cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Smart City Using Tentacular AI

The European Initiative on Smart Cities [2] is an effort by the European Commission [4] to improve quality of life throughout Europe, while progressing toward energy and climate objectives. Many of its goals are relevant to and desirable in the world at large. We propose that it is essential that artificial agents in a Smart City have theories of the minds of its inhabitants. We describe a scenario in which such theories are indispensable, and cannot be adequately and usefully captured by current forms of ambient intelligence. Then, we show how a new form of distributed, multi-agent artificial intelligence, Tentacular AI, which among other things entails a capacity for reasoning and planning based in highly expressive cognitive calculi (logics), is able to intelligently address this situation.
Aesthetics, Gender, and Canon in Anti-Caste Graphic Narratives, A Gardener in the Wasteland and Bhimayana

This essay considers graphic narratives about the lives of Dalit leaders Jyotirao Phule and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as portrayed in Srividya Natarajan and Aparajita Ninan’s A Gardener in the Wasteland (...
A continuous-time Markov chain approach with the analytic likelihood in studies of behavioral changes

AbstractWe develop an analytic likelihood approach for a four-state CTMC by solving the backwards Kolmogorov differential equations, reducing this bias in transition rate estimates. A simulation st...
Bounding Surface Elasto-Viscoplasticity: A General Constitutive Framework for Rate-Dependent Geomaterials

AbstractA general framework is proposed to incorporate rate and time effects into bounding surface (BS) plasticity models. For this purpose, the elasto-viscoplasticity (EVP) overstress theory is co...
Trial by Fury: Institutions and Southern Productivity

Recent empirical studies suggest that institutions are an important part of the foundation of economic performance through time, and the economic history of the south provides us with an ideal setting in which to examine this relationship in greater detail. This essay extends recent empirical analyses of the relationship between institutions and development by offering a unique proxy for institutions that incorporates aspects of a society's rules, norms, and enforcement characteristics. Using data on lynching, this essay argues that poorly defined, poorly enforced property rights contributed to southern poverty at the dawn of the twentieth century.
Procesamiento auditivo central asociado al desarrollo psicomotor y características sociosanitarias de niños preescolares argentinos

El procesamiento auditivo central PA(C) puede afectarse por deficiencias en el desarrollo psicomotor (DP). La evidencia recomienda la pesquisa a traves de instrumentos de reporte de cuidadores sobre el comportamiento del nino. La combinacion de cuestionarios validados representa una practica de utilidad clinica. Objetivo: Determinar la relacion entre el PA(C), el DP y las caracteristicas sociosanitarias de ninos preescolares de Cordoba, Argentina en el ano 2017 Estudio descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal, y analitico. Sesenta cuidadores respondieron de manera voluntaria a la Escala de Conductas Auditivas (SAB), para evaluar el PA(C), y el Cuestionario Prunape Pre Pesquisa (CPPP) para conocer el nivel de DP. Se obtuvieron datos sociosanitarios. Mediante la historia clinica del nino se consigno si presentaba antecedentes patologicos en las areas de voz, habla y lenguaje. El analisis estadistico incluyo estadistica descriptiva, prueba t de Student, analisis correlacional (Coeficiente r de Pearson), y analisis de la confiabilidad del test (Coeficiente ? de Cronbach). Se encontro correlacion directa entre DP y puntaje de conductas auditivas (r= 0,26; p= 0,04). Los ninos con desarrollo esperado para la edad obtuvieron puntuaciones mas altas que aquellos con resultados negativos en el CPPP: -0,04±0,12 vs -0,60±0,29 (p= 0,08). El puntaje de la SAB se asocio inversamente con patologias en el lenguaje (r= -0,22; p= 0,08). El resultado del CPPP se relaciono con el sexo femenino (p= 0,02), con patologias del habla (r= -0,31; p =0,02) y el lenguaje (r= -0,63; p=< 0,0001). Los ninos varones se asociaron con patologias del habla (p=0,02). La edad del cuidador correlaciono con el diagnostico de patologias del habla (r=0,34; p=0,01). Se hallo una asociacion positiva entre las patologias del habla y el lenguaje (r=0,28; p=0,03). La version adaptada de la SAB compuesta por 12 items mostro un buen indice de fiabilidad (?=0.70). Las habilidades auditivas progresan conjuntamente con el DP, lo que indicaria que un retardo en el mismo interviene en su progreso. El mejor desempeno se observo en el estrato socioeconomico alto y sexo femenino del nino. Palabras Clave:
Associations of Video Head Impulse Test and Caloric Testing among Patients with Vestibular Schwannoma.

