cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near infrared spectra of water with Lewis bases

Abstract The absorption band of water in the 6600–7500 cm −1 region has been measured in acetonitrile and α-picoline solutions and in ternary systems with these Lewis bases in CCl 4 . The spectra were obtained at different concentrations and different temperatures. Resolution of the spectra gave seven component subbands. A spectroscopic model of water involving three species depending on whether 0, 1 or 2 hydrogens of H 2 O are involved in hydrogen bonding was found to be satisfactory for explaining the resolved spectra.
Synthesis of tantalum and niobium complexes that contain the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F3C6H2NCH2CH2)2NMe]2−, and the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]3−

Abstract Several niobium and tantalum compounds were prepared that contain either the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F3C6H2NCH2CH2)2NMe]2− ([F3N2NMe]2−), or the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]3− ([Cl2N2NMe]3−). The former include [F3N2NMe]TaCl3, [F3N2NMe]NbCl3, [F3N2NMe]TaMe3, [F3N2NMe]NbMe3, [(F3N2NMe)TaMe2][MeB(C6F5)3], [F3N2NMe]Ta(CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3), [F3N2NMe]Ta(CH2-t-Bu)Cl2, [F3N2NMe]Ta(CH-t-Bu)(CH3), and [F3N2NMe]Ta(η2-C2H4)(CH2CH3). The latter include [Cl2N2NMe]TaCl2, [Cl2N2NMe]TaMe2, [Cl2N2NMe]Ta(η2-C2H4), and [Cl2N2NMe]Ta(η2-C2H2).X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on [F3N2NMe]Ta(CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3), [F3N2NMe]Ta(η2-C2H4)(CH2CH3), and [Cl2N2NMe]TaMe2..
Studies on vaporization and halogen decomposition of methyl mercury compounds using gc with a microwave detector

Abstract Gas chromatography with the very sensitive microwave emission spectrometric detector has been used to study the distribution of (CH3)2Hg between air and water and the vapor pressures above CH3HgX compounds and their solutions, where X designates (Cl, Br, I or OH). The distribution coefficient for (CH3)2Hg is 0.31 at 25°C and 0.15 at 0°C which shows that this compound will be readily lost to the atmosphere above natural waters. The vapor pressures of CH3HgCl(s) and CH3HgOH(s) are l l and 5.6 μ of Hg respectively at 22°C. The volatility of monomethyl mercury above water solutions as a function of pH can be interpreted in terms of the known equilibria occurring in the water phase. Very rapid photochemical reactions of CH3HgX with I2 or Br2 at very low concentrations were discovered in water at room temperature. Such reactions offer a potential means for the destruction of CH3HgX from laboratory or industrial discharges. In addition the reaction with I2 is an important potential source of error in analytical procedures utilizing the high extractability of the CH3HgI species. The reaction produces CH3I and HgI2(s) and is first-order in the concentrations of both the CH3HgCl and I2.
Lens-mirror combinations with maximal concentration

By the addition of suitable reflectors the concentration of a lens can be increased to the thermodynamic limit, which is equivalent to an f-number of one half. Such lens-mirror combinations are useful whenever concentration rather than image formation is important, for example, in radiation detectors and solar energy collectors. The design of lens-mirror combinations with maximal concentration is described. To the approximation that the lens has sharp focal points at off-axis incidence, the solution for the reflector is readily found to be compound hyperbolic. With proper choice of the f-number of the lens the hyperbolic reflector reduces to a V-trough or cone, an arrangement which offers considerable advantages for fabrication. The 2-D case (line focus lens) suffers from aberrations due to focal length variation with nonplanar incidence. The optical performance of 2-D lens-mirror combinations at nonplanar incidence is analyzed and evaluated for its suitability in solar energy applications. A prototype Fresn l lens plus V-trough has been built, and test data are presented.
Observations on the development and clinical use of artificial skin —An attempt to employ regeneration rather than scar formation in wound healing—

Artificial skin, a bilaminar membrane, is grafted on an excised wound immediately following injury. This bilayer membrane, made of a dermal and epidermal portion, is populated in place on the wound bed by the patient's own fibroblasts and epidermal cells producing a permanent skin replacement with an anatomically functioning dermis and epidermis. The dermal portion is a porous collagen-chondroitin 6-sulfate fibrous matrix arranged in a three dimensional pattern closely resembling the fiber pattern of normal dermis. A thin silastic covering serves as a temporary epidermis immediately after grafting until the patient's epidermal cells, seeded on the “neodermis”, grow into a confluent epidermal replacement. The autogenous “neodermis” is produced as fibroblasts and vessels migrate from the wound bed into the artificial dermal template and, using the artificial fibers as a scaffolding, synthesize new connective tissue in the collagen fiber pattern of normal dermis rather than the pattern of scar while slowly biodegrading the artificial fibers. This replacement dermis functions as normal dermis and not as scar tissue. The patient's epidermal cells seeded on the “neodermis” grow into a confluent normal appearing epidermis and with the neodermis produce a permanent skin composed of normal functioning dermal and epidermal components producedin situ by the patient's own cells. Artificial skin has been successfully used to permanently replace skin destroyed by burn injures ranging form 10 to over 95% BSA. The long term functional results in these patients have been excellent and the long term cosmetic results in preliminary studies tend to be superior to autograft. Artificial skin appears to provide a successful physiologic and cosmetic skin replacement in severe burn injury.
The Wines of West Africa: History, Technology and Tasting Notes

