cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parole Revocation in the Era of Mass Incarceration

The explosive growth of US prison populations over the last 30 years—now known as ‘mass incarceration’—has been driven by harsh sentences delivered to offenders by criminal courts, but the increasingly common practice of parole revocation has also contributed significantly to this phenomenon. As the criminal justice system has been reoriented away from rehabilitation and toward punitive objectives, the function of parole has changed accordingly. No longer focused on the successful reintegration of offenders, parole has been transformed into a managerial instrument that mainly serves to identify and reincarcerate dangerous criminals. This function entails a substantial amount of discretion in revocation decision making, raising concerns about the further entrenchment of disadvantage among already impoverished populations. However, given the professional and reputational pressures on state parole boards, revocation decision making logics appear rational. Reducing the flow of parole violators into prisons, therefore, is far more complicated than the technical re-engineering of parole practices. Such reform necessarily involves questioning our fundamental philosophies of punishment.
Cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 partially restores neurogenesis in the aged rat brain

A decline in neurogenesis in the hippocampus may underlie age-related memory impairment in rats and humans. We now show that WIN 55,212-2 administration for 3 weeks can partially restore neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged rats. Cannabinoid receptor stimulation therapy may thus provide clinical benefit for humans with age-associated memory impairment.
HLA-DQ Allele Competition in Narcolepsy: A Comment on Tafti et al. DQB1 locus alone explains most of the risk and protection in narcolepsy with cataplexy in Europe

STUDY OBJECTIVES Although HLA-DQB1*06:02 is the strongest predisposing genetic factor for narcolepsy, the effect of this gene must be considered alongside that of its polymorphic partner, DQA1. In this paper, we extend an analysis of the effect of HLA-DQB1 on narcolepsy risk published recently by Tafti et al. RESULTS Imputing allelic variation at the level of HLA-DQA1, we show that this locus also has a considerable effect on disease susceptibility. Our data are also compatible with previous findings in multi-ethnic group data sets showing that allele competition effects within the DQ1 group determine the amount of DQ0602 (the DQA1*01:02/DQB1*06:02 heterodimer), and consequently, the risk of developing narcolepsy. We also found an independent predisposing effect of DQB1*03:01 via a currently unknown mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Both DQA1 and DQB1 influence narcolepsy risk.
Special projects grants awarded

SIGCSE received 15 Special Projects grant proposals for the May 2012 funding cycle. The Special Projects Committee is pleased to announce that the following four grants have been awarded:Anthony Allevato and Steve Edwards, Virginia Tech, "Pythy---A Cloud-Based IDE for Novice Python Programmers" (http://pythy.cs.vt.edu/). This project will develop a Web-based environment in which novice programmers can write and run Python programs and access documentation and tutorials. This environment reduces the barriers students often face if they have to install development tools on their own computers.
Use of Gastric Mucin in Experimental Infections with the Dermal Viruses

Gastric mucin has been shown to depress host resistance to bacteria (1), fungi (2, 3) and viruses (1, 4) when given in conjunction with these agents. The following experiments were carried out to determine the effect of gastric mucin on the dermal viruses, vaccinia, herpes simplex, molluscum contagiosum and verruca vulgaris.
Teamwork for Innovation: A Content Analysis of the Highly Read and Highly Cited Literature on Innovation

Globalization is an ongoing process that is bearing witness to unprecedented change. The industrial age rewarded organizations that cloistered scarce information, creating closed secretive organizations. Digitization of information is creating an entirely new era based on information abundance. This information abundance allows workers around the world to connect to digitized resources and compete globally for work. A premium is now being paid to organizations that create innovative solutions from within this information-abundant ecosystem. This study identifies highly read books and highly cited research articles on innovation and conducts a cross-case inductive analysis on the key terms related to teamwork.The dominant emergent theme that an innovative culture is essential provides important insight for human resource development professionals as they build teams in an effort to compete globally for innovative work.
Sharing the wealth: the effect of siblings on adults' wealth ownership.

Inequality in wealth has been well-documented, but its causes remain uncertain. Family processes in childhood are likely to shape adults’ wealth accumulation, but these factors have attracted little attention. I argue that family size matters: children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families. Siblings dilute parents’ finite financial resources and nonmaterial resources, such as time. This diminishment of resources reduces educational attainment, inter vivos transfers, and inheritance. Reduced educational attainment and transfers alter financial behavior; saving; and, ultimately, adults’ wealth. I demonstrate that sibship size is associated with lower overall wealth in adulthood and that parents’ resources and education, respondent’s education, financial transfers, and financial behavior all mitigate the effect of siblings. Sibship size also reduces the likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home- and stock ownership. The findings provide important insights into early family processes that shape wealth accumulation and inequality.
A coilgun design primer

