cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recommended Considerations for Human-Robot Interaction Communication Requirements

Emerging robot systems increasingly exhibit greater levels of autonomy, requiring improvements in interaction capabilities to enable robust human-robot communication. This paper summarizes the present level of supervisory control in robots, both fielded and experimental, and the type of communication interfaces needed for successful Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The focus of this research is to facilitate direct interactions between humans and robot systems within dismounted military operations and similar applications (e.g., law enforcement, homeland security, etc.). Achieving this goal requires advancing audio, visual, and tactile communication capabilities beyond the state-of-the-art. Thus, the requirement for a communication standard supporting supervisory control of robot teammates is recommended.
Bringing Race into Feminist Digital Media Studies

This chapter explores the history of race and feminism within digital media studies, moving from the recognition that race was often a blind spot in early cyberfeminism to discussions of the complex ways in which theories of intersectionality have been contested and debated. The realm of digital media is an important site for theorizing the way that intersectional identities are made visible, but also where new strategic alliances must adapt to the affordances of the digital network. It points to new directions for future research in this area, including building from rhetorical studies of feminist coalitions and considering the specificities of digital platforms so that we can more accurately assess contemporary forms of anti-racist and feminist activism that are happening online.
Sublinear Algorithms for Extreme-Scale Data Analysis

The study of sublinear algorithms is a recent development in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics that has significant potential to provide scalable analysis algorithms for massive data. The approaches of sublinear algorithms address the fundamental mathematical problem of understanding global features of a data set using limited resources. However, much of the work in this area is theoretical in nature and has yet to be applied to practical problems. This chapter provides background on sublinear algorithms, and then surveys a series of recent successes in the sublinear analysis of large-scale graphs and the robust generation of color maps for visualization of large physics simulation data. We end the chapter with a discussion of potential research directions.
ADSORPTION OF RARE GASES ON A RARE GAS SURFACE

Experimental adsorption heats and isotherms for He, Ne and Ar adsorbed on a xenon-covered sample of carbon black are analyzed to obtain several thermodynamic properties which characterize the behavior of isolated adsorbed atoms and pairs of atoms on the surfaces. The experimental results are compared with theoretical estimates of these quantities which are obtained by evaluating the appropriate statistical mechanical expressions with the aid of the computed potential energy functions for the gas atoms interacting with the solid and with each other. Reasons for the discrepancies between theory and experiment are discussed, and some conclusions are drawn concerning the surface distribution of the adsorbed atoms in these systems.
Mucosal HPV E6/E7 Peptide Vaccination in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Modulation Induces Regression of HPV+ Oral Cancers

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (SCCOP) are among the fastest growing cancers. After standard-of-care treatment, however, patients with HPV+ SCCOP have better overall and disease-specific survival than patients with HPV- SCCOP, suggesting the importance of HPV-specific immunity. We reasoned that therapeutic vaccination targeting the HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogenes could elicit high-affinity, high-frequency tumor antigen-specific T-cell responses, which could then be augmented and shielded from suppression in the tumor microenvironment by immune checkpoint modulation. In this study, we used a preclinical syngeneic mouse model of oral cancer comprised of mouse tonsil-derived epithelial cells stably expressing HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes along with H-ras oncogene (mEER) to identify combinations of vaccination and checkpoint antibodies capable of promoting tumor regression. Intranasal HPV E6/E7 peptide vaccination and single checkpoint antibodies failed to elicit responses in more than half of animals; however, 4-1BB agonist antibody along with either CD40 agonist antibody or CTLA-4 blockade eliminated the majority of established mEER tumors. The combination of intranasal HPV peptide vaccine and α4-1BB and αCTLA-4 antibodies produced curative efficacy and a better safety profile against orally implanted mEER tumors. Correlates of protective immunity included enhanced intratumoral levels of CD8 T cells relative to immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Overall, our results demonstrate combination vaccine-immunotherapy modalities as novel treatment options for HPV+ SCCOP.Significance: Combinations of vaccine and checkpoint modulation are effective and safe treatment options for HPV+ oral cancers. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5327-39. ©2018 AACR.
Using multiple flawed measures to construct valid and reliable rates of homicide by police

The study of homicide by police (HbP) has been hampered by measurement error in existing data. This study draws from three separate flawed data systems and uses confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) t...
Synergistic repression of thyroid hyperplasia by cyclin C and Pten.

