cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening science, producing the nation: popular science programs on Israeli television (1968–88)

From 1968 on, the state of Israel deployed television as a tool in the service of its ongoing project of reproducing the nation and as a propaganda tool that targeted the population of the newly occupied territories and the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. With the collaboration of the scientific elite, the televising of original popular science programs, aired on the sole government-controlled channel at prime time, contributed immensely to these projects. Through these programs, the state disseminated a specific image of the nation’s scientific prowess for popular consumption in the euphoric aftermath of the Six Day War. This article examines the first 20 years of the state’s projects, during which the grip of Zionist collectivism was still strong, the monopoly of the government-controlled channel was not yet challenged, and the programs enjoyed astonishingly high ratings. My examination focuses on the ideology and motivations of the producers; the ways in which the communication elite and the scien...
A comparative study of fetal umbilical velocimetry with continuous- and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: relationship to outcome.

Summary Systolic/diastolic ratios of umbilical velocimetry obtained with either continuous-wave or pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography have been used to assess downstream placental vascular resistance and fetal well-being. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of systolic/diastolic ratios obtained by continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction of poor pregnancy outcome. Continuous-wave and pulsed-wave umbilical velocimetry was performed and systolic/diastolic ratios were measured in 200 high-risk pregnancies in the third trimester by use of Angioscan III and a General Electric RT 3600 scanner, respectively. A total of 165 study participants had normal systolic/diastolic ratios and 35 participants had elevated ratios (>3.0) with both continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. Both methods identified 35 participants with abnormal ratios, and none of the women was misclassified by either method. The pulsed-wave and continuous-wave values for 35 participants with elevated ratios were 6.35 ± 1.52 and 6.23 ± 1.58, respectively; values for 165 participants with normal ratios were 1.95 ± 0.40 and 1.96 ± 0.41, respectively (not significantly different). Participants with elevated systolic/diastolic ratios within 7 days of delivery had significantly higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome as judged by small-for-gestational-age fetuses, presence of meconium at delivery, fetal distress in labor, cesarean sections and 5-minute Apgar scores p
PPAR-γ expression in animals subjected to volume overload and chronic Urotensin II administration

Activation of PPAR-γ through the administration of glitazones has shown promise in preserving function following cardiac injury, although recent evidence has suggested their use may be contraindicated in the case of severe heart failure. This study tested the hypothesis that PPAR-γ expression increases in a time dependent manner in response to chronic volume overload (VO) induced heart failure. Additionally, we attempted to determine what effect 4 week administration of Urotensin II (UTII) may have on PPAR-γ expression. VO induced heart failure was produced in Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 32) by aorta-caval fistula. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4, and 14 weeks following shunt creation. In a separate set of experiments, animals were administered 300 pmol/kg/h of UTII for 4 weeks, subjected to 4 weeks of volume overload, or given UTII + VO. Densitometric analysis of left ventricular (LV) protein demonstrated PPAR-γ expression was significantly (*p < 0.05) upregulated at 4 and 14 weeks (31.5% and 37%, respectively) post-fistula formation compared to control values. PPAR-γ activation was decreased in the 4 and 14 week (39.16% and 42.4%, respectively), but not in the 1-week animals, and these changes did not correlate with NF-κB activity. Animals given UTII either with or without VO demonstrated increased expression of PPAR-γ as did animals subjected to 4 week VO alone. Animals given UTII either with or without VO had decreased activity vs. control. These data suggest PPAR-γ may play a role in the progression of heart failure, however, the exact nature has yet to be determined.
Post-transplant hypophosphatemia: Tertiary ‘Hyper-Phosphatoninism’?

Hypophosphatemia is a common complication of kidney transplantation. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism has long been thought to be the etiology, but hypophosphatemia can occur despite low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and can persist after high PTH levels normalize. Furthermore, even in the setting of normal allograft function, hypophosphatemia, and hyperparathyroidism, calcitriol levels remain inappropriately low following transplantation, suggesting that mechanisms other than PTH contribute. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) induces phosphaturia, inhibits calcitriol synthesis, and accumulates in chronic kidney disease. We performed a prospective, longitudinal study of 27 living donor transplant recipients to test the hypotheses that excessive FGF-23 accounts for hypophosphatemia and decreased calcitriol levels following kidney transplantation. Hypophosphatemia P P P P =0.02) compared with lower levels. Increased area under the PTH curve was not associated with greater risk of hypophosphatemia. Excessive FGF-23 exposure in the early post-transplant period appears to be more strongly associated with post-transplant hypophosphatemia than PTH.
Ascending and Aortic Arch Thrombus: Cause of Myocardial Infarction and Lower Extremity Ischemia