The author explains how an inductive coilgun works and presents the factors which go into its design. The objective is to obtain algebraic expressions which, although crude, provide useful predictors of behavior, illustrate the dependence on parameters, and suggest ways to optimize the design. Detailed simulation of the gun's behavior is obtained from the computer code SLINGSHOT. Three coilgun designs are presented as examples: an experiment designed to achieve hypervelocity with a 400-g projectile, a long-range gun for naval applications using a 60-kg projectile, and a 1000-kg payload Earth-to-orbit launcher. >
Can centralized educational standards raise welfare

Abstract I examine conditions under which centralized educational standards raise welfare, compared to decentralization. In this model, a uniform centralized standard only raises welfare when there is excessive cross-district pooling of graduates by employers. High cross-district heterogeneity of students and high degrees of egalitarianism can, surprisingly, favor centralization. In other cases centralization can lower standards in all districts, including the weakest. The cross-district patterns of winners and losers among high- and low-achievers depend crucially on the degree of cross-district pooling. Finally, I show that centralized standards with a local option to set higher standards are always welfare-improving.
Reseeding of early earth by impacts of returning ejecta during the late heavy bombardment

Mounting attention has focused on interplanetary transfer of microorganisms (panspermia), particularly in reference to exchange between Mars and Earth. In most cases, however, such exchange requires millions of years, over which time the transported microorganisms must remain viable. During a large impact on Earth, however, previous work (J.C. Armstrong et al., 2002, Icarus 160, 183–196) has shown that substantial amounts of material return to the planet of origin over a much shorter period of time (< 5000 years), considerably mitigating the challenges to the survival of a living organism. Conservatively evaluating experiments performed [by others] on Bacillus subtilis and Deinococcus radiodurans to constrain biological survival under impact conditions, we estimate that if the Earth were hit by a sterilizing impactor ∼ 300 km in diameter, with a relative velocity of 30 km s−1 (such as may have occurred during the Late Heavy Bombardment), an initial cell population in the ejecta of order 103–105 cells kg−1 would in most cases be sufficient for a single modern organism to survive and return to an again-clement planet 3000–5000 years later. Although little can be said about the characteristics or distribution of ancient life, our calculations suggest that impact reseeding is a possible means by which life, if present, could have survived the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.

Abstract Employing high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry, we describe a new assay for monitoring 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Incubations were carried out with HMG-CoA reductase (rat liver), HMG-CoA and NADPH, and terminated by the addition of HCl. The reaction product, mevalonolactone, and internal standard, were extracted with ethyl acetate, dissolved in methanol, and analyzed by LC–MS. Using an isocratic mobile phase of 10% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (flow-rate, 0.2 ml/min), the protonated molecules of mevalonolactone at m / z 131 and internal standard, β,β-dimethyl-γ-(hydroxymethyl)-γ-butyrolactone, at m / z 145, were detected using selected ion monitoring. The limit of detection was approximately 6.5 pg, and the limit of quantitation was approximately 16.3 pg. Extraction recovery was >90%. The relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day assays were approximately 4.1±2.7 and 9.4±3.4%, respectively. Mevalonolactone was examined over a period of 3 days and found to be stable. Using this assay, lovastatin and mevastatin inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity with IC 50 values 0.24±0.02 and 2.16±0.31 μ M , respectively. These methods offer some advantages over those reported previously which employ radiolabeled substrate and products, and should be useful in searching for compounds that could lower serum cholesterol or alter cell growth and differentiation.
Evapotranspiration estimates derived from subsoil salinity data

Abstract A method is described for estimating past evapotranspiration (ET) rates from irrigated fields. It is based on the assumption that salt concentrations below the crop root zone are a function of the flux of naturally occurring salts applied by irrigation at the soil surface and the rate of soil water depletion due to ET. Thus, if irrigation histories and subsoil salinity data are available, ET rates may be calculated. For irrigated fields with low leaching fractions, corrections to the ET estimates may be necessary due to chemical precipitation. This is done through modeling of solution chemistry or from the use of observed chloride concentrations in solution. ET estimates for 1976–1980 for cotton at Safford, Arizona were made from subsoil salinity data collected to 3 m in April 1983. The average seasonal ET was found to be 1.04 m, which was only 2% below the average seasonal ET estimated by the modified Blaney-Criddle method. The estimated ET for cotton was on average 0.48 of the seasonal pan evaporation and 0.76 of the annual irrigation plus rain-fall amount. The method appears to be suitable for use in selected semi-arid and arid areas which have relatively uniform soils and deep water tables.
Selective production of extracellular peroxidases from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in an airlift bioreactor

Abstract Mn(II) concentrations had little effect on substrate uptake and growth rates, but they profoundly changed the composition of extracellular proteins. At low Mn(II) (0.3 ppm), Phanerochaete chrysosporium produced lignin peroxidase (LiP) isozymes (total activity=760 nmol ml −1 min −1 ), and the levels of Mn(II) peroxidase (MnP) isozymes were very low (130 nmol ml −1 min −1 ), whereas, with high Mn(II) (40 ppm), P. chrysosporium preferentially produced MnP isozymes (950 nmol ml −1 min −1 ), and LiPs were essentially absent. The airlift reactor provided a suitable low-shear environment for enzyme production by free mycelial pellets. This is a simple method to selectively produce LiP and MnP isozymes.
THE STRUCTURE OF EPITAXIALLY GROWN METAL FILMS ON SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACES OF OTHER METALS: GOLD ON Pt(100) AND PLATINUM ON Au(100)

