cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From hubris to humility: Transcending original sin in managing hydroclimatic risk

Abstract The characteristics of hydroclimatic risk in the 21st Century are rapidly changing. Increases in extreme weather events and population densities alter exposure to floods and droughts. Water infrastructure is unable to keep pace and deterministic models can mislead. Yet, predominant strategies for managing risk continue to follow historical precedent, striving to tame nature's outbursts and mitigate disasters through conventional engineering structures. In this Viewpoint article, scholars from three disciplines address underlying limitations in contemporary risk management, each of which is rooted in the concept of hubris. They argue that effective risk management must extend beyond hubris-thinking to an approach based on humility. Extending from the three types of limitations—described as Disconnect from Nature, Engineers of a Fixed Nature. and Modelers of Nature— a collective and synthetic consideration provides insights into potential pathways forward for both science and practice. More satisfactory strategies for managing hydroclimatic risk will require a shift from a hubris-based paradigm to a more humility-based approach.
The Creation of a Psychiatry-Palliative Care Liaison Team: Using Psychiatrists to Extend Palliative Care Delivery and Access During the COVID-19 Crisis.

Abstract Context During the course of March and April 2020, New York City experienced a surge of a 170,000 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, overwhelming hospital systems and leading to an unprecedented need for palliative care services. Objectives To present a model for rapid palliative care workforce expansion under crisis conditions, using supervised advanced psychiatry trainees to provide primary palliative services in the acute care and emergency setting. Methods In response to the New York City COVID-19 surge, advanced psychiatry trainees at New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center were rapidly trained and redeployed to a newly formed psychiatry-palliative care liaison team. Under the supervision of consultation-liaison psychiatrists (who also served as team coordinators), these trainees provided circumscribed palliative care services to patients and/or their families, including goals-of-care discussions and psychosocial support. Palliative care attendings remained available to all team members for more advanced and specialized supervision. Results The psychiatry-palliative care liaison team effectively provided palliative care services during the early phase and peak of New York City's COVID-19 crisis, managing up to 16 new cases per day and provided longitudinal follow-up, thereby enabling palliative care specialists to focus on providing services requiring specialist-level palliative care expertise. Conclusion By training and supervising psychiatrists and advanced psychiatry trainees in specific palliative care roles, palliative care teams could more effectively meet markedly increased service needs of varying complexity during the COVID-19 crisis. As new geographic regions experience possible COVID-19 surges in the coming months, this may serve as a model for rapidly increasing palliative care workforce.
Multiparametric prostate MRI-based intensity-modulated radiation therapy guided by prostatic calcifications

Objectives:The optimal technique to administer image-guided radiation therapy for prostate cancer remains poorly defined. This study assessed outcomes after multiparametric prostate MRI-based plann...
Wearable Technologies: a Roadmap to the Future

Wearable technologies have a large potential to amplify human abilities. Thanks to their close contact to the human body, their miniaturized dimensions and continuous data collection, wearables are versatile, meeting system requirements across domains. Wearable technologies have grown in quantity and quality over the past decades, gaining popularity. However, to foster users' acceptance and sustain their engagement, wearables must be useful, and their interface design must carefully consider user interaction on the go as well as transient requirements from diverse contexts of use. Without such design considerations, not only wearable technologies may become a burden for end users, but also abandonment rates increase. Through illustrative examples of wearable technologies, in this talk I provide an overview of wearable computing, I will discuss the applications, challenges and opportunities in the design of user interfaces for wearable interaction. I conclude the talk presenting a roadmap for next-generation wearables.
Is Opioid-Limiting Legislation Effective for Hand Surgery Patients?

Background:The Rhode Island State Legislature passed the Uniform Controlled Substances Act in 2016 to limit opioid prescriptions. We aimed to objectively evaluate its effect on opioid prescribing f...
Can Coherent Predictions be Contradictory

We prove the sharp bound for the probability that two experts who have access to different information, represented by different -fields, will give radically different estimates of the probability of an event. This is relevant when one combines predictions from various experts in a common probability space to obtain an aggregated forecast. The optimizer for the bound is explicitly described. This paper was originally titled ‘Contradictory predictions’.
Collective Bargaining and Strategic Disclosure in Earnings Conference Calls

Prior studies provide extensive evidence that unionized firms tend to have more negative disclosure than non-unionized firms do. These studies interpret this behavior as managers of unionized firms manipulating disclosure to gain an advantage in collective bargaining but do not directly test this assumption. An alternative explanation is that unionized firms disclose truthfully on their union-deflated prospects. Using measures that are specifically designed to capture deceptive behaviors, we find that (1) managers of unionized firms tend to script their answers in conference calls to a greater extent when union-related proprietary costs are higher, (2) unionized firm managers actively cast earnings calls with unfavorable analysts before labor negotiations, (3) when union-related proprietary costs are higher, a larger share of managers’ negative language occurs in sentences with linguistic cues of deception, (4) when the firms have weak unions and operate in states with Right-to-Work laws, managers tend to be “truth-tellers,” and (5) managers of unionized firms use scripting and deceptively negative language, but not casting, more often than managers of non-unionized firms. Our findings provide confirmatory evidence that unionized firms manipulate disclosure to mitigate union-related proprietary costs. However, we also find that there are subsets of unionized firms that disclose truthfully.
Abstract 1577: Caloric restriction mimetics as adjuvant to immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of melanoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized melanoma therapy. Still, the 5-year survival for advanced melanoma is only 50%. This leads to two questions: what makes some tumors less responsive to ICIs, and what can be done to increase responsiveness? Prior research suggests that hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) decreases the efficacy of ICIs, and metformin, an antihyperglycemic and caloric restriction mimetic (CRM), is able to reverse this condition. We hypothesize that other CRMs will also increase responsiveness to ICIs through hypoxia, and potentially other mechanisms. We chose three CRMs to study alongside metformin: hydroxycitrate, resveratrol, and sulforaphane. To identify pathways and understand more about CRMs effect on tumor hypoxia, we performed a proteomics experiment on B16F10 murine melanoma cells treated with all four CRMs. Proteomics analysis was done with a tandem mass tag labeling. To determine effect of caloric restriction mimetics on immunotherapy efficacy, B16F10 cells will be injected subcutaneously in immunocompetent male and female C57BL/6J mice, separated into four groups: 1) no treatment control, 2) ICI therapy only, 3) CRM therapy only, 4) ICI + CRM combination. Our preliminary data shows that, like metformin, additional CRMs decrease oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells. This supports the hypothesis that the other CRMs may function similarly to metformin in the TME. We started testing the effect of four CRMs on tumor growth and hypoxia in an animal model. Our ultimate goal is to improve responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic melanoma. Citation Format: Lauren C. Morehead, Brian S. Koss, Katherine F. Wallis, Alan J. Tackett, Isabelle Racine Miousse. Caloric restriction mimetics as adjuvant to immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1577.
Political Views from Below: A Survey of Beijing Residents

With the death of Deng Xiaoping, China's political future is once again in the spotlight. Debate over the viability of the current political regime in China started immediately after the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown when the prospects for reform in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the fate of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) projected by China watchers were then overwhelmingly pessimistic (Ditmer 1989; Swaine 1989). Eight years after the Tiananmen Square events, the survival of the CCP against all odds (including the aftermath of the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union) is in itself no small miracle. The post-Tiananmen political regime in China has by and large been stable. Not only has the CCP survived, it has made impressive economic progress in recent years. This new development has caused a major reassessment of the situation in the PRC among China watchers. Nicholas Kristoff, in the New York Times (1993), called the phenomenon of China's rapid economic growth in an authoritarian environment the “riddle of China.” One China specialist even posed the question whether China is where Samuel Huntington's “third wave” stopped and whether the PRC would be an exception to the fall of communism worldwide (Nathan 1993). The most often cited factors accounting for the political tranquillity in the PRC are its remarkable economic growth and its political oppression (Nathan 1993). These two factors are certainly indispensable in understanding developments in China after 1989.
Solve the Breeder’s Equation Using High-Throughput Crop Phenotyping Technology

This chapter provides an overview of high-throughput crop phenotyping technology on its concept and significance under the context of crop production improvement. The roles of different components in the crop production equation (\({\varvec{P}}={\varvec{G}}\times {\varvec{E}}\times {\varvec{M}}+\varepsilon\)) toward crop yield, i.e., crop yield (P) is a function of crop genotype (G), environment (E) and management (M) is discussed. It is concluded that all components have a great impact on the agriculture yield. Studies suggest that the contribution of crop genetic improvement to yield improvement can be increased substantially upon the breakthroughs in high-efficient crop phenotyping technologies. The potential solutions to improve crop yield gain are discussed and guided by the genetic gain (breeder’s) equation. In this chapter, the concept of high-throughput phenotyping technology is introduced and their potential contributions toward genetic improvement are discussed. This chapter also provides some background information for the high-throughput phenotyping technologies discussed in the following chapters.
The Response of Multilayer Dielectric Coatings to Low Fluence Ultraviolet Light Exposure

Multilayer dielectric high-reflectance coatings were investigated for potential application in a high-average-power, 1-μm wavelength, free-electron laser oscillator. Of concern are the ultraviolet harmonics of the primarywavelength generated within the oscillator that tend to degrade the dielectric coatings. These coatings are required to be high reflecting and low absorbing with respect to the 1-μm wavelength and resist degradation/damage from the ultraviolet harmonics. A KrF excimer laser was used to generate the low fluence ultraviolet light at 248-nm wavelength, a wavelength that simulates the fourth harmonic of the 1-μm free-electron laser. A variety of candidate dielectric oxide thin film materials are compared in this report. In each multilayer dielectric high reflector measured, a candidate high-index dielectric material is used in combination with SiO 2 as the low-index material. Damage test measurements are reported for the 248-nm wavelength with HfO 2 being the high-index material with significantly the best results.
State of the science of health literacy measures: Validity implications for minority populations.

Abstract Objectives To review the evidence supporting the validity of health literacy (HL) measures for ethnic minority populations. Methods PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched for HL measures between 1965 and 2013. Results A total of 109HL measures were identified; 37 were non-English HL measures and 72 were English language measures. Of the 72 English language measures, 17 did not specify the racial/ethnic characteristic of their sample. Of the remaining 55 measures, 10 (18%) did not include blacks, 30 (55%) did not include Hispanics, and 35 (64%) did not include Asians in their validation sample. When Hispanic and Asian Americans were included, they accounted for small percentages in the overall sample. Between 2005–2013, a growing number of REALM and TOFHLA translations were identified, and new HL measures for specific cultural/linguistic groups within and outside the United States were developed. Conclusions While there are a growing number of new and translated HL measures for minority populations, many existing HL measures have not been properly validated for minority groups. Practice Implications HL measures that have not been properly validated for a given population should be piloted before wider use. In addition, improving HL instrument development/validation methods are imperative to increase the validity of these measures for minority populations.
Network Analysis Identifies NR4A2 with Gene-Environment Interactions Influencing Inflammation Biomarkers Modified by Fatty Acid Intake in Two Populations

Background: Chronic inflammation is an important component of cardiometabolic diseases. Markers of inflammation are sensitive to both genetic variation and diet, particularly different dietary fatt...
In utero transplantation of wild-type fetal liver cells rescues factor X-deficient mice from fatal neonatal bleeding diatheses

Factor X (FX)-deficient embryos suffer partial embryonic lethality with approximately 30% of the embryos arresting at midgestation. The remaining animals survive to term but die perinatally mainly from abdominal or intracranial hemorrhage. We have rescued FX-deficient mice by transplanting fetal liver cells from FX+/+, Rosa26 fetuses into midgestation embryos derived from FX+/- heterozygous crosses. FX-/- embryos were born at the expected frequency and approximately 50% of the FX-/- neonates survived longer than 4 months. FX-/- embryos receiving saline injections that survived to term died perinatally similar to untreated FX-deficient mice. The plasma levels of FX in the rescued 16-week-old FX-/- mice were approximately 1-6% of wild-type levels. beta-Galactosidase-staining cells derived from the donor Rosa26 fetal liver cells were detected in 47% of the livers of adult mice. In addition, donor-derived cells were also recovered in the bone marrow, spleen, lung, and occasionally in the brain and testis. These results suggest that in utero cell transplantation could be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat pathologies resulting from the deficiency of hepatic-expressed factors.
Improved survival in patients with early stage low-grade follicular lymphoma treated with radiation: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis.

BACKGROUND: External beam radiation therapy (RT) is the standard treatment for stage I-II, grade 1-2 follicular lymphoma. Because of an indolent natural history, some advocate alternative management strategies, including watchful waiting for this disease. The relative improvement in outcomes for patients treated with and without RT has never been tested in randomized trials. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for adult patients with stage I-II, grade 1-2 follicular lymphoma diagnosed from 1973 to 2004. Retrievable patient data included age, sex, race, stage, extranodal disease, and treatment with RT within the first year after diagnosis. Actuarial overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 6568 patients were identified. DSS at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years in the RT group was 90%, 79%, 68%, and 63% versus 81%, 66%, 57%, and 51% in the no RT group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.68; P < .0001). OS at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years in the RT group was 81%, 62%, 45%, and 35% versus 71%, 48%, 34%, and 23% in patients not receiving RT (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.63-0.73; P < .0001). On multivariate analysis, upfront RT remained independently associated with improved DSS (P < .0001, Cox HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.57-0.72) and OS (P < .0001; Cox HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67-0.79). Lymphoma was the most common cause of death (52%). Only 34% of patients received upfront RT. CONCLUSIONS: Upfront RT was associated with improved DSS and OS compared with alternate management approaches, a benefit that persisted over time. This benefit suggests that watchful waiting with administration of salvage therapies on progression/relapse do not compensate for inadequate initial definitive treatment. Although it is the standard of care for this disease, RT for early stage low-grade follicular lymphoma is greatly underused in the US population; increased use of upfront RT could prevent thousands of deaths from lymphoma in these patients. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The use of scanning acoustic microscopy for assessing material differences in cortical bone

Bovine cortical bone is selectively demineralized by timed immersion in supersaturated (ethylenedinitrilo)-tetraacetic acid. The resulting demineralized and mineralized tissues are characterized using a scanning acoustic microscope with a 50 MHz transducer and three histological protocols. The sonic wave velocities and elastic moduli of the mineralized tissue and collagen are found to be 3.65 +or- 0.12 km/s and 1.49 +or- 0.06 km/s and 27.2 +or- 2.5 GPa and 2.95 +or- 0.26 GPa, respectively. The results of this preliminary study indicate that scanning acoustic microscopy combined with histological evaluation has promise as a means of assessing acoustic and material properties of cortical bone on a site-specific basis. >
Packet scheduling across networks of switches

Recent developments in computer and communication networks require scheduling decisions to be made under increasingly complex system dynamics. We model and analyze the problem of packet transmissions through an arbitrary network of buffered queues, and provide a framework for describing routing and migration. This paper introduces an intuitive geometric description of stability for these networks and describes some simple algorithms which lead to maximal throughput. We show how coordination over sequential timeslots by algorithms such as those based on a round robin can provide considerable advantages over a randomized scheme.
Higher-order ionospheric error at Arecibo, Millstone, and Jicamarca

[1] The ionosphere is a dominant source of Global Positioning System receiver range measurement error. Although dual-frequency receivers can eliminate the first-order ionospheric error, most second- and third-order errors remain in the range measurements. Higher-order ionospheric error is a function of both electron density distribution and the magnetic field vector along the GPS signal propagation path. This paper expands previous efforts by combining incoherent scatter radar (ISR) electron density measurements, the International Reference Ionosphere model, exponential decay extensions of electron densities, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, and total electron content maps to compute higher-order error at ISRs in Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Jicamarca, Peru; and Millstone Hill, Massachusetts. Diurnal patterns, dependency on signal direction, seasonal variation, and geomagnetic activity dependency are analyzed. Higher-order error is largest at Arecibo with code phase maxima circa 7 cm for low-elevation southern signals. The maximum variation of the error over all angles of arrival is circa 8 cm.
HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl): OH rate coefficient, UV and infrared absorption spectra, and atmospheric implications

HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl), an ozone-depleting substance, is primarily removed from the atmosphere by gas-phase reaction with OH radicals and by UV photolysis. The rate coefficient, k, for the OH + HCFC-133a reaction was measured between 233 and 379 K and is given by k(T) = (9.32 ± 0.8) × 10−13 exp(−(1296 ± 28)/T), where k(296 K) was measured to be (1.10 ± 0.02) × 10−14 (cm3 molecule−1 s−1) (2σ precision uncertainty). The HCFC-133a UV absorption spectrum was measured between 184.95 and 240 nm at 213–323 K, and a spectrum parameterization is presented. The HCFC-133a atmospheric loss processes, lifetime, ozone depletion potential, and uncertainties were evaluated using a 2-D atmospheric model. The global annually averaged steady state lifetime and ozone depletion potential (ODP) were determined to be 4.45 (4.04–4.90) years and 0.017 (±0.001), respectively, where the ranges are based solely on the 2σ uncertainty in the kinetic and photochemical parameters. The infrared absorption spectrum of HCFC-133a was measured, and its global warming potential was determined to be 380 on the 100 year time horizon.
Dietary habits and leisure-time physical activity in relation to adiposity, dyslipidemia, and incident dysglycemia in the pathobiology of prediabetes in a biracial cohort study.

Background Dietary and exercise data are frequently recorded in clinical research, but their correlation with metabolic measures needs further evaluation.
Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond

Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond. Edward Schatz. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 250 pp.
The development of a virtual camera system for astronaut-rover planetary exploration

A virtual assistant is being developed for use by astronauts as they use rovers to explore the surface of other planets. This interactive database, called the Virtual Camera (VC), is an interactive database that allows the user to have better situa- tional awareness for exploration. It can be used for training, data analysis and augmentation of actual surface exploration. This paper describes the development efforts and Human-Computer Interaction considerations for implementing a first- generation VC on a tablet mobile computer device. Scenarios for use will be presented. Evaluation and success criteria such as efficiency in terms of processing time and precision situational awareness, learnability, usability, and robustness will also be presented. Initial testing and the impact of HCI design considerations of manipulation and improvement in situational aware- ness using a prototype VC will be discussed.
Gamete Recognition in Mice Depends on the Cleavage Status of an Egg’s Zona Pellucida Protein

At fertilization, mouse sperm bind to the zona pellucida (which consists of glycoproteins ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3) that surrounds eggs. A ZP2 cleavage model of gamete recognition requires intact ZP2, and a glycan release model postulates that zona glycans are ligands for sperm. These two models were tested by replacing endogenous protein with ZP2 that cannot be cleaved (Zp2Mut) or with ZP3 lacking implicated O glycans (Zp3Mut). Sperm bound to two-cell Zp2Mut embryos despite fertilization and cortical granule exocytosis. Contrary to prediction, sperm fertilized Zp3Mut eggs. Sperm at the surface of the zona pellucida remained acrosome-intact for more than 2 hours and were displaced by additional sperm. These data indicate that sperm-egg recognition depends on the cleavage status of ZP2 and that binding at the surface of the zona is not sufficient to induce sperm acrosome exocytosis.
Personality pathology among married adults with bipolar disorder

The comorbidity of DSM-III-R axis II personality disorders in patients with bipolar disorder has received less attention than for unipolar depression perhaps because of the potential confounding of state vs. trait qualities. The current study took steps to separate pathological traits of personality from behaviors evidenced during discrete affective episodes in a sample of married, outpatient bipolar patients. Data indicated that 22% of our patients met criteria for a categorical diagnosis of personality disorder. Axis II pathology as represented by both categorical and dimensional scores was associated with increased psychiatric symptoms during subsequent treatment and poorer social adjustment.
Strategies for molecular genetic studies of preserved deep-sea macrofauna

With the development of new methods to sequence DNA from preserved organisms, existing archival collections can be used to document the population genetic structure of deep-sea species. This has made possible the first direct inferences about patterns of evolutionary diversification in the soft-sediment macrofauna. Here we report protocols and success rates for amplifying and sequencing regions of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, Cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and Cytochrome b (cytb) genes from formalin-fixed protobranch bivalves and gastropods, major components of the deep-sea benthos. DNA was extracted from 1532 individuals of 12 common bathyal and abyssal species that had been fixed in formalin and preserved in alcohol for up to 36 years. DNA was also extracted from 53 individuals that were dried upon collection, some of which were collected more than 100 years ago. The overall success rate for amplification by PCR was 44%, but this varied considerably among species, stations, and cruises. When DNA amplified, sequencing success was generally high, averaging 85% and ranging from 19% to 100%. The reliability of amplification and sequencing depend strongly on how samples are treated during collection and storage. Amplification success was similar among samples collected from the same station and samples collected on the same cruise. We provide recommendations on strategies for primer design, PCR, and sample selection to improve success rates for genetic analysis of preserved deep-sea organisms. The success rates from different collections, sampling stations, and cruises provide important guidance for selecting material for future genetic work on deep-sea collections examined here.
Rapid and reproducible fabrication of carbon nanotube AFM probes by dielectrophoresis

Nano Letters is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Letter Rapid and Reproducible Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube AFM Probes by Dielectrophoresis Jie Tang, Guang Yang, Qi Zhang, Ahmet Parhat, Ben Maynor, Jie Liu, Lu-Chang Qin, and Otto Zhou Nano Lett., 2005, 5 (1), 11-14 • DOI: 10.1021/nl048803y Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 1, 2009
Changes in blood flow to the ovine chorion and amnion across gestation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental changes in blood flow to the network of fetal microvessels in ovine chorion and amnion. Colored microspheres (15.10 ± 0.02 [standard deviation] μ in diameter) were in fused into the superior vena cava in nine chronically catheterized fetal sheep with gestational ages ranging from 103–141 days (term 147). After euthanasia, chorion, amnion, and cotyledons were separated and microspheres were counted to determine blood flow rates. Standard correlation and regression analyses were used to analyses were used to analyze the data. Chorionic blood flow rate increased linearly (r = 0.82, P =.006) from 12 mL/minute at 103 days’ gestation to 70 mL/minute at 141 days, and averaged 10.3 ± 1.2% of the total umblilical blood flow. Weight-normalized chorionic flow (18.4 ± 2.0 [standard error] mL/minute/kg of fetus) did not change significantly across gestation. Absolute and weightnormalized blood flow to the amnion (0.82 ± 0.31 mL/minute and 0.34 ± 0.11 mL/minute/kg fetus) increased and with advancing gestation until 130 days and declined thereafter. Absolute cotyledonary blood flow rate increased with gestational age (r = 0.81, P =.008), and weight-normalized cotyledonary blood flow decreased with advancing gestation (r = -0.89, P =.002). Absolute but not weight-normalized chorionic and cotyledonary blood flow rates correlated positively. Blood flow to the microvascular network in the ovine chorion is high and increase with advancing gestation. Blood flow to the amnion is low but not insignificant. Therefore, intramembranous exchange may play an increasingly important role in determining amniotic fluid volume and composition as gestation proceeds.
Storyboarding: A Concrete Way to Generate Effective Visuals

Storyboarding, long associated with scriptwriting, advertising, and more recently with technical manuals, can be successfully applied to an even broader variety of technical documents. In this article, the application of storyboarding techniques to designing technical proposals suggests methods of incorporating more visuals into documents, as well as better meeting clients' needs.
Thermodynamic and heat transport considerations for viscoelastic fluids

Abstract In this paper the application of thermodynamic principles to the mechanics of viscoelastic flow is outlined. Existing theories of heat transfer (for purely viscous fluids) are shown to be equally valid for viscoelastic materials in all steady laminar shearing flow fields provided the temperature-dependency of physical properties may be either neglected or accounted for separately. In more general flow fields (including boundary layer problems) the additional effects of viscoelastic properties are shown and dimensionless ratios are developed to show under what conditions they are of importance. It is seen that the viscoelastic properties may lead to either increased or decreased heat transfer rates, depending upon the kinematic characteristics of the flow field under consideration and the direction of heat transfer. Implications of the second law of thermodynamics are discussed and the possibility of negative dissipation functions indicated.
Spectrometer with longitudinal dispersion

Abstract The publication covers a multi-slit spectrometer which makes use of the longitudinal dispersion characteristics of optical lenses. Slit function and resolution are being determined. The longitudinal spectrometer has approximately the same resolution as a conventional lateral spectrometer of the same dimensions, provided the slit widths of the first type of spectrometer are narrower by the aperture ratio than the slit widths of the latter type of spectrometer, whilst its radiant flux is far higher because of the slit multiplicity. The spectrometer can be realized in different versions. Contrary to the majority of known multi-slit spectrometers, it is insensitive to non-uniform illumination of the multi-slit plates. The fundamental operating characteristics of a longitudinal spectrometer have been proved experimentally by means of a simple breadboard set-up. Resolution obtained did not fully meet the theoretical value, as the technical set-up of the breadboard had not been optimized.
Policy enabled interconnection of sensor networks using a message queue infrastructure

A light-weight messaging fabric can be used to interconnect several different types of sensors together in a light-weight manner using existing products. However, existing commercial solutions for interconnecting sensors do not provide an easy method to enforce communication flow policies among several different methods, nor do they provide an easy interface for auto-configuration of sensor flows to enforce messaging policies. In this paper, we describe an approach that can add the features of self-configuration and policy based security controls to a sensor network built atop a message queue infrastructure. We describe the architecture for providing policy control and self-configuration network management functions to the sensor messaging fabric.
Numerical modelling of confined flow past a cylinder of square cross‐section at various orientations

Results are presented for the unsteady, two-dimensional flow and heat transfer due to a square obstruction of diameter d located asymmetrically between the parallel sliding walls of a channel with length-to-height ratio W/H= 6.44. Analysis is based on the numerical solution of spatially and temporally second-order accurate finite difference approximations of the transport equations expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. Laminar, constant property flow is assumed for obstruction configurations in which the blockage ratio is d/H=0.192, the nearest-wall distances are g/d= 0.2, 0.5 and 1, the orientation angles are α = 0°, 10° and 20° and the Reynolds numbers are Re=100, 500, and 1000. Preparatory testing of the numerical procedure was performed for a variety of documented flows to verify its physiconumerical accuracy and obtain estimates of the residual grid-dependent uncertainties in the variables calculated. Heat transfer, drag and lift coefficients and Strouhal numbers for the present flow were finally calculated to within 4%-7% of their grid-dependent values using non-uniformly spaced grids consisting of (x=99, y=55) nodes.
Valproic acid induces p21 and topoisomerase-II (α/β) expression and synergistically enhances etoposide cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma cell lines

Object Etoposide, a topoisomerase-II inhibitor promotes DNA damage and apoptosis of cancer cells. In this study, we have examined the ability of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA) to modulate gene expression and sensitize glioblastoma cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of etoposide in vitro.
Effects of hydrogenation and additives on cooking oil performance of soybean oil

Soybean oil was continuously hydrogenated in a slurry system to investigate the effects of linolenate content and additives on cooking oil performance. Room odor evaluations carried out on oils heated to 190 C after frying bread cubes showed that the oils hydrogenated with Cu catalyst to 2.4% linolenate (Cu-2.4) and with Ni catalyst to 4.6 linolenate (Ni-4.6) had a significantly lower odor intensity score than the unhydrogenated soybean oil (SBO). Other hydrogenated oils (Cu-0.5 and Ni-2.7) were not significantly better than SBO. Oil hydrogenated with Ni (Ni-0.4) scored poorly because of its strong “hydrogenated-paraffin” odor. The performance of all partially hydrogenated oils (2.4, 2.7 and 4.6% linolenate) was improved by adding methyl silicone (MS), but the most hydrogenated oils (0.5 and 0.4% linolenate) were not improved. Although with tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) no improvement was obtained, with the combination of TBHQ + MS all odor scores were lower, indicating a synergistic effect. Evaluations of bread cubes after intermittent heating and frying showed that the breads fried in most hydrogenated oils (Ni-0.4, Cu-2.4 and Ni-2.7) were rated significantly better in flavor quality than breads fried in SBO. The bread cubes fried in MS-treated oils had significantly higher flavor quality scores than breads fried in SBO or SBO containing TBHQ. Dimer analyses by gel permeation chromatography and color development after heat treatments also did not correlate with sensory analyses.
Hydrodynamic Effects in Earthquake Response of Gravity Dams

The frequency response functions with or without hydrodynamic interaction, including or neglecting compressibility of water, and numerical results for the increase in periods of vibration of the dam due to water in the reservoir are presented. Also presented are responses of a typical concrete gravity dam, Pine Flat Dam, to Koyna 1967 and Taft 1952 ground motions. Hydrodynamic interaction as well as compressibility of water have very significant effects on the periods of vibration as well as frequency response functions of concrete gravity dams. A full reservoir causes a significant increase in the lateral displacements of the dam due to earthquake ground motion. Whether this increase in displacements is accompanied by an increase in the stresses or not depends on the frequency characteristics of the ground motion. Because of the hydrodynamic effects, the vertical component of ground motion is more important in the response of gravity dams in comparison with other classes of structures.
Remediation and Prophylaxis of Anomia in Primary Progressive Aphasia

Anomia is one of the earliest deficits associated with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). To determine if treatment can remediate naming deficits for specific words or delay the emergence of these deficits in PPA, we are conducting a longitudinal, within-subjects treatment study. Preliminary results are reported here.
Estrogen Receptor-α Mediates the Epidermal Growth Factor-Stimulated Prolactin Expression and Release in Lactotrophs

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent regulator of cell function in many cell types. EGF-receptor (EGFR/ErbB1)-activated Erk1/2 has been reported to activate estrogen receptor (ER) in an estrogen (E2)-independent manner. In the pituitary lactotrophs, both EGF and E2 stimulate prolactin (PRL) release, but the nature of interactions between ErbB and ERalpha signaling is unknown. Our objectives were to 1) characterize EGF-induced PRL release, 2) determine whether this effect requires ERalpha, and 3) determine the molecular basis for cross talk between ErbB and ERalpha signaling pathways. Using GH3 cells, a rat lactotroph cell line, we report that EGF stimulates PRL gene expression and release in a dose- and time-dependent manner. EGF caused a rapid and robust activation of Erk1/2 via ErbB1 and induced phosphorylation of S118 on ERalpha in an Erk1/2-dependent manner. The global antiestrogen ICI 182780 and the ERalpha-specific antagonist 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylet hoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP), but not the ERbeta-specific antagonist 4-[2-Phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP), blocked the EGF-induced PRL release, indicating an ERalpha requirement. This was further supported by using ERalpha knockdown by small interfering RNA. Because the antiestrogens did not block EGF-induced Mek-1 or Erk1/2 phosphorylation, ERalpha is placed downstream from the ErbB1-activated Erk1/2. These results provide the first evidence that ErbB1-induced PRL release is ERalpha dependent.
Army initiatives in battlefield digitization

The Army is in a state oftransition. Not only are we changing organizationally but also in the way we operate on the battlefield. These changes are driven by the current nature ofthe environment in which we live, fiscal realities, and the need to adapt to future requirements as we see them.
Weekly high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel in advanced prostate cancer.

Abstract Novel treatment regimens for androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) are needed because currently available approaches have not been shown to improve survival. Docetaxel provides a good foundation for new therapeutic combinations because of its promising single-agent activity against prostate cancer and its favorable tolerability profile, particularly when administered weekly. In both tissue culture and animal models of prostate cancer, calcitriol (the biologically active form of vitamin D) enhanced the activity of docetaxel, paclitaxel, and platinum compounds. These effects were particularly notable at supraphysiologic calcitriol concentrations. Weekly calcitriol dosing is associated with minimal toxicity and permits substantial dose escalation over the daily schedule. A weekly calcitriol dose of 0.5 μg/kg produces plasma calcitriol levels 25-fold higher than the physiologic range. In a preclinical study at the Oregon Health Sciences University, calcitriol 5 μmol/L plus docetaxel 0.15 nmol/L was at least additive in inhibiting PC-3 colony formation. A phase II study is evaluating weekly administration of 0.5 μg/kg calcitriol orally on day 1 followed by 36 mg/m 2 docetaxel intravenously on day 2 in patients with AIPC (repeated for 6 consecutive weeks of each 8-week cycle). At the time of a preliminary analysis, 11 patients had been enrolled and were actively being treated. All 5 patients who had completed 8 weeks of calcitriol/ docetaxel treatment achieved prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reductions of ≥50%. Two of these patients had confirmatory assessments, both meeting the formal PSA response criteria. Treatment has been well tolerated, with I patient experiencing a self-limited grade 3 toxicity and no patients experiencing grade 4 or 5 toxicities.
Rapoport's Rule Revisited: Geographical Distributions of Human Languages

One of the most well studied ecological patterns is Rapoport's rule, which posits that the geographical extent of species ranges increases at higher latitudes. However, studies to date have been limited in their geographic scope and results have been equivocal. In turn, much debate exists over potential links between Rapoport's rule and latitudinal patterns in species richness. Humans collectively speak nearly 7000 different languages, which are spread unevenly across the globe, with loci in the tropics. Causes of this skewed distribution have received only limited study. We analyze the extent of Rapoport's rule in human languages at a global scale and within each region of the globe separately. We test the relationship between Rapoport's rule and the richness of languages spoken in different regions. We also explore the frequency distribution of language-range sizes. The language-range area distribution is strongly right-skewed, with 87% of languages having range areas less than 10,000 km2, and only nine languages with range areas over 1,000,000 km2. At a global scale, language-range extents and areas are positively correlated with latitude. At a global scale and in five of the six regions examined, language-range extent and language-range area are strongly correlated with language richness. Our results point to group boundary formation as a critical mediator of the relationship between Rapoport's rule and diversity patterns. Where strong group boundaries limit range overlap, as is the case with human languages, and range sizes increase with latitude, latitudinal richness gradients may result.
Evaluating options for US coal fired power plants in the face of uncertainties and greenhouse gas caps: The economics of refurbishing, retrofitting, and repowering

Facing a cost for emitting carbon dioxide, US entities that own coal-fired power plants have a number of options to pursue as alternatives to retiring the plant and investing in a new one with lower carbon emissions. These include: (1) continuing to operate business as usual and obtaining emission allowances as needed, (2) switching to or cofiring low carbon fuels, (3) retrofitting with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), (4) repowering with an advanced coal technology incorporating CCS, and (5) refurbishing to improve plant efficiency in combination with any of the previous options. Markets for refurbishing, retrofitting, and repowering were assessed using data bases of existing coal fired power plants along with the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) code, which was modified to undertake an integrated analysis of how retrofit and repowering options would compete with other options for managing the fleet of coal fired power plants. Sensitivities with respect to key uncertainties are presented, including carbon values, natural gas prices, CCS incentives, and system-wide cost effectiveness of refurbishing in conjunction with retrofitting or repowering. The indicated market for coal fired power plants that could be retrofitted with near commercial CCS technology under carbon cost scenarios ranging from 45–60$/MTCO2e (metric ton CO2 equivalent) is on the order of 100 GW. A similar market is apparent for repowering, but with technologies that are as yet not commercialized. Below 30$/MTCO2e, CCS technologies would not deploy without incentives. While refurbishing can extend the market for either retrofitting or repowering, its impact will depend on the extent to which efficiency as well as other cost related factors can be collectively upgraded.
Analysis of intracellular regulatory proteins by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Measurement of intracellular regulatory proteins is of great importance in many areas of biomedical research. In this communication we describe an antibody-based capillary electrophoresis system equipped with an on-line laser-induced fluorescence detector capable of measuring intracellular proteins in cultures as low as 100 cells. The system demonstrated a high degree of precision and accuracy, being capable of detecting the fluorochrome-labeled analytes of interest at concentration of approximately 0.5 pg. We have used this instrument to study concentrations of the intracellular regulatory proteins STAT-1 and STAT-3, following stimulation of lymphocyte cultures with the inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. Using a combination of four antibodies specific for either STAT-1 or STAT-3 in both their nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms, we were able to demonstrate the differential expression of these proteins over time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central nervous system depression from ingestion of nonprescription eyedrops

Tetrahydrozoline, an alpha adrenergic agent with vasoconstrictor and decongestant properties, is widely available without a prescription for symptomatic relief of “pink eye” and is found in such popular products as Murine Plus,@ Optigene III,@ Visine,@ and Visine AC@ in a 0.05% concentration. When used appropriately as an ocular decongestant, tetrahydrozoline is a safe drug without serious side effects. When it is taken orally, however, relatively small amounts can produce profound central nervous system (CNS) depression.iA Scattered reports describing toxicity due to tetrahydrozolinelA generally involve either the 0.1% nasal solution used as prescribed, or accidental oral ingestion of nasal solution. This report describes two cases of profound CNS depression associated with the accidental oral ingestion of tetrahydrozoline ophthalmic solution. To our knowledge, only one other case of toxicity with the 0.05% ophthalmic preparation has been reported.’ A retrospective review of 64 tetrahydrozoline exposures is discussed.