cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addendum to “Logic of reduced power structures”

The author has been informed that several results in the article [2] referred to in the above title had been previously announced by Galvin in [1]. In particular, Lemma 2.1 of [2] is properly contained in Theorem 3(b) of [1] and Theorem 2.6 of [2] is essentially the same as Theorem 3(f) of [1]. Unfortunately, the author was unaware of Galvin's results in time to include a correct reference to [1] in [2]. Since Galvin has not published a proof of Theorem 3 of [1], the author points out that it is possible to give a fairly compact proof of the remaining parts of Theorem 3 of [1] using results in [3], and that such an argument would be very close to Galvin's approach.'
Detection of 1p and 19q Loss in Oligodendroglioma by Quantitative Microsatellite Analysis, a Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

The combined loss of chromosomes 1p and 19q has recently emerged as a genetic predictor of chemosensitivity in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. Here, we describe a strategy that uses a novel method of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, quantitative microsatellite analysis (QuMA), for the molecular analysis of 1p and 19q loss in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas in archival routinely processed paraffin material. QuMA is performed on the ABI 7700 and based on amplifications of microsatellite loci that contain (CA)n repeats where the repeat itself is the target for hybridization by the fluorescently labeled probe. This single probe can therefore be used to determine copy number of microsatellite loci spread throughout the human genome. In genomic DNA prepared from paraffin-embedded brain tumor specimens, QuMA detected combined loss of 1p and 19q in 64% (21 of 32) of oligodendrogliomas and 67% (6 of 9) of oligoastrocytomas. We validate the use of QuMA as a reliable method to detect copy number by showing concordance between QuMA and fluorescence in situ hybridization at 37 of 45 chromosomal arms tested. These results indicate that QuMA is an accurate, high-throughput assay for the detection of copy number at multiple loci; as many as 31 loci of an individual tumor can be analyzed on a 96-well plate in a single 2-hour run. In addition, it has advantages over standard allelic imbalance/loss of heterozygosity assays in that all loci are potentially informative, paired normal tissue is not required, and gain can be distinguished from loss. QuMA may therefore be a powerful molecular tool to expedite the genotypic analysis of human gliomas in a clinical setting for diagnostic/prognostic purposes.
Synthesis of 15N-labeled isomers of 5-Nitro-2,4-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-One (NTO)

Abstract The synthetic routes to 15N labeled 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) isomers are reported. Isomers labeled on N(6), N(4) and both N(1) and N(2) have been made. These compounds were identified by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR and by mass spectral analysis. In many cases unequivocal NMR and mass spectral assignments were made.
Effects of Processing on Zinc Levels in Spinach, Beef, and Potatoes

Spinach, beef, and potatoes were subjected to combinations of cooking, freezing, retorting, and storage and analyzed for total zinc and water soluble zinc, before and after acid-enzyme digestion. Zinc and its complexes that were soluble were membrane filtered to exclude the passage of substances larger than 5,000 daltons. Approximately 30–50% of the total zinc in spinach systems and about 70–100% of the zinc in potato systems was water soluble. Practically none of the endogenous zinc in beef was water soluble. Regardless of processing method, essentially all zinc in spinach and potatoes and about half of the zinc in beef was released after acid-enzyme digestion. All of the spinach and potato zinc and at least a third of the beef zinc following digestion passed through the 5,000 dalton membrane.
A Review of: “Bainbridge, Caroline. A Feminine Cinematics: Luce Irigaray, Women, and Film.”: Basingstoke, England and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 1 + 223 pp. $90.00 (hardcover). ISBN-10: 0230553486.

In A Feminine Cinematics: Luce Irigaray, Women, and Film, Caroline Bainbridge sets up the difficult task of trying to bridge the gap between theory and praxis. As she elucidates at the beginning of...
Nanostructured porous silicon films for terahertz optics.

A simple technique is reported to create 31 and 45 μm thick, graded-index Si films in the form of nanospirals on a Si substrate using a dynamic, oblique angle deposition technique. We show that the success in producing such a thick, nanostructured film without delamination from the Si substrate is primarily due to the nano-porous nature of the film which effectively eliminates the stress generated during growth. Effective refractive indices of 1.9 and 2.1 were extracted from the terahertz time-domain reflectivity data, which correspond to 57% and 51% porosity for the 31 and 45 μm thick films, respectively. The gradient of porosity through the film was modeled to describe quantitatively the terahertz reflectance data in the 0.2–2.0 THz regime.
Electrical refractory period restitution and spiral wave reentry in simulated cardiac tissue.

Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that restitution of the cardiac action potential (AP) duration (APD) plays a major role in predisposing ventricular tachycardia to degenerate to vent...
Water Particle Motion under Deep Water Stokes Waves

In this note the standard equations for Lagrangian particle trajectory given by Wiegel are shown to violate the kinematics of the free surface. A perturbation technique is presented and second-order equations are developed for the deep-water case, based in part on the derivations of Dean and Eagleson and Currie and the numerical procedure of Chaplin.
Zero-Breakdown Machines and Systems: Productivity Needs for Next-Generation Maintenance

Predictive maintenance (or prognostics) is critical to any engineering systems to avoid system breakdown, in particular, for complex systems. With the recent advances on pervasive computing, prognostics can be easily embedded in any devices and systems. When smart machines are networked and remotely monitored, and when their data is modeled and continually analyzed with sophisticated embedded systems, it is possible to go beyond mere “predictive maintenance” to intelligent “prognostics”, the process of pinpointing exactly which components of a machine are likely to fail, and when and autonomously trigger service and order spare parts. This paper addresses the paradigm shift in modern maintenance systems from traditional “fail and fix” practices to “predict and prevent” methodology. Recent advances on prognostic technologies and tools are discussed. In addition, case studies are used to validate f these developed technologies and tools.
What can television do? Cultural representations of border violence in FX’s The Bridge

ABSTRACTFX’s The Bridge uses the two decades of violence against women in Juarez, Mexico, as a backdrop for a crime procedural drama about a serial killer. While there is a long history of cultural activism about the murders, The Bridge is the first mainstream television show to address the violence. I argue that while the show repeatedly centers police and journalists rather than community organizers, and thus limits the possibility of representing the social geography of the US–Mexico border, its moments of contradiction open up more complicated ways to understand the violence.
Call It What It Is: Monolingual Education in U.S. Schools

In the U.S., non-bilingual education designed for English speakers goes by many names – mainstream, regular, normal, English, and others. Drawing from research on discourse, normality, and framing, this conceptual paper examines each of the popular labels for English-medium education in the U.S., and demonstrates their unsuitability. Inspired by the discursive shift toward the term emergent bilinguals, a more accurate label is proposed for these non-bilingual programs and classrooms: monolingual education, highlighting the one feature they have in common. Naming classrooms as monolingual can reveal their subtractive nature, and embrace a discourse that positions bilingual and multilingual programs as normal, or even superior. A number of implications are addressed, for students, schools, and the education system.
Transport properties in3He-4He mixtures near the superfluid transition

We report measurements of the temperature, density, and concentration gradients in /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He mixtures, induced by a vertical heat flux. The flat horizontal cell included two superposed capacitors and the density was determined by means of the dielectric constant method. The experiments were carried out on mixtures with mole fractions X/sub 3/ = 0.37, 0.15, and 0.05 at saturated vapor pressure, with special emphasis on the region near the superfluid transition. Our measurements under steady-state conditions give conductivity kappa, the thermal diffusion ratio k/sub T/, and the coefficient of thermal expansion. We describe the singular behavior of these quantities in the neighborhood of T/sub lambda/(X). In the superfluid phase, we test with fair success a relation by Khalatnikov between grad X/grad T and several static properties. From the relaxation times needed to attain steady-state conditions, and in combination with measured static and transport properties, we obtain in the normal phase the mass diffusion D, which diverges strongly as T/sub lambda/ is approached. In the superfluid phase, we test successfully a scaled relation that results from the solution of Khalatnikov's hydrodynamic equations. From our data the dispersion relations for scattered light are calculated: GAMMA/sub 0//q/sup 2/ in both the normalmore » and the superfluid phases and GAMMA/sub 2//q/sup 2/ in the normal phase.« less
Seismic CFST Column-to-Precast Cap Beam Connections for Accelerated Bridge Construction

AbstractConcrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) frequently are a more efficient and economical structural solution then conventional reinforced concrete and structural steel. For the same size member, CFSTs offer increased strength and stiffness as well as accelerated construction. CFSTs may be used for bridge columns that will yield under earthquake loading, but this requires robust connections capable of sustaining large cyclic loads. To facilitate accelerated bridge construction, precast cap beams and girders are commonly used. Although CFST column-to-foundation connections have been studied, CFST column-to-precast cap beam connections have not. This is the focus of this research study. In contrast to cast-in-place (CIP) components, precast pier cap connections require additional design considerations including construction methodology and limits on geometry. To investigate this connection an integrated analytical and experimental research program was performed. Initially, continuum finite-element methods ...
Mathematical Induction and Recursive Definitions

(1963). Mathematical Induction and Recursive Definitions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 128-135.
Critical care medicine update: essentials for the nonintensivist, part 1.

