cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytoskeletal organelles and myelin structure of beaded nerve fibers.

Abstract Freshly removed cat peripheral nerves and lumbar spinal cord roots were prepared by freeze-substitution to study the form changes, cytoskeletal alterations and myelin structure in beaded nerve fibers. Fibers of unstretched nerves so prepared were close to cylindrical. When lightly stretched with tensions of 2–10 g before being rapidly frozen, beading appeared as a series of constrictions between the more normally expanded regions of the internodes with the paranodal regions spared. Beading also was seen in the fibers of sciatic and radial nerves fast-frozen in situ with the limbs placed in full extension to cause stretching. The cross-sectional area of the axon in the constrictions of beaded fibers was reduced by as much as 95%. The compaction of the microtubules and neurofilaments in the constructions was accounted for by the movement of axoplasmic fluid from the constrictions axially into the nearby regions where the axon and fiber diameters are close to normal. The electron-lucid area approximately 5 nm thick around the microtubules appeared to hinder their close approach in the constrictions although some microtubules touch. The neurofilaments are generally separated at a mean distance of 8–10 nm and approach to a mean distance of 4 nm in the constrictions. Neither the beading nor the reversal of beading, which occurs on relaxation from stretch, was blocked by periods of anoxia lasting several hours. Deletion of calcium from the incubating medium initiated some small amount of beading and additionally greatly augmented the beading on stretch. Beading also was present in some of the myelinated fibers of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord where stretch would not be present. These findings suggest that beading is due to a contractile process in the axon initiated by stretch and by other changed states of the fiber. Concomitantly with the contraction of the axon in the beading constrictions, the myelin sheath in that region was greatly reduced in circumference, to as much as 1/3 to 1/5 of normal. The decrease of the sheath diameter was not accompanied by a change in its thickness or in its lamellar fine structure. A repeat distance of the dense lines of 14 nm was measured in both the constricted and nonconstricted regions. To account for these findings lipid, and most likely other components of the myelin lamellar membranes, must move longitudinally from the constrictions in the plane of the lamellar membranes, and do this within 5–10 s. A circumscribed region of separation of the lamellae termed “leafing” was also seen in the intermediate regions between the constrictions and the nonconstricted portions of the beaded fibers. Leafing differs from the more symmetrical separations of the lamellae seen in the incisures of Schmidt-Lanterman. Leafing is considered to be due to the movement of the water, which is normally present between the lamellae, from the constrictions into the nearby regions of the myelin sheath to force those lamellae apart.
Electro-optic control of atom-light interactions using Rydberg dark-state polaritons

We demonstrate a multiphoton Rydberg dark resonance where a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ system is coupled to a Rydberg state. This $\mathcal{N}$-type level scheme combines the ability to slow and store light pulses associated with long-lived ground-state superpositions with the strongly interacting character of Rydberg states. For the $n{d}_{5/2}$ Rydberg state in $^{87}\text{R}\text{b}$ (with $n=26$ or 44) and a beam size of 1 mm, we observe a resonance linewidth of less than 100 kHz in a room-temperature atomic ensemble limited by transit-time broadening. The resonance is switchable with an electric field of order $1\text{ }\text{V}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Applications in electro-optic switching and photonic phase gates are discussed.
ProTECtion from posttransplantation immune deficiency

[Comment on Hauri-Hohl et al, page 4080][1]Graft-versus-host disease is associated with poor thymic function and immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hauri-Hohl and colleagues have elucidated the mechanism by which GVHD damages the thymus. In this issue of Blood ,
The Aligning Forces For Quality Experience: Lessons On Getting Consumers Involved In Health Care Improvements

Aligning Forces for Quality is the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s signature effort to improve the overall quality of health care in targeted communities, reduce racial and ethnic disparities in care, and provide models for national reform. Activities in each of the sixteen Aligning Forces for Quality alliance communities are guided by a multistakeholder alliance of consumers, providers, and payers. To achieve goals established at the national and local levels, the alliances integrate local consumers into governance and decision making, program design and implementation, and information dissemination efforts. This article describes how the Aligning Forces for Quality investments have evolved since the initiative’s launch in 2006 and offers some early lessons learned. Individual alliances have engaged consumers in numerous capacities, from serving on dedicated consumer advisory boards to representing the consumer’s perspective in the design of public reports of providers’ quality. The alliances’ ongoing a...
Hemangiopericytoma: Ultrastructural study of five cases

Five soft tissue hemangiopericytomas exhibiting the range of histologic types common to this tumor were studied with the electron microscope. Morphological correlates revealed that the better differentiated pericytes were present in the tumors or areas thereof displaying open capillaries, scant connective tissue, and oval, plump tumor cells. These findings support the concept of a pericytic histogenesis of this neoplasm. Well-differentiated pericytes were harder to find in areas with perivascular fibrosis and in tumors featuring spindle-shaped pericytes. Apparent forms of transition between pericytes and endothelial cells were common, especially in the less well-differentiated tumors. In one of these, atypical endothelial cells resembling those of endothelial sarcomas were present. These findings are suggestive of a close histogenetic relationship between hemangiopericytoma and hemangioendothelioma.
Stability of social status rankings of female Cynomolgus monkeys, of varying reproductive condition, in different social groups

