cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concomitant bitolterol mesylate aerosol and theophylline for asthma therapy, with 24 hr electrocardiographic monitoring.

Abstract A higher incidence of fatal asthma after increased use of combined inhaled beta 2 -agonists and theophylline has been attributed to additive cardiac toxicity of these agents. This study had three major objectives: first, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new long-acting beta 2 -agonist, bitolterol mesylate, given as metered-dose aerosol in a regular "round-the-clock" asthma medication regimen; second, to compare the efficacy and safety of bitolterol with those of sustained-release theophylline alone and of the combination of bitolterol and theophylline; third, to use 24 hr Holter monitoring to evaluate cardiac toxicity of the three medication regimens. This was a 6 wk double-blind study of regular, daily medication in 36 young non-steroid-dependent and 37 older steroid-dependent stable asthmatic patients. All patients had two 24 hr Holter ECG monitorings during the 2 wk baseline period when all patients received theophylline only and four further 24 hr Holter monitorings during the double-blind period. All Holter recordings from the study groups showed no significant abnormalities in any treatment group. Pulmonary function studies were performed on 4 study days in the 6 wk double-blind period. The largest increase in bronchodilator effect was obtained with combined medication and the smallest with theophylline alone. Mean duration of action was markedly longer in the combined treatment group (>7 hr) than with bitolterol mesylate aerosol or theophylline alone (>5 and >4 hr. respectively) in the non-steroid-dependent patients. Degree of bronchodilation and during of action was less in the steroid-dependent patients in all treatment groups. There is no evidence from cardiac monitoring that therapeutic doses of bitolterol mesylate or theophylline alone or in combination have cardiotoxic-effects.
Micro-stress distribution within polycrystalline aggregate

The three-dimensional Poisson-Voronoi model, which is topologically equivalent to the microstructure of real ceramics and metals, has been used to study the stress distribution within a simulated polycrystalline aggregate having 200 grains. Micro-stresses such as the maximum principal stress, maximum shear stress, first invariant of stress, and Von-Mises stress are found to vary systematically with the anisotropy of single crystal.
Quantitative Crash Injury Risk Predictions by Body Region: Is Risk Sensitive to New Vehicle Safety Features?

Retrospective examinations of real-world injury data is often used to evaluate injury risk for exposure to hazards, e.g. car crashes. In studying injury resulting from passenger vehicle crashes, there are several sources of real-world data that contain information about the crashes (e.g. vehicle damage, impact speeds) as well as occupant injury outcome. These real-world crash databases are used, for example, to study risk of traumatic brain injury, countermeasure opportunities for far-side occupants in side impact, and spleen injury for different restraint types [1–3].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The distribution of rapidly and slowly renewed T, B, and "null" lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Abstract Combined radioautography and immunofluorescence were employed to discern the proportions of rapidly renewed (RR) and slowly renewed (SR) T, B, and null cells in mouse lymph nodes (LN), spleen (Spl), thymus (Thy), and the lymphocyte-rich fraction of bone marrow (BML). Thy and BML were found to consist predominantly of cells with a rapid turnover rate (95.4 and 76.9%, respectively) in accord with their roles as primary lymphoid organs. In contrast, the secondary lymphoid organs were primarily composed of SR cells (LN, 73.4%; Spl, 67.8%) and contained a more even admixture of the six lymphocyte subsets. Most cells in Thy were RR T cells (93.3%), whereas the predominant lymphocyte subpopulation in both LN and Spl consisted of SR T cells (56 and 50%, respectively), with RR T cells being much less frequent (14.6% LN; 6.8% Spl). BML contained both RR and SR cells which stained with the T-cell reagent (7.8 and 7.1%). These percentages are probably overestimates, however, since this reagent stained some nonlymphoid cells in BML. RR B cells were most plentiful in BML (31.4%) and Spl (23.3%), less common in LN (11.2%), and rare in Thy (0.4%). SR B cells were equally numerous in Spl (16%), LN (15.4%), and BML (15.3%). RR null cells were the most prevalent cell type in BML (37.7%), but were infrequent in other tissues (1.6% Thy, 2.1% LN, 2.1% Spl). SR null cells were rare in all tissues (0% Thy, 2% LN, 2.1% Spl, 0.7% BML). These experiments represent the first comprehensive investigation of the composition of the lymphomyeloid organs in terms of RR and SR T, B, and null cells. They conclusively demonstrate RR and SR lymphocytes in all three functional categories (T, B, and null) and show characteristic tissue distributions of the six lymphocyte subsets.
Bioinformatics and cellular signaling.