The intensive care unit (ICU) can be a challenging environment for health care practitioners who are not trained in critical care medicine. A structured approach to patient care is necessary in order to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. The purpose of this two-part article is to review essential highlights of critical care medicine for the nonintensivist. We provide a structured overview of the management of the critically ill patient and focus on problems commonly encountered in the heterogeneous ICU patient population. In Part 1 we review (a) altered states, of consciousness and sedation, (b) respiratory failure and ventilators, (c) cardiovascular monitoring and management, and (d) fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Lattice Dynamical Prediction of the Elastic Constants of Diamond

The thermophysical properties of diamond, a metastable material at room temperature, are difficult to measure at high temperatures. These properties are of interest for testing equation of state and interatomic potential models. Here we utilize a geometrical lattice transformation, one dimensional lattice dynamical theory, and the principle of corresponding states to calculate the elastic constants of diamond over an extended temperature range.
Black Carbon and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations in New York City’s Subway Stations

The New York City (NYC) subway is the main mode of transport for over 5 million passengers on an average weekday. Therefore, airborne pollutants in the subway stations could have a significant impact on commuters and subway workers. This study looked at black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in selected subway stations in Manhattan. BC and PM2.5 levels were measured in real time using a Micro-Aethalometer and a PDR-1500 DataRAM, respectively. Simultaneous samples were also collected on quartz filters for organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) analysis and on Teflon filters for gravimetric and trace element analysis. In the underground subway stations, mean real time BC concentrations ranged from 5 to 23 μg/m(3), with 1 min average peaks >100 μg/m(3), while real time PM2.5 levels ranged from 35 to 200 μg/m(3). Mean EC levels ranged from 9 to 12.5 μg/m(3). At street level on the same days, the mean BC and PM2.5 concentrations were below 3 and 10 μg/m(3), respectively. This study shows that both BC soot and PM levels in NYC's subways are considerably higher than ambient urban street levels and that further monitoring and investigation of BC and PM subway exposures are warranted.
An Analysis of 31 Cases of Renal Biopsy Examination of Children with Refractory Nephrotic Syndrome in Yunnan

Objective:To investigate the type of renal biopsy of children with refractory nephrotic syndrome in Yunnan province.Methods:The renal biopsy reports from 2005 to 2009 of 31 children aged from 5 to 14 with refractory nephrotic syndrome which was primarily developed from glomerular were summarized and analyzed,and all patients,with a course of disease from 5 month as the shortest to 5 years as the longest,had sound results of pathological examination of renal puncture.Results:The pathologic types of the 31 renal biopsy were:diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis accounting for 35.5%,focal proliferative glomerulonephritis accounting for 19.4%,focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and hyalinization accounting for 16.1%,IgA nephropathy accounting for 12.9%,IgM nephropathy accounting for 6.5%,mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis(Ⅱ)accounting for 6.5%,membranous nephropathy(Ⅰ～Ⅱ)accounting for 3.2% respectively.Electron-dense material deposition could be observed with the immunofluorescence examination in all the 31 cases:capillary granular sediment was(+)in 4 cases and(++)in 16 cases,and mesangial clumping deposits was(+ +)in 8 cases and(+ + +)in 3 cases,which prompted that there was heavy damage on renal immune and the prognosis was not desirable.Conclusions:Diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the main pathologic type,and renal puncture examination is of essential importance in treatment and prognosis of refractory nephrotic syndrome.
Prosthetic reconstruction of the trachea and carina.

Twenty-six patients with tracheal stenosis owing to benign stricture and malignancy have had airway reconstruction with a molded silicone rubber prosthesis. In 8 patients the distal trachea and carina were replaced with a bifurcated graft. One individual with respiratory insufficiency could not be weaned from the respirator and died in 3 weeks. Two other patients with malignancy died 15 and 18 months following operation from disseminated cancer. The remainder are living from 1 to 5 years postoperatively. Eighteen individuals have had the trachea resonstructed with a straight graft of silicone rubber. In 5 patients with long strictures the prosthesis was invaginated into the upper and lower ends of the trachea. Thirteen individuals had circumferential resection of the airway with end-to-end anastomosis of the graft to the trachea. There was one early death from erosion of the innominate artery and 5 late deaths unrelated to the prosthesis.
Identification and assessment of the child for sports participation: a cardiovascular approach.

Preparticipation assessment of children and adolescents for safe participation in sports is discussed, with emphasis on the practical details of large scale screening, the indications for special cardiac testing, and the methods used for that special testing. Also addressed is the topic of sports participation for children known to have cardiovascular disease.
Property and Process Development in Glass-Ceramic Materials

Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline solids produced by the controlled devitrification of glass. Glasses are melted, fabricated to shape, and then converted to a ceramic by a specific heat treatment. Glass-ceramic structure is characterized by fine-grained, randomly oriented crystals with some residual glass, but no voids, microcracks, or other porosity. The basis of controlled crystallization lies in efficient nucleation(1). Except in rare cases, nucleation is heterogeneous; that is, the major crystalline phases normally silicates, precipitate upon precursor particles of relatively insoluble oxides, sulfides, fluorides, or metals. Often, amorphous phase separation on a very fine scale is the first stage in the nucleation event.
Why Transfer Payments are Necessary in High-Tech Industrial Capitalist Societies

