cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of a Heated-Stage Optical Microscope for ZBLAN Microgravity Crystallization Studies

A heated-stage optical microscope has been developed for in-situ crystallization observation of ZBLAN glass. Traditional crystallization studies on most materials, including ZBLAN, are completed following high temperature heat treatment. The modern heated-stage microscope developed in this study permits high temperature sample microscopy data to be collected in real time. The heated stage has a high-end temperature limit of 520 ∘C with a heating ramp rate of 2.2 ∘C/second. The stage was also fitted with liquid nitrogen for rapid cooling and sample annealing up to −190 ∘C. The stage was customized to fit a Keyence VHX-2000 digital microscope with a magnification range of 100X–1000X. The microscope also has the ability to image samples using Differential Interference Contrasts (DIC) microscopy, which is used to elucidate key crystalline features not apparent with traditional optical microscopy. Additionally, the experiment was constructed to be operated on a microgravity parabolic aircraft to study the effects of microgravity on the crystallization of ZBLAN.
Lorazepam solubility in and sorption from intravenous admixture solutions.

The solubility of lorazepam in aqueous i.v. solutions and the potential for lorazepam sorption from i.v. admixtures in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags and tubing were determined. The solubility of triplicate samples containing 15 mg of lorazepam and 20 ml of deionized water, 5% dextrose, lactated Ringer's, or 0.9% sodium chloride injections was determined. The decrease in lorazepam concentration from a 40-micrograms/ml admixture solution in 5% dextrose injection stored in PVC bags was calculated. Duplicate samples of (1) 50 ml in 50-ml PVC bags, (2) 100 ml in 50-ml PVC bags, and (3) 100 ml in 250-ml PVC bags were laid flat to approximate surface areas of 80, 160, and 270 sq cm, respectively, to determine sorptive loss. The continuous flow sorption of lorazepam from duplicate admixtures was tested at three rates through 180- and 350-cm PVC tubing. The solubility of lorazepam in deionized water, 5% dextrose, lactated Ringer's, and 0.9% sodium chloride injections was 0.054, 0.062, 0.055, and 0.027 mg/ml, respectively. Lorazepam solubility was pH dependent. The decrease in lorazepam concentration from the admixture solution stored in PVC bags for up to 121 hours followed biexponential kinetics that account for both the sorptive loss of the drug and the increasing ratio of bag surface area to solution volume. At least 90% of the initial concentration was maintained for five and two hours when the ratio was less than 2.0 and 2.7-2.8 sq cm/ml, respectively. The admixture solution retained a minimum of 95% of initial concentration when 50-ml aliquots were delivered at 600, 200, and 100 ml/hr through both sizes of PVC tubing. Because of its adequate aqueous solubility and slow sorption by PVC delivery components, lorazepam is suited for dilution in i.v. admixtures for treating conditions with intermittent or continuous infusions.
Recovery of Shear-Modified Polybutadiene Solutions

We have investigated the recovery of the overshoot in the transient viscosity, the first normal stress coefficient, and the dynamic modulus for entangled polybutadiene solutions subjected to nonlinear shear flow. The molecular-weight dependences of the various time scales (linear viscoelastic relaxation time, entanglement recovery time, and timescale for decay of stress following cessation of shearing) are all consistent with the usual 3.4 power law. Nevertheless, the time for recovery of the stress overshoot and plateau value of the dynamic modulus were substantially longer (by as much as two orders of magnitude) than the linear viscoelastic relaxation time calculated from the Newtonian viscosity and the equilibrium recoverable compliance. These results indicate that complete entanglement recovery requires cooperative chain motions over a length scale exceeding that associated with linear relaxation. This persistence of a disentangled state means that a state of low viscosity and reduced elasticity is retained for an extended time, suggesting that shear modification can be used to facilitate the processing of polymers.
Clinical research designs and implantable defibrillator indications: spend in the beginning or pay at the end.

The evolution of scientific evidence supporting the benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) began with a 16-year hiatus between the first clinical implant in 1980 and the publication of the first randomized clinical trial (RCT) results in December 1996 ([1][1]). During that
Diet, microbiota, and dysbiosis: a ‘recipe’ for colorectal cancer

