cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 15-Gb/s Sub-Baud-Rate Digital CDR

This paper presents a sub-baud-rate clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit that can recover clock and data using only differential quarter-rate clocks. A combination of eight samplers and an integrator recover four data bits in each clock cycle. Four of the eight samplers are re-used for phase detection as well as for background calibration to improve the robustness of the CDR to process, voltage, and temperature variations. A continuous-time linear equalizer is used to compensate for inter-symbol interference up to 11 dB. The CDR prototype fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS recovers 15.2-Gb/s data using only differential 3.8-GHz clock and achieves bit error rate (BER) 10-MHz jitter tolerance (JTOL) corner, and 548 fsrms recovered clock jitter. The total power consumption is 29 mW, which translates to an energy efficiency of 1.9 pJ/bit.
Effects of Donor–Acceptor Quantum Coherence and Non-Markovian Bath on the Distance Dependence of Resonance Energy Transfer

Accurate information on the distance dependence of resonance energy transfer (RET) is crucial for its utilization as a spectroscopic ruler of nanometer scale distances. In this regard, understanding the effects of donor–acceptor quantum coherence and non-Markovian bath, which become significant at short distances, has significant implications. The present work investigates this issue theoretically by comparing results from a theory of coherent RET (CRET) with a nonequilibrium version of Forster’s RET (FRET) theory, both accounting for non-Markovian bath effects. Even for a model where the donor–acceptor electronic coupling is of transition dipole interaction form, it is shown that the RET rate in general deviates from the inverse sixth power distance dependence as opposed to the prediction of the original FRET. On the one hand, it is shown that the donor–acceptor quantum coherence makes the distance dependence steeper than the sixth power, although detailed manner of enhancement is sensitive to specific v...
The impact of make-ready process on project cost performance in heavy civil construction projects

The research investigates the relationship between the production plan reliability and the project cost performance using project data in the heavy civil construction sector. The research also inve...
Nonlinearly most dangerous disturbance for high-speed boundary-layer transition

Laminar-to-turbulent transition in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer at Mach 4.5 is studied using direct numerical simulations. For a given level of total disturbance energy, the inflow spectrum was designed to correspond to the nonlinearly most dangerous condition that leads to the earliest possible transition Reynolds number. The synthesis of the inlet disturbance is formulated as a constrained optimization, where the control vector is comprised of the amplitudes and relative phases of the inlet modes; the constraints are the prescribed total energy and that the flow evolution satisfies the full nonlinear compressible Navier–Stokes equations; the cost function is defined in terms of the mean skin-friction coefficient and, once maximized, ensures the earliest possible transition location. An ensemble-variational (EnVar) technique is developed to solve the optimization problem. Starting from an initial guess, here a broadband disturbance, EnVar updates the estimate of the control vector at the end of each iteration using the gradient of the cost function, which is evaluated from the outcomes of an ensemble of possible solutions. Two inflow conditions are computed, each corresponding to a different level of energy, and their spectra are contrasted: the lower-energy case includes two normal acoustic waves and one oblique vorticity perturbation, whereas the higher-energy condition consists of oblique acoustic and vorticity waves. The focus is placed on the former case because it cannot be categorized as any of the classical breakdown scenarios (fundamental, subharmonic or oblique), while the higher-energy condition undergoes a second-mode oblique transition. At the lower energy level, the instability wave that initiates the rapid breakdown to turbulence is not present at the inlet plane. Instead, it appears at a downstream location after a series of nonlinear interactions that spur the fastest onset of turbulence. The results from the nonlinearly most potent inflow condition are also compared to other inlet disturbances that are selected solely based on linear theory, and which all yield relatively delayed transition onset.
Increase of reactive oxygen species contributes to growth inhibition by fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycetous yeast, is a fungal pathogen that can colonize the lungs of humans causing pneumonia and fungal meningitis in severely immunocompromised individuals. Recent studies have implied that the antifungal drug fluconazole (FLC) can induce oxidative stress in C. neoformans by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as presence of the antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) could reverse the inhibitory effects of FLC on C. neoformans. However, in Candida albicans, AA has been shown to stimulate the expression of genes essential for ergosterol biosynthesis. Hence, the contribution of ROS in FLC-mediated growth inhibition remains unclear. In order to determine whether counteracting ROS generated by FLC in C. neoformans can contribute to diminishing inhibitory effects of FLC, we tested three other antioxidants in addition to AA, namely, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), retinoic acid (RA), and glutathione (GSH). Our data confirm that there is an increase in ROS in the presence of FLC in C. neoformans. Importantly, all four antioxidants reversed FLC-mediated growth inhibition of C. neoformans to various extents. We further verified the involvement of increased ROS in FLC-mediated growth inhibition by determining that ROS-scavenging proteins, metallothioneins (CMT1 and CMT2), contribute to growth recovery by PDTC and AA during treatment with FLC. Our study suggests that ROS contributes to FLC-mediated growth inhibition and points to a complex nature of antioxidant-mediated growth rescue in the presence of FLC.
Enhancing Choice and Outcomes for Therapeutic Trials in Chronic Pain: N-of-1 + Imaging (+ i)

