cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serotonergic innervation of the rat caudate following a neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion: An anatomical, biochemical and pharmacological study

Abstract 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment of neonatal rats resulted in a dose-related loss of striatal dopamine (DA). These reductions correspended closely with the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals at this brain site. Striatal serotonin (5-HT) concentration increased only after DA was maximally depleted by the highest dose of 6-OHDA. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that the increased 5-HT content after neonatal 6-OHDA lesioning was due to a proliferation of 5-HT nerve terminals. The density of immunoreactive 5-HT-containing terminals appeared to increase more than did the 5-HT content. The present study examined whether 5-HT hyperinnervation was playing a role in behavioral responses induced by D 1 -DA agonists and antagonists in neonatally lesioned rats, because reports have suggested that these drugs may interact with 5-HT receptors. However, SCH-23390, the D 1 -DA antagonist (0.3 mg/kg), did not alter behavioral responses to 5-HTP and SKF-38393 (3 mg/kg), a D 1 -DA agonist did not produce any signs of activating 5-HT receptors in 5,7-DHT-lesioned rats. These data indicate that these compounds affecting D 1 -DA receptors do not have a significant effect on 5-HT function at doses which have maximal effects on D 1 -DA receptor function. Pretreatment with the 5-HT antagonist methysergide did not produce a change in apomorphine-induced locomotion and did not antagonize the self-mutilation or the other behaviors produced by L-DOPA or SKF-38393 in neonatally lesioned rats, suggesting that 5-HT hyperinnervation is not responsible for these drug-induced changes in neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
Diagnosis and management of a misplaced nasogastric tube into the pulmonary pleura.

Asignificant number of patients undergoing surgery for disorders of the head and neck will receive a Dobbhoff tube or a nasogastric (NG) tube. The tube placement may be used for the short term, to get patients through a critical illness, or for the long term, when patients need nutritional supplementation for an extended period. The feeding tube may be placed in the operating room with the patient under general anesthesia or at the bedside in a regular hospital setting. Many methods of monitoring the correct placement of the feeding tube have been described. Recently, in our institution, feeding tubes were placed into the lungs or pleural space in 3 cases, including 1 case on the otolaryngology service. Whilethemostcommoncomplicationsof NGtubeplacementarerelatedtothelongterm effects of feeding, such as nausea, placement in the lungs or in the pleural space has been recognized in fewer than 1% of cases. 1 The sequelae of an unrecognized misplaced feeding tube include pneumonitis, pneumonia, and pleural effusions, with the possibility of empyema. We discuss the presentation and subsequent hospital course in this case to demonstrate a paradigm for ascertaining the correct placement of a feeding tube. We also describe the current management of the misplaced tube whereby feedings are deliveredtothelungsorthepleuralspace. Dobbhoff or NG tube placement is commonly used in head and neck surgery cases either for short-term use during a critical illness or for a longer period during treatment rehabilitation. These feeding tubes may be placed in the operating room with the patient under an anesthetic or at the bedside in a regular hospital setting. Many methods of monitoring the correct placement of the feeding tube have been described.
The thermoelastic Hertz problem with pressure dependent contact resistance

Abstract There is a considerable amount of experimental work establishing that the resistance to heat conduction between two solids in contact depends on the contact pressure, decreasing with increasing pressure. However, there are no solutions of thermoelastic contact problems taking into account this nonlinear behavior. In the present paper, we consider the thermoelastic Hertz contact problem and assume a contact resistance which is inversely proportional to pressure. The solution is compared with those assuming perfect or imperfect contact.
Cysteinyl leukotrienes in chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis.

Abstract Objectives: Our study was designed to demonstrate that, similar to asthma, eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis is a disease characterized by activation and the expression of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs). Methods: Nasal polyp tissue was evaluated from 28 consecutive individuals undergoing elective polypectomy in whom neutrophils were not present on pathologic examination. Tissue was analyzed for pathosis with particular attention to the presence of eosinophils. Patients with moderate to high levels of mucosal eosinophils were classified as having eosinophilic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). Those with few or absent mucosal eosinophils were classified as having noneosinophilic rhinosinusitis (NECRS). Cysteinyl LTs were quantified by a sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay, and the levels of cysteinyl LTs were compared in the groups. Results: There were 20 patients with ECRS and 8 patients with NECRS. Cysteinyl LTs were identified in polyp tissue from 24 of 28 subjects and were >5 pg/gm tissue in 15 of 28. The average level of LTC4 in patients with few mucosal eosinophils was 38.3 pg/g. The average amount in those with moderate to large amounts of mucosal eosinophils was 36.7 pg/g. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: ECRS and NECRS can be considered diseases of excessive expression of cysteinyl LTs. LT expression occurs in patients who demonstrate few or no mucosal eosinophils, which indicates that cell lines other than eosinophils may be responsible for LT production in chronic rhinosinusitis. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:512-15.)
Community Violence Exposure and Aggression among Urban Adolescents: Testing a Cognitive Mediator Model.

