cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binge Eating Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Binge eating disorder onset often occurs during adolescence, yet the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder in this age group has been inadequately studied. Criteria and challenges in making the diagnosis in children and adolescents are reviewed, as well as prevalence rates, current treatment options, and complications.
Frontal cortex selectively overrides auditory processing to bias perception for looming sonic motion

Rising intensity sounds signal approaching objects traveling toward an observer. A variety of species preferentially respond to looming over receding auditory motion, reflecting an evolutionary perceptual bias for recognizing approaching threats. We probed the neural origins of this stark perceptual anisotropy to reveal how the brain creates privilege for auditory looming events. While recording neural activity via electroencephalography (EEG), human listeners rapidly judged whether dynamic (intensity varying) tones were looming or receding in percept. Behaviorally, listeners responded faster to auditory looms confirming a perceptual bias for approaching signals. EEG source analysis revealed sensory activation localized to primary auditory cortex (PAC) and decision-related activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) within 200 ms after sound onset followed by additional expansive PFC activation by 500 ms. Notably, early PFC (but not PAC) activity rapidly differentiated looming and receding stimuli and this effect roughly co-occurred with sound arrival in auditory cortex. Brain-behavior correlations revealed an association between PFC neural latencies and listeners' speed of sonic motion judgments. Directed functional connectivity revealed stronger information flow from PFC → PAC during looming vs. receding sounds. Our electrophysiological data reveal a critical, previously undocumented role of prefrontal cortex in judging dynamic sonic motion. Both faster neural bias and a functional override of obligatory sensory processing via selective, directional PFC signaling toward auditory system establish the perceptual privilege for approaching looming sounds.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF SURVIVORS OF OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST WITHOUT ST ELEVATION RECEIVING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

It is unclear if performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in survivors of Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) without ST elevation (STE) provides mortality benefit. Hence, we hypothesized to study clinical outcomes of performing PCI in OHCA without STE patients from a national database
Chapter 8 – Molecular Organization of Cells

In multicellular organisms, cells are organized into either epithelial or mesenchymal tissues. There are occasions during embryonic development, tissue repair, or certain disease states when epithelial cells become mesenchymal cells, and this is termed an ‘epithelial-mesenchymal transition’ (EMT). The reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition also occurs frequently. The cellular changes that occur during an EMT are the loss of cell-cell adhesion, gain of cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) adhesion, loss of epithelial cell polarity, stimulation of cell motility, and invasion across the basal lamina. Most of the signaling molecules that trigger an EMT activate the transcription factors Snail, Zeb, and LEF/TCF. These EMT transcription factors then coordinate the expression of cell-cell adhesion, polarity, cell migration, and basal lamina invasion genes to bring about changes in cellular organization.
High reinforcing value of food is related to slow habituation to food.

Abstract Background The rate of habituation to food and reinforcing value of food are processes that are related to food intake and body weight. Reinforcing value of food provides an index of the motivation to eat, while habituation provides an index on how repeated presentations of food relate to reduced behavioral and physiological responses to that food. Objective To investigate the relationship between habituation phenotypes to salty, sweet and savory foods and reinforcing value of those foods. Design A sample of 229 8–12-year-old children at risk for obesity completed reinforcing value and habituation tasks for foods that varied in savory, sweet or salty tastes. Multivariate Group Based Trajectory Modeling was used to create four unique patterns of habitation to foods based on detailed 10 s epochs of responding for food over a 24 min task. Differences in reinforcing value of food were assessed for these habituation phenotypes. Results Results showed a graded relationship between the overall habituation phenotypes and reinforcing value of food, as those with the relatively flat habituation phenotype found food more reinforcing than those with phenotypes that showed rapidly decelerating responding across all taste categories. Conclusions Those who habituated slower found food more reinforcing than those with a rapid habituation phenotype. Implications of these phenotypes for understanding how habituation relates to food intake are discussed.
Immigration Within a US Context: A Drain or Driver of Economic Development?

Deller, Conroy, and Kures provide insights into the impact of foreign-born immigrants on communities throughout the United States by considering current trends in immigration from a historical policy perspective. The chapter also explores connections between community, social, and economic well-being and measures of immigration including the percent of the current population that is foreign born, the change in foreign-born population, and the share of foreign-born persons who are now nationalized citizens. Deller, Conroy, and Kures conclude with a detailed examination of immigration’s effect on entrepreneurship by estimating a family of models that consider the concentration of immigrants in conjunction with new business formations from the Business Information Tracking System.
Colonial Law in India and the Victorian Imagination

