cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective management of the left ventricular outflow tract for repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect: Management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Objective Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction remains an early and late complication after repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. We reviewed our experience with the selective management of the infundibular septum during primary repair to address left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Methods From 1991 through 2001, all 27 patients presenting with interrupted aortic arch/ventricular septal defect and posterior deviation of the infundibular septum were analyzed. Fifteen patients with the smallest subaortic areas underwent myectomy or myotomy of the infundibular septum concomitant with interrupted aortic arch/ventricular septal defect repair. Results Patients undergoing myectomy-myotomy (Group I) had significantly smaller subaortic diameter indexes (0.83 ± 0.16 cm/m 2 ) when compared with those who had only interrupted aortic arch/ventricular septal defect repair (group 2: 0.99 ± 0.13 cm/m 2 , P = .012). Two hospital deaths occurred in group 1, and 1 occurred in group 2. No late deaths occurred. No patient in group 2 required reoperation. Six group 1 patients required 9 reoperations for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Five patients underwent resection of a new subaortic membrane. Only 1 patient had recurrent muscular left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Three patients required a second reoperation, primarily related to aortic valve stenosis. Conclusions Interrupted aortic arch/ventricular septal defect with posterior malalignment of the infundibular septum can be repaired with low mortality in the neonatal period. Tailored to the degree of subaortic narrowing, resection or incision of the infundibular septum at the time of primary repair was very effective in preventing or prolonging the interval to recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction compared with the published data. However, reoperation for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, often related to the development of a new and discrete subaortic membrane or valvar stenosis, is still required in a subset of patients.
Dizziness and Panic Disorder: A Review of the Association Between Vestibular Dysfunction and Anxiety

Dizziness is a common and costly condition that causes significant distress and impairment yet often confounds appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Among patients presenting for evaluation and treatment of dizziness, rates of panic disorder are elevated to 5 to 15 times the general population rates. In addition, the limited studies to date of dizziness in patients with panic disorder suggest that panic patients frequently experience significant dizziness and often demonstrate evidence of vestibular dysfunction. In this paper we review studies investigating the relationship between panic disorder and vestibular dysfunction. Currently, there are three main explanatory models for the association between panic disorder and vestibular dysfunction: the psychosomatic model, the somatopsychic model, and the network alarm theory. Systematic investigations of the treatment of patients with vestibular symptoms and panic disorder are lacking, though prevalence, associated costs, and disability suggest that they are needed. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors are good candidates for future treatment studies.
The match matters: Examining student epistemic preferences in relation to epistemic beliefs about chemistry

Student epistemic preferences have been found to be important in student learning and achievement. The present study proposed a new conceptualization of student epistemic preferences in the epistemic match model, assessed the match between student epistemic beliefs about chemistry and their epistemic preferences, and, most importantly, examined how this epistemic match may be associated with chemistry course achievement. We adopted latent class analysis and found three distinct profiles of epistemic preferences based on the dimensions of simple and certain knowledge, attainable truth, and alternative knowledge claims. Students in Latent Class 3 (Moderate Preferences) demonstrated the closest match between chemistry epistemic beliefs and epistemic preferences, and had more students who obtained higher grades and fewer students who had lower grades in an introductory chemistry course compared to the other two classes. Students in Latent Classes 1 (All Preferred) and 2 (Alternative-Claim Disliked), however, demonstrated certain degrees of epistemic mismatch between chemistry epistemic beliefs and epistemic preferences, and had noticeably lower achievement in the chemistry course. The study findings highlight the importance of achieving a close match between epistemic beliefs and epistemic preferences for higher achievement in a subject domain.
Mesoscale Simulations of the land surface effects of historical logging in a moist continental climate regime

Abstract An enhanced knowledge of the feedbacks from land surface changes on regional climates is of great importance in the attribution of climate change. To explore the effects of deforestation on a midlatitude climate regime, two sets of two five-member ensembles of 28-day simulations were conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled to the “Noah” land surface model. The four ensembles represented conditions in summer (August) and winter (February) across the northern mid-Atlantic United States before and after extensive late-nineteenth-century logging of hardwood forests in central and northern Pennsylvania. Prelogging ensembles prescribed a vegetative cover of an evergreen needleleaf forest; postlogging ensembles prescribed sparse vegetation and bare soil to simulate clear-cut deforestation. The results of the MM5 experiments showed a decided seasonality in the response of the land surface–atmosphere system t...
EPA's pioneering response to FQPA mandate: assessing the cumulative effects of pesticides

Edward Zager, Brenda Tarplee, William Wooge from the Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The woods fill up with snow

