cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling structural recovery in glasses: An analysis of the peak-shift method

Amorphous polymers below their glass-transition temperature are inherently not at equilibrium. As a result, their structures continuously relax in an attempt to reach the equilibrium state. The current models of structural recovery can quantitatively describe the process. One of the parameters needed for the models is the nonlinearity parameter x. It has been proposed that x can be obtained from experimental data with the so-called peak-shift method. In this work, we use the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model to identify the factors that determine the accuracy of the peak-shift method and to quantify the errors in the value of x obtained from the peak-shift method. In addition, we determine the influence of the error in x on the evaluation of the nonexponential model parameter β. Finally, the peak-shift method is compared with the traditional curve-fitting method for model parameter determination. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2027–2036, 2002
Trouble on the railroads in 1873–1874: Prelude to the 1877 crisis?

(1961). Trouble on the railroads in 1873–1874: Prelude to the 1877 crisis? Labor History: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 215-235.
A test of self‐disclosure based on perceptions of a target's loneliness and gender orientation

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the interacting effects of others' definitions of the target's loneliness and masculine and feminine personality characteristics (gender orientation) on self‐disclosure to the target. As a target's loneliness decreased, the more honest the disclosure was to that person. While targets who were defined as feminine also received high levels of honest disclosure, a combination of feminine and masculine traits (androgyny) facilitated high amounts of in‐depth disclosure. Neither sex of target nor an interaction of sex and gender orientation affected disclosure. Overall analyses showed that a target's perceived feminine and low lonely characteristics were most related to honest and perceived high loneliness to depth of disclosures.
What Luck is Not

In this paper, I critically examine the two dominant views of the concept of luck in the current literature: lack of control accounts and modal accounts. In particular, I argue that the conditions proposed by such views—that is, a lack of control and the absence of counterfactual robustness—are neither necessary nor sufficient for an event's being lucky. Hence, I conclude that the two main accounts in the current literature both fail to capture what is distinctive of, and central to, the concept of luck.
Comments on the Comments

. The paper replies to Bix and Soper (Bix 2007; Soper 2007). Bix's paper raises methodological questions, especially whether a form-theorist merely needs to reflect on form from the arm-chair so to speak. A variety of methods is called for, including conceptual analysis, study of usage, “education in the obvious,” general reflection on the nature of specific functional legal units, empirical research on their operation and effects, and still more. Further methodological remarks are made in response to Soper's paper. Soper suggests the possibility of substituting “form v. substance” of a unit as the central contrast here rather than form v. complementary material or other components of a unit. Various reasons are given here for not doing this. Among other things, it is also argued here that form does not, contrary to Soper's suggestion, always follow substance.
Increased expression of T cell antigens on T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

We read the work by Seegmiller et al. (1) with interest regarding the increased expression of CD7 on reactive T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). We had also observed an increase in CD7 in conjunction with increased CD45 expression on a subset of CD4þ T cells in lymph nodes involved by CHL (Fig. 1), raising the question whether the expression levels of other T-cell associated antigens might also be altered in CHL. To further examine this finding, T cell populations were retrospectively evaluated in 50 lymph nodes involved by CHL and 50 reactive lymph nodes. The immunophenotypes of CD4þ and CD8þ T cells were quantitatively evaluated by normalizing the expression of a given antigen to a reference population (non-T cell lymphocytes). The normalized ratio was calculated as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the CD4þ or CD8þ T cells for a given antigen divided by the MFI of the reference lymphocytes for that antigen. Statistically significant (P < 0.05, measured by student’s t test) increased expression of CD2, CD5, CD7, and CD45 on the CD4þ T cells and CD5 and CD45 on the CD8þ T cells were demonstrated when T cells from lymph nodes involved by CHL and reactive (nonneoplastic) lymphadenopathies were compared (Fig. 2). Both the CD4þ and CD8þ T cells from CHL demonstrated statistically significant decreased expression of CD3 when compared to reactive lymphadenopathies. Next, we evaluated lymph nodes specimens for increased expression of CD7 and CD45 on CD4þ T cells in five patients who had multiple tissue biopsies (evaluated by both flow cytometry and morphology). Each patient had at least one biopsy without evidence of lymphoma and one biopsy involved by CHL, yielding a total of 8 reactive and 10 CHL-involved lymph nodes studied. All the lymph nodes involved by CHL showed CD4þ T cells with increased CD7 and CD45, while none of the reactive lymph nodes showed this finding. This result suggests the reactive CD4þ, increased CD7þ and CD45þ T cell population is present only in lymph nodes involved by CHL but not globally in all the tissues from CHL patients in the absence of the neoplastic population. The inference is that the microenvironment (possibly mediated chemokines) is responsible for the induction of this population. In clinical practice, this reactive CD4þ T cell population in CHL can be readily identified on a plot of CD45 vs. CD7 (Fig. 1), provides support for the diagnosis of CHL, and serves a screening tool to prompt further definitive evaluation for the neoplastic Hodgkin and ReedSternberg cells of CHL by flow cytometry (2,3) or immunohistochemistry (4). Studies are underway in our laboratory to determine the biological significance of this reactive T cell population.
The limit of a renewal reward process with heavy-tailed rewards is not a linear fractional stable motion

