cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viability of limbal epithelium after anterior lamellar harvesting using a microkeratome

Abstract Objective To determine the viability in cold eye bank storage of different layers of central and limbal corneal epithelium, including the limbal basal stem cell population, on days 0, 3, 6, and 9 after harvest using a large diameter microkeratome system. Methods Twenty-two human whole globes not suitable for transplantation were obtained from an eye bank (San Diego Eye Bank, San Diego, California) and used for study. Large-diameter anterior corneal discs were prepared using a large diameter microkeratome and stained with calcein AM and an ethidium homodimer to differentiate live from dead cells, respectively. A laser confocal microscope and digital imaging were used to distinguish live (green) from dead (red) cells. Central and limbal epithelial regions were isolated and the middle and basal epithelial sections were cell counted by 3 independent observers. These sections were stored up to 9 days at 4° C in an eye bank corneal storage medium. Differences were tested using nonparametric methods. Main outcome measures The percentage of live cells in each of these epithelial layers was determined for up to 9 days in cold eye bank corneal storage medium. Results At all time points studied, the better protected basal epithelial layers displayed greater mean viability than the overlying middle epithelial layers. However, the difference was not statistically significant on all days. When comparing the basal epithelial viability of the limbal and central regions, after day 0 in 4° C cold organ culture, the observed viability of the limbal basal epithelium, the purported location of the limbal epithelial stem cell region, was significantly greater than that of the central epithelium. On day 0, median limbal basal versus central basal epithelial viability were 100% (range, 71.7–100%) versus 98.4% (range, 88.9–100%) ( P >0.05); on day 3, 100% (range, 64.3–100%) versus 63.4% (range, 13.6–95.5%) ( P P P Conclusions After microkeratome harvesting, the limbal basal epithelium is significantly longer lived in cold eye bank storage than central basal epithelium and the middle layers of limbal and central epithelium. This longevity not only bodes well for organ storage of limbal grafts, but also confirms the hardiness of the stem cell region.
Stance phase control of above-knee prostheses: Knee control versus SACH foot design

The mobility of above-knee amputees (A/K) is limited, in part, due to the performance of A/K prostheses during the stance phase. Currently stance phase control of most conventional A/K prostheses can only be achieved through leg alignment and choice of the SACH (Solid Ankle Cushioned Heel) foot. This paper examines the role of the knee controller in relation to a SACH foot during the stance phase of level walking. The three-dimensional gait mechanics were measured under two stance phase conditions. In the first set of trials, the amputee used a prosthesis with a conventional knee controller that allowed the amputee to maintain the knee joint in full extension during the stance phase. In the second set of trials, the prosthetic knee, during stance, echoed the modified kinematics of the amputee's sound (intact) knee that had been recorded during the previous sound stance phase. Analysis and interpretation of the data indicate the following: (1) SACH foot design can strongly influence the walking mechanics independent of the knee controller; (2) knee controller design and SACH foot design are mutually interdependent; and (3) normal kinematics imposed on the prosthetic knee does not necessarily produce normal hip kinematics (e.g. reduce the abnormal rise in the prosthetic side hip trajectory). Future research is necessary to explore and exploit the interdependency of prosthetic knee control and foot design.
Use of signal processing algorithms in microprocessor-based control

This paper reviews the mathematical basis for two popular algorithms - the Kalman filter used in control and the adaptive FIR filter used in signal processing. These estimation algorithms are compared and discussed. They are reformulated into the generalized frequency domain to yield alternative algorithms such as Walsh, Haar, and slant.
Fabrication of conducting polyaniline microspheres using droplet microfluidics

Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer with very diverse applications in the areas of sensing, bioelectronics, biofuels, toxic metal recovery and rechargeable batteries. In this work, monodispersed PANI microspheres in the semi-conducting range are facilely synthesized via chemical oxidation by using droplet microfluidics. These PANI microspheres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-visible spectroscopy and conductivity measurements with three different molar concentrations of the polymer. The effect of the molar ratio of ammonium persulfate to aniline on the morphology, chemical structure and conductivity of the PANI microspheres is investigated. The conductivity of the PANI microspheres is on the order of 10−3 S cm−1 by using our microfluidic platform, comparable to that of the existing PANI nanostructures. In comparison with the existing self-assembly or template methods for PANI synthesis, our droplet microfluidics based procedure provides an inexpensive, rapid, and higher throughput one-step synthesis route for the fabrication of PANI microspheres with controlled size, functionality and biomolecule encapsulation capacity for biosensing and controlled drug release applications.
Rethinking the black public sphere: An alternative vocabulary for multiple public spheres

