cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cuisine of the Chinese at Market Street Chinatown (San Jose, California): using cookbooks to interpret archaeological plant and animal remains

Archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological remains from Market Street Chinatown, San Jose, California, show that 19th century Chinese migrants ate a varied diet of fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, poultry, and fish. Most of the migrants came from southern China, an area with a well-developed Cantonese cuisine. This article explores how cookbooks can help us interpret the dishes, meals, and activities represented by the remains. 20th-century English-language Chinese cookbooks present guidelines related to meal planning, ingredients, flavours, cooking methods, and dining customs. These culinary principals cannot be applied uncritically to the Market Street Chinatown assemblage. But they help us connect remains from trash pits to food on the table and help us compensate for uneven data stemming from the differential preservation of various plant and animal taxa. Cookbooks indicate that grains are severely underrepresented in the macrofloral record at the site, as are vegetables compared to meat. Recipes show how ingredients could be combined and prepared, and suggest how Euro-American foods were adopted, providing an understanding of daily cooking and dining in 19th century California Chinatowns.
Verified Models & Verified Runtime Validation

This chapter provides an important twist on cyber-physical systems analysis. Without any doubt, formal verification provides crucial safety information for CPSs with exhaustive coverage of all the infinitely many possible behaviors that no finite amount of testing could ever provide. The catch is that the safety result then covers all behavior of the verified CPS models, but only provides safety guarantees for the actual CPS implementation to the extent that this implementation fits the model. Obtaining good enough models of physics is a nontrivial challenge in and of itself. This chapter provides a systematic way to transfer the safety guarantees about a CPS model to safety results for the actual implementation with the help of provably correct runtime compliance monitors. When run on the CPS implementation, these runtime monitors validate the actual execution in a verified way against the verified models that were proved safe previously.
Well-Defined and Precision-Grafted Bottlebrush Polypentenamers from Variable Temperature ROMP and ATRP

Polypentenamer macroinitiators are synthesized through variable temperature ring opening metathesis polymerization of 3-cyclopentenyl α-bromoisobutyrate, which has sufficient ring strain (ΔHp = −22.6 kJ mol–1) to produce targeted molar mass ( 1000 kg mol–1) and Đ = 1.33. This system exhibits high synthetic versatility and control with a unique flexible backbone to expand the suite of densely grafted polymers.
A survey of potential jurors' perceptions of interrogations and confessions

Author(s): Mindthoff, Amelia; Evans, Jacqueline R; Perez, Gissel; Woestehoff, Skye A; Olaguez, Alma P; Klemfuss, J Zoe; Normile, Christopher J; Scherr, Kyle C; Carlucci, Marianna E; Carol, Rolando N; Meissner, Christian A; Michael, Stephen W; Russano, Melissa B; Stocks, Eric L; Vallano, Jonathan P; Woody, William Douglas
On Freud's Forgetting of “Signorelli”

Between 1960 and 1980, American art-historian Meyer Schapiro's thoughts returned frequently to the first page of Freud's The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which the author discusses forgetting the name of Renaissance artist Luca Signorelli. In his conclusions on the subject, unpublished until now, Schapiro considers how Freud's explanation of his lapse of memory may have itself suffered from a repression of sexual anxieties.
Toward an international health workforce data standard: an analysis of regulatory agency documents

Agencies responsible for regulating health professionals require detailed data describing individual practitioners and their qualifications. Initial collection of these data allows agencies to determine whether health professionals are qualified to practise safely. Ongoing collection of practitioner data is also critical for ensuring an adequate supply of health workers. A metadata standard facilitating data sharing among regulatory agencies can support these needs, providing the infrastructure necessary for detailed, interoperable practitioner registries. This paper presents the results of a document analysis of application forms used by 20 international agencies to collect data about physicians seeking licensure/registration. This research yielded over 250 unique data elements in 15 categories of interest. Though the scope of data required by regulatory agencies is vast, this research revealed a set of common metadata properties that provided a base for an international standard to support interoperable registries and the global exchange of health practitioner data.
Selective stimulation of human intrinsic laryngeal muscles: Analysis in a mathematical three-dimensional space.