Palaeoclimatological evidence covering the past millennium suggests that the global water cycle has changed in the past century. Agreement with climate models points to human activity as the main cause.
Rates of convergence of some estimators in a class of deconvolution problems

Abstract This paper studies the problem of estimating the density of U when only independent copies of X = U + Z is observable where Z is an independent measurement error. Convergence rates of a family of deconvolved kernel density estimators are obtained under different assumptions on the density of Z .
Spectroscopic and computational characterization of the nickel-containing F430 cofactor of methyl-coenzyme M reductase.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes the terminal reaction in methanogenesis, the formation of methane from methyl-coenzyme M and coenzyme B. The active site of MCR binds the prosthetic group F430, a unique nickel hydrocorphin cofactor. Here, spectroscopy and computations are employed in developing detailed electronic descriptions of the Ni(II) and Ni(I) forms of the free cofactor. Absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable-temperature variable-field MCD data are analyzed within the framework of time-dependent DFT computations to assign key electronic transitions. DFT calculations are further employed to evaluate possible reduced F430 models—a one-electron reduced Ni(I)F430 model and a three-electron reduced Ni(I)Fred430 model (possessing a reduced hydrocorphin ligand)—on the basis of excited-state spectra and published EPR/ENDOR parameters. While calculations on both models yield spectroscopic parameters that are consistent with most experimental data, overall better agreement is achieved using the Ni(I)F430 model, particularly with respect to electronic absorption and 1H ENDOR. The experimentally validated bonding descriptions generated herein show that in Ni(II)F430 the occupied Ni 3d orbitals are too low in energy to significantly perturb the dominant electronic transition involving the π and π* frontier MOs of the macrocycle (i.e., the HOMO→LUMO transition). Upon one-electron reduction of the Ni(II) ion, the occupied Ni 3d orbitals are raised in energy, shifting between the HOMO and the LUMO of the oxidized cofactor. These ground-state changes have a dramatic effect on the excited-state structure, causing a blue shift of the dominant π→π* transition and the appearance of numerous Ni 3d→hydrocorphin π* charge-transfer features in the vis/near-IR region.
The genetic components of idiopathic nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis is a cause of significant morbidity and medical care expenses worldwide. Its prevalence has increased steadily during the last three decades among both adults and children. This trend suggests that changing environmental factors play a significant role in the risk of developing kidney stones although, conversely, there are many indications that genes play an important role in this condition as well. A limited number of monogenic forms have been identified, but the majority of nephrolithiasis cases are the result of complex, multi-factorial interactions between genetic inheritance and environmental exposure. Scientific evidence indicates that inheritance accounts for about half of the risk of common forms, making these forms suitable for investigation by genetic analysis. Here, we review the numerous studies that have been conducted to establish the role of genes in determining the risk of nephrolithiasis, the differential contribution of genes to this risk, and the confounding influence that environmental variables have on genetic studies.
Structural and Conformational Characterization of Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) by Infrared Spectroscopy

X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that a PEN film annealed from 160 to 260 °C crystallizes in the α crystal form while crystallization of PEN directly from the melt results in the β crystal form when Tc > 200 °C and in the α form at lower Tc. Infrared spectra from PEN samples containing α, β, and amorphous phases were obtained, and digital subtraction of the amorphous contribution from the semicrystalline spectra provided characteristic spectra of amorphous, α, and β crystalline spectra. The bands at 1004, 1332, and 814 cm-1 were attributed to the all-trans conformation in the α crystalline phase, and the bands at 975 and 1348 cm-1 were attributed to the β crystalline phase. Our infrared spectroscopic investigation suggests that the α crystal form adopts an all-trans conformation while the β crystal form adopts a conformation with appreciable gauche character. Conformational changes occurring in PEN not only are due to the rotation of the ethylene glycol unit but also arise from the rotation of the ...
Social Structural Inquiries – Part 2: Statistical Methods and Process Models

A tightened linkage between theory and data would enhance cumulative sociological knowledge. Toward that end this article selectivity reviews and develops social structural theories – theories that explain data. It focuses on statistical methods and process models because both approaches advance cumulative social science, and the tension between their advocates works against disciplinary solidarity. Boudon’s structural schematics cover all of the examples, suggesting a common perspective that can lessen the friction among practitioners of these forms of quantitative analysis and refocus much of the diversity of current sociology.
Imaging myocardial scar and arrhythmic risk prediction—a role for the electrocardiogram?

Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death (SCD) has become increasingly important to identify candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Existing clinical guidelines to identify patients for ICDs focus on reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); however, the average annual rate of appropriate ICD shocks is only 5.1% in this select group (LVEF <or=35%), and these patients only represent a small fraction of the total number of patients who die of SCD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with late gadolinium enhancement has recently emerged as the in vivo gold standard for detecting and quantifying myocardial scar after infarction and in nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Myocardial scar, particularly in the scar border zone, interrupts electrical conduction providing regions that support reentrant ventricular arrhythmias. Recent studies have shown that increased MRI scar in both prior infarction and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients is associated with arrhythmogenesis, worsening heart failure, and cardiac mortality. This review will focus on the emerging role of MRI to quantify scar and predict arrhythmogenesis in patients with prior infarction and with nonischemic cardiomyopathies-including idiopathic, hypertrophic, Fabry's disease, myocarditis, Chagas' disease, and sarcoidosis. Furthermore, this review will discuss the potential role of the 12-lead electrocardiographic Selvester QRS scoring system to quantify myocardial scar and predict arrhythmogenesis in prior infarct and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Percussion instruments using realtime convolution: physical controllers

This paper describes several example hybrid acoustic / electronic percussion instruments using realtime convolution to augment and modify the apparent acoustics of damped physical objects. Examples of cymbal, frame drum, practice pad, brush, and bass drum controllers are described.
The Need To Be Different Predicts Divergent Production: Toward a Social Learning Model of Originality.

According to social learning theory, innovation motivation is partly composed of the subjective value set upon the opportunity to engage in different behaviors. An inventory measuring this explicit need to be different (vDiffer) has not previously been evaluated for its ability to predict divergent production of ideas. In this study, the vDiffer scale was administered together with three divergent production (originality) measures: a word-association test, a new uses test, and a test requiring examinees to name members of categories. Responses were scored for unusualness in the sample. The need to be different predicted unusual category exemplars (r = .31), word associations (r = .30), and uses for common objects (r = .31). Although general knowledge or verbal fluency also predicted some originality scores, innovation motivation tests accounted for significant variance over and above that attributable to these ability measures.
Electric dipole sum rules for the triton

We apply Myers's technique to calculate sum rule values of the moments ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3}$ for the triton photoeffect. We find that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$ agrees within 10% with the value found from Myers's cross sections. The disagreement found between values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3}$ from sum rules and Myers's cross sections seems due to the sensitivity of the latter to inaccuracies in the high energy cross section.
Angular response of miniature ultrasonic hydrophones

The voltage response of ceramic and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hydrophones was measured in the receive mode for angles of incidence ranging from 0°–90°. The measurements were performed at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 8.0 MHz; these frequencies are typical of those used in medical diagnosis. The results are compared to three theoreticalmodels based on diffraction theory; correlation between the measured response and theoreticalmodels is evident for some PVDF hydrophones but not for others, and not for any ceramichydrophone. The effective radius, as defined in the AIUM–NEMA standard for diagnostic ultrasound, is calculated and compared to the test criteria established in that standard. All of the ceramichydrophones and two of the five PVDF hydrophones failed to meet the criteria.
Seasonal influences on rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) behavior

Seasonal differences in the behavior of 2.5- to 4.5-year-old female subjects and male subjects >2.5 years of age were studied in two rhesus monkey groups over a period of 6 years. The frequencies and durations of sexual acts and states were higher during the Fall in Georgia, USA, but were significant only with regard to female partners. Total time in social proximity, scores for proximity by partner without social interaction, nonspecific contact, grooming received, and noncontact forms of aggression with female partners were also higher in the Fall. Although more submission and agonistically ambiguous responses were received from female partners during the Fall, no seasonal pattern prevailed for responses performed. More contact aggression was directed to males in the Spring, and the pattern of agonistic behavior observed cannot be accounted for by males fighting over estrous females. Significantly more play was observed among subjects in the Fall, but the oldest males played more in the Spring. Some patterns, like huddling, were seen more in the Fall, but they may have been due to temperature differences. Seasonal differences in morphology and behavior cannot be attributed to a single variable, like temperature, level of gonadal hormones, or sexual competition, and may reflect a broader adaptation to seasonal variables.
Codependence of Growth Hormone-Responsive, Sexually Dimorphic Hepatic Gene Expression on Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5b and Hepatic Nuclear Factor 4α