In order test the hypothesis that adult female macaques display a tendency to attain a certain level of social status independent of the social situation, the social status rankings of 41 wild-caught adult female Macaca fascicularis were determined in different social groups. About one-third of the females were intact and housed with vasectomized males. About one-third of the females were ovariectomized and housed with intact males, and the remaining females were intact and housed with intact males in order to allow pregnancy to occur. Within each of these experimental groups, females were housed in social groups of 4-6 females and 1 male, and the constituency of these groups was changed every 3 months for 22 months. Thus, females lived in eight different social groups. The correlations between the social status rankings of individual females while living in different social groups were positive and significant. The majority of the females were either stable dominants or stable subordinates in 75% of the groups in which they lived, which was a significant proportion of the study population. The stability of social status rankings was higher in the ovariectomized than in the pregnant and intact groups; however, this was not a significant difference. In the context of the results of previous studies, these findings suggest that the social status of an individual is the result of both the immediate social environment and some inherent characteristic(s) of the individual that promotes the likelihood that under most social circumstances an individual will display a predictable level of social status.
Mutational analysis and characterization of nocardicin C-9' epimerase

The biosynthetic gene cluster for the nocardicin A producer Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsuyamanensis ATCC 21806 was recently identified. Nocardicin A is the most potent of a series of monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by this organism. Its activity has been attributed to a syn-configured oxime moiety and a d-homoseryl side chain attached through an unusual ether linkage to the core nocardicin framework. Notably present in the nocardicin biosynthetic gene cluster is nocJ, encoding a protein with sequence similarity to the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminases. Insertional mutagenesis of nocJ abolished nocardicin A production, while the l-homoseryl isomer, isonocardicin A, was still observed. Expression of the disrupted nocJ gene in trans was sufficient to restore production of nocardicin A in the disruption mutant. Heterologous expression, purification, and in vitro characterization of NocJ by UV spectroscopy, cofactor reduction, chiral HPLC analysis of the products and their exchange behavior in deuterium oxide led to confirmation of its role as the PLP-dependent nocardicin C-9' epimerase responsible for interconversion of the nocardicin homoseryl side chain in both nocardicin A with isonocardicin A, and nocardicin C with isonocardicin C. NocJ is the first member of a new class of beta-lactam aminoacyl side chain epimerases, the first two classes being the evolutionarily distinct prokaryotic PLP-dependent isopenicillin N epimerase and the fungal isopenicillin N epimerase two protein system.
Moral Empathy Gaps and the American Culture War

Our inability to feel what others feel makes it difficult to understand how they think. Because moral intuitions organize political attitudes, moral empathy gaps can exacerbate political conflict (and other kinds of conflict as well) by contributing to the perception that people who do not share our moral opinions are unintelligent and/or have malevolent intentions.
Connexin-26 mutations in deafness and skin disease.

Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins, which can also form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Mutations in connexin genes cause a variety of human diseases. For example, mutations in GJB2, the gene encoding connexin-26 (Cx26), are not only a major cause of nonsyndromic deafness, but also cause syndromic deafness associated with skin disorders such as palmoplantar keratoderma, keratitis–ichthyosis deafness syndrome, Vohwinkel syndrome, hystrix–ichthyosis deafness syndrome and Bart–Pumphrey syndrome. The most common mutation in the Cx26 gene linked to nonsyndromic deafness is 35ΔG, a frameshift mutation leading to an early stop codon. The large number of deaf individuals homozygous for 35ΔG do not develop skin disease. Similarly, there is abundant experimental evidence to suggest that other Cx26 loss-of-function mutations cause deafness, but not skin disease. By contrast, Cx26 mutations that cause both skin diseases and deafness are all single amino acid changes. Since nonsyndromic deafness is predominantly a loss-of-function disorder, it follows that the syndromic mutants must show an alteration, or gain, of function to cause skin disease. Here, we summarise the functional consequences and clinical phenotypes resulting from Cx26 mutations that cause deafness and skin disease.
DIVIDEND CHANGES OF FINANCIALLY WEAK FIRMS

This study examines both the patterns of dividend changes of financially weak firms and the announcement effects of unexpected dividend changes on both stocks and bonds. Most of the weak firms initially examined did not pay a dividend. For those firms that did, dividend increases were modest, and dividend decreases were large. The results of the bond analysis cannot be used to support either the signalling hypothesis or a wealth expropriations hypothesis. Finally, on average, the stock market does not appear to interpret dividend news for weak firms differently than for strong firms.
MICROALGAL METABOLITES: A New Perspective

Occurrence of secondary metabolites in microalgae (protoctista) is discussed with respect to the phylogenic or taxonomic relationships of organisms. Biosynthetic mechanisms of certain metabolites such as paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and polyether toxins are also discussed, and genetic aspects of the secondary metabolite production as well.
History of Cytomegalovirus

The early history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) may be divided into two periods. During the first period, the characteristic cytopathology caused by this virus was recognized and described. It may be called the “period of cytopathology.” The second period was initiated by the isolation of the virus and may be called the “virological period.” Both periods were essential for the elucidation of the expanding spectrum of diseases associated with CMV.
Attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge of pre-service teachers regarding the educational isolation of sexual minority youth.

