative progression of the disease.
Concurrent file conversion between B + -tree and linear hash files

Abstract The motivation for this paper is to show that the conversion of a B + tree file into a linear hash file and the conversion of a linear hash file into a B + tree file can be done concurrently with user-transaction processing. The conversion process, in general, is motivated by a change in database processing requirements. For the first case, efficient sequential access and direct access are originally needed but now only efficient direct access is needed. For the second case, the opposite is true. This is quite reasonable for a database system which accommodates new and changing applications. Several existing database systems allow an off-line reorganization to support these changes. We devise an algorithm which performs a concurrent conversion for both cases and present an analytic model of the conversion process for each. We also employ a typical database simulation model to evaluate the reorganization scheme. The results from the analytic model for Case 1 are within 3% (on average) of the observed simulation results and for Case 2 are within 4% (on average) of the observed simulation results.
Chromosomal mapping of the human annexin IV (ANX4) gene.

Abstract Annexin IV (placental anticoagulant protein II) is a member of the annexin or lipocortin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. A cDNA for human annexin IV was isolated from a placental library that is 675 bases longer in the 3′ untranslated region than previously reported, indicating the existence of alternative mRNA processing for this gene. Genomic Southern blotting with a cDNA probe indicated a gene size of 18–56 kb. Primers developed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed amplification of a 1.6-kb portion of the ANX4 gene. DNA sequence analysis showed that this PCR product contained a single intron with exon-intron boundaries in exactly the same position as in the mouse annexin I and annexin II genes. PCR analysis of a somatic cell hybrid panel mapped the ANX4 gene to chromosome 2, and in situ hybridization with a cDNA probe showed a unique locus for ANX4 at 2p13. This study provides further evidence that genes for the annexins are dispersed throughout the genome but are similar in size and exon-intron organization.
THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF DELAYED GRAFT FUNCTION IN CADAVER DONOR RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Data collected prospectively on over 3800 cadaveric renal transplants performed between June 1977 and July 1982 by the 41 member institutions of the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation were analyzed to determine the influence of delayed graft function (DGF) on patient and graft outcome. Approximately 35% of first graft recipients and 47% of regrafted patients were found to have DGF, as determined by the necessity for dialysis at one week posttransplant. First-graft recipients with DGF tended to include more black recipients, patients with higher peak levels of panel reactive antibody (PRA), less use of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) posttransplant, slightly longer organ preservation times and the more frequent use of organs by ice alone. Multivariate (Cox) regression analysis considering DGF simultaneously with ten other potentially confounding variables showed a highly significant association between DGF and overall graft loss from all causes (P less than 10(-5], irreversible graft rejection (P less than 0.001) as well as patient death (P = 0.012). The differences in graft survival between first graft recipients with DGF (n = 961) versus those without DGF (n = 1769) at one and four years posttransplant were 46% +/- 2 vs. 60% +/- 1 and 28% +/- 3 vs. 40% +/- 2, respectively. The detrimental effect of DGF was highly significant irrespective of the source of donor organs or the type of preservation used. For first transplant recipients who recovered good graft function by one month following DGF (n = 564), there was a significant decrease in eventual graft survival, as compared with patients who had graft function at one month but no prior history of DGF (n = 1407; P = 0.008). However, patients with history of DGF who had good graft function at six months (n = 361) showed no significant difference in longer-term graft survival when compared with similar patients with good graft function at six months but no history of DGF (n = 912). Interestingly, first transplant recipients with DGF were found to have significantly better graft survival if they had received bilateral native nephrectomy at least one month prior to transplantation. These results indicate that delayed graft function following cadaver donor renal transplantation provides a significant risk for eventual graft and patients survival that is principally manifested during the first six months posttransplant. In addition, patients who recover graft function following DGF appear to also remain at higher risk for early graft loss, while pretransplant bilateral native nephrectomy may afford some protection against the detrimental effects of DGF.
Matrix perturbation approach to the weak linear coupling