The attrition of novel analgesic drugs in the clinic can be attributed in the main to two factors: failure of preclinical research findings translating into human pain conditions, and a drop-off of efficacy between proof-of-concept (i.e., Phase II trials) and pivotal, confirmatory (Phase III trials) testing. In order to enhance the efficiency of the clinical drug evaluation process and determine rapidly whether a potential therapeutic candidate gives pain relief, by modulating central pain neurobiology, we propose a 'pre-proof-of-concept' approach, in which an efficacy assessment is performed in a single individual (N-of-1) using subjective clinical pain assessments supported by objective validated functional neuroimaging measures. Using an N-of-1 + i methodology, clinical- and neuroimaging-based metrics can be quantified under conditions of drug versus placebo or drug versus current standard of care conditions.
Modified frailty index is predictive of wound complications in obese patients undergoing gynecologic surgery via a midline vertical incision

Abstract Objectives There are limited methods to identify which obese patients will experience wound complications after undergoing gynecologic surgery. We sought to determine the association between frailty and postoperative wound complications and to develop a prediction model for wound complications in this patient population. Methods We reviewed prospectively collected data of obese patients undergoing laparotomy though midline vertical incisions from 7/2013-3/2016. Modified frailty index (mFI) was calculated using 11 comorbidities previously validated. The primary outcome was the composite rate of postoperative wound complication. Data was analyzed using Fisher exact test or Chi-square and t-tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests. Poisson regression models were used to generate relative risks. Prediction models were created with receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis. Results Of 163 patients included, 56 (34%) were considered frail. Wound complications occurred in 52 patients (31.9%): 28 (50%) frail and 24 (22.4%) non-frail patients (RR 2.23, 95%CI 1.29-3.85). Frail patients had significantly greater frequencies of wound breakdown (37.5% vs 15%, RR 2.51, 95%CI 1.31-4.81). After controlling for BMI, tobacco use, and maximum postoperative glucose, frailty remained an independent predictor of wound complication (aRR 1.88, 95%CI 1.04-3.40). The area under the curve for the predictive model incorporating frailty was 0.73 for wound complications. Conclusion Frailty is associated with wound complications in obese patients undergoing gynecologic surgery via a midline vertical incision and is a useful tool in identifying the most high risk patients. Further prospective research is necessary to incorporate mFI into preoperative planning and counseling.
So Who Governs

Much has been made of the so-called transformative securities legislation of the New Deal and the new and unique American central bank of 1913, but in regard to the questions raised in Chap. 1, it may be doubted that they in fact brought significant changes. The financial markets have made use of the new technologies but most of their participants and underlying processes have continued, and an important function of the banking system has continued to be the monetization of the government debt.
CHARACTERIZING REASONS FOR READMISSION EARLY, LATE, AND VERY LATE AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Readmissions following acute myocardial infarction (MI) are associated with increased cost, healthcare utilization, and morbidity. Our goal was to assess differences in reasons for readmission after MI based on the time elapsed since the index MI hospitalization. We reviewed all cases of MI at a
The Central Bank of Russia

Founded on July 13, 1990, the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) traces its history back to the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The CBR enjoys special status under Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation . The CBR is not a body of state power; rather, it is a special public and legal institution with the exclusive right to issue currency.
Social Distancing and School Closures: Documenting Disparity in Internet Access among School Children

Social distancing directives across the United States have led to school closures. Some districts are moving towards online instruction but this requires internet access at home. We examine the factors that determine whether school children have access to the internet at home. We document that poor and non-white children still have lower access to the internet. Moreover, in areas where poor and non-white children have relatively lower test scores, such children are more likely to not have access to the internet. However, there is some evidence of positive spillovers from the historic presence of ICT industries in the local area in improving the access of disadvantaged children to the internet. The empirical insights highlight how the digital divide might exacerbate existing educational inequalities in the face of school closures due to social distancing.
Nurses to be preferred over physicians in elderly care