Situated at the intersection of law and literature, nineteenth-century studies and post-colonialism, Colonial Law in India and the Victorian Imagination draws on original archival research to shed new light on Victorian literature. Each chapter explores the relationship between the shared cultural logic of law and literature, and considers how this inflected colonial sociality. Leila Neti approaches the legal archive in a distinctly literary fashion, attending to nuances of voice, character, diction and narrative, while also tracing elements of fact and procedure, reading the case summaries as literary texts to reveal the common turns of imagination that motivated both fictional and legal narratives. What emerges is an innovative political analytic for understanding the entanglements between judicial and cultural norms in Britain and the colony, bridging the critical gap in how law and literature interact within the colonial arena.
Anatomical measurement of sole thickness in cattle following application of two different trimming techniques

Thin soles with complications and lameness have become a major problem in large dairies within the US. The cause is multifactorial, including excessive removal of sole horn during maintenance claw trimming procedures. This study compared sole horn thickness after trimming, using two commonly practiced trimming methods. Cadaver legs were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (non-trimmed group, n=90); group 2 (Dutch Trimmed group, n=66); and group 3 (White Line Trimmed group, n=48). An adaptation of the Dutch trimming method resulted in significantly fewer thin soles as compared to the second method where the white line was used as an appraisal for sole horn thickness.
Abstract P145: Demographic And Clinical Predictors Of Incident Clinically-recognized Varicose Veins In Older Adults

Background: Varicose veins are common in older adults, and associated with major clinical adverse outcomes such as deep venous thrombosis. Although there are a few established risk factors of varic...
Errors of Commission in Cardiac Arrest Care in the Intensive Care Unit

Introduction:Cardiopulmonary arrests (CPAs) are common in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, effects of protocol deviations on CPA outcomes in the ICU are relatively unknown.Objectives:To esta...
Unearthing neoliberal multiculturalism in news discourse: politics of indigeneity & ethnic identity in Nicaragua’s Caribbean Coast

This study examines how Nicaraguan print media discursively construct Indigeneity in the midst of land encroachment and new movements for self-determination in order to explore the nuanced modes th...
Lax systems and nonlinear equations on a time-space scale

From the Lax system on a time-space scale, we derive Sine-Gordon, Burgers, and some other nonlinear equations. From the simplified two- and three-dimensional Lax systems on a time-space scale with variable nonvanishing graininess, we derive Korteweg–de Vries, Boussinesq, Krichever–Novikov, Hirota–Miwa, and other nonlinear equations on a time-space scale with soliton solutions. We also construct multi-soliton solutions for some equations by the direct method using the exponential functions on a time-space scale.
Statistical modeling of a shielded wireless charging device

In this paper, a geometrical propagation model for a wireless powering channel in an over-moded cavity loaded with conductive objects is presented. The cavity is designed for wireless charging of multiple objects simultaneously in a shielded environment. A conductive resonator approximately 50 cm × 28 cm × 18 cm in size is excited by a 10-GHz probe and the power distribution inside the charging box is measured using a rectenna and power management circuit for various positions of other conductive objects within the resonator. Based on the geometrical model, a simulation model for multipath fading in this cavity is developed and compared with measured statistical data with 2000 samples. The results show good agreement between measured and simulated received power levels and distributions.
Characterization, estimation and detection of network application traffic

The classification of Internet traffic is of interest in areas like differentiated services and network security. Such classification is usually done using the packet header field of ‘port number’. However, recent developments in networking techniques have rendered the port numbers unreliable for this purpose. Our scheme of classification uses the distribution of packet sizes in a buffer or collected during a short time interval at a switch or router. We demonstrate that applications can be classified by these distributions and, estimations of the amount of each application is possible. We compare three methods for estimation of the traffic in various applications; MMSE estimation, POCS and neural networks. Detection of the presence of individual applications can be done reliably. Methods that use artificial neural networks performed best in our tests.
Satisfaction with primary care provider involvement is associated with greater weight loss: Results from the practice-based POWER trial

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between the patient–provider relationship, satisfaction with primary care provider’s (PCP) involvement and weight loss in a practice-based weight loss trial. Methods POWER was a practice-based randomized controlled behavioral weight loss trial. Participants completed questionnaires about patient–provider relationship and satisfaction with their PCPs’ involvement in the trial. PCPs completed a demographics and practice survey. The main outcome was the mean weight change from baseline to 24 months. We created mixed-effect models, accounting for the random effects of patients clustering with the PCP and the repeated outcome assessments within patient over time, and adjusted for randomization assignment, age, gender, race and clinical site. Results 347 (of 415) were included. Mean age was 54.8 years, mean BMI was 36.3 kg/m2. Participants reported high quality patient–provider relationships (mean summary score = 29.1 [range 14–32]). Patient–provider relationship quality was not associated weight loss in either the intervention or control groups. Among intervention participants, higher ratings of the helpfulness of the PCPs’ involvement was associated with greater weight loss (p = 0.005). Conclusion Patient–provider relationship quality was not associated with weight loss in a practice-based weight loss trial but rating PCPs as helpful in the intervention was associated with weight loss. Practice implications Partnering with PCPs to deliver weight loss programs may promote greater participant satisfaction and weight loss.
Tachycardia as the sole fetal heart rate abnormality after funipuncture