Abstract Sexual minority youth (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Questioning youth) must function in a society that condones homophobia. Rendered invisible through the stigma attached to their identification as sexual minorities, they are conveniently forgotten by the institutions charged with facilitating their education. Results from a research study conducted by Sears (1991), indicated that teachers often expressed that they should be more proactive and supportive and committed to the welfare of all of their students. However, the realities of their professional intervention and support were negligible. The purpose of this research study was to examine the personal beliefs of pre-service educators from the Midwest about homosexuality, and how these attitudes and feelings are actualized in the schools. Findings suggest that the results of the current sample had little variation from the sample reported by Sears. While Black pre-service educators as well as early childhood pre-service educators...
Local Switching of Chemical Patterns through Light‐Triggered Unfolding of Creased Hydrogel Surfaces

Visible light induces switching of surface chemical patterns based on hybrid gels of thermally responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) copolymer networks containing iron oxide nanoparticles. The swelling of these hybrid gels is reduced upon illumination (see picture), allowing controlled unfolding of creased features formed owing to an elastic surface instability.
“It’s All About Security to Me”: The Role of Environment in Youth Financial Literacy and Savings Behaviors

This qualitative study explores financial behavior and expectations in families of origin in addition to youth financial education and savings behaviors. The authors interviewed 14 youths, aged 17 to 19 years, whose families had low incomes, education levels, and savings rates and who participated in a youth-based financial education and dedicated savings program and present key themes and subthemes that were revealed during data analysis. Findings suggest that, rather than replicating the behavior of their parents and experiencing the same financial struggles, the youths interviewed were motivated by a desire to avoid these challenges. However, youths in this study also noted that they experienced social and economic barriers that their higher income peers did not. Policy, practice, and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Self-powered nanowire devices.

The lateral and vertical integration of ZnO piezoelectric nanowires allows for voltage and power outputs sufficient to power nanowire-based sensors.
Worst case crosstalk noise for nonswitching victims in high-speed buses

Considering a RLC interconnect model, we determine switching patterns and switching times of multiple aggressors to generate the worst case crosstalk noise (WCN) for a quiet or a noisy victim. We consider the routing direction as it has a significant impact under the RLC model. When there are no timing window constraints, we show that the commonly used superposition algorithm results in 15% underestimation on average, and propose a new SS + AS algorithm that has virtually the same complexity as the superposition algorithm but has a much improved accuracy. On average, the SS + AS algorithm only underestimates WCN by 3% compared to time-consuming simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. We also show that applying a RC model to the high-speed interconnects in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 0.10 /spl mu/m technology virtually always underestimates WCN, and the underestimation can be up to 80%. Furthermore, we extend our algorithm to consider aggressor switching and victim sampling windows. We show that the extended SS + AS algorithm well approximates WCN with 2% underestimation on average. Although the RC model usually severely underestimates WCN with timing window constraints, it does overestimate when both the aggressor switching and the victim sampling windows are small enough. We conclude that the RLC model is needed for accurate modeling of WCN in design in the multigigahertz region.
Annual re-habituation of calving caribou to oilfields in northern Alaska: implications for expanding development

Previous research led to hypotheses that calving caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti J.A. Allen, 1902) in north Alaskan oilfields habituated to human activities: (i) across years and (ii) annually after spring migration (i.e., re-habituation). We used predictor variables of year and a spring snowmelt index to evaluate weight of evidence for these competing hypotheses. Response variables were calf percentage and sighting rate of calving caribou along a high-traffic road system from 1982 to 1990 and 2000 to 2002. We also considered local calf percentage and caribou density, determined by aerial surveys, for respective response variables. We found no evidence of habituation across years. We found two more lines of evidence (one strong and one weaker) for re-habituation within years during calving periods. Post hoc models suggested a further tolerance response exhibited by caribou; more data are needed. Even when snow melted early and calving caribou were most habituated among years, caribou and calves were und...
MECHANISM OF TOXICITY AND RESISTANCE TO D-MANNOSE AND CERTAIN DERIVATIVES IN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CHLORELLA BEIJ.(1) (2).

