cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of fluid channels in the human dura and superior sagittal sinus in older patients.

Abstract Aim Recent studies suggest the leptomeninges may have a lymphatic drainage system connecting the subarachnoid space with dorsal cervical lymph nodes. The distribution and histologic features of any dural "lymphatics" has not been established or extensively studied. Material and methods Duras from 113 patients were evaluated including 96 formalin-fixed dural samples (mean age 62 years) collected from 2010 to 2015. An additional 17 samples were collected from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients (mean age 81) autopsied between 1995 and 1997. Two, 2 cm length coronal sections were taken from mid-convexity dura, parallel to the middle meningeal artery, 3−5 cm below and perpendicular to the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Sections of twenty-two cases were also taken of the SSS and peri-SSS dura. To screen for possible lymphatics, 52 dural and 22 SSS samples from these cases were evaluated with CD31 and podoplanin (D240) immunohistochemistry. Results Numerous unlined microscopic channels were found in 101 of 113 (89 %). In non-AD duras, 86 of 92 (93 %) had numerous channels. Duras with AD had significantly less channels i.e. 15 of 21(71 %, P = 0.048). None of the channels had lymphocytes, or neutrophils in their lumena. In the superior sagittal sinus, 9 of 9 non-AD and 12/13 AD SSS duras had fluid channels. Congo red stains revealed no amyloid-like material in the AD duras. Immunohistochemically, CD31 was not found in fluid channels but was in endothelium in 36 of 36 non-AD duras and in most blood vessels including 16 of 16 AD patients. Seven of 36 (19 %) with non-AD and 1 of 16 (6%) with AD had podoplanin in thin walled vessels suggestive of lymphatics but none showed staining in fluid channels. Conclusions Unlined fluid channels are present in the dura but not clearly lymphatic.
Does the Transparent Blockchain Technology Offer Solutions to the Algorithmic Fairness Problem

Internet service providers (ISP) are being more and more criticized by the general public due to their market power but also their use of opaque algorithms that affect humans on a daily basis. Many praise blockchain technology as a technology that has the potential to disrupt industries, e.g. by challenging the ISP. The scientific discussion on algorithmic fairness generally identifies transparency as a tool to restore accountability and trust. Because blockchain technology is as per its definition distributed, which leads to transparency, this paper researches the question of whether the transparent blockchain technology offers solutions to the algorithmic fairness problem connected with opaque algorithms. This article argues that the opportunities of blockchain can be seen in the possibility to use it as a tool to connect society and algorithms and thereby restore trust in algorithms. I argue that blockchain can (i) implement a fairness by design approach, i.e. reaching among the users an ex-ante democratic consensus on the normative question of how the algorithm should be fairly coded and work in practice, (ii) integrate the explainable AI (XAI) approach that aims at providing individuals with an understandable summary ex-post of why a certain decision was reached by an algorithm and (iii) blockchain offers technical solutions to implement ex-post due process safeguards, such as the notice requirement or a right to hearings for affected individuals. This legitimization of algorithms should be repeated over the lifetime of an algorithm in order to ensure consensus over the future amendments of the algorithm based on past user experience (circular approach). This paper concludes that blockchain must be seen as part of an interdisciplinary ex-ante design solution to fairness aiming, based on the transparency of the technology, to increase the legitimacy of algorithms, thereby restoring accountability and steering the advancement of the algorithm.
Momentary predictors of dietary lapse from a mobile health weight loss intervention.

Identifying factors that influence risk of dietary lapses (i.e., instances of dietary non-adherence) is important because lapses contribute to suboptimal weight loss outcomes. Existing research examining lapse risk factors has had methodological limitations, including retrospective recall biases, subjective operationalizations of lapse, and has investigated lapses among participants in gold-standard behavioral weight loss programs (which are not accessible to most Americans). The current study will address these limitations by being the first to prospectively assess several risk factors of lapse (objectively operationalized) in the context of a commercial mobile health (mHealth) intervention, a highly popular and accessible method of weight loss. N = 159 adults with overweight or obesity enrolled in an mHealth commercial weight loss program completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) of 15 risk factors and lapses (defined as exceeding a point target for a meal/snack) over a 2-week period. N = 9 participants were excluded due to low EMA compliance, resulting in a sample of N = 150. Dietary lapses were predicted by momentary increases in urges to deviate from one’s eating plan (b = .55, p < .001), cravings (b = .55, p < .001), alcohol consumption (b = .51, p < .001), and tiredness (b = .19, p < .001), and decreases in confidence related to meeting dietary goals (b = −.21, p < .001) and planning food intake (b = −.15, p < .001). This study was among the first to identify prospective predictors of lapse in the context of a commercial mHealth weight loss program. Findings can inform mHealth weight loss programs, including just-in-time interventions that measure these risk factors, calculate when risk of lapse is high, and deliver momentary interventions to prevent lapses.
A Mechanism of Ergodicity in Standard-Like Maps

