cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survivorship care plan outcomes for primary care physicians, cancer survivors, and systems: a scoping review.

With the focus on survivorship care-coordination between oncology and primary care providers (PCPs), there is a need to assess the research regarding the use of survivorship care plans (SCPs) and determine emerging research areas. We sought to find out how primary care physicians have been involved in the use of SCPs and determine SCP’s effectiveness in improving care for cancer survivors. In this scoping review, we aimed to identify gaps in the current research and reveal opportunities for further research. We followed the methodology for scoping studies which consists of identifying the research question, locating relevant studies, selecting studies, charting the data, and collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. Out of 5375 original articles identified in the literature search, 25 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight articles examined PCP-only related outcomes, eight examined survivor-only related outcomes, eight examined mixed outcomes between both groups, and one examined system-based outcomes. Findings highlighted several areas where SCPs may provide benefits, including increased confidence among PCPs in managing the care of survivors and increased quality of life and well-being for survivors. This research also highlighted the need for careful consideration of SCP mode of delivery and content in order to maximize their utility to patients and providers. Based on the findings of this review, SCPs may benefit providers and health care systems, but the benefits to patients remain unclear. Further research on the potential benefits of SCPs to particular patient populations is warranted. SCPs appear to be beneficial to PCPs in improving overall quality of care. However, more work needs to be done to understand the direct impact on cancer survivors.
Patient-reported outcomes of catheter-based accelerated partial breast brachytherapy and whole breast irradiation, a single institution experience

Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and whole breast irradiation (WBI) are treatment options for early-stage breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported-outcomes (PRO) between patients receiving multi-channel intra-cavitary brachytherapy APBI or WBI. Between 2012 and 2015, 131 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or early stage invasive breast cancer were treated with adjuvant APBI (64) or WBI (67) and participated in a PRO questionnaire. The linear analog scale assessment (LASA), harvard breast cosmesis scale (HBCS), PRO-common terminology criteria for adverse events- PRO (PRO-CTCAE), and breast cancer treatment outcome scale (BCTOS) were used to assess quality of life (QoL), pain, fatigue, aesthetic and functional status, and breast cosmesis. Comparisons of PROs were performed using t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi square, Fisher exact test, and regression methods. Median follow-up from completion of radiotherapy and questionnaire completion was 13.3 months. There was no significant difference in QoL, pain, or fatigue severity, as assessed by the LASA, between treatment groups (p > 0.05). No factors were found to be predictive of overall QoL on regression analysis. BCTOS health-related QoL scores were similar between treatment groups (p = 0.52).The majority of APBI and WBI patients reported excellent/good breast cosmesis, 88.5% versus 93.7% (p = 0.37). Skin color change (p = 0.011) and breast elevation (p = 0.01) relative to baseline were more common in the group receiving WBI. APBI and WBI were both associated with favorable patient-reported outcomes in early follow-up. APBI resulted in a lesser degree of patient-reported skin color change and breast elevation relative to baseline.
Seeing Curvature on Specular Surfaces

AbstractReflections on a specular surface distort their surrounding environments in ways that give visual clues about the surface's principal and Gaussian curvatures. This article mathematically examines this phenomenon by introducing a calibrated environment and using standard photography to record the distortions of that environment on the specular surface. We provide a novel approach to this examination which ultimately succeeds in demonstrating the availability of this curvature information in the reflections.
Management of Cardiogenic Shock

A 52 year old man with no known past medical history presents to the emergency department with 24 hours of chest pain, nausea and vomiting. An initial EKG shows a right bundle branch block (RBBB) and ST elevations in anterolateral leads (Fig. 9.1). He is given intravenous heparin, prasugrel and aspirin and taken directly to the cardiac catheterization lab. Coronary angiography reveals chronic appearing 100% right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion with left to right collateralization and 100% left anterior descending (LAD) artery occlusion. Two drug-eluting stents are placed into the LAD with restoration of TIMI 3 flow (see Table 9.1 for definition). Left ventriculogram reveals diffuse hypokinesis and a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 30–35 mmHg. The patient is confused and not following commands. An intra-aortic balloon pump is placed. Arrangements are then made to transfer to tertiary care center for further management.
Two- and Three-Photon LIF Detection of Atomic Hydrogen Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Two- and three-photon, femtosecond-duration laser-induced fluorescence (fs-LIF) schemes of atomic hydrogen are investigated. Measured LIF profiles in premixed, methane-air flames are comparable amid different levels of stimulated emission and photoionization effects.
Effects of anaerobic digestion and additives to effluent or cattle feed on odor and odorant concentrations.

