cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior of a freely draining rectangular hydraulic piston wash separator

Abstract A conformal mapping solution is presented which represents the behavior of a freely draining hydraulic piston wash separator. The solution permits the calculation of the location and shape of the interface between the drained and filled portions of the plug in terms of bed properties and fluid rates and properties.
Pivotal Response Intervention I: Overview of Approach

The purpose of this article is to present an overview of several pivotal response interventions. Our research at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has been focused on attempting to identify pivotal areas that, when changed, result in concomitant positive changes in other areas. Pivotal areas that are discussed include responsivity to multiple cues, motivation to initiate and respond appropriately to social and environmental stimuli, and self-regulation of behavior, including self-management and self-initiations. The trend to streamline intervention by targeting behaviors that will have widespread effects on development, rather than targeting individual behaviors one at a time, is discussed.
Physicochemical and metabolic basis for the differing neurotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, trichodesmine and monocrotaline

Monocrotaline and trichodesmine are structurally closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) exhibiting different extrahepatic toxicities, trichodesmine being neurotoxic (LD50 57 μmol/kg) and monocrotaline pneumotoxic (LD50 335 μmol/kg). We have compared certain physicochemical properties and metabolic activities of these two PAs in order to understand the quantitative and qualitative differences in toxicity. Both PAs were metabolized in the isolated, perfused rat liver to highly reactive pyrrolic dehydroalkaloids that appear to be responsible for the toxicity of PAs. More dehydrotrichodesmine (468 nmol/g liver) than dehydromonocrotaline (116 nmol/g liver) was released from liver into perfusate on perfusion for 1 hr with 0.5 mM of the parent PA. Dehydrotrichodesmine had a significantly longer aqueous half-life (5.4 sec) than that of dehydromonocrotaline (3.4 sec). In vivo, significantly higher levels of bound pyrroles were found in the brain 18 hr after injection of trichodesmine (25 mg/kg; i.p) than were seen following either an equal dose (25 mg/kg; i.p.) or an equitoxic dose (90 mg/kg; i.p.) of monocrotaline. Trichodesmine had a higher partition coefficient than monocrotaline for both chloroform and heptane, indicating its greater lipophilicity. The pKa of trichodesmine (7.07) was only slightly higher than that of monocrotaline (pKa 6.83), suggesting that a difference in degree of ionization was not a major factor affecting the relative ability of the dehydroalkaloids to cross the blood-brain barrier. We conclude that the greater lethality and neurotoxicity of trichodesmine compared to monocrotaline is due to two structural characteristics: (i) steric hindrance at position 14 of dehydrotrichodesmine results in greater resistance to hydrolysis, allowing more to be released from the liver and to be delivered to the brain; (ii) the larger isopropyl substituent at position 14 of dehydrotrichodesmine renders the molecule more lipophilic, leading to greater penetration of the brain.
Ian S. E. Carmichael (1930-2011)

Ian S. E. Carmichael, who had a highly imaginative research career and was legendary for his successful mentoring of graduate students, died in Berkeley, Calif., on 26 August 2011. Ian applied thermodynamic theory, experiment, and the ground truth of fieldwork to the study of magmatic rocks. Throughout the arc of his career, he played a critical role in transforming igneous petrology from a discipline that was largely descriptive to one that is rigorously quantitative. Ian was born in London on 29 March 1930 and was educated at Westminster School. He spent 2 years in the British Army (as a parachutist and a second lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers), where he saw service in Egypt, Palestine, and Sudan. He obtained his B.A. and M.A. in geology at Cambridge University in 1954 and then traveled to Canada, where he prospected for copper and wintered in the Arctic. Ian returned to England and obtained his Ph.D. in 1958 at Imperial College London. His thesis, on Thingmuli volcano in eastern Iceland, addressed one of the most contentious issues in Earth science at the time (before the days of isotope geochemistry and plate tectonics), namely, the origin of silicic magma from basalt in the absence of preexisting continental crust. The problem went to the heart of crustal evolution.
A sandwich enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for detection of murine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1).

Abstract A simple three-layer sandwich enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (sandwich-ELISA) has been developed for murine macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) using the two monoclonal antibodies on which we recently reported (J. Immunol. (1988) 141, 483). The anti-CSF-1 monoclonal antibodies used in this assay recognize different epitopes of the same antigen, thereby permitting the detection of low amounts of CSF-1. This assay is specific to murine CSF-1. Recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor, murine GM-CSF, or IL-3, either alone or together with CSF-1, does not interfere with the assay. The advantage of this assay over other reported immunoassays for CSF-1 is that radiolabeled or large quantities of purified CSF-1 are not required. This sandwich-ELISA compares favorbly with other assays in its rapidity, simplicity, and sensitivity.
The tyranny of the vital few : the Pareto principle in language design.

