cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Structure of a Recombinant DHPR Expressed in Mouse

The dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) is an L-type Ca2+ channel that acts as the voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle by tightly controlling the intracellular Ca2+ channel RyR1. Because previous 3D electron microscopic studies have largely not resolved the spatial organization of the DHPR subunits (α1s, α2-δ, β1a, and γ), we constructed mice expressing a β1a subunit with YFP and a biotin acceptor domain attached to its N- and C- termini respectively. This engineered β1a sustains a functional DHPR-RyR1 interaction and viable animals in a β1a null background. DHPRs were purified from mice by means of the (biotinylated) biotin acceptor domain, negatively stained and imaged with electron microscopy. 8,662 individual DHPRs were analyzed using single-particle image processing algorithms. Multivariate statistical analysis, classification, and multi-reference alignment yielded distinct 2D class averages corresponding to different orientations of the macromolecule. The 3D reconstruction, with 25 A resolution, shows two distinct parts: a main body shaped like an irregular pentagon (∼150x125x75 A) with distinct corners, and a hook-shaped feature that extends ∼60 A from the main body. Consistent with the considerable conservation of membrane topology among voltage-gated channels, a good part of the main body can be closely fitted with an atomic structure of a full-length potassium channel, suggesting that the main body contains the α1s subunit. Besides the fitted potassium channel the main body has extra volume that can accommodate the YFP atomic coordinates and other subunits.Supported by NIH/NIAMS (AR055104) to KGB and NIGMS (GM081819) to PDA.
omniBiomarker: A Web-Based Application for Knowledge-Driven Biomarker Identification

We have developed omniBiomarker, a web-based application that uses knowledge from the NCI Cancer Gene Index to guide the selection of biologically relevant algorithms for identifying biomarkers. Biomarker identification from high-throughput genomic expression data is difficult because of data properties (i.e., small-sample size compared to large-feature size) as well as the large number of available feature selection algorithms. Thus, it is unclear which algorithm should be used for a particular dataset. These factors lead to instability in biomarker identification and affect the reproducibility of results. We introduce a method for computing the biological relevance of feature selection algorithms using an externally validated knowledge base of manually curated cancer biomarkers. Results suggest that knowledge-driven biomarker identification can improve microarray-based clinical prediction performance. omniBiomarker can be accessed at http://omnibiomarker.bme.gatech.edu/.
Neo-materialist theory and the temporal relationship between income inequality and longevity change

This study uses a neo-materialist perspective to develop theoretical predictions regarding temporal ties between income inequality and change in population health. The argument focuses on the relationship between income inequality and adoption of longevity-enhancing innovations. It asserts that longevity change should be influenced by preexisting levels of income inequality and that, consequently, income inequality can cause differential longevity improvement across jurisdictions even if inequality levels remain unchanged. State-level U.S. data from 1970 to 2000 are used to jointly model the effects of initial levels and change in income inequality on 10-year life expectancy change. Results confirm that states with higher levels of inequality experienced less subsequent improvement in life expectancy. Contrary to findings from prior research, analyses also reveal a strong negative association between change in inequality and change in longevity once initial levels of inequality and other state characteristics are controlled. Finally, direct tests of the relationship between income inequality and the adoption of innovations in quality of medical care indicate that the two are highly related and that differences in the average quality of care can account for the negative cross-sectional association between income inequality and life expectancy.
Two-photon flow cytometry

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for obtaining quantitative information from fluorescence in cells. Quantitation is achieved by assuring a high degree of uniformity in the optical excitation and detection, generally by using a highly controlled flow such as is obtained via hydrodynamic focusing. In this work, we demonstrate a two-beam, two- channel detection and two-photon excitation flow cytometry (T(sup 3)FC) system that enables multi-dye analysis to be performed very simply, with greatly relaxed requirements on the fluid flow. Two-photon excitation using a femtosecond near-infrared (NIR) laser has the advantages that it enables simultaneous excitation of multiple dyes and achieves very high signal-to-noise ratio through simplified filtering and fluorescence background reduction. By matching the excitation volume to the size of a cell, single-cell detection is ensured. Labeling of cells by targeted nanoparticles with multiple fluorophores enables normalization of the fluorescence signal and thus ratiometric measurements under nonuniform excitation. Quantitative size measurements can also be done even under conditions of nonuniform flow via a two-beam layout. This innovative detection scheme not only considerably simplifies the fluid flow system and the excitation and collection optics, it opens the way to quantitative cytometry in simple and compact microfluidics systems, or in vivo. Real-time detection of fluorescent microbeads in the vasculature of mouse ear demonstrates the ability to do flow cytometry in vivo. The conditions required to perform quantitative in vivo cytometry on labeled cells will be presented.
Data compression in emitter location systems via sensor pairing and selection

