cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Global Polynomial Warping

Low order polynomial warps improve the overlap of anatomically homologous landmarks in tomographic imaging data sets. While the use of an ideal warping algorithm to create a perfect dichotomy between morphometric changes and intensity changes is an appealing concept, practical considerations dictate that this idea can only be approximated. Increasing the order of the polynomial warp increases computational demands in a way that is likely to limit polynomial deformations to orders in the single digits using only hundreds of parameters. The largest improvements in registration accuracy are evident at lower orders, a fact that should not be particularly surprising because the same is true for point landmarks. When used with proper templates, intensity-based polynomial warping algorithms are well suited for anatomic standardization of functional images and derivation of Talairach coordinates for interlaboratory communication. Polynomial warps provide a more accurate starting position, reducing the amount of global distortion that the highly nonlinear algorithm would need to correct. In addition to reducing registration time devoted to highly nonlinear warping, it is possible that this approach may also lead to more anatomically valid results because reduced initial distances between homologous landmarks would increase the likelihood that the highly nonlinear algorithm will correctly identify this homology.
Regularizing DNN acoustic models with Gaussian stochastic neurons

Dropout and DropConnect can be viewed as regularization methods for deep neural network (DNN) training. In DNN acoustic modeling, the huge number of speech samples makes it expensive to sample the neuron mask (Dropout) or the weight mask (DropConnect) repetitively from a high dimensional distribution. In this paper we investigate the effect of Gaussian stochastic neurons on DNN acoustic modeling. The pre-Gaussian stochastic term can be viewed as a variant of Dropout/DropConnect and the post-Gaussian stochastic term generalizes the idea of data augmentation into hidden layers. Gaussian stochastic neurons can give improvement on large data sets where Dropout tends to be less useful. Under the low resource condition, its performance is comparable with Dropout, but with a lower time complexity during fine-tuning.
Power-aware resource allocation for independent tasks in heterogeneous real-time systems

In recent years, power management and power reduction has become a critical issue in portable systems that are designed for real-time use. In this paper, we study the problem of static allocation of a set of independent tasks onto a real-time system consisting of heterogeneous processing elements, each enabled with discrete Dynamic Voltage Scaling. The allocation problem is first formulated as an extended Generalized Assignment Problem. A linearization heuristic (LR-heuristic) is then extended for solving the problem. An analysis of the upper bound on the number of tasks that the heuristic may fail to allocate is also presented. Our experiments show that when the real-time constraints are tight, the LR-heuristic achieves 15% off the optimal energy consumption for small size problems, while the performance of a classic greedy heuristic is around 90% off the optimal. A relative performance improvement of up-to 40% over the classic greedy heuristic is also observed for large size problems.
Enhancing the memory performance of embedded systems with the flexible sequential and random access memory

The on-chip memory performance of embedded systems directly affects the system designers’ decision about how to allocate expensive silicon area. We investigate a novel memory architecture, flexible sequential and random access memory (FSRAM), for embedded systems. To realize sequential accesses, small “links” are added to each row in the RAM array to point to the next row to be prefetched. The potential cache pollution is ameliorated by a small sequential access buffer (SAB). To evaluate the architecture-level performance of FSRAM, we run the Mediabench benchmark programs [1] on a modified version of the Simplescalar simulator [2]. Our results show that the FSRAM improves the performance of a baseline processor with a 16KB data cache up to 55%, with an average of 9%. We also designed RTL and SPICE models of the FSRAM [3], which show that the FSRAM significantly improves memory access time, while reducing power consumption, with negligible area overhead.
Insurance as a Mitigation Mechanism: Managing International Greenhouse Gases Through Nationwide Mandatory Climate Change Catastrophe Insurance

This paper investigates the role of nationwide mandatory insurance as a mitigation mechanism for reducing emissions from greenhouse gas intensive industries. Assuming that recent scientific models can accurately attribute some part of the damage from a catastrophic weather event to human generated climate triggers, this paper argues that mandatory catastrophe insurance would 1) lead to reductions in emissions by requiring industries to better manage their climate change risks and 2) provide a growing pool of money to repair climate-induced damage to national and state infrastructure.
Abnormalities in Respiratory Rhythm