The main statement of KAM-theory says that small perturbations of integrable non-degenerate Hamiltonian flows with compact phase spaces have subsets of large relative measure filled with invariant tori carrying quasi-periodic motions. One of the most important problems in the theory of Hamiltonian chaos is to understand the structure of dynamics on the remaining sets. The hypothesis which naturally came out of the entropy theory around thirty years ago says that these sets generically consist of ergodic components of positive measure with non-zero Lyapunov exponents. In particular, A. N. Kolmogorov formulated this hypothesis stressing at the same time that quasi periodic flows on invariant tori and unstable flows with non-zero Lyapunov exponents exhaust all possible stable types of dynamics.
The Kendra cache replacement policy and its distribution

The Kendra project's aim is to develop a distributed multimedia delivery system which utilises intelligent caching mechanisms to improve availability, performance and reliability while minimising storage space and network utilisation. In this paper we present the Kendra cache replacement technique and its performance against widely varying test data. We then examine the replacement policy's performance in both a geographically organised hierarchy of caches and a geographically ordered multicast group of caches. We demonstrate a considerable improvement in Internet delivery performance both in terms of response time and bandwidth saving and uniquely exam the trade-off between cache performance and metadata processing.
Fatigue failure and skeletal evolution

Abstract The skeleton is primarily a mechanical organ that must resist deformation when loaded. Consequently, bone is mineralized and twice as heavy as other tissues, making it metabolically expensive. In addition, bone must overcome two other challenges. First, for geometric reasons loads on bones increase disproportionately with the animal’s size. Secondly, like other structural materials, calcified bone tissue contains flaws that, under load, can precipitate cracks leading to failure. The evolutionary solution to these fundamental problems is the process of bone remodeling in concert with the ability of osteocytes to sense both insufficient loading and mechanical damage caused by overloading, and to activate remodeling to correct the resulting problems.
Beyond prediction: directions for probabilistic and relational learning

Research over the past several decades in learning logical and probabilistic models has greatly increased the range of phenomena that machine learning can address. Recent work has extended these boundaries even further by unifying these two powerful learning frameworks. However, new frontiers await. Current techniques are capable of learning only a subset of the knowledge needed by practitioners in important domains, and further unification of probabilistic and logical learning offers a unique ability to produce the full range of knowledge needed in a wide range of applications.
Making Hard Choices in Journalism Ethics: Cases and Practice

This book teaches students how to make the difficult ethical decisions that journalists routinely face. By taking a case-based approach, the authors argue that the best way to make an ethical decision is to look closely at a particular situation, rather than looking first to an abstract set of ethical theories or principles. This book goes beyond the traditional approaches of many other journalism textbooks by using cases as the starting point for building ethical practices. Casuistry, the technical name of such a method, develops provisional guidelines from the bottom up by reasoning analogically from an "easy" ethical case (the "paradigm") to "harder" ethical cases. Thoroughly grounded in actual experience, this method admits more nuanced judgments than most theoretical approaches.
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Highly Textured Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x Films

C-axis textured single phase superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x films have been successfully grown on the yttria-stabilized zirconia (100) substrates by using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique. After the post annealing the films deposited on the yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates exhibited a highly textured x-ray pattern with c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. These films show an onset superconducting transition temperature of 93K with the resistance becoming zero at 84K. The films deposited on sapphire show a semiconducting feature in the normal state with a broad superconducting transition at much lower temperatures (10–40K). In order to gain some insight onto the growth process, we also studied the mass transport of metalorganic compounds as a function of source temperature, flow rate and reactor pressure.
Effect of vitamin D3 intake on the onset of disease in a murine model of human Krabbe disease.

Low vitamin D level is a risk factor for various late-onset CNS demyelinating disorders. We investigated whether vitamin D deficiency influences disease in twitcher mice (GALC(twi/twi) ; twi), a murine model of Krabbe disease (KD), an inherited disorder caused by galactocerebrosidase (GALC) deficiency that leads to psychosine accumulation, oligodendrocyte (OL) loss, and CNS demyelination. We found that the in situ 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level was reduced, with a parallel increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and vitamin D-catabolizing enzymes in the brains of KD and twi mice compared with age-matched controls. Pups maintained on milk from lactating heterozygous (GALC(twi/+) ) mothers that were fed a vitamin D3-supplemented diet until weaning and then fed a vitamin D3-supplemented diet demonstrated delayed body weight loss and development of disease in twi mice. This delayed the onset of tremors and locomotor disabilities that eventually impacted the life span of twi mice (50 ± 2 days). Accordingly, the expression of antioxidant enzymes was increased with delayed psychosine accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory response that eventually protected CNS myelin and axonal integrity in twi mice. In vitro studies revealed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances antioxidant defenses in OLs deficient for GALC or incubated with psychosine. Together these data provide the first evidence that vitamin D deficiency affects disease development in twi mice and that vitamin D3 supplementation has the potential to improve the efficacy of KD therapeutics.
Functional networks in mammalian cells

