cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exchange Striction in NiO

Exchange-striction effects have been studied in both the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic states of NiO. Near-neighbor spin correlation functions as functions of temperature for various choices of $\frac{{J}_{2}}{{J}_{1}}$ have been calculated using Green's-function techniques and have been compared with our experimental x-ray data measured between 6 and 698\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependence of the calculated trigonal distortion using $\frac{{J}_{2}}{{J}_{1}}=1.5$ yields a good fit with the measurements which vary from 0 at ${T}_{N}$ to 4.5\ensuremath{'} at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The isotropic volume contraction (strain) due to the exchange striction is small and never exceeds \ensuremath{\sim} 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ throughout the temperature range; hence, these latter measurements do not provide detailed information on the correlation functions as was the case for MnO.
Multimodal interaction under exerted conditions in a natural field setting

This paper evaluates the performance of a multimodal interface under exerted conditions in a natural field setting. The subjects in the present study engaged in a strenuous activity while multimodally performing map-based tasks using handheld computing devices. This activity made the users breathe heavily and become fatigued during the course of the study. We found that the performance of both speech and gesture recognizers degraded as a function of exertion, while the overall multimodal success rate was stable. This stabilization is accounted for by the mutual disambiguation of modalities, which increases significantly with exertion. The system performed better for subjects with a greater level of physical fitness, as measured by their running speed, with more stable multimodal performance and a later degradation of speech and gesture recognition as compared with subjects who were less fit. The findings presented in this paper have a significant impact on design decisions for multimodal interfaces targeted towards highly mobile and exerted users in field environments.
Synthesis of optically active polynucleotide analogs with poly(vinyl alcohol)s as backbones and adenine and 5-bromouracil derivatives as pendants

The optically active polynucleotide analogs were prepared by grafting nucleic acid base derivatives onto poly(vinyl alcohol). The (R)-ethyl 2-(5-bromouracil-1-yl)propanoate was obtained either by reaction of 5-bromouracil sodium salt with (S)-ethyl 2-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]propanoate or reaction of 5-bromouracil with (S)-ethyl lactate in the presence of triphenyl phosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. Subsequent hydrolysis of the ester is aqueous acid provided the optically pure (R)-bromouracilypropanoic acid. The monomer model compounds were prepared by an esterification reaction of the pendant groups with 3-pentyl alcohol in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. Poly(vinyl alcohol) underwent reaction with the (R)-bromouracilylpropanoic acid or the (R)-adeninylpropanoic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. The resulting polymers were optically active and percents grafting were almost quantitative.
Anodic Electrochemistry of Ferrocenylphosphine and Ruthenocenylphosphine Chalcogenide Complexes and Lewis Acid Adducts

The anodic electrochemistry of a series of bidentate phosphine chalcogenides and bidentate phosphine Lewis acid adducts, both with a metallocene backbone, was examined in dichloromethane containing [NBu 4 ][PF 6 ]. Oxidation of the ferrocene compounds dppfE 2 and dippfE 2 (E = O, S, BH 3 , CH 3 + ) was reversible on the cyclic voltammetric (CV) time scale, while the oxidation of the dpprE 2 compounds (E = O, S, BH 3 ) was irreversible; however, the oxidation of dppfSe 2 , dippfSe 2 , and dpprSe 2 displayed an irreversible wave and the reduction of a follow-up product.
Noise contaminated transmittance

The authors compare the efficiency of a classifier based on probabilistic neural networks and the general least squares method. Both methods must accommodate noise due to uncertainty in the measured spectrum at each wavelength. The evaluation of both methods is based on a simulated transmittance spectrum, in which the received signal is supplemented by an additive admixture of noise. To obtain a realistic description of the noise model, they generate several hundred laser pulses for each wavelength under consideration. These pulses have a predetermined correlation matrix for different wavelengths; furthermore, they are composed of three components accounting for the randomness of the observed spectrum. The first component is the correlated 1/f noise; the second component is due to uncorrelated 1/f noise; the third one is the uncorrelated white noise. The probabilistic neural network fails to retrieve the species concentration correctly for large noise levels; on the other hand, its predictions being confined to a fixed number of concentration bins, the network produces relatively small variances. To a large extent, the general least square method avoids the false alarms. It reproduces the average concentrations correctly; however, the concentration variances can be large.
Inelastic scattering of deuterons from 60Ni and 114Cd

Abstract Differential cross sections for inelastic scattering of deuterons from the first excited states of 114Cd and 60Ni were measured for deuteron bombarding energies between 8 and 15 MeV for 114Cd, and 9.9 and 13.6 MeV for 60Ni. The data were analysed by the distorted-wave method using the collective model of excitation. Good agreement with experiment for all cases is obtained, but only by deforming both real and imaginary parts of the optical potential and including Coulomb excitation. Real coupling alone considerably underestimates the magnitude of the cross sections even though for Ni it reproduces slightly better the experimental angular distributions. At the lower energies there are large contributions from Coulomb excitation and its interference with the nuclear excitation.
SOCIAL PROGRESS AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS: Toward a Sociology of Gloom