Abstract Gold was evaporated onto Pt(100) and platinum was evaporated onto a Au(100) single crystal surface. Deposition of gold onto Pt(100) removed the ( 14 1 1 5 ) reconstructed surface structure and at a coverage of about 0.5 monolayer a (1 × 1) pattern fully developed. This pattern remained unchanged up to 2 gold monolayers. Multilayers of gold produced (1 × 5) and (1 × 7) surface structures after annealing. These observations imply variable interatomic distances in the gold layers. The (1 × 5) and (1 × 7) surface structures can be explained by the formation of a hexagonal top atomic layer on a substrate that retains a square lattice. The well known structure of clean Au(100) did not form, even at 32 layers of gold on Pt(100). Platinum deposited onto Au(100) removed its surface reconstruction yielding a fully developed (1 × 1) pattern at about one-half layer. This pattern remained unchanged upon further platinum deposition. The absence of new reconstructions in this case may be linked with the growth mechanism that is inferred from the variation of the Auger signal intensities of the substrate and adsorbate metals with coverage of the adsorbate. It was found that platinum on Au(100) forms microcrystallites (Volmer-Weber type growth), while gold on Pt(100) grows layer-by-layer (Frank-van der Merwe growth mechanism).
Effect of transfusion guidelines on postoperative transfusion in children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery.

Objective:To assess the effect of implementation of population-specific postoperative management guidelines on postoperative transfusion in children undergoing cranial vault reconstruction surgery.Design:Retrospective observational study with historical controls.Setting:Single, large, academic terti
Social Capital and Communities of Place1

Abstract This paper develops a framework for examining the questions: Does social capital make a difference for well being in communities of place? How might rural sociologists utilize social capital to further well being in communities? The author reviews social capital literature, contrasting rational choice and embeddedness perspectives. Opting for a marriage between embeddedness and conflict theory, he introduces entrepreneurial social infrastructure (ESI) as an alternative to social capital. ESI adds to social capital the notions of equality, inclusion, and agency. Research results are presented which support the embeddedness approach: community-level action (the community field) is not simply an aggregation of individual or organizational actions within the community; social capital and ESI contribute jointly and independently to community action. Examining economic development as a form of collective action, the author concludes�the following: a) ESI contributes to economic development, and b) inclusiveness (internal solidarity) is more closely related to community self-development while industrial recruitment is better predicted by strong external ties.
Nickel subsulfide is similar to potassium dichromate in protecting normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide.

The cellular response to multiple carcinogen treatment has not been extensively studied, even though the effect of individual carcinogens is, in many cases, well known. We have previously shown that potassium dichromate can protect normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo-[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE), and that this effect may be via an oxidative stress mechanism [Tesfai et al. (1998) Mutat Res 416:159-168]. Here, we extend our previous work by showing that nickel subsulfide can produce the same effect. Normal human fibroblasts, preincubated with nickel subsulfide for 46 hr followed by a coincubation of nickel subsulfide and BPDE for 2 hr, showed a dramatic reduction in the mutant frequency of the hypoxanthine (guanine)phosphoribosyl-transterase (HPRT) gene when compared to cells treated only with BPDE. The preincubation period with nickel subsulfide was necessary to see the antagonistic effect, since it was not observed if the cells were simply incubated with both carcinogens for 2 hr. The extent of the antagonistic effect was nickel subsulfide dose-dependent and also appeared to be species? specific, since the effect was not observed when Chinese hamster fibroblasts were tested. Finally, the antagonistic effect of the nickel subsulfide was eliminated by vitamin E, suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species by the nickel may be required. This data, along with our previous work, suggest that the antagonistic effect we observe is not chromium-specific, and that it could be speciesspecific.
A New Approach to Statistics of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

We use a new method of analysis to determine parameters of cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), assuming that their distribution follows the star formation history of the universe. Spectral evolution is calculated from an external shock model for fireball/blast-wave evolution and used to evaluate the measured peak flux, duration, and νFν peak photon energy for a GRB source occurring at a given redshift and with given values of total energy, baryon loading, and environmental parameters. We then fit model distributions of GRB sources to the observed peak flux, duration, and νFν peak photon energy distributions. We find that the observed width of the Ep and duration distributions cannot be explained by cosmological redshift and time dilation effects. Rather, broad distributions of total blast-wave energies and bulk Lorentz factors are necessary to explain the observed distributions simultaneously within the framework of our unifying GRB model. We discuss implications for source parameter distributions and determine a range of burst parameters consistent with the data.
Nutritive Value and Herbage Accumulation Rates of Pastures Sown to Grass, Legume, and Chicory Mixtures