The basic functional unit of multicellular organism is the cell. Cells are complex systems that perform many required fundamental functions such as environmental adaptation, energy utilization, proliferation, and differentiation in a regulated manner. Even cell death is often a controlled process. Cellular functions involve numerous components participating in a variety of processes. A critical aspect for normal cell functionality is the rigorous control of all cellular processes that may take place at different cellular locations at different rates and at different times. Such regulation is achieved by a central intracellular signaling network that receives and processes signals from both extracellular and intracellular sources. The processed signals are then used to regulate the different cellular machines such that they can function co-operatively to evoke complex physiological responses. In order to achieve reliable functionality, the cell has developed multiple redundant systems that can regulate the cellular machines. Additionally, the systems are arranged in a modular fashion such that disturbances do not substantially propagate between modules. This architecture leads to a complex system where both robustness and fragility are dynamically balanced. Keywords: cell signaling networks; cellular machines; design principles; complexity; dynamics; robustness/fragility
Length of secondary schooling and risk of HIV infection in Botswana: evidence from a natural experiment.

Summary Background An estimated 2·1 million individuals are newly infected with HIV every year. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported conflicting evidence for the association between education and HIV risk, and no randomised trial has identified a causal effect for education on HIV incidence. We aimed to use a policy reform in secondary schooling in Botswana to identify the causal effect of length of schooling on new HIV infection. Methods Data for HIV biomarkers and demographics were obtained from the nationally representative household 2004 and 2008 Botswana AIDS Impact Surveys (N=7018). In 1996, Botswana reformed the grade structure of secondary school, expanding access to grade ten and increasing educational attainment for affected cohorts. Using exposure to the policy reform as an instrumental variable, we used two-stage least squares to estimate the causal effect of years of schooling on the cumulative probability that an individual contracted HIV up to their age at the time of the survey. We also assessed the cost-effectiveness of secondary schooling as an HIV prevention intervention in comparison to other established interventions. Findings Each additional year of secondary schooling caused by the policy change led to an absolute reduction in the cumulative risk of HIV infection of 8·1 percentage points (p=0·008), relative to a baseline prevalence of 25·5% in the pre-reform 1980 birth cohort. Effects were particularly large in women (11·6 percentage points, p=0·046). Results were robust to a wide array of sensitivity analyses. Secondary school was cost effective as an HIV prevention intervention by standard metrics (cost per HIV infection averted was US$27 753). Interpretation Additional years of secondary schooling had a large protective effect against HIV risk in Botswana, particularly for women. Increasing progression through secondary school could be a cost-effective HIV prevention measure in HIV-endemic settings, in addition to yielding other societal benefits. Funding Takemi Program in International Health at the Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Belgian American Educational Foundation, Fernand Lazard Foundation, Boston University, National Institutes of Health.
Preaching to the Trier: Why Judicial Understanding of Law School Clinics is Essential to Continued Progress in Legal Education

Recent calls for change in legal education have renewed the charge for law schools to enhance and integrate experiential learning opportunities, including law school clinics. While a robust conversation has developed within the legal academy about how to implement change, an extremely important constituency within the legal community - the judiciary - has been left out of the dialogue.Judges often hold mistaken assumptions regarding the goals of clinical legal education and the manner in which clinics strive to educate while simultaneously providing live-client representation. Uncorrected judicial misconceptions about what law school clinics do can actually harm the primary goals of the overall educational program. The article identifies barriers to judges’ understanding and support of clinical education. It then examines several specific areas of clinical practice where flawed judicial assumptions are revealed to have a potentially negative impact on student learning and client interests. Additionally, it proposes strategies aimed at enhancing judicial understanding of the clinical mission and its role in legal education. Building upon the recent, ground-breaking Carnegie Foundation report, which specifically encourages the development of experiential and applied learning opportunities in law school pedagogy, this article explores the means by which clinicians can and should enlighten judicial decision-makers concerning the role of clinical legal education. It concludes that law clinics must pursue targeted engagement of judges to enrich the quality of legal education and enhance the enduring value of the experiential learning opportunities being afforded to law students today.
Uncertainty, consultation, and the context of medical care.

