cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of nano and microchemical systems

Abstract Many advances in the development of nano and microchemical systems have occurred in the last decade. These systems have significant associated identification and control challenges, including high state dimensionality, limitations in real-time measurements and manipulated variables, and significant uncertainties described by non-Gaussian distributions. Some strategies for addressing these challenges are summarized, which include exploiting structure within the stochastic Master equations that describe molecular interactions, manipulating molecular bonds at system boundaries, and manipulating molecules and nanoscale objects through magnetic and electric fields. The strategies are illustrated in a variety of applications that include the estimation of nucleation kinetics of protein and pharmaceutical crystals within fluidic devices, the estimation of concentration fields using DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube-based sensor arrays, the simultaneous control of nanoscale geometry and electrical activation during thermal annealing in a semiconductor material, and the control of nanostructure formation on surfaces. Promising directions for research and technology development are identified for the next decade.
Sex Differences in the Use of Organization Strategies: A Developmental Analysis.

Abstract Two experiments investigated sex differences in the use of organization strategies in free recall with categorizable and unrelated word lists across age. It was proposed that the use of memory strategies first develops under more favorable processing conditions and then generalizes. Accordingly, processing conditions were manipulated in both Experiment 1 (categorizable lists) and Experiment 2 (unrelated word lists). Males and females either received word lists presented with semantic orienting task instructions or with standard instructions in which they were asked only to listen to and remember the list materials. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that only females demonstrate significant levels of organization in first grade, and then only under the more favorable semantic processing conditions. In third grade both males and females show significant levels of organization, but only under semantic orienting task instructions. In fifth grade, females generalize the use of organization to the less favorable standard processing conditions. Results from Experiment 2 showed no use of organization for males or females in third grade with unrelated word lists, and significant levels of organization for females in fifth grade, but only under more favorable processing conditions. Sex differences were not only pronounced across the ages tested, but were consistent with principles of strategy development in general, with males showing a developmental lag in the use of organization strategies across age.
Provenance for collaboration: Detecting suspicious behaviors and assessing trust in information

Data collaborations allow users to draw upon diverse resources to solve complex problems. While collaborations enable a greater ability to manipulate data and services, they also create new security vulnerabilities. Collaboration participants need methods to detect suspicious behaviors (potentially caused by malicious insiders) and assess trust in information when it passes through many hands. In this work, we describe these challenges and introduce provenance as a way to solve them. We describe a provenance system, PLUS, and show how it can be used to assist in assessing trust and detecting suspicious behaviors. A preliminary study shows this to be a promising direction for future research.
Convergent synthesis of an octasaccharide fragment of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.

Abstract A stereocontrolled, convergent synthesis is described of the linear octasaccharide methyl glycoside α- l -Rhap-(1 → 2)-α- d -Galp-(1 → 3)-α-GlcpNAc-(1 → 3)-α- l -Rhap-(1 → 3)α- l - Rhap-(1 → 2)-α- d -Galp-(1 → 3)-α- d -Glcp NAc-(1 → 3)-α- l -Rhap-OMe (11), which corresponds to two contiguous repeating units of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.
Elevated Plasma Levels of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Circulating Marker of Degenerative Aneurysm Disease

PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is abundantly expressed in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), where it plays a pivotal role in connective tissue destruction. Elevated plasma concentrations of MMP-9 (MMP-9 PL ) also have been reported in patients with AAAs, but it is unclear if this can distinguish patients with AAAs from those with atherosclerotic occlusive disease (AOD). The purpose of this study was to further define the utility of elevated MMP-9 PL levels in the diagnosis and evaluation of AAAs, and to examine if changes in MMP-9 PL can be used as a functional biomarker of degenerative aneurysm disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral venous blood was obtained from 25 patients with AAAs, 15 patients with AOD, and five normal control subjects. MMP-9 PL levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In four patients undergoing open AAA repair, MMP-9 PL levels were directly compared with the amount of MMP-9 produced in aortic tissue. Six additional patients undergoing operative AAA repair were followed for 3–10 months to determine how treatment affected elevated MMP-9 PL concentrations. RESULTS Mean (±SE) MMP-9 PL was 36.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL in normal control subjects, 54.7 ± 10.5 ng/mL in patients with AOD, and 99.4 ± 17.4 ng/mL in patients with AAAs ( P PL levels (> 87.8 ng/mL) were found in 12 of 25 (48%) patients with AAA but in only one of 15 (7%) patients with AOD ( P PL levels did not correlate significantly with either age, gender, or aneurysm diameter, although there was a trend toward the highest values in male patients with large AAAs. Production of MMP-9 in aneurysm tissues paralleled MMP-9 PL levels, and elevated MMP-9 PL levels decreased by 92.7% ± 3.2% after surgical AAA repair. CONCLUSIONS Elevated MMP-9 PL levels were observed in approximately one half of patients with AAAs and less than 10% of those with AOD (positive predictive value of 92.3%), but normal MMP-9 PL levels had limited utility in excluding the presence of an aortic aneurysm (negative predictive value, 52%). MMP-9 PL levels in patients with AAAs appeared to directly reflect the amount of MMP-9 produced within aneurysm tissue, and MMP-9 PL levels decreased substantially after aneurysm repair. Measures of circulating MMP-9 may provide a biologically relevant marker of connective tissue metabolism in patients with AAAs.
New carbon-rich organometallic architectures based on cyclobutadienecyclopentadienylcobalt and ferrocene modules