The free-market economic system is dynamic, expansive, creative and global in its reach. It is remarkable in its productive capacity, and linked to law, individual freedom and democracy. Who in the contemporary world would choose another economic system? But the one problem that cannot be solved from within market dynamics is the problem of the unequal distribution of wealth.
Development of Experimental Design for the Evaluation of Food Aid Packaging

Abstract This paper documents the motivation and methodology developed to evaluate the cost effectiveness and potential improvements for the transportation and storage of food aid commodities. Additionally, preliminary fieldwork conducted to map out the domestic portions of the supply chain is also presented. We hypothesize that modern bag technologies, such as hermetic bags, offer the potential to cost effectively improve the quality of food aid commodities as a substitute to current fumigation processes. A range of packaging (current and new), shipping modes, commodities, and foreign ports will be evaluated in the traditional supply chain with the use of a factorial design. Furthermore, the down-stream supply chain portions such as storage will be simulated by placement in prepositioning warehouses in foreign ports for up to three months. The use of a factorial design with sliding levels is a crucial method utilized to accommodate the various factors involved in the complex supply chain of food aid. Domestic fieldwork has provided valuable insights into the viability of implementing modern bagging technologies in the existing supply chain.
Moisture Content in Forest Residues: an Insight on Sampling Methods and Procedures

Taking moisture content samples from forest residue stack piles has been a challenge due to numerous factors such as varying shapes of piles, difference in material types, and financial constraint of the research. Additionally, there has been no standard sampling procedure set for the task encompassing the various constraints, especially in-wood conditions. For these reasons, samples taken from forest residue piles may not accurately represent the average moisture content of the population. This study attempts to classify the sampling methods commonly used for measuring moisture contents of forest residue piles for scientific research. We reviewed over 28 studies focusing on moisture content in forest residues to develop four general sampling methods, namely weighing stack piles, weight from scale ticket, fixed location sampling, and transect sampling. Advantages and limitations for each sampling method along with the type of data generated from each were described in detail. For example, weighing stack piles provided the most accurate form of continuous data, but could not be used for in-wood conditions and was usually limited to small pile structures. On the other hand, fixed location sampling and transect sampling would be preferred in field experiments and could detect moisture content variation within layers of the pile. Attempts were also made to determine the situations in which each of these sampling methods could be adopted. This study could assist researchers set up their experimental designs and provide insight for handling potential challenges during data collection.
Risk Implications of Allocation of Corporate Resources

This study scrutinizes the risk implications of allocation of corporate resources to multiple businesses. Existing research generated conflicting predictions about whether corporate diversification...
Evolutionary sequence of Seyfert galaxies

We suggest that there exists an evolutionary sequence from Seyfert 2 to Seyfert 1 galaxies. We review observations which support this suggestion and the idea that the main parameter is the dust content in and around the Broad Line Region (BLR). We propose that Seyfert 2 galaxies evolve into Seyfert 1 Galaxies by expelling the dust from the BLR. It is further supposed that the dust is due to the interaction of the host galaxy with a second galaxy. The amount of dust needed is less than that found in a typical spiral galaxy.
First-principles calculations of thermal properties of the mechanically unstable phases of the PtTi and NiTi shape memory alloys

Abstract The design of shape memory alloys (SMA) demands detailed knowledge of their thermodynamic properties and of the underlying atomic-level mechanisms governing their shape-memory behavior. This knowledge is traditionally obtained via atomistic simulations, but these systems have so far resisted such efforts due to the presence of phonon instabilities and associated spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this study, we investigate the thermodynamics of PtTi, a novel and promising SMA (and of the related better-known NiTi SMA, for comparison purposes) using recently developed first-principles computational method specifically designed to tackle this issue. The method efficiently explores the system's potential energy surface by discrete sampling of local minima, combined with a continuous sampling of the vicinity of these local minima via a constrained harmonic lattice dynamic approach. Our calculations provide a complete and atomic-level-based model for these compounds' free energy and shed some light on the ongoing search for the precise structure of dynamically stabilized high temperature phases in SMAs.
System-of-Systems Approach

Energy, telecommunications, transportation, and financial infrastructures are becoming increasingly interconnected, thus, posing new challenges for their secure, reliable and efficient operation. All of these infrastructures are, themselves, complex networks, geographically dispersed, non-linear, and interacting both among themselves and with their human owners, operators, and users. No single entity has complete control of these multi-scale, distributed, highly interactive networks, nor does any such entity have the ability to evaluate, monitor, and manage them in real time. In fact, the conventional mathematical methodologies that underpin today’s modeling, simulation, and control paradigms are unable to handle the complexity and interconnectedness of these critical infrastructures.
The 3DP Real-Time Motion-Control Computer

