cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical and Disaster Preparedness of US Marathons.

BACKGROUND: Despite the events that occurred at the 2013 Boston Marathon (Boston, Massachusetts USA), there are currently no evidence-based guidelines or published data regarding medical and disaster preparedness of marathon races in the United States. PURPOSE To determine the current state of medical disaster preparedness of marathons in the US and to identify potential areas for improvement. METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted from January through May of 2014. The questionnaire was distributed to race directors of US road and trail marathons, as identified by a comprehensive internet database. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three questionnaires were available for analysis (19% usable response rate). Marathon races from all major regions of the US were represented. Runner medical information was not listed on race bibs in 53% of races. Only 45% of races held group training and planning sessions prior to race day. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) were immediately available on 50% of courses, and medications such as albuterol (30%), oxygen (33%), and IV fluids (34%) were available less frequently. Regarding medical emergencies, 55% of races did not have protocols for the assessment of dehydration, asthma, chest pain, syncope, or exercise-induced cramping. With regard to disaster preparedness, 50% of races did not have protocols for the management of disasters, and 21% did not provide security personnel at start/finish lines, aid stations, road crossings, and drop bag locations. CONCLUSIONS: Areas for improvement in the preparedness of US marathons were identified, such as including printed medical information on race bibs, increasing pre-race training and planning sessions for volunteers, ensuring the immediate availability of certain emergency equipment and medications, and developing written protocols for specific emergencies and disasters. Glick J Rixe JA Spurkeland N Brady J Silvis M Olympia RP. Medical and disaster preparedness of US marathons. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1-7. Language: en
Solar models with helium and heavy-element diffusion

Helium and heavy-element diffusion are both included in precise calculations of solar models. In addition, improvements in the input data for solar interior models are described for nuclear reaction rates, the solar luminosity, the solar age, heavy-element abundances, radiative opacities, helium and metal diffusion rates, and neutrino interaction cross sections. The effects on the neutrino fluxes of each change in the input physics are evaluated separately by constructing a series of solar models with one additional improvement added at each stage. The effective 1 σ uncertainties in the individual input quantities are estimated and used to evaluate the uncertainties in the calculated neutrino fluxes and the calculated event rates for solar neutrino experiments. The calculated neutrino event rates, including all of the improvements, are 9.3-1.4+1.2 SNU for the 37Cl experiment and 137-7+8 SNU for the 71Ga experiments. The calculated flux of 7Be neutrinos is 5.1 (1.00-0.07+0.06)×10^9 cm^-2 s^-1 and the flux of 8B neutrinos is 6.6(1.00-0.17+0.14)×10^6 cm^-2 s^-1. The primordial helium abundance found for this model is Y=0.278. The present-day surface abundance of the model is Ys=0.247, in agreement with the helioseismological measurement of Ys=0.242±0.003 determined by Hernandez and Christensen-Dalsgaard (1994). The computed depth of the convective zone is R=0.712R⊙, in agreement with the observed value determined from p-mode oscillation data of R=0.713±0.003R⊙ found by Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. (1991). Although the present results increase the predicted event rate in the four operating solar neutrino experiments by almost 1 σ (theoretical uncertainty), they only slightly increase the difficulty of explaining the existing experiments with standard physics (i.e., by assuming that nothing happens to the neutrinos after they are created in the center of the sun). For an extreme model in which all diffusion (helium and heavy-element diffusion) is neglected, the event rates are 7.0-1.0+0.9 SNU for the 37Cl experiment and 126-6+6 SNU for the 71Ga experiments, while the 7Be and 8B neutrino fluxes are, respectively, 4.5(1.00-0.07+0.06)×10^9 cm^-2 s^-1 and 4.9(1.00-0.17+0.14)×10^6 cm^-2 s^-1. For the no-diffusion model, the computed value of the depth of the convective zone is R=0.726R⊙, which disagrees with the observed helioseismological value. The calculated surface abundance of helium, Ys=0.268, is also in disagreement with the p-mode measurement. The authors conclude that helioseismology provides strong evidence for element diffusion and therefore for the somewhat larger solar neutrino event rates calculated in this paper.
SCRUB-tcpdump: A multi-level packet anonymizer demonstrating privacy/analysis tradeoffs

To promote sharing of packet traces across security domains we introduce SCRUB-tcpdump, a tool that adds multi-field multi-option anonymization to tcpdump functionality. Experimental results show how SCRUB-tcpdump provides flexibility to balance the often conflicting requirements for privacy protection versus security analysis. Specifically, we demonstrate with empirical experimentation how different SCRUB-tcpdump anonymization options applied to the same data set can result in different levels of privacy protection and security analysis. Based on these results we propose that optimal network data sharing needs to have different levels of anonymization tailored to the participating organizations in order to tradeoff the risks of potential loss or disclosure of sensitive information.
An Ecological Approach to the Prevention of Injuries Due to Drinking and Driving

