cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blunt Hollow Viscus and Mesenteric Injury: Still Underrecognized

Despite the availability of more accurate imaging modalities, specifically multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), the diagnosis of non-ischemic (NI-) and ischemic (I-) blunt hollow viscus and mesenteric injury (BHVMI) remains challenging. We hypothesized that BHVMI can be still missed with newer generations of MDCT and that patients with I-BHVMI have a poorer outcome than those with NI-BHVMI. We performed an eight-year retrospective review at a level 1 trauma center. Ischemic-BHVMI was defined as devascularization confirmed at laparotomy. Non-ischemic-BHVMI included perforation, laceration, and hematoma without devascularization. The sensitivity of each generation of MDCT for BHVMI was calculated. Potential predictors and outcomes of I-BHVMI were compared to the NI-BHVMI group. Of 7,875 blunt trauma patients, 67 patients (0.8 %) were included in the BHVMI group; 13 patients did not have any CT findings suggestive of BHVMI (sensitivity 81 %), and 11 of them underwent surgical intervention without delay (<5 h). Newer generations of MDCT were not associated with higher sensitivity. Patients with I-BHVMI had a significantly higher rate of delayed laparotomy ≥12 h (23 % versus 2 %; p = 0.01) and a significantly longer length of hospital stay (median 14 versus 9 days; p = 0.02) than those with NI-BHVMI. Even using an advanced imaging technique, the diagnosis of I-BHVMI can be delayed, with significant negative impact on patient outcome.
The correlation of summer precipitation in the southwestern U.S.A. with isotopic records of solar activity during the medieval warm period

Decreased solar activity correlates with positive cosmogenic isotope anomalies, and with cool, wet climate in temperate regions of the world. The relationship of isotope anomalies to climate may be the opposite for areas influenced by monsoonal precipitation, i.e., negative anomalies may be wet and warm. Petersen (1988) has found evidence for increased summer precipitation in the American Southwest that can be shown to be coincident with negative14C anomalies during the Medieval Warm Period. The present study compares palynological indicators of lake level for the Southwest with Petersen's data and with the14C isotope chronology. Percentages of aquatic pollen and algae from three sites within the Arizona Monsoon record greater lake depth or fresher water from A.D. 700–1350, between the Roman IV and Wolf positive isotope anomalies, thereby supporting Petersens's findings. Maximum summer moisture coincides with maximum population density of prehistoric people of the Southwest. However, water depth at a more northern site was low at this time, suggesting a climateisotope relationship similar to that of other temperate regions. Further analysis of latitudinal patterns is hampered by inadequate14C dating.
Measuring the temporal instability of land change using the Flow matrix

This article introduces the Flow matrix, which expresses the sizes of transitions among categories between two time points. We use the Flow matrix to create a metric R that measures the instability of annual change among time intervals that partition the time extent. Specifically, R is the proportion of change that would need to be reallocated to different time intervals to achieve uniform change during the time extent. This article computes R for 10 Long Term Ecological Research LTER sites and for seven case studies from published land change data. Of the 10 LTER sites analyzed, the Andrews site in Oregon had the highest R value 37.1% of change, while the Luquillo site in Puerto Rico had the lowest 1.7% of change. We analyze the mathematical behavior of R, especially with respect to how the partitioning of the time extent into intervals can influence R.
Kinematic Synthesis for Finitely Separated Positions Using Geometric Constraint Programming

This paper presents an original approach to the kinematic synthesis of planar mechanisms for finitely separated positions. The technique, referred to here as geometric constraint programming, uses the sketching mode of commercial parametric computer-aided design software to create kinematic diagrams. The elements of these diagrams are parametrically related so that when a parameter is changed, the design is modified automatically. Geometric constraints are imposed graphically through a well-designed user interface, and numerical solvers integrated into the software solve the relevant systems of equations without the user explicitly formulating those equations. This allows robust algorithms for the kinematic synthesis of a wide variety of mechanisms to be "programmed" in a straightforward, intuitive manner. The results provided by geometric constraint programming exhibit the accuracy and repeatability achieved with analytical synthesis techniques, while simultaneously providing the geometric insight developed with graphical synthesis techniques. The key advantages of geometric constraint programming are that it is applicable to a broad range of kinematic synthesis problems, user friendly, and highly accessible. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, this paper applies geometric constraint programming to three examples of the kinematic synthesis of planar four-bar linkages: Motion generation for five finitely separated positions, path generation for nine finitely separated precision points, and function generation for four finitely separated positions.
Note: Coloring graphs with crossings

We generalize the Five-Color Theorem by showing that it extends to graphs with two crossings. Furthermore, we show that if a graph has three crossings, but does not contain K"6 as a subgraph, then it is also 5-colorable. We also consider the question of whether the result can be extended to graphs with more crossings.
ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF FUSED-SALT SOLUTIONS

