cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Turbulence Via Vortex Dynamics

Turbulence research in the past half century has seen notable progress, even bursts of hectic activity, on three seemingly independent fronts: Statistical approaches starting in the forties (E.G. Kolmogorov 1941), structural approaches starting in the sixties (E.G. Kline et al 1967; Crow & Champagne 1971; Brown & Roshko 1974) and dynamical approaches starting in the eighties (E.G. Berge et al 1984). While researchers typically tend to show their partiality for one approach or another depending on their familiarity or ignorance, even sometimes displaying their disapproval or disdain for approaches outside their own preferred one, there should be little doubt that all the three approaches are helpful, perhaps even essential, to understand turbulence. There are few whose repertoire of expertise covers statistical, structural and dynamical turbulence. John Lumley is one such exception, having had made profound contributions in all three areas (E.G. Lumley 1970; 1980; Aubry etal 1988)
Patterns of gastric myoelectrical activity in human subjects of different ages

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental change of gastric myoelectrical activity in humans. Five groups of healthy subjects were studied, including 10 preterm newborns, 8 full-term newborns, 8 full-term infants (ages 2-6 mo), 9 children (ages 4-11 yr), and 9 adults. Gastric myoelectrical activity was recorded using surface electrogastrography for 30 min before and 30 min after a test meal in each subject. Spectral analysis methods were applied to compute the parameters of the electrogastrogram (EGG). The results showed that the percentage of 2- to-4-cycles/min (cpm) slow waves was 26.6 +/- 3.9% in the preterm newborns, 30.0 +/- 4.0% in full-term newborns, 70 +/- 6.1% in 2- to 6-mo-old infants (P 0.05 compared with children). In conclusion, gastric slow waves are absent at birth, and there is a maturing process after birth. Age-matched controls are necessary for the interpretation of EGG data from neonates and infants, whereas EGG data in children are the same as in adults.
Property's Ceiling: State Courts and the Expansion of Takings Clause Property

The Federal Constitution and nearly all state constitutions include takings clauses providing that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. To the extent that scholars have considered the role of state courts with regard to these takings clauses, they have focused around constitutional limits on judicial restrictions of what constitutes property. Little attention has been paid, however, to how state courts can expand the definition of private property — and the problems and possibilities associated with that capability.Through an original case study derived from unexamined historical sources, this Article explores the complex questions raised by constitutional property creation. It tells the story of a series of nineteenth- and twentieth-century cases on street grading, in which property owners sought relief when municipal officials vertically shifted streets — sometimes in excess of a hundred feet — to improve transportation. Though these regrades often loomed over people’s homes or left them stranded on inaccessible cliffs, government officials contended that because the regrades did not physically take any property, abutting owners could not bring takings claims. In response, state courts created a novel “right of access” to land and treated this right as constitutional property confiscated by the regrades, an innovation which entitled affected owners to compensation for the serious damages their land suffered.As this history demonstrates, state courts have played an important role in takings law by recognizing new forms of constitutional property. By neglecting constitutional property innovation, scholars who argue that legislatures should be responsible for changes in property rules have missed a significant piece of the puzzle. Consequently, the history of court-made constitutional property rights carries implications for institutional choice analyses in property law. While there may be good reasons to prefer that legislatures allocate and define novel property interests as a general matter, courts have been overlooked as sites where constitutional property rights are created and debated in response to perceived political failures.
Impact of Auditor and Audit Committee Report Changes on Audit Quality and Costs: Evidence from the United Kingdom

While substantial revisions to auditor and audit committee reporting are being discussed internationally, including in the United States, the impact of these reforms on audit quality is unknown. We exploit the United Kingdom’s recent regulatory changes and find that the U.K.’s new reporting regime is associated with an improvement in audit quality as proxied by significant decreases in absolute abnormal accruals and the propensity to just meet or beat analyst forecasts. While we find that audit fees marginally increased after the reporting changes, the increase is not significantly different from the fee change documented in the prior year, suggesting a possible time trend of increasing fees unrelated to the new requirements. We also fail to document a significant change in audit delay. Taken together, this study finds that new auditor and audit committee reporting requirements are associated with a significant improvement in audit quality without detecting significant incremental costs.
Surface plasmon resonance as a probe of interactions between a thin‐film gold electrode and an aqueous supporting electrolyte containing 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium ethyl sulfate ionic liquid

