cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FETAL GENITAL ANATOMY RECONSTRUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS

AbstractPurpose: Genital anomalies are not typically diagnosed and/or treated in utero. Recent reports have focused on the prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The normal male and female genitalia anatomy is reviewed with an emphasis on reconstructive implications.Materials and Methods: Normal fetal genital anatomy was analyzed by serial immunohistochemical staining and 3-dimensional computer reconstruction.Results: The neuroanatomy was analogous in male and female patients, revealing an extensive network of nerves not only at the 11 and 1 o'clock position, but completely surrounding the ventral aspect of erectile bodies. The 12 o'clock position was notable for a lack of nerves which has implications in the design of penile straightening procedures. Ultrastructure of the female corporeal bodies is similar to the male counterpart. Evaluation of a fetal specimen with hypospadias revealed a similar anatomy to the normal penis except at the area of deficient urethral spongiosum.Conclusions: A...
What constitutes a proper routine oral cancer examination for patients at low risk? Findings from a Delphi survey

Objective A Delphi survey was used to develop a consensus opinion regarding what should constitute a routine oral cancer examination performed by general dentists when examining patients at low risk for oral cancer. Study Design This Delphi survey consisted of 5 rounds and used, as the expert panel, a stratified national sample of academically based US oral surgeons, oral pathologists, and oral medicine specialists, that is, the persons who teach the identification and diagnosis of oral cancer to all future general practitioners. Results After defining the population at low risk for oral cancer and the examination frequency in rounds 1 and 2, in rounds 3 to 5 the panelists evaluated and debated 28 proposed examination elements. They reached consensus agreement to include 25 of those elements and to exclude 2 of them, but the panel did not achieve consensus on the remaining element. Conclusion The panel reached consensus agreement on 25 recommended elements for an annual examination of patients at low risk for oral cancer.
A transcript map of an 800-kb region on human chromosome 11q13, part of the candidate region for SCA5 and BBS1.

The exon-amplification method was used to identify putative transcribed sequences from an 800-kb region that includes the genes for phospholipase Cβ3 and PYGM on human chromosome 11q13. The clone contig consisted of ten cosmids, three bacterial artificial chromosomes, and one P1 artificial chromosome. A total of 83 exons were generated of which 23 were derived from known genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Five different EST cDNA clones were identified and mapped on the contig. One is a homolog of the human p70S6 kinase (p70s6 k) gene whose function involves the translational regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis and thereby impacts on ribosomal biogenesis. The gene for p70s6 k is expressed universally, including within adipose cells and retina, and it could play a role in Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 1, which has been mapped to 11q13.
Quantum-Theoretical Realism: Popper and Einstein v. Kochen and Specker

In his writings on quantum theory, early and late, Karl Popper has steadfastly maintained that the quantum-theoretic world-view is much closer to common sense than the theory's originators have claimed in their philosophical moments. As against Bohr, who held that quantum theory requires "a limitation of the well-defined application of space-time concepts" to atomic objects ([1966], p. 5) and consequently "a radical revision of our attitude towards the problem of physical reality" ([1961], p. 60), Popper has claimed that "the statistical laws of the theory. . refer to a population of particles... which are ... endowed with positions, and momenta (and mass-energy, and various other physical properties such as spin)" ([1967], p. 21; cf. [1935], Ch. IX). Presumably, then, his view is that for every system S and observable A, there is a real number r such that "A = r" is true of S.
The Alcohol Relapse Situation Appraisal Questionnaire:Development and Validation

Background: The role of cognitive appraisal of the threat of alcohol relapse has received little attention. A previous instrument, the Relapse Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (RSAQ), was developed to assess cocaine users’ primary appraisal of the threat of situations posing a high risk for cocaine relapse. The purpose of the present study was to modify the RSAQ in order to measure primary appraisal in situations involving a high risk for alcohol relapse. Methods: The development and psychometric properties of this instrument, the Alcohol Relapse Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (A-RSAQ), were examined with two samples of abstinent adults with alcohol abuse or dependence. Factor structure and validity were examined in Study 1 (N = 104). Confirmation of the factor structure and predictive validity was assessed in Study 2 (N = 159). Results: Results demonstrated construct, discriminant and predictive validity and reliability of the ARSAQ. Discussion: Results support the important role of primary appraisal of degree of risk in alcohol relapse situations.
Influence of genetic hyperlipemia in the Zucker rat upon the lipemic response to graded estradiol exposure.

