cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Jersey's Superpave Specification: The Next Generation

Testing of New Jersey's first acceptance procedure for hot-mix asphalt pavement designed by the Superpave method began in 1998 with the construction of a series of pilot projects. A distinct feature of the prototype specification was the use of a composite pay equation that expressed the pay factor as a function of average quality levels for air voids, thickness, and riding quality. Although the quality under this specification has ranged from good to excellent, a national survey recently conducted by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) suggests that pavement performance is more appropriately characterized by an additive function than by the average of the individual quality measures. A new pay schedule, developed from a combination of performance and analytical data and the opinion survey, produces larger bonuses for superior quality and larger pay reductions for poor quality. NJDOT engineers realized that the original rejectable-quality-level provision based on individual quality measure...
Webs of Power: Women, Kin and Community in a Sumatran Village

Webs of Power: Women, Kin and Community in. Sumatran Village. Evelyn Blackwood. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000. vii. 219 pp., figures, photographs, glossary, references, index.
Caste-specific transcription in the female honey bee

Abstract Caste differentiation in the female honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) is regulated by trophogenic factors during larval development. We have employed in vitro translation of mRNA and SDS-PAGE to examine caste-specific patterns of transcriptional activity within cohorts of bipotent female larvae artificially manipulated to develop as queens or workers. During development from 12 h larvae through adult eclosion we observe similar changes in the relative abundance of several individual mRNAs in both queens and workers. Our results also provide clear evidence for caste-specific differences in patterns of transcriptional activity, particularly during the larval and prepupal stages of development. The results demonstrate that phenotypic alterations representing caste-specific differentiation in the female honey bee are regulated by the asynchronous timing and relative levels of specific gene activities. These results represent the first report of extrinsic regulation of bidirectional differentiation within a single organism.
Family financial decision making: implications for marketing strategy

Investigates family financial service choice behavior including insurance, investments, and banking services. Indicates that, for the majority of the couples surveyed, both spouses participate in financial decision making. Results support the overwhelming need for financial services institutions to target wives as well as husbands in promotional strategy and product/service development.
Critical Timescales for Burrowing in Undersea Substrates via Localized Fluidization, Demonstrated by RoboClam: A Robot Inspired by Atlantic Razor Clams

The Atlantic razor clam (Ensis directus) burrows into underwater soil by using motions of its shell to locally fluidize the surrounding substrate. The energy associated with movement through fluidized soil — characterized by a depth-independent density and viscosity — scales linearly with depth. In contrast, moving through static soil requires energy that scales with depth squared. For E. directus, this translates to a 10X reduction in the energy required to reach observed burrow depths. For engineers, localized fluidization offers a mechanically simple and purely kinematic method to dramatically reduce burrowing energy. This concept is demonstrated with RoboClam, an E. directus-inspired robot. Using a genetic algorithm to generate digging kinematics, RoboClam has achieved localized fluidization and burrowing performance comparable to that of the animal, with a linear energy-depth relationship. In this paper, we present the critical timescales and associated kinematics necessary for achieving localized fluidization, which are calculated from soil parameters and validated via RoboClam and E. directus testing.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Role of Modern Sensor Applications in the United Nations Resource Exploration and Evaluation Programs

In the first six months of 1971, the United Nations executed surveys using a number of the recently developed geophysical sensors on behalf of the United Nations Development Program in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Lesotho. The Ethiopia and Kenya surveys had the objective of direct exploration for and inventory of geothermal resources and involved coverage of some 39 000 km2 and 1550 km2, respectively, of thermal scanning in the 3 to 5 micron and 8 to 14 micron ranges. The Lesotho survey, experimental in nature, had the objective of exploration for diamondiferous kimberlite pipes and involved some 2600 km2 of aerial survey, utilizing true color, false color, and multispectral photography, scanning in the ultraviolet and 3 to 5 micron and 8 to 14 micron infrared spectra, infrared radiometry, and aeromagnetics. A preliminary evaluation of the results indicates a degree of success that will dictate expanded use of these methods by the United Nations in the future.
Behavioral Health Providers for Persons Who Are Deaf, Deafblind, or Hard-of-Hearing: A National Survey of the Structural and Process Domains of Care

Research suggests higher prevalence of mental health problems for those with hearing problems than in the general population. Despite barriers, mental health services for persons who are deaf and hard-of-hearing (HOH) have developed to meet the cultural and communication needs of this population. The authors conducted a national survey of mental health service providers to persons who are deaf, deafblind, or HOH, to learn about their structural and process domains of care. Results indicate that services for persons who are deaf, deafblind, or HOH are inadequate for consumers with serious mental illness. Results also uncovered unique pathways to care and practitioners.
Review of Empirical Research on Congested Freeway Flow

