cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nondynamical structure of reactions involving four spin-12 particles

Abstract The complete spin-structure of the reaction involving four spin - 1 2 particles is given and the consequences of the imposition of various conservation laws are described. The latter yield a complete set of experimental tests for the validity of the conservation laws.
Directions of arrival estimation by learning sparse dictionaries for sparse spatial spectra

A major limitation of most methods exploiting sparse signal or spectral models for the purpose of estimating directions-of-arrival stems from the fixed model dictionary that is formed by array response vectors over a discrete search grid of possible directions. In general, the array responses to actual DoAs will most likely not be members of such a dictionary. In this work, the sparse spectral signal model with uncertainty of linearized dictionary parameter mismatch is considered, and the dictionary matrix is reformulated into a multiplication of a fixed base dictionary and a sparse matrix. Based on this double-sparsity model, an alternating dictionary learning-sparse spectral model fitting approach is proposed to reduce the estimation errors of DoAs and their powers. Group-sparsity estimator and Lasso-based Least Squares are utilized in the formulation of the associated optimization problem. The performance of the proposed methods are demonstrated by numerical simulations.
SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STERIC ISOMERS (ANTIGENS CONTAINING TARTARIC ACIDS) : SECOND PAPER.

In continuation of studies on the stereochemical specificity of serum reactions, antigens were examined containing the acyl radicals of the levo-, dextro-, and meso-tartaric acids. It was found that in this case also, immune sera can readily be obtained which differentiate sharply the three antigens identical in every other respect but possessing stereoisomeric groups. Since the tartaric acids by their chemical constitution belong to the same class of substances as sugar acids the results have a bearing upon the question of the specificity of natural antigens containing carbohydrates such as have been described by Avery and Heidelberger.
Effect of transit times on quantification of cerebral blood flow by the FAIR T1-difference approach

The effect of finite transit times for the tagging bolus is known to be a significant error source for perfusion quantification using the flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) technique. It is shown that, in the presence of transit times, both the slice-selective (SS) and nonselective (NS) inversion recovery experiments actually consist of an NS period followed by an SS period. This mixed process can be described using a newly defined time constant called the "switching time," which separates the two periods. Calculations predict that finite transit times always lead to decreased flow values in the signal-intensity-difference approach, but that the measured flows in the T(1)-difference approach may be decreased or increased. This theory well explains our recent experimental flow results on cat brain as a function of predelay. The results show the signal-intensity-difference method is superior over the T(1)-difference approach in terms of convenience and ease of quantification. Magn Reson Med 42:890-894, 1999.
Statins Decrease Oxidative Stress and ICD Therapies.

Recent studies demonstrate that statins decrease ventricular arrhythmias in internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. The mechanism is unknown, but evidence links increased inflammatory and oxidative states with increased arrhythmias. We hypothesized that statin use decreases oxidation. Methods. 304 subjects with ICDs were surveyed for ventricular arrhythmia. Blood was analyzed for derivatives of reactive oxygen species (DROMs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results. Subjects included 252 (83&#x25;) men, 58&#x25; on statins, 20&#x25; had ventricular arrhythmias. Average age was 63 years and ejection fraction (EF) 20&#x25;. ICD implant duration was 29 27 months. Use of statins correlated with lower ICD events (, ). Subjects on statins had lower hsCRP (5.2 versus 6.3; ) and DROM levels (373 versus 397; ). Other factors, including IL-6 and EF did not differ between statin and nonstatin use, nor did beta-blocker or antiarrhythmic use. Multivariate cross-correlation analysis demonstrated that DROMs, statins, IL-6 and EF were strongly associated with ICD events. Multivariate regression shows DROMs to be the dominant predictor. Conclusion. ICD event rate correlates with DROMs, a measure of lipid peroxides. Use of statins is associated with reduced DROMs and fewer ICD events, suggesting that statins exert their effect through reducing oxidation.
Harvey Cushing and pediatric neurosurgery.

Harvey Cushing made fundamental and seminal contributions to pediatric neurosurgery. Early in his surgical career, he described the diagnosis and treatment of subdural hematomas in newborn infants. Important investigations on the cerebrospinal fluid and the nature of hydrocephalus were carried out u
Clinical trials for cancer gene therapy.

The alteration of cellular responses using gene transfer has fostered the development of a multitude of therapeutic strategies to treat human disease. In cancer gene therapy, the cells targeted for gene transfer may include cancer cells, host immune effector cells, or both. In addition, the wide array of therapeutic strategies that have been developed have used a wide variety of genes, ranging from mutated and wild-type human genes to foreign genes derived from viruses or bacteria. The following table includes an updated list of the cancer gene therapy trials that have been approved by the National Institutes of Health Recombinant Advisory Committee (RAC) (February 2002). This table has been organized by organ subtype and includes a description of the transgene and gene delivery vehicle that is used in the clinical trial. The Office of Biotechnology Activities at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is currently developing a comprehensive gene transfer database with analytical capabilities and an expanded search engine that will be made available to patients and investigators (unavailable at press time).
The Allocation of Labor and Endogenous Search Decisions

This paper examines the allocation of heterogeneous workers across sectors of an economy in which workers are able to direct their search towards particular firms. We find that search frictions, in addition to causing unemployment, may result in an inefficient allocation of labor. This result arises because of the interaction between the investment decisions of firms and the search decisions of workers. Despite constant returns to scale in both the matching and production functions, this interaction can generate multiple equilibria. The existence of multiple equilibria is shown to depend crucially on the direction of comparative advantage.
The subjective response to the thermal environment.

