cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Uniform Framework for Ordered Restriction Map Problems

Optical Mapping is an emerging technology for constructing ordered restriction maps of DNA molecules. The underlying computational problems for this technology have been studied and several cost functions have been proposed in recent literature. Most of these propose combinatorial models; one of them also presents a probabilistic approach. However, it is not {\em a priori} clear as to how these cost functions relate to one another and to the underlying problem. We present a uniform framework for the restriction map problems where each of these various models is a specific instance of the basic framework. We achieve this by identifying the following approaches to the ordered restriction map problem: (1) using data consensus or agreement, and, (2) optimizing a characteristic function of the data. Our framework also opens up the possibility of exploring other cost functions. An additional feature is that we not only integrate the combinatorial models but also analyze the probabilistic model within the same framework. %Finally, for completeness, we include i brief survey of %the best known complexity results for these problems. Finally, we indicate the open problems by including a survey of the best known complexity results for these problems.
Biliary Cystadenocarcinoma: An Unusual Cause for Recurrent Hemobilia

Hemobilia is an uncommon presentation of biliary tract or pancreatic disease. The investigation and management of this clinical problem is challenging. We report on a case of biliary tract hemorrhage from an otherwise asymptomatic right lobe biliary cystadenocarcinoma and review the literature on this unusual presentation. Hemobilia from primary or secondary liver tumors is not frequently reported in the literature. Hemobilia in this setting is usually observed in association with an obvious liver mass or abnormal liver function tests. This is a report of a case of hemobilia as the primary presentation of a small right lobe cystadenocarcinoma. Literature on the incidence and treatment of hemobilia associated with liver tumors has been reviewed. Hemobilia is investigated and definitively treated with angiography. In our case, initial imaging was equivocal and the lesion was only demonstrated after rebleeding, requiring a second angiogram. Surgical resection of the mass was required for definitive control of bleeding. This case illustrates the difficulties of investigating and treating hemobilia caused by primary or secondary liver tumors. Cystadenocarcinoma of the liver is not a common tumor, and biliary tract hemorrhage as the primary presentation of this tumor in the absence of a significant mass or abnormal liver function tests has not been previously described.
New Form of Dynamo Equation for Convective Regions of Rotating Stars

Differential rotation generated by convection in rotating stars leads to amplification of the toroidal magnetic field. As there is a direct connection between rotational velocity Ω and its gradient ∇Ω, the equation of magnetic field generation contains terms, depending directly on Ω. It follows, therefore, that the mechanism of the α-ω dynamo is always realized in convective zones of stationary rotating stars making the action of the α2 -dyanamo unimportant.
Violence and Vulnerability in East Africa before 1800 CE: An Agenda for Research

Little is known about the history of violence and vulnerability in east Africa before 1800 CE despite its obvious importance to virtually any larger theme in the region's history. This essay suggests that although the fraught moral valences of violence and vulnerability – especially with respect to their importance in modern African history – may explain this state of affairs, historians must meet the challenge of studying the earlier histories of violence and vulnerability as part of a full-fleshed sense of the African past. With a focus on east Africa before the nineteenth century, the essay considers some of the particular transitions which a regional history of violence and vulnerability might cause us to rethink. It closes with a broad definition of violence crafted in the light of the value of a long-term regional history of such fraught categories.
The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto): problems and remedies for diagnosing panic disorder and social phobia.

In a recent study of treatment for panic disorder in primary care, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) was used to provide psychiatric diagnoses. However, during and after data collection, it was discovered that the CIDI appeared to place, or fail to place, a substantial number of people into diagnostic categories in ways that conflicted with the investigators' clinical experience. The wording of questions in the panic module, coupled with a lack of structured follow-up probes, resulted in apparent false negatives for panic disorder. Moreover, patients who would otherwise meet criteria for panic disorder or social phobia did not receive a diagnosis based on rules that may be discordant with clinical practice and, at times, the design of the DSM-IV. For this study, changes were made to the interview, including additional probes for the panic disorder module and modification of the decision rules used to assign or rule out diagnoses of panic disorder and social phobia. The changes resulted in greater inclusion of patients in the panic disorder and social phobia diagnostic categories and we argue that these changes to the CIDI-Auto increase the clinical validity of this instrument. We did not examine the false positive rate for the unmodified or modified CIDI, but this is an important issue that needs to be evaluated in future research. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Differential expression of mepA, mepC and smtE during growth and development of Microbotryum violaceum