d-Mannose and related derivatives, e.g., d-glucosa-mine and 2-deoxy-<d-glucose, blocked autotrophic and heterotrophic growth of several species of the genus Chlorella. Manometric studies showed differences in the effects of these compounds on substrate-induced O2 uptake, indicating different modes of action. In a clonal culture, shaken in the light, mannose produced a lag phase of 7 days during which only ca. 0.05% of the cells continued to grow. From, these cells a resistant strain was isolated. Prolonged incubation in glucose media in darkness brought about a reversion to the sensitive condition. These metabolic shifts could not be explained on the basis of adaptation or nuclear gene mutation because of the permanency and high frequency of the resistant cells. The mechanism was suggested to be cytoplasmically controlled. The shift in sensitivity to the inhibitors was considered a reproducible characteristic of certain species. In contrast to the normal, rnannose-sensitive strain of C. infusionum var. acetophila, cells of a resistant strain carried a gelatinous envelope. The resistant strain utilized glucosamine as a source of nitrogen, but lost the capacity to use sugars for dark growth. This was reflected in drastic reductions in glucose and mannose uptake. The hexokinase activities in cell extracts were equivalent for both strains. The resistant strain did not accumulate hexose-6-phos-phates and showed an increased phosphatase activity at an alkaline pH.
Parent-child attitude congruence on type and intensity of physical activity: testing multiple mediators of sedentary behavior in older children.

Objective: This study examined parent―child attitudes on value of specific types and intensities of physical activity, which may explain gender differences in child activity, and evaluated physical activity as a mechanism to reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors. Design: A community sample of 681 parents and 433 children (mean age 9.9 years) reported attitudes on importance of vigorous and moderate intensity team and individually performed sports/activities, as well as household chores. Separate structural models (LISREL 8.7) for girls and boys tested whether parental attitudes were related to child TV and computer via child attitudes, sport team participation, and physical activity, controlling for demographic factors. Main Outcome Measures: Child 7-day physical activity, sport teams, weekly TV, computer. Results: Parent―child attitude congruence was more prevalent among boys, and attitudes varied by ethnicity, parent education, and number of children. Positive parent―child attitudes for vigorous team sports were related to increased team participation and physical activity, as well as reduced TV and computer in boys and girls. Value of moderate intensity household chores, such as cleaning house and doing laundry, was related to decreased team participation and increased TV in boys. Only organized team sports, not general physical activity, was related to reduced TV and computer. Conclusion: Results support parents' role in socializing children's achievement task values, affecting child activity by transferring specific attitudes. Value of vigorous intensity sports provided the most benefits to activity and reduction of sedentary behavior, while valuing household chores had unexpected negative effects.
Variations sur un thème unique : les pratiques de la langue française de 1790 à 1960 au sein de l’Église Catholique Romaine en Louisiane

Notre communication presente quelques aspects du travail de la conferenciere et de son equipe sur les changements intergenerationnels et les pratiques sociales des communautes francophones et anglophones dans le sud de la Louisiane. Nous avons souvent eprouve de la frustration face a l’absence de donnees empiriques sur les premiers changements de langue en Louisiane. Paradoxalement, c’est un evenement dramatique qui a favorise l’evolution de nos recherches : a la suite de l’ouragan Katrina, qui a inonde la Nouvelle-Orleans a la fin du mois d’aout 2005, les documents religieux et clericaux de la collection de l’Archeveche de la Nouvelle-Orleans ont ete temporairement deplaces vers le Diocese de Bâton-Rouge. Avec l’aide des archivistes du Diocese, nous avons repertorie et etudie cette collection inexploitee de documents administratifs, de registres sacramentels et de lettres personnelles ecrites entre 1803 et 1859 par la population locale, laique et religieuse, des paroisses de Louisiane aux eveques de la Nouvelle-Orleans. L’acces a la correspondance de la periode Antebellum (lettres personnelles ecrites avant la Guerre civile), une des plus importantes en son genre en Amerique du Nord, nous a permis de recenser et d’analyser plus de 9000 lettres ecrites en francais et en anglais. C’est le resultat de cette recherche qui sera presente. Nous demontrons que la Louisiane a connu une periode de bilinguisme au 19e siecle, et que le stereotype selon lequel l’anglais aurait « chasse » le francais a besoin d’etre considerablement nuance. En fait, pendant plus d’un siecle, l’Eglise catholique louisianaise a adopte une politique non-officielle de bilinguisme illustree par des rapports administratifs ecrits en francais et en anglais. Ce laissez-faire et cette politique linguistique accommodante a l’interieur de l’administration de l’Archeveche contrastent considerablement avec ce qui est advenu au niveau du gouvernement de l’Etat, ou la politique de « l’anglais seulement » a ete determinee par decrets (cf. la Constitution de l’Etat de la Louisiane, 1868 et 1921). La source du changement langagier a l’interieur de l’Eglise catholique louisianaise est a rechercher dans la migration massive de catholiques irlandais, qui ont defie la tradition louisianaise de la messe en francais. Ils ont aussi exige des registres sacramentels ecrit en anglais plutot qu’en francais ou en latin. En passant plus tard a l’anglais et en nommant des pretres d’une origine autre que francophone a des positions cles dans les dioceses, l’administration de l’Archeveche a accentue un changement deja en place dans les paroisses, un changement fortement lie a plusieurs evenements socio-historiques. Le sort du bilinguisme a ete scelle par des contraintes socio-geographiques, sociales et attitudinales a leur apogee au tournant du 20e siecle, notamment en ce qui concerne le changement majeur dans les centres urbains au debut de la periode anticatholique.
Effects of ship wakes on ocean brightness and radiative forcing over ocean

