cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAKING SOCCER A `KICK IN THE GRASS' The Media's Role in Promoting a Marginal Sport, 1975-1977

Soccer's popularity in the United States surged during the mid-1970s when Pele played in this country. Although the Brazilian star certainly deserves credit for the interest he brought to both professional and youth soccer, acknowledgment is also owed to the writers of mainstream periodicals who presented the sport to a largely ignorant and apathetic audience. An analysis of several print sources published during Pele's three seasons with the New York Cosmos reveals that the media was chiefly concerned with simultaneously entertaining and educating their assumed audience of largely new or unconverted soccer fans. Moreover, the rhetorical strategies employed by these writers effectively undercut decades-old stereotypes and presented the sport in a way that was more appealing to the `average American'.
Latency and exposure-health associations in Gulf War veterans with early fatigue onsets: a case-control study.

Purpose To see if self-reported exposures were associated with health in early-onset Gulf War illnesses (GWIs) cases and healthy Gulf War veteran controls. Methods Forty-nine cases and 44 controls completed questionnaires about wartime exposures and symptoms experienced. Odds ratios were calculated using 2×2 tables and logistic regression. The incubation curve of fatigue onsets in cases was drawn to highlight exposure/health associations using Sartwell's method and tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The incubation period was defined as the time from arrival in the Persian Gulf to fatigue onset. Results The incubation curve was right skewed and lognormally distributed ( p = 0.48; p > 0.05 indicates lognormality), suggesting an association between a wartime exposure and fatigue. Exposure to oil fire smoke, pesticides, contaminated food or water, dead animals, scud missile attacks, dead bodies, prisoners of war, artillery or small arms fire, and chemical suits was significantly associated with GWIs. Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) was the only continuous exposure significantly associated with GWIs. The odds of having GWIs increased by 1.3% for every PB pill taken (95% confidence interval 1.001–1.02). There were significant trends toward worse health with greater intake of PB. Conclusions These analyses suggest that wartime exposures, including exposure to PB, are associated with fatigue.
The cooldown aspects of the TMI-2 accident

Abstract The cooldown of the TMI-2 reactor vessel due to high pressure injection that occurred at 200 min into the accident is re-examined. Flow regimes and condensation heat transfer in the cold legs and downcomer are considered. The presence of noncondensibles (hydrogen) and a mechanism leading to its accumulation around the condensation interfaces lead to conclusions that are materially different from those of a previous study that did not consider these effects.
If the "adaptive" immune system can recognize a significant portion of the pathogenic universe to which the "innate" immune system is blind, then...

The ‘adaptive’ immune repertoire functionally recognizes pathogens (and their toxic products) that the ‘innate’ defense system misses. This requires that the self–nonself discrimination and the regulation of effector output be dependent primarily on somatic learning mechanisms (i.e. on the somatically generated, large, random ‘adaptive’ immune paratopes repertoire).
Recrystallization and grain growth in bulk Cu and Cu(Sn) alloy

Abstract Recently, Cu-1 at.% Sn thin film alloy has been found to exhibit good electromigration resistance. Electromigration behavior is strongly affected by the alloy's microstructure and in turn, by grain growth kinetics. In this work, we report the grain growth behavior of non-cold-rolled pure Cu, cold-rolled pure Cu and cold-rolled Cu-2 at.% Sn alloy in bulk samples. The non-cold-rolled pure Cu shows a monomodal graiu size distribution and normal grain growth. The cold-rolled pure Cu shows the temporary appearance of a bimodal grain size distribution which, with sufficient annealing in the temperature range of 700 to 900 °C for 24 h, eventually returns to a monomodal distribution. However, the cold-rolled Cu(Sn) alloy shows a monomodal grain size distribution similar in behavior to the non-cold-rolled Cu. The influence of the strain energy owing to cold-rolling and the presence of Sn solute on the grain growth is discussed.
Effects of Colored Noise on Stochastic Resonance in Sensory Neurons

