cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from Wastewater Using Centrifugal Ultrafiltration

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis and continues to impact communities as the disease spreads. Clinical testing alone provides a snapshot of infected individuals but is costly and difficult to perform logistically across whole populations. The virus which causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is shed in human feces and urine and can be detected in human waste. SARS-CoV-2 can be shed in high concentrations (>107 genomic copies/mL) due to its ability to replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of humans through attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors there. Monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2, alongside clinical testing, can more accurately represent the spread of disease within a community. This protocol describes a reliable and efficacious method to recover SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, quantify genomic RNA levels, and evaluate concentration fluctuations over time. Using this protocol, viral levels as low as 10 genomic copies/mL were successfully detected from 30 mL of wastewater in more than seven-hundred samples collected between August 2020 and March 2021. Through the adaptation of traditional enteric virus methods used in food safety research, targets have been reliably detected with no inhibition of detection (RT-qPCR) observed in any sample processed. This protocol is currently used for surveillance of wastewater systems across New Castle County, Delaware.
DESCRIBE-AD: A novel classification framework for atopic dermatitis.

Abstract Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with heterogeneous morphology and distribution, symptoms, severity, extent, longitudinal course, quality-of-life burden, comorbidities, and treatment response. This heterogeneity contributes to challenges in diagnosis, characterization of disease activity, and therapeutic stratification. Objective To develop a framework to standardize AD assessment. Methods We propose a novel framework to assess AD based on literature review and clinical experience. Results DESCRIBE-AD is a framework that can effectively capture the clinical domains contributing to AD heterogeneity and includes both patient- and clinician-reported perspectives. DESCRIBE-AD includes assessments of D ermatitis morphology and phenotype, E volution of disease, S ymptom severity, C omorbid health disorders, R esponse to therapy, I ntensity of lesions, B urden of disease, and E xtent of lesions. Rather than placing focus on any single specific aspect of AD, DESCRIBE-AD allows for a comprehensive approach to the assessment and clinical management of AD. Conclusion DESCRIBE-AD is a novel framework that can be used to better describe the heterogeneity of AD and guide treatment decisions.
Human bone marrow chromosomes in megaloblastic anemia.

in turn be related to the presence of abnormal biochemical end-products or a deficiency of normal substances that are intimately associated with maintaining the physical structure of the chromosomal elements. If these phenomena are to be studied, it is important that quantitative data based on more reliable evidence than hitherto available be collected on the morphology of individual chromosomes. Although in dry films stained by ordinary methods the chromosomes of megaloblasts appear more delicate and slender than those of normoblasts, it is not possible to use these preparations to measure the difference. This deficiency in stained, dry films has become even more apparent since the application of the hypotonic squash method to human bone marrow. The present report deals with a detailed study of size of the number one chromosome5 in megaboblastic erythropoiesis by methods we have reported previously for direct observation of cells from freshly aspirated human bone marrow.6
Micromechanical Modelling of Constitutive Relations for Granular Material

Abstract A micromechanical approach to represent the stress-strain behavior of an assemblage of granular particles is developed and examples of its application for the cases of regular packings and random packings of elastic spheres are presented.
Plaque formation with simian virus 40: enhancement by dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) added to agar overlays during plaque assays of simian virus 40 (SV40) in CV1 monkey cells increases the plaque size and number and enables plaques to be read several days earlier than usual. DMSO appears to act during development of plaques, perhaps by causing cell lysis at smaller burst sizes in the presence of near-lethal DMSO concentrations. It does not act synergistically in determining virus inactivation with UV light and is equally effective on wild type and a late mutant of SV40.
Indoor Environmental Control

Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are major engineering systems that significantly affect the country's overall energy consumption and occupants' well-being through control of indoor air parameters. The indoor environment parameters that are controlled by HVAC depend on the type of the building. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a significant role in occupants' well-being, satisfaction, and health, due to the prolonged time periods spent indoors in a modern society. The building thermal loads represent the thermal energy that is removed (cooling loads) or added (heating loads) to a building in order to keep the occupants thermally comfortable, which is the primary function of an HVAC system. From the perspective of HVAC systems, building simulation programs can be classified as either building energy simulation programs or building airflow simulation programs. Keywords: heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems; indoor air quality (IAQ); indoor environment parameters; simulation programs; thermal loads
Further results of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-STAP approach to airborne surveillance radars

This paper presents some further results on the STAP approach using sum (/spl Sigma/) and difference (/spl Delta/) beams, including the desired characteristics of the /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-beampatterns, comparison of the /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-STAP and /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-DPCA, and an evaluation of its performance for three different /spl Delta/ beams. It is shown that: (a) /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-STAP is not sensitive to the sidelobe textures of the /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-beampatterns if the receive and transmit antennas have reasonably low sidelobes; (b) /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-STAP can be viewed as a natural extension of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/-DPCA with the added adaptivity to overcome the DPCA shortcomings; (c) in addition to the azimuth difference (/spl Delta//sub a/) beam, elevation difference (/spl Delta//sub e/) and azimuth-elevation difference (/spl Delta//sub ae/) beams are two useful candidates, especially when more spatial channels are needed.
Portfolio Diversification With NAFTA Equities

