cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translating Guidelines Into Practice: Interpreting the 2016 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Role of Non-Statin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk:

Objective: In 2016, the American College of Cardiology released a decision pathway, based on expert consensus, to guide use of non-statin agents in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. The purpose of this article is to assist practitioners, health systems and managed care entities with interpreting this consensus statement in order to simplify implementation of the recommendations into patient care. Methods: Major themes from the consensus statement are briefly summarized and explained. Drug therapy recommendations are condensed into a single algorithm, while tables correlate each recommended regimen with the appropriate patient population from both a patient-level and systems-level perspective. Finally, a patient case with evidence-based decision support is explored. Results: These tools allow practitioners to make appropriate patient-specific decisions about the use of non-statin pharmacotherapy and enable health systems and managed care entities to more readily identify guidel...
Deep ranking structural support vector machine for image tagging

We propose a new approach called ranking structural support vector machine (RSSVM) with deep learning.It leverages ranking within instance level, as well as the correlations among image tags for structural output prediction.Compared to competitive baselines, it yields better performance over 3 widely used image tagging datasets. Image tagging is an active research topic in computer vision and machine learning, due to its wide applications on semantic search and image retrieval. Although recent approaches based on deep neural networks can learn better representations to significantly boost performance, no structural information has been exploited. For example, sky and ground both have higher probability to appear simultaneously in the same outdoor scene. In this paper, we propose a deep ranking structural Support Vector Machine (RSSVM) for image tagging. We exploit deep learning for representation learning and propose a new ranking function over the learned features with label correlation. Specifically, we incorporate the global context information between labels into our ranking function and then formulate the multi-labeling problem as a ranking problem to handle structured output prediction. We transfer parameters from the existed convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and add additional two fully connected layers to build our deep neural structure. We evaluate our method on three widely used datasets, and show promising results over competitive baselines.
The marketing plan and outcome indicators for recruiting and retaining parents in the HomeStyles randomized controlled trial.

Despite the critical importance of successful recruitment and retention to study integrity, reporting of recruitment and retention strategies along with factors associated with successful recruitment and retention of participants in health-related interventions remain rare, especially for health and obesity prevention programs. Thus, the purpose of this article is to retrospectively examine the recruitment and retention marketing plan used in the online HomeStyles randomized controlled trial (RCT) and discuss outcomes associated with completion of the intervention. The HomeStyles RCT is an online intervention developed to motivate parents of young children to gain the skills and self-confidence needed to shape home environments and lifestyles to be protective against childhood obesity. Using the seven Ps of services marketing (i.e., people, place, product, physical evidence, price, promotion, and process), a comprehensive and systematic plan for recruitment and retention was implemented and outcomes assessed. A total of 489 parents with a young child aged 2 to < 6 years were eligible to participate, a final capture rate of 33%. Only 23% of Hispanic participants chose to use the Spanish-language version of HomeStyles intervention materials, below the demand anticipated. However, Hispanic enrollment overall was substantially higher than the U.S. population proportion (i.e., 17%). The number of participants prematurely leaving the study was similar in both treatment groups, indicating attrition was not differential. Completers reported high satisfaction of HomeStyles, using a 1–5 scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree) on guide attractiveness, interestingness, and usefulness. Despite all the retention efforts, the average monthly recruitment accrual rate of ~ 33 eligible enrolled participants at baseline (i.e., 489 participants/15-month recruitment period), declined to ~ 18, 11, 9, and 8 remaining recruited participants/month at midpoint, post, follow-up, and long-term follow-up surveys, respectively. In general, survey completers were significantly more likely to be female and perceived their child’s health status to be better, and they were significantly less likely to be restrictive of their child’s food intake. The findings of the present study highlight the need for far-reaching, concentrated, and varied recruitment strategies; sufficient time in the research plan for recruitment and retention activities; and creative, tireless, flexible, persistent project staff for health-related interventions.
Degradation of L-Ascorbic Acid in the Amorphous Solid State.

