cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Til Recession Do Us Part: Booms, Busts, and Divorce in the United States

A general hypothesis regarding the impact of permanent income levels and business cycle fluctuations on divorce rate at the state level in the United States is analysed in this article. Based on the data for 45 states over the sample period of 1978–2009, it is shown that the higher the level of transitory income, the higher the incidence of divorce. In other words, divorce is pro-cyclical.
Distinguishing Probability Weighting from Risk Misperceptions in Field Data

Abstract We outline a strategy for distinguishing rank-dependent probability weighting from systematic risk misperceptions in field data. Our strategy relies on singling out a field environment with two key properties: (i) the objects of choice are money lotteries with more than two outcomes; and (ii) the ranking of outcomes differs across lotteries. We first present an abstract model of risky choice that elucidates the identification problem and our strategy. The model has numerous applications, including insurance choices and gambling. We then consider the application of insurance deductible choices and illustrate our strategy using simulated data.
Effect of electronic structure of the diamond surface on the strength of the diamond-metal interface

Recent electron spectroscopic investigations have shown that the diamond surface undergoes a transformation in its electronic structure by a vacuum anneal at ∠900 °C. The polished surface has no electronic states in the band gap, whereas the annealed surface has both occupied and unoccupied states in the band gap. In addition, the annealed surface exhibits some electrical conductivity. The effect of this transformation on the strength of the diamond–metal interface is investigated by measuring the static friction force of an atomically clean metal sphere on a diamond flat in ultrahigh vacuum. The friction force is due to interfacial bonding. It is found that low friction (weak bonding) is associated with the diamond surface devoid of gap states whereas high friction (strong bonding) is associated with the diamond surface with gap states. Exposure of the annealed surface to excited hydrogen also leads to weak bonding. The interfacial bond will be discussed in terms of interaction of the metal conduction band electrons with the band gap states on the diamond surface. Effects of surface electrical conductivity on the interfacial bond will also be considered.
A strategy for detecting faults in sequential machines not possessing distinguishing sequences

The problem treated here is that of detecting faults in digital equipment by applying input sequences at the input terminals and observing output sequences at the output terminals. The checking of digital equipment by input/output tests applied at the terminals is motivated by current and future usage of large-scale integration techniques which make internal test points generally inaccessible for testing purposes. The modeling of digital equipment by finite-state sequential machines and then designing fault-detection tests based on the state table is a general approach. The difficulty is that it results in very long experiments for large state tables, particularly for the case in which the state table does not possess a distinguishing sequence. that is, an input sequence for which the response uniquely identifies the initial state. This paper presents a strategy for designing more efficient fault-detection tests for machines not possessing distinguishing sequences.
Joint Trade Liberalization and Tax Reform in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Egypt

Abstract We develop a CGE model of the Egyptian economy to analyze the impact of various trade liberalization scenarios, allowing distortionary domestic taxes to vary endogenously in order to satisfy a fixed real government revenue target. We decompose computed welfare gains into effects from tax reform, trade reform, and their interaction. Scenarios include removal or unification of the consumption tax, capital tax, or both, and tariff unification, a free-trade agreement with the European Union, and unilateral tariff elimination. Welfare effects depend critically on the type of revenue replacement tax. While both are important, neither trade-policy reform nor tax reform dominates.
Very high quality factor measured in annealed fused silica

We present the results of quality factor measurements for rod samples made of fused silica. To decrease the dissipation, we annealed our samples. The highest quality factor that we observed was Q = (2.03 ± 0.01) × 108 for a mode at 384 Hz. This is the highest published value of Q in fused silica measured to date.
The organization of work in social insect colonies

A social insect colony operates without any central control; no one is in charge, and no colony member directs the behavior of another. A worker cannot assess the needs of the colony. How do individual workers, using fairly simple, local information, in the aggregate produce the behavior of colonies? The dynamics of colony behavior results in task allocation [1]. Colonies perform various tasks, such as foraging, care of the young, and nest construction. As environmental conditions and colony needs change, so do the numbers of workers engaged in each task. For example, when more food is available or there are more larvae to feed, more foragers may work to collect food. Task allocation is the process that adjusts the numbers of workers engaged in each task in a way appropriate to the current situation. I study task allocation in harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) [2]. Inside the nest, ants care for the brood (the preadult forms: eggs, larvae, and pupae); process and store seeds; construct and maintain chambers; and simply stand around doing nothing. The ants that work outside the nest are a distinct group, apparently older than the interior workers. I divide the behavior I see outside the nest into four tasks: foraging, searching for and retrieving food; patrolling, assessing food supply and the presence of foragers from neighboring colonies; midden work, sorting the colony refuse pile or midden; and nest maintenance work, the construction and clearing of chambers inside the underground nest. Tasks are interdependent; numbers engaged in one task depend on numbers engaged in another [3,4]. Ants switch tasks, though not all transitions are possible. In harvester ants, task switching funnels ants into foraging and away from tasks inside the nest [4]. An ant’s decision whether to perform a task depends, first, on cues about the physical state of the environment: for example, if part of the nest is damaged, more ants do nest maintenance work to repair it. Task decisions also depend on social cues arising from interactions with other ants. Workers from different task groups meet as they come in and out of the nest. The rate at which one ant encounters others influences its task decisions. The pattern of interactions among ants as they move around can be seen as a kind of ad hoc, dynamical network [5,6]. Task allocation is the process that adjusts the numbers of workers engaged in each task in a way appropriate to the current situation. DEBORAH M. GORDON
Interactive Inverse Design Optimization of Fuselage Shape for Low-Boom Supersonic Concepts