The sections in this article are: 1 Basic Features of Respiratory Control 2 Changes in Breathing Pattern Caused by Sleep-Waking Cycle 3 Cheyne-Stokes Breathing and Other Respiratory Rhythm Disorders 4 Animal Models of Disordered Breathing Rhythm 4.1 Biot's and Apneustic Breathing 4.2 Cheyne-Stokes Breathing 5 Instability in Respiratory Control-Analytical Considerations 6 Factors Affecting Stability of Respiratory Control System 6.1 Chemoreceptors 6.2 Ventilatory Depressant Effect of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia 6.3 Apnea Threshold 6.4 Effects of Sleep 6.5 Effects of Chemical Stimuli in Upper Airway Muscles 6.6 Body Gas Stores 6.7 Effects of Chest Bellows and Respiratory Mechanoreceptors 6.8 Circulation Effects 6.9 Interaction of Factors Producing Instability 6.10 Interaction of Circulation Time and Controller Gain 7 Conclusions
Epidemiology of search and rescue in Baxter State Park: dangers of descent and fatigue.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology of injury in Baxter State Park, Maine, and to better tailor search and rescue (SAR) resources, personnel, and training to acute needs in the park. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all SAR incident reports in Baxter State Park from July 1992 through June 2014. For each event, demographics, location, time, activity before the incident, incident details, and evacuation means were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: In all, 754 incidents of SAR or medical need were identified. Mean age was 38.9 years; mean age for subjects with fatigue as the primary complaint was 48.7 years. A majority (60.5%) of victims were male. Nineteen fatalities occurred during the study. Traumatic injuries precipitated 51% of SAR incidents, and an additional 30% were initiated for late or lost parties. Slips or falls while hiking were the most common causes of injury (67%), with the lower extremity being the most common injury site (31%). When applicable, 84.4% of acute need occurred while descending, as opposed to ascending, a mountain. Fatigue was the most commonly reported medical emergency, causative in 66% of medical SAR events. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is a major factor in SAR events, both as a discreet cause and as a contributor to other injuries. Search and rescue need is more likely to occur during mountain descent, and lower extremity injuries are the most common etiology. Efforts should be focused on training rescuers in lower extremity and fatigue treatment, and more rescuers should be available when many are descending. Language: en
Criteria for Choosing among Instructional Software Authoring Tools

AbstractWhile instructional software authoring tools are often described, and the ‘best’ approach to authoring or developing instructional software is often debated, criteria used to choose among various tools are rarely discussed. Such criteria become a definition of the ideal instructional software tool. Criteria are specified from the perspective of the (a) content specialist or instructor, (b) the instructional designer or analyst, (c) the programmer, and (d) the administrator of the instructional software. Criteria are developed using literature from appropriate fields.
Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers

Background: The short-chain fatty acids formed in the human colon by the bacterial fermentation of fiber may have an antiinflammatory effect, may reduce insulin production, and may improve lipid metabolism. We previously showed in hypercholesterolemic patients that supplementation with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 299v significantly lowers concentrations of LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen. Objective: We determined the influence of a functional food product containing L. plantarum 299v on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and monocyte function in heavy smokers. Design: Thirty-six healthy volunteers (18 women and 18 men) aged 35-45 y participated in a controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. The experimental group drank 400 mL/d of a rose-hip drink containing L. plantarum 299v (5 X 10 7 colony-forming units/mL); the control group consumed the same volume of product without bacteria. The experiment lasted 6 wk and entailed no changes in lifestyle. Results: Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.000), leptin (P < 0.000), and fibrinogen (P < 0.001) were recorded in the experimental group. No such changes were observed in the control group. Decreases in F 2 -isoprostanes (37%) and interleukin 6 (42%) were also noted in the experimental group in comparison with baseline. Monocytes isolated from subjects treated with L. plantarum showed significantly reduced adhesion (P < 0.001) to native and stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Conclusion: L. plantarum administration leads to a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors and could be useful as a protective agent in the primary prevention of atherosclerosis in smokers.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS EQUILIBRIUM WITH IMPORTS AS A FACTOR OF PRODUCTION

THE theory of international trade has traditionally been built on the assumption that imports are always undertaken for consumption purposes. The possibility that imports may also be required as inputs in the production process is usually thought2 to cause no additional problems. It is not difficult to understand why the classical economists ignored this problem. The Ricardian doctrine of comparative advantage, though a great achievement at its time, was based on the Labour Theory of Value. Therefore, there was no room for intermediate products. To the extent that the classical economists considered the possibility of intermediate products, they used to visualize them as 'congealed' labour. The modern theory of international trade, associated with the names of Heckscher [5], Ohlin [13], and Samuelson [14, 15, 17], starts with the assumption that for each trading partner there exists a unique production possibilities frontier; it then goes on to show that comparative advantage is determined by factor proportions rather than labour requirements. It will presently be shown that the introduction of intermediate products does create several problems for the theory of international trade. For one thing, the production possibilities frontiers need no longer be unique. For another, shifts in demand do not have the usual straightforward effects on the balance of payments. Finally, equilibrium might not exist at all. It should be noted that J. Vanek [20] and P. Samuelson [17] tried to extend the modern theory of international trade to take into account the existence of imported inputs. But although their analysis is very impressive indeed, it does not take into account the fact that one country might be endowed with one or more 'specific' factors of production not available elsewhere. In order to bring the issues within the range of the mathematically unsophisticated, it was considered necessary to rely mainly on geometry despite the fact that the results of this paper could be proved-perhaps with greater generality-by the use of higher mathematics. Section I deals with a simplified model: under highly restrictive assumptions, we show the non-uniqueness of the production possibilities frontier;
The effect of beta-aminoproprionitrile on the periodontal ligament. I. Ultrastructure of fibroblasts and matrix.