Past research has shown that exposure to violence leads to aggressive behavior, but few community-based studies have examined theoretical models illustrating the mediating social cognitive processes that explain this relation with youth exposed to high rates of violence. This study examines the impact of community violence on behavior through cognitive mediators: normative beliefs about aggression and self-efficacy to control aggression. Self-report surveys were completed by two samples (cross-sectional and longitudinal) of early adolescent, urban African American youth. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate a theoretical model, and results demonstrated a good fit with both samples; that is more exposure to community violence was associated with more retaliatory beliefs supporting aggression, which led to less self-efficacy to control aggression, which led to more aggressive behavior. These findings are examined in the context of community factors, and implications for prevention and intervention are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Economic Effects of Reduced Defense Expenditures: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper employs an applied general equilibrium model to simulate the long-run effects of reductions in U.S. defense expenditures. In the long-run these reductions significantly affect only the output of the defense and government industries, and do not significantly affect the distribution of income or the relative price of capital and labor. The structure of the tax or expenditure changes which accompany defense reductions may cause large allocative and distributional effects. Thus, the fiscal decisions which accompany defense expenditure reductions are the key to determining their impact.
State Restructuring and the Scale Politics of Rural Water Governance in Bolivia

Recent attempts to grant private concessions to water in Bolivia raise questions regarding the effects of the state's neoliberal restructuring on environmental governance. Like other Latin American states, Bolivia has enacted sweeping neoliberal reforms during the past two decades, including privatization of public sector industries, reduction of state services, and administrative decentralization. These reforms have been accompanied by constitutional reforms that recognized certain resource and political rights on the part of Bolivia's indigenous and campesino peoples. This paper examines the reregulation and rescaling of rural water management in Bolivia, and associated processes of mobilization on the part of peasant irrigators aimed at countering state reforms. Although traditional resource rights of peasant irrigators are strengthened by cultural aspects of constitutional reforms, rural livelihoods are undermined by economic liberalization. The paper examines the implications and contradictions of ne...
Effects of filler particles on abrasive wear of elastomer-based composites

Abstract The effect of filler particulates on the abrasive wear of rubbers was analyzed in a model composite of silicone rubbers filled with glass spheres or glass rods. Depending on the interactions between filler particles and hard abrasive asperities, remarkably different wear features were observed for different sizes of the same filler. For large fillers, where the load-supporting action is provided by the fillers, the wear of the individual filler particle is important during the abrasion of the filled elastomer; as the filler fraction increases, the abrasion is dominated by the wear of the filler particles. When the fillers are comparable in size with the asperity spacing, a mechanism of filler “pull-out” is observed which triggers an accelerated wear rate. For small fillers, where no load-supporting action is offered by the particles, the damage zone model can be used to describe the abrasion. On increasing the aspect ratio of the particles, from spheres to short fibers, the critical filler fraction decreases significantly. The wear resistance of filled rubbers can be improved dramatically by increasing the interface adhesion between the glass fillers and the rubber matrix.
Functional Paraoxonase 1 variants modify the risk of Parkinson’s Disease due to Organophosphate Exposure

Abstract Background We previously demonstrated that carriers of the “slower metabolizer” MM genotype of paraoxonase (PON1) who were also exposed to ambient organophosphate (OP) pesticides at their residences were at increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, with a larger sample size, we extend our previous investigation to consider additional sources of ambient exposure and examined two additional functional PON1 variants. Methods From 2001 to 2011, we enrolled incident cases of idiopathic PD and population controls living in central California. We genotyped three well-known functional PON1 SNPs: two exonic polymorphisms (PON1L55M and PON1Q192R) and the promoter region variant (PON1C-108T). Ambient exposures to diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and parathion at residential and workplace addresses were assessed using a validated geographic information system-based model incorporating records of agricultural pesticide applications in California. Results The odds ratio (OR) for Caucasians exposed to OPs at either residential or workplace addresses varied by PON1 genotype; for exposed carriers of the “faster” metabolizer genotypes, ML or LL, we estimated lower odds ratios (range, 1.20–1.39) than for exposed carriers of the “slower” metabolizer genotype MM (range, 1.78–2.45) relative to unexposed carriers of the faster genotypes. We observed similarly increased ORs for exposure across PON1Q192R genotypes, but no differences across PON1C-108T genotypes. The largest ORs were estimated for exposed carriers of both PON1192QQ and PON155MM (OR range, 2.84–3.57). Conclusions Several functional PON1 variants may act together to modify PD risk for ambient OP exposures. While either PON1L55M or PON1Q192R may be sufficient to identify increased susceptibility, carriers of both slow metabolizer variants seem most susceptible to OP exposures.
The Characterization Of Organic-Charge Transfer Superconductors By Microreflectance Spectroscopy

