cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A search for conditioned reinforcement effects in negative automaintenance of keypecking

The relationship between pecking and keylight termination was systematically varied to assess possible conditioned reinforcement effects of keylight termination in negative automaintained pecking. Pecking was observed under conditions where pecking produced sustained keylight termination, brief keylight termination, or had no effect on key illumination. The proportion of trials with a peck was unrelated to the peck-termination contingency. The latency on trials with a peck was shortest in the sustained termination condition. The rate of pecking on trials with a peck was highest in the condition where termination was independent of pecking. Overall, the results provide little support for the notion that keylight termination functions as a conditioned reinforcer in the negative automaintenance paradigm.
An analysis of the topographical effect on turbulence and diffusion in the atmosphere's boundary layer

An analysis of the wind data recorded at the fifteen stations in the Salt Lake Valley indicates that the distributions of the kinetic energy of the mean and turbulent motions in the valley are generally inhomogeneous and nonstationary. The mean motion in the valley, which is strongly affected by the mountain-valley winds, shows a southeasterly flow in the evening and early morning, a northwesterly flow in the afternoon, and a transitional flow in the late morning and after sunset. The mountain winds generally associate with a horizontally convergent flow, whereas the valley winds associate with a horizontally divergent flow. The distributions of the kinetic energy of the mean and turbulent motions show a maximum occurring in the central part of the valley and two minimums, one in the northern and one in the southern part of the valley. In the afternoon, both the mean and turbulent motions increase their intensities, particularly in the western part of the valley. An analysis of the dispersion characteristics indicates that the rate of diffusion in the valley changes with time and space, with a maximum occurring in the early afternoon and minimum in the early morning.
On the nutritive value of certain oils.

ConclusionFrom the data at hand it would seem that the highly unsaturated fatty acids of cod liver oil can be used by fat deficient rats for growth, but that their scaly skin is cured only by linolic and linolenic acids, which, apparently are lacking in cod liver oil.It may prove possible to isolate a fat which will cure the skin without producing growth, as indicated by Sinclair's experience.The fat deficiency may therefore resolve itself into 2 factors. It so happens that linolic and linoienic acids seem to relieve both growth and skin abnormalities. The relative values of several fatty acids in the prevention of the above symptoms as well as kidney degeneration is being included in our present studies.
Mobility, embodiment, and scales: Filipino immigrant perspectives on local food

Local foodshed proponents in the United States seek to change the food system through campaigns to “buy local” and to rediscover “good food” in the local foodshed. Presumably, common sense dictates that the word “local” signifies spatial proximity to the consumer. For some populations, however, both the terms “local” and “local food” signify various different meanings. The local food definition generally used by scholars and activists alike as “geographically proximate food” is unhelpfully narrow. Localist rhetoric often does not incorporate the food choices and practices of immigrants, migrants, and refugees. In this paper, I report the various characterizations of local food among Filipino immigrants in San Diego, California: (1) geography-based local food; (2) (US) America-based local food; (3) community-based local food; and (4) immigrant identity-based local food. Local foodshed proponents should acknowledge those who have a starkly different definition of “local”—those who possess translocal subjectivities, for whom “local-ness” is both mobile and embodied. My study underscores how the movement of food—or its containment within a geographic space—cannot be viewed in isolation from the movement of people.
Designing a college web-based course using a modified personalized system of instruction (PSI) model

With proper planning and attention to instructional design, Web-based courses can provide a convenient and instructionally sound method of course delivery. The PSI model is a proven model that can be applied to many Webbased courses
Storage and use of residual dried blood spots from state newborn screening programs.

Objectives To provide current data for policy discussions and to assess future needs among newborn screening programs regarding the storage and use of residual dried blood spots (DBS) in the United States. Study design An electronic questionnaire was administered to U.S. state health department laboratory directors in 2003. Results Responses were received from 49 of the 50 states. Approximately half of them stored residual DBS for more than 6 months, 57% did not have a written policy that determines how residual DBS can or cannot be used, and 16% informed parents that DBS might be retained. Residual DBS were used by 74% of respondents for evaluation of newborn screening tests, by 52% for clinical or forensic testing, and by 28% for epidemiologic studies. Use of DBS was reported more frequently by states with extended storage. When asked if they might participate in an anonymous multistate epidemiologic study by contributing unlinked DBS, 41% responded affirmatively. Conclusions More states have used residual DBS for evaluating newborn screening tests than for epidemiologic studies. There is potential interest among states in using unlinked DBS for multistate studies and a need for written policies addressing all uses of residual DBS.
Heritage that Hurts: Tourists in the Memoryscapes of September 11 Joy Sather-Wagstaff. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2011.

