cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the ability to estimate narrow-band signal parameters using towed arrays

Using the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as an indicator of potential performance, the limits on the estimation and resolution capabilities of a towed line array of uniformly spaced hydrophones to provide frequency and bearing information about narrowband signals are examined. It is assumed that a monochromatic plane wave arrives at the array for each source. Several versions of the bounds are computed using different assumptions about which parameters have known values and about the way in which the samples are taken in space and in time. It is shown that the CRLB values for different situations can be compared to provide information about the effective use of a moving aperture for estimation of the parameters of narrowband signals arriving at the array. It is also shown that adding at least one hydrophone occupying a fixed position in space can improve the bearing estimates of a towed array by supplying additional frequency information if both the bearings and frequencies of the sources are unknown. >
Changes in benthic nutrient sources within a wetland after hydrologic reconnection

Removing dams and levees to restore hydrologic connectivity and enhance ecosystem services such as nutrient removal has been an increasingly common management practice. In the present study, the authors assessed geochemical and biological changes following engineered levee breaches that reconnected eutrophic Upper Klamath Lake and Agency Lake, Oregon, USA, to an adjacent, historic wetland that had been under agricultural use for the last seven decades. Over the three-year study, the reconnected wetland served as a benthic source for both macronutrients (dissolved organic carbon [DOC], soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP], and ammonia) and micronutrients (dissolved iron and manganese). The magnitude of those benthic sources was similar to or greater than that of allochthonous sources. The highest DOC benthic flux to the water column occurred immediately after rewetting occurred. It then decreased during the present study to levels more similar to the adjacent lake. Dissolved ammonia fluxes, initially negative after the levee breaches, became consistently positive through the remainder of the study. Nitrate fluxes, also initially negative, became negligible two years after the levee breaches. In contrast to previous laboratory studies, SRP fluxes remained positive, as did fluxes of dissolved iron and manganese. Our results indicate that the timescales of chemical changes following hydrologic reconnection of wetlands are solute-specific and in some cases extend for multiple years beyond the reconnection event. During the present study, colonization of the reconnected wetlands by aquatic benthic invertebrates gradually generated assemblages similar to those in a nearby wetland refuge and provided further evidence of the multiyear transition of this area to permanent aquatic habitat. Such timescales should be considered when developing water-quality management strategies to achieve wetland-restoration goals.
Comparing apples and oranges how to select the most probable targets

There are several target selection systems that use multiple factors to select the most probable targets. Factors can be such things as replacement costs, strategic importance, and psychological importance. These systems use these factors to rank potential targets in some order. It is clear that comparing disparate factors is very much like comparing apples and oranges. We show that in general, you can't compare apples and oranges and maintain logical consistency. Thus, every multi-factorial target rating system is limited in the accuracy of its rankings. We illustrate our results using the CARVER2™ program. We conclude with a discussion of how these multi-factor systems may best be used by planners despite their limitations.
On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential

The triarchic model of P300 amplitude (Johnson, 1986, 1988a) postulated that the overall amplitude of the P300 recorded at any given electrode site represented the summation of activity from different neural generators, each related to the processing of a different type of information. However, neither of these original accounts provided an explicit description of the methods required to establish experimentally the presence of multiple neural sources. This paper reviews the triarchic amplitude model, the subsequently obtained data that support the postulated presence of multiple generators underlying the P300, and the methods used to demonstrate the presence of these multiple sources. These methods are straightforward because it is only necessary to show that the portions of P300 amplitude associated with different experimental variables have different scalp distributions. The implications of the multiple-generator basis of P300 on such factors as component definition, neural source analyses, and the cognitive processes underlying its activity are discussed.
Fast interprocedural class analysis

Previous algorithms for interprocedural control flow analysis of higher-order and/or object-oriented languages have been described that perform propagation or constraint satisfaction and take O(N3) time (such as Shivers's O-CFA and Heintze's set-based analysis), or unification and take O(Nα (N,N) time (such as Steensgaard's pointer analysis), or optimistic reachability analysis and take O(N) time (such as Bacon and Sweeney's Rapid Type Analysis). We describe a general parameterized analysis framework that integrates propagation-based and unification-based analysis primitives and optimistic reachability analysis, whose instances mimic these existing algorithms as well as several new algorithms taking O(N), O(Nα(N,N)), O(N2), and O(N2α(N,N)) time; our O(N) and O(Nα(N,N)) algorithms produce more precise results than the previous algorithms with these complexities. We implemented our algorithm framework in the Vortex optimizing compiler, and we measured the cost and benefit of these interprocedural analysis algorithms in practice on a collection of substantial Cecil and Java programs.
A new input switching scheme for a capacitive micro-g accelerometer

