cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of a Systems-Based Approach to Prescribing Errors in a Pediatric Resident Clinic

Abstract Objective To measure the difference in prescribing error rates between 2 clinics, 1 with a system in place to reduce errors and 1 with no such system; to determine variables that affect the likelihood of prescription errors. Methods This was a retrospective study at 2 university-based general pediatric clinics utilizing the same electronic medical record (EMR) system. Clinic 1 employed pharmacists who provided daily prescription review, provider feedback and education, and EMR customization to decrease errors. Clinic 2 had no systems in place for reducing prescribing errors. Prescriptions written by resident physicians over 2 months were identified and reviewed. Results A total of 1361 prescriptions were reviewed, 40.7% from clinic 1 and 59.3% from clinic 2. Errors were found in 201 prescriptions (14.8%). Clinics 1 and 2 had error rates of 11% and 17.5%, respectively ( P = .0012). The odds of a prescription error at clinic 2 were 1.7 times the odds of a prescription error at clinic 1. Logistic regression identified clinic, nonpediatric resident, liquid dose forms, and younger patient age as significant predictors of prescription errors. Half of the errors could have been prevented with consistent use of a custom medication list within the EMR. Conclusions We found 37% fewer prescribing errors in a clinic with systems in place for prescribing error detection and prevention. Pediatric clinics should explore systematic procedures for identifying, resolving, and providing education about prescribing errors to reduce patient risk.
Isolation by environment in White-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) of the Madrean Archipelago sky islands: a landscape genomics approach

Understanding landscape processes driving patterns of population genetic differentiation and diversity has been a long-standing focus of ecology and evolutionary biology. Gene flow may be reduced by historical, ecological or geographic factors, resulting in patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) or isolation by environment (IBE). Although IBE has been found in many natural systems, most studies investigating patterns of IBD and IBE in nature have used anonymous neutral genetic markers, precluding inference of selection mechanisms or identification of genes potentially under selection. Using landscape genomics, the simultaneous study of genomic and ecological landscapes, we investigated the processes driving population genetic patterns of White-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) in sky islands (montane forest habitat islands) of the Madrean Archipelago. Using more than 4000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple tests to investigate the relationship between genetic differentiation and geographic or ecological distance, we identified IBE, and a lack of IBD, among sky island populations of S. carolinensis. Using three tests to identify selection, we found 79 loci putatively under selection; of these, seven matched CDS regions in the Zebra Finch. The loci under selection were highly associated with climate extremes (maximum temperature of warmest month and minimum precipitation of driest month). These results provide evidence for IBE - disentangled from IBD - in sky island vertebrates and identify potential adaptive genetic variation.
Progesterone regulation of a pregnancy-specific transcription repressor to beta-casein gene promoter in mouse mammary gland

Progesterone inhibits casein gene expression in the mammary gland during pregnancy. A pregnancy-specific mammary nuclear factor (PMF) is a transcriptional repressor that binds to the two separate sites of the beta-casein promoter region and mediates the inhibition of mouse beta-casein gene expression by progesterone. PMF has been detected in mouse mammary tissue during pregnancy, but not during the virginal or lactational periods. Southwestern hybridization showed that the PMF-binding sequence (TGAT/ATCA) bound a protein with a mol wt of 65 kilodaltons from mammary nuclear extract from pregnant mice, but not that from lactating animals. In this study the hormonal regulation of binding activity of PMF and its relationship to casein gene expression were also examined in vivo using ovariectomy of pregnant mice. Ovariectomy rapidly reduces the circulating progesterone and estrogen levels and induces lactogenesis in the mammary tissue of pregnant mice. After ovariectomy, the binding activity of PMF in the mamm...
The Impact of DNA Input Amount and DNA source on the Performance of Whole-Exome Sequencing in Cancer Epidemiology

Background: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has recently emerged as an appealing approach to systematically study coding variants. However, the requirement for a large amount of high-quality DNA poses a barrier that may limit its application in large cancer epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the performance of WES with low input amount and saliva DNA as an alternative source material. Methods: Five breast cancer patients were randomly selected from the Pathways Study. From each patient, four samples, including 3 μg, 1 μg, and 0.2 μg blood DNA and 1 μg saliva DNA, were aliquoted for library preparation using the Agilent SureSelect Kit and sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500. Quality metrics of sequencing and variant calling, as well as concordance of variant calls from the whole exome and 21 known breast cancer genes, were assessed by input amount and DNA source. Results: There was little difference by input amount or DNA source on the quality of sequencing and variant calling. The concordance rate was about 98% for single-nucleotide variant calls and 83% to 86% for short insertion/deletion calls. For the 21 known breast cancer genes, WES based on low input amount and saliva DNA identified the same set variants in samples from a same patient. Conclusions: Low DNA input amount, as well as saliva DNA, can be used to generate WES data of satisfactory quality. Impact: Our findings support the expansion of WES applications in cancer epidemiologic studies where only low DNA amount or saliva samples are available. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1207–13. ©2015 AACR .
Diversity, Biology and Evolutionary Relationships

