cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow-velocity measurements with a laser diode array

To measure flow velocity, a new technique, laser diode array velocimetry, generates multiple laser spots (four or more) separated by short distances (20–100 µm) at the probe volume. Particles that pass through the probe volume generate a signal that is analyzed by a digital signal processor for frequency content. The product of frequency and laser-to-laser spot separation determines the velocity. Rotating wire and wind-tunnel experiments confirm the performance of the new technique. An error analysis showed that the uncertainties in the processed diode array velocimetry signal frequency were less than 0.3%, and uncertainties in the beam-to-beam separation were less than ±0.05%.
Pathways to engineering: Mathematics as a mediator of engineering success

The path to success in engineering is through mathematics. In particular, students need to successfully complete an engineering calculus sequence of at least four courses to fulfill their requirements for an engineering degree. With the goal of increasing success in Engineering Calculus I, and consequently retaining engineering majors, the Department of Mathematics at Texas A&M University, through a grant from the National Science Foundation, established a summer program to bridge high school mathematics knowledge to requisite mathematics knowledge for Engineering Calculus I. Of the students who participated in the summer program, 81% raised their scores on the Mathematics Placement Exam (MPE) sufficiently to be cleared to register for Engineering Calculus in the fall. Students who did not raise their score above 21 out of 33, whether or not they participated in the summer program, had to take Precalculus before enrolling in Engineering Calculus L Because Precalculus is primarily taken as remedial preparation for Engineering Calculus I, the purpose of the course is to strengthen mathematics skills needed for the calculus course. As a result of participating in the summer bridge program, students were able to begin the engineering curriculum sooner, saving both time and money for their college education. The program continues to be expanded to provide support for more students throughout the engineering calculus sequence.
Treatment of Ragweed Allergic Conjunctivitis with Cromolyn Sodium 4% Ophthalmic Solution

We treated 31 patients with ragweed conjunctivitis in an eight-week, double-masked parallel-group study with cromolyn sodium 4% ophthalmic solution. Analysis of data showed preseason serum IgE antibody to ragweed level was a significant predictor of drug response. of 16 patients with ragweed IgE values of less than 100 ng/ml, the nine treated with cromolyn had significantly fewer symptoms during the course of treatment than the seven in the placebo group. of the 15 remaining patients, who had IgE levels of more than 100 ng/ml, the eight treated with cromolyn improved but the difference between their symptom scores and those of the seven patients treated with placebo was not statistically significant.
Accuracy of prostate measurements on MRI with and without an endorectal coil.

Abstract Purpose To assess accuracy of prostate measurements with and without endorectal coil (ERC). Materials and methods Anteroposterior (AP), transverse (TX) and craniocaudal (CC) measurements were recorded from 49 prostate magnetic resonance images (MRIs) done both with and without ERC. Prostate weight was calculated as follows: AP*TX*CC* π /6. Prostate dimensions and weight were obtained from radical prostatectomy pathology report. Results After ERC placement, AP decreased by 0.71cm [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.61], TX and CC increased by 0.26cm (95% CI 0.18–0.33) and 0.25cm (95% CI 0.16–0.35), respectively. Agreement between weight on pathology and MR was excellent: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) without ERC=0.96, ICC with ERC=0.90. Conclusion Although ERC distorts measurements and despite a tendency to underestimate the prostate weight, absolute agreement between prostate weight on pathology and MRI is excellent, both with and without ERC.
Inflation of spherical rubber balloons

Abstract When a spherical rubber balloon of the sort used in meteorological applications is inflated, the onset of aspherical deformation is observed after the pressure maximum has been attained. Upon further inflation the balloon regains its spherical shape. Here, the rubber balloon is idealized as an elastic membrane and inflation is taken to be accomplished by a prescribed increase in enclosed volume. The axisymmetric equilibrium states of slightly imperfect membranes are determined numerically by means of the Ritz-Galerkin method. Several particular material models representative of the behavior of rubberlike solids are employed in order to illustrate a number of feautres associated with the aspherical deformation.
Finite element modeling within an integrated geometric modeling environment: part I—Mesh generation

This is the first of a two part paper that addresses the integration of finite element modeling and geometric modeling. Instead of considering the integration of currently available systems, this paper addresses both modeling techniques in general terms and identifies the functions that are needed to integrate them, taking full advantage of the capabilities of both. A set of geometric communication operators are identified and defined for use in carrying out this integration process. This first part considers the integration of geometric modeling and mesh generation, whereas the second part considers the specification of analysis attributes, accounting for domain differences between the geometric and finite element models and generating finite element models using element types that are of a lesser dimension than the geometry they represent.
Search for ground‐waters by the electrical resistivity‐method

