cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bevacizumab toxicities and their management in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this review is to discuss the side effect profile of bevacizumab, to discuss proposed mechanisms of these toxicities, and to provide suggestions for management of adverse events. Methods A search of MEDLINE and ASCO and SGO abstract databases of articles published between January 1970 and August 2009 addressing the toxicity of bevacizumab in solid tumors was conducted. Reporting was limited to best available evidence including any available phase III studies and ovarian cancer phase II studies. Original publications addressing underlying mechanisms of bevacizumab toxicities were included. Results Extensive experience with bevacizumab has proven the agent to be generally well tolerated, with an adverse event profile distinct from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy and likely peculiar to its novel mechanism of action. The most common bevacizumab-attributable adverse event, hypertension, can be medically-managed, but more serious adverse events such as bowel perforation require drug discontinuation. Conclusions Current best evidence supports the use of bevacizumab in selected patients, and safe administration of bevacizumab requires an understanding of the management of adverse events attributable to its use.
Voluntary drug self-administration by nonhumans: a review.

(1979). Voluntary Drug Self-Administration by Nonhumans; A Review. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 185-190.
Rap1 in Candida albicans: an Unusual Structural Organization and a Critical Function in Suppressing Telomere Recombination

Rap1 (repressor activator protein 1) is a conserved multifunctional protein initially identified as a transcriptional regulator of ribosomal protein genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but subsequently shown to play diverse functions at multiple chromosomal loci, including telomeres. The function of Rap1 appears to be evolutionarily plastic, especially in the budding yeast lineages. We report here our biochemical and molecular genetic characterizations of Candida albicans Rap1, which exhibits an unusual, miniaturized domain organization in comparison to the S. cerevisiae homologue. We show that in contrast to S. cerevisiae, C. albicans RAP1 is not essential for cell viability but is critical for maintaining normal telomere length and structure. The rap1 null mutant exhibits drastic telomere-length dysregulation and accumulates high levels of telomere circles, which can be largely attributed to aberrant recombination activities at telomeres. Analysis of combination mutants indicates that Rap1 and other telomere proteins mediate overlapping but nonredundant roles in telomere protection. Consistent with the telomere phenotypes of the mutant, C. albicans Rap1 is localized to telomeres in vivo and recognizes the unusual telomere repeat unit with high affinity and sequence specificity in vitro. The DNA-binding Myb domain of C. albicans Rap1 is sufficient to suppress most of the telomere aberrations observed in the null mutant. Notably, we were unable to detect specific binding of C. albicans Rap1 to gene promoters in vivo or in vitro, suggesting that its functions are more circumscribed in this organism. Our findings provide insights on the evolution and mechanistic plasticity of a widely conserved and functionally critical telomere component.
Response to Rushton and Nicholson

Abstract In this brief commentary on a recent article published in Ethology and Sociobiology , the author corrects a misleading reference to her earlier work, and points out some inconsistencies in the arguments of the article in concern. Sociobiology can, and does, make predictions about differential relationships between individuals of differing genetic similarity; a "new," extended theory is not necessary.
X-chromosome replication in parthenogenic benign ovarian teratomas.

Somatic cells from human females undergo X-differentiation, which curtails expression of most, if not all, of the genes on one X chromosome. According to the Lyon hypothesis, the designation of which X will be inactive in eutherian females is random. However, in spite of the obvious biologic importance of X chromosome differentiation, little is known about either the mechanism of this process or the role played by fertilization.
Experimental determination of energy disposal in the dissociative electron recombinations of CS2(+) and HCS2(+).

Vibronic optical emissions from CS(A 1 Π→ X 1 Σ + ) and CS(a 3 Π → X 1 Σ + ) transitions have been identified from dissociative recombination (DR) of CS 2 + and HCS 2 + plasmas. All of the spectra were taken in flowing afterglow plasmas using an optical monochromator in the UV-visible wavelength region of 180-800 nm. For the CS(A → X) and CS(a → X) emissions, the relative vibrational distributions have been calculated for v' < 5 and v' < 3 in both types of plasmas for the CS(A) and CS(a) states, respectively. Both recombining plasmas show a population inversion from the v' = 0 to v' = 1 level of the CS(A) state, similar to other observations of the CS(A) state populations, which were generated using two other energetic processes. The possibility of spectroscopic cascading is addressed, such that transitions from upper level electronic states into the CS(A) and CS(a) states would affect the relative vibrational distribution, and there is no spectroscopic evidence supporting the cascading effect. Additionally, excited-state transitions from neutral sulfur (S( 5 S 0 2 → 3 P 2 ) and S( 5 S 0 2 → 3 P 1 )) and the products of ion-molecule reactions (CS(B 1 Z + → A 1 Π), CS+(B 2 Σ + → A 2 Π i ), and CS 2 + (A 2 Π u → X 2 Πg)) have been observed and are discussed.
Fundamental isomorphism conjecture via non‐commutative motives

Given a group, we construct a “fundamental localizing invariant” on its orbit category. We prove that any isomorphism conjecture valid for this fundamental invariant implies the same isomorphism conjecture for all localizing invariants, like non-connective K-theory, Hochschild homology, cyclic homology, and so on. Then, we discuss how to reduce such a fundamental isomorphism conjecture to essentially K-theoretic ones. Finally, we develop the analogue additive results.
Referenced Review Questions in Molecular Medicine. Robert M. White, Sr., David W. Brown, and Steven A. Williams. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2005, 235 pp., $49.00 ($39.00 AACC members), softcover. ISBN 1-594250-33-2.