Planting forage mixtures may benefit pasture herbage production; however, changes in botanical composition could cause variable (unstable) nutritive value. A grazing study was conducted to compare forage mixtures for variation in herbage nutritive value with time and herbage accumulation rate. In August 2001, four mixtures (two, three, six, and nine species of grasses, legumes and chicory, Cichorium intybus L) were established in replicated 1-ha pastures (eight total) in central Pennsylvania. Pastures were grazed by dairy cattle (Bos taurus) from April to September of 2002 and 2003 and sampled frequently for nutritive value and herbage accumulation rate in April, July, and September each year. The intra-annual variation (across all sampling periods within years) in fiber and digestibility was similar among mixtures; however, variation in crude protein (CP) was greater for the six-species mixture than others in 2003. Concentration ofCP (range of 155-250 g kg -1 dry matter) seemed to be controlled by herbage legume proportion (Pearson r of 0.33-0.90), whereas fiber (range of 278-506 g kg -1 ) and digestibility (range of 740-895 g kg -1 ) were controlled by the grass proportion (Pearson r of 0.54-0.88). The three-, six-, and nine-species mixtures (all with chicory) had greater herbage accumulation rates than the orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixture in 2002, a dry year. Accumulation rates were similar among mixtures (avg of 62 kg ha -1 d -1 in spring and 47 kg ha -1 d -1 in summer) in 2003 with more rainfall. Complex forage mixtures were not inherently unstable in herbage nutritive value.
Experimental examination of women's selection criteria for sperm donors versus life partners

To evaluate factors shaping mate-selection decisions, 2 age groups of women were randomly assigned to hypothetical scenarios wherein they sought a sperm donor or life partner. Respondents were asked to (a) construct an ideal man and (b) rate and rank the importance of traits associated with good genes, parenting ability, partner potential, and economic resources. Women seeking donors valued good genes more and partner potential less than women seeking partners. Younger women sought greater degree of physical resemblance to donors than to partners. Older women showed greater desire to be similar to partners than donors on sociocultural characteristics. The findings suggest women adjust their selection criteria as a function of context and that mate preferences may change as women mature.
Aerodynamic frequency response measurements of a wind anemometer.

Aerodynamic frequency response calibration measurements of wind anemometer by input velocity and output drag values under unsteady flow conditions
Using charged-particle mubeams to study mechanisms of carcinogenesis

Abstract A major factor limiting experimental studies of the effects of high linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiations has been the random distribution of radiation tracks. Because of this random distribution and the large dose delivered to cells hit by a particle, only a very small fraction of the cells in a given tissue will actually be irradiated if the tissue receives a dose typical of those to which the general public or radiation workers are exposed. Particles from the tandem accelerator, collimated into a mubeam of approximately 5 μm diameter are being used to overcome this limitation. Each particle will be counted as it passes through a thin plastic scintillator and a cell. The course of the charged-particle track through the cell is precisely controlled and the development of each cell can be followed to determine the consequences of that specific irradiation. Experiments now being developed will investigate the effects of the dose rate of alpha-particle irradiation on the malignant transformation of cells. This approach also offers opportunities for new insights into may other processes, including mutation, birth defects and altered cell function.
Augmentation of Cardiac Output with Intravenous Catecholamines in Unanesthetized Hypoxemic Newborn Lambs

ABSTRACT. We compared the effects of three different sympathetic-type agonist drugs upon cardiac output (pump function) and its determinants during hypoxemia, a condition of increased endogenous catecholamines. At 1-3 days after birth, 15 lambs were instrumented with catheters in the aorta, the left atrium, and a vein, and thermistors were placed in the abdominal aorta for cardiac output sampling. In eight animals, a pressure transducer was placed in the left ventricle. After a 2- to 3-day recovery, sequential measurements were made of blood gases, cardiac output, aortic and left atrial pressure and left ventricular maximal first derivative of pressure with respect to time (LV dP/dtmax) in room air and in hypoxemia (F1O2=0.08-0.10). Measurements were repeated during continued hypoxemia with increasing doses of isoproterenol (0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 μg/kg/min) and dopamine and dobutamine (10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/kg/min). Hypoxemia alone was associated with no significant change in cardiac output, but cardiac output rose significantly during continued hypoxemia with each drug (maximum increases—dobutamine 58%, isoproterenol 51%, dopamine 31%, all p < 0.05). Studies with continued hypoxemia alone showed no rise in cardiac output over time. Augmentation of contractility, demonstrated by a doubling of LV dP/dtmax by each of the drugs, contributed to the increases in cardiac output. Differences in cardiac output responses could not be explained by contractile effects of the drugs alone, since LV dP/dtmax increased in similar fashion for all three. The relatively limited cardiac output response and downward trend at the highest dosage of dopamine occurred with a reduction in heart rate and an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Dobutamine and isoproterenol, in contrast, lowered systemic vascular resistance at the highest doses. Sympathetic-type adrenergic agents are highly effective in augmenting cardiac pump function when endogenous catecholamines are elevated. These “inotropic” agents do not appear to augment cardiac output by cardiac contractile mechanisms alone.
One-way rate-limited sequential key-distillation

