cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-species powder dropper for magnetic fusion applications

We present a device for controlled injection of a variety of materials in powder form. The system implements four independent feeder units, arranged to share a single vertical drop tube. Each unit consists of a 80 ml reservoir, coupled to a horizontal linear trough, where a layer of powder is advanced by piezo-electric agitation at a speed proportional to the applied voltage, until it falls into a drop tube. The dropper has been tested with a number of impurities of low (B, BN, C), intermediate (Si, SiC), and high Z (Sn) and a variety of microscopic structures (flakes, spheres, rocks) and sizes (5-200 μm). For low Z materials, drop rates ∼2-200 mg/s have been obtained showing good repeatability and uniformity. A calibrated light-emitting diode (LED)-based flowmeter allows measuring and monitoring the drop rate during operation. The fast time-response of the four feeders allows combination of steady and pulsed injections, providing a flexible tool for controlled-dose, real-time impurity injection in fusion plasmas.
AI-02 Dissecting immune phenotypes in SLE

Background There are many possible explanations for the high percentage of failed clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our preferred explanation relates to the heterogeneity of immune phenotypes in SLE patients. We have, therefore, put considerable effort into dissecting immune phenotypes among patients. Methods First, we hypothesize that in each SLE patient, either myeloid cells or B cells drive the disease. This hypothesis is supported by the transcriptional profiles of SLE patients and both serologic analyses and transcriptional profiles of unaffected sisters of SLE patients. This paradigm, if confirmed, will influence the appropriate therapy for maintenance of remission. Second, we believe we can identify patients in whom IgG autoantibodies are made by plasma cells maturing through an extrafollicular pathway and patients in whom IgG autoantibodies are made by germinal center derived plasma cells. Results Patients might be stratified by plasma cell differentiation pathway so that therapies could be designed to target only one subset of plasma cells and therefore might be less immunosuppressive. Conclusions These approaches to patient stratification need further exploration in clinical trials for distinct therapeutic interventions.
The Current Status of Computer Literacy: NAEP Results for Secondary Students.

Computers have become an integral part of our society, as seen for example, in twenty-four-hour banks, computerized bills and paychecks, computer-assisted learning, computerized medical diagnosis and care, and computerized appliances. Since such diverse applications of computers are al ready commonplace and promise to in crease in the future, it is important that our educational programs inform and prepare students with respect to the potential capa bility of computer systems as well as for the direct implications they have on our Uves. Therefore, computer literacy has become an increasingly important object of mathe matics instruction.
Brexit, the City of London, and the prospects for portfolio investment

This paper examines the international financial consequences of Brexit. It first provides a survey of the still limited literature on EU membership and international capital flows. It then provides new estimates of the impact of Brexit on cross-border investment utilizing data from the IMF’s Consolidated Portfolio Investment Survey. It lastly provides a comparative analysis of these same issues using data on crossborder capital flows from the BIS. The conclusion is that the impact on cross-border capital flows to and from the UK is likely to be substantial.
Watershed urban development controls on urban streamwater chemistry variability

Watershed urbanization increases the concentrations of major ions in downstream freshwater ecosystems. Non-point source ions from human activities and the chemical weathering of infrastructure are efficiently transported by stormwater runoff through subsurface pipes directly into streams. While the increase in mean streamwater solute concentrations in urban watersheds because of non-point source loading is a commonly documented phenomenon, the temporal dynamics of urban streamwater solute chemistry and its relationship to development patterns is less well understood. We continuously monitored streamflow, temperature, and conductivity as well as bimonthly variation in the solute chemistry of 24 watershed outlets in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan area in North Carolina, USA for two years. Watersheds were selected to have similar proportions of development (10–36% development) while spanning the full measured range in road and stormwater pipe density for urban watersheds in this metropolitan area. We found remarkable temporal variation in the chemical regimes of the urban streams draining this set of watersheds, despite their similar proportion of development. For multiple major ions (SO42−, Cl−, NO3−), bimonthly concentrations varied tenfold across the study streams and temporal variation in streamwater chemical composition increased across watershed road and stormwater pipe density gradients. Total temporal variation in baseflow and stormflow dissolved ions, as measured by the coefficient of variation of specific conductance, was highly correlated with road density after accounting for underlying geology (R2 > 0.60). Using structural equation modeling, we found that subsurface piping mediates the relationship between roads and stream chemistry. In watersheds with high stormwater pipe density, streamwater ionic strength was low at baseflow while high and highly variable during event flow. This ‘flashy’ chemical signal in those watersheds, mirrors their more responsive hydrographs. In contrast, in our urban watersheds with the lowest pipe density, baseflow ionic strengths were higher, and event flow ionic strengths were lower and less variable. These results suggest that the extent to which pavement is drained by pipes creates a tradeoff between routing urban salts directly to streams via pipes versus indirectly to streams via loading to groundwater. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering altered temporal chemical variability, not just elevated solute concentrations, as a key feature of the impact of urbanization on streams. Future urban development design which minimizes the extent of roads and stormwater pipes in watersheds through denser development may be an effective strategy to abate impacts on downstream water quality.
Intramolecular formal oxa-[3 + 3] cycloaddition approach to the ABD system of phomactin A.

The ABD-ring of phomactin A was synthesized using an intramolecular formal oxa-[3 + 3] cycloaddion of an α,β-unsaturated iminium salt tethered to a 1,3-diketone. This represents the first time that the 12-membered ring has been formed simultaneously with the 1-oxadecalin and should afford a facile route to the challenging structure of phomactin A.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Coronary Disease and Type 2 Diabetes

Clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor are antiplatelet drugs that act by inhibiting the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Any one of them is usually combined with low-dose aspirin as dual antiplatelet ther...
Zitterbewegung structure in electrons and photons

The Dirac equation is reinterpreted as a constitutive equation for singularities in the electromagnetic vacuum, with the electron as a point singularity on a lightlike toroidal vortex. The diameter of the vortex is a Compton wavelength and its thickness is given by the electron's anomalous magnetic moment. The photon is modeled as an electron-positron pair trapped in a vortex with energy proportional to the photon frequency. The possibility that all elementary particles are composed of similar vortices is discussed.
Spinodal electronic phase separation during insulator-metal transitions

Electronic phase transitions such as insulator-metal transitions are common in strongly correlated systems. Here, using a combination of thermodynamic linear-stability analysis and phase-field simulations and employing ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ as a prototypical example, we predict that an insulator-metal transition driven by photoexcitation may involve an intermediate, modulated charge density state with a temperature-dependent characteristic wavelength. It is shown that such an intermediate two-phase electronic state is formed through a spinodal mechanism and that its formation can be generic for insulator-metal transitions driven by fast stimuli. This transient electronic phase separation is expected to stimulate future experimental and computational efforts.
The MILP Model for Locating the Temporary Disaster Emergency Operation Centers in Manado Indonesia

The research proposes Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model (MILP). This model integrates the location decisions and the number of temporary Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to be constructed. This model also focuses on events related to natural disasters, particularly floods. The researchers applied this model according to the flood scenario in five flood-prone districts in Manado, Indonesia. This research focused on maximizing the number of temporary constructed EOCs to provide the relief demands of disaster areas by considering multiple periods. The available budgets were considered as the limited constraints in this model. Therefore, the results showed that the percentage of relief demand satisfaction ranges from 28 % to 100 %; meanwhile, the number of the to-be-constructed temporary EOCs ranges from 0-3 for each scenario.
Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials for COMparing Personalized Antibiotic StrategieS (SMART COMPASS): Design Considerations

Clinical patient management is dynamic. It is not based on a single decision but on a sequence of decisions, with adjustments of therapy overtime, where adjustment are personalized to individual pa...
501 VISTA regulates the differentiation and suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Background V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a B7 family inhibitory immune checkpoint protein and is highly expressed on myeloid cells and T cells.1 VISTA acts as both an inhibitory ligand when expressed on antigen-presenting cells and a receptor when expressed on T cells. Our recent study has shown that VISTA is a myeloid cell-specific immune checkpoint and that blocking VISTA can reprogram suppressive myeloid cells and promote a T cell-stimulatory tumor microenvironment.2 In this study, we further demonstrate that VISTA blockade directly alters the differentiation and the suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Methods Flow cytometry was performed to examine VISTA expression on MDSCs in multiple murine tumor models including the B16BL6 melanoma model, MC38 colon cancer model, and the KPC pancreatic cancer models. To examine the role of VISTA in controlling the differentiation and suppressive function of MDSCs, we cultured wild type (WT) and VISTA.KO bone marrow progenitor cells with GM-CSF and IL-6 to induce BM -derived MDSCs. Results Our preliminary results show that VISTA is highly expressed on M-MDSCs in B16BL6, MC38 and KPC tumors. In BM-derived MDSCs, VISTA deletion significantly altered the signaling pathways and the differentiation of MDSCs. Multiple inflammatory signaling pathways were downregulated in VISTA KO MDSCs, resulting in decreased production of cytokines such as IL1 and chemokines such as CCL2/4/9, as well as significantly impaired their ability to suppress the activation of CD8+ T cells. The loss of suppressive function in VISTA KO MDSCs is correlated with significantly reduced expression of iNOS. To validate the results from BM-MDSCs, we sorted CD11b+CD11c-Ly6C+Ly6G- M-MDSCs and CD11b+CD11c-Ly6G+ G-MDSCs from B16BL6 tumor tissues and tested the ability of a VISTA-blocking mAb to reverse the suppressive effects of tumor-derived MDSCs. Our results show that blocking VISTA impaired the suppressive function of tumor-derived M-MDSC but not G-MDSCs. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate a crucial role of VISTA in regulating the differentiation and function of MDSCs, and that blocking VISTA abolishes MDSC-mediated T cell suppression, thereby boosting. Ethics Approval All in vivo studies were reviewed and approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Approval number 2019-2142). References Xu W, Hire T, Malarkannan, S. et al. The structure, expression, and multifaceted role of immune-checkpoint protein VISTA as a critical regulator of anti-tumor immunity, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018;15:438–446. Xu W, Dong J, Zheng Y, et al. Immune-checkpoint protein VISTA regulates antitumor immunity by controlling myeloid cell-mediated inflammation and immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7:1497–510.
Gun Violence Exposure and Experiences of Depression Among Mothers

Gun violence is a uniquely prevalent issue in the USA that disproportionately affects disadvantaged families already at risk of health disparities. Despite the traumatic nature of witnessing gun violence, we have little knowledge of whether exposure to local gun violence is associated with higher risks of depression among mothers, whose symptoms of depression are likely to have spillover effects for kin. We examined the association between exposure to gun violence in mothers’ neighborhoods and their experiences of depression using longitudinal Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study data (n = 4587) in tandem with lagged outcome and fixed effect models. We find that mothers who witness at least one shooting in their neighborhoods or local communities exhibit more symptoms of depression and are 32–60% more likely to meet criteria for depression than mothers who do not witness a shooting. We also find that witnessing a shooting is associated with increases in parental aggravation, which is partially mediated by maternal depression. Given this and other previously documented spillover effects of mothers’ mental health on children and family members, these findings have important implications for mothers’ wellbeing and their kin. Further, we observe substantial racial and socioeconomic disparities in exposure to gun violence, suggesting that gun violence may heighten health disparities and drawing attention to the importance of providing mental health resources in communities that are most affected by gun violence.
Caterpillar survival in the city: attack rates on model lepidopteran larvae along an urban-rural gradient show no increase in predation with increasing urban intensity

Growing native plants in urban gardens is often promoted as a possible means of increasing lepidopteran populations. However, the efficacy of such efforts has not been well studied. Lepidopterans vary widely in their ability to survive in cities, and the few previous studies of caterpillar abundance or biomass across an urban-rural gradient have yielded mixed results. We placed clay caterpillar models in native plant gardens to assess whether the attack rate on these models varied with degree of urbanization (percent impervious surface within 1 km radius of each garden), and whether responses differed across predator taxa. We also examined how garden characteristics (plant biovolume density, plant species richness) affected probability of attack. Overall, attack rates on these models decreased with increasing impervious surface, although predator taxa varied in their sometimes complex responses. For parasitoid wasps, which accounted for 47% of all attacks, increasing biovolume density increased attack probability at impervious surface levels below 35%, but decreased the probability of attack at higher levels of impervious surface. In contrast, probabilities of attack by both predatory wasps and vertebrates decreased with increasing percent impervious surface, but did not vary with impervious surface for ants and spiders. Predation on caterpillars in urban gardens may be lower than in rural ones; however, this potential increase in survival may be a result of declines in some predator taxa, such as predatory wasps and insectivorous birds. More studies across an urban gradient are needed to measure factors other than predation that influence caterpillar survival in gardens.
Correction & Addendum to 'A Tale of Two Ginis in the U.S., 1921–2012'

In our paper, "A Tale of Two Ginis" (Schneider and Tavani, 2016), we presented estimates for two indices of inequality for inequality at the top and the bottom of income distribution based on Jantzen and Volpert (2012). The estimates of the Gini for the bottom of the distribution were based on a misinterpretation of the domain for one of the parameters in the Lorenz curve model used by Jantzen and Volpert (2012), which resulted in inflated values. We also referred to the indices as "Gini-like" indices of inequality; they are, in fact, Ginis for parts of the distribution. It is worth emphasizing, however, that the qualitative findings presented in Schneider and Tavani (2016) are unaffected by these issues. Nor is the interpretation of what the distributional changes in the US during the 20th century might imply affected. Thus, the correction presented in this note has the primary purpose of paving the road for future work. In addition, we want to take the opportunity to present a clearer intuition behind the JV-Ginis.
An immunologically friendly classification of non-peptidic ligands.

The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) freely provides experimental data regarding immune epitopes to the scientific public. The main users of the IEDB are immunologists who can easily use our web interface to search for peptidic epitopes via their simple single-letter codes. For example, 'A' stands for 'alanine'. Similarly, users can easily navigate the IEDB's simplified NCBI taxonomy hierarchy to locate proteins from specific organisms. However, some epitopes are non-peptidic, such as carbohydrates, lipids, chemicals and drugs, and it is more challenging to consistently name them and search upon, making access to their data more problematic for immunologists. Therefore, we set out to improve access to non-peptidic epitope data in the IEDB through the simplification of the non-peptidic hierarchy used in our search interfaces. Here, we present these efforts and their outcomes. Database URL: http://www.iedb.org/.
Abstract A54: Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes mediate tumor regression in a mouse model of spontaneously arising pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Macrophage infiltration into solid malignancies most often portends a poor prognosis. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), macrophages dominate the leukocyte infiltrate with effector T lymphocytes remaining scarce. Strategies to restore productive immunosurveillance in PDAC have largely focused on inducing anti-tumor T cell immunity. However, we have previously shown in patients and a mouse model of PDAC that immune modulation with a CD40 agonist can induce macrophages to facilitate tumor regression. Thus, strategies that restore innate immunosurveillance may hold promise in the treatment of PDAC. To further investigate the role of macrophages as targets for anti-tumor immunotherapy, we utilized the KrasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx-1 Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC. We previously reported a role for liposomal targeted macrophages in facilitating tumor regression induced with CD40 therapy. However, unexpectedly we found by immunohistochemistry that macrophages targeted by liposomes do not infiltrate PDAC tumors in response to CD40 therapy. This finding suggested a role for additional leukocyte subsets in mediating the anti-tumor effect. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that systemic CD40 activation induced the infiltration of Ly6C+ myeloid cells into KPC tumors. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that macrophages may regulate the infiltration of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes, which are the critical effector myeloid cells mobilized in the peripheral blood by CD40 agonist therapy. In support of this hypothesis, we found that tumor regression induced with a CD40 agonist was abrogated by treatment with the anti-Ly6C/Ly6G RB6-8C5 depleting antibody. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood revealed that RB6-8C5 and liposomes target distinct myeloid subsets. Whereas RB6-8C5 was found to deplete Ly6ChiCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes, CEL depleted Ly6Cneg myeloid cells. Our findings suggest that CD40-induced tumor regression in PDAC is mediated by inflammatory monocytes which infiltrate tumor lesions under the regulation of extra-tumoral macrophages. Citation Format: Whitney L. Gladney, Graham M. Tooker, Gregory L. Beatty. Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes mediate tumor regression in a mouse model of spontaneously arising pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A54.
Star Formation in Collisions Between Two Gas-Rich Disk Galaxies

We present the results of a modest grid of three-dimensional (SPH) simulations of nearly head-on collisions between two model galaxies, each consisting of a rigid halo and a gas-rich disk component. The companion to primary mass ratio used is typically 0.2 – 0.35. Simple models of radiative cooling and heating from young star activity are also included in the simulations. Star formation is assumed to occur when the local gas density exceeds a threshold value. In these collisions the primary gas disk remains largely intact, though a gas bridge is splashed out between the two galaxies. Star formation occurs in asymmetric ring-like waves in the primary. The bridge is predicted to have essentially no ongoing star formation. These results agree with observations of the Cartwheel and VII Zw 466 ring galaxies.
Illustrating ontogenetic change in the dentition of the Nile monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus: a case study in the application of geometric morphometric methods for the quantification of shape–size heterodonty

Many recent attempts have been made to quantify heterodonty in non-mammalian vertebrates, but the majority of these are limited to Euclidian measurements. One taxon frequently investigated is Varanus niloticus, the Nile monitor. Juveniles possess elongate, pointed teeth (caniniform) along the entirety of the dental arcade, whereas adults develop large, bulbous distal teeth (molariform). The purpose of this study was to present a geometric morphometric method to quantify V. niloticus heterodonty through ontogeny that may be applied to other non-mammalian taxa. Data were collected from the entire tooth row of 19 dry skull specimens. A semilandmark analysis was conducted on the outline of the photographed teeth, and size and shape were derived. Width was also measured with calipers. From these measures, sample ranges and allometric functions were created using multivariate statistical analyses for each tooth position separately, as well as overall measures of heterodonty for each specimen based on morphological disparity. The results confirm and expand upon previous studies, showing measurable shape–size heterodonty in the species with significant differences at each tooth position. Tooth size increases with body size at most positions, and the allometric coefficient increases at more distal positions. Width shows a dramatic increase at the distal positions with ontogeny, often displaying pronounced positive allometry. Dental shape varied in two noticeable ways, with the first composing the vast majority of shape variance: (i) caniniformy vs. molariformy and (ii) mesially leaning, ‘rounded’ apices vs. distally leaning, ‘pointed’ apices. The latter was twice as influential in the mandible, a consequence of host bone shape. Mesial teeth show no significant shape change with growth, whereas distal teeth change significantly due primarily to an increase in molariformy. Overall, heterodonty increases with body size concerning both tooth size and shape, but shape heterodonty changes in the mandible are much less pronounced. Although it is unclear to what degree V. niloticus specializes in hard prey items (durophagy), previous studies of varanid feeding behavior, along with research on analogous durophagous vertebrates, indicate a division of labor along the tooth row in adults, due to a possible transition to at least a partial durophagous niche. The geometric morphometric method proposed here, although not without its own limitations, may be ideal for use with a number of dental morphotypes in the future.
High-Performance, Low-Power Resonant Clocking: Embedded tutorial

Clock distribution networks consume a significant portion of on-chip power. Traditional buffered clock distribution power is limited by frequency, capacitance, and activity rates. Resonant clock distributions can reduce this power by “recycling” energy on-chip and reducing the overall clock power. This tutorial introduces recent techniques for distributed-LC, traveling wave, and standing wave resonant clock distributions. In particular, the tutorial discusses the recent developments and open research problems. The tutorial covers both circuits, computer-aided design algorithms and methodologies for resonant clocking.
MR imaging of atlantoaxial joint in early rheumatoid arthritis.

This study was done to assess the involvement of the atlantoaxial joint in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and evaluate the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in depicting this early joint involvement. Twenty patients (16 women and four men, mean age 55.0±12.9 years) with clinical and laboratory evidence of early rheumatoid arthritis (mean disease duration <12 months) were included in our study. MR imaging of the atlantoaxial joint was performed in all patients within 3 months from diagnosis. The MR features were correlated with clinical and biochemical variables. Five (25.0%) of the 20 patients exhibited enhancement of the periodontoid synovial spaces after gadolinium administration due to inflammatory synovitis. Compared with patients without cervical involvement, these five patients showed significantly higher values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate [median 77.0 mm/h (range 25th and 75th percentile 69.0–86.0) vs median 33.0 mm/h (range 25th and 75th percentile: 9.2–52) (p=0.007)]; significantly higher C-reactive protein values [median 53.6 mg/l (range 25th and 75th percentile 21.9–81.9) vs median 14.0 mg/l (range 25th and 75th percentile 0.8–20) (p=0.03)]; higher disease activity score [median 4.2 (range 25th and 75th percentile 3.9–5.4) vs median 3.2 (range 25th and 75th percentile 2.8–3.8) (p=0.03)]. Four (80%) of these five patients presented anti-citrulline antibodies (anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor at laboratory testing. The latter was positive in 12 of the 20 patients (66%), and anti-CCP were positive in 15 (83%). MR imaging showed an atlantoaxial inflammatory synovitis in 25% of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Our results indicate that patients with higher disease activity are likely to be at higher risk of presenting early involvement of the atlantoaxial joint. MR imaging of the cervical spine is an excellent tool for assessing the early manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis before any destructive changes occur. Therefore, MR imaging should be included in the diagnostic workup in order to provide reliable guidance for treatment choices.
Insights into primary immune deficiency from quantitative microscopy

Recent advances in genomics-based technology have resulted in an increase in our understanding of the molecular basis of many primary immune deficiencies. Along with this increased knowledge comes an increased responsibility to understand the underlying mechanism of disease, and thus increasingly sophisticated technologies are being used to investigate the cell biology of human immune deficiencies. One such technology, which has itself undergone a recent explosion in innovation, is that of high-resolution microscopy and image analysis. These advances complement innovative studies that have previously shed light on critical cell biological processes that are perturbed by single-gene mutations in primary immune deficiency. Here we highlight advances made specifically in the following cell biological processes: (1) cytoskeletal-related processes; (2) cell signaling; (3) intercellular trafficking; and (4) cellular host defense.
Linear concepts and hidden variables

We study a learning problem which allows for a “fair” comparison between unsupervised learning methods—probabilistic model construction, and more traditional algorithms that directly learn a classification. The merits of each approach are intuitively clear: inducing a model is more expensive computationally, but may support a wider range of predictions. Its performance, however, will depend on how well the postulated probabilistic model fits that data. To compare the paradigms we consider a model which postulates a single binary-valued hidden variable on which all other attributes depend. In this model, finding the most likely value of any one variable (given known values for the others) reduces to testing a linear function of the observed values. We learn the model with two techniques: the standard EM algorithm, and a new algorithm we develop based on covariances. We compare these, in a controlled fashion, against an algorithm (a version of Winnow) that attempts to find a good linear classifier directly. Our conclusions help delimit the fragility of using a model that is even “slightly” simpler than the distribution actually generating the data, vs. the relative robustness of directly searching for a good predictor.
Chromatography of nucleic acids on cellulose ion‐exchange adsorbents. I. The effect of the degree of substitution of the cellulose on the chromatographic profile

The effect of the degree of substitution of ECTEOLA cellulose ion exchange adsorbents on the elution profile obtained during chromatography of heterogeneous mixtures of either DNA or RNA was studied. Significantly different elution profiles for a given sample of nucleic acid were obtained using ECTEOLA preparations containing either 0.09 or 0.24 milliequivalents nitrogen per g. The significance of these results and application to nucleic acid chromatography was discussed. Es wurde der Einflus des Substitutionsgrades der ECTEOLA-Cellulose auf die chromatographischen Elutionsprofile studiert, wobei uneinheitliche Deoxyribonucleinsauren oder Ribonucleinsauren als Testsubstanzen verwandt wurden. Es wurde gefunden, das die Elutionsprofile ein und derselben Nucleinsaure von einer ECTEOLA-Cellulose mit einem Substitutionsgrad 0,09 Millieq. N sich von den Elutionsprofilen unterscheiden, die mit der Hilfe von ECTEOLA-Cellulose mit einem Substitutionsgrad von 0,24 Millieq. N per gram erhalten wurden. Die Bedeutung dieser Resultate fur die Chromatographie von Nucleinsauren wurde diskutiert.
Measuring Misalignment: PPP and East Asian Currencies in the 1990's

The concept of purchasing power parity (PPP) is used as an equilibrium exchange rate measure to evaluate whether eight East Asian currencies were overvalued on the eve of the 1997 currency crises: Hong Kong dollar, Indonesian rupiah, Korean won, Malaysian ringgit, Philippine peso. Singapore dollar, Taiwanese dollar and the Thai baht. Using both the Johansen and Horvath-Watson cointegration test procedures, the purchasing power parity tests are performed on bilateral (US$, yen) and multilateral exchange rates, using consumer price indices, producer price indices, and price indices of export goods. The second deflator yields the greatest evidence of stationarity. I find that the Hong Kong dollar, ringgit, Philippine peso, and baht were overvalued as of May 1997, according to the PPP criterion, while the won and the New Taiwan dollar were substantially undervalued. The implied deviations are compared against those obtained using simple trends in consumer price index deflated real rates; these trend based calculations typically suggest larger overvaluations than their producer price deflated counterparts.
Effects of subchronic inhalation of low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. I. The proximal alveolar region of juvenile and adult rats.

Abstract Inhalation of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) produces injury to the epithelium of terminal airways and the alveoli proximal to the airways. Techniques were devised to isolate alveolar tissue from this region for morphometric studies to define the extent of alveolar septal injury caused by NO 2 . One-day-old and six-week-old rats were exposed to either room air or 0.5 ppm NO 2 for 23 hr per day 7 days per week for 6 weeks. An additional group 6-week-old rats were exposed to 2.0 ppm NO 2 for the same duration. Two daily hour spikes to three times the background concentrations (0.5 to 1.5 ppm and 2.0 to 6.0 ppm) were applied Monday through Friday. At the end of the exposure, rat lungs were fixed by intratracheally infusing buffered 2% glutaraldehyde. Pieces of lung tissue were embedded in large plastic blocks which were softened with heat and thin (0.3 mm) sliced. Terminal bronchioles and their corresponding proximal alveolar regions were identified from the thin plastic slices, removed, and glued to cylindrical EM blocks for thin sectioning. Morphometric analysis revealed that epithelial injury occurred in all exposed animals. The juvenile rats which had been exposed to 0.5 ppm NO 2 since 1 day of age exhibited changes in the characteristics of type II epithelial cells. These cells spread to cover more alveolar surface and became thinner. Adult animals exposed to 0.5 and 2.0 ppm NO 2 showed changes in alveolar macrophages and in the alveolar interstitium in addition to changes in the epithelium. Animals exposed to 0.5 ppm NO 2 showed spreading and hypertrophy of type II epithelial cells. Those animals exposed to the higher concentration of NO 2 had similar changes in type II epithelial cells and in addition showed an increase in type I cell number. The type I epithelial cells were smaller and covered less alveolar surface area than normal type I cells, suggesting a regenrating population of type I cells. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to low concentrations of NO 2 can cause injury to the alveolar epithelium indicated initially by spreading and hypertrophy of type II cells followed by differentiation into type I cells to compensate and repair the injury. Adult rats were as sensitive or more sensitive to NO 2 injury than were juvenile rats.
Documentary Compliance in Letter of Credit Law: What’s in a Name, and What Need for an Original?

This article analyzes a moderately complex documentary compliance case that involved the misnaming of the beneficiary on various documents and the failure to present the original of the letter of credit. The piece concludes that courts must not impose factual inquiry duties on credit issuers who should be able to dishonor when the beneficiary’s name on documents varies the name in the credit itself and should not be required to take bonds or other security when the beneficiary fails to present the original of the credit as the letter of credit requires.
Enhancing Communication and Response for Care of Newborns at Risk of Complications

Paper Presentation Purpose for the Program To outline innovative enhancements to the communication system and processes used by health care providers across departments and disciplines to provide a rapid response and effective care for the compromised or potentially compromised newborn. Proposed Change The previous system for responding to events involving a compromised newborn was an unstructured and informal process that included multiple telephone calls, alerting of nondedicated pagers, and often required business associates to relay critical clinical details. Multiple points of communication opened opportunities for handoff failures, loss of information, and delay in response. The multidisciplinary Perinatal Committee designated this issue for a high‐priority quality improvement project, including leadership from obstetrics (OB), pediatrics, and telecommunications. A collaborative process was used to engage multiple units across the Children's Hospital (newborn special care unit, labor and birth, maternal special care unit, maternity/well newborn, pediatric emergency department [ED], and adult ED). The existing Yale‐New Haven Hospital Emergency155‐page system was engaged and modified to accommodate the newborn response calls. New telephones were designated for newborn emergencies in each delivery room and within key departments, newborn response indicators were revised, and a response escalation system was implemented to ensure notification in the event of delayed newborn response. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A direct paging system that involved scripting at the point of need when calling for a newborn response team was implemented. A numerical code system was developed to designate the primary clinical indication. The clinical indication and location for response is presented on alphanumeric pagers within seconds of the initial response call. Key neonatal providers are now carrying pagers. The NICU has designated dedicated response teams and teams for deliveries. A call escalation system ensures notification of other providers in cases of a delayed response or for emergent situations. Incorporating charge nurses and unit leadership into the notification system has improved situational awareness. Telecommunications and AT&T monitor and document all calls for quality assurance. An evaluation of postimplementation data indicated a 98.3% successful response rate when using the enhanced response system with an average response time of 2.5 minutes. Continuous communication with disciplines involved promotes analysis of current state and reveals areas for improvement. Implications for Nursing Practice Improvements to the system enhance safety and improve the comfort level of nurses to perform rapid responses for newborns. Simple processes, scripting, and shared responsibility for the system promotes teamwork and efficiency, potentially improving neonatal outcomes for the compromised newborn.
The relationship between autonomous motivation and goal pursuit: A cross‐cultural perspective

People pursue their goals for different reasons, and previous research has distinguished two types of autonomous reason: relationally autonomous reasons (RARs) and personally autonomous reasons (PARs). The present study examines how RARs and PARs predict goal performance and well-being differently for people in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Participants included 250 American and 246 Chinese undergraduate students. They listed two of the most important goals they were currently pursuing, and completed survey measures to assess their RARs, PARs, goal effort and progress, and personal and collective self-esteem. The moderating effect of culture on how RARs and PARs influence goal outcomes was tested through structural equation modelling analyses, so that both RARs and PARs could be incorporated into the analyses. The results indicate cultural differences in the degree to which PARs and RARs relate to goal performance and well-being. Implications regarding the role of autonomy in different cultures are discussed.
Application of collective robotic search using neural network based dual heuristic programming (DHP)

An important application of mobile robots is searching a region to locate the origin of a specific phenomenon. A variety of optimization algo-rithms can be employed to locate the target source, which has the maximum intensity of the distribution of some detected function. We propose a neural network based dual heuristic programming (DHP) algorithm to solve the collective robotic search problem. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of noise and the number of robots on the task performance, as well as the expenses. The experimental results were compared with those of stochastic optimization algorithm. It showed that the performance of the dual heuristic programming (DHP) is better than the stochastic optimization method.
A real-time design of an acoustic signal detection algorithm using the AT&T DSP32 development system

Presents a real-time signal processing system which incorporates a pattern recognition system for detecting narrowband and broadband signals in the presence of noise. The system-based on the AT&T Bell Laboratories DSP32 microprocessor-detects and classifies signals by extracting parameters of the power spectrum. From the extracted shape description, decisions are made on the presence/no presence of narrowband and broadband signals. The system can either detect signals from user defined parameters or from a time sequence sample of the desired sequence. The system was tested on real data 0-4 kHz. Using unshaped and shaped white noise the system successfully detected narrowband signals down to -28 dB SNR (broadband noise dominate) and -32 dB SNR (narrowband noise dominate) respectively. >
Autoimmune disorders in patients with T-cell lymphoma: a comprehensive review

AbstractBackground:Increased risk of B-cell lymphoma in patients with autoimmune diseases is well known. Medical literature also links various autoimmune conditions with T-cell lymphomas (TCLs), a rarer but very heterogeneous group of generally aggressive neoplasms.Methods:Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the available peer-reviewed literature on epidemiology, clinico-laboratory features and management of autoimmune diseases in patients with TCL. Most relevant publications were identified through searching the PubMed/Medline database for articles published from inception to June 2014.Findings:Prevalence of various hematologic and non-hematologic autoimmune conditions in patients with TCL appears to be increased. Due to the rarity of TCL, scientific literature on autoimmune conditions in these patients consists mainly of case series and isolated reports.Conclusions:Autoimmune disorders can develop prior to, during or after the onset of TCL. The diagnosis of TCL should prompt early recognition...
Kālī’s Tongue: Shame, Disgust, and the Rejection of Blood and Violence in Vedic and Hindu Thought

In all Indian iconography, there is perhaps a no more recognizable image than that of the goddess Kal. In modern Indian poster art, the goddess is garishly depicted standing on the supine, and apparently lifeless body of the great god Cva, her bright red tongue outstretched and reaching downward the length of her chin. She is adorned with a garland of disembodied heads and holds aloft a bloody weapon in one hand and a dismembered demon’s head in another; both still drip blood. Her darkly colored visage looks brazenly outward; a look of rage plays on her features. This modern representation is largely in accord with what is perhaps the bestknown Sanskrit text describing the goddess, the Dev Mahatmya, which presents Kal as a terrifying and violent figure:
Connecting the power-law scaling structure of peak-discharges to spatially variable rainfall and catchment physical properties

Abstract We have conducted extensive hydrologic simulation experiments in order to investigate how the flood scaling parameters in the power-law relationship Q ( A ) = α A θ , between peak-discharges resulting from a single rainfall–runoff event Q ( A ) and upstream area A , change as a function of rainfall, runoff coefficient ( C r ) that we use as a proxy for catchment antecedent moisture state, hillslope overland flow velocity ( v h ), and channel flow velocity ( v c ), all of which are variable in space. We use a physically-based distributed numerical framework that is based on an accurate representation of the drainage network and apply it to the Cedar River basin ( A = 16 , 861 km 2 ), which is located in Eastern Iowa, USA. Our work is motivated by seminal empirical studies that show that the flood scaling parameters α and θ change from event to event. Uncovering the underlying physical mechanism behind the event-to-event variability of α and θ in terms of catchment physical processes and rainfall properties would significantly improve our ability to predict peak-discharge in ungauged basins (PUB). The simulation results demonstrate how both α and θ are systematically controlled by the interplay among rainfall duration T , spatially averaged rainfall intensity E [ I ] , as well as E [ C r ] , E [ v h ] , and v c . Specifically, we found that the value of θ generally decreases with increasing values of E [ I ] , E [ C r ] , and E [ v h ] , whereas its value generally increases with increasing T . Moreover, while α is primarily controlled by E [ I ] , it increases with increasing E [ C r ] and E [ v h ] . These results highlight the fact that the flood scaling parameters are able to be estimated from the aforementioned catchment rainfall and physical variables, which can be measured either directly or indirectly.
The Influence of Experimentally Induced Atherosclerosis on the Sulfate Content of the Aortic Wall

By autoradiography it has been demonstrated that parenterally administered S35 as sulfate is localized in the area of arterial plaque formation in rabbits with induced atherosclerosis. Dialysis of such tissue, after fat extraction to rid the tissue of inorganic sulfate, shows a much larger amount of sulfate remaining in the aortas of diseased animals as compared to controls suggesting that it is in combination with the mucopolysaccharides of the artery.
The future challenges of NATO: An economic viewpoint

This article identifies and evaluates likely challenges facing NATO today and into the next millennium. These contingencies include ethnic‐based civil wars in Europe, transnational terrorism, rogue states, increased world income inequality, out‐of‐area conflicts, and environmental and resource security. Using concepts and tools from collective action, I assess these challenges and suggest effective policies for addressing them. NATO still has a crucial role to play in maintaining world security in the post‐Cold War era.
A remark on bilinear systems and moduli spaces of instantons

Abstract Explicit equations are given for the moduli space of framed instantons as a quasi-affine variety, based on the representation theory of noncommutative power series, or equivalently, the minimal realization theory of bilinear systems.
Evolution and field performance of a rescue robot

Robots are slowly finding their way into the hands of search and rescue groups. One of the robots contributing to this effort is the Inuktun VGTV-Xtreme series by American Standard Robotics. This capable robot is one of the only robots engineered specifically for the search and rescue domain. This paper describes the adaptation of the VGTV platform from an industrial inspection robot into a capable and versatile search and rescue robot. These adaptations were based on growing requirements established by rescue groups, academic research, and extensive field trials. A narrative description of a successful search of a damaged building during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina is included to support these claims. Finally, lessons learned from these deployments and guidelines for future robot development is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship of estrogen and progesterone receptor protein levels in carcinomatous and adjacent non-neoplastic epithelium of the breast : A histopathologic and image cytometric study

Background. Results of a previous study demonstrating a correlation between steroid hormone receptor concentrations in benign and tumor tissue in patients with breast carcinoma suggest that receptor levels in breast epithelium undergoing malignant transformation may play a role in determining the receptor levels in the resulting carcinoma. Data used in that study were derived from ligand binding assays and may reflect shortcomings inherent in this methodology, particularly the dilution of receptor proteins from benign and malignant epithelial cells by stromal components.
A theorem on a Laplace-type integral transform and its applications

A Parseval‐Goldstein‐type theorem involving the ?2‐transform, the error function and the complementary error function is given. Using the theorem, an integral representation for the incomplete gamma function is introduced, and a number of interesting infinite integrals of elementary and special functions are presented. Some illustrative examples are also g ven.