cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relevance of adjacent joint imaging in the evaluation of ankle fractures

Abstract Background Routinely obtaining adjacent joint radiographs when evaluating patients with ankle fractures may be of limited clinical utility and an unnecessary burden, particularly in the absence of clinical suspicion for concomitant injuries. Methods One thousand, three hundred and seventy patients who sustained ankle fractures over a 5-year period presenting to two level 1 trauma centers were identified. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, physical examination findings, and radiographic information. Analyses included descriptive statistics along with sensitivity and predictive value calculations for the presence of adjacent joint fracture. Results Adjacent joint imaging ( n =1045 radiographs) of either the knee or foot was obtained in 873 patients (63.7%). Of those, 75/761 patients (9.9%) demonstrated additional fractures proximal to the ankle joint, most commonly of the proximal fibula. Twenty-two of 284 (7.7%) demonstrated additional fractures distal to the ankle joint, most commonly of the metatarsals. Tenderness to palpation demonstrated sensitivities of 0.92 and 0.77 and positive predictive values of 0.94 and 0.89 for the presence of proximal and distal fractures, respectively. Additionally, 19/22 (86.4%) of patients sustaining foot fractures had their injury detectable on initial ankle X-rays. Overall, only 5.5% (75/1370) of patients sustained fractures proximal to the ankle and only 0.2% (3/1370) of patients had additional foot fractures not evident on initial ankle X-rays. Conclusion The addition of adjacent joint imaging for the evaluation of patients sustaining ankle fractures is low yield. As such, patient history, physical examination, and clinical suspicion should direct the need for additional X-rays. Level of evidence Level IV.
Efficiency Optimizing Control of Induction Motor Using Natural Variables

This paper presents a new approach of optimizing the efficiency of induction-motor drives through minimizing the copper and core losses. The induction-machine model, which accounts for the varying core-loss resistance and saturation dependent magnetizing inductance, uses natural and reference frame independent quantities as state variables. Utilization of the nonlinear geometric control methodology of input-output linearization with decoupling permits the implementation of the control in the stationary reference frame. This approach eliminates the need of synchronous reference transformation and flux alignment required in classical vector control schemes. The new efficiency optimizing formulation yields a reference rotor flux, which ensures a minimum loss and yields an improved efficiency of the drive system especially when driving part load. The proposed scheme and its advantages are demonstrated both by computer simulations and some experimental results for motor speed control
Light Beating Study of the Transition to Turbulence

A light beating technique has been used to study the dynamical behavior of a fluid contained between concentric cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating (circular Couette flow). A laser was focused midway between the two cylinders, and backscattered Doppler-shifted light was mixed at the photocathode with unshifted laser light. The Doppler shift frequency, proportional to the radial component of the velocity for our geometry, is several orders of magnitude higher than the frequencies characteristic of the fluid flow; hence measurements of the frequency of the oscillating photocurrent for successive time intervals (long enough to contain many Doppler cycles) accurately reflect the time dependence of the velocity. The Doppler shift frequency was recorded for 8192 successive time intervals in a computer and then Fourier-transformed to obtain velocity power spectra and autocorrelation functions.
The Wildness of Creation: An Interpretation of the Voice from the Whirlwind in Job

The point of this research paper is to give insight on the idea that hip exercises can help with knee pain from osteoarthritis. In this research paper, I will be looking at other articles. I will not be doing my own personal experiment. Multiple articles will be used for this research paper.
Poor Mobilization of CD34+ Stem Cells Predicts Inferior Relapse and Survival Outcomes After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Abstract 3000 Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the standard upfront therapy of younger patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Identifying a prognostic threshold amount of mobilized CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (SC) may become an important modifiable parameter in the era of novel stem cell mobilization strategies. While poor mobilization of CD34+ cells has been shown to cause delays in hematopoietic recovery, the data on long-term clinical outcomes of patients with inferior CD34+ SC collection (‘under mobilizers') are limited. We analyzed prospectively collected data on 239 adult patients with MM who underwent ASCT at our institution from 01/1996 to 12/2009. Fifty-one patients (21.3%) who collected less than 4 × 106/kg CD34+ SC were classified as ‘under mobilizers' and were compared to the rest of the study population (n=188) who collected ≥ 4 × 106/kg CD34+ SC. Even though under mobilizers were slightly older (median 59 vs. 54 years, p =0.01), had longer time from diagnosis to ASCT (11 vs. 8 months, p =0.05), and required more days of leukapheresis (5 vs. 3 days, p 0.2). Median time-to-recovery for both neutrophils (11 vs. 10 days, p Download : Download high-res image (20KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Data Standardization and Quality Management

