cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ATM/p53 pathway is commonly targeted for inactivation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by multiple molecular mechanisms

The ATM/p53 pathway plays a critical role in maintenance of genome integrity and can be targeted for inactivation by a number of characterized mechanisms including somatic genetic/epigenetic alterations and expression of oncogenic viral proteins. Here, we examine a panel of 24 SCCHN tumors using various molecular approaches for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), mutations in the p53 gene and methylation of the ATM promoter. We observed that 30% of our SCCHN samples displayed the presence of HPV and all but one was HPV type 16. All HPV E6 gene-positive tumors exhibited E6 transcript expression. We observed 21% of the tumors harbored p53 mutations and 42% of tumors displayed ATM promoter methylation. The majority of tumors (71%) were positive for at least one of these events. These findings indicate that molecular events resulting in inactivation of the ATM/p53 pathway are common in SCCHN and can arise by a number of distinct mechanisms.
Behavioral Effects of Androgens and Disease Characteristics in Children with 21-Hydroxylase-Deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia † 401

Behavioral Effects of Androgens and Disease Characteristics in Children with 21-Hydroxylase-Deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia † 401
Discontinuous finite element solution of 2-D radiative transfer with and without axisymmetry

Abstract A discontinuous Galerkin finite element methodology is presented for the computation of two-dimensional (2-D) radiative transfer in participating media with and without axisymmetry. The central idea of the discontinuous formulation is that the variables are allowed to be discontinuous across the inter-element boundaries. Consequently, the formulation should be particularly useful for radiative transfer calculations where the radiation intensity experiences a jump across the boundary. Being able to compute an axisymmetric problem over a 2-D mesh rather than using one three-dimensional (3-D) scenario results in reduced computing time and lower memory storage requirements. Mathematical formulations and numerical implementations using the discontinuous finite element (DFE) method for radiative transfer are given. The procedures for incorporating the mapping of the discontinuous formulation of radiative transfer develop a unified approach to both 2-D and 2-D axisymmetric problems are discussed in detail. The computed results are given, and they compare well with the solutions reported in the literature that were obtained using other methods. Examples include both non-scattering and scattering cases. The effects of the solid-angular and spatial discretization on the accuracy of results are discussed. Numerical simulations show that an even discretization of solid angle is important to ensure an adequate numerical accuracy.
Carbon dioxide and helium insufflation during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in a patient with severe pulmonary disease

Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum produces variable degrees of hypercapnia. Excessive hypercapnia may result in cardiovascular depression and even cardiac arrest. We report on a woman with marked chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in whom significant hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis developed during laparoscopy with carbon dioxide insuflation, which was reversed when carbon dioxide was replaced with helium. CASE REPORT
Catholic Priests' Knowledge of Pastoral Codes of Conduct in the United States

This exploratory study investigated Catholic priests' knowledge and perceptions of pastoral codes of conduct and their perceptions about the processes for reporting misconduct. Overall, respondents understood that they had to breach confidentiality when parishioners divulged a threat to harm self or others or when there was an allegation of misconduct involving a colleague. Fewer respondents understood that information received in spiritual counseling or spiritual direction must be maintained confidentially. Respondents were aware that their codes of pastoral conduct offered guidance about engaging in dual relationships (i.e., friendships with parishioners), but most respondents included parishioners in their circles of friends.
A two surface plasticity model with bounding surface softening

Two surface plasticity models have been used increasingly in recent years to model not only uniaxial, cyclic plasticity but also multiaxial and nonproportional histories. A two surface model is presented here which predicts the increased hardening due to out-of-phase cycling in a natural way. It includes a mechanism by which the bounding surface contracts when the yield surface is not in contact. This provides a mechanism that is useful for modeling cycling behavior. Predictions of the model with experiments at moderate strain are presented.
Presidential Leadership and Democracy Promotion

Presidents since Woodrow Wilson have lectured about the need for democracy promotion, but the historical record is clear: Regardless of party, the rhetoric has not been matched with deeds. President George W. Bush likewise articulated a Freedom Agenda of human liberty and democratic institutions. This essay elucidates the moral claims that Bush made in his Freedom Agenda. It considers whether his administration followed through with concrete action. The discussion concludes that the Freedom Agenda was an integral part of the Bush administration's foreign policy, and that it was funded and institutionalized by Congress in the Advance Democracy Act (2007) and National Security Presidential Directive 58 (NSPD-58) largely because of his presidential focus and leadership.
Surgical Repositioning of the Posterior Maxillary Segment as an Aid to Fixed Prosthodontics

The cooperation of an oral surgeon, orthodontist, and a restorative dentist ended in the successful treatment of a 21-year-old woman. Several teeth were missing and other nonrestorable teeth had to be extracted. Clinical examination revealed the premature contact of the maxillary left second molar and mandibular left second premolar. The patient objected to a removable appliance. The surgical repositioning of the maxillary alveolar segment containing the second molar, in a two-stage procedure, permitted the use of a fixed bridge and the establishment of the proper plane of occlusion.
Nonadiabatic effects on proton transfer rate constants in a nanoconfined solvent.