Noise can assist neurons in the detection of weak signals via a mechanism known as stochastic resonance (SR). We demonstrate experimentally that SR-type effects can be obtained in rat sensory neurons with white noise, 1/f noise, or 1/f{sup 2} noise. For low-frequency input noise, we show that the optimal noise intensity is the lowest and the output signal-to-noise ratio the highest for conventional white noise. We also show that under certain circumstances, 1/f noise can be better than white noise for enhancing the response of a neuron to a weak signal. We present a theory to account for these results and discuss the biological implications of 1/f noise. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
HAART drugs induce oxidative stress in human endothelial cells and increase endothelial recruitment of mononuclear cells: exacerbation by inflammatory cytokines and amelioration by antioxidants.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients but is associated with significant side effects such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular complications. Oxidative stress can disrupt endothelial homeostasis by dysregulating the balance between pro- and antiatherogenic factors. We hypothesized that chronic exposure to HAART results in endothelial oxidative stress and activation of mononuclear cell recruitment, an early event in atherosclerosis. We studied the effects of HAART drug combinations, consisting of zidovudine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; efavirenz, a nonnucleosiee reverse transcriptase inhibitor; and either of the two protease inhibitors (PIs), indinavir or nelfinavir, on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) by monitoring the following parameters: (1) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), (2) mononuclear cell (Jurkat or U-937) adhesion, and (3) expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). HAART exposure increased ROS formation in HAECs. Exposure to Pls alone and in HAART combinations increased mononuclear cell adhesion to HAECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Mononuclear cell adhesion to HAART-exposed HAECs was significantly enhanced following acute (24-h) exposure to the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin (IL)-1β and was suppressed by the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and glutathione. Exposure to HAART increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene expression and concomitant exposure to TNF-α, further increased ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule cell surface protein levels. These studies indicate that chronic HAART exposure increases oxidative stress in endothelial cells and induces mononuclear cell recruitment, which may eventually precipitate the cardiovascular disease observed in HIV-1+ individuals on antiretroviral therapy.
Effects of amino-functionalized MWCNTs on ballistic impact performance of E-glass/epoxy composites using a spherical projectile

Abstract Effect of adding amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-MWCNTs) on the ballistic performance of E-glass/epoxy composites was investigated in this study. E-glass/epoxy panels were prepared with and without MWCNTs. Two different weight percentages of 0.3 and 0.5% MWCNTs were used to modify the epoxy resin. MWCNTs were dispersed in epoxy resin through a combination of sonication and 3-roll mill methods. Laminated composite panels with E-glass plain weave fabrics were made through hand lay-up followed by compression molding process. Samples of size 120 × 120 × 5.25 mm were then cut from the panels and subjected to spherical projectile impacts using a gas-gun set-up at different velocities to determine the ballistic limit velocity (VBL). Additionally, ballistic limit velocity was statistically determined through polynomial and power regression using experimental results. Ballistic limit increased by about 15–19 m/s (5–6.5%) for laminates with 0.3 wt.% MWCNTs. On the other hand, the performance of laminates with 0.5 wt.% MWCNTs was comparable with that of control samples. Damage size as determined by ultrasonic c-scan studies was considerably less for the laminates with MWCNTs at a given impact velocity below and above ballistic limit.
Interaction of [FeFe]-hydrogenases with single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are promising candidates for use in energy conversion devices as an active photo-collecting elements, for dissociation of bound excitons and charge-transfer from photo-excited chromophores, or as molecular wires to transport charge. Hydrogenases are enzymes that efficiently catalyze the reduction of protons from a variety of electron donors to produce molecular hydrogen. Hydrogenases together with SWNT suggest a novel biohybrid material for direct conversion of sunlight into H2. Here, we report changes in SWNT optical properties upon addition of recombinant [FeFe] hydrogenases from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We find evidence that novel and stable charge-transfer complexes are formed under conditions of the hydrogenase catalytic turnover, providing spectroscopic handles for further study and application of this hybrid system.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic reconstructions of the South Atlantic

Abstract The movement of Antarctica with respect to South America has a number of implications for paleocirculation as well as for the reconstructions of Gondwanaland. Recent papers on the Southwest Indian Ridge have published new or revised poles of opening for Africa and Antarctica which can be combined with the poles of opening between South America and Africa to give resultant motions between South America and Antarctica. The first indication of a complete closure between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula is at anomaly 28 time (64 Ma) as the two continents are now configured. Between anomaly 28 time (64 Ma) and anomaly M0 time (119 Ma) the amount of closure does not change greatly, and the small computed overlap can be explained by minor uncertainties in the rotation poles used for the reconstructions or some slight extension between East and West Antarctica. By 135 Ma some rotation or translation of the Antarctic Peninsula with respect to East Antarctica must be postulated in addition to any presumed extension between East and West Antarctica in order to avoid an overlap of South America with the Antarctic Peninsula. Having determined what we feel to be a viable reconstruction of Western Gondwanaland and holding South America fixed, we rotated Africa and Antarctica, with respect to South America, for eight different times during the past. Africa moved away from South America in a more or less consistent manner throughout the time period, closure to present, while Antarctica moved away from Africa in a consistent manner only between 160 Ma and 64 Ma. At 64 Ma its motion changed abruptly: it slowed its north-south motion with respect to Africa and began slow east-west extension with respect to South America. This change supports the hypothesis that a major reorganization of the triple junction between Africa, Antarctica and South America occurred between 60 and 65 Ma. The triple junction changed from ridge-ridge-ridge to ridge-fault-fault at the time of the major westward jump of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge just south of the Falkland-Agulhas Fracture Zone. The Mesozoic opening of the Somali Basin moved Madagascar from its presumed original position with Africa in Gondwanaland. The closure of Sri Lanka with India produces a unique fit for India and Sri Lanka with respect to Africa, Madagascar and Antarctica. This fit juxtaposes geological localities in Southeast India against similar localities in Enderhy Land. East Antarctica. The late Jurassic opening in the Somali Basin is tied to opening of the same age in the Mozambique Basin. Since this late Jurassic movement represents the initial break-up of Gondwanaland, it is assumed that similar movement must have occurred in what is now the western Weddell Sea and may also explain the opening evidenced by the Rocas Verdes region of southern South America.
Technology and Touch