Data compression ideas can be extended to assess the data quality across multiple sensors to manage the network of sensors to optimize the location accuracy subject to communication constraints. From an unconstrained-resources viewpoint it is desirable to use the complete set of deployed sensors; however, that generally results in an excessive data volume. We have previously presented here results on selecting pre-paired sensors. We have now extended our results to enable optimal joint pairing/selection of sensors. Pairing and selecting sensors to participate in sensing is crucial to satisfying trade-offs between accuracy and time-line requirements. We propose two methods that use Fisher information to determine sensor pairing/selection. The first method optimally determines pairings as well as selections of pairs but with the constraint that no sensors are shared between pairs. The second method allows sensors to be shared between pairs. In the first method, it is simple to evaluate the Fisher information but is challenging to make the optimal selections of sensors. However, the opposite is true in the second method: it is more challenging to evaluate the Fisher information but is simple to make the optimal selections of sensors.
Induction of micronuclei in murine lymphocytes by morphine

Although individuals who abuse drugs are prone to an increased risk of malignancy, the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of these agents has received relatively little attention. We report here on the potential of morphine to induce micronuclei in murine lymphocytes. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg morphine, the frequency of micronucleated binuclear (cytochalasin-blocked) murine T- and B-splenocytes was elevated from 12-36 hr after treatment. The maximum frequencies seen 24 hr after injection were 6.3- and 4.9-fold greater than the respective controls. A dose-dependent induction of micronuclei was observed from 5-20 mg/kg morphine, with no further increases in frequency produced by higher doses. In contrast, incubation of mitogen-stimulated splenocytes with 10 -7 -10 -4 M morphine in vitro produced no change in frequency of micronucleated cells relative to controls. Treatment with the narcotic antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg) alone had no effect on the frequency of micronuclei, but reduced the clastogenic response of a subsequently administered dose of morphine (20 mg/kg). Thus, in murine lymphocytes morphine indirectly produces genetic damage, which is at least in part opioid receptor-mediated. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Faces of Evil: Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler

Fritz Lang’s 1922 silent film Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler1 is characterized by a paradox, according to which the enigmatic protagonist and master criminal Dr. Mabuse appears ubiquitous all the while remaining strangely invisible. He is always there but under different guises. Mabuse presents himself as a Dutch professor or proletarian stoking the masses, as a young gambler or elderly businessman, as an occult conjurer or drunken labourer, as a psychoanalyst or stockbroker. No doubt, Mabuse’s role as stockbroker in particular corresponds to the immediate events in the Weimar economy. “For filmgoers in the Weimar Republic,” Tom Gunning writes,
Small F chromosome in myelo- and lymphoproliferative diseases

Abstract A deleted F group chromosome was observed in five patients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative diseases. Three patients had a small F chromosome with both arms deleted, 19p-q-. Each of these patients had a different disease, acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), lymphosarcoma (LSA), and erythroleukemia, respectively. One patient had a hyperplastic marrow and erythroid hyperplasia for a year prior to the development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and had a small F chromosome with del(20)(q12) which is similar to the small F chromosome reported in patients with polycythemia vera. No banding studies were available on one patient with sideroblastic anemia and possible erythroleukemia. These cytogenetic findings lead us to believe that: (1) there is a high incidence of F chromosome abnormalities in cases with abnormal erythropoiesis; (2) erythroid diseases may be predisposed to the small F chromosome abnormality, which is enhanced by treatment, such as irradiation; and (3) the cells with a small F chromosome are rather stable and can gradually replace cytogenetically normal cells without affecting the clinical course of the diseases, and it is the emergence of additional chromosomal abnormalities in these cells which signal a poor prognosis.
Developing Graduate Marketing Programs for Economies in Transition

This article summarizes some of the authors' experiences in introducing marketing concepts to students involved in the transition from planned to market economies. It addresses critical issues involved in the translation of these concepts within languages that often have no words that are synonymous with these terms. The authors discuss methods for establishing open classroom discussion in countries where pedagogy depended almost solely on lectures and assessment depended almost entirely on memorization rather than the application of terms, definitions, and concepts. The article discusses methods for choosing business cases for discussion and analysis that are relevant to the students' level of experience. The authors show how to use the cases over the period of individual courses and within comprehensive degree programs. Finally, the article discusses the importance of marketing strategy and the concept of choice to the success of economic transition.
Probing structure-function relations in heme-containing oxygenases and peroxidases

Structural factors that influence functional properties are examined in the case of four heme enzymes: cytochrome P-450, chloroperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and secondary amine mono-oxygenase. The identity of the axial ligand, the nature of the heme environment, and the steric accessibility of the heme iron and heme edge combine to play major roles in determining the reactivity of each enzyme. The importance of synthetic porphyrin models in understanding the properties of the protein-free metal center is emphasized. The conclusions described herein have been derived from studies at the interface between biological and inorganic chemistry.
Transforming growth factor β1 inhibits collagenase 3 expression by transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast cultures

