cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General education teacher practices: Assessment, decision-making and the influence of co-teaching

The current emphasis on data-based decision-making ties discussions of accountability, school improvement and educational reform to the notion that gathering and using evidence addresses questions ...
Shapes and flattening

Nesl is a first-order functional language with an apply-to-each construct and other parallel primitives that enables the expression of irregular nested data-parallel (NDP) algorithms. To compile Nesl, Blelloch and others developed a global flattening transformation that maps irregular NDP code into regular flat data parallel (FDP) code suitable for executing on SIMD or SIMT architectures, such as GPUs. While flattening solves the problem of mapping irregular parallelism into a regular model, it requires significant additional optimizations to produce performant code. Nessie is a compiler for Nesl that generates CUDA code for running on Nvidia GPUs. The Nessie compiler relies on a fairly complicated shape analysis that is performed on the FDP code produced by the flattening transformation. Shape analysis plays a key role in the compiler as it is the enabler of fusion optimizations, smart kernel scheduling, and other optimizations. In this paper, we present a new approach to the shape analysis problem for Nesl that is both simpler to implement and provides better quality shape information. The key idea is to analyze the NDP representation of the program and then preserve shape information through the flattening transformation.
The potency of Myrtaceae Family from Cibodas Botanic Gardens (Cianjur, Indonesia) as botanical pesticide

Abstract. Pratiwi RA, Nurlaeni Y. 2021. The potency of Myrtaceae Family from Cibodas Botanic Gardens (Cianjur, Indonesia) as botanical pesticide. Biodiversitas 22: 4648-4664. Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG) is a biodiversity reservoir that can be explored for the discovery of new candidates for botanical pesticides. Myrtaceae has been reported to provide biological activity against pests or pathogens due to their essential oil contents. This research was conducted to inventory and categorize Myrtaceae collection in CBG that had the potency to be botanical pesticide. The list of Myrtaceae collection of CBG obtained from Unit Registration and Collection CBG per 2021. Database fulfilling regarding the bactericide/fungicide/herbicide/insecticide potency of the Myrtaceae of CBG’s collection was carried out through digital references search. Our result showed that there were 73 species of Myrtaceae (from 18 genera) that are potential to be botanical pesticide sources. There were 17 species that are considerably had a high potency. Most of them belong to the Eucalyptus and Melaleuca, followed by Backhousia, Leptospermum, Psidium, and Syzygium. The data resulted from this study is expected to serve as baseline information for further research about the formulation, efficacy, and conservation management of botanical pesticides from Myrtaceae for sustainable use. Furthermore, the development of biological pesticides is a step to improve the quality of Indonesian export products so as to increase national competitiveness in the globalization era nowadays.
Chemical kinetic modelling of hydrocarbon ignition

Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon ignition is discussed with reference to a range of experimental configurations, including shock tubes, detonations, pulse combustors, static reactors, stirred reactors and internal combustion engines. Important conditions of temperature, pressure or other factors are examined to determine the main chemical reaction sequences responsible for chain branching and ignition, and kinetic factors which can alter the rate of ignition are identified. Hydrocarbon ignition usually involves complex interactions between physical and chemical factors, and it therefore is a suitable and often productive subject for computer simulations. In most of the studies to be discussed below, the focus of the attention is placed on the chemical features of the system. The other physical parts of each application are generally included in the form of initial or boundary conditions to the chemical kinetic parts of the problem, as appropriate for each type of application being addressed.
Coproducts and the cd-Index

The linear span of isomorphism classes of posets, {\cal P} , has a Newtonian coalgebra structure. We observe that the ab-index is a Newtonian coalgebra map from the vector space {\cal P} to the algebra of polynomials in the noncommutative variables a and b. This enables us to obtain explicit formulas showing how the cd-index of the face lattice of a convex polytope changes when taking the pyramid and the prism of the polytope and the corresponding operations on posets. As a corollary, we have new recursion formulas for the cd-index of the Boolean algebra and the cubical lattice. Moreover, these operations also have interpretations for certain classes of permutations, including simsun and signed simsun permutations. We prove an identity for the shelling components of the simplex. Lastly, we show how to compute the ab-index of the Cartesian product of two posets given the ab-indexes of each poset.
Boiling of Liquids

Publisher Summary The development of machines that evolve tremendous quantities of heat per unit volume has led to a sudden and great interest in boiling. The chapter describes the present state of knowledge of boiling liquids. It illustrates some experiments and thoughts on boiling by chemists, physicists, mechanical engineers, aeronautical engineers, and other persons who are not chemical engineers. The chapter also identifies areas of the field that need more work. The most useful descriptions of the various types of boiling are mathematical expressions that fit the physical observations. While experimenting, it has been observed that the nucleate type of boiling is far more common than any other type. This form usually occurs in commercial evaporators, still pots, and similar boiling equipment. Experiments on boiling have been made based on different boiling types that include nucleate, transition, and film boiling; surface boiling of sub-cooled liquid; and bulk boiling of a volume-heated liquid. Effect of geometric arrangement, effect of pressure, surface tension, agitation, short-wave radiation in boiling liquids are discussed in the chapter.
Learning approximate diagnosis

