cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Connexin43 function and expression by Tyrosine kinase 2

Connexin43 (Cx43) assembly and degradation, the regulation of electrical and metabolic coupling, as well as modulating the interaction with other proteins, involve phosphorylation. Here, we identified and characterized the biological significance of a novel tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates Cx43, tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). Activation of Tyk2 led to a decrease in Cx43 gap junction communication by increasing the turnover rate of Cx43 from the plasma membrane. Tyk2 directly phosphorylated Cx43 residues Tyr-247 and Tyr-265, leading to indirect phosphorylation on residues Ser-279/Ser-282 (MAPK) and Ser-368 (PKC). Although this phosphorylation pattern is similar to what has been observed following Src activation, the response caused by Tyk2 occurred when Src was inactive in NRK cells. Knockdown of Tyk2 at the permissive temperature (active v-Src) in LA-25 cells decreased Cx43 phosphorylation, indicating that although activation of Tyk2 and v-Src leads to phosphorylation of the same Cx43CT residues, they are not identical in level at each site. Additionally, angiotensin II activation of Tyk2 increased the intracellular protein level of Cx43 via STAT3. These findings indicate that, like Src, Tyk2 can also inhibit gap junction communication by phosphorylating Cx43.
Following Finality: Why Capital Punishment Is Collapsing under Its Own Weight

This essay, a chapter in the forthcoming book Final Judgements: The American Death Penalty and the Law (Austin Sarat, ed.), discusses the role of finality in the death penalty’s decline over the past two decades. Well before that decline, in the early years of the modern death penalty era, the Supreme Court’s recognition that death is different in its finality led to developments to ensure that we get the death penalty right — constitutional regulation, habeas litigation, and the rise of a specialized capital defense bar to navigate those complicated structures. Over time, these developments led to a massive time lag between death sentence and execution, and with it, the discovery of innocents among the condemned, skyrocketing costs, and concerns about the conditions of long-term solitary confinement on death row. These developments, in turn, have led to a number of cascading effects — falling death sentences and executions, penological justifications that no longer make sense, and a growing number of states concluding that capital punishment is more trouble than it is worth. In the end, the finality of capital punishment is what makes it so rarely final, and so costly, cumbersome, and slow that it is collapsing under its own weight.
Hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy.

Abstract The definition of hypertension has continuously evolved over the last 50 years. Hypertension is currently defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. One in every four people in the US has been diagnosed with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension increases further with age, affecting 75% of people over the age of 70. Hypertension is by far the most common risk factor identified in stroke patients. Hypertension causes pathologic changes in the walls of small (diameter
Politics and dialect variation: A sociophonetic analysis of the Southern Vowel Shift in Middle TN

Politics and dialect variation: A sociophonetic analysis of the Southern Vowel Shift in Middle TN
Pathlength reduction features in the PA-RISC architecture

A description is given of representative pathlength reduction features of PA-RISC (reduced instruction set computer) instructions in memory accessing, functional operations, and instruction sequencing. To illustrate the multi-op instructions in PA-RISC, comparison is made with the MIPS instruction set, rather than with some hypothetical single-op RISC instructions. It is noted that, while other RISC architectures strive to enable short cycle times and single cycle instruction execution, PA-RISC also supports pathlength reduction, without impacting either the cycle time or the CPI. Frequent operations are combined into a single multi-op instruction. Subword data are also operated on in parallel, making full use of the datapath width. Such instruction level parallelism gives PA-RISC some of the advantages of a very simple VLIW (very long instruction word) architecture (with short 32-b instructions), in addition to the inherent advantages of a streamlined RISC architecture. >
Pharmacological Causes and Treatments of Nausea and Vomiting

Extensive investigation has defined neurotransmitter receptor pathways that mediate emesis. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications can elicit nausea and vomiting by action on these pathways and by nonreceptor mechanisms in previously healthy individuals or can worsen these symptoms in patients with preexisting disorders with nausea and vomiting. Medication-induced nausea and vomiting has been best characterized for opiates, cancer chemotherapy, and for agents given during surgery. Conversely, a number of medications with central and peripheral antiemetic effects, actions to promote gastrointestinal propulsion, or blunt gut sensory nerve function have been identified as effective in decreasing nausea and vomiting. Selection of the appropriate antiemetic or antinausea drug depends on several factors including the clinical setting, the side effects of the drug being considered, and potential adverse interactions with other agents being taken by the patient. Research is ongoing into new pharmaceuticals that act by known receptor mechanisms but which offer other pharmacologic advantages. Because most available medications provide superior reduction of vomiting versus nausea, further study of therapies specifically targeting control of nausea is warranted.
S-transform and Fourier transform frequency spectra of broadband seismic signals