Many fungi require a dimorphic switch from budding to filamentous growth to cause infection. Although the control of dimorphism has been elucidated for organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Ustilago maydis, almost nothing is known about the control of mating and dimorphism in Microbotryum violaceum. M. violaceum mepA, mepC and smtE are homologs of genes whose encoded products act as, or interact with, components of the MAPK and cAMP-PKA pathways, conserved pathways that regulate mating and dimorphism in other fungi. A comparison of gene expression under various in vitro conditions was superimposed on a comparison of in vitro vs. in planta expression to yield a more complete picture of the expression of these genes in M. violaceum during fungal development. For the most part the expression of these genes was highest on low ammonium, intermediate for mated and in planta, and lowest on rich medium. As expected, under conditions of low ammonium, expression of the M. violaceum ammonium permease genes mepA and mepC mirrors that of S. cerevisiae MEP2 and U. maydis ump2. An intriguing possibility is that MepA is a sensor to signal when conditions are conducive for mating. The upregulation of smtE, which encodes a PAK kinase, suggests that the MAPK pathway regulates, at least partially, mating and might be linked to ammonium sensing/transport in M. violaceum.
A freshman electrical engineering course and laboratory for all engineering majors

Real and relevant are two adjectives that should apply to any engineering course, but the traditional first course in electrical engineering often appears to the students to provide little reality or relevance. This is particularly true for students in programs such as ours in which other engineering majors, including civil, mechanical, environmental, and computer science are in the course alongside electrical majors. At Northern Arizona University, we have addressed this issue by implementing major changes in the first course in the electrical engineering sequence. In this paper we describe the structure, content, equipment, computer tools, and teaching methods used in both the lecture and laboratory sections of the course.
Community Food Systems and Planning Curricula

This article examines the teaching of food systems in U.S. planning programs. An overview of current food systems education in planning programs is provided, followed by an exploration of options f...
Distributed resource allocation for control of spreading processes

We present a distributed resource allocation strategy to control an epidemic outbreak in a networked population based on a Distributed Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (D-ADMM) algorithm. We consider a linearized Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic spreading model and present a distributed solution in which agents in the network are able to locally compute their optimal allocation of vaccination resources (for prevention) and antidotes (for treatment) to control the contagion. We express our epidemic control condition as a spectral constraint involving the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue, and formulate the resource allocation problem as a Geometric Program (GP). Next, we separate the network-wide optimization problem into subproblems optimally solved by each agent in a fully distributed way. We conclude the paper by illustrating performance of our solution framework with numerical simulations.
Activation of Molecular Oxygen

Molecular oxygen as a ligand in transition metal complexes is of interest for biochemistry, and for inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Several examples of O2 complexes, as well as the kinetics and mechanism of their formation are presented. The influence of other ligands on the activation of O2 is discussed on the basis of a MO description of the electronic structure of the oxygen molecule and of the bonding within the metal-oxygen complexes. Reactions of coordinated oxygen are described.
Incorporating predicate information into branch predictors

Predicated execution can be used to alleviate the costs associated with frequently mispredicted branches. This is accomplished by trading the cost of a mispredicted branch for execution of both paths following the conditional branch. In this paper we examine two enhancements for branch prediction in the presence of predicated code. Both of the techniques use recently calculated predicate definitions to provide a more intelligent branch prediction. The first branch predictor, called the squash false path filter, recognizes fetched branches known to be guarded with a false predicate and predicts them as not-taken with 100% accuracy. The second technique, called the predicate global update branch predictor, improves prediction by incorporating recent predicate information into the branch predictor. We use these techniques to aid the prediction of region-based branches. A region-based branch is a branch that is left in a predicated region of code. A region-based branch may be correlated with predicate definitions in the region in addition to those that define the branch's guarding predicate.
A robust algorithm for approximate compatible observability don't care (CODC) computation

Compatible Observability Don't Cares (CODCs) are a powerful means to express the flexibility present at a node in a multi-level logic network. Despite their elegance, the applicability of CODCs has been hampered by their computational complexity. The CODC computation for a network involves several image computations, which require the construction of global BDDs of the circuit nodes. The size of BDDs of circuit nodes is unpredictable, and as a result, the CODC computation is not robust. In practice, CODCs cannot be computed for large circuits due to this limitation.In this paper, we present an algorithm to compute approximate CODCs (ACODCs). This algorithm allows us to compute compatible don't cares for significantly larger designs. Our ACODC algorithm is scalable in the sense that the user may trade off time and memory against the accuracy of the ACODCs computed. The ACODC is computed by considering a subnetwork rooted at the node of interest, up to a certain topological depth, and performing its don't care computation. We prove that the ACODC is an approximation of its CODC.We have proved the soundness of the approach, and performed extensive experiments to explore the trade-off between memory utilization, speed and accuracy. We show that even for small topological depths, the ACODC computation gives very good results. Our experiments demonstrate that our algorithm can compute ACODCs for circuits whose CODC computation has not been demonstrated to date. Also, for a set of benchmark circuits whose CODC computation yields an average 28% reduction in literals after optimization, our ACODC computation yields an average 22% literal reduction. Our algorithm has runtimes which are about 25x and memory utilization which is 33x better that of the CODC computation of SIS.
theta-MRF: Capturing Spatial and Semantic Structure in the Parameters for Scene Understanding