Many theorists propose that there are multiple, coexisting “subaltern” counterpublic spheres. However, most discussions of these subaltern counterpublics rely on group identity markers to differentiate between these spheres and do not provide alternative means for distinguishing between subaltern public spheres. This essay presents an alternative vocabulary for multiple public spheres through an exploration of the history of the African American public sphere. Three types of marginal publics, enclave, counterpublic, and satellite, are defined as examples of how we might incorporate considerations of the kinds of resources different publics have available to them. This vocabulary facilitates more flexible descriptions of publics that are normally defined by identity and allows for more comprehensive comparisons across public spheres.
Management's responsibility for development of engineers

Every company's management plan must include a concrete program for the development of its employees. Any such plan for the progress of the engineering personnel, whether along the path of supervision and management or of technical achievement, should consider the development of the engineer's technical and organizational abilities, his professional society activities, and his relationship with society as a whole.
Minimum-order Wiener modelling of spike-output systems

Systems that generate spike outputs in response to continuous inputs abound in neurophysiology. The study of their dynamics with the use of systems analysis methods has been complicated by the difference in modality of the input and output signals. When the problem is placed in the framework of Wiener's theory in discrete time, an infinite functional series is required for the formal representation of the input-output relation. This has given rise to the belief that a large number of Wiener functionals is needed in practice before a model of reasonable accuracy can be obtained. In this paper, we introduce the concept of minimum-order Wiener models for spike-output systems, and we show that a low-order Wiener model is adequate in many cases for predicting fully the timing of the output spikes.
DDDAS Computational Model and Environments

The Data Driven Applications Systems (DDDAS) concept entails "the ability to dynamically incorporate data into an executing application simulation, and in reverse, the ability of applications to dynamically steer measurement processes", creating "application simulations that can dynamically accept and respond to ‘online’ field data and measurements and/or control such measurements". Through the DDDAS concept, the application modeling capability, its accuracy and its efficiency, are enhanced over the traditional computational modeling methods, by complementing and augmenting the computational modeling with dynamic data inputs, which can be dynamically incorporated into the computation at runtime. In reverse, the ability of the executing application to steer the measurement processes, and conduct targeted measurements guided by the executing application, can result into more efficient and more effective measurement processes. By integrating the computational and measurement aspects of an application in a dy...
Vocational Preparation within a Liberal Arts Framework: Suggested Directions for Undergraduate Psychology Programs

The issue of vocational preparation in liberal arts programs is contentious, and undergraduate psychology curricula are no exception. Although some educators seek to maintain the traditional focus of the curriculum, others advocate an emphasis on career relevant skills and knowledge. This article addresses the issue of whether change in favor of vocational preparation compromises liberal arts values. Finding existing strategies flawed, I propose a new liberal skills model and recommend curriculum changes that can improve career relevance without sacrificing breadth of preparation.
Reforming the Conference Presentation, or What We Can Learn from Hollywood

In the movies, scholarly work is a contact sport. At a conference or during a public presentation, the scholar is always passionate and articulate. He proclaims radically new theses that cause the audience to shout out objections or gasp at his intellectual audacity. Then, he dashes off a masterful proof on the chalkboard or rips open a curtain to reveal a newly discovered dinosaur skeleton. Someone in the back of the lecture hall starts to clap, and soon all his assembled peers break out into raucous applause.
Temporal Change in Occupational Differentiation

Interest in nonstatus and nonprestige dimensions of occupational differentiation prompts questions concerning temporal change in new measures of occupational ranking. Literature that argues in favor of temporal change in the bases of occupational differentiation is juxtaposed with arguments suggesting stability. Confirmatory factor analytic models of occupational complexity, physical dexterity, physical activities, and unpleasantness of work suggest considerable stability in their measurement between 1965 and 1977. Limitations to the analysis and DOT data are noted. Implications for opposing arguments are discussed, as are the types of research situations in which these findings would be useful.
Quantitative indices of baroreflex-sympathoneural function: application to patients with chronic autonomic failure