Among the many alcohol-related public health concerns, motor vehicle crashes account for nearly one-third of all deaths attributable to alcohol. Adolescents and young adults, particularly males, are important target populations for intervention efforts. Taking an ecological perspective of individuals within their social and physical environments, a diagnostic framework is employed in reviewing the literature on factors associated with drinking and driving injuries and on interventions to prevent injuries due to drinking and driving. Intervention planning is conceptualized according to a multilevel intervention framework, which consists of four phases: (1) health goals selection, (2) intervention planning, (3) intervention, and (4) evaluation. Possible intervention objectives, targets of the intervention actions, intervention approaches, and evaluation criteria are identified and discussed for three societal levels and four practice settings.
Book review: Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence by Todd C. Moody (Prentice Hall, 1993)

This book presents philosophical issues related to the aims and methods of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Although it is introductory and assumes virtually no background knowledge of either philosophy or AI, it introduces and analyzes important foundational issues of AI. It is a text-book, but is suitable for a broad audience of readers who are interested in these foundational issues. Since most of these issues also pertain to the foundations of cognitive science, the book will be useful to readers interested in this interdisciplinary field. I will assume that the readers of this journal have general familiarity with the main topics covered in the book, including the Turing Test and John Searle's "Chinese Room Argument."
Lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults

Clinical and cytogenetic studied were done on 12 patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma. The ages of the patients ranged from 17 to 58 years (median, 24.5 years). Males predominated by a ration of 5:1. Ten of the 12 patients had a mediastinal mass at diagnosis; two thirds of the patients had involvement of the bone marrow (3 of 12 patients initially were in a leukemic phase), and 5 of 12 patients had involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) with lymphoma. In all patients, the malignant cells were characterized by nuclear convolutions. Cytogenetic studies done on four patients showed clonal chromosome abnormalities in two cases. Six of the 12 patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy regimen COPA and received CNS prophylaxis; their survival was slightly longer than that of the other patients, who were treated with a variety of treatment regimens. Two of the 12 patients achieved a complete remission. The median survival of all patients was 11.5 months but was shorter in patients with initial CNS involvement or leukemia. The poor results achieved thus far in the treatment of this disease demand a new therapeutic approach.
Computable shuffle sums of ordinals

The main result is that for sets \({S \subseteq \omega + 1}\), the following are equivalent: (1) The shuffle sum σ(S) is computable. (2) The set S is a limit infimum set, i.e., there is a total computable function g(x, t) such that \({f(x) = \lim inf_t g(x, t)}\) enumerates S. (3) The set S is a limitwise monotonic set relative to 0′, i.e., there is a total 0′-computable function \({\tilde{g}(x, t)}\) satisfying \({\tilde{g}(x, t) \leq \tilde{g}(x, t+1)}\) such that \({{\tilde{f}(x) = \lim_t \tilde{g}(x, t)}}\) enumerates S. Other results discuss the relationship between these sets and the \({\Sigma^0_3}\) sets.
Revisiting the income penalty for behaviorally gay men: Evidence from NHANES III

Abstract Four studies published in the last ten years use the General Social Surveys (GSS) to show that behaviorally gay/bisexual men earn 15–30 percent less than other men. In this paper I use independent data on sexual behavior from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III) and find that same-sex behaving men experience a statistically and economically significant income penalty on the order of 23–30 percent. Moreover, the strongest evidence for an income penalty is found for those men most likely to have a gay sexual orientation based on their lifetime sexual behavior. That the penalty for same-sex behaving men is robust across data sources suggests the need for more research into its causes and consequences.
Chronic prevention of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) G-protein coupling in the pontine parabrachial nucleus persistently decreases consumption of standard but not palatable food

Acute pharmacological studies implicate μ-opioid receptors (MORs) in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the brainstem in modulating eating. The long-term effects of preventing the cellular function of parabrachial MORs on food consumption remain to be elucidated. To determine whether (1) chronic inhibition of MOR-mediated G-protein coupling in the PBN of rats would persistently reduce eating and (2) food properties dictate the effects of MOR blockade. We microinfused the irreversible MOR antagonist, β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) into the lateral PBN and measured the intake of standard and calorically dense palatable chow for 1 week. First, rats were given standard chow for 20 h daily and a calorically dense palatable chow for 4 h during the day. We infused the agonist, [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Glycinol5]-Enkephalin (DAMGO), 1 week after β-FNA to probe the acute effects of exogenous stimulation of MORs on palatable food intake. [35S]GTPγS autoradiography quantified regional loss of MOR cellular function. Next, we measured the actions of β-FNA on food intake in rats given only standard or palatable chow for 1 week. One infusion of β-FNA persistently decreased consumption of standard but not palatable chow, regardless of feeding regimen. β-FNA also blocked DAMGO-stimulated palatable chow intake, prevented DAMGO-stimulated G-protein coupling in the central and external lateral subnuclei of the PBN, and decreased coupling in the medial PBN. β-FNA did not affect κ-opioid receptors. MORs in the lateral PBN serve a physiological role in stimulating consumption of standard food. Properties of the diet, such as high palatability or caloric density, may override the influence of inhibiting MOR function.
Anxiety Disorders and Intimate Relationships: A Study of Daily Processes in Couples

