cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the tables have turned: studying the new wave of social bots on Twitter using complex network analysis techniques

Twitter bots have evolved from easily-detectable, simple content spammers with bogus identities to sophisticated players embedded in deep levels of social networks, silently promoting affiliate campaigns, marketing various products and services, and orchestrating or coordinating political activities. Much research has been reported on building accurate machine learning classifiers to identifying bots in social networks; recent works on social bots have started the new line of research on the existence, placement, and functions of the bots in a collective manner. In this paper, we study two families of Twitter bots which have been studied previously with respect to spamming activities through advertisement and political campaigns, and perform an evolutionary comparison with the new waves of bots currently found in Twitter. We uncover various evolved tendencies of the new social bots under social, communication, and behavioral patterns. Our findings show that these bots demonstrate evolved core-periphery structure; are deeply embedded in their networks of communication; exhibit complex information diffusion and heterogeneous content authoring patterns; perform mobilization of leaders across communication roles; and reside in niche topic communities. These characteristics make them highly deceptive as well as more effective in achieving operational goals than their traditional counterparts. We conclude by discussing some possible applications of the discovered behavioral and social traits of the evolved bots, and ways to build effective bot detection systems.
Mycophenolate-induced Colitis: A Case Report with Focused Review of Literature.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive medication used for the management of various autoimmune diseases, and patients with bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Gastrointestinal side effects are seen 45% of the time and they include nausea (29%), vomiting (23%), constipation (38%), diarrhea (50%-92%), and colitis (9%). In 98% of cases, resolution of diarrhea occurs within 20 days upon discontinuation of the MMF. Data is scarce regarding approach in the treatment of MMF-induced colitis. We report a case of MMF-induced colitis diagnosed by colonoscopy and histopathology. This case illustrates the challenges encountered while managing MMF-induced colitis.
Design for self-care

Abstract Self-care is a process with which all people will engage at some point in their lives, whether healthy, healing from an acute health situation, or living with chronic illness. As such, there are different types of self-care with unique components and challenges. Each challenge presents an opportunity to design interventions to improve the process and outcomes of self-care. This chapter describes the key actors, challenges, and solutions presented in human factors literature addressing self-care.
Reliability of the visio-vestibular examination for concussion among providers in a pediatric emergency department

Abstract Background Visio-vestibular examination (VVE) deficits are common following pediatric concussion. Guidelines recommend assessing these deficits on all potentially concussed youth given their diagnostic and prognostic value, however test psychometrics of the VVE in the emergency department (ED) setting are unknown. Our objective was to determine the inter-rater (IRR) and test-retest reliability (TRR) of the VVE in a pediatric ED. Methods We enrolled 155 patients (112 IRR; 43 TRR) age 6–18 years with head injury presenting to the ED of a tertiary care children's hospital. Exams were performed by a group of 65 attending/fellow physicians, pediatricians, and advanced practice providers. The VVE consisted of 9 maneuvers (smooth pursuits, horizontal/vertical saccades and gaze stability, binocular convergence, left/right monocular accommodation, complex tandem gait). Cohen's kappa was calculated for IRR and TRR for each element. Results For IRR, 5/9 kappas (saccades, gaze stability, monocular accommodation) were in the moderate agreement range (0.40 to 0.60); remaining kappas showed fair agreement. For TRR, 6/9 maneuvers (saccades, horizontal gaze stability, monocular accommodation, tandem gait) showed substantial agreement (0.60 to 0.80). Kappas of 7/9 elements for subjects age 15–18 showed improved IRR and TRR. Conclusions The individual elements of the VVE show fair to moderate agreement between providers and moderate to substantial agreement among the same provider in the ED setting. These findings suggest a role in the VVE in evaluating concussion acutely, particularly given its previously demonstrated ability to assist in risk stratification of concussed youth and the importance of early diagnosis for improved outcomes.
Electrical Overstress Estimation for Printed Circuit Board Design

Electronic part failure analysis at early stages of the design reduces design re-spins and time to market. Component failure at later stage of the design costs heavier depending upon in which phase of design cycle the product is. Failure of a small electronic component can cause complete system shutdown. For examples are a quarter watt resistor operating at half watts, a 50 V capacitor suffering continuous spikes of 100 V, a 100 ohm resistor’s resistance changes to 115 ohms at 60 Degree temperature, power handling capability of 1 W BJT (Bipolar junction transistor) could go down to 0.75 W when operated at higher temperature & Transformer of 500 V dielectric breakdown is under constant stress of thousand Volts spikes. Debugging root cause of such failures on a complex design is not easy especially if done manually.
Imaging endpoints of intracranial atherosclerosis using vessel wall MR imaging: a systematic review