For centuries West Africans have made wines from palm sap, and hard liquor (“gin”) from palm wine. This essay describes the role of palm wine in West African society, attempts to regulate its production and consumption since colonial times, the basics of the production process, and the appearance, bouquet and flavor of unpasteurized palm wine as it ages through its useful life of a day or two. (JEL Classification: L66, L51,118)
Predicting Impairment in College Students With ADHD: The Role of Executive Functions.

Objective: This study longitudinally evaluated whether parent-ratings and self-ratings of executive function (EF) predicted the academic and overall functioning of college students with ADHD and wh...
OFF-RESONANCE LIGHT SCATTERING FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE BOSE AND FERMI GASES

We study interactions of light with a sample of two-level atoms, with full inclusion of angular momentum degeneracy, at temperatures and densities such that the quantum statistics of the atoms may have an effect. Coupled propagation equations are given for light and matter fields, and plausible general simplifications are enumerated. In particular, the motion of the atoms during the excited-state lifetime may often be ignored. The propagation equations of light and matter fields are decoupled within the assumption that the detuning of the driving light from atomic resonance is large, and the spectrum of scattered light is studied for ideal Bose and Fermi gases. In addition to the expected image of the velocity distribution, the spectra contain qualitatively distinct features that depend on the statistics of the atoms. This is because for bosons (fermions), those scattering events in which an atom recoils to an already occupied state are enhanced (inhibited).
Organoantimony(V) cyanoximates: synthesis, spectra and crystal structures.

A series of 25 new organoantimony(V) cyanoximates has been synthesized and studied using IR, visible, and NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. Crystal structures were determined for compounds (C6H5)4Sb{ONC(CN)C(O)NH2} (1) and (C6H5)4Sb{ONC(CN)C(O)N(CH3)2} (2). Both complexes crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c (Z = 4) with unit cell parameters (A, grad) of a = 14.921(3), b = 10.165(2), c = 17.571(7), β = 113.26(6) for compound 1, and a = 16.415(4), b = 10.406(3), c = 17.152(3), β = 117.79(2) for compound 2. For 5438 and 5056 independent reflections the refinement yielded R-factors 0.022 and 0.037 for the structures of 1 and 2, respectively. Cyanoxime anions are bound to the antimony(V) atoms in a monodentate fashion via the oxygen atoms of the oxime groups. The ligands adopt trans-anti configuration in these compounds. The coordination polyhedron in both complexes is a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the axial location of the cyanoxime ligand. A similar binding mode of other anions in synth...
Status and progress on the upgraded infrared spatial interferometer

The U.C. Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer is a two telescope stellar interferometer operating in the 9-12 micron atmospheric window, utilizing heterodyne detection with CO2 laser local oscillators. Science with the ISI has been focused on the measurements of the spatial distribution of dust and molecules around mass-losing late type stars, and more recently precision measurements of stellar diameters in the mid-infrared avoiding molecular lines. During the past few years, a National Science Foundation sponsored program of expansion from two to three telescopes has been underway. This expansion will allow the ISI to make visibility observations on three simultaneous baselines and a measure a closure phase. The third telescope was completed last year and shipped to Mt. Wilson, and more recently a Central Control Facility and Master Laser Oscillator Facility were also completed and recently shipped to Mt. Wilson. In this paper we report progress on this program and highlight some of the most recent astrophysical results.
Use of software tools in teaching relational database design

Abstract This paper discusses our experiences in using state-of-the-art software tools in teaching an advanced relational database design course (a previous graduate course in database is the prerequisite for this course), which is taken as an elective by graduate students in the Department of Computer and Information Science at Cleveland State University. As an experiment, the class material was slightly modified to include student exposure to a prototype of current software that uses expert systems information technology (IT) to automate relational database design for microcomputer users at the management level. Surprisingly, the results in terms of student interest, involvement, and inquisitiveness were far better than expected considering the minor changes to the course that were involved. Typically in the past, students in Computer and Information Science departments have approached the study of relational database design solely from the point of view of learning normalization theory. This approach was used to train graduate students to become database administrators. However, more and more the needs of today are for students to be able to understand and certainly be able to use and deal with the latest expert system software in the database area including database design. We feel that database design courses should reflect these needs.
Continental-scale phenology: warming and chilling.