Studies were made of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the oxy- anions nitrate, chromate, and nitrate in a variety of fused-salt mixtures. (W.L.H.)
Postbypass plasma surface tension and its role in bubble filtration

Plasma samples from patients undergoing open-heart surgery were obtained at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass for surface tension analysis. The samples were measured with a Du Nouy tensiometer for ...
Carbon nanotubes in neural interfacing applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are remarkable materials with a simple and inert molecular structure that gives rise to a range of potentially valuable physical and electronic properties, including high aspect ratio, high mechanical strength and excellent electrical conductivity. This review summarizes recent research on the application of CNT-based materials to study and control cells of the nervous system. It includes the use of CNT as cell culture substrates, to create patterned surfaces and to study cell-matrix interactions. It also summarizes recent investigations of CNT toxicity, particularly as related to neural cells. The application of CNT-based materials to directing the differentiation of progenitor and stem cells toward neural lineages is also discussed. The emphasis is on how CNT surface chemistry and nanotopography can be altered, and how such changes can affect neural cell function. This knowledge can be applied to creating improved neural interfaces and devices, as well as providing new approaches to neural tissue engineering and regeneration.
Delayed facial weakness after microvascular decompression of cranial nerve VII

Abstract Background Retromastoid craniectomy and microvascular decompression of cranial nerve VII for hemifacial spasm is a well accepted and effective treatment. Risks of the operation relate to the surgical approach in general and to the seventh nerve in particular. Delayed facial weakness is an unusual and little-described complication of the procedure. The purpose of this review is to describe this complication and the characteristics of the patients so affected. Methods Between 1972 and 1996, 985 patients have undergone microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. During this time, 28 patients (2.8%) undergoing decompression of the facial nerve and 1 patient undergoing decompression of the cochlear nerve for tinnitus developed delayed facial palsy. Results The weakness was at least a House Grade III or worse and was complete in 11 of the patients. The time to occurrence averaged 12 days, with a tight range of 7 to 16 days. There were no factors such as duration of symptoms, intraoperative findings, or preoperative botulinum injections that were predictive of this postoperative weakness. In all patients there was almost complete recovery (House Grade I or II). Conclusions Delayed facial weakness after MVD of CN VII can occur in up to 3% of cases. The onset of weakness after operation is consistent in its timing, occurring on average 12 days after the procedure. Although the etiology of this complication is uncertain, the palsy spontaneously resolves with a good or excellent outcome.
The form of the experimental paper: a realization of the myth of induction

The experimental paper is conventionally organized into four sections: Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, and Discussion. Why these particular sections? Why this particular order? My ans...
A smart approach to medication management

Smart medication management systems can remotely monitor and regulate patients' prescription drug use, support communication with caregivers to improve scheduling and increase motivation, and generate context-aware reminders.
Cajun advanced picosatellite experiment

The design of the CAPE I satellite has been underway for approximately three years. This project is an interdisciplinary project that incorporates electrical, mechanical, and aerospace engineering as well as computer science and physics. The project hopes to teach students how to design, develop and maintain a lower earth orbiting satellite. In fact, this satellite was delivered to San Luis Obispo, California on December 5, 2006 where it passed the final integration test in order to qualify for launch. After qualification, the satellite was loaded into the poly picosatellite orbital deployer or P-POD, which is the deployment system for the satellite. The P-POD holds three CubeSats. Once all three satellites were integrated, it was delivered to Kazakhstan and loaded into the DNEPR Russian Rocket on March 17, 2007. After a few delays, the rocket was launched on April 17, 2007. The team is currently monitoring and decoding the CW beacons transmitted by the satellite. The project was broken down into several subsystems including mechanical, communications, control and data handling, and power. Each of the systems proved to have their own unique challenges. Being that the majority of the team was electrical engineering students; the mechanical subsystem presented the most difficulty. There is currently a design in progress for the next satellite project, CAPE II. This new satellite will try to achieve a new benchmark by incorporating more advanced technologies than CAPE I and include other campus entities such as The Wetlands Research Center. The team hopes to deploy buoys into the Gulf of Mexico that will communicate to the CAPE II satellite in space and then send data to the ground station at the University. This data will include subjects such as coastal erosion, water temperatures and drift currents throughout the Gulf. With this data we can give other organizations the information obtained for their use as well.
Renal carcinoma manifesting as breast mass

A patient is described who initially presented with Stage I breast carcinoma and then with a T2, N0, M0 carcinoma of a kidney with moderately well-differentiated clear-cell features. Five years later, a contralateral breast mass developed which was histologically identical with renal primary tumor. Breast metastasis from renal primary carcinoma has been noted in the literature in 6 other cases, although this is only the third actual case report. This is the first case report of such a bizarre progression of disease. This patient is currently well, without clinically detectable tumor and illustrates the variable nature of metastatic renal cancer. The literature on renal cancer metastasizing to the breast is reviewed.
Hexamethylphosphoramide as a flame retarding additive for lithium-ion battery electrolytes

Abstract Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was investigated as a flame retarding additive for lithium-ion batteries. The flammability, electrochemical stability, conductivity, and cycling performance of electrolytes containing HMPA were studied. The addition of HMPA to electrolytes comprising solutions of LiPF 6 in organic carbonates provided a significant reduction in the flammability of the electrolyte. However, the HMPA caused a slight decrease in the conductivity and electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. Cycling performance of coin cells containing HMPA modified electrolytes was diminished.
Comparative properties of trypanosomal and mammalian thymidine kinases.