Abstract The present investigation was designed to examine the influence of genetic Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia on the metabolism of lipids in response to estrogen exposure. The influence of 17-β-estradiol was examined in a dose-response study over a range of hormone concentration from 10 to 100 pg/ml in genetic hyperlipidemic Zucker rats. In oophorectomized female rats, replacement levels of plasma estradiol of 40 pg/ml resulted in maximal hypertriglyceridemia of approximately 500 mg/dl representing a 5-fold exaggeration of that observed in control genetically normo-lipemic animals. This hypertriglyceridemia was associated with an increased production of triglyceride (TG) in excess of clearance, with a resulting production : clearance ratio of approximately 1.5. Exposure to maximum blood levels of estradiol, approximately 100 pg/ml, resulted in subnormal levels of plasma TG (∼145 mg/dl) in association with a reduced production: clearance ratio of approximately 0.36. In contrast to the marked hypocholesterolemic response to maximum estrogen exposure seen in normolipemic animals, the genetic Type IV hyperlipemic animal failed to demonstrate reduced plasma cholesterol concentration. This phenomenon was related to a rise in plasma LDL concentration in conjunction with parallel reduction in plasma HDL 2 levels. Thus, an abnormal ratio of excessive LDL : HDL emerged in response to estrogen exposure in this model of human Type IV lipemia. This observation suggests that the genetic predisposition of the host may be critical to both the quantitative as well as the qualitative response to estrogen.
SU‐E‐T‐666: Monte Carlo Simulation of Arbitrary Geometries and Heterogeneous Optical Properties for Treatment Planning in PDT

Purpose: An important aspect of Photodynamic Therapy(PDT) treatment efficacy is uniformity of light dose. An analytic solution of fluence in a spherical cavity originally presented by Willem Star was further developed to calculate fluence in cavities of arbitrary geometries. To verify our analytic solution in conjunction with a Finite Element Model(FEM) developed in COMSOL, we compare the fluence results for a cavity of arbitrary geometry and heterogeneous optical properties to a Monte Carlo(MC) simulation developed in the MATLAB platform. This verified analytic solution will be applied to a real‐time Infrared (IR) Camera device used as a treatment planning tool for pleural PDT. Methods: The CT scans and IR camera data from four patients enrolled in a Phase I study for HPPH‐mediated Photodynamic Therapy(PDT) are used as the arbitrary cavity geometries which build the framework for the FEM and MC models of fluence. The cavity walls are assigned optical properties measured using a diffuse reflectance spectroscopic system during treatment both before and after the patient receives light dose. Once this cavity environment has been established, and isotropic light source is placed both at a central and off central location in the cavity. The resulting fluence rate calculated from the MC simulation is compared to the results from the FEM simulation. Results: Preliminary results show there is good agreement for spherical cavities of heterogeneous optical properties in the presence of attenuation and multiple scattering. The results of simulations for arbitrary geometries are currently being developed and analyzed. Conclusions: The verification of our FEM model allows us to apply this solution in the clinic with an IR camera which tracks the clinician's treatment in real time. By coupling our fluence model with this new tool we can implement a real‐time fluence monitoring device which may improve uniformity of treatment.
AAP recommendations on iodine nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

Adequate iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone production, which is required for normal neurodevelopment during pregnancy and early childhood. Women who are pregnant and lactating require increased iodine intake. Unfortunately, median iodine levels in the United States have decreased by 50% in the past 3 decades, with recent studies demonstrating that pregnant women are mildly iodine deficient. Nevertheless, data from the NHANES 1999–2006 showed that only 22% of US pregnant women take an iodine-containing dietary supplement.1 Even mild iodine …
Origin of ferroelectricity in the multiferroic barium fluorides Ba M F 4 : A first principles study

We present a first-principles study of the series of multiferroic barium fluorides with the composition $\mathrm{Ba}M{\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, where $M$ is Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni. We discuss trends in the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties, and we show that the ferroelectricity in these systems results from the freezing in of a single unstable polar phonon mode. In contrast to the case of the standard perovskite ferroelectrics, this structural distortion is not accompanied by charge transfer between cations and anions. Thus, the ferroelectric instability in the multiferroic barium fluorides arises solely due to size effects and the special geometrical constraints of the underlying crystal structure.
Climatology of Barrier Jets along the Alaskan Coast. Part II: Large-Scale and Sounding Composites

Abstract This paper investigates the large-scale flow and thermodynamic structures associated with barrier jets along the Alaskan coast using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, as well as the average wind, moisture, and thermodynamic soundings at Yakutat, Alaska (YAK), and Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada (YXY). Large-scale and sounding composites are constructed for all barrier jets objectively identified around YAK using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery during the cool and warm seasons of 1998–2003. During the cool season the jet events are separated into those with sharp upstream wind gradients (shock jets), highly variable (“gustlike”) surface winds (variable jets), and the other jet events (other jets). Those cool season barrier jets without shock or variable characteristics are associated with an anomalously deep upper-level trough approaching the Gulf of Alaska and an anomalous ridge over western Canada and interior Alaska. The associated surface cyclone a...
Fault dictionary based upon stimulus design

