cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic and environmental evaluation of coal-and-biomass-to-liquids-and-electricity plants equipped with carbon capture and storage

Among various clean energy technologies, one innovative option for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and criteria pollutants involves pairing carbon capture and storage (CCS) with the production of synthetic fuels and electricity from a combination of coal and sustainably sourced biomass. With a relatively pure CO2 stream as an inherent byproduct of the process, most of the resulting GHG emissions can be eliminated by simply compressing the CO2 for pipeline transport. Subsequent storage of the CO2 output in underground reservoirs can result in very low—perhaps even near-zero—net GHG emissions, depending on the fraction of biomass as input and its CO2 signature. To examine the potential market penetration and environmental impact of coal-and-biomass-to-liquids-and-electricity (CBtLE), a system-wide sensitivity analysis was performed using the MARKet ALlocation energy model. CBtLE was found to be most competitive in scenarios with a combination of high oil prices, low CCS costs, and, unexpectedly, non-stringent carbon policies. In the scheme considered here (30 % biomass input on an energy basis and 85 % carbon capture), CBtLE fails to achieve significant market share in deep decarbonization scenarios, regardless of oil prices and CCS costs. Such facilities would likely require higher fractions of biomass feedstock and captured CO2 to successfully compete in a carbon-constrained energy system.
Gene as a Cultural Icon

The gene has assumed a cultural meaning that is independent of its biological definition – becoming a source of personal identity, a determinant of behavior and personality, and a basis of social stereotypes. This cultural construct of genetic essentialism has serious social policy implications. Keywords: determinism; genetic essentialism; personhood; media; social policy
The simple ways we deal with complexity

The CS 2 course is a turning point in the undergraduate CS curriculum. It is often the first point the student encounters formal analysis and techniques, proofs of correctness, abstract data types, and a host of other new ideas (as well as data structures!). But behind the myriad complexities are a few simple ideas. I believe far too few students see the simplicity, because they become too mired in the complexities. In this talk I will try to describe an overarching framework in which we can discuss the few simple ideas that are behind much of the content in the CS 2 course.
FSH is produced by GnRH-deficient men and is suppressed by testosterone

Because there is an unexpected action of testosterone (T) to increase follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production in the absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the rat, the effects of T treatment on circulating FSH were studied in men with GnRH deficiency. FSH immunoreactivity was identified in serum using a sensitive two-site immunoassay in each of five untreated GnRH-deficient men. Analysis by gel filtration chromatography revealed that circulating immunoreactive FSH coeluted with radiolabeled authentic FSH. T enanthate treatment suppressed serum FSH levels in each subject from (mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM]) 1.02 +/- 0.94 to 0.26 +/- 0.21 mIU/ml (P = 0.061, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Thus, FSH is produced in GnRH-deficient men, but there is no evidence for the stimulatory effect of T on FSH production in the absence of GnRH, as observed in the rat. These preliminary data provide further evidence that male contraceptive strategies using GnRH antagonists to suppress LH and FSH production in normal men will not be counteracted by T replacement therapy, although the issue deserves further attention in that study population.
Sickle cell anemia day hospital: an approach for the management of uncomplicated painful crises.

Painful crisis episodes are poorly treated in sickle cell anemia, both in timeliness and appropriateness of care. Delayed treatment in Emergency Departments, unrelieved pain, frequent admissions, and prolonged hospitalizations are common. We established a Day Hospital (DH) to determine if an alternative care delivery system could improve pain relief and reduce unnecessary hospital admissions for patients with uncomplicated painful crises. Trained DH staff delivered prompt titration for pain relief based on each patient's analgesic history and qualitative and quantitative assessments. Response to therapy and comorbidities commanded disposition. During the first 5 years of DH operation there were 2554 visits; 60% of the patients had severe pain. During an average visit of 4.5 hours, 84% of the patients were titrated to relief; 90% had pain relief within 2 to 4 hours. Overall, 81% of the patients were discharged home (70% initially and 90% to 94% in the last 3 years). During the first 5 years of the DH, there were 2612 emergency department (ED) visits that averaged 13 hours each. The combined ED and DH admissions during this time represented a 40% decrease in the baseline ED admission rate of 92%, (1 year pre-DH). Patients with uncomplicated painful crisis were admitted 5 times less often from the DH (8.3%) than from the ED (42.7%). The length of stay (LOS) for inpatients followed by the DH staff decreased by 1.5 days, while the LOS for patients followed by non-DH staff remained unchanged. Reduction of admissions and LOS represented a savings of approximately $1.7 million. We conclude that a dedicated facility provides the kingpin for effective and rapid painful crisis management, reduces hospitalizations, and facilitates integration of the approach into other areas of care.
Liquidation vs. Continuation: Did Reorganized Firms Do the Right Thing?

