cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional optimal operation of smart building-to-grid systems

This paper proposes a novel bidirectional optimization of buildings integrated to the smart distribution grid, which possess potential benefits to the customers and utilities both. Mathematical models required for the optimal operations of buildings and grids are developed and a new method is proposed to obtain the solution of the bidirectional optimization. In this work, minimization of the cost of energy is chosen as an objective for the building load management, while the distribution utilities aim to increase load penetration by maximizing the load factor. Case studies are carried out based on actual data collected from an office building at Michigan Technological University, and using a standard distribution test feeder. Studies demonstrate that the proposed bidirectional optimization is beneficial to both the customer and the distribution grid as it shows significant saving in the energy costs and improvement on the system load factor.
Peritoneal Dialysis in Children

Peritoneal dialysis has been a mainstay in the treatment of uremic infants and children for more than twenty years. The intrinsic simplicity and safety of the technique and the relative ease with which it can be adapted for use in patients of widely divergent ages and sizes have resulted in widespread acceptance of peritoneal dialysis as the dialytic treatment of choice for infants and children with acute renal failure (ARF) [1, 2]. Most nephrologists who routinely treat pediatric patients have had extensive clinical experience with peritoneal dialysis in the setting of ARF. Until very recently, however, a role for peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of large numbers of children with chronic renal failure seemed doubtful, despite the fact that successful maintenance peritoneal dialysis had been described in children as early as 1973 [3]. Of the 823 children under the age of 15 years who were alive on dialysis in the member countries of the European dialysis and Transplant Association on December 31, 1979, only 38 (4.6%) were being treated with peritoneal dialysis [4]. A similar situation existed in the United States where of the 1819 children under the age of 20 years who received maintenance dialysis during the last six months of 1980, only 128 (7%) were treated with peritoneal dialysis [5].
Exosomes: Potential in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Exosomes are membrane-bound, intercellular communication shuttles that are defined by their endocytic origin and size range of 30-140 nm. Secreted by nearly all mammalian cell types and present in myriad bodily fluids, exosomes confer messages between cells, proximal and distal, by transporting biofunctional cargo in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They play a vital role in cellular signaling in both normal physiology and disease states, particularly cancer. Exosomes are powerful progenitors in altering target cell phenotypes, particularly in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, with the ability to alter tumor microenvironments and to assist in establishing the pre-metastatic niche. Many aspects of exosomes present them as novel means to identify cancer biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets, and using intrinsic and engineered characteristics of exosomes as therapeutic devices to ameliorate the progression of the disease. This review outlines some of the recent and major findings with regard to exosomes in cancer, and their utilization as therapeutic tools.
Measurements from a campus wireless network

In this paper we examine a high speed wireless access network and present traffic patterns and on-line behavior for wireless users. To date, wireless network studies have largely focused on cellular voice technologies and architectures. Here we present an analysis of data collected from an authenticated campus area access network providing both wireless 802.11b and walk-up Ethernet capabilities through an authenticated access network service. We present an analysis of session data, transport layer flow data, and movement data taken from 109 wireless access points spread across 18 buildings. Local area wireless network (LAWN) wireless services support about 444 wireless hosts, 765 current users, and have sustained more than a million TCP flows over the nearly two month collection period.
A wide tuning range VCO using capacitive source degeneration

This paper presents a wide tuning range LC voltage controlled oscillator with a new differential negative resistance cell that uses capacitive source degeneration. Traditional differential negative resistance cells use two transistors where the drains are cross-connected to the corresponding gates and the sources are ac grounded. This structure has a fairly large parasitic shunt capacitance. This effective parasitic capacitance combined with the fixed portion of the varactor and the inductor parasitic capacitance limits the tuning range and the maximum size of allowable inductor that is crucial for the large output swing. This paper shows that if the sources of the differential negative resistance cell are capacitively degenerated such that the effective parasitic capacitance is much smaller than that of traditional structures, then the tuning range can be increased or alternately the output swing can be increased for a given tuning range. An appropriate degenerating capacitance and device geometry can be selected to optimize the performance. The tradeoff between negative resistance and effective parasitic capacitance has also been considered. To verify this concept, a 5.3 GHz VCO with 21.5% tuning range and -106 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset from 5 GHz has been designed using the TSMC 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Utility of Child Report: Correspondence with Parent-Reported Child Abuse Risk