Although the ascendancy of evidence based medicine obscures the uncertainty inherent in patient care, this uncertainty remains a defining fact of medical life. Griffiths et al listened to health professionals and identified three distinct approaches that were used in consultations—two of which they judged to understate the risk level of patients.1 They recommend that health professionals should be trained to communicate with their patients without recourse to the myth of medical certainty. The authors produced a distribution of approaches to consultation across several health professionals, settings, and health issues, and draw some intriguing inferences. Their findings also generate further research questions, especially …
Vibrational spectra and internal rotation in 1,1,2,2-tetra-bromoethane

Abstract The far infrared and Raman spectra of the crystalline gauche and trans forms of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane have been obtained. These new data have resulted in considerable changes in the vibrational assignments previously reported for these rotational isomers. The energy and entropy differences between the two forms in the liquid state were found to be 680 ±150 cal mole and −0.5 ±0.5 e.u. The liquid state torsional frequency for each isomer has been located, and these frequencies, along with the measured energy difference, have been used to determine the potential function hindering internal rotation about the C-C bond.
KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR AND KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR mRNA CONTENT IN LATE GESTATION FETAL AND NEONATAL RAT LUNG. † 336

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), an epithelial cell-specific, mesenchymal cell-derived growth factor, is a potent mitogen for alveolar type II epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Increased proliferative activity of type II cells has been previously observed in neonatal rat lung coinciding with alveolar septation. To test the hypothesis that KGF expression is upregulated during alveolarization in the developing lung, we measured the mRNA content of KGF and its receptor, KGFR, in fetal and neonatal rat lung. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (gestation 22 days) and their litters were sacrificed on days 17, 19, and 21, or they were allowed to deliver and the neonatal rats were sacrificed on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Lung tissue was harvested and pooled, total RNA isolated, and KGF and KGFR mRNA content determined using Northern analysis. KGF mRNA levels increased steadily reaching maximal levels on day 8 in the neonatal rat. KGF mRNA levels, relative to levels present on day 17, increased significantly by 2.8, 4.0, 4.6, and 3.3-fold on days 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively. In contrast, KGFR mRNA levels increased approximately 2-fold on days 21 and 2, as compared to levels present on day 17, which approached but did not reach statistical significance. KGFR mRNA levels subsequently decreased at the remaining neonatal time points. In conclusion, KGF mRNA content increased significantly during the late saccular and early alveolar stages of rat lung development. KGFR mRNA content was not significantly changed although the pattern of expression revealed an increase prior to and a decrease in mRNA content during the period of KGF mRNA upregulation. Our observations lend support to the hypothesis that KGF contributes to alveolarization and normal differentiation in the lung.
Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmune hepatitis, identify gaps in knowledge, and focus future investigative efforts. METHODS: The study was based on a review of all relevant articles on the mechanisms of autoimmunity in autoimmune liver disease from 1980 to 2000, extraction of pertinent concepts from the medical literature; and integration of evolving paradigms of pathogenesis with personal experiences and investigations. RESULTS: Autoimmune hepatitis is a consequence of autoantigen exposure, genetic predisposition, and defective immunoregulatory mechanisms. Autoantigen is optimally presented by class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex that have lysine residues at position DRβ71 of the antigen-binding groove. Cytokines and non–disease-specific autoimmune promoters modulate immune reactivity. Cell-mediated and antibody-dependent mechanisms contribute to hepatocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple disturbances in the homeostatic mechanisms that preserve self-tolerance are likely in autoimmune hepatitis. Future investigations must focus on individual determinants of autoantigen presentation, immunocyte activation, and liver cell destruction. Findings can then be integrated into a comprehensive knowledge base that may be applicable to other autoimmune diseases.
Partial dopamine depletions result in an enhanced sensitivity of residual dopamine neurons to apomorphine.

Extracellular recordings from identified dopamine neurons were used to assess the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on the sensitivity of the residual dopamine neurons to the dopamine agonist apomorphine. This was done by testing the response of identified nigral dopamine neurons in control and lesioned rats to systemic apomorphine administration at two time points: (1) 6–10 days post-lesion, when the loss of dopamine cells is nearly complete, and (2) 4–8 weeks post-lesion, which should be sufficient time for changes in dopamine receptor density to occur. As reported previously, dopamine neurons in control rats were inhibited by systemic administration of apomorphine, with their sensitivity being inversely related to their initial firing rate. The sensitivity of the residual dopamine neurons to apomorphine was unaltered in rats tested 6–10 days after depletions of at least 60% of striatal dopamine. However, by 4–8 weeks post-lesion, there was a significant increase in the sensitivity to apomorphine; furthermore, sensitivity was no longer related to baseline firing rate, but instead was uniformly high in all dopamine neurons tested at this time. This enhanced sensitivity was not altered by hemisection of the striatonigral projection, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to apomorphine was most likely a result of a time-dependent up-regulation of somatodendritic autoreceptors on the residual dopamine neurons.
On the irreducibility of a certain class of Laguerre polynomials