Although adults with anxiety disorders often report interpersonal distress, the degree to which anxiety is linked to the quality of close relationships remains unclear. The authors examined the relational impact of anxiety by sampling the daily mood and relationship quality of 33 couples in which the wife was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Use of a daily process design improved on prior methodologies by capturing relational processes closer to their actual occurrence and in the setting of the diagnosed partner's anxiety. Analyses revealed significant associations between wives' daily anxiety and both partners' perceptions of relationship quality. Associations were moderated by anxiety-specific support. Results also indicated significant concordance between wives' daily anxiety and husbands' distress. Concordance was stronger for husbands who reported frequent accommodation of wives' anxiety symptoms. Findings are discussed in the context of existing evidence on the social costs of anxiety disorders.
Immunity against experimental cholera.

SummaryCholeragen, administered paren-terally, immunized adult rabbits against intestinal challenge with either living cholera vibrios or with choleragen. A degree of resistance against choleragen could be passively transferred by serum to infant rabbits. These results suggest that choleragen offers promise as an effective immunogen against cholera although additional study is needed before any field studies can be performed.
The Value of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in the Management of Pulmonary Collapse

Nineteen fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures were performed on ten patients for the treatment of pulmonary collapse, All but two patients were being treated for severe, life-threatening nonpulmonary diseases. Thick, tenacious, and, at times, purulent mucous plugs were successfully aspirated from the bronchial passages. Complete to partial radiologic reexpansion of the collapsed pulmonary region was observed following all but one procedure. Significant improvement in Mood gas levels was also noticed immediately after the procedure. Bronchoscopic examination in these seriously ill patients did not cause any complications. The therapeutic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures in patients developing pulmonary collapse due to thick secretions and mucous plugs was demonstrated.
How Can Local Interactive on-Line Discussion Assist Culturally Diverse Students in Learning?

A naturalistic inquiry approach was employed to determine culturally diverse students' perception on use of a computer-based collaboration tool, Daedalas, for instruction. Twenty purposive informants were chosen to represent two groups with different cultural backgrounds. Interview, observation, and on-line logs were used for collecting data. Interesting results included that culture did not always make differences in interactive on-line instruction, and cultural minority students felt much easier expressing their perspectives for sharing and discussing with others in such instruction.
Evolution of Bloch-mode envelopes in two-dimensional generalized honeycomb lattices

Wave propagation in two-dimensional generalized honeycomb lattices is studied. By employing the tight-binding (TB) approximation, the linear dispersion relation and associated discrete envelope equations are derived for the lowest band. In the TB limit, the Bloch modes are localized at the minima of the potential wells and can analytically be constructed in terms of local orbitals. Bloch-mode relations are converted into integrals over orbitals. With this methodology, the linear dispersion relation is derived analytically in the TB limit. The nonlinear envelope dynamics are found to be governed by a unified nonlinear discrete wave system. The lowest Bloch band has two branches that touch at the Dirac points. In the neighborhood of these points, the unified system leads to a coupled nonlinear discrete Dirac system. In the continuous limit, the leading-order evolution is governed by a continuous nonlinear Dirac system. This system exhibits conical diffraction, a phenomenon observed in experiments. Coupled nonlinear Dirac systems are also obtained. Away from the Dirac points, the continuous limit of the discrete equation leads to coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations when the underlying group velocities are nearly zero. With semiclassical approximations, all the parameters are estimated analytically.
Diurnal carbon-14 partitioning between zooxanthellae and the coral animal tissue of intact Seriatopora hystrix colonies

At various times throughout the light period of a day, freshly harvested Seriatopora hystrix colonies in seawater were labeled with H14CO 3 - for 20 min and then washed thoroughly with fresh seawater. The labeled colonies were left in fresh seawater, and at time intervals (some as long as 27h) samples were removed, separated into zooxanthellae and coral animal tissue, and the radioactivity in the two fractions determined. In 30 to 60 min after initiating the experiments, the zooxanthellae retained 75 to 82% of the total label. Zooxanthellae labeled early in a day lose label throughout the day and near sunset retain about 55% of the total label in the colony. Colonies labeled in the last 1 to 2 h of daylight retain 65 to 73% of the label in the zooxanthellae. At night the zooxanthellae retain almost all of their 14C-labeled materials regardless of the labeling hour of the previous day. A loss of carbon at night from the zooxanthellae occurred only when the colonies were labeled in the last 1 to 2 h of daylight; the loss was approximately 5% over the night period. The next day, after several hours of light, 14C-labeled material again moved from the zooxanthellae to the animal tissue. We conclude that in the intact coral as much as 45% of the newly fixed carbon moves from the zooxanthellae to the animal tissue each day, but that little net carbon movement between these two organisms occurs at night.
Observations during development of an internal medicine residency training program in cardiovascular limited ultrasound examination.