In earlier work on incorporating explanation-based learning (EBL) in model-based diagnosis (MBD), a diagnostic architecture integrating EBL and MBD components was suggested. The authors relax the requirement on completeness and specificity of the diagnostic candidates. They allow the learning component to make errors in a training phase where it is given feedback on its actual performance. A method is described for trading off accuracy for efficiency. In this approach, most diagnosis problems are handled by the associational rules learned from previous problems. Model-based reasoning and learning are activated only when performance drops below a given threshold. Empirical results are presented on circuits with an increasing number of components illustrating how this approach scales up. >
Using formative research to develop a worksite health promotion program for African American women.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe the development of a culturally appropriate worksite health promotion program (WHPP) designed to promote increased physical activity and improved nutrition in a high risk group of African American women. Methods: The program was based on EatRight, which is a lifestyle-oriented weight control program that focuses on food volume, rather than calories. Formative research included four nominal group technique (NGT) sessions conducted with 14 African American women from the selected worksite to gather input on job factors that affected their weight and daily life factors that affected their amount of physical activity. Their responses were used to adapt existing EatRight materials to target areas of special need for this unique group. Results: Themes emerged from the NGT sessions that indicated stress at work and an environment of unhealthy eating, in addition to social eating and lack of social support for healthy eating added to unhealthy eating patterns at work. In response ...
Large area GaN HEMT power devices for power electronic applications: switching and temperature characteristics

Large area AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) for power electronic applications have been fabricated. These power devices offer lower on-resistance and higher switching speed than SiC devices due to higher electron mobility and high channel charge density achieved by a heterojunction. The GaN epi-layers were grown on semiinsulating 4H-SiC substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique. The device structure was grown on SiC substrates due to its high thermal conductivity. The devices have been optimised with respect to electron mobility, sheet concentration, voltage breakdown, on-resistance and dispersion. Voltage breakdown of 1300 V was achieved on small devices while breakdown in the range 600-900 V was achieved on packaged devices depending on the number of devices that have been paralleled. The power device figure of merit V/sub BR//sup 2//R/sub on/=9.94/spl times/10/sup 8/ [V/sup 2//spl middot//spl Omega//sup -1/ cm/sup -2/], where V/sub BR/ is the breakdown voltage and R/sub on/ is the on-resistance, is the highest among any reported switching devices. Switching losses of large area 600 V/2.5 A power devices were measured using resistive and inductive loading. Switching times of <30 ns were achieved with an on-resistance of 0.4 /spl Omega/ (specific on-resistance=1.7 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/). The static and dynamic characteristics of GaN HEMT devices were also measured as a function of temperature up to 200/spl deg/C. Finally, the temperature distributions in the active device area were measured using Raman spectroscopy (pyrospectroscopy). This technique can be used to measure temperatures with a spatial resolution of 1-2 /spl mu/m. Device temperatures from both the active areas and SiC substrates have been measured.
Do asymptomatic patients have normal function after percutaneous fixation of the posterior pelvic ring? A case-control pilot study

Following treatment of a posterior pelvic disruption, residual deformity or associated injuries can adversely affect functional recovery. No study has been performed on gait and functional outcome after closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation (CRPSF) of posterior pelvic disruption in clinically asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if gait and functional outcome are different from normal in asymptomatic patients with a posterior pelvic injury after CRPSF, serving as a pilot study in this regard. Six asymptomatic patients with no grossly evident gait abnormality, treated by CRPSF for a posterior pelvic disruption, were included in the study (SG). A control group (CG) of six healthy volunteers was created. All participants completed the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey version 2 (SF-12v2), the Majeed Pelvic Score (MPS), and the Iowa Pelvic Score (IPS). In addition, the participants’ gait was analyzed. Pelvic drop was significantly smaller on the uninjured side in the SG when compared to the injured side in the SG. There was no significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for other gait parameters within the SG. Knee angle at initial contact was significantly greater on the injured side when compared to the CG. The SG scored statistically worse than the CG on the Physical Component Summary part of the SF-12v2. However, when evaluated by age group using national mean scores, the SG differences were minimal. All six patients in our study scored “excellent” on both MPS and IPS. Despite having subclinical alterations in gait, asymptomatic pelvic ring injured patients show minimal, if any, evidence of impaired functional outcome following successful reduction of a posterior pelvic disruption treated by CRPSF.
Advances and challenges in analytical characterization of biotechnology products: mass spectrometry-based approaches to study properties and behavior of protein therapeutics