The vessel wall MR imaging (VWI) literature was systematically reviewed to assess the criteria and measurement methods of VWI-related imaging endpoints for symptomatic intracranial plaque in patients with ischemic events. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to October 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data from 47 studies. A modified Guideline for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies was used to assess completeness of reporting. The specific VWI-pulse sequence used to identify plaque was reported in 51% of studies. A VWI-based criterion to define plaque was reported in 38% of studies. A definition for culprit plaque was reported in 40% of studies. Frequently scored qualitative imaging endpoints were plaque quadrant (21%) and enhancement (21%). Frequently measured quantitative imaging endpoints were stenosis (19%), lumen area (15%), and remodeling index (14%). Reproducibility for all endpoints ranged from good to excellent (range: ICCT1 hyperintensity = 0.451 to ICCstenosis = 0.983). However, rater specialty and years of experience varied among studies. Investigators are using different criteria to identify and measure VWI-imaging endpoints for culprit intracranial plaque. Early awareness of these differences to address methods of acquisition and measurement will help focus research resources and efforts in technique optimization and measurement reproducibility. Consensual definitions to detect plaque will be important to develop automatic lesion detection tools particularly in the era of radiomics.
Anomalous behavior in high-pressure carbonaceous sulfur hydride

Abstract A new experimental study by Snider et al. [2020 Nature 586 373–7] reported behavior in a high-pressure carbon-sulfur-hydrogen system that has been interpreted by the authors as superconductivity at room temperature. The sudden change of electrical resistance at a critical temperature and the change of the R vs. T behavior with an applied magnetic field point to superconductivity. This is a very exciting study in one of the most important areas of science, hence, it is crucial for the community to investigate these findings and hopefully reproduce these results. In this paper, we present calculations that expand upon the arguments put forth by Hirsch and Marsiglio [ arXiv:2010.10307 ], and offer some speculations about physical mechanisms that might explain the observed data. We show that there are errors in the analysis presented in the experimental paper, and with the correct analysis, the reported R vs. T data significantly deviate from the expected behavior. In particular, the extremely sharp change in resistance at the superconducting transition is not consistent with a strongly type II superconductor.
Glimpses of Lament: 2 Corinthians and the Presence of Lament in the New Testament:

The subject of lament in the NT has not received as much attention as it deserves. Some scholars have taken note of this fact, even calling on evangelicals to take up the charge. The present articl...
Ruins, Caves, Gods, and Incense Burners: Northern Lacandon, Maya Myths, and Rituals: Didier Boremanse, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 2019, pp. 336. US $60.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9781607817321 (paperback), ISBN 9781607817338 (digital)

Anthropologist Didier Boremanse’s Ruins, Caves, Gods, and Incense Burners transports readers to the remote jungles of eastern Chiapas and the villages of the Northern Lacandon Maya. According to Bo...
Comparing polarized Raman spectroscopy and birefringence as probes of molecular scale alignment in 3D printed thermoplastics

Polymer chain orientation is crucial to understanding the polymer dynamics at interfaces formed during thermoplastic material extrusion additive manufacturing. The flow field and rapid cooling produced during material extrusion can result in chains which are oriented and stretched, which has implications for interdiffusion and crystallization. Polarized Raman spectroscopy offers a non-destructive and surface sensitive method to quantify chain orientation. To study orientation and alignment of chains in 3D printed polycarbonate filaments, we used a combination of polarized Raman spectroscopy and birefringence ( $$\Delta n$$ ) measurements. By changing the orientation of the sample with respect to polarization of incident radiation, we probe changes in the ratio between orientation-dependent vibration modes and orientation-independent modes. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression to develop correlations for birefringence and Raman measurements in samples that were pulled at different draw ratios (DRs). PCA was used to differentiate between orientation-dependent and orientation-independent modes, while PLS regression was used to calculate birefringence from Raman measurements of 3D printed samples. Birefringence measurements were compared to the polycarbonate intrinsic birefringence of 0.2, to estimate the degree of orientation. We find that measured values of birefringence underestimate orientation compared to Raman measurements.
La idea de comunidad en la tradición pragmática norteamericana

El autor hace un recorrido por los principales analistas estadounidenses en lo que se refiere a la idea de comunidad. Examina tanto a liberales como a comunitaristas y los enfrentamientos entre ambos bandos. Despues de un recuento de los puntos principales de cada lado, entra de lleno a considerar a los pragmaticos. Su escrito nos ofrece una vision general del pensamiento estadounidense respecto a las caracteristicas, creacion y desarrollo de las comunidades democraticas.
Subcellular location of secretory proteins retained in the liver during the ethanol-induced inhibition of hepatic protein secretion in the rat

