cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central North Sea hydrocarbon systems: Generation, migration, entrapment, and thermal degradation of oil and gas

The high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) areas of the central North Sea constitute an important hydrocarbon province. This includes the deep, Mesozoic reservoirs in United Kingdom quadrants 22, 23, 29, and 30. This study was undertaken to better understand oil and gas compositional histories in HPHT hydrocarbon systems and to help identify new exploration opportunities. The Late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation has been the source for both oil and gas over the entire area, with additional gas charge from the humic coals of the Middle Jurassic Pentland Formation in the western graben areas. The southern Forties Montrose high, with its southward-plunging Mesozoic terraces, is host to numerous oil and gas fields with temperatures ranging from 90 to 180°C and formation pressures whose gradient to the surface exceeds 0.8 psi/ft (0.192 MPa/m). Several of these oil accumulations have undergone in-reservoir thermal cracking, resulting in a lighter, single-phase fluid, together with a pyrobitumen residue in the pore volumes. With several traps at or near their leak-off pressure, the likelihood of top seal failure and gas leakage is prevalent. Such top seal failure is intermittent and, in some instances, is associated with gas chimneys. The main causes of pressure increase in Mesozoic sediments are thought to be volume increases associated with gas generation from source rocks, clay dehydration, and thermal cracking of oil. Top seal failure because of pressure buildup by salt diapirism and the buoyancy of large hydrocarbon columns has resulted in a series of compositionally fractionated oils and gases. A new technique is presented, whereby the geochemical character of a shallow (Tertiary) oil reservoir that has undergone fractionation can help lower the risk of detecting the presence of hydrocarbon at depth in potential, deep (Mesozoic) reservoirs. Gary Isaksen coordinates geoscientists and technical programs in ExxonMobil's Upstream Geoscience companies. Isaksen holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees and a Ph.D. from the University of Bergen, Norway. Since he joined Exxon in 1985, he has worked on hydrocarbon system analyses in numerous sedimentary basins worlwide as well as the application of petroleum geochemistry to development and production.
Sensitivity computation of the ℓ1 minimization problem and its application to dictionary design of ill-posed problems

The � 1 minimization problem has been studied extensively in the past few years. Recently, there has been a growing interest in its application for inverse problems. Most studies have concentrated in devising ways for sparse representation of a solution using a given prototype dictionary. Very few studies have addressed the more challenging problem of optimal dictionary construction, and even these were primarily devoted to the simplistic sparse coding application. In this paper, sensitivity analysis of the inverse solution with respect to the dictionary is presented. This analysis reveals some of the salientfeaturesandintrinsicdifficultieswhichareassociatedwiththedictionary design problem. Equipped with these insights, we propose an optimization strategy that alleviates these hurdles while utilizing the derived sensitivity relations for the design of a locally optimal dictionary. Our optimality criterion is based on local minimization of the Bayesian risk, given a set of training models. We present a mathematical formulation and an algorithmic framework to achieve this goal. The proposed framework offers the design of dictionaries for inverse problems that incorporate non-trivial, non-injective observation operators, where the data and the recovered parameters may reside in different spaces. We test our algorithm and show that it yields improved dictionaries for a diverse set of inverse problems in geophysics and medical imaging. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
CK-MM autoantibodies: Prevalence, immune complexes, and effect on CK clearance

Although the blood level of creatine kinase (CK) is the most commonly used marker of muscle injury, there is marked interindividual variability in this measure. Part of this variability may be attributed to variability in the rate of CK clearance from the circulation. In this study, we assessed the possibility that CK-MM autoantibodies form immune complexes with CK following muscle injury and subsequently affect the CK clearance rate. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CK-MM autoantibodies were detected in all 25 human subjects studied but the levels varied greatly. Using protein A-sepharose, the percentage of the plasma CK activity found in immune complexes was determined to be correlated with the CK-MM autoantibody level at lower CK levels (<1,022 U/L). When CK-MM antibodies were administered to mice, plasma CK activity following a bolus CK injection was reduced by 11%-32%. We conclude that CK-MM autoantibodies can modulate the rate of CK clearance from the circulation. Thus, the relatively low blood CK levels seen in some individuals following injury may be attributed partly or entirely to an autoantibody-enhanced clearance of CK.
Improvement of outcomes after coronary artery bypass II: a randomized trial comparing intraoperative high versus customized mean arterial pressure.

