cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of stressors on performance: Observations on levels of analyses

Abstract Applied researchers often are required to rely on limited laboratory studies to estimate the effects of various Stressors on actual job performance. It can be difficult to select measures which lend themselves to implementation in laboratory settings while also providing sufficient capability to predict complex ‘real-world’ performance. Studies which employ simulations of operationally-relevant tasks and those which include the administration of basic cognitive tests are favored by many applications-oriented researchers. This is despite the fact that such a testing approach may limit sensitivity due to the requirements for extensive practice on these tasks in order to obtain stable results. Studies which use physiological assessments appear to be less readily accepted by applied researchers because of the difficulties in drawing a direct link between physiological indexes and operational performance. However, there are arguments to be made for the inclusion of physiological evaluations with the more traditional, performance-based measures. Data from three studies are cited here to support the value of using a multifaceted approach to the study of operationally-relevant Stressors. Although these studies were not conducted to systematically investigate the relative merits of performance, cognitive, and physiological assessments, they do serve to highlight the fact that inclusion of all three types of tests tend to maximize the validity, interpretability, and sensitivity of applied research.
Michael Additions of Benzotriazole-Stabilized Carbanions. A Review

The 1,4-addition of benzotriazole-stabilized carbanions to Michael acceptors is reviewed. The selectivity between 1,4- and 1,2-addition depends significantly on the electronic effect of the carbanion (usually lithium is the counterion), the type of the Michael acceptor, and steric effects. Steric hindrance of the benzotriazolyl group probably enhances the regioselectivity. Normally, 1,4-additions to α,β-unsaturated ketone or ester are observed for carbanions stabilized by a benzotriazolyl group and an electron-withdrawing group ( e.g. aryl, vinyl, carbonyl). For α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as Michael acceptors, 1,2-addition is more likely, except where electronic effects are very strong. A review with 39 references.
Study of the 14N(7Li, p)20F reaction

Abstract We have studied the 14N(7Li, p)20F reaction, at E( 7 [Z Li ) = 16.0 MeV , for final states up to 5 MeV of excitation. All the known levels are populated. Angular distributions are symmetric about 90° and angle-integrated cross sections are proportional to 2J + l. Several previous tentative Jπ assignments are confirmed, and suggestions are made for Jπ of a number of other levels.
Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse

Objective We sought to compare bony pelvis dimensions at the level of pelvic support in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Study Design Pelvic floor dimensions of 42 white women with POP > 1 cm beyond the hymen were compared with 42 age- and parity-matched women with normal support. Bony landmarks relevant to connective tissue and levator attachments were identified on magnetic resonance imaging. Dimensions were independently measured by 2 examiners and averaged for each subject. Results Measurements (in centimeters) for patients and control subjects were as follows: interspinous diameter, 11.2 ± 0.8 versus 11.1 ± 0.7, P = .19; anterior-posterior outlet diameter, 11.7 ± 0.7 versus 11.7 ± 0.8, P = .71; pubic symphysis to ischial spine left, 9.5 ± 0.5 versus 9.5 ± 0.4, P = .91; pubic symphysis to ischial spine right, 9.5 ± 0.4 versus 9.5 ± 0.5, P = .81; sacrococcygeal junction to ischial spine left, 7.0 ± 0.6 versus 7.0 ± 0.5, P = .54; and sacrococcygeal junction to ischial spine right, 7.0 ± 0.6 versus 6.9 ± 0.4, P = .32. Conclusion Bony pelvis dimensions are similar at the level of the muscular pelvic floor in white women with and without POP.
Towards a general formula for analogical learning leading to more autonomous systems

In Greiner'' formalisms for an analogical learning system were introduced. The method of analogical learning which resulted from these formalisms depended upon human intervention in the form of " analogical hints" which related objects for which analogical inferences could be drawn. In the work introduced here the formalisms have been altered in a way that permits the " surmising" of the " analogical hints. " In particular a general formula for analogical learning is introduced. With respect to some object preliminary work is introduced which will result in a method for deriving unknown elements in the general formula from the known elements. Unknown/known elements in the general formula will include knowledge concerning the components which comprise an object knowledge concerning how to perform certain tasks using an object and how the object relates (from an analogical viewpoint) to other objects (i. e. the analogical hints). 1 . 0 OVERVIEW Learning is a key core technology in the development of intelligent robotic systems. In the past most efforts toward the development of learning systems to support robotic applications have centered upon the navigation and task planning issues. These approaches have combined the use of spatial/geometric reasoning with learning algorithms for example simulated annealing. The work reported herein demonstrates the first steps toward the development of a generalized learning system and is based upon work reported to NASA2. Based on these results we© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An analysis of CCS investment under uncertainty