With abundant evidence of recent climate warming, most vegetation studies have concentrated on its direct impacts, such as modifications to seasonal plant and animal life cycle events (phenology). The most common examples are indications of earlier onset of spring plant growth and delayed onset of autumn senescence. However, less attention has been paid to the implications of continued warming for plant species' chilling requirements. Many woody plants that grow in temperate areas require a certain amount of winter chilling to break dormancy and prepare to respond to springtime warming. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of plant species' responses to warming must also include the potential impacts of insufficient chilling. When collected at continental scale, plant species phenological data can be used to extract information relating to the combined impacts of warming and reduced chilling on plant species physiology. In this brief study, we demonstrate that common lilac first leaf and first bloom phenology (collected from multiple locations in the western United States and matched with air temperature records) can estimate the species' chilling requirement (1748 chilling hours, base 7.2 °C) and highlight the changing impact of warming on the plant's phenological response in light of that requirement. Specifically, when chilling is above the requirement, lilac first leaf/first bloom dates advance at a rate of − 5.0/− 4.2 days per 100-h reduction in chilling accumulation, while when chilling is below the requirement, they advance at a much reduced rate of − 1.6/− 2.2 days per 100-h reduction. With continental-scale phenology data being collected by the USA National Phenology Network (http://www.usanpn.org), these and more complex ecological questions related to warming and chilling can be addressed for other plant species in future studies. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Ocular melanosis in the Cairn Terrier: clinical description and investigation of mode of inheritance.

Objective To describe the clinical features of ocular melanosis in Cairn Terriers. Animal studied One hundred and fourteen Cairn Terriers diagnosed with ocular melanosis. Procedure(s) A complete eye examination was performed on each dog. Four dogs (and two unaffected control dogs) underwent a high frequency ultrasound examination of the anterior segment. The pedigrees of affected dogs were analyzed. Results Forty-four (38.6%) dogs were male and 67 (58.7%) female; the sex of three dogs (2.6%) was not provided. A four-stage grading system of the ocular changes was developed. There was a variable age of onset, and the earliest change was a dark-colored thickening of the iris root. This was followed by the development of episcleral/scleral pigment plaques, release of pigment into the aqueous and deposition in the drainage apparatus, particularly ventrally. Secondary glaucoma developed in the most severely affected dogs. A slow progression of pigmentation in the tapetal fundus was observed and in some dogs pigment on the surface of the optic nerve head was seen. Three dogs developed uveal melanocytic neoplasms. Pedigree analysis suggested a possible autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Conclusions Ocular melanosis is an inherited, probably autosomal-dominant condition with a variable age of onset and rate of progression. It results in a thickening and pigmentation of the iris, release of pigmented material into the aqueous, pigment deposition in the sclera/episclera, and to a lesser extent posterior segment pigment deposition. Following extensive pigment deposition in the aqueous drainage pathways it can result in secondary glaucoma.
A COMPARISON OF GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS

Genetic variances and correlations lie at the center of quantitative evolutionary theory. They are often difficult to estimate, however, due to the large samples of related individuals that are required. I investigated the relationship of genetic- and phenotypic-correlation magnitudes and patterns in 41 pairs of matrices drawn from the literature in order to determine their degree of similarity and whether phenotypic parameters could be used in place of their genetic counterparts in situations where genetic variances and correlations cannot be precisely estimated. The analysis indicates that squared genetic correlations were on average much higher than squared phenotypic correlations and that genetic and phenotypic correlations had only broadly similar patterns. These results could be due either to biological causes or to imprecision of genetic-correlation estimates due to sampling error. When only those studies based on the largest sample sizes (effective sample size of 40 or more) were included, squared genetic-correlation estimates were only slightly greater than their phenotypic counterparts and the patterns of correlation were strikingly similar. Thus, much of the dissimilarity between phenotypic- and genetic-correlation estimates seems to be due to imprecise estimates of genetic correlations. Phenotypic correlations are likely to be fair estimates of their genetic counterparts in many situations. These further results also indicate that genetic and environmental causes of phenotypic variation tend to act on growth and development in a similar manner.
Complementary Therapies for Osteoarthritis: Are They Effective?