Background and Aim of the Study: The objective of this randomized trial was to compare the efficacy of two strategies of hemodynamic management during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on morbidity, mortality, cognitive complications and deterioration in functional status. Methods: Patients scheduled to undergo primary elective CABG were eligible. In one group, mean arterial pressure target during CPB was 80 mmHg (“high” MAP group); in the other group, MAP target was determined by patients’ pre-bypass MAP (“custom” MAP group). The principal outcomes were mortality, major neurologic or cardiac complications, cognitive complications or deterioration in functional status. Results: Of 412 enrolled patients, 36% were women, with overall mean age of 64.7 ± 12.3 years. Duration of bypass was identical for the two randomization groups. Overall complication rates were similar: 16.5% of the high group and 14.6% of the custom group experienced one or more neurologic, cardiac or cognitive complications. When only cardiac and neurologic morbidity and mortality were considered, the rates were 11.7% and 12.6%, in the high and custom groups, respectively. The aggregate outcome rate, including functional deterioration, was 31.6% in the high group and 29.6% in the custom group. Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences between the high MAP group and the custom MAP group for the combined outcome of mortality cardiac, neurologic or cognitive complications, and deterioration in the quality of life.
Alzheimer Amyloid Protein Precursor in the Rat Hippocampus: Transport and Processing through the Perforant Path

Amyloid deposition is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. The principal component of amyloid deposits is β amyloid peptide (Aβ), a peptide derived by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is axonally transported by the fast anterograde component. Several studies have indicated that Aβ deposits occur in proximity to neuritic and synaptic profiles. Taken together, these latter observations have suggested that APP, axonally transported to nerve terminals, may be processed to Aβ at those sites. To examine the fate of APP in the CNS, we injected [35S]methionine into the rat entorhinal cortex and examined the trafficking and processing of de novo synthesized APP in the perforant pathway and at presynaptic sites in the hippocampal formation. We report that both full-length and processed APP accumulate at presynaptic terminals of entorhinal neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that at these synaptic sites, C-terminal fragments of APP containing the entire Aβ domain accumulate, suggesting that these species may represent the penultimate precursors of synaptic Aβ.
The compatibility of agricultural intensification in a global hotspot of smallholder agrobiodiversity (Bolivia)

Integrating the conservation of biodiversity by smallholder farmers with agricultural intensification is increasingly recognized as a leading priority of sustainability and food security amid global environmental and socioeconomic change. An international research project investigated the smallholder agrobiodiversity of maize (corn) in a global hotspot (Bolivia) undergoing significant intensification. Peach-based intensification was pronounced (300–400%) and prolonged (2000–2010) in study areas. Intensification and maize agrobiodiversity were found to co-occur within smallholder landscapes. Interactions of these field systems did not trigger land-change tipping points leading to landrace extirpation. By 2010 maize landraces in the study areas still demonstrated high levels of taxonomic and ecological biodiversity and contributed significantly to this crop’s agrobiodiversity at national (31%) and hemispheric (3%) scales. Social and ecological resilience and in situ conservation of the maize agrobiodiversity by Bolivian smallholders was enabled through robust linkages to off-farm migration; resource access and asset capabilities among both traditional and nontraditional growers; landrace agroecology and food uses; and innovative knowledge and skills. The smallholders’ resilience resulting from these linkages was integral to the conditional success of the in situ conservation of maize agrobiodiversity. Environment–development interactions both enabled smallholders’ agrobiodiversity resilience and influenced the limits and vulnerability of agrobiodiversity. Scientific policy recommendations regarding land-use planning and sustainability analysis are targeted to specific Rio+20 priorities for agrobiodiversity.
Development of model-based control for Bridgman crystal growth

Abstract We study the feasibility of using crucible rotation with feedback control to suppress oscillatory flows in two prototypical vertical Bridgman crystal growth systems—a stabilizing configuration driven by a time-oscillatory furnace disturbance and a thermally destabilized configuration, which exhibits inherent time-varying flows. Proportional controllers are applied to the two systems, with volume-averaged flow speed chosen as the single controlled output and crucible rotation chosen as the manipulated input. Proportional control is able to significantly suppress oscillations in the stabilizing configuration. For the destabilized case, control is effective for small-amplitude flows but is generally ineffective, due to the exacerbating effect of crucible rotation on the time-dependent flows exhibited by this system.
Global Challenge and Institutional Capacity: Or, How We Can Refit Local Administration for the Next Century

This article explores the question of how locally based administration can be refitted for the next millennium. We use global trends to formulate a new ecology based on open markets, increasing intensity of global interaction, and highly decentralized activities. That ecology produces both positive currents and negative countercurrents. These reciprocating dynamics lead to wealth through urbanization but also to imbalances in investment and growth. The dynamics emphasize the leading role of centrally located regions but also beget greater social disruption; they enhance democracy through a global dissemination of information but also produce heightened expectations, increased citizen demand, and inordinate pressures on local institutions. To manage these pressures, local administration will have to be flexible and resilient. We offer an organizational strategy designed to enhance conventional government by building institutional capacity. Networks of interaction with private, public, and nonprofit sectors...
Relación entre depresión y atención en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico leve