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrochemical measurements are combined in this work to study the interactions of a gold film electrode with aqueous electrolytes of an ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ethyl sulfate. The optical response of the bulk electrolyte strongly affects the SPR angles, and the critical angle data help to separate these bulk effects from those arising strictly from the electrode surface. The optical parameters of the Au-electrolyte system are determined by fitting the SPR angle-spectra to calculated results of a multilayer reflectivity model. Both in the absence and in the presence of externally applied voltages, the SPR signal of the experimental interface is dominated by the dielectric behavior of the bulk electrolyte. No significant chemisorptions are detected for the IL contents (0.036–0.087 mole fraction) of the electrolytes used. The results demonstrate how angle resolved SPR measurements can be employed to determine the suitability of specific ILs as solutes for aqueous background electrolytes in electrochemical SPR sensing experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Increased Intake in Free-Living Humans

Dietary energy density markedly influences the daily dietary intake of humans. The present study examined the relation of energy density to dietary intake and body size in 371 male and 581 female adults. The subjects were free-living and provided a detailed record of their everyday food and drink intake in 7-d food diaries. The reported diets were analyzed for the relation of energy density to body size and to per-meal, daily, and weekly dietary intake. High energy density was associated with greater (P < 0.001) total intake, especially of fat, when intake was correlated with energy density (r = 0.26, P < 0.001) and when the daily intake of individual participants was correlated with their daily dietary density (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). These results occurred regardless of sex, low reporting, or the inclusion of drinks in the energy density calculations. High energy density was also associated with a high rate of intake (r = 0.46, P < 0.001) and large meal sizes (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). However, energy density was not correlated with body size, height, weight, or body mass index. High energy density appears to be related to greater overall intake in the short-term, but there may be compensation over the long term, with no net effect on body size.
Divided Government and the Fragmentation of American Law

We investigate institutional explanations for Congress's choice to fragment statutory frameworks for policy implementation. We argue that divided party government, which fuels legislative-executive conflict over control of the bureaucracy, motivates Congress to fragment implementation power as a strategy to enhance its control over implementation. We develop a novel measure of fragmentation in policy implementation, collect data on it over the period 1947–2008, and test hypotheses linking separation-of-powers structures to legislative design of fragmented implementation power. We find that divided party government is powerfully associated with fragmentation in policy implementation, and that this association contributed to the long-run growth of fragmentation in the postwar United States. We further find that legislative coalitions are more likely to fragment implementation power in the face of greater uncertainty about remaining in the majority.
Impacts of eastern dwarf mistletoe on the stem hydraulics of red spruce and white spruce, two host species with different drought tolerances and responses to infection

Red spruces are less severely impacted by the parasite eastern dwarf mistletoe than white spruce. Differences in stem vulnerabilities to cavitation do not seem to explain this pattern. Parasitic dwarf mistletoes are damaging forest pathogens, yet the physiological mechanisms by which infections contribute to host decline remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to determine if differences in the degree of perturbation to stem hydraulics contribute to the more severe impacts of eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) infection on white spruce (Picea glauca) when compared to red spruce (P. rubens). Of these primary hosts, red spruce exhibits greater drought sensitivity. We hypothesized that the ecophysiology of red spruce may make it more vulnerable to the added water stress brought on by dwarf mistletoe infection and that increased water stress could result in emboli formation and the hydrological shedding of water-stressed branches, which could ultimately allow red spruce to better tolerate infection at the level of the whole tree. In support of our hypothesis, we found greater infection-induced reductions in stem hydraulic conductivities in red spruce than in white spruce. However, we also found that losses in hydraulic conductivity attributable to xylem cavitation were low in parasitized branches of both red spruce and white spruce and did not differ significantly by host species. Consistent with this, branch water potentials following a prolonged period without precipitation were considerably less than the tensions reported to cause 50 % cavitation-induced reductions in hydraulic conductivities in both hosts, suggesting ample hydraulic safety margins. Therefore, we conclude that a greater susceptibility to water stress-induced xylem failure is not the mechanism by which red spruce protects whole-tree resources from dwarf mistletoe by shedding infected branches.
Prevalence and risk factors of elevated blood pressure, overweight, and dyslipidemia in adolescent and young adults in rural Nepal.

Abstract Background: Chronic disease begins early in life, yet population data are sparse on potential causal factors in children and young adults in South Asia. Methods: We assessed risk factors for chronic disease in two population cohorts, aged 9–23 years, in rural Nepal. Assessed variables included short height (less than −2 z), high body mass index (BMI) (z>0.42), waist circumference (WC) >90 cm (male) or 80 cm (female) or age-adjusted child cutoff], high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg), fasting glucose (≥100 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (>7%), blood lipids [triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol], diet, smoking, alcohol, and socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Results: The population was stunted (46%) and few were overweight (∼2%–4% with high BMI or WC). Twelve percent had high blood pressure. Plasma hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL) affected ∼8.5%, and 78% had low HDL-C concentrations <40 mg/dL (male) or <50 mg/dL (female)], while few (≤3%) had el...
Ex vivo expansion of the highly cytotoxic human natural killer cell line NK-92 under current good manufacturing practice conditions for clinical adoptive cellular immunotherapy