Increasing interest has focused on complementary management modalities, including tai chi, acupuncture, yoga, and massage therapy, as treatments for osteoarthritis (OA). This review article synthesizes evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) that examined one or more of the above as treatments for OA. Medline, Pubmed, and Cinahl databases were searched to identify English-language articles using an RCT design or that conducted a SR of published studies and presented data on symptom or functional outcomes. Two authors independently abstracted relevant information (e.g., study sample, intervention characteristics, treatment effects, safety data). Retained articles (n = 29) included those that evaluated tai chi (8 RCTs, 2 SRs), acupuncture (11 RCTs, 4 SRs), yoga (2 RCTs), and massage therapy (2 RCTs). Available evidence indicates that tai chi, acupuncture, yoga, and massage therapy are safe for use by individuals with OA. Positive short-term (≤6 months) effects in the form of reduced pain and improved self-reported physical functioning were found for all 4 treatments. Limited information exists regarding the relative effectiveness of the therapies (e.g., yoga vs. tai chi vs. acupuncture), as well as treatment effects in persons with joint involvement besides the knee and in distinct patient subgroups (e.g., older vs. younger adults, persons with mild vs. moderate vs. advanced disease). Complementary therapies can reduce pain and improve function in adults with OA. Research is needed to evaluate long-term benefits of the treatments, as well as their relative effects among diverse patient subgroups.
Floodplains and paleosols of Pakistan Neogene and Wyoming Paleogene deposits: a comparative study

Abstract Comparative study of fossil-bearing fluvi' deposits in the Eocene Willwood Formation of northern Wyoming and the Miocene Chinji Formation of northern Pakistan indicate how tectonic and climatic processes operating at different scales controlled physical and chemical features of floodplain environments and affected preservation of the paleontological record. The architecture of Willwood Fm. floodplain deposits represents a combination of avulsion-belt sediment packages and overbank sediments that formed alluvial ridges. The architecture of the Chinji Fm. floodplain deposits was controlled by widely distributed crevasse-splay deposition and floodplain topography. Similarities in individual paleosol-bounded overbank sequences from the two formations indicates that the internal structure of such deposits can be independent of channel belt proximity to areas of aggradation. Chinji Fm. paleosols have little vertical zonation and show no consistent pattern of lateral change in relation to major channels, while overbank paleosols in the Willwood Fm, exhibit considerable soil horizon development and a pattern of increasing maturity from alluvial ridge to distal floodplain. The “pedofacies model” of Bown and Kraus (1987) based on such lateral trends in the Willwood paleosols is not applicable to the Chinji Fm. Plant and animal fossils are abundant in the Willwood overbank deposits, with vertebrate remains concentrated in paleosol A horizons. Plant remains are rare in the Chinji Fm. and vertebrate fossils occur primarily in channel fills rather than in paleosols. These differences relate to contrasting patterns of floodplain deposition and to levels of oxidation that controlled penecontemporaneous recycling of organic material, particularly in paleosols. Different large-scale climatic and tectonic controls on temperature and rainfall, water table fluctuations, and soil biota are proposed to account for the differences in organic preservation. Large and small-scale environmental processes also affected spatial and temporal resolution of the organic record, resulting in important differences in the paleoecological and evolutionary information that can be reconstructed from the two sequences.
The future of cell culture-based influenza vaccine production

Influenza vaccines have been prepared in embryonated chicken eggs and used for more than 60 years. Although this older technology is adequate to produce hundreds of millions of doses per year, most viral vaccines are now being produced in cell culture platforms. The question of whether egg-based influenza vaccines will continue to serve the needs of the growing influenza vaccine market is considered here. In 2006, the US government committed to support the development of cell-based influenza vaccines by funding advanced development and expansion of domestic manufacturing infrastructure. Funding has also been provided for other recombinant DNA approaches that do not depend on growth of influenza viruses. As the influenza vaccine industry expands over the next 5–10 years, it will be interesting to follow which of these various technologies are able to best meet the needs of a growing influenza vaccine market.
Proteomic analysis of the slit diaphragm complex: CLIC5 is a protein critical for podocyte morphology and function.

Podocytes are morphologically complex cells, the junctions of which form critical elements of the final filtration barrier. Disruption of their foot processes and slit diaphragms occur early in the development of many glomerular diseases. Here, we biochemically purified fractions enriched with slit diaphragm proteins and performed a proteomic analysis to identify new components of this important structure. Several known slit diaphragm proteins were found, such as podocin and nephrin, confirming the validity of the purification scheme. However, proteins on the apical membrane such as podocalyxin were neither enriched nor identified in our analysis. The chloride intracellular channel protein 5 (CLIC5), predominantly expressed in podocytes, was enriched in these fractions and localized in the foot process apical and basal membranes. CLIC5 colocalized and associated with the ezrin/radixin/moesin complex and with podocalyxin in podocytes in vivo . It is important to note that CLIC5 -/- mice were found to have significantly decreased foot process length, widespread foot process abnormalities, and developed proteinuria. The ezrin/radixin/moesin complex and podocalyxin were significantly decreased in podocytes from CLIC5 -/- mice. Thus, our study identifies CLIC5 as a new component that is enriched in and necessary for foot process integrity and podocyte function in vivo .
An Atypical Recurrence of Endometrial Carcinoma Following Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Following an abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpin-goophorectomy wherein a superficial (1.6 mm) well-differentiated endometrial cancer and bilateral ovarian serous cystadenomas were discovered, estrogen replacement was given. One year later the patient presented with a 9 x 7-cm left groin recurrence. Patients with endometrial carcinoma may request estrogen replacement. The benefits of such replacement are well recognized; however, these patients also need to be counselled that hormonal replacement may be complicated by recurrence. Physicians need to be cognizant of symptoms or signs which would suggest disease recurrence at unusual sites in these patients who are perceived as being at low risk for recurrent disease.
Molecular ionization by absorption of spontaneous emission.