Heritage that Hurts: Tourists in the Memoryscapes of September 11 Joy Sather-Wagstaff. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2011.At first glance, the subject of Heritage that Hurts: Tourists in the Memoryscapes of September 11 might seem premature and even tasteless. But Sather-Wagstaff's book is framed by the argument that the almost universal caricature of a tourist to the site of the World Trade Center (WTC) as a voyeuristic gawker is both simplistic and in most cases false. Rather, she argues, it is the tourist who performs the act of memorial on a daily and individual basis, who transacts with and contributes to the ever-changing makeshift memorials at the site, and who enlarges the narrative and meaning of the site by taking home memories, photographic documents, and physical evidence (souvenirs) of those memorial acts. Sather-Wagstaff's book is one of very few volumes on the WTC site that does not address its permanent memorial structures; her focus is on the more performative and contingent acts of bringing and leaving photographs, flowers, written messages, flags and other ephemera to the site and with tourist engagement with these objects to create constantly changing "memoryscapes." Such memoryscapes, Sather-Wagstaff argues, are by their very nature contingent, unstable, and in flux; their multiple meanings are molded, formed, and reformed over time and in large by tourists. Thus, the WTC site functions as a site of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Sather-Wagstaff has written a remarkably sensitive and sometimes profound book that is both theoretically complex and intellectually sophisticated. She posits that, while many believe it too soon to examine the social, cultural, political, and personal implications of the WTC site, this is, as Geoffrey White claims, "just such a fluid moment of contested meaning that anthropology would be expected to embrace" (11).Sather-Wagstaff's book is divided into eight chapters: the first four set her theoretical stage, and the next four address specific case studies. The first chapter describes the various ways in which a "heritage that hurts" (11) has been created at the WTC site, narrates the events of 9/11, and describes the physical history of the site since 9/11. Chapter two explores the intersections between theory and methods in the production of both memory and tourism. Chapter three extends this framework to explore the problematics of socalled "dark" or "disaster tourism. …
Indroduction to Parallel Objecty-Oriented Scientific Computing

High-performance scientific computing is arguably of greater importance than heretofore in the history of computing. Traditionally used primarily in support of fission- and fusion bomb design and weather forecasting, numericallyintensive applications running on massively parallel machines may be found modelling any number of natural phenomena from the smallest scale to the largest— from nuclear dynamics to the formation and evolution of the universt—as well as for the design of human artifacts—automobiles, aircraft, internal combustion engines, Pharmaceuticals—the list seems endless.
Acetate inhibition of Pseudomonas putida

To study the effect of acetate inhibition on the parameters of yield and maintenance for bacterial growth, Pseudomonas putida ATCC 23467 was grown in a minimal salts medium with acetate as the sole carbon source with limiting and with excess quantities of urea in the feed medium. The behavior of the chemostat cultures under sole acetate limitation results in low residual acetate present in the fermentation broth. These cultures can be described satisfactorily using the equation q(s) = D/Y(g) + m, i.e., the acetate is consumed only for growth and maintenance,. Those cultures in which urea was limiting or where urea was present in large excess contained significant amounts of residual acetate in the broth. For these cultures it was necessary to add a third term for acetate inhibition to the above expression.
Internal reconstruction in Hungarian

An internal reconstruction of Hungarian based mostly on the morphophonemic alternations of the modern language yields dramatically different results from those obtained from a purely synchronic approach to the same data. This article presents such a reconstruction and argues that the striking contrast between the forms and processes it entails and those favored by a synchronic analysis demonstrates the need to give performance (parole) at least as much consideration as competence (langue) in the study of language history.
Acoustic echo-sounding techniques and their application to gravity-wave, turbulence, and stability studies

This paper is a brief summary of recent experimental studies conducted by the WPL staff in order to: (a) compare acoustic echo strengths with those predicted from measured turbulence intensities and scatter theory; (b) develop optimum experimental geometries for Doppler work, and (c) use the acoustic echo-sounder as a quantitative tool in studies of gravity wave dynamics in, and immediately above, the stable planetary boundary layer. We find that the observed acoustic echo strengths are roughly an order of magnitude greater than those predicted theoretically. This discrepancy might be in part due to partial reflection although the comparison is somewhat clouded by uncertainties in our knowledge of the equipment characteristics, propagation losses, etc. Comparisons between Doppler and in situ wind measurements give confidence in the Doppler results, but further experimentation and comparisons are needed. Preliminary use of acoustic Doppler data in a case study of gravity-wave dynamics in the planetary boundary layer has yielded boundary-layer wind speed and direction profiles which give insight into the mechanisms responsible for the wave generation. The Doppler data yield estimates of the wave associated momentum fluxes (∼a few dyn cm−2) as well. The results derived from the acoustic techniques are quite encouraging, but thus far remain unsubstantiated by independent wind and flux measurements.
Uterine Receptivity for Blastocyst Implantation

