cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vesicular Antipsychotic Drug Release Evokes an Extra Phase of Dopamine Transmission

Many psychiatric drugs are weak bases that accumulate in and are released from synaptic vesicles, but the functional impact of vesicular drug release is largely unknown. Here, we examine the effect of vesicular release of the anxiolytic antipsychotic drug cyamemazine on electrically evoked striatal dopamine responses with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Remarkably, in the presence of nanomolar extracellular cyamemazine, vesicular cyamemazine release in the brain slice can increase dopamine responses 30-fold. Kinetic analysis and multiple stimulation experiments show that this occurs by inducing delayed emptying of the releasable dopamine pool. Also consistent with increased dopamine release, an antagonist (dihydro-β-erythroidine) implicates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which can directly cause dopamine release, in the vesicular cyamemazine effect. Therefore, vesicular release of cyamemazine can dramatically enhance dopaminergic synaptic transmission, possibly by recruiting an excitatory cholinergic input to induce an extra phase of release. More generally, this study suggests that synaptic drug release following vesicular accumulation by acidic trapping can expand psychiatric drug pharmacodynamics.
Polar-opposite fates

Asymmetric cell division, which generates daughter cells with distinct characteristics, is a mechanism for creating complex systems through cellular differentiation. Two studies in this issue develop synthetic platforms that program spatial localization of genetic material or signaling molecules to enable asymmetric cell division in Escherichia coli.
Clinical Practice Update on Infectious Endocarditis

Infectious endocarditis is a highly morbid disease with approximately 43,000 cases per year in the United States. The modified Duke Criteria have poor sensitivity; however, advances in diagnostic imaging provide new tools for clinicians to make what can be an elusive diagnosis. There are a number of risk stratification calculators that can help guide providers in medical and surgical management. Patients who inject drugs pose unique challenges for the health care system as their addiction, which is often untreated, can lead to recurrent infections after valve replacement. There is a need to increase access to medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorders in this population. Recent studies suggest that oral and depo antibiotics may be viable alternatives to conventional intravenous therapy. Additionally, shorter courses of antibiotic therapy are potentially equally efficacious in patients who are surgically managed. Given the complexities involved with their care, patients with endocarditis are best managed by multidisciplinary teams.
Transgender stigma: A critical scoping review of definitions, domains, and measures used in empirical research.

Abstract Rationale A growing body of transgender (trans) health research has explored the relationship between stigma and health; yet, studies have conceptualized and operationalized anti-trans stigma in multiple ways. Objective This scoping review aims to critically analyze quantitative measures of anti-trans stigma in the U.S. using a socioecological framework. Method We organized and appraised measures from 126 included articles according to socioecological level: structural, interpersonal, or individual. Results Of the identified articles, 36 measured anti-trans stigma at the structural level (i.e., institutional structures and policies), 102 measured anti-trans at the interpersonal level (i.e., community interactions), and 44 measured anti-trans stigma at the individual level (i.e., internalized or anticipated stigma). Definitions of anti-trans stigma varied substantially across articles. Most measures were adapted from measures developed for other populations (i.e., sexual minorities) and were not previously validated for trans samples. Conclusions Studies analyzing anti-trans stigma should concretely define anti-trans stigma. There is a need to develop measures of anti-trans stigma at all socioecological levels informed by the lived experiences of trans people.
Candidates Use Video Case Analysis to Examine Teacher Questioning Strategies

As part of the requirements for Residency I, a clinical-based course to prepare undergraduates for teaching, teacher candidates (art, music, physical education, agriculture, English, history, math,...
A method for measuring droplet evaporation in a shock-driven multiphase instability

Abstract Experimental measurements of bulk droplet evaporation within a shock-driven multiphase instability, or SDMI, were studied using advanced imaging diagnostics. Specifically, droplet evaporation was quantified by determining the rate of acetone vapor produced from liquid acetone droplets. The extent of the acetone vapor produced was measured using quantitative planar laser-induced fluorescence (Q-PLIF). In addition to vapor concentration, Q-PLIF also accounts for the effects of pressure and temperature on the fluoresced acetone. Concurrently performed with Q-PLIF were particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements as the means to gather data on the acetone droplet’s velocities as well as the particle fields morphology throughout its development. By using these two diagnostic techniques, two successive data points of the acetone droplets evaporation rate throughout the development of the SDMI were obtained. Although these first two data sets were not adequate to fully prescribe an accurate evaporation rate model, they were a sufficient corrigendum to the commonly-utilized D-squared evaporation law. Overall, the previous techniques have been demonstrated that acetone droplet evaporation can be measured quantitatively, enabling prediction of evaporation enhancement due to the strong hydrodynamic mixing within the SDMI.
Walk the (Gendered and Racialized) Line: Retrospective Consecration and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame:

