cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sugarbeet culture and mormon economic development in the Intermountain West

Beta vulgaris L. played an important economic role in Mormon settlements from 1852 to 1979. The introduction of the sugarbeet from Europe supplied not only a source of sugar and income, but also a sense of dignity and independence to early Mormon pioneers seeking refuge from intense religious persecution. As the major cash crop in early Mormon settlements, cultivation of sugarbeet directly provided security for farmers, and indirectly the economic foundation for workers in many other areas. However, in the last three decades, changes in world and U.S. sugar prices have rendered sugarbeet cultivation in some areas of the Intermountain West economically untenable, and the crop has been commercially abandoned.
VSL#3 Probiotic Stimulates T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Mediated Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function

VSL#3 is a probiotic cocktail that has shown efficacy in treating murine colitis and patients with ulcerative colitis. VSL#3 can also exert a beneficial effect on epithelial barrier function which ...
Internet Data Analysis for the Undergraduate Statistics Curriculum

Statistics textbooks for undergraduates have not caught up with the enormous amount of analysis of Internet data that is taking place these days. Case studies that use Web server log data or Intern...
Gay activism behind the magnolia curtain: the Memphis Gay Coalition, 1979-1991.

In 1979, a full decade after the burgeoning and rapid expansion of the gay liberation movement, a handful of gay men organized the Memphis Gay Coalition and Tennessee's largest city entered the activist mainstream. The Memphis Gay Coalition remained active for over a decade sponsoring political, educational, and social events. After twelve years the Coalition disbanded amid accusations of racism, sexism, and elitism, having achieved some of its original purposes in providing services to theMemphis gay community. Documentary sources and community interviews reveal that personality conflicts, organizational problems, and the forces of Southern culture played a role in the disintegration of the Memphis Gay Coalition, which left the city and its neighboring region without a broad gay activist alliance.
Purification and characterization of the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor from human plasma.

Abstract The lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) has been isolated from human plasma using a combination of hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and affinity chromatography. The final purification required was greater than 500,000-fold with a yield of 13%. Plasma LACI, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, contains major bands at 40 and 46 kDa and minor bands at 55, 65, 75, 90, and approximately 130 kDa. All of the molecular weight forms are recognized by antibodies to LACI's amino and carboxyl termini and are able to inhibit the factor VII(a)-tissue factor complex and factor Xa. Plasma LACI, reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol, migrates on sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a doublet at 42 kDa and has an amino-terminal sequence essentially identical to that of HepG2 LACI. The difference in size between reduced plasma LACI (42 kDa) and HepG2 LACI (47 kDa) may be related to differing degrees of N-linked glycosylation. The 46-kDa and larger forms of unreduced plasma LACI are associated with apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) in mixed disulfide linkages. Studies using isolated lipoproteins show that low density lipoprotein (LDL) contains primarily the 40-kDa form of LACI, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains primarily the 46-kDa form of LACI (LACI/apoA-II complexes). Gel filtration of a fresh plasma sample showed approximately 50% of plasma LACI to be associated with LDL/very low density lipoprotein, 44% with HDL, and the remaining 6% to not be associated with lipoproteins.
A study of cyclic plastic stresses at a notch root

Cyclic plastic stresses at notch roots of aluminum alloy sheets under repeated tension and reversed loading
Development of Orientation Tuning in the Visual Cortex of Kittens

Orientation tuning of single units in striate cortex of kittens aged 2–6 weeks was measured quantitatively. Results are based on 227 visually responsive units from 36 kittens of which 9 were reared in complete darkness. Cells were classed as non-oriented (N.O.), orientation-biased (O.B.), and orientation-selective (Or.) using objective criteria. Specificity of O.B. and O.S. cells was gauged using the half-width of the orientation tuning curve at half the maximum response amplitude.
The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements

The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
Tax competition and the creation of redundant products

. There are products that are assembled from kits but that, once assembled, are identical to other products. An example is the roll-your-own cigarette. Because the kit requires time to assemble, it is more costly than the assembled product; in the absence of tax competition, the kit is not bought or is ‘redundant.’ I show that tax competition between regions supports strategies that tax the ‘redundant’ product at a lower tax rate than its assembled counterpart, and it is bought. A welfare loss is thereby created. JEL classification: H71 Bien des produits peuvent etre assembles a partir de trousses. Une fois assembles, ces produits sont identiques a d'autres produits. Un exemple est le fait de ≪rouler≫ ses propres cigarettes. Parce que la trousse reclame du temps pour l'assemblage, le produit coute plus cher que le produit deja assemble; en l'absence de concurrence fiscale, on n'achete pas la trousse ou elle est ≪redondante≫. On montre que la concurrence fiscale entre regions supporte des strategies qui taxent le produit ≪redondant≫a un taux plus bas que sa contrepartie assemblee, et que ce produit ≪redondant≫ est achete. Une perte de bien-etre s'ensuit.
Delineation of New Disorders and Phenotypic Expansion of Known Disorders Through Whole Exome Sequencing