Abstract The strict matrix treatment of linear coupling in the normalized coordinate system is presented. Then, assuming weak linear coupling, with the perturbed one-turn transfer matrix in the normalized coordinate system, the analytical expressions for the coupling parameters are obtained directly. Two complex coefficients h - and h + are defined to represent the weak linear difference and sum coupling, respectively. Numerical simulation was carried out to check these analytical expressions. The perturbed betatron motion of the weak linear coupling is discussed. Four eigenmode projection parameters are defined. Based on their measurement, the coupling parameters r and h - can be determined under weak linear difference coupling.
SOLIDARITY OR COLONIALISM? THE POLEMIC OF “LABOR COLONIALISM” IN PUERTO RICO

Leaders of American-based labor organizations in Puerto Rico aggressively supported a collective bargaining rights bill for public sector workers in 1998 because, so they argued, the new law would help organize the public sector. However, almost ten years after the approval of that bill, it has become patently clear that the law did not lead to new organizing in Puerto Rico. Rather, the law changed the institutional makeup of labor relations in Puerto Rico by providing American-based labor organizations an opportunity to raid existing Puerto Rican labor organizations and become the exclusive representatives of public sector workers. Therefore, since the law was approved, a war between some American-based unions and some Puerto Rico-based labor organizations has ensued, one where the Puerto Rican unions accuse U.S. unions of being “labor colonialists,” while American-based labor unions deny the accusations and label their critics as ultra leftists, splintering the labor movement and making it an ineffective defender of working class interests. Hence, the new law, far from delivering the hundreds of thousands of new union members that union leaders promised, has created a political nightmare for labor organizations in Puerto Rico. U.S. labor unions are at fault for contributing to the current divisions in the Puerto Rican labor movement, but all unions, including independent Puerto Rican unions, must find a way out of the deadlock to concentrate on their most important goal—represent their members and become effective leaders for the Puerto Rican working class.
Motions of dispersed beads obtained by particle tracking velocimetry measurements: Part II

Abstract Particle tracking velocimetry was successfully used to study the three-dimensional solids movement of large dispersed beads in a vertical column. For the large beads, overlap was a major limitation, especially at high bead concentrations. Thus, an additional image enhancement algorithm for particle decomposition was developed as a preprocessor. The beads experienced high axial and radial fluctuation values; but, these increases were less than for the fluid phase itself. This is, no doubt, a result of the higher inertia of the beads relative to the fluid. The bead fluctuations are less for the radial component than for the axial component, which is similar to that for the fluid phase. From the results of the histogram analysis, the higher bead concentrations period provided broader and more scattered distributions except for the initial transport period. Finally, comparisons were possible with the data obtained and predictions from a variety of theoretical approaches.
Cells, collagen and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a usually fatal disorder of lung with clearly defined clinical, roentgenographic, physiologic, morphologic, scintigraphic and bronchoalveolar lavage features. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of this disorder suggest a central role for a chronic alveolitis in causing changes in parenchymal cell populations and derangements in interstitial collagen. Of the many inflammatory and immune effector cells comprising the alveolitis of IPF, it is likely that the neutrophil is the most important mediator of parenchymal damage. To follow the status of lung neutrophils in patients with this disease, two methods have been utilized. Both gallium-67 scanning and bronchoalveolar lavage quantitate the extent of the alveolitis and can be used to stage and follow these patients. The treatment of IPF remains controversial, but it is likely that corticosteroids reduce the alveolitis and prolong the lifespan of these patients.
Association between Early Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in India: A Focus on Youth from Bihar and Rajasthan

The relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and early marriage is explored using the 2005-2006 India National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3). The NFHS-3 collected data from a representative sample of women and men in India with a large enough sample size to have a representative sample at the state level. The focus is on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan, two states with high IPV and early marriage. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrate that women aged 20 to 24 who married before age eighteen, the legal age at marriage in India, are more likely to have ever experienced IPV in their lifetime and recently experienced IPV (in the last 12 months) than their counterparts who married later. The results were significant in Rajasthan but not in Bihar. To reduce IPV, targeted efforts must be made to decrease the proportion of India's girls who are married under the legal age of marriage.
FaultHound: value-locality-based soft-fault tolerance

Soft error susceptibility is a growing concern with continued CMOS scaling. Previous work explores full- and partial-redundancy schemes in hardware and software for soft-fault tolerance. However, full-redundancy schemes incur high performance and energy overheads whereas partial-redundancy schemes achieve low coverage. An initial study, called Perturbation Based Fault Screening (PBFS), explores exploiting value locality to provide hints of soft faults whenever a value falls outside its neighborhood. PBFS employs bit-mask filters to capture value neighborhoods. However, PBFS achieves low coverage; straightforwardly improving the coverage results in high false-positive rates, and performance and energy overheads. We propose FaultHound, a value-locality-based soft-fault tolerance scheme, which employs five mechanisms to address PBFS's limitations: (1) a scheme to cluster the filters via an inverted organization of the filter tables to reinforce learning and reduce the false-positive rates; (2) a learning scheme for ignoring the delinquent bit positions that raise repeated false alarms, to reduce further the false-positive rate; (3) a light-weight predecessor replay scheme instead of a full rollback to reduce the performance and energy penalty of the remaining false positives; (4) a simple scheme to distinguish rename faults, which require rollback instead of replay for recovery, from false positives to avoid unnecessary rollback penalty; and (5) a detection scheme, which avoids rollback, for the load-store queue which is not covered by our replay. Using simulations, we show that while PBFS achieves either low coverage (30%), or high false-positive rates (8%) with high performance overheads (97%), FaultHound achieves higher coverage (75%) and lower false-positive rates (3%) with lower performance and energy overheads (10% and 25%).
A simple phenomenological model for hadron production from low-mass clusters☆

A simple parameterization of hadron production from low-mass clusters is presented. Parameters of the model are determined from analyses of nucleon-antinucleon annihilation at rest and charm and baryon production in e+e− annihilation. The model is shown to provide a good description of multiplicities and inclusive energy distributions in low-energy e+e− annihilation. The cluster hadronization model developed here is intended to be used as the final stage in more general models for e+e− annihilation and other hard processes - models in which color separation is locally screened before hadrons actually form.
SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE TUBES WITH HELICAL FINS

A stabilized finite-element solver is used to solve turbulent flows and heat transfer in complex, three-dimensional geometries. Selected turbulence models are implemented and evaluated for their performance. Particular attention is given to the initial conditions for k and ∊ necessary to facilitate convergence. Details of the stabilized finite-element formulations for incompressible flow are also presented, and cost-effective model simplifications are introduced. For the analysis of heat transfer, an efficient technique for solving the energy equation without introducing a nondimensional temperature equation is also presented. As a test case, tubes with helical fins are selected.
Geospatial Analysis of Climatic and Geomorphic Interactions Influencing Stream Discharge, Appalachian Mountains, USA

Streamflow values are commonly synthesized for locations where flow measurement stations are lacking or where only intermittent measurements are available. In an Appalachian Mountains dataset comprised of 29 watersheds, the most appropriate among geomorphic, geologic, and hydrogeologic datasets were selected for use in prediction of streamflow at watershed scale. A statistical model was developed using principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for. Using CA on variables derived from the PCA, an optimum set of variables was derived for predicting streamflow. Results indicate there are two categories of watersheds in the study area. The first is strongly correlated with climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, elevation, and groundwater recharge). The second is strongly correlated with two geomorphic variables (watershed slope and percentage of forested area). The spatial distribution of cluster classifications shows that watersheds dominated by the climatic component are located along the Allegheny Front while watersheds dominated by the geomorphic component are located in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. These variations between the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces suggest that, to accurately model streamflow, modeling needs be done based on natural physiographic boundaries rather than political boundaries. In this physiographic setting, elevation seems to be a major control.
Encouraging Learners' Conversational Participation: The Effect of Content Knowledge