Ascorbic acid degradation in amorphous solid dispersions was compared to its degradation in the crystalline state. Physical blends and lyophiles of ascorbic acid and polymers (pectins and polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP]) were prepared initially at 50:50 (w/w), with further studies using the polymer that best inhibited ascorbic acid crystallization in the lyophiles in 14 vitamin : PVP ratios. Samples were stored in controlled environments (25 to 60 °C, 0% to 23% RH) for 1 mo and analyzed periodically to track the physical appearance, change in moisture content, physical state (powder x-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy), and vitamin loss (high performance liquid chromatography) over time. The glass transition temperatures of select samples were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, and moisture sorption profiles were generated. Ascorbic acid in the amorphous form, even in the glassy amorphous state, was more labile than in the crystalline form in some formulations at the highest storage temperature. Lyophiles stored at 25 and 40 °C and those in which ascorbic acid had crystallized at 60 °C (≥70% ascorbic acid : PVP) had no significant difference in vitamin loss (P > 0.05) relative to physical blend controls, and the length of storage had little effect. At 60 °C, amorphous ascorbic acid lyophiles (≤60% ascorbic acid : PVP) lost significantly more vitamin (P < 0.05) relative to physical blend controls after 1 wk, and vitamin loss significantly increased over time. In these lyophiles, vitamin degradation also significantly increased (P < 0.05) at lower proportions of ascorbic acid, a scenario likely encountered in foods wherein vitamins are naturally present or added at low concentrations and production practices may promote amorphization of the vitamin. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Vitamin C is one of the most unstable vitamins in foods. This study documents that amorphous ascorbic acid is less stable than crystalline ascorbic acid in some environments (for example, higher temperatures within 1 wk), especially when the vitamin is present at low concentrations in a product. These findings increase the understanding of how material science properties influence the stability of vitamin C.
Making Government Data Valuable for Constituents: The Case for the Advanced Data Analytics Capabilities of the ENHANCE Framework

ABSTRACT Constituent demands for improved transparency in governmental reporting have increased since the 2008 financial crisis in the U.S. that impacted the financial well-being of many individuals and entities, including state and local municipalities. Since then, several governmental entities have provided an open data environment. However, these early initiatives do not incorporate robust analytic capabilities that are able to satisfy numerous and varied constituent inquiries. This research proposes development of the ENHanced ANalytic Constituent Environment (ENHANCE) framework in response to the analytic nature of the inquiries from various governmental stakeholders such as citizens, analysts, bond investors, creditors, vendors, auditors, and oversight officials. The ENHANCE framework bridges the gap between constituents' current analytic capabilities and their demands for increased transparency. This research contributes to the literature by highlighting the capabilities of the proposed ENHANCE too...
Neural Mechanisms of Qigong Sensory Training Massage for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Feasibility Study.

ObjectivesDespite the enormous prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its global impact has yet to be realized. Millions of families worldwide need effective treatments to help them get through everyday challenges like eating, sleeping, digestion, and social interaction. Qigong Sensory Training (QST) is a nonverbal, parent-delivered intervention recently shown to be effective at reducing these everyday challenges in children with ASD. This study tested the feasibility of a protocol for investigating QST’s neural mechanism.MethodsDuring a single visit, 20 children, 4- to 7-year-old, with ASD viewed images of emotional faces before and after receiving QST or watching a video (controls). Heart rate variability was recorded throughout the visit, and power in the high frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) was calculated to estimate parasympathetic tone in 5-s nonoverlapping windows. Cerebral oximetry of prefrontal cortex was recorded during rest and while viewing emotional faces.Results95% completion rate and 7....
Iron Is the Active Site in Nickel/Iron Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts

Efficient catalysis of the oxygen-evolution half-reaction (OER) is a pivotal requirement for the development of practical solar-driven water splitting devices. Heterogeneous OER electrocatalysts containing first-row transition metal oxides and hydroxides have attracted considerable recent interest, owing in part to the high abundance and low cost of starting materials. Among the best performing OER electrocatalysts are mixed Fe/Ni layered double hydroxides (LDH). A review of the available experimental data leads to the conclusion that iron is the active site for [NiFe]-LDH-catalyzed alkaline water oxidation.
Peacocks Roosting: Mildred Custin’s introduction of menswear to Bonwit Teller of the 1960s

The 1960s were a period of rapid cultural change which fueled social paradigm shifts related to concepts of gender, sexuality, race and age.1 Fashion of the era reflected these changing ideals. Menswear
Review of journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance 2010

There were 75 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2010, which is a 34% increase in the number of articles since 2009. The quality of the submissions continues to increase, and the editors were delighted with the recent announcement of the JCMR Impact Factor of 4.33 which showed a 90% increase since last year. Our acceptance rate is approximately 30%, but has been falling as the number of articles being submitted has been increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. Last year for the first time, the Editors summarized the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, which we felt would be useful to practitioners of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) so that you could review areas of interest from the previous year in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles [1]. This experiment proved very popular with a very high rate of downloading, and therefore we intend to continue this review annually. The papers are presented in themes and comparison is drawn with previously published JCMR papers to identify the continuity of thought and publication in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality manuscripts to JCMR for publication.
Thank you to the Journal of the Medical Library Association reviewers in 2018

The Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) sincerely thanks the 210 peer reviewers in 2018.
Effects of Transcranial Static Magnetic Stimulation on Motor Cortex Evaluated by Different TMS Waveforms and Current Directions