Odor intensity (5,437 observations), determined by human panelists (100 different panelists over the course of the experiment), and a number of chemical odorant concentrations were determined for manure-related samples (326) obtained from effluents from conventional stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and fixed-film anaerobic digesters, effluents to which commercial additives or KMnO4 or H2O2 were added, and feces, urine, and mixed manure from cows fed a control or additive-containing diet. Mostly, samples were held in stoppered, Erlenmeyer flasks for 3 d at room temperature before evaluation by panelists and with chemical analyses, but shorter holding times also were tested. Anaerobic digestion reduced odor intensity linearly with increasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) up to 20 d; fixed-film digestion with 1.5- or 2.3-d HRT reduced odor intensity similarly to that observed with 10-d HRT in CSTR. Addition of commercial products and chemicals altered some odorant concentrations (e.g., ammonia) but did not reduce odor intensity; some products increased odor intensity. Addition of a commercial yeast-based product to a dairy cow diet had no detectable effect. The cow diet study showed that fresh urine and feces alone were less odorous than a mixed combination (manure). Fresh manure was less odorous than manure held for 3 d. Total phenol was the odorant most highly correlated with odor intensity. Individual and total volatile fatty acids also contributed. Ammonia did not seem to be a major contributor to odor in this data set.
The Aortopathy of Bicuspid Aortic Valves

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is a common congenital malformation associated with significant morbidity and mortality, mostly related to valvular dysfunction. BAV has been associated with a dilated proximal aorta and a risk of dissection and rupture. Uncertainty remains about whether this aortopathy is caused by molecular dysregulation during embryonic development, or whether aortic root dilation is a function of abnormal hemodynamics. This has therapeutic ramifications especially since the optimal timing of aortic root replacement in BAV is not known and the etiology of aortic root dilation will be instrumental in devising a definitive answer to this problem. In this chapter, we will discuss the genetics and molecular biology of BAV, especially as they pertain to aortic root dilation. We will also present the two competing theories of BAV aortopathy. Attention is then directed to current guidelines for surveillance and treatment of BAV aortopathy.
Crosstalk with the Jak-STAT Pathway in Inflammation

The Jak-STAT signaling pathway is activated by multiple immune cytokines and plays a key role in mediating inflammatory responses. The functional outcomes of Jak-STAT signaling are modulated by signaling crosstalk with heterologous signaling pathways. Conversely, Jak-STAT signaling regulates cell responses to multiple cytokines and inflammatory factors. Emerging evidence suggests that on balance Jak-STAT signaling is pathogenic in chronic inflammatory disorders, as Jak inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical disease models and early clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review describes Jak-STAT signaling crosstalk with pathways activated by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, and ITAM-associated receptors, including crosstalk at the level of chromatin modification and gene expression. The Jak-STAT pathway is placed within the context of a signaling network that determines functional responses and outcomes during inflammation and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as RA.
Responses of the SVZ to Hypoxia and Hypoxia/Ischemia

Stroke is a devastating injury caused by interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Each year, about 700,000 people in the United States suffer a stroke incurring healthcare costs of more than $50 billion (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2003 Update, 2002). While advances in the acute treatment of stroke have improved the survival rates, little success has been realized in decreasing the associated morbidity. Stroke survivors suffer a wide range of neurological deficits depending on the location in the brain where the stroke occurs. These effects include, but are not limited to, paralysis, sensory deficits, memory loss and personality changes. Additionally, hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) injury is the single most important cause of brain damage resulting from complications during birth, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Every year, perinatal H/I afflicts approximately 1-2 per 1000 term births and roughly half of surviving preterm infants. Many of these infants suffer long-term handicaps that include learning disabilities, mental retardation, epilepsy and cerebral palsy (Volpe, 2001). Formore than 20 years, experimental animal models have beenwidely used to study the effects of ischemic brain injury. The most common model is transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) used primarily in adult animals to generate unilateral focal cerebral infarcts (Longa et al., 1989).
Power Estimation for Multireader ROC Methods: An Updated and Unified Approach

Rationale and Objectives We describe a step-by-step procedure for estimating power and sample size for planned multireader receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies that will be analyzed using either the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz (DBM) or Obuchowski-Rockette (OR) method. This procedure updates previous approaches by incorporating recent methodological developments and unifies the approaches by allowing inputs to be conjectured parameter values or outputs from either a DBM or OR pilot-study analysis. Materials and Methods Power computations are described in a step-by-step procedure and the theoretical basis for the procedure is described. Updates include using the currently recommended denominator degrees of freedom, accounting for different pilot and planned study normal-to-abnormal case ratios, and a new method for computing the OR test-by-reader variance component. Results Using a real dataset we illustrate how to compute the power for two planned studies, one having the same normal-to-abnormal case ratio as the pilot study and the other having a different ratio. In a simulation study, we show that the proposed procedure gives mean power estimates close to the true power. Conclusions Application of the updated procedure is straightforward. It is important that pilot data be comparable to the planned study with respect to the modalities, reader expertise, and case selection. Variability of the power estimates warrants further investigation.
Application of a Biomodifier as Fog Sealants to Delay Ultraviolet Aging of Bituminous Materials