Important questions regarding the conduct of scientific research and data transparency have been raised in various scientific forums over the last 10 years. It is becoming clear, that in spite of published RIGOR guidelines, that improvement in the transparency of scientific research is required to focus on the discovery and drug development process so that a treatment can be provided to stroke patients. We have the unique privilege of conducting research using animal models of a disease so that we can address the development of a new therapy, and we should do this with great care and vigilance. This document identifies valuable resources for researchers to become Good Laboratory Practices compliant and increase and improve data transparency and provides guidelines for accurate data management to continue to propel the translational stroke research field forward while recognizing that there is a shortage of research funds worldwide. While data audits are being considered worldwide by funding agencies and they are used extensively by industry, they are still quite controversial for basic researchers. Due to the special exploratory nature of basic and translational science research, the current challenging funding environment, and independent and individualized laboratory activities, it is debatable if current individualized non-standardized data management and monitoring represents the best approach. Thus, herein, we propose steps to prepare research study data in an acceptable form for archival purposes so that standards for translational research data can be comparable to those that are accepted and adhered to by the clinical community. If all translational research laboratories follow and institute the guidelines while conducting translational research, data from all sources may be more comparable and reliable.
A low-cost, dual-band RF loop antenna and energy harvester

This paper presents the design of a Dickson charge pump circuit paired with a compact, multi-resonant loop antenna for RF energy harvesting at 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz. It enables the RF harvester to operate efficiently both indoors and outdoors. A prototype design using surface mount components is simulated using ADS. It achieves a sensitivity of −21.2 dBm and −17.1 dBm at 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively. The simulated V out >1 V is achieved in < 60µs. The prototype design, including antenna, requires an area of 55.9×38.1 mm2.
Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy for Uteri Greater Than One Kilogram.

Author(s): Ito, Traci E; Vargas, Maria V; Moawad, Gaby N; Opoku-Anane, Jessica; Shu, Michael KM; Marfori, Cherie Q; Robinson, James K | Abstract: Background and objectivesTo assess the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive hysterectomy for uteri g1 kg.MethodsClinical and surgical characteristics were collected for patients in an academic tertiary care hospital. Included were patients who underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy by 1 of 3 fellowship-trained gynecologists from January 1, 2009, to July 1, 2015 and subsequently had confirmed uterine weights of 1 kg or greater on pathology report. Both robotic and conventional laparoscopic procedures were included.ResultsDuring the study period, 95 patients underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy with confirmed uterine weight over 1 kg. Eighty-eight percent were performed with conventional laparoscopy and 12.6% with robot-assisted laparoscopy. The median weight (range) was 1326 g (range, 1000-4800). The median estimated blood loss was 200 mL (range, 50-2000), and median operating time was 191 minutes (range, 75-478). Five cases were converted to laparotomy (5.2%). Four cases were converted secondary to hemorrhage and one secondary to extensive adhesions. There were no conversions after 2011. Intraoperative transfusion was given in 6.3% of cases and postoperative transfusion in 6.3% of cases. However, after 2013, the rate of intraoperative transfusion decreased to 1.0% and postoperative transfusion to 2.1%. Of the 95 cases, there were no cases with malignancy.ConclusionsThis provides the largest case series of hysterectomy over 1 kg completed by a minimally invasive approach. Our complication rate improved with experience and was comparable to other studies of minimally invasive hysterectomy for large uteri. When performed by experienced surgeons, minimally invasive hysterectomy for uteri g1 kg can be considered feasible and safe.
Towards enhanced risk management: Planning, decision making and monitoring of US wildfire response

Wildfire’s economic, ecological and social impacts are on the rise, fostering the realisation that business-as-usual fire management in the United States is not sustainable. Current response strategies may be inefficient and contributing to unnecessary responder exposure to hazardous conditions, but significant knowledge gaps constrain clear and comprehensive descriptions of how changes in response strategies and tactics may improve outcomes. As such, we convened a special session at an international wildfire conference to synthesise ongoing research focused on obtaining a better understanding of wildfire response decisions and actions. This special issue provides a collection of research that builds on those discussions. Four papers focus on strategic planning and decision making, three papers on use and effectiveness of suppression resources and two papers on allocation and movement of suppression resources. Here we summarise some of the key findings from these papers in the context of risk-informed decision making. This collection illustrates the value of a risk management framework for improving wildfire response safety and effectiveness, for enhancing fire management decision making and for ushering in a new fire management paradigm.
Ideologically Motivated Violence: A Public Health Approach to Prevention.