The receptivity for blastocyst implantation is controlled by progesterone and in some species by the synergistic action of progesterone and estrogen. The duration of the receptive phase, the so-called "window," is short in rodents (less than 24 hours) and may be three days in the primate. Once the uterus becomes receptive, it automatically becomes refractory at the end of the receptive phase. The uterus in the refractory phase can be toxic to the blastocyst in small laboratory animals. The endometrium of the receptive uterus may be characterized by the following parameters: (1) Formation of bulbous protrusions on the apical surface of the luminal epithelium; (2) Secretion of the stage-specific glycoproteins by the luminal epithelium; (3) Readiness of stromal cells to decidualize when appropriate stimulation is applied; and (4) Reorganization and changes of stromal extracellular matrix components so that stromal cells are conditioned for decidualization, and after decidualization the appearance of basement membrane components in the matrix.
The client-therapist relationship in rational-emotive therapy

In this article, an analysis of rational-emotive therapy (RET) is made with particular attention to the client-therapist relationship as well as to the personal therapeutic style and influence of its founder, Albert Ellis, on patients in therapy. Features of RET and its practice by Albert Ellis which appear to foster the therapist-client relationship include: 1. varying therapy style depending on client characteristics; 2. persistently pointing out client's irrational thoughts as a way of demonstrating therapist's helping efforts; 3. successful completion by client of assigned homework; 4. therapy is focused on current, meaningful problems of client; 5. RET therapists' communication to client's of their own faith in the validity of RET therapy; 6. use by therapist of compliments about client's brightness, competence and likelihood of success in therapy. While RET may not be everybody's cup of tea (e.g., religious individuals), it does appear that the aspects noted above contribute to the fostering of a positive relationship in therapy and can be influential in producing positive outcomes in therapy.
Fat facets and Liquid facets promote Delta endocytosis and Delta signaling in the signaling cells

Endocytosis modulates the Notch signaling pathway in both the signaling and receiving cells. One recent hypothesis is that endocytosis of the ligand Delta by the signaling cells is essential for Notch activation in the receiving cells. Here, we present evidence in strong support of this model. We show that in the developing Drosophila eye Fat facets (Faf), a deubiquitinating enzyme, and its substrate Liquid facets (Lqf), an endocytic epsin, promote Delta internalization and Delta signaling in the signaling cells. We demonstrate that while Lqf is necessary for three different Notch/Delta signaling events at the morphogenetic furrow, Faf is essential only for one: Delta signaling by photoreceptor precluster cells, which prevents recruitment of ectopic neurons. In addition, we show that the ubiquitin-ligase Neuralized (Neur), which ubiquitinates Delta, functions in the signaling cells with Faf and Lqf. The results presented bolster one model for Neur function in which Neur enhances Delta signaling by stimulating Delta internalization in the signaling cells. We propose that Faf plays a role similar to that of Neur in the Delta signaling cells. By deubiquitinating Lqf, which enhances the efficiency of Delta internalization, Faf stimulates Delta signaling.
Purification and characterization of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified approximately 1500-fold. The enzyme catalyzes the Mg-dependent condensation of adenine and 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to yield AMP. The purification procedure included anion exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing and gel filtration. Elution of the enzyme from the chromatofocusing column indicated a pI value of 4.7. The molecular mass for the native enzyme was 50 kDa; however, upon electrophoresis under denaturing conditions two bands of apparent molecular mass of 29 and 20 kDa were observed. We have previously reported the presence of two separate coding sequences for APRT, APT1 and APT2 in S. cerevisiae. The appearance of two bands under denaturing conditions suggests that, unlike other APRTs, this enzyme could form heterodimers. This may be the basis for substrate specificity differences between this enzyme and other APRTs. Substrate kinetics and product inhibition patterns are consistent with a ping-pong mechanism. The Km for adenine and PRPP were 6 microM and 15 microM, respectively and the Vmax was 15 micromol/min. These kinetic constants are comparable to the constants of APRT from other organisms.
High-velocity interstellar gas in the line of sight to the Wolf-Rayet star HD 50896

The large shell of interstellar gas (IG) discovered toward HD 50896 by Heckathorn and Fesen (1984) is characterized on the basis of high-dispersion IUE SWP and LWR spectra of 19 objects located within 4 deg of HD 50896 (but outside the optical ring nebula S308) at distances 0.6-2.9 kpc (compared to 1.5 kpc for HD 50896). The IG is found to have two components (at velocities -80 and -125 km/s), diameter 90 pc or greater, and distance 1.0 + or - 0.2 kpc, demonstrating that it is not related to HD 50896 and suggesting that it is a highly evolved supernova remnant associated with cluster Cr 121.
Operation Opera: an Ambiguous Success