Abstract This review describes the chemistry of alkynylated cyclobutadiene complexes and alkynylated ferrocenes. These complexes are made by a combination of metalation, formylation and Ohira alkynylation. The transformation of a formyl group into an alkyne is a critical step in these syntheses. The use of a diazophosphonate as the source of a carbon atom is convenient and has allowed for the synthesis of a host of alkynylated π-complexes. Multiply alkynylated ferrocenes and cyclobutadiene(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt complexes are utilized as stepping stone for complex carbon-rich organometallics. Half-wheel, butterfly, and similar structures have been accessed and characterized by single crystal X-ray methods. A ferrocene-fused dehydro[18]annulene decomposes explosively when heated above 200 °C with formation of carbon nanostructures that are bagel- or onion-shaped and that have been characterized by electron microscopy. This account as well describes the synthesis and characterization of organometallic dendrimers and conjugated organometallic polymers.
Absolute lymphocyte count as a predictor of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients previously unknown to have HIV

This is a retrospective review of patients admitted to an inner city community hospital with community-acquired pneumonia who were ultimately diagnosed with AIDS and Pneumocystis. Absolute lymphocyte count in our hospital is available immediately. In contrast, it can take 48 hours or longer to obtain more specific CD-4 counts and AIDS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology. The association of lymphopenia with ultimate diagnosis of AIDS and Pneumocystis supports immediate empiric treatment for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in our highly HIV prevalent hospital.
TOEFL to the Test: are Monodialectal AAL-speakers Similar to ESL Students?

In this paper, I draw attention to the validity of the Oakland School Board's resolution on Ebonics, and to the value of ESL-based approaches to the teaching of ‘Standard American English’ to speakers of other dialects of American English. I do so by demonstrating the validity of comparisons made between monodialectal speakers of African-American Language (AAL)/‘Ebonics’ and low-level ESL students, and by illustrating the bidialectalism-instilling potential of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Use of this proficiency test puts the spotlight on a much-neglected area, namely, the bidialectal or dialect-specific nature of listening comprehension for pre-college and first-year students raised in the inner city. The findings of two longitudinal studies are cited to demonstrate that, for many Ebonics-speakers, SAE is much like a second language. The students' performance on the TOEFL, particularly on the listening comprehension and grammar sections, suggests that both comprehension and production of ‘Standard English’ can be problematic for transitional students whose first language is AAL. The pedagogical implications of this finding are carefully explored. Every time I say something the way I say it, she correct me until I say it some other way. Pretty soon it feel like I can't think. My mind run up on a thought, git confuse, run back and sort of lay down.…. Look like to me only a fool would want you to talk in a way that feel peculiar to your mind. (Alice Walker, 1982: 183–4)
Functional analysis of TFIID-activator interaction by magnesium-agarose gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The general transcription factors TFIID and TFIIA are critical for the recognition of promoter start sites and mediate the stimulatory effect of some transcriptional activators. The regulation of TFIID binding to promoter DNA by activators and coactivators can be studied using a modified gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). TFIID is a multiprotein complex that consists of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs). TBP is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that binds in the minor groove and introduces an energetically unfavorable bending angle of 100° in the DNA. The activated preinitiation complex consists of TAFs, TBP, TFIIA, multiple activators, and ∼200 bp of promoter DNA. The large mass and DNA distortions of the preinitiation complex preclude the use of conventional low ionic strength polyacrylamide gel EMSA for analysis. These large complexes can be analyzed by EMSA in agarose gels that contain magnesium ion. The Mg-agarose EMSA is a simple system useful for resolution of large multiprotein complexes that may introduce distortions in linear DNA. Important parameters are discussed so that this technique can be generally applied to other model activators.
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea

Objective: To assess the validity of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (ES) as a measure of sleepiness among patients suspected or confirmed to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Background: The ES is used with increasing frequency as a measure of excessive daytime sleepiness in part because several studies suggested that the ES correlates with mean sleep latency (MSL) on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and with severity of sleep apnea among patients with that disorder. However, associations identified between the ES and other measures were not strong or consistent. Methods: The authors used regression models and retrospective data from a relatively large series of 237 patients to restudy how ES relates to MSL, to a simple self-rating of problem sleepiness (available for 141 patients), and to two polysomnographic measures of sleep apnea severity: the number of apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep and the minimum recorded oxygen saturation. Results: The ES had a statistically significant association with self-rated problem sleepiness but not with MSL or measures of sleep apnea severity. Male gender, adjusted for potential confounding variables, had considerably more influence on the ES than did MSL or measures of sleep apnea severity. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the subjectively derived ES cannot be used as a surrogate for the objectively determined MSL.
Integrated pest management of the Douglas-fir tussock moth

Abstract The Douglas-fir tussock moth is one of the most destructive forest defoliators in western North America. Densities of most tussock-moth populations fluctuate over time with considerable regularity. Fluctuations in density on warm, dry sites where populations have a high intrinsic rate of increase are more likely to periodically reach outbreak numbers than where rates of increase are relatively small. Such cycles of abundance are inherent properties of the tussock-moth system that are not likely to change in susceptible host types. Modern pest-management programs emphasize the annual monitoring of insects in forests with outbreak histories to determine early changes in population numbers and to predict trends. When outbreaks develop, several environmentally safe chemical and microbial insecticides are effective in reducing larval numbers and preventing serious defoliation. Computer models predicting growth loss, tree mortality, and top-kill during outbreaks are available as aids to making management decisions. Silvicultural practices favoring seral nonhost species on high-risk sites may be the best prescription for reducing the impact of tussock moth outbreaks.
Bandgap tunability in Zn(Sn,Ge)N(2) semiconductor alloys.

ZnSn_(1-x)Ge_xN_2 direct bandgap semiconductor alloys, with a crystal structure and electronic structure similar to InGaN, are earth-abundant alternatives for efficient, high-quality optoelectronic devices and solar energy conversion. The bandgap is tunable almost monotonically from 2 eV (ZnSnN_2) to 3.1 eV (ZnGeN_2) by control of the Sn/Ge ratio.
Inhibitors of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction Prevent High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema in Rats

Objective Rapid ascent to high altitude causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and leads to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in susceptible humans. Vasodilating agents lessen HAPE (as evidenced by radiographic and gas exchange measurements), but data establishing their effectiveness on alveolar protein content and hemorrhage are lacking. This study was designed to assess whether preventing HPV reduces the alveolar-capillary barrier leak characteristic of HAPE. Methods Rats were pretreated with saline (control group) or acetazolamide (20 mg/kg) or nickel chloride (60 mg/kg) (experimental groups) to prevent HPV and were exposed to high altitude (0.5atm for 24 hours) in a hypobaric chamber. High-altitude pulmonary edema was then assessed by gravimetric analysis of heart and lung tissue, a visual score of lung hemorrhage, and measurement of protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Results Saline-treated rats developed a mild protein leak indicative of early HAPE that was prevented by inhibition of HPV: protein in bronchoalevolar lavage fluid of saline-treated rats, 21.6±3.2 mg/dL (mean±SEM); HPV-inhibited rats, 12.6±0.7 mg/dL; air-exposed rats, 13.4±1.4 mg/ dL ( P P =.032). Finally, right ventricle weight (adjusted for initial body weight) increased in saline-treated rats: saline-treated, 0.64±0.02; HPV-inhibited, 0.56±0.02; air-exposed, 0.59±0.02 ( P Conclusion The results demonstrate that treatment with NiCl 2 or acetazolamide prevents HAPE in rats and are consistent with a role for elevated pulmonary artery pressure in the pathogenesis of HAPE.
A possible role for calcium in cyclic nucleotide mediated fluid secretion

Abstract This article suggests that calcium acts as an intermediate for intestinal fluid secretion mediated by adenosine-3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (cAMP) and guanosine -3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (cGMP). It is hypothesized that microbial enterotoxins disrupt the normal interrelationships between calcium and cyclic nucleotides, thereby leading to adverse biological effects. It is further proposed that the inhibitory effect of chlorpromazine on calmodulin accounts for the ability of this drug to inhibit enterotoxins which separately elevate cAMP or cGMP concentrations.
LED thermal management of an automotive electronic control module with display