The authors state that the purposes of this book are to provide a “brief survey of the field” and to “provide an intermediate-level challenge” to the reader. They try to accomplish this by offering 750 multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions. Each question has an explanation of the correct answer and an appropriate reference. For the most part, I found the questions to be challenging at an “intermediate level”, thus accomplishing one of the purposes; however, …
Security in open networks and distributed systems

Abstract With the ever increasing pervasiveness of computer networks, security of information stored in or transported through networks, as well as security of network components and resources themselves are becoming the focus of intense concern on the part of network users and operators. This paper discusses a selection of the most popular state-of-the-art mechanisms designed to protect information, objects and other resources found in networks and distributed systems. The various techniques discussed are introduced in a bottom-up order, starting with basic cryptographic tools, then explaining how these can be exploited to achieve various forms of authentication services, and finally sketching very briefly more recent, mostly experimental developments in the area of access controls for networks and network resources. The paper is addressed to readers with a background in networks and distributed systems but little or no understanding of security issues in general, system security in networking and distributed environments in particular.
Generalizations of the Rayleigh formula for molecular scattering

A unified treatment of the Rayleigh, Einstein-Smoluchowski, and Cabannes-Kingformulas.—Schuster has shown that the well-known Rayleigh formula for molecular scattering of light can be derived from general wave theory without special postulates (customarily introduced) which are peculiar to the elastic-solid, the electromagnetic, or the electron theory. The present report—the content of which is theoretical and mathematical—discusses the restrictions of the Rayleigh formula; and extends Schuster’s demonstration to the two generalizations which have been developed, respectively, by Smoluchowski and Einstein, and by Cabannes and King. The former applies to dense media, and the latter to scattering by anisotropic molecules.Extensions of the Rayleigh formula.—The same method leads to two new generalizations. The first theoretically applies to resonance scattering, and, in a special case, is equivalent to a formula derived by Lamb. The second applies to scattering by a gas which contains active molecules of more than one type.The relation of scattering to opacity is briefly discussed. A partial bibliography is included, of Rayleigh scattering and of opacity in general. The standpoint throughout is that of classical theory; the quantum theory of scattering is not dealt with in this report.
The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe

This chapter was originally drafted during tenure of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities to pursue research on the United States and European reconstruction after World War II. Earlier versions benefited from conversation with Duke University colleagues as well as from discussion at seminars at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Princeton University, Harvard University, and the European Studies Center at the University of Chicago, and at Werner Conze's seminar for social and economic history at Heidelberg. A semi-final draft was presented as a paper at the Ninety-Third Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, held in San Francisco, December 1978.1 am grateful to Leonard Krieger, Richard Kuisel, and Carl Schorske for their comments at that session. The version reprinted here is especially indebted to the suggestions of Professor Kuisel, the subsequent critiques by the anonymous referees for the American Historical Review , and the comments of Patrick Fridenson of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. I have not reproduced here the comments by Charles P. Kindleberger and Stephen Schuker that were published along with the original article, nor my rebuttal. Broadcasting over the BBC in November 1945, A. J. P. Taylor assured his listeners, “Nobody in Europe believes in the American way of life – that is, in private enterprise; or rather those who believe in it are a defeated party and a party which seems to have no more future than the Jacobites in England after 1688.” Taylor proved to be wrong, or at least premature, about the end of private enterprise. The question here is why, at least in Western Europe, there was less transformation than he envisaged.
Stress analysis of the ring in continuously variable transmission mechanism

Abstract The role of bending in the finite element analysis of problems in the linear theory of thin shells is examined through an in-depth study of the behavior of a vehicle finite element. The chosen element is the very simple combined constant strain and constant bending moment flat triangle. It emerges that this vehicle element is a superb performer and the examination of its behaviour reveals that there are two quite different roles for the bending freedoms. One role concerns inextensional bending movements which extend over the whole model. The other role concerns local rotational movements which accompany the curvature changes of inextensional bending and of edge effect. Extensive numerical comparisons of demonstration inextensional bending movements are made against solutions obtained from the classical theory for shells which are very deep and which have strongly negative Gaussian curvature. Comparison of edge effect concerns a circular cylindrical thin shell. The paper concludes by giving details of a rudimentary matrix procedure which is currently under development and which is intended for use in the preliminary assessment of thin shell finite element models.
The impact of extended voice use on the acoustic characteristics of phonation after training and performance of actors from the La MaMa Experimental Theater club