Background : Fetal bradycardia is a common complication of funipuncture. We present a case of fetal exsanguination in which fetal tachycardia was the sole fetal heart rate abnormality. Case : Funipuncture was performed at 32 weeks' gestation for evaluation of Rh isoimmunization. A persistent fetal tachycardia ensued and, although there was no immediate ultrasound evidence of bleeding, repeat ultrasonography revealed active bleeding at the puncture site. A neonate with an initial hematocrit of 42% was delivered by cesarean. Despite aggressive replacement of blood products, a repeat hematocrit was only 35% and a severe, persistent coagulopathy ensued. The newborn died 18 hours after delivery. Autopsy findings were consistent with neonatal coagulopathy. Conclusion : Although fetal bleeding is usually a common, relatively benign complication of funipuncture, streaming may not always be detected on ultrasonographic examination. Our case demonstrates that fetal tachycardia may be the only sign of fetal hemorrhage.
Risk sensitive optimal synchronization of coupled stochastic neural networks with chaotic phenomena

This paper presents a new theoretical design of how an optimal synchronization is achieved for stochastic coupled neural networks with respect to a risk sensitive optimality criterion. The approach is rigorously developed by using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, Lyapunov technique, and inverse optimality, to obtain a risk sensitive state feedback controller, which guarantees that the chaotic drive network synchronizes with the chaotic response network influenced by uncertain noise signals, with an eye on a given risk sensitivity parameter. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Suspended-sediment dynamics in the tidal reach of a San Francisco Bay tributary

To better understand suspended-sediment transport in a tidal slough adjacent to a large wetland restoration project, we deployed continuously measuring temperature, salinity, depth, turbidity, and velocity sensors in 2010 at a near-bottom location in Alviso Slough (Alviso, California, USA). Alviso Slough is the downstream reach of the Guadalupe River and flows into the far southern end of San Francisco Bay. River flow is influenced by the Mediterranean climate, with high flows (∼90 m3 s−1) correlated to episodic winter storms and low base flow (∼0.85 m3 s−1) during the summer. Storms and associated runoff have a large influence on sediment flux for brief periods, but the annual peak sediment concentrations in the slough, which occur in April and May, are similar to the rest of this part of the bay and are not directly related to peak discharge events. Strong spring tides promote a large upstream sediment flux as a front associated with the passage of a salt wedge during flood tide. Neap tides do not have flood-directed fronts, but a front seen sometimes during ebb tide appears to be associated with the breakdown of stratification in the slough. During neap tides, stratification likely suppresses sediment transport during weaker flood and ebb tides. The slough is flood dominant during spring tides, and ebb dominant during neap tides. Extreme events in landward (salt wedge) and bayward (rainfall events) suspended-sediment flux account for 5.0 % of the total sediment flux in the slough and only 0.55 % of the samples. The remaining 95 % of the total sediment flux is due to tidal transport, with an imbalance in the daily tidal transport producing net landward flux. Overall, net sediment transport during this study was landward indicating that sediment in the sloughs may not be flushed to the bay and are available for sedimentation in the adjacent marshes and ponds.
Early nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring with inflammatory bowel diseases in association with thioguanine therapy.

Abstract Context.—Nodular hyperplasia (also referred to as nodular regenerative hyperplasia and nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver) is a sequel to therapy with thioguanine in patients with hematologic malignancies. Recently, 6-thioguanine has been used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease who have been resistant to other forms of therapy. Objective.—To study liver biopsies from 3 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who had received thioguanine for more than a year, and who had elevated serum liver enzyme values and underwent percutaneous liver biopsy. Design.—Percutaneous liver biopsies and histologic examinations were performed, including staining with the reticulin silver impregnation method. Results.—All 3 patients had foci of nodular regenerative hyperplasia, which was best seen with the reticulin silver impregnation method. Conclusions.—Thioguanine-treated inflammatory bowel disease patients are at risk for the development of nodular hyperplasia. Reticulin-stained histolo...
Talking Locally and Voting Globally: Duverger's Law and Homogeneous Discussion Networks

The heterogeneity of discussion networks has been shown to have an effect on citizens' ideas and behavior. In this article, the author undertakes to show that the relative heterogeneity of political discussion networks affects voter coordination on two parties in a single-member plurality system. Specifically, if voters do not have access to polling information about the relative standing of candidates, voters whose discussion networks are ideologically heterogeneous are more likely to coordinate on two parties than voters whose discussion networks are ideologically homogeneous. The author examines this hypothesis using an agent-based model.
Basophilic bodies of skeletal muscle in hypothyroidism: enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies.

