cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture resistance of cingulum rest seats in CAD-CAM tooth-colored crowns for removable partial denture abutments.

Statement of problem The prevalent use of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) for tooth-colored ceramic materials has led to several case reports and retrospective clinical studies of surveyed crowns used to support removable partial dentures. How the specific contour of a cingulum rest seat affects the fracture resistance of these CAD-CAM tooth-colored materials is unknown. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture resistance of monolithic CAD-CAM tooth-colored mandibular canine-surveyed ceramic crowns with cingulum rest seats of different designs. Material and methods Five groups (n=24/group) of CAD-CAM tooth-colored crowns were milled from the same standard tessellation language (STL) file: group EM, lithium disilicate-based material (IPS e.max CAD CEREC blocks); group SM, zirconia-based material (NexxZr T); group LP, zirconia-based material (Lava Plus High Translucency); group ZC, zirconia-based material (ZirCAD LT); and group MZ, composite resin (MZ100 CEREC blocks), used as a control. Crowns from each group were divided into 2 subgroups representing 2 shapes of cingulum rest seat design: round design subgroup (n=12) with 0.5-mm radius of curvature and sharp design subgroup (n=12) with 0.25-mm radius of curvature for the rest seat preparation. The crowns were cemented with resin cement to a composite resin die on a steel nut. After 24 hours of storage in water at 37°C, the specimens were statically loaded to fracture with a custom metal retainer on top of the cingulum rest seat by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.5 mm/min. Two-way ANOVA and the Tukey honestly significant difference tests were used to control the familywise error rate (α=.05). Representative specimens were examined using an optical stereomicroscope at ×10 magnification and a scanning electron microscope to determine the failure patterns and fracture mechanism. Results The results of the ANOVA test indicated statistically significant differences by materials and rest seat designs (P Conclusions The present in vitro study demonstrated that zirconia-based groups fractured at twice the load as the lithium disilicate group. Of the 3 zirconia-based groups, group ZirCAD had a statistically greater fracture resistance than the other groups. Designing the cingulum rest seat to have a broad round shape provides a statistically significant higher fracture resistance than a sharp-shape design (P
Three-Port Vector-Network-Analyzer Calibrations Using the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework

We have implemented methods for calibrating three-port vector network analyzers (VNAs) and propagating correlated uncertainties using the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework. We describe our calibration procedures, which utilize measured wave-parameters rather than scattering parameters to account for switch-term corrections, and present results for a three-port power splitter. We compare our calibrated measurements with those performed using the firmware of a commercial VNA, and show the results agree to within our confidence intervals at most frequencies.
EACAN: Reliable and Resource-Efficient CAN Communications

Worst-case-based timing verification for the controller area network (CAN) has been the bottleneck to efficient use of its bandwidth. Especially, this inefficiency comes from the worst-case transmission error rate (WCTER) when transmission errors are accounted for. To alleviate this inefficiency, we propose a runtime adaptation scheme, error-adaptive CAN (EACAN). EACAN observes the behavior of transmission errors at runtime, and reconfigures the message period based on the observation to meet the timing-failure requirement. We experimentally evaluate the bandwidth utilization of both EACAN- and WCTER-based verification, showing that the former improves the bandwidth utilization by 14% over the latter.
Justifications on the behavior in relation to the consumption of electric power at home and at work: a qualitative analysisa

The main contribution of this work is the development of a qualitative analysis on the behavior of a group of university students and teachers in relation to the type of motivation revealed by a process of awareness about their domestic electric energy consumption. The identification of this behavior profile enables the organization of motivational messages that, when sent to users of mobile technologies, can enhance the ubiquitous learning process in this work related to environmental education. The methodological approach used was the Discourse of the Collective Subject, which is a method that allows the researcher to know and describe descriptive opinions and representations, allowing the delineation of behavioral profiles. In the results we can observe the need for greater clarity regarding the information related to energy consumption. However, for this information to achieve a change in consumer behavior it is necessary that it be customized. This information can auxiliary to the learning process, due to the fact that technology is increasingly integrated with “anytime” and “anywhere” human actions and behaviors, providing a learning process that can be obtained on any occasions, contingencies, circumstances and contexts
Markov Modeling of Component Fault Growth Over A Derived Domain of Feasible Output Control Effort Modifications