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 is an autocrine regulator of bone cell function. We demonstrated that TGF β1 enhances bone collagen synthesis, but its effects on collagen degradation are not well characterized. We tested the effects of TGF β1 on rat collagenase 3 expression in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Treatment with TGF β1 at 0.4 nM decreased steady state collagenase mRNA levels after 2 to 24 h. This dose-dependent effect was observed at TGF β1 concentrations of 4 pM to 1.2 nM, and was accompanied by decreased levels of immunoreactive procollagenase. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide increased collagenase transcripts, but did not prevent the effect of TGF β1 on collagenase mRNA levels. TGF β1 accelerated the decay of collagenase mRNA in transcriptionally arrested Ob cells. In addition, TGF β1 decreased the levels of collagenase heterogeneous nuclear RNA and the rate of collagenase gene transcription in Ob cells. TGF β1 enhanced the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1 and 3 and caused a modest decrease of TIMP 2 mRNA levels. In conclusion, TGF β1 decreases interstitial collagenase transcripts and protease levels in Ob cells by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, and this effect may contribute to its actions on bone matrix. J. Cell. Physiol. 170:145–152, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Channel activators regulate ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KIR6.1) expression in chick cardiomyocytes.

ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are widely expressed and yet little is known about the mechanisms regulating their expression. Here we report that expression of chick heart Kir6.1 is regulated by channel activators. Activation of KATP with either ATP depletion or pinacidil, up-regulated Kir6.1 mRNA 1.8- to 2.4-fold in cultured ventricular myocytes as measured by competitive PCR. Pinacidil treatment also increased Kir6.1 protein as detected using an antibody to Kir6.1. Glibenclamide, a KATP inhibitor, completely blocked the pinacidil-induced increase in Kir6.1 levels. It appears that Kir6.1 is up-regulated by an unknown signal transduction pathway initiated by KATP opening.
Unresolved Issues Regarding the U.S. Foreign Tax Credit: A Case of the United Kingdom Windfall Tax

ABSTRACT: In May 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decided PPL Corp. & Subsidiaries v. Comm'r to resolve a split between the Third and Fifth Circuit Courts of Appeals regarding whether the U.K. windfall tax constitutes a creditable tax under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 901. The results of this case have policy implications reaching far beyond a one-time foreign tax credit of $488 million for the three U.S. companies affected. In the Supreme Court decision on the U.K. windfall tax, the justices affirmed the substance over form approach to the net gain criteria in the Treasury Regulations and, thus, agreed that the foreign taxes should be creditable in this case. However, the justices left open the interpretation of the predominant character test, leaving unresolved issues regarding how this test should be interpreted in future cases and, specifically, what effect outliers may have on future interpretations of the foreign tax credit regulations. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to describe the origins ...
Reliability of face recognition performance

A group of 112 college students studied different sets of 16 faces on three occasions 1 week apart. They were asked immediately after each study trial to pick those 16 faces from among 48 distractor faces. Performances were scored for hits, false alarm rates, and d′ and β. A moderate degree of consistency was shown in the intercorrelations among performance measures for each of the 3 days, although the values were limited by the distribution of performances among subjects. Analysis of individual subjects’ consistency over 3 days of the faces task shows that more than 50% of subjects perform consistently either above or below the means for performance of the total group.
Corner Formation Using Directed Flow Extrusion Technology

A novel processing concept, the directed flow die, has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for producing controlled curvature in extrusions with complex shapes. The directed flow die operates by changing flow path lengths between a single, relatively small feed port opening and locations on the die plate. This concept has led to a number of patented geometries including the ball-and-socket die and rotating cylinder dies with axial or transverse feed for single and multiple components. Products that could benefit from this technology include seals with complex cross sections, curved conduits (radiator hose), multiaxis windings (spherical caps), and decoration (raised lettering).
Exploring clinical reasoning in novices: a self-regulated learning microanalytic assessment approach

Objectives The primary objectives of this study were to examine the regulatory processes of medical students as they completed a diagnostic reasoning task and to examine whether the strategic quality of these regulatory processes were related to short-term and longer-term medical education outcomes.
Mathematical Modeling of Milking Machine Vacuum Systems

A mathematical model of a milking machine vacuum system is developed by using the bond graph technique. Comparisons of the model results with measurements show that the model describes the dynamic behavior of the system closely. The model can be used for analysis, design and optimization of the vacuum system.
Effects of isolation and environmental complexity on brain and pineal organ