Techniques used to assess subjective reactions to the thermal environment are evaluated and found to have been developed without any conceptual basis. In addition, the scales used lack sensitivity and inter-experimenter consistency. A novel approach to the problem has been developed which assumes that such measurements must account explicitly for the subject's motivation and which depends upon the correlation between physiological and behavioral measurements on the one hand, and voluntary exposure time on the other. Exploratory data are presented as a first step in the direction of developing methods for introducing the concepts into the laboratory.
Effect of Total Adrenalectomy on Benzol-Induced Leukopenia in Rabbits.∗

Summary and conclusionsNo significant relationship has been found between the diphasic response in the benzol-induced leukopenia in rabbits and the presence or absence of adrenal glands.
Positive surgical margins with radical prostatectomy: detailed pathological analysis and prognosis

Abstract Objectives. To examine the extent and location of positive surgical margins and their influence on progression. Methods. Two hundred fifteen consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens, using 2 to 3-mm step-sections, were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the location and extent of positive margins. Seventy-three patients (34%) with one or more positive margins were subjected to further detailed analysis. Progression was defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen level greater then 0.1 ng/mL and rising. The mean follow-up period was 23.2 months; median 24 months (range 3 to 40). Results. Margin-positive patients had a significantly higher biopsy tumor grade ( P = 0.05) than did margin-negative patients. Capsular perforation was present in 75%, seminal vesicle invasion in 33%, and nodal metastases in 10% of margin-positive patients; in contrast, these tumor characteristics were present in 47%, 8%, and 1% of margin-negative patients, respectively. The extent of involvement of inked margins was focal in 22% and extensive in 66%. An equivocal positive margin identified as surgical incision into the specimen (due to hemostatic staples, surgical dissection, or retraction) was present in 12%. Seventy-one percent of patients had a positive margin at only one location. Of all 99 positive-margin locations, 40% were apical, 10% anterior, 8% bladder neck, 16% posterolateral, and 25% posterior. Thirty-four percent of margin-positive and 7% of margin-negative patients demonstrated biochemical progression. Of the 36 patients with a positive margin as their only major risk factor for progression (seminal vesicle and lymph node negative, Gleason score less than 8), 25% have progressed. Progression occurred in 2 of 9 patients with an equivocal positive margin, and 5 of 16 with a single focal-positive margin. A multivariate analysis of margin-positive patients identified tumor volume and grade as the most significant predictors of progression, with the location and extent of the positive margin not significant. Conclusions. Although more frequent at the prostatic apex, tumor at the inked margin at any location is a risk factor for postoperative biochemical progression.
Heat-tolerant versus heat-sensitive Bos taurus cattle: influence of air temperature and breed on the metabolic response to a provocative immune challenge

The response of the immune and stress systems have been assessed in response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, yet the role of metabolism in mediating energy requirements during the acute phase response has not been sufficiently studied. This study tested heat-tolerant (Romosinuano [RO]) and heat-sensitive (Angus [ANG]) Bos taurus breeds at different ambient temperatures (Ta) to determine differential metabolic responses to LPS challenge. Twenty-one heifers (ANG: n = 11, 306 ± 26 kg BW; RO: n = 10, 313 ± 32 kg BW) were housed in stanchions in 4 temperature-controlled chambers. Initially, Ta in all 4 chambers was cycling at thermoneutrality (TN; 18.5°C–23.5°C) for a 1-wk adjustment period, followed by an increase in 2 chambers to cycling heat stress (HS; 24°C–38°C) for 2 wk. Five ANG and 5 RO heifers were housed at TN, whereas 6 ANG and 5 RO heifers were housed at HS. On day 19, heifers were fitted with jugular catheters. On day 20, heifers were challenged with LPS (0.5 μg/kg BW; 0 h), and blood samples were collected from −2 to 8 h and at 24 h relative to LPS challenge. Serum was analyzed for glucose, insulin, and NEFA concentrations. In addition, feed intake was measured 3 d before and on the day of the challenge. Feed intake decreased over time (P < 0.001) and was decreased in heifers housed at HS compared with heifers housed at TN (P = 0.013). Glucose concentrations before LPS challenge were greater in RO (P = 0.01) than in ANG heifers and greater in TN-housed heifers (P = 0.02) than in HS heifers. Glucose after LPS challenge initially increased before decreasing below baseline concentrations (P < 0.01) in all heifers. In addition, there was a breed by Ta interaction (P < 0.004), such that HS decreased glucose concentrations in ANG heifers compared with ANG heifers housed at TN (P < 0.001), whereas HS did not affect glucose concentrations after LPS challenge in RO heifers (P = 0.941). Nonesterified fatty acid concentrations before LPS challenge were not affected by breed (P = 0.37) or Ta (P = 0.60). Although NEFA concentration after LPS challenge was unaffected by Ta (P = 0.78), there tended to be a breed by Ta interaction (P = 0.07) such that, when housed at HS, RO heifers had greater serum NEFA concentrations after LPS challenge than ANG heifers (P = 0.009). Insulin concentration before LPS challenge was greater in RO heifers than in ANG heifers (P < 0.01). Insulin after LPS challenge increased (P < 0.01), with RO heifers producing a greater insulin response than ANG heifers (P < 0.01). These data suggest that HS decreases the metabolic response of heat-sensitive ANG heifers in response to LPS challenge, thus providing physiological evidence that may explain differences observed in the acute phase response between heat-sensitive ANG and heat-tolerant RO cattle breeds.
Phase diagram for strongly correlated doped trans-polyacetylene chains.

