cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in oyster homogenate.

Human norovirus (HNV) is the most frequent causative agent of foodborne diseases in the US. Raw and undercooked oysters are commonly associated with outbreaks caused by HNV. Many guidelines recommend that shucked oysters be boiled for at least 3 min, but it is not clear this thermal treatment can inactivate HNV. The objective of this research was to evaluate whether this recommendation was sufficient to inactivate two HNV surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV-1) and Tulane virus (TV) in oyster homogenate as well as to determine their thermal inactivation kinetics. Inoculated oyster homogenate was heated in boiling water and circulating water bath at 49 to 67 °C for different time durations. After 3 min of boiling, both MNV-1 and TV titers decreased to below the detection limits. First-order model and Weibull model were used to describe thermal inactivation kinetics. TD = 1 values from Weibull mode are used as an analog to D values in first-order model. The D values of MNV-1 and TD = 1 values ranged from 28.17 to 0.88 min and 26.64 to 0.78 min at 49 to 67 °C, respectively. The D values of TV and TD = 1 values ranged from 18.18 to 1.56 min and 19.35 to 1.56 min at 49 to 63 °C, respectively. The kinetics demonstrated that at temperatures > 58 °C, TV was much more heat sensitive than MNV-1. As the temperature increased over 58 °C, the inactivation of both viruses occurred at a faster rate. Boiling treatment for 3 min as recommended by FDA for cooking shucked oysters, inactivated MNV-1 and TV in oyster homogenate below detection limit. One minute heating of TV at 63 °C or MNV-1 at 67 °C in contaminated oyster homogenate reduced the viral titers below the detection limits. Our research identified effective combinations of time and temperature to inactivate two HNV surrogate viruses, and thus provides insights on thermal processing to reduce the risk of foodborne viral illness outbreaks associated with consumption of oysters.
A bilevel exposure-oriented sensor location problem for border security

Abstract We propose a bilevel math programming model for locating a heterogeneous set of sensors to maximize the minimum exposure of an intruder’s penetration path through a defended region. Our formulation also allows a defender to specify minimum probabilities of coverage for a subset of the located sensors (e.g., the most valuable sensors) and for high-value asset locations in the defended region. We reformulate the bilevel program to a single-level optimization problem for which instances can be readily solved using a commercial solver. Given the locations of a defender’s sensors, we additionally formulate three alternative path identification models corresponding to conceptually-motivated intrusion-path metrics. We examine a test instance for the air defense of a border region against intrusion by an enemy aircraft; upon identifying the optimal, respective defender asset location and intruder routing solutions, we examine the intruder-optimal solutions corresponding to each of three alternative metric-specific paths, illustrating the relative impact of an intruder choosing an inappropriate metric. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to examine the effect of several model parameters on solution quality and required computational effort.
Well-to-Wheel Analyses for Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Vehicles Using Various Thermal Power Generation Technologies in China

Since majority of electricity in China is generated from coal and natural gas, the study carried out WTW analyses for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using China’s various thermal power generation technologies and compare their total energy use and GHG emissions against gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), as well as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The WTW analyses of BEVs, HEVs and ICEVs were conducted using the GREET (Greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in Transportation) model developed by Argonne National Lab combined with a localized database of Chinese domestic data. A 2011 mid-size gasoline car is used as a baseline. Two types of BEV assumed in this study: Common BEVs and High-efficient BEVs. Common BEV pathways will save up to 99 % petrol consumption. However, comparing to that of HEV pathway, WTW energy consumption of all Common BEV pathways will be increased, with a maximum of 71 %. WTW energy consumption of High-efficient BEVs will be 2–29 % less than the WTW energy in the HEV pathway. GHG emissions of Common BEVs depend on differences in power generation technologies. Without CCS, the WTW GHG emissions of Common BEVs using coal-fired electricity are 11–77 % higher than the WTW GHG emissions of the baseline. When USC and IGCC generation technologies are equipped with CCS, the WTW GHG emissions of High-efficient BEVs are 79–83 % less than that of the baseline, and 69–75 % less than the hybrid pathway. This is the first time that a WTW analysis in China at this magnitude was completed with a fully localized fuel-cycle database. Outcomes of the study provide more relevance and accuracy for both the government and industry to develop strategies and policies in China. The model and database developed in this study can be used for analysis both at national and regional levels. This study did not include the energy use and GHG emissions in vehicle manufacturing stage. Although it is a small portion in the analysis, it could provide understanding of the difference in vehicle manufacturing process between EVs and traditional gasoline vehicles. This paper shows that the Common BEVs currently demonstrated are not a silver bullet for attacking energy consumption challenges and GHG emissions. In China context, full HEVs seem more attractive than Common BEVs to deal with energy security and GHG reduction challenge today. In order to achieve GHG reduction targets through vehicle electrification, China must promote CCS technology to help USC and IGCC power plants deliver low-carbon transportation energy on supply side. At the same time, High-efficient BEVs have to be set as the highest priority of automotive technology development.
Longitudinal Dispersion in Rivers