The design and implementation of a new input switching capacitive microaccelerometer interface circuit with /spl mu/g resolution is presented. The accelerometers were fabricated on 50 /spl mu/m thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates using a two-mask, dry-release and low temperature process. Fabricated devices were interfaced with a high resolution, low noise and low power switched-capacitor integrated circuit (IC) implemented in a 2.5V 0.25 /spl mu/m N-well CMOS process with the chip size of 0.5/spl times/1.3mm/sup 2/. The measured sensitivity is 0.45V/g and the output noise floor is 4.4/spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz at 150Hz. The total power consumption is 5mW.
Comparative Investigation on Different Topologies of Integrated Magnetic Structures for Current-doubler Rectifier

The advancement of technology requires that power supplies have high efficiency and high power density. The current doubler rectifier has been presented as a solution to decrease the transformer secondary power loss and increase the power efficiency. In this paper, the unified equivalent coupled inductor circuit models are constructed for different current doubler rectifier integrated magnetic structures. Based on the finite element method analysis, the impedance matrixes and coupling coefficient matrixes of different structures are compared. The efficiency and performance of different structures are also experimentally studied.
Service Use, Caregiving Mastery, and Attitudes Toward Community Services

The purpose of this study was to determine correlates of selected caregiver attitudes toward community services in a sample of 215 spouse caregivers of persons with dementia. Predictors of two types of attitudes differed, confirming the multidimensionality and specificity of attitude for mation. Caregivers with higher levels of caregiving mastery, lower levels of caregiverprepared ness, less education, and more helpers had a greater likelihood of having confidence and trust in use of services. Women, African Americans, service users, and those with lower levels of caregiv ing mastery had a greater likelihood of accepting government and community services. The find ings highlight the complexity of the idea that improving attitudes toward community services will lead to greater use of caregiver support resources.
Visual and auditory association areas of the cat's posterior ectosylvian gyrus: Thalamic afferents

In a preceding report, we described patterns of thalamic retrograde labeling following 17 tracer deposits on the cat's posterior ectosylvian gyrus and concluded, on the basis of patterns of thalamic connectivity, that the posterior ectosylvian gyrus is composed of three major divisions: a tonotopic auditory zone located anteriorly, a belt of auditory association cortex occupying the gyral crown, and a visual belt located posteriorly. We describe here patterns of transcortical retrograde labeling obtained from tracer deposits in the three zones so defined. Our results indicate that the tonotopic auditory strip is innervated primarily by axons from low-order auditory areas (AAF, AI, P, VP, and V), that the auditory belt receives its strongest input from nontonotopic auditory fields (AII, temporal cortex, and other parts of the auditory belt), and that projections to the visual belt derive primarily from extrastriate visual areas (ALLS, PLLS, DLS, 19, 20, and 21) and from association areas affiliated with the visual system (insular cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, area 7p, and frontal cortex). We discuss the results in relation to previous systems for parcellating the posterior ectosylvian gyrus of the cat and consider the possibility that divisions of the feline posterior ectosylvian gyrus correspond directly to areas making up the superior temporal gyrus in primates.
Long‐term plant community changes in managed fens in Ohio, USA

1. Long-term studies are necessary to describe effects of restoration efforts on plant communities and invasive species in North American fen communities. In 1986, 1999 and 2000, wetland plant communities and abiotic factors were sampled in two fens in Ohio that were actively managed as a state nature preserve since 1986. The correlation between plant species and environmental conditions was examined in 1986 to 2000, and changes in woody plant cover were measured on aerial photographs from 1938 to 1997 to analyse long-term effects of management practices. 2. 142 vascular plant species and 32 bryophyte taxa were found in these rich fens, including 13 rare (i.e. state-listed as endangered, threatened or potentially threatened) and 14 alien species. TWINSPAN analyses identified nine plant community types, and species distributions were correlated with several abiotic factors (groundwater depth, pH, soil organic content, distance from wetland edge and depth of peat). Communities along the wetland edge in deep peat had higher richness, more woody species, more alien species and fewer rare species than communities in areas near sources of flowing groundwater with more marl and less peat. 3. There was little change in species richness, evenness, and Shannon's diversity from 1986 to 2000. However, plant species assemblages changed during the study, and changes were different in unmanipulated transects compared with those where habitat managers removed invasive woody plants. An aerial photograph analysis indicated that woody plant cover increased by about 1% each year during 1938 to 1997 despite current management efforts to remove invasive trees and shrubs. Additional strategies should be directed toward reducing shrub encroachment and invasive species while promoting rare species. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of the aluminum bromide addition compounds in methyl bromide and in ethyl bromide

