cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representation and Architecture

Our goal is to build a practical, widely-applicable synthesis tool for robotics. The applicability of any robot synthesis method is determined primarily by the representations used for robots and tasks. Previous synthesis work has not focused on the development of extensible, general-purpose systems, and has thus been limited in applicability by representation and extensibility. In previous systems, significant aspects of the robot or task were hard-coded into the synthesis algorithm, making it difficult to change those aspects as required by different tasks. To achieve significant applicability and generality, a robot synthesis system should have few, if any, dependencies between the synthesis algorithm and the robot and task representations. Specifically, a synthesizer should not rely on rules, representation, or operations that are specific to a particular type of robot, or particular components, because this limits the synthesizer to those robot types or components. Similarly, the synthesizer should not rely on knowledge specific to a particular task, as this requires the synthesizer to be changed should a different task be desired.
Standard Representations of Some Affine Lie Algebras

The theory of Kac-Moody Lie algebras was originally developed by Kac [5] and Moody [19]. These are Lie algebras L = L(A) associated with generalized Cartan matrices (GCM) A — i.e. A = (aij) is an n × n integral matrix satisfying: (1) aii = 2, for ail i, (2) aij ⩽ 0, for all i ≠ j, and (3) aij = 0 ⇔ aji = 0 for all i ≠ j. The algebra L(A) is not necessarily finite-dimensional. Two GCM’s A = (aij) and B = (bij) are called equivalent if there is a permutation π of the indices such that bij = aπi, πj for all i,j. A GCM is indecomposable if it is not equivalent to a matrix in block form \( \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} * & 0 \\ 0 & * \\ \end{array} } \right) \). The GCM A is symmetrizable if there exists a nonsingular diagonal matrix D such that DA is symmetric. The GCM A is said to be of finite type if it is the Cartan matrix of a finite-dimensional split semisimple Lie algebra. The GCM A is Euclidean if it is indecomposable, symmetrizable, singular and every principal submatrix is of finite type. The infinite-dimensional Kac-Moody Lie algebras associated with the Euclidean generalized Cartan matrices are called affine Lie algebras. These algebras are completely classified [5,20].
The NF-κB Family in Learning and Memory

The nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) transcription factors are expressed in all cells of the central nervous system where they are activated by physiological as well as pathological stimuli. This chapter discusses the role of NFκB in mechanisms of plasticity within the brain and its unique function in neurons as a transcription factor that can localize in dendrites and at synapses. A requirement for NFκB in the regulation of cognitive processes such as learning and memory appears conserved across species from invertebrates to mammals. NFκB can be activated by excitatory neurotransmission, and its capacity to reciprocally regulate genes with potential impact on synaptic strength and plasticity is now emerging.
Penile-Sparing Surgery

In this book chapter the authors address the indications, surgical techniques, and functional and oncological outcomes of penile-sparing surgery. A tailored approach that accomplishes complete primary tumor eradication while preserving uninvolved structures is utilized whenever deemed desirable. Among the techniques described are circumcision, wedge resection, partial and total glansectomy, and various aspects of partial penectomy including urethra-sparing total penectomy. Reconstructive techniques required after such resections are described. Methods of covering penile defects as penile skin advancement, urethral spatulation, and skin grafts are described as well. A comparison to established techniques such as laser surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery is provided. The role, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the various techniques are discussed. The described techniques will be accompanied with intraoperative pictures when this is deemed helpful to enhance the reader’s experience.
Correlation between sarcopenia and osteoporosis in patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome

Introduction/Background Muscle mass, -strength and -density, sarcopenia, exercise and physical activity are correlated with bone mass, bone density and osteoporotic fractures. Bone and muscle decay and dysfunction are seen in ageing, but in neurological disorders with muscular atrophy, bone loss can be seen also at younger ages. Material and method Femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) is measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry in 30 patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome, 18 women and 12 men, with a mean age of 56.3 years (ranging from 37 till 70). Eight women were postmenopausal. Results Mean femoral neck BMD was −22.76% or −1.86 SD and mean lumbar BMD was −13.21% or −1.25 SD. Low femoral bone mass was found in 80% of the patients (12 men and 12 women, of whom 5 were post-menopausal) and low lumbar bone mass was seen in 63% (9 men and 10 women, of whom 8 were post-menopausal). Six patients (all women) had normal femoral BMD and 11 normal lumbar BMD, whereas 6 (3 male and 3 female) had osteoporotic femoral BMD-scores ( Conclusion A correlation is shown between low muscle mass and low cortical BMD can be explained by neurogenic bone loss, both due to muscle atrophy and disturbed regulation of bone by the central nervous system.
The effects of post-wildfire salvage logging on plant reproductive success and pollination in Symphoricarpos albus, a fire-tolerant shrub

