cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and ab initio structure determination of AlPO4·H2OH4 from powder diffraction data

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of aluminophosphate, AlPO4H4, was determined solely from X-ray powder diffraction data and refined by Rietveld methods. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 7.1374(2) A, b = 7.0945(2) A, c = 14.7377(5) A, and β = 99.102(1)°. The final agreement factors are Rp = 0.095, Rwp = 0.135, and RF = 0.03. The Rietveld refined formula is AlPO4·H2O. There are two independent Al atoms. One is coordinated by two water molecules and four phosphate oxygens. The other is tetrahedrally coordinated by phosphate oxygens. All the phosphate oxygens are involved in bridging the Al atoms. In the synthesis procedure it was necessary to include an amine template to preclude impurities even though H4 is a condensed phase and not a molecular sieve.
Manual-scanning optical coherence tomography probe based on position tracking.

A method based on position tracking to reconstruct images for a manual-scanning optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe is proposed and implemented. The method employs several feature points on a hand-held probe and a camera to track the device's pose. The continuous device poses tracking, and the collected OCT depth scans can then be combined to render OCT images. The tracking accuracy of the system was characterized to be about 6 μm along two axes and 19 μm along the third. A phantom target was used to validate the method. In addition, we report OCT images of a 54-stage Xenopus laevis tadpole acquired by manual scanning.
Fault diagnosis framework for Air Handling Units based on the integration of Dependency matrices and PCA

As one of the major modules of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems (HVACs), the Air Handling Unit (AHU) conditions the air and delivers it to rooms to satisfy occupants' comfort requirements. Fault diagnosis for AHUs is challenging because the interactions among components are complex. A fault may cause variations in variables of different constituent components, thus making it difficult to localize. To overcome this difficulty, in this paper, a model-based and data-driven fault diagnosis method integrating the Dependency-matrix (D-matrix) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is developed, where the D-matrix is a compact representation of the complex interactions between failure modes and fault indicators. In this method, by using PCA, both model parameters and variables relating to faults are selected to obtain Squared Prediction Errors (SPEs) as fault indicators for D-matrices. In D-matrices, failure modes can be distinguished from each other if they have different signatures. This method has three benefits: (1) SPEs are sensitive to faults since the relationships between model parameters and failure modes are more explicit comparing to measured variables alone; (2) only one sequence of fault indicator outcomes corresponds to one failure mode, thus the number of fault indicators decreases; and (3) SPEs obtained by using PCA could contain most of the fault information; thus it is not necessary to make the effort at selecting the effective variables as fault indicators. If failure modes are still ambiguous, the variables which represent the unique features of failure modes are selected as fault indicators for further diagnosis. Numerical results show that our method can distinguish faults in AHUs accurately.
Diastolic Calcium Release Controls the Beating Rate of Rabbit Sinoatrial Node Cells: Numerical Modeling of the Coupling Process

Recent studies employing Ca2+ indicators and confocal microscopy demonstrate substantial local Ca2+ release beneath the cell plasma membrane (subspace) of sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) occurring during diastolic depolarization. Pharmacological and biophysical experiments have suggested that the released Ca2+ interacts with the plasma membrane via the ion current (INaCa) produced by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and constitutes an important determinant of the pacemaker rate. This study provides a numerical validation of the functional importance of diastolic Ca2+ release for rate control. The subspace Ca2+ signals in rabbit SANCs were measured by laser confocal microscopy, averaged, and calibrated. The time course of the subspace [Ca2+] displayed both diastolic and systolic components. The diastolic component was mainly due to the local Ca2+ releases; it was numerically approximated and incorporated into a SANC cellular electrophysiology model. The model predicts that the diastolic Ca2+ release strongly interacts with plasma membrane via INaCa and thus controls the phase of the action potential upstroke and ultimately the final action potential rate.
The Water Short List: The Most Effective Actions U.S. Households Can Take to Curb Water Use

The long-term sustainability of many urban water supply systems in the United States is under assault from a confluence of forces. Climate change, an aging and increasingly obsolete water infrastru...
Molecular characterization and genomic mapping of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) gene family in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The group 1 pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins, known as hallmarks of defense pathways, are encoded by multigene families in plants as evidenced by the presence of 22 and 32 PR-1 genes in the finished Arabidopsis and rice genomes, respectively. Here, we report the initial characterization and mapping of 23 PR-1-like (TaPr-1) genes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which possesses one of the largest (>16,000 megabases) genomes among monocot crop plants. Sequence analysis revealed that the 23 TaPr-1 genes all contain intron-free open reading frames that encode a signal peptide at the N-terminus and a conserved PR-1-like domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaPr-1 genes form three major monophyletic groups along with their counterparts in other monocots; each group consists of genes encoding basic, basic with a C-terminal extension, and acidic PR-1 proteins, respectively, suggesting diversity and conservation of PR-1 gene functions in monocot plants. Mapping analysis assisted by untranslated region-specified discrimination (USD) markers and various cytogenetic stocks located the 23 TaPr-1 genes to seven different chromosomes, with the majority mapping to chromosomes of homoeologous groups 5 and 7. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis revealed that 12 TaPr-1 genes were induced or up-regulated upon pathogen challenge. Together, this study provides insights to the origin, evolution, homoeologous relationships, and expression patterns of the TaPr-1 genes. The data presented provide critical information for further genome-wide characterization of the wheat PR-1 gene family and the USD markers developed will facilitate genetic and functional analysis of PR-1 genes associated with plant defense and/or other important traits.
The adhesion of ice to lubricated surfaces