Targeted disruption of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b gene (STAT5b) leads to decreased expression in male mouse liver of a male-predominant cytochrome (Cyp) 2d protein, whereas female-predominant Cyp2b proteins are increased. Presently, we characterize the effects of STAT5b deficiency on 15 specific, individual Cyp RNAs and other sexually dimorphic liver gene products. All seven male-specific RNAs investigated were decreased to normal female levels in STAT5b-deficient male liver, whereas five of eight female-specific RNAs, designated class I female genes, were increased in expression up to 200-fold or more. STAT5b deficiency had a much more modest effect on the expression of these genes in females. Hypophysectomy and GH replacement studies demonstrated positive GH pulse regulation of all seven male RNAs and negative GH pulse regulation of class I, but not class II, female RNAs in wild-type, but not in STAT5b-deficient, male mice. A majority of the sex-specific genes responded in parallel to the loss of STAT5b and the loss of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, indicating that both transcription factors are essential and suggesting they may coregulate sexually dimorphic liver gene expression. Continuous GH treatment of intact male mice, which overrides the endogenous male, pulsatile plasma GH pattern, down-regulated all seven male RNAs and induced expression of the five class I female RNAs within 4-7 d; however, induction of class II female RNAs was delayed until d 7-14. Given the slow responses of all 15 genes to changes in plasma GH status, GH regulation of sex-specific Cyp expression is proposed to be indirect and mediated by STAT5b- and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha-dependent factors that may include repressors of female-specific Cyps and other targets of GH action.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 80. Molecular orbital evaluation of C–H hydrogen bonding in tetramethylammonium tetrahydroborate

Abstract We have used ab initio (HF/3-21G(∗) and HF/6-31+G ∗ ) single point energy calculations on model structures to investigate the nature of methyl C–H to anion interactions in tetramethylammonium tetrahydroborate. The preferred structure has four cations about the anion in a D 2 d arrangement, each of which forms a CHHB dihydrogen bond to anion. This arrangement is in good accordance with previous infrared spectral studies. The alternative D 2 d arrangement with cation C–H directed to faces of the BH 4 − tetrahedron is 6 kcal mol −1 higher in energy than the dihydrogen bonded model.
Studying the interaction of a hidden Markov model with a Bayesian spiking neural network

This paper explores a novel hybrid approach for classifying sequential data such as isolated spoken words. The approach combines a hidden Markov model (HMM) with a spiking neural network (SNN). The HMM, consisting of states and transitions, forms a fixed backbone with nonadaptive transition probabilities. The SNN, however, implements a Bayesian computation by using an appropriately selected spike timing dependency (STDP) learning rule. A separate SNN, each with the same architecture, is associated with each of the p states of the HMM. Because of the STDP tuning, each SNN implements an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to learn the particular observation probabilities for one particular HMM state. When applied to an isolated spoken word (as a popular sequential data) recognition problem, the hybrid model performs well and efficiently with a desirable accuracy rate. Because of the model's uniqueness and initial success, it warrants further study. Future work intends to broaden its capabilities and improve the biological realism.
Making improvements in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes: a possible role for the control of variation in glycated hemoglobin.

Glucose level varies over time due to a number of complex physiologic processes. Evidence suggests variation in glucose level contributes to risk of complications. The timescale associated with variation in glucose level is on the order of seconds to minutes, yet diabetes complications stem from years of cumulative effects. This difference between timescale suggests a slower timescale may better represent the influential component of variation. We hypothesize variation in glycated hemoglobin captures the component of variation associated with future complications. Moreover, we hypothesize that patient-management strategies influence variation in glycated hemoglobin level. From a systems control perspective, increasing variation may well reflect a policy of closed loop feedback control where changes in patient glycated hemoglobin are addressed after the fact. Such a strategy attends to problems as they arise. In contrast, decreasing variation may result from a clinical strategy that is anticipatory and proactive. A physician using a proactive strategy will base current moves on anticipation of future states, controlling variation in patient outcomes such as glycated hemoglobin. We motivate our discussion using observational data from a large multispeciality medical group in Minnesota: we characterize the within-patient trend and variation of glycated hemoglobin in adults with type 2 diabetes, describe patterns of variation, and identify factors associated with variation. Our hypotheses imply: (1) patterns of variation in glycated hemoglobin reflect physician treatment strategy; (2) variation provides an independent contribution to risk of diabetes complications; (3) the development of treatment strategies that control variation may be a beneficial goal in the management of type 2 diabetes.
When Civil Wars Recur: Conditions for Durable Peace after Civil Wars

We argue that the duration of the peace after civil wars is mainly a function of the extent to which the outcome of the previous civil war preserved a condition of multiple sovereignty and the extent to which the post-civil war environment creates incentives for dissident groups to resort to violence rather than sustain the peace. Hazard models suggest that the outcome of the previous conflict does affect the duration of the peace, and this effect varies across time. The introduction of peacekeeping forces has a substantial positive effect on peace duration. We also find evidence of a curvilinear relationship between ethnic fractionalization and post-civil war peace duration. Based on these results, we conclude with recommendations for how peace can be maintained after a civil war.
Diagonal recurrent neural networks for dynamic systems control