Nonadiabatic effects on the reaction rate constant of a model phenol−amine proton transfer system in a nanoconfined solvent have been investigated by employing classical mapping in conjunction with...
Microarray detection of gene expression changes induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and a Ca2+ influx-activating analog in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) treatment of osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells initiates membrane-initiated rapid responses through activation of Ca 2+ influx and longer-term nuclear receptor-mediated changes in gene expression. Ca 2+ influx triggers a change in the phosphorylation state of the bone matrix protein, osteopontin (OPN), detectable at 3 h and prior to nuclear receptor-mediated events. This study aimed to determine if Ca 2+ influx induced by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 would produce nuclear receptor-independent changes in gene expression. We employed a rat cDNA microarray strategy to screen the transcriptional changes at 3 h of treatment with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and with an analog of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (25(OH)-16ene-23yne-D 3 [AT]) that we previously showed to activate Ca 2+ influx without binding to the nuclear receptor. Arrays also were screened with cDNA from ROS 17/2.8 cells treated for 24 h, when nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional events would occur. Rat gene filters (GeneFilter, Research Genetics) were hybridized with labeled cDNA probes from treatment groups. Among 5000 different clones on the array filters, we identified a family of genes which were altered 2-fold or greater following treatment with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 or analog AT for 3 h. Cluster analysis also revealed genes whose expression was significantly up-regulated at 24 h, including OPN. Analysis of rapid changes in gene expression revealed changes affecting a diverse range of cellular pathways and functions, including protein kinases and phosphatases, Ca 2+ signaling, cell adhesion and secretion, These findings provide clear evidence of rapid changes in gene expression associated with Ca 2+ influx mediated by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , and shed light on the nuclear-receptor independent signaling pathway affecting OPN phosphorylation.
Mapping race and gender in the academy: the experiences of women of colour faculty and graduate students in Britain, the US and Canada

This paper examines the experiences of women of colour in geography. An analysis of qualitative, open‐ended questionnaires with women of colour geography faculty and graduate students in North America and Britain suggests that policies and practices within geography departments continue to reflect a pervasive persistence of racialized and gendered inequities in the workplace. There has been relatively little application of theoretical work on race and gender to the minority experience within geography. Some strategies suggested to challenge racialized and gendered barriers that limit women of colour's full participation in geography include a proactive recruitment programme, diversification of the curriculum and development of mentoring.
Amebic abscess of the liver in a six-month-old infant.

Summary A case of amebic abscess of the liver in a 6-month-old Negro male is presented. The condition is rare in infants and we believe this child to be one of the youngest such patients on record.
BROMOCRIPTINE ENHANCES GUANYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITY

Bromocriptine and its parent compound α-ergocryptine were investigated with respect to their ability to interact with the guanylate cyclase (E.C.4.6.1.2)-cyclic GMP system in vitro in the rat pituitary and ovary. Both bromocriptine and α-ergocryptine enhanced guanylate cyclase two- to threefold in both of these tissues over a concentration range of 1 nM to 1 μM. Since bromocriptine is thought to be a dopamine agonist in the pituitary, dopamine's effects on guanylate cyclase were also tested. Dopamine caused a twofold enhancement of guanylate cyclase activity in the pituitary and ovary. When bromocriptine and dopamine were used in combination, bromocriptine had to be in equal or a greater concentration with respect to dopamine in vitro to enhance guanylate cyclase activity. These findings suggest that bromocriptine's effect at the level of the pituitary and ovary may be mediated through enhancement of guanylate cyclase activity.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel octa-arm polyisobutylene star

The synthesis and characterization of a novel telechelic star consisting of a well defined C-pentyl-calix[4]1,3-dicumyl alcoholarene (3) core out of which radiate eight well-defined polyisobutylene arms, each fitted with an allyl terminus is described. The synthesis was accomplished by a core-first method, by inducing the living polymerization of isobutylene by 3 in conjunction with BCl3-TiCl4 coinitiators. The product was characterized by GPC coupled with laser light scattering (LLS) and referactive index (RI) detectors, and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative functionality analysis indicated the presence of exactly eight PIB arms per molecule.
A higher order Poincare sphere representation

A recently proposed higher order Poincare sphere constructed from the total optical angular momentum eigenstates of circular polarized optical vortices and the higher order states of polarization of vector vortex beams is presented. This novel representation can be applied to facilitate the description of various vector polarization beams such as radial and azimuthally polarized cylindrical vector beams, as well as the spin orbit conversion of q-plates. An experimental method with which to measure higher order Stokes parameters in terms of a spin and orbital decomposition of a light beam is also discussed.
Steroids, Hypoxemia, and Oxygen Transport

This study investigated the effects of administration of methylprednisolone on oxygen transport in ten stable hypoxemic (mean arterial oxygen pressure, 54 ± 3 mm Hg) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At 24 hours (after four injections of a bolus of 30 mg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate per kilogram of body weight, given intravenously every six hours), significant differences (P
Kinetic properties of aspartate transport in rat heart mitochondrial inner membranes.