BACKGROUND: Despite the future potential of using ultrasound stethoscopes to augment the bedside cardiac physical, few data exist on a general cardiovascular imaging protocol that can be taught to physicians on a perpetual basis as a curriculum in graduate medical education. METHODS: During the past decade, we developed and integrated a cardiovascular limited ultrasound training program within the confines of an internal medicine residency. The evidence-based rationale for the exam, the teaching methods, and curriculum are delineated, and subsequent observations regarding program requirements, proficiency, and academic outcomes are explored. Analysis of variance and linear regression assessed for relationships between academic scores, chief resident selection, and gender to proficiency in ultrasound. RESULTS: A brief, 5-minute cardiovascular limited ultrasound exam (CLUE) was taught using both didactic and bedside methods, and practiced primarily within the cardiology consult, outpatient clinic, and intensive care rotations. Program costs were minimized by employing readily available institutional resources. After a 2-year lead-in training phase, the subsequent 4 years of senior resident performance (n = 41 residents) showed an 81% pass rate in CLUE competency. Resident ultrasound performance did not relate to academic scores (r = 0.05, P = 0.75), chief resident selection, nor gender. Observations regarding resident pitfalls in CLUE practice and increased participation in extracurricular research are described. CONCLUSIONS: We report our initial experience in developing and implementing a training program for bedside cardiovascular ultrasound examination that employed evidence-based techniques, set proficiency goals, and assessed resident performance. It may be feasible to teach future internist–hospitalists the technique of bedside ultrasound during residency. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Retinotopic organization and functional subdivisions of the human lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus and the superior colliculus (SC) have been well studied in other primates, but the study of their organization and function in humans has been largely limited to lesion and post-mortem analyses. Here we show that the retinotopic structure of the LGN, including its eccentricity and polar angle magnification factors, can be measured with a 3T MRI scanner and a high-resolution imaging sequence (1.5 × 1.5 × 2 mm voxel size). Sensitivity to stimulus contrast varied throughout the extent of the LGN, and based on this, we attempted to distinguish the magnocellular and parvocellular divisions. In the SC, contralateral activation was observed, but unlike in the LGN, contrast sensitivity was uniform throughout its extent. Overview
Long-term clinical outcome of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation treated with amiodarone☆

The determinants of long-term clinical outcome were studied in 42 patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) who were treated with amiodarone as the sole antiarrhythmic agent. Of the 42 patients, 11 (26%) either died suddenly or had recurrent, symptomatic, sustained VT during a mean follow-up period of 10 months (range 0.3 to 45). Of the 19 patients without inducible VT/VF during electrophysiologic study while receiving amiodarone, 1 patient died suddenly but no patient had recurrent VT/VF. Ten of the 23 patients (43%) with persistently inducible arrhythmia have died suddenly or have had recurrent VT/VF. Using survival and stepwise logistic regression analyses, 2 significant independent predictors of recurrent arrhythmia were identified; persistently inducible VT during electrophysiologic testing in patients receiving amiodarone therapy (p less than 0.002) and the left ventricular ejection fraction at rest (p less than 0.05). The predictive accuracy of the response to serial electrophysiologic testing during amiodarone therapy was 67%, the sensitivity was 58% and the specificity was 91%. Thus, serial electrophysiologic testing is useful for determining the prognosis in patients with inducible VT/VF treated with amiodarone.
Collaboration Effects on Distributed Student Team Performance

Face-to-face communication has long been considered the richest medium of communication and research has found that different mediums affect engineering design team interaction. However, the question left unanswered is how the reduction or elimination of face-to-face interaction impacts team performance. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate distance collaboration elements that impact student project team performance. Using students in a distance learning engineering course (E*Course) at Wright State University, traditional face-to-face teams and distributed teams were formed. Teams were required to complete a project with three main deliverables. Team management metrics were evaluated along with team performance. The coordination of work was found to be highly correlated with team performance for distributed teams. High performing distributed teams also had to work harder at organizing their work and adapting to their team members. None of the team management measures correlated with p...
Radicalism vs. Liberalism: C. Wright Mills’ Critique of John Dewey's Ideas