For most scene understanding tasks (such as object detection or depth estimation), the classifiers need to consider contextual information in addition to the local features. We can capture such contextual information by taking as input the features/attributes from all the regions in the image. However, this contextual dependence also varies with the spatial location of the region of interest, and we therefore need a different set of parameters for each spatial location. This results in a very large number of parameters. In this work, we model the independence properties between the parameters for each location and for each task, by defining a Markov Random Field (MRF) over the parameters. In particular, two sets of parameters are encouraged to have similar values if they are spatially close or semantically close. Our method is, in principle, complementary to other ways of capturing context such as the ones that use a graphical model over the labels instead. In extensive evaluation over two different settings, of multi-class object detection and of multiple scene understanding tasks (scene categorization, depth estimation, geometric labeling), our method beats the state-of-the-art methods in all the four tasks.
Fuzzy modeling, control and optimization of textile processes

A new hierarchical fuzzy control strategy is proposed to optimize the slasher-a typical textile process employed to prepare yarn before it is woven into fabric. A genetic algorithm is used to decide upon global optimal set points for the slasher. A fuzzy expert system detects and identifies off-limits or failure conditions and generates command signals for low level control routines of such slasher components as the creel section, size box, the drying section and the beamer drive. The paper also addresses the issue of system integration between warping and weaving at a hierarchical level. Simple process models for each section of the slasher are used for computer simulation purposes. Simulation results from these models demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is efficient and robust. >
IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus: The Digital Interface for ATV

The advent of the digital video revolution has created the need for a high-speed digital interface between consumer electronic devices in the home. Examples of this include the interface between a set-top box, a television, and a DVCR or camcorder using MPEG-2 transport streams, and the control and data between interactive games, computers and other devices. Clearly, an interface that supports the general transfer of data is required. The IEEE 1394 standard provides an optimum solution. This paper discusses our proposed implementation of a 1394 based solution and discusses its capabilities and operation in the interactive consumer ATV environment. >
Cellular basis for age-related differences in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.

Abstract Clinical experience indicates that infants and young children respond to a variety of cardiovascular pharmacological and physiological interventions differently than adults. What is less clear, however, are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to these age-related differences. Based largely upon results from animal models, it is apparent that developmental changes occur in numerous pathways and proteins involved in the regulation of contractile function and in the determinants of inotropic responsiveness. The purposes of this review are to provide a brief overview of cardiac excitation–contraction and to illustrate some of the important age-related differences in the mechanisms involved in calcium regulation in the heart. This scientific foundation may help to explain certain clinical observations in the very young. Furthermore, it is hoped that a better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in controlling cardiac contractile function will stimulate additional research in the search for more specific, rational and age-appropriate cardiovascular therapeutics.
Nursing Home Social Workers and Allied Professionals: Enhancing Geriatric Mental Health Knowledge

Research has highlighted the challenges social services professionals face in providing quality psychosocial care to persons living in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). A primary area of difficulty is addressing the needs of persons with mental health conditions, including problematic behaviors associated with dementia. This study evaluated the geriatric mental health knowledge of a sample of SNF social service directors (n = 120) and found that although, on average, practitioners have a good level of general knowledge, their understanding is limited regarding the symptoms of dementia and effective interventions that can address associated problematic behaviors. Implications for social work education are discussed.
Effects of Nonverbal Problem Solving Treatment on Skills for Externalizing Visual Representation in Upper Elementary Grade Students with and without Dyslexia

Two groups of twelve dyslexic children and twelve good readers attended a two-week class during the summer following their enrollment in grades 4–6. The topic was the marine environment and focused on the adventures of an orca whale that had lost its family and needed the children's help. The children attended class for three hours each day, 45 minutes of which were devoted to working with a computer-based, interactive, three-dimensional simulation of the ocean. The rest of the time was spent on hands-on, problem-based, non-verbal classroom activities. Data obtained from logs of the children's activity using the computer, maps drawn on two occasions from memory, and brain activation obtained from fMRI before and after the class showed that the dyslexic children were as able to use the simulation and construct spatial mental models as the good readers. However, significant correlations among activation of areas of the brain associated with working memory were found during fMRI imaging for good readers perf...
Identifying variants that contribute to linkage for dichotomous and quantitative traits in extended pedigrees