Although significant social progress characterized the twentieth century, sociologists usually avoid acknowledging progress for fear of encouraging complacency about social problems. In four paradoxical ways, progress raises concern about social problems. The paradox of perfectionism is that optimistic beliefs in social perfectability highlight failures to achieve perfection and thereby foster pessimism. The paradox of proportion is that reducing large problems makes smaller problems seem relatively larger. The paradox of proliferation is that social progress encourages recognition of a larger number of problems. Finally, the paradox of paranoia is that progress fosters fears of social collapse. Sociologists need to consider the consequences of downplaying progress.
New mouse immunoglobulin A heavy chain allotype specificities detected using the hybridoma-derived IgA of I/St mice.

Immunizations of C57BL/6 and A mice with IgA derived from the I/St mouse strain yield alloantisera which detect two allotypic determinants of immunoglobulin A. The two determinants display discrete strain distributions. The first, identified by the alloantiserum C57BL/6 anti-IgA of I/St strain hybridoma ID150, follows the Ighc haplotype, and the second, identified by the alloantiserum A anti-IgA of I/St strain hybridoma ID150, correlates with Ighc and Ighc haplotypes. Absorption with monoclonal IgM, which has the same idiotype as the ID150 IgA clone, removed idiotype-specific antibodies from both alloantisera. The remaining antibodies are directed against determinants associated with the α chain constant region, as shown by absorption with monoclonal IgA. By use of recombinant inbred strains of mice and mice congenic at the Igh locus, the loci controlling both Cα allotypic determinants have been mapped to the Igh region on chromosome 12.
The centennial of the Fenton reaction

Abstract A short account is given of Fenton's life and research, with special emphasis on the Fenton reactions.
Long-term Natural History of Lattice Degeneration of the Retina

An initial series of patients with lattice degeneration was reported to the Academy in 1964 and a follow-up report given in 1973. A continuing prospective study of 276 consecutive untreated patients (423 eyes) is now reported with follow-up from 1 to 25 years (average, 10.8 years). Clinical retinal detachments (RDs) occurred in 3 (1.08%) of 276 patients and 0.7% of eyes. Tractional retinal tears were seen in eight (2.9%) patients and 1.9% of eyes; one of these led to a clinical RD. Clinical or progressive subclinical RD occurred in 3 (2%) of eyes with atrophic holes. Subclinical RD was seen in 10 (6.7%) of 150 eyes with atrophic holes, involving 9 (7.5%) of 120 patients, and had a much less serious prognosis than clinical detachment. Prophylactic treatment of lattice with or without holes in phakic, nonfellow eyes should be discontinued.
Activation of the complement system by some gram-positive oral bacteria.

Abstract Actinomyces viscosus 19246, T 14 V and T 14 AV, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis consumed complement in vitro . Complement (C) profile analysis revealed that C 4 and C 3–9 were consumed concomitantly in unadsorbed human serum. In serum from which naturally occurring agglutinating antibodies had been removed, the same microorganisms caused C 3–9 consumption in the absence of a demonstrable loss of C 4 activity. Congenitally C 4 -deficient guinea-pig serum (C 4 D) supported a similar consumption of C 3–9 . The Gram-positive plaque microorganisms tested activated serum complement by the classical as well as the alternate pathways. Dental plaque microorganisms may cause a similar activation of gingival crevicular fluid complement in vivo , thus resulting in complement-mediated inflammatory processes.
Physiological responses of wheat and barley to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Although aphids are among the most injurious of all agronomic insect pests, much remains unknown about how their feeding alters plant physiology. Two experiments were conducted to examine the physiological responses of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. to injury by Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Gas-exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content were examined at 3, 6, and 9 days post-infestation on control and aphid (D. noxia and R. padi) infested treatments. In general, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (non-variable minimal fluorescence, maximal fluorescence, and variable fluorescence) were not significantly affected by either aphid species. Photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients were significantly impacted by both aphid species, suggesting that aphid feeding may influence the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle altering the thylakoid membrane pH gradient. Feeding by both aphid species resulted in an increase in electron transport rate, but at different time periods. Wheat plants infested with D. noxia had accelerated declines in photosynthetic capacity when compared to R. padi-infested and control plants. These plants exhibited decreased values for Amax, which was accompanied by decreased values for Vcmax and Jmax Neither aphid species negatively affected the photosynthetic capacity of the barley plants until day 9. At this time, aphid-infested plants had decreased values for Amax which was accompanied by decreased values in Jmax. Although R. padi feeding does not typically result in visual damage symptoms as previously demonstrated, clearly this aphid does have an impact on the gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of its host plants.
Scenarios in the Afya project as a participatory action research (PAR) tool for studying information seeking and use across the digital divide