Levy and Taqqu (2000) considered a renewal reward process with both inter-renewal times and rewards that have heavy tails with exponents α and β, respectively. When 1<α<β< 2 and the renewal reward process is suitably normalized, the authors found that it converges to a symmetric β-stable process Zβ(t), t∈[0,1] which possesses stationary increments and is self-similar. They identified the limit process through its finite-dimensional characteristic functions. We provide an integral representation for the process and show that it does not belong to the family of linear fractional stable motions.
Preparation, characterization, electrochemical properties and single-crystal structural analysis of [Tc(SCP)2(DMPE)2](PF6)3, where scp is the Zwitter-ionic ligand −SCH2P+(CH3)2(CH2)2P(S)(CH3)2 and DMPE is 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane

Abstract Dithiocarbamates react with excess 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (DMPE) in acid conditions in the presence of [Tc(OH)(O)(DMPE)2]2+ to generate the novel zwitterionic ligand −SCH2P+(CH3)2(CH2)2P(S)(CH3)2 (abbreviated SCP). The technetium(III) complex [Tc(SCP)2(DMPE)2](PF6)3 has been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Bond lengths around the octahedrally coordinated technetium(III) ion are TcS = 2.299(2) and TcP (average) = 2.437(8) A. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical measurements are reported for the reversible technetium(III/II) couple; Et' has been determined to be −0.113 V vs Ag/AgCl (0.5 M TEAP/DMF). In addition, a chemically irreversible technetium(II/I) couple is observed at −1.310 V. The properties of [TcIII/II(SCP)2(DMPE)2] 3+ 2+ are compared to those observed previously for the related cis- and trans-[Tc III II (SR)2(DMPE)2]+/0 complexes.
Kinetics and type of immune response following intranasal and subcutaneous immunisation of calves.

Abstract Protection of animals against respiratory infections has long been known to depend on respiratory mucosal immunity. However, few studies have been reported on the immune response following intranasal (i.n.) immunisation with non-living, soluble antigens. This study determined the kinetics of the humoral and cellular immune responses in calves after i.n. immunisation with Limulus haemocyanin ( LH ) with cholera toxin adjuvant, or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunisation with LH in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. A proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in vitro with LH was observed in animals immunised 7–10 days after i.n. and s.c. immunisations with no significant differences between the two immunised groups. LH -specific antibody was present in the serum of animals immunised s.c. (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2) and i.n. (IgA). Although significant IgA responses were observed, i.n. immunisations in cattle with soluble protein antigens and cholera toxin as an adjuvant did not induce a strong systemic immune response.
Comment on "How to identify unstable DC operating points"

For original paper see M.M. Green and A.N. Willson, Jr., ibid., vol.39, pp.820-32 (1992). The modeling of capacitors and inductors in nonlinear circuits is discussed. In a previous paper by the author a theorem stated that all dependent current (voltage) sources must be terminated by a positive-valued capacitor (inductor). In this letter it is shown that this requirement can be relaxed so that only ports that contain controlling signals are required to be terminated by reactive elements.
Comparative Statics and Non-expected Utility Preferences*

Abstract Researchers have shown that many, though not all, of the basic results of expected utility analysis can be more or less directly generalized to non-expected utility preferences. This paper describes the essential difference between results which can be extended in this manner and those which cannot and shows that an important family of comparative statics theorems falls into the former class.
Farmer organizations and food production in Zimbabwe

Abstract Institutional analysis of the food crisis in Africa must extend beyond a concern with the operation of central states and markets. Collective action among smallholders is a necessary adjunct to outside intervention. This article reports on the effect of farmer organization on food production in Zimbabwe in the period 1980–1985. A typology of farmer groups in developed based upon the nature of the resources that are mobilized for agricultural production. Evidence is presented to show how farmer groups improve access to household assets and agricultural services for their members. The impressive recent record of maize output in Zimbabwe is traced in part to the initiatives of small farmers to organize themselves.
Relationship between self-esteem and locus of control.