Nematodes are among the most abundant organisms on Earth, as they exist in almost every possible habitat and ecosystem (Bernard, 1992; De Ley, 2006; Ettema, 1998; Powers et al. 2009). Indeed, these organisms can be found in aquatic (marine and fresh water) and terrestrial ecosystems ranging from the tropics to the poles and from the highest to the lowest of elevations. Furthermore, nematodes have exploited a wide range of ecological niches encompassing free–living and parasitic species. Parasites have received the most attention and have been the subject of extensive research because of the damage they cause to crops, livestock, and humans (Anderson, 2000; Norton, 1978; Poinar, 1983; Stirling, Poinar, & Jansson, 1988; Wallace, 1963; Zuckerman & Rhode, 1981). However, several parasitic species are considered beneficial organisms to humans as they can be used as control agents of pests that are of agriculture, forestry or health importance (Bedding, Akhurst, & Kaya, 1993; Gaugler & Kaya, 1990; Grewal, Grewal, & Adams, 2003; Petersen, 1985; Poinar; Stock & Hunt, 2005; Wilson & Gaugler, 2000; Wilson, Glen, & George, 1993).
Contributions of natural elements and areas in residential environments to human health and well-being

This paper gives a brief overview of the research literature on the effects of nature and green space on human health and well-being, with special attention to green areas in residential environments. A preliminary descriptive framework is presented and used to delineate the focus of the paper. The review of the studies is organized by the mechanisms that are supposed to explain the positive effect of nature on health. Seven of such mechanisms are distinguished. Although the evidence is mounting, the main conclusion is that the research on nature and human health is still in its early stages. The results thus far do not offer much support for evidence-based policy making nor can they be translated into practical guidelines yet.
Style-Aware Mid-level Representation for Discovering Visual Connections in Space and Time

We present a weakly-supervised visual data mining approach that discovers connections between recurring mid-level visual elements in historic (temporal) and geographic (spatial) image collections, and attempts to capture the underlying visual style. In contrast to existing discovery methods that mine for patterns that remain visually consistent throughout the dataset, our goal is to discover visual elements whose appearance changes due to change in time or location; i.e., exhibit consistent stylistic variations across the label space (date or geo-location). To discover these elements, we first identify groups of patches that are style-sensitive. We then incrementally build correspondences to find the same element across the entire dataset. Finally, we train style-aware regressors that model each element's range of stylistic differences. We apply our approach to date and geo-location prediction and show substantial improvement over several baselines that do not model visual style. We also demonstrate the method's effectiveness on the related task of fine-grained classification.
How we teach impacts student learning: peer instruction vs. lecture in CS0

In this paper we look at the impact on student learning of how a class is taught. We compare 2 sections of a non-majors CS0 course offered in the same term, by the same instructor, covering the same content and utilizing the same book, labs and exams. One section was taught using standard lecture practices including lecture from slides, live coding and weekly quizzes. The other section was taught using the Peer Instruction (PI) method that actively engages students in constructing their own learning, instead of absorbing understanding from the instructor's explanations. Using a factorial analysis of variance, we find a main effect of instructional method on final exam grade (F (1,200) = 5.87, p = 0.016) with students in the Peer Instruction section scoring an average 5.7% higher than in the standard lecture practices section. We find no significant interactions among gender and grade or class status (lower or upper division) and grade. In a separate analysis, we also find the interaction of instructional method and high school background to be significant (F (1,147) = 7.48, p = 0.007). In discussion we consider the meaning of these results for educators and describe questions for future work.
The Kinetics of the Reaction of H Atoms with C4F6

The rate constant k for the gas-phase reaction of atomic hydrogen with 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene has been measured over the temperature range 290−1010 K by time-resolved atomic resonance fluorescence using H2O and NH3 as precursors, at argon pressures of about 30−140 mbar. Over the range 290−620 K a positive activation energy was observed, k = (3.40 ± 0.34) × 10-11 exp[(−16.7 ± 0.4) kJ mol-1/RT] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, and k dropped rapidly between 620 and 700 K. Over the range 700−1010 K, k = (1.83 ± 0.53) × 10-10 exp[(−34.1 ± 2.1) kJ mol-1/RT] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 where the statistical uncertainties are 1σ. Confidence limits for k are ± 16%. Several isomers of C4F6H were characterized by ab initio methods. Below about 600 K the dominant pathway is suggested to be addition of H atoms to form CF2H−CF•−CFCF2 and/or CF2H−CF•−CFCF2. These adducts dissociate at elevated temperatures, and on the assumption that the major addition product at around 670 K is the more stable CF2H−CF·-CFCF2, the C−H bond diss...
Role of Arthroscopic Decompression and Partial Clavicle Resection

Arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASAD) and arthroscopic distal clavicle resection have become two of the most commonly performed surgical procedures of the shoulder. The arthroscopic technique has evolved significantly from the open anterior acromioplasty as described by Neer and others1,2 and the open distal clavicle excision described by Mumford and Gurd.3,4
Environmental Justice and the Constitution

In a recent essay in ELR, David Coursen queries whether environmental justice policies, which seek to avoid disproportionate environmental burdens on poor and minority communities, are on a 'collision course' with the Equal Protection Clause. In concluding that a potential collision is more illusory than real, Coursen offers a number of reasons why governmental actions to promote environmental justice have not been challenged in court and, even if they were to be, would not be subjected to strict judicial scrutiny. In this essay, I respond to Coursen's query. I argue that Coursen’s Article is important for highlighting the curious fact that, to date, no equal protection challenge to an environmental justice policy has been adjudicated in the courts, even though these policies are explicitly race-conscious and would seem vulnerable to such challenge. Yet, one might fairly ask whether Coursen’s quest to explain this fact at once proves too much and too little. On the one hand, Coursen makes too much of the potential constitutional obstacles that a challenger might face if a claim were to be brought. On the other hand, Coursen makes too little of the fact that existing environmental justice policies fall short of using race as a decisionmaking criterion to alter or change the structure of environmental regulatory decisions, which are largely based on technical, quantitative decisions subject to judicial deference. It is this latter reason, one might plausibly argue, that accounts for the lack of constitutional challenges to existing environmental justice policies. That is, perhaps environmental justice policies have remained relatively uncontroversial, both as a constitutional and policy matter, because they have not sought to use race as a criterion or means to adjust or redistribute levels of environmental protection to vulnerable minority populations.
MCPB.py: A Python Based Metal Center Parameter Builder

MCPB.py, a python based metal center parameter builder, has been developed to build force fields for the simulation of metal complexes employing the bonded model approach. It has an optimized code structure, with far fewer required steps than the previous developed MCPB program. It supports various AMBER force fields and more than 80 metal ions. A series of parametrization schemes to derive force constants and charge parameters are available within the program. We give two examples (one metalloprotein example and one organometallic compound example), indicating the program’s ability to build reliable force fields for different metal ion containing complexes. The original version was released with AmberTools15. It is provided via the GNU General Public License v3.0 (GNU_GPL_v3) agreement and is free to download and distribute. MCPB.py provides a bridge between quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation software packages thereby enabling the modeling of metal ion centers. It offers an...
Direct Evidence for Interstitial and Vacancy-Associated Hydrogen Trapping Near Impurity Atoms in F.C.C. Metals

A new method is developed to probe the interaction of hydrogen (H) or deuterium (D) with lattice defects in metals. The method makes use of Mossbauer spectroscopy to detect microscopic trapping of interstitial H (D) or vacancy associated H (D) in the immedi­ate vicinity of selected impurity atoms.
Abstract 5425: The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase is downstream of ATM and feeds forward oxidative stress in selenium-induced senescence response

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Selenium induces a senescence response through induction of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although a role of the DNA-PK complex, including the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), Ku70 and Ku80, in DNA double strand break repair is established, it is unclear how these proteins function in the response to selenium-induced oxidative stress and senescence induction. In this study we demonstrate that pre-treating normal human diploid fibroblasts with DNA-PK kinase inhibitor NU 7026 suppresses selenium-induced senescence response. Selenium treatment induces phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs on Thr-2647 and Ser-2056, the extent of which is decreased in the presence of ATM kinase inhibitor KU 55933 or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. In contrast, the selenium-induced phosphorylation of ATM on Ser-1981 is not affected by NU 7026. Cells deficient in DNA-PKcs or pre-treated with NU 7026 or N-acetylcysteine are defective in selenite-induced ROS formation. Opposed to DNA-PKcs, Ku70 and Ku80 are dispensable for selenite-induced ROS and γH2A.X formation and removal. Taken together, these results indicate a distinct role of DNA-PKcs from Ku70 and Ku80, in which this kinase can respond to and feed forward selenium-induced ROS formation and is placed downstream of ATM in the resultant senescence response. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5425. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5425
Metabolic and mitochondrial disturbances in streptozotocin-treated Sprague-Dawley and Sherman rats.