Certain classes of organic charge-transfer salts demonstrate superconducting behavior at liquid helium temperatures. Single crystal x-ray diffraction and microreflectance FT-IR analysis have been performed on several conductin systems to deduce the nature of the crystalline structure which affect theg electrical conductivity. The infrared spectrum for a single crystal salt exhibits absorptions from the unsaturated organic salt as well as influences from the electronic transitions. There are strop correlations between particular absorption profiles and the single crystal conductivity. Routine examination of the long-term stability of the morphology as well as contamination of the single crystal may be studied.
Kabbalah versus Philosophy: Rabbi Avraham Itzhak Kook’s Critique of the Spiritual World of Franz Rosenzweig

In this essay, I present a manuscript letter by R. Zvi Yehudah Kook, son of R. Avraham Itzhak Kook, that offers a primary, and perhaps exclusive, analysis of his father’s view of Franz Rosenzweig’s relationship to Kabbalah. What makes this letter so interesting is that it clarifies essential points of Kook Sr.’s critique of Rosenzweig’s spiritual world. According to Kook Sr., Rosenzweig’s understanding ignores the full, singular meaning of the divine status of Israel’s Torah, and misleadingly attributes a common origin and value to it and other religions and philosophies. The letter thus sharpens Kook Sr.’s view of the uniqueness of the Jewish religion in general and of Kabbalah specifically.
Electron tunneling through monolayers of alkanethiols self-assembled on a hanging mercury drop electrode in the presence of aliphatic alcohols

Abstract The effect of aliphatic alcohols (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) on the rates of electrochemical electron tunneling across monolayers of n-alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)n–SH, n = 8, 9, 11) self-assembled on an expandable hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) is described. The electron transfer between the solution dissolved Ru ( NH 3 ) 6 3 + and mercury electrode across the n-alkanethiol monolayer occurs via super-exchange through-bond tunneling (ET) with a tunneling coefficient decay constant β = 1.1/CH2. Gradual additions of aliphatic alcohols to the solution result in a decrease of the long-range electron transfer rate, by a maximum of 7-fold, dependent upon the alcohol concentration, but independent of the thickness of the n-alkanethiol monolayer (SAM) and the alcohol’s chain length. The mechanism involving competitive adsorption of the alcohol on the SAM surface is proposed to interpret the kinetic data. The previously reported, liquid-like nature of n-alkanethiol monolayers on mercury, allows stepwise expansion of the mercury drop electrodes coated with n-decanethiolate monolayer to ca. 125% of the initial surface area, resulting in an increase of the interfacial capacitance consistent with the overall decrease of the film thickness due to hydrocarbon tilt. The rate of ET, in the absence of alcohols, increases upon the hydrocarbon tilt consistent with the 2-pathway electron tunneling model. In the presence of aliphatic alcohols, the alkanethiol-coated Hg drop can be expanded up to ca. 150%, resulting in Ru ( NH 3 ) 6 3 + electron transfer rates about 10-fold smaller than expected by the 2-pathway model. This result is interpreted in terms of alcohol partitioning into the n-alkanethiol monolayer leading to partly disorganized films.
The Association Between Educational Attainment and Diabetes Among Men in the United States

Few studies have examined the relationship between education and diabetes among men in the United States and whether this relationship differs by race/ethnicity. This study examined whether racial disparities in diabetes existed by educational attainment in 336,746 non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic men 18 years of age and older in the United States. Logistic regression models were specified to examine the odds of reporting diabetes by educational attainment. Within race/ethnicity, both White and Hispanic men who had less than a high school education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.19, 1.69], and OR = 1.64, 95% CI = [1.22, 2.21], respectively) had consistently higher odds of diabetes than men with a bachelor's degree or higher level of educational attainment. Educational attainment did not appear to be associated with reporting a diagnosis of diabetes in non-Hispanic Black men. Identifying why educational attainment is associated with diabetes outcomes in some racial/ethnic groups but not others is essential for diabetes treatment and management.
Updated Assessment of an Open Rotor Airplane Using an Advanced Blade Design

Application of open rotor propulsion systems (historically referred to as "advanced turboprops" or "propfans") to subsonic transport aircraft received significant attention and research in the 1970s and 1980s when fuel efficiency was the driving focus of aeronautical research. Recent volatility in fuel prices and concern for aviation's environmental impact have renewed interest in open rotor propulsion, and revived research by NASA and a number of engine manufacturers. Over the last few years, NASA has revived and developed analysis capabilities to assess aircraft designs with open rotor propulsion systems. These efforts have been described in several previous papers along with initial results from applying these capabilities. The initial results indicated that open rotor engines have the potential to provide large reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. Initial noise analysis indicated that current noise regulations can be met with modern baseline blade designs. Improved blades incorporating low-noise features are expected to result in even lower noise levels. This paper describes improvements to the initial assessment, plus a follow-on study using a more advanced open rotor blade design to power the advanced singleaisle transport. The predicted performance and environmental results of these two advanced open rotor concepts are presented and compared.
A comparison of lipids from liver and hepatoma subcellular membranes