In 1931, the Illinois State Geological Survey instituted an investigation of the possibilities of the electrical resistivity-method in discovering and tracing subsurface water-bearing deposits of sand and gravel. This was carried on by M. King Hubbert and considerable success was attained (Results of earth-resistivity survey on various geologic structures in Illinois, Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Tech. Pub., No. 463, 1932). Since then the method has been extensively used and, although not infallible, it has been of great value to cities and villages that have heretofore found it difficult to obtain sufficient ground-water supplies.
Stereoselective metabolism of 7-bromobenz [a]anthracene by rat liver microsomes: absolute configurations of trans -dihydrodiol metabolites

Rat liver microsomes metabolized the weak carcinogen 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene (7-Br-BA) to form predominantly trans-3,4-, 5,6-, 8,9-, and 10,11-dihydrodiols. The dihydrodiol metabolites were isolated by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. for structural and conformational analyses. N.m.r. spectral analysis indicated that the 3,4- and 10,11-dihydrodiols preferentially adopted quasidiequatorial conformations whereas the 5,6- and 8,9-dihydrodiols (which have a peri bromo substituent) preferred quasidiaxial conformations. Comparison of c.d. spectra with those of quasidiequatorial benz[a]anthracene (BA) 3R,4R-dihydrodiol and 10R,11R-dihydrodiol indicated that the major enantiomeric 7-Br-BA-3,4- and 10,11-dihydrodiol metabolites have R,R absolute sterochemistry. The absolute conformation of 7-Br-BA-5,6- and -8,9-dihydrodiol metabolites could not be deduced by comparing their c.d. spectra with those of BA 5R,6R- and 8R,9R-dihydrodiols. Catalytic hydrogenolysis converted the enzymatically formed 7-Br-BA trans-5,6-dihydrodiol to BA trans-5,6-dihydrodiol which had a c.d. spectrum identical to that of BA 5R,6R-dihydrodiol. Catalytic hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation converted the enzymatically formed 7-Br-BA trans-8,9-dihydrodiol to a BA 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-trans-8,9-diol which had a retention time identical to that of BA 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-8R,9R-diol on a chiral h.p.l.c. column. These results indicate that the major enantiomers of trans-dihydrodiol metabolites formed in rat liver microsomal metabolism of 7-Br-BA all have R,R absolute stereo-chemistries.
Refractive Index Enhancement with Vanishing Absorption in an Atomic Vapor

We report a proof-of-principle experiment where the refractive index of an atomic vapor is enhanced while maintaining vanishing absorption of the beam. The key idea is to drive alkali atoms in a vapor with appropriate control lasers and induce a gain resonance and an absorption resonance for a probe beam in a two-photon Raman configuration. The strength and the position of these two resonances can be manipulated by changing the parameters of the control lasers. By using the interference between these two resonances, we obtain an enhanced refractive index without an increase in the absorption.
Blood volume of obese (ob-ob) and diabetic (db-db) mice.

SummaryMouse blood labeled with 51Cr was used to determine the blood volume of the obese and the diabetic mouse. While mutant mice were twice as heavy as normal controls, their blood volume was only 25% greater than normal. This finding suggests the possibility that blood volume rather than body weight should be used as the basis for in vivo dosage calculations.The authors thank Dr. Robert S. Gordee for his valuable consultation and Mrs. Jean Pieper and her associates for radioactivity determinations.
Oxcarbazepine Therapy in Very Young Children: A Single-Center Clinical Experience

Oxcarbazepine is indicated for use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults and children >or=4 years of age. The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to assess efficacy and tolerability of oxcarbazepine in children <or=4 years of age. A single-center retrospective chart review of patients <or=4 years old with epilepsy receiving oxcarbazepine between 2001 to 2004 was conducted. Twenty patients (male = 13, female = 7; ages 6-45 months [mean age 22.8 months]) who received oxcarbazepine were identified. Seizure types included partial onset (75%), symptomatic generalized (15%), and other (n = 2, 10%). Oxcarbazepine doses ranged between 14-71 mg/kg/day (mean dose: 36.5 mg/kg/day). Oxcarbazepine was prescribed as monotherapy in 15 patients and as first-line therapy in 73% patients. Overall, 70% experienced a significant reduction in seizures, and 50% became seizure-free while receiving oxcarbazepine. Transient drowsiness was reported in 20% of patients during dose escalation. No adverse events were observed in children <2 years old. The findings from this small series suggest that oxcarbazepine as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy may be effective and well tolerated in pediatric patients <or=4 years of age.
Should a first trimester dating scan be routine for all pregnancies

Accurate pregnancy dating is important for diagnostic and management decisions during pregnancy. Dating by last menstrual period is less reliable than dating by ultrasound, since the former has memory-related and other sources of inaccuracy. Dating by first trimester ultrasound, via the crown-rump length, has a 95% confidence range of ±5 days, slightly better than the ±8 days for dating by second trimester ultrasound at 14-20 weeks. This small difference appears to be too small to justify a routine first trimester scan for the purpose of dating the pregnancy.
High-efficiency cell structures and processes applied to photovoltaic-grade Czochralski silicon