A method of fault signature generation is presented that is based upon state space analysis of linear circults. An input control sequence is designed to reduce a nontrivial initial state of the circuit under test to the zero state in finite time. The realization of this stimulus as a piecewise constant waveform has step amplitudes that are exponential functions of the poles of the circuit under test. Perturbations of these amplitudes, engendered by element drift failure, constitute a fault signature. Single element value perturbations engender fault signature trajectories in signal space, and the fault dictionary is constructed by defining disjoint decision regions (hypervolumes) around each fault signature trajectory in the signal space. Circuit zeros of transmission allow the dimension of the signal space to be augmented with perturbation of such response waveform parameters as zero crossings. The theory of stimulus design for fault isolation in linear networks and a generalized matrix inverse method for computing the stimulus amplitudes from the pulse response of strictly proper circuits are presented. Examples of response waveforms and fault signature trajectories are given for several circuits.
The impact of Zen meditation on security and satisfaction in monogamous relationships

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Zen meditation on security and satisfaction in monogamous relationships. Levels of security and satisfaction as described by interpersonal theorist Harry Stack Sullivan, as well as meditation experience, were analysed via survey data. Data were collected via the Internet from 405 men and women who were 18 years of age or older and had been in a monogamous relationship for one year or more. Results indicated that compared to meditators, nonmeditators appeared slightly more secure and satisfied in their relationships. This may reflect the fact that different forms of meditation share philosophical beliefs that encourage mindfulness, acceptance, and moderation.
The effects of guided imagery on the generation of career alternatives

Abstract The effects of two 20-min guided imagery sessions on the number of career alternatives generated by 30 undergraduates enrolled in a career-planning course are investigated. Three independent measures of decision-making style (Rational, Dependent, and Intuitive Scales) are used as covariates. Imagery treatment subjects generate a significantly greater number of career alternatives than the discussion control group. There are no differential effects of the treatment due to varying values of the covariates. The scores on the Rational Decision-Making Style Scale are significantly correlated with the number of career alternatives generated. No significant correlations are found between Intuitive or Dependent Style Scales scores and number of alternatives generated. This study supports the hypothesis that imagery techniques may be helpful in counseling because they promote divergent thinking which enhances problem-solving ability. Some aspects of imagery training which appear to be useful include the encouragement of autonomy, control, and active involvement. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are noted.
Determination of a reference range for whole blood serotonin in a pediatric population using high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

Whole blood serotonin (5HT) concentrations were measured in a group of children and adolescents to determine a reference range for this population. Blood was collected after at least a 6-hour fast, mixed with ascorbic acid and EDTA, and frozen at — 70°C until analysis. 5HT was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Matrix-matched whole blood standards and controls were used to determine 5HT concentrations, and monitor performance of the assay. 5HT concentrations in boys ranged from 0.53 to 3.13 μmol/L (mean = 1.27, SD = 0.47) while the range for girls was 0.63 to 2.46 μmol/L (mean = 1.21, SD = 0.47). There was no significant difference in 5HT concentrations between boys and girls, nor was there any significant change in 5HT concentration with age. The nonparametric central 95 percent reference range for boys and girls was determined to be 0.64–2.45 μmol/L.
Ethanol-induced alterations in neurotrophin expression in developing cerebellum : Relationship to periods of temporal susceptibility

Background: The developing cerebellum has been shown to be profoundly affected by exposure to ethanol and to exhibit a temporal pattern of vulnerability. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are particularly susceptible to ethanol on postnatal day 4 or day 5 (P4-5), whereas this population is much less vulnerable to similar ethanol insult slightly later in the postnatal period (P7-9). The purpose of the study was to determine whether differential alterations in neurotrophic factors might be associated with this differential susceptibility. Methods: Neonatal rats were exposed to ethanol via vapor inhalation, and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays were subsequently conducted to assess cerebellar nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 protein content. These analyses were made after ethanol exposure during the period of maximal cerebellar ethanol sensitivity (postnatal days 4-5 [P4-5]), during a period of much lower sensitivity (P7-8), and during the entire “brain growth spurt” (P4-10). Results: These determinations revealed a significant ethanol-induced decrease in cerebellar nerve growth factor after exposure on P4-5 but not after exposure on P7-8 or P4-10. No significant changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor or neurotrophin-3 were found with any of the exposure paradigms. Conclusions: These results suggest that alterations in nerve growth factor, which has previously been shown to support cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells, may be a mechanism contributing to the early ethanol susceptibility within these neuronal populations.
In Vivo Imaging of Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals Patterns of Survival and Immune Rejection Following Transplantation

Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based transplantation is considered a promising novel therapy for a variety of diseases. This is bolstered by the suggested immune-privileged properties of ESCs. In this study, we used in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to non-invasively track the fate of transplanted murine ESCs (mESCs), which are stably transduced with a double fusion reporter gene consisting of firefly luciferase (FLuc) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Following syngeneic intramuscular transplantation of 1 x 10(6) mESCs, the cells survived and differentiated into teratomas. In contrast, allogeneic mESC transplants were infiltrated by a variety of inflammatory cells, leading to rejection within 28 days. Acceleration of rejection was observed when mESCs were allotransplanted following prior sensitization of the host. Finally, we demonstrate that the mESC derivatives were more rapidly rejected compared to undifferentiated mESCs. These data show that mESCs do not retain immune-privileged properties in vivo and are subject to immunological rejection as assessed by novel molecular imaging approaches.
Interpolation and Complex Symmetry

In a separable complex Hilbert space endowed with an isometric conjugate-linear involution, we study sequences orthonormal with respect to an associated bilinear form. Properties of such sequences are measured by a positive, possibly unbounded angle operator which is formally orthogonal as a matrix. Although developed in an abstract setting, this framework is relevant to a variety of eigenvector interpolation problems arising in function theory and in the study of differential operators.
Electron beam processing systems (a state of the art review)

This paper presents a review of electron-sensitive resists evaluated for electron beam exposure. This includes positive as well as negative resists and their relative merits and drawbacks. The paper also presents general guidelines that can be used in evaluating any electron resist system for performance and usefulness in electron beam microfabrication.
Characterization and Structural Analysis of the Ig1 Domain of Obscurin

Obscurin (700-800 kD) is a giant modular protein involved in many aspects of muscle cell organization and maintenance. Disregulation of obscurin leads to supermolecular deformities of the sarcomeric cytoskeleton, and mutations of obscurin and its targets cause cardiomyopathies and muscular dystrophies. The extreme N-terminal domain of obscurin (Ig1) interacts with the extreme C-terminal domain (M10) of the “molecular ruler” protein Titin, and mutations in M10 lead to LGMD2J. While the structure of M10 has been solved through X-ray crystallographic techniques, the high-resolution structure of obscurin's Ig1 domain remains elusive and unknown. In an attempt to better characterize the biophysical parameters of the M10-Ig1 interaction, here we present NMR assignments of Ig1. This work is the first step in solving the high-resolution structure of Ig-1 and eventually the M10-Ig1 complex.
Self-behavior focus of attention as a determinant of children's and adults' attributions to stories with negative outcomes

Abstract This study explored characteristics of attributions made to negative outcome stories by fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-graders as well as college students. All subjects read six stories representing three stories for each of two levels (self-focus and behavior-focus) of a within-subjects factor, Focus of Attention. Dependent measures included both spontaneous attributions and structured evaluations on the dimensions of causality, responsibility, blame, and deservingness. Analyses of the spontaneous attributions indicated that Self attributions were more frequently given than either Behavior or External attributions to both self- and behavior-focus stories. The experimental manipulation of internal focus produced matching attributions only in the self manipulation. Analyses of the structured evaluations indicated that subjects used Cause and Responsibility interchangeably but only eighth-graders and college students differentiated Cause/Responsibility from both Blame and Deservingness. Cause/Responsibility was also shown to have more salience in the behavior-than self-focus stories. It is suggested that a verbal focus on behavior has limited effects in producing defensive, self-distanced attributions but may heighten evaluations of Cause/Responsibility. In addition, behavior-focus seems to have little effect on the development of the psychologically more complex evaluations of blame and deservingness.
The neutral case for the min-max triangulation

Abstract Choosing the best triangulation of a point set is a question that has been debated for many years. Two of the most well known choices are the min-max criterion and the max-min criterion. The max-min triangulation criterion has received the most attention over the years because efficient algorithms have been developed for determining this triangulation. The ability to construct such efficient algorithms has been shown to be a result of the geometry of the neutral set for the max-min criterion. A point from the neutral set is formed from the special instance when the criterion is satisfied by more than one triangulation. For the max-min criterion, the neutral set is a circle. In this paper, we construct the neutral set for the min-max criterion. This construction is compared to that of the max-min triangulation and the results are analyzed in order to attain a better understanding of the nature of the min-max criterion.
Effect of seed pickling without pesticides on the growth of Penicillium expansum and patulin biosynthesis

The effect of seed pickling without pesticides recommended by the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice in the method of intensive environment-friendly cultivation on the growth and patulin biosynthesis of patulinogenous microfungus Penicillim expansum , was investigated. A complete inhibition of patulin biosynthesis at 6% and no growth at 8% concentration of the dressing in in vitro conditions was revealed.
Electron-Beam Lithography and Molecular Liftoff for Directed Attachment of DNA Nanostructures on Silicon: Top-down Meets Bottom-up