Abstract Ethanol administration inhibits the secretion of proteins by the liver, resulting in their hepatocellular retention. Experiments were designed in this study to determine the subcellular location of the retained secretory proteins. Ethanol was administered acutely to nonfasted rats by gastric intubation, whereas control animals received an isocaloric dose of glucose. Two hours after intubation, when maximum blood ethanol levels (45 mM) were observed, [ 3 H]leucine and [ 14 C]fucose were injected simultaneously into the dorsal vein of the penis. The labeling of secretory proteins was determined in the liver and plasma at various time periods after label injection. Ethanol treatment decreased the secretion of both leucine- and fucose-labeled proteins into the plasma. This inhibition of secretion was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the hepatic retention of both leucine- and fucose-labeled immunoprecipitable secretory proteins. At the time of maximum inhibition of secretion, leucine-labeled secretory proteins located in the Golgi apparatus represented about 50% of the accumulated secretory proteins in the livers of the ethanol-treated rats, whereas the remainder was essentially equally divided among the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Because fucose is incorporated into secretory proteins almost exclusively in the Golgi complex, fucose-labeled proteins accumulated in the livers of the ethanol-treated rats mainly in the Golgi apparatus, with the remainder located in the cytosol. These results show that ethanol administration causes an impaired movement of secretory proteins along the secretory pathway, and that secretory proteins accumulate mainly, but not exclusively, in the Golgi apparatus.
Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar

Male humpbacks modify their sexual displays when exposed to man-made noise. There is growing concern about the effects of man-made noise on marine life. In particular, marine mammals that use sound to communicate, navigate, and detect predators and prey may try to avoid loud sound sources up to tens of kilometres away1. Here, in a study conducted in cooperation with the US Navy2, we show that the singing behaviour of male humpback whales was altered when they were exposed to LFA (low-frequency active) sonar. As the song of these whales is associated with reproduction3, widespread alteration of their singing behaviour might affect demographic parameters, or it could represent a strategy to compensate for interference from the sonar.
The Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin: IV. THE FUNCTION OF THE FRAGMENT 2 REGION DURING ACTIVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF FACTOR V

Abstract During activation, the prothrombin molecule is divided into a COOH-terminal half which gives rise to thrombin and an NH2-terminal activation fragment half (Fragment 1·2) (Esmon, C. T., Owen, W. G., and Jackson, C. M. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 606–611). Thrombin-catalyzed proteolysis further divides the activation fragment into 2 parts, Fragment 1 (from the NH2-terminal end) and Fragment 2. The Fragment 1 region of prothrombin has been shown to be responsible for the binding of prothrombin to phospholipid (Gitel, S. N., Owen, W. G., Esmon, C. T., and Jackson, C. M. (1973) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70, 1344–1348). It is shown here that the ability of blood clotting Factor V to accelerate thrombin precursor activation is specifically dependent upon the interaction between the Fragment 2 region of the substrate and Factor V. The evidence supporting the conclusion that the Fragment 2 region is required for Factor V function is as follows: Intermediate 2, a thrombin precursor without a Fragment 2 region, is activated more rapidly by activated Factor X and Ca2+ than either prothrombin or Intermediate 1, whereas when Factor V is present, the situation is reversed and the Fragment 2 region containing substrates, i.e. prothrombin or Intermediate 1, are activated more rapidly than Intermediate 2. Addition of either Fragment 2 or Fragment 1·2 to Intermediate 2 results in the rapid activation of Intermediate 2 by Factor V, activated Factor X, and Ca2+, and Intermediate 2 and Fragment 2 associate to form a product of 1:1 stoichiometry which is electrophoretically indistinguishable from Intermediate 1. In contrast to the situation with Fragment 2, Fragment 1 is completely without effect on the Factor V enhancement of Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 plus Fragment 2 activation indicating that Fragment 1 and Fragment 2 are independent in their function in the prothrombin activation process. The course of Intermediate 1 activation by activated Factor X, Factor V, and Ca2+ was investigated by determining the product distributions which can be monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis as a function of time. The results on the activation pathway obtained from these experiments are consistent with the previously demonstrated prothrombin activation pathway (Esmon, C. T., and Jackson, C. M. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7782–7790), i.e. [see PDF for equation] with the added requirement for interaction between Intermediate 2 and Fragment 1·2 or Fragment 2 for Factor V to function.
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator supports liver repair independent of its cellular receptor

Background The urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators regulate liver matrix remodelling through the conversion of plasminogen (Plg) to the active protease plasmin. Based on the efficient activation of plasminogen when uPA is bound to its receptor (uPAR) and on the role of uPA in plasmin-mediated liver repair, we hypothesized that uPA requires uPAR for efficient liver repair.
Computing surface offsets and bisectors using a sampled constraint solver

This paper describes SCSolver, a geometric constraint solver based on adaptive sampling of an underlying constraint space. The solver is demonstrated on the computation of the offset to a surface as well as the computation of the bisector between two surfaces. The adaptive constraint sampling generates a solution manifold through a generalized dual-contouring approach appropriate for higher-dimensional problems. Experimental results show that the SCSolver approach can compute solutions for complex input geometry at interactive rates for each example application.
WHY ONTOGENY MATTERS DURING ADAPTATION: DEVELOPMENTAL NICHE CONSTRUCTION AND PLEIOTORPY ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