In a review of the empirical literature on congested freeway flow, with special emphasis on topics of current interest, including congested flow phases, congested-regime flow-concentration relationships, wave speeds, average time-gap behavior, and transitions between uncongested and congested flow, the most striking feature of the results is their diversity. Shapes of flow-concentration relationships vary among studies and sites, wave speeds vary, patterns of repetition in congested flow appear to vary widely, and flow breakdown occurs at a variety of locations and for a variety of reasons. The diversity of results seems to indicate a similar diversity of phenomena rather than the effect of methodological differences. For the most part, methodologies are simple and intuitive, and because of their simplicity, they are unlikely to result in variability of the magnitude found in the results. Several methodological features that could possibly distort results are noted but do not appear to be responsible for the diversity of results. A major limitation of research to date is a lack of systematic understanding of the relative frequency of occurrence of different congested-flow phenomena. Because abundant loop-detector data are now available, research into the frequencies of congested-flow phenomena is feasible; however, analysis of very large quantities of data will be required.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy for Nutrition Support in Pregnancy Associated With Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Anorexia Nervosa

Background: Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) or anorexia nervosa are at high risk of developing malnutrition and adverse fetal outcome. Providing adequate nutrition support is the mainstay of therapy in these patients. Because of potential complications associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN), enteral nutrition support is the preferred route. Methods: We describe the first two reported cases of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement in two conscious pregnant women who could not tolerate oral feedings because of severe anorexia nervosa and HEG, respectively. Results: PEG was placed safely and provided adequate enteral nutrition in both patients, resulting in favorable maternal and fetal outcomes. Conclusions: Our observation is the first demonstration that PEG may be a safe and effective alternative to TPN in selected pregnant women with HEG or anorexia nervosa who have failed conventional treatment. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition22:238-241, 1998)
Straight deep hypothermic arrest: experience in 394 patients supports its effectiveness as a sole means of brain preservation.

Background The three methods of brain preservation for aortic arch surgery— straight deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) without perfusion adjuncts, retrograde cerebral perfusion, and antegrade cerebral perfusion—remain controversial. Patients in this report underwent surgery solely with DHCA. Methods Straight DHCA at 19°C was used in 394 patients (267 males, 127 females) during a 10-year period. Mean age was 61.3 years (range, 15 to 88 years). Eighty-seven cases (22.1%) were urgent or emergencies. Thirty-eight (9.6%) were performed for descending or thoracoabdominal pathology and the rest for ascending/arch (102 hemiarch, 49 total arch). Ninety-one patients (23.1%) had dissections. The head was packed in ice. No barbiturate coma was used. Results DHCA lasted a mean of 31.0 minutes (range, 10 to 66 minutes). Reexploration for bleeding was required in 4.5% (18/394). Overall mortality was 6.3% (25/394). Mortality was 3.6% (11/307) for elective cases and 16% (14/87) for emergency cases. The stroke rate was 4.8% (19/394). The seizure rate was 3.1% (12/394). Forty-five patients with high professional cognitive demands (MD, PhD, attorney, etc) performed without detriment postoperatively. Among patients with DHCA exceeding 40 minutes, the stroke rate was 13.1% (8/61); a neuroradiologist's review of brain computed tomography scans found 62.5% of these strokes (5/8) to be embolic and 37.5% (3/8) hypoperfusion related. By multivariable logistic regression, emergency operation and descending location increased morbidity and mortality. Conclusions Straight DHCA without adjunctive perfusion suffices as a sole means of cerebral protection. Stroke and seizure rates are low. Cognitive function, by clinical assessment, is excellent. Especially for straightforward ascending/arch reconstructions, there is little need for the added complexity of brain perfusion strategies.
Knowledge, Understanding, and Use of Preventive Strategies against Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Healthy and Immunosuppressed Individuals Undergoing Mohs Surgery

BACKGROUNDDespite various national recommendations advising individuals to reduce their exposure to ultraviolet radiation, many people still do not use these skin cancer prevention strategies.OBJECTIVESTo assess patient sources of medical information, knowledge of sun protection strategies, and barr
A MAYA CARVED SHELL PLAQUE FROM TULA, HIDALGO, MEXICO: Comparative study

In the early 1880s, a finely carved Maya shell picture plaque was found at the Toltec capital of Tula, central Mexico, and was subsequently acquired by The Field Museum in Chicago. The shell was probably re-carved in the Terminal Classic period and depicts a seated lord with associated Maya hieroglyphs on the front and back. Here the iconography and glyphic text of this unique artifact are examined, the species and habitat of the shell are described, and its archaeological and social context are interpreted. The Tula plaque is then compared with Maya carved jade picture plaques of similar size and design that were widely distributed throughout Mesoamerica, but were later concentrated in the sacred cenote at Chichen Itza. It is concluded that during the Late Classic period, these plaques played an important role in establishing contact between Maya lords and their counterparts representing peripheral and non-Maya domains. The picture plaques may have been elite Maya gifts establishing royal alliances with non-local polities and may have become prestige objects used in caches and termination rituals.
Binary Coefficients and Clustering in Biostratigraphy

