cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Eastern European Immigrants in the United States: An Overview

This chapter opens with a brief chronology of immigration from Eastern Europe to the United States. Several major waves of immigrants who arrived after the late 1880s are discussed. The overview includes the discussion of characteristics of early immigrants, such as their numbers, settlement patterns, demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds, and cultural values. The major focus of the chapter is on contemporary immigrants from Eastern Europe who arrived to the United States after the fall of the former Soviet Union. Using the data from the US Department of Homeland Security, the chapter discusses the age structure, marital status, settlement patterns, and class of admission of this understudied immigrant population.
Generalized H∞ Control Problem for Linear Systems with Time-Varying Coefficients

Abstract The solution to the standard H-infinity control problem for systems with bounded time-varying coefficients was essentially based on nonnegativity of a cost quadratic functional. In cases of additional integral quadratic constraints this functional may become sign-indefinite. H-infinity control problem for systems with time-varying coefficients and arbitrary quadratic cost functional is solved in this paper. The additional rank constraints are also minimal.
An assessment of barium and strontium carbonates as temperature and enthalpy standards

A study of the thermal behavior of both barium and strontium carbonates was performed in dynamic argon atmosphere over a wide range of temperatures. Both barium and strontium carbonates are white crystalline powders at room temperature. These compounds undergo reversible polymorphic transitions from the orthorhombic to hexagonal crystal forms when heated to temperatures above 800 °C. On further heating, the barium carbonate undergoes an additional polymorphic transition where the hexagonal form transforms to a face-centered cubic form near 976 °C. On continued heating, this cubic form of barium carbonate decomposes to barium oxide liberating carbon dioxide gas. Strontium carbonate, on the other hand, tends to be thermally less stable than barium carbonate. It is reported to lose mass over a broad range of temperatures beginning below the observed polymorphic transition (Charsley et al. in J Therm Anal Calorim 40:1415–1422, 1993). Our studies, using both differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, attempt to answer questions of uncertainty of the reported temperatures of transition, as well as heats of transition, for these industrially important compounds. As a result of these findings, recommendations are given for the use of these compounds as reference standards for calibration of DTA instruments.
Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies Among Women Seeking Help From the Police:

Many variables explain the link between intimate partner violence (IPV) and its impact on women's mental health. This proposition is mostly from samples drawn from battered women's shelters, batterer intervention programs (BIPs), emergency rooms, and medical clinics. We know little about the psychological well-being of women who report abuse to police departments. This study used data from case records of women who experience IPV and sought help from a city police station located in the southwest United States. These case records were examined to identify how sociodemographic characteristics of age, ethnicity, marital status, financial dependence, resources of social support, and coping strategies related with type and number of IPV incidents as well as mental health symptoms. The sample consisted of 154 women, majority of whom experienced physical violence (70.1%), sexual violence (9.1%), emotional violence/stalking (14.9%), and combined, that is, reporting more than one (5.8%). Approximately 67.5% of the women reported some mental health symptoms. Social support and coping strategies significantly distinguished women's experience of mental health symptoms. Unexpectedly, the current data indicate that women who scored higher in perceived social support significantly reported more mental health symptoms. Coping strategies mediated the relationship between IPV and mental health symptoms. The findings suggest that availability of coping resources may mitigate repeated IPV and modify the impact of mental health. In discussing prevention and intervention efforts with women who have experienced or are at risk of experiencing IPV, practitioners can help women employ empowering coping strategies that are built on their resilience. In addition, mental health professionals working with the police, especially in community policing setting, can achieve promising outcomes for women experiencing violence.
Outlook: Advanced Hybrid Sensing for Preemptive Response

Abstract Sensing systems should be lightweight, power-sustainable, and environmentally rugged to facilitate preemptive response to underground events. In this chapter we first discuss fiber-optic underground sensor networks that are suitable for preemptive response applications. We then discuss ideas of crowdsensing, wireless signal networks, and future research on advanced hybrid sensing for preemptive response to underground events/objects.
Review: Tip-based vibrational spectroscopy for nanoscale analysis of emerging energy materials

Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the key instrumentations that provide non-invasive investigation of structural and chemical composition for both organic and inorganic materials. However, diffraction of light fundamentally limits the spatial resolution of far-field vibrational spectroscopy to roughly half the wavelength. In this article, we thoroughly review the integration of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with vibrational spectroscopy to enable the nanoscale characterization of emerging energy materials, which has not been possible with far-field optical techniques. The discussed methods utilize the AFM tip as a nanoscopic tool to extract spatially resolved electronic or molecular vibrational resonance spectra of a sample illuminated by a visible or infrared (IR) light source. The absorption of light by electrons or individual functional groups within molecules leads to changes in the sample’s thermal response, optical scattering, and atomic force interactions, all of which can be readily probed by an AFM tip. For example, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) spectroscopy methods measure a sample’s local thermal expansion or temperature rise. Therefore, they use the AFM tip as a thermal detector to directly relate absorbed IR light to the thermal response of a sample. Optical scattering methods based on scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) correlate the spectrum of scattered near-field light with molecular vibrational modes. More recently, photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) has been developed to measure the change of the optical force gradient due to the light absorption by molecular vibrational resonances using AFM’s superb sensitivity in detecting tip-sample force interactions. Such recent efforts successfully breech the diffraction limit of light to provide nanoscale spatial resolution of vibrational spectroscopy, which will become a critical technique for characterizing novel energy materials.
Language as a bridge to higher education: a large-scale empirical study of heritage language proficiency on language minority students’ academic success

In a nation where monolingualism predominates, heritage language (HL) has been downplayed as less important in educational contexts in the U.S. Disproportionately little attention has been given to the role of HL in language minority (LM) students’ attendance to postsecondary education (PSE) (cf. Brutt-Griffler, Janina, and Manka Varghese, eds. 2004. Bilingualism and Language Pedagogy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Press). To address this void, this study investigates whether LM high school students’ HL proficiency and use have influence on high school completion and college attendance. To further identify whether these relationships differ by cross-linguistic similarities between HL and English, comparisons are made between Asian and Latinx LM students. We analyse a nationally representative large-scale longitudinal dataset (NELS) using the programming language R. The results from logistic regressions underscore the distinctive role of HL on LM students’ high school completion and differentiated effects of HL on PSE pathways. Among our findings, we show that for Latinx students, HL literacy proficiency was a positive predictor of their four-year college attendance; whereas, for Asian students, HL use at home was a positive predictor. The positive effects were observed after controlling for their individual and family background. The study supports the argument that continued use of HL and HL literacy hold the key to enhancing academic attainment.
SOTL: Test Early, Test Often, Test Small, Test Twice

Many educators claim that students perform better and learn more when tested frequently and given frequent detailed feedback. I have taken this to the extreme by replacing traditional midterm exams with weekly (test often, test often), 10-15 minute (test small), quizzes. I have found that students learn more, retain more, and get better grades when given weekly quizzes than when given one long midterm. I also found additional benefits, including more student engagement and better attendance. In the talk, I will discuss strategies for managing the quizzes and retakes (including special purpose support software I developed), discuss some of the benefits, and provide a handout to summarize key points. _______________________________________________________________ FULL ABSTRACT: Many educators claim that students perform better and learn more when tested frequently and given frequent detailed feedback. I have taken this to the extreme by replacing traditional midterm exams with weekly (test often, test often), 10-15 minute (test small), quizzes. I have found that students learn more, retain more, and get better grades when given weekly quizzes than when given one long midterm. I also found additional benefits, including more student engagement and better attendance. More recently, the SPARC project taught me that students learn more if given multiple chances, with feedback, to complete programming assignments. They are also more likely to get their programs to work and finish sooner. I applied this approach to the weekly quizzes by giving second chances (test twice). If a student misses or does poorly on a quiz, the student can retake a different quiz that covers the same material and is approximately the same level of difficulty. In three courses, both graduate and undergraduate, I found that some students significantly increase their performance in class, and they learn more. The retakes seem to particularly help international students. In the talk, I will discuss strategies for managing the quizzes and retakes (including special purpose support software I developed), discuss some of the benefits, and provide a handout to summarize key points. â¢Instead of a single full-class length midterm exam, give weekly 10-minute quizzes. â¢Students will keep engaged and attend class. â¢After initial doubts, most students will be more engaged, learn more, and enjoy the class more. â¢Retaking quizzes allows students to recognize what they donât know, learn it, then demonstrate that learning. â¢Quiz retakes help students who have particularly low and particularly high self-efficacy. â¢Although this adds extra work to the teacher, I have some techniques to reduce the work.
Dependent layering of venous refluxed contrast: A sign of critically low cardiac output

Abstract Mortality associated with cardiogenic shock can reach 80%. Although most often diagnosed clinically, the hemodynamics of cardiogenic shock may manifest on contrast-enhanced computed tomography as dependent layering of contrast within the inferior vena cava (IVC), a finding referred to as the “IVC level sign.” Herein we present 2 cases of the IVC level sign. Swift recognition of the IVC level sign and awareness of its dire prognostic implications is essential for achieving the best patient outcomes.
Hypertension in a Pregnant Patient: How I Treat

Hypertension in pregnancy, defined as BP≥140/90 mm Hg, complicates 10%–15% of pregnancies. Preeclampsia is hypertension, after 20 weeks, with proteinuria (>300 mg/d) and/or maternal AKI, liver dysfunction, neurologic symptoms, hemolysis, or thrombocytopenia ([1][1]). Chronic hypertension is
Cumulative live birth rate and assisted reproduction: impact of female age and transfer day.