This study provides explanation for conflicting evidence in the literature relating to changes in mitochondrial function and metabolic parameters during chemically induced diabetes. Diabetes of 3 days'duration (early ketosis) did not alter heart, kidney, or liver mitochondrial respiratory rates with glutamate or succinate even though serum glucose and triglycerides were elevated. Diabetes of 5 weeks'duration did not alter kidney or liver mitochondrial function in the fed adult rat although weight gain was depressed. The amount of kidney mitochondrial protein isolated per gram of tissue was increased by 30% in the diabetic. This increase was reversed by insulin treatment as were the other biochemical modalities measured. Superimposition of a 24-hr fast resulted in enhanced gluconeogenesis as measured by an animal weight loss of 17% within 24 hr (liver weight loss, 21%) and an elevation of serum urea nitrogen by 180% compared to fasted control. Respiratory rates of diabetic kidney mitochondria with glutamat...
Health quality analysis of stainless steel vacuum cup in Yongkang city from 2011 to 2014

Objective To understand the health quality and trends of stainless steel vacuum cup in Yongkang city from 2011 to2014 and provide a scientific basis for the supervision of relevant departments. Methods 1 263 stainless steel vacuum cup samples for the four years were randomly selected from manufacturers by bureau of quality and technical supervision and detected according to GB / T 5009. 81—2003. The detection items were lead,chrome,nickel,cadmium and arsenic,then the results were statistically analyzed. Results Rate of qualification was 74. 6% in 2011,80. 1% in 2012,86. 2% in 2013 and 91. 3%in 2014 respectively. Conclusion The qualification rates of stainless steel vacuum cup in Yongkang city were increasing year by year,but the quality still need to improve. The main failed items were chrome and nickel. The manufacturers need to improve the production technology,and the relevant departments need to strengthen supervision to ensure the health of consumers.
Markets and Technology — The Great Enabler or the Great Disabler?

Technology has changed the world of financial markets. It has certainly changed the life of brokers and the brokerage industry itself. Has it changed the fundamental way in which markets operate? Absolutely.
Choledocholithiasis Including Acute Cholangitis

The liver produces bile which then flows into the small intestine through drainage channels called bile ducts. The gallbladder acts as a temporary storage sac for bile which is released into the small intestine after a meal. Stones can precipitate from bile fluid within the gallbladder and they are known as gallbladder stones or simply gallstones. Gallstones generally do not cause any symptoms, as they usually stay within the gallbladder without causing irritation. They may rarely cause gallbladder inflammation or chronic cholecystitis, block the gallbladder outlet to cause acute cholecystitis, or migrate into the common bile duct. The presence of gallstones in the bile duct is called choledocholithiasis. These stones can cause symptoms like episodic pain in the right upper abdomen with abnormal liver function tests. Unfortunately, there is no effective way to prevent migration of stones or dissolve stones once they have migrated into the common bile duct. When choledocholithiasis occurs, patients are at risk for serious abdominal pain or other complications. Therefore, these common bile duct stones must be removed to prevent complications from occurring.
Bree Michaels Becomes a Professor: Fictionalizing Lived Experience in Order to Learn from It

As Bree tried to develop an academic identity, she began making sense of her administrative experience through fictionalizing aspects of it and, after taking a deep breath, she decided to teach her students to do the same.
Slavic and East European Language Programs and Heritage Language Communities

Among Slavic and East European heritage communities, the post-1989 geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe has changed both emigration patterns and core aspects of the relationship between speakers in the homeland and abroad. Many speakers have both an enhanced motivation to maintain their heritage languages and greater resources to do so. As a reflection of this increased interest in Slavic and East European heritage languages, recent years have witnessed a rise in the number and scope of community language schools, established primarily by parents who wish to ensure that their children maintain active use of their heritage languages. At the same time, many Slavic and East European language programs at the college level have increasingly come under threat, due to the combination of reduced enrollments, greater administrative focus on class sizes, and a loss of federal funding. In this paper, using Czech as the base language, I suggest that by placing a greater emphasis on connections with heritage communities, we may be able to enhance the viability of Slavic and East European programs at the college level. This potential is supported by a marked increase in research on heritage language learners over the past two decades, which provides a foundation for curricular adjustments that address the specific needs of heritage language learners.
Cyclin E Regulation by the Fbw7 Ubiquitin Ligase Pathway Is Required for Normal Mitophagy and Restraining Reactive Oxidative Species During Erythroid Cell Maturation In Vivo

Abstract 3393 We previously described a knock-in mouse model that permits study of the physiologic consequences of cyclin E deregulation, by selective ablation of its regulation via the SCF Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase. We found that erythroid progenitor cells in our cyclin E T74A T393A knock-in mice exhibit abnormally increased proliferation, increased apoptosis, impaired maturation, and dysplastic morphologies. Most prominent among the gene expression alterations we have identified in the cyclin E knock-in erythroid cells is induction of multiple p53 target genes, consistent with p53 pathway activation. In contrast to several recently described models of ribosomal protein gene mutations, in which p53 activation appears to induce dyserythropoiesis, we determined that p53 function actually maintains partially compensated erythroid cell maturation in vivo, in the context of impaired Fbw7-mediated cyclin E degradation. We next found that dysregulated cyclin E-CDK2 activity in cyclin E T74A T393A erythroid cells is associated with increased reactive oxidative species and increased mitochondrial mass and activity. These results coincide with findings of abnormal mitochondria retention in late-stage erythroid cells and significantly down-regulated expression of BNIP3L (NIX) . BNIP3L encodes a critical regulator of erythroid cell mitophagy, and the transcriptional controls maintaining its expression in maturing erythroid cells likely account for why this lineage is acutely sensitive to deregulated cyclin E activity. Finally, we show evidence that reduced expression of BNIP3L may play a role in some cases of early-stage myelodysplastic syndromes. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Abstract 247: Association of Soluble RAGE Levels with Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS)

