cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When the State Speaks, What Should it Say? How Democracies Can Protect Expression and Promote Equality (Introduction)

This is the introduction to my new book, When the State Speaks, What Should It Say?: How Democracies Can Protect Expression and Promote Equality.How should a liberal democracy respond to hate groups and others that oppose the ideal of free and equal citizenship? The democratic state faces the hard choice of either protecting the rights of hate groups and allowing their views to spread, or banning their views and violating citizens' rights to freedoms of expression, association, and religion. Avoiding the familiar yet problematic responses to these issues, political theorist Corey Brettschneider proposes a new approach called value democracy. The theory of value democracy argues that the state should protect the right to express illiberal beliefs, but the state should also engage in democratic persuasion when it speaks through its various expressive capacities: publicly criticizing, and giving reasons to reject, hate-based or other discriminatory viewpoints.Distinguishing between two kinds of state action -- expressive and coercive -- Brettschneider contends that public criticism of viewpoints advocating discrimination based on race, gender, or sexual orientation should be pursued through the state's expressive capacities as speaker, educator, and spender. When the state uses its expressive capacities to promote the values of free and equal citizenship, it engages in democratic persuasion. By using democratic persuasion, the state can both respect rights and counter hateful or discriminatory viewpoints. Brettschneider extends this analysis from freedom of expression to the freedoms of religion and association, and he shows that value democracy can uphold the protection of these freedoms while promoting equality for all citizens.
Species Interactions in Constructed Wetlands Result in Population Sinks for Wood Frogs ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) while Benefitting Eastern Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens )

Wetland construction has been used as a tool to mitigate wetland loss, but constructed wetlands might not provide the same functions as natural wetlands. Hundreds of long-hydroperiod wetlands have been constructed within the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky, in a ridge-top ecosystem where natural wetlands dry annually (i.e., have short hydroperiods). The constructed wetlands have been colonized by several amphibian species not historically associated with this ecosystem and that could have negative impacts on native amphibian species. We compared wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) reproductive success at constructed and natural wetlands and benefits of wood frog presence in constructed wetlands to eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Wood frog reproductive success was zero when eggs were laid in constructed wetlands: 7–70 % of eggs were consumed and no wood frog larvae were found. Eastern newts, present at all constructed wetlands, benefited from wood frog presence, i.e., newts in constructed wetlands with wood frog eggs had higher body condition than newts in natural wetlands. Wetland construction techniques should be altered so their hydrology mimics that of natural wetlands to support historically occurring species. Understanding the influence of species interactions, as habitat loss and modification increase, will continue to be critical for amphibian conservation.
Peracarids Associated with Sabellariid Worm Rock (Phragmatopoma Lapidosa Kinberg) at Sebastian Inlet, Florida, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT The amphipod and isopod crustaceans associated with colonies of the sabellariid worm Phragmatopoma lapidosa were sampled monthly from rock jetties at Sebastian Inlet, Florida, for 1 year. Six isopod and 10 amphipod species were collected. The isopods were strongly dominated by 2 species, Paradella dianae and Sphaeroma walkeri, which composed 98% of total isopod abundance. The amphipods were dominated by 3 species, Hyale perieri, Elasmopus pectinicrus, and Ampithoe pollex, which together made up 91% of total amphipod abundance. Densities of the dominant isopods showed 2 seasonal peaks, in early spring and in fall, associated with recruitment of small individuals to the habitat. Amphipod seasonal abundance patterns were species specific and generally less clear than for the dominant isopods. Maximum estimated abundances of both isopod species (35,000-50,000 m-2) and amphipod species (4,000-22,000 m-2) were high relative to maximum abundances recorded from other peracarid habitats in the region.
The Legal Writer, Making Offers No One Can Refuse: Effective Contract Drafting — Part 5

The article, the fifth part of a five-part series, covers the essentials of contract drafting.
Support for immigration reduction and physician distrust in the United States.

Objectives:Health research indicates that physician trust in the United States has declined over the last 50 years. Paralleling this trend is a decline in social capital, with researchers finding a...
The Politics of Maintaining Professional Values in the 21st Century

ABSTRACTLooking ahead, it seems clear that organizing together the values we espouse as a profession could help us to live and work in a global kinesiology community in the best possible way. It is politic, in that it seems sensible and judicious to act on this principle, to organize and maintain a coherent framework of professional values. In which case, it will require that we be political insofar as we collaboratively engage in the process of making uniform decisions that apply to all the members of our profession now, and in the future. To achieve that goal, an important challenge for the next generation of kinesiology is to develop and deliver a values education product that is efficacious and exciting—together. This means we all take responsibility for the mission of delivering a values-education product to the students that fits the goals of our academic unit and institution. This challenge is not just directed at the philosophers and ethicists in our midst. The need for values education spans the ...
Targeting mitogen‐activated protein kinase in acute ischaemic stroke

Despite the substantial progress that has been made over the past decades, there remains a dearth of approaches for the effective management of acute stroke. To date, many attempts for brain protection fail in clinical trials, presenting an unmet need for identification of new treatment options. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Gradation (approx. 10 size states) of synaptic strength by quantal addition of structural modules.