Bankrupt firms should reorganize if the wealth created by continuing is expected to exceed the wealth that would be created by liquidating. We examine 88 firms that reorganized in Chapter 11 and find that, despite having sub-standard accounting profitability, more than 80% created more wealth by continuing rather than liquidating. Even firms that later completed second debt restructurings, on average, should not have liquidated the first time around. Cross-sectional results indicate that firms that complete prepackaged bankruptcies, emerge from bankruptcy with low debt ratios, and that avoid second restructurings are more successful under our performance measure. Among high growth-option firms, those whose net investment exceeds their industry median create more wealth than firms whose net investment is less than their industry median. However, among low growth option firms, superior performance is found among firms that shrink relative to their industry.
Glutamate metabotropic receptor inhibition of voltage-gated calcium currents in visceral sensory neurons

1. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been suggested to modulate neurotransmission of glutamatergic pathways via autoreceptive action. Visceral sensory afferents and baroreceptor affere...
Mutants of Escherichia coli with High Minimal Temperatures of Growth

Abstract O'Donovan, Gerard A. (University of California, Davis), Catherine L. Kearney, and John L. Ingraham. Mutants of Escherichia coli with high minimal temperatures of growth. J. Bacteriol. 90:611–616. 1965.—Three general classes of mutants showing increased minimal temperatures of growth have been isolated from Escherichia coli. These mutants do not grow at temperatures below 20 C, although their parents can grow at temperatures as low as 8 C. The first class of mutants (K-I) cannot grow below 20 C in either complex or minimal medium, but grows at nearly normal rates at 37 C on both types of media. Normal growth rate at 20 C can be conferred on these mutants by infection at a low multiplicity with a transducing phage grown on the parent. The second class of mutants (K-II) fails to grow only in minimal medium at 20 C. These mutants are characterized by their singular response to specific nutrients in minimal medium at 20 C. The third class of mutants (K-III) grows normally in minimal medium at all temperatures with either glucose or glycerol as the carbon source, but does not grow at 20 C with lactose as the carbon source.
Bile acylcarnitine profiles in pediatric liver disease do not interfere with the diagnosis of long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects.

Abstract Background Plasma acylcarnitine measurement is an important diagnostic tool for inherited disorders of fatty acid and organic acid metabolism. Biliary excretion has been shown to be the primary route of excretion for acylcarnitines and analysis of bile acylcarnitine profiles may provide greater sensitivity for detecting metabolic disorders. Disorders of fatty acid oxidation frequently present with deranged liver function and the effect of hepatic disease on biliary acylcarnitine excretion are unknown. Methods We measured biliary acylcarnitine levels in pediatric patients aged 6 months to 1 year undergoing open liver biopsy with prospectively determined non-metabolic liver disease in order to determine the effect of the liver disease on acylcarnitine excretion. Bile was collected in syringes and was transported immediately and stored at − 70 °C until the time of testing. The disease patient population consisted of 2 patients with known defects in long- and short-chain fatty acid oxidation (long-chain L-3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: LCHAD and short-chain L-3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: SCHAD). The sample from the LCHAD patient was collected at autopsy and the patient with SCHAD deficiency was subsequently diagnosed as part of the prospective study and removed from the unknown etiology group. Acylcarnitine profiles were obtained for each specimen as butylated derivatives using tandem mass spectrometry. Results The non-metabolic liver disease had no effect on the diagnostic value of bile acylcarnitine levels for detecting LCHAD deficiency. The concentrations of bile long-chain acylcarnitine species analyzed from patients with non-metabolic liver disease were far lower than the levels seen in LCHAD deficiency which also demonstrated a characteristic pattern of 3-hydroxyacylcarnitine excretion. In SCHAD deficiency, for which pathognomonic markers have not yet been established, bile analysis did not improve the diagnostic ability. Conclusion The analysis of bile acylcarnitines for the diagnosis of long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects will provide unbiased information even in the presence of severe non-metabolic liver disease.
Novel extracellular enzymes (ligninases) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

3 New spectrophotometric enzyme assays were developed for the study of microbial lignin-degrading enzymes. The conversion of 2-methoxy-3-phenylbenzoic acid to 2-hydroxy-3-phenylbenzoic acid led to the discovery of an extracellular, aromatic methyl ether demethylase produced by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The conversion of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylbenzoate to 2-hydroxy-3-phenylbenzoic acid allowed the identification of an extracellular, aromatic methyl ester esterase produced by this fungus. The Phanerochaete sp. also excreted an enzyme complex that oxidized 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, probably to aliphatic products. All 3 novel enzyme activities were produced together with, and probably comprise a part of, the Phanerochaete ligninolytic enzyme complex. Unlike previously known ligninases, these enzymes did not oxidize 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol. All 3 were H2O2-dependent and were activated by Mn2+ ions.
Self-Calibrate two-step digital setup/hold time measurement

Generally, setup time and hold time are very small timing parameters for a synchronous circuit. It is very hard to accurately measure them directly by a tester from a chip outside. A novel on-chip circuit is designed to assist accurately measuring the synchronous circuit's setup/hold time. Two-step digital skew adjustment, in-field self-calibration, specially designed balanced MUX cell, path-exchange measurement test method make it possible for this measuring circuit to achieve very high resolution, with the test result which is not affected by process variation, offset path skew, etc. Using the new test circuit and the new test method, we can separately test a synchronous circuit's setup time and hold time in the range of −0.6∼0.6ns, and can achieve stable and high resolution of around 3ps (Global Foundries 65G process).
Practical implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.