Implementing advanced motion-control algorithms requires a computer which can satisfy the computational needs of the problem, a powerful development environment for programming complex and abstract ideas, and an open-architecture which gives the programmer full access to all of the system’s capabilities. Conforming to industry standards is also important for system integration with other vendors’ equipment.
Early Prague Tests on Welded Plate Girder Webs under Partial Edge Loadings

In 1964-65 a serie of 74 test girder panels was investigated in the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The experiments were carried out by Vladimir Březina — the man who very substantially developed the Czechoslovak stability research in sixties but because of he left the country, his name was erased from books by former totality regime and his works were not allowed to be referred to. This short communication not only informs about his research into the behaviour of slender webs under partial edge loadings but also reminds the need of his scientific rehabilitation.
PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AND PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF CORN ROOTS

Summary The extent to which corn roots affect the availability of phosphorus by inducing changes in the rhizosphere was investigated. The entire root system of a corn plant was confined to a core, 2 cm in diameter, intended to simulate a macro-rhizosphere. Outside this core were four soil zones, each 5 mm thick and separated from each other by 43 μm mesh nylon fabric. After specified growing periods, the soil from the five areas was analyzed for phosphatase activity, pH, and available P content. Soil phosphatase was enriched up to 40% by corn roots in the central core and to a lesser extent 5 mm away. No decrease in organic P levels in these zones was observed suggesting that enzyme activity was not limiting the mineralization of phosphatase-hydrolyzable compounds. Available P tended to decrease in soil zones closest to the root core but these changes were not statistically significant. Root-induced pH changes of as much as 0.5 units were observed between the root core and the outer zones over the two-week growing period. Available P levels increased as the root-induced pH changes acidified the rhizosphere.
Systemic crisis and the nonprofit sector

As we head into the final decade of the century, debate has increased concerning the long-term strength of the U.S. economy and its role in the larger capitalist world system. While a number of authors have examined "crisis tendencies" in capitalist society, to date, none of them has specifically considered the role played by the nonprofit sector in relation to capital and the state. In this article we consider the crisis literature in an attempt to understand how the nonprofit-sector health and social services may be employed as a buffer and a resource for capital and the state in responding to crisis tendencies. Central questions concern the use of state intervention in periods of crisis; the ensuing social struggles; and the consequences of the processes of crisis production and crisis resolution for nonprofit health and social services. We give primary emphasis here to understanding both the links between crisis and crisis tendencies of capital and the state and what is transpiring in society with regards to different elements of the nonprofit sector. Health and social services, major and important components of the nonprofit sector as a whole, are the lenses used in this exploration of the relation of systemic crisis tendencies to the nonprofit sector.
Perception of Vietnamese back vowels contrasting in rounding by English listeners

Abstract The perception of back vowels contrasting in rounding has not previously been examined in major theoretical frameworks of cross-language speech perception. In two experiments, Southern U.S. English speakers naive to the contrast categorized the Vietnamese vowels [u o ɯ ɤ] in terms of their native vowel categories and identified oddball vowels in triads representing the contrasts [u]-[o], [ɯ]-[u], [ɯ]-[ɤ], and [o]-[ɤ]. The relationship between vowel categorization and discrimination was more accurately predicted when predominant and secondary categorization patterns were taken into account. Group results showed that Vietnamese [ɤ] and [u o] were perceived as being most similar to English /ʌ/ and /oʊ/, respectively, whereas [ɯ] did not have a predominant categorization. Discrimination was not significantly more accurate in vowel pairs contrasting in rounding than in vowel pairs contrasting in height. It was more accurate, however, in less-to-more peripheral vowel presentation order than in the opposite direction. This asymmetry was even observed in the [o]-[ɤ] pair in which each member assimilated to a different native category. Collectively, the findings suggest that multiple-category membership and individual variability among listeners are to be considered in vowel perception. Acoustic-phonetic similarity between vowels may be a better predictor than the category membership in naive listeners.
Disturbed Sleep as a Mechanism of Race Differences in Nocturnal Blood Pressure Non-Dipping

Disturbed sleep may be a mechanism of race differences in nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping. In support of this proposal, we summarize recent research from three literatures: (1) race differences (Black compared with White individuals) in nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping, (2) the association between disturbed sleep and nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping, and (3) race differences in disturbed sleep. Black individuals are nearly twice as likely to have blood pressure non-dipping profiles compared with White individuals. This may be explained, in part, by sleep; shorter sleep duration, greater sleep fragmentation, less slow-wave sleep, and obstructive sleep apnea have each been associated with nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping. These sleep disturbances, in turn, are more common in Black compared with White individuals. Studies focused on nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping rarely assess sleep, and experimental evidence linking disturbed sleep with nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping in Black individuals is lacking. While mounting evidence from independent literatures suggests that disturbed sleep is a plausible, modifiable mechanism of race differences in nocturnal blood pressure non-dipping, definitive conclusions are premature given the current state of science.
A Chapter in the History of Formal Semantics in the Twentieth Century: Plurals