R. Gow has investigated the problem of determining classical polynomials with Galois group Am, the alternating group on m letters, in the case that m is even (odd m being previously handled in work of I. Schur). He showed that the generalized Laguerre polynomial Lm(m)(x), defined below, has Galois group Am provided m>2 is even and Lm(m)(x) is irreducible (and obtained irreducibility in some cases). In this paper, we establish that Lm(m)(x) is irreducible for almost all m (and, hence, has Galois group Am for almost all even m).
A multilevel approach to examining time-specific effects in accelerometer-assessed physical activity.

a b s t r a c t Objectives: Popular methods for analyzing accelerometer data often use a single physical activity outcome variable such as average-weekly or total physical activity. These approaches limit the types of research questions that can be answered and fail to utilize the detailed, time-specific information available from accelerometers. This study proposes the use of multilevel modeling, which tested intervention effects at specific time periods. Design: The motivating example was the Active by Choice Today trial. Simulations were used to test whether the application of time-specific hypotheses about when physical activity intervention treatment effects were expected to occur (e.g., after-school hours) increased power to detect effects compared to traditional methods.
Au(I)-catalyzed enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of münchnones with electron-deficient alkenes.

The first catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of munchnone dipoles with electron-deficent alkenes is described. The reaction is catalyzed by chiral bis(phosphine)gold(I) benzoate complexes and provides Δ1-pyrrolines with excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a 1,3-dipole generated by deprotonation of a gold(I)-activated azlactone.
Promoting European Union depository collections in the United States through bibliographic instruction

Abstract The European Union (EU) maintains a system of depository libraries in the United States. This study surveyed 55 of the U.S. European Union depositories concerning the scope of their efforts to provide bibliographic instruction for the EU collection. Survey respondents were also asked about other promotional efforts. The study found that librarians responsible for the European Union collections were enthusiastic about the applicability of the materials to a variety of research questions, but that the time available for instruction in their use was limited. In designing an instruction program, respondents indicated that it is important to include information about the structure and function of the EU, as well as information about the use of the major reference tools.
Neurite Extension and Increased Expression of R1 Cyclic AMP-Binding Protein in Ouabain-Resistant Neuroblastoma Mutants

: Morphological and biochemical parameters of neuroblastoma differentiation were assessed in 12 clonal derivatives of the N-18 mouse neuroblastoma cell line selected for their ouabain-resistant (ouar) property. When cultured in a normal growth medium, nine of the 12 ouar cell lines exhibited a more complex pattern of neurite outgrowth than the parental N-18 cells. The morphological pattern most frequently observed with the ouar cells was the extension of several branched processes per cell. This pattern of spontaneous neurite outgrowth in the ouar cell lines can be correlated with an increase in expression of the 47,000-dalton R1 cyclic AMP (cAMP)-binding protein. The growth rate, intracellular level of cAMP, and acetylcholin-esterase activity of the ouar cell lines were not significantly different from those of the parental N-18 neuroblastoma cells. Treatment of the parental and ouar neuroblastoma cell lines with 1 mM N6,O2-dibutyryl cAMP promoted an elaborate pattern of neurite outgrowth and marked increases in acetylcholinesterase and R1 cAMP-binding activities. The distinctive pattern of differentiation phenotype exhibited by the ouar cells and the dibutyryl cAMP-induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells suggests that these two protocols yielded different degrees of differentiation. Furthermore, our results suggest a linkage of the biochemical events underlying ouabain resistance and expression of differentiation phenotypes in the mouse neuroblastoma cells.
A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DYNAMIC ERROR OF OPTICAL TRAJECTORY MEASUREMENT STATIONS

The need to take into account the dynamic error of optical trajectory measurement stations in order to increase the precision with which the flight trajectory of aircraft is determined, is evaluated. An algorithm for determining the dynamic error is presented and a calculation of the dynamic error for an optoelectronic station is given.
Development of a Method for Quantification of Acrolein−Deoxyguanosine Adducts in DNA Using Isotope Dilution-Capillary LC/MS/MS and Its Application to Human Brain Tissue