AbstractIntroduction: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unacceptably low. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the most efficacious treatment option available for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. However, clearly delineated instructions for how to induce, maintain, and conclude TH have not been published in a codified format. Objective: We assembled 11 clinicians from the University of Pennsylvania Schools of Medicine and Nursing for a day-long moderated discussion to review our institution's TH protocol and reach consensus on a step-by-step management plan of the comatose survivor of OHCA. We attempted to systematically work our way through the existing University of Pennsylvania TH protocol. The goal was to address critical decisions at each stage of care of the post-arrest patient, including whom to cool, how to cool, how long to cool, how to rewarm, neuroprognostication, and other fundamental aspects of patient management. We made every effort to include relevant scientific ...
Comments on Mark Diesendorf's critique of my review paper

Abstract An answer to a critique by Mark Diesendorf of the review paper by Philip S. Callahan on insect antennae
The Relationship Between Various Exposure Metrics for Elongate Mineral Particles (EMP) in the Taconite Mining and Processing Industry

Different dimensions of elongate mineral particles (EMP) have been proposed as being relevant to respiratory health end-points such as mesothelioma and lung cancer. In this article, a methodology for converting personal EMP exposures measured using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 7400/7402 methods to exposures based on other size-based definitions has been proposed and illustrated. Area monitoring for EMP in the taconite mines in Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range was conducted using a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) size-fractionating sampler. EMP on stages of the MOUDI were counted and sized according to each EMP definition using an indirect-transfer transmission electron microscopy (ISO Method 13794). EMP were identified using energy-dispersive x-ray and electron diffraction analysis. Conversion factors between the EMP counts based on different definitions were estimated using (1) a linear regression model across all locations and (2) a location-specific rati...
Comparison of Numerical Modeling to Experimental Data in a Small, Low Power Data Center Test Cell

As the performance of Information Technology (IT) equipment continues to rise, so do the power dissipated and overall power density. Air cooling this increasing power has proved a significant challenge even at the data center level. In order to combat this challenge, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer (CFD/HT) models have been employed as the dominant technique for the design and optimization of both new and existing data centers. This study is a continuation of earlier comparisons of CFD/HT models to experimentally measured temperature and flow fields in a small data center test cell. It compares previously unpublished experimentally collected data for the 11 kW dissipation cases using three different layouts of perforated tiles to a CFD/HT model using eight turbulence models and a laminar flow model. Insight into the location of the deviation between the different turbulence models and experimental data are discussed, along with the computational effort involved in running the CFD/HT models. It was found that the laminar flow model and the Spalart-Allamaras turbulence model produced the smallest deviations from experimental data, but the former required only one twentieth of the computational effort of the latter.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Corrosion characteristics of plasma-sprayed TiN and TiC coatings on steels in salt water

Abstract The salt water corrosion characteristics of titanium nitride and titanium carbide coatings on steels, prepared by argon plasma-spraying dry Ti and TiC powders in open air, are described. Both the TiN and TiC coatings are attacked by salt water, the latter being corroded nearly twice as much as the former. The bond-coated and top-sealed (BT) coatings corrode less than the analogous coatings without these (NBNT) in the immersion tests. The BT coatings corrode more than the NBNT coatings in the salt water spray test. CaCO 3 deposits form on the TiC coatings from salt solutions containing Ca ions, but no such calcareous deposit was formed on the TiN coatings.
Vascular Access and Management of Its Complications

Vascular access is needed to realize the potential of therapeutic cardiac catheterization and may consume up to 25% of the entire procedure time. Repeat interventions and multiple cardiac surgeries may result in incremental loss of access sites. The following article discusses general aspects of vascular access, imaging tools to facilitate access, the various access sites with technical approach, advantages, and specific complications. Strategies for vessel protection and management of acute bleeding and iatrogenic fistulas are presented. Also, strategies for vessel restoration after acute and chronic vascular occlusion are reviewed.
The marriage lemma for polygamists