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the most important measures for emission reductions due to the cost effectiveness and huge potentials. In general break even costs based on normal discounted cash flow (DCF) method are referred in a discussion on CCS diffusions. These evaluations with static and perfect foresight assumptions indicate that the break even costs for CCS diffusions are moderate, around US$35/ tCO2. In contrast it seems that an early large-scale commercialization of CCS is far from ideal due to technical, economical, social barriers and their uncertainties. In terms of economical aspect, carbon value and fuel price are very uncertain. In this study we focus on cost analysis of power plant replacement and CCS investment as a replacement for an aged coal plant. In this analysis carbon price and gas price are explicitly uncertain. Using a real options approach we found the threshold between “waiting” and “investment right now”. “Waiting” means that the firm continues to operate the aged coal plant, which has low thermal efficiency and high CO2 intensity. “Investment right now” means that the firm throws out another investment options. The results indicate that it requires substantially higher carbon prices, e.g., US$70/ tCO2, for CCS diffusions under uncertainty. The threshold for CCS investment is also affected by gas price. For example, in the middle range gas price (around US$10/GJ), the threshold can be over US$100/ tCO2. In addition possibility of free allocation based on absolute historical emissions (grandfathering) makes it more difficult to invest CCS. On the other hand existing (aged) coal plants have strong competitiveness under uncertainty. It seems that this is consistent with real situations in each country. Reducing uncertainty of climate policy is the key to an early CCS diffusion.
Statistical EOR detection and the Mileura Widefield Array

Abstract Statistical epoch of reionization (EOR) observations are one of the emerging fields of experimental cosmology and could provide unique constraints on the formation of structure and the emergence of the first luminous objects. The primary challenge in observing the 21 cm EOR signature is subtracting the strong astrophysical and instrumental foregrounds. In this paper, we review the three-dimensional statistical EOR analysis, present a multi-stage foreground removal framework, and review the design and early field testing for the Mileura Widefield Array.
A variable resolution x-ray detector for computed tomography: II. Imaging theory and performance.

A computed tomography(CT)imaging technique called variable resolution x-ray (VRX) detection provides variable image resolution ranging from that of clinical body scanning (1 cy/mm) to that of microscopy (100 cy/mm). In this paper, an experimental VRX CTscanner based on a rotating subject table and an angulated storage phosphor screen detector is described and tested. The measured projection resolution of the scanner is ⩾ 20 lp/mm. Using this scanner, 4.8-s CT scans are made of specimens of human extremities and of in vivo hamsters. In addition, the system’s projected spatial resolution is calculated to exceed 100 cy/mm for a future on-line CTscanner incorporating smaller focal spots (0.1 mm) than those currently used and a 1008-channel VRX detector with 0.6-mm cell spacing.
The changing transfusion practice of neonatal and pediatric surgery

SUMMARY The use of erythrocyte transfusions to treat anemia in neonatal and pediatric surgery patients has changed dramatically over the last decade. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been shown to decrease transfusion exposure in many disease states in both adults and children. rHuEPO has also been used perioperatively in children. This paper discusses perioperative anemia, the current status of rHuEPO therapy, surgical and non-surgical strategies that minimize blood loss, and transfusion therapy in the pediatric surgical patient.
Evolving Landscape in Name Authority Control

This article presents a conceptual framework for library name authority control, including methods for disambiguating agents that share the same name and for collocating works of agents who use multiple names. It then discusses the identifier solutions tried or proposed in the library community for name authority control, analyzes the various identity management systems emerging outside of the library community, and envisions future trends in name authority control.
Lattice structure, flux dynamics, and low frequency noise in high temperature superconductors

Noise sources associated with the dynamics of motion of the flux bundles and its lattice interactions in YBaCuO high-Tc superconductors (HTS) have been examined. A model is proposed where, in the layered structure of the material, the flux bundles or fluxoids exhibit a continuous crossover from a motion over activation barriers to diffusive transfer between pinning sites. The results of the model were compared to various experimental measurements on thin films YBaCuO with distinct low frequency behavior. In one of the experiments the low frequency 1f noise spectral power could, in general, be reproduced. In another experiment, agreement between measurements and theoretical predictions was achieved when a defect density functional D(n) (where n is the density of defects in a single plane) was derived. In the flux flow regime, D(n) has the simple form D(n) = (δ/ξ)(1n12ξ)δ−1 where ξ is the superconducting coherence length in the Cu-O planes and δ = (UoKT) is the pinning energy of a flux line normalized to its thermal energy. These results are clear indications that the noise frequency dependence is strongly related to the dynamics of motion of free vortices and the number fluctuation of bound vortices.
Use of the Modulation-Transfer Function (MTF) as an Aberration-Balancing Merit Function in Automatic Lens Design

A new aberration-balancing merit function for automatic lens design is described in which the MTF squared, with suitable weightings, serves directly as image-quality criterion. Details concerning the optimization procedure are given and a new set of normal equations is described. The basic assumption is that the design-parameter changes should be kept small, which is a valid approximation for the optimization technique employed. The evaluation of the coefficients in the normal equations requires extensive numerical integration; a method based on the modified Hopkins algorithm is suggested.
Neutron capture therapy with 235U seeds.

