cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Adaptive Extracellular Responses of Living Cells Under Mechanical Stimulation Through Probing Fibronectin Response

The extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to be an important cellular component due to the structural support it provides. This extracellular component has been linked to wound healing, cell adhesion, blood coagulation, cell differentiation and migration, maintenance of the cellular cytoskeleton, and tumor metastasis. Many studies have investigated the effects of the ECM protein, fibronectin, and its assembly and structural organization through chemical stimulation, but few have probed its link to mechanics. As cells alter their extracellular environment through fibronectin modulation and secretion, we examined this link to examine how cells alter their extracellular environment in response to applied mechanical stress. These results indicate the importance of mechanics in fibronectin organization and have implications in a variety of fields including mechanotransduction, biophysics and bioengineering.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ambiguity aversion and ambiguity content in decision making under uncertainty

The Subjectively Weighted Linear Utility (SWLU) model for decision making under uncertainty can accommodate non-neutral attitudes toward ambiguity. We first characterize ambiguity aversion in terms of the SWLU model parameters. In addition, we show that ambiguity content may reasonably be regarded as residing in the decision maker's subjective probability distribution of induced utility. In particular, (a) a special kind of mean preserving spread of the induced utility distribution will always increase ambiguity content, and (b) utility distributions which are more shiftable by new information have higher ambiguity content.
Staining Tissue for Light and Electron Microscopy by Bridging Metals with Multidentate Ligands

"Osmium black," a pigment very useful for cytological staining in both light and electron microscopy, may be deposited selectively at the tissue-binding sites of other metal ions by bridging OsO 4 to the tissue bound metal ion through a multidentate ligand.
Adrenergic Regulation of the Human Ether-A-Go-Go-Related Gene Channel Protein Abundance Occurs at the Surface of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of ion channels that can lead to the potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene product (HERG), a potassium channel responsible for the rapidly inactivating delayed rectifier current, is a genetic target in hereditary LQTS (specifically, LQTS2). Furthermore, pharmacological compounds of multiple classes can result in abnormal synthesis and/or function of HERG. Because arrhythmic events are often triggered in patients with LQTS2 following various stressors, it has been postulated that adrenergic regulation plays a key role in acute HERG regulation and LQTS pathogenesis. Recently, we have shown that chronic cAMP treatment (a surrogate for β-adrenergic signaling) significantly augments HERG protein abundance in HEK293 cells. Here, using velocity gradient centrifugations, we show that upon elevation of cAMP, the channel accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disproportionately more than at the plasma membrane. We also show that localized inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling at the surface of the ER by a targeted PKA inhibitory peptide (PKI) completely abolishes the effect; channels on the plasma membrane are unaffected by this inhibitor, as shown by patch-clamp experiments. Next, we targeted specific cAMP and PKA activity FRET-based biosensors (ICUE2 and AKAR3, respectively) to the ER surface; cell-permeable cAMP as well as the β-agonist isoproterenol elicited major FRET signal in the case of either biosensor, indicating that χAMΠ/ΠKA σιγναλινγ ισ ινταχτ ιν τηισ χoμπαρτμeντ. Tηe χAMΠ-δeπeνδeντ αυγμeντατιoν ρeμαινσ πρeσeντ eϖeν αϕτeρ τηe HEPΓ χoδινγ σeνeνχe ισ χoδoν-oπτιμιζeδ (38% διϕϕeρeντ ϕρoμ τηe oριγιναλ ατ τηe πριμαρψ σeνeνχe λeϖeλ), ινδιχατινγ τηατ χAMΠ-δeπeνδeντ αυγμeντατιoν ισ νoτ μPNA δeπeνδeντ. Tηeρeϕoρe, ωe χoνχλυδe τηατ β-adrenergic regulation of HERG occurs during the early stages of protein synthesis or folding at the level of the ER.
Adoptive transfer of CD34 + cells during murine sepsis rebalances macrophage lipopolysaccharide responses

Adoptive transfer of CD34 + cells during murine sepsis rebalances macrophage lipopolysaccharide responses
Skeletal Manifestations in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas

• The clinical course of three patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in whom skeletal disease developed is presented and the literature on skeletal involvement in these disorders is reviewed. Three separate types of skeletal manifestations occurred: (1) osteolytic lesions, (2) osteoblastic lesions, and (3) diffuse osteoporosis. Hypercalcemia was present in two cases. Tumor cells from two patients in short-term culture secreted osteoclast-activating factor(s). Both of these patients had pathologic evidence of osteoclast activation in bone sections. Thus, the tumor cells in certain patients with CTCL may derive from a monoclonal proliferation of a T-cell subset capable of producing humoral bone-resorbing factor(s) similar to those demonstrated in cultures of mitogen- and antigen-activated normal lymphocytes. Since skeletal lesions are unusual, it would follow that other T-cell subsets account for pathologic cell proliferation in most patients with CTCL. (Arch Dermatol1982;118:461-467)
Amino acids responsible for reduced affinities of vitamin K-dependent propeptides for the carboxylase