Background: Many studies on assisted reproductive technology examine live birth rate per cycle. However, after a cycle fails, couples often want to know what their chances are of having a live birth if they continue treatment. From a patients’ perspective, the cumulative probability of live birth is more informative. Materials and Methods: This study includes patients who underwent fresh, frozen and non-donor ICSI cycles at our IVF unit between 2006-2012. Patients were divided into two groups; Group 1 represented those who underwent only Day 5 transfers, Group 2 represented only Day 3 transfers. Patients who underwent both were excluded. ­Cycles were analyzed until the first live birth or the end of the 3rd cycle. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, we estimated the cumulative live birth rates for each group and according to female age. Results: The mean age for Group 1 was significantly lower than for Group 2. After 3 cycles, Group 1’s CLBR was 79% versus 66% in Group 2. When analyzing the live births by age and group, there was a significant difference in the CLBR after 3 cycles with the women less than 35 years having the highest CLBR and the women 40 years or older having the lowest CLBR. Conclusion: In women less than 35 years, excellent CLBR can be achieved irrespective of the transfer day. For women 40 years and above, better results of CLBR are observed with Day 5 transfers. Our findings may impact the counseling of couples considering IVF treatment.
Measurement of peripheral muscle oxygen saturation in conscious healthy horses using a near-infrared spectroscopy device

Abstract Objective Maintaining adequate muscle tissue oxygenation is of paramount importance during equine general anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility, reliability and repeatability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) muscle oximetry using the Inspectra m650 in conscious healthy adult horses. Study design Prospective, observational study. Animals A group of 30 healthy client-owned adult horses admitted to the equine hospital between July 2017 and July 2018. Methods The probe of an Inspectra m650 NIRS tissue oximeter was placed on the hairless surface of five muscle sites (omotransversarius, triceps long head, extensor carpi ulnaris, vastus lateralis and lateral digital extensor) on the left side of the body of each standing, unsedated horse. Each site had muscle oxygenation (StO2) recordings measured in triplicate and statistical modeling used to assess the reading reliability and repeatability within and between muscle sites. Results The readings acquired at the vastus lateralis and extensor carpi ulnaris muscle sites had highly repeatable values [mean (90% confidence interval): StO2, 95% (93.8%, 96.5%) and 93% (91.6%, 93.9%), respectively; intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.92 and 0.80, respectively]. These two sites also had high reliability (represented by the percentage of successful readings; 70% and 86%, respectively). Conclusions and clinical relevance The use of NIRS muscle oxygenation technology is a clinically feasible means to assess tissue oxygenation in horses. The vastus lateralis and extensor carpi ulnaris muscle sites provided the most reliable and repeatable readings when using the Inspectra m650 machine in horses.
A Strategy for Trapping Molecular Guests in MOF-5 Utilizing Surface-Capping Groups

We have developed a simple strategy allowing molecular guests to be trapped within MOF-5 using carboxylic acids bearing sterically demanding substituents as capping reagents. We demonstrate that introducing triphenylacetic acid or diphenylacetic acid onto the surface of crystals of MOF-5 loaded with crystal violet (CV) prevents CV from escaping by blocking the openings of pores. In this study, MOF-5 was capped with four carboxylic acids and two 3° amines, and diffusion of CV out of capped MOFs was monitored using UV–vis spectroscopy to assess how variation in the steric demand of substituents affected retention of CV.
From Reading to Healing: Teaching Medical Professionalism through Literature

This well-organized anthology describes a variety of pedagogic scenarios designed to explore the concept of professionalism that can be incorporated into medical school or any health sciences curriculum.
When Moral Intuitions and Empirical Findings Collide: A Case for Revisiting Protectionist Tendencies in Bioethics.

One of the foundational aims of bioethics is to advocate for the rights and interests of patients (Jonsen 2010). In their normative work, bioethicists assess ethical arguments and develop recommend...
Developmental Trajectories of Adaptive Behavior from Toddlerhood to Middle Childhood in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Abstract Longitudinal growth modeling was utilized to examine adaptive behavior over eight years across the three time points (i.e., ages 2−10). Seventy-six parents completed the Vineland Adaptive ...
“What’s on Your Mind?” Examining the Influence of Facebook User Motivations, Usage Intensity, and Public Self-Disclosure on Perceived Social Capital

This study examines the influence of user motivations and behaviors on perceptions of mutually beneficial social resources accessible via connections formed and maintained on Facebook. Survey data ...
Near-field imaging and spectroscopy of layered excitonic heterostructures