[1] Changes in surface albedo represent one of the main forcing agents that can counteract, to some extent, the positive forcing from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we report on enhanced ocean reflectance from ship wakes over the Pacific Ocean near the California coast, where we determined, based on airborne radiation measurements that ship wakes can increase reflected sunlight by more than 100%. We assessed the importance of this increase to climate forcing, where we estimated the global radiative forcing of ship wakes to be −(0.14 ± 50%) mWm−2 assuming a global distribution of 32331 ships of size ≥100000 gross tonnage. The forcing is smaller than the forcing of aircraft contrails (−0.007 to +0.02 Wm−2), but considering that the global shipping fleet has rapidly grown in the last five decades and this trend is likely to continue because of the need of more inter-continental transportation as a result of economic globalization, we argue that the radiative forcing of wakes is expected to be increasingly important especially in harbors and coastal regions.
History of science: Trial by gender

Jennifer Rampling applauds an account of how Johannes Kepler saved his mother from being burned as a witch.
An Army Veteran and His Incredible Case of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondylitis.

Peter Cluckey was able to feed himself for the last time on August 3, 1912, after his jaw became so fused that he was unable to open his mouth more than an inch. At his autopsy in 1925, the pathologist described the 43-year-old man’s body as emaciated “with subcutaneous fat practically absent.” Cluckey, an Army veteran who served in the Philippines after the Spanish–American War, had been battling severe ankylosing rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis since first diagnosed in 1904. Two months after his second Army enlistment, Cluckey experienced joint pain and stiffness after a horseback-mounted drill held in a cold rain. He endured several medical examinations and was diagnosed with “rheumatism chronic, articular, affecting both hips, knees, and ankle joints, and the right elbow.” He was treated twice at the Army and Navy General Hospital in Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 1904–1905 and 1909–1910, with sodium salicylate, potassium iodide, hydrotherapy, and other methods. He was admitted in May 1910 to the U.S. Soldier’s Home in Washington, DC, now the Armed Forces Retirement Home, where he lived out the remainder of his life.
Simultaneous repetition rate multiplication and amplification of a femtosecond laser by injection locking

An 870 MHz laser cavity is injection-locked by a 174 MHz femtosecond laser. We study effects of pump power and output coupling on the output power, optical spectrum and microwave spectrum of the slave laser.
The Quest for Pure Motion in Richard Wright’s Black Boy

One of the central drives in American culture is a quest for pure motion, movement either for its own sake or as a means of freeing oneself from a prior mode of existence. A relatively new and chronically rootless society, America has always set an unusually high premium on mobility rather than stability. It is not surprising, therefore, that American literature is densely populated with heroes who try "to find in motion what was lost in space,"' fundamentally restless people in search of settings which are fluid enough to accommodate their passion for radical forms of freedom and independence. Cooper's West, Melville's ocean, Whitman's open road, and Twain's river are the mythic spaces Americans yearn for. John Steinbeck observed in his own travels late in his career that the quintessential American impulse is a reflexive wish simply to keep moving:
Effect of nine different gibberellins on stem elongation and flower formation in cold-requiring and photoperiodic plants grown under non-inductive conditions

The effect of gibberellins A1 through A9 on stem elongation and flower formation in five plants was tested. The plants wereMyosotis alpestris and a biennial strain ofCentaurium minus (cold-requiring plants),Silene armeria andCrepis parviflora (long-day plants), andBryophyllum crenatum (a long-short-day plant). The two former plants were maintained on non-inductive temperatures and long days, the three latter on short days, InMyosotis, flower formation was only obtained with GA7 and GA1, the latter being relatively less active. InCentaurium GA3 was the most effective, followed by GA1, GA4 and GA7 and perhaps GA5 and GA9. InSilene, flower formations was induced only by GA7. InCrepis, the most effective gibberellins were GA4 and GA7, inBryophyllum, GA3, GA4 and GA7. Thus, the different gibberellins exhibited considerable differences in their activity with respect to flower induction, and different plants exhibited in this respect certain specific differences in their sensitivity to the various gibberellins. Except inCrepis, flower initiation as a result of gibberellin treatment was always preceded by substantial stem or internode elongation; however, the correlation between the effect of the different gibberellins on stem elongation and flower induction was not in all cases complete. No correlation of the flower-inducing and elongation-promoting activity with the chemical structure of the different gibberellins could be recognized.
Effect of levallorphan and nalorphine upon barbiturate-induced respiratory depression in rats.