The binding of the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase to its protein substrates is mediated by a conserved 18 amino acid propeptide sequence found in all vitamin K-dependent proteins. We recently found that the apparent affinities of the naturally occurring propeptides for the carboxylase vary over a 100-fold range and that the propeptide of bone Gla protein has severely impaired affinity for the carboxylase [Stanley, T. B., et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 16940-16944 (1)]. Here we report a consensus propeptide sequence that binds tighter (K(i) = 0.43 nM) to the carboxylase than any known propeptide sequence. Comparing the factor IX propeptide to the propeptides of protein C, bone Gla protein, and prothrombin, the weakest binding propeptides, allowed us to predict which residues might be responsible for these substrates' relatively weak binding to the carboxylase. We then made propeptides with the predicted amino acid changes and determined their binding affinities. The reduced binding affinity of these propeptides relative to that of FIX is due to residues -15 in protein C, -10 and -6 in bone Gla protein, and -9 in prothrombin. A role for the -9 position was not previously recognized but is further shown by our identification of a new, naturally occurring mutation at this position in factor IX which causes a warfarin-sensitive hemophilia B phenotype. In addition, we find that propeptides with mutations found in warfarin-sensitive patients have reduced affinity for the carboxylase, suggesting a physiological relevance of propeptide binding affinity.
Transient Exposure to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibits Collagen Accumulation by Cultured Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblasts☆

Abstract Background. Hypertrophic scars (HS) are frequent consequences of deep dermal injury, such as deep partial-thickness burns and abrasions, and are characterized by overproduction of collagen. In vitro studies have shown that cultured HS fibroblasts produce elevated levels of collagen and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). Additionally, histological studies have indicated HS contain fewer tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-positive infiltrating cells and express lower levels of TNF-α mRNA, suggesting TNF-α, which can inhibit collagen expression in some systems, may function to deactivate the wound healing process in scars. HS also exhibit increased levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a factor that stimulates collagen and extracellular matrix deposition by fibroblasts and also stimulates IGFBP-3 expression. In some systems, IGFBP-3 mediates the effects of TGF-β. The present study sought to determine the effects of continuous and transient TNF-α exposure on collagen and IGFBP-3 expression by cultured HS fibroblasts and to investigate the role of IGFBP-3 in collagen accretion by HS fibroblasts. Materials and Methods. Superficial and deep dermal HS fibroblasts from four patients were cultured. Fibroblasts were cultured in serum-free medium and exposed to 0–2 ng/ml TNF-α for 0, 1, 4, or 72 h. After 72 h of culture, medium samples were processed for Western blot analysis of type I collagen accumulation or for ligand blot analysis of IGFBP-3 accumulation. The effects of an anti-IGFBP-3 neutralizing antibody on collagen accumulation were also assessed. Results. Treatment of superficial and deep HS fibroblasts with TNF-α resulted in dose-dependent decreases in accumulation of both type I collagen and IGFBP-3 in the culture medium (P Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that TNF-α functions as a wound healing deactivation signal that is deficient in HS. Although TNF-α inhibited accretion of both collagen and IGFBP-3, the role of IGFBP-3 in HS remains unresolved. This study suggests that transient TNF-α exposure may be used to inhibit collagen overaccumulation in HS and that the timing of TNF-α exposure following dermal injury may not be critical for this inhibition.
The Judicial system of the Nazi party

The Origin of Party Courts. When Hitler reestablished the NSDAP organization in the spring of 1925, he built it up rather systematically, with several divisions to which separate tasks were assigned. The-SA were the "troops," intended for protection and order -(as the Nazis saw it). The office of the Reicheschatzmeister was the finance division of the party, and the Organization Department had the job implied in its name. The Investigation and Adjustment Committees (Unters?chungsund Schlichtungsausschusse), briefly called USCHLA,1 finally, were the beginniisg of a now elaborate judicial system within the party, consisting-of a hierarchy of local and district courts and a supreme court. As the party membership increased rapidly and the problem of its internal consolidation became pressing, the -work of the USCHLA piled up. At first, the USCHLAwas a rather loose organization, its members working as trustedrepresentatives, so to speak, of the local and district party leaders each of whom ha(l three on his stafl. Their judicial competence and procedure was established for the first time in a set of Directions (Richtlinien) decreed by Hitler in August, 1929.2 After 1933, the Fuhrer ordered the present Chief Party Justice, Walter Buch, to change the USCHLA into a regular party judicial system. New and amplified Directions were consequently decreed on February 2, 1934, defining the respective competences of the state and party courts, and assigning to the latter all matters affecting the party organization.3
Perceptions and Knowledge of Preservice and Inservice Teachers About Early Literacy Instruction

