cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Glycosylphosphatidylinositols Accumulate on Endosomes: Toxicity of Alpha-Toxin to Leishmania major

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are ubiquitous glycolipids in eukaryotes. In the protozoan Leishmania major, GPIs occur “free” or covalently linked to proteins (e.g., gp63) and polysaccharides. While some free GPIs are detected on the plasma membrane, specific sites where GPIs accumulate intracellularly are unknown in most cells, although the glycolipids are synthesized within the secretory system. Herein, we describe a protocol for identifying intracellular sites of GPI accumulation by using alpha-toxin (from Clostridium septicum). Alpha-toxin bound to gp63 and GPIs from L. major. Intracellular binding sites for alpha-toxin were determined in immunofluorescence assays after removal of GPI-anchored macromolecules (e.g., gp63) from the plasma membrane of fixed cells by using detergent. Endosomes were a major site for GPI accretion in L. major. GPI-less gp63 was detected at the endoplasmic reticulum. In studies with live parasites, alpha-toxin killed L. major with a 50% lethal concentration of 0.77 nM.
Temperature affects c-di-GMP signalling and biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae.

Biofilm formation is crucial to the environmental survival and transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the facultative human pathogen responsible for the disease cholera. During its infectious cycle, V. cholerae experiences fluctuations in temperature within the aquatic environment and during the transition between human host and aquatic reservoirs. In this study, we report that biofilm formation is induced at low temperatures through increased levels of the signalling molecule, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Strains harbouring in frame deletions of all V. cholerae genes that are predicted to encode diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) or phosphodiesterases (PDEs) were screened for their involvement in low-temperature-induced biofilm formation and Vibrio polysaccharide gene expression. Of the 52 mutants tested, deletions of six DGCs and three PDEs were found to affect these phenotypes at low temperatures. Unlike wild type, a strain lacking all six DGCs did not exhibit a low-temperature-dependent increase in c-di-GMP, indicating that these DGCs are required for temperature modulation of c-di-GMP levels. We also show that temperature modulates c-di-GMP levels in a similar fashion in the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not in the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This study uncovers the role of temperature in environmental regulation of biofilm formation and c-di-GMP signalling.
Roadmap for power quality standards development

Power quality standards provide the basis for achieving compatibility between the characteristics of the electric supply system and end use equipment. They provide the methods for evaluating performance, define equipment requirements, and outline relative responsibilities. This paper describes the status of important power quality standards around the world and presents a roadmap for ongoing standards development.
TAK1 Inhibition Promotes Apoptosis in KRAS-Dependent Colon Cancers

SUMMARY Colon cancers frequently harbor KRAS mutations, yet only a subset of KRAS mutant colon cancer cell lines are dependent upon KRAS signaling for survival. In a screen for kinases that promote survival of KRAS-dependent colon cancer cells, we found that the TAK1 kinase (MAP3K7) is required for tumor cell viability. The induction of apoptosis by RNAimediated depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of TAK1 is linked to its suppression of hyperactivated Wnt signaling, evident in both endogenous and genetically reconstituted cells. In APC mutant/ KRAS-dependent cells, KRAS stimulates BMP-7 secretion and BMP signaling, leading to TAK1 activation and enhancement of Wnt-dependent transcription. An in vitro-derived ‘‘TAK1 dependency signature’’ is enriched in primary human colon cancers with mutations in both APC and KRAS, suggesting potential clinical utility in stratifying patient populations. Together, these findings identify TAK1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for a treatment-refractory subset of colon cancers exhibiting aberrant KRAS and Wnt pathway activation.
Computer forensics using graphics processing unit for file searching

In this project, I conduct a research that strives to make a huge impact on the area of computer forensics. When performing various investigations the process of finding evidence can be a lengthy one in terms of time and resources. We felt it would be cool if we could somehow use a GPU to aid in computer forensic investigations, particularly searching for files. The objective of this research is to test the time efficiency of a standard search method, and compare the results with GPU multi-threading search method. My hypothesis is that the GPU multiprocessors will significantly reduce the time and resources it takes to go through with an investigation of searching for files. My hypothesis is that the GPU multiprocessors will significantly reduce the time and resources it takes to go through with an investigation of searching for files, rendering the time it takes obsolete so that the original, reliable evidence may be used for prosecutions, validation of misconduct, etc. The structure of the graphics processing unit is designed specifically for heavily, complex computations, compared to central processing units that are designed for memory and storage purposes.
Computational Equivalence of Fixed Points and No Regret Algorithms, and Convergence to Equilibria