It has long been the ambition of one of the authors (it is left as an exercise to the reader to determine which one) to appear as a guest on one of the "sensational" TV talk shows. But what could a mathematician talk about that would be of interest to Geraldo or Donahue? The first subject that comes to mind is the so-called marriage problem, alias the assignment problem; here the objective is to have a matching between a set of women and a set of men given that each woman likes some of the men and dislikes the rest. Let the integer m represent the number of women; the number of men must, of course, be at least m. An obvious necessary condition that each woman gets herself a man is that for each p < m, every set of p women must together like at least p different men. Philip Hall's theorem, which has come to be known as the Marriage Lemma, asserts that this obvious necessary condition is sufficient. The proof of this result can most easily be accomplished by expressing the problem as that of determining the maximum flow in an appropriate network and then applying the maximum flow minimum cut theorem [9]. Another method of proof is based on the concept of maximum matchings in bipartite graphs that was developed by D. Konig and Philip Hall [1]. After further reflection, the authors suddenly had their moment of inspiration: Why not generalize the result to the polygamous case, i.e., where each man can be married to more than one woman? To be specific, for a fixed positive integer d ? 1 we assume that up to d women can be married to one man. In the monogamous case we clearly needed at least m men, but now the only obvious condition is that the number n of men must satisfy m < nd. Note that we do not require each man to marry d women; a complete matching requires only that all women are married. Note also that we do not require the compatibility to be symmetric. A woman may be married to a man if she likes him, even if he does not like her.
A normal equilibrium isotope effect for oxidative addition of H2 to (η6-anthracene)Mo(PMe3)3

Oxidative addition of H2 and D2 to the anthracene complex (η6-AnH)Mo(PMe3)3 giving (η4-AnH)Mo(PMe3)3X2 (X = H, D) is characterized by a normal equilibrium isotope effect (KH/KD > 1) at temperatures close to ambient; calculations on (η4-AnH)Mo(PH3)3H2 indicate that this is a consequence of relatively low energy Mo–H vibrational modes.
Choosing the correct antiepileptic drugs: from animal studies to the clinic

Epilepsy is a chronic condition caused by an imbalance of normal excitatory and inhibitory forces in the brain. Antiepileptic drug therapy is directed primarily toward reducing excitability through blockage of voltage-gated Na + or Ca 2+ channels, or increasing inhibition through enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid currents. Prior to clinical studies, putative antiepileptic drugs are screened in animals (usually rodents). Maximal electrical shock, pentylenetetrazol, and kindling are typically used as nonmechanistic screens for antiseizure properties, and the rotorod test assesses acute toxicity. Whereas antiseizure drug screening has been successful in bringing drugs to the market and improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of seizures, it merits emphasis that the vast majority of drug screening occurs in mature male rodents and involves models of seizures, not epilepsy. Effective drugs in acute seizures may not be effective in chronic models of epilepsy. Seizure type, clinical and electroencephalographic phenotype, syndrome, and etiology are often quite different in children with epilepsy than in adults. Despite these age-related unique features, drugs used in children are generally the same as those in adults. As awareness of the unique features of seizures during development increases, more drug screening in the immature animal will likely occur.
Quantum state transition diagram: a bridge from classical computing to quantum computing

Very few papers have been written on the topic of a quantum version of the finite state machine, (or finite state automata). Furthermore, these papers only serve to define what a quantum finite state machine might be in the mathematical sense using the early languages of Turing machines. This paper seeks to further develop the notion of a quantum finite state machine (FSM) using constructs developed for the classical FSM and utilized for classical FSM design. In particular the quantum state transition diagram (QSTD) is constructed to further the understanding and realization of quantum finite state machines and quantum computers.
Microwave reflection at an active surface imbedded with fast-ion conductors

The microwave reflection characteristics at a surface of a composite medium composed of thermally controllable, solid-electrolyte-based active zones are studied. These zones are energized (heated) reconfigurably so as to alter their electric conductivity, and hence their reflection/transmission characteristics. Experimental studies at X-band frequencies on a test active surface formed by a two-dimensional array of AgI pellets (fast-ion conductors) imbedded in a dielectric medium are presented. The suitability of the proposed composite medium for broadband applications is indicated. >
Investigating the magnetic susceptibility properties of fresh human blood for noninvasive oxygen saturation quantification

Quantification of blood oxygen saturation on the basis of a measurement of its magnetic susceptibility demands knowledge of the difference in volume susceptibility between fully oxygenated and fully deoxygenated blood (Δχdo). However, two very different values of Δχdo are currently in use. In this work we measured Δχdo as well as the susceptibility of oxygenated blood relative to water, Δχoxy, by MR susceptometry in samples of freshly drawn human blood oxygenated to various levels, from 6 to 98% as determined by blood gas analysis. Regression analysis yielded 0.273 ± 0.006 and −0.008 ± 0.003 ppm (cgs) respectively, for Δχdo and Δχoxy, in excellent agreement with previous work by Spees et al. (Magn Reson Med 2001;45:533–542). Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous procedures during left ventricular assist device implantation: is less always more?