We study here the stability of soliton and polaron excitations in a single strand of trans-polyacetylene as a function of the strength of the electron-electron correlations as well as the doping level. We proceed by first solving exactly the continuum version of the Su, Schrieffer, and Heeger Hamiltonian for the single-particle states that arise when electrons are added to a single polymer chain. The role of on-site (U), nearest-neighbor (V), and bond repulsion (W) Coulomb interactions are then obtained from a first-order perturbative calculation with the exact single-particle states. By minimizing the total energy, we are able to determine the relative stability of polaron and soliton configurations. We show that, at a fixed doping level, a polaron lattice is favored over a soliton configuration provided that U and V exceed critical values. However, as the doping level is increased, we show that the critical values of U and V at which a soliton lattice converts to a polaron lattice increase significantly beyond experimentally accepted estimates. W is also shown to favor solitons. We estimate that at a doping level corresponding to the insulator-metal transition (5%), U=4 eV and V=0.4 eV, a soliton lattice is 0.6 eV lower in energy than the corresponding polaron lattice. If we argue that the insulator-metal transition in polyacetylene results from the onset of a polaron lattice at 5%, then our work places restrictions on the magnitude of such effects as interchain coupling which have been proposed in the literature as a principal player in the metal transition in polyacetylene.
Dependence of NMR lineshape analysis upon chemical rates and mechanisms: Implications for enzyme histidine titrations

Abstract During the course of an NMR titration, broadening or disappearance of the line sometimes occurs because of insufficiently rapid exchange between the two species lying at the extremes of the titration. This “fast-exchange broadening” is more likely to occur with the use of high magnetic fields and the study of nuclei having large chemical shift ranges. A theoretical framework is presented here for extracting rate constants from line broadening observed during formation of any diamagnetic complex including acid-base reactions, metal complexes, and enzyme-substrate complexes. In acid-base titrations where significant broadening occurs, the chemical shift vs pH curves may be nonsigmoidal and maximal broadening may occur at pH values as far as 0.30 pH units from the pKα value. Recent literature involving NMR histidine titrations is discussed in terms of these ideas. Addition of buffer and use of lower field magnets may reduce or eliminate fast-exchange broadening. Imidazole groups on protein surfaces appear to undergo diffusion-controlled acid-base reactions with rates comparable to those of free imidazole.
Effect of n-alcohols on the structure and stability of the Drosophila odorant binding protein LUSH.

LUSH is an odorant binding protein expressed in the olfactory organs of Drosophila melanogaster that is required for the detection of alcohol in adult flies. Here we demonstrate that, in the absence of ligand, in vitro LUSH exists in a partial molten globule state. The presence of short-chain n-alcohols at pharmacologically relevant concentrations less than 50 mM shifts the conformational equilibrium to a more compact state that exhibits reduced binding of the fluorescent dye 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid. Equilibrium unfolding studies of LUSH−alcohol complexes reveal that, for a series of short-chain n-alcohols, each methylene group can contribute approximately 1 K cal mol-1 to the overall stability of the protein−alcohol complex. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have identified the regions of LUSH that show increased conformational stability on binding alcohols. These residues primarily line the alcohol-binding pocket. The results presented here provide a direct measure of the degree of stability that ...
Anatomical distinctions between the two basal ganglia afferent territories in the primate motor thalamus.

In primates, the efferents of the two basal ganglia output structures, medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticularis, are completely segregated and target different thalamic regions. Despite similarities demonstrated earlier in non-primate species in the functional properties and ultrastructural features of the termi-nals of the two pathways, the present findings suggest significant differences between thalamic circuits associated with the two systems in primates. The data presented in this report further support the concept on functional and anatomical diversity of the subdivisions of the primate motor thalamus proposed in 1990 by Hinsky.
Colocutaneous fistulas complicating diverticulitis.