ABSTRACTThe S-transform is one way to transform a 1D seismogram into a 2D time-frequency analysis. We have investigated its use to compute seismic interpretive attributes, such as peak frequency and bandwidth. The S-transform normalizes a frequency-dependent Gaussian window by a factor proportional to the absolute value of frequency. This normalization biases spectral amplitudes toward higher frequency. At a given time, the S-transform spectrum has similar characteristics to the Fourier spectrum of the derivative of the waveform. For narrowband signals, this has little impact on the peak frequency of the time-frequency analysis. However, for broadband seismic signals, such as a Ricker wavelet, the S-transform peak frequency is significantly higher than the Fourier peak frequency and can thus be misleading. Numerical comparisons of spectra from a variety of waveforms support the general rule that S-transform peak frequencies are equal to or greater than Fourier-transform peak frequencies. Comparisons on re...
Impact of Parenting Behaviors on Recent Alcohol Use Among African American Students

Parenting is a critical factor in substance abuse prevention. Positive parenting behaviors are identified as a protective factor for substance abuse among youth. Limited research exists that investigates the role of parenting practices on minority youth substance use. The present study seeks to examine correlates between parenting and recent alcohol use among African American youth. Specifically, to what extent do African American students report experiencing specific parenting behaviors that are measured by the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health?, do specific parenting behaviors increase the risk of recent alcohol use among African American youth?, does the impact of parenting behaviors on recent alcohol use among African American youth differ based on sex (males and females) and age category (12–13, 14–15, and 16–17 years old) were examined in this study? Logistic regression analysis of the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health was conducted to examine the research questions. Findings indicated that parenting behaviors was associated with recent alcohol among youth. Significant differences were found for males, females, 12–13, 14–15, and 16–17 years olds. Study findings demonstrate the importance of positive parenting behaviors in youth alcohol prevention. Program specialists may target parenting as a means of preventing and reducing youth alcohol use among African American youth.
Structure activity relationships in metal–organic framework catalysts for the continuous flow synthesis of propylene carbonate from CO2 and propylene oxide

This paper describes the systematic study of metal–organic framework (MOF) catalysts for the reaction of propylene oxide (PO) with carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate propylene carbonate (PC). These studies began with the evaluation of MIL-101(Cr) as catalyst in a flow reactor. Under the developed flow conditions, MIL-101(Cr) was found to effectively catalyze PO carbonation in the absence of a halide co-catalyst. A systematic study of catalyst performance was then undertaken as a function of MOF synthesis technique, activation conditions, metal center, and node architecture. Ultimately, these investigations led to the identification of MIL-100(Sc) as a new, active, and stable catalyst for PO carbonation.
Teaching outpatient procedures: Most common settings, evaluation methods, and training barriers in family practice residencies

Background and objectives The processes of teaching outpatient procedures in the training of primary care physicians have not been widely studied or standardized. This study identified the most widely used teaching settings, methods of evaluation, and barriers to teaching several key procedures in US family practice residencies. Methods A survey was sent to directors of family practice residency programs. Key issues identified in phone survey data of published experts in procedural training were used in developing the survey. Results Of the 464 residency directors contacted, 342 (73.7%) returned completed surveys. Results showed that the family practice center (FPC) was the most common setting for this teaching. Faculty observation was used as a principal evaluation method in most programs for all procedures. Several barriers to training were identified as "very" or "moderately" important. Conclusions While the FPC is the most frequently used setting for training in procedures, significant limitations include problems of low volume, limited methods of evaluation, scheduling difficulties, and lack of faculty interest and skill. Several internal and external strategies may be used to alleviate these problems.
Efficient algorithms for the weighted k -center problem on a real line

We present $O(\min\{n\log^{1.5} n, n\log n+k^2\log^2\frac{n}{k}\log^2 n\})$ time algorithms for the weighted k-problem on a real line. Previously, the best known algorithms for this problem take O(nlog2n) time, or O(knlogn) time, or a time linear in n but exponential in k. Our techniques involve developing efficient data structures for processing queries that find a lowest point in the common intersection of a certain subset of half-planes. This subproblem is interesting in its own right.
Pyrolytic LCVD Modeling

A mathematical model of a given LCVD process is a theoretical representation which allows us to analyze various aspects of the process. It can be used to evaluate the relative importance of the different process parameters, such as the laser power, wavelength and beam diameter and the pressure of the gas inside the deposition chamber, etc. The models also provide a basic understanding of the chemical kinetics and the film deposition mechanisms. The results of the mathematical models can be used to minimize the number of experiments required to obtain the maximum amount of information, to select a proper set of the process parameters for experiments, and to design an optimized LCVD svstem.
Deductive Verification of Distributed Protocols in First-Order Logic