An editorial is presented which addresses a public health-based approach to preventing ideologically motivated violence (IMV) in America as of 2017, and it mentions the relationship between counterterrorism and public health, as well as a countering violent extremism (CVE) plan that was developed by then-U.S. President Barack Obama's administration in the early twenty-first century. The religious and political aspects of violence are assessed, along with Islamic and far-right extremists.
Hell on Earth: The Fall of Syria and the Rise of ISIS, directed by Sebastian Junger and Nick Quested

I won’t even mention the howl of orphans that reaches up to the throne of God and beyond, making a circle with no end and no God.(Yehuda Amichai, “The Diameter of the Bomb”; Amichai 1996)“I got out...
Structural Analysis of Biologically Inspired Small Wind Turbine Blades

Renewable energy resources are becoming more important to meet growing energy demands while reducing pollutants in the environment. In the current market, wind turbines are primarily restricted to rural use due to the large size, noise creation, and physical appearance. However, wind turbines possess the ability to run at any time of the day. Horizontal axis wind turbines remain the most widely used, but there is significant room for improvement in vertical axis wind turbines. While vertical axis wind turbines are not reaching the same level of efficiency of horizontal axis wind turbines, there are significant benefits to researching improvements. One of the main benefits is to make use of vertical axis wind turbines in urban settings. In order to improve the efficiency of the vertical axis wind turbine, a biological approach was taken to design blades that mimic the shape of maple seeds and triplaris samara seeds. This approach was taken because due to its geometrical properties, typically extra lift is generated. The results obtained through FEA simulations were consistent with the expected results for the application that was considered. The results obtained provide valuable insight for engineers to iterate and design optimum wind turbine blades taking advantage of biological phenomena applied to conventional airfoils. The purpose of this paper is to provide structural analysis details into the design of a vertical axis wind turbine blades that mimic the geometry of maple and triplaris samaras seeds.
Picturing a Rivalry: Nationhood, Soccer, and Contemporary Art

This chapter offers an art historical perspective on the rivalry between Mexico and the USA, exploring the ways artists from each country represent soccer and its significance. The sport remains emblematic of the sociopolitical aspirations of both nations, and in unique ways contemporary artists have projected and contested their nationhood through soccer. Utilizing the game as a loaded metaphor for patriotism, immigration, and identity, these artists revisit their countries’ contentious past and assert cultural distinction in an age of globalization. While some directly represent the rivalry, others clarify the deep meanings attached to soccer and competition between Mexico and the United States.
Utility of the immature platelet fraction in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia: Differentiating from bone marrow failure and predicting bleeding risk

Background Differentiating childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) from other cause of thrombocytopenia remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Additionally factors that predict bleeding risk for those patients with ITP are currently not well understood. Previous small studies have suggested that immature platelet fraction (IPF) may differentiate ITP from other causes of thrombocytopenia and in combination with other factors may predict bleeding risk. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of thrombocytopenic patients with an IPF measured between November 1, 2013 and July 1, 2015. Patients were between 2 months and 21 years of age with a platelet count <50 × 109/l. Each patient chart was reviewed for final diagnosis and bleeding symptoms. A bleeding severity score was retrospectively assigned. Results Two hundred seventy two patients met inclusion criteria, 97 with ITP, 11 with bone marrow failure (BMF), 126 with malignancy, and 38 with other causes of thrombocytopenia. An IPF > 5.2% differentiated ITP from BMF with 93% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Absolute immature platelet number (AIPN) was significantly lower in ITP patients with severe to life-threatening hemorrhage than those without, despite similar platelet counts. On multivariate analysis, an IPF < 10.4% was confirmed as an independent predictor of bleeding risk at platelet counts <10 × 109/l in patients with ITP. Conclusions IPF measurement alone has utility in both the diagnosis of ITP and identifying patients at increased risk of hemorrhage. Further study is required to understand the pathophysiological differences of ITP patients with lower IPF/AIPN.
Polyphenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity of commercial nutritional drinks, fruit juices, smoothies and teas

Summary Polyphenols of plant origin have received special interest in the last decade because of their potential health benefits. Consequently, many beverages with words ‘antioxidant’ and ‘polyphenols’ have been developed. However, many of the claims are misleading because some beverages so labelled have either no or minimal levels of polyphenols. The objectives of this study were to quantify polyphenols (TPC) and ascorbic acid contents and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of different beverages; identify major polyphenols in beverages that showed higher TPC; correlate the claim on the label with TPC and AOC; and determine the impact of consumer refrigerated storage on TPC and AOC of aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices which contained the most TPC and AOC. Major polyphenols identified from these juices included anthocyanins, myricetin and epicatechin. TPC of aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices was relatively stable during consumer refrigerated storage, even when the juice had been intermittently exposed to air.
Abstract 15910: Ciprofloxacin Increases Susceptibility to Aortic Dissection and Rupture in Mice