This paper introduces a novel Markov process formulation of stochastic fault growth modeling, in order to facilitate the development and analysis of prognostics-based control adaptation. A metric representing the relative deviation between the nominal output of a system and the net output that is actually enacted by an implemented prognostics-based control routine, will be used to define the action space of the formulated Markov process. The state space of the Markov process will be defined in terms of an abstracted metric representing the relative health remaining in each of the system s components. The proposed formulation of component fault dynamics will conveniently relate feasible system output performance modifications to predictions of future component health deterioration.
Chemo-prevention and interception of obesity-promoted pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains a deadly disease, for which very few therapeutic options and efficacious strategies exist. There has been increased research effort to study risk factor-promoted pancreatic cancer development to prevent and/or intercept this disease. Animal models are indispensable to investigate the underlying mechanisms, by which known risk factors, for example, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, promote cancer development, and to evaluate interventional strategies. Several animal models for pancreatic cancer are available to the research community. For early cancer development and prevention studies, genetically engineered mouse models, for example, conditional KrasG12D mouse models, are extremely useful and have widely and successfully been utilized. In this chapter, we discuss available mouse models for pancreatic cancer, in particular for the study of early cancer development and prevention/interception in the context of obesity-promoted pancreatic cancer, and for repurposing available drugs, for example, metformin and statins.
A Stratified Geometric Approach to the Disturbance Decoupling Problem with Stability for Switched Systems Over Digraphs

This chapter considers the disturbance decoupling problem with stability (more precisely, eigenvalue assignment) for switched discrete-time linear systems, where switching occurs within a set of admissible transitions defined via a weighted directed graph. The concept of subspace arrangement, as a collection of linear subspaces, is employed as the main tool for the definition of appropriate geometric properties tailored to the considered setup. Appropriate forms of feedback laws that achieve disturbance decoupling with spectral assignability under certain classes of admissible switching signals are characterized in terms of two distinct notions of controlled invariance. The result specializes more general approaches based on robust controlled invariance by exploiting the graph structure of the switching topology.
Bending Performance of Thin 3D Printed Antennas

Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques are used to fabricate several-layer thin antennas. A uniplanar coplanar waveguide fed monopole is proposed, and the physical effects of bending are investigated.
Persistent Herpes Simplex Virus Infection In Vitro with Cycles of Cell Destruction and Regrowth.

Abstract Hampar, Berge (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.), and Mary Lou Copeland. Persistent herpes simplex virus infection in vitro with cycles of cell destruction and regrowth. J. Bacteriol. 90:205–212. 1965.—The susceptibility of two Chinese hamster cell lines to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied from the time of their initiation through successive subcultures. The cells' susceptibility to the cytocidal effects of HSV decreased as the number of cell passages increased. During the early cell passages, the decrease in cell susceptibility to HSV was characterized by an increased time after infection for complete cell destruction to occur, with a concomitant increase in the period when virus could be recovered from supernatant fluids. This was followed by a number of cell passages during which persistent HSV infections were established. The persistent infections were characterized by (i) cycles of virus synthesis and cell destruction followed by regrowth of the cells, (ii) initiation and maintenance under conditions optimal for cell growth in the absence of antibody, (iii) the cells' ability to be passaged while still maintaining their cycling patterns, (iv) a relationship between virus synthesis and cell proliferation, and (v) inability of long-term treatment with antibody to “cure” the persistent infections. The unique characteristics of this HSV infection were compared with other persistent in vitro viral infections.
Search for nonresonant capture in the 16O(α,γ)20Ne reaction at low energies

20Ne recoils produced from the 16O(α,γ) 20Ne reaction were detected in coincidence with capture γ rays using a recoil separator, NaI(Tl) γ-ray detectors, and a helium gas target. Total cross sections for cascade and ground state capture were measured in the range Ec.m.=1.7–2.35 MeV. Improved measurements of the total width and resonance strength of the Ec.m.=1.99 MeV (Jπ=0+) resonance and the resonance strength of the Ec.m.=1.054 MeV (Jπ=1-) resonance are reported. The astrophysical S factor for nonresonant capture into the 20Ne ground state was measured to be 0.26±0.07 MeV b, assuming an energy-independent S factor between Ec.m.=1.7 and 2.35 MeV. Using theoretical estimates for the energy dependence and branching ratios for the nonresonant capture, a best estimate for the total S factor at 300 keV of 0.7±0.3 MeV b is determined.
Chapter 7 Activated carbon adsorption in drinking water treatment

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses important factors controlling the performance of activated carbon adsorption during drinking water treatment. The micropore size distribution and volume of activated carbons are important for the adsorption of several small molecular weight organic contaminants. Depending on the dimensions of a molecule, there is an optimum micropore size region that maximizes its adsorption because of enhanced adsorption in these regions, the presence of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) in natural waters, and its impact on target compound adsorption is unavoidable. Studies are needed to examine the optimum pore region for the adsorption of various synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) in the presence of different DOMs. Water molecules bound to carbon surfaces can significantly hinder SOC adsorption. Activated carbons have hydrophobic surfaces with low affinity toward water. The use of oxidants prior to activated carbon decreases the effectiveness of activated carbons for target compounds.
Prophylactic cephaloridine in the prevention of postoperative pelvic infections in premenopausal women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

Abstract A prospective double-blind study was performed utilizing 3 Gm. of cephaloridine or placebo on the day of operation in premenopausal women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. In approximately two years, 100 of 138 women eligible for the study elected to participate; 50 patients received placebo and 50 received active drug. The preoperative profile of the two groups of patients was similar. Postoperatively, there were statistically significant differences in the clinical courses of the two groups of patients. In those women receiving cephaloridine prophylaxis, fewer patients had postoperative morbidity (p
Validation of a measure of alliance for an adolescent inpatient setting.