This case study of adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana shows that natural selection on early life stages can be intense and can influence the evolution of subsequent traits. Two mechanisms contribute to this influence: pleiotropy across developmental stages and developmental niche construction. Examples are given of pleiotropy of environmentally cued development across life stages, and potential ways that pleiotropy can be relieved are discussed. In addition, this case study demonstrates how the timing of prior developmental transitions determines the seasonal environment experienced subsequently, and that such developmental niche construction alters phenotypic expression of subsequent traits, the expression of genetic variation of those traits, and natural selection on those traits and alleles associated with them. As such, developmental niche construction modifies pleiotropic relationships across the life cycle in ways that influence the dynamics of adaptation. Understanding the genetic basis of life-cycle variation therefore requires consideration of environmental effects on pleiotropy.
Structural Nested Models and Standard Software: A Mathematical Foundation through Partial Likelihood.

In observational studies treatment may be adapted to the patient's state during the course of time. These covariates may in turn also react on the treatment under study, and so on. This makes it hard to distinguish between treatment effect and selection bias. Structural nested models aim at estimating treatment effect in such complicated situations, even when treatment may change at any time. We show that structural nested models can often be calculated with standard software, by using standard models to predict treatment as a tool to estimate treatment effect. Robins ( Survival analysis, Volume 6 of Encyclopedia of Biostatistics , John Wiley and Sons, Chich- ester, 1998) conjectured this, but so far it was unproven. We use a partial likelihood approach to choose the estimators and tests as a subclass of the estimators and tests in Lok (math. ST/0410271 at http://arXiv.org, 2004). We show that this is the class of estimators and tests that can be calcu- lated with standard software. The estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal, and have interesting asymptotic properties.
The Theory–Application Balance in Management Pedagogy: A Longitudinal Update

We attempt to extend previous research concerning the perceptions of management educators on the relative balance between theory and applications in their classroom instruction. Specifically, this ...
Overcoming the large-Z problem in quantum monte carlo

The Z6 scaling of computational effort in quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) results in part from a type of critical slowing down. This insight leads to an attack based on acceleration algorithms which modify the dynamics in Langevin-based simulations without changing the steady-state. Configuration space is more rapidly sampled and steps are inherently more decorrelated. A second approach uses a hybrid Metropolis–Green function Monte Carlo method which factors the core and valence wave function, and treats the former variationally with accurate trial functions, and the latter exactly in the presence of the variationally evoling core. This allows separation of the relevant core and valence time scales, and has sped up quantum simulations by over three orders of magnitude.
Temperature Dependence of the Heterogeneous Ferrous‐Ferric Electron Transfer Reaction Rate: Comparison of Experiment and Theory

This paper describes experiments on the temperature dependence of the rate of the ferrous-ferric electron transfer reaction at a gold electrode and compare them with a detailed molecular dynamics simulation which is used to predict the rate. We find from the experiments that the temperature dependence of the rate has the Arrhenius form over the temperature range from 25 to 275{degrees} C, and that the transfer coefficient is independent of temperature in this range. The molecular dynamics simulations are used to two ways to extract activation energies and transfer coefficients for comparison with experiment. In one of these methods, we assume parabolic dependence of the energies for the product and reactant in a reaction coordinate which is not specified a priori. In the other method, we use a quantum mechanical calculation extrapolated from the very short molecular dynamics time scale to times characteristic of the electron transfer rate. The assumption of parabolic dependence of the energies gives an estimate for the activation energy which is consistent with experiment. The transfer coefficient calculated using this assumption is also consistent with experiment.
Shape change of cured 2D and 3D nanostructures from imprint lithography

Nanosculpting, the fabrication of two- and three-dimensional shapes at the nanoscale, enables applications in photonics, metamaterials, multi-bit magnetic memory, and bio-nanoparticles. A promising high resolution and high throughput method for nanosculpting is nanoimprint lithography (NIL). A key requirement to achieving manufacturing viability of nanosculptures in NIL is maintaining image fidelity through each step of the imprinting process. In particular, polymer densification during UV curing can distort the imprinted image. Here we study the shape changes introduced by polymer densification and develop a forward method for predicting changes in nanoscale geometries from UV curing. We show that shape changes by polymer densification are governed by the Poisson’s ratio, the shrinkage coefficient of the polymer resist, and the geometric aspect ratios of the nanosculpted shape. We also show that the size of the residual layer does not impact the final profile of the imprinted shape.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN FIBROLAMELLAR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN YOUNG PEOPLE