The food we consume feeds not only us, but also a vast and diverse community of microbiota within our gastrointestinal tract. In a process of symbiotic co-evolution, the gut microbiota became essential for the maintenance of the health and integrity of our colon. The advent of next-generation DNA sequencing technology and metabolic profiling have, in the recent years, revealed the remarkable complexity of microbial diversity and function, and that the microbiota produce a wide variety of bioactive products that are not only active at the mucosal surface, but also absorbed and circulated throughout the body, influencing distant organ health and function. As a result, several microbiota compositional patterns and their associations with both health and disease states have been identified. Importantly, a disturbed microbiota-host relationship, termed dysbiosis, is now recognized to be the root cause for a growing list of diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). There is mounting in vitro and in vivo evidence to suggest that diet selects for the microbiota composition and several health promoting and deleterious effects of diet are, in fact, mediated by the microbiota. Recent findings of the feasibility of dietary fiber to boost the colonic microbial synthesis of anti-proliferative and counter carcinogenic metabolites, particularly butyrate, underscores the prerequisite of dietary modification as a key measure to curb the pandemic of CRC in westernized countries. Better understanding of the diet-microbiota interplay and large-scale studies to evaluate the efficacy of dietary modification and gut microbiota modulation in reversing dysbiosis and restoring health could offer novel preventative and/or therapeutic strategies against westernized diseases, which are now considered the chief threat to public health.
The Determination of BHT in Resmethrin by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A method was developed to determine the amount of butylated hydroxy toluene in resmethrin and resmethrin formulations by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
Bacteriology of Leprosy. II. Growth and Staining Reactions of Organisms Inoculated into Minced Chick Embryo Medium

In a previous communication1 a description was given of an acid-fast organism isolated from human and rat leprous lesions by the tissue culture technic.Some of the organisms were acid-fast and some non-acid-fast in fresh tissue cultures and in minced embryo medium, but entirely acid-sensitive on the usual laboratory media.The best growth of acid-fast organisms occurred in from 24–48 hours. There were usually as many acid-fast as acid-sensitive organisms present. After this period of incubation the acid-fast rods gradually disappeared and on about the tenth day the organisms were non-acid-fast or almost so. On transferring to fresh tissue cultures or minced embryo medium, the above picture was repeated.The tinctorial characteristics varied depending upon the living condition of the tissues. In vigorous, actively growing tissues the organisms were strongly acid-fast. As the tissues became less vigorous the acid-fast property was less pronounced and, finally as the tissues died and autolyzed, only non-acid-f...
Wars and the International Trading System, 1900–2000

This chapter describes the three major reorganizations of the international trading and financial system that occurred in the twentieth century. Each was produced by a war. As a result of World War I, the gold standard was replaced by an often troubled mix of gold exchange standards. As a result of World War II, the interwar system was replaced by the Bretton Woods system. And as a result of inflation of the late 1960s, produced in part by America's war in Vietnam, the Bretton Woods system was replaced by the current system of flexible exchange rates.
Synthesis of Extended Oxazoles III: Reactions of 2-(Phenylsulfonyl)methyl-4,5-diaryloxazoles

2-((Phenylsulfonyl)methyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole is a useful scaffold for synthetic elaboration at the 2-methylene position thereby affording extended oxazoles. The corresponding α-sulfonyl anion reacts smoothly with diverse alkyl halides giving monoalkylated (47–90%), dialkylated (50–97%), and cyclic (59–93%) products. The reductive desulfonylation of the monoalkylated and selected dialkylated products was optimized with a magnesium/mercuric chloride reagent system and afforded desulfonylated products in the range of 66–97%. The anti-inflammatory Oxaprozin was prepared using the α-sulfonyl carbanion strategy along with optimized desulfonylation.
Clinical and microbiological features of maternal sepsis: a retrospective study.

Abstract Background Identifying pregnant women with sepsis is challenging because diagnostic clinical and laboratory criteria overlap with normal pregnant physiologic indices. Our primary study aim was to describe clinical and laboratory characteristics of women diagnosed with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Our secondary aim was to determine positive predictive values for International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 billing codes for sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Methods After gaining Institutional Review Board approval, we identified women with ICD-9 codes for sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock who were admitted to a single tertiary obstetric center from 2007–2013. Diagnoses were confirmed using criteria from the International Sepsis Definitions Conference report. Demographic, obstetric, vital signs and laboratory data were abstracted by medical chart review. Results We identified 190 women with sepsis-related ICD-9 codes: of these, 35 (18%) women met the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Twenty (57%) women had a sepsis-related diagnosis after cesarean delivery. Twenty-one (60%) women had one or more pre-existing medical conditions and 19 (54%) women had one or more obstetric-related conditions. The genital tract was the most common site of infection. We observed considerable heterogeneity in maternal vital signs and laboratory indices for women with ICD-9 codes for sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. The positive predictive value for each sepsis-related ICD-9 code was low: 16% (95% CI 10 to 24%) for sepsis, 10% (95% CI 3 to 25%) for severe sepsis and 24% (95% CI 10 to 46%) for septic shock. Conclusion We identified marked heterogeneity in patient characteristics, clinical features, laboratory indices and microbiological findings among cohorts of women diagnosed with maternal sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Based on our findings, the incidence of maternal sepsis using ICD-9 codes may be significantly overestimated.
Pareto Inspired Multi-objective Rule Fitness for Noise-Adaptive Rule-Based Machine Learning