Abstract Post-wildfire salvage logging is an increasingly used land management tool with poorly understood ecological consequences for understory flowering plants and their interactions with pollinators. Understanding these consequences of salvage logging is important because an essential aspect of post-wildfire forest succession involves pollination and plant reproduction. For snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), an ecologically-important and fire-tolerant shrub, we tested the long-term effects of post-wildfire logging on plant reproduction and pollen limitation using a supplemental-pollen experiment coupled with pollinator observations of S. albus and of potential co-flowering competitors of S. albus. Nearly a quarter century after these disturbances, we found no effects of post-wildfire logging on the reproduction of naturally-pollinated plants. The reproduction of some S. albus individuals were pollen limited, but only in unlogged areas, suggesting that plants in unlogged areas have higher potential reproduction compared to those logged areas but are unable to achieve this higher level of reproduction due to lack of pollination. This pollen limitation of S. albus reproduction is consistent with the relatively high floral densities of potential competitors of S. albus and generally low pollinator visitation rates in unlogged areas. Together, these results suggest that legacies of post-wildfire logging may restrict the reproductive potential of this shrub for at least several decades after the logging is complete, but this restriction is likely due to altered abiotic conditions and not via lack of pollination.
The Design of a Mood-Driven Chinese Song Recommendation System: Combining Valence-Based and Polarity-Based Sentiment Analysis on Lyrics

Recommendation system (RS) can be lucrative in attracting and retaining users. A more intelligent RS would further make recommendations based on the user’s current mood. Driven by previous research that emotion is one of the dominating factors behind decision making, we present in this paper, an emotion-aware Chinese music RS which takes a user’s emotion state as an input to filter recommendation list accordingly. In particular, the system asks the users for a sentence describing their mood state then the system will try to recommend songs with the similar mood to the users. Such system can be used when lack of user data can be integrated into the music application to improve the overall user experience. Our system differentiates itself from most of the previous ones. In that the computational cost has been significantly reduced, thanks to the lightweight design of the core recommendation technique.
Secrecy and Disclosure in Victorian Fiction

Secrecy and Disclosure in Victorian Fiction is a rigorous, wide-ranging study of the construction of subjectivity in and through Victorian fiction. It draws on May’s sophisticated command of variou...
Impact of heat on mortality and morbidity in low and middle income countries: A review of the epidemiological evidence and considerations for future research

Heat waves and high air temperature are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, the majority of research conducted on this topic is focused on high income areas of the world. Although heat waves have the most severe impacts on vulnerable populations, relatively few studies have studied their impacts in low and middle income countries (LMICs). The aim of this paper is to review the existing evidence in the literature on the impact of heat on human health in LMICs. We identified peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies published in English between January 1980 and August 2018 investigating potential associations between high ambient temperature or heat waves and mortality or morbidity. We selected studies according to the following criteria: quantitative studies that used primary and/or secondary data and report effect estimates where ambient temperature or heat waves are the main exposure of interest in relation to human morbidity or mortality within LMICs. Of the total 146 studies selected, eighty-two were conducted in China, nine in other countries of East Asia and the Pacific, twelve in South Asia, ten in Sub-Saharan Africa, eight in the Middle East and North Africa, and seven in each of Latin America and Europe. The majority of studies (92.9%) found positive associations between heat and human morbidity/mortality. Additionally, while outcome variables and study design differed greatly, most utilized a time-series study design and examined overall heath related morbidity/mortality impacts in an entire population, although it is notable that the selected studies generally found that the elderly, women, and individuals within the low socioeconomic brackets were the most vulnerable to the effects of high temperature. By highlighting the existing evidence on the impact of extreme heat on health in LMICs, we hope to determine data needs and help direct future studies in addressing this knowledge gap. The focus on LMICs is justified by the lack of studies and data studying the health burden of higher temperatures in these regions even though LMICs have a lower capacity to adapt to high temperatures and thus an increased risk.
The Image in Early Cinema: Form and Material

What histories and modalities do images beget? This question serves as the immediate backdrop of the edited volume, The Image in Early Cinema: Form and Material. The collection first came to view a...
Trans-Radial Embolization of Bleeding Renal Angiomyolipoma in Pregnant 30-Year-Old Female - A Case Report

Trans-radial access offers several unique advantages and is being used more frequently for interventional radiology procedures. We report the use of trans-radial arterial access to embolize a large bleeding angiomyolipoma in a 30-year-old pregnant patient presenting in the first trimester. Trans-radial approach was chosen to minimize the effects of radiation on the fetus. Subsequent postprocedural pregnancy course was uneventful with stability of the angiomyolipoma and no further hemorrhage. This case highlights the benefits of trans-radial embolotherapy in gravid patients to reduce the risk of radiation exposure to the fetus.
Breaking Down the “Wall of Text” - Software Tool to Address Complex Assignments for Students with Attention Disorders