Compared to genome-wide association analysis, linkage analysis is less influenced by allelic heterogeneity. The use of linkage information in large families should provide a great opportunity to identify less frequent variants. We perform a linkage scan for both dichotomous and quantitative traits in eight extended families. For the dichotomous trait, we identified one linkage region on chromosome 4q. For quantitative traits, we identified two regions on chromosomes 4q and 6p for Q1 and one region on chromosome 6q for Q2. To identify variants that contribute to these linkage signals, we performed standard association analysis in genomic regions of interest. We also screened less frequent variants in the linkage region based on the risk ratio and phenotypic distribution among carriers. Two rare variants at VEGFC and one common variant on chromosome 4q conferred the greatest risk for the dichotomous trait. We identified two rare variants on chromosomes 4q (VEGFC) and 6p (VEGFA) that explain 12.4% of the total phenotypic variance of trait Q1. We also identified four variants (including one at VNN3) on chromosome 6q that are able to drop the linkage LOD from 3.7 to 1.0. These results suggest that the use of classical linkage and association methods in large families can provide a useful approach to identifying variants that are responsible for diseases and complex traits in families.
Solute excluded‐volume effects on the stability of globular proteins: A statistical thermodynamic theory

A statistical thermodynamic theory is developed to investigate the effects of solute excluded volume on the stability of globular proteins. Proteins are modeled as two states in chemical equilibrium: the denatured state is modeled as a flexible chain of tangent hard spheres (pearl-necklace chain) while the native state is modeled as a single hard sphere. Study of model proteins bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and lysozyme in a McMillan-Mayer model solution of hard spheres indicates that the excluded volume of solutes has three distinct types of effects on protein stability: (1) small-size solutes strongly denature proteins, (2) medium-size solutes stabilize proteins at low solute concentrations and destabilize them at high concentrations, and (3) large-size solutes stabilize native-state proteins across the whole liquid region. The study also finds that increasing the chain length of hard-chain polymer solutes has an effect on protein stability that is similar to increasing the diameter of spherical solutes. This work qualitatively explains why stabilizers tend to be large size molecules such as sugars, polymers, polynols, nonionic, and anionic surfactants while denaturants tend to be small size molecules such as alcohols, glycols, amides, formamides, ureas, and guanidium salts. Quantitative comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results for folding free energy changes shows that the excluded-volume effect is at least as important as the binding and/or electrostatic effects on solute-assisted protein-denaturation processes. Our theory may also be able to explain the effect of excluded volume on the Φ condensation of DNA. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SuiteSound: a system for distributed collaborative multimedia

SuiteSound, a programming environment with integrated support for multimedia, is discussed. SuiteSound is built in the Suite object-based system on a conventional UNIX operating system. SuiteSound objects incorporate multimedia by creating flows and filters. Flows are streams of multimedia data moving through a sequence of objects. They bridge the gap between objects representing the state of an entity at a discrete point in time and space and continuous media such as live audio or video. Filters are intermediate objects between the source and destination of a flow. They take flow as input, perform one of several operations such as multiplex-in, multiplex-out, gain control, or silence deletion on it, and send the resulting flow to its destination. In effect, they provide a virtual device interface for the application programmer that is uniform and independent of any physical device. The design and implementation of SuiteSound on the Sun SparcStation are described. Experiments performed to determine the network and CPU load of the sound tool are reviewed. >
Visual Topography of V2 in the Macaque

The representation of the visual field in the area adjacent to striate cortex was mapped with multiunit electrodes in the macaque. The animals were immobilized and anesthetized and in each animal 30 to 40 electrode penetrations were typically made over several recording sessions. This area, V2, contains a topographically organized representation of the contralateral visual field up to an eccentricity of at least 80 degrees. The representation of the vertical meridian is adjacent to that in striate cortex (V1) and forms the posterior border of V2. The representation of the horizontal meridian in V2 forms the anterior border of V2 and is split so that the representation of the lower visual field is located dorsally and that of the upper field ventrally. As in V1, the representation of the central visual field is magnified relative to that of the periphery. The area of V2 is slightly smaller than that of V1. At a given eccentricity, receptive field size in V2 is larger than in V1. The myeloarchitecture of V2 is distinguishable from that of the surrounding cortex. The location of V2 corresponds, at least approximately, to that of cytoarchitectonic Area OB. V2 is bordered anteriorly by several other areas containing representations of the visual field.
Feature selection and granular SVM classification for protein arginine methylation identification