Memory storage involves activity-dependent strengthening of synaptic transmission, a process termed long-term potentiation (LTP). The late phase of LTP is thought to encode long-term memory and involves structural processes that enlarge the synapse. Hence, understanding how synapse size is graded provides fundamental information about the information storage capability of synapses. Recent work using electron microscopy (EM) to quantify synapse dimensions has suggested that synapses may structurally encode as many as 26 functionally distinct states, which correspond to a series of proportionally spaced synapse sizes. Other recent evidence using super-resolution microscopy has revealed that synapses are composed of stereotyped nanoclusters of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and scaffolding proteins; furthermore, synapse size varies linearly with the number of nanoclusters. Here we have sought to develop a model of synapse structure and growth that is consistent with both the EM and super-resolution data. We argue that synapses are composed of modules consisting of matrix material and potentially one nanocluster. LTP induction can add a trans-synaptic nanocluster to a module, thereby converting a silent module to an AMPA functional module. LTP can also add modules by a linear process, thereby producing an approximately 10-fold gradation in synapse size and strength. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.
Mobile Real Estate: Legal Status and Succession Principles

The subject of research in this article is mobile real estate as an object of civil rights, the actuality of research topic is predetermined by a wide range of legal regulation issues in connection with title relations in real estate sphere, demand intensity on mobile real estate and economic significance of real estate in commercial turnover of all countries. Currently, neither theory nor legal practice solved a number of issues related to legal status of mobile real estate. The purpose of this research is to determine the legal regime of mobile real estate and try to fill the gap in that area of civil law science. On the basis of this research, the core conclusion was made: mobile real estate should be determined as movable property with specific features including loose relation to land, unnecessary state registration, single component, unnecessary land title ownership. Mobile real estate should be inherited taking into account those specific features.
Impact of AC voltage stress on core NMOSFETs TDDB in FinFET and planar technologies

In this work, we explore the impact of AC stress voltage, frequency and duty cycle, on HK/metal gate core NMOSFET TDDB in FinFETs and planar technologies. Three observations are made: 1) Ratio of power on AC/DC decreases below 1kHz (∼0.25 at 10Hz) and increases at higher frequencies (∼5–10 at 100kHz). 2) Reducing the duty cycles also leads to a gain in AC/DC ratio. 3) Area scaled Weibull β shows a reduction (β_AC = ∼0.9 × β_DC) at high frequencies while voltage acceleration (VAE) increases (VAE_AC = 1.18 × VAE_DC). Based on our study ∼100mV gain in product V max is projected under AC stress in MHz or higher range.
Profiting from product-harm crises in competitive markets

Product-harm crises force managers to implement pricing strategies that optimally balance profitability with future potential costs of a recall. We propose a stochastic differential game to investigate what should be the optimal competitive pricing strategies in such contexts. In the proposed model, firms strategically choose prices taking into account that any player in the market can be forced to recall large volume of products at random dates. The characterization of the optimal pricing strategies yields novel managerial insights. We first find that prices of risk-prone products should be higher than prices of risk-free products due to the addition of state dependent risk-premia. Optimal pricing strategies differ depending on whether firms play Nash or Stackelberg. Furthermore, we find that despite its leadership position, the value function of the leader is lower than the value function of the follower. Finally, we discover that long term profits of competing firms can increase with intensities of the jump processes governing product harm crises. This surprising result happens because anticipating a product harm crisis softens price competition.
Electrical current generation in microbial electrolysis cells by hyperthermophilic archaea Ferroglobus placidus and Geoglobus ahangari

Few microorganisms have been examined for current generation under thermophilic (40-65°C) or hyperthermophilic temperatures (≥80°C) in microbial electrochemical systems. Two iron-reducing archaea from the family Archaeoglobaceae, Ferroglobus placidus and Geoglobus ahangari, showed electro-active behavior leading to current generation at hyperthermophilic temperatures in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). A current density (j) of 0.68±0.11A/m2 was attained in F. placidus MECs at 85°C, and 0.57±0.10A/m2 in G. ahangari MECs at 80°C, with an applied voltage of 0.7V. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that both strains produced a sigmoidal catalytic wave, with a mid-point potential of -0.39V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for F. placidus and -0.37V for G. ahangari. The comparison of CVs using spent medium and turnover CVs, coupled with the detection of peaks at the same potentials in both turnover and non-turnover conditions, suggested that mediators were not used for electron transfer and that both archaea produced current through direct contact with the electrode. These two archaeal species, and other hyperthermophilic exoelectrogens, have the potential to broaden the applications of microbial electrochemical technologies for producing biofuels and other bioelectrochemical products under extreme environmental conditions.
Utility of Modern Arthroscopic Simulator Training Models: A Meta-analysis and Updated Systematic Review