We study the relation between notions of game-theoretic equilibria which are based on stability under a set of deviations, and empirical equilibria which are reached by rational players. Rational players are modeled by players using no regret algorithms, which guarantee that their payoff in the long run is close to the maximum they could hope to achieve by consistently deviating from the algorithm's suggested action. We show that for a given set of deviations over the strategy set of a player, it is possible to efficiently approximate fixed points of a given deviation if and only if there exist efficient no regret algorithms resistant to the deviations. Further, we show that if all players use a no regret algorithm, then the empirical distribution of their plays converges to an equilibrium.
Basic Concepts in Q Membrane Chromatography for Large‐Scale Antibody Production

The large-scale production of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies demands economical purification processes with high throughputs. In this article we briefly describe a common antibody process and evaluate the Q membrane adsorber for process-scale antibody production as an alternative to a Q-packed-bed column in a flow-through mode. The scientific concepts underlining Q membrane technology and its application are reviewed. The disadvantages and advantages of using Q membrane chromatography as a purification unit in large-scale production are discussed, including problems initially seen with the Q membrane scale-down model but solved with the invention of a new scale-down model. The new Q-membrane unit operation has a process capacity greater than 3,000 g/m(2) or 10.7 kg/L with a LRV over 5 for four model viruses. In this Review, a cost analysis illustrates that Q membrane chromatography is a viable alternative to Q column chromatography as a polishing step in a flow-through mode for process-scale antibody production.
Prognostic value of MYC rearrangement in cases of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma

BACKGROUND: B-cell lymphoma, Unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma, for convenience referred to here as unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma, is a category in the 2008 World Health Organization system used for a group of histologically aggressive neoplasms that are difficult to classify definitively. Currently, there is no established standard therapy for these neoplasms. METHODS: The authors assessed MYC status and correlated it with treatment response and outcome in a group of 52 patients with unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma treated with either a standard DLBCL regimen (R-CHOP [rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone-related therapy]) or more intensive regimens, such as R-hyper-CVAD (rituximab plus hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine). The regimens were selected by the treating clinicians based on the overall clinical and pathological findings. RESULTS: Thirty (58%) unclassifiable B-cell lymphomas had MYC abnormalities (MYC+) including 27 with rearrangement, 2 with amplification, and 1 with both. The MYC+ and MYC− groups were similar in their age distribution and International Prognostic Index scores. Progression-free survival of patients with MYC+ unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma treated initially with R-CHOP was significantly worse than patients treated with R-hyper-CVAD (P = .0358). In contrast, for the MYC− unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma group, some patients responded to R-CHOP, and others were refractory to R-hyper-CVAD. CONCLUSIONS: MYC aberrations are common in unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma. The presence of MYC aberrations identifies a patient subset that requires more aggressive therapy than R-CHOP. In contrast, MYC− unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma patients responded variably to either R-CHOP or aggressive therapy, and the latter showed no survival advantage. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Effects of mutations and deletions in the human optineurin gene

Optineurin is a gene associated with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Foci formation and functional consequences including Golgi fragmentation, impairment of vesicle trafficking and apoptosis were observed previously upon overexpression and/or mutation of optineurin. In the current study, a total of 15 GFP tagged constructs that included NTG (E50K and 2 bp-AG insertion), ALS (exon 5 deletion, R96L, Q398X, and E478G) and non-disease (L157A and D474N) associated mutants and a series of deletion fragments were cloned into mammalian expression vectors and transfected into RGC5 and/or Neuro2A cells to evaluate whether their expression confer the optineurin phenotypes. The cells were monitored for foci formation and stained by immunofluorescence with anti-GM130 to analyze the Golgi integrity. Transferrin uptake experiments were performed to evaluate the protein trafficking process and apoptosis was assessed with the active caspase 3/7 detection kit. We demonstrated that cells expressing E50K and R96L optineurin exhibited all of the optineurin phenotypes. Q398X mutant did not induce foci formation, but triggered Golgi fragmentation, impairment of transferrin uptake and increase in apoptosis. The 2 bp-AG insertion mutant had a nuclear localization, compromised the transferrin uptake and strongly induced apoptosis. The foci formation, which might not predict the rest of the phenotypes, appeared to require both the leucine zipper and ubiquitin binding domains of the optineurin sequence. Interactions of optineurin with proteins including Rab8, myosin VI, huntingtin and transferrin receptor might directly determine whether the Golgi and protein trafficking phenotypes would be manifested. Examination of mutants and deletion fragments located at various sites of optineurin gene provide clues as to what regions of the gene may play a critical role in the development of pathologic consequences.
Efficient Multiphase Cooling System for Large Area Using Multiple Jet/Spray

