cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motion versus fixed distraction of the joint in the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is the most common form of ankle osteoarthritis. Nonoperative treatments are used in the early stages of the disease and yield modest but inconsistent improvement1. Osteoarthritis generally progresses over time, and, as with other major lower extremity joints, the treatment of choice for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis is surgical. In young patients, debridement, resurfacing, and realignment have limited indications2-5. Ankle arthrodesis and ankle replacement, currently the most commonly performed procedures, have recognized potential complications and long-term problems6-12. Joint distraction is a promising treatment approach for ankle osteoarthritis; however, its efficacy and role are not well defined. The treatment of ankle osteoarthritis with fixed distraction with use of thin-wire external fixators has been reported in both retrospective and prospective clinical series13-15. Those studies documented measurable and clinically important improvements in clinical and radiographic parameters in at least half of the patients undergoing non-articulated (fixed) thin-wire joint distraction. Joint motion has been accepted as an essential adjunctive component in the biological restoration of articular cartilage after injury16-22, whereas joint immobilization can be deleterious to joint function20,22-24. Distraction alone, particularly with the use of external fixation, carries the potential for the development of arthrofibrosis, which can be deleterious to joint reconstruction25,26. Early joint motion allows decreased accumulation of periarticular interstitial fluid and helps to maintain normal soft-tissue compliance around the joint, thus decreasing the potential for arthrofibrosis27-30. On the basis of the available clinical evidence, we hypothesized that ankle motion during distraction would result in clinically important improvements in outcomes compared with the use of distraction without ankle motion. The present study evaluated the patient-assessed outcomes of a prospective randomized controlled trial of distraction with or without ankle motion as treatment for advanced ankle osteoarthritis.
THEY DROPPED THE BALL ON FLES.

generalized conclusions: General elementary school teachers with no special training in a particular foreign language can, with a minimum of daily preparation, successfully guide their pupils in learning that language, provided: (1) that the instructional program be of a particular design, (2) that efficient use is made of newer educational media, and (3) that the level of achievement expected of the pupils is relatively lower in some aspects of language learning than that which would have been achieved had the pupils been taught the same content by well-qualified specialist teachers. Secondarily, but related to the conclusion already stated, is another which evolves from the finding that there were certain kinds of language learnings which were more effectively accomplished than others by the pupils in the experimental group: When elementary school pupils are guided in learning a foreign language by general elementary teachers who have no training in that language, through lessons presented by newer educational media (television and tape recordings), they acquire a listening and reading comprehension of that language to an achievement level which is comparable to that acquired by pupils who have been taught by specialist language teachers presenting similar content in person rather than by new educational media. However, the achievement level of these pupils in responding orally in conversational settings is significantly lower than that experienced by pupils taught by specialist teachers.
Scanning method for absolute pseudorandom position encoders

A new scanning method using a synchronisation track is proposed for use in absolute pseudorandom position encoders. This method not only eliminates the code reading ambiguities but also increases the encoder's resolution.
On the use of Human-Computer Interaction for Projected Nearest Neighbor Search

Nearest Neighbor search is an important and widely used technique in a number of important application domains. In many of these domains, the dimensionality of the data representation is often very high. Recent theoretical results have shown that the concept of proximity or nearest neighbors may not be very meaningful for the high dimensional case. Therefore, it is often a complex problem to find good quality nearest neighbors in such data sets. Furthermore, it is also difficult to judge the value and relevance of the returned results. In fact, it is hard for any fully automated system to satisfy a user about the quality of the nearest neighbors found unless he is directly involved in the process. This is especially the case for high dimensional data in which the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors found is questionable. In this paper, we address the complex problem of high dimensional nearest neighbor search from the user perspective by designing a system which uses effective cooperation between the human and the computer. The system provides the user with visual representations of carefully chosen subspaces of the data in order to repeatedly elicit his preferences about the data patterns which are most closely related to the query point. These preferences are used in order to determine and quantify the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors. Our system is not only able to find and quantify the meaningfulness of the nearest neighbors, but is also able to diagnose situations in which the nearest neighbors found are truly not meaningful.
An in situ surface fourier transform infrared study of complexes of lithium, magnesium, potassium and lanthanum ferrocyanide at platinum and gold electrodes

Abstract : The working electrode was either a platinum or gold disk (1 cm diameter), which had been polished to a mirror finish using progressively smaller diameters of alumina down to 0.05 micro meters. The disk was mounted on the end of a glass syringe barrel designed to fit the infrared cell. The cell construction was of the thin layer type and has been described previously. A platinum wire quasi-reference electrode was used throughout these experiments. The spectrometer employed was a vacuum bench Brucker-IBM model IR/98 FTIR on which subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS9) could be performed. In SNIFTIRS difference spectra, the data are displayed so that bands extending to positive (upwards) values of relative reflectance are due to species at the base reference potential ('reactants' in the unperturbed system), while negative bands denote species formed when the potential is stepped to a new value (the 'products' of the electrochemical reaction). Electrodes.
Destruction of superfluidity by disorder in one dimension.