The results of our analysis suggests that diversified investment in the Mexican stock market has provided significant diversification and returns enhancement benefits to U. S. investors and that Canadian stocks offer only occasional return/risk improvement over a U.S. equities portfolio. When correlations among the three markets are considered, we see diversification opportunities in the longer periods of returns but also increasing convergence of the Mexican and Canadian markets with the U.S. stock market in recent years. The implications of our findings are that, if 17 years of returns data are representative of future expectations, there are clear return/risk enhancing advantages to including Mexican stocks in U.S. portfolio.
Spectroscopy of MACHO 97-SMC-1: self-lensing within the SMC

More than a dozen microlensing events have been detected so far towards the LMC and 2 towards the SMC. If all the lenses are in the Galactic halo, both the LMC and the SMC events are expected to have similar time scales. However, the first event towards the SMC, MACHO 97-SMC-1, had a time scale of 123 days which is much larger than the typical time scale for the LMC events. From optical depth estimates, we first show that the stars within the SMC play a dominant role as gravitational lenses and can fully account for the observed microlensing events, mainly due to its large physical depth. We also show that if the lenses are within the Magellanic Clouds, then the SMC events should be longer in duration than the LMC events, a fact that is consistent with the observations. The time scale of the event implies that the mass of the lens is >2 solar masses if it is in the Milky Way disk or halo, in which case the lens is expected to be bright and should reveal itself in the spectrum. Here, we present an optical spectrum of MACHO 97-SMC-1 which shows that the lens is not in the Milky Way disk or halo, but is a low-mass star within the SMC. It is worth noting here that MACHO SMC-98-1 is the only OTHER observed event towards the SMC. This was a binary lens event where the caustic crossing time-scale as observed by PLANET, MACHO, EROS and OGLE collaborations, suggests that the lens is within the SMC. Furthermore, the only LMC event where the location of the lens is known is the binary lens event MACHO LMC-9, for which the lens is also within the LMC. Thus, ALL the 3 microlensing events towards the Magellanic Clouds for which we have independent knowledge of the location of the lenses are due to self-lensing within the Magellanic Clouds.
The Skies of Dante and Our Skies: A Response to Ilham Dilman

The philosophical image of a “universe of discourse” can be misleading in the suggestions it carries about how to read Wittgenstein and how to approach the topic of the relation between language and reality. That is what I try to show by examining Ilham Dilman's discussion of medieval cosmology. I sketch an alternative account of the relation between medieval beliefs about the heavens and our astronomical beliefs, and I consider in detail the disagreement between the two accounts.
Quantitation of Human Heme Oxygenase (HO‐1) Copies by Competitive RT‐PCR

The authors have developed a system for quantifying human HO-1 mRNA in samples limited in cell number and/or mRNA copies. Total RNA from human liver was used to develop the system. The RNA is reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR in a tube also containing an internal standard obtained by deleting 50 base pairs from the original human gene. After amplification the two templates are resolved and quantified. When the internal standard is present in the reaction mixture, the ratio of amplified sample to internal standard is proportional to the amount of sample RNA making it possible to calculate the number of specific mRNA molecules.
Permanency for Children in Foster Care: A Competing Risks Analysis

Abstract Child welfare professionals daily face the competing risks of balancing the needs and safety of children with different permanency outcomes (i.e., reunification, adoption, guardianship). However, research on permanency has focused on a single outcome or grouped them together under the general label of permanency. The literature suggests that there are differences in time to a particular permanency outcome and also the factors predicting these permanency outcomes. After using approximately 25,000 records to support these conclusions, this research as well as practice indicates that permanency outcomes are more properly analyzed as competing risks. Recommendations for future research are suggested.
Studies in Ada Style