The large data arrays common in biostratigraphy make subjective groupings difficult. Because of this, biostratigraphers have commonly based conclusions on the occurrences of relatively few species. The use of binary similarity coefficients, cluster analysis techniques, and digital computers allows a polythetic approach to biostratigraphy. The approach is free of circular and a priori reasoning in that it is established that assemblage zones (major clusters in a dendrogram) are present before the biostratigraphic utility of various taxa for the recognition of the zones is determined. A measure for determining the biostratigraphic fidelity of a species for established zones is proposed. Published data on the distribution of ostracodes and foraminifers from the Eocene and Oligocene of Mississippi and Alabama are used to demonstrate a method of using coefficients and clustering in establishing a zonation.
Educational Technologies, Expertise, and Decentered Knowledge

The World Wide Web is often touted as a way to distribute expertise, thus decentering knowledge creation and dissemination. However, conceptualizing ex pertise as multiple does not sufficiently problematize the unitary expertise model that considers expertise as something held by someone (the "expert") and trans ferred to someone else (the "novice "). The author makes the claim that expertise has been primarily theorized by various psychologicalframeworks; these ways of conceptualizing expertise are largely ignorant of the ways that they position the student as a passive receptor of knowledge and do not fully allow for the problematization of the nature of knowledge. Recon ceptualizing expertise then would require movingfrom a narrowly construed psychological conception of ex pertise to a notion of expertise more sociological in character. This article explores conceptualizations of expertise within some dominant psychological frame works. The author explores how the new information technologies compel a ...
Patterns of activity coding discrimination of auditory stimuli differ between mid- and posterolateral thalamus of cats

The auditory function of units in the mid- (lateralis dorsalis and centrolateral nuclei) and posterolateral (lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex) thalamus of cats was assessed during performance of conditioned eye blink responses (CRs) elicited discriminatively by a forward-paired, 70 dB click conditioned stimulus (CS) as opposed to a backward-paired, 70 dB hiss discriminative stimulus (DS). Discharges in response to the CS or DS were found in over 40% of units tested in each area, with onset latencies as short as 28-32 msec in mid-thalamus and 14 msec in posterolateral thalamus. The results provide evidence that both mid- and posterolateral thalamic regions of cats contain sufficient numbers of auditory responsive neurons to be considered part of the auditory system functionally. Patterns of activity changed after conditioning discriminative responses to the click CS. In mid-thalamus, the ratio of CS-evoked activity to baseline activity increased relative to levels found before conditioning. This increase was attributable to an increase in the magnitude of response to the CS. In posterolateral thalamus, an increase in the signal: noise ratio of activity in response to the CS was also found after conditioning, but this increase depended in large part on a decrease in the rate of baseline firing. Posterolateral thalamic units had substantially higher mean rates of baseline firing than mid-thalamic units before any conditioning sessions were begun.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Intention to use emergency contraceptive pills and the role of knowledge in a Dutch national sample

AbstractObjectives Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are underused for preventing unintended pregnancy. Not all women are willing to use them even when at risk of conceiving. This paper examines whether increased knowledge about ECPs may increase the intention to use these products.Methods Factors associated with intention to use emergency contraception (EC) were assessed among 1310 women who participated in the nationally representative Sexual Health in the Netherlands 2009 Survey. Logistic regression models included demographics, prior use of ECPs, and ECP knowledge.Results Seventeen percent of the women did not intend to use EC after unprotected sexual intercourse and a further 27% were unsure whether they would use it. Intention is most strongly related to prior use and not having children. Only two of six knowledge items were related to intention in the multivariate analyses. Being aware that ECPs can be obtained without prescription upgrades intention, whereas knowing that a woman can still get p...
Strontium isotope record of paleohydrology and continental weathering, Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming

Sr isotope ratios in carbonate-rich lacustrine strata provide highly resolved and geo- graphically specific records of past changes in weathering and regional drainage patterns. The Eocene Green River Formation is perhaps the best documented pre-Quaternary la- custrine unit in the world; therefore, these strata are ideally suited for studying the be- havior of Sr. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios measured for primary carbonate in lake expansion- contraction cycles of the Laney Member are directly linked to changing lake facies. Four distinct cycles are preserved in a 6.4 m interval of the Arco Washakie Basin No. 1 core, each represented by a vertical succession of transgressive stromatolite facies containing dolomicritic intraclasts, laminated micrite facies deposited during lake highstands, and lake-marginal dolomicrite facies, which represent subsequent lowstands. Initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios range from 0.711 99 to 0.713 31. The least radiogenic isotope compositions are as- sociated with laminated micrite that records increased regional runoff from Phanerozoic marine carbonate and Tertiary volcanic rocks during lacustrine highstands. The most radiogenic isotope compositions are associated with dolomicrite, recording a higher pro- portion of runoff from basin-bounding Precambrian uplifts and the exposed lake plain during lacustrine lowstand. The observed 87 Sr/ 86 Sr variations may also be due in part to changes in differential weathering of the surrounding landscape, where drier climates are associated with decreased differential weathering and, therefore, higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in runoff.
Probabilistic indexing: a new method of indexing 3D model data from 2D image data

Recent research has indicated that indexing is a promising approach to fast model-based object recognition because it allows most of the possible matches between image point groups and model point groups to be quickly eliminated from consideration. Current indexing systems for the problem of recognizing general 3-D objects from single 2-D images require groups of four points to generate a key into the index table and each model group requires many entries in the table. The author presents a system that is capable of indexing using groups of three points by taking advantage of the probabilistic peaking effect. Each model group need only be represented at one point in the index table. The ability to index using groups of three points means that there are many fewer model groups and image groups to consider, but to be able to index using groups of three points, false negatives matches must be allowed. These false negatives can be withstood by examining information from multiple groups. Results are given on real and synthetic data. >
Arranging Matter by Magnetic Nanoparticle Assembly

The transporting colloidal particles, large molecules, cells, and other materials across surfaces and for assembling them into highly regular patterns are introduced through a method, where nonmagnetic materials are manipulated by a fluid dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles. Manipulation of materials is guided by a program of magnetic information stored in a substrate. Dynamic control over the motion of nonmagnetic particles can be achieved by reprogramming the substrate magnetization on the fly. We have developed methods for magnetically manipulating materials in a programmable fashion without requiring their attachment to magnetic particle carriers, which is the most common magnetic manipulation scheme. This developed manipulation techniques are not a stand-alone process, and they must be assisted by surface forces, based on molecular recognition, morphological templating, and/or photo-initiated chemical reactions.
Nutritional correlates and dynamics of diabetes in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus): a novel model for diet-induced type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

Background The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and related chronic diseases, among them non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus, are on the rise in the United States and throughout the world. Animal models that respond to environmental stressors, such as diet, are useful for investigating the outcome and development of these related diseases.
Evaluation of turpentine as a bird-repellent seed treatment

Abstract These experiments explored the repellency of turpentine to brown-headed cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ), common grackles ( Quisculus quiscula ) and red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ). Phytotoxicity of turpentine to treated seeds also was assessed. Concentrations as low as 0.13% (w/w) were repellent to cowbirds in both one-cup and two-cup tests. However, grackles and red-wings showed no avoidance of turpentine concentrations as high as 5.0%. No concentration was phytotoxic. Although turpentine apparently does not interfere with seed germination, it has limited value as a bird-repellent seed treatment.
Social-Cognitive Development and Toys

This review examines research and theory pertaining to the relation between social-cognitive development and toys. Empirical research establishes a moderate relation between the availability of toys and children's development throughout early childhood, a relation that appears to reflect more than an association with social status. The relation appears bidirectional and varies somewhat according to sex and race. Several aspects of psychological theory appear to describe part of the relation between social-cognitive development and use of toys. These include cognitive developmental theory (Piaget), theory relating learning and development (Vygotsky and Feuerstein), script theory (Bretherton), theories of intrinsic motivation (Berlyne, Bruner, and Yarrow), and theories relating play to development (Mueller and Dunn).
Memory consistency and event ordering in scalable shared-memory multiprocessors

Scalable shared-memory multiprocessors distribute memory among the processors and use scalable interconnection networks to provide high bandwidth and low latency communication. In addition, memory accesses are cached, buffered, and pipelined to bridge the gap between the slow shared memory and the fast processors. Unless carefully controlled, such architectural optimizations can cause memory accesses to be executed in an order different from what the programmer expects. The set of allowable memory access orderings forms the memory consistency model or event ordering model for an architecture.This paper introduces a new model of memory consistency, called release consistency, that allows for more buffering and pipelining than previously proposed models. A framework for classifying shared accesses and reasoning about event ordering is developed. The release consistency model is shown to be equivalent to the sequential consistency model for parallel programs with sufficient synchronization. Possible performance gains from the less strict constraints of the release consistency model are explored. Finally, practical implementation issues are discussed, concentrating on issues relevant to scalable architectures.
Surveying in the Civil Engineering Curriculum