Chronic autonomic failure syndromes such as Parkinson disease with orthostatic hypotension (PD + OH), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and pure autonomic failure (PAF) typically feature arterial baroreflex failure. Identifying baroreflex-sympathoneural failure from hemodynamic responses to the maneuver usually has been qualitative. We report quantitative methods for evaluating baroreflex-sympathoneural function, based on beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (BPs) responses to the Valsalva maneuver. Using the trapezoid rule, we calculated the area under the curve (baroreflex area, BRA) between baseline systolic blood pressure (BPs) and the BPs for each beat in Phase II (BRA-II) and Phase IV (BRA-IV) in 136 autonomic failure patients and 171 controls. The sum of the areas was defined as total BRA (BRA-T). We compared individual values by the BRA approach with those by other measures. Mean values for log BRA-II, BRA-IV, and BRA-T were higher in PD + OH, PAF, and MSA than in controls (p < 0.001 each). The log of BRA-T correlated negatively with the fractional orthostatic change in total peripheral resistance (r = −0.41, p < 0.001), fractional orthostatic change in plasma norepinephrine (r = −0.27, p < 0.001), orthostatic change in BPs (r = −0.62, p < 0.001), fall in BPs in Phase II of the Valsalva (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), and log of baroreflex-cardiovagal slope (r = −0.40, p < 0.001). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.85 for BRA-T and 0.89 for BRA-IV (p < 0.001). The BRA approach provides quantitative measures of baroreflex-sympathoneural function. Chronic autonomic failure syndromes entail deficiencies of both the cardiovagal and sympathoneural limbs of the arterial baroreflex.
Effects of Thixotropy and Cement Content on the Sensitivity of Soft Remolded Clay

Abstract Strength loss of sensitive clay slopes is a common concern for soft soil sites. A useful method for studying this problem is through physical model tests. However, a problem that deters more widespread use of such tests is the difficulty of obtaining the large samples of natural sensitive soil that would be required. The work described in this paper was motivated by the need to develop practical procedures to produce artificial sensitive clay for use in model tests. To reach this goal, some fundamental experiments were performed to explore the effects of cement content, water content, aging, and remolding after aging on the undrained shear strength. Two soils [San Francisco Bay mud (SFBM) and Yolo loam (YL)] with several different cement and water contents were studied. After mixing and aging and measurement of the aged strength, the soils were again remolded to determine the aged-remolded undrained strength. The sensitivity of the aged clay could then be calculated by dividing the aged strength ...
Enhancement by thyroid hormone treatment of norepinephrine-induced phosphorylase activation in the rat heart.

Abstract The effects of norepinephrine on the activity of phosphorylase a , the concentrations of creatine-P and ATP, and contractile amplitude were determined in isolated perfused hearts from normal rats and rats given triiodothyronine (100 μg/day) for 3 days. The hearts were perfused with oxygenated salt solution at a constant rate of flow at either 30° or 37°. Hearts of both euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats had control activities of phosphorylase a equal to about 10 per cent of the total enzyme activity. The concentration of creatine-P was lower in hearts of triiodothyronine-treated rats than in those of euthyroid rats whether perfusions were done at 30° or at 37°. Graded doses of norepinephrine caused a greater increase of the percentage phosphorylase a in hearts from hyperthyroid rats than in those from euthyroid rats at both perfusion temperatures, but the contractile amplitude response was not potentiated. After norepinephrine, the concentration of creatine-P was decreased in hearts from both euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats when perfused at 37°, but not when perfused at 30°. However, at both temperatures, there was a correlation between the concentration of creatine-P and the activation of phosphorylase produced by norepinephrine. In addition, nonperfused hearts from triiodothyronine-treated rats, which have been found previously to have elevated activities of phosphorylase a , had the lowest concentrations of creatine-P of the conditions tested. These relationships are consistent with the hypothesis that thyroid hormone has no special effect on the cardiac adrenergic receptor, and that the greater activation of phosphorylase produced by norepinephrine in hearts of hyper-thyroid rats may be due in part to increased phosphorylase b kinase activity resulting from lower concentrations of creatine-P.
The uterotubal junction and the luminal fluid of the uterine tube in the rabbit.

Immature, pregnant and post partum rabbits were used to study the mechanical function of the uterotubal junction in the accumulation of the luminal fluid in the ligated uterine tube. Does were laparotomized at 10 hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 16 and 29 days post coitum. One uterine tube was ligated at the fimbriae and the uterotubal junction. The other tube was ligated at the fimbriae only. The animals were autopsied at 12, 24, 36 or 48 hours after ligation and the luminal fluid in the tubes was aspirated by a microsyringe and measured volumetrically. The rate of accumulation of luminal fluid was highest in the first 24 hours and declined thereafter. When both ends of the tube were ligated, the volume of accumulated fluid within 24 hours varied from 0.71 to 1.37 ml. Maximum output of fluid occurred one to three days after copulation. There was no characteristic change in the fluid volume throughout pregnancy. When the uterotubal junction was not ligated, the luminal fluid accumulated in all stages of pregnancy except at three and four days post coitum, then at the time at parturition. The first period coincided with the time when the embryos are transported through the uterotubal junction. Shortly before and shortly after parturition the uterotubal junction relaxed, presumably because of the hormonal environment. This is evidence that a reversal in the flow direction of the luminal fluid may take place during pregnancy. The ligature of the fimbriae had no harmful effect on the cleavage rate of embryos or rate of transport through the uterotubal junction. In the immature animal, the output of luminal fluid was less than the adult and the uterotubal junction is relatively relaxed.
The absorption of ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS) by the respiratory tract☆