To explain the frequent deviation of longitudinal dispersion observations in rivers from the Fickian dispersion theory, a two-parameter model is developed. This model is based on reevaluation of the mixing length concept and the assumption that the characteristic irregularity of rivers retards the onset of the Fickian process. The model suggests that there are three distinct dispersion ranges. Within a characteristic stream length from the source, the temporal spread of the dispersing cloud increases linearly with distance; concentration-time curves at different locations along the stream are similar and can be predicted if a dimensionless coefficient is known. The Fickian process occurs at distances exceeding about three times the characteristic stream length. Transitional behavior occurs in the intermediate range. Published field data are analyzed to test the model and evaluate the dispersion parameters. The river length marking onset of Fickian dispersion is found to be up to 30 times that of a corresponding prismatic channel; it is estimated that Fickian dispersion is not likely to occur within lengths of practical interest in any but small streams.
Peptic Ulcer Disease

As technical details and acid secretory consequences of the various operative procedures for peptic ulcer disease became better understood in the 1950s and 1960s, greater emphasis was placed on determining the incidence of dumping and other long-term sequelae of peptic ulcer surgery. The frequency of various syndromes occurring after gastrectomy and/or vagotomy ranged from practically none to uniform occurrence. These figures were used to support employment of one operation over others, but agreement was far from uniform. However, it remained for the Leeds/ York prospective study, published in 1968, to put the problem in proper perspective.1 As the incidence of sequelae related to removal or destruction or bypass of the pylorus and vagotomy became better appreciated, interest in the 1970s gravitated toward proximal gastric (or highly selective) vagotomy. This acid-reducing operation could safely permit leaving the pylorus intact.
Stress distribution of a rotating limaçon

Formulae are derived for the calculation of the stress components of a rotating plate of isotropic material in the form of a limacon rotating about an axis through its centroid perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
Charged-particle transport in the condensed phase.

Traditionally, studies of the biological effects of ionizing radiation have rested on the triumvirate: (gas-phase) radiation physics, biophysical modeling, and radiation biology. Two technical developments, the advent of supercomputing as a routine tool in quantum solid-state material science and molecular dynamics on the one hand, and molecular biology on the other hand, have created—perhaps for the first time—the possibility of directly linking a more realistic description of the radiation field to observable events at biomolecular level. It also becomes increasingly clear that the identification of specific molecular targets imposes a challenge to the radiation physics community to be equally specific in treating the energy-deposition stage of radiation action. In this paper: a) I review—and exemplify with results from our own work—the current status in Monte Carlo simulation of gas-phase material (particle transport and stochastic chemistry); b) examine the link between these essentially geometric representations of the track and the concept of “spatial distribution of energy deposition,” a staple in radiation modeling; c) advocate an effort towards developing conceptually and calculationally, the field of solid-state microdosimetry; and d) describe methods based on semi-empirical Hamiltonians or quasi-particle techniques for obtaining the frequency-dependent and wave-vector-dependent dielectric response function for biomolecular crystalline systems, which are the main ingredients for describing charged-particle transport.
Inner functions with a level-set of infinite length

In 1974, A. Weitsman asked whether a bounded holomorphic function can have a level set of infinite length, and in 1978, he and I showed that if {Rj} is a countable set in the interval (0,i), then there exists an outer function f such that ~E(Rj,f) : ~ for each index j (see [6]). In a more recent paper [i], C. Belna and I proved that there exists a Blaschke product B such that ~E(I/e,B) : ~. About the same time, Peter W. Jones gave an alternate proof (private communication). Later, Jones constructed a bounded holomorphic function f such that each nonempty R-level-set of f has infinite length [4]. The present paper gives an analogue for singular inner functions to the result on Blaschke products, and it states some open problems.
Magic Bullets II, Genetic Engineering and Technological Pragmatism

This chapter builds on the analysis of the magic bullet strategy discussed in the previous chapter. The overuse and misuse of magic bullets have loaded the environment with antibiotics and pesticides that threaten human health and biodiversity. Nonetheless, the magic bullet myth continues to define the goals of powerful public and private institutions in medicine and agriculture. The framework for critically examining the magic bullet strategy developed in the previous chapter to examine the two most economically important genetically engineered traits to date: insect resistance and herbicide resistance. This examination will provide insights into evaluating GE crops, as well as more philosophical insights into the magic bullet myth that could contribute to better understanding the place of biotechnology in a narrative of sustainability.
Dabigatran Versus Rivaroxaban for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Rehabilitated in Skilled Nursing Facilities