Purpose To determine the utility of modern arthroscopic simulators in transferring skills learned on the model to the operating room. Methods A meta-analysis and systematic review of all English-language studies relevant to validated arthroscopic simulation models using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines from 1999 to 2016 was performed. Data collected included the specific simulator model, the joint used, participant demographic characteristics, participant level of training, training session information, type and number of tasks, pre- and post-training assessments, and overall outcomes of simulator performance. Three independent reviewers analyzed all studies. Results Fifty-seven studies with 1,698 participants met the study criteria and were included. Of the studies, 25 (44%) incorporated an arthroscopic training program into the study methods whereas 32 (56%) did not. In 46 studies (81%), the studies' respective simulator models were used to assess arthroscopic performance, whereas 9 studies (16%) used Sawbones models, 8 (14%) used cadaveric models, and 4 (7%) evaluated subject performance on a live patient in the operating room. In 21 studies (37%), simulator performance was compared with experience level, with 20 of these (95%) showing that clinical experience correlated with simulator performance. In 25 studies (44%), task performance was evaluated before and after simulator training, with 24 of these (96%) showing improvement after training. All 4 studies that included live-patient arthroscopy reported improved operating room performance after simulator training compared with the performance of subjects not participating in a training program. Conclusions This review suggests that (1) training on arthroscopic simulators improves performance on arthroscopic simulators and (2) performance on simulators for basic diagnostic arthroscopy correlates with experience level. Limited data suggest that simulator training can improve basic diagnostic arthroscopy skills in vivo. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I through IV studies.
Dempster-Shafer theory for combining in silico evidence and estimating uncertainty in chemical risk assessment

Abstract In safety and risk assessment, various sources of evidence can be used to predict whether a given chemical compound may pose a risk for a particular type of toxicity. Evidence may come from computational approaches, such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, rule-based structural alerts, or experimental data from assays relevant to the toxicity endpoint. Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) is a rigorous decision-theory approach that provides a way to generate predictions, estimate the uncertainty associated with each prediction, and combine multiple sources of evidence to obtain a weight-of-evidence prediction by quantitatively accounting for the reliability of each of the sources being combined. The general approach is presented for different types of classification models with illustrative examples for binary, ordinal, and multinomial classification. Application of the DST approach to model skin sensitization hazard potential based on local lymph node assay (LLNA) experimental data is presented.
Myasthenia gravis with muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase antibodies: A narrative review

Growing evidence provides new insights about myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK-MG), including its pathogenesis, clinical and electrophysiological manifestations, and treatment. Data now support the presence of both presynaptic and postsynaptic dysfunction in MuSK-MG. This is 1 of many key differences between MuSK-MG and acetylcholine receptor antibody-MG (AChR-MG), especially as it pertains to potential therapeutic implications. In comparison to AChR-MG, MuSK-MG is generally more refractory to treatment. However, because MuSK-MG is better understood and more readily recognized today, there are more reports of a relatively benign course. The most effective immunotherapies for MuSK-MG are corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and rituximab. With appropriate therapy, most patients with MuSK-MG achieve minimal manifestation status or better on the postintervention status outlined by the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. A minority of patients remain refractory to treatment, and optimal management for this group remains a considerable challenge. Muscle Nerve 58: 344-358, 2018.
Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Mammary Gland Composition and Inflammation

Studies in rodents have shown that dietary modifications as mammary glands (MG) develop, regulates susceptibility to mammary tumor initiation. However, the effects of dietary PUFA composition on MGs in adult life, remains poorly understood. This study investigated morphological alterations and inflammatory microenvironments in the MGs of adult mice fed isocaloric and isolipidic liquid diets with varying compositions of omega (ω)-6 and long-chain (Lc)-ω3FA that were pair-fed. Despite similar consumption levels of the diets, mice fed the ω-3 diet had significantly lower body-weight gains, and abdominal-fat and mammary fat pad (MFP) weights. Fatty acid analysis showed significantly higher levels of Lc-ω-3FAs in the MFPs of mice on the ω-3 diet, while in the MFPs from the ω-6 group, Lc-ω-3FAs were undetectable. Our study revealed that MGs from ω-3 group had a significantly lower ductal end-point density, branching density, an absence of ductal sprouts, a thinner ductal stroma, fewer proliferating epithelial cells and a lower transcription levels of estrogen receptor 1 and amphiregulin. An analysis of the MFP and abdominal-fat showed significantly smaller adipocytes in the ω-3 group, which was accompanied by lower transcription levels of leptin, IGF1, and IGF1R. Further, MFPs from the ω-3 group had significantly decreased numbers and sizes of crown-like-structures (CLS), F4/80+ macrophages and decreased expression of proinflammatory mediators including Ptgs2, IL6, CCL2, TNFα, NFκB, and IFNγ. Together, these results support dietary Lc-ω-3FA regulation of MG structure and density and adipose tissue inflammation with the potential for dietary Lc-ω-3FA to decrease the risk of mammary gland tumor formation.
Demonstration of Haptic Links: Bimanual Haptics for Virtual Reality Using Variable Stiffness Actuation