Abstract 1. 1. Thymidine kinase was isolated from a rat-adapted bloodstream form of Trypanosoma ( Trypanozoon ) Brucei rhodesiense , from an epimastigotic form of T. ( T. ) Brucei rhodesiense , and from regenerating rat liver 2. 2. Characterization revealed that the trypanosomal kinases had identical properties. 3. 3. Trypanosomal and liver kinases were similar regarding the ability of IUdR, F 3 -TdR, FUdR, UdR and UR to act as competitive substrates of thymidine. Both enzymes showed equal sensitivity to a non-competitive inhibition by suramin, and no sensitivity to a modulating effect by cytidine nucleotides. 4. 4. Trypanosomal and liver kinases, in order of decreasing efficacy, used magnesium, manganese and cobalt ions as cofactors. Both were inactive with calcium or barium ions. Liver kinase also used zinc ion effectively. 5. 5. Liver thymidine kinase had higher K m values for thymidine and ATP than did trypanosomal kinase. 6. 6. Trypanosomal thymidine kinase was versatile in its requirement for phosphate donor; liver kinase was very rigid. 7. 7. Trypanosomal thymidine kinase was tenfold less sensitive to dTTP feedback inhibition than liver kinase.
Advanced multilayer metallization schemes with copper as interconnection metal

Abstract Advanced metallization schemes are needed to take advantage of the miniaturization of microelectronic devices which are performing at increasingly high speeds. The demands on metallization center around (a) the increased resistance with lower cross-sectional areas and longer interconnect lengths and (b) stability with the surroundings during processing and use under high current densities and thin film stresses. A threefold attack is being pursued to solve these problems, which also duplicate the issues in packaging of these fast chips with large numbers of inputs and outputs: first is to make use of copper as the interconnection metal; second is to use a multilevel metallization scheme; finally there is a need for a low dielectric constant dielectric. In this paper we present a review of progress made in addressing the first two schemes together with a brief discussion of the third. Copper, a heretofore undesired metal in silicon integrated circuits, seems to show promise, with appropriate processing constraints, of fulfilling the projected needs of ultra-large-scale and giga-scale integration and perhaps even of packaging.
Effect of early recurrence of hepatitis C on late biliary anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation.

The aim of the current study was to clarify whether recurrence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection affects biliary complications after liver transplantation (OLT), with special reference to late biliary anastomotic strictures (LBAS). We reviewed 665 consecutive adult OLT recipients with a choledochocholedochostomy without T-tube placement between 1990 and 2005. Biliary anastomotic stricture was confirmed by ERCP. The LBAS was defined as stricture that occurred 30 days or more after OLT. Recurrence of HCV was diagnosed by histological examination using liver biopsy specimen and confirmed by the presence of HCV-RNA. Early HCV recurrence was defined as recurrence that occurred within 6 months after OLT; LBAS occurred in 54 patients (8% of total). Mean duration from OLT to occurrence of LBAS was 6.9 months (1-44 months). Patients with HCV infection had higher occurrence of LBAS than did non-HCV patients (11% vs 5%, P = .0093). Among HCV patients, those with early HCV recurrence had exclusively high rate of LBAS (16%). In multivariate analyses, early recurrence of HCV (P <.001, relative risk [RR] 6.4), as well as occurrence of HAT (P =.0018, RR 8.0), and prolonged CIT (P = .034, RR 3.3) were independent risk factors affecting LBAS. In conclusion, patients with HCV infection have increased occurrence of LBAS after OLT. Additionally, early recurrence of HCV contributes to a higher rate of LBAS.
Myc rescue of a mutant CSF-1 receptor impaired in mitogenic signalling

THE colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1 R) mediates its pleiotropic effects through the coupling of its ligand-activated tyrosine kinase to multiple intracellular effector proteins, whose combined actions determine the magnitude and specificity of the biological response. The interaction of cytoplasmic signalling molecules with CSF-1 R is mediated in part by sequence motifs flanking sites of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation1. Mutation of an autophosphorylation site at tyrosine 809 in the cytoplasmic domain of human CSF-1R does not significantly reduce its ligand-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity, binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, or induction of the immediate early response genes, c-fos and junB (ref. 2). Unlike cells bearing wild-type receptors, mouse NIH3T3 cells expressing mutant CSF-lR(Phe 809) were unable to grow in serum-free medium containing human recombinant CSF-1 and did not form colonies in semi-solid medium in its presence. CSF-1 induction of c-myc messenger RNA in these cells was impaired, but enforced expression of an exogenous c-myc gene restored their ability to proliferate in response to the growth factor. These studies demonstrate a receptor-mediated bifurcation of intracellular signal transduction pathways during the immediate early response and assign a central role for c-myc in CSF-1-induced mitogenesis.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: Catchers in the Rye