Introduction The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor that propagates vascular cell dysfunction leading to proinflammatory disease states. RAGE is produced as a membrane bound and soluble isoform (soluble RAGE (sRAGE)), with the soluble isoform demonstrated to act as a RAGE decoy preventing cellular activation and atherosclerosis. Recent cohort studies have suggested that serum levels of sRAGE are associated with the risk of CVD and therefore may be a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease states. Hypothesis We hypothesized that sRAGE levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in an ethnically diverse population. Methods We included 1,102 stroke-free participants from the multi-ethnic Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) who underwent high-resolution carotid B-mode ultrasound to measure carotid plaque phenotypes (density, thickness, and area) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Plaque density was characterized by Gray Scale Median (GSM). Serum sRAGE was measured by ELISA and log-transformed to stabilize variance. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were employed to estimate sRAGE associations with IMT and plaque measures. Results The mean age at time of ultrasound was 70.7±8.6yrs; 65% were Hispanic, 19% black, and 16% white. The majority of subjects had carotid plaque present (54%) with the median GSM 38(0-190). Mean plaque thickness (IQR) was 1.30(0-3.99)mm and mean area (IQR) 2.43(0-96.75)mm2. Mean IMT was 0.93±0.09mm. High sRAGE levels were associated with more echolucent plaques (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03-1.42), especially among Hispanics (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.54). These relationships remained after adjusting for sociodemographic and vascular risk factors. No association was seen between sRAGE levels and carotid IMT, plaque thickness or area. Conclusion In the present study, higher sRAGE levels were associated with echolucent (lower density) plaque, especially among Hispanic subjects. Our data suggest sRAGE levels may be associated with atherosclerotic plaque morphology and its vulnerability, especially among minority groups. These findings further support RAGE as a novel target for anti-atherosclerosis interventions.
Utilizing propensity scores to determine the risk of recurrence and death in epithelial ovarian cancer.

5577 Background: Perioperative red blood cell transfusion (PRBCT) may be a negative prognostic marker in surgical oncology. We assessed PRBCT as an independent risk factor for recurrence and death ...
Abstract 160: Pim-1 Preserves Cardiac Stem Cell Proliferation with Age

Rationale Cardiac stem cells (CSC) regulate cardiomyogenesis and support regenerative processes in the heart, but aging adversely affects stem cell repair capacity. Aging is a primary cause of impaired cardiac function characterized by accumulation of senescent cells. CSC senescence is associated with permanent growth arrest that decreases survival signaling and cellular replacement, inevitably diminishing the capacity of the heart to maintain tissue homeostasis. Therefore, promoting CSC growth may improve cardiac performance with age. Pim-1 kinase exhibits protective and proliferative effects in the myocardium but the role of Pim-1 in cardiac aging has not been thoroughly studied. Objective Demonstrate that Pim-1 promotes stem cell growth in the aged myocardium correlating with increased expression of centromere protein A (CENP-A), a kinetochore-associated protein known to support cell proliferation in numerous species and cell types. Methods & Results CENP-A expression levels were evaluated from murine ...
Controllability of the Spatial Flux Shape

(1967). Controllability of the Spatial Flux Shape. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 600-604.
Government is them: How traveling the road to wellville can undermine the legitimacy of public administration

The Road to Wellville is a useful allegory to describe the consequences a therapeutic approach to Public Administration can have on citizen participation. A therapeutic approach assumes that the citizens in an administrative state, are sick, and therefore need intervention by the government to heal them, regardless of whether we want it or not. In The Road to Wellville, Kellogg, though well intentioned, relied on alternative, unconventional therapies to try to cure health problems. This paper uses The Road to Wellville to illustrate how public organizations that adopt a therapeutic approach can broadly undermine legitimacy
Polarization considerations in the multi-Angle imager for aerosols (MAIA)

The significant effects of aerosols on public health and climate drive a growing necessity for the characterization of particulate matter in air pollutants. The earth-orbiting Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) instrument will combine radiance and polarization measurements to derive features of ground-level particulate matter. The optical design requires an in-depth analysis of several key polarization factors in order to meet stringent requirements on radiometric and polarimetric accuracy. A simple two-layer optical coating, a pair of achromatic quarter-wave plates, and analysis of the polarization aberrations are used to minimize the effects of polarization errors and achieve high polarimetric accuracy.
Dynamic Simulations of Advanced Fuel Cycles