A major conclusion from the last decade of research on children with poor reading performance is that early, systematic instruction in phonological awareness and letter-sound correspondences improves early reading and spelling skills and results in a reduction of the number of students who are reading below grade level. To teach reading to at-risk students and students with learning disabilities, teachers need to have positive perceptions regarding the role of systematic, explicit instruction, as well as knowledge of English language structure. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and knowledge of general educators at two professional levels toward early literacy instruction for students at risk for reading failure. Unfortunately, our findings are similar to those obtained by Moats in 1994: Many general education teachers, at both preservice and inservice levels, are not prepared adequately for this challenging task.
Transit portal: BGP connectivity as a service

We demonstrate Transit Portal, a system that provides ondemand BGP Internet connectivity to multiple ISPs. Transit Portal provides connectivity to any virtual network or distributed service that needs to control its inbound and outbound route control. Examples of such services include virtual networks and distributed services in cloud computing environments (e.g., Amazon’s EC2) that need to control inbound and outbound traffic. Transit Portal offers a conventional BGP session interface to its clients and presents the appearance of a direct connection to one or more upstream Internet service providers, without requiring each client to establish an explicit contract with each upstream provider. Transit Portal aggregates client sessions and provides a single, stable BGP session to upstream providers. As shown in Figure 1, Transit Portal can be deployed in geographically distributed popular exchange points, close to the local ISPs. Downstream networks (e.g., researchers, experimenters, operators of cloud services) peer with these upstream ISPs though BGP sessions terminating on Transit Portal using tunnels. The main goal of this demonstration is to show the following three aspects of Transit Portal:
Residential Development Pattern and Intraneighborhood Infrastructure Provision

This paper examines the relationship between residential development pattern and intraneighborhood infrastructure provision based on a case study of the cities in Story County, Iowa. The dataset consists of 16,331 residential parcels in 1,755 residential blocks. Residential development pattern is characterized by residential parcel density and an aggregated parcel shape index. Factor analysis shows that the length of streets is an appropriate indicator to represent overall infrastructure provision. Logarithmic multiple regression analysis reveals a good relationship between residential development pattern and infrastructure provision variables. Parcel shape has a stronger influence on infrastructure provision than parcel density does, and together they explain more than 55% of the variation in infrastructure provision. The results of this empirical study establish a means to evaluate development proposals on the basis of development pattern and the associated infrastructure provision cost.
An experimental analysis of the relative importance of pitch, quantity, and intensity as cues to phonemic distinctions in Southern Swedish.

This paper, following introductory comments on previous experiments involving prosodic features of speech, reports an experiment designed to indicate the relative importance of pitch, quantity, and intensity as cues for syllabic prominence in Southern Swedish. Spectrographic analysis of the particular minimal pair used in this experiment revealed that one, or any combination, of three possible prosodic features, pitch, quantity, and intensity, could account for the contrast in meaning of the pair, the written representation of which is HALSA PA. Stimuli were prepared in which all possible binarily opposed combinations of pitch, quantity, and intensity in the last syllable were represented. Additional stimuli were prepared to test whether the contrastive pitch level of the first syllable might also contribute to the identification of the minimal pair. Native speakers of Swedish were asked to identify each stimulus item as either greet or visit, the two concepts which the written form HALSA PA represented.A...
Canadian Arctic modernization and change in female Inuit role identification

The commercial development and modernizing practices in two Eastern Arctic settlements of Canada have influenced the socialization of Inuit children. Decreased emphasis placed on the traditional role of females in subsistence techniques is reflected in the patterns of acculturation and vocational aspirations of female children and adolescents. Responses to a modified Instrumental Activities Inventory and data on education, employment, legal offenses, and marriage choices tend to support the conclusion that Inuit females identify more strongly with Eurocanadian values and roles than do Inuit males.
CALCIUM-EVOKED DENDRITIC EXOCYTOSIS IN CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. PART I : TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK-DERIVED ORGANELLES UNDERGO REGULATED EXOCYTOSIS