Abstract The understanding of cellular function requires an integrated analysis of context-specific, spatiotemporal data from diverse sources. Recent advances in describing the genomic and proteomic ‘parts list’ of the cell and deciphering the interrelationship of these parts are described, including genome-wide location analysis, standards for microarray data analysis, and two-hybrid and mass spectrometry approaches. This information is being collected and curated in databases such as the Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS) Molecule Pages, which will serve as vital tools for the reconstruction and analysis of cellular signaling networks.
10.10 Simplifying the Organizational Paradigm to Improve Management of Complex Aviation Systems

This paper presents a case study of organizational change involving systems engineering management of complex aviation systems. The authors' premise is that management is more effective using simple tools and methods, even when dealing with very complex systems such as military helicopters operating in a network-centric environment. Complexity of modern warfare systems requires systems engineers to think in complex and convoluted ways. At the same time, these projects can be effectively managed using basic management skills and tools. The complexity of military aviation systems is illustrated and management challenges are discussed in a context of business fundamentals. Useful tools and techniques show merit in simplifying the planning, communication and decision-making processes of systems engineering.
Oil supply shocks and international policy coordination

Abstract This paper examines the value of international cooperation in an oil supply disruption. The perspective is that of oil-importing countries; since the oil market is integrated internationally, the actions of one have spillover effects on the others. We focus on buffer stock policies, with each player maximizing the present value of national income less the cost of operating the stockpile program. We contrast cooperative and Cournot-Nash solutions to the dynamic game, paying special attention to the asymmetries between small and large countries. The principal results are reviewed to assess the viability of current international agreements.
Studies on the mechanism of aromatase and other cytochrome P450 mediated deformylation reactions

Aromatase is a microsomal cytochrome P450 that converts androgens to estrogens by three sequential oxidations. The isolation of the 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo androgens suggests that the first two oxidations occur at the C19 carbon. However, the mechanism of the third oxidation, which results in C10--C19 bond cleavage, has not been determined. Two proposed mechanisms which remain viable involve either initial 1 beta-hydrogen atom abstraction or addition of the ferric peroxy anion from aromatase to the C19 aldehyde. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1) were used to study potential reaction mechanisms initiated by initial 1 beta-hydrogen atom abstraction. Initially, the energetics of carbon--carbon bond cleavage of the keto and enol forms of C1-radicals were studied and were found to be energetically similar. A mechanism was proposed in which the 19-oxo intermediate is subject to initial nucleophilic attack by the protein. The geometry of the A-ring in the androgens is between that for the 1-radicals and estrogen, suggesting that some transition state stabilization for the homolytic cleavage reaction can occur. More recently, studies on liver microsomal cytochrome P450 mediated deformylation of xenobiotic aldehydes supports mechanisms involving an alkyl peroxy intermediate formed by addition of the ferric peroxy anion from aromatase to the C19 aldehyde. Although this intermediate could proceed through several different concerted or non-concerted pathways, one non-concerted pathway involves the heterolytic cleavage of the dioxygen bond resulting in an active oxygenating species (iron-oxene) and a diol. The diol could then undergo hydrogen atom abstraction followed by homolytic carbon--carbon bond cleavage as in the mechanisms modeled previously. When this cleavage was modeled for seven aldehydes, a good correlation with reported experimental aldehyde turnover numbers was obtained. However, when dialkoxy derivatives of the aldehydes are subject to microsomal metabolism, the rates of carbon-carbon cleavage products do not approach the rates of deformylation of the aldehyde analog.
Apodization of diffractionless beams

Coatings with graded transmission, placed near the rims of conical lenses and perhaps other axicons, provide apodization that removes the axial intensity variations in Bessel-type optical beams.
Effects of α-Methyl DOPA and DOPA on the Amphetamine Excitatory Response in Reserpinized Rats

Effects of α-Methyl DOPA and DOPA on the Amphetamine Excitatory Response in Reserpinized Rats
Angular dependence of spin polarization of photoelectrons

Abstract Spin polarization of photoelectrons is presented for incident photons in arbitrary polarization states. Dynamical parameters are given in expressions suitable for a general multi-channel theory.
Is There a Role for Tocolytic Therapy During Conservative Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Conservative management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) remote from term has been associated with significant pregnancy prolongation and has been shown to reduce infant complications when prophylactic antibiotics and antenatal corticosteroids are given concurrently. However, the majority of conservatively managed women with pPROM will deliver within 1 week and do not accrue the benefits of extended pregnancy prolongation. The utility of tocolytic therapy after pPROM remains controversial, but 2 recent surveys of clinician practice revealed frequent utilization of tocolysis after pPROM, with magnesium sulfate being the most commonly used agent. In this manuscript, we review the currently available literature regarding the efficacy, risks, and benefits of tocolytic therapy during conservative management of preterm PROM remote from term.
Skating to Where the Puck Will Be: The Importance of Neuroimaging Literacy in Child Psychiatry