Background Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded cytotoxic immune cells has become a viable strategy for treatment of malignant disease. Natural killer (NK)-92, a highly cytotoxic, IL2-dependent human NK cell-line, is an excellent candidate as an immunotherapeutic agent, being active for prolonged periods following irradiation and IL2 deprivation, non-toxic and non-immunogenic, and easily expanded. A number of clinical trials using NK-92 for different indications are currently underway. The aim of this study was to develop current good manufacturing practice (cGMP)-compliant expansion methodology for NK-92. Methods The ability to expand NK-92 ex vivo was evaluated. Serum-free culture media, as well as media supplements (IL2, serum/plasma/albumin), culture containers and feeding regimens were compared for their ability to support expansion, viability and cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells. Results NK-92 cells can be expanded in X-Vivo 10 serum-free media with 450U/mL of rhIL2 (Proleukin), and 2.5% human serum/plasma to achieve concentrations sufficient to treat patients -with > 5×10 10 cells. The protocol involves cultures initiated at 2.5×10 5 cells/mL in 25mL in 1L Vuelife culture bags, with addition of fresh media plus IL2 every 3 days to maintain an optimal density of NK-92 cells for expansion. Daily disruption of cell aggregates enhances NK-92 cells expansion and viability during the culture period. Final yields of approximately 1.1–1.3×10 6 cells/mL in a 1.2L volume (1.36–1.56×10 9 cells; 218–250 fold expansion) over 15–17 days is achievable under cGMP-compliant conditions with > 85% viability. The feasibility of this approach has been shown in ongoing clinical trials with NK-92. Discussion We describe a protocol that allows for > 200-fold expansion of NK-92 cells within a 2–2.5 week period under GMP standards, in quality and quantity suitable for clinical adoptive immunotherapy.
Roller chain supports for large optics

ABSTRACT Henry Draper described the use of flexible bands to minimize optical surface deflection of mirrors mounted in the optical axis horizontal position in 1864. Despite this historical background, the theoreticalbasis for horizontal band support was not developed until quite recently. Use of finite element analysishas led to a better understanding of the performance of horizontal band supports. Analytical modelingof horizontal band supports has resulted in improvements in design. In particular, the use of roller chainsas a horizontal support significantly reduces the deflection of an axis horizontal large mirror. Providingthat certain design precautions discussed in this paper are taken, roller chains provide a relatively simpleand low cost support. A number of successful roller chain supports for optics from 0.68 m to 1 .8 m indiameter have been built based on the results of the above analytical models.2. INTRODUCTIONDeflection due to self-weight (gravity deflection) is a serious problem with large reflective optics. Opticalsurface figure error of a large mirror is determined by both the quality of the optical fabrication process,and the quality of the mechanical support for the mirror. Gravity deflection when the mirror is facingthe zenith, or in the optical axis vertical position, is relatively easy to understand through the use of classicplate bending theory. Significantly more difficult to understand, both quantitatively and qualitatively,is the surface deformation of a large mirror when in the optical axis horizontal position.When in the optical axis horizontal position, the mirror is compressed in the vertical direction, while the
Management of Venous Malformations

Venous malformation results from an error in vascular morphogenesis. Although this condition is present at birth, it may not become evident until childhood or adolescence when it has grown large enough to cause a visible deformity or symptoms. This article discusses the types, diagnosis, and the nonoperative and operative management of venous malformations.
Discovery of optical bursts from an X-ray burst source, MXB1735–44

The optical counterpart of 4U 1735-44, X-ray burst source MXB 1735-44, was studied with the 1.5-m telescope at Cerro Tololo, and by SAS 3, during the period between June 1 and 3, 1978. Explanations for the optical activity are discussed in terms of accretion instabilities onto a neutron star, or thermonuclear flashes on the neutron star itself. Attention is given to the timing of the bursts, which indicate that the burst source probably is located in a region within 1-2 light seconds from the X-ray source. In the binary case, it is noted that the optical emission is probably removed from the X-ray heated stellar atmosphere of the possible companion.
Monolayer Frustration Contributions to Surface and Interfacial Tensions: Explanation of Surfactant Superspreading

A simple model for calculation of the spreading coefficient of an aqueous surfactant solution on an apolar solid is proposed. The spreading coefficient is predicted to have two components: (i) the van der Waals component, which is similar to the spreading coefficient of the alkane, making up the surfactant tail; (ii) the monolayer frustration component, dependent on the bending moduli and the spontaneous curvature of the surfactant. The frustration term is minimized at a negative spontaneous curvature, above the surfactant cloud point. The maximum of the spreading coefficient as the function of spontaneous curvature H0 does not coincide with the minimum of the surface tension. The latter is predicted to occur approximately 2 times higher in absolute value negative H0. For a solution to spread, the van der Waals component of the spreading coefficient must be positive and larger than the monolayer frustration term. The spreading is facilitated by surfactants having very short and branched alkyl tails.
Evaluation of S1 chromogenic cephalosporin β-lactamase disk assay tested against Gram-positive anaerobes, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Prevotella spp. and Enterococcus spp.