Jet/spray cooling is a way of efficiently removing heat from a hot surface like in the back plate for high power electronic devices. In the present work, a close loop liquid jet/spray setup with a novel effluent/spent liquid removal system is established for large area cooling. A 4×4 nozzle array is used to generate the spray/jet targeting the heat source area of 4 (2×2) cm2 . Flourinert FC-72™ is used as coolant liquid. The thermal performance data for multi-jet/spray cooling in a closed and confined system are obtained at various liquid temperatures and flow rates. The experimental work illustrates the multi-jet cooling system can reach critical heat fluxes up to 101 W/cm2 . The results showed that the heat flux is increased with liquid sub-cooled temperature and flow rates in single phase as well as in phase change zone. It is further observed that the critical heat flux (CHF) increases with liquid sub-cooled temperature and flow rates.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Millimeter-wave Fermi tapered slot antennas on micromachined silicon substrates

This paper presents 90 GHz Fermi-type tapered slot antennas (TSA) on a micromachined 100 /spl mu/m thick silicon substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=11.7) and for comparison purposes, 90 GHz Fermi-type TSA on 150 /spl mu/m thick quartz substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.78). A 100 /spl mu/m thick wafer is chosen because it is compatible with 90-100 GHz low-noise amplifier circuits on GaAs-InP substrates. The effective thickness of the substrate was reduced by selectively micromachining holes in the silicon wafer using deep reactive ion etching (deep RIE). The radiation patterns of the micromachined antennas were significantly better than the nonmicromachined version and had similar radiation patterns to the quartz design. The etched hole diameter was changed from 300 to 750 /spl mu/m with minor effect on the radiation patterns. This shows that the predominant reason for the improved patterns lies in the reduced effective dielectric constant and not in substrate-mode suppression effects. This type of antenna is well suited for millimeter-wave imaging arrays.
THE EFFECT OF HAPTOGLOBIN POLYMER SIZE ON HEMOGLOBIN BINDING CAPACITY.

Resume Cet article fait rapport sur la purification des haptoglobines seriques (Hp) et sur la resolution partielle de ses polymeres par filtration sur gel. Il est demontre que les polymeres de grande taille lient moins d'hemoglobine par poids que le font les polymeres de petite taille. Ceci est pour l'auteur une explication probable des differences du taux d'haptoglobine observees dans les trois types de phenotypeet mentionnees dans la literature. Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird uber die Reinigung des Serumhaptoglobins (Hp) sowie uber die partielle Trennung dessen Polymere durch Gelfiltration berichtet. Dabei zeigte sich, das die groseren Polymere pro Gewichtseinheit weniger Hamoglobin binden als die kleineren. Dies eroffnet eine plausible Erklarung fur die in der Literatur mitgeteilten Unterschiede des mittleren Hp-Spiegels bei den drei Hauptphanotypen.
A high speed compact priority encoder

A high-speed compact priority encoder for high-density parallel operations is developed. A simple and highly efficient CMOS technique is implemented for the construction of the priority resolution (PR) modules. The technique is based on a staircase array structure, and it is shown that the use of such an array reduces the hardware and causes parallel operations in the modules within the same level. This, in turn, reduces the overall time delay in the device by a large amount. A selective use of the precharge/predischarge scheme also provides a considerable reduction in the time response of the PR modules. >
Coaching on the Wave: An Integrative Approach to Facilitating Youth Development

Central to the ability of successfully utilizing sport as a social intervention to promote youth developmental outcomes is the role of the youth sport leader (YSL). While many YSLs care for the youth-athletes with whom they work, many YSLs do not have a purposeful intent when facilitating sport as a social intervention. One strategy developed to increase the YSL's ability to intentionally facilitate sport towards youth development is the Coaching on the Wave model, which offers a framework for YSLs to apply theory and research into their coaching practices to intentionally promote positive youth outcomes such as life-skill development.
Numerical study of oscillatory solutions of the gas-dynamic equations

Solutions of the one-dimensional gas-dynamic equations with oscillatory initial data are studied numerically. A fourth-order ENO scheme is used, together with an artificial compression method to effectively eliminate the smearing of contact discontinuities. The numerical results show that the oscillations die out in velocity and pressure, and persist in density. A system of equations governing the propagation of these oscillations is derived.
Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game

John Thorn, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2011, xvi+365 pp, index, $26 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7432-9403-4 Author John Thorn is the official historian of major league baseball and has written or edited o...
Surgical Management of Complex Lower-Extremity Trauma With a Long Hindfoot Fusion Nail A Case Report

UNLABELLED High-energy injuries can result in complete or partial loss of the talus. Ipsilateral fractures to the lower limb increase the complexity of surgical management, and treatment is guided by previous case reports of similar injuries. A case of complex lower-extremity trauma with extruded and missing talar body and ipsilateral type IIIB open tibia fracture is presented. Surgical limb reconstruction and salvage was performed successfully with a single orthopaedic implant in a manner not described previously in the literature. The purpose of this case report is to present the novel use of a single orthopaedic implant for treatment of a complex, open traumatic injury. Previous case reports in the literature have described the management of complete or partial talar loss. We describe the novel use of a long hindfoot fusion nail and staged bone grafting to achieve tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis for the treatment of complex lower-extremity trauma. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, Level IV: Case study.
U.S. Tax Treaty Policy and the European Court of Justice

This Article considers the effects of EC law on U.S. tax treaty policy. The discussion is framed by the controversy over the legality of tax treaty limitation on benefits clauses (LOBs) in the wake of recent ECJ decisions, and it argues that U.S. tax treaty policy is on a collision course with the tax jurisprudence of the ECJ.
Urban minority youth: alcohol and marijuana use and exposure to unprotected intercourse.