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has revolutionized gene discovery in human disease, drastically improving detection of pathogenic variation, expanding the delineation of molecular networks, enriching characterization of genomic architecture and refining the genotype–endophenotype distinctions in heterogeneous phenotypes. WES studies, often aided by collaborative consortia, have proven particularly effective in identifying the genetic etiology of autism, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disabilities, brain malformations, congenital heart disease, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, multiple congenital anomalies, rare diseases, and the extreme phenotypes of common diseases. Analysis of proband and parents with a trio design has proven effective in the identification of de novo events and their contribution to disease, extending analysis of sporadic conditions beyond prior studies using comparative genomic hybridization and chromosome microarrays. WES has demonstrable utility in the clinical setting with impactful diagnostic yield across many diseases and is increasingly being adopted for its unbiased, efficient, and accurate ability to investigate the basis of human disease.
Development and characterization of microsatellite primers in Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae) with 454 sequencing.

Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Geranium carolinanum, a North American winter annual herb, for use in population genetic analyses. Methods and Results: Genomic DNA enriched for repeat-containing fragments was sequenced on the Roche 454 Titanium platform, resulting in 470 primer pairs developed from 1115 microsatellite-containing sequences. A subset of 37 primer pairs was screened for polymorphism across three native and three invasive populations. We identified four monomorphic and eight polymorphic loci. Polymorphic loci contained between two and seven alleles per locus, and mean within-population expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.290. Within populations, observed heterozygosity for individual loci ranged from zero to 0.857, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.046 to 0.559. Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful for future studies of genetic diversity, structure, and mating systems across the geographic range of G. carolinianum, and may...
Non-specific oligodendrocyte cytotoxicity mediated by soluble products of activated T cell lines

Supernates from myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive T cell lines have been tested by a battery of assays for cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes in vitro. All supernates tested demonstrated cytotoxic activity in both a dose- and time-dependent manner that ranged from 29.1% to 55.8% after 48 h incubation. Oligodendrocyte cytotoxicity mediated by MBP-reactive T cell lines was not antigen specific since lines reactive with purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin showed similar cytotoxicity. Supernates cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes were equally effective against syngeneic and non-syngeneic target cells, but had no effect upon astrocytes. Neutralization studies revealed that oligodendrocyte cytotoxicity mediated by MBP-reactive T cell supernates could only be partially attributed to lymphotoxin/tumor necrosis factor activity, and was not associated with perforin, serine proteinase or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists.
Alkali-sensitive sites in DNA from human cells treated with ultraviolet light, 1'-acetoxysafrole or 1'-acetoxyestragole

The formation and repair of alkali-labile sites in the DNA of human cells treated with 254 nm u.v. light, 1'-acetoxyestragole (1'-AcO-E) or 1'-acetoxysafrole (1'-AcO-S) have been studied. DNA was analysed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients after the cells had been layered on the gradients in lysis solution for 15 h (long lysis) or for only 0.75 h (short lysis). With the long lysis technique, a dose of 20 J/m2 resulted in 0.2-0.4 strand breaks/10(8) daltons while treatment of cells with 0.5 mM 1'-AcO-E or 1'-AcO-S caused 0.1-0.3 strand breaks/10(8) daltons. In excision repair proficient T98G cells, one third to two thirds of these strand breaks disappeared upon 4 h incubation after exposure to each of the three agents. In excision repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts (XPA), the alkali-labile sites produced by 1'-AcO-E or 1'-AcO-S were still repaired, although those resulting from u.v.-irradiation were not. Similar characteristics were observed after the short lysis period. The sedimentation velocities of nucleoids, prepared from treated XPA cells, in neutral sucrose gradients containing ethidium bromide, did not reveal the presence of overt strand breaks in the DNA, suggesting that the lesions were of a type in which the sugar-phosphate backbone was intact but sensitivemore » to hydrolysis by alkali. The contribution of this type of damage to the total DNA damage produced by the agents was estimated to be less than 1% for u.v., and less than 2.5% for 1'-AcO-E and 1'-AcO-S.« less
A Thy-1- mutant defining a gene acting in trans position to regulate cell-surface Thy-1 glycoprotein expression and Thy-1 messenger RNA content.