The significance of technology as a human creation is explored through the topic of touch. Touch is variously considered as the alignment of properties of the technological artifact with human sense, as the virtuosity of the user and producer, as an aesthetic, and finally as a participation in problems of value that exceed any one person’s capacity to grasp.
A thermal model for high speed motorized spindles

Lack of a more complete understanding of the system characteristics, particularly thermal effects, severely limits the reliability of high speed spindles to support manufacturing. High speed spindles are notorious for their sudden catastrophic failures without alarming signs at high speeds due to thermal problems. In this paper, a finite difference thermal model is developed to characterize the power distribution of a high speed motorized spindle, in particular the characterization of heat transfer and heat sinks. Without loss of generality, this model is built upon and verified by a custom-built high performance motorized milling spindle of 32 KW and maximum speed of 25 000 rpm (1.5 million DN).
Two Convenient Washing Devices for Tissues and Slides

Two improved mechanisms are described: (1) For washing fixed tissues, a device which utilizes a downward movement of water with a consequent thoro washing is most convenient, because the washing tubes may be removed or replaced instantly. (2) A pan for washing microscope slides, fitted with a valve stem from an automobile inner tube, produces unusually effective washing and accommodates as many as 80 slides at once.
Engineering islets: lessons from stem cells and embryonic development.

The attempts to understand pancreatic cell-type specification and apply this information to direct the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from various sources have produced significant advances in the past few years. The steady progress of embryonic stem and stem/progenitor cell isolation, growth, and manipulation, combined with new technologies for genetic manipulations and lineage tracing and a greater understanding of the endogenous factors required for β-cell differentiation and expansion, has made the identification of alternative sources of insulin-producing cells a possibility. These fields are still young but continued collaborative efforts between researchers of many different scientific disciplines will allow clinicians to achieve the common goal of generating alternative sources of β cells for therapeutic purposes.
Renal failure predisposes patients to adverse outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery

Methods. We analyzed a Veterans Affairs database obtained The presence of impaired renal function potentially prospectively from 1992 through 1996 at 14 of 43 centers per- results in several physiologic abnormalities that could forming heart surgery. We compared the outcome after CABG contribute to adverse operative outcome. Indeed, the in patients with a baseline serum creatinine of less than 1.5 mg/dl (median 1.1 mg/dl, N 5 3271) to patients with a baseline absence of renal function has been well documented to serum creatinine of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/dl (median 1.7, N 5 631). be associated with relatively high morbidity and mortalResults. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with a ity after surgery, including cardiac surgery, despite renal serum creatinine of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/dl had a higher 30-day mortal- replacement therapy [13‐15]. There is, however, limited ity (7% vs. 3%, P , 0.001) requirement for prolonged mechanical ventilation (15% vs. 8%, P 5 0.001), stroke (7% vs. 2%, information on the effects of lesser degrees of renal failP , 0.001), renal failure requiring dialysis at discharge (3% ure on CABG outcome [1, 4, 5, 11, 12]. vs. 1%, P , 0.001), and bleeding complications (8% vs. 3%, This study was therefore undertaken to test the hyP , 0.001) than patients with a baseline serum creatinine of pothesis that mild-to-moderate renal failure (defined as less than 1.5 mg/dl. Multiple logistic regression analyses found a serum creatinine concentration of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/dl) is that patients with a baseline serum creatinine of less than 1.5 mg/dl had significantly lower (P , 0.02) 30-day mortality and an independent risk factor for adverse outcome after postoperative bleeding and ventilatory complications than pa- CABG. To test this hypothesis, we used a large Veterans tients with a serum creatinine of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/dl when control- Affairs (VA) database. This database contained extenling for all other variables. sive data on comorbid conditions, preoperative status, Conclusion. These results demonstrate that mild renal failure and post-CABG complications collected on more than is an independent risk factor for adverse outcome after CABG. 3900 patients. Our multivariate analysis results demonstrate that mild-to-moderate renal failure is an independent risk factor for adverse outcome after CABG when More than 600,000 patients undergo coronary artery all other risk factors are held constant. Our results also bypass grafting (CABG) annually in the United States. delineate some of the specific post-CABG complications Many of these patients have comorbid conditions, such associated with mild-to-moderate renal failure.
Soil microarthropods as indicators of exposure to environmental stress in Chihuahuan Desert rangelands