Administration of Beta-aminoproprionitrile (B-APN) to young mice produced a characteristic lesion, the lathyritic body, in the middle region of the PDL. Within these lesions the fibroblasts aggregated to form cell clusters of 10 to 20 cells. The aggregated fibroblasts bordered cell-free regions of collagenous matrix. Individual fibroblasts maintained cytoplasmic polarity and provided a good model for studying collagen secretion from immobilized fibroblasts. Collagenous matrix appeared to be resorbed in the immediate vicinity of the clustered fibroblasts. 3H-proline radioautography indicated that labelled collagenous matrix was preferentially lost from the middle region of the PDL of both control and experimental mice. However, the decrease in collagen in the middle region was accentuated by B-APN treatment and the aggregation of fibroblasts in that zone.
Is Wider Better?: Enhancing Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pavement marking edge line width (100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm) and pavement marking material type (normal paint+beads, wet-weather tape, ceramic element) on forward detection distance when driving on a two-lane rural road under automobile low-beam illumination at night. The aim of the study was to generate a set of recommendations to improve nighttime driving conditions for old motorists, especially under wet weather conditions. Prior to the experiment, the markings were purposely worn in situ by traffic for one year to obtain realistic in-service retroreflectances. Fourteen participants, including 7 young drivers (range 19-26 years) and 7 old drivers (range 65-81 years), detected a 60 m gap in each pavement marking treatment under both dry and wet roadway conditions. The width of the edge lines showed no significant effect on detection distance, however, the material type significantly increased detection distance, especially under wet roadway conditions. ...
Turbulent relaxation of a confined magnetofluid to a force-free state

Three-dimensional, pseudo-spectral computation is used to follow the evolution of a resistive, incompressible magnetofluid. The magnetofluid is confined by rigid, free-slip, perfectly-conducting square boundaries in the x, y directions (‘poloidal’ boundaries), and periodic boundary conditions are assumed in the z direction (‘toroidal’ direction). A constant, uniform d.c. magnetic field B 0 is assumed in the z direction and a non-uniform current density j flows along it initially. Starting from a non-equilibrium hollow current profile, the evolution is followed for several tens of Alfven transit times. Considerable small-scale turbulence develops, which causes energy to decay more rapidly than magnetic helicity. The average toroidal magnetic field at the ( x, y ) boundary reverses sign spontaneously. The near spatial constancy of the ratio j B/ ( jB ) ≡ cos θ, in the relaxed state at late times, suggests that the state is nearly force-free. However, the ratio j . B /B 2 ≡ α is considerably less uniform than is cos θ suggesting more residual disorder than a pure minimum-energy state would display.
Independent impact of gout on the risk of diabetes mellitus among women and men: a population-based, BMI-matched cohort study

Objective Evidence on the potential independent impact of gout on the risk of diabetes is limited to a single study of men with a high cardiovascular risk profile. Our objective was to examine this relation in the general population, particularly among women. Methods We conducted a sex-stratified matched cohort study using data from The Health Improvement Network (THIN), an electronic medical records database representative of the UK general population. Up to five non-gout individuals were matched to each case of incident gout by year of birth, year of enrolment and body mass index (BMI). Multivariate HRs for incident diabetes were calculated after additionally adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, physician visits, comorbidities and medication use. Results Among 35 339 gout patients (72.4% men, mean age of 62.7 years), the incidence rates of diabetes in women and men were 10.1 and 9.5 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively, whereas the corresponding rates were 5.6 and 7.2 cases per 1000 person-years among 137 056 non-gout subjects. The BMI-matched univariate and multivariate HRs of diabetes were higher among women compared with those among men (1.71; 95% CI 1.51 to 1.93 vs 1.22; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31) and (1.48; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.68 vs 1.15; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.24), respectively (p values for interaction Conclusions This general population-based study suggests that gout may be independently associated with an increased risk of diabetes and that the magnitude of association is significantly larger in women than in men.
The diversification of currency loans: A comparison between safety-first and mean-variance criteria☆