Recent conceptualizations of self-esteem have placed it within a self-other context in an attempt to take the social nature of self-esteem into account. One of the contentions of these formulations is that people with high self-esteem have a greater potential for self-reinforcement (e.g., Baron, 1970; Fish, 1971; Ziller, Hagey, & Smith, 1969). Platt, Eisenman, and Darbes (1970) tested this contention by correlating the Ziller, er al. (1969) selfesteem measure with Rotterns (1966) Internal-External Control Scale since low scores on the I-E scale indicate an internal orientation with respect to the perceived locus of reinforcements. Their results showed no significant correlations, thus failing to support the validity of the Ziller, et al. (1969) self-esteem measure insofar as its relationship to perceived locus of reinforcement is concerned. Another measure of self-esteem, a feelings of inadequacy scale developed by Janis and Field (1959), also focuses on the social nature of the self-esteem construct. In an attempt to determine its relation to the I-E measure 285 males registered for introductory psychology were administered the Rotter I-E scale and the Janis and Field Feelings of lnadequacy Scale during an evening testing period. Results supported the assumptions made here and by Ziller, et 61. The Pearsonian r for self-esteem and I-E was -.28 ( p < .001). While this correlation only accounts for a small percentage of the variance, it suggests that people with higher self-esteem tend to be more internally oriented. This correlation thus supports the general reasoning of Ziller, et al. insofar as the concept of self-esteem is concerned albeit not with their own questionnaire.
Red Black Network: Temporal and Topological Analysis of Two Intertwined Social Networks

In this paper we introduce and study the properties of certain kind of interdependent networks that we collectively call a Red Black Network -- two intertwined social networks that work together towards a series of events (missions or performances). More specifically, members of one of the two networks is responsible for planning and organizing the events. They will generally be referred to as artists. Members of the other network, henceforth called actors, are responsible for the execution of the events. Using temporal data from the performing arts industry, we study the co-evolution of two such co-dependent social networks. We find that the statistical properties of two such networks are highly correlated, and use that finding to devise a prediction mechanism for such properties in a scenario when one of the two networks is invisible or only partially visible. This also sets up a framework for our ultimate goal of temporal, semi-blind, multi-relational link prediction.
The Chemical Composition of Jasper Artefacts from New England and the Middle Atlantic: Implications for the Prehistoric Exchange of “Pennsylvania Jasper”

Abstract Jasper is one of a number of silicates used prehistorically along the eastern seaboard of the United States for the production of stone tools. Geological outcrops are known to occur from Nova Scotia to Virginia, with those from the Reading Prong near Allentown, Pennsylvania being perhaps the most extensively worked prehistorically, and the most widely known among archaeologists. This study uses XRF to determine the chemical composition of 80 jasper artefacts from 52 prehistoric sites from Maine to Virginia. All of the artefacts were once suspected or are currently believed to originate from the Reading Prong (a.k.a. “Pennsylvania jasper”). These artefacts are compared through discriminant analysis to 158 geological specimens from 12 jasper quarries located in the Middle Atlantic states. Given the geographical limitations of the quarry database, it is only possible to assess quantitatively the degree of similarity between artefacts in our sample and the geological specimens included from those selected quarries. While our results must be viewed as preliminary, we contend that the majority of artefacts ascribed to the Reading Prong are likely to derive from other sources, and that most of the Reading Prong jasper was used locally (within 160 km of the source).
Decamethonium is a partial agonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

The efficacy of decamethonium as an agonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has never been determined. Here, we demonstrate how patch clamp recording during rapid perfusion of agonists to outside-out patches from BC3H-1 cells can be used to provide an unambiguous estimate of the efficacy of decamethonium. First, we obtain the decamethonium concentration-response relationship between 10 and 1,000 microM decamethonium. The maximum channel open probability is small (< 0.02) and occurs at about 100 microM. This suggests two alternative explanations: decamethonium is a poor agonist or decamethonium is an efficacious agonist but a potent channel blocker. To distinguish between these alternatives, we perfuse mixtures of decamethonium and acetylcholine to generate acetylcholine concentration-response curves in the presence of 30, 100, and 1,000 microM decamethonium. We use a model for activation and block of the acetylcholine receptor by both agonists to fit these data and determine the binding affinity, efficacy, and blocking affinity of decamethonium. We conclude that the efficacy of decamethonium is low, 0.016. Decamethonium is a true partial agonist.
Ritual, Sanctity, and Cybernetics'

The role of the sacred in human communication and in the regulation of social and ecological systems is approached through ritual. After a brief review of salient features of Maring ethnography, formal characteristics of rituals making them suitable for communication and regulation functions are examined. From this discussion a concept of sanctity relating it to a problem inherent in symbolic communication is derived. The non-discussive basis of sanctity is then considered and the role of the sacred in the cybernetics of social and ecological systems is then discussed. Next it is suggested that the relationship between sanctity and authority changes with technological development. Finally, some tentative suggestions concerning the origins of the sacred are advanced. I THE ROLES that ritual and sanctity play in communication, and in the regulation of the systems in which they participate are examined in this essay in an attempt to gain some additional understanding of the nature of religion. This essay differs from an earlier study I made of Tsembaga ritual (Rappaport 1967,
Adhesion strength of human ligament fibroblasts.