Subcellular fractions of nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and cytosol were prepared from liver and hepatoma 72288CTC. Marker enzyme activities, biochemical compositions and electron microscopy were used to establish purity. Hepatoma NADH: cytochrome C reductase and 5′-nucleotidase exhibited abnormal subcellular distributions.
The A1Σ-X1Σ transition of 39KH and 39KD. Vibrational numbering and molecular constants

Abstract The absorption spectrum of KD has been observed in the 5100–5200 A region. An analysis of the spectrum in this region has shown that the previous assignments of the KD and KH spectra are in error. The v′ -numbering of KD must be increased by 3, and the J -numbering of the P and R branches must be decreased by 1; the v′ -numbering of KH must be increased by 2. Re-analysis of the existing data on KH and KD has given a consistent set of vibrational and rotational constants for the states of these molecules.
Disease Causing Troponin C Mutations Have Varied Effects on Actin Regulatory States

Cardiomyopathy associated mutations in troponin often affect the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin and the response of force and ATPase activity to Ca2+. Three hypertrophic cardiomyopathy TnC mutants A8V, C84Y, and D145E were examined for their effects on the distribution of states of regulated actin in vitro. In the absence of activating Ca2+, regulated actin filaments containing the C84Y mutant produced a 2.5x elevation in ATPase activity of skeletal myosin subfragment 1 compared to wild type; the other mutants had normal activity. We examined acrylodan-tropomyosin fluorescence changes that occur following rapid detachment of S1 from regulated actin in the absence of Ca2+. All troponin mutants gave a fluorescence increase indicative of a normal transition into the inactive state. The A8V mutant differed from wild type and other TnC mutants at saturating Ca2+. Actin filaments containing the A8V TnC mutant produced an ATPase rate in Ca2+ that was 1.3x wild type. For comparison, the Δ14TnT mutant that destabilizes the inactive state was 1.7x wild type. Interestingly, the effects of the A8V-TnC and Δ14-TnT mutants were additive leading to a Ca2+-activated rate 2.3x wild type. The A8V TnC mutant appeared to favor the active state relative to wild type but only in the presence of Ca2+. This behavior differed from the Δ14 mutation of TnT where the distribution was also altered at low Ca2+ conditions.
Data processing: Pattern recognition: A review: Optical techniques developed to discern military targets are being studied for industrial and commercial applications

Describes how optical techniques are being developed to discern military targets are being studied for industrial and commercial applications.
Effects of thermal annealing on the texture of La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 thin films

Thin films of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) were prepared at 670 °C on LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) substrates by liquid-delivery metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis 2¸/¸ and pole figure scans showed that the films are epitaxial with (001)LSMO//(001)LAO and (001)LSMO//(001)STO. The crystal structure of LSMO/LAO was indexed as face-centered cubic with a double cell and LSMO/STO as simple cubic. Electron microscopy revealed square facets and elongated grain features. Films heat-treated between 700 and 800 °C on LAO resulted in a structural change, while those on STO showed an increase in texture.
The impact of stress factors in simulation-based laparoscopic training.

Background This study aimed to quantify learner reactions manifesting from a realistic contextual stressor while training with a laparoscopic simulator, and to identify learner-derived stress-modifying behaviors. Stress factors are known to affect cognitive and psychomotor performance. Simulation-based medical training typically occurs in environments that are relatively stress free compared with the applied context. Training is most effective when it occurs in a highly faithful context, so the inclusion of typical clinical stressors in simulated laparoscopic learning environments may be beneficial. Methods Preclinical medical students (N = 27) completed tasks using a laparoscopic simulator under the following 2 conditions: faculty direct observation (stressor) and unobserved (no stressor). The data included simulator performance, blood pressure, real-time heart rates, videotaped behavior, and pre/post surveys of latent anxiety and stress factors associated with participating in the research (eg, STAI 9). Results Physiologic and behavioral manifestations of stress were observed for all participants during the stressor condition and during poor performance on simulator tasks. Stress was highest during periods of poor performance under the stressor condition. Focusing on the task itself mitigated stress reactions and improved performance on the simulator. Conclusion Stress reactions can be induced in a laboratory setting where simulation-based training occurs. Stressors imposed on the learner during simulation-based training may help support the acquisition of stress management skills that are necessary in the applied clinical setting. A ramped-up sequence of acquiring technical skills and clinical decision making, followed by stress management techniques, may lead to a more efficient transfer of learning from the simulated context to the clinical area.
Sequential embryo assessment outperforms investigator-driven morphological assessment at selecting a good quality blastocyst