The authors investigated the use of alcohol and marijuana in the context of sexual relationships with a view to their impact upon the consistency of condom use by urban minority youth. 1435 interviews were conducted with African-American and Hispanic youths aged 15-24 in low-income areas of Detroit over the period February-July 1991. 587 of the Black youths and 422 Hispanics were sexually active. Sexually active respondents were of mean age 19.4 years. 47.1% were male and 49.3% were still in school. Regression models were employees to test the effects of alcohol and marijuana use with sexual partners while controlling for the effects of respondents sexual histories. In so doing the consistency of condom use was found to decrease when alcohol or marijuana are used with partners. Alcohol use had a greater negative effect upon condom use for Hispanic men and marijuana for African-American women than it did for Hispanic women and African-American men. The authors conclude that safer-sex minority youth and emphasize the increased risk of HIV exposure which may result from substance use casual sex and sex with multiple partners.
Polyclad Neurobiology and the Evolution of Central Nervous Systems

The rationale for studying flatworm neurobiology has long been the fact that, anatomically, their nervous systems appear to be intermediate between those of the Cnidarians and the more centralized ones of higher metazoans. It has been thought that understanding flatworm nervous systems would lead to an appreciation of, and insight into, the events involved with the early evolution of brains and central nervous systems. One of the problems of this approach is that the early events that occurred during the initial centralization of nervous systems must have happened so long ago in time that present day organisms can only represent a mere shadow of the actual events. We do not know if centralization occurred several times and independently. Certainly one suspects that the centralization in the Cnidaria and in the Hemichordata might have been independent of those of other metazoans. It is not clear if this also implies that the initial centralization of the protostome and deuterostome lines is independent.
Neuroinvasiveness of Poliomyelitis Virus in Relation to Vitamin D Nutrition.

SummaryPoliomyelitis developed in all of 8 rhesus monkeys following the injection of freshly passaged “M.V.” virus into their sciatic nerves. In 6 of these monkeys roentgenologic examinations of the long bones and determinations of inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphorus in the blood just before inoculation gave no evidence of vitamin D deficiency. Indications of varying degrees of this deficiency were present in the other two animals.There was no evidence that the capacity of poliomyelitis virus to invade the central nervous system along peripheral nerves depended on vitamin D deficiency.
Moxalactam Therapy for Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections

Moxalactam, a new cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity, was evaluated for safety and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of genital tract infections in women. Fifty-three patients with postpartum endometritis or acute or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease were treated with 2 g of moxalactam iv every 8 hr, usually for five days or longer. Appropriate cultures of peripheral blood, endometrium, cul-de-sac aspirates, urine, wound, and endocervix (only for Neisseria gonorrhoeae) were performed. Overall, 90.6% (48 of 53) of the patients were successfully treated with moxalactam--86.2% (25 of 29) and 95.8% (23 of 24) of the patients with endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease, respectively. Therapy failed in one of five bacteremic patients with endometritis. Of all the bacteria isolated from appropriate culture sites, 58% (224 of 383) were anaerobes, with anaerobic gram-negative rods--particularly Bacteroides bivius-and gram-positive cocci being predominant. Of 206 anaerobic strains tested with moxalactam by agar dilution techniques, 82% (169 of 206) were susceptible (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC], less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), 11.6% (24 of 206) were moderately susceptible (MIC, 16-32 micrograms/ml), and 6.3% (13 of 206) were resistant (MIC, greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml). Among the aerobic isolates, enterococci were uniformly resistant. Thus, moxalactam performed well as a single agent in this open clinical trial for women with infections of the genital tract.
Optical Interference Coating Curriculum at the University of Rochester’s Institute of Optics

This paper will highlight the history of coatings professors at the University of Rochester, how the initial curriculum has stood the test of time, and the use of new curriculum in advanced design techniques.
Measurement and simulation of wake deceleration

Transport aircraft performance is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the high-lift system. Wakes subjected to strong adverse pressure gradients in high-lift systems can thicken very rapidly, limiting maximum lift. A combined experimental and computational investigation has been conducted to evaluate performance of several turbulence models in simulating this type of flow. In the experiment, a turbulent wake was subjected to adverse pressure gradients in a symmetric diffuser. LDV surveys, pressure measurements, and flow visualization were used to investigate the physics of this decelerated wake, through the onset of wake reversal. NavierStokes calculations were also performed for a flat plate wake in a two-dimensional diffuser. For diffuser angles similar to the experiment, the calculations under-predicted wake growth and failed to demonstrate wake reversal.
A kinetic model for approximately isentropic solutions of the Euler equations