Abstract The Raman spectrum of aluminum bromide in cyclohexane was obtained to establish the dimer, Al 2 Br 6 , frequencies in an inert solvent. The spectra of solutions of aluminum bromide in methyl bromide and ethyl bromide were determined and the frequencies assigned to the addition compounds MeBr:AlBr 3 and EtBr:AlBr 3 . The carbon-bromine frequency is lower in a complex than in the parent alkyl halide, the extent of lowering being greatest for the ethyl bromide complex. The results support the postulated mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts reactions in which these compounds participate as intermediates.
A Methodology of Knowledge Management Based on Ontology in Collaborative Design

To have shorter development times and reduced costs, enterprise need a method towards global market for product design. Collaborative design is a method to meet the requirement. In collaborative design, knowledge is exchanged and accessed efficiently through the teams. How to reuse the knowledge of experts is a problem. A methodology for knowledge management in collaborative design is proposed. Firstly, the concepts of the collaborative design and knowledge management are introduced. Secondly, the knowledge expression based on ontology is introduced. UML model for knowledge capture is established to find suitable knowledge. The knowledge capture formalization is established for the knowledge reuse. At last, the integration framework of knowledge requirement and knowledge reuse is constructed with a component, which includes the knowledge capture, knowledge requirement and knowledge reuse. The knowledge can be reused for collaborative design.
From Pro-Growth to Slow-Growth in Suburban New Jersey:

This article examines the process by which municipalities switch strategies in response to growth pressure. Utilizing a case study approach of three New Jersey communities, this article argues that changes in local growth strategies are brought about by advocates who incorporate fiscal arguments with quality-of-life concerns and capitalize on a perceived development threat to achieve a more favorable political environment. By reframing local debate over formerly contentious issues such as open-space preservation and environmental quality, advocates are able to permanently change the local political culture. However, such action can have exclusionary consequences and act as a hindrance to the implementation of a balanced-growth approach to urban development.
Combinatorial multi-armed bandit: general framework, results and applications

We define a general framework for a large class of combinatorial multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problems, where simple arms with unknown distributions form super arms. In each round, a super arm is played and the outcomes of its related simple arms are observed, which helps the selection of super arms in future rounds. The reward of the super arm depends on the outcomes of played arms, and it only needs to satisfy two mild assumptions, which allow a large class of nonlinear reward instances. We assume the availability of an (α, β)-approximation oracle that takes the means of the distributions of arms and outputs a super arm that with probability β generates an β fraction of the optimal expected reward. The objective of a CMAB algorithm is to minimize (α, β)- approximation regret, which is the difference in total expected reward between the αbeta; fraction of expected reward when always playing the optimal super arm, and the expected reward of playing super arms according to the algorithm. We provide CUCB algorithm that achieves O(log n) regret, where n is the number of rounds played, and we further provide distribution-independent bounds for a large class of reward functions. Our regret analysis is tight in that it matches the bound for classical MAB problem up to a constant factor, and it significantly improves the regret bound in a recent paper on combinatorial bandits with linear rewards. We apply our CMAB framework to two new applications, probabilistic maximum coverage (PMC) for online advertising and social influence maximization for viral marketing, both having nonlinear reward structures.
25 TV: A Case Study of the Media During the Egyptian Uprising

This case study examines 25 TV, an Egyptian television network named after the uprising that began on January 25, 2011, and the programs that attempted to combine social media use and more traditional broadcasting techniques. The examination looks at the Egyptian government involvement in broadcasting before, during, and after the uprising, the difficulties created by this structure, and the results of a survey of 25 TV staff about their perceptions of the network, including its successes and failures.
Advances in How Advertising Works ... from Conception to Effectiveness

All three papers presented in this session offer notable contributions in advancing our understanding – for both academicians and practitioners – of how advertising works in terms of a) developmental dynamics at the agency - client intersection (agency risk-taking, West and Miciak); b) the selection and manipulation of a specific creative element (the use of spokesperson attractiveness, Petroshius and Newell); and c) in terms of advertising effectiveness in one specific category (food advertising effectiveness, Ewing, Napoli, and du Plessis).
Mechanism of Nonbacterial Gastric Emphysema

Summary Three additional cases of nonbacterial gastric emphysema resulting from rupture of an adherent bullous emphysematous lung into the esophagus are reported. This type of gastric emphysema is to be distinguished from emphysematous gastritis caused by gas-forming organisms. Nonbacterial gastric emphysema is usually confined to the fundal and upper antral regions.
Active Control of Mach 0.9 Jet Using High Frequency Excitation