Formal verification of infinite-state systems, and distributed systems in particular, is a long standing research goal. In the deductive verification approach, the programmer provides inductive invariants and pre/post specifications of procedures, reducing the verification problem to checking validity of logical verification conditions. This check is often performed by automated theorem provers and SMT solvers, substantially increasing productivity in the verification of complex systems. However, the unpredictability of automated provers presents a major hurdle to usability of these tools. This problem is particularly acute in case of provers that handle undecidable logics, for example, first-order logic with quantifiers and theories such as arithmetic. The resulting extreme sensitivity to minor changes has a strong negative impact on the convergence of the overall proof effort.
Mass spectrometric assay of high radiopurity solid polymer materials for parts in radiation and rare event physics detectors

Abstract Plastic dielectric materials are required in radiation and rare event physics detectors as structural parts, insulators, seals, light reflectors, and in connectors. In order to observe events of interest rather than counting the radioactivity of the detector itself, these materials must be of high radiopurity. Using a mass spectrometric method, a number of solid plastic materials and parts were analyzed for mass levels of contaminants 232 Th and 238 U, which were used as an assessment of radiopurity. Sample preparation began with dry ashing the solid subsamples in very low mass containers of ultra low background electroformed copper (ULB EF-Cu) foil that had been cut and folded into boats serving as crucibles. Final determinations were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with liquid nebulization sample solution introduction. Sample sizes were in the 25 mg to 1.25 g mass, and analyses could be completed in less than two days. Detection limits to pg/g (i.e, parts per trillion) levels are obtained and converted to radioactivity units μ Bq/kg of material. Determinations on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gave values for 238 U below 10 μ Bq/kg, while values for poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE) rod stock material or acid-leached machined PCTFE parts were at or below 50 μ Bq/kg in 238 U. Results for solid Purad poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) material are also reported at ca 5 mBq/kg of 238 U, although PVDF Solef 1010 raw material in powder and pellet form has been previously reported as low as 25 μ Bq/kg, and 200 μ Bq/kg 238 U, respectively. An analysis of a polyetherimide (PEI) material, sold as ULTEM, indicated promising radiopurity with a found value of 30 μ Bq/kg for 238 U. A variety of solid dielectric polymer materials were found with radiopurities at less than a mBq/kg 238 U and 232 Th.
Sleep manifestations, sleep architecture in children with Eosinophilic esophagitis presenting to a sleep clinic.

Abstract Study objectives To describe sleep manifestations, polysomnographic (PSG) findings, and specific sleep disorders in children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). Methods This retrospective study included children with EoE who were referred to sleep clinics. Clinical manifestations, PSG variables, and diagnosis of sleep disorders were analyzed. Sleep architecture of patients with EoE was compared to control subjects. Results In sum, 81 children with EoE met the criteria for entry into the analysis with a mean age of 10.1 ± 4.4 years. Of those, 46 children (57%) presented in the sleep clinic with active EoE symptoms, while 35 (43%) children did not have active EoE symptoms at presentation. Several sleep complaints were common in children with EoE, including snoring (62, 76.5%), restless sleep (54, 66.6%), legs jerking or leg discomfort (35, 43.2%) and daytime sleepiness (47, 58.0%). Comparing sleep architecture with controls, children with EoE had significantly higher NREM2 (P= Conclusions Children with EoE have frequent sleep complaints and several sleep disorders identified from the sleep study, including sleep-disordered breathing and PLMD. Analysis of sleep architecture demonstrates significant sleep fragmentation as evidenced by decreased slow-wave sleep and REM sleep and increased arousal index.
Towards a UV model of kinetic mixing and portal matter

The nature of dark matter (DM) and how it might interact with the particles of the Standard Model (SM) is an ever-growing mystery. It is possible that the existence of new ``dark sector'' forces, yet undiscovered, are the key to solving this fundamental problem, and one might hope that in the future such forces might even be ``unified'' with the ones we already know in some UV-complete framework. In this paper, following a bottom-up approach, we attempt to take the first steps in the construction of such a framework. The much-discussed possibility of the kinetic mixing (KM) of the ``dark photon'' with the hypercharge gauge boson of the SM via loops of portal matter (PM) fields, charged in both sectors, offers an attractive starting point for these efforts. Given the anticipated finite strength of the KM in a UV-complete theory, the absence of anomalies, and the lifetime constraints on the PM fields arising from cosmic microwave background and nucleosynthesis constraints, PM must behave as vector-like copies of the known SM fermion fields, such as those which appear naturally in, e.g., ${E}_{6}$-type models. Within such a setup, the SM and their corresponding partner PM fields would be related by a new $SU(2{)}_{I}$ gauge symmetry. With this observation as a springboard, we construct a generalization of these ideas where $SU(2{)}_{I}$ is augmented by an additional $U(1{)}_{{I}_{Y}}$ factor so that the light dark photon is the result of a symmetry breaking analogous to the SM, i.e., $SU(2{)}_{I}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{{I}_{Y}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}U(1{)}_{D}$, but with $U(1{)}_{D}$ now also broken at the $\ensuremath{\lesssim}\mathrm{GeV}$ scale. While SM fields are $U(1{)}_{D}$ singlets, as in the conventional dark photon approach, they transform nontrivially under the full $SU(2{)}_{I}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{{I}_{Y}}$ gauge group. This approach leads to numerous interesting signatures, both at low energies and at colliders, and can be viewed as an initial step in the construction of a more UV-complete framework.
Repair of Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula (Open and MIS Approaches)