Abstract Transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) modulates cortical excitability probably by interacting with the GABA-glutamate intracortical balance. Different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) waveforms probe distinct GABA-mediated cortical inhibition networks. The goal of the present work is to further characterize tSMS-induced changes in motor cortex reactivity and inhibition–excitation (I/E) balance. We hypothesized that tSMS affects particular cortical networks and thus, the effects of tSMS would be different depending on the TMS waveform used to assess its results. 23 healthy young adults completed two sessions of real or sham tSMS. The order of the sessions was randomized across participants. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs), cortical silent period (CSP), short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed with TMS monophasic posterior–anterior (monoPA; n = 9), monophasic anterior–posterior (monoAP; n = 7), or biphasic (biAP-PA; n = 7) pulses. Repeated measures analyses of variance and appropriate pairwise comparisons were performed for each TMS measure. After 15 min of real tSMS, the MEP amplitudes decreased compared to sham and baseline, SICI and LICI showed greater inhibition, and a tendency towards longer CSPs and less facilitation was found. These results were only observed with monoPA TMS. MEP amplitude increased compared to sham with monoAP TMS, with no clear changes in general intracortical I/E balance. Biphasic TMS was not able to capture any effects of tSMS. The results show that the effects of tSMS on cortical excitability and inhibition involve specific interneuron circuits that are selectively activated by monoPA TMS.
A sample-sparing multiplexed ADCP assay

Antibodies serve as the primary correlate of protection following most clinically approved vaccines and are thought to confer protection in part through their ability to block (neutralize) infection. Increasingly, studies have shown that beyond their blocking activities, the ability of antibodies to leverage the innate immune response may serve a vital role in protection from infection. Specifically, antibodies can drive phagocytosis, complement activation, and cellular cytotoxicity by interacting with Fc-receptors found on all innate immune cells. Measuring the capacity of antibodies to induce these functions has become critical for the identification of correlates of protection in large-scale vaccine trials. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop robust, high throughput assays able to interrogate the functional capacity of innate immune recruiting antibodies. However, in many instances, only small sample volumes are available. Nevertheless, profiling antibody functions across many pathogen-associated antigens or across global intra-pathogen variants is in high demand, making sample sparing approaches to perform this antibody evaluation critical. Here we describe the development of an approach to interrogate the functional activity of antibodies in serum against up to 5 antigen targets simultaneously. A single bead-based cellular assay was adapted to accommodate 5 different fluorescently colored beads, allowing for the concurrent investigation of antibody responses directed against multiple antigens in a single well. The multiplexed assay was as sensitive, specific, and accurate as the single antigen assay and robustly able to assess functional differences mediated by antibodies across different samples. These findings show multiplexing allows for accurate and more efficient analysis of antibody-mediated antibody effector profiles.
Routine deep vein thrombosis screening after lung transplantation: Incidence and risk factors.

Abstract Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains a common complication following lung transplantation despite universal routine DVT screening. Moreover, many of the previously reported risk factors are incompletely defined. We sought to explore the influence of DVT screening and to more definitively assess predisposing risk factors. Methods A single-institution, retrospective, cohort study of 1141 patients undergoing lung transplantation from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2014, was performed evaluating for the rate of DVT. Patients were given prophylactic subcutaneous heparin postoperatively. DVT events were noted if they occurred before 90 days after transplant. We compared DVT rates before and after 2008 when universal screening was implemented. We also evaluated the timing of DVT event and location (above the knee vs below the knee). DVTs were treated with standard anticoagulation therapy or an inferior cava filter when patients were unable to tolerate anticoagulation treatment. Univariable and multivariable models were used to identify risk factors for occurrence. A propensity match was performed to match groups across the eras, and a Cox regression was performed to identify differences in 1-year survival trajectory between cohorts. Results The rates of DVT before and after routine screening were 8.8% (36 DVT out of 412 transplants) and 17.3% (126 out of 729 transplants), respectively. These 2 rates were significantly different (P .90 for all comparisons). Observed DVT incidence at day 0 and day 14 were 3.8% and 3.8%, respectively, for the cohort before DVT protocols were established. Observed DVT incidence for the cohort after protocols were established at the same time points was 8.7% and 3.7%, respectively. Univariable analysis revealed that significant factors associated with a DVT include hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR], 6.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-26.13; P Conclusions The rate of DVT diagnosis significantly increased after universal DVT screening was implemented. Furthermore, those patients undergoing lung transplantation with extended length of stay and hypercholesterolemia were prone to increased rates of DVT. There was a trend toward better 1-year survival in DVT-screened patients, suggesting DVT screening may result in beneficial outcomes.
Association of β-Blocker Use With Heart Failure Hospitalizations and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Patients With Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Secondary Analysis of the TOPCAT Trial.