The Thy-1 glycoprotein is a differentiation antigen which exhibits tissue-specific regulation. A mutant of a Thy-1.1+ T-cell lymphoma has been isolated which does not express Thy-1 glycoprotein on the cell surface and does not accumulate Thy-1 mRNA in the cytoplasm. Hybrids between the mutant and a Thy-1.2+ T-cell lymphoma express 20–30-fold lower levels of Thy-1 glycoprotein on their cell surface compared to wild-type T-cell lymphomas, and they have correspondingly low levels of cytoplasmic Thy-1 mRNA. A revertant of one hybrid was isolated which expressed wild-type levels of both Thy-1 alleles on its surface and contained correspondingly increased levels of Thy-1 mRNA. A Thy-1+ revertant of the Thy-1− mutant was isolated by cell sorting. A second generation Thy-1− mutant could be isolated from this revertant which also did not accumulate Thy-1 mRNA and which behaved in a way similar to the first generation mutant when hybridized to a Thy-1.2+ lymphoma. No changes in the structure or copy number of the Thy-1 structural gene could be detected in this series of mutants and revertants. These properties are consistent with a mutation in one (or more) gene(s) which acts in trans position to regulate Thy-1 glycoprotein expression.
Tales of the Venerable Honolulu Tide Gauge

Abstract Surface expressions of internal tides constitute a significant component of the total recorded tide. The internal component is strongly modulated by the time-variable density structure, and the resulting perturbation of the recorded tide gives a welcome look at twentieth-century interannual and secular variability. Time series of mean sea level hSL(t) and total recorded M2 vector aTT(t) are extracted from the Honolulu 1905–2000 and Hilo 1947–2000 (Hawaii) tide records. Internal tide parameters are derived from the intertidal continuum surrounding the M2 frequency line and from a Cartesian display of aTT(t), yielding aST = 16.6 and 22.1 cm, aIT = 1.8 and 1.0 cm for surface and internal tides at Honolulu and Hilo, respectively. The proposed model aTT(t) = aST + aIT cosθIT(t) is of a phase-modulated internal tide generated by the surface tide at some remote point and traveling to the tide gauge with velocity modulated by the underlying variable density structure. Mean sea level hSL(t) [a surrogate f...
Inactivation of the dorsal raphé nucleus reduces the anxiogenic response of rats running an alley for intravenous cocaine.

Rats traversing a straight alley once a day for delivery of a single i.v. injection of cocaine develop over trials an ambivalence about entering the goal box. This ambivalence is characterized by the increasing occurrence of "retreat behaviors" where animals leave the start box and run quickly to the goal box, but then stop at the entry point and "retreat" back toward the start box. This unique pattern of retreat behavior has been shown to reflect a form of "approach-avoidance conflict" that stems from the animals' concurrent positive (cocaine reward) and negative (cocaine-induced anxiety) associations with the goal box. Cocaine blocks reuptake of the serotonergic (5-HT) transporter and serotonin has been implicated in the modulation of anxiety. It was therefore of interest to determine whether inactivation of the serotonergic cell bodies residing in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and projecting to brain areas critical for the modulation of anxiety, would alter the anxiogenic state exhibited by rats running an alley for single daily i.v. injections of 1.0mg/kg cocaine. Reversible inactivation of the DRN was accomplished by intracranial application of a mixed solution of the GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol. While DRN inactivation had no impact on the subjects' motivation to initiate responding (i.e., latencies to leave the start box were unaffected) it reliably reduced the frequency of approach-avoidance retreat behaviors (conflict behavior). These data suggest that inactivation of the dorsal raphe reduces the conflict/anxiety otherwise present in experienced cocaine-seeking animals.
On very weak solutions of certain elliptic systems

(1993). On very weak solutions of certain elliptic systems. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 18, No. 9-10, pp. 1515-1537.
A Trial of Aerosolized Theophylline in Relieving Bronchospasm

Theophylline was administered as an aerosol to nine patients with known bronchospastic disease. No significant improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second was observed after administration of aerosolized theophylline, although improvement did occur following administration of aerosolized isoproterenol. The theoretic mechanisms of bronchodilator aerosols are discussed, as well as the possible reasons for not obtaining a response with administration of theophylline.
Neuropsychological Functioning in Prisoners with and Without Self-Injurious Behaviors Implications for the Criminal Justice System

Neuropsychological functioning has not yet been investigated among prisoners who engage in self-injurious behaviors, specifically attempted suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The purpose of this study was to investigate neuropsychological functioning in prisoners with and without histories of NSSI and attempted suicide. The sample consisted of 173 male prisoners referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Of participants, 56% reported a history of self-injury. Performance on the neuropsychological domains of intelligence, memory, attention, motor functioning, and executive functioning was assessed. No group differences were found among those with NSSI, with NSSI and suicide attempts, and with no history of deliberate self-harm, although functioning was poor in all domains. Implications of the high prevalence of self-injury in this prison sample, as well as implications of impaired functioning on the treatment of self-injurious behaviors, are discussed.
Jahn–Teller distorted copper(II) in poly[bis(μ-4,4′-bipyridine)tetra-μ-cyanido-copper(II)disilver(I)]