Biopharmaceuticals are a unique class of medicines due to their extreme structural complexity. The structure of these therapeutic proteins is critically important for their efficacy and safety, and the ability to characterize it at various levels (from sequence to conformation) is critical not only at the quality control stage, but also throughout the discovery and design stages. Biological mass spectrometry (MS) offers a variety of approaches to study structure and behavior of complex protein drugs and has already become a default tool for characterizing the covalent structure of protein therapeutics, including sequence and post-translational modifications. Recently, MS-based methods have also begun enjoying a dramatic growth in popularity as a means to provide information on higher order structure and dynamics of biotechnology products. In particular, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS and charge state distribution analysis of protein ions in electrospray ionization (ESI) MS offer a convenient way to assess the integrity of protein conformation. Native ESI MS also allows the interactions of protein drugs with their therapeutic targets and other physiological partners to be monitored using simple model systems. MS-based methods are also applied to study pharmacokinetics of biopharmaceutical products, where they begin to rival traditional immunoassays. MS already provides valuable support to all stages of development of biopharmaceuticals, from discovery to post-approval monitoring, and its impact on the field of biopharmaceutical analysis will undoubtedly continue to grow.
Automated calculation of photon source emission from arbitrary mixtures of naturally radioactive heavy nuclides

Abstract Our computer code, GAMGEN, computes unscattered photon source spectra from arbitrary mixtures of naturally radioactive heavy nuclides. These spectra can describe the photon source for radiation transport codes. GAMGEN output is currently in MCNP format. GAMGEN obtains the specific activities of mixed nuclides and their successive daughter-specific activities by computing general solutions to the Bateman equations, including decay mode branching. After completion of the solution for each branch, the X- and gamma-ray line contributions for each of the nuclides below the branch point are weighted and accumulated. In addition to line emissions, provision has been made for including a library of corresponding bremsstrahlung spectra for each nuclide. GAMGEN is quite flexible for preparing source descriptions. X- and gamma-ray lines can be output as discrete lines, binned in groups, or key discrete lines can be selected and the remainder formed into bins.
Molecular Imaging in Optical Coherence Tomography.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging technique that provides tomographic images at micron scales in three dimensions and high speeds. The addition of molecular contrast to the available morphological image holds great promise for extending OCT’s impact in clinical practice and beyond. Fundamental limitations prevent OCT from directly taking advantage of powerful molecular processes such as fluorescence emission and incoherent Raman scattering. A wide range of approaches is being researched to provide molecular contrast to OCT. Here we review those approaches with particular attention to those that derive their molecular contrast directly from modulation of the OCT signal. We also provide a brief overview of the multimodal approaches to gaining molecular contrast coincident with OCT.
The Media and the Chemical Imbalance Theory of Depression

The cause of mental disorders such as depression remains unknown. However, the idea that neurotransmitter imbalances cause depression is vigorously promoted by pharmaceutical companies and the psychiatric profession at large. We examine media reports referring to this chemical imbalance theory and ask reporters for evidence supporting their claims. We then report and critique the scientific papers and other confirming evidence offered in response to our questions. Responses were received from multiple sources, including practicing psychiatrists, clients, and a major pharmaceutical company. The evidence offered was not compelling, and several of the cited sources flatly stated that the proposed theory of serotonin imbalance was known to be incorrect. The media can play a positive role in mental health reporting by ensuring that the information reported is congruent with the peer-reviewed scientific literature.
Disturbance reduction requirements for LISA

An overview is given of the sources and magnitudes of acceleration disturbances to the LISA proof masses (PMs). They are classified according to their sources as environmental noise, PM position sensor back-action, control-loop noise and PM-spacecraft (SC) stiffness. A general control model is used to establish relations among the noise sources, sensor errors and control-loop elements. Quantitative estimates are derived for the noise sources, and minimum requirements are inferred for sensor resolution and SC drag-free control-loop gain that are consistent both with the baseline in-band LISA budget for total acceleration noise and a possible extension to lower frequencies. For brevity, explicit expressions for each noise source are provided in tables, together with quantitative estimates for indicated parameter values. Additional tables list assumed parameter definitions and values; acceleration–noise goals and estimated totals; and minimum requirements for sensor resolution and SC control-loop gain, for frequencies ranging from 3 mHz down to 5 × 10−6 Hz.
The intermodal representation of speech in newborns

It has been proposed that speech is specified by the eye, the ear, and even the skin. Kuhl and Meltzoff (1984) showed that 4-month-olds could lip-read to an extent. Given the age of the infants, it was not clear whether this was a learned skill or a by-product of the primary auditory process. This paper presents evidence that neonate infants (less than 33 h) show virtually identical patterns of intermodal interaction as do 4-month-olds. Since they are neonates, it is unlikely that learning was involved. The results indicate that human speech is specified by both eye and ear at an age when built-in structural sensitivities provide the most plausible explanation.
Both Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Prevent Endothelial Cell Actin Fiber Alignment to Fluid Shear Stress