to the Second Edition.- to the First Edition.- I The Impact of Abstraction Concerns on Modern Programming Languages.- 1. The Impact of Abstraction Concerns on Modern Programming Languages.- 1.1 Issues of Modern Software.- 1.2 Historical Review of Abstraction Techniques.- 1.2.1 Early Abstraction Techniques.- 1.2.2 Extensible Languages.- 1.2.3 Structured Programming.- 1.2.4 Program Verification.- 1.2.5 Abstract Data Types.- 1.2.6 Interactions Between Abstraction and Specification Techniques.- 1.3 Abstraction Facilities in Modern Programming Languages.- 1.3.1 The New Ideas.- 1.3.2 Language Support for Abstract Data Types.- 1.3.3 Generic Definitions.- 1.4 Practical Realizations.- 1.4.1 A Small Example Program.- 1.4.2 Pascal.- 1.4.3 Ada.- 1.5 Status and Potential.- 1.5.1 How New Ideas Affect Programming.- 1.5.2 Limitations of Current Abstraction Techniques.- 1.5.3 Further Reading.- II Programming In Ada: Examples.- 1. Introduction to Example Programs.- 2. An Implementation of Queues.- 2.1 Description.- 2.2 Implementation.- 2.3 Program Text.- 2.4 Discussion.- 2.4.1 Use of Limited Private Types.- 2.4.2 Initialization and Finalization.- 2.4.3 Passing Discriminants to Tasks.- 2.4.4 Remove as a Procedure.- 3. A Simple Graph Package Providing an Iterator.- 3.1 Description.- 3.2 Specifications.- 3.3 Program Text.- 3.4 Discussion.- 3.4.1 The Algorithm.- 3.4.2 Information Hiding.- 3.4.3 In/In Out Parameters.- 3.4.4 Using the Iterator.- 3.4.5 Iterators Versus Generic Procedures.- 3.4.6 Separate Compilation.- 4. A Console Driver for a PDP-11.- 4.1 Description.- 4.2 Implementation.- 4.3 Program Text.- 4.4 Discussion.- 4.4.1 Use of a Package to Surround the Task.- 4.4.2 Distinction Between Task Types and Tasks.- 4.4.3 Resetting and Terminating the Terminal Driver.- 4.4.4 Interfacing to Devices.- 5. Table Creation and Table Searching.- 5.1 Description.- 5.2 Implementation.- 5.3 Program Text.- 5.4 Discussion.- 5.4.1 Use of The Package.- 5.4.2 Use of the Search Function.- 5.4.3 Use of Packages.- 5.4.4 The Type of the Entries in the Table.- 5.4.5 Use of a Private Type for the Pointers to the Table.- 5.4.6 Nesting a Generic Package Within a Generic Package.- 5.4.7 String Comparisons.- 5.4.8 Use of Integers in Find.- 6. Solution of Laplace's Equation with Several Ada Tasks.- 6.1 Description.- 6.2 Implementation.- 6.3 Program Text.- 6.3.1 A Protected Counter Task Type.- 6.3.2 Parallel.Relaxation Procedure.- 6.4 Discussion.- 6.4.1 Use of Shared Variables.- 6.4.2 Updates of Shared Variables From Registers.- 6.4.3 Generics and Generic Instantiation.- 6.4.4 Scheduling of Ada Tasks Onto Processors.- References.
The effect of geographical deregulation on bank acquisition premiums

In recent years, many state legislatures have passed laws allowing greater geographical expansion by banking organizations, including interstate acquisitions. The reduction of barriers to geographic expansion may be expected to affect signficantly the prices paid in bank acquisitions. According to the “excess demand” hypothesis, merger premiums should be larger because of an increase in the number of potential bidders. According to the “barriers to entry” hypothesis, however, premiums should decrease as the constraints on geographic expansion are relaxed. This study presents empirical results that are consistent with the excess demand theory. Bank merger premiums are significantly larger in states that permit interstate banking. Furthermore, premiums appear to increase significantly in the year following the passage of enabling legislation. Premiums are also greater in states that allow unlimited intrastate holding company acquisitions. Some evidence also exists to support the barriers to entry hypothesis.
Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects.

Several studies suggest that dietary supplementation with antioxidants can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that results from treatment with antineoplastic agents. Administration of antineoplastic agents results in oxidative stress, i.e., the production of free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress reduces the rate of cell proliferation, and that occurring during chemotherapy may interfere with the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs, which depend on rapid proliferation of cancer cells for optimal activity. Antioxidants detoxify ROS and may enhance the anticancer effects of chemotherapy. For some supplements, activities beyond their antioxidant properties, such as inhibition of topoisomerase II or protein tyrosine kinases, may also contribute. ROS cause or contribute to certain side effects that are common to many anticancer drugs, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and mutagenesis. ROS also contribute to side effects that occur only with individual agents, such as doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxidants can reduce or prevent many of these side effects, and for some supplements the protective effect results from activities other than their antioxidant properties. Certain side effects, however, such as alopecia and myelosuppression, are not prevented by antioxidants, and agents that interfere with these side effects may also interfere with the anticancer effects of chemotherapy.
Translation grammars for compilation and decompilation

A notation is presented for specifying the compilation and decompilation of high-level language programs. Given the decompilation grammar of a programming language, it is possible to study certain properties of that language, such as the redundancy of source language constructs that yield identical object code sequences and the ambiguity of object code generated by procedure calls.
Industrial applications at the NSLS

(1996). Industrial applications at the NSLS. Synchrotron Radiation News: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 14-22.
Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia.