Abstract Basophilic bodies of skeletal muscles from two patients with hypothyroidism were examined by enzyme histochemistry and ultrastructural study of ultrathin sections stained with periodicacid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate for polysaccharides. Some additional characterizations of basophilic bodies were observed: basophilic bodies were found exclusively in type 1 fiber; basophilic bodies were devoid of myofibrillary adenosine triphosphatase, oxidative enzymes, and phosphorylase; and both fibrillary and granular components of basophilic bodies stained strongly for polysaccharides. The polysaccharide nature of basophilic bodies is in keeping with the previous suggestion that the formation of basophilic bodies in hypothyroid patients is related to an impairment of carbohydrate metabolism. Their selective involvement of type 1 fiber and preferential occurrence at the myotendinous junction remain obscure.
Radionuclide synthetic Fourier images of cardiac wall motion abnormalities.

At present, the phase images together with amplitude images are used in nuclear medicine to aid the diagnosis of cardiac regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA). The phase images represent the spatial distribution of the relative phase of the first harmonic fit of pixel time activity curves, and the amplitude images represent the distribution of the amplitude of the fit. These images contain only part of the information present in the original radionuclide images, and have to be mentally integrated with other known information to obtain a diagnosis. The proposed synthetic Fourier images overcome these deficiencies as their pixel intensity is a function of additional Fourier parameters of pixel time activity curves and of pixel location and are not limited to the first harmonic. But most importantly, their computation is based on ‘‘teaching’’ the computer by examples of previously diagnosed cases. The images offer direct and robust diagnosis which is superior to that derived from separate phase and amplitude images, especially for the detection of mild RWMA.
“Darker than any prison, hotter than any human flame”: Punishment, choice, and culpability in A Clockwork Orange

Contemporary textbooks in criminal justice use A Clockwork Orange to illustrate issues of correctional and sentencing practices. This article challenges criminal justice faculty and students to use the film to explore the political and social realities of punishment, in particular the examination of the moral question of “voluntariness” and the implications for “treatment” as a mechanism of social control. This paper explores the moral questions of state sponsored social control and using the film satire invites the student to examine their beliefs about the political and social realities of punishment and rehabilitation.
Effect of polymyxin B sulfate on endotoxin activity in a gram-negative septicemia model.

Summary: The antiendotoxin effect of polymyxin B was investigated in experimentally induced septicemia in rabbits. The Pasteurella multocida organisms were sensitive to the antibacterial action of penicillin but not to polymyxin B. Animals pre-treated with polymyxin showed positive blood cultures and significantly reduced plasma endotoxin levels (Limulus test) with normal white blood cell and platelet counts when analyzed 6 hr after the injection of live organisms. Polymyxin therapy given after the animals had established septicemia-endotoxemia reduced the plasma endotoxin levels and improved the survival, but had no effect on the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The best survival data were obtained in rabbits who were treated with both penicillin and polymyxin. The data suggest that polymyxin is effective in neutralizing the endotoxic effects from live organisms and that the timing and perhaps duration of the polymyxin treatment is of critical importance. In addition, a modified Limulus lysate method was developed which showed that quantitative plasma endotoxin determination could be made more sensitive by prior heating of the plasma to remove the natural inhibitors. Speculation: This investigation and other reports have shown that polymyxin B sulfate neutralized endotoxin effects in animals given purified endotoxin, dead endotoxin-containing organisms, and gram-negative septicemic animals (3, 6, 8, 12–15). The antiendotoxin effect of the antibiotic appears to be separate from its antimicrobial effects. Because many of the manifestations of gram-negative septicemia in humans are reputed to be the result of endotoxemia, a clinical study focused on neutralization of the endotoxin effects would appear appropriate. The modified Limulus lysate test, as described in the report, was found to be accurate in measuring quantitative plasma endotoxin levels in small quantities of plasma by removal of the natural inhibitors by simply heating the plasma. The data also indicated that the lysate test sensitivity was directly related to the number of infectious organisms per milliliter of blood in the septicemic rabbit. Therefore, its sensitivity in humans could similarly be affected by the presence of inhibitors and the number of organisms. Because most human studies have failed to correlate the positivity of the test with the number of infecting organisms, these data would suggest that re-evaluation of its usefulness in clinical disease should be performed.
Consolidating States, Restructuring Economies, and Confronting Workers and Peasants: The Antinomies of Bolivian Neoliberalism

The neoliberal reforms sweeping the globe are generating strikingly analogous transformations in diverse politico-economic and ideological landscapes, especially through the spread of democratic-liberal political regimes and an emphasis on the “virtues of the invisible hand”—rather than the state—in the investment of a huge mass of mobile capital (Fishlow 1990:64; Amin 1995; Gill 1993). We are witnessing an increasingly dominant and profitable global capitalist economy with a “highly coercive capacity to ensnare enormous numbers of peoples within its grasp” (Blim 1992:5; Gereffi and Korzeniewicz 1994; Sachs 1995; Mittelman 1996; Dirlik 1994; Diskin and Koechlin 1994; Hojman 1994).
A Single-Molecule Study of Gene Regulation in Real Time