CONSPECTUS: Our work on lithographic patterning of DNA nanostructures was inspired by a collaboration on molecular electronic devices known as quantum-dot cellular automata or QCA. QCA is a paradigm for computation in which information is transmitted and processed through the interaction of coupled electrical charges or magnetic dipoles. We began to explore the idea of molecular scale QCA and found that ab initio methods, a thermodynamic Ising model, and larger scale circuit design work suggested that circuits that did computationally interesting things could function at room temperature if made from molecular QCA cells of chemically reasonable design. But how could the QCA cells be patterned to form the complex arrays needed for computationally interesting circuitry, and how could those arrays of molecular circuitry be integrated with conventional electronic inputs and outputs? Top-down methods lacked the spatial resolution and high level of parallelism needed to make molecular circuits. Bottom-up chemical synthesis lacked the ability to fabricate arbitrary and heterogeneous structures tens to hundreds of nanometers in size. Chemical self-assembly at the time could produce structures in the right size scale, but was limited to homogeneous arrays. A potential solution to this conundrum was just being demonstrated in the late 1990s and early 2000s: DNA nanostructures self-assembled from oligonucleotides, whose high information density could handle the creation of arbitrary structures and chemical inhomogeneity. Our group became interested in whether DNA nanostructures could function as self-assembling circuit boards for electrical or magnetic QCA systems. This Account focuses on what we learned about the interactions of DNA nanostructures with silicon substrates and, particularly, on how electron-beam lithography could be used to direct the binding of DNA nanostructures on a variety of functional substrates.
Variance in protegular size: a correlate of larval trophic mode in Early Palaeozoic brachiopods

The size of the protegulum on the valves of Early Palaeozoic rhynchonelliform brachiopods has previously been used as a criterion to assign various taxa to either a planktotrophic or a lecithotrophic larval mode. A more reliable quantitative character is evaluated in juvenile samples of two genera from the Ordovician Mifflin Formation, the presumed planktotrophic orthid Doleroides pervetus and the presumed lecithotrophic atrypid Protozyga nicolleti, using the coefficient of variation in measurements of protegular size. The Doleroides sample has a significantly higher coefficient of variation than does the Protozyga sample. The results are in accord with observations on living marine invertebrates which indicate that at settlement (when mineralisation of the protegular mantle in brachiopods occurs), planktotrophic larval size is more variable than larval size in lecithotrophs because of fluctuations in food availability and duration of the planktonic phase. This result confirms that protegular size variance can be used to make inferences about larval trophic mode.
In-vivo office-based dynamic imaging of vocal cords in awake patients with swept-source optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving noninvasive imaging modality and has been used to image the human larynx during surgical endoscopy. The design of a long GRIN lens based probe capable of capturing images of the human larynx by use of swept-source OCT during a typical office-based laryngoscopy examination is presented. In vivo OCT imaging of the human larynx is demonstrated with 40 fame/second. Dynamic vibration of the vocal folds is recorded to provide not only high-resolution cross-sectional tissue structures but also vibration parameters, such as the vibration frequency and magnitude of the vocal cord, which provide important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as in fundamental research of the voice. Office-based OCT is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx.
Current Status of Antireflux Surgery

This article summarizes the historical aspects of antireflux surgery, including the initial techniques and subsequent modifications. Appropriate patient selection is essential to the success of antireflux procedures. The authors review the diagnostic evaluation, the technical details of the procedure, and how to manage surgical failures.
Fate of aldicarb in the vadose zone beneath a cotton field

Abstract A 1.0-ha cotton field in Nantong city (Jiangsu province, P.R.C.) was selected to monitor the movement and fate of aldicarb residues in soil and to check whether it will pollute the ground-water. The field measurement results showed that > 90% of the total aldicarb applied had been dissipated within 60 days and no detectable level of aldicarb residues was found in any of the soil profiles 120 days after the aldicarb was applied. The maximum leaching depth of aldicarb in soil was 0.60 m. None of the 20 observation wells in and around the study site had any detectable aldicarb residues during the entire experimental period. The PRZM model was used to simulate the movement of aldicarb in soil using the input data including soil properties, meteorological data and agriculture practices at the study site. Results predicted by the PRZM model agreed fairly well with those of the field measurements. Under the conditions of this experiment, the application of aldicarb to the cotton fields did not result in groundwater contamination. The results suggest that the PRZM model can be used to estimate the possibility of aldicarb leaching into groundwater and its effects on groundwater in other areas of China that have similar soil properties.
Architecture in Nazi Germany: A rhetorical perspective

(1973). Architecture in Nazi Germany: A rhetorical perspective. Western Speech: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 253-263.
Influence of male hormones on rates of ethanol elimination in man