Asked to explain the secret to his success, the preeminent hockey player Wayne Gretzky asserted that he skated to where the puck would be, rather than to where it was. If Bthe puck[ in this instance is pathophysiological knowledge about pediatric psychiatric illnesses, then Bskating to where the puck will be[ leads us directly to the brain. Of note, this focus on the brain does not obviate an equally strong focus on the environment: data suggest that associations between environmental influences and risk for psychopathology reflect the impact of such influences on brain development. 1 Thus, if child and adolescent psychiatrists are to approach patient care with state-of-the-art knowledge about psychopathology, it is important that they be knowledgeable about brain structure and function. To do that, they must be educated consumers of the emerging neuroimaging literature. Why is neuroimaging literacy important for practicing psychiatrists? Put another way, how are neuroimaging techniques moving the field forward? As noted by several authors in this issue, such techniques make it possible to link the study of behavior, psychiatrists’ stock-in-trade, with studies of the brain. As brainYbehavior connections are elucidated, new treatment approaches can be developed because both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions can potentially target any one of a number of links in the brainYbehavior chain. In addition, each one of these brainYbehavior Blinks[ is a potential biomarker that, sometimes in combination with genetic markers, might facilitate diagnosis, index risk, and/or be used to monitor treatment response. Finally, in some instances, as for example in anxiety disorders, human neuroimaging studies build on a wealth of data in animal models delineating relevant neural circuitry, making it possible for psychiatric practice to be advanced by the recent revolution in neuroscience. Examples of each of these applications of neuroimaging techniques can be found in this issue of the Journal. Clearly, neuroimaging is playing an increasingly central role in psychiatric research. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize that these are early days: the brain and brain illnesses are remarkably complex, our corpus of neuroimaging data is still limited, and the technology, although developing rapidly, is still relatively new. It will be years, if not decades, before neuroimaging can contribute meaningfully to the diagnostic process; even when it does, neuroimaging will be used as a complement to, not a substitute for, expert clinical assessment. Although diagnostic applications of imaging may be years away, we will highlight below areas where neuroimaging already has provided clues regarding promising new treatment approaches. Thus, it is clear where the puck is headed and clear that neuroimaging will play an important role in researchVresearch that will ultimately affect practiceVfor years to come.
The Theft of Carnaval: National Spectacle and Racial Politics in Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, many Brazilians and foreigners agree, is a monumental city. The capital of Brazil until 1960, Rio has both an illustrious history and natural splendor. Steep granite hills, some of them populated by the city's poor, share space with modern high-rise buildings. The crescent-shaped beaches of the wealthy South Zone continue to draw tourists from as far away as Europe and the United States, despite international reports of violent street crime. When I arrived there in the last weeks of 1990, I felt a tingling sense of achievement. Even poor migrants, whose reasons for leaving the impoverished countryside are anything but abstract, are drawn to Rio partly by its glamour. The allure of Rio de Janeiro may be an effect produced less by its startling topography and breathtaking vistas than by what tourist brochures are apt to call its "spirit." The magic of Rio is constructed, really, from a collectively imagined and ideologically managed enchantment. Accepted within everyday discourses throughout Brazil as something of a metonymic enactment of national culture and character, Rio is portrayed as exuberantly spontaneous, "racially mixed," egalitarian in its ethos (if not in its objective structures), free spirited and casual, and, during certain days of the year especially, just a little bit shameless. As is the case with all such national showcases, the magic of Rio is simultaneously produced within and directed toward both local and transnational contexts. Rio's claim to represent the most appealing and uniquely Brazilian aspects of national culture is based largely on the city's performance of the pre-Lenten festival of carnaval. Brazilian anthropologist Roberto DaMatta captured the symbolic resonance and national significance of the festival when he wrote, "it was not Brazil that invented Caraval; on the contrary, it was Carnaval that invented Brazil" (1984:245). The carioca, or Rio, carnaval is based on samba, a musical genre and dance style of remarkable tenacity and hegemonic reach. This article focuses on the historical development of, and contemporary discourses about, Rio's samba-driven caraval and its relationship to national representation and racial politics. With "racial politics" I do not refer to more explicit
Randomized comparison of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum versus cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, methotrexate, and bleomycin in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Fifty-seven patients with recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck area were randomized to two different chemotherapeutic regimens. Thirty patients received cis-platinum (DDP) alone and 27 patients received a combination of DDP, methotrexate, and bleomycin. All 57 patients had undergone previous radiation and/or ablative surgery. Of the 30 patients receiving DDP alone, one patient showed a complete response and three a partial response (13%). Amongst the 27 patients receiving DDP, methotrexate, and bleomycin, three showed a partial response (11%); there were no complete responders in this group. Major toxicity in the DDP alone group was renal. Renal toxicity and myelosuppression complicated the DDP, methotrexate, and bleomycin group. In summary, the combination of DDP, methotrexate, and bleomycin is no more effective than the use of DDP alone in recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Influence of oxophenarsine on hypoglycemic action of insulin.