The title compound, [Ag2Cu(CN)4(C10H8N2)2]n, contains a three-dimensional doubly penetrating framework structure composed of copper(II) bridged by 4,4′-bipyridine and dicyano­argentate groups. The Cu atom is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by six N atoms in a distorted tetra­gonal–bipyramidal geometry as a result of a significant Jahn–Teller distortion. The equatorial plane of Cu is coordinated by two bridging bipyridine ligands and two N-bound dicyano­argentate anions, while the axial positions are occupied by two N atoms from bridging dicyano­argentate anions. A three-coordinate Ag atom is present, due to two Ag—C bonds and one longer Ag—N inter­action.
Learning fixed point patterns by recurrent networks

Several learning algorithms have been derived for equilibrium points in recurrent neural networks. In this paper, we also consider learning the equilibrium points of such dynamical systems. We derive a structurally simple learning algorithm for recurrent networks which does not involve computing the trajectories of the system and we prove convergence and give examples. We also discuss solving for the connection weight matrix by iterative learning algorithms or direct solving.
Fuzzy relational self-organizing maps

In this paper we propose a novel fuzzy relational self-organizing map algorithm (FRSOM) that can be used to map a set of n objects described by pairwise dissimilarity values to a two dimensional lattice structure. FRSOM generates a fuzzy membership matrix replacing the crisp best-matching unit matrix in the regular relational SOM (RSOM). We found that FRSOM discovers hard to find substructures in the data that present a challenge to the crisp relational SOM. Furthermore, we observed a triple relationship that seems to exist among the number of data points in the training data, map size and the fuzzifier m. We compare FRSOM and RSOM using several synthetic datasets.
Fossil Spores, Pollen, and Fishes from Connecticut Indicate Early Jurassic Age for Part of the Newark Group

Palynologically productive localities have been found in the United States throughout the Newark Group basins, most of which had previously been assumed to be barren. Rich palynoflorules dominated by coniferous pollen of Circulina-Classopollis type, and well-preserved fossil fishes, including possible new semionotids, have been found in the Hartford basin. Palynological data indicate that the Newark Group has considerable time-stratigraphic range: Upper Triassic for the Cumnock Formation (North Carolina), the Vinita Beds (Virginia), and the upper New Oxford Formation (Pennsylvania), Rhaeto-Liassic for the Brunswick Formation (New Jersey), Portland Formation (Connecticut and Massachusetts), and the Shuttle Meadow Formation (Connecticut).
Measurement and analysis of gamma-rays emitted from spent nuclear fuel above 3 MeV

Abstract The gamma-ray spectrum of spent nuclear fuel in the 3–6 MeV energy range is important for active interrogation since gamma rays emitted from nuclear decay are not expected to interfere with measurements in this energy region. There is, unfortunately, a dearth of empirical measurements from spent nuclear fuel in this region. This work is an initial attempt to partially fill this gap by presenting an analysis of gamma-ray spectra collected from a set of spent nuclear fuel sources using a high-purity germanium detector array. This multi-crystal array possesses a large collection volume, providing high energy resolution up to 16 MeV. The results of these measurements establish the continuum count-rate in the energy region between 3 and 6 MeV. Also assessed is the potential for peaks from passive emissions to interfere with peak measurements resulting from active interrogation delayed emissions. As one of the first documented empirical measurements of passive emissions from spent fuel for energies above 3 MeV, this work provides a foundation for active interrogation model validation and detector development.
BAPV modules with different air gaps: Effect of temperature on relative energy yield and lifetime

Temperatures experienced by photovoltaic modules operating in the field can be much higher than the Standard Test Conditions (STC) temperature of 25°C for which the nameplate rating is given. The module performance decreases as the operating temperature increases. The lifetime of PV modules is compromised by higher operating temperatures as well. A higher operating temperature increases the rate of reaction for several degradation mechanisms of photovoltaic modules. The air gaps between module and rooftop of Building Applied Photovoltaic (BAPV) modules can have a direct impact on cell operating temperature. This paper presents and analyzes the effect of air gap and corresponding temperature on the relative energy yield and lifetime of crystalline silicon BAPV modules based on 1 year of field data collected between March 2009 and March 2010 at the Arizona State University Photovoltaic Reliability Laboratory (ASU-PRL). The collected temperature data is analyzed to report estimated relative energy yield, environmental and economic impact, and lifetime values for each of the different air gap configurations. The results provide strong evidence that air gap space is an important aspect of BAPV performance and lifetime, especially in desert climatic conditions.
Embedding simulation education into the engineering management body of knowledge