Objectives Pathologists differ in their definition of “dysplasia’. This study was done to test the hypothesis that experienced oral pathologists are consistent in diagnosing epithelial dysplasia. Study Design Six board-certified oral pathologists examined 120 oral biopsies exhibiting simple hyperkeratosis to severe dysplasia. No clinical information was given, and presence of dysplasia was judged by histomorphology. Examiners' diagnoses were compared with sign-out diagnoses for each case. Months later, each examiner viewed 60 relabeled slides from the original 120. Each diagnosis was compared with the diagnosis in the first round. Results Exact agreement with the sign-out diagnosis averaged 50.5% (within one histologic grade 90.4%). Examiners agreed exactly with their own diagnoses 50.8% of the time (within one histologic grade 92.4%). Agreement distinguishing dysplasia from no dysplasia compared with original sign-out diagnosis was 81.5%. Agreement with themselves distinguishing dysplasia from no dysplasia was 80.3%. Conclusions Accurate reproducible agreement among experienced board-certified oral pathologists diagnosing oral epithelial dysplasia is difficult to achieve.
Research: Ring-based bandwidth dimensioning in SDH networks

Determining the bandwidth requirements for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks requires examination of the network topology, the equipment functionality in the network, the switching algorithms, the protection methodology, and the traffic statistics for each of the multi-rate bandwidths to be transmitted in the network. The complexity of this type of analysis requires a computer aided design algorithm. A bandwidth routing algorithm for SDH networks which include unidirectional and bidirectional ring topologies in either a centralized or distributed traffic switching environment is presented. Several simple network examples are provided so the algorithm may be followed 'in action'. The algorithm is then demonstrated on an actual European metropolitan network to determine the bandwidth requirements for that network. Pseudo-code for the algorithm is presented in an appendix.
The factory of the future and simulation: An overview

The Factory of the Future is possible with current hardware and software technology. It may include many different components but such manufacturing complexes must be planned, designed, and operated as coordinated systems. They will be information oriented; careful planning and design is critical to the operational and financial success of such systems. System simulation is proving to be an effective tool for dealing with these large and complex systems. This paper presents an overview of this increasingly important area of application and is intended to serve as an introduction for the other papers in this session.
Perishability, Yield Management, and Cross-Product Elasticity: A Case Study of Deep Discount Season Passes in the Colorado Ski Industry

In September 1998, selected ski resorts in Colorado initiated a deeply discounted season pass program, offering a 75% discount from the previous year’s prices to Front-Range skiers (Colorado residents). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of this discount program on skier behavior. Specifically, the influence of the discount programs on skier behavior, cross-product elasticity, and market alienation was assessed, comparing the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 seasons. While the results are somewhat confounded by the poor snow conditions of the 1998-1999 season, the discount programs appear to have significantly influenced skier loyalty to the respective resorts. Finally, while declines in destination skier satisfaction with the levels of lift line and slope crowding were also identified, the discounted pass programs do not appear to have directly influenced the destination skiers’ overall satisfaction.
Emerging ISD Models for Distance Training Programs

Corporate training has undergone dramatic changes over the last two decades. The rapid advancement of technology and the resulting growth of the Internet are ultimately the driving forces, but the manner in which they impact corporate training comes from many directions. Corporate training environments now have many different ways to deliver training and interact with the learner. Training solutions are in high demand with little lead-time available to design and develop solutions. The reach and availability of the Internet has now raised the expectations of businesses to be competing 24/7. Training departments are being asked to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of their programs, as they are no longer treated as part of company overhead. All of these changes justify that existing models for designing instruction be analyzed for their appropriateness in this new environment. This article will analyze the complaints of using traditional instructional design models for distance training, and explore...
Abstract 4490: Triapine sensitizes chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells to platinum therapy.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Objectives: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the second most common female pelvic reproductive organ cancer in the United States, and carries the highest mortality in this category in the Western world. The progression free survival and overall survival depend greatly on tumor sensitivity to a platinum chemotherapy. Once platinum resistance is encountered, response rates of only 6-30% are achieved. Triapine, a novel small-molecule drug developed in our laboratory, potently inhibits the activity of ribonucleotide reductase involved in the key step of DNA synthesis and replication. Given that triapine caused profound disruption of dNTP levels and S phase progression, we examined the effects of triapine on the repair of replication-associated DSBs and on the sensitivity of platinum resistant EOC to DNA damaging and platinum therapy. Methods: Cell sensitivity to varying ratios of treating drug combinations (triapine/6-thio-guanine alone, triapine/6-thioguanine with cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel) was carried out by clonogenic survival assays using multiple EOC cells lines (A2780, CP70, CAOV-3, IGROV-1, BG-1, PEO1, PEO4, SKOV-3). Colonies were stained and counted to determine % survival. DNA replication was determined by EdU incorporation into DNA using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results: Treatment with triapine leads to synergistic sensitization of BRCA wild-type EOC cells to platinum drugs. The degree of sensitization by triapine is more pronounced toward the lower concentrations of platinum drugs, at which DNA replication is still ongoing. Platinum drugs induce DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and Rad51 foci in BRCA wild type EOC cells. Triapine attenuates formation of Rad51 foci, a marker of DSB repair, in these cells. For EOC cells that are highly platinum resistant, combination of triapine and 6-thioguanine is required to achieve significant sensitization to platinum drugs. Conclusions: Platinum drugs induce replication-associated DSBs and Rad51-dependent repair in BRCA wild-type EOC cells. Triapine inhibits Rad51-dependent repair of DSBs and therefore sensitizes BRCA wild-type EOC cells to platinum drugs. The mechanism by which 6-thioguanine enhances the effects of triapine is currently being investigated. Our findings indicate for the first time that triapine and 6-thioguanine can be used in combination with platinum agents to target BRCA wild-type and platinum-resistant EOC. Citation Format: Elena S. Ratner, Margaret Whicker, Z. Ping Lin, Alan C. Sartorelli. Triapine sensitizes chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells to platinum therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4490. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4490
Mapping unintegrated avian sarcoma virus DNA: Termini of linear DNA bear 300 nucleotides present once or twice in two species of circular DNA