Abstract Ninety-six male rats (Berkeley S 1 strain, 21–29 days old) were allocated to four groups: (1) IC-1—individuals isolated in small cages; (2) IC-4—four animals crowded per small cage; (3) BC-4—four animals per large cage; (4) ECT—larger groups in complex environments and given daily experiences in Hebb-Williams and Lashley III mazes. After 62–66 days of treatment (animals 90–95 days old) mean cerebral cortical weight was greatest in ECTs and mean body weight was greatest in IC-1s. Pineal midday 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration and acetylserotonin methyltransferase activity were not significantly different in any group, but pineal mean absolute weight in IC-1s was 7–10 per cent greater than that in all other groups. The ratio of pineal weight to brain weight was also greater in IC-1s, especially in comparison with ECT and BC-4 groups ( p
Analysis of Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing phase-conjugate systems

The Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing (BEFWM) technique for phase conjugation in high-power laser systems is presented. The technique represents a form of nearly degenerate four-wave mixing in which the four beams are coupled acoustically through Brillouin nonlinearity. Emphasis is placed on the case of the Brillouin geometry where the second pump beam is downshifted by the acoustic frequency from the first pump. A 1D steady-state model has been developed which takes into account the limitation of the reflectivity of the BEFWM process due to the presence of a small component of the second pump beam with the same polarization as the first pump beam. In addition, 3D wave optics code have been developed for calculating the conjugation fidelity under less than ideal conditions such as misalignment of the pump beams, the two pump beams not being perfect conjugates of each other, etc.
Intimal integrity and fibrinolytic potential of reversed and in situ vein grafts

Abstract The improved patency rates of in situ vein grafts are attributed to better flow characteristics, anastomotic "fit," and intimal preservation. This study compared the early changes in intimal morphology and fibrinolytic activity of in situ and reversed vein bypass grafts from mongrel dogs. Four to six centimeter in situ and reversed vein segments were used to bypass left and right femoral and internal carotid arteries, respectively. Heparin (100 U/kg) was administered before arterial clamping. Anastomoses were fashioned end to side and the intervening artery was ligated. Fifty-two grafts were harvested at day 1 (12 grafts), day 7 (16 grafts), day 14 (12 grafts), and 12 weeks (12 grafts). The veins were analyzed for histologic changes by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fibrinolytic activity of the grafts was assayed by the fibrin slide and fibrin plate techniques. There were no significant differences in morphology or fibrinolytic activity between the reversed and in situ grafts at any time period. These findings indicate that the improved patency rates associated with in situ grafts are not dependent on improved preservation of intimal structure of fibrinolytic activity. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:614-21.)
Unstable angina: Prognosis of the individual patient

Not all patients diagnosed with unstable angina have the same outcome. Thus, it is incumbent on the physician caring for these patients to try to identify factors that will risk-stratify them. These factors include the degree of coronary angiographic stenosis, the lesion morphology, severity of symptoms, presence or absence of transient myocardial ischemia, and state of left ventricular function. In addition, many other factors including the patient's age, gender, and coexisting medical disorders must be considered when trying to prognosticate an individual patient. Clinical experience indicates that clinical indices that combine information provided by all of the above related variables should have more powerful prognostic significance than any individual variable.
Influence of multidroplet size distribution on icing collection efficiency

Calculation of collection efficiencies of two-dimensional airfoils for a monodispersed droplet icing cloud and a multidispersed droplet is carried out. Comparison is made with the experimental results reported in the NACA Technical Note series. The results of the study show considerably improved agreement with experiment when multidroplet size distributions are employed. The study then investigates the effect of collection efficiency on airborne particle droplet size sampling instruments. The biased effect introduced due to sampling from different collection volumes is predicted.
MCHF atomic-structure package: support libraries and utilities

Abstract The libraries and utilities that form part of the MCHF atomic-structure package are described. Among the utilities is a LEVELS program that produces an energy level table and a LINES program that process the transition data from a series of LSJ calculations as a line list.
Parameterization of a diagnostic carbon cycle model for continental scale application

Diagnostic carbon cycle models depend on parameterization to establish model sensitivity to climate variables and site factors. Here we acquired meteorological and carbon flux data from a diverse set (N = 18) of eddy covariance (EC) flux towers, along with MODIS data on FPAR (the fraction of incident photosynthetically active radiation that is absorbed by the plant canopy) at the sites, and used the data to develop a parameter set for the application of a diagnostic carbon cycle model over North America. The parameter optimization approach relied on goodness of fit between model simulations and tower estimates of gross primary production and net ecosystem production (NEP). Parameters such as light use efficiency (LUE) and base rate of heterotrophic respiration varied widely between sites representing different plant functional types (PFTs), thus supporting the value of stratification by PFT when parameterizing the model. Where multiple EC sites were available within a PFT, overall prediction error and bias in mean NEP was reduced by cross-site optimization as opposed to reliance on a single site. Optimization with the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) instead of MODIS FPAR resulted in a similar goodness of fit, however, LUE values were pushed to levels that were not physiologically realistic when using EVI. The increasing availability of gap-filled EC tower data is rapidly improving the opportunities for direct coupling of satellite and ground observational data for parameterizing of diagnostic carbon flux models.
Effects of surface properties of activated carbons on adsorption behavior of selected aromatics

