cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dust Mitigation Solutions for Lunar and Mars Surface Systems

Dust mitigation has been identified as a major obstacle to lunar and Mars surface operations for space suits, robotics, and vehicle systems. Experience from the Apollo program has demonstrated that lunar stays of limited duration will be difficult and dangerous if dramatic measures are not taken to mitigate the impacts of dust contamination. Numerous mitigation approaches have been studied in the past including electrostatic materials, cleaning techniques, and suit-locks. Many of these approaches are effective in operation but are challenged by the trend of returning to a single space suit system, similar to Apollo, which is used for launch/entry as well as surface and contingency extra-vehicular activity (EVA) operations. Bringing the surface suit inside the vehicle after surface EVA will transfer surface material in the vehicle. Studies are currently ongoing to identify containment methods of isolating the space suit or robotics elements from the surface dust during EVA operations through the use of removable covers. This approach not only protects the underlying components from dust contamination but also precludes the transfer of dust into the vehicle or habitat. Similar containment analogs are employed everyday throughout the world when using chemical, biological, or radiological protective equipment in the military and various industries. Prototype covers for the space suit have been designed and tested to create robust durable covers that protect the suit from degradation without encumbering mobility, while also being simple to don & doff. Accompanying procedures, such as removing the covers just outside the airlock, will keep the dust off the underlying space suit and therefore prevent it from entering the vehicle. The covers may also include any dust mitigating materials advances such as lotus-effect coatings as they evolve, simplifying certification and lifecycle impacts of the underlying space suit. First order system level trades have been conducted on various technical approaches. Results of the trade studies, discussion of the analogs that are in existence and prototype testing will be presented in the paper.
Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for preoperative biliary decompression in patients with resectable and borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer: outcomes in 241 patients.

Background and Aim Obstructive jaundice caused by distal biliary obstruction can present in up to 70 % of patients with localized cancer of the head of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to report our experience in using self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for preoperative biliary decompression in patients with resectable and borderline resectable carcinoma of the pancreatic head.
Crossing Borders: International Migration in the New Century

The unending, global controversies over population movements across boundaries have spurred a burgeoning of migration scholarship, making it an exceptionally lively field. Though recent achievements are notable, significantly deepening our understanding of the phenomenon, migration scholarship has not reached its full potential. Its central handicap stems from the field’s distinctive division of labor, with one literature situated at the point of origin studyingemigrationand the other at the point of destination studyingimmigration. This essay seeks to reorient migration scholarship away from the dichotomy between “here” and “there”. Emphasizing the inherent, ongoing connections between home and host countries, the distinctively political nature of population movements across boundaries, and the continuing importance of the national interests and identities that impede migration, I argue that such a focus can illuminate the ways in which international migration is a dilemma for democratic societies worldwide, regardless of local peculiarities.
A stochastic nonparametric technique for space-time disaggregation of streamflows

[1] Stochastic disaggregation models are used to simulate streamflows at multiple sites preserving their temporal and spatial dependencies. Traditional approaches to this problem involve transforming the streamflow data of each month and at every location to a Gaussian structure and subsequently fitting a linear model in the transformed space. The simulations are then back transformed to the original space. The main drawbacks of this approach are (1) transforming marginals to Gaussian need not lead to the correct multivariate distribution particularly if the dependence across variables is nonlinear, and (2) the number of parameters to be estimated for a traditional disaggregation model grows rapidly with an increase in space or time components. We present a K-nearest-neighbor approach to resample monthly flows conditioned on an annual value in a temporal disaggregation or multiple upstream locations conditioned on a downstream location for a spatial disaggregation. The method is parsimonious, as the only parameter to estimate is K (the number of nearest neighbors to be used in resampling). Simulating space-time flow scenarios conditioned upon large-scale climate information (e.g., El Nino–Southern Oscillation, etc.) can be easily achieved. We demonstrate the utility of this methodology by applying it for space-time disaggregation of streamflows in the Upper Colorado River basin. The method appropriately captures the distributional and spatial dependency properties at all the locations.
Operational diagnostic criteria for chronic migraine: expert opinion

Objective The prevalence, disability, progression, and treatment needs associated with chronic migraine (CM) mandate epidemiological, clinical, and basic research to better understand the clinical course of this disorder and to facilitate development of more effective therapies. Such efforts have been significantly impeded by lack of agreement within the headache specialist community of the most appropriate diagnostic criteria for CM. Methods This paper reviews the pertinent nosological literature and extensive field testing already performed. Results We recommend that the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3β criteria for CM be modified. We would remove the need for 5 prior migraine attacks and would replace “Headache considered by patient to be onset migraine and relieved by a triptan or an ergotamine derivative” with “criteria A and B for 1.5 probable migraine.” Conclusions The proposed criteria are guided by the aims of accurately characterizing patients with migraine who develop primary chronic daily headache, reflecting the large numbers of patients with CM in clinical practice, and facilitating research into a disorder that is an academic and clinical priority.
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) Inhibition by 4-Hydroxynonenal Leads to Increased Akt Activation in Hepatocytes

The production of reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is proposed to be an important factor in the etiology of alcoholic liver disease. To understand the effects of 4-HNE on homeostatic signaling pathways in hepatocytes, cellular models consisting of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and primary rat hepatocytes were evaluated. Treatment of both HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with subcytotoxic concentrations of 4-HNE resulted in the activation of Akt within 30 min as demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of residues Ser473 and Thr308. Quantification and subsequent immunocytochemistry of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3[rsqb] resulted in a 6-fold increase in total PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and increased immunostaining at the plasma membrane after 4-HNE treatment. Cotreatment of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (Ly294002) or the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid revealed that the mechanism of activation of Akt is PI3K-dependent and PP2A-independent. Using biotin hydrazide detection, it was established that the incubation of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE resulted in increased carbonylation of the lipid phosphatase known as “phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10” (PTEN), a key regulator of Akt activation. Activity assays both in HepG2 cells and recombinant PTEN revealed a decrease in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity after 4-HNE application. Mass spectral analysis of 4-HNE-treated recombinant PTEN detected a single 4-HNE adduct. Subsequent analysis of Akt dependent physiological consequences of 4-HNE in HepG2 cells revealed significant increases in the accumulation of neutral lipids. These results provide a potential mechanism of Akt activation and cellular consequences of 4-HNE in hepatocytes.
Automatic Classification of Athletes With Residual Functional Deficits Following Concussion by Means of EEG Signal Using Support Vector Machine

There is a growing body of knowledge indicating long-lasting residual electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in concussed athletes that may persist up to 10-year postinjury. Most often, these abnormalities are initially overlooked using traditional concussion assessment tools. Accordingly, premature return to sport participation may lead to recurrent episodes of concussion, increasing the risk of recurrent concussions with more severe consequences. Sixty-one athletes at high risk for concussion (i.e., collegiate rugby and football players) were recruited and underwent EEG baseline assessment. Thirty of these athletes suffered from concussion and were retested at day 30 postinjury. A number of task-related EEG recordings were conducted. A novel classification algorithm, the support vector machine (SVM), was applied as a classifier to identify residual functional abnormalities in athletes suffering from concussion using a multichannel EEG data set. The total accuracy of the classifier using the 10 features was 77.1%. The classifier has a high sensitivity of 96.7% (linear SVM), 80.0% (nonlinear SVM), and a relatively lower but acceptable selectivity of 69.1% (linear SVM) and 75.0% (nonlinear SVM). The major findings of this report are as follows: 1) discriminative features were observed at theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands, 2) the minimal redundancy relevance method was identified as being superior to the univariate -test method in selecting features for the model calculation, 3) the EEG features selected for the classification model are linked to temporal and occipital areas, and 4) postural parameters influence EEG data set and can be used as discriminative features for the classification model. Overall, this report provides sufficient evidence that 10 EEG features selected for final analysis and SVM may be potentially used in clinical practice for automatic classification of athletes with residual brain functional abnormalities following a concussion episode.
DynaGuard: Armoring Canary-based Protections against Brute-force Attacks

Over the past decade many exploit mitigation techniques have been introduced to defend against memory corruption attacks. W^X, ASLR, and canary-based protections are nowadays widely deployed and considered standard practice. However, despite the fact that these techniques have evolved over time, they still suffer from limitations that enable skilled adversaries to bypass them. In this work, we focus on countermeasures against the byte-by-byte discovery of stack canaries in forking programs. This limitation, although known for years, has yet to be addressed effectively, and was recently abused by a series of exploits that allowed for the remote compromise of the popular Nginx web server and a full ASLR bypass in x86-64 Linux. We present DynaGuard, an extension to canary-based protections that further armors hardened applications against brute-force canary attacks. We have implemented DynaGuard in two flavors: a compiler-based version, which incurs an average runtime overhead of 1.2%, and a version based on dynamic binary instrumentation, which can protect binary-only applications without requiring access to source code. We have evaluated both implementations using a set of popular server applications and benchmark suites, and examined how the proposed design overcomes the limitations of previous proposals, ensuring application correctness and seamless integration with third-party software.
Extended XBRL Taxonomies and Financial Analysts' Information

In this study, I investigate how the use of extended tags in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) filings is associated with the firm’s information environment. XBRL allows firms to tag data in their financial reports. Prior research suggests that XBRL in general reduces information processing costs. However, the SEC allows firms to provide customize tags in their XBRL filings which, on the one hand, may allow firms to customize financial statements to provide more firms specific information by highlighting financial statement items that are not included in the standard set of tags. On the other hand, customized tag may inhibit information search, obfuscate financial statement numbers, and ultimately reduce the usefulness of XBRL data. Since the use of extended tags is related to the complexity of the firm, I employ an instrumental variables technique to control for endogeneity. Using financial analysts’ earnings forecasts error and forecast dispersion as proxies for the firm’s information environment, I find extensions are negatively related to analysts’ forecast error and dispersion. In additional analysis, I find that the association between extension rate and analysts information does not vary with earnings management variables but is stronger for firm with more uncertain information environments and for firms that are more comparable to their industry peers. Furthermore, extension rate and analyst information is insignificant for filings with technical errors. This study is relevant to regulators creating policies about XBRL extensions, both in the US and around the world, in suggesting that on average, extensions are informative to users of the financial statements.
Compounding of elastin polypentapeptide to collagen analogue: a potential elastomeric prosthetic material.

The polypentapeptide, H-(L-Val1-L-Pro2-Gly3-L-Val4-Gly5)n-L-Val-OMe, which is the most common recurring sequence within the elastic fiber, is demonstrated to be elastomeric when irradiation cross-linked but to have limited strength. On irradiation compounding with a collagen analogue, such as Dacron, stress-strain studies show the product to have an elastic modulus greater than that of fibrous aortic elastin and similar to that of aortic wall. In addition, the compounded product has the requisite strength. Of the 40, 50 and 60 MRAD cross-linked polypentapeptide-Dacron products, those derived from the larger doses of 50 and 60 MRAD exhibited somewhat better elastomeric properties.The unstretched and stretched products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy which demonstrated the importance of a fabric weave with a uniform extension. In general irradiation cross-linking has the advantage of being able to produce larger quantities of elastomeric material and compounding to a collagen analogue pro...
Food Gardeners’ Productivity in Laramie, Wyoming: More Than a Hobby

Objectives. We quantified the productivity of food gardens in Laramie, Wyoming, over 3 growing seasons.Methods. From 2012 to 2014, 33 participating gardening households weighed and recorded each harvest. Academic partners measured plot sizes and converted reported harvest weights to volume in cups.Results. The yield of the average 253-square-foot plot was enough to supply an adult with the daily US Department of Agriculture–recommended amount of vegetables for 9 months.Conclusions. Gardeners produced nutritionally meaningful quantities of food; thus, food gardening offers promise as an effective public health intervention for improving food security and nutritional health.
Press Effects, Public Opinion, and Gender: Coverage of Sarah Palin’s Vice-Presidential Campaign

The press had great potential to influence perceptions of Sarah Palin during the 2008 campaign, given her relative obscurity when picked to be the Republican vice-presidential nominee. Prior literature on press treatment of women running for national office suggests that Palin was likely to receive coverage that disadvantaged her due to her gender. We scrutinize press coverage of Palin’s campaign for evidence that she was treated differently and that these differences affected public opinion. Our sample of over 2,500 individual newspaper articles published during the campaign is paired with the 2008 National Annenberg Election Survey. We demonstrate that Palin’s coverage differed in significant ways from that of her male counterpart. Her gender, appearance, and family status were disproportionately mentioned in her coverage, and such mentions tended to dampen public opinion about her. In addition, the tone of Palin’s coverage was markedly negative, increasingly so over time, and was significantly related ...
The ‘Great War’ in Il Plata: Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and Montevideo During the First World War

This paper examines the actions of Italian immigrants in Buenos Aires and Montevideo to support Italy’s mobilisation during the First World War. It focuses on immigrant institutions that participated in activities including military recruitment and welfare collections to assist the Italian side. It also investigates ways Italian immigrants collaborated across the Rio de la Plata to mobilise war-related resources. Through its analysis, this article narrows in on a neglected period of time in Italian immigration historiography and uncovers ways events in Italy might have affected immigrant behaviours. It explores the degree of integration that existed between these two communities and within a transnational immigrant network built around ‘Italian’ notions of belonging. More broadly, this paper illustrates the value of scholarly focus on periods of crisis in immigrant homelands. The study of such periods helps advance understandings of social relations within immigrant communities and the transnational networks in which immigrants are situated.
Energy reserves in natural populations of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Pupae and adults of Aedes triseriatus (Say) were collected in southern Connecticut during 1980 and 1983–85, and available energy reserves in newly emerged, resting, and blood-seeking mosquitoes were quantified. Caloric reserves in unfed adults, reared from pupae and killed â¤24 h after eclosion, were low ($\bar x$ = 0.2–1.7 cal per insect). In contrast, mean caloric values for females resting on plants (3.0 cal per insect) or seeking vertebrate blood in woodlands (0.6–5.2 cal per insect) were relatively higher. That newly emerged adults contain minimal amounts of stored energy reserves reinforces the importance of plant sugars for survival during early adulthood.
Investigation of smoking control status in public places after implementation of Regulations of Public Places Health Management in Nanjing

Objective To evaluate smoking control efficacy in public places after implementation of Regulations of Public Places Health Management in Nanjing for one and a half year;to provide government evidence for making policies.MethodsUsing random sampling method,a total of 137 restaurants,16hospitals and 21 Internet cafes were selected for on-site observation and recording in Gulou District;descriptive epidemiological analysis was used for data analysis.Results Smoking was observed in 50.8%of surveyed public places.Internet cafes had highest smoking rate(95.2%).Only 14.1%of restaurant staffs and 10.0%of Internet cafe staffs discouraged smoking behaviors;99.4%and 94.3%of the public places were free of tobacco advertising or sales,only 37.4% with no-smoking warnings and 59.0% without ashtrays.69.9%of the public places took at least 3kinds of tobacco control measures.Non-logistic regression analysis showed risk to observe smoking behavior in restaurants which took 4/3kinds of tobacco control measures was 0.08/0.34 times of those only took 1(95%CI=0.03~0.28)or 2(95%CI=0.15~0.77)kinds of measures,respectively.Conclusion After one and a half year implementation of Regulations of Public places Health Management in Nanjing,smoking is still a serious problem in public places,very few staffs discouraged smoking behaviors.Government agencies should make policies to enhance law enforcement and strengthen health education to create a favorable social atmosphere to establish smoke-free public places.
Evidence supporting the conceptual framework of cancer chemoprevention in canines

As with human beings, dogs suffer from the consequences of cancer. We investigated the potential of a formulation comprised of resveratrol, ellagic acid, genistein, curcumin and quercetin to modulate biomarkers indicative of disease prevention. Dog biscuits were evaluated for palatability and ability to deliver the chemopreventive agents. The extent of endogenous DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from dogs given the dietary supplement or placebo showed no change. However, H2O2-inducible DNA damage was significantly decreased after consumption of the supplement. The expression of 11 of 84 genes related to oxidative stress was altered. Hematological parameters remained in the reference range. The concept of chemoprevention for the explicit benefit of the canine is compelling since dogs are an important part of our culture. Our results establish a proof-of-principle and provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of “man’s best friend”.
Design and Synthesis of β-Peptides With Biological Activity

beta-Peptides have been used as a platform for developing bioactive compounds with various types of bioactivity such as antimicrobial activity, cholesterol absorption inhibition, somatostatin receptor agonist, and hDM2 inhibition. These bioactive beta-peptides have been designed based on bioactive alpha-peptides. Three main strategies have been used to design bioactive beta-peptides: direct conversion of alpha-peptide sequences into beta-peptide sequences, placement of side chains to provide desirable distribution of physicochemical properties, and the grafting of proteinaceous side chains critical for bioactivity onto beta-peptide structures. This chapter briefly discusses the various strategies employed to design bioactive beta-peptides, followed by protocols for the synthesis of N-alpha-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected beta3-amino acids from Fmoc-protected alpha-amino acids, and synthesis of beta-peptides by solid phase methods using Fmoc-based chemistry.
Rheological behavior of highly loaded cellulose nanocrystal/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite suspensions

Recent emphasis on the pilot scale production of cellulosic nanomaterials has increased interest in the effective use of these materials as reinforcements for polymer composites. An important, enabling step to realizing the potential of cellulosic nanomaterials in their applications is the materials processing of CNC/polymer composites through multiple routes, i.e. melt, solution, and aqueous processing methods. Therefore, the objective of this research is to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of aqueous nanocomposite suspensions containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and a water-soluble polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Specifically, small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements were performed on neat PVA solutions and CNC-loaded PVA suspensions. The experimental results indicated that the methods used in this study were able to produce high-quality nanocomposite suspensions at high CNC loadings, up to 67 wt% with respect to PVA. Additionally, the structure achieved in the nanocomposite suspensions was understood through component attributes and interactions. At CNC loadings near and less than the percolation threshold, a polymer mediated CNC network was present. At loadings well above the percolation threshold, a CNC network was present, indicated by limited molecular weight dependence of the storage modulus. Overall, these results provide increased fundamental understanding of CNC/PVA suspensions that can be leveraged to develop advanced aqueous processing methods for these materials.
Clinical applications of custom-made vaginal cylinders constructed using three-dimensional printing technology

Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows physicians to rapidly create customized devices for patients. We report our initial clinical experience using this technology to create custom applicators for vaginal brachytherapy.
Stress Factors in Migraine and Other Headaches

Factors associated with migraine and nonmigrainous headache in a group of 3580 children aged 8-9 years were evaluated by mail questionnaire at the Turku University, Finland.
Functional Outcome Questionnaire for Aphasia: overview and preliminary psychometric evaluation.

Objective To perform a preliminary evaluation of a questionnaire designed to assess functional outcomes of treatment for aphasia. Methods The Functional Outcome Questionnaire for Aphasia (FOQ-A) is an inventory consisting of 32 caregiver-completed items rating the person with stroke's ability to perform various communication behaviors on a 5-point scale. The total score for the FOQ-A is reported as a mean of all completed items. The FOQ-A was administered by research assistants to caregivers of patients with left hemisphere stroke (n = 18). Results The FOQ-A showed acceptable initial reliability and validity properties. As predicted, the FOQ-A displayed high positive correlations with standardized functional communication measures. The FOQ-A also showed only weak associations with other measures (health-related quality of life, caregiver strain). Conclusions Overall results of our preliminary psychometric examination of the FOQ-A were promising. The findings suggested that the FOQ-A may be a sensitive measure of functional communication abilities and does not appear to be biased heavily by caregiver strain. Plans for further evaluation of the FOQ-A are discussed.
Failure matters: Reassembling eco-urbanism in a globalizing China

This paper is an attempt to reassess the role of failure in policy mobilities. Empirically, this paper examines the various aftermaths of, and the continuing trans-local connections originating from, the prominent but un-materialized Sino-British Shanghai-Dongtan eco-city—with a particular consideration on its relation with a subsequently realized project—the Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city. The findings reveal that despite its apparent failure, Dongtan eco-city established a set of urban planning procedures adopted by many, including those who designed and delivered the Tianjin eco-city. Meanwhile, Dongtan’s failure to materialize motivated the Chinese government to pursue collaboration with the Singaporean government over the increased involvement of private Western partners. The intent to avoid association with Dongtan’s failure also fostered a new eco-urbanism model based on rebranding the planning practices of Singapore’s public housing. Parts of Dongtan eco-city have also lived on through the intern...
Efficacy of a biobehavioral intervention for hot flashes: a randomized controlled pilot study.

AbstractObjective:The need for effective nonhormonal treatments for hot flash management without unwanted side effects continues. The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of combining a nonhormonal pharmacologic agent with a behavioral treatment for hot flash reduction.Methods:
Estimated HIV Inter-test Interval Among People at High Risk for HIV Infection in the U.S.

Introduction Knowing the HIV testing frequency and its temporal changes are central to evaluate public adherence to HIV testing recommendations and performance of HIV prevention programs. This study intended to estimate the mean HIV inter-test interval (ITI) and monitor its trends among men who have sex with men (MSM); people who inject drugs (PWID); and high-risk heterosexuals (HRH). Methods Using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data collected during 2008–2015, this analysis estimated the mean HIV ITI for each year by race/ethnicity and age among MSM, PWID, and HRH who reported the most recent HIV test date. Separate statistical models based on renewal process theory were fit using PROC NLIN with Newton–Raphson method. Estimated mean HIV ITI lengths were compared using the z-test. Results Estimated HIV ITI generally decreased in the past decade among MSM, PWID, and HRH who reported the most recent HIV test date. In most recent study years, estimated HIV ITI (in months) ranged from 5.8 to 12.5 among MSM, from 9.0 to 13.1 among PWID, and from 15.3 to 26.7 among HRH. Within each risk group, estimated HIV ITI was shortest among blacks and individuals aged 18–24 years. Conclusions People at high risk for HIV infection who ever tested for HIV tested more frequently in the past decade. Most recently, MSM and PWID largely adhered to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HIV testing recommendations, but HRH tested less frequently. Identifying factors associated with infrequent testing among HRH may provide information for future HIV testing initiatives.
Site-Selective Copper-Catalyzed Amination and Azidation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via Deprotonative Zincation

Arene amination is achieved by site-selective C–H zincation followed by copper-catalyzed coupling with O-benzoylhydroxylamines under mild conditions. Key to this success is ortho-zincation mediated by lithium amidodiethylzincate base that is effective for a wide range of arenes, including nonactivated arenes bearing simple functionalities such as fluoride, chloride, ester, amide, ether, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl groups as well as heteroarenes including indole, thiophene, pyridine, and isoquinoline. An analogous C–H azidation is also accomplished using azidoiodinane for direct introduction of a useful azide group onto a broad scope of arenes and heteroarenes. These new transformations offer rapid access to valuable and diverse chemical space of aminoarenes. Their broad applications in organic synthesis and drug discovery are demonstrated in the synthesis of novel analogues of natural product (−)-nicotine and antidepressant sertraline by late-stage amination and azidation reactions.
Streamflow generation on a small agricultural catchment during autumn recharge: II. Stormflow periods

To increase understanding of hydrologic flow paths, two- and three-component tracer models were used to determine stormflow components on a 19.8 ha agricultural catchment in central Pennsylvania. Three events were studied during the 1989 autumn recharge period with the first and largest storm having a 5–10 year return period, 80 mm rainfall. Continuous precipitation and streamflow records were augmented by observations and sampling of spring and seepage discharge along with shallow wells and soil water. During the largest storm event, a two-tracer, three-component model separation using 18O and Si indicated that 42% of total flow was derived from shallow subsurface stormflow, 11% from surface event water, and 47% from deep subsurface groundwater flow. Similar analysis using Si and NO3 for a 34 mm rainfall event showed 17% of total flow to be from shallow subsurface flow, 10% from surface event water and 73% from deep subsurface groundwater flow. Based upon analysis of tracer concentration variations in soil water, shallow well water and springflow during these events, shallow subsurface stormflow was found to be a transient mixture of infiltrated event water (28% average maximum contribution) and stored pre-event water (72% average minimum contribution). Thus, two major pathways for transferring event water to streamflow existed in these two events: (1) overland flow and channel precipitation (10–11% of total flow); (2) shallow subsurface stormflow (5–12% of total flow). In the third event analyzed, 9 mm of rainfall was insufficient to generate shallow subsurface stormflow, and two-component models using 18O, Si and NO3 indicated 10%, 4% and 3% event water contributions, respectively. Major early autumn storms, occurring before subsurface water becomes well mixed in this region, offer an opportunity to differentiate shallow and deep subsurface pathways for streamflow generation using two-tracer, three-component models.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Pre-Clinical Elective Effects on Intentions to Choose a Career in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

The purpose of this study was to examine first and second year medical students’ level of interest, their knowledge and factors influencing their intent to pursue child psychiatry as a career field. The authors implemented a pre-clinical elective in child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) for first and second year medical students. A pre- and post-elective questionnaire was used to evaluate the students’ interest and intentions to select CAP as a career and to evaluate various factors influencing their career choice. Results showed that prior to the elective, 64.3% reported being “Interested” or “Very Interested” in a career in CAP. Despite this, only 17.9% of the sample reported that they were “Likely” or “Very Likely” to choose a career in CAP. After the elective, 52.63% reported being likely to choose a career in CAP. Multiple regression revealed that interest predicted intentions for a career in the field, but estimated salary and expected years of residency did not. Patient contact and case discussions were the experiences that students most frequently reported lead them to be more interested in CAP. Though limited by small sample size, this study provides preliminary information on early exposure of medical students to the field of CAP. Early exposure leads to an increase in students’ interest, knowledge and their intention to choose child psychiatry as a career field.
Near-tip behavior of deflected creep cracks

Near-tip displacement fields of a creep crack which exhibited moderate deflection from its initially mode I condition have been measured using the stereoimaging technique. From the measured displacement fields, near-tip strains and crack opening displacements (CODs) are obtained and compared with existing asymptotic solutions for stationary, deflected cracks. The comparison reveals that the near-tip strain field and CODs of a stationary deflected creep crack in stainless steel (creep exponent of 8) are of the Riedel-Rice type. The degree of mode mixity is also adequately predicted for the deflected crack. The results for stainless steel are compared with previous results for a glass-ceramic (creep exponent of 1.5), to assess the range of applicability of the RR field. Discrepancies between theory and experiment are discussed in terms of the dominant creep mechanism, which is dislocation creep for the stainless steel and grain boundary sliding for the glass-ceramic.
Introduction: The Growth of Educational Change as a Field of Study: Understanding its Roots and Branches

In twenty five years of teaching graduate students about schools and ways of improving them — for both students and their teachers — I have sent many of them to “review the literature on change”. Inevitably, faced with the confusion of selecting from hundreds of books ranging from theories of planned change to the history of particular movements in education, dealing with problems of leadership, school culture or attempts to define the “meaning” of educational change, and even offering a variety of organizational strategies to effect change — they ferret industriously through this literature struggling to make some sense of it all. What is the genesis of these ideas? Where do they come from? How can students come to understand the development of this field of educational change from its seminal “roots” to its contemporary questions — many of which are branches of trees that were planted long ago and that have, in seemingly erratic and unsystematic ways, grown up over time? Perhaps this modest collection of essays will help them — and us — to gain a more incisive understanding of this field, a field that has its roots in “history and biography and their intersections within . . . society” (Mills, 1959, p. 6).
Designing for composites: Traditional and future views

Abstract Previous modes of thinking about designing with materials, and how we regard those materials ethically within a bigger picture of material culture, may simply repeat themselves in current circumstances unless we “critique” these notions. This critique is vital because of the history, within postindustrial culture, of the accumulation of unintended consequences that negatively impact living systems. We can study carefully the evolved characteristics of natural materials particularly as they influence the forms and processes we see produced in living systems. We learn to see these forms as self-illustrating phenomena limited only by our ability to understand what we are seeing, meaning their capacity to change how we think is in effect unlimited. Deepening our understanding requires collaboration and a persistent willingness to question what we think we know. In thinking about this form of knowledge, the cultural influences upon how we “think about knowing” become clearer. We learn the form-language appropriate to different classifications of material, and to descriptive features such as “complex hierarchical organization.”
Tensegrity Robot Locomotion Under Limited Sensory Inputs via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Tensegrity robots are composed of rigid rods connected by elastic cables, and their unique light-weight yet compliant structure makes them an appealing choice for space exploration. However, locomotion control for these robotic systems remains difficult due to their nonlinear dynamics and high-dimensional state space. We demonstrate that in the domain of tensegrity robotics, it is possible to efficiently learn end-to-end locomotion policies using mirror descent guided policy search (MDGPS) even with limited sensory inputs. We compare learned neural network policies with other locomotion control policies in various testing environments; and results show that neural network policies consistently outperform others. We also shed light to the policy learning process by analyzing different choices of observation inputs to the robot. Moreover these findings motivate exploration of deep reinforcement learning algorithms in the domain of tensegrity robotics. We show preliminary results with one such locomotion example on discontinuous rough terrains.
Frailty Identification and Care Pathway: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Care for Older Trauma Patients.

Background Frailty is a well-established marker of poor outcomes in geriatric trauma patients. There are few interventions to improve outcomes in this growing population. Our goal was to determine if an interdisciplinary care pathway for frail trauma patients improved in-hospital mortality, complications, and 30-day readmissions. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of frail patients ≥65 years old, admitted to the trauma service at an academic, urban level I trauma center between 2015 and 2017. Patients transferred to other services and those who died within the first 24 hours were excluded. An interdisciplinary protocol for frail trauma patients, including early ambulation, bowel/pain regimens, nonpharmacologic delirium prevention, nutrition/physical therapy consults, and geriatrics assessments, was implemented in 2016. Our main outcomes were delirium, complications, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day readmission, which were compared with these outcomes in patients treated the year before the pathway was implemented. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association of being on the pathway with outcomes. Results There were 125 and 144 frail patients in the pre- and post-intervention cohorts, respectively. There were no significant demographic differences between the 2 groups. Among both groups, the mean age was 83.51 years (SD 7.11 years), 60.59% were female, and median Injury Severity Score was 10 (interquartile range 9 to 14). In univariate analysis, there were no significant differences in complications (28.0% vs 28.5%, respectively, p = 0.93); however, there was a significant decrease in delirium (21.6% to 12.5%, respectively, p = 0.04) and 30-day readmission (9.6% to 2.7%, respectively, p = 0.01). After adjusting for patient characteristics, patients on the pathway had lower delirium (odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.88, p = 0.02) and 30-day readmission rates (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.84, p = 0.02), than pre-pathway patients. Conclusions An interdisciplinary care protocol for frail geriatric trauma patients significantly decreases their delirium and 30-day readmission risk. Implementing pathways standardizing care for these vulnerable patients could improve their outcomes after trauma.
The Pharmacology of Drug Abuse: Drug Education at San Quentin

This paper will discuss a novel and highly successful undergraduate level program in pharmacology and drug abuse that we are now teaching for the fourth year at California’s San Quentin State Prison. In designing and teaching the course, our guiding philosophy has been that a student’s knowledge of the chemical and medicinal nature of psychoactive drugs is useful to their understanding of drug abuse per se. Therefore, much of the emphasis is on the physiological and biochemical events surrounding drug action in the central nervous system, followed by a discussion of the factors that contribute toward a potential for abuse. Also, an attempt was made to present information in a strictly objective manner, without moral or legal overtones that have too often clouded the issues and alienated groups of students in the past. It was our feeling that our students, of whom many have had serious drug use problems in the past, are the ones who must ultimately be responsible for themselves and for their actions and that with adequate biomedical information they would be in a far better position to decide for themselves which drugs or combinations of drugs they would choose or not choose to use in the future. Our analyses have continued to find a positive change in attitudes among many of our student-inmates toward a more rational approach to drug use. Many of our students have told us that if they had had adequate knowledge at an earlier time of the actions of many of the drugs that are available on the streets or in retail stores today, then it is likely that they could have avoided many of the problems that brought them to where they are today.
Differences in early auditory exposure across neonatal environments.

Abstract Background To date, no study has compared preterm and full term auditory environments. Aim To define differences in auditory exposure for preterm infants at term equivalent age in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared to auditory exposure in hospital rooms on a labor and delivery ward after full term birth. Study design Ninety-eight infants (48 preterm infants born 28 weeks gestation in the NICU at term equivalent age and 50 full term infants in a hospital room on the labor and delivery ward within 4 days of birth) had auditory exposure measured over a single 16-hour period using the Language Environment Acquisition (LENA) device. Results More language ( p p p Conclusion The NICU auditory environment for preterm infants is different than the auditory environment for full term infants, with less language, more electronic sounds, and quieter stimuli. This understanding can aid in developing appropriate interventions that enhance positive forms of auditory exposures.
The State of Qualitative Research in Hospitality: A 5-Year Review 2014 to 2019

In response to this special issue, concerned with methods and measurements, a comprehensive review of the last 5 years of qualitative research was conducted in the top five journals that primarily ...
Biogeography of N 2 Fixation in the Surface Ocean

Diazotrophs and N2 fixation are not homogenously distributed across the oceans, but have distinct patterns of rates, abundances and species composition. These patterns reflect the dynamic processes in the ocean and atmosphere and the distribution of nutrients, particularly P and Fe. The availability of non-N nutrients causes spatial variability in nutrient limitation that determines species composition. An important driver is the distribution of dissolved Fe which is largely driven by aeolian atmospheric deposition. Trichodesmium is one of the most widely distributed diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the tropical and sub-tropical ocean, but UCYN-A are also found there, but also in cooler and more nutrient-enriched coastal and polar waters. Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) are widely distributed and may be important, but direct demonstration of N2 fixation by these diverse, uncultivated bacteria has not yet been obtained. There is seasonality of diazotrophs in the open ocean gyres. N2 fixation by heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria occur in estuaries and brackish water. Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) could be habitats for N2 fixation and are characterized by presence of NCDs, but generally have low N2 fixation rates. UCYN-A is present and fixes N2 in the Arctic, although at very low abundances. Much remains to be learned how nutrients and environmental factors control the spatial patterns of oceanic N2 fixation and there are likely more surprises in store.
Aucune différence relevée en termes d’activité radiologique entre les patients traités par natalizumab en administration à intervalles prolongés (EID) par rapport à l’administration à intervalles standard (SID) dans MS PATHS

Introduction Natalizumab en EID presente un moindre risque de leucoencephalopathie multifocale progressive qu’en SID. Les donnees en vie reelle de patients EID peuvent faciliter la determination du profil benefice–risque de l’EID. Objectifs Comparer l’efficacite du natalizumab en SID et en EID a l’aide de mesures quantitatives d’imagerie par resonance magnetique (IRM) a partir d’images en vie reelle hautement standardisees dans MS PATHS. Patients et methodes Un segment IRM est defini comme 2 acquisitions a duree d’intervalle associee. Les patients inclus avaient ≥ 1 segment, ≥ 2 cycles de perfusion (> 21 ≤ 84 jours) et information covariee complete. Les segments IRM avec un cycle moyen de perfusion (AIC) ≤ 35 jours et > 35 jours sont definis comme SID/EID, respectivement. Les nouvelles lesions T2, les variations du volume des lesions T2 (T2LV) et la fraction parenchymale cerebrale (BPF) ont ete comparees pour les segments IRM SID/EID. Resultats L’analyse portait sur 327 patients SID (596 segments) et 67 patients EID (85 segments). L’AIC moyen etait de 29,5 jours (ET : 1,8) en SID et 40,8 jours (4,9) en EID. La proportion de patients sans nouvelles lesions T2 etait semblable entre SID et EID (75,6 %/75,3 % ; p = 0,921). Aucune difference significative n’a ete montree entre groupe en variation ajustee de T2LV (−0,070 mL/0,022 mL ; p = 0,233) ou variation de BPF (−0,1222 %/−0,1442 % ; p = 0,617). Discussion/Conclusion L’activite IRM etait faible entre les deux groupes ; aucune difference significative dans les resultats d’IRM n’a ete montree. NOVA, essai de phase 3b, permettra d’approfondir sur l’efficacite de l’EID.
An Online Student Resilience Project Responds to the Pandemic

COVID-19 exposed the need for universities to develop trauma-informed interventions to bolster students’ well-being during times of crisis. Florida State University, a public institution with 40,000+ students, had such an intervention immediately available to students that was quickly adapted to fit their needs during the pandemic. The Student Resilience Project (SRP; strong.fsu.edu), a trauma-informed interactive website, offered students free and socially distant access to tools and university resources created to help students cope with stress, anxiety, and depression. A survey of students who used the site during the pandemic indicated that many used it to specifically address stressors related to COVID-19. Additionally, mental health disparities among students of color, women, and the LGBTQ+ community were identified. Future uses of this trauma-informed approach and adaptations are summarized.