Gene expression is inherently stochastic, yet must be tightly regulated to properly carry out essential cellular processes. However, many of the transcription factors responsible for this precise regulation are expressed at extremely low copy numbers in cells. To understand how noise in gene expression is controlled to overcome this challenge, it is important to directly monitor gene regulation in real time at the single-molecule level.In this work, we use the genetic switch of lambda phage as a model system to demonstrate continuous monitoring of autoregulation of lambda repressor CI in living E. coli cells. CI exhibits both positive and negative feedback on its own expression at low and high intracellular concentrations, respectively. We generated a single-molecule, gene-expression reporter that enables counting of the exact number of CI molecules expressed in real time without compromising CI's regulatory activity. Over several cell generations, we observed highly clustered expression of CI separated by relatively long periods of low expression, which we attribute to the alternating positive and negative autoregulation of CI. Our results suggest that the noise in CI expression is controlled by coupled positive and negative feedback, a mechanism also implicated in regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle and circadian rhythm. This method should be applicable to similar studies probing gene regulation in other systems.
679 SEROUS OTITIS MEDA: EVIDENCE FOR AN ALLERGIC MECHANISM

The importance of allergy in the pathogenesis of serous otitis media continues to be controversial. Our aim is to clarify the role of atopy in the development of serous otitis and to describe a technique for the further study of this relationship. Nasal challenges were performed with both diluent and rye grass pollen extract in 43 children with allergic rhinitis. Nasal airway resistance was measured by anterior rhinomanometry and nearly simultaneous tympanometry was utilized to detect changes in middle ear pressure. Fifteen of the patients had significant changes in middle ear pressure of minus 35 mm H2O or greater in one or both ears (mean=minus 60 mm). The control diluent challenges in the same group resulted in a mean change of plus 20 mm H2O (p<0.001). Significant obstructive increase (≥50%) in nasal airway resistance was observed in 32 of 43 patients (74%). Negative shift in middle ear pressure was seen in 28 of these 32 patients (88%) as compared to only 2 of 11 patients (18%) with a nasal airway resistance increase of less than 50%. All 15 patients with significant middle ear pressure changes had a nasal airway resistance increase of ≥50%. These results indicate that allergic rhinitis patients who react to nasal antigen challenge demonstrated concomitant significant changes in middle ear pressure. Persistent negative pressure in the middle ear can produce an effusion characteristic of serous otitis media. We interpret this data to indicate that allergic children have increased susceptibility to serous otitis media.
Laser lithotripsy: Animal studies of safety and efficacy

The safety and efficacy of pulsed tunable dye laser fragmentation of common bile duct stones was assessed in pigs. Laser pulses were conducted through a flexible quartz fiber that was in direct contact with stones that had been surgically implanted into the common bile duct. All calculi were rapidly fragmented into small pieces vithout significant damage to the common bile duct. The immediate and delayed effects of pulsed lasers on the common bile duct were also evaluated. The common bile duct demonstrated a high tolerance to laser-induced damage even when the laser was discharged directly into the bile duct wall. These results suggest that laser lithotripsy can be performed in humans with a high degree of safety and efficacy.
Collagen fragmentation promotes oxidative stress and elevates matrix metalloproteinase-1 in fibroblasts in aged human skin.

Aged human skin is fragile because of fragmentation and loss of type I collagen fibrils, which confer strength and resiliency. We report here that dermal fibroblasts express increased levels of collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) in aged (>80 years old) compared with young (21 to 30 years old) human skin in vivo. Transcription factor AP-1 and α2β1 integrin, which are key regulators of MMP-1 expression, are also elevated in fibroblasts in aged human skin in vivo. MMP-1 treatment of young skin in organ culture causes fragmentation of collagen fibrils and reduces fibroblast stretch, consistent with reduced mechanical tension, as observed in aged human skin. Limited fragmentation of three-dimensional collagen lattices with exogenous MMP-1 also reduces fibroblast stretch and mechanical tension. Furthermore, fibroblasts cultured in fragmented collagen lattices express elevated levels of MMP-1, AP-1, and α2β1 integrin. Importantly, culture in fragmented collagen raises intracellular oxidant levels and treatment with antioxidant MitoQ10 significantly reduces MMP-1 expression. These data identify positive feedback regulation that couples age-dependent MMP-1-catalyzed collagen fragmentation and oxidative stress. We propose that this self perpetuating cycle promotes human skin aging. These data extend the current understanding of the oxidative theory of aging beyond a cellular-centric view to include extracellular matrix and the critical role that connective tissue microenvironment plays in the biology of aging.
Simultaneous measurement of CO oxidation rate and surface coverage on PtAl2O3 using infrared spectroscopy: Rate hysteresis and CO island formation