In up to 50 % of patients undergoing continuous flow, axial pump, left-ventricular and assist device (LVAD) placement, concomitant procedures are performed. The underlying lesions have a broad spectrum of severity, complexity, and impact on clinical outcomes. This review describes the concomitant lesions often encountered with LVAD implantation and clinical relevance of their repair.
Estimating Software Development Costs and Schedules for Space Systems

Abstract : This paper analyzes historical software development costs and schedules from military and NASA satellite systems. Cost-and time-estimating relationships were developed for ground segment and embedded flight software. In addition to the traditional size variable, other cost drivers were found: software residence (ground or flight), and software type (application and support). Schedule driving variables included size, staffing level, and residence. The equations developed from the study can be used to estimate future space system software development costs or to cross-check estimates generated by other methods.
Avalanches and microstructure

At the most basic level, the ingredients for a snow avalanche are, quite simply, snow on a slope. However, there is clearly more involved, since these are also the ingredients essential for downhill skiing. Two events that are best kept separate! Snowflakes accumulate on the ground to form a granular ice structure, which is in constant transformation. Environmental conditions may dictate that the grains develop into generally rounded shape with ample bonding; or under different circumstances new faceted crystals may develop that are indicative of snow with a low structural integrity. Snow on the ground may strengthen or weaken; in fact both processes may occur simultaneously within the snowpack. It is the microstructural arrangement that ultimately determines instability and the scale of an avalanche. The sensitivity of the snow to environmental conditions causes a seasonal snowpack to develop a layered stratigraphy, where both the intergranular and interlayer strength is essential to determining the avalanche potential. It is also important to consider that the transfer of a trigger force, such as a skier or an explosive, to a weak layer is influenced by the mechanical properties of the overlaying snow. Weak layers that develop while at the snow surface may become problematic when subsequently buried, providing a fragile layer that cannot support the overburden of subsequent snowfalls or triggers. Alternately, layers near the ground may weaken over time, resulting in full depth avalanches. An understanding of the energy interaction between the snow and the environment is necessary to determine the likely metamorphism. Despite the dramatic, sometimes large scale destructive nature of avalanches, it is an assessment of the microstructure of the snowpack which is a key component to forecasting.
Current management of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background Pancreatic fistula (PF) is a major and serious complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The purpose of this study was to outline our management of PF after PD. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of 396 patients undergoing PD for various indications at Loyola University Medical Center and Hines Veterans Administration Hospital from July 1, 1990, to December 31, 2005. Patients were divided group 1 (no PF) and group 2 (PF). Each group was compared regarding preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative outcomes. Results Of the patients included in the study, 65 patients (16%) developed a PF. PF was more common after PD for ampullary neoplasms (28%), duodenal neoplasms (35%), and serous cystic neoplasms (44%), and was uncommon after PD for pancreatic cancer (6%). Associated complications with PF was 51% when compared with patients with no PF (21%; P ≤ .001). Duration of hospital stay was 16 days in PF versus 9 days in no PF (≤.001). Intraoperative blood loss was greater in the PF versus no PF group ( P = .01). Clinically serious postoperative complications in the PF versus no PF group were mortality ( P = .03), intraabdominal abscess ( P ≤ .001), wound infection ( P ≤ .001), hemorrhage ( P = .01), cardiac ( P ≤ .001), bile leak ( P ≤ .001), and reoperation ( P = .02). Of the 62 surviving patients with PF, 36 (58%) were treated with maintenance of oral diet, 25 (40%) with parenteral nutrition, and 1 (1.6%) required surgery for closure of PF. Conclusions PF is a serious complication after PD and is associated with substantial mortality and other complications. The majority of patients with PF can be managed conservatively with either maintenance of oral diet or parenteral nutrition until closure of the PF.
A mathematical model for conditioning

It is postulated that occurrence of a conditioned response depends on recurrence of one of a finite number of specific vigilance reactions. Number of trial on which a conditioned response occurs is shown to be a sufficient statistic for estimating the number of such vigilance reactions. The hypothesis is tested by noting whether numbers of trials on which conditioned responses occur fall within confidence intervals determined on the basis of a selected sufficient statistic. Applications of the model to psychological research are suggested.
A differential constitutive equation for entangled polymer solutions

Abstract A simple and computationally tractable constitutive equation is developed for concentrated and entangled polymer systems, based upon a single vector description of the polymer configuration. The constitutive equation is intended to mimic the DEMG model, and allows the vector to stretch and orient on different time scales. The constitutive equation is shown to yield steady material functions in homogeneous, extension-dominated flows that are in excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with the DEMG model. The constitutive equation is shown to exhibit less shear thinning than the Doi–Edwards reptation model, and therefore also shows a shear viscosity in better agreement with experiment. In simple shear flow the model predicts chain stretch at large shear rates, in contrast to the DEMG model, but in qualitative agreement with recent experimental studies (Bercea et al., Macromolecules 26 (1993) 7095–7096). In start up of simple shear, the model predicts an undershoot in the orientation angle, and over- and undershoots in the birefringence in qualitative agreement with experiments.
Petrography of Rocks from Mountains in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica

Geological observations made in Mane Byrd Land, West Antarctica, during 1959-1960, show that the region is dominated by extinct volcanoes in the form of isolated nunataks projecting through the ice cap. The Executive Committee Range, the Crary Mountains, and Toney Mountain consist mainly of andesite, basalt, and trachyte flows. Mount Petras is composed of felsic tuffs and flows. The Clark Mountains consist of hornfels and felsic intrusive rocks.
Optical parametric properties of 532-nm-pumped beta-barium-borate near the infrared absorption edge