AbstractThis study examines the merits of applying a biomodifier (Bio-binder, Sustainable Infrastructure Material Lab, NC A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina) as a fog sealant on the s...
Microhabitat conditions and landscape pattern explain nocturnal rodent activity, but not seed removal, in burned and unburned lodgepole pine forests.

Disturbances create spatial variation in environments that may influence animal foraging. Granivory by rodents can influence seed supply and thus plant establishment. However, effects of disturbance patterns on rodent seed removal in western North American conifer forests are generally unknown. We conducted a study in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests of Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) to answer: (1) How do seed removal and rodent activity vary between recently burned and adjacent unburned forests and with distance from fire perimeter? (2) Which microhabitat conditions explain variability in seed removal and rodent activity? One or two years after wildfires, we established transects (n = 23) with four stations each: at 10 and 40 m from the fire perimeter in both burned and unburned forest. At stations, we deployed trays with lodgepole pine seeds and cameras pointed at trays for 28 days and quantified habitat structure and seed abundance. Seed removal, which averaged 85%, and diurnal rodent activity did not differ between burned and unburned forests or with distance from the fire perimeter; however, nocturnal rodent activity was lower in burned forests. Seed removal and diurnal rodent activity were not associated with any microhabitat conditions we measured. However, nocturnal rodent activity was associated with microhabitat in both burned and unburned forests. High seed removal rates suggested that rodent foraging was not reduced by high-severity wildfire. If observed seed removal represents natural conditions, post-dispersal seed predation could influence post-fire recruitment of a widespread foundation tree species.
Multilocation comparison of fruit composition for ‘HoneySweet’, an RNAi based plum pox virus resistant plum

‘HoneySweet’, a transgenic plum (Prunus domestica) resistant to plum pox virus through RNAi, was deregulated in the U.S. in 2011. The compositional study of ‘HoneySweet’ fruit was expanded to include locations outside of the US as well as utilizing a wide variety of comparators and different collection years to see the variability possible. The results revealed that plums have a wide variation in composition and that variation among locations was greater than variation among cultivars. This was also the case for different years at one location. The results supported the supposition that the transgene and insertion event had no significant effect on the composition of ‘HoneySweet’ fruit even under virus pressure, and that it fell in the normal range of composition of commercially grown plums. It also suggested that the effect of environment is as great as that of genetics on the fruit composition of plums.
Does Hospital Status Affect Performance

This article investigates the impact of hospital profit status on quality of care as measured by risk-adjusted, 30-day, inpatient readmission rates gathered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid...
COVID-CT-Dataset: A CT Scan Dataset about COVID-19

During the outbreak time of COVID-19, computed tomography (CT) is a useful manner for diagnosing COVID-19 patients. Due to privacy issues, publicly available COVID-19 CT datasets are highly difficult to obtain, which hinders the research and development of AI-powered diagnosis methods of COVID-19 based on CTs. To address this issue, we build an open-sourced dataset -- COVID-CT, which contains 349 COVID-19 CT images from 216 patients and 463 non-COVID-19 CTs. The utility of this dataset is confirmed by a senior radiologist who has been diagnosing and treating COVID-19 patients since the outbreak of this pandemic. We also perform experimental studies which further demonstrate that this dataset is useful for developing AI-based diagnosis models of COVID-19. Using this dataset, we develop diagnosis methods based on multi-task learning and self-supervised learning, that achieve an F1 of 0.90, an AUC of 0.98, and an accuracy of 0.89. According to the senior radiologist, models with such performance are good enough for clinical usage. The data and code are available at this https URL
Sexual Functioning and Satisfaction Among College Survivors of Sexual Violence: Examining PTSD Symptoms and Sexual Schemas