The link between alliance and treatment outcome is robust. Nevertheless, few, if any, self-report measures exist to assess the alliance between hospitalized adolescents and their treatment team as a whole. The present study looks to extend the use of a brief self-report measure of inpatient treatment alliance designed for adult inpatients to be used with adolescents. The scale is designed incorporating items that tap the three factors of alliance (bond, goals and collaboration) to assess the alliance that the patient has with his or her treatment team. Our results show that the Inpatient-Treatment Alliance Scale is unifactoral, shows good psychometrics and is linked in theoretically meaningful ways to global clinician ratings of engagement in individual psychotherapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Inpatient treatment of adolescents requires the assessment of alliance to be between the patient and his or her treatment team rather than an individual clinician. Assessment of the alliance can benefit clinicians treating hospitalized adolescents especially because these patients are difficult to engage with in treatment. This study shows that the Inpatient-Treatment Alliance Scale is a promising measure for assessing treatment alliance on an adolescent inpatient setting.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in juvenile rats is associated with reactive gliosis and activation of microglia in the hippocampus.

Background Type 1 diabetes may be associated with structural and functional alterations in the brain. The role of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in causing these alterations has not been well explored. Methods We used immunohistochemical staining to investigate cellular alterations in brain specimens from juvenile rats with DKA before, during, and after treatment with insulin and saline, and compared these to samples from diabetic rats and normal controls. Results Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining intensity was increased in the hippocampus during DKA and increased further during insulin/saline treatment. Twenty-four and 72 h after treatment, hippocampal GFAP intensity declined but remained above control levels. There were no significant changes in GFAP intensity in the cortex or striatum. OX42 staining intensity was increased during untreated DKA and increased further during insulin/saline treatment in the hippocampus and cortex. NeuN staining intensity was decreased after DKA treatment in the striatum but not in other regions. Conclusions DKA causes inflammatory changes in the brain including reactive gliosis and activation of microglia. These findings are present during untreated DKA, but intensify during insulin/saline treatment. The hippocampus was disproportionately affected, consistent with previous studies showing deficits in hippocampal functions in rats after DKA recovery and decreased memory capacity in children with a history of DKA.
Data-driven optimized flip angle selection for T1 estimation from spoiled gradient echo acquisitions.

Purpose Define criteria for selection of optimal flip angle sets for T1 estimation and evaluate effects on T1 mapping. Theory and Methods Flip angle sets for spoiled gradient echo-based T1 mapping were selected by minimizing T1 estimate variance weighted by the joint density of M0 and T1 in an initial acquisition. The effect of optimized flip angle selection on T1 estimate error was measured using simulations and experimental data in the human and rat brain. Results For two-point acquisitions, optimized angle sets were similar to those proposed by other groups and, therefore, performed similarly. For multipoint acquisitions, optimal angle sets for T1 mapping in the brain consisted of a repetition of two angles. Implementation of optimal angles reduced T1 estimate variance by 30–40% compared with a multipoint acquisition using a range of angles. Performance of the optimal angle set was equivalent to that of a repetition of the two-angle set selected using criteria proposed by other researchers. Conclusion Repetition of two carefully selected flip angles notably improves the precision of resulting T1 estimates compared with acquisitions using a range of flip angles. This work provides a flexible and widely applicable optimization method of particular use for those who repeatedly perform T1 estimation. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Children at Risk for Suicide Attempt and Attempt-related Injuries: Findings from the 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Purpose: The current study examines the associations between a range of risk factors and reports of suicide attempts, and attempts requiring medical care in a nationally representative study of high school students. The goal is to examine sex differences in the risk factors that are associated with suicide attempts and attempt-related injuries requiring treatment by a health-care provider. Methods: Data from the 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey for students in grades 9-12 were used to assess the prevalence and risk factors for suicidal behavior as well as differences in these for boys and girls. Cross-sectional multivariate logistic regression analyses were computed to determine the most important risk factors for suicide attempts and for suicide attempts requiring medical care for the sample overall and also stratified for boys and for girls. Results: Overall, 6.9% of adolescents attempted suicide (9.3% of girls versus 4.6% of boys). Girls were more likely than boys to report a suicide attempt in the past year (Adj.OR=2.89). Among girls, sadness (Adj.OR=5.74), weapon carrying (Adj.OR=1.48), dating violence (Adj.OR=1.60), forced sex (Adj.OR=1.72), and huffing glue (Adj.OR=2.04) were significantly associated with suicide attempts. Among boys, sadness (Adj.OR=10.96), weapon carrying (Adj.OR=1.66), forced sex (Adj.OR=2.60), huffing glue (OR=1.63), hard drug use (Adj.OR=2.18), and sports involvement (Adj.OR=1.52) were significantly associated with suicide attempts. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate similarities and differences in terms of the modifiable risk factors that increase risk for suicide attempts among boys and girls. In terms of the differences between boys and girls, hard drug use and sports involvement may be important factors for suicide prevention strategies that are directed specifically towards boys, while dating violence victimization may be an important risk factor to address for girls. Overall, these findings can help guide prevention, clinical practice, and intervention strategies to prevent suicidal behaviors among adolescents. [West J Emerg Med. 2010; 11(3): 258-264.]
Urinary Excretion of [2H4]Folate by Nonpregnant Women Following a Single Oral Dose of [2H4]Folic Acid Is a Functional Index of Folate Nutritional Status