We present Haptic Links, electro-mechanically actuated physical connections capable of rendering variable stiffness between two commodity handheld virtual reality (VR) controllers. When attached, Haptic Links can dynamically alter the forces perceived between the user's hands to support the haptic rendering of a variety of two-handed objects and interactions. They can rigidly lock controllers in an arbitrary configuration, constrain specific degrees of freedom or directions of motion, and dynamically set stiffness along a continuous range. We demonstrate and compare three prototype Haptic Links: Chain, Layer-Hinge, and Ratchet-Hinge. We then describe interaction techniques and scenarios leveraging the capabilities of each. Our user evaluation results confirm that users can perceive many two-handed objects or interactions as more realistic with Haptic Links than with typical unlinked VR controllers. For details, see the full paper in the main conference proceedings.
Immunogenetics of Melanoma

Human melanoma of the skin is a disease that has received a great deal of attention from basic scientists and clinicians over the last several years. One reason for this increased interest is that the incidence of the disease is rapidly increasing in the United States as well as in other countries (Crombie, 1979; Cutler and Young, 1975; Elwood and Lee, 1974; Magnus, 1977; Ohsumi and Seiji, 1977). In attempting to understand the etiology of melanoma, one must consider two major factors: the genetic makeup of the host and environmental insults (Clark et al., 1977; Klepp and Magnus, 1979; McGovern, 1977). Ultimately, one would like to be able to identify highly susceptible individuals in the population early in life and provide measures to minimize or prevent insult by environmental agents. With this in mind, we will attempt to review the current state of knowledge with regard to the immunogenetics of melanoma in order to establish whether this goal is in sight. The authors have taken the liberty of selecting data by others that illustrate the current level of understanding in this area rather than attempting an all-encompassing review. Since the highest melanoma mortality rate in the United States is found in Alabama (Mason and McKay, 1974), we will review the immunogenetic data collected from patients mainly residing in the state of Alabama treated at the Melanoma Clinic of the University of Alabama in Birmingham. The clinical and pathological characteristics of this patient group have previously been published (Balch et al., 1978, 1979a,b, 1980, 1981; Balch, 1980).
Abstract 2672: Osmotic Therapy in the Management of Cerebral Edema after Stroke across the United States.

Introduction Osmotically active substances like mannitol and hypertonic saline are widely accepted options in management of cerebral edema after ischemic stroke. However, use of these agents can be very heterogeneous in practice given the lack of randomized clinical trials to confirm and compare their effectiveness. We queried the PREMIER database to investigate the differences in the use of osmotic therapy in ischemic stroke patients across the United States. Methods First ever ischemic stroke-related hospitalizations (ICD-9 codes 433.x1, 434.x1 and 436) of patients aged 18+ years were reviewed for fiscal years of 2007-2010 from the Premier Perspective™ Database. Use of osmotic therapy and time of its administration were determined through pharmacy billing records for mannitol and hypertonic saline while presence of documented cerebral edema was identified using ICD-9 diagnosis code 348.5.Differences in osmotic treatment were tested by gender and race of the patient as well as hospital characteristics. Results We identified 244,482 patients with first ever ischemic stroke. Of these, 12,301 (5%) were treated with osmotic therapy, the majority of which occurred within 7 days of hospitalization. Of those receiving osmotic therapy, 64% received mannitol, 44% received hypertonic saline and 7% received both treatments. The ICD -9 code for cerebral edema was associated to 11% of these cases. Essentially no differences in race (63% whites) and sex distribution (49% females) were found. The majority of osmotic therapy use occurred in urban areas (93%). There was no difference in use between teaching vs non-teaching institutions (51% vs 49%). Conclusions Despite the lack of evidence to support its effectiveness, we found that osmotic therapy was given to 5% of stroke patients during fiscal years 2007-2010, primarily in urban centers. Only a minority of treated cases were associated with the ICD-9 code for cerebral edema, which is the principal indication for this treatment, likely reflecting a diffuse underutilization of this diagnostic code in practice. Mannitol was more frequently used than hypertonic saline in both teaching and non-teaching hospitals. Randomized control trials are warranted to demonstrate the efficacy of osmotic therapy using mannitol or hypertonic saline in ischemic stroke.
Abstract TP258: Activation Of JAK/STAT3 Restores Nature Killer Cell Function and Improves Immune Defense After Brain Ischemia

Background: Stroke-induced immune suppression predisposes the host to infections, and can contribute to high morbidity and mortality in stroke patients worldwide. Since ischemic stroke has a profou...
Neurofibromatosis 2 in children presenting during the first decade of life.