This paper introduces a tool for boom optimization using smoothest shape modifications. This tool allows interactive inverse design optimization to develop a fuselage shape that yields a low-boom aircraft configuration. A fundamental reason for developing this boom optimization tool is the need to generate feasible low-boom conceptual designs that are appropriate for further refinement using computational-fluid-dynamics-based preliminary design methods. The boom optimization tool was not developed to provide a numerical solution to the inverse design problem. Instead, it was intended to help designers find the right configuration among an infinite number of possible configurations that are equally good using any numerical figure of merit This boom optimization tool uses the smoothest shape modification strategy for modifying the fuselage radius distribution at 100 or more longitudinal locations to find a smooth fuselage shape, which reduces the discrepancies between the design and target equivalent area distributions over any specified range of effective distance. For any given supersonic concept (with wing, fuselage, nacelles, tails, and/or canards), a designer can examine the differences between the design and target equivalent areas, decide which part of the design equivalent area curve needs to be modified, choose a desirable rate for the reduction of the discrepancies over the specified range, and select a parameter for smoothness control of the fuselage shape. The boom optimization tool will then generate a fuselage shape based on the designer's inputs in a matter of seconds. Using this tool, within a few hours, a designer can either generate a realistic fuselage shape that yields a supersonic configuration with a low-boom ground signature or quickly eliminate any configuration that cannot achieve low-boom characteristics with fuselage shaping alone. A conceptual design case study is documented to demonstrate how this boom optimization tool can be used to develop a low-boom supersonic concept from a low-drag supersonic concept The paper also contains a study on how perturbations in the equivalent area distribution affect the ground signature shape and how new target area distributions for low-boom signatures can be constructed using superposition of equivalent area distributions derived from the Seebass-George-Darden theory.
Sunspots in a cash-in-advance model: A quantitative assessment

Abstract Does consideration of sunspot equilibria in the cash-in-advance model help the model match key features in the US macroeconomic data? One can use the cash-in-advance model to generate predictions of macro time series via an equilibrium of the model. However, when restricted to minimum state variable stationary rational expectations equilibria, the model’s predictions do not match the data well. There is a large a growing literature that demonstrates that this model may exhibit a much larger class of equilibria including stationary sunspot equilibria. Does expanding the predictive content of the CIA model by considering this larger set of equilibria help the model match the US data? In this paper, sunspot equilibria under both a money growth rule and an interest rate feedback rule are quantitatively explored to answer this question.
Vibrational Relaxation of Anharmonic Oscillators in Expanding Flows

Although the Landau-Teller vibrational model accurately predicts vibrational excitation process in post-shock and compressing flows, it under-predicts the rate of de-excitation in cooling and expanding flows. In the present paper, detailed calculations of the vibrational relaxation process of N2 and CO in cooling flows are conducted. A coupled set of vibrational transition rate equations and quasi-one-dimensional fluid dynamic equations is solved. Multiple quantum level transition rates are computed using SSH theory. The SSH transition rate results are compared with available experimental data and other theoretical models. Vibration-vibration exchange collisions are responsible for some vibrational relaxation acceleration in situations of high vibrational temperature and low translational temperature. The present results support the relaxation mechanisms proposed by Bray and by Treanor Rich and Rehm.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Halofunctionalization of Alkenes—A Critical Perspective

Despite the fact that halogenation of alkenes has been known for centuries, enantioselective variants of this reaction have only recently been developed. In the past three years, catalytic enantioselective versions of halofunctionalizations with the four common halogens have appeared and although important breakthroughs, they represent just the very beginnings of a nascent field. This Minireview provides a critical analysis of the challenges that accompany the development of general and highly enantioselective halofunctionalization reactions. Moreover, the focus herein, diverges from previous reviews of the field by identifying the various modes of catalysis and the different strategies implemented for asymmetric induction.
Enhancement and Suppression of Heat Transfer by MHD Turbulence