In a 10-wk study with nonpregnant women (21-27 y, n = 5-6 per group), subjects were fed a diet containing approximately 68 nmol/d (30 microg/d) folate from food that was supplemented with folic acid in apple juice to yield a constant intake of 454, 680 or 907 nmol/d (200, 300 or 400 microg/d) to evaluate folate status and long-term in vivo kinetics. Reported here is an additional phase of this protocol conducted to determine the relationship between short-term urinary excretion after a single isotopically labeled dose and various measures of folate nutritional status. It was hypothesized that urinary excretion from a single [glutamate-2H4]folic acid ([2H4]folic acid) dose would increase in proportion to folate nutritional status due to saturable cellular uptake and retention processes along with saturation of renal reabsorption. Each subject was given 1.13 micromol (500 microg) of [2H4]folic acid orally on the morning of d 70 of the study, followed by a complete 24-h urine collection. Urine was analyzed to determine the isotopic enrichment of urinary folate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the concentration of urinary folate by HPLC. Urinary excretion of [2H4]folate was greatest at the 907 nmol/d intake and was positively correlated with serum folate concentration but was not correlated with erythrocyte folate. Excretion of [2H4]folate tended to be greatest when plasma homocysteine concentrations were low (<8 micromol/L), although this relation was not significant. These results suggest that 24-h urinary excretion after a single oral dose of isotopically labeled folate is a functional indicator of folate nutritional status that complements other measures of folate nutriture.
From the Great Bahama Bank into the Straits of Florida: A margin architecture controlled by sea-level fluctuations and ocean currents

High-resolution, multichannel seismic data collected across the Great Bahama Bank margin and the adjacent Straits of Florida indicate that the deposition of Neogene–Quaternary strata in this transect are controlled by two sedimentation mechanisms: (1) west-dipping layers of the platform margin, which are a product of sea-level–controlled, platform-derived downslope sedimentation; and (2) east- or north-dipping drift deposits in the basinal areas, which are deposited by ocean currents. These two sediment systems are active simultaneously and interfinger at the toe-of-slope. The prograding system consists of sigmoidal clinoforms that advanced the margin some 25 km into the Straits of Florida. The foresets of the clinoforms are approximately 600 m high with variable slope angles that steepen significantly in the Pleistocene section. The seismic facies of the prograding clinoforms on the slope is characterized by dominant, partly chaotic, cut-and-fill geometries caused by submarine canyons that are oriented downslope. In the basin axis, seismic geometries and facies document deposition from and by currents. Most impressive is an 800-m-thick drift deposit at the confluence of the Santaren Channel and the Straits of Florida. This “Santaren Drift” is slightly asymmetric, thinning to the north. The drift displays a highly coherent seismic facies characterized by a continuous succession of reflections, indicating very regular sedimentation. Leg 166 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drilled a transect of five deep holes between 2 and 30 km from the modern platform margin and retrieved the sediments from both the slope and basin systems. The Neogene slope sediments consist of peri-platform oozes intercalated with turbidites, whereas the basinal drift deposits consist of more homogeneous, fine-grained carbonates that were deposited without major hiatuses by the Florida Current starting at approximately 12.4 Ma. Sea-level fluctuations, which controlled the carbonate production on Great Bahama Bank by repeated exposure of the platform top, controlled lithologic alternations and hiatuses in sedimentation across the transect. Both sedimentary systems are contained in 17 seismic sequences that were identified in the Neogene–Quaternary section. Seismic sequence boundaries were identified based on geometric unconformities beneath the Great Bahama Bank. All the sequence boundaries could be traced across the entire transect into the Straits of Florida. Biostratigraphic age determinations of seismic reflections indicate that the seismic reflections of sequence boundaries have chronostratigraphic significance across both depositional environments.
Logistic Planning with Nonlinear Goal Programming Models in Spreadsheets