Learning classifier systems (LCSs) are rule-based evolutionary algorithms uniquely suited to classification and data mining in complex, multi-factorial, and heterogeneous problems. The fitness of individual LCS rules is commonly based on accuracy, but this metric alone is not ideal for assessing global rule ‘value’ in noisy problem domains and thus impedes effective knowledge extraction. Multi-objective fitness functions are promising but rely on prior knowledge of how to weigh objective importance (typically unavailable in real world problems). The Pareto-front concept offers a multi-objective strategy that is agnostic to objective importance. We propose a Pareto-inspired multi-objective rule fitness (PIMORF) for LCS, and combine it with a complimentary rule-compaction approach (SRC). We implemented these strategies in ExSTraCS, a successful supervised LCS and evaluated performance over an array of complex simulated noisy and clean problems (i.e. genetic and multiplexer) that each concurrently model pure interaction effects and heterogeneity. While evaluation over multiple performance metrics yielded mixed results, this work represents an important first step towards efficiently learning complex problem spaces without the advantage of prior problem knowledge. Overall the results suggest that PIMORF paired with SRC improved rule set interpretability, particularly with regard to heterogeneous patterns.
Observations of pockmark flow structure in Belfast Bay, Maine, Part 1: current-induced mixing

Field observations of current profiles and temperature, salinity, and density structure were used to examine vertical mixing within two pockmarks in Belfast Bay, Maine. The first is located in 21 m water depth (sea level to rim), nearly circular in shape with a 45 m rim diameter and 12 m rim-to-bottom relief. The second is located in 25 m water depth, more elongated in shape with an approximately 80 m (36 m) major (minor) axis length at the rim, and 17 m relief. Hourly averaged current profiles were acquired from bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed on the rim and center of each pockmark over successive 42 h periods in July 2011. Conductivity–temperature–depth casts at the rim and center of each pockmark show warmer, fresher water in the upper water column, evidence of both active and fossil thermocline structure 5–8 m above the rim, and well-mixed water below the rim to the bottom. Vertical velocities show up- and down-welling events that extend into the depths of each pockmark. An observed temperature change at both the rim and center occurs coincident with an overturning event below the rim, and suggests active mixing of the water column into the depths of each pockmark. Vertical profiles of horizontal velocities show depth variation at both the center and rim consistent with turbulent logarithmic current boundary layers, and suggest that form drag may possibly be influencing the local flow regime. While resource limitations prevented observation of the current structure and water properties at a control site, the acquired data suggest that active mixing and overturning within the sampled pockmarks occur under typical benign conditions, and that current flows are influenced by upstream bathymetric irregularities induced by distant pockmarks.
Generation of Stimulus Triggering From Intracortical Spike Activity for Brain–Machine–Body Interfaces (BMBIs)

Brain–machine–body interfaces (BMBIs) aim to create an artificial connection in the nervous system by converting neural activity recorded from one cortical region to electrical stimuli delivered to another cortical region, spinal cord, or muscles in real-time. In particular, conditioning-mode BMBIs utilize such activity-dependent stimulation strategies to induce functional re-organization in the nervous system and promote functional recovery after injury by exploiting mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This paper reports on reconfigurable, field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation of a translation algorithm to extract multichannel stimulus trigger signals from intracortical neural spike activity. The approach features digital spike discrimination based on user-set thresholding and time-amplitude windowing, decision making to support different triggering patterns for various stimulation scenarios, as well as trigger-pattern-dependent blanking schemes for robust operation in the presence of stimulus artifacts. Readily lending itself to low-power, low-area implementation for future integration, the algorithm has been synthesized on a Cyclone II FPGA using Altera’s Quartus II design software and validated experimentally with prerecorded intracortical neural spike activity from an anesthetized laboratory rat.
SIGNAL PEPTIDE PEPTIDASES