A combination of brachytherapy and neutron capture therapy has been evaluated using {sup 235}U metal seeds and external neutron beam irradiation. When thermal neutrons are absorbed by {sup 235}U, high-energy neutrons and gamma rays are produced and some of these deposit energy in surrounding tissue. A Monte Carlo program, using the code MCNP, has been used to evaluate two sizes of {sup 235}U seeds in a water phantom. The results of flux suppression around the seeds and dose distributions are illustrated and discussed. The results show that high doses can be delivered in a relatively short time by using {sup 235}U seeds with neutron capture therapy. This therapy with multiple needles or seeds can be envisioned as a substitute for traditional brachytherapy to give an effective killing dose.
Special interest groups 1959 - 1980: Uneasy détente or collegial cold war?

An exploration of the events leading to the leading to the formation of the ASIST Special Interest Group/ Classification Research (SIG/CR) - one of the first of the American Documentation Institute’s SIGs, with context about other SIGs that formed during this same period.
Modified quadrature formulas for functions with nearby poles

Abstract This paper is concerned with the numerical integration of functions with poles near the interval of integration. A method is given for modifying known quadrature rules, to obtain rules which are exact for certain classes of rational functions.
Dynamic Slope Scaling Procedure and Lagrangian Relaxation with Subproblem Approximation

The dynamic slope scaling procedure (DSSP) is an efficient heuristic algorithm that provides good solutions to the fixed-charge transportation or network flow problem. However, the procedure is graphically motivated and appears unrelated to other optimization techniques. In this paper, we formulate the fixed-charge problem as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC) and show that DSSP is equivalent to solving MPCC using Lagrangian relaxation with subproblem approximation.
A class of trilinear differential games

This paper characterizes a class ofN-person, general sum differential games for which the optimal strategies only depend upon remaining playing time. Such strategies can be easily characterized and determined, and the optimal play can be easily analyzed.
Antibacterial activity of dipeptide constructs of acetylsalicylic acid and nicotinic acid.

Two dipeptide drugs are synthesized utilizing an acetylsalicylic acid or nicotinic acid molecule for the framework. A D-alanine-D-alanine dipeptide moiety is attached to the carbonyl carbon of acetylsalicylic acid (I) and nicotinic acid (II). Dipeptide derivatives (I) and (II) showed significant reduction of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial growth and colony-forming units. A mixture of (I) and (II) induced growth inhibition of 8%, 17.5%, 28%, and 42.5% at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/mL, respectively. Ampicillin demonstrated much less growth inhibition of this penicillin-resistant E. coli bacteria. Derivatives (I) and (II) showed significant reduction of colony-forming units at concentrations higher than 200 μg/mL, whereas ampicillin showed no significant affect on colony-forming units. Both (I) and (II) produced no violations of the Rule of 5, indicating favorable characteristics for bioavailability. Molecular properties were determined and showed (I) to have a Log Kow of −0.22 with aq...
Directional gene expression and antisense transcripts in sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum

It has been shown that nearly a quarter of the initial predicted gene models in the Plasmodium falciparum genome contain errors. Although there have been efforts to obtain complete cDNA sequences to correct the errors, the coverage of cDNA sequences on the predicted genes is still incomplete, and many gene models for those expressed in sexual or mosquito stages have not been validated. Antisense transcripts have widely been reported in P. falciparum; however, the extent and pattern of antisense transcripts in different developmental stages remain largely unknown. We have sequenced seven bidirectional libraries from ring, early and late trophozoite, schizont, gametocyte II, gametocyte V, and ookinete, and four strand-specific libraries from late trophozoite, schizont, gametocyte II, and gametocyte V of the 3D7 parasites. Alignment of the cDNA sequences to the 3D7 reference genome revealed stage-specific antisense transcripts and novel intron-exon splicing junctions. Sequencing of strand-specific cDNA libraries suggested that more genes are expressed in one direction in gametocyte than in schizont. Alternatively spliced genes, antisense transcripts, and stage-specific expressed genes were also characterized. It is necessary to continue to sequence cDNA from different developmental stages, particularly those of non-erythrocytic stages. The presence of antisense transcripts in some gametocyte and ookinete genes suggests that these antisense RNA may play an important role in gene expression regulation and parasite development. Future gene expression studies should make use of directional cDNA libraries. Antisense transcripts may partly explain the observed discrepancy between levels of mRNA and protein expression.
Abstract 3291: Macrophages and granulocytes promote the malignant glioma phenotype