SummaryIt was observed that nalorphine and levallorphan were ineffective in antagonizing the respiratory depression produced in rats by large doses of phenobarbital, barbital, amytal and Seconal. The two compounds did, in large doses, cause some diminution in the depression produced by pentobarbital.
Mississippian Period Population Density in a Segment of the Central Mississippi River Valley

Recent archaeological investigations of Mississippian period (A.D. 1000–1400) sites permit the development of population estimates for an area immediately south of Cahokia, the largest prehistoric site in North America. Population estimates are derived from the number of structures at 11 sites, with the amount of prehistorically habitable land being incorporated as part of the estimating procedure. Population density increased somewhat during the earliest two of four Mississippian phases, reaching its peak during the Stirling phase. Thereafter, population decreased, reaching its lowest point during the Sand Prairie phase.
In vitro regeneration from seedling organs of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck cv. Green Comet I. Effect of plant growth regulators

The calabrese cultivar Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Green Comet was used in a study of the effects of exogenous hormones on the growth and differentiation of seedling organs in vitro. Four types of explants were tested: hypocotyl segments, root segments, primary leaf discs and cotyledon discs. These explants were incubated on media containing factorial combinations of BAP x IBA, BAP x NAA, KN x IBA and KN x NAA(all at 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0mgl-1). Hypocotyls were the most regenerative explants; shoot production was favoured by cytokinin:auxin ratios greater than one and was decreased by IBA at 10 mg I"1 when callus was produced. Shoot formation from root explants occurred either in the absence of hormones or with low concentrations; no shoot was produced when any hormone was present at lOmgl-1. In contrast, shoot production from primary leaf discs was favoured by high concentrations of both auxin and cytokinin with the combination of BAP and IBA the most effective. Shoot production from cotyledon discs was sporadic with no consistent response on any auxin/cytokinin combination. After further experiments on the optimization of hormone concentration, the following combinations were chosen as allowing reliable regeneration:0.1 mg l-1 BAP+0.lmgl-1 IBA for hypocotyl segments, 0.075 mg l-1 K.N + 0.025 mgl-1 IBA for root segments, and 5.0 mg l-1 BAP+5.0 mg l-1 IBA for leaf discs.
Preoperative CT-angiography in autologous breast reconstruction.

Background CT-angiography (CTA) has been introduced as a means of evaluating arterial anatomy and vascular integrity prior to free autologous breast reconstruction. There is limited published data, however, regarding the incidence, indications, and impact of preoperative CTA (pCTA) on procedural and flap outcomes. Methods Retrospective review was performed of all autologous microsurgical breast reconstruction procedures at a single academic center between January 2004 and July 2014. Univariate analysis of patient, procedural, and flap characteristics was performed and a logistic regression model was configured to assess for factors associated with ischemia-related complications. Results There were 1,110 microsurgical flap reconstructions performed in 778 patients by 3 surgeons at our institution during the study period. Overall, 11.4% of patients underwent pCTA; frequency increased from 0 to 35.7%. Patients who underwent pCTA had significantly higher body mass index (P = 0.041), and more coronary artery disease (P = 0.022), prior abdominal surgery (P = 0.004), and bilateral reconstruction (P = 0.015). No statistically significant difference between groups was found with respect to flap characteristics or operative time. Multivariate analysis revealed that although pCTA was associated with a lower incidence of ischemia-related complications (complete or partial flap loss or fat necrosis) (OR, 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.02), this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.058). Conclusions Use of pCTA has increased dramatically at our institution since it was first incorporated into the reconstructive surgical planning process in 2008. Given the expense, radiation exposure, and borderline impact on ischemia-related flap complications, surgeons should selectively consider pCTA as an adjunct to their surgical planning algorithm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:623–627, 2016.
Voice in the agentic assemblage

In this article, we explore how a posthumanist stance has enabled us to work a different consideration of the way in which voice is constituted and constituting in educational inquiry; that is, we ...
Gas-Coupled Ultrasonics for High-Pressure Pipeline Inspection