The American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM) established a Body of Knowledge (BoK). As simulation is of growing interest to engineers in general and to engineering managers in particular, simulation is part of this documentation of domains of interest that characterise the profession. The basis for the Body of Knowledge comprises of established and accredited curricula and additional input from practitioners of the field. As it is essential to cover the basic topics and core competences as well as application specific domain knowledge, the simulation education for engineers is categorised into topics on simulation theory and simulation application.
Recent sedimentary history of Lake Monona, Wisconsin

Chemical analyses from two short cores in Lake Monona show that pronounced changes in chemical stratigraphy have occurred since white man moved into Madison and southern Wisconsin and began modifying the area. Since the mid to late 1800's, there has been an appreciable increase in P, Fe, Mn, Al, and K in the uppermost sediments. Maximum concentrations of P were observed near the turn of the century and in the most recent sediment layers.
Driving Behaviors, Risk Perceptions, and Stress: An Examination of Military Personnel During Wartime Deployment

In an effort to examine the driving behaviors of military personnel, this study surveyed 469 marines. These military personnel were stationed in California; more than half reported recently returning from deployment overseas. During base stand downs, the marines were given a survey that asked them to report on various previous driving behaviors, perceptions of aggressive or risky driving actions, and perceived stress. Participants who reported recent deployment to a fighting zone (Iraq) reported significantly higher scores on items such as being a risk taker, losing their temper while driving, and the right to retaliatory action against aggressive actions from other drivers. The results of this study indicate a need for further examination of the driving habits of military personnel as well as a closer exploration of risk-taking behaviors of personnel recently returned from combat zones.
Evolution and changes in the morphologies of Sudanese cities

This article investigates the morphological evolution of Sudanese cities. The study of morphology or urban morphology involves consideration of town planning, building form, and the pattern of land and building utilization. Sudan has a long history of urbanization that contributed to the establishment of an early Sudanese civilization and European-style urban centers that have shaped the morphology of today’s cities. We identify three broad morphologies: indigenous, African-Islamic, and European style (colonial). The ongoing, rapid urbanization of African cities in general and Sudanese cities in particular points to a need to understand the structure of this urbanization. The morphology of cities includes not only physical structure, but the cultural heritage, economic, and historical values on which it is based. Therefore, preservation, redevelopment, and urban policy underlying future urban expansion must be based on the nature of cities’ morphologies and development.
Search for Drugs that May Reduce the Load of Neutrophil Azurophilic Granule Enzymes in the Lungs of Patients with Emphysema

Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase probably play an important role in the development of pulmonary emphysema. We have analyzed drugs from the major classes of agents that alter neutrophil function to determine if there are drugs in use today that can reduce the load of neutrophil elastase or myeloperoxidase in the lungs of smokers. Eleven representative drugs were tested for their ability to inhibit chemotaxis and degranulation. None of the drugs inhibited chemotaxis in a dose-response fashion at concentrations achievable in human plasma. Sulfinpyrazone, phenylbutazone, and auranofin completely inhibited the release of azurophilic granules (myeloperoxidase) and tertiary granules 0-D-glucuronidase) when formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) was used as the stimulant, and inhibited azurophilic granule release by 69%, 19%, and 64% respectively, but not tertiary granule release when macrophage-conditioned media was used as the stimulus.In conclusion, none of the drugs tested are inhibitors o...
Effect of Cavβ Subunits on Structural Organization of Cav1.2 Calcium Channels

Background Voltage-gated Cav1.2 calcium channels play a crucial role in Ca2+ signaling. The pore-forming α1C subunit is regulated by accessory Cavβ subunits, cytoplasmic proteins of various size encoded by four different genes (Cavβ1 - β4) and expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
Narratives of Hospice Volunteers: Perspectives on Death and Dying

Hospice volunteers must learn how to communicate in situations of death and dying. Their unique experiences illustrate the effect that the experience of death can have on a person's life. Semi-structured interviewing was used to elicit narratives from ten hospice volunteers, and a functional narrative analysis was employed to determine how hospice volunteers' experiences with the dying impacts their lives. The narrative function of sense-making was examined, and it was found that hospice volunteers use narratives to reflect and thereby interpret their experiences. Specifically, hospice volunteers' narratives facilitate the consideration of their own mortality as well as provide for the spiritual interpretation of death. Future research is needed to explore the benefits of training volunteers to tell narratives.
Glucagon and fasting do not activate peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation in rat liver