A theoretical study is reported of the energy spectrum of electrons emitted in molecular multiphoton ionization. The possibility of molecular ionization by absorption of spontaneous emission and the effect of such ionization on the spectra of electrons are discussed.
Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy reveals localized heterogeneities in an organically modified silicate film

Abstract High spatial resolution, 7 μm ×7 μm confocal image plane masking, and 1 μm step size mapping were used to image small areas of an organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) film. The film was prepared by the sol–gel process from separately hydrolyzed isobutyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane sols that were mixed just prior to being spin cast onto a polished silicon substrate. Detailed mapping was performed in a reflection absorption mode with an infrared microspectrometer at beamline U10B of the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The main objective of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of organic (i.e. butyl) components within the film. Functional group maps of each film region were produced from the peak areas of the CH, OH, and SiO stretching bands. The organic content (relative to total silicate) was obtained by ratioing the peak areas of the CH and SiO absorption bands. Functional group maps of a relatively large region ( 230 μm ×230 μm) with a 10 μm ×10 μm mask size and a 10 μm step size reveal heterogeneity on a larger scale. These data demonstrate the utility of IR imaging in the study of ORMOSIL film chemical heterogeneity.
Suspicions of female infidelity predict men's partner-directed violence

Archer's argument regarding sex differences in partner violence rests on a general account of between-sex differences in reproductive strategies and in social roles. However, men's partner-directed violence often is predicted by perceived risk of female infidelity. We hypothesize that men's partner-directed violence is produced by psychological mechanisms evolved to solve the adaptive problem of paternity uncertainty.
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder due to a Primary Defect in Platelet Release Reaction

Summary. A large family with a hereditary bleeding disorder was investigated. Easy bruising, epistaxis and menorrhagia were noted in seven members of three generations and at least one member in each generation was affected. Platelet function abnormalities were characterized by reduced 14C-serotonin release, absent second wave aggregation in response to ADP or epinephrine and reduced aggregation in response to collagen. Bleeding time was prolonged in three individuals and platelet factor 3 availability was abnormal in four. Platelet count, morphology, adhesiveness and clot retraction were normal in all. Platelet ADP and ATP as well as ATP to ADP ratio were normal. This family probably represents the first documented instance of hereditary platelet primary release disorder. To elucidate the pathogenetic mechanism, further functional studies were performed. No appreciable shape change, 14C-serotonin release of aggregation was observed when the propositus’ platelets were stimulated with sodium arachidonate or a PGH2 analogue. By contrast, platelets responded normally to ionophore A23187, thrombin and ristocetin. The findings indicate that the hereditary primary release disorder is probably due to a reduced thromboxane A2 production secondary to thromboxane synthetase deficiency. Alternatively, it may be due to platelet membrane abnormalities which render platelets unresponsive to thromboxane A2.
Facets of ethnography: Practice, theory, and fiction

Rubinstein, Robert A., ed. Fieldwork: The Correspondence of Robert Red‐field and Sol Tax. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991. xxi + 354 pp. including bibliography and index. $49.95 cloth. Headland, Thomas N., Kenneth L. Pike, and Marvin Harris, eds. Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1990. 226 pp including chapter references and index. $35.00 cloth, $16.95 paper. Richardson, Miles. Cry Lonesome and Other Accounts of the Anthropologist's Project. Albany: SUNY Press, 1990. ix + 177 pp. including references and index. $44.50 cloth, $12.95 paper.
Brushless D-C excited synchronous motor

SILICON RECTIFIERS have been used for several years to make brushless d-c excited rotating-field synchronous generators. The induced field current and voltage during starting have made similar brushless synchronous motors impractical. The operation and performance of a new brushless synchronous motor, made practical by the development of high-current silicon-controlled rectifiers, are described here. All sliding and mechanical type contacts have been eliminated. The synchronizing function and pull-out protection are automatically provided by a simple static circuit which uses two silicon controlled rectifiers and zener diodes. The new motor can be started like a squirrel-cage induction motor with a standard full- or reduced-voltage starter. The adjustable power factor correction of the conventional synchronous motor is retained.
Homogeneous and organized differentiation within embryoid bodies induced by microsphere-mediated delivery of small molecules

