cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasticization of Adsorbed Poly(vinyl acetate) on Silica by Deuterium Solid-State NMR

Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) were used to probe the segmental dynamics of methyl-labeled poly(vinyl acetate)-d3 (PVAc-d3) adsorbed on Cab-O-Sil silica in the presence and absence of a plasticizer, dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate. Unlike the effect of this plasticizer on the bulk polymer, where the reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg), was proportional to the amount of plasticizer added, the effectiveness of the plasticizer on the adsorbed polymer depended on the amount of polymer adsorbed. For samples with very small amounts of adsorbed polymer (i.e., 0.81 mg/m2), there was little or no effect of plasticizer on the dynamics of the adsorbed polymer. For samples with more adsorbed polymer (i.e., 1.42 or 1.81 mg/m2), the efficiency of the plasticizer was easily measurable on a fraction of the adsorbed polymer that can be considered loosely bound. The 2H NMR line shape changes obtained from the adsorbed samples...
Measurement error and state-dependent pollution control enforcement

Abstract A two-group model of state-dependent enforcement is applied to identical firms which minimize the expected present value of costs and fines. Measurement error affects the probabilities of transitions between groups and the receipt of fines. It is shown that state-dependent enforcement can reduce social cost below the level attainable with static enforcement and that differentiation in both monitoring probabilities and standards may be optimal. However, setting fines for both groups at the maximum is likely to be optimal. Comparisons between models and alternative model interpretations are offered.
Animation in Computer-Based Instruction

Although the use of animated visuals is both common and popular amongCbi designers, the theoretical and empirical foundations for their use have not been firmly established. Animated visuals represent a subset of instructional visuals; for this reason, general conclusions from research on static visuals are thought to extend to animated visuals. The extent to which animated visual research represents elaborations or departures from static visual research is questioned, however. The purpose of this paper is to review current empirical evidence of the effectiveness of animated visuals in instruction. Tentative design recommendations resulting from this review are presented. Current applications of computer animations in instruction are discussed and a brief summary of static visuals research is also presented.
Neurochemical aspects of the ontogenesis of gabanergic neurons in the rat brain

Ontogenic development of central cholinergic neurons in rat brain was examined by measuring the activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT), concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) after focused microwave irradiation, the activity of the high affinity uptake process for choline and the apparent muscarinic receptor as quantified by specific binding of [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). For whole brain, the specific activity of CAT increases from 1 to 8% of adult between 15 days gestation and 7 days postpartum and then increases linearly to 83% by 4 weeks postpartum. The concentration of ACh is 22% of adult at 15 days gestation, rises to 29% by birth and attains adult levels by 4 weeks postpartum. The developmental rise in specific binding of [3H]QNB is intermediate between CAT and ACh with 10% of adult concentration of receptor at birth and a linear increase to 90% by 4 weeks postpartum. The development of the uptake of [3H]choline parallels that of CAT. In all regions of the neonatal rat brain, the relative level (% adult) of ACh is higher than [3H]QNB binding, which is higher than CAT. The neonatal medulla-pons has higher levels of [3H]QNB binding and activity of CAT (% adult) and develops more rapidly than the parietal cortex and corpus striatum; the hypothalamus and midbrain-thalamus exhibit intermediate rates of development.
Is Visuospatial Attention Controlled by a Unitary Process Or Separate Processes

Visuospatial attention facilitates search. Search facilitation is not instantaneous, but develops over time. Furthermore, the time necessary for the first occurrence of search facilitation varies with different processes. One line of research concerned with the orienting of visuospatial attention indicates that an involuntary process facilitates search faster when compared to a voluntary process. Another line of research concerned with the distribution of visuospatial attention has shown that a constricted focus facilitates search faster than an enlarged focus. The differences in search facilitation between these processes, however, have not been directly compared in the same study. Thus, it is unclear whether visuospatial attention is governed by a unitary process or separate processes. The results of this experiment support the separate process view, specifically an involuntary and voluntary process that is independent of the component process of the distribution of visuospatial attention. Language: en
Analysis and Design of Hybrid Machines for DC Generation

In this research, six hybrid machine topologies, utilizing both a field winding and permanent magnets, are investigated for fixed-speed dc generation. The hybrids are compared with the wound-rotor and permanent magnet synchronous machines. To this end, analytical system models are utilized to predict machine-rectifier behavior. A general approach used to develop the machine models is discussed; the rectifier and filter models are also presented. The system models are used in a multi-objective design process to establish the tradeoff between overall mass and loss. Detailed losses, geometries, and rectifier waveforms obtained from the design studies are presented for four of the machine types.
Even cowboys sing the blues: Difficulties experienced by men trying to adopt nontraditional sex roles and how clinicians can be helpful to them