Diabetic patients are unable to effectively regulate blood glucose, which leads to periods of both hypo- and hyperglycemia [1]. High glucose increases reactive oxygen species formation [2], permeability [3], apoptosis [4], and basement membrane protein production [5] in endothelial cells. Recently hypoglycemia has been proposed to increase reactive species and apoptosis [6] and upregulate VEGF [7].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Physical implications of the cosmological constant

The contribution of the quantum vacuum to the energy-momentum stress tensor in Einstein's field equations is very large. The observed cosmos is not in agreement with such a large term; thus, we require the presence of a cosmological constant to cancel this term. We discuss why this constant cannot originate from a quantum field or the gravitational field. We propose that this constant is physical evidence of the structure of space. The physical structure of space gives space an existence independent of the existence of matter and radiation.
Improving Marketing Channel Control Through Power and Exchange

Effective channel management control is necessary to marketing planning. The flow of power and exchange in distribution systems has received extensive attention in the literature in recent years, however, internal structuring patterns precipitating these interactions have received cursory attention. This paper presents an initial conceptualization of a social systems model which illustrates why power phenomena exist and how these phenomena flow through role interactions among members of a channel of distribution. Implications for managerial action are presented in which managers utilize sources of power which have the greatest possibility of achieving control.
Vacuum electronic sources for high power terahertz-regime radiation

A recent resurgence of interest in new, more powerful, coherent sources of terahertz (THz) radiation (0.3–3.0 × 1012 Hz) has been driven by advances in fabrication and device physics modeling, emergence of new security threats, and application potential in high data rate communications, concealed weapon or threat detection, remote high resolution imaging, chemical spectroscopy, materials research, deep space research and communications, basic biological spectroscopy and biomedical diagnostics. This talk reviews recent advances and achievements in THz-regime vacuum electronic devices (VEDs). VEDs are intrinsically superior to solid state devices at handling high power or high power density. Development of VED sources of THz radiation has therefore primarily focused on applications calling for either high average power or high average power density, i.e., relatively high power in a compact package, and usually with the highest achievable device efficiencies. The VED source and critical enabling technology advances reviewed in this talk include EIKs, BWOs, TWTs, gyrotrons, FELs, beamline sources, microfabrication and cathodes.
Perceptual functionality of morphological redundancy in Choguita Rarámuri (Tarahumara)

A recent cross-linguistic survey suggests redundant marking of the same meaning by multiple morphological markers to be more widely attested than commonly believed. While this phenomenon (referred to as multiple (or extended) exponence in the morphological literature) has been examined within the context of morphological theory and diachronic research, little work has investigated the processing of morphological redundancy and synchronic motivations for its use. This paper reports a field speech-in-noise experiment to assess perceptual functionality of redundant markers in an agglutinating, morphologically complex language of Northern Mexico, Choguita Raramuri (Tarahumara). This language possesses morphological patterns in which a meaning is redundantly cued by two consecutive suffixes, and where the second (outer) suffix is optional. We show that the effect of adding the optional suffix varies with the overall likelihood of recognising its meaning in context: cue redundancy helps when recognition of the ...
Progesterone mediates gonadal hormone differences in tactile and thermal hypersensitivity following L5 nerve root ligation in female rats.

Abstract Sex differences in the magnitude of response to thermal and tactile stimuli have been demonstrated in both clinical and animal studies. Female rats typically display lower thresholds to painful stimuli and display more robust responses following nerve injury as compared with males. There is a body of evidence implicating the sex hormones in mediating this sex difference. In the present study, we sought to determine which gonadal hormones were involved in mediating the observed female hypersensitivity in female rats both prior to and following experimental nerve root injury using a chronic hormone replacement paradigm. Female rats were ovariectomized and hormone pellets containing 17β-estradiol, progesterone (P), 17β-estradiol+progesterone or placebo were implanted s.c. Our results demonstrate that only the group of female rats that received progesterone alone maintained the hypersensitive phenotype following ovariectomy, compared with gonadally intact male rats. This result was observed both in response to thermal stimuli in non-injured female rats and to thermal and tactile stimuli following L5 nerve root ligation, a model of low back pain associated with lumbar radiculopathy. Postmortem analysis of serum gonadal hormone concentrations demonstrates that the hormonal manipulations were successful and the exogenous hormones were similar to physiological levels observed in the sham-ovariectomized controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate the critical role for progesterone in mediating enhanced female tactile and thermal hypersensitivity following L5 nerve root ligation.
Thermal decomposition products of polyacrylonitrile

The decomposition products of a polyacrylonitrile yarn thermally decomposed at temperatures of 400°, 600°, and 800°C, under a flow of either air or nitrogen, have been analyzed by GC and GCMS. Hydrogen cyanide and 16 other nitriles were identified and quantified. Decomposition products contained a series of aliphatic nitriles of various chain lengths, and HCN was the predominant toxic product.
Top quark production and properties at DØ

The latest results from the D0 Collaboration on top quark production and properties in p{bar p} collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV are presented. The measurements were performed using approximately 1 fb{sup -1} of D{sub 0} data taken during Run II at the Tevatron.
Absolute temperature imaging using intermolecular multiple quantum MRI.