Two selection methods (morphology-only and a sequential embryo assessment algorithm) were compared within the same IVF clinic to determine which method best identifies the embryos on day 3 that will develop into the highest quality on day 5. The sequential embryo assessment algorithm was significantly better at selecting the best embryo and selecting a blastocyst compared with the morphology-only method.
BioLogger: A wireless physiological sensing and logging system with applications in poultry science

This paper presents the design and development of BioLogger, a wireless physiological signal sensing and logging system. BioLogger can simultaneously monitor and record various types of physiological signals. Energy saving design is incorporated to both hardware and software design phases in order to prolong the life time of sensor nodes. Moreover, a simple scheduler is implemented to make sure the emergency would not be missed.
Plasma growth hormone and insulin concentrations in, and free fatty acid release from adipose tissue cultured in vitro from Holstein cows of differing cow index during early and late lactation.

Early (EL) and late (LL) lactation Holstein cows were segregated into three Cow Index (CI) groups (high, HG; medium, MG; low, LG; n = 47). Feed intake by lactation group, individual milk yield data and blood samples, obtained by puncture of the coccygeal vein or artery at 12-hr intervals, were collected for 7 d. Cows were fed alfalfa hay top dressed with grain mixture. On day 7, 5 g of subcutaneous adipose tissue were removed from the tail-head region. Tissue was minced into 10-15 mg pieces in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 5 ng/ml insulin added (KRB). Triplicate 100-mg aliquots were incubated in KRB + 3% essentially fatty-acid-free bovine serum albumin with either 50 ng/ml growth hormone (G), 5 micrograms/ml epinephrine (EPI), both (G+E) or neither (CON) at 37 C for 2 hr. Early lactation cows averaged greater (P less than .05) daily milk production (33.4 vs 22.1 kg), greater (P less than .05) plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations (3.9 vs 3.0 ng/ml) but lesser (P less than .01) insulin (INS) concentrations (.49 vs .73 ng/ml) than LL cows. Adipose tissue FFA release in vitro was greater (P less than .01) when media contained EPI (EPI: 8.10; G+E: 8.05 microE/l/g tissue) than when EPI was not present (CON: 1.33; G: 1.39 microE/l/g tissue), but was not affected by stage of lactation. Including hormonal data in the model as covariates indicated that increased plasma INS concentrations before biopsy reduced subsequent FFA release in vitro when tissue was incubated with added EPI, but not when incubation media lacked EPI. Increased GH concentrations had the opposite effect. Further, FFA release was greatest from HG cow adipose when incubated in media lacking EPI, but greatest from LG cow adipose when incubated in media containing EPI.
Questions coming late in the day

The genesis of this special issue lies in a conversation among the editors that took place several years ago, when it was acknowledged that those engaged in environmental risk assessment were in general unfamiliar with the fields of public health epidemiology and medicine, and that those in these two latter fields rarely attended to the work underway in the field that, among other things, gives rise to this journal. The communication gap struck all of us as one worth bridging. Experts in assessing the risks of environmental perturbation need to begin to incorporate what is known about the impact of the external environment on human health, in order to develop a more accurate and comprehensive statement of potential costs and consequences of activities they are asked to evaluate. Reciprocally, in order to apprehend possible factors in the causal chain that leads to effects on human health, those who study the morbidity and mortality of populations, and those who take care of individual patients, need to have a passable understanding of what goes into assessments that guide site selection for building projects, establish minimum standards for chemical emissions, or close or open toxic waste sites. Both groups of experts perceive a key feature of their professional mission to be the development of public policy as it relates either to the environment or to the public health. To the extent that these two expert groups begin to appreciate the wealth of information each has, heretofore, gathered separately, a substantive and ongoing dialogue might ensue. Here, speaking from the perspective of public health and medicine, it is evident that as we begin to assess the effects of environmental change on human health, knowledge seems simply to beget more uncertainty. The more we think we know, the more we realize we must still discover. The horizons, the boundaries of interest, seem continually to be expanding, and thus continually receding beyond our current capacity to view or encompass them.
Coupling of exciton motion in the core antenna and primary charge separation in the reaction center.