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Solid tumors, including glioblastoma, contain large populations of both malignant and non-malignant cells. The tumor microenvironment contains a multitude of different cell types and recent evidence supports the role of CD45+ bone marrow cells such as vascular modulating macrophages. Tumor associated macrophages accumulate in hypoxic or necrotic regions of human tumors where they release VEGF. Recent studies have demonstrated that the number of M2-skewed macrophages (CD163+/CD204+) in human tumors correlates with glioma grade, cell proliferation and microvascular density. Myeloid cells including macrophages and granulocytes are thought to promote the malignant phenotype of many solid tumor types but little is known about their influence on glioma biology. To evaluate the impact of macrophages and granulocytes on the malignant phenotype, we used co-culture experiments to determine the influence of these cells on glioma cytokine and angiogenic factor release, glioma cell invasion and proliferation, and resistance to chemotherapy. Mouse macrophages or granulocytes (ATCC) were cultured alone or together with U87 or glioma stem cells using a Boyden chamber to maintain cell separation. Conditioned media and RNA were evaluated for expression of both mouse and human chemokine expression using ELISA and quantitative PCR. Co-culture resulted in a significant increase in macrophage VEGF-A, CXCL1, HGF, VEGF-C and PlGF expression and granulocyte IGF1, FGF, CCL11, VEGF-C and VEGF-D compared to baseline suggesting that myeloid cell-glioma crosstalk may promote VEGF-A-independent angiogenesis in glioma tumors. Co-culture promoted glioma cell expression of PDGF, CCL11, CXCL9, and INF-β. We next evaluated the impact of myeloid cells on glioma invasion. At baseline, U87 demonstrates minimal transwell migration in vitro and does not invade normal brain in vivo. When co-cultured, macrophages and granulocytes significantly increased U87 in vitro transwell migration compared to control. Finally, serum free media incubated for 48 hours with mouse macrophages or granulocytes was used as growth medium for U87 cells. Using a SRB cell proliferation assay, conditioned media from granulocytes but not macrophages increased glioma proliferation compared to controls. Conditioned media from both macrophages and neutrophils reduced the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide in vitro. These results suggest that both macrophages and granulocytes may play an important role in promoting glioma angiogenesis, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. However, granulocytes were more effective in promoting glioma proliferation. Targeting myeloid cells may be an effective approach to inhibiting the glioma malignant phenotype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3291. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3291
Supply and demand--surgical and health workforce.

The number and type of physicians required for a community isdependent on many unpredictable factors. The rapid change characteristicof twenty-ﬁrst century society and the length of education required tobecome a physician add to the complexity of workforce projection.Peter Drucker, the economic futurist, described some periods of historyas times of ‘‘epochal transformation’’ [2]. These are periods in the world inwhich no one living could imagine the world in which their grandparentslived or in which their parents were born. Such periods were theRenaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment. The Enlightenmenttransformed into modern society. Milestones in this transformationincluded the employment of movable type in Europe in 1450, the adventof the ﬁrst workable steam engine in the early 1770s, and the United StatesDeclaration of Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations,both in 1776. An industrial society began to form that included thephilosophical radicalism of Thomas Paine and Karl Marx. Drucker labelsthe society of the late twentieth and early twenty-ﬁrst century the‘‘knowledge society.’’ Ray Kurzweil, the 1988 Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology Inventor of the Year, predicted that the growth of technology inthe ﬁrst 5 years of the twenty-ﬁrst century will match that of the entire
TPP1 OB-Fold Domain Controls Telomere Maintenance by Recruiting Telomerase to Chromosome Ends

Telomere synthesis in cancer cells and stem cells involves trafficking of telomerase to Cajal bodies, and telomerase is thought to be recruited to telomeres through interactions with telomere-binding proteins. Here, we show that the OB-fold domain of the telomere-binding protein TPP1 recruits telomerase to telomeres through an association with the telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT. When tethered away from telomeres and other telomere-binding proteins, the TPP1 OB-fold domain is sufficient to recruit telomerase to a heterologous chromatin locus. Expression of a minimal TPP1 OB-fold inhibits telomere maintenance by blocking access of telomerase to its cognate binding site at telomeres. We identify amino acids required for the TPP1-telomerase interaction, including specific loop residues within the TPP1 OB-fold domain and individual residues within TERT, some of which are mutated in a subset of pulmonary fibrosis patients. These data define a potential interface for telomerase-TPP1 interaction required for telomere maintenance and implicate defective telomerase recruitment in telomerase-related disease.
Addressing the Inevitable Conflicts in Reforming Teacher Education: One Department's Story