The efficacy of three rapid colorimetric disk assays to detect beta-lactamase production in 60 clinical isolates was evaluated. Two chromogenic cephalosporin substrates (S1 and nitrocefin) and an acidimetric test were in complete agreement when tested against Enterococcus spp. (20 strains, not Enterococcus faecalis), Prevotella spp. (10 strains) and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (10 strains). However, the acidimetric test produced documented false-negative results in detecting the beta-lactamases from coagulase-negative staphylococci (two of 20 strains tested). The time required to produce a positive result for the discordant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate favored S1 compared with nitrocefin. These studies indicate that the acidimetric test was less sensitive than the chromogenic cephalosporin substrates and that nitrocefin and S1 could be used to screen for beta-lactamase production in these tested species.
NF-κB Antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to Suppress Caspase-8 Activation

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) binding to the TNF receptor (TNFR) potentially initiates apoptosis and activates the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), which suppresses apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. The activation of NF-kappaB was found to block the activation of caspase-8. TRAF1 (TNFR-associated factor 1), TRAF2, and the inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) proteins c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were identified as gene targets of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In cells in which NF-kappaB was inactive, all of these proteins were required to fully suppress TNF-induced apoptosis, whereas c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were sufficient to suppress etoposide-induced apoptosis. Thus, NF-kappaB activates a group of gene products that function cooperatively at the earliest checkpoint to suppress TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis and that function more distally to suppress genotoxic agent-mediated apoptosis.
RABBIT POX : I. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COURSE OF DISEASE

The clinical manifestations and course of a highly contagious and acutely fatal disease designated as rabbit pox have been described. The general symptomatology of this infection varies within wide limits and accurate diagnosis rests on the occurrence of certain characteristic lesions. The most distinctive sign of infection is a pock-like eruption which is often outspoken and widespread over the body, but is sometimes poorly defined and detectable only after careful physical examination. Other lesions depend upon the involvement of particular organs and give rise to special symptoms. As a rule, the incubation period of the epidemic infection varies between 5 and 7 days. No evidence of the transmission of the infection by recovered animals could be obtained. Furthermore, breeding tests demonstrated that the reproductive capacities of most animals were not permanently impaired.
Momentary reductions of attention permit greater processing of irrelevant stimuli

Momentary reductions of attention can have extremely adverse outcomes, but it remains unclear whether increased distraction from irrelevant stimuli contributes to such outcomes. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined trial-by-trial relationships between brain activity and response time in twenty healthy adults while they performed a cross-modal selective attention task. In each trial, participants identified a relevant visual letter while ignoring an irrelevant auditory letter, which was mapped either to the same response as the visual letter (congruent trials) or to a different response (incongruent trials). As predicted, reductions of attention (i.e., increases of response time) were associated not only with decreased activity in sensory regions that processed the relevant visual stimuli, suggesting a failure to enhance the processing of those stimuli, but also with increased activity in sensory regions that processed the irrelevant auditory stimuli, suggesting a failure to suppress the processing of those stimuli. Reductions of attention were also linked to larger increases of activity in incongruent than in congruent trials in anterior cingulate regions that detect response conflict, suggesting that failing to suppress the sensory processing of the irrelevant auditory stimuli during attentional reductions allowed those stimuli to more readily activate conflicting responses in incongruent trials. These findings indicate that heightened levels of distraction during momentary reductions of attention likely stem, at least in part, from increased processing of irrelevant stimuli.
Actin - Myosin Interaction

Muscle contraction is resulted from the interaction of myosin with actin and ATP. The study of kinetics of binding of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) to F-actin revealed the two step binding, which were modeled by initial binding of S1 to one actin monomer (state 1) and then to the second neighboring monomer (state 2). The results of time-resolved cross-linking of S1 and F-actin upon their rapid mixing in stopped flow apparatus directly demonstrated that myosin head initially binds through the loop 635–647 to the N-terminus of one actin and then through the loop 567–574 to the N-terminus of the second actin (Andreev & Reshetnyak, 2007, J. Mol. Biol. 365(3), 551–554). The computational docking of S1 with F-actin demonstrated that both actin monomers are located in the same strand of F-actin with the first and second actins being close to the pointed and barbed ends of F-actin, respectively. The closing of the main cleft in 50 kDa of S1 might prevent binding of S1 with two actins since the distance between loops 635–647 and 567–574 became too short to interact with N-termini of two actins simultaneously. Depending on degree of saturation of F-actin with S1s there are two structurally different complexes are formed: at complete saturation each S1 binds only one actin and its cleft is closed while at partial saturation S1 interacts with two actins and its cleft is opened. The transition between one- and two-actin binding states of myosin accompanying with opening the cleft in central domain of S1 might be associated with force generation. The formation of actin-myosin interface would be associated with the energy release that might be used in part for the generation of force in muscle.
Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