Abstract The adhesion of ice to lubricated steel has been shown to vary over a wide range depending upon the polar organic additive present in the lubricating oil. The adhesion is least for systems showing contact angles of 170° or larger through water drops on steel submerged in the oil solutions. The extremely low adhesions sometimes observed in such systems arise because water does not readily displace the final thin film of bulk oil from the metal surface to establish true water/solid contact. High water contact angles are associated with strong adsorption of the polar additive at the oil/metal interface and with relatively low adsorption in the oil/water interface.
Effect of induced alkalosis on physical work capacity during arm and leg exercise

The effect of NaHCO3 ingestion on work capacity was determined during moderately high intensity (80% [Vdot]O2 max) arm and leg exercise. Differences in the ergogenic effect of induced alkalosis between arm and leg exercise were also evaluated. Ten males underwent work capacity tests in three standardized modes; arms (A), Legs (L) and Arms + Legs (A + L). The head, chest and trunk were harnessed to a stabilizing backboard. Two hours prior to testing, subjects ingested 0·3 g kg−1 body weight of either NaHCO3 to induce alkalosis or CaCO3 as a placebo control. The six exercise trials were administered with a double blind design in counterbalanced order. Under alkalosis, work capacity increased (P<0·01) by 286 kg m for A, 1132kg m for L and 920 kg m for A + L. The magnitude of the increase in work capacity following induced alkalosis was greater for the A (13·20%) (P<0·05) and A + L (13·60%) (P<0·01) than the L (9·95%) modes. Differences were not found between the A and A + L modes. Blood acid-base and haemato...
RR‐variation: The autonomic test of choice in diabetes

RR-variation is a sensitive, reproducible, and noninvasive autonomic test. It is simple to perform and easy for both the operator and the subject. Furthermore, RR-variation correlates to known physiologic function. It therefore fulfills many of the characteristics of a practical diagnostic test. Many of the confounding factors are known, and with proper standardization the test may not only have diagnostic capabilities but also predictive value. RR-variation should be included in clinical research trials of diabetic neuropathy and should be considered in routine clinical management of the diabetic patient.
Geometric and Physical Scaling of River Dimensions on the Earth and Moon

The absence of indications of mature lunar river systems is predicted by the scaling of river dimensions from the Earth to the Moon.
Optical plant sensor field-of-view determination

Optical plant sensors constructed from red and near-infrared (NIR) filtered photodetector pairs were used in conjunction with the normalized difference index (NDI) to detect plants. Plants must occupy a minimum of 8% of the photodetector pair field-of-view (FOV) to be detected. Thus, knowing the size and location of the FOV is crucial. Since the NDI requires red and NIR reflectance measurements from coincident areas, it is equally important to know the coincident area of a red-NIR detector pair and its location. Reflectance measurements taken every 1 cm from a 60 cm X 60 cm surface can be graphically viewed to determine the size and location of the FOV of a plant sensor. The surface has low reflectance and contains a 20 cm X 20 cm highly reflective checkerboard pattern in the center. From individual FOVs of red-NIR pairs, the coincident area can be found.
Effects of thermal compression on the performance estimates of hypersonic ramjets.

Thermal compression effects on hypersonic ramjets performance, discussing thermodynamic cycle calculation based on gas dynamic model
Cyclic voltammetric behavior of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins at a lipid bilayer modified electrode

Abstract Direct electron transfer between ferredoxins isolated from vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Anabaena (strain 7120) and from spinach, and a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled lipid bilayer membrane, has been investigated at various ionic strengths by cyclic voltammetry. The lipid bilayers were comprised of the electrically neutral egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), either alone or in combination with varying amounts of the positively charged surfactant dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DODAC + ). Both ferredoxins were found to interact strongly enough with the lipid membrane to support an efficient electron transfer reaction with the electrode. The interaction forces could be controlled by the PC concentration, the DODAC + concentration, and the ionic strength of the supporting electrolyte. The observations suggest a mechanism involving attractive electrostatic interactions between the redox protein molecules and the lipid bilayer, which lead to rapid and discriminatory electron transfer with the gold electrode.
Altered glutathione metabolism in oxaliplatin resistant ovarian carcinoma cells