A thorough systematic literature review comparing care for the elderly provided by physicians and nurses with that provided by physicians alone finds a modest advantage for the first. The conclusion is that 'Physician substitution in healthcare for the aging population may achieve at least as good patient outcomes and process of care outcomes compared with care provided by physicians'. On closer inspection, the selected studies compare multidisciplinary care programmes including nursing staff with monodisciplinary physician care. The modest advantage found for the multidisciplinary programmes can be seen as support for the prevailing consensus that this is the way to go, but the conclusion that this is support for the substitution of physicians lacks evidence. Focus on cost-effectiveness and/or the wish to accentuate the important role of highly trained nursing experts in modern care for older people may have affected the interpretation of the data.
Buccal bone thickness of maxillary anterior teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim To systematically review buccal bone thickness (BBT) in the anterior maxilla in different teeth, age groups and genders. Materials and methods PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched up to April 2020. Clinical and radiographic studies reporting on BBT of maxillary anterior teeth, with at least 10 patients, were included. A meta-analysis was performed using random effect models to report differences of BBT. Results 50 studies were included. Using bone crest (BC) as a reference point, no significant differences were found in BBT between different tooth types, except for 0.16 mm (95%-CI: 0.02-0.30) increased mid-root thickness of premolars compared to canines. Using the CEJ as a reference point, canines presented with a significantly increased thickness of 0.32 mm (95%-CI: 0.11-0.54) coronally compared to laterals. When BC was used as reference, males demonstrated a significantly increased thickness of 0.21 mm (95%-CI: 0.15-0.27) apically, while middle-aged adults showed a 0.06 mm (95%-CI: -0.12, -0.01) statistically significant increase in the coronal level compared to older adults. Conclusions Few maxillary anterior teeth have BBT greater than 1 mm. Buccal bone tends to get thicker from a coronal to apical position along the root surface and from an anterior to posterior position in the arch.
The Roles of Item Exposure and Visualization Success in the Consolidation of Memories across Wake and Sleep.

Memory consolidation during sleep does not benefit all memories equally. Initial encoding strength appears to play a role in governing where sleep effects are seen, but it is unclear whether sleep preferentially consolidates weaker or stronger memories. We manipulated encoding strength along two dimensions-the number of item presentations, and success at visualizing each item, in a sample of 82 participants. Sleep benefited memory of successfully visualized items only. Within these, the sleep-wake difference was largest for more weakly encoded information. These results suggest that the benefit of sleep on memory is seen most clearly for items that are encoded to a lower initial strength.
What Makes a “Bad” Ad? User Perceptions of Problematic Online Advertising

Online display advertising on websites is widely disliked by users, with many turning to ad blockers to avoid “bad” ads. Recent evidence suggests that today’s ads contain potentially problematic content, in addition to well-studied concerns about the privacy and intrusiveness of ads. However, we lack knowledge of which types of ad content users consider problematic and detrimental to their browsing experience. Our work bridges this gap: first, we create a taxonomy of 15 positive and negative user reactions to online advertising from a survey of 60 participants. Second, we characterize classes of online ad content that users dislike or find problematic, using a dataset of 500 ads crawled from popular websites, labeled by 1000 participants using our taxonomy. Among our findings, we report that users consider a substantial amount of ads on the web today to be clickbait, untrustworthy, or distasteful, including ads for software downloads, listicles, and health & supplements.
Comparative Performance of Rule Quality Measures in an InductionSystem

This paper addresses an important problem related to the use of induction systems in analyzing real world data. The problem is the quality and reliability of the rules generated by the systems.~We discuss the significance of having a reliable and efficient rule quality measure. Such a measure can provide useful support in interpreting, ranking and applying the rules generated by an induction system. A number of rule quality and statistical measures are selected from the literature and their performance is evaluated on four sets of semiconductor data. The primary goal of this testing and evaluation has been to investigate the performance of these quality measures based on: (i) accuracy, (ii) coverage, (iii) positive error ratio, and (iv) negative error ratio of the rule selected by each measure. Moreover, the sensitivity of these quality measures to different data distributions is examined. In conclusion, we recommend Cohen‘s statistic as being the best quality measure examined for the domain. Finally, we explain some future work to be done in this area.
Bentham's Place in English Legal History

J OHN STUART MILL said of his father, James Mill, that he was "the last of the eighteenth century."' Bentham, who died in 1832, four years before James Mill, can, with quite as much truth, be regarded as the last but one of the eighteenth century; for, as Dicey has said," "he was in spirit entirely a child of the eighteenth century, and in England was the best representative of the humanitarianism and enlightenment of that age." Like other representative men of that century, he believed in its intellectual superiority to all other centuries.3 Like them, he was prepared to apply a reasoned criticism of an analytical kind to laws and institutions and to projects for reforming them;' and he was not prepared to attach weight to arguments for delaying such projects for reforms which were founded upon historical explanations of the genesis of these rules and institutions. As we might expect, he scorned Savigny's German historical school. In 1830 he wrote:5
Effect of detergents on the conformation of proteins. III. Rotatory dispersion and COTTON effect of relation to α‐helical order