Plurals had a slow start in the history of formal semantics; a significant explosion of innovations didn’t come until the 1980s. In this paper, I offer a picture of developments by noting not only important achievements but also reflecting on the state of thinking about plurals at various periods—what issues or phenomena were not even noticed, what puzzles had started to get attention, and what innovations made the biggest changes in how people thought about plurals. I divide the epochs roughly into decades: before formal semantics (before about 1970); the first decade of formal semantics—the 1970s, with early work by Montague and Bennett and landmark work on bare plurals by Carlson; the 1980s, when work by Link, Scha, Krifka, Landman, Roberts, and others significantly changed the landscape; and the 1990s, where I mention some key work by Lasersohn and Schwarzschild and stop there, although there was much more work in the 1990s. I don’t discuss the twenty-first century at all because it’s not very historical yet.
Eco-Moms and Climate Change: The Moderating Effects of Fertility in Explaining Gender Differences in Concern:

Women typically report greater concern for the environment, including climate change, than men. The eco-mom theory—the belief that women have greater environmental concern than men because mothers ...
Entanglement-enhanced Neyman–Pearson target detection using quantum illumination

Quantum illumination (QI) provides entanglement-based target detection—in an entanglement-breaking environment—whose performance is significantly better than that of optimum classical-illumination target detection. QI’s performance advantage was established in a Bayesian setting with the target presumed equally likely to be absent or present and error probability employed as the performance metric. Radar theory, however, eschews that Bayesian approach, preferring the Neyman–Pearson performance criterion to avoid the difficulties of accurately assigning prior probabilities to target absence and presence and appropriate costs to false-alarm and miss errors. We have recently reported an architecture—based on sum-frequency generation (SFG) and feedforward (FF) processing—for minimum error-probability QI target detection with arbitrary prior probabilities for target absence and presence. In this paper, we use our results for FF-SFG reception to determine the receiver operating characteristic—detection probability versus false-alarm probability—for optimum QI target detection under the Neyman–Pearson criterion.
Rethinking the Notion of Reciprocal Exchange in International Negotiation: Sino-American Relations, 1969–1997

Intuition takes us only so far in understanding the particular obligations that states presume in reciprocity relationships. As a result, we know fairly little about who owes precisely what to whom, and on what schedule. Two polar patterns, specific and diffuse reciprocity, have been identified that answer these questions. Yet in some relationships, the parties do not expect one-for-one exchanges (the pattern that characterizes specific reciprocity) or exchanges very loosely matched in terms of both equivalence and value (the pattern that characterizes diffuse reciprocity). In this article, we develop a general explanation of the causes and consequences of reciprocal exchange. We argue that actors' expectations about time horizons and the degree to which they anticipate a reliable stream of benefits from a relationship drive their assumptions about the value and timing of trades, creating four distinct patterns of reciprocal exchange. This argument helps us understand how actors perceive their obligations, others' obligations, and thus, the content of cooperative and noncooperative behavior. Differentiating these types also allows us to infer what is likely to serve as effective bargaining leverage across situations. We use this argument to interpret the past three decades of Sino-American relations. While there is a large literature on this relationship, our argument illuminates the sources and consequences of various sets of expectations by each party over time.
Correction to: Pain, functional disability, and their Association in Juvenile Fibromyalgia Compared to other pediatric rheumatic diseases.

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that the corresponding author’s given name is spelled incorrectly. The given name, thus, should be as follows:
Who are EEC NSF CAREER awardees?: Educational Backgrounds, Institutional Affiliations, and Public Award Abstracts

This research category full paper explores National Science Foundation (NSF) Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program awardees from the Division of Engineering Education and Centers. The NSF CAREER Award distinguishes researchers as promising future leaders who are advancing the frontier of engineering education research (EER). Additionally, the multidisciplinary rise of EER has resulted in a diverse community of researchers from many backgrounds and academic departments. Given the recognition associated with the CAREER award, it is crucial that all early career faculty members possess the knowledge and support to create high quality CAREER applications. In this study, we investigated the educational backgrounds, institutional affiliation, and public abstracts of CAREER awardees to document prevailing patterns in recognition through CAREER awards. This knowledge informs future work to provide additional support for early career faculty planning on applying to the program.
Perspectives on Sleep from Multiethnic Community Parents, Pediatric Providers, and Childcare Providers.