Abstract Following the respiratory exposure of cats and rats to particulate aerosols of ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), the compound and two of its metabolites, ortho-chlorobenzaldehyde (oCB) and ortho-chlorobenzylmalononitrile (CSH2) are found in the blood. The mechanisms by which CS, CSH2 and oCB are absorbed from the respiratory tract have different thresholds and different saturating concentrations of CS aerosol, and it is concluded that all 3 compounds are absorbed per se from the respiratory tract, although CS is subsequently converted to CSH2 and oCB in the body. Preexposure to CS aerosols (100 mg/m3 for 5 min) on each of the 4 days preceding the experimental exposure reduces the absorption of CS, CSH2 and oCB. After the intragastric administration of CS to cats and rats, oCB and CSH2 are found in the blood, but CS is not detected until very large doses of CS are given (2.6 mmol/kg in the rat). It is suggested that CS is converted to CSH2 and oCB in the gastrointestinal tract and that all 3 compounds are absorbed independently. CS, CSH2 and oCB are removed very rapidly from the circulation: in the cat their blood half-lives are 5.5 sec, 9.5 sec and 4.5 sec, respectively. In blood, in vitro, CS is converted to CSH2 and oCB at a similar rate to that in vivo, whereas CSH2 and oCB are destroyed at a slower rate than in vivo.
Relativistic all-order calculations of energies and matrix elements for Li and Be+

Valence removal energies, hyperfine constants, and E1 transition amplitudes are calculated for the 2${s}_{1/2}$, 2${p}_{1/2}$, 2${p}_{3/2}$, and 3${s}_{1/2}$ states of Li and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$. This calculation is an extension of earlier second- and third-order many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) calculations, in which now an infinite subset of MBPT terms is evaluated using all-order methods. Agreement with experiment at the 0.01% level for energies, and at the 0.1% level for matrix elements, is found. Issues involved with those higher-order terms omitted by the technique are discussed.
Complex–unoriented cells in a subregion of primate area 18

In primates, both the primary and secondary visual cortical areas can be subdivided histologically by staining for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase. In the primary visual cortex (area 17, the first cortical receiving area for visual information) these histological differences correspond to functional subdivisions, cytochrome-dark regions being concerned with information about colour and cytochrome-light regions concerned with form. Here we report that the second visual area, area 18, which receives its main cortical input from area 17 (refs 7,8), similarly has functional subdivisions that correspond to the cytochrome oxidase staining pattern. In area 18 the segregation between form and colour is maintained, reinforcing our notion that form and colour information follow parallel pathways. The specific differences between cells in areas 17 and 18 suggest that a possible step in hierarchical information processing is spatial generalization, analogous to the difference between simple and complex cells.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Organometallic Osmium(VI) Hydroxo Compounds

The organometallic osmium(VI) hydroxo compounds [N(n-Bu)4][Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)3(OH)], cis and trans isomers of [N(n-Bu)4][Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(OH)2], result from the substitution of chloride for hydroxide ligands in precursor compounds. Depending on the molecular structure, these compounds behave as nucleophiles, Bronsted bases, or Lewis bases in their reactions. One of these, [N(n-Bu)4][cis-Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(OH)2], reacts readily with CO2 to produce the carbonate compound [N(n-Bu)4][Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(CO3)]. The other isomer, [N(n-Bu)4][trans-Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(OH)2], reacts with CO2 to slowly form the same carbonate compound. It is protonated by other acids to give the neutral hydroxo dimer {Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(μ-OH)}2. The anti isomer of {Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2(μ-OH)}2 reacts with Pd(bpy)(OSiMe3)2 to produce the coordinatively unsaturated, heterometallic complex {Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)2}2(μ3-O)2Pd(bpy). The molecular structure of this complex shows two square-pyramidal osmium groups with an anti arrangement of the apical nitrido l...
The Role of the Physical Environment in Supporting Organizational Creativity

Creativity has been underscored as a key factor to organizational adaptability and competitiveness in today's rapidly changing business environment. Designing as well as managing work environments that facilitate creativity have therefore received growing attention, resulting in a multitude of research examining the social-psychological work environment. Few studies, however, have focused on the contribution of the physical work environment to supporting creativity in the workplace. This study focuses on the role of the physical environment in supporting creativity in organizations by identifying specific physical features and attributes of the work environment perceived to promote or inhibit creativity. The research design compares four organizations publicly acclaimed for their innovative social-psychological work environments, but which are distinctly different in terms of the physical work environment. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by means of survey questionnaires (N = 130). Results indicate that the physical work environment exerts indirect influence on creativity by contributing to two significant social-psychological conditions that are conducive to creativity, namely dynamism and freedom. The study specifies attributes of the physical work environment perceived to be positively and negatively associated with both of these conditions.
On a generalization of W.A.J. Luxemburg's asymptotic problem concerning the Laplace transform☆