Rationale and Objective: Fluoroquinolones are among the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. Two observational clinical studies have indicated that fluoroquinolone use may be associated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ciprofloxacin, the most commonly used fluoroquinolone, increases the risk of AAD in a mouse model of sporadic AAD. Approach and Results: Four-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were unchallenged or challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose angiotensin infusion (AngII, 1000 ng/min/kg). During the four-week period of AngII infusion, challenged mice also received either ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg/day) (n=39) or vehicle (n=28) through daily gavage. While 75% of challenged mice developed aortic enlargement in thoracic and/or abdominal segments, only 18% developed aortic dissection and none had rupture. In contrast, challenged mice that received ciprofloxacin had a significantly increased incidence of aortic dissection (49%, p=0.01) and rupture (18%, p=0.035). Aortic tissues from challenged mice treated with ciprofloxacin showed markedly increased aortic destruction, elastic fiber fragmentation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and activation of the necroptosis pathway compared to controls. Experiments performed in male and female mice yielded similar results. To explore the direct effects of ciprofloxacin on the aortic wall, we treated aortic smooth muscle cells with ciprofloxacin and found that it reduced fibrilin-1, elastin, and TIMP-1 levels, and increased the level of MMP-9, suggesting that ciprofloxacin may reduce the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) while promoting MMP activation and ECM destruction. Additionally, ciprofloxacin induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptotic cell death. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ciprofloxacin increases susceptibility to aortic dissection and rupture by promoting ECM destruction in a mouse model of sporadic AAD, supporting concerns raised in observational clinical studies and suggesting that this drug should be used with caution in patients with aortic dilatation.
Metastable Structures in Cluster Catalysis from First-Principles: Structural Ensemble in Reaction Conditions and Metastability Triggered Reactivity

Reactivity studies on catalytic transition metal clusters are usually performed on a single global minimum structure. With the example of a Pt13 cluster under a pressure of hydrogen, we show from first-principle calculations that low energy metastable structures of the cluster can play a major role for catalytic reactivity and that hence consideration of the global minimum structure alone can severely underestimate the activity. The catalyst is fluxional with an ensemble of metastable structures energetically accessible at reaction conditions. A modified genetic algorithm is proposed to comprehensively search for the low energy metastable ensemble (LEME) structures instead of merely the global minimum structure. In order to reduce the computational cost of density functional calculations, a high dimensional neural network potential is employed to accelerate the exploration. The presence and influence of LEME structures during catalysis is discussed by the example of H covered Pt13 clusters for two reactions of major importance: hydrogen evolution reaction and methane activation. The results demonstrate that although the number of accessible metastable structures is reduced under reaction condition for Pt13 clusters, these metastable structures can exhibit high activity and dominate the observed activity due to their unique electronic or structural properties. This underlines the necessity of thoroughly exploring the LEME structures in catalysis simulations. The approach enables one to systematically address the impact of isomers in catalysis studies, taking into account the high adsorbate coverage induced by reaction conditions.
WATER PROTON RELAXATION AND SPECTRAL STUDIES OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE PARTIALLY SUBSTITUTED WITH COBALT

Publisher Summary This chapter presents water proton relaxation and spectral studies of alcohol dehydrogenase partially substituted with cobalt. Consistent water proton relaxation effects and optical spectra have been obtained with cobalt containing alcohol dehydrogenases. These hybrids, containing from 1 to 2 Co(II) ions per mole of enzyme, were prepared by different procedures in the laboratories of Young, Drott, and Harvey. An impressive general finding is that the water proton relaxation rate and the extinction coefficients depend primarily on the extent of incorporation of Co(II) rather than on either the laboratory of origin, or on the widely differing conditions, or rates of Co(II) incorporation. It is also clear from the data on three preparations that when <1.4 Co(II) ions are exchanged for Zn(II), the predominant occupancy of a single type of site occurs. However, when two Co(II) ions are exchanged, the relaxation rates and the optical data indicate that two types of sites are highly populated, as first pointed out by Harvey. These results differ from those of Sytkowski and Vallee who upon incorporating two Co(II) ions under conditions similar to those of Harvey and Drott, interpret their optical spectra as reflecting solely the occupancy of the structural metal sites by Co(II).
Plant Essential Oils Enhance Diverse Pyrethroids against Multiple Strains of Mosquitoes and Inhibit Detoxification Enzyme Processes

Mosquito-borne diseases account for the deaths of approximately 700,000 people annually throughout the world, with many more succumbing to the debilitating side effects associated with these etiologic disease agents. This is exacerbated in many countries where the lack of mosquito control and resources to prevent and treat mosquito-borne disease coincide. As populations of mosquito species grow more resistant to currently utilized control chemistries, the need for new and effective chemical means for vector control is more important than ever. Previous work revealed that plant essential oils enhance the toxicity of permethrin against multiple mosquito species that are of particular importance to public health. In this study, we screened permethrin and deltamethrin in combination with plant essential oils against a pyrethroid-susceptible and a pyrethroid-resistant strain of both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. A number of plant essential oils significantly enhanced the toxicity of pyrethroids equal to or better than piperonyl butoxide, a commonly used synthetic synergist, in all strains tested. Significant synergism of pyrethroids was also observed for specific combinations of plant essential oils and pyrethroids. Moreover, plant essential oils significantly inhibited both cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities, suggesting that the inhibition of detoxification contributes to the enhancement or synergism of plant essential oils for pyrethroids. This study highlights the potential of using diverse plant oils as insecticide additives to augment the efficacy of insecticidal formulations.
Institutional Leadership that Disrupts: A Case of the National Football League