We study the effect of turbulence on heat transfer within magnetized plasmas for energy injection velocities both larger and smaller than the Alfven speed. We find that in the latter regime the heat transfer is partially suppressed, while in the former regime the effects of turbulence depend on the intensity of driving. In fact, the scale lA at which the turbulent velocity is equal to the Alfven velocity is an important new parameter. When the electron mean free path λ is larger than lA, the stronger the turbulence, the lower the thermal conductivity by electrons. The turbulent motions, however, induce their own advective heat transport, which, for the parameters of intracluster medium, provides effective heat diffusivity that exceeds the classical Spitzer value.
Enthalpy of quinoline between 291 and 655 K at pressures to 10342 kPa

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements were made on quinoline along seven isobars from 207 to 10342 kPa, in the temperature range 291 to 655 K, using a reference-fluid boil-off calorimeter. In addition to the direct calorimetry results, equations for the liquid and vapor enthalpies as well as estimated values of vapor pressures, ideal-gas enthalpies, and enthalpies of vaporization are also reported.
Synthesis of photosensitive EGTA derivatives

The syntheses of five derivatives of EGTA and one EGTA analogue are described. These molecules each have an ortho-nitrophenyl substituent positioned such that irradiation will cut the EGTA coordination sphere in two.
Angle Scintillations in the Laser Return from a Retroreflector

Angle scintillations of the laser return from a retroreflector were observed to exceed the value expected because of atmospheric turbulence. The observations and a theoretical analysis of a possible mechanism are presented. The experimental work was performed with a pulsed, 1.06-μ laser illuminating a corner cube. Angular scintillations of the laser return were measured to be eight times greater than that of a reference beacon. The theoretical analysis assumes phase fluctuations in the illuminating laser beam. An expression is derived for the scintillation angle as a function of a phase fluctuation parameter.
Portraits of complex networks

We propose a method for characterizing large complex networks by introducing a new matrix structure, unique for a given network, which encodes structural information; provides useful visualization, even for very large networks; and allows for rigorous statistical comparison between networks. Dynamic processes such as percolation can be visualized using animation.
Fluorescent amino acids: advances in protein-extrinsic fluorophores

Fluorescent labeling is today of paramount importance to biological studies and numerous chemical dyes are used extensively to label biological specimens. This perspective highlights interesting aspects of fluorescent labeling by fluorescent peptides and small organic fluorophores that can be incorporated into proteins by genetic fusion to produce a fluorescent label. While many fluorescence applications rely on the use of intrinsic fluorophores, the development of new extrinsic fluorophores remains an essential element for the design of new fluorescent probes.
Line Tension Effects near First-Order Wetting Transitions

The behavior of the line tension for $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{octane}$ or 1-octene droplets on a hexadecyltrichlorosilane coated Si wafer, near a first-order wetting transition, qualitatively agrees with the theoretical predictions of Indekeu [Physica (Amsterdam) 183A, 439 (1992)] and the calculations of a number of other groups. A simple phenomenological model possessing a repulsive barrier at ${l}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\mathrm{nm}$ and a horizontal correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(0.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ provides a quantitative description of the experiments.
A study of the evaporative deposition process: Pipes and truncated transport dynamics

We consider contact line deposition of an evaporating thin drop. Following Dupont’s proposal (unpublished), we focus on transport dynamics truncated by a maximal concentration as the single deposition mechanism. The truncated transport process, formalized as the “pipe model”, admits a characteristic shock front that has a robust functional form and depends only on local hydrodynamic properties. By applying the pipe model, we solve the density profile in different asymptotic regimes. In particular, we find that near the contact line the density profile follows a scaling law that is proportional to the square root of the concentration ratio defined as the initial solute volume concentration divided by the maximal concentration. The maximal deposit density occurs at about 2/3 of the total drying time for uniform evaporation and 1/2 for diffusion-controlled evaporation. Away from the contact line, areal density decays exponentially with the radial distance to the power of -3 for the uniform evaporation and -7 for the diffusion-controlled evaporation.
Reflection of Thallium, Lead, and Antimony Atoms from Sodium Chloride Crystals

The reflection of atomic beams of thallium, lead, and antimony from a freshly cleaved surface of a crystal of sodium chloride has been studied by means of a deposit method. The beams of thallium and lead are in part scattered at random and in part reflected so that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. Antimony incident at a large grazing angle is reflected so that the reflected beam makes a larger angle with the normal than the incident beam. It is suggested that the direction of this deviation may be qualitatively accounted for on the basis of the ideas of Duane and of Williams on the interchange of momentum between the incident particle and the crystal.
The spectral laws of Hermitian block-matrices with large random blocks