A new neural paradigm called diagonal recurrent neural network (DRNN) is presented. The architecture of DRNN is a modified model of the fully connected recurrent neural network with one hidden layer, and the hidden layer comprises self-recurrent neurons. Two DRNN's are utilized in a control system, one as an identifier called diagonal recurrent neuroidentifier (DRNI) and the other as a controller called diagonal recurrent neurocontroller (DRNC). A controlled plant is identified by the DRNI, which then provides the sensitivity information of the plant to the DRNC. A generalized dynamic backpropagation algorithm (DBP) is developed and used to train both DRNC and DRNI. Due to the recurrence, the DRNN can capture the dynamic behavior of a system. To guarantee convergence and for faster learning, an approach that uses adaptive learning rates is developed by introducing a Lyapunov function. Convergence theorems for the adaptive backpropagation algorithms are developed for both DRNI and DRNC. The proposed DRNN paradigm is applied to numerical problems and the simulation results are included. >
The Home Learning Project: A Group Consultation Model of Parent Education

Much of the recent research in child development has documented the impact different parental behaviors have on young children's development, particularly their cognitive development. Reviewing that empirical work, it is clear that how parents interact with their children and how they structure the physical environment of the home can affect whether children develop optimally (Stevens, 1973; Streissgurth & Bee, 1972). This evidence has provided much support to the development of systematic parent education and parent involvement components in child care programs. National programs such as Head Start and Follow Through have mandated that parent education and parent involvement be an inherent part of such programs. The rationale for such a directive is that involving parents effectively in the education of their child will not only have immediate beneficial effects, but may be critical for sustaining the optimal development of the child (Radin, 1972; Schaefer, 1972). This has encouraged us to develop a systematic parent education program as an inherent part of our program for prekindergarten children. The Home Learning Project was developed as part of the parent involvement component of the Prekindergarten Program sponsored by the White Plains Public Schools, White Plains, New York. The primary goal of the project was to determine whether a group consultation
HF radar data assimilation in the Monterey Bay area

[1] The utility of high-frequency (HF) radar data for improving numerical circulation model predictions is evaluated. Comparisons of the statistical properties of the (CODAR-type) HF radar data and the observed wind indicate a strong correlation between the dominant alongshore, upwelling-favoring wind-forcing and HF radar-derived surface currents along the central California coastline. Because inadequate knowledge of the wind stress is probably a significant source of error in the model solutions, the idea of using HF radar data to provide corrections to the model wind-forcing is promising. Different HF radar data assimilation schemes are compared and judged based on the correlations observed between model currents and independent observations from two mooring sites. Analysis of correlation maps between model-predicted and observed currents indicates a spatial and temporal shift between modeled and observed features. However, the impact of HF radar data assimilation reduces these spatial and temporal shifts. A significant improvement in the correlation between the model and observed subsurface currents is achieved when an Ekman-layer projection of the corrections is included. In this approach, assimilation of HF radar data produces additional Ekman pumping (vertical velocity) based on the horizontal pattern of model-observed velocity mismatch at the surface.
Algebraic self-training algorithms for multi-channel system identification and equalization

We study the problem of identifying and equalizing single input-multiple output (SIMO) linear systems that are common in digital communication systems. We present an adaptive algorithm for the identification of SIMO linear systems. We also present an algorithm for the equalization of a SIMO linear system. Both algorithms are based on a mild length and zero condition and can be implemented recursively. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of these two algorithms. >
Emerging Trends in Supply Chain Governance

Motivated by the disintegration of supply networks observed in the automotive, textile and electronics industry, we discuss the impact of such phenomena on the network players. We hypothesize that the state of disintegration is not sustainable and will be followed by an eventual reintegration. We present evidence from a field study that was conducted to understand the impact of disintegration on original equipment manufacturers and on small and medium enterprises to support our hypothesis. We introduce the aggregate player, whose role is to provide the required services, assume control and govern a portion of the supply network. We explore the issues that an aggregate player will face and contrast two different models of an aggregate player.
Fusing Tissue Engineering and Systems Biology Toward Fulfilling Their Promise

Tissue engineering has progressed to enable development of engineered 3D in vitro tissue models that can recapitulate in vivo cellular physiologies through the control of an expansive variety of microenvironmental design features, including mechanical, extracellular matrix, and soluble stimulatory cues. Microenviromental cues stimulate cells through a system of interconnected molecular regulatory pathways that govern cellular behaviors within engineered tissue models. Detailed understanding of how cell signaling pathways process these microenvironmental stimuli to govern their behaviors will require application of systems-level biological approaches. To date, the experimental and modeling approaches at the heart of systems biology have largely been examined in relatively simple experimental contexts that are readily and repeatedly addressable, such as mammalian cell lines in 2D culture. To enhance the prospects for systems biology to bring about insight into the complex cellular processes underlying human physiology and disease, and to identify and validate candidate therapeutic approaches, it needs to be advanced into improved experimental contexts that more effectively represent the complexity and functionality of native tissues. Herein, we discuss how systems biology can be adapted to the experimental constraints and interests of tissue engineering, and suggest how systems biology could aid in designing and investigating engineered tissue models for the study of human physiology and pathophysiology.
Expression continuity and the formal differentiation of algorithms