David A. Wedin and David Tilman (Reports, 6 Dec.,p 1720) show that increased nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems might cause smaller increases in the capacity of those ecosystems to store carbon than expected. Their findings are important because nitrogen inputs have increased dramatically over the past decades through fertilizer production, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing legumes, and production of oxides of nitrogen associated with fossil-fuel burning (1). However, the simultaneous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations caused by burning fossil fuels is likely to at least partially counteract the processes that limited carbon storage in Wedin and Tilman9s experiment. CO 2 enrichment generally increases the amount of carbon fixed by plants per unit of nitrogen taken up from the soil, particularly in carbon-3 (C 3 ) species (2) such as those that invaded their nitrogen-enriched plots. Compared with the C 4 species that thrived before nitrogen was added, the invading C 3 species have relatively lower C-to-N ratios, limiting the amount of carbon stored in response to nitrogen input. However, with elevated CO 2 tending to increase the C-to-N ratio of these C 3 plants, N and CO 2 enrichment in concert would likely cause greater C storage than observed by Wedin and Tilman. Rising atmospheric CO 2 may also increase N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems, amplifying the direct human impact on the N cycle. CO 2 enrichment often increases the growth of plants housing N-fixing bacteria in their roots, and this stimulation is relatively larger than non-N-fixing plants (3). Thus, in addition to the direct anthropogenic stimulation of N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems through agriculture and fossil-fuel burning (1), humans may indirectly increase N inputs to terrestrial ecosystms by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The interaction between CO2 and N enrichment, as well as shifts in plant species, will likely influence future C storage by the terrestrial biosphere
A Low-Cost, High Rate Motion Software Sensor System Based on Novel Data Fusion for Unmanned Surface Vehicle Navigation and Oceanographic Instrumentation Motion Correction

One of the major challenges in the navigation of underwater vehicles is obtaining precise and reliable positioning updates. Dead-Reckoning aided with Doppler velocity measurement has been, and remains, the most common method for underwater navigation for small vehicles. DR uses a set of navigation instruments to estimate the position of the vehicle by integrating the body-fixed velocity, accelerations, and angular rates with respect to time. Instrument error and bias lead to position error that increases exponentially with time. Thus, current DR systems require frequent position recalibrations. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides measurements of geodetic coordinates for air and surface vehicles and it is often used to correct positioning error. However, underwater vehicles cannot use GPS for inflight navigation because GPS signals only penetrate a few centimeters past the air-sea interface. Thus, underwater vehicle navigation systems are limited to periodic position update from the GPS when they surface and extend an antenna through the air-sea interface. Standard GPS receivers are unable to provide the rate or precision required when used on a small vessel such as an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). To overcome this, a low cost high rate motion measurement system for an USV with underwater and oceanographic purposes is proposed. The proposed onboard system for the USV consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with accelerometers and rate gyros, a GPS receiver, a flux-gate compass, a roll and tilt sensor and an ADCP. Interfacing all the sensors proved rather challenging because of their different characteristics. Some of the instruments have digital output (Compass/ADCP/GPS) while others have an analog output (IMU/tilt sensor). The proposed data fusion technique integrates the IMU, GPS receiver, flux-gate compass as well as tilt sensor and develops an embeddable software package, using real time data fusion methods, for a USV to aid in navigation and control as well as controlling an onboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). While ADCPs non-intrusively measure water flow, they suffer from the inability to distinguish between motions in the water column and self-motion. Thus, the vessel motion contamination needs to be removed to analyze the data and the system developed in this text provides the motion measurements and processing to accomplish this task.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cocaine self-administration increased by compounding discriminative stimuli

Presenting independently established discriminative stimuli in compound can substantially increase response rates under food and shock-avoidance schedules. To determine whether this effect extends to drug self-administration, rats were trained to press a lever to receive cocaine intravenously. A tone and a light were independently established as discriminative stimuli for cocaine self-administration, then presented in combination in a stimulus-compounding test. Compared to tone and light alone, the tone-plus-light compound stimulus increased responding approximately three-fold when cocaine was withheld during testing, and it increased drug intake approximately two-fold when cocaine was made available during testing. Compounding did not increase responding after training in a truly random control condition where tone and light were presented uncorrelated with the availability of cocaine. The results obtained with this animal model of drug abuse define conditions under which combinations of environmental stimuli might substantially increase human drug use.
The Diet Quality Index revised: a measurement instrument for populations.