Purpose: A review of MRI temperature imaging methods based on intermolecular multiple quantum coherences (iMQCs) is presented. Temperature imaging based on iMQCs can provide absolute temperature maps that circumvent the artefacts that other proton frequency shift techniques suffer from such as distortions to the detected temperature due to susceptibility changes and magnetic field inhomogeneities. Thermometry based on iMQCs is promising in high-fat tissues such as the breast, since it relies on the fat signal as an internal reference. This review covers the theoretical background of iMQCs, and the necessary adaptations for temperature imaging using iMQCs.Materials and methods: Data is presented from several papers on iMQC temperature imaging. These studies were done at 7T in both phantoms and in vivo. Results from phantoms of cream (homogeneous mixture of water and fat) are presented as well as in vivo temperature maps in obese mice.Results: Thermometry based on iMQCs offers the potential to provide tempe...
Building Online Communication into Courses: Possibilities and Cautions

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to discuss possibilities and concerns associated with building online communication into on-campus and online distance education courses. This article presents guidelines related to teaching strategies and procedures that maximize the integration of online communication in higher education. A sample of feedback regarding students' experiences with online communication is presented. Application to higher education is explored. This article is based on personal experience of the author in using a constructivist model to build online communication into 61 graduate and undergraduate courses since 1995.
HALF-LIVES OF SOME SHORT-LIVED RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES.

Abstract Half-lives of several short-lived radioactive species have been measured by irradiation with reactor neutrons or 14 MeV neutrons, counting their gamma radiations with an NaI(Tl) detector and a multi-scaler and computer analysis of the data. Contributions or extraneous isotopes have been carefully examined to eliminate errors arising from this source, and other sources of error were considered. Measured half-lives in sec are 26.76(19O), 10.31(20F), 38.68(23Ne), 18.67(46mSc), 17.38(77mSe), 4.88(79mBr), 60.99(86mRb), 16.06(89mY), 24.93(110gAg), 56.44(139mCe), 18.60(179mHf, 7.67(197mAu) and 0.743(207mPb). The results for 23Ne, 77mSe, 79mBr, 86mRb, 89mY and 197mAu are in good agreement with published values, while serious discrepancies exist for 19O, 20F and 110gAg. Discrepancies between measured and literature values for 46mSc and 207mPb are probably not serious in view of the age of the literature results. The result for 139mCe is in agreement with one literature value, but in disagreement with another.
Variance least squares estimators for multivariate linear mixed model

Abstract Non-iterative, distribution-free, and unbiased estimators of variance components by least squares method are derived for multivariate linear mixed model. A general inter-cluster variance matrix, a same-member only general inter-response variance matrix, and an uncorrelated intra-cluster error structure for each response are assumed. Projection method is suggested when unbiased estimators of variance components are not nonnegative definite matrices. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the properties of the proposed estimators in terms of bias and mean square error with comparison to the Gaussian (restricted) maximum likelihood estimators. The proposed estimators are illustrated by an application of gene expression familial study.
A procedure for a posteriori error estimation for h-p finite element methods

Abstract A new approach to a posteriori error estimation is outlined which is applicable to general h-p finite element approximations of general classes of boundary value problems. The approach makes use of duality arguments and is based on the element residual method (ERM). Important aspects of the method are that it provides a systematic approach toward deriving element boundary conditions for the ERM; it leads to an upper bound for the global error in an appropriate energy norm; and it is valid for non-uniform and irregular h-p meshes. In the present exposition, a brief outline of the theoretical foundations of the method is given together with the results of its application to several representative problems. These results show that the approach is applicable to general linearly elliptic systems, including unsymmetrical operators, and that the method is valid for broad classes of linear and non-linear problems.
Evidence for the Production of Prompt Like Sign Dimuon Events by High-energy Neutrinos

We report the observation of 46 ..mu../sup -/..mu../sup -/ events in high-energy neutrino-nucleon collisions at Fermilab. Measurement of the production rate of the ..mu../sup -/..mu../sup -/ events relative to that of ..mu../sup -/..mu../sup +/ events in targets of different hadronic absorption lengths give N/sup prompt/(..mu../sup -/..mu../sup -/)/ N/sup prompt/(..mu../sup -/..mu../sup +/) = 0.06 +- 0.05 for p/sub ..mu../ > 5 GeV/c, and 0.12 +- 0.05 for p/sub ..mu../ > 10 GeV/c. The properties and possible origins of these events are discussed.
Regulation of Intestinal Stem Cells