Abstract The mitochondrial glutamate-aspartate exchange carrier catalyzes the electrogenic exchange of intramitochondrial aspartate for extramitochondrial glutamate. Protons are cotransported with glutamate in a 1:1 ratio. In the present study, the effects of pH and glutamate concentration on glutamate entry into intact mitochondria were determined. Hydrogen ions were found to decrease the Km for glutamate entry. In addition, using glutamate-loaded submitochondrial particles, aspartate transport into the particles was measured as a function of internal and external glutamate concentrations, pH, and electrical potential across the membrane. Glutamate, was a competitive inhibitor of aspartate transport when both amino acids were present on the same side of the membrane, while H+ was a noncompetitive inhibitor of aspartate entry into the particles. A decrease in glutamate concentration on the inside of the particles brought about a parallel decrease in V and Km for aspartate outside of the particles, thus suggesting a ping-pong mechanism for the carrier. The uncoupling agent, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP), lowered both the Km and V of aspartate transport, while the effect on V was somewhat larger. Data obtained in the presence of KSCN was similar to that obtained with FCCP, and therefore it is concluded that both Km and V changes are dependent on a change of electrical potential across the membrane. A model for the carrier is proposed, which is consistent with the data presented. The model includes a single binding site specific for either glutamate or aspartate, and a separate binding site for the cotransported proton. The affinity of the binding site for protons is increased by simultaneous glutamate binding, but decreased by aspartate binding. The data suggest that an increase in the membrane potential increases the mobility of the charged carrier-aspartate complex, but also facilitates some additional step in the exchange cycle involving subsequent return of the carrier to the matrix side of the membrane. The additional membrane-potential-dependent step could be proton binding on the cytosolic side of the carrier.
Negotiating What's at Stake in Informal Writing in the Writing Center

Abstract How do students learn expectations for “informal” online composition? This article details the results of a qualitative study that examines how students and writing consultants negotiate and define writing conventions for “low-stakes,” digital composition: that is, writing assignments that are composed for Blackboard discussion forums and receive only completion grades. Study results are based on both a survey of student experiences with digital composition and a writing center consultation case study at a large, southeastern, RU/VH university. Student anxiety about digital composition and classroom instruction have contributed to writing centers’ status as space for students to work out their fears and questions about new media. This study reports on how digital composition in writing classes has impacted the ways in which writing centers must address issues of audience, consider new methods for invention, and contend with a renewed focus on grammatical correctness. The article presents suggested pedagogy for emerging digital composition and poses questions to those in computers and composition about how we might best approach classroom instruction as digital composition genres evolve.
Behavior of high strength fly ash concrete columns under fire conditions

Fly ash concrete is finding increasing applications in construction; however there is lack of data on fire performance of fly ash concrete structural members. This paper presents results from fire resistance tests on fly ash concrete columns. Data generated from tests on high strength fly ash concrete columns is compared with those of conventional high strength concrete (HSC) columns. The effect of concrete type, fire exposure scenario, fly ash, and fibers in concrete mix on fire performance of fly ash concrete columns is discussed. Results from fire resistance tests show that fly ash concrete columns exhibit almost similar fire resistance to that of conventional HSC columns. Further, the addition of polypropylene fibers mitigates fire induced spalling in high strength fly ash concrete columns.
International children's rights: Can they make a difference in American family policy?

The United States' actual and potential use of international children's rights' standards are detailed, and the substance and aspirations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (U.N. General Assembly, 1989) with current U.S. family policy and jurisprudence are compared. The examination highlights the importance of considering diverse forums and forces that may influence the eventual implementation of children's international human rights. The analysis also underscores the striking divergence between international and U.S. approaches to children's rights. The author concludes that current efforts to play down differences and obligations create a danger of making eventual ratification of international children's rights' treaties a Pyrrhic victory, if any.
Digit repetition in learning‐disabled children

Investigated digit repetition performance in learning-disabled children in an effort to assess its clinical and theoretical significance. Clinically, learning-disabled children were found to demonstrate a higher than expected incidence of large verbal-performance discrepancies, although mean overall digit repetition performance did not differ appreciably from that expected on the basis of intelligence (N = 100). Children with large discrepancies did not differ from those with no such discrepancies when compared on a variety of psychometric and neurobehavioral factors. Theoretically, a hemispheric specialization model and a neuropsychological function model have been proposed to underlie performance on the two somewhat different digit repetition tasks (forward and backward repetition). Some support was found for the neuropsychological function model, with significant correlations obtained between digits forward and a measure of language function and between digits backward and a test of visual constructional ability. Stronger evidence that could have been provided by a double dissociation of correlational findings was limited by a smaller, but significant, correlation between digits forward and Bender Gestalt errors. However, the results are consistent with previous research in suggesting that digit repetition can be an avenue to the study of brain-behavior relationships.
Synthesis and optical properties of metallo-supramolecular polymers.