Abstract The purpose of the paper is an investigation of compactness properties of a family of solutions of a BGK-type model for the system of the Euler equations for isentropic flows. The model involves a parameter that measures deviation of a kinetic density from the equilibrium distribution. It is shown that, in the vanishing relaxation time limit, the kinetic densities accumulate on a density, that corresponds an approximately isentropic solution of the Euler equations.
HSV-2 antigens absent from biopsied cervical tumor cells: a model consistent with latency.

SummaryBacterial type β-glucuronidase activity is absent in human feces at birth and increases in human and rat feces with age. In rats there is an association of glucuronidase activity with increases in anaerobic flora. Antibiotics which reduce the anaerobic flora eliminate enzyme activity from rat cecal content in vivo and in cultures. Gross cultures of rat cecal content produce glucuronidase only under anaerobic conditions and enzyme production rapidly diminishes in the absence of substrate (glucuronide). Isolation of individual organisms that released glucuronidase into the media was difficult and required maintenance of strict anaerobic conditions and substrate in the media. A variety of anaerobes were found to produce the enzyme.
Determination of Furazolidone in Food by HPLC and ELISA

Objective To detect furazolidone in food by solid phase extraction(SPE)-high performance liquid chromatography and ELISA.Methods The sample was extracted by aeetonitrile,removed ester by hexane,purified by SPE(Alumina B),gradient solvents eluted,separated with a Hypemil ODS C18(4.6×250mm,5um),then detected by HPLC.Quantitative determination was carried out with the advanced ELISA detection method and stat Rayto RT-6100 readout.Results The recovery range of determination was 94.8%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 3.4%.The detection limit of furazolidone was 0.2ng/kg by HPLC.The content of furazolidone was between 50ng/kg and 4,050ng/kg,CV was in the range of 2%～5%,the recovery rate was between 87.3% and 107.5%,and the standard curve r was between-0.995 and-0.999 by ELISA.Conclusions ELISA method is simple,sensitive and rapid,with little interference.HPLC is accurate and reproducible.
PD Method for Unconstraining Estimation in Revenue Management:Beyond the Normal Demand

The PD method is more flexible than EM algorithm for unconstraining estimation in revenue management.An assumption of Non-normal distribution for the nominal unconstrained demand data is more suitable for the demand characteristics in the Lead-time Intervals of the products under the practice of revenue management,including Lognormal,Gamma,Exponential and Poisson distribution.This paper derives formulae of PD methods when nominal demand is assumed to follow non-normal distributions mentioned above.Concerning the probability that sample data may be entirely censored in the calculation process,the applications of them are improved.Numerical examples are given to illustrate the simple iteration and the easy convergence processes of the proposed methods.Compared with the EM algorithms,the effectiveness of the proposed PD methods is verified.The impacts of parameter r on the effect of unconstraining estimation are also analyzed and summarized.
The Impact of Adoption on the Poor

If adoption of improved technology was all that mattered to improving the welfare of the poor — as tends to be posited in the appropriate technology approach — there would be no need to proceed beyond the lessons of the case-study material that was reviewed in Chapter 2. However, as was pointed out in Chapter 1, the immediate and future impact of adoption on poverty is an extremely complex matter, depending as it does on a set of variables that are normally neglected in the implicit assumptions of the appropriate technology approach. Some of the most important and restrictive of these assumptions have to do with its characterization of the nature of poverty in the non-modern sector.
Electoral System Design in New Democracies

Elections in the wake of dramatic transitions from authoritarian regimes to democracy may confront voters with choices that are unattractive or bewildering, or both. This paper examines the conditions that produce tractable sets of party options for voters, presents cross-national data on the choice sets and competitiveness in elections after dramatic transitions, and examines how the electoral formula used in proportional elections can affect electoral outcomes. The paper argues that, in transitional contexts characterized by high uncertainty, electoral rules that reward economies of moderate scale, such as the Hare Quota formula, can encourage the development of attractive choice sets. As democracies and party systems develop, however, the case for electoral rules that confer representational bonuses on winning parties gains traction.
A technic for sampling bone marrow from the living mouse.