Ultrasonic pigs (Fig. 1) frequently inspect large-diameter oil pipelines so there is considerable expertise for using the ambient liquid to couple sound into the steel walls. We set out to show feasibility and determine obstacles when using compressed gas as the sound couplant. The main obstruction to inspecting natural gas pipelines with ultrasonics is that the specific acoustic impedance of gas is many orders of magnitude smaller than that of oil and other liquids used as coupling agents. In oil, an impedance of about 1.5 MRayls allows reasonable energy transfer into steel at 46 MRayls. However, in methane the impedance is only about 300 Rayls at atmospheric pressure. In the past, it seemed that such a mismatch, along with sound attenuation in the gas, would preclude using the gas as the coupling agent. Instead, considerable resources went into alternative approaches: liquid-filled wheel probes,1 electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs),2 and liquid slugs.3 While prototypes of high-speed, in-line inspection systems employing such principles now exist, all exhibit serious operational shortcomings that prevent widespread commercial exploitation. We addressed this problem with gas-coupled ultrasonics and took advantage of recent improvements in ultrasonic puiser, receiver, and piezoelectric-transducer technologies. High-pressure gas exhibits both little propagation loss and a greatly increased specific acoustic impedance. We have already demonstrated concept feasibility.4 Our present focus here is some of the physical factors influencing practicality.
Non-Perturbed Solutions

At the heart of our dynamical analyses are known solutions to fundamental dynamical problems of orbital and rotational motion. In this chapter we present the two core solutions necessary for more in-depth study of the problem: the two-body problem under mutual gravitation and the rotational dynamics of a torque-free rigid body. These are both classical solutions, but we detail their derivation here for completeness and to introduce specific concepts and notations used in this book.
Solvent effects on the thermodynamics of the formation of hydrogen bonded complexes ofm-cresol III

Thermodynamic parameters for the hydrogen bonded complexes of m-cresol with various bases in the solvent benzene have been determined from calorimetric and spectroscopic data. These data were analyzed by linear solvation energy relationships. When combined with data previously determined for the same complexes in CCl4 and cyclohexane solvents, it is shown that solvent effects on the thermodynamics of hydrogen bond formation are due to solvation of the free m-cresol and base through dipolar and perhaps donor-acceptor interactions.
CHAPTER 11 – NUMERICAL METHODS AND CONDITIONING OF THE EIGENVALUE ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

This chapter discusses numerical methods and the perturbation analysis for the eigenvalue assignment (EVA) problem. There are many methods for the EVA problem. A few of these methods include: a single-input recursive algorithm and its RQ implementation, a multi-input generalization of the single-input recursive algorithm, a multi-input explicit QR algorithm, a multi-input Schur algorithm, and a Sylvester equation algorithm for partial eigenvalue assignment. A single-input recursive algorithm and a multi-input explicit QR algorithm are the fastest algorithms, respectively, for the single input and the multi-input eigenvalue assignment problems. Unfortunately, the numerical stability of these algorithms is not guaranteed. The multi-input explicit QR algorithm is also numerically stable. However, it might give a complex feedback in some cases. The Schur algorithm, based on the real Schur decomposition of the matrix “A,” is the most expensive, but it has a distinguished feature that it can be used as a partial-pole placement algorithm in the sense that it lets the user reassign only a part of the spectrum leaving the rest unchanged. The algorithm is also believed to be numerically stable. Besides the above-mentioned algorithms, an algorithm for robust eigenvalue assignment (REVA) that not only assigns a desired set of eigenvalues but also a set of well-conditioned eigenvectors as well, is also included in this chapter. The REVA is important because the conditioning of the closed-loop eigenvector matrix greatly influences the sensitivity of the closed-loop eigenvalues.
Dopamine-Hypocretin/Orexin Interactions

The discovery of the hypocretins/orexins has allowed us to understand the etiology and proximate cause of narcolepsy, and continued advances in other neuropsychiatric disorders, including a role for the orexin in schizophrenia, seems likely. The advantages of having a small number of defined cells integrate a broad function, such as arousal, would seem intuitively attractive. However, continued data point to orexin cells forming several distinct functional systems, each with a correspondingly distinct anatomy, and each with its own set of pharmacological interactions. The elucidation of these systems and the roles they play will likely drive new means of treating several neuropsychiatric disorders.
Minting Public Memory: Substitution Logics and Gendered Commemoration in the First Spouse Coin

ABSTRACTIn 2005, the Presidential $1 Coin Act charged the United States Mint with the production of two new coin series: one featuring the nation’s past presidents, another showcasing their spouses. The first spouse coin caught the attention of the press and public alike as the first consecutive series to feature women exclusively. With the recent push to include women on U.S. currency, the first spouse coin presented a unique opportunity to challenge our historical and commemorative norms and celebrate individual women in U.S. history. However, I argue that the First Spouse Gold Coins series illustrates an institutional ambivalence toward women’s public roles. In particular, three substitution logics used in this series work to occlude the public aspects of the first lady role. While laudable in some sense, the coins squander the opportunity to recognize first ladies as public servants and amplify a persistent construction of the role as gendered and unnecessary.
From the Island of Trauma to Fantasy Island: The Renovation of San Simón