Current curriculum revisions toward a stronger basic sciences background will mean less emphasis on the art of engineering and the new civil engineer will not be as productive directly upon graduation. However, he will be better equipped to successfully cope with the complex problems of the future and will eventually yield a greater contribution.
Reciprocal Embryo Transfer Between Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rat Strains: I. Reproductive Characteristics and Transfer Technique

The conditions necessary to achieve successful transfer and development of embryos between two separate genetic lines of Wistar rats, one hypertensive (SHR) and the other normotensive (WKY), were investigated. Prior to determining the technical conditions for transfer, the reproductive characteristics of each strain were studied in order to determine whether they were significantly different. Differences between the two strains were found in ovulation rate, percentage of abnormal pre-implantation embryos and gestation length; litter size and maternal weight gain during pregnancy were not significantly different. For transfers, three protocols for synchrony of embryo and uterine development were tested, and optimal conditions were found to exist with the transfer of day-5 WKY embryos to day-5 SHR pseudopregnant recipients (74% successful pregnancies), and the transfer of day-4 SHH embryos to day-4 pseudopregnant WKY recipients (53% successful pregnancies). The data indicate that some of the reproductive ch...
Susceptibility of Fourth-Instar Alfalfa Weevil Larvae to Forty-One Insecticides

The LD50 values and dosage-mortality curves for 41 insecticides were determined for the 4th-instar larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). Based on the LD50 the most toxic material was benzene hexachloride, followed by heptachlor epoxide, EPN, methyl parathion, Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate), and parathion in that order. Dosage-mortality curves with the greatest slope included those for Meta-Systox - R® ( S -2 - (ethylsulfinyl) ethyl O , O -dimethylphos-phorothioate), demeton, dichlorvos, mevinphos, naled, and Guthion® ( O , O -dimethyl S- (4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4 H ) -ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate). Those with very little slope included Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-- 1,3,4- metheno-2 H -cyclobuta[ cd ]pentalen-2-one), phosphamidon, rotenone, Dilan® (a mixture of 1 part of 1,1-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -2-nitropropane (Prolan®) and 2 parts of l,l-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) -2-nitrobutane (Bulan®)), TDE, and ronnel.
1119 DYSTONIA ASSOCIATED WITH CARBAMAZEPINE USE

Carbamazepine (Tegretolr) is used effectively in the treatment of seizure disorders and trigeminal neuralgia. Reported side effects are primarily neurological, occur infrequently and rarely require discontinuation of the drug. We have cared for 3 children in whom 4 episodes of dystonia and opisthotonus occurred in association with carbamazepine use. The patients, a 2 yr. old with microcephaly, a 3 yr. old with cerebral dysgenesis and a 5 yr. old with spastic quadraplegia; all had seizures requiring multiple anticonvulsants. In all 3 patients carbamazepine was introduced and gradually increased to a maximum of 25 mg/kg/d. Symptoms began 2-3 weeks after introduction of therapy and subsided within 3 weeks after discontinuation. In one case a 2nd course of carbamazepine resulted in a return of the dystonia. No hematologic or hepatic abnormalities were noted. Blood levels of concurrently administered anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, were within therapeutic range. A single carbamazepine blood level obtained during one of the episodes was also therapeutic (5.1 mcg/ml). Early reports of carbamazepine's beneficial effect in some dystonic syndromes have not been supported by further clinical trials. It has also been reported to enhance the release of ADH. Our observation of incapacitating but reversible dystonia raises further question about the effects of carbamazepine on the central nervous system. The need exists for an awareness of this complication in physicians caring for neurologically handicapped children.
Compensated Conjugation and Gear Tooth Modification

This paper rigorously presents a new theory called compensated conjugation for gear transmission error balance. The proposed theory is a systematic study based on conjugation equation and transmission function. The basic idea is that conjugation is essentially impaired by loading condition but can be compensated by modifying transmission function. In contrast to the traditional method which is mainly applicable for planar involute gears, the new idea generally applies for all conjugation types based on the same concept of transmission. Multiple Concepts of conjugation and transmission are rigorously modeled and defined by screw theory. A theorem about the continuity of motion and conjugate geometries is presented and proved in order for desirable modification. The proposed theory is consistent with the standard manufacturing process for tooth modification. Tooth geometries and cutter geometries can be obtained after the theoretical transmission error function is designed. For the most important application — planar involute gear design, a practically convenient method with a direct rack-cutter modification is proposed and rigorously analyzed by kinematics and differential geometry. Examples show the effectiveness of the methodology.© 2013 ASME
Infection and Cancer: Multi-directorial Relationship