We are going to study the limiting spectral measure of fixed dimensional Hermitian block-matrices with large dimensional Wigner blocks. We are going also to identify the limiting spectral measure when the Hermitian block-structure is Circulant. Using the limiting spectral measure of a Hermitian Circulant block-matrix we will show that the spectral measure of a Wigner matrix with k-weakly dependent entries need not to be the semicircle law in the limit.
Future demand for fuel and electricity

Abstract A simple energy demand model for the United States has been developed. In the model, goods and services are produced using three factors: fuel, electricity, and capital-labor. Fuel and electricity are not perfect substitutes. The tradeoff between fuel and electricity is simulated by using a production function to produce energy from inputs of fuel and electricity. Energy conservation, the tradeoff between energy and capital-labor, is simulated by using a production function to produce goods and services from inputs of energy and capital-labor. The model has four parameters and a lifetime for capital stock. The parameters were estimated using data from 1960 to 1982 for values for the lifetime ranging from four years to 30 years. The errors are small when the lifetime is greater than 14 years. Energy demand forecasts were made for two sets of fuel prices: high and low. For the high fuel prices case, the model forecasts a steady decline in the demand for fuel. For the low fuel price case, the demand for fuel declines and then rises; by 2010, the demand for fuel is slightly larger than the demand in 1979. For both sets of fuel prices, the demand for electricity grows substantially.
Magnetic gradient vehicle detector

The design, analysis, and selected measurements of a new type of vehicle detector called a magnetic gradient vehicle detector (MGVD) that is under development by the Federal Highway Administration are described. The detector consists of a transducer buried in a transverse slot in the pavement surface. "Lead in" cables connect the transducer to roadside detector electronics. When a vehicle approaches the transducer, eddy currents are induced in the vehicle's undercarriage, front, and possibly side surfaces, and the resulting magnetic field is sensed by the transducer. The operating frequency of the detector is nominally 100 kHz.
Viscous-inviscid analysis of transonic and low Reynolds number airfoils

A method of accurately calculating transonic and low Reynolds number airfoil flows, implemented in the viscous-inviscid design/analysis code ISES, is presented. The Euler equations are discretized on a conservative streamline grid and are strongly coupled to a two-equation integral boundary-layer formulation, using the displacement thickness concept. A transition prediction formulation of the e type is derived and incorporated into the viscous formulation. The entire discrete equation set, including the viscous and transition formulations, is solved as a fully coupled nonlinear system by a global Newton method. This is a rapid and reliable method for dealing with strong viscous-inviscid interactions, which invariably occur in transonic and low Reynolds number airfoil flows. The results presented demonstrate the ability of the ISES code to predict transitioning separation bubbles and their associated losses. The rapid airfoil performance degradation with decreasing Reynolds number is thus accurately predicted. Also presented is a transonic airfoil calculation involving shock-induced separation, showing the robustness of the global Newton solution procedure. Good agreement with experiment is obtained, further demonstrating the performance of the present integral boundary-layer formulation.
Photo-induced and electrooptic properties of (PB,LA)(ZR,TI)O3 films for optical memories

Abstract Photo-induced hysteresis changes and electrooptic effects in sol-gel Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) films have been studied in an effort to evaluate these materials for optical memory applications. The films exhibit two distinct, but related, types of photo-induced changes in their hysteresis behavior: 1) a photo-induced change in the coercive voltage and 2) a photo-induced suppression of the switchable polarization. Both types of photo-induced hysteresis changes are due to trapping of photo-generated charge carriers at sites which minimize internal depolarizing fields. The photo-induced changes are reproducible and stable and are, thus, suitable for optical memory applications. In addition, polarization-dependent changes in the refractive indices can be the basis of a nondestructive optical readout technique. To characterize these electrooptic effects, a waveguide refractometry technique has been used to independently determine field-induced changes in the ordinary and extraordina...
Addison-type series representation for the Stieltjes constants

The Stieltjes constants γk(a) appear in the coefficients in the regular part of the Laurent expansion of the Hurwitz zeta function ζ(s,a) about its only pole at s=1. We generalize a technique of Addison for the Euler constant γ=γ0(1) to show its application to finding series representations for these constants. Other generalizations of representations of γ are given.
The mechanical behavior and deformation of bicrystalline nanowires

The competition between free surfaces and internal grain boundaries as preferential sites for dislocation nucleation during plastic deformation in aluminum bicrystalline nanowires is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature. A number of nanowires containing various minimum energy interfaces are studied under uniaxial compression at a constant applied strain rate to provide a broad, inclusive look at the competition between the two types of sources. In addition, we conduct a detailed study on the role of the grain boundaries to act as a source, sink, or obstacle for lattice dislocations, as a function of grain boundary structure. This work compares the behavior of bicrystalline nanowires containing both random high-angle boundaries and a series of symmetric tilt grain boundaries to further elucidate the effect of interface structure on its behavior. The results show that grain boundaries in nanowires can be preferred nucleation sites for dislocations and twin boundaries, in addition to efficient sinks and pinning points for migrating dislocations. Plastic deformation behavior at high imposed strains is linked to the underlying deformation processes, such as twinning, dislocation pinning, or dislocation exhaustion/starvation. We also detail some important reactions between lattice dislocations and grain boundaries observed in the simulations, along with the activation of a single-arm source. This work suggests that the cooperation of numerous mechanisms and the structure of internal grain boundaries are crucial in understanding the deformation of bicrystalline nanowires.
Wavelength dependence of polarization, IV - Volcanic cinders and particles