Cell specification and tissue formation during embryonic development are precisely controlled by the local concentration and temporal presentation of morphogenic factors. Similarly, pluripotent embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate in vitro into specific phenotypes in response to morphogen treatment. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are commonly differentiated as 3D spheroids referred to as embryoid bodies (EBs); however, differentiation of cells within EBs is typically heterogeneous and disordered. In this study, we demonstrate that in contrast to soluble morphogen treatment, delivery of morphogenic factors directly within EB microenvironments in a spatiotemporally controlled manner using polymer microspheres yields homogeneous, synchronous and organized ESC differentiation. Degradable PLGA microspheres releasing retinoic acid were incorporated directly within EBs and induced the formation of cystic spheroids uniquely resembling the phenotype and structure of early streak mouse embryos (E6.75), with an exterior of FOXA2+ visceral endoderm enveloping an epiblast-like layer of OCT4+ cells. These results demonstrate that controlled morphogen presentation to stem cells using degradable microspheres more efficiently directs cell differentiation and tissue formation than simple soluble delivery methods and presents a unique route to study the spatiotemporal effects of morphogenic factors on embryonic developmental processes in vitro.
High frequency actuation of thin film NiTi

Abstract The frequency response of thin film nickel–titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) membrane in three fluid mediums (air, silicon oil, and de-ionized water) was investigated in the present paper. Operation was investigated at different power input and duty cycles. Results showed an operating frequency of 40 Hz could be achieved in de-ionized water with appropriate power input and duty cycles. Larger operating frequencies could be achieved by applying power over a short heating time to minimize the temperature rise in the surrounding fluid. Results demonstrated the extreme sensitivity of frequency to operating medium, power input, and duty cycle. That is, changing one of these parameters, the frequency response could be changed by an order of magnitude.
Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery

Based upon the fact that fatigue during intense prolonged exercise is commonly due to depletion of muscle and liver glycogen which limits both training and competitive performance, this paper has p...
Perspectives of International Undergraduate Students in Hospitality and Tourism Management Programs in the United States: Implications for educators and administrators

The study was designed to better understand the international undergraduate students in the hospitality and tourism management (HTM) programs in the United States. Specifically, it explored the study motivations, learning preferences and career aspiration and goals of the students. A survey was conducted at three HTM programs in the U.S. Results provide implications for HTM educators and administrators in offering favorable outcomes in education to this fast growing segment of students.
Wittgenstein on the Infinity of Primes

It is controversial whether Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics is of critical importance for mathematical proofs, or is only concerned with the adequate philosophical interpretation of mathematics. Wittgenstein's remarks on the infinity of prime numbers provide a helpful example which will be used to clarify this question. His antiplatonistic view of mathematics contradicts the widespread understanding of proofs as logical derivations from a set of axioms or assumptions. Wittgenstein's critique of traditional proofs of the infinity of prime numbers, specifically those of Euler and Euclid, not only offers philosophical insight but also suggests substantive improvements. A careful examination of his comments leads to a deeper understanding of what proves the infinity of primes.
An assay for osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) in biological fluids: detection of OAF in the serum of myeloma patients.

Abstract A procedure is described for the partial purification and biological assay of a lymphokine, osteoclast-activating factor, in samples of serum. This procedure involves two steps of ultra-filtration of samples, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bioassay of fractions eluted from the gels. The procedure effectively discriminates between osteoclast-activating factor and other agents with similar biological activities (parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E 2 , and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ), when each agent is added to normal human serum. Using this procedure as a specific assay for osteoclast-activating factor, serum from normal individuals and myeloma patients was examined. The activity was detected in 11 of 23 myeloma sera but in none of 12 normal sera.
Is Creativity Related to Scores on Critical Thinking

44 subjects responded to the 16 PF Creativity scale and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal to assess associations of scores on creativity with those on critical thinking. Pearson rs were...
Small-angle neutron scattering of partially segregated blends of polyethylene and deuteropolyethylene☆

Abstract A previous paper described work in which polyethylene (PEH) blended with 4.3 vol% deuterated polyethylene (PED) was annealed and plastically deformed at different temperatures. The most prominent change resulting from the deformation is a significant reduction in the apparent molecular weight measured from the extrapolated small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data. The model adopted in the data analysis was based on a heterogeneous distribution of the centres of mass of the labelled (PED) chains which form a two phase system of enriched and depleted regions described by a Debye-like correlation function. A comparison between this model and alternative approaches based on the correlation network and random phase approximation will be delineated. The results from these models lead to the conclusion that for typical melt crystallized samples the centres of mass of the labelled chains are only slightly perturbed from a random distribution. Plastic deformation of the blends tends to lessen the degree of segregation of the PED molecules and the results suggest that a portion of the specimen must undergo a melting and recrystallization mechanism during deformation.
Areal-density measurement of laser targets using absorption lines