In automobiles, an ECM (Electronic Control Module) is used for controlling internal ambient temperature of vehicles to enhance comfort level of passengers. It typically contains a display module to show various operational modes such as cooling air temperature, ON/OFF for blower, AC, de-fogger etc. The display module uses LEDs as source of illumination. Adequate illumination requires packaging of several LEDs m a compact/constrained space. Also LEDs must operate at very high ambient temperature of 85°C that leads to significant thermal management challenges. This paper describes parametric studies using various thermal management techniques such as heat spreader, increased PCB copper layer thickness, increased copper pad size for LED, high conductive plastic back cover along with pedestals, thermal via for LEDs and vent holes for the enclosure; to bring down LED temperatures within its safe operating limit. LEDs are modeled in detail (using contact resistance between the die and lead frame) in order to improve the accuracy of junction temperature prediction. A combination of thermal management solutions/techniques are used to mitigate heat from LEDs with significant bearing on cost competitiveness.
Simulations of Electric Fields within a Thunderstorm

Abstract Numerical simulations based on a three-dimensional model for the electric fields in a thunderstorm are presented. In some of the simulations, we solve problems with known analytical solutions in order to determine the relevant physical properties that must be incorporated in a thunderstorm model. We then examine the inverse problem: Given measurements for the electric fields in a thunderstorm what are the associated current generators? Fits based on an analytic formula that neglects conduction currents give approximations to the current generators while simulations based on the thunderstorm model yield refinements to the generators. As a specific illustration, we obtain estimates for current generators associated with a storm observed at the Kennedy Space Center on 11 July 1978. Finally, we explore qualitative properties of our method used to simulate lightning. It is observed that as the charged particles associated with the thunderstorm are spread over a larger and larger volume, the flesh rate...
The long survival of Borrelia hispanica (de Buen) in the argasid tick Ornithodoros nicollei mooser. A problem in xenodiagnosis

Abstract 1. 1. By xenodiagnosis, a spirochete which was thought to be Borrelia venezuelensis, was shown to be B. hispanica. The identity of the spirochete was confirmed by the course of infection in guinea pigs, by crossimmunity tests, and by transovarial transmission. 2. 2. The spirochete survived within the tick Ornithodoros nicollei for 5 years although it was not transmitted by feeding the ticks. 3. 3. The spirochete failed to survive over this period in O. turicata, O parkeri, O. hermsi, O. tholozani and O. talaje. 4. 4. Over the 5-year period of residence in a tick other than its normal vector, the spirochete had not changed immunogenically or in its specific relation to its normal tick vector. 5. 5. It is emphasized that when at least two species of ticks occupy the same habitat and feed on the same hosts in nature, the recovery of spirochetes from the triturates of such ticks is no assurance that the spirochete is transmitted by the species of tick from which it was recovered.
Conversion of single crystal Si(100) to SiC film by C2H2

SiC thin films grown from the reaction between acetylene (C2H2) and the Si(100) substrates in a horizontal hot-wall CVD reactor by different procedures were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The growth of the SiC films was observed from the behavior of Si2p peaks and their plasmons. A SiC thin film with a thickness of 35 A and having a smooth surface morphology was obtained in C2H2 diluted by H2 at 1050 °C for a period of 60 min. Etch pits and hillocks were observed with increasing reaction time at 1050 °C. For the conversion conducted in C2H2, but in the absence of H2, a SiC monolayer with smooth morphology was obtained at 950 °C for 7 min and defects were observed for longer reaction times at this temperature. Defects were also observed for reaction times as short as 10 s at higher reaction temperatures (e.g., 1000 °C). H2 seems to play a key role in suppressing the formation of defects and the reaction between C2H2 and Si substrate. The formation of defects was correlated to the out-diffusion of Si in the carbonization process.
Conformational stabilization of enzymes in covalent catalysis

Abstract The enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, rhodanese, and chymotrypsin form covalent substituted-enzyme intermediates during the course of their catalysis. The present analyses show that, in these covalent intermediates, the enzyme proteins are stabilized against pH-induced structural transitions to inert forms that occur in the free enzyme species and other forms not covalently substituted.
Enhanced training with special system software at the L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory

There are many facets to training students in the use of on-line computers at the L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory. It is felt that competency in the use of computers is, for psychologists, a vital research skill, but not a curriculum in itself. However, course structure, faculty research, professional staff, and the facilities serve as a conducive framework for students to have many goal-directed encounters with computers. In order to promote many varied contacts with computers, not only must the hardware be competent, but also the system programs, e.g., operating systems and languages, must promote effective and efficient use of both computer and student time. The premise of this paper is that special system software is one of the most important assets to such a training program. An example of a typical student encounter with on-line computers can provide rationale for this premise. A student decides to embark on an investigation of sequential decision making in human Ss. He feels that he should use his department's minicomputer to administer the task since there is fairly complicated computation and record keeping between stages. Moreover, he already knows FORTRAN and there is a FORTRAN on the computer he plans to use. After several days of programming in FORTRAN, this student finds that his program can handle only a small subset of the conditions he had hoped to study. Integer arithmetic in his FORTRAN does not handle the range of numbers that he had planned to use, and floating-point arithmetic suffers from rounding errors. Some of the S's input was to have been characters rather than numbers, and FORTRAN was never designed to manipulate characters efficiently. Moreover, the FORTRAN input statements were restrictive in that they required that the 5 enter his responses in specific columns (at best, too much to expect from Ss), and that should as, even in error, enter an alphabetic character where a numeric character was expected, the run time system stopped the program and returned to the monitor. The student decided to accept these limitations and continued to add to the program to store data about each decision the 5 made. With this addition, the program became too large to fit into the small amount of core that the minicomputer had. The student had
A voxel-based morphometry study of young occasional users of amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine

Abstract Background Although the interaction of brain volume with amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and cocaine has been investigated in chronically dependent individuals, little is known about structural differences that might exist in individuals who consume ATS and cocaine occasionally but are not dependent on these drugs. Methods Regional brain volumes in 165 college aged occasional users of ATS (namely: amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) and cocaine were compared by voxel-based morphometry with 48 ATS/cocaine-naive controls. Results Grey matter volume was significantly higher in the left ventral anterior putamen of occasional users, and lower in the right dorsolateral cerebellum and right inferior parietal cortex. A regression in users alone on lifetime consumption of combined ATS (namely: amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate and MDMA) and cocaine use revealed that individuals who used more ATS/cocaine had greater volume in the right ventromedial frontal cortex. A second regression on lifetime consumption of ATS with cocaine as a covariate revealed that individuals with a greater history of ATS use alone had more grey matter volume in the left mid-insula. Interestingly, structural changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insula and striatum have been consistently observed in volumetric studies of chronic ATS and cocaine dependence. Conclusion The present results suggest that these three brain regions may play a role in stimulant use even in early occasional users.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Hypertensive Children

To determine whether ambulatory blood pressure is more predictive of left ventricular hypertrophy than is casual blood pressure in hypertensive children, echocardiography and ambulatory blood pressure data from 37 untreated hypertensive children were analyzed. Left ventricular mass was calculated using the Devereux equation, left ventricular mass index was calculated as left ventricular mass (in grams)/height2.7 (in meters), and left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as left ventricular mass index >51 g/m2.7. Average blood pressure, blood pressure load, and blood pressure index (average blood pressure divided by pediatric ambulatory blood pressure 95th percentile) were calculated. Left ventricular mass index was strongly correlated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure index ( r =0.43, P =0.008) and was also correlated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure ( r =0.34, P =0.037), 24-hour systolic blood pressure load ( r =0.38, P =0.020), wake systolic blood pressure load ( r =0.37, P =0.025), sleep systolic blood pressure ( r =0.33, P =0.048), and sleep systolic blood pressure load ( r =0.38, P =0.021). Left ventricular mass index did not correlate with age, weight, clinic blood pressure, or ambulatory diastolic blood pressure. The overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was 27%. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was 47% (8 of 17) in patients with both systolic blood pressure load >50% and 24-hour systolic blood pressure index >1.0, compared with 10% (2 of 20) in patients without both criteria ( P =0.015). These data suggest ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be useful for the clinical assessment of hypertensive children by identifying those at high risk for the presence of end organ injury.
Spectrophotometric determination of the lanthanides with chlorophosphonazo III.

Abstract The molar absorptivities of the lanthanide complexes with chlorophosphonazo III over the pH range 1–4 were found to increase with atomic number to maximum values near 7000 1.mole −1 .mm −1 for holmium, erbium and thulium and then to decrease slightly for ytterbium and lutetium. The complexes were found to be stable for up to 65 hr. The addition of alkali metal salts depressed the apparent absorptivity of the complexes but no interference was observed for the phosphate ion.
Incidence of Bilateral Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) Remains Unchanged Following Introduction of Antenatal Steroids (AS). 1753

Incidence of Bilateral Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) Remains Unchanged Following Introduction of Antenatal Steroids (AS). 1753
A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.
Relationship between surviving clonogenic crypt fraction and animal lethality after cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) exposure.