The inadequate investigation of history and historical memory in Galician Studies has greatly reduced this interdisciplinary forum’s potential for radicalizing thought and informing political praxis. This article analyzes the renovation of the island of San Simon carried out by architect Cesar Portela between 1998 and 2005. Used as a prison colony by the Franco regime from 1936 until 1943, the island became a symbol of fascist atrocities. Though still a prominent Republican memory site, today San Simon displays few—if any—reminders of the past. Examining this (and similar) assaults on Republican memory is a crucial step in holding architects, heritage planners, and politicians accountable for their decisions. The agents that are enabling the demolishing or whitewashing of symbolic sites in Spain are able to do this because—among other reasons—their schemes are not investigated and exposed by scholars. This chapter contends that the erasure and distortion of Republican memory sites compromise Republican collective memory, especially that of future generations.
Linkography abstraction refinement and cyber security

Attacks authored by state sponsored actors, criminal outfits, ideological enclaves and recreational hackers continue to trouble public and private cyber systems. In order to create and/or maintain an advantage over their adversaries, cyber defenders must pursue novel ways to detect, attribute and respond to offensive operations. Linkography is a topic that has been explored for decades that has found recent application to cyber security. Given the huge amounts of data available for cyber security applications of linkography, we favor semi-automated techniques to exploit this concept. In this paper, we propose a human supervised algorithm that will refine the abstractions used for this bulk approach to linkography. We found this algorithm resulted in automatically generated linkographs with higher accuracies than those derived from static abstractions. These findings suggest that linkography in general and abstraction refinement in particular are viable tools for cyber security practitioners.
Efficient Fork-Join on GPUs Through Warp Specialization

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are increasingly used to accelerate portions of general-purpose applications. Higher level language extensions have been proposed to help non-experts bridge the gap between a host and the GPU's threading model. Recent updates to the OpenMP standard allow a user to parallelize code on a GPU using the well known fork-join programming model for CPUs. Mapping this model to the architecturally visible threading model of typical GPUs has been challenging. In this work we propose a novel approach using the technique of Warp Specialization. We show how to specialize one warp (a unit of 32 GPU threads) to handle sequential code on a GPU. When this master warp reaches a user-specified parallel region, it awakens unused GPU warps to collectively execute the parallel code. Based on this method, we have implemented a Clang-based, OpenMP 4.5 compliant, open source compiler for GPUs. Our work achieves a 3.6x (and up to 32x) performance improvement over a baseline that does not exploit fork-join parallelism on an NVIDIA k40m GPU across a set of 25 kernels. Compared to state-of-the-art compilers (Clang-ykt, GCC-OpenMP, GCC-OpenACC) our work is 2.1 - 7.6x faster. Our proposed technique is simpler to implement, robust, and performant.
Open Hip Dislocation Through the Scrotum without Osseous Injury: A Case Report.

Case: A 36-year-old bicyclist sustained an open anterior hip dislocation through the scrotum after being struck by 2 motor vehicles. There was no osseous injury present. The hip was irreducible by closed means and required open reduction via a Smith-Petersen approach. Postoperatively, the patient did not develop osteonecrosis of the femoral head but did have signs of mild osteoarthritis and heterotopic ossification. Conclusion: Open anterior hip dislocation into the scrotum is an exceedingly rare injury. Closed reduction can be attempted, but open intervention is often required. A Smith-Petersen approach allows visualization for reduction and does not violate the vascularity to the femoral head.
A video depicting resuscitation did not impact upon patients' decision-making

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that video of and scripted information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be deployed during clinician-patient end-of-life discussions. Few studies, however, examine whether video adds to verbal information-sharing. We hypothesized that video augments script-only decision-making. Methods Patients aged >65 years admitted to hospital wards were randomized to receive evidence-based information ("script") vs. script plus video of simulated CPR and intubation. Patients' decisions registered in the hospital record, by hospital discharge were compared for the two groups. Results Fifty script-only intervention patients averaging 77.7 years were compared to 50 script+video patients with a mean age of 74.7 years. Eleven of 50 (22%) in each group declined CPR; and an additional three (script) vs. four (script+video) refused intubation for respiratory failure. There were no differences in sex, self-reported health trajectory, functional limitations, length of stay, or mortality associated with decisions. Conclusion The rate at which verbally informed hospitalized elders opted out of resuscitation was not impacted by adding a video depiction of CPR.
Apoptosis Pathways and Chemotherapy in Brain Tumors

Abstract Apoptosis, the major programed cell death pathway, is a mechanism of both normal homeostasis and disease. In the context of tumors, the apoptotic machinery is altered to favor tumor expansion despite harsh microenvironmental conditions and therapeutic interventions aimed at inducing cell death. Insights into both the basic and the neoplastic regulation of apoptosis have opened up therapeutic strategies that have already reached the clinic with their full implication yet to be realized. The main objective of this chapter is to review the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, as well as provide an overview of the existing knowledge of how apoptosis is deregulated in glioblastoma, how it impacts the tumor environment and response to chemotherapy, as well as novel approaches to trigger apoptosis in brain tumors.