Abstract Absorption lines due to 1s-2p transitions in titanium ions are predicted to be observed in the implosion of titanium-doped shells. The measured absorption of these lines can be used to determine the peak areal density, ρΔr, of the doped layer and hence of the total compressed shell. The absorption lines are studied by solving the radiation transport equation using opacity tables and hydrodynamic simulations. The absorption is a function not only of ρΔr but also of the density and temperature of the absorbing layer. However, it is shown that the areal density can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the measured intensity of absorption and its distribution over the various absorption lines. The considerations affecting the choice of doping parameters are discussed, as well as the effect of integrating the measured spectrum over time and target volume.
Photoelectrochemical properties of LuRhO3

Abstract Rare earth rhodates of the distorted perovskite structure are semiconductors with a band gap of 2.2 eV. They may be doped either n- or p-type. The oxides are stable against photodecomposition at the potential for hydrogen evolution. With ceramic p-type LuRhO 3 as the cathode and n-type TiO 2 as the anode of an electrolytic cell sufficient photopotential is developed both to photoelectrolyze water in sunlight with no externally applied potential and to generate power simultaneously. LuRhO 3 possesses deep lying impurity levels and surface capacitance does not exhibit ideal Mott-Schottky behavior. The Fermi level at the surface of LuRhO 3 is pinned at the same potential independent of whether the oxide is p- or n-type.
Genotypic classification of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Biologic behavior correlates with K-ras-2 mutation type.

Background. New measures enabling better prediction of biologic behavior of large bowel cancer are highly desirable. One hundred ninety-four consecutive primary, recurrent, and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas, accessioned during 1991 at Rhode Island Hospital, were classified according to the presence and specific type of K-ras-2 point mutation. Methods. An integrated histopathologic-genetic approach was used to detect mutations starting with minute, topographically selected, tissue samples from formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. Results. Each colorectal adenocarcinoma exhibited either no or only one of seven specific types of K-ras-2 mutation. The mutation type of each primary tumor was present consistently in its metastatic deposits. Thirtyfive percent of primary colorectal adenocarcinomas were found to be mutated (42 of 119). A significantly higher mutation rate (65%) was seen in lymphogenous-hematogenous metastases as a group (35 of 54; P < 0.005). By contrast, 22% of anastomotic recurrences and transcoelomic metastasis were mutated (4 of 18). Twenty-eight percent of adenocarcinomas with invasion limited to muscularis propria (Tis, T1, T2) were mutated (16 of 57), compared to 41% for more deeply invasive tumors (T3, T4; 26 of 63). When colorectal adenocarcinomas were analyzed by specific K-ras-2 mutation type, it was found that codon 13 mutated tumors did not progress to local or distant metastasis (P < 0.01). Tumors having a codon 12 valine substitution did not metastasize beyond pericolonic-perirectal lymph nodes. In contrast, colorectal cancers with codon 12 aspartic acid substitutions accounted for most of the distant hematogenous deposits (P < 0.01). Tumors with normal K-ras-2 accounted for most intraperitoneal deposits. Conclusions. Genotyping of colorectal adenocarcinoma by K-ras-2 status can identify subsets of patients likely to pursue indolent and aggressive forms of disease. The integrated histopathologic-genetic approach outlined is feasible for use in diagnostic pathology, providing information that together with clinicopathologic staging may individualize and optimize treatment.
Immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Domains and Efficacy of Elicited Antibody Responses Depend on Host Genetic Background

Neutralizing antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, mediate protection against anthrax. PA is antigenically complex and can elicit protective and nonprotective antibodies. Furthermore, vaccinated individuals demonstrate considerable variability in their antibody responses to PA. To explore the relationship between PA structure and antigenicity, we produced Escherichia coli strains expressing full-length PA (PA1-4), domains 2 to 4 (PA2-4), domain 1, (PA1), and domain 4 (PA4) and evaluated the immunogenicities and protective efficacies of the protein fractions in four mouse strains (strains A/J, BALB/c, C57BL/6, and Swiss Webster). Immunization with PA1-4 resulted in significantly higher lethal toxin-neutralizing antibody titers than immunization with any recombinant protein (rPA) fraction of PA. The magnitude and neutralizing capacity of the antibody response to full-length PA and its fragments varied depending on the mouse strain. We found no correlation between the antibody titer and the neutralizing antibody titer for A/J and Swiss Webster mice. In C57BL/6 mice, antibody titers and neutralization capacity correlated for two of four rPA domain proteins tested, while BALB/c mice displayed a similar correlation with only one rPA. By correlating the reactivity of immune sera with solvent-exposed linear peptide segments of PA, we tentatively assign the presence of four new linear B-cell epitopes in PA amino acids 121 to 150, 143 to 158, 339 to 359, and 421 to 440. We conclude that the genetic background of the host determines the relative efficacy of the antitoxin response. The results suggest that the variability observed in vaccination studies with PA-derived vaccines is a result of host heterogeneity and implies a need to develop other antigens as vaccine candidates.
Nanoscale characterization of gold nanoparticles created by in situ reduction at a polymeric surface