A technic for sampling bone marrow from the living mouse has been described and illustrated.
A neuro-fuzzy controller for multilevel renewable energy system

Recently, Development and the utilization of single phase based multilevel inverters has been increased. This paper proposes concept based new topology based seven level inverter with less number of power electronics switches with utility grid connection. This proposed multilevel inverter operates with only eight power electronics switches at their fundamental frequency. This inverter produces seven level output from the input here we considered as a photovoltaic system. The cost, complexity, switching losses is small due to because of usage of less number of switches. The DC/DC converter receives input from which the three positive output voltages are generated and the multilevel inverter performs as a polarity reversal that provides both the positive and negative cycle output. For further enhancement in the output waveform, the filter circuit can be integrated in the output terminal of the multilevel inverter. This paper also proposed a concept of a neuro-fuzzy controller for controlling the seven level inverter. The simulation results are observed by means of MATLAB Simulink toolbox.
Self-Assembling Nanocomposite Tectons

The physical characteristics of composite materials are dictated by both the chemical composition and spatial configuration of each constituent phase. A major challenge in nanoparticle-based composites is developing methods to precisely dictate particle positions at the nanometer length scale, as this would allow complete control over nanocomposite structure–property relationships. In this work, we present a new class of building blocks called nanocomposite tectons (NCTs), which consist of inorganic nanoparticles grafted with a dense layer of polymer chains that terminate in molecular recognition units capable of programmed supramolecular bonding. By tuning various design factors, including the particle size and polymer length, we can use the supramolecular interactions between NCTs to controllably alter their assembly behavior, enabling the formation of well-ordered body-centered cubic superlattices consisting of inorganic nanoparticles surrounded by polymer chains. NCTs therefore present a modular platf...
A Study of the Electrical Fields at the Surface of the Head

(1966). A Study of the Electrical Fields at the Surface of the Head. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 6, Index Issue, pp. 114-128.
Novel Antifungal Activity for the Lectin Scytovirin: Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii

Pathogenic cryptococci are encapsulated yeast that can cause severe meningoencephalitis. Existing therapeutic options are dated and there is a growing need for new alternative antifungal agents for these fungi. Here we report novel inhibition of pathogenic cryptococci by the antimicrobial lectin Scytovirin. Inhibition was most potent against C. neoformans var neoformans and C. gattii, with MFC values of 500 nM. Scytovirin binding was localized to the cell wall and shown to affect capsule size and release. No effect was observed on melanization or with cells grown in the presence the cell wall stressor Congo red. Synergy which existing antifungals was indicated, most strongly for amphotericin B. Overall, Scytovirin serves as a much needed new avenue for anticryptococcal development.
Qualitative Analysis of Registered Nurses' Perceptions of Lactation Assessment Tools: Why and How They Are Completed.

Background:Although lactation assessment tools are consistently used in clinical practice, there is no evidence describing registered nurses’ perspectives regarding the purpose and thought processes involved when conducting a breastfeeding assessment.Research aim:This study aimed to explore registered nurses’ perceptions on the purpose of lactation assessment tools and the thought processes involved in completing one.Methods:Seven focus groups were held from April 2015 through July 2015, in coordination with regional and international lactation and perinatal conferences. Participants included 28 hospital-based registered nurses who routinely used a lactation assessment tool to assess postpartum mothers with healthy breastfeeding newborns. Focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and content analyzed by two lactation researchers to identify relevant themes and subthemes.Results:The analyses identified four different purposes of breastfeeding assessment tools (Teaching and Assessing Simultaneousl...
Oxidizing Nano Particles (Smog) Induce Protective Levels of Proteasome via the Nrf2 Signal Transduction Pathway in Young but Not Old Female Mice

Environmental toxicants can act as accelerators of protein damage, with excess accumulation of protein aggregates promoting the aging process. Fortunately, organisms rely upon the adaptive homeostatic response to mitigate damage accumulation. The leading transcriptional activator associated with adaptation to oxidative stress is Nrf2, which upon nuclear translocation, can upregulate a plethora of stress responsive proteins, including the 20S proteasome. To understand the impact of environmental toxicants upon the adaptive homeostatic response in a mammalian mouse model, young (6 month) and middle-aged (21 month) female mice were exposed to either filtered air or reaerosolized vehicular-derived nanoparticulate (nPM) matter. Our findings suggest age and nPM exposure to impact the inducibility of the adaptive homeostatic response. Exposure to nPM in young tissue caused an adaptive increase in Nrf2 and its target genes. Conversely, nPM exposure in middle age, resulted in the lack of Nrf2-induction and increase in Nrf2 transcriptional inhibitors, Bach1 and c-Myc, accompanied with a parallel loss in adaptability of Nrf2-responsive genes, including the proteasome. These findings match a similar age-associated trend found in nPM-exposed male mice. More importantly, these results demonstrate the conserved trend of the age-dependent loss of the adaptive response , first demonstrated in the nematode worm and fruit fly, and now, in a mammalian mouse model.
Temperature independent low loss dielectrics based on quaternary pyrochlore oxides