Acrolein is a highly reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and is known to react with DNA forming exocyclic acrolein−deoxyguanosine adducts (Acro−dG). These aldehyde−DNA lesions may play a role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work, we described the development and evaluation of a highly sensitive and selective capillary liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitatively analyzing Acro−dG in DNA hydrolysates. This was achieved by applying a stable isotope-labeled analogue Acro−dG-13C10,15N5 as an internal standard to the DNA to be analyzed and then hydrolyzing the DNA enzymatically to nucleosides. The acrolein-modified nucleosides were separated from normal nucleosides by capillary liquid chromatography and quantified by a high-capacity ion trap mass spectrometer in the MS/MS mode. The developed method achieved attomole-level sensitivity (limit of detection was 10 fg, 31 amol on column) for detection of pure ...
Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Crystals at Low Temperature

Thin circular disks cut parallel to the 100, 110 and 111 planes of magnetite crystals were prepared. The components of the intensity of magnetization normal and parallel to the magnetic field at temperatures down to that of liquid air were investigated by the method of torsion. It was found that the magnetic properties of the crystal abruptly changed at about -160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This temperature corresponds exactly to the temperature at which the specific heat of magnetite increases suddenly to a maximum as was found by Millar two years ago. X-ray photographs taken at room temperature and at liquid air temperature show no difference indicating that there is no change in the distribution of the points of diffraction. The intensity of the two patterns requires further measurements. Weiss' theory of the molecular field cannot be applied as -160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is not a Curie point.
The relationship between hatching egg weight and subsequent performance of broiler chickens

Synopsis Small eggs constitute a high proportion of the eggs laid by pullets. The literature shows that chick hatching weight is strongly correlated with egg weight, but evidence on the influence of egg weight on hatchability and subsequent performance of chicks is less certain. The aim of this experiment was to determine the profit returned at 12 weeks by broiler chickens hatched from eggs ranging in weight from 44 g. to 58 g. at one gram intervals and to determine how competitive and separate rearing might modify the relationship. A total of 6000 eggs were collected during 10 days from a 28‐week‐old, broiler breeding flock and graded into the above mentioned egg weight classes. From these, a total of 3480 day‐old broilers were housed. Each egg weight class was equally represented and balanced for sex. Hatchability and fertility showed no consistent trend with egg weight for eggs above 46 g., but below the 47 g. level there was a trend of declining fertility and hatchability. A strong positive relationsh...
Software Archeology: A Case Study in Software Quality Assurance and Design

Ideally, quality is designed into software, just as quality is designed into hardware. However, when dealing with legacy systems, demonstrating that the software meets required quality standards may be difficult to achieve. Evolving customer needs, expressed by new operational requirements, resulted in the need to develop a legacy software quality assurance program at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). This need led to the development of a reverse engineering approach referred to as software archaeology. This paper documents the software archaeology approaches used at LANL to demonstrate the software quality in legacy software systems. A case study for the Robotic Integrated Packaging System (RIPS) software is included to describe our approach.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evaluation of syllable rate estimation in expressive speech and its contribution to emotion recognition

It is commonly accepted that speaking rate is an important aspect characterizing expressive speech. The speaking rate increases for emotions such as happiness and anger, and decreases for emotions such as sadness. In spite of these observations, most of the current speech emotion classifiers do not explicitly use speaking rate features. This study explores two interrelated questions to evaluate the role of speaking rate in emotion recognition: Can we reliably estimate syllable rate from emotional speech? Does syllable rate provide complementary emotional information over other acoustic features? We consider two syllable rate estimation algorithms, as well as reference values derived from forced alignment. We evaluate the performance of these syllable rate estimation methods in expressive speech (SEMAINE database). The analysis reveals a drop in performance as the intensity of the emotion increases. Next, we conduct emotion recognition experiments to evaluate the contribution of syllable rate in recognizing emotions. The emotion classification experiments demonstrate that features conveying accurate syllable rate estimations complement features that are commonly used in current emotion recognition system.
Daily multivitamins with iron to prevent anemia in high-risk infants: a randomized clinical trial