Elevation of glutathione (GSH) is commonly observed in cellular resistance to a number of anticancer agents. Most frequently reported change in GSH metabolism that is associated with the elevated GSH levels is increased mRNA expression and activity of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (gamma GCS), the first enzyme of the GSH biosynthetic pathway. We have isolated sublines of the A2780 ovarian carcinoma cell line (C10 and C25) that are 8- and 12-fold resistant to oxaliplatin by repeatedly exposing the cells to increasing concentrations of the platinum agent. The GSH levels in C10 and C25 cell sublines are 3.1- and 3.8-fold higher than the parent A2780 cell line. The mRNA levels and activities for gamma GCS and that for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT), the GSH salvage pathway enzyme, were measured in these cells. The mRNA for gamma GT and gamma GCS were measured by RT-PCR, with quantitation of the PCR product by HPLC; mRNA levels are expressed as ratios to beta-actin mRNA, used as an endogenous standard. GSH and gamma GCS activity were measured by HPLC assays and gamma GT activity by a colorimetric assay. The increase in GSH in C10 and C25 was associated with an elevation in gamma GT mRNA (2.5- and 8-fold) and gamma GT activity (2.7- and 2.8-fold). No changes were observed in gamma GCS mRNA levels or activity. The data indicate that alterations in GSH metabolism leading to elevations in cellular GSH in A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells selected for low levels of resistance to oxaliplatin are mediated by gamma GT, the "salvage' pathway, rather than an increase in GSH biosynthesis.
Anomalous Low Temperature Ambipolar Diffusion and Einstein Relation

The regular Einstein relation, connecting the coefficient of ambipolar diffusion and the Dember field with mobilities, is generalized for the case of an interacting electron-hole plasma. The calculations are presented for a nondegenerate plasma injected by light into semiconductors of silicon and germanium type. The Debye-Huckel correlation and the Wigner-Seitz exchange terms are considered. Corrections to the mobilities of carriers due to the difference between average and acting electric fields within the electron-hole plasma are taken into account. The deviation of the generalized relation from the regular Einstein relation is pronounced at low temperatures and can explain the anomaly of the coefficient of ambipolar diffusion, recently discovered experimentally.
The provability logic for Σ1-interpolability

Abstract We say that two arithmetical formulas A, B have the Σ1-interpolation property if they have an ‘interpolant’ σ, i.e., a Σ1 formula such that the formulas A→σ and σ→B are provable in Peano Arithmetic PA. The Σ1-interpolability predicate is just a formalization of this property in the language of arithmetic. Using a standard idea of Godel, we can associate with this predicate its provability logic, which is the set of all formulas that express arithmetically valid principles in the modal language with two modal operators, □ for provability in PA and ↠ for Σ1-interpolability. In this paper we determine this provability logic (denoted by ELH). It turns out that this problem appears to be quite similar to the problem of such modal description of relative interpretability, a problem, solved (independently) by Berarducci and Shavrukov. However, the present case is sometimes easier. In particular, we prove in this paper the fixed point property and the Craig interpolation property for our modal system ELH.
Characterization of T7 specific RNA polymerase. III. Inhibition by derivatives of rifamycin SV

Abstract Derivatives of rifamycin SV which contain a variety of substituents at C-4 of the napthoquinone ring are active inhibitors of T7 specific RNA polymerase. Several of the drugs appear to inhibit RNA chain initiation in preference to RNA chain elongation. Studies of the kinetics of T7 RNA synthesis in the presence of one such derivative suggest that there are several large transcription units of differing sizes in the late region of T7 DNA. Other rifamycin SV derivatives inhibit both chain initiation and chain elongation suggesting that there may be 2 sites on T7 RNA polymerase at which rifamycin derivatives can act.
Discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine: Approaches to evaluating potential nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists

The prototypic nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) agonist, nicotine, is one of the primary psychoactive ingredients of tobacco. This review examines the effects of nicotine and similar compounds in nicotine discrimination procedures, a paradigm in which the subjective effects of nicotine can be modeled in animals. Results of these studies have shown that the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine are shared by nicotine analogues and by the novel nicotinic agonists, epibatidine and ABT-418, and can be antagonized by the nAChR channel blocker, mecamylamine. Individual and strain differences in sensitivity to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine have been noted, suggesting the possibility of genetic differences in the functioning of nACh receptors or related processes. In human smokers, individual variability is also observed ; however, the degree of within smoker (but between situation) variability far exceeds between smoker variability. Further research into the ways in which situational factors affect the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine is needed.
Measurement of human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by 31P-MR spectroscopy: A cross-validation with in vitro measurements