We performed a detailed study to examine the limiting performance available using "photovoltaic-grade" Cz silicon. Photovoltaic-grade silicon refers to silicon produced by the photovoltaic industry, which may differ from the silicon used in the semiconductor device industry in impurity and defect concentrations. The study included optimization of fabrication processes, development of advanced device structures, and detailed model calculations to project future performance improvements. Process and device optimization resulted in demonstration of 75-/spl mu/s bulk lifetimes and 17.6% efficient large-area cells using photovoltaic-grade Cz silicon. Detailed calculations based on the material and device evaluation of the present work project efficiencies of 20% for photovoltaic-grade Cz silicon with properly optimized processing and device structures.
An Area-Average Correlation for Oil-Jet Cooling of Automotive Pistons

Laboratory tests were performed to measure cooling rates of an impinging oil-jet on the underside of an automotive piston as functions of oil nozzle-to-piston surface spacing, oil pressure, oil temperature, and piston temperature. Based on these results, area-average Nusselt number correlations were derived for a Reynolds number range of 100–4500, a Prandtl number range of 90–750, and a nozzle-to-piston surface spacing range over 73–160 mm, which are within the ranges expected for oil-jet cooling of automotive pistons.
Triplet supertree heuristics for the tree of life

There is much interest in developing fast and accurate supertree methods to infer the tree of life. Supertree methods combine smaller input trees with overlapping sets of taxa to make a comprehensive phylogenetic tree that contains all of the taxa in the input trees. The intrinsically hard triplet supertree problem takes a collection of input species trees and seeks a species tree (supertree) that maximizes the number of triplet subtrees that it shares with the input trees. However, the utility of this supertree problem has been limited by a lack of efficient and effective heuristics. We introduce fast hill-climbing heuristics for the triplet supertree problem that perform a step-wise search of the tree space, where each step is guided by an exact solution to an instance of a local search problem. To realize time efficient heuristics we designed the first nontrivial algorithms for two standard search problems, which greatly improve on the time complexity to the best known (naive) solutions by a factor of n and n2 (the number of taxa in the supertree). These algorithms enable large-scale supertree analyses based on the triplet supertree problem that were previously not possible. We implemented hill-climbing heuristics that are based on our new algorithms, and in analyses of two published supertree data sets, we demonstrate that our new heuristics outperform other standard supertree methods in maximizing the number of triplets shared with the input trees. With our new heuristics, the triplet supertree problem is now computationally more tractable for large-scale supertree analyses, and it provides a potentially more accurate alternative to existing supertree methods.
The multics system: an examination of its structure

This volume provides an overview of the Multics system developed at M.I.T.--a time-shared, general purpose utility like system with third-generation software. The advantage that this new system has over its predecessors lies in its expanded capacity to manipulate and file information on several levels and to police and control access to data in its various files. On the invitation of M.I.T.'s Project MAC, Elliott Organick developed over a period of years an explanation of the workings, concepts, and mechanisms of the Multics system. This book is a result of that effort, and is approved by the Computer Systems Research Group of Project MAC. In keeping with his reputation as a writer able to explain technical ideas in the computer field clearly and precisely, the author develops an exceptionally lucid description of the Multics system, particularly in the area of "how it works." His stated purpose is to serve the expected needs of designers, and to help them "to gain confidence that they are really able to exploit the system fully, as they design increasingly larger programs and subsystems." The chapter sequence was planned to build an understanding of increasingly larger entities. From segments and the addressing of segments, the discussion extends to ways in which procedure segments may link dynamically to one another and to data segments. Subsequent chapters are devoted to how Multics provides for the solution of problems, the file system organization and services, and the segment management functions of the Multics file system and how the user may employ these facilities to advantage. Ultimately, the author builds a picture of the life of a process in coexistence with other processes, and suggests ways to model or construct subsystems that are far more complex than could be implemented using predecessor computer facilities. This volume is intended for the moderately well informed computer user accustomed to predecessor systems and familiar with some of the Multics overview literature. While not intended as a definitive work on this living, ever-changing system, the book nevertheless reflects Multics as it has been first implemented, and should reveal its flavor, structure and power for some time to come.
Proteomics and the inner ear.

