cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry, revisited

How can an individual reenter a society of which he has never truly been a member? What does the PRI miss in assuming that the individual offender is the only potentially successful site for intervention? Drawing on his personal experience as an educator in prisons, public schools, and the PRI, the author argues that education in the PRI can best be understood in relation to educational segregation in society as a whole. As such, any successful approach to reentry must begin with a consideration of entry, and a renewed commitment by established institutions of the dominant culture to address racial segregation and the segregation of former prisoners alike.
The Use of EPIC in a Statistical Framework for Regional Analysis of Soil Responses to Climate and Management

Soil processes are strongly influenced by soil properties and condition, land management, and weather. These factors can change greatly over short distances and times. For example, the susceptibility of a field to water erosion can change dramatically during the time it takes for ploughing (i.e. a few hours). Similarly, conditions on either side of a boundary line can be very different if farmers employ different management practices (e.g. no-till versus conventional tillage). This variability is in addition to the inherent variability of soil properties. Furthermore, variations in weather can occur over times from several minutes to years.
NS2 is required for efficient translation of viral mRNA in minute virus of mice-infected murine cells.

Abstract Detailed analysis of five NS2 mutants of the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMp) has revealed the following. At low multiplicities of infection, NS2 mutants killed NB324K cells as well as wild-type (wt) MVM did and grew to high titers, while in contrast they grew poorly and did not readily kill murine A9 cells. Following CaPO4 transfection of murine fibroblasts, NS2 mutant infectious clones generated approximately 10-fold less monomer replicative-form DNA than wt and no detectable progeny single-stranded DNA. On nonmurine semipermissive NB324K cells, however, these mutant plasmid clones generated near wt levels of all replicative DNA forms. After infection of highly synchronized murine fibroblasts by NS2 mutant virus at inputs equivalent to those of the wt, mutant monomer replicative-form DNA was decreased 5- to 10-fold compared with that of the wt, and progeny single-stranded DNA accumulation was decreased to an even greater extent. Both total and cytoplasmic NS2 mutant RNA was decreased, but the amount of total viral mRNA generated, relative to accumulated viral DNA in the same experiments, was similar to that seen in wt infection. The accumulation of virus-generated proteins was also decreased in NS2 mutant infection; however, the magnitude of this decrease, compared with that of wt infections, was significantly greater than the concomitant decrease in mutant-generated levels of accumulated cytoplasmic RNA, and this effect was most dramatic for VP2. There was no such disparity between the relative accumulation of mutant-generated RNA and protein in cells permissive for the growth of these mutants. These results suggest that translation of MVM viral RNA is specifically reduced in NS2 mutant infection of restrictive cells. Because the affected viral proteins are required for the efficient production of viral replicative DNA forms, these results reveal a fundamental, although perhaps not the only, role for NS2 in parvovirus infection.
Prosecutors and Use of Restorative Justice in Courts: Greek Case:

The purpose of this research study was to examine the experiences of prosecutors in Athens, Greece, as they implement a restorative justice (RJ; mediation) model in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV). Greece recently enacted a new legislation related to domestic violence, part of the requirement is mediation. This study used semi-structured interviews with 15 public prosecutors at the courts of first instance and three interviews with facilitators of mediation process. The findings indicate widespread role confusion. Prosecutors’ experiences, professional positions, and views of RJ in adult cases of gendered violence were shaped by their legal training. That is, their perceptions reflected their work in an adversarial system. Their views were complex yet ultimately unreceptive and their practices failed the victims of IPV. The study report concluded with recommendations for the legislators and for better preparation of court actors.
Preferred organizational designs and problems solving styles: interesting companIons

The activities of managers range from using specific ana­ lytical techniques to employing broad intuitive judgments to dealing with sensitive human problems. All of these activities have one thing in common: they reflect managers' problem­ solving styles. In all these activities, a manager's problem­ solving style will be apparent to others. Sometimes, a manager will consciously be aware of his/her problem-solving style, and other times this recognition will be only intuitively recognized.
Effects of Aging on Crossed Response Inhibition and Bimanual Coordination: a Cerebral Interhemispheric Disconnection (P1.206)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to learn if there are changes in motor inhibition with healthy aging and if these changes are asymmetrical (right versus left upper limb) or related to impaired interhemispheric communication. Background: Healthy aging has been associated with alterations of interhemispheric communication that may result from age related changes in white matter. Healthy aging is also associated with alterations of frontal lobe-executive functions such as motor inhibitory control. Methods: Thirteen healthy older right-handed adults (age>65) and 20 healthy younger right-handed adults (age<65) performed the test of crossed response inhibition in which the examiner touches a participant’s hand and the participant then raises the opposite hand. Participants completed a test of unimanual response inhibition, Luria’s test of echopraxia, in which the participant raises two fingers when the examiner raises one finger and vice versa. Participants also completed a test of bimanual coordination, Luria’s alternating hand postures test, in which the participant opens one hand while closing the other, then closes the hand that was open while opening the hand that was closed, and this movement pattern is repeated. Results: The older (versus the younger) adults made more errors on the test of crossed response inhibition and Luria’s alternating hand postures test, two tests that require interhemispheric communication. There were no differences between groups during performance of Luria’s test of echopraxia with either hand. Discussion: With aging, bimanual coordination and motor response inhibition may be affected by impaired interhemispheric communication. This study is partially supported by a grant from the Florida Department of Elder Affairs, Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative program. Study investigators also receive research funding from the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development. Disclosure: Dr. Shoraka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Otzel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zilli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Finney has received research support for functional neuromodulation. Dr. Doty has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilman has received personal compensation for activities as a medical legal expert. Dr. Falchook has received research support from the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Rehabilitation Research & Development.
Man Versus Machine: Eye Estimates in the Age of Digital Imaging