Objective To educate providers to recognize the clinical presentation of neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) in young children. Methods A retrospective analysis of 22 children with NF2 from 4 tertiary care NF referral centers was performed. Age and signs/symptoms at initial presentation, age at NF2 diagnosis, family history, clinical/radiographic NF2 features, NF2 genetic testing results, and treatments were assessed. Results The average age at initial clinical presentation was 48.1 months, while the average age at NF2 diagnosis was 77.2 months. Children with a family history of NF2 (23%) tended to present earlier (mean 39.2 vs 50.7 months) and have shorter times to NF2 diagnosis (mean 1.6 vs 37.2 months). Vision/eye complaints (n = 9; 41%) were the most commonly reported presenting signs/symptoms. Meningiomas (n = 7; 32%) and ocular abnormalities (n = 5; 23%) were the most frequently identified initial NF2 features. Vestibular (n = 17; 77%) and peripheral (n = 15; 68%) schwannomas were the most common abnormalities encountered over the study period. Seventeen (77%) children required treatment, most frequently for vestibular schwannomas (n = 9; 41%), peripheral schwannomas (n = 7; 32%), and meningiomas (n = 7; 32%). Genetic testing was available for 13 individuals, in whom nonsense mutations were most commonly identified (n = 7; 54%). Conclusions Although uncommon, a substantial number of individuals with NF2 come to medical attention in early childhood. The finding of meningioma or characteristic ocular abnormalities (retinal hamartomas and epiretinal membranes) in young children should raise clinical suspicion for NF2 and prompt immediate referral to appropriate specialists for diagnosis and management.
Ruxolitinib for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease.

Introduction: Ruxolitinib is an oral selective JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, initially approved by the FDA for the treatment of intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis and patients with polycythemia vera ...
CHAPTER 5 – COMPREHENSIVENESS

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the controversial question of what should be included in the main arrangement of concordance. In the simplest form of concordance, complete texts go into the computer and every word in them is accorded exactly the same treatment: the capacity of the machine for undiscriminating reproduction of material is used to the full. As scholarship abhors a vacuum, the selective concordances became superseded by comprehensive or at least more comprehensive concordances. The growing interest in the statistical analysis of language led almost inevitably to demands for concordances in which every occurrence of every word in a corpus of writings was represented in the concordance. The strongest argument for the provision of an illustrative context for every occurrence of every word in the concorded text is supplied by the necessities of literary statistics. The concordance editor cannot be oblivious to the claims of economy, either of the cost of computation or publication. Favorable economic conditions and the importance of an author such as Shakespeare may justify the most comprehensive kind of concordance. Economy apart, there is certainly no harm in printing pages of context for a, the, and similar words when the author's canon is not extensive, but for authors as voluminous as Shaw and Dickens and other nineteenth-century novelists, the great bulk of entries under the most common syntactical terms, with the attendant cost of printing and publishing and the likelihood that those sections of the concordance would attract only scant use, must yield to economy.
Visual perception of light organ patterns in deep-sea shrimps and implications for conspecific recognition.

Darkness and low biomass make it challenging for animals to find and identify one another in the deep sea. While spatiotemporal variation in bioluminescence is thought to underlie mate recognition for some species, its role in conspecific recognition remains unclear. The deep-sea shrimp genus, Sergestes sensu lato (s.l.), is one group that is characterized by species-specific variation in light organ arrangement, providing us the opportunity to test whether organ variation permits recognition to the species level. To test this, we analyzed the visual capabilities of three species of Sergestes s.l. in order to (a) test for sexual dimorphism in eye-to-body size scaling relationships, (b) model the visual ranges (i.e., sighting distances) over which these shrimps can detect intraspecific bioluminescence, and (c) assess the maximum possible spatial resolution of the eyes of these shrimps to estimate their capacity to distinguish the light organs of each species. Our results showed that relative eye size scaled negatively with body length across species and without sexual dimorphism. Though the three species appear capable of detecting one another's bioluminescence over distances ranging from < 1 to ~6 m, their limited spatial resolution suggests they cannot resolve light organ variation for the purpose of conspecific recognition. Our findings point to factors other than conspecific recognition (e.g., neutral drift, phenotypic constraint) that have led to the extensive diversification of light organs in Sergestes s.l and impart caution about interpreting ecological significance of visual characters based on the resolution of human vision. This work provides new insight into deep-sea animal interaction, supporting the idea that-at least for these mesopelagic shrimps-nonvisual signals may be required for conspecific recognition.
Application of the gunsight technique to facilitate subintimal arterial flossing with antegrade-retrograde intervention for the treatment of lower extremity chronic total occlusion