The inner ear, one of the most complex organs, contains within its bony shell three sensory systems, the evolutionary oldest gravity receptor system, the three semicircular canals for the detection of angular acceleration, and the auditory system - unrivaled in sensitivity and frequency discrimination. All three systems are susceptible to a host of afflictions affecting the quality of life for all of us. In the first part of this review we present an introduction to the milestones of inner ear research to pave the way for understanding the complexities of a proteomics approach to the ear. Minute sensory structures, surrounded by large fluid spaces and a hard bony shell, pose extreme challenges to the ear researcher. In spite of these obstacles, a powerful preparatory technique was developed, whereby precisely defined microscopic tissue elements can be isolated and analyzed, while maintaining the biochemical state representative of the in vivo conditions. The second part consists of a discussion of proteomics as a tool in the elucidation of basic and pathologic mechanisms, diagnosis of disease, as well as treatment. Examples are the organ of Corti proteins OCP1 and OCP2, oncomodulin, a highly specific calcium-binding protein, and several disease entities, Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and perilymphatic fistula.
Positive rights, negative rights and health care

In the current debate about healthcare reform in the USA, advocates for government-ensured universal coverage assume that health care is a right. Although this position is politically popular, it is sometimes challenged by a restricted view of rights popular with libertarians and individualists. The restricted view of rights only accepts 'negative' rights as legitimate rights. Negative rights, the argument goes, place no obligations on you to provide goods to other people and thus respect your right to keep the fruits of your labour. A classic enumeration of negative rights includes life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Positive rights, by contrast, obligate you either to provide goods to others, or pay taxes that are used for redistributive purposes. Health care falls into the category of positive rights since its provision by the government requires taxation and therefore redistribution. Therefore, the libertarian or individualist might argue that health care cannot be a true right. This paper rejects the distinction between positive and negative rights. In fact, the protection of both positive and negative rights can place obligations on others. Furthermore, because of its role in helping protect equality of opportunity, health care can be tied to the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There is, therefore, good reason to believe that health care is a human right and that universal access should be guaranteed. The practical application, by governments and non-governmental organisations, of several of the arguments presented in this paper is also discussed.
Seasonal variation of arsenic concentration in wells in Nevada.

Abstract The issue of seasonal arsenic measurement variability poses consequences regarding the interpretation and frequency of well water measurements for both public health research and surveillance. In this study, we evaluated seasonal variability in arsenic concentration in 356 wells in western Nevada. River flow data obtained from US Geological Survey National Water Information System were used to classify seasons as wet or dry, and mean differences in arsenic well concentrations measured during these seasons were compared. Arsenic concentrations in these wells averaged 72.9 μ g / L (range, non-detect to 3000 μ g / L ). The mean difference in arsenic concentrations between the wet and dry seasons was - 3.3 μ g / L ( p = 0.78 ; average percent difference=2.3%). Eighty wells (22%) had higher arsenic concentrations in the wet season, 75 wells (21%) had higher arsenic concentrations in the dry season and no difference was seen in 201 wells (56%). The mean differences in wells with arsenic levels of 0–10, 11–50, 51–200, > 200 μ g / L were - 1.4 μ g / L ( p = 0.43 ) , 9.2 μ g / L ( p = 0.36 ) , 15.1 μ g / L ( p = 0.30 ) , and - 49.9 μ g / L ( p = 0.59 ) . In summary, although changes in arsenic concentrations were seen in some wells, clear trends in arsenic concentration over time were not associated with the wet and dry seasons. These findings provide evidence that, in our study area as a whole, little seasonal variability occurs in arsenic concentrations, and repeated assessments of arsenic concentrations based on season might add little value to the accuracy of health effects research or public health surveillance.
LQ feedback formulation for discrete-time H ∞ output feedback

It is well-known that using the standard completion of the squares (CoS) formula for the LQ regulator problem, the H ∞ controller derivations and associated H ∞ controller existence conditions can be directly obtained. In standard theory for general H ∞ output-feedback control and in the associated software, certain preliminary “loop-shifting” transformations are needed which it turns out add unnecessarily to the complexity of the H ∞ theory and to the problem of implementing the H ∞ control theory in software. In this paper, we revisit the CoS derivations for the general H ∞ output feedback problem without the usual assumptions or “loop-shifting” transformations. Similar to earlier work on continuous time case, our results demonstrate that with suitable notation the general case can be handled directly without loop shifting in discrete-time as well. In-fact, we notice that the formulae for the discrete-time case bear semblance to the continuous time formulae with appropriate modifications. Thus we are able to simplifying both the representation and the computation of general discrete-time H ∞ output-feedback controllers.
Resolved-acceleration control of mechanical manipulators

Position control of a manipulator involves the practical problem of solving for the correct input torques to apply to the joints for a set of specified positions, velocities, and accelerations. Since the manipulator is a nonlinear system whose joints are highly coupled, it is very difficult to control. This paper presents a technique which adopts the idea of "inverse problem" and extends the results of "resolved-motion-rate" controls. The method deals directly with the position and orientation of the hand. It differs from others in that accelerations are specified and that all the feedback control is done at the hand level. The control algorithm is shown to be asymptotically convergent. A PDP 11/45 computer is used as part of a controller which computes the input torques/forces at each sampling period for the control system using the Newton-Euler formulation of equations of motion. The program is written in floating point assembly language, and has an average execution time of less than 11.5 ms for a Stanford manipulator. This makes a sampling frequency of 87 Hz possible. The controller is verified by an example which includes a simulated manipulator.
Linkage analysis in a large pedigree ascertained due to essential familial hypercholesterolemia