Astronomical observing has been greatly simplified by the development and implementation of digital imaging techniques and remote observing. Aperture photometry of CCD data permits photometric measurements to be made routinely with uncertainties of a few hundredths of a magnitude or better. The question of whether there is still a place in modern observational astronomy for simple eye estimates of brightness is considered. Examples of recent uses of eye estimates are presented. Suggestions for when eye estimates should be avoided and when they are still worthwhile are offered. The reactions to these suggestions by the conference audience are summarized.
Degradation of duplex DNA by S1 nuclease from Aspergillus.

Summary A nuclease from Aspergillus which selectively degrades single-stranded polynucleotides, S 1 , has been purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The purified enzyme is still capable of degrading both OX174 RF and native calf thymus DNA. The hydrolysis of double-stranded DNA appears to be endonucleolytic as is single-strand cleavage.
Recruitment of scleractinians onto the skeletons of corals killed by black band disease

To determine what happens to scleractinian corals that have been killed by black band disease (BBD), massive corals with BBD were monitored for 11 years on a shallow reef (<10 m depth) in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Small quadrats (0.039 m2) were used to compare the rates of scleractinian recruitment to the skeletons of corals killed by either BBD or physical disturbance (Hurricane Hugo 1989). Coral recruitment was also quantified on the adjacent fringing reef using larger quadrats (0.25 m2) to detect possible biases associated with using small, permanent quadrats to assess recruitment to BBD-killed corals. Of 28 tagged colonies with BBD in 1988, 43% were lost to Hurricane Hugo in 1989, 7% were lost to unknown causes between 1991 and 1992, and 14 were monitored annually for 11 years; of these, 71% were dead and still in their original growth position in 1998. Between 1988 and 1997, corals recruited to the BBD-killed surfaces at a rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 recruits · 0.039 m−2 · decade−1 (mean ± SE, n = 14), although mortality reduced the density to 0.3 ± 0.2 recruits · 0.039 m−2 by 1997. The rate of recruitment and the taxonomic composition of the coral recruits to BBD-killed corals were indistinguishable statistically from those to corals killed by Hurricane Hugo. This demonstrates that BBD creates space that is functionally the same as other dead coral surfaces in providing a substratum for coral recruitment. However, because coral recruits are dispersed widely, clumped in distribution and temporally variable in density on the fringing reef as a whole, it is unlikely that they will be found on monitored coral colonies that have been killed by BBD. While this hypothesis is consistent with the higher density of recruits on the fringing reef compared with BBD-killed corals, further studies are required to investigate alternative explanations such as the role of substratum age in favoring recruitment to surfaces other than those killed recently by BBD.
Heme regulates transcription of the CYC1 gene of S. cerevisiae via an upstream activation site

We show that expression of the iso-1-cytochrome c gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CYC1, is tightly regulated by levels of intracellular heme. Expression is reduced at least 200-fold in cells grown under conditions of heme deficiency. Studies on the regulation of a CYC1-lacZ fused gene and direct determination of mRNA levels indicate that this control is transcriptional. Furthermore, we show that the heme regulatory site in the CYC1 promoter region is an upstream activation site (UASc) centered about 275 bp upstream from the region of transcriptional initiation. The latter region is required for optimal transcription and contains three TATA box sequences and six prominent mRNA initiation sites that span 34 bp. Substitution of the UASc with the UAS of the yeast GAL10 gene results in activation of the normal set of CYC1 transcripts. In this case, however, transcription is independent of regulation by heme, suggesting that in the wildtype, heme controls initiation per se and not translation or mRNA stability.
Novel composite film of Ag-Si to develop an infrared (8–14 um) detector