Summary Purposes To test the hypothesis that extensive use of La MaMa vocal technique may result in symptoms of vocal abuse, an evaluation of the acoustic and perceptual characteristics of voice for eight performers from the Great Jones Repertory Company of the La MaMa Experimental Theater was conducted. This vocal technique includes wide ranges of frequency from 46 to 2003Hz and vocal intensity that is sustained at 90–108dB sound pressure level with a mouth-to-microphone distance of 30cm for 3–4 hours per performance. Methods The actors rehearsed for 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 14 weeks before the series of performances. Thirty-nine performances were presented in 6 weeks. Three pretraining, three posttraining, and two postperformance series data collection sessions were carried out for each performer. Speech samples were gathered using the CSL 4500 and analyzed using Real-Time Pitch program and Multidimensional Voice Program . Acoustic analysis was performed on 48 tokens of sustained vowel phonation for each subject. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman test of related samples. Perceptual analysis included professional listeners rating voice quality in pretraining, posttraining, and postperformance samples of the Rainbow Passage and sample lines from the plays. Results The majority of professional listeners (11/12) judged that this technique would result in symptoms of vocal abuse; however, acoustic data revealed statistically stable or improved measurements for all subjects in most dependent acoustic variables when compared with both posttraining and postperformance trials. Conclusion These findings add support to the notion that a technique that may be perceived as vocally abusive, generating 90–100dB sound pressure level and sustained over 6 weeks of performances, actually resulted in improved vocal strength and flexibility.
Mobility of Water in Sucrose Solutions Determined by Deuterium and Oxygen-l7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements

The molecular mobility of water associated with sucrose was determined by deuterium (2H) and oxygen-17 (17O) high-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Systems of sucrose and water or deuterium-oxide over the solids concentration range of 5 to 80% were studied. Supersaturation to 70% sucrose in deuterium oxide was included. The relation between 17O and 2H NMR measurements and sucrose concentration indicated three regions of successively decreasing water mobility upon increasing solute concentration. Solutesolvent and solute-solute interactions via hydrogen bonding are suggested as the mechanism to explain the observed decrease in water mobility. The water showed rapid rotational mobility according to NMR correlation times. which ranged between 9.5 and 100 psec depending on the hydration values used.
Psychotherapy Using Distance Technology: A Comparison of Face-to-Face, Video, and Audio Treatment

This study compared selected process and outcome variables across 3 modes of psychotherapy: faceto-face, real-time video conference, and 2-way audio (analogous to telephone). Results from 80 randomly assigned clients suggested that differences in process and outcome among the 3 treatments were small and clinically promising in comparison with the untreated control group. Experimental comparisons of process and outcome in distant versus face-to-face conditions may influence the future practice of psychology. Conventional wisdom insists that, for most purposes, the therapist and client must be in the same room. Overall, our training as psychologists has emphasized face-to-face contact as the ideal. It will be interesting to discover whether this is true. Moreover, what conditions are required to establish psychological contact with another person and, in fact, what constitutes psychological contact at all, are salient questions in the age of Internet discourse (e.g., Kraut et al., 1998). These research questions are significant for therapist training, choice of treatment, and application of previous research findings. Our effort to compare face-to-face, video, and audio individual therapy addressed two aspects of substitutability. On the process side, the working alliance was examined in all three conditions. Bordin (1979) conceptualized this alliance as the emotional bond between client and therapist, the quality of client and therapist involvement in the tasks of therapy, and the amount of concordance on goals between therapist and client. Reviewing studies of the predictive validity of the alliance variable, Henry, Strupp, Schacht, and Gaston (1994) found empirical support for alliance– outcome associations no matter how outcome was measured, who measured it, or what psychotherapeutic school of thought was represented. These reviewers entertained “the hypothesis that the alliance is a causal ingredient of change” (p. 485). On the outcome side, several assessments were combined, following the advice of Strupp and Hadley (1977) that evaluation of outcome should include multiple sources of information (therapist and client) and multiple targets for change (symptom change, satisfaction level, problem resolution). As implied above, our research questions were straightforward: Does level of working alliance differ according to mode of delivery (face-to-face, audio, or video)? Does outcome differ according to mode of delivery and in comparison to a no-treatment wait-list control group?
The Role of Empathy and Parenting Style in the Development of Antisocial Behaviors