Signal peptide peptidases (SPPs) are the most recently identified members of a protease family of integral membrane proteins that includes the intensively studied presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin (PS2) proteins. There are 5 human genes encoding SPPs which can be divided into two branches based on homology and initial functional studies. One branch, which is the focus of this chapter, consists of the SPP and SPPL3 proteins. The second branch will be the focus of a subsequent chapter, and consists of the three SPPL2 proteins (SPPL2a, b, and c). The SPP proteins are conserved through evolution with family members found in fungi, archaea and plants. Presenilins (PSs) and SPPs cleave substrate polypeptides within a transmembrane region, but differ in that PSs cleave type 1 membrane proteins whereas SPPs cleave type 2 membrane proteins. SPPs and PSs have low overall sequence homology, yet exhibit considerable structural similarity as well as strict conservation of several small motifs. They are both multipass membrane proteins that contain two conserved active site motifs YD and GxGD in adjacent membrane-spanning domains and a conserved PAL motif of unknown function near their C-termini. They differ in that the active site topology of SPPs is inverted relative to PSs. Moreover, SPP and SPPL3 appear to function as proteases without the need for additional cofactors. In contrast, PSs function as the UPgamma-secretase protease only when complexed with three accessory proteins. Although the biological roles of PSs are reasonably well understood, the biological roles of SPP are largely unknown, and only a few endogenous substrates for SPP have been identified. SPP and possibly SPPL3 appear to cleave a number of endogenous type 2 signal peptides and these genes are essential genes in the development of several model organisms. In addition, in many human parasites, there is only a single SPP gene that is most closely related to the human SPP. Thus, SPPs may be novel antiviral drug targets in humans and represent a novel drug target for major human pathogens such as malaria
Cardiac Phosphodiesterases and Their Modulation for Treating Heart Disease

An important hallmark of cardiac failure is abnormal second messenger signaling due to impaired synthesis and catabolism of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′- monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′- monophosphate (cGMP). Their dysregulation, altered intracellular targeting, and blunted responsiveness to stimulating pathways all contribute to pathological remodeling, muscle dysfunction, reduced cell survival and metabolism, and other abnormalities. Therapeutic enhancement of either cyclic nucleotides can be achieved by stimulating their synthesis and/or by suppressing members of the family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The heart expresses seven of the eleven major PDE subtypes – PDE1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. Their differential control over cAMP and cGMP signaling in various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, provides intriguing therapeutic opportunities to counter heart disease. This review examines the roles of these PDEs in the failing and hypertrophied heart and summarizes experimental and clinical data that have explored the utility of targeted PDE inhibition.
Landscape Heterogeneity at White-Headed Woodpecker Nest Sites in West-Central Idaho

The white-headed woodpecker (Picoides albolarvatus) is a regional endemic species of dry conifer forests in the Inland Pacific Northwest, where forest restoration activities are increasingly common. Recent efforts to mitigate severe fire effects and restore ecological function in these forests have prompted land managers to consider the implications of forest management actions on a range of resources, including wildlife. Identifying the associations of sensitive wildlife species with the structure and distribution of resources across landscapes is necessary for scientifically-sound management decisions. We examined the heterogeneity and proportion of open- and closed- canopy forest patches surrounding white-headed woodpecker nest sites during 2012 and 2013. We used logistic regression to compare differences between nest (n = 34) and non-nest (n = 184) sites. We found a stronger positive relationship with low canopy closure within 1-ha of nest sites compared with non-nest sites (nests: x = 0.49, SD = 0.43; non-nests: x = 0.06, SD = 0.16; P < 0.001). We also measured a stronger positive relationship with the edge density between low and moderate canopy patches within a 1-km radius of nest sites compared with non-nest sites (nests: x = 30.0 meters/ha, SD = 14.6; non-nests: x = 18.4 m/ha, SD = 14.9; P < 0.001). Our results are consistent with studies of nesting white-headed woodpeckers in Oregon. These data will help further validate and refine habitat suitability models across their northern range and contribute towards effective management decisions that will benefit the white-headed woodpecker.
Critique [of The Use of the Terms “Negro” and “Black” to Include Persons of Native American Ancestry in “Anglo” North America by Jack D. Forbes]

The article is well written and researched. The author has searched the literature pertaining to blacks and Indians and found that there are many cases of confused and deliberate distortions. These distortions had and have a profound impact on the way we behave. Many examples of the use of overgeneralization are given. The reasons for this behavior are complex and varied. As an example we find the white Virginians agitating for the termination of the Gingaskin Indian Reservation in Northampton County. Forbes cites the reason for this agitation as the area was an “asylum for free negroes” and the presence of Indians was small if any. The date for this event is given as 1780.
Variation in Medicare Payments and Reimbursement Rates for Hepatopancreatic Surgery Based on Quality: Is There a Financial Incentive for High-Quality Hospitals?

Background To better define the financial impact of high-quality care for payers and hospitals, we compared outcomes and Medicare payments between high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) hospitals after hepatopancreatic surgery. Study Design Between 2013 through 2015, a total of 15,874 Medicare beneficiaries underwent hepatopancreatic surgery. Using the entire cohort, multivariable logistic regression was performed to categorize hospitals into quintiles based on the probability of experiencing a major complication; HQ (bottom 20%) and LQ (top 20%) hospitals were identified. Only HQ and LQ hospitals were included in the final propensity matching to compare payments. Major complication was defined as a complication associated with a length of stay of >75th percentile. Incremental payment and cost of complication were estimated using multivariable linear regression. Results Major complications occurred in 9.7% (n = 309 of 3,182) at HQ hospitals compared with 20% (n = 625 of 3,130) at LQ hospitals (p Conclusions High-quality hospitals are able to achieve substantial Medicare savings by avoiding major complications. Occurrence of major complications was associated with lower Medicare reimbursement rates at both HQ and LQ hospitals vs when no complications occurred.
Detecting Clandestine Reprocessing Activities in the Middle East