Exocytosis is a widely observed cellular mechanism for delivering transmembrane proteins to the cell surface and releasing signaling molecules into the extracellular space. Calcium-evoked exocytosis, traditionally thought to be restricted to presynaptic specializations in neurons, has been described recently in many cells. Here, calcium-evoked dendritic exocytosis (CEDE) is visualized in living cultured hippocampal neurons. Organelles that undergo CEDE are in somata, dendrites, and perisynaptic regions, identified by using immunocytochemistry and correlative light and electron microscopy. CEDE is regulated developmentally: neurons <9 d in vitro do not show CEDE. In addition, CEDE is blocked by tetanus toxin, an inhibitor of regulated exocytosis, and nocodazole, an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization. Organelles that undergo CEDE often are found on the base of spines, putative sites of synaptic plasticity. CEDE therefore could be involved in structural and functional modification of spines and could play a role in synaptic plasticity, where it might involve changes in receptor/channel density, release of active compounds having effect on pre- and postsynaptic function, and/or growth of synaptic structures.
Where Should Students with Disabilities Receive Special Education Services? Is One Place Better Than Another?

The question of where special education students should be educated is not new. In this article, the author reviews research studies and research reviews that address this question. She argues that research evidence on the relative efficacy of one special education placement over another is scarce, methodologically flawed, and inconclusive. She also states that “Where should students with disabilities be educated?” is the wrong question to ask, that it is antithetical to the kind of individualized planning that should be embodied in decision making for and with students with disabilities, and that it fails to specify where, for what, and for whom. The author calls for new ways of thinking about the problem and of conducting research so that progress can be made on improving results for students with disabilities.
Fuzzy Neural Network Control for DC-Motor Micromaneuvering

The application of a fuzzy neural network controller for compensating the effects induced by the friction in a DC-motor micromaneuvering system is considered in this article. A back-propagation neural network is employed to decrease the effects of the system nonlinearities. The input vector to the neural network controller consists of the time history of the motor angular shaft velocity within a prespecified time window. A fuzzy cell space controller supervises the overall scheme and reduces the amplitude and repetitions of control switchings. Simulation studies are presented to indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Advanced Load Models in Power System Dynamic Studies: Application Issues

Power system dynamic performance has long been recognized as a function of the types of models used to represent system loads. In general, the impact of load model used on results can range from insignificant to extremely significant depending on the study being done and other assumptions made. Given that bulk transmission study results often drive investments of 10s of millions of dollars, it is common for engineering prudence, competitive pressures, or legal challenges to lead a very close examination of study assumptions, including modeling. The need to "justify" study results often leads to significant engineering time devoted to sensitivity analyses related to study assumptions. Assumptions related to load models have been shown to be particularly important in angular and voltage stability studies, especially when dealing with shorter-term responses where the system disturbance is often greater. This paper is written with the intent of providing a summary of the application issues associated with including advanced load models in dynamic studies so that ongoing work related to load modeling may result in the most usable results possible
Prognostics Health Monitoring (PHM) for Prior-Damage Assessment in Electronics Equipment under Thermo-Mechanical Loads

Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the pre-failure-space of the electronic-system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by interrogation of the system state. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system's residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. In this paper a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential application of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on Immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of -40degC to 125degC and isothermal aging at 125degC.
The Motorola 16-bit DSP ASIC core

A 16-b user programmable CMOS general-purpose digital signal processing (DSP) application-specific IC (ASIC) core with customer-definable/customer-specific peripherals and input/output circuitry is described. The performance is 280 million operations per second (MOPS). The architecture is a 16-b version of the DSP56001 24-b architecture. The core consists of three processing units and an associated DSP instruction set. Also described is the first chip using this core, which has on-chip resources for optimal single-chip performance in medium-to-low speech rate encoding, digital communication, and high-speed control. The 16-b DSP ASIC core has been designed with silicon compiler tools to allow very fast integration of customer-defined on-chip peripherals or sigma-delta modulator blocks. Circuitry for on-chip emulation and test is described. A design methodology which allows customers to either design customer-specific peripherals or select peripherals from Motorola's DSP standard cell peripheral library is discussed. >
The Effect of the Tranquilizer Reserpidine on Caged White Leghorn Layers During Hot Weather in a Semiarid, Subtropical Climate

Abstract VAN MATER et al. (1957) reported that the tranquilizer reserpine supported egg production and shell quality during and following thermal stress. The results of Gilbreath et al. (1959) indicated that 2.0 mg. reserpine per kg. of diet supported egg and shell quality during periods of relatively high air temperature, but the birds laid fewer eggs. There were no significant effects on egg production when Eoff et al. (1961) fed reserpine at the levels of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg. per pound of diet. In the experiment of Wilkinson (1961), reserpine at the level of 2 p.p.m. of diet had no effect on egg production but increased shell thickness. The data given and discussed in this paper were obtained at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station. This station is in an area with a semiarid, subtropical climate where air temperatures are high and humidity is low during the late spring and the…
Recent and Frequent Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Is Associated With Diminished Implicit and Explicit Aversion Toward Self-Cutting Stimuli