Brightness and polarization of reflected light from lava samples and comparison with lunar surface data
Middle Fossa Approach for Acoustic Tumor Removal

The middle fossa approach is useful for the removal of small acoustic tumors when hearing preservation is possible. This approach provides complete exposure of the contents of the internal auditory canal and positive facial nerve identification. Because access to the posterior fossa is limited, the middle fossa approach is most appropriate for tumors with less than 5 mm extension into the cerebellopontine angle. With the introduction of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, very small acoustic tumors are diagonosed more frequently, and the middle fossa approach is well-suited for the removal of these tumors.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylboronates Bearing a Tertiary or Quaternary B-Substituted Stereogenic Carbon by NHC-Cu-Catalyzed Substitution Reactions

Allylic substitutions that afford α-substituted allylboronates bearing B-substituted tertiary or quaternary carbon stereogenic centers are presented. C−B bond-forming reactions, catalyzed by chiral bidentate Cu-NHC complexes, are performed in the presence of commercially available bis(pinacolato)diboron. Transformations proceed in high yield (up to >98%) and site selectivity (>98% SN2′), and in up to >99:1 enantiomer ratio. Trans- or cis-disubstituted alkenes can be used; alkyl- (linear as well as branched) and aryl-trisubstituted allylic carbonates serve as effective substrates. Allylboronates that bear a quaternary carbon center are air-stable and can be easily purified by silica gel chromatography; in contrast, secondary allylboronates cannot be purified in the same manner and are significantly less stable. Oxidation of the enantiomerically enriched products furnishes secondary or tertiary allylic alcohols, valuable small molecules that cannot be easily obtained in high enantiomeric purity by alternati...
Recurrent Graphs where Two Independent Random Walks Collide Finitely Often

We present a class of graphs where simple random walk is recurrent, yet two independent walkers meet only finitely many times almost surely. In particular, the comb lattice, obtained from $Z^2$ by removing all horizontal edges off the $x$-axis, has this property. We also conjecture that the same property holds for some other graphs, including the incipient infinite cluster for critical percolation in $Z^2$.
Chandra Temperature Profiles for a Sample of Nearby Relaxed Galaxy Clusters

We present Chandra gas temperature profiles at large radii for a sample of 13 nearby, relaxed galaxy clusters and groups, which includes A133, A262, A383, A478, A907, A1413, A1795, A1991, A2029, A2390, MKW 4, RX J1159+5531, and USGC S152. The sample covers a range of average temperatures from 1 to 10 keV. The clusters are selected from the archive or observed by us to have sufficient exposures and off-center area coverage to enable accurate background subtraction and reach the temperature accuracy of better than 20%-30% at least to r = (0.4-0.5)r180 and for the three best clusters to (0.6-0.7)r180. For all clusters, we find cool gas in the cores, outside of which the temperature reaches a peak at r ~ 0.15r180 and then declines to ~0.5 of its peak value at r 0.5r180. When the profiles are scaled by the cluster average temperature (excluding cool cores) and the estimated virial radius, they show large scatter at small radii but remarkable similarity at r > (0.1-0.2)r180 for all but one cluster (A2390). Our results are in good agreement with previous measurements from ASCA by Markevitch et al. and from BeppoSAX by De Grandi & Molendi. Four clusters have recent XMM-Newton temperature profiles, two of which agree with our results, and we discuss reasons for disagreement for the other two. The overall shape of the temperature profiles at large radii is reproduced in recent cosmological simulations.
Dispersion interactions from a local polarizability model

A local approximation for dynamic polarizability leads to a nonlocal functional for the long-range dispersion interaction energy via an imaginary-frequency integral. We analyze several local polarizability approximations and argue that the form underlying the construction of our recent van der Waals functional [O. A. Vydrov and T. Van Voorhis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 063004 (2009)] is particularly well physically justified. Using this improved formula, we compute dynamic dipole polarizabilities and van der Waals C{sub 6} coefficients for a set of atoms and molecules. Good agreement with the benchmark values is obtained in most cases.
Nominal exchange rates and monetary fundamentals Evidence from a small post-Bretton woods panel