Abstract Objective To evaluate a revision of the Diet Quality Index called the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R) Design The original Diet Quality Index was revised to reflect current dietary guidance, to incorporate improved methods of estimating food servings, and to develop and incorporate measures of dietary variety and moderation. The scoring of the original scale was reversed in direction and expanded to a 100-point scale to improve interpretability. Methods/subjects Data from the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals were used. A sample of 3,202 adults aged 18 and older contributed 2 days of dietary intake data based on 24-hour recalls for the development and revision of various components of the DQI-R. Statistical analyses Pearson correlation analyses, ordinary least squares regression analyses, and a nonparametric test to determine trends across ordered groups were used. Results The mean DQI-R score for the 1994 sample was 63.4 of a possible 100-point score. Sample respondents were more likely to have met dietary guidance in the areas of dietary cholesterol (66.9% met goal) and iron intakes (59.6% met goal) relative to the Recommended Dietary Allowances but less likely to have met goals related to fruit servings (19.6% met goal), grain servings (23.1% met goal), and calcium intakes (16.6% met goal) relative to the Recommended Dietary Allowance. There is a statistically significant quantitative and qualitative improvement in all components of the DQI-R as one moves from the lowest grouping of scores to the highest. For example, persons with DQI-R scores less than 40 consumed 43.9% of energy from fat, 72% of the Adequate Intake for calcium, and 6.7% of the recommended servings of fruit per day. In contrast, those with DQI-R scores greater than 80 consumed 24.2% of energy from fat, 101% of the Adequate Intake for calcium, and 137% of the recommended servings of fruit per day. Applications The DQI-R reflects the dietary guidance principles of macronutrient distribution, moderation, variety, and proportionality. Although the index was designed to monitor dietary changes in populations rather than individuals, each index component reflects an aspect of national dietary guidance. Calculation of DQI-R scores for an individual should provide an estimate of diet quality relative to national guidelines, and differences in scores over time should suggest improvement or decline in overall diet quality. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:697–704 .
A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women.

Background Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in young women, but little is known about its pathogenesis, natural history, risk factors, and temporal association with symptomatic urinary tract infection. Methods We prospectively evaluated 796 sexually active, nonpregnant women from 18 through 40 years of age over a period of six months for the occurrence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (defined as at least 10 5 colony-forming units of urinary tract pathogens per milliliter). The women were patients at either a university student health center or a health maintenance organization (HMO). Periodic urine cultures were taken, daily diaries were kept, and regularly scheduled interviews were performed. Escherichia coli strains were tested for hemolysin, the papG genotype, and the ribosomal RNA type. Results The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (the proportion of urine cultures with bacteriuria in asymptomatic women) was 5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 4 percent to 6 percent) among women in the unive...
17 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant water bug, Abedus herberti (Belostomatidae).

The giant water bug (Abedus herberti) is a large flightless insect that is a keystone predator in aridland aquatic habitats. Extended droughts, possibly due to climate change and groundwater pumping, are causing once-perennial aquatic habitats to dry, resulting in serious conservation concern for some populations. A. herberti also exhibits exclusive male parental care, which has made it a model organism for studying mating systems evolution. Here we describe 17 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci developed for A. herberti. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 15, and average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.579 and 0.697, respectively. These loci can successfully resolve both population genetic structure among sites separated by 3–100 km (FST = 0.08–0.21, P < 0.0001), and divergent mating strategies within local populations, making them highly useful for conservation genetics studies of this vulnerable species.
Free-Moment Current Dipoles in Inverse Electrocardiography

A feasibility study is made of the multiple free-moment dipole equivalent cardiac source concept as applied to the inverse problem in electrocardiology. The study deals with a bounded homogeneous model of a dog from which extensive geometry and potential measurements were taken. Torso surface potentials are related to the dipole sources through a set of 268 overdetermined linear algebraic equations. Three source configurations are modeled, 76, 20, and 9 dipoles, and simulation studies are made to evaluate the performance of the models and the feasibility of the concept. Inverse solutions are determined subject to a least-squares error fit of the infinite medium potentials. It is found that the number of free dipoles that can be used as an inverse source model is limited by the solution noise sensitivity, and that the upper limit is in the neighborhood of twenty. The results show that the solutions are unstable in the presence of small geometry perturbations. Localized activation simulated by the 76-dipole source cannot be detected in either the 20- or the 9-dipole solutions, even in the absence of noise and perturbations. Solutions calculated from potentials measured in vivo yield results that are unphysiologic.
II CIVIL RELIGION AND THE AMERICAN FUTURE