The records of 93 patients with colocutaneous fistulas associated with diverticulitis treated at the Cleveland Clinic between 1965 and 1983 were reviewed. There were 56 males and 37 females with an age range of 19 to 80 years (median, 57 years). Eighty-eight fistulas followed surgery for diverticulitis while five developed spontaneously. The presence of a diverting stoma in 34 patients did not prevent fistula formation but did decrease morbidity (x2=12.75,P 200 cc/day) fistulas) (n=9) fared significantly worse than those with low outputs. There were 28 patients with fistulas to other organs, 20 involving small bowel. Factors leading to persistence of the fistulas included sepsis (42 cases) and sigmoid colon distal to an intended colorectal anastomosis (38 cases).
An analysis of metal forming processes using large deformation elastic-plastic formulations

Abstract A concise survey of the literature related to the large deformation elasto-plasticity problems including unilateral contact and friction is presented together with an extension of the friction law for large deformation analysis. Starting from the principle of virtual work, the so-called total Lagrangian and updated Lagrangian formulations are derived based on some fundamental assumptions in linearizing the nonlinear equations. By introducing the Zaremba-Jaumann (co-rotational) increment to the Cauchy stress tensor, the classical Prandtl-Reuss equations are generalized for describing the elastic-plastic material behavior. To allow a proper consideration of the contact conditions in the incremental analysis, a general friction law with an associated isotropic Coulomb sliding rule is obtained by the similarity between dry friction and plasticity. Finite element discretizations and approximations are applied to the resulting formulation of the updated Lagrangian approach. Four example problems are solved to test the formulations developed in this paper. The emphasis is made toward the numerical accuracy of the finite element solutions.
Optimized synthesis of four isotopically labeled (13C‐enriched) phenolic acids via a malonic acid condensation

Four isotopically (13C)-labeled phenolic acids (caffeic [M + 3], sinapic [M + 2], p-coumaric [M + 6] and ferulic [M + 6] acids) were synthesized via a simple one-step malonic acid condensation with a series of aldehydes. The aldehydes and the malonic acid were variously labeled and unlabeled to vary the enriched sites. 13C and 1H NMR analyses together confirmed the labeled positions. LC/MS confirmed the masses. These acids are intended for use as internal standards for isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (1)
Bithiophene−Perfluorobenzene Copolymers

A series of copolymers of 3,3′-dialkylbithiophenes and tetrafluorobenzene units are reported along with non-fluorinated controls. All are characterized by NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, optical spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The fluorine substituents enhance backbone planarity, order, and π-stacking in the solid-state as revealed by optical spectroscopy and WAXD. Peak oxidation potential is also increased by 0.55 V relative to a benchmark polymeric semiconductor, poly(3-hexylthiophene). Head-to-head 3-alkylthiophene linkages do not preclude backbone planarity provided the side chains are not too bulky.
“There Are No Known Benefits . . .” Considering the Risk/Benefit Ratio of Qualitative Research

Institutional review boards (IRBs) are responsible for weighing the risks and benefits of research participation. Qualitative researchers note numerous instances where IRB ethical frameworks fail to align with the ethics of their research projects and point out that IRB understandings of the benefits and risks of research often differ from those of the participants they seek to protect. This qualitative cross-case research investigates participants' interview experiences in six qualitative studies that differed in their methods, subject of focus, and populations. Our findings indicate that contemporary IRBs' use of population "vulnerability" and topic "sensitivity" to assess project risk does not adequately determine the benefits, risks, or ethicality of research. We recommend that IRBs treat as real the evidence for benefits in qualitative research, recognize that sensitivity and vulnerability do not predict risk, and encourage researchers to attend to relationships in their projects.
Let the People Speak A Multilevel Model of Supply and Demand for Press Freedom

Democracy and press freedom have a long, intertwined history. This article builds on previous research examining democratic consolidation by developing a theoretical model to explicate the multilevel relationships between the openness of national media systems and citizens’ perceptions about press freedom in emerging democracies. We combine individual-level public opinion data from the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey with institutional data from Freedom House to examine institutional and individual predictors of perceived supply and citizen demand for press freedom. The results of the analyses demonstrate a relationship between characteristics of national media systems and citizen perceptions and preferences about press freedom, although individual factors such as educational attainment, reliance on print media, evaluations of media and state performance, and regime support play a more meaningful role in shaping perceptions about press freedom. Theoretical implications for understanding citizen attitudes...
Renal, central nervous system and pancreatic overexpression of recombinant soluble Crry in transgenic mice. A novel means of protection from complement-mediated injury