We studied soil microarthropod communities along livestock grazing disturbance gradients, inside and outside grazing exclosures, and on areas subjected to restoration efforts (herbicide and bulldozing) in order to test the suitability of mites as indicators of rangeland soil quality. We found that mite numbers generally increased with decreased grazing disturbance. Soil microarthropods appeared to respond to a complex of factors including soil compaction, depth to an impervious soil layer, below-ground vegetative biomass, and residual effects of herbicide. All of our study plots, except those that had been herbicide treated, were dominated by microbivorous mites of the family Nanorchestidae. The numerical responses of mites, especially nanorchestids, appeared to provide a sensitive indicator of ecosystem health in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.
Caenorhabditis elegans pseudouridine synthase 1 activity in vivo: tRNA is a substrate, but not U2 small nuclear RNA

The formation of pseudouridine (Psi) from uridine is post-transcriptional and catalysed by pseudouridine synthases, several of which have been characterized from eukaryotes. Pseudouridine synthase 1 (Pus1p) has been well characterized from yeast and mice. In yeast, Pus1p has been shown to have dual substrate specificity, modifying uridines in tRNAs and at position 44 in U2 small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA). In order to study the in vivo activity of a metazoan Pus1p, a knockout of the gene coding for the homologue of Pus1p in Caenorhabditis elegans was obtained. The deletion encompasses the first two putative exons and includes the essential aspartate that is required for activity in truA pseudouridine synthases. The locations of most modified nucleotides on small RNAs in C. elegans are not known, and the positions of Psi were determined on four tRNAs and U2 snRNA. The uridine at position 27 of tRNA(Val) (AAC), a putative Pus1p-modification site, was converted into Psi in the wild-type worms, but the tRNA(Val) (AAC) from mutant worms lacked the modification. Psi formation at positions 13, 32, 38 and 39, all of which should be modified by other pseudouridine synthases, was not affected by the loss of Pus1p. The absence of Pus1p in C. elegans had no effect on the modification of U2 snRNA in vivo, even though worm U2 snRNA has a Psi at position 45 (the equivalent of yeast U2 snRNA position 44) and at four other positions. This result was unexpected, given the known dual specificity of yeast Pus1p.
Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s

Preface Introduction: the Democratic order as a political project 1. When does politics change? 2. Creating political orders: the logic of the Democratic experience 3. Democratic opportunities in the crises of the 1930s 4. Passing the Wagner Act and building a new Democratic state 5. Party and movements in the Democratic upsurge, 1935-7 6. Progressive liberalism as pragmatic common sense 7. Surprising years: electing Truman and sustaining the Democratic order, 1947-9 8. Passing Taft-Hartley: what the losers won (and what the winners lost) 9. New political fronts? Growth and civil rights in the late 1940s 10. Democratic anti-Communism and the Cold War 11. From Truman to Kennedy: the reach and limits of Democratic power 12. Was the Democratic order democratic? Index.
Fearfulness and Startle Potentiation during Aversive Visual Stimuli

Recent experimental research suggests an association between negative affect and potentiation of the human startle reflex, as well as enhancement of this effect among fearful compared to low fear subjects. In the present study, 32 undergraduates were selected for high or low total Fear Survey Schedule scores. Acoustic startle probes were presented while subjects received warned presentations of aversive and neutral photographic slides. High fear but not low fear subjects showed potentiated short-latency cardiac acceleration and blink magnitude, and reduced blink latency, during aversive compared to neutral slides. These results support the hypothesis that affective modulation of startle is enhanced among high fear compared to low fear subjects. Considered in the context of prior findings, the results suggest that this individual difference effect generalizes across psychophysiological components of the startle reflex and diverse procedures for manipulating affect.
Cellular mechanisms of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-mediated cGMP formation: the essential role of glutamate

The current study explores the mechanisms by which activation of serotonin(2A) (5-HT(2A)) receptors increase production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in slices of rat frontal cortex. Contrary to results in cortical slices, stimulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors in cells stably expressing this serotonin receptor did not alter cGMP levels. In cortical slices, stimulation of cGMP formation by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), a 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, was blocked by tetanus toxin, a substance that prevents vesicular neurotransmitter release. However, this stimulation was not altered by tetrodotoxin, an agent that inhibits depolarization-induced neurotransmitter release. Addition of an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, d-AP-7, but not of an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX, completely inhibited DOM-mediated cGMP production in the slices. Combined application of maximally effective concentrations of NMDA and DOM elicited a greater increase in cGMP content than either drug alone. The present study shows that 5-HT(2A) receptors do not directly stimulate cGMP formation, but rather that 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated cGMP production is dependent on extracellular glutamate activating NMDA receptors. The results indicate that 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated cGMP production could be at least partially attributed to potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated cGMP formation.
HST Observation of Mg+in Outburst from Comet D/Shoemaker–Levy 9