ObjectiveTo determine relationships between caloric testing (CT) and video head impulse testing (vHIT) among patients with unilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS). To describe the distribution of CT ...
MICROSOMAL HEMEPROTEINS P-450LM-2 AND P-450LM-4:COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL STUDIES

ABSTRACT Although the two major hemeproteins of rabbit liver microsomes, termed P-450 LM-2 and P-450 LM-4 , are readily distinguishable by their differences in size, substrate specificity, and immunochemical properties, there are nevertheless indications of extensive structural similarity between them. Except for higher values of cysteine and tryptophan in P-450 LM-4 the amino acid compositions correlate quite well. The BrCN digest of P-450 LM-4 shows much higher cross reactivity with anti P-450 CAM antibodies than does the parent protein; similar small hemepeptides were isolated from the BrCN digests of P-450 LM-2 and P-450 LM-4 . Photoaffinity labeling of both hemeproteins with 3′-azidophenobarbital at their substrate binding sites and subsequent digestion with trypsin yielded labeled peptides of similar composition; these labeled peptides were shown to be part of the respective hemepeptides. Comparative peptide mapping of the tryptic digests of the proteins revealed substantial similarity of overall peptide patterns.
Separation of Escherichia coli ribonucleases on a DNA agarose column and the identification of an RNase H activity.

Abstract Single stranded DNA agarose columns can be used to separate Escherichia , coli ribonucleases from the bulk of the cellular proteins. By successive chromatography on DNA agarose, hydroxylapatite and DEAE cellulose, separation of the enzymes ribonuclease II, III, H and polynucleotide phosphorylase from one another was made possible. Ribonuclease II can be purified by this technique at least as well as by any of the other existing techniques. These experiments also confirmed the existence in E . coli of a recently reported enzyme, RNase H, which can degrade RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids. Thus DNA agarose seems to be a useful early step in the purification of Escherichia , coli ribonucleases.
Trust and Trustworthiness in Social Recommender Systems

The prevalence of misinformation on online social media has tangible empirical connections to increasing political polarization and partisan antipathy in the United States. Ranking algorithms for social recommendation often encode broad assumptions about network structure (like homophily) and group cognition (like, social action is largely imitative). Assumptions like these can be naive and exclusionary in the era of fake news and ideological uniformity towards the political poles. We examine these assumptions with aid from the user-centric framework of trustworthiness in social recommendation. The constituent dimensions of trustworthiness (diversity, transparency, explainability, disruption) highlight new opportunities for discouraging dogmatization and building decision-aware, transparent news recommender systems.
Weak chaos, Allee points, and intermittency emerging from niche construction in population models

The idea of niche construction is regarded as an interesting, if not essential, element of population dynamics. Classical results from population biology emerge from such a formulation, such as chaotic behavior, the self-organized emergence of Allee points, critical transitions, and hysteresis. Relaxing the assumption of a descending limb in classic 1-D map representations of chaos, the application of the Pomeau–Manneville map is suggested as more realistic in some situations. This alternative formulation does not allow for the emergence of a “self-organized” Allee point but introduces a new concept to the potential behavior of populations in discrete time, intermittency sensitively dependent on initial conditions, but with a distorted form referred to as weak chaos.
A Review of Advances in Thermophotovoltaics for Power Generation and Waste Heat Harvesting

The vast majority of power generation in the United States today is produced through the same processes as it was in the late-1800s: heat is applied to water to generate steam, which turns a turbine, which turns a generator, generating electrical power. Researchers today are developing solid-state power generation processes that are more befitting the 21st-century. Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells directly convert radiated thermal energy into electrical power, through a process similar to how traditional photovoltaics work. These TPV generators, however, include additional system components that solar cells do not incorporate. These components, selective-emitters and filters, shape the way the radiated heat is transferred into the TPV cell for conversion and are critical for its efficiency. Here, we present a review of work performed to improve the components in these systems. These improvements will help enable TPV generators to be used with nearly any thermal source for both primary power generation and waste heat harvesting.
Interconnections: Greenhouse Gas Pollution, Climate Change, and Land Use Change

Since the close of the Pleistocene, humans have altered the planet through, in part, agriculture, settlement, and industrial activities. This alteration has accelerated in the last century to the point that we have transformed basic natural environmental systems and we now live in a changed time called the Anthropocene. One of the most important cycles that we have altered is the carbon cycle which is partially responsible for regulating our temperature on the planet. Due to the burning of fossil fuels, we now have more carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere than in any other time in human history. Climate scientists predict that temperatures will increase in the coming decades and that there will be concomitant changes to the land surface that involve rising sea levels, greater temperature fluctuations, and altered ecosystems. Three case studies from the small island states of the Pacific, from Midwestern cities of United States, and from Madagascar and Mozambique are presented that show that we are already feeling the impacts of climate change.
Offshoring of IT services: the impact on the US economy

Offshore outsourcing is not a new phenomenon in the U.S. Over the last two decades outsourcing in manufacturing industry destroyed 2 million blue color jobs in the U.S. but created 43 million white color jobs in other services areas. This has raised the output in manufacturing by raising the labor productivity by 3.5 percent annually and has increased the standard of living of the American people (Bailey and Farrell, 2004). The current problem is that those white color jobs (high tech IT jobs) once insulated from foreign competition are now vulnerable to offshore outsourcing because these jobs can be performed at a fraction of the cost in low wage countries such as India and China. Due to a revolution in digital technology and reduction in telecommunication costs, jobs related to functions such as software programming and design, call center operations, accounting and payroll operations, medical record transcription, paralegal services, and software research and testing etc., can be performed at a foreign location and transferred through the internet.
Introduction to a Special Collection of Articles about the AGESW Pre-dissertation Fellows Program.