Remote monitoring of krypton-85 from undeclared reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel could be part of a fissile material cut-off treaty, could serve as an additional measure for the IAEA safeguards system to monitor compliance with the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, and could be an important verification tool of a reprocessing moratorium or Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East or East Asia. Atmospheric transport modelling is applied to determine the area over which krypton-85 emissions from undeclared reprocessing activities at various levels in the Middle East would still be detectable against the high krypton-85 background from reprocessing in historical weapon programs in the United States and USSR as well as more recent and ongoing commercial reprocessing in France and the U.K. Analysis of annual wind flow over Israel's Dimona facility, the only operating reprocessing site in the region, suggests that a known reprocessing plant could be monitored with one or a few fixed monitoring stations. Random air sampling for krypton-85 analysis, perhaps using drones, may be feasible for reliable and timely detection of clandestine reprocessing plants against the krypton-85 background but would require on the order of 50?100 air samples per day. Ending reprocessing at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK and the resulting decline of the krypton-85 background over time would reduce to about 10 the number of daily samples required to monitor the Middle East.
The Reuleaux Models: Creating an International Digital Library of Kinematics History

This paper describes a project to document and preserve a collection of 220 Reuleaux kinematic models and to create a virtual museum of models connecting artifacts, mathematics and historical material relating to kinematics of machines. The digital library will also provide links to other kinematic model collections. This paper will also survey existing model collections related to mechanisms and the theory of machines. One of the goals is bring attention to important kinematic artifacts and help preserve these historic collections.
SUSY signals from QCD production at the upgraded LHC

Abstract Weak-scale supersymmetry remains to be one of the best-motivated theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. We evaluate the sensitivities of the High Luminosity (HL) and High Energy (HE) upgrades of the LHC to gluinos and stops, decaying through the simplified topologies g ˜ → q q ¯ χ 0 , g ˜ → t t ¯ χ 0 and t ˜ → t χ ˜ 0 . Our HL-LHC analyses improve on existing experimental projections by optimizing the acceptance of kinematic variables. The HE-LHC studies represent the first 27 TeV analyses. We find that the HL-(HE-)LHC with 3 ab−1 (15 ab−1) of integrated luminosity will be sensitive to the masses of gluinos and stops at 3.2 (5.7) TeV and 1.5 (2.7) TeV, respectively, decaying to massless neutralinos.
Two surgeries do not always make a right: Spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBBS) is characterized by chronic pain that persists following spine surgery. In this review, we discuss the use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for FBBS treatment and how the clinical use of SCS may be influenced by private manufacturers. While SCS therapy can be promising for the appropriate patient, there remain knowledge gaps in understanding the full potential of SCS technology for delivering optimal therapeutic benefit. We caution that the use of SCS without a complete understanding of the technology may create exploitative situations that private manufacturers can capitalize on while subjecting patients to potentially unnecessary health and financial burdens.
On spectral theory of the Riemann zeta function

Every nontrivial zero of the Riemann zeta function is associated as eigenvalue with an eigenfunction of the fundamental differential operator on a Hilbert-Polya space. It has geometric multiplicity one. A relation between nontrivial zeros of the zeta function and eigenvalues of the convolution operator is given. It is an analogue of the Selberg transform in Selbergs trace formula. Elements of the Hilbert-Polya space are characterized by the Poisson summation formula.
The impact of gender, race, socioeconomic status, and treatment on outcomes in esophageal cancer: A population-based analysis

Background: African Americans and Hispanics are reported to have higher mortality from esophageal cancer (EC) than Caucasians. In this study, we analyzed the independent effects of race, gender, treatment, and socioeconomic status (SES) on overall survival (OS). Methods: Data for all EC cases between 2004 and 2010 with follow-up through 2012 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. We conducted descriptive analyses of clinical variables and survival analyses by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods. Results: African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to be in the lower SES strata and less likely to receive surgery than Caucasians in this cohort. The proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy was similar across different racial/ethnic groups. After adjustment for stage, grade, histology, treatments, and SES in multivariate analyses, the mortality risk in African Americans (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–1.07) and Hispanics (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89–1.07) did not differ from Caucasians (HR = 1.00, referent), with histology, SES, and surgery largely accounting for unadjusted OS differences. We also observed that African American men had higher adjusted risk of death relative to Caucasian men (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07–1.42), but this effect was not observed for African American women compared to Caucasian women (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.94–1.35). Conclusions: Race is not an independent risk factor for OS in our population-based analysis of EC cases. Rather, observed differences in OS by race/ethnicity result from differences in cancer histology, SES, surgery, and gender. Our findings support further health disparities research for this disease.
Timing of Early Complications Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Closed Ankle Fractures