* This talk, given at the REA meeting at Philadelphia on November 24, 1975, will appear in much more extended form in a volume on religion and the American Revolution. In addition to the essay by Bellah, essays by Jerald C. Brauer and Sidney E. Mead will also be included. This volume is based on the Armstrong Lectures given by the three authors at Kalamazoo College in October, 1975.
RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of lactating mammary cells in presence of unmodified and mercury-labeled CTP

Isolated nuclei of lactating mouse mammary gland were capable of supporting DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in vitro in presence of unmodified and mercurated CTP (Hg-CTP) at high ionic condition at 25 degrees C. In presence of unmodified CTP, [3H]UMP incorporation into RNA increased linearly upto 180 min. The kinetic pattern of the reaction and the rate of RNA synthesis were essentially similar when CTP was replaced by Hg-CTP. Both in unmodified and Hg-CTP containing reactions, 70-80% of RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Presence of poly(A) in a small portion of the in vitro synthesized messenger-like RNA was detectable by oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography. Both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNAs sedimented with a clear peak around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose denaturing gradient. The Hg-RNA after separation from endogenous nuclear RNA by SH-agarose affinity column chromatography also sedimented around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose gradient. The Hg-RNA synthesized in the isolated mammary cell nuclei in vitro should now permit monitoring hormonal regulation of specific gene (casein) transcription in the mammary cells by molecular hybridization of the Hg-RNA with cDNA to casein mRNA.
Antecedents and consequences of psychological contracts: Does organizational culture really matter?

Abstract Exploring the role of psychological contracts, this study proposes that different organizational cultures are associated with relational psychological contracts compared to transactional contracts while both types of contracts serve as mediators. While clan cultures positively impact relational contracts and are negatively associated with transactional contracts, hierarchical cultures have the reverse effect. In addition, psychological contract types mediate the two culture types' relationship to both organizational commitment and employee yearly earnings. In sum, clan cultures relate to more positive organizational outcomes than hierarchical cultures, a finding which as implications for future research and practice.
Quantifying the benefit of airborne and ground sensor fusion for target detection

In this paper, a study involving the detection of buried objects by fusing airborne Multi-Spectral Imagery (MSI) and ground-based Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data is investigated. The benefit of using the airborne sensor to cue the GPR, which will then search the area indicated by the MSI, is investigated and compared to results obtained via a purely ground-based system. State-of-the-art existing algorithms, such as hidden Markov models will be applied to the GPR data both in queued and non-queued modes. In addition, the ability to measure disturbed earth with the GPR sensor will be investigated. Furthermore, state-of-theart algorithms for the MSI system will be described. These algorithms require very high detection rates with acceptable false alarm rates in order to serve as an acceptable system. Results will be presented on data collected at outdoor testing and evaluation sites.
Reversal by Light of Ethylene-induced Inhibition of Spore Germination in the Sensitive Fern Onoclea sensibilis: An Action Spectrum

Spores of the fern Onoclea sensibilis L. normally germinate to produce two cells of unequal size. The larger cell divides to produce the familiar heart-shaped prothallus. The smaller cell elongates and differentiates into the rhizoid but normally does not divide again. Onoclea spores germinate in complete darkness. Dark germination can be completely inhibited by ethylene gas (10 microliters per liter is saturating). This inhibition can be reversed by light. Broad band colored light studies were designed to determine which area of the spectrum was most effective in overcoming ethylene inhibition. White light treatment resulted in 17% germination. Blue light treatment resulted in 1% germination. Red light treatment resulted in 15% germination. Red light, therefore, was most effective and accounted for most of the effects of white light. A detailed action spectrum was constructed using narrow band interference filters in the wavelength range from 350 to 764 nanometers. The action spectrum has only one major peak at 711 nanometers.
Money can’t buy love: Asymmetric beliefs about gift price and feelings of appreciation

Abstract Across three studies, we identify an asymmetry between gift-givers’ and gift-recipients’ beliefs about the link between gift price and feelings of appreciation. Gift-givers expected a positive correlation between how much they spent on a gift and the extent to which gift-recipients would appreciate the gift because gift-givers assume that more expensive gifts convey a higher level of thoughtfulness. Gift-recipients, in contrast, reported no such association between gift price and their actual feelings of appreciation. This effect occurred regardless of whether the individual’s role and the magnitude of the gift were manipulated or measured in the field. Taken together, these findings cast doubt on whether gift-givers can draw on their personal experience as gift-recipients in order to identify meaningful gifts for others.
Occurrence and ecological implications of pyrophosphate in estuaries