Metal–ligand interactions between metal ions, such as Zn2+, and ditopic low-molecular weight conjugated monomers, which utilize the 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine ligand, lead to the formation of supramolecular conjugated polymers with interesting optical properties.
Directions and Issues in Architecture and Language

Traditional architectures are based on technological premises that are no longer valid. The new " ground rules" make possible new relationships between architecture and language.
The Role of Family Affect in Juvenile Drug Court Offenders' Substance Use and HIV Risk.

Family-based interventions targeting parenting factors, such as parental monitoring and parent–child communication, have been successful in reducing adolescent offenders’ substance use and delinquency. This pilot, exploratory study focuses on family and parenting factors that may be relevant in reducing juvenile offenders’ substance use and sexual risk taking behavior, and in particular examines the role of family emotional involvement and responsiveness in young offenders’ risk-taking behaviors. Participants included 53 juvenile drug court offenders and their parents. Results indicate that poor parent–child communication is associated with marijuana use and unprotected sexual activity for young offenders; however, family affective responsiveness is also a significant unique predictor of unprotected sexual activity for these youth. Findings suggest that interventions focused on improving parent–child communication may reduce both marijuana use and risky sexual behavior among court-involved youth, but a specific intervention focused on improving parents and young offenders’ ability to connect with and respond to one another emotionally may provide a novel means of reducing unprotected sexual risk behaviors.
Comparison Of Metabolism And In Vitro Antiviral Activity Of Stavudine Versus Other 2‘,3’-Dideoxynucleoside Analogues

2',3'-dideoxynucleosides are the principal drugs used to treat AIDS and are the only drugs thus far with demonstrated clinical benefits in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although nucleoside analogues are structurally similar and have common mechanisms of action, each drug has unique molecular, cellular, and clinical features. For example, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (stavudine) have similar in vitro anti-HIV activity but differ in their tendency to produce bone marrow suppression. Stavudine has been shown to be less myelosuppressive than zidovudine. With the exception of zidovudine, most of the clinically evaluated nucleoside analogues, including 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (didanosine), 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine), and stavudine, produce dose-dependent peripheral neuropathy. However, recent studies suggest that neuropathy induced by stavudine may be mediated by mechanisms different from those of didanosine and zalcitabine
Execution Quality at the New, Fast NYSE

Between October 06 and January 07, the NYSE was dramatically transformed into a fast execution venue with sub-second execution times (Exhibit 1). In this report, we examine the impact of this transformation on the cost of trading at the NYSE. We find that the NYSE achieved the sharp drop in execution times without major changes in trading costs, at least for executions of up to 10,000 shares. TOPICS:Exchanges/markets/clearinghouses, financial crises and financial market history
Atomic and electronic structures of nano- and amorphous CdS/Pt interfaces

We used large scale ab initio molecular dynamics to study the atomic structures of realistic nano- and amorphous CdS/Pt interfaces. This involved a procedure to correct the local-density approximation band gap to calculate the Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) for nano, amorphous, and epitaxial interfaces. The resulting amorphous SBH closely corresponded to experimental findings. Large SBH differences between the amorphous and epitaxial interfaces were present, highlighting the importance of using realistic structural models.
Generating an in situ tunable interaction potential for probing 2-D colloidal phase behavior

We present a novel method to tune the interaction potential from 5kBT to 40kBT in situ between micron-sized superparamagnetic colloids. The potential is composed of a highly tunable long-range attraction induced via a rotating magnetic field and a short-range electrostatic repulsion. Various 2-D thermodynamic phases are observed in a colloidal suspension at different field strengths. Quantitative agreement is found between theory and experiments for dipolar interactions. A theory to account for the induced dipole due to neighboring particles is also presented. The effective three-body potential of a dilute trimer system is measured to account for many-body effects in the system. These results demonstrate an ideal model to study the phase behavior in 2-D systems.
Vox Populi, Vox Dei, Vox Sagittae