This research draws upon the concepts of institutional leadership to understand how institutional leaders may work to destabilize the contexts they are trying to maintain. We examined the discourse surrounding the recent controversies with the National Football League (NFL). Our findings suggest that the actions of NFL executives, including problematic decision-making and inconsistent practices, likely led to dissension among executives and an alienated workforce. We theorize that this could be destabilizing and lead to institutional disruption. The implications of this for theory and practice are discussed. Keywords: Institutional leadership, NFL, institutional disruption Subscribe to JASM
Automatic visual pattern mining from categorical image dataset

We study in this paper the problem of visual pattern mining, which is to identify visually distinctive and semantically meaningful regions in images for solving various visual recognition tasks. Toward this goal, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture called PatternNet for discovering visual patterns that are both discriminative and representative. The proposed PatternNet leverages the filters in the last convolution layer of a convolutional neural network to find locally consistent visual patches, and by combining these filters we can effectively discover unique visual patterns. In addition, PatternNet can discover visual patterns efficiently without performing expensive image patch sampling, and this advantage provides an order of magnitude speedup compared to most other approaches. We evaluate the proposed PatternNet subjectively by showing randomly selected visual patterns which are discovered by our method and quantitatively by performing image classification with the identified visual patterns and comparing our performance with the current state-of-the-art. We also directly evaluate the quality of the discovered visual patterns by leveraging the identified patterns as proposed objects in an image and compare with other relevant methods.
Rate–Driving Force Relationships in the Multisite Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Activation of Ketones

Here we present a detailed kinetic study of the multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) activations of aryl ketones using a variety of Bronsted acids and excited-state Ir(III)-based electron donors. A simple method is described for simultaneously extracting both the hydrogen-bonding equilibrium constants and the rate constants for the PCET event from deconvolution of the luminescence quenching data. These experiments confirm that these activations occur in a concerted fashion, wherein the proton and electron are transferred to the ketone substrate in a single elementary step. The rates constants for the PCET events were linearly correlated with their driving forces over a range of nearly 19 kcal/mol. However, the slope of the rate-driving force relationship deviated significantly from expectations based on Marcus theory. A rationalization for this observation is proposed based on the principle of non-perfect synchronization, wherein factors that serve to stabilize the product are only partially realized at the transition state. A discussion of the relevance of these findings to the applications of MS-PCET in organic synthesis is also presented.
Increasing Northern Hemisphere Water Deficit

A monthly water-balance model is used with CRUTS3.1 gridded monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data to examine changes in global water deficit (PET minus actual evapotranspiration) for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) for the years 1905 through 2009. Results show that NH deficit increased dramatically near the year 2000 during both the cool (October through March) and warm (April through September) seasons. The increase in water deficit near 2000 coincides with a substantial increase in NH temperature and PET. The most pronounced increases in deficit occurred for the latitudinal band from 0 to 40°N. These results indicate that global warming has increased the water deficit in the NH and that the increase since 2000 is unprecedented for the 1905 through 2009 period. Additionally, coincident with the increase in deficit near 2000, mean NH runoff also increased due to increases in P. We explain the apparent contradiction of concurrent increases in deficit and increases in runoff.
Francis Lieber and the Modern Law of War

This essay offers a critical analysis of John Witt's book on the law of war, Lincoln's Code. The essay applauds much of Witt's book, but criticizes his work for 1) failing to understand the way the US supported slavery in the Constitution from 1787 to 1861; 2) over emphasizing slavery as the reason for the promulgation of the Lieber Code during the Civil War; 3) failing to understand or discuss the nature of Confederate violations of accepted rules of warfare (including demanding tribute from captured towns and enslaving or murdering captured prisoners of war); and 4) incorrectly blaming the Lieber code for the post-Civil War behavior of the U.S. army towards Indians and during the war in the Philippines. This essay offers a detailed history of many of these issues in the light of the Lieber Code and the evolution of the law of war.
Postbuckling of Long Thick Plates in Compression Including Higher Order Transverse Shearing Effects