We have measured animal morbidity and the fraction of clonogenic crypt cells following administration of several doses of Ara-C as an infusion over a 24 h period. A nonlinear relationship between reduction in crypt cell survival and Ara-C induced animal lethality was observed, indicating that factors other than crypt cell toxicity contribute to lethality in conventionally-maintained mice. A dose of 100 mg/kg Ara-C reduced the fraction of surviving clonogenic crypt cells to 7 × 10−3 without animal lethality. However, 300 mg/kg reduced crypt clonogenic cell survival only to 4× 10−3 while killing 50 percent of the animals. Maintenance of the animals on acid water before and after Ara-C treatment reduced animal lethality substantially. The magnitude of the reduction of clonogenic crypt cells was incompatible with S-phase specific toxicity as the only cytotoxic mechanism, and suggested that cell recruitment and crypt cell kill due to unbalanced growth are also operative during Ara-C infusion. In addition, the detection of a subpopulation of clonogenic crypt cells which was resistant to killing by Ara-C has important clinical implications and warrants further investigation. These results are substantially different than those found after radiation where, with high radiation doses, the fraction of clonogenic crypt cells decreases exponentially, and where a close relation between reduction in clonogenic crypt cell survival and animal lethality has been established.
Validity of a new portable indirect calorimeter: the AeroSport TEEM 100

The purpose of this study was to compare oxygen uptake (\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \)) values collected with a new portable indirect calorimeter (AeroSport TEEM 100 Metabolic Analysis System) against a more traditional large calorimeter system that has been reported to be valid and reliable (SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Measurement Cart). Minute ventilations ranging from rest up to heavy exercise were compared with simultaneous measurements from a 120-1 Tissot gasometer. Each of the three TEEM 100 pneumotachs were tested. Three hundred and sixty-one separate ventilation tests were performed using the low-flow, medium-flow, and high-flow heads of the portable calorimeter. For each of the pneumotachs, the correlation between the portable calorimeter values and the gasometer values exceededr = 0.94. The standard error of estimate for the low-, medium- and high-flow pneumotach were 5.96, 4.89 and 9.0%, respectively, expressed relative to the mean gasometer value. Simultaneous measurements of\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \) using the portable calorimeter and the SensorMedics 2900 unit were compared during rest and at work rates starting at zero watts, increasing by 25 W to 150 W. Each work rate was of 4 min duration. The average of data from minutes 3 and 4 were used in all analyses. There was very close agreement between the two metabolic measurement systems. Except at the 100-W work rate, where the\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \) difference was small (3.9%), yet statistically significant, all of the other differences in\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \) were small and non-significant. The scatter plot of\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \) for the SensorMedics versus the portable Aero-Sport calorimeter revealed close agreement; the correlation wasr = 0.96, (SEE = 3.95%). It was concluded that the AeroSport TEEM 100 portable calorimeter system produces valid data at rest and at low to moderate work rates compared to a criterion, large system.
On patients' disclosure of parents' and siblings' names during treatment

The patient's spontaneous disclosure of a parent's name is frequently associated with appearance of core conflicts, especially genetic and transference themes of incest, other oedipal derivatives, and separation anxiety.Using a parent's first name has the unconscious implication of incest, since one is doing something which one's other parent but not oneself is allowed to do. In some primitive cultures, saying aloud the names of one's parents was strictly forbidden. Disclosing a parent's name to the analyst may parallel the developmental step during childhood when the patient learned the parent had a first name. The child's acquisition of language, including proper names, fosters object constancy and the internalization of the parents, from whom language is learned.For patients who do not usually refer to a sibling by name, disclosure of the sibling's name may also reflect the concurrent emergence of central conflicts. In particular, such disclosure may accompany associations about an earlier closeness wi...
Stem Cell Niche Structure as an Inherent Cause of Undulating Epithelial Morphologies

The spatial organization of stem cells into a niche is a key factor for growth and continual tissue renewal during development, sustenance, and regeneration. Stratified epithelia serve as a great context to study the spatial aspects of the stem cell niche and cell lineages by organizing into layers of different cell types. Several types of stratified epithelia develop morphologies with advantageous, protruding structures where stem cells reside, such as rete pegs and palisades of Vogt. Here, multistage, spatial cell lineage models for epithelial stratification are used to study how the stem cell niche influences epithelial morphologies. When the stem cell niche forms along a rigid basal lamina, relatively regular morphologies are maintained. In contrast, stem cell niche formation along a free-moving basal lamina may prompt distorted epithelial morphologies with stem cells accumulating at the tips of fingerlike structures that form. The correspondence between our simulated morphologies and developmental stages of the human epidermis is also explored. Overall, our work provides an understanding of how stratified epithelia may attain distorted morphologies and sheds light on the importance of the spatial aspects of the stem cell niche.
Method for Obtaining Representative Samples of Blood for Inorganic Phosphorus in Dairy Heifers