Stem cells are essential for maintaining the tissue integrity of all adult tissues. The manipulation of adult stem cells has the potential for cell regeneration and in curing diseases; however, the intestinal stem cell remains enigmatic. Although much work has focused on characterization of the intestinal stem cell within its in vivo niche, the lack of reliable markers complicates its isolation and therefore its in vitro manipulation. Understanding what regulates the intestinal stem cell within its niche will provide valuable insight into how these cells can be manipulated in culture. Comparing the regulation of this niche in the developing and mature intestine is a valuable untapped resource. A small number of signaling pathways are functionally conserved during development. These pathways are beginning to emerge as critical regulators of the stem cell niche. This review focuses on the regulation of the intestinal stem cell niche.
Effects of length-at-age data on growth and management benchmark F0.1 estimates in the face of size-selective mortality

Abstract The effects of fishery-dependent and fishery-independent length-at-age sampling in the face of size-selective exploitation on growth parameter and management benchmark F 0.1 estimation are explored. An individual-based population numerical model was used to simulate growth, natural and fishing mortalities and two sampling schemes for a short-lived and a long-lived population under various exploitation conditions. For the proposed sampling schemes, biases introduced in von Bertalanffy growth parameters and F 0.1 estimates indicated that fishery-dependent sampling was a much poorer source of length-at-age data than fishery-independent data from populations affected by size-selective mortality. Based on the assumed gear selectivity patterns, catches of simulated trawls obtained under high levels of exploitation provided poorer length-at-age data than when the catches were obtained under low levels of exploitation. The opposite happened for the length-at-age data from catches of fisheries operating with the simulated gillnet selectivities. Also, selection of larger individuals from the population by the gears affected both fishery-dependent and independent length-at-age samples more than when small mesh-sizes were used. For most of the cases studied, biases of F 0.1 showed similar trends to biases of the parameter K , but with smaller absolute magnitudes. It should be noted that these results are constrained by the assumptions of the scenarios investigated and, therefore, they could not be generalized. However, the approach proposed here offers interesting possibilities for further exploration.
Maintaining adherence and retention in dementia prevention trials.

Incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer Disease (AD) will rise in a accelerating fashion through the middle of the 21 st century. Increased understanding of the pathological cascades in AD, and the knowledge that the initial brain changes begin years prior to clinical manifestations, have led to initiation of trials to prevent AD. With many of the designs being used or contemplated, prevention trials will involve repeated cognitive and functional assessments over years, require cooperation and collaboration of both the subject and a partner or proxy, and represent a substantial time and resource investment by the research team. Compliance with the study regimen and adherence to the protocol are thus major foci for study efficiency and success. In this section methods by which compliance and adherence can be optimized are discussed. Research on the effectiveness of these and other evolving methods will be of help in assuring success of such large scale studies in the future.
Rate of non-adherent cell loss from long-term cultures of murine bone marrow: effect of medium conditioned by the adherent cell population.

. The rate of random spontaneous cell loss from the non-adherent cell population of long-term cultures of murine bone marrow was determined. the measured rate of non-adherent cell loss is affected by previous conditioning of the medium in which the non-adherent cells are suspended. Specifically, the measured rate of non-adherent cell loss is significantly slowed when the non-adherent cells are suspended in medium conditioned in long-term haematopoietic cultures instead of fresh medium. It appears that a subset of the adherent cell population is the source of the factor or factors within the medium which result in this slower measured rate of non-adherent cell loss. This effect may be due to the stimulation to division of haematopoietic progenitor cells, offsetting the lysis of other non-adherent cells.
Magnetospherically reflected, specularly reflected, and backscattered whistler mode radio‐sounder echoes observed on the IMAGE satellite: 1. Observations and interpretation