Abstract Ultraviolet spectra of fragment G1 of Comet D/Shoemaker–Levy 9 taken 4 days before impact (on 14 July 1994) by the Faint Object Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope show a brief outburst of magnesium ions. The Mg + emission decays back to its quiescent (undetectable) level with a time constant of ∼1 min, consistent with the ions being swept out of the field of view by the motional electric field induced by Jupiter's rotating magnetic field. Although this event occurred when the G1 fragment was inside the jovian magnetosphere, the role of energetic trapped electrons in producing the observed event is not clear. As such, the mechanism that produced the transient population of Mg + remains unidentified. A continuum enhancement that was observed ∼18 min after the Mg + outburst was almost certainly caused by the passage of a faint ( V ∼ 19) late-type star through the spectrograph aperture.
Coping: Implications for health practitioners

Abstract Because coping plays an important role in sustaining individuals' overall functioning in illness, professionals need to become more skilled in maximizing its potential. The practitioner who takes the responsibility for assessing and strengthening clients' coping skills can lessen the negative impact of the illness. Although present theory on coping provides only initial guidance for this endeavor, a number of useful models and tools are available to study the coping process. Their introduction into clinical practice is strongly recommended.
Diverse aspects of metanephric development

Mammalian nephrogenesis constitutes a series of complex developmental processes in which there is a differentiation and rapid proliferation of pluripotent cells leading to the formation of a defined sculpted tissue mass, and this is followed by a continuum of cell replication and terminal differentiation. Metanephrogenesis ensues with the intercalation of epithelial ureteric bud into loosely organized metanephric mesenchyme. Such an interaction is reciprocal, such that the intercalating ureteric bud induces the conversion of metanephric mesenchyme into an epithelial phenotype, while the mesenchyme stimulates the iterations of the ureteric bud. The induced mesenchyme then undergoes a series of developmental stages to form a mature glomerulus and tubular segments of the kidney. Coincidental with the formation of these nephric elements, the developing kidney is vascularized by the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Thus, the process of metanephric development is quite complex, and it involves a diverse group of molecules who's biological activities are inter-linked with one another and they regulate, in a concerted manner, the differentiation and maturation of the mammalian kidney. This diverse group of molecules include extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their receptors, ECM-degrading enzymes and their inhibitors, growth factors and their receptors, proto-oncogenes and transcription factors. A large body of literature data are available, which suggest a critical role of these molecules in metanephric development, and this review summarizes the recent developments that relate to metanephrogenesis.
Comparison of Daily Precipitation Statistics for the United States in Observations and in the NCEP Climate Forecast System

Abstract An intercomparison of the statistics of daily precipitation within seasonal climate over the conterminous United States is carried out using gridded station data and output from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS). Differences in the occurrence of daily precipitation between the observations and a set of CFS reforecasts are examined as a function of forecast lead time for 1982–2005. Difference patterns show considerable evolution depending on season and lead time, with positive biases in CFS at most locations and leads except along the southern tier of states during the spring and summer months. An examination of differences in daily precipitation statistics by ENSO phase and in the frequencies of wet and dry spells is also conducted using a longer period of gridded daily station data (1948–2006) and a pair of 100-yr CFS coupled simulations. These comparisons expose additional details of the regional and seasonal dependence of the bias in the CFS simulations and reforecasts over the contermino...
Ovarian hilus cell hyperplasia as the cause of virilization in 45,X Turner’s syndrome

Objective To describe a rare case of 45,X Turner's syndrome with elevated T and clitoromegaly caused by ovarian hilus cell hyperplasia. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary care pediatric hospital. Patient(s) An 11-and-a-half-year-old girl with 45,X karyotype showed signs of accelerated growth and clitoromegaly and was found to have elevated serum T. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to confirm her karyotype as monosomy X and absence of the SRY gene. Elevated gonadotropins indicated absence of ovarian function. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serum T level. Result(s) Pathology showed ovarian hilus cell hyperplasia within the removed gonads. Serum T levels returned to normal after gonadectomy. Conclusion(s) Ovarian hilus cell hyperplasia is an extremely rare cause of virilization in Turner's syndrome. Gonadectomy should be considered for patients with confirmed 45,X karyotype who exhibit virilization.
Relationship of weight, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem in African American and white female dieters.