In a study of the endocrine control of peroxisomes, the effects of acute glucagon treatment and fasting on hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation in rats have been investigated. The activity of the rate-limiting peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, was measured to determine whether activation of peroxisomal beta-oxidation could account for the increase in total hepatic fatty acid oxidation following acute glucagon exposure. Catalase, a peroxisomal enzyme not directly involved in beta-oxidation, was also measured as a control for total peroxisomal activity. No changes with acute glucagon treatment of intact animals were observed with either activity as measured in liver homogenates or partially purified peroxisomal fractions. These observations indicate the lack of acute control by glucagon of peroxisomal function at the level of total enzyme activity. Previous work on the effects of fasting on hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation [H. Ishii, S. Horie, and T. Suga (1980) J. Biochem. 87, 1855-1858] suggested an enhanced role for the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway during starvation. It was found that the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, as measured by fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity, does increase with duration of fast when expressed on a per gram wet weight liver basis. However, when this activity is expressed as total liver capacity, a decline in activity with increasing duration of fast is observed. Furthermore, this decline in peroxisomal capacity parallels the decline in total liver capacity for citrate synthase, a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, and total liver protein. These data indicate that peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity is neither stimulated nor even preferentially spared from proteolysis during fasting.
Chapter 8 – General Deterrence

Publisher Summary Deterrence is a major form of crime prevention and has served as a cornerstone of criminal justice. Deterrence can be broken down into two distinct types—specific and general. This chapter focuses on general deterrence. Specific deterrence refers to efforts that keep the individual offender from violating the law again in the future. The hope is that the experience of punishment will deter the punished individual from future illegal activity. General deterrence aims to have an impact on more than just the single offender. The apprehension and punishment of one person hopefully serves as an example to other offenders and potential law violators. General deterrence clearly fits the criteria of prevention before even the initial criminal action. The deterrent effect of punishment relies on the existence of three factors that are severity, certainty, and celerity of the punishment. The chapter also discusses the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of deterrence, the brutalization effect of the death penalty, and much more.
The Impact of War on Children: How Children Perceive Their Experiences

The lived experiences of minors from Sudan who were coerced into participating in conflict are the focus of this study. The stories of unaccompanied minors from the Sudan reveal what these children...
A Sulfate Solution for Deposition of Ni-Cr-P Amorphous Alloys

Abstract A stable Ni-Cr-P alloy plating solution was developed, based on the sulfate salts of the electroactive ingredients. This solution was successfully used at room temperature to produce bright, shiny and adherent deposits of Ni-Cr-P alloys. Electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the resulting deposits. The composition of the alloy was found to be controlled by current density, fluid dynamics and camphor presence. Unpublished data also indicate that it is controlled by the sodium hypophosphite concentration. The sodium hypophosphite acted as a reducing agent and the camphor served as an apparent selective membrane and a plating additive. Current efficiency was also found to be controlled by the same parameters. A potentiodynamic sweep method was used to test the corrosion resistance of the resulting deposits. The alloys produced in this solution displayed excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion failure mode for these alloys was found to be cracking of the deposits followed by dissolution of the substrates from beneath. No dissolution of the deposits was apparent in the micrographs taken from the samples used in the corrosion tests. A small inclusion of indium in the alloy was attempted to modify the properties. It was found that the cracking was reduced but not eliminated by adding indium.
Chemotherapy for cranial base tumors

The tumors I will discuss in this chapter on chemotherapy will be ethesioneuroblastoma, salivary gland tumors, chordoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Due basically to the rarity of these lesions, with the exception of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, there have been no multi-institutional studies of chemotherapy use reported in the literature. As a result, there is no clear-cut consensus on the standard of care as it relates to chemo-therapy for these tumors. As with most authors who have previously reviewed these tumor types, I believe it is important for us to propose protocols of therapy and test these in arenas where we can accumulate enough patients for meaningful results. In this way, we can test the apparently active agents and combinations in relapsed or extensive disease. We might also begin to explore concurrent therapy (i.e., concurrent radiation and chemotherapy after the surgical procedure, for example).
Ankle brachial index independently predicts early kidney disease.

Introduction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often both present in selected populations. The independent association of early renal disease and atherosclerosis has not been studied in the general population. We hypothesized that the presence of low ankle brachial index (ABI), a surrogate measure of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is associated with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods. The study population consisted of 14,917 middle‐aged black and white men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. An ABI < 0.90 was defined as the exposure, and an estimated GFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 was defined as the outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed cross‐sectionally using an ABI of 1.00–1.19 as the reference, and was adjusted for the usual cardiovascular risk factors. Results. The presence of an ABI < 0.90 was associated with an increased odds of having an estimated GFR < 90 (OR: 1.80; 95% C.I.: 1....
Intensity modulated conformal therapy for intracranial lesions