In the fall of 2009, a group of scholars met over dinner to catch up after a day of sessions at the Gerontological Society of America (GSA) annual scientific meeting. One of the topics of conversat...
Structure of the human cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1 determined by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy.

The secondary active cation–chloride cotransporters (CCCs) utilize the existing Na+ and/or K+ gradients to move Cl− into or out of cells. NKCC1 is an intensively studied member of the CCC family and plays fundamental roles in regulating trans-epithelial ion movement, cell volume, chloride homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of human NKCC1 captured in a partially loaded, inward-open state. NKCC1 assembles into a dimer, with the first ten transmembrane (TM) helices harboring the transport core and TM11-TM12 helices lining the dimer interface. TM1 and TM6 helices break α-helical geometry halfway across the lipid bilayer where ion binding sites are organized around these discontinuous regions. NKCC1 may harbor multiple extracellular entryways and intracellular exits, raising the possibility that K+, Na+, and Cl− ions may traverse along their own routes for translocation. NKCC1 structure provides a blueprint for further probing structure–function relationships of NKCC1 and other CCCs. The human NKCC1 transporter belongs to the cation–chloride cotransporter (CCC) family and has important physiological functions, among them the regulation of chloride homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Here the authors present the 3.46 A cryo-EM structure of human NKCC1 in a in a partially loaded, inward-open state and discuss the transport mechanism.
Enumerating diagonalizable matrices over $\mathbb{Z}_{p^k}$

Although a good portion of elementary linear algebra concerns itself with matrices over a field such as ℝ or ℂ, many combinatorial problems naturally surface when we instead work with matrices over a finite field. As some recent work has been done in these areas, we turn our attention to the problem of enumerating the square matrices with entries in ℤpk that are diagonalizable over ℤpk. This turns out to be significantly more nontrivial than its finite-field counterpart due to the presence of zero divisors in ℤpk.
Organizational Event Stigma: Typology, Processes, Stickiness

What do events such as scandals, industrial accidents, activist threats, and mass shootings have in common? They can all potentially stigmatize the organization involved. Despite the prevalence of ...
Casting Nets and Testing Specimens: Two Grand Methods of Psychology

Written for researcher and methodologists in the fields of psychology, education, and the behavioral sciences, this volume looks at the two major types of methods--the method of relative frequency and the method of specimens--and argues that although both can deliver useful information about human behavior, most social scientists have been using the method of relative frequency for the wrong purpose--to discover how the human as a species, functions. The method of relative frequency can be used effectively, Runkel asserts, only to estimate behavioral trends in a mass population. To learn how the internal workings of a species enable it to do what it does, the method of specimens must be employed.
Formant Trajectory Patterns of American English /l/ Produced by Adults and Children.

Purpose Most acoustic and articulatory studies on /l/ have focused on either duration, formant frequencies, or tongue shape during the constriction interval. Only a limited set of data exists for t...
An empirical model of the Saturn thermosphere

Abstract We present an empirical model of H 2 densities and temperatures above the homopause for the Saturn thermosphere, based on stellar occultations observed by the Cassini/UVIS instrument. These observations span the whole Cassini mission and probe a wide range of latitudes, longitudes and local times. Although the model is based on Cassini stellar occultations only, the results agree well with Voyager occultations and reasonably well with other measurements of temperature and density in the thermosphere. The principal meridional trend that the model captures is an increase in temperature with latitude away from the equator, associated with significantly elevated density level altitudes at latitudes higher than about 40° in both hemispheres. These results confirm the importance of auroral heating in Saturn’s thermosphere and constrain models of global circulation. We estimate the uncertainty in the model based on the standard deviation of the data points around the mean state. We do not attempt to distinguish retrieval errors from spatial and temporal trends. We find that the most important source of uncertainty is an apparent semi-annual variation in H 2 density and temperature, associated with expansion and contraction of the pressure levels in the thermosphere. Similar variation occurs in the Earth’s thermosphere where it is likely driven by seasonal changes to global circulation. The model presented here is a useful tool that constrains physical models, helps to interpret existing observations, and supports the planning of future observations and missions.
Juvenile-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in the United States, Epidemiology and HPV Types-2015-2020.