Importance β-Blockers are prescribed to most patients with heart failure (HF) with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but their effect on HFpEF remains unclear. Objective To determine the association of β-blocker use with HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, overall and in strata of patients with an ejection fraction (EF) of 50% or greater or less than 50%. Design, Setting, and Participants For 1761 participants from North and South America enrolled in the multicenter, double-blinded Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist randomized clinical trial of spironolactone for patients with HFpEF between August 10, 2006, and January 31, 2012, the association of baseline β-blocker use with HF hospitalization and CVD mortality was analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, overall and in strata of patients with an EF of 50% or greater or less than 50%. Participants had symptomatic HF with a left ventricular EF of 45% or greater, with enrollment based on either hospitalization attributed to decompensated HF in the prior year or elevated natriuretic peptide levels. Statistical analysis was performed from January 31 to May 2, 2019. Exposure Use of β-blockers. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident HF hospitalization and CVD mortality. Results Among 1761 participants included in the analysis (879 women and 882 men; mean [SD] age, 71.5 [9.6] years), 1394 (79.2%) reported β-blocker use and 1567 (89.0%) had an EF of 50% or greater. Hospitalizations for HF occurred for 399 participants (22.7%), and CVD mortality occurred for 229 participants (13.0%). Use of β-blockers was associated with a higher risk of HF hospitalization among patients with HFpEF with an EF of 50% or greater (hazard ratio, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.28-2.37];P Conclusions and Relevance For patients with an EF of 50% or greater, β-blocker use was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalizations but not CVD mortality. For patients with an EF between 45% and 49%, there was no such association.
Turbulent heat transfer enhancement in an axially rotating pipe fitted with kenics segment mixer

Abstract This study reports heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe fitted with Kenics segment mixer. Numerical simulations were processed with the commercial finite volume Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, ANSYS Fluent 19.2. The rotating domain was modeled with the single rotating reference frame scheme. Natural convection was considered in the numerical procedure. Computations were carried out for axial Reynolds numbers between 5000 and 25,000 ​at different rotation rates. Rotation rate (N) is the ratio of the rotational Reynolds number to the axial Reynolds number. Predictions revealed that the Kenics segment mixer significantly improved the heat transfer of the rotating pipe. This remarkable augmentation in heat transfer was attributed to additional swirl flow created by the inserted tape. By using the Kenics segment mixer with twist ratio of 1.75, the Nusselt number of the plain rotating pipe was augmented by 92–66% at N ​= ​1, 74-55% at N ​= ​3, and 60-44% at N ​= ​5. Reduction in Nusselt number augmentation as the rotating speed of the pipe increased indicated that swirl flows induced by the Kenics segment mixer was more dominant at lower rotation rates.
USING OPTIMIZATION–THE ROAD MAP

In the first part of the book, we dealt with some material that prepared us to begin learning optimization. Specifically, we learned about Matlab and about some basic mathematics. In this next portion of the book, we start to understand what optimization is all about. In particular, (i) we will be introduced to the fascinating world of optimization, (ii) we will differentiate optimization from other engineering activities (e.g., analysis and modeling), and, finally, (iii) we will provide an important classification of optimization, which is important to know in practice. Specifically, the topics presented, with the chapter numbers, are given below: 3. Welcome to the Fascinating World of Optimization 4. Analysis, Design, Optimization, and Modeling 5. Introducing Linear and Nonlinear Programming
Measurement of apolipoprotein B levels helps in the identification of patients at risk for hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis.

Abstract Background Severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a common cause of acute pancreatitis, although even moderate HTG may elevate this risk. Identifying patients who are prone to hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) can facilitate early, preventative interventions. Objective To examine advanced lipoprotein profile (ALP) of hypertriglyceridemic patients with and without HTGP to identify lipid and lipoprotein parameters which may help improve risk stratification. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with serum triglycerides (TGs) ≥ 500 mg/dL who underwent ALP testing. Chart reviews were conducted to identify those who developed HTGP or not. Comparisons of lipid profiles of patients with and without HTGP were performed using chi-square or rank-sum tests. ROC curves were generated to identify lipid and lipoprotein parameters which helped improve prediction of HTGP beyond serum TG levels. Results Fifty-eight subjects were included in the analysis. Twenty had at least one documented episode of HTGP. Among patients with HTGP, median serum TG concentrations were 2832 mg/dL vs. 978 mg/dL in the non-pancreatitis group (p 10.6 was associated with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 75%. Conclusion Measurement of serum apoB levels and calculation of serum TG/apoB ratio may help identify hypertriglyceridemic patients at risk for HTGP.
The storied self & before belief: A review: The storied self: a narrative approach to the spiritual care of the aged & before belief, by Bruce Stevens, Lexington Books, 2019

This is a book review of two books, The Storied Self and Beyond Belief by Bruce A. Stevens. The aim of this paper is to discuss the major themes in the text and provide a personal review to the rea...
Functional and structural characterization of Hyp730, a highly conserved and dormancy-specific hypothetical membrane protein.