One undergraduate student’s strategy to deal with long assignment instructions is to black out all of the information that they deem to be unimportant in the text, allowing them to focus just on the “important” information. While this technique may work well on paper, it does not naturally transition into a digital format. The student in the example above also identifies as having an attention disorder. In this paper we introduce a Microsoft Word add-in that enables the user to black out selected text using a new menu. Participants used the new Microsoft Word add-in to mark up a sample assignment. They were then asked in a post questionnaire to provide feedback on their experience utilizing the tool. Separately, we also conducted a survey in which we asked undergraduate students about their current strategies to understand long assignment instructions and why those strategies work for them. We then discuss their responses and compare it to the results of the previously mentioned case study.
Unexpected Complexity at Salinity Saturation: Microbial Diversity of the North Arm of Great Salt Lake

The isolated north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, is a unique and complex environment with salinity at saturation, above 25% total salts. It is separated from the larger south arm, which experiences more freshwater input, due to a rock-filled causeway installed around 1960. Prior studies using both cultivation and molecular methods have shown that the microbial community of this part of the lake is diverse and dynamic, experiencing year-round fluctuations in salinity and temperature. The data emerging from our published studies and others have demonstrated the presence of microbial genera from all three domains of life, with the archaeal diversity being the greatest. When we cultivated approximately 50 isolates, the majority of these were genotyped as archaea, and only four cultivars belonged to the Domain bacteria. Thus, initial studies, reviewed herein, focused on understanding the diversity of the overrepresented archaea, using molecular, culture-independent methods to assess temporal diversity and significance of environmental parameters. Cultivation studies revealed details about how the stable members of the communities maintained their lifestyle using differential gene expression. But bacteria also live in this archaeal world, and they remain understudied in hypersaline systems. Therefore, we analyzed the bacterial isolates, genetically and biochemically, to reveal more information about the bacteria of the Great Salt Lake north arm. The genus Salinibacter was present throughout the year and mostly dominated the bacterial population. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of these bacterial cultivars demonstrated relationships to strains of Salinibacter, strains of Halomonas, and other uncultured deposited DNA sequences. To look at temporal diversity profiles of this bacterial minority, next-generation DNA sequencing (with semiconductor sequencing technology) was employed on DNA extracted from four water samples collected at different time points. The analysis showed that the majority of bacteria matched the genus Salinibacter, and the minority members of the microbial population were of the genera Anaeromyxobacter, Perexilibacter, Halomonas, Psychroflexus, Schlesneria, Pseudomonas, Roseovarius, Haliscomenobacter, and Vulgatibacter. Here, we discuss methods for microbial diversity studies in hypersaline aquatic systems and review the work on the microbial diversity of the north arm. We give an overview of the predominant halophilic archaea, but we present a broader picture by including new data on the underrepresented bacterial component of this fascinating community that manages a lifestyle at salt saturation.
β3 integrin immunohistochemistry as a method to predict sentinel lymph node status in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma.

Background Integrins are heterodimeric proteins composed of noncovalently linked ɑ and β subunits which are essential for a wide range of normal physiology and also play prominent roles in cancer. Here we tested whether integrin expression in diagnostic skin biopsies is associated with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. Methods We utilized a cohort of 854 consecutive patients with primary cutaneous melanoma to quantify the expression of β integrin subunits by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, we quantified the expression of β3 integrin by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a subset of 271 patients by H score. Outcome of interest was SLN biopsy metastasis within 90 days of melanoma diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses were used to develop models for the likelihood of SLN metastasis from molecular, clinical, and histologic variables. Results β3 integrin expression quantified by IHC or RT-qPCR was associated with SLN metastasis. β1, β5, β6, and β8 integrin expression was not associated with SLN metastasis. The incremental gain in performance of a predictive model which included β3 integrin expression as quantified by IHC in combination with established clinicopathologic variables (Breslow depth and patient age) was limited. Conclusions β3 integrin is the principal integrin subunit associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNb) metastasis in primary cutaneous melanoma. However, β3 integrin H score does not significantly improve models for the likelihood of SLN metastasis over Breslow depth and patient age.
Digital Cognitive Aids to Support Adaptation of Surgical Processes to COVID-19 Protective Policies

Surgical processes are rapidly being adapted to address the COVID-19 pandemic, with changes in procedures and responsibilities being made to protect both patients and medical teams. These process changes put new cognitive demands on the medical team and increase the likelihood of miscommunication, lapses in judgment, and medical errors. We describe two process model driven cognitive aids, referred to as the Narrative View and the Smart Checklist View, generated automatically from models of the processes. The immediate perceived utility of these cognitive aids is to support medical simulations, particularly when frequent adaptations are needed to quickly respond to changing operating room guidelines.
Exploring the reliability and sensitivity of the EEG power spectrum as a biomarker.