Mitochondria are widely recognized for their ability to generate chemical energy to fuel cellular energy requirements. In metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle, the abundance and function of these organelles correlates with physical performance (1). More recently there has been growing interest in understanding how these organelles are involved in the etiology or pathophysiology of many human diseases such as type 2 diabetes (2), obesity (3), heart failure (4), stroke (5), and Alzheimer’s Disease (6). Historically, mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle has been estimated from activities of marker enzymes (7) or from direct measurements of oxygen consumption (8) or ATP production rates (9) in tissues or isolated mitochondria. Muscle biopsy specimens also permit measurements of mRNA, DNA, and protein expression measurements. In spite of the wealth of information afforded by in vitro measurements from biopsy tissue, practical and ethical considerations limit the frequency and location of tissue biopsies as well as subject populations such as children or frail elderly. Since Chance and colleagues pioneered the use of phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) for in vivo assessment of human skeletal muscle metabolism (10), this non-invasive technology has become widespread. The capability for non-invasive assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity holds appeal for investigators who desire an in vivo measurement that can be performed repeatedly with minimal risk to participants. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity may be measured in vivo using 31P-MRS by monitoring the recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr) following prior depletion by a stimulus such as exercise. Through the equilibrium of the creatine kinase reaction, post-exercise PCr resynthesis is a function of mitochondrial ATP production. Thus, the rate constant of PCr recovery (kPCr) is proportional to muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, calculated as the product of kPCr and PCr concentration in resting skeletal muscle (11–13). This kinetic analysis has been found to be reproducible (14–16)and well-correlated with citrate synthase activity measured in vitro (17,18), whole body oxygen uptake (16–20), and theoretical models (17,21). In spite of good agreement between 31P-MRS and mitochondrial enzyme activity, to our knowledge there have been no comparisons of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured by 31P-MRS and more direct in vitro measurements of mitochondrial oxidative capacity. An evaluation of the level of agreement between 31P-MRS and gold-standard in vitro measurements of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity would help establish 31P-MRS as a valuable tool in research and clinical settings. In the present study we cross-validated skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured by 31P-MRS and by high-resolution respirometry of mitochondria isolated from muscle biopsy tissue. We also assessed the test-retest reliability of oxidative capacity measured by 31P-MRS.
Dietary Fiber Content of Cereal and Grain Products Determined by Enzymatic–Chemical and Enzymatic–Gravimetric Methods

The two objectives of this research were to compare total dietary fiber values obtained by the AOAC enzymatic–gravimetric method and the Uppsala enzymatic–chemical method for 50 grain and cereal products and to compare the fiber content and composition of foods that are likely to be grouped during nutrient intake studies. Mean fiber contents of 44 refined grain products determined by the two methods were significantly different (P < 0.01), 2.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g (fresh wt) by the AOAC method and 2.0 ± 0.7 g/100 g by the Uppsala method. Mean fiber contents of 6 higher fiber foods also were different (P < 0.01), 9.1 ± 1.6 and 7.9 ± 1.2 g/100 g, respectively. Data from the two methods of analysis were strongly correlated, r2 = 0.93 (P < 0.001). The soluble fiber content of the refined products was an average of 25% of total fiber, of the higher fiber products, 20%. Ingredients influenced the fiber content and composition of the samples; some such as fat and sugar diluted the fiber concentration and others such as fruit, nuts, coconut, and chocolate increased it. We conclude that complete descriptions should be obtained if food intake records are to reflect fiber intake; grouping some foods prior to calculating fiber intake is likely to lead to errors and fiber intakes calculated from AOAC fiber data will be higher than those determined by the Uppsala fiber method. Because a more specific set of analyses would be likely to provide more accurate results, we recommend that data obtained using an enzymatic–chemical method be used to calculate fiber intake in nutritional studies.
Metal-Organic Framework from an Anthracene Derivative Containing Nanoscopic Cages Exhibiting High Methane Uptake

A microporous metal-organic framework, PCN-14, based on an anthracene derivative, 5,5‘-(9,10-anthracenediyl)di-isophthalate (H4adip), was synthesized under solvothermal reaction conditions. X-ray single crystal analysis revealed that PCN-14 consists of nanoscopic cages suitable for gas storage. N2-adsorption studies of PCN-14 at 77 K reveal a Langmuir surface area of 2176 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.87 cm3/g. Methane adsorption studies at 290 K and 35 bar show that PCN-14 exhibits an absolute methane-adsorption capacity of 230 v/v, 28% higher than the DOE target (180 v/v) for methane storage.
Incidence of blunt cerebrovascular injuries associated with craniocervical distraction injuries.