The relation between exciton motion in the LH1 antenna and primary charge separation in the reaction center of purple bacteria is briefly reviewed. It is argued that in models based on hopping excitons described strictly by Forster theory, transfer-to-trap-limited kinetics is quite unlikely according to the relation between the exciton trapping kinetics and ‘N’, the size of the photosynthetic unit in such models. Because the results of several recent experiments have been interpreted in terms of transfer-to-trap limited kinetics, this presents a conflict between these experimental interpretations and strictly Forster-based theoretical models. Two possible resolutions are proposed. One arises from the random phase-redistribution trapping kinetics of partially coherent excitons, a kinetics uniquely independent of both N and the rate constant for primary charge separation in the reaction center. The other comes from multiple-pathways models of the multipicosecond nonexponentiality of the decay of P*, the electronically excited primary electron donor in the reaction center. In these models, because it depends only on a certain averaged electron-transfer time constant, the exciton lifetime may be relatively insensivive to variations of individual electrontransfer rate constants-thereby undercutting the argument appearing in recent literature that by default the exciton kinetics must be transfer-to-trap limited.
An Airspace-Planning and Collaborative Decision-Making Model: Part IICost Model, Data Considerations, and Computations

In Part I of this paper, we presented a large-scale airspace-planning and collaborative decision-making (APCDM) model that is part of a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-sponsored effort to enhance the management of the National Airspace System (NAS). Given a set of flights that must be scheduled during some planning horizon, along with alternative surrogate trajectories for each flight, we developed a mixed-integer programming model to select a set of flight plans from among these alternatives, subject to flight safety, air-traffic control workload, and airline equity considerations. The present paper offers insights related to, and a detailed description of, implementing this APCDM model, including the development of a comprehensive cost model, a study for prescribing a set of appropriate parameter values for the overall model, and an investigation on incorporating a suitable set of valid inequalities in the model formulation. Computational results are presented based on several test cases derived from the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) data provided by the FAA. The results indicate that under plausible probabilistic trajectory error assumptions and with the incorporation of star subgraph convex hull-based valid inequalities, the model offers a viable tool that can be used by the FAA for both tactical and strategic applications.
Power-Planning-Aware Soft Error Hardening via Selective Voltage Assignment

Soft errors, which have been a significant concern in memories, are now a main factor in reliability degradation of logic circuits. This paper presents a power-planning-aware methodology using dual supply voltages for soft error hardening. Given a constraint on power overhead, our proposed framework can minimize the soft error rate (SER) of a circuit via selective voltage assignment. In the 70-nm predictive technology model, circuit SER can be reduced by 23% on top of SER-aware gate resizing. For power-planning awareness, a bi-partitioning technique based on a simplified version of the Fiduccia-Mattheyses (FM) algorithm is presented. The simplified FM-based partitioning refines the result of selective voltage assignment by decreasing the number of connections across voltage islands, while maintaining the SER reduction that has been accomplished.
Exploring the Constitution of Entrepreneurial Alertness: The Regulatory Focus View

Abstract We investigated the individual and environmental influences shaping entrepreneurial alertness using a sample of 365 nascent entrepreneurs. Higgins’ (1998) regulatory focus theory and Kirzner's (1979) alertness construct grounded our theoretical framework. Findings revealed that when promotion focused, entrepreneurs’ achievement motivation and internal locus of control were positively related to their alertness level. More importantly, the relationship between entrepreneurs’ achievement motivation and alertness was stronger under high entrepreneurial munificence. However, the relationship between entrepreneurs’ internal locus of control and alertness was stronger under low munificence, requiring entrepreneurs to use both promotion and prevention foci. This paper concludes with implications and future research avenues.
A curriculum focused on informed empathy improves attitudes toward persons with disabilities.

Empathy is an important component of the provider-patient relationship. In the United States one in five persons has a disability. Persons with disabilities perceive gaps in health care providers’ understanding of their health care preferences and needs. The purpose of this study was to use valid and reliable assessment methods to investigate the association between empathy and attitudes toward persons with disabilities and advocacy. An educational module was developed to enhance health care students’ capacity for informed empathy. Pre- and post-assessment measures included the Attitude toward Disabled Persons scale (ATDP), the Attitudes toward Patient Advocacy Microsocial scale (AMIA) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). ATDP (t(94) = −5.95, p = .000) and AMIA (t(92) = −5.99, p = .000) scores increased significantly after the education module. Correlations between the pre- or post-module ATDP or AMIA scores and the IRI scores were not significant. Empathy in general may not be sufficient to ensure optimal attitudes toward persons with disabilities or advocacy in pre-health care professionals. However, a curriculum based on informed empathy and focused on the experiences of persons with disabilities can result in more positive attitudes toward and advocacy for people with disabilities.
Non-perturbative modification of the Faddeev-Popov formula and banishment of the naive vacuum☆

Abstract It is shown that for a gauge theory with a semisimple Lie group, all gauge orbits intersect a hyperplane in A -space in a convex region Ω which is bounded in every direction. This bounded region is the configuration space of the theory and is the support of the euclidean or Coulomb gauge functional measure. It is shown that the domain of definition of the effective action Γ is Ω, and that it is a real concave function in Ω which approaches +∞ on the boundary of Ω. It is shown that flat and partially flat configurations, including the naive vacuum F ( A ) = 0, lie on the boundary of Ω and have effective action +∞.
Assessing problematic research: How can academic researchers help improve the quality of anti-crime program evaluations?