Abstract We report some new experimental results on optical parametric properties in the near-IR absorption edge of a type-I phase-matched BBO-OPG/OPA (beta-barium-borate, BBO; optical parametric generation/amplification, OPG/OPA) pumped at 532 nm. It was found that at the edges of the tuning curve, both the experimental tuning curve and the bandwidth are significantly different from the calculated result based on the Sellmeier equations proposed by Kato. It is found that the bandwidth of OPG in above-mentioned region is near transform-limited without using dispersion element. The results are attributed to the significant decrease of refractive index near the absorption edge of BBO and the retracing behavior of 532-nm-pumped BBO crystal. The retracing occurs at 665 nm and 2.66 μm, respectively. The modified Sellmeier equations are given based on our experimental tuning curve. The theoretical calculation of the bandwidth of OPG using the modified Sellmeier equations agrees very well with our experimental measurement.
Estimating Monthly and Seasonal Distributions of Temperature and Precipitation Using the New CPC Long-Range Forecasts

Abstract A method for transforming underlying climatological distributions for monthly and seasonal mean temperature and monthly and seasonal total precipitation, in a manner consistent with long-range forecasts by the U.S. Climate Prediction Center, is developed. These transformations are summarized as simple equations into which a user may substitute a forecast probability value and calculate the parameters of a conditional probability distribution. These distributions can then be used to evaluate probabilities associated with user-defined temperature and precipitation outcomes. Examples are given to show the case of use and interpretability.
A nuclear overhauser effect study of purine nucleoside glycosyl conformation in solution

Abstract The glycosyl conformations of adenosine, inosine, guanosine, their 2′,3′-0-isopropylidene derivatives, and of xanthosine in dimethylsulfoxide are examined by quantitative application of the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). The 2′,3′-0-isopropylidene purine nucleoside derivatives in DMSO strongly prefer a single glycosyl conformation in the syn range. There is more latitude in the glycosyl torsion angle of the parent nucleosides, which in DMSO solution typically possess a C-2′ endo sugar. Here the glycosyl conformation appears to be more responsive to nucleobase substituents. Proton chemical shifts are discussed. Relevant circular dichroism spectra are presented.
Reaction of 5 eV O+ with a decanethiolate/Au(111) self-assembled monolayer

Abstract A beam of 5 eV O+ reactively etches a decanethiolate/Au(1 1 1) self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Ion-induced modifications of the SAM are monitored in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at different stages during the O+ dose. Approximately 3.8 carbon atoms are removed when 10 O+ ions strike a decanethiolate molecule; furthermore, 18% of the incident oxygen ions become trapped in the SAM. This facile reactivity is directly compared to that observed for thermal O(3P) incident on an alkanethiolate SAM and to hyperthermal O(3P) bombarding various polymeric films.
Eros and freedom in Southern life and thought

The time frame is 19th century to the opening of the Civil War and the question the author attempts to elucidate is What is the nature of Southern culture and Negro$white relations? The perspective from which an answer is attempted is sometimes that of psychoanalysis.
Low-cost Sensors for Balancing Indoor Air Quality and Energy Usage

ABSTRACT Saving energy and improving indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in buildings are traditionally competing goals. Facilities that manage one of these objectives tend to compromise the other. Building automation systems (BAS) have been limited in their ability to sense these characteristics of a building and therefore cannot act on them. A majority of buildings define IAQ in terms of supply air temperature alone, and manage energy consumption by scheduling. There is a large potential to improve both IAQ and energy consumption through innovative control strategies. These strategies are independent of developments in the energy conversion equipment itself by enhancing its control. Good control requires good feedback, and feedback for IAQ is complicated by a lack of sensors able to be easily integrated into BAS that can record other contributions to IAQ such as CO2 and the presence of trace gases. Since BAS have not traditionally had access to these types of data, there is little experience of...
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the White Mountains, California and Nevada

