cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociological foresight and hindsight in nursing

Resume La notion des soins aux patients a ete revue ces derniers temps, evoluant du concept de pathologie de l'organe au concept du patient comme entite. Cette maniere d'aborder les soins au patient a accompli des progres nouveaux dans le domaine de la recherche conceptuelle, ainsi qu'il ressort de la masse croissante de recherches medicales et sociales qui recoupent les voies traditionnelles. De nombreux chercheurs dans le domaine des sciences sociales ont etudie les patients en tant que membres de classes sociales, de groupes ethniques, de groupes d'âge, tout ceci visant les differences de reactions au “stress” et aux soins medicaux. Il est necessaire de voir dans la pratique des soins infirmiers un accomplissement des consequences de la recherche sur le plan de la medecine et du comportement. L'infirmiere que l'on forme a servir la sante positive doit savoir tenir compte des valeurs, du statut social, des valeurs d'ordre ethnique et des roles normatifs assumes par ceux qui representent de tels groupes dans les hopitaux et les etablissements de sante publique. Elle doit etre en mesure de permettre au patient de sentir qu'elle comprend et qu'il est donc fort bien que chaque patient se comporte selon ce qu'il est. L'infirmiere doit parvenir a realiser qu'avant que le “savoir” puisse etre assimile, les familles du patient doivent etre mises en mesure de lui menager une place dans le systeme existant de ses propres valeurs. Ceci signifie que l'infirmiere elle-meme doit, par consequent, trouver une place acceptable pour elle-meme dans le systeme familial. De cette maniere l'infirmiere aura respecte la legalite du droit de chaque famille a la variation et a se compter elle-meme parmi la pluralite des differences dans une nation fondee par de nombreux groupes de reference. L'approche interdisciplinaire exige que l'infirmiere comprenne le patient sous les angles sociologique et culturel, sous lesquels les gens sont aussi differents entre eux qu'elle-meme.
Host-use Patterns of Eriotremex formosanus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in South Carolina, U.S.A.

Based on emergence data, Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura), an exotic horntail established in the southeastern United States, was found to be 1) significantly more abundant in Quercus nigra L. than in Liquidambar styraciflua L. and absent from Pinus taeda L., 2) significantly more abundant in snags than logs, 3) similarly abundant in upland pine-dominated forests and bottomland hardwood-dominated forests, and 4) present at all heights along the bole but not in branches. Captures of E. formosanus in flight intercept traps positioned next to snags, logs and living trees of each tree species support these findings.
Repair of chronic spinal cord injury

Advances in medical and rehabilitative care now allow the 10-12,000 individuals who suffer spinal cord injuries each year in the United States to lead productive lives of nearly normal life expectancy, so that the numbers of those with chronic injuries will approximate 300,000 at the end of the next decade. This signals an urgent need for new treatments that will improve repair and recovery after longstanding injuries. In the present report we consider the characteristics of the chronically injured spinal cord that make it an even more challenging setting in which to elicit regeneration than the acutely injured spinal cord and review the treatments that have been designed to enhance axon growth. When applied in the first 2 weeks after experimental spinal cord injury, transplants, usually in combination with supplementary neurotrophic factors, and possibly modifications of the inhibitory central nervous system environment, have produced limited long-distance axon regeneration and behavioral recovery. When applied to injuries older than 4 weeks, the same treatments have almost invariably failed to overcome the obstacles posed by the neurons' diminished capacity for regeneration and by the increasing hostility to growth of the terrain at and beyond the injury site. Novel treatments that have stimulated regeneration after acute injuries have not yet been applied to chronic injuries. A therapeutic strategy that combines rehabilitation training and pharmacological modulation of neurotransmitters appears to be a particularly promising approach to increasing recovery after longstanding injury. Identifying patients with no hope of useful recovery in the early days after injury will allow these treatments to be administered as early as possible.
Integrating lean and other strategies for mass customization manufacturing: a case study

Mass customization (MC) manufacturing requires high flexibility to respond to customer needs in a timely manner. Lean manufacturing principles can be easily applied to situations with low levels of MC. However, as the degree of customization increases and customer involvement occurs earlier in the design and fabrication stages, the direct application of lean principles to maintain flow and low levels of inventory becomes difficult. This paper presents a framework to show how other strategies such as Quick Response manufacturing/POLCA, Theory of Constraints, Flexible/Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems, etc. can be integrated with lean in MC environments. A case study of boat mass customizer is then used to demonstrate how their operations are transformed by for more efficient MC. Simulation models are used to compare pre- and post-improvement performance.
Analgesic use and change in kidney function in apparently healthy men.