There is a great need for more research in child and adolescent psychiatry, and this must be clinically, as well as laboratory, based. There are, however, much data already available on alcohol and handguns that, if used, could substantially decrease morbidity and mortality rates for adolescents
Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones

A topoisomerase was identified as the bacterial target site for quinolone action in the late 1970s. Since that time, further study identified two bacterial topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, as sites of antibacterial activity. DNA gyrase appears to be the primary quinolone target for gram-negative bacteria. Topoisomerase IV appears to be the preferential target in gram-positive organisms, but this varies with the drug. Three mechanisms of resistance against quinolones are mutations of topoisomerases, decreased membrane permeability, and active drug efflux. Although these mechanisms occur singly, several resistance factors are often required to produce clinically applicable increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations. Appropriate drug selection and dosage and prudent human and veterinary interventions are important factors in controlling the emergence of resistance.
Immunological studies of factor VIII (antihaemophiliac globulin) in haemophilia A.

PATIENTS with haemophilia A have recently been divided into two groups; one characterized by a functionally defective factor VIII (AHG) molecule in the plasma, which is immunologically similar to normal factor VIII but lacks procoagulant activity1–3, while the other seems to represent a true deficiency of factor VIII, for both procoagulant and immunological properties of factor VIII are absent. These conclusions are based on the ability of normal and some haemophiliac plasma to neutralize human antibodies from patients with spontaneously occurring inhibitors against factor VIII or from multi-transfuscd haemophiliacs who have developed circulating inhibitors directed against factor VIII. These studies have divided haemophilia A into those with cross reactive material (CRM +) and those without (CRM −). Other methods of characterizing this genetic polymorphism in haemophilia have not been reported. We have used immunoelectrophoresis and antibody neutralization with a heterologous antibody to show a similar division of haemophilia A into a small group of CRM+ (15%) and a larger group of CRM− (85%). Immunoelectrophoresis and antibody neutralization studies have also been described in factor X polymorphism4.
Sieve element pores in Nicotiana pith culture

Sieve elements were induced to form in cultured pith cylinders of Nicotiana tabacum L. (var. Wisconsin 38). Both xylem and phloem differentiate in isolated nodules at the periphery of the cylinders. The mature sieve elements closely resemble sieve elements in intact plants but are more irregular in shape and usually not highly elongated. The formation of pores in the phloem sieve plates is similar to that observed in intact plants. Callose platelets are deposited around plasmodesmata, then the plasmodesmata enlarge to form the mature perforation. Dense slime plugs are only rarely observed. The majority of sieve plate pores are plugged by a combination of P-proteins, ER, and callose, but there are also numerous unplugged pores. We interpret the observation of numerous unplugged pores as further evidence that in vivo pores may not be plugged in tobacco.
Protein Kinase C Mediated Anti-Proliferative Glucocorticoid-Sphinganine Synergism in Cultured Pollard III Prostate Tumor Cells

AbstractPurpose: Experimental effort focused on the growth inhibition of an androgen-resistant prostatic carcinoma, using pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) as the therapeutic target.Materials and Methods: Studies were performed in cell culture using the Pollard (PA) III androgen-insensitive spontaneous rat prostate tumor cells, and the human prostate tumor lines, PC-3 and LnCaP. Pharmacological agents included steroid hormones and PKC modulators; measured parameters of tumor growth/function included cell number, PKC activity and sphingolipid metabolism.Results: Triamcinolone (TA) and sphinganine synergized to inhibit the proliferation rate of PA III prostate tumor cells by converging through separate mechanisms to inhibit protein kinase C. At five days of cell culture, 0.1 micro M TA reduced both the soluble and particulate forms of PKC in association with a 35-40% reduction in cellular proliferation. Exogenous sphinganine, a competitive inhibitor at the regulatory domain of PKC had no ...
Reevaluating conceptual design fidelity: An efficient supersonic air vehicle design case:

Multifidelity and multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) results for an efficient supersonic air vehicle (ESAV) are presented. This work builds upon previous published work that created a mult...
Modified P for Correlation Transfer in One-Dimensional Scattering and Absorbing Media

Previously, correlation transfer (CT) theory was developed with the ability to handle dynamic light scattering measurements from single scattering to highly multiple scattering. Because of the lengthy computational time required to obtain exact results for the CT equation, the modified P N approximation has been applied to handle any order of Legendre approximation. Herein, numerical solutions of the modified P N approximation are given for backscattering and transmission at optical thicknesses of 1, 5, 10, and 25. Fresnel reflective boundaries with a collimated incident laser beam have been used to provide results to compare with exact solutions. The significantly reduced computational time and reasonable agreement with the exact solution make this approximation an effective technique for quickly obtaining CT equation solutions.
Rubrics for clinical evaluation: objectifying the subjective experience.