Introduction: There is increasing interest in the early identification and treatment of adverse medical events following orthopaedic procedures. The purpose of this study is to characterize the timing of 8 early adverse events following open reduction and internal fixation of closed fractures of the ankle. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. A total of 17 318 patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of closed ankle fractures were identified. 48.4% of patients were discharged on the day of surgery. For each of 8 different early adverse events, the median postoperative day of diagnosis, interquartile range for day of diagnosis, and middle 80% for day of diagnosis were determined. Timing was compared between unimalleolar and bi-/trimalleolar fractures and between inpatient and outpatient procedures. Results: The median day of diagnosis (and interquartile range; middle 80%) for myocardial infarction was 2 (1-5; 0-17), pneumonia 3 (2-7; 1-19), acute kidney injury 6.5 (2-18; 2-20), urinary tract infection 7 (2-14; 0-24), pulmonary embolism 10 (3-21; 0-27), sepsis 15 (4-22; 1-28), deep vein thrombosis 17 (10-22; 3-27), and surgical site infection 19 (14-25; 8-28). Patients with bi-/trimalleolar fractures had earlier occurrence of myocardial infarction (day 2 vs 10), urinary tract infection (day 6.5 vs 9.5), and sepsis (day 10 vs 20.5). Inpatients had later occurrence of acute kidney injury (day 7 vs 3), but earlier occurrence of urinary tract infection (day 6 vs 15). Conclusions: These precisely described time periods for occurrence of specific adverse events enable heightened awareness among orthopaedic surgeons during the first month following open reduction and internal fixation of the ankle. Orthopaedic surgeons should have the lowest threshold for testing for each adverse event during the time period of greatest risk.Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level III: Retrospective cohort study.
Uncertainty quantification of ocean parameterizations: application to the K-Profile-Parameterization for penetrative convection

Parameterizations of unresolved turbulent processes in the ocean compromise the fidelity of large-scale ocean models used in climate change projections. In this work, we use a Bayesian approach for...
Jesus and the Mosaic Law: Agapic Love as the Foundation and Objective of Law

Sam Levine gave me a particular insight—one that is central to this conference—that has helped in my work on Christianity and law. Sam suggested that American Law might view Jewish Law in the way comparative law scholars view the law of other countries or the way a state judge might view the law of another state. Not imposing religious law on those who do not share the Jewish faith but drawing in its insights where they might fit. As I will note later in this essay, that is the way I have come to believe Jesus looked at the Mosaic Law and its implications for positive law. It may give us insight as to what our law should be. I have also come to view Christian insights into law this way. Secular law should use them when they are helpful. Chaim Saiman of Villanova Law School pushed me to think about what Jesus said about the law and how that might relate to our understanding of law today. I have concluded that much of what Jesus said about the Mosaic Law gives us insight into what Jesus might say about any type of law. In my view, the Gospels—the stories of Jesus’s life—present Jesus as having a new take on law that extends beyond his comments about the Mosaic Law, beyond Christianity, to insights on law for all of humanity. In this essay, I consider what rabbi Jesus might have to say about law.
Introduction to the symposium. The concept of protean power: change we can believe in?

This introductory article to the symposium first presents and then critiques the protean power concept of the Katzenstein and Seybert volume. Although the volume underestimates the value of rational choice models to explain some cases of protean power, it rightly demonstrates that our conventional theoretical toolkit insufficiently anticipates many such disruptions. Drawing on the examples of post-World War I veterans' movements and India's 1998 decision to test nuclear weapons, I argue that the protean power research agenda should focus on the reciprocal relationship between radical uncertainty and psychological and behavioral rigidity.
The incidence of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A population-based study.