The adhesive interactions of cells with other cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) play a fundamental role in the organization of cells in differentiated organs, cell motility, and the healing process. The adhesion characteristics of ligament fibroblasts depend on the expression of cell surface molecules and their interaction with the ECM. Although many receptors mediating the effects of ECM components on ligament cell function remain poorly defined, it is known that fibronectin (FN) allows ligament cells to adhere through the VLA-5 receptor (α5 β1 ). A direct measurement of the adhesion between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or medial collateral ligament (MCL) fibroblasts and fibronectin matrix proteins was achieved by using a micromanipulation technique to determine the force required to detach an ACL or MCL cell from fibronectin-coated glass. We have found that the adhesion strength is not random, but has well-defined functional relationships with the FN concentration and the seeding time (time allowed for the cell to establish attachment). The adhesion strength (i.e., force required to detach) of ACL cells shows a stronger dependence on FN concentration (1, 2, and 5 μg/ml) for short seeding times (15-30 min) than for long seeding times (38-75 min). For MCL cells, the effect of the seeding time on adhesion strength was apparent for all concentrations. For all the seeding times studied and FN concentrations used, MCL cells had higher adhesion strength than ACL cells. The adhesion strengths of ACL and MCL fibroblasts to FN are correlated to cell adhesion area. The normalized adhesion strength (adhesion force/adhesion area) of MCL fibroblasts is approximately 0.025 mdynes/μm2 , which is the same as ACL cells for a seeding time from 18 to 50 minutes.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in adults: Relationship to Gray’s Behavioral Approach System

Abstract Disinhibition has received considerable recognition as a primary deficit in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). The goal of the present study was to investigate claims that Gray’s Behavioral Approach System (BAS) is linked to a disinhibitory deficit and can account for hyperactive-impulsive AD/HD behaviors. A sample of 184 undergraduates responded to measures of Gray’s and other personality dimensions. BAS scores were positively related to and were significant predictors of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and also appeared to be related to inattentive AD/HD symptoms in females. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) scores did not predict hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, suggesting that it is not a primary deficit for hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Other disinhibitory pathways along Gray’s model, such as a response modulation deficit, were supported. Overactive BAS functioning is offered as a contributor to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in adults.
Construction of functionalized metallosupramolecular tetragonal prisms via multicomponent coordination-driven self-assembly.

A new approach for the construction of functionalized metallosupramolecular tetragonal prisms via multicomponent, coordination-driven, template-free self-assembly is described. The combination of t...
Relating laboratory and outdoor exposure of coatingsIII. Effect of relative humidity on moisture-enhanced photolysis of acrylic-melamine coatings

Abstract The effects of relative humidity ranging from ≈0 to 90% on the moisture-enhanced photolysis (MEP) of a partially-methylated melamine acrylic polymer coating exposed to the ultraviolet (UV)/50 °C condition were investigated. The UV source was two 1000 W xenon arc solar simulators, which provided radiation with wavelengths from 270 to 800 nm. Five different relative humidity (RH) levels were supplied by dry air/moist air mixture humidity generators. Degradation of coating films approximately 10 μm thick applied to CaF 2 substrates exposed to different UV/RH conditions were measured by FTIR transmission spectroscopy using an auto-sampling device. The total degradation under UV at a particular RH consists of four modes: reactions during post curing, dark hydrolysis at a particular RH, photolysis, and MEP. Experiments were designed so that changes in MEP with RH were measured. Both the rates and magnitudes of the MEP increased with increasing RH. The MEP rates of the acrylic-melamine crosslink loss and coating oxidation increased during the early exposure stage then leveled off, but the MEP cleavage rates of the acrylic polymer segment were nearly constant with time. The two-stage degradation of melamine-acrylic structure is attributed to the heterogeneous microstructure of the coating, and the enhanced degradation is explained by a mechanism based on hydrolysis-generated formaldehyde molecules, which act as chromophores to absorb UV light and accelerate photo-oxidation.
Divorce Laws and Morality: A New Catholic Jurisprudence

Provides an overview and evaluation of developments in contemporary American Catholic jurisprudential thinking on the relationship between civil law and morality. Focuses on the three central issues of divorce, contraception, and abortion. Advocates a radical 'no-grounds' divorce law.
Integrated low voltage and low power CMOS circuits for optical sensing of diffraction based micromachined microphone

We present CMOS electronics for optical sensing of diffraction based micromachined microphone. Peak detector and track and hold circuits are used for continuous time approach with only 58 μA of current for 65dB peak SNR (lPa at 1kHz). We also present a 1-bit sigma delta interface ADC for directly digitizing the signal for digital processing with 63 μA of current for 62dB peak SNR (lPa @ 1kHz). The electronics are designed in 0.35um standard digital CMOS process with reduced supply of 1.5Volts. All the analog front end circuits operate in weak inversion with rail-to-rail wide input linear range.
Consumers, clinicians and confidentiality