This paper explores the technique of 'strength reduction' or 'formal differentation' in a set theoretic context, as recently introduced by Earley. We give pragmatic rules for the recognition and treatment of reasonably general cases in which the optimization is applicable, and consider some of the problems which arise in actually attempting to install this optimization as part of a compiling system.
Spectral analysis and performance of a 20 kW CW uplink transmitter

In the 1994 Power Modulator Symposium, a treatment was given on the power supply performance of a 20 KW CW uplink transmitter for NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). This paper examines and reports on the phase noise and other spectral characteristics of the high-power RF uplink signal. Allan variance performance figures are presented and discussed and overall RF performance is examined against the existing requirements in terms of phase noise, Allan variance and stability. Also noted are the effects of AC versus DC filament modulation of the high power uplink Klystron amplifier. Tests have shown that DC cathode filament heating can eliminate the dominant 60 Hertz spurs that are evident in almost all phase noise tests. Practical implementations of phase noise tests are provided to document and facilitate future analysis.
Diseases of the mitochondrial DNA.

INTRODUCTION . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 175 THE HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 1176 Mitochondrial Biogenesis ... 1 176 Mitochondrial OXPHOS Complexes and their Synthesis 1 178 Developmental Regulation of Nuclear OXPHOS Genes 1179 Mitochondrial DNA Genetics 1 1 8 1 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MUTATIONS AND DISEASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 183 Missense Mutations 1184 Biogenesis Mutations 1 1 88 Insertion-Deletion Mutations . 1 192 Copy Number Mutations 1 195 DEFECTS IN NUCLEAR-CYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1 195 THE PROGRESSION OF OXPHOS DISEASES AND AGING 1 196 EVIDENCE FOR OXPHOS DEFECTS IN COMMON DEGENERATIVE DISEASES . . ... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 1201 METABOLIC AND GENETIC THERAPY OF OXPHOS DEFECTS 1206
Spatially Explicit Parameterization of a Terrestrial Ecosystem Model and Its Application to the Quantification of Carbon Dynamics of Forest Ecosystems in the Conterminous United States

AbstractThe authors use a spatially explicit parameterization method and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to quantify the carbon dynamics of forest ecosystems in the conterminous United States. Six key parameters that govern the rates of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in TEM are selected for calibration. Spatially explicit data for carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes are used to calibrate the six key parameters to more adequately account for the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems in estimating regional carbon dynamics. The authors find that a spatially explicit parameterization results in vastly different carbon exchange rates relative to a parameterization conducted for representative ecosystem sites. The new parameterization method estimates that the net ecosystem production (NEP), the annual gross primary production (GPP), and the net primary production (NPP) of the regional forest ecosystems are 61% (0.02 Pg C; 1 Pg = 1015 g) higher and 2% (0.11 Pg C) and 19% (0.45 Pg C) lower, respectively, than...
Homotopy Lie algebras and Poincaré series of algebras with monomial relations

To every homogeneous ideal of a polynomial ring S over a Þeld K, Macaulay assigned an ideal generated by monomials in the indeterminates and with the same Hilbert function. Thus, from the point of view of Hilbert series residue rings modulo monomial ideals display the most general behavior. The homo- logical perspective reveals a very dierent picture. Two aspects are particularly relevant to this paper: If I is generated by monomials, then the Poincare series of the residue Þeld k of S=I is rational by Backelin (7), and the homotopy Lie algebra of S=I is Þnitely generated by Backe- lin and Roos (8). Constructions of Anick (1) and Roos (15), respectively, show that these properties may fail for general homogeneous ideals. Recenly, Gasharov, Peeva, and Welker (12) showed that some homological properties of S=I, such as being Golod, de- pend only on combinatorial data gathered from a minimal set of monomial generators. Here we prove that these data determine the Poincare series of k over S=I, along with most of its homotopy Lie algebra. As a consequence, we obtain the surprising result that if the number of generators of the ideal I is Þxed, then the number of such Poincare series is Þnite, even when K ranges over all Þelds. To Jan-Erik Roos on his sixty-Þfth birthday
A comparison of PID and fuzzy control of a model car

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of fuzzy logic in control system applications over conventional methods with the help of an experimental model. It makes comparisons between conventional proportional, integrative plus derivative (PID) controllers and other control techniques with the aid of an intelligent drive system for a model car. It also demonstrates the ease in switching from a conventional system to its fuzzy counterpart and shows why fuzzy logic has revolutionized the way control systems are implemented. >
Bdf1, a yeast chromosomal protein required for sporulation.