Objectives/hypothesis Standard stimulating methods using square waves do not appropriately restore physiological control of individual intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs). To further explore our earlier study of evoked orderly recruitment by quasitrapezoidal (QT) currents, we integrated the contribution of the cricothyroideus (CT) with attention to mutual activation in an additional patient, based on recent studies of appropriate responses via strict recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) stimulation. Study design Basic science study. Methods The patient received functional electrical stimulation (FES) with QT pulses at 5 Hz, 60 to 2,000 μAmp, 100 to 500 μs pulse width, 0 to 500 μs decay. Ipsilateral electromyography (EMG) responses were calculated using the average maximum amplitude, area under the curve, and the root mean square of the rectified amplitude waveforms. The thyroarytenoideus (TA), posterior cricoarytenoideus (PCA), lateral cricothyroideus (LCA), and the CT were each interrogated via two monopolar electrodes, values were recorded in MATLAB, exported to Excel, and analyzed. Individual and mutual recruitment configurations and activation delays with stimulation were explored using multiple regression and exploration factor analyses. Results A total of 868 EMG data points based on 18 trials and up to 11 subtrials were captured from each of the four ILMs. Various combinations of pulse amplitude, pulse width, and exponential decay were found to produce significant (P ≤ .001) individual ILM responses. CT mirrored the LCA, whereas the TA and PCA exhibited separate interactions along shared trajectories in a three-dimensional space. Conclusions FES calibrated to individual and coupled ILMs offers promise for restoring normal and pathological contraction patterns via strict RLN stimulation. Level of evidence 5 Laryngoscope, 130:967-973, 2020.
A Stochastic Model for Prediction and Avoidance of RF Interference to Cognitive Radars

This work presents a real-time implementation of a cognitive radar system that predicts and avoids interference using a stochastic model of radio frequency (RF) activity. Next-generation radar/radio systems must sense, predict, and avoid interference as the spectrum grows more crowded. The tested cognitive radar monitors the RF environment to estimate the stochastic model parameters followed by a prediction and avoidance stage. An alternating renewal process models RF activity with random busy and idle time distributions, which are used to obtain interference probabilities. These interference probabilities determine a radar transmit bandwidth and center frequency to avoid colliding with other emitters in the environment. The approach is evaluated in terms of collisions and missed opportunities on a set of simulated and real measured RF spectra. Additionally, this paper outlines the effects and complexity of utilizing different distributions, parameters, and modes of operation for the implemented radar system. The results suggest that this approach accurately predicts and avoids RF interference with a degradation in performance as model variance increases.
Information-Driven phase changes in multi-agent coordination

Large systems of agents deployed in a real-world environment face threats to their problem solving performance that are independent of the complexity of the problem or the characteristics of their specific solution mechanism. One such threat is the degrading of the quality of agent coordination mechanisms when faced with delays in the flow of critical information among the agents introduced by communication latencies. In this paper we demonstrate in a simple model of locally interacting agents that the emerging system-level performance may degrade very suddenly as the rate of individual decision making increases against the availability of up-to-date information. We present results from extensive simulation experiments that lead us to select a locally accessible metric to adapt the agent's individual decision rate to values that are below this phase change. Given the generic nature of the coordination mechanism that is analyzed and the information-theoretic metric, the adaptation mechanism may increase the deployability of large-scale agent systems in real-world applications.
Cutaneous Patches to Monitor Myoelectric Activity of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Postoperative Pediatric Patients.

Purpose Limited means exist to assess gastrointestinal activity in pediatric patients postoperatively. Recently, myoelectric gastrointestinal activity recorded by cutaneous patches has been shown in adult patients to be predictive of clinical return of gastrointestinal function postoperatively. The aim of this case series is to demonstrate the feasibility of this system in pediatric patients and to correlate myoelectric signals with return of bowel function clinically. Methods Pediatric patients undergoing abdominal surgery were recruited to have wireless patches placed on the abdomen within two hours postoperatively. Myoelectric data were transmitted wirelessly to a mobile device with a user-interface and forwarded to a cloud server where processing algorithms identified episodes of motor activity, quantified their parameters and nominally assigned them to specific gastrointestinal organs based on their frequencies. Results Three patients (ages 5 months, 4 year, 16 year) were recruited for this study. Multiple patches were placed on the older subjects, while the youngest had a single patch due to space limitations. Rhythmic signals of the stomach, small intestine, and colon could be identified in all three subjects. Patients showed gradual increase in myoelectric intestinal and colonic activity leading up to the first recorded bowel movement. Conclusion Measuring myoelectric intestinal activity continuously using a wireless patch system is feasible in a wide age range of pediatric patients. The increase in activity over time correlated well with the patients' return of bowel function. More studies are planned to determine if this technology can predict return of bowel function or differentiate between physiologic ileus and pathologic conditions.
Experimental studies of the difference between plasma potentials measured by Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes in presheaths

The plasma potential measured by cylindrical and planar Langmuir probes has been shown to differ from the plasma potential measured by emissive probes in the neighborhood of the presheath near a negatively biased electrode immersed in a weakly collisional low temperature argon plasma. There are two principal results demonstrated in this paper. First, while it is well known that Langmuir probes cannot reliably measure plasma potentials inside of sheaths, results presented here demonstrate that the problem persists in presheaths, the quasineutral plasma bordering sheaths. It is known that emissive probes analyzed in the limit of zero emission accurately measure the plasma potential in the sheath. It is now clear that they are the only known electrostatic probe technique able to measure the plasma potential accurately throughout the presheath. Second, it is shown that the difference between potential measurements made by Langmuir probes and emissive probes in the body of the plasma, farther than a presheath distance from the boundary, is not proportional to Te as has been previously claimed.
Less Is More: Rare Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells Function as Critical Sensors in Lung