Embracing a transformative philosophy of special education teacher education, the Department of Special Education at the University of South Florida has undergone significant change over the past several years. Perspectives on the foundational knowledge for this change and the values guiding its realization are shared in this article. Dilemmas arising from the encounter between traditional practice and emerging views are described, along with approaches aimed at understanding and addressing these conflicts.
Continuous ST-Segment Monitoring: Raising the Bar

ST-segment monitoring is recommended by clinical experts to assist in the early detection of transient myocardial ischemia; however, a gap exists between the recommendations and clinical practice. This article provides a review of research to support the use of ST-segment monitoring in a variety of clinical situations. Patient selection for monitoring, techniques, and strategies to facilitate successful implementation of ST monitoring are included. Nurses are encouraged to advocate for patients by raising the bar of electrocardiogram monitoring practice to aid in optimizing patient outcomes.
Managing the Interface between the Corporation and Society New Insights from Preston and Post

The work of Lee Preston and James Post helped to lay the foundation for one career in the field of business and public policy. They provided a theoretical framework for a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship of the corporation and society and those who are charged with its management.
On-Demand Provisioning of Data-Aggregation Requests over WDM Mesh Networks

Many large-scale scientific applications need to aggregate large amounts of data from multiple distributed sites to a centralized facility. We call such a request as a data-aggregation request (DAR). In this study, we investigate the novel problem of on-demand DAR provisioning over a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) backbone network. We provide a mathematical formulation for our problem as a mixed integer linear program (MILP). To solve large versions of our problem, we propose a DAR provisioning heuristic (called DARP). We use the MILP with various objectives as a benchmark for studying the performance of DARP.
Distributed Hashtable on Pre-structured Overlay Networks

Internet overlay services must adapt to the substrate network topology and link properties to achieve high performance. A common overlay structure management layer is desirable for enhancing the architectural modularity of service design and deployment. A shared substrate-aware overlay structure can also save redundant per-service link-selection probing when overlay nodes participate in multiple services. Despite the benefits, the concept of building services on a common structure management layer does not work well with recently proposed scalable distributed hashtable (DHT) protocols that employ protocol-specific overlay structures. In this paper, we present the design of a self-organizing DHT protocol based on the Landmark Hierarchy. Coupled with a simple low-latency overlay structure management protocol, this approach can support low-latency DHT lookup without any service-specific requirement on the overlay structure. Using simulations and experimentation on 51 PlanetLab sites, we measure the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of lookup latency, load balance, and stability during node churns.
Head circumference for Mexican American infants and young children from the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey (HHANES 1982–1984): Comparisons with Whites and Blacks from NHANES II (1976–1980)

This study presents descriptive statistics for head circumference in Mexican American children 6 months to 7 years of age using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982-1984) and compares these statistics with national estimates of head circumference for non-Hispanic White children and non-Hispanic Black children from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II, 1976-1980). Head circumference was measured in the same standardized fashion in the two surveys. The patterns of change with age in means and in empirical percentiles were similar for both genders and for all three ethnic groups. Values for head circumference increased with age, but the rate of increase became less as age advanced. Analyses indicated that at 1, 2, and 4 years of age, mean values for head circumferences for non-Hispanic White boys were significantly larger than those for Mexican American boys. The differences in mean values for head circumferences ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 cm. Because ethnic differences in head circumferences are small in magnitude, ethnic-specific sets of reference data for head circumference are not needed for clinical evaluation of Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. Further analyses may be necessary when additional information from NHANES III allows the calculation of the 5th and 95th percentiles for Black and Mexican American children with small confidence limits. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nuclear factor-κB p65 and upregulation of interleukin-6 in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

We previously demonstrated that endogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6) is upregulated and may be neuroprotective after retinal ischemia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) in regulating IL-6 expression after ischemia. NF-kappaB p65 mRNA levels were significantly elevated between 2 and 12 h after the insult. A high number of NF-kappaB p65 positive cells were detected in the inner retina at 12 h after ischemia. Activated nuclear NF-kappaB p65 and IL-6 were colocalized in cells, which were also marked by a microglial/phagocytic cell marker (ED1) in the inner retina. Carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal (MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, which inhibits IkappaB degradation and hence prevents the activation and translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus) abolished the increase in NF-kappaB p65 mRNA levels after the insult, while there was no effect by helenalin (an inhibitor which inhibits NF-kappaB activity by alkylation of the p65 subunit, thereby blocking its binding to the target DNA). However, MG-132 and/or helenalin significantly diminished the increase in IL-6 mRNA levels after the insult. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs, inhibit target gene expression through the sequence-specific destruction of the target messenger RNA) against NF-kappaB p65 significantly reduced the increase in NF-kappaB p65 mRNA levels as well as IL-6 mRNA levels after ischemia. The number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was also significantly decreased using the inhibitors of NF-kappaB compared with those of the controls after ischemia. These findings support the hypothesis that upregulation of endogenous retinal IL-6 in retinal I/R injury in microglial/phagocytic cells is controlled predominantly by NF-kappaB p65.
Symbol Processing Speed Differences and Symbol Interference Effects in a Variety of Concept Domains.