Abstract Introduction The slope of the electroencephalography (EEG) power spectrum (also referred to as 1/f noise) is an important consideration when calculating narrow-band power. However, psychophysiological data also suggest this slope is a meaningful signal itself, not merely background activity or noise. We present two different methods for quantifying the slope of the power spectrum and assess their reliability and sensitivity. Methods We used data from N = 60 participants who had EEG collected during rest, a videogame task, and a second period of rest. At all phases of the experiment, we calculated the “spectral slope” (a regression-based method fit to all datapoints) and the “aperiodic slope” (estimated with the fitting oscillations with 1/f algorithm FOOOF). For both methods we assessed: their reliability, their sensitivity to the transition from rest to task, their sensitivity to changes during the videogame task itself, and the agreement between the two measures. Results Across resting phases, both spectral and aperiodic slopes showed a high degree of reliability. Both methods also showed a steepening of the power spectrum on-task compared to rest. There was also a high degree of consistency between the two methods in their estimate of the underlying slope, but FOOOF explained more variance in the power spectra across regions and type of activity (rest versus task). Conclusion The slope of the power spectrum is a highly reliable individual difference and sensitive to within-subject changes across two different methods of estimation. Moving forward, we generally recommend the use of the FOOOF algorithm for its ability to account for narrow-band signals, but these data show how regression-based approaches produce similar estimates of the spectral slope, which may be useful in some applications.
Abstract PD2-08: Endocrine therapy non-persistence and recurrence in young women with early stage breast cancer

Background: Young age at diagnosis is an independent risk factor for recurrence and death from breast cancer (BC), with the greatest impact of young age demonstrated in hormone receptor positive (HR+) disease. Younger women are less likely to be adherent to endocrine therapy (ET), which may contribute to disparate outcomes. Methods: As part of a prospective cohort that enrolled women with BC diagnosed at age ≤40 between 2006-2016, we identified women with HR+, Stage I-III BC. Serial surveys with items assessing socio-demographic and treatment information including medication use are administered 1-2 times per year. Medical record review was used to ascertain stage and HR status and to confirm recurrent disease (locoregional, distant, or new primary breast cancer). Women who initiated ET but discontinued it Citation Format: Shoshana M Rosenberg, Yue Zheng, Philip Poorvu, Kathryn Ruddy, Rachel Gaither, Rulla Tamimi, Lidia Schapira, Jeffrey Peppercorn, Steven Come, Virginia Borges, Ann Partridge. Endocrine therapy non-persistence and recurrence in young women with early stage breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-08.
Gold Stability and Diffusion in the Au/TS-1 Catalyst

The structure and mobility of gold nanoclusters entrained in the titanosilicate zeolite TS-1 were investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics to characterize the stability and diffusion of cata...
Emerging Technologies and the Future of Medical Device Regulation

In an increasingly impacted environment influenced by emerging technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence, such technologies will also impact the use and control of medical devices. Regulation of such medical devices can adopt regulatory techniques which apply in the field of financial reporting and in this respect it, is particularly helpful to make reference to the Centre for Audit Quality’s framework which has five key components: I. Control Environment II. Risk Assessment III. Control Activities IV. Information and Communication V. Monitoring In designing an appropriate system for regulating emerging technologies, challenges presented as a result of implementing those technologies, and which constitute and generate the greatest levels of concerns for industry experts and professionals, include; skills and expertise required to operate those technologies, as well as concerns relating to those risks emanating from cyber risks. Designing tool and techniques which can accommodate and adapt to – as well as ensure that enterprise programs and systems are able to align with the demands presented by emerging technologies, back up plans, namely internal control measures should constitute or rather, also embody part of the fore of concerns. This paper aims to contribute to the extant literature on the topic by identifying legal and regulatory issues relating to emerging technologies – as well as address the impact and challenges of emerging technologies on current legal and regulatory requirements. As remarked by the UK Prime Minister on the 24th September 2019 at the United Nations General Assembly, “Designs of emerging technologies should incorporate freedom, openness and pluralism – designs shaped by our values. New advances should reflect our values by design; freedom and control, regulation and transparency….. There is need to agree a common set of principles that will guide emerging technologies, ethical and responsible technologies.” Hence in addition to the above mentioned objectives, this paper also aims to highlight how a common and multilateral set of agreed principles, shaped by ethical fundamental values, can be adopted to facilitate the advent of emerging technologies.
Bonding performances of epoxy coatings reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on mild steel substrate with different surface roughness