Summary Rubrics have historically been used in secondary and higher education to evaluate specific assignments or tasks. There is little mention of rubrics in the nursing literature, particularly in the area of clinical evaluation. A strong case can be made for expanding the traditional use of a rubric to include its validity with clinical evaluation. Clinical evaluation remains a challenge, even for seasoned faculty. Faculty and students often interpret clinical course objectives differently. Coupled with this concern is the subjectivity of the evaluation. The use of "novice" clinical faculty, who inevitably struggle with discerning and justifying anything but stellar student performance, further compounds these issues. Rubrics also facilitate the grading experience for faculty and students. Faculty often find themselves making repetitive written comments to students. These comments can be incorporated into the rubric, thus shortening grading time while increasing the quality and quantity of instructor feedback. When clarified in a rubric, course objectives become "real". Student benefits include increased critical thinking and a more realistic approach to self-evaluation. Clinical rubrics can be developed from existing course objectives. Though perhaps tedious in initial development, both faculty and student satisfaction with the clinical evaluation process can be enhanced with the use of rubrics.
An agency theory perspective on information centers

A theory of information center (IC) formation and evolution based on concepts from agency theory is presented. In the theory, information centers are agents of the management information systems (MIS) department and are formed to help MIS control and direction of end-user computing, particularly the selection of end-user technology. The theory explains important aspects of the management of ICs and interprets the future of ICs in terms of their waning usefulness as a control mechanism for the MIS Department. >
Performing Autoethnography: An Embodied Methodological Praxis

This article argues the personal/professional/political emancipatory potential of autoethnographic performance as a method of inquiry. Autoethnographic performance is the convergence of the “autobiographic impulse” and the “ethnographic moment” represented through movement and critical self-reflexive discourse in performance, articulating the intersections of peoples and culture through the innersanctions of the always migratory identity. The article offers evaluative standards for the autoethnographic performance methodology, calling on the body as a site of scholarly awareness and corporeal literacy. Autoethnographic performance makes us acutely conscious of how we “ Iwitness” our own reality constructions. Interpreting culture through the self-reflections and cultural refractions of identity is a defining feature of autoethnographic performance.
Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG(S315T) Is a Competent Catalase-Peroxidase with Reduced Activity toward Isoniazid

The presence of KatG(S315T), a mutation frequently detected in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been associated with loss of catalase-peroxidase activity and resistance to isoniazid therapy. Wild-type KatG and KatG(S315T) were expressed in a heterologous host (Escherichia coli) and purified to homogeneity, and enzymatic activity was measured. The catalase activity for KatG(S315T) was reduced 6-fold, and its peroxidase activity was decreased <2-fold, compared with the activities for wild-type KatG. Pyridine hemochrome analysis demonstrated 1.1 +/- 0.1 hemes/subunit for wild-type KatG and 0.9 +/- 0.1 hemes/subunit for KatG(S315T), indicating that the difference in enzymatic activity is not the result of incomplete heme cofactor incorporation in KatG(S315T). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that wild-type KatG was more efficient than KatG(S315T) at converting isoniazid to isonicotinic acid. These results demonstrate that KatG(S315T), as expressed in E. coli, is a competent catalase-peroxidase that exhibits a reduced ability to metabolize isoniazid.
The Effect of Misstatements on Decisions of Financial Statement Users: An Experimental Investigation of Auditor Materiality Thresholds

Auditors are faced with the dilemma of inferring materiality based, in part, on whether a given level of financial misstatement will affect the decisions of statement users. Misstatements in accounting information that are below the materiality threshold are not expected to change users' assessments of a company's economic condition. While the auditing profession accepts materiality in concept, its application in practice is more controversial. In certain settings, the nature of a misstatement, such as changing a small profit into a loss, may affect an auditor's materiality judgment. However, in many cases the magnitude of the misstatement is a critical factor in judging materiality. We focus solely on the issue of magnitude and examine whether financial misstatements that are at or below commonly applied materiality thresholds result in market prices that differ from those resulting from correctly stated information. We conduct a series of 12 experimental asset markets each consisting of 12 independent t...
Frequency-modulated pulses of ERK activity transmit quantitative proliferation signals.