SummaryOn incubating insulin under sterile conditions in acid saline with 2 moles of oxophenarsine (3-an1ino-4-hydroxyphenylarsenoxide hydrochloride) for each atom of sulfur contained in the insulin, it was found (by blood sugar determinations) that the effect of the treatment was to prolong the action on the blood sugar beyond that of untreated insulin. However, after 2 weeks standing this delayed action effect had disappeared and the material gave a blood sugar curve identical to that of the control insulin. Possible mechanisms of the interaction of oxophenarsine and insulin are briefly discussed.
Parallel inactivation of Y2 receptor and G-proteins in CHO cells by pertussis toxin

Abstract The Y 2 receptor for neuropeptide Y (NPY) interacts with pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-proteins, but little is known about interdependence of their levels and functions. We found that PTX reduces Y 2 receptors expressed in CHO cells in parallel to inactivation of Gi G-proteins, to loss of inhibition by Y 2 agonists of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase, and to decrease in the binding of GTP-γ-S. These losses were attenuated by the endosome alkalinizer ammonium chloride. Affinity of the Y 2 receptor was not changed by PTX treatment. Prolonged treatment induced a large decrease of Y 2 receptor immunoreactivity (more than 70% in 48 h). The Gi 3 α-subunit immunoreactivity decreased slowly (about 46% in 48 h). There was a significant increase in Gq α immunoreactivity and in fraction of Y 2 binding sensitive to a Gq-selective antagonist. Possibly linked to that, the surface Y 2 sites and the internalization of the Y 2 receptor were less than 40% reduced. However, the abundant masked Y 2 sites were eliminated by the toxin, and could be mainly coupled to PTX-sensitive G-proteins.
Study of large power systems after severe disturbances

Several types of power-system simulations are described. Long-term simulations, transient-stability studies, and electrical transient and subsynchronous resonance studies are singled out as especially important classes of power-system simulations. The mathematical requirements for carrying out simplified transient-stability simulations of power systems are described in detail. Full-scale simulations require the simultaneous solution of an elaborate set of differential and transcendental algebraic equations. At present, such simulations are time-consuming and costly. This paper discusses several techniques for improving the efficiency of digital programs for this kind of simulation. Further increases in efficiency are still required. Current research in this area is outlined. A large number of related subjects are touched upon, and a list of references is included to help the interested reader. 30 references, 6 figures.
Experimental studies on malignant fibrous histiocytomas in rats I. Production of malignant fibrous histiocytomas by 4‐hydroxyaminoquinoline 1‐oxide in bone of fischer 344 strain rats

Malignant fibrous histocytomas (MFHs) were induced by a single injection of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) into periosseous tissue of the tibia or by inserting solid 4-HAQO into the bone marrow of the tibia of male Fischer 344 rats. Periosseous MFHs were induced by doses of 2 mg and 4 mg of 4-HAQO per rat in three of 13 (23%) rats and nine of 13 (69%) rats, respectively, at 18 to 27 weeks after treatment. Bone MFHs were induced by doses of 2 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg of 4-HAQO per rat in one of 15 (7%) rats, 11 of 18 (61%) rats, and 12 of 14 (86%) rats, respectively, after 18 to 29 weeks. Radiologic examination of bone MFH revealed bone destruction with or without a periosteal reaction, pathologic fracture, and tumor invasion into periosseous soft tissue. The serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in rats with bone MFHs. Histologically, these MFHs were divided into fibrous, giant cell, myxoid, and inflammatory types. The incidence of fibrous MFHs was highest. Lung and inguinal and/or retroperitoneal lymph node metastases were observed in some rats, and these were of the fibrous type. These MFHs were quite similar to those in humans histologically and electron microscopically. This work establishes an animal model for studying the pathogenesis of bone MFH.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Behavior of Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes that Contain Asymmetric Diamido-N-Donor Ligands

Two new “NNN” (diamido-N-donor) ligands have been synthesized that contain ethylene/o-phenylene “arms” and a phenyl-substituted amine donor in the central position, [MesitylNH-o-C6H4N(Ph)CH2CH2NHMesityl] (H21) and [t-Bud6-NH-o-C6H4N(Ph)CH2CH2NHMesityl] (H22). The Zr and Hf complexes that have been isolated include [1]MX2 (M = Zr or Hf, X = NMe2, Cl, or Me) and [2]MX2 (M = Zr or Hf, X = NMe2, Cl, Me). The structures of [1]ZrMe2, [2]ZrMe2, and a dimeric species with the formula [MesitylN-o-C6H4NCH2CH2NMesityl]Zr2(NMe2)5 have been determined in X-ray crystallographic studies. Abstraction of a methyl group in [1]MMe2 (M = Zr or Hf) with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] gives rise to cationic complexes that are active initiators for the polymerization of 1-hexene. Similar activation of [2]MMe2 (M = Zr or Hf) gives rise to dimeric monocations that eventually break up and react further to yield cationic monomethyl species. In all cases the poly[1-hexene] produced in the presence of the monometallic cations was found to be atactic.
Theoretical investigation of electro-osmotic flows and chaotic stirring in rectangular cavities