Abstract This paper presents a model and a method for solving currency loan problems under stochastic and deterministic constraints. The currency loan problem is a mathematical programming problem, i.e., how to diversify borrower's loans in order to reduce currency and interest rate risks for the borrower. The second objective is to illustrate similarities and differences among alternative portfolio selection criteria. Applying a chance-constrained programming algorithm to the above currency loan problem we can solve it by using three different criteria, Markowitz's Mean-Variance and Safety-First criteria by Telser and Kataoka. This allows us to compare these criteria under both equality and inequality constraints.
Mannose Induces an Endonuclease Responsible for DNA Laddering in Plant Cells

The effect of D-mannose (Man) on plant cells was studied in two different systems: Arabidopsis roots and maize (Zea mays) suspension-cultured cells. In both systems, exposure to D-Man was associated with a subset of features characteristic of apoptosis, as assessed by oligonucleosomal fragmentation and microscopy analysis. Furthermore, D-Man induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. The specificity of D-Man was evaluated by comparing the effects of diastereomers such as L-Man, D-glucose, and D-galactose. Of these treatments, only D-Man caused a reduction in final fresh weight with concomitant oligonucleosomal fragmentation. Man-induced DNA laddering coincided with the activation of a DNase in maize cytosolic extracts and with the appearance of single 35-kD band detected using an in-gel DNase assay. The DNase activity was further confirmed by using covalently closed circular plasmid DNA as a substrate. It appears that D-Man, a safe and readily accessible compound, offers remarkable features for the study of apoptosis in plant cells.
Tax base variability and procyclical fiscal policy in developing countries

Abstract Based on a sample of 56 countries, we show that fiscal policy in the G7 countries appears to be acyclical while fiscal policy in developing countries is procyclical (i.e., fiscal policy is expansionary in good times and contractionary in bad times). To explain this puzzle, we develop an optimal fiscal policy model in which running budget surpluses is costly because they create pressures to increase public spending. Given this distortion, a government that faces large fluctuations in the tax base–as is the case for developing countries–will find it optimal to run a procyclical fiscal policy.
The removal of the cytosol and the reinitiation of flagellation of bull sperm

Abstract It was demonstrated that the removal of the cytosol from bovine epididymal spermatozoa after mechanical damage to the cell membrane yielded “contractile models” which were inactive but capable of prolonged oscillatory movement upon the addition of the proper energy donating components. Cold shocked bovine ejaculated spermatozoa, however, could not be induced to oscillate. Oxidative phosphorylation occurred in cytosol-free cells if they were placed in a suitable medium even after several days storage. If oxidative phosphorylation as well as glycolysis were simultaneously blocked, oscillation still could be initiated in the presence of ATP or ADP. Zinc acetate (10 −4 M ), a known inhibitor of myokinase, blocked oscillatory movement induced by ADP but not by ATP. Potassium ion was required for oscillation. The role of ATP in motility was discussed and suggestions were made to explain the lack of coordination of the reinitiated flagellation and to account for the cyclic nature of flagellar movement.
Automatic grading programs

Abstract : The ALGOL grader programs are presented for the computer evaluation of student ALGOL programs. One is for a beginner's program; it furnishes random data and checks answers. The other provides a searching test of the reliability and efficiency of a rootfinding procedure. There is a statement of the essential properties of a computer system, in order that grader programs can be effectively used.
Turbulent friction factor correlations for power law fluids in circular and non-circular channels

Abstract A number of correlations for predicting the turbulent friction factor of purely viscous non—Newtonian fluids flowing in circular and non-circular geometries are presented. These correlations are in reasonable agreement with available data and with each other for values of the power law index close to unity for both circular and rectangular geometries. A critical test of these correlations is carried out by comparing the predicted friction factor with experimental pipe flow data at low values of the power law index. It is shown that the Dodge—Metzner correlations gives the best agreement with experiment over the entire range of available power law values, while the simple Yoo correlation and the Irvine correlation are within ± 10% of the experimental data for n ⩾ 0.3. The Tam—Tiu correlation is found to underpredict experimental pipe flow data for n values between 0.2 and 0.5.
Dynamics of energy transport in a Toda ring

We present results on the relationships between persistent currents and the known conservation laws in the classical Toda ring. We also show that perturbing the integrability leads to a decay of the currents at long times with a time scale that is determined by the perturbing parameter. We summarize several known results concerning the Toda ring in one dimension, and present new results relating to the frequency, average kinetic and potential energy, and mean-square displacement in the cnoidal waves, as functions of the wave vector and a parameter that determines the non linearity.
Multilayer thin film design as far ultraviolet polarizers