Modern high-level programming languages often contain constructs whose semantics are non-trivial. In practice however, software developers generally restrict the use of such constructs to settings in which their semantics is simple (programmers use language constructs in ways they understand and can reason about). As a result, when developing tools for analyzing and manipulating software, a disproportionate amount of effort ends up being spent developing capabilities needed to analyze constructs in settings that are infrequently used. This paper takes the position that such distinctions between theory and practice are an important measure of the analyzability of a language.
Acid soil tolerances of two wheat cultivars related to soil Ph, KCl‐extractable aluminum and degree of aluminum saturation

Abstract Aluminum toxicity, associated with soil acidity, is a major growth‐limiting factor for plants in many parts of the world. More precise criteria are needed for the identification of potential Al toxicity in acid soils. The objective of the current study was to relate the acid soil tolerances of two wheat cultivars to three characteristics of an acid Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic Hapludult): pH in a 1:1 soil to water suspension; KCl‐extractable Al; and degree of Al saturation. Aluminum‐tolerant ‘BH 1146’ (Brazil) and Al‐sensitive ‘Sonora 63’ (Mexico) wheat cultivars were grown in greenhouse pots of soil treated with CaCO3 to establish final soil pH levels of 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9, 5.2 and 7.3. Soil Al, Ca and Mg were extracted with 1 N KCl, and Al saturation was calculated as KCl‐Al/KCl Al + Ca + Mg%. Within the soil pH range of 4.1 to 4.9, BH 1146 tops and roots produced significantly more dry matter than did those of Sonora 63; however, at pH 5.2 and 7.3, the top and root yields of th...
An active transport system in the blood–brain barrier may reduce levodopa availability

Abstract Levodopa, the primary drug used to treat patients with Parkinson's disease, is transported into the brain by the facilitative amino acid transporter (L1). We present here an unanticipated discovery: levodopa may be pumped out of the brain by a Na+-dependent transport system that couples the naturally occurring Na+ gradient existing between the brain's extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cells. The activity of this system reduces the net availability of levodopa.
Microsatellite DNA markers for genetic mapping in Oreochromis niloticus

The isolation of seven tri-, and 133 di-nucleotide microsatellite markers from a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is described. An efficient methodology for isolating large numbers of such markers and their potential applications in applied aquaculture and evolutionary genetics are discussed.
A three-dimensional model for acoustic scattering from rough ocean bathymetry

Abstract Scattering of acoustic waves by rough bathymetry is an important factor influencing the performance of array systems. This paper discusses a computer model that calculates the directional distribution of bottom-scattered energy received at an array. The model simultaneously includes the effect of bathymetric scattering and refraction caused by a varying sound-speed structure in the water column. The numerical techniques used include the split-step solution to the parabolic equation approximation to the Helmholtz equation away from the boundary, propagation of the coherence function near the boundary, and a modified Kirchhoff formulation to incorporate scattering. An exponential substitution approximation, which can reduce the computation time of the scattering component by two orders of magnitude with little loss in accuracy, is described.
The effects of nicotine on the attentional modification of the acoustic startle response in nonsmokers

Rationale and objective Research on nicotine and attention has mainly utilized samples of deprived smokers and tasks requiring volitional responses, raising the question of whether nicotine improves attention or simply alleviates withdrawal or improves motor speed. This study used the startle eyeblink reflex to assess nicotine effects on auditory attention in nonsmokers.
Correlation between structural variation and activity of murine kidney beta-galactosidase: implications for genetic control.

Two closely linked regulatory genes have been reported to control activity levels of β-galactosidases in murine tissues. The specific effects of these genes on murine glycolipid metabolism have not been elucidated. A/HeJ kidney 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-galactosidase exhibited lower thermostability than the corresponding C57BL/6J and SWR/J enzymes. This altered response to heat segregated with the Bgs hallele among progeny derived from backcrosses of F1 (A/HeJ; SWR/J) mice to the respective parental strains. Restriction of the heat-sensitive A/HeJ β-galactosidase to kidney tissue suggests that it is not determined by the Bgs locus, since the latter appears to be expressed in all tissues. More likely, the Bgs region of chromosome 9 contains a gene cluster consisting of a number of regulatory and structural loci. The proposed structural genes share affinity for the artificial substrates commonly employed for their assay but may differ in their relative affinities for glycosphingolipid substrates. Presence of the Bgs hallele results in an increase of kidney GM1-ganglioside-β-galactosidase; however, galactosylceramide-β-galactosidase appears unaffected by this allele.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for glia in the chick nervous system.

Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies that bind to previously undescribed glial antigens are discussed. One antibody, 3A7, binds to Muller cells in the chick retina and radial glia in the optic tectum. The other, 7G4, also binds to Muller cells, However. in the tectum it binds to a small cell type in the stratum opticum. The developmental appearance of the antigens and their localization in cells in tissue culture are also presented.
Uexküll, Peirce, and Other Affinities Between Biosemiotics and Biolinguistics

The purpose of this paper is to describe some parallels and theoretical affinities between biosemiotics and biolinguistics. In particular, this paper examines the importance of Uexkull's Umwelt and Peircean abduction as foundational concepts for Sebeok's biosemiotics and Chomsky's biolinguistic program. Other affinities touched upon in this paper include references to concepts articulated by Immanuel Kant, Konrad Lorenz, Marcel Florkin, Francois Jacob, C.H. Waddington, D'Arcy Thomson and Ernst Haeckel. While both programs share theoretical influences and historiographical parallels in their mid-century origins continuing throughout the late twentieth century, recent articulations of biosemiotics and biolinguistics privilege different intellectual styles and methods of inquiry that define their future objectives as intellectual movements. The goal of this paper is to show that, in spite of the different scholarly agendas of biosemiotics and biolinguistics, both movements share a theoretical and philosophical core in Peirce and Uexkull.
An analytical approach to scoring model design — Application to research and development project selection

Multiple criteria scoring models have been suggested for use in evaluating competing research and development project proposals. This model form, more than any other, affords the decision maker the opportunity to combine, in exacting fashion, both qualitative and quantitative factors that affect his decisions. To date, however, the project scoring models that have appeared in the RD 2) development of performance measures; 3) quantification of the research environment; 4) determination of criteria weights; 5) initial model specification; 6) selection of model objectives; 7) initial model verification; and 8) complete model specification and verification.
Spontaneous mnemonic strategies used by older and younger adults to remember proper names

Abstract Little attention has been focused on the spontaneous mnemonic strategies that people use to remember proper names. In the experiment reported here, groups of younger (< 25 years old) and older subjects (≥ 55 years old) were shown a series of 12 name-face pairs and instructed to remember them. In a subsequent test, they were shown the same faces and asked to recall the corresponding names. After the recall task, subjects completed a questionnaire about the mnemonic strategies they used. Our analyses revealed not only that the younger subjects recalled more names than did the older subjects, but also that older and younger subjects reported using certain strategies more frequently than other strategies. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that use of certain mnemonic strategies accounted for a significant proportion of recall performance beyond that accounted for by age alone. Older-old subjects (≥ 70 years old) recalled fewer names than did younger-old subjects (≥ 55 and < 70 years old), but t...
INFLUENCE OF MOIST-HEAT TREATMENTS OF PEANUTS ON PEANUT PASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Further information on the effects of moist heat on certain qualities of peanuts was obtained by heating skin-free kernels in water at 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 °F for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min. They were drained, held overnight and ground into paste, and evaluated for moisture uptake, shear resistance, color, grinding characteristics and flavor. The performance of peanut paste in a food system was determined by substituting it for almond paste in a macaroon cookie formula. Results showed that moisture uptake and L and b color values increased as the heating temperature and time increased. Resistance to shear decreased as heating time increased for samples heated at 150, 180 and 210 °F. At 90 and 120 °F, however, there were irregular patterns of moisture uptake and shear resistance. All samples were easily ground in a stone mill except those heated at 120 °F for 75 and 90 min which were sticky and gummy. Sensory evaluation indicated that the peanut flavor of the paste was improved by heating at temperatures of 180 and 210 °F. Both heating time and temperature affected the consistency and handling of macaroon cookie batters prepared from the paste as well as the sensory qualities of the finished products. Cookies having the highest overall quality were obtained from pastes with a moisture content of 23–27% and heat treatments of 30 or 45 min at 180 °For 15 min at 210 °F.
Roost selection by male and female northern long-eared bats in a pine-dominated landscape

We radiotracked 17 male northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) to 43-day roosts and 23 females to 49-day roosts in the Ouachita Mountains of central Arkansas during summers 2000–2005. We compared characteristics of roost trees between males and females, and compared characteristics of sites surrounding roosts with random locations for each sex. Roosts were located in cavities, crevices, and under loose bark, primarily in snags; 85% of male and 95% of female roosts were in snags. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) was the most utilized tree species (71% of roosts) and both sexes preferred (P < 0.05) pine snags over hardwood snags. Most (80%) snag roosts were in snags 10–24.9 cm dbh, but females roosted in snags of greater diameter than males and males tended to roost more in small (<10 cm dbh) hardwoods than females. Female roost sites were more likely to have fewer large (� 25 cm dbh) hardwoods, fewer midstory pines 5–9.9 cm dbh, fewer small (<10 cm dbh) hardwood snags, more overstory pines � 25 cm dbh, and more pine snags <10 cm dbh than random sites. Most (55%) female roosts were located in pine-dominated stands that had undergone partial harvesting and midstory removal. Males were more likely to select sites with abundant large (� 25 cm dbh) overstory pines, fewer small overstory pines (10–24.9 cm dbh), and more large pine snags � 10 cm dbh than random. More male roosts (42%) were in unharvested stands than female roosts (24%), and females roosted at sites with fewer midstory trees than males. Our results demonstrate the importance of pine snags as roosting habitat for northern long-eared bats and the importance to females of snags located in relatively open forests in the Ouachita Mountains during summer. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Areas of Concentration in the Graduate Curriculum: A Three-Dimensional Model.