Objectives: Endovascular treatment of atheromatous chronic total occlusions (CTOs) of the lower extremity using the subintimal arterial flossing with antegrade-retrograde intervention (SAFARI) method may fail due to inability to position the antegrade and retrograde wires in the same plane. Failed attempted SAFARI in three limbs, in two patients, was rescued using a gunsight technique. Material and Methods: Retrospective procedure database review revealed three procedures where an occlusion could not be crossed despite antegrade and retrograde access which were treated using a novel technique for percutaneous puncture through antegrade and retrograde loop snares (gunsight technique). Results: Three limbs in two patients (mean age: 64 years) were treated using the gunsight technique. All three CTOs were successfully crossed and dilated with angioplasty and/or stents. A positive clinical outcome was achieved in each of the three affected limbs. Conclusion: The gunsight technique can improve technical success of SAFARI in the treatment of CTOs for atheroocclusive disease when there is failure to cross the lesion with standard endoluminal or subintimal approaches.
Event Detection: Gate Diversity and Syntactic Importance Scores for Graph Convolution Neural Networks

Recent studies on event detection (ED) have shown that the syntactic dependency graph can be employed in graph convolution neural networks (GCN) to achieve state-of-the-art performance. However, the computation of the hidden vectors in such graph-based models is agnostic to the trigger candidate words, potentially leaving irrelevant information for the trigger candidate for event prediction. In addition, the current models for ED fail to exploit the overall contextual importance scores of the words, which can be obtained via the dependency tree, to boost the performance. In this study, we propose a novel gating mechanism to filter noisy information in the hidden vectors of the GCN models for ED based on the information from the trigger candidate. We also introduce novel mechanisms to achieve the contextual diversity for the gates and the importance score consistency for the graphs and models in ED. The experiments show that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on two ED datasets.
The Tubing, Hitch and Lasso, Intussusception Anchor (THALIA) Technique: A Novel Approach to Fixate the Penile Implant Reservoir.

Abstract Background Penile implant reservoir herniation or migration after inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement may occur with standard or submuscular placement. Additionally, fixating the tubing in patients with retained reservoirs may be helpful for future prosthetic surgeons. Aim We describe a novel technique to fixate IPP reservoirs in the preferred position. Methods We present our preferred technique to fixate IPP reservoirs to prevent migration or herniation. Outcomes We evaluated our success in preventing reservoir herniation or migration. Results 35 cases successfully underwent our new technique. 30 cases involved reservoirs that were thought to be at a high risk for migration. 5 cases were performed in non-infected retained reservoir scenarios where a reasonable attempt at removal either failed or was considered high risk. No immediate reservoir or infectious complications occurred. Mean follow-up was 5 months. The technique extended the case time by 5–10 minutes. Conclusion Our novel technique is feasible, and although further follow-up and power are needed, fixating the pump tubing may reduce reservoir complications. Yang D, Heslop D, Houlihan M, et al. The Tubing, Hitch and Lasso, Intussusception Anchor (THALIA) Technique: A Novel Approach to Fixate the Penile Implant Reservoir. J Sex Med 2021;18:224–229.
The role of ligands in atomically precise nanocluster-catalyzed CO2 electrochemical reduction

Ligand effects are of major interest in catalytic reactions owing to their potential critical role in determining the reaction activity and selectivity. Herein, we report ligand effects in the CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction at the atomic level with three unique Au25 nanoclusters comprising the same kernel but different protecting ligands (-XR, where X = S or Se, and R represents the carbon tail). It is observed that a change in the carbon tail shows no obvious impact on the catalytic selectivity and activity, but the anchoring atom (X = S or Se) strongly affects the electrocatalytic selectivity. Specifically, the S site acts as the active site and sustains CO selectivity, while the Se site shows a higher tendency of hydrogen evolution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the energy penalty associated with the *COOH formation is lower on the S site by 0.26 eV compared to that on the Se site. Additionally, the formation energy of the product (*CO) is lower on the sulfur-based Au nanocluster by 0.43 eV. We attribute these energetic differences to the higher electron density on the sulfur sites of the Au nanocluster, resulting in a modified bonding character of the reaction intermediates that reduce the energetic penalty for the *COOH and *CO formation. Overall, this work demonstrates that S/Se atoms at the metal-ligand interface can play an important role in determining the overall electrocatalytic performance of Au nanoclusters.
International Court-Curbing in Geneva: Lessons from the Paralysis of the WTO Appellate Body