. C. Wright Mills' critique of some aspects of the thought of John Dewey is analyzed. What Mills studied was what he referred to as 1) Dewey's “biologization” and “methodization” of value phenomena; 2) his approach to the solutions of socio-economic problems and 3) his insensitivity to the structural origins of interest and power. Mills held generally that Dewey was unable to free himself from liberal-reformist assumptions and programs and consequently could not construct a consistently radical critique of the dominant socioeconomic institutions. Careful analysis of Dewey's writings, however, suggests a picture substantially different from the one Mills painted. It is shown that, in several areas. Mills’ critique of Dewey was overstated and that Dewey was indeed committed to a program of fundamental social change considerably more radical than the prescriptions of contemporary liberalism. Finally, analysis of both Mills’ and Dewey's political biographies suggests a common desire for an egalitarian and participatory society based upon some form of socialism. Their common interests and values are more striking than their differences.
Yale Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II

One of the series of "Yale natural radiocarbonmeasurements, II" [ Science 122, 954 (1955)], byRichard S. Preston, Elaine Person, and E. S.Deevey, was incorrectly reported through a technical error. The date for sample Y-293A (SouthHaven, Mich.: peat) was 10,790 ± 200 yr, not9500 + 250 yr as reported on page 958.
Exclusive Dealing and Price Promotions

We study retail price promotions and manufacturer trade deals in markets with exclusive dealing. We find thatmodels that do not account for the existence of retailers overestimate the depth of promotions. We then compare the price promotions outcomes of markets with and without exclusive dealing. We also evaluate whether exclusive dealing can be an equilibrium outcome, and find that, under certain conditions of the model, the equilibrium is for manufacturers to distribute through several retailers even though their profits might end up lower than if each retailer carried only one product.
Novatel: The Impact of Leadership Style on the Development of a Chameleon Business Model and Firm Performance

This study explores the influence of Novatel's leadership style on the development of the firm's business model. The purpose of this research is to explain the role of this leadership type in the process of creating a business model that both constantly adapts to fit the needs of an ever-changing industry in a highly technological world, and aims to generate innovation and sustainability. In order to analyze this phenomenon, the researcher utilized qualitative methodologies to identify the patterns and themes to be studied. Data interpretation, and its implications, was obtained by using data triangulation and contrasting it with an in-depth review of the literature. Data analysis shows that Novatel's leadership style has both a positive impact within the firm's work dynamic, and suggests a meaningful relationship between the company's leadership style and the formation of a chameleon business model. This business model actively counteracts a fast-paced environment with an ever evolving business strategy. This study is significant because it links the firm's type of leadership to the development of a particular business model and demonstrates how this influences firm performance.
A Longitudinal Case Study of Religious Congregations in Local Human Services

Although the involvement of religious organizations in social service provision is increasingly widespread, it has been neglected by scholars. Along with providing important services to the community, involvement with social services is an important step in the development of a public presence for many congregations. This article documents the changing involvement of several mainline Greensboro, North Carolina, churches as they respond to current political events by assuming a collective public profile on community issues. In the terms developed by Roozen, McKinney, and Carroll (1984), they move from a civic mission orientation to a more activist mission orientation.
Spatial organization of cytokinesis signaling reconstituted in a cell-free system

During animal cell division, the cleavage furrow is positioned by microtubules that signal to the actin cortex at the cell midplane. We developed a cell-free system to recapitulate cytokinesis signaling using cytoplasmic extract from Xenopus eggs. Microtubules grew out as asters from artificial centrosomes and met to organize antiparallel overlap zones. These zones blocked the interpenetration of neighboring asters and recruited cytokinesis midzone proteins, including the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and centralspindlin. The CPC was transported to overlap zones, which required two motor proteins, Kif4A and a Kif20A paralog. Using supported lipid bilayers to mimic the plasma membrane, we observed the recruitment of cleavage furrow markers, including an active RhoA reporter, at microtubule overlaps. This system opens further approaches to understanding the biophysics of cytokinesis signaling.
Structural isomers of tetradecenol discriminate between the lipid fluidity and phase transition theories of anesthesia.

Abstract The long-chain unsaturated alcohols, cis- and trans-9,10-tetradecenol were found to be equipotent both as general anesthetics and local anesthetics. Their effects on the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/water dispersions were measured spectroscopically by partitioning of the spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. Also spectroscopic order parameters were obtained from spin labeled egg lecithin/cholesterol vesicles, in the absence and presence of the two alcohols. Whereas the egg lecithin/cholesterol membranes were fluidised by both alcohols to a similar extent, cis-tetradecenol lowered the transition temperature of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, while the trans-isomer elevated the transition temperature. These results are thus inconsistent with the phase transition model of anesthetic action. The possible application of these alcohols to diagnose the origin of discontinuities in Arrhenius plots is discussed.
Emergency medicine continuous certification

Abstract [Kaji A, Hockberger RS. Emergency medicine continuous certification. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:680-682.]
Genetic mechanism and chromosomal location of pollen-specific gene(s) in Gossypium