On April 19, 2005, after just four rounds of voting, the College of Cardinals announced that 78-year-old Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger had been se lected as the new pope. This announce ment startled many. To be sure, as prefect of the Congregation for the Doc trine of the Faith for nearly a quarter of a century Ratzinger had helped select the vast majority of the cardinals who gath ered to choose a successor to John Paul II, so his selection as pope could be seen as fulfillment of a simple quid pro quo. Even so, it had been widely speculated that Ratzinger's conservative beliefs would spark passionate opposition among the electors and that his age and reputed poor health would also work against him (Novak 2005). We will never know what really tran spired in the Basilica Chapel. To ensure confidentiality, the chapel was scanned for electronic bugs, a system was acti vated to jam listening devices, and each cardinal swore, on pain of excommunica tion, to "observe absolute and perpetual secrecy ... on all matters ... related to the election of the Supreme Pontiff" (John Paul 11 1996). For any participant to reveal what transpired during the conclave would have been a cardinal sin.
Was Ecomomic Growth Likely in Colonial British North America

Conventional wisdom holds that output per capita in colonial British America increased between 0.3 and 0.6 percent per year. Our conjectural estimates challenge this view, suggesting instead that such growth was unlikely. We show that the most likely rate of economic growth was much lower, probably close to zero. We argue further that to understand the performance of the colonial economy it is necessary to include the economic activity of Native American Indians. When this is done, we estimate that the economy may have grown at the rate suggested by previous researchers.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis: oleate ester of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one as a substrate for pancreatic cholesterol esterase

Abstract 5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-yl-15-one oleate (15-ketosteryl oleate), the oleate ester of a compound with the capacity to lower serum cholesterol, was effectively hydrolyzed by partially purified porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase with an apparent K m of 0.28 ± 0.01 mM and a V max of 0.62 ± 0.01 μmol/min per mg protein compared to an apparent K m of 0.19 ± 0.02 mM and a V max of 0.37 ± 0.02 μmol/min per mg protein for cholesteryl oleate. The 15-ketosteryl oleate was also hydrolyzed by highly purified rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase with an apparent K m of 0.20 ± 0.01 mM and a V max of 86.7 ± 3.0 μmol/min per mg protein compared to an apparent K m of 0.43 ± 0.01 mM and a V max of 119.8 ± 2.6 μmol/min per mg protein for cholesteryl oleate. 15-Ketosteryl oleate is, therefore, a good substrate for pancreatic cholesterol esterase from either source. The 15-ketosterol is a weak competitive inhibitor of partially purified porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase when cholesteryl oleate is the substrate.
Antioxidant activity of X-34 in synaptosomal and neuronal systems

Abstract Inhibiting aggregation and deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in brain is a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A Congo-red-like molecule, X-34, is reported to bind to Aβ deposits. Oxidative stress associated with Aβ is hypothesized to be critical for the neurotoxic properties of this peptide. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that X-34, with its salicylate groups, would act as an antioxidant. When challenged by hydroxyl or peroxyl free radicals or Aβ(1–42), oxidative stress and neurotoxicity occurred in neural systems as assessed by several indices. However, pretreatment of synaptosomes and primary neuronal cell culture with X-34 greatly ameliorated lipid peroxidation induced by these free radicals and Aβ(1–42). Protein oxidation was not prevented by X-34. These results are discussed in terms of potential therapeutic use of X-34 and related compounds in AD.
Sovereignty Relinquished: Explaining Commitment to the International Human Rights Covenants, 1966-1999

This article examines whether the content of the International Human Rights Covenants and the costs associated with their ratification influence the decision of countries to join. The author evaluates three theoretical perspectives-rationalism, world polity institutionalism, and the clash of civilizations-with data for more than 130 countries between 1966 and 1999. Rationalists contend that treaty ratification is tightly coupled with internal sovereignty arrangements, human rights practices, and ideological commitments, all of which become more important as treaty enforcement strengthens. World polity institutionalists expect ratification to be loosely coupled with a country's conduct or its political, ideological, or cultural commitments, although this gap narrows as compliance is more effectively enforced. A civilizations approach predicts tight coupling between ratification and cultural values, regardless of the mechanisms in place for enforcing compliance. Results lend partial support to rationalism a...
SOLVOLYSIS OF 1,2‐DIMETHYL‐1‐SILACYCLOBUTANE

Abstract The geometric isomers of 1,2-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane (I) have been subjected to solvolysis in alkaline aqueous methanol. Ring-opened products have been isolated, and evidence has been accumulated indicating that ring opening and hydride displacement occur at competitive rates. No epimerization of I occurs during the course of the reaction. Kinetic and stereochemical results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of hydride displacement from the silacyclobutane ring and from acyclic silicon hydrides. A mechanism involving rate-determining formation of a pentacovalent intermediate is preferred for the former. Mass spectral data for a number of the products of solvolysis are discussed.
Influence in social networks: a unified model?