Summary Transmission Electron Microscopy is used as a quantitativemethod to measure the shapes, sizes and volumes of goldnanoparticles created at a polymeric surface by three differ-ent in situ synthesis methods. The atomic number contrast( Z -contrast) imaging technique reveals nanoparticles whichare formed on the surface of the polymer. However, with cer-tain reducing agents, the gold nanoparticles are additionallyfound up to 20 nm below the polymer surface. In addition,plan-view high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmis-sion electron microscopy images were statistically analyzedon one sample to measure the volume, height and effectivediameterofthegoldnanoparticlesandtheirsizedistributions.Depth analysis from high-angle annular dark-field scanningtransmission electron microscopy micrographs also gives in-formationonthedominantshapeofthenanoparticles. Introduction Electroless deposition of metals onto nonconductive surfacesisawidelyusedprocessinelectronics(e.g.metallizingprintedwiring boards, magnetic recording), silvering of mirrors anddecorative arts (Mallory & Hajdu, 1990). New applicationsare possible in the optical field for electroless silver deposi-tion of three-dimensional metamaterials (Yan
Resveratrol and prostate cancer: Promising role for microRNAs

Scope: Resveratrol (Res) has anticancer activity in prostate cancer (PCa), which can be attributed to modulation of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). miRNAs/miRs are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. We have analyzed differential miRNA expression in PCa cells treated with Res. Methods and results: Using miRNA microarrays we found that 23 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated and 28 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated after Res treatment. The down-regulated miRs included miR-17-92 and miR-106ab clusters with well recognized oncogenic properties while the up-regulated miRs included several tumor suppressors. Selected miRs were verified by qRT-PCR, including miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-106a and miR106b. Since these miRNAs target PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), we performed Western blot to confirm up-regulation of PTEN in PCa cells. In addition, using TargetScan database, we have identified putative mRNA targets for Res-induced down- and up-regulated miRs. Using a bioinformatics approach, we generated gene networks specifically altered by Res-regulated miRNAs. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the dietary compound Res may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis through modulation of miRNA expression: Res down-regulated oncogenic miRs and up-regulated tumor suppressor miRs in PCa cells. Further in-depth studies are necessary in order to fully recognize the beneficial miRNA-mediated effects of Res in PCa.
The impact of supply chain complexity on manufacturing plant performance

Abstract This paper puts forth a model of supply chain complexity and empirically tests it using plant-level data from 209 plants across seven countries. The results show that upstream complexity, internal manufacturing complexity, and downstream complexity all have a negative impact on manufacturing plant performance. Furthermore, supply chain characteristics that drive dynamic complexity are shown to have a greater impact on performance than those that drive only detail complexity. In addition to providing a definition and empirical test of supply chain complexity, the study serves to link the systems complexity literature to the prescriptions found in the flexibility and lean production literatures. Finally, this research establishes a base from which to extend previous work linking operations strategy to organization design [Flynn, B.B., Flynn, E.J., 1999. Information-processing alternatives for coping with manufacturing environment complexity. Decision Sciences 30 (4), 1021–1052].
DISPLACEMENT CONTROL OF GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES

Abstract Structural geologists routinely undertake geological analyses, particularly studies of faulting, by assuming that applied stresses are the controlling parameters. An alternative view is the assumption that material velocities, incremental displacements, or total displacements are imposed on the system, with stresses then part of the material response to these imposed boundary conditions. In our view, taking velocities and displacements as independent variables in deformation and stresses as dependent variables requires fewer assumptions and is more consistent with the observed geology.
Slopewash, surface runoff and fine‐litter transport in forest and landslide scars in humid‐tropical steeplands, luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico

Rainfall, slopewash (the erosion of soil particles), surface runoff and fine-litter transport at humid-tropical steepland sites in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico (188 20’ N, 658 45’ W) were measured from 1991 to 1995. Hillslopes underlain by (1) Cretaceous tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone in subtropical rain (tabonuco) forest with vegetation recovering from Hurricane Hugo (1989), and (2) Tertiary quartz diorite in subtropical lower montane wet (colorado and dwarf) forest with undisturbed forest canopy were compared to recent landslide scars. Monthly surface runoff on these very steep hillslopes (248 to 438) was only 0·2 to 0·5 per cent of monthly rainfall. Slopewash was higher in sandy loam soils whose parent material is quartz diorite (averaging 46 g m -2 a -1 ) than in silty clay loam soils derived from tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone where the average was 9gm -2 a -1 . Annual slopewash of 100 to 349 gm -2 on the surfaces of two recent, small landslide scars was measured initially but slopewash decreased to only 3 to 4 g m -2 a -1 by the end of the study. The mean annual mass of fine litter (mainly leaves and twigs) transported downslope at the forested sites ranged from 5 to 8 g m -2 and was lower at the tabonuco forest site, where post-Hurricane Hugo recovery is still in progress. Mean annual fine-litter transport was 2·5gm -2 on the two landslide scars. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.