The World Health Organization estimates more than two million cancer cases per year (more than 20 % of the global cancer burden) are attributable to chronic infections, making them the second most preventable cause of cancer. It appears that persistent infections are the leading causes for some of the most important human cancers, such as stomach cancer, cervical cancer and liver cancer. However, fundamental principles regulating the effector functions of immune cells in the tumor environment during systemic infections and host and microbial molecules and pathways that can be targeted for treatment or prevention of cancer progression are not yet well characterized. Identifying these pathways can affect health across populations, creating opportunities to reduce the impact of cancer by preventing or treating infection. The fact that certain chronic infections lie at the root of 20 % of human cancers is expected to render their primary prevention more practicable. On the other side, immunosuppression associated with tumor progression, as well as cancer therapy, predisposes cancer patients to the development of either new infections or reactivations of latent infections. This chapter briefly introduces four main parts of the book and stresses the importance of recognition of different aspects of interactions between infectious agents and neoplastic processes. Specifically, part one provides an overview on the role of chronic infection in cancer development, i.e., infection-associated cancers. Part two focuses on infection diseases induced by cancer treatment, i.e., cancer-associated infections. Part three opens the opportunity to understand the interaction between immune reactions associated with independent development of infection in tumor-bearing hosts, i.e., comorbid development of cancer and infection. And part four discusses viral and bacterial based approaches to cancer therapy.
The Actinomycetes and Their Antibiotics

Publisher Summary The literature on the actinomycetes and their antibiotics has been accumulating at such a rapid pace and is of such important theoretical and practical significance, that there is increasing requirement for its frequent reviews. This chapter provides an overview of some of these reviews and studies. The extensive screening programs have been initiated as a result of the discovery that actinomycetes form one of the most important groups of antibiotic-producing organisms. Marton demonstrated the existence of thirty-two types of streptomycetes in a profile of chernozemlike riverside soil. In the subhorizons of the A and A/C-horizons the existence of four different communities of actinomycetes are found. A fifth community is isolated from the topmost layer of the C-horizon. The great majority of new antibiotics of actinomycetes isolated in recent years have come from cultures of microbes that are usually classified with the genus Streptomyces.
MicroRNA-Offset RNA Alters Gene Expression and Cell Proliferation

MicroRNA-offset RNAs (moRs) were first identified in simple chordates and subsequently in mouse and human cells by deep sequencing of short RNAs. MoRs are derived from sequences located immediately adjacent to microRNAs (miRs) in the primary miR (pri-miR). Currently moRs are considered to be simply a by-product of miR biosynthesis that lack biological activity. Here we show for the first time that a moR is biologically active. We demonstrate that endogenous or over-expressed moR-21 significantly alters gene expression and inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In addition, we find that miR-21 and moR-21 may regulate different genes in a given pathway and can oppose each other in regulating certain genes. We report that there is a “seed region” of moR-21 as well as a “seed match region” in the target gene 3’UTR that are indispensable for moR-21-mediated gene down-regulation. We further demonstrate that moR-21-mediated gene repression is Argonaute 2 (Ago2) dependent. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence that microRNA offset RNA alters gene expression and is biologically active.
Interns and Infidels: The Transformation of Work and Citizenship in Turkey and the United States under Neo-liberalism

How do the dispossessed remain governable under economic insecurity? What explains the persistence of work as a prerequisite to social rights in a time when fewer formal jobs exist? Drawing on a comparison of Turkey and the United States since 1980, we demonstrate that the neo-liberal state deploys different versions of the “work-citizenship nexus” to manage both the shrinking minority who enjoy the benefits of full citizenship and the rest who struggle to attain the rights and privileges of the formally employed. We find that neo-liberal state practices comprise a dual movement. On the one hand, the state in both countries reorients itself toward the market in welfare provision and the regulation of labour relations, capitalising on precarious work structures to bring their populations into the fold of neo-liberal governance. On the other hand, the state directly intervenes in disparate ways to manage those who cannot make it in the market. While the American state uses tactics of mass incarceration and deportation, the Turkish state opts for a blend of social conservatism and authoritarianism. This dual movement of reorientation and direct intervention results in what we call “tiered citizenship regimes” that facilitate the management of the population in each case.
Preoperative Evaluation of the Cancer Patient for Emergency Surgery

In cancer surgical emergencies there are aspects of the disease and treatment that may complicate management and require special attention. Oncologic surgical emergencies may be related to the cancer itself, namely invasion by the tumor (i.e., gut, airway or vascular obstruction, or brain mass lesions), or complications as a result of cancer care, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation (i.e., perforation, infection). Optimal medical care enhanced by effective communication between all care providers, including oncologic, medical, surgical, and anesthesia teams, is hoped to improve patient outcomes and reduce perioperative complications.
Technologies of Dismemberment: Orpheus, Fascination, and Bulgarian Etnodzhaz