Objective The present study examined the relationship among weight, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem in a large group of African American and white female dieters who were generally overweight and of middle to high socioeconomic status. Method: Subjects were participants in a survey of dieting practices undertaken by Consumer Reports magazine. Major outcome measures included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and an assessment of shape and weight attitudes. Results: No significant differences between African American and white women were found for body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, discrepancies between actual and ideal weight and shape, or the relationship between self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Body mass index contributed less to body satisfaction scores in African American than in white women. Discussion: This study provides a comparison of African American and white women in the upper social classes, and raises the possibility that previous findings of less body concern in African American women reflect class rather than race effects. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 22: 127–130, 1997.
Charles de Brosses and the French Enlightenment origins of religious fetishism

In fetishism, which according to natural and conjectural history is the most ancient, widespread, and first of all religions, those who took a stone for a fetish anointed it in order to distinguish...
Incompatible Ω-complete theories

In 1985 the second author showed that if there is a proper class of measurable Woodin cardinals and V&#120121;1 and V&#120121;2 are generic extensions of V satisfying CH then V&#120121;1 and V&#120121;2 agree on all Σ21-statements. In terms of the strong logic Ω-logic this can be reformulated by saying that under the above large cardinal assumption ZFC + CH is Ω-complete for Σ21. Moreover, CH is the unique Σ21-statement with this feature in the sense that any other Σ21-statement with this feature is Ω-equivalent to CH over ZFC. It is natural to look for other strengthenings of ZFC that have an even greater degree of Ω-completeness. For example, one can ask for recursively enumerable axioms A such that relative to large cardinal axioms ZFC + A is Ω-complete for all of third-order arithmetic. Going further, for each specifiable segment Vλ of the universe of sets (for example, one might take Vλ to be the least level that satisfies there is a proper class of huge cardinals), one can ask for recursively enumerable axioms A such that relative to large cardinal axioms ZFC + A is Ω-complete for the theory of Vλ. If such theories exist, extend one another, and are unique in the sense that any other such theory B with the same level of Ω-completeness as A is actually Ω-equivalent to A over ZFC, then this would show that there is a unique Ω-complete picture of the successive fragments of the universe of sets and it would make for a very strong case for axioms complementing large cardinal axioms. In this paper we show that uniqueness must fail. In particular, we show that if there is one such theory that Ω-implies CH then there is another that Ω-implies ¬CH.
A Kinesin Mutation That Uncouples Motor Domains and Desensitizes the γ-Phosphate Sensor

Conventional kinesin is a processive, microtubule-based motor protein that drives movements of membranous organelles in neurons. Amino acid Thr291 ofDrosophila kinesin heavy chain is identical in all superfamily members and is located in α-helix 5 on the microtubule-binding surface of the catalytic motor domain. Substitution of methionine at Thr291 results in complete loss of function in vivo. In vitro, the T291M mutation disrupts the ATPase cross-bridge cycle of a kinesin motor/neck construct, K401-4 (Brendza, K. M., Rose, D. J., Gilbert, S. P., and Saxton, W. M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31506–31514). The pre-steady-state kinetic analysis presented here shows that ATP binding is weakened significantly, and the rate of ATP hydrolysis is increased. The mutant motor also fails to distinguish ATP from ADP, suggesting that the contacts important for sensing the γ-phosphate have been altered. The results indicate that there is a signaling defect between the motor domains of the T291M dimer. The ATPase cycles of the two motor domains appear to become kinetically uncoupled, causing them to work more independently rather than in the strict, coordinated fashion that is typical of kinesin.
A new reconstruction method to improve SNR for an inverse geometry CT system

The inverse-geometry CT(IGCT) system uses a large-area scanned source and a 2D detector array with a smaller extent in the transverse direction. The acquired IGCT data can be significantly oversampled and the samples are not equally spaced in radial distance or angle. A previously proposed reconstruction algorithm used a modified gridding method to rebin the normalized and logged projection data into parallel projections. This approach can be suboptimal if the measured rays contributing to an output sample do not have the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to each ray having a different detected number of photons (due to different incident intensities). Reconstructed images may have better SNR if we consider the SNR of each ray in rebinning step. In this paper, we propose a new method to improve the SNR in the reconstructed image. In this method, input rays with different SNR were combined in the rebinning step by using weighted-least square fitting to produce SNR efficient output projection data. We simulated two cases : uniform, and triangular profiles of the detected number of photons across the detector array. For single slice 2D imaging, SNR improvements of 1% (uniform) and 21%(triangular) were observed. Experiments were also performed with air scan data acquired from a scanned source C-arm system (NovaRay, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). In this case, we observed SNR improvement as high as 20 %, depending on the intensity non-uniformity across the detector.
The fine structure of the developing oocyst of Pterospora floridiensis (Apicomplexa, Urosporidae).

Developing oocysts of the gregarine Pterospora floridiensis Landers 2001 were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Each oocyst had an outer capsule and an inner capsule that contained 8 sporozoites. In early stages of development the inner capsular wall was separated from the developing sporozoites and residual mass, and was not appressed to the sporozoites. Early stage sporozoites were connected to a residual mass and were filled with endoplasmic reticulum, golgi and numerous developing secretory vesicles. In late stages of oocyst and sporozoite development, the inner capsular wall was closely appressed to the sporozoite surface. The inner capsular wall was ∼60-100 nm thick and the outer capsular wall was ∼160-320 nm thick. There were no extensions on the outer wall for which the genus was named. Late stage sporozoites had no residual mass connection, were more electron dense, and contained three distinct types of dense secretory structures: 1) small oval/spherical dense vesicles, 2) large (350-400 nm) vesicles near the anterior end, and 3) elongated dense tubular bodies that converged at the apex. Few ultrastructural reports exist of developing gregarine oocysts and sporozoites, and as more studies are completed these morphological characteristics may be important in interpreting molecular phylogenetic analyses.
The acute effect of local homicides on children’s cognitive performance.

This study estimates the acute effect of exposure to a local homicide on the cognitive performance of children across a community. Data are from a sample of children age 5–17 y in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. The effect of local homicides on vocabulary and reading assessments is identified by exploiting exogenous variation in the relative timing of homicides and interview assessments among children in the same neighborhood but assessed at different times. Among African-Americans, the strongest results show that exposure to a homicide in the block group that occurs less than a week before the assessment reduces performance on vocabulary and reading assessments by between ∼0.5 and ∼0.66 SD, respectively. Main results are replicated using a second independent dataset from Chicago. Findings suggest the need for broader recognition of the impact that extreme acts of violence have on children across a neighborhood, regardless of whether the violence is witnessed directly.
Cytokine-Mediated Activation of Cultured CNS Microvessels: A System for Examining Antigenic Modulation of CNS Endothelial Cells, and Evidence for Long-Term Expression of the Adhesion Protein E-Selectin

Much of what is known of endothelial responses to cytokines has been derived from in vitro studies using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC). Less is known of CNS EC responses and whether intact endothelium responds similarly to cultured cells. We have used techniques by which rat CNS microvessels can be isolated, then cultured in vitro, to study the response of intact endothelium to activation with cytokines. These microvessels are composed of viable EC and perivascular cells, predominantly pericytes. Expression of EC activation antigens in multicellular systems such as cultured microvessels can be assessed quantitatively using immunofluorescence laser cytometry. Interferon gamma increased immunologically reactive major histocompatibility complex class II antigens (<300 to 2,398 ± 225 average fluorescence intensity), while tumor necrosis factor alpha induced an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (2,167 ± 171) and E-selectin (1,628 ± 315). CNS EC appeared to respond similarly t...
Factors impacting the survival of children with intestinal failure referred for intestinal transplantation.

Abstract Purpose : The aim of this study was to analyze factors impacting on the survival of pediatric patients with intestinal failure referred for intestinal transplantation (ITx). Methods : Two hundred fifty-seven children (mean age, 3.4 ± 0.26 years) with intestinal failure were evaluated for ITx between 1990 and 1998. All patients were dependent on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for a mean of 31 ± 2.7 months. The mean follow-up time from the date of evaluation was 9.2 ± 0.9 months. Results : Eighty-two (32%) children underwent ITx with a mean waiting time of 10.1 ± 1.3 months (simultaneous liver-intestinal allograft in 68% instances). Of the 175 patients who did not undergo transplantation, 120 died, 23 were lost to follow-up, and 32 are alive. Younger patients (≤1 year) had poorer survival rates than patients older than 1 year ( P P P P P P =.03) or partial thromboplastin time greater than 40 seconds ( P P Conclusions : Early referral for ITx should occur before the development of liver dysfunction, taking into consideration the aforementioned risk factors that would facilitate the development and ominous evolution to liver failure.
Variable correction of host defense following gene transfer and bone marrow transplantation in murine X-linked chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency in which the absence of the phagocyte superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase results in recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. A murine model of X-linked CGD (X-CGD) was used to explore variables influencing reconstitution of host defense following bone marrow transplantation and retroviral-mediated gene transfer. The outcomes of experimental infection with Aspergillus fumigatus , Staphylococcus aureus , or Burkholderia cepacia were compared in wild-type, X-CGD mice, and transplanted X-CGD mice that were chimeric for either wild-type neutrophils or neutrophils with partial correction of NADPH oxidase activity after retroviral-mediated gene transfer. Host defense to these pathogens was improved in X-CGD mice even with correction of a limited number of neutrophils. However, intact protection against bacterial pathogens required relatively greater numbers of oxidant-generating phagocytes compared to protection against A fumigatus . The host response also appeared to be influenced by the relative level of cellular NADPH oxidase activity, particularly for A fumigatus . These results may have implications for developing effective approaches for gene therapy of CGD.
Role of splenectomy in gastric cancer surgery : adverse effect of elective splenectomy on longterm survival