Study design: Retrospective case review. Introduction: Ischemic insults from blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) can lead to significant cranial and spinal injury. Specific spine fracture patterns have been identified as more predictive of BCVI, such as vertebral subluxation, fractures through the foramen transversarium, and C1 through C3 fractures. Adequate screening and early treatment has led to a decrease in devastating neurological deficits from associated strokes.1 However, BCVI in association with injuries of the craniocervical junction have been anecdotally reported but their true incidence is still unknown. We hypothesized that craniocervical dissociation (CCD), due to its distractive nature, is also associated with a high incidence of BCVI. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of BCVI in a large series of patients with CCD admitted to a single-level 1 trauma institution. Methods: A retrospective review of all consecutive patients diagnosed with unstable craniocervical distraction injuries (defined as abnormal widening of the C0-C1 and/or C1-2 joints) that were surgically treated from 2003–2009 was performed. All patients with CCD injuries who had a screening catheter angiogram or computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the neck to exclude BCVI entered the study. Results: Among 39 consecutive patients identified with CCD (26 men [67%] and 13 women [33%] with a mean age of 28.8 years), 28 were screened for BCVI through catheter angiography or CTA. Additional injuries are displayed in Table 1. A total of 14 patients (50%) who were screened had 25 BCVI, with 12 carotid artery and 13 vertebral artery injuries. These injuries were further subclassified according to the Biffl classification system2 (Table 2): Biffl 1 (10 patients); Biffl 2 (6 patients); Biffl 3 (5 patients); Biffl 4 (3 patients), and Biffl 5 (1 patient). Among the 18 patients with a purely ligamentous injury of the craniocervical junction, 8 (44%) had a BCVI (10 carotid artery and 7 vertebral artery injuries). Among the 10 patients with additional spine fractures that are known risk factors for BCVI, 6 (60%) had a vessel injury (6 vertebral artery and 2 carotid artery injuries). Three patients among the 14 with BCVI had a stroke, as opposed to none among the other 14 without BCVI. There was no significant correlation between the presence of BCVI injuries and the presence of abnormal craniocervical distraction as measured by the Harris lines criteria.3 Table 1 Associated injuries in patients screened for BCVI.* Table 2 Biffl grading system for blunt traumatic cerebrovascular injuries. Conclusions: In patients with craniocervical distraction injuries, the incidence of BCVI is high. Those patients with purely ligamentous injuries had a higher incidence of carotid artery injuries whereas those with associated spine fracture patterns that are known predictive risk factors for BCVI had a higher incidence of vertebral artery injuries. We suggest inclusion of craniocervical distraction injuries as another spine fracture pattern indicative for routine screening of BCVI.
Energy expenditure associated with the use of neighborhood parks in 2 cities.

Context: Availability of public neighborhood parks is associated with physical activity. Little is known about how parks contribute to population energy balance. Purpose: This study estimated energy expenditure associated with the use of neighborhood parks and compared energy expenditure by activity areas within parks and by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income. Design: The System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity among Youth (SOPLAY), a direct observation approach, was used to estimate energy expenditure in 10 Tampa (Florida) parks and 19 Chicago (Illinois) parks. Setting: Parks were selected from census tracts with a moderate to high representation of white, Latino, and African American populations. Participants: A total of 9454 park users were observed. Outcome: Sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activities were assigned metabolic equivalence intensity (MET) values of 1.5, 3, and 6, respectively. Results: Park use in Tampa generated 15 336 total METs over the study period. Chicago parks generated 7305.6 METs. Mean METs varied by activity areas in parks. For Chicago parks, mean METs were higher for parks in African American and higher-income neighborhoods. Conclusions: Public parks can contribute to population energy balance. Policies to make parks available, promotions to encourage park use, and programs to encourage active use of parks are necessary to achieve this potential.
General Synergetic Control Strategies for Arbitrary Number of Paralleled Buck Converters Feeding Constant Power Load: Implementation of Dynamic Current Sharing

The inability of linear controls to predict dynamic behavior of nonlinear system leads to chaotic behavior of the system and sometimes could result in a system collapse. The advantage of synergetic control design is that it results in an analytical control law that reduces the dynamic order of the system, compensates for system nonlinearity by a particular choice of coefficients, and ensures asymptotic stability of the closed loop system. Our paper presents generalized control strategies for the system of an arbitrary number of paralleled buck converters feeding a constant power load. Using these generalized control strategies we develop a family of control strategies for a particular system of two buck converters covering a range of operating regimes. We show the impact on system dynamics of several different coordination algorithms that control transition between strategies. Finally, we describe how including a current limiting feature into the control decreases electrical stress on the switching components and we put forward a load estimator that simplifies the control strategies.
What Should All CS Graduates Know

Although the basic curriculum structure remains quite similar to recommendations initially offered in the 1980s, the options for what students study after completing the core courses are becoming steadily broader.
A Late Embryo of the Deep Water Shrimp Psalidopus Barbouri Chace, 1939 (Decapoda, Caridea)