We study the effect of disorder on the superfluidity of the hard-sphere Bose gas in one dimension. This system is equivalent to the spin-(1/2 XY model with a random transverse field, which in turn can be mapped onto a disordered spinless-fermion model. We show that the localization of all fermionic states implies an exponential decay in the spin-spin correlation function and hence the instability of the superfluid against any amount of disorder. We point out a fundamental difference in the characteristics of the Jordan-Wigner transformation between the pure and disordered systems. Generalization of our results beyond the present model and implications to disordered superconductivity are discussed.
Fatigue of rubber-modified epoxies: effect of particle size and volume fraction

A change in crack-tip plastic zone/rubber particle interactions induces a transition in the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behaviour of rubber-modified epoxy polymers. The transition occurs at a specific K level, K T, which corresponds to the condition where the size of the plastic zone is of the order of the size of the rubber particles. At ΔK>ΔK T, rubber-modified epoxies exhibit improved FCP resistance compared to the unmodified epoxy. This is because the size of the plastic zone becomes large compared to the size of the rubber particles and, consequently, rubber cavitation/shear banding and plastic void growth mechanisms become active. At ΔK>ΔK T, both neat and rubber-modified epoxies exhibit similar FCP resistance because the plastic zone size is smaller than the size of the rubber particles and hence, the rubber cavitation/shear banding and plastic void growth mechanisms are not operating. As a result of these interactions, the use of smaller 0.2 μm rubber particles in place of 1.5 μm rubber particles results in about one order of magnitude improvement in FCP resistance of the rubber-modified system, particularly near the threshold regime. Such mechanistic understanding of FCP behaviour was employed to model the FCP behaviour of rubber-modified epoxies. It is shown that the near threshold FCP behaviour is affected by the rubber particle size and blend morphology but not by the volume fraction of the modifiers. On the other hand, the slope of the Paris-Erdogan power law depends on the volume fraction of the modifiers and not on the particle size or blend morphology.
Non-equilibrium plasma in liquid water: dynamics of generation and quenching

In most cases, the electric breakdown of liquids is initiated by the application of high electric field on the electrode, followed by rapid propagation and branching of plasma channels. Typically plasmas are only considered to exist through the ionization of gases and typical production of plasmas in liquids generates bubbles through heating or via cavitation and sustains the plasmas within those bubbles. The question arises: is it possible to ionize the liquid without cracking and void formation?To answer this question we used a pulsed power system with 32–220 kV pulse amplitude, 0.5–12 ns pulse duration, 150 ps rise time. The discharge cell had a point-to-plate geometry with a tip diameter of 100 µm. These parameters allowed us to observe non-equilibrium plasma generation. The measurements were performed with the help of a 4Picos ICCD camera. It was found that the discharge in liquid water forms on a picosecond time scale. The increase of emission intensity and plasma formation took 200–300 ps. The diameter of the excited region near the tip of the high-voltage electrode was ~1 mm. After this initial stage emission rapidly decreased and the plasma region became almost invisible after 500 ps. The absence of emission during the rest of the pulse is explained by a decrease of the electrical field on the boundary of the conductive zone.Thus we have demonstrated the possibility of formation of non-equilibrium plasma in the liquid phase and investigated the dynamics of excitation and quenching of non-equilibrium plasma in liquid water.
Keats's TO HAYDON, WITH A SONNET WRITTEN ON SEEING THE ELGIN MARBLES and ON SEEING THE ELGIN MARBLES

(1999). Keats's TO HAYDON, WITH A SONNET WRITTEN ON SEEING THE ELGIN MARBLES and ON SEEING THE ELGIN MARBLES. The Explicator: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 19-22.
Generation of waves in the Venus mantle by the ion acoustic beam instability

The ion acoustic beam instability is suggested as a mechanism to produce wave turbulence observed in the Venus mantle at frequencies 100 Hz and 730 Hz. The plasma is assumed to consist of a stationary cold O(+) ion plasma and a flowing, shocked solar wind plasma. The O(+) ions appear as a beam relative to the flowing ionosheath plasma which provides the free energy to drive the instability. The plasma is driven unstable by inverse electron Landau damping of an ion acoustic wave associated with the cold ionospheric O(+) ions. The instability can directly generate the observed 100 Hz waves in the Venus mantle as well as the observed 730 Hz waves through the Doppler shift of the frequency caused by the satellite motion.
Estimation of nitrogen balance based on a six-hour urine collection in infants.