This study examined the relationship among parenting, empathy, and antisocial behavior. Two hundred forty-four undergraduate students attending an urban university completed self-report questionnaires assessing their antisocial behavior, empathy, and mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles. Support was found for a model in which maternal permissive parenting contributed directly and indirectly to antisocial behavior, through its effects on cognitive and emotional empathy development. Findings are discussed in relation to the current literature on empathy, parenting, and adult antisocial behavior.
Congenital autonomic dysfunction with universal pain loss

Three patients who appear to have a previously undescribed congenital neuropathy are described. None is of Ashkenazi Jewish extraction, but each seems to fulfill the clinical diagnostic criteria for familial dysautonomia. All lack overflow tears, fungiform papillae, and deep-tendon reflexes: intradermal administration of histamine did not produce an axon flare. Intraocular instillation of dilute mecholyl produced miosis in the one patient tested. In contrast to patients with familial dysautonomia, the three patients had universal loss of pain sensation, profound hypotonia, and unusual facies. Pathologic examination of the sural nerve in one patient was not consistent with the usual findings in familial dysautonomia. These patients are believed to have a previously undescribed congenital neuropathy.
Enhancing Nurses’ Ability to Care Within the Culture of Incarceration

Incarcerated women are a highly vulnerable population, most of whom have had extremely adverse life experiences. Nurses who work in corrections have significant challenges as they attempt to care i...
Removal of non-ionic organic pollutants from water via liquid–liquid extraction

The removal of model pollutants bromocresol green (BG) and phenol from water is demonstrated via two liquid-liquid extraction methods. Both methods exploit selective interactions established by the pollutant molecule with a surfactant, oil, or alcohol, and are variants of the more general Winsor systems where the phases are in contact along an extremely large interfacial area. In the first method the surfactant and the co-surfactant move from a predominantly oil-in-water microemulsion (Winsor I), to a middle phase microemulsion (Winsor III), and finally to a water-in-oil microemulsion (Winsor II), as the physicochemical conditions of salinity, temperature or hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the surfactant system are varied. This method achieves better than 99% removal of the pollutant BG from water. It is argued that the removal is produced upon increasing the salinity of the system because the interaction of BG with a medium chain-length alcohol drives it to move along with the alcohol to another phase. The second method, which is scalable to industrial levels, uses a spontaneously produced water-in-oil microemulsion with large interfacial area that appears after bringing in contact water and a pre-formed Winsor II or Winsor III microemulsion system containing different surfactants and oils. The method is applied to the removal of phenol from water, and it is found that systems with polar oils such as ethyl butyrate or with cationic surfactants such as stearyl trimethylammonium chloride are more efficient in removing phenol than systems with normal alkanes or anionic surfactants. It is also shown that a microemulsion formed using a polar oil performs better than using only the polar oil as the extraction solvent. Finally, the efficiency of the second liquid-liquid extraction method can be increased from 69% in a single-stage process to 83% in a two-stage process, using the same total amount of extraction solvent.
Collagen crosslinks: Isolation of reduced Nϵ-hexosylhydroxylysine from borohydride-reduced calf skin insoluble collagen☆

Abstract Treatment of calf skin insoluble collagen with NaB 3 H 4 followed by acid hydrolysis and ion-exchange chromatography yields a new compound which is prominent in the chromatograms of several collagens. We now describe this compound as reduced N ϵ -hexosylhydroxylysine. It appears to arise by reduction of the Schiff base between the carbonyl moiety of a hexose and the ϵ-amino group of hydroxylysine; the postulated structure was derived from both high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry and by comparison with synthetic N ϵ -galactosylhydroxylysine. Conceivably, the unreduced compound may be a crosslink, uniting collagen and glycoproteins or proteoglycans in the connective tissue.
Developments in explosives characterization and detection

The continuous upsurge in terrorist activities makes it necessary to rapidly, efficiently, and reliably understand, detect, and/or prevent explosive threats. As such, intense research efforts continue to improve methods of detection and characterization of explosives through development of novel approaches and/or improvement of existing ones. This is especially true for home-made and/or improvised explosives devices. These next-generation threats require detection methods that will be sensitive and selective to a wide variety of traditional and non-traditional explosives and should be applicable in numerous detection scenarios. This review attempts to outline recent developments in the detection and characterization of explosives
Swelling Properties of Synthetic Smectites in Relation to Lattice Substitutions

