cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Evaluation and Management of the Diabetic Foot

Foot problems in patients with diabetes remain a major public health issue and are the commonest reason for hospitalization of patients with diabetes with prevalence as high as 25%. Ulcers are breaks in the dermal barrier with subsequent erosion of underlying subcutaneous tissue that may extend to muscle and bone, and superimposed infection is a frequent and costly complication. The pathophysiology of diabetic foot disease is multifactorial and includes neuropathy, infection, ischemia, and abnormal foot structure and biomechanics. Early recognition of the etiology of these foot lesions is essential for good functional outcome. Managing the diabetic foot is a complex clinical problem requiring a multidisciplinary collaboration of health care workers to achieve limb salvage. Adequate off-loading, frequent debridement, moist wound care, treatment of infection, and revascularization of ischemic limbs are the mainstays of therapy. Even when properly managed, some of the foot ulcers do not heal and are arrested in a state of chronic inflammation. These wounds can frequently benefit from various adjuvants, such as aggressive debridement, growth factors, bioactive skin equivalents, and negative pressure wound therapy. While these, increasingly expensive, therapies have shown promising results in clinical trials, the results have yet to be translated into widespread clinical practice leaving a huge scope for further research in this field.
Alphabetic vs. Qwerty Keyboard Layouts for Touch Screens: Hasn't Someone Already Done That?

Forty-eight subjects (24 experienced and 24 inexperienced) entered name and address data on three types of keyboard layouts, the standard QWERTY, an alphabetic, and a random layout (as a control co...
Empty Playgrounds and Anxious Children

Child-directed play is essential for the healthy development of children. However, many children are experiencing a reduction in access and opportunities for play, and the consequences are being referred to as play deprivation. The numerous benefits of play significantly overlap with the American School Counseling Association’s comprehensive school counseling domains of academic, personal social, and career development. School counselors have a unique role as child development experts to make a positive impact on the play lives of children.
Factors affecting biomass allocation in the riverine macrophyte Justicia americana

The relative effects of hydrologic disturbance, abundance of root parasites, and ambient physicochemical conditions on total biomass, biomass allocation, and architecture of the emergent macrophyte Justicia americana(L.) Vahl. (Acanthanceae) were investigated in six south-central Alabama streams, USA. Justicia total biomass was negatively related to shading by riparian vegetation, which accounted for 45 and 31% of the total variation at the beginning and end of the growing season, respectively. Contrary to our predictions, total Justicia biomass was unrelated to disturbance by flooding as indicated by the likelihood of streambed movement by bankfull discharge, nor was biomass allocation to below-ground structures positively related to likelihood of substrate movement. Stem density at the end of the growing season was negatively related to abundance of nematode-parasites, but total Justicia biomass was unrelated to parasite abundance. This macrophyte appears to persist in the dynamic environment of eastern North American streams by firm anchorage of below-ground structures and high capacity for regeneration following storm flows. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Laryngeal mucosal histology in laryngomalacia: the evidence for gastro-oesophageal reflux laryngitis

Objective: To describe the histopathological changes of the mucosa in laryngomalacia; look for any relationship with gastro-oesophageal reflux and to describe the histological changes of reflux laryngitis in laryngomalacia. Methods: We examined serial histological sections from nine cases of laryngomalacia, who had aryepiglottoplasty and compared the histopathological features with five cases of postintubation inflammatory laryngitis and five age-matched autopsy specimens of normal larynx. Results: Five of the cases of laryngomalacia had mild inflammation in the form of basal cell hyperplasia and chronic inflammation close to the basement membrane. Deeper subepithelium was oedematous. Two cases had moderate and two cases severe inflammation. The latter showed ulceration and a dense band of chronic inflammation in the immediate subepithelium with underlying oedema. Three of the cases had gastro-oesophageal reflux proven by barium swallow. Two of these showed intraepithelial eosinophils. Conclusions: A band of inflammation of variable intensity just beneath the epithelium with oedema deep to it is the most important histological feature of laryngomalacia. The presence of intraepithelial eosinophils appears to be a histological indication for reflux aetiology of the inflammation.
Electrorheological effects and gating of membrane channels.