Ascending aortic thrombus is a rare finding that might lead to life-threatening thromboembolic events. With no specific guidelines, controversy exists regarding management ranging from surgical resection, thrombolytic therapy, and thrombectomy to anticoagulation therapy. We report a particularly interesting case of a 61-year-old woman presenting with NSTEMI and lower extremity claudication from an embolic thrombus in the distal ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch treated medically with anticoagulation. Repeat imaging in 2 months revealed resolution of the thrombus. J Med Cases. 2015;6(4):156-158 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2074w
Closed-Form Forced Response of a Damped, Rotating, Multiple Disks/Spindle System

This paper is to study forced vibration response of a rotating disk/spindle system consisting of multiple flexible circular disks clamped to a rigid spindle supported by two flexible bearings. In particular, the disk/spindle system is subjected to prescribed translational base excitations and externally applied loads. Because of the bearing flexibility, the rigid spindle undergoes infinitesimal rigid-body rocking and translation simultaneously. To model real vibration response that has finite resonance amplitudes, the disks and the bearings are assumed to be viscously damped. Equations of motion are then derived through use of Rayleigh dissipation function and Lagrange's equation. The equations of motion include three sets of matrix differential equations: one for the rigid-body rocking of the spindle and one-nodal-diameter disk modes, one for the axial translation of the spindle and axisymmetric disk modes, and one for disk modes with two or more nodal diameters. Each matrix differential equation contains either a gyroscopic matrix or a damping matrix or both. The causal Green's function of each matrix differential equation is determined explicitly in closed form through use of matrix inversion and inverse Laplace transforms. Closed-form forced response of the damped rotating disk/spindle system is then obtained from the causal Green's function and the generalized forces through convolution integrals. Finally, responses ofa disk/spindle system subjected to a concentrated sinusoidal load or an impulsive load are demonstrated numerically as an example.
Effect of Particle Size of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Slurries for Enhanced Polishing with Minimal Defects

In this study the effects of oversize particle contamination in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurries were investigated on the silica CMP process. The limits of light scattering technique were established in detecting coarse particles in a commercial silica CMP slurry using two different methods. The detection limits were set by observing the shift in particle size distribution curve or by the appearance of an additional peak in the particle size distribution curve of the baseline slurry when a known amount of coarser particles were added to it. Simultaneously, polishing tests were conducted by spiking the base slurry with coarser sol‐gel silica particles at the established detection limits. It was observed that the contamination of larger particles not only created surface damage but also changed the material removal rate. The mechanism of polishing in the presence of larger size particles is discussed as a function of particle size and concentration. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Spectrophotometric measurement of juvenile hormone binding in subcellular components of the Indian meal moth.

Abstract The relative degree of juvenile hormone binding to various subcellular fractions of larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella , was studied by u.v. difference spectroscopy. Difference absorbance changes at 280 nm due to binding of the hormone to proteins(s) were obtained in six particulate fractions from a sucrose density gradient and in the supernatant and microsomal fractions. A low-density, particulate fraction primarily containing membrane fragments, electron dense bodies (200 nm), and RNA was most active in binding the hormone.
The effects of criminality and conviction on the labor market status of young British offenders

We examine the effects of criminal activity and criminal conviction on the income and job stability of young British offenders. Using longitudinal data on job market performance, as well as self-reported data on criminality and official records on conviction, we estimate the separate effects of criminality and conviction. We find that criminality alone has no effect on job performance, whereas conviction increases both job instability and pay. These results confirm results we have obtained elsewhere showing that conviction increases the income of young offenders. We explain the positive effect of conviction on pay by appeal to a human capital explanation of workers' pay.
VIBRATION AND STABILITY OF A CRACKED TRANSLATING BEAM

Abstract The vibration and stability characteristics of a cracked beam translating between fixed supports are investigated. Using Hamilton's principle and elementary fracture mechanics, the equations of motion for the beam are developed. Throughout this analysis it is assumed that the crack is shallow and always remains open, i.e., crack closure and the associated impact conditions are not considered. In order to restrict attention to the open crack scenario, parameter regimes corresponding to (1) a fully open crack, (2) a fully closed crack, and (3) a partly open–partly closed crack are clearly identified. For parameter values in regime (1), the free vibration characteristics are studied via an eigenanalysis. This shows that the natural frequencies (Im (λ)) and stability characteristics (Re (λ)) fluctuate as the crack translates along with the beam between the two supports. For the shallow cracks being considered, the fluctuations are attributed primarily to the localized drop in the mass per unit length (occurring at the crack) rather than from the increased flexibility. Furthermore, the magnitudes of these fluctuations are shown to vary with both the axial transport speed and the crack depth and are mapped in the control parameter space. Implications for the free and forced vibration problems are discussed.
Growth of Neomucosa After Intestinal Resection