Understanding how information flows in online social networks is of great importance. It is generally difficult to obtain accurate prediction results of cascades over such networks, therefore a variety of diffusion models have been proposed in the literature to simulate diffusion processes instead. We argue that such models require extensive simulation results to produce good estimates of future spreads. In this work, we take a complimentary approach. We present a generalized, analytical model of influence in social networks that captures social influence at various levels of granularity, ranging from pairwise influence, to local neighborhood, to the general population, and external events, therefore capturing the complex dynamics of human behavior. We demonstrate that our model can integrate a variety of diffusion models. Particularly, we show that commonly used diffusion models in social networks can be reduced to special cases of our model, by carefully defining their parameters. Our goal is to provide a closed-form expression to approximate the probability of infection for every node in an arbitrary, directed network at any time t. We quantitatively evaluate the approximation quality of our analytical solution as compared to numerous popular diffusion models on a real-world dataset and a series of synthetic graphs.
Chromatin Adaptor Brd4 Modulates E2 Transcription Activity and Protein Stability

Brd4 is a chromatin adaptor containing tandem bromodomains binding to acetylated histone H3 and H4. Although Brd4 has been implicated in the transcriptional control of papillomavirus-encoded E2 protein, it is unclear how Brd4 regulates E2 function and whether the involvement of Brd4 in transactivation and transrepression is common to different types of E2 proteins. Using DNase I footprinting performed with in vitro reconstituted human papillomavirus (HPV) chromatin and nucleosome-free DNA templates, we found that Brd4 facilitates E2 binding to its cognate sequences in chromatin depending on bromodomains and the E2-interacting region of Brd4. Moreover, the coactivator and corepressor function of Brd4 requires at least one intact bromodomain and is mediated by its direct association with E2 proteins encoded by cancer-inducing high risk HPV-16 and HPV-18, wart-causing low risk HPV-11, and bovine papillomavirus type 1, in part through enhancing the protein stability of E2 that is normally degraded via the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway. Our findings indicate that a chromatin adaptor can bridge and enhance the binding of a sequence-specific transcription factor to chromatin and further promote the stability of a labile transcription factor via direct protein-protein interaction.
Motivational properties of nonreward

The subsequent effects on general activity of nonreward for a previously rewarded response were explored using a runway and an open field. The field served as a goalbox for the runway and a device for the measurement of general activity. Both ambulation and rearing were energized by nonreward but unlike the durable effect on learned responses, the energization of general activity was temporary.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRYING MODELS FOR POROUS SOLIDS

Abstract Models to describe drying pmesses are necessary for engineering design and optimization. Many resenrch studies in the past century have had the objective of developing mathematical models to describe drying processes in porous solids. This review identifies key characteristics of drying models including controlling process resistances, internal mechanisms of moisture movement, and methods of model cufficient determination, model solution, and model validation. Similarities and differences between previous work are noted, and strategies for future drying model development are discussed.
A structure preserving approach for securing XML documents

With the widespread adoption of XML as the message format to disseminate content over distributed systems including Web Services and Publish-Subscribe systems, different methods have been proposed for securing messages. We focus on a subset of such systems where incremental updates are disseminated. The goal of this paper is to develop an approach for disseminating only the updated or accessible portions of XML content while assuring confidentiality and integrity at message level. While sending only the updates greatly reduces the bandwidth requirements, it introduces the challenge of assuring security efficiently for partial messages disseminated to intermediaries and clients. We propose a novel localized encoding scheme based on conventional cryptographic functions to enforce security for confidentiality and content integrity at the granularity of XML node level. We also address structural integrity with respect to the complete XML document to which clients have access. Our solution takes every possible measure to minimize indirect information leakage by making the rest of the structure of XML documents to which intermediaries and clients do not have access oblivious. The experimental results show that our scheme is superior to conventional techniques of securing XML documents when the percentage of update with respect to original documents is low.
Role of beta-adrenergic receptors in inflammatory marker expression in Müller cells.

Purpose To determine whether beta-adrenergic receptors are involved in the modulation of inflammatory cytokines in Muller cells in a hyperglycemic environment. Methods Rat Muller cells were grown in high (25 mM)- or low (5 mM)-glucose medium. Muller cells lysates were processed for real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure steady state mRNA expression for the following inflammatory markers: iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1B, and ICAM-1. Western blot analysis and ELISA assays were performed to determine the protein levels of these inflammatory markers and PGE2 content. Results Isoproterenol treatment significantly decreased protein levels of iNOS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1B, in rMC-1 cells cultured in high glucose as early as 1 hour, compared with cells receiving no treatment. PGE2 content was also reduced after isoproterenol treatment. There were no significant changes observed in protein levels of ICAM-1 production after isoproterenol treatment in high glucose. Steady state mRNA levels for iNOS were significantly decreased 1 hour after isoproterenol, whereas ICAM-1 gene expression was significantly increased after 1 hour. Isoproterenol significantly increased gene expression for IL-1B after 24 hours of treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol leads to decreased levels of PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1B protein content, and in both gene expression and protein levels of iNOS in Muller cells cultured in hyperglycemia. beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists had limited effects on ICAM-1 protein production. These results indicate that isoproterenol treatment reduces cytokine activation in cultured rat Muller cells.
Correlation of Changes in Pigment Content with Photosynthetic Capacity of Seaweeds as a Function of Water Depth

