Introduction: Legal Borderlands: Law and the Construction of American Borders, a Special Issue of American Quarterly

This volume interrogates law's role in constituting American borders. It has been a project of American Studies scholarship to explore American culture and history in relation to the rest of the world. But the global turn in American Studies raises new questions about the boundaries of the field, and of the reach of "America" itself. Once we view the United States in a global context, once territory - formerly the implicit boundary around American studies - is decentered, it becomes important to ask what the frame is around "American" studies, and to ask how, in a global context, U.S. borders and identities are constructed. Law is one window through which to take up the question of the construction of American borders. Law is an important technology in the drawing of dividing lines between American identities and the boundaries (or lack of boundaries) around American global power. Borders are constructed in law, not only through formal legal controls on entry and exit but also through the construction of rights of citizenship and noncitizenship, and the regulation or legitimation of American power in other parts of the world. Legal borderlands can be physical territories with an ambiguous legal identity, such as U.S. territories where the Constitution does not follow the flag, or Guantanamo. Their ambiguity seems to render them sites of abnormal legal regulation, placing them on the edge of the law. Legal borderlands can also demarcate ideological spaces or gaps, holes in the imagining of America, where America is felt to be "out of place," such as contexts where, in spite of American ideals of democracy and rights, violations of the law are routinized, such as in the space of the prison. The supposition that these spaces are the exception rather than the norm enables the continued belief that "the story of America is the story of the rule of law," for stories of the violation of the rule of law are explained through their location in those physical spaces or their placement in those ideological gaps. Law also helps define the boundaries of American national identity. That American identity and law are conflated is indisputable. But American ideology incorporates a particular vision of law, which is law as the rule of law, and law as the guarantor of democracy, equality, and freedom. The essays in this volume demonstrate that there is a necessary outside to the notion of the United States as the embodiment of the rule of law. American history is marked by episodes which can be simultaneously conceptualized as violations of the law and as actions sanctioned by law; violations of law are as fully a part of America as what we consider to be its democratic inside. Essays include Austin Sarat, "At the Boundaries of Law: Executive Clemency, Sovereign Prerogative, and the Dilemma of American Legality;" Devon Carbado, "Racial Naturalization;" Siobhan Somerville, "Notes Toward a Queer History of Naturalization;" Moon-Ho Jung, "Outlawing 'Coolies': Race, Nation, and Empire in the Age of Emancipation;" Nayan Shah, "Between 'Oriental Depravity' and 'Natural Degenerates': Spatial Borderlands and the Making of Ordinary American;" Linda K. Kerber, "Toward a History of Statelessness in America;" Maria Josefina Saldana-Portillo, "In the Shadow of NAFTA: Y tu mama tambien Revisits the National Allegory of Mexican Sovereignty;" Christina Duffy Burnett, "The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands;" Andrew Hebard, "Romantic Sovereignty: Popular Romances and the American Imperial State in the Philippines;" Amy Kaplan, "Where is Guantanamo?" Teemu Ruskola, "Canton is not Boston: The Invention of American Imperial Sovereignty;" Lisa Yoneyama, "Liberation under Siege: U.S. Military Occupation and Japanese Women's Enfranchisement;" Susan L. Carruthers, "Between Camps: Eastern Bloc 'Escapees' and Cold War Borderlands;" David Campbell, "The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire and the Sports Utility Vehicle;" Michelle Brown, "'Setting the Conditions' For Abu Ghraib: The Prison Nation Abroad."