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged from China in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. Patients with metabolic comorbid conditions are more susceptible to infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of interlinked metabolic risk factors that predispose patients to increased risk of complications. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the aggressive form of NAFLD. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome components and the risk of COVID-19. Methods We reviewed data from a large commercial database (Explorys IBM) that aggregates electronic health records from 26 large nationwide healthcare systems. Using systemized nomenclature of clinical medical terms (SNOMED-CT), we identified adults with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and its individual components from 1999 to 2019. We included patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 from December 2019 to May 2020. Comorbidities known to be associated with COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, male gender, African American, and hypertension were collected. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to investigate whether metabolic syndrome or its individual components are independently associated with the risk of COVID-19. Results Out of 61.4 million active adult patients in the database, 8885 (0.01%) had documented COVID-19. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was higher if metabolic syndrome was the primary diagnosis (0.10% vs 0.01%, OR 7.00 [6.11–8.01]). The adjusted odds (aOR) of having COVID-19 was higher in patients if they were African Americans (aOR 7.45 [7.14–7.77]), hypertensive (aOR 2.53 [2.40–2.68]), obese (aOR 2.20 [2.10–2.32]), diabetic (aOR 1.41 [1.33–1.48]), hyperlipidemic (aOR 1.70 [1.56–1.74]), or diagnosed with NASH (aOR 4.93 [4.06–6.00]). There was a slight decrease in the adjusted odds of having COVID-19 in males as compared to females (aOR 0.88 [0.84–0.92]). Conclusion The incidence of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic syndrome is high. Among all comorbid metabolic conditions, NASH had the strongest association with COVID-19.
Clinical application of personalized rheumatoid arthritis risk information: translational epidemiology leading to precision medicine

Over the last few decades, major progress has been made in identifying risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a relatively common chronic disease characterized by inflammato...
“It’s in the Air”—Sponsored Editorial Content as a Path for Stealth Government Propaganda: The Case of Israeli Media

This article explores the rise of government-sponsored content, a recent development in the branded content model, in which government agencies assume the role of sponsors of editorial content. The...
Relative clause processing in L1 and L2 English: A maze task investigation

Abstract This study investigates the locus of processing difficulty in English object-extracted relative clauses during both native and non-native sentence comprehension. Two L-maze experiments were conducted – one with English native speakers (n = 48) and another with highly proficient Chinese learners of English (n = 20) – to compare the processing of object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs) with that of subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs). Both participants groups revealed clear processing costs for ORC sentences. In both cases, this processing difficulty was localized at the beginning of the ORC, and specifically at the article that introduced the ORC subject (The soldier who the sailor roughly pushed….). These findings are taken to indicate that structural expectations play a central role in the first- and second-language processing of English relative clauses and of complex sentences more generally.
Regulation of Citrobacter rodentium colonization: virulence, immune response and microbiota interactions

Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse-specific pathogen commonly used to model infection by human Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, an important cause of infant diarrhea and mortality worldwide. In the early phase of infection, C. rodentium overcomes competition by the gut microbiota for successful replication. Then, the pathogen uses a type three secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into intestinal epithelial cells and induce metabolic and inflammatory conditions that promote colonization of the intestinal epithelium. C. rodentium also elicits highly coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut that regulate pathogen colonization and eradication. In this review, we highlight recent work on the regulation and function of the C. rodentium T3SS, the mechanisms employed by the pathogen to evade competition by the microbiota, and the function of the host immune response against infection.
Electrospray Ionization Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry.

Electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry (ESI-IMS—MS) is a rapidly progressing analytical technique for the examination of complex compounds in the gas phase. ESI-IMS—MS separates iso...
Response to Poverty-Pimping CDCs: The Search for Dispersal's Next Bogeyman

The following is our response to Professor Goetz's rebuttal of our work. We will address each of his major objections in turn.At the outset, it is important to point out a central error in Professo...
Post-Palliative: Coloniality's Affective Dissonance

This article is an exploration of the concept of melancholia in psychoanalytic terms. Melancholia is proposed as an affect rather than an affectation, and it is suggested that the whole field of postcolonial studies has been melancholic, rather than celebratory, since its inception. Melancholia is theorized through Freud and other psychoanalytic theorists, and then related to the temporality of what Adorno called "late style." The author discusses Edward Said's use of the terms late style and lost cause, and then elaborates an idea of postcolonial, or "late," sovereignty as a melancholic formation.
Ferredoxin from Two Thermophilic Clostridia

Ferredoxin from thermophilic and mesophilic Clostridia, noting difference in heat stability due to iron and sulfide environments
Antecedents of Message Processing in Persuasion: Traditional and Emergent Perspectives

From more than a half century of formal inquiry, social psychological research on persuasion has revealed a number of distinct processes through which peoples' attitudes can be formed or changed. In particular, a considerable amount of work has been aimed at identifying and understanding factors that determine how much people carefully process persuasive communications. This article provides a review of past approaches, contemporary directions, and key findings corresponding to this mechanism of influence. Furthermore, it focuses on the scientific progression across three primary research generations as a means to describe the current literature and potential avenues for future endeavors.
Electromagnetic Field Creation During EWPT Nucleation With MSSM

We derive the equations of motion for electroweak MSSM with a right-handed Stop, from which we derive the equations for the electromagnetic field that arises from bubble nucleation and collisions during the first order electroweak phase transition that can occur in this MSSM. Introducing an isospin ansatz we derive e.o.m. for the electrically charged W fields uncoupled from all other fields. These serve as the current for the Maxwell-like e.o.m. for the em field. The resulting electromagnetic field arising during EWPT bubble nucleation is found. This electromagnetic structure, along with that arising from bubble collisions, could seed galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields.
Three Missouri Alfisols Impacted by Aeolian Deposition of Lead-Zinc-Cadmium-Silver-Indium Bearing Mine Tailings