Abstract Background: Studies using a single creatinine measurement have yielded inconsistent results regarding analgesic use and kidney function. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 4,494 US male physicians who provided blood samples in both 1982 and 1996. Outcomes measured were increase in plasma creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or greater (≥26.5 μmol/L) and decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 29.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or greater during this 14-year period. Self-reported use of aspirin, acetaminophen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was classified as never ( Results: Blood measurements made 14 years apart showed increased creatinine levels in 242 participants and decreased GFRs in 224 participants. Compared with never use, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of increased creatinine levels were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 2.23) for 2,500 or greater pills of aspirin, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.55 to 1.90) for 2,500 or greater pills of acetaminophen, and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.87) for 2,500 or greater pills of other NSAIDs. For decreased GFRs, ORs for intake of 2,500 or greater pills were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.35 to 1.57) for aspirin, 1.22 (95% CI, 0.66 to 2.26) for acetaminophen, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.90) for other NSAIDs. Use of aspirin, but not acetaminophen or other NSAIDs, was associated with a reduced risk for change in kidney function in participants without cardiovascular risk factors and a possible but nonsignificant increase in those with cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: Occasional to moderate analgesic intake of aspirin, acetaminophen, or NSAIDs does not appear to increase the risk for decline in kidney function during a period of 14 years.
Badminton shuttlecock aerodynamics: synthesizing experiment and theory

In this study, the flight performance of four models of shuttlecocks, two with feather skirts and two with plastic, is investigated. The aerodynamic forces of each shuttlecock at varying air speed and angle of attack are measured in a subsonic wind tunnel. Empirical correlations derived from these data are then incorporated into an adaptive, shuttlecock-specific numerical trajectory simulation. These simulated trajectories are in good agreement with experimental results, with average and maximum errors of 2.5 and 9.1% in vertical distance travelled. The aerodynamically adaptive trajectory model is used to analyse four common types of badminton shot: serve, net, smash and high clear. From these simulations, it is found that the trajectory paths of the higher quality plastic shuttlecock most closely mimic those of the feather shuttlecock of same speed grade. Results of both aerodynamic testing and trajectory simulation provide quantitative support for players’ preference for the ‘feel’ and responsiveness of feather shuttlecocks. It is also observed that plastic shuttlecocks fly faster than do feather shuttlecocks under smash shots, a behaviour explained by a reduction of drag due to skirt deformation observed in wind tunnel experiments at high flight velocity. The results of the study highlight the influence of shuttlecock design and material on shuttlecock flight.
A fast maximum likelihood estimation and detection algorithm for Bernoulli-Gaussian processes

In this correspondence, we propose a fast maximum likelihood detection and estimation algorithm, called a multiple-mostlikely-replacement (MMLR) detector, for Bernoulli-Gaussian processes which are distorted by a linear time-invariant system and contaminated by a white Gaussian noise. This new detector works as well as the well-known single-most-likely-replacement (SMLR) detector. However, the former is computationally faster than the latter. We discuss two examples which demonstrate the computational advantage of the proposed algorithm using synthetic data.
Multiaxial fatigue life assessment of welded structures

Welded structures, such as welded pressure vessel components subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading, are particularly susceptible to fatigue damage. In this paper, a new path-length-based effective stress range is proposed to assess the fatigue life of weld joints under multiaxial fatigue loading. The path-length measure, a function of both normal and shear components on a critical crack plane, has a solid root in classic fracture mechanics and its application is validated by correlating nominal fatigue data including pure-bending, pure-torsion, in-phase, and out-of-phase loading. Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR), a unique general-purpose fatigue life assessment package for multiaxial variable-amplitude loading, is introduced in this paper. Finally, the application of PDMR to multiaxial fatigue life assessment of complex loading cases is also discussed.
Jigging in the fungus-growing ant Cyphomyrmex costatus : a response to collembolan garden invaders?

A conspicuous, rhythmic rocking behavior (“jigging”) in the fungus-growing ant Cyphomyrmex costatus is described with the help of high-speed videotaping. The ants are known to perform this behavior in their nest, but the cause and function of jigging has so far remained unclear. This study tested one cause of this behavior: if it is triggered by collembolan invaders that feed on the ant’s fungal garden, as hypothesized by Weber in 1957. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment surveyed jigging rates in colonies infected with Collembola and in colonies free of Collembola. The rate of jigging was significantly higher in the colonies with Collembola. In the second experiment, to show causation of jigging by Collembola, a series of single ants were isolated with garden fragments from their colonies and jigging was scored in the presence or absence of Collembola. Again jigging was significantly higher in the presence of the added Collembola, whereas no jigging was observed in the ants kept without Collembola. The experiments therefore support Weber’s hypothesis that the presence of Collembola can trigger jigging. However, because jigging was also observed in colonies without Collembola, it cannot be the sole cause of the behavior, and other causes need to be investigated. In addition, the function of jigging in the presence and absence of Collembola also needs to be investigated.
Discrete representation of signals