The accuracy of a 6-hr vs a 24-hr urine collection for the determination of urinary urea nitrogen was studied in 15 infants. Patient's age ranged from 2 weeks to 3 yr, encompassing a wide variety of diagnoses. All patients had normal renal function at the time of the study.Participants had indwelling foley catheters throughout the study. Urine specimens were collected over a continuous 24-hr period. Aliquots obtained from urine collected over 0 to 6 hr and the total urine collection were analyzed utilizing the urease enzymatic method in the Astra.Statistical analysis was performed comparing the actual 24-hr determination to the estimation based on the 6-hr collection, utilizing linear regression. The analysis of data produced a highly significant correlation (r = 0.904, p < 0.0001).When a 24-hr urine collection is not possible, a 6-hr collection is a useful alternative for the calculation of nitrogen balance in infants. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition10:517-518, 1986)
On-Ground Experiment Of A Full-Scale CO 2 Laser Transceiver For Free-Space Communications

The laboratory test configuration of an engineering model of a CO2 laser homodyne communication system is described. The system is based on a full-scale transceiver and a simulated opposite terminal (SOT). The transceiver technology development has been initiated and sup-ported by the European Space Agency and is now going to be completed. The SOT has been designed as a transmitter including front-end optics (telescope) and pointing elements. Fully representative functional and operational tests of the transceiver and the whole system are possible.
Net energy analysis of space power satellites

Abstract A net energy analysis (NEA) of the Solar Power Satellite System is performed. Two options are compared using either silicon (Si) or gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) photovoltaic cells. The analysis is based on the DOE/NASA reference system. Maintenance and material energy costs are considered and are shown to be valid. Results show a net energy ratio (electrical output vs primary thermal input) of the order of 2–5 for the silicon cell option and 14–18 for the gallium-aluminum-arsenide option.
746-3 Impaired Wall Thickening of Adjacent Non-Infarcted Myocardium is Associated with Regional Myocyte Hypertrophy and Dysfunction During Post-Infarct Remodeling

Wall thickening (WT) is impaired in non-infarcted regions adjacent to Myocardial Infarction (MI) and is thought to be caused by mechanical overload and geometric chamber distortion. The contribution of abnormalities intrinsic to the myocyte to impaired WT during remodeling has not been examined. To correlate local WT in vivo with myocyte morphology and function during LV remodeling, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 2 weeks after MI (left coronary artery ligation) by obtaining EKG-gated spin-echo shortaxis images (1.5 Tesla, 3 inch coil). Myocytes were isolated from 14 rats with MI and 4 shams. Local WT in regions adjacent (A) and remote (R) to the infarct scar visible by MRI was correlated with cell morphology and function, studied in myocytes isolated from A and R. MI size measured by planimetry ranged from 5% to 30% (mean 18.7%) of the outer LV area. Regional differences in local WT were present in MI hearts: average %WT in A was lower than in R (27.8 ± 6.14 (sem) vs 54.0 ± 10.17: p l 0.01). In rats with large MI (MI g 20%, n = 7). cells were longer than in sham (p l 0.05: n = 175) both in R(143.1 ± 1.76 vs 120.9 ± 2.40 μm) and in A (150.3 ± 1.89 vs 122.6 ± 2.02 μm) while no changes were evidenced in cell width. Cells from A were longer than those from R(p l 0.05). A positive correlation between MI size and cell length was found (for A: r = 0.8, slope 0.07). Electrically-stimulated cell contraction (see figure, %ES: cell shortening / diastolic length: values aTe mean ± sem), was impaired in A with respect to sham (**: p l 0.05) and to R (*: p = 0.06). Thus, during post-MI remodeling, dysfunction in A non-infarcted regions is associated with greater myocyte elongation and dysfunction than in R. In conclusion, local myocyte dysfunction contributes to WT impairment in adjacent regions after MI. Download : Download high-res image (33KB) Download : Download full-size image
Thyroidal iodide transport. II. Comparison with non-thyroid iodide-concentrating tissues.

1. 1. The iodide-concentrating mechanisms of normal sheep thyroid, mouse submaxillary, rat-mammary and rat-thyroid tumor tissue slices have been compared. 2. 2. The tissue/medium ratio of 131Iis greater for thyroid tissue than for the other tissues under identical conditions. 3. 3. The time to attain equilibrium is 80–120 min in thyroid tissues and 30–40 min in the other three tissues. 4. 4. The tissue/medium ratio of 131I of all four tissues is reduced to half the control value at 1–3 · 10−5M iodide and the association constants vary from 2.7–3.3 · 104M. The differences in tissue/medium ratio of 131I appear to be a function of the capacity of the system rather than the affinity for iodide ion. 5. 5. Iodide accumulation in all four tissues can be shown to be a function of the external K+ concentration with half maximal stimulation of the tissue/medium ratio of 131I attained at from 0.9–2.9 · 10−3M of added K+. 6. 6. The cardiac glycosides, ouabain and scilliroside, depress the tissue/medium ratio of 131I in all four tissues. Scilliroside is a more potent inhibitor than ouabain by an order of magnitude. This depression can be partially reversed by the addition of 30 mequiv./l of K+, Rb+ or Cs+ ions.
Ligation of the α2M* Signaling Receptor Regulates Synthesis of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2