Objective To describe the perceptions of (1) parents, childcare, and health care providers regarding sleep health among multiethnic infants and toddlers living with socioeconomic adversity, (2) factors that contribute to sleep health and its consequences, and (3) best ways to promote sleep health in these children. Methods Nested within a larger community-engaged mixed methods study, we used a descriptive qualitative design to describe the experience of multiethnic young parents who were raising 6- to 36-month-old children, pediatric health care providers, and childcare providers living and working in an urban under-resourced community. Semistructured interviews with 25 parents and 16 providers were conducted, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis by a 6-member research team. Interviews continued until themes were saturated. Results Parent responses and provider responses resulted in overlapping and divergent findings. Common themes among all respondents were the importance of sleep, interest and desire for more sleep health information, and common environmental/social impediments to healthy family sleep. Divergent themes included the importance of bedtime routines and timing, views on the family bed, importance of naps, and healthy sleep aids. Childcare centers were suggested as good sites for sleep health promotion programs. Conclusion Sleep is a topic of interest and importance for young families. There are unique family challenges to be considered in any sleep health promotion program tailored to the needs of the community. The voices of parents and community providers are valuable assets informing the development of novel family-friendly approaches for decreasing sleep disparities and improving the health of young children and families.
Macrophage activation syndrome complicating adult onset Still's disease: a case report.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a subtype of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with rheumatic disease (1). In MAS, abnormal immune activation leads to excessive inflammation, r...
Membrane-type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Modulates Tissue Homeostasis by a Non-proteolytic Mechanism.

Summary Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), a transmembrane proteinase with a short cytoplasmic tail, is a major effector of extracellular matrix remodeling. Genetic silencing of MT1-MMP in mouse (Mmp14−/−) and man causes dwarfism, osteopenia, arthritis, and lipodystrophy, abnormalities ascribed to defective collagen turnover. We have previously shown non-proteolytic functions of MT1-MMP mediated by its cytoplasmic tail, where the unique tyrosine (Y573) controls intracellular signaling. The Y573D mutation blocks TIMP-2/MT1-MMP-induced Erk1/2 and Akt signaling without affecting proteolytic activity. Here, we report that a mouse with the MT1-MMP Y573D mutation (Mmp14Y573D/Y573D) shows abnormalities similar to but also different from those of Mmp14−/− mice. Skeletal stem cells (SSC) of Mmp14Y573D/Y573D mice show defective differentiation consistent with the mouse phenotype, which is rescued by wild-type SSC transplant. These results provide the first in vivo demonstration that MT1-MMP modulates bone, cartilage, and fat homeostasis by controlling SSC differentiation through a mechanism independent of proteolysis.
Evidence-Based Principles for Worksheet Design

Substantial research in teaching and learning has supported the use of active learning strategies in the classroom to improve student learning of fundamental physics concepts and problem-solving skills. The use of worksheets in class has become a widespread successful practice. In this paper, we analyzed numerous completed student worksheets to discover ways to improve their design. We find that worksheet prompts should be precise and focused, one activity should be required per question, students should be given targeted practice with new concepts, and individual accountability is required for students to complete in-class worksheets.
A putative hybrid swarm within Oönopsis foliosa (Asteraceae: Astereae)

Oonopsis foliosa var. foliosa and var. monocephala are endemic to short-grass steppe of southeastern Colorado and until recently were considered geographically disjunct. The only known qualitative feature separating these 2 varieties is floral head type; var. foliosa has radiate heads, whereas var. monocephala heads are discoid. Sympatry between these varieties is restricted to a small area in which a range of parental types and intermediate head morphologies is observed. We used distribution mapping, morphometric analyses, chromosome cytology, and pollen stainability to characterize the sympatric zone. Morphometrics confirms that the only discrete difference between var. foliosa and var. monocephala is radiate versus discoid heads, respectively. The outer florets of putative hybrid individuals ranged from conspicuously elongated yet radially symmetric disc-floret corollas, to elongated radially asymmetric bilabiate- or deeply cleft corollas, to stunted ray florets with appendages remnant of corolla lobes. Chromosome cytology of pollen mother cells from both putative parental varieties and a series of intermediate morphological types collected at the sympatric zone reveal evidence of translocation heterozygosity. Pollen stainability shows no significant differences in viability between the parental varieties and putative hybrids. The restricted distribution of putative hybrids to a narrow zone of sympatry between the parental types and the presence of meiotic chromosome-pairing anomalies in these intermediate plants are consistent with a hybrid origin. The high stainability of putative-hybrid pollen adds to a growing body of evidence that hybrids are not universally unfit.
Improved Estimation of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rate Using Bayes Regression Analysis of PET Scan Data

Abstract The current method for measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (LCMRG) has relatively small errors when applied to normal healthy tissue. But when applied to ischemic regions in brains of stroke patients, the method gives estimates which average about 50% too low. Here we introduce a modified Bayes Regression (BR) to compute LCMRG, and use computer simulation studies to demonstrate that BR has relatively small errors for either ischemic or normal tissue.
Vague Spatial Data Types.