Abstract Two-dimensional, time-independent and time-dependent electro-osmotic flows driven by a uniform electric field in a closed rectangular cavity with uniform and non-uniform zeta potential distributions along the cavity’s walls are investigated theoretically. First, we derive an expression for the one-dimensional velocity and pressure profiles for a flow in a slender cavity with uniform (albeit possibly different) zeta potentials at its top and bottom walls. Subsequently, using the method of superposition, we compute the flow in a finite length cavity whose upper and lower walls are subjected to non-uniform zeta potentials. Although the solutions are in the form of infinite series, with appropriate modifications, the series converge rapidly, allowing one to compute the flow fields accurately while maintaining only a few terms in the series. Finally, we demonstrate that by time-wise periodic modulation of the zeta potential, one can induce chaotic advection in the cavity. Such chaotic flows can be used to stir and mix fluids. Since devices operating on this principle do not require any moving parts, they may be particularly suitable for microfluidic devices.
“Reinventing Social Work Accreditation”: Write On!

Stoesz and Karger contend that the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) has promulgated accreditation mechanisms and processes that have failed to assure sufficient quality in social work education. Although certain of their conclusions are subject to challenge, their central propositions are credible and warrant serious consideration on the part of social work educators. Many of the systemic problems associated with CSWE accreditation also appear to characterize other organizations that are committed to social work education such as the National Association of Deans and Directors of Social Work Schools and the St. Louis Group for Excellence in Social Work Research and Education. Consonant with the urgings of Stoesz and Karger, it appears timely for social work educators to explore accreditation mechanisms and venues other than those provided by CSWE.
Differential ricin sensitivity of rat liver and wheat germ ribosomes in polyuridylic acid translation.

Abstract Rat liver and wheat germ ribosomes were treated with ricin or ricin A chain and assayed for polyuridylic acid-directed protein synthesis. Ricin A chain was not able to inhibit polyphenylalanine synthesis by wheat germ ribosomes at 5000 times the concentration that was effective in preventing synthesis by rat liver ribosomes. Wheat germ S-100 did not prevent inactivation of rat liver ribosomes by ricin and the presence of rat liver S-100 did not cause wheat germ ribosomes to become sensitive to ricin. Ricintreated and control 40 and 60 S ribosomal subunits from wheat germ and rat liver were mixed in all possible combinations and assayed for protein synthesis activity. The only inhibited ribosome was that containing a ricin-treated 60 S subunit from rat liver. The binding of ricin A chain to wheat germ ribosomes was compared to that observed with rat liver ribosomes. Gel filtration of the ricin A chain-ribosome complex on agarose confirmed results obtained by sedimentation and showed that rat liver and wheat germ ribosomes bind ricin A chain in a similar manner. Escherichia coli ribosomes bound very small amounts of ricin A chain compared to rat liver and wheat germ ribosomes. These results indicate that binding alone is not sufficient to result in ribosome inactivation.
Blood versus bone marrow isopropanol concentrations in rabbits.

Abstract The use of bone marrow to determine the blood isopropanol concentrations becomes important when a blood specimen is contaminated or unavailable. The blood/marrow isopropanol ratios were determined in rabbits autopsied 0, 4, and 24 h after sacrifice. The lipid content of the individual marrow specimens was shown to have a significant influence on the range of ratios. When the determined marrow isopropanol concentrations were corrected for lipid content, a better correlation between blood and marrow concentrations was obtained. The ratio (1.45 ± 0.17) was not altered significantly by postmortem time or temperature. Although acetone was not exogenously administered to the rabbits, but rather was endogenously produced from isopropanol metabolism, the relationship between blood and marrow acetone concentrations was somewhat linear. However, the range of observed and corrected blood/marrow acetone ratios was altered significantly by storage temperature, and delays between death and analysis. Thus, under the experimental conditions of this study, marrow isopropanol concentrations may be used to predict blood isopropanol concentrations, whereas marrow acetone concentrations can not.
Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles with nitric acid: A combined CCSEM/EDX, ESEM, and ICP‐MS study

The heterogeneous chemistry of individual dust particles from four authentic dust samples with gas-phase nitric acid was investigated in this study. Morphology and compositional changes of individual particles as they react with nitric acid were observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (SEM/EDX) and computer controlled SEM/EDX. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) was utilized to investigate the hygroscopic behavior of mineral dust particles reacted with nitric acid. Differences in the reactivity of mineral dust particles from these four different dust source regions with nitric acid were observed. Mineral dust from source regions containing high levels of calcium, namely China loess dust and Saudi coastal dust, were found to react to the greatest extent.
TUI, GUI, HUI: is a bimodal interface truly worth the sum of its parts?