In this essay I examine some of the problems that prompted the National Research Council (NRC) report and consider how academic researchers might help resolve them. Many of the problems were found to be associated with research designed to assess program effects on child victimization and violence against women, areas in which research participation by subjects is particularly burdensome and difficult to obtain. Yet, program evaluations often assume that the process of subject participation is well understood and that outcome measures are reliable and valid across all subjects. A multidisciplinary, comprehensive and systematic review of victimization programs and past research is needed to advance the rigor of future evaluations. However, academics should not insist that all victim service programs warrant program evaluation as a condition of continued public support, because the decision to retain a program inevitably involves more than a scientific estimate of its effect.
Polarization-based fiber optic delay lines

Multichannel fiber-optic delay line architectures using optical polarization switching are proposed that use nonpolarization maintaining single-mode fibers while still maintaining high extinction polarization properties of the switched optical beams. Critical birefringence compensation and noise reduction techniques are introduced and demonstrated for these delay lines showing high optical polarization extinction (> 39 dB) and electrical signal-to-noise ratio (> 92 dB) results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TIME SERIES PHOTOMETRY OF M67: W URSAE MAJORIS SYSTEMS, BLUE STRAGGLERS, AND RELATED SYSTEMS

We present an analysis of over 2200 V images taken on 14 nights at the Mount Laguna 1 m telescope of the open cluster M67. We show variability in the light curves of all four known W UMa variables on timescales ranging from a day to weeks. We have modeled the light curve of AH Cnc, and the total eclipses allow us to determine q = 0.16 and i = 86 deg. The position of this system near the turnoff of M67 makes it useful for constraining the turnoff mass for the cluster. We have also detected two unusual features in the light curve of AH Cnc that may be caused by prominences. We have also monitored cluster blue stragglers for variability. We present evidence hinting at low-level variations in the stragglers S752, S968, and S1263, and we place limits on the variability of a number of other cluster blue stragglers. Finally, we provide photometry of the subsubgiant branch star S1063 showing variability on timescales similar to the orbital period, while the "red straggler" S1040 shows evidence of an unexplained drop in brightness at phases corresponding to the passage of the white dwarf in front of the giant.
Reaching the resolved tunnel regime for a femtosecond oscillator driven field emission electron source

We report on electron emission from tungsten tips with the help of 800 nm-8 fs laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser oscillator. We have measured autocorrelation traces of the exciting laser pulse in the photoelectron current, which allows a measurement of the non-linearity as a function of DC voltage applied to the tip. These data are well described by a numerical integration of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation. The simulation shows us that electron emission resolves the electric field structure of the driving laser pulse, a regime which is currently an extremely fruitful area of research with atoms in the gas phase. For an 8 fs laser pulse with the correct carrier-envelope phase setting the emission duration is as short as 800 nm.
Short time pulse voltammetric studies of fast heterogeneous electron transfer reactions

Abstract The use of short time pulse voltammetry for the measurement of fast heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics has been examined. Pulse times as short as 5 μs were used to study oxidation of ferrocene and anthracene at 5 μm radius Pt electrodes in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The only correction of the experimental voltammograms was a subtraction of background currents, smaller than 10% of the total currents measured. The kinetic parameters were obtained by a direct comparison of the experimental voltammograms with those calculated by using a model for a quasi-reversible electrode reaction. The results of the analysis did not provide statistical evidence for the need of correction of the data for ohmic potential drop. The standard rate constants (uncorrected for double-layer effects) for FeCp 2 in acetonitrile and dichloromethane were found to be 1.23±0.31 cm s −1 and 0.35±0.09 cm s t−1 respectively. For anthracene in acetonitrile and dichloromethane, k s was determined to be 0.73±0.37 and 0.20±0.05 cm s −1 .
Imaging analysis of digital holography

In this study we focus on understanding the system imaging mechanisms given rise to the unique characteristic of discretization in digital holography. Imaging analysis with respect to the system geometries is investigated and the corresponding requirements for reliable holographic imaging are specified. In addition, the imaging capacity of a digital holographic system is analyzed in terms of space-bandwidth product. The impacts due to the discrete features of the CCD sensor that are characterized by the amount of sensitive pixels and the pixel dimension are quantified. The analysis demonstrates the favorable properties of an in-line system arrangement in both the effective field of view and imaging resolution.
College Students' Expectations of Conflict Intensity: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Before becoming involved in an argument, actors often hold expectations regarding the intensity of the forthcoming conflict. This article examines how the interaction of initiator role and expecting a conflict to be intense is related to accounts of conflict processes and conflict aftermath. Undergraduate students' reports of a recent intense conflict they had initiated or another person had initiated revealed that expectations for conflict intensity were positively associated with the extent to which the conflicts reportedly were emotionally upsetting, involved personal attacks, and subsequently interfered with everyday life. These relationships were of greater magnitude when conflicts were self-initiated than other-initiated.
Distribution of IgE in a community population sample: correlations with age, sex, and allergen skin test reactivity