Cultural consecration demonstrates the values of a field, and it is influenced by several different factors. Previous research on consecration in rock music has examined the impact of critical, pro...
Vestibular schwannoma tumor size and growth rate predict response with gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery

Objective The aim of this study is to determine if pretreatment growth of sporadic vestibular schwannomas (VS) predicts postradiosurgery response. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review at a tertiary referral center of patients with VS that had at least two pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies at least 6 months apart and underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery with a minimum of 14 months postradiosurgery imaging surveillance. Tumor linear measurements and volumetric segmentation were assessed before and after radiosurgery. The main outcome measure was persistent enlargement following radiosurgery, defined as 2 mm enlargement in greatest axial diameter or 20% enlargement in volume without size regression. Results Thirty-five patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients were observed for median pre- and posttreatment intervals of 29.5 and 40.6 months, respectively. Median dose to the tumor margin was 13 Gy. Postradiosurgery enlargement occurred in six (17.1%) and nine (25.7%) patients based on linear and volumetric enlargement definitions, respectively. Pseudoprogression—defined as tumor enlargement—followed by linear or volumetric regression that occurred in 34.3% of tumors, reaching a maximum size at a median time of 6.3 months (3.3–8.4) postradiosurgery. When controlling for age, gender, and radiation dose, preradiosurgery tumor volume less than 0.3 cm3 (odds ratio [OR]: 59.7, p = 0.012) and preradiosurgery tumor diameter growth rate greater than or equal to 2.5 mm/year (OR: 19.3, p = 0.045) were associated with persistent postradiosurgery tumor enlargement. Conclusion Smaller pretreatment tumor volume and greater linear tumor growth rates were associated with postradiosurgery tumor enlargement when controlling for age, gender, and radiation dose. Level of Evidence :This study indicates that the level of evidence is V.
Brain Computed Tomography Angiography Maximum Intensity Projection Images for ASPECTS Derivation and Detection of Large Infarct Volumes: Preliminary Study.

Abstract Purpose Non-contrast CT ASPECTS (NCCTasp) has an established role in determining eligibility for mechanical thrombectomy in centers without ready access to perfusion or DWI. Moreover, it has been suggested that CTA source ASPECTS (CTAasp) may be superior to NCCTasp in predicting final infarct volume (FIV). In this study, we hypothesized that CTA maximum intensity projection ASPECTS (MIPSasp) would be superior compared to both NCCTasp and CTAasp in predicting FIV as measured by DWI. Materials and Methods In 41 consecutive patients with MCA territory infarcts, NCCTasp, CTAasp and MIPSasp were visually assessed by 2 neuroradiologists. Disagreements were adjudicated by a third neuroradiologist, and the reconciled data used for all further analysis. MR-DWI was used as the standard for FIV determination. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the area under the curve for all three CT-based methods in predicting FIV ≥70 ml. Results MIPSasp (AUC: 0.98, CI: 0.88–1.00) were statistically better than NCCTasp (AUC: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.72–0.95; p=0.01) in predicting FIV ≥70 ml. MIPSasp were also superior to CTAasp (AUC: 0.9, CI: 0.79–.98; p˂0.05). Optimal test performance for predicting FIV ≥70 ml for MIPSasp was ≤6 (sensitivity=100%, specificity=91.4%; Youden's J=0.98). Conclusion Our preliminary study suggests that a novel CTA-MIPS derived ASPECTS better predicts large MCA territory infarcts compared to CTA source and non-contrast ASPECTS. Thus, MIPSasp may be a promising technique for future studies aimed at improving ischemic stroke treatment in centers using ASPECTS for stroke management.
Diversity initiatives and programs : The national approach

A central premise of this report is that information technologies afford an unprecedented opportunity to rethink the ways research libraries manage global resources and to fashion cooperative strategies for ensuring the success fo the aggregate holdings
From Archive to Office: the Role of History in Theories of Architecture Practice

In the forty years since “practice theory” emerged within cultural anthropology, views of architecture have expanded to include a wider entanglement of actors, materials, and societal forces, rather merely individual architects and their resulting buildings. However, recent investigations of architectural practice by both historians and anthropologists reveal an emerging schism in theories and methods of analysis – between historical studies of the past and ethnographic studies of the present. This article traces the formation of “practice theory” as it emerged within cultural anthropology as an explicit theory of history during the 1970s and 1980s, and it examines the ways in which history has since been embraced or resisted within studies of architecture practice, including those informed by science and technology studies, cultural anthropology, and architectural history. Sensitive to epistemological frictions and disciplinary allegiances, this article reveals methodological intersections between these approaches that may serve as a common discursive ground upon which to connect the past to the present, the archive to the office, or the discipline to the profession.
The Moderating Effect of Economic Contextual Factors in the Relationship between Food Stamp Participation and Adults’ Body Mass