Following a decade of international court creation during the 1990s, the 21st century has witnessed a widespread backlash against many international courts from dissatisfied member governments. By and large, studies of international court backlash have taken an optimistic tack, noting that most international courts have survived episodes of backlash intact or – in the case of the paralyzed Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) – are likely to do so after a temporary period of backlash-induced slumber. In this context, this paper analyzes the United States’ successful effort to paralyze the AB, to derive lessons from this striking case of backlash against one of the world’s most active and independent international courts. Undertaken in the context of a collective research project on “Reversing Delegation,” this account of the AB crisis is organized in five parts, examining in turn the empirical history of delegation, politicization, de-delegation, counter-mobilization, and the (interim) outcome of this episode during the Trump administration and the early months of the Biden Administration. First, I demonstrate that the creation of the AB was a classic instance of delegation of third-party dispute-settlement power, and that the AB quickly emerged as an active, and possibly activist, agent of international trade liberalization. Second, I explore the roots of US politicization of the AB, noting that dissatisfaction with AB jurisprudence preceded the Trump administration, although I argue that Trump’s politicization of the AB was more far-reaching, and more public, than that of his predecessors. Third, I examine the Trump administration’s stepped-up effort to use its veto power to paralyze the AB, an act of at least temporary de facto de-delegation. Fourth, I examine the pushback from the many other WTO members that sought to defend the AB: although these efforts have been widespread and consistent, I argue, they failed, over a period of years, to budge the US position. Fifth and finally, I analyze the outcome, thus far, of the US campaign, arguing that, by the standards of domestic curb-curbing activities, it has been remarkably successful, not only in temporarily paralyzing the AB but also in demonstrating that such efforts are allowed and even facilitated by WTO rules, planting the seeds for a potentially significant recontracting with the AB or its successor, and exerting a chilling effect on future AB judges following the end of the current crisis.
Your Patient Has Congenital Heart Disease--What Questions Should You Ask to Provide High-Quality Care?

Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect. About two-thirds of those individuals living with CHD are now adults. If you do not have in-depth knowledge of CHD, knowing what questions to ask and what resources to use can improve patient outcomes and satisfaction with care.
Directional point receivers: the sound and the theory

An acoustic vector sensor is described as a directional receiver that measures pressure (p) and all three components of acoustic particle velocity (u, v, w) at a collocated point. Another device, a dyadic sensor, measures in addition to acoustic pressure and the particle velocity vector, the gradients of acoustic particle velocity (the sum of the pure spatial derivatives of the velocity components being proportional to instantaneous density). Directional receivers provide a means to detect and localize acoustic sources. In an array configuration, directional elements can be used to eliminate discrete noise sources or to provide an equivalent acoustic baffle. A simple formulation is given to describe the directivity of multi-order directional receivers; and it is shown that, in theory, a single point sensor can be highly directive. In practice, however, additional self-noise mechanisms will likely limit the capabilities of directional sensors.
Linking Hierarchical Stratal Architecture to Plume Spreading in a Lagrangian-Based Transport Model

[1] In this article we present a new formulation of the Lagrangian-based model for macrodispersion of inert solutes. The formulation is based on a hierarchical expression of the spatial covariance of log permeability developed from recent findings at the well-studied Borden research site. The covariance expression represents a two-level hierarchy of stratal unit types with a corresponding hierarchy of permeability subpopulations. The covariance is a linear sum of terms corresponding to the probability of transitioning across stratal unit types of different scales, and these terms are directly related to quantifiable geometric attributes of the hierarchical stratal architecture at the Borden site. The new macrodispersion model is also a linear sum of terms, with different integral scales defined by the hierarchy of cross-transition probabilities and computed from the proportions and length statistics of the stratal unit types. The model allows the study of the contribution of each term to the composite particle displacement variance and thus the study of how the hierarchical stratal architecture influences plume spreading.
Fitting’s Lemma for ℤ/2-graded modules

Let Φ: R m → R d be a map of free modules over a commutative ring R. Fitting's Lemma shows that the Fitting ideal, the ideal of d x d minors of Φ, annihilates the cokernel of Φ and is a good approximation to the whole annihilator in a certain sense. In characteristic 0 we define a Fitting ideal in the more general case of a map of graded free modules over a Z/2-graded skew-commutative algebra and prove corresponding theorems about the annihilator; for example, the Fitting ideal and the annihilator of the cokernel are equal in the generic case. Our results generalize the classical Fitting Lemma in the commutative case and extend a key result of Green (1999) in the exterior algebra case. They depend on the Berele-Regev theory of representations of general linear Lie superalgebras. In the purely even and purely odd cases we also offer a standard basis approach to the module coker Φ when Φ is a generic matrix.
Collective Ion Acceleration with Linear Intense Relativistic Electron Beams

Because of technological limitations on rf power sources and dielectric breakdown strength, the accelerating fields in conventional particle accelerators are generally restricted to 104−105 V/cm. As a result, acceleration concepts which employ the very large self-fields of an intense relativistic electron beam have received considerable attention in recent years. In these new schemes, the accelerating fields are not imposed externally, but arise from the collective action of a larger number of particles (electrons) on a smaller number of particles (positive ions). Since the accelerating fields are not limited by electrical breakdown, collective methods may eventually lead to the compact, economical acceleration of intense currents of light or heavy ions to hundreds of MeV per nucleon. Potential areas of application of such beams include controlled thermonuclear research, electronuclear breeding, basic nuclear physics, material studies, and radiation therapy.
Group interventions in rural schools to assist with a community trauma.