Abstract “Areas of concentration” has been identified as an organizing concept around which the graduate social work curriculum may be restructured. The evident need for correspondence and congruence between social work practice specializations and educational areas of concentration suggests the utility of analyzing the various ways in which social work practice has been conceptualized over time. This analysis has revealed an irreducible minimum of three major dimensions of social work practice which, in various combinations, provide a three-dimensional model for identifying areas of concentration in the graduate social work curriculum.
Vertical slab gel electrophoresis on a large number of samples: An apparatus with the capacity for central cooling

Plans and instructions are given to allow the inexpensive manufacture of a robust electrophoresis apparatus. The equipment permits four polyacrylamide gels, each capable of holding 25 samples, to be run simultaneously while being cooled by constantly flowing water.
Effect of centrifugal rotational speed on wedge castability of titanium

Abstract This study examined the effects of the speed and force in centrifugal casting on the wedge castability of Ti–5 mass%Cu (Ti–5Cu) alloy and commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti). The Ti–5Cu alloy was prepared by argon-arc melting. Whole wedge-shaped acrylic patterns were prepared with either 15° or 30° angles and invested with a MgO-based material. The wedge specimens were cast using a centrifugal casting machine at rotational speeds of 600, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 3000 rpm. Mold filling, an index for a measure of castability, was determined as the missing length between the edge of the cast wedge and the theoretical acute tip of the triangle. CP-Ti was used as a control. An analytical model was developed to relate the mold-filling index to the surface energy and rotational speed. The experimental results indicate that the means of the mold-filling index of the 30° wedge angle were lower than those of the 15° wedge angle when compared for each corresponding metal and rotational speed. In each angle for CP-Ti, the means tended to reduce with increase in the rotational speed. The mold-filling index of 5% Cu titanium was found to be similar to that of CP-Ti, even for 15° wedge when the rotational speed was higher than 1250 rpm. The results suggest that dental prosthesis, which has narrow cross sections containing very narrow regions (for example, clasps of a denture), can be cast successfully by utilizing high rotational speed during centrifugal casting. The complex dependence of mold-filling index on wedge angle and rotational speed is explained on the basis of the analytical model and the dependence of the apparent surface energy on rotation speed.
Limiting Efficiencies of Multijunction Solar Cells With Multiple Exciton Generation

The introduction of multiple exciton generation (MEG) processes with a low maximum quantum yield (QY) (maximum 200%) into a multijunction solar cell provides an efficiency increase up to 4.2% absolute for a triple-junction solar cell under concentration. In addition, the efficiency contour plots show increased flexibility in material choices, even for series connected devices. Importantly, the MEG QYs necessary to achieve these advantages are moderate and within experimental measured values, requiring no more than the generation of two electron hole pairs from a photon.
Endoscopic transventricular hippocampectomy

Abstract Several different types of resections are performed for medically intractable mesiobasal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Although the amount of neocortical and amygdalar resection varies, most surgeons agree that removal of at least a portion of the hippocampus is critical for seizure control. We describe a preliminary cadaveric investigation of the feasibility of endoscopic hippocampectomy. A transsquamosal approach through the middle temporal gyrus permitted easy access to the pes hippocampus through the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle but made access to the body and tail of the hippocampus difficult. A posterior approach, through the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, as in placement of an occipital ventricular catheter, permitted a clearer view of the entire hippocampus from the trigone to the pes hippocampus. Using this technique, we identified the choroid plexus and fissure, calcar avis, collateral trigone, collateral eminence, and uncal recess of the temporal horn. Transventricular endoscopy, through an occipital approach to the temporal horn, permits clear visualization of the pertinent intraventricular anatomy necessary to perform a hippocampectomy. With further developments in neuroendoscopic technology, this approach may provide a surgical strategy for patients with medically intractable epilepsy of well-defined mesiobasal origin.
A Finite Element Model of the Human Knee Joint for the Study of Tibio-Femoral Contact