Objective. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of multivitamins with iron as prophylaxis against iron deficiency and anemia in infancy. Methods. The study was a double-blinded, randomized, pragmatic, clinical trial conducted at 3 urban primary care clinics. Subjects included healthy, full-term infants who were enrolled at their 6-month well-child visit. Infants were randomly assigned to receive standard-dose multivitamins with or without iron (10 mg/day). Parents administered multivitamins by mouth daily for 3 months. Laboratory results at 9 months of age were analyzed for the presence of anemia and/or iron deficiency. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin level Results. The control (n = 138) and intervention (n = 146) groups were equivalent with respect to all important sociodemographic and nutritional variables. At 9 months of age, anemia was found in 21% of infants (n = 58). A total of 229 (81%) had iron deficiency on the basis of 1 abnormal laboratory indicator and 139 (49%) on the basis of 2 abnormal laboratory indicators. No difference existed in the occurrence of anemia and iron deficiency between the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, 22% and 78% of 138, respectively, were anemic or had 1 abnormal laboratory outcome indicative of iron deficiency. In the control group, 19% and 84% of 144 were anemic or iron deficient. When stratified by adherence, no differences in hematologic outcomes between groups were noted. However, in multivariate logistic regression, infants whose mothers were anemic during pregnancy were 2.15 times more likely than others to have any laboratory abnormality (95% confidence interval: 1.14–4.07). Increasing adherence, regardless of group assignment, was associated with a 0.56 times reduced risk of any abnormality (95% confidence interval: 0.41–0.76). Conclusion. On the basis of intention-to-treat analysis, multivitamins with iron was not effective in preventing iron deficiency or anemia in 9-month-old infants. However, effective prevention and treatment of maternal anemia during pregnancy and giving multivitamins with or without additional iron during infancy may prove to be important approaches to the prevention of iron deficiency among high-risk children. Because of the consequences of iron deficiency and its high prevalence among low-income infants, additional investigation in these areas is warranted.
An O(N2)-time algorithm for the stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem with random lead times

In this paper, we develop a dynamic programming algorithm for the scenario-tree-based stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem with random lead times. Our algorithm runs in O(N^2) time, where N is the input size of the scenario tree, and improves the recently developed algorithm that runs in O(N^3) time.
Cardioprotection: the role of beta-blocker therapy

Randomized controlled clinical trials document that beta blockers reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly sudden death, in patients with hypertension, heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction. The benefits of beta blockers extend across the boundaries of age, gender, and ethnicity, and include diabetic patients with heart failure and/or previous myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, beta blockers remain underutilized in many high-risk patients who would likely benefit from their use. This paper reviews the protective role of beta blockade in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events and examines some of the potential barriers to appropriate beta blocker use in patients with compelling indications.
The Message in the Music: Popular Culture and Teaching in Social Studies

(2006). The Message in the Music: Popular Culture and Teaching in Social Studies. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 122-127.
Literary Emergence as a Case Study of Theory in Comparative Literature

In his paper, "Literary Emergence as a Case Study of Theory in Comparative Literature," Cesar Dominguez constructs an interdisciplinary theoretical model which sheds new light on literary emergence, a phenomenon that defies literary, artistic, and cultural boundaries. Dominguez opens his discussion with a synthesis regarding the state of the question, paying particular attention to the contradictions provoked when an inventory of emerging literatures is attempted and goes on to develop a theoretical framework in which the dynamic processes which define emerging literature are seen relative to world literature. He understands world literature as a mega-system in which emergence finds itself intrinsically linked to the phenomenon of literary change. Thus defined, the smallest systemic units comprising Weltliteratur are identified and the function of the secondary subsystem of codification is analyzed (among these are national literatures), forming the impetus for these emerging literatures, as they define themselves in response to the counter-restrictions, redefinitions, and exclusions imposed upon them. The innovative perspective of Dominguez's paper is the questioning of the currency of "national" literatures within the framework of traditional comparative literature. Cesar Dominguez, "Literary Emergence as a Case Study of Theory in Comparative Literature" page 2 of 15 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 8.2 (2006):
Tongue base suspension in children with cerebral palsy and obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Objective Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are commonly affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study examines the efficacy of combined surgical techniques for OSA including tongue base suspension (TBS), using perioperative polysomnograms (PSG) in pediatric patients with CP. Study design Case series with outcome analysis. Setting University based tertiary care children's hospital. Methods A 7-year retrospective chart review of children with CP who underwent surgical management for OSA. Surgical procedures, postoperative complications, and perioperative PSG data were examined. Only patients with both preoperative and postoperative PSG results were included in the study. Based upon procedures performed patients fell into 2 equal groups for analysis. Results Fourteen children were identified. Seven patients (mean age = 6.0 years) underwent combined adenotonsillectomy (T&A), uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), and tongue base suspension (TBS). Another 7 patients (mean age = 6.3 years) underwent T&A and UPPP alone. Those who received TBS had a mean preoperative AHI of 27.2 compared to 6.8 in the group that did not have TBS. The AHI decreased by a mean of 16.5 in the TBS group and 5.0 in the non-TBS group. The mean oxygen saturation nadir improved in both the TBS (74.0–84.0) and non-TBS (64.8–84.6) groups. The arousal index also improved in the TBS (33.1–20.7) and non-TBS (11.0–5.8) groups. No surgical complications occurred. Conclusion This study suggests that concomitant surgical approaches for OSA in children with CP are effective. Moderate to severe OSA in this population may safely benefit from the added technique of tongue base suspension.
Stress Path Testing of an Anisotropic Sandstone