Difficulties clinicians experience in appropriately treating men attempting to adopt nontraditional sex roles are discussed and suggestions made to ameliorate these difficulties. While the impact of the women's movement has made therapists more sensitive to societal influences on the behavior of women, comparable attention has not been paid to societal influences on the sex-role stereotypical behavior or to the price paid by men who violate stereotypical sex-role expectations. Further, clinicians who have been socialized into dominant societal values may have difficulty tolerating men who are trying to abandon higher status “traditional masculine” values for nontraditional ones; such clinicians are unlikely to provide decent treatment for males espousing new sex roles.
Postnatal development of pre- and postsynaptic GABA markers at chandelier cell connections with pyramidal neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex.

The protracted postnatal maturation of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with substantial changes in the number of excitatory synapses on pyramidal neurons, whereas the total number of inhibitory synapses appears to remain constant. In this study, we sought to determine whether the developmental changes in excitatory input to pyramidal cells are paralleled by changes in functional markers of inhibitory inputs to pyramidal neurons. The chandelier subclass of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons provides potent inhibitory control over pyramidal neurons by virtue of their axon terminals, which form distinct vertical structures (termed cartridges) that synapse at the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons. Thus, we examined the relative densities, laminar distributions, and lengths of presynaptic chandelier axon cartridges immunoreactive for the GABA membrane transporter 1 (GAT1) or the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and of postsynaptic pyramidal neuron AIS immunoreactive for the GABA(A) receptor alpha(2) subunit (GABA(A) alpha(2)) in PFC area 46 of 38 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). From birth through 2 years of age, the relative densities and laminar distributions of these three markers exhibited different trajectories, suggesting developmental shifts in the weighting of at least some factors that determine inhibition at the AIS. In contrast, from 2 to 4 years of age, all three markers exhibited similar declines in density and length that paralleled the periadolescent pruning of excitatory synapses to pyramidal neurons. Across development, the predominant laminar location of PV-labeled cartridges and GABA(A) alpha(2)-immunoreactive AIS shifted from the middle to superficial layers, whereas the laminar distribution of GAT1-positive cartridges did not change. Together, these findings suggest that the maturation of inhibitory inputs to the AIS of PFC pyramidal neurons is a complex process that may differentially affect the firing patterns of subpopulations of pyramidal neurons at specific postnatal time points.
Crystal Structure of the Phage T4 Recombinase UvsX and Its Functional Interaction with the T4 SF2 Helicase UvsW

Bacteriophage T4 provides an important model system for studying the mechanism of homologous recombination. We have determined the crystal structure of the T4 UvsX recombinase, and the overall architecture and fold closely resemble those of RecA, including a highly conserved ATP binding site. Based on this new structure, we reanalyzed electron microscopy reconstructions of UvsX-DNA filaments and docked the UvsX crystal structure into two different filament forms: a compressed filament generated in the presence of ADP and an elongated filament generated in the presence of ATP and aluminum fluoride. In these reconstructions, the ATP binding site sits at the protomer interface, as in the RecA filament crystal structure. However, the environment of the ATP binding site is altered in the two filament reconstructions, suggesting that nucleotide cannot be as easily accommodated at the protomer interface of the compressed filament. Finally, we show that the phage helicase UvsW completes the UvsX-promoted strand-exchange reaction, allowing the generation of a simple nicked circular product rather than complex networks of partially exchanged substrates.
Virulence Markers in the 5′ Untranslated Region of Genotype 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolates

Virulence markers to distinguish high from low virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 isolates have not been previously reported. The objective of this study was to identify virulence markers by evaluating the primary and secondary structures of the 5'-untranslated region of low and high virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 isolates. The nucleotide sequences of the entire 5'-untranslated region mRNA of eight bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 isolates, four of high virulence and four of low virulence, and two genotype 1 reference isolates were determined using a polymerase chain reaction and a 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends System. Two nucleotide substitutions were identified in the internal ribosomal entry site that distinguished the high virulence from the low virulence genotype 2 isolates. The low virulence isolates had a cytosine at position 219, whereas the high virulence isolates had a uracil. At position 278, a uracil or cytosine was found in the low and high virulence groups, respectively. The substituted bases are virulence markers that were used to identify bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 isolates of high virulence.
Modeling Wind Flow and Particulate Pollutant Dispersion Around a Realistic Model of a Building Using Large-Eddy Simulation