ABSTRACT The cyclin C–Cdk8 kinase has been identified as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene depending on the cell type. The genomic locus encoding cyclin C (Ccnc) is often deleted in aggressive anaplastic thyroid tumors. To test for a potential tumor suppressor role for cyclin C, Ccnc alone, or Ccnc in combination with a previously described thyroid tumor suppressor Pten, was deleted late in thyroid development. Although mice harboring individual Pten or Ccnc deletions exhibited modest thyroid hyperplasia, the double mutant demonstrated dramatic thyroid expansion resulting in animal death by 22 weeks. Further analysis revealed that Ccncthyr−/− tissues exhibited a reduction in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) phosphorylation at Ser727. Further analysis uncovered a post-transcriptional requirement of both Pten and cyclin C in maintaining the levels of the p21 and p53 tumor suppressors (also known as CDKN1A and TP53, respectively) in thyroid tissue. In conclusion, these data reveal the first tumor suppressor role for cyclin C in a solid tumor model. In addition, this study uncovers new synergistic activities of Pten and cyclin C to promote quiescence through maintenance of p21 and p53.
Test and Design-for-Testability Solutions for Monolithic 3D Integrated Circuits

M3D integration can result in reduced area and higher performance when compared to 3D die stacking. Due to the benefits of M3D integration, there is growing interest in industry towards the adoption of this technology. However, test challenges for M3D integration have remained largely unexplored. We present three key test challenges for M3D integration: (i) performance variations due to high-density integration, (ii) defect analysis and modeling, and (iii) defect isolation and yield enhancement. For each test challenge, we motivate the need to study its impact on an M3D IC, analyze the effectiveness of existing test solutions, and propose new solutions.
Alport Syndrome Therapeutics: Ready for Prime-Time Players

Alport syndrome (AS), a rare disease of basement membrane type IV collagen, impacts the kidneys, ears, and eyes. In severe cases, kidney failure occurs during adolescence or early adulthood, so most research has focused on remedies for kidney dysfunction. Planned and ongoing clinical studies using targets and therapeutic approaches discussed herein provide new hope for AS patients. The outcomes of these trials could suggest new treatments for more common forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD), demonstrating the importance of focusing on treatments for rare diseases.
Solvation Dynamics in the Cybotactic Region of Gas-Expanded Liquids: A decade later

Although gas expanded liquids (GXLs) were introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was nearly a century later that they received renewed attention as a possible reactant medium offering not only a mechanism for subsequent controlled separation of products but also the tunability of the reaction itself. Early work showed that one could also control the cybotactic structure —that is, the relative average orientation of the solvent in a local environment around the reacting solutes— in GXLs with CO2 as a cosolvent, and thereby preferentially favor desired product pathways. Such properties have been demonstrated in more general solvent mixtures and in confined environments since then. Here, we further demonstrate that the dynamics and relaxation of solutes in cybotactic regions of GXLs can exhibit a range of properties that include those that would be expected from a glassy environment. This extends the range of controllable (or tunable) properties available to GXLs for reaction control.
RehabPhone: a software-defined tool using 3D printing and smartphones for personalized home-based rehabilitation

Approximately 7 million survivors of stroke reside in the United States. Over half of these individuals will have residual deficits, making stroke one of the leading causes of disability. Long-term rehabilitation opportunities are critical for millions of individuals with chronic upper limb motor deicits due to stroke. Traditional in-home rehabilitation is reported to be dull, boring, and un-engaging. Moreover, existing rehabilitation technologies are not user-friendly and cannot be adaptable to different and ever-changing demands from individual stroke survivors. In this work, we present RehabPhone, a highly-usable software-defined stroke rehabilitation paradigm using the smartphone and 3D printing technologies. This software-definition has twofold. First, RehabPhone leverages the cost-effective 3D printing technology to augment ordinal smartphones into customized rehabilitation tools. The size, weight, and shape of rehabilitation tools are software-defined according to individual rehabilitation needs and goals. Second, RehabPhone integrates 13 functional rehabilitation activities co-designed with stroke professionals into a smartphone APP. The software utilizes built-in smartphone sensors to analyzes rehabilitation activities and provides real-time feedback to coach and engage stroke users. We perform the in-lab usability optimization with the RehabPhone prototype with involving 16 healthy adults and 4 stroke survivors. After that, we conduct a 6-week unattended intervention study in 12 homes of stroke residence. In the course of the clinical study, over 32,000 samples of physical rehabilitation activities are collected and evaluated. Results indicate that stroke users with RehabPhone demonstrate a high adherence and clinical efficacy in a self-managed home-based rehabilitation course. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first exploratory clinical study using mobile health technologies in real-world stroke rehabilitation.
Leadership Preparation: A Cooperative Effort between a College and School District.