As a step towards developing a finite element model of the knee that can be used to study how the variables associated with a meniscal replacement affect tibio-femoral contact, the goals of this study were 1) to develop a geometrically accurate three-dimensional solid model of the knee joint with special attention given to the menisci and articular cartilage, 2) to determine to what extent bony deformations affect contact behavior, and 3) to determine whether constraining rotations other than flexion/extension affects the contact behavior of the joint during compressive loading. The model included both the cortical and trabecular bone of the femur and tibia, articular cartilage of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau, both the medial and lateral menisci with their horn attachments, the transverse ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament, and the medial collateral ligament. The solid models for the menisci and articular cartilage were created from surface scans provided by a noncontacting, laser-based, three-dimensional coordinate digitizing system with an root mean squared error (RMSE) of less than 8 microns. Solid models of both the tibia and femur were created from CT images, except for the most proximal surface of the tibia and most distal surface of the femur which were created with the three-dimensional coordinate digitizing system. The constitutive relation of the menisci treated the tissue as transversely isotropic and linearly elastic. Under the application of an 800 N compressive load at 0 degrees of flexion, six contact variables in each compartment (ie., medial and lateral) were computed including maximum pressure, mean pressure, contact area, total contact force, and coordinates of the center of pressure. Convergence of the finite element solution was studied using three mesh sizes ranging from an average element size of 5 mm by 5 mm to 1 mm by 1 mm. The solution was considered converged for an average element size of 2 mm by 2 mm. Using this mesh size, finite element solutions for rigid versus deformable bones indicated that none of the contact variables changed by more than 2% when the femur and tibia were treated as rigid. However, differences in contact variables as large as 19% occurred when rotations other than flexion/extension were constrained. The largest difference was in the maximum pressure. Among the principal conclusions of the study are that accurate finite element solutions of tibio-femoral contact behavior can be obtained by treating the bones as rigid. However, unrealistic constraints on rotations other than flexion/extension can result in relatively large errors in contact variables.
Flow phenomena in fia and flow electrolysis

Abstract The effect of the parabolic flow velocity distribution in a tube has been analyzed with regard to (1) the radial distribution of flow rate and, (2) the variability of mass transfer to a wire electrode placed diametrically in a tube.
Associations Between Father Absence and Age of First Sexual Intercourse

Children raised without a biological father in the household have earlier average ages of first sexual intercourse than children raised in father-present households. Competing theoretical perspectives have attributed this either to effects of father absence on socialization and physical maturation or to nonrandom selection of children predisposed for early sexual intercourse into father-absent households. Genetically informative analyses of the children of sister dyads (N = 1,382, aged 14-21 years) support the selection hypothesis: This association seems attributable to confounded risks, most likely genetic in origin, which correlated both with likelihood of father absence and early sexual behavior. This holds implications for environmental theories of maturation and suggests that previous research may have inadvertently overestimated the role of family structure in reproductive maturation.
Role of nerve growth factor in oxidant homeostasis: glutathione metabolism.

— Free radicals are generated in the CNS by ongoing oxygen metabolism and biological events associated with injury and inflammation. Increased free radical levels may also persist in some chronic neurological diseases and in the aged. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of proteins that can regulate neuronal development, maintenance, and recovery from injury. NGF protected rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, an adrenal chromaffin-like NGF-responsive cell line, from the oxidant stress accompanying hydrogen peroxide treatment by stimulating GSH levels and enzymes in the GSH metabolism cycle and in the GSH/GSH peroxidase antioxidant redox system, a ubiquitous cellular antioxidant system. Specifically, NGF increased γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity, the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, by 50% after 9h and GSH levels by 100% after 24 h of treatment. NGF stimulated GSH peroxidase by 30% after 3 days and glucose 6-phosphate dehydroge-nase by 50% after 2 days. Treatment with NGF and cyclo-heximide, or actinomycin D, which inhibit protein and RNA synthesis, respectively, blocked the NGF stimulation of GCS and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Increased GSH levels due to NGF treatment were responsible for the significant protection of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced stress. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with NGF for 24 h rescued cells from the toxic effects of the extracellular hydrogen peroxide generated by the glucose/glucose oxidase system but did not rescue cells that were subjected to GSH deprivation due to treatment with 10 μMl-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GCS. However, treatment with 10 μMl-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine alone did not affect PC12 cell viability, NGF stimulation of neurite extension, and NGF induction of GCS, GSH peroxidase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. When GSH levels were measured in PC12 cells that were treated for 24 h with other neurotrophins and growth factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotro-phin-3, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and basic fibroblast growth factor, only epidermal growth factor was found to increase GSH levels by 30%. Whereas NGF increased GSH levels in the human neuro-blastoma SK-N-SH-SY5Y and the human melanoma A-875 in serum-free medium, addition of fetal calf serum to the medium abolished the NGF effects on GSH levels in the NGF-responsive cell lines, SK-N-SH-SY5Y, A-875, and the CNS C6 rat glioma subclone 2BD.
Hierarchical Analysis of IC Artwork with User-Defined Rules