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that an instinctive barrier to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—the aversion to self-cutting stimuli—is diminished in people who engage in NSSI. In a sa...
The gigabit chip: required manufacturing approaches

Some of the objectives of the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC), which is a consortium whose full members include most of the major integrated circuit and equipment producing companies in the United States, are discussed. The SRC research program is discussed. The long range objectives of producing a prototype DRAM with a density of 256 Mb and a prototype 1-Gb DRAM chip are discussed. Other goals and economics are discussed. >
Extreme tracheal compression due to substernal goiter: Surgical and anesthetic management

Substernal goiters can have a range of presentations and pathology from a complete lack of symptoms to minimal biochemical abnormalities to potentially lethal physical derangements due to tracheal compression. We review a case of a substernal goiter with severe tracheal compression and airway compromise and describe the presentation, diagnosis, operative treatment, perianesthetic management and outcome of this patient. Substernal goiters can have a myriad of symptoms and etiologies. Once the diagnosis is secured, a multidisciplinary approach is key to successful management in the perioperative period. Preoperative management included an echocardiogram and beta-blockade secondary to his history of coronary artery disease. Due to the patient's unstable airway, an urgent multidisciplinary evaluation was performed by pulmonology, anesthesiology and general surgery staff. The patient's airway was evaluated and secured with direct bronchoscopy under conscious sedation in the operating room while maintaining spontaneous ventilation. The trachea was intubated safely with a 7 mm endotracheal tube and general anesthesia was administered. A standard cervical collar incision was made and the thyroid was exposed. Gross examination of the thyroid revealed a large and cystic gland extending from high in the neck to the thoracic inlet. The intrathoracic component of the thyroid was mobilized into the neck and a left thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy were performed (Fig. 3). Blood loss was minimal. Direct laryngoscopy ruled out tracheomalacia postoperatively. Frozen section histology showed a benign cystic thyroid with no evidence of malignancy. Permanent histopathological sections confirmed the diagnosis of benign multinodular goiter. The patient did well postoperatively with no signs of tracheomalacia and had complete resolution of his symptoms. He was dismissed on postoperative day number two.
Examining interest in secondary abstinence among young African American females at risk for HIV or STIs

Sexually active African American females are at increased risk for acquiring HIV or STIs. However, some reduce their risk by abstaining from sex for various periods of time following initiation, a practice known as secondary abstinence. Although this may be a valuable mechanism for reducing HIV or STI rates in this population, little is known about those interested in secondary abstinence. Baseline data were obtained from a sample of African American adolescent females, ages 14-20 years, prior to participation in an HIV-risk reduction intervention trial (N = 701). Differences in individual-level and interpersonal-level factors, as well as sociodemographic variables were examined between participants who reported strong interest in secondary abstinence and those who did not. 144 (20.5%) participants reported strong interest in secondary abstinence. Young women with strong interest in abstinence had higher odds of reporting a history of STIs and feeling negative emotions following sex because of their religious beliefs. They also had higher odds of believing their partner may be interested in abstaining and being less invested in their relationship with their main partner. Additionally, adolescents reported less interpersonal stress and more social support. African American females who are interested in practicing secondary abstinence and those who are not differ in their sexual health education needs. Findings from this study characterizing young women interested in secondary abstinence can help researchers provide more targeted health education by identifying those who may be more responsive to abstinence-promoting messages.
Population structure of the dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae) from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses

Aim To elucidate the historical phylogeography of the dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae) in the North American Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico ocean basins. Location Southern Atlantic Ocean and nor ...
Information Disclosure and the Diffusion of Information Security Attacks

With the nearly instantaneous dissemination of information in the modern era, policies regarding the disclosure of sensitive information have become the focus of significant discussion in several contexts. The fundamental debate centers on trade-offs inherent in disclosing information that society needs, but that can also be used for nefarious purposes. Using information security as a research context, our empirical study examines the adoption of software vulnerabilities by a population of attackers. We compare attacks based on software vulnerabilities disclosed through full-disclosure and limited-disclosure mechanisms. We find that full disclosure accelerates the diffusion of attacks, increases the penetration of attacks within the target population, and increases the risk of first attack after the vulnerability is reported. Interestingly, the effect of full disclosure is greater during periods when there are more overall vulnerabilities reported, indicating that attackers may strategically focus on busy periods when the effort of security professionals is spread across many vulnerabilities. Although the aggregate volume of attacks remains unaffected by full disclosure, attacks occur earlier in the life cycle of the vulnerability. Building off our theoretical insights, we discuss the implications of our findings in more general contexts.
Arnold Diffusion by Variational Methods