This study presents our first attempt to explore the hypothesis of high frequency forcing for active control of high speed jets. Eight high frequency resonance enhanced microactuators with 25 kHz (StD = 2.2) nominal frequency and 400 μm exit diameter are used to control a Mach 0.9 (ReD ≈ 6 × 10) jet flow field. The primary goal of control is to inhibit the formation of large scale structures which are known to be the most dominant source of radiated far field noise and major contributor of mixing and entrainment in high speed jets. PIV results in the jet cross plane indicate the presence of streamwise vorticity that are generated by pulsed microjets on the high speed side of the shear layer. There are believed to be two primary mechanisms involved with high frequency injection. The first one is associated with the thickening of the initial shear layer due to induced streamwise vorticity. This reduction in mean shear results in slower development of instability waves into large scale structures. The second mechanism involves direct high frequency forcing of smaller scales resulting in transfer of energy from large to small scale structures in the shear layer. The resulting effect is observed in the form of uniformly attenuated low frequency noise at all observed angles. Moreover, suppression of turbulence intensities and an overall reduction in turbulent kinetic energy values provide convincing evidence that localized injection at the nozzle exit changes the initial shear layer characteristics such that its effect is globally observed in the flow field.
To Save Our Profession Higher Education In Construction Needs A Radical Change

People learn in different ways. Psychologists referred to these differences as cognitive styles that describe how people differ in cognitive traits such as perception or information processing. On the other hand, college study needs to be considered a profession in its own right requiring a large set of skills such as stress management, reading, writing, test taking, and metacognition. Research has shown that engineering attracts mostly students that learn best by regurgitation (55%) or theoretical study (22%). It is not surprising that teachers in engineering feel that they serve the students best with lectures and homework problems, preferred method of learning by 80% of the student population. Furthermore, an experiment at NCSU demonstrated that young engineers that don’t fit the “lecture-and-quiz” mode leave engineering (a fact that has been observed at other universities too). Unfortunately those are the people who are highly creative problem-solvers, representatives of a group that our profession needs more of. The paper will present data collected over many years of research in engineering education which highlight the desperate need in radical change in the way the universities teaches its engineering students.
Statistical aspects of setting a sampling strategy

Historical information about the variation of the indicator bacteria in a System can be used to help in setting a sampling strategy for future data collection. It is commonly recommended that the water System be divided into zones with the locations within a given zone being more similar to each other than the locations from different zones. A number of samples are then taken at random from each zone. This paper presents a method for estimating the gain in the precision by dividing the water system into zones. Furthermore, a technique is given for estimating the total number of samples required for the water system. This technique is based on the hypothesis testing concept. Two illustrative examples conclude the paper.
How to approach neutropenia in childhood.

1. Kelly Walkovich, MD 2. Laurence A. Boxer, MD 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. * Abbreviations: AIN: : autoimmune neutropenia AML: : acute myelogenous leukemia ANC: : absolute neutrophil count CBC: : complete blood cell count MDS: : myelodysplastic syndrome rhG-CSF: : recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor SCN: : severe congenital neutropenia SDS: : Shwachman-Diamond syndrome WBC: : white blood cell count 1. Patients presenting with recurrent fevers, mouth ulcers and gingivitis should be evaluated for neutropenia. 2. The use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) in the management of cyclic neutropenia and severe congenital neutropenia has dramatically decreased clinical symptoms and has decreased mortality from infectious causes. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize patients who have concerning features of history, physical examination, or laboratory results that warrant further investigation for possible neutropenia or other immunodeficiency. 2. Define mild, moderate, and severe neutropenia. 3. Understand that neutropenia can arise from acquired or intrinsic conditions. Know which causes of neutropenia are most commonly encountered in childhood. 4. Recognize why disorders of neutrophil production and release from the bone marrow carry more risk for bacterial infection than peripheral neutropenia associated with normal bone marrow morphology. 5. Understand why neutropenic patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are more at risk for a serious bacterial infection than patients who have isolated neutropenia. 6. Understand the impact that treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has had on the outcome of patients who have severe congenital and cyclic neutropenia. 7. Know when to refer to a pediatric hematologist/oncologist. A case study is provided to illustrate key aspects of the care of patients who have neutropenia. A 13-month-old boy presents to his primary care physician for his standard 1-year well-child check. He has had four episodes of otitis media since starting child care, all of which resolved with standard antibiotics. His mother reports that he has been …
Stimulation of peristalsis in the potassium deficient rat by acetyl-beta-methylcholine.