The BDF1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for sporulation. Under starvation conditions, most cells from thebdf1null mutant fail to undergo one or both meiotic divisions, and there is an absolute defect in spore formation. The Bdf1 protein localizes to the nucleus throughout all stages of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. Analysis of spread meiotic nuclei reveals that the Bdf1 protein is localized fairly uniformly along chromosomes, except that it is excluded specifically from the nucleolus. Abdf1null mutant displays a reduced rate of vegetative growth and sensitivity to a DNA-damaging agent. TheBDF1gene encodes a 77-kDa protein that contains two bromodomains, sequence motifs of unknown function. Separation-of-function alleles suggest thatonlyoneofthetwobromodomainsisrequiredforsporulation,whereasbotharerequiredforBdf1function in vegetative cells. We propose that the Bdf1 protein is a component of chromatin and that the mitotic and meiotic defects of thebdf1null mutant result from alterations in chromatin structure. Diploid eukaryotic organisms can undergo two different types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. During mitosis and the second division of meiosis, sister chromatids separate and segregate, while homologous chromosomes behave independently. In contrast, during thefirst division of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and recombine with each other and then segregate to opposite poles. Although many of the proteins required for a successful meiotic cell cycle are synthesized specifically during meiosis, proteins present in both vegetative and meiotic cells play important roles as well (65). Some proteins serve identical functions during the two types of cell division, but others act differentially. For example, several CDC gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required for the G1-to-S transition in the mitotic cell cycle, but some of these act after DNA replication during meiosis (64). Still other gene products serve functions of different importance in the two types of cell cycle. For instance, genes in the yeastRAD50series are required for recombinational repair of DNA damage but are otherwise dispensable for vegetative growth (17). However, these genes are essential for the generation of viable meiotic products, because recombination is required for reductional chromosome segregation (53).
Commercial Space Transportation: Recent Trends and Projections for 2000–2010

Over the past 10 years, the number of commercial space launches worldwide has tripled, from an average of 12 launches a year between 1990 and 1994, to between 36 and 37 commercial launches in each of the past three years. This is the result of increasing demand for geosynchronous communications satellites and the emergence of non-geosynchronous (NGSO), or low Earth orbit (LEO), communications constellations beginning in 1997. Several such systems — Iridium, Globalstar, and Orbcomm — were deployecf between 1997 and 1999. As the number of commercial launches has rapidly increased, so too have forecasts for future launch activity.
Statistical Mechanics of Directed Polymers

Much effort has been expended in this century towards understanding correlations and dynamics of dense liquids of pointlike atoms and molecules [1]. Particularly noteworthy is the pioneering work by Ornstein and Zernike [2], who argued that the density fluctuations are Gaussian and determined the form of the static correlation functions at long wavelengths. More recently, interest has focused on assemblies of extended objects, with the topology of lines [3], surfaces [4], or even more complicated architectures arising in solutions with surface active molecules [5]. In this review, we focus on dense, interacting arrays of linear polymers which are oriented along one preferred direction in space. Although less common than isotropic polymer melts [3], there are nevertheless many important physical examples of such directed polymers—see below. Because of the directed nature, one can probably go further in understanding the statics and dynamics than for isotropic polymers. Important simplifications arise in both the microscopic and long wavelength theories because self-avoidance of an individual line is unimportant: the significant physics lies in entanglement and interline interactions.
The double crush syndrome.

SUMMARY Multilevel lesions along a peripheral nerve trunk do occur. In the double crush syndrome as postulated by Upton and McComas, the presence of a more proximal lesion does seem to render the more distal nerve trunk more vulnerable to compression. While the exact pathophysiologic mechanism of this interaction is not yet elucidated, it most likely relates to disturbances in axonal flow kinetics and the disruption of the neurofilament architecture. On a practical level our studies show that given a more proximal root compression less involvement of the median nerve across the carpal tunnel was required to produce symptoms. Furthermore, the surgical outcome of carpal tunnel release in this double crush group was poorer than in that group with isolated carpal tunnel involvement. It is important to preoperatively identify those patients who may have double crush lesions and thus anticipate a less than optimal result from surgical release of the peripheral nerve. Finally, when the double crush syndrome is present, both entrapments may require treatment for optimal results.
Kinetics of aggregation and crystallization of polyaspartic Acid stabilized calcium phosphate particles at high concentrations.