Ferrari, F. D. & J. Orsi, 1984. Oithona davisae, new species, and Limnoithona sinensis (Burckhardt, 1912) (Copepoda: Oithonidae) from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California. Journ. Crust. Biol., 4: 106-126. Fleminger, A., 1975. Geographical distribution and morphological divergence in American coastal-zone planktonic copepods of the genus Labidocera. Estuarine Res., 1: 392-419. Grindley, J. R. & G. D. Grice, 1969. A redescription of Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato (Copepoda, Calanoida) and its occurrence at the Island of Mauritius. Crustaceana, 16: 125-134. Johnson, M. W., 1958. Observations on inshore plankton collected during summer 1957 at Point Barrow, Alaska. Journ. Mar. Res. Board Canada, 17: 272-281. Jones, E. C, 1966. A new record of Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato (Copepoda, Calanoida) from brackish waters of Hawaii. Crustaceana, 10: 316-317. Orsi, J. J., T. E. Bowman, D. C. Marelli & A. Hutchinson, 1983. Recent introduction of the planktonic calanoid copepod Sinocalanus doerrii (Centropagidae) from mainland China to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary of California. Journ. Plankton Res., 5: 357-375. Sato, T., 1913. Pelagic Copepoda, 1. Rep. Fish. Invest. Hokkaido Fish. exp. Sta., 1: 1-79. (In Japanese). Shen, C. & S. Bai, 1956. The marine Copepoda from the spawning ground of Pneumatophorus japonicus (Houttuyn) off Chefoo, China. Acta Zool?gica Sinica, 8: 177-234. Willey, A., 1920. Report on the marine Copepoda collected during the Canadian Arctic Ex pedition. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, 7 (Crustacea, Part K. Marine Copepoda): 1-46. Wylie, F. V. H., 1983. South America ports handbook: 1-658. (Agencia Maritima Interna cional S.A., Buenos Aires).
World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel

Reducing and off-setting anthropogenic emissions of CO(2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) are important strategies of mitigating the greenhouse effect. Thus, the need for developing carbon (C) neutral and renewable sources of energy is more than ever before. Use of crop residue as a possible source of feedstock for bioenergy production must be critically and objectively assessed because of its positive impact on soil C sequestration, soil quality maintenance and ecosystem functions. The amount of crop residue produced in the US is estimated at 367x10(6) Mg/year for 9 cereal crops, 450x10(6) Mg/year for 14 cereals and legumes, and 488x10(6) Mg/year for 21 crops. The amount of crop residue produced in the world is estimated at 2802x10(6) Mg/year for cereal crops, 3107x10(6) Mg/year for 17 cereals and legumes, and 3758x10(6) Mg/year for 27 food crops. The fuel value of the total annual residue produced is estimated at 1.5x10(15) kcal, about 1 billion barrels (bbl) of diesel equivalent, or about 8 quads for the US; and 11.3x10(15) kcal, about 7.5 billion bbl of diesel or 60 quads for the world. However, even a partial removal (30-40%) of crop residue from land can exacerbate soil erosion hazard, deplete the SOC pool, accentuate emission of CO(2) and other GHGs from soil to the atmosphere, and exacerbate the risks of global climate change. Therefore, establishing bioenergy plantations of site-specific species with potential of producing 10-15 Mg biomass/year is an option that needs to be considered. This option will require 40-60 million hectares of land in the US and about 250 million hectares worldwide to establish bioenergy plantations.
Psychological Factors and Heart Disease

A number of studies have revealed that perceived emotional stress can produce various transient cardiovascular responses. The reactions may include changes in heart rate and cardiac output. They may include abnormalities in heart rhythm, changes in blood pressure, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, blood clotting time, and serum cholesterol levels. A hypothesis suggested by the findings which requires further research follows: If these cardiovascular responses were sustained for a period of time, they would ultimately influence the onset or course of coronary artery disease. These studies also suggest that emotional tension at one9s work may place an additional strain on an already diseased heart. In patients whose cardiovascular system is already impaired, investigators have traced the sequence from emotional upset to heart disease. Since the reported evidence has been based on cardiac subjects, it is still possible that "gradual increase in tension" is perceived only after illness occurs, but not necessarily perceived as stressful before beart disease. Owing to the lack of prospective studies in which the life stress factors are studied prior to heart disease, emotion as a cause or contributory factor to heart disease has not been fully accepted. These studies suggest that certain personality traits may be common to certain forms of heart disease. Most of this evidence has been observed from time-consuming, detailed personality analysis, and the evidence depends on studies of relatively few patients and poor or no controls. It is important to note that these studies on personality type and heart disease were conducted after heart disorders developed. This raises the question of whether the reported personality characteristics preceded or followed the heart disease. The investigations to date assume that the personality structure occurred before the appearance of the heart disease, but before we can answer this question, a longitudinal study of the personality of individuals prior to cardiovascular disease would be necessary.
Digital Coding and the Acquisition of Language

In the previous chapter we addressed the analogic and digital modes of data processing, which are seen throughout all living systems, placing the human animal on a continuum with other species. In this chapter we will address the process by which the digital operation of the person is coupled with words. These words may be divided into two classes—signs and symbols.
Acute fluid volume requirements in infants with anterior abdominal wall defects.