Genetic manipulation of plant reproduction is limited by the lack of knowledge on genes controlling gametophyte development. We have combined the power of haploid analysis with the advanced technique of confocal laser scanning microscopy to identify and understand the genetic mechanism of pollen development in cotton. A study was made on the differential effects of specific chromosomal deficiencies on the morphology of mature cotton pollen. Pollen of the two tetraploid species (G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.) were found to be morphologically distinct. Confocal microscopy was used to construct a three-dimensional image of the fluorochrome-stained pollen grains. Cytogenetically deficient stocks of cotton were used for locating genes for pollen development to chromosomes and chromosome arms. Results indicated that the pollen size and spine pattern were significantly different between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G. barbadense). Comparative analysis of pollen morphology of parental and interspecific hybrid, monosomic, and monotelodisomic plants indicated that gene(s) responsible for pollen spine development were located on the long arm of chromosome 12. The segregating nature of pollen morphological features indicated that the gametophytic gene(s) of the microspore partially controlled the pollen size and spine formation during pollen grain development.
Use of some components of new ecological paradigm scale on congestion pricing in a recreation area

Congestion is an important externality that causes negative welfare effects on individuals using a natural resource. This paper resolves congestion issues in a high-density urban forest of Turkey via probit panels using a random utility framework. Some components of the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale are incorporated into probit panels to understand recreationists' environmental attitudes to congestion pricing for shifting congestion levels. Those components are sensitivity to sustainable development, biodiversity and efficient resource use. The results offer important insights to policy makers who are confronted with two environmental management options, which are resource-restriction or resource-enlarging policies. Environmental attitudes dictate that resource enlarging policy may increase aggregate welfare up to US$472,500/year if the site is managed at low congestion levels.
Post dryout heat transfer prediction

Abstract A mechanistic model of post dryout heat transfer has been developed involving momentum and energy equations for both vapor and liquid, average drop diameter at the dryout location, and using heat transfer correlations for vapor-to-drop, wall-to-drop, and wall-to-vapor. This involves a computer calculation stepwise down the tube from dryout. This calculation was simplified making possible the heat transfer prediction at any position down the tube without the stepwise solution. The two solutions agree well with other. To make the predictions agree with data it was found necessary to multiply the wall-to-vapor heat transfer coefficient by a factor ranging from around 0.7 to about 2. At present this factor is found to be a function of bulk-to-wall viscosity ratio and quality. It may also be a function of liquid and vapor densities, tube and particle diameters and Reynolds number. A similar effect on wall-to-gas heat transfer is found in solid particle-gas flowing mixtures. The detailed explanation is a yet unknown, but appears to be due to turbulence suppression and enhancement resulting from particle motion.
Comparison of air-charged and water-filled urodynamic pressure measurement catheters.

Aims Catheter systems are utilized to measure pressure for diagnosis of voiding dysfunction. In a clinical setting, patient movement and urodynamic pumps introduce hydrostatic and motion artifacts into measurements. Therefore, complete characterization of a catheter system includes its response to artifacts as well its frequency response. The objective of this study was to compare the response of two disposable clinical catheter systems: water-filled and air-charged, to controlled pressure signals to assess their similarities and differences in pressure transduction. Methods We characterized frequency response using a transient step test, which exposed the catheters to a sudden change in pressure; and a sinusoidal frequency sweep test, which exposed the catheters to a sinusoidal pressure wave from 1 to 30 Hz. The response of the catheters to motion artifacts was tested using a vortex and the response to hydrostatic pressure changes was tested by moving the catheter tips to calibrated heights. Results Water-filled catheters acted as an underdamped system, resonating at 10.13 ± 1.03 Hz and attenuating signals at frequencies higher than 19 Hz. They demonstrated significant motion and hydrostatic artifacts. Air-charged catheters acted as an overdamped system and attenuated signals at frequencies higher than 3.02 ± 0.13 Hz. They demonstrated significantly less motion and hydrostatic artifacts than water-filled catheters. The transient step and frequency sweep tests gave comparable results. Conclusions Air-charged and water-filled catheters respond to pressure changes in dramatically different ways. Knowledge of the characteristics of the pressure-measuring system is essential to finding the best match for a specific application. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:329–334, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outer layer similarity in fully rough turbulent boundary layers

Turbulent boundary layer measurements were made on a flat plate covered with uniform spheres and also on the same surface with the addition of a finer-scale grit roughness. The measurements were carried out in a closed return water tunnel, over a momentum thickness Reynolds number (Re θ ) range of 3,000–15,000, using a two-component, laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The results show that the mean profiles for all the surfaces collapse well in velocity defect form. Using the maximum peak to trough height (Rt) as the roughness length scale (k), the roughness functions (ΔU+) for both surfaces collapse, indicating that roughness texture has no effect on ΔU+. The Reynolds stresses for the two rough surfaces also show good agreement throughout the entire boundary layer and collapse with smooth wall results outside of the roughness sublayer. Quadrant analysis and the velocity triple products show changes in the rough wall boundary layers that are confined to y<8ks, where ks is the equivalent sand roughness height. The present results provide support for Townsend’s wall similarity hypothesis for uniform three-dimensional roughness. However, departures from wall similarity may be observed for rough surfaces where 5ks is large compared to the thickness of the inner layer.
Effects of pretest-treatment interval on opinion change.