Thromboembolic and bleeding risk are elevated in older patients with atrial fibrillation and prior stroke. We compared dabigatran with rivaroxaban for secondary prevention in a national population after skilled nursing facility (SNF) discharge. Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years with atrial fibrillation hospitalized for ischemic stroke (November 2011–October 2013) and subsequently admitted to an SNF were studied. Dabigatran (n = 332) and rivaroxaban users (n = 378) were compared in a retrospective, active comparator, new-user cohort. The index medication claim occurred within 120 days after hospital discharge and exposure continued until a 14-day treatment gap (‘as treated’). The primary net clinical benefit outcome was the time to recurrent stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracranial hemorrhage, extracranial bleed, myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, or death. All-cause mortality was evaluated separately as a secondary outcome. Multivariable adjusted Cox models stratified by dosage estimated hazard ratios (aHR). Among those receiving low dosages, the crude composite event rate was 40.4/100 person-years among dabigatran users and 33.7/100 person-years among rivaroxaban users. The composite outcome [aHR 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–2.51] and all-cause mortality (aHR 1.67; 95% CI 0.84–3.31) rates were higher among low-dose dabigatran users. For those receiving standard doses, the crude composite event rates were 19.5/100 person-years for dabigatran users and 37.1/100 person-years for rivaroxaban users. Although no difference in mortality was observed, the composite outcome rate was lower among standard-dose dabigatran users (aHR 0.65; 95% CI 0.36–1.15). In older adults treated with direct-acting oral anticoagulants after ischemic stroke, outcome rates varied considerably by drug and dosage.
Effects of Privacy Notification Style and Frequency on Phone Usage

Many proposed mechanisms for helping people understand the security or privacy of their information involve notifying users at various times regarding how that information is used or shared. Howeve...
P021 Use of non-FDA cleared assays for detection of STIs in children being evaluated for suspected sexual abuse

Background Although NAAT testing is the gold-standard for C. trachomatis (Ct) and GC in adults, limited data exists for children. Although there are now 7 FDA cleared Ct/GC NAATs in the US, assays that are not FDA cleared have been proliferating. Methods We present 3 instances where non approved assays were used in children being evaluated for suspected sexual abuse. Results The tests were Vaginitis Plus NuSwab® (LabCorp, North Carolina) which tests for BV, Candida species, Ct, GC, and T. vaginalis (Tv), Diatherix Laboratories NAAT for GC, Ct and Tv (Huntsville, Alabama) and ‘Leukorrhea Panel’ (MDLabs, NJ),R-T PCR for Tv, GC and Ct. These tests are not FDA-cleared. There are no studies on the performance of these assays in men or women in the peer-reviewed literature including sensitivity, specificity (including cross reactivity with other bacteria) and predictive values for any anatomic site. MDLabs also claimed that their assay did ‘reflex’ antibiotic suseptibility testing for GC and Ct. A 11 yo girl with a positive NuSwab for Ct subsequently tested negative by TMA. A 2 yo boy tested positive for GC by Diatherix in a rectal specimen, which was discarded after 7 days. The Diatherix manual specifically stated that the test should not be used for rectal specimens. Two siblings tested positive in throat for GC by the ‘Leukorrhea Panel’ after disclosure of oral penile contact, but father was negative for GC. Specimens were not retained for confirmatory testing. Conclusion Because of low STI disease prevalence in children ( Disclosure No significant relationships.
A novel technique for repair of large spinal dysraphisms using the sac membrane.

Abstract The repair of spinal dysraphisms using the sac membrane with a midline inverted T-incision has been previously described. Here we present 3 cases of large spinal dysraphisms that were repaired using a modification of this technique whereby an off-midline curvilinear sac incision was used for the repair.
Pseudopotential for plane-wave density functional theory studies of metallic uranium

Abstract We present a pseudopotential for electronic structure calculations of uranium that has been checked against the properties of four crystal structures: α-uranium (base-centered orthorhombic), γ-uranium (body-centered cubic), bct (body-centered tetragonal, an approximation to β-uranium), and fcc (face-centered cubic). The calculations are performed using density functional theory and the projector augmented wave technique using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange–correlation functional. The equilibrium lattice parameters, elastic moduli, and electronic density of states are calculated and compared with experiments and with previously-published pseudopotentials. The lattice parameters and elastic moduli as predicted by this pseudopotential are generally either comparable to or show better agreement with experiments than existing pseudopotentials.
Beyond Reality: Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality in the Library

This slim volume is dense with examples of how augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality are being used in libraries, and the differences between them. To save space, all three...
COVID-19 demonstrates the value of open access: What happens next?

In the wake of COVID-19, many publishers have tacitly agreed that open access is beneficial to scientific advancement and necessary to move science forward to combat disease. Publishers have committed to open access publication of scientific articles relating to the disease. Some are facilitating rapid and open peer review and fast-tracking the publishing of related research. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Hiltzig refers to this convincing demonstration of the value of open access to scientific research as one of the most important positive disruptions caused by COVID-19.
Prediction of ACL Injuries from Vertical Jump Kinetics in Division 1 Collegiate Athletes.