Abstract This paper represents a comparative study of the attitudes of internists, people under the regular care of internists and those who go to internists only for routine check-ups toward confidentiality in the doctor-patient relationship. The role played by knowledge and attitudes toward confidentiality in the seeking of health care is also assessed. The samples consisted of 131 internists, 76 patients and 76 non-patients of internists. The findings and their implications are discussed.
A piezospectroscopic study of the Raman spectrum of α - quartz

Abstract The splitting of the doubly degenerate Raman line of α-quartz at 128 cm -1 under uniaxial compression is reported. The polarization characteristics of the two stress induced components are interpreted using symmetry arguments.
Complex inheritance pattern of dyskeratosis congenita in two families with 2 different mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene

Heterozygous mutations in the telomerase components TERT, the reverse transcriptase, and TERC, the RNA template, cause autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita due to telomere shortening. Anticipation, whereby the disease severity increases in succeeding generations due to inheritance of shorter telomeres, is a feature of this condition. Here we describe 2 families in which 2 TERT mutations are segregating. Both families contain compound heterozygotes. In one case the proband is homozygous for a novel mutation causing a P704S substitution, while his father's second allele encodes an H412Y mutation. The proband in the second family has mutant alleles Y846C and H876Q. Transfection studies show codominant expression of the mutated alleles with no evidence of a dominant negative effect or of intragenic complementation. Thus in these families the expression of both TERT alleles and the inherited telomere length contribute to the clinical phenotype.
Serum bactericidal activity of extended-release clarithromycin against macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Study Objective. To investigate the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) over time of extended-release clarithromycin against moderately resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Design. Prospective, single-dose pharmacodynamic study. Setting. University-affiliated research center. Subjects. Eleven healthy male volunteers. Intervention. All volunteers received a single dose of extended-release clarithromycin as two 500-mg tablets, and blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration of the dose. Measurements and Main Results. For each blood sample, a serum bactericidal titer (SBT) was determined against S. pneumoniae strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μg/ml to clarithromycin. The median SBT was determined for each time period. The extended-release formulation of clarithromycin exhibited SBA for 24 hours against pneumococcal strains with MICs of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μg/ml. No SBA was observed against isolates with MICs of 4.0 or 8.0 μg/ml. Conclusion. The extended-release formulation of clarithromycin, taken once/day, will provide SBA for 24 hours against strains of S. pneumoniae with MICs of 2.0 μg/ml or less.
Metabolic and hyperbolic forms from knot theory

Abstract In codimension two knot theory various signature invariants arise. We show that they all vanish on double slice knots but only certain linear combinations vanish on slice knots. This is done in the context of constructing complete sets of invariants of ± hermitian torsion forms over any Laurent polynomial ring F [ t , t −1 ] ( F a field) to detect metabolic or hyperbolic forms. Finally a precise formula relating two different versions of these signature invariants is given which shows that one is strictly weaker than the other.
Why a Diachronic View of Base Property Exemplification is Necessary in Metaethics

In a recent issue of this journal, Jorn Sonderholm presents two main criticisms of my 2008 case for a diachronic view of base property exemplification in metaethics. This essay contends that neither of Sonderholm’s criticisms hit their mark, and that there are additional reasons to adopt a diachronic view of base property exemplification. Thus, the case for a diachronic view of base property exemplification in metaethics is stronger than previously thought.
Excretion of d-and l-methionine in children with generalized aminoaciduria

T ~ E aminoaciduria associated with glycosuria and phosphaturia in the Fanconi syndrome or in patients with mental retardation and congenital cataracts as described by Lowe, Terrey, and MacLachlan 1 is generally agreed to be the result of insufficient reabsorption of amino acids by the renal tubule. The nature of the defect of the renal tubule, however, is unknown at the present time. The reabsorption by the kidney of the naturally occurring L-form of the individual amino acid is thought to be a process of active transport which involves, perhaps, a mechanism of the membrane carrier type? -4
A reassessment of target-mask interaction in visual backward masking

Most theories of visual masking concentrate on the effects of a mask on a target. The present study departs from this position and investigates the manner in which a suppressed target alters the perception of a mask. A visual backward masking paradigm was employed, except that subjects were to identify characteristics of the mask rather than the target. A 5 by 5 square matrix of points, composed of either horizontal or vertical vectors, served as the mask. The mask was observed in both the presence and absence of preceding target stimuli. If observed in the absence of a target, the mask points appeared static and simultaneous. If preceded by a target, the mask points appeared to move in accordance with the orientation of the target. This finding implies a mutual sort of target-mask interaction. Several theoretical implications are discussed.
Needle aspiration biopsy: Past, present, and future