This article explores the role of scenarios (or use-oriented design representations) in the Afya project as a participatory action research (PAR) tool for studying information seeking and use across the "digital divide." With the aim of improving access to health information and services for Black women, the Afya project has involved forging community-level partnerships with SisterNet, a local grassroots group of Black women devoted to improving their physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual health. In the context of community health care, scenarios in the Afya project as a socially grounded planning and design methodology have taken the form of personal narratives of Black women that capture their social experiences and typical problematic health situations. Scenarios of Black women point towards the need to foster social justice by nurturing equitable and participative social activities around technological development and use associated with health information services. Scenarios also suggest specific action-oriented strategies for empowering Black women to build social and digital technologies that we hope will make the provision of health care in our community more just.
A Game Theoretic-Mathematical Programming Analysis of Cooperative Phenomena in Oligopolistic Markets

This paper investigates cooperative behavior in an industry that supplies a homogeneous product and consists of oligopolistic firms. The analysis is conducted within a game theoretic framework in which each firm is viewed as a player whose strategy is its level of production. By defining a suitable characteristic function that evaluates the worth of each possible coalition, we attempt to quantify the individual and collective bargaining powers of firms in order to predict merger or contractual agreements and production strategies. In particular, we define three games via three characteristic functions, each of which is based upon some assumed market behavior on the part of the players. For each game, we investigate whether the firms would choose to remain separate or form a grand coalition or some other coalition structure. For some insightful special cases, we are able to establish the resulting outcome and assert whether a core allocation of profits among members of an emerging coalition exists and whether the Shapley value allocation belongs to the core. In the more general case, we use the U.S. copper industry as an example to illustrate how Shapley values may be used to determine possible emerging coalition structures.
An HVEM study of hydrogen effects on the deformation and fracture of nickel

Abstract The mechanisms of hydrogen “embrittlement” of nickel have been investigated by performing in situ straining experiments in a high-voltage electron microscope equipped with an environmental cell. The generation rate and velocity of dislocations and the crack propagation rate were markedly increased by the presence of hydrogen. The advance of transgranular cracks, in both vacuum and hydrogen, occurs by either the direct emission of dislocations from the crack tip or by a complex process of hole nucleation and growth ahead of the crack. Intergranular cracks also propagate by these mechanisms; these cracks advance along the deformation zone that follows the contour of the boundary rather than along the boundary interface. The effect of hydrogen is to decrease the stress required for crack advance and to localize the deformation. When viewed macroscopically, this confinement of the plastic deformation to a narrow zone gives the impression of a brittle type fracture. Hydrogen “embrittlement” of nickel therefore occurs by a mechanism whereby hydrogen locally enhances plastic processes rather than by a decohesion mechanism.
Giant Colonic Diverticulum: a Rare Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge of Diverticular Disease

A giant colonic diverticulum is a diverticulum of the colon greater than 4 cm in diameter that can present, albeit rarely, as a complication of diverticular disease. We discuss the three different histologic subtypes that have been described and the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment.
Photocopier exposure and risk of sarcoidosis in African-American sibs.

The fundamental characterization theorem of standard elements in lattices is extended to posets. Several other characterizations of standard elements are obtained in a sectionally semi-complemented poset and also in an atomistic, dually sectionally semi-complemented poset.
Regional Brain Differences in Cortical Thickness, Surface Area and Subcortical Volume in Individuals with Williams Syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by increased non-social anxiety, sensitivity to sounds and hypersociability. Previous studies have reported contradictory findings with regard to regional brain variation in WS, relying on only one type of morphological measure (usually volume) in each study. The present study aims to contribute to this body of literature and perhaps elucidate some of these discrepancies by examining concurrent measures of cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume between WS subjects and typically-developing (TD) controls. High resolution MRI scans were obtained on 31 WS subjects and 50 typically developing control subjects. We derived quantitative regional estimates of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume using FreeSurfer software. We evaluated between-group ROI differences while controlling for total intracranial volume. In post-hoc exploratory analyses within the WS group, we tested for correlations between regional brain variation and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores. Consistent with our hypothesis, we detected complex patterns of between-group cortical variation, which included lower surface area in combination with greater thickness in the following cortical regions: post central gyrus, cuneus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex and lingual gyrus. Additional cortical regions showed between-group differences in one (but not both) morphological measures. Subcortical volume was lower in the basal ganglia and the hippocampus in WS versus TD controls. Exploratory correlations revealed that anxiety scores were negatively correlated with gray matter surface area in insula, OFC, rostral middle frontal, superior temporal and lingual gyrus. Our results were consistent with previous reports showing structural alterations in regions supporting the socio-affective and visuospatial impairments in WS. However, we also were able to effectively capture novel and complex patterns of cortical differences using both surface area and thickness. In addition, correlation results implicate specific brain regions in levels of anxiety in WS, consistent with previous reports investigating general anxiety disorders in the general population.
The crystal structure of the Rv0301‐Rv0300 VapBC‐3 toxin—antitoxin complex from M. tuberculosis reveals a Mg2+ ion in the active site and a putative RNA‐binding site