Modern mining technologies promote the nation's gross domestic product and reduce environmental impacts; however, previous mining activities in Missouri have a legacy of soil contamination. This study focuses on Pb-Cd-Zn-Ag-In soil contamination resulting from a closed Pb-Zn mine at St. Joe State Park in Missouri. Metal contamination is the result of ancestral smelting operations and presently exposed tailings. Three soil profiles located adjacent to a closed mine-smelting operation and two reference pedons located outside of the study area were examined to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ag, and In. Aqua regia digestion and selective chemical extractions were employed to assess metal availability. The near-surface soil horizons show dramatically greater Pb, Cd, Zn, Ag, and In concentrations than deeper soil horizons or the reference loess-derived soil profiles. Surface Pb concentrations in the study area range from 224 to 589 mg Pb kg − 1 , whereas the surface Cd concentrations range from 0.3...
Potentials for the supersymmetric nonlinear σ-model

The most general structure for potential terms compatible withN=1,N=2, andN=4 supersymmetry in the nonlinear σ-model in two space-time dimensions is determined. The differential geometry of the internal manifold of the model plays an important role in the method used and in the results. An interesting application of nontrivial dimensional reduction is found.
Topological Global Localization for Subterranean Voids

The need for reliable maps of subterranean spaces too hazardous for humans to occupy has motivated the development of robotic mapping tools. For such systems to be fully autonomous, they must be able to deal with all varieties of subterranean environments, including those containing loops. This paper presents an approach for an autonomous mobile robot to determine if the area currently being explored has been previously visited. Combined with other techniques in topological mapping, this approach will allow for the fully autonomous general exploration of subterranean spaces. Data collected from a research coal mine is used to experimentally verify our approach.
Certifying compilation for a language with stack allocation

This paper describes an assembly-language type system capable of ensuring memory safety in the presence of both heap and stack allocation. The type system uses linear logic and a set of domain-specific predicates to specify invariants about the shape of the store. Part of the model for our logic is a tree of "stack tags" that tracks the evolution of the stack over time. To demonstrate the expressiveness of the type system, we define Micro-CLI, a simple imperative language that captures the essence of stack allocation in the common language infrastructure. We show how to compile well-typed Micro-CLI into well-typed assembly.
Dust from Supernovae

Only a very small fraction of interstellar dust mass originates within the cooling expansions of supernova interiors; but those solids are exciting and important for other reasons. Thermally condensed (high-T) solids that do originate in this way may provide the refractory cores of a significant frac­tion of interstellar medium (ISM) grains. Hoyle & Wickramasinghe (1970) had predicted this source of grains. Clayton (1975a, 1975b) introduced the possibility of finding such grains in meteorites through their isotopic pecu­liarities, which were inherited during condenstaion within young supernova ejecta. Such thermally condensed cores within expanding supernova inte­riors were designated by the acronym SUNOCON by Clayton (1978) as a specific scientific name for such objects. The discovery of these grains, pre­served within the meteorites from the beginnings of the solar system and now studied in high detail in laboratories, is the topic of this paper.
Experimental Production of Lethal Escherichia coli Bacteremia of Pelvic Origin

To reproduce the syndrome of overwhelming Escherichia coli bacteremia and shock after pelvic instrumentation, a model was developed by feeding E. coli via drinking water to coliform-free rabbits, injecting nitrogen mustard intravenously, and inserting a temperature probe into the rectum. The temperature probe was inserted to mimic pelvic instrumentation of patients and to detect fever. Rabbits fed invasive serotypes of E. coli all suffered overwhelming bacteremia with high fever and fatal vascular collapse secondary to invasion of pelvic veins as the granulocyte count approached zero. In the absence of granulocytopenia, the rectal temperature probe produced an intensive inflammation with numerous polymorphonuclears and bacteremia did not develop. In the absence of rectal probing, granulocytopenic rabbits developed high fever without bacteremia. This model resembles human bacteremic shock with respect to the endogenous source of the bacteria, the high frequency of bacteremia due to E. coli and other enteric bacilli, the importance of pelvic instrumentation, and the associated immune disturbances such as granulocytopenia.
Coating Thickness Determination Using Time Dependent Surface Temperature Measurements

Thin film coatings are used to protect metal alloys from oxidation. To be effective they must have adequate thickness and be well bonded to the metal substrate. This is especially important for metals subject to high temperatures or to highly oxidizing environments. As a consequence, there is a need for a non-destructive method for evaluating coating thickness, bonding, and other coating properties.