Abstract Background/purpose Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) arises in pediatric/adolescent patients without cirrhosis. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of resection, nodal status, metastasis, and PRETEXT stage on overall survival (OS). Methods With IRB approval, we reviewed records of 25 consecutive pediatric patients with FL-HCC treated at our institution from 1981 to 2011. We evaluated associations between OS and PRETEXT stage, nodal involvement, metastasis, and complete resection. Results Median age at diagnosis was 17.1years (range, 11.6–20.5). Median follow-up was 2.74years (range, 5–9.5). Five (28%) patients had PRETEXT stage 1 disease, 10 (56%) had stage 2, 2 (11%) had stage 3, and 2 (11%) had stage 4 disease. On presentation, 17 (68%) patients had N1 disease, and 7 (28%) had parenchymal metastases. Complete resection was achieved in 17 (80.9%) of 21 patients who underwent resection. Five-year OS was 42.6%. Survival was positively associated with complete resection ( P =0.003), negative regional lymph nodes ( P =0.044), and lower PRETEXT stage ( P P =0.05). Conclusions In young patients with FL-HCC, lower PRETEXT stage and complete resection correlated with prolonged survival, while metastatic disease and positive lymph node status were associated with poor prognosis. Thus, we recommend complete resection and regional lymphadenectomy whenever possible.
Redistribution of neuronal lysosomes induced by colchicine: an electron microscopic quantitative study

We have previously demonstrated that a single injection of the microtubule poison colchicine, into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat, induced a rapid redistribution of the lysosomal marker enzymes, dipeptidylaminopeptidase II (Dpp II) and acid phosphatase, from their normal location in neuronal cell bodies out into the dendrites. In the present study, we have quantitatively analyzed this phenomenon at the electron microscopic level by identifying and counting the number of lysosomes and mitochondria in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites of control and colchicine-treated rats. Areas examined included the anterior dorsal (AD) thalamus, pontine nucleus, and facial nucleus. The results show that the cytoplasm of these neurons contains significantly fewer large lysosomes after treatment with colchicine while the dendrites become abnormally enriched with large and small lysosomes after treatment. Lysosomes were rarely seen in the axons of either control or colchicine-treated animals. A significant increase in the density and the shape of mitochondria was also observed in the dendrites following colchicine treatment. The data presented support the hypothesis that neurons contain a transport system which selectively translocates lysosomes, and possibly other organelles, into dendrites. The size, shape, and number of these organelles may change as a result of this transport.
Tetrahydroberberine, a pharmacologically active naturally occurring alkaloid.

Tetra­hydro­berberine (systematic name: 9,10-dimeth­oxy-5,8,13,13a-tetra­hydro-6H-benzo[g][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizine), C20H21NO4, a widely distributed naturally occurring alkaloid, has been crystallized as a racemic mixture about an inversion center. A bent conformation of the mol­ecule is observed, with an angle of 24.72 (5)° between the arene rings at the two ends of the reduced quinolizinium core. The inter­molecular hydrogen bonds that play an apparent role in crystal packing are 1,3-benzodioxole –CH2⋯OCH3 and –OCH3⋯OCH3 inter­actions between neighboring mol­ecules.
Assay of the Concentration and 13C-Labeling Pattern of Phenylacetylglutamine by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Abstract Phenylacetate, derived from phenylalanine, is converted in human and primate liver to phenylacetylglutamine. The latter, which is excreted in urine, has been used to probe noninvasively the labeling pattern of liver citric acid cycle intermediates. We present nuclear magnetic resonance assays for the urinary concentration of phenylacetylglutamine and for the 13 C-labeling pattern of its glutamine moiety. The concentration of phenylacetylglutamine is calculated from the natural 13 C signals of all carbons of its benzene ring and C-2 of its acetyl moiety. The limit of detection is 13 μmol of unlabeled phenylacetylglutamine. The minimum amount of phenylacetylglutamine needed to determine a 1% enrichment of one of its carbons is 26 μmol. The technique was tested by analyzing phenylacetylglutamine in the urine from monkeys infused with various 13 C tracers. The labeling patterns obtained agreed with theoretical calculations and patterns reported in phenylacetylglutamine and glutamine labeled from 14 C and 13 C tracers, respectively.
Efficient exemplars for classifier design