VapBC pairs account for 45 out of 88 identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) pairs in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv genome. A working model suggests that under times of stress, antitoxin molecules are degraded, releasing the toxins to slow the metabolism of the cell, which in the case of VapC toxins is via their RNase activity. Otherwise the TA pairs remain bound to their promoters, autoinhibiting transcription. The crystal structure of Rv0301-Rv0300, an Mtb VapBC TA complex determined at 1.49 A resolution, suggests a mechanism for these three functions: RNase activity, its inhibition by antitoxin, and its ability to bind promoter DNA. The Rv0301 toxin consists of a core of five parallel beta strands flanked by alpha helices. Three proximal aspartates coordinate a Mg2+ ion forming the putative RNase active site. The Rv0300 antitoxin monomer is extended in structure, consisting of an N-terminal beta strand followed by four helices. The last two helices wrap around the toxin and terminate near the putative RNase active site, but with different conformations. In one conformation, the C-terminal arginine interferes with Mg2+ ion coordination, suggesting a mechanism by which the antitoxin can inhibit toxin activity. At the N-terminus of the antitoxin, two pairs of Ribbon-Helix-Helix (RHH) motifs are related by crystallographic twofold symmetry. The resulting hetero-octameric complex is similar to the FitAB system, but the two RHH motifs are about 30 A closer together in the Rv0301-Rv0300 complex, suggesting either a different span of the DNA recognition sequence or a conformational change.
Cyst bank life-history model for a fairy shrimp from ephemeral ponds

SUMMARY 1. Ephemeral wetland habitats provide a useful model system for studying how lifehistory patterns enable populations to persist despite high environmental variation. One important life-history trait of both plants and crustaceans in such habitats involves hatching/germination of only some of the eggs/seeds at any time. This bet-hedging leads to the development of a bank composed of dormant propagules of many ages. 2. The San Diego fairy shrimp, Branchinecta sandiegonensis (Crustacea: Anostraca), a dominant faunal element of ephemeral ponds in San Diego, California, is a suitable organism for studying the consequences of highly fluctuating environmental conditions. As a result of large-scale habitat loss, the species is also endangered, and this motivated our specific study towards understanding the hatching dynamics of its egg bank for planning conservation efforts such as pool restoration and re-creation. 3. We formulated a matrix population model using egg age within the bank to study the relationship between adult survival and reproduction, and survival in and hatching from the egg bank. As vital rates for fairy shrimp are only poorly known, we generated 48 matrices with parameters encompassing ranges of likely values for the vital rates of B. sandiegonensis. We calculated population growth rates and eigenvalue elasticities both for a static model and a model with periodic reproductive failure. 4. The model shows that in good filling events, population growth rate is very high and the egg bank is increased dramatically. While population growth rate is insensitive to long-term survival in the egg bank in our static deterministic model, it becomes sensitive to survival in the egg bank when a regime of periodically failed reproductive events is imposed. 5. Under favourable conditions, it was best for shrimp to hatch from eggs as soon as possible. However, under a regime where failed reproductive events were common, it was best to hatch after several pool fillings. Because conditions change from favourable to unfavourable unpredictably, variation in age within the egg bank appears to be critical for the persistence of the population. This attribute needs to be carefully considered when restoring or creating new pools for conservation purposes.
Assignment of Credit and Blame for Performance Outcomes

Assigning credit and blame to others for their successful and unsuccessful performances is a ubiquitous, yet relatively unstudied, process in organizations. Using a sample of 120 accountants, we assessed three predictors of the assignment of credit and blame—self-handicapping, type of causal account, and performance outcome—and two consequences of such assignment: reward allocation and impressions of an actor. Use of self-handicapping and external causal accounts diminished observers' assignments of blame for failure. In contrast, self-handicapping and causal accounts did not influence assignment of credit for success. Assignment of credit and blame significantly predicted reward allocation and impressions of the actor. We discuss implications for theory and practice and directions for future research.
A paleomagnetic test of the proposed Mojave-Sonora megashear in Northwestern Mexico