Abstract The effect of a reduction in androgens on ethanol elimination was determined in man. Bilateral therapeutic orchiectomy in nine patients for prostatic carcinoma decreased mean plasma testosterone levels from 489.8 +/- 31.2 (S.E.) ng per dl to 55.3 +/- 3.8 ng per dl and resulted in an increase in the rate of ethanol elimination in seven patients, no change in one, and a decrease in one. The mean rate of ethanol elimination for all nine patients increased from 83.6 +/- 4.0 to 100.4 +/- 4.2 mg per kg body weight per hr (p less than 0.02). The most likely mechanism for an increase in ethanol elimination after orchiectomy is an increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase content, which remains to be demonstrated in man.
Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: a large-scale, double-blind, randomized study.

Objective The effects of risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia were compared in a randomized, double-blind trial.
Active robotic training improves locomotor function in a stroke survivor

Clinical outcomes after robotic training are often not superior to conventional therapy. One key factor responsible for this is the use of control strategies that provide substantial guidance. This strategy not only leads to a reduction in volitional physical effort, but also interferes with motor relearning. We tested the feasibility of a novel training approach (active robotic training) using a powered gait orthosis (Lokomat) in mitigating post-stroke gait impairments of a 52-year-old male stroke survivor. This gait training paradigm combined patient-cooperative robot-aided walking with a target-tracking task. The training lasted for 4-weeks (12 visits, 3 × per week). The subject’s neuromotor performance and recovery were evaluated using biomechanical, neuromuscular and clinical measures recorded at various time-points (pre-training, post-training, and 6-weeks after training). Active robotic training resulted in considerable increase in target-tracking accuracy and reduction in the kinematic variability of ankle trajectory during robot-aided treadmill walking. These improvements also transferred to overground walking as characterized by larger propulsive forces and more symmetric ground reaction forces (GRFs). Training also resulted in improvements in muscle coordination, which resembled patterns observed in healthy controls. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in motor cortical excitability (MCE) of the vastus medialis, medial hamstrings, and gluteus medius muscles during treadmill walking. Importantly, active robotic training resulted in substantial improvements in several standard clinical and functional parameters. These improvements persisted during the follow-up evaluation at 6 weeks. The results indicate that active robotic training appears to be a promising way of facilitating gait and physical function in moderately impaired stroke survivors.
An automatic offset compensation scheme with ping-pong control for CMOS operational amplifiers

An automatic offset compensation scheme for CMOS operational amplifiers is presented. Offset is reduced by digitally adjusting the bias voltage of a programmable current mirror which is used as the load of the differential input stage. A 100% operating duty cycle is obtained by using a ping-pong structure. The offset compensation scheme is inherently time and temperature stable since the offset compensation is periodically performed with the ping-pong control. The proposed circuit has been fabricated using a 1.0 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process. The measured offset voltages of the test circuits are less than 400 /spl mu/V in magnitude. >
Global routing in sea-of-gates technology

With the advance of VLSI technology, wires are now routed not only in the channels but also over the cells. The author studies the global routing of multiterminal nets in the sea-of-gates technology. For an m*m array he presents a global router that produces the optimal channel width in the x-direction and guarantees that the channel width in the y-direction is never larger than min(3s*/2,m), where s* is the largest span of the set of nets. >
Optically Addressed Membrane Spatial Light Modulator

The architecture, operation, and performance of a new two-dimensional, optically addressed, membrane spatial light modulator are described. The modulator, the optical-to-optical deformable mirror device, consists of an array of 128 X128 deformable mirror elements on 25 .im centers integrated on silicon. The device exhibits a sensitivity of 1.7 jJ/cm2 at 525 nm, write times of 25 i. is, and erase times of 40 I.Ls. Images are read out with near-IR illumination. The device can be used to convert incoherent images to coherent images for optical information processing applications.
The SARAM (sequential access and random access memory), a new kind of dual-port memory for communications now and beyond

As networks have increased in popularity over the past few years, dual-port RAMs have also increased in popularity. This is attributed to the design simplification using the dual-port RAMs. Currently there are many applications requiring the use of dual-port RAMs. One such is the transfer of data between peripherals and controllers in real time to solve high throughput problems. The current design methods use standard static random access memory devices (SRAMs) and first-in-first-out memory devices (FIFOs). In many cases, dual-port RAM devices are the best design solutions to obtain the required throughput bandwidth. A new dual-port RAM, called the SARAM, offers the best of both synchronous and asynchronous interfaces within a single component. In addition, a single SARAM can handle ALL the ATM bus rates up to the current 2.4 Gbps maximum.
Application of neural network computing to tactical communications planning