This study investigated the influence of interlocutors' relative content knowledge on conversational participation in interactions between native speakers (NSs) and normative speakers (NNSs) with limited oral skills. Forty-five male NS-NNS dyads were audio taped having two conversations; in the second conversation, which concerned students' major fields, 15 of the dyads included NNSs who had relatively more content knowledge, in another 15, the NSs had more knowledge, and in 15, participants were considered equal. Measures of conversational participation included amount of talk, pause fillers, back-channels, topic moves, and several measures of interactional negotiation. Outcomes of log linear analyses indicated that both NSs and NNSs appeared conversationally active, but there were different patterns of participation that could to some extent be explained by relative content knowledge. As such, this study extends our understanding of the dynamics of NS-NNS interchange.
Spatial Organization of RNA Polymerase II Revealed by Super-Resolution Imaging of Mammalian Cell Nucleus

Super-resolution microscopy based on single-molecule centroid determination has been widely applied to biology in recent years. However, quantitative imaging of mammalian nucleus has been challenging due to the lack of 3D optical sectioning methods for normal-size cells as well as the inability to accurately count the absolute copy numbers of biomolecules in highly dense structures. Here we report a Reflected Light Sheet Super-Resolution Microscopy (RLS-SRM) that allows counting of protein and RNA molecules inside a mammalian nucleus with single-copy accuracy, at 25-nm lateral and 50-nm axial resolutions. Applying RLS-SRM to probe the organization of mammalian transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), we observed that RNAP II distribution exhibit a punctate pattern with discrete foci, consistent with previous studies. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis showed that the average number of RNAP II molecules in each of the foci is one, and no statistical evidence is found for clustering of RNAP II molecules within 250 nm from each other, arguing against the hypothesis of ‘transcription factories'. Two-color imaging revealed that 20% of the bound RNAP II is poised while 80% is actively transcribing. Using single-molecule FISH, we also imaged the distribution of U2 spliceosomal snRNA inside the nucleus, ∼25% of which is found to colocalize with transcribing RNAP II, suggestive of co-transcriptional splicing. This study provides a way to quantitatively image and count key biomolecular species inside the mammalian nucleus with unprecedented level of detail.
Managing Antipsychotic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia

Antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia is a common and clinically significant hazard of long term antipsychotic therapy. The arrival of atypical antipsychotics has markedly improved the outlook: atypical antipsychotics are emerging as effective treatments and may also reduce the prevalence and incidence of tardive dyskinesia. In mild cases, careful monitoring of tardive dyskinesia by serial Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS) assessments may be the appropriate course. More severe tardive dyskinesia calls for intervention in order to treat the dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics and tocopherol (vitamin E) are effective and generally well tolerated treatment options for tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia variants such as tardive dystonia and tardive akathisia tend to be more severe and difficult to treat compared with typical tardive dyskinesia. Prevention of tardive dyskinesia is possible through careful selection of patients for antipsychotic therapy, use of the lowest effective antipsychotic dosages, use of atypical rather than traditional antipsychotics and concurrent tocopherol administration. The clinician can now undertake the management of tardive dyskinesia with growing confidence.
The Response of Consumers to Nutrition Labeling

Nutrition labeling is an example of product-related information that manufacturers have recently been required to provide. This research sought to determine how central New York State consumers would benefit from such federal regulations. The concept of benefit was defined in terms of consumers' use and perception of labeling information. Attitudes toward nutrition labeling were found to be highly positive. However, the comprehension of the format and terms of the label disclosure was low, indicating that the immediate benefits of the policy will be attitudinal as opposed to behavioral and that consumer education will be essential if use benefits are to be derived.
Toward a Definition of Entry-Level Job Competencies: Hospitality Manager Perspectives