Abstract Three Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic formations in southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico have been investigated paleomagnetically as a means of testing for displacement along the proposed Mojave-Sonora megashear. Luning Formation of west-central Nevada and Sil Nakya Formation of southern Arizona lie north of the megashear whereas, in northwestern Sonora, Antimonio Formation lies south of the megashear. Previously published results from the Nazas Formation of presumed Lower Jurassic age from north-central Mexico were incorporated into the interpretations. These four units compose two sets of correlative formations on opposite sides of the proposed megashear. Restoration of 800 km of left-lateral displacement along the megashear about the pole of rotation determined by Anderson and Schmidt (1983), improves the grouping of the two sets of paleomagnetic poles noticeably, with the improvement having statistical significance at the 95% confidence level. We feel that the data support, but do not prove, the postulated displacement along the megashear. All four poles are displaced from Irving's (1979) smoothed apparent polar wander path for cratonic North America in the intervals 190 and 200 Ma. The displacement needed to bring all of these poles into coincidence is a pure rotation of about 8° counterclockwise about the sampling area. Two probable Cretaceous poles were obtained from the Sand Wells Formation of southern Arizona and from unnamed volcanics in northwest Sonora. These poles are essentially identical and suggest that displacement along the megashear had ceased by the Cretaceous. Data from the Early Jurassic Mulberry Wash and Pitoikam formations in southern Arizona appear to have been remagnetized in a later Cretaceous event and were not used in this study.
Lighting of airways and airports

The US Department of Commerce under the Air Commerce Act is responsible for the installation, operation, and maintenance of the national airways. The lighting facilities along the airways consist of revolving beacons at 10-mi. intervals and intermediate landing fields approximately every 30 mi. At the intermediate landing fields, in addition to the revolving beacon there are provided an illuminated wind cone, boundary, approach, and obstruction lights. The Department of Commerce is also responsible for the rating of airports, although, their establishment, maintenance, and operation are matters of municipal or private concern. The rating of an airport is a measure of the facilities available. A preferred rating for lighting facilities requires the installation of an airport beacon to locate the airport from distant points, an illuminated wind direction inidicator, white or yellow lights marking the boundary of the landing area, red lights on all obstructions, green range lights marking approaches, floodlighted hangars or other buildings as a measure of altitude and to illuminate identifying markings, a searchlight for measuring ceiling height and suitable floodlighting for the landing area. In view of the regulating authority vested in the Department of Commerce, the practise in lighting airways and airports follows very closely established standards. The floodlighting of the landing area proper offers the greatest opportunity for original thought and ideas. There have developed two schools of opinion regarding the fundamentals of field floodlighting systems. The present lighting facilities are found very satisfactory during fair weather but the problem of aiding the flier during fog still faces the engineer and research scientist as a problem.
Reconfigurable Multifunction Antennas: Next Steps fot the Future

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in reconfigurablc multifunction antenna technology, including antennas with compound reconfigurability and integrated switching mechanisms. System-level demonstrations of some antennas are also highlighted. Possible directions for future research in this area are discussed, with an emphasis on bringing reconfigurable antennas together with other system components to deliver superior system performance.
Diversifying Selection Analysis Predicts Antigenic Evolution of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus in Humans

Although a large number of immune epitopes have been identified in the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein using various experimental systems, it is unclear which are involved in protective immunity to natural infection in humans. We developed a data mining approach analyzing natural H1N1 human isolates to identify HA protein regions that may be targeted by the human immune system and can predict the evolution of IAV. We identified 16 amino acid sites experiencing diversifying selection during the evolution of prepandemic seasonal H1N1 strains and found that 11 sites were located in experimentally determined B-cell/antibody (Ab) epitopes, including three distinct neutralizing Caton epitopes: Sa, Sb, and Ca2 [A. J. Caton, G. G. Brownlee, J. W. Yewdell, and W. Gerhard, Cell 31:417–427, 1982, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(82)90135-0]. We predicted that these diversified epitope regions would be the targets of mutation as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) lineage evolves in response to the development of population-level protective immunity in humans. Using a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test, we identified 10 amino acid sites that significantly differed between the pH1N1 isolates and isolates from the recent 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 influenza seasons. Three of these sites were located in the same diversified B-cell/Ab epitope regions as identified in the analysis of prepandemic sequences, including Sa and Sb. As predicted, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays using human sera from subjects vaccinated with the initial pH1N1 isolate demonstrated reduced reactivity against 2013-2014 isolates. Taken together, these results suggest that diversifying selection analysis can identify key immune epitopes responsible for protective immunity to influenza virus in humans and thereby predict virus evolution. IMPORTANCE The WHO estimates that approximately 5 to 10% of adults and 20 to 30% of children in the world are infected by influenza virus each year. While an adaptive immune response helps eliminate the virus following acute infection, the virus rapidly evolves to evade the established protective memory immune response, thus allowing for the regular seasonal cycles of influenza virus infection. The analytical approach described here, which combines an analysis of diversifying selection with an integration of immune epitope data, has allowed us to identify antigenic regions that contribute to protective immunity and are therefore the key targets of immune evasion by the virus. This information can be used to determine when sequence variations in seasonal influenza virus strains have affected regions responsible for protective immunity in order to decide when new vaccine formulations are warranted.
Metabolic reprogramming of periwinkle plant culture