This is a case study of a coal mining company to demonstrate how algebra principles and nonlinear goal programming can be applied for logistics planning using spreadsheet software. The paper asserts that mathematical programming techniques are not well-accepted by managers because the models are difficult to understand due to abstract notational conventions yet alternative commercial software is inflexible and sometimes inaccurate. The relevant operations research literature was reviewed, highlighting techniques applicable for analyzing quantitative and qualitative logistics data. A practical supply-demand transportation logistics model was built which included determinist constraints and stochastic costing theories, while applying both linear and nonlinear calculus slope principles. The formulae were explained in algebraic standard form citing corresponding spreadsheet functions. The logistics problem was optimized, illustrating how 6 mining sites could supply 4 countries with sufficient coal to meet different electricity demand levels, surpassing the break-even goal and projecting annual revenue of over $34 billion.
Protecting the scientific integrity of a clinical trial: Some ethical dilemmas

Physicians who participate in clinical trials are mandated or encouraged to adhere to fundamental conditions than enhance the scientific validity of medical research. In some situations compliance with the study protocol may threaten the delivery of optimal care and raise ethical dilemmas among the staff. Moral conflicts may occur with respect to recruitment, control groups, randomization, blind assignments, patient withdrawals, and the use of supplementary therapies that could weaken statistical power. In designing and managing clinical trials, steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of conflict between scientific inquiry and medical practice. Special means of protecting patients in the study can be introduced. Recognizing the existence of ethical dilemmas is a necessary prelude to the quest for objective solutions.
SUCCINIC ACID CONTENT OF THE COTTON PLANT

oped that 14 to 50% of the total organic acids in various tissues were reported, as is customary, as "unidentified acids," i.e., acids other than citric, malic and oxalic. This paper presents data on the concentration of succinic acid in the same or similar tissues. Materials and methods Succinic acid was determined on new samples of cotton flowers and seed, otherwise the tissue samples were those used in the previous investigations for the measurement of citric, malic, oxalic, unidentified, and total organic acids. The succinic acid content of the tissues was determined by the method of Pucher and Vickery (3), using duplicate 1-gram, oven-dried samples. The determinations of citric, malic, oxalic, and total organic acids were by the methods of Pucher et al. (5, ?). Results and discussion Succinic acid, table I, on the basis of dry weight, was found to be present in the cotton plant in successively lower concentrations in the leaves, bolls, flowers, seed kernels, petioles, stems, and roots. Although relatively large differences are shown in the concentration of succinic acid between some tissues, the leaves and roots for example, succinic acid was found to comprise only a small part of the dry weight of any of this plant material. Likewise, as shown in table I, its contribution to the total organic acidity of the several tissues approached 10% only in the instances of seed and young bolls; in other tissues it constituted less than 5% of the total organic acids. The data are of value in that they delimit the extent to which succinic acid can be turned to in efforts at accounting for the organic acids in the unidentified group. The results obtained, table I, show that succinic acid constitutes an appreciable part of the previously unidentified acids occurring in the leaves (17%), 13-day bolls (20%) and mature seed kernels ? Published with the approval of the Director of the Texas Agricultural Experiment
Biochemical basis of ozone toxicity

Ozone (O3) is the major oxidant of photochemical smog. Its biological effect is attributed to its ability to cause oxidation or peroxidation of biomolecules directly and/or via free radical reactions. A sequence of events may include lipid peroxidation and loss of functional groups of enzymes, alteration of membrane permeability, and cell injury or death. An acute exposure to O3 causes lung injury involving the ciliated cell in the airways and the type 1 epithelial cell in the alveolar region. The effects are particularly localized at the junction of terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts, as evident from a loss of cells and accumulation of inflammatory cells. In a typical short-term exposure the lung tissue response is biphasic: an initial injury-phase characterized by cell damage and loss of enzyme activities, followed by a repair-phase associated with increased metabolic activities, which coincide with a proliferation of metabolically active cells, for example, the alveolar type 2 cells and the bronchiolar Clara cells. A chronic exposure to O3 can cause or exacerbate lung diseases, including perhaps an increased lung tumor incidence in susceptible animal models. Ozone exposure also causes extrapulmonary effects involving the blood, spleen, central nervous system, and other organs. A combination of O3 and NO2, both of which occur in photochemical smog, can produce effects which may be additive or synergistic. A synergistic lung injury occurs possibly due to a formation of more powerful radicals and chemical intermediates. Dietary antioxidants, for example, vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium, can offer a protection against O3 effects.
Lighting System for Visual Perception Enhancement in Volume Rendering