Abstract This paper investigated the bonding performances of epoxy coatings reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as additives on mild steel substrates. Pure epoxy and CNT-reinforced epoxy coatings on four different surface roughness of steel substrate were tested using single lap shear (SLS) tests. The SLS experimental results indicated that, on rougher substrates, the addition of a small percentage of CNTs (0.75% by weight) could significantly improve the bonding performance and change the failure mode from adhesion fracture to partly cohesive failure by improving the toughness of coatings and the interfacial adhesion between the coatings and substrates. In addition, the contact angle tests and the surface characterizations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis before and after fracture indicated that the wettability of coatings on steel substrates improved significantly with the increase of surface roughness and mechanical interlocking was the main reinforcing mechanism on rougher substrates.
Conditional Synthetic Data Generation for Robust Machine Learning Applications with Limited Pandemic Data.

$\textbf{Background:}$ At the onset of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, data with proper labeling/attributes corresponding to the new disease might be unavailable or sparse. Machine Learning (ML) models trained with the available data, which is limited in quantity and poor in diversity, will often be biased and inaccurate. At the same time, ML algorithms designed to fight pandemics must have good performance and be developed in a time-sensitive manner. To tackle the challenges of limited data, and label scarcity in the available data, we propose generating conditional synthetic data, to be used alongside real data for developing robust ML models. $\textbf{Methods:}$ We present a hybrid model consisting of a conditional generative flow and a classifier for conditional synthetic data generation. The classifier decouples the feature representation for the condition, which is fed to the flow to extract the local noise. We generate synthetic data by manipulating the local noise with fixed conditional feature representation. We also propose a semi-supervised approach to generate synthetic samples in the absence of labels for a majority of the available data. $\textbf{Results:}$ We performed conditional synthetic generation for chest computed tomography (CT) scans corresponding to normal, COVID-19, and pneumonia afflicted patients. We show that our method significantly outperforms existing models both on qualitative and quantitative performance, and our semi-supervised approach can efficiently synthesize conditional samples under label scarcity. As an example of downstream use of synthetic data, we show improvement in COVID-19 detection from CT scans with conditional synthetic data augmentation.
Are all Life Domains Created Equal? Domain Importance Weighting in Subjective Well-Being Research

While there are subjective well-being measures that incorporate the perceived importance of various life domains into the measurement conceptualization and construction, many researchers follow the approach of summing satisfaction ratings or scores of life domains to represent overall life satisfaction or subjective well-being (SWB). The equal-weight, equal-importance (of domain-specific satisfaction variables) assumption implied by the practice of summing satisfaction ratings to represent SWB was pointed out previously but has not been carefully examined. This paper assessed the plausibility of the equal-weight, equal-importance assumption by 1) comparing whether or not various life domains are perceived as of equal importance, and 2) examining whether or not all domain-specific satisfaction variables account for the variance in SWB to a similar degree. Findings of this study indicated that 1) all life domains were not perceived as equally important, and 2) a small number (subset) of domain-specific satisfaction variables accounted for a large portion of the variance in SWB. These findings call into question the plausibility of the equal-weight, equal-importance assumption.
On optimal survivability design in WDM optical networks under a scheduled traffic model

We study the optimal survivability design problem under a scheduled traffic model in wavelength convertible WDM optical mesh networks. In this model, a set of demands is given, and the setup time and teardown time of a demand are known in advance. We formulate the joint routing and wavelength assignment problems into integer linear programs that maximally exploit network resource reuse in both space and time. To solve large problems, the joint RWA problems are divided to a routing subproblem and wavelength assignment subproblems which are then solved individually. The overall objective is to minimize the total number of wavelength-links used by working paths and protection paths of all traffic demands while 100% restorability is guaranteed against any single failures. Our simulation results indicate that the optimization of resource sharing in space and time enabled by our connection-holding-time-aware protection schemes can achieve significantly better resource utilization than schemes that are holding time unaware.
The adoption of IPv6