Abstract Fluid was administered to infants with severe anterior abdominal defects to correct a perfusion deficit detected by muscle surface pH monitoring and not recognized by conventional means of monitoring. Immediate fluid need ranged from 17 to 80 ml/kg. Even in uncomplicated cases these needs were equivalent to or greater than 25% of estimated blood volume. Accurate replacement of volume deficits that appear to be aided by muscle pH monitoring will obviate much of the uncertainty in the care of these infants.
High Fluence Effects On Optics In The Argus And Shiva Laser Chains

The fusion experimental lasers at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, called Argus and Shiva, operate with very high fluence on the systems optics. The optical surfaces may be damaged by the laser beam both because of the limitations inherent in currently available bulk materials and coatings, and because debris contaminating the surfaces initiates damage. The damage thresholds which we have experienced on our operating systems are presented. A unique solution for recycling debris shields exposed to target microexplosions is also discussed. Comments on the development of improved damage thresholds are included.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vacuole in Zinc Storage and Intracellular Zinc Distribution

Previous studies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated that the vacuole is a major site of zinc storage in the cell. However, these studies did not address the absolute level of zinc that was stored in the vacuole nor did they examine the abundances of stored zinc in other compartments of the cell. In this report, we describe an analysis of the cellular distribution of zinc by use of both an organellar fractionation method and an electron probe X-ray microanalysis. With these methods, we determined that zinc levels in the vacuole vary with zinc status and can rise to almost 100 mM zinc (i.e., 7 × 108 atoms of vacuolar zinc per cell). Moreover, this zinc can be mobilized effectively to supply the needs of as many as eight generations of progeny cells under zinc starvation conditions. While the Zrc1 and Cot1 zinc transporters are essential for zinc uptake into the vacuole under steady-state growth conditions, additional transporters help mediate zinc uptake into the vacuole during “zinc shock,” when zinc-limited cells are resupplied with zinc. In addition, we found that other compartments of the cell do not provide significant stores of zinc. In particular, zinc accumulation in mitochondria is low and is homeostatically regulated independently of vacuolar zinc storage. Finally, we observed a strong correlation between zinc status and the levels of magnesium and phosphorus accumulated in cells. Our results implicate zinc as a major determinant of the ability of the cell to store these other important nutrients.
Generic linear RC delay modeling for digital CMOS circuits

The linear RC delay modeling technique is used to model the timing delays in CMOS circuit empirically. The empirical model, a multidimensional function of various circuit and device parameters, is shown to be simplified to a two-dimensional model which estimates the delay of a CMOS subcircuit in terms of the generic RC delay ad the rise/fall time of the input transition. Accuracy limitations of the linear RC delay model are investigated; namely, (i) the single-time-constant approximation on the multiple-pole network function; (ii) the linear resistance approximation on the nonlinear MOSFET characteristic; and (iii) the step-input waveform assumption. These accuracy problems are handled by: (1) presenting an accuracy measure of the simpler model and an option for using the more accurate two-time-constant model; (2) exploiting the nonlinear body effect in the transmission gate to improve the linear resistance characterization; and (3) using the piecewise-linear characterization on the input rise/fall time effect. The model has been installed in an experimental simulator and tested for various circuits. Comparisons are made with SPICE to validate the model reliability. >
Racial differences in disease phenotypes in patients with Crohn's disease

Background: Our objectives were to assess the differences in perforating disease behavior, disease severity, and extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) by race. Materials and Methods: We identified outpatients with CD evaluated at the University of Maryland Gastroenterology Faculty Practice office or the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, from 1997 to 2005. We assessed age at diagnosis, disease behavior, disease location, need for surgery and EIM. Results: Race was not associated with perforating disease behavior (relative risk [RR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46-1.35), need for surgery (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.56-1.12), and EIM of CD (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.27). White patients were significantly more likely to have ileal disease, whereas African American patients were significantly more likely to have ileocolonic and colonic disease. Age at diagnosis younger than 40 years (odds ratio [OR] 4.41, 95% CI 1.84-10.56) and ileocolonic disease (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.24-4.63) were independent risk factors for perforating disease behavior. Similarly, age at diagnosis younger than 40 (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.45-5.33), ileal disease (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.66-8.48), and ileocolonic disease (OR 2.57, 95% CI1.21-5.46) were associated with the need for surgery. Female gender (OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.87-9.58) and a positive family history of CD (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.49-8.0) were associated with joint manifestations of CD. Discussion: We did not detect differences in disease behavior, severity, or joint EIM by race. Although African American patients were more likely to have ileocolonic or colonic disease, these factors did not affect disease behavior or severity.
Circumstellar Fe Oxide from the Acfer 094 Carbonaceous Chondrite

We report the discovery of a unique Fe- and O-bearing circumstellar grain from the Acfer 094 ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite. The grain has a close-to-solar 17O/16O ratio and an 18O/16O ratio that is 1.34 times the solar value. Iron isotopic compositions show depletions of 100‰-200‰ in both 54Fe and 57Fe, relative to 56Fe. No evidence of excess 60Ni from the decay of extinct 60Fe was observed. Auger elemental spectra show that the grain is compositionally similar to wustite (FeO), but may contain a small amount of Mg in addition to Fe and O. The solid solution series magnesiowustite, (Mg,Fe)O, is predicted to form under nonequilibrium conditions in oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with low mass-loss rates, and Fe-rich magnesiowustite has been proposed as the carrier of the 19.5 μm feature observed in the spectra of certain low-mass-loss AGB stars that show little silicate emission. Although the isotopic data are ambiguous, these observations argue in favor of an AGB source for this Fe oxide grain.
Parity of the partition function and the modular discriminant