This article reports the findings of a study conducted in the central Florida metropolitan statistical area (MSA) to determine practising managers' perceptions of expected entry-level hospitality worker competencies. Preliminary phases of the study yielded the construction of an instrument used to determine the importance of certain knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes of newly hired workers. The information provided by the respondents is used to draw conclusions and provide implications for a more comprehensive understanding of hospitality worker competencies. Finally, the article considers future investigations in the areas of composite employee profiles, motivational preferences, and benchmarking.
Synthesis and application of RuSe2 + δnanotubes as a methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction

This article describes an electrochemical study on the use of RuSe2 + δnanotubes as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Uniform RuSe2 + δnanotubes were synthesized via a facile template-engaged reaction between Ru(acac)3 and t-Se nanowires at 80 °C, followed by selective removal of the unreacted t-Se cores. The resultant RuSe2 + δnanotubes were ∼55 nm in outer diameter, together with a wall thickness of ∼9 nm. These nanotubes were active for ORR and displayed high tolerance to 0.1 M methanol. While the mass-specific ORR activities at 0.7 V were ∼30 times lower than those reported for commercial Pt/C (TKK) catalysts, no detrimental effect over the ORR activity was observed upon the addition of 0.1 M methanol. In the presence of 0.1 M methanol, the mass-specific ORR activity for RuSe2 + δ was ∼12 times lower than that for Pt/C (TKK) at 0.7 V. Durability tests by chronoamperometry showed that 0.1 M methanol led to significant performance loss for Pt/C (TKK), while RuSe2 + δ was completely tolerant to 0.1 M methanol even after 1,800 s of operation.
In Search of General Theory

Most subfields of research in political science are today at an intellectual plateau well short of general theory. Many have been at that plateau since about 1980. Several reasons might account for this situation, including the challenge of constructing general theory. I argue, however, that some of our must common educational and research practices also retard theoretical progress. I describe those practices and their unfortunate consequences, but also explicate a series of research strategies that would help advance our theoretical work. As a foundation for the preceding arguments, I characterize the theory-building ambitions of the discipline, our progress toward general theory, and how advances toward such theory can be mapped for any science.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ABSCISSION IN PHASEOLUS: ETHYLENE EFFECTS ON CELL WALLS

A B S T R A C T This paper reports light and electron microscope observations of changes in the walls of cortical cells in the laminar abscission region of red kidney bean (PhJaseolus vulgaris L.). In intact plants two or three rows of cells comprise the abscission zone. Pectic substances are not present in the walls of these cells when wall breaks occur. The separation cavity involves breaks in both radial and longitudinal cell walls. In ethylene-treated explants pectic substances are present in the cell walls when breaking occurs. The separation cavity involves breaks in longitudinal walls only, and breaking is confined to a single row of cortical cells. Prior to cell wall break the plasma membrane frequently invaginates. In intact plants this may be associated with plasmolysis and with the formation of secondary vacuoles. In ethylene-treated explants it may also be related to plasmolysis. At the time of cell wall break many unidentifiable inclusions of varying sizes and shapes are present in the cell wall region. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are structurally altered but recognizable in the cell at the time of wall break. Plasmodesmata are frequently observed in abscission cells and may be structurally elaborate. The observations of the nature of cell wall changes during abscission in ethylene-treated material fail to confirm physiological studies of other workers suggesting that pectin dissolution is necessary and may be sufficient for formation of a separation layer. ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS of cells of ab
Evaluation of open approach and injection laryngoplasty in revision thyroplasty procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Vocal outcomes after medialization laryngoplasty are variable and may change over time. A revision procedure via open approach or an injection laryngoplasty may be necessary to improve vocal outcomes.METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed.RESULTS: Twenty-nine subjects were identified and stratified into group 1A (n = 9) if the allograft was repositioned/replaced, group 1B (n = 4) if the allograft was removed, and group 2 (n = 16) if an injection laryngoplasty was performed. Statistically significant differences were found between all data prerevision to postrevision (P ≤ 0.05) for group 1A and group 2 when multiple paired-sample t tests were calculated for patient-reported voice severity ratings and voice impact ratings as well as clinician-reported voice ratings of grade, roughness, and breathiness. Results of group 2 were often temporary, with 10 of 16 (62.5%) subjects receiving multiple injections.CONCLUSION: Both open revision laryngoplasty and injection laryngoplasty are su...
Semiclassical Analysis of the Largest Gap of Quasi-Periodic Schrödinger Operators

In this note, I wish to describe the first order semiclassical approximation to the spec- trum of one frequency quasi-periodic operators. In the case of a sampling function with two critical points, the spectrum exhibits two gaps in the leading order approximation. Furthermore, I will give an example of a two frequency quasi-periodic operator, which has no gaps in the leading order of the semiclassical approximation.
Affinity of Endotoxin for Membranes

coli lipopolysaccharide on histamine-forming capacity and antibody formation in lymphoid tissues. Infec. Immun. 4:452-455, 1971. 44. Keller, K. F., Fishel, C. W. In vivo and in vitro manifestations of adrenergic blockade in Bordetella pertussis-vaccinated mice. J. Bacteriol. 94: 804-811, 1967. 45. Ramwell, P. W., Shaw, J. E. [ed.]. Prostaglandins. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 180:1-568, 1971. 46. Springer, G. F., Huprikar, S. V., Neter, E. Specific inhibition of endotoxin coating of red cells by a human erythrocyte membrane component. Infec. Immun. 1:98-108, 1970. 47. Ortiz-Ortiz, L., Jaroslow, B. N. Enhancement by the adjuvant endotoxin of an immune response induced in vitro. Immunology 19:387-399, 1970.
Effect of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Lead Poisoning in Animals

(1960). Effect of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Lead Poisoning in Animals. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 463-477.
The Vessel Dilator for Central Venous Catheter Placement: Forerunner for Success or Vascular Misadventure?

During placement of a central venous catheter (CVC), the vessel dilator and/or combination dilator/sheath-introducer are recognized as potential causative agents in numerous traumatic complications that may be erroneously ascribed to the catheter, placement needle, or guidewire. A review of the literature and device-user survey are offered in support of the need for additional training in safe dilator use, as well as the need to address device labeling and device design.
Direct, indirect, and controlled observation and rating accuracy

Videotaping of assessment center exercises has become an increasingly common practice, yet little is known about the impact of video technology on rating accuracy. This study compared ratings ofa group discussion made after live observation (direct), after viewing a video (indirect), or after viewing a video with opportunities to pause and rewind (controlled). Results indicated some differences in observational accuracy but not in rating accuracy. Implications for the use of video technology in assessment centers are discussed.
Mathematical modeling and Ada simulation of some synchronization processes

Previously, a simulation model was proposed for the purpose of investigating synchronization, a phenomenon which is demonstrated in the well-known Rope Game (or Tug-of-War). Synchronous activity is evident in so-called self-organizing systems, particularly muscle and brain tissues. This paper gives an exact matrix description of the rope model and shows that study of the synchronous behavior of this model can be done by applying Markov chain analysis. In modeling neural networks, however, such features as refraction, inhibition, noise, and discrete neuron responses frequently are incorporated in simulation models. Simulations are presented that indicate certain neural network models can be more simply modeled in part using a matrix representation similar to that for the rope game. A lemma is proved and used to obtain a formula for neuron firing expected in steady state.
Lessons from the Daysimeter®: can circadian disruption in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease be measured?