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of CO on a commercial Pt Al 2 O 3 catalyst has been studied at a total pressure of one atmosphere using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements of steady-state reaction rates and CO surface coverages were obtained at temperatures between 460 and 520 K. During oxidation, the frequency of the infrared absorption peak of linearbonded CO is invariant at 2081 cm−1 at 520 K over nearly a 100-fold change in CO surface coverage. This peak position is within 1 cm−1 of that found for saturation coverage in the presence of pure CO at one atmosphere. In contrast, under nonreactive desorption, large shifts in frequency are found as the CO surface coverage changes. The ratio of the intensities of the absorption bands due to both linear and bridge-bonded CO was constant during oxidation. These observations are interpreted as resulting from the formation of islands of CO during the oxidation reaction. Hysteresis in both CO reaction probability and CO surface coverage are found which are inversely related. Thus CO blocks active sites on the Pt for the reaction. The width and shape of the hysteresis loops as a function of temperature are qualitatively understood in terms of the rate of CO desorption from the Pt surface. At very high surface coverages, changes in the reaction probability are not accompanied by changes in adsorbed CO. This may be due either to the formation of surface species, unobserved in ir, which block the reaction or to the presence of a small number of very reactive Pt sites which are blocked with only a very small change in CO surface coverage.
Metabolic and ventilatory adjustments and tolerance of the bat Pteropus poliocephalus to acute hypoxic stress

Abstract We have investigated the maximum tolerance and the ventilatory responses of a bat, P. poliocephalus (PP), to normobaric hypoxic stress. PP can tolerate inspired PO2s(PiO2) down to 30 torr. This bat is one of the most hypoxia-tolerant non-hibernating species of mammals known, and has a tolerance which lies within the range of PiO2s reported for different birds. Unlike most mammals in its size range, PP maintains its normoxic oxygen consumption rate even in deep hypoxia. The maximum hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), the air convection requirement ( V i M O 2 ), and the lung oxygen extraction (EL) ability of PP in deep hypoxia are all greater than those of other mammals. These and other data indicate that PP has a superior mammalian tolerance for hypocapnia. The magnitudes of both the V i M O 2 and the EL values of PP fall between those reported for Pekin ducks at corresponding PiO2s, and are inferior to the maximum capabilities of bar-headed geese. Thus, the tolerance and ventilatory adjustments of PP to deep hypoxia are intermediate between those of typical non-flying mammals and the most tolerant avian species, and suggest that at least some of this bat's respiratory adaptations for flight may serve as preadaptations for withstanding acute hypoxic stress.
A New Motion‐Based Algorithm for GPS Attitude Integer Resolution

Carrier-phase GPS techniques are capable of measuring positions with subcentimeter accuracy. With several antennae, carrier-phase GPS can be used to determine attitude. This paper presents a motion-based algorithm for resolving the integer ambiguities that is suitable for conditions of poor satellite visibility. In particular, this algorithm can use baselines with fewer than three common satellites visible. This algorithm was used very successfully in practice as the attitude sensor for an autonomous model helicopter and aircraft.
Ultrastructural studies of hamster tracheal epithelium in vivo and in vitro

An ultrastructural comparison of the tracheal epithelium of Golden Syrian hamsters revealed that some variability between in vivo and organ culture specimens occurs although ultrastructural integrity is maintained to a remarkable degree. The most striking difference between in vivo and in vitro specimens proved to be a proliferation of tight junction type sealing strands in the membranes of cultured tracheal epithelial cells. The strands run randomly and in whorled patterns over the membrane, possibly sealing areas of damaged and deteriorated membranes in vitro. Other ultrastructural features of the membranes appeared similar in vivo and in vitro. The cellular organelles of organ culture cells maintained morphological identity with their in vivo counterparts and cellular ultrastructure appeared to remain generally intact up to 48 hr.
Who owns a group's proposals: The initiator or the group as a whole?

This study examined who “owns”; a proposal during decision‐making group discussion. There are three potential answers to this question: the member who made the proposal, with that member dominating relevant discussion (the “pet proposal”; possibility), the group as a whole, with different members taking different responsibilities in discussing the proposal (the “role specialization”; possibility), and the group as a whole, with all members sharing in the discussion of the proposal (the “collective responsibility”; possibility). Evidence from a relatively large sample of discussion data supports the collective responsibility possibility, with the proviso that the group's biggest talker tends to dominate discussion no matter whose proposal is being discussed.
Approximate Velocities in Mixed Exact-Approximate Position Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms

A new approach to the synthesis of planar linkage mechanisms with approximate velocity constraints is proposed. The paper presents the first closed-form complex-number dyad solution to the ground pivot specification problem for two precision positions with velocity specified at one of the positions. The solution is then manipulated in order to add approximate velocity constraints to design methods for two exact positions and an unlimited number of approximate positions. The approximate position and velocity constraints facilitate more realistic representation of design objectives. Solution spaces are presented using two-dimensional ground-pivot maps. Computer implementation of the proposed methodologies would allow designers with little or no knowledge of the synthesis techniques to interactively explore maps of solutions for four-bar motion generation.
Inhibition of complement by covalent attachment of rosmarinic acid to activated C3b.