In this talk we will present the use of near-field scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy to investigate the electronic and optical quality of excitonic semiconductors. We will use two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) of Mo and W as prototypical examples but extend our measurements to other low-dimensional excitonic systems including colloidal quantum dots, organic assemblies and layered hybrid perovskites. Via near-field photoluminescence spectroscopy we will show the nanoscale variations in quality of the contact with substrates and disorder at the interface in case of junctions or heterostructures. By placing a plasmonic metal substrate nearby and varying the distance, we will also show exciton hybridization with surface plasmons into propagating hybrid surface modes.
Preface: Handbook of Research on Theory and Practice of Global Islamic Finance

The editing of a handbook of research on Global Islamic Finance is more exciting and challenging than ever before. The past three decades have been an eventful one for the proponents of Islamic finance. Islamic Finance has become a buzzword from G20 to World Economic Forum to global and national economic agendas. Today Islamic Finance is being considered as a key driver of alternate financing in Muslim and non-Muslims countries alike. It has enabled the birth of new financial products based on Shari’ah principles. During the primitive years of Islam, the savings and investments were based on participation and due to the availability of finance on profit and loss basis, there was no interest in the international trade of Muslim countries (Siddiqi, 1983; El-Gammal, 2000; Chapra & Khan, 2000). However, the situation had changed in the early fifteenth century when interest started replacing profit and loss sharing, slowly and steadily. After the revival of Islamic financial system in 20th century (El-Ashker, 1987), during last three decades, a number of Shari’ah compliant products and services are being introduced around the globe and are being offered in the areas of general banking, consumer banking, investment banking, trade finance and SME Financing. The underlying Islamic mode of these products and services are Mudarabah, Diminishing Musharakah, Murabaha, Salam, Istisna, Ijarah, Qard Hasna, Agency and Sale, and others. This volume is organized into eleven sections that consist of 44 chapters by writers from 26 countries. 79 Authors contributed from disparate parts of the world; USA(2), Mauritius(1), UK(1), Nigeria(4), Singapore(1), Uzbekistan(1), Korea(1), Sri Lanka(2), France(1), Brunei(1), Netherlands(1), Malaysia(36), Japan(1), Tunisia(2), Australia(3), Luxembourg(2), Palestine(1), Turkey(2), Saudi Arabia(2), Bangladesh(2), India(2), Indonesia(3), Pakistan(4), Oman(1), Qatar(1) and Sudan(1).
Perceptions of preparedness for online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic as a graduate of an education program at a university in the Midwest

This study examined how prepared teachers felt when shifting to online instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic. The teachers were graduates of an education preparation program at a small private M...
Social Justice, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction for Palliative Care Social Workers

Job satisfaction and organizational commitment are critical factors in retention of qualified and experienced social workers. Palliative care organizations may struggle to retain social workers who...
L33t or N00b?: How Player Skill Alters the Effects of Network Latency on First Person Shooter Game Players

Game players generally want low network latency to maximize their chances of winning -- in general, the lower the network latency, the less time between a player's action and the intended outcome. But how much network latency affects players with different levels of skill is not known. This paper presents results from a 36-person user study that evaluates the impact of network latencies on Counter-strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO), with skilled FPS game players divided into two groups -- one group with extensive CS:GO experience and the other not. Analysis of the results shows that network latency impacts higher-skill players more than lower-skill players, with higher-skill players suffering greater score, accuracy and Quality of Experience degradations than do the lower-skill players for the same network latency.
Supersymmetry with scattering states

Supersymmetric partner potentials calculated using single-particle non-reflecting scattering states are localized complex potentials with real eigenvalues. If the initial potential is a symmetric real potential then the partner potential is PT-symmetric. In particular cases, complex conduction band edge profiles are found that yield supersymmetric partner total potentials evaluated using scattering states in the context of self-consistent Schrodinger-Poisson equations.
A Framework for Multi-Stage Unsteady Flow Calculations

This paper describes a mathematical approach to the calculation of unsteady flow in multi-stage turbomachinery. An asymptotic formulation is used, with the small asymptotic parameter being the level of unsteadiness in each blade row. The baseline flow is the nonlinear steady flow that is computed by many existing multi-stage calculation methods. The first order linear perturbation is the unsteady flow field arising from stator/rotor interactions between neighboring blade rows. The second order correction contains the information about the time-averaged effect of unsteadiness on the mean flow. The advantage of this asymptotic approach is that it leads to a set of equations which can be solved numerically very much more cheaply than the full nonlinear unsteady flow equations, while still retaining the key features of the flow.
Using schemas to simplify access control for XML documents