Abstract We have studied the regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) synthesis in macrophages stimulated with receptor-recognized forms of α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 M*). [ 35 S]methionine-labeled cells were stimulated with α 2 M* and [ 35 S]cPLA 2 was immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody directed against cPLA 2 . The precipitates were electrophoresed, immunoblotted, cPLA 2 detected by Enhanced Chemifluorescence, and its radioactivity determined. Stimulation of cells with α 2 M* caused a two- to threefold increase in cPLA 2 synthesis compared to buffer-treated cells which was consistently maximal at 200 pM of α 2 M*. Actinomycin D or cycloheximide treatment of cells drastically reduced α 2 M*-induced cPLA 2 synthesis. Likewise, inhibition of protein kinase C with chelerythrin, farnesyl transferase with manumycin A, MEK kinase with U0126, Erk1/2 kinases with PD98059, p38MAPK with SB203580, PI 3-kinase with wortmannin or LY294002, p 70s6k with rapamycin, or depletion of [Ca 2+ ] i with either BAPTA/AM or EGTA drastically reduced α 2 M* induction of cPLA 2 . Inhibition of NFκB activation with BAY11-7182 or PGA 1 also abolished α 2 M* induction of cPLA 2 . We conclude that α 2 M*-induced cPLA 2 synthesis is controlled by [Ca 2+ ] i levels, tyrosine kinase activity, the p21 ras -dependent MAPK and PI 3-kinase downstream signaling pathways, and regulation of NFκB.
Sir William Drummond Stewart: Aristocratic Masculinity in the American West

Sir William Drummond Stewart is known mostly as the patron of artist Alfred Jacob Miller, but he is worth examining in his own right for the ways in which his travels, collecting, and fiction reveal how western myths could resonate in contexts other than the familiar project of American nationalism. This article explores how the West served as an imaginative and literal site on which Stewart constructed his masculinity. Yet the more that Stewart tried to stabilize his identity through real and textual encounters with the West, the more this ground shifted under him. For instance, Stewart's novels depict the West as a place where gender and ethnicity were unpredictable and malleable. Thus, while discourses of western adventure have often been interpreted as a straightforward narrative of violence, Stewart's romantic tourism, although fraught with contradictions, reveals how western adventure could contain multiple meanings.
Type G and spherical distributions on Rd

A class of multivariate distributions obtained by Gaussian randomizations of jumps of a Levy process is studied. Specifically, exact convenient representations of type G distributions, given that they are of spherical type, are demonstrated. The methodology reveals new ways in extracting families of distributions that may help in understanding various applications that arise in finance. Applications from explicit distributions are also confirmed.
Index futures trading and stock price volatility: Evidence from Denmark and France

This study uses an EGARCH methodology to investigate the impact of index futures trading on the price volatility of two European stock markets. The results show that index futures trading has changed the distribution of stock returns in Denmark and France, however, it has not increased stock price volatility. There is evidence that futures trading has dampened stock price fluctuations in France. The results further show that stocks in Denmark and France exhibit strong volatility persistence and asymmetry, especially during the post-futures period.
Reexamination of the Statistical Derivations of Fourier's Law and Cattaneo's Equation

The derivation of Fourier's law from the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) under the assumptions: (1) the relaxation time approximation with a velocity-independent relaxation time, (2) local equilibrium, and (3) steady state has been accepted and well understood for many years. Alternatively, Cattaneo's equation can be derived from the BTE by removing the third—that is, steady-state—assumption. Because fewer approximations are necessary, the latter would be more accurate for transient problems, and the reduction of Cattaneo's equation to Fourier's law is only applicable under certain conditions. In a number of investigations, the local equilibrium assumption is formulated in a relatively ill-defined manner. Though this avoids complicated formulation, the simple expression can be somewhat misleading and subsequently yields erroneous conclusions if not interpreted properly. The objective of this investigation is to reexamine the statistical derivations, with an emphasis on the local equilibrium assumption,...
BUSINESS AND SOLITUDE

Thomas Augst, The Clerk's Tale: Young Men and Moral Life in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003) Scott A. Sandage, Born Losers: A History of Failure in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , as the historian William Leach has written, is a fairy tale about faith and capitalism in modern America. First published in 1900, L. Frank Baum's long-loved work tells the story of two ordinary Midwesterners in a country where wishes come true: a farm girl named Dorothy and a phoney wizard whose only real power turns out to be that of “making believe.” By pretending to bestow brains, heart, and courage upon Dorothy's fellow pilgrims, the “great humbug” turns their faith in him into faith in themselves, in the untapped powers they have held all along. “All you need is confidence in yourself,” he says, and his gift makes them rulers in their own lands much as he rules over his. Viewed as a spiritual quest, Dorothy's odyssey is about living in a world with no higher power than oneself. But like Norman Vincent Peale's later bestseller, Baum's sunny story joins the “power of positive thinking” to the Emerald City; the yellow-brick road is also the road to riches, to wondrous works as well as self-fulfilling faith. Like the alternative Americas depicted in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and more than a hundred other utopian novels of the late 1880s and 1890s, Oz is a promised land where faith supplants politics, less a commonwealth than a common dream.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM. A NOTE ON EARLY, TEMPORARY REPLACEMENT THERAPY FOR 2 GOITROUS INFANTS.