Bone is an important material to study due to its exceptional mechanical properties and relevance with respect to hard tissue regeneration and repair. A significant effort has been directed toward understanding the bone formation process and the production of synthetic bone mimicking materials. Here, the formation and structural evolution of calcium phosphate (CaP) was investigated in the presence of relatively high concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and polyaspartic acid (pAsp) using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The incipient CaP aggregates were comprised of spherical nanoparticles (diameter ≈ 3–4 nm); they became preferentially aligned over time and eventually transformed into nanorods. The nanorods remained stable in suspension with no signs of further aggregation for at least four months. Detailed cryo-TEM suggested that the CaP nanorods formed through an oriented attachment mechanism. These results show that the reaction concentration greatly...
The Role of Subject-Matter Content in Teacher Preparation: An International Perspective for Mathematics.

AbstractInternational comparative studies in education provide a fresh perspective on K-12 education policy by enabling countries to learn from each other’s approaches. The recently conducted Teacher Education and Development Study—Mathematics provides a worldwide lens by which to examine the role of subject-matter in the preparation of US teachers of mathematics for primary and lower secondary students. More specifically, a previous study looking at the international top-performing teacher preparation programmes identified a common set of learning experiences (topics/content) related to mathematics. This empirically derived international benchmark is used in this paper to examine the quality of the mathematics preparation of future US teachers in various university and college programmes.
OBSERVATION ON THE FEASIBILITY OF THE IMPROVED SHOCK FLASK GERMICIDAL TEST

Objective To improve the shock flask germicidal test,and observe the practical feasibility of the method.Method The shock flask germicidal test was referenced to improve the method according to the principle of the shock flask germicidal test,and establish the germicidal method of non-dissolution disinfectant.Results The test procedure is to expand the amount of reaction liquid to 50ml in order to dissolve the fungicidal compounds sufficiently.Then put the sampling solution after the reaction into the neutralizer and culture with Colony-Forming Units-test.Compared with suspension quantitative germicidal test,the shock flask germicidal test can show the real germicidal efficacy of the disinfectant and it has the statistical significance.Conclusion The shock flask germicidal test could instead of the suspension quantitative germicidal test to evaluate the germicidal effect of non-dissolution disinfectant.
Three-Dimensional Breast Cancer Models Mimic Hallmarks of Size-Induced Tumor Progression

Tumor size is strongly correlated with breast cancer metastasis and patient survival. Increased tumor size contributes to hypoxic and metabolic gradients in the solid tumor and to an aggressive tumor phenotype. Thus, it is important to develop three-dimensional (3D) breast tumor models that recapitulate size-induced microenvironmental changes and, consequently, natural tumor progression in real time without the use of artificial culture conditions or gene manipulations. Here, we developed size-controlled multicellular aggregates ("microtumors") of subtype-specific breast cancer cells by using non-adhesive polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate hydrogel microwells of defined sizes (150-600 μm). These 3D microtumor models faithfully represent size-induced microenvironmental changes, such as hypoxic gradients, cellular heterogeneity, and spatial distribution of necrotic/proliferating cells. These microtumors acquire hallmarks of tumor progression in the same cell lines within 6 days. Of note, large microtumors of hormone receptor-positive cells exhibited an aggressive phenotype characterized by collective cell migration and upregulation of mesenchymal markers at mRNA and protein level, which was not observed in small microtumors. Interestingly, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines did not show size-dependent upregulation of mesenchymal markers. In conclusion, size-controlled microtumor models successfully recapitulated clinically observed positive association between tumor size and aggressive phenotype in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer while maintaining clinically proven poor correlation of tumor size with aggressive phenotype in TNBC. Such clinically relevant 3D models generated under controlled experimental conditions can serve as precise preclinical models to study mechanisms involved in breast tumor progression as well as antitumor drug effects as a function of tumor progression. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3732-43. ©2016 AACR.
Longitudinal impacts of emotion regulation on emerging adults: Variable- and person-centered approaches

Abstract Emotion regulation, or the ways people modify their emotional responses, impacts mental health in important ways. This longitudinal study assessed how cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, two specific emotion-regulation strategies, predict (a) emerging adults' later membership in latent classes determined by psychosocial adjustment, using person-centered analyses, and (b) their subsequent psychosocial adjustment outcomes, using variable-centered analyses. Results of latent transition analysis indicated that one's use of emotion-regulation strategies predicts future profiles of psychosocial functioning, even while adjusting for profile status eight months earlier. Further, in regression analyses, reappraisal and suppression predicted subsequent levels of several components of psychosocial adjustment, also above and beyond baseline levels of these outcomes. Both of these findings highlight the strong influence of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on emerging adults' future psychosocial adjustment. Programs promoting mental health during this formative developmental period should target emotion regulation as a key skill predicting future outcomes.