Abstract We study the long-run relationship between nominal exchange rates and monetary fundamentals in a quarterly panel of 19 countries extending from 1973.1 to 1997.1. Our analysis is centered on two issues. First, we test whether exchange rates are cointegrated with long-run determinants predicted by economic theory. These results generally support the hypothesis of cointegration. The second issue is to re-examine the ability for monetary fundamentals to forecast future exchange rate returns. Panel regression estimates and panel-based forecasts confirm that this forecasting power is significant.
Quantum measurement and the Aharonov---Bohm effect with superposed magnetic fluxes

We consider the magnetic flux in a quantum mechanical superposition of two values and find that the Aharonov---Bohm effect interference pattern contains information about the nature of the superposition, allowing information about the state of the flux to be extracted without disturbance. The information is obtained without transfer of energy or momentum and by accumulated nonlocal interactions of the vector potential $$\varvec{A}$$A with many charged particles forming the interference pattern, rather than with a single particle. We suggest an experimental test using already experimentally realized superposed currents in a superconducting ring and discuss broader implications.
Exponential decay and ionization thresholds in non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics

Abstract Spatial localization of the electrons of an atom or molecule is studied in models of non-relativistic matter coupled to quantized radiation. We give two definitions of the ionization threshold. One in terms of spectral data of cluster Hamiltonians, and one in terms of minimal energies of non-localized states. We show that these two definitions agree, and that the electrons described by a state with energy below the ionization threshold are localized in a small neighborhood of the nuclei with a probability that approaches 1 exponentially fast with increasing radius of the neighborhood. The latter result is derived from a new, general result on exponential decay tailor-made for our problem, but applicable to many non-relativistic quantum systems outside quantum electrodynamics as well.
Stability of longest-queue-first scheduling in linear wireless networks with multihop traffic and one-hop interference

We consider the stability of the longest-queue-first (LQF) scheduling policy in wireless networks with multihop traffic under the one-hop interference model. Although it is well known that the back-pressure algorithm achieves the maximal stability, its computational complexity is prohibitively high. In this paper, we consider LQF, a low-complexity scheduling algorithm, which has been shown to have near-optimal throughput performance in many networks with single-hop traffic flows. We are interested in the performance of LQF for multihop traffic flows. In this scenario, the coupling between queues due to multihop traffic flows makes the local-pooling-factor analysis difficult to perform. Using the fluid-limit techniques, we show that LQF achieves the maximal stability for linear networks with multihop traffic and a single destination on the boundary of the network under the one-hop interference model.
Choice and individual welfare

We propose an abstract method of systematically assigning a “rational” ranking to non-rationalizable choice data. Our main idea is that any method of ascribing welfare to an individual as a function of choice is subjective, and depends on the economist undertaking the analysis. We provide a simple example of the type of exercise we propose. Namely, we define an individual welfare functional as a mapping from stochastic choice functions into weak orders. A stochastic choice function (or choice distribution) gives the empirical frequency of choices for any possible opportunity set (framing factors may also be incorporated into the model). We require that for any two alternatives x and y, if our individual welfare functional recommends x over y given two distinct choice distributions, then it also recommends x over y for any mixture of the two choice distributions. Together with some mild technical requirements, such an individual welfare functional must weight every opportunity set and assign a utility to each alternative x which is the sum across all opportunity sets of the weighted probability of x being chosen from the set. It therefore requires us to have a “prior view” about how important or representative a choice of x at a given situation is.
Touchdown Performance with a Computer Graphics Night Visual Attachment

A computer graphics system was programmed to display to the pilot a dynamic perspective view of an airport terminal area comprised of 1200 points of light. The advantages of this system are that it has high resolution and it eliminates the camera optics and electromechanical servos of TV-model systems. The disadvantages are that it lacks fine ground texture and has a small computational delay. A brief experimental evaluation was conducted in which eight airline pilots made 50 landings each in a fixed-based simulation of a DC-8 transport. They were instructed to touch down at 0.6 m/sec. The vertical velocity of the aircraft at touchdown was displayed to the pilot at the completion of each run. Their average vertical velocity at touchdown for the last 10 landings was about 0.8 m/sec. This performance was similar to that obtained on current TV-model systems.
Bifurcation of periodic orbits on manifolds and Hamiltonian systems

In the present work we study perturbations of vector fields X0 which possess whole manifolds of periodic orbits. Our results generalize the methods of Moser [8] to manifolds, originally applied to the problem of normal mode solutions near an equilibrium. The case of Hamiltonian vector fields is of particular interest, and here we follow Weinstein [12, 131 in estimating the number of periodic orbits persisting under perturbation by critical point theory.
Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Transport of Gas Mixtures in Nanopores

The results of the first nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of transport of a gas mixture through a carbon nanopore, in the presence of an external chemical potential gradient, are reported. While the structure of the pore walls and the composition of the mixture have essentially no effect on the separation factor, the temperature of the system and the pore size strongly influence it. The results are in qualitative agreement with the new experimental data that are presented in this Letter.
Recursive spectra of strongly minimal theories satisfying the Zilber Trichotomy