Sib-pair linkage analysis was used to screen a large pedigree, ascertained through four members with hypercholesterolemia, for evidence of linkage between 12 quantitative traits and 15 genetic marker loci. Traits were analyzed on the untransformed, natural log and square root-transformed scales. After adjusting for multiple tests, there is a suggestion of linkage between height and the Kidd blood group on chromosome 18 and between VLDL cholesterol, and possibly triglyceride, and KM on chromosome 2
An information potential approach for tracking and surveilling multiple moving targets using mobile sensor agents

The problem of surveilling moving targets using mobile sensor agents (MSAs) is applicable to a variety of fields, including environmental monitoring, security, and manufacturing. Several authors have shown that the performance of a mobile sensor can be greatly improved by planning its motion and control strategies based on its sensing objectives. This paper presents an information potential approach for computing the MSAs' motion plans and control inputs based on the feedback from a modified particle filter used for tracking moving targets. The modified particle filter, as presented in this paper implements a new sampling method (based on supporting intervals of density functions), which accounts for the latest sensor measurements and adapts, accordingly, a mixture representation of the probability density functions (PDFs) for the target motion. It is assumed that the target motion can be modeled as a semi-Markov jump process, and that the PDFs of the Markov parameters can be updated based on real-time sensor measurements by a centralized processing unit or MSAs supervisor. Subsequently, the MSAs supervisor computes an information potential function that is communicated to the sensors, and used to determine their individual feedback control inputs, such that sensors with bounded field-of-view (FOV) can follow and surveil the target over time.
The Hindu Yoga-System

Frederic Palmer's account of Angelus Silesius, published in the April number of this Review, portrays admirably the struggles of a German mystic of some three hundred years ago, to attain the unattainable, to give utterance to the unutterable. Three and twenty hundred years ago, the like struggles were making part of the spiritual history of distant India. Perhaps Dr. Palmer's essay may lend a certain timeliness to an endeavor to interest Occidental readers in those sombre followers of the Mystic Way, who—time out of mind—have held retreat for meditation in the solemn stillness of the forests “lapped by the storied Hydaspes.”
Culture and Our Discontents

L'A. prone une anthropologie integrative qui fasse de nouvelles alliances avec d'autres disciplines. Pour cela, il faut faire face au postmodernisme, a la fragmentation croissante des interets de recherche, a l'opposition entre anthropologie biologique et anthropologie culturelle, a l'integration par d'autres domaines du concept de « culture », et a la subjectivite idiosyncratique. Il faut egalement renforcer les analyses comparatives
The effect of hypothalamic lesions on the testes and prostate of male dogs.

The effects of hypothalamic lesions on testicular function were studied in 21 mature male dogs. Destruction of the posterior median eminence (S dogs) resulted in testicular and prostatic atrophy without evidence of adrenocortieiil or thyroid inhibition. In these dogs, seminiferous tubule diameter and testicular and prostatic weight and histology were similar to those of hypophyscctomized dogs. One animal with a lesion involving the most caudal part of the posterior median eminence had atrophic seminiferous tubules and normal interstitial tissue. In 12 animals lesions did not involve the posterior median eminence, and testicular weight and histology were normal. Serial evaluation of sperm count and motility in 13 of the dogs with lesions revealed a prompt disappearance of motile sperms in four of the six animals with posterior median eminence lesions. In the other two dogs, spermatogenesis persisted for eight and 21 days respectively before declining to negligible levels. Four dogs with lesions in the ante...
Social role quality, physical health, and psychological well-being in women after heart surgery.

Women's social role quality may be an important factor in their adaptation after heart surgery. Relationships among different dimensions of role quality, physical health, and psychological well-being were examined in 157 midlife and older women who had undergone heart surgery. Overall, older women (n = 89) were similar to younger women (n=68) in physical recovery from heart surgery. Poorer health outcomes were associated with number of health problems, not age. Women with more health problems and lower subjective health perceptions had lower role quality. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, in general, role quality mediated the effects of physical health on psychological well-being. Regardless of the extent of physical health problems, women with higher role quality had higher levels of psychological well-being.
The Medical Director in Integrated Clinical Care Models