Intellectual and physical development of 23 children was correlated with age at initial treatment and with dosage of thyroid replacement therapy. Seven children, treated adequately according to serum butanol extractable iodine concentrations (BEI's) have mental development commensurate with their siblings: five were treated before 3 months of age, two before 9 months. All received at least 90 mg. of desiccated thyroid daily by 17 months of age, without additional dosage, until the third year. Unsatisfactory mental development occurred in five children who received small doses of thyroid before 9 months of age, in three who had histories suggestive of neurologic impairment from prenatal factors, and in eight children who were not treated until 14 months of age. Two siblings whose mother was receiving medical treatment for hyperthyroidism at the time of their births each had a goiter and a serum BEI below 2.0 μg per 100 ml. Each of them received up to 45 mg. of desiccated thyroid daily during their first year of life. The goiters disappeared promptly; thyroid function and physical and mental development have been normal to their present ages of 3 and 4 years, respectively. There was no evidence that temporary supplements of desiccated thyroid impaired endogenous thyroid function.
Development of the neonatal rat small intestinal barrier to nonspecific macromolecular absorption. II. Role of dietary corticosterone.

ABSTRACT: The role of oral corticosterone (C) in the maturation of the neonatal rat jejunal barrier to the absorption of nonspecific macromolecules was evaluated. This was done by adding C to the diet of rat pups weaned at an early age, 17 d, from maternal milk (MM) to either a protein hydrolysate (PH) or soy (S) artificial formula. Both PH and S are known to cause a delay in small intestinal closure to the absorption of a 40-kD glycoprotein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), on d 21 of age. C was added to PH and S formulas from d 17 to 21 at 0.26 μmol/L (10 μg/dL), a level found in the MM of lactating rat dams, or at 10.29 μmol/L (400 Mg/dL) (PH + 10C, PH + 400C) (S + 10C, S + 400C). Controls consisted of rat pups fed PH or S without C and animals remaining with the dam on MM. The delay in jejunal closure to HRP on d 21 in both PH- and S-fed pups was prevented by C supplementation at both the higher and lower concentrations. Geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) jejunal HRP absorption in PH + 10C pups was 74 (32,167) IU HRP/mL ± cm ± min, less than in pups fed PH without C [353 (200,615); p <0.05] and indistinguishable from HRP absorption in MM-fed animals [111 (79,154)]. HRP absorption in PH + 400C pups [52 (23, 115)] was also less than that in animals fed PH without C (p < 0.01) and indistinguishable from those fed MM. In S-fed pups, closure delay was accompanied by a lamina propria eosinophilia not seen with PH or MM feedings; this did not occur in S + 400C pups. Our results lend support to the view that C, a glucocorticoid known to be present in rat MM, may play a role in the normal ontogenetic closure of the small intestine to macromolecular absorption in the neonatal rat.
The Chlamydomonas cell cycle

The position of Chlamydomonas within the eukaryotic phylogeny makes it a unique model in at least two important ways: as a representative of the critically important, early-diverging lineage leading to plants; and as a microbe retaining important features of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) that has been lost in the highly studied yeast lineages. Its cell biology has been studied for many decades and it has well-developed experimental genetic tools, both classical (Mendelian) and molecular. Unlike land plants, it is a haploid with very few gene duplicates, making it ideal for loss-of-function genetic studies. The Chlamydomonas cell cycle has a striking temporal and functional separation between cell growth and rapid cell division, probably connected to the interplay between diurnal cycles that drive photosynthetic cell growth and the cell division cycle; it also exhibits a highly choreographed interaction between the cell cycle and its centriole-basal body-flagellar cycle. Here, we review the current status of studies of the Chlamydomonas cell cycle. We begin with an overview of cell-cycle control in the well-studied yeast and animal systems, which has yielded a canonical, well-supported model. We discuss briefly what is known about similarities and differences in plant cell-cycle control, compared with this model. We next review the cytology and cell biology of the multiple-fission cell cycle of Chlamydomonas. Lastly, we review recent genetic approaches and insights into Chlamydomonas cell-cycle regulation that have been enabled by a new generation of genomics-based tools.
Fodorian semantics: A reply to Adams and Aizawa

In a recent article in this journal (Adams and Aizawa 1992), Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa argued that Jerry Fodor's proposed naturalistic sufficient condition for meaning is unsatisfactory. In this paper, I respond to Adams and Aizawa, noting that (1) they have overestimated the importance of their “pathologies” objection, perhaps as a consequence of misunderstanding Fodor's asymmetric dependency condition, (2) they have misunderstood Fodor's asymmetric dependency condition in formulating their Twin Earth objection, and (3) they have, in addition to under describing their “clear counterexample” to Fodor's proposal, in fact identified a satisfactory Fodorian rejoiner to their objection. I conclude that Fodor's proposal is, for all Adams and Aizawa have shown, adequate as a naturalistic theory of content.
Atomic structure of amorphous Al90FexCe10−x