[1] A survey of echoes detected in 2004–2005 during pulse transmissions from the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) instrument on the IMAGE satellite has revealed several new features of sounder generated whistler mode (WM) echoes and has indicated ways in which the echoes may be used for remote sensing of the Earth's plasma structure at altitudes <5000 km. In this paper we describe the frequency versus travel time (f − t) forms of the WM echoes as they appear on RPI plasmagrams and discuss qualitatively their raypaths and diagnostic potentials. Based on their reflection mechanism, the WM echoes can be classified as: magnetospherically reflected (MR), specularly reflected (SR), or backscattered (BS). The MR echoes are reflected at altitudes where the local lower hybrid frequency (flh) is equal to the transmitted pulse frequency f, a phenomenon familiar from both theory and passive recordings of WM wave activity. The SR echoes (previously reported in a higher frequency range) are reflected at the Earth-ionosphere boundary, either with wave vector at normal incidence or, more commonly (and unexpectedly, due to ray bending in the layered ionosphere), at oblique incidence. The BS echoes are the result of scattering from small scale size plasma density irregularities close to IMAGE. The echoes are described as discrete, multipath, and diffuse, depending upon the amount of travel-time spreading caused by the presence of field aligned density irregularities (FAIs) along echo raypaths. The WM echoes described in this paper have been observed at altitudes less than 5,000 km and at all latitudes and at most MLTs. The diagnostic potential of these phenomena for remotely studying the distribution of plasma density and composition along the geomagnetic field line B0, as well as the presence of FAIs of varying scale sizes, is enhanced by the tendency for SR and MR echoes to be observed simultaneously along with the upward propagating signals from a spatial distribution of communication VLF transmitters. We believe that our findings about WM propagation and echoing in an irregular medium have important implications for the connection between WM waves and the Earth's radiation belts. In a companion paper by Sonwalkar et al. (2011), we employ ray tracing and refractive index diagrams in quantitative support of this paper and also present two diagnostic case studies of plasma density, ion effective mass, and ion composition along B0.
Effect of cluster surface energies on secondary-ion--intensity distributions from ionic crystals

Ultrahigh-mass cluster ions (m/z>18 000) of the type (M(MX)/sub n/)/sup +/ have been produced by xenon-ion bombardment of CsI and detected by a high-performance secondary-ion mass spectrometer. The mass spectra (ion intensity versus n) show anomalous behavior which is correlated with hypothesized dominance of cubiclike clusters having low surface energies.
Concentrations of some sulphonates derived from sulphite in certain foods and preliminary studies on the nature of other sulphite derived products.

The amounts of 3-deoxy-4-sulpho osuloses present in a number of commodities, in which sulphur dioxide is a permitted additive, have been measured. This is the first reported quantitative analysis of “stable” organic products, derived from sulphite, in a food. The amounts measured reflect the chemical composition of the food and the treatment it receives after sulphite addition. By reaction with other food components, 3-deoxy-4-sulpho osuloses can give rise to other sulphurcontaining products.
Communities of practice and pregnant women: Is there a connection?

This article considers the usefulness of the community of practice framework (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 1992) to an analysis of women's pregnancy stories. The study reveals that the operative communities of practice in the lives of pregnant women are the communities comprised of doctors, health professionals, family members etc., all of whom have specific and well-defined opinions about pregnancy. Although pregnant women do not themselves constitute a community of practice, the framework leads to a variety of insights about women and pregnancy. From analyzing women's stories, it becomes apparent that others routinely construct for women what their pregnancy is to consist of – often trying to make of it a monolithic experience, whether or not this coincides with a woman's own experience. Women's stories provide data that explicitly address the intersection and collision of disparate communities of practice.I would like to thank Janet Holmes for suggesting that I apply the community of practice framework to my corpus of pregnancy stories. Thinking about this has led me to insights that I might not have otherwise had. I would also like to thank my colleague and friend, Alice Greenwood, for the very careful reading that she did of several earlier drafts of this paper. Her comments contributed significantly to the development of the ideas for this article. Of course I alone am responsible for what is presented below.
Coarctation of the aorta. Longitudinal assessment of operated patients.

One hundred and ninety patients over the age of two operated upon for coarctation of the aorta from 1957 to 1972 at one institution were followed for one to 15.5 years (mean, 6.6 years). There were eleven cardiovascular deaths in the follow-up period. The mean age at death was 32.5 years. Two-thirds of the patients had an associated cardiovascular anomaly; 74 had coexistent aortic valve disease, and 19 had mitral stenosis or insufficiency. Five patients had a significant central nervous system event in the late postoperative period. Left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram was noted in 45, and 72 had radiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. A significant persistent or residual hemodynamic abnormality, either congenital heart disease, residual coarctation or persistent diastolic hypertension, could account for the residual electrocardiographic or radiographic abnormality. The data indicate that this population requires continuing care despite correction of the coarctation.
Multichannel quantum mechanics as a Hamiltonian phase flow.