This study explores the moderating effect of economic contextual factors associated with Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation and body mass index (BMI) for low socioeconomic status individuals. Understanding the relationship of FSP participation with body weight outcomes is important given that the FSP is entirely federally publicly funded and increased body weight is associated with numerous public health risks and a substantial burden to medical expenditures. Given that food stamp recipients are exempted from state-level food taxes and the importance of such prices in individual body weight outcomes, it is important to assess the extent to which the association of food stamp participation with body weight outcomes is moderated by economic contextual factors. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for individual level data. The American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association and Dun & Bradstreet business list were used for food prices and food outlet measures, respectively. A longitudinal model controlling for individual fixed effects is used to control for unobserved individual time-constant heterogeneity. Study results indicate that a unit increase in the price of fruits and vegetables incrementally increases women’s BMI by 2.3 units among FSP participants in a longitudinal model. Additionally, for each unit increase of the number of supermarkets in the longitudinal model BMI among FSP participants incrementally decreases by approximately 0.09 and 0.26 units, for women and men, respectively. Our results imply that modifying the economic contextual factors favorable to individual BMI can help food assistance programs avoid a negative health effect related to participants’ BMI while obtaining its original goal to reduce food insecurity. Presenter Biography: Dr. Han is a health economist whose research focuses on the economics of obesity. Particularly, she has conducted various studies investigating the effect of obesity on labor market outcomes such as hourly wages and employment. Most of her current work focuses on empirically identifying contributors of obesity for children, adolescent, and adults, focusing on economic contextual factors, food assistance programs, and food advertising. Her works have been published in Health Economics, Journal of Economics and Human Biology, International Journal of Obesity, Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Journal of Nutrition, and American Journal of Agricultural Economics.
Spezifische Drehzahl und Entwurfskenngrößen

Die Dimensionsanalyse hat sich in der Anwendung auf die Hydraulik in vielen Beispielen als zweckmasig erwiesen. Sie zeigt den funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen den an einem Vorgang beteiligten Grosen, und man kann mit ihrer Hilfe dimensionslose Kenngrosen, die fur alle dynamisch ahnlichen Vorgange gleich sind, aufstellen; diese Kenngrosen sind teilweise bereits experimentell festgestellt worden. Die Dimensionsanalyse lieferte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Technik des Modellversuchs, sie zeigte die Grenzen der Ahnlichkeitstheorie und wies den Weg, die die Stromung beeinflussenden Parameter aufzustellen. In der Anwendung auf Kreiselpumpen brachte sie keine neuen Ergebnisse, sondern ergab an Stelle der allgemeinen Kenngrosen spezielle Parameter fur Pumpen.
Do differences in expectations and preferences explain racial/ethnic variation in family formation outcomes?

Abstract Racial/ethnic differences in family formation are well-documented and scholars have often pointed to both structural and ideational factors to explain them. Yet, investigations into the role that ideational differences play have been sparse and limited in numerous ways. Using NLSY79 data, this study investigates whether variations in family formation expectations and preferences explain racial/ethnic differences in family formation outcomes for the occurrence, timing, and sequencing of first marriage and first birth. Significant differences in family formation outcomes, expectations, and preferences are found across race/ethnicity. Expectations and preferences explain as much as 17% of racial/ethnic differences in family formation behavior, although typically they explain 10%, and in the case of nonmarital childbearing, less than 3% of the variation. The limited predictive power of expectations and preferences for racial/ethnic differences is the result of statistically significant yet substantively small differences and substantial incongruence between expectations, preferences and outcomes, especially for Blacks and Hispanics.
Using web-based computer games to meet the demands of today’s high-stakes testing: A mixed method inquiry

AbstractThe State of Virginia’s Standards of Learning (SOL) curriculum identifies specific objectives for each grade level in the subjects of reading, math, science, and social studies, and assesses student mastery of those objectives at targeted grade levels. The third-grade social studies curriculum and test represent a particular challenge for teachers because they cover information taught from kindergarten through third grade over a wide variety of topics, including Ancient Civilizations, Famous Americans, Civics, Famous Explorers, and U.S. Holidays. To assist one school in reviewing for the third-grade exam, the first author developed a Web-based review tool using the formats of the popular television game shows Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Jeopardy! that actively engaged students in reviewing social studies material. This mixed-method study used both a quasi-experimental and a qualitative approach. In the quasi-experimental design, scores of students in one third-grade class who used the game ...
Benign Pediatric Eyelid Tumors