Hierarchical design rule check and component extract offer many advantages, but no single form of hierarchical analysus fits al situations. However, we will deal with hierarchical analyses which allow the user to specify how abstract representations of cells are formed, how they are checked, and how to respond if a violation is detected. This allows one analysis fits all situations. However, we will deal with hierarchical analyses which allow the user to specify how abstract representations of cells are formed, how they are checked, and how to respond if a violation is detected. This allows one analysis program (with different rules) to use the designer's hierarchy for a wide variety of analyses. Analyses that were difficult in previous schemes (cross-coupling capacitances, terminals in the center of cells, and multilayer interconnects) can now be handled hierarchically. An analysis of existing custom VLSI chips reveals how designers use hierarchy. While they commonly add geometry across hierarchical boundaries, designers rarely change the circuits of subcells?implying that hierarchical analysis is practical for a wide variery of analysis is practical for a wide variety of analyses. Cases where hiearchical analysis is not practical, limited in variety, can be handled automatically by using differemt rules depending on the cell type.
Rheological Properties of Mesquite Seed Gum in Steady and Dynamic Shear

Abstract The steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of mesquite seed gum (MSG) solutions were measured at various concentrations (0.4-2.0 g/100 mL). The intrinsic viscosity was 240.5 mL/g. The Cross flow model provided a better fit on the shear rateapparent viscosity data than the Carreau flow model. The coil overlap parameter, C[η], correlated well with the zero-shear rate specific viscosities (ηspo) The transition at the critical concentration (C*) occurred at a value of the coil overlap parameter C[η] = 2.7 close to that observed for other galactomannan gums. Storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli increased with increase in frequency ω), while dynamic shear viscosity η*) decreased. G″ values showed elastic plateaus at high frequencies. The dynamic and steady-shear viscosities at several concentrations followed the empirical Cox-Merz rule.
The significance of local tumor hyperthermia/radiation on the production of disseminated disease.

Abstract Studies were designed to evaluate the significance of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) alone and/or radiation (RAD) on the production of disseminated disease. The Dunn Osteogenic sarcoma transplanted (day 0) to the footpad of C3H/HeJ male mice was treated with 3 or 4 fractions of non-curative RAD (200 rad/fraction) and/or LTH (water bath: 40.5 or 42.5±0.1°C for 15 min) on days, 7, R and 9 or on days 7, 10, 13 and 16. The treated primary was removed surgically by amputation on day 10 or 15 (3 Rx group) or on day 21 or 28 (4 Rx group). Survival to day 120, was the eidpoint for analysis. Under these experimental conditions, mild (40.5°C) or moderate (42.5°C) LTH alone or in combination with the RAD treated at the time when metastases has not occurred did not increase the metastatic spread of disease. In addition, combined therapy (RAD+LTH) was effective in preventing dissemination at the time when metastases normally occurs.
Analysis of risk factors and survival in pediatric high-grade spinal cord astrocytoma: a population-based study.

Background/Aims: Primary pediatric high-grade spinal cord astrocytomas are rare neoplasms with poor prognoses. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Resul
Analysis of Variance in the Modern Design of Experiments

This paper is a tutorial introduction to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), intended as a reference for aerospace researchers who are being introduced to the analytical methods of the Modern Design of Experiments (MDOE), or who may have other opportunities to apply this method. One-way and two-way fixed-effects ANOVA, as well as random effects ANOVA, are illustrated in practical terms that will be familiar to most practicing aerospace researchers.
New Chemical Synthesis of the Promising Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agent 12,13-Desoxyepothilone B: Discovery of a Surprising Long-Range Effect on the Diastereoselectivity of an Aldol Condensation

The epothilones are naturally occurring cytotoxic molecules that possess the remarkable ability to arrest cell division through the stabilization of microtubule assemblies. Our in vivo studies with 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB), have established that the desoxy compound is well tolerated and virtually curative against a variety of sensitive and resistant xenograft tumors in animal models. In light of these discoveries, we sought a chemical synthesis of dEpoB that would be able to support a serious and substantial discovery research program directed toward the clinical development of this molecule. The overall strategy for this endeavor assumed the ability to synthesize dEpoB from three constructs which include an achiral β,δ-diketo ester construct A, an (S)-2-methylpentenal moiety B, and the thiazoyl-containing vinyl iodide moiety C. We envisioned that a diastereoselective aldol condensation between an achiral C5−C6 (Z)-metalloenolate derived from construct A and an (S)-2-methylalkanal fragment, B, wou...
Assessing the effects of symmetry on motif discovery and modeling.