# Background The incidence of ACL injuries continues to rise secondary to an increase in sport participation. Evidence supports the use of force plate testing to quantify kinetics during rehabilitation after injury and recovery; however, there is limited current research regarding if jump kinetics can identify athletes who are at higher risk for injury. Altered kinetics could potentially lead to abnormal force dissipation and resultant injury. # Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to identify whether the force-time variables from vertical jumps could predict ACL injuries in collegiate athletes. # Study Design Retrospective cohort. # Methods Vertical jump testing is performed by all healthy varsity collegiate athletes at several intervals throughout the athletic year at a Division I institution using a commercially available force plate system with dedicated software. Athletes who sustained an ACL injury between 1/1/15 and 6/1/19 were identified (n=16) and compared to healthy athletes who participated in the same sports (n = 262). ACL injuries were considered for this study if they occurred no more than 10 weeks after a jump test. The outcome variables were load, explode, and drive, operationally defined as the average eccentric rate of force development, average relative concentric force, and concentric relative impulse, respectively, which the system normalized to T scores. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess group differences for load, explode, drive, and the ratio between the variables. Logistic regression was used to determine if the battery of variables could predict whether or not an athlete would sustain an ACL injury. The p-value was set to 0.10 for the Mann-Whitney U tests, and 0.05 for the logistic regression. # Results Significant differences between the ACL and healthy groups were seen for explode (*p*=0.08), drive (*p*=0.06), load:explode ratio (*p*=0.06), and explode:drive ratio (*p*=0.03). Explode and drive, when entered into the regression equation, showed the ability to predict injury, $\chi^{2}$= 6.8, df = 2, *p*=0.03. # Conclusions The vertical jump force plate variables were able to identify athletes who sustained an ACL injury within 66 days of testing. Athletes who sustained an ACL injury demonstrated altered kinetics and less ability to transmit forces during the vertical jump. # Level of Evidence 3\.
Abstract PR005: The dynamic tumor microenvironment: Oncostreams are self-organizing structures that modulate glioma progression and treatment

Intratumoral heterogeneity is a hallmark of high grade gliomas. However, whether heterogeneity is static or dynamic remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that gliomas’ core and border regions display areas of self-organized collective motion, which we have termed oncostreams. Histologically oncostreams appear as multicellular fascicles of elongated and aligned glioma cells with mesenchymal-like morphology, and their density correlates positively with tumor malignant behavior. Using time lapse confocal imaging of organotypic brain slices of experimental glioma we discovered oncostream dynamics, namely, as two self-organizing patterns of collective motion: streams (bidirectional motion) and flocks (unidirectional motion). Oncostreams were also present in human glioblastoma multiforme, and could also be detected using objective artificial indigent approaches. They were present in 47% of TCGA-GBM grade IV tumor tissues, in 8.6 % of TCGA-LGG grade III, and were absent in TCGA-LGG grade II. Oncostreams are heterogeneous, contain GFAP+ cells, Iba1+ microglia/macrophages cells, and ACTA2+ mesenchymal cells aligned along Sox2+ tumor cells. We propose that oncostreams function as highways possibly stimulating the spread of slower-moving glioma cells and/or non-tumor cells throughout the tumor mass, reinforcing a potential role of oncostreams in determining spatial heterogeneity and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. To analyze the molecular landscape of oncostreams we used laser capture microdissection coupled to RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis: we detected the existence of genetic networks specific to oncostreams. Oncostreams were aligned along highly expressed extracellular matrix proteins, among them Col1a1 was the most differentially expressed. Genetic inhibition of Col1a1 dissembled oncostreams, decreased glioma heterogeneity and improved animal survival. We propose that oncostreams dynamics will be a promising avenue to understand glioma behavior, and treat these malignant tumors. Citation Format: Andrea Comba, Sebastien Motsch, Patrick Dunn, Todd Hollon, Daniel Zamler, Anna Argento, Alon Kahana, Phillip Kish, Maria Castro, Pedro Lowenstein. The dynamic tumor microenvironment: Oncostreams are self-organizing structures that modulate glioma progression and treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities; in association with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Working Group; 2021 Jan 11-12. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR005.
Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems to Generate Shipboard Electrical Power

The reduction of shipboard airborne emissions has been receiving increased attention due to the desire to improve air quality and reduce the generation of greenhouse gases. The use of a fuel cell could represent an environmentally friendly way for a ship to generate in-port electrical power that would eliminate the need to operate diesel-driven generators or use shore power. This paper includes a brief description of the various types of fuel cells in use today, together with a review of the history of fuel cells in marine applications. In addition, the results of a feasibility study conducted to evaluate the use of a fuel-cell hybrid system to produce shipboard electrical power are presented.
Decomposition of supercritical ammonia and modeling of supercritical ammonia-nitrogen-hydrogen solutions with applicability toward ammonothermal conditions