Decreased sexual functioning is prevalent among female survivors of sexual violence yet psychological factors that contribute to sexual impairments in this population are understudied. To extend research in this area, the current study examined two psychological factors as they relate to sexual functioning concerns among 148 female survivors of sexual violence: severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) and sexual self-schemas. Four domains of sexual functioning were examined: sexual desire, sexual arousal, sexual satisfaction, and orgasm functioning. It was predicted that PTSSs would be associated with a more negative sexual schema, which in turn, would be associated with decreased sexual functioning across the four domains. Using path analysis, PTSSs were found to be indirectly associated with decreased sexual satisfaction (b = -.08, SEb = .04, p = .035), sexual arousal (b = -.01, SEb = .001, p = .02), and reduced orgasm functioning (b = -.01, SEb = .001, p = .002). Results also supported significant direct paths from PTSS to all sexual functioning variables. These results support that negative sexual self-schemas may be relevant to the co-association of PTSSs and reductions in sexual functioning and satisfaction.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott: radical ‘co-adjutors’ in the American women’s rights movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton is widely considered to be the founder of the early women’s rights movement in America. She convened the first convention dedicated specifically to women’s rights in America,...
Exploring How Exposure to Truth and State-Sponsored Anti-Tobacco Media Campaigns Affect Smoking Disparities among Young Adults Using a National Longitudinal Dataset, 2002-2017.

Background. Little is known regarding long-term impacts of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and related disparities in the United States. Methods. We examined longitudinal cohort data from Monitoring the Future (MTF) between 2000 and 2017 in modified Poisson regression models to understand the long-term impacts of televised Truth and state-sponsored ad campaign exposure at baseline (age 18) on first cigarette and daily smoking initiation 1 to 2 years later (at modal ages 19/20). We also used additive interactions to test for potential effect modification between campaign exposure and smoking outcomes by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental educational attainment. Results. We found no evidence for baseline media campaign exposure to be associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at modal age 19/20. Further, results showed no evidence for effect modification between campaign exposure and first cigarette or daily smoking initiation. Conclusions. We found no evidence that baseline Truth and state-sponsored ad exposure was associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at follow up, nor did we find any evidence for effect modification by sex, race/ethnicity, or parental education. We hypothesize that anti-tobacco media campaigns might have had a short-term impact on smoking behaviors, though these effects were not sustained long term.
Remembering the pattern: A longitudinal case study on statistical learning in spatial navigation and memory consolidation

Distinct brain systems are thought to support statistical learning over different timescales. Regularities encountered during online perceptual experience can be acquired rapidly by the hippocampus. Further processing during offline consolidation can establish these regularities gradually in cortical regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These mechanisms of statistical learning may be critical during spatial navigation, for which knowledge of the structure of an environment can facilitate future behavior. Rapid acquisition and prolonged retention of regularities have been investigated in isolation, but how they interact in the context of spatial navigation is unknown. We had the rare opportunity to study the brain systems underlying both rapid and gradual timescales of statistical learning using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) longitudinally in the same patient over a period of three weeks. As hypothesized, spatial patterns were represented in the hippocampus but not mPFC for up to one week after statistical learning and then represented in the mPFC but not hippocampus two and three weeks after statistical learning. Taken together, these findings clarify that the hippocampus may do the initial work of extracting regularities and transfer these integrated memories to cortex, rather than only storing individual experiences and leaving it up to cortex to extract regularities.
Referential Descriptions: A Case Study

Referentially used definite descriptions should be explained semantically and not pragmatically in either a Gricean or Relevance-Theoretic way. The Argument from Convention provides the positive case: not only can we use descriptions referentially, we regularly do so. Indeed, the vast majority of uses of descriptions are referential. The best explanation is that this regularity exemplifies a semantic convention. An argument appealing to dead metaphors shows that rival pragmatic explanations must meet the “psychological-reality requirement” that the explanation’s pragmatic derivation has an appropriately active place in cognitive lives. This requirement has not been met, nor has there been any psycholinguistic attempt to meet it. According to the Developmental Objection, it is unlikely to be met. According to the Occamist Objection, we should then prefer the semantic view. Furthermore, on Gricean explanations a speaker using ‘the F’ referentially to pragmatically implies a singular proposition by conventionally expressing a general proposition about whatever is uniquely F. Attending to incomplete descriptions, I use an “ignorance and error” argument to show that this condition could frequently not be met. I reinforce the semantic case by considering Bach’s lengthy defense of the Russellian status quo. The chapter then presents three more arguments for the semantic view. It concludes by looking critically at Neale’s view that the debate between referentialists and Russellians is “the product of a powerful illusion.” The debate is over a real issue and the referentialists have won.
Genetic Counseling Techniques

Genetic counseling is a hybrid field, utilizing a combination of knowledge about medical genetics and counseling techniques. Just as genetic counseling may be imprecise without reliable diagnostic capabilities, it can be ineffective without adequate counseling skills. Because genetic counseling is a relatively new field, its counseling techniques are still being evolved. Many of the techniques and practices now used have been borrowed from psychology and interviewing. Families are often involved in genetic counseling, so a knowledge of family dynamics and how to counsel families is needed, as are techniques from crisis intervention for individuals who are in a crisis state.
Chapter 22 – Non-Array Methods for Global Analysis of Gene Expression