• The growth of neomucosa over patched intestinal defects may prove useful in the short-bowel syndrome. This study was done to determine if the timing of intestinal patching with respect to intestinal resection affects neomucosal growth. Twelve dogs underwent 75% intestinal resection, with intestinal patching done either simultaneously or 12 weeks later. Energy intake, final body weight, albumin level, and length of remnant patched were similar in both groups. Forty weeks after patching, neomucosal coverage of the defect (95.2%±2.0% vs 94.2%±1.6%), neomucosal surface area (36.2±4.5 vs 31.8±2.9 cm 2 ), and patch size (56.2%±6.8% vs 51.9%±9.7%) were similar in both the simultaneous and delayed groups, as were villus height of neomucosa and disaccharidase activity. Neomucosal growth is similar whether intestinal patching is performed simultaneously or 12 weeks after resection. Intestinal patching is not indicated at the initial intestinal resection. ( Arch Surg 1987;122:316-319)
Seen but Not Heard: Committee Visibility and Institutional Change in the Senate National Security Committees, 1947–2006

Scholars have neglected the effect of the press on political institutions in favor of media influences on campaigns or on voters' trust and information about government. This article examines senators' committee preferences in response to declining media coverage of Congress, focusing on the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations Committees from 1947 to 2006. The research relies on new, continuous measures of committee desirability and a unique dataset of congressional press coverage. Although both committees' visibility and attractiveness have declined dramatically over 60 years, statistical analyses indicate that change in internal rules and external events are the most important influences on senators' investment in committee careers.
Determinants of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy versus hyperplasia in vascular smooth muscle

There is clear evidence implicating a role for angiotensin II in control of hypertrophic growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo. However, the specific mechanisms whereby angiotensin II influences smooth muscle cell growth have not been defined. The focus of this mini-review is to consider how angiotensin II contributes to control of hypertrophic vs. hyperplastic growth of vascular smooth muscle in vivo, and in particular how the differentiated state of the smooth muscle cell may influence growth responsiveness to angiotensin II. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induced fibrillation is equally effective as crystalloid cardioplegia in the protection of fetal myocardial function.

Abstract Background Fetal cardiac intervention represents a potential advance in the treatment of congenital cardiac lesions that increase in complexity during development. Prenatal repair of a primary defect might prevent pathologic blood-flow patterns that can result in hypoplasia of a cardiac chamber or great vessel. However, strategies to optimize fetal myocardial protection have not been studied. A biventricular working fetal heart preparation was used to evaluate the cardioprotective properties of induced fibrillation and crystalloid cardioplegia. Methods Hearts from 16 fetal lambs at 115 to 125 days’ gestation were harvested and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. The descending aorta was ligated distal to the ductal insertion and the branch pulmonary arteries were ligated to simulate the parallel circulation of the fetus. Hearts were arrested with normothermic fibrillation (n = 8) or hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegia (n = 8) before reperfusion with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Baseline and postarrest myocardial function measurements were obtained from analysis of pressure-dimension relationships. Results Fibrillatory and cardioplegic arrest were equally effective at preserving postarrest systolic function (left ventricle, 70% ± 5% vs 68% ± 15%, P = .52; right ventricle, 68% ± 4.5% vs 65% ± 4.5%, P = .26) and preventing increased diastolic stiffness (left ventricle, 32% ± 5.3% vs 38% ± 11%, P = .24; right ventricle, 25% ± 3.3% vs 27% ± 2.1%, P = .46). Myocardial water content was unchanged in hearts arrested with fibrillation and cardioplegia (84% ± 1.5% vs 83.7% ± 0.9%, P = .71). Conclusions Normothermic fibrillation and hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegia provide equal protection of the fetal myocardium. In the setting of diminished fetal myocardial reserve and because of the limited ability to manipulate the surrounding temperature in the fetus, normothermic fibrillation may be preferable for in utero repairs of selected congenital heart defects.
Conformation-function relationships in hydrophobic peptides: interior turns and signal sequences.

Two studies are diescribed in which synthetic peptides have been designed and examined to address biochemical problems inherent in hydorphobic environments: (1) The cyclic hexapeptide cyclo-(D-Tyr(Bzl)-Gly-Ile-Leu-Gln-Pro) was synthesized as a model of an interior β-turn from the protein lysozyme. Conformational analysis by proton nmr methods, including two-dimensional nulcear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, revealed that the model peptide adopts one conformation in chloroform/dimethyl sulfoxide (98.2) and tetramethylene sulfone solutions. The conformation consists of two linked β-turns, one with the same sequence (Gly-Ile-Leu-Gln) and geometry (Type I) as the protein turn. (2) Major portions of the λ-receptor protein (LamB) signal sequences from E. coli wildtype and mutant strains have been synthesized. The conformational properties and membrane interactions of these synthetic signal peptides correlate with the in vivo export function of the wild type and mutant strains. Functional signal sequences are significantly richer in α-helix in aaqueous trifluoroethanol, lysolecithin, or sodium do-decyl sulfate solution than is a nonfunctional mutant signal sequence.
Numerical Analysis of Radiative Recombination in Narrow-Gap Semiconductors Using the Green’s Function Formalism