Synthetic clays were prepared hydrothermally at 300° to 350°C and 15,000 psi from gels with compositions calculated to give a series of octahedrally and tetrahedrally substituted, 2:1-type layer silicates with charges of 0.5N, 1N, 1.5N, 2N, 2.5N, and 3N, where N equals the “normal” layer charge of montmorillonite. Besides montmorillonites and beidellites, the products also contained other components, kaolinite, saponite, paragonite and possibly amorphous materials, depending on the initial gel compositions. Cation exchange capacities of <2µ fractions treated for removal of amorphous constituents were within the narrow range of 0.95–1.35 meq per g rather than 0.45–2.70 meq per g as calculated from initial gel compositions. Comparisons between the expanding properties of these materials showed that the beidellites expanded less readily than the montmorillonites upon solvation with glycerol vapor and tended to give single interlayer complexes. These differences were most pronounced when Mg was the saturating ion, although they were also apparent with Ca. The K-saturated montmorillonites gave greater expansion than the beidellites on hydration at 100 per cent r. h. The montmorillonites also exhibited greater rehydration than the beidellites after heating at 400°–500°C. Beidellite exhibits properties of expansion that are intermediate between those of montmorillonite and vermiculite. The results of this investigation are consistent with the existence of somewhat stronger ionic attractions in the beidellites than in the montmorillonites. The source of the charge thus has an effect upon the properties of expansion.
Consent administrator training to reduce disparities in research participation.

Purpose: The aims for this paper are to summarize the current state of disparities in clinical research participation, discuss regulatory and interpersonal causes for these disparities, and to suggest an approach to address this problem by standardized training for consent administrators. Organizing Construct: A program based on the Precede-Proceed model for training consent administrators is proposed and described. Conclusions: The current process for informed consent for research is unstandardized and inadequate, and may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities. Researchers are urged to consider a formal training program for members of their research teams who will be obtaining participants' consent. Clinical Relevance: An educational program for consent administrators may help to reduce disparities in research participation by improving communication between research staff and potential participants.
Meckel's diverticulum: Its association with congenital malformation and the significance of atypical morphology

Retrospective analysis of the records of a children's hospital shows an increased incidence of Meckel's diverticulum in children born with major malformation of the umbilicus, alimentary tract, nervous system or cardiovascular system in descending order. A consideration of the risks associated with Meckel's diverticulum suggests that elective resection is indicated only for diverticula that are atypical on inspection or palpation.
Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis

The emergence of angiogenesis as an important target for cancer therapy has led to increased research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the development, maintenance, and destruction of tumor vasculature. Concurrently, molecular imaging technologies have been developed and are being incorporated as integral components of biomedical research due to their ability to noninvasively monitor in vivo molecular events. With the evaluation of numerous anti-angiogenic agents in clinical trials, the adaptation and validation of molecular imaging modalities for monitoring angiogenesis is actively being pursued. The importance of selecting appropriate molecular targets in the study of angiogenesis has become increasingly complex due to the pleiotropy of vascular phenotypes. Furthermore, due to both the relatively low abundance of endothelial cells in tumor tissue and the inherent difficulties of detecting molecular events, molecular imaging of vasculature necessitates continued improvements in achieving higher sensitivity. While several studies have been published that set the groundwork for imaging angiogenesis, much has yet to be accomplished. Various tumor models and transgenic mice provide an excellent resource for developing molecular imaging technologies for the understanding of angiogenesis. This research may play a particularly crucial role in evaluating mechanism and efficacy during pre-clinical testing of anti-angiogenic drugs. Due to practical limitations, however, the implementation of angiogenesis-directed molecular imaging may not extend beyond highly specialized clinical trials. That is, imaging modalities that evaluate angiogenesis at a functional level may prove more appropriate. Despite future technical challenges, molecular imaging will become an important research and clinical tool in evaluating tumor angiogenesis.
Evolution in the strategic manufacturing planning process of organizations

Abstract This study examines how strategic manufacturing planning processes vary systematically with respect to planning characteristics, and how the planning process appears to evolve over time. Through an empirical evaluation of over 200 U.S. manufacturers, we document the existence of four strategic manufacturing planning groups. These groups vary with respect to the degrees of “rationality” and “adaptability” of planning. In addition, the strategic manufacturing planning history and level of planning maturity differs between these groups, providing evidence that the planning process changes and evolves over time from “non-rational adaptive” mode towards a more “rational adaptive” approach. Firms between these polar extremes appear to take different paths in their movement toward a “rational adaptive” mode, with some “focusing on rationality” first and others “focusing on adaptability” first. We also show that irrespective of the firm's environment, a greater degree of “rational adaptivity” is correlated with better planning outcomes and business performance. As such, it represents a “best practice” approach to strategic manufacturing planning. Insights created by this work not only make an important contribution to the manufacturing strategy literature, but can also be used by senior manufacturing managers to facilitate their progress towards more effective planning.
Synopsis of history of American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 1958-2008.