Membrane proteins represent major drug targets, and the ability to determine their functions, structures, and conformational changes will significantly advance mechanistic approaches to both biotechnology and bioremediation, as well as the fight against pathogenic bacteria. A pertinent example is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv), which contains ~4000 protein‐coding genes, with almost a thousand having been categorized as ‘membrane protein’, and a few of which (~1%) have been functionally characterized and structurally modeled. However, the functions and structures of most membrane proteins that are sparsely, or only transiently, expressed, but essential in small phenotypic subpopulations or under stress conditions such as persistence or dormancy, remain unknown. Our deep quantitative proteomics profiles revealed that the hypothetical membrane protein 730 (Hyp730) {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"WP_010079730","term_id":"497765546","term_text":"WP_010079730"}}WP_010079730 (protein ID Mlut_RS11895) from M. luteus is upregulated in dormancy despite a ~5‐fold reduction in overall protein diversity. Its H37Rv paralog, Rv1234, showed a similar proteomic signature, but the function of Hyp730‐like proteins has never been characterized. Here, we present an extensive proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of Hyp730 and have also characterized its in vitro recombinant expression, purification, refolding, and essentiality as well as its tertiary fold. Our biophysical studies, circular dichroism, and tryptophan fluorescence are in immediate agreement with in‐depth in silico 3D‐structure prediction, suggesting that Hyp730 is a double‐pass membrane‐spanning protein. Ablation of Hyp730‐expression did not alter M. luteus growth, indicating that Hyp730 is not essential. Structural homology comparisons showed that Hyp730 is highly conserved and non‐redundant in G+C rich Actinobacteria and might be involved, under stress conditions, in an energy‐saving role in respiration during dormancy.
Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition of Microcrystalline Ge-based Thin Films

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used to grow microcrystalline thin films of germanium (Ge) and Ge-carbon (Ge,C) alloys on fused quartz and silicon substrates at substrate temperatures 25°C ≤ Ts ≤ 325°C. The films were analyzed structurally with x-ray diffraction (XRD), optically, electrically with four-point probe measurements, and chemically with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD results displayed a varying degree of crystallinity, with the most crystalline films obtained at Ts > 150°C. The resistivity of the Ge films decreased with increasing temperature, displaying a significant decrease for the films deposited at Ts ≥ 230°C. The growth conditions for Ge films served as a starting point for low-temperature deposition of Ge,C alloys with up to 5% C. The effects of Ts and carbon concentration on film properties are discussed.
Relationship of Inositol, Phosphatidylinositol and Phosphatidic Acid in CNS Nerve Endings

Nerve endings were prepared from rat cerebra by differential centrifugation and a 5-step Ficoll gradient, and challenged with several agents during incubation with 33PO4 and [3H]inositol. The specific radioactivities of phospholipids and free inositol were determined in an attempt to discern the metabolic steps which are responsible for increased radiolabeling of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). While ACh greatly stimulated 33PO4 incorporation into PI, comparison of PI specific radioactivities with that of precursor PA did not indicate a greatly enhanced rate of PI synthesis. In low calcium buffers the ACh stimulation of PA radiolabeling was more attenuated than that of PI. The neurotransmitter stimulated [3H]inositol incorporation into PI much less than 33P04. Inositol transport was unaffected by ACh, but its specific radioactivity was decreased, partly by dilution with inositol from PI. Incorporation of inositol into PI by an exchange mechanism vas not important in the action of ACh. Increasing [K+]o greatly enhanced 33PO4 incorporation into PA and PI, but probably by a \(C{{a}^{{{{2}^{ + }}}}}\) dependent mobilization of diacylglycerol from a lipid other than these. The uptake and specific radioactivity of inositol were decreased by elevated K+ in parallel with decreased 3H radiolabeling of PI; this effect was not dependent on \(C{{a}^{{{{2}^{ + }}}}}\) or Na+. Elevated [K+]o and ACh acted synergistically, indicating that the two agents act at the same subcellular sites but at different metabolic steps.
Heterogeneity in the response to gasoline prices: Evidence from Pennsylvania and implications for the rebound effect ☆