Urban air pollution has been of concern due to its adverse effect on human health. A major portion of urban air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions. Center of Excellence (CoE) Building was built in Syracuse NY at the intersection of two major highways. The building is fully instrumented for assessing outdoor and indoor air pollutions. In this study the airflow and the dispersion of particulate air pollutants emitted from the highways surrounding the CoE building were analyzed. The wind flow around the model of the CoE building was first simulated using the RANS model. Comparison of the numerical simulations with the available PIV experimental data showed that the RANS turbulence model was not able to capture all features of the flow field due to the complexity of the building’s geometry. While the pressure field on the walls of the building model matched with those measured by the pressure taps, some aspects of the airflow velocity profile were not in agreement with the PIV data. The computational modeling of the wind flow around the building was then performed using the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach. The mean velocity magnitude predicted by the LES showed good agreement with the experimental PIV measurements. The simulated flow field was used to predict the dispersion of the particulate pollutant around the building and the deposition fraction of particles on the walls of the building is studied.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Socio-environmental, personal and behavioural predictors of fast-food intake among adolescents.

Objective To identify the socio-environmental, personal and behavioural factors that are longitudinally predictive of changes in adolescents' fast-food intake. Design Population-based longitudinal cohort study. Setting Participants from Minnesota schools completed in-class assessments in 1999 (Time 1) while in middle school and mailed surveys in 2004 (Time 2) while in high school. Subjects A racially, ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample of adolescents (n 806). Results Availability of unhealthy food at home, being born in the USA and preferring the taste of unhealthy foods were predictive of higher fast-food intake after 5 years among both males and females. Among females, personal and behavioural factors, including concern about weight and use of healthy weight-control techniques, were protective against increased fast-food intake. Among males, socio-environmental factors, including maternal and friends' concern for eating healthy food and maternal encouragement to eat healthy food, were predictive of lower fast-food intake. Sports team participation was a strong risk factor for increased fast-food intake among males. Conclusions Our findings suggest that addressing socio-environmental factors such as acculturation and home food availability may help reduce fast-food intake among adolescents. Additionally, gender-specific intervention strategies, including working with boys' sports teams, family members and the peer group, and for girls, emphasizing the importance of healthy weight-maintenance strategies and the addition of flavourful and healthy food options to their diet, may help reduce fast-food intake.
Experience-Dependent Gene Expression in Adult Visual Cortex

Experience-dependent plasticity of the adult visual cortex underlies perceptual learning and recovery of function following central nervous system lesions. To reveal the signal transduction cascades involved in adult cortical plasticity, we utilized a model of remapping of cortical topography following binocular retinal lesions. In this model, the lesion projection zone (LPZ) of primary visual cortex (V1) recovers visually driven activity by the sprouting of horizontal axonal connections originating from the cells in the surrounding region. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying this process, we used gene microarrays from an expression library prepared from Macaque V1. By microarray analysis of gene expression levels in the LPZ and the surrounding region, and subsequent confirmation with Quantitative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, the participation of a number of genes was observed, including the Rho GTPase family. Its role in regulation of cytoskeleton assembly provides a possible link between the alteration of neural activity and cortical functional reorganization.
A Story of the Days to Come: H.G. Wells and the Language of Science Fiction:

This article argues that, unlike most other science fiction writers, H.G. Wells gives considerable attention to language and language change in his futuristic writing; this is because he was, from the beginning of his career, fascinated by the ways in which language had shaped human lives and cultures. In many of the early scientific romances, particularly The Time Machine and The Island of Dr Moreau, failures in communication play an important part in the events of the story. In the later utopias such as The World Set Free and The Shape of Things to Come, Wells makes English the basis of a new world language, which plays an essential part in establishing social cohesion and extending the cognitive powers of the individual citizen.
Coinciding Objects: Reply to Lowe and Denkel

1. Lowe is an advocate of what I call the 'standard account' of identity through time, an account developed mainly by Wiggins (1980). I, too, accept most of the elements of that account, including the absoluteness of identity, the essentiality of sort, the reality of the objects of our ordinary ontology, such as tables, stones, trees, cats, and cats' tails, the 3-dimensionality (rather than 4-dimensionality) of those objects, and the capacity of many of them to survive mereological change. I call it the 'standard' account both because of its popularity (see Burke 1992: 12-13, fn. 1) and because of its consistency with the metaphysic implicit in ordinary ways of thinking. There is one consequence of the standard account that many have found uncongenial, if not intolerable: that it is possible, indeed common, for one object to coincide with another. (As I use the term, objects 'coincide' just in case (a) they differ numerically, and (b) the whole of one wholly occupies the place wholly and simultaneously occupied by the whole of the other. I use 'coextension' and its cognates for the corresponding reflexive relationship. By an 'object' I mean an individual continuant.) In Burke 1992, I argue that coinciding objects indeed are intolerable and that the standard account is therefore untenable. In 1994a and 1994b, I offer an alternative. I dispense with coinciding objects, but without relativizing identity and without engaging in revisionist metaphysics, that is, without surrendering the elements of the standard account that are mentioned above.
A Modified Pseudo-distance Technique for Lossless Compression on Color-Mapped Images