Aluminum plates of various length/width ratios loaded in compression are examined analytically in terms of buckling and postbuckling for comparison with classical theory. The plates are considered to be subjected to longitudinal compressive displacement with no edge stress and are assumed to be simply supported at the side edges. The average longitudinal direct stresses are computed to plot characteristic curves by means of the following theories: 3D flexibility, higher-order shear deformation, first-order shear deformation, and classical von Karman. The 3D flexibility approach yields the lowest results with more unknowns than the higher-order shear-deformation method. The 3D flexibility approach is considered to be the most accurate, and it is shown that the calculated resultants and displacements tend to vary when consideration is given to the effects of transverse shear.
Evidential statistics in model and theory development

Evidential statistics is an important advance in model and theory testing, and scientific reasoning in general, combining and extending key insights from other philosophies of statistics. A key desiderata in evidential statistics is the rigorous and objective comparison of alternative models against data. Scientific theories help to define the range of models which are brought to bear in any such assessment, including both tried and trusted models and risky novel models; such theories emerge from a kind of evolutionary process of repeated model assessment, where model selection is akin to natural selection acting both on the standing crop of genetic variation, and on novel mutations. The careful use of evidential statistics could play an important and as yet to be fulfilled role in the future development of scientific theories. We illustrate these ideas using examples from ecology and evolutionary biology.
The chemistry of multi-component and hierarchical framework compounds

Multi-component hierarchically porous materials are an emerging class of materials with tailored compositions, tunable distribution and sophisticated applications. An increasing demand for multifunctionalities and hierarchical structures has resulted in extensive studies on multi-component hierarchical metal–organic frameworks and other open framework compounds. This review article focuses on recent advances in multi-component and hierarchical framework materials, covering the design and synthetic strategies of these architectures, their characterization, and the latest applications. Multivariate MOFs prepared under various synthetic conditions (one-pot or post-synthetic) and their building block distributions are introduced and summarized. This is followed by a short review of characterization techniques including solid-state NMR and photothermal induced resonance, and their potential applications in gas storage, separation, heterogeneous catalysis, guest delivery, and luminescence. Furthermore, guided by the same design principles, the synthesis and applications of multi-component hierarchical covalent-organic frameworks, metal–organic cages and porous organic cages are introduced and discussed. Together, this review is expected to provide a library of multi-component hierarchically porous compounds, which could also guide the state-of-the-art design and discovery of future porous materials with unprecedented tunability, synergism and precision.
Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties

During South Vietnam's brief life as a nation, it exhibited glimmers of democracy through citizen activism and a dynamic press. South Vietnamese activists, intellectuals, students, and professionals had multiple visions for Vietnam's future as an independent nation. Some were anticommunists, while others supported the National Liberation Front and Hanoi. In the midst of war, South Vietnam represented the hope and chaos of decolonization and nation building during the Cold War. U.S. Embassy officers, State Department observers, and military advisers sought to cultivate a base of support for the Saigon government among local intellectuals and youth, but government arrests and imprisonment of political dissidents, along with continued war, made it difficult for some South Vietnamese activists to trust the Saigon regime. Meanwhile, South Vietnamese diplomats, including anticommunist students and young people who defected from North Vietnam, travelled throughout the world in efforts to drum up international support for South Vietnam. Drawing largely on Vietnamese language sources, Heather Stur demonstrates that the conflict in Vietnam was really three wars: the political war in Saigon, the military war, and the war for international public opinion.
Safety and effectiveness of balloon cryoablation for treatment of Barrett’s associated neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and study aims Balloon cryoablation (BC) is a novel procedure for endoscopic ablation of Barrett’s esophagus (BE- associated neoplasia. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of BC for treatment of BE neoplasia. Patients and methods Several databases were searched for relevant articles (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EMBASE) as well as abstracts of recent gastroenterology meetings. Data extraction was performed by two investigators using standardized forms, including age, gender, length of BE segment, prior treatments, procedural time and number ablation sessions, technical feasibility, adverse events, and eradication rates of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) and dysplasia (CE-D) at follow-up. Quality of the studies was assessed using a modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results Seven studies met inclusion criteria for a total of 548 ablation sessions in 272 patients. The most common histopathology reported prior to BC was high-grade dysplasia (n = 131), followed by low-grade dysplasia (n = 75), and intramucosal adenocarcinoma (n = 52). The pooled rate for technical feasibility was 95.8 % (95 % CI: 93.6–97.5 %; I2 = 13.2 %; P = 0.3). Pooled rates of CE-IM and CE-D were 85.8 % (95 % CI: 77.8–92.2 %, I2 = 55.5 %; p = 0.04) and 93.8 % (95 % CI: 85.5–98.7 %, I2 = 74.2 %; P = 0.001), respectively. The overall adverse event (AE) rate was 12.5 % (34 out of 272 patients), of which stricture formation was the most common (5.8 %), followed by mucosal laceration (0.7 %), perforation (0.4 %), and bleeding (0.4 %). All AEs were successfully managed endoscopically. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that BC is a safe and effective ablative technique for treatment of BE neoplasia; future prospective comparative trials are needed to corroborate these initial findings.
A First-Landau-Level Laughlin/Jain Wave Function for the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect.