Abstract In this paper we prove a more general case of Luxemburg's asymptotic problem concerning the Laplace transform: The problem deals with the conservation of a certain asymptotic behavior of a function at infinity, under analytic transformation of its Laplace transform. The theory of commutative Banach algebras tells us that the problem is equivalent to a family of special cases of the original problem, viz. a set of convolution integral equations, parametrized by a complex variable λ. For ∥ λ ∥ large enough, we may use Luxemburg's original result, and for other λ we modify the integral equations, and apply a modification of Luxemburg's result.
Life is not a shopping cart: three keys to building brands and improving customer loyalty

Purpose – With the average consumer receiving six million marketing messages each year, it is increasingly difficult for marketers to achieve their desired impact. The purpose of this article is to provide ideas on sustaining brand loyalty in a crowded marketplace.Design/methodology/approach – The paper cites a recent study to explain the reason for a disconnect between consumers and marketers, and why some brand loyalty programs fall short. It then provides the author's ideas for rebuilding a relationship with consumers, citing examples from the Air Miles Rewards Program.Findings – By incorporating the three ideas presented within the article, it is believed that marketers can create deeper, more meaningful, relevant and mutually beneficial relationships with their customers.Practical implications – Although consumers are assaulted by six million marketing messages each year, marketers can still take steps to keep their customers loyal. The paper reminds marketers that a brand is a promise and offers ide...
Variations in the sialic acid concentration of glomerular basement membrane preparations obtained by ultrasonic treatment.

Several authors (10, 15, 6, 1, 20) have suggested that sialic acid is a component of the glomerular basement membrane (BM) . Investigations by Spiro (20) have shown that BM preparations obtained by ultrasonic treatment of whole glomeruli contain two distinct carbohydrate moieties, in approximately equal proportions : one is a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose, believed to be intrinsically associated with collagen, and the other is a heteropolysaccharide consisting of galactose, mannose, hexosamines, sialic acid, and fucose . We have presented histochemical evidence that sialic acid is present in the glomerulus and that it is located not in the basement membrane proper but in the cell membranes lining the basement membrane (18, 14). Preceding us, Rambourg and Leblond (17) demonstrated a carbohydrate-rich cell coat, acidic in nature, at the surface of glomerular cells, and recently Gronowski et al . (3) and Jones (4) published results similar to ours . The present study was undertaken in an attempt to demonstrate that basement membrane preparations obtained by ultrasonic treatment, a customary procedure for biochemical analysis, are contaminated by cell membranes and that the sialic acid content of such preparations increases with the rising centrifugal force at which they are collected .
Detecting clustering in streams

We consider an anomaly detection problem. We are interested in whether or not a stream of data contains an unusual number or distribution of positives. Abstractly, the problem can be stated as follows: given a binary string, we wish to determine if the number or distribution of 1's differs significantly from a known spontaneous rate. Furthermore, we consider the presence of an adversary who may try to distribute the 1's into ‘clusters’ to fool our test. We compare tests to detect this type of clustering to a simple test on the number of 1's, and show that clustered data is significantly easier to detect than i.i.d. data. We show that a test on the sum of the reciprocal run lengths in a binary sequence typically performs as well as the classical Wald-Wolfovitz test, and significantly better in some cases. We also show that if the length of the input stream is small, a simple additive correction term improves the detection rate of this test by a modest 1–2%.
A molecular dynamics simulation of collisional excitation in sputtering from Al

Abstract The molecular dynamics sputtering code SPUT2 was modified to permit investigation of core excitation in Al following bombardment with 5 keV Ar + ions. This code was used to investigate sputtering mechanisms responsible for the ejection of core-excited atoms from solid surfaces. Simulations were carried out with the ion incident along both low- and high-index directions. In contrast to most previous studies, essentially all ejection of core-excited atoms resulted from asymmetric collisions (i.e. collisions between the incident ion and a target atom). When the ion is incident along a low-index direction, core-excited atoms arise almost exclusively from the first layer of the target. When the ion is incident along a high-index direction, core-excited atoms are found to eject from deeper layers as well.
Framework for maximum likelihood analysis of neutron β decay observables to resolve the limits of the V − A law