Lesions around the eyelids can be described as pigmented, vascular, or a malformation. They may also be associated with infections or inflammatory disorders. The diagnosis of these lesions may require additional studies, but rarely is a biopsy necessary. These lesions may be congenital or acquired. Malignant lesions are discussed in Chap. 24. This chapter focuses on the diagnosis and management of benign lesions on the eyelids and surrounding tissues.
Invariant sets for general second-order low-pass delta-sigma modulators with DC inputs

An invariant set, S, is a set of points in state space which has the property that all trajectories emanating from points in S remain in S. Such sets are useful in the context of delta-sigma modulation as they yield rigorous theoretical bounds on the state variables. This paper describes analytic and algorithmic methods for finding invariant sets of second-order delta-sigma modulators with DC inputs. The noise transfer functions of the modulators studied have two zeros near z=1 and arbitrary poles. The state-variable bounds which result are quite tight, with the algorithmic method providing the tightest bounds. >
Evolution and deposits of a gravelly braid bar, Sagavanirktok River, Alaska

The evolution, migration and deposits of a gravelly braid bar in the Sagavanirktok River, northern Alaska, are described in unprecedented detail using annual aerial photographs, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles, trenches and cores. Compound braid bars in the Sagavanirktok River form by chute cut-off of point bars and by growth of mid-channel unit bars. Subsequent growth is primarily by accretion of unit bars onto their lateral and downstream margins. The upstream ends of braid bars may be sites of erosion or unit bar deposition. Compound braid bar deposits vary in thickness laterally and are thickest in medial sections and near cut banks. Compound bar deposits are typically composed of three to seven sets of simple large-scale inclined strata, each simple set formed by a unit bar. The simple large-scale strata contain medium-scale cross-strata (from dune migration) and planar strata (from migration of bedload sheets). The upstream and medial parts of compound braid bar deposits show very little vertical variation in grain size, but downstream and lateral margins tend to fine upwards. The deposits are mostly poorly sorted sands and gravels, although sands tend to be deposited at the top of the braid bar, and open-framework gravels preferentially occur near the top and base of the braid bar. The patterns of braid bar growth and migration, and the nature of the deposits, described from the Sagavanirktok River are generally similar to other sandy and gravelly braided rivers, and consistent with the theoretical braid bar model of Bridge (1993).
Fundamental Parameters and Definitions for Antennas

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Radiation Pattern Radiation Power Density Radiation Intensity Beamwidth Directivity Numerical Techniques Antenna Efficiency Gain Beam Efficiency Bandwidth Polarization Input Impedance Antenna Radiation Efficiency Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area FRIIS Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation Antenna Temperature References
Diabetes mellitus—advances and challenges in human β-cell proliferation

The treatment of diabetes mellitus represents one of the greatest medical challenges of our era. Diabetes results from a deficiency or functional impairment of insulin-producing β cells, alone or in combination with insulin resistance. It logically follows that the replacement or regeneration of β cells should reverse the progression of diabetes and, indeed, this seems to be the case in humans and rodents. This concept has prompted attempts in many laboratories to create new human β cells using stem-cell strategies to transdifferentiate or reprogramme non-β cells into β cells or to discover small molecules or other compounds that can induce proliferation of human β cells. This latter approach has shown promise, but has also proven particularly challenging to implement. In this Review, we discuss the physiology of normal human β-cell replication, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle in human β cells, the upstream intracellular signalling pathways that connect them to cell surface receptors on β cells, the epigenetic mechanisms that control human β-cell proliferation and unbiased approaches for discovering novel molecules that can drive human β-cell proliferation. Finally, we discuss the potential and challenges of implementing strategies that replace or regenerate β cells.
Roberto Berliner's Born to Be Blind and Marcos Prado's Estamira: In search of a new ethics with the other

ABSTRACTThe New Wave of Brazilian cinema saw the rise of the documentary to great relevance and film-makers have explored the genre in new ways. The ambiguities, frustrated expectations, and false assumptions in the relationship between film-maker and protagonist are aspects of the documentary have rarely gained such prominence as in Roberto Berliner's Born to Be Blind (2003), a film that discusses the limits of realistic representation, the impact of a documentary in the lives of marginalized people in the age of celebrity, and the involvement of documentary film-makers with their subjects. Marcos Prado's Estamira (2004) is another remarkable documentary about a marginalized figure that results from a long relationship between director and protagonist and puts every cinematic device to the service of the powerful poetry of Estamira, creator of delirious apocalyptic images full of rage against an unjust God and a savage world. Centred on gifted older women suffering from serious physical and mental disabi...
Vegetative propagation of Cecropia obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae)

