cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mudflat geomorphology determines invasive macroalgal effect on invertebrate prey and shorebird predators

Impacts of invasive species are often context specific due to varying ecological interactions. Physical structure of environments hosting invaders is also potentially important but has received limited attention. An invasive macroalga, Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, has spread across the northern hemisphere with mixed positive, neutral and negative effects on resident species. Agarophyton colonizes mudflats that vary in topography due to interactions of sediments with hydrodynamic forces. We tested the hypothesis that mudflat geomorphology moderates the effect of Agarophyton on shorebirds and invertebrates. We surveyed 30 mudflats in the Virginia Coast Reserve quantifying elevation and topography. Invertebrate and bird abundances were also quantified. Mudflat geomorphology ranged from smooth to hummocky and was correlated with invertebrate and shorebird abundance and interactions based on piecewise structural equation models. After accounting for geomorphology, Agarophyton had little effect on invertebrate abundance. Shorebird numbers were differentially influenced by mudflat topography, with positive correlations to invertebrates (worms) on smooth mudflats, and to macroalgae on hummocky mudflats. These differences are likely to be due to sediment properties in interaction with structural changes induced by Agarophyton mats that affect prey accessibility for birds. Even on apparently simple mudflats, geomorphic structure emerged as important, modifying invasive species impacts and differentially influencing consumers.
Understanding Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Pathophysiology

As we consider the medical and surgical treatment options for chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) the pathophysiology of the disease is of the utmost importance. This disease has been described as early as in the late nineteenth century and was first believed to be caused by a bacterial infection. In the twentieth century, the role of trauma for disrupting dural border cells was essential for the development of CSDH. Various inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and angiogenic factors have advanced the way we surgically manage these pathologies. The histopathological description of neomembranes and selective angiography of the middle meningeal artery have identified the source of microbleeding. Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures within the calvarium are important considerations in patients with macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, and cerebral atrophy. Mechanisms of recurrence and factors that predict recurrence as well as the rationale underlying some of the newer modalities of treatment such as embolization are discussed. CSDH is a fairly common neurosurgical disorder that requires surgical treatment. Understanding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder has paved the way for better treatment strategies to treat this condition and decrease the recurrence rate.
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy: surgical and chemotherapeutic management

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy (MNTI) is a rare pigmented neoplasm of neural crest origin. It usually presents in the first year of life in the maxilla as a fast growing lesion. We describe the case of a 3-month-old boy who presented with an enlarging swelling of left maxillary alveolus. He was treated with combined surgical and chemotherapy modalities. MNTI is complicated by high recurrence rate, local invasion and malignancy has been reported. This report describes the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of recurrent MNTI.
Islet cell transplantation

The discovery of insulin changed the course of history in the treatment of diabetes. However, despite tremendous progress in insulin formulations and treatment strategies, insulin treatment still cannot fully prevent chronic complications and intensive insulin treatment to improve metabolic control, has often paralleled an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia. A cure for Type 1 diabetes should include: ? Restoration of self tolerance, to prevent recurrence of autoimmunity ? Restoration of physiologic metabolism by replacement of the biologic function (insulin producing cells) that was partially of completely impaired as a result of the disease process. ? Prevention of destruction of the new insulin producing cells by the recipient immune system in the absence of any treatment that could introduce an additional risk to the patient, which could be comparable to, or higher than the risk imposed by disease progression under exogenous insulin treatment. Pancreatic islets could be considered an ideal and more physiologic alternative to insulin, as they can restore metabolic control after transplantation, preventing the development of chronic complications. In fact, islets are capable of perfectly timed insulin release and can keep glucose levels in the normal range, functioning for an entire lifetime, if they are not destroyed by the recipient's immune system. Significant progress has been recently reported in the translational research approach towards the development of a cure for Type 1 diabetes. There is now strong evidence for the technical feasibility of human islet isolation and purification procedures. Proof of function of isolated human islets has been clearly established both in animal models and in pilot clinical trials of human islet allotransplantation in patients with surgical and Type 1 diabetes. Additional research in now needed to improve the current clinical results in terms of long term prevention of rejection and recurrence of autoimmunity, the development of safe, non diabetogenic immunomodulation strategies and ultimately the achievement of donor specific immune tolerance. If success will be achieved in these areas, then we will face the critical challenge of identifying sufficient and suitable sources of insulin producing tissue to treat the increasing number of patients who could benefit from this form of therapy and which would not be limited to Type 1 diabetes. That is why the work on xenogeneic islets, embryonic and adult stem cells, islet regeneration and proliferation, as well as engineering of insulin producing cells must be continued, to identify the most ideal source of insulin producing tissue that could be utilized on a large scale once the impediments and limitations of immunosuppression will be resolved.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Oligonucleotides

Because of the high molecular weights and thermal lability of biomolecules such as nucleic acids and protein, they can be difficult to analyze by mass spectrometry. Such analyses require a "soft" ionization method that is capable of generating intact molecular ions. In addition, most mass analyzers have a limited upper mass range that is not sufficient for studying these large molecules. ESI-MS can be used to analyze molecules with a molecular weight that is larger than the mass-to-charge ratio limit of the analyzer. This unit describes how ESI allows for analysis of high-molecular-weight compounds through the generation of multiply charged ions in the gas phase. It discusses analyzer configurations and solvent selection, and gives protocols for sample preparation. For applications of ESI-MS, the unit discusses molecular weight determination, sequencing, and analysis of oligonucleotide mixtures by LC-MS.
Dealing with Nondeterminism in Symbolic Control

Abstractions (also called symbolic models) are simple descriptions of continuous and hybrid systems that can be used in analysis and control. They are usually constructed in the form of transition systems with finitely many states. Such abstractions offer a very attractive approach to deal with complexity, while at the same time allowing for rich specification languages. Recent results show that, through the abstraction process, the resulting transition systems can be nondeterministic (i.e.,if an input is applied in a state, several next states are possible). However, the problem of controlling a nondeterministic transition system from a rich specification such as a temporal logic formula is not well understood. In this paper, we develop a control strategy for a nondeterministic transition system from a specification given as a Linear Temporal Logic formula with a deterministic Buchi generator. Our solution is inspired by LTL games on graphs, is complete, and scales polynomially with the size of the Buchi automaton. An example of controlling a linear system from a specification given as a temporal logic formula over the regions of its triangulated state space is included for illustration.
Three‐Dimensional Analyses of the Binding of Synthetic Chemotactic and Opioid Peptides in the MCG Light Chain Dimer

Synthetic peptides with chemotactic or opioid activity were bound to crystals of a light chain dimer and their three-dimensional structures and modes of binding were determined by X-ray analysis. The chemotactic series consisted of di- and tripeptides initiated with N-formylmethionine or N-formylnorleucine residues. Opioid peptides included the enkephalins and casomorphins ranging in length from four to seven residues. The binding region of the protein proved to be malleable in adjusting to the surface contours of the peptides. Aromatic contact residues, as well as polypeptide segments of hypervariable loops, moved to improve the complementarity with the ligands. The peptides were even more flexible and tended to conform fairly closely to the space and geometry available for occupancy in the binding sites. Binding interactions were not confined to the interior of the cavity. In both the chemotactic and opioid series, the carboxyl tails of the peptides encroached upon the outer surfaces of the rim and contributed to the binding energies for the protein-ligand complexes. The peptide bond in N-formylmethionyltryptophan was found to be in the energetically unfavourable cis configuration. There was also evidence for less severe distortions in peptide bond geometry when N-formyltripeptides were bound to the dimer.
Coulometric titration with higher oxidation states of manganese: Electrolytic generation and stability of +3 manganese in sulfuric acid media

Abstract The equilibrium constant for the disproportionation of +3 manganese into the +2 and +4 states in sulfuric acid media has been evaluated spectrophotometrically. The formal disproportionation constant varies from 10 -3 in 4 M sulfuric acid to 10 -4 in 7 M sulfuric acid at 25°. In 5 to 7 M sulfuric acid both +3 and +4 manganese are quite stable with respcct to both their reduction by water and to the precipitation of their oxides. The current efficiency for the generation of +3 manganese is nearly 100% in 2 to 7 M sulfuric acid solution, providing the concentration of +2 manganese is at least 0.2 M . A sulfuric acid concentration of about 6 M is most satisfactory when +3 manganese is generated for coulomctric titration because of the maximal stability of +3 manganese in this medium.
Wavelet-based stratified irradiance caching for efficient indirect illumination

This paper presents a new method for efficient computation of indirect lighting in local lighting environments. We establish a separation between the BRDF and the irradiance for each vertex, such that during runtime we are able to quickly reconstruct per vertex irradiance. In reconstructing irradiance, we establish an important relationship between three components: stratified irradiance shared across vertices, the fast wavelet transform, and a wavelet-based nonlinearly approximated inner product. By nonlinearly approximating the BRDF for each vertex, we demonstrate how stratified irradiance has spatial independence in the 2D Haar wavelet domain, in turn allowing for large extents of irradiance samples contributing to many vertices. By expressing irradiance in terms of shared scaling coefficients, we introduce an efficient algorithm for evaluating the inner product between the irradiance and the BRDF. Our system is tailored towards the interactive rendering of static but geometrically complex models which exhibit complex reflectance materials, capable of interactive lighting and interactive view under frame rates of 2-6 fps, ran entirely on a single CPU.
Cloudy 94 and Applications to Quasar Emission Line Regions

This review discusses the most recent developments of the plasma simulation code Cloudy and its application to the, emission-line regions of quasars. The longterm goal is to develop the tools needed to determine the chemical composition of the emitting gas and the luminosity of the central engine for any emission line source. Emission lines and the underlying thermal continuum are formed in plasmas that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Their thermal and ionization states are the result of a balance of a vast set of microphysical processes. Once produced, radiation must, propagate out of the (usually) optically thick source. No analytic solutions are possible, and recourse to numerical simulations is necessary. I am developing the large-scale plasma simulation code Cloudy as an investigative tool for this work, much as an observer might build a spectrometer. This review describes the current version of Cloudy, version 94. It describes improvements made since the, release of the previous version, C90. The major recent, application has been the development of the "Locally Optimally-Emitting Cloud" (LOC) model of AGN emission line regions. Powerful selection effects, introduced by the atomic physics and line formation process, permit individual lines to form most efficiently only near certain selected parameters. These selection effects, together with the presence of gas with a wide range of conditions, are enough to reproduce the spectrum of a typical quasar with little dependence on details. The spectrum actually carries little information to the identity of the emitters. I view this as a major step forward since it provides a method to handle accidental details at the source, so that we can concentrate on essential information such as the luminosity or chemical composition of the quasar.
Integrating vocational services on case management teams: outcomes from a research demonstration project.

Recent innovations to improve employment rates among persons with psychiatric disabilities include “hybrid case management/employment services.” Project WINS was a research/demonstration project which integrated specialized vocational services into case management teams. In this report, client outcomes of WINS involvement are evaluated, using a quasiexperimental, longitudinal design. On almost all the work-related variables, participants in the immediate and delayed treatment conditions displayed better outcomes than those in the control condition, as did individuals receiving moderate or substantial service versus no/minimal services. To address possible selection bias due to the quasiexperimental nature of the design, further analyses used baseline differences across conditions and participation levels as covariates. Results of multivariate analyses showed some anomalous findings regarding significant positive effects for the delayed, but not the immediate treatment condition versus the no-treatment control group. However, in similar analyses involving participation level as the independent variable, a moderate or substantial amount of service increased the odds of working by almost five times and also positively affected three other work-related variables. While limitations of this quasiexperimental design are noted, the results appear promising enough to support replications of WINS.
A class of data-flow architectures for speech recognition

The behavior of many speech recognition systems, and of some Artificial Intelligence programs, can he modeled as a data driven computation in which the "instructions" are complex but inexpensive operations (e.g. the evaluation of the likelihood of a partial sentence hypothesis), and the "data-flow graph" is derived directly from the knowledge representation (e.g. the phoneme-level network in a Harpy system). The architecture of a machine that exploits this characteristic is presented together with the results of the simulation of one possible implementation.
Estimating affine transformations in the frequency domain

Estimation of 2D affine transformations is involved in several image processing and computer vision problems. Affine transformations are widely used for modelling relations between pairs of images. This paper presents a new frequency domain technique for estimating this kind of transformation. It consists of two main steps: (1) the affine matrix is first estimated by solving, with a coarse-to-fine strategy, a suitable nonlinear minimization problem formulated upon the radial projections of the image energies; (2) after compensating for the contribution of the affine matrix, the translation vector is then recovered by means of standard phase correlation. Experimental evidence of the effectiveness of this technique is reported and discussed.
Communication complexity of approximating voting rules

This paper considers the communication complexity of approximating common voting rules. Both upper and lower bounds are presented. For n voters and m alternatives, it is shown that for all e e (0, 1), the communication complexity of obtaining a 1 - e approximation to Borda is O(log (1/e)nm). A lower bound of Ω(nm) is provided for fixed small values of e. The communication complexity of computing the true Borda winner is Ω(nm log(m)) [5]. Thus, in the case of Borda, one can obtain arbitrarily good approximations with less communication overhead than is required to compute the true Borda winner.For other voting rules, no such 1±e approximation scheme exists. In particular, it is shown that the communication complexity of computing any constant factor approximation, ρ, to Bucklin is Ω(nm/ρ2). Conitzer and Sandholm [5] show that the communication complexity of computing the true Bucklin winner is O(nm). However, we show that for all δ e (0, 1), the communication complexity of computing a mδ approximate winner in Bucklin elections is O(nm1 - δ log(m)). For δ e (1/2, 1), a lower bound of ω(nm1-2δ) is also provided.Similar lower bounds are presented on the communication complexity of computing approximate winners in Copeland elections.
Characteristics of active and passive 2-D holographic scanner imaging systems for the middle infrared

Holographic scanners are suggested for imaging in the 8–13-μm spectral region. Advantages in refrigeration and reliability are pointed out. The narrow linewidth of received irradiance may limit passive systems to applications such as thermography, where multispectral imaging should be a useful diagnostic tool. Active systems, which do not suffer from this range limitation, offer inherent advantages with regard to resolution improvement via background discrimination and also with respect to countermeasures.
Cyclical evolution of nursing education and profession in Iran: Religious, cultural, and political influences

This article was written to gain some insight into the underlying social and/or cultural forces that have, over the centuries, influenced the development of nursing education and the nursing profession in Iran, one of the most ancient civilizations of the world. As a native of Iran deeply involved in the nursing profession and in many aspects of nursing education, I decided to review my many years of experience and observations in these fields in Iran to better understand how the noble profession evolved as it did in my native country. For the years following the Islamic Revolution of 1977 to 1979, I was forced to rely on information gathered from my professional colleagues. An extensive search of the literature yielded a better understanding of the very early years. Analysis of this data seemingly produced a potpourri of such basic issues as modes of education, cultural/religious states of consciousness, and the rights of women. These are not factors generally considered germane to the development of the nursing profession and nursing education, although the latter two have proven to be crucial issues in understanding the development and current status of nursing education and the nursing profession in Iran.
Mixed convection heat transfer to and from a horizontal cylinder in cross-flow with heating from below

Abstract Heat transfer to and from a circular cylinder in a cross-flow of water at low Reynolds number was studied both experimentally and numerically. The experiments were carried out in a high aspect ratio water channel. The test section inflow temperature and velocity, channel lower surface temperature and cylinder surface temperature were controlled to yield either laminar or turbulent flow for a desired Richardson number. When the lower surface was unheated, the temperatures of the lower surface and water upstream of the cylinder were maintained approximately equal and the flow was laminar. When the lower surface was heated, turbulence intensities as high as 20% were measured several cylinder diameters upstream of the cylinder due to turbulent thermal plumes produced by heating the lower surface. Variable property, two-dimensional simulations were undertaken using a variant of the v2–f turbulence model with buoyancy production of turbulence accounted for by a simple gradient diffusion model. Predicted and measured heat flux distributions around the cylinder are compared for values of the Richardson number, Gr d / Re d 2 , from 0.3 to 9.3. For laminar flow, the predicted and measured heat flux results agreed to within the experimental uncertainty. When the lower surface was heated, and the flow was turbulent, there was qualitative agreement between predicted and measured heat flux distributions around the cylinder. However the predicted spatially averaged Nusselt number was from 37% to 53% larger than the measured spatially averaged Nusselt number. Additionally, spatially averaged Nusselt numbers are compared to correlations in the literature for mixed convection heat transfer to/from cylinders in cross-flow. The results presented here are larger than the correlation values. This is believed to be due to the effects of buoyancy-induced turbulence resulting from heating the lower surface and the proximity of the cylinder to that surface.
Toxicity of tri-n-butyl-tin to chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, adapted to seawater

Abstract The median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of tri-n-butyl-tin oxide (TBTO) to juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, adapted to seawater were determined in a static renewal bioassay. LC50s were 54, 20, and 1.5 μg TBTO/l after exposures for 6, 12, and 96 h, respectively. LC50s decreased logarithmically with time for exposures between 12 and 96 h. Also determined were the average tri-n-butyl-tin (TBT) concentrations in liver, brain, and muscle tissues of salmon that died during the bioassay: 7.0, 3.5, and 0.52 μg TBT/g wet weight tissue, respectively. TBT concentrations in liver, brain, and muscle tissues of salmon that survived until day 4 of the bioassay were 4300, 1300, and 200 times exposure concentrations, respectively. Our results implicate TBT exposure as the cause of death of chinook salmon exposed to TBT-treated marine net pens at one aquaculture facility.
Optimizing Sparse Matrix—Matrix Multiplication for the GPU

Sparse matrix--matrix multiplication (SpGEMM) is a key operation in numerous areas from information to the physical sciences. Implementing SpGEMM efficiently on throughput-oriented processors, such as the graphics processing unit (GPU), requires the programmer to expose substantial fine-grained parallelism while conserving the limited off-chip memory bandwidth. Balancing these concerns, we decompose the SpGEMM operation into three highly parallel phases: expansion, sorting, and contraction, and introduce a set of complementary bandwidth-saving performance optimizations. Our implementation is fully general and our optimization strategy adaptively processes the SpGEMM workload row-wise to substantially improve performance by decreasing the work complexity and utilizing the memory hierarchy more effectively.
Self‐concept and science achievement: Investigating a reciprocal relation model across the gender classification in a crosscultural context

Science achievement and self-concept are articulated in this study to examine a model of reciprocal relationship during a crosscultural transition. Trend data have been gathered to assess changes of the perceived English importance before and after Hong Kong's sovereignty handover from Britain to China. The data analyses were conducted four times across dimensions of gender and timing over which the political transition took place. Besides small gender differences in the statistical results, weak but significant reciprocal relationships have been found between science achievement and self-concept. In line with a policy of switching the medium of instruction from English to Chinese in most secondary schools, interpretation of different path coefficients obliges incorporation of cross-cultural understanding in science education. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 711–725, 2008
Wave radiation stress

There are differences in the literature concerning the vertically dependent equations that couple currents and waves. In this paper, currents are purposely omitted until the end. Isolating waves from currents allows one to focus on two main topics: an explanation of Stokes drift with apparent mean vorticity obtained from an otherwise irrotational flow and the determination of vertically dependent wave radiation stress which, when vertically integrated, conforms to that obtained by Longuet-Higgins and Stewart (1964) and Phillips (1977) nearly 50 years ago and, more recently, by Smith (2006). Discussion begins with the simple case of nonlinear flow beneath a stationary wavy wall.
Three Cheers for Double Effect

The doctrine of double effect, together with other moral principles that appeal to the intentions of moral agents, has come under attack from many directions in recent years, as have a variety of rationales that have been given in favor of it. In this paper, our aim is to develop, defend, and provide a new theoretical rationale for a secular version of the doctrine. Following Quinn (1989), we distinguish between Harmful Direct Agency and Harmful Indirect Agency. We propose the following version of the doctrine: that in cases in which harm must come to some in order to achieve a good (and is the least costly of possible harms necessary), the agent foresees the harm, and all other things are equal, a stronger case is needed to justify Harmful Direct Agency than to justify Harmful Indirect Agency. We distinguish between two Kantian rationales that might be given for the doctrine, a “dependent right” rationale, defended by Quinn, and an “independent right” rationale, which we defend. We argue that the doctrine and the “independent right” rationale for it are not vulnerable to counterexamples or counterproposals, and conclude by drawing implications for the larger debate over whether agents' intentions are in any way relevant to permissibility and obligation.
Performance of a Penning Ion Source in the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron

One year of operation of a heavy-ion Penning source in the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron has resulted in the acceleration of a number of isotopes of 17 elements, ranging from boron to tantalum. The method of positive identification of these beams and the operational techniques used to develop certain beams are described. Comparison of the extracted particle current for a given charge state with the calculated ionization potential has resulted in a systematic understanding of particle currents to be expected for undeveloped beams. In particular, shell effects and total ionization potential must both be considered in predicting beam intensities. The particle currents of ArR8+ Ar9+ and Ar10+ provide a sensitive test for the comparison of multiple and single impact calculations. The data are in agreement with multiple impact calculations. Also, low energy x-rays emitted from the Penning source have been detected and the observed spectra characterize the two modes of source operation.
Stabilization of the transition state for the transfer of tyrosine to tRNATyr by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase

Abstract Aminoacylation of tRNA Tyr involves two steps: (1) tyrosine activation to form the tyrosyl-adenylate intermediate; and (2) transfer of tyrosine from the tyrosyl-adenylate intermediate to tRNA Tyr . In Bacillus stearothermophilus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, Asp78, Tyr169, and Gln173 have been shown to form hydrogen bonds with the α-ammonium group of the tyrosine substrate during the first step of the aminoacylation reaction. Asp194 and Gln195 stabilize the transition state complex for the first step of the reaction by hydrogen bonding with the 2′-hydroxyl group of AMP and the carboxylate oxygen atom of tyrosine, respectively. Here, the roles that Asp78, Tyr169, Gln173, Asp194, and Gln195 play in catalysis of the second step of the reaction are investigated. Pre-steady-state kinetic analyses of alanine variants at each of these positions shows that while the replacement of Gln173 by alanine does not affect the initial binding of the tRNA Tyr substrate, it destabilizes the transition state complex for the second step of the reaction by 2.3 kcal/mol. None of the other alanine substitutions affects either the initial binding of the tRNA Tyr substrate or the stability of the transition state for the second step of the aminoacylation reaction. Taken together, the results presented here and the accompanying paper are consistent with a concerted reaction mechanism for the transfer of tyrosine to tRNA Tyr , and suggest that catalysis of the second step of tRNA Tyr aminoacylation involves stabilization of a transition state in which the scissile acylphosphate bond of the tyrosyl-adenylate species is strained. Cleavage of the scissile bond on the breakdown of the transition state alleviates this strain.
Selective Suppression of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β Binding and Cyclooxygenase-2 Promoter Activity by Sodium Salicylate in Quiescent Human Fibroblasts

The anti-inflammatory actions of salicylates cannot be explained by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. This study demonstrates that sodium salicylate at a therapeutic concentration suppressed COX-2 gene transcription induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and interleukin 1beta by inhibiting the binding of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta to its promoter region of COX-2. By contrast, salicylate did not inhibit nuclear factor kappaB-dependent COX-2 induction by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The inhibitory effect of sodium salicylate was restricted to serum-deprived quiescent cells. These findings indicate that contrary to the current view that salicylate acts via inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB the pharmacological actions of aspirin and salicylates are mediated by inhibiting CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta binding and transactivation. These findings have a major impact on the conceptual understanding of the mechanism of action of salicylates and on new drug discovery and design.
Information literacy for primary sources: creating a new paradigm for archival researcher education

Educating researchers on how to use archival and manuscript materials and repositories is an important component in any records program. This is more important now that increasing amounts of information concerning archives and manuscripts appear daily on the web. Twenty years ago, all use of archives and manuscripts was mediated by reference personnel. This is not true today. However, the archivists' paradigm for educating researchers has not shifted accordingly. Furthermore, archivists do not have the defined basic competencies that might comprise “information literacy for primary sources”.
Southwest Indian Ocean SST variability : Its local effect and remote influence on Asian monsoons

Abstract An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to examine the role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in regional climate variability. In particular, the authors focus on the effect of the basinwide warming that occurs during December through May after the mature phase of El Nino. To elucidate the relative importance of local and remote forcing, model solutions were sought for experiments where SST anomalies are inserted in the (i) tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans, (ii) tropical Pacific Ocean, and (iii) tropical Indian Ocean. A 10-member ensemble simulation is carried out for each of the three forcing scenarios. The model solutions demonstrate that precipitation variations over the southwest Indian Ocean are tied to local SST anomalies and are highly reproducible. Changes in the Indian Ocean–Walker circulation suppress precipitation over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent, contributing to the development of a low-level anticyclone over the Philippine and South ...
Solder wetting kinetics in narrow V-grooves

Abstract Experiments are performed to observe capillary flow in grooves cut into copper surfaces. Flow kinetics of two liquids, 1-heptanol and eutectic Sn Pb solder, are modeled with modified Washburn kinetics and compared to flow data. It is shown that both liquids flow parabolically in narrow V-grooves, and the data scale as predicted by the modified Washburn model. The early portions of the flow kinetics are characterized by curvature in the length vs time relationship which is not accounted for in the modified Washburn model. This effect is interpreted in terms of a dynamic contact angle. It is concluded that under conditions of rapid flow, solder spreading can be understood as a simple fluid flow process. Slower kinetics, e.g. solder droplet spreading on flat surfaces, may be affected by subsidiary chemical processes such as reaction.
Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with acylsugar accumulation using intraspecific populations of the wild tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii

Lycopersicon pennellii LA716, a wild relative of tomato, is resistant to a number of insect pests due to the accumulation of acylsugars exuded from type IV trichomes. These acylsugars are a class of compounds including both acylglucoses and acylsucroses. Intraspecific populations between L. pennellii LA716 and L. pennellii LA1912, the latter an accession that assorts for low-level acylsugar accumulation, were created to study the inheritance of type IV trichome density, acylsugar accumulation levels, percentage of acylsugars that are acylglucoses, and leaf area. The F2 population was subsequently used to determine genomic regions associated with these traits. The relative proportion of acylglucoses and acylsucroses was found to be largely controlled by a single locus near TG549 on chromosome 3. One locus on chromosome 10 showed significant associations with acylsugar levels. In addition, 1 locus on chromosome 4 showed significant associations with leaf area. Ten additional loci showed modest associations with one or more of the traits examined, 5 of which have been previously reported.
Lateral migration of a capsule in plane shear near a wall

The migration of a capsule enclosed by an elastic membrane in a wall-bounded linear shear is investigated using a front-tracking method. A detailed comparison with the migration of a viscous drop is presented varying the capillary number (in the case of a capsule, the elastic capillary number) and the viscosity ratio. In both cases, the deformation breaks the flow reversal symmetry and makes them migrate away from the wall. They quickly go through a transient evolution to eventually reach a quasi-steady state where the dynamics becomes independent of the initial position and only depends on the wall distance. Previous analytical theories predicted that for a viscous drop, in the quasi-steady state, the migration and slip velocities scale approximately with the square of the inverse of the drop–wall separation, whereas the drop deformation scales as the inverse cube of the separation. These power law relations are shown to hold for a capsule as well. The deformation and inclination angle of the capsule and the drop at the same wall separation show a crossover in their variation with the capillary number: the capsule shows a steeper variation than that of the drop for smaller capillary numbers and slower variation than the drop for larger capillary numbers. Using the Green’s function of Stokes flow, a semi-analytic theory is presented to show that the far-field stresslet that causes the migration has two distinct contributions from the interfacial stresses and the viscosity ratio, with competing effects between the two defining the dynamics. It predicts the scaling of the migration velocity with the capsule–wall separation, however, matching with the simulated result very well only away from the wall. A phenomenological correlation for the migration velocity as a function of elastic capillary number, wall distance and viscosity ratio is developed using the simulation results. The effects of different membrane hyperelastic constitutive equations – neo-Hookean, Evans–Skalak, and Skalak – are briefly investigated to show that the behaviour remains similar for different equations.
Bariatric surgery-mediated weight loss and its metabolic consequences for type-2 diabetes

The worldwide epidemic of obesity and its medical complications are being dealt with a combination of life style changes (e.g., healthier diet and exercise), medications and a variety of surgical interventions. The Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are two of the most common weight loss surgeries for morbid obesity-associated metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. A vast majority of patients that undergo RYGB and LAGB are known to experience marked weight loss and attenuation of diabetes. A number of recent studies have indicated that the rates of remission in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity are significantly greater in patients that have undergone RYGB. A plausible hypothesis to explain this observation is that the gastric bypass surgery as opposed to the gastric banding procedure impinges on glucose homeostasis by a weight loss-independent mechanism. In a recent paper, Bradley et al have experimentally explored this hypothesis. The authors compared several clinical and laboratory parameters of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in cohorts of RYGB and LAGB patients before and after they lost approximately 20% of their body mass. After weight loss, both groups of patients underwent similar changes in their intra-abdominal and total adipose tissue volume, hepatic triglyceride and circulating leptin levels. The RYGB patients who lost 20% body mass, manifested higher postprandial output of glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1; these laboratory parameters remained unchanged in LABG patients. Irrespective of the observed differences in transient responses of RYGB and LAGB patients to mixed meal, the overall glycemic control as judged by glucose tolerance, multi-organ insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were nearly identical in the two groups. Both RYGB and LAGB patient cohorts also experienced similar changes in the expression of a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Based on these analyses, Bradley et al concluded that similar restoration of insulin sensitivity and b-cell function in non-diabetic obese patients that have undergone RYGB and LAGB were directly due to marked weight loss. These data have important implications for the risk/benefit analysis of weight loss therapy by bariatric procedures.
NO sticking on a Pt(111) surface

Abstract The dependence of the initial sticking coefficient of NO on a Pt(111) surface has been measured as a function of initial energy and angle by molecular beam techniques. This shows a gradual decrease with increasing energy over the entire accessible energy range of 3 eV. No dissociation was observable for incident energies up to 1.5 eV. These results are shown by stochastic trajectory calculations to be qualitatively compatible with a reasonable NOPt(111) interaction potential.
Effects of thymectomy on mammary tumor growth.

The effect of thymectomy on prognosis following mammary tumor excision was evaluated in female C3H MTV + mice, 5 to 6 months old, with spontaneous tumors 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter after random allocation to thymectomy or sham operation. Significant differences between these two groups were noted in absolute survival, disease-free survival, interval to tumor reappearance, and survival following tumor reappearance. Thymectomy prolonged survival both in tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice and delayed the reappearance of the tumors. The results indicate that thymectomy, when used as an adjuvant to surgical ablation of mammary tumors, has a therapeutic role. Both the previously reported protective effect of thymectomy against the risk of mammary neoplasia and the observed protective role following tumor occurrence could be attributed to its metabolic and immunoregulatory effects.
Translation of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA in a modified reticulocyte system

Abstract Tyrosine aminotransferase messenger RNA has been translated in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. Cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA from rat liver was used as the source of the messenger RNA. The newly synthesized subunits of the enzyme were isolated by immunoprecipitation and identified and quantitated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These procedures were used to demonstrate that glucocorticoid induction is associated with increased cytoplasmic levels of functional tyrosine aminotransferase messenger RNA.
Recovery efficiencies for Burkholderia thailandensis from various aerosol sampling media.

Burkholderia thailandensis is used in the laboratory as a surrogate of the more virulent B. pseudomallei. Since inhalation is believed to be a natural route of infection for B. pseudomallei, many animal studies with B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis utilize the inhalation route of exposure. The aim of the present study was to quantify the recovery efficiency of culturable B. thailandensis from several common aerosol sampling devices to ensure that collected microorganisms could be reliably recovered post-collection. The sampling devices tested included 25-mm gelatin filters, 25-mm stainless steel disks used in Mercer cascade impactors, and two types of glass impingers. The results demonstrate that while several processing methods tested resulted in significantly lower physical recovery efficiencies than other methods, it was possible to obtain culturable recovery efficiencies for B. thailandensis and physical recovery efficiencies for 1 μm fluorescent spheres of at least 0.95 from all of the sampling media tested given an appropriate sample processing procedure. The results of the present study also demonstrated that the bubbling action of liquid media in all-glass impingers (AGIs) can result in physical loss of material from the collection medium, although additional studies are needed to verify the exact mechanisms involved. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the collection mechanism as well as the post-collection processing method can significantly affect the recovery from and retention of culturable microorganisms in sampling media, potentially affecting the calculated airborne concentration and any subsequent estimations of risk or dose derived from such data.
The role of teams, reputations and culture in effecting knowledge transfer

This article examines the relationship between teams, reputation and culture in knowledge transfer. It is argued that knowledge transfer, at its core, is highly dependent upon individual attitudes and can neither be mandated nor incentivised. Given the need to focus on individual attitudes, we must pay very close attention to their evolution, and what factors are at work, and how they impact knowledge transfer. We contend that insight into these matters can be gleaned through the factors we examine here. Our tests find strong support for these hypotheses within the sample studied and suggest that these factors help to explain why certain patterns of knowledge transfer have emerged.
ACTH and cortisone therapy in ulcerative colitis.

1. Twenty-seven patients with acute or chronic ulcerative colitis who did not respond to conventional medical therapy were treated with ACTH, cortisone, or hydrocortisone.
Implications of the B/Be and 11 B/ 10 B Ratios

Beryllium and boron are widely believed to be produced primarily by cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis. However the observed abundance ratios of B/Be and 11B/10B may indicate that an additional source for boron (presumably 11B) is needed. Neutrino-process nucleosynthesis in supernovae may be such a source. When the 11B yield from the neutrino process is normalized to obtain the correct 11B/10B ratio, one obtains a predictions that B/Be is large (much larger than the nearly model independent prediction of cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis), around 40 for [Fe/H] = −2.6. Large values of B/Be may be supported by recent NLTE analyses of boron observations.
Does prior benign prostate biopsy predict outcome for patients treated with radical perineal prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives To determine the effect of prior benign prostate biopsies on the surgical and clinical outcomes of patients treated with radical perineal prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Methods A total of 1369 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon between 1991 and 2001. A subset of 203 patients (14.9%), who had undergone at least one prior benign prostate biopsy for a rising prostate-specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination, constituted our study population. A total of 1115 patients with no prior biopsy represented our control group. After prostatectomy, patients were evaluated at 6-month intervals for biochemical evidence of recurrence, defined as a prostate-specific antigen level of 0.5 ng/mL or greater. Results Patients with a prior benign biopsy had more favorable pathologic features with more organ-confined (74% versus 64%; P P = 0.01) had eventual evidence of biochemical failure. Kaplan-Meier analyses suggested that patients with prior benign biopsies have improved biochemical disease-free survival, especially for those with more aggressive disease (Gleason sum 7 or greater; P P Conclusions A prior benign prostate biopsy may be independently associated with more favorable surgical and biochemical outcomes after prostatectomy. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Simultaneous multiple-excitation multiphoton microscopy yields increased imaging sensitivity and specificity

Background: Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) offers many advantages over conventional wide-field and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for imaging biological samples such as 3D resolution of excitation, reduced phototoxicity, and deeper tissue imaging. However, adapting MPM for critical multi-color measurements presents a challenge because of the largely overlapping two-photon absorption (TPA) peaks of common biological fluorophores. Currently, most multi-color MPM relies on the absorbance at one intermediate wavelength of multiple dyes, which introduces problems such as decreased and unequal excitation efficiency across the set of dyes. Results: Here we describe an MPM system incorporating two, independently controlled sources of two-photon excitation whose wavelengths are adjusted to maximally excite one dye while minimally exciting the other. We report increased signal-to-noise ratios and decreased false positive emission bleed-through using this novel multiple-excitation MPM (ME-MPM) compared to conventional single-excitation MPM (SE-MPM) in a variety of multi-color imaging applications. Conclusions: Similar to the tremendous gain in popularity of CLSM after the introduction of multi-color imaging, we anticipate that the ME-MPM system will further increase the popularity of MPM. In addition, ME-MPM provides an excellent tool to more rapidly design and optimize pairs of fluorescence probes for multi-color two-photon imaging, such as CFP/YFP or GFP/DsRed for CLSM.