Summary.-Data presented suggest that the interval becween pretest and treatment (2 to 21 days) does nor have a substancial effect on the magnitude of change of opinion by groups shown a persuasive cornmunicacion. It seems plausible in attitude research that the magnitude of opinion change resulting from exposure to a persuasive communication may, in part, be a function of the length of time intervening between pretest and posttest. Beyond an optimum interval, it is hypothesized that pretest responses would become cognitively detached from posttest responses due mainly to the increased probability of interference, hence forgetting of the initial response. To explore this possibilty, 84 male and female high school students completed a Likert-type pretest opinionnaire, then read a qualified or unqualified persuasive communication on vivisection or else a control communication on an irrelevant issue, and then complered a posttest opinionnaire on vivisection. An unqualified communication is one which presents only arguments in favor of a given position and is equivalent to the "one-sided" communication of earlier studies (Lana, in press). A qualified communication is one whose arguments yield che same conclusions as the unqualified communication but points of opposition are introduced. This is in contrast to earlier "two-sided communications" (Lana, in press) where two equally opposed arguments were used. Some of these Ss were administered the cornrn~lnication immediately upon completing the pretest; for the residuum the pretest-treatment interval was 2 days, 3 days, 14 days or 21 days. Other groups, nonpretested controls (cf. Lana, 1966), read one of the communications and then completed the posttest (m = 89). A significant difference in mean opinion change was revealed (via t test)
Relative Hypoperfusion in Rat Cerebral Cortex during Recurrent Seizures

Focal cortical CBF and oxygenation were measured in rats during repetitive seizures to determine whether CBF is maintained above a critical level for adequate delivery of O2. Cerebral oxygenation was determined by measuring relative changes in the oxidation/reduction level of cytochrome aa3 and CBF was measured by the washout of H2. During early seizures, cortical CBF increased to 350% of control and cortical oxygenation also rose markedly. During later seizures, both the increases in CBF and in cortical oxygenation were attenuated progressively. This was accompanied also by attenuation of the associated increases in MABP. Cortical oxygenation decreased during a seizure if the increase in CBF failed to exceed 150–200% of control, defining the critical CBF value. Ventilating the rats on 97% O2 resulted in restoration of the seizure-associated increases in cortical oxygenation in 50% of the cases. The elevation of inspired O2 was effective only if CBF increased once again above 150–200% of control, confirmi...
Neutron Beta Decay in a Uniform Constant Magnetic Field

The $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay rate of a polarized neutron source in a constant, uniform magnetic field of arbitrary strength is calculated. We show that the decay rate is substantially changed if the magnetic field is of order ${10}^{13}$ G or larger. Fields of such strength have been speculated to exist in the early universe or in neutron stars.
Should All Long-Term Care Residents Receive Vitamin D?

Falls and subsequent fractures represent a devastating event to residents living in nursing homes or assisted living. In a study in 47 Maryland nursing homes in which 1427 white females were followed prospectively for 18 months, more than 12.5% had an osteoporotic fracture during this period. In addition, approximately 20% of the residents had more than one fracture. The two factors most associated with fracture were low bone mineral density and being able to transfer independently. Osteoporosis is extremely common in nursing homes residents. Zimmerman et al. found that 63.5% of white female residents 65 to 74 years of age were osteoporotic; this percentage increased to 85.8% for women more than 85 years of age. Ekman et al. reported that 95% of institutionalized women and 51% of men in Sweden were osteoporotic. In a group of residents with dementia in Canada, 92.5% were at high risk for osteoporosis or osteopenia using a qualitative ultrasound measurement of calcaneal bone mineral density. In 2004, the Quebec Symposium for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Long-Term Care Institutions concluded that all patients located in long-term care institutions are at potential risk for osteoporotic fractures. Despite the clear evidence that treatment of osteoporosis is beneficial, most studies show that this is poorly done, both in community-dwelling and institutionalized older persons. Vitamin D levels decline with age in community-dwelling persons, this appears to be predominantly due to a decrease in sun exposure, rather than aging per se. In institutionalized residents, exposure to sun is even lower, so it is not surprising to find very low vitamin D levels in these persons. In this issue of the Journal, two studies show that levels of 25(OH) vitamin D below the acceptable level of 30 ng/mL were present in large numbers of residents, even when they were receiving vitamin D supplements. Drinka et al. attributed this in part to inad-
WiDraw: Enabling Hands-free Drawing in the Air on Commodity WiFi Devices