We relate the parity of the partition function to the parity of the q-series coefficients of certain powers of the modular discriminant using their generating functions. This allows us to make statements about the parity of the initial values of the partition function and to obtain a modified Euler recurrence for its parity.
Multi-Dimensional Separation of Concerns and the Hyperspace Approach

Separation of concerns is at the core of software engineering, and has been for decades. This has led to the invention of many interesting, and effective, modularization approaches. Yet many of the problems it is supposed to alleviate are still with us, including dangerous and expensive invasive change, and obstacles to reuse and component integration. A key reason is that one needs different decompositions according to different concerns at different times, but most languages and modularization approaches support only one “dominant” kind of modularization (e.g., by class in object-oriented languages). Once a system has been decomposed, extensive refactoring and reengineering are needed to remodularize it.
Becoming Indigenous in Africa

This article traces the history of how and why certain African groups became involved in the transnational indigenous rights movement; how the concept of the indigenous has been imagined, understood, and employed by African activists, donors, advocates, and states; and the opportunities and obstacles it has posed for the ongoing struggles for recognition, resources, and the rights of historically marginalized people like Maasai.
Abnormalities in flatfishes (heterosomata) I. Reversal of sides a comparative study of the known data

Flatfishes lying on one side and that blind and colorless, but having the upper side two-eyed and colored are abnormal fishes which in their own group are perfectly normal. Some normally lie right side up (dextral) others point left (sinistral). Any departure from these normal conditions constitutes such a specimen an abnormal flatfish. The simplest departure is reversal-i.e., a normal dextral fish lies on its right side and points left and vice-versa. Sixteen reversed fishes have been described, but in various species from 3 to 100 per cent reversals have been noted. Reversal might be thought dependent on the structure of the optic chiasma. The Psettodidae (lowest family) have a dimorphic chiasma (right or left nerve dorsal) and are indifferently dextral or sinistral. But the dextral Soleidae and the sinistral Cynoglossidae (highest families) have dimorphic chiasmas with only five recorded reversals. In between, the monomorphic sinistral Bothidae have the right nerve dorsal even in the five indifferent species. And the monomorphic dextral Pleuronectidae include three indifferent species (one having up to 100 per cent reversed) with the left nerve dorsal even in reversed fish. The explanation of reversal must be found in genetics.
An Extension of Iterative Scaling for Joint Decision-Level and Feature-Level Fusion in Ensemble Classification

Improved iterative scaling (IIS) is a simple, powerful algorithm for learning maximum entropy (ME) conditional probability models that has found great utility in natural language processing and related applications. In nearly all prior work on IIS, one considers discrete-valued feature functions, depending on the data observations and class label, and encodes statistical constraints on these discrete-valued random variables. Moreover, most significantly for our purposes, the (ground-truth) constraints are measured from frequency counts, based on hard (0-1) training set instances of feature values. Here, we extend IIS for the case where the training (and test) set consists of instances of probability mass functions on the features, rather than instances of hard feature values. We show that the IIS methodology extends in a natural way for this case. This extension has applications 1) to ME aggregation of soft classifier outputs in ensemble classification and 2) to ME classification on mixed discrete-continuous feature spaces. Moreover, we combine these methods, yielding an ME method that jointly performs (soft) decision-level fusion and feature-level fusion in making ensemble decisions. We demonstrate favorable comparisons against both standard boosting and bagging on UC Irvine benchmark data sets. We also discuss some of our continuing research directions
Age-Related Changes in Aortic Valve Hemostatic Protein Regulation

Objective—Although valvular endothelial cells have unique responses compared with vascular endothelial cells, valvular regulation of hemostasis is not well-understood. Heart valves remodel throughout a person’s lifetime, resulting in changes in extracellular matrix composition and tissue mechanical properties that may affect valvular endothelial cell hemostatic function. This work assessed valvular endothelial cell regulation of hemostasis in situ and in vitro as a function of specimen age. Approach and Results—Porcine aortic valves were assigned to 1 of 3 age groups: Young (YNG) (6 weeks); Adult (ADT) (6 months); or Elderly (OLD) (2 years). Histological examination of valves showed that secreted thrombotic/antithrombotic proteins localize at the valve endothelium and tissue interior. Gene expression and immunostains for von Willebrand factor (VWF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and tissue plasminogen activator in YNG porcine aortic valve endothelial cells were higher than they were for OLD, whereas pl...
Computer hardware description languages&#8212;A tutorial

Just as software designers use high level languages (HLL) to express the algorithms in terms of language statements, digital hard-ware designers use hardware description languages (HDL) to describe the system they are designing. Although HDL's were originated as a medium of precise yet concise description of digital hardware, they have found a variety of applications such as generating user manuals, teaching logic design, acting as an input medium for an automatic design system, etc. This tutorial paper introduces HDL's as useful tools for hardware design and documentation. The capabilities and limitations of HDL's are discussed, along with the guidelines to select an HDL. The directions for future work and an extensive bibliography are provided.