The objective of this correlational descriptive study was to explore the relationship between depression and attention on patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). The Spanish version of The Stroop Color and Word Test and the Beck Depression Inventory-II were applied to a sample of 64 participants between 19 and 61 years old. The t, chi square and Pearson correlation tests were applied. In the healthy controls there was no significative relation, while in the patients with MTBI a relationship in the condition of the color-word from the Stroop Color and Word Test was identified.
Comparative study between laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass: single-institution, 5-year experience in bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are common surgical procedures for morbid obesity. Few single-institution studies have compared LRYGB and LAGB. Methods All patients underwent LRYGB or LAGB at Legacy Health System. The data for the study were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. Preoperatively, most patients were allowed to choose between LRYGB and LAGB. Age, gender, body mass index, complications, mortality, and weight loss were examined. Results From October 2000 to October 2005, 492 patients underwent LRYGB and 406 patients underwent LAGB. The mean age was 44 ± 10 and 47 ± 11 years, respectively ( P 2 ( P P P P = .002). The 90-day mortality rate was .2% in both groups. The reoperation rate was the same (17%) in both groups. Conclusions Patients undergoing LAGB had shorter operative times and shorter hospital stays compared with patients undergoing LRYGB. LAGB was associated with a lower complication rate. Early weight loss was significantly greater after LRYGB, but the data comparing long-term weight loss after LRYGB and LAGB have been inconclusive.
Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor/Signaling Mechanisms in The Biphasic Effect of The Peptide on Proximal Tubular Na+,K+-ATPase

The present study was designed to determine the cellular signaling mechanisms responsible for mediating the effects of angiotensin II on proximal tubular Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Angiotensin II produced a biphasic effect on Na+,K+-ATPase activity: stimulation at 10(-13) - 10(-10) M followed by inhibition at 10(-7) - 10(-5) M of angiotensin II. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of angiotensin II were antagonized by losartan (1nM) suggesting the involvement of AT1 receptor. Angiotensin II produced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation at 10(-13) - 10(-10) M followed by a stimulation in basal cAMP levels at 10(-7) - 10(-5) M. Pretreatment of proximal tubules with losartan (1nM) antagonized both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of angiotensin II on cAMP accumulation. Pretreatment of the proximal tubules with pertussis toxin (PTx) abolished the stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity but did not affect the inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity produced by angiotensin II. Pretreatment of the tubules with cholera toxin did not alter the biphasic effect of angiotensin II on Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Mepacrine (10microM), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, reduced only the inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on Na+,K+-ATPase activity. These results suggest that the activation of AT1 angiotensin II receptors stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase activity via a PTx-sensitive G protein-linked inhibition of adenylyl cyclase pathway, whereas the inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity following AT1 receptor activation involves multiple signaling pathways which may include stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and PLA2.
Cryptococcus neoformans Promotes Its Transmigration into the Central Nervous System by Inducing Molecular and Cellular Changes in Brain Endothelial Cells

Cryptococcus spp. cause fungal meningitis, a life-threatening infection that occurs predominately in immunocompromised individuals. In order for Cryptococcus neoformans to invade the central nervous system (CNS), it must first penetrate the brain endothelium, also known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite the importance of the interrelation between C. neoformans and the brain endothelium in establishing CNS infection, very little is known about this microenvironment. Here we sought to resolve the cellular and molecular basis that defines the fungal-BBB interface during cryptococcal attachment to, and internalization by, the human brain endothelium. In order to accomplish this by a systems-wide approach, the proteomic profile of human brain endothelial cells challenged with C. neoformans was resolved using a label-free differential quantitative mass spectrometry method known as spectral counting (SC). Here, we demonstrate that as brain endothelial cells associate with, and internalize, cryptococci, they upregulate the expression of several proteins involved with cytoskeleton, metabolism, signaling, and inflammation, suggesting that they are actively signaling and undergoing cytoskeleton remodeling via annexin A2, S100A10, transgelin, and myosin. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrates dramatic structural changes in nuclei, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the plasma membrane that are indicative of cell stress and cell damage. The translocation of HMGB1, a marker of cell injury, the downregulation of proteins that function in transcription, energy production, protein processing, and the upregulation of cyclophilin A further support the notion that C. neoformans elicits changes in brain endothelial cells that facilitate the migration of cryptococci across the BBB and ultimately induce endothelial cell necrosis.
Come see my baby in Kitwe

> Come See My Baby In Kitwe > In a cinder-block building > > Tucked behind the maternity ward > > Cries rise from rows of metal …
Segmental epidural analgesia for labor and delivery