One automation technique that can improve planning is artificial neural network computing. The authors have developed a solution to distributing mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) radio access units (RAUs) based on subscriber density. A method for applying new technology to improve the network planning and layout capability of the tactical communication network planner is described. The method uses neural network computing for optimization of the site selection of MSE RAUs. >
Nile: a query processing engine for data streams

We present the demonstration of the design of "STEAM", Purdue Boiler Makers' stream database system that allows for the processing of continuous and snap-shot queries over data streams. Specifically, the demonstration focuses on the query processing engine, "Nile". Nile extends the query processor engine of an object-relational database management system, PREDATOR, to process continuous queries over data streams. Nile supports extended SQL operators that handle sliding-window execution as an approach to restrict the size of the stored state in operators such as join.
Austrian and Swedish Social Democrats in Crisis Party Strategy and Organization in Corporatist Regimes

Socialists and social democrats have probably nowhere been better entrenched than in Austria and Sweden. Yet in both countries, they have suffered electoral defeats in the 1980s and early 1990s, ju...
Ground-multi path mitigation via polarization steering of GPS signal

Multipath (MP) is the dominant error source in Global Positioning System (GPS) code-based position solutions requiring high accuracy. A technique is introduced here to mitigate error due to ground-reflected MP signals. The technique uses two orthogonal dipoles to capture the direct GPS signal and the ground-reflected GPS signal. Adjusting the amplitude and phase of the received voltage between the two dipoles can reduce the impact of MP error. Theoretical derivations of this technique are performed for a GPS signal upon reflection from dry soil, seawater, and fresh water. The theoretical results are verified with a real world experiment on the aforementioned surfaces. GPS pseudo-range (PR) and carrier-to-noise ratio (C/No) measurements for specific satellites are used to verify the predicted theoretical results.
Intrinsic site-selectivity of ubiquitin dimer formation.

The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin can take on many forms, including the decoration of substrates with polymeric ubiquitin chains. These chains are linked through one of the seven lysine residues in ubiquitin, with the potential to form a panoply of linkage combinations as the chain length increases. The ensuing structural diversity of modifications serves a variety of signaling functions. Still, some linkages are present at a much higher level than others in cellulo. Although ubiquitination is an enzyme-catalyzed process, the large disparity of abundancies led us to the hypothesis that some linkages might be intrinsically faster to form than others, perhaps directing the course of enzyme evolution. Herein, we assess the kinetics of ubiquitin dimer formation in an enzyme-free system by measuring the rate constants for thiol–disulfide interchange between appropriate ubiquitin variants. Remarkably, we find that the kinetically expedient linkages correlate with those that are most abundant in cellulo. As the abundant linkages also appear to function more broadly in cellulo, this correlation suggests that the more accessible chains were selected for global roles.
Communicating beyond the campus: preparing engineers for the profession

Technical communication for engineering students should focus on the real demands of professional communication in the workplace. Since 1893, engineering educators have called for education in "engineering English," and today technical communication faculty are partners in delivering appropriate courses. This paper describes one successful junior-level course at Mercer University.
Powering and communicating with mm-size implants

This paper deals with system level design considerations for mm-size implantable electronic devices with wireless connectivity. In particular, it focuses on neural sensors as one application requiring such miniature interfaces. Common to all these implants is the need for power supply and a wireless interface. Wireless power transfer via electromagnetic fields is identified as a promising option for powering such devices. Design methodologies, system level trade-offs, as well as limitations of power supply systems based on electromagnetic coupling are discussed in detail. Further, various wireless data communication architectures are evaluated for their feasibility in the application. Reflective impulse radios are proposed as an alternative scheme for enabling highly scalable data transmission at <1pJ/bit. Finally, design considerations for the corresponding reader system are addressed.
A skeptical history of microeconomic theory

Neo-classical microeconomic theory in its conventional presentation has scarcely changed in nearly a hundred years, although economists have several times shifted their interpretation of its claims, its subject matter and their own intentions in elaborating the theory. In this paper I suggest that the conventional explanations of these shifts belie their real causes, and that the real causes render seriously questionable the viability of the sort of account of economic behavior which is ubiquitous in contemporary economic theory. I do so by offering a sketch of the history of the theory of consumer behavior, and more generally, rational choice theory. This sketch exhibits the shifts in interpretation of the causal variables of the theory, and the changes m the explanatory scope and presumptive subject matter of the theory as largely ad hoc qualifications and restrictions that have preserved the theory against a series of failures to empirically substantiate it. I claim the changes to be ad hoc in the sense that they purport to be “solutions of all and only those empirical problems which were … refuting instances for ‘earlier interpretations’.”1 Naturally economists themselves did not advertise these changes as ad hoc, but more often than not as changes reflecting improvements in scientific method, especially as reflected in the operationalist imperatives of twentieth century empiricism.
Flight Data Analysis and Simulation of Wind Effects During Aerial Refueling