Purpose To provide a synopsis of the history of the association of radiation oncologists in the United States, currently known as the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO), with the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the organization. Methods and Materials The history of ASTRO, from its beginning as the American Club of Therapeutic Radiologists, is the subject of a book that is to be released with the occasion of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society in 2008. This book was prepared by members of ASTRO's History Committee and History Working Subcommittee. The source material for the book was the archives of the Society and recorded interviews, conducted by members of the subcommittee, of members of the Society and of the past and present Society staff. The book was also based on previously published material. This article used the source material used for the Society anniversary book. Results This synopsis of the history of the Society will provide a source of reference for anyone interested in the history of the Society from its foundation in 1958 to the present, 2008.
Theoretical Analysis of Hygroscopic Growth Rate of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract

ABSTRACT The deposition of cigarette smoke particles (CSP) in the human respiratory tract is difficult to predict theoretically due to the uncertainties in the characterization of these particles. Measured deposition efficiencies for CSP do not agree with those for typical particles of similar size. One explanation of this discrepancy is the hygroscopic growth of CSP once inside the respiratory tract. However, a minimum of experimental data exists and no theoretical study was done to explain the hygroscopic nature of CSP. In this paper, hygroscopic growth of mainstream and sidestream CSP is determined theoretically for conditions simulating the human respiratory tract. Good agreement is found between calculated growth and experimental growth reported in Li [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, NY, (1993)] and Kousaka et al. [J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 15: 75–76, (1982)]. Growth ratios ranging from 0 to 1.52 were found for mainstream CSP with initial sizes ranging from 0.03 to 0.6 μm. Growth...
Effects of a Wax-Based Warm Mix Additive on Cohesive Strengths of Asphalt Binders

Despite the positive effects, the use of wax-based warm mix additive is very limited due to the concerns on cohesion and adhesion properties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cohesive strengths of asphalt binders with and without Sasobit®, a wax-based warm mix additive using a pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) and using surface free energy method from optical advancing contact angle measurements. Two asphalt binders, PG 64-22 and PG 76-22M with and without 2% Sasobit® were coated in 2”X2”X1/4” glass plates. Cohesive strengths of asphalt binders were obtained in terms of pull-off tensile strength (POTS) using ½ in diameter pull-stubs. It was observed that the cohesive strengths of PG64-22 and PG76-22M are 1.964 MPa (284.9±21.3 psi) and 2.067 MPa (299.9±15.3 psi), respectively. Sasobit® reduced the cohesive strengths to 1.468 MPa (212.9±11.3 psi) and 1.503 MPa (218.0±17.7 psi), respectively for PG 64-22 and PG 76-22M. The cohesive strengths (free energy of cohesion) obtained from surface free energy measurements indicate that PG 64-22 has higher cohesive strengths and Sasobit® increases the cohesive strengths of both the binders. Overall, pull-off test was found to be simple and reproducible.
Plutopia: nuclear families, atomic cities, and the great Soviet and American plutonium disasters

In the spirit of the thaw and glasnost’, Kate Brown's powerfully argued book might be called Not by Plutonium Alone. The vignettes in her 43 chapters are part dystopian parable, part environmental ...
Mössbauer Effect for Fe57 in CoCl2 and CoF2

The Mossbauer effect for Fe57 in CoCl2 and CoF2 has been measured by using them as sources in a resonant absorption experiment. While the CoCl2 spectra indicate only a 2+ charge state for the Fe57 ion, the CoF2 spectra indicate both a 3+ and a 2+ charge state. When a sample of CoF2 is used as an absorber doped with a small amount of iron enriched in Fe57, however, only 2+ charge state lines appear in the absorption spectra. This is interpreted as resulting from a local environment change associated with Auger aftereffects following K-capture. The internal magnetic field has been estimated for each compound below its Neel temperature. Values of (49 ± 2) kOe for CoCl2 and (245 ± 2) kOe for CoF2 were found at 10 and 11 °K, respectively, for the field at an Fe2+ nucleus. Der Mosbauer-Effekt von Fe57 in CoCl2 and CoF2 wurde gemessen, indem diese als Quellen in einem Resonanzabsorptionsexperiment verwendet wurden. Wahrend die CoCl2-Spektren nur eine 2+-Ionisation des Fe57-Ions anzeigen, zeigen die CoF2-Spektren sowohl 3+- als auch 2+-Ionisation. Verwendet man jedoch CoF2 mit einer geringen Beimischung von Eisen, welches mit Fe57 angereichert ist, zur Absorption, so erhalt man nur 2+-Linien in den Absorptionsspektren. Als Grund wird eine ortliche Veranderung im Kristall angenommen, die mit Auger-Nachwirkungen zusammenhangt, welche auf das Einfangen eines K-Elektrons folgen. Das interne Magnetfeld wurde fur beide Verbindungen unterhalb ihrer Neel-Temperatur abgeschatzt. Fur CoCl2 wurde (49 ± 2) kOe und fur CoF2 (245 ± 2) kOe fur das Feld am Fe2+-Kern bei 10 bzw. 11 °K gemessen.
Scanning SQUID microscope differentiation of ferromagnetic steel phases