There is no question the Internet has revolutionalized the world. Many of the things we take for granted today were not even possible a few years ago. Will the Internet continue to push the boundaries of technology? The answer lies within IPv6. IPv6 will replace IPv4 as the standard addressing scheme of the Internet. Why do we need a new addressing scheme? There are numerous amounts of limitations in IPv4, namely, the shortage of addresses. Most countries, excluding the United States, do not have nearly as many IP addresses as they need. The United States owns 70% of the available IP addresses, so it is no surprise that the United States is not pushing for a quick transition to the new technology.This is all new material for professional technologists. The first implementation was IPv4, which built the addressing scheme, but now IPv6 is the first step to revise and expand it. This will take extraneous time and perseverance to complete the Internet Protocol next generation. The European Union and Japan are leading the transition to IPv6. This is inevitable since they rely on the Internet as much as the Americans, yet own significantly fewer IP addresses. IT professionals question the theory of which to upgrade first the Domain Name Server (DNS), routers, or hosts. There is not an IPv6 DNS root server. Presently, the DNS implementations all run on top of IPv4 addresses and the DNS system that supports IPv6 is linked to IPv4 information. Some DNS implementations are beginning to support national IPv6 transitions, such as, bind8 with a KAME patch, or newbie and bind9 (which are still under development). Upgrading these servers is a crucial step in the conversion process. Asia is in the process of implementing 6Bone, a virtual network layer that allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist. This is a major requirement for a smooth transition to IPv6. Without an intermediate layer like 6Bone, the only alternative would be to change every network in the world over to IPv6 on a specified day at a specific time-not a very ideal situation. Japan's 6Bone will take 4-5 years to complete, not including additional time to debug and fix errors.
Cancer Chemotherapy: An Annotated History

Treating cancer with drugs is an ancient art, but it is from discoveries made during and after the Second World War that real clinical success with cancer chemotherapy has occurred. Human and veterinary cancer chemotherapy have coevolved in the context of fascinating historical, political, and scientific events created by equally fascinating individuals.
Overcoming Learned Nonuse A New Approach to Treatment in Physical Medicine

When an injury to the nervous system or other part of the body results in an initial loss of motor ability, the long-term result is generally considered to involve one of two possible outcomes: (1) The injury permanently destroyed an anatomical substrate or structure on which the lost movement was based; thus, motor function will never return. (2) The injured substrate will recover or heal, either entirely or in part, and motor function will then return to the maximum extent permitted by the underlying restitution of the anatomical substrate. The assumption that these are the two main possible outcomes is sufficiently strong that alternate outcomes are rarely considered. The purpose of this chapter is to suggest a third possibility related to the existence of a new mechanism, termed “learned nonuse.” This mechanism is behavioral in nature. It is proposed here that the mechanism often prevents the return of motor function following a number of different types of injury to a level consistent with the recovery of the substrate, thereby making an initial motor deficit permanent. However, the mechanism can be overcome or reversed by behavioral means so that all or much of the lost capability can be reinstated.
Therapeutic Aspects of Discharge Planning

Many aspects of the discharge-planning function have been discussed by social workers, but the therapeutic possibilities inherent in this task have been largely ignored. Examining the social context within which illness, hospitalization, and convalescence or adaptation occur permits recognition of the alternatives for creative intervention. This examination also provides a framework for understanding the intrinsically disruptive nature of discharge from an acute care setting as well as the dangers and possibilities for change.
Central moments in quantum chemistry

We define central moments of operators on finite-dimensional vector spaces and study some of their basic aspects. Central moments may be viewed as generalizations of the dispersion of a Hermitian operator. We show how eigenvalues may be represented by central moments, and how central moments may be used to obtain Krylov subspace approximations for operators on inner product spaces. We show that central-moments approximations are compatible with the concepts of size-consistency in quantum chemistry, and we use this to suggest a foundation for central-moments approximations in Coupled Cluster theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Mammalian cochlear supporting cells can divide and trans-differentiate into hair cells

Sensory hair cells of the mammalian organ of Corti in the inner ear do not regenerate when lost as a consequence of injury, disease, or age-related deafness. This contrasts with other vertebrates such as birds, where the death of hair cells causes surrounding supporting cells to re-enter the cell cycle and give rise to both new hair cells and supporting cells. It is not clear whether the lack of mammalian hair cell regeneration is due to an intrinsic inability of supporting cells to divide and differentiate or to an absence or blockade of regenerative signals. Here we show that post-mitotic supporting cells purified from the postnatal mouse cochlea retain the ability to divide and trans-differentiate into new hair cells in culture. Furthermore, we show that age-dependent changes in supporting cell proliferative capacity are due in part to changes in the ability to downregulate the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (also known as Cdkn1b). These results indicate that postnatal mammalian supporting cells are potential targets for therapeutic manipulation.
A high yield synthesis of 2‐14C‐methimazole

2-14C-Methimazole was prepared in a condensation reaction between methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and potassium 14C-thiocyanate in acidic medium. The yield of final product was 86.3% of theoretical with a radio purity of greater than 99.5%.
Calcium transport and phosphoenzyme formation in sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from normal and dystrophic chickens.