Abstract Background: Splenectomy, and in some cases pancreatico splenectomy, has been advocated by surgeons in an effort to improve clearance of metastatic nodes to splenic hilum (node 10) and splenic artery (node 11). Although splenectomy has known effects on increasing morbidity and even mortality after a variety of surgical maneuvers including gastrectomy, the longterm effect on survival is controversial. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze the effect of splenectomy on survival in patients having curative gastrectomy for stomach cancer. Methods: We reviewed the role of splenectomy in patients having curative gastrectomy in a data base of stomach cancer patients that had been collected in 1987 as part of an American College of Surgeons Patterns of Care Study. This analysis had involved 18,344 patients, of whom 11,252 were first diagnosed in 1982 as part of a longterm study, and 7,092 were first diagnosed in 1987 as part of a shortterm study. From the two data collection periods information was available on 12,439 patients who received cancer directed abdominal surgery; 21.2% of these patients received a splenectomy. Among the 3,477 patients reported as having a curative gastrectomy (pathologically clear margins), 26.2% received a splenectomy. Results: The operative mortality was 9.8% with splenectomy and 8.6% without splenectomy. In patients having a curative gastrectomy, the 5-year observed survival rate was 20.9% in patients having splenectomy versus 31% in patients who did not receive splenectomy (p Conclusions: The data suggest elective splenectomy should generally be avoided in patients with stage II and III gastric cancer. In patients with resectable proximal advanced (stage IV) cancer or who have extension to spleen and pancreas or macroscopic nodal metastases to splenic hilum, splenectomy might be necessary to facilitate complete removal of the tumor in an effort to achieve longterm tumor control. The importance of surgical judgment is emphasized as the major deciding factor in determining the need for splenectomy in the individual cancer patient.
The effect of M-stage on patterns of failure in posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumors treated on CCG-921: a phase III study in a high-risk patient population.

PURPOSE To analyze patterns of failure in patients (pts) with high-risk posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PF-PNETs) treated with combined modality therapy on a large, randomized multiinstitutional study. METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred eighty-eight prospectively staged pts with PF-PNET confirmed by central pathology review, with high-risk features, were treated on Children's Cancer Group Study 921 (CCG-921), comparing two chemoradiotherapy regimens. Patterns of initial sites of failure were analyzed, specifically evaluating the impact of Chang M-stage. RESULTS Progression-free survival (PFS) correlated with the presence or absence of metastatic disease (p < 0.001), with 5-year PFS of 68 +/- 5.8% for M0 vs. 43 +/- 6.8% for M+ pts. The cumulative incidence functions (CIF) of recurrence were different (p = 0.005) and at 5 years were 29 +/- 4.7% for M0 pts and 48 +/- 5.5% for M+ pts. Involvement of the PF at time of initial failure as measured by CIF correlated with M-stage (p = 0.047) and occurred in 18 +/- 3.9% of M0 pts and 8 +/- 2.9% of M+ pts overall; PF as the only site of relapse also correlated with M-stage (p = 0.019) and was seen in 6 +/- 2.5 and 0% of M0 and M+ pts, respectively, at 5 years. Relapse in the spine and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at initial recurrence was correlated with M-stage (p < 0.002), with 5-year cumulative incidences of 14 +/- 3.7%, 26 +/- 8.2%, 40 +/- 15%, and 40 +/- 7.7% for M0, M1, M2, and M3 pts, respectively. Isolated spine/CSF recurrence correlated with M-stage (p = 0.034) and occurred in 2 +/- 1.5% of M0 and 9 +/- 3.2% of M+ pts by 5 years. The median time to relapse for pts who failed was 1.2 years (range 0.2-5.3). Ninety percent of all relapses occurred by 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Original sites of disease are at the highest risk for relapse, but the entire neuraxis remains at significant risk, despite combined-modality treatment. M-Stage was prognostic for spine/CSF relapse as well as PFS and may be an important tool in guiding therapy. A more aggressive approach to local control in the neuraxis is warranted, especially in M+ patients.
The roles of interfacial stability and particle dynamics in multiphase flows: a personal viewpoint

Abstract Significant progress in understanding multiphase flows has been made by relating macroscopic properties to small scale behavior. This is illustrated by considering the impact of interfacial stability on the prediction of flow regimes and the use of an understanding of the influence of fluid turbulence on entrained particles to describe rates of deposition.
On identity, diversity, and educational change

In this article, I discuss two areas of Andy Hargreaves’ scholarship, teachers’ identity and biography and the three periods of educational change spanning the 1960s to 1990s, that have influenced my work as a teacher educator and researcher. I describe research projects, including self-studies, in which I have examined the influence of teachers’ identities and biographies on their beliefs and practices of responding to student diversity. I also explore how the topic of teachers’ identity and biography are integrated into the courses I teach. Additionally, I describe how I have related the three periods of educational change—a period of optimism and innovation, a period of complexity and contradiction, and a period of marketization and standardization, along with the monocultural restoration—to corresponding policies and practices of responding to student diversity in the US and Ontario, Canada. Finally, I discuss a current project in which Andy and I are exploring core issues related to educational leadership and diversity.