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to leverage WiFi signals from commodity mobile devices to enable hands-free drawing in the air. While prior solutions require the user to hold a wireless transmitter, or require custom wireless hardware, or can only determine a pre-defined set of hand gestures, this paper introduces WiDraw, the first hand motion tracking system using commodity WiFi cards, and without any user wearables. WiDraw harnesses the Angle-of-Arrival values of incoming wireless signals at the mobile device to track the user's hand trajectory. We utilize the intuition that whenever the user's hand occludes a signal coming from a certain direction, the signal strength of the angle representing the same direction will experience a drop. Our software prototype using commodity wireless cards can track the user's hand with a median error lower than 5 cm. We use WiDraw to implement an in-air handwriting application that allows the user to draw letters, words, and sentences, and achieves a mean word recognition accuracy of 91%.
Pebble_Pond: a morphological wave propagation algorithm for representing spatial point patterns

Pebble_Pond performs morphologically-based wave propagation on an input set of points on the plane, with the points corresponding to the locations of detected image features. The waves are allowed to pass through each other, resulting in an complex evolving state space from which can be obtained a diverse class of non-planar spatial measures and structures, e.g., all k nearest neighbors, k-th order Voronoi tessellations, and k-th order Gabriel graphs. One perspective on Pebble_Pond is that it takes spatial structure and transforms it into temporal structure. That is, at each iteration in the wave propagation, measures on the state space reflect spatial structure at the scale corresponding to the current iteration. Thus, at each iteration all measures obtained (in parallel) from the state space report on all spatial relations falling within the distance that the waves have propagated. This paper investigates particular measures of the underlying state space that provide a rotation and scale invariant signature of the spatial relationship between planar points. Also, based on preliminary data, the signature is robust with respect to spurious points, i.e., spatial commonalities are preserved amongst the differences. The measures are based upon the formation of an evolving grey-scale surface which corresponds to the cardinality of the intersection of the point wave sources. The centroids of the local maxima of these intersection surfaces are used as normalizing origins from which to plot the relative angles of nearby wave front crossings. The signature plots the relative angles of wave crossings (with respect to their local maxima centroids) that evolve over time as local maxima regions arise and combine to form new local maxima regions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complete duplication of bladder and urethra

An unusual case of complete duplication of bladder and urethra is reported. The pertinent literature is reviewed and treatment discussed.
Determination of neptunium in plutonium materials by ICP-MS

An ICP-MS analytical method as an alternative to the current radiochemical method was developed to analyze trace level 237Np in bulk plutonium materials. In this method, 237Np is determined together with a suite of trace elements during a single analysis using one dissolution solution. Method validation was achieved through precision examination, spike recovery study, detection limit determination, comparison of results with the radiochemical method, and laboratory intercomparison studies on Pu metals. The ICP-MS method significantly reduced the analysis cost, the sample amount, consumption of chemicals and waste generation, as well as the sample turnaround time.
Brain 5-HT receptor system in the stressed infant rat: implications for vulnerability to substance abuse

Clinical and epidemiological studies have found an association between aversive experiences early in life and an increased risk for depression, anxiety and substance abuse. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which adverse life events are translated into behavioral and psychological abnormalities, we used a rat model to study the impact of chronic injection and 24 h maternal deprivation on the developing rat brain. Specifically, we investigated the regulation of molecules related to the 5-HT (5-HT) system and studied the effect of desipramine administration on animals that were maternally deprived (DEP) on day 13 of life compared with non-deprived animals. We found that maternal deprivation caused an enhanced corticosterone response to an acute stress. Maternally deprived animals also showed a decrease in corticosteroid receptors and an increase in 5-HT 1A and 1B receptors restricted to the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Desipramine prevented the maternal deprivation induced up-regulation of the 5-HT 1B receptor and the enhanced adrenocortical response observed in these animals. Interestingly, non-deprived animals receiving chronic injections showed a decrease in hippocampal 5-HT1B receptor mRNA. At 80 days of age, a group of animals that were treated as infants were given the option of drinking from two identical water bottles, one bottle contained tap water, while the second contained ethanol at increasing concentrations. Animals that received chronic injections during the newborn period consumed more alcohol than those that were not injected. On the other hand, maternal deprivation did not have an impact on alcohol consumption. Alcohol preference has implications to the organism since studies of drug self-administration in laboratory animals have shown that ethanol ingestion is positively related to the use of other drugs, principally opioids and psychostimulants. Our findings suggest that the quality and/or chronicity of early life stressors can influence the neurobiological substrates that may trigger and/or predispose individuals to substance abuse in adulthood.