A composite film of Ag-Si was sputtered on the substrate of Si (111) to study the electrical properties using the Hall Effect. The composite is designed to be used to make a detector in the wavelength range of 8–14 microns. A volume fraction of 20% and 80% Ag and Si were used respectively. The sample of thickness of 2.0 microns was subjected to chemical cleaning until complete removal of the segregated layer, a thin conductive layer caused by the rising of Ag atoms to the surface. The following step after etching was the evaporation of 200A chromium (Cr) and 2000A gold (Au) in the chamber of the vacuum. To create lower resistance between the evaporated metals and composite, the sample was annealed at 7000°C in a RTA for 30 seconds. An I–V measurement was taken to ensure that the contacts were ohmic, i.e. linear. The final step before measuring the Hall Effect was to sand blast a cloverleaf pattern on the composite with the contact on the periphery of each leaf. Finally, Hall measurement showed average carrier concentration of 2.94E20 (cm3) and the average mobility of 86.4 (cm2/ volt-sec).
Multistage modeling of lung cancer mortality among arsenic-exposed copper-smelter workers.

Multistage modeling incorporating a time-dependent exposure pattern is applied to lung cancer mortality data obtained from a cohort of 2802 arsenic-exposed copper-smelter workers who worked 1 or more years during the period 1940–1964 at a copper smelter at Tacoma, Washington. The workers were followed for death through 1976. There were 100 deaths due to lung cancer during the follow-up period. Exposures to air arsenic levels measured in μ/m3 were estimated from departmental air arsenic and workers urinary arsenic measurements. Relationships of different temporal variables with excess death rates are examined to judge qualitatively the implications of the multistage cancer process. Analysis to date indicates a late stage effect of arsenic although an additional early stage effect cannot be ruled out.
Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses

Lithospheric buoyancy, the product of lithospheric density and thickness, is an important physical property that influences both the long-term stability of continents and their state of stress. We have determined lithospheric buoyancy by applying the simple isostatic model of Lachenbruch and Morgan (1990). We determine the crustal portion of lithospheric buoyancy using the USGS global database of more than 1700 crustal structure determinations (Mooney et al., 2002), which demonstrates that a simple relationship between crustal thickness and surface elevation does not exist. In fact, major regions of the crust at or near sea level (0-200 m elevation) have crustal thicknesses that vary between 25 and 55 km. Predicted elevations due to the crustal component of buoyancy in the model exceed observed elevations in nearly all cases (97% of the data), consistent with the existence of a cool lithospheric mantle lid that is denser than the asthenosphere on which it floats. The difference between the observed and pr...
Critiquing Critiques A Genre Analysis of Feedback Across Novice to Expert Design Studios

In the discipline of design, the most common presentation genre is the critique, and the most central aspect of this genre is the feedback. Using a qualitative framework, this article identifies a ...
Protein structure prediction from sequence variation

Genomic sequences contain rich evolutionary information about functional constraints on macromolecules such as proteins. This information can be efficiently mined to detect evolutionary couplings between residues in proteins and address the long-standing challenge to compute protein three-dimensional structures from amino acid sequences. Substantial progress has recently been made on this problem owing to the explosive growth in available sequences and the application of global statistical methods. In addition to three-dimensional structure, the improved understanding of covariation may help identify functional residues involved in ligand binding, protein-complex formation and conformational changes. We expect computation of covariation patterns to complement experimental structural biology in elucidating the full spectrum of protein structures, their functional interactions and evolutionary dynamics.
George Washington University Volunteer Hotline, a Descriptive Study

Telephone calls from Rap Id Rescue, a volunteer hotline, were consolidated into 4 major categories and analyzed. The results indicate the distribution of calls in each category for each month, the ...
Enhanced In Vivo Function of Bioartificial Lungs in Rats

Background More than 11 million Americans live with chronic lung disease; in search for an alternative to donor organs, we attempted to regenerate lungs based on perfusion decellularized lung scaffolds that can be transplanted similar to a donor organ. Methods Cadaveric rat lungs were decellularized by detergent perfusion. Resulting scaffolds were mounted in bioreactors and seeded with endothelial and fetal lung cells. Biomimetic organ culture was maintained for 7 days. Resulting bioartificial left lungs were transplanted in orthotopic position after left pneumonectomy in rats. Cadaveric left lung transplants and pneumonectomies served as controls. Blood gas analyses, compliance testing, and fluoroscopies were performed on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14. Lungs were removed for final analysis on day 14. Results Perfusion decellularization of cadaveric lungs yielded acellular scaffolds with intact architecture and matrix composition. Alveolar volumes, number, and size were comparable in bioartificial and native lungs, as were gas exchange, vital capacity and compliance in vitro. After using improved graft preservation and postoperative weaning protocols, animals could be fully recovered, and bioartificial lung constructs provided oxygenation as long as 7 days at levels comparable to cadaveric lung transplants. Compliance, gas exchange, and radiographic appearance gradually declined over the subsequent 7 days owing to progressive graft consolidation and inflammation. Conclusions Perfusion decellularization of cadaveric lungs yields intact scaffolds that can be seeded with cells to generate bioartificial lung grafts. After orthotopic transplantation, grafts are perfused by the recipient's circulation, ventilated through the recipient's airway and provide gas exchange in vivo for 7 days.
The developmental course of executive functioning in schizophrenia