In processing continuous-time signals by digitalmeans, it is necessary to represent the signal by a digital sequence. There are many ways other than periodic sampling for obtaining such a sequence. The requirements for such representations and some examples are discussed within the framework of simulating linear time-invariant systems. The representation of digital sequences by other digital sequences is also discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of such representations to implement a nonlinear warping of the digital frequency axis. Some applications and hardware implementation of this digital-frequency warping are described.
Growth of aligned SWNT arrays from water-soluble molecular clusters for nanotube device fabrication

A simple method to fabricate parallel and/or crossed networks of ultra-long single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) arrays based on carbon monoxide-chemical vapor deposition (CO-CVD) by a “fast-heating” growth process is reported. The catalysts which are water-soluble inorganic molecular clusters containing Fe and Mo atoms can be easily “drawn” on the substrate by an ink pen using the cluster solution as “ink” or transferred by micro-contact printing (μCP) using poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer stamp onto substrate. The as-grown SWNTs are millimetres in length with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 nm and with controllable location and direction. Multi-dimensional crossed-networks of SWNTs can be easily fabricated by multi-step growth processes. Patterning catalysts using water-soluble clusters can be compatible with ink-jet printing techniques for generating large-area well-oriented and precisely-located SWNTs. We have also demonstrated that the ease of patterning and growing aligned nanotube arrays provides a reliable way to fabricate nanotube electronic devices.
Simulated erosion and fertilizer effects on winter wheat cropping intermountain dryland area.

Topsoil loss from erosion in the intermountain dry-farming area reduces crop yields. This study tested the hypothesis that the effects of erosion on water storage and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield could be partially alleviated by applying appropriate fertilizers. Two sites were used, one on Rexburg silt loam, a coarse-silty, mixed, frigid Calcic Haploxeroll, and the other on Newdale silt loam, a coarse-silty, mixed frigid Calciorthidic Haploxeroll. Topsoil-depth treatments were + 15, 0, —15, or —30 cm changes relative to the original surface. After making the soil depth changes, 54 kg P ha-1 were incorporated on one half of each topsoil depth plot and the other half received no P. These P or no P plots were split for applications of 0, 34 or 68 kg N ha-1. Phosphorus had no effect on wheat yield. Without fertilizer N, yields on —15 and —30-cm plots were reduced 46 and 55%, respectively, but increased 69% from the addition of 15 cm of topsoil, compared with the 0-cm plot. Removing 15 and 30 cm of topsoil also reduced the upper limit of N-fertilized production to 80 and 65%, respectively, of production on undisturbed N-fertilized plots. Three kilograms fertilizer N ha-1 each crop year offset each centimeter of soil removed, but only to the new lower production limit. All plots had similar amounts of stored, available soil water in the spring, but a large fraction of this water remained unused at harvest on plots with 15 and 30 cm of topsoil removed because the low-yielding wheat did not use as much water. Profile water differences at harvest were no longer apparent by the next spring, following winter recharge. Unused water at harvest, which partially filled the soil profile, reduced winter infiltration and contributed to subsequent runoff from precipitation on those plots. Adding N fertilizer was only a partial solution to topsoil deficiencies.
Non-Psychoeducational Foundations of Learning Disabilities

In discussing the question of how many learning-disabled children there are, Helmer Myklebust has said, “Tell me how many you want to find and I'll write you a definition that will find that many” (McCarthy, 1968). This discussion takes a critical look at the assumptions underlying the learning disabilities field. Conclusions and implications regarding this relatively new category of exceptionality are discussed.
Perceptual salience as novelty detection in cortical pinwheel space

We describe a filter-based model of orientation processing in primary visual cortex (V1) and demonstrate that novelty in cortical "pinwheel" space can be used as a measure of perceptual salience. In the model, novelty is computed as the negative log likelihood of a pinwheel's activity relative to the population response. The population response is modeled using a mixture of Gaussians, enabling the representation of complex, multi-modal distributions. Hidden variables that are inferred in the mixture model can be viewed as grouping or "binding" pinwheels which have similar responses within the distribution space. Results are shown for several stimuli that illustrate well-known contextual effects related to perceptual salience, as well as results for a natural image.
Development Length of Prestressing Strands in Precast/Prestressed Girders using Self Compacting Concrete

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has become of high interest to the precast concrete industry due to the benefits it offers in enhancing construction productivity. In spite of this interest and rapid developments on SCC technology, its acceptance in the U.S. is lagging due to material and structural performance co ncerns; among these is the issue of bond. An on-going study is thus evaluating the bond of prestressing strands on precast/prestres sed girders. The study is based on e xperimental evaluation of transfer and development lengths of 13mm (0.5 in.) diameter seven -wire strands on small-scale T-beams. Three different SCC mix designs, which bound the approaches to achieve SCC behavior, and a reference normally consolidated concrete mix were considered. Preliminary results indicate that transfer lengths for SCC deviate from those for normal concrete depending on its composition. In all cases, however, the experimentally determined transfer lengths are within code recommendations. Flexural tests for determining development length are on -going.
Approximate Steering of a Unicycle Under Bounded Model Perturbation Using Ensemble Control