Abstract Quaternary pyrochlore phases of the general formula Bi2-xCaxM2-yM'yO7-x/2+y/2 (M = Ti, Hf, Sn; M' = Sb, Nb, Ta) were prepared by solid state reactions and characterized via structural and dielectric properties. The cubic a-lattice parameters show an expected linear relationship with the ionic radii of the substituted M cations. The solid solution Bi2-xCaxSn2-ySbyO7-x/2+y/2 was analyzed by X-ray and neutron diffractions. The solubility limit is close to x = 1.3, and for x > 1.3, the reaction products contain a mixture of the pyrochlore phase and the Ca2Sb2O7 weberite phase. The refined formulas for compositions with nominal calcium content x = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 are Bi1.36Ca0.64Sn1.60Sb0.40O6.88, Bi0.82Ca1.18Sn1.10Sb0.90O6.86, and Bi0.76Ca1.24Sn1.06Sb0.94O6.85 respectively, indicating slight oxygen deficiencies. Temperature and frequency independent dielectric constants and low loss are observed at 1 MHz. The dielectric constants vary from 16 to 98 depending on the composition. We have also prepared new cubic quaternary pyrochlores with the formula BiCdMTeO7, where M = Al, Cr, Ga, In, Fe, Mn, and Sc. Magnetic property measurement shows paramagnetism in the M = Cr and Mn phases but antiferromagnetism with short-range correlations in the M = Fe phase. All these compositions are insulating. The measured dielectric constants and dielectric loss are independent of temperature and frequency.
The Role of the Semi-Periphery in Ecologically Unequal Exchange: A Case Study of Land Investments in Cambodia

Ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) and the closely related concept of ecological imperialism emphasize the deep inequalities of the global economic system that allow the exploitation of peripheral natures by core countries. However, in the case of land grabbing in Cambodia discussed in this chapter, emerging or semi-peripheral economies are increasingly engaging in overseas economic activities that are arguably as exploitative. What is needed is greater theoretical conceptual clarity of the role of semi-peripheral countries in the global ecology/capitalist economy. To begin with, even as semi-peripheral countries are engaging in forms of ecological imperialism with peripheral countries, this chapter outlines the key ways in which they remain subordinate to core economies. Second, the dynamics driving ecological imperialism or EUE from the semi-periphery to their peripheral neighbors are distinct. Specifically, such countries face an intense, upward competition in a hierarchical capitalist global economy that pressures them to industrialize rapidly. In addition, such countries continue to engage in peripheral activities that are centered on the extraction and export of primary commodities. All these dynamics result in domestic environmental degradation. Coupled with increasing levels of consumption resulting from economic growth, these emerging economies are increasingly driven to externally secure land and resources while facing environmental crises at home.
Characterization, Significance and Transfer of Hydrogen Uptake Genes from Rhizobium Japonicum

Nitrogenases from different sources exhibit ATP-dependent formation of both NH4 + and H2. Many N2-fixing microorganisms are able to recycle the nitrogenase-mediated H2 using a membrane-bound hydrogenase, thereby recovering some of the energy utilized in the formation of H2. The physiology, biochemistry and energetics of H2 recycling have been extensively reviewed (Dixon, 1978; Robson, Postgate, 1980; Adams et al., 1981; Eisbrenner, Evans, 1983; Evans et al., 1985).
Admission control in software-defined datacenter network in view of flow table capacity

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging technology providing flexibility and programmability to network. It is envisioned as a key enabler for future network innovation, especially for datacenter network. However, the wimpy capacity at switches, such as flow table capacity, brings challenges to the scalability of OpenFlow-based SDN. The large gap between the current flow table capacity and the number of needed flow entries in a datacenter requires a novel admission control mechanism in view of the switches' flow table capacity, instead of only considering the link capacity as in traditional network. In this paper, we proposed a controller level admission control mechanism addressing this problem, and its effectiveness is evaluated based on the numerical simulation results using a canonical three-tier datacenter topology. The simulation results indicate that with limited flow entry and buffer capacity at the switch, the proposed mechanism can provide service to 42% more users and increase the total received data by 23–25%. This lightweight mechanism also improves the network goodput by reducing the number of packet loss at the switch.
Catalytic Decomposition of Methane: Towards Production of CO-free Hydrogen for Fuel Cells

ABSTRACT The catalytic decomposition of methane has been investigated as a method to obtain pure hydrogen for fuel cells. Since it is crucial to know the exact concentration of CO (for operation in fuel cells), in this work ppm levels of CO in the hydrogen stream have been monitored. Methane decomposition studies on a variety of Ni-based catalysts have revealed a strong dependence of stability of the catalyst, nature of carbon and CO content on the support. The CO content in the hydrogen stream was ca. 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 250 ppm for Ni/SiO 2 , Ni/SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 and Ni/HY, respectively, after the CO formation rates had stabilized. The rate of CO formation was found to increase with increasing reaction temperature and decrease with increasing space velocity.
Neuroimaging for Isolated Sixth Nerve Cranial Neuropathy