Cecropia is a relatively well-known and well-studied genus in the Neotropics. Methods for the successful propagation of C. obtusifolia Bertoloni, 1840 from cuttings and air layering are described, and the results of an experiment to test the effect of two auxins, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA), on adventitious root production in cuttings are presented. In general, C. obtusifolia cuttings respond well to adventitious root production (58.3% of cuttings survived to root), but air layering was the better method (93% of cuttings survived to root). The concentration of auxins used resulted in an overall significantly lower quality of roots produced compared with cuttings without auxin treatment. Future experiments using Cecropia could benefit from the use of isogenic plants produced by vegetative propagation.
Charge neutralization and DNA bending by the Escherichia coli catabolite activator protein

We are interested in the role of asymmetric phosphate neutralization in DNA bending induced by proteins. We describe an experimental estimate of the actual electrostatic contribution of asymmetric phosphate neutralization to the bending of DNA by the Escherichia coli catabolite activator protein (CAP), a prototypical DNA-bending protein. Following assignment of putative electrostatic interactions between CAP and DNA phosphates based on X-ray crystal structures, appropriate phosphates in the CAP half-site DNA were chemically neutralized by methylphosphonate substitution. DNA shape was then evaluated using a semi-synthetic DNA electrophoretic phasing assay. Our results confirm that the unmodified CAP DNA half-site sequence is intrinsically curved by 26° in the direction enhanced in the complex with protein. In the absence of protein, neutralization of five appropriate phosphates increases DNA curvature to 32° (∼23% increase), in the predicted direction. Shifting the placement of the neutralized phosphates changes the DNA shape, suggesting that sequence-directed DNA curvature can be modified by the asymmetry of phosphate neutralization. We suggest that asymmetric phosphate neutralization contributes favorably to DNA bending by CAP, but cannot account for the full DNA deformation.
Make or buy new technology: The role of CEO compensation contract in a firm’s route to innovation

A firm’s board of directors, based on its risk tolerance or “appetite,” sets the corporate objectives. It is then the management’s job to meet the objectives by adopting appropriate strategies. However, the board can design compensation policies to encourage desired management strategy choices. This paper explores the extent to which management compensation policies are aligned with strategy choices for obtaining new technology. Firms obtain new technology either through internal R&D or through acquisitions, often labeled “make” and “buy” strategies, respectively. The “make” strategy is inherently more risky, with much of the high risk idiosyncratic. Furthermore, U.S. GAAP requires that R&D expenditures be expensed but allows capitalization of acquisition costs, thus a firm using the “make” as opposed to the “buy” strategy will experience a greater negative effect on accounting earnings. I hypothesize that these differences will lead risk-averse and utility-maximizing managers to implement the “buy” strategy if their compensation is heavily weighted on accounting-based performance measures. Conversely, managers with more stock-based compensation, especially stock options, are more likely to choose to develop new technology internally. Using data from U.S. high-tech industries and a simultaneous equations regression framework, I find evidence consistent with the above hypotheses.
Just Another Aspie/NT Love Story: A Narrative Inquiry Into Neurologically-Mixed Romantic Relationships

This paper explores the complexities, issues, and challenges of neurologically mixed romantic relationships; specifically focusing on relationships in which one partner is diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome. Using a narrative approach to data drawn from online discussion boards, blogs, autobiographies, and research articles, the findings are presented in the form of a narrative reconstruction. Reconstructing data into a fictional, non-traceable format is a fruitful method of attending to the ethical and privacy issues inherent in online research. Starting with a discussion of autism and Asperger’s communication and traits, identity politics, and online community building, this article articulates some of the ways that neurological differences result in real differences in emotional needs, sensory perceptions, and ways of thinking and communicating in romantic relationships.
A graph efficiency multiproduct model of corn/livestock farming: Accounting for nitrate pollution

This paper estimates a non-parametric production frontier for a population of 117 corn/livestock farms in the Corn Belt region in 1987, employing a hyperbolic graph efficiency approach. There are 7 outputs, 39 variable inputs, 4 fixed inputs, and one “bad” input (residual nitrogen). Three graph efficiency models are estimated. A profit maximization model is specified to estimate a production frontier constrained only by the fixed factors. Two other models involving tax constraints are also estimated. One involves a tax directly on nitrogen and the other involves a tax directly on residual nitrogen, making the disposal of residual nitrogen costly. The nitrogen tax constraint is more effective in reducing residual nitrogen loadings and causes a larger reduction in income than the residual tax constraint.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of a Hybrid N-Linked Oligosaccharide using N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I

The soluble catalytic domain of human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was purified from Escherichia coli and utilized in the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of high mannose N-linked oligosaccharide 1 into the rare hybrid oligosaccharide 2. Analysis of the reaction showed that the conversion of high mannose 1 into hybrid oligosaccharide 2 proceeded to 100% completion as assessed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Purification of the large polar oligosaccharide by gel filtration and silica gel chromatography afforded a 42% isolated yield of oligosaccharide 2. This enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be utilized to produce rare hybrid oligosaccharides for biochemical and structural studies.
Cytotoxicity of antitumor platinum complexes with L-buthionine-(R,S)-sulfoximine and/or etanidazole in human carcinoma cell lines sensitive and resistant to cisplatin.