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula as performed by the following approaches: open and thoracoscopic. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: bronchoscopy, positioning of the patient, access to the chest, isolation and ligation of the fistula if present, mobilization of the upper esophageal pouch, esophageal anastomosis, drainage of the chest, and closure of the incision(s).
Impact of Intra-Fractional Motion on Dose Distributions in Lung IMRT.

Aim: To investigate the impact of intra-fractional motion on dose distribution in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for lung cancer. Materials and methods: Twenty patients who had undergone IMRT for non-small cell lung cancer were selected for this retrospective study. For each patient, a four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) image set was acquired and clinical treatment plans were developed using the average CT. Dose distributions were then recalculated for each of the 10 phases of respiratory cycle and combined using deformable image registration to produce cumulative dose distributions that were compared with the clinical treatment plans. Results: Intra-fractional motion reduced planning target volume (PTV) coverage in all patients. The median reduction of PTV covered by the prescription isodose was 3·4%; D98 was reduced by 3·1 Gy. Changes in the mean lung dose were within ±0·7 Gy. V20 for the lung increased in most patients; the median increase was 1·6%. The dose to the spinal cord was unaffected by intra-fractional motion. The dose to the heart was slightly reduced in most patients. The median reduction in the mean heart dose was 0·22 Gy, and V30 was reduced by 2·5%. The maximum dose to the oesophagus was also reduced in most patients, by 0·74 Gy, whereas V50 did not change significantly. The median number of points in which dose differences exceeded 3%/3 mm was 6·2%. Findings: Intra-fractional anatomical changes reduce PTV coverage compared to the coverage predicted by clinical treatment planning systems that use the average CT for dose calculation. Doses to organs at risk were mostly over-predicted.
T m filtering by 1 H-methyl labeling in a deuterated protein for pulsed double electron–electron resonance EPR

Modulating the phase-memory relaxation time (Tm) of a spin label by introducing 1H-methyl groups in a perdeuterated protein background is used in DEER experiments to assign interactions in multimodal P(r) distributions. Proof of principle is demonstrated using Protein A where one nitroxide label occupies two distinct regions of conformational space. The presence of a single protonated methyl group in close proximity (4-8 A) to only one of the two nitroxide rotamer ensembles results in a selective and substantial decrease in Tm, manifested by differential decay of the peak intensities in the bimodal P(r) distance distribution as a function of the total dipolar evolution time. This form of Tm filtering will facilitate DEER structural analysis of biomolecular systems with three spin labels, including complexes involving multimeric proteins.
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Much Accomplished, Much to Learn.

As COVID vaccines roll out, internists and other health care providers are being turned to as trusted sources of information for patients and communities. Here, experts from NIAID outline the current state of knowledge regarding such vaccines. They contrast vaccine platforms, summarize clinical trial data regarding efficacy and safety, and comment on key questions including the ability of current vaccines to protect against infection and to decrease the prevalence of virus in the community.
Abstract P603: Atrial Cardiopathy and Brain Infarction in Multiple Vascular Territories in the ARCADIA Trial

Introduction: Some embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) are likely caused by occult cardiac embolism. One potential cardioembolic source is atrial cardiopathy without atrial fibrillation (...
Impaired Audiovisual Representation of Phonemes in Children with Developmental Language Disorder.

We examined whether children with developmental language disorder (DLD) differed from their peers with typical development (TD) in the degree to which they encode information about a talker’s mouth shape into long-term phonemic representations. Children watched a talker’s face and listened to rare changes from [i] to [u] or the reverse. In the neutral condition, the talker’s face had a closed mouth throughout. In the audiovisual violation condition, the mouth shape always matched the frequent vowel, even when the rare vowel was played. We hypothesized that in the neutral condition no long-term audiovisual memory traces for speech sounds would be activated. Therefore, the neural response elicited by deviants would reflect only a violation of the observed audiovisual sequence. In contrast, we expected that in the audiovisual violation condition, a long-term memory trace for the speech sound/lip configuration typical for the frequent vowel would be activated. In this condition then, the neural response elicited by rare sound changes would reflect a violation of not only observed audiovisual patterns but also of a long-term memory representation for how a given vowel looks when articulated. Children pressed a response button whenever they saw a talker’s face assume a silly expression. We found that in children with TD, rare auditory changes produced a significant mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) component over the posterior scalp in the audiovisual violation condition but not in the neutral condition. In children with DLD, no MMN was present in either condition. Rare vowel changes elicited a significant P3 in both groups and conditions, indicating that all children noticed auditory changes. Our results suggest that children with TD, but not children with DLD, incorporate visual information into long-term phonemic representations and detect violations in audiovisual phonemic congruency even when they perform a task that is unrelated to phonemic processing.
Case Study #2: Collective Systems and Controls