In this paper, we correct results announced in Mather (J Math Sci NY 124:5275–5289, 2003) and make some observations on the proofs of these results. The principal result, Theorem 1, is a strong form of Arnold diffusion in two and one half degrees of freedom, under suitable genericity hypotheses. After (Mather, J Math Sci NY 124:5275–5289, 2003) appeared, we realized that there is an oversight in our planned proof. Because of the oversight, the genericity conditions that we imposed on U in Mather (J Math Sci NY 124:5275–5289, 2003) are not enough. In this paper, we state further genericity conditions, which are enough for our revised proof. In addition, we note that a slightly stronger differentiability hypothesis than we stated in Mather (J Math Sci NY 124:5275–5289, 2003) is needed. In the later sections of this paper, we make some observations related to the proof of Theorem 1. The complete (revised) proof will appear elsewhere.
A New Sulfur Modified Polychloroprene

Abstract Among commercial polychloroprenes, mercaptan modified types cured with thioureas have yielded vulcanizates with the best heat aging and compression set properties. In contrast, sulfur modified polychloroprenes have been inferior in these properties, but superior in hot strength, resilience, and resistance to flexing and tear. In the past the polychloroprene user was forced to choose between the two contradictory sets of properties. A new sulfur modified polychloroprene has been developed which eliminates this compromise. The new product can be cured with metal oxides alone. The vulcanizates have better tear strength than previously obtainable; resilience, flex resistance, and heat aging equal to the best previous; and compression set resistance approaching that of mercaptan modified polychloroprene cured with thioureas. This combination of properties was not available heretofore. Although accelerators are not normally required, the cure cycle of the new polychoroprene product can be modified by c...
Oxidation and Deamination of DNA by Endogenous Sources

DNA damage represents one of the fundamental mechanistic features of chemical carcinogenesis, with damage chemistry falling into three general categories: oxidation, deamination, and alkylation. This chapter addresses the basic biological chemistry of DNA damage caused by oxidation and deamination by endogenous processes such as inflammation and oxidative stress, with DNA alkylation addressed in other chapters. Chronic inflammation due to microbial infection is now considered causative of many human cancers, with activation of the innate immune system leading to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that cause oxidative and nitrosative damage to all types of biomolecules including DNA. The resulting DNA lesions include products of hydrogen atom abstraction from 2-deoxyribose, one-electron removal and hydroxyl radical addition to nucleobases, and nucleobase deamination, nitration, and halogenation. Along with alkylation lesions, these products reflect the spectrum of DNA damage chemistries that contribute to the chemical carcinogenesis of endogenous processes.
A study of whirlin isoforms in the mouse vestibular system suggests potential vestibular dysfunction in DFNB31-deficient patients

The DFNB31 gene plays an indispensable role in the cochlea and retina. Mutations in this gene disrupt its various isoforms and lead to non-syndromic deafness, blindness and deaf-blindness. However, the known expression of Dfnb31, the mouse ortholog of DFNB31, in vestibular organs and the potential vestibular-deficient phenotype observed in one Dfnb31 mutant mouse (Dfnb31(wi/wi)) suggest that DFNB31 may also be important for vestibular function. In this study, we find that full-length (FL-) and C-terminal (C-) whirlin isoforms are expressed in the vestibular organs, where their stereociliary localizations are similar to those of developing cochlear inner hair cells. No whirlin is detected in Dfnb31(wi/wi) vestibular organs, while only C-whirlin is expressed in Dfnb31(neo/neo) vestibular organs. Both FL- and C-whirlin isoforms are required for normal vestibular stereociliary growth, although they may play slightly different roles in the central and peripheral zones of the crista ampullaris. Vestibular sensory-evoked potentials demonstrate severe to profound vestibular deficits in Dfnb31(neo/neo) and Dfnb31(wi/wi) mice. Swimming and rotarod tests demonstrate that the two Dfnb31 mutants have balance problems, with Dfnb31(wi/wi) mice being more affected than Dfnb31(neo/neo) mice. Because Dfnb31(wi/wi) and Dfnb31(neo/neo) mice faithfully recapitulate hearing and vision symptoms in patients, our findings of vestibular dysfunction in these Dfnb31 mutants raise the question of whether DFNB31-deficient patients may acquire vestibular as well as hearing and vision loss.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Invididuals Making Exceptional Contributions in Science and Technology