Abstract The consumer response to changing gasoline prices has long interested economists and policymakers, for it has important implications for the effects of gasoline taxation and vehicle energy efficiency policies. This study examines both the elasticity of driving with respect to changing gasoline prices and heterogeneity in this elasticity by geography, the fuel economy of the vehicle, and the age of the vehicle. We use detailed annual vehicle-level emissions inspection test data from Pennsylvania that include odometer readings, inspection zip codes, and extensive vehicle characteristics. We estimate a short-run gasoline price elasticity of driving demand of − 0.10, and find substantial heterogeneity in this responsiveness. The elasticity is largely driven by low fuel economy vehicles, as well as vehicles between 3 and 7 years old. Our findings help reconcile some of the recent literature and provide guidance on the magnitude of the direct rebound effect from light duty vehicle energy efficiency policies.
Extraretinal Neovascularization Induced by Hypoxic Episodes in the Neonatal Rat

at least one eye) in 94% of the animals. The total area of the peripheral avascular retina was larger in animals exposed to prolonged periods of hypoxia than in those exposed for shorter periods. The incidence of neovascularization was strongly associated with the total area of the peripheral avascular retina and occurred in the inferior quadrant in 78% of the cases. Additional features of stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), including arteriovenous shunts and ridges, were observed in some retinas. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that hypoxic episodes can induce extraretinal neovascularization in the rat and suggest that brief periods of oxygen deficiency could exacerbate progression of ROP. With the high incidence and predictability of localization of neovascularization, this model could be useful for the study of angiogenesis and for evaluation of antiangiogenic or antioxidant substances. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:3169-3177.
Restructuring I/O-Intensive Computations for Locality

This paper describes restructuring techniques for out-of-core programs (i.e., those that deal with very large quantities of data) based on exploiting locality using a combination of loop and data transformations. Writing efficient out-of-core program is an arduous task. As a result, compiler optimizations directed at improving I/O performance are becoming increasingly important. We describe how a compiler can improve the performance of the code by determining appropriate file layouts for out-of-core arrays and finding suitable loop transformations. In addition to optimizing a single loop nest, our solution can handle a sequence of loop nests. We also show how to generate code when the file layouts are optimized. Preliminary experimental results obtained on an Intel Paragon distributed-memory message-passing multiprocessor demonstrate marked improvements in performance due to the optimizations described in this paper.
LIGHT-INDUCED RAPID ABSORPTION CHANGES DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS. V. DIGITONIN-TREATED CHLOROPLASTS.

Abstract Fresh chloroplasts treated with appropriate amounts of digitonin give light-induced absorption changes in the Soret-band and far-red regions. The absorption changes are enhanced by ascorbate and eliminated by ferricyanide. The light-minus-dark difference spectrum of digitonin-treated chloroplasts agrees closely with that of the pigment complex P 700 reported by Kok . Dichlorophenolindophenol does not appear to mediate in the electron transfer between ascorbate and the photooxidized chlorophyll complex, whereas phenazine methosulfate, depending on its concentration, greately modifies the kinetics of the re-duction of the pigment complex by ascorbate.
Alone Together: How Marriage in America Is Changing

Most observers agree that marriage in America has been changing. Some think it is in decline, that the growth of individualism has made it increasingly difficult to achieve satisfying and stable relationships. Others believe that changes, such as increasing gender equality, have made marriage a better arrangement for men as well as women. Based on two studies of marital quality in America twenty years apart, this book takes a middle view, showing that while the divorce rate has levelled off, spouses are spending less time together - people may be "bowling alone" these days, but married couples are also eating alone. Indeed, the declining social capital of married couples - including the fact that couples have fewer shared friends - combined with the general erosion of community ties in American society has had pervasive, negative effects on marital quality. At the same time, family income has increased, decision-making equality between husbands and wives is greater, marital conflict and violence have declined, and the norm of lifelong marriage enjoys greater support than ever. The authors conclude that marriage is an adaptable institution, and in accommodating the vast changes that have occurred in society over the recent past, it has become a less cohesive, yet less confining arrangement.
Land Use and Water Resources under a Changing Climate

Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce because of the mounting demand for water associated with population growth and economic development. The availability of and need for water resources are strongly influenced by land use. Land use and land cover change can alter the regional hydrologic cycle by changing evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, soil moisture, and perhaps even precipitation, resulting in changes in water supply and demand. In addition to changes associated with land use, climate warming may significantly influence the global hydrological cycle, leading to a variety of regional hydrological changes. Higher atmospheric CO2 levels and changing climate will influence land cover in various ways. Conversely, many types of land cover change disrupt the global carbon cycle, contributing to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases. The drivers of climate and land cover change will be subject to complex feedbacks involving the hydrological cycle and water resources. Hence, it is important to consider the web of interacting factors affecting water resources in the context of climate and land use change. This article reviews the effects of land cover and land use change on water supply and demand, the predicted effects of global warming on water resources, the interaction between climate change and land cover change, and the combined effects of land use and climate change on water resources. Keywords: climate change; land cover and land use change; water demand; water resources; water supply
Newborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency (technical and political aspects).