We show that the introduction of a more general closed-shell operator allows one to extend Laughlin's wave function to account for the richer hierarchies (1/3, 2/5, 3/7 ...; 1/5, 2/9, 3/13, ..., etc.) found experimentally. The construction identifies the special hierarchy states with condensates of correlated electron clusters. This clustering implies a single-particle (ls)j algebra within the first Landau level (LL) identical to that of multiply filled LLs in the integer quantum Hall effect. The end result is a simple generalized wave function that reproduces the results of both Laughlin and Jain, without reference to higher LLs or projection.
3 – Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on hydroxyl radical footprinting. Hydroxyl radical footprinting of DNA has evolved over the last several years into a facile and powerful technique for studying DNA structure and complexes of DNA with other molecules. The chapter describes the chemistry and history behind these techniques. In a footprinting experiment, a strand of DNA is subjected to cleavage by some reagent, both in the presence and absence of a DNA-binding ligand. Comparison of the cleavage patterns yields information on the structure of the DNA-ligand complex. Footprinting can also be used to obtain thermodynamic information on DNA-ligand complexes through footprint titration experiments.
Randomized controlled trial of the COPE-P intervention to improve mental health, healthy lifestyle behaviors, birth and post-natal outcomes of minority pregnant women: Study protocol with implications.

Abstract Background Emotionally distressed pregnant minority women experience multiple adverse outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, operative deliveries and low birth weight. Although the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening in pregnant women, many practices do not screen because efficacious interventions and systems are not in place to treat them. Aim: Purpose of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to test a group delivered manualized cognitivebehavioral skills building intervention entitled COPE-P versus an attention control program on the mental health, birth and postpartum outcomes of minority pregnant women experiencing depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms. Methods: Design is a longitudinal randomized block RCT with repeated measures (beginning with screening prior to 18 weeks, group prenatal care in both groups from 16 + 1 to 31 + 1 weeks and ending at 6 months postpartum) at two study sites (New York city and Columbus, Ohio). Race/ethnicity is being blocked to ensure equal numbers of Hispanic and Black women. 384 women are being recruited from antenatal clinics if they are: between 18 and 40 years; in an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy
Sex Differences in Fear of Aerial Threats in Foraging Rats: An Ethological Approach

Rodents in the wild are under nearly constant threat of aerial predation, and thus haveevolved adaptive innate defensive behaviors, such as freezing or fleeing, in response to aperceived looming threat. Here we investigated sex differences using an ethologically relevant paradigm to study innate-fear of aerial predators in rats during a goal-oriented task. Rats foraging for food in a large arena encountered either a 2D or 3D looming stimulus, to which they instinctively fled back to a safe nest. When facing a direct predatory threat, female rats exhibited a greater fear response than males and this divergence maintained when exposed to the environment on subsequent days with no predator interaction, suggesting stronger contextual fear in female rats. These results closely align with human conditions, where a higher diagnosis rate of fear- and anxiety-related disorders is found in females than in males.
Freedom Courts: An Analysis of Black Women’s Divorce in Attala County During Mississippi’s Anti-Divorce Campaign, 1890–1940

The essay argues that divorce, as a legal maneuver, provided Black women with the opportunity to challenge oppression within the household while simultaneously pushing back against broader efforts to curtail access to divorce. Framed within the New Negro Era, the article analyzes the competing realities of divorce as both a racialized political issue and an internal struggle for independence. Utilizing newspapers and divorce petitions, the article captures how divorce gave Black women a voice and a platform in which they could declare independence in a society that was historically known for its suppression of African Americans.
miR-181a Mediates Inflammatory Gene Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrated Analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in a Swine ICH Model.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with no proven treatment. Inflammation after ICH contributes to clinical outcomes, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In studies of peripheral leukocyte counts and mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq), our group previously reported that monocytes and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were important contributors to post-ICH inflammation. microRNA (miRNA) are powerful regulators of gene expression and promising therapeutic targets. We now report findings from an integrated analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a swine ICH model. In 10 pigs, one PBMC sample was collected immediately prior to ICH induction and a second 6 h later; miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq were completed for each sample. An aggregate score calculation determined which miRNA regulated the differentially expressed mRNA. Networks of molecular interactions were generated for the combined miRNA/target mRNA. A total of 227 miRNA were identified, and 46 were differentially expressed after ICH (FDR < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory miR-181a was decreased post-ICH, and it was the most highly connected miRNA in the miRNA/mRNA bioinformatic network analysis. miR-181a has interconnected pathophysiology with IL-8 and monocytes; in prior studies, we found that IL-8 and monocytes contributed to post-ICH inflammation and ICH clinical outcome, respectively. miR-181a was a significant mediator of post-ICH inflammation and is promising for further study, including as a potential therapeutic target. This investigation also demonstrated feasible methodology for miRNA-seq/mRNA-seq analysis in swine that is innovative, and with unique challenges, compared with transcriptomics research in more established species.
Fundamentals of contemporary surgical oncology: biologic principles and the threshold concept govern treatment and outcomes.