A study to evaluate segmental epidural analgesia in labor is described. Bupivacaine (0.25 per cent) was used during the first stage of labor and for the second stage, either 3 per cent - Chloroprocaine delivered through the catheter (Group I) or 1 per cent Lidocaine as a perineal infiltrate (Group II) was used. There were 124 full term patients of whom, 36 were nulliparous and 88 were multiparous. The effects of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal blood pressure, pain relief, preservation of lower limb motor power, duration and progress of labor, and fetal outcome were evaluated. Pain relief during the first stage of labor was satisfactory in 114 (92 per cent) of the patients. There were no significant changes in maternal blood pressure, motor power in lower limbs, efficiency of uterine contractions and internal rotation of the presenting part when analgesia was effective. The use of 2-Chloroprocaine for second stage pain relief required low forceps delivery in 84 (91 per cent) patients, as compared ...
Video self-modeling as an intervention strategy for individuals with autism spectrum disorders

Video self-modeling demonstrates promise as an intervention strategy to improve outcomes in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. This article summarizes the empirical evidence supporting the use of video self-modeling with individuals with autism spectrum disorders to increase language and communication, increase social skills, modify behavior, and teach functional skills. A comparison of the empirical evidence supporting the use of video self-modeling with other video modeling interventions is also provided. The use of video self-modeling as part of a continuum of strategies for this population is supported by the current research base. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium in children receiving phenytoin or carbamazepine for chronic anticonvulsant therapy

The pharmacokinetics and time course of action of vecuronium in normal children and children receiving anticonvulsant drugs for prolonged periods were characterized. A bolus dose of vecuronium 0.15 mg kg−1 was administered i.v. to 10 non-epileptic children and to 10 children on phenytoin and 10 children on carbamazepine, who were matched for age and weight. Plasma concentrations of vecuronium, 3-OH desacetylvecuronium (the primary metabolite of vecuronium) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were determined. Pharmacokinetic variables were derived from plasma samples collected before and after administration of vecuronium. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by evoked compound electromyography. Recovery of the first twitch of the train-of-four (T1/T0) and the recovery index (RI), the time for 25–75% recovery of T1/T0, were determined. The elimination half-life of vecuronium was significantly reduced in both anticonvulsant groups compared with control [control 48.2 (sd 40.3), phenytoin 23.5 (13.1), carbamazepine 18.4 (16.6) min, P
Marriage and the Well-Being of Children

Children's well-being has become the focal consideration in legal and public policy debates regarding same-sex marriage. In this article, we critically examine and rebut the central moral argument made by opponents of same-sex marriage: that the state should not license any domestic arrangement other than "traditional marriage" because doing so would be detrimental to children's well-being. Although many have challenged the empirical premise that children raised by same-sex couples fare worse than children in other arrangements, we focus primarily on the normative premises for exclusively licensing traditional (that is, monogamous, heterosexual) marriage. We argue that even if the empirical support for its claims was strong, the argument is morally insufficient for denying state recognition to other types of relationships. Importantly, we affirm the state's vital role in promoting children's well-being. We question, however, the approach of delegitimizing certain relationships as a means to that end. Instead, we argue, the state should encourage and support individuals who want to care for children, presume that any couple or individual is capable of adequate child-rearing, and ensure that all adults who are raising children (whether married or not) have the material resources and support necessary to be good parents. Such a policy would (1) set a reasonable minimal threshold for state recognition, (2) be vigilant in identifying cases falling below this threshold, and then (3) either assist or disqualify underperforming arrangements. It would also, appropriately, decouple arguments about legitimate and illegitimate types of relationships from arguments about what is best for children.
Afferent Roles in Hindlimb Wipe-Reflex Trajectories: Free-Limb Kinematics and Motor Patterns

The hindlimb wiping reflex of the frog is an example of a targeted trajectory that is organized at the spinal level. In this paper, we examine this reflex in 45 spinal frogs to test the importance ...
LiMnPO4 nanoplate grown via solid-state reaction in molten hydrocarbon for Li-ion battery cathode.

Electrochemically active LiMnPO4 nanoplates have been synthesized via a novel, single-step, solid-state reaction in molten hydrocarbon. The olivine-structured LiMnPO4 nanoplates with a thickness of ∼50 nm appear porous and were formed as nanocrystals were assembled and grew into nanorods along the [010] direction in the (100) plane. After carbon coating, the prepared LiMnPO4 cathode demonstrated a flat potential at 4.1 V versus Li with a specific capacity reaching as high as 168 mAh/g under a galvanostatic charging/discharging mode, along with an excellent cyclability.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Linear and Cyclic Amphiphilic Polymers in Aqueous and Organic Environments

We have studied the conformational changes of two novel amphiphilic homopolymers in water and toluene relevant to delivery applications using molecular dynamics simulations supplemented with enhanced sampling techniques. The individual homopolymer repeating units are amphiphilic with a hydrophobic dodecyl chain and a hydrophilic tetra(ethylene glycol) chain attached via ether linkages to each repeating unit of the polymer backbone. Two polymer topologies were examined: one cyclic and one an exact linear analog. Here we show that these polymers exhibit highly dynamic conformations with the side arm orientations driven by the solvent polarity. In water these polymers exhibit a compact conformation with the hydrophobic arms retracted toward the backbone core, whereas in toluene the hydrophobic arms extended into the solvent. Different from the hydrophobic arms, the hydrophilic ethylene glycol chain orientations and backbone conformations are largely unperturbed by the solvent polarity. Probing the polymer mi...
A Prospective, Comparative Study of Quality of Life among Patients with Small Renal Masses Choosing Active Surveillance and Primary Intervention

Purpose: To our knowledge quality of life has not been evaluated in rigorous fashion in patients undergoing active surveillance for small renal masses. The prospective, multi-institutional DISSRM (Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses) Registry was opened on January 1, 2009, enrolling patients with cT1a (4.0 cm or less) small renal masses who elected primary intervention or active surveillance.Materials and Methods: Patients were enrolled following a choice of active surveillance or primary intervention. The active surveillance protocol includes imaging every 4 to 6 months for 2 years and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. The SF12® quality of life questionnaire was completed at study enrollment, at 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter. MCS (Mental Component Summary), PCS (Physical Component Summary) and overall score were evaluated among the groups and with time using ANOVA and linear regression mixed modeling.Results: At 82 months among 3 institutions 539 patients were enrolled ...
The Party's Cadre Education Practice in Xibaipo Period and Its Realistic Enlightenment

In Xibaipo Period,after a long-term exploration,the Communist Party of China adopted a whole array of measures,which gained the unprecedented improvement both in the quantity and the quality of leading cadres. The fruitful achievements made by the Party over those decades met the urgent needs of the liberated area's construction and the War of Liberation. What's more,the unremitting efforts in promoting the educational undertakings for cadres provided a large number of talented successors for the construction of China. The valuable experiences are important revelation to the current study and implementation of the scientific concept of development,the enhancement of our Party ruling ability and the study of Marxism.
Language Model Adaptation for Statistical Machine Translation Based on Information Retrieval.

Language modeling is an important part for both speech recognition and machine translation systems. Adaptation has been successfully applied to language models for speech recognition. In this paper we present experiments concerning language model adaptation for statistical machine translation. We develop a method to adapt language models using information retrieval methods. The adapted language models drastically reduce perplexity over a general language model and we can show that it is possible to improve the translation quality of a statistical machine translation using those adapted language models instead of a general language model.
Highly sensitive detection of hexavalent chromium utilizing a sol-gel/carbon nanotube modified electrode

Abstract A pyridine-functionalized thin film has been fabricated to selectively preconcentrate Cr(VI) anions for electrochemical detection in the 5–300 μg L − 1 range. Glassy carbon electrodes were modified through physical deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the electrode surface, followed by electrochemical deposition of a sol-gel containing a 2-pyridine functional group. The use of SWNTs has increased sensitivity for Cr(VI) detection in aqueous solutions, providing a detection limit of 0.8 μg L − 1 .
Efficient Integration of a Storm Surge Model into a Multidisciplinary Agent Based Model Framework

ABSTRACT Garzon, J.L.; Ferreira, C.; Dalrymple, R. A., and Guikema, S.D., 2016. Efficient integration of a storm surge model into a multidisciplinary agent based model framework. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1082 - 1086. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Multiple hurricanes have impacted coastal areas of the USA and they represent one of the most costly natural hazards in the country. In an effort to comprehend the regional vulnerability and resilience to these hazards, a multi-disciplinary team is developing an novel framework, the Integrated Hazard, Impact, and Resilience Model (IHIRM). Storm surge modelling is a key role of this framework and inundation from multiple scenarios will be estimated by using a hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC) and a wave model (SWAN). Simulating a large number of storm surge scenarios requires a ...
Micro-SPECT using NaI(Tl) crystals