Background Identifying the DNA binding sites for transcription factors is a key task in modeling the gene regulatory network of a cell. Predicting DNA binding sites computationally suffers from high false positives and false negatives due to various contributing factors, including the inaccurate models for transcription factor specificity. One source of inaccuracy in the specificity models is the assumption of asymmetry for symmetric models.
Impact of Far-Aft Center of Gravity for a Single-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicle

Aft center-of-gravity locations dictated by the large number of rocket engines required has been a continuing problem of single-stage-to-orbit vehicle design. Recent work has demonstrated that these aft center-of-gravity problems become more pronounced for the proposed heavy-lift mission, creating some unique design problems for both the single-stage-to-orbit and staged vehicle systems. During this study, an effort was made to bring together automated vehicle design, wind-tunnel tests, and flight control analyses to assess the impact of longitudinal and lateral-directional instability, and control philosophy on entry vehicle design technology.
High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging Probabilistic Tractography of the Auditory Radiation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The auditory radiation crosses other white matter tracts and cannot reliably be delineated or quantitatively assessed with DTI fiber tracking. This study investigates whether HARDI fiber tracking can be used to robustly delineate the full extent of the tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HARDI (64-direction, b=3000 s/mm2) and DTI (30-direction, b=1000 s/mm2) were acquired from 25 control participants between 8 and 26 years old. Probabilistic HARDI and DTI fiber tracking of the auditory radiation was performed with starting and filter regions automatically generated from the FreeSurfer white matter parcellation. DTI fiber tracking was performed with both the 64-direction and the 30-direction datasets. Fiber-tracking trials demonstrating connectivity from the Heschl gyrus to the medial geniculate nucleus were considered successful. RESULTS: The HARDI fiber tracking success rate was 98% and was significantly higher than the 64-direction DTI rate of 50% or the 30-direction DTI rate of 42% (P CONCLUSIONS: HARDI can discriminate the complex white matter pathways at the junction of the auditory radiation and the ILF. HARDI fiber tracking can reliably delineate the auditory radiation.
Enterococcal Infections in Patients Treated with Moxalactam

Moxalactam and the third-generation cephalosporins are ineffective against enterococci in vitro. Therefore, the case reports of 2,107 patients treated with moxalactam for a variety of infections were reviewed for determination of the incidence of superinfection with enterococci. This complication occurred in 2.1% of the cases, most frequently in patients with urinary tract infections and urinary catheters. Seven patients developed enterococcal bacteremia during moxalactam therapy. It was not demonstrated that the presence of enterococci in initial cultures was associated with adverse therapeutic results in patients with skin, soft tissue, intraabdominal, and gynecologic infections.
Digital Booktalk: Digital Media for Reluctant Readers

New learning and communications paradigms of today’s learners are extending the definition of literacy and directly affecting how reading and writing skills are acquired (Leu, 2000). Mirroring an ever-expanding definition of literacy, new college and K-12 curricular programs that redefine digital media are popping up all over the country. Story is at the core of both traditional literacy and these digital media courses and using it as a focus could be appealing to today’s mediacentric students. Further, McLuhan’s (1965) and Ong’s (1984) ideas about media and the message can help to reformulate notions about why and how today’s students communicate and how using particular media affects how they learn things. The intent of this article is to share information and provide guidance for preservice and in-service teachers about a mediated alternative instructional strategy that has the ability to reach reluctant and struggling readers. Findings are presented from a pilot study that evaluated a new Web-based tool that links the interests of media-centric students with their natural fondness for story. Digital Booktalk is a Web portal that uses video trailers and associated activities in an attempt to effectively match potential readers. Initial pilot studies tested out these assumptions and determined that these types of mediated interventions can be successful in motivating students to read and complete books and increase personal understanding of the relevance of reading and writing in the lives of those who otherwise demonstrate an aversion to text-based media. Results of the study and implications for in-service and preservice teachers are discussed.
Coronary CT Angiography: State of the Art

Technical advancements in computed tomography have provided the basis for safe, rapid, noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease with high diagnostic accuracy. While there are well-established limitations in the pure anatomic assessment of coronary atherosclerosis, there is a growing body of data demonstrating that coronary computed tomography angiography provides valuable prognostic information and may have outcome and cost benefits over traditional diagnostic testing in selected clinical scenarios. Appropriate utilization necessitates proper technique and patient selection. The exact clinical role of computed tomography-based anatomic assessment of coronary artery disease is still evolving, and emerging techniques are encouraging for improved performance and expanded applications in the future.
An evaluation of different structures to age freshwater fish from a northeastern US river

Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), were collected from the Hudson River, New York, USA, to compare the precision of age estimates derived from scales and otoliths. Similar procedures were used to compare otolith and spine ages from brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur). Overall percent agreement between readers ranged from 91% to 98% for otoliths compared with 38% to 67% for scales and spines. Disagreement rates associated with scales and spines increased as fish grew older. Average percent error between readers was about an order of magnitude higher for scales and spines than for otoliths. Ages estimated from scales and spines progressively decreased as age increased based on otolith examination. The use of scales and spines to age largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch and brown bullheads from the northeastern US was less precise and will likely lead to underestimation of age of larger and older fish.
Pattern of Herbivory, Nitrogen Content, and Biomass of Bluebunch Wheatgrass on a Mountain Sheep Habitat in Central Idaho