“Fascination” has long been used to describe the blinding attraction to a desired object/person that inspires acts detrimental to the self. As demonstrated by the story of Orpheus, there is a subtler way of looking at fascination where performance allows the subject to become both dismembered and dismemberer, a dynamic at play in Bulgarian etnodzhaz , whose musicians dismember and suture an imagined folk wellspring that fascinates them and their listeners.
COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES OF TRANSCATHETER VERSUS SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Background: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has been found to be a safe and effective alternative to Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) in patients with a high/intermediate surgical risk. Comparative outcomes of TAVR vs. SAVR have not been well studied in patients with CKD.
A Multinuclear NMR Study of the Interaction of CIS-Platin, a Potent Antitumor Agent, with DNA-Bases

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), hereafter called cisplatin, is the first of a new class of compounds which exhibit potent antitumor activity in a wide variety of human neoplasms. It apparently attacks cellular DNA preventing new DNA synthesis. We have undertaken a research program aimed at elucidating the possible modes of binding of cisplatin with DNA and fragments of DNA. We wish to report here the results of a multinuclear NMR study (C-13, Pt-195, and N-15) involving the interaction of cisplatin with three nucleosides, xanthosine, inosine, and guanosine, as a first step towards understanding the binding of this compound to DNA. The NMR studies with guanosine indicate a strong interaction between cis- Pt(NH3) 2 (H2O)2 2+ and this nucleoside. This result is consistent with the suggestion, made by us and others, that guanosine is the primary base target in cellular DNA. Labelling cisplatin with 99% enriched N (15)H3 has enabled us to further explore the DNA-base-Pt binding. The ramifications of these studies will be presented.
Interfacial Properties and Mechanisms Dominating Gas Hydrate Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquid and Vapor Hydrocarbon Phases.

The interfacial properties and mechanisms of gas hydrate systems play a major role in controlling their interparticle and surface interactions, which is desirable for nearly all energy applications of clathrate hydrates. In particular, preventing gas hydrate interparticle agglomeration and/or particle–surface deposition is critical to the prevention of gas hydrate blockages during the exploration and transportation of oil and gas subsea flow lines. These agglomeration and deposition processes are dominated by particle–particle cohesive forces and particle–surface adhesive force. In this study, we present the first direct measurements on the cohesive and adhesive forces studies of the CH4/C2H6 gas hydrate in a liquid hydrocarbon-dominated system utilizing a high-pressure micromechanical force (HP-MMF) apparatus. A CH4/C2H6 gas mixture was used as the gas hydrate former in the model liquid hydrocarbon phase. For the cohesive force baseline test, it was found that the addition of liquid hydrocarbon changed t...
Philanthropic Mirroring: Exploring Identity-Based Fundraising in Higher Education

Scholars have long documented the intersection between social identity and experiences within higher education. However, we know very little about the role of social identity in shaping alumni enga...
New Braided Endomorphisms from Conformal Inclusions

Various puzzles about subfactors and integrable lattice models associated with conformal inclusions are resolved in the framework of constructive quantum field theory in two dimensions. In particular, a new class of braided endomorphisms are obtained for a general class of conformal inclusions and their properties are analyzed. The existence of subfactors with principal graphs E 6 or E 8 follows from a rather simple argument in our construction. The fusion graphs of many new examples are given.
Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model – I. Substructure

Multicomponent dark matter with self-interactions, which allows for inter-conversions of species into one another, is a promising paradigm that is known to successfully and simultaneously resolve major problems of the conventional $\Lambda$CDM cosmology at galactic and sub-galactic scales. In this paper, we present $N$-body simulations of the simplest two-component (2cDM) model aimed at studying the distribution of dark matter halos with masses $M\lesssim10^{12}M_\odot$. In particular, we investigate how the maximum circular velocity function of the halos is affected by the velocity dependence of the self-interaction cross-sections, $\sigma(v)\propto v^a$, and compare them with available observational data. The results demonstrate that the 2cDM paradigm with the range of self-interaction cross-section per particle mass (evaluated at $v=100$ km s$^{-1}$) of $0.01\lesssim \sigma_0/m\lesssim 1 $ cm$^2$g$^{-1}$ and the mass degeneracy $\Delta m/m\sim 10^{-7}-10^{-8}$ is robustly resolving the substructure and too-big-to-fail problems by suppressing the substructure having small maximum circular velocities, $V_{\rm max}\lesssim100$ km s$^{-1}$. We also discuss the disagreement between the radial distribution of dwarfs in a host halo observed in the Local Group and simulated with CDM. This can be considered as one more small-scale problem of CDM. We demonstrate that such a disagreement is alleviated in 2cDM. Finally, the computed matter power-spectra of the 2cDM structure indicate the model's consistency with the existing Ly-$\alpha$ forest constraints.
Rearing captive eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) with moving water improves swim performance