Abstract The Peacock planning and delivery system was used to create treatment plans and deliver these plans to patients. The system involves an arc therapy delivery of small (2 cm long) slices of radiation combined with indexing of the couch to achieve target coverage. Two clinical examples are shown to demonstrate the system’s capability and evaluate the resources required to produce and deliver the plans. One plan is an optic sheath meningioma and the other is a craniopharyngioma that surrounded the optic chiasm. The optic sheath meningioma was treated to 50 Gy in 25 fractions. The treatment involved delivery of two arcs. The total time to set up the patient and deliver the treatment was less than 15 min. Planning and plan validation after computed tomography required approximately 3 days. The patient had 100% restoration of her field of vision and is stable 3 years post therapy. The second patient is a 9-year-old who had a craniopharyngioma which surrounded the optic chiasm. The tumor was treated to 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions and the dose to the optic chiasm was limited to 45 Gy. The treatment required three arcs and total treatment time was less than 20 min. The patient is stable 15 months post therapy. The system is able to create and deliver radiation patterns that are unique. These plans can be created and delivered in times that rival conventional forward planning conformal radiotherapy systems that cannot produce or conveniently deliver such plans.
Leucistic Adult Large Cactus-Finch (Geospiza conirostris) on Española Island, Galápagos: A Potential Continuation of Nestling Beak Color

Abstract We present the first detailed report of an apparently leucistic Darwin's Finch, observed on Punta Cevallos, Espanola Island, Galapagos (01° 23.61′ S, 89° 37.11′ W). We suggest that the unusual adult phenotype is a continuation of nestling beak color, which is usually masked by melanin in adults. Tissue-specific differences in beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 enzyme activity may explain the variation in yellow pigmentation in this individual's legs and beak.
Research Note: Prior Experience and Response of Chickens to a Streptococcal Infection

Abstract Streptococcus fecalis infection was diagnosed in a population of individually caged meat-type pullets. A retrospective analysis showed that the infection occurred in pullets fed ad libitum and not in those whose feed intake was restricted. Among the former, resistance as measured by changes in body weight and blood heterophils and lymphocytes was greater for those from which blood samples had been obtained than from those which had not been bled. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that handling and feeding programs can modify an individual’s resistance to infectious agents. Moreover, these experiences do not have to be extreme; rather they may be consistent with routine production practices such as restricted feed intake and removal of blood for serological testing.
Enhanced second-harmonic generation from metal-integrated semiconductor nanowires via highly confined whispering gallery modes

Nanoscale light sources using nonlinearities are needed in many applications but their small size leads to very low efficiencies. Here, Ren et al. exploit the highly confined whispering gallery modes in metal-coated nanowires to achieve enhanced second-harmonic generation with minimal Ohmic losses.
Internalizing and externalizing behavior of children with enlisted Navy mothers experiencing military-induced separation.

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine whether children with Navy mothers exhibit higher levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior than children in civilian families and whether deployment affects children's internalizing and externalizing behavior. Method Navy mothers who experienced deployment completed a measure assessing children's internalizing and externalizing behavior before and after a deployment (and at similar intervals for the Navy and civilian comparison groups). Data collection took place between 1996 and 1998. Results Navy children with deployed mothers exhibited higher levels of internalizing behavior than children with nondeployed Navy mothers. Navy children whose mothers experienced deployment were more likely to exhibit clinical levels of internalizing behavior than Navy children with nondeployed mothers or civilian children. Group differences, however, were modest and overall mean scores were in the normal range. Conclusions Findings do not suggest greater pathology in children of Navy mothers; however, findings do indicate we should be particularly attentive of deployed mothers and their children.
A two-layer model for NIR breast imaging with the assistance of ultrasound

The chest-wall layer underneath the breast tissue consists of muscle layer and induces distortion to measured near infrared diffused wave when the patient is imaged in the supine position. In this paper, we present results of using a simple two-layer model to correct the chest wall induced distortion. Four parameters of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of both layers are used to describe the optical properties of the model. With the initially estimated absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, an iterative search method is used to find the best fitted parameters to minimize the difference between the measurements obtained at normal breast region and the model data. Then, a correction method is applied to correct the chest wall mismatch between the lesion site and reference site. With this correction scheme, phantom targets located on top of the chest-wall phantom layer can be reconstructed with good contrast and resolution. With the a priori chest wall depth information obtained from ultrasound at both normal and lesion regions, the contrast between malignant breast cancers and benign lesions can be further improved compared with that obtained from the modified Born approximation, where semi-infinite boundary is used.
Improved Parameterized Set Splitting Algorithms: A Probabilistic Approach

In this paper, we study parameterized algorithms for the set splitting problem, for both weighted and unweighted versions. First, we develop a new and effective technique based on a probabilistic method that allows us to develop a simpler and more efficient deterministic kernelization algorithm for the unweighted set splitting problem. We then propose a randomized algorithm for the weighted set splitting problem that is based on a new subset partition technique and has its running time bounded by O *(2 k ), which is significantly better than that of the previous best deterministic algorithm (which only works for the simpler unweighted set splitting problem) of running time O *(2.65 k ). We also show that our algorithm can be de-randomized, which leads to a deterministic parameterized algorithm of running time O *(4 k ) for the weighted set splitting problem and gives the first proof that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable.
Shortening the comparison process in the AHP