In this work, we propose a new method, a modified pseudo-distance technique, for color-mapped image compression. There are several techniques that yield better compression results than GIF and PNG; however, some algorithms require two passes on the image data, while some do not run in linear time. Unlike these methods, the pseudo-distance technique requires one pass and runs in linear time.
Convergence of Adaptive Estimators of Time-Varying Linear Systems using Basis Functions: Continuous Time Results

The convergence properties of adaptive filtering algorithms are investigated in situations where the optimal filter is modeled as a time-varying linear system whose parameters are expanded over basis functions. This type of model is one approach when parameters cannot be considered as slowly varying, and is appropriate for modeling certain mobile radio channels and in the identification of the dynamics of vascular autoregulation in kidneys. Appropriate adaptive algorithms are developed in a continuous-time setting, and the local convergence of these algorithms is studied. Conditions for convergence are shown to include an excitation condition on the algorithm regressor and a passivity condition on an algorithm operator. The excitation conditions are interpreted in terms of system signals and the parameter basis functions using previously established results in the discrete-time case. A test for the passivity condition is developed whose application is presented via an illustrative example.
Synergies between vaccination and dietary arginine and glutamine supplementation improve the immune response of channel catfish against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Channel catfish was used to investigate the enhancement of vaccine efficacy following dietary supplementation with arginine (ARG, 4% of diet), glutamine (GLN, 2% of diet), or a combination of both. After vaccination against Edwardsiella ictaluri , humoral and cellular immune responses, along with lymphoid organ responses were evaluated. E. ictaluri -specific antibody titers in plasma were higher ( P P E. ictaluri was enhanced ( P P P
Prevention of NKT Cell Activation Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Closure and Alters Local Inflammatory Signals

We previously reported that in the absence of NKT cells, wound closure was accelerated in a murine excisional punch wound model. Here, we explored whether purposefully inhibiting NKT cell activation had similar effects on wound closure and the dermal inflammatory response to injury. We found that prevention of NKT cell activation accelerated wound closure in a dose-responsive manner. If anti-CD1d was administered before wounding, NKT cell infiltration into cutaneous wounds was diminished without quantitative changes in cellular infiltrates. Furthermore, prevention of NKT cell activation transiently enhanced the local production of a subset of chemokines, including MIP-2, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, and altered the relative expression of CD69 and CXCR2 on the surface of both circulating and wound NKT cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that wounding activates NKT cells via CD1d presentation of glycolipid antigen and help further define a role for NKT cells in the regulation of wound inflammation and closure. Many soluble factors have been targeted as potential wound healing therapies, but their clinical success has been limited. Given our findings, the NKT cell may be an attractive target for wound healing therapies.
Effect of adrenalectomy on the mammary gland of the castrated and estrogen treated castrated male rat.

ALTHOUGH the estrogens were early believed capable of stimulating only duct growth of the mammary gland, it became apparent, with the availability of crystalline preparations and the use of larger dosages and longer periods of treatment, that administered estrogens were also capable of producing varying amounts of alveolar development. Certain species apparently respond to estrogen with fuller alveolar development than others, the guinea pig being one of the most responsive (Turner et al., 1934; Lyons et al., 1936; Nelson 1937, and Lewis and Turner, 1942). However, the rate and extent of mammary gland development with estrogen is in general much inferior to that which normally occurs during pregnancy. Whether or not the dosage of estrogen is within the “physiologic range” is also an important consideration in the interpretation of alveolar mammary responses to estrogens. It has been found in this laboratory that the level of dimethyl ether of diethylstilbestrol (administered in the feed)
Is it the labor unions’ fault? Dissecting the causes of the impaired technical efficiencies of the legacy carriers in the United States

Data envelopment analysis is used to evaluate the technical efficiencies of a number of major passenger airlines in the United States at transforming their inputs (labor, fuel and fleet-wide seating capacity) into available seat-miles. A tobit regression model is then used to identify the underlying drivers of airline efficiency, as measured by the data envelopment analysis efficiency score. The impact of unionization on airline efficiency is found to be statistically insignificant, controlling for the influences of other hypothesized determinants of airline efficiency: the average age of an airline's fleet, the average size of its aircraft, its average stage length, the extent to which the airline relies of hubbing within its route structure, the percent of its passenger enplanements that are international, and whether the airline is a legacy carrier. The statistically significant drivers of airline efficiency, at a ten percent level of significance, are average aircraft size, average stage length and the extent to which the airline relies on hubbing and connecting flights within its route structure. The stage length variable is not significant at a five percent level of significance, however. An increase in average aircraft size or in average stage length enhances an airline's efficiency whereas an increase in hubbing reduces it.
End-of-life spiritual care at a VA medical center: chaplains' perspectives.