The goal of Chap. 7 is to design and analyze distributed decentralized control laws for a team of robots performing collective plume tracing based on HSSPFC and information theory. Chapter 7 begins with a discussion of the fundamental importance of the Hamiltonian function and the application of equilibrium thermodynamics to bound the problem. The design and analysis process continues with the design of a kinematic controller based on the application of HSSPFC. The resulting kinematic controller is evaluated based on Shannon information theory and a fundamental trade-off between processing, memory, and communications. The process is completed with the design of a kinetic controller based on Hamiltonian surface shaping with physical and information exergies in the form of control potentials that determine the accessible phase space of the power flow controller. The resulting kinetic controller is evaluated using Fisher Information which leads to a Fisher Information Equivalency (FIE). The FIE can be used to optimize as well as trade-off between the physical energy storage and information resources required to accomplish the operation while meeting the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a class of nonlinear systems.
Live attenuated mumps virus vaccine. II. Early clinical studies

Groups of children in institutions who were initially without mumps antibody were inoculated subcutaneously with twelfth chick embryo and chick embryo cell culture passage (level A) or seventeenth passage (level B) Jeryl Lynn strain mumps virus vaccine. All children developed mumps antibody following inoculation of either strain. The level A vaccine, however, was insufficiently attenuated for routine immunization, since roughly 25% of the vaccine recipients developed parotitis and excreted mumps virus. Children who received B level virus failed to develop fever or parotitis or any other significant clinical reaction to the vaccine and serum amylase values were not significantly altered. Mumps neutralizing antibody persisted for at least 7 months following vaccine B, the longest period tested. A study among children in a community showed that as little as 317 50% tissue culture infectivity doses of virus in level B vaccine induced neutralizing antibody in 100% of children vaccinated. The B level vaccine proved entirely safe and highly effective in inducing protective antibody against mumps.
Influence of luteinizing hormone and adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate on the metabolism of free and esterified cholesterol in mouse Leydig-cell tumours

1. Male C57B1/6J mice bearing Leydig-cell tumours known to synthesize steroids in response to luteinizing hormone (LH) were given intravenous injections of [1,2-(3)H]cholesterol (50-100muCi per animal). Single-cell suspensions were prepared from the tumours 5-9 days after the injection of [(3)H]cholesterol and were incubated at 37 degrees C in foetal calf serum supplemented with 50mm-Tris-HCl, pH7.4. At various times after the start of incubation cells were collected by filtration of portions of the suspension and their sterols analysed. Within 10min after LH (5mug/ml) or 3':5'-cyclic AMP (20mm) was added to the cell suspensions an increased conversion of ester cholesterol into free cholesterol could be demonstrated. 2. To observe this rapid effect of LH it was necessary to incubate the cells for 60min before addition of hormone. 3. The specific radioactivity of testosterone produced was approximately equal to that of the intracellular cholesterol regardless of the presence or absence of LH. 4. The amount of free cholesterol produced in response to LH was far greater than that needed for steroid synthesis. 5. Free cholesterol, but not esterified cholesterol, was released into the incubation medium linearly with time and this release was unaffected by LH. LH may stimulate steroidogenesis in part by increasing the concentration of free cholesterol within the cell.
Children's Depression Inventory (CDI and CDI 2)

The absence of tools to assess depression in juveniles prompted the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) several decades ago. The initial CDI included 27 items; a shorter version and versions to be completed by parents and teachers about a child also were developed. The CDI suite of tools was recently updated and is now called the CDI 2. The CDI 2 was administered to a new, nationally representative, normative U.S. sample, aged 7–17 years (and their parents), and a separate clinically referred sample. Just like their predecessors, the CDI 2 questionnaires have excellent psychometric properties. They can be administered and scored in paper-and-pencil, computer-based, and online versions. Standardized t-scores serve to compare a child's profile to similarly aged, same-sexed peers in the standardization sample. The CDI 2 tools are being used in school, clinical, and research settings, for the reliable, fast, inexpensive, multiperspective assessment of pediatric depressive symptoms. Keywords: assessment; children; depression
AN AUTOMOTIVE FRONT-END DESIGN APPROACH FOR IMPROVED AERODYNAMICS AND COOLING