We conducted a study of the relationship between changes in photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity as a function of water depth in Great Harbor near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, on the green algae Ulva lactuca and Codium fragile and the red algae Porphyra umbilicalis and Chondrus crispus. Seaweeds were attached to vertically buoyed lines at 0.5 and 10 m and were allowed to adapt to the ambient light field. All species showed greater pigment content with depth, and the ratio of accessory pigments to chlorophyll a increased with depth. Seaweed samples from 0.5 and 10 m were placed in tandem pairs of stoppered bottles and hung at prescribed depths. The rates of O2 evolution were calculated from changes in dissolved O2 content, both as a function of biomass and chlorophyll a concentration. Our results indicate that intensity and/or chromatic adaptation enhance the photosynthetic capacity of a seaweed in limiting light conditions. The strategy of seaweeds in manipulating their photon-gathering antennae is not to maximize photosynthetic rate, but rather to optimize the photosynthetic rate. They can change pigment rations, or simply increase the total amount of pigment, or both. Further, if a seaweed is optically thick, as are Codium fragile and Chondrus crispus, it does not matter what color it is. We conclude that the red algae are phylogenetically no better adapted to utilize the ambient light at great depth than their green counterparts. The ambient light conditions alone do not determine the limit for the vertical distribution of the red algae relative to the green algae.
Waveguide suppression of the free electron laser sideband instability

A theoretical analysis is given of an FEL operating in the millimeter range and, hence, operating in a waveguide. For study of the situation in which the average longitudinal velocity of electrons v/sub parallel/ is close to the electromagnetic pulse group velocity v/sub g/, it is shown that the usual paraxial approximation is invalid. The complete analysis is then specialized to a single particle model which, for operation in a steady state, yields a dispersion relation. The resulting dispersion relation is analyzed analytically and numerically. It is shown that when v/sub parallel/ greater than or equal to v/sub g/ there is no sideband instability, and an analytic expression is given for the stability boundary. 10 refs., 7 figs.
Exciplex quenching of a luminescent cyclometallated platinum complex by extremely poor Lewis bases

An intensely phosphorescent Pt complex in cyclohexane is efficiently quenched by exciplex formation with extremely weak Lewis bases such as toluene and other aromatic compounds.
Congenital hydrocephalus associated with myeloschisis

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) can be divided into two main groups, one being open NTDs wherein visible neural tissue and cerebrospinal fluid leakage are present and the other, closed NTDs without exposed neural tissue and no drainage of CSF.
Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy Temperature Distribution Modeling and Validation

The use of magnetic nanoparticles (mNP’s) in hyperthermia therapy for the treatment of cancer has been receiving increasing interest in the past few decades. It is known that heating cancerous tissues to temperatures above physiologically normal levels will cause cytotoxicity. In mNP hyperthermia, mNP’s are either injected intravenously or directly into the tumor site. In many tumor types the nanoparticles are invaginated into the cancer cells and aggregated into endosomes. Local temperature increases are achievable by exposing tumors containing mNP’s to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The proximity of the mNP’s has a strong influence on their ability to generate heat due to inter-particle magnetic interaction effects [1, 2]. Taking this effect into account is important when modeling the heating characteristics of mNP’s.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Microscopic calculation of the effects of the g boson on the interacting boson model Hamiltonian

Second-order perturbation theory is used to examine the effect of excluding the g boson from the model space of the interacting boson model. Perturbative corrections are calculated in a paired fermion space (in a single j-shell approximation) and are mapped onto the interacting boson model Hamiltonian using the imaging techniques of Otsuka, Arima, and Iachello. The resulting renormalization of the boson parameters of the Hamiltonian to account for effects of the g boson depends strongly upon the numbers of valence protons and neutrons, and remains significant throughout the half shell.
Comparative studies of crustacean melanophore-stimulating hormones.