We assess the ability of future neutron $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay measurements of up to $\mathcal{O}({10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$ precision to falsify the standard model, particularly the $V\ensuremath{-}A$ law, and to identify the dynamics beyond it. To do this, we employ a maximum likelihood statistical framework which incorporates both experimental and theoretical uncertainties. Using illustrative combined global fits to Monte Carlo pseudodata, we also quantify the importance of experimental measurements of the energy dependence of the angular correlation coefficients as input to such efforts, and we determine the precision to which ill known ``second-class'' hadronic matrix elements must be determined in order to exact such tests.
Effect of thermal annealing on the properties of cadmium sulfide deposited via chemical bath deposition

Abstract This study elucidates how post-deposition annealing in air of CdS thin films deposited via chemical bath deposition, influences the defects and impurities in the films, which in turn affect the electrical conductivity and optical transparency of the films. The electrical properties of the annealed CdS films were characterized using a van der Pauw Hall effect measurement method. Using low-temperature photoluminescence measurements, a variety of sub-bandgap energy levels were observed and identified that are believed to play a critical role in impacting the concentration of carriers in the films. In addition, we studied the optical transmission and crystalline quality of the films as a function of the different annealing conditions.
The weak neutral current of the nucleon

Experiment and theory related to the neutral weak current of the nucleon is briefly reviewed. Completed measurements include those of the SAMPLE (MIT-Bates), HAPPEX (JLab) and PVA4 (Mainz) experiments. The future plans for the latter two experiments and those for the G0 experiment (JLab) are also discussed. The review includes discussion of the physics associated with the contributions of different quark flavors to the nucleon vector currents, as well as that associated with the axial vector currents. PACS: 13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons – 14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons – 25.30.-c Elastic electron scattering – 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries – 12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections
The Role of Docetaxel in Nonplatinum-Based Combination Chemotherapy for non—small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract A number of newer chemotherapeutic agents including docetaxel, gemcitabine, irinotecan, and vinorelbine have demonstrated substantial activity in the treatment of non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Their palliative role as single agents and in combination with platinum has been well defined in NSCLC. More recently, combining these agents without platinum has been the primary objective of numerous worldwide clinical trials. Two of these docetaxel/nonplatinum-based combinations have demonstrated comparable activity to platinum-based regimens in randomized trials. While platinum-based chemotherapy remains an important therapy for treatment of NSCLC, nonplatinum combinations may be a reasonable alternative for patients. These docetaxel/nonplatinum combinations warrant further evaluation in randomized trials to define their optimal role as standard therapy for NSCLC.
A space-based superconducting microwave oscillator clock

Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Oscillators, SCSO, have produced the most stable clocks to date, achieving an Allen variance of 3×10−16 for integration times between 102 and 103 seconds. Cavity frequency variations are mainly caused by acceleration effects due to gravity and vibrations, temperature variations, and fluctuations in the energy stored in the cavity. We describe the status of a project aimed at building an improved cavity system suitable for use on the International Space Station, ISS. Primary experimental applications include the measurement, in conjunction with other types of clocks, of the dependence of fundamental constants on the gravitational potential, gravitational redshift measurements, and the measurement of the anisotropy of the velocity of light. A major secondary application is as a flywheel for the atomic clocks co-located on the ISS.
A Correlative Study of Fluid Mechanics and Evidence of Thrombus Formation Within the Penn State 50 CC Left Ventricular Assist Device

An estimated 82.6 million American adults live with one or more forms of cardiovascular disease and in past years, it was the cause of over 55% of all deaths in the United States, more than any other type of major disease [1]. With a limited number of available donors, heart transplants are seldom an option. As a result, ventricular assist devices (VADs) have become a viable alternative to immediate transplant. Today, VADs are widely used as bridge-to-recovery, bridge-to-transplant and destination therapy devices. Despite past improvements in VAD design, a major complication that continues to arise is thrombus formation within the pump.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Modeling sediment concentration in debris flow by Tsallis entropy

Abstract Debris flow is a natural hazard that occurs in landscapes having high slopes, such as mountainous areas. It can be so powerful that it destroys whatever comes in its way, that is, it can kill people and animals; decimate roads, bridges, railway tracks, homes and other property; and fill reservoirs. Owing to its frequent occurrence, it is receiving considerable attention these days. Of fundamental importance in debris flow modeling is the determination of concentration of debris (or sediment) in the flow. The usual approach to determining debris flow concentration is either empirical or hydraulic. Both approaches are deterministic and therefore say nothing about the uncertainty associated with the sediment concentration in the flow. This paper proposes to model debris flow concentration using the Tsallis entropy theory. Verification of the entropy-based distribution of debris flow concentration using the data and equations reported in the literature shows that the Tsallis entropy-proposed model is capable of mimicking the field observed concentration and has potential for practical application.
Size-Related Susceptibility of Salmonids to Two Strains of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