A performance-based front-end design approach is described in the paper along with some selected experimental results. The method is based on an experimental technique for simultaneously measuring the total radiator airflow and vehicle aerodynamic performance in an aerodynamic wind tunnel. The measured cooling airflows are correlated to vehicle cooling performance and are shown to explain over 95% of the physical variation in the measured results. Based on this correlation, airflow targets for the front-end design of advanced models can be established with confidence. An air-side heat rejection analysis of vehicle cooling test data from three radiators yields very consistent heat rejection results. Grille open area as a design parameter is shown to be a poor predictor of ram airflow and cooling drag. There is need for a minimum interference technique for measuring coolant-side radiator/condenser heat rejection during a vehicle test, and more work needs to be done relative to underhood component cooling requirements.
Characterization of the patina formed on a low tin bronze exposed to aqueous hydrogen sulfide

The dark gray corrosion layer (patina) formed on the surface of a polished low tin bronze alloy following exposure to a deoxygenated and saturated aqueous solutions of H2S has been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The system represents a model for bronze corrosion in reducing conditions where sulfate-reducing bacteria in soils or deoxygenated seawater may generate H2S during respiration. The initial surface was dominated by metallic copper together with Sn, Pb and Zn oxides and hydroxides. Surface enrichment of Pb and Zn was noted because of a smearing effect during polishing. At least some of the lead was crystalline. In contrast, the corrosion layer formed by H2S(aq) exposure was dominated by polycrystalline Cu2S (low and high chalcocite) and smaller concentrations of CuSO4 · nH2O. This surface was enriched with Zn as Zn(OH)2. Lead was present as redeposited PbS (galena) crystallites in at least two different morphologies. Unlike bronzes exposed to oxidizing conditions, which develop protective SnO2 layers, the H2S(aq)-exposed surface was considerably depleted in Sn. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chapter 2 Nerve Fiber Growth and the Cellular Response to Axotomy

Publisher Summary This chapter explores some of the complex events within the nerve cell that are triggered by axotomy—the severing of the axon. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of results obtained in a wide variety of systems, from functioning mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems to embryonic cells regenerating in culture and invertebrate nervous systems. It also examines what changes appear in the axotomized neuron. Once the transition from injury to regeneration occurs, regenerating neurons acquire many of the specializations of developing neurons. The movement of the growth cone and elongation of the axon are dependent upon the cell's synthetic machinery and require a specialized cytoskeletal, contractile, and transport apparatus whose mechanisms are not well understood. Because some basic mechanisms of neuronal growth might be expected to be shared with nonneuronal motile cells, the chapter examines growth, metabolism, and cytoskeleton on a more general scale.
Role of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in protein kinase A-induced changes in endothelial junctional permeability

At sites of ongoing inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, neutrophils) migrate across vascular endothelia, and such transmigration has the potential to disturb barrier properties and can result in intravascular fluid loss and edema. It was recently appreciated that endogenous pathways exist to dampen barrier disruption during such episodes and may provide an important anti-inflammatory link. For example, during transmigration, PMN-derived adenosine activates endothelial adenosine receptors and induces a cAMP-dependent resealing of endothelial barrier function. In our study reported here, we sought to understand the link between cyclic nucleotide elevation and increased endothelial barrier function. Initial studies revealed that adenosine-induced barrier function is tightly linked to activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Because PKA selectively phosphorylates serine and threonine residues, we screened zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) immunoprecipitates for the existence of such phosphorylated proteins as targets for barrier regulation. This analysis revealed a dominantly phosphorylated band at 50 kDa. Microsequencing identified this protein as vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), an actin binding protein with multiple serine/threonine phosphorylation sites. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that VASP localizes to endothelial junctional complexes and colocalizes with ZO-1, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1). To address the role of phospho-VASP in regulation of barrier function, we generated a phosphospecific VASP antibody targeting the Ser157 residue phosphorylation site, the site preferred by PKA. Immunolocalization studies with this antibody revealed that upon PKA activation, phospho-VASP appears at cell-cell junctions. Transient transfection of truncated VASP fragments revealed a parallel increase in barrier function. Taken together, these studies reveal a central role for phospho-VASP in the coordination of PKA-regulated barrier function, such as occurs during episodes of inflammation.
Cultural correlates of ceramic styles

In 1961, John L. Fischer employed a cross-cultural analysis to demonstrate that art styles correlated with social hierarchy and postmarital residence patterns. He suggested that with further work, these correlations might be developed into useful predictors of variation in social hierarchy and postmarital residence in archaeologically known societies. This article is a step in that direction. It replicates Fischer's original study using ceramic data, and proposes several ways archaeological ceramics might be used to predict social characteristics of extinct societies.
Resting tachycardia, a warning sign in anorexia nervosa: case report