Studies were undertaken to determine the role of surface oxygen complexes and metals on activated carbon on adsorption of selected aromatics. Three kinds of activated carbons (F400, MP and Darco G60) were used in the study. The F400 carbon was treated by oxygenation, deoxygenation and HCl-washing processes. Batch adsorption tests were used to evaluate the effects of surface oxygen complexes and metals on adsorption of phenol under oxic and anoxic conditions. The isotherm results showed that the removal of hydrophilic structures (carboxylic acid groups) of activated carbon increased physisorption and surface polymerization of phenol. It was also found that the metal (Fe) itself can not catalyze the surface polymerization of phenol on the carbon surface at room temperature. The findings of this study suggest that the life of a regenerated carbon adsorption bed could be extended by removing the metal content in activated carbon, and mildly oxidizing the surface.
Reconstruction of Small Soft Tissue Nasal Defects

Nasal defect repair has been one of the more challenging areas of reconstructive surgery due to the lack of uniform nasal skin thickness and complex contours. Currently, algorithms for medium to large nasal soft tissue defects have been well defined by various authors. Small defects, arbitrarily defined as 1 cm or less, still present significant challenges. In this article, the authors examine the options available to repair small soft tissue nasal defects and the appropriate situations in which each method is best suited.
EPR study of polarons in a conducting polymer with nondegenerate ground states: Alkali metal complexes of poly (p‐phenylene) and phenylene oligomers

EPR measurements are used to characterize electronic states relevant for carrier transport in alkali metal doped poly(p‐phenylene), PPP, fully deuterated poly(p‐phenylene), DPPP, and phenylene oligomers. Observed spin concentrations per carbon are at least one decade higher than the Curie spin concentration for Na‐doped polyacetylene. The number of these spins, which likely corresponds to polarons (mobile radical anions), is much less than the amount of alkali metal dopant, suggesting that much of the charge on the polymer chains is in bipolarons (spinless dianions). Relevant to the interaction between spins on the polymer chain and the metal cations, the observed g values are close to the free electron value and do not substantially vary with the donor dopant, temperature, or the molecular weight of the phenylene chain. Although the spin‐orbit effect on g values is small, room temperature linewidth tends to increase with increasing atomic number of dopant—suggesting some interaction, albeit a smaller mag...
Studies on the intranuclear distribution and properties of mouse satellite DNA

Nucleoli isolated from mouse strain L-cells, L-5178Y lymphoblast tumor cells, and mouse liver and kidney cells showed a 3–4-fold enrichment in satellite DNA when compared with DNA from whole nuclei. This amount of satellite DNA associated with the nucleoli accounted for approximately one-third of the total satellite DNA of the cell. Treating the nucleoli with 2 M NaCl removed more main band DNA than satellite, and suggested that satellite DNA was more intimately bound to the nucleoli than main band DNA. However, attempts to demonstrate whether the satellite enrichment could have been due to preferential adsorption to the nucleoli during their isolation were inconclusive. Incubation of native or renatured satellite DNA with Escherichia coli exonuclease I did not produce any change in its buoyant density in CsCl. The base composition of satellite DNA was determined by using three different combinations of enzymes. Incubation with E. coli exonuclease III produced an increase in CsCl buoyant density and converted 45% of the satellite DNA to mononucleotides having the same average base composition as the total DNA. The satellite DNA did not behave differently from the main band DNA towards the deoxyribonucleases used in this study.
The novel use of objective laboratory school tasks to measure stress responses in children with ADHD.

AbstractObjective: To pilot the novel use of 2 existing laboratory school measures—the Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) and the Grammar Task—as provoking stimuli of stress, and to observe the effects of medication and stress on children with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Children received individually determined optimal doses of an oral methylphenidate stimulant medication on 1 of 2 consecutive modified laboratory school days, which is a setting that is known for being a reliable measure of the exact timing of treatment effects. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements collected after administration of the PERMP, an ability–adjusted math test, were presumed to be stress related when compared with baseline data. In addition, children ranked their stress levels on a stress rating scale and completed the Grammar Task as a measure of academic performance. Results: Seven subjects enrolled in and completed the study. The results suggest that children with ADHD demon...
Different Viewpoints: International Perspectives on Newborn Screening.