The White Mountains represent the westernmost range of the central northern Basin and Range province. They are situated to the east of the unextended Sierra Nevada and represent a crustal block that is bounded along its western flank by the high-angle White Mountains fault zone. The fault zone accommodates up to ∼8 km of total dip-slip displacement. Investigation of the structural and thermal history of the White Mountains indicates a two-stage Cenozoic tectonic evolution. Preextensional Miocene volcanic rocks preserved along the eastern side of the range unconformably overlie Mesozoic granitic basement and currently dip up to 25° to the east, recording the total Cenozoic tilt of the crustal block. Apatite fission-track and (U-Th/He) thermochronological data indicate that the White Mountains underwent rapid exhumation and eastward tilting in the middle Miocene, starting at ca. 12 Ma. Geologic mapping (1:10,000), fault kinematic analysis, and dating of younger volcanic sequences show that following middle Miocene east-west extension, the White Mountains have been dominated by right-lateral transtensional deformation related to the Walker Lane belt. The eruption of late Miocene and Pliocene volcanic sequences in the eastern White Mountains postdates the majority of the uplift of the range, as evidenced by infilling of paleodrainages and the presence of east-directed flow fabrics. Fault kinematic indicators from the White Mountains fault zone are characterized by apparent overprinting of dip-slip fault-motion indicators by right-lateral slickenfibers and fault striations, demonstrating that the range-bounding fault system along the western side of the White Mountains was reactivated as a dextral strike-slip fault system. At the northern and southern ends of the range, Pliocene right-lateral transtension along this northwest–southeast-trending fault systems resulted in the formation of northeast-trending pull-apart basins that truncate the mountain range and transfer strike-slip displacement eastward from the Owens Valley fault zone to the Fish Lake Valley fault zone. The inception of strike-slip faulting in Fish Lake Valley occurred at ca. 6 Ma as constrained by late Miocene volcanic units. Right-lateral faulting on the western side of the White Mountains occurred at ca. 3 Ma and is distinctly younger than the faulting in the Fish Lake Valley area, indicating a westward migration of transcurrent deformation through time.
Leaf Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Dynamics in Four Southern Forested Floodplain Communities

Decomposition of site-specific litter mixtures was monitored for 100 wk in four Roodplaht communities: (i) a mixed oak community along the Cache River in central Arkansas, (ii) s sweetgum (Liquidambar styracijlua L.)-cherrybark oak (Quercwfalcata vwpagodaefolia ELI.) community along Iatt Creek in central Louisiana, (iii) a sweetgum-swamp tupelo [Nyssu sylvaticu var. bifroru (Walt.) Sarg.] community, and (iv) a laurel oak (Quercus luurifolia Michx.) commnnity along the Coosawhatchie River in southeastern South Carolina. Soil temperature, hydroperiod, and litter quality (C:N, C:P, N:P, fignin:N) were used to interpret differences in the rates of mass loss and nutrient dynamics. After 100 wk, litter mixtures retained 33, 18, 8, and 5% of original mass on the Cache, Coosawhatchie (laurel oak community), Coosawhatchie (sweetgum-swamp tupelo community), and Iatt floodplains, respectively, and these differences appeared related to hydroperiod. Decay rates were comparable to rates reported in similar floodplain environments. Net mineralization of both N and P was observed after 100 wk, but both elements accumulated in litter mixtures periodically. Differences in hydroperiod were observed among the four floodplain communities and decomposition of and nutrient mineralization from litter among them appeared to be inversely related to the number and duration of flood events. Litterbags containing leaf litter of a single-species (i.e., cherrybark oak) were also monitored on three of the four sites to compare decay rates and nutrient dynamics with the litter mixtures. On the Cache River floodplain, slower decay of poorer quality cherrybark oak litter suggested that titter quality drove decomposition under similar edaphic conditions.
Intraventricular neuropeptide Y injections stimulate food intake in lean, but not obese Zucker rats

We examined the effect of acute third intraventricular (IVT) injections of either saline or NPY (0.95, 3.0, 9.5, or 30.0 micrograms in 1 microliter) on the 1-, 4-, and 22-hour postinjection food and water intake of female obese (fa/fa), heterozygous lean (Fa/fa), and homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats. None of the doses of NPY had an effect on either food or water intake of fa/fa rats. A significant increase of food intake was seen in Fa/Fa rats at 1 and 4 hours after the 3.0 micrograms injection of NPY and at 1, 4, and 22 hours after the 9.5 micrograms injection of NPY. Both 3.0 and 9.5 micrograms of NPY also stimulated 1- and 4-hour postinjection food intake of Fa/fa rats, although this effect was significant only at 4 hours after the 3.0 micrograms dose. NPY had a less reliable effect on water intake; 3.0 micrograms of NPY stimulated 1-hour postinjection water intake of Fa/fa rats and 4-hour postinjection water intake of Fa/Fa rats. These results indicate that lean, but not obese Zucker rats, respond by eating more to centrally administered NPY. This deficit is similar to the effects seen with IVT insulin injections and may be a result of a common receptor-mediated mechanism.
A Possible Trace Carbon Dioxide Polar Cap on Iapetus

We model ballistic transport of CO2 on the surface of Iapetus, accounting for gravitational binding energy and polar cold traps. We find that if CO2 is in the form of ice, it has a long enough residence time to be spectroscopically detected. We determine that at midlatitudes, CO2 is volatile, will rapidly ablate, and be sequestered in a polar cold trap. In addition, we find that due to the inclination of Iapetus's orbit, the poles provide only a temporary cold trap, requiring the CO2 to move to the opposite pole at the end of the winter season. During each transit, 5% of the CO2 will reach escape velocity and be lost from the system. Finally, we make a prediction of the latitudinal extent and thickness of a possible CO2 polar cap that could be detected during Cassini's 2007 September flyby of Iapetus.
Codes, Values and Justifications in the Ethical Decision-Making Process