A NaI(Tl) based micro-SPECT device that uses pinhole collimator geometry to achieve spatial resolution demagnification is proposed. This detector is based on our previous work in which a novel technique for 3-D position measurement within thick scintillators was developed. Properties of the new detector were studied using a collimated /sup 57/Co source and a 6 mm thick NaI(Tl) crystal that was coupled to a Hamamatsu R2486 position-sensitive photo-multiplier tube (PSPMT). All of the crystal surfaces (except the surface in contact with the PSPMT) were blackened so that an undistorted scintillation light cone resulting from total internal reflection would impinge on the photocathode, which is needed for an accurate depth of interaction (DOI) measurement within the crystal. The spatial resolution in the plane of detector was shown to be better than 1 mm FWHM. The DOI could be measured with an error of about 1 mm FWHM using the light cone parameters. 3-D image reconstruction software based on the MLEM algorithm was developed using Monte Carlo events. Applied to the real data obtained in a realistic geometry of the device, MLEM gives a better than 0.8 mm FWHM resolution in the plane of the /sup 57/Co source. In Monte Carlo calculations, for a detector resolution of 1 mm with a 0.5 mm pinhole collimator, the spatial resolution was demonstrated to be about 0.4 mm FWHM for a point-like source.
Social Determinants of HIV/HCV Co-Infection: A case Study from People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Puerto Rico.

• Co-infection correlates with age, longer period of drug use, medical insurance coverage and sexual identity. • LGBT PWID are vulnerable to co-infection. Stigma, commercial sex and violence compounds risk. • Culturally sensitive prevention strategies focused on this particular population should be implemented to avoid co-infection.
Cross-linked, polyurethane-based, ammonium poly(ionic liquid)/ionic liquid composite films for organic vapor suppression and ion conduction

Abstract A series of ammonium-diol and -triol ionic liquid (IL) monomers were synthesized and used in step-growth polymerization with the commercial di-isocyanate monomer, toluene-di-isocyanate (TDI), in the presence of free ammonium IL to form new curable ammonium-based polymerized ionic liquid/ionic liquid (PIL/IL) composite film coatings. The use of polyurethane chemistry allows for the near-complete curing of the alcohol and isocyanate monomers to yield solid, homogeneous, cross-linked polyurethane-based PIL/IL composite materials with no volatile side product formation. The physical properties and curing rates of these PIL/IL films were altered by tailoring the structures of the ammonium-alcohol IL monomers, the ratio of the linear vs. cross-linking IL monomers employed, and the amount of free IL in the curing reactions. Although ammonium-based PILs have been reported to be less thermally and electrochemically stable than their imidazolium counterparts in the literature, TGA results indicated a Tonset of up to 300 °C under air for the ammonium PIL/IL composites prepared in this study. These new PIL/IL materials were also tested as curable coatings in a toxic industrial chemical (TIC) vapor suppression and liquid uptake assay using o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) as a simulant for polychlorinated biphenyls. The curable PIL/IL coatings were found to suppress 88% of the o-DCB vapor on o-DCB-contaminated painted steel substrates and 79% of the o-DCB vapor on o-DCB-contaminated rubber substrates, relative to uncoated control samples. However, although effective for TIC vapor suppression, these ammonium PIL/IL coatings only sorbed less than 50% of the applied liquid o-DCB from the same test substrates, making them slightly less effective for this latter application than previously reported imidazolium-based curable PIL/IL coatings. These materials exhibited comparable ionic conductivity values to other types of PIL/IL systems previously reported in the literature. However, it was found that the more heavily cross-linked ammonium-based PIL/IL films were more prone to free IL leach-out at higher temperatures, leading to their unexpectedly higher ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures.
Supporting Institutional Hybrid Implementations

This chapter describes important considerations for higher education administrators and other leaders as they design, develop, and implement a comprehensive hybrid learning initiative.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy study of minerals commonly found in shale

Abstract Positron Annihilation Lifetime and Doppler Broadening spectroscopies are used to investigate twenty-three different rock-forming minerals that are commonly found in shale. Doppler Broadening provides information about the positron and positronium (Ps) trapping sites for comparison among the various minerals. Correlations of positron lifetime and Doppler Broadening are observed for different groups of minerals. Finally, Ps formation, or lack thereof, in the various minerals has been determined.
Business Architectures for the Design of Enterprise Service Systems

Business Architecture provides foundational and actionable concepts for enterprise service systems and their transformation. In practical terms, Business Architecture is an approach to formalizing the way an organization operates based on the convergence among strategy management, business process management and information technology. Partial perspectives on this convergence have received a great deal of attention from different disciplines in the last two decades. Companies and industries in regimes of fast technological change and innovation have made Business Architecture gain new emphasis, and thus, the discipline has been recently revisited intensively by companies, government, analysts, standards organizations, and researchers.
Temporal variation in pelagic food chain length in response to environmental change.