Publisher Summary The exquisite orchestration of gene expression at the transcriptional level and beyond is responsible for the differentiation of cells and tissues and, ultimately, for conferring the phenotype of the organism. The phenotype of cells is ultimately governed by the modulation of gene expression; it is logical to focus on the mRNA population of a cell and how the complexity and composition of that population changes in response to experimental challenge, compared to control or baseline conditions. Two types of methods are used to understand the biochemical changes that occur within a cell, namely, subtractive methods and non-subtractive methods. The overall efficiency of subtractive methods depends on maintaining high stringency conditions while favoring efficient forward hybridization kinetics, both of which are dependent upon salt concentration, hybridization temperature, hybridization time, and the presence of excess driver throughout, whereas the strategy of non-subtractive methods for gene expression profiling is more about selective amplification rather than subtraction. Regardless of the method utilized, there are terms and concepts common to all approaches that must be clearly understood. The tester is the cDNA population containing induced sequences that are to be sequestered. The driver is the control or reference population of cDNA sequences against which the tester is being compared. During the subtraction hybridization, the driver is always present in a large molar excess over the tester. This will ensure first-order hybridization kinetics, resulting in complete hybridization and concomitant removal of all sequences common to both populations.
DotCom Mania: A Survey of Market Efficiency in the Internet Sector

This paper provides a survey of some existing as well as new evidence of the relation between market prices and fundamentals in the internet sector over the period January 1998 to February 2000. Appealing to results across a broad class of outcomes, we demonstrate a strong, circumstantial case against market rationality. In particular, we investigate (i) the level of internet stock prices given their underlying fundamentals, (ii) responses of stock prices to information-based events, (iii) internet-related anomalies, and (iv) the volatility of internet prices. As a potential explanation, we appeal to a model of heterogenous agents with varying degrees of beliefs about asset payoffs who are subject to short sales constraints. In this framework, it is possible that "optimistic" investors overwhelm "pessimistic" ones, leading to prices not reflecting fundamental values. Empirical support for this model is provided using data from the stock shorting market.
Using Virtual Pets to Promote Physical Activity in Children: An Application of the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model

A virtual pet was developed based on the framework of the youth physical activity promotion model and tested as a vehicle for promoting physical activity in children. Children in the treatment group interacted with the virtual pet for three days, setting physical activity goals and teaching tricks to the virtual pet when their goals were met. The virtual pet became more fit and learned more sophisticated tricks as the children achieved activity goals. Children in the control group interacted with a computer system presenting equivalent features but without the virtual pet. Physical activity and goal attainment were evaluated using activity monitors. Results indicated that children in the treatment group engaged in 1.09 more hours of daily physical activity (156% more) than did those in the control group. Physical activity self-efficacy and beliefs served as mediators driving this increase in activity. Children that interacted with the virtual pet also expressed higher intentions than children in the control group to continue physical activity in the future. Theoretical and practical potentials of using a virtual pet to systematically promote physical activity in children are discussed.
Measuring constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research in the context of increasing colorectal cancer screening at community health centers

Background The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) is a comprehensive meta-framework widely applied to implementation related studies. Yet, few have used validated measures to operationalize constructs in CFIR in real-life settings. In this study, we operationalized selected CFIR constructs in an assessment to identify factors influencing implementation of evidence-based practices for increasing colorectal cancer screening in Community Health Centers (CHC).
Chapter 4 The Cocoonase Zymogen Cells of Silk Moths: A Model of Terminal Cell Differentiation For Specific Protein Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the zymogen cell differentiation for specific protein synthesis. Development of terminally differentiated cells specialized for specific protein synthesis involves the sequential and coordinated occurrence of several steps. Some of these are: differential mitosis, morphogenesis, mitosis or polyploidization, elaboration of an appropriate cytoplasm, synthesis of the specific cell product at a low and then high rate, and finally turning off or the modulation of specific synthesis. Continuous increase in specific protein synthesis during phase I and II is quite significant. If the specific gene is very active in transcription, differential stability would lead to mRNA accumulation. Thus, the stability of the mRNA can account for the marked progressive increase in translation, within phase II, without the necessity of postulating a parallel increase in the transcriptional activity. The absolute increase in specific protein synthesis during phase I is much slower, suggesting that accumulation and perhaps specific gene transcription is occurring more slowly at that time. Assuming that protein synthesis is proportional to mRNA content, the increase in protein synthesis during phase II measures the rate, at which specific mRNA accumulates in the system. This rate of accumulation is compatible with the existence of a single copy of the differentiation-specific gene per genome.
Pathology and Pathophysiology of the Small Intestine in Murine Schistosomiasis Mansoni, Including a Review of the Literature