Summary The inorganic phosphorus content of the blood of dairy heifers was found to vary considerably from day to day. The average daily variation of eight dairy heifers was found to be 0.46 mg. per 100 ml. of blood for a 12-day period. However, a variation of 1.72 mg. per 100 ml. of blood for 24 hours occurred, and a variation as high as 2.34 mg. per 100 ml. of blood for the 12 days during which daily determinations were made was found. Alternate-day sampling over a period of 12 days proved to be the most satisfactory method studied for obtaining a representative sample. The average monthly range in variation as determined by this procedure for four animals over a period of 16 months was found to be 0.35 mg. per 100 ml. of blood. Storage of blood at 2° C. for 2 weeks was shown to have no significant effect on the amount of inorganic phosphorus found in the blood.
Disintegration of liquid sheets

The development, stability, and disintegration of liquid sheets issuing from a two‐dimensional air‐assisted nozzle have been studied. Detailed measurements of mean drop size (SMD) and velocity have been made using a phase Doppler particle analyzer. Without air flow the liquid sheet converges toward the axis as a result of surface tension forces. There is a linear increase in convergence length with increases in liquid flow rate. With air flow a quasi‐two‐dimensional expanding spray is formed. It is shown that the air flow is responsible for the formation of large, ordered, and small, chaotic ‘‘cell’’ structures. These structures are bounded by large diameter ligaments containing thin membranes inside. The ligaments are the origin of the large droplets in the spray and the membranes contribute to the formation of the smaller droplets. The air flow causes small variations in sheet thickness to develop into major disturbances with the result that disruption starts before the formation of the main breakup region. The phase Doppler measurements show that the spray two‐dimensionality breaks down at a short distance from the nozzle in the downstream region. Boundary layer growth and turbulent mixing result in the redistribution of droplets according to their size class. The droplets detached from the central part of the sheet are subject to further breakup because of high local relative velocities. Droplets detached from the rims are outside the main air flow field and have diameters close to that of the rims. The spray acquires a Gaussian velocity profile in both the Y and Z directions.
A derivation of all linear invariants for a nonbalanced transversion model

The method of linear invariants discovered by Lake is a way of inferring phylogenies by testing statistical hypotheses. The main advantage of the method is that substitution rates for positions along the DNA sequence do not have to be identical. The assumptions and the algebraic background necessary for the applications of the method were clearly laid out in two papers by Cavender, who also described a way to derive a basis for the space of all linear invariants for rooted trees linking four species when the substitution process satisfies the assumption of balanced transversions. Cavender noted a generalization of linear invariants to certain more general substitution models. In this paper we give a simple explicit description of a basis for all linear invariants for a slight variant of Cavender's more general model, which applies to rooted trees linking any number of species. Bases for rooted trees linking five species are enumerated and the method applied to a problem concerning RNA polymerase sequence data.
Role of secondary hormonal therapy in the management of recurrent prostate cancer

Androgen ablation remains the cornerstone of the systemic management of prostate cancer. After initial androgen deprivation, clinical outcomes vary considerably. For the patient with progressive disease after androgen deprivation, multiple therapeutic options are available and include antiandrogen withdrawal, chemotherapy, and secondary hormonal agents. Multiple secondary hormonal agents have clinical activity and the sequential use of these agents may lead to prolonged periods of clinical response. In addition to the use of oral antiandrogens, active secondary hormonal therapies include adrenolytic agents such as ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide, corticosteroids and estrogenic compounds. This article reviews the clinical trial data for these various agents and discusses their role in the management of patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Multiple discrete TI states of superfluid turbulence

We report a most unusual new observation in thermal counterflow of liquid helium II in a weakly nonuniform circular channel: the appearance of multiple discrete states of superfluid turbulence. These states are in the TI regime of heat currents but exhibit a lower level of dissipation than the ordinary TI state present in both uniform and nonuniform channels. Interestingly, these new states are only observed for diverging heat flow and are completely suppressed in converging flow. In contrast to the ordinary stable TI state, these new states are metastable. Transitions between the metastable states and to the TI state can be induced by weak mechanical perturbation. We have observed as many as five discrete metastable states at 1.75 K, but the number of states decreases markedly with temperature. Confirmatory data were obtained with a second channel of different size and shape. Although current theories of superfluid turbulence do not provide any obvious explanations for these new states, we offer some speculations based upon competing normal fluid flow profiles and a quantized vortex mill.
Splicing and polyadenylylation at cryptic sites in RNA transcribed from pSV2-neo.