An acute neurologically isolated sixth nerve palsy in an adult over age 50 with vasculopathic risk factors is most commonly due to microvascular ischemia. Traditionally, clinical recommendation has been to defer immediate neuroimaging in favor of “watchful waiting” anticipating spontaneous recovery of the ocular motor palsy, as imaging is usually unrevealing. However, this approach may result in a missed or delayed diagnosis of an alternative, potentially (or perceived) life threatening or treatable cause of sixth nerve palsy, such as a space occupying mass or infarction. This chapter reviews the causes of isolated sixth nerve palsy, current guidelines for diagnostic evaluation, and the studies on the yield of neuroimaging for this condition.
Elimination Yield Based Collision Resolution Protocol for Dense IoT Networks

We propose and evaluate a low-complexity random medium access control protocol for dense IoT applications. The protocol finds its origin in the HiperLAN standard and is based on Elimination Yield Non-Preemptive Multiple Access (EYNPMA). Collisions are resolved during a dedicated contention period at the beginning of the frame without coordination between nodes. We evaluate performance using analytical approach validated by computer simulations. Results show significant throughput increase in the context of IEEE 802.11 standard when the proposed protocol is used as a back off mechanism.
"Pay It Forward" and Higher Education Subsidies: A Theoretical Model

Since 2013, at least 24 states have considered legislation on Pay It Forward (PIF) models of higher education finance (which enable students to pay the price of college upon departure from an institution, as opposed to paying upfront tuition). This paper proposes a theoretical model of PIF policies within a framework in which voters belonging to different income groups vote over the level of subsidies to higher education. We analyze the impact of two facets of potential PIF policies – a deferred tuition approach and an income share approach – on college access and on voting equilibria over subsidy levels. The results show that college access is enhanced by PIF policies. The equilibrium level of subsidies depends crucially on the pattern of income distribution, in particular on the relationship between mean income and the income of the median income group. We show that the equilibrium level of subsidies to higher education will not necessarily decline under PIF, and may increase in some equilibria due to changes in college access for low income groups. We also present a descriptive cross-country empirical analysis showing that there are higher levels of access to college credentials in countries with deferred tuition systems.
Hypoxia inducible factor-2α increases sensitivity of colon cancer cells towards oxidative cell death

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors which promotes tumor cell growth, survival, metastasis and confers resistance to chemo and radiotherapies. Targeting hypoxic cells has been difficult. Moreover, inhibitors for the major transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α have not shown long-term efficacy in most cancers. We have previously shown that HIF-2α is essential for colon tumorigenesis. Using an unbiased screen, we show a significant increase in synthetic lethality of HIF-2α overexpressing tumor enteroids to oxidative cell death activators. The treatment with hypoxia mimetic FG4592 (Roxadustat), led to a robust increase in erastin-, RSL3-, and dimethyl fumarate-induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, our in-vitro data shows that HIF-2α knock-down cells are completely resistant to these drugs. HIF activation promotes upregulation of lipid synthesis genes in vitro and in vivo leading to oxidative stress. Taken together, our results suggest that this intrinsic sensitivity towards oxidative stress associated with hypoxia could be utilized as a persistent and dynamic form of cell death for colon cancer treatment.
Comb-based Subnoise RF Signal Detection and Wideband Signal Analysis

Hybrid signal processing circumvents need for full rate quantization imposed on conventional communication and sensing systems. By combining coherent frequency combs with subrate optical-to-electrical backplane, it is possible to map wideband signals to Fourier and Hilbert domains without relying on high rate digital computation.
Propaganda and the Threat of Force Against Iran

The United States has relied heavily on the use of unilateral and multilateral economic sanctions to prevent Iran from progressing in its nuclear program. Economic sanctions have been supplemented with propaganda and threat of force which are explained in this chapter. The chapter also explains how the Iranian government has reacted by spreading its own propaganda against the United States. In addition, the chapter discusses the covert operations which were conducted by the U.S. and its allies through their agents in Iran to sabotage Iran’s nuclear facilities and to assassinate the Iranian nuclear scientists.
Cybercrime 2.0: When the Cloud Turns Dark: Web-based malware attacks are more insidious than ever. What can be done to stem the tide?

As the Web has become vital for day-to-day transactions, it has also become an attractive avenue for cybercrime. Financially motivated, the crime we see on the Web today is quite different from the more traditional network attacks. A few years ago Internet attackers relied heavily on remotely exploiting servers identified by scanning the Internet for vulnerable network services. Autonomously spreading computer worms such as Code Red and SQLSlammer were examples of such scanning attacks. Their huge scale put even the Internet at large at risk; for example, SQLSlammer generated traffic sufficient to melt down backbones.