Human 2008 ovarian carcinoma cells and the C13 CDDP-resistant subline and human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and the MCF-7/CDDP CDDP-resistant subline were exposed tol-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (50 μM) for 48 h prior to and during exposure for 1 h to the antitumor platinum complexes,cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), carboplatin or D,L-tetraplatin and/or to etanidazole (1 mM) for 2 h prior to and during exposure for 1 to the antitumor platinum complexes. These modulators alone did not significantly alter the cytotoxicity of CDDP toward either parental line. A twofold enhancement in cytotoxicity was observed with carboplatin in the 2008 cells and with D,L-tetraplatin in both parental lines with the single modulators. The modulator combination (buthionine sulfoximine/etanidazole) was very effective along with D,L-tetraplatin in both the MCF-7 parent and MCF-7/CDDP cell lines where at the higher platinum complex concentrations there was 1.5 to 3 logs increased killing of cells by the drug plus the modulators compared with the drug alone. Similarly, when C13 cells were exposed to CDDP (100 μM) or D,L-tetraplatin (100 μM) along with buthionine sulfoximine and etanidazole there was a 2-log increase in cell killing compared with exposure to the platinum complex alone. Treatment of each of the four cell lines with buthionine sulfoximine decreased both the non-protein and total sulfhydryl content of the cells. Treatment with the combination of modulators did not produce a further decrease in cellular sulfhydryl content compared with buthionine sulfoximine alone. The total sulfhydryl content in MCF-7 cells and 2008 cells exposed to buthionine sulfoximine and etanidazole was 58% and 31% of normal and the total sulfhydryl content of MCF-7/CDDP cells and C13 cells treated the same way was 54% and 23% of normal, respectively. DNA alkaline elution was used to assess the impact of exposure to the modulators, buthionine sulfoximine and etanidazole, alone and in combination on the cross linking of DNA by the antitumor platinum complexes in the MCF-7 and MCF-7/CDDP cell lines. Overall, the increases in DNA cross linking factors were greater in the MCF-7 cells than in the MCF-7/CDDP cells. These results indicate a possible clinical potential for this modulator combination.
Social adaptation of mentally retarded adults in community settings: A social—ecological approach

Abstract Evidence regarding the social networks of mentally retarded adults in community settings is reviewed. These networks appear to be widespread and consist primarily of peers. The social ecology of community settings is a critical factor in the development and maintenance of these networks. Given the considerable importance of such networks to the social support of nondisabled adults, the furtherance of peer support among mentally disabled adults appears to be a desirable goal. Some approaches to achieving this goal were suggested. Careful consideration of the social ecology of community settings for mentally disabled adults may usefully supplement individual social skills training as a method for improving social adaptation to community life.
Reply to Comment on “How nature foiled the 2006 hurricane forecasts”

The two main objections of Evan [this issue] to our paper are that (1) the 2006 sea surface temperature (SST) in the Atlantic Ocean was actually above normal compared with the long-term climatology, and (2) the dust radiative forcing in 2006 was not substantially greater than in 2005 and could not have caused the large change in SST. First, we recognize that 2006 was a climatologically warm year. However, the main focus of our study was on the abrupt cooling of the Atlantic SST from 2005 to 2006, not on the long-term variation. Hence this point is not germane to our study Second, we suggested that Saharan dust may have been important in triggering a series of rapid feedback processes in the ocean-atmosphere system in the Atlantic in 2006 resulting in conditions that are unfavorable for hurricane formation.Therefore, the real question is, how much initial dust radiative forcing is sufficient to trigger the feedback processes? This is not a simple question to answer, because it depends on the timing of the aerosol forcing and the preexisting state of the large-scale coupled atmosphere-landocean system.
An Integrated Amplifier and Sample-and-Hold Analog Multiplexer Module

The integrated amplifier and sample-and-hold analog multiplexer-ISHAM, is a proportional wire chamber analog readout module. It includes the front-end am plifier, the gated integrator and the sample-and-hold analog multiplexer. A density of 24 channels per module was achieved in a nonstandard multilayer P.C. board. Besides the above mentioned functions, the module provides: the control circuits for the Read-In and the Read-Out of the wire signals, the control circuits for the calibration of the 24 amplifiers, and the neutral trigger information. As an additional feature, the high voltage required by each wire is also supplied. The gain is 5V output voltage @ 20 pC input signal charge. The equivalent input noise charge is 4 × 10-15 C for the channel only and 6 × 10-15 for the entire system. The nonlinearity is better than 0.1% f.s. and the crosstalk is less than 1%. The Z-position resolution achieved is 1%.
Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation

The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate psychometrically an abbreviated instrument to assess hope in adults in clinical settings. The Herth Hope Index (HHI), a 12-item adapted version of the Herth Hope Scale (HHS), was tested with a convenience sample of 172 ill adults. Alpha coefficient was 0.97 with a 2-week test-retest reliability of 0.91. Criterion-related validity was established by correlating the HHI with the parent HHS (r = 0.92), the Existential Well-Being Scale (r = 0.84) and the Nowotny Hope Scale (r = 0.81). Divergent validity with the Hopelessness Scale was established (r = -0.73). Construct validity was supported through the factorial isolation of three factors: (a) temporality and future; (b) positive readiness and expectancy; (c) interconnectedness. These three factors accounted for 41% of the total variance in the measure.
Political information, gender and the vote: the differential impact of organizations, personal discussion, and the media on the electoral decisions of women and men

Abstract Although there are many demonstrated ways in which men and women approach politics differently, we know very little about how sources of political information, e.g., mass media, political organizations, differentially influence the vote choices of men and women. Using a rich, contextual dataset containing measures not only of respondent perceptions of political information, but actual content coding of those sources of political information, we estimate how television, newspapers, personal discussants, organizations, and political parties may have impacted the voting of men and women in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. We find that women’s vote choices are more likely than men’s to be influenced by the organizations to which they belong. Women are also more likely to respond to television news with a hostile media bias—they see television newscasts as definitively favoring the candidate that they oppose. We address possible explanations for these patterns of results and point towards directions for additional research.
β-Adrenergic stimulation of protein (arginine) methyltransferase acitivity in cultured cererbral cells from embryonic mice

Several adrenergic effectors and neurotransmitters were tested as potential regulators of myelin basic protein (MBP) and histone methyltransferase activities. Both enzymes were specifically activated by beta-adrenergic agonists in a stereospecific manner. Cyclic AMP (but not AMP) stimulated the enzymes to the same extent as did the beta-adrenergic agonist, (-) isoproterenol. The studies suggest that beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate adenylate cyclase thereby causing an increased production of cyclic AMP which stimulates the methyltransferases. Cycloheximide addition to the reaction mixture did not affect the stimulation due to cyclic AMP, indicating that new protein synthesis is not involved in the cyclic AMP stimulation of the methyltransferases. Thyroid hormone (T3) has been shown to stimulate MBP methyltransferase [Amur et al, 1984] and could exert its stimulatory effect through beta-adrenergic-dependent systems. But the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, did not block the stimulation by T3, suggesting that the effect of T3 is not mediated through beta-adrenergic-dependent systems. Thus, the methylation of MBP seems to be regulated both by T3 and by neurotransmitters and/or hormones mediating their effects through cyclic AMP production, whereas the methylation of histones seems to be regulated only by the latter.
Rip Currents with Varying Gap Widths

The behavior of rip currents with changing bar and gap lengths was tested in a series of laboratory experiments using video-tracked floating drifters. Qualitatively, currents showed strong differences in overall character with changing topography. As narrow gaps became wider, the circulation tended to first travel parallel to the shoreline instead of immediately offshore, although strong offshore-directed flows were found for all topographies. Quantitatively, the width of the rip neck was found to increase slowly when compared to the increasing width of the rip channel. Maximum offshore and longshore velocities showed little dependence on bar or gap lengths, and were found to scale well with the predicted rate of generation of circulation. Finally, volumetric offshore flow rates through the rip channel showed no proportionality with the bar length as predicted by the mass transport hypothesis of rip current strength.
A note on the asymptotic lower bound for the covariance matrix of the GMM estimator of the parameters of agents' utility functions

Abstract This paper derives under simplifying assumptions an explicit expression for the lower bound on the asymptotic variance of the GMM estimate of the curvature parameter of the CRR utility function. Numerical calculations indicate that qualitative conclusions reached on the basis of the expression are reliable indicators of what can be expected in complicated estimation situations where explicit formulae are not available.
The evolving scholarly record: new uses and new forms