BACKGROUND Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) is a rare disease characterized by the growth of papillomas in the respiratory tract. In the United States, JORRP is not a nationally notifiable condition and current data are limited. METHODS Children with JORRP aged <18 years were enrolled from 26 pediatric otolaryngology centers in 23 US states from January 2015 through August 2020. Demographic, birth information, and maternal vaccination history were collected from a parent/guardian. Clinical history was abstracted from medical records. Papilloma biopsies were tested for 28 human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Mothers who delivered in 2006 or later were considered age-eligible for HPV vaccination if aged ≤26 years in 2006. We described characteristics of enrolled children and their birth mothers and analyzed disease severity by diagnosis age and HPV type using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Among 215 children with JORRP, 88.8% were delivered vaginally; 64.2% were firstborn. Among 190 mothers, the median delivery age was 22 years. Among 114 (60.0%) age-eligible for HPV vaccination, 16 (14.0%) were vaccinated, 1 (0.9%) before delivery. Among 162 specimens tested, 157 (96.9%) had detectable HPV; all 157 had a vaccine-preventable type. Disease severity was associated with younger diagnosis age and HPV 11; adjusted analyses found only younger diagnosis age significant (adjusted odds ratio: 6.1; 95% confidence interval: 2.9, 12.8). CONCLUSIONS Children with JORRP were commonly firstborn and delivered vaginally to young mothers; most of the mothers reported no HPV vaccination before delivery. Vaccine-preventable HPV was identified in all specimens with detectable HPV. Increasing preexposure HPV vaccination could substantially reduce or eliminate JORRP in the United States.
A hierarchical prior for generalized linear models based on predictions for the mean response

There has been increased interest in using prior information in statistical analyses. For example, in rare diseases, it can be difficult to establish treatment efficacy based solely on data from a prospective study due to low sample sizes. To overcome this issue, an informative prior for the treatment effect may be elicited. We develop a novel extension of the conjugate prior of Chen and Ibrahim (2003) that enables practitioners to elicit a prior prediction for the mean response for generalized linear models, treating the prediction as random. We refer to the hierarchical prior as the hierarchical prediction prior. For i.i.d. settings and the normal linear model, we derive cases for which the hyperprior is a conjugate prior. We also develop an extension of the HPP in situations where summary statistics from a previous study are available, drawing comparisons with the power prior. The HPP allows for discounting based on the quality of individual level predictions, having the potential to provide efficiency gains (e.g., lower MSE) where predictions are incompatible with the data. An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed. Applications illustrate that inferences under the HPP are more robust to prior-data conflict compared to selected non-hierarchical priors.
Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Bacteremia: Historical Overview, Changing Incidence, and Recent Association With Varicella

Objective. To quantitate the increase in invasive group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections and to define a possible association between GABHS bacteremia and primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections. Methods. This was a retrospective chart review conducted at Children's Hospital. Participants were patients with documented GABHS bacteremia occurring from January 1977 through December 1993. Measurements/Main Results. We identified 63 episodes of GABHS bacteremia in 62 patients. From 1977 to 1992, a mean of 3.2 ± 2 cases occurred per year (range, 0 to 6), increasing by a factor of 3 (10 cases) in 1993. The median age was 4 years (range, 1 day to 20 years ; mean, 8 years ± 3 months) ; 36 were male ; five children were immunocompromised. One child was dead on arrival and one had a cardiac arrest during evaluation in the emergency department. Primary sites of infection (oropharynx, skin, or middle ear) were identified in 40 (75%) of the cases ; in addition, 10 cases occurred in patients with primary VZV. From 1977 to 1992, we identified five VZV-associated cases ; an average of 7 ± 11.5% of the patients with GABHS had concurrent VZV infection annually, with no more than one case per year. In 1993, 50% of the 10 new GABHS cases were in children with VZV infection (P =.003, Fisher's exact test). The diagnosis of invasive GABHS infection in patients with VZV was not readily recognized, requiring a median of two (range, one to four) physician visits before admission and the administration of antibiotics. All 10 children were diagnosed on the fourth or fifth day of the exanthem and were febrile (39.6 ± 1.1°C, range, 38.3 to 40.8°C), with a mean white blood cell count (WBC) of 11 500 ± 8 400/mm 3 (8 of 10 cases had a WBC less than 15 000/mm 3 ). None of the five VZV-associated cases in 1993 had signs of cutaneous bacterial superinfection ; among these were two cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (one death), one case of osteomyelitis, and two cases of occult bacteremia. Of the five VZV-associated cases before 1993, one patient was diagnosed with supraglottitis, one with septic arthritis, one with orbital cellulitis, and two solely with impetiginized or cellulitic lesions. Conclusions. We found that the incidence of invasive GABHS infections has risen dramatically, increasing by a factor of 3 over the past year. In 1993, 50% of new cases of invasive GABHS disease were associated with VZV infection. Invasive GABHS should be considered in children with VZV who manifest fever on or beyond the fourth day of the exanthem. The absence of an elevated WBC and impetiginized or cellulitic lesions should not eliminate this diagnosis from consideration. Pediatrics 1995 ;96 :428-433 ; group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections; varicella zoster virus.
On Vulnerability, Asset Poverty and Subsidiarity