This paper considers the problem of steering a nonholonomic unicycle despite model perturbation that scales both the forward speed and the turning rate by an unknown but bounded constant. We model the unicycle as an ensemble control system, show that this system is ensemble controllable, and derive an approximate steering algorithm that brings the unicycle to within an arbitrarily small neighborhood of any given Cartesian position. We apply our work to a differential-drive robot with unknown but bounded wheel radius and validate our approach with hardware experiments.
Rapid diagnostic barcode system for codetection of multiple protein markers

An ultrasensitive immunodiagnostic readout method based on an electrochemical analysis is presented. Different inorganic quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals (ZnS, CdS, and PbS) are tagged to antibodies for the on-site voltammetric stripping measurements of multiple antigen targets. The multiprotein electrical sensing capability is coupled to the amplification feature of anodic stripping voltammetric transduction and with an efficient magnetic removal (to minimize nonspecific adsorption and cross-reactivity effects). Sandwich-immunoassay formats were performed using model proteins (/spl beta//sub 2/-microglobulin, myoglobin, and human serum albumin). These encoding QD tracers with distinct redox potential yield highly sensitive and selective stripping peaks at -1.11 V (Zn), -0.67 V (Cd), and -0.52 V (Pb) at the mercury-film screen printed carbon electrode (versus Ag/AgCl reference). The position and size of these peaks reflect the identity and risk level of the corresponding antigen marker. The favorable signal-to-noise characteristics of the response for the initial 25-ng/mL mixture indicate a detection limit of ca. 10 ng/mL far below the early warning range and allow a reliable determination of very low protein concentrations. Such analog peaks of the QDs were converted to simple and rapid barcode signals. The digital readout system can code 215 electrically tuned barcodes to mark different protein analytes and to be useful for a wireless communication system.
Adsorption of extracellular chromosomal DNA and its effects on natural transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii.

To better understand the influence of environmental conditions on the adsorption of extracellular chromosomal DNA and its availability for natural transformation, the amount and conformation of adsorbed DNA were monitored under different conditions in parallel with transformation assays using the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. DNA adsorption was monitored using the technique of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Both silica and natural organic matter (NOM) surfaces were evaluated in solutions containing either 100 mM NaCl or 1 mM CaCl2. The QCM-D data suggest that DNA adsorbed to silica surfaces has a more compact and rigid conformation in Ca2+ solution than in Na+ solution and that the reverse is true when DNA is adsorbed to NOM surfaces. While the amounts of DNA adsorbed on a silica surface were similar for Ca2+ and Na+ solutions, the amount of DNA adsorbed on an NOM-coated surface was higher in Ca2+ solution than in Na+ solution. Transformation frequencies for dissolved DNA and DNA adsorbed to silica and to NOM were 6 × 10−5, 5 × 10−5, and 2.5 × 10−4, respectively. For NOM-coated surfaces, transformation frequencies from individual experiments were 2- to 50-fold higher in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of Na+. The results suggest that groundwater hardness (i.e., Ca2+ concentration) will affect the amount of extracellular DNA adsorbed to the soil surface but that neither adsorption nor changes in the conformation of the adsorbed DNA will have a strong effect on the frequency of natural transformation of A. vinelandii.
Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits.

Use of electronic cigarettes, devices that deliver a nicotine-containing vapor, has increased rapidly across the country and globally. Perceived and marketed as a “healthier alternative” to conventional cigarettes, few data exist regarding the safety of these devices and their efficacy in harm reduction and treatment of tobacco dependence; even less is known about their overall impact on population health. This review highlights the recent data regarding electronic cigarette toxicity, impact on lung function, and efficacy in smoking reduction and cessation. Studies show that the vapor generated from electronic cigarettes has variable amounts of nicotine and potential harmful toxins, albeit at levels lower than in conventional cigarettes. The long-term carcinogenic and lung function effects of electronic cigarettes are not known. Although some data demonstrate that electronic cigarettes may be effective in reducing conventional cigarette consumption, there are no data demonstrating the efficacy of electron...
Corrections to “A Power-Efficient Switched-Capacitor Stimulating System for Electrical/Optical Deep-Brain Stimulation”

Two authors were omitted in the above paper (ibid., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 360-374, Jan. 2015). We regret the error. Bryan Howell and Warren M. Grill should be the fourth and fifth authors, respectively.
Oxygen‐18 dynamics in precipitation and streamflow in a semi‐arid agricultural watershed, Eastern Washington, USA