Integrated clinical care models, like Accountable Care Organizations and ESRD Seamless Care Organizations, present new opportunities for dialysis facility medical directors to affect changes in care that result in improved patient outcomes. Currently, there is little scholarly information on what role the medical director should play. In this opinion-based review, it is predicted that dialysis providers, the hospitals in which the medical director and staff physicians practice, and the payers with which they contract are going to insist that, as care becomes more integrated, dialysis facility medical directors participate in new ways to improve quality and decrease the costs of care. Six broad areas are proposed where dialysis unit medical directors can have the greatest effect on shifting the quality-care paradigm where integrated care models are used. The medical director will need to develop an awareness of the regional medical care delivery system, collect and analyze actionable data, determine patient outcomes to be targeted that are mutually agreed on by participating physicians and institutions, develop processes of care that result in improved patient outcomes, and lead and inform the medical staff. Three practical examples of patient-centered, quality-focused programs developed and implemented by dialysis unit medical directors and their practice partners that targeted dialysis access, modality choice, and fluid volume management are presented. Medical directors are encouraged to move beyond traditional roles and embrace responsibilities associated with integrated care.
Existence of hidden variables having only upper probabilities

We prove the existence of hidden variables, or, what we call generalized common causes, for finite sequences of pairwise correlated random variables that do not have a joint probability distribution. The hidden variables constructed have upper probability distributions that are nonmonotonic. The theorem applies directly to quantum mechanical correlations that do not satisfy the Bell inequalities.
Metabolomics reveals an essential role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in bile acid homeostasis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor that regulates fatty acid transport and metabolism. Previous studies revealed that PPARα can affect bile acid metabolism; however, the mechanism by which PPARα regulates bile acid homeostasis is not understood. In this study, an ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization qua dru pole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS)-based metabolomics approach was used to profile metabolites in urine, serum, and bile of wild-type and Ppara-null mice following cholic acid (CA) dietary challenge. Metabolomic analysis showed that the levels of several serum bile acids, such as CA (25-fold) and taurocholic acid (16-fold), were significantly increased in CA-treated Ppara-null mice compared with CA-treated wild-type mice. Phospholipid homeostasis, as revealed by decreased serum lysophos phati dylcholine (LPC) 16:0 (1.6-fold) and LPC 18:0 (1.6-fold), and corticosterone metabolism noted by increased urinary excretion of 11β-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid (20-fold) and 11β,20α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid (3.6-fold), were disrupted in CA-treated Ppara-null mice. The hepatic levels of mRNA encoding transporters Abcb11, Abcb4, Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 were diminished in Ppara-null mice, leading to the accumulation of bile acids in the liver during the CA challenge. These observations revealed that PPARα is an essential regulator of bile acid biosynthesis, transport, and secretion.
Molecular dynamics simulations of polypeptide conformations in water: A comparison of α, β, and poly(pro)II conformations

A significant fraction of the so-called “random coil” residues in globular proteins exists in the left-handed poly(Pro)II conformation. In order to compare the behavior of this secondary structure with that of the other regular secondary structures, molecular dynamics simulations, with the GROMOS suite of programs, of an alanine octapeptide in water, in α-helix, β-strand, and left-handed poly(Pro)II conformations, have been performed. Our results indicate a limited flexibility for the α-helix conformation and a relatively larger flexibility for the β-strand and poly(Pro)II conformations. The behavior of oligopeptides with a starting configuration of β-strand and poly(Pro)II conformations, both lacking interchain hydrogen bonds, were similar. The (ϕ, ψ) angles reflect a continuum of structures including both β and PII conformations, but with a preference for local PII regions. Differences in the network of water molecules involved in hydrogen bonding with the backbone of the polypeptide were observed in local regions of β and PII conformations. Such water bridges help stabilize the PII conformation relative to the β conformation. Proteins 1999;36:400–406. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intervention Strategies for Promoting Feeding Skills in Infants with sensory Deficits

Feeding is multi-sensory, highly stimulating experience for infants and young children. Feeding interactions with children who have oral sensory processing deficits may be therapeutic and pleasurable or may be stressful and disorganizing. Specific oral motor and feeding problems in hyposensilive/hypotonic children and hypersensitivethy ertonic children are described. Occupational therapy intervention t k' at emphasizes sensory stimulation related to the environment, handling before and during feeding, and the sensory qualities of food is explained.
A Remarkable Species Flock of Cyprinodon Pupfishes Endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Two new species of Cyprinodon are described, both restricted to saline lakes on a single island in the Bahamas. Both species have unique morphological features and specialized diets that distinguish them from the third Cyprinodon species on San Salvador Island, C. variegatus, and all other pupfishes. Cyprinodon desquamator, n. sp., is a scale-eating specialist with a greatly enlarged lower jaw and elongated body. Cyprinodon brontotheroides, n. sp., is a hard-shelled prey specialist with a protruding nasal region encasing its upper jaw, a unique appendage within Cyprinodontiformes. Both specialist species occur in syntopy with C. variegatus and Gambusia hubbsi in several shallow, hypersaline lakes on San Salvador. Geological age estimates for these lakes place the age of this species flock at 10,000 years or less. Thus, in addition to Laguna Chichancanab, this study describes species within a second remarkable species flock of specialized Cyprinodon pupfishes.
The Effect of Multiple Discrimination Training on Pitch-Matching Behaviors of Uncertain Singers:

This study investigated the effect of multiple discrimination training on vocal pitch-matching and instrumental pitch-matching behaviors, and on the aural music achievement test scores of uncertain singers. Eighty fourth- and fifth-grade students served as the subjects. Multiple discrimination training is a paradigm for concept teaching, during which care is taken to insure that the responses to a concept are controlled by the essential characteristics of the concept rather than by the irrelevant characteristics. The specific multiple discrimination training given to two of the four treatment groups consisted of presenting concept instances in the form of five pitches used as criteria in the pretest while varying the irrelevant characteristics of duration, timbre, and intensity. The procedure for shaping remained constant for all four treatment groups. Each student was reinforced for successive approximations to the correct pitch. Results of this study show that multiple discrimination training, added to ...
Selective Etching and Laser Melting Studies of Monotectic Composite Structures

Thin slices of directionally solidified, fibrous composite, monotectic alloy samples have been selectively etched to remove the fibrous phase, so to produce fine sieves of filters having pore diameters ≲10µm. Alloys in systems Al-In, Al-Bi and CuAl-Pb have been examined using as etchants aqueous nitric acid (Al-In, Al-Bi) and aqueous citric acid (CuAl-Pb) without applied anode voltages. These alloys and etchants illustrate examples in which fiber and matrix are attacked to different extents (Al-In), the phase interface is selectively attacked (Al-Bi) or only the fibers are attacked (CuAl-Pb). Hole sizes and perfection are compared for etching times, concentrations and anode voltage. Laser melting of the surface of CuAl-Pb samples has been used to screen or frame areas of the composite microstructure and also shows how local melting of the fibrous Pb phase can be used to assess the heat affected zone.
Multivariate Analysis of Functional Metagenomes

Metagenomics is a primary tool for the description of microbial and viral communities. The sheer magnitude of the data generated in each metagenome makes identifying key differences in the function and taxonomy between communities difficult to elucidate. Here we discuss the application of seven different data mining and statistical analyses by comparing and contrasting the metabolic functions of 212 microbial metagenomes within and between 10 environments. Not all approaches are appropriate for all questions, and researchers should decide which approach addresses their questions. This work demonstrated the use of each approach: for example, random forests provided a robust and enlightening description of both the clustering of metagenomes and the metabolic processes that were important in separating microbial communities from different environments. All analyses identified that the presence of phage genes within the microbial community was a predictor of whether the microbial community was host-associated or free-living. Several analyses identified the subtle differences that occur with environments, such as those seen in different regions of the marine environment.
Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus oscillation

This study explores the dichotomy between undulatory (passing multiple waves down the fin or body) and oscillatory (flapping) locomotion by comparing the kinematics of pectoral fin locomotion in eight species of batoids (Dasyatis americana, D. sabina, D. say, D. violacea, Gymnura micrura, Raja eglanteria, Rhinobatos lentiginosus and Rhinoptera bonasus) that differ in their swimming behavior, phylogenetic position and lifestyle. The goals of this study are to describe and compare the pectoral fin locomotor behavior of the eight batoid species, to clarify how fin movements change with swimming speed for each species and to analyze critically the undulation/oscillation continuum proposed by Breder using batoids as an example. Kinematic data were recorded for each species over a range of swimming velocities (1-3 disc lengths s(-1)). The eight species in this study vary greatly in their swimming modes. Rhinobatos lentiginosus uses a combination of axial-based and pectoral-fin-based undulation to move forward through the water, with primary thrust generated by the tail. The pectoral fins are activated in short undulatory bursts for increasing swimming speed and for maneuvering. Raja eglanteria uses a combination of pectoral and pelvic locomotion, although only pectoral locomotion is analyzed here. The other six species use pectoral locomotion exclusively to propel themselves through the water. Dasyatis sabina and D. say have the most undulatory fins with an average of 1.3 waves per fin length, whereas Rhinoptera bonasus has the most oscillatory fin behavior with 0.4 waves per fin length. The remaining species range between these two extremes in the degree of undulation present on their fins. There is an apparent trade-off between fin-beat frequency and amplitude. Rhinoptera bonasus has the lowest frequency and the highest fin amplitude, whereas Rhinobatos lentiginosus has the highest frequency and the lowest amplitude among the eight species examined. The kinematic variables that batoids modify to change swimming velocity vary among different species. Rhinobatos lentiginosus increases its tail-beat frequency to increase swimming speed. In contrast, the four Dasyatis species increase swimming speed by increasing frequency and wavespeed, although D. americana also changes wave number. Raja eglanteria modifies its swimming velocity by changing wavespeed and wave number. Rhinoptera bonasus increases wavespeed, Gymnura micrura decreases wave number, and both Rhinoptera bonasus and Gymnura micrura increase fin-tip velocity to increase swimming velocity. Batoid species fall onto a continuum between undulation and oscillation on the basis of the number of waves present on the fins.
Brief report: Rater-domain interactions in the consensual assessment technique.