Meeting the 1996 World Food Summit goal of halving chronic hunger in the world by 2015 will require more than 75,000 persons each day exiting the ranks of the food insecure. Is this feasible? Yes. Is the task simple? No. Widespread vulnerability is the complex product of asset poverty, rudimentary food production technologies, weak markets and social support networks, and misdirected formal assistance programs. Combatting vulnerability manifest as food insecurity will require sustained and substantial commitments on each of these fronts in the coming decades.
A 129Xe NMR study on an ionomeric polymer blend system.

Abstract The morphology of an ionomeric polymer blend consisting of an amino-silicone copolymer and zinc neutralized sulfonated polystyrene (ZnSPS) has been studied using proton spin diffusion and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The extent of reaction between the two components in the blend was monitored by 13 C CP MAS spectroscopy. All three types of experiment point to domain sizes in the nanometer range. 129 Xe NMR was used to study exchange by translational diffusion between domains. A single xenon resonance was detected in temperatures ranging from 25°C to −90°C, and the chemical shift followed a weighted average of the isolated polymer shifts consistent with the small domain sizes. Pulse field gradient 129 Xe NMR was used to determine the effective diffusion constants in the amino silicone starting material and the blend. The diffusion constant of xenon in poly(styrene) is known, allowing for comparison of the predictions of effective diffusion constants in the blend based on the values in the constituents of the blend. Simple two-site exchange equations incorrectly predict that diffusion in the blend would be dominated by the constituent with slow diffusion. The blend diffusion constant is close to the value of the amino silicone or the constituent with fast diffusion which is correctly predicted for a rapid exchange solution of the diffusion equation.
Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Motherhood, Morality, and the "Moron": The Emergence of Eugenics in America 2. From Segregation to Sterilization: Changing Approaches to the Problem of Female Sexuality 3. "Sterilization without Unsexing": Eugenics and the Politics of Reproduction 4. A New Deal for the Child: Ann Cooper Hewitt and Sterilization in the 1930s 5. "Marriage Is Not Complete without Children": Positive Eugenics, 1930-1960 Epilogue: Building a Better Family Notes Selected Bibliography Index
Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for disease staging in multiple sclerosis.

Objective MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Because they are stable in serum, they are being developed as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. In multiple sclerosis (MS), miRNAs have been studied in cell populations but not in the circulation. In MS, a major challenge is to develop immune biomarkers to monitor disease. We asked whether circulating miRNAs could be identified in MS and whether they are linked to disease stage and/or disability. Methods A total of 368 miRNAs were measured in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma in 10 relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients, 9 secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients, and 9 healthy controls (HCs) using miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT microRNA polymerase chain reaction panels. Nineteen miRNAs from this discovery set were validated using qPCR on an independent set of 50 RRMS patients, 51 SPMS patients, and 32 HCs. Results We found that circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed in RRMS and SPMS versus HCs and in RRMS versus SPMS. We also found miRNAs to be linked to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). hsa-miR-92a-1* was identified in the largest number of comparisons. It was different in RRMS versus SPMS, and RRMS versus HCs, and showed an association with EDSS and disease duration. miR-92 has target genes involved in cell cycle regulation and cell signaling. The let-7 family of miRNAs differentiated SPMS from HCs and RRMS from SPMS. let-7 miRNAs regulate stem cell differentiation and T cell activation, activate Toll-like receptor 7, and are linked to neurodegeneration. hsa-miR-454 differentiated RRMS from SPMS, and hsa-miR-145 differentiated RRMS from HCs and RRMS from SPMS. Interestingly, the same circulating miRNAs (let-7 and miR-92) that were differentially expressed in RRMS versus SPMS also differentiated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from RRMS subjects, but were not different between SPMS and ALS, suggesting that similar processes may occur in SPMS and ALS. Interpretation Our results establish circulating miRNAs as a readily accessible blood biomarker to monitor disease in MS. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:729–740
Hexapoda: Comparative Aspects of Later Embryogenesis and Metamorphosis

Arthropods are the most species-rich phylum. Within arthropods, species diversity is concentrated in the Hexapoda, which includes on the order of one million described species. The ancestor of hexapods was among the first metazoan lineages to move into a terrestrial environment. Hexapods were also the first lineage to evolve powered flight and remain the only invertebrate lineage to have done so. Hexapods are both exceptionally abundant in many habitats and exceptionally diverse ecologically, with lifestyles ranging from parasitic to agricultural. They also show extensive coevolutionary histories with other taxa, especially flowering plants, which hexapods both pollinate and consume. All of this diversity is achieved within a highly conserved body plan consisting of a segmented head, thorax, and abdomen, which bear an assortment of jointed appendages.
Death by lethal injection.