Objective:Spiritual care is an essential component of quality palliative care. Recognizing the importance, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mandates the inclusion of chaplains in a palliative care consult team (PCCT). The purpose of this study is to explain the process and content of spiritual care provided in a VA Medical Center from chaplains' perspectives.Method:Five Christian chaplains who provide care to patients at end of life were interviewed. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. Analysis based on the grounded theory was used to identify themes from each interview question.Results:The PCCT in this study appeared to have a strong referral and communication system in which every palliative care patient was seen by a chaplain and the care plan was discussed with an interdisciplinary team. Chaplains reported providing a range of services, which addressed religious, spiritual, emotional, family, and illness concerns. Chaplains were aware of the unique spiritual needs of veterans, including working through guilt for killing in war and requiring forgiveness. Chaplains' ideas for improvement of spiritual care services included increasing time to provide care, providing bereavement care and support to families, and adding chaplains with different religious backgrounds. Chaplains reported how their own spirituality influenced the care they provided.Significance of results:Spiritual care in the VA can include a range of services and should consider the unique needs of the veteran population. Future studies can build upon our findings from chaplains to learn about the perspectives of patients, family, and other healthcare providers of spiritual care. This information would allow identification of strengths of current spiritual care practices and areas for care improvement, and ultimately could improve the well-being of patients at the end of life.
Spouses' self-perceptions as caregivers: The influence of feminine and masculine sex-role orientation on caring for confused and non-confused partners

This study examines the spousal caregiving system in search offactors which contribute to perceived caregiver competence in performing the daily tasks of caregiving. The maintenance of a competent caregiver is vital in preventing the breakdown of the caregiving system. Questionnaire data was collected from 23 husbands and 41 wives providing full time care for 25 confused and 39 non-confused spouses. Results indicate that having a masculine sex-role orientation is predictive ofthe caregiver having greater perceived competence. In addition, providing care for a confused spouse is predictive of less perceived competence. Implicationsfor practice and research are discussed
The equivalent circuit model in solid-state electronics&#8212;Part II: The multiple energy level impurity centers

In this paper, the equivalent circuit of a defect center with multiple energy levels in a semiconductor is formulated and applied to the calculation of the characteristic time constants of the multiple energy level system. Detailed numerical example of gold-doped silicon is given, including the constant characteristic time constant contour maps. The steady-state charge distribution ratio R N = N s+1 /N s (s = charge state of the center) and recombination rate ratio R R (s) = R SS (s = ½)/(R SS (s-½) diagrams are developed and applied to the numerical calculations of the steady-state recombination and generation rate of electrons and holes in gold-doped silicon.
Adaptive Control for Systems with Slow Reference Models

It is difficult to achieve good tracking performance in the presence of modeling error with the use of high adaptation gain. This leads to unnecessary high frequency control effort that can excite unmodeled dynamics. This paper introduces an adaptive control architecture that allows fast adaptation for systems with slow reference models. Fast adaptation is achieved using a high bandwidth state emulator to train a neural network. Low bandwidth control action is maintained using a filter to isolate fast emulator dynamics from the control effort. The usefulness of the architecture is illustrated on a nonlinear model for wing rock and a longitudinal model for a Boeing 747.
A technique for recovery of a third molar from the infratemporal fossa: Case report

17. Moss ML: Functional analysis of human mandibular growth. J Prosthet Dent 10: 1149, 1960 18. Tsolakis AI, Spyropoulos MN, Katsavrias E, et al: Effects of altered function on mandibular growth after condylectomy. Eur J Orthod 19:9, 1997 19. Adler FA: Early condylectomy to prevent prognathism: A preliminary report. J Oral Surg 34:702,1976 20. Gordeeff A, Mercier J, Delaire J: Place de la condylectomie mandibulaire dans la chirurgie du dysfonctionnement temporo-mandibulaire. Rev Stomatol Chl Maxillofac 91: 15 1, 1990 21. Marciani RD, White DK, Traurig HH, et al: Healing following 22
Portfolio sensitivity to changes in the maximum and the maximum drawdown

In this article, we define new ‘Greeks’ for financial derivatives: sensitivities to the running maximum and the running maximum drawdown of an underlying asset. Some types of portfolios, such as the net asset value of a hedge fund or performance fees, are sensitive to these parameters. In order to illustrate the concept of the new ‘Greeks’, we derive probabilistic representations of sensitivities for two classes of financial contracts: forwards on the maximum drawdown and lookback options. These results allow us to interpret the delta-hedge of the contracts in a novel way.
Robust nonlinear feedback control for uncertain linear systems with nonquadratic performance criteria