The atomic structure of liquid-quenched amorphous Al{sub 90}Fe{sub {ital x}}Ce{sub 10{minus}}{sub {ital x}} ({ital x}=5, 7) was studied by pulsed neutron and x-ray scattering. The atomic pair--density function determined by pulsed neutron diffraction indicates that a significant portion of Al--Fe distances are anomalously short, while some part of Al--Al distances are anomalously long. Both neutron and x-ray scattering showed the presence of a prepeak in the structure factor. These results suggest that a strong interaction between Al and Fe modifies the structure of this glass, leading to chemical and topological short-range ordering.
Realigning forces in the United States elections of 1984

Abstract Major shifts in party identification, presidential and congressional vote occurred in the United States between 1956 and 1984. National survey evidence demonstrates that a marked transformation in the social bases of partisan choice also took place during this period. Four alternative theories are offered as plausible explanations for these trends. The best fitting explanation involves judgments about the past performance of the parties and candidates. The analysis suggests that the outcome of the 1984 election was not simply a reflection of Reagan's personal popularity. The election was heavily influenced by changes in the social bases of party support, thus raising broader implications for the party system.
Can myocardial ischemia be recognized by the exercise electrocardiogram in coronary disease patients with abnormal resting Q waves

This study was performed in order to determine whether exercise-induced myocardial ischemia demonstrated by thallium-201 imaging could be detected by ST segment shifts in patients with abnormal Q waves at rest. Fifty-four patients with coronary artery disease and exercise-induced thallium-201 defects were compared to 22 patients with similar Q wave patterns but without thallium-201 exercise defects and to 14 normal subjects. Exercise data were analyzed visually in the 12-lead ECG and for spatial ST vector shifts. Both ST segment depression observed on the 12-lead ECG and spatial criteria were reasonably sensitive and specific for ischemia when the resting ECG showed no Q waves or inferior Q waves (range 69% to 93%). However, when anterior Q waves were present, ST segment shifts could not distinguish patients with ischemia from those with normal perfusion as determined by thallium imaging.
Using electrodermal activity to recognize ease of engagement in children during social interactions

The recent emergence of comfortable wearable sensors has focused almost entirely on monitoring physical activity, ignoring opportunities to monitor more subtle phenomena, such as the quality of social interactions. We argue that it is compelling to address whether physiological sensors can shed light on quality of social interactive behavior. This work leverages the use of a wearable electrodermal activity (EDA) sensor to recognize ease of engagement of children during a social interaction with an adult. In particular, we monitored 51 child-adult dyads in a semi-structured play interaction and used Support Vector Machines to automatically identify children who had been rated by the adult as more or less difficult to engage. We report on the classification value of several features extracted from the child's EDA responses, as well as several other features capturing the physiological synchrony between the child and the adult.
A dynamic programming approach to document length constraints

Natural language generation (NLG) applications must occasionally deliver rhetorically coherent output under length constraints. For example, certain types of documents must fit on a single webpage, on a cell phone screen, or into a fixed number of printed pages. To date, applications have achieved this goal by structuring their content as a rhetorical tree and using a greedy algorithm to pick the discourse elements to include in the final document. Greedy algorithms are known to pick sub-optimal solutions. This paper presents an alternate approach based on dynamic programming.
Estimating the intensity function of a weibull process at the current time: failure truncated case

The Weibull process, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity function is often used to model the failure times of complex systems which are repaired after failure. Point estimation of the value of the intensity function at the current time is frequently an important problem and in this paper, two classes of estimators of this quantity are proposed when the data are failure truncated. Several members of these classes are suggested as estimators. Expressions for the bias and the mean squared error of these estimators are derived and are evaluated for several values of β and for samples sizes of 5, 10,20 and 40. Some estimators have smaller mean squared error than the conditional MLE for a wide range of the parameters.
Mechanistic aspects in the generation of apparent ultrahigh efficiencies for colloidal (microbial) electrokinetic separations.

Under specific experimental conditions, the electrokinetic separation of certain microorganisms can produce peaks of very high apparent efficiencies (∼106−1010 theoretical plates/m). This is unusual in that no deliberate focusing mechanism was employed. To investigate this process further, the separation was monitored in real time using a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging system. At least two different processes seem to be operative when these narrow peaks are observed. The initial field-induced association of cells appears to require a dilute polymer solution, electroosmotic flow (preferably countercurrent to the direction of cell electrophoresis), and a direct current electric field. Three possible models are presented that may explain aspects of the observed behavior. The balance between dispersive forces and intercellular adhesive forces also affects the observed bandwidths. Understanding and controlling the dynamic and aggregation of cells in microfluidic processes is essential, since it can be ben...
EF-hand Ca2+-binding bioluminescent proteins : Effects of mutations and alternative divalent cations