SummaryAcetyl-β-methylcholine was observed to stimulate intestinal motility in potassium deficient rats but did not affect the intestinal motility of rats receiving complete diets.
Current approaches to the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Current approaches to the prevention, detection, treatment, and monitoring of postmenopausal osteoporosis are discussed. In the United States, 44 million men and women ages 50 years or older have low bone mass or osteoporosis. The most devastating consequence of this disease is fractures. The assessment of osteoporosis risk includes determining risk factors, conducting laboratory and physical examinations, and measuring bone density and bone-turnover markers. Once risk has been established, nonpharmacologic strategies, such as exercise, appropriate dietary habits, and discontinuing tobacco and alcohol use, are helpful. Fall prevention and adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D are critical. When pharmacologic therapy is warranted, bisphosphonates have shown the greatest benefit in preventing bone loss and lowering fracture rates. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators and calcitonin are also options for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. Estrogen should not be used for the sole purpose of osteoporosis prevention; however, short-term use is acceptable for women with vasomotor symptoms or in whom the benefits outweigh the risks. Parathyroid hormone may offer another treatment alternative. A variety of pharmacologic options are available for patients with osteoporosis in whom lifestyle modifications have proven insufficient. Bisphosphonates are the mainstay of drug therapy.
Exclusion of the placenta during fetal cardiac bypass augments systemic flow and provides important information about the mechanism of placental injury.

The in utero correction of congenital cardiac malformations requires the availability of fetal cardiac bypass. One difficulty with fetal cardiac bypass is that very high flow rates are necessary when the placenta is left in the bypass circuit; the placenta requires about 40 % of fetal cardiac output, which results in a normal cardiac output of 400 ml/kg per minute. Previous attempts to perform fetal cardiac bypass failed to consistently achieve these high flow rates because of cannula size limitations. On the basis of previous work done in our laboratory with an isolated-placenta model, which demonstrated that at normothermia the placenta would tolerate at least 30 minutes of cessation of umbilical blood flow, we hypothesized that exclusion of the placenta from the fetal cardiac bypass circuit would reduce fetal cardiac output by one half and allow us to obtain better systemic perfusion without compromising placental function. Cardiac bypass was performed in 20 late-gestation fetal lambs. In 10 lambs, no drugs were given; 5 served as controls in which the placenta was perfused; in the last 5, the placenta was excluded by clamping the umbilical cord during bypass. The latter 10 lambs were treated with indomethacin, which is known to improve placental blood flow after fetal cardiac bypass. We measured blood gases and determined regional blood flow with radiolabeled microspheres to assess placental function after bypass. The 5 control fetuses experienced rapid hypercapnea and hypoxemia after bypass, in association with minimal placental blood flow; when the placenta was excluded, arterial carbon dioxide tension rose somewhat more slowly, and placental blood flow after bypass was significantly better. When indomethacin was given, arterial blood gases in both groups showed a mild increase in carbon dioxide tension and similar placental blood flows (about 30 % of baseline) after bypass. Indomethacin is known to block the vasoconstrictive response of the placenta to fetal cardiac bypass, implicating the release of vasoactive cyclooxygenase products as the cause of the adverse effects. In this study, placental perfusion on bypass without indomethacin caused much more severe placental dysfunction than did bypass with the placenta excluded from the circuit. The use of indomethacin improved postbypass placental function in both groups, but this effect was much more dramatic in the placenta-perfused group. Placental perfusion on bypass is an important stimulus for the release of vasoactive substances. In addition, we have confirmed the preservation of postbypass placental gas exchange function when the placenta is excluded from the bypass circuit. This may allow us to solve one of the major technical obstacles to fetal cardiac bypass: the achievement of adequate systemic flow despite necessarily small cannula size.
Predicting Weights of Striped Bass Morone Saxatilis in the Roanoke River, North Carolina