Three major species of viral DNA have been observed in cells infected by retroviruses: a linear, double-stranded copy of a subunit of viral RNA; closed circular DNA; and proviral DNA inserted covalently into the genome of the host cell. We have studied the structures of the unintegrated forms of avian sarcoma virus (ASA) DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis in conjunction with restriction endonucleases and molecular hybridization techniques. The linear duplex DNA is approximately the same length as a subunit of viral RNA (approximately 10 kb) and it bears natural repeats of approximately 300 nucleotides at its termini. The repeats are composed of sequences derived from both the 3' and 5' termini of viral RNA in a manner suggesting that the viral DNA polymerase is transferred twice between templates. Thus the first end begins with a sequence from the 5' terminus of viral RNA and is permuted by about 100 nucleotides with respect to the 3' terminus of viral RNA; the linear DNA terminates with a sequence of about 200 nucleotides derived from the 3' end of viral RNA. We represent this structure, synthesized from right to left, as 3'5'-----3'5'. Two closed circular species of approximately monomeric size have been identified. The less abundant species contain all the sequences identified in linear DNA, including two copies in tandem of the 300 nucleotide 3'5' repeat. The major species lacks about 300 base pairs (bp) mapped to the region of the repeated sequence; thus it presumably contains only a single copy of that sequence. The strategies used to determine these structures involved the assignment of over 20 cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases on the physical maps of ASV DNA. Several strains of ASV were compared with respect to these sites, and the sites have been located in relation to deletions frequently observed in the env and src genes of ASV.
Morphogenetic basis for phenotypic differences in hydroid competitive behaviour

FOR many plants, fungi and sessile invertebrates, the availability of habitable space often limits their size, reproductive output and survival. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in the ability to compete for space is common1–3, but the way in which competitive ability is regulated remains largely unknown. We describe here a system of intraspecific competition in the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus in which the principal mechanisms underlying variation in competitive ability have proven amenable to experimental analysis. Competitive interactions can be aggressive, involving the induction of a specialized fighting organ called a hyperplastic stolon, or non-aggressive, in which no hyperplastic stolons are produced. Colonies display continuous variation in the ontogenetic appearance of tissues that differ in their competence to be induced to produce hyperplastic stolons. We find that the outcome and kind of competitive interaction between strains are predictable given knowledge of their morphologies. In this hydroid, complex competitive behaviour arises from a coupling of discrete morphogenetic potential of differing tissue types with continuous variation in the ontogenetic and astogenetic appearances of these tissues.
GENDER AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: EVALUATING THE EVIDENCE

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex social problem that social workers must be trained to address, using the best available evidence. In this article we review divergent theories, research findings, and methods that underpin debates about the role of gender in IPV perpetration and victimization. We examine the literature that contextualizes IPV and identifies different types of IPV and recommend training social workers to use differential assessment tools for IPV. We conclude that gender does matter in IPV and that social work students can critically evaluate the gender debates in selecting evidence for safe and effective practice.
Effect of Two-Frequency Optical Injection on multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We study experimentally the dynamics of a multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subject to two-frequency orthogonal optical injection. Polarization switching, bistability, and instabilities are observed when the bias current is adjusted.
A combined narrow- and wide-band model for computing the spectral absorption coefficient of CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, C2H2, and NO