Bioluminescent photoproteins, such as aequorin and obelin, are proteins that emit light upon binding calcium. Aequorin and obelin contain four EF-hand domains arranged into a globular structure. The loop region of these EF-hand domains binds calcium by coordinating it in a pentagonal bipyramidal structure with oxygen atoms. The binding of calcium to these EF-hands causes a slight conformational change in the protein, which leads to the oxidation of the internally sequestered chromophore, coelenterazine, producing coelenteramide and CO 2 . The excited coelenteramide then relaxes radiatively, emitting bioluminescence at 471 nm in aequorin or 491 nm in obelin. Although calcium is the traditional, and generally the most powerful, triggering ligand in this bioluminescence reaction, alternative di- and trivalent cations can also bind to the EF-hand loops and stimulate luminescence. Species capable of this cross-reactivity include: Cd 2+ , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , and several lanthanides. Magnesium is also known to modulate the bioluminescence of wild-type aequorin, increase its stability, and decrease its aggregation tendency. Both wild-type aequorin and wild-type obelin contain several cysteine residues, aequorin has three and obelin has five. It is believed that these cysteine residues play an important, but as of yet unknown, role in the bioluminescence of these proteins, since mutating most of these residues causes significant loss in bioluminescent activity. In order to explore whether or not these cysteine residues contributed to the specificity of the EF-hand domains for cations we generated four aequorin and obelin mutants and observed their luminescent intensity and decay kinetics by stimulation with calcium, barium, and magnesium. It was found that the cysteine mutations do appear to alter the effects that alternative divalent cations have on the bioluminescence of both aequorin and obelin.
Chemotherapy and Combined-Modality Therapy for Esophageal Cancer

Treatment of esophageal carcinoma with radiation alone or surgery alone has yielded unsatisfactory cure rates and has not had a major impact on survival. The failure to cure or prolong survival of patients with esophageal cancer is because of our inability to eradicate residual disease at the primary site and to early systemic dissemination of disease. Three neoadjuvant approaches involving chemotherapy have been studied in patients with apparently localized esophageal cancer: preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery, chemotherapy and concurrent radiation therapy followed by surgery, and chemotherapy and radiation therapy without surgery. All of these approaches have shown potential in pilot trials. Large-scale trials comparing surgery alone with chemotherapy prior to operation are underway. For patients with local-regional epidermoid carcinoma who are not able to undergo or who refuse operation, chemotherapy plus concurrent radiation appears, in random assignment trials, to be superior to radiation alone.
Supercomputing policy links science and the “C” word

Competition, a concept nary whispered in pure science circles, might just have been the catalyst that finally drove the High Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC) policy over the Hill. It has taken many years, and countless government studies, to help legislators even comprehend and appreciate the potential of high-performance computing technology in the U.S. But toss in the competitive angle, and the story needs little translation.
An At-Risk Approach to the Study of Child Abuse: Some Preliminary Findings

Abstract In an attempt to understand better the complex etiologies of child abuse and neglect, this investigation is following 275 high-risk mothers and infants through the child's first year of life. In the present study, the characteristics of a group of primiparous women, infant temperament, mother-infant interaction, and environmental stress factors are examined to identify variables that differentiate mothers who mistreat their children from those who do not. A subsample of 25 mothers providing good quality care and 26 mothers who have abused or in some way mistreated their children has been identified. The inadequate mothers had more pregnancy and birth complications, but there was little difference in the babies' temperament except that the babies in the good mother group were better able to orient and were less irritable. The good mothers were older, better educated, had more support from alleged father and family, and, in general, were much better prepared for the baby. There was basically no difference in personality characteristics or amount of life stress experienced by the two groups of mothers. The variables that best differentiated the two groups were: mother's understanding of the psychological complexity of the infant and her relationship with the infant; and a factor based on observations of mother's care-taking skills, her positive affect, and infant's social responsiveness.
U.S.‐Japan caldera conference

A joint U. S.-Japan caldera conference was held at the U. S. Geological Survey in Washington, D. C., September 21–24, 1965, in conjunction with a project for combined aeromagnetic and gravity investigations of calderas of the Japanese islands. This project was sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science as a part of the U. S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program. The conference was preceded by a five-day field trip to calderas and ash-flow fields in the western United States, including Mono basin and Long Valley in eastern California, the Black Mountain-Timber Mountain region in southcentral Nevada, ash-flow fields in eastern Nevada, and the Bull Valley eruptive-tectonic complex of southwestern Utah.
Social Acceptance of Learning Disabled Adolescents

The regular classroom sociometric status of learning disabled (LD) and nonhandicapped (NH) high-school students was examined. Forty-six LD students who attended regular classes for portions of the school day were matched with an equal number of NH students in 6 schools. A sociometric rating scale, the Ohio Social Acceptance Scale (OSAS), was administered in 32 physical education classes enrolling LD students. LD and NH students were found not to differ significantly in regular classroom sociometric status. In addition, LD pupils were as well known as their matched peers and rated fellow LD students in the same classes higher than did NH raters. The findings are inconsistent with those of previous studies involving younger students by suggesting that regular classrooms can be socially rewarding for LD adolescents.
Transverse vibrations of non-uniform beams