This study aims to explore the relative differences in efficacy of three different computer programming interfaces for controlling robots designed for early childhood education. A sample of N=36 kindergarten students from 3 different classrooms participated in this research. Each classroom was randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: a tangible user interface, a graphical user interface, and a hybrid user interface. Comparisons between the three conditions focus on which interface yields better understanding of the programming concepts taught. Implications for designing developmentally appropriate computer programming interfaces for early childhood education are discussed.
The Child's Memory for Actional, Locational, and Serial Scenes.

Abstract Three-, four-, and six-year-old children ( N = 180) were tested for recall of a toy missing from a previously seen display of four toys. Toys were displayed initially as a series ( S to S ), as a unit ( U to U ), or moved from a series to a unit as S watched ( S to U ). There was a significant increase in memory for the missing toy with age. In addition, children viewing S to U displays remembered significantly more toys than did children viewing the other displays, independent of age. Twenty-five percent of the 6-year-olds rehearsed spontaneously while viewing the displays. Results indicated that the nature of a memory unit does not change with age, that memory improves with age, and that separate visual and verbal memories are operative in S s in this age range.
Single-crystal synthesis of low-valency molybdenum compounds by slow cooling of electrolyzed Li2MoO4MoO3 melts

Abstract Li2MoO4MoO3 melts in Al2O3 crucibles were electrolyzed at 650°C and then slowly cooled to obtain crystals of the reduced molybdates formed. Crystallization occurred throughout the melt and not on the electrodes. In addition to MoO2 and the known bronze Li0.33MoO3, single crystals of three new compounds have been identified: (1) Li2Al2Mo4O15 triclinic; a = 6.636 ± 0.002 A, b = 7.158 ± 0.002 A, c = 7.055 ± 0.002 A, α = 90.95 ± 0.03°, β = 105.32 ± 0.03°, γ = 110.9 ± 0.03°; (2) Li1.3Mo3O8, triclinic; a = 8.256 ± 0.006 A, b = 8.550 ± 0.007 A, c = 11.36 ± 0.01 A, α = 96.7 ± 0.1°, β = 70.5 ± 0.1°, γ = 87.5 ± 0.1°; (3) Li0.1Mo4O7, orthorhombic, space group Pbnb, a = 7.475 ± 0.007 A, b = 24.94 ± 0.07 A, c = 29.4 ± 0.1 A. The formation of these compounds depends on the composition of the melt and the duration of electrolysis. There is some evidence that these compounds are not products of electrode reactions but are formed by secondary reactions in the melt between the primary products of electrolysis.
Accidental Bolus of Parenteral Nutrition

There is a paucity of data that exists regarding acute toxicity and management in the setting of parental nutrition (PN) overdose. We describe a case of a patient who received an accidental rapid bolus of PN and fat emulsion. She developed a seizure, metabolic acidosis, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, altered mental status, hypotension, and hypoxemia likely caused by elevated triglycerides, leading to a hyperviscosity syndrome. After failing standard therapy, she was successfully treated with a single-volume plasma exchange with resolution of symptoms. Fat emulsion or intravenous lipid emulsion and much of its safety have been recently described in its use as a rescue therapy in resuscitation from drug-related toxicity. Elevated serum triglyceride levels can result in a picture similar to a hyperviscosity syndrome. Plasma exchange is a known therapeutic modality for the management of hyperviscosity syndrome and a novel therapy in the treatment of hyperviscosity syndrome due to fat emulsion therapy. In a patient receiving PN with development of rapid deterioration of clinical status, without an obvious etiology, there should be consideration of PN overdose. A rapid assessment and treatment of severe electrolyte abnormalities should be undertaken immediately to prevent life-threatening cardiovascular and central nervous system collapse. If fat emulsion was rapidly coadministered and there are signs and symptoms of hyperviscosity syndrome, then consideration should be given to plasma exchange as an effective therapeutic treatment option.
Low-order phenomenological modeling of leading-edge vortex formation

A low-order point vortex model for the two-dimensional unsteady aerodynamics of a flat plate wing section is developed. A vortex is released from both the trailing and leading edges of the flat plate, and the strength of each is determined by enforcing the Kutta condition at the edges. The strength of a vortex is frozen when it reaches an extremum, and a new vortex is released from the corresponding edge. The motion of variable-strength vortices is computed in one of two ways. In the first approach, the Brown–Michael equation is used in order to ensure that no spurious force is generated by the branch cut associated with each vortex. In the second approach, we propose a new evolution equation for a vortex by equating the rate of change of its impulse with that of an equivalent surrogate vortex with identical properties but constant strength. This impulse matching approach leads to a model that admits more general criteria for shedding, since the variable-strength vortex can be exchanged for its constant-strength surrogate at any instant. We show that the results of the new model, when applied to a pitching or perching plate, agree better with experiments and high-fidelity simulations than the Brown–Michael model, using fewer than ten degrees of freedom. We also assess the model performance on the impulsive start of a flat plate at various angles of attack. Current limitations of the model and extensions to more general unsteady aerodynamic problems are discussed.
Intramolecular electron transfer through the 20-position of a chlorophyll a derivative: an unexpectedly efficient conduit for charge transport.