We introduce a lighting system that enhances the visual cues in a rendered image for the perception of 3D volumetric objects. We divide the lighting effects into global and local effects, and deploy three types of directional lights: the key light and accessory lights (fill and detail lights). The key light provides both lighting effects and carries the visual cues for the perception of local and global shapes and depth. The cues for local shapes are conveyed by gradient; those for global shapes are carried by shadows; and those for depth are provided by shadows and translucent objects. Fill lights produce global effects to increase the perceptibility. Detail lights generate local effects to improve the cues for local shapes. Our method quantifies the perception and uses an exhaustive search to set the lights. It configures accessory lights with the consideration of preserving the global impression conveyed by the key light. It ensures the feeling of smooth light movements in animations. With simplification, it achieves interactive frame rates and produces results that are visually indistinguishable from results using the nonsimplified algorithm. The major contributions of this paper are our lighting system, perception measurement and lighting design algorithm with our indistinguishable simplification.
Myocardial reactive hyperaemia responses in the dog after beta receptor block with propranolol.

Myocardial reactive hyperaemia responses in the dog were shown to decline after administration of propranolol. This appears to be due to the action of propranolol on cardiac contractility and its ability to block adrenergic vasodilator receptors as well as the myocardial stimulating effect of catecholamines.
Novel approach for the analysis of bench-scale, low pressure membrane fouling in water treatment

The concept of the unified membrane fouling index (UMFI) was introduced recently for assessing the fouling of low pressure membranes (LPM) used in water treatment. The major advantages of the UMFI over most other fouling indices are the universality (independent of filtration scale or mode) and specificity (based on the actual membrane of interest for full-scale application). This study applied the concept of the UMFI to the assessment of fouling results obtained in a bench-scale fouling study. This study was conducted with combinations of four commercially available LPMs and four natural waters (including secondary wastewater effluent) under systematically varied hydrodynamic conditions. It was found that, with the adoption of the UMFI, the fouling potential of different membrane and water combinations can be presented in a unified, concise, and quantitative way, enabling quantitative and integrated assessment of the fouling data and their relationships with different potential fouling factors. Expansion of the UMFI concept to other studies is anticipated to assist in the integration of the vast amount of bench-scale fouling results obtained with different LPMs; this integration is crucial to the mechanistic understanding of LPM fouling.
Quantum-Size Effects on the Pattern Formation of Monatomic-Layer-High Metal Islands on Surfaces

The quantum-size effects are shown to play a crucial role in defining the patterns of metal islands formed on surfaces. The energy in elongated needlelike islands oscillates with the width of the needle, clearly demonstrating the existence of preferred needle widths. The energy of the square or rectangular islands varies periodically with the side length, predicting preference for islands with specific sizes. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Role of Utility Value in Achievement Behavior: The Importance of Culture

Two studies tested how participants' responses to utility value interventions and subsequent interest in a math technique vary by culture (Westerners vs. East Asians) and levels of initial math interest. Participants in Study 1 were provided with information about the utility value of the technique or not. The manipulation was particularly effective for East Asian learners with initially lower math interest, who showed more interest in the technique relative to low-interest Westerners. Study 2 compared the effects of two types of utility value (proximal or distal) and examined the effects on interest, effort, performance, and process variables. Whereas East Asian participants reaped the most motivational benefits from a distal value manipulation, Westerners benefited the most from a proximal value manipulation. These findings have implications for how to promote motivation for learners with different cultural backgrounds and interests.
Contemporary changes with the use of facial nerve monitoring in chronic ear surgery

ObjectiveThere is a growing trend for the routine use of the facial nerve monitor (FNM) in chronic ear surgery. We aimed to examine current patterns in the use of FNMs in chronic ear surgery.Study ...
Heat transfer to a row of impinging circular air jets including the effect of entrainment

Abstract An experimental investigation is performed to characterize the convective heat transfer from a flat surface to a row of impinging, circular, submerged air jets formed by square-edged orifices having a length/diameter ratio of unity. Distributions of recovery factor, effectiveness, and local heat transfer coefficient are determined. Spanwise-average and surface-average heat transfer coefficients are calculated from the local heat transfer coefficients. The heat transfer coefficient is independent of the temperature difference between the jet and the ambient, if it is defined with the difference between the (heated) wall temperature and the adiabatic wall temperature. The effectiveness is independent not only of the temperature difference between the jet and the ambient but also of the jet Reynolds number in the range studied. Spanwise-average and surface-average heat transfer coefficients have the largest values on the impingement line and decrease with increasing distance away from it.
Ran-dependent Signal-mediated Nuclear Import Does Not Require GTP Hydrolysis by Ran

Nuclear import of classical nuclear localization sequence-containing proteins involves the assembly of an import complex at the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) followed by movement of this complex through the NPC and release of the import substrate into the nuclear interior. This process has historically been thought to require nucleotide hydrolysis as a source of energy. We found, using hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogs and a mutant Ran unable to hydrolyze GTP, that transport of classical nuclear localization sequence containing substrate through the NPC and release of the substrate into the nucleus did not require hydrolysis of GTP by Ran. In fact, for movement of this type of import substrate into the nuclear interior we did not observe a requirement for hydrolysis of any nucleotide triphosphate. We did, however, find that a pool of free GTP (or its structural equivalent) must be added, probably because the GDP Ran that is added must be converted to GTP Ran during the import process. We found that a requirement for GTP hydrolysis can be restored to an import mixture consisting of recombinant import factors by the addition of RCC1, the Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
RESIZABLE TRANSLATION STORAGE BUFFERS