Nothing in life is static, so why compare fuel cycleoptionsusingonlystatic,equilibriumanalyses?Compet-itiveindustrylooksathownewtechnologyoptionsmightdisplace existing technologies and change how existingsystems work. So too, our years of performing dynamicsimulations of advanced nuclear fuel cycle options pro-vide insights into how they might work and how onemighttransitionfromthecurrentonce-throughfuelcycle.This paper summarizes those insights within the contextof the 2005 objectives and goals of what was then theU.S. Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI). The intenthere is not to compare options, assess options versusthose objectives and goals, nor recommend changes tothose objectives and goals. (The specific options changeover time; the objective in this paper is to look for moregenericinsights.)Weorganizewhatwehavelearnedfromdynamic simulations in the context of the AFCI objec-tivesforwastemanagement,proliferationresistance,ura-nium utilization, and economics. Thus, we do not merelydescribe “lessons learned” from dynamic simulationsbut attempt to answer the “so what” question by usingthis context; i.e., how do the lessons learned matter rel-ative to goals and objectives not just to technologicalobservations? The analyses have been performed usingthe Verifiable Fuel Cycle Simulation of Nuclear FuelCycle Dynamics (VISION). We observe that the 2005objectives and goals do not address many of the inher-entlydynamicdiscriminatorsamongadvancedfuelcycleoptions and transitions thereof.
On Wrapping Spheres and Cubes with Rectangular Paper

What is the largest cube or sphere that a given rectangular piece of paper can wrap? This natural problem, which has plagued gift-wrappers everywhere, remains very much unsolved. Here we introduce new upper and lower bounds and consolidate previous results. Though these bounds rarely match, our results significantly reduce the gap.
Optimal Control of the Viscous Burgers Equation Using an Equivalent Index Method

We develop a technique to utilize the Cole–Hopf transformation to solve an optimal control problem for Burgers' equation. While the Burgers' equation is transformed into a simpler linear equation, the performance index is transformed to a complicated rational expression. We show that a simpler performance index, that retains the behavior of the original performance index near optimal values of the functional, can be used.
Development of Methods for On-Line Chemical Detection with Liquid-Phase Microchemical Reactors Using Conventional and Unconventional Techniques

Microchemical reactors are typically fabricated in materials such as silicon and glass. We have explored the use of SU-8 (an epoxy-based, negative resist) as a material from which to fabricate microreactors. A technique that allows SU-8 microstructures to be bonded to form sealed microchannels has been developed. A micromixer based entirely on SU-8 for performing liquid-phase reactions is shown to be suitable for visible spectroscopy. Hybrid devices that incorporate quartz windows for in situ UV-vis detection are presented. IR spectroscopy is demonstrated in devices formed using conventional techniques.
„Lost in Focused Intensity“. Spectator Sports and Strategies of Re-Enchantment

Sometimes, reactions from practitioners become particularly inspiring moments in the lives of professional humanists. For only practitioners can confirm that our tentative conceptual constructions are on target and, at the same time, only they have an authority to justify the effort of pushing further certain thoughts that have begun to emerge in our minds as bold and therefore often vague intuitions. Such a decisive intellectual moment had arrived when, during a colloquium on „The Athlete’s Body“, organized by the Athletic Department and the Department of Comparative Literature at Stanford University in 1995, Pablo Morales, a three-time Olympic gold medalist in the butterfly swimming events and a Stanford alum, explained, as if in passing, how the addictive desire of „being lost in focused intensity“ had brought him back to competitive sports after a first retirement and at an age that simply seemed to exclude any world-class performance in his sport.
Constraints on Microcompute Access for Visually Impaired Persons

Microcomputers are an increasingly important part of educational and professional activities. There are six constraints on equal opportunity for visually impaired persons to access microcomputers. ...
Effective Accessible Energy to Accommodate Load Demand of Electric Vehicles

The continuous increase of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to many challenges related to allocating the required resources to maintain the reliability of power systems. Determining the amount of controlled charging of EV loads that can be added to a power system without deteriorating its reliability is a key factor in addressing these challenges. This paper introduces the concept of “Extra Effective Available Energy” to accommodate the load demand of electric vehicles (EEAE-EVs) with controlled charging in power system adequacy assessment. The EEAE-EVs is defined as the amount of EV loads that can be added to a power system without the need for generation expansion. Also, this paper proposes a new method to determine the amount of extra generation needed to restore the initial reliability level (i.e., the reliability level prior to adding the load of EVs) which is defined as “Extra Effective Required Generation” for EVs (EERG-EVs), Proposed approaches are demonstrated on the IEEE Reliability Test System with real EV charging data. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the well-known power system reliability indices, the EEAE-EVs, and the EERG-EVs.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate activates mouse vagal airway afferent C‐fibres via S1PR3 receptors