he adverse effects of physical parent–child aggression on children havebeen well documented, whether expressed as physical abuse (McCoyand Keen, 2009) or corporal punishment (Gershoff, 2002). An array ofnegative consequences has been identiﬁed, including behaviour problems(Brenner and Fox, 1998) and internalising problems, such as depression andanxiety (Kolko, 2002). These issues can reﬂect children’s negative self-concepts (Bolger et al., 1989) because children raised in environments withharsh physical punishment are likely to perceive themselves poorly (Kim andCicchetti, 2006).Unfortunately, much of the research in thisﬁeldhasreliedonsamplesofcases substantiated by protective services. This vastly underestimates theoverall prevalence of abuse (Sedlak et al., 2010), with a consequentoverrepresentation of more severe forms of abuse. Studies usingcommunity sampling are more likely to include parents who represent awider range of abuse risk, and practitioners likely encounter moreparents from this broader spectrum. The concept of child abuse potentialestimates the likelihood that a parent will physically abuse andincludes those personal and intrapersonal difﬁculties that characterise thebeliefs, attitudes and behaviours observed in physically abusive parents(Milner, 1986, 1994).Previous research has also relied heavily upon parents’ reports to assesstheir abuse potential. Although self-reporting represents a major limitationwithin most psychology literature, when examining sensitive topics suchas risk of physical abuse, the potential inﬂuence of bias from parentalreports poses a real threat to obtaining meaningful results (De Garmoet al., 2006). Potential perpetrators may provide a biased report of theirown parenting behaviour due to cognitive distortions already implicatedin this literature (e.g. perceptual biases; Seifer, 2005). These issues furthercomplicate the very real concern of obtaining accurate, unbiased reporting
Viscoelastic Properties of Cheddar Cheese: Effect of Calcium and Phosphorus, Residual Lactose, Salt-to-Moisture Ratio and Ripening Time

The viscoelastic properties of eight different types of Cheddar cheeses prepared with two levels of calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) content, two levels of residual lactose content and two levels of salt to moisture ratio (S/M) ratio were studied in a STRESSTECH viscoanalyzer. The elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) modulus were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of ripening during heating the cheese samples from 30 to 70°C. Low levels of Ca and P content (0.53 g Ca and 0.39 g P /100 g cheese) in the Cheddar cheese resulted up to 20.9% and 15.9% lower elastic and viscous modulus respectively, compared to Cheddar cheese prepared with high levels of Ca and P content (0.67 g Ca and 0.53 g P/100g cheese) during ripening up to 8 months. Low levels of residual lactose (0.78 g/100g) in the Cheddar cheese resulted in 39.1 and 78.1% lower elastic and viscous modulus, respectively, compared to Cheddar cheese with high levels of residual lactose (1.4 g/100g) during ripening up to 8 months. In the same way, low levels ...
A longitudinal examination of positioning strategies in a liberalized developing African economy: The case of Ghana

This article examines the nature of positioning strategies pursued by companies (domestic and foreign) conducting business in a liberalized developing African economy, Ghana, over a ten-year period. Specifically, this research deals with the aggregate behaviors of firms operating in Ghana's post-SAP (structural adjustment program)-induced environment. The findings reveal that the dominant positioning strategies are the brand name (branding tactics) and value for money (affordability). However, more recently, attractiveness, which implies elegance about the offering, has also emerged as a prominent positioning strategy. Evidence that supports the robustness of companies' adoption of positioning strategies within sub-Saharan African economies is also developed. The results also suggest that firms doing business in sub-Saharan African marketplaces characterized by an open and liberalized business climate have no choice but to become competitive in their positioning and with the aim of targeting the mass market and the lower-middle-class target audiences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the potency of poison ivy extracts with synthetic pentadecylcatechol in sensitive humans

Abstract Individuals with a history of poison ivy sensitivity were tested with 3- n -pentadecylcatechol (PDC) and poison ivy extracts. Acetone solutions of PDC and the poison ivy extracts were adjusted to equal reactivity on guinea pigs sensitized to PDC. When these solutions were employed for skin testing humans, the PDC appeared to have about one tenth the potency of poison ivy extract. Under the conditions employed, PDC did not react on the skin of all individuals sensitive to poison ivy extract and may not be as good a diagnostic reagent. The data suggest the possibility that some individuals may be sensitive to a component of poison ivy other than the catechols.
U.N. report on sustainable development goals

A new United Nations report on sustainable development includes broad recommendations to protect water and other resources, preserve ecosystems, ensure universal access to sustainable energy, increase resources for adaptation and disaster risk reduction, scale up efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for cutting poverty and reducing inequalities, establish price signals that value sustainability, and strengthen the interface between policy and science. The 30 January report, “Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing,” states, “Today our planet and our world are experiencing the best of times, and the worst of times. The world is experiencing unprecedented prosperity, while the planet is under unprecedented stress.” The report goes on to say that the current global development model is “unsustainable” and that by 2030 the world will need at least 50% more food, 45% more energy, and 30% more water.
Dehydratase-specific probes for fatty acid and polyketide synthases.