A translation lookaside buffer (TLB) is a high-speed associative cache of recently used virtual-to-physical address translations. The operating system can deal with a TLB miss through software trap handling. A possible technique for such software trap handling uses translation storage buffers (TSBs). A TSB is an operating system data structure that caches the most recent address translations. On a TLB miss, the TLB trap handler searches the TSB for the missing address translation. If the search generates a hit, the address mapping is added to the TLB. In current implementations, TSBs are organized in a variety of ways: a global TSB for all CPUs within the system, a per-processor TSB, or a per-process TSB. All of the aforementioned techniques have various limitations that will be addressed in this paper. In this work, we propose a new framework for TSBs generation and allocation. In the proposed approach, a policy of resizing and dynamically allocating TSBs for the different processes is used. This dynamic policy allows the system to adopt to different workloads while achieving a low TSB context invalidation overhead. In addition, with the ability to assign a separate TSB to each process, thrashing is practically eliminated. Implementation and experimental results of the proposed scheme are reported. Comparisons against existing implementations confirmed the expected performance enhancement.
Further Evidence on Soybean Marketing Strategies: The Role of Options

A recent analysis using futures hedges showed that portfolios of marketing strategies provided soybean producers higher, less risky expected returns. However, soybean options have recently become available to producers. Incorporating options strategies into portfolios of marketing activities improved the risk efficiency of expected returns by as much as 6.7 percent.
Neonatal mortality among low birth weight infants during the initial months of the academic year

Proper management of very low weight (<1500 g) infants requires specific expertise. During July and August, pediatric interns start new rotations and advance in responsibilities by postgraduate level. We test the hypothesis that low weight births in teaching hospitals exhibit increased neonatal mortality during the initial training months. Population-based cohort of 5184 very low weight and 15 232 moderately low weight infants in California from 19 regional teaching hospitals with medical training programs. Logistic regression methods controlled for both individual covariates and temporal patterns in neonatal mortality. We found no difference in neonatal mortality between very low weight infants born in teaching hospitals during July and August and those born in other months (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78 to 1.23). Investigation of moderately low birth weight infants also indicated no increased neonatal mortality. Infants most likely to die in the neonatal period do not appear to be at elevated risk of neonatal mortality during July and August.
Characteristic Time Emissions Correlations and Sample Optimization: GT-309 Gas Turbine Combustor

A characteristic time model for pollutant formation (combustion inefficiency and NO/sub x/), previously quantified for axisymmetric turbulent diffusion flame combustion of a liquid fuel spray, is extended to a conventional gas turbine combustor. The model predicts the effect of changes in both combustor inlet conditions and combustor geometry on exhaust emissions and is used to demonstrate the design of a low-NO/sub x/ burner of the GT-309 class; other important design criteria such as flame stabilization are not included, however. 8 figures, 3 tables.
Alpha-terthienyl, a powerful fish poison with light-dependent activity

Abstract Alpha-terthienyl, a constituent from many plants in the family Compositae is toxic to fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) in the presence of either sunlight or long wavelength ultraviolet light. Neither the light alone nor the chemical alone had a comparable toxicity, and prior irradiation of a solution of the chemical did not increase its activity in the dark. A greatly diminished effect was observed when quantities of chemical which would have been lethal had they been present in aqueous solution were administered to water fleas magna ) subsequently eaten by the fish. Alpha-terthienyl could be at magna ) subsequently eaten by the fish. Alpha-terthienyl could be at least twice as potent as rotenone, a well-known fish poison found in plants of the family Leguminosae, and almost as potent as endrin.
Thermodynamic properties of yttrium aluminate 3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of 3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3 were determined using a CaF2 single-crystal-electrolyte galvanic cell at temperatures between 1049 and 1230 K. The galvanic cell used can be expressed as Pt, O2(g)¦Y2O3, YOF¦CaF2¦YOF, 3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3, Al2O3¦Al2O3¦O2(g), Pt of which the cell reaction is 3Y2O3 + 5Al2O3 = 3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3 The following result was obtained for the free energy of formation of 3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3 from Y2O3 and Al2O3ΔfG°(3Y2O3 · 5Al2O3) = −939 500 + 765.90T ± 710 J mol−1
Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Clinical Hematology