Key points Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) strongly activates mouse vagal C-fibres in the airways. Airway-specific nodose and jugular C-fibre neurons express mRNA coding for the S1P receptor S1PR3. S1P activation of nodose C-fibres is inhibited by a S1PR3 antagonist. S1P activation of nodose C-fibres does not occur in S1PR3 knockout mice. Abstract We evaluated the effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid that is elevated during airway inflammatory conditions like asthma, for its ability to stimulate vagal afferent C-fibres in mouse lungs. Single cell RT-PCR on lung-specific vagal afferent neurons revealed that both TRPV1-expressing and TRPV1-non-expressing nodose neurons express mRNA coding for the S1P receptor S1PR3. TRPV1-expressing airway-specific jugular ganglion neurons also express S1PR3 mRNA. S1PR1 and S1PR2 mRNAs were also found to be expressed but only in a limited subset (32% and 22%, respectively) of airway-specific vagal sensory neurons; whereas S1PR4 and S1PR5 were rarely expressed. We used large scale two-photon imaging of the nodose ganglia from our ex vivo preparation isolated from Pirt-Cre;R26-GCaMP6s transgenic mice, which allows for simultaneous monitoring of calcium transients in ∼1000 neuronal cell bodies in the ganglia during tracheal perfusion with S1P (10 μM). We found that S1P in the lungs strongly activated 81.5% of nodose fibres, 70% of which were also activated by capsaicin. Single fibre electrophysiological recordings confirmed that S1P evoked action potential (AP) generation in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-10 μM). Action potential generation by S1P in nodose C-fibres was effectively inhibited by the S1PR3 antagonist TY 52156 (10 μM). Finally, in S1PR3 knockout mice, S1P was not able to activate any of the airway nodose C-fibres analysed. These results support the hypothesis that S1P may play a role in evoking C-fibre-mediated airway sensations and reflexes that are associated with airway inflammatory diseases.
Catastrophic Perioperative Complications and Management in the Trauma Patient

Trauma is the leading cause of death in those under the age of 40 and is the third leading cause of death independent of age. Catastrophic perioperative complications are necessary to be prepared for in traumatic situations, and managing them is vital in the survival of mortally wounded patients. The most common causes of mortality in relation to trauma are hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary arrest, and multiple organ dysfunction. Common preventable causes of mortality include unintended extubation, surgical failures, missed injuries and poor examinations, and intravascular catheter-related complications (Teixeira et al. J Trauma 63(6):1338–1346, 2007; Teixeira et al. Arch Surg (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) 144(6):536–541, 2009). Patients with serious traumatic injuries have a significantly lower likelihood of mortality or morbidity when treated at a designated trauma center (MacKenzie et al. N Engl J Med 354(4):366–78, 2006). Most patients who die from traumatic injury perish in the first 4 h after the patient reaches a trauma center, so it is vital to quickly and succinctly provide the proper care (Demetriades et al. J Am Coll Surg 201(3):343–348, 2005; Demetriades et al. J Am Coll Surg 198(1):20–26, 2004). Few physicians specialize in trauma-related fields, and training must be obtained through experience and targeted programs. This lack of trauma-trained healthcare professionals, coupled with the increasing number of trauma patients, demands improvements in pre-arrival care as well as increased efficiency upon the arrival of the trauma patient. The preparation for trauma patients continues to develop to meet these demands such that the preparation of the traumatized patient is efficient and effective. The number of opportunities for specialists trained in trauma will also expand, and modern guidelines will be enhanced. This chapter addresses the perioperative management and care of common trauma-related pathologic situations, as well as catastrophic perioperative complications, in a body system organized manner. Additionally, we discuss the role of a diverse set of healthcare providers in the management of the traumatic patient and the initial responsibilities of the anesthesiologist on scene.
Feed-Forward XOR PUFs: Reliability and Attack-Resistance Analysis

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be used to generate unique signatures of integrated circuit (IC) chips. XOR arbiter PUFs (XOR PUFs), that typically contain multiple standard arbiter PUFs as their components, are more secure than standard arbiter PUFs. This paper proposes design of feed-forward XOR PUFs (FFXOR PUFs) where each component PUF is a feed-forward arbiter PUF (FF PUF). Arbiter PUFs suffer from two main drawbacks: vulnerability to modeling attacks and degraded reliability. It is shown that FFXOR PUFs cannot be accurately modeled if the number of component PUFs is more than 5 or 6. We also state that the number of machine learning runs required to learn a model using evolutionary strategies increases by a factor of N^2/2 if N-stage FF PUFs with one loop are used as components instead of standard arbiter PUFs. In general, for FF PUFs with k loops (one intermediate arbiter), it would increase by a factor of N \choose k+1. We also show that the use of a thresholding strategy can increase the reliability of FFXOR PUFs by about 30% for a 15% noise level.
Edge singularities in the one-dimensional Bariev model