Purpose of reviewNewborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) has been implemented in more than half of the states in the United States. Despite the success of these programs, numerous challenges remain for implementing newborn screening. The present review will focus on technical,
Coloring Bipartite Hypergraphs

It is NP-Hard to find a proper 2-coloring of a given 2-colorable (bipartite) hypergraph H. We consider algorithms that will color such a hypergraph using few colors in polynomial time. The results of the paper can be summarized as follows: Let n denote the number of vertices of H and m the number of edges, (i) For bipartite hypergraphs of dimension k there is a polynomial time algorithm which produces a proper coloring using min\(\{ O(n^{1 - 1/k} ),O((m/n)^{\tfrac{1}{{k - 1}}} )\}\)colors, (ii) For 3-uniform bipartite hypergraphs, the bound is reduced to O(n2/9). (iii) For a class of dense 3-uniform bipartite hypergraphs, we have a randomized algorithm which can color optimally. (iv) For a model of random bipartite hypergraphs with edge probability p≥ dn−2, d > O a sufficiently large constant, we can almost surely find a proper 2-coloring.
Association, among very-low-birthweight neonates, between red blood cell transfusions in the week after birth and severe intraventricular hemorrhage.

Background Previous reports describe a statistical association, among very-low-birthweight (VLBW, <1500 g) neonates, between red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in the first days after birth and development of severe intraventricular (brain) hemorrhage (IVH). Study Design and Methods We hypothesized that after we established a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) transfusion management program in 2009, a decrease in early (first week after birth) RBC transfusion rate and a decrease in the incidence of severe IVH occurred concomitantly. Results During a 9-year period 2716 VLBW neonates were admitted to our NICUs. In 2004, 58% of VLBW neonates received one or more RBC transfusions during the first week. After a transfusion compliance program was established in 2009, this rate declined, reaching 25% by 2012. In parallel, the severe IVH rate also declined, from 17% in 2004 to 8% in 2012 (R2 = 0.73). IVH occurred in 27% of those who received a RBC transfusion during the first week versus less than 2% of those with no early transfusion (p < 0.001). The decrease in IVH rate occurred exclusively among neonates born in an Intermountain Healthcare perinatal center and not among those initially cared for in an “outside” hospital and subsequently transported to an Intermountain NICU. Conclusions It remains unclear whether transfusing VLBW neonates during the first days after birth is a proximate cause of IVH. However, the present report is consistent with previous studies showing that successful efforts to reduce early RBC transfusions is associated with a decrease in the incidence of severe IVH.
Interaction of Myosin-Albumin and Myosin-Fibrinogen to Form Protein Gels

Myosin, fibrinogen, albumin, myosin-fibrinogen and myosin-albumin gels were formed by heating in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer at two heating rates. Gel strength was measured with an annular pump and soluble protein was determined. Myosin and fibrinogen interacted to form a gel which was stronger than the sum of the gel strengths for the two individual proteins. The strength of myosin-fibrinogen gels formed at 50°C was not affected by heating method; however, the strength of gels developed between 55°C and 70°C was related to heating method. Myosin and albumin did not interact to form a gel matrix until 80°C where sufficient thermal alteration of albumin had occurred.
Smad5 induces ventral fates in Xenopus embryo.

Abstract The Smad proteins have been implicated in the intracellular signaling of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands. Here we describe the function of Smad5 in early Xenopus development. Misexpression of Smad5 in the embryo causes ventralization and induces ventral mesoderm. Moreover, Smad5 induces epidermis in dissociated ectoderm cells which would otherwise form neural tissue. Both of these activities require Smad4 (DPC4) activity. We propose that Smad5 acts downstream of the BMP4 signaling pathway in Xenopus embryos and directs the formation of ventral mesoderm and epidermis.
Differential Mobility Analysis of Aerosols: A Tutorial

Differential mobility analysis enables particle size distribution measurements of submicron aerosols with resolution well beyond that attainable in other size regimes of aerosols or other particulate media. The pages that follow present a tutorial introduction to differential mobility analysis, describing the underlying physics, the differential mobility classifiers and associated detectors, data analysis, data presentation, and some of the challenges in using this powerful measurement method.
David and Bathsheba