Abstract Ammonothermal growth of nitrides occurs at temperatures in excess of 800 K and pressures greater than 150 MPa. For this region, no experimentally verified equation of state (EOS) exists for ammonia, nor is there any accurate description available for the equilibrium constant of the ammonia decomposition reaction for pressures in excess of 100 MPa. To fill this void, experimental P -v- T data was collected for pure ammonia at T > 700 K and compared to extrapolated data from the reference EOS for ammonia. For the extrapolated region, the reference EOS provided excellent agreement to within error of the collected experimental data. A simplified EOS based on the Beattie–Bridgeman (BB) EOS was derived and fit to calculated and, for ammonia, extrapolated reference EOS data for ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen ( T P 3 –N 2 –H 2 mixtures. With these expressions, an accurate description for the equilibrium constant for the ammonia decomposition reaction as a function of pressure and temperature was derived and verified against experimental data determined for total system pressures of 92, 151 and 210 MPa at T ∼810 K. Coupling of the EOSs with the equilibrium constant permitted accurate modeling of a sealed autoclave filled with pure ammonia, after incorporating corrections for the expansion of the internal free volume due to thermal expansion and elastic strain response of the autoclave walls due to internal pressure buildup. Calculated total system pressure and equilibrium ammonia density at various temperatures and initial ammonia fill densities are in very good to excellent agreement with experimental data. This paper thus provides a simple EOS for ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and NH 3 –N 2 –H 2 mixtures accurate to within approximately 1–2% in pressure for temperatures greater than 700 K. The equilibrium constant for the ammonia decomposition reaction includes non-ideal mixing contributions from the second virial coefficient with a resulting accuracy in the equilibrium mole fraction of ammonia of approximately 2% for T
Sensing grain and seed moisture and density from dielectric properties

Abstract: The importance of moisture measurement in grain and seed is discussed, and a brief history of the development of moisture sensing instruments, based on sensing of dielectric properties of these materials, is presented. Data are presented graphically on the permittivities or dielectric properties of grain and seed showing their variation with frequency, moisture content, temperature, and bulk density, and references are cited for further information. More recent developments on microwave measurements for moisture content and bulk density sensing are briefly described, and numerous studies are cited providing sources of information on these newer techniques. Keywords: s ensing, dielectric properties, moisture content, density , permittivity, cereal grain, oilseed DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.20 11 .0 1 .0 75 -0 81 Citation: Stuart O. Nelson, D. Sc. Samir Trabelsi . S ensing g rain and s eed m oisture and d ensity from d ielectric p roperties . Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 20 11 ; 4 ( 1 ): 75 <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 130%; font-family:
Global Migration and European Integration

Is it not ironic? Over the same period, the Cold War ends with the implosion of the communist bloc, the Berlin Wall falls, and the European Single Market and the European Economic Area come into being. The western world rejoices at the birth of new democracies and "Euro-optimism" reaches a climax with the European Council of Maastricht. However, this period is also marked by the resurgence of nationalism accompanied by the most gruesome civil wars and ethnic cleansing operations in Europe since World War II. The free movement of people and the opening of borders within the European Union raise fears in the Member States of renewed waves of legal and illegal immigrants and of refugees seeking political asylum. Political uncertainties in our present world economy appear more serious than under communism. Without a doubt there is a global migration crisis. First, since 1960 over 35 million people from the developing countries have taken up residence in the industrialized economies (including about 6 million illegally) and approximately 1.5 million more join them each year. Second, as a result of poverty, drought, and ethnic and civil wars, there are migratory movements within the developing countries as well as redeployment of populations in central and eastern Europe (for instance, following the reunification of Germany and the return of former Soviet Union soldiers to Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine). Third, 12 to 15 million people are internally displaced in developing countries and about 14 to 16 million more can fairly be termed political refugees, five percent of whom find their way to the rich countries.1
TRANS‐VICTORIANS: Poetics, Translation, English

This essay discusses recent movements in poetics that highlight the circulation and mediation of poems and poetic discourse across the Atlantic, the translation and adaptation of poetry from other languages, and the influence of comparative linguistics on concepts of English poetry. Nineteenth-century poets in England and America invented genres, histories, and traditions that became cemented by 20th century reading practices. If 19th-century poetry is a space of possibility and questioning, we might rethink the upheavals of Anglo-American modernism as well as rethink our narrow critical focus on the Anglophone world.
SKYLAB observations of the solar O I resonance triplet