Protein methylation modification has been discovered for half a century but still far less been studied than other modifications. Computational analysis is recently introduced to discover other unknown methylation sites based on few known ones. To effectively predict possible methylation, sophisticated classification strategy should be well devised. In this paper, we first extracted informative features from methylated fragments in many protein sequences, including the physicochemical properties, secondary structure information, evolutionary profiles, and solvent accessibility of surrounding residues. Then, an efficient feature selection method (mRMR) is applied to eliminate redundant features but keep important ones. Since methylated residues are far less than non-methylated, the collected data is relatively imbalanced. Thus, we propose to use the granular support vector machine (GSVM) which is specially designed for imbalanced classification problems. A 7-fold cross validation shows that our strategy generates comparable predication accuracy with many current methods or even better. Meanwhile, our method provides insights to identify the underlying mechanisms of protein methylation.
Tailoring suspension flow for the gelcasting of oxide and nonoxide ceramics

Gelcasting is a forming process in which a concentrated slurry of ceramic powders suspended in a solution of organic monomers is polymerized to form a green body of the powder held in a polymeric gel. The process is suited to the production of near-net-shape complex parts. The slurry should contain high solids loading ({approximately} 50 vol%) in order to minimize shrinkage and distortion during drying and, thus, to produce a relatively dense green body that facilitates sintering of the green part to full density. To produce complex-shaped bodies, however, the slurry has to be fluid at the high solids loading, to flow, and to fill complex-shaped molds. Consequently, there is the need to study the rheology of the gelcasting slurries of typical ceramic powders in order to understand the factors that govern the flow and pourability of these slurries. The rheology of gelcasting slurries of concentrated (30--60 vol%) alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, and sialon powders with isoelectric points varying between pH 5 and 9, was studied by measuring the viscosity and yield stress as functions of pH. Typically, the rheology is non-Newtonian. The lowest values of viscosity and yield stress that permit the highest solids loading were obtained at highmore » and low pH values, where the powders are colloidally stable, far from the isoelectric points. This relationship applies whether or not a polymer dispersant is present. The acrylamide monomer which is used in gelcasting slurries, lowers these non-Newtonian properties permitting the preparation of more concentrated slurries. Fluid and pourable gelcasting slurries of each powder had apparent viscosities and yield stresses less than 2.0 Pa{center_dot}s and 50 Pa, respectively.« less
THE SYSTEM DIOPSIDE - FORSTERITE - ENSTATITE AT 5.1 GPa: A TERNARY MODEL FOR MELTING OF THE MANTLE ¶

Data determined using a multianvil press are given for liquidus phase relations in the system diopside – forsterite – enstatite (CaMgSi2O6 – Mg2SiO4 – MgSiO3) and extend for a limited distance into the larger ternary system diopside – forsterite – quartz at 5.1 GPa. In the system diopside–enstatite, which cuts across the system diopside – forsterite – quartz and divides it into t wo smaller ternary systems, the peritectic between clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene occurs at Di 43En57 and is defined by the reaction 100 cpx = 64 opx + 36 liq. An azeotropic minimum occurs on the clinopyroxene liquidus at Di 67En33. In the ternary system diopside – forsterite – enstatite, a peritectic occurs at Di 43Fo46Qtz11 and is defined by the reaction 69 opx + 31 liq = 95 cpx + 5 fo (wt.%). These ternary phase relations can be used to model three important aspects of the volatile-free phase relations and mel ting behavior of natural peridotite with a high degree of accuracy. (1) Olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene occur at the solid us at 2 GPa, but orthopyroxene is absent at the solidus at 5.1 GPa. (2) During equilibrium melting at 5.l GPa, orthopyroxene appea rs just above the solidus and then disappears again at higher temperatures. At both 2 and 5.1 GPa, the proportions of phases in th e ternary system at various degrees of melting are close to the proportions observed in the melting of natural peridotite by Walt er (1998). (3) As pressure increases, MgO increases and SiO 2 decreases in initial melts.
Toward the Documentation of Conservative Judaism

The Ratner Center for the Study of Conservative Judaism at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America has embarked on a program to collect and accession the historical records of the Conservative movement, the largest religious movement of synagogue attenders in the United States. With funding from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the center has completed a first phase of accessioning the records of synagogues, rabbis, and the central educational institution of the movement. It has also developed a documentation strategy that will shape its programs into the next century.
Particle streak velocimetry-optical coherence tomography: a novel method for multidimensional imaging of microscale fluid flows.