Abstract The remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic steel with five different microstructures has been studied using a microscope based on a high-transition-temperature d.c. Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID). The samples were prepared using different heat treatments, beginning with the same material composition. Each sample was magnetized in turn in a magnetic field of 50 mT, and the remanent magnetization was studied by scanning the sample over the SQUID using a two-dimensional translation stage with a range of 50×50 mm 2 . With a sample-to-SQUID separation of 400–500 μm, this procedure yielded a two-dimensional magnetic field image produced by the local remanent magnetization of the sample. In addition, microstructural information has been obtained using optical imaging, allowing the magnetic images to be correlated with the underlying microstructure.
On the sensitivity to non-normality of a test for outliers in linear models

In this note we use the class of exponential power distributions to assess the robustness to non-normality of the test for outliers based on the maximum absolute studentized residual. We find that the significance levels can be quite markedly affected by even moderate departures from normality of the error distribution in a regression model when the sample size is moderately large.
Autophagy protein 6 (ATG6) is required for pollen germination in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Autophagy is an intracellular recycling pathway that extends the life of an organism in hostile growth conditions. Yeast autophagy protein 6 (Atg6/Vps30) is required for formation of autophagosomes during starvation. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ATG6 homolog is an essential gene required for pollen germination and plant development. Analysis of multiple atg6 lines of Arabidopsis containing T-DNA inserts indicated that the homozygous atg6 plants were never recovered and heterozygous plants displayed variable growth phenotypes. atg6 heterozygous pollen test crosses confirmed that a male gametophyte defect was responsible for the loss of homozygous segregants. PCR performed on the pollen samples showed that the T-DNA was present, suggesting the defect occurs after microsporogenesis. Furthermore, plants homozygous for qrt1(-/-) and heterozygous for atg6 produced tetrads that were trinucleate and stained uniformly with Alexander stain. qrt1(-/-)/atg6(+/-) pollen grains exhibited greatly decreased germinat...
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) repress transcription of the chicken ovalbumin gene

Abstract Although the ovalbumin (Ov) gene has served as a model to study tissue-specific, steroid hormone-induced gene expression in vertebrates for decades, the mechanisms responsible for regulating this gene remain elusive. Ov is repressed in non-oviduct tissue and in estrogen-deprived oviduct by a strong repressor site located from −130 to −100 and designated CAR for COUP-TF adjacent repressor. The goal of this study was to identify the CAR binding protein(s). A transcription factor database search revealed that a putative interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), which binds interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), is located in this region. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that the protein(s) binding to the CAR site is recognized by an IRF antibody and that mutations in the ISRE abolish that binding. In hopes of identifying the IRF(s) responsible for the tissue-specific regulation of Ov, mRNA levels for IRFs-4, -8, and -10 were measured in seven tissues from chicks treated with or without estrogen. PCR experiments showed that both IRF-8 and -10 are expressed in all chick tissues tested whereas IRF-4 has a much more limited expression pattern. Transfection experiments with OvCAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) reporter constructs demonstrated that both IRF-4 and IRF-10 are capable of repressing the Ov gene even in the presence of steroid hormones and that nucleotides in the ISRE are required for repression. These experiments indicate that the repressor activity associated with the CAR site is mediated by IRF family members and suggest that IRF members also repress Ov in non-oviduct tissues.
A TIME HAZARD ANALYSIS OF STUDENT PERSISTENCE: A US UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE MATHEMATICS MAJOR EXPERIENCE

Individual level data for the entire cohort of undergraduate mathematics students of a relatively small US public university was used to estimate the risk that a student will switch major to another one before degree completion. The data set covers the period from 1999 to 2006. Survival tables and logistic models were estimated and used to discuss student’s switch from their initially planned mathematics major to another. An important goal of low enrollment university departments is to increase enrollment and to attain a high retention rate. Major switching indicates a failure of these departments to retain potentially able students. Students’ retention is also an important issue for university programs evaluation and funding. The goal of this work is to investigate the timing of switching major, to a different one, by mathematics students. We estimated the probability of occurrence of this event for different school terms and when this event is most likely to occur. The empirical results suggest that the probability of a mathematics student switching major varies from a high 23 % early in student’s major enrollment to a low of about 6 % in later semesters. Mathematics education majors, however, showed inferior risk of switching major. Gender differences were also examined, showing no significant gender differences.
Chemoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylide with conjugated dienes

Abstract Methods are described of synthesizing various 3-carboxy-4-vinyl pyrrolidines, versatile building blocks for our drug discovery efforts. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between activated olefins and nonstabilized azomethine ylide is a known method for synthesizing pyrrolidines in a stereospecific manner. Steric and electronic effects on the chemoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylide and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylates have been explored.
Nutritive Value of Dextri-Maltose Determined by the Single-Food Choice Method