Abstract Infectious hematopoietic necrosis is generally considered a disease of salmonid alevins, fry, and early juveniles. It has been suggested that this disease kills only young salmonids and that susceptibility decreases with increased size and age of the fish. To determine if decreased susceptibility occurs with increasing size, we exposed four different sizes of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (mean weight, 0.2–13.1 g) and kokanee (lacustrine sockeye salmon) Oncorhynchus nerka (0.2–7.2 g) to two waterborne strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Both species were exposed to four concentrations of a type-1 virus strain, which was isolated from fish in Oregon, and a type-2 virus strain obtained from fish in Idaho. Neither strain of virus was consistently more virulent over all exposure concentrations for kokanee at the 0.2-g fish size, At all other sizes, kokanee were consistently more susceptible to the Oregon strain than to the Idaho strain (sign test, P < 0.002). Conversely, all sizes...
Publication patterns concerning the role of teams/groups in the information systems literature from 1990 to 1999

By reviewing 28 reputable journals that serve as outlets for information systems and operations management/research, 220 articles relating to information systems and teams/groups were identified over a 10-year period from 1990 through 1999. These articles were classified into 22 topic areas and subsequently cross-tabulated. The data indicate that the number of articles published in this area peaked in the mid 1990s, and that Communications of the ACM, Decision Support Systems, Information & Management, and Journal of Management Information Systems were the primary outlets. Key topic areas intersecting with teams/groups include: decision making, decision support systems, human factors, intra-organization systems, project management, telecommunications, and software. Also, connections between organizational behavior/social psychology and the current teams/groups research in information systems were discovered.
Application Of High Resolution Laser Writers To Computer Generated Holograms And Binary Diffractive Optics

The Computer Imaging Branch of the Corporate Manufacturing Technology Center at Texas Instruments has developed a series of high precision laser writers with effective pixel sizes ranging from 10 microns to 0.5 micron. Although developed for printed circut board and semiconductor photomask applications, the speed and resolution of the systems make them useful for the generation of computer generated holograms, and for applications in binary diffractive optics. These laser writing systems are described, and some applications to computer generated holograpy and binary diffractive optics are presented.
Performance in classical eyelid conditioning as a function of the lengthening of the CS-UCS interval

After receiving 49 eyelid conditioning trials with an ISI of 500 msec., human Ss were shifted to intervals of 600, 800, 1000, 1500, and 2500 msec. It was found that percentage of CRs of a latency appropriate to the original interval decreased during the post-shift trials for all groups with the exception of Group 600. Conditioning of the CRs appropriate to the new ISI was a negative function of the extent to which the interval was lengthened. Contrary to previous findings, these latter CRs did not develop gradually.
Early Open Radical Commissurotomy: Surgical Treatment of Choice for Mitral Stenosis

Abstract Between 1967 and 1979, 411 patients underwent surgical treatment of isolated mitral stenosis at our institution. Open radical mitral commissurotomy was performed in 150 patients (1967–1978; mean follow-up, 46 months; range, 4 to 116 months). Mitral valve replacement using a porcine prosthesis was performed in 74 patients (1976–1979; mean follow-up, 23 months; range, 2 to 48 months). Mitral valve replacement with a cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prosthesis was performed in 187 patients (1967–1975; mean follow-up, 45 months; range, 2 to 106 months). Preoperative characteristics were similar in the three groups. The open commissurotomy and Starr-Edwards groups were followed up to 9 years and the porcine valve group up to 4 years, with 97% follow-up in each group. Life-table analysis (6-month intervals) of all postoperative complications revealed significantly greater complication-free survival for patients who had open radical commissurotomy compared with Starr-Edwards ( p p > 0.05) when comparing the need for subsequent reoperation in each group. Operative mortality following open radical mitral commissurotomy (0%; 0 out of 150) was significantly less ( p p p > 0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that when the anatomy is favorable, the surgical treatment of choice for isolated mitral stenosis is open radical mitral commissurotomy.
Identifying hospitalized infants who have bronchiolitis and are at high risk for apnea.