Abstract Translocations often use captive-reared animals to help bolster or re-establish wild populations. However, captive environments are highly dissimilar from wild conditions and may deprive animals of experiences that promote normal development. Captive-rearing and translocation efforts are underway for eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). Yet, hellbenders reared in aquaria that lack stimuli often make long-distance downstream movements following release, perhaps because of their naivete to riverine environments. We altered standard captive techniques and reared juvenile hellbenders with (treatment) and without (control) water current for 18 months. We quantified morphological plasticity and swim performance as a function of rearing environment to assess the value of environmental enrichment in hellbender head-start programs. We compared broad-scale growth rates for mass, snout-vent length, and total length, but found no difference between treatment and control hellbenders (mass difference = 0.1 g/month, P = 0.596; snout-vent length difference = 0.01 cm/month, P = 0.360; total length difference = 0.01 cm/month, P = 0.533). We also examined fine-scale tail morphology measurements and found treatment individuals developed more shallow tails that grew 49% slower than control individuals during the rearing period (mean difference = 0.86 mm/month, P = 0.017). We interpret this as evidence of either energy expenditure or phenotypic plasticity as more streamlined tail forms are found in lotic systems. Moreover, we found water current to be positively associated with hellbenders’ swimming ability. After three swim trials, treatment hellbenders were 46% quicker in their swim time (P = 0.033), required 29% fewer upstream attempts (P = 0.012), and were 60% less likely to need manual motivation to make it to an upstream tile hide (P = 0.010). Moreover, treatment hellbenders tended to improve these responses linearly through time (P = 0.016) compared to control individuals that showed no improvement across the three trials (P = 0.075). Together, our data suggest that the addition of water current to hellbender rearing environments does not have any detrimental impact on hellbender body morphology, but rather, acclimates hellbenders to moving water and improved their ability to reach upstream refugia. We advocate incorporating water velocities, representative of natural conditions, into hellbender captive-rearing programs. Rearing animals with semi-natural conditions in captivity may better prepare animals for and potentially improve the success of future translocations. This advancement to standard rearing techniques may positively influence the preservation of wild hellbender populations throughout the nation.
atmospheric dust studies on Barbados1

The concentration of dust in the trade winds passing over Barbados has been measured continuously since August 1965; the average dust load for the 25 month period ending in August 1967 is 2.5 μgm m−3. There is a marked seasonal periodicity in the transport with the average dust concentrations for the summer months being approximately an order of magnitude larger than those for the winter months. In addition, very sharp fluctuations in dust concentrations are observed on a day-to-day basis. There is considerable evidence that the dust originates in Africa and that the composition of the dust and the quantities transported are dependent on the meteorological conditions over Africa and the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. The future programs for atmospheric dust studies on Barbados will be directed towards the utilization of dust as a tracer for a variety of meteorological processes; a number of the more important of these investigations are discussed.
Heparin-free hemodialysis with citrate-containing dialysate in intensive care patients

In 11 acutely ill hemodialysis patients, heparin could not be used for the dialysis treatment. Over the course of 43 treatments, 3 different methods of heparin-free dialysis were performed and compared. Dialysis without anticoagulation using regular (acetic acid-containing) bicarbonate dialysate was associated with clotting in 6 of 7 treatments (86%), and 5 treatments (71%) had to be discontinued due to clots. A new dialysate (DRYalysate ) containing citric acid as an acidifying agent has recently become available commercially. When the citric acid (citrate) bicarbonate dialysate was used, 13 of 32 treatments (40%) were associated with clots, and only 7 (22%) had to be stopped due to clots (p<0.0001, regular vs. citrate dialysate). The use of regional citrate anticoagulation was successful in 3 of 4 treatments (75%), and treatments were able to be continued for a longer time. The use of citrate dialysate was associated with significantly less clotting than the regular dialysate, and can be a safe alternative to heparin in patients with high bleeding risk or who are intolerant to heparin.
Component: The Rock/Sediment Type

Chapter 2 defines the terms weathering, erosion, and deposition and then introduces the first of two landscape components, the rock/sediment type . For the purpose of landscape description, there are four rock/sediment types. The first type includes metamorphic and igneous plutonic rocks, which are collectively referred to as crystalline . The most common crystalline rocks are schist, gneiss, marble, and granite (or granitic). The second type is sedimentary , which includes sandstone, limestone, and shale. The third type is volcanic , which includes basaltic and silicic rocks. The fourth type consists of unconsolidated sediments . The influence of bedrock on landscape, including karst topography, is introduced. The distribution of each rock/sediment type within the 26 physiographic provinces is discussed.