A hypothesis is presented on the gating of ion channels. This is considered as a consequence, in part, of a large increase in viscosity of the water in the “vestibule” region of the channel in the high field present when the channel is not conducting. This part of gating amounts to “melting” of the high viscosity part of the water upon release of the field. The resulting model accounts qualitatively for a number of phenomena in the literature, including the steepness of the voltage dependence of gating, the slowing of gating upon substitution of D 2 O for H 2 O, and the pressure dependence of the gating kinetics. The viscosity increase with field is well known in the literature; several forms of electroviscous effects, a viscoelectric effect, and a generalized electrorheological effect have been described. This model appears closest to an electrorheological effect in which boundary water out to a few molecular diameters is structured in the presence of a high field, while the boundary (here, protein) moves. The size of the channel entrance is small enough for this effect to prevent conductivity. The remainder of the gating current, which occurs at more polarized potentials, is attributed to protein motion. Some consequences of the model are discussed. Qualitative comparison with published data is included.
Computing counterion densities at intermediate coupling

By decomposing the Coulomb interaction into a long-distance component appropriate for mean-field theory, and a non-mean-field short distance component, we compute the counterion density near a charged surface for all values of the counterion coupling parameter. A modified strong-coupling expansion that is manifestly finite at all coupling strengths is used to treat the short-distance component. We find a nonperturbative correction related to the lateral counterion correlations that modifies the density at intermediate coupling.
Infrared OH Prompt Emission as a Proxy of Water Production in Comets: Quantitative Analysis of the Multiplet Near 3046 cm–1 in Comets C/1999 H1 (Lee) and C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)

We report quantitative measurements of OH vibrational prompt emission in comets C/1999 H1 (Lee) and C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) based on high-dispersion infrared spectra acquired at the Keck Observatory atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Effective g-factors for four OH lines near 3046 cm-1 (in the 1-0 band) were obtained from simultaneous detections of OH and H2O. The measured spatial distribution of this OH "quadruplet" traces that of H2O, as expected if the excited OH is produced directly by water photolysis. These results establish OH prompt emission as an alternative (and convenient) proxy for water in comets. Possible limitations to the approach are discussed. Extension to other OH multiplets in the L band will permit direct comparison with theoretical models for the rotational population distribution of the free OH radicals produced by H2O photolysis in cometary atmospheres.
Using Scholarly Journals in Undergraduate Experimental Methodology Courses

Our use of classic psychological experiments from scholarly journals in teaching an undergraduate experimental methodology course is described. We believe that the approach is effective when the experiments are carefully chosen. We include some suggestions for matching journal articles with core topics and some questions that facilitate students' understanding of certain articles.
Computed Tomographic Features of Pneumothorax Secondary to a Bronchopleural Fistula in Two Dogs

A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) can lead to continuous pneumothorax and is rarely reported clinically in dogs. This report describes computed tomographic (CT) findings in two dogs with BPFs and subsequent continuous pneumothoraces that necessitated thoracotomy. Both dogs had a peripheral BPF in the right caudal lung lobe. The fistula in one dog was secondary to a previous foreign body migration, and the fistula in the other was thought to be secondary to dirofilariasis. On both CT examinations, a dilated subsegmental bronchus was seen communicating with the pleural space at the center of a focal, concave region of parenchymal consolidation. Multiplanar reformatting aided in identification and characterization of the BPF. The pneumothoraces resolved after right caudal lobectomy in both dogs. CT has the potential to identify BPFs, such as secondary to foreign body migration or dirofilariasis.
Effects of tamoxifen, fluphenazine and estradiol on ATP levels in preoptic area and hypothalamic slices from ovariectomized rats

Abstract Tamoxifen, the major adjuvant drug treatment for estrogen-dependent breast cancer, has been shown previously to affect both estrogen-dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent pathways. In the current study, we developed an in vitro slice system to study the effects of tamoxifen on ATP levels in hypothalamic (HTH) and preoptic areas (POA) of the rat brain. Baseline data showed that, following a 2-h incubation, HTH and POA slices had comparable ATP levels to hippocampal slices, a system used extensively by researchers examining the metabolic responsiveness of the hippocampal region (HPC) of the brain. HTH–POA slice ATP levels remained steady for 2, 4 and 6 h, but fell to 11% of initial levels by 12 h. Neurons from HTH–POA slices incubated for 4 h appeared healthy and demonstrated robust protein synthesis as measured autoradiographically by incorporation of [ 3 H ] leucine. We explored the effects of tamoxifen (TAM), fluphenazine (FLU) and estradiol (E2) on ATP levels in HTH and POA slices. The effects of TAM were complex: a 4-h incubation with 10−6 M TAM led to decreased ATP levels in HTH (but not POA), and a 4-h incubation with 10−8 M led to increased ATP levels in POA (but not HTH); a 15-min exposure to 10−6 M TAM decreased ATP levels in POA (but not HTH) slices, while the exposure of slices to the lower concentration of TAM was without effect in either area. As with higher concentrations of TAM, 4-h incubation with 10−6 M FLU decreased ATP levels in HTH (but not POA), while incubation with E2 did not affect slice ATP levels. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both TAM and FLU alter ATP levels in HTH slices via calmodulin- or calcium-mediated processes.
Advantages of and Guidelines for Using Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Neuromuscular blocking agents, although not commonly used in veterinary practice, should be considered when muscle relaxation is needed to facilitate surgical exposure and minimize tissue trauma. These drugs should be administered only once respiration has been controlled and anesthetic agents have been administered to induce unconsciousness and analgesia. Following administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs, neuromuscular and cardiovascular function must be monitored.
Postseismic relaxation associated with transient creep rheology

[1] Perfettini and Avouac (2004) postulated that both the aftershock rate (assumed proportional to the local stressing rate) and the postseismic relaxation are driven by the loading imposed by postseismic slip on the brittle creep fault zone (BCFZ), the downdip extension of the fault zone below the coseismic rupture. I explore the consequences of that hypothesis for a long, strike-slip fault in the case where the BCFZ rheology is compatible with ordinary transient creep (creep strain proportional to loge(1 + t/τ2)). Because the important relaxation occurs near the bottom of the coseismic rupture, I calculate the postearthquake response with a model in which the BCFZ is represented by a viscoelastic half-space below the coseismic rupture. I find that both the predicted postseismic relaxation and the cumulative number of aftershocks can be approximated by the same temporal dependence NMO(t) = aMO(1−(1 + t/τ)1−p)/(p − 1), where t is the time after the earthquake and aMO, τ, and p are the constants chosen to fit either data set. Notice that dNMO(t)/dt = (aMO/τ)/(1 + t/τ)p is the modified Omori law used to describe the rate of aftershock occurrence. Thus, the modified Omori law can be understood as a consequence of the Perfettini–Avouac hypothesis (aftershocks driven by slip on the BCFZ) and a BCFZ rheology compatible with ordinary transient creep. Moreover, the temporal dependence NMO(t) has been shown to fit postseismic surface deformation following at least 9 earthquakes. I also show that the conventional, one-dimensional, spring-block model of a BFCZ with a rheology compatible with ordinary transient creep leads to the same temporal dependence (NMO(t)).
Twenty Tips for Creating Your Library's First Mobile Web site

This article provides 20 tips for planning and building a library's mobile Web site. It is based on the presentation, “Planning for Your Library's First Mobile Website” given at the Handheld Librarian Online Conference III on July 29, 2010 (Kim, 2010b), and the blog post “20 Tips for Planning Your Mobile Website” at Library Hat (Kim, 2010a).
Spin wave logic devices for general and special task data processing

In this article, we present recent advances in the development of spin wave logic devices utilizing spin waves for information transmission and processing. In particular, we describe the major components and the principle of operation of spin wave devices, possible logic gates for general and special task data processing, and provide an overview of the most notable experimental works demonstrating the operation of spin wave devices. One of the distinctive features of this approach is the ability to code logic 0 and 1 into the phase (0 or π) of the propagating spin wave and exploit wave interference for logic gate construction. This provides a fundamental advantage over the conventional transistor-based logic circuitry allowing us to build more functional logic gates with a fewer number of elements. We present the estimates on the potential functional throughput enhancement and compare it with the scaled CMOS. The shortcoming and potentials issues are also discussed.
Numerical nonisothermal flow analysis of non‐Newtonian fluid in a nonintermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extruder

A simulation technique for nonisothermal flow analysis of non-Newtonian fluid in a nonintermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruder was developed by modifying the flow analysis network (FAN) method. The local shear viscosity in the flow field was calculated by an iteration method combing the three types of mean shear rate functions. The modified Cross model and an Arrhenius-type function for temperature dependence were also introduced. Streamlines in the flow field are represented by computing the movements of fluid particles based on the flux fields. The computed residence time from the streamlines led us to solve the energy equation by replacing the coordinate system. The profiles of pressure, shear rate, shear viscosity, temperature, and residence time were simulated. The influence of operating and geometrical parameters on the screw characteristics are discussed. Further, residence time distribution (RTD), strain distribution function (SDF), and interfacial area growth are predicted from the computation of streamlines to analyze the mixing capabilities of the extruder.
Neighborhood Schools: The New(?) Legal Response to Enrollment Decline and Desegregation.

In a paradoxical decision, the federal district court in this case resegregated grades 1-4 in response to declining enrollment and inequities in the existing desegregation plan.
The ecology of birth seasonality among agriculturalists in central Africa.

The Lese are subsistence farmers living in the Ituri Forest of north-east Zaire. They exhibit significant birth seasonality, with lowest frequencies of conception when food production is least, nutritional status is low and ovarian function, as measured by salivary steroid hormone levels, is reduced. Efe pygmy foragers, who live in the same geographical area but are less dependent on cultivated foods and have a more flexible life style, do not exhibit frequent fluctuations in nutritional status nor significant birth seasonality. These findings support a model of birth seasonality relating climatic variables to variation in fertility through a causal chain linking rainfall to food production to energy balance to ovarian function to fertility. The model, which emphasises an ecological approach to the study of human reproduction, should have broad applicability since seasonality of food production and energy balance is widespread geographically and across a wide variety of economies and cultures.
Patterns of genetic mosaicism in the antennae and legs of Habrobracon juglandis

Abstract Habrobracon females which are homozygous for the mutant ebony produce a high frequency of mosaics in their progeny. This is probably due to a delay in the migration of pronuclei, which may result in a prefertilization cleavage of one or both of them. The mosaics are zygogenetic-androgenetic, zygogenetic-gynogenetic, or gynogenetic-androgenetic in origin. The distribution of phenotypes in the adult mosaics is nonrandom, probably corresponding to the original relative positions of the pronuclei. Mosaicism patterns were studied in the legs and antennae, both of which show longitudinal clonal patterns presumably resulting from oriented cell divisions during development. Mosaicism frequencies for the appendages are similar to those found in Drosophila , indicating that the imaginal discs are initiated as similar-sized groups of cells in the two insects. The Habrobracon antenna shows sexual dimorphism, containing 19 flagellar segments in the male and 12 in the female. Gynandromorphic antennae contain male, female and mixed segments, but female segments are never found distal to the twelfth segment. The gynandromorphic antennae show a high frequency of incomplete or helical segments, occurring most frequently in segments 10–13. The data are discussed in relation to the problem of appendage segmentation.
Studies on the Perfused Rat Liver: I. Effects of Glucagon and Insulin on Glucose Metabolism

A method is described for perfusing the isolated rat liver with a solution of known composition without red blood cells, which also permits convenient monitoring of viability and function by measuring flow rate. The effects of insulin and glucagon were studied on urea synthesis, on glucose production and utilization, and on incorporation of glucose-U-C-14 label into Co 2 , protein, glycogen, total lipids, and fatty acids. Under the experimental conditions employed, the liver is capable of gluconeogenesis; however, it takes up and metabolizes about twice as much glucose as it releases. Glucagon increased glucose and urea production but markedly reduced incorporation of glucose-U-C-14 into Co 2 and protein. The only statistically significant effect of insulin was to increase incorporation of label into fatty acids.
Acoustic Imaging of Permeability of Limestone Formations by Crosswell Tomography

Summary A new limestone model was established from a new set of P and S wave ultrasonic data on more than 50 core samples. Permeability structure within a 500 m thick limestone formation was imaged by a high frequency (1 to 12 kHz) acoustic crosswell tomography measurements. Acoustically imaged permeability was confirmed accurate as compared with pumping test data at four different depth intervals.
COMPLEXITIES IN THE MANAGMENT OF ARTERIAL COMPROMISE DUE TO THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME

A patient with arterial compromise secondary to thoracic outlet obstruction is presented and discussed. The case highlights the difficulty in management when initial surgery does not adequately decompress the outlet. It also demonstrates the risk to limb viability that may ensue.
Vaccines, Viagra, and Vioxx: medicines, markets, and money—when life‐saving meets life‐style

In this Commentary, life-style drugs will be termed as “those drugs for which there is a definable and real, but limited, therapeutic need, but a need that has been significantly stimulated by the cycle of pharmaceutical company advertising and pressure and public demand.” The key to the continuing expansion of the life-style drug market is a progressive narrowing of the definition of “normal” coupled with campaigns launched by the pharmaceutical industry that persuade both patients and clinicians that a major and treatable disease does exist and that drug treatment, rather than acceptance of hair loss or occasional lack of sexual interest, and so on, is both necessary and appropriate. The expansion of the market for prescription drugs in this manner is now an integral part of the business model of the pharmaceutical industry. For society, the expanding role of these drugs, particularly those directed at “desires rather than diseases,” raises ethical issues of our increasing obsession with a medically directed quest for perfection, and financial issues of the cost of this quest on the health care system and its priorities. For the pharmaceutical industry, there are questions of whether its role is life-saving or life-styling for a Huxleyan “Brave New World.” Drug Dev Res 64:90–98, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hmm… Hill on the paradox of pain

Bodily sensations, for instance pains, are often thought to pose insuperable difficulties for representational theories of consciousness. Chris Hill is never one to dodge a problem, and chapter 6 of his splendid and instructive Consciousness is devoted to outlining a perceptual/representational theory of pain, in the tradition of Armstrong and Pitcher. Perceptual theories of pain are not the same as representational theories of pain. According to a perceptual theory of pain, when one has a pain in one’s toe (for example), one perceives some sort of disturbance in one’s toe. (At least in a typical case: the perceptual theorist will want to allow for illusions and hallucinations of such disturbances). Pain perception is interoception—perception specialized for delivering information about one’s own body, like proprioception and the vestibular sense. According to a representational theory of pain, the felt quality of pain, or the ‘‘phenomenal character’’ of pain, can be fully explained in representational or intentional terms. A perceptual theory does not entail a representational one, anymore than a perceptual theory of vision (which of course everyone holds) entails a representational one (which not everyone holds). Neither does the converse entailment hold. One may hold a representational theory of imagery, say, without thereby turning imagery into perception. I will set aside the issue of representationalism, and concentrate here on what Hill calls the ‘‘paradox of pain’’, which he presents chiefly as a problem for perceptual theories of pain.
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 mediates CtBP phosphorylation and degradation in UV-triggered apoptosis

Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. The transcriptional corepressor CtBP (carboxyl-terminal binding protein) also plays a fundamental role in these processes. Our previous studies indicate that HIPK2 participates in a pathway of UV-triggered CtBP clearance that results in cell death. HIPK2 phosphorylates CtBP at Ser-422 in vitro. We developed a Ser-422 phospho-specific antibody to demonstrate that CtBP is phosphorylated on this residue in response to UV irradiation. HIPK2 knock-down blocked the UV-induced Ser-422 phosphorylation and degradation. The proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 treatment increased levels of ubiquitinated CtBP, which was induced by UV. Interference with HIPK2 function via the kinase-dead mutant decreased CtBP ubiquitination. Furthermore, a phosphopeptide spanning Ser-422 blocked UV-triggered CtBP degradation, confirming that Ser-422 phosphorylation marks CtBP for clearance. Consequently, interference with HIPK2 action in H1299 cells rescued UV-triggered apoptosis.
Patient perceptions in New Mexico about doctors of chiropractic functioning as primary care providers with limited prescriptive authority

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine chiropractic patients' perceptions of chiropractors serving as primary care providers and having a limited prescriptive authority.
Are patients of low socioeconomic status receiving suboptimal management for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to define the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and other demographic variables on outcomes for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Florida cancer registry and inpatient hospital data were queried for pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed from 1998 to 2002. RESULTS: In total, 16,104 patients were identified. Low SES (LSES) patients were younger at diagnosis (P 15% vs 6.2 months for poverty level <5%; P < .001) also were observed for patients of LSES. In a multivariate analysis that corrected for patient comorbidities, significant independent predictors of a poorer prognosis included LSES (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09); treatment at a non-TF (HR, 1.09); and failure to receive surgical extirpation (HR, 1.92), chemotherapy (HR 1.41), or radiation (HR 1.25). CONCLUSIONS: Patients of LSES were less likely to receive surgical extirpation, chemotherapy, or radiation and had significantly higher perioperative and long-term mortality rates. A greater understanding of the barriers to providing optimal care and identifying means for improving successful delivery of therapies to the poor with pancreatic cancer are needed. Cancer 2010. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Maintaining a Therapeutic Focus and Sharing Responsibility for Student Success: Keys to In-Classroom Speech-Language Services.

Although speech-language pathologists in the schools are being encouraged to provide services more inclusively, they often express concern that they are becoming like classroom teachers and are “wa...
Reinventing support services: transcending the centralized-decentralized support model debate

Over the course of seven years, Tufts University alternated between a centralized and decentralized IT model. The centralized model seemed to produce charges that the IT organization was not responsive to local needs; alternately, the decentralized model produced redundancies and inefficiencies. This year Tufts moved away from the centralized-decentralized dilemma. Accepting that any model would have drawbacks, Tufts reinvented support--not as a structure--but as a collaborative service. Building bridges among IT organizations and levels of support, Tufts has transcended the old dilemma with a new support paradigm. A seven-person support team is funded by the central IT organization but 'lives' in the University's local units. Each member reports in each week, collaborating on projects and sharing information. A technical support manager oversees the group, insuring that University-wide services are rolled out with attention to local needs and with consistent deadlines. Each team member also serves as a liaison to a third-tier support group, facilitating the exchange of information and often identifying potential support quagmires before they occur. Text pagers and the University's enterprise help desk software application connect the team when they are in the field. The group also takes part in, and often leads, educational programs for local IT support personnel. The result is a collaborative support team that appreciates local interest and facilities broad University IT needs.
The recombination of atomic hydrogen below 1K

Abstract We have conducted an NMR study of the hydrogen recombination process in the temperature range 0.2K – 0.6K. Starting with a gas of doubly polarized atomic hydrogen we produce molecular ortho hydrogen. The nuclear spin polarization is quickly lost after the recombination process. The time constant for the de-polarization is less than 0.1 s, and the initial nuclear spin temperature of the solid is larger than 4K.
Phase-variation technique for measurement of the n=2 Lamb shift in He+ using separated oscillatory fields.

Separated-oscillatory-field interference signals from the 14-GHz $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ Lamb-shift transition in ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ have been observed using a new phase-variation technique. Instead of scanning the frequency over a broad range, the interference signal is measured as a function of the relative phase of the microwave field in the two interaction regions. The resonance frequency is determined from the frequency dependence of the phase at which the signal is a maximum.
Magnetic resonance imaging of nonhealing pressure ulcers and myocutaneous flaps

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in making clinical decisions when assessing nonhealing pressure ulcers and nonhealing myocutaneous flaps for the presence of an abscess, osteomyelitis, sinus tracts, and fluid collections. Design: Retrospective review of patient charts and radiographic studies. Setting: Regional spinal cord injury center. Subjects: Twelve patients who had MRI as part of their evaluation for a nonhealing pressure ulcer or myocutaneous flap. Results: Seven patients had MRI for preoperative evaluation, four with a previous flap that had recurrent breakdown and three with a new grade III or IV ulcer. Five patients had MRI for postoperative evaluation of myocutaneous flaps with delayed healing. MRI was useful in identifying osteomyelitis in three patients and sinus tracts that required surgical revision in six patients. MRI was also used in two patients to assess the size of fluid collections postoperatively in determining whether the patients should be mobilized after surgery. These chronic nonhealing wounds resulted in multiple admissions and lengthy hospital stays and required multiple surgical revisions. Patients who did poorly with healing or had repeated breakdown tended to have concurrent issues such as poor self care, increased age, increased time of spinal cord injury, poor nutrition, or other medical problems. Conclusion: Chronic nonhealing pressure ulcers and myocutaneous flaps can be difficult to treat and evaluate with conventional methods. There are multiple reasons for failure to heal. MRI can be a useful tool for identifying some of these factors including osteomyelitis, fluid collections, abcesses, and sinus tracts in the perioperative period. Identifying the appropriate patient populations and clinical indications for the optimal use of MRI should be subject of further study.
TV cameras, public self-consciousness, and mock juror performance☆

In Chandler v. Florida (1981), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the presence of television cameras in the courtroom does not violate a defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. Since then, several states have expanded their TV coverage rights, and the controversy has intensified. The present study tested opponents' argument that TV cameras distract jurors, thereby reducing their reliance on evidence in the decision-making process. Fifty-one community adults watched a 95-min videotape of a civil trial in the presence or absence of a camera. No effects were obtained on verdicts, awards, or a series of self-report measures. The camera did impair subjects' recall of the evidence, but this effect was dually limited—(a) consistent with an adaptation hypothesis, an initially strong distractive effect gradually diminished, resulting in a net post-trial loss of information that was not statistically significant, and (b) consistent with an individual differences hypothesis, the camera impaired the recall of subjects who were low but not high in dispositional public self-consciousness. These findings were discussed in terms of their practical implications for courtroom management and their contribution to the self-awareness literature.
Radiative Wave Equations for Vector Electromagnetic Propagation in Dense Nontenuous Media

A set of radiative wave equations including all four Stokes parameters is derived for vector electromagnetic wave propagation in dense nontenuous media. The derivation is based on the quasi-crystalline approximation with coherent potential on the first moment of the field, and the modified ladder approximation on the second moment of the field. These two approximations are shown to be energetically consistent for dense nontenuous media. To simplify the derivation of the radiative wave equations, the model of small spherical scatterers is used. The derived radiative wave equations assume the same form as the classical radiative transfer equations. However, the relations of the extinction rate, the albedo and the phase matrix to the physical parameters of the media include the effects of dense media and can be different from the classical relations of independent scattering.
Forced convection heat and mass transfer at small Péclet numbers from a particle of arbitrary shape

Abstract At small Peclet numbers the average Nusselt number for steady-state forced convection heat transfer from an isothermal particle of arbitrary shape to an external fluid of infinite extent flowing in laminar flow may be expressed in the form where Nu 0 is the Nusselt number for heat transfer to a stagnant fluid. This relation is shown to hold independently of the Reynolds number. Moreover, it applies equally well to both solid and fluid particles. Higher-order terms in the expansion depend upon the particle Reynolds number and the orientation of the particle relative to the free-stream velocity. An explicit calculation of the next term in the above expansion is presented for the case of low Reynolds number (Stokes) flow relative to a solid or fluid particle of arbitrary shape. The analysis also solves the analogous mass-transfer problem.
Carbon Dioxide Narcosis

Carbon dioxide shares the property with several other agents considered in this volume of being an end product of metabolism that must be constantly eliminated from the body in order to keep it from accumulating to toxic levels. Unlike other end products such as urea and bilirubin, carbon dioxide plays many important physiological and biochemical roles in the body which require that it be maintained at an optimal rather than just a low level. Also unlike other endogenous metabolic end products (except ammonia), carbon dioxide is present in multiple chemical forms in the body (dissolved CO2, H2CO3, HCO3 −). Both the absolute concentrations and the relative proportions of these forms are of great significance to a wide variety of tissue functions.
Skin set evaluation by skin shear measurements

Skin set of tubers, an indication of maturity, is a major reason for desiccating potato vines (Solanum tuberosum L.). A hand-held torque meter was evaluated for measuring tuber skin resistence to shearing as a measure of skin set. To demonstrate practical use of the torque meter to growers, shear resistance must be related to tuber skinning. ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Snowden’ potato tubers were individually measured for skin shear resistance followed by skinning. A linear relationship between skin shear resistance and tuber skinning was observed. The regression equations were Torque (mN*m) = 354 - (1.4 * Percent Skinning) for Atlantic in 1995 and Torque (mN*m) = 404 - (2.2 * Percent Skinning) for Snowden in 1996. The objective measuring of shear resistance was directly related to the more subjective measuring of tuber skinning with an R-square of 0.83. In 1995, harvested Atlantic tubers from desiccated plants were measured for skinning and resistance to torque. Skinning decreased and torque resistance increased during the 3-wk period after the initial desiccation treatment. However, skinning remained unacceptable at one and two weeks after desiccation regardless of treatment. Three weeks after desiccation, tubers from diquat-treated plots showed acceptable skin set levels and a torque resistance over 325 mN*m, which the model indicated would give acceptable skin set. Unacceptable skinning and a low torque resistance, less than 310 mN*m, remained a problem with vine flailing. Data indicated that resistance to torque exerted by the torque meter was an accurate measurement of skin set for harvested tubers. However, model regressions for the two round-white chipping cultivars, Atlantic and Snowden, differed. The torque meter can be used in the field or office. A major difficulty was maintaining a constant pressure on the tuber skin while applying the torque.
Experimental Search for Anisotropy in the Speed of Light

A triangular interferometer passes two beams around the interferometer in opposite directions. A portion of the optical path contains a piece of glass. If the phase velocity of light is anisotropic, the fringe pattern will shift as the interferometer is rotated relative to the fixed stars. The interferometer is sensitive to anisotropies that behave as the first or third Legendre polynomials, ${P}_{1}(cos\ensuremath{\varphi})$ and ${P}_{3}(cos\ensuremath{\varphi})$, where $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the angle between a preferred direction in space and the direction of light propagation. The maximum change in the speed of light is less than 0.03 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.5 cm/sec for the ${P}_{1}$ anistropy, and is less than 0.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.45 cm/sec for the ${P}_{1}$ anisotropy. If an ether wind can be described by a Fresnel dragging coefficient when light passes through glass, the ether wind would be detectable by this experiment. This experiment sets an upper limit of 0.045 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.8 cm/sec for the ether wind at the surface of the earth. This is about one-millionth of the earth's orbital velocity.
A New Strategy for Automating the Generation of Product Family Members and Artifacts Applied to an Aerospace Application

A major challenge in industry today is to reduce the cost and cycle time in product development while maintaining enough flexibility to adapt to changing markets. Businesses are requiring more and more flexibility in order to produce custom goods at low cost. A new strategy called the Product Design Generator is presented to provide flexible product platforms through an automated design process where product variation is built into the product development process and is achieved through scalable and in some instances modular parametric models for a given product platform embodiment. A case study of web-based Product Design Generator is presented. The axial turbine disk Product Design Generator demonstrated cycle time reduction from 500 man hours to 15 minutes. This new product development strategy has demonstrated the potential to provide engineers the ability to study more potential design solutions, reduce the number of opportunities to introduce error in the product development process, and allows companies to apply a consistent design process across the organization.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Relationship between environment and growth for Mopan children in Belize.

The growth status (stature, weight, body mass index, arm circumference, estimated arm muscle and fat) of Mopan Maya children, ages 9-14 years, from San Antonio, Toledo, Belize, is evaluated with two objectives: (1) to identify associations between growth and factors in the household and local environment that coexist with poverty, and (2) to consider growth in relation to the distribution of national resources. One-way analyses of variance indicate significant differences among z-scores for indication of growth status by age, although the direction of the differences is not consistent. T-tests indicate boys exhibit significantly lower z-scores for weight, arm circumference and estimated arm muscle, but significantly higher z-scores for estimated arm fat than girls. Although girls suffer preschool malnutrition at twice the rate than boys, the differences may indicate later female buffering for some aspects of growth. T-tests, correlations and regression analyses indicate the importance of household socio-economic and demographic factors for growth. Although the equations that best explain the six growth measures are not identical, they indicate the significance of SES, birth order, home environment and gender in explaining variation in the growth of San Antonio children. At the population level, growth faltering is apparent among San Antonio children compared to U.S. reference data, most likely resulting from chronic mild to moderate undernutrition. Low levels of infrastructure in Toledo District and poor access to resources for Mopan Maya in San Antonio probably contribute to the less than optimal growth status. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synergistic ammonia losses from animal wastewater