Study objective Young infants with bronchiolitis are at risk for apnea. We seek to determine the rate of apnea in young infants with bronchiolitis and evaluate the performance of a predefined set of risk criteria for identifying infants at high risk for the development of apnea. Methods We identified a retrospective cohort study of patients treated in the emergency department (ED) of an urban pediatric tertiary care hospital from November 1995 to June 2000. All infants younger than 6 months who met our study definition of bronchiolitis and were admitted to the hospital were included. We developed, a priori, a set of risk criteria for identifying patients at high risk for apnea. Children were considered to be at high risk for apnea if (1) they were born at full term and were younger than 1 month, (2) they were born preterm ( Results Nineteen of 691 (2.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7% to 4.3%) infants admitted with bronchiolitis developed apnea while hospitalized. All 19 patients with apnea were identified by our risk criteria (100% sensitivity; 1-sided 97.5% CI 82% to 100%). No patient classified as low risk subsequently developed apnea (100% negative predictive value; 1-sided 97.5% CI 99% to 100%). Conclusion The rate of apnea among young infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis is low. Our clinical risk criteria successfully identified a low-risk group of infants whose risk of apnea is less than 1%.
The HOX-MEIS connection in AML

Comment on Wang et al, page [254][1] In this issue of Blood , Wang and colleagues have shed light on the molecular mechanisms whereby 2 homeobox genes—one oncogenic (Hoxa9) and one not (Meis1) —can collaborate to cause acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Hoxa9 is frequently upregulated in
Incremental query evaluation in a ring of databases

This paper approaches the incremental view maintenance problem from an algebraic perspective. We construct the algebraic structure of a ring of databases and use it as the foundation of the design of a query calculus that allows to express powerful aggregate queries. The query calculus inherits key properties of the ring, such as having a normal form of polynomials and being closed under computing inverses and delta queries. The k-th delta of a polynomial query of degree k without nesting is purely a function of the update, not of the database. This gives rise to a method of eliminating expensive query operators such as joins from programs that perform incremental view maintenance. The main result is that, for non-nested queries, each individual aggregate value can be incrementally maintained using a constant amount of work. This is not possible for nonincremental evaluation.
Volatile emissions from the flea beetle Altica litigata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with invasive Ludwigia hexapetala

The flea beetle Altica litigata (Chrysomelidae) is an insect herbivore to plants within the families Lythraceae and Onagraceae, including ornamentals such as crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia spp. This insect is important both as a pest species and as a naturally occurring biological control agent due to its aggregate feeding behavior, which typically results in severe defoliation of the host plant. Despite the negative economic impact to ornamentals and contrary benefits as a biological control agent, there are few reports on the semiochemical communication of this family of insects. Uruguayan primrose-willow (Ludwigia hexapetala) is an invasive aquatic weed in California and serves as a host to A. litigata. To better characterize this association, the volatile emissions of A. litigata were collected while the flea beetles were: in containers by themselves, in containers with L. hexapetala leaves, in situ on L. hexapetala leaves in a growth chamber, and in situ on L. hexapetala leaves in the field. For comparison, the volatile emissions of A. litigata associated with two subspecies of creeping water primrose (L. peploides) were also evaluated. Two himachalene-type sesquiterpenes, showing the same carbon skeleton as compounds previously reported from Aphthona flava and Epitrix fuscula, were detected as volatiles from A. litigata.
Salience-based reinforcement of a spiking neural network leads to increased syllable production

Canonical babbling is vocal babbling that contains syllabic patterning like that in adult speech. Its emergence during the first year of human infancy is one of the most significant pre-speech vocal motor milestones. This paper focuses on a spiking neural network model that controls the lip and jaw muscles of an articulatory speech synthesizer and learns to produce canonical babbling. The model was adapted to receive reinforcement when it produced a sound with high auditory salience. Salience-reinforced versions of the model increased their rates of canonical babbling over the course of learning more than their yoked controls. This supports the idea that both intrinsic reinforcement and social reinforcement both contribute to human acquisition of canonical babbling.
Targeting pemphigus autoantibodies through their heavy-chain variable region genes.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal blistering disease characterized by autoantibodies against cell surface adhesion proteins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg1. Previous studies using phage display to clone Dsg-reactive monoclonal antibodies from a PV patient demonstrated that a limited number of antibody variable region genes encode the autoantibody repertoire, with different genes for pathogenic and non-pathogenic mAbs. Here, we investigated the feasibility of specific autoantibody targeting in pemphigus. We produced rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies against two pathogenic and two non-pathogenic PV mAbs. Antisera inhibited binding of the immunizing mAb to Dsgs by ELISA as well as pathogenicity against cultured human keratinocytes. Antisera also inhibited other mAbs using the same variable region heavy chain (VH) genes, despite different light chains or somatic mutations. Additionally, peptide phage display identified peptide sequences that bound PV mAbs in a VH-specific manner. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of VH gene-targeted reagents, preimmune sera and antisera were used to adsorb pathogenic antibodies from PV sera. Pooled antisera significantly reduced pathogenic activity from the original PV patient's serum and bound pathogenic antibodies from two other PV sera, suggesting shared autoantibody VH gene usage among PV patients. Together, these data suggest novel VH gene-targeted approaches toward PV treatment.