Summary The EGF-stimulated ERK/MAPK pathway is a key conduit for cellular proliferation signals and a therapeutic target in many cancers. Here, we characterize two central quantitative aspects of this pathway: the mechanism by which signal strength is encoded and the response curve relating signal output to proliferation. Under steady-state conditions, we find that ERK is activated in discrete, asynchronous pulses with frequency and duration determined by extracellular concentrations of EGF spanning the physiological range. In genetically identical sister cells, cell-to-cell variability in pulse dynamics influences the decision to enter S phase. While targeted inhibition of EGFR reduces the frequency of ERK activity pulses, inhibition of MEK reduces their amplitude. Continuous response curves measured in multiple cell lines reveal that proliferation is effectively silenced only when ERK pathway output falls below a threshold of ∼10%, indicating that high-dose targeting of the pathway is necessary to achieve therapeutic efficacy.
A new impulse detector for switching median filters

A new impulse noise detection technique for switching median filters is presented, which is based on the minimum absolute value of four convolutions obtained using one-dimensional Laplacian operators. Extensive simulations show that the proposed filter provides better performance than many of the existing switching median filters with comparable computational complexity. In particular, the proposed filter is directed toward improved line preservation.
Psychosocial costs of racism to whites: Exploring patterns through cluster analysis.

Participants (230 White college students) completed the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites (PCRW) Scale. Using cluster analysis, we identified 5 distinct cluster groups on the basis of PCRW subscale scores: the unempathic and unaware cluster contained the lowest empathy scores; the insensitive and afraid cluster consisted of low empathy and guilt scores, with the highest score on fear; the fearful guilt cluster exhibited elevations on guilt and fear; the empathic but unaccountable cluster reflected high empathy with low guilt and fear; and the informed empathy and guilt cluster represented those high on empathy and guilt in conjunction with low levels of fear. Groups were validated on an additional sample (n = 366) and were found to differ significantly on theoretically related measures.
Total number of individuals affected by deleterious mutant genes in a finite population.

The means and standard errors of the total numbers of heterozygotes and homozygotes affected by deleterious mutant genes and the extinction time are studied by using diffusion methods. For an overdominant mutation, the effects of an increase in population size on these quantitites are much more profound than that of an increase in initial number of mutant genes whereas for a partially recessive mutation the situation is reversed. For a completely recessive mutation, the expected total number of mutant homozygotes is independent of the population size and degree of inbreeding, though the expected total number of heterozygotes and the average extinction time are dependent on these factors, particularly the population size. The effect of inbreeding on these quantitites is very similar to that of reduction in effective population size and is usally small at the prevailing level of inbreeding, except for mutations with large degrees of overdominance in large populations. The standard errors of these quantities are large. The expected total number of sickle-cell mutant homozygotes in the U.S. population has been computed.
Consensus Information and Non-Professional Investors’ Reaction to the Revelation of Estimate Inaccuracies

To curb opportunism in financial reporting, scholars and regulators have proposed that firms be required to report reconciliations of prior year estimates. We provide experimental evidence that such disclosures are not sufficient for non-professional investors to identify those firms that are opportunistic in their estimates. We also offer evidence suggesting that the value of these disclosures can be enhanced when non-professional investors seek out information about the estimate accuracy of other firms in the industry (i.e., consensus information). Our study provides insights about these disclosures and the mechanisms that enhance their effectiveness. Our findings have broad implications for standard setters and future research designed to assist in identifying opportunistic management behavior.
Untreated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a Young Adult Population

The current study was conducted to determine (a) the demographic and injury characteristics of individuals who did not receive treatment for mild brain injury and (b) the reasons these individuals do not receive or seek treatment. In a large sample of undergraduate students initially surveyed via an on-line questionnaire (n = 1,853), 35% of those who responded to a subsequent survey acknowledged that they had experienced at least one mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) for which they were not treated. Compared with those who were treated for each TBI, those who were untreated were more likely to be men and were less likely to report persisting symptoms 3 months after the injury. There were no differences in demographics or injury characteristics (e.g., length of time unconscious) between groups. Of those with an untreated TBI, the most common reasons for not seeking treatment were that the symptoms resolved quickly and that they were neither bothersome nor disruptive. Findings are discussed in terms of research on recovery from mild TBI.
Estrogen and HDL All that Glitters Is not Gold

Since the initial report of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) in 1998, the medical community has struggled to understand the unexpected findings from a series of randomized clinical trials that failed to show a beneficial effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on risk for cardiovascular events.1–3 One of the uniformly perplexing features of these trials was the lack of a cardiovascular benefit despite favorable changes in many of the intermediate end points that were previously thought to insure a beneficial effect of estrogen. Chief among these intermediate end points was high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which was significantly increased in all of the clinical trials, but whose elevation was apparently not capable of imparting a corresponding reduction in cardiovascular risk. This observation led to speculation that the presumed favorable effects of raising HDL were diminished by other, previously unrecognized, adverse effects. A leading candidate was a proinflammatory effect of estrogen suggested by estrogen induced increases in C-reactive protein (CRP) and other hepatically-derived inflammation proteins. In most discussions, the impact of oral estrogen on HDL and its potential …
Colocalization studies of Arp1 and p150Glued to spindle microtubules during mitosis: The effect of cytochalasin on the organization of microtubules and motor proteins in PtK1 cells