Summary1. Twelve female rats kept on a diet in which dextri-maltose constituted the sole source of nourishment survived on the average 85 days. 2. These rats lived 48 days longer than rats of the same weight kept on a single food diet of dextrose or sucrose; and 11 days longer than rats kept on dextrose with access to the 0.02 per cent solution of thiamine hydrochloride. 3. Their food intake was higher and they lost weight at a slower rate than the dextrose and thiamine rats. Their activity, water intake and vaginal smears were essentially the same. 4. It was concluded that the dextri-maltose contains sufficient amounts of thiamine to utilize to its fullest the available carbohydrate.
Genomic Counter-Stress Changes Induced by the Relaxation Response

Background: Mind-body practices that elicit the relaxation response (RR) have been used worldwide for millennia to prevent and treat disease. The RR is characterized by decreased oxygen consumption, increased exhaled nitric oxide, and reduced psychological distress. It is believed to be the counterpart of the stress response that exhibits a distinct pattern of physiology and transcriptional profile. We hypothesized that RR elicitation results in characteristic gene expression changes that can be used to measure physiological responses elicited by the RR in an unbiased fashion. Methods/Principal Findings: We assessed whole blood transcriptional profiles in 19 healthy, long-term practitioners of daily RR practice (group M), 19 healthy controls (group N1), and 20 N1 individuals who completed 8 weeks of RR training (group N2). 2209 genes were differentially expressed in group M relative to group N1 (p,0.05) and 1561 genes in group N2 compared to group N1 (p,0.05). Importantly, 433 (p,10210) of 2209 and 1561 differentially expressed genes were shared among long-term (M) and short-term practitioners (N2). Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analyses revealed significant alterations in cellular metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, generation of reactive oxygen species and response to oxidative stress in long-term and short-term practitioners of daily RR practice that may counteract cellular damage related to chronic psychological stress. A significant number of genes and pathways were confirmed in an independent validation set containing 5 N1 controls, 5 N2 short-term and 6 M long-term practitioners. Conclusions/Significance: This study provides the first compelling evidence that the RR elicits specific gene expression changes in short-term and long-term practitioners. Our results suggest consistent and constitutive changes in gene expression resulting from RR may relate to long term physiological effects. Our study may stimulate new investigations into applying transcriptional profiling for accurately measuring RR and stress related responses in multiple disease settings.
Counselling variation among physicians regarding intestinal transplant for short bowel syndrome

Background Intestinal transplant in infants with severe short bowel syndrome (SBS) is an emerging therapy, yet without sufficient long-term data or established guidelines, resulting in possible variation in practice. Objectives To assess current attitudes and counselling practices among physicians regarding intestinal transplant in infants with SBS, and to determine whether counselling and management vary between subspecialists or centres. Methods A national sample of practicing paediatric surgeons and neonatologists was surveyed via the American Academy of Paediatrics listserves. Results were analysed by physician subspecialty and again by presence or absence of intestinal transplant at respondent9s centre. Results The survey was completed by 433 respondents, consisting of 363 neonatologists and 70 paediatric surgeons. Fifty-seven respondents (13.2%) practiced at a centre that performed intestinal transplants in children. The vast majority of respondents (91% for preterm, 95% for term neonates) felt that maintaining a neonate with SBS on total parenteral nutrition for intestinal transplant was ethically optional (neither impermissible nor obligatory), and that parents should be given an informed choice whether to pursue that option. However, only 33% indicated they often/always offer intestinal transplant as a treatment option to families in this situation. Conclusions There is a marked disparity between individual physicians’ beliefs regarding the acceptability of intestinal transplant for severe SBS and their reported practice. Wide variability exists among physicians with respect to their knowledge, beliefs and practice regarding severe SBS, raising concerns about transparency and justice. Survival data prior to transplant, currently unavailable, are essential to rational decision making and informed parental permission.
Opioid inhibition of rapid eye movement sleep by a specific mu receptor agonist

Patients receiving opioids report feeling sleepy, but opioids actually inhibit the rapid eye movement phase of sleep (REM). Inhibition of REM sleep is followed by a rebound increase in REM sleep associated with cardiopulmonary complications. The medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) is a brain region from which morphine can inhibit REM sleep. The present study tested the hypothesis that specific subtypes of opioid receptors within the mPRF mediate inhibition of REM sleep. Synthetic opioid agonists selective for mu, delta and kappa subtypes were microinjected into the mPRF of four awake cats and polygraphic recordings of sleep and breathing were obtained. An enkephalinase inhibitor was microinjected into the mPRF to assess the contribution of endogenous opioids to the control of sleep and breathing. Only the mu agonist significantly inhibited REM sleep, and no opioid depressed breathing. These results demonstrate that opioid-induced REM sleep inhibition is mediated by mu receptor subtypes in the mPRF.
Uniqueness and parameter dependence of positive doubly periodic solutions of nonlinear telegraph equations

The authors study a type of second order nonlinear telegraph equation. The existence and uniqueness of positive doubly periodic solutions are discussed. The parametric dependence of the solutions is also investigated. Two examples are given as applications of the results.