Executive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia, but our understanding of the developmental course of this neuropsychological domain in the disease remains largely unexplored. A review of the research evidence points to a number of persistent debates about the course of executive functioning and its relation to illness course. A better understanding of the neurocognitive trajectories of executive functioning in schizophrenia could help identify the risk and modifying factors that influence the onset, severity and course of disease, and the chance to re-direct or re-shape that course and improve outcomes. To accomplish this requires assessment of the diverse and integrated nature of those abilities, and the changes over time in those abilities requires multiple instruments and techniques in order to improve the research methods and understanding of an important area of impairment in schizophrenia.
The Control of Interfacial Reactions Via Length Scales of Ultrathin-Film Modulated Composites

Interfaces are difficult to probe because the volume of the interfacial region is exceedingly small compared with the bulk. Our approach is sequentially to deposit thin (5–50A) elemental layers to create a unique initial reactant. Due to the short modulation length, the interfaces constitute a large fraction of the total composite. Composites modulated below a critical repeat unit length are found to evolve into homogeneous amorphous alloys. Composites modulated above this critical distance behave like bulk diffusion couples. The layered nature of the starting reactant permits the evolution of the interfacial structure to be followed in a quantitative manner using x-ray diffraction. Distinct differences in the evolution of the interfaces above and below the critical distance are observed. This approach to studying interfaces also permits the direct and selective synthesis of crystalline compounds. Nucleation is the rate-limiting step in the formation of a crystalline material from an amorphous alloy, and the phase formed is strongly influenced by the stoichiometry of the homogeneous amorphous alloy. Results from studies of molybdenum-selenium and iron-silicon ultrathin-film composites will be discussed.
Electrically switchable holograms containing novel PDLC structures

Switchable holograms offer the possibility of real-time electro-optical control of diffractive optic components. We have recently demonstrated recording of diffractive optic components. We have recently demonstrated recording of transmission holographic Bragg gratings in a material system consisting of a photoinitiator dye, co-initiator, a chain extender, a multifunctional acrylate and a low molecular weight nematic liquid crystal. Low voltage scanning electron microscopy studies have shown that the gratings consist of periodic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) planes. Electrical switching of a first order Bragg diffracted beam into the zero-order with an applied field of 10 V/micrometers was observed. Addition of a surfactant to the pre-polymer syrup reduces the switching field to approximately 5 V/micrometers . Fast response times of the order of microseconds were observed for switching and relaxation. In this paper, we have demonstrated the concept of a switchable guided substrate-mode coupler by writing a slanted transmission grating. The diffracted light form this grating is trapped in a glass slab by total internal reflection. The added electrical switchability of PDLC grating allows for the effective control of the intensity and position for light into or out of the substrate.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Single Electron Transfer and SN2 Reactions: The Importance of Ionization Potential of Nucleophiles.

The importance of single electron transfer energetics in promoting SN2 reactions was probed by a density functional computational study on substitution reactions of quaternary ammonium ion complexes with anionic nucleophiles. Good correlations were found between the ionization potentials (IP) of the nucleophiles when plotted against density functional theory (DFT)-computed reaction activation enthalpies (ΔΗrxn≠) over a range of 15 eV. Poor correlations were found between IPs or proton affinities and central barrier heights (ΔΗcmp≠). Examples of inverted values of ΔΗrxn≠ of primary vs secondary systems were found.
On the mechanism of the ethanol-diphosphopyridine nucleotide reaction

Abstract The explanation for the shift of the maximum of DPNH from 3400 A to 3250 A in the complex with alcohol dehydrogenase is derived from a consideration of environmental effects on the spectra of 1,4-dihydronicotinamides. It is concluded that a positively charged nitrogen in the form of an ammonium ion is located 3 A from the nitrogen of the dihydropyridine ring and produces the shift by repulsion of the increased charge produced on the dihydropyridine nitrogen by light absorption. It is suggested that an ϵ-amino group of lysine provides the ammonium ion and a transition state for the reduction of acetaldehyde by DPNH is written utilizing this suggestion and some other conclusions from the literature.
An experimental technique for full package inductance matrix characterization