The optical rotatory dispersion of ten proteins was investigated by using ultraviolet (UV) light of 220–250 mμ wave length. The spectropolarimeter had a powerful light source, two monochromators, and a very sensitive signal detecting unit. The effect of sodium decyl-and dodecyl sulfate on the rotatory dispersion of the proteins was studied. It was found that the non-helical globular proteins, such as serum γ-globulin, BENCE-JONES protein, and pepsin, did not exhibit a definite COTTON effect; and that such effect appeared in the presence of the detergents. Also it was found that the COTTON effect of the a-helical proteins (serum albumin, insulin, growth hormone, lysozyme, bacterial α-amylase, lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic dehydrogenase) was diminished by the detergents to a greater or lesser extent. Dodecyl sulfate was in all instances more potent than decyl sulfate. The disulfide bonded a-helical proteins were more resistant to the denaturing effect of the detergents than the cystine-free bacterial amylase. Die optische Rotationsdispersion von zehn Proteinen wurde mit ultraviolettem (UV) Licht von 220–250 mμ Wellenlange untersucht. Das verwendete Spektropolarimeter hatte eine starke Lichtquelle, zwei Monochromatoren und einen sehr empfindlichen Signaldetektor. Der Einflus von Natrium-decyl- und -dodecylsulfat auf das optische Drehungsvermogen der Proteine wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, das die nicht-helicalen Proteine (Serum-γ-globulin, BENCE-JONES Protein und Pepsin) keinen COTTON-Effekt bei 220–240 mμ zeigten, und das die oberflachenaktiven Anionen imstande waren, diesen Effekt hervorzurufen. Der COTTON-Effekt der α-helicalen Proteine (Serumalbumin, Insulin, Wachstumshormon, Lysozym, bakterielle α-Amylase, Lactatdehydrogenase und Glutamatdehydrogenase) wurde dagegen durch die Detergentien mehr oder weniger abgeschwacht. Dodecylsulfat war dabei starker wirksam als Decylsulfat. Der COTTON-Effekt der disulfidhaltigen Proteine wurde von den Detergentien weniger beeinflust als derjenige der cysteinfreien bakteriellen Amylase.
Combined bulk and interfacial studies of the cement/steel system by impedance spectroscopy

Three arcs, corresponding to the bulk, interfacial, and electrode responses, are apparent in the impedance spectrum of cement paste / reinforcing steel systems. The 3-point impedance technique, without potentiostat, is capable of simultaneously and continuously monitoring these three responses over several orders of frequency (MHz-mHz). The high frequency (MHz) bulk arc provides such parameters as diffusivity and permeability of the paste, which in turn have implications for the ingress of corrosive species, such as chloride ions, known to greatly affect the corrosion rate of reinforcing steels. The double layer arc (Hz) provides insight into the nature of the near interfacial zone of the paste/ steel system, where the higher degree of porosity may affect corrosive behavior. The low frequency (mHz) electrode arc is related to the passive nature of the steel. Oxide film thickness can be inferred, as well as corrosion rates in active, passive, and pitting regimes.
Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning in Mice

Contextual and cued fear conditioning is a robust form of learning in which an association is made between stimuli and their aversive consequences. Fear conditioning has been used in laboratory rodents in part because it is a highly conserved form of behavior that is exhibited in both laboratory situations and in normal environments. Training requires only a single trial and this makes it adaptable to genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical studies. Clinically, it is has relevance to human behavior in that fear conditioning can be produced in humans, and damage to the amygdala prevents fear conditioning.
Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the insula during acute stress predicts increased post-stress pulmonary inflammation in asthma

Although psychological factors contribute to the frequency, severity, and burden of asthma symptoms, the role of the brain in the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease is largely unknown. To examine the neural mechanisms which may regulate airway inflammation in asthma, we used [18F]fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to identify neural circuits that are active during performance of a social stress task or a matched control condition. Asthmatic subjects with either high or low levels of chronic life stress underwent both stress and control conditions. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was collected at baseline, as well as hourly post-challenge, and provided a measure of airway inflammation. These data reveal that, in those with high levels of chronic stress, an acute stressor leads to elevated post-stress FeNO levels relative to those with low chronic stress. In addition, increased regional glucose metabolism in the insular cortex predicts overall FeNO levels. This region of the insula is nearly identical to a region we identified in a previous study where activation following challenge with inhaled allergen predicted the increase in percentage of eosinophils in lung tissue 24 h later. These data corroborate previous evidence indicating a role for the insula in the interaction of emotion and inflammation in asthma and may lead to novel targets for future treatment.
Animal models of IgA nephropathy: Formulating therapeutic strategies