Abstract This paper presents a new computational procedure for computing the spectral absorption coefficient of CO 2 , CO, H 2 O, CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , and NO. The procedure is based on a combined narrow- and wide-band model which gives the absorption coefficient as a function of radiation wavelength, temperature, total pressure and partial pressure of the gases. The average line spacing is the only correlation parameter that is adjusted to fit integrated band absorptance data. Results show that the accuracy of the present procedure is comparable to those obtained from using existing correlations. A positive feature of the present procedure is, however, a single model that is applicable to all the gases considered.
Long-term Effects of Conifer-Groundwood Paper Fiber on Walleyes

Abstract Walleye fingerlings (Stizostedion v. vitreum) were held in 0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm conifer-groundwood fiber at 65 F and 100% oxygen saturation for up to 190 days. Fish were contained in recirculating water-flow systems and fed daily; water and fiber suspensions were changed daily. At the end of the experiment, fish in fiber were 2 to 3% shorter in length and 6 to 11% lighter in weight than controls. Relative condition factor was unchanged. Routine metabolic rate of walleyes in 150 ppm fiber was 18% higher than controls and active metabolic rate was 15% lower. Number of mucous cells on gills of fish from 150 ppm fiber treatments was 38% lower than controls and hematocrit of fish held in fiber averaged 6% lower than controls.
Calcification on chromic suture.

Abstract Absorbable gut-type suture material has proved calculogenic ability; however, calcification on this type of suture material has not been reported frequently. Described is a child with painless hematuria secondary to a calcified renal stone formed on a catgut suture.
901-53 Right-to-Left Shunts in Patients with Severe Hypoxemia: Transesophageal Contrast Echocardiography Study

Severe hypoxemia due to right-to-left (R-to-L) shunt has been well-documented in isolated case reports. Several mechanisms of R-to-L interatrial shunt in hypoxic patients have been identified. Although less-well recognized, R-to-L intrapulmonary shunts have also been demonstrated on contrast echocardiography in patients presenting with hypoxemia. Transesophageal contrast echocardiography (TEE) has been established as a sensitive tool in the diagnosis of R-to-L interatrial or intrapulmonary shunts, however, the utility of TEE in the evaluation and outcome has not been studied. We reviewed medical records of 45 consecutive inpatients with hypoxemia as an indication for echocardiographic examination from 1989 to 1993 and assessed the clinical impact of TEE. All had chief complaint of dyspnea and baseline hypoxemia (room air pO2 less than 76 mmHg). The etiology of hypoxemia could not be determined following history, physical examination, and initial evaluation. Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography were performed for suspected R-to-L shunt. There were 26 males and 19 females. Mean age was 56 ± 13.ln 5 patients, TTE suggested R-to-L interatrial shunt. TEE findings were as follow: 35 interatrial shunts, 7 intrapulmonary shunts, 4 pulmonary embolisms (PE), and 1 superior vena cava-to-pulmonary venous (SVC-to-PV) shunt. Of those, 15 patients had recommendations for significant therapeutic change following TEE; medical treatment for PE in 4, interatrial shunt repair in 9, 1 intrapulmonary shunt repair, and 1 SVC-PV surgical repair. All patients with R-to-L interatrial shunts were associated with processes known to cause right heart pressure overload. The three most common associations in patients with R-to-L interatrial shunt were pulmonary embolism (10), COPD (7), and pulmonary fibrosis (5). The 7 intrapulmonary shunts were noted with hepatic cirrhosis (3), pulmonary fibrosis (2), and primary pulmonary hypertension (2). All patients except one improved symptomatically during subsequent follow-ups. Conclusion Clinically significant hypoxemia can result from echo contrast detectable R-to-L interatrial or intrapulmonary shunt. In severely hypoxic patients with R-to-L shunt, TEE is the most effective diagnostic modality.
Tom Ten Have's contributions to causal inference and biostatistics: review and future research directions

Tom Ten Have made many contributions to causal inference and biostatistics before his untimely death. This paper reviews Tom's contributions and discusses potential related future research directions. We focus on Tom's contributions to longitudinal/repeated measures categorical data analysis and particularly his contributions to causal inference. Tom's work on causal inference was primarily in the areas of estimating the effect of receiving treatment in randomized trials with nonadherence and mediation analysis. A related area to mediation analysis he was working on at the time of his death was posttreatment effect modification with applications to designing adaptive treatment strategies.
Slip dynamics at an interface between dissimilar materials

It has been shown recently that steady frictional sliding along an interface between dissimilar elastic solids with Coulomb friction acting at the interface is ill-posed for a wide range of material parameters and friction coefficients. The ill-posedness is manifest in the unstable growth of interfacial disturbances of all wavelengths, with growth rate inversely proportional to the wavelength. We first establish the connection between the ill-posedness and the existence of a certain interfacial wave in frictionless contact, called the generalized Rayleigh wave. Precisely, it is shown that for material combinations where the generalized Rayleigh wave exists, steady sliding with Coulomb friction is ill-posed for arbitrarily small values of friction. In addition, intersonic unstable modes and supersonic steady-state modes exist for sufficiently large values of the friction coefficient. Secondly, regularization of the problem by an experimentally motivated friction law is studied. We show that a friction law with no instantaneous dependence on normal stress but a simple fading memory of prior history of normal stress makes the problem well-posed.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SPHAEROPLEA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