We conjecture that for a strongly minimal theory T in a finite signature satisfying the Zilber Trichotomy, there are only three possibilities for the recursive spectrum of T: all countable models of T are recursively presentable; none of them are recursively presentable; or only the zero-dimensional model of T is recursively presentable. We prove this conjecture for disintegrated (formerly, trivial) theories and for modular groups. The conjecture also holds via known results for fields. The conjecture remains open for finite covers of groups and fields.
A Dynamical Systems Model for Combinatorial Cancer Therapy Enhances Oncolytic Adenovirus Efficacy by MEK-Inhibition

Oncolytic adenoviruses, such as ONYX-015, have been tested in clinical trials for currently untreatable tumors, but have yet to demonstrate adequate therapeutic efficacy. The extent to which viruses infect targeted cells determines the efficacy of this approach but many tumors down-regulate the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), rendering them less susceptible to infection. Disrupting MAPK pathway signaling by pharmacological inhibition of MEK up-regulates CAR expression, offering possible enhanced adenovirus infection. MEK inhibition, however, interferes with adenovirus replication due to resulting G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Therefore, enhanced efficacy will depend on treatment protocols that productively balance these competing effects. Predictive understanding of how to attain and enhance therapeutic efficacy of combinatorial treatment is difficult since the effects of MEK inhibitors, in conjunction with adenovirus/cell interactions, are complex nonlinear dynamic processes. We investigated combinatorial treatment strategies using a mathematical model that predicts the impact of MEK inhibition on tumor cell proliferation, ONYX-015 infection, and oncolysis. Specifically, we fit a nonlinear differential equation system to dedicated experimental data and analyzed the resulting simulations for favorable treatment strategies. Simulations predicted enhanced combinatorial therapy when both treatments were applied simultaneously; we successfully validated these predictions in an ensuing explicit test study. Further analysis revealed that a CAR-independent mechanism may be responsible for amplified virus production and cell death. We conclude that integrated computational and experimental analysis of combinatorial therapy provides a useful means to identify treatment/infection protocols that yield clinically significant oncolysis. Enhanced oncolytic therapy has the potential to dramatically improve non-surgical cancer treatment, especially in locally advanced or metastatic cases where treatment options remain limited.
Motivating Engineering Students to Publish

In a technical writing course, students analyze the classics of engineering literature, prepare annotated bibliographies of articles concerning engineering writing, write an in-depth technical repo...
The Sources of Public Ownership: Historical Evidence From the Gas Industry

I develop and test three theories of public ownership: a small markets hypothesis; a commitment hypothesis; and a patronage hypothesis. The empirical analysis employs a cross section of 1,274 public and private gas companies operating in 1911. With these data, I find the following patterns: gas companies located in small towns were more likely to have been municipally owned than those in large towns; gas companies regulated by city councils were more likely to have been municipally owned than companies that were unregulated; and gas companies regulated by state commissions were less likely to have been municipally owned than companies that were unregulated. Placed in their historical context, these results support the small markets and property rights interpretations of public ownership.
Ratio of electron scattering from nuclei to deuterium at low x and low momentum transfer

Abstract We have extracted ratios of cross sections for scattering electrons from high mass targets compared to low mass targets in the region of x ∼0.02 and Q 2 ⩽1 (GeV/ c ) 2 from SLAC experiments performed over the past three decades. Additional analysis was needed for radiative corrections, target end caps and calibration runs. We observe no significant difference in the nuclear ratio for low Q 2 compared to results at Q 2 ⩾1 (GeV/ c ) 2 , in disagreement with large differences seen by the HERMES collaboration.
Domestic Coalitions, Internationalization, and War: Then and Now

Recent commentary on the centenary of World War I evokes similarities between Germany then and China now, and between globalization then and now. The nature of dominant coalitions in both countries provides a conceptual anchor for understanding the links between internal and external politics in 1914 and 2014. Coalitional dynamics draw greater attention to agency in debates that all too often emphasize structure, impersonal forces, and inevitability. Two core claims rest on this basic analytical building block. First, despite apparent similarities in domestic coalitional arrangements of putative revisionist challengers—Germany and China—important differences defy facile analogies. China now is not Germany then. Second, the regional coalitional cluster and the global political economy—and hence the links between domestic and external politics—differ across the two periods. The “world-time” against which coalitions operate today is significantly different as well. Thus ahistorical analogies between then and now may not only be imperfect; they can infuse actors with misguided and perilous protocols for international behavior. There is plenty that may recall World War I today but even more that does not, and all must make sure that gap never narrows.
Abelian links, monopoles, and glueballs in SU(2) lattice gauge theory