Abstract The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has become a popular decision aid since its development by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970's. However, the number of pairwise comparisons which must be made during the course of this method often become prohibitive. This paper summarizes a method to reduce the number of comparisons by using the derivatives of the right Perron vector and the graph-theoretic interpretation of a positive reciprocal matrix.
The Indian Shaker Church and Alcoholics Anonymous: Revitalistic Curing Cults

Chronic misuse of alcohol is a major health problem among American Indians. Growing frustration with the limited success of conventional alcoholism treatment programs to either initiate or maintain sobriety among Indian clients has prompted the study of indigenous treatment responses to alcohol misuse. This paper describes how the Indian Shaker Church functions as a culture-based alcoholism intervention. The authors consider those socio-structural features the Indian Shaker Church and Alcoholics Anonymous hold in common, as well as those culture-specific features which appear to account for the Shakers' particular success in supporting sobriety among American Indians.
Removal of O-linked and N-linked oligosaccharides is required for optimum detection of NITEGE neoepitope on ADAMTS4-digested fetal aggrecans: implications for specific N-linked glycan-dependent aggrecanolysis at Glu373-Ala374.

Summary Objectives We have observed that Western blot analysis with an anti-G1 antibody detects G1-NITEGE product in a d isintegrin a nd m etalloprotease with t hrombo s pondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS4)-digested fetal and mature human and bovine aggrecan, but the neoepitope-specific anti-NITEGE antibody only detects this product in digests of mature aggrecan. Our objective was to determine whether enzymatic removal of O- and/or N-linked oligosaccharides from the fetal products would enable detection of the NITEGE neoepitope with anti-NITEGE antibody. Methods Aggrecan was purified from fetal and mature human and bovine cartilage and digested with: (1) ADAMTS4, (2) ADAMTS4, sialidase II, and N-glycanase, (3) ADAMTS4, sialidase II, and O-glycanase, or (4) ADAMTS4, sialidase II, and both N- and O-glycanases. Western blot analysis was performed using anti-G1 and anti-NITEGE antibodies. Results When fetal G1-NITEGE products were treated with a combination of ADAMTS4, sialidase II, O-glycanase and N-glycanase, the resultant products migrated faster on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the NITEGE neoepitope was rendered detectable. Conclusions It appears that the NITEGE neoepitope is blocked on Western blots by oligosaccharide structures present on Asn368 and Thr370 of fetal human and bovine aggrecans. Such masking structures do not appear to be present on mature aggrecans from these species. We suggest that when anti-NITEGE antibody is used in Western analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and immunohistochemistry (IHC), removal of oligosaccharides with appropriate glycosidases may unmask reactivity that would otherwise go undetected. The implications of these findings for the much-studied effect of Asn368-linked keratan sulfate (KS)-based structures on ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 activity are discussed.
Technique for studying the shock-on-shock problem.

Abstract : A new technique for studying the interaction of a blast wave with a supersonic projectile is described. A conventional shock tube was combined with a ballistic range by installing a smooth bore powder gun in the dump chamber and firing .300 caliber cone-cylinder projectiles toward the driver. The velocity of the projectile, fired into air at 100 mm Hg, was measured near the muzzle and a computer used to provide a proportional time delay before the shock wave was started down the tube. The projectile and the shock wave, each traveling at about 4000 feet per second, met in a 3-inch diameter window. Two spark light sources were used for shadow photography of the interaction. Typical interaction photographs are shown. (Author)
1680 CRANIAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN AUTISM

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brain were obtained in 10 autistic children ages 4 through 10, and compared with 10 age-matched normal controls. The diagnosis of autism was made by two independent doctors and The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was administered. The scores in the autistic children were between 31-49 (moderately to severity autistic), and IQ's were under 50. All 20 children had normal sized lateral ventricles, but in 4 pairs, the autistic child's ventricles were larger. The third and fourth ventricles were not significantly different, or abnormal in any pair. Cortical sulci were abnormally prominent in one autistic child, and larger than those of the normal control in 2 additional pairs. Unusual asymmetries were seen only in one normal control. These findings suggest an organic basis for at least some cases of infantile autism. It is possible that a group, of autistic children have developmental brain abnormalities. To differentiate this group from other types of autism, CT studies will need to be done in autistic children.
The Dawn of Virtual Cell Biology

To fulfill systems biology's promise of providing fundamental new insights will require the development of quantitative and predictive models of whole cells. In this issue, Karr et al. present the first integrated and dynamic computational model of a bacterium that accounts for all of its components and their interactions.