Summary: This review seeks to highlight those aspects of ongoing research with animal models that may facilitate development of effective and perhaps specific therapy of IgAN. Oral immunization is typically accompanied by a predominantly Th2 response; defects in the evolution of this typical response, instigated by cyclophosphamide and/or oestradiol, elicit IgAN in mice. The Th2 cytokines that predominate in orally immunized mice, and in patients with IgAN, promote abnormally glycosylated IgA, similar to the IgA in patients. Immune complexes prepared with IgA antibody bearing altered glycosyl residues show enhanced rates of glomerular uptake and altered rates of clearance from the circulation. When immune responses to infectious pathogens are localized to sites remote from a new infection with a serologically related organism, ‘misdirected’ responses permit pathogen replication and antigen production concomitant with strong host antibody responses. The resultant immune complexes elicit IgAN in mice. Similar ‘misdirected’ immune responses may arise in J chain-deficient subjects. Improved pharmacologic control of B cell trafficking and/or function could rectify these defects. Correction of deficiency in clearance of IgA immune complexes could benefit patients with secondary IgAN. Finally, manipulation of glomerular haemodynamics and/or production or response to intraglomerular cytokines and growth factors might ameliorate disease or forestall progression to glomerulosclerosis. Animal models have served as a conceptual springboard for a wide variety of clinical investigations, and in turn clinical information has guided the design and goal of experimental investigation. Hopefully, this synergy can continue, ultimately resulting in effective and specific therapy.
On the uptake of biotin by the rat renal tubule.

Abstract Little is known of biotin handling by transporting epithelium. Accordingly, we have examined the characteristics of biotin uptake by rat renal tubular epithelium. Renal cortical slices showed concentrative, temperature-sensitive uptake of biotin. Renal brushborder membrane vesicles exhibited an “overshoot” phenomenon with uptake of 1.9 n m biotin in the presence of a 100 m m NaCl gradient. This overshoot was reduced in magnitude with reduction of the sodium gradient to 50 m m . Biocytin significantly reduced uptake by the vesicles. Concentration-dependent studies yielded an apparent transport K m of 200 n m . We conclude that biotin is actively transported by the rat renal proximal tubule by a system which is at least partially Na + dependent, and shared by biocytin.
INDETERMINATE CHARACTER OF THE REDUCTION OF THE WAVE PACKET IN QUANTUM THEORY

ABS>Von Neumann's proof of the ineffectiveness of the use of hidden variables to account for the reduction of the wave packet is analyzed. A possible weakness of the argument is found in the manner in which the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory is employed. An alternative proof is presented which avoids this aspect of quantum theory. The conclusion is drawn that there is no theory consistent with quantum mechanics which can account for the occurrence of events in nature. (auth)
Lattice vibration motional averaging in nuclear quadrupole resonance of molecular crystals. I. The zero-wavevector case☆☆☆

Abstract A method is described for calculating the contribution of the zone-center ( q = 0) lattice mode frequencies to the motional averaging of the nuclear quadrupole Hamiltonian in molecular crystals. Group theory techniques are employed to find the vibrational amplitudes of individual molecules in terms of the normal coordinates for the primitive unit cell. The method is illustrated in detail for solid chlorine and the mean square angular amplitudes of molecular libration deduced from NQR data are compared with those calculated from the experimental q = 0 Raman libration frequencies. A transformation between mean square angular amplitudes defined with respect to different coordinate systems is obtained which is needed if the resonant nucleus is located in a molecule whose inertia tensor principal axes do not coincide with the electric field gradient tensor principal axes. With this transformation, quantitative expressions are obtained for the effective inertia parameters introduced by Kushida.
Close-to-convex functions and their extreme points in Hornich space

LetK andC denote, respectively, the classes of normalized convex and close-to-convex univalent functions. Associated with eachf∈C there is a collectionK (f) of functionsg∈K such thatf is close-to-convex with respect tog. A characterization ofK (f) is given in terms of the radial limits of arg {z f' (z)}, and necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained onf forK (f) to be a singleton. It is shown that for eachg∈K there is anf∈C such thatK (f)={g}. Further, a characterization is given of those functionsf for whichK (f) consists only of the half-plane mapping,gβ(z)=z/(1-ze−iβ). These results are used to determine the extreme points ofC in the linear space introduced byH. Hornich (Mh. Math.73, 36–45 (1969)). It is shown that iff is an extreme point ofC, thenK (f)={gβ} for some β. Finally, a geometric description is given of those functionsf∈C for whichgβ∈K (f).
Does Attendance Enhance Political Science Grades

This article tests a relationship between class attendance and final grades in several political science courses that I taught at the University of Georgia, University of Vermont, and University of Central Arkansas between the Fall 2000 and Spring 2006 semesters. The study employs ordinary least square estimators to test the foregoing hypothesis. Relying on a sample of up to 951 undergraduate students and controlling for grade-point average (GPA), test scores, number of credit hours, and gender, the study finds that attendance influences students' final grades. It also finds that students' GPA and tests predict final grade outcomes. Gender and students' number of credit hours are, however, not significantly related to final grades.
Interim Response of Dissolved Oxygen to Reestablished Flow in the Kissimmee River, Florida, U.S.A.