Since its inception more than 50 years ago at Memorial Hospital for Cancer (New York), needle aspiration biopsy has traveled to its present popularity over a torturous road. The early influence of Stewart on the interpretation of aspiration smears and the use of this biopsy method is still worthy of review, particularly the importance of close cooperation between clinician and pathologist. While cytology has been profoundly influenced by individual cell interpretation as practiced by Papanicolaou, it is really pattern recognition that dominates successful diagnosis by the aspiration biopsy smear method. Present concerns over technical variation in procurement of the biopsy and staining methods should be of less importance than identification of the aspiration methodology that produces the best-quality microscopic image. Reliability of diagnosis by aspiration smear must also be judged by a suitable and reproducible standard, something that is not necessarily fulfilled by tissue pathology, although many would believe otherwise. The author proposes that aspiration may also now be judged, like tissue pathology, by clinical outcome. The application and ease of procuring cell samples from tumors for cell image analysis, for flow cytometry and ploidy studies, and for gene rearrangement place this biopsy method in the forefront of the integration of biologic research and clinical medicine. Aspiration biopsy has caused us to explore how the human eye and brain analyze microscopic images and may even assist in the design of useful artificial intelligence diagnostic systems in the future.
Familial crossed polysyndactyly

We have observed a distinct form of "crossed" polysyndactyly in 6 generations of a family with 5 affected persons, all males. The polydactyly is postaxial in the hands and preaxial in the feet. Syndactyly in the hands is observed in some relatives, while syndactyly in the feet is present bilaterally in all affected relatives. This seems to be an autosomal dominant trait with male to male transmission over 3 generations by examination and an additional 3 generations by history. This form of polysyndactyly could not be readily categorized by the existing classification by Temtamy and McKusick [1978: BD OAS XIV 6:363-392]. We review and expand the present classification of polydactyly and syndactyly syndromes.
Intestinal atresias: factors affecting clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background Despite improvements in care, intestinal atresias are associated with prolonged hospitalization and occasionally mortality. Although each type of atresia is distinct, it is unclear which factors impact clinical course. This study seeks to identify predictors of untoward outcome. Methods Neonates with duodenal, jejunal/ileal, and colonic atresia, treated at 1 institution from 1982 to 2005 were reviewed. Data were evaluated using nonparametric analysis of variance and logistic regression. Nonparametric data were expressed as medians with interquartile range (IQR). Results A total of 132 infants were evaluated including 63 with duodenal, 60 with jejunal/ileal, and 9 with colonic atresias. Overall mortality was 7% with associated congenital anomalies identified as an independent risk factor ( P = .01). Infants with associated anomalies were more likely to have low birth weight (2.3 ± 0.8 vs 3.0 ± 0.8 kg, P = .01), which further increased mortality risk. Atresia location did not affect mortality or length of stay; however it did impact the time to full enteral nutrition with jejunal atresia requiring longer than duodenal (17 [IQR, 9-40 days] vs 10 [IQR, 7-70 days]; P = .01). Conclusion Overall mortality from intestinal atresia is low and is not dependent on the location of obstruction. Infants with birth weight less than 2 kg and associated anomalies are at an increased risk for prolonged hospital stay and mortality.
The symmetric multiple prize all-pay auction with complete information

Abstract This paper extends the analysis of the n -player all-pay auction with complete information to cover the case of m ≤ n prizes, valued in weakly decreasing order, but symmetrically across players. We provide a complete characterization of the Nash equilibrium distributions for this class of auctions and provide an exact expression for the expected revenue generated.
A theory of the upper critical field in quasi-zero-dimensional superconductors

A microscopic theory describing the upper critical field in quasi-zero-dimensional superconductors is presented. The model is applicable to materials in which the superconducting electrons form clusters which are spatially separated from each other. It is argued that in quasi-zero-dimensional superconductors the orbital upper critical field is apt to be very high, and it is predicted that in highly zero-dimensional superconductors the H/sub c/2(T) curve will exhibit structure not yet seen experimentally.
Reperfusion enhances the local release of endothelin after regional myocardial ischemia

The role of endothelin, a potent long-acting vasoconstrictor peptide, in the pathogenesis of the “no-reflow” phenomenon was investigated in nine closed-chest mongrel dogs undergoing 90 minutes of proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion and 3.5 hours of reperfusion. Endothelin levels were measured serially from the coronary sinus (CS) and aorta (Ao) by radioimmunoassay and correlated with regional myocardial blood perfusion. Prolonged anesthesia, surgery, and vascular instrumentation did not change endothelin levels in four sham animals. A progressive and parallel increase in CS and Ao endothelin levels occurred during coronary occlusion. A further increase in CS levels was observed during the reperfusion period, resulting in significantly higher values of the peptide at 30 and 60 minutes (30 minutes: CS 22.1 ± 3.5 vs Ao 15.1 ± 5.1 pg/ml; 60 minutes: CS 21.1 ± 4.5 vs Ao 15.0 ± 3.6 pg/ml; p < 0.05 by analysis of variance). Microvascular perfusion determined semiquantatively with fluorescent beads was significantly reduced in the central ischemic zone (CIZ) compared with that in the nonischemic zone (NIZ) (CIZ endocardium 1.14 ± 0.4 beads/m2, CIZ midmyocardium 1.19 ± 0.3 beads/m2, NIZ 3.8 ± 0.6 beads/m2; p < 0.05). A significant correlation was noted between mean reperfusion levels of endothelin in the CS and endocardial flow in the CIZ (r = −0.88; p = 0.009). This study demonstrates that reperfusion per se enhanced the spillover of endothelin from the cardiac interstitium. Local release of endothelin may contribute to the progressive decrease in microvascular flow in the reperfused bed.
Cyclotron production of PET radionuclides: 18F (109.77 min; β+ 96.9%; EC 3.1%) from high-energy protons on natural magnesium targets