Background Among psychiatric disorders, anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate. During an exacerbation of this illness, patients frequently present with nonspecific symptoms. Upon hospitalization, anorexia nervosa patients are often markedly bradycardic, which may be an adaptive response to progressive weight loss and negative energy balance. When anorexia nervosa patients manifest tachycardia, even heart rates in the 80–90 bpm range, a supervening acute illness should be suspected.
ESTIMATION OF RISK DUE TO LOW DOSES OF MICROORGANISMS: A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES

The log-normal, or log-probit, simple exponential and beta distributed effectiveness models were evaluated for their ability to describe experimental dose-response data for human exposure to waterborne bacteria and viruses. Each of the models was capable of describing at least some of the available data; however, the beta-distributed model appeared to be the most widely applicable. When used to extrapolate to extremely low exposure levels, divergent predictions are obtained for each of the three models. On the basis of this analysis, it is impossible to rule out the hypothesis that a single microorganism when ingested has the potential of inducing infection or disease.
Acceptability of Global Positioning System technology to survey injecting drug users' movements and social interactions: A pilot study from San Francisco, USA

BACKGROUND: Despite potential applications for improving health services using GPS technology, little is known about ethical concerns, acceptability, and logistical barriers for their use, particularly among marginalized groups. OBJECTIVES: We garnered the insights of people who inject drug (PWID) in San Francisco on these topics. METHODS: PWID were enrolled through street-outreach (n=20) and an ongoing study (n=4) for 4 focus group discussions. Participants also completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographic characteristics and their numbers and types of interactions with other PWID. RESULTS: Median age was 30.5 years, majorities were male (83.3%) and white (68.2%). Most interacted with other PWID for eating meals and purchasing drugs over the last week; fewer reported interactions such as sexual contact, drug treatment, or work. Participants identified several concerns about carrying GPS devices, including what authorities might do with the data, that other PWID and dealers may suspect them as informants, and adherence to carrying and use. Most felt concerns were surmountable with detailed informed consent on the purpose of the study and practical ways to carry, charge, and hide devices. CONCLUSIONS: PWID felt data collection on their movements and social interactions with other PWID using GPS can be acceptable with addressing specific concerns. The technology is now in hand to greatly expand the ability to monitor health conditions with respect to the environment and improve the location of prevention, care, and treatment facilities to serve hard to reach, mobile, and hidden populations.
Maternal morbid obesity: financial implications of weight management

The objective of this study was to evaluate health outcomes and costs of pregnancies complicated by extreme maternal obesity (class III obesity, body mass index ≥ 40). We conducted a retrospective case-control descriptive study comparing extremely obese women (cases) and their infants with randomly selected controls. Health outcomes were obtained from the medical records and costs from billing data. Total costs for each mother-infant dyad were calculated. Compared with 85 controls, the 82 cases experienced higher morbidity, higher costs and prolonged hospital stay. However, 26% of cases maintained or lost weight during pregnancy, whereas none of the controls maintained or lost weight during pregnancy. When mother/infant dyads were compared on costs, case subjects who maintained or lost weight experienced lower costs than those who gained weight. Neonatal intensive care consumed 78% of total hospital costs for infants of the obese women who gained weight, but only 48% of costs for infants of obese women who maintained or lost weight. For extremely obese women, weight management during pregnancy was achievable, resulted in healthier neonatal outcomes and reduced perinatal healthcare costs.
EMG biofeedback and the treatment of tension headaches: A systematic analysis of treatment components

Thirty-two chronic headache sufferers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. One group received contingent EMG feedback with instructions to lower muscle activity using the feedback. The second group received contingent EMG feedback with instruction to maintain basal muscle activity levels using the feedback. A third group, an attention placebo control, meditated on a noncontingent feedback tone. The fourth group controlled for the effects of hourly headache charting and notations of headache prone situations. Only the two EMG feedback groups showed a significant reduction in headache activity. At the 6-month follow-up, the EMG-induced relaxation group had begun to show a return of headache activitym, while the EMG stability training group evidenced a continued reduction in headache activity. These findings provide strong support for the assumption that EMG feedback is a critical component in the treatment of tension heacaches and further suggest a possible procedure to facilitate the transfer of therapeutic gains.
A note on the cini-touschek transformation

A discussion of the Cini-Touschek (C.T.) transformation is given for spin one-half which exhibits the extreme relativistic nature of the transformation. A unitary generalization of this transformation valid for arbitrary spin is given. This is discussed in detail for spin one and is shown to be related to the extreme relativistic limit of the Jordan-Mukunda spin-one theory. Advantages and disadvantages of this generalization are discussed.
Inspirational or Self-Deflating: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Elite Role Model Effectiveness

This research examines the role of self-efficacy in women’s responses to elite leadership role models. Previous research on role models has been equivocal, demonstrating that the impact of social c...
Gender roles and the categorization of gender-relevant behavior