This paper presents an analysis of data obtained in an automated aerial refueling test flight conducted with a KC135 as the tanker and a Learjet 25 as the surrogate receiver unmanned aerial vehicle. The purpose is to identify the wind induced by the tanker wake and its effect on the receiver aircraft. From the available flight data, a direct computation of the winds experienced by the tanker and receiver is carried out. The mean variation of the receiver wind is compared with the tanker wind when the receiver is at the observation and contact positions. This results in the identification of the wake-induced wind. A spectrum analysis is conducted to characterize the turbulence and to identify the pilot effects. The paper also presents methods used to model 1) prevailing wind, 2) wake-vortex-induced wind, and 3) turbulence as the three sources of wind that the aircraft are exposed to and the approach used for incorporating the wind effect into the dynamic simulation of the aircraft. The test flight is simulated in various caseswithdifferentturbulencemodelsand flightcontrollers.Thesimulationresultsareanalyzedandcomparedwith the flight data in terms of the power spectral densities and mean variations to validate the wind and turbulence modeling techniques.
Application of Signal Processing Worksystem/sup TM/ Simulation to Interference Analysis

Radio communication system performance can be degraded by inadvertent interference in nearby channels or by intentional jamming in the transmit/receive frequency band. The effects of interference and jamming depend on many factors and several techniques can be used to mitigate their impact. Simulation provides a means of quantitatively evaluating the impact of combinations of interferers, jammers and mitigation schemes on a given radio communication system. Using minimum shift keying (MSK) system models developed on Signal Processing WorkSystem/sup TM/ (SPW) simulation software, we examined the effects of MSK jammers, tone jammers and co-channel frequency shift keying (FSK) interference. The models were used to predict the effectiveness of antenna isolation, spread spectrum, error detection and correction (EDAC) and signal processing methods for mitigating interference. This paper briefly describes our simulation methodology and highlights significant results. Further details are provided in the associated poster session presentation.
Biomechanical properties of human thoracic spine disc segments.

Background : The objective was to determine the age-dependent compressive and tensile properties of female and male thoracic spine segments using postmortem human subjects (PMHS). Materials and Methods : Forty-eight thoracic disc segments at T4-5, T6-7, T8-9, and T10-11 levels from 12 PMHS T3-T11 spinal columns were divided into groups A and B based on specimen age and loaded in compression and tension. Stiffness and elastic modulus were computed. Stiffness was defined as the slope in the linear region of the force-displacement response. Elastic modulus was defined as the slope of the stress strain curve. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences (P<0.05) in the disc cross-sectional area, stiffness, and elastic modulus based on gender, spinal level, and group. Results : Specimen ages in group A (28 ± 8 years) were significantly lower than in group B (70 ± 7 years). Male discs had significantly greater area (7.2 ± 2.0 sq cm) than female discs (5.9 ± 1.8 sq cm). Tensile and compressive stiffness values were significantly different between the two age groups, but not between gender and level. Specimens in group A had greater tensile (486 ± 108 N/mm) and compressive (3300 ± 642 N/mm) stiffness values compared to group B specimens (tension: 397 ± 124 N/mm, compression: 2527 ± 734 N/mm). Tensile and compressive elastic modulus values depended upon age group and gender, but not on level. Group A specimens had significantly greater tensile and compressive moduli (2.9 ± 0.8 MPa, 19.5 ± 4.1 MPa) than group B specimens (1.7 ± 0.6 MPa, 10.6 ± 3.4 MPa). Female specimens showed significantly greater tensile and compressive moduli (2.6 ± 1.0 MPa, 16.6 ± 6.4 MPa) than male specimens (2.0 ± 0.7 MPa, 13.7 ± 5.0 MPa). Discussion: Using the two groups to represent young and old specimens, this study showed that the mechanical response decreases in older specimens, and the decrease is greater in compressive than distractive properties. While the decrease is expected, the relative change between the two modes of loading has not been reported. Another conclusion from the study is that the mechanical properties depend on gender, although not as decisive due to sample size.
Components of Negative Affect As Moderators of the Relationship Between Early Drinking Onset and Binge-Drinking Behavior

This study examines the moderating effects of negative affect on the relationship between early drinking onset and binge-drinking behavior. Six hundred and thirty-five eleventh- and twelfth-grade students completed the American Drug and Alcohol Survey and reported on a variety of measures, including items assessing anxiety, anger, depression, age first drunk, and current level of binge drinking. Results indicate that males that began drinking at age 12 or younger and reported higher levels of anxiety and depression showed higher current levels of binge drinking compared to later onset drinking males. In addition, female early onset drinkers with higher levels of anger showed lower current levels of binge drinking compared to later onset drinking females. Results are discussed in regard to understanding and preventing binge-drinking behavior.