Organizations are increasingly using the the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) for document representation and exchange on the Web To protect an XML document from unauthorized access, authorizations are specified on the XML document itself or on the Document Type Definition (DTD) that defines the type of the XML document Each XML document or DTD is associated with an XML Access Sheet (XAS) that specifies the authorizations The DTD not being an XML document complicates the specification and enforcement of authorization policies To overcome the above mentioned problem, XML Schemas need to be used instead of DTDs In this paper, we show how XAS DTDs can be specified using XML Schemas and propose an access control architecture that can process XAS authorizations Enforcement of access control allows users to view only those parts of the documents that they are authorized to view These parts may not conform to the schema of the original document and hence may not be valid Towards this end we propose a schema loosening algorithm that generates a schema that will be satisfied by documents satisfying the access control requirements.
The DIII-D cryogenic system upgrade

The original DIII-D cryogenic system was commissioned in 1981 and was used to cool the cryopanel arrays for three hydrogen neutral beam injectors. Since then, new demands for liquid helium have arisen including: a fourth neutral beam injector, ten superconducting magnets for the electron cyclotron heating gyrotrons, and more recently, the advanced divertor cryopump which resides inside the tokamak vacuum vessel. The original cryosystem could not meet these demands. Consequently, the cryosystem was upgraded in several phases to increase capacity, improve reliability, and reduce maintenance. The majority of the original system has been replaced with superior equipment. The capacity now exists to support present as well as future demands for liquid helium at DIII-D including a hydrogen pellet injector, which is being constructed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Upgrades to the cryosystem include: a recently commissioned 150 l/hr helium liquefier, two 55 g/sec helium screw compressors, a fully automated 20-valve cryogen distribution box, a high efficiency helium wet expander, and the conversion of equipment from manual or pneumatic to programmable logic controller (PLC) control. The distribution box was designed and constructed for compactness due to limited space availability. Overall system efficiency was significantly improved by replacing the existing neutral beam reliquefier Joule-Thomson valve with a reciprocating wet expander. The implementation of a PLC-based automatic control system has resulted in increased efficiency and reliability. This paper will describe the cryosystem design with emphasis on newly added equipment. In addition, performance and operational experience will be discussed.
Planning: Developing Business and Acquisition Plans—Phases 1 and 2 of the Acquisition Process

This chapter focuses on the first two phases of the acquisition process. Developing the business and acquisition plans are termed as the first two phases of acquisition process. Some companies view mergers and acquisitions as a business growth strategy. While firms may accelerate overall growth in the short run through acquisition, the higher growth rate often is not sustainable without a business plan, which serves as a road map for identifying additional acquisitions to fuel future growth. A planning-based acquisition process is comprised of both a business plan and a merger/acquisition plan, which together drive all subsequent phases of the acquisition process. This chapter elaborates the key activities required to be performed for developing business and acquisition plans. The chapter also examines the tools commonly used to evaluate, display, and communicate information to key constituencies both inside and outside of the corporation. The planning concepts described in the chapter are prescriptive in nature, and recommend certain strategies based on the results generated by applying specific tools and answering checklists of relevant questions.
Sediment Interaction at Modified Coastal Inlets: Processes and Policies

A substantial number of the existing inlets in the United States has been modified (or constructed) to serve navigation, recreation and water quality. The hydraulics and sedimentary processes associated with inlets are complex and our ability to understand and predict the detailed behavior of inlets must be the product of considerable future field, laboratory and analytical research. Yet in the absence of this capability, assessments and interpretations will be required leading to design decisions.
A decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions in the United States

This article decomposes the growth in US CO2 emissions by state. Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method, we account for CO2 emissions change in each state between 1990 and 2004. The change is decomposed into five effects: (a) emissions per unit of fossil fuel; (b) share of fossil fuel in total energy consumption; (c) energy intensity; (d) gross state product per capita and (e) population. Results show that for the past 15 years gains in the efficiency of energy use in the economy, the lowering share of fossil fuels in total energy consumption and lowering of emissions intensity of fuels all contributed to offsetting the effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the population growth in carbon emission across the US.
Proof of Discrimination at Summary Judgment: The Eighth Circuit’s Focus on Categories of Evidence in Torgerson v. City of Rochester

On June 1, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, in Torgerson v. City of Rochester, granted summary judgment for the employer, the City of Rochester, by holding that the plaintiffs had failed to produce sufficient direct or indirect evidence of discrimination. On appeal, the en banc Eighth Circuit categorized plaintiffs’ evidence and asked whether each piece, on its own, created a genuine issue of material fact. This Comment argues that the court’s preoccupation with categorizing evidence distracted it from determining whether discrimination occurred. Therefore, courts should adopt the dissent’s totality of the evidence approach, in which all of the evidence is considered in context when making a summary judgment determination.
An investigation of timing jitter in bipolar ECL ring oscillators

Timing jitter is a concern in high speed digital circuits, the presence of timing jitter will degrade the system performance in many high speed applications, it is a critical design consideration in nearly every type of digital systems. In this paper, we have investigated the timing jitter in silicon BJT/or SiGe HBT ECL ring oscillators, and we have shown BJT/or SiGe HBT oscillators have lower jitter compared to their CMOS counterparts. As such silicon BJT and/or SiGe HBT ring oscillators are a potential choice for low jitter applications.
Lessons from nursery and field testing of eastern white pine selections and progenies for resistance to blister rust.