A table summarizing existing methods for velocimetry using OCT miscategorized Lee et al.’s work on DLS-OCT as being intensity-based, when it was actually field-based. This erratum report gives the corrected table. Also, the acknowledgments section was missing, which we include here.
Cans and Conditionals: A Rejoinder

N a recent issue of ANALYSIS,' Bruce Goldberg and Herbert Heidelberger have taken issue with an article of mine that also appeared in ANALYSIS.2 In that article I had assumed that Austin's argument,3 to the effect that ' I can if I choose' is not a causal conditional, was conclusive. I then attempted to show that the view, attributed by Austin to Moore, that 'I can' is analyzable as ' I shall if I choose ', where the latter is a causal conditional, is mistaken. The following quotation from my article expresses quite clearly, I believe, what I set out to do:
Photo-Effects in SiO2/GeO2 Waveguides

The so-called photorefractive effect in SiO2/GeO2 waveguide materials1 is initiated by exposure to ultaviolet radiation in the vicinity of 240nm. Absorption changes produced by this exposure contribute to a refractive index change at longer wavelengths, which can have device implications2 e.g., writing Bragg gratings in single-mode fibers for filters.
Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization for the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows and Demands

This paper studies an evolutionary algorithm to solve a new multiobjective optimization problem, the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows and Demands (PDP-TW-D), which is applicable to operational optimization in various mobile network systems. With respect to multiple optimization objectives, PDP-TW-D is to find a set of Pareto-optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles (e.g., mobile robots, drones and autonomous heavy-haulage trucks) in order to serve given transportation requests. The proposed algorithm uses a population of individuals, each of which represents a solution candidate, and evolves them through generations to seek the Pareto-optimal solutions. In addition to the evolution-based global search process, the proposed algorithm allows individuals to improve their optimality in each generation with a local search process, which is designed based on iterative neighborhood search. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of global and local search processes improves the optimality of individuals and expedites convergence speed. The proposed algorithm outperforms two well-known existing EMOAs, NSGA-II and MOEA/D, in relatively large-scale problems that have up to 400 pickup and delivery locations.
Influence of corn planting date on the survival and on some reproductive parameters of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)

The effects of three different planting dates of corn and three times of infestation on the survival and subsequent fecundity, egg viability, and longevity of Diabrotica virgtfera virgtfera LeConte were examined under field conditions in eastern South Dakota. Earlier planting and infesting dates resulted in greater survival of adults. Male–female survivorship was affected by the treatments because only the second infestation date, despite planting date, produced a 1:1 male/female sex ratio. When corn was planted and infested at the same time on the first or third date, the sex ratios were 1:1.5 and 2:1, respectively. Female longevity was significantly affected by the latest corn planting and infestation treatment. The various treatments had little effect on fecundity of individual adults derived from the treatment plots or on the viability of their eggs.
Incompressible two-phase flow: Diffuse interface approach for large density ratios, grid resolution study, and 3D patterned substrate wetting problem

Abstract We explore numerical simulations of incompressible and immiscible two-phase flows. The description of the fluid-fluid interface is captured via a diffuse interface approach. The two phase fluid system is represented by a coupled Cahn–Hilliard Navier–Stokes set of equations. We discuss challenges and solution approaches to solving this coupled set of equations using a SUPG stabilized finite element formulation, especially in the case of a large density ratio between the two fluids. Specific features that enabled efficient solution of the equations include: (i) a conservative form of the convective term in the Cahn–Hilliard equation which ensures conservation of mass of both fluid components; (ii) a continuous formula to compute the interfacial surface tension which results in lower requirement on the spatial resolution of the interface; and (iii) a four-step fractional scheme to decouple pressure from velocity in the Navier–Stokes equation, which provides an efficient time discretization. These are integrated with standard streamline-upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) stabilization to avoid spurious oscillations. We subsequently perform exhaustive numerical tests to determine the minimal resolution of spatial discretization required and showcase the robustness of our framework. We illustrate the accuracy of the framework using the analytical results of Prosperetti for a damped oscillating interface between two fluids with various density contrasts as well as a benchmark Rayleigh–Taylor instability problem. We also showcase the framework by modeling the crown ring effect during droplet impact, and the spread of a droplet on a wetting surface. Finally, we explore the affects of surface patterns on the droplet spreading process. Specifically, we investigate formations of wetting spots and air entrapment on grooved and checker-patterned surfaces. These results have implications for the design of tuned wettability surfaces for the manufacture of thin film devices.
Teaching Mathematics for Social Justice: Examining Preservice Teachers' Conceptions.

Teaching for social justice is a critical pedagogy used to empower students to be social agents in the world they live. This critical pedagogy has extended to mathematics education. Over the last decade, mathematics education researchers have conceptualized what it means to teach mathematics for social justice, but little is known about preservice teachers’ perspectives on this topic. The purpose of this study was to examine elementary preservice teachers’ conceptions of teaching mathematics for social justice at the beginning and end of a mathematics methods course. Preservice elementary teachers (n = 230) enrolled in mathematics methods coursework at three universities across the United States described what it meant to teach mathematics for social justice in response to an open-ended question on the Mathematics Experiences and Conceptions Surveys.
Social influences on eating and physical activity behaviours of urban, minority youths.

Objective Social relationships can impact youths' eating and physical activity behaviours; however, the best strategies for intervening in the social environment are unknown. The objectives of the present study were to provide in-depth information on the social roles that youths' parents and friends play related to eating and physical activity behaviours and to explore the impact of other social relationships on youths' eating and physical activity behaviours. Design Convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Setting Low-income, African American, food desert neighbourhoods in Baltimore City, MD, USA. Subjects Data were collected from 297 youths (53 % female, 91 % African American, mean age 12·3 (sd 1·5) years) using structured questionnaires and combined with in-depth interviews from thirty-eight youths (42 % female, 97 % African American, mean age 11·4 (sd 1·5) years) and ten parents (80 % female, 50 % single heads of house, 100 % African American). Results Combined interpretation of the results found that parents and caregivers have multiple, dynamic roles influencing youths' eating and physical activity behaviours, such as creating health-promoting rules, managing the home food environment and serving as a role model for physical activity. Other social relationships have specific, but limited roles. For example, friends served as partners for physical activity, aunts provided exposure to novel food experiences, and teachers and doctors provided information related to eating and physical activity. Conclusions Obesity prevention programmes should consider minority youths' perceptions of social roles when designing interventions. Specifically, future research is needed to test the effectiveness of intervention strategies that enhance or expand the supportive roles played by social relationships.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Army 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among Soldiers of the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division. A total of 451 subjects (age: 27.6 ± 6.2 years, gender: males 395/451 = 87.6%) volunteered. Musculoskeletal injury data were extracted from subjects' medical charts and injuries that occurred during 1 year were described. Injury frequency, injury anatomic location and sublocation, injury cause, activity when injury occurred, and injury type were described. Injury frequency was 29.5 injuries per 100 subjects per year. Most injures affected the lower extremity (60.2% of injuries) and common anatomic sublocations for injuries were the ankle (17.3%) and knee (15.0%). Frequent causes of injuries were running (13.5%) and direct trauma (9.0%). Physical training was associated with 29.3% of the injuries. A majority of injuries were classified as pain/spasm/ache (29.3%), without further elucidation of pathology. Other frequent injury types were sprain (21.8%) and strain (14.3%). The descriptive epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in this population underscores the need to explore the modifiable risk factors of potentially preventable lower extremity injuries associated with physical training and running. There is scope for the development of an optimized and targeted physical training program for injury prevention in this population.
The flipped classroom allows for more class time devoted to critical thinking

The flipped classroom was utilized in a two-semester, high-content science course that enrolled between 50 and 80 students at a small liberal arts college. With the flipped model, students watched ...
High-β equilibrium and ballooning stability of the low aspect ratio CNT stellarator

The existence and ballooning-stability of low aspect ratio stellarator equilibria is predicted for the Columbia Neutral Torus (CNT) with the aid of 3D numerical tools. In addition to having a low aspect ratio, CNT is characterized by a low magnetic field and small plasma volume. Also, highly overdense plasmas were recently heated in CNT by means of microwaves. These characteristics suggest that CNT might attain relatively high values of plasma beta and thus be of use in the experimental study of stellarator stability to high-beta instabilities such as ballooning modes. As a first step in that direction, here the ballooning stability limit is found numerically. Depending on the particular magnetic configuration we expect volume-averaged β limits in the range 0.9%–3.0%, and possibly higher, and observe indications of a second region of ballooning stability. As the aspect ratio is reduced, stability is found to increase in some configurations and decrease in others. Energy-balance estimates using stellarator...
Fright Responses to Media

Fear is a common reaction to television and movies. Research shows that fright reactions to media can often be intense and long-lasting, involving sleep problems, emotional disturbances, and long-term changes in attitudes and behavior. These effects are explained through processes of conditioning, stimulus generalization, alterations in risk perception, evolutionary considerations, and the neurophysiology of fear memories. Although there is a great deal of individual variability, age and level of cognitive development are important determinants of what is frightening and which techniques are best for alleviating fears. Gender differences account for some variability as well. Keywords: anxiety; children; entertainment; fear; horror; media psychology; media and violence; news; nightmares; parental guidance
Neonatal Perforated Appendicitis Masquerading as Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A preterm neonate underwent emergent laparotomy for presumed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Intra-operatively, neonatal perforated appendicitis (NPA) was encountered. This may represent a form of NEC localized to the appendix. A high index of clinical suspicion and early laparotomy are recommended.
Silicon nitride polarization beam splitter based on MMI with phase delay line

We purpose a nitride polarization beam splitter which shows 21 dB extinction over 100 nm bandwidth and 30 dB at C band. With two-stage cascade, 38 dB flat-band extinction can be achieved for both polarizations.
Hydrogel elasticity and microarchitecture regulate dental-derived mesenchymal stem cell-host immune system cross-talk.