Rural communities and school districts often face traumatic events. These can be the result of accidents, suicides, school bullying, and shootings. This paper documents a group crisis intervention at a rural high school after a horrific traffic accident where a vehicle struck and killed three students. When a crisis takes place in rural schools and communities, group work is an effective tool to offset the effects of grief and distress that students often experience. School personnel must create support groups within a short time following a traumatic event. Interventions are most effective when schools have a pre-determined action plan, have staff trained in correct intervention techniques, and can seamlessly transition into crisis intervention and support mode. Quick professional response through group support will help students alleviate the effects of traumatic events.
GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN DEFINED MEDIA

Friedman, Mischa E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and William G. Roessler. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in defined media. J. Bacteriol. 82:528-533. 1961-Listeria monocytogenes, strains A4413, JHH, and 9037-7, require organic sulfur, valine, and isoleucine for growth. In addition, A4413 requires leucine, whereas 9037-7 requires leucine, histidine, and arginine. Glutamine is stimulatory for all three strains. Further, A4413 is stimulated also by histidine, arginine, and methionine, and JHH by histidine, arginine, and leucine. With A4413, glutamine can be replaced by inorganic ammonium salts, urea, or asparagine but not by glutamic acid. Growth inhibition by d-serine is reversed by glycine or alanine. Growth with agitation in defined media is very poor and subculture is not possible unless unidentified products of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins are present.A requirement for lipoic acid was not observed with five strains of L. monocytogenes.
Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse and celiac disease

Abstract Objectives There is a genetic predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse. The link between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and ineffective development of immunity to the hepatitis B vaccine has been characterized in multiple studies. Celiac disease has a strong association with a particular HLA genotype of DQ2; interestingly, this HLA genotype is seen in association with nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine. We report a disproportionate number of patients with celiac disease who are nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine series. Methods We reviewed the hepatitis B vaccine records, serological tests for anti–hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti-HBs), and HLA genotypes of celiac disease patients identified as nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine. Subjects were identified from a database of patients diagnosed with celiac disease at our institution or referred to our center for evaluation and management of celiac disease between November, 2000, and October, 2002. Results A total of 23 subjects were reviewed. All had a clinical and pathological diagnosis of celiac disease. All subjects reported receiving the full series of hepatitis B vaccinations. Of the subjects, 19 had testing for hepatitis B vaccine response. Of these 19 subjects, 13 did not achieve long-term immunity as seen by the negative qualitative or quantitative anti-HBs antibody titer. All tested subjects were either homozygous or heterozygous for DQ2. Conclusions We postulate that celiac disease patients may have a significant predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse. Both celiac disease and hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse is genetically mediated. Celiac disease patients may have a failure of induction of humoral immune response needed for development of long term immunity; the mechanism for this is unclear.
A biochemical study of the intervarietal resistance of Pyrus communis to fire blight

Abstract The mechanism responsible for fire blight resistance in leaves of Pyrus communis appears to be wholly a host reaction, activated by mechanical damage to host tissues. The following factors were associated with leaves of highly resistant varieties: (1) presence of large amounts of arbutin and free hydroquinone in unaltered leaf homogenates; (2) accumulation and persistence of antibacterial concentrations of hydroquinone enzymatically released from arbutin during oxidation of leaf homogenates; and (3) disappearance, following cell disruption, of an unidentified antagonist of hydroquinone. The balance between the rapidity of the appearance and disappearance of antibacterial hydroquinone in mechanically damaged leaf tissue is a major determinant of relative blight resistance.
Interfacing Molecular Dynamics and Macro-Scale Simulations for Lipid Bilayer Vesicles

A continuum-level model for a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) is bridged to a corresponding atomistic model of a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer at various cholesterol concentrations via computation of the bulk modulus. The bulk modulus and other microscopically determined parameters are passed to a continuum-level model operating in time- and length-scales orders of magnitude beyond that which is accessible by atomistic-level simulation. The continuum-level simulation method used is the material point method (MPM), and the particular variation used here takes advantage of the spherical nature of many GUVs. An osmotic pressure gradient due to a solvent concentration change is incorporated into the continuum-level simulation, resulting in osmotic swelling of the vesicle. The model is then extended to treat mixtures of DMPC and cholesterol, where small domains of different composition are considered.