Suzuki cross-coupling reactions have afforded 20-phenyl-substituted Chlorophyll a derivatives (ZCPh) in good yields and significant quantities from readily available Chl a. A series of donor−acceptor dyads was synthesized in which naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) or either of two perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) electron acceptors is attached to the para position of the 20-phenyl group. Comparisons with the analogous dyads based on a zinc 5,10,15-tri(n-pentyl)-20-phenylporphyrin donor show that, for a given acceptor and solvent, the rates of photoinduced charge separation and recombination as well as the calculated electronic coupling matrix elements, V, for these reactions differ by less than a factor of 2. However, EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy corroborated by DFT calculations show that the highest occupied MO of ZCPh+• has little spin (charge) density at the 20-carbon atom, whereas Z3PnPh+• has significant spin (charge) density there, implying that V, and therefore the electron-transfer rates, s...
Association of automated and human observer lesion detecting ability using phantoms.

Abstract A set of tissue-mimicking phantoms containing spherical negative contrast simulated lesions was employed to associate an automated method for determining detectability with human observers. Six alternative methods for computing the lesion signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR) were employed for quantifying automated detecting ability. The six methods differ regarding effective lesion area and whether or not gradients in local mean background echo levels were accounted for. The two-alternative-forced-choice (TAFC) technique was used to associate detecting ability of human observers with LSNR values. Although the six methods gave similar results, one method exhibited the least dependency on lesion diameter and is recommended; that method accounts for gradients in local mean background echo levels and employs an effective sphere area of 2/π times the projected sphere area. A reasonable LSNR detection threshold value of −2.0 was found to apply for nominal transducer frequencies from 4 through 6 MHz and for lesion diameters from 2 through 5 mm. This result allows rapid human-observer-calibrated automated determination of the depth range of detectability as a function of sphere diameter and contrast. (E-mail: elmadsen@wisc.edu )
Short‐selling: progress on international harmonization and forthcoming changes in the UK

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight a number of important developments regarding the regulatory framework for the short‐selling of securities.Design/methodology/approach – The authors consider steps being taken at a global, EU, and UK level to enhance controls on short‐selling, namely: the International Organization of Securities Commissions' principles of effective regulation of short‐selling; the Committee of European Securities Regulators' proposals for an EU‐wide harmonized short‐selling regime; and the UK Financial Services Authority's planned new rules.Findings – The paper reveals that firms will need to track these developments and, in due course, establish and adapt systems to ensure compliance. That task should be less onerous if a greater degree of harmonization can be achieved.Originality/value – This paper raises awareness of these important developments and provides a helpful update on progress.
Signal-Flow Graphs and Random Signals

A compact and meaningful description of a signal is offered by the flow-graph representation of the signal generator. A large class of important signal generators may be represented by a "trigger generator" which delivers a sequence of one or more impulses to various waveform generators. By describing the "trigger generator" by a Markoff process, by identifying the transition probability-densities between states of the Markoff process with impulse responses, and by interpreting the final response as an expectation-density (or average over the ensemble of possible signals), it is possible to obtain, by methods which are very similar to those used in computing the transfer function of an ordinary circuit, expressions for the power spectrum and correlation functions of signals produced by such sources. The important relationships between stochastic processes and familiar circuit concepts are first illustrated by calculating the probabilities associated with four different coin-tossing experiments of increasing complexity. As a fifth example, these relations are used to develop the well-known Poisson distribution and to introduce the expectation-density of occurrence of a recurrent event. General formulas for the correlation functions and power spectra of signals produced by Markoffian sources are then obtained for: a random telegraph message; a series of identical pulses having time jitter, both for the free-running and clock-synchronized cases; and, finally, a series of identical pulses of alternating polarity but with random spacing.
A New Polymeric Triarylamine and Its Use as a Charge Transport Layer for Polymeric LEDs

A new hole injecting polymer for an electroluminescent element was prepared by radical polymerization of a methacrylate monomer that contains an N‘-biphenyl-N,N-diphenylamine unit as a pendent side chain. Cyclic voltammetry of the polymer coated on an ITO electrode shows a chemically irreversible oxidation at 1.2 V. Subsequent cycles reveal that the newly formed species is electrochemically stable. The polymer was used as both an electroluminescent layer and a hole injection layer in single- and double-layered devices, respectively. The double-layered device using ITO as the anode, Al as the cathode, and poly[methyl(2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyl)siloxane] as the electroluminescent layer gave bright blue-green light with a maximum brightness level of 168 cd/m2 and an internal quantum efficiency of 0.20%.
Static and tip-over stability analysis of two-chain suspension arrangements for large-scale cargo operations