Abstract Sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal and dystrophic pectoralis muscle was isolated and purified using a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Purified SR from both normal and dystrophic sources showed an increased calcium-sensitive ATPase activity relative to unpurified SR. Calcium-sensitive ATPase activity of unpurified and purified SR from both normal and dystrophic muscle showed no reduction in the presence of sodium azide, indicating little or no mitochondrial contamination. Purified dystrophic SR showed a reduced calcium-sensitive ATPase activity, an increased precipitant-anion calcium transport rate, no change in steady-state calcium transport level, and a reduced phosphoprotein level, relative to purified normal SR.
A Rb-Sr Geochronologic Study of the Pegmatites of the Middletown Area, Connecticut

The pegmatites of Eastern Connecticut have a mineralogy consistent with a magmatic origin yet occur in a non-igneous environment. Various theories of genesis have been investigated by the Rb-Sr geochronologic method.
Rapid confirmation by RFLP of transfer to vaccine candidate reassortment viruses of the principal 'high yield' gene of influenza A viruses.

Abstract Influenza vaccines must be revised constantly on almost a yearly basis because of the sequential mutations (antigenic drift) that occur as the virus responds to immunologic pressure. New, high yield (hy) reassortant viruses have proved essential to meet production needs for the supply of new vaccines. We have devised a method for simple, rapid and precise identification of the principal influenza A virus RNA segment (RNA 7) associated with hy and transferred from the hy donor virus, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). The method entails the use of a single restriction enzyme, Bsgl, in analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-generated DNA amplicons. The method clearly distinguishes the RNA coding for the M proteins of the donor virus from that of representative and epidemiologically significant human wild type viruses of the past 60 years. In the course of this methodological study further evidence has been found of the variability of the so-called ‘invariant’ and stable M1 and M2 proteins of the virus. Another finding of potentially basic significance that merits further study is the occurrence of a consistent change at the same amino acid (aa) site of the donated RNA 7 upon its transfer to reassortant viruses.
A new collective mode caused by the high momentum transfer part of the nuclear force

Abstract A new mode associated with a high momentum transfer field is investigated. The lowest collective mode involves configurations in which the difference in principal quantum numbers, ΔN , between the components of the configurations is two.
Coronary Blood Flow, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption, and Myocardial Metabolism in Normal and Hyperthyroid Human Subjects

The effects of thyroid hormone excess on myocardial hemodynamics and carbohydrate metabolism were determined in a group of subjects, and the findings compared with those obtained in a group of normal individuals. The results indicate that in thyrotoxicosis there tends to be an increase in coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption and a normal per cent extraction of oxygen by the myocardium. The metabolism of glucose, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid was virtually identical in the 2 groups. No relationship was demonstrable between the arterial levels of the carbohydrate substances and their extraction by the heart.
Chemical analysis of decomposition products from carbon tetrachloride in air.

An analytical system for the chemical determination of decomposition products from carbon tetrachloride in air has been developed. Total decomposition products are trapped and reduced to chloride in 0.017N sodium hydroxide containing 0.1% arsenious oxide; total chlorides are determined spectrophotometrically by the ferric ammonium sulfate-mercuric thiocyanate method. Phosgene is trapped in 0.25% 4-p-nitrobenzylpyridine and 0.5% N-benzylaniline in diethylphthalate and the intensity of the developed color is measured spectrophotometrically. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are trapped in 30% potassium iodide buffered to pH 7 and the liberated iodine is measured under neutral and acid conditions; chlorine and chlorine dioxide concentrations are computed from a specially constructed nomogram. The decomposition products do not interfere with the analyses of each other.
Seasonal comparisons of single-particle chemical mixing state in Riverside, CA

Abstract The Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA (SOAR) field campaign, conducted in the summer and fall of 2005, focused on developing a stronger understanding of seasonal influences on the sources and processes contributing to some of the highest levels of particulate matter in the United States. On-line single-particle mass spectrometry measurements showed that carbonaceous particles generally dominated the submicron size range (>75% by number), compared to primarily aged sea salt and dust in the supermicron size range. During periods with high PM2.5 (particulate matter
Uneasy Compromise: Language and Education in Moldova

Abstract This study reports on the uneasy compromise in language and education policies in the post-Soviet Republic of Moldova since its first moves toward independence in 1989. Taking an approach that posits language policies as needing to be anchored in both international norms and the idiosyncrasies of local conditions, the discussion explores the potential for adjustments in the balance of language rights and status between minority language groups (Russian, Ukrainian, and others) and the longoppressed majority language group (Moldovan or Romanian). Following a brief elaboration of the relevant languages and recent policies in the country, three key policy challenges are discussed in greater detail. The first involves political attempts to elevate minority Russian to official status alongside majority Moldovan/ Romanian. Second, the relationship of debates about the state history curriculum to language status further illustrates the challenges to reaching compromises on cultural policy. Finally, confr...
Currents to the ionosphere from thunderstorm generators: A model study