Abstract Total length and weight data of striped bass were sampled by boat electrofishing during the months of April and May (2007–2009) in the Roanoke River near Weldon, NC. Qualitative and quantitative measures were used to exclude errors and outliers from the data set; data were then log10 transformed to calculate length-weight regressions for each sex. These regressions predicted the weights of male and female striped bass. Our results were compared to striped bass collected from the B. Everett Jordan Reservoir in 2008 and found significant differences between slopes indicating that applying length-weight equations derived from striped bass collected in reservoirs to estuarine striped bass is inappropriate. The equations developed can be used in an online calculator that would allow anglers to estimate the weight of striped bass caught in the Roanoke River during the spring based on the length of the fish caught.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Publisher Summary Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently diagnosed with ODD, and children with ODD often have comorbid learning disorders, emotional disorders (depression and anxiety), and communication Disorders. There are several reasons why it is important to intervene quickly to reduce the symptoms of ODD. Parent training programs are among the most researched treatment programs for conduct problems. The other frequently used method for treating ODD is cognitive behavioral skills training. These programs include problem-solving skills training, anger control training with stress inoculation, anger coping program, and self-instructional training. The case study presented in the chapter was illustrative of typical ODD in which the child had several comorbid conditions (ADHD, poor academic functioning, and poor peer relations) and was potentially at risk of developing increasingly severe antisocial behavior. Thus, it was important that appropriate and effective interventions be implemented. In both conceptualizations, it is believed that the symptoms of ODD originated from the ADHD and concomitant academic failure. However, in the first conceptualization, it was hypothesized that the symptoms of ODD are being maintained by ineffective and inconsistent parental discipline strategies. Thus, treatment focused on initiating parent training and helping both parents to begin using effective contingency management techniques in an attempt to reduce the child's oppositional and defiant behavior. It is believed that a proper conceptualization is of utmost importance in determining the most effective treatment.
Modeling the Impact of Social Contact on Substance Use.

Neuropsychopharmacology, the official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, publishing the highest quality original research and advancing our understanding of the brain and behavior.
Shepherding Community Engagement to Strengthen the Local Food System in Northeast Iowa

In this case study, we describe how a multistake­holder collaboration in Northeast Iowa is using a type of systems leadership that we call “shep­herding” in order to engage a six-county regional community in creating food systems change. Shepherding is an intentional process of fostering trust, connecting food systems actors, tracking readiness, and making strategic requests to help interested community members define active food system roles for themselves. In Northeast Iowa, “shepherds” usually have been paid staff of the Northeast Iowa Food and Fitness Initiative partner organizations. Some literature characterizes leader­ship by paid staff as an asset, but such leadership also can foster more limited community engage­ment and empowerment. We examine some successes and challenges of engaging a regional community using the strengths of paid staff. We conclude that paid staff can offer benefits in terms of connecting local food system efforts by aligning community stakeholder efforts with formalized work efforts of organizations represented by paid staff, which contributes to the compounded impacts of the work. At the same time, relying on paid staff may reinforce existing patterns and power structures.
Increased mitochondrial fusion allows the survival of older animals in diverse C. elegans longevity pathways

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fusion and fission events. Mitochondrial dynamics are required for mitochondrial viability and for responses to changes in bioenergetic status. Here we describe an insulin-signaling and SCFLIN-23-regulated pathway that controls mitochondrial fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans by repressing the expression of the mitochondrial proteases SPG-7 and PPGN-1. This pathway is required for mitochondrial fusion in response to physical exertion, and for the associated extension in lifespan. We show that diverse longevity pathways exhibit increased levels of elongated mitochondria. The increased mitochondrial fusion is essential for longevity in the diverse longevity pathways, as inhibiting mitochondrial fusion reduces their lifespans to wild-type levels. Our results suggest that increased mitochondrial fusion is not a major driver of longevity, but rather is essential to allow the survival of older animals beyond their normal lifespan in diverse longevity pathways.Mitochondria can undergo shape changes as a result of fusion and fission events. Here the authors describe how insulin signalling regulates mitochondrial fusion in C. elegans, and show that mitochondrial fusion is necessary, but not sufficient, for longevity of worms with mutations that increase lifespan.
On The Dynamics of Rotating Elastic Beams

In this paper we show that the rotating elastic beam model proposed by Baillieul and Levi has an inertial manifold which is linear. We emphasize that the spectrum of the linear dissipative part of the model equations does not satisfy the gap condition.
Development and Initial Evaluation of the Measure of Active Supervision and Interaction

Implementation of research-based, Tier 1 behavior management strategies can be monitored to provide data-driven feedback and in support of integrity. The Measure of Active Supervision and Interacti...
Soft-Tissue Reconstruction of the Complicated Knee Arthroplasty: Principles and Predictors of Salvage.

Background Total knee arthroplasty is a common orthopedic procedure in the United States and complications can be devastating. Soft-tissue compromise or joint infection may cause failure of prosthesis requiring knee fusion or amputation. The role of a plastic surgeon in total knee arthroplasty is critical for cases requiring optimization of the soft-tissue envelope. The purpose of this study was to elucidate factors associated with total knee arthroplasty salvage following complications and clarify principles of reconstruction to optimize outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of patients requiring soft-tissue reconstruction performed by the senior author after total knee arthroplasty over 8 years was completed. Logistic regression and Fisher's exact tests determined factors associated with the primary outcome, prosthesis salvage versus knee fusion or amputation. Results Seventy-three knees in 71 patients required soft-tissue reconstruction (mean follow-up, 1.8 years), with a salvage rate of 61.1 percent, mostly using medial gastrocnemius flaps. Patients referred to our institution with complicated periprosthetic wounds were significantly more likely to lose their knee prosthesis than patients treated only within our system. Patients with multiple prior knee operations before definitive soft-tissue reconstruction had significantly decreased rates of prosthesis salvage and an increased risk of amputation. Knee salvage significantly decreased with positive joint cultures (Gram-negative greater than Gram-positive organisms) and particularly at the time of definitive reconstruction, which also trended toward an increased risk of amputation. Conclusions In revision total knee arthroplasty, prompt soft-tissue reconstruction improves the likelihood of success, and protracted surgical courses and contamination increase failure and amputations. The authors show a benefit to involving plastic surgeons early in the course of total knee arthroplasty complications to optimize genicular soft tissues. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Losing memories during sleep after targeted memory reactivation.

Abstract Targeting memories during sleep opens powerful and innovative ways to influence the mind. We used targeted memory reactivation (TMR), which to date has been shown to strengthen learned episodes, to instead induce forgetting (TMR-Forget). Participants were first trained to associate the act of forgetting with an auditory forget tone. In a second, separate, task they learned object-sound-location pairings. Shortly thereafter, some of the object sounds were played during slow wave sleep, paired with the forget tone to induce forgetting. One week later, participants demonstrated lower recall of reactivated versus non-reactivated objects and impaired recognition memory and lowered confidence for the spatial location of the reactivated objects they failed to spontaneously recall. The ability to target specific episodic memories for forgetting during sleep has implications for developing novel therapeutic techniques for psychological disorders such as PTSD and phobias.
Using Technology to Improve the Objectivity of Criminal Responsibility Evaluations

Criminal responsibility (or insanity) evaluations require forensic clinicians to reconstruct a defendant's decision-making abilities, behavioral control, and emotional state at the time of the criminal act. Forensic evaluators are ultimately tasked to evaluate whether an individual had the capacity to understand right from wrong, and in some jurisdictions, determine whether the defendant lacked substantial capacity to conform his behavior to the requirements of the law as a result of a threshold condition (e.g., mental illness). Insanity evaluations are inherently complex, because they require the clinician to determine someone's mental state at some point in the past (weeks, months, or even years). Recent research on insanity evaluations underscores significant problems with the reliability and validity of these evaluations. However, technological advances including social media (e.g., Facebook and Twitter), mandating that law enforcement videotape interrogations, and the use of body and dashboard cameras can aid clinicians in improving the precision and quality of insanity evaluations. This article discusses practical guidelines and ethics-related concerns regarding the use of technology to improve the objectivity of criminal responsibility evaluations.
Minority carrier lifetime in mid-wavelength interband cascade infrared photodetectors

A simple and effective electrical method is developed to extract the thermal generation rate and minority carrier lifetime in type-II (T2) InAs/GaSb/Al(In)Sb superlattices (SLs) by taking advantage of the features of interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs). This method is more generally applicable, considers the parasitic shunt and series resistances found in practical devices, and can account for various transport mechanisms including Auger and Shockley-Read-Hall processes. The investigated ICIPs have cutoff wavelengths in the close vicinity of 4.3 μm at 300 K. The carrier lifetimes in these ICIPs at high temperatures (200–340 K) were extracted and found in the range of 8.5–167 ns, with values correlated with the material quality. The temperature dependence of the extracted carrier lifetime exhibited different characteristics from previously reported behavior obtained using other methods for T2SL detectors, especially at high temperatures.
Who did What at Where and When: Simultaneous Multi-Person Tracking and Activity Recognition.

We present a bootstrapping framework to simultaneously improve multi-person tracking and activity recognition at individual, interaction and social group activity levels. The inference consists of identifying trajectories of all pedestrian actors, individual activities, pairwise interactions, and collective activities, given the observed pedestrian detections. Our method uses a graphical model to represent and solve the joint tracking and recognition problems via multi-stages: (1) activity-aware tracking, (2) joint interaction recognition and occlusion recovery, and (3) collective activity recognition. We solve the where and when problem with visual tracking, as well as the who and what problem with recognition. High-order correlations among the visible and occluded individuals, pairwise interactions, groups, and activities are then solved using a hypergraph formulation within the Bayesian framework. Experiments on several benchmarks show the advantages of our approach over state-of-art methods.
The Limiting Element for Life on Earth