Abstract The production of no-carrier-added (NCA) 18 F (109.77 min) from proton induced reactions on Mg targets of natural isotopic composition was investigated in the 67.5-13.7-MeV energy range. In Mg targets, 22 Na (2.602 a) and 24 Na (15.04 h) were detected as radionuclide impurities. In 0-containing targets [i.e. Mg(OH) 2 ], 7 Be was also detected and measured. The total cross section (mbarn) for the production of 18 F and single and cumulative yields (mCi/μAh) for the production of 18 F, 22 Na, 24 Na and 7 Be were measured and are reported here. The total cross section for 18 F reached a peak value of 22.8 ± 0.2 mbarn in the 60–70-MeV energy region. In the full energy range covered in this work, the cumulative 18 F yield (67.5-13.7 MeV) was measured as 27.0 ± 2.7 mCi/ μ Ah. However, for practical reasons, only a 18 F yield of 24.9 ± 2.5 mCi/ μ Ah in the 67.6-40-MeV energy range needs consideration. Based upon these results, targetry aspects and the potential for the large-scale 18 F production from Mg targets are discussed. These results are also compared to a previously reported study of the potential of Al targets for producing 18 F with high-energy protons.
Assessment of oxidative stress in lungs from sheep after inhalation of wood smoke.

Abstract To elucidate potential dose-dependent mechanisms associated with wood smoke inhalation injury, the present study evaluated antioxidant status and the extent of pulmonary injury in sheep after graded exposure to smoke. Adult, male sheep (n=4–5 per group) were anesthetized and received 0, 5, 10 or 16 units of cooled western pine bark smoke, corresponding to 0, 175, 350 and 560 s, respectively, of smoke dwell time in the airways and lung. Smoke was mixed at a 1:1 ratio with 100% O2 to minimize hypoxia. Plasma and expired breath samples were collected pre-smoke, and 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h after smoke exposure. Sheep were euthanatized 48 h after smoke exposure and lung and airway sections were evaluated histologically for injury and biochemically for indices of oxidative stress. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were 66 and 69% higher than controls after moderate and severe smoke exposure at 48 h, whereas total antioxidant potential was not statistically different among groups at any time after exposure. Lung TBARS showed a dose-dependent response to smoke inhalation and were approximately 2-, 3- and 4-fold higher, respectively, than controls after exposure to 5, 10 and 16 units of smoke. Lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was also higher in smoke-exposed animals than controls, and MPO activity was markedly elevated (19- and 22-fold higher than controls in right apical and medial lobes) in response to severe smoke exposure. Smoke exposure also induced a dose-dependent injury to tracheobronchial epithelium and lung parenchyma. Taken together these data show that few indices of oxidative stress responded in a dose-dependent manner to graded doses of smoke inhalation, although most of the indices measured in lung were affected by the highest dose of smoke. Additional time course studies are necessary to determine whether these oxidants are a cause or a consequence of the airway and lung injury associated with exposure to wood smoke.
PROLIFERATION IN THE VOMERONASAL ORGAN OF THE RAT DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