We use a concept of induced transmission and absorption to design multilayer thin film reflection polarizers in the FUV region. We achieve high s-polarization reflectance and a high degree of polarization by means of a MgF2/Al/MgF2 three layer structure on an opaque thick film of aluminum as the substrate. For convenience they are designed at a 45 deg angle of incidence. For example, our polarizer designed for the Lyman-alpha line (121.6 nm) has 88.67 percent reflectance for the s-polarization case, and 1.21 percent for the p-polarization case, with a degree of polarization of 97.31 percent. If we make a double surface polarizer with this design, it will have a degree of polarization of 99.96 percent and s-polarization throughput of 78.62 percent.
Induction of Bone Formation Using a Recombinant Adenoviral Vector Carrying the Human BMP-2 Gene in a Rabbit Spinal Fusion Model

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotential cells that have the capacity to differentiate into an osteoprogenitor line. It has been demonstrated that BMP-2 can enhance this differentiation process. In an attempt to prolong the transforming effect of BMP-2, we used an adenoviral vector carrying the human BMP-2 gene to transduce marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells of New Zealand white rabbits. Assays on tissue culture demonstrated that these cells indeed produced the BMP-2 protein. These transduced stem cells were then autologously reimplanted into the donor rabbits. The cells were placed in the intertransverse process area of five rabbits. In one out of the five rabbits, this resulted in the production of new bone which was demonstrable on both radiographic and histologic examination. We conclude that it is possible to successfully transduce mesenchymal stem cells with the gene for BMP-2 such that these cells will produce the BMP-2 protein in vitro. Further, the transduction results in transformation of these cells into an osteoprogenitor line capable of producing bone in vivo. These data suggest the feasibility of employing gene therapy using recombinant adenoviral vectors as a tool for enhancing spine fusion. Further work to improve the fidelity and longevity of the gene transfer is warranted.
An interstitial telomere array proximal to the distal telomere of mouse chromosome 13

Lambda clones of mouse DNA from BALB/c and C57BL/10, each containing an array of telomere hexamers, were localized by FISH to a region close to the telomere of Chr 13. Amplification of mouse genomic DNA with primers flanking SSRs within the cloned DNA showed several alleles, which were used to type eight sets of RI strains. The two lambda clones contained allelic versions of the interstitial telomere array, Telrs4, which is 495 bp in C57BL/10 and which includes a variety of sequence changes from the consensus telomere hexamer. Comparison of the segregation of the amplification products of the SSRs with the segregation of other loci in an interspecies backcross (C57BL/6JEi x SPRET/Ei) F1 x SPRET/Ei shows recombination suppression, possibly associated with ribosomal DNA sequences present on distal Chr 13 in Mus spretus, when compared with recombination in an interstrain backcross, (C57BL/ 6J x DBA/J) F1 x C57BL/6J, and with the MIT F2 intercross. Analysis of recombination in females using a second interstrain backcross, (ICR/Ha x C57BL/6Ha) F1 x C57BL/6Ha, also indicates recombination suppression when compared with recombination in males of the same strains, using backcross C57BL/6Ha x (ICR/Ha x C57BL/6Ha) F1 Thus, more than one cause may contribute to recombination suppression in this region. The combined order of the loci typed was D13Mit37-D13Mit30-D13Mitl48-(D13Rpl, 2, 3, 4, Tel-rs4)-D13Mit53-D13Mitl96-D13Mit77-(D13MU78, 35). Data from crosses where apparently normal frequencies of recombination occur suggest that the telomere array is about 6 map units proximal to the most distal loci on Chr 13. This distance is consistent with evidence from markers identified in two YAC clones obtained from the region.
Acousto-optic frequency shifting in birefringent fiber

Single-sideband frequency shifting has been accomplished using traveling acoustic waves to couple the orthogonal polarizations of birefringent fiber. The light coupled from one polarization to the other is shifted in frequency by the frequency of the acoustic wave. An upper sideband is produced in one polarization, a lower sideband in the other. Both surface and bulk acoustic waves have been used. Sideband suppression of better than 30 dB and carriersuppression of better than 20 dB below the desired sideband have been achieved.
FERNAND DUMONT AND THE VICISSITUDES OF CULTURAL POLICY IN QUÉBEC

This paper examines the role of the intellectual in relation to cultural policy in Quebec, with particular attention given to the contributions made by Fernand Dumont. It is argued that because of its status as an “imagined community” rooted in a social movement – but still within the structure of a provincial government bent on expanding its powers – Quebec’s cultural policy differs markedly from that of states whose administrative structures have been more stable and routinized. In particular, not only have intellectuals and artists played an active part in the formation of cultural policy, but culture itself has been defined in a broad and holistic sense. The paper maintains that Fernand Dumont embodied the engaged, culturally astute intellectual within Quebec, and that an examination of how his policy work was informed by his views on identity and culture sheds light on the dilemmas facing intellectuals who wish to become involved in public service.
Aerodynamic Drag on Vehicles in Tunnels