We transformed an alkaloid biosynthetic gene with reengineered substrate specificity into Catharanthus roseus. The resulting transgenic plant cell culture produced a variety of unnatural alkaloid compounds when cocultured with simple, achiral, commercially available precursors that the reengineered enzyme was designed to accept. This work demonstrates the power of genetic engineering to retailor the structures of complex alkaloid natural products in plant culture.
Correlation between FOXO1a (FKHR) and FOXO3a (FKHRL1) Binding and the Inhibition of Basal Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit Gene Transcription by Insulin

Insulin inhibits transcription of the genes encoding the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and IGF binding protein-1 through insulin response sequences (IRSs) that share the same core sequence, T(G/A)TTTT(G/T). The transcription factors FOXO1a and FOXO3a have been shown to bind these elements, but there are conflicting reports as to whether this binding correlates with the action of insulin on gene transcription. Some researchers concluded, from overexpression experiments using FOXO1a, that binding correlated with the insulin response, whereas others concluded, mainly from gel retardation competition experiments using FOXO3a, that it did not. We show here that, although these factors can differentially activate gene transcription in a context-dependent manner, these conflicting data are not explained by a difference in FOXO1a and FOXO3a binding specificity. Instead, we find that gel retardation competition and binding experiments give different results; the latter reveal a correlation between FOXO1a/3a binding and the inhibition of basal G6Pase gene transcription by insulin. In addition, these data show that the binding of FOXO1a/3a to two adjacent IRSs in the G6Pase promoter is cooperative and that promoter context alters the specific IRS base requirements for FOXO1a-stimulated fusion gene expression. Surprisingly, an analysis of insulin action mediated through the G6Pase and IGF binding protein-1 IRSs in the context of a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter reveals that signaling through the latter does not support the accepted model for insulin-stimulated FOXO nuclear exclusion.
Cocaine-associated intestinal gangrene in a pregnant woman

A 31-year-old pregnant woman who was an active cocaine abuser presented to our emergency department five times in 1 week for abdominal pain and vomiting. She continued to use cocaine regularly despite having abdominal pain. Her fifth admission was for seizures. There were no objective signs of peritoneal inflammation and the rectal guiac examination was repeatedly negative. The patient progressed to severe septic shock. Intraabdominal sepsis and/or bowel perforation was suspected. Exploratory laporatomy revealed gangrene and perforation of the small intestine and fecal peritonitis. She rapidly developed multiorgan failure and died. Gastrointestinal complications resulting from cocaine use are uncommon. Our case is unique in that the patient was pregnant, used cocaine by the intranasal route, and lacked objective signs of acute abdomen. Emergency physicians should be aware of the morbidity associated with the use of cocaine.
A special method for solving the Dirac equations

Exact solutions to the Dirac equations for an electron in an external field of an arbitrary plane wave are obtained by transforming plane wave solutions for a free electron by variable Lorentz matrices. These matrices are those which occur in the discussion of the classical orbits. An example shows that this method, which applies classically, may fail for the Dirac equations when the external field is a constant one.
Bombarding energy dependence of deep inelastic fragment kinetic energies

The bombarding energy dependence of deep inelastic fragment kinetic energies has been measured for /sup 35/Cl + /sup 27/Al collisions at E (/sup 35/Cl) = 140, 150, 160, and 170 MeV. The results are compared with a simple classical model to show that the observed energy dependence is in reasonable agreement with a classical picture of strong tangential friction leading to rigid rotation of a very extended intermediate dinuclear system.
The Ethics of Evaluation Researchers An Exploration of Value Choices

This exploratory study examines (1) the values of evaluation research practitioners in response to ethical statements demanding a value choice and (2) the relationship between evaluator value choices and five hypothetical value dimensions relevant to more mature groups of professionals. Preliminary findings indicate that scaling, comparison, and analysis of evaluator value choices are feasible and may identify whatever consensus exists. Value conflicts exist among evaluation practioners, particularly around more esoteric concepts such as sharing and client loyalty versus distributive justice. The implications of multiple value conflictsfor the further growth of evaluation as a profession are discussed.
Onset of immunity in salmonid fry vaccinated by direct immersion in Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri bacterins