Yersinia, the genus of bacteria that produced the Black Plague, has devised a specialized secretion mechanism that injects toxic protein into cells. Silhavy describes this type III secretion mechanism, including the new results presented on p. 1140 of this issue that identify the targeting signal for these proteins. Unlike the signal sequences of many conventionally secreted proteins, which are located within the protein, the targeting information for these secreted proteins actually lies within their messenger RNA.
Oil, Fatty Acid, and Protein Content of Seeds Harvested from Soybeans Exposed to O3 and/or SO2

In a series of greenhouse experiments, we exposed soybean plants (`Corsoy-79') to low levels of O3 and SO2, singly and in combination. Exposure to O3 and SO2 alone increased the oil content of the harvested seeds, but the protein content was essentially unchanged. The seed oil: protein ratio increased with increasing pollutant concentration in both experiments. These responses, however, were not observed in seeds harvested from plants exposed to mixtures of O3 and SO2. Differences in fatty acid content and composition were also noted. Ozone alone caused an increase in seed fatty acid content as a result of increased linoleic and stearic acids coupled with decreased oleic acid. After exposure to SO2 alone, no significant alterations of the fatty acid composition were observed. No statistically significant pattern could be identified for the content of fatty acids in seeds harvested from plants exposed to the O3 + SO2 mixtures, although the accumulation of linoleic acid appeared to be depressed.
A case of preservice elementary teachers exploring, retelling, and reframing

This study shows preservice elementary teachers' frames (points of view) about science curriculum. Frames are rules that influence how one perceives and organises events with which one thinks. Participants' frames were externalised by exploring issues from Sagan's text,The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (1996), Sagan uses commonly held frames about controversial topics to contrast pseudoscience and science. This narrative explores how students retelling their reactions (to experiences of their own design) might influence one's awareness of beliefs in general and reconsideration of personal beliefs about science and teaching. The entangled issues of critical and metaphoric thinking, as well as reframing are exemplified.
The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins, weight loss, and heart disease risk reduction

Although there is consensus about restriction of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and sugars, there is debate about what the optimal total fat and carbohydrate content of the diet should be for weight loss and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk reduction. The overall evidence that dietary composition plays an important role in determining caloric intake is limited. Three recent randomized trials have indicated that low-carbohydrate diets are more effective in promoting weight loss in overweight and obese subjects over 4 to 6 months, but not over 1 year. In our own randomized trial no such differences were noted, and compliance with extreme diets was limited. Moreover little attempt has been made to control for the type of carbohydrate used in the low-fat, high-carbohydrate arms of these trials. Available evidence suggests that restriction of sugars and carbohydrates having a high glycemic index would be preferable to total carbohydrate restriction, and that an increased intake of fiber and essential fats (especially omega-3 fatty acids) is also important for overall heart disease risk reduction.
Pattern mining from saccadic motion data

Abstract A saccade contains fixations between rapid movements. Human movements are often saccadic in a fast forwarding video tape. In this paper, we present a novel model for pattern representation and pattern matching in saccadic motions, by converting a twodimensional saccadic motion sequence into a string of letters or numbers, with linear, extended chain code or direct encoding methods. This enables us to cluster and pattern matching with the fast text search algorithm. Our model is tested with the data of eye movement in video analysis and human movement in a building. The results show that the both extended chain code and linear encoding methods can be applied to eye gazing data analysis effectively. Extended chain code yields more accuracy in pattern clustering. However, it may accumulate errors when the motion pattern sequence is long and contain parallel subsequences. The direct labeling method works effectively in the Smart Building data analysis. Using the fast text algorithm, we found interesting patterns of the human movement.
Learning to Predict Engagement with a Spoken Dialog System in Open-World Settings

We describe a machine learning approach that allows an open-world spoken dialog system to learn to predict engagement intentions in situ, from interaction. The proposed approach does not require any developer supervision, and leverages spatiotemporal and attentional features automatically extracted from a visual analysis of people coming into the proximity of the system to produce models that are attuned to the characteristics of the environment the system is placed in. Experimental results indicate that a system using the proposed approach can learn to recognize engagement intentions at low false positive rates (e.g. 2--4%) up to 3--4 seconds prior to the actual moment of engagement.
The heart in bronchial asthma