Swiss albino female mice were studied after infection with Schistosoma mansoni for a period of 20 weeks. At this chronic stage of the disease in these mildly infected animals (1 to 3 worm pairs), there was moderate hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and portal hypertension. The small intestines of these animals were heavily involved by the disease process, weighing considerably more than those from normal animals and having large numbers of eggs throughout the length of the organ. Granuloma formation and fibrosis were marked in the muscularis and serosa, the host reaction being relatively slight in the mucosa. The villi and mucosal epithelial cells appeared to be relatively unaffected by the disease process. Although the methods employed could not provide absolutely definitive data, in vivo perfusion of the entire small intestine of groups of infected and control mice with various concentrations of glucose, methionine, and sodium propionate revealed no difference in absorption between infected and uninfected control animals. The results were discussed in relation to intralumenal parasitic diseases which affect the mucosa and submucosa and lead to malabsorption.
White blood cell inactivation after treatment with riboflavin and ultraviolet light

Functional white blood cells (WBCs) in blood components may be responsible for a number of adverse transfusion effects, including transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD), alloimmunization, and alloimmune platelet (PLT) refractoriness. TA-GVHD occurs when functional lymphocytes are transfused into a patient who is unable to mount an immune response to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) due to HLA compatibility or immunosuppression. Alloantibodies against HLA antigens on donor WBCs and PLTs are the major cause of refractoriness to PLT transfusions in patients receiving repeated blood transfusions. Attempts to reduce these undesirable effects have included leukoreduction filters and gamma irradiation. Studies have shown that exposure of PLT concentrates to riboflavin and light (Mirasol pathogen reduction technology [PRT], CaridianBCT Biotechnologies) causes irreparable modifications of nucleic acids that result in inactivation of a wide range of pathogens as well as inhibition of the immunologic responses mediated by WBCs present in PLT concentrates. This article summarizes these studies and also reports on additional findings from the Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP) and Mirasol Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE) trials. Data from in vitro studies and this clinical trial suggest that PRT treatment may be as effective as gamma irradiation in preventing TA-GVHD and more effective than leukoreduction in preventing alloimmunization.
Paternal and maternal coping with the death of a child

Parents' coping strategies in dealing with a child's death and gender differences in coping were studied. Twenty-five married couples who lost their child were interviewed and given an instrument t...
Principles for Successful Systems Engineering

Abstract This paper summarizes several iterations in developing a compact set of four key principles for successful systems engineering, which are 1) Stakeholder Value-Based System Definition and Evolution 2) Incremental Commitment and Accountability 3) Concurrent Multidiscipline System Definition and Development, and 4) Evidence-Based and Risk-based Decisionmaking. It provides a rationale for the principles, including short example case studies of failed projects that did not apply the principles, and of successful projects that did. It will compare the principles with other sets of principles such as the Lean Systems Engineering and the Hitchins set of principles for successful systems and systems engineering.
Gustatory, salivary, and oral thermal responses to solutions of sodium chloride at four temperatures

Using eight highly trained Ss, sensitivity to near threshold levels of NaCl was significantly greater at solution temperatures of 22° and 37°C than at 0° or 55°C. Perceived intensity increased linearly with concentration (0.04%–0.64% NaCl) at all four solution temperatures, with the two lower considered slightly more intense than the two higher temperatures. Biomodal distributions were obtained for hedonic judgments at all temperatures, with three Ss showing greater liking and five Ss showing greater disliking of increasing concentrations. Parotid salivary flow was inversely related to the taste sensitivity, i.e., significantly lower flow rates were obtained for the intermediate than for the hot or cold solutions, independent of salt content. When solution temperature was O°C, the minimum temperature of the oral cavity was 9°–20°C; when solution temperature was 55°C, the maximum temperature of the oral cavity was46°–49°C.
Limitations in determining absorbing-material parameters

Different techniques can be used to evaluate the potential performance of radar-absorbing material (RAM). Transmission-line methods, which are based on distributed parameter measurements, are frequently used to determine its constitutive electromagnetic parameters--e, µ and η, χ. The thin-sample and short-circuit-open-circuit (SCOC) techniques are most common in the UHF-SHF range. Although simple, the thin-sample method cannot always be used because of thickness limitations. The SCOC method, while relieving that limitation, suffers from others less understood. This paper discusses the considerations necessary in determining the parameters of RAM, and points out some limitations which must be recognized.
Networks of interneurons with fast and slow gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) kinetics provide substrate for mixed gamma-theta rhythm.