A systematic investigation of the genus Sphaeroplea was conducted using cladistic analyses of both structural and isozyme characters for the same set of taxa. The structural data were not able to fully resolve some of the taxa while the isozyme data did produce a tree in which all nodes were supported by data. The structural characters were relatively consistent with one another, whereas the isozyme characters were much less internally consistent. Results from independent, cladistic analyses of both data sets support the concept that among those Sphaeroplea species investigated, S. fragilis Buchheim et Hoffman had an early divergence. The two data sets differed primarily in that the structural data support monophyly of the genus Sphaeroplea and the isozyme data do not. The greater relative consistency of the structural data suggests better support for trees inferred from its analysis. Furthermore, searches for character congruence between the two data sets revealed isozyme data which support monophyly of the genus Sphaeroplea, but had been overwhelmed by conflicting isozyme characters.
Ontogeny of thermal preference in four species of viviparous fishes (Embiotocidae)

The preferred temperatures of juveniles of four embiotocid species were determined in a laboratory gradient apparatus. Juvenile Embiotoca jacksoni and Micrometrus minimus preferred warmer water than adults, although adults and juveniles of both species coincided in field occurrence. Hypsurus caryi adults and juveniles preferred equivalent temperatures. Neonate Cymatogaster aggregata preferred colder water than adults. Therefore, thermal preference was not a species characteristic but varied ontogenetically. There was agreement between temperatures occupied under gradient conditions and acute laboratory preferred temperatures for juveniles of all species except C. aggregata, which preferred cooler temperatures than actually occupied.
The Ordeal of St. Sepulchre’S: A Campaign Against Organized Prostitution in Early 19th-Century London and the Emergence of Lower Middle-class Consciousness:

The article addresses the issue of organized prostitution in London during the 1820s, a crucial time and place in which modern middle-class values were developing and being asserted in an essentially urban setting. An account is given of a prolonged and expensive campaign conducted by one City parish in an effort to suppress the brothels within its boundaries. Analysis of the parish’s motivation, procedural steps, and the eventual outcomes of its activities provide insight into lower middle-class attitudes toward prostitution and the limitations of the legal means available for its control. The study accordingly attempts to provide a dynamic perspective on the early mobilization of representatives of this class against a particular and threatening aspect of urban disorder. It further suggests that this need to confront public behavior incompatible with the values of a modernizing world in this way was peculiar to the lower middle classes and perhaps even helped to create their identity.
Development and differentiation of neural rosettes derived from human embryonic stem cells.

Neurons and glia are important targets of human embryonic stem cell research promising a renewable source of these differentiated cells for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Neurons and glia are derived, in vivo from the neuroepithelium of the neural tube. Concomitant to development along the anterior to posterior axis, gradients of morphogens across the dorsal and ventral axis of the neural tube establish positional codes that generate distinct progenitor domains and ultimately specify subtype identity. The neural rosette is the developmental signature of neuroprogenitors in cultures of differentiating embryonic stem cells; rosettes are radial arrangements of columnar cells that express many of the proteins expressed in neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube. In addition to similar morphology, neuroprogenitors within neural rosettes differentiate into the main classes of progeny of neuroepithelial cells in vivo: neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Despite these similarities, important differences exist and the extent to which neural rosettes can model neurogenesis in vivo is not yet clear. Here, the authors review the recent studies on the development and differentiation of neural rosettes from human embryonic stem cells. The authors focus on efforts to generate motor neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro as representative of the challenges to obtaining the progeny of a single progenitor domain with in vitro methods. Opportunities for further progress are discussed.
Bioavailability to rats of selenium in ovine muscle, liver and hemoglobin

Abstract Muscle, liver and hemoglobin from sheep which had been fed a high selenium (Se) diet (1 mg Se/kg) were incorporated into diets for rats at levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 μg Se per g diet. Se as either selenite or L-selenomethionine (SeMet) were used as standards at these same levels to obtain information on the most suitable reference. Tissue Se levels and glutathione peroxidase activities were used to assess bioavailability. Se was found to be more available in muscle than liver or hemoglobin.
Use of video intervention to increase elders' awareness of low-cost vehicle modifications that enhance driving safety and comfort