The free vibrations of elastic beams with nonuniform characteristics are investigated theoretically by a new method. The new method is seen to combine the advantages of a finite element approach and of a Rayleigh-Ritz analysis. Comparison with the known analytical results for uniform beams shows good convergence of the method for natural frequencies and modes. For internal shear forces and bending moments, the rate of convergence is less rapid. Results from experiments conducted with a cantilevered helicopter blade with strong nonuniformities and also from alternative theoretical methods, indicate that the theory adequately predicts natural frequencies and mode shapes. General guidelines for efficient use of the method are presented.
Mineralogy and diagenesis of 3.24Ga meteorite impact spherules

Abstract Spherules in the S3 bed of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa are distal fallout formed within an impact plume after a large impact event at 3.24 Ga. Since that time, diagenesis and lower greenschist grade metamorphism of the spherules has changed the mineralogy, though shape and texture are largely preserved. Alteration of the S3 bed has resulted in spherules composed of quartz, phyllosilicates, Ti- and Fe-oxides, and some Ni-rich chromites. Initially, glassy spherules were palagonitized and silica cementation of the spherules began during low-temperature interaction with seawater. Further alteration by Si- and K-rich fluids resulted in a mineralogical assemblage of quartz, feldspar, and clays. Crystalline minerals were replaced by dissolution-precipitation processes, preserving relict textures. Further silica cementation resulted in complete lithification of the bed. Most of this alteration occurred at the seafloor and during shallow burial. With continued burial, amorphous silica recrystallized to microcrystalline quartz. Later recrystallization of clays to micas occurred during regional metamorphism at peak temperatures of 300–320 °C. Late-stage shearing and mineralization preferentially affected the northern region of the belt. Samples from different sections record highly variable local conditions. Water depth, the amount of pre-depositional transport, location within the belt, and proximity to igneous dikes all affect the diagenesis of the S3 spherules. Silica and barite concentrations are lower, and carbonate concentrations are higher in the deep-water depositional environments. Element mobility during diagenetic and lower greenschist grade metamorphism can be inferred based on studies of multiple sections throughout the BGB. The most immobile elements are Al, Zr, Ti, Sc and the high field strength elements and present element ratios can be used to infer original composition of the spherules. The large ion lithophile elements are highly mobile, as are the light rare earth elements (REEs), which are particularly susceptible to mobilization during carbonate diagenesis and phosphate authigenesis. Of the REEs, Ce and Eu show the largest variability, suggesting significant mobilization during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. Consistent Cr/Ir ratios, particularly in the high concentrations suggest limited mobility, and segregation of platinum group elements into Ni-rich chromite-bearing spherules. Sulfide mineralization has not affected the Ir concentration in the S3 layer.
Chronic Renal Insufficiency: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach

Chronic renal insufficiency ultimately culminating in end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation is a major health problem in the United States. The first task confronting the physician caring for a patient with renal disease is to decide whether the renal insufficiency is acute or chronic. The initial differential diagnostic approach to chronic renal insufficiency consists of determining whether the patient has glomerular disease or interstitial or vascular disease on the basis of a careful history taking, urinalysis, and measurement of 24-hour protein excretion. Further refinement of diagnostic considerations often requires serologic studies, renal biopsy, or imaging the urinary tract with ultrasonography or computed tomography. Management considerations begin with the identification and correction of any acute reversible causes of renal insufficiency in patients with chronic renal disease. Recent studies have shown that effective antihypertensive therapy, especially with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, restriction of dietary protein, and excellent glycemic control in patients with diabetes, can retard the progression of chronic renal disease. Once these therapeutic strategies are in place, it is important to anticipate and treat the multiple manifestations of chronic progressive renal insufficiency: fluid overload, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism, and anemia.
On the Stability of Motion with Respect to Two Measures for Systems with Aftereffect and Impulsive Perturbations

We develop the first Lyapunov method by using matrix-valued auxiliary functions and formulate the theorems on stability and asymptotic stability with respect to two measures for a class of systems of equations with aftereffect and impulsive perturbations.
Synthesis of High Surface Area ZnO(0001) Plates as Novel Oxide Supports for Heterogeneous Catalysts

We demonstrate a technique to prepare high surface area ZnO powders that preferentially favor a plate-like morphology, exposing the $$(0001)/(000\bar{1})$$ facets. A solution-based synthetic route was used to decompose zinc acetate in the presence of amine and citrate ions to block the $$(0001)/(000\bar{1})$$ facets and favor growth from the pyramid planes. The ZnO platelets remained stable upon heating to 250 °C as evidenced by electron diffraction patterns. The high surface area (75 m2/g) and surface energetics of the (0001) plane make these powders suitable as supports for heterogeneous catalysts.