Abstract 1.1. The diagnosis of true bronchial asthma was made in 74 cases by careful history, examination, blood count, Wassermann, sputum, thorough skin tests, and chest x-rays. 2.2. All doubtful cases, e.g., hypertension, decompensation, etc., were excluded. 3.3. Electrocardiograms demonstrated that the heart is damaged or tends to be damaged in a majority of all cases. Only 23 (31 per cent) were normal. 4.4. The striking finding is the great frequency of a low R 1 and high R 3 ; this must be considered as strongly suggesting that the heart is on its way toward right axis deviation due to right heart strain.
Visual Field Change in Low-tension Glaucoma over a Five-year Follow-up

Abstract There is some evidence that the nature and progression of disease in low-tension glaucoma may be distinct from other open-angle glaucomas. The authors assessed visual field change by retrospective case review of all patients treated for low-tension glaucoma by the Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, for at least 5 years. Sixty-two glaucomatous eyes of 36 patients were identified. All eyes were treated medically and 40 (65%) underwent at least one surgical procedure. Twenty-eight eyes (47%) had initial field loss confined to a single hemi-field and in the remainder both hemi·fields were involved. Thirty of 57 eyes (53%) showed progression at 3 years and 38 (62%) of 57 had progressed by 5 years. A dense scotoma extending from the nasal periphery toward fixation was the most common visual field defect. The rate of field change in this population is significantly greater than in a cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma patients also seen at Wills Eye Hospital, but who had elevated intraocular pressures. Patterns of field loss and rate of progression in this lowtension glaucoma population suggest that the natural history of low-tension glaucoma differs from high-tension open-angle glaucoma.
‘Riacquistare la Casarsa buona’: Exile, Realism, and Authorship in Pasolini’s Atti impuri and Amado mio

This article challenges the established reading of Atti impuri and Amado mio, Pasolini’s early unfinished novels about young homosexual love, as diaristic. Previous accounts of the Friulan novels have largely ignored the fact that their final redactions were drawn up in Rome, where the author had fled from Friuli in January 1950 in the wake of a sexually tinged scandal. The present analysis suggests that the novels’ relationship to their setting should be read as nostalgic, and compares them to the poetic works on Friuli that Pasolini wrote in Rome in the early 1950s. This poetics of absence provides the backdrop for a reflection on the practice of realist authorship that engages with contemporary neorealist narrative from a position of paradoxical outsiderhood.
Is Gold-Putnam diagonalization complete?

Diagonalization is a proof technique that formal learning theorists use to show that inductive problems are unsolvable. The technique intuitively requires the construction of the mathematical equivalent of a “Cartesian demon” that fools the scientist no matter how he proceeds. A natural question that arises is whether diagonalization iscomplete. That is, given an arbitrary unsolvable inductive problem, does an invincible demon exist?
A new species of Cymopterus (Apiaceae) from the Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A.

Cymopterus constancei is described as new from mostly western portions of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico and from eastern Utah and Arizona. It has been confused withC. bulbosus A. Nelson but differs in several features of its bractlets, phenology, and habitat. The novelty is among the earliest of the native flora to bloom and is quite uniform morphologically. The number of collections encountered exceeds 200, a fourfold increase, in the past 22 years.
Delineating the autoimmune mechanisms in Graves’ disease

The immunologic processes involved in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), particularly Graves’ disease (GD), are similar to other autoimmune diseases with the emphasis on the antibodies as the most unique aspect. These characteristics include a lymphocytic infiltrate at the target organs, the presence of antigen-reactive T and B cells and antibodies, and the establishment of animal models of GD by antibody transfer or immunization with antigen. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, risk factors for GD include the presence of multiple susceptibility genes, including certain HLA alleles, and the TSHR gene itself. In addition, a variety of known risk factors and precipitators have been characterized including the influence of sex and sex hormones, pregnancy, stress, infection, iodine and other potential environmental factors. The pathogenesis of GD is likely the result of a breakdown in the tolerance mechanisms, both at central and peripheral levels. Different subsets of T and B cells together with their regulatory populations play important roles in the propagation and maintenance of the disease process. Understanding different mechanistic in the complex system biology interplay will help to identify unique factors contributing to the AITD pathogenesis.
BUB1 mediation of caspase-independent mitotic death determines cell fate

The spindle checkpoint that monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment has been implicated in tumorigenesis; however, the relation between the spindle checkpoint and cell death remains obscure. In BUB1-deficient (but not MAD2-deficient) cells, conditions that activate the spindle checkpoint (i.e., cold shock or treatment with nocodazole, paclitaxel, or 17-AAG) induced DNA fragmentation during early mitosis. This mitotic cell death was independent of caspase activation; therefore, we named it caspase-independent mitotic death (CIMD). CIMD depends on p73, a homologue of p53, but not on p53. CIMD also depends on apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, which are effectors of caspase-independent cell death. Treatment with nocodazole, paclitaxel, or 17-AAG induced CIMD in cell lines derived from colon tumors with chromosome instability, but not in cells from colon tumors with microsatellite instability. This result was due to low BUB1 expression in the former cell lines. When BUB1 is completely depleted, aneuploidy rather than CIMD occurs. These results suggest that cells prone to substantial chromosome missegregation might be eliminated via CIMD.
Preference modification vs. incentive manipulation as tools of terrorist recruitment: The role of culture