Use of vehicle modifications might enable older drivers to stay on the road safely and provide a more gradual pathway between driving and driving cessation. Although adaptive features for automobiles have long been known by the disabilities community, they have not been well known by professionals in the network of aging programs and services or by elders themselves. This study examined the use of a video intervention to increase elders' awareness of low-tech vehicle features. It was hypothesized that participants would have an increased awareness after viewing a video and would take steps toward using the features. The 23-min video was shown to 157 drivers age 70+ at seven Councils on Aging and senior centers in Massachusetts. The median age was 79, and 11% were age 85 and older. The participants completed pre- and postvideo questionnaires, and 127 of the participants (81%) were surveyed by phone approximately 2 months later. Familiarity significantly increased for 10 or 13 demonstrated features. On average, participants had taken two of five follow-up steps: 85% had read handouts, 63% had discussed features with family or friends, 20% had looked for features in stores or on the Internet, 9% had tried features, and only 2% had contacted a professional. Eleven percent of the telephone interviewees had purchased features. The video served the intended purpose of increasing awareness of vehicle modifications. Although some change was noted, 2 months may not have been sufficient time to observe change for the majority of the participants. Moreover, it is not known to what extent the participants may draw on this knowledge in the future, if and when they perceive a more direct need.
Thermal Climate Variations and Potential Modification of the Cropping Pattern in Bangladesh

Changes in the thermal climate due to inter-annual climatic variability can potentially modify existing cropping pattern by forcing farmers to rearrange transplanting and harvesting dates. In the present study, a crop climate model, the YIELD, has been applied to 12 meteorological stations located in major rice growing regions in Bangladesh to estimate the effect of thermal climate variations on the transplanting and harvesting dates of boro rice and the resultant potential changes in cropping pattern and spatial shift. The abnormal thermal climate scenarios have been created by synthetically perturbing mean air temperatures (Tair) up to −5 °C to +5 °C with an interval of 1 °C for each of these stations. Historical meteorological records of air temperature in Bangladesh have been used to prepare these scenarios. The study finds that under abnormally cool conditions transplanting dates will be pushed well into February to avoid plant injury and harvesting dates will be moved into the monsoon. The growing seasons will be longer under cooler than normal thermal conditions. Under abnormally warm conditions harvesting dates will be established well into March and will cause reduction of yield due to a shorter growing season. These conditions will also cause spatial shift in crop potential and changes in the cropping pattern. Due to a longer boro rice growing season farmers will lose a significant amount of cropping land which is usually used for low and deep water rice cultivation. New crops will need to be introduced during the beginning of a year to overcome the loss of production under abnormally cool conditions. Wheat and potato can be good options for the farmers for such conditions. New aus rice variety needs to be introduced after the boro harvesting under warmer than the normal conditions to overcome the loss of yield due to a shorter growing season.
Serum prolactin concentrations in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Experimental evidence suggests that prolactin is an important immunomodulator hormone. Because this endocrine-immune link may represent a potential new therapeutic avenue, we considered its application in states of immunodeficiency. We hypothesized that serum prolactin concentrations might be abnormal in AIDS. To test this hypothesis, we measured serum prolactin concentrations in blood samples obtained from patients who had either AIDS (n = 15) or AIDS-related complex (n = 12), asymptomatic subjects who were antibody-positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 10), HIV antibody-negative homosexual subjects (n = 10), and heterosexual HIV antibodynegative controls (n = 21). We found no difference in the serum prolactin concentrations between the five subject groups. We conclude that circulating prolactin values are not altered by HIV infection; however, the possibility that prolactin administration may modulate immune function remains to be tested. (Crit Care Med 1990; 18:440)
Novel UBE2B-associated polymorphisms in an azoospermic/oligozoospermic population.

Aim: To assess whether abnormalities exist in the UBE2B gene in a population of infertile human males, and to establish biologic plausibility of any discovered mutations. Methods: We carried out polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis of the 5'-untranslated region and six exons of the UBE2B gene, including flanking intronic regions, in a group of fertile and infertile men. Following the identification of a putative promoter region that contained single or dual triplet deletions within a 10-CGG repeat island, we evaluated the binding affinity of these identified polymorphisms as compared to the wild-type sequence to transcription factor SP1 using a DNA–protein gel shift assay. Results: There was a novel exonic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) noted in exon 4 in 5% of infertile men. In silico 3D modeling of the altered protein showed an innocuous isoleucine for valine substitution. There were no mutations noted within any of the other exons. Three novel intronic SNPs were identified within the fertile group, and seven novel intronic SNPs identified in the infertile group. The DNA–protein gel shift assay noted that both single CGG deletion and double CGG deletion bands had approximately twice the binding affinity compared to the wild-type for SP1. The negative control confirmed no non-specific protein binding. Conclusion: By themselves, a single or double CGG deletion is unlikely to pose biologic significance. However, such deletions in this suspected promoter region are associated with increased binding affinity for SP1, and might represent one of several factors required for alteration of UBE2B gene expression. (Asian J Androl 2008 May; 10: 461–466)