Highlights from over 20 years of experience in selection and testing of eastern white pine trees for resistance to blister rust have been summarized. Preliminary selection of apparently resistant trees in areas of high disease hazard by unskilled labor, with final selection by an experienced observer, seemed feasible for selection of a large number of individuals for a program of development and production of resistant trees under Lake States conditions. Artificial inoculation in a disease test nursery was necessary for thorough screening of trees. Two-parent progeny tests were more useful than tests of grafts of original selections. Ability to transmit blister rust resistance to the progeny was the most important character for which selections must be screened. Seedbed inoculation techniques gave promise of being an efficient screening process for large populations. Because resistance increased with age, however, a balance had to be reached between the time saved by inoculating 1-0 seedlings and the better expression of resistance upon inoculation of 3-or 4-year-old trees. The testing of seedlings or transplants under severe infection conditions, after they were old enough to express most of their inherent resistance characteristics, was regarded as a realistic approach. Field testing of grafts gave little more information on resistance of selections than did the Blister Rust Nursery tests. Under field plot conditions of competition, planted grafts suffered high mortality from causes other than blister rust, generally grew more slowly than seedlings, and exhibited very poor form. Field grafts on already established understock gave much better survival than planted grafts and showed near normal form and vigor of growth. At present, it appears that if grafts of selections are to be tested, field grafting probably will give better results than the outplanting of grafts made on potted understock.
Behavior of Fatigue Cracks in a Tension Bolt

A state-of-the-art review of the characteristics of crack growth in a tension bolt has been conducted. Considerations are centered on evaluating the usefulness of the existing stress intensity factors in making fatigue crack growth predictions. The closed-form stress intensity expression of Forman and Shivakumar (for an unnotched round bar) has been validated by making correlations with three sets of experimental data available in the literature. While the James-Mills equation (for a threaded round bar) matches the finite element solutions, the results of the analyticallexperimental correlations indicate that an empirical equation, i.e., Eq 9, which was derived from this study, may be used to obtain acceptable life predications.
Acetaminophen in the Hypoxic and Reoxygenated Guinea Pig Myocardium

We investigated the effects of 0.35-mM acetaminophen and its vehicle on isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts made hypoxic and subsequently reoxygenated. Hearts were allowed 30 min postinstrumentation to reach baseline, steady-state values, and then were exposed to 6 min of hypoxia (5% O2, 5% CO2, balance N2) followed by 36 min of reoxygenation (95% O2, 5% CO2). We recorded hemodynamic, metabolic, and mechanical data in addition to assessing ultrastructure and the capacity of coronary venous effluent to reduce reactive oxygen species. We found that acetaminophen-treated hearts retained a greater fraction of mechanical function during hypoxia and reoxygenation. For example, the average percentage change from baseline of left ventricular developed pressure in acetaminophen- and vehicle-treated hearts at 6 min reoxygenation was 9 ± 2% and -8 ± 5% (P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, electron micrographs revealed greater preservation of myofibrillar ultrastructure in acetaminophen-treated hearts. Biochemical...
A network processor for a learning based routing protocol

Recently, cognitive packet network (CPN) is proposed as an alternative to the IP based network architectures and shows similarity with the discrete active networks. In CPN, there is no routing table, instead reinforcement learning (random neural networks) is used to route packets. CPN routes packets based on QoS, using measurements that are constantly collected by packets and deposited in mailboxes at routers. The applicability of the CPN concept has been demonstrated through several software implementations. However, higher data traffic and increasing packet processing demands require the implementation of this new network architecture in hardware. In this paper, we present a network processor architecture, which supports this learning based protocol.
Infrared Detector Arrays, Uncooled

The sections in this article are 1 Bolometric Detectors 2 Pyroelectric IR Detectors 3 Summary 4 Acknowledgments
Are community patterns in flight height driven by antagonistic interactions