We study the problem of key-distillation for a source model, with a one-way and rate-limited public communication between two legitimate users. Although, the secret-key capacity is already known, we provide an alternative achievability scheme, that directly translates into practical designs. We consider a sequential key-distillation strategy, which consists of a reconciliation phase followed by a privacy amplification phase performed with extractors. We determine the reconciliation capacity and show that, for a degraded source, such a sequential strategy leads to an optimal key-distillation strategy that achieves the secret-key capacity. We illustrate our results in the case of a binary source model.
Differential geometry of real Monge-Ampère foliations

On etudie les feuilletages qui proviennent de la condition de Monge-Ampere recquerant le hessien d'une fonction definie sur une variete affine d'avoir un rang inferieur au maximal
Spatially anisotropic etching of graphite by hyperthermal atomic oxygen.

The spatially anisotropic kinetics involved in the chemical reaction between highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and a beam containing hyperthermal (∼8 km s-1) O(3P) atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen yields unique surface morphologies. Upon exposure at moderate sample temperatures (298−423 K), numerous multilayer circular pits embedded in the reacted areas have been observed with the use of atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. These pits have diameters spanning nanometers to micrometers and depths from a few to tens of nanometers. The most striking characteristic of these pits is the convex curvature of the pit bottoms, where the highest point on the pit bottom is at the center and the lowest point occurs around the peripheral edge. Such structure arises by the interplay between kinetics of pit nucleation, the spatially anisotropic kinetics involved in the lateral and downward reactivity of HOPG, and the fluence of atomic oxygen. These kinetics, which are also influenced by the...
Higher-Dimensional analogs of the four-color problem and some inequalities for simplicial complexes

Abstract The four-color problem concerning planar graphs is shown to have meaningful higher-dimensional analogs.
Development and preliminary validation of a meniscal symptom index

Objective In diagnosing symptomatic meniscal tear, clinicians often query patients with a “checklist” of symptoms such as “popping” or “catching.” There has been little research on the reliability or diagnostic value of these terms. Methods We developed questions to elicit the presence of 11 checklist symptoms associated with meniscal tear and administered a survey with both “checklist” and expanded descriptions to study subjects. We examined the reliability of the checklist and expanded versions of each item. Validity was evaluated in relation to the clinical diagnosis of symptomatic meniscal tear, which consisted of the clinical impression of the treating orthopedic surgeon based upon physical examination, history, and magnetic resonance imaging. We developed a Meniscal Symptom Index, calculated as the sum of those expanded descriptive items that were independently associated with symptomatic meniscal tear in multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 300 individuals (mean ± SD age 52 ± 12 years, 67% women) completed the survey. One hundred twenty-one had symptomatic meniscal tear. Test–retest reliability was higher for expanded descriptions than for checklist items. The Meniscal Symptom Index consisted of 4 expanded items: localized pain, clicking, catching, and giving way. Among the subjects with none of these symptoms, 16% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2%, 30%) had symptomatic meniscal tear, whereas among those with all 4 symptoms, 76% (95% CI 63%, 88%) had symptomatic meniscal tear (P for trend = 0.0001). Conclusion Clinicians should use expanded symptom definitions when querying patients about meniscal symptoms. A newly developed Meniscal Symptom Index holds promise as a diagnostic tool and merits further validation.
E-government visual accessibility for older adult users

The web offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain immediate access to government resources that might not otherwise be available to many older adults aged 60 years and over. Yet due to aging vision, there remain design barriers to the use of state and federal government web sites. This research describes aging vision and its impact on the accessibility of government web sites. It incorporates the guidelines published by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) for making senior-friendly web sites. Several software tools, including Dottie and Usability Enforcer, are described in terms of their functionality in promoting senior-friendly web sites. Data generated by the software tools and manual assessment are used to evaluate e-government compliance with vision-related NIA accessibility guidelines.
Web 2.0 and beyond: implications for electronic commerce

A recent major shift has broadly impacted the evolution of electronic commerce: Web 2.0. This paradigm shift represents the change of the Internet from a market for goods and services to a socially centered and user-driven marketplace. The authors argue that by applying the fundamental principles of basic psychological need theory, we can better understand how the Web 2.0 technologies and applications have made possible these transformative changes in electronic markets. We provide an underlying conceptual needs-focused model helping us understand today's commerce and consumer behavior on the web. These observations are scrutinized within the Web 2.0 context and demonstrate how the world of conducting business has changed and how this world must link and embrace the unfolding new world of social relationships, developing communities and networks on the web.
Thinking like a chicken—but not a porcupine: Lawrence, feminism, and animal rights