A numerical model based on the Green’s function formalism has been developed and used to investigate the radiative recombination processes in multiple narrow-gap semiconductor materials. Full band structures and adaptive band-dependent tetrahedral meshes were adopted to improve the accuracy of the calculation. As a validation, the spectrum of the absorption coefficient for germanium was examined, giving good agreement with the experimental data. The absorption coefficient and radiative recombination lifetime for HgCdTe were then investigated for different compositions, carrier concentrations, and operating temperatures. The results confirmed the accuracy of the widely used theoretical formula for the radiative recombination lifetime under the condition that the effective mass of holes in the formula must be carefully chosen. Based on all our comparisons and calculations, the Green’s function model is proved to be a reliable tool for predicting the radiative recombination properties of HgCdTe, which could further facilitate the investigation of more complicated processes such as photon-recycling issues.
A prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy of steroids in treatment of croup

We evaluated the use of dexamethasone in the management of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Thirty patients, ranging in age from eight to 60 months, were evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study. Patients received dexamethasone, 0.3 mg/kg at the time of admission and a similar dose 2 hours later, and were compared with a placebo group receiving saline. Sixteen patients received dexamethasone and 14 patients received the placebo. Severity of each group was scored by a standardized system. Patients receiving dexamethasone had a mean admission score of 8.46 points; patients receiving placebo, 8.14. Twenty-four hours after admission the patients in the treatment group had a mean score of 1.19 as contrasted with a score of 5.58 for the placebo group ( P
Parents are interested in newborn genomic testing during the early postpartum period

We surveyed parents to ascertain interest in newborn genomic testing and determine whether these queries would provoke refusal of conventional state-mandated newborn screening. After a brief genetics orientation, parents rated their interest in receiving genomic testing for their healthy newborn on a 5-point Likert scale and answered questions about demographics and health history. We used logistic regression to explore factors associated with interest in genomic testing and tracked any subsequent rejection of newborn screening. We queried 514 parents within 48 hours after birth while still in hospital (mean age (SD) 32.7 (6.4) years, 65.2% female, 61.2% white, 79.3% married). Parents reported being not at all (6.4%), a little (10.9%), somewhat (36.6%), very (28.0%), or extremely (18.1%) interested in genomic testing for their newborns. None refused state-mandated newborn screening. Married participants and those with health concerns about their infant were less interested in newborn genomic testing (P = 0.012 and P = 0.030, respectively). Degree of interest for mothers and fathers was discordant (at least two categories different) for 24.4% of couples. Interest in newborn genomic testing was high among parents of healthy newborns, and the majority of couples had similar levels of interest. Surveying parents about genomic sequencing did not prompt rejection of newborn screening. Genet Med 17 6, 501–504.
Social support mobilization and deterioration after Mexico's 1999 flood: effects of context, gender, and time.

Samples of adults representative of Teziutlan, Puebla, and Villahermosa, Tobasco, were interviewed 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the devastating 1999 flood and mudslides. The interview contained multiple measures of social support that had been normed for Mexico. Comparisons between sample data and population norms suggested minimal mobilization of received support and substantial deterioration of perceived support and social embeddedness. Social support was lowest in Teziutlan, which had experienced mass casualties and displacement, and among women and persons of lower educational attainment. Disparities according to gender, context, and education grew larger as time passed. The results provide compelling evidence that the international health community must be mindful of social as well as psychological functioning when disasters strike the developing world.
Does Anyone Want the Displaced Persons

Book reviwed in this article: Arieh J. Kochavi, Post–Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States, and Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948
Phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection of CD4 + Th17 cells in the human female reproductive tract

Prevention of sexual acquisition of HIV in women requires a substantial increase in our knowledge about HIV-target cell availability and regulation in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In this study, we analyzed the phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection of CD4+ T cell in the endometrium (EM), endocervix (END), and ectocervix (ECT) of the FRT. We found that T helper type 17 (Th17) cells represent a major subset in FRT tissues analyzed and that Th17 cells were the main CD4+ T-cell population expressing C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CD90. In premenopausal women, CD4+ T cells and Th17 cells, in particular, were significantly lower in EM relative to END and ECT. Th17 cells were elevated in EM from postmenopausal women relative to premenopausal tissues but not changed in END and ECT. Susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to HIV infection measured as intracellular p24 was lowest in the EM and highest in the ECT. Additionally, we found that Th17 cells co-expressing CCR5 and CD90 were the most susceptible to HIV infection. Our results provide valuable information for designing preventive strategies directed at targeting highly susceptible target cells in the FRT.
Study of charge transfer complexation by gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract The study of charge transfer complexation by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is presented. The GLC results differ significantly from spectroscopic data, and it is argued that the chromatographic technique seems to be valid, whereas other methods are at best questionable. Very recent data by the authors also indicate that much more information is available from GLC studies than had previously been recognized, such as the determination of vertical ionization potentials, vertical electron affinities, molecular substituent and out-of-plane deformation effects, and steric hindrance to charge transfer.
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia

Abstract In recent years a number of specific concepts have been developed regarding the regulation of purine biosynthesis in man. At the present time, the most important factors involved in the control of this pathway appear to be the intracellular concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) and purine nucleotides. In addition, a number of enzymatic abnormalities, which may lead to an accelerated rate of purine biosynthesis de novo and hyperuricemia, have now been described. These include a deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase, increased activity of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase, increased activity of glutathione reductase, and increased activity of xanthine oxidase. Each of these enzymatic abnormalities may increase the production of purines by altering the intracellular concentration of PP-ribose-P or purine nucleotides. In addition, an abnormal form of P-ribose-P amidotransferase, which may increase purine biosynthesis by virtue of a reduced sensitivty to the normal inhibitory effect of purine nucleotides, has been described. Abnormalities in the renal handling of uric acid are relatively common causes of hyperuricemia. However, at the present time, the molecular basis for these abnormalities remains to be defined.
Blue LEDs get the Nobel Prize while Red LEDs are poised to save lives

Ischemic heart disease is a major public health epidemic and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Hausenloy et al., 2012; Ferdinandy et al., 2014). Ischemic injury predisposes to myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Prompt restoration of oxygenated blood flow to the ischemic myocardium (i.e., reperfusion) is required for preventing irreversible cell damage and death. Unfortunately, restoration of blood flow, in itself, results in additional cardiac damage, known as reperfusion injury. Such oxidative damage, which is mediated by bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is more severe when reperfusion therapy is delayed. Indeed, necrotic cell death as a consequence of ROS overproduction can paradoxically exacerbate the extent of myocardial infarction. Concomitantly, reperfusion-mediated cytosolic calcium overload and redox imbalance promote mechanoelectrical dysfunction and arrhythmias.
The optimal discovery procedure: a new approach to simultaneous significance testing

Summary. The Neyman–Pearson lemma provides a simple procedure for optimally testing a single hypothesis when the null and alternative distributions are known. This result has played a major role in the development of significance testing strategies that are used in practice. Most of the work extending single-testing strategies to multiple tests has focused on formulating and estimating new types of significance measures, such as the false discovery rate. These methods tend to be based on p-values that are calculated from each test individually, ignoring information from the other tests. I show here that one can improve the overall performance of multiple significance tests by borrowing information across all the tests when assessing the relative significance of each one, rather than calculating p-values for each test individually. The ‘optimal discovery procedure’ is introduced, which shows how to maximize the number of expected true positive results for each fixed number of expected false positive results. The optimality that is achieved by this procedure is shown to be closely related to optimality in terms of the false discovery rate. The optimal discovery procedure motivates a new approach to testing multiple hypotheses, especially when the tests are related. As a simple example, a new simultaneous procedure for testing several normal means is defined; this is surprisingly demonstrated to outperform the optimal single-test procedure, showing that a method which is optimal for single tests may no longer be optimal for multiple tests. Connections to other concepts in statistics are discussed, including Stein's paradox, shrinkage estimation and the Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing.
A phylogenetic evaluation of a biosystematic framework: Brodiaea and related petaloid monocots (Themidaceae)

Phylogenetic analyses of plastid DNA sequences of ndhF, trnL-F intron and spacer regions, and rpl16 are presented separately and combined for 41 taxa from all 12 genera of the Themidaceae and for 20 taxa from nine related families in the higher Asparagales. The results from the combined analysis are the most resolved and provide a high level of support for the monophyly of Themidaceae. Within Themidaceae, the Milla complex of Mexico is supported as monophyletic within a paraphyletic Brodiaea complex of western North America. Four major clades are identified in each of the individual and combined analyses: (1) the Milla complex; (2) Brodiaea, Dichelostemma, and Triteleiopsis; (3) Triteleia, Bloomeria, and Muilla clevelandii; and (4) Androstephium and the other species of Muilla. These well-defined clades suggest that morphological characters (e.g., an extended perianth tube) that have been traditionally used to circumscribe the genera within the Brodiaea complex have evolved independently at least twice. In addition, common biogeographic distribution patterns (e.g., Brodiaea and Triteleia having centers of diversity in northern California and the Pacific Northwest) appear to be the result of separate evolutionary radiations.
Possibilities and pitfalls in clinical applications of cognitive-developmental theory.