Large libellulid dragonflies often fly higher than smaller libellulids. We hypothesized that this size-related pattern in flight height might be caused by aggressive displacement. We tested this hypothesis by using a 30 m “dragonfly zip-line” to reel dead dragonfly decoys of four species of different sizes (Erythemis simplicicollis, Libellula incesta, Pachydiplax longipennis, and Perithemis tenera) along a shoreline at four different heights (20, 60, 100, and 140 cm), counting the number of investigations made by large patrolling Libellula incesta and Libellula luctuosa males. We hypothesized that decoys of smaller species would be investigated and attacked at higher frequency when they were reeled high, in the Libellula flight zone, than when they were reeled at their natural low height. This hypothesis was falsified; both L. incesta and L. luctuosa investigated high-flying decoys significantly less frequently than low-flying decoys. Perithemis tenera decoys were investigated less frequently than other d...
Southern flounder hepatic and intestinal metabolism and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites following dietary administration of low doses of BaP, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol or a BaP metabolite mixture.

Certain finfish species living in chemically polluted environments exhibit a high incidence of gastrointestinal tract tumors. Carnivorous fish in such environments are likely to consume invertebrates which contain chemical procarcinogens and the invertebrate biotransformation products of these compounds. The retention in tissues, extent of DNA adduct formation in liver and intestine, and metabolite composition of bile was investigated in southern flounder following gavage with pure [3H]- or [14C]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pure [14C]benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP-7,8D), or hepatopancreas from spiny lobsters previously dosed with [3H]- or [14C]BaP (Metab.HP). Metab.HP contained mainly polar conjugates of BaP diols, triols and tetraols. BaP-7,8D was retained in fish tissues and bile at 24 h to a greater extent (33.6% of the dose), than either BaP (19.00%) or Metab.HP (6.6%). Hepatic and intestinal DNA isolated from all dosed fish contained covalently bound radioactivity, but exposure to BaP-7,8D or BaP resulted in significantly higher binding in both tissues than exposure to Metab.HP. Hepatic DNA from BaP and BaP-7,8D-dosed flounder contained 0.24 +/- 0.07 and 0.33 +/- 0.06 pmol BaP equivalents/mg DNA respectively (mean +/- S.E.), while hepatic DNA isolated from Metab.HP-dosed flounder contained 0.006 +/- 0.002 pmol BaP equivalents/mg DNA. Binding of radioactivity to intestinal DNA was significantly higher than to hepatic DNA for flounder dosed with Metab.HP (0.026 +/- 0.003) or with BaP (0.76 +/- 0.27) but not for flounder dosed with BaP-7,8D (0.44 +/- 0.09). These studies show that dietary BaP, and metabolites likely to be present in invertebrates, can be absorbed by the southern flounder and form DNA adducts in target organs.
Surgical management of breast cancer.

Objectives To review the surgical treatment options for breast cancer and breast reconstruction options following mastectomy. Data Sources Clinical and research articles, textbook chapters, and clinical practice. Conclusion Advances have been made in the surgical treatment of breast cancer, and options for less invasive procedures are now available. Patients are often faced with difficult decisions when trying to choose the best treatment option. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play an integral role in providing patients with the physical, educational, and emotional skills necessary to help them make appropriate surgical decisions and return to optimal health after their treatment.
Studies on the deposition of plant ferritin as influenced by iron supply to iron-deficient beans.

Mature plants can be induced to increase their store of ferritin (phytoferritin) when ferric iron is supplied to iron-deficient bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The ferritin particles (50–60 A in diameter) are often deposited in well ordered, “crystalline” arrays. The plant ferritin is always located within the stroma part of thylakoid-free areas in the plastids. Plastids from control plants do not exhibit such electron dense particles. It appears that iron stimulates the production of the protein and becomes the central core of the plant ferritin molecule. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that plant ferritin, like mammalian ferritin, is a heterogeneous protein. The electrophoretic pattern shows two main bands, each containing iron and protein. By comparison, animal ferritin shows three bands. Both ferritins have identical appearance in the electron microscope.
What is the Trouble with International Law