Understanding flow pathways and mechanisms that generate streamflow is important to understanding agrochemical contamination in surface waters in agricultural watersheds. Two environmental tracers, δ18O and electrical conductivity (EC), were monitored in tile drainage (draining 12 ha) and stream water (draining nested catchments of 6-5700 ha) from 2000 to 2008 in the semi-arid agricultural Missouri Flat Creek (MFC) watershed, near Pullman Washington, USA. Tile drainage and streamflow generated in the watershed were found to have baseline δ18O value of −14·7‰ (VSMOW) year round. Winter precipitation accounted for 67% of total annual precipitation and was found to dominate streamflow, tile drainage, and groundwater recharge. ‘Old’ and ‘new’ water partitioning in streamflow were not identifiable using δ18O, but seasonal shifts of nitrate-corrected EC suggest that deep soil pathways primarily generated summer streamflow (mean EC 250 µS/cm) while shallow soil pathways dominated streamflow generation during winter (EC declining as low as 100 µS/cm). Using summer isotopic and EC excursions from tile drainage in larger catchment (4700-5700 ha) stream waters, summer in-stream evaporation fractions were estimated to be from 20% to 40%, with the greatest evaporation occurring from August to October. Seasonal watershed and environmental tracer dynamics in the MFC watershed appeared to be similar to those at larger watershed scales in the Palouse River basin. A 0·9‰ enrichment, in shallow groundwater drained to streams (tile drainage and soil seepage), of δ18O values from 2000 to 2008 may be evidence of altered precipitation conditions due to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the Inland Northwest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein S deficiency in middle‐aged women with stroke

We examined the relationship between free protein S deficiency and cerebrovascular disease by reviewing the records of all patients with the diagnoses of cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, and cerebral vascular occlusion who were referred for coagulation studies over a 12-month period. We assayed for free protein S antigen, protein C antigen, and antithrombin III and tested for lupus-like anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibody. Twenty-two of 267 patients (8.2%) admitted with thrombotic strokes were referred for coagulation studies. Free protein S antigen was significantly lower in women than in men (62 +/- 25% versus 88 +/- 24%, p = 0.03; n = 11 in each group). Six women had free protein S antigen levels below the range recorded for a contemporary group of 24 age-matched normal women (17 to 59% versus 70 to 102%, p less than 0.001); four of these women had cerebral arterial thrombosis and two had venous dural sinus thrombosis. The six women were aged 29 to 55 at the time of their first strokes; two had family members with protein S deficiency, and one of these had died of a stroke at age 52. Other abnormalities in this population included a positive test for lupus-like anticoagulant or anticardiolipin in five patients, a modest decrease in protein S in two men, and one patient with an isolated deficiency of antithrombin III. We conclude that protein S deficiency may be an important risk factor for stroke in middle-aged women but this requires confirmation by prospective studies in unselected patients.
Scratching, dominance, tension, and displacement in male baboons.

This paper reports a study designed to test the hypothesis that a relationship exists among dominance rank, tension, and scratch behaviors in anubis baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). Our study was conducted on two groups of male baboons, each containing eight unrelated individuals who were approximately 6 years of age and who shared common rearing histories. Focal animal sampling was used to collect behavioral data. Hand scratching, foot scratching, avoid, tension, allogrooming, autogrooming, and manipulation were measured as acts performed per hour of sampling. Dominance matrices were constructed based on net difference of avoid behavior performed and received (adjusted for time sampled). Individual status ranks were grouped into two status classes, high and low. Analysis of variance models demonstrated significant differences in the performance rate of scratching behaviors by dominance rank class, as well as differences in scratching performance by tension class. Individuals in the high status class had significantly higher rates of total scratching, hand scratching, foot scratching, and tension behavior performance than their counterparts in the low status class. No significant difference was found between status classes or tension classes for performance rate of allogrooming, autogrooming, or manipulation behavior. The frequency of scratching and general level of activity were not significantly correlated. The results are interpreted to indicate the possibility that scratching may function as a displacement behavior, which subjectively appears to communicate heightened frustration, anxiety, or arousal.
Identification in the Roy Model with an Application to Auctions

The paper presents conditions for non-parametric identification of a joint distribution when the marginal distributions are identified and the joint distribution is partially identified. Specifically, the paper considers the problem of estimating a J-dimensional Roy Model. The paper extends Heckman and Honore (1990) by providing an additional identification result with reasonable data requirements and without strong parametric assumptions. The result is applied to sealed bid auctions where bidders face competing auctions for substitutes, such as in auction platforms like eBay or Google Adwords.
Enzymatic Interesterification of High Oleic Sunflower Oil and Tripalmitin or Tristearin