This presentation will take a very broad view of the emergence of literary corpora as objects of computation, with a particular focus on the various literatures and genres that form the scholarly record. The developments and implications here that I will explore include: the evolution of the scholarly literature into a semi-structured network of information used by both human readers and computational agents through the introduction of markup technologies; the interpenetration and interweaving of data and evidence with the literature; and the creation of an invisible infrastructure of names, taxonomies and ontologies, and the challenges this presents.Primary forms of computation on this corpus include both comprehensive text mining and stream analysis (focused on what's new and what's changing as the base of literature and related factual databases expand with reports of new discoveries). I'll explore some of the developments in this area, including some practical considerations about platforms, licensing, and access.As the use of the literature evolves, so do the individual genres that comprise it. Today's typical digital journal article looks almost identical to one half a century old, except that it is viewed on screen and printed on demand. Yet there is a great deal of activity driven by the move to data and computationally intensive scholarship, demands for greater precision and replicability in scientific communication, and related sources to move journal articles "beyond the PDF," reconsidering relationships among traditional texts, software, workflows, data and the broad cultural record in its role as evidence. I'll look briefly at some of these developments, with particular focus on what this may mean for the management of the scholarly record as a whole, and also briefly discuss some parallel challenges emerging in scholarly monographs.Finally, I will close with a very brief discussion of what might be called corpus-scale thinking with regard to the scholarly record at the disciplinary level. I'll briefly discuss the findings of a 2014 National Research Council study that I co-chaired dealing with the future of the mathematics literature and the possibility of creating a global digital mathematics library, as well as offering some comments on developments in the life sciences. I will also consider the emergence of new corpus-wide tools and standards, such as Web-scale annotation, and some of their implications.
Energy Systems for Operative Laparoscopy

After reading this article, the reader should know 1. The fundamental differences between "cut," "blend," and "coag" currents. 2. How voltage relates to thermal damage sustained during conventional electrosurgery. 3. How the risk of lateral thermal damage during electrosurgery can be reduced. 4. What determines whether a particular laser will primarily cut or photocoagulate tissue. 5. How ultrasonic energy can be used to cut or coagulate tissue.
Planning for an adaptive design: a case study in COPD.

We discuss the practical and clinical considerations encountered when planning a Phase IIa trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Various adaptive strategies for reducing the cost of the trial and the statistical implications of these are explored. Use of the EAST software to evaluate the properties of the study designs with one or more interim analyses for futility, efficacy or either is described. We emphasize the rationale for choosing between alternative designs and the relationship between the clinical and statistical considerations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive systemic sclerosis in a family

Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) developed in a 6-year-old boy and in his 38-year-old mother 9 years later. Both parent and child had Raynaud's phenomenon, integumental sclerosis, and pulmonary involvement, but they differed in other aspects of their disease. Previous descriptions of the familial occurrence of PSS are reviewed and compared to the present case reports. Environmental and genetic factors of possible etiologic significance are discussed.
Family Love in Confucius and Mencius

Most thinkers both in Confucianism and in Christianity agree that love is the most fundamental feeling, on which humans set up their system of moral values. They further concur that love roots in or originates from “family” or “family life.” However, there is a crucial difference in the family patterns that the two traditions respectively hold. In Christianity, God is conceived as the Father. He is a “Supreme Being” or an “anthropomorphic deity,” creating or fathering all humans. He loves humans universally, simply because they are all his children, and all have divine souls. In recent centuries, some Christian thinkers have added that humans should treat each other equally, for they are all brothers and sisters from the same family; they all enjoy the same glory brought to them by the Father. There is no doubt that they viewed this idea as providing a solid religious foundation for the Western idea of equal treatment of people in public life. In parallel, Confucius believes that the acquisition of love completes a natural process; love begins with the love between “father” (a gender-biased way of referring to parents) and his children. It occurs from the first eye contact between father and his baby. Looked at from the baby’s side, this brings to it a sense of warmth, safety, and pleasure. As the child grows, this sense is internalized as a feeling of love that, in turn, leads to the concept of love. For the Chinese nation, mainly composed of atheists and religious skeptics, this discovery presents a truth, simple and convincing. In addition to their emphasis on the naturalness of love, Confucius and Mencius developed, on the basis of family love, a coherent system of ethics and a consistent theory of politics and government. This is the most fundamental contribution that the Confucianism made to the Chinese nation, and to peoples who do not accept the doctrine of God as the only Father. This helps to account for its survival and long-lasting influence in human history. The universality of Confucian Love is based on an empirical fact that every human being has a father, and all fathers presumably love their sons and daughters. This provides a possibility that all humans can naturally experience from family life a similar feeling of love, and can naturally understand a variety of moral virtues related to love. At the same Dao (2008) 7:51–55 DOI 10.1007/s11712-008-9041-5
Application-Specific Product Generics

Hybrid FPGAs and structured ASICs make it possible to amortize nonrecurring engineering costs across multiple products, but such platforms have high area, performance, and power penalties. A new technique provides the flexibility to implement many product instances while maintaining the qualities of custom ASICs.