Crry is a potent complement regulator that inhibits classical and alternative pathway C3 convertases in rodents. We have produced transgenic animals expressing Crry as a recombinant soluble protein driven by the broadly active metallothionein-I promoter. These animals have high serum and urinary levels of rsCrry leading to inhibition of complement activity. In nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN), injected antibodies bind to glomeruli, leading to complement activation and subsequent glomerular injury and albuminuria. We have shown that rsCrry can block such injury and reduce albuminuria by as much as 75%. Corresponding to the reduction in albuminuria was the complete absence of C3 staining in glomeruli by immunofluorescence microscopy in 17/20 transgene positive animals. Support for a local source of protective rsCrry in this model is provided by the demonstration of Crry transgene mRNA in the glomerulus and a very high fractional excretion of rsCrry in the urine. Therefore, rsCrry expression markedly ameliorates an antibody-induced disease model in vivo. In addition, local synthesis of Crry in other organs that are targets of immune injury has been found. For example, Crry transgene mRNA is present throughout the central nervous system and in pancreatic islets. Thus, continuous complement inhibition at the C3 convertase step appears to be feasible and is effective in complement-mediated injury states. A number of disease models affecting these target organs can be tested using these mice.
Pulse substructure in passively and synchronously mode-locked cw dye lasers

New results concerning the coherence time and duration of pulses generated by passively and synchronously mode-locked cw dye lasers are presented. The autocorrelation traces, obtained at different cavity settings, are successfully analyzed with the “noise-burst” model which takes into account the pulse substructure. Our data show that the pulse shape changes when changing the cavity length of the synchronously mode-locked laser, and that pulses from our passively mode-locked laser are substructured. Finally, we present “practical” graphs for the effect of the cavity length on energy, power, coherence time and pulse duration.
The Release of Dipicolinic Acid from Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus NCA 1518

SUMMARY Both pH of the spore suspensions and autoclaving time affect the release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) from spores. At pH 14 maximum release of DPA was obtained for spore suspensions of both variants autoclaved at 250°F for 15 min. With the smooth variant. maximum release of DPA was achieved at pH 7.0. Autoclaving at 250°F for 15 and 70 min was required for complete release of DPA from spores of the smooth and the rough variants. Loss of viability of spores of both variants succeeded complete release of DPA.
Quadriphase sequences for spread- spectrum multiple-access communication

This paper studies constructions for quadriphase sequences that are suitable for use as signature sequences in quadriphase spread-spectrum multiple-access communications. Quadriphase sequences are closely related to biphase (i.e., binary) sequences, and many of the properties of the former can be expressed in terms of properties of the latter. Methods of construction are presented which obtain sets of quadriphase sequences from sets of biphase sequences. Methods of construction of quadriphase sequences are provided based upon the properties of the multiplicative characters of the finite field GF (q) where q \equiv 1 \mod 4 . These methods use codewords from low-rate Reed-Solomon codes, which are mapped onto the fourth roots of unity. 2q + 2 sequences of period q - 1 are constructed, for which the maximum magnitudes of the periodic cross correlation and the periodic out-of-phase autocorrelation are bounded by 3 \sqrt{q} + 5 .
Radioprotective effect of moderate wine consumption in patients with breast carcinoma.

Purpose Given the high cost and side effects of radioprotective agents such as amifostine, attention has been focused on potentially equally effective but less expensive and toxic natural substances. We evaluated the potential radioprotective effects of wine in preventing skin toxicity in patients with breast cancer. Methods and Materials Before treatment, the medical history and habits of patients were assessed and the information recorded in their clinical folders. Patients were divided into three groups based on the dose/fractionation scheme used: control group, 60.4 Gy (standard technique); Modulated Accelerated Radiotherapy in Adjuvant treatment of breast cancer (MARA)-1 protocol group, 44 Gy (concomitant boost to tumoral bed); and MARA-2 protocol group, 60 Gy (concomitant boost to tumoral bed). The impact of the following variables on acute skin toxicity was evaluated by chart review: radiotherapy protocol, planning target volume (PTV), comorbidity (e.g., hypertension and diabetes), hemoglobin level before therapy, adjuvant hormone therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, cigarette smoking, and drinking habits. Results The study population consisted of 348 patients. More severe skin toxicity was significantly associated with the radiotherapy protocol (p Conclusions Our results indicate that wine may have a radioprotective effect; however, prospective studies are needed to confirm this beneficial effect of wine and its components.
Constrained dynamic programming with two discount factors: applications and an algorithm

We consider a discrete time Markov decision process, where the objectives are linear combinations of standard discounted rewards, each with a different discount factor. We describe several applications that motivate the recent interest in these criteria. For the special case where a standard discounted cost is to be minimized, subject to a constraint on another standard discounted cost but with a different discount factor, we provide an implementable algorithm for computing an optimal policy.
A new algorithm for two-dimensional maximum entropy power spectrum estimation

A new iterative algorithm for the maximum entropy power spectrum estimation is presented in this paper. The algorithm, which is applicable to two-dimensional signals as well as one-dimensional signals, utilizes the computational efficiency of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and has been empirically observed to solve the maximum entropy power spectrum estimation problem. Examples are shown to illustrate the performance of the new algorithm.
Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism

Captive-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were used as sentinels to study the epizootiology of avian botulism at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, Willows, California (USA) from 1986 to 1989. Sentinel mallards were wing-clipped, and 40 to 50 birds were confined in 1.6-ha enclosures in 11 selected wetlands (pools). Enclosures were searched intensively three to four times weekly from July through October. Sick and dead wild and sentinel birds were collected, necropsied, and tested for type C botulism toxin. Botulism epizootics occurred in sentinel mallards in 1986, 1987, and 1989, but only a few isolated cases of botulism were detected in 1988. In most epizootics, botulism also was detected simultaneously in wild birds using the same pool outside the enclosure. Epizootics in sentinels were initiated and perpetuated in the absence of vertebrate carcasses. A sex-specific trend in the probability of intoxication was detected, with males contracting botulism at a higher rate than females. Daily mortal...
Monte Carlo generated spectra for QA/QC of automated NAA routine

A quality check for an automated system of analyzing large sets of neutron activated samples has been developed. Activated samples are counted with an HPGe detector, in conjunction with an automated sample changer and spectral analysis tools, controlled by the Canberra GENIE 2K and REXX software. After each sample is acquired and analyzed, a Microsoft Visual Basic program imports the results into a template Microsoft Excel file where the final concentrations, uncertainties, and detection limits are determined. Standard reference materials are included in each set of 40 samples as a standard quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) test. A select group of sample spectra are also visually reviewed to check the peak fitting routines. A reference spectrum was generated in MCNP 4c2 using an F8, pulse-height, tally with a detector model of the actual detector used in counting. The detector model matches the detector resolution, energy calibration, and counting geometry. The generated spectrum also contained a radioisotope matrix that was similar to what was expected in the samples. This spectrum can then be put through the automated system and analyzed along with the other samples. The automated results are then compared to expected results for QA/QC assurance.
Securely sharing neuroimagery

Shared scientific data, such as neuroimagery, offers great benefits to science. However, data owners must exercise custodial responsibilities which can conflict with the unhindered sharing of their data. Given simple choices of sharing widely or not at all, the result will frequently be no sharing. We hypothesize that neuroimagery sharing will be enhanced if data owners are provided with well-defined intermediate levels of data visibility. In this paper, we describe a broadly applicable data sharing model, Structured Sharing Communities (SSC), in which data becomes incrementally visible to communities structured as a complete partial-order; the associated properties of Privacy and Fairness regulate access to shared data. Within SSC, a customized policy space is defined capturing the sharing relationships among specific collaborators.
Dopamine Transporter (DaT) Scan Utilization in a Movement Disorder Center

Background The aim of this work was to describe utilization patterns of dopamine transporter (DaT) scan and its influence on patient management at a single movement disorders center. DaT scan helps differentiate between neurodegenerative from non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism and essential tremor (ET). It has been recently approved in the United States in 2011. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients, observed by movement disorders neurologists, who received a DaT scan. Demographic data, medication use, and prescan diagnosis were collected. Results A total of 216 DaT scans were performed at our center from 1 June 2011 to 31 October 2012. A total of 175 scans were included for analysis. Rates of DaT scan utilization varied from 5 to 33 per 100 new patients observed. When our specialists suspected neurodegenerative parkinsonism before the scan (N = 70), the scan was abnormal in 57%. When non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism was prescan diagnosis (N = 46), the scan was normal in 65%. When essential/dystonic tremor was suspected (N = 14), the scan was normal in 79%. When psychogenic disorder was the prescan diagnosis (N = 15), the scan was normal in only 47%. Only 4% of patients with abnormal scan remained off anti-PD medications, whereas 24% of patients with negative scan were still on anti-PD medications. Conclusions DaT scan utilization among specialists varied greatly. Scan results correlated most when prescan diagnosis was ET than when working diagnosis was neurodegenerative parkinsonism or other non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Scan result was least consistent when prescan diagnosis was psychogenic disorder. Finally, DaT scans influenced medical treatment more when it was abnormal, compared to when it was normal.
Two-Stage Exchange Hip Arthroplasty: Articulating Spacers

The incidence of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is estimated to increase 174 % to 552,000 procedures by the year 2030 and the demand for revision hip surgery may double by 2026 (J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(4):780–5, 2007). Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are estimated to occur in 1 % of primary THA and 4 % of revision THA procedures (J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(7):1487–97, 2005; Clin Orthop Relat Res 468(1):52–6, 2010). Thus, it can be extrapolated that the treatment of PJI will become much more common in the future (J Arthroplasty 5(8):1216–22e1-3, 2010). Once diagnosed, a chronic deep infection can be treated by one of several methods. Chronic suppression, irrigation and debridement, single-stage exchange, and two-stage exchange have all been described in the treatment of PJI (Clin Orthop Relat Res 369:139–43, 1999; J Bone Joint Surg Am 65(1):128–34, 1983; Orthop Clin North Am 24(4):761–7, 1993; J Arthroplasty 3(2):109–16, 1988; Clin Orthop Relat Res 414:55–60, 2003; J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B(3):342–53; Clin Orthop Relat Res 211:103–7, 1986). Two-stage exchange is the generally accepted standard-of-care in North America (J Arthroplasty 19(6):768–74, 2004; J Arthroplasty 20(7):874–9, 2005; Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;441:243–9; J Arthroplasty 2009;24(8):1264–9; J Arthroplasty 2007;22(1):72–8; Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009;467(1):219–24; J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011;93(7):631–9; J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80(1):60–9).
System Theoretic Aspects of Completely Symmetric Systems

System theoretic aspects of completely symmetric systems will be discussed both for discrete time and continuous time systems. Realization theoretic results are presented. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the boundedness of the observability and reachability operators. The asymptotic, exponential/power stability of a completely symmetric system is characterized through the support of its defining measure. For continuous time systems the boundedness of the system operators is analyzed.
A Hybrid-Adaptive Dynamic Programming Approach for the Model-Free Control of Nonlinear Switched Systems

This paper presents a hybrid adaptive dynamic programming (hybrid-ADP) approach for determining the optimal continuous and discrete control laws of a switched system online, solely from state observations. The new hybrid-ADP recurrence relationships presented are applicable to model-free control of switched hybrid systems that are possibly nonlinear. The computational complexity and convergence of the hybrid-ADP approach are analyzed, and the method is validated numerically showing that the optimal controller and value function can be learned iteratively online from state observations.
Review: thoracoscopic pleurodesis with talc may be the optimal technique in patients with malignant pleural effusions.

Source Citation Shaw P, Agarwal R. Pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD002916. 14973997
[Analysis of pathogen spectrum of Encephalitis/Meningitis in northwestern area of China].

Objective To learn the characteristics of pathogen spectrum of Encephalitis/Meningitis in northwestern area of China.Methods Between January 1 st 2009 and March 31 st 2011,a total of 569patients with clinical symptoms of Encephalitis/Meningitis were selected from the hospitals in Gansu,Qinghai,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang province.1514 samples of specimen were collected from the 515patients,to detect the IgM of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV),enterovirus (EV,including Coxsackie virus,ECHO virus and enterovirus 71),Mumps virus,Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.Meanwhile,Neisseria meningitis (Nm),Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib),Staphylococcus,Streptococcus pneumonia,Streptococcus Suis,E.Coli and Cryptococci were also identified.The detection results were analyzed by different region,time and age range.Results Pathogenic bacteria were identified in the specimen from 16 patients,with the rate at 3.65％,of which the dominant ones were Streptococcus pneumonia (7 patients,43.75％).Virus were identified in the specimen from 132patients,with the rate at 27.05％,of which the dominant types were EV and HSV,accounting for 33.33％(44 cases) and 31.82％ (42 cases) respectively.The detection rate of virus showed a significant seasonal trend,with the peak appearing between June and November each year.The peak of EV detection was between July and September,with 24 cases detected out; the peak of HSV was between June and August (11 cases detected out) ; mumps virus was mainly found between July and December (25 cases).There was no significant time-distribution found in the detection of bacteria.The EV and HSV were mainly distributed in Gansu and Qinghai province (70 cases) ;most of mumps virus were found in Gansu province (24 cases) ;and JEV were only found in Gansu province (20 cases).The viral pathogen spectrum was identified in all ages,and the EV and mumps virus were mainly found in children aged 0-14 years old(42 and 17 cases respectively) ; JEV were identified in people over 15 years old,with 13 detected out of the 20 patients.Conclusion The main pathogen of acute encephalitis and meningitis in northwestern area of China was virus,and the main pathogens of encephalitis and meningitis in children under 15 years were Herpes simplex virus and Mumps virus. Key words: Encephalitis ; Meningitis ; Pathogen spectrum
Block Copolymer Membranes for Efficient Capture of a Chemotherapy Drug

We introduce the use of block copolymer membranes for an emerging application, “drug capture”. The polymer is incorporated in a new class of biomedical devices, referred to as ChemoFilter, which is an image-guided temporarily deployable endovascular device designed to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy-based cancer treatment. We show that block copolymer membranes consisting of functional sulfonated polystyrene end blocks and a structural polyethylene middle block (S-SES) are capable of capturing doxorubicin, a chemotherapy drug. We focus on the relationship between morphology of the membrane in the ChemoFilter device and efficacy of doxorubicin capture measured in vitro. Using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy, we discovered that rapid doxorubicin capture is associated with the presence of water-rich channels in the lamellar-forming S-SES membranes in aqueous environment.
Combining Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Nisin to Preserve Atlantic Salmon