Restoration of the Kissimmee River should have multiple ecological benefits including improved dissolved oxygen (DO) within the river channel. Channelization of the Kissimmee River virtually eliminated flow through the natural river channel. After channelization, chronically low DO concentrations were observed in the stagnant remnant channel. Although no DO data from before channelization exist, reference estimates of pre-channelization conditions were derived from seven relatively unimpacted streams. Stations along the Kissimmee River were sampled for 3 years before construction of the first phase of the restoration project began and for up to 8 years after the completion of construction. After Phase I construction, DO concentrations in the area of the river channel to which flow had been restored increased significantly from 2.2 to 4.9 mg/L, which is similar to DO concentrations observed in the reference streams. Mean DO concentrations for the reference streams ranged from 4.6 to 6.7 mg/L. Comparison of reference data to data from the pre-Phase I and post-Phase I system suggests that channelization had a negative impact on DO and that DO concentrations in the post-Phase I Kissimmee River channel have made a significant recovery. Long-term data trends demonstrate that DO concentrations can be negatively impacted by high flow events and that recovery from these events is generally quick, suggesting some degree of resilience in the system.
Texas Ranger Auxiliaries: Double-Edged Sword of the Campaign for Northern Mexico, 1846–1848

This essay explores how federalized Texas Rangers, in the form of scout companies and larger mounted rifle regiments, provided controversial, and ultimately cost-effective, versatility to the US Army during its campaign in Northern Mexico between 1846 and 1848. It argues that their contributions centered on three tactical tasks that enhanced the invading army's maneuvers: reconnaissance, direct assault, and counterguerrilla patrolling. Each of these actions reflected a distinctive skill-set at which the auxiliaries excelled, marking them as exceptionally multifunctional assets. The Texans' augmentation coincided with, and was necessitated by, the evolving stages of the war in Northern Mexico, beginning with the American army's initial invasion, then transitioning to the assault on Monterrey, and finally ending with a troubled occupation where the rangers' brutality both enabled and undermined American pacification efforts.
An In Vitro Study of Transendothelial Albumin Transport in a Steady State Pipe Flow at High Shear Rates

The effect of high wall shear rates on the uptake of 131 I-albumin by the arterial wall has been studied in vitro using common carotid arteries excised from anesthetized dogs and perfused with a steady state flow of homologous serum. Wall uptake was found to depend nearly linearly upon wall shear rate. The overall transport of 131 I-albumin from the perfusing fluid to the vessel wall appears to be rate controlled by a shear dependent fluid-wall interface process. This study was carried out at high shear rates for flows which were transitional and turbulent. Because of the complexity of such flows, direct measurements of pressure drop were used to determine the shear rate at the vessel wall. Simultaneous pressure drop and flow measurements allowed the determination of the friction factor as a function of Reynolds number; results obtained at the higher Reynolds numbers correspond to those for a rigid pipe with a relative roughness of 0.05.
Generalized alternating‐direction collocation methods for parabolic equations. II. Transport equations with application to seawater intrusion problems

The alternating-direction collocation (ADC) method combines the attractive computational features of a collocation spatial approximation and an alternating-direction time marching algorithm. The result is a very efficient solution procedure for parabolic partial differential equations. To date, the methodology has been formulated and demonstrated for second-order parabolic equations with insignificant first-order derivatives. However, when solving transport equations, significant first-order advection components are likely to be present. Therefore, in this paper, the ADC method is formulated and analyzed for the transport equation. The presence of first-order spatial derivatives leads to restrictions that are not present when only second-order derivatives appear in the governing equation. However, the method still appears to be applicable to a wide variety of transport systems. A formulation of the ADC algorithm for the nonlinear system of equations that describes density-dependent fluid flow and solute transport in porous media demonstrates this point. An example of seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers is solved to illustrate the applicability of the method. An alternating-direction collocation solution algorithm has been developed for the general transport equation. The procedure is analogous to that for the model parabolic equations considered by Celia and Pinder [2]. However, the presence of first-order spatial derivatives requires special attention in the ADC formulation and application. With proper implementation, the ADC procedure effectively combines the efficient equation formulation inherent in the collocation method with the efficient equation solving characteristics of alternating-direction time marching algorithms. To demonstrate the viability of the method for problems with complex velocity fields, the procedure was applied to the problem of density-dependent flow and contaminant transport in groundwaters. A standard example of seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers was solved to illustrate the applicability of the method and to demonstrate its potential use in practical problems.
Modeling the thermomechanical effects of crystallization in natural rubber: I. The theoretical structure