(1971). Symbol Processing Speed Differences and Symbol Interference Effects in a Variety of Concept Domains. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 187-205.
On large scale sliding in fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract A critical e xamination is made of the use of the line-spring model to represent fiber bridging of matrix cracks in the analysis of failure phenomena in fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites. Attention is focused on composite systems designed to undergo fiber debonding and sliding when matrix cracking occurs. For most composites of this class, it is found that the distance along the fiber within which sliding occurs is often too large to justify use of the line-spring representation. A model which allows for large scale sliding (the LSS model) is proposed and applied to three problems : a matrix crack emerging from a semi-infinite unbridged through-crack in a uni-directional fiber-reinforced composite, the same problem for the finite length unbridged through-crack, and matrix cracking of a cross-ply composite. Primary emphasis is placed on the stress concentration in the bridging fibers. Predictions from the LSS model are compared with those from the line-spring model. In general, the line-spring model is found to overestimate the stress concentration in critically located fibers. A discussion of the significance of the lower estimates of the stress concentration factors is given for several composite systems.
The Effect of Soaking on Carbohydrate Removal and Dry Matter Loss in Orchardgrass and Alfalfa Hays

The objective of this research was to determine the impact of water temperature and soaking length on removal of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) fractions and dry matter (DM) from legume and cool-season grass hays. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replications. Hay types included bud and flowering alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and vegetative and flowering orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Flakes were submerged for 15, 30, and 60 minutes in 25 L of cold (22°C) water, warm (39°C) water, and 12 hours in cold water, respectively. Water temperature at each soaking duration did not affect residual NSC fractions in alfalfa hays. Flowering and vegetative orchardgrass hays soaked for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, in warm water had greater (P < .001) amounts of NSC fraction removal compared with soaking in cold water. Soaking bud and flowering alfalfa and vegetative orchardgrass hays for ≥15 minutes removed more NSC fractions compared with the control (P ≤ .005); however, soaking for 15-60 minutes resulted in similar NSC fraction removal. Conversely, in flowering orchardgrass hay, longer soaking times resulted in greater (P < .001) NSC fraction removal. Fructan removal in orchardgrass hay was greatest (P < .001) after soaking for 12 hours. DM losses were similar among hays after soaking for 15-60 minutes, but were greatest after soaking for 12 hours (P < .001). Soaking grass hay for 15-30 minutes is recommended to remove sufficient NSC fractions while minimizing DM losses.
Of Coase and Carbon: The Coase Theorem in Environmental Economics, 1960-1979

The diffusion of the Coase theorem into the economics literature has many facets, one of which lies in its use and treatment by environmental economists. This paper examines the first two decades of this history, a period during which the theorem’s validity was widely acknowledged but its relevance for the economic analysis of the environment was almost universally dismissed, generally on the grounds of the theorem’s perceived irrelevance for dealing with the large-scale environmental issues - e.g., air and water pollution - that loomed large in the social conscience and preoccupied environmental economists during this period. The strident critiques of the theorem that we observe in the 1970s environmental economics literature evidence a measure of hostility toward the theorem and the suggestions by some (generally outside of environmental economics proper) that it offered a prescription for dealing with large-scale environmental problems. This attitude is shown to be grounded in concerns about normative factors such as equity and qualms about leaving solutions to environmental issues to the market. The repeated claims of the theorem’s irrelevance and the attendant dismissive treatment of it in this literature raises the question of why it was that environmental economists were so interested in the Coase theorem, and several possible explanations are offered, including the roots of environmental economic theory in the theory of externalities, the fascination of economists with interesting theoretical puzzles such as that posed by the theorem, and the normative and ideological aura that permeated discussions of the theorem inside and outside of environmental economics.
T cell development in the chicken

This review summarizes our current view of gamma delta and alpha beta T cell development in the chicken. In it we emphasize the functional interplay between the gamma delta and alpha beta T cell subpopulations.
Rogerian Self-Actualization: A Clarification of Meaning

Carl Rogers's construct of self-actualization changed significantly in its theoretical meaning and usage. In an early period, self-actualization identified Rogers's central motivational construct, ...
Contextual effects on historical memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents

Abstract Using an original survey of adolescents in post-communist Russia and Ukraine, this study analyzes attitudes toward the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The results demonstrate how contextual factors – the republic's position within the former Soviet Union and prior history of colonization – affect the level of nostalgia among the young generation. Based upon semi-structured interviews with adolescents, the study identifies sources of positive and negative attitudes toward the Soviet demise. Furthermore, the research reveals cross-national differences in the relationship between Soviet nostalgia and national pride.
Hydromechanics of low-Reynolds-number flow. Part 5. Motion of a slender torus

In order to elucidate the general Stokes flow characteristics present for slender bodies of finite centre-line curvature the singularity method for Stokes flow has been employed to construct solutions to the flow past a slender torus. The symmetry of the geometry and absence of ends has made a highly accurate analysis possible. The no-slip boundary condition on the body surface is satisfied up to an error term of O(E^2 ln E), where E is the slenderness parameter (ratio of cross-sectional radius to centre-line radius). This degree of accuracy makes it possible to determine the force per unit length experienced by the torus up to a term of O(E^2). A comparison is made between the force coefficients of the slender torus to those of a straight slender body to illustrate the large differences that may occur as a result of the finite centre-line curvature.
Impact of transverse spatial-hole burning on beam quality in large-mode-area Yb-doped fibers

The beam-quality factor of an amplified spontaneous emission source based on a Yb-doped, large-mode-area (LMA), multimode fiber was found to be optimized when the gain became saturated. A model using spatially resolved gain and transverse-mode decomposition of the optical field showed that transverse spatial-hole burning (TSHB) was responsible for the observed behavior. A simplified model without TSHB failed to predict the observed behavior of beam quality. A comparison of both models shows TSHB is also critical for properly modeling beam quality in LMA fiber amplifiers.
Errors in transfusion medicine. Scope of the problem.

Abstract Error is ubiquitous whenever humans are involved in a process. Fortunately, most transfusion-related errors are benign. However, the risk of death due to acute hemolytic transfusion reaction rivals that of human immunodeficiency virus transmission and administration of the wrong blood or of blood to the wrong recipient has occurred at many facilities. Most blood misadministration errors are caused by failure to identify the recipient and blood unit adequately, although phlebotomy errors and blood bank errors also contribute. Many errors are multifactorial and may reflect underlying systems defects. Noncompliant specimen labels may be a cue to an increased risk of phlebotomy error. Autologous blood is not immune from error and poses infectious disease risks as well as the risk of hemolytic transfusion reaction; also, perioperatively recovered blood may pose a risk of air embolism if improperly handled.
Interviewing Young Men about Sex and Procreation: Methodological Issues

Because clear instructions for interviewing men about their developing procreative identities do not exist, the authors discuss a variety of methodological issues that surfaced during in-depth interviews with young men about relationships, sex, contraception, pregnancy, and fatherhood. The authors interviewed a diverse sample of 50 single male participants, ages 16 to 30, who had dated at least one woman in the past 3 years (or had been married). The purpose of the reflexive analysis was to sensitize researchers, social service providers, and the authors to the challenges of conducting qualitative interviews with young men. The authors present indices for assessing interview success.
Crack-tip fields for porous solids with pressure-sensitive matrices and for rubber-modified epoxies

Based on a set of constitutive relations developed for porous solids with rate-dependent pressure-sensitive matrices, the stress, strain and void volume fraction distributions are investigated near the crack tip with a finite root radius under mode I, plane strain, and small-scale yielding conditions. A rubber-modified epoxy is taken as our model. The rubber particles are taken as the void volume fraction from the view of stress-carrying capacity when the epoxy is subject to extensive plastic deformation. The set of constitutive relations for porous solids is based on a generalized Gurson yield criterion for porous solids with pressure-sensitive matrices. The set of constitutive relations has been implemented into finite element code ABAQUS to investigate the near-tip field of a crack in porous solids. Our numerical results indicate that the plastic zones, the intense straining zones, and large void volume fraction contours are long and narrow ahead of a crack tip in porous solids with moderately large initial void volume fractions. The strain softening and subsequent hardening of the matrices also make these zones more concentrated ahead of the tip. As the initial void volume fraction or the pressure sensitivity of the matrices increases with a decrease of plastic dilatancy, these zones become more elongated ahead of the tip. The cavitation of the rubber particles in the rubber-modified epoxy is also considered via a stress-controlled void nucleation model. The numerical results for the rubber-modified epoxy based on the nucleation criterion show that the shape and size of the intense straining and cavitation zones agree well with the corresponding experimental results.
Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Texts