During active exploration, hippocampal neurons exhibit nested rhythmic activity at theta (≈8 Hz) and gamma (≈40 Hz) frequencies. Gamma rhythms may be generated locally by interactions within a class of interneurons mediating fast GABAA (GABAA,fast) inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), whereas theta rhythms traditionally are thought to be imposed extrinsically. However, the hippocampus contains slow biophysical mechanisms that may contribute to the theta rhythm, either as a resonance activated by extrinsic input or as a purely local phenomenon. For example, region CA1 of the hippocampus contains a slower class of GABAA (GABAA,slow) synapses, believed to be generated by a distinct group of interneurons. Recent evidence indicates that these GABAA,slow interneurons project to the GABAA,fast interneurons that contribute to hippocampal gamma rhythms. Here, we use biophysically based simulations to explore the possible ramifications of interneuronal circuits containing separate classes of GABAA,fast and GABAA,slow interneurons. Simulated interneuronal networks with fast and slow synaptic kinetics can generate mixed theta-gamma rhythmicity under restricted conditions, including strong connections among each population, weaker connections between the two populations, and homogeneity of cellular properties and drive. Under a broader range of conditions, including heterogeneity, the networks can amplify and resynchronize phasic responses to weak phase-dispersed external drive at theta frequencies to either GABAA,slow or GABAA,fast cells. GABAA,slow synapses are necessary for this process of amplification and resynchronization.
Case report 479

Fig. 1A, B. AP and lateral views of the lower portion of the right femur show a diffuse patchy increase in density involving the distal femoral metadiaphysis. The process extends to the epiphyseal plate. The posterior cortex of the distal end of the femur has an irregular endosteal surface proximally (arrow) and is indistinct distally (small arrowhead). It is also thinned laterally (large arrowheads)
The mobility of the REE, U and Th in geological environments in Idaho and their relevance to radioactive waste disposal

Abstract Investigation of natural analogues of radioactive waste disposal environments in eastern central Idaho generally reveals minimal mobility of the elements Th, U and REE. The mineral allanite, containing Th and REE, is altered by hydrothermal solutions, but these elements are retained in secondary phases. The contents of U, Th and REE in present-day thermal waters in the area are low (ng 1 −1 range). However, the apparent high mobility of Th and REE during the formation of the Lemhi Pass Th-REE deposits indicates that conditions may exist where REE and actinides can be mobilized by aqueous fluids in the Earth's crust.
The interaction of naphthalene and adamantane with gold surfaces

Abstract Isotherms, isosteric heats, and entropies of adsorption of naphthalene and adamantane on optically flat gold films are reported.
A Pragmatic Description of Early Language Development

Language acquisition involves more than learning the abstract structures of linguistic competence. The child also has to learn how to use linguistic structures appropriately. In this paper, the speech act is proposed as the unit of analysis for studying the pragmatics of early child language. The results of a study of children's uses of single-word utterances are reported, and the data are analyzed in terms of “primitive speech acts.”
Distribution of fault slip in outcrop-scale fault-related folds, appalachian mountains

Abstract Current kinematic models of ramp-related folds predict a direct relationship between ramp angle and fold shape and imply specific sequences of deformation. Analyses of outcrop-scale structures in the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachians reveal configurations that depart from model predictions. The models fail to account for the presence of footwall synclines, and are inconsistent with measured displacement distributions on some natural faults. Observations support the interpretation that faults can grow by propagation both up- and down-dip from a nucleation point. Fault propagation in either direction may result in the formation of folds primarily on the side of the fault that is displaced in the direction of fault propagation.
Risk of venous thrombosis varies with different types of combined oral contraceptives.

Commentary on: Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR, et al. Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;347:f5298.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are associated with a twofold to sixfold increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT).1 Risk is highest during the first year of use, but persists until discontinuation. Although the incidence of VT is low in women of reproductive age (approximately 3/10 000 woman-years), the effect of COC in VT is significant because many women use them. All COC increase the risk of VT, but those containing third-generation progestogens (desogestrel and gestodene) augment the VT risk approximately twofold compared to oral contraceptives containing second-generation progestogens (levonorgestrel and norgestrel). The risk of VT with drugs containing cyproterone and drospirenone is similar … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.f5298%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24030561%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=347/sep12_1/f5298&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F2%2Fe11.atom
Proposer gender, pleasure, and danger in casual sex offers among bisexual women and men

Abstract Previous research suggested that the gender of the casual sex proposer is an important predictor of casual sex acceptance, particularly because male proposers are perceived to have lesser sexual capabilities than female proposers (Conley, 2011). We examined this hypothesis more directly by taking advantage of unique characteristics associated with bisexual individuals. Bisexual people have the capacity to be attracted to both women and men; thus, the present studies tease apart the effects of participant gender and proposer gender — something that is not possible in studies of casual sex among heterosexual individuals. Gender of proposer was a significant predictor in each study, prior to controlling for sexual capabilities, as Conley (2011) predicted. No gender differences emerged in acceptance of actual casual sex offers from women — gender differences only emerged in response to actual offers from men. Sexual capabilities mediated the relationship between gender and acceptance of the casual sex offer.
Google's Evolution Leads to Library Revolution.

Do library catalogs compete with Google or is it the other way around? We know which came first but which will finish in the end? Only trained library professionals were considered qualified to develop reliable catalog records. However, with the increased sophistication of search engines, we are beginning to realize that a collaborative effort may strike the proper balance.
The ecology of substrate-associated juveniles of the genus Sebastes

This paper reviews current knowledge of substrate-associated juvenile Sebastes. In general, juvenile rockfish recruit to shallower depths than those occupied by conspecific adults. Habitat use by newly recruited rockfish differs markedly among species. While a few species recruit to shallow-dwelling macrophytes, such as Zostera, many others recruit to larger brown algae, such as Nereocystis and Macrocystis. A few deeper dwelling species recruit to low relief or soft substrata. However, little is known on recruitment of these deeper dwellers. Crustaceans are the major component of the diets of newly recruited Sebastes. Species which continue to forage in the water column shift to larger crustaceans (e.g. euphausids) and fish as they grow. Species which shift to substrate-associated prey soon begin to feed on larger algal-associated gammarid amphipods, shrimps and isopods. Field studies indicate variation in intraspecific growth rates over large geographic distances, among nearby sites and among algal habitats on the same reef, with food availability and water temperature being major factors in the differences. In particular, laboratory studies have shown that temperature is one of the most important factors in growth rates. Many species of juvenile rockfish make ontogenetic movements, often moving into deeper water as they age. Most seasonal movements appear to be related to changes in water temperature and turbulence.
SIGNS OF THEIR TIMES: Deaf Communities and the Culture of Language

▪ Abstract Because of their deafness, deaf people have been marked as different and treated problematically by their hearing societies. Until 25 years ago, academic literature addressing deafness typically described deafness as pathology, focusing on cures or mitigation of the perceived handicap. In ethnographic accounts, interactions involving deaf people are sometimes presented as examples of how communities treat atypical members. Recently, studies of deafness have adopted more complex sociocultural perspectives, raising issues of community identity, formation and maintenance, and language ideology. Anthropological researchers have approached the study of d/Deaf communities from at least three useful angles. The first, focusing on the history of these communities, demonstrates that the current issues have roots in the past, including the central role of education in the creation and maintenance of communities. A second approach centers on emic perspectives, drawing on the voices of community members th...
Correlates of HIV Infection Among African American Women from 20 Cities in the United States

Little research has been conducted to investigate multiple levels of HIV risk—individual risk factors, sex partner characteristics, and socioeconomic factors—among African American women, who, in 2010, comprised 64 % of the estimated 9,500 new infections in women. Respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit and interview women in 20 cities with high AIDS prevalence in the United States through the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System. We assessed individual risk factors, sex partner characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics associated with being HIV-positive but unaware of the infection among African American women. Among 3,868 women with no previous diagnosis of HIV, 68 % had high school education or more and 84 % lived at or below the poverty line. In multivariable analysis, women who were 35 years or older, homeless, received Medicaid, whose last sex partner ever used crack cocaine or was an exchange sex partner were more likely to be HIV-positive-unaware. Developing and implementing strategies that address socioeconomic factors, such as homelessness and living in poverty, as well as individual risk factors, can help to maximize the effectiveness of the public health response to the HIV epidemic.
Girls, boys, and schools: gender differences in the relationships between school‐related factors and student deviance

Research has identified several student and school characteristics that might be altered to reduce student deviance. Most of this research, however, fails to address whether gender moderates these relationships; that is, most studies do not distinguish between the effect of school-related factors on boys' and girls' delinquency and drug use. In the current study, data from a nationally representative sample of 13,450 students in 253 public, nonalternative, secondary schools are used to examine hierarchical linear models of the relationships between student bonding, communal school organization, and male and female delinquency and drug use. Gender differences in the overall model of relationships are found as are differences in the relationships between student bonding elements and delinquency. Gender differences are not found in the relationships between student bonding elements and drug use, nor in the relationships between communal school organization elements and delinquency and drug use. Implications for theory and prevention are discussed.