Abstract Using the theoretical framework introduced in a previous work (Negahban, M., 1997. Thermodynamic modeling of the thermomechanical effects of polymer crystalliation: A general theoretical structure. International Journal of Engineering Science 35, 277–298), a model is proposed for capturing the thermomechanical response of natural rubber during and after crystallization. The model is given in a form which will allow the incorporation of both the known mechanical response and the known thermal response observed before, during, and after crystallization in natural rubber. In particular, one can include in this model known experimental results characterizing the stress relaxation due to crystallization, increase in rigidity with crystallization, heat capacity, heat of crystallization, and the melting temperature. In this first article, a basic overview is presented of the model, and the thermal expansion of the amorphous and crystalline phases of natural rubber are incorporated into the model. The specific form of the free energy used to characterize the response of natural rubber is presented in the following articles.
Electromechanical constitutive behavior of various compositions of PZT and PLZT

A critical step in the design and development of large strain ceramic actuators is the choice of material and composition. The number of available materials is rapidly growing. It now includes the range of soft to hard PZTs, relaxor ferroelectric PLZT and PMN.PT, and electric field induced phase transformation materials PLSnZT. The development of new materials is leading to ever larger strain, but there is a catch that device designers should be aware of. In some systems increased strain is achieved by developing compositions near thermodynamically metastable states, resulting in temperature, stress, and frequency dependence of the strain/electric-field coupling. This work examines the behavior of several compositions of PZT and 8/65/35 PLZT under combined stress and electric field. Additional data is available for a relaxor ferroelectric composition 8/65/35 PLZT (Lynch 1993, 1994). The results show that the addition of dopants to increase hardness reduces the piezoelectric coefficients, but it also increases both the electrical and mechanical yield points. This allows operation over a broader electric field and stress range with less internal heating due to dielectric loss. The materials that produce the largest strain and the least hysteresis in the presence of compressive stress are not necessarily those with the largest piezoelectric d333 coefficients.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Health Effects of Environmental Contaminant Exposure: An Intrafile Comparison of the Trichloroethylene Subregistry

The establishment of the National Exposure Registry represents the first major effort toward longitudinal surveillance of general populations exposed long-term to low levels of specific substances in the environment. The authors investigated the National Exposure Registry's Trichloroethylene Subregistry intrasubregistry differences with respect to health outcomes and the possible relationships with types and levels of chemical exposure. Investigators divided the 4041 living members of the Trichloroethylene Subregistry into 4 subgroups, by type(s) of exposures (chemicals) and duration and level of exposures. The authors compared the reporting rates for 25 health outcomes across subgroups. The authors used logistic regression, in which age, sex, education, smoking history, and occupational history were the covariates. Statistically significant increases in reporting rates were seen with (a) increased maximum trichloroethylene exposures for the outcome stroke, (b) increased cumulative chemical exposure for respiratory allergies, and (c) duration of exposure for hearing impairment. Consistently elevated reporting rates across the exposure subgroups were seen for hearing impairment, speech impairment, asthma and emphysema, respiratory allergies, and stroke. Reporting rates for urinary tract disorders were related only to cumulative chemical levels. The authors noted that there appeared to be a relationship between trichloroethylene and reporting rates for speech impairment, hearing impairment, and stroke and between volatile organic compounds and asthma and emphysema, respiratory allergies, and urinary tract disorders.
Multistage compressor stator/rotor interaction

Time-averaged total-head measurements and warm-air tracking observations for the second-stage rotor of a lowspeed, two-stage, axial-flow compressor are presented and discussed. Some unusual aspects of the detailed distribution of total head in the rotor exit flow are explained in terms of first-stage stator/second-stage rotor viscous interaction.
HYPOPROTEINEMIA AND EDEMA IN INFANTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS.

The histories of 4 infants with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas who developedhypoproteinemia and edema are recorded. Twenty-two additional instances of this clinical pattern have been found in the literature. The majority of these patients had the onset of edema at about 2 months of age, and in the majority of instances their diet consisted either of human milk or a soybean milk preparation. The relationship between CFP and diet and the development of hypoproteinemic edema is discussed.
Development of inhibition as a function of the presence of a supernatural agent.

ABSTRACT In this study the author examined the developmental differences in inhibition and cognition of 4–8-year-old children as a function of the suggested presence of a supernatural agent. Previous evolutionarily-relevant research has suggested that humans are naturally primed to think in terms of supernatural agents and that, given the correct context, individuals readily accept novel supernatural entities and alter their behavior accordingly. All children in this study played 4 games designed to assess their present level of inhibitory and cognitive development. Children in the experimental condition were also introduced to an invisible Princess Alice and were told that she was watching during the games. Following these measures, all children engaged in a resistance-to-temptation task. Results revealed that cognitively advanced children were more likely to express belief in Princess Alice than were less cognitively advanced children. This research provides support that cognitive maturity, rather than ...
The Stiles-Crawford effect: two models evaluated.