Summary Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare airway epithelial cells that also uniquely harbor neuronal and endocrine characteristics. In vitro data indicate that these cells respond to chemical or mechanical stimuli by releasing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, implicating them as airway sensors. Emerging in vivo data corroborate this role and demonstrate that PNECs are important for lung response to signals, such as allergens. With close proximity to steady-state immune cells and innervating nerves, PNECs, as prototype tissue-resident neuroendocrine cells, are at the center of a neuro-immune module that enables the fundamental ability of an organ to sense and respond to the environment.
Anti-stress hormones: Work & Functions

Hormones are chemicals produced by different glands across our body. They travel through the bloodstream, acting as messengers and play a part in many bodily processes. One of these important functions includes regulation of mood. Good mood or pleasure giving components are extensive and can be measured using 2 major factors: integrative factors/underlying factors (intellectual, biological, character and moral sub-factors) and external factors (conduct, socio-cultural, prudent, geological, life occasions and feel sub-factors). Among every integrative factor, biological homeostasis are the noteworthy indicators of pleasure. Along these lines, this report intends to consider natural factors that underlie satisfaction of good mood. Anti-Stress Hormones will take a shot at its own, through the system of adjusting hormones by means of the cerebrum's control place. Be that as it may, you have to comprehend there are numerous reasons why this instrument is out of parity, in any case. This report will further include various components that determines the good mood regulation in body and its benefits.
Afrofuturism and Black Futurism: Some Ontological and Semantic Considerations

I present a differentiation, if not a complete disjunction, between Afrofuturism and Black Futurism within the larger category of thought on speculative futuricity. This delineation of Afrofuturism and Black Futurism is useful when thinking through the potential political efficacy and aesthetic potency of an Afrofuturism that meaningfully refers to actual historical and socioeconomic situations of African and New World Africana Diasporic peoples. I discuss issues of power imbalances and epistemic injustice and also raise questions regarding the efficacy of modes of resistance to such power imbalances and the potential for change those modes of resistance might have, do have, and will perhaps have. My main purpose is to clarify an ontology and semantics of concepts of Afrofuturism that diverges from a vague, confused and uncritical conflation with Black Futurism, revealing at once the contingencies that this Afrofuturism entails as well as the shortcomings of a versions of Futurisms that reifies simplistic color-based racial categories that covertly normalize racial conceptualizations in-themselves in place of historically determined cultural and ethnic conceptualizations.
Persistent DNA damage rewires lipid metabolism and promotes histone hyperacetylation via MYS-1/Tip60.

ABSTRACT Nuclear DNA damage is intricately linked to cellular metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms and full range of metabolic alterations that occur in response to persistent DNA damage are not well understood. Here, we use a DNA repair-deficient model of ERCC1-XPF in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), that accumulates physiologically relevant, endogenous DNA damage, to gain molecular insights on how persistent genotoxic stress drives biological aging. Using an integrated multi-omic approach, we discover that persistent genotoxic stress rewires lipid metabolism. In particular, nuclear DNA damage promotes mitochondrial β-oxidation and leads to a global loss of fat depots. This metabolic shift to β-oxidation generates acetyl-CoA and drives histone hyperacetylation. Concomitantly, we observe an associated change in gene expression of immune-effector and cytochrome (CYP) genes. We identify MYS-1, the ortholog of mammalian histone acetyltransferase TIP60, as a critical regulator of this metabolic-epigenetic axis. Moreover, we show that in response to persistent DNA damage, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially arachidonic acid (AA) and AA-related lipid mediators are elevated. This elevation of PUFA species requires mys-1/Tip60. Together, these findings reveal that persistent nuclear DNA damage alters the metabolic-epigenetic axis to drive an immune-like response that can promote age-associated decline.
Association between post-concussion symptoms and oculomotor deficits among adolescents.

PURPOSE To examine the association between Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) scores, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores, and oculomotor deficits post-concussion. METHODS Records of adolescent patients examined in a multidisciplinary concussion clinic between July 2014 and May 2019 were reviewed. PCSS and CISS scores, results of eye examination and oculomotor assessment, concussion history, and demographics were abstracted. RESULTS One hundred and forty patient records (median age, 15.3 years; 52 males, presented 109 days (median) from their most recent concussion) met inclusion criteria. Mean total scores on PCSS and CISS were 46.67 ± 25.89 and 27.13 ± 13.22, respectively, and were moderately correlated with each other (r = 0.53, p < .001). Oculomotor deficits were observed in 123 (88%) patients. Step-wise linear regression identified increased PCSS total score to be significantly associated with decreased amplitude of accommodation (p < .001). Increased CISS total score was significantly associated with receded near point of convergence, developmental eye movement test error scores, and cause of concussion. CONCLUSION High PCSS scores may indicate an accommodation deficit and thus prompt an oculomotor assessment in patients following a concussion. Using the CISS and a detailed oculomotor assessment may reveal underlying oculomotor deficits, which may benefit from treatment.
Incremental Speech Translation

Graph Theory and Natural Language Processing.- Unification-Based Formalisms for Translation in Natural Language Processing.- MILC: Structure and Implementation.- Experiments and Results.- Conclusion and Outlook.
Epidemic spreading in real networks: an eigenvalue viewpoint

How will a virus propagate in a real network? Does an epidemic threshold exist for a finite graph? How long does it take to disinfect a network given particular values of infection rate and virus death rate? We answer the first question by providing equations that accurately model virus propagation in any network including real and synthesized network graphs. We propose a general epidemic threshold condition that applies to arbitrary graphs: we prove that, under reasonable approximations, the epidemic threshold for a network is closely related to the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Finally, for the last question, we show that infections tend to zero exponentially below the epidemic threshold. We show that our epidemic threshold model subsumes many known thresholds for special-case graphs (e.g., Erdos-Renyi, BA power-law, homogeneous); we show that the threshold tends to zero for infinite power-law graphs. We show that our threshold condition holds for arbitrary graphs.
Regulation of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. III. Degradation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate in cold-shocked cells.

Abstract Cold-shocked cells of Escherichia coli can degrade intracellularly accumulated guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp). The rate of ppGpp degradation is governed, as in whole cells, by the spo T gene; a rapid breakdown reaction is associated with the presence of the spo T + allele and at least a five-fold slower decay occurs in spo T − mutants. The two degradation reactions shocked cells display the following similarities: (i) the rates of degradation are equivalent to whole cell estimates, (ii) both require a full complement of activated amino acids, (iii) both are dependent upon supplements in the reaction mixture which stimulate the availability of energy-rich compounds and (iv) neither is inhibited by concentrations of ribosomal antibiotics which severely restrict protein synthesis. Apart from characteristic rate differences, decay of ppGpp in shocked cells derived from spo T − strains is discerned from spo T + mediated decay in shocked cells by sensitivity to high concentrations of tetracycline and by manganese ion dependence.
Inferential Abilities and Common Epistemic Goods

While the situationist challenge has been prominent in philosophical literature in ethics for over a decade, only recently has it been extended to virtue epistemology (See also forthcoming work on this issue by Doris and Olin, Heather Battaly, Christian Miller in Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue. (Fairweather & Flanagan eds.)). Mark Alfano argues that virtue epistemology is shown to be empirically inadequate in light of a wide range of results in social psychology, essentially succumbing to the same argument as virtue ethics. We argue that this meeting of the twain between virtue epistemology and social psychology in no way signals the end of virtue epistemology, but is rather a boon to naturalized virtue epistemology. We use Gird Gigerenzer’s models for bounded rationality (2011) to present a persuasive line of defense for virtue epistemology, and consider prospects for a naturalized virtue epistemology that is supported by current research in psychology.
Turning Points in the Galesburg Debate

Galesburg, the fifth of the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, marked a strategic turning point in the series, when the momentum of the debates shifted from Stephen A. Douglas to Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln established a lead on the argument about the hypothetical Dred Scott II future Supreme Court decision, the moral argument about slavery, the argument about the 1854 Republican platform, and in the use of refutation strategies. He would build upon these gains in the remaining debates, while Douglas’s position would remain constant. The essay illustrates how critics can examine the rhetorical dynamics of a political debate.
Quantifier Elimination in Fields

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that the basic unifying concept is that of quantifier elimination and discusses the central theorem of each set of results that shows that a certain theory admits quantifier elimination and that all other results follow easily. The chapter presents and explains the algebraically closed fields and real closed fields. The chapter also discusses the quantifier elimination theorem, axiomatization, principle of algebraic zeroes, other cases of algebraic closed fields, and other theorems.
Towards certifying domain-specific properties of synthesized code

We present a technique for certifying domain-specific properties of code generated using program synthesis technology. Program synthesis is a maturing technology that generates code from high-level specifications in particular domains. For acceptance in safety-critical applications, the generated code must be thoroughly tested which is a costly process. We show how the program synthesis system AUTOFILTER can be extended to generate not only code but also proofs that properties hold in the code. This technique has the potential to reduce the costs of testing generated code.
Determination of 131mXe and 133mXe in the presence of 133gXe via combined beta-spectroscopy and delayed coincidence

The International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty will include measurements of Xe fission products. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed an automated system for separating Xe from air which detects Xe fission products using a beta-gamma counting system for 131mXe, 133mXe, 133gXe, and 135gXe. Betas and conversion electrons are detected in a plastic scintillation cell containing the Xe sample. Gamma and X-rays are detected in a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector which surrounds the plastic scintillator sample cell. Two-dimensional pulse-height spectra of gamma-energy versus beta-energy are obtained. The plastic scintillator spectrum in coincidence with the 31-keV X-rays from 131mXe. 133mXe, and 133gXe is a complex mixture of conversion electrons and betas. A new technique to simultaneously measure the delayed coincidence (T1/2 = 6.27 ns) between beta-particles from 133gXe and conversion electrons depopulating the 81-keV state in 133 Cs is being developed. This technique allows separation of the 133gXe beta spectrum from the conversion electrons due to 131mXe and 133mXe and uniquely quantifies all three nuclides.
Waveform synthesis for ultra wideband radar

This paper investigates the Fourier synthesis method of waveform generation for ultrawide band (UWB) radar. From Fourier theory, any periodic signal can be decomposed into a sum of weighted sinusoids. Conversely a periodic signal can be generated by a suitably weighted sum of sinusoids. Thus any periodic waveform can be synthesized by summing the outputs of several harmonically related oscillators. This paper extends the waveform generation beyond simple base-band periodic pulses. Generation of complex amplitude coded waveforms at base-band is described. Coded waveforms with accurate control of pulse shape and pulse repetition interval (PRI) can be generated. These waveforms will allow pulse compression and coherent integration of UWB signals and thus reducing the need for very large power sources which are required for conventional impulse radar implementation. >
Echocardiographic evaluation of size, function, and mass of normal and hypertrophied rat ventricles

The noninvasive evaluation of cardiac structure and function in small animals would provide a means for investigators to repeatedly evaluate treatment effects at various stages of experimental protocols. In this study, commercially available echocardiographic and Doppler equipment was utilized to evaluate hypertrophied (HYP) and normal (SH) rat hearts. Surgically induced renovascular hypertension was used to produce a 35% increase in left ventricular (LV) weight in HYP relative to SH hearts. A commercially available echocardiographic system with integral Doppler capabilities and a 7.5-mHz single-crystal mechanical transducer was used to obtain parasternal long- and short-axis images of HYP and SH hearts in anesthetized animals. HYP hearts were found to have normal systolic function, as evidenced by preserved LV systolic and diastolic dimensions and volumes as well as fractional shortening and ejection fraction. HYP hearts demonstrated a 62% increase in their echocardiographically measured LV posterior wall thicknesses and a 44% increase in calculated ventricular mass. Both parameters were reliable in predicting the presence and degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. Doppler flow velocities through the aortic root and pulmonic valve did not differ between groups, again suggesting preserved LV systolic performance. These results indicate that two-dimensional echocardiography provides a useful means to noninvasively evaluate cardiac structure and function in rats.
Bidentate nitroxide ligands stable toward oxidative redox cycling and their complexes with cerium and lanthanum

We report the synthesis of 1,3-bis[(2′-tertbutyl)hydroxyaminophenyl]benzene (H2arene-diNOx) and its metal complexes, Ce(arene-diNOx)2 (1) and [(py)2K(18-crown-6)][La(arene-diNOx)2] (2). Electrochemical studies demonstrated that the H2arene-diNOx, bidentate nitroxide ligands significantly stabilized the CeIV/III redox couple to −1.74 V versus Fc/Fc+. Moreover, a reversible oxidation wave was observed for 1 at −0.37 V, leading to a novel, stable redox-active nitroxide ligand. DFT calculations confirmed that the observed oxidation is assignable to one of the nitroxide groups.
Experimental and theoretical vibrational spectroscopic evaluation of arsenate coordination in aqueous solutions, solids, and at mineral-water interfaces

Arsenate (AsO43−) is a common species in oxidizing aquatic systems and hydrothermal fluids, and its solubility and partitioning into different mineral phases are determined by the nature of AsO43− coordination, solution pH, type of soluble cations, and H2O structure at the mineral-fluid interfaces. While the vibrational spectroscopy has been widely used in examining the AsO43− coordination chemistry, insufficient knowledge on the correlation of AsO43− molecular structure and its vibrational spectra impeded the complete spectral interpretation. In this paper, we evaluated the vibrational spectroscopy of AsO43− in solutions, crystals, and sorbed on mineral surfaces using theoretical (semiempirical, for aqueous species) and experimental studies, with emphasis on the protonation, hydration, and metal complexation influence on the As-O symmetric stretching vibrations. Theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental studies and helped in the evaluation of vibrational modes of several arsenate-complexes and in the interpretation of experimental spectra. These vibrational spectroscopic studies (IR, Raman) suggest that the symmetry of AsO43− polyhedron is strongly distorted, and its As-O vibrations are affected by protonation and the relative influence on AsO43− structure decreases in the order: H+ ≫ cation ≥ H2O. For all AsO43− complexes, the As-OX symmetric stretching (X = metal, H+, H2O; ≤820 cm−1) shifted to lower wavenumbers when compared to that of uncomplexed AsO43−. In addition, the As-OH symmetric stretching of protonated arsenates in aqueous solutions shift to higher energies with increasing protonation (<720, <770, <790 cm−1 for HAsO42−, H2AsO4−, and H3AsO40, respectively). The protonated arsenates in crystalline solids show the same trend with little variation in As-OH symmetric stretching vibrations. Since metal complexation of protonated AsO43− does not influence the As-OH vibrations significantly, deducing symmetry information from their vibrational spectra is difficult. However, for metal unprotonated-AsO43− complexes, the shifts in As-OM (M = metal) vibrations are influenced only by the nature of complexing cation and the type of coordination, and hence the AsO43− coordination environment can be interpreted directly from the splitting of As-O degenerate vibrations and relative shifts in the As-OM modes. This information is critical in evaluating the structure of AsO43− sorption complexes at the solid-water interfaces. The vibrational spectra of other tetrahedral oxoanions are expected to be along similar lines.
Monitoring heparin anticoagulation and its neutralization.

Abstract Heparin anticoagulation and its neutralization were monitored by three different techniques: a manual protamine titration, an automated activated coagulation time, and an automated protamine titration. All three techniques provided satisfactory information. The decision of which to use must be based on other considerations such as available manpower and cost of equipment. The effect of using the automated protamine titration test on heparin and protamine requirements, and on blood loss measured intraoperatively after bypass and in overnight chest bottle drainage in two groups of comparable patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operation was studied. The heparin requirements were similar (24,420 ± 584 units, control group; 23,550 ± 849 units, treatment group), but the protamine requirements were markedly different (429 ± 14.7 mg, control; 258 ± 10.4 mg, treatment; p
Reduced arrhythmogenicity of biphasic versus monophasic T-wave shocks. Implications for defibrillation efficacy.

Background Biphasic waveforms defibrillate more effectively than monophasic waveforms; however, the mechanism remains unknown. The “upper-limit-of-vulnerability” hypothesis of defibrillation suggests that unsuccessful defibrillation is due to reinduction of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Thus, VF induction mechanisms may be important for the understanding of defibrillation mechanisms. We therefore compared myocardial VF vulnerability for monophasic versus biphasic shocks. Methods and Results In 10 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, monophasic and biphasic T-wave shocks were randomly administered over a wide range of shock coupling intervals and shock strengths, and the two-dimensional coordinates within which VF was induced were used to calculate the area of vulnerability (AOV) for both shock waveforms. The arrhythmic response to biphasic shocks differed from that to monophasic shocks in three distinct ways: (1) the AOV was smaller (8.9±4.2 versus 13.9±6.0 area units, P <.02), (2) the transition zone between VF-inducing and nonarrhythmogenic shocks was narrower (14.7±4.8 versus 29.9±6.4 area units, P <.001), and (3) the entire AOV shifted toward longer coupling intervals (by 11.0±8.8 ms at the left border [ P <.005] and 6.0±5.2 ms at the right border [ P =.005] of the AOV). Conclusions Biphasic shocks encounter a smaller AOV than monophasic shocks, a narrower transition zone from VF to no arrhythmia induction, and a lesser effectiveness in inducing VF at short coupling intervals. In keeping with the upper-limit-of-vulnerability hypothesis, these waveform-dependent differences in VF inducibility might help explain the lower defibrillation threshold for biphasic shocks.
Harm and Repair: Observing restorative justice in Vermont

This paper analyzes the decision-making process for negotiating reparative contracts with offenders in a restorative justice model. Based on a content analysis of videotaped Community Reparative Board meetings with probationers in Vermont, this paper defines restoration as a core concept in restorative justice; examines how boards identify harm to victims and community; discusses how boards identify strategies to repair identified harm; addresses how repair often becomes a line item in reparative contracts; and offers interpretation for situations in which harm is not identified and/or not repaired.
Human health perspectives on environmental exposure to benzidine : a review