Motor proteins play a fundamental role in the congression and segregation of chromosomes in mitosis as well as the formation of the mitotic spindle. In particular, the dynein/dynactin complex is involved in the maintenance of the spindle, formation of astral microtubules, chromosome motion, and chromosome segregation. Dynactin is a multisubunit, high molecular weight protein that is responsible for the attachment of cargo to dynein. There are a number of major subunits in dynactin that are presumed to be important during mitosis. Arp1 is thought to be the attachment site for cargo to the complex while p150Glued, a side arm of this complex regulates binding to MTs and the binding of dynactin to dynein. We performed colocalization studies of Arp1 and p150Glued to spindle microtubules. Both Arp1 and p150Glued colocalize with spindle MTs as well as cytoplasmic components. When treated with cytochalasin J, Arp1 concentrates at the centrosomes and is less co-localized with spindle MTs. Cytochalasin J has less of an effect on the colocalization of p150Glued with spindle MTs, suggesting that Arp1 may have a cytochalasin J sensitive site.
A Morse-Bott approach to contact homology

Contact homology was introduced by Eliashberg, Givental and Hofer; this contact invariant is based on J-holomorphic curves in the symplectization of a contact manifold. We expose an extension of contact homology to Morse-Bott situations, in which closed Reeb orbits form submanifolds of the contact manifold. We then illustrate how to use this to compute contact homology with several examples.
Tagging speech repairs

This paper describes a method of detecting speech repairs that uses a part-of-speech tagger. The tagger is given knowledge about category transitions for speech repairs, and so is able to mark a transition either as a likely repair or as fluent speech. Other contextual clues, such as editing terms, word fragments, and word matchings, are also factored in by modifying the transition probabilities.
Aristotelian view of leisure: an outdoor recreation perspective

In recent years interpretations of the classical view of leisure have furnished additional insight for developing an effective modern philosophy of leisure. In many instances, however, Aristotelian conceptions of leisure are poorly understood or misinterpreted, and clearly not utilized in the philosophies of most leisure service delivery organizations. This paper attempts to reveal the potential for practical application of the Aristotelian view of leisure through five key elements of the classical leisure approach. Outdoor recreation is offered as one area which has initiated opportunities for solitude, moderation and reflection superseding the provision of mass recreation. Aristotelian view results in leisure as an activity of the highest order, recreation professionals become social reformers who redesign the delivery system and re-educate the public in order to upgrade the quality of leisure. Society is organized in a way that even when we have some leisure time, we don't know how to use it to get bac...
A 4.1mW, 12-bit ENOB, 5MHz BW, VCO-based ADC with on-chip deterministic digital background calibration in 90nm CMOS

A deterministic digital background calibration technique to correct non-linearity in VCO-based ADCs is presented. Implemented in 90nm CMOS process, on-chip calibration improves SFDR of the prototype ADC from 46dB to more than 83dB. The ADC consumes 4.1mW power and achieves 73.9dB SNDR in 5MHz signal bandwidth.
Use of Washington State newspapers for submersion injury surveillance.

Objectives—To evaluate the usefulness of newspapers as a surveillance tool for submersion injury, the proportion of submersion events and important details reported in Washington State newspapers was determined. It was also determined whether a letter sent to newspaper editors to encourage reporting changed the proportion and content of reported submersion events. Methods—Newspaper articles regarding submersion were collected from 225 Washington newspapers from June 1993 through September 1998. Newspaper articles were linked to computerized state death and hospital records. Reporting during periods before and after a letter was sent encouraging more newspaper articles on submersion injury and preventative factors was compared. Results—A total of 1874 submersion victims were identified in the three data sources. Of the 983 victims who had a death certificate, 52% were reported in at least one news article. Of the 471 persons in hospital discharge data, 25% were reported in a newspaper. Reporting of pediatric victims who died increased from 63% to 79% (p=0.008); reporting of hospitalized persons increased from 23% to 27% (p=0.3). There were increases in reporting of swimming ability (7% to 15%, p<0.001), supervision (82% to 91%, p<0.001), and alcohol use (7% to 24%, p<0.001). Reporting of life vest use decreased (35% to 23%, p<0.001). Conclusions—Newspapers failed to report about one half of fatal submersions and three quarters of submersions that resulted in a hospitalization. An effort to improve reporting was associated with an increase in the proportion of pediatric drownings that were reported, but a consistent improvement in content was found. The usefulness of newspaper articles as a surveillance tool may be limited.
Communication Richness Why Some Guest Complaints Go Right to the Top—and Others Do Not

Despite everyone’s best efforts, restaurant service falls short at times. In those situations, guests perceive a service failure, and many complain. This study of 513 guests in three U.S. markets e...
Is a generic targeting guide useful for glenoid component placement in shoulder arthroplasty