The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero-trans, interesterified fats with 20 or 30 % saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C16:0 or C18:0. Tripalmitin (TP) or tristearin (TS) was blended with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) at different ratios (0.1:1, 0.3:1, and 0.5:1 [w/w]). Total C16:0 and C18:0 compositions of the resulting TP/HOSO and TS/HOSO blends, respectively, were plotted against blending ratios. Linear interpolation was used to estimate blending ratios that would yield physical blends (PB) with 20 or 30 % SFA. Interesterified blends (IB) were then synthesized from the customized PB using Lipozyme TL IM as the biocatalyst. Total and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability of PB and IB were compared. The total fatty acid compositions of PB and IB were similar but fatty acid positional distributions and TAG molecular species composition differed. IB contained 5–10 % more SFA at the sn-2 position than corresponding PB. Furthermore, interesterification generated mono- and disaturated TAG species which resulted in broader melting profiles for IB. However, IB had lower oxidative stability than PB. The reformulation of food products with zero-trans interesterified fats may be advantageous to the reduction of cardiovascular disease burden in the population.
A Longitudinal Study of Multiple Drug Use and Overdose Among Young People Who Inject Drugs.

Objectives. To determine the association between multiple drug use and nonfatal overdose among young people (younger than 30 years) who inject drugs.Methods. We completed a longitudinal study of 173 injection drug users younger than 30 years living in San Francisco, California, between April 2012 and February 2014.Results. The odds of nonfatal overdose increased significantly as heroin and benzodiazepine pill-taking days increased and when alcohol consumption exceeded 10 drinks per day compared with 0 drinks per day.Conclusions. Heroin, benzodiazepine, and alcohol use were independently associated with nonfatal overdose over time among young people who inject drugs. Efforts to address multiple central nervous system depressant use remain an important component of a comprehensive approach to overdose, particularly among young people.
Field cage, greenhouse, and small field plot evaluation of a radiation-resistant strain of boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

The effectiveness of a strain of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, genetically selected for increased survival after irradiation and increased mating success in the laboratory was evaluated in greenhouses, field cages, and small field plots over a 4-yr period. The genetically selected strain (RR) from Fargo, ND, was compared with the synthesized strain from which the RR strain was derived (CP) and with a strain (ST) that has been in mass production in Starkville, MS, for > 15 yr. Survival in the field after irradiation was greater for the RR strain than for the other strains in all 3 yr that this parameter was measured, but differences were significant in only one of those years. In the second year, RR-strain individuals lived longer, were more attractive during the second week in the field, and exhibited greater mating success at 14 d after irradiation than either control strain. The increase in RR-strain survival after irradiation did not result in increased suppression of egg hatch in the field. There was no difference in field competitiveness among strains in any of the 3 yr that it was measured.
Studies on Wear Mechanism of Ultrathin Protective Carbon Overcoat by Micro-Wear Scan Technique

By combining the micro-wear and microscratch techniques in a microindenter, a new methodology to investigate the mechanical properties of ultrathin coatings has been developed. With a 0.18 μm/sec scratch speed along a Y-direction while oscillating the indenter tip along the X-direction at a 6.55 Hz frequency, uniform wear tracks of approximately 20 μm × 90 μm in dimension can be created under either a constant or a gradually increased applied normal load. The wear-scan methodology has rendered several immediate advantages over the conventional micro-scratch technique, offering features such as a much larger testing area thus facilitating the failure and morphology analyses afterwards, the possibility of studying the wear debris generation and the flexibility in testing characteristics. Two thin film disks with different hydrogenated carbon overcoats have been tested by using the micro-wear scan technique. The results in the mechanical measurements, the wear processes and the morphology evolution are illustrated and discussed.
NANOSCALE SIMULATIONS OF ROCK AND CLAY MINERALS

Nanomechanics has huge possibilities in explaining basic materials response such as creep, friction, rate and temperature dependency. Constitutive models based on nanomechanics have distinct advantages over phenomological models in simulating the response of geomaterials under extreme environments. This paper presents a study of the elasticity properties of rock and clay minerals using MD simulations. The interatomic potentials used for these minerals are taken from the published work on the same minerals. Both bonded and non-bonded interatomic contributions and periodic boundary conditions in three dimensions are included in the simulations. The elasticity module of the minerals are calculated from the axial stress versus strain curves. The results show that the elasticity properties of the minerals obtained from the MD simulations agree well with the published data. It is found that the elasticity modulus of kaolinite is even higher than quartz, which is in contrast with their known macroscopic properties. This could be due to the arrangement of the clay particles at the microscopic level, which dominates the macroscopic properties of the clay mass.
Influence of Misalignment on Magneto-Rheological Coupler

This paper derives the theoretical formulas of transmission torque for a Magneto-Rheological coupler(MR coupler) from the flow characteristics of Magneto-Rheological fluid(MR fluid) by using the Bingham model,discusses the working mode of MR fluid,and analyzes the force of the drums when there is a misalignment between the inner and outer drums.The misalignment of the two drums can just influence the viscous torque but not the working torque produced by the magnetic field,and it may produce an additional pressure on the drums which should be considered for designing the drums and the sealing.
Effects of Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation on the Vesicourethral Function in Spinal Cord Injury Patients

AbstractThere were 17 spinal cord injury men with drug-resistant pain who were treated with transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Bladder and sphincter dysfunctions were evaluated by gas cystosphincterometry and rectal sphinctero-electromyography with the patient in 2 different positions. With the use of transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain we noted no demonstrable urodynamic changes in acute and chronic paraplegics and chronic quadriplegics. However, there was an increase in the urethral pressures and in the rectal electromyogram spike potentials in acute and recent (less than 2 years post-injury) quadriplegics with postural detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia. Therefore, caution is necessary when transcutaneous nerve stimulation is used in this particular group of patients since it might be detrimental to the genitourinary tract.
Tools for 3D graphics: tutorial presentation

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce those attending to the advantages and use of 3D support freeware/shareware in their 3D graphics classes. The following applications will be discussed (with an emphasis placed on the modeling and animation capabilities of MilkShape 3D): • MilkShape 3D from chUmbaLumsOft (http://chumbalum.swissquake.ch/ • UVMapper (http://www.uvmapper.com/) • Terragen (http://www.planetside.co.uk/terragen/)
Unleashing Strain Induced Ferroelectricity in Complex Oxide Thin Films via Precise Stoichiometry Control

Strain tuning has emerged as a powerful means to enhance properties and to induce otherwise unattainable phenomena in complex oxide films. However, by employing strain alone, the predicted properties sometimes fail to emerge. In this work, the critical role of precise stoichiometry control for realizing strain-induced ferroelectricity in CaTiO3 films is demonstrated. An adsorption controlled growth window is discovered for CaTiO3 films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, which ensures an excellent control over the Ti:Ca atomic percent ratio of <0.8% in the films. Superior ferroelectric and dielectric properties are found for films grown inside the stoichiometric growth window, yielding maximum polarization, dielectric constant, and paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition temperatures. Outside this growth window, properties are severely deteriorated and ultimately suppressed by defects in the films. This study exemplifies the important role of precise compositional control for achieving strain-induced properties. Untangling the effects of strain and stoichiometry on functional properties will accelerate both fundamental discoveries yet to be made in the vast materials design space of strained complex oxide films, as well as utilization of strain-stabilized phenomena in future devices.
Diatomite: Origins, Occurrences, and Uses

(1982). Diatomite: Origins, Occurrences, and Uses. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 145-147.
Abstract P169: Association of Kidney Function and Risk of Hospitalized Bone Fracture

Introduction: Persons with end-stage renal disease are at high risk of fracture. Less is known about fracture risk in milder chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in persons with albuminuria but preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and whether CKD-associated fracture risk varies by sex. Methods: Participants from the ARIC study were followed from 1996-2011. Kidney function was assessed at baseline by eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Fracture-related diagnostic codes were identified through active surveillance of hospitalizations. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for demographic factors and other established risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture. Results: Among 11,000 eligible participants (mean age 63.3 years, 55.9% female, 21.9% black), there were 722 fracture-related hospitalizations during a median follow-up of 13 years. Below eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, lower eGFR was associated with higher fracture risk (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 lower eGFR: 1.49; 95% CI, 1.27, 1.75), independent of ACR (Figure). Above eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, there was no association between eGFR and fracture risk. There was a strong relationship between ACR and fracture, independent of eGFR (aHR per log-increase, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08-1.20). More severe stages of both GFR and albuminuria conferred higher fracture risk. Even among those with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, persons with ACR >300 mg/g or ACR 30-300 mg/g had higher fracture risk than those with ACR <30mg/g (adjusted incidence rate (aIR): 9.21; 95% CI, 5.00-17.12, aIR: 7.43; 95% CI, 5.59 -9.89, aIR: 5.17; 95% CI, 4.76-5.60, respectively). There was no difference in associations by sex (eGFR: p for interaction= 0.9; albuminuria: p for interaction= 0.6). Conclusions: Low eGFR and albuminuria were independent risk factors for fracture-related hospitalization in both men and women in this community-based population. Persons with kidney disease might benefit from fracture prevention strategies. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Stand Dynamics Influence Masting/Radial Growth Relationships in Pinus palustris Mill.

ABSTRACT Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) regeneration is dependent on above-average masting (i.e., cone crop) years that occur over 5- to 7-yr cycles. Not understood, however, is how annual cone mast influences radial growth for longleaf pine. Here, we collected tree-ring data from one site in South Carolina and two sites in North Carolina to examine: (a) the relationship between longleaf pine mast and radial growth; (b) how timber thinning at one site affected this relationship; and (c) how previous October to current April Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) affects mast. We used dendroecological techniques to assemble three radial growth chronologies and compared annual radial growth to annual mast. We found the strongest negative correlation when mast was lagged 1 year from radial growth (i.e., mast of Year X with radial growth of Year X − 1), but current-year mast and growth were not significantly correlated. Mast/radial growth relationships were only detectible when radial growth indices less than...
Mass accommodation coefficients of fresh and aged biomass-burning emissions

ABSTRACTMost chemical transport models treat the partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) with the assumption of instantaneous thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the mass accommodation coefficients, α, of biomass-burning organic aerosol (BBOA) are largely unconstrained. During the FLAME-IV campaign, we thermally perturbed aged and fresh BBOA with a variable residence time thermodenuder and measured the resulting change in particle mass concentration to restore equilibrium. We used this equilibration profile to retrieve an effective α for components of BBOA that dictated this profile and found that the mass accommodation coefficients lie within the range 0.1 ≪ α ⩽ 1. A simple plume dilution model shows a maximum of only a 7% difference between a dynamical and an instantaneous equilibrium partitioning model using our best-estimate value for α. This supports continued use of the equilibrium assumption to treat partitioning of biomass-burning emissions in chemical-transport models.Copyright © ...
Inhibition of Poly(A)-binding protein with a synthetic RNA mimic reduces pain sensitization in mice.

Nociceptors rely on cap-dependent translation to rapidly induce protein synthesis in response to pro-inflammatory signals. Comparatively little is known regarding the role of the regulatory factors bound to the 3′ end of mRNA in nociceptor sensitization. Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) stimulates translation initiation by bridging the Poly(A) tail to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F complex associated with the mRNA cap. Here, we use unbiased assessment of PABP binding specificity to generate a chemically modified RNA-based competitive inhibitor of PABP. The resulting RNA mimic, which we designated as the Poly(A) SPOT-ON, is more stable than unmodified RNA and binds PABP with high affinity and selectivity in vitro. We show that injection of the Poly(A) SPOT-ON at the site of an injury can attenuate behavioral response to pain. Collectively, these results suggest that PABP is integral for nociceptive plasticity. The general strategy described here provides a broad new source of mechanism-based inhibitors for RNA-binding proteins and is applicable for in vivo studies. Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) is an RNA binding protein with translation function. Here, Barragan-Iglesias and colleagues devise an RNA mimic that inhibits PABP activity, and show that inhibitors can reduce animal’s pain response in vivo when injected locally.
Edentulism and the Demise of Dentures: Facts and Fallacies

The worldwide prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases has not diminished. If edentulism is related to these leading causes of tooth loss, then it might be anticipated that the prevalence of edentulism has also not diminished. Beyond biofilm-mediated disease as a main etiology of tooth loss, the prevalence of edentulism has been and remains associated with rural dwelling, education level, and socioeconomic status. Its prevalence varies across regions and the world. As such, oversimplification fails to recognize the significant issues edentulism brings to society and health-care professions. The future of edentulism and the provision of dentures will be informed by multiple factors including the increased numbers of retained yet unrestored and diseased teeth, the impact of comorbid diseases, the chronicity of oral diseases and increased longevity, and the complex issues of access to care. Edentulism represents one symptom of adult health-care disparities that requires education, further study, and action.
Bidirectional Communication for Effective Human-Agent Teaming

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence research is reaching a point where machines are able to learn and adapt to dynamically make decisions independently or in collaboration with human team members. With such technological advancements on the horizon, there will come a mandate to develop techniques to deploy effective human-agent teams. One key challenge to the development of effective teaming has been enabling a shared, dynamic understanding of mission space, and a basic knowledge about the states and intents other teammates. Bidirectional communication is an approach that fosters communication between human and intelligent agents to improve mutual understanding and enable effective task coordination. This session focuses on current research and scientific gaps in three areas necessary to advance the field of bidirectional communication between human and intelligent agent team members. First, intelligent agents must be capable of understanding the state and intent of the human team member. Second, human team members must be capable of understanding the capabilities and intent of the intelligent agent. Finally, in order for the entire system to work, systems must effectively integrate information from and coordinate behaviors across all team members. The combination of these three areas will enable future human-agent teams to develop a shared understanding of the environment as well as a mutual understanding of each other, thereby enabling truly collaborative human-agent teams.
Breast reconstruction after mastectomy in young women

Young women with breast cancer differ from older women in a number of ways that may affect their experience with breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Parenting, work, or recreational activities may influence a young woman's decisions about whether or not to have reconstruction, timing of reconstruction, and type of reconstruction. Young women with breast cancer are known to experience greater psychological morbidity and poorer quality of life than older women. A young woman's breast anatomy and physiology and overall medical condition generally allow more reconstructive options. Young women can often tolerate autologous reconstruction well, and more young women are expressing interest in perforator-based free tissue transfer to reduce donor site morbidity. Although the reconstructive issues are different for younger women, outcomes of breast reconstruction appear to be the same for women of all ages.