In this paper we develop a unied framework to address the problem of optimal nonlinear robust control for linear uncertain systems. Specically, we transform a given robust control problem into an optimal control problem by properly modifying the cost functional to account for the system uncertainty. As a consequence, the resulting solution to the modied optimal control problem guarantees robust stability and performance for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems. The overall framework generalizes the classical Hamilton{Jacobi{Bellman conditions to address the design of robust nonlinear optimal controllers for uncertain linear systems. c 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Robust detection of number of sources using the transformed rotational matrix

We present an accurate, robust, and computationally efficient number-of-source detection method, which utilizes the variance of transformed rotational submatrix (VTRS) as the criterion, Unlike the traditional methods that use the eigenvalues, the VTRS detector determines the number of sources by exploiting the eigenvectors of two subarrays. This method applies to arbitrary subarray geometries. In addition, no subjective threshold or extra parameter Is required. In conjunction with spatial smoothing, this method can also detect coherent signals. One novelty of the VTRS method is that not only can it detect the number of sources, it can also indicate the quality of measured data and determine the optimum smoothing array size for parameter estimation, because of the low computational complexity, the VTRS number detector is suitable for adaptive or real-time applications.
Pressure and Temperature Dependencies of the Direct‐Current Resistance of Semiconducting (Ba, Sr)TiO3 and (Ba, Pb)TiO3

The direct-current resistance of semiconducting compositions in the (Ba, Sr)TiO3 and (Ba, Pb)TiO3 systems has been measured under hydrostatic pressures from 0 to 35 MPa, and temperatures from 20° to 135°C. The temperature dependence of the hydrostatic piezoresistance coefficients is presented. Results are discussed in terms of barrier layer sensitivity to mechanical stress.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor Agonism Reduces Bordetella pertussis–mediated Lung Pathology

Recent pertussis resurgence represents a major public health concern. Currently, there are no effective treatments for critical pertussis in infants. Recent data have demonstrated the potential of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonism in the treatment of infectious diseases. We used the murine Bordetella pertussis model to test the hypothesis that treatment with S1PR agonist AAL-R reduces pulmonary inflammation during infection. AAL-R treatment resulted in reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and attenuated lung pathology in infected mice. These results demonstrate a role for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling in B. pertussis-mediated pathology and highlight the possibility of host-targeted therapy for pertussis.
Women's Diaries as Ethnographic Resources

AbstractThis article is concerned with the use of diaries and journals as appropriate source material for anthropologists. I focus specifically on the written works of women; however, I argue that all diaries and journals should be considered by anthropologists as important sources for the analysis of individual thought, feeling, and voice as experienced within a specific social and cultural arena. My concentration on the voices of American women springs in part from a desire to make heard voices that have often been silenced by traditional anthropological discourse. Also, I would like to suggest a relationship between the feelings of deviance and alienation experienced by many women as they attempt to reconcile their own experiences and feelings with those of the society and culture in which they live, and the feelings of the anthropologist who experiences culture shock during the period of fieldwork. These similar feelings explain the reflection in some diaries and journals of themes and ideas prevalent in much ethnographic writing. (Anthropology)
The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope. Several proteins that contribute to the overall architecture and dynamics of the ER have been identified, but many questions remain as to how the ER changes shape in response to cellular cues, cell type, cell cycle state and during development of the organism. Here we discuss what is known about the dynamics of the ER, what questions remain, and how coordinated responses add to the layers of regulation in this dynamic organelle.
Abstract P5-01-10: Tumor Optic Properties Measured Using Diffuse Optic Spectroscopy Imaging Correlate with Proliferation and Glucose Metabolism in Breast Cancer Patients