Two main approaches to applying Piaget's theory of cognitive development to the study of child psychopathology are represented in this chapter. In one approach, the authors hypothesize relations between cognitive development and socioemotional development. In the other, the authors use the cognitive theory as a source of material, drawing selectively from it in order to construct a model of socioemotional development.
Attentional Bias and Craving in Smokers: The Impact of a Single Attentional Training Session

Introduction: Investigations in both alcohol and smoking have provided preliminary evidence for the use of attentional training interventions to reduce vigilance toward salient drug cues. The current study evaluated the efficacy of an attentional training intervention for reducing attentional bias toward smoking cues and craving among cigarette smokers. Methods: Participants were randomized to receive an attentional training intervention or a control training. Sixty-four regular cigarette smokers (individuals smoking at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year) provided informed consent and were enrolled in the study. The dot probe paradigm was used both to measure attentional bias and for the training intervention. Attentional bias and craving were measured prior to and following training. Results: Results indicated that the randomized groups did not differ significantly in attentional bias as measured by novel stimuli and, correspondingly, in craving response to relevant cues following the training intervention. Conclusions: These results for a single-session training suggest that this "dose" is insufficient for reducing attentional bias. Given the success of this intervention in other applications, research on the efficacy of multiple-session trainings is an important area for further study.
Variation in the Availability of Food as a Cause of Fluctuations in Predator and Prey Population Densities

Large cyclic fluctuations in the densities of laboratory populations of both bacteria and Protozoa were produced by adding sterile nutrient solutions to the cultures at long intervals. The fluctuations were greatly reduced, and they were no longer cyclic when the nutrient solution was added at shorter intervals. Experimentally, the major form of interaction between bacteria and Protozoa was predation of the Protozoa upon the bacteria. Both the population density of the Protozoa and the population density of the bacteria were reduced by decreasing the amount of nutrient solution added to the cultures. See full-text article at JSTOR
Religion and Delinquency: the Ecology of a "Lost" Relationship:

Confusion has developed in the literature over whether religious commitment decreases delinquent behavior. In this paper we show that conflicting findings stem from variations in the religious ecology of the communities studied. In communities where religious commitment is the norm, the more religious an individual, the less likely he or she will be delinquent. However, in highly secu larized communities, even the most devout teenagers are no less delinquent than the most irreligious. This is why the initial studies found no religious ef fects on delinquency. Each was based on highly secularized West Coast com munities, and the results generalize only to similar communities in that area. Elsewhere in the nation, studies have found strong religious effects on delin quency. Using a national sample of sixteen-year-old boys from eighty-seven high schools, we show there is a very substantial negative relationship between religious commitment and delinquency in the great majority of schools-those schools in whi...
Model of the TIR1 Pathway for Auxin-Mediated Gene Expression

Auxin mediates numerous plant responses, some of which have been shown to require transcriptional regulation. One auxin response pathway, which depends on the relief of transcriptional repression, is mediated by TIR1 (transport inhibitor response protein 1). TIR1 is an auxin receptor and also a subunit of an SCF-type ubiquitin ligase. In the presence of a low concentration of auxin in the nucleus, members of the Aux/IAA family of transcriptional repressors bind to ARF proteins and inhibit the transcription of specific auxin response genes. Increased nuclear concentrations of auxin promote auxin binding to TIR1, causing the Aux/IAA proteins to associate with TIR1 and leading to their degradation by a proteasome-mediated pathway. This decreases the concentration of Aux/IAA proteins in the nucleus and thereby enables the expression of certain auxin response genes.
Crystal structure of NL63 respiratory coronavirus receptor-binding domain complexed with its human receptor

NL63 coronavirus (NL63-CoV), a prevalent human respiratory virus, is the only group I coronavirus known to use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor. Incidentally, ACE2 is also used by group II SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We investigated how different groups of coronaviruses recognize the same receptor, whereas homologous group I coronaviruses recognize different receptors. We determined the crystal structure of NL63-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) complexed with human ACE2. NL63-CoV RBD has a novel β-sandwich core structure consisting of 2 layers of β-sheets, presenting 3 discontinuous receptor-binding motifs (RBMs) to bind ACE2. NL63-CoV and SARS-CoV have no structural homology in RBD cores or RBMs; yet the 2 viruses recognize common ACE2 regions, largely because of a “virus-binding hotspot” on ACE2. Among group I coronaviruses, RBD cores are conserved but RBMs are variable, explaining how these viruses recognize different receptors. These results provide a structural basis for understanding viral evolution and virus–receptor interactions.
The Integrase of the Conjugative Transposon Tn916 Directs Strand- and Sequence-Specific Cleavage of the Origin of Conjugal Transfer, oriT, by the Endonuclease Orf20