. The fry of several salmonid species were vaccinated by direct immersion in either Yersinia ruckeri or Vibrio anguillarum bacterin and the level of protective immunity was determined by the survival of fish after bath challenge with virulent organisms. The immersion time for effective vaccination was obtained within 5 s and protective immunity was demonstrated within 5 days at 18°C and within 10 days at 10°C. The minimum size at which maximum protective immunity occurred was between 1.0 and 2.5 g. Immunity appeared to be a function of size and not age, but differences in response among several species were indicated. In fish under 1.0 g, the level of protective immunity could be increased using a more concentrated bacterin. The results were similar with both bacterins.
SU‐F‐BRE‐12: Optical Resonator Water Calorimeter

Purpose: Water calorimetry based on resistance thermometry has matured as a primary standard. Developing an optical technique hold the promise to push the boundaries of what is currently achievable with dosimetry. We will present a feasibility study and the current progress of construction of a Fabry-Perot resonator for dose to water measurement. Additionally, estimations of the theoretical limits resonator sensitivity and potential sources of noise for the system are described. Methods: A temperature change from the dose to water would be measured by the change in the index of refraction from the water in the cavity. Calculations are presented of the expected signal from the resonator for dose to water. The Fabry-Perot resonator constructed from optical quality narrowband mirrors is described. A water cell will be inserted into the cavity gap to provide the medium swept cavity length technique is explored as a specific implementation of this technique. Results: Calculations indicate that a dose to water on the order of a Gray is measureable with a reasonably implementable system. A resonator is currently under construction and progress towards a proof of principle measurement will be presented. The primary sources of noise, in order of importance, are expected to be; optical absorption by the medium, mechanical perturbations of the cavity length and thermal expansion of the optical mounts. Estimations of these noise sources and mitigation techniques will be discussed. Conclusion: A Fabry-Perot resonator is a promising technique for measuring the absorbed dose to water from a radiotherapy beam. This technique has the potential to serve as a check on the current primary standard for dose to water measurements. As well, i0074 may be the foundation for a new class of optical property based dosimetry measurement.
Effects of N on plant response to heat-wave: a field study with prairie vegetation.

More intense, more frequent, and longer heat-waves are expected in the future due to global warming, which could have dramatic ecological impacts. Increasing nitrogen (N) availability and its dynamics will likely impact plant responses to heat stress and carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. This field study examined the effects of N availability on plant response to heat-stress (HS) treatment in naturally-occurring vegetation. HS (5 d at ambient or 40.5 °C) and N treatments (±N) were applied to 16 1 m2 plots in restored prairie vegetation dominated by Andropogon gerardii (warm-season C4 grass) and Solidago canadensis (warm-season C3 forb). Before, during, and after HS, air, canopy, and soil temperature were monitored; net CO2 assimilation (Pn), quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf water potential (Ψw) of the dominant species and soil respiration (Rsoil) of each plot were measured daily during HS. One week after HS, plots were harvested, and C% and N% were determined for rhizosphere and bulk soil, and above-ground tissue (green/senescent leaf, stem, and flower). Photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) and N resorption rate (NRR) were calculated. HS decreased Pn, gs, Ψw, and PNUE for both species, and +N treatment generally increased these variables (±HS), but often slowed their post-HS recovery. Aboveground biomass tended to decrease with HS in both species (and for green leaf mass in S. canadensis), but decrease with +N for A. gerardii and increase with +N for S. canadensis. For A. gerardii, HS tended to decrease N% in green tissues with +N, whereas in S. canadensis, HS increased N% in green leaves. Added N decreased NRR for A. gerardii and HS increased NRR for S. canadensis. These results suggest that heat waves, though transient, could have significant effects on plants, communities, and ecosystem N cycling, and N can influence the effect of heat waves.
Hurricanes and wildfires: generic characteristics of community adaptive capacity

This paper explores the question: to what extent is human community adaptive capacity generic versus hazard-specific? To what extent does having adaptive capacity for one type of disturbance indicate that communities also have adaptive capacity for other types of disturbance that they currently or may someday face? We did in-depth case studies in two Lee County, Florida communities to explore the extent to which residents have adaptive capacity for both hurricanes and wildfires. Although wildfire risk has significantly less salience than hurricane risk for participants, our results suggest that case study communities have built generic elements of adaptive capacity that are generalizable to address both disturbances: (1) interactional and organizational capacities; (2) professional knowledge and extra-local networks; and (3) local knowledge, resources, and skills. We conclude by offering examples of what an ‘all-hazard’ community might look like based on the development of generic adaptive capacity.
Kinetics of synthesis and characterization of transfer RNA precursors in mammalian cells

Abstract Evidence that mammalian cell tRNA has at least one precursor stage prior to maturation is presented. This is supported by the finding of species of RNA from Chinese hamster ovary cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that migrate between 5-S ribosomal RNA and 4-S RNA on both acrylamide gel and Sephadex G-200 columns. This species of RNA has been purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and has been shown to contain pseudouridine and dihydrouridine and found to be undermethylated when compared to matured tRNA. Kinetic studies confirm the precursor-product relationship of the molecules. The half-life of the precursor tRNA is about 12–15 min.
Brief Screening Instruments for Risky Drinking in the Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic

In this pilot study, we compared two brief screening instruments, the T-ACE (Tolerance, Annoyed, Cut down, Eye-opener) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), with a clinician interview and structured clinical interview (SCID) to determine if they improved identification of risky drinking in a psychiatry clinic compared to clinician interviews. Sixteen of 50 subjects satisfied DSM-IV criteria for lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence on the SCID, and four, all T-ACE positive, were listed “correctly” in the chart as having an alcohol problem. With an SCID gold standard, risky drinking was identified with sensitivities and specificities of 0.88 and 0.59 for the T-ACE and 0.63 and 0.85 for the AUDIT. Brief screening instruments improved the identification of risky drinking in a psychiatry clinic. (Am J Addict 2007;16:222–226)
The association between nonstrabismic anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity.

Abstract Purpose To determine if thresholds exist for the development of amblyopia and subnormal binocularity with various types of anisometropia and to compare these with existing guidelines for the treatment or observation of anisometropia. Design The records of all previously untreated patients evaluated for isolated refractive error during a 42-month period were reviewed to assess the association between anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity. Participants Three hundred sixty-one (361) patients with anisometropia and 50 nonanisometropic control participants, examined over a 42-month period, with no history of treatment for refractive error, amblyopia, or other ocular pathologic characteristics were evaluated. Methods Uncorrected visual acuity in each eye, monofixation response, and degree of stereopsis were recorded for each patient. Patients with unequal or subnormal uncorrected visual acuity were retested with cycloplegic refraction. If the visual acuity was still abnormal, patients were retested while wearing spectacles. Main outcome measures Degree and type of anisometropia were compared with incidence and severity of amblyopia and subnormal binocularity. Results Spherical myopic anisometropia (SMA) of more than 2 diopters (D) or spherical hypermetropic anisometropia (SHA) of more than 1 D results in a significant increase in the incidence of amblyopia and decrease in binocular function when compared with nonanisometropic patients ( P = 0.05). Increasing levels of SMA and SHA beyond these thresholds result in increased incidence and severity of amblyopia. Cylindrical myopic anisometropia (CMA) or cylindrical hyperopic anisometropia (CHA) of more than 1.5 D results in a significant increase in amblyopia and a decrease in binocular function ( P = 0.05). Levels of CMA and CHA more than 1.5 D result in an increased incidence and severity of amblyopia. Conclusions This study supports existing guidelines for the treatment or observation of anisometropia and characterizes the association between the type and degree of anisometropia and the incidence and severity of amblyopia and subnormal binocularity.
The MmeI family: type II restriction–modification enzymes that employ single-strand modification for host protection

The type II restriction endonucleases form one of the largest families of biochemically-characterized proteins. These endonucleases typically share little sequence similarity, except among isoschizomers that recognize the same sequence. MmeI is an unusual type II restriction endonuclease that combines endonuclease and methyltransferase activities in a single polypeptide. MmeI cuts DNA 20 bases from its recognition sequence and modifies just one DNA strand for host protection. Using MmeI as query we have identified numerous putative genes highly similar to MmeI in database sequences. We have cloned and characterized 20 of these MmeI homologs. Each cuts DNA at the same distance as MmeI and each modifies a conserved adenine on only one DNA strand for host protection. However each enzyme recognizes a unique DNA sequence, suggesting these enzymes are undergoing rapid evolution of DNA specificity. The MmeI family thus provides a rich source of novel endonucleases while affording an opportunity to observe the evolution of DNA specificity. Because the MmeI family enzymes employ modification of only one DNA strand for host protection, unlike previously described type II systems, we propose that such single-strand modification systems be classified as a new subgroup, the type IIL enzymes, for Lone strand DNA modification.
An Investigation of the Influence of Latent Heat Release on Cold-Frontal Motion

Abstract The effects of condensational heating on cold-frontal translation speed are explored through the use of potential vorticity (PV) diagnostics and model sensitivity experiments. It is hypothesized that condensational heating can lead to faster frontal translation speeds in the presence of vertical shear because of the horizontal propagation of the positive PV anomaly associated with the front. A case study of a cold front with an evolving precipitation structure is presented. A positive correlation existed between the position of condensational heating relative to the frontal zone and frontal translation speed, with faster frontal movement occurring when condensational heating was present in the prefrontal zone. This front was numerically simulated to see if the hypothesized mechanism for frontal movement was active. Through the use of a PV budget, it was confirmed that condensational heating did contribute to the forward propagation of the cold-frontal PV band. Numerical experiments were performed...