Abstract The host immune system (T-lymphocytes and their pro-inflammatory cytokines) has been shown to compromise bone regeneration ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We have recently shown that hydrogel, used as an encapsulating biomaterial affects the cross-talk among host immune cells and MSCs. However, the role of hydrogel elasticity and porosity in regulation of cross-talk between dental-derived MSCs and immune cells is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the modulus of elasticity and porosity of the scaffold influence T-lymphocyte-dental MSC interplay by regulating the penetration of inflammatory T cells and their cytokines. Moreover, we demonstrated that alginate hydrogels with different elasticity and microporous structure can regulate the viability and determine the fate of the encapsulated MSCs through modulation of NF-kB pathway. Our in vivo data show that alginate hydrogels with smaller pores and higher elasticity could prevent pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced MSC apoptosis by down-regulating the Caspase-3- and 8- associated proapoptotic cascades, leading to higher amounts of ectopic bone regeneration. Additionally, dental-derived MSCs encapsulated in hydrogel with higher elasticity exhibited lower expression levels of NF-kB p65 and Cox-2 in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the mechanical characteristics and microarchitecture of the microenvironment encapsulating MSCs, in addition to presence of T-lymphocytes and their pro-inflammatory cytokines, affect the fate of encapsulated dental-derived MSCs. Statement of significance In this study, we demonstrate that alginate hydrogel regulates the viability and the fate of the encapsulated dental-derived MSCs through modulation of NF-kB pathway. Alginate hydrogels with smaller pores and higher elasticity prevent pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced MSC apoptosis by down-regulating the Caspase-3- and 8- associated proapoptotic cascade, leading to higher amounts of ectopic bone regeneration. MSCs encapsulated in hydrogel with higher elasticity exhibited lower expression levels of NF-kB p65 and Cox-2 in vivo. These findings confirm that the fate of encapsulated MSCs are affected by the stiffness and microarchitecture of the encapsulating hydrogel biomaterial, as well as presence of T-lymphocytes/pro-inflammatory cytokines providing evidence concerning material science, stem cell biology, the molecular mechanism of dental-derived MSC-associated therapies, and the potential clinical therapeutic impact of MSCs.
Alternative Orthodontic Bonding Protocol Using Self Etching Primer

Alternative Orthodontic Bonding Protocol Using Self Etching Primer By Rush-Baker G. Caldwell, D.M.D. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Thesis Director: Eser Tufekci, D.D.S., MS, Ph. D. Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics The purpose of the current study was to develop a bonding method that can achieve clinically acceptable bond strength values while leaving a minimum amount of adhesive on the tooth surface during the debonding process. One hundred teeth were randomly assigned into groups. Five different enamel surface preparation protocols were tested (N = 20, each): Conventional acid etch, standard SEP, SEP applied with a light brush stroke (altered SEP 1), SEP applied directly to the composite of pre-coated bracket (altered SEP 2), and Primer Only groups. Brackets were debonded using an Instron universal testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA) in shear mode and the mean shear bond strength values were calculated. In addition, enamel surfaces were examined under light microscope to determine the location of failure using ARI. The Primer Only group had significantly lower mean shear strength (0.14 MPa, P 0.05). With
Continuum Modeling of Indium to Predict SSR Profiles

Indium (In) diffusion and dose-loss in silicon is modeled in a continuum simulator. The model includes the large segregation of In to End of Range (EOR) defects, and the dissolution of these defects resulting in dose-loss of In at the surface. The models developed are successfully applied to predict state of the art (90 nm) transistor performance.
Size distribution dynamics in continuous crystallization

iv INTRODUCTION ' 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT 13 Production Rate Upsets 13 Inlet Concentration Upsets 15 EXPERIMENTAL 23 Equipment 23 Materials 34 Procedure 34 RESULTS 39 Treatment of Data 39 Steady State Results 42 Production Rate Upsets 50 Inlet Concentration Upsets 67 Influence of Small Crystals 78 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS 80 RECOMMENDATIONS 83 NOMENCLATURE 84 LITERATURE CITED 88 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 89 APPENDIX A 90