Profile variations from center to limb, as well as at different heights above the quiet solar limb, are illustrated by profile observations of the solar O I resonant triplet at 1302, 1304, and 1306 A that were obtained with the Skylab S082-B spectrograph. Since these lines share a common upper energy level, source function equality should exist for them when the lower states are populated according to their statistical weights. Profile congruency and profile inversion calculations comparisons show, however, that this is not the case, suggesting either errors in the fine structure collision rates, or the H I Ly-beta flux preferentially depopulating the 1302 A lower level, or two-dimensional transfer effects.
Disperse: Enabling Web-Based Visualization in Multi-screen and Multi-user Environments

For visualization developers, the design and construction of effective applications can often feel like a war against screen space. Every now and then, developers are tasked with building a visualization that will live exclusively on a large, high-resolution display. More often than not, however, visualizations must be built to survive across the varying screen sizes of laptops, tablets, and phones. This may explain why many developers have flocked to the web, where stylesheets can easily be swapped and modified to tailor an application’s look and feel to the current screen size. But that screen is defiantly singular. If developers want to tap into a more elaborate hardware ecosystem, they must take on the additional workload of server-side or device-specific coding. To this end, we introduce Disperse, a server-based framework that allows developers to encode multi-screen capabilities into web-based visualizations using a simple set of client-side mark-ups. The framework is intended primarily for authoring new visualizations, but can also be used to add multi-screen capabilities to existing visualizations. Disperse not only imposes minimal time and complexity overhead on the development and deployment of these visualizations, as we show through five case studies, but also allows multi-screen visualizations to be realized across any set of web-enabled devices.
Lower Extremity Proximal Muscle Function and Dyspnea in Older Persons.

Objectives To evaluate the association between performance on a single chair stand and moderate to severe exertional dyspnea. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Cardiovascular Health Study. Participants Community-dwelling individuals aged 65 and older (N = 4,413; mean age 72.6; female, n = 2,518 (57.1%); nonwhite, n = 199 (4.5%); obese, n = 788 (17.9%); history of smoking, n = 2,410 (54.6%)). Measurements Performance on single chair stand (poor (unable to rise without arm use) vs normal (able to rise without arm use)), moderate to severe exertional dyspnea (American Thoracic Society grade ≥2), age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, smoking, frailty status (Fried-defined nonfrail, prefrail, frail), high cardiopulmonary risk (composite of cardiopulmonary diseases and diabetes mellitus), spirometric impairment, arthritis, depression, stroke, and kidney disease. Results Poor performance on the single chair stand was established in 369 (8.4%) and moderate to severe exertional dyspnea in 773 (17.5%). Prefrail status was established in 2,210 (50.1%), frail status in 360 (8.2%), arthritis in 2,241 (51.4%), high cardiopulmonary risk in 2,469 (55.9%), spirometric impairment in 1,076 (24.4%), kidney disease in 111 (2.5%), depression in 107 (2.4%), and stroke in 93 (2.1%). In multivariable regression models, poor performance on the single chair stand was associated with moderate to severe exertional dyspnea (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.78–4.36; adjusted OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.41–2.41). Conclusion Poor performance on a single chair stand was associated with an adjusted 85% greater likelihood of moderate to severe exertional dyspnea than normal performance. These results suggest that reduced proximal muscle function of the lower extremities is associated with moderate to severe exertional dyspnea, even after adjusting for multiple confounders.
Linking postdoctoral general dentistry programs with community-based clinical care settings.

This article presents the results of a small workgroup convened by the American Association of Dental Schools to examine experiences related to establishing and conducting dental education programs that have significant affiliations with community-based clinical care settings. The workgroup meeting is a component of the association9s effort to identify and promote innovative and non-traditional methods by which the number of postdoctoral general dentistry (PGD) positions can be increased to meet current demand for PGD education. The participants identified factors and conditions believed to be critical to successful program linkages. The information should be helpful to others as they consider opportunities to establish PGD programs or increase their number of PGD training positions.
Preparation of microporous PVDF based polymer electrolytes

Abstract Microporous PVDF-HFP (Kynar 2801) and PVDF-HFP/PS (where PS is polystyrene) films were prepared without solvent extraction using a solvent/nonsolvent method and the volatile plasticizers propyl carbonate (PC) or diethylcarbonate (DEC). Films with and without silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) were prepared. The conductivity of the films increased with increasing pore volume, measured by a nonsolvent uptake method. The films had improved conductivity compared with films made using the Bellcore process. Conductivities of 4 mS cm −1 were obtained using the liquid electrolyte LiPF 6 (1 M) in EC/DMC/DEC (4:5:1 by weight).
Comorbid diagnoses in patients meeting criteria for the schizophrenia prodrome

While schizophrenia is often associated with a variety of concurrent psychiatric symptoms, little attention has been paid to the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in prodromal patients. The current study examines the presence of comorbid current and lifetime psychiatric conditions in prospectively identified prodromal patients. The results suggest that like their schizophrenic counterparts, prodromal patients experience a wide array of comorbid psychiatric syndromes, with the most common being Major Depressive Disorder and Cannabis Dependence. Results also suggest that Cannabis Dependence may be more common among prodromal versus help-seeking control patients. These findings lay the groundwork for further examination of the role that comorbid conditions play in the development, course, and severity of schizophrenia.
Ordered membrane particles in rhabdomeric microvilli of the housefly (Musca domestica L.).

Rhabdomeric microvilli of the housefly were freeze-fractured (FF) and thin sectioned (TS) for ultrastructural examination. Ordered files of closely packed membrane particles (82 A wide, 250 A long) were seen (FF) on the microvillar membrane (usually E face). The long axis of each particle was canted about 45° to that of the microvillus. Occasionally particles in this array appeared on the P face. It is hypothesized that ordered particles may represent either a photopigment precursor stock, a second photolabile pigment, or the newly discovered sensitizing, UV-absorbing, photostable visual pigment. In the underlying membrane leaflet (P face) were found spherical (85 A diameter) unoriented particles in a concentration of about 6,000/μm2 . The size, shape and density of these structures are compatible with those of rhodopsin particles. These particles also covered the basal area of each microvillus. The findings from TS material were difficult to correlate with those from FF replicas. At high magnification the former showed that the plasma membrane of the transected microvillus is composed of spherical, hollow subunits (averaging 43 A diameter), sometimes fused to form double, 86 A units. These substructures were closely packed and continuous around the microvillus. This beaded plasma membrane, in rare cases, was doubled around the microvillus. In other instances the plasma membranes were continuous between neighboring microvilli. The physiological implications of these ultrastructural features are discussed.
The U.S. National Disaster Medical System

We believe the National Disaster Medical System is of benefit to each participant, to his community, and to the nation. The National Disaster Medical System will enhance local, State, and national ability to respond to emergencies. The system is now under development with the support of the health care professions and institutions of the country.
Simultaneous visualization of vascular permeability change and leukocyte egress in the central nervous system during autoimmune encephalomyelitis

An unresolved issue in the study of demyelinating disease is whether blood-brain barrier damage is dependent upon the migration of inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS). In a study of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rabbits, a freeze-dried, paraffin-embedded tissue technique was exploited to enable (1) the immobilization of intravenously injected sodium fluorescein tracer, as an index of vascular permeability; and (2) an effective labeling by monoclonal antibodies of both T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in “unfixed” neural tissue. Using these newly combined methods, evidence was found that increased vascular permeability in the CNS during EAE occurs concomitantly with, and not prior to, infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes.
Distributed multisensor integration in a cooperative multirobot system

A trend is emerging, as detailed by McKee, towards the use of networks of smaller distributed robots for complicated tasks. A number of areas need to be addressed before such systems can be put into practical environments. Among these are the transfer and sharing of information between robots, control strategies for sensing and movement, interfaces for teleoperator assistance to the multirobot systems, and degree of autonomy. This paper presents a cooperative multirobot system framework that has a flexible degree of autonomy, depending on the complexity of the task that is to be performed. The system uses a wavelet-based method to address the pose and orientation calculations for robot positioning. Our previous work in this area demonstrated that reasonable sensor integration can be done within the wavelet domain at the coarse level. Augmented finite state machines are used under a subsumption architecture for control and integration of local and global maps for the multirobot system. This allows us to explicitly include the teleoperator interface in the system design. We also present the results of an experimental simulation study of a spinning satellite retrieval by three cooperating robots. This simulation includes full orbital dynamics effects such as atmospheric drag and non-spherical gravitation field perturbations.
Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Modulation of Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Normal and Tumor-Bearing Human Pituitaries in Monolayer Culture

Adrenergic and dopaminergic agonists administered in vivo stimulate GH secretion and inhibit PRL release. To investigate the direct effect of these agents on GH and PRL secretion from normal and tumor-bearing human pituitaries, they were added to monolayer cultures of surgically obtained pituitary tissue from patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, prolactinoma, and acromegaly. In the normal pituitary cultures, dopamine (10-5 M) significantly inhibited the mean GH secretory rate by 30%, dopamine (10-6 M) by 25%, apomorphine (10-5 M) by 56%, bromocriptine (10-5 M) by 74%, and norepinephrine (10-5 M) by 49%. PRL secretion in the normal pituitary cultures was also significantly inhibited by 10-5 M concentrations of dopamine, apomorphine, bromocriptine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These effects of dopamine and apomorphine on PRL secretion were inhibited by dopaminergic blockade with haloperidol and pimozide. In the acromegalic pituitary tumor cultures, the GH responses to dopamine were variable. In tw...
Mechanical Dewatering and Thermal Drying of Sludge in a Single Apparatus

This article describes the Centridry® technology (marketed in the UK by Euroby Ltd.) used at the Monsanto wastewater treatment plant in Antwerp, Belgium, for handling excess wastewater-activated sl...
The Radiation Shielding and Beam Dumps for the NAL 100-GeV Proton Storage Rings

The beam losses expected in the NAL 100-GeV storage rings are reviewed from the point of view of radiation damage to components and required biological shielding. It is shown that the required shielding is essentially the same as adopted for the NAL main accelerator: about 0.9 kG/cm2.
State Foodborne Illness Surveillance and Response Laws: Compilation and Analysis

This project aimed to document and assess the variation in state legislation relating to foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response for all 50 states and the District of Columbia by creating a database and appendix of laws and regulations that will be made available to researchers and policymakers. Through compilation of the state laws and regulations and analysis of previous multistate outbreaks, we are able to present trends, variations, and gaps in the legislation that directly impacts the ability of public health officials to conduct foodborne outbreak investigations.
Overlapping Cis Sites Used for Splicing of HIV-1env/nefand revmRNAs *

Alternative splicing is used to generate more than 30 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) spliced and unspliced mRNAs from a single primary transcript. The abundance of HIV-1 mRNAs is determined by the efficiencies with which its different 5′ and 3′ splice sites are used. Three splice sites (A4c, A4a, and A4b) are upstream of the rev initiator AUG. RNAs spliced at A4c, A4a, and A4b are used as mRNAs for Rev. Another 3′ splice site (A5) is immediately downstream of the revinitiator. RNAs spliced at A5 are used as mRNAs for Env and Nef. In this report, primer extension analysis of splicing intermediates was used to show that there are eight branch points in this region, all of which map to adenosine residues. In addition, cis elements recognized by the cellular splicing machinery overlap; the two most 3′ branch points overlap with the AG dinucleotides at rev 3′ splice sites A4a and A4b. Competition of the overlapping cis sites for different splicing factors may play a role in maintaining the appropriate balance of mRNAs in HIV-1-infected cells. In support of this possibility, mutations at rev 3′ splice site A4b AG dinucleotide dramatically increased splicing of the env/nef3′ splice site A5. This correlated with increased usage of the four most 3′ branch points, which include those within the rev3′ splice site AG dinucleotides. Consistent with these results, analysis of a mutant in which three of the four env/nefbranch points were inactivated indicated that use of splice site A5 was inhibited and splicing was shifted predominantly to the most 5′rev 3′ splice site A4c with preferential use of the two most 5′ branch points. Our results suggest that spliceosomes formed atrev A4a-4b, rev A4c, and env/nef A5 3′ splice sites each recognize different subsets of the eight branch point sequences.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in peripubertal patients with chronic renal failure

The pubertal growth spurt has been associated with changes of physiologic pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion, and abnormalities of the central regulation of GH release have been found by pharmacologic testing in patients with chronic renal failure. To assess the characteristics of GH pulsatility in chronic renal failure and their relationship to pubertal growth, we studied spontaneous nighttime GH plasma profiles in 80 patients (61 boys) aged 10 to 20 years recelving conservative treatment (n=29) or dialysis (n=18) or after renal transplantation (n=33). Tanner genital stages 1 to 4 in boys and breast stages 1 to 3 in girls were represented. Growth hormone pulse analysis was performed by the PULSAR algorithm. Growth hormone concentration profiles were pulsatile in each patients. Growth hormone mean and baseline levels and pulse amplitudes were higher in patients receiving conservative or dialysis treatment than in patients who had undergone renal transplantation. Peak frequency was similar i in all treatment groups in boys but higher in giris who had undergone transplantation than in girls receiving conservative or dialysis treatment. Growth hormone peak amplitude and mean levels were lowest in patients in late puberty. The physiologic elevation of GH amplitudes around midpuberty was observed in boys receiving conservative and dialysis treatment but not after transplantation. Growth hormone mean and baseline levels were positively correlated with plasma androgen levels in boys. Growth hormone peak amplitude was correlated with 6-month height velocity after transplantation but not in patients receiving conservative treatment or dialysis. A strong inverse relationship was observed between GH peak amplitude and corticosteroid dosage in patients undergoing transplantation. The lack of relationship between circulating GH levels and growth in patients receiving conservative or dialysis treatment is compatible with end-organ hyporesponsiveness to GH. Pubertal growth failure despite successful transplantation appears to be related to steroid-induced GH hyposecretion.
On characteristic value problems in high order differential equations which arise in studies on hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability

(1954). On Characteristic Value Problems in High Order Differential Equations Which Arise in Studies on Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 61, No. 7P2, pp. 32-45.
Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in the dog

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that a volume index derived from the ellipsoid model, and applied in open chest dogs by use of direct and continuously measured external dimensions, is compatible with left ventricular volume changes and can be calibrated in absolute terms in the dead heart of the same subject. The over-all accuracy of the method is better than ±2 ml. It is useful to study volume-dependent variables which characterize myocardial performance in the living animal. It can also be used as a standard in animals against which to compare left ventricular volume measurements made by angiocardiography or indicator washout.