Based on the Lagrange classical stability concept, the approaches and corresponding equations for determining conditions for providing a static and tip-over stability of a two-chain suspension arrangement have been developed. Specifically, it has been proven that the arrangement is in the stable position of equilibrium if the cargo centre of gravity is placed within the isosceles triangle (named as static stability triangle). The base of this triangle is the base of the secondary suspension, and its height is a function of the geometric peculiarities of the arrangement and ratio between mass of spreader and cargo unit. Comparative tip-over stability analysis of the arrangements with different geometric peculiarities and configurations has been also performed.
Motivation through challenge

Every teacher is well aware of the importance of motivation in the performance of his students. It is a matter of common observation that a student of superior ability who loses his desire to learn quickly becomes an academic liability. Achievement seems to be something like the product of natural ability times motivation, integrated over the period of learning. Although the source of motivation is sometimes beyond the instructor's control, on the average it is the teacher himself who must take the responsibility for generating in his students not only the desire to learn but the will to do the work of learning. The thesis of this paper is that a strong intellectual challenge is the most effective means of motivation, and that electrical-engineering education over the past few years has developed in precisely this direction. One such program, based on a new kind of introductory course, is described.
Hunting for Metamorphic JavaScript malware

The Internet plays a major role in the propagation of malware. A recent trend is the infection of machines through web pages, often due to malicious code inserted in JavaScript. From the malware writer’s perspective, one potential advantage of JavaScript is that powerful code obfuscation techniques can be applied to evade detection. In this research, we analyze metamorphic JavaScript malware. We compare the effectiveness of several static detection strategies and we quantify the degree of morphing required to defeat each of these techniques.
The combined action of chemical carcinogens on DNA repair in human cells

Excision repair was studied in normal human and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cells proficient in repair of UV and its mimetic chemicals, and in xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XP C) cells (deficient in repair of UV and its mimetics), after treatment with several combinations of chemical carcinogens, by the photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into parental DNA during repair. Results indicate that repair was additive in AT, and XP C cells treated with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF) plus ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) indicating that there are different rate limiting steps for removal of both types of damage. Data on the combinations of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) plus MMS or EMS are difficult to interpret, but they do not indicate inhibition of DNA repair.
Mutation-specific effects of lidocaine in Brugada syndrome

Abstract Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary cardiac disease characterized by right bundle-branch block, an elevation of the ST-segment in leads V1 through V3 on the electrocardiogram, and ventricular fibrillation that can lead to sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A , which encodes the α-subunit of the human cardiac voltage-dependent Na + channel (Na v 1.5), are identified in 15–30% of patients with BrS. Most SCN5A mutations lead to a ‘loss-of-function' phenotype, reducing the Na + current during the early phases of the action potential. Anti-arrhythmic drugs that affect Na + channels typically block these Na + channels, thereby exaggerating the ECG abnormalities and arrhythmogenicity in the BrS. However, the N406S mutation in SCN5A causes distinct gating defects and enhanced intermediate inactivation of Na + channels, which led to unexpected pharmacological effects of lidocaine in a patient carrying this mutation. In the presence of the N406S mutation, use-dependent block by lidocaine is reduced and recovery from intermediate inactivation is hastened by lidocaine. These findings suggest that lidocaine may improve the Brugada phenotype in patients with N406S by increasing the availability of Na + channels.
Labels and the Treatment of Animals: Archival and Experimental Cases

The proposition that sheer labels or categories are important in people's reactions to the treatment of animals was supported by evidence from two sources. First, print archives showed that in the real world animals with a great deal in common such as (a) dolphins and tuna in the same nets; (b) cats and dogs, and pigs and goats in the same laboratories; and (c) native and feral species in the same parks are viewed or treated quite differently by humans. Second, original experiments were conducted wherein some hypothetical maltreatment of animals was held constant, but the animal label was varied over different respondents. Depending on the fictional maltreatment (hooking, shooting) and label (dog, cat, bird, fish, pig, goat) men and women respondents showed strong and systematic patterns of more or less tolerance for such treatment.
Line spread function formulation proposed by W. H. Steel: a revision

A revised formulation of the image light distribution of an incoherent line source proposed by Steel [Rev. Opt. 31, 334-340 (1952)] is presented. Analytical and numerical results based on this new representation are given. We explicitly show that a major error in Steel's final expression generates singularities, thereby preventing convenient numerical computation.
Vertical distribution of zooplankton and myctophid fish at canadian weather station P, with description of a new multiple net trawl

A new multiple net trawl, designed after the opening-closing Tucker trawl, was developed for sampling zooplankton or small mesopelagic fish. The trawl carries five separate nets and is monitored and controlled electronically. In August, 1973, the trawl was used to determine the vertical distribution of myctophid fish and zooplankton occurring in the upper 440 m at Canadian weather station P in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean.
Theoretical issues in understanding work-related musculoskeletal disorders causation

This special issue of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science is devoted to helping explain the causation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD's) through empirical and conceptual papers ...