Climate variability alters nitrogen cycling, primary productivity, and dissolved oxygen concentration in marine ecosystems. We examined the role of this variability (as measured by six variables) on food chain length (FCL) in the California Current (CC) by reconstructing a time series of amino acid–specific δ 15 N values derived from common dolphins, an apex pelagic predator, and using two FCL proxies. Strong declines in FCL were observed after the 1997–1999 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Bayesian models revealed longer FCLs under intermediate conditions for surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, multivariate ENSO index, and total plankton volume but not for hypoxic depth and nitrate concentration. Our results challenge the prevalent paradigm that suggested long-term stability in the food web structure in the CC and, instead, reveal that pelagic food webs respond strongly to disturbances associated with ENSO events, local oceanography, and ongoing changes in climate.
Bridges 2017 mathematical art exhibitions: University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 27–31 July 2017

This review of mathematical art exhibited at Bridges Waterloo in 2017 identifies two key themes – the search for beauty and the joy of discovery – and highlights the work of Magnus Wenninger, Veron...
Resolving the halogen vs. hydrogen bonding dichotomy in solutions: intermolecular complexes of trihalomethanes with halide and pseudohalide anions

Halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complexes between trihalomethanes, CHX3, and (pseudo-)halide anions, A-, co-existing in acetonitrile solutions were identified and characterized via a combination of UV-vis and NMR spectral measurements with the results of X-ray structural and computational analyses. Halogen-bonded [CHX3, A-] complexes displayed strong absorption bands in the UV range (showing Mulliken correlations with the frontier orbital energies of the interacting species) and a decreased shift of the NMR signal of trihalomethanes' protons. Hydrogen bonding led to the opposite (increased) NMR signal shift and the UV-vis absorption bands of the hydrogen-bonded [CHX3, A-] complexes were similar in intensity to those of the separate CHX3 molecules. The simultaneous multivariable treatment of the results of UV-vis and NMR titrations of CHX3 with A- anions afforded formation constants of both halogen- and hydrogen-bonded complexes between these species, which existed side-by-side in the acetonitrile solutions. The relative values of the formation constants were consistent with the magnitudes of the positive potentials on the surfaces of the halogen or hydrogen atoms if the effects of the polarization of the trihalomethanes due to the presence of the anions were taken into account.
Accelerator™ Containers Alter Plant Growth and the Root-zone Environment

Abstract Five species of trees, Fraxinus velutina Torr., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Platanus occidentalis L., Quercus virginiana Mill., and Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., were first grown in conventional black plastic liner containers (0.45 liter, 0.41 qt) then transplanted to black plastic containers filled with 25 liters (7 gal) of substrate and grown to marketable size. The same species were grown in Accelerator liners and then transplanted to open bottom, air-root pruning, cylindrical, aluminum (Accelerator) containers filled with equal volumes of substrate. Plant growth characteristics, root-zone temperatures, and substrate moisture status were measured. As with many container technologies, responses were species dependent. Growth of Q. virginiana was reduced in Accelerator liner containers compared to conventional black plastic liners. Root coverage on the periphery of the rootballs were reduced on U. parvifolia grown in 25 liter (7 gal) containers compared to those in black plastic containers. Growth of U....
Tagged neutron method for carbon analysis of large soil samples.

Abstract Laboratory determination of carbon content in 30-50 kg soil samples is described. The method is based on the tagged neutron technique. Procedure for carbon determination in such samples was developed based on a physical model and Monte-Carlo simulations (Geant4) of neutron stimulated gamma spectra. Measurement results of samples with different density and moisture demonstrate good agreement with standard dry combustion analysis. Thus, this method can be recommended as an alternative for laboratory determination of carbon in 30-50 kg soil samples.
The Early Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire: Measuring Intuitive Theories of Parenting and Child Development

Parenting behaviors and decisions play an important role in determining children’s early environment. Are these behaviors driven by an intuitive theory of parenting – a coherent set of beliefs about child development and parent-child relationships? In exploratory work, we asked adults on Amazon Mechanical Turk to endorse a set of propositions about parenting and conducted exploratory factor analyses of their responses. Three distinct factors appeared in responses: an Affection and Attachment factor, an Early Learning factor, and a Rules and Respect factor. In an iterative process, we created a scale of items with subscales designed to measure these factors, which we call the Early Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (EPAQ). We next conducted two studies with groups of parents (on Mechanical Turk and from the membership of a local museum) to estimate the validity of the new scale. We asked whether agreement with each subscale varied based on demographic factors and whether intuitive theories predicted self-reported parenting behaviors. The EPAQ provides an instrument to assess attitudes about parenting and child development, facilitating investigation of and intervention on parenting behaviors.
Are Current Protein Recommendations for the Critically Ill Adequate for Patients on VV ECMO: Experience From a High-Volume Center