The Berea sandstone used in this study is transversely isotropic with respect to elastic response, with P -wave velocities of 2,160 m∕s normal to bedding and 2,290 m∕s parallel to bedding, a variation of only 6%. Triaxial compression and extension tests involving failure by loading and unloading were performed along the two directions of symmetry. With axial stress applied parallel to bedding, the internal friction angle was approximately 55° for compression and extension, indicating no intermediate stress effect for the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. However, for axial stress normal to bedding, the friction angle in compression was 50°, whereas in extension it was 44°. This anomalous behavior was attributed to strength anisotropy of the sandstone.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN PURGED MARROW FROM PATIENTS WITH NEUROBLASTOMA RECEIVING MYELOABLATIVE TREATMENT - TUMOR-CELL NUMBER, N-MYC PROTEIN, N-MYC GENE AMPLIFICATION AND RATE OF HEMATOLOGIC RECOVERY

We have previously reported on a study of a small number of patients with advanced neuroblastoma (NBL) receiving myeloablative treatment and autologous marrow rescue in which occult NBL cells were found in the marrow of almost every transplanted patient. In addition, we have shown that the incidence of later relapse correlated better with the N-myc protein level in the harvested marrow than with the presence of N-myc gene amplification. We have now analyzed the characteristics of marrow harvested from 60 patients in remission and correlated survival time with the following variables: number of NBL cells, expression of N-myc and c-myc protein, N-myc gene amplification, expression of MDR-1, DNA index, and rate of the patients' engraftment after myeloablation. The results of this retrospective study indicate a marginally significant association between survival time and the level of N-myc protein (p=0.053) or N-myc gene amplification (p=0.063). On the other hand, the number of NBL cells recovered from the purged marrow was significantly associated with survival time (p=0.019). Similarly, the number of nucleated cells reinfused into the patients (p=0.003), and their rate of engraftment (p=0.008) were strongly associated with survival time. The expression of c-myc protein and perhaps of MDR-1 protein, and the DNA index were not associated with survival, in this particular group of patients. Prospective studies will be needed to substantiate the results of this retrospective study. Detailed evaluation of marrow purgates harvested from NBL patients undergoing myeloablative treatment and bone marrow rescue can potentially provide valuable information on the biology of the disease and may eventually help in the improvement of treatment.
Pragmatism and the Unlikely Influence of German Idealism on the Academy in the United States

In this article I argue that the subject‐object distinction, operative in Continental Europe during the late‐1700s and early‐1800s, led to the religion‐secular distinction in higher education in the United States. Many scholars believe the origins of the shifting nature of the religion‐secular distinction resided with some form of influence that students from the United States encountered while they pursued advanced academic work in Germany. These scholars studied this influence at an institutional or organizational level. An intellectual approach to history would assess the metaphysical currents of idealism that proved to be the primary influence that students from the United States encountered during their time in Germany. While idealism would never fully take hold in the United States, it gave shape and direction to the emerging movement of pragmatism. As a result, the separation of subject and object, under the guise of pragmatism, is reified in the religion‐secular distinction in the academy in the U...
Susceptibility of Adult Alfalfa Weevils of Low Lipid Content to Selected Insecticides

Dosage mortality was determined for over wintering field-collected adult Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and for laboratory-reared newly emerged adults at 3, 7, and 14 days of age using the insecticides carbofuran, methyl parathion, malathion, methoxychlor, and a 1:1 malathion + methoxychlor mixture. Carbofuran was the most effective material, followed in descending order of effectiveness by methyl parathion, malathion, malathion + methoxychlor, and methoxychlor. The amount of methyl parathion and methoxychlor required to kill 50% of the newly emerged adults was greater than that required to give a comparable kill of the over wintered stock. Lipid content of over wintered adults was 8.9% of the dry weight, while that of newly emerged weevils was 7.2% at 3 days, 11.5% at 7 days, and 13.7% at 14 days after emergence. An increase in lipid content had little effect upon any treatment other than methoxychlor. The methoxychlor dosage required for a 50% kill varied from 4.45 µg/weevil at 7.2% lipid content to 41.0 µg/weevil at 13.7%. No added effectiveness was noted from the addition of methoxychlor in the malathion + methoxychlor mixture.
Combined regression and ranking

Many real-world data mining tasks require the achievement of two distinct goals when applied to unseen data: first, to induce an accurate preference ranking, and second to give good regression performance. In this paper, we give an efficient and effective Combined Regression and Ranking method (CRR) that optimizes regression and ranking objectives simultaneously. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CRR for both families of metrics on a range of large-scale tasks, including click prediction for online advertisements. Results show that CRR often achieves performance equivalent to the best of both ranking-only and regression-only approaches. In the case of rare events or skewed distributions, we also find that this combination can actually improve regression performance due to the addition of informative ranking constraints.