The purpose of this study was to investigate the aerodynamic drag on vehicles moving in guideways of varying degrees of enclosure. The reason for this study was that several potential high speed ground transport system concepts involve high speed motion of vehicles in enclosed guideways for significant portions of their travel time. Analytical and experimental investigations have been carried out. The analytical studies developed the solution for the aerodynamic drag on a vehicle in an enclosed guideway in laminar flow. The analysis is based on an analogy between the governing equations for the unsteady flow resulting when an infinite body is started impulsively from rest and the steady flow that results from steady motion of a semi-infinite body. The results of this analysis for laminar flow provided a base from which to begin in turbulent flow and were used to justify the basing of a drag coefficient on the wetted surface area of a vehicle rather than the frontal area of a vehicle. Preliminary experiments were executed using spheres as vehicle models. Final experimental studies were carried out using cylindrical models in circular tunnels of various lengths and various degrees of wall porosity. A drop testing apparatus was employed and results were obtained for Reynolds number of the order of 5 · 105 . Results to date indicate that for vehicle length-diameter ratios of the order of 15 and above, with tunnel to vehicle diameter ratios of 1.5 and greater, a drag coefficient based on the wetted surface area of the vehicle is independent of the vehicle length-diameter ratio for incompressible flow. Results also indicate that, for incompressible flow, employing a tunnel model with a closed end simulates a tunnel length-diameter ratio of infinity. Tunnel wall porosity, assuming relatively unobstructed motion of fluid outside the porous wall, has a marked effect on decreasing the aerodynamic drag on vehicles moving in enclosed guideways and that for the range of variables investigated (clearance ratio as low as 1.4) tunnel wall porosity of 20 per cent is adequate for all the significant drag reduction that is possible. Qualitative predictions of loss coefficient analytical modeling and literature on transonic flow wind tunnel testing with porous walls are in agreement with the data presented.
Rotational excitation of N 2 by electron impact: 1-4 eV

Rotational and rotational-vibrational ($v=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$) excitation in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ have been studied with a crossed-beam electron-impact apparatus. In the energy range 1-4 eV, the elastic and vibrational energy-loss peaks show large rotational broadening compared with the apparatus profile (full width at half-maximum, 18 meV). The branching ratios for rotational transitions with $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4$ are obtained with a line-shape analysis applied to the energy-loss profiles. The results for rotational-vibrational excitation at 2.27 eV and scattering angles 30-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} are in good agreement with the calculations using the resonant $d\ensuremath{\pi}$ waves and the rotational impulse approximation. The corresponding results for pure rotational excitation show that the branches with $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 \mathrm{and} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4$ are predominantly excited via resonances, while the branch with $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=0$ contains a large contribution from direct scattering. The absolute rotational cross sections for $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4$ are measured; they exhibit a large magnitude (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) and peak and valley structures in the 1-4 eV range, reminiscent of well-known resonant vibrational excitation. The energy dependence and the absolute magnitude of the rotational cross sections for $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4$ can be understood in terms of a "boomerang" calculation. A comparison of the experiment with the relevant theoretical calculations is made.
Transition issues that affect research on evaluation

Summary A variety of problems and issues have been reviewed which affect the provision of transition services to adolescents and young adults with disabilities. Out of this analysis has emerged a proposed set of standards. Some standards refer to the methodology of evaluating transition programs which, if ignored, will result in an erroneous interpretation of evaluation outcomes. Other standards are based upon a current analysis of “best practices” within the field of transition programming. Collectively, this set of standards should be viewed as desirable criteria for structuring the selection of programs to be included in research studies on the evaluation of transition programs. This will maximize the power of the research studies by minimizing the confounding effects of poorly designed programs. A check list is included at the end of this chapter to assist in the process of selecting good programs to participate in any research studies that are developed and documenting the potential impact on research outcomes of any standards that are not met by participating programs.
Distinguishing attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame: Perceivers' evaluations of the attributions

Perceivers’ evaluations of attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame were investigated in this study. Participants read 2 scenarios with either mild or severe consequences, and then rated the perpetrators on either causality, moral responsibility, or blame. Participants subsequently rated the attributions on several evaluative dimensions. Attributions of moral responsibility were generally judged by perceivers to be more complex than attributions of causality and blame, suggesting that the process of attributing of blame may not involve the subprocess of evaluating moral responsibility. Excuses were not consistently judged to be more important for any particular type of attribution.
The effect of hyaluronidase on the facility of outflow in normal and buphthalmic rabbits.

This study confirms the results of other investigators that hyaluronidase temporarily increases the facility of outflow most probably by its effect on a hyaluronic acid-like substance covering the trabecular meshwork in normal rabbits. In demonstrating that intracameral hyaluronidase had essentially no effect on outflow facility in congenital buphthalmic rabbits, one might postulate that these rabbits have either a functionless trabecular meshwork or an overlying mucopolysaccharide layer that is unresponsive to hyaluronidase.
Attempt to design a strong solid.