Orf20 of the conjugative transposon Tn916 was purified as a chimeric protein fused to maltose binding protein (MBP-Orf20). The chimeric protein possessed endonucleolytic activity, cleaving both strands of the Tn916 origin of conjugal transfer (oriT) at several distinct sites and favoring GT dinucleotides. Incubation of the oriT DNA with purified Tn916 integrase (Int) and MBP-Orf20 resulted in strand- and sequence-specific cleavage of oriT at a TGGT motif in the transferred strand. This motif lies immediately adjacent to a sequence in oriT previously shown to be protected from DNase I cleavage by Int. The endonucleolytic cleavages produced by Orf20 generated a 3′ OH group that could be radiolabeled by dideoxy ATP and terminal transferase. The production of a 3′ OH group distinguished these Orf20-dependent cleavage events from those catalyzed by Int at the ends of Tn916. Thus, Orf20 functions as the relaxase of Tn916, nicking oriT as the first step in conjugal DNA transfer. Remarkably for a tyrosine recombinase, Tn916 Int acts as a specificity factor in the reaction, conferring both strand and sequence specificities on the endonucleolytic cleavage activity of Orf20.
Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Mutacin 1140, a Lantibiotic from Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans JH1000 and its derivatives were previously shown (J. D. Hillman, K. P. Johnson, and B. I. Yaphe, Infect. Immun. 44:141–144, 1984) to produce a low-molecular-weight, broad-spectrum bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS). The thermosensitive vector pTV1-OK harboring Tn917 was used to isolate a BLIS-deficient mutant, DM25, and the mutated gene was recovered by shotgun cloning in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis of insert DNA adjacent to Tn917 led to the identification of four open reading frames including two (lanA and lanB) which have substantial homology to the Staphylococcus epidermidis structural gene (epiA) and a modifying enzyme gene (epiB) for biosynthesis of the lantibiotic epidermin, respectively. Although the BLIS activity could not be recovered from broth cultures, high yields were obtained from a solid medium consisting of Todd-Hewitt broth containing 0.5% agarose that was stab inoculated with JH1140 (a spontaneous mutant of JH1000 that produces threefold-elevated amounts of activity). Agar could not substitute for agarose. Chloroform extraction of the spent medium produced a fraction which yielded two major bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The faster-migrating band was absent in chloroform extracts of the mutant, DM25. The amino acid sequence of this band was determined by Edman sequencing and mass spectroscopy. The results showed that it is a lantibiotic, which we have named mutacin 1140, and that the sequence corresponded to that deduced from the lanA sequence. We observed a number of similarities of mutacin 1140 to epidermin and an S. mutans lantibiotic, B-Ny266, but it appears to have significant differences in the positions of its thioether bridges. It also has other unique features with regard to its leader sequence and posttranslational modification. A proposed structure for mutacin 1140 is presented.
The community impact of consolidating long-term inpatient care at a single state hospital.

OBJECTIVE: A community impact model was used to estimate how consolidation of all long-term inpatient care at one state mental hospital affected the town in which the hospital was located. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to measure objective and subjective impacts of the hospital's expanded role. Objective impacts included employment, retail sales, and use of local services such as police, welfare, and education. Subjective impacts included residents' perceptions of safety. Data were obtained from hospital records, service providers, merchants, residents, and persons living on the streets or in shelters. RESULTS: Overall, the policy had a positive net impact on the community, estimated at roughly $4 million during the 18 months after implementation. Nearly $1 million was a direct payment from the state in lieu of taxes for the property occupied by the hospital. The hospital's payments to businesses in the town increased 10 percent. The number of hospital employees increased by 61 p...
A comparison of time-space schemes for graphical models

We investigate three parameterized algorithmic schemes for graphical models that can accommodate trade-offs between time and space: 1) AND/OR Adaptive Caching (AOC(i)); 2) Variable Elimination and Conditioning (VEC(i)); and 3) Tree Decomposition with Conditioning (TDC(i)). We show that AOC(i) is better than the vanilla versions of both VEC(i) and TDC(i), and use the guiding principles of AOC(i) to improve the other two schemes. Finally, we show that the improved versions of VEC(i) and TDC(i) can be simulated by AOC(i), which emphasizes the unifying power of the AND/OR framework.
Wrongful Convictions: The American Experience

The increasing number of high-profile cases of wrongful conviction, often brought to light by DNA exonerations, and the publicity associated with those errors have increased the salience of this issue on the public policy agendas of a number of U.S. states, as well as in Canada. Scholarly research on this subject has also increased over the past two decades. This article discusses the extent to which these errors may occur; the major factors contributing to false convictions; recent and current developments regarding legislation in the United States; innocence projects and innocence commissions in the United States, Britain, and Canada; and the significance of wrongful conviction as a factor in the current challenges to the death penalty in the United States. It is important that we develop a better understanding of wrongful conviction and its causes so that we can both better protect the rights of the innocent and better protect citizens from being victimized by offenders who remain free while the wrongl...
Structure and Function of Baboon Hemoglobins

This chapter details some preliminary findings concerning the structural and functional properties of hemoglobin from the olive baboon, Papio cynocephalus (= anubis). Although the amino acid sequence characterizations are not com-plete, nevertheless they do locate many of the presumed interchanges and even at this stage may possibly contribute to our understanding of human and primate hemoglobins.
Official Position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN): Guidelines for Practicum Training in Clinical Neuropsychology

Practical experience is central to the education and training of neuropsychologists, beginning in graduate school and extending through postdoctoral fellowship. However, historically, little attention has been given to the structure and requirements of practicum training in clinical neuropsychology. A working group of senior-level neuropsychologists, as well as a current postdoctoral fellow, all from a diverse range of settings (The AACN Practicum Guidelines Workgroup), was formed to propose guidelines for practicum training in clinical neuropsychology. The Workgroup reviewed relevant literature and sought input from professional organizations involved in education and training in neuropsychology. The proposed guidelines provide a definition of practicum training in clinical neuropsychology, detail entry and exit criteria across competencies relevant to practicum training in clinical neuropsychology, and discuss the relationship between doctoral training programs and practicum training sites. The proposed guidelines also provide a methodology for competency-based evaluation of clinical neuropsychology practicum trainees and outline characteristics and features that are integral to an effective training environment. Although the guidelines discussed below may not be implemented in their entirety across all clinical neuropsychology practicum training sites, they are consistent with the latest developments in competency-based education.
A simple, inexpensive model to demonstrate how contraction of GI longitudinal smooth muscle promotes propulsion

peristalsis is a propulsive activity that involves both circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the esophagus, distal stomach, and small and large intestines. During peristalsis, the circular smooth muscle contracts behind (on the orad side) the bolus and relaxes in front (on the aborad side) of
Plasma Heparin Neutralizing Activity: Its Use in the Evaluation of Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis

Platelets contain heparin neutralizing activity, which is released into plasma following aggregation. This material is probably identical to platelet factor 4. We describe a technic to measure heparin neutralizing activity in platelet-poor plasma based on the serial heparin dilution technic of Harada and Zucker. Heparin neutralizing activity was depressed in thrombocytopenia due to immune thrombocytopenia and bone marrow depression, and elevated in thrombocytopenia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by markedly elevated heparin neutralizing activity, while thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders has normal heparin neutralizing activity.
Hyperbolic regions in flows through three-dimensional pore structures.

The study of fluid flow through porous media can be roughly partitioned into two classes based on the associated length scales. A larger (Darcy) scale (cm-km) represents flow as occurring through a continuum characterized by a parameter, hydraulic conductivity, that is effectively the inverse of the medium’s resistance to flow. There are also flows through porous media represented as explicit structures of interconnected pores where there are two even smaller length scales. A mesoscopic scale (mm) corresponds to the effects of the geometry and topology of the pore structure on the trajectories of fluid particles as they transit the pore space. A smaller, microscopic, scale (microns) is needed to capture the effects of heterogeneities of flow fields occurring within individual pores. The effects of both scales have been recognized for some time [1,2], but their relative effects have been difficult to observe or analyze. In contrast to the Darcy scale where theoretical, computational, and experimental techniques are plentiful, flow through interconnected pore structures is difficult to solve for analytically due to the complexity of the pore geometry and topology or to observe through physical experiments due to material constraints. Until recently the application of computational fluid dynamics in this area was limited to relatively simple representations of the pore structure, e.g., regular lattices or pore volumes [3‐8], despite the relevance of flow through realistic pore structures to many areas of science andengineeringincludinggeophysicalprocesses,filterdesign, petroleum extraction, nuclear waste disposal, and carbon sequestration. Recent computational advances are allowing researchers to link various flow properties to the physical attributesofmorecomplexandrealisticporestructures[9‐13], but the influence of the pore geometry and network topology
Molecular Features of Mesenchymal Tumors of the Breast

Mesenchymal lesions of the breast represent a rare, heterogeneous group of benign and malignant lesions. Most mesenchymal lesions occurring anywhere in the body have also been reported in the breast, the vast majority being of fibroblastic or myofibroblastic origin, reflecting the normal constituents of the breast parenchyma. Other mesenchymal lesions include those of vascular, lipomatous and muscle origin. These lesions resemble their extramammary counterparts, both histologically and immunophenotypically. Additionally, the molecular changes that characterize these extramammary mesenchymal lesions have also been identified in cases that affect the breast. Although the molecular characteristics have been described in most of these lesions, some, such as pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia and hemangiomas, have not been identified. Since detailed discussion of all mesenchymal lesions of the breast is beyond the scope of this chapter, the focus will be on those lesions with identifiable molecular changes with a review of their histological and immunophenotypical profiles.