(Background) Diffuse Optic Spectroscopy Imaging (DOSI) is non-invasive imaging technology that employs near-infrared (NIR) light to quantitatively characterize the hemodynamic and metabolic properties of breast cancer tumors. (Methods) We utilized DOSI to measure baseline tumor concentrations of oxy-hemoglobin (ctO 2 Hb), deoxy-hemoglobin (ctHHb), total hemoglobin (ctTHb), oxygen saturation (stO 2 ), as well as water and lipid content of tumors from sixteen patients with primary breast cancer prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Core-needle biopsy specimens were also collected from these patients and analyzed for Ki67, Glut-1, and Fatty acid synthese (FAS), biomarkers of cancer proliferation, glucose metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. These optic and biological biomarkers were statistically compared to each other and to overall therapy response. (Results) Ki67 score was positively correlated with baseline levels of ctO 2 Hb (µM) (r = 0.51, p = 0.04), ctTHb (µM) (r = 0.51, p = 0.05), and stO 2 (%) (r = 0.57, p = 0.02), and negatively correlated with lipid content (%) (r = -0.52, p = 0.04). Tumors with positive Glut-1 status (n=8) showed significantly higher baseline levels of ctO 2 Hb (26.2±12.5 v.s 19.9±10.1, p = 0.04), ctTHb (41±13.3 v.s 27.5±11.7, p = 0.05), and stO 2 (81.1±6.6 v.s 70.2±9.9, p = 0.02) and lower baseline levels of lipid (49±17.1 v.s 66.2±10.4, p = 0.03) compared to those with negative Glut-1 status (n = 8). There were no correlation between FAS and the optic properties. Five (31.3%) of 16 tumors achieved pathologic complete response (pCR) after completion of chemotherapy followed by surgery. Tumors with pCR showed higher stO 2 , higher Ki67 score and higher likelihood of Glut-1 expression than those with non-pCR (p = 0.009, 0.01, 0.03, respectively). Only p-values with statistical significance were described. (Conclusion) Higher tumoral expression levels of Ki67 and Glut-1 were correlated with higher oxygenation and lower lipid concentration and associated with a pathologic complete response to chemotherapy. Non-invasive optic properties measured using DOSI are potential surrogate markers for tumor proliferation and glucose metabolism. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-10.
New Parasites, Zatropis perdubius and Megaselia aletiae, of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis,

Recent summaries of the literature and surveys for parasites of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Cross and T. L. Chesnut of this Division, unpublished data), disclosed that 42 species of arthropods parasitize the boll weevil. These studies added much information about the range and relative importance of several species of boll weevil parasites, but only 2 species were found for the 1st time as parasites of the boll weevil.
Erythrocyte survival in magnesium-deficient rats.

SummaryThe shortened erythrocyte survival in magnesium deficiency is directly related to the duration of magnesium deprivation. The etiology of the diminished erythrocyte survival can be divided into a decreased magnesium concentration in the environment (plasma) of the erythrocyte and a decreased intracellular magnesium content of the erythrocyte. These two components act synergistically in effecting a shortened erythrocyte survival.
NIMG-73PSEUDOPROGRESSION VERSUS PROGRESSION ON GADOLINIUM-ENHANCED MRI IN OLIGODENDROMAS AND MIXED OLIGOASTROCYTOMAS

Pseudoprogression is a radiological phenomenon in which tumors develop new areas of contrast enhancement in the 6 months following chemoradiotherapy that is often difficult to distinguish from true disease progression. We hypothesized that in Oligodendrogliomas (OG) and Mixed Oligoastrocytomas (MOA) new early contrast enhancement on MRI was unlikely to be associated with true tumor progression. We retrospectively identified 12 patients with either OG or MOA who had new areas of contrast enhancement and underwent second-look surgery within 6 months of receiving radiation with or without chemotherapy. Among these patients, there were no cases of progression to a higher grade, 9 of 12 had greater than 50% radiation necrosis and the remaining 3 had minimal radiation necrosis. Within this group 6 underwent sub-total resection, 3 had gross-total resection, and 3 had biopsy only. Notably, second-look surgery was associated with significant morbidity. Our findings support the hypothesis that early contrast enhancement following chemo-radiotherapy is frequently pseudoprogression.
Shifting the Zone of Mediation in a Suburban New Immigrant Destination: Community Boundary Spanners and School District Policymaking

This paper explores the context of reception for immigrant students and English learners in one medium-sized suburban school district in the northeastern United States. Using qualitative methods, the authors describe how, despite a troubling context of reception emerging from a normative and political community context that harbored resentment toward the new immigrant population, a community-based organization whose members served as boundary spanners between the school district and the community helped prompt district leaders toward more equity-minded policies. Given increasing culturally and linguistically diverse student populations in suburban school districts across the United States, findings from this paper have important implications for community engagement and school district policymaking.
Wishart’s Paper

Some of the earlier writers, notably J. Wishart and R. A. Fisher, made extensive use of geometric reasoning in order to compute the volume elements that arise from changes of variable. We have selected the paper by Wishart (1928) to illustrate this type of argument. The Wishart density function so obtained plays a central role in the discussions which follow in later chapters, where different methods of obtaining density functions of maximal invariants are discussed. See especially Chapters 5, 10 and 11. Section 4.1 gives Wishart’s argument. Section 4.2 explains an idea of James (1955a) by means of which the noncentral Wishart density may be obtained. The expression for the density function involves an integral over O(n) which cannot be evaluated in closed form by any known method. Section 4.3 illustrates the difficulty that one encounters when trying to obtain a power series expansion of the integral. This difficulty led to the development of zonal polynomials and the series for hypergeometric functions, mostly the work of A. T. James (see Chapters 12 and 13). The problems, Section 4.4, leave certain necessary details to the reader, with hints. Material relevant to some of the problems will be found in other chapters.
Anisometropia and strabismus.