A computer model (Nisbet, 1983) was used to evaluate the role of thunderstorm clouds in generating the currents necessary for the maintenance of the ionospheric potential. The effects of variations in the breakdown electric field below the lower charge center, heights of the upper and lower charge centers, generator currents and geometry, as well as of the conductivity profile of the cloud, the surrounding air, and the ionosphere, on the currents to the ionosphere were examined. It was shown that the most important single variable controlling the ionospheric current/generator current ratio for both very active storms and for storms that do not produce lightning is the height of the lower active center. The ionospheric conductivity has a negligible effect on the total current to the ionosphere, although it is very important in controlling the electric field and current density waveforms above the cloud.
Novel use of the GuideLiner catheter to minimize contrast use during PCI in a patient with chronic kidney disease.

The GuideLiner catheter (Vascular Solutions, Minneapolis, MN) is a rapid-exchange “mother and child” guide extension that increases support in complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While this device was primarily designed to facilitate balloon and stent delivery, we describe the use of this device to reduce contrast volume through sub-selective visualization in a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing PCI of the left coronary system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of monoamine oxidase a inhibition on plasma biogenic amine metabolites in depressed patients

The main metabolites of noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), respectively--were estimated in plasma of 21 depressed patients before and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment with the monoamine oxidase-type A (MAO-A) inhibitor moclobemide (mean final daily dose = 8.9 mg/kg body weight). The treatment caused significant mean reductions in plasma MHPG and HVA (46% and 30%, respectively), while plasma 5-HIAA was unchanged. Multiple regression analysis revealed associations between reductions in MHPG and changes on the anxiety-somatization factor of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and between reductions in HVA and changes in the HRSD factors cognitive disturbance and retardation.
Effects of atriopeptin on particulate guanylate cyclase from rat adrenal.

Abstract Atriopeptin II activated particulate guanylate cyclase 5–10-fold in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion in crude membranes obtained from homogenates of rat adrenal cortex or medulla. Similar effects were observed with other atriopeptin analogs. Soluble guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase in these preparations were not activated. Accumulation of cyclic GMP in minces of adrenal cortex or medulla was increased 6–8-fold due to atriopeptin II activation of particulate guanylate cyclase. Several thiol-reactive agents blocked the activation of particulate guanylate cyclase, suggesting that free thiol groups on membrane proteins may be important in atriopeptin receptor-guanylate cyclase coupling.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 111In-labeled E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin analogs for specific targeting of human breast cancers.

Research into the interaction between the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STh) and the guanylin receptor guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) has generated >100 synthetic analogs of the peptide, several of which have been investigated as imaging or therapeutic agents for colorectal cancers. The evidence presented here suggests that in addition to STh binding to GC-C expressing cell lines derived from human colon, STh also specifically binds to an as yet unidentified receptor expressed in high densities on the surface of cell lines derived from human breast cancers. In vitro whole-cell crosslinking studies using 125I-labeled F19-STh(1–19) demonstrate that the putative STh binding protein migrates as an approximately 120–125 kDa species by SDS-PAGE, significantly smaller than the glycosylated GC-C molecule found in the T84 human colon cancer cell line. RT-PCR using total RNA isolated from breast and colon cancer cell lines indicates that GC-C transcripts are undetectable in human breast cancer cell lines and abundant in human colon cancer cell lines. In vitro competitive binding studies using STh analogs and the estrogen receptor positive (ER+) T-47D cell line demonstrated IC50 values between 2.6 and 8.5 nM. Similar studies on the estrogen receptor negative (ER−) cell line MDA-MB-231 showed IC50’s between 5.6 and 9.9 nM. Saturation binding analysis revealed receptor expression to fall between 40,000 and 120,000 sites per cell in these cell lines, receptor abundances equal to or greater than the abundance of GC-C in colorectal cancer cell lines. STh binding to these cells, although of similar affinity to STh binding to GC-C, is distinguishable from it on the basis of its ligand specificity. The characteristics of STh analogs as radiopharmaceutical agents were tested in an in vivo model utilizing T-47D human breast cancer cell xenografts in SCID mice. Clearance of STh analogs was rapid, primarily via renal excretion into the urine, with >85% ID excreted into the urine at 1 h p.i. Tumor uptake at 1 h p.i. in T-47D tumor cell xenografts was 0.67±0.23% ID/g, and was significantly decreased (p<0.05) upon co-administration of 4 mg/kg unlabeled STh. These results suggest that STh may find application for the imaging and treatment of breast cancer.
Recoverable cognitive dysfunction at hospital admission in older persons during acute illness.

BACKGROUND: While acute illness and hospitalization represent pivotal events for older persons, their contribution to recoverable cognitive dysfunction (RCD) has not been well examined.