Kratak sadraj: Testiranje uzoraka krvi iz pete kod novo - ro|en~adi radi otkrivanja potencijalno izle~ivih bolesti pri me - njuje se {irom planete. Me|utim, prakse testiranja se umno- gome razlikuju, kako u pogledu poreme}aja koji se mogu otkriti, tehnologija testiranja, definicije bolesti, pruanja infor- macija, informisanog pristanka roditelja, tako i {to se ti~e ~uvanja i eliminisanja preostalih uzoraka, {to donekle odra - `ava u kojoj je meri ova oblast testiranja predmet za konske regulative (a time i javnog i medijskog pritiska) ili je ugra|ena u zdravstveni sistem i njom se upravlja na izvr{nom nivou. U na~elu je prihva}eno da poreme}aji koji se mogu otkriti testi- ranjem treba da ispunjavaju deset kriterijuma Wilsona i Jun - gnera, ali postoje razni na~ini pomo}u kojih se to utvr|uje, od uop{tenih anketa do detaljne analize kvantitativnih poda - taka. Usled toga, broj poreme}aja obuhva}enih testiranjem veoma se razlikuje ~ak i u zemljama sa uporedivim nivoima ekonomskog razvoja i zdravstvene nege. Postoji nekoliko oblasti za koje nema op{teprihva}enih smernica: kako in - formisati roditelje o testiranju i koliko ih treba podsticati da testiranje posmatraju kao opciju koju, akoele, mogu odbiti? Da li je analiza DNK mutacija prihvatljiva kao deo protokola za testiranje? Koliko brzo posle zavr{etka testiranja treba uni{titi uzorke krvi? Po{to se tehnologija stalno una pre |uje a potencijalni obim testiranja se {iri na nivou metabolita kao i genoma, bi}e potrebno suo~iti se s problemati~nim pitanji- ma vezanim za praksu testiranja.
Carboxylic acids in crystallization of macromolecules: learning from successful crystallization experiments

The production of macromolecular crystals suitable for structural analysis is one of the most important and limiting steps in the structure determination process. Often, preliminary crystallization trials are performed using hundreds of empirically selected conditions. Carboxylic acids and/or their salts are one of the most popular components of these empirically derived crystallization conditions. Our findings indicate that almost 40 % of entries deposited to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) reporting crystallization conditions contain at least one carboxylic acid. In order to analyze the role of carboxylic acids in macromolecular crystallization, a large-scale analysis of the successful crystallization experiments reported to the PDB was performed. The PDB is currently the largest source of crystallization data, however it is not easily searchable. These complications are due to a combination of a free text format, which is used to capture information on the crystallization experiments, and the inconsistent naming of chemicals used in crystallization experiments. Despite these difficulties, our approach allows for the extraction of over 47,000 crystallization conditions from the PDB. Initially, the selected conditions were investigated to determine which carboxylic acids or their salts are most often present in crystallization solutions. From this group, selected sets of crystallization conditions were analyzed in detail, assessing parameters such as concentration, pH, and precipitant used. Our findings will lead to the design of new crystallization screens focused around carboxylic acids.
CORAD (color radar)

A new system is presented for displaying radar signal parameters in color using techniques based on the modern math application of Venn-Euler diagrams. These diagrams are portrayed on a standard color television picture tube. The observer can monitor several signal parameters simultaneously which are in the form of dynamic kaleidoscopic patterns. The system appears to be most applicable to resolving radar target "signatures."
The α-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids as a possible component of the basal respiration of potato slices

Abstract Fresh potato slices evolve 14 CO 2 from carboxyl-labeled palmitic and myristic acids. Shorter chain fatty acids are not perceptibly metabolized except for propionate. By contrast, aged potato slices vigorously oxidize fatty acids from C 16 to C 2 . The oxidation of palmitate and myristate by fresh tissue is malonate resistant, while fatty acid oxidation by aged tissue is largely malonate sensitive. The suggestion is made that α-oxidation is responsible for the overt degradation of the appropriate long-chain fatty acids in fresh slices, while α-oxidation gains ascendancy with aging. The extensive labeling of citrate by carboxyl-labeled fatty acids in fresh slices points to the formation of acetyl-CoA. However, since the tricarboxylic acid cycle is inoperative in fresh tissue, acetyl-CoA is not metabolized, and β-oxidation of fatty acids is consequently not observed. In fresh tissue propionate is metabolized predominantly by a modified β-oxidation wherein propionate is first decarboxylated, ultimately to yield acetyl-CoA wherein the carboxyl carbon is C-3 of propionate. With aging the oxidation of propionate proceeds increasingly by CO 2 fixation via methyl malonyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. The evidence suggests both pathways of propionate breakdown operate simultaneously, the latter path becoming more prevalent with time.
Study on Effect of Electric Vehicle Industry to Energy and Environment

With the deterioration of the environment and energy crisis is becoming more and more serious, the development of low carbon industry has risen to national strategies. In the energy utilization and environmental effect, electric vehicle to the fuel vehicle has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction prominent; the whole life cycle analysis, the electric vehicle complete life cycle into electric energy transmission cycle and vehicle life cycle of two parts; electric vehicle power battery as storage unit, strengthen the relationship between electric vehicle, new energy and smart grid among the three, promotes the development and application of clean energy, speed up the construction of smart grid, realize the real energy-saving and emission-reduction.
Structure and evolution of goat γ-, βC- and βA-globin genes: Three developmentally regulated genes contain inserted elements