Rosmarinic acid has been reported to inhibit complement activation in vivo as well as in vitro. Previous studies suggested that the inhibitory effect was due to inhibition of C3/C5 convertases, but inhibition of C3b attachment would yield the same results. Recent work in our laboratory demonstrated that compounds with polyhydroxylated phenyl rings are highly reactive with the thioester bond in nascent C3b. These compounds block complement activation by preventing attachment of C3b to the activating surface. Because rosmarinic acid contains two 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl groups, the current study was undertaken to re-examine the mechanism of inhibition by analyzing the effect of rosmarinic acid on C3b attachment. In assays using purified complement proteins, rosmarinic acid inhibited covalent attachment of C3b to cells with an ic50 = 34 μM. Inhibition of C5 convertase activity required 1500 μM rosmarinic acid, and no significant inhibition of the C3 convertase enzyme, which produces C3b from C3, was observed at 10,000 μM. In hemolytic assays using human serum, rosmarinic acid was shown to inhibit activation of both the classical (ic50 = 180 μM) and the alternative (ic50 = 160 μM) pathways of complement. Rosmarinic acid concentrations up to 10,000 μM did not cause direct inactivation of C3. Radioiodination of rosmarinic acid was used to demonstrate covalent activation-dependent incorporation of rosmarinic acid specifically into the thioester-containing α′-chain of nascent C3b. These findings indicate that inhibition of complement activation by rosmarinic acid is due to the reaction of rosmarinic acid with the activated thioester of metastable C3b, resulting in covalent attachment of the inhibitor to the protein.
The oral approach to the teaching of high school literature

JUNIOR and senior high school literature instructors seek to instill in their students an appreciation and understanding of worthwhile literature. They are in essence attempting to teach their pupils to read, and, more specifically, to read perceptively. Reading sensitively is not merely recognition of symbols or of their obvious meanings, nor is it the ability to "'sound them out." True reading entails awareness of the multiple tensions of the dramatic situation, knowledge of the prosodie elements, and many other intricate insights. Teaching which depends solely or to a great extent upon silent reading overlooks the long oral tradition in the sharing and enjoyment of literature. Silent reading also fails to reveal the whole piece, especially in lyric verse and dramas which were written essentially to be spoken and heard. Experts in the field of oral interpretation consider their art an excellent approach to the world of literature. In the preface to The Oral Study of Literature, Thomas O. Sloan stated the central principle of the book as follows: "the proper application of oral interpretation is as a discipline through which the student engages in the study of literature." Charlotte I. Lee based her textbook on "the twofold conviction that the study of literature is a rewarding and challenging experience, and that sharing the results of such study with an audience gives mo-
Internal mRNA Methylation Finally Finds Functions

Modification of internal adenosines in messenger RNA (mRNA) by methylation of the N6 position (m6A) was first observed almost four decades ago. Early work demonstrated that the m6A modification was quite common, occurring at an estimated frequency of three to five residues per mRNA. Nevertheless, the function, if any, of this modification remained enigmatic. The cloning in 1997 of a subunit of the RNA methylase complex ( 1 ) was followed by a period of fitful inactivity before the field reawakened in 2011 with the discovery of an enzyme, FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein), that was shown to catalyze the demethylation of internal m6A residues ( 2 ). The existence of a demethylase and the demonstration that m6A levels were raised when the enzyme was knocked down strongly suggested that at least some m6A modifications were reversible and might be subject to dynamic regulation. Since then, a series of papers have appeared in rapid succession, together providing a wealth of unequivocal evidence for m6A function. But these findings still have not led to a coherent picture of the number and variety of functions of the m6A modification.
Racial differences in underlying health problems among persons with Traumatic Brain Injury in South Carolina, 1997–2001