Many geographical applications deal with spatial objects that cannot be adequately described by determinate, crisp concepts because of their intrinsically indeterminate and vague nature. Current geographical information systems and spatial database systems are unable to cope with this kind of data. To support such data and applications, we present a model of vague points, vague lines, and vague regions which covers and extends previous approaches. The formal framework is based on already existing, general exact models of crisp spatial data types, which simplifies the definition of the vague spatial model. In addition, we obtain executable specifications for the operations which can be immediately used as implementations. This paper gives a formal definition of the three vague spatial data types as well as some basic operations and predicates.
Tension in Chemistry and Its Contents.

This article makes a case for a positive role of tension in the creative process in chemistry. I begin with an argument that there is an inherent tension in what makes molecules interesting—their positioning along various polar axes. One of these, the age-old differentiation between useful (to society and for personal profit) commercialization and pure understanding of molecules and their reactions is characteristic. The question of whether there are any bad molecules then leads me to ethical concerns in chemistry, and a particular working out of these in interactions of chemists in the Middle East. An analysis is made of the special tensions involved in publishing, especially in citation ethics; chemists publish a lot, so this is situation ethics worked out on a daily basis. I then find in the literature of psychology good evidence for the positive value of moderate stress in stimulating creativity. It is obvious that too much tension leads to distress, and there are some institutional aspects of chemist...
Analysis of left-handed Z-DNA formation in short d(CG)n sequences in Escherichia coli and Halobacterium halobium plasmids. Stabilization by increasing repeat length and DNA supercoiling but not salinity.

To evaluate the relative importance of alternating d(CG) sequence length, DNA supercoiling, and salt in left-handed Z-DNA formation, plasmids containing short d(CG)nsequences (n = 3-17) with the capability of replicating in either Escherichia coli or the halophilic archaeum Halobacterium halobium were constructed. Z-DNA conformation in the d(CG)n sequences was assayed by (i) a band shift assay using the Z-DNA-specific Z22 monoclonal antibody (ZIBS assay); (ii) an S1 nuclease cleavage-primer extension assay to map B-Z junctions; and (iii) a BssHII restriction inhibition assay. Using the ZIBS assay on plasmids purified from E. coli, the transition from B-DNA to Z-DNA occurred from d(CG)4 to d(CG)5, with 20% of d(CG)4 and 90% of d(CG)5 in Z-DNA conformation. These findings were consistent with the results of S1 nuclease cleavage observed at B-Z junctions flanking d(CG)4 and d(CG)5 sequences. Resistance to BssHII restriction endonuclease digestion was observed only in supercoiled plasmids containing d(CG)8 or longer sequences, indicating that shorter d(CG)n sequences are in dynamic equilibrium between B- and Z-DNA conformations. When a plasmid containing d(CG)4 was isolated from a topA mutant of E. coli, it contained 25% greater linking deficiency and 40% greater Z-DNA conformation in the alternating d(CG) region. In plasmids purified from H. halobium, which showed 30% greater linking deficiency than from E. coli, 20-40% greater Z-DNA formation was found in d(CG)4-6 sequences. Surprisingly, no significant difference in Z-DNA formation could be detected in d(CG)3-17 sequences in plasmids from either E. coli or H. halobium in the NaCl concentration range of 0.1-4 M.
Super-Kamiokande's Past, Present, and Future

Results from the first 1117 days of Super-Kamiokande’s solar neutrino data are presented, including the absolute flux, energy spectrum, day/night and seasonal variation. The possibility of MSW and vacuum oscillations is discussed in light of these results. Results from the first 1144 days of Super-K’s atmospheric neutrino analysis are also presented, including the evidence for vμ → v T oscillations, against vμ →v Sterile oscillations, and the current limits on proton decay.
Polarized atomic radiative emission in electric and magnetic fields11This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.

Abstract A reduced density matrix approach is employed to provide a general theoretical description of polarized radiative emission during single-photon transitions from bound and auto-ionizing states of many-electron atomic systems in the presence of a general arrangement of static (or quasi-static) electric and magnetic fields. Polarized radiative emission from partially ionized atomic systems can occur as a result of the excitation of the radiating atomic states by electrons or ions with an anisotropic velocity distribution, which can be produced in an electron or ion beam experiment, and in a non-equilibrium plasma environment. Polarized radiative emission can also be produced or modified during the excitation of the atomic system in the presence of electric and magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields. In electric and magnetic fields, the normally overlapping angular momentum projection components of atomic spectral lines can be substantially shifted from their field-free positions and split into ...