Loading of bioavailable phosphorus, traditionally measured as soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), contributes to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. However, polyphosphates are also bioavailable but escape detection by the standard method used for measuring SRP. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analysis of sediment extracts and enzymatic assay of surface waters reveal heretofore unreported presence of pyrophosphate (Ppi) in coastal wetlands. We show that the accumulation of Ppi (the smallest chemical form of polyphosphate) in coastal wetlands is related to human impact and can occur in quantities that exceed that of SRP. We further demonstrate that Ppi is readily utilized by microbes in coastal wetland sediments in the presence of nitrogen and carbon and can serve as a reservoir of orthophosphate. Thus, Ppi accumulation in estuaries will subsidize the in situ biogeochemical phosphorus cycle. This has important ecological implications for trophic responses and estuarine productivity.
What Controls the Strength of Snow-Albedo Feedback?

Abstract The strength of snow-albedo feedback (SAF) in transient climate change simulations of the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is generally determined by the surface-albedo decrease associated with a loss of snow cover rather than the reduction in snow albedo due to snow metamorphosis in a warming climate. The large intermodel spread in SAF strength is likewise attributable mostly to the snow cover component. The spread in the strength of this component is in turn mostly attributable to a correspondingly large spread in mean effective snow albedo. Models with large effective snow albedos have a large surface-albedo contrast between snow-covered and snow-free regions and exhibit a correspondingly large surface-albedo decrease when snow cover decreases. Models without explicit treatment of the vegetation canopy in their surface-albedo calculations typically have high effective snow albedos and strong SAF, often stronger than observed. In models with explicit canopy tre...
Numerical simulation of the flow-induced deformation of red blood cells.

A theoretical model is presented for describing the flow-induced deformation of red blood cells. The cells are modeled as deformable liquid capsules enclosed by a membrane that is nearly incompressible and exhibits elastic response to shearing and bending deformation. In the mathematical formulation, the hydrodynamics is coupled with the membrane mechanics by means of surface equilibrium equations expressed in global Cartesian coordinates. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the deformation of a cell in simple shear flow, in the physiological range of physical properties and flow conditions. The results show that the cell performs flipping motion accompanied by periodic deformation in which the cross section of the membrane in the plane that is perpendicular to the vorticity of the shear flow alternates between the nearly biconcave resting shape and a reverse S shape. The period of the overall rotation is in good agreement with the experimental observations of Goldsmith and Marlow for red blood cells suspended in plasma. Parametric investigations reveal that, in the range of shear rates considered, membrane compressibility has a secondary influence on the cell deformation and on the effective viscosity of a dilute suspension. The numerical results illustrate in quantitative terms the distribution of the membrane tensions developing due to the flow-induced deformation, and show that the membrane is subjected to stretching and compression in the course of the rotation. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Basic Treatment of QCD Phase Transition Bubble Nucleation

Starting from the QCD Lagrangian and the surface tension of QCD bubbles we derive the critical size of bubbles, the nucleation probability and the nucleation site separation distance. We find the separation of sites is more than an order of magnitude larger than previous QCD model estimates, which could lead to observable effects.
Organizational structure and R&D efficiency

This paper compares innovative efficiency as proxied by a measure of R&D efficiency, between firms with organic and mechanistic R&D organizational structures. The results of the study support the hypotheses that organic structures experience greater efficiency in basic research, process-related R&D and long-term R&D activities than do mechanistic structures.
Fractional Propagation and the Elimination of Staggered Invariants in Lattice-BGK Models

Lattice-based models have been attracting much interest in recent years and have been applied to many complex systems. The derivation of large scale dynamical equations of lattice-gas models as well as lattice-Boltzmann models was based on the belief that only the physically interesting quantities (mass, momentum and energy) are conserved. Staggered invariants in lattice-gas models were found in 1988 and there have been no efficient methods to eliminate these invariants. In this paper, we will first discuss the existence of staggered invariants, then we propose to use fractional propagation as an effective way of suppressing these undesired invariants. Numerical simulations will be used to confirm the theory and to show the improvement of computations.
Diffuse papular eruption.

An elderly woman of Bahamian heritage with Fitzpatrick VI skin type presented with a 1-week history of indolent papules all over her body. She was otherwise asymptomatic. Findings from physical examination were notable for discrete skin-colored to pink papules coalescing into plaques on her face, trunk (Figure, A and B), and all 4 extremities. There was no scale or other epidermal change. A punch biopsy for hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed (Figure, C). The patient returned 1 week later with worsening cutaneous eruptions and new complaints of fever, weakness, and malaise. Repeat physical examination revealed splenomegaly and axillary lymphadenopathy. A peripheral blood smear (Figure, D) and other diagnostic tests were performed. A B