According to the textbooks of publicists, and according to the formal rules of international law, Ethiopia possessed certain well defined rights, and as a state was legally equal to all other states. Her position in the world, legally considered,was secure, buttressed as it was by a formidable array of rights such as “existence” and “self-defense.” Yet when it came to discussing the fate of Ethiopia, students of international affairs did not run to their law books, but focussed their attention upon happenings in Rome, Paris, London, and possibly Geneva. China, too, is a state, endowed with a legal right to exist on equal terms in what is euphemistically called the “family of nations.” But Far Eastern events are determined and shaped but little by legal rules; rather it is the policies of Japan and the other Great Powers which actually condition the flow of events and govern the future of China. Situations such as these are by no means exceptional, and lead many to the conclusion that they make for “a world without an effective system of public international law, in which force is the determining factor between nations [and in which] only Great Powers, by reason of their disproportionate strength, can invest their national policies with real international importance.”
Pulse Pressure and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Pulse pressure (PP), which is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs), represents the pulsatile component of blood flow. It denotes arterial compliance and the reflective properties of blood flow related to vessel branching.1 Pulse pressure increases concomitantly with aging and loss of arterial elasticity.2 It has therefore been of interest as a predictor of clinical events related to cardiovascular disease (CVD)3–7 and as a correlate of markers of subclinical CVD.8–11 However, values of PP have been shown to vary significantly according to population demographics. Pulse pressure increases with age,12 and women tend to have higher levels of PP than do men, a difference noticeable after midlife.13 Furthermore, a recent examination of risk factors for CVD among Hispanic, African-American, Chinese, and non-Hispanic white participants with diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) revealed racial and ethnic differences in PP.14 Therefore, it is of interest to examine whether the association of PP with subclinical CVD varies according to age, gender, and race/ethnicity. The MESA study allows a unique opportunity to address this question in a population-based cohort that underwent a comprehensive baseline evaluation, including testing for traditional and novel risk factors for CVD as well as ultrasonographic measurements of carotid intima–media thickness and the evaluation of left-ventricular (LV) mass with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Available data consistently suggest that central aortic BP has a stronger association with CVD than does peripheral BP.15 For example, the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE), a substudy within the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial (ASCOT), showed that despite having a similar effect on brachial PP, treatment with amlodipine with or without perindopril resulted in better central aortic pressures and cardiovascular outcomes than did treatment with atenolol with or without a thiazide diuretic.16 However, measurements of brachial arterial BP remain the cornerstone of the clinical evaluation and management of hypertension. Therefore, we examined the relationships of brachial PP with common carotid intima-media thickness (CC-IMT), internal carotid intima-media thickness (IC-IMT), and left-ventricular mass index (LVMI) after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and mean arterial pressure (MAP), a measure of the nonpulsatile component of BP, in both men and women, across age groups, and in four racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic white, Chinese, African-American, and Hispanic) in MESA. Common carotid intima–media thickness and IC-IMT were examined separately because they may provide different prognostic information; CC-IMT has been shown to be a better predictor of stroke, whereas IC-IMT appears to be a better predictor of myocardial infarction (MI).17
Preimplantation expression of the somatic form of Dnmt1 suggests a role in the inheritance of genomic imprints

Background Identical DNA methylation differences between maternal and paternal alleles in gametes and adults suggest that the inheritance of genomic imprints is strictly due to the embryonic maintenance of DNA methylation. Such maintenance would occur in association with every cycle of DNA replication, including those of preimplantation embryos.
The impact of raters' cognition on judgment accuracy: An extension to the job analysis domain

Eighty-six incumbents of three different jobs produced job-analytic ratings using either a decomposed (task-based) or a holistic (job-based) rating strategy. Approximately half of them received rater training in making inferential decisions. When tasks were less complex than the job as a whole, rating decomposition generally had positive effects on ratings' quality. Similarly, when the number of tasks rated was low to moderate, rater training was effective. A contingency approach, where limitations concerning the use of rating decomposition and inferential training were outlined, should serve to inform future uses and theories of rating aids in job analysis.
Vesical varices: an unusual presentation of portal hypertension

We present a case of vesical varices manifesting as hematuria in a patient with severe portal hypertension. Vesical varices are an uncommon type of ectopic varices in patients with portal hypertension and are usually seen in patients who have undergone prior interventions that alter portal pressure dynamics. Our case demonstrates that this unusual entity was present in a patient without prior intervention and serves as reminder to assess for ectopic varices in order to mitigate or prevent associated morbidity.
A nuclear receptor-like pathway regulating multidrug resistance in fungi

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious complication during treatment of opportunistic fungal infections that frequently afflict immunocompromised individuals, such as transplant recipients and cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Improved knowledge of the molecular pathways controlling MDR in pathogenic fungi should facilitate the development of novel therapies to combat these intransigent infections. MDR is often caused by upregulation of drug efflux pumps by members of the fungal zinc-cluster transcription-factor family (for example Pdr1p orthologues). However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that Pdr1p family members in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida glabrata directly bind to structurally diverse drugs and xenobiotics, resulting in stimulated expression of drug efflux pumps and induction of MDR. Notably, this is mechanistically similar to regulation of MDR in vertebrates by the PXR nuclear receptor, revealing an unexpected functional analogy of fungal and metazoan regulators of MDR. We have also uncovered a critical and specific role of the Gal11p/MED15 subunit of the Mediator co-activator and its activator-targeted KIX domain in antifungal/xenobiotic-dependent regulation of MDR. This detailed mechanistic understanding of a fungal nuclear receptor-like gene regulatory pathway provides novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of multidrug-resistant fungal infections.