There is some controversy regarding who are the most appropriate raters of artifacts when using the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) to assess creativity (e.g., whether novice raters' judgments can validly replace those of expert raters). There is also evidence that the answers to some of these questions vary by domain (e.g., novice raters' judgments more closely parallel those of expert raters when judging the creativity of fiction than when judging poetry). We report new evidence about the degree and kinds of expertise required for valid CAT judging that shows both vary by task domain. We compare these findings to previous research in this area and suggest (a) possible explanations for the observed raterdomain interactions and (b) guidelines for assembling panels of experts.
Comment on Nico Larco’s framework for sustainable urban design

Sustainable urban design is an important aspect, indeed an imperative, of the field of urban design. Scholars and professionals have been engaging in the identification of the field’s key concepts ...
Bon EPOtit! S1P-Mediated EPO Signaling Whets a Macrophage’s Appetite for Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytes clear dying cells within an organism to prevent damaging inflammation and autoimmunity. In this issue of Immunity, Luo et al. (2016) describe how "find-me" signals from apoptotic cells induce erythropoietin signaling within macrophages to prime them for efferocytosis.
Structural Studies Reveal an Important Role for the Pleiotrophin C Terminus in Mediating Interactions with Chondroitin Sulfate

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent glycosaminoglycan-binding cytokine that is important in neural development, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Much of its activity is attributed to its interactions with the chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTPRZ). However, there is little high resolution structural information on the interactions between PTN and CS, nor is it clear why the C-terminal tail of PTN is necessary for signaling through PTPRZ, even though it does not contribute to heparin binding. We determined the first structure of PTN and analyzed its interactions with CS. Our structure shows that PTN possesses large basic surfaces on both of its structured domains and also that residues in the hinge segment connecting the domains have significant contacts with the C-terminal domain. Our analysis of PTN–CS interactions showed that the C-terminal tail of PTN is essential for maintaining stable interactions with chondroitin sulfate A, the type of CS commonly found on PTPRZ. These results offer the first possible explanation of why truncated PTN missing the C-terminal tail is unable to signal through PTPRZ. NMR analysis of the interactions of PTN with CS revealed that the C-terminal domain and hinge of PTN make up the major CS-binding site in PTN, and that removal of the C-terminal tail weakened the affinity of the site for CSA but not for other high sulfation density CS. Database Coordinates of the ensemble of ten PTN structures have been deposited in RCSB under accession number 2n6f. Chemical shifts assignments and structural constraints have been deposited in BMRB under accession number 25762.
The educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs in the United States: An empirical assessment of three different approaches to humanistic medical education

This study investigates the three major educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs in the United States. It summarizes the characteristics of the Cultural Transmission Approach, the Affective Developmental Approach, and the Cognitive Developmental Approach. A questionnaire was sent to 415 teachers of medical humanities asking for their perceptions of the amount of time and effort devoted by their programs to these three philosophical approaches. The 234 responses constituted a 54.6% return. The approximately 80:20 gender ratio of males to females and other demographic data on age and educational background were consistent with other studies of the field of medical humanities. Reflections on the results in Table II indicate that some changes need to take place in the teaching of the medical humanities if the perceived ideal is to be achieved. In order for the current teachers of the medical humanities to think that the appropriate philosophies behind the teaching of the medical humanities are being implemented as they should be, much less time and effort need to be devoted to the Cultural Transmission Approach. With no other published reports on the educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs, this study created a new knowledge base about this relatively young and rapidly emerging field.
Variable Complexity Reliability-Based Optimization with Neural Network Augmentation

This paper investigates a variable complexity reliabilitybased optimization (VCRBO) strategy using a neural network (NN) approximation in the shape optimization of truss structures. One of the primary obstacles in real applications of reliability-based optimization (RBO) is the large computational expense associated with assessing probability-based constraints. The approach taken in this paper uses an efficient variable complexity (VC) technique augmented with an artificial NN applied to the RBO of truss structures. The VC employs the meanvalue first-order (MV) and second-order reliability methods (SORM) to evaluate constraints. A NN is trained and used to approximate the scale factors for the VCRBO. The combination of the VCRBO and NN reduces the computational burden of the design optimization by decreasing the number of SORM constraint evaluations. Results from two simple truss design problems are presented.