It is shown that by using alternate layers of materials with high and low elastic constants resolved shearing stresses of the order of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{low}}}{100}$ will be required in order to drive dislocations through the combination. The layers should be so thin that a Frank Read source cannot operate inside one layer. The low-elastic-constant material should be such that perfect dislocations rather than partials occur in bulk specimens of the material. Several possible combinations are suggested.
Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae: Phytomyza): species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization.

A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine relationships and to investigate character evolution in the Phytomyza ilicis group of leafmining flies on hollies (Aquifoliaceae: Ilex). A total of 2207 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes were sequenced for all known holly leafminers, as well as for several undescribed members of this group. Maximum-parsimony analysis of the sequence data indicates that these leafminers form a monophyletic group with the inclusion of an undescribed leafminer that feeds on the distantly related plant Gelsemium sempevirens (Loganiaceae). Species boundaries of previously known and of undescribed holly leafmining species were confirmed with the molecular data, with one exception. Optimization of variable ecological and morphological characters onto the most parsimonious phylogeny suggests that these traits are evolutionarily labile, requiring multiple instances of convergence and/or reversal to explain their evolutionary history. Speciation in holly leafminers is associated with host shifts and appears to involve colonization of new hosts more often than cospeciation as the hosts diverge. Monophagy is the most common feeding pattern in holly leafminers, and more generalized feeding is inferred to have evolved at least two separate times, possibly as a prelude to speciation.
Distance and Intergenerational Ties of Farm Families1

The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the interactional patterns of Wisconsin farm couples with their parents. Step-wise multiple regression analysis provides a technique to solve a sequence of one or more multiple linear models by step-wise application of the least sum-of-squares method. The predictor variables used in this analysis include: distance, husband's age, stage in the family life-cycle, husband's education, wife's education, gross farm income, agricultural training of the husband, productive-man-work-units, and level of living. The results showed that distance is an important factor in the interaction between generations in rural areas.
CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model

Abstract. We discuss and evaluate the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the global Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 4, the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We present a variety of configurations for the representation of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, wet removal, and online and offline meteorology. Results from simulations illustrating these configurations are compared with surface, aircraft and satellite observations. Major biases include a negative bias in the high-latitude CO distribution, a positive bias in upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric ozone, and a positive bias in summertime surface ozone (over the United States and Europe). The tropospheric net chemical ozone production varies significantly between configurations, partly related to variations in stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Aerosol optical depth tends to be underestimated over most regions, while comparison with aerosol surface measurements over the United States indicate reasonable results for sulfate , especially in the online simulation. Other aerosol species exhibit significant biases. Overall, the model-data comparison indicates that the offline simulation driven by GEOS5 meteorological analyses provides the best simulation, possibly due in part to the increased vertical resolution (52 levels instead of 26 for online dynamics). The CAM-chem code as described in this paper, along with all the necessary datasets needed to perform the simulations described here, are available for download at www.cesm.ucar.edu .
Covariance in the Kronig-Kramers relation

Abstract From the holomorphic properties of the Kronig-Kramers relation, the covariance property of this relation is established. This covariance is applied to establish the foundations of some representations used in the analysis of the relaxation dispersions.
Novel Genetically Encoded Probes of G-Protein Activation, Calcium Concentration and Membrane Voltage for Two-Photon Polarization Microscopy

Two-photon polarization microscopy (2PPM) is emerging as a powerful imaging technique, allowing sensitive imaging of protein-protein interactions and protein conformational changes in living cells and organisms, often using existing fluorescently labeled constructs (Lazar J. & al., Nature Methods 2011). Here we present the first generation of genetically encoded optical probes developed specifically for 2PPM. Our probes allow sensitive, quantitative live cell imaging of G-protein activation, intracellular calcium concentration, and changes in cell membrane voltage.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Interpersonal Orientation and Self-Presentational Style

The relation between Horney's interpersonal orientations (compliant, aggressive, detached) and self-presentational style was investigated. Male and female subjects completed a measure of interpersonal orientation, worked on a series of tasks in four-person groups, then completed a self-presentational questionnaire they believed would be shown to the other group members. Analysis showed that subjects' interpersonal orientations were directly reflected in the nature of the social images subjects projected to the other group members. It is concluded that individuals may utilize tactical self-presentations as a means of establishing particular relationships with others that are congruent with their preferred modes of dealing with the social world.
Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study.

Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study
Normal weighted composition operators on weighted Dirichlet spaces

Abstract Let φ be an analytic self-map of D with φ ( p ) = p for some p ∈ D , let ψ be bounded and analytic on D , and consider the weighted composition operator W ψ , φ defined by W ψ , φ f = ψ ⋅ ( f ∘ φ ) . On the Hardy space and Bergman space, it is known that W ψ , φ is bounded and normal precisely when ψ = c K p / ( K p ∘ φ ) and φ = α p ∘ ( δ α p ) , where K p is the reproducing kernel for the space, α p ( z ) = ( p − z ) / ( 1 − p ¯ z ) , and δ and c are constants with | δ | ≤ 1 . In particular, in this setting, φ is necessarily linear-fractional. Motivated by this result, we characterize the bounded, normal weighted composition operators W ψ , φ on the Dirichlet space D in the case when φ is linear-fractional with fixed point p ∈ D , showing that no nontrivial normal weighted composition operators of this form exist on D . Our methods also allow us to extend this result to certain weighted Dirichlet spaces in the case when φ is not an automorphism.
A High Precision Measurement of the Neutron Electric Form Factor, GEn at High Q2

In the spring of 2006, Jefferson Lab experiment 02–013 successfully collected data to measure the neutron elastic form factor GEn at the four‐momentum transfer values Q2 = 1.2, 1.8, 2.6, and 3.5(GeV/c)2. This measurement of the quasi‐elastic semi‐exclusive 3He(e,e′n) reaction used the polarized CEBAF beam (Pb ≈ 85%) and a highly polarized 3He target (Pt ≈ 50%). Neutrons were detected in a large array of scintillators with an efficiency of 35–40%. The electrons were detected by the newly commissioned BigBite spectrometer with a solid angle of 76msr and a momentum resolution of 1%. From the transverse asymmetry of the cross section, GEn will be extracted. A statistical accuracy of ΔGEn/GEn ≈ 0.14 is expected.
Types of Latin American Peasantry: A Preliminary Discussion

A S ANTHROPOLOGY has become increasingly concerned with the study of modern communities, anthropologists have paid increasing attention to the social and cultural characteristics of the peasantry. It will be the purpose of this article to draw up a tentative typology of peasant groups for Latin America, as a basis for further field work and discussion. Such a typology will of necessity raise more questions than can be answered easily at the present time. To date, anthropologists working in Latin America have dealt mainly with groups with "Indian" cultures, and available anthropological literature reflects this major interest. Any projected reorientation of inquiry from typologies based mainly on characteristics of culture content to typologies based on similarities or dissimilarities of structure has implications with which no single writer could expect to cope. This article is therefore provisional in character, and its statements wholly open to discussion. There have been several recent attempts to draw a line between primitives and peasants. Redfield, for example, has discussed the distinction in the following words (1953:31):
Counterfactuals and Causal Models: Introduction to the Special Issue.

Judea Pearl won the 2010 Rumelhart Prize in computational cognitive science due to his seminal contributions to the development of Bayes nets and causal Bayes nets, frameworks that are central to multiple domains of the computational study of mind. At the heart of the causal Bayes nets formalism is the notion of a counterfactual, a representation of something false or nonexistent. Pearl refers to Bayes nets as oracles for intervention, and interventions can tell us what the effect of action will be or what the effect of counterfactual possibilities would be. Counterfactuals turn out to be necessary to understand thought, perception, and language. This selection of papers tells us why, sometimes in ways that support the Bayes net framework and sometimes in ways that challenge it.
Vaginal cells of smokers are more resistant to human papillomavirus infection than that of non-smokers.

Abstract To evaluate effect of HPV and smoking on DNA double-strand breaks in vaginal samples, vaginal specimens collected from participants (n = 76) were classified based on HPV and smoking status, and DNA double-strand breaks measured using comet assay. Mean tail length (31.2 ± 18.7 μm) and tail moment (2.4 ± 2.8 arbitrary units) for HPV-positive patients were lower (p
Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected subjects.

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of hospital and community acquired bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected subjects prior to and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We studied 266 patients with bacterial pneumonia over two separate periods, 154 in the first period and 112 in the second period. A statistically significant difference in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in the two study periods was observed ranging from 13.1 to 8.5 episodes per 100 persons. The incidence of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia decreased from 10.7 to 7.7 ( P =0.01), while that of nosocomial episodes decreased from 2.4 to 0.8 episodes ( P =0.003). Low levels of peripheral CD 4+ cells ( 3 ) and intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) were significantly associated with the development of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, while an increasing value of APACHE III score and prolonged hospitalisation increased the risk of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in both study periods.
A hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent preamplifier and photodetector

We report the integration of a hybrid silicon evanescent waveguide photodetector with a hybrid silicon evanescent optical amplifier. The device operates at 1550 nm with a responsivity of 5.7 A/W and a receiver sensitivity of -17.5 dBm at 2.5 Gb/s. The transition between the passive silicon waveguide and the hybrid waveguide of the amplifier is tapered to increase coupling efficiency and to minimize reflections.