This cooperative program offers a model and suggestions for school districts and colleges who want to collaborate in the preparation of future administrators. Leadership theories are enhanced by on-site visits and in discussions with the county personnel who put those theories into practice.
Association of Agricultural, Occupational, and Military Inhalants With Autoantibodies and Disease Features in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis

OBJECTIVE To determine the association of inhalant exposures with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related autoantibodies and severity in US veterans. METHODS Participants in the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry were mailed surveys assessing occupational, agricultural, and military inhalant exposures. Demographic characteristics, disease activity, functional status, and extraarticular features were obtained from the VARA registry, while HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) status, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and rheumatoid factor (RF) were measured using banked DNA/serum from enrollment. Associations between inhalant exposures and RA-related factors (autoantibodies, severity, and extraarticular features) were assessed using multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, and tobacco use and stratified by SE status. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Questionnaires were returned by 797 of 1,566 participants (50.9%). Survey respondents were older, more often White or male, and less frequently smokers, and had lower disease activity compared to nonrespondents. Anti-CCP positivity was more common among veterans exposed to burn pits (OR 1.66 [95% CI 1.02, 2.69]) and military waste disposal (OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.04, 2.93]) independent of other factors. Among participants who were positive for SE alleles, burn pit exposure (OR 5.69 [95% CI 2.73, 11.87]) and military waste disposal exposure (OR 5.05 [95% CI 2.42, 10.54]) were numerically more strongly associated with anti-CCP positivity. Several inhalant exposures were associated with the presence of chronic lung disease, but not with the presence of RF or the level of disease activity. CONCLUSION Military burn pit exposure and military waste disposal exposure were independently associated with the presence of anti-CCP antibodies in RA patients. These findings are consistent with emerging evidence that various inhalant exposures influence autoantibody expression and RA risk.
The Effect of Standardized Information on Firm Survival and Marketing Strategies

We argue that standardized information disclosure (information using a common format and uniform metrics) creates asymmetric opportunities for firms, which affects their strategies and survival. We test our predictions using a longitudinal quasi-experimental field study involving the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA) and focus on firm market share within a category as a key asymmetry. Findings indicate that, in general, the NLEA had no effect on firm responses. However, when accounting for firm differences, we observe that the NLEA led to: (1) an increase in small-share firm exits and (2) a greater increase in distribution for large-share firms. No concurrent increase in price by large-share firms following the NLEA was observed. We conclude by discussing the implications of these effects for firm strategy, the design of public policy, and theories regarding the impact of information on markets.
The impact of the fluoroscopic view on radiation exposure in pelvic surgery: organ involvement, effective dose and the misleading concept of only measuring fluoroscopy time or the dose area product.

Minimally invasive fluoroscopy-guided screw fixation is an established technique to stabilize fractures of the posterior pelvic ring in orthopaedic surgery. However, safe placement of the screws may be associated with prolonged intervention time and extensive fluoroscopy is a concern. In the current literature, the dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time are often used to describe radiation exposure of the patient. It was the aim of the study to compare DAP to organ doses and the effective dose for four standard views commonly used in pelvic surgery. An anthropomorphic cross-sectional dosimetry phantom, representing the body of a male human (173 cm/73 kg), was equipped with metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) in different organ locations to measure radiation exposure. Anteroposterior (APV), lateral (LV), outlet (OLV) and inlet (ILV) of the phantom were obtained with a mobile C-arm, and effective dose and organ doses were calculated. DAP was measured in the built-in ionisation chamber beyond the collimator of the C-arm. The measurements were repeated with a fat layer to simulate an obese patient. Overall, the highest organ dose was measured in the stomach for ILV (0.918 mSv/min). Effective dose for ILV showed the highest values by far (1.85 mSv/min) and the lowest for LV (0.46 mSv/min). The DAP pattern was completely different to the effective dose with similar values for LV and ILV (12.2 and 12.3 µGy·m2/s). Adding a fat layer had no major effect on the measurements. The exposure to radiation varies considerably between different orthopaedic standard views of the pelvis. About the fourfold amount of the effective dose was measured for ILV compared to LV. DAP and irradiation time do not respect either the body region in the field of radiation or the radiosensitivity of the affected organs. Thus, they do not allow a reliable interpretation of the radiation burden the patient is exposed to.
Assessing the utility of remote sensing data to accurately estimate changes in groundwater storage

Abstract Accurate and timely estimates of groundwater storage changes are critical to the sustainable management of aquifers worldwide, but are hindered by the lack of in-situ groundwater measurements in most regions. Hydrologic remote sensing measurements provide a potential pathway to quantify groundwater storage changes by closing the water balance, but the degree to which remote sensing data can accurately estimate groundwater storage changes is unclear. In this study, we quantified groundwater storage changes in California's Central Valley at two spatial scales for the period 2002 through 2020 using remote sensing data and an ensemble water balance method. To evaluate performance, we compared estimates of groundwater storage changes to three independent estimates: GRACE satellite data, groundwater wells and a groundwater flow model. Results suggest evapotranspiration has the highest uncertainty among water balance components, while precipitation has the lowest. We found that remote sensing-based groundwater storage estimates correlated well with independent estimates; annual trends during droughts fall within 15% of trends calculated using wells and groundwater models within the Central Valley. Remote sensing-based estimates also reliably estimated the long-term trend, seasonality, and rate of groundwater depletion during major drought events. Additionally, our study suggests that the proposed method estimate changes in groundwater at sub-annual latencies, which is not currently possible using other methods. The findings have implications for improving the understanding of aquifer dynamics and can inform regional water managers about the status of groundwater systems during droughts.
Peptidergic neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus gigantocellularis: their distributions, interrelationships, and projections to the spinal cord.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the identification, distribution, and connectivity of several species of peptidergic neurons within the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC). The anatomical organization of the neurotransmitters in these two nuclei is described. The neurotransmitters are not homogeneously distributed throughout these two cell groups and are segregated into subpopulations. While the neurotransmitter identities of several of these inputs are known, including the catecholamines, enkephalin (ENK) and neurotensin, many inputs to these cell groups are not yet identified. Future work designed to unravel the anatomical complexities of these nuclei to understand the circuitry involved in the descending control of nociception must focus on a small number of the neurotransmitter elements within the NRM/ NGC region and must analyze all potential transmitter interactions in terms of their coded afferents and efferent projections, the intrinsic neurons and the receptor organization. Only then can these two critical links in the rostral medulla in the descending control of nociception is understood.
Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities of some Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia.

Eighteen strains of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus , one of Aspergillus ochraceus and 12 strains or species of Penicillium , many of them isolated from cheese, were evaluated for their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Strains of A. flavus exhibited considerable proteolytic and little lipolytic activity, whereas the reverse was true for strains of A. parasiticus . Of the Penicillium cultures tested, 10 exhibited considerable lipolytic activity, but only five had marked proteolytic activity. Two cultures, Penicillium patulum M59, and Penicillium cyclopium No. 8, were markedly lipolytic and proteolytic. Of the other cultures, greatest lipolytic activity was associated with Penicillium roqueforti 849, Penicillium puberulum No. 33, A. parasiticus NRRL 3145 and NRRL 465 and A. ochraceus NRRL 3174, whereas greatest proteolytic activity of all the cultures was associated with P. patulum M59, P. cyclopium No. 25 and A. flavus WB500, 4018, 4098 and NRRL 5565.
Care Ethics, John Dewey’s “Dramatic Rehearsal,” and Moral Education

Although there have been a few efforts to find useful intersections between the philosophy of John Dewey and feminist care ethics, there remains much to be explored and much to be gained. Dewey’s holistic and aesthetic approach to ethics provides an intriguing framework not only for enriching the contemporary notion of care ethics but also for how the habits of caring can be developed. Specifically, this essay focuses on Dewey’s notion of “dramatic rehearsal” within moral deliberative processes as fostering a caring imagination. Moreover, infusing an embodied dimension to Dewey’s concept of dramatic rehearsal suggests that rich experiences of character acting, also referred to as “method acting,” can exercise our empathetic and imaginative capacities. If dramatic embodiment is viewed as a potent method of empathy development, the implications for contemporary approaches to “moral education” are significant. Furthermore, in a world where communications, technology, and information demands have sped up decision making, Deweyan deliberative processes remind us that the complexity of caring requires longer temporal horizons. I begin with a brief discussion of the congruence between Dewey’s ethics and care prior to addressing the implications of dramatic rehearsal.
Paradoxes of Randomness

I'll discuss how Goedel's paradox "This statement is false/unprovable" yields his famous result on the limits of axiomatic reasoning. I'll contrast that with my work, which is based on the paradox of "The first uninteresting positive whole number", which is itself a rather interesting number, since it is precisely the first uninteresting number. This leads to my first result on the limits of axiomatic reasoning, namely that most numbers are uninteresting or random, but we can never be sure, we can never prove it, in individual cases. And these ideas culminate in my discovery that some mathematical facts are true for no reason, they are true by accident, or at random. In other words, God not only plays dice in physics, but even in pure mathematics, in logic, in the world of pure reason. Sometimes mathematical truth is completely random and has no structure or pattern that we will ever be able to understand. It is NOT the case that simple clear questions have simple clear answers, not even in the world of pure ideas, and much less so in the messy real world of everyday life.
Estimate of Four Topocentric Lunar Radii

The Ranger lunar probes (6, 7, 8, and 9) which impacted the Moon at free flight velocities were tracked by three earth-based stations. These stations obtained accurate recordings of impact times and also range rate measurements for many hours prior to and within seconds of impact. Using this data, estimates of the dynamical center from four lunar surface points were determined. The range rate data determined the orbit relative to the tri-axial Moon and the recording of impact time triggered the proper radius vector (i.e., the selenocentric radius vector at the recorded time of impact, accounting for signal transit times).
The Consistency of predicative fragments of frege’s grundgesetze der arithmetik

As is well-known, the formal system in which Frege works in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik is formally inconsistent, Russell’s Paradox being derivable in it.This system is, except for minor differences, full second-order logic, augmented by a single non-logical axiom, Frege’s Axiom V. It has been known for some time now that the first-order fragment of the theory is consistent. The present paper establishes that both the simple and the ramified predicative second-order fragments are consistent, and that Robinson arithmetic, Q, is relatively interpretable in the simple predicative fragment. The philosophical significance of the result is discussed
Optimal topology design for overlay networks

Overlay topology design has been one of the most challenging research areas over the past few years. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding the overlay topology that minimizes a cost function which takes into account the overlay link creation cost and the routing cost. First, we formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) given a traffic matrix in case of cooperative and non cooperative node behavior. Then, we propose some heuristics to find near-optimal overlay topologies with a reduced complexity. The solutions of the ILP problem in average-size networks have been analyzed, showing that the traffic demands between the nodes affects the decision of creating new overlay links. The heuristics are also compared through extensive numerical evaluation, and guidelines for the selection of the best heuristic as a function of the cost parameters are also provided.
Algorithm for Interpretation of Multi-valued Taxonomic Attributes in Similarity-Based Fuzzy Databases

In this work we are analyzing our ability to discover knowledge from multi-valued attributes (often referred in literature on fuzzy databases as collections [1-3]), that have been utilized in fuzzy relational database models [4-7] as a convenient way to represent uncertainty about the data recorded in the data tables. We present here implementation details and extended tests of a heuristic algorithm, which we used in the past [8-11] to interpret non-atomic values stored in fuzzy relational databases. In our evaluation we consider different data imprecision levels, as well as diverse shapes of fuzzy similarity hierarchies.
iManage: policy-driven self-management for enterprise-scale systems

It is obvious that big, complex enterprise systems are hard to manage. What is not obvious is how to make them more manageable. Although there is a growing body of research into system self-management, many techniques are either too narrow, focusing on a single component rather than the entire system, or not robust enough, failing to scale or respond to the full range of an administrator's needs. In our iManage system we have developed a policy-driven system modeling framework that aims to bridge the gap between manageable components and manageable systems. In particular, iManage provides: (1) system state-space partitioning, which divides a large system state-space into partitions that are more amenable to constructing system models and developing policies, (2) online model and policy adaptation to allow the self-management infrastructure to deal gracefully with changes in operating environment, system configuration, and workload, and (3) tractability and trust, where tractability allows an administrator to understand why the system chose a particular policy and also influence that decision, and trust allows an administrator to understand the system's confidence in a proposed, automated action. Simulations driven by scenarios given to us by our industrial collaborators demonstrate that iManage is effective both at constructing useful system models and in using those models to drive automated system management.
Synthesis and characterization of hexagonal Cd51Yb14 single crystals

Synthesis of large, bulk single grains of the hexagonal crystalline phase Cd51Yb14 has been accomplished using the Bridgman method. Growth was carried out under controlled solidification conditions in sealed Ta crucibles, which maintain compositional integrity by eliminating evaporative losses of Cd and reaction with the containment material. Compositional analysis of the as-grown phase indicates no evidence of macrosegregation along the length of the crystal. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of the hexagonal phase is hampered by the enhanced atmospheric reactivity of the higher Yb content of the hexagonal phase. Such a high sensitivity to ambient exposure was not observed during the recent synthesis and TEM studies of the quasicrystalline Cd5.7Yb or cubic approximate phase Cd6Yb. TEM and X-ray transmission diffraction results taken at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory show the presence of a fine-structured second phase, which is randomly orie...
Colonic Adenomas with Extramedullary Myeloid Tumor (Granulocytic Sarcoma)

Extramedullary myeloid tumor (EMT) is an accumulation of malignant immature cells of the granulocytic series that is usually green in appearance due to the presence of myeloperoxi-dase. These invasive and destructive tumors occur most commonly in the skull and surrounding tissues, lymph nodes, skin and soft tissues. Regardless of the site, EMTs are difficult to recognize and may be easily overlooked or diagnosed as malignant lymphoma. EMTs may precede the diagnosis of a chronic myeloproliferative disorder or acute myeloid leukemia, may present coincident with the hematologic diagnosis, or may herald a relapse after therapy. An accurate diagnosis of EMT is of great clinical importance in the ongoing management of hematologic malignancies. We report here two unusual cases of EMT of the colon, which infiltrated adenomatous polyps. We conclude that increased cellularity within the lamina pro-pria of polyps and mucosal surfaces in general should be carefully examined.
Competition between Mitochondrial Haplotypes in Distinct Nuclear Genetic Environments: Drosophila Pseudoobscura Vs. D. Persimilis

A test for coadaptation of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes was performed using the sibling species, Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. Two lines of flies with "disrupted" cytonuclear genotypes were constructed by repeated backcrossing of males from one species to females carrying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the other species. Each "disrupted" strain was competed in population cages with the original stock of each species from which the recurrent males were obtained during the backcrossing. As such, the two species9 mitochondrial types were competed reciprocally in the nuclear genetic environments of each species. The trajectories of mtDNA haplotypes were followed in discrete-generation population cages using a PCR-four-cutter approach. A significant increase in the frequency of D. pseudoobscura mtDNA was observed in each of four replicate cages with a D. pseudoobscura nuclear background. In the D. persimilis nuclear background, one cage actually showed an increase in frequency of D. pseudoobscura mtDNA, although together the four replicate cages show little change in frequency. These results were repeated after frequency perturbations and reinitiation of each cage. An analysis of fitness components revealed that fertility selection greatly outweighed viability selection in these cytonuclear competition experiments. The asymmetry of the fitnesses of the mtDNA haplotypes on the two genetic backgrounds is consistent in direction with the previously reported asymmetry of female fertility in backcrosses between these two species. While our experiments do not allow us to identify mtDNA as the sole source of fitness variation, at a minimum the data indicate a fitness association between nuclear fertility factors and the D. pseudoobscura mtDNA on its own genetic background.
ENDOCRINE INFLUENCES ON RENAL COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY1

THE degree of compensatory hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy in the rat is affected by the age of the animal at the time of the uninephrectomy and by the protein intake (MacKay, MacKay and Addis, 1932; MacKay, Addis and MacKay, 1938). Increased excretory work produced by unilateral ureteroduodenostomy was not found to bring about increase in size of the other kidney (Block, Wakim and Mann, 1953). It has been reported in the dog (Winternitz and Waters, 1940; White, Heinbecker and Rolf, 1941) and in the rat (McQueen-Williams and Thompson, 1939; Colonge, 1944) that in the absence of the anterior hypophysis compensatory renal hypertrophy does not occur. In these reports the degree of compensatory hypertrophy was determined by comparing the weight of the remaining kidney at autopsy with that of the excised kidney of the same animal. Fontaine and Veil (1946) and Braun-Mendendez and Houssay (1949) questioned this procedure on the grounds that following hypophysectomy kidney weight diminishes
Distinct loci of lexical and semantic access deficits in aphasia: Evidence from voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping and diffusion tensor imaging.

Naming pictures and matching words to pictures belonging to the same semantic category negatively affects language production and comprehension. By most accounts, semantic interference arises when accessing lexical representations in naming (e.g., Damian, Vigliocco, & Levelt, 2001) and semantic representations in comprehension (e.g., Forde & Humphreys, 1997). Further, damage to the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), a region implicated in cognitive control, results in increasing semantic interference when items repeat across cycles in both language production and comprehension (Jefferies, Baker, Doran, & Lambon Ralph, 2007). This generates the prediction that the LIFG via white matter connections supports resolution of semantic interference arising from different loci (lexical vs semantic) in the temporal lobe. However, it remains unclear whether the cognitive and neural mechanisms that resolve semantic interference are the same across tasks. Thus, we examined which gray matter structures [using whole brain and region of interest (ROI) approaches] and white matter connections (using deterministic tractography) when damaged impact semantic interference and its increase across cycles when repeatedly producing and understanding words in 15 speakers with varying lexical-semantic deficits from left hemisphere stroke. We found that damage to distinct brain regions, the posterior versus anterior temporal lobe, was associated with semantic interference (collapsed across cycles) in naming and comprehension, respectively. Further, those with LIFG damage compared to those without exhibited marginally larger increases in semantic interference across cycles in naming but not comprehension. Lastly, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, connecting the LIFG with posterior temporal lobe, related to semantic interference in naming, whereas the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), connecting posterior with anterior temporal regions related to semantic interference in comprehension. These neuroanatomical-behavioral findings have implications for models of the lexical-semantic language network by demonstrating that semantic interference in language production and comprehension involves different representations which differentially recruit a cognitive control mechanism for interference resolution.
Mössbauer parameters of a highly anisotropic low-spin ferric compound: Bis[tris(N-methylimidazol-2-yl) hydroxymethane] ferrate (III) tetrafluoroborate

We have analyzed the Mossbauer spectra of a highly anisotropic low-spin ferric compound, [Fe(TICOH)2](BF4)3, taken in frozen solution as a function of temperature and field. Unlike other low-spin ferric compounds, [Fe(TICOH)2](BF4)3 shows a sharp six-line pattern with an overall s;litting of 14.2 mm/s in an applied field at 4.2 K. Good simulations are obtained using the model of Oosterhuis and Lang with a crystal field of axial symmetry. At higher temperature spin fluctuations become important, and a dynamic lineshape model with temperature- and field-dependent relaxation rates is used to simulate the data.
Quiet, efficient fans for space flight: An overview of NASA’s technology development plan.

A Technology Development Plan to improve the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of spaceflight fans has been submitted to NASA s Exploration Technology Development Program. The plan describes a research program intended to make broader use of the technology developed at NASA Glenn to increase the efficiency and reduce the noise of aircraft engine fans. The goal is to develop a set of well-characterized government-owned fans nominally suited for spacecraft ventilation and cooling systems. NASA s Exploration Life Support community will identify design point conditions for the fans in this study. Computational Fluid Dynamics codes will be used in the design and analysis process. The fans will be built and used in a series of tests. Data from aerodynamic and acoustic performance tests will be used to validate performance predictions. These performance maps will also be entered into a database to help spaceflight fan system developers make informed design choices. Velocity measurements downstream of fan rotor blades and stator vanes will also be collected and used for code validation. Details of the fan design, analysis, and testing will be publicly reported. With access to fan geometry and test data, the small fan industry can independently evaluate design and analysis methods and work towards improvement.
Effect of Chronically Increased Ventricular Pressure on Electrical Forces of the Heart

Hemodynamic measurements during left and right heart catheterization in 90 patients with aortic or pulmonic stenosis have been correlated with selected vectorcardiographic parameters obtained by the Frank vectorcardiogram. Evidence has been presented that increased left ventricular peak pressure (r=0.85) or pressure time (r=0.78) leads to augmented maximum spatial voltages. The coefficients for similar correlations on the right side of the heart were 0.87, respectively 0.82. When a sum of selected spatial vectors was used the correlation coefficient with left ventricular peak pressure rose to 0.90 (with controls r=0.93) and with right ventricular peak pressure to 0.89, while at the same time the standard error became less. Less significant correlations existed with the log of the valve area (r=–0.69 for the aortic valve and r=–0.66 for the pulmonary valve) and stroke work (r= 0.24 for left and r=0.32 for right ventricular work). These findings provide a further link between the morphology and the physiolo...
Human Somatic Variation: It's Not Just for Cancer Anymore

It has long been known that cancer is caused by somatic changes. However, increasingly data are being collected that indicate that many other diseases can be caused by somatic mutation. This list is growing, as more and better data become available from high-throughput genetic analyses, to include neurological, hematological, and immune-related disorders. However, equally interesting is the observation that even in the absence of clear phenotypic effects individuals accumulate somatic variation and that this variation includes the entire spectrum of mutations observed in the germline. Of note, in some cases (e.g., mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy) the tissue distribution of this variation may not be random. In this review we present recent work describing the effects of somatic mutations, their types, and their distribution in humans.
Nanoflex for neural nanoprobes

Scaling up the number of recording sites for neuronal interfaces while minimizing the impact on brain function presents several engineering challenges. Here we focus on miniaturizing the probe cable interconnects to minimize tethering forces at the probe-brain interface, allow multiple probes to be implanted in adjacent brain regions, and decrease damage associated with deep brain implants. We fabricated 32- and 64-channel Parylene C cables ranging in length from 7-65 mm for use with next-generation silicon probes (`nanoprobes'). To reduce cable width, 10 μm pitch leads were patterned on two layers sandwiched between three layers of parylene (overall thickness 15μm). The compliance of the cables was modeled using Timoshenko beam bending theory. Reliability was assessed using accelerated lifetime testing with electrochemical impedance monitoring. These `nanoflex' cables are an order of magnitude smaller and two orders of magnitude more flexible than existing commercially available devices, a key technology for making viable long term, high-density neuronal recordings in both superficial and deep brain structures.
Issues to Consider in Converting to Digital Mammography

This article outlines the reasons that many radiology practices are converting to digital mammography. In addition, it provides basic information about the issues that must be considered in making the transformation. These issues include technical matters regarding image display, storage, and retrieval as well as clinical and ergonomic considerations.
Enhancing photovoltaic response of organic solar cells using a crystalline molecular template