Abstract Benzidine, an odorless, white to slightly reddish-white crystalline organic compound, is an environmental contaminant that has been identified at about 30 National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites in the United States. In the environment, it is usually found attached to suspended particles either in its “free” state or as chloride or sulfate salts. In the past, U.S. industries used large quantities of benzidine to produce dyes for paper, clothes, and leather. Since the ban on its production and use in the United States in the 1970s, this compound is imported for specialty uses. People living near hazardous waste sites might be exposed to benzidine by drinking contaminated water, by inhaling contaminated air, or by swallowing or touching contaminated dust. People can also be exposed by using benzidine dyes on paper, clothes, and other materials. Human occupational data and studies of laboratory animals suggest that people exposed to benzidine may develop adverse systemic health effects or cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) have classified benzidine as a carcinogen. Urinary bladder cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by exposure to benzidine. The stomach, kidneys, brain, mouth, esophagus, liver, and gallbladder might also be targets. Th information presented in the article may help public health officials, physicians, and toxicologists evaluate and develop the health information materials on the nature of benzidine in the environment and its potential impact on public health.
FABRICATION OF IN SITUFe-Ti-B COMPOSITE COATING BY LASER CLADDING

Laser cladding was applied to deposit in situFe-Ti-B composite coatings on mild carbon steel with precursor of ferrotitanium, ferroboron and pure Fe alloy powders. The composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Wear resistance of the laser-cladded Fe-Ti-B coatings was evaluated under dry sliding condition at room temperature using block-on-ring wear tester. Results indicate that in situ reinforcements of TiB2 and Fe2B can be synthesized in the Fe-Ti-B coatings. The amount of TiB2 increases with the increase of content of ferrotitanium and ferroboron in the precursor. Reinforcements are formed through the liquid-precipitation route following the solidification path of the Fe-Ti-B system. Hardness and wear properties of the coatings improved significantly in comparison to the as-received substrate due to the presence of hard reinforcements.
Paleoenvironmental clues archived in non-marine Pennsylvanian–lower Permian limestones of the Central Appalachian Basin, USA

Abstract Nonmarine limestones are a key component of the upper Middle Pennsylvanian through lower Permian succession in the Appalachian Basin. Previous interpretations of their environments of deposition range from brackish coastal mudflats to hydrologically open freshwater lake complexes with peat-forming vegetated marshes to semi-closed or closed, possibly saline, shallow lakes developed on a distal alluvial plain. Ostracode wackestones/packstones, some exhibiting laminations, and with fish debris, articulated ostracode shells and phosphatic clasts define the lower portions of limestone beds or benches, passing upward into ostracode–peloidal wackestones/packstones and intraclastic–skeletal–peloidal packstones/grainstones. Desiccation features and rooting structures, which are developed in the upper portions of the limestones, record subaerial exposure, pedogenic alteration and desiccation. Pseudomicrokarst and caliche-like vadose and early diagenetic phreatic cements suggest a seasonally dry subhumid to semi-arid regional climate. Many of the sedimentologic and diagenetic features of the limestones are characteristic of palustrine carbonates, which coupled with their stratigraphic relation to paleo-Vertisols, siliciclastics, and coals, indicate that they formed in broad seasonal wetland–pond complexes that developed on distal regions of a low-gradient, distal alluvial plain under seasonally dry subhumid to semi-arid climates. Integration of Sr isotopic compositions of shark teeth with previously published stable isotope compositions of the limestones suggests that these purely continental environments were hydrologically semi-closed to closed systems. Repeated stacking of these features at the bed- to limestone bench-scale defines repeated shallowing upward, drying cycles at the 103 to 104 yr-scale, which were likely climate-driven.
A Numerical Study of the Niagara River Discharge Near-Shore Flow Field in Lake Ontario

Abstract A two dimensional explicit finite element hydrodynamic model was developed to study near shore flow circulation near the mouth of the Niagara River discharge into Lake Ontario and to investigate the influence of grid spatial resolution on the model results. An extensive set of numerical experiments was carried out, using more than 40 different numerical grid meshes. Lagrangian tracer paths were calculated to illustrate the flow trajectories under different hydrodynamic forcing conditions and good comparison with field data reported in the literature is shown. Spatial step sizes of slightly less than 100 m were found to be sufficient for modeling near-shore flow structure, while much larger steps (several km) were used farther off-shore. This model allows a better understanding of the effects of various forcing conditions (primarily wind) on the flow and mixing characteristics of the Niagara River discharge and formation of the coastal boundary current along the southern shoreline of Lake Ontario.
Does application of the Rosiwal Principle to lunar soils require that concentrations of solar-wind-implanted species be grain-size independent?