Abstract Thin-layer models are commonly used to estimate NH3 emissions from liquid waste. However, such models differ in their ability to accurately reproduce observed emissions, which may be partly due to an incomplete mechanistic understanding of NH3 volatilization. In this study, NH3 release from pure solutions of (NH4)2SO4 (AS), swine pit liquid (PL), swine lagoon liquid (LL), dairy lagoon liquid (DLL), and dairy manure liquid (DML) were evaluated under controlled conditions (pH 7.6 and temperature 20 °C). Relationships between the NH3 release and pH, temperature, and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) were established. Under similar TAN conditions, the NH3 release was higher for PL, LL, DLL, and DML than for AS. Pure solutions of AS that were spiked with NaHCO3 showed NH3 emissions rates that were comparable to DML, DLL, LL and PL. The enhanced NH3 emissions of PL, LL, DLL and DML were therefore explained by linkages between TAN and HCO3−.
Lower nephron nephrosis associated with prolonged shock from ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of lower nephron nephrosis following profound shock from ventricular tacgycardia is presented. 2. 2. The value of esophageal leads in demonstrating the exact mechanism of abnormal cardiac rhythms is demonstrated. 3. 3. When oral medication is not possible, parentereal quinidine for ventricular tachycardia may be life saving.
Life's thumbprint: the impact of significant life events on coaches and their coaching

Coaches do not come to practice as a blank slate. However, there is little documentation of the impact diverse life experiences have on coaches’ skills, professional evolution or presence in practice. Analysis of a critical events question included in a long-term global study of coach development identified three different clusters of life experiences each of which has an impact on a specific range of coach characteristics and coaching practices. Stressful personal experiences impact characteristics such as empathy and self-awareness. Coaching-field specific experiences influence practice skills and knowledge base. Some prior professional training and experiences influence coach practices and perceptions of client workplace.
Infrared Method for Determining Circadian Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Release

Summary. Using an infrared technique based on the continuous monitoring of a characteristic infrared absorption band, temporal variations in the circadian patterns of carbon dioxide release were examined in two species of noctuid moths, the corn earworm Heliothis zea (BODDIE) and the fall armyworm Spodoptera/rugiperda (J. E. S~ITg). The detailed emission patterns were shown to be different in the two moth species (Figs. 3, 4). Emission patterns similar to those obtained in adults were also observed to be present in the pupal stage of development. The influence of light-dark conditions was examined and in the pupal stage the mean rate of carbon dioxide evolution was lower in those pupae exposed to a dark chamber compared with pupae of corresponding age and sex exposed to approximately 80 foot candles of light. This light-dark effect was not observed in adult moths. An insect attraetant lamp emitting radiation in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum was found to have a pronounced stimulating influence. Over a 24 hour period of observation, the carbon dioxide buildup was approximately two times greater from male S. ~rug@erda moths exposed to the attractant lamp when compared with control moths exposed to room light or dark chamber conditions (Fig. 5). Alternate 24 hour exposures to the attractant lamp and dark conditions disclosed that the moths returned to a low level of emission following each light exposure. The attractant lamp also altered the phasing or onset of the circadian pattern of carbon dioxide release, however, the sequential patterns of release remained the same.
High-pressure Liquid Chromatographic determination of Propylthiouracil in Human Plasma

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of propylthlouracil in plasma. The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and UV detection at 280 nm. The method is sufficiently sensitive for most bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. Concentrations between 0.1 and 5.0 μg/ml were measured with a coefficient of variation of 0.6-5.3% for a given day. Methylthiouracil was employed as an internal standard.
Advances in bone biology and new treatments for bone loss

Recent advances in bone biology have led to a more detailed understanding of bone remodeling which is a process that leads to resorption of old bone and replacement by formation of new bone. The most important discoveries in this process of bone remodeling were those of the RANK Ligand/RANK/OPG system which is now recognized the dominant pathway regulating bone resorption. RANK Ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family and is expressed by osteoblasts; it binds to membrane bound receptor RANK on osteoclasts and promotes differentiation of marrow cells through various stages to multinucleated osteoclasts which resorb bone. Several hormones such as parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and prostaglandins stimulate RANK Ligand expression by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts also secrete osteoprotegerin (OPG) which is a soluble receptor that is a potent antagonist of osteoclast formation by binding and inactivating RANKL and OPG is therefore an important regulator of bone resorption. OPG is stimulated by estrogen. OPG has been genetically engineered and in human subjects is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Another method for preventing bone resorption is to develope antibodies against RANKL and this has been shown to be a successful strategy. A single subcutaneous injection of this antibody (Denosumab) every 6 months proved to be a potent inhibitor of bone resorption and clinical fracture trials using this agent are now underway. These are novel developments that have risen from basic research in bone biology and other discoveries in the bone remodeling process can be expected to lead to further treatment options for various bone diseases.
Data base technology

The evolution of data base technology over the past twenty-five years is surveyed, and major IBM contributions to this technology are identified and briefly described.