There has been a strong and growing interest in uncovering the relationships between scientific and technological innovations, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Much previous empirical research on entrepreneurship has focused on the outcomes of the process, such as patenting and company formation. Far less is known about the scientists and engineers who translate their creative ideas into innovations and entrepreneurial activities. This study examines the innovative and entrepreneurial activities of a unique sample of individuals recognized for their significant contributions to science and technology. The findings indicate that these highly skilled individuals are involved in considerable scientific innovation and entrepreneurial activities measured by patenting and start-up creation. Moreover, the data provide evidence on the role demographic and contextual factors can play in innovation and entrepreneurship. The findings contribute to the understanding of factors that generate innovative and entrepreneurial activity, which can influence policies that seek to develop environments that stimulate significant entrepreneurial activity.
Moment Tensor Inversion of Seismic Events Associated with the Sinkhole at Napoleonville Salt Dome, Louisiana

Abstract The formation of a large sinkhole at the Napoleonville salt dome, Assumption Parish, Louisiana, in August 2012 was accompanied by a rich sequence of complex seismic events. We implemented a grid‐search approach for automatic detection, location, and full moment tensor (MT) inversion of these events using 0.1–0.2 Hz displacement waveforms and 1D velocity models for the salt dome and the surrounding sedimentary strata. We were able to detect 62 events, with a 70% variance reduction (VR) detection threshold, during the one‐day period (19:00 hours, 1 August to 19:00 hours, 2 August, 2012) just before the discovery of the sinkhole. The source mechanisms of these events show large isotropic volume‐increase components (61%–82%), with magnitudes varying from M w 1.3 to 1.6 and good waveform fits (71%–86% VR). Locations are well constrained to an approximate depth of 470 m at the western edge of the salt dome, close to the sinkhole. For one representative event, the large volume‐increase component in the full MT solution is statistically significant over the deviatoric MT solution and stable with respect to: (1) the velocity models and stations used in the inversion, and (2) the uncertainties in the hypocenter and the MT solution itself. The network sensitivity solution computed for this event using both waveforms and P ‐wave first motion polarities provides greater confidence in the dominantly explosive source mechanism, which can be attributed to high‐pressure flow of natural gas or gas–water mixture through the disturbed rock zone below the sinkhole or pre‐existing zones of weaknesses in the source region. Online Material: Figures showing Q sensitivity, spatial distribution of moment tensor solutions, waveform fits from inversion and 1D models, and tables of the velocity model and event catalog.
POD-Galerkin Projection of Flapping Wings

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and POD-Galerkin projection using a general pressure correction method are conducted for a flapping wing in pitching and plunging motion with a pitching amplitude of 10o, 20o and 30o. POD analysis shows that most turbulent kinetic energy (95%) is contained by the first four modes. The importance of pressure correction for Galerkin projection is discussed in terms of the reduced prediction error. It also shows the effectiveness of current POD-Galerkin projection method for developing reduced order models of two-dimensional flapping wings.
Effect of ACTH on Blood Glutathione and Sulfhydryl Content of Liver and Kidney in Rats.

SummaryRats given ACTH for 3 to 10 days in doses sufficient to produce sustained eosinopenia when compardd with controls, showed: (1) no change in the blood glutathione; (2) decreased nonprotein sulf hydryl contents of the kidneys; (3) increased non-protein SH contents of the livers; (4) markedly decreased renal ascorbic acid; (5) no change in the ascorbic acid contents of the livers; and (6) no change in the protein sulfhydryl contents of the livers or kidneys.
Nephrogenic Adenoma: Clinical Features, Management, and Diagnostic Pitfalls.

Objective To review the diagnosis and management of nephrogenic adenoma (NA), an uncommon benign lesion found in the urinary tract. This lesion arises from a proliferation of implanted renal tubular cells. Although more common in adults, it can occur in all ages. NAs can recur and cause significant morbidity in patients. NAs are also a potential diagnostic pitfall as they can clinically and histologically mimic malignancy in the urinary tract. Materials and Methods We performed an Institutional Board Review approved search of our surgical pathology database from 2005 to 2015 for cases of NA. A retrospective chart review was performed with a focus on the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic findings in these patients. Results We identified 32 cases of NA in 31 patients. Lesions were most common in Caucasian males (male-to-female ratio of 2:1) with an average age at diagnosis of 55 years (range 25-77). Bladder was the most common site of occurrence (81.2%), followed by ureter (9.4%), urethra (6.3%), and intrarenal collecting system (3.1%). Most patients (72%) were symptomatic and presented with hematuria (41%), lower urinary tract symptoms (28%), pelvic or flank pain (6%), hydronephrosis (19%), or urinary incontinence (13%). NA was asymptomatic and identified incidentally in 9 (28%) patients. One patient (3%) had a renal transplant and 8 (26%) patients had diabetes mellitus. Twenty-six (84%) patients were managed with endoscopic resection of their tumors. Conclusion NAs are benign lesions that may cause significant morbidity and mimic malignant tumors. There should be increased suspicion in patients with predisposing factors.
Thinking on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China

The Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China has been implemented;After the food safety supervision system being adjusted,how does the public health administration departments comprehensively coordinate with other relevant departments to perform supervision on food safety together?The following aspects should be taken into account:First,the problem of function overlapping and unclear responsibility among relevant supervision departments should be solved,in order to narrow the supervision gap;Second,to clarify the detailed contents and administrative right of the public health administration as the responsible department for comprehensive coordination and administration;Third,considering the cost and efficiency of supervision,it is better to define only one supervising team to supervise the basic-level food health,such as health administration or food and drug administration;Fourth,to solve the certificate effectiveness of the items not being approved by metrology accreditation,once a severe food safety incident occurred;Fifth,to address the defects in the provisions of "the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China" to the legislative institutions as soon as possible.
The Research of Fuzzy Evaluation to the Renewing of Quality Courses

The timeless and stability renew of quality courses is the indemnity to enjoy vitality and value.However,because of the rare updating of quality course after the experts reviewing,the course's advance,science,and "demonstration program" value also can not be well represented.The logs of quality courses calendar lots of using information of learner.Using web log mining technology to count and analyze these logs is significant to quality courses.The article counts the using behavior,such as the IP,visiting time and frequency.According to these using behaviors evaluate the renewing of quality courses to urge the builders of quality courses to renew quality courses constantly.
Evaluation of Uncertainty in Calibration Results for Second-class Standard Platinum and Rhodium 10-Platinum Thermocouple

Through the mathematical modeling to the measurement of second-class standard Platinum and Rhodium 10-Platinum thermocouple,this paper introduces double pole method to analyze and evaluate the uncertainty of calibration results,and presents the thermo-voltage expanded uncertainty when confidence level p of zinc point,aluminum point and copper point equals to 0.95.
Management of Priapism

Priapism is a pathological condition characterized by prolonged erection and is a potential urologic emergency. This chapter outlines the management approach to evaluating, diagnosing, and treating priapism. Key components of the evaluation include expeditious and correct classification of priapism and implementation of appropriate therapies in a timely fashion. If ischemic priapism is the etiology, then stepwise therapeutic maneuvers should be implemented to correct the compartment syndrome, reestablish blood flow, and relieve pain. Medical and surgical management options are reviewed.
Improving the wall uniformity of resorcinol formaldehyde foam shells by modifying emulsion components

AbstractPreviously we have developed a production process for both standard density (100 mg/cc) and high-density (180-200 mg/cc) resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) foam shells with a triple orifice droplet generator. These foam shells are needed for direct drive inertial confinement laser fusion experiments on the OMEGA laser facility at the University of Rochester. Although this process has been developed into production mode, the yield of high density RF (HDRF) and standard density (SDRF) shells with acceptable wall uniformity has been poor. This yield depends on the type of RF shell that is being fabricated. For HDRF this yield is ~5% while for the SDRF shells the yield is ~30%. We have made improvements in the yield of these shells that meet the wall uniformity specification by modifying the composition of the outer oil solution (O2) in the microencapsulation emulsion. This improvement was achieved by a small addition (0.60 wt.%) of a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer into the outer oil (O2) s...
The Transformation of a Rural Village in China

In the summer of 2014, I conducted my dissertation fieldwork in Chongdu Valley, China where rural tourism has taken the place of agriculture to become the dominant economic driver in the last fifteen years. My experience with the village indicates that tourism has played a momentous role in the transformation of the village’s standard of living, local culture, indigenous knowledge, and social configuration
Understanding the Personality Characteristics of Cybersecurity Competition Participants to Improve the Effectiveness of Competitions as Recruitment Tools

This paper reports on the results of a survey designed to study the psychological characteristics of a sample of cybersecurity competition participants from Cybersecurity Awareness Week (one of the largest cybersecurity competitions in the USA). By comparing the personality, vocational interests, culture, decision-making style and attachment style between participants who reported their intention to enter cybersecurity careers post-competition and those who did not, we evaluated the effectiveness of cybersecurity competitions as a recruitment tool. Overall, most cybersecurity competition participants tended to be high in openness, rational decision-making style, and investigative interests. Conversely, participants scored lower on neuroticism, intuitive decision-making style, and realistic interests. Individuals’ scores on investigative interests, openness to experience, rational decision-making, and self-efficacy were good predictors of their intention to enter cybersecurity careers post-competition. To increase the influx of people into cybersecurity careers, cybersecurity competitions can be designed to attract more people with these characteristics.