Abstract We demonstrate that a crystalline pentacene molecular templating layer considerably changes the morphology of the subsequently deposited lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) layer, resulting in an improved crystallinity at the early stages of growth of the PbPc film and a higher content of the triclinic phase. For bilayer PbPc (20 nm)/C60 (40 nm) organic solar cells with or without the pentacene templating layer, the use of the pentacene templating layer leads to a 48% enhancement in the short-circuit current without noticeably affecting the solar cell open-circuit voltage or fill factor. A copper or zinc phthalocyanine molecular templating layer also leads to enhanced photovoltaic response from the PbPc/C60 cells, though less significant than the pentacene template. The improved device performance originates from stronger absorption by the triclinic PbPc phase in the near infrared and the enhanced internal quantum efficiency over the entire spectrum where PbPc absorbs.
Ultraviolet light-induced increase in tumor cell susceptibility to TNF-dependent and TNF-independent natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Abstract Previously we demonstrated that two consecutive in vitro irradiations of MCA 102 cells with high doses of UVC light (610 and 457 J/m2) resulted in a selection of a permanent line MCA102UV that manifested high sensitivity to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC). In the present study analysis of the effector cells involved in lysis of these tumor cells was performed by comparing the cytotoxicity of normal spleen cells which mediated both NK and NC cell activity with (a) normal spleen cells in which NC activity was neutralized by anti-TNF Abs (NK+, NC−), (b) NK-depleted or NK-deficient spleen cells (NK−, NC+), and (c) NK-deficient or -depleted spleen cells with NC activity neutralized by anti-TNF Abs (NK−, NC−). Results of these studies indicate that lysis of the original MCA 102 tumor cells was relatively low and was mediated by NC cells. UV irradiation significantly increased MCA 102 tumor cell sensitivity to lysis by both NK and NC cells. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in UV-induced NK sensitivity revealed that UV irradiation increased tumor cell susceptibility to lytic NK-derived granules. NC sensitivity of MCA102UV tumor cells was associated with their increase in sensitivity to TNF and selection of MCA102UV cells for resistance to rTNF resulted in a decrease in their susceptibility to NC cells. To determine how fast UV-induced sensitivity to NCMC and rTNF can be established, 51Cr-labeled MCA 102 cells were irradiated in vitro with 38–304 J/m2 of UVC light and their sensitivity to lysis by spleen cells and rTNF was tested immediately in an 18-hr cytotoxicity assay. UV treatment with the same doses was repeated 12 days later. The data obtained showed that tumor cell sensitivity to NCMC and TNF appeared shortly after UV irradiation, was stable, and was further substantially augmented by the second round of UV treatment. Thus, in vitro UV irradiation of tumor cells could be an effective modulator of tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-dependent and TNF-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
A contact potential difference study of the epitaxialgrowth of aluminum on Pd(111) films

Abstract The growth of aluminum on epitaxial Pd(111) films formed on mica wasinvestigated by the contact potential difference (CPD) method. The CPD was found to decrease smoothly, reaching a minimum of 1.32 eV at 2 ML Al coverage and saturating at that value, in good agreement with the work function difference between the bulk (111) surfaces. The quick saturation is indicative of an initial layer growth process. The growth data were analyzed according to the Topping depolarization model. The dipole moment and polarizability for the initial adsorption process were determined to be 0.29 D and 1.02 A3 respectively. The polarizability is an order of magnitude lower than theory. The bilayer film was analyzed, ex situ, by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The adlayer was found to have grown with an epitaxial orientation, supporting the saturation CPD value. RHEED also showed that a 27A epitaxial aluminum surface was much rougher than the Pd(111) substrate film, suggesting that the growth mode was Stranski-Krastanov.
Immune Surveillance Tissue Antigen Profiling in Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Aim A knowledge of tumor-related antigens associated with survival of patients with ovarian cancer could contribute toward the development of tests for early diagnosis and could provide targets for the design of novel immunotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. We conducted a pilot immunohistochemical study to determine a group of antigens in ovarian tumor masses that correlate with survival. Methods We studied T-cell subsets and tumor antigens on 69 cases of paraffin-embedded patient blocks to determine if any correlated with survival in this disease. These were identified by staining for CD3, CD8, FoxP3, New York esophageal-1 (NY-ESO-1), melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) A, cyclin E, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigens in tissue when using specific antibodies. Results Study patients had a median age of 58 years and an overall survival of 31%. Infiltrating CD3 + T cells correlated with improved survival of patients ( P = .002, log-rank test). The frequency of cyclin E, ICAM-1, CD8, and FoxP3 expressing cells were not statistically associated with survival. MAGE-A was expressed in 10 (45%) of 22 whole-tissue sections studied, and this expression correlated with decreased survival ( P = .03, log-rank test). The presence and frequency of FoxP3 infiltrating suppressor T cells was associated with high-stage disease ( P = .02, χ 2 test; P = .03, Wilcoxon test). Conclusions The significance of CD3 T cells in tumor tissue may be primarily associated with an active antitumor immune response. MAGE-A family members may represent successful antigens for immunotherapeutic targeting in ovarian cancer.