Preservation effects of modified atmosphere package combined with nisin on fresh Atlantic salmon were evaluated. Farm-raised Atlantic salmon were purchased from the local market and packaged using either 19 % CO2: 70 % N2 : 11 % O2 , 38 % CO2 : 51 % N2 : 11 % O2, and under atmospheric air (with and without nisin at 400 IU/g) resulting in a total of 6 treatments. The microbiological (aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria) and the total volatile basic nitrogen analyses were evaluated on Day 0, 2, 4, 7 and 10. Package headspace and sensory evaluation were also conducted on Day 0, 2 and 4. The presence of CO2 effectively inhibited the growth of all three types of bacteria while nisin significantly inhibited the growth of aerobic microorganisms with less impact on lactic acid bacteria. The TVB-N test indicated that CO2 delayed the spoilage of Atlantic salmon while nisin had a lesser but measurable impact on Atlantic salmon shelf-life. The experiments support the potential for combining modified atmosphere package and nisin as an effective method to limit the spoilage of Atlantic salmon compare to traditional preservation methods.
Defining the Prevalence of Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria Among Women With Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Implications for Recommending Subsequent Diagnostic Evaluation

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH) in women presenting with POP, as well as the relationship of POP stage with AMH. Materials and Methods Charts of women evaluated in a Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery clinic between January 2015 and July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of AMH (≥3 red blood cells per high-powered field on 1 urinalysis) was compared for women with symptomatic POP and those with urinary incontinence (UI) without symptomatic POP. Patient features were compared using chi-square and rank sum tests. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of patient factors and AMH. Results Overall, 455 of the 498 patients evaluated (91%) had a urinalysis with microscopy. The prevalence of AMH was 3.3% (15 of 455), and was not significantly different between women presenting for prolapse (9 of 264, 3.4%) vs UI (6 of 191, 3.1%; P = .87). The presence of stage ≥2 anterior prolapse was not associated with the risk of AMH ( P = .91). Voided vs catheterized specimens were associated with an increased rate of AMH (15.2% vs 2.4%; P = .003). Subsequent hematuria evaluation identified 2 cases of bladder cancer, a urethral mesh erosion, and an asymptomatic kidney stone, with the remaining evaluations negative. Conclusion We found a prevalence of AMH in women with POP lower than previously reported, and consistent with patients presenting for UI. As such, AMH noted among women with POP should not be ascribed solely to the presence of prolapse.
Therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells and macrophages for ischemic skeletal muscle repair.

Aim: Progressive ischemia due to peripheral artery disease causes muscle damage and reduced strength of the lower extremities. Autologous cell therapy is an attractive treatment to restore perfusion and improve muscle function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have therapeutic potential in tissue repair, including polarizing effects on macrophages (MPs). Materials & methods: Co-culture systems of ASCs and MPs were analyzed for gene and protein expression modifications in ASC-conditioned MPs. Co-transplantation of MPs/ASCs in vivo led to improved skeletal muscle regeneration in a mouse model of peripheral artery disease. Results: ASCs/MPs therapy restored muscle function, increased perfusion and reduced inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusion: Combined MPs/ASCs cell therapy is a promising approach to restore muscle function and stimulate local angiogenesis in the ischemic limb.
Comparison study on photocatalytic oxidation of pharmaceuticals by TiO2-Fe and TiO2-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites immobilized on optical fibers

Incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or Fe3+ ions in TiO2 photocatalyst could enhance photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aqueous solutions. This study characterized the photocatalytic activities of TiO2-Fe and TiO2-rGO nanocomposites immobilized on optical fibers synthesized by polymer assisted hydrothermal deposition method. The photocatalysts presented a mixture phase of anatase and rutile in the TiO2-rGO and TiO2-Fe nanocomposites. Doping Fe into TiO2 particles (2.40eV) could reduce more band gap energy than incorporating rGO (2.85eV), thereby enhancing utilization efficiency of visible light. Incorporating Fe and rGO in TiO2 decreased significantly the intensity of TiO2 photoluminescence signals and enhanced the separation rate of photo-induced charge carriers. Photocatalytic performance of the synthesized nanocomposites was measured by the degradation of three pharmaceuticals under UV and visible light irradiation, including carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole. TiO2-rGO exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of pharmaceuticals under UV irradiation, while TiO2-Fe demonstrated more suitable for visible light oxidation. The results suggested that the enhanced photocatalytic performance of TiO2-rGO could be attributed to reduced recombination rate of photoexcited electrons-hole pairs, but for TiO2-Fe nanocomposite, narrower band gap would contribute to increased photocatalytic activity.
The Importance of Reliability as It Relates to True Score Confidence Intervals

Presented is a detailed description of 2 true score confidence interval approaches, their use, interpretation, and a philosophical conflict that arises in many applied instances.
A hybrid ad hoc networking protocol for disaster recovery resource management

Following a major disaster, the infrastructure supporting wired and mobile networking is expected to be inoperable over large areas. Thus, emergency response teams must communicate using their own networking equipment. A large-scale peer-to-peer network offers fast and flexible deployment but requires cooperation among nodes. Usage constraints must be imposed to prevent overloading the shared network capacity. In particular, disparate communication models (for route building and optimisation, resource management, and localised status flooding) must be integrated. We propose a hybrid network protocol which dynamically assigns network capacity to these three communication models by imposing transmission delays in accordance with their attempted usage rates.