(1999). Thinking like a chicken—but not a porcupine: Lawrence, feminism, and animal rights. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 349-370.
Process systems, passivity and the second law of thermodynamics

Abstract In this paper we use the first and second laws of thermodynamics to motivate a theory for nonlinear process control. Our main tenets are: positive entropy production, boundedness of entropy in terms of energy, concavity of the entropy density and Helmholtz free energy as a storage function. These give the process system a causal input-output description, zero state detectability and stabilizability. To make the theory apply to practical systems we follow ideas from classical irreversible thermodynamics and extend the concept of entropy of the non-equilibrium by assuming local equilibrium.
The alien limb phenomenon

Alien limb phenomenon refers to involuntary motor activity of a limb in conjunction with the feeling of estrangement from that limb. Alien limb serves as a diagnostic feature of corticobasal syndrome. Our objective was to determine the differential diagnoses of alien limb and to determine the features in a large group of patients with the alien limb with different underlying etiologies. We searched the Mayo Clinic Medical Records Linkage system to identify patients with the diagnosis of alien limb seen between January 1, 1996, and July 11, 2011. One hundred and fifty patients with alien limb were identified. Twenty-two were followed in the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Etiologies of alien limb included corticobasal syndrome (n = 108), stroke (n = 14), Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (n = 9), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (n = 5), tumor (n = 4), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy(n = 2), demyelinating disease (n = 2), progressive dementia not otherwise specified (n = 2), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (n = 1), corpus callosotomy (n = 1), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 1) and thalamic dementia (n = 1). Ten of 14 cerebrovascular cases were right hemisphere in origin. All cases involved the parietal lobe. Of the 44 patients with corticobasal syndrome from the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center cohort, 22 had alien limb, and 73 % had the alien limb affecting the left extremities. Left sided corticobasal syndrome was significantly associated with the presence of alien limb (p = 0.004). These findings support the notion that the alien limb phenomenon is partially related to damage underlying the parietal cortex, especially right parietal, disconnecting it from other cortical areas.
Can addition of noise improve distributed detection performance

Stochastic resonance (SR), a nonlinear physical phenomenon in which the performance of some nonlinear systems can be enhanced by adding suitable noise, has been observed and applied in many areas. However, it has not been shown whether or not this phenomenon plays a role in distributed detection. It seems counterintuitive that adding additional noise to the received decisions at the fusion center can improve detection performance. However, in this paper, we demonstrate the existence of the SR phenomenon in decision fusion by examples. An explanation for its existence is provided.
Localization in two-dimensional quantum percolation.

The quantum site and bond percolation problem, which is defined by a disordered tight-binding Hamiltonian with a binary probability distribution, is studied using finite-size-scaling methods. For the simple square lattice, we find that all states are exponentially localized for any amount of disorder, in agreement with the scalng theory of localization and in disagreement with recent claims of a localization transition in two dimensions. The localization length \ensuremath{\lambda} is given by exp{B[p/(1-p)${]}^{\mathit{y}}$} with y very close to 0.5 and p the probability that a site or a bond is present.
Purulent Pericarditis Caused by Candida: Report of Three Cases and Identification of High-Risk Populations as an Aid to Early Diagnosis

Purulent pericarditis due to fungal organisms is rare and often unrecognized because of the subtle clinical clues and insidious onset. The records of 11 cases of purulent pericarditis were selected from records of 11,000 cases of pericarditis at Duke University Medical Center and reviewed, and experience with three cases of candida purulent pericarditis (CPP) was evaluated. One case occurred in a patient recovering from complicated cardiac surgery, one in a patient with hematologic malignancy, and one in an alcoholic patient requiring intubation for a severe respiratory infection. Each case is representative of a group at increased risk for the development of CPP. Given the poor prognosis for CPP, treatment should include both medical and surgical interventions. Although amphotericin B achieves good penetration into the inflamed pericardial space, the only survivors of CPP have received both amphotericin B and pericardiectomy. Careful attention to clinical indications of pericardial inflammation and systemic infection in the three groups of patients may lead to earlier recognition of CPP, implementation of appropriate therapy, and perhaps a higher rate of cure.
Participation of propionate in cholesterol biosynthesis by rat liver.

Abstract Incorporation of (214C) propionate into cholesterol was demonstrated using rat liver slices and homogenates. The incorporation of (214C) propionate was greater than that of (214C) acetate. Using the same liver homogenate preparation (2 14C) succinate and (214C) pyruvate were incorporated into cholesterol to a lesser extent than (214C) acetate and (2 14C) propionate. Addition of unlabeled acetate failed to dilute the incorporation of (2 14C) propionate. Incorporation of the 2 and 3 carbon atoms pf propionate were equal; little incorporation of the 1 carbon atom was demonstrable. These results indicate that propionate is an excellent source of 2 carbon units for isoprenoid biosynthesis; the intermediary pathway does not involve a common acetate pool nor can these results be satisfactorily explained by citric acid intermediary metabolism.
Nanofabrication: Pristine quantum devices on demand