Biological sex has been assumed to be a basic category that importantly influences perceptions people have of others. However, it has recently been proposed that there are individual differences in this presumed generic propensity to use sex in person perception — that some people have schemas with regard to sex and gender, whereas others do not. Prior attempts to demonstrate these differences have frequently operationalized their variables in such a way that activation of hypothesized elaborate and dense gender schemas (schemas relating to psychological masculinity and femininity) could not be disentangled from activation of very shallow schemas related simply to biological sex or sex stereotypes. This study provides initial support for the conceptual distinction between cognitive processing based on biological sex vs. psychological gender. Independent manipulation of both sex-stereotyped information and less salient, nonstereotyped gender-relevant behavioral cues demonstrated that two levels of cognitive operation seem to be used. All subjects, regardless of gender role, used surface information regarding biological sex to make inferences regarding targets' masculinity and femininity. However, only some subjects made use of gender-related behavioral cues when assessing masculinity and femininity on indirect measures. Masculine males demonstrated their expertise in sex appropriateness in judging a male target who behaved sex appropriately, whereas cross-sex-typed subjects demonstrated expertise in sex inappropriateness in judgments of a male target who behaved sex inappropriately. The results are consistent with self-schema theory predictions regarding individual differences in schematic processing.
The NIH BRAIN Initiative

The NIH BRAIN Initiative will build on recent successes in neuroscience to create and apply new tools for understanding brain activity.
Central Hypotensive Action of Clonidine Requires Nitric Oxide

Background Clonidine has an antihypertensive effect by its action in the brain and, because we observed that the tonic production of nitric oxide (NO) in the brain is required to maintain blood pressure at its low, normotensive level, the current study was designed to determine whether the hypotensive action of clonidine resulted from its stimulation of excess NO in the brain. Methods and Results Porphyritic microsensors were used to quantify NO concentration in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in vitro in brain slices and in vivo in the anesthetized rat. In both preparations, the basal production of NO in the NTS was 15±3 nmol/L. In vitro stimulation of the NTS with clonidine (50 nmol/L) resulted in an increase in the NO concentration to 84±7 nmol/L. In vivo, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of clonidine (0.03 μg) caused an increase in NO concentration in the NTS to 128±17 nmol/L. This ICV injection of clonidine caused a fall in mean arterial pressure of −22±1 mm Hg and a decrease of heart ...
The Use of Accelerators to Study Irradiation Effects in Materials

There is currently high interest in the use of accelerators to study irradiation effects in materials to be used in reactors. The effects produced by heavy ion irradiation (e.g., nickel ions irradiating stainless steel) and fast neutron irradiation are qualitatively similar. Time to achieve the damage state characteristic of end-of-life service is hours as compared to several years in available reactors. Some of the successes in this area are described herein as well as some of the many problems to be solved in order to establish quantitative relationships.
Pachauri maps out next steps at IPCC

Rajendra Pachauri already is settling into his role as the new chairman of the IPCC for his six-year term. Pachauri is planning to confer with the members of the 30-person IPCC bureau and other IPCC country delegates in order to bridge any divides caused by a divisive election, and to ensure a collaborative effort within the organization. Pachauri also is planning a bureau meeting for early August to decide on a plan of action for the fourth IPCC assessment, scheduled for completion in 2007. The IPCC Secretary, Narasimhan Sundararaman, said there would likely be a scoping meeting in February 2003. The purpose of this would be to bring together about 75 experts to decide on topics that the upcoming assessment report should deal with in science, economics, response options, and other areas related to climate change.
Cutaneous Lipogenesis I. Evaluation Of Model Systems and the Utilization of Acetate, Citrate and Glucose as Compared with other Tissues

A simple, reliable method was required for the measurement and study of cutaneous lipogenesis in experimental animals. A slice incubation technique was studied using the following tissues. Ear slices from the guinea pig, rat, Mongolian gerbil and golden hamster. Slices from the sebaceous complexes from the guinea pig (supracaudal), rat (preputial), gerbil (ventral) and hamster (dorsal), guinea pig liver and adipose tissue slices were also included for purposes of comparison. Acetate-1,2-14C was used as precursor in all tissues but comparisons were also made with glucose-U-14C and citrate-1,5-14C in most of the systems studied. The results show that the guinea pig ear slice technique gives reproducible results and is the method of choice. Glucose is considered to be the best precursor to use, citrate was relatively inactive under the conditions studied, while data with acetate require caution in interpretation. The sebaceous complexes were not found to be suitable for quantitative studies but should prove invaluable for investigating other aspects of cutaneous lipogenesis. The implications of these results are discussed and the need for caution in the interpretation of comparative data on tissue slices from different organs (even when incubated under identical conditions) is emphasized.