Abstract Models explaining the Stiles-Crawford Effect typically characterize individual receptors as either narrowly or broadly “tuned” (i.e. reactive to light incident through a narrow or broad angle, respectively). Makous (1968) has shown that he retina contains narrowly-tuned channels, but his data do not require channels that are tuned differently to reside in different cones. In the present study we (1) bolster the evidence for narrowly-tuned channels by performing a replication of the Makous (1968) experiment using narrow-band stimuli. (2) show that increment threshold limiting factors operate only after the separate channel outputs have been combined and (3) on the basis of data from a brightness-matching experiment argue that channel input-output functions and channel output combinations are linear. If cone input-output functions are sufficiently non-linear, the demonstrated linear combination of channel outputs suggests that narrowly-tuned channels co-exist within broadly-tuned cones.
Object projection views in the dynamic relational model

User views in a relational database obtained through a single projection ("projection views") are considered in a new framework. Specifically, such views where each tuple in the view represents an object ("object projection views") are studied using the dynamic relational model of [V1,V2], which captures the evolution of the database through consecutive updates. Attribute sets which yield object projection views are characterized using the static and dynamic functional dependencies satisfied by the database. Object projection views are then described using the static and dynamic fd's "inherited" from the original database, and the notion of age-closure [V1]. Finally, the impact of dynamic constraints on the view update problem is studied in a limited context. The paper demonstrates that new, useful information about views can be obtained by looking at the evolution of the database as captured by the dynamic relational model.
Hypernatremia is a significant risk factor for acute kidney injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis.

Hypertonic saline therapy is often used in critically ill subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients for indications ranging from control of intracranial hypertension to managing symptomatic hyponatremia. The risk factors for developing acute kidney injury (AKI) in this patient population are not well defined. To study the role of serum sodium in developing AKI (based on the AKIN definition) in the SAH population admitted to a large academic neurocritical care unit. This is an IRB-approved, retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a tertiary neuro intensive care unit. We included adult (age ≥18 years) SAH patients admitted to the neuro intensive care unit for at least 72 h. Development of AKI after admission to the ICU was defined using the AKIN serum creatinine criteria between 72 h and 14 days following admission. A Cox proportional hazards survival model with multiple time varying covariates was developed to evaluate the effect of maximum sodium exposure on the risk of AKI. Sodium exposure was captured as the running maximum of daily maximum serum sodium concentration (mEq/L). Sodium exposure was used as a surrogate for hypertonic saline therapy. The final cohort of patients included 736 patients admitted to the neuro intensive care unit between 2006 and 2012. The number of patients who developed AKI was 64 (9 %). These patients had an increased length of stay (15.6 ± 9.4 vs. 12.5 ± 8.7 days). The odds of death were more than two fold greater among patients who developed AKI (odds ratio 2.33 95 % CI 1.27, 4.3). Sodium exposure was significantly associated with the hazard of developing AKI, adjusting for age, sex, preexisting renal disease, diabetes mellitus, radiocontrast exposure, number of days on mechanical ventilation, and admission Glasgow Coma Scale score. For each 1 mEq/L increase in the running maximum daily serum sodium, the hazard of developing AKI was increased by 5.4 % (95 % CI 1.4, 9.7). The maximum daily sodium is a significant risk factor for developing AKI in patients with SAH.
Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research

Reflexivity is commonly used in qualitative research and has been posited and accepted as a method qualitative researchers can and should use to legitimize, validate, and question research practices and representations. This paper closely examines the role of reflexivity as a methodological tool as it intersects with debates and questions surrounding representation and legitimization in qualitative research, within modernist and postmodernist ideologies, and pays close attention to how reflexivity is being defined and used in present-day research. Specifically, the author identifies and discusses the problematics of four common trends in present-day uses of reflexivity: reflexivity as recognition of self, reflexivity as recognition of other, reflexivity as truth, and reflexivity as transcendence. The author argues for a move away from comfortable uses of reflexivity to what she terms uncomfortable reflexive practices and provides an overview of the work of three authors who practice reflexivities of disco...
α-Diimine Chelation at a Triosmium Cluster: Synthesis and X-ray Structure of 1,1-Os3(CO)9(μ-CO)(1,10-phen)

The α-diimine ligand 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) reacts with the activated cluster 1,2-Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2 to afford the carbonyl-bridged cluster 1,1-Os3(CO)9(μ-CO)(phen), which has been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction analysis. Replacement of the 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) ligand in 1,1-Os3(CO)10(cod) by phen proceeds sluggishly over a 24 h period, showing less than 5% conversion to 1,1-Os3(CO)9(μ-CO)(phen). α-Diimine Chelation at a Triosmium Cluster: Synthesis and X-ray Structure of 1,1-Os 3 (CO) 9 (μ-CO)(1,10-phen) Bhaskar Poola, Xiaoping Wang, and Michael G. Richmond The reaction between the triosmium cluster 1,2-Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2 and 1,10-phenanthroline yields 1,1-Os3(CO)9(μ-CO)(phen) at room temperature. The presence of a bridging carbonyl group in the product cluster has been observed by IR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallography.