cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metaphors and models

Much of one’s knowledge of a task domain is in the form of simple facts and procedures. While these facts and procedures may vary from domain to domain, there is often substantial &nilarity in the “abstract structure” of the knowledge. For example, the notion of a hierarchy is ‘found in biological taxonomy, the geological classification of time, and the organization chart of a corporation. One advantage of recognizing such abstractions is that they can be used in selecting metaphors and models that are computationally very powerful and efficient. This power and efficiency can be used in evaluating plausible hypotheses about new domains and can thereby motivate the induction of abstractions even in the face of partial or inconsistent data. Furthermore, there is a seductive argument for how such information processing criteria can be used in characterizing “intuitive” thought and in explaining the cogency of causal arguments. The idea of large-scale, unified knowledge structures like abstractions is not a new one. The gestalt psychologists (e.g. [Kohler]) had the intuition decades ago, and recently Kuhn [Kuhn], Minsky [Minsky], and Schank [Schank & Abelson] have embodied similar intuitions in their notions of paradigms, frames, and scripts. (See also [Bobrow & Norman] and [Moore & Newell] for related ideas.) The novelty hcrc lies in the use of such structures to select g6od metaphoa and models and in the effects of the resulting power and efficiency on cognitive behavior.
Measurement of oxidatively modified DNA bases and nucleosides by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

M tumors possess increased DNA repair capacity that may affect the therapy and outcome of cancer. Thus, DNA repair proteins are becoming predictive, prognostic and therapeutic factors in cancer. Accurate measurement of expression levels of these proteins in tumors and normal tissues will likely help develop and guide treatment strategies. We developed an approach involving LC-MS/MS with isotope-dilution to positively identify and accurately quantify several DNA repair proteins in human cells, including APE1 and MTH1. As a major endonuclease in mammals, APE1 is involved in base excision repair and possesses other functions. Evidence points to the predictive and prognostic value of APE1 expression and subcellular localization in human cancers. MTH1 sanitizes the nucleotide pool so that oxidatively modified 2’-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) cannot be used in DNA replication. Cancer cells require MTH1 to avoid incorporation of modified dNTPs resulting in DNA damage leading to apoptosis. We produced 15N-labeled full-length human APE1 and MTH1 be used as internal standards. Unlabeled and 15N-labeled proteins were digested with trypsin and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Numerous tryptic peptides of APE1 and MTH1 were identified by their mass spectra. Multiple-reaction monitoring was used to monitor characteristic mass transitions of peptides. Subsequently, APE1 and MTH1 were identified and quantified in cultured human cell lines, and in human normal and cancerous breast tissues. Overexpression and subcellular de-localization in cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissues were observed. The novel approach developed in this work may help elucidate the role of APE1 and MTH1 in disease development and treatment responses.
Ballots, Bribes, and Brand-Name Political Capital

Campaign effort is allocated towards resources that increase voter support the most for the marginal effort. A model is developed for the derived demand for investment in brand name and voter persuasion and for votes bought outright. We see that a secret ballot increases the cost of monitoring paid voters and changes the relative prices for obtaining voter support through bribery and investment in brand name capital, increasing the demand for campaign or brand-name-induced capital. Alternately, restrictions on new spending on brand-name political capital increase the demand for votes gained through direct bribery, treating and conveyance of voters to the polls, while at the same time increase the relative value of incumbency, of existing brand-name political capital. The model we develop is used to examine restrictions on spending and on brand-name investment in candidates and the effects of such spending limits (and limits on campaign contributions) on the demand for additional votes gained by vote buying, treating and conveyance of voters to the polls.
Complete Bilateral Ophthalmoplegia in the Setting of Elevated Intracranial Pressure That Improved with Transverse Venous Sinus Stenting (P1.246)

Objective: To report a case of severe, bilateral vision loss and complete ophthalmoplegia in a patient with elevated intracranial pressure (EIP) with subsequent improvement in motility after stenting of right transverse sinus stenosis. Background: Elevated ICP is known to cause vision loss, abducens nerve palsy, and rarely oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsies. Severe dysmotility of both eyes in all gazes has not been reported. Venous sinus stenosis has been postulated as a possible pathophysiologic mechanism underlying elevated ICP in the setting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and stenting of the transverse sinus has been therapeutic. Design/Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 32-year-old woman presented after sudden onset of profound vision loss and complete ophthalmoplegia in both eyes in all directions. Neurological exam was unremarkable, but visual acuity was light perception with pallid optic disc edema bilaterally. Brain MRI showed optic nerve edema, and MRV revealed severe stenosis of the right transverse sinus. CSF opening pressure was >50cm H2O. Extensive serum and CSF laboratory studies were all unremarkable. Conventional angiogram with venography and transverse sinus manometry showed venous pressure of 40-70mmHg in the proximal transverse sinus and <20mmHg distal to the focal stenotic region. Pressures normalized to 21-26mmHg following transverse sinus stenting, and repeat lumbar puncture showed an opening pressure of 14cm H2O. The patient reported significant improvement in her headaches and also showed improvement in her ocular motility, although her vision remained poor at hand motion bilaterally. Conclusions: This is a unique case of EIP presenting with complete ophthalmoplegia in addition to vision loss. The patient’s findings of transverse sinus stenosis and subsequent improvement after stenting are consistent with retrospective reports in the IIH literature, and suggest that venous sinus stenting may be a viable treatment approach in other forms of elevated ICP. Disclosure: Dr. Jillella has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berezovsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zubari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Winter has nothing to disclose.
Amylin Acts in the Lateral Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus to Regulate Energy Balance Through Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling

Abstract Background The pancreatic- and brain-derived hormone amylin promotes negative energy balance and is receiving increasing attention as a promising obesity therapeutic. However, the neurobiological substrates mediating amylin's effects are not fully characterized. We postulated that amylin acts in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), an understudied neural processing hub for reward and homeostatic feeding signals. Methods We used immunohistochemical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to examine expression of the amylin receptor complex in rat LDTg tissue. Behavioral experiments were performed to examine the mechanisms underlying the hypophagic effects of amylin receptor activation in the LDTg. Results Immunohistochemical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses show expression of the amylin receptor complex in the LDTg. Activation of LDTg amylin receptors by the agonist salmon calcitonin dose-dependently reduces body weight, food intake, and motivated feeding behaviors. Acute pharmacological studies and longer-term adeno-associated viral knockdown experiments indicate that LDTg amylin receptor signaling is physiologically and potentially preclinically relevant for energy balance control. Finally, immunohistochemical data indicate that LDTg amylin receptors are expressed on gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons, and behavioral results suggest that local gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling mediates the hypophagia after LDTg amylin receptor activation. Conclusions These findings identify the LDTg as a novel nucleus with therapeutic potential in mediating amylin's effects on energy balance through gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor signaling.
Proteomic assessment of breast random periareolar fine-needle aspiration specimens from high risk women using SELDI-TOF-MS.

A22 The individual discriminatory accuracy of epidemiologic breast cancer risk assessment models such as the Gail model is low. Cytologic assessment of atypia in specimens obtained by breast random periareolar fine-needle aspiration (RPFNA) appears to stratify individuals with a high Gail risk into moderate and very high risk categories. The inclusion of novel biomarkers into the predictive model should further increase the accuracy of risk assessment. Surface Enhanced Laser Ionization/Desorption Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) is a method used to survey the entire range of expressed proteins in order to detect unique protein patterns in blood and tissue, and shows promise to distinguish individuals with and without cancer. We have previously established the feasibility of this technique as a tool for breast cancer risk assessment using RPFNA specimens. The goal of this study was to determine differences in protein expression by SELDI analysis between postmenopausal women at low or high risk of breast cancer as determined by cytomorphological evaluation of RPFNA specimens. Specimens were collected during routine RPFNA of 57 postmenopausal women and processed as thin preps. Based on traditional cytomorphologic evaluation and the Masood index score, RPFNA specimens were classified as normal to low (n=29; mean Masood score of 11.3) or medium to high (n=28; mean Masood score of 15.2) cytologic abnormality. Specimens were matched for age and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) status. An aliquot from each RPFNA specimen was placed in a denaturing urea solution and analyzed in duplicate by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry over a 3-50 kDa range using Q10 (strong anion exchange), H50 (hydrophobic), and IMAC30 (metal binding) ProteinChips at both low and high laser intensities. Candidate protein masses were identified that were differentially expressed (p
Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated with Cancer Immunotherapies

We review the cardiovascular toxicities associated with cancer immune therapies and discuss the cardiac manifestations, potential mechanisms, and management strategies. The recent advances in cancer immune therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer have improved clinical outcomes in numerous cancers. The rising use of cancer immune therapy will lead to a higher incidence in immune-related adverse events. Recent studies have highlighted several reports of severe cases of acute cardiotoxic events with immune therapy including fulminant myocarditis. We believe that immune-mediated myocarditis is a driving mechanism behind these cardiovascular toxicities and requires vigilant screening and prompt management with corticosteroids and immune-modulating drugs, especially with combination immune therapies. While the incidence of serious cardiovascular toxicities with immune therapy appears low, these can be life-threatening especially when manifesting as acute immune-mediated myocarditis. Further collaborative studies are needed to effectively identify, characterize, and manage these events.
αIIbβ3 binding to a fibrinogen fragment lacking the γ-chain dodecapeptide is activation dependent and EDTA inducible

Platelet integrin receptor αIIbβ3 supports platelet aggregation by binding fibrinogen. The interaction between the fibrinogen C-terminal γ-chain peptide composed of residues γ-404-411 (GAKQAGDV) and the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) binding pocket on αIIbβ3 is required for fibrinogen-mediated platelet aggregation, but data suggest that other ancillary binding sites on both fibrinogen and αIIbβ3 may lead to higher-affinity fibrinogen binding and clot retraction. To identify additional sites, we analyzed the ability of platelets and cells expressing normal and mutant αIIbβ3 to adhere to an immobilized fibrinogen plasmin fragment that lacks intact γ-404-411 (‘D98’). We found the following: (1) Activated, but not unactivated, platelets adhere well to immobilized ‘D98.’ (2) Cells expressing constitutively active αIIbβ3 mutants, but not cells expressing normal αIIbβ3 or αVβ3, adhere well to ‘D98.’ (3) Monoclonal antibodies 10E5 and 7E3 inhibit the adhesion to ‘D98’ of activated platelets and cells expressing constitutively active αIIbβ3, as do small-molecule inhibitors that bind to the RGD pocket. (4) EDTA paradoxically induces normal αIIbβ3 to interact with ‘D98.’ Because molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the αIIb L151-D159 helix may contribute to the interaction with ‘D98,’ we studied an αIIbβ3 mutant in which the αIIb 148-166 loop was swapped with the corresponding αV loop; it failed to bind to fibrinogen or ‘D98.’ Our data support a model in which conformational changes in αIIbβ3 and/or fibrinogen after platelet activation and the interaction between γ-404-411 and the RGD binding pocket make new ancillary sites available that support higher-affinity fibrinogen binding and clot retraction.
Free–free experiments: the search for dressed atom effects

Experiments on free–free electron scattering, specifically the absorption or emission of 1.17 eV photons from a Nd:YAG laser field by an unbound electron when it is scattered by an atom or molecule, are reviewed. For large scattering angles such experiments are well described by a simple analytical theory that is independent of the properties of the target. At small scattering angles this theory breaks down for targets with a high dipole polarizability α, and an additional term needs to be incorporated in the scattering amplitude. This term is proportional to the dipole polarizability, and hence introduces the properties of the target into the free–free cross section—i.e., the laser field 'dresses' the atom. A progress report is given of free–free experiments designed to look for such 'dressed atom' effects during the electron-impact excitation of argon in the presence of a laser field; the lowest excited states of argon have α ≈ 300 atomic units.
Retinal Microvasculature in Predicting Risk of Stroke Subtypes (CCI.001)

Objective: To test the hypothesis that retinal microvasculopathy differs between stroke subtypes, with stronger associations with lacunar stroke. Background: Retinal microvascular abnormalities have been associated with stroke, yet whether retinal microvascular lesions may have differential risk prediction across stroke subtypes is less well described. Design/Methods: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a prospective, population-based cohort among 10,468 participants age 45–65 years without stroke in 4 US communities underwent baseline retinal photography in 1993–1995 and followed until 2013 for incident clinical stroke. Abnormal retinal microvasculature was defined as the presence of any arteriovenous nicking, focal arteriolar narrowing, retinal microaneurysms, or retinal hemorrhage, with severity quantified by the number of these abnormal microvascular findings to a maximum score of 4. Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the relationships between retinal microvasculopathy and adjudicated stroke and stroke subtypes. Results: Over a median 18.8 years follow-up, 673 (6.4%) participants developed stroke, of which 578 were ischemic stroke (114 lacunar, 292 nonlacunar, 172 cardioembolic), and 95 hemorrhagic. The 15-year cumulative incidence of stroke was higher in participants with abnormal vs normal retinal microvasculature (4.3% vs 1.9%, p Conclusions: Having abnormal retinal microvasculature in midlife confers higher stroke risk. Retinal microvasculopathy differs between stroke substypes, with stronger association with lacunar stroke, suggesting that retinal imaging may offer a noninvasive tool to study the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease. Study Supported by: 4T32EB006351 Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sharrett has nothing to disclose. Dr. Klein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Klein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gottesman has nothing to disclose.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KINETIC AND STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO f-FUNCTIONAL POLYCONDENSATION

A new kinetic rate equation that is satisfied beyond the gel point by the most probable populations of polymer species of an infinite reacting system is derived as the limiting form of an exact difference equation for the mean populations of polymers of a finite reacting system in the case of no intramolecular reaction. The analogous derivation for the pre-gelation regime results in the well-known rate equation put forward by Stockmayer.
Comparison of Petrifilm Staph Express Count System with the bacteriological analytical manual direct-plating method for enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in artificially contaminated hard cheese.

The 3M Petrifilm Staph Express Count System was compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) direct-plate count method for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in 6 types of artificially contaminated hard cheese (Asiago, Cheddar, Gruyere, Parmesan, Romano, and Swiss). Five different samples of each cheese type were inoculated with S. aureus (ATCC 25923) to achieve low, medium, and high inoculum levels. S. aureus was enumerated by the Petrifilm and BAM methods, and the results were compared. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant differences (P<0.05) between the 2 methods. The Petrifilm method compared favorably with the BAM procedure. The rapid method was more convenient to use, considerably faster, and less expensive to perform than the BAM method.
Joint Conditional Simulations and Flow Modeling

Joint conditional simulations of two related stochastic fields is of importance in many cases. This is especially the case in groundwater hydrology where permeability and head, for example are related via a partial differential equation.
Evaluation of housekeeping genes for studies in breast cancer cell lines treated with progesterone

Real-time semi-quantitative PCR (qPCR) is extensively used to assess variations in gene expressions resulting from pathological conditions or biological responses. Normalization of qPCR data is required to control innate variations that occur during experimental procedures. Endogenous control genes (ECs), used for normalization of the data should be expressed constitutively and consistently across treatments groups. The aim of the present study was to identify the most suitable endogenous control genes for qPCR based analyses to study responses in breast cancer cell lines following exposure to Progesterone (P4). The expression and validity of five candidate ECs (PUM1, RPS13, RPL13A, TBCA and PSMB) were determined in three breast cancer cell lines following exposure to Progesterone. Gene expression data was analyzed using three methods, Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and Comparative delta Ct method. A significant difference in variance of expression levels of individual ECs under different growth conditions was observed. Expression of PUM1 and PSMB was minimally affected in breast cancer cell lines under the experimental conditions. Indeed, in the progesterone treated cells,PUM1 and PSMB were identified as the most stable EC genes by all three methods while TBCAand RPS13 were least stable. In breast cancer cell lines, our results highlight PSMB as another stably expressed endogenous control gene besides the previously identified PUM1. PSMB gene expression may thus provide an additional parameter for studies in breast cancers.
The association between leisure time physical activity and happiness: Testing the indirect role of health perception

Aims Research supports the influence of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) on well-being; however, little is known about the mechanisms that drive the relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect influence of health perception on the association between neighborhood LTPA and happiness. Methods Telephone interviews were conducted using random digit dialing among a sample of adult residents aged 18+ (n = 570) to gather information about neighborhood LTPA behaviors, perceptions of health and happiness, and sociodemographics. Results Results of a structural equation modeling analysis indicated that health had a small significant indirect influence on the relationship between LTPA and happiness. Conclusion Focusing on perceptions offers a holistic conceptualization of how behavior impacts happiness and may offer important insights into how the experience of engaging in LTPA contributes to the subjective evaluation of personal happiness through perceived health.
Searches for Low-Metallicity Galaxies and Preliminary Results from the KPNO International Spectroscopic Survey

Searches for low-metallicity galaxies are reviewed, focusing mainly on efforts to discover systems that are relevant for use in measuring the primordial helium abundance. Wide-field objective-prism surveys for blue or emission-line galaxies have played a major role in this field. Previous surveys and search techniques are highlighted. Preliminary results from our new survey for emission-line galaxies, the KPNO International Spectroscopic Survey (KISS), are presented. KISS is substantially deeper than previous photographic surveys, and represents the next generation of wide-field slitless spectroscopic surveys.
Beyond geography: Cultural zones and global patterns of modern-method contraceptive use.

AbstractTo increase understanding of global variation in contraceptive use, we classify countries into “cultural zones” based on religious traditions and geographical regions. Using data for 156 co...
History of Ocular Implants

The loss of an eye, whether due to trauma, operation, infection, or any number of other pathologies, has always been associated with orbital volume deficits and a loss of normal cosmesis. Given that the eye is such a vital component of human social connection, efforts to restore the external appearance of the socket after eye removal led to the advent of the orbital implant, which serves to replace removed ocular contents. Historically, a wide variety of orbital implant materials and techniques have come in and out of favor in attempts to restore volume, motility, and ocular health. From the most rudimentary glass spheres to highly advanced engineered biomaterials, this chapter provides a brief overview of the history of ocular prosthetics in the hopes of highlighting the advances that have been made over the last 500 years. It is important to understand the metamorphosis of ocular implants and the unique innovations that have brought us the implants that we use today, as this will allow us to continue to strive for improvement and progress in our orbital implants.
Federal financial resources for disaster mitigation and resilience in the U.S. water sector

Abstract U.S. water systems need to consider actions to mitigate risks and enhance resilience in the face of natural hazards to comply with America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) of 2018. This study describes federal policies, programs, and financial resources that support the water sector in implementing mitigation and resilience strategies, and includes a detailed review of water sector participation in Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) programs. An opportunity exists to use the AWIA assessments to justify investment under various funding and financing programs to achieve policy goals.
ZNF410 represses fetal globin by devoted control of CHD4/NuRD

Major effectors of adult-stage fetal globin silencing include the transcription factors (TFs) BCL11A and ZBTB7A/LRF and the NuRD chromatin complex, although each has potential on-target liabilities for rational β-hemoglobinopathy therapeutic inhibition. Here through CRISPR screening we discover ZNF410 to be a novel fetal hemoglobin (HbF) repressing TF. ZNF410 does not bind directly to the γ-globin genes but rather its chromatin occupancy is solely concentrated at CHD4, encoding the NuRD nucleosome remodeler, itself required for HbF repression. CHD4 has two ZNF410-bound regulatory elements with 27 combined ZNF410 binding motifs constituting unparalleled genomic clusters. These elements completely account for ZNF4109s effects on γ-globin repression. Knockout of ZNF410 reduces CHD4 by 60%, enough to substantially de-repress HbF while avoiding the cellular toxicity of complete CHD4 loss. Mice with constitutive deficiency of the homolog Zfp410 are born at expected Mendelian ratios with unremarkable hematology. ZNF410 is dispensable for human hematopoietic engraftment potential and erythroid maturation unlike known HbF repressors. These studies identify a new rational target for HbF induction for the β-hemoglobin disorders with a wide therapeutic index. More broadly, ZNF410 represents a special class of gene regulator, a conserved transcription factor with singular devotion to regulation of a chromatin subcomplex.
Rapid toxin sequestration impacts poison frog physiology

Abstract Poison frogs sequester their chemical defenses from their diet of leaf litter arthropods for defense against predation. Little is known about poison frog physiological adaptations that confer this unusual ability to bioaccumulate dietary alkaloids from the intestines to skin glands for storage. We conducted an alkaloid-feeding experiment with the Diablito poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica) to determine how quickly toxins are accumulated and how toxins impact frog physiology using quantitative proteomics. Diablito frogs were able to rapidly accumulate the alkaloid decahydroquinoline to the skin storage glands within four days of dietary exposure, with decahydroquinoline also detected in the intestines and liver. Alkaloid exposure impacted tissue physiology, with protein abundance shifting in the intestines, liver, and skin. Many proteins that increased in abundance with toxin accumulation are plasma glycoproteins, including components of the complement system and the toxin-binding protein saxiphilin. Other protein classes that change in abundance with toxin accumulation are membrane proteins involved in small molecule transport and metabolism, including ABC transporters, solute carrier proteins, and cytochrome P450s. Overall, this work shows that poison frogs can rapidly accumulate alkaloid toxins, which alter carrier protein abundance, initiate an immune response, and alter small molecule transport and metabolism dynamics across tissues. More broadly, this study suggests that acute changes in diet may quickly change the chemical arsenal and physiology of poison frogs, which may have important consequences in their defense against predation.
Detection of ɣ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and ɣ-butyrolactone (GBL) in alcoholic beverages via total vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction (TV-SPME) relies on the same technique as standard SPME but completely vaporizes a sample extract, and analytes are sorbed directly from the vapor phase. On-fiber derivatization may also be performed using TV-SPME, where the fiber is first exposed to the headspace of a vial containing the derivatization agent, then exposed to a new vial containing the sample. ɣ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and ɣ-butyrolactone (GBL) are drugs of concern in that they may be used in drug facilitated sexual assault by surreptitiously spiking them into a victim's beverage. These drugs cause sedation, memory loss, and are difficult to detect in biological samples. One challenge in their analysis is that they can interconvert in aqueous samples, which was demonstrated in samples allowed to stand at room temperature for long periods. A volume study of GBL in water was performed with volumes ranging from 1 to 10,000 µl to compare the efficacy of TV-SPME, headspace SPME, and immersion SPME. Lastly, water, beer, wine, liquor, and mixed drinks were spiked with either GHB or GBL with realistic concentrations (mg/ml) and microliter quantities were analyzed using a TV-SPME Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. The GBL volume study demonstrated an increased sensitivity in GBL detection when TV-SPME was utilized. Additionally, GHB and GBL were identified in various beverages at realistic concentrations. Overall, TV-SPME is beneficial because it requires no sample preparation and uses smaller sample volumes than immersion and headspace SPME.
Where Has All The Carbon Gone

Carbon is among the most abundant substances in the universe; although severely depleted in Earth, it is the primary structural element in biochemistry. Complex interactions between carbon and clim...
Guidelines for determining restorability of competency to stand trial and recommendations for involuntary treatment

Over 50,000 defendants are referred for competency to stand trial evaluations each year in the United States (Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers, New York, NY: The Guildford Press; 2018). Approximately 20% of those individuals are found by courts to be incompetent and are referred for "restoration" or remediation (Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers, 4th edn. New York, NY: The Guildford Press; 2018; Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1991;19:63-9). The majority of those incompetent defendants meet criteria for psychotic illnesses (J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35:34-43). Forensic mental health professionals frequently have such patients/defendants decline recommended treatment with psychotropic medication. For a significant minority of defendants diagnosed with psychotic disorders, treatment with medication is thought to be necessary to restore their competency to stand trial. Without psychiatric intervention to restore competency, defendants may be held for lengthy and costly hospitalizations while criminal proceedings are suspended. In these situations, clinicians are guided by the Supreme Court decision, Sell v. United States (2003). The Sell opinion describes several clinical issues courts must consider when determining whether a defendant can be treated involuntarily solely for the purpose of restoring his/her competency. This paper offers some guidance to clinicians and evaluators who are faced with making recommendations or decisions about involuntary treatment. Using a question and answer format, the authors discuss data that support a decision to request, or not request, court authorization for involuntary treatment. Specifically, eight questions are posed for forensic evaluators to consider in determining the prognosis or viability of successful treatment and restoration. Finally, a clinical vignette is also presented to highlight important factors to consider in Sell-related evaluations.
The effect of sexist attitudes on the perception of visual artists by community college and university students

OF THE DISSERTATION The Effect of Sexist Attitudes on the Perception of Visual Artists by Community College and University Students
Acceleration in the earth’s auroral magnetosphere below 1 RE

Particle acceleration in the auroral magnetosphere is treated as a combination of DC electric field acceleration and wave heating in order to explain observed oblique pitch angle distributions of ions. Coherent electrostatic ion cyclotron waves which have been observed in the acceleration region saturate by ion trapping and thereby heat ions from the initial ionospheric temperatures of <1 eV to keV in perpendicular energy. Some of this is converted to parallel energy by the dipole mirror force and mixed with parallel acceleration in DC electric fields to produce the observed upstreaming conical pitch angle distributions of ions.
Incorporating User, Topic, and Service Related Latent Factors into Web Service Recommendation

Due to the large and increasing number of web services, it is very helpful to provide a proactive feed on what is available to users, i.e., Recommending web services. As collaborative filtering (CF) is an effective recommendation method by capturing latent factors, it has been used for service recommendation as well. However, the majority of current CF-based service recommendation approaches predict users' interests through the historical usage data, but not the service description. This makes them suitable for making QoS-based recommendation, but not for functionality-based recommendation. In this paper, we propose to use machine learning approaches to recommend web services to users from both historical usage data and service descriptions. Considering the great popularity of Restful services, our approach is applicable to both structured and unstructured service description, i.e., Free text descriptions. We exploit the idea of collaborative topic regression, which combines both probabilistic matrix factorization and probabilistic topic modeling, to form user-related, service-related, and topic related latent factor models and use them to predict user interests. We extracted public web service data and developer invocation history from Programmable Web and conducted a comprehensive experiment study. The result indicates that this approach is effective and outperforms other representative recommendation methods.
Significance of angular momentum in long jumping.

Abstract The equations of rigid body dynamics were used to provide a planer digital computer simulation of the flight phase of the Hitchkick, Hang, and Sail styles of long jumping. The formulation was based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum for the flight or free-fall phase of the jump. The analysis showed that each style of jumping requires specific and significantly different amounts of angular momentum in order to produce acceptable landing configurations. However, it is shown that given the proper angular momentum at take-off, the three styles of jumping are equally effective. A method is suggested whereby one can measure the angular momentum at take-off and use it to further study the long jump and make applications to training.
FAR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC EXPLORER OBSERVATIONS OF O vi IN HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS

We have used moderate-resolution (FWHM ≈ 25 km s-1) spectra of active galactic nuclei and QSOs observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer to make the first definitive measurements of absorption by hot gas in high-velocity clouds (HVCs) at large distances from the Galactic plane. Seven of the 11 sight lines studied exhibit high-velocity ( > 100 km s-1) O VI λ1031.93 absorption with log N(O ) ≈ 13.79-14.62. High-velocity O VI absorption is detected in the distant gas of H I HVC complex C, the Magellanic Stream, several HVCs believed to be in the Local Group, and the outer Galaxy. The fraction of O VI in HVCs along the seven sight lines containing high-velocity O VI averages ~30%, with a full range of ~10%-70%. The O VI detections imply that hot (T ~ 3 × 105 K), collisionally ionized gas is an important constituent of the HVCs since O VI is difficult to produce by photoionization unless the path lengths over which the absorption occurs are very large (>100 kpc). The association of O VI with H I HVCs in many cases suggests that the O VI may be produced at interfaces or mixing layers between the H I clouds and hot, low-density gas in the Galactic corona or Local Group. Alternatively, the O VI may originate within cooling regions of hot gas clouds as they are accreted onto the Galaxy.
The sporadic v. familial classification given aetiological heterogeneity: II. Power analyses.

This paper examines the power of the sporadic v. familial method as applied to schizophrenia and major depression. The model used assumes aetiological heterogeneity with a subpopulation of cases due to a ‘major’ environmental event and the remainder resulting from a generalized single major locus. The findings suggest that, for sample sizes to which it is commonly applied, the sporadic v. familial classification has low power to detect aetiological heterogeneity. When applied to nuclear families, substantial power requires at a minimum 100–150 proband families. If the proportion of environmental cases in the population is low, or the ‘test’ for environmental aetiology in probands does not have high sensitivity and specificity, the required sample sizes are considerably larger. Adding monozygotic twins increases the power of the method, but including second-degree relatives does not. The optimal approach to the sporadic v. familial method will differ as a function of the frequency of the disorder and the relative effort and expense of examining probands versus family members. Other methods should be considered for discriminating genetic and environmental forms of illness.
Subcellular Trafficking of the TRH Receptor: Effect of Phosphorylation

Activation of the G protein-coupled TRH receptor leads to its phosphorylation and internalization. These studies addressed the fundamental question of whether phosphorylation regulates receptor trafficking or endosomal localization regulates the phosphorylation state of the receptor. Trafficking of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated TRH receptors was characterized using phosphosite-specific antibody after labeling surface receptors with antibody to an extracellular epitope tag. Rab5 and phosphoreceptor did not colocalize at the plasma membrane immediately after TRH addition but overlapped extensively by 15 min. Dominant-negative Rab5-S34N inhibited receptor internalization. Later, phosphoreceptor was in endosomes containing Rab5 and Rab4. Dephosphorylated receptor colocalized with Rab4 but not with Rab5. Dominant-negative Rab4, -5, or -11 did not affect receptor phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, showing that phosphorylation determines localization in Rab4+/Rab5− vesicles and not vice versa. No receptor colocalized with Rab7; a small amount of phosphoreceptor colocalized with Rab11. To characterize recycling, surface receptors were tagged with antibody, or surface receptors containing an N-terminal biotin ligase acceptor sequence were labeled with biotin. Most recycling receptors did not return to the plasma membrane for more than 2 h after TRH was removed, whereas the total cell surface receptor density was largely restored in less than 1 h, indicating that recruited receptors contribute heavily to early repopulation of the plasma membrane.
Microsatellite loci in the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Genomic libraries from house flies enriched for (CA)15 and (CAG)10 repeats were constructed by using biotinylated probes. Twenty-five loci were isolated and evaluated for polymorphisms in wild flies representing two geographically diverse populations. Fourteen of 19 dinucleotide loci, and one of six trinucleotide loci were polymorphic. One hundred and twenty-seven alleles were detected, 39 of which were private. Average number of alleles per polymorphic locus was 8.4 ± 2.5 and average heterozygosity was 72 ± 4%. FST by the private allele method was 0.73. Three of 15 loci showed significant heterozygote deficiencies, attributed to null alleles. Five of 15 loci were amplified in the face fly, Musca autumnalis.
Misoprostol-induced radioprotection of oncogenic transformation.

Abstract Purpose: Prostaglandins are associated with a variety of both pathologic and normal physiological effects in mammals. Among this broad array of effects, prostaglandins have been shown to provide protection to tissues from a variety of injurious agents including ionizing radiation. Of the prostaglandins tested to date, an analogue of prostaglandin E 1 misoprostol (cytotec ™ was found to be a very effective radioprotector. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of misoprostol to protect cells from the cytotoxic and oncogenic effects of ionizing radiation. Methods and Materials: Pregnant Syrian hamsters were injected subcutaneously with 125 μg misoprostol/100 g body weight 2 h before being exposed to graded doses of X rays. Embryos were excised immediately after irradiation and cells were explanted into culture dishes. Following 14 days of incubation, cells were fixed in formalin and stained with giemsa for examination of cell clonogenicity and morphological transformation. Results: First, misoprostol protected cells from some degree of radiation toxicity. A reduction in cell killing by a factor of 1.5 was seen at 10% cell survival. Second, based on transformation studies, a higher frequency of oncogenic transformation is seen for cells exposed in utero to graded doses of X rays alone than for cells exposed to the combination of misoprostol followed by radiation. In the presence of misoprostol, transformation is reduced by a factor of 20 at the level of 10 −3 transformants per surviving cell. Conclusion: Misoprostol may have clinical utility, not only in protecting selected normal tissues during cancer therapy, but it may also be useful in protecting cells from secondary tumors caused by ionizing radiation.
Numerical calculation of transonic flow about swept wings.

Description of a mixed elliptic-hyperbolic relaxation algorithm which calculates solutions to the three-dimensional, nonlinear transonic small disturbance potential equation for flows about thin swept lifting wings with free-stream Mach number less than 1. The algorithm is designed to treat supercritical flows, including cases with embedded shock waves. Nonrectangular planform shapes, including sweep and taper, are treated by a coordinate transformation which maps the wing planform into a rectangle. Computed results at angles of attack of 0 and 2 deg for a AR = 4, constant chord, 23.75 deg sweptback planform model with a Lockheed C141 airfoil section are compared with data obtained experimentally for both subcritical and supercritical flows. Subcritical results are also compared with those obtained by a subsonic 'panel' method.
Infrared spectroscopy of multiply charged metal ions: methanol-solvated divalent manganese 18-crown-6 ether systems.

We have developed an electrosonic spray ionization source to successfully generate divalent Mn2+(18-crown-6)(CH3OH)1−3 complexes in the gas phase. These complexes have been investigated using infrared predissociation spectroscopy in both the CH and OH stretching regions and with density functional theory calculations. To resolve complications from overlapping bands in the CH stretching region due to CH3OH and 18-crown-6 CH stretching modes along with strongly perturbed OH stretching modes, we have used d1 and d4 methanol substitution. For n = 1, the Mn2+···18-crown-6 geometry is highly distorted from its gas-phase neutral configuration in order to maximize favorable electrostatic interactions between the 18-crown-6 macrocyclic oxygens and Mn2+. For n = 2 and 3, CH3OH···CH3OH and CH3OH···18-crown-6 interactions compete with the Mn2+···18-crown-6 interaction, as evidenced by intense hydrogen-bonded OH stretching modes shifted over 500 cm−1 to lower frequency.
Trisodium Phosptiate (TSP) Treatment of Beef Surfaces to Reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium

Trisodium phosphate (TSP) was evaluated for removing attached E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium from beef surfaces using microbiological plating and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both fat and fascia surfaces were exposed to 109 CFU/mL of each inoculum for 15 min and rinsed with 10% TSP solution (10°C) for 15 sec. Compared to controls, the level of E. coli O157:H7 was 1.35 and 0.92-logs lower on TSP-treated fat and fascia surfaces, respectively by plating. .S. typhimurium was 0.91- and 0.51-logs lower, respectively. By SEM, TSP-treated fabcia surfaces showed 1.39-log and 0.86-log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium, respectively. Overall, TSP was more effective on removing E. coli O157:H7 than S. typhimutium and more efficient in removing both bacteria from fat surfaces than from fascia.
Forskolin reduces a transient potassium current in lobster neurons by a cAMP-independent mechanism.

Abstract Forskolin decreases the transient potassium current, I A , in voltage-clamped somata of identified neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus . The diterpene reduces the peak outward current and accelerates the rate of inactivation of I A . Forskolin has no detectable effects on two other identifiable potassium currents in these cells, I K(CA) and I K(V) . Three identified stomatogastric neuron types (PD, PY, AB) have marked amounts of I A which are affected by forskolin; three other cell types (LP, IC, VD) have little or no I A , and forskolin has no effect on their outward currents. Bath application of 8-bromo-cAMP, N,N -dibutyryl-cAMP and IBMX do not affect I A . In addition, the forskolin analog, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, which does not activate adenylate cyclase, mimics forskolin's effects on I A . Thus, the effects of forskolin on I A are not mediated by cAMP elevation.
Low frequency baleen whale calls detected on ocean-bottom seismometers in the Lau basin, southwest Pacific Ocean

Ten months of broadband seismic data, recorded on six ocean-bottom seismographs located in the Lau Basin, were examined to identify baleen whale species. As the first systematic survey of baleen whales in this part of the southwest Pacific Ocean, this study reveals the variety of species present and their temporal occurrence in and near the basin. Baleen whales produce species-specific low frequency calls that can be identified by distinct patterns in data spectrograms. By matching spectrograms with published accounts, fin, Bryde's, Antarctic blue, and New Zealand blue whale calls were identified. Probable whale sounds that could not be matched to published spectrograms, as well as non-biologic sounds that are likely of volcanogenic origin, were also recorded. Detections of fin whale calls (mid-June to mid-October) and blue whale calls (June through September) suggest that these species migrate through the region seasonally. Detections of Bryde's whale calls (primarily February to June, but also other times of the year) suggest this species resides around the basin nearly year round. The discovery of previously unpublished call types emphasizes the limited knowledge of the full call repertoires of baleen whales and the utility of using seismic survey data to enhance understanding in understudied regions.
Comparison of Mortality Disparities in Central Appalachian Coal- and Non—Coal-Mining Counties

Objective:Determine whether select cause of death mortality disparities in four Appalachian regions is associated with coal mining or other factors.Methods:We calculated direct age-adjusted mortality rates and associated 95% confidence intervals by sex and study group for each cause of death over 5-