We targeted the development of a dehydratase (DH)-specific reactive probe that can facilitate detection, enrichment, and identification of DH enzymes in fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). The first reported mechanism-based inactivator, 3-decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine (3-decynoyl-NAC), while active against the Escherichia coli β-hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester DH FabA, translates poorly to an activity-based probe because of nonspecific reactivity of the thioester moiety. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and utility of a DH-specific probe that contains a sulfonyl 3-alkyne reactive warhead engineered to avoid hydrolysis or nonenzymatic inactivation. When coupled with a fluorescent tag, this probe targets DH enzymes from recombinant type I and type II FAS and PKS enzyme systems and in whole proteomes. Activity studies, including FabA inactivation and antibiotic susceptibility, suggest that this sulfonyl 3-alkyne scaffold selectively targets a common DH mechanism. These studies indic...
Tandem mass spectrometry for on-line fermentation monitoring

Membrane introduction mass spectrometry has been employed for on-line determination of the major products and volatile metabolites ofBacillus polymyxa fermentation. Samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer via a direct insertion membrane probe in which the aqueous solution flowed past a membrane located in the ion source of the mass spectrometer. Concentrations of the products 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, ethanol and acetic acid in fermentation broth were measured by tandem mass spectrometry after permeation through the membrane and ionization by chemical ionization. External standards were employed for quantification and a large linear response range was available for each of the major products observed. Dissolved CO2 and O2, as well as CO2 in the off gases, were also monitored on-line by mass spectrometry. The use of tandem mass spectrometry has allowed the identification of products that were not previously known to be present in measurable amounts.
Dissolved vanadium in rivers and estuaries

Abstract New measurements of dissolved vanadium in a variety of rivers and estuaries are presented here. The data indicate that the average concentration of dissolved vanadium in major rivers entering the ocean is ∼ 15 nmol/kg. Weathering rate and type of source rock, rather than solution chemistry or anthropogenic influences, appear to be the important factors in determining fluvial dissolved vanadium concentrations. Laboratory experiments suggest that in oxic waters vanadium is found predominantly in its most oxidized, anionic form (V(V)). Complexation with organic matter and formation of large colloidal species appear to be unimportant. Adsorption also appears to be a less important influence for vanadium than for some other trace elements such as zinc. In estuaries, vanadium behaves as a bioactive element, showing a close correspondence with the distribution of phosphate. The extent of estuarine vanadium removal is presently uncertain but may be low due to rapid remineralization of this element. Based on the river flux, the oceanic residence time for dissolved vanadium is estimated to be 100,000 years.
Protein Oxidation Implicated as the Primary Determinant of Bacterial Radioresistance

In the hierarchy of cellular targets damaged by ionizing radiation (IR), classical models of radiation toxicity place DNA at the top. Yet, many prokaryotes are killed by doses of IR that cause little DNA damage. Here we have probed the nature of Mn-facilitated IR resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans, which together with other extremely IR-resistant bacteria have high intracellular Mn/Fe concentration ratios compared to IR-sensitive bacteria. For in vitro and in vivo irradiation, we demonstrate a mechanistic link between Mn(II) ions and protection of proteins from oxidative modifications that introduce carbonyl groups. Conditions that inhibited Mn accumulation or Mn redox cycling rendered D. radiodurans radiation sensitive and highly susceptible to protein oxidation. X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis showed that Mn is globally distributed in D. radiodurans, but Fe is sequestered in a region between dividing cells. For a group of phylogenetically diverse IR-resistant and IR-sensitive wild-type bacteria, our findings support the idea that the degree of resistance is determined by the level of oxidative protein damage caused during irradiation. We present the case that protein, rather than DNA, is the principal target of the biological action of IR in sensitive bacteria, and extreme resistance in Mn-accumulating bacteria is based on protein protection.
Symmetric presentation of link modules

Abstract The Alexander Module of a one-dimensional link, when suitably localized, is determined by a matrix which expresses the longitudes as linear combinations of the meridians. It is shown here that this (longitude) matrix may be chosen to satisfy a Hermitian property. In this Hermitian context, we determine the change in the longitude matrix produced by a surgery on the link.
Unifying cognition, emotion, and activity in language teacher professional development

Abstract Emotions in the learning-to-teach experience are often ignored or downplayed by teacher educators. Using content and discourse analysis of a novice language teacher's journals, we demonstrate that the pervasive emotional content, reflecting individual teacher's perezhivanie, is a motivated, structural component of teachers' processes of cognitive development. Emotional content indexes dissonance between the ideal and reality, offering potential growth points. We apply a SCOBA of language teacher learning that unifies the dynamic, dialectical relationship among emotion, cognition, and activity, in order to orient teacher educators in mediating novice language teachers' professional development responsively.
Theory and experiment on the three-dimensional motion of a freely suspended spherical particle at the entrance to a pore at low Reynolds number

Abstract This paper examines the three dimensional approach of a neutrally buoyant sphere of any size to a circular hole in a plane wall at very low Reynolds number. The analysis differs from previous studies, largely applied to the multipore filter, in that the authors investigate the three dimensional hydrodynamic interaction of the sphere with the entrance geometry of the pore in the limit of zero inertia. The problem is first exactly formulated as the linear superposition of fundamental Stokes flows for rotation and translation of the sphere and flow past a stationary sphere. Approximate solutions are then obtained for the deviation of sphere trajectories from fluid stream lines and the results compared with laboratory model experiments in a low Reynolds number settling tank. The theory and experiment show that because of the hydrodynamic interaction sphere trajectories and fluid streamlines deviate significantly as the opening is approached, that all spheres eventually enter the pore regardless of their initial position, but that a non-uniform concentration profile develops with large increases in concentration near the walls of the orifice in the vicinity of the opening. The results provide a basic mechanism to explain the onset of Fahraeus phenomenon for red cells entering small blood vessels and glass tubes.
Finite Element Nonlinear Flutter and Fatigue Life of Two-Dimensional Panels with Temperature Effects

A frequency domain method for two-dimensional nonlinear panel flutter with thermal effects obtained from a consistent finite element formulation is presented. von-Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relation is used to account for large deflections, and the quasisteady first-order piston theory is employed for aerodynamic loading. The panel motion under a combined thermal-aerodynamic loading can be mathematicall y separated into two parts and then solved in sequence: 1) thermal-aerodynamic static deflection (time-independent equilibrium position), and 2) limit-cycle oscillations. The finite element frequency domain results are compared with numerical time domain solutions. In a limit-cycle motion, the panel frequency and stress can be determined, thus fatigue life can be predicted. The influence of temperature and dynamic pressure on panel fatigue life is presented. Endurance and failure dynamic pressures can be established at a given temperature from the present method.
Academic success and job performance of engineering and scientific personnel

The relationship between the college grade point average (GPA) and job performance of research engineers and scientists was studied. The question as to whether raising the GPA requirement for hire was likely to improve the quality of the work force was examined. The results of the study indicated that GPA was not generally related to job performance. However, GPA was found to have a somewhat stronger relationship with performance for employees receiving their degrees from less prestigious university departments than for employees from highly prestigious university departments. Overall, the data suggested that managers of engineering R&D organizations need to consider other information besides GPA in making selection decisions if they hope to improve their work force. Several additional selection techniques are discussed, including work sample problems, situational exercises, situational interviews, and personality type measures.
Instabilities of magnetically charged black holes.

The stability of the magnetically charged Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole solution is investigated in the context of a theory with massive charged vector mesons. By exploiting the spherical symmetry of the problem, the linear perturbations about the Reissner-Nordstr\"om solution can be decomposed into modes of definite angular momentum J. For each value of J, unstable modes appear if the horizon radius is less than a critical value that depends on an anomalous magnetic moment coupling g and the monopole magnetic charge q/e. It is shown that such a critical radius exists (except in the case q=1/2 with 0\ensuremath{\le}g\ensuremath{\le}2), provided only that the vector meson mass is not too close to the Planck mass. The value of the critical radius is determined numerically for a number of values of J. The instabilities found here imply the existence of stable solutions with nonzero vector fields (``hair'') outside the horizon; unless q=1 and gg0, these will not be spherically symmetric.
Significance of project management structure on development success

The significance of project management structure on the success of 546 development projects was investigated. Multivariate procedures revealed that success varies according to the project structure used, even when other determinants are accounted for. Projects relying on the functional organization or a functional matrix were less successful than those which used a balanced matrix, project matrix, or project team. The project matrix outperformed the balanced matrix in meeting schedule, and outperformed the project team in controlling cost. Implications for managing development projects are briefly discussed. >
The influence of mixed‐phase clouds on surface shortwave irradiance during the Arctic spring

[1] The influence of mixed-phase stratiform clouds on the surface shortwave irradiance is examined using unique spectral shortwave irradiance measurements made during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC), supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. An Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD, Inc.) spectroradiometer measured downwelling spectral irradiance from 350 to 2200 nm in one-minute averages throughout April–May 2008 from the ARM Climate Research Facility's North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site at Barrow. This study examines spectral irradiance measurements made under single-layer, overcast cloud decks having geometric thickness < 3000 m. Cloud optical depth is retrieved from irradiance in the interval 1022–1033 nm. The contrasting surface radiative influences of mixed-phase clouds and liquid-water clouds are discerned using irradiances in the 1.6-μm window. Compared with liquid-water clouds, mixed-phase clouds during the Arctic spring cause a greater reduction of shortwave irradiance at the surface. At fixed conservative-scattering optical depth (constant optical depth for wavelengths λ < 1100 nm), the presence of ice water in cloud reduces the near-IR surface irradiance by an additional several watts-per-meter-squared. This additional reduction, or supplemental ice absorption, is typically ∼5 W m−2 near solar noon over Barrow, and decreases with increasing solar zenith angle. However, for some cloud decks this additional absorption can be as large as 8–10 W m−2.
Influence of temperature and precipitation variability on near-term snow trends

Snow is a vital resource for a host of natural and human systems. Global warming is projected to drive widespread decreases in snow accumulation by the end of the century, potentially affecting water, food, and energy supplies, seasonal heat extremes, and wildfire risk. However, over the next few decades, when the planning and implementation of current adaptation responses are most relevant, the snow response is more uncertain, largely because of uncertainty in regional and local precipitation trends. We use a large (40-member) single-model ensemble climate model experiment to examine the influence of precipitation variability on the direction and magnitude of near-term Northern Hemisphere snow trends. We find that near-term uncertainty in the sign of regional precipitation change does not cascade into uncertainty in the sign of regional snow accumulation change. Rather, temperature increases drive statistically robust consistency in the sign of future near-term snow accumulation trends, with all regions exhibiting reductions in the fraction of precipitation falling as snow, along with mean decreases in late-season snow accumulation. However, internal variability does create uncertainty in the magnitude of hemispheric and regional snow changes, including uncertainty as large as 33 % of the baseline mean. In addition, within the 40-member ensemble, many mid-latitude grid points exhibit at least one realization with a statistically significant positive trend in net snow accumulation, and at least one realization with a statistically significant negative trend. These results suggest that the direction of near-term snow accumulation change is robust at the regional scale, but that internal variability can influence the magnitude and direction of snow accumulation changes at the local scale, even in areas that exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Effect of post-hypoxic reoxygenation on DNA fragmentation in cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets

Previous studies have shown an increased fragmentation of genomic DNA following hypoxia in cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. The present study tests the hypothesis that DNA fragmentation following hypoxia persists during reoxygenation in cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. To test this hypothesis, DNA fragmentation was assessed in 36 newborn piglets divided into six groups: normoxic (Nx), hypoxic (Hx) and hypoxic/reoxygenated for 6, 12, 24h and 7 days. The Hx groups were exposed to 7% oxygen for 1h followed by reoxygenation to room air for 6, 12, 24h and 7 days. Cerebral tissue hypoxia was confirmed biochemically by ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels. Nuclei were isolated and purified using discontinuous sucrose gradient. DNA was isolated by phenol/chloroform/isoamyl-alcohol extraction method. ATP/PCr (micromol/g brain) were 4.11+/-0.15/3.67+/-0.30 for Nx, 1.31+/-0.68/0.74+/-0.30 for Hx, 3.81+/-0.11/3.24+/-0.14 for 6h reoxygenation, 4.21+/-0.12/3.27+/-0.09 for 12h reoxygenation and 4.63+/-0.09/3.75+/-0.27 for 24h reoxygenation and 4.31+/-0.12/3.70+/-0.21 for 7 days reoxygenation. There was a significant difference in the ATP and PCr values between Nx and Hx groups (p<0.05) and between Hx and hypoxic reoxygenated groups (p<0.05). DNA fragments (OD/mm(2)) increased from 1776+/-267 in the Nx group to 3211+/-285 in the Hx group (p<0.05). In the reoxygenation groups, DNA fragments (OD/mm(2)) decreased to 2018+/-249 after 6h (p<0.05 versus Hx) but increased to 3408+/-206, 2782+/-406 and 3256+/-302 after 12, 24h and 7 days, respectively. The data show a decrease in DNA fragmentation in the early phase (6h) of reoxygenation but is comparable to acute hypoxia during the later phases (12, 24h and 7 days) of reoxygenation. We propose that the biphasic pattern of DNA fragmentation during reoxygenation occurs by an initial oxidative DNA injury followed by an enzymatic cleavage of DNA by endonucleases activation.
Pulsars crash the magnetar party.

The discovery of a youthful neutron star with an extreme magnetic field blurs the once clear divide between magnetars and pulsars.
Localization of Metallocarboxypeptidase D in AtT-20 Cells: POTENTIAL ROLE IN PROHORMONE PROCESSING *

Carboxypeptidase D (CPD) is a recently discovered metallocarboxypeptidase that is predominantly located in thetrans-Golgi network (TGN), and also cycles between the cell surface and the TGN. In the present study, the intracellular distribution of CPD was examined in AtT-20 cells, a mouse anterior pituitary-derived corticotroph. CPD-containing compartments were isolated using antibodies to the CPD cytosolic tail. The immunopurified vesicles contained TGN proteins (TGN38, furin, syntaxin 6) but not lysosomal or plasma membrane proteins. The CPD-containing vesicles also contained neuropeptide-processing enzymes and adrenocorticotropic hormone, a product of proopiomelanocortin proteolysis. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that CPD is present within the TGN and immature secretory granules but is virtually absent from mature granules, suggesting that CPD is actively removed from the regulated pathway during the process of granule maturation. A second major finding of the present study is that a soluble truncated form of CPD is secreted mainly via the constitutive pathway in AtT-20 cells, indicating that the lumenal domain does not contain signals for the sorting of CPD to mature secretory granules. Taken together, these data are consistent with the proposal that CPD participates in the processing of proteins within the TGN and immature secretory vesicles.
Construction of tobacco mosaic virus subgenomic replicons that are replicated and spread systemically in tobacco plants.

Abstract Two tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)derived replicons, created by deletion of most of the 126/183-kDa open reading frame (ORF), replicated and systemically invaded tobacco plants when supported by wild type TMV. One RNA replicon contained an internal direct repeat of 476 nucleotides from the 3′ end of the 30-kDa ORF. Although this RNA was replicated, most of the progeny were heterogeneous in size and smaller than the original transcript. A second TMV-derived RNA replicon, without any internally repeated sequences and containing a deletion of the 5′ portion of the 30-kDa ORF as well as most of the 126/183-kDa ORF, was created and coinoculated with wild type TMV as helper. This RNA also was replicated efficiently and systemically invaded tobacco plants. An examination of the sequences of cDNA clones obtained after PCR amplification of the progeny population of this RNA replicon demonstrated that the observed size heterogeneity was due to deletions and insertions adjacent to the artificially created deletion junction. These data demonstrate that a TMV infection is capable of supporting an artificially created RNA replicon, similar to defective interfering RNAs or satellites. However, these dependent RNAs were replicated without noticeably interfering with wild type TMV symptoms or replication.
Molecular and isotopic analyses of Tagish Lake alkyl dicarboxylic acids

The Tagish Lake meteorite soluble organic suite has a general composition that differs from those of both CI- and CM chondrites. These differences suggest that distinct processes may have been involved in the formation of different groups of organics in meteorites. Tagish Lake alkyl dicarboxylic acids have a varied, abundant distribution and are, with carboxylated pyridines, the only compounds to have an occurrence comparable to that of the Murchison meteorite. This study has undertaken their molecular and isotopic characterization, with the aim to understand their origin and to gain insights into the evolutionary history of the meteorite parent body. Tagish Lake alkyl dicarboxylic acids are present as a homologous series of saturated and unsaturated species with three through ten-carbon atom chain length. Linear saturated acids are predominant and show decreasing amounts with increasing chain length. A total of forty-four of these compounds were detected with the most abundant, succinic acid, present at ~40 nmoles/g. met. Overall the molecular distribution of Tagish Lake dicarboxylic acids shows a remarkable compound to compound correspondence with those observed in the Murchison and Murray meteorites. In both Tagish Lake and Murchison, the imides of the more abundant dicarboxylic acids were also observed. The hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of individual Tagish Lake dicarboxylic acids were determined and compared to those of the corresponding acids in the Murchison meteorite. All δD and δ13C values for Tagish Lake acids are positive and show a substantial isotopic enrichment. δD values vary from, approximately, + 1120‰ for succinic acid to + 1530‰ for methyl glutaric acid. δ13C values ranged from + 12.6‰ for methyl glutaric acid to + 22.9‰ for glutaric acid, with adipic acid having a significantly lower value (+ 5.5‰). Murchison dicarboxylic acid showed similar isotopic values: their δ13C values were generally higher by an average 17% and δD values were lower for succinic and glutaric acids, possibly due to contamination. The molecular and isotopic data collected for these compounds restrict their possible origin to processes, either interstellar or of very cold nebular regions, that produced significant isotopic enrichments. Saturated or partially unsaturated nitriles and dinitriles appear to be good precursor candidates as their hydrolysis, upon water exposure, would produce dicarboxylic acids and other carboxylated species found in Tagish Lake. This evolutionary course could possibly include pre-accretionary processes.
Strategic communication applied to nation building in Spain: The experience of the Catalan Region

Abstract This article analyzes how strategic communication is being used in the case of regions, “imagined communities,” or the so-called “stateless nations,” for nation-building purposes. It focuses on the case of Spain's Catalonia region in the years since the devolution of power and approval of the Second Statute of Autonomy in 1979. The different successive Catalan governments have made intensive use of mass media campaigns and other soft power methods to enhance Catalan identity. Main efforts have focused on the promotion of the Catalan language, culture, sports, and symbols through public relations, mass media campaigns, the implementation of laws, and the deployment of public diplomacy tactics with the dual purpose of reaching internal audiences. Although a significant part of the Catalan population is alienated from politics, the overall outcome has been positive for Catalan nationalism: identification with Spain has decreased while dual Catalan/Spanish and Catalan-only identification has grown during this period.
Urologic manifestations of Goldenhar syndrome

Abstract Objective Goldenhar syndrome (oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia) is associated with anomalies in multiple organ systems. Renal abnormalities have also been reported with the complex, but the incidence of associated genitourinary malformations has not been defined. Method We have reviewed our experience with 28 children with Goldenhar syndrome evaluated during the past twelve years. Twenty children underwent imaging evaluation of the urinary tract and 14 (70% of those imaged) children had urinary tract anomalies. Results The majority of anomalies presented as an incidental finding on a screening ultrasound (8 patients) or during cardiac catheterization (2 patients). Two children presented with urinary tract infection, 1 child presented with renal failure, and another was diagnosed antenatally. The genitourinary anomalies included the following: ectopic and/or fused kidneys (8 patients), renal agenesis (7), vesicoureteral reflux (5), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (2), ureteral duplication (2), and multicystic kidney (1 patient). Four children have undergone surgical intervention. Conclusion Our experience in children with Goldenhar syndrome suggests that the incidence of genitourinary anomalies is higher than previously reported. A screening ultrasound in the neonatal period allows for early intervention in those children with significant urologic abnormalities.
Competition and Dance Education

(2007). Competition and Dance Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 4-9.
Heterogeneous relationship between IPO return and risk across idiosyncratic variance characteristics

Abstract This paper analyzes the levels and changes in the post-IPO stock return volatility and provides insights into market responses to the presence of firm-specific risk. First, we document a negative relation between initial idiosyncratic volatility level and the post-IPO volatility change in that initially low volatility firms have more volatility increase and vice verse. This evidence suggests fundamental firm-specific changes after the IPO. Further, we find that underpricing and short-run post-IPO returns are positively related to the initial and corresponding idiosyncratic risk level. This finding suggests that underpricing compensates investors for acquiring costly information and firm-specific risk information is being incorporated into offer prices. Finally, we find that higher long-run post-IPO performance is related to both lower initial risk level and decreasing risk in the first year after the IPO.
Microcontextual Characteristics of Peer Victimization Experiences and Adolescents’ Daily Well-Being

Microcontextual factors (i.e., contextual characteristics of the specific victimization incident) may help to explain the association between adolescents' daily peer victimization experiences and well-being. In the present study, daily report methodology was used to assess sixth (N = 150; 53% girls) and ninth grade (N = 150; 50% girls) students' current well-being and peer victimization earlier in the day on 5 random school days within a 2-week period. Associations between peer victimization microcontextual factors (number of aggressors, presence of witnesses, and receipt of help) and fluctuations in adolescents' daily well-being (humiliation, worry, and physical symptoms) were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of White, Latino, Asian, African American, and multiethnic students. Humiliation increased on days in which students reported public victimization, multiple aggressors, and no help. Worry increased on days students experienced private victimization and when boys (but not girls) experienced private victimization, victimization by a single aggressor, and received peer help. Physical symptoms were higher on days that victimization occurred, regardless of context, but only for sixth graders and not ninth graders. These findings suggest that the victimization microcontext can offer insight about the types of peer victimization exposure that might produce the greatest daily risk for adolescents.
Cell Type-Specific Requirements for Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: Effects on Synapse Function, Membrane Trafficking, and Mitochondrial Localization

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are concentrated at neuromuscular synapses in many species, including Drosophila. We have established the physiological and patterning functions of HSPGs at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction by using mutations that block heparan sulfate synthesis or sulfation to compromise HSPG function. The mutant animals showed defects in synaptic physiology and morphology suggesting that HSPGs function both presynaptically and postsynaptically; these defects could be rescued by appropriate transgene expression. Of particular interest were selective disruptions of mitochondrial localization, abnormal distributions of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum markers in the muscle, and a markedly increased level of stimulus-dependent endocytosis in the motoneuron. Our data support the emerging view that HSPG functions are not limited to the cell surface and matrix environments, but also affect a diverse set of cellular processes including membrane trafficking and organelle distributions.
Tailoring of a broader and flatter frequency comb using a microring resonator with a low-index slot

A dispersion-flattened microresonator based on slot waveguide exhibits great performance improvement of Kerr frequency combs by engineering the 2nd-order dispersion amount and anomalous-dispersion bandwidth with all-order dispersion taken into account.
Effect of aeration on rice alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract A correlation between the concentration of ethanol (EtOH) in rice shoots and the observed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, and the stimulation of ADH activity by addition of EtOH to the growing medium, suggests rice ADH is an adaptive enzyme. Since the depressing effect of aeration on rice ADH appears metabolic, aeration may influence ADH activity by restricting EtOH production.
PARP-1 regulates chromatin structure and transcription through a KDM5B-dependent pathway

PARP-1 is an abundant nuclear enzyme that regulates gene expression, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined the interplay between PARP-1, histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), and linker histone H1 in the chromatin-dependent control of transcription. We show that PARP-1 is required for a series of molecular outcomes at the promoters of PARP-1-regulated genes, leading to a permissive chromatin environment that allows loading of the RNA Pol II machinery. PARP-1 does so by (1) preventing demethylation of H3K4me3 through the PARylation, inhibition, and exclusion of the histone demethylase KDM5B; and (2) promoting the exclusion of H1 and the opening of promoter chromatin. Upon depletion of PARP-1, these outcomes do not occur efficiently. Interestingly, cellular signaling pathways can use the regulated depletion of PARP-1 to modulate these chromatin-related molecular outcomes. Collectively, our results help to elucidate the roles of PARP-1 in the regulation of chromatin structure and transcription.
Drug insight: Immunomodulatory effects of statins--potential benefits for renal patients?

The therapeutic potential of statins might extend beyond lipid lowering in cardiovascular disease. Experimental and clinical data to support this assertion are assessed here by authors from the University Hospital of Geneva, with an emphasis on the capacity of drugs of this class to modulate immune processes which affect the kidney during progression of chronic renal disease and transplantation. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme crucial to cholesterol synthesis. Drugs of this class reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, in large part through lipid modulation. Emerging evidence indicates that statins have additional modes of action. These actions, which encompass modification of endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombus formation and inflammatory pathways, are widely referred to as 'pleiotropic effects'. These pleiotropic effects indicate that the therapeutic potential of statins might extend beyond cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular disease to other inflammatory disorders or conditions such as transplantation, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic kidney disease. Experimental and clinical data provide evidence to support these broader applications of statins; however, more large-scale trials are needed to clarify the therapeutic benefit.
Analysis of atypical urine cytology in a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND Voided urine cytology continues to play a paramount role in the surveillance of transitional cell neoplasms and as a screening modality in certain high-risk situations. Although a significant number of samples are diagnosed as atypical, there is little known about the outcome of these patients. In addition, the significance of transitional cell fragments in voided urine samples is uncertain. The objective of the current study was to evaluate retrospectively a large series of voided urine specimens that were reported as atypical. Standard cytomorphologic parameters were used with the aim of refining the atypical category. METHODS The authors studied 201 consecutive voided urine samples from 1995 that were evaluated by liquid-based cytology for the following features: specimen cellularity, the presence and number of cell clusters, and the architecture of the cell fragments. In addition, cells were examined for the following cytologic features: high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, nuclear membrane irregularities, hyperchromasia, India-ink nuclei, and chromatin pattern. Cytoplasmic features were evaluated but were limited significantly by poor preservation. Only specimens with a biopsy or cystoscopy and/or from patients who were followed for > 5 years were analyzed further. RESULTS In total, 23.4% of specimens showed transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) on biopsy, including 20 Grade 1 TCCs and 21 Grade 2 TCCs. Specimen cellularity, cluster numbers, nuclear membrane abnormalities, hyperchromasia, and India-ink nuclei were associated significantly with TCC. Twenty-six specimens (18.9%) were associated with renal calculi. CONCLUSIONS The atypical category contained a significant proportion of low-grade TCCs. Transitional cell clusters in voided urine are relevant clinically. The clinical picture, including the previous history of TCC and the presence of urinary calculi, provides valuable information when evaluating voided urine cytology. These features and careful attention to India-ink nuclei and nuclear membrane abnormalities could help make the “atypical” category a more meaningful group. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Awakening Teachers' Capacities for Social Justice With/In Arts-Based Inquiries

Social justice-oriented teacher education can guide preservice teachers toward greater critical sociocultural knowledge, analytic skills, social responsibility, and commitment to act in the interest of providing all students with high quality educational experiences. This qualitative case study examines how arts-based inquiries in social justice-oriented teacher education can provide the necessary generative spaces for developing preservice teachers’ critical sociocultural knowledge. Data were drawn from student interviews and reflective papers across four sections of a course employing collaborative, arts-based inquiry. Findings highlight the cumulative knowledge, pleasure, anxiety, confrontation with material and symbolic bodies, and self-transformations that can develop from art practices and help to awaken preservice teachers’ critical consciousness for teaching for social justice.
Regional differences in K channels of abdominal and circumesophageal segments of the crayfish medial giant axon

Intracellular recordings reveal that the membrane of the circumesophageal region of the medial giant axon of crayfish responds to replacement of Cl with propionate differently from that of the abdominal region of the same axon. The connective hyperpolarizes in the propionate saline, whereas the abdominal region undergoes the transient depolarization that is expected when a permeant anion (Cl) is replaced with an impermeant one (propionate). The hyperpolarization of the connectives is accompanied by an increased conductance, a decreased length constant, and an increase in threshold current for intracellular stimulation. These effects are specific for the connectives and for propionate. They do not occur on replacing Cl with other large anions, isethionate, methane sulfonate, or glucuronate. The effects of propionate are independent of Na or Ca and result from an increased K conductance. The hyperpolarization induced by propionate is increased in a K-free saline, where the resting potential (EM) is considerably positive to the emf of the K battery (EK). It is abolished in elevated Ko whenEM=EK.