Abstract Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoregneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love) is a major forage species for mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) in central Idaho. Observed condition of this forage species is high, prompting an investigation of herbivory levels and subsequently nutrient content and biomass of this species. Mean amounts of tissue removed from wheatgrass plants on a slope frequently used by mountain sheep ranged from 5.3% to 26.8% from 1992–1996. Nitrogen levels ranged from 0.7–1.4% from 1998–2007 in plants collected in late June after seed-set. Higher levels of N occurred in growth following wildfire burns. Above-ground growth of bluebunch wheatgrass ranged from 11.3 to 102.1 gm/m2 and was highly correlated with spring precipitation. While herbivory on this major forage species was low to moderate, nitrogen levels may vary enough to affect mountain sheep population trends without appreciably affecting productivity of their major forage species.
Surgical treatment of early wound complications following primary total knee arthroplasty.

Background: Wound-healing problems are a known complication after primary total knee arthroplasty. However, little is known about the clinical outcomes for patients who require surgical treatment of these early wound-healing problems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and long-term sequelae of early wound complications requiring surgical treatment. Methods: The total joint registry at our institution was reviewed for the period from 1981 to 2004. All knees with early wound complications necessitating surgical treatment within thirty days after the index total knee arthroplasty were identified. The cumulative probabilities for the later development of deep infection and major subsequent surgery were determined. A case-control study in which these patients were matched with an equal number of controls was performed to attempt to identify risk factors for the development of early superficial wound complications requiring surgical intervention. Results: From 1981 to 2004, 17,784 primary total knee arthroplasties were performed at our institution. Fifty-nine knees were identified as having early wound complications necessitating surgical treatment within thirty days after the index arthroplasty, for a rate of return to surgery of 0.33%. For knees with early surgical treatment of wound complications, the two-year cumulative probabilities of major subsequent surgery (component resection, muscle flap coverage, or amputation) and deep infection were 5.3% and 6.0%, respectively. In contrast, for knees without early surgical intervention for the treatment of wound complications, the two-year cumulative probabilities were 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). A history of diabetes mellitus was identified as being significantly associated with the development of early wound complications requiring surgical intervention. Conclusions: Patients requiring early surgical treatment for wound-healing problems after primary total knee arthroplasty are at significantly increased risk for further complications, including deep infection and/or major subsequent surgery, specifically, resection arthroplasty, amputation, or muscle flap coverage. These results emphasize the importance of obtaining primary wound-healing after total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
NEUTRAL MODELS FAIL TO REPRODUCE OBSERVED SPECIES–AREA AND SPECIES–TIME RELATIONSHIPS IN KANSAS GRASSLANDS

In contrast to competing explanations of species-area relationships (SARs), neutral theory is dynamic, meaning that it should explain patterns in both space and time. However, most empirical tests of neutral theory have relied on snapshots, such as com- parisons of observed and simulated SARs observed at one point in time. I used 35 years of data from permanent plots in Kansas grasslands to test the ability of strict and modified neutral models to reproduce observed species-area and species-time relationships (STRs). Holding species density to observed values, the models could generate realistic SARs or STRs, but not both simultaneously. Parameter combinations that simulated realistic STRs led to SARs with extremely steep slopes. To examine the consequences of relaxing neu- trality, I incorporated plant functional types into the model. More realistic dominance produced only limited improvement in the simulated results, and indicates that the models' primary flaw is their failure to reproduce rapid but spatially correlated changes in species composition. In these grasslands, characterized by large interannual variation in resources and many short-lived species, functional differences among species play a strong role in driving macroscopic patterns. The results emphasize the need to test neutral models, and other dynamic community models, with spatiotemporal data.
Novel cost of a sexually selected trait in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana: conspicuousness to prey

Conspicuousness to predators frequently has been invoked as a cost of sexually selected traits, but conspicuousness to prey has not We tested for the latter using rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina americana) as the predator. Previous work on this species showed that the red spots on male wings are intrasexually selected and reduce survival. Since female wings lack red spots, we first compared male and female weight gain rates per unit hunting time. Females gained weight significandy faster than males in both mg per hour and relative to body weight. We then compared the weight gain rates of females painted with red wing spots to those of control females painted with clear ink or not manipulated. Controls gained weight significandy faster than red-painted females. Behavioral observations revealed that red females attempted to capture prey at normal rates and experienced normal rates of agonistic interference from conspecifics of both sexes. Nevertheless, red females captured fewer prey per minute and per capture attempt than did sham-manipulated and unmanipulated controls. We infer that the red spots reduced female weight gain rates by increasing their visibility to prey. Close similarity between male and red female weight gain rates relative to unmanipulated females suggests that red spots may also be a hunting handicap for males.