Abstract Mapping the structures of RNAs transcribed from the chimeric plasmid pSV2-neo in transfected COS cells revealed discontinuities within the neo portion of the transcripts. Two cryptic 5′ splice sites and three cryptic 3′ splice sites were identified. The cryptic 5′ splice sites matched 5 or 7 bases of the 5′ consensus sequence. Each cryptic 3′ splice site consisted of an AG that was preceded by a 15 nucleotide region which was 73% pyrimidine. They differed from the 3′ consensus sequence mainly by the presence of a purine, rather than a pyrimidine, immediately adjacent to the AG at the splice site. Greater than 99% of the transcripts were spliced at the SV40 intron. Approx. 50% of these transcripts were spliced, in a complex pattern, at the additional sites within the neo region. Deletion of the SV40 early polyadenylylation signal from pSV2-neo revealed the presence of a cryptic polyadenylylation signal in a region of pBR322 sequence. It is located in the 5′ portion of the β-lactamase gene and occurs 6 ± 2 nucleotides downstream from the sequence AATAATAATGAA, which contains three overlapping variant hexanucleotides. The cryptic signal appears to be approx. 10-fold less efficient than the SV40 polyadenylylation signal.
Automated control of a fast-turnaround contractor—Subcontractor document management system

Automated Control of a Document Management System (ACDMS) was devised and implemented with the use of an IBM-7094 information retrieval system in the Applied Physics Laboratory's computing center. The system provides management control in a timely manner for all documentation relevant to the Laboratory's subcontract with industry to construct satellites. Characteristically, the ACDMS has provided logging, processing, and control information for over 5,000 satellite drawings and more than 2,000 other documents and their continuing revisions that have flowed between the Laboratory and the subcontractor for over two years.
Water Intensity of Transportation Fuels: Water Projections for Fuel Adoption Rates of Light Duty Vehicles

Worldwide demand for petroleum grows steadily every year due to increasing demand in the United States as well as countries with fast-growing economies such as China and India, where the populations are striving to attain higher standards of living and lifestyle. Concern over this increased demand for petroleum in light of worries about reliable supply and global climate change has resulted in the US government passing new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). The existing mandate in the US to blend ethanol into gasoline (approximately 15 billion gallons annually by 2015) had effectively committed 860 billion gallons of irrigation water in 2005 (approximately 2.4% of U.S. 2005 freshwater consumption) for producing fuel for the light duty vehicle (LDV) transportation sector. It is estimated that by 2030, nearly 2,700 billion gallons of water per year will be consumed and 4,700–6,400 billion gallons withdrawn to produce fuels used in LDVs. Irrigation for biofuels dominates the projected water usage for fuels production, but other alternatives to petroleum gasoline (coal to liquids, oil shale, and electricity via plug-in hybrid vehicles) will also contribute appreciably to future water consumption and withdrawal, especially on a regional level.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Magnetotransport in Coulomb coupled quantum wires

Abstract Momentum transfer between two Coulomb coupled quantum wires, whose centers are separated by a distance a in the ( x , y ) plane, is considered in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. Impurity scattering (screened) and electron-electron interaction are treated self-consistently. The current response is evaluated from a momentum-balance equation, involving the electron polarizability in conjunction with a drifted-temperature model, for the polarizability. An applied current I a through either wire induces a much smaller contactless current I i in the other. Both currents exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and a nearly quadratic temperature dependence for T I a , increases slightly with a and saturates whereas I i , decreases approximately a 2 at large distances.
Do patients have a voice? The social stratification of health center governing boards

Context To ensure community responsiveness, federally qualified health centres (FQHCs) in the United States are required to be governed by a patient majority. However, to the extent that these patient trustees resemble the typical low-income patients served by FQHCs, status generalization theory suggests that they will be passed over for leadership positions within the board in favour of more prestigious individuals. Methods Using 4 years of data on health centre governing boards obtained from the Health Resources and Services Administration via a Freedom of Information Act Request, the likelihood of holding executive committee office is modelled as a function of trustee characteristics using Chamberlain's conditional logistic regressions. Results The results indicate that representative patient trustees are significantly less likely than other trustees to hold a position on the executive committee or serve as board chair. Conclusions Given the power of the board leadership to set the agenda, the reduced likelihood of representative patient trustees serving in leadership positions may ultimately limit the representative voice given to patients, making FQHCs potentially less responsive to their communities. These findings also have important implications for other settings where engaging and empowering patients is sought.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with congenital heart disease: technical challenges

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a commonly used procedure to help patients with drug refractory heart failure (HF) symptoms. More patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive to adulthood with the improvements that have occurred as a result of surgical and medical care of these patients. However, patients with CHD may develop ventricular dysfunction and HF and thus be considered for CRT. In this review, we discuss the unique features of CRT in the adult CHD population. We examine the existing data on utilization of CRT in patients with HF and CHD and specifically discuss the limitations in terms of benefit as well as data availability. Finally, we review the specific coronary sinus anatomy and technical considerations for placing a left ventricular lead in patients with CHD.