The resolution of ethical dilemmas often requires individuals to search for reasonable justifications to support their choices. Occasionally, such justifications must be made explicit to stakeholders inside or outside the organization. Other times, the justification for a decision will be known only by the decision-maker. In either case, the organizational code of conduct that governs the individual can play a vital role in providing guidelines about appropriate and inappropriate justifications. The present paper discusses the connections between organizational codes and employee justifications.
Not an Oxidase, But a Peroxidase

Fosfomycin (see the figure, panel A) is a deceptively simple antibiotic that is clinically effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal and lower urinary tract infections ( 1 ). The biological target of this compound is the bacterial enzyme MurA, which plays a key role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. On page 991 of this issue, Wang et al. ( 2 ) report that a key step in the biosynthesis of fosfomycin requires hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) rather than molecular oxygen (O2). This discovery clarifies how the strained epoxide ring of fosfomycin is synthesized by bacteria and enhances understanding of the catalytic repertoire of iron-activated enzymes.
PROTEINATE-CAPPED SILVER NANOPARTICLE TRANSPORT IN WATER-SATURATED SAND

The transport of proteinate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was evaluated in well-defined water-saturated Ottawa sand over a range of water chemistry conditions and sand particle sizes. AgNP retention in the columns increased with solution ionic strength and reductions in mean sand particle diameter, with the influence from ionic strength having the more significant effect on AgNP retention. Increased retention of AgNPs in the porous media with increasing ionic strength appears to be caused by increased nanoparticle-sand interaction rather than increased aggregation of nanoparticles with a resulting increase in physical filtration. Effluent AgNP concentrations over time were effectively simulated using the transient, one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation with maximum attachment capacity (Smax) and attachment/detachment coefficients (katt and kdet). In almost all cases, significant amounts of AgNPs exited the columns, sug- gesting that AgNPs are relatively mobile in sand. At ionic strengths typical of natural groundwater (e.g., 10 mM), only 30-50% of the AgNPs were retained. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000684. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Nanotechnology; Sand filters; Particle size; Groundwater management. Author keywords: Proteinate capping agent; Silver nanoparticles; Breakthrough; Sand grain size; Ionic strength; Retention.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 and delirium in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients: a preliminary investigation

Background Delirium is frequent in the ICU but its pathophysiology is still unclear. Low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone with neuroprotective properties, has been associated with delirium in some non-ICU studies, but this relationship has not been examined in the ICU. We sought to test the hypotheses that low IGF-1 concentrations are associated with delirium during critical illness.
Coping, diabetes, and the older African-American

How well do African-Americans cope with a chronic disease, and does their origin of birth affect their methods of coping?
Thermal significance of fission-track length distributions

Abstract The semi-analytical solution of an equation describing the production and shortening of fission tracks in apatite suggests that certain thermal histories have unique length-distribution “signatures”. Isothermal-heating histories should be characterized by flattened, length-shortened distributions; step-heating histories should be characterized by bimodal track length distributions; and linear-cooling histories should be characterized by negatively skewed, length-shortened distributions. The model formulated here to investigate track length distributions can be used to constrain the thermal histories of natural samples for which unbiased track length data are available-provided that the geologic history of the system of interest can be used to partially constrain one of the unknowns in the model equations, time or temperature.
Differentiation of skeletal muscle from dissociated optic nerve cells Immunocytochemical observations

Multinucleate striated contractile fibers which exhibit differentiation markers characteristic of skeletal muscle develop regularly in optic nerve cultured from 10-day-old rats. In identical conditions, muscle fibers arise also from pineal and occasionally from spinal cord, but not from meninges, cerebral blood vessels, trigeminal nerve, nor brachial plexus. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that mammalian cephalic neuroectoderm has myogenic potential. The concept that skeletal muscle in different anatomical regions might have different embryonic origins could be relevant to the distribution of muscles affected by certain diseases in man.
Transverse spectral filtering and Mellin transform techniques applied to the effect of outer scale on tilt and tilt anisoplanatism

The process of setting up problems of wave propagation through turbulence and reducing the expressions to integrals is typically lengthy. Furthermore, to yield useful results the integrals must be evaluated numerically, except for the simplest problems. Here procedures are given for quickly writing an integral expression and easily evaluating it analytically, yielding a series solution that requires only a few terms to yield accurate results. The solution can also be expressed as a finite sum of generalized hypergeometric functions. The approach uses the Rytov approximation and filter functions in the spatial domain to express quantities of interest such as Zernike modes and effects of anisoplanatism for single or counterpropagating or copropagating plane or spherical waves in integral form. The integrals are readily evaluated with Mellin transforms. We illustrate the technique by deriving the tilt jitter of a single wave and the jitter between two waves with outer-scale effects present. It is shown that outer scale has a significant effect on tilt even for large outer-scale sizes. The effect of outer scale on tilt anisoplanatism is less pronounced.