P SYCHOLOGY and the carbon-14 test have this much in common: they can be effectively used as tools in biblical studies one to date archaeological artifacts, the other to unearth the human element that may lie hidden in a mass of detail or in the terseness of a biblical sentence. Nowhere can psychology be used more rewardingly than in the story of David and Bathsheba. David, a man of such antithetical qualities heroic and treacherous, humane and cruel, simple and cunning now is seen through the aid of modem psychiatric insight in yet another aspect: the tragic. Far from playing the role of the typical Oriental despot who must indulge his licentious whims, David emerges as a man engaged in a life and death struggle with his waning years. A tragic figure who is allowed no alternative, he violates the taboo of adultery in a desperate effort to preserve the core of his being.
Incomplete bilateral bundle branch block a simplified diagram for its recognition

Abstract A simple quantitative diagram for analysis of electrocardiographic tracings suspected of bilateral bundle branch block is presented. It is particularly useful in cases of unequal asynchronous block of the two bundle branches. Four cases in which the diagram was of great help are presented. It is believed that the more widespread use of this diagram will facilitate teaching of the subject of bilateral bundle branch block and unearth many new cases. It is suggested that the diagram be used in cases showing changing QRS complexes, changing P–R intervals and some degree of atrioventricular block or a combination of at least two of these features.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Antagonizes Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1-Induced Collagen Lattice Contration by Human Skin Fibroblasts

Wound contraction plays an important role in healing, but in extreme conditions, it may lead to excessive scar formation and pathological wound contracture. To date, the key regulator of excessive contracture is known to be transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1). In this study, we have evaluated epidermal growth factor (EGF) antagonism in fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) gel contraction, which has been generally used as an in vitro model thought to mimic wound contraction in vivo. As expected, TGF-beta1 treatment enhanced normal fibroblast-induced collagen gel contraction in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, EGF did not affect normal gel formation, but significantly antagonized TGF-beta1-induced gel formation (p<0.05 at 100 ng/ml), whereas the other growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), did not altered either normal or TGF-beta1-induced gel contractions. Similarly, EGF treatment, but not PDGF, also significantly suppressed TGF-beta1 release that was autologously elicited by TGF-beta1 treatment (p<0.01 at 100 ng/ml). Therefore, the results suggest that EGF may negatively regulate the role of TGF-beta1 through attenuating autologous release of TGF-beta1.
Growth and surface structure of vanadium oxide on anatase (0 0 1)

Abstract Oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (OPA-MBE) of vanadium oxide on (1 × 4)-reconstructed anatase (0 0 1) thin films was studied using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XPS and UPS results showed that the vanadium was predominantly in the 5+ oxidation state after deposition of a monolayer at 525 K. After 1 ML of vanadia was deposited, the anatase (1 × 4)/(4 × 1) LEED and RHEED patterns were replaced by (1 × 1) patterns indicating that the vanadia lifts the reconstruction and suggesting that the monolayer is pseudomorphic. At 525 K, the V 5+ oxidation state predominated in thicker films, however, no discernible LEED or RHEED patterns were seen after a few monolayers were deposited indicating that V 2 O 5 epitaxy cannot be continued beyond 1 ML. When the growth temperature was increased to 750 K, RHEED patterns indicated no change in the surface structure after more than 20 ML of vanadia were deposited. Under these conditions, XPS peak positions were consistent with VO 2 . After growth at 775 K a c(2 × 2) LEED pattern attributed to half a monolayer of adsorbed oxygen on the VO 2 surface was observed. The surface characterization data all pointed towards pseudomorphic growth of VO 2 with a half monolayer of capping oxygen allowing the monolayer to achieve the V 2 O 5 stoichiometry while maintaining the anatase structure. Bulk XRD data, however, were consistent with VO 2 (B), V 6 O 13 , and rutile VO 2 ; none of which expose surfaces with the periodicity observed with RHEED and LEED. The reasons for the differences between the surface and bulk characterization are discussed.
Breeding Common Bean for Resistance to Diseases: A Review

Diseases cause severe losses (20–100%) to yield and quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Our objectives were to describe major bean disease problems in the Americas and review progress achieved in breeding for resistance. We also describe strategies to integrate genetic improvement for resistance to multiple diseases with cultivar development. Common bacterial blight, halo blight, and bacterial brown spot are the major bacterial diseases. Angular leaf spot, anthracnose, root rots, rust, and white mold are severe fungal diseases. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), and Beet curly top virus (BCTV) are important viral diseases. Breeding for resistance to one or two diseases at a time is emphasized. Backcross, pedigree, and bulk-pedigree methods of breeding are used. The use of molecular markers has gradually increased. Substantial progress has been made in breeding and genetics of resistance to most of these diseases; however, improvement in resistance to bacterial brown spot, halo blight, root rots, and web blight has been slow and localized. Furthermore, cultivars with high levels of resistance to one or more quantitatively inherited diseases (e.g., common bacterial blight and white mold) are rare. Breeding strategies for simultaneous and integrated genetic improvement of multiple qualitatively and quantitatively inherited resistances and cultivar development are briefly described.