After decades that emphasized a more conservative, tissue-sparing, surgical approach to treating cancer successfully, there has recently been a reexploration of more radical approaches. Can improved survival result from more radical lymphadenectomy, or by more radical primary cancer organ site removal, or by addition of radical radiotherapy, to reduce local and regional nodal recurrences? Articles emphasizing total gastrectomy for stomach cancer, total mesorectal excision for wider lateral margins around rectal carcinoma, extraradical lymphatic resections, and routine radiotherapy after mastectomy have implied a resultant improved survival. Do these reports suggest a previous failure to understand basic principles of primary organ and lymph node removal? Have modern cancers changed their biologic spots? Have contemporary therapies altered basic biologic understanding? This is an appropriate time to requestion our assumptions and again challenge our past beliefs to develop or reaffirm basic principles in surgical oncology.
Prolonged Survival of Tumor-bearing Rats with Repetitive Low-Dose Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor

Tumor necrosis factor may be a mediator of the syndrome of cancer cachexia. Tachyphylaxis or tolerance to the cachectic effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) has been previously described. In this study, we investigate whether repetitive exposure to rTNF can induce similar tolerance in tumor-bearing (TB) rats and ameliorate cachexia induced by the tumor. In experiment 1, non-tumor-bearing (NTB) and TB rats were randomized to either escalating low doses of rTNF or saline i.p. twice daily for 9 consecutive days. NTB rats treated with rTNF demonstrated a significant decline in food intake and weight change ( P < 0.00001) but soon developed tolerance to the cachectic effects of rTNF; they consumed significantly more food than on the first day of treatment and had weight change similar to NTB rats treated with saline. TB rats treated with rTNF showed a similar significant decline in food intake and weight change ( P < 0.0001) and also demonstrated similar tolerance to the cachectic effects of rTNF with continued treatment. Following treatment, TB rats that had been treated with rTNF ate significantly more and lost less weight than TB rats that had been treated with saline ( P < 0.00001). rTNF treatment of TB rats also demonstrated antineoplastic activity, as estimated tumor weight of tumors from rats treated with rTNF were significantly less than controls ( P = 0.003). The anticachexia and antineoplastic effects of rTNF resulted in prolonged survival of TB rats treated with rTNF compared to control TB rats ( P = 0.015). Experiment 2 utilized two different rTNF treatment regimens in TB rats: one group received 12 days of escalating doses of rTNF, and another group received 15 days of rTNF treatment. TB rats treated with rTNF again had a significantly greater food intake ( P < 0.00001) and delayed weight loss ( P = 0.0001) posttreatment that was further augmented by additional doses of rTNF. Antineoplastic activity of rTNF was less clear, and overall tumor growth curves were not affected by rTNF treatment. Survival of TB rats treated with rTNF was again significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner ( P = 0.006). Repeated administration of low doses of rTNF to TB rats induces mild reduction in tumor growth, tolerance to the cachectic effects of rTNF that results in tolerance to the cachectic effects of tumor, and prolongation of survival.
Biology of the orthodontic patient. 3. Relationship of chronologic and dental age in terms of vitamin C state.

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the Department of Oral Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
N7 Methylation Alters Hydrogen-Bonding Patterns of Guanine in Duplex DNA.

N7-Alkyl-2′-deoxyguanosines are major adducts in DNA that are generated by various alkylating mutagens and drugs. However, the effect of the N7 alkylation on the hydrogen-bonding patterns of the guanine remains poorly understood. We prepared N7-methyl-2′-deoxyguanosine (N7mdG)-containing DNA using a transition-state destabilization strategy, developed a novel polβ-host–guest complex system, and determined eight crystal structures of N7mdG or dG paired with dC, dT, dG, and dA. The structures of N7mdG:dC and N7mdG:dG are very similar to those of dG:dC and dG:dG, respectively, indicating the involvement of the keto tautomeric form of N7mdG in the base pairings with dC and dG. On the other hand, the structure of N7mdG:dT shows that the mispair forms three hydrogen bonds and adopts a Watson–Crick-like geometry rather than a wobble geometry, suggesting that the enol tautomeric form of N7mdG involves in its base pairing with dT. In addition, N7mdG:dA adopts a novel shifted anti:syn base pair presumably via the e...