(1977). Anisometropia and Strabismus. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 131-133.
Towards a canine-human communication system based on head gestures

We explored symbolic canine-human communication for working dogs through the use of canine head gestures. We identified a set of seven criteria for selecting head gestures and identified the first four deserving further experimentation. We devised computationally inexpensive mechanisms to prototype the live system from a motion sensor on the dog's collar. Each detected gesture is paired with a predetermined message that is voiced to the humans by a smart phone. We examined the system and proposed gestures in two experiments, one indoors and one outdoors. Experiment A examined both gesture detection accuracy and a dog's ability to perform the gestures using a predetermined routine of cues. Experiment B examined the accuracy of this system on two outdoor working-dog scenarios. The detection mechanism we presented is sufficient to point to improvements into system design and provide valuable insights into which gestures fulfill the seven minimum criteria.
Coupling of harmonic flow oscillations to combustion instability in premixed segments of triple flames

Abstract Combustion instability of a lifted triple flame downstream of the injector nozzle in an acoustic field is studied, with implication on the combustion instability in liquid rocket engines. The analysis is focused on the premixed flame segment, and is based on the linear equation for a perturbed flamefront. Assuming that the radius of the flamefront curvature is much larger than that of the internal flame structure, the premixed front is approximated as being quasi-planar. Both acoustical stabilization of the hydrodynamic flame instability and excitation of the parametric instability by sound waves are considered, and the limitation for stable/unstable regimes as a function of flame parameters and acoustic frequency/intensity is determined. The velocity-wise nature of the sound is scrutinized, namely, the acoustics are imitated by a pocket of harmonic flow oscillations. First, the Landau limit of infinitely thin flames is employed. Then the formulation is extended to account for the finite flame thickness, and it is demonstrated how unstable regimes are modified by the flame thickness.
Behavioral Interventions Reduce Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections.

Requiring clinicians to justify antibiotic prescribing in the permanent electronic health record and to undergo periodic peer comparisons of prescribing rates are effective interventions for reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections. Helpful reminders and suggested treatment alternatives do not reduce inappropriate prescribing rates. Information alone rarely changes behavior, but the desire to conform with our peers can be very persuasive.
Moisture resistance coating of packaging paper from biobased silylated soybean oil

The moisture resistance of Kraft paper was greatly improved when it was coated with silylated soybean oil that was cured via silanol condensation. This moisture barrier coating was prepared from LowSat® Soybean oil that was grafted with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) using a relatively simple process based on the “Ene reaction”. The viscosity of the resulting oil was unaffected by the silylation reaction and remained low (32 cPs). Thus, the paper coating process required no solvent, additional diluent or the need to emulsify the oil which provided a convenient one-component cure system. Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) was found to be an effective condensation catalyst and under optimal conditions complete cure was achieved in a short period of time. The cure rate was a function of the catalyst concentration, available water and the temperature. Initially, Kraft papers were coated with the silylated soybean oil in the lab and this process was followed by a pilot scale-up using a commercial gravure roll coater. Cobb values and water vapor transmission rate indicated the cured coating provided a good barrier coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the coated paper confirmed a uniform coating with good adhesion of the coating material to the paper.
Nurse Staffing and Hospital Characteristics Predictive of Time to Diagnostic Evaluation for Patients in the Emergency Department

Introduction In the 2014 Emergency Department Benchmarking Alliance Summit, for the first time, participants recommended tracking nursing and advanced practice nurse hours. Performance data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services provides an opportunity to analyze factors associated with delays in emergency care. The purpose of this study was to investigate hospital characteristics associated with time to a diagnostic evaluation in 67 Massachusetts emergency departments from 2013 to 2014. Methods Covariates significantly correlated with time to diagnostic evaluation, and factors associated with timely care in emergency departments were included in the stepwise linear regression analysis. Differences in nurse staffing and performance measures in trauma and nontrauma emergency departments were examined with analysis of variance and t tests. Results Two predictors explained 38% of the variance in time a diagnostic evaluation (1): nurse staffing ( P P P = .042) from 30.2 minutes when a nurse cared for fewer than 11.32 patients in 24 hours to 61.4 minutes when a nurse cared for 14.85 or more patients in 24 hours. Discussion Efforts to improve patient flow often focus on process interventions such as improved utilization of observation beds or transfers of patients to inpatient units. In this study, time to diagnostic evaluation significantly increased when emergency nurses care for higher numbers of patients. The findings present new evidence identifying the relationship of specific nurse to patient ratios to wait time in emergency departments.