Purpose Underlying health conditions can predispose a person to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and are increasing disparities in TBI-related health outcomes among population groups. Our objectives are to 1) describe the major differences in underlying health problems, causes of injury, and payer status as a function of race, and 2) examine the relationship between sustaining TBI and race in a multivariable log-linear model controlling for other covariates. Methods Persons with TBI were identified from the South Carolina Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance System using CDC's case definition of TBI. A total of 73,428 persons with TBI were discharged from the hospital or were treated and released from one of the 64 Emergency Departments between 1997 and 2001. We identified underlying chronic health problems using the ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and classified the comorbid conditions by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Comorbidity Index. Estimates of the odds of chronic diseases between the two race groups were calculated using multivariable logistic regression techniques. Results African-Americans (AA) were at a higher risk for many comorbid conditions that could predispose them to sustaining a TBI, including seizures (OR = 1.3, CI = 1.1,1.6), drug abuse (OR = 1.3, CI = 1.1,1.5), and alcohol abuse (OR = 1.2, CI = 1.01,1.43). The proportion of AA being injured either by violence or by being a pedestrian were almost double that of Whites. Twenty-eight percent of AA versus 42% of Whites had commercial insurance at time of injury. More AA were covered by Medicaid (21% to 9%) or uninsured (42% to 32%). Conclusion The proportion of TBI associated with underlying chronic health problems is significantly higher among AA. The finding suggests that the higher odds of underlying health problems among AA may be mediated by inadequate health insurance.
Carbon Nanotube Based Sensor to Monitor Crack Growth in Cracked Aluminum Structures Underneath Composite Patching

The paper investigates a carbon nanotube-based sensor to detect crack propagation in aluminum structures underneath composite patching. Initial tests are conducted to determine the correct procedure and materials to properly fabricate a carbon nanotube (CNT) based sensor, which is then placed in between a composite patch and the aluminum structure. The CNTs have been utilized as sensors in previous studies but only for sensing crack propagation within the composite itself. This study focuses on crack propagation in the base material and is not concerned with the composite. In this application, the composite is only a patch and can be replaced if damaged. The study conducts both tension and fatigue testing to determine the usefulness of the CNT sensor. The CNT sensor is shown to be effective in giving an indication of the crack propagation in the aluminum. Correlation is done between the crack propagation length and the increase in electrical resistance in the CNT sensor under tensile and cyclic loading, respectively.
Note on divisorial sets of elements for sets of ideals

Let be ideals in a Noetherian rings R and assume that and for all nonnegrative integers . Then there exit positive integers and elements such that (a) and (b) hold: (a) There exist positive integers such that for all nonempty subsets , for all positive integers , for all nonnegative integers such that and where and, (b) if are positive integers, then there exist positive integers such that for all nonempty subsets , for all positive integers and for all nonnegative integers such that .This result unifies some earlier known results due to Rees,Teissier, and the authors.
Inner and outer empiricism in consciousness research

Abstract The very existence of a science of consciousness distinct from cognitive science requires that subjectivity be examined. Studies of subjectivity have occupied the religious traditions from time immemorial. While their language may be currently considered obscure, this paper suggests ways in which current consciousness science can enter into dialogue with these traditions.
Classical conditioning in rabbits using pontine nucleus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus and inferior olive stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning of skeletal muscle responses was accomplished by pairing microstimulation of the pontine nuclei as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with microstimulation of the dorsal accessory olive as an unconditioned stimulus (US). A conditioned response identical in form to the behavioral response elicited by the olivary stimulation was established when the CS was forward paired with the US, and behavioral extinction occurred with CS-alone presentations or unpaired CS-US presentations. Conditioned responding could not be established or maintained when the CS and US were simultaneously presented or when the US preceded the CS (i.e., backward paired). Complete lesions of the interpositus nucleus abolished both conditioned and unconditioned responses. These findings support the idea that plasticity associated with classical conditioning of skeletal muscle responses occurs in regions of the cerebellum that receive convergent CS and US input.
Effects of pro- and anti-tobacco advertising on nonsmoking adolescents' intentions to smoke.

Abstract Purpose To determine the effects of pro- and anti-tobacco advertising on nonsmoking adolescents' intention to smoke in a single cohort. Methods All ninth graders at seven public high schools were invited to participate in a study on adolescent tobacco use; 59.0% participated ( n = 1229; active positive parental consent required). Adolescents who self-identified as never having smoked even a puff of a cigarette ( n = 512) completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on intention to smoke in the near future and tobacco advertising. Independent variables used to predict intention included exposure to, recognition of, and receptivity and attitudes toward pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco advertising. Potential confounding variables included gender, race/ethnicity, smoking influences (adult household members, siblings, and friends), socioeconomic status, stress, and depression. Data analysis used logistic regression. Results Demographics: 50.5% female, average age 14.9 ± 0.4 years old at baseline, and varied race. Those variables found to be significant predictors of intention to smoke included: (positive, or increased intention) recognition of brand of favorite advertisement, willingness to use or wear tobacco-branded products, stress, and having friends who smoke and (negative, or decreased intention) agreement with anti-tobacco advertising and having a live-in father who smokes. Conclusions Although anti-tobacco advertising has a protective effect, it was unable to counteract the effects of pro-tobacco advertising in the same cohort.
On the hard-core renormalization in the lattice dynamics of quantum crystals

Abstract The generalization of the self-consistent phonon theory to include singular (hard-core) interatomic potentials at all temperatures is shown to be given by the rigorous instantaneous displacement response of the crystal. The explicit expression for the phonon spectrum is derived.