Abstract We investigate the masses of 0+ and 2+ glueballs in SU(2) lattice gauge theory using abelian projection to the maximum abelian gauge. We calculate glueball masses using both abelian links and monopole operators. Both methods reproduce the known full SU(2) results quantitatively. Positivity problems present in the abelian projection are discussed. We study the dependence of the glueball masses on magnetic current loop size, and find that the 0+ state requires a much greater range of sizes than does the 2+ state.
Preparation of Nitrogen Heterocycles of Spiro[Furo[2,3‐d]‐Pyrimidine]Pyrimidine Derivatives

Abstract The NMR evaluation of the reaction progression of the bromination of heterocyclic dibarbiturates was used to develop an efficient synthetic procedure for the preparation of heterocyclic spiro[furo]pyrimidines. The structure of one of these compounds was confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
Fully synchronous solutions and the synchronization phase transition for the finite-N Kuramoto model

We present a detailed analysis of the stability of phase-locked solutions to the Kuramoto system of oscillators. We derive an analytical expression counting the dimension of the unstable manifold associated to a given stationary solution. From this we are able to derive a number of consequences, including analytic expressions for the first and last frequency vectors to phase-lock, upper and lower bounds on the probability that a randomly chosen frequency vector will phase-lock, and very sharp results on the large N limit of this model. One of the surprises in this calculation is that for frequencies that are Gaussian distributed, the correct scaling for full synchrony is not the one commonly studied in the literature; rather, there is a logarithmic correction to the scaling which is related to the extremal value statistics of the random frequency vector.
Big Data for Open Digital Innovation - A Research Roadmap

Digital technologies have fundamentally altered the nature of organizing innovation and production leading to open collaboration ecosystems. Individuals self-organize in open, voluntary technology-enabled collectives to share their enhancements to the data or collaborate on analyzing, disseminating, or leveraging the data for many applications, from enterprise computing to mobile, consumer oriented applications. 'Big data' is an increasingly important 'engine' to better understand the complex 'nervous system' of open collaboration. However, we need to equip open collaboration researchers with new datasets that span different contexts, as well as novel computational models and analytical techniques. In this paper, we will elaborate on research questions concerning open digital collaboration and derive the data analytical challenges that need to be addressed to answer these research questions.
Operation with fuel melting

Abstract The basic technical feasibility of operating zircaloy-clad pellet and vibrationally compacted oxide fuels with central melting has been demonstrated [1]. Experimental zircaloy-clad UO2 fuel rods have been successfully irradiated under extreme operating conditions with peak heat ratings of 45 to 55 kW/ft ( ∫ 0° C T c K d θ = ∼ 190 W/cm ) and melting extending to 85% of the fuel radius or 70% of the cross-sectional area [2]. Peak burnups as high as approximately 20 000 MWd/MTM have been achieved while operating with fuel-melting conditions.
Turbulence generation upstream of an annular premixed flame

A Taylor-Couette combustor was used to examine turbulence generation upstream of a downward propagating annular premixed flame. The flame is ignited at the top, open end of the combustor and is found to undergo first deceleration and then acceleration with enhanced surface wrinkling, while intensities of axial and circumferential velocity fluctuations upstream of the flame, initially negligible, are strongly amplified. The experimental observations are consistent with earlier computational predictions for downward flame propagation in tubes.
The Quandaries of Shelter Reform: An Appraisal of Efforts to "Manage" Homelessness

In this article, I describe efforts to mange the capacity of homeless shelter programs in Philadelphia and assess the impact of those efforts on providers and consumers of homeless services. Most reforms have focused on reducing the capacity of the shelter system by reducing the average length of stay of persons in shelter and by providing housing relocation assistance. However, these efforts have been compromised by an inability to control the demand for shelter, particularly the rate of new admissions, and by the extent of need for housing assistance among homeless and near-homeless people in Philadelphia. Alternative methods of financing shelter are described, as are attempts to create a system of specialty shelter providers. The contradictions of shelter reform and the need for a more comprehensive homelessness prevention strategy are discussed.
When more is less: Using multiple constraints to reduce tail risk

Abstract Financial institutions suffered large trading losses during the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. These losses cast doubt on the effectiveness of regulations and risk management systems based on a single Value-at-Risk (VaR) constraint. While some researchers have recommended using Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) to control tail risk, VaR remains popular among practitioners and regulators. Accordingly, our paper examines the effectiveness of multiple VaR constraints in controlling CVaR. Under certain conditions, we theoretically show that they are more effective than a single VaR constraint. Furthermore, we numerically find that the maximum CVaR permitted by the constraints is notably smaller than with a single constraint. These results suggest that regulations and risk management systems based on multiple VaR constraints are more effective in reducing tail risk than those based on a single VaR constraint.