Abstract We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the goat fetal (γ), preadult ( β C ) and adult ( β A ) globin genes. In contrast to other globin genes expressed in different stages of development, these three genes are highly homologous (approximately 90%) in both their coding and noncoding regions. The only major difference between them results from elements inserted into their large introns: γ contains a 247 bp insertion, β A contains a 318 bp insertion, and β C contains both a 252 bp insertion and a 60 bp deletion. Based on comparisons of these three genes to each other and to two goat globin pseudogenes, ψβ X and ψβ Z , we conclude that γ, β A and β C have diverged relatively recently, and that the two gene pairs ψβ X - β C and ψβ Z - β A arose via a block duplication of an ancestral pseudogene-functional gene pair. Moreover, as opposed to the human fetal genes ( G γ and A γ ), the goat γ gene appears to be a true β-like gene that has fetal-specific function. The insertions in γ, β A and β C contain sequence features characteristic of transposon-like elements, and appear to be represented in multiple copies throughout the genome.
Genetic instabilities of triplet repeat sequences by recombination.

The expansion of triplet repeat sequences is an initial step in the disease etiology of a number of hereditary neurological disorders in humans. Diseases such as myotonic dystrophy, Huntington's, several spinocerebellar ataxias, fragile X syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia are caused by the expansions of CTG.CAG, CGG.CCG, or GAA.TTC repeats. The mechanisms of the expansion process have been investigated intensely in E. coli, yeast, transgenic mice, mammalian cell culture, and in human clinical cases. Whereas studies from 1994-1999 have implicated DNA replication and repair at the paused synthesis sites due to the unusual conformations of the triplet repeat sequences, recent work has shown that homologous recombination (gene conversion) is a powerful mechanism for generating massive expansions, in addition to, or in concert with, replication and repair.
The hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the iguanid lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis: A qualitative and quantitative study

Abstract The neurosecretory system of the desert iguanid Dipsosaurus dorsalis consist of paired paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei from which four separate neurosecretory tracts arise and coalesce to form a common tract that runs through the median eminence region, where it comes into intimate contact with capillaries of the portal system, to the pars nervosa. Herring bodies were observed in both the median eminence and in the pars nervosa. In addition paired tracts from the paraventricular nuclei pass directly to the pars nervosa via a dorsal route without entering the median eminence. The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei are connected at their anterior and posterior margins by bridges of neurosecretory cells. The numbers of neurosecretory cells, the dimensions of the hypothalamic centers and of individual cell nuclei were counted and measured. Round and oval cell nuclei were identified in both supraoptic and paraventricular areas, the former predominating in the paraventricular nuclei and the latter in the supraoptic nuclei.
BENDER-GESTALT PERFORMANCE OF SIERRA LEONE, WEST AFRICAN CHILDREN FROM FOUR SUB-CULTURES

Summary.-The quality of the Bender-Gestalt performance of 72 normal class-six Sierra Leone, West African children, representing four sub-cultures with varying degrees of modernization, was investigated. The quality of the Bender reproductions of the most modernized sub-culmre was significantly higher than that of the remaining three subculmres. Over-all, boys' Bender performances were of significantly higher quality than the girls' Bender performances. The interaction of gender and sub-culture was significant only for the two village sub-cultures, insofar as the girls produced pcorer quality protocols than did the boys. This result parallels the gender division of labor in adulthood in village life.
Method for Measuring Cellular Optical Absorption and Scattering Evaluated Using Dilute Cell Suspension Phantoms

The opal glass method (OGM) is a standard technique used by the ocean optics community to measure the spectral absorption coefficients of algal suspensions. We present and evaluate this method for its potential application to measurements of the inherent optical properties (optical absorption and scattering coefficients) of dilute mammalian cell suspensions, as an alternative to the integrating sphere method. In a series of controlled experiments on absorbing and scattering phantoms (Evans blue dye and polystyrene spheres 1-20 μm in diameter), separation of absorption and scattering was possible with less than 20% error in absorption coefficient estimates for particles with major scattering components in the size range of 2-5 μm.
A Catastrophe Model for Developing Service Satisfaction Strategies

Customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction has become an important issue for marketing practitioners. The authors examine the issue in terms of customer service. In particular, practitioners and academi...
Identification and structural characterization of an LYT-2/3 homolog in tunicates.