Background This study compared postoperative glenoid component version using traditional instrumentation to a generic glenoid targeting guide during total or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Glenoid component version was measured on postoperative radiographs of 184 shoulders (traditional, 109; targeting guide, 75). Demographics, preoperative imaging, and operative technique were identified from medical records. Absolute deviation from neutral version and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated. Results Average mean ± SD deviation in component version for the traditional technique group was 10° ± 7° compared with 9° ± 6° for the targeting guide group ( P = .37; SD P = .12). No significant difference was noted based on operation, body mass index, preoperative version, or operative indication. For the last 30 shoulders in the targeting group, the absolute mean deviation was 6° compared with 11° in the first 30 of that group ( P P = .01). The SD in the last 30 shoulders in the targeting group was 5° compared with 7° in the first 30 in that group ( P = .04) and 7° in the traditional group ( P Conclusions No significant difference in component accuracy was noted between the 2 techniques. The narrower SD in the targeting group, although not statistically significant, suggests less glenoid placement in the extremes of version. A learning curve was noted with the targeting guide, with significantly improved accuracy in later patients.
What's New in Orthopaedic Oncology.

This article was updated on January, 13, 2016, because of a previous error. The first author's last name was misspelled. Specifically, “Santiago A. Lozano Calderone” should have read “Santiago A. Lozano Calderon.” An erratum has been published: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Feb 17;98(4):e17. ### Ewing Sarcoma Ewing sarcoma is associated with balanced translocations of the EWS and ETS genes that produce a fusion protein that binds DNA affecting transcription. Two new studies identified targets of the EWS/FLI1 fusion protein. One study showed preferential binding for a DNA region that induced early growth response 2 (EGR2) expression. EGR2 stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural crest-derived cells, from which Ewing sarcoma cells are thought to originate. An EGR2 gene knockdown halted Ewing sarcoma cell growth in vitro and in a xenograft model, demonstrating that the EWS/FLI1 fusion protein works through EGR21. A second study showed that ESW/FLI1 targets SLFN11, which is highly expressed in some Ewing sarcomas. Ewing tumors expressing SLFN11 were susceptible to topoisomerase inhibitor treatment2. In a separate genetic study, 116 patient samples of Ewing sarcoma were used to identify somatic mutations. The gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, FGFR1, was noted to have a gain in copy number in 31.7% of primary tumors. Furthermore, RNA interference of FGFR1 expression halted the growth of Ewing sarcoma cells in a xenograft model. The study concluded with a patient example in which treatment with a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor against FGFR1 reduced 18-FDG-PET (18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography) activity3. Margulies et al. developed an animal model for Ewing sarcoma treated with radiation therapy. Increased osteoclastic activity without detection of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κ ligand) in bone affected by the tumor was identified. MCSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) rather than RANK ligand mediated osteoclastic activity …
Resistance or deviance? A high-tech workplace during the bursting of the dot-com bubble

Under certain circumstances, a critical orientation to the study of workplace deviance/resistance is necessary to understand ICT-enabled workplace culture and employee behavior. The critical orientation to workplace deviance characterizes acts in opposition to an organization with the potential to do harm as semi-organized, group resistance to organizational authority. The questions that drive this research are, does technology enable deviance? When does an act of social deviance become an act of resistance against domination? The answers depend on the perspective of the labeler. To discuss these, I offer the example of a case study of a small software development company called Ebiz.com. For the first few years of the existence of Ebiz.com, the social control exerted on the employees increased yet there were no observable or discussed acts of employee retaliation. I argue that the social environment of the dot-com bubble allowed several myths to propagate widely and affect human behavior. As the market began to fail, and dot-corns began to close, the employees seemed to recognize their situation and enact deviant behavior, or resist. Most importantly, what I have learned from this work is that ICT work may lead to increased deviant or resistant behaviors and that ICT work may also provide a means to do increased deviant or resistant behavior.
High-pressure crystal chemistry of Fe3+-wadsleyite, β-Fe2.33Si0.67O4

The crystal structure of Fe3+-wadsleyite, (Fe2+1.67Fe3+0.33)(Fe3+0.33Si0.67)O4, was determined by single-crystal X-ray techniques at six pressures to 8.95 GPa. The isothermal bulk modulus is K T 0 = 173(3) GPa [ K T 0′ = ∂ K T /∂ P = 5.2(9)], which is identical within error to bulk moduli observed for normal wadsleyites [β-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4]. Compression of Fe3+-wadsleyite is significantly more isotropic than for β-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4 because Fe3+ substitutes into both Si4+ tetrahedral sites and (Mg,Fe2+) octahedral sites. Ferric iron thus reduces the contrast between tetrahedral and octahedral compressibilities, which in turn reduces the compressional anisotropy. Bond distance analysis and octahedral compressibilities of the three symmetrically distinct octahedral sites reveal that Fe3+ orders preferentially into M1 and M3, while M2 occupancy is close to pure Fe2+.