We investigated proliferation of sensory cell precursors in the rat vomeronasal organ (VNO) at various postnatal ages from birth (P1) to P666. In the rat, which continues to grow during most of its adult life, proliferation might be related to growth and/or replacement. Proliferating cells were labelled by BrdU injection, and histological sections of the VNO were evaluated after immunohistochemical detection of BrdU. Proliferation density (number of proliferating cells/section) decreased dramatically from 115 at P1 to 27.2 at P21, although the area increased. Adult values were reached at P66-P333 (10.3 cells/section); at P400-P666 the value was 8.6 cells/section. Distribution of labelled cells changed considerably with age: in neonates the cells were nearly equally distributed throughout the sensory epithelium, whereas from P21 onwards most proliferating cells were concentrated in clusters near the boundaries with non-sensory epithelium. Labelled cells in the sensory neuronal layer were adjacent to the undulating basement membrane-bordering capillaries that intrude into the sensory epithelium, indicating that they were true basal cells. The volume of the sensory epithelium increased between P1 and P66, and remained constant thereafter, although the length still increased. Length and volume of the sensory epithelium were related to body size, not to sex; males and females of the same body size had the same VNO size. The complex changes in proliferation pattern during postnatal development indicate differential growth and replacement. We suggest that in adults the labelled cell clusters near the boundaries are a pool for growth, whereas proliferation in the central parts represents a replacement pool.
Sleep apnea and hypertension: interactions and implications for management.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in the United States, with an estimated 1 in 4 Americans at risk for OSA. In recent years, there has been a large body of work assessing the role of OSA as an independent risk factor for hypertension. Certain patient characteristics, such as age and the type of elevated blood pressure, may confer increased likelihood that the hypertension is secondary to underlying sleep apnea. Furthermore, early diagnosis and treatment of OSA may be beneficial in the management of hypertensive patients, particularly in those with poorly controlled hypertension. The focus of this brief review is on recent developments in the characteristics and treatment of sleep apnea-associated hypertension. Because of space limitations, only limited references are provided. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee identified OSA as an important identifiable cause of hypertension. As many as half of all patients with sleep apnea may have underlying hypertension, and many patients with hypertension, particularly resistant hypertension, may have OSA. In fact, there seems to be an interaction between OSA severity and resistance to antihypertensive medications.1 Elevated nocturnal blood pressure and reduced blood pressure “dipping” during sleep also suggest a higher likelihood of underlying sleep apnea, even in normotensive patients. Whether hypertension contributes to OSA remains unknown. OSA patients may not always exhibit elevated systolic pressures but may have a high prevalence of isolated diastolic hypertension.2–4 One study suggested that there was a significant association between the incidence of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension and the presence of sleep apnea in younger patients (<60 years of age) but not in older patients,5 and no significant association was seen between isolated systolic hypertension and sleep apnea in either age group. These studies suggest that the type of hypertension may need to be considered when …
Association rule mining with a correlation-based interestingness measure for video semantic concept detection

Association rule mining (ARM) has been adopted in automatic semantic concept detection to discover the association patterns from the multimedia data and predict the target concept classes. As a rule-based method, ARM faces the challenges on rule pruning. Such challenges could be addressed by utilising proper interestingness measures. In this paper, a video semantic concept detection framework that uses ARM together with a novel correlation-based interestingness measure is proposed. The interestingness measure is obtained from applying multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to capture the correlation between features and concept classes. This new correlation-based interestingness measure is first used in the rule generation stage, and then reused and combined with the inter-similarity and intra-similarity values to select the final rule set for classification. Experimented with 14 concepts from the benchmark TRECVID data, our proposed framework achieves higher accuracy than the other six classifiers that a...
Hip Instability and Capsular Laxity

Hip instability causes pain and impairment for patients. Traumatic instability results from a distinct dislocation or subluxation event. Atraumatic instability results from overuse, generalized ligamentous laxity, inherited collagen disorders, or developmental dysplasia of the hip. Patients present with vague symptoms that make diagnosis difficult. Hip examination findings can demonstrate increased external rotation in neutral and extension, as well as apprehension with hyperextension and external rotation. Secondary impingement caused by capsular laxity is observed when impingement physical examination findings are present without cam or pincer bony anomalies on radiographs. Patients who respond to diagnostic hip injection and easily distract with manual traction under fluoroscopy are candidates for an arthroscopic anterior capsular placation with suture. After capsular plication, patients regain full range of motion at 3 months and return to full activity between 4 and 6 months postoperatively. Capsular plication with suture is an effective and safe method for treating hip instability.
Adipose Redistribution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive Patients: Association with CD4 Response

We have noted that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients who develop adipose redistribution (AR) while receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) also tend to have a better response to ART, as indicated by the relative change in CD4 percent compared to those who don't develop AR on therapy. Whether the possible benefits of the improved CD4 response outweigh the metabolic and cosmetic problems associated with lipodystrophy is not known.
The adelopod tumbling robot

The desire for a high mobility-to-size ratio in mobile robots has led to the exploration of many new methods of locomotion, one of which is tumbling. We believe that tumbling has a great potential to produce high mobility-to-size ratios in miniature mobile robots. In this paper we discuss tumbling locomotion and introduce the Adelopod, a small two-armed tumbling robot recently developed at the University of Minnesota Center for Distributed Robotics. The Adelopod achieves high mobility with low hardware complexity, making it a desirable addition to any heterogeneous team of robots.
Treatment of schizo-affective disorder.

Abstract The classification of schizo-affective disorder is presently ambiguous; it may be a variant of schizophrenia, a variant of affective disorder, or an independent illness. However, treatment of schizo-affective disorder must have definite guidelines in order to be beneficial to patients. Our clinical experience has shown that ECT and/or lithium is effective for schizo-affective patients, and we are collecting more data for future research.