A new experimental technique based on a network analyzer was developed for characterizing the full inductance matrices (both self and mutual inductance) of package/interconnect structures. This frequency-domain based measurement technique, including its formulation and procedure, is discussed in this paper. A total of four packages, an 120QFP, a 400TAB, a 313PBGA, and an Alloy 42 132CQFP were selected for the self/mutual L characterization. The measurement results are compared to those obtained by using a time domain reflectometer (TDR)-based technique as well as with the modeling data calculated by 3-D EM tools.
Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A comparison of the weakest link, keystone and additive models

Multiple theories of cognitive vulnerability to depression have been proposed, each focusing on different aspects of negative cognition and utilising different measures of risk. Various methods of integrating such multiple indices of risk have been examined in the literature, and each demonstrates some promise. Yet little is known about the interrelations among these methods, or their incremental validity in predicting changes in depression. The present study compared three integrative models of cognitive vulnerability: the additive, weakest link, and keystone models. Support was found for each model as predictive of depression over time, but only the weakest link model demonstrated incremental utility in predicting changes in depression over the other models. We also explore the correlation between these models and each model's unique contribution to predicting onset of depressive symptoms.
Reconstruction of the pediatric mandible

The pediatric mandible is dynamic, constantly changing with growth and development. Reconstruction of the pediatric mandible requires an appreciation of the fundamental differences between the pediatric and adult mandibles. The higher osteogenic potential, capacity for temporo mandibular joint (TMJ) remodeling, stage of dental development, and implicit requirement for growth help define the reconstructive options available, but they also can be used as assets by the reconstructive surgeon. The diversity of clinical problems that may be appropriate for pediatric mandibular reconstruction (or construction) include traumatic injuries, congenital malformations or congenital absence, and the consequences of tumor ablation. The selection of appropriate reconstructive techniques from conventional bone and cartilage grafting, microvascular tissue transfer, orthognathic surgery, or distraction osteogenesis requires careful definition of the goals of reconstruction and a consideration of the inherent strengths and limitations afforded by the pediatric mandible at each stage of development.
Mutagenesis of bleomycin-damaged lambda phage in SOS-deficient and repair endonuclease-deficient Escherichia coli

Previous DNA sequence analysis of bleomycin-induced forward mutations in repackaged lambda phage has suggested SOS-dependent replicative bypass of oxidized apyrimidinic sites as a possible mechanism of mutagenesis. In order to evaluate this hypothesis further, frequencies of mutation to a clear-plaque phenotype were compared for bleomycin-damaged phage grown in various repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli. Survival of bleomycin-damaged phage was virtually identical in all host strains. Studies in SOS-deficient strains indicated specific requirements for functional recA+ and umuC+ alleles in the generation of the majority of bleomycin-induced mutations, as well as a less stringent requirement for induction of the SOS response by ultraviolet irradiation of the host cells. These results are expected for mutagenesis resulting from apyrimidinic sites. However, the mutation frequency for bleomycin-damaged phage was the same whether the phage were grown in a wild-type strain or in strains deficient in apurinic/apyrimidinic repair endonucleases; this was true even for an nth-nfo-xth- strain lacking all three major apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases (endonuclease III, endonuclease IV, and exonuclease III). Likewise, phage grown in an endonuclease IV-overproducing strain showed the same mutation frequency as those grown in wild-type cells. These data suggest that either i) bleomycin-induced mutagenesis results from SOS-dependent bypass of lesions other than apyrimidinic sites or ii) the number of apyrimidinic sites available for SOS processing is virtually independent of the level of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity in the cell. It is possible that a fraction of the apyrimidinic sites induced by bleomycin either are intrinsically resistant to repair or undergo secondary reactions that render them resistant.
Child Care Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices Regarding Socialization of Emotion in Young Children

This study examines teachers’ beliefs and their practices of emotional socialization in three child care centers. Interviews with teachers revealed that teachers shared some, but not all, of their beliefs with regard to their role in children’s emotional development and views of their own socialization practices. The findings from classroom observations suggest that teachers in child care centers respond to children’s emotional expressions using a variety of strategies. Two prevalent strategies include discussing emotions to help children identify emotion-related words and guiding children to understand the causes of emotions. The comparison of teacher interviews and practices revealed that teachers’ beliefs regarding emotional socialization were fairly consistent with the results of classroom observation. Implications for a teacher training program focusing on facilitating emotional competence and methods for appropriate emotional socialization are identified.
Biomechanical investigations of bone‐porous carbon and porous metal interfaces

The mechanical strengths of four types of ingrown porous carbon and two types of porous metal bone implants were correlated with the type of osseous ingrowth into the porous interfaces. Intracortical cylinders were implanted into canine long bones and examined at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. Histological techniques were used to study bone ingrowth. Tetracycline labelling and electron microprobe analysis were used to characterize the degree of mineralization of the ingrowth. Shear strengths of bone-porous material interfaces were measured on cylinders forced out in compression. Histology revealed readily identifiable bone in most porous specimens. Mineralization was found to various depths in all porous specimens. After ingrowth, the porous metals, possessing appreciable inherent strength, displayed interfacial shear strengths from one-third to two-thirds that of cortical bone. The very porous carbon lattices, possessing little inherent strength, developed interfacial strength after ingrowth approaching that of the ingrowing cortical bone. The less open, more rigid porous carbon implants developed smaller interfacial strengths, averaging between one-eighth and one-half that of the ingrowing cortical bone.
Medical management of non-viable early first trimester pregnancy.