Let X1, …, Xm denote subsets of a vector space. A function ϕ is said to classify (distinguish, recognize, …) the sets Xj if the set images ϕ(Xj), j = 1, …, m are distinctive. Although a broad variety of classifier designs (statistical, separating hyperplane, neural, etc.) are available, a common problem plagues these designs whenever sets Xj are of high cardinality. Namely, the identification of exemplars which (i) are representative of the several classes, (ii) emphasize the importance of critical boundaries, and (iii) in total are of small cardinality. Such exemplar sets lead to robust designs, reduce computational costs, enhance algorithm convergence and often reduce the hardware attendant to design implementation. In the present study we address the problem of choosing training sets for classifier designs. One result is an algorithm for selecting exemplars on the boundary of a set. Classifiers based on the boundary exemplars are effective for the binary problem: x ∈; X or x ∉ X. Using this algorithm we then present a procedure for obtaining boundary sets for the multiple classification case. These sets X′j ⊂ Xj have the following properties: (i) the cardinality of X′j is small, (ii) the critical boundaries between the Xj are delineated, and (iii) the sets Xj are synchronized in the sense that the boundary points are selected in pairs. These three properties suggest that the X′j will facilitate a computational speed up in several classifier design methodologies, in particular nearest neighbor, separating hyperplane and neural network classifiers. We also present some preliminary tests which confirm this hypothesis.
A six-degree-of-freedom transducer for in vitro measurement of patellofemoral contact forces

Abstract A satisfactory design of the patellar component used in total knee arthroplasty and a general understanding of the effects of othopedic procedures require, in part, an accurate description of patellofemoral contact forces. Experimental determination of the contact stress distribution requires integration to estimate the contact forces. Due to complex patellar geometry, the determination of the components of the resultant load is difficult. Current techniques for the direct measurement of contact loads either report a single load component or require sequential experiments to fully describe the contact force. The present study describes the development of a six-degree-of-freedom patellofemoral force transducer. This transducer allows the simultaneous determination of the three components of the contact force with an increase in accuracy over available devices. The contact forces components are accurate to 1% of full scale (900 N anterior-posterior, ±200 N medial-lateral and inferior-superior). The location on the patella where the resultant force acts is determined to within 1 mm. Relative movement of this point as a function of either normal change in knee flexion angle or as a result of a typical orthopedic procedure is determined to within 0.1 mm. A protocol is presented that allows the contact forces to be determined for either the anatomically normal patella or a patella following total knee arthroplasty.
Effects of voicing and syntactic complexity on sign expression in adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Clients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) tend to exhibit inter- and intraclient variability of signs and symptoms. This variability may result in inaccurate assessment of severity. Accurate...
Method for embedding optical fibers and optical fiber sensors in metal parts and structures

Abstract A technique for embedding one or more optical fibers in a cast metal part or structure while maintaining optical transmission through the fiber is presented.This technique provides nondestructive monitor of internal perturbations of thestructure. Application of the method to embedded fiber optic sensors in metallic structures and to fiber-embedded metal feedthrough are reported and theperformances of temperature and ultrasound fiber sensor embedded in a cast aluminium block are demonstrated. Introduction In recent years a strong interest has developed in embedded fiber optic sensors to monitor physical perturbation such as strain, temperature and other parameter in structural materials1. The fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FFPI) using internalmirrors24 is a strong candidate for this application because it provides localized (or "point") sensing capability and high sensitivity, and is amenable to time-division-multiplexing. Coherence multiplexing with low-coherence light sources using
Evaluation of electrical potential difference across gastric mucosa in patients with chronic gastritis according to site, histology, and degree of inflammation.

The electrical potential difference (PD) of gastric mucosa was measured under direct endoscopic visualization in 39 patients. Seventy-six observations were made, 39 in fundic mucosa and 37 in the antral region. Biopsies taken from these areas allowed the identification of a control group and a gastritis group. The PD measurements of the control group were higher in the fundic mucosa (P<0.001) than in the antral region. In the gastritis group, PD measurements both in the fundic and antral regions were lower than those of the control group (P<0.01). However, in the gastritis group, PD measurements of the fundic region were still higher (P<0.01) than the PD of the antral region. The correlation coefficient of PD measurements versus the semiquantitative assessment of oxyntic and chief cells of the fundus wasr=0.49 (P<0.01).
Latino Literature Mediating Teacher Learning

This interpretive study draws on data from a larger inquiry into teacher learning in a graduate-level course on Latino literature at a large southwestern university. The article focuses on a small diverse group of educators taking part in a literature discussion of the novel Before We Were Free by J. Alvarez (2002). Using a sociocultural perspective of learning, the authors examine the mediation of Latino literature in teacher learning. The article discusses the mediation of the text, which positioned the participants as insiders or outsiders, as well as the role of the participants' diverse backgrounds and experiences.
Approach to Patients with Symptoms of Food Allergy

"Allergy" is a term often used by patients to describe symptoms that arise after eating. The term "adverse reaction to food" is preferred unless the event has an immunologic basis. True food allergy, primarily mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies to food proteins, is present in 3% to 4% of US adults. Symptoms range from mild mouth itching ("oral allergy syndrome") to anaphylaxis. The diagnosis is established by history and appropriately performed skin testing or in vitro assays for specific IgE antibodies to the suspected food. Because food-allergic reactions can be fatal, it is important to identify and avoid the causative food. Food-allergic reactions are treated by prompt use of intramuscular epinephrine. Patients may be referred to an allergy/immunology specialist when the diagnosis is uncertain or if avoidance measures are not successful. Investigational therapies may ultimately be preventative or curative.
Auscultatory features of acute tricuspid regurgitation.