To assess the efficacy of Israel's strike on Osirak, one must determine Israel's strategic objectives and their material effects on Iraqi capabilities. The capacity of the facilities to produce fissionable material without detection remains in dispute. So, too, does the timeline—and therefore the imminence—of Iraqi acquisition of a nuclear option. The political cost-benefit equation in this case requires a fair dose of subjective judgment. How much did the Israelis delay the program? How much did Iraqi motivation increase post facto? Is military counter-proliferation a viable strategy? Was the potential Iraqi bomb worth risking a bold, unprovoked attack that inevitably drew the condemnation of the world? Did the raid, in toto, raise or lower the risk of regional proliferation in the Middle East? All of these considerations must factor into an informed opinion on the retrospective wisdom of Begin's decision. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol3/iss4/8 Journal of Strategic Security Volume III Issue 4 2010, pp. 49-62 DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.3.4.3 Journal of Strategic Security (c) 2010 ISSN: 1944-0464 eISSN: 1944-0472 49 Operation Opera: an Ambiguous Success Joshua Kirschenbaum jak75@georgetown.edu
Pharmacogenetic assessment of the effects of carbamazepine on cocaine-kindled and cocaine-induced seizures.

Abstract The effects of chronic carbamazepine (CBZ) on the development and expression of cocaine-kindled seizures and seizures produced by an acute injection of cocaine were evaluated in BALB/cByJ, C57B1/6J and SJL/J mice. The repeated administration of a subconvulsant dose of cocaine initially resulted in the development of an increased sensitivity to the convulsant effects of cocaine in the three strains. Chronic, dietary carbamazepine attenuated this initial sensitization to cocaine-induced seizures. While the continued administration of cocaine resulted in a relatively permanent sensitization to cocaine-induced seizures among SJL mice, tolerance to cocaine-induced seizures ultimately developed among C57 mice and to a lesser degree among BALB mice. Genetic factors were found to mediate the effects of chronic CBZ on the development of sensitization and/or tolerance to the convulsant effects of cocaine. Among BALB mice, chronic CBZ appears to have eliminated the development of tolerance to cocaine-induced seizures and allowed an underlying sensitization to be manifest. Among SJL mice, however, the sensitization observed following repeated cocaine injections was reduced, but not eliminated. Genetic factors were also found to be associated with the effects of CBZ on seizures induced by the acute administration of cocaine. BALB and C57 mice, but not SJL mice, chronically treated with dietary CBZ were less susceptible to a consulvant dose of cocaine than their corresponding dietary controls for at least 72 h after stopping CBZ administration. In addition, there were genotype-specific lethal effects associated with the concurrent administration of CBZ and cocaine.
Model Integrating Assistive Technology Use and Human Performance for People with Disabilities

The ageing workforce and returning veterans have generated a heightened awareness of the need to accommodate people with disabilities in the workplace. A critical factor in developing useful accommodations is being able to accurately quantify the abilities of the person and the demands of the environment. Human factors specialists are often involved with measuring human capabilities and environmental factors with the aim of improving human performance. However, the use of assistive technology (AT) is typically not considered in the development of such assessment models. This paper presents a theoretical framework for the integration of AT into a process model for assessing human performance.
Structured matrices and newton's iteration: unified approach

Abstract Recent progress in the study of structured matrices shows advantages of unifying the treatment of various classes of such matrices. We recall some fundamental techniques for such a unification and then specify it in full details for Newton's iteration, which rapidly improves an initial approximation to the inverse matrix by performing two matrix multiplications per recursive step. The iteration is particularly suitable for n × n structured matrices, represented with O( n ) entries of their short generators rather than with their own n 2 entries. Based on such a representation, matrix operations are performed much more rapidly and use much less memory space. A major problem is to control the length of the generators, which tends to grow quite rapidly in the iterative process. Two known methods solve this problem for Toeplitz-like and Cauchy-like matrices. We extend both methods to a more general class of structured matrices and estimate the convergence rate as well as the computational complexity. Some novel techniques are introduced in this study, in particular for the estimation of the norms of the inverse displacement operators.
International Telephone Calls: Global and Regional Patterns

This study examines patterns in international telephone communications, documenting a close relationship between international call volume aggregated by nation and indicators of global connectivity including volume of international trade, tourism and migration. In addition, the analysis documents the existence of a set of national "communities" of callers. The clear orientation of large portions of the world to former colonial powers (e.g., West Africa and North Africa to France), and the separation of the Muslim Middle East and the Chinese-speaking nations of East and Southeast Asia from other calling communities suggest the importance of continuing historic and cultural influences on information flows.
Functional Pituitary Tumor in an Adult Possibly Secondary to Long-Standing Myxedema

A 35-yr-old woman with primary myxedema, diagnosed as hypothyroid at the age of 8, developed a large pituitary tumor after several years without thyroid hormone therapy. The patient had galactorrhea and menorrhagia, indicating that gonadotropin secretion was not impaired. It is possible that the pituitary tumor resulted from inadequate feedback of thyroid hormone on hypothalamic or pituitary centers regulating TSH release.
Inhibition of Replication of Ribonucleic Acid Bacteriophage f2 by Superinfection with Bacteriophage T4

Superinfection by phage T4 of cells infected by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage f2 results in inhibition of further f2 production. Experiments using rifampin show that the exclusion of f2 requires T4 gene function soon after T4 infection. By using a sensitive new peptide-mapping procedure to identify f2 coat protein in infected cells, we show that synthesis of the f2 coat occurs at a reduced level until 4 min after T4 superinfection and then ceases abruptly. Within 4 min after T4 superinfection, there are also several changes in f2 RNA metabolism, all of which require T4 gene function: preexisting f2 replicative intermediate RNA and f2 single-stranded RNA are degraded to small but still acid-precipitable fragments, and most f2-specific RNA is released from polyribosomes. We favor the hypothesis that T4 induces the synthesis of a specific endoribonuclease which degrades f2 RNA and that the inhibition of f2 protein synthesis may be a consequence of this degradation, rather than a direct effect of T4 upon translation.
Learning the priority for rule execution

We present a novel method to learn the priorities of rules for sequential rule execution during the running of a rule engine system. The priority based ordering of rules influences the condition evaluation count of rule execution. User-assigned priorities can not guarantee optimal execution performance. We present and prove that the execution count and the dependency relationship are two factors influencing the optimal assignment of priorities. Furthermore, we propose an efficient priority learning algorithm where the priorities can be corrected during the running of the rule engine system to achieve a statistically minimal condition evaluation count. Experiments indicate that the execution performance of a rule engine system can be improved by using learned priorities.
Microneedle Patches: Usability and Acceptability for Self-Vaccination against Influenza

While therapeutic drugs are routinely self-administered by patients, there is little precedent for self-vaccination. Convenient self-vaccination may expand vaccination coverage and reduce administration costs. Microneedle patches are in development for many vaccines, but no reports exist on usability or acceptability. We hypothesized that naive patients could apply patches and that self-administered patches would improve stated intent to receive an influenza vaccine. We conducted a randomized, repeated measures study with 91 venue-recruited adults. To simulate vaccination, subjects received placebo microneedle patches given three times by self-administration and once by the investigator, as well as an intramuscular injection of saline. Seventy participants inserted patches with thumb pressure alone and the remainder used snap-based devices that closed shut at a certain force. Usability was assessed by skin staining and acceptability was measured with an adaptive-choice analysis. The best usability was seen with the snap device, with users inserting a median value of 93–96% of microneedles over three repetitions. When a self-administered microneedle patch was offered, intent to vaccinate increased from 44% to 65% (CI: 55–74%). The majority of those intending vaccination would prefer to self-vaccinate: 64% (CI: 51–75%). There were no serious adverse events associated with use of microneedle patches. The findings from this initial study indicate that microneedle patches for self-vaccination against influenza are usable and may lead to improved vaccination coverage.
Extending Corporate Social Responsibility Research to the Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior Domains: A Look to the Future

Although issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become an important topic of research, there have been few studies on this topic conducted in the fields of human resource (HR) management and organizational behavior (OB). To address this gap, we edited a special issue of Personnel Psychology that explicitly focuses attention on CSR in the HR/OB domains. In this introductory editorial, we synthesize and extend the four articles published in the special issue. We also address issues relating to the conceptualization and measurement of CSR, the application of microlevel theories to CSR, and the practical and methodological implications of research in this domain. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research linking CSR with some of the most frequently studied topics in HR/OB. We propose that a focus on HR/OB will improve our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of CSR and also benefit HR/OB in terms of bridging the science�practice and micro�macro gaps.
The Metamorphosis of Workplace Conflict

The indirect and informal ways subordinates use to ‘get even’ are explored based on a literature review and fieldwork. The multiple causal factors at work and the interactive nature of these scenarios make chaos theory applicable. The metaphor of ‘metamorphosis’ is used to describe how unresolved conflicts twist and change form over time. Five case examples from the USA are included as illustrations. The transformations conflicts undergo are categorized into four forms: namely, the restatement of an issue, pressure tactics, acts of retribution and compensatory acts. The tactics and meanings that are commonly associated with each category are described. Previously, conflicts have been framed narrowly in short-term, individualistic, rational and substantive terms. Much can be learned by viewing these situations in long-term, social, interactive, emotional and symbolic terms. Elements of subordinate subcultures often come into conflict with the dominant organization culture. These clashes produce unique and ...
Quality evaluation of value sets from cancer study common data elements using the UMLS semantic groups.

Objective The objective of this study is to develop an approach to evaluate the quality of terminological annotations on the value set (ie, enumerated value domain) components of the common data elements (CDEs) in the context of clinical research using both unified medical language system (UMLS) semantic types and groups. Materials and methods The CDEs of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Data Standards Repository, the NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) concepts and the UMLS semantic network were integrated using a semantic web-based framework for a SPARQL-enabled evaluation. First, the set of CDE-permissible values with corresponding meanings in external controlled terminologies were isolated. The corresponding value meanings were then evaluated against their NCI- or UMLS-generated semantic network mapping to determine whether all of the meanings fell within the same semantic group. Results Of the enumerated CDEs in the Cancer Data Standards Repository, 3093 (26.2%) had elements drawn from more than one UMLS semantic group. A random sample (n=100) of this set of elements indicated that 17% of them were likely to have been misclassified. Discussion The use of existing semantic web tools can support a high-throughput mechanism for evaluating the quality of large CDE collections. This study demonstrates that the involvement of multiple semantic groups in an enumerated value domain of a CDE is an effective anchor to trigger an auditing point for quality evaluation activities. Conclusion This approach produces a useful quality assurance mechanism for a clinical study CDE repository.
Optimizing bandwidth limited problems using one-sided communication and overlap

This paper demonstrates the one-sided communication used in languages like UPC can provide a significant performance advantage for bandwidth-limited applications. This is shown through communication microbenchmarks and a case-study of UPC and MPI implementations of the NAS FT benchmark. Our optimizations rely on aggressively overlapping communication with computation, alleviating bottlenecks that typically occur when communication is isolated in a single phase. The new algorithms send more and smaller messages, yet the one-sided versions achieve > 1.9/spl times/ speedup over the base Fortran/MPI. Our one-sided versions show an average 15% improvement over the two-sided versions, due to the lower software overhead of onesided communication, whose semantics are fundamentally lighter-weight than message passing. Our UPC results use Berkeley UPC with GASNet and demonstrate the scalability of that system, with performance approaching 0.5 TFlop/s on the FT benchmark with 512 processors.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Semiconductor Resonant Cavity Linear Interferometric Intensity Modulator

The phase response of an injection locked semiconductor laser that is used as the phase modulator in a resonant cavity linear interferometric intensity modulator is studied in detail. It is shown that, signal-to-intermodulation ratio of such a modulator is affected by the injection ratio, linewidth enhancement factor of the semiconductor laser, residual amplitude modulation, depth of phase modulation, and linearity of the resonant cavity response. Experimental measurements of the signal-to-intermodulation ratio of this modulator using a semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser as the resonant cavity are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values.
Sonographic Evaluation of Fournier’s Gangrene:

Fournier’s gangrene is a rare type of necrotizing fasciitis specific to the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissues of the external genitalia, perineum, perirectal, and ischiorectal regions. It...
A Thorny Dilemma: Testing Alternative Intrageneric Classifications within Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae)

Ziziphus comprises approximately 170 species native to the tropics and subtropics. Two economically important species, Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana, are cultivated for their fruit. Given the economic importance of these two species, we undertook a reexamination of the intrageneric phylogenetic relationships to identify their closest relatives and to test two alternative intrageneric classifications. These two classifications were tested by using a simultaneous analysis of morphological characters together with nuclear (ITS and 26S rDNA) and plastid (trnL-F) genes. The Old World and New World species of Ziziphus formed two separate well-supported clades. The Old World species of Ziziphus are more closely related to Paliurus than to the New World species, thereby rendering Ziziphus paraphyletic. Sarcomphalus is placed within the New World Ziziphus clade, which supports the transfer of Sarcomphalus to Ziziphus. The earlier placement of Condaliopsis in Ziziphus was supported for one species previously placed in Condaliopsis, Z. obtusifolia, but was contradicted for the other Condaliopsis-like species, Z. celata. Ziziphus celata is more closely related to Rhamneae than it is to Paliureae.
Power: Relational, Discursive, and Performative Dimensions

This article draws on the conceptual link between power and causality to develop an account of the relational, discursive, and performative dimensions of power. Each proposed dimension of power is grounded in a different understanding of social causes: relational-realist, discursive-hermeneutic, and performative-pragmatic. For the purposes of empirical analysis, this dimensional schema crosscuts the classic sources of power typology developed by Michael Mann and others, thus rendering the conceptual apparatus for pursuing sociological research on power more complex and explanatorily effective. The schema is illustrated by an example from comparative-historical sociology: explaining the storming of the Bastille and its effects. A series of research questions for investigating the relative autonomy of performative power is proposed. Finally, the current schema is situated vis-a-vis classic sociological theories of power, including the arguments of Steven Lukes, Michel Foucault, and Pierre Bourdieu, among ot...
Pathways to mutualism breakdown

Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature despite the widely held view that they are unstable interactions. Models predict that mutualists might often evolve into parasites, can abandon their partners to live autonomously and are also vulnerable to extinction. Yet a basic empirical question, whether mutualisms commonly break down, has been mostly overlooked. As we discuss here, recent progress in molecular systematics helps address this question. Newly constructed phylogenies reveal that parasites as well as autonomous (non-mutualist) taxa are nested within ancestrally mutualistic clades. Although models have focused on the propensity of mutualism to become parasitic, such shifts appear relatively rarely. By contrast, diverse systems exhibit reversions to autonomy, and this might be a common and unexplored endpoint to mutualism.
Generation of surface features in films deposited by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation: the effects of the stress confinement and droplet landing velocity

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are applied to investigate the origins of the surface features observed in films deposited by the Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The formation of transient balloon-like structures with a polymer-rich surface layer enclosing matrix vapor, observed in earlier simulations of slow heating of polymer-matrix droplets, has been explored in this work at higher rates of thermal energy deposition. Tensile stresses generated in the regime of partial stress confinement are found to induce an internal boiling in the overheated droplets and associated generation of “molecular balloons” at thermal energy densities at which no homogeneous boiling takes place without the assistance of tensile stresses. Simulations of the dynamic processes occurring upon the collision of a polymer-matrix droplet with a substrate provide the molecular-level pictures of the droplet impact phenomenon and reveal the connections between the droplet landing velocity and the shapes of the polymer features observed in scanning electron microscopy images of films deposited in MAPLE experiments. The distinct types of surface features observed in MAPLE experiments, namely, wrinkled “deflated balloons,” localized arrangements of interconnected polymer filaments, and elongated “nanofibers,” are shown to emerge from different scenarios of droplet landing and/or disintegration observed in the simulations.
Deterioration of cane juice—sources and indicators

Laboratory tests, comparing microbial, enzymic, and chemical deterioration of sucrose in factory cane juice, were undertaken. Heat (boiling temperature) and biocide treated juice, as well as untreated juice, were deteriorated at 27 � C (to simulate factory ambient temperature) in an incubator over 71 h. The biocide-treated juice retained its dark brown colour, fresh odour, initial pH andBrix levels over 71 h. In strong contrast, after 71 h the untreated juice was light brown, had a strong alcohol odour and markedly lower pH andBrix levels. The colour of the heated juice decreased only after 23 h, and the juice was viscous after 71 h and had neither a fresh nor alcoholic odour. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were analyzed using gas chromatography. Over the first 14 h of deterioration, 93.0% of sucrose losses were microbial, 5.7% enzymic and 1.3% were chemical (acid degradation). Ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD) was used to simultaneously determine ethanol, man- nitol, and oligosaccharides in deteriorated cane juice. The rate of formation of mannitol, produced from the reduction of fructose by mannitol dehydrogenase in dextran forming Leuconostoc bacteria, was much higher than associated oligosaccharides or ethanol formation. A further investigation of the use of mannitol as a sensitive indicator of future dextran-related processing problems at the cane factory is warranted. Ethanol was shown not to be very useful as an indicator of Leuconostoc bacterial cane deterioration. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Optimal H ∞ model reduction via linear matrix inequalities: continuous- and discrete-time cases

Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a solution to the continuous-time and discrete-time H∞ model reduction problems. These conditions are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and a coupling non-convex rank constraint set. In addition, an explicit parametrization of all reduced-order models that correspond to a feasible solution is provided in terms of a contractive matrix. These results follow from the recent solution of the H∞ control design problem using LMIs. Particularly simple conditions and a simple parametrization of all solutions are obtained for the zeroth-order H∞ approximation problem, and the convexity of this problem is demonstrated. Computational issues are discussed and an iterative procedure is proposed to solve the H∞ model reduction problem using alternating projections, although global convergence of the algorithm is not guaranteed.
Observations on the Prevalence of the Signs and Symptoms Associated with Withdrawal During Continuous Observation of Experimental Intoxication and Withdrawal in Humans

The clinical study by Victor and Adams (1953) and the experimental studies of intoxication and withdrawal in humans by Isbell and his coworkers (1955), by Mendelson (1964) and by Mello (1972) have clearly established the importance of withdrawal in producing the signs and symptoms of the clinical picture associated with delirium tremens and related states (which are now recognized as manifestations of the withdrawal syndrome). The experimental studies also demonstrated that, even during the drinking period, many of these signs and symptoms appeared. The nature of the partial withdrawal and its relation to total withdrawal require clarification.
Making Global Value Chain Research More Accessible

Global value chains research has generated a resurgence in Leontief-style input-output analysis, since the introduction of publicly available international input-output (IIO) tables. This paper is designed to clearly present Leontief concepts and applications for international economists who may be largely unaware of these techniques. We present an overview of the structure of IIO tables and related analysis of the sources of value flowing through global production networks. We also provide the methodology to calculate flows to and from specific sectors and regions, with results and code for several examples.
Evolution of pulse shapes during a conventional compressor scan in a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system and its effect on electron acceleration in plasmas

The skewness of the envelope function of 50–100 femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses has been controlled by appropriate choice of the higher order spectral phase coefficients, and used for optimization of a plasma wake-field electron accelerator.
Comparison of Nd3+ in GdLiF4 and YLiF4 by Fourier Spectroscopy

An investigation on the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ doped GdLiF4 (GLF), a new laser crystal, is reported. Our high resolution absorption and emission spectra for GLF are nearly identical to those of Nd:LiYF4 (YLF) strongly suggesting that the two crystals are isostructural. The linewidths of Nd:GLF are independent of Nd concentration up to 4%.
Repurposing cryptosporidium inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents.

Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the pivotal step in guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH is a target for immunosuppressive, antiviral, and anticancer drugs, but, as of yet, has not been exploited for antimicrobial therapy. We have previously reported potent inhibitors of IMPDH from the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CpIMPDH). Many pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes, contain IMPDHs that should also be inhibited by these compounds. Herein, we present the structure–activity relationships for the inhibition of B. anthracis IMPDH (BaIMPDH) and antibacterial activity of 140 compounds from five structurally distinct compound series. Many potent inhibitors of BaIMPDH were identified (78% with IC50 ≤ 1 μM). Four compounds had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of less than 2 μM against B. anthracis Sterne 770. These compounds also displayed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes.
Radiative Width of the η Meson

The cross section for the phtotproduction of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ mesons by the Primakoff process has been measured at bremsstrahlung energies of 5.8, 9.0, and 11.45 GeV. A value of 0.324 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.046 keV was obtained for the partial width of the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ meson decaying into photon pairs. This result is a factor of 3 lower than the previously accepted value.
A Primer for Citizen Science Engagement

Review of: Be the Change: Saving the World with Citizen Science; Chandra Clarke; (2013). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Seattle, WA. 85 pages.
Role of Nasopharyngeal Tonsils in the Mechanism of Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus.

RICHARD W.NEWCOMB (Children's Asthma Research Institute, Denver, Colo.): Do you have any idea how the antibody titers in your nasal fluids relate to immunoglobulin concentrations? Dr. OGRA: We are working on it at the moment. It seems that total gamma-A-immunoglobulin concentration decreases by about twofold, but it is not as constant as the drop in the specific viral antibody. E.RICHARD STIEHM (UCLA Center for the Health Sciences): What is the relative contribution of the tonsillectomy and the adenoidectomy to the immune deficiency noted? Dr. OGRA: It is very hard these days to pick up children who have had isolated tonsillectomies. I do not have any information on the individual participation of tonsils and adenoids. Most of the children we studied had complete removal of tonsils as well as adenoids.
Progress on Understanding Ageism

Almost 50 years ago, ageism (negative attitudes toward older adults) was introduced as a significant social issue. Since then, the worldwide population of adults ages 60 and over has rapidly become the fastest growing age group, making the study of ageism an even more pressing social issue. This review outlines three broad and intertwined themes as the field continues to develop a fuller understanding of ageism: studying both positive and negative aspects of ageism, taking a lifespan focus, and integrating the study of ageism with the study of aging. The review also focuses on several timely subthemes such as the need and benefits of expanding measures of ageism and intervening variables, expanding the diversity of study samples, expanding the research methodologies, and expanding the contexts under study toward greater cross-cultural and within-culture investigations. This review and the international, interdisciplinary research showcased in this special issue are intended to set the stage for the next wave of international research on ageism across the lifecycle and of effective interventions and public policies supporting older adults and positive intergenerational relations.
Phytoecdysteroids Activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling and Stimulate Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Young Mice

Phytoecdysteroids are natural plant steroids synthesized by a variety of hardy plants. Phytoecdysteroids, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), elicit anabolic growth effects on tissues. Previous research indicates that 20E stimulates protein synthesis in cultured muscle cells and increases grip strength in young rats after 28 days of supplementation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which an acute dose of 20E activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in vivo. Male C57BL6 mice (3-4 mo old) were fasted for 18 hr prior to receiving a single oral dose of 20E. Mice received an IP injection of puromycin (0.040 μmol/g BW) 15 min prior to tissue harvest to assess protein synthesis. Skeletal muscles were harvested at multiple time points (15-120 min) after 20E treatment. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling activation was measured via Western blot and activation of protein synthesis was assessed using the SUnSET method and Western blot. Compared to vehicle, a s...