Abstract Objective: To compare the efficacy of intramuscular methotrexate plus vaginal misoprostol to vaginal misoprostol alone in completing abortion in women with non-viable early first trimester pregnancy. Method: Twenty-one women with non-viable pregnancy up to 49 days gestation were randomized to receive intramuscular methotrexate, followed 2 days later by vaginal misoprostol or misoprostol alone. We also collected patient satisfaction information. Result: Complete abortion occurred in all 12 (100%) women in the combined group and eight of nine (89%, RR=1.13, CI 0.89–1.42) women in the misoprostol only group. Of the women, 75% rated their experience as good and would choose medical management again. Conclusion: Either methotrexate plus misoprostol or misoprostol alone effectively completed abortion in women with non-viable early pregnancy and represent acceptable medical alternatives to surgery or expectant management.
Center of gravity height real-time estimation for lightweight vehicles using tire instant effective radius

Abstract Center of gravity (CG) height is an important parameter for lightweight vehicles (LWVs). Because of the inherently smaller weight and size, a LWV's CG height is more easily affected by loading conditions compared with conventional vehicles. This paper proposes a novel tire instant effective radius (TIER) method for real-time estimation of the CG height for LWVs. The method utilizes the mathematical correlation between the tire vertical load transfer that is proportional to the CG height, and the TIER variation. A Kalman filter based estimator is designed to simultaneously identify the vehicle CG height as well as the unknown nominal tire effective radius. To verify the performance of the proposed estimator, simulation results are first provided for several vehicles with different CG heights, and then road test results obtained on a lightweight electric ground vehicle (EGV) equipped with an advanced measurement system are given. Both simulation and experimental results show that the developed estimator is capable of providing an accurate estimation of the vehicle CG height in real-time.
Fluid Evolution in the Jales Au District, Northern Portugal

The Jales gold district is located in Vila Pouca de Aguiar County, northern Portugal, approximately 100 km ENE of the city of Porto. The district encompasses three areas with epigenetic mineralization of Variscan age. Mineralization is hosted in syn- to late-tectonic Variscan granites and in greenschist-facies metasedimentary rocks, ranging in age from Cambrian to Lower Devonian. Sulfide paragenesis proceeds from early Fe-As sulfides to late base-metal sulfides. The deposits proximal to the intrusion (Campo and Gralheira) are relatively sulfide rich and contain paragenetically late electrum associated with significant amounts of base-metal sulfides, whereas the deposit distal to the intrusion (Tres Minas) is sulfide poor and contains high-fineness gold that is paragenetically early. Petrographic studies, coupled with arsenopyrite geothermometry and chlorite solid solution modeling indicate that fluid evolution was different at Tres Minas than in the two other areas, explaining the distinct mineral assembl...
Approximate augmented lagrangians for distributed network optimization

In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm for optimal routing in wireless multi-hop networks. We build our approach on a recently proposed model for stochastic routing, whereby each node selects a neighbor to forward a packet according to a given probability distribution. Our solution relies on dual decomposition techniques with regularization, that can significantly improve on the slow convergence of subgradient methods. In particular, we employ the method of augmented Lagrangians (AL). While regularization introduces coupling of the primal variables, a recently proposed iterative approximation technique can be used to decouple the minimization problem in the augmented Lagrangian method (ALM). Once the approximation reaches a predetermined number of iterations it is terminated and followed by a novel update of the Lagrange multipliers, that differs from that in the standard ALM. We show that truncating the approximation is necessary to obtain a fully distributed approach, and that the proposed update of the Lagrange multipliers is critical to obtain convergence of our method. An additional advantage of our approach is that convergence is very fast even for sparse networks, where techniques that incorporate consensus iterations into the algorithm tend to be slow.
Subtyping of Hepatitis B Antigen by Use of Monospecific Antibody-coated Cells

A sensitive red cell agglutination (RCA) method for the detection of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) was adapted for subtyping. The technique used human type O, Rh-negative erythrocytes stabilized with pyruvaldehyde and formaldehyde and coated with IgG containing monospecific anti-d or anti-y hepatitis B antibody prepared from antiserum produced in guinea pigs. Optimal coating of stabilized erythrocytes occurred at 25 C and at pH 4.0 with a concentration of IgG of 0.25-0.5 mg/ml and a 60-min incubation period. The coated cells were stable for at least one month when stored at 4 C or for at least four months when frozen at -70 C or -196 C. The RCA test was conducted at 25 C and read after 3 hr. Nonspecific agglutination was not observed at serum dilutions of > 1:10. Results were verified by agar gel diffusion or by a more sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay method that was modified to detect subspecificities of HB Ag. HB Ag endpoint titrations can be obtained within 3 hr, and the test is 100to 200-fold more sensitive than the agar gel diffusion technique.
Advances in neuromonitoring for cardiothoracic and vascular surgery.

NEUROLOGIC INJURY is the most frequent serious complication of cardiothoracic and major vascular surgery. Although some forms of neurophysiologic monitoring have been used for nearly half a century in these procedures,1 their routine application is uncommon. There are several reasons for their infrequent use. First, there is a widespread perception that neurologic injury associated with cardiovascular surgery is primarily embolic in nature and that monitoring only serves to document disaster, not prevent injury. Second, conflicting reports on monitoring efficacy have raised legitimate concern regarding its reliability in complex cardiac and vascular procedures, particularly those involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Third, the complexity, expense, and size of the monitors themselves have generally relegated their use to large academic centers with the ready availability of dedicated neurophysiologists and technologists. Technologic advances in instrumentation and the research they have spawned throw all these views into question. This review summarizes these new developments and describes their clinical application.
Penology, economics, and the public: Toward an agreement

In this paper we confront the problem of why prisons are not a more effective tool for dealing with criminals. Several sources of this problem are suggested, and reasonably operational solutions are proposed. These solutions are motivated by basic principles of economics, and some broader consequences of this framework for dealing with criminal activity are briefly discussed.
High-efficiency triple-helix-mediated photo-cross-linking at a targeted site within a selectable mammalian gene.

Targeting damage to specific sites in the genome represents an attractive approach to manipulating gene function in mammalian cells. To test the applicability of triple-helix formation as a means for achieving precisely timed site-specific damage within a mammalian gene, a triplex-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotide (TFO) that binds with high affinity to a specific site within the hamster adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) gene was modified with the photochemically reactive psoralen derivative 4'-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (HMT). The modified TFO, psorTFO1, bound with high affinity to a target site within intron 1 of the APRT gene. Upon irradiation, photomonoadducts (i.e., covalent adducts of psorTFO1 to one strand of the target duplex) were formed with high efficiency (approximately 50%). Introduction of 5'-TpA sequences (the preferred site for psoralen-induced photo-cross-links) at or near the triplex junction leads to increased efficiency of total photoadduct formation and to efficient formation of products that had the electrophoretic mobility on denaturing PAGE expected for three-stranded photo-cross-links (i.e., products containing psorTFO1 covalently linked to both strands of the duplex). Their identities as cross-links were verified by (1) identical electrophoretic mobility of products formed with either duplex strand radiolabeled and (2) coprecipitation of the radiolabeled duplex strand with its complementary biotinylated strand following denaturation. In addition, the cross-links were completely reversible upon irradiation at 254 nm, as expected for psoralen-mediated cross-links. The yield and distribution of photoadducts depended on 5'-TpA position. The most efficient photoadduct formation (approximately 90%) and photo-cross-link formation (approximately 90% of total photoadducts) were observed for a 5'-TpA adjacent to the triplex junction, with significant, but lower, cross-linking efficiency within three base pairs of the junction. Molecular models of the psoralen-conjugated triplex with its six-carbon linker suggested a simple explanation for this distance dependence: facile intercalation near the triplex/duplex junction, with increasing strain required for intercalation at more distant sites. These results indicate that psorTFO1 allows for DNA damage with high precision and high efficiency, and the likely proportion of monoadducts and cross-links can be estimated from the target sequence.
Intralevel Hybrid Resist Process For The Fabrication Of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices With Submicron Gate Lengths

A hybrid lithographic process, utilizing both electron-beam (E-beam) and conventional optical exposure techniques within the same device level, has been developed using a commercially available positive photoresist. Following E-beam exposure of the <3.0 um geometries and optical exposure of the larger-sized patterns, both sets of images are developed in a single step. Using this process, functional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices have been fabricated with polysilicon gate lengths of 0.75 and 0.50 Am. The effect of E-beam dose upon the submicron gate critical dimensions has been determined to be significant due to the proximity effect. The performance of this lithographic process will be compared to that of the hybrid process developed by Berker and Casey, which also utilizes a positive photoresist, but in an E-beam tone reversal mode.
The OCT penlight: in-situ image guidance for microsurgery

We have developed a new image-based guidance system for microsurgery using optical coherence tomography (OCT), which presents a virtual image in its correct location inside the scanned tissue. Applications include surgery of the cornea, skin, and other surfaces below which shallow targets may advantageously be displayed for the naked eye or low-power magnification by a surgical microscope or loupes (magnifying eyewear). OCT provides real-time highresolution (3 micron) images at video rates within a two or more millimeter axial range in soft tissue, and is therefore suitable for guidance to various shallow targets such as Schlemm's canal in the eye (for treating Glaucoma) or skin tumors. A series of prototypes of the "OCT penlight" have produced virtual images with sufficient resolution and intensity to be useful under magnification, while the geometrical arrangement between the OCT scanner and display optics (including a half-silvered mirror) permits sufficient surgical access. The two prototypes constructed thus far have used, respectively, a miniature organic light emitting diode (OLED) display and a reflective liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display. The OLED has the advantage of relative simplicity, satisfactory resolution (15 micron), and color capability, whereas the LCoS can produce an image with much higher intensity and superior resolution (12 micron), although it is monochromatic and more complicated optically. Intensity is a crucial limiting factor, since light flux is greatly diminished with increasing magnification, thus favoring the LCoS as the more practical system.
Teaching Creatively and Teaching for Creativity

This article provides a brief review of generally accepted ideas about creativity, followed by examples of music teachers teaching creatively and teaching their students to be more creative. Implications for teacher education and policy recommendations for music education are discussed
Bcl-2 and bax interactions in mitochondria probed with green fluorescent protein and fluorescence resonance energy transfer

It has been hypothesized that interaction of Bcl-2 and Bax may regulate apoptosis. The spatial and temporal interaction of Bcl-2 and Bax at the single cell level has not, however, been demonstrated. To achieve this goal, we have developed two-fusion FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer). Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Bax and blue fluorescent protein (BFP)-Bcl-2 fusion proteins coexpressed in the same cell, we demonstrate a direct interaction between Bcl-2 and Bax in individual mitochondria. Mitochondrially localized cytochrome c-GFP and BFP-Bcl-2 showed little or no FRET, while nuclear-localized GFP-human papillomavirus E6 and BFP-Bcl-2 did not interact when coexpressed in the same cell. These findings indicate that two-fusion FRET provides an opportunity to examine the interaction between two different proteins coexpressed in single intact mammalian cells.
The H3K4 Demethylase Lid Associates with and Inhibits Histone Deacetylase Rpd3

ABSTRACT JmjC domain-containing proteins have been shown to possess histone demethylase activity. One of these proteins is the Drosophila histone H3 lysine 4 demethylase Little imaginal discs (Lid), which has been genetically classified as a Trithorax group protein. However, contrary to the supposed function of Lid in gene activation, the biochemical activity of this protein entails the removal of a histone mark that is correlated with active transcription. To understand the molecular mechanism behind the function of Lid, we have purified a Lid-containing protein complex from Drosophila embryo nuclear extracts. In addition to Lid, the complex contains Rpd3, CG3815/Drosophila Pf1, CG13367, and Mrg15. Rpd3 is a histone deacetylase, and along with Polycomb group proteins, which antagonize the function of Trithorax group proteins, it negatively regulates transcription. By reconstituting the Lid complex, we demonstrated that the demethylase activity of Lid is not affected by its association with other proteins. However, the deacetylase activity of Rpd3 is greatly diminished upon incorporation into the Lid complex. Thus, our finding that Lid antagonizes Rpd3 function provides an explanation for the genetic classification of Lid as a positive transcription regulator.
Fourier phase microscopy with white light

Laser-based Fourier phase microscopy (FPM) works on the principle of decomposition of an image field in two spatial components that can be controllably shifted in phase with respect to each other. However, due to the coherent illumination, the contrast in phase images is degraded by speckles. In this paper we present FPM with spatially coherent white light (wFPM), which offers high spatial phase sensitivity due to the low temporal coherence and high temporal phase stability due to common path geometry. Further, by using a fast spatial light modulator (SLM) and a fast scientific-grade complementary metal oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) camera, we report imaging at a maximum rate of 12.5 quantitative phase frames per second with 5.5 mega pixels image size. We illustrate the utility of wFPM as a contrast enhancement as well as dynamic phase measurement method by imaging section of benign colonic glands and red blood cell membrane fluctuation.
The many faces of Capella - A search for rotational modulations and a study of systematic velocities of emission lines in the ultraviolet

The UV spectra of Capella were monitored for fluctuations using IUE instrumentation, and radial velocities of the emission lines were determined. The possible fluctuations were studied from March through April 1981, and radial velocity data were taken over six days in 1982. The Capella surface activity emissions proved to be steady, while redshifts from high excitation were found in the photospheric plasma. Downflows of 100,000 K plasma in the stellar transition zone could produce the redshifts. The FWHMs of the emission lines exceeded the redshift by an order of magnitude, suggesting that the observed excitations could be only averaged values of the dynamics of the outer atmosphere of Capella.