Abstract 1. 1. A serologic and structural homolog to murine Lyt-2/3 molecular complex was sought in tunicate hemocytes by using monoclonal antibody specific Lyt-2 framework determinants (mAb 53-6.7). 2. 2. This antibody labeled a distinct population of tunicate hemocytes, as determined in indirect immunofluorescence and FACS analysis, and immunoprecipitated disulfide-bonded subunits from hemocytes equivalent to the 38 kDa (α), 34 kDa (α′) and 30 kDa (β) subunits of murie Lyt-2/3 molecules. 3. 3. As in mice, tunicate α- and α′-subunits each appeared to bear three N -linked oligosaccharides, one high mannose- and two complex-type glycans and focused as a number of heterogeneous spots on IEF gels. 4. 4. In contrast, β-subunits of both species were associated with a single N -linked glycan of the complex type and focused as basic components of limited charge heterogeneity. 5. 5. Based on tryptic peptide patterns, α, and α′-subunits, but not β-subunits, are likely to be structurally similar in both tunicate and mouse complexes. 6. 6. However, CNBr cleavage patterns indicated that the α-subunit of both species may differ in the size-location of the intrachain disulfide bridge. 7. 7. Collectively our observations suggest the phylogenetic emergence of an Lyt-2/3 homolog at an early level of evolution.
Linguistics in a Primary School

In this article, I discuss a linguistics course that I have been teaching for the past 3 years in a multiage primary school classroom. This experience has led to work in other schools, has changed the way I teach introductory linguistics courses for teachers, and has led to the development of materials and curricula for use in K-12 classrooms. I hope the sharing of these experiences will help to effect real change in the way in which knowledge about language is taught in K-12 classrooms in the USA.
A fiberoptic (photodynamic therapy type) device with a photosensitizer and singlet oxygen delivery probe tip for ovarian cancer cell killing.

A portable “fiber optic-based sensitizer delivery” (FOSD) device has been developed and studied. Before there might be success in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and antibacterial ambitions, an understanding of basic factors on device performance was needed. Thus, the device was examined for the localized delivery of sensitizer molecules in ovarian cancer cells and production of high concentrations of singlet oxygen for their eradication in vitro. The device tip releases stored pheophorbide by attack of singlet oxygen from sensitized oxygen gas delivered through the hollow fiber using 669 nm laser light. The performance of the device was enhanced when configured with a fluorosilane tip by virtue of its Teflon-like property compared with a conventional glass tip (greater sensitizer quantities were photoreleased and laterally diffused, and greater amounts of ovarian OVCAR-5 cancer cells were killed). No cell damage was observed at 2.2 N of force applied by the probe tip itself, an amount used for many of the experiments described here.
Primary culture of ram epididymal epithelial cells

A procedure for the primary culture of epithelial cells harvested from the epididymides of young virgin ram lambs is described. A confluent monolayer of epitheial cells can be produced from cell aggregates isolated from the caput and cauda segments of ram lamb epididymides after trypsin and collagenase digestions. A culture of enriched epididymal epithelial cells is obtained using a selective attachment procedure. Characteristic epithelial cell morphology can be confirmed by phase contrast and indirect immunofluorescent microscopies. Cultured epithelial cells can be passed 4 times and maintained for 1 mo.
Learning about screening using an online or live lecture: does it matter?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of an online lecture versus a live lecture on screening given to medical students who are participating in an outpatient clerkship. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Ninety-five senior medical students in a primary care medicine clerkship based at university and distant clinic sites. INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS: Forty-eight medical students were randomized to the live lecture on screening (live lecture group), and forty-seven medical students were randomized to the online lecture on screening (online lecture group). Outcome measures included students’ knowledge, use of time, and satisfaction with the lecture experience. RESULTS: Compared to students in the live lecture group, students in the online lecture group demonstrated equal post-intervention knowledge of screening (P=.91) and expended 50 minutes less time to complete the lecture. Online lecture students who used the audio feed of the lecture were equally satisfied with the lecture as the live lecture students. Without the audio feed, online lecture students were less satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: An online lecture on screening is a feasible, efficient, and effective method to teach students on outpatient clerkships about principles of screening.
Photochemical Disruption of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Photoreactive polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) that dissolve upon UV irradiation are described. Light-induced switching of the formal charge of a photoreactive polycation resulted in repulsive interlayer electrostatic forces, and caused the dissolution of PEM films. Combining both photoreactive and inert polycations in the same film yielded additional control over the light-induced change in film thickness.
Monodisperse Particles of Bifunctional Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica

Monodisperse particles of periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with ethane- and phenylene-bridging groups were prepared using 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTEE) and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTEB) organosilica precursors, and a Pluronic P123 poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO) triblock copolymer template under slightly acidic conditions. Highly ordered monodisperse particles having hexagonal mesostructure (p6mm) and coiled shape were obtained only for the BTEE/BTEB molar ratios between 70:30 and 60:40. The average external diameter of these coiled particles was about 2−3 μm, whereas the diameter of mesopores present in these particles was about 7.4 nm.