Five primary hematopoietic growth factors have been extensively evaluated in trials in patients with inadequate blood cell formation. Results have convincingly demonstrated that various chronic anemias can be corrected with erythropoietin. Similarly, there is no doubt that granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulatingfactor(GM-CSF)andgranulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) increase the number of leukocytes and improve the function of cells in patients with congenital and acquired leukopenias. Recent studies indicate that interleukin-3 (IL-3) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) can also stimulate blood cell production in patients. As a result, morbidity and perhaps mortality associated with severe cytopenias can be reduced substantially.
The Maliki Family Endowment: Legal Norms and Social Practices

Historians of Muslim societies have observed that, in principle, the strict application of the Islamic rules of inheritance would result in the progressive fragmentation of capital. Although technically correct, the observation fails to take into account the fact that the Islamic inheritance rules are but part of a larger and flexible Islamic inheritance system that also includes bequests, gifts inter vivos, family endowments, dowries, fictitious sales, and other modes for the devolution of property. This larger system has served Muslims, rich and poor, for over 1,400 years, although it operates differently in different places. The most important component of the Islamic inheritance system arguably has been the family endowment, known among the Malikis as ḥabs (popularly, habous) and elsewhere as waqf ahlī. This institution came into existence in the first Islamic century, in part because the Islamic inheritance rules proved too constraining, and soon became an integral component of the Islamic legal system. It allows a proprietor to transform immovable property such as a house or field into a perpetual endowment for one or more beneficiaries and subsequent generations of descendants; the property thereafter may not be bought, sold, or inherited. The founder designates the initial beneficiaries and defines the strategy according to which usufructory rights pass from one generation to the next. Thus, the founder may control the devolution ofendowment revenues for many generations after his or her death.
Mechanical-to-Electrical Energy Conversion of Thin-Film Piezoelectric Diaphragms

A micro (∼1 cm3) dynamic heat engine, capable of producing electrical power from lowgrade heat sources, utilizes a micro-machined diaphragm with a piezoelectric element as a The electromechanical coupling of a piezoelectric diaphragm under large initial stresses and/or large deflections – in the membrane limit – is described here. A simple model is derived for electromechanical transduction of a pressurized piezoelectric membrane and an experiment is described to measure it. Electromechanical coupling initially increases as the square of the center-point deflection as the residual stress is overcome. In the limit of large pressures, the electromechanical coupling approaches a limit that is predicted by the model.
ROLE OF POLLINATORS IN THE EVOLUTION OF DIOECY FROM DISTYLY.

Distylous flowering plant species are characterized by having two types of individuals that bear different forms of flowers: "pin" flowers with long styles and short stamens and "thrum" flowers with short styles and long stamens (Darwin, 1877; Frankel and Galun, 1977). In most cases this flower dimorphism is associated with a physiological self-incompatibility mechanism that prevents fertilization after self-pollination or pollen transfer between individuals of the same flower type, with the result that only pollination between forms results in fertilization (Frankel and Galun, 1977; de Nettancourt, 1977). In several angiosperm genera, distyly has evolved into dioecy (Baker, 1958, 1959; Bir Bahadur, 1968; Ornduff, 1966; Viulleumier, 1967; Opler et al., 1975), and in every case individuals bearing female flowers are evolutionarily derived from long-style individuals, while male plants are derived from the shortstyle form. The selective forces that may have brought about this transformation are not well understood (Lloyd, 1979). Here we propose a hypothesis to explain the evolution of distyly into dioecy.
Forage Nutritive Value of Various Amaranth Species at Different Harvest Dates

Complete information on forage quality characteristics of amaranth is unavailable. This study evaluated the forage quality of various amaranth accessions at different harvest dates. Seven accessions from the North Central Plant Introduction Station were established in June 1997 and June 1998 near Boone, IA. Subplots were harvested six times at 2-wk intervals beginning 42 d after planling (DAP). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), nitrate-nitrogen, acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), protein and fiber digestion, and undegradable intake protein (UIP) were determined. Averaged over accessions. IVDMD decreased (P < 0.05) from 780 g kg -1 at 42 DAP to 680 g kg -1 at 112 DAP. Digestibility ranged from 590 to 790 g kg -1 . Averaged over accessions at 42 DAP, CP was 270 g kg -1 then decreased to 100 g kg -1 at 112 DAP. Neutral detergent fiber increased from 310 g kg -1 at 42 DAP to 430 g kg -1 at 112 DAP. Averaged over harvest date, Amaranthus cruentus (Zimbabwe) had the highest NDF (390 g kg -1 ), and A. hybrid (Puebla, Mexico) had the lowest (330 g kg -1 ). Amaranthus cruentus (Zimbabwe), A. cruentus (Rwanda), and A. hybrid (Puebla, Mexico) had UIP averaging 25, 22, and 16%. respectively, of total crude protein after 16 h of digestion. Forage quality of the accessions at most harvest dates was consistent with what would be expected for relatively good quality forage, although high nitrate levels are a concern.