A reconsideration of the application of the Rosiwal Principle to lunar soils indicates a flaw in arguments put forth previously by Criswell (1975). Specifically, by introducing a boundary condition which must exist at the lunar surface, it is shown that concentrations of solar-wind-implanted species showing a dependence on grain size may be able to develop in soils at concentration levels below those required for saturation of grain surfaces. As a result, observed grain-size-dependent concentrations of solar-wind species in lunar soils do not necessarily require the exposure time scales or solar-wind fluxes deduced from the arguments of Criswell.
The imagined bear

Abstract The bear held special significance for pre‐agriculturalists in the northern hemisphere. There was a psychological dimension to the human‐bear relationship. Many pre‐agriculturalists saw the bear as a person, albeit a different‐from‐human person who possessed immense spiritual power. This spiritual power was often articulated through stories such as those presented here where bears are portrayed as powerful sacred spirits; as ancestors, healers, shape‐shifters, lovers and mates. The stories, however, are not just about bears; the stories are also about cultures and how peoplo saw themselves in bears and saw bears in themselves.
Temporal progression of cortical reorganization following nerve injury

Abstract Damage to peripheral nerves of adult mammals causes reorganization of somatosensory maps in the cerebral cortex. An understanding of the temporal progression of cortical changes is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms. The present expriments utilized neurophysiological recordings to analyze the time course of reorganization in the S-I cortical hindpaw area in adult rats. Following loss of sciatic inputs, the cortical area responding to low threshold inputs from the hindpaw saphenous nerve expands. A brief, early onset period of rapid expansion is followed by a prolonged period of slow increase. The temporal progression suggests that early onset changes condition the central nervous system for later changes.
A flexible computer-controlled perception laboratory

Research in perception is often guided or limited by the capabilities of the laboratory. A computer-controlled perception laboratory is described that was designed to be extremely flexible at a modest cost. The laboratory permits control of onset time, offset time, and intensity of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. The visual stimuli include single points, text, stereoscopic displays, and two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional objects moving in space. The design of the hardware and software and the criteria that guided our choice of this design are discussed. Finally, potential applications of this laboratory are considered.
Influence of Crystallizing and Non-crystallizing Cosolutes on Trehalose Crystallization During Freeze-Drying

To study the influence of crystallizing and non-crystallizing cosolutes on the crystallization behavior of trehalose in frozen solutions and to monitor the phase behavior of trehalose dihydrate and mannitol hemihydrate during drying. Trehalose (a lyoprotectant) and mannitol (a bulking agent) are widely used as excipients in freeze-dried formulations. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), the crystallization behavior of trehalose in the presence of (i) a crystallizing (mannitol), (ii) a non-crystallizing (sucrose) solute and (iii) a combination of mannitol and a model protein (lactose dehydrogenase, catalase, or lysozyme) was evaluated. By performing the entire freeze-drying cycle in the sample chamber of the XRD, the phase behavior of trehalose and mannitol were simultaneously monitored. When an aqueous solution containing trehalose (4% w/v) and mannitol (2% w/v) was cooled to −40°C at 0.5°C/min, hexagonal ice was the only crystalline phase. However, upon warming the sample to the annealing temperature (−18°C), crystallization of mannitol hemihydrate was readily evident. After 3 h of annealing, the characteristic XRD peaks of trehalose dihydrate were also observed. The DSC heating curve of frozen and annealed solution showed two overlapping endotherms, attributed by XRD to the sequential melting of trehalose dihydrate—ice and mannitol hemihydrate—ice eutectics, followed by ice melting. While mannitol facilitated trehalose dihydrate crystallization, sucrose completely inhibited it. In the presence of protein (2 mg/ml), trehalose crystallization required a longer annealing time. When the freeze-drying was performed in the sample chamber of the diffractometer, drying induced the dehydration of trehalose dihydrate to amorphous anhydrate. However, the final lyophiles prepared in the laboratory lyophilizer contained trehalose dihydrate and mannitol hemihydrate. Using XRD and DSC, the sequential crystallization of ice, mannitol hemihydrate, and trehalose dihydrate was observed in frozen solutions. Mannitol, by readily crystallizing as a hemihydrate, accelerated trehalose dihydrate crystallization in frozen solutions. However, by remaining amorphous, sucrose completely inhibited trehalose dihydrate crystallization. Crystallization of the lyoprotectantt in the model protein formulations might have serious implications on protein stability.
Boundary condition evaluation in nonlinear resonance and stress analysis of a printed wiring board

Vibration of a printed wiring board (PWB) based on Von Karman nonlinear strain field is analyzed. Equations of motion for the simply supported PWB and the clamped PWB are obtained for nonlinear vibration analysis. A 2-layer plastic PWB made of isotropic laminates is studied for its boundary condition effect on the vibratory behavior in deflection and stress distribution. Failure due to plane stress condition is estimated based on the composite failure criteria. Results are demonstrated through numerical computation. It is found that under the same loading, deflection of the clamped PWB is lower than that of the simply supported PWB, except at the lower frequency resonance. Nonlinear resonance occurs periodically with respect to the excitation frequency for both boundary conditions. At high excitation frequency, resonance deflection is mainly affected by the loading magnitude. Under the same load magnitude, simply supported PWB has the maximum stress close to that of the clamped PWB, and with improved reliability. Resonance in conjunction with stress analysis is critical in PWB failure prediction.