Abstract Clinical observations in 6 patients with acutely acquired tricuspid insufficiency are presented. The atrial sound and atypical murmur of tricuspid regurgitation are documented and the origin localized to the right ventricle. The short duration of the murmur was due to the rapid equalization of pressures in the right atrium and ventricle during the latter part of systole. The presence of an atrial sound suggested a powerful right atrial contraction with diminished right ventricular compliance.
Quantum wave-packet dynamics of the photodissociation of LiF

A nuclear wave-packet description of the photodissociation of LiF is described, with emphasis on the dynamics associated with the formation of long-lived resonances. The predissociation is described using ab initio potential-energy curves and transition dipole matrix elements. The split operator method is used to propagate time-dependent coupled-channel wave functions in a diabatic representation. Dissociation is incorporated using absorbing potentials at large internuclear separations to prevent the return of flux from asymptotic regions. Extremely narrow resonances and broad window resonances are found atop a broad absorption envelope, in agreement with a recent stationary-state calculation. The lifetimes of the narrow resonances extend to hundreds of picoseconds, indicating the very slow nature of the dissociation dynamics. The features of the absorption spectrum are connected to specific aspects of the wave-packet motion on the ionic and covalent potential curves through a detailed study of the autocorrelation function.
DISTRIBUTION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA

ABSTRACT The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in Port Valdez, Alaska, was studied. Such compounds are present in the effluent from the ballast treatment plant located at the terminal of the Trans Alaska Pipeline. The plant processes 10 to 20 million gallons per day (mgd) of ballast water from arriving tankers. The principal organic components found in the treated effluent are benzene, toluene, and xylenes/ethylbenzene. Such volatile aromatic hydrocarbons comprise up to 50 percent of the total organic load in the effluent, and are discharged at a rate of 60 to 80 gallons per day. State regulations limit aromatic hydrocarbon content in waters outside the mixing zone to 10 micrograms per liter concentration. Distribution of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the receiving waters was studied by collecting and analyzing samples at the boundary of the mixing zone and throughout the fjord. Vertical and horizontal transects were designed for sample collection, and a sensitive analytical procedure capable of detect...
Separating the wheat from the chaff: the experience of the American Army Medical Department during World War I.

The physical improvement, manifested in the average doctor in a few weeks as a result of this training is remarkable. He arrives soft, flabby, often somewhat paunchy, of bad posture, a creature of the automobile era, unable to ride or march. He leaves erect, firm and muscled, well set up and able to do in marching whatever the needs of the service may demand. His waist measure has decreased from 2 to 7 inches, his chest has filled out and in Navy parlance, he has 'shifted his ballast.
Experimental and Computational Model Comparisons of Thermal Profiles Within a Column Photobioreactor

In a bubble column-based photobioreactor, sparger design and placement govern the bubble size distribution and gas hold-up. These factors in turn influence flow pattern, effective interfacial area, rates of mass and heat transfer, and mixing. Previous computational studies of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer effects within a column photobioreactor for one sparger row have found that bubble Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient with respect to superficial velocity do not follow any particular pattern. This study evaluates the temperature distribution and heat transfer within a photobioreactor in an effort to explain the earlier study results. Experimental and computational studies will focus on the bubble flow pattern and heat transfer within a rectangular column photobioreactor (33.65 cm long × 30.48 cm wide × 33.97 cm tall) with a single row sparger located either lengthwise or widthwise at the center of the base (27.94 cm long × 1.27 cm wide). Temperature distribution and heat transfer for both sparger positions will be compared. Carbon dioxide, water, light photons, algal cells, and nutrients need to come together continuously for successful algal production, hence mixing of the nutrients, algal cells, and carbon dioxide is essential. Instead of a light source, a heat source is used in the system. Constant electric energy is supplied to the heating pad, which converts the electric energy to thermal energy. Thermocouples are placed inside the PBR to record temperature at 36 different spatial positions. The experimental results are compared with previously developed CFD simulations. The sparger not only effects the aeration inside the PBR, but also creates mixing in the PBR. Proper design and placement of the sparger ensures proper mixing in the PBR. The present study shows the effects bubble movement and flow pattern have on the temperature distribution and how well the simulation predicts the temperature distribution inside a PBR. The present research is a continuum of previous work aimed at pursuing the optimum design of a column PBR which is commercially viable and effective at producing algal biofuels and bioproducts.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The composition dependence of stacking fault energy in austenitic stainless steels

The stacking fault energy (SFE) of AISI 310 stainless steel was measured using the weak-beam, dark field technique on extended nodes. The SFE was found to be 40 ± 5 mJ/m2, well below the 104 mJ/m2 predicted for this composition in earlier work by Schramm and Read. Difficulties with the Schramm and Read linear composition approach to SFE were identified, and a representation of SFE using the Fe-Cr-Ni ternary diagram was suggested to provide a more realistic, flexible and accurate picture of the composition dependence.
The ethanol fractionation of mouse serum.