Abstract Bariev's model for correlated hopping in one dimension is integrable and soluble within the framework of two nested Bethe Ansatze. For repulsive interaction and finite magnetization the low energy excitation spectrum is a two-component Luttinger liquid with conformal charges c = 1 . In zero magnetic field the spectrum of spin excitations is gapped. For higher energy excitations the single-hole (single-particle) spectral functions display edge singularities that deviate from those expected from a Luttinger liquid. The system can be described as a mobile impurity coupled to the Luttinger liquid yielding an effective x-ray edge type model. Using the Bethe Ansatz solution for repulsive interaction we obtain expressions for the critical exponents for the single-particle and single-hole Green's functions in zero magnetic field.
Structurally Informative Isotopic Shifts in Ion Mobility Spectra for Heavier Species.

The isotopic molecular envelopes due to stable isotopes for most elements were a staple of mass spectrometry since its origins, often leveraged to identify and quantify compounds. However, all isomers share one MS envelope. As the molecular motion in media also depends on the isotopic composition, separations such as liquid chromatography (LC) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) must also feature isotopic envelopes. These were largely not observed because of limited resolution, except for the (structurally uninformative) shifts in LC upon H/D exchange. We recently found the isotopic shifts in FAIMS for small haloanilines (∼130–170 Da) to hinge on the halogen position, opening a novel route to isomer characterization. Here, we extend the capability to heavier species: dibromoanilines (DBAs, ∼250 Da) and tribromoanilines (TBAs, ∼330 Da). The 13C shifts for DBAs and TBAs vary across isomers, some changing sign. While 81Br shifts are less specific, the 2-D 13C/81Br shifts unequivocally differentiate all isome...
Testing the effectiveness of principal components in adjusting for relatedness in genetic association studies

Abstract Modern genetic association studies require modeling population structure and family relatedness in order to calculate correct statistics. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is one of the most common approaches for modeling this population structure, but nowadays the Linear Mixed-Effects Model (LMM) is believed by many to be a superior model. Remarkably, previous comparisons have been limited by testing PCA without varying the number of principal components (PCs), by simulating unrealistically simple population structures, and by not always measuring both type-I error control and predictive power. In this work, we thoroughly evaluate PCA with varying number of PCs alongside LMM in various realistic scenarios, including admixture together with family structure, measuring both null p-value uniformity and the area under the precision-recall curves. We find that PCA performs as well as LMM when enough PCs are used and the sample size is large, and find a remarkable robustness to extreme number of PCs. However, we notice decreased performance for PCA relative to LMM when sample sizes are small and when there is family structure, although LMM performance is highly variable. Altogether, our work suggests that PCA is a favorable approach for association studies when sample sizes are large and no close relatives exist in the data, and a hybrid approach of LMM with PCs may be the best of both worlds.
Diabetes Is Predictive of Postoperative Outcomes and Readmission Following Posterior Lumbar Fusion

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:The present study analyzes complication rates and episode-based costs for patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) following posterior lumb...
Utilizing Machine Learning on Internet Search Activity to Support the Diagnostic Process and Relapse Detection in Young Individuals With Early Psychosis: Feasibility Study

Background: Psychiatry is nearly entirely reliant on patient self-reporting, and there are few objective and reliable tests or sources of collateral information available to help diagnostic and assessment procedures. Technology offers opportunities to collect objective digital data to complement patient experience and facilitate more informed treatment decisions. Objective: We aimed to develop computational algorithms based on internet search activity designed to support diagnostic procedures and relapse identification in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Methods: We extracted 32,733 time-stamped search queries across 42 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 74 healthy volunteers between the ages of 15 and 35 (mean 24.4 years, 44.0% male), and built machine-learning diagnostic and relapse classifiers utilizing the timing, frequency, and content of online search activity. Results: Classifiers predicted a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders with an area under the curve value of 0.74 and predicted a psychotic relapse in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with an area under the curve of 0.71. Compared with healthy participants, those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders made fewer searches and their searches consisted of fewer words. Prior to a relapse hospitalization, participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were more likely to use words related to hearing, perception, and anger, and were less likely to use words related to health. Conclusions: Online search activity holds promise for gathering objective and easily accessed indicators of psychiatric symptoms. Utilizing search activity as collateral behavioral health information would represent a major advancement in efforts to capitalize on objective digital data to improve mental health monitoring.
Citizens’ Perceptions of Over- and Under-Policing: A Look at Race, Ethnicity, and Community Characteristics:

While there is substantial research on community-police relations, most studies examine the abstract outcome of “negative perceptions of police.” This study, however, examines over- and under-polic...