We cast the quantum mechanics of multichannel systems in the broader mathematical framework of Hamiltonian phase space flow. This flow results from symplectic transformations that preserve antisymmetric products, namely, metric relations among alternative solutions with the same dynamics. This viewpoint affords new insight into recent successful phase-amplitude methods.
SO(8) and G2×G2 N=1 supergravities in D=6

Abstract We construct D=6, N=1 supergravity analogs of the 10D Green-Schwarz and heterotic superstring theories. We find the SO(8) theory previously know from K3 compactification from10D. We also find four inequivalent G2×G2 theories, one with symmetric matter content. It is not obvious how the G2×G2 theories can be gotten from 10D.
A 47μW 204MHz AlN Contour-Mode MEMS based tunable oscillator in 65nm CMOS

A voltage controlled MEMS oscillator (VCMO) fabricated in 65nm CMOS process is proposed in this paper. The piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) Contour-Mode MEMS resonator based oscillator can be operated under multiple frequencies from 204MHz, to 517MHz, to 850MHz. A maximum overall tuning range of 611ppm is achieved at a center frequency of 204MHz. The proposed oscillator operates in the sub-threshold region, resulting in a power consumption of 47μW measured under a 0.55V power supply, which is the lowest reported in literature for an application in the 200MHz range. The measured oscillator phase noise is -77dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset from the 204MHz carrier.
Photoelectric Emission and Contact Potentials of Semiconductors

In spherical photo-tubes with interchangeable emitters, energy distributions of external photoelectrons from the semiconductors, Te, Ge, and B, were compared with those of several metals. Contact potentials were determined from the saturation points of current-voltage characteristics. For the semiconductors, as contrasted with metals of the same work function, there was a pronounced sparsity of electrons with energies near the Einstein maximum. In general form, the distributions could be described by the expression, $N(\ensuremath{\nu},E)dE\ensuremath{\propto}q(\ensuremath{\nu})E{(h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}E)}^{m}\mathrm{dE}$based on simplified assumptions analogous to those previously applied in the case of metals. Here $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is the work function; $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is the energy difference between the Fermi level and the top of the occupied band of energy states; $m$ is a parameter depending both on the form of this band and on the energy dependence of the photoelectric excitation probability; $q$ is a slowly varying function of $\ensuremath{\nu}$. The photoelectric properties of the semiconductors could also be specified conveniently by plotting measured values of $\frac{N(\ensuremath{\nu},E)}{E}$ as functions of $h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}E$. Spectral distributions of the photoelectric yields varied more rapidly with $\ensuremath{\nu}$ than those for metals and were not measurable unless $h\ensuremath{\nu}$ exceeded $\ensuremath{\phi}$ by several tenths of an electron volt.Near the Einstein maximum, energy distributions deviated from the simple relation given above. The experiments failed to disclose sharply defined stopping potentials corresponding to upper edges of occupied bands of energy states in the semiconductors. Thus $m$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ were not defined uniquely. Typical values of $m$ obtained both from energy and spectral measurements were $\frac{3}{2}$ and 2; illustrative values of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ were 0.10 to 0.18 ev for evaporated $\mathrm{Te}(\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}4.76 \mathrm{ev})$, 0.2 to 0.3 for evaporated $\mathrm{Ge}(\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}4.8)$, and 0.3 to 0.5 for pyrolytic films of $\mathrm{B}(\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}4.6)$. Thermoelectric measurements showed that all samples were $P$ type. For Te the results were in agreement with available data on electrical properties.Using the above values of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, upper limits were found for photo-currents originating in the "forbidden" zones (as defined by $Egh\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}$. For the surface states that were assumed as possible sources of these currents, estimated densities were of the order of magnitude, ${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
26 METHODS FOR BONE MATURITY ASSESSMENT TO EVALUATE PRENATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Delayed skeletal maturation in newborn infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is considered to reflect the degree of intrauterine hormone deficiency. Bone development was assessed by X-ray during the first month of life in 63 infants who had positive screening tests for CH. Serum hormone analysis confirmed the diagnosis in 46 infants while the remaining 17 infants were euthyroid at follow-up. Therapy was initiated in CH patients at the same age as radiograms were taken: 14.5±5.7 (x±SD) vs 15.0±5.5 days. Five radiographic methods to assess skeletal, development (including Senecal et al. (Arch Fr Ped. 34 (1977) 424) were tested for their capacity to distinguish CH patients from euthyroid infants. The various methods involved assessment of the shape and size of ossification centers in the knee and ankle regions. All five methods revealed statistically significant retarded bone maturity in CH infants (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.001) and can be use to distinguish CH patients from euthyroid neonates. However, one of the tested methods, based on assessment of bone centers in the knee region only, has the advantage of convenience and is therefore to be recommended for routine use.
Joint Management of Wildlife and Livestock Disease

We analyze a bioeconomic model of a multiple-host disease problem involving wildlife and livestock. The social planner’s choices include targeted (i.e., infectious versus healthy) livestock harvests, non-targeted wildlife harvests, environmental habitat variables, and on-farm biosecurity to prevent cross-species contacts. The model is applied to bovine tuberculosis among Michigan white-tailed deer and cattle. We find optimal controls may target the livestock sector more stringently when the livestock sector exhibits low value relative to the wildlife sector. This is in contrast with the conventional wisdom on the issue that controls should primarily target wildlife species that serve as disease reservoirs.