Abstract Seven molccular versions of a pigmentary-effector hormone are obtained from the eyestalks of decapod crustaceans by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The melanophore-stimulating activity of this hormone (MDH) from five crustacean species shows similar behavior on the various chromatographic columns. The effects of freezing, heating, and lyophilization during the separation steps are ruled out as possibly artifactitious causes for disaggregation of an oligomeric peptide into such molecular polymorphic variants. The seven variants are approximately the same molecular size as that of MDH activity in initially prepared crude extract of eyestalks.
Critical Thermal Maxima of Five Trout Species in the Southwestern United States

Abstract Critical thermal maxima (CTM) and responses to fluctuating thermal regimes indicate that adult rainbow (Salmo gairdneri), brown (Salmo trutta), and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout species, introduced into the southwestern United States, are as well adapted to elevated water temperature as adult Gila (Salmo gilae) and Arizona (Salmo apache) trout, which are native to that region.
Taste aversion in mice using phencyclidine and ketamine as the aversive agents

Two potent dissociative anesthetics, phencyclidine and ketamine, were used to establish conditioned taste aversions in albino mice. Over the course of four preference tests, the ketamine-injected animals evidenced a slight extinction effect that did not occur in the phencyclidine-injected mice. The results are discussed in relation to prior phencyclidine taste aversion research using rhesus monkeys.
The scattering of low energy electrons by electric field fluctuations near crystal surfaces

Abstract We present a discussion of the interaction of low energy electrons with surface lattice vibrations, with emphasis on the role played in this interaction by electric field fluctuations set up outside the crystal by the lattice vibration. We review briefly the experimental data presently available, along with theoretical interpretations that have been offered. We also examine in a manner more general than earlier discussions the contribution to the small angle scattering cross section from scattering by electric field fluctuations. After certain assumptions are introduced, we find that this contribution to the cross section is proportional to Im [1 + ϵ(Ω)] −1 , where ϵ(Ω) is the frequency dependent dielectric constant of the material. We also exhibit an expression for the cross section for scattering from electric field fluctuations set up by particle—hole excitations.
Visitor Self-Report Behavior Mapping as a Tool for Recording Exhibition Circulation

ABSTRACT The evaluation of visitor flow within a museum or exhibition has been a topic of interest for decades with several research approaches taken over the years. Direct observation or visitor tracking during museum occupancy is the most popular technique, but it generally requires substantial amounts of time and financial resources. An alternative approach to direct observation—visitor self-mapping—is presented using data obtained from 2 short-term, small-budget evaluations of a world-class collection museum. Results show that self-mapping provides usable data with more than 90% of maps having tracking data for the entire museum. Maps varied in the amount of detail, but more than 60% of visitors provided details beyond what was required. In Study 1, movement patterns, sweep rate indices, and timing data suggest that the mapping data accurately reflected the visitor experience. Study 2 directly paired the self-mapping method used in Study 1 with unobtrusive behavioral observations to address the reliab...
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the levels of plasma gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

A single injection of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) into the dorsal lymph sac stimulated several hundred-fold increases in the plasma levels of both FSH and LH in adult (ca. 450 g) bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana. Hormone levels peaked at about 15 min and then declined with a half-life of 10–20 min. Male frogs showed a dose response between 2.5 and 20 μg Gn-RH but females were less sensitive and plasma gonadotropins did not increase to the same extent. FSH/LH ratios in stimulated frogs were variable but the relative responses in the two hormones were highly correlated in almost all treatment groups. A second injection of Gn-RH at 15 min tended to produce a second response in plasma gonadotropin comparable to the first. Small postmetamorphic bullfrogs (averaging 15–25 g) showed only weak and inconsistent responses to Gn-RH; only FSH was elevated with doses up to 50 μg, and females were more responsive than males. These results indicate that the dual effect of Gn-RH on FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary may be a primitive feature of tetrapods.
The strategy of region-specific development in Italy

Abstract This article looks at the ‘region-specific’ economic development strategy which has emerged in Italy during the last fifteen years as a result of the creation of institutionalized regional government. It is argued that the decentralization of decision-making and administrative powers in the areas of territorial, economic and social planning has coincided with the reorientation of manufacturing to ‘service-intensive’ production and permitted the formulation of diversified roles by the regions in areas of policy-making vital to regional development. The article concludes with a discussion of the roles fulfilled by the regions in the promotion of region-specific products and services.
Optofluidics for Bioenergy, Nutrition, Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics

In this talk, I will dicuss how optofluidic technology can have impact in the feilds of biofuels, nutrition, drug discovery, and limited resource setting diagnostics.
Cleavage of α-(phenylthio)alkylboranes with N-chlorosuccinimide. A convenient route to monothioacetals and acetals

α-(Phenylthio)alkylboranes, which are easily prepared by two different homologation processes, are deboronated by N-chlorosuccinimide in mildly basic methanol to form monothioacetals or, with excess reagent, dimethyl acetals. Both boronic esters and trialkylboranes react, the latter considerably faster. The reaction is specific for the sulfur-substituted alkylborane group, suggesting that initial chlorination occurs at sulfur. Under free radical conditions, α-(phenylthio)alkaneboronic esters are cleaved to α-(phenylthio)alkyl chlorides by either N-chlorosuccinimide or sulfuryl chloride. Pinacol phenylthio(triphenylstannyl)methaneboronate with sulfuryl chloride yielded (phenylthio)dichloromethane, without any evidence of selectivity between carbontin and carbonboron bond cleavage.