The distribution of total serum IgE determined by the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) is examined in a large random stratified community population. Prior to logarithmic conversion the distribution of this immunoglobulin is not normal, with almost 40% of values below 20 IU/ml. A normal distribution occurs following such conversion, with a geometric mean value of 32.1 IU/ml. Both age and sex, in addition to atopic status, relate to IgE level. In both sexes highest levels occur among 6- to 14-year-olds, and males have higher levels than females at any given age. Women over age 75 yr have the lowest levels (geometric mean 9.2 IU/ml). Subjects with positive skin test results have several times the concentration of IgE as their nonatopic counterparts.
On three-dimensional singular stress/residual stress fields at the front of a crack/anticrack in an orthotropic/orthorhombic plate under anti-plane shear loading

Abstract A novel eigenfunction expansion technique, based in part on separation of the thickness-variable, is developed to derive three-dimensional asymptotic stress field in the vicinity of the front of a semi-infinite through-thickness crack/anticrack weakening/reinforcing an infinite orthotropic/orthorhombic plate, of finite thickness and subjected to far-field anti-plane shear loading. Crack/anticrack-face boundary conditions and those that are prescribed on the top and bottom (free, fixed and lubricated) surfaces of the orthotropic plate are exactly satisfied. Five different through-thickness crack/anticrack-face boundary conditions are considered: (i) slit crack, (ii) anticrack or perfectly bonded rigid inclusion, (iii) transversely rigid inclusion (longitudinal slip permitted), (iv) rigid inclusion in part perfectly bonded, the remainder with slip, and (v) rigid inclusion located alongside a crack. Explicit expressions for the singular stress fields in the vicinity of the fronts of the through-thickness cracks, anticracks or mixed crack–anticrack type discontinuities, weakening/reinforcing orthotropic/orthorhombic plates, subjected to far-field anti-plane shear (mode III) loadings, are presented. In addition, singular residual stress fields in the vicinity of the fronts of these cracks, anticracks and similar discontinuities are also discussed.
Intravenous Morphine for Augmentation of Postoperative T-tube Cholangiograms in Liver Transplant Recipients with Choledocho-choledochal Anastomoses

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of augmenting T-tube cholangiography by using intravenous morphine in orthotopic liver transplant recipients with choledocho-choledochostomies and poor filling of intrahepatic biliary ducts and to determine factors that may increase the likelihood of nonfilling of intrahepatic ducts. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of T-tube cholangiograms obtained in orthotopic liver transplant recipients was performed. Intravenous morphine had been given by two of five operators to augment T-tube cholangiograms with poor filling of bile ducts. Patients with malpositioned tubes and decompressive bile leaks were excluded from morphine diagnostic efficacy evaluation but were included in the overall cholangiogram diagnostic yield. Anastomotic narrowing, if present, was graded as follows: >50%, 20%–50%, and 50%) stenoses. Results One hundred sixty-eight cholangiograms were obtained in 127 recipients. Twenty-three of the 168 cholangiograms (13.7%) had malpositioned/blocked T-tubes and five (3%) had decompressive leaks; 140 cholangiograms had well-positioned tubes and no leaks. Twenty-two of the 140 cholangiograms with well-positioned tubes and no leaks (15.7%) had nonfilling of peripheral bile ducts. Morphine (range, 2–6 mg; mean, 4 mg) had been used in 13 cases. Adequate filling after morphine was noted in 12 of the 13 cases (92%), and no complications occurred. Morphine improved adequate diagnostic examination of well-positioned patent T-tubes from 85% (123/145) to 93% (135/145). No parameters helped predict inadequate filling in well-positioned tubes ( P > .05). Conclusions In 92% of cases, intravenous morphine was successful in opacifying the biliary tract without complications. In well-positioned T-tubes, the use of morphine increased diagnostic yield from 85% to 93%. No predictors for inadequate filling were found.
A survey of the information gained from planning treatment with a computer.

We designed a questionnaire to be filled out by the physicist at the time of planning treatment with the aid of a computer in order to assess what was learned during the course of the planning session. We analyzed the results to gauge the impact of the 70 treatment planning sessions conducted during the one month period in our department in which questionnaires were completed (about 72% of all external beam plans made in that period). In 65 instances (93%) an initial judgment as to how treatment would be delivered had already been made and in 56 of these cases the patient’s treatment had already been simulated by the time the computer calculation was made. Changes in the intended plan were made in eight of the 65 cases (12%). In 38% of the cases, more than one plan was developed and, when this was the case, on average records of 2.6 plans were made. Those performing the plans were asked to judge their value to the overall treatment of the patient, and the results were as follows: essential–19 cases (27%); very helpful–22 cases (31%); and somewhat helpful–29 cases (41%).