Abstract A method for the ethanol fractionation of normal mouse serum has been developed which is rapid and simple to perform. The method was shown to be effective in purification of IgG1, IgG2 and γM-γA globulins. Gel filtration and zone electrophoresis proved to be effective in separating the γM-γA globulin combination into their respective components. Immunoelectrophoresis was chosen to assess the homogeneity of the fractions and the results agree with those obtained by other workers.
Radiation from a Circular Waveguide Flush-mounted to a Ground Plane covered by a Plasma or a Dielectric Slab

A theory of the radiation from the open end of a circular waveguide fed in the dominant TE11 mode and flush-mounted to an infinite, perfectly conducting flat ground plane covered by a plasma or a dielectric sheath is developed. In this analysis, the contributions to the aperture admittance and the excited fields from the higher order TE1n (n ≥ 1) and TM1l(l ≥ 1) modes are included. The aperture admittance for which the higher order modes are considered, has been calculated by two methods: 1. variational technique and 2. successive iteration method. It is shown that for any desired order of accuracy the results of these approaches are identical. Expressions for radiated fields, surface waves for all radial values of r, and the fields which represent glancing incident fields inside the slab are derived. The contribution of the surface waves to the aperture admittance is also presented.
A simple single-detector system for simultaneous monitoring of O 2 and CO 2 gas concentrations

In this paper, we present a system for fluorescent monitoring of multiple gas concentrations using a simple and robust single detector setup. Two gas-sensitive fluorescent films are illuminated by two separate excitation sources modulated at different frequencies. Cross-polarization is used to shield the excitation light from the detector, allowing fluorescent signals from both films to be simultaneously monitored and quantified using a microprocessor and lock-in detection. Simultaneous detection of O 2 and CO 2 in a mixture of gases is done as a proof-of-concept of this frequency discrimination technique. The detection of oxygen is based on the fluorescence quenching of platinum octaethylporphine (PtOEP) lumiphore in presence of O 2 . The detection of CO 2 is based on fluorescence quenching of hydroxypyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) in presence of CO 2 . A single microprocessor is used to drive the excitation source (different color LEDs), and sample and analyze the detector response at the two different frequencies. The device demonstrated minimal crosstalk between the O 2 and CO 2 signals. The O 2 concentration was measured in the useful range between 20 and 0%, and CO 2 demonstrated a useful range between 5% and 0%. The polarization filtering is color-independent and can be readily extended to systems with more than two colors; due to the frequency discrimination, it is immune to cross-talk in which one dye excites another. The whole arrangement is a compact, lowcost, simultaneous multi-color fluorescent sensor system suitable for many biological, chemical, and gas-monitoring applications.
Converting SQL queries into relational algebra

Abstract We present an algorithm for converting a semantically meaningful SQL query into an equivalent algebraic expression. The relational algebra we employ consists of the following operators: union, intersection, difference, Cartesian product, selection, and projection. The SQL queries we consider can have an arbitrary level of nesting but are restricted in three ways. We assume that they do not contain an ORDER BY or a GROUP BY clause, all SELECTs are in fact SELECT DISTINCTs, and that no aggregate functions are used. The first two assumptions are made in order to remain faithful to the definition of a relation as a set of rows. The last assumption is needed since there is no standard for incorporating aggregate functions into a relational algebra. The research results in this paper will be useful in implementing an SQL user interface for database management systems that internally employ relational algebra. They can also be used in optimizing the evaluation of SQL queries.
Enhanced infection of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, by a factor in the capsule of a granulosis virus.

Abstract Capsules of a granulosis virus (GV) enhanced the infectivity of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus (NPV) for larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. When mixtures of the capsules and polyhedra were fed to armyworm larvae, there was a direct increase in the number of larvae infected with the NPV as the concentration of the capsules increased. A capsule factor, possibly a protein, rather than the virus particle, occluded within the capsule, was responsible for the enhancement of infection of the NPV. The capsule factor retained its enhancing activity when dissolved with NaOH, Na2CO3, urea, and Σ-dithioerythritol. Fractionation of dissolved capsule protein on DEAE cellulose column revealed that the enhancing factor was not present in the major protein fraction, but appeared to be a minor component. The capsule factor enhanced the infection of the NPV even when the larvae were treated under gnotobiotic condition. When the NPV was introduced into the hemocoel, the perorally administered capsules did not enhance infection.