“The Daysimeter ® , together with a smart phone or a computer, could be used to determine the current state of the circadian system and, with that information, recommend both current and future light exposure patterns to maintain circadian entrainment or overcome circadian disruption.”
Biotin Requirement of Turkey Poults

Abstract RECENT field observation of biotin deficient poults by Richardson and Wilgus (1967) and others, have indicated a need to re-evaluate the biotin needs of turkeys. Biotin deficiency symptoms have been described by Patrick et al. (1942) as incipient lesions in the foot pads which later involve the entire dermal of the feet and shanks, encrustation of the eye lids, perosis, increased mortality, decreased feed consumption, and retarded growth. Patrick et al. (1942) indicated that a commercial poult diet can be formulated that is low in biotin. Robblee and Clandinin (1953) reported that commercial diets made from Canadian ingredients may be low in biotin. Other reports by McGinnis and Carver (1947) and Slinger and Pepper (1954) have shown that biotin deficiency can be produced in poults receiving practical type rations in the laboratory. Generally it has been thought that practical rations were adequate. Patrick et al. (1942) suggested that a turkey. . .
Does learning to count involve a semantic induction

We tested the hypothesis that, when children learn to correctly count sets, they make a semantic induction about the meanings of their number words. We tested the logical understanding of number words in 84 children that were classified as "cardinal-principle knowers" by the criteria set forth by Wynn (1992). Results show that these children often do not know (1) which of two numbers in their count list denotes a greater quantity, and (2) that the difference between successive numbers in their count list is 1. Among counters, these abilities are predicted by the highest number to which they can count and their ability to estimate set sizes. Also, children's knowledge of the principles appears to be initially item-specific rather than general to all number words, and is most robust for very small numbers (e.g., 5) compared to larger numbers (e.g., 25), even among children who can count much higher (e.g., above 30). In light of these findings, we conclude that there is little evidence to support the hypothesis that becoming a cardinal-principle knower involves a semantic induction over all items in a child's count list.
Differentiation of murine premigratory primordial germ cells in culture

In the mouse embryo, primordial germ cells first appear in the extraembryonic mesoderm and divide rapidly while migrating to the fetal gonad. Shortly after their arrival in the gonad, germ cells sexually differentiate as proliferation ceases. Previous studies have established that primordial germ cells proliferate and migrate in feeder layer culture. To explore cellular regulation of fetal germ cell development, we have used germ cell nuclear antigen 1 (GCNA1), a marker normally expressed only in postmigratory germ cells, to investigate the developmental potency of both pre- and postmigratory cells in this culture system. We found that explanted premigratory germ cells will initiate expression of this marker and are, therefore, capable of undertaking some aspects of gonocyte differentiation without intimate exposure to the fetal gonad. We have also tested whether postmigratory gonocytes are stable in culture. As detected by either alkaline phosphatase or GCNA1, we did not detect long-term survival of either prospermatogonia or oogonia under conditions that support the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of earlier premigratory cells. These observations are consistent with an autonomous cellular mechanism governing the initial stages of gonocyte differentiation, and suggest that differentiation towards gonocytes is accompanied by a change in requirements for cell survival.
Environmental constraints on leisure time physical activity among Latino urban residents

While there exists growing research on the environmental correlates of physical activity among the mainstream American population, evidence of the effects of environmental constraints on leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among minority groups in this country is lacking. Moreover, the existing literature on the constraints on LTPA among minorities has concentrated primarily on socio‐cultural issues. In light of this, the objective of this study was to investigate environmental constraints on LTPA experienced by Latino residents of two predominantly low‐income minority communities in the city of Chicago, IL. Four focus groups with residents and 11 in‐depth interviews with community stakeholders were conducted between June 2007 and December 2008. The findings of the study showed that lack of access to natural environments suitable for LTPA, poor maintenance of parks, inability to obtain recreation equipment, safety issues, language problems and lack of Spanish‐language information about programmes, racia...
Elastic Response and Effect of Transverse Cracking in Woven Fabric Brittle Matrix Composites

This paper examines the linear elastic tensile and fracture behavior of biaxial plain weave SiC/SiC ceramic woven fabric composites. Iso-phase mode and random-phase mode have been adopted to simulate multilayer stacking and to predict the initial linear elastic constants. It has been found that both modes predict very close results. Porosities in the composite affect the stiffness significantly, while fiber undulation shows only minimal effect. The nonlinear stress-strain relation of the composite is due to transverse cracks, which initiate mainly from interyarn pores. In the second part of this paper, two methods, classical fracture mechanics and energy balance approach, have been used to examine the crack initiation and growth. A finite element method and a modified shear-lag method have been developed to evaluate the stress distribution in the yarn with transverse cracks. The composite stiffness reduction due to transverse cracking has been obtained by both the finite element and shear-lag methods. Strain energy release rates of the growth of transverse cracks have been studied by the crack-closure procedure, using finite element methods. Effects of the yarn size and crack position on the strain energy release rate have been quantified. It is concluded that thinner yarns lead to higher critical strains for transverse cracking.
Characterization of pyridoxine auxotrophs of Escherichia coli: chromosomal position of linkage group I.

Abstract The chromosomal location of Group I pyridoxine mutations in Escherichia coli is shown to be adjacent to dsdA,aroC, and purF (old purC) in E. coli B × K-12 hybrids. All mutants previously classified into Group I by nutrition tests and transduction frequency tests are shown to be linked to dsdA.
Carbon dioxide negatively modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

Abstract Background Carbon dioxide (CO2) dose-dependently decreases minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of anaesthetics in rats. CO2 also dose-dependently decreases cerebrospinal fluid pH. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channels exhibit pH sensitivity and are putative targets for inhaled anaesthetics. We hypothesized that CO2 dose-dependently decreases rat NMDA channel current via an acidifying effect at concentrations relevant to CO2 MAC. Methods To test this hypothesis, we studied rat NR1/NR2A glutamate receptors expressed in voltage-clamped Xenopus oocytes. To measure pH effects, we used perfusates adjusted between 7.3 and 5.3 with HCl. To measure CO2 effects, we used equimolar sodium perfusates containing either 0 or 24 mM NaHCO3 and CO2 between 0% and 87% atm. Solution compositions were measured using a blood gas analyser with values corrected using a calibrated pH meter and gas chromatograph with solutions at 37°C. Results We found that decreasing pH decreased NMDA current. Moreover, pH effects produced by adding CO2 to NaHCO3-containing perfusates were identical to those produced by adding HCl to normal perfusates. The pH inhibiting 50% of NMDA current was 6.52. The CO2 concentration inhibiting 50% of rat NMDA current was 63% for solutions with 24 mM NaHCO3. CO2 exhibited a linear dose-dependent NMDA response analogous to that observed for in vivo CO2 anaesthetic potency in rats. Conclusions CO2 and hydrogen ions act via the same mechanism to inhibit NMDA receptors. Moreover, CO2 inhibits rat NMDA receptors in a manner that is consistent with CO2 MAC-sparing effects in rats.
Degenerative Aneurysms of the Superficial Femoral Artery

Purpose To review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes (morbidity and mortality) of superficial femoral artery aneurysms. Methods A comprehensive review of this entity was performed based on the available literature in all languages and a detailed discussion of our findings is also provided. Results Our review identified 61 cases of SFA aneurysms. They were most often seen in elderly men, predominately affected the right lower extremity, and were most often located in the middle-third of the artery. At the time of diagnosis, SFA aneurysms were frequently symptomatic because they reached a relative large diameter before the diagnosis was made. The most frequent presentation was localized pain in association with a pulsatile mass. In contrast to popliteal aneurysms, SFA aneurysms more frequently present with rupture than distal ischemia. Angiography was by far the most commonly utilized diagnostic tool. Treatment was primarily by means of an interposition graft, followed by exclusion and surgical bypass. Endovascular repair of SFA aneurysms has only been reported in three instances. SFA aneurysm repair was most often associated with favorable outcomes, with low reported rates of ischemia and limb loss.