Terrorism is a tactic much more likely to be used when combatants have asym- metric numerical strength and weaponry. Only if one side is comparatively very weak will it use terror tactics. This weakness requires a means of controlling strong incentives for free-riding or defection from the weaker side. There are two (nonexclusive) answers: (1) Atttract or inculcate recruits with an innate preference for cooperation, even if it results in the recruit's own death (2) Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving access to excludable near-public ("club") goods. Culture is the key to achieving either of these solutions. Culture is defined here as the set of "inherited" beliefs, attitudes, and moral strictures that a people use to distinguish outsiders, to understand themselves and to communicate with each other. The primary question is whether culture creates a pref- erence for cooperation as a primitive, or accommodates incentives such as excludable club goods that can only be obtained by cooperation. The difference between the two accounts matters greatly for determining the correct strategy to fight terrorism. If terror- ists are selected for having unusual (cooperative, from the perspective of the terror group) preferences, then recruitment must be disrupted somehow. If, on the other hand, terrorists allow themselves to be recruited to gain access to club goods, then the intervention strat- egy must be the disruption of social networks that credibly guarantee access to those club goods.
The effect of conflict and shock stress on stomach ulceration in the rat.

Abstract Data on stomach condition and adrenal weight are presented which indicated that animals subjected to shock stress experienced are more stressful environment as compared to Ss subjected to an approach-avoidance (water shock) conflict. Ulcers previously reported as having been developed by psychological stress may be attributed, to a greater degree, to the physical stress of electric shock.
The effect of peripheral olfactory blockade on the social behavior of the male golden hamster.

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy eliminates mating and attenuates intermale investigatory and aggressive behavior in male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Two reversible methods of peripheral olfactory blockage were found to mimic these effects. They were (1) unilateral olfactory bulbectomy combined with contralateral nostril occlusion and (2) bilateral reversible destruction of the olfactory epithelium by zinc sulfate infusion. These results indicate that a primary sensory deficit is sufficient to explain the effects of bulbectomy on social behavior and that incidental disruption of central nervous system tissue need not be invoked.
Update on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF) in older adults, and is increasing in prevalence as the population ages. Morbidity and long-term mortality in HFPEF are substantial and can be similar to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF), yet HFPEF therapy remains empirical and treatment guidelines are based primarily on expert consensus. Neurohormonal blockade has revolutionized the management of HFREF, but trials in HFPEF based on this strategy have been disappointing to date. However, many recent studies have increased knowledge about HFPEF. The concept of HFPEF has evolved from a ‘cardio-centric’ model to a syndrome that may involve multiple cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mechanisms. Emerging data highlight the importance of non-pharmacological management strategies and assessment of non-cardiovascular comorbidities. Animal models, epidemiological cohorts, and small human studies suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to HFPEF, potentially leading to development of new therapeutic targets.
U.S. president proposes new fuel standards

U.S. President George W. Bush in a 14 May speech proposed several steps meant to decrease U.S. gasoline consumption by 20% over the next 10 years. Proposed legislation the administration sent to the U.S. Congress would increase the supply of renewable and alternative fuels to 35 billion gallons by 2017, which would displace about 15% of projected fuel use, and would set tighter fuel standards for cars. In addition, in response to the April U.S. Supreme Court ruling against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on regulating greenhouse gas emissions, the president instructed federal agencies to coordinate their activities when developing regulations that may affect greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles.
Adrenal Suppression with Aminoglutethimide. III. Comparison of Plasma Δ4- and Δ5-Steroids in Postmenopausal Women Treated for Breast Carcinoma

A regimen or aminoglutethimide in combination with replacement glucocorticoid has been used to suppress adrenal steroidogenesis in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast carcinoma. During acute and chronic treatment with aminoglutethimide, the levels of the Δ4-steroids [progesterone (P), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-Δ4-P), and androstenedione (Δ4-A)] and the Δ5-steroids [dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone- sulfate (DHEA-S), and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17-Δ5-P)] were determined. In the total group of women, the plasma levels of P and Δ4-A increased 2- to 3-fold (P < 0.05) while 17-Δ4-P rose 10-fold (P < 0.01) from basal concentrations of 0.65 ± 0.07 to 6.48 ± 1.46 ng/ml during the initial 2 weeks of therapy with aminoglutethimide (AG) and dexamethasone. These three steroids then fell to basal levels during chronic treatment (P and 17-Δ4-P) or were suppressed (Δ4-A; P < 0.001). In contrast, the levels of Δ5-steroids (17-Δ5-P, DHEA, and DHEA-S) were reduced 3- to 5-fold during the ini...