It is the purpose of this chapter to furnish a background for understanding the indispensable nature of inorganic phosphates in life processes. If there were no phosphates, there would be no food for our food chain. It is self-evident that phosphates have been compatible with life for hundreds of millions of years. Their compatibility with life and life nurturing qualities make them ideal substances from which to manufacture fibers and other materials of commerce. We have no reasons to fear them.
Grants and Grant Writing

One of the many reasons that people enter into academia is for the opportunity to work on their own research projects. Often working on individual research projects requires external funding, and obtaining external funding is not easy. In fact, it is one of the most challenging things that academics do. However, it is very rewarding when researchers are provided funds that enable them to perform research. This is especially true in times of tight institutional budgets or fiscal insecurity.
Proactive management of customer relationship quality: an empirical investigation of mobile phone companies

ABSTRACTConsiderable research has examined relationship quality of the in-service transactional customer perspectives resulting from direct customer-initiated contacts with firms, such as during purchases, customer service, and technical support. This study looks at relationship quality through the unique lens of the customer lifecycle, exploring the effects of pre-service and indirect company-triggered initiatives from a customer experiential value perspective using data from 429 mobile service subscribers. Our results indicate that in addition to the offering excellence, pre-service factors such as experiential value, trust in advertising, brand equity, and cloud-based customer relationship management systems, contribute substantially to customer relationship quality. These findings support the contention that firms should proactively engage in relationship quality management early in the customer lifecycle through specific pre-service and indirect initiatives during the customer requirements, engagemen...
Detection of brake lights while distracted: Separating peripheral vision from cognitive load

Drivers rarely focus exclusively on driving, even with the best of intentions. They are distracted by passengers, navigation systems, smartphones, and driver assistance systems. Driving itself requires performing simultaneous tasks, including lane keeping, looking for signs, and avoiding pedestrians. The dangers of multitasking while driving, and efforts to combat it, often focus on the distraction itself, rather than on how a distracting task can change what the driver can perceive. Critically, some distracting tasks require the driver to look away from the road, which forces the driver to use peripheral vision to detect driving-relevant events. As a consequence, both looking away and being distracted may degrade driving performance. To assess the relative contributions of these factors, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which we separately varied cognitive load and point of gaze. Subjects performed a visual 0-back or 1-back task at one of four fixation locations superimposed on a real-world driving video, while simultaneously monitoring for brake lights in their lane of travel. Subjects were able to detect brake lights in all conditions, but once the eccentricity of the brake lights increased, they responded more slowly and missed more braking events. However, our cognitive load manipulation had minimal effects on detection performance, reaction times, or miss rates for brake lights. These results suggest that, for tasks that require the driver to look off-road, the decrements observed may be due to the need to use peripheral vision to monitor the road, rather than due to the distraction itself.
Cell Fusion: Merging Membranes and Making Muscle

Cell fusion is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, and plays a key role in the formation of various cell types and tissues. Recent findings have highlighted the varied protein machinery that drives plasma-membrane merger in different systems, which is characterized by diverse structural and functional elements. We highlight the discovery and activities of several key sets of fusion proteins that together offer an evolving perspective on cell membrane fusion. We also emphasize recent discoveries in vertebrate myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle, which is composed of numerous multinucleated myofibers formed by the fusion of progenitor cells during development.
Game based learning for safety and security education

Safety and security education are important part of technology related education, because of recent number of increase in safety and security related incidents. Game based learning is an emerging and rapidly advancing forms of computer-assisted instruction. Game based learning for safety and security education enables students to learn concepts and skills without the risk of physical injury and security breach. In this paper, a pedestal grinder safety game and physical security game have been developed using industrial standard modeling and game development software. The average score of the knowledge test of grinder safety game was 82%, which is higher than traditional lecture only instruction method. In addition, the survey of physical security game shows 84% average satisfaction ratio from high school students who played the game during the summer camp. The results of these studies indicated that game based learning method can enhance students’ learning without potential harm to the students.
Pharmacotherapy of cognition in schizophrenia

Key issues in the pharmacotherapy of cognition in schizophrenia are whether atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) are effective to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS), possible biological bases for their efficacy, and the translational value of animal models. Although meta-analyses show modest beneficial effect of AAPDs for CIS, many consider them ineffective, mainly because of discounting improvements in subgroups of patients, overreliance on composite measures vs. specific domains as primary end points, reduced response in patients with tardive dyskinesia, and short clinical trials. AAPDs, and rarely typical APDs, ameliorate cognitive impairment in rodents following subchronic treatment with phencyclidine, an N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, possibly through enhancement of cortical and hippocampal dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and diverse procognitive synaptic processes.