BACKGROUND The nutrition needs of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have not been established in the literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate if current protein recommendations are adequate to achieve nitrogen equilibrium in patients on venovenous ECMO (VV ECMO). METHODS Patients aged ≥18 years on VV ECMO admitted November 2016 through January 2018 with a documented nitrogen balance (NB) study were included. Patients were stratified by body mass index (BMI) into obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ) and nonobese (BMI < 30 kg/m2 ) categories for analysis. RESULTS After exclusions, 55 NB studies in 29 patients were analyzed. Twelve nonobese patients received a median of 2.1 g protein/kg actual body weight (ABW) (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.7-2.5), and median NB was -2.2 g/d (IQR: -7.4 to 2.8). In 17 obese patients, median protein delivery of 2 g protein/kg ideal body weight (IBW) (IQR: 1.7-2.5) achieved a median NB of -7.3 g/d (IQR: -12.6 to -2.8). Obese patients exhibited greater urinary urea nitrogen excretion than nonobese patients did (24.6 vs 17.6 g/d, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Obese and nonobese patients undergoing VV ECMO may require more protein than is currently recommended for critical illness. Monitoring nutrition delivery and serial NB to assess prescription adequacy should be incorporated into routine patient care. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and create specific guidelines for patients on VV ECMO.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in solid organ transplant recipients: A patient-centered systematic review.

Background The use of immunotherapies in the treatment of metastatic cancers has significantly advanced oncology. However, due to safety concerns, solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are routinely excluded from immunotherapy trials; thus, there is limited data for these agents in this population. Methods A systematic review was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunotherapies in SOTRs with metastatic cancers. Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for analysis. Results In total, 37% of patients experienced organ rejection, and 14% died as a result of graft rejection. Nivolumab was associated with the highest rejection rate (52.2%), followed by pembrolizumab (26.7%) and ipilimumab (25%; P = .1774). The highest rejection rate was seen in patients with kidney transplants (40.1%), then liver (35%) and heart (20%) transplants (P = .775), and 64% of patients succumbed to the progression of malignancy. For all cases, rates of progression or death secondary to disease were highest for ipilimumab (75%), followed by nivolumab (43%) and pembrolizumab (40%; P = .1892). The overall response rate was highest for pembrolizumab (40%), followed by nivolumab (30%) and ipilimumab (25%; P = .7929). Limitations The small sample size. Conclusion Physicians must be cautious when administering immunotherapy to SOTRs. However, rejection is not the most common cause for death in this population.
Mapping the Impact of Collaborative Research with David Plane

Citation counts have become a standard way of assessing the impact of a research paper. Plane and Mitchneck published two interdisciplinary and theoretically contextualized papers over 25 years ago. Plane’s formal retirement marks an appropriate time to assess the impact that the papers have had in the scholarly domain. After reviewing the critical literature about citation indices and discovering that a paper with a woman, Mitchneck, as lead author has less of a likelihood of high citation than if a man, Plane, had been lead author, Mitchneck begins to count the citations of the two papers in different sources. She then conducts a qualitative assessment of the impact of the papers by reading the majority of the citations within the text in which the citation is found with the goal of understanding how the papers impacted conversations on the research topics of net migration and employment and migration during times of political and economic shock. The qualitative assessment finds contributions to conversation around the world by an international and interdisciplinary group of scholars.
Masculine gender-role adherence indicates conflict resolution patterns in heterosexual adolescent couples: A dyadic, observational study.

Abstract Introduction Conflict resolution in romantic relationships is a critical skillset that relates to individual and relational well-being. In adolescence, heterosexual romantic relationships are highly gendered, and norms for traditional masculinity (a bravado focused on interpersonal dominance) may be relevant in shaping how adolescents navigate disagreements. Therefore, we examined the associations between adolescents’ conformity to norms for traditional masculinity and their conflict resolution in their romantic relationships. Method Using a sample of 91 heterosexual adolescent couples from the Southwest United States (Mage = 16.50, SD = .90; 44% White, 42% Latinx), we examined how self-reported conformity to traditional masculinity predicted independent observer ratings of negotiation, coercion, and avoidance strategies during a lab-based conflict and jealousy discussion task. Results Results of actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) indicated that more highly masculine adolescents generally displayed less conflict negotiation and more coercion during the discussion task. Dyadic and gendered patterns characterized masculinity's associations with negotiation and coercion. Masculinity was unassociated with conflict avoidance. Conclusions Adolescents in heterosexual relationships that adhere more rigidly to gendered norms for traditional masculinity may be challenged in acquiring skills for constructive conflict resolution with a romantic partner. Adolescent romantic relationships are a socialization context in which many individuals develop the skills for future romantic relationships, including those into young adulthood. Addressing masculine gender roles in adolescence may help promote the development of positive conflict management and overall romantic functioning in youth.