A technique combining direct nanotube transfer with scanning probe microscopy can be used to create ultraclean one-dimensional electron systems in suspended carbon nanotubes.
Guide to the radiology report

The radiology report is an important, but often neglected, aspect of radiology. Suggestions on style and content are discussed. These include: (i) concise reporting; (ii) correct English; (iii) present tense for current reporting; (iv) reading the request with care; (v) recognizing the recipients; (vi) being aware of unintended readers; (vii) stating the most important findings; (viii) where possible, quantifying findings; (ix) reporting some incidental findings; (x) avoiding a tale of woe; (xi) summarizing a longer report; (xii) using inductive logic; (xiii) using non-radiological input (such as probability) if pertinent; (xiv) discussing minor findings in the body of the report; (xv) taking care in suggesting further investigations; (xvi) ensuring the conclusion and recommendations are clear; (xvii) considering alternate diagnoses; and (xviii) considering if a dictated report is sufficient.
Geomorphic Responses to Interim Hydrology Following Phase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project, Florida

Channelization of the Kissimmee River eliminated flow through the river channel, which allowed the formation of a largely organic deposition layer (ODL) on the river channel bed and stopped active sand transport needed to maintain point bars on meander bends. In 2001, completion of the first phase of dechannelization for the Kissimmee River Restoration Project (KRRP) reestablished flow to the river channel in the Phase I area. This study evaluated changes in the ODL and the number of meander bends with active point bar development (MBPB) following Phase I of dechannelization. Evaluations involved comparing interim measurements made after flow was reestablished to the river channel in the Phase I area but before full completion of KRRP with (a) baseline measurements made before dechannelization and (b) predicted changes based on reference measurements representing the pre-channelization system. ODL thickness was measured in core samples on fixed transects perpendicular to the river channel. The ODL was thinner during the Interim Period than the Baseline Period and this decrease exceeded the expected change predicted from the reference condition. MBPB was assessed with aerial photography. MBPB increased from the baseline measurement of 0 bends to interim measurements of 27 bends in 2002 and 72 bends in 2009, approximating the increase predicted from the reference condition. The decrease in ODL thickness and the increase in MBPB to levels that meet or approximate the reference condition indicate that these aspects of the river channel are recovering following reestablishment of flow.
Inter-individual variation in energy cost of running and loading in the seed-harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex maricopa

Abstract The minimum cost of transport (MCOT) was measured in voluntarily running unladen and experimentally laden Pogonomyrmex maricopa (mean mass = 8.9 ± 1.4 mg). MCOT did not vary with temperature over a 10 °C range in which P. maricopa are normally active in the field. Y-axis intercepts varied significantly among individuals, and were greater than the standard metabolic rate (SMR) for both unladen and laden ants. The mean intercept, or cost elevation above SMR, was greater for laden ants (2.10 vs 1.06 J kg −1 s −1 ). When speed was multiplied by load ratio, all ants shared the same MCOT, indicating the equivalence of unit load and body carriage cost (load ratio range = 1.07 − 2.20). The combined overall MCOT for unladen and laden ants was 129 ± 6 J kg −1 m −1 , 61 % less than predicted based on a current scaling equation. The energy transactions of P. maricopa and P. rugosus are compared.
Task Relevant Information in Engineering Problem Solving

Identifying task relevant information in an engineering problem solving environment is a critical step in the problem solving process. An experiment was conducted in which engineering students identified task relevant information in a set of engineering problems that differed in terms of information density and relevant information distribution. Signal Detection Theory and cluster analysis were used to analyze the results. As expected, students with more expertise were more successful in identifying task relevant information. Other results suggest that the structure of problem descriptions can affect student performance.
Impacts of land managers' decisions on landuse transition within Missisquoi Watershed Vermont: An application of agent-based modeling system

The primary objective of this study is to identify macro emergent phenomena pertaining to landuse transitions within the Missisquoi Watershed, Vermont, by accounting for land managers' landuse decision making processes with respect to landscape characteristics, climate change scenarios and public policies. Due to the heterogeneity and the complexity of the interactions among human decision makers and potential trade-offs among natural and socio-economic losses and gains, a landuse transition agent-based model (LTABM) is developed to simulate landuse transitions with respect to several climate change scenarios and public policy interventions. It is expected that land managers' landuse decisions will be primarily dominated by profit maximizations, but also heavily driven by new technologies, risk perceptions and tax and subsidy policies. The results of this study will identify influential factors affecting landuse change, policy implementation hurdles, and alternate public policies leading to more sustainable landuse planning in the face of climate change.
Cefamandole and Ampicillin Therapy in Experimental Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis

Cefamandole and ampicillin were compared in the therapy of experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. Three dosages of each drug were administered as a continuous intravenous infusion for 8 hr to 24 infected animals. Samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained at 0, 4, and 8 hr for determination of antibiotic concentrations and bacterial titers in CSF. Serum levels of cefamandole were higher, but CSF concentrations of both antibiotics were similar. With the 60-mg/kg per hr dose, the mean serum level was 106 +/- 61 mug/ml for cefamandole and 58 +/- 32 mug/ml for ampicillin (P less than 0.05). With this dosage the mean level in CSF was 7.3 +/- 8.4 mug/ml for cefamandole and 9.5 +/- 5.4 mug/ml for ampicillin (P = 0.26). The percentage penetration ([concentration in CSF/concentration in serum] X 100%) was higher for ampicillin (mean, 18.8% +/- 8.9%) than for cefamandole (mean, 5.6% +/- 3.8%) with all dosages tested (P less than 0.001). The rate of bacterial killing in vivo during therapy was similar with both drugs. The efficacy of cefamandole and ampicillin given intramuscularly for five days (250 mg every 8 hr) was examined in 42 rabbits. Twelve of 14 untreated control rabbits died within 24-72 hr of inoculation. In contrast, 11 of 14 rabbits treated with cafamandole and 10 of 14 rabbits treated with ampicillin were cured of their infections. Cefamandole compared favorably with ampicillin in the therapy of experimental H. influenzae meningitis.
ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer, and melatonin: 60 Hz fields block melatonin's oncostatic action on ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation

In this study we investigated whether a 60 Hz magnetic field can act at the cellular level to influence the growth of human estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Our experimental design assessed cell proliferation of a human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, in the absence or the presence of melatonin which inhibits growth at a physiological concentration of 10(-9) M. In three experiments, continuous exposure to average sinusoidal 60 Hz magnetic fields of 1.90 +/- 0.01, 2.40 +/- 0.70, and 2.53 +/- 0.50 mG, or simultaneous exposure in matched incubators to average 60 Hz magnetic fields of 10.4 +/- 2.12, 11.95 +/- 2.73, and 11.95 +/- 3.28 mG, respectively, had no effect on cell proliferation in the absence of melatonin. When MCF-7 cells were cultured in the presence of 10(-9) M melatonin, an 18% inhibition of growth was observed for cells in a 2.40 +/- 0.70 mG field. This effect was blocked by a 60 Hz magnetic field of 11.95 +/- 2.75 mG. In a second experiment, a 27% inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth was observed for cells in a 2.53 +/- 0.50 mG magnetic field, and this was blocked by a 60 Hz magnetic field of 11.95 +/- 3.28 mG. These results provide the first evidence that ELF frequency magnetic fields can act at the cellular levels to enhance breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking melatonin's natural oncostatic action. In addition, there appears to be a dose threshold between 2 and 12 mG. The mechanism(s) of action is unknown and may involve modulation of signal transduction events associated with melatonin's regulation of cell growth.
Mapping the potential energy surface of the tolylcarbene rearrangement in the inner phase of a hemicarcerand.

Photolysis of p-tolyldiazirine (6) in the inner phase of a hemicarcerand with four butane-1,4-dioxy linker groups (5) in C6D5CD3 at 77 K yields the 5-methylcycloheptatetraene hemicarceplex 5⊙3b in 41% together with innermolecular reaction products resulting from an insertion of transient p-tolylcarbene (1b) into an acetal C−H or linker C−O bond of 5 and from the addition of 1b to an aryl unit of 5. The yield of incarcerated 3b increased up to 67% if 6 is photolyzed inside a hemicarcerand with deuterated spanners and butane-1,4-dioxy linker groups (d48-5). Hemicarceplex 5⊙3b is not formed if the photolysis is carried out in CDCl3. Incarcerated 3b is stable at room temperature in the absence of oxygen and is characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. In the presence of oxygen, 3b reacts quantitatively to yield toluene and CO2. Upon heating solutions of d48-5⊙3b in C6D5CD3, 3b rearranges to 1b and m-tolylcarbene (18). Both tolylcarbenes immediately react with the surrounding host. From a product analysis a...
Approximate Water and Chemical Budgets for an Experimental, In‐pond Raceway System

There is increasing interest in intensive production of Ictalurid catfish in the United States and a better understanding of water quality dynamics in intensive culture is needed. Budgets for water, nitrogen, and phosphorus were estimated over a production season (March–November) for an In-pond Raceway System for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and hybrid catfish, I. punctatus × I. furcatus, with co-culture of paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. In addition to the rainfall and runoff, 70 cm of water was applied from a well to offset evaporation and seepage. Production of each kilogram of live catfish required 1.50 kg of feed and released 51.7 g nitrogen and 9.7 g phosphorus. Harvest of catfish accounted for 34.0% of nitrogen and 37.1% of phosphorus applied in feed. Seepage and overflow removed only small portions of nitrogen and phosphorus, while denitrification and ammonia volatilization removed large amounts of nitrogen. Some nitrogen accumulated in sediment. Phosphorus was harvested in fish and absorbed by pond sediment. Mechanical aeration aided in maintaining appropriate dissolved oxygen levels for fish production.