Automatically detecting sentiment of product reviews, blogs, tweets, and SMS messages has attracted extensive interest from both the academia and industry. It has a number of applications, including: tracking sentiment towards products, movies, politicians, etc.; improving customer relation models; detecting happiness and well-being; and improving automatic dialogue systems. In this tutorial, we will describe how you can create a state-of-the-art sentiment analysis system, with a focus on social media posts.We begin with an introduction to sentiment analysis and its various forms: term level, message level, document level, and aspect level. We will describe how sentiment analysis systems are evaluated, especially through recent SemEval shared tasks: Sentiment Analysis of Twitter (SemEval-2013 Task 2, SemEval 2014-Task 9) and Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (SemEval-2014 Task 4).We will give an overview of the best sentiment analysis systems at this point of time, including those that are conventional statistical systems as well as those using deep learning approaches. We will describe in detail the NRC-Canada systems, which were the overall best performing systems in all three SemEval competitions listed above. These are simple lexical- and sentiment-lexicon features based systems, which are relatively easy to re-implement.We will discuss features that had the most impact (those derived from sentiment lexicons and negation handling). We will present how large tweet-specific sentiment lexicons can be automatically generated and evaluated. We will also show how negation impacts sentiment differently depending on whether the scope of the negation is positive or negative. Finally, we will flesh out limitations of current approaches and promising future directions.
Biocultural Engineering Design: An Anishinaabe Analysis for Building Sustainable Nations

The fields of ecological engineering, resilience research, and Anishinaabe culture share strong epistemological relationships and common principles. These alignments can be found in worldview, ways of learning, traditional indigenous ecosystem engineering methods, and governance. This article explores how recognizing these alignments enables Anishinaabe cultural knowledge and ways of being to inform and provide the foundation for contemporary engineered design. It also proposes the use of a biocultural engineering design method that integrates the design principles of ecological engineering with indigenous knowledge, cultural relationships, values, and decision-making processes to support contemporary sustainable nation-building.
Investment Behavior of Target-Date Fund Users Having Other Funds in 401(k) Plan Accounts

Target-date funds (TDFs) are an important and growing investment option in 401(k) retirement plans, and are giving rise to a new class of 401(k) investor: “mixed” target-date fund users who hold the funds in combination with other non-TDF funds in the plan menu. Although “pure” TDF users holding only TDFs in their accounts have grown due to auto-enrollment and TDFs’ status as a qualified default investment in 401(k) plans, mixed TDF users account for a significant portion of all TDF users. About 7 percent of all 401(k) assets were invested in TDFs as of year-end 2008, and mixed TDF users accounted for about 55 percent of the participants holding target-date funds in their accounts as of year-end 2007. Pure TDF users are more likely to be younger or lower-salary participants who are automatically enrolled into target-date funds, while mixed TDF users are likely to be middle-income and middle-wealth participants. This paper examines how mixed TDF users utilize other funds (except TDFs) in their 401(k) plan menu. In order to minimize the effects of plan menu design on participants’ investment behavior, this analysis constructs a sample from the EBRI/ICI 401(k) database of plans offering six fund categories including TDFs: equity funds, bond funds, non-TDF balanced funds, money market funds, and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs)/stable-value funds. However, the sample does not include plans offering company stock. Overall, this analysis finds that some mixed TDF investors apparently fail to understand that a TDF is designed as an “all-in-one” portfolio solution. For instance, mixed TDF users are more likely to hold multiple TDFs than are pure users who invest only in TDFs, and low-level mixed TDF users (who invest less than half of their account balances in the funds) are more likely to use two or more TDFs than are high-level mixed users (who invest more than half their balance in the funds). Last, mixed users holding relatively aggressive TDFs for their age group (such as someone in their 50s investing in 2050 funds) are more likely to actively invest in equity funds than those following the age-specific investment rule.The PDF for the above title, published in the December 2009 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the full text of another December 2009 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “What Do We Know About Enrollment in Consumer-Driven Health Plans.”
Diprotonated Hydrogen Halides (H3X2+) and Gitonic Protio Methyl- and Dimethylhalonium Dications (CH3XH22+ and (CH3)2XH2+): Theoretical and Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange Studies1

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G** level were performed to investigate geometries and energies of a series of diprotonated hydrogen halides (H3X2+) and gitonic protio...
My Brother as “Problem”: Neoliberal Governmentality and Interventions for Black Young Men and Boys

In this article, the author argues that the Obama Administration’s My Brother’s Keeper (MBK) initiative serves as an exemplar of neoliberal governmentality, in which Black young men and boys are constructed as essentially damaged, as problems in need of a technocratic public–private solution. More than simply an ideological imposition from above or outside—from policy makers, state bureaucrats, or market actors—MBK signals the neoliberal turn in Black politics, in which technical, entrepreneurial interventions replace political organization as the imagined solution to the social and economic inequities experienced in Black life. The author highlights three discursive “moments” that capture the work neoliberal governmentality does in and through MBK, and offers discussion of what it might mean to pursue a more critical engagement with MBK and other neoliberal initiatives intended to address racial inequities in education and society.