cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Empiricist/Constructionist Divide in Social Psychology

Jost and Kruglanski (this issue) offer a compelling vision of the professional gains to be derived from a thoroughgoing rapprochement between constructionist and experimental inquiry in social psychology. They effectively establish grounds for dialogue of great importance to the future of the field. While I concur with much that they propose, I would like to make an important distinction between the foundational premises that guide these differing endeavors and the ongoing practices of inquiry. By addressing the ungrounded character of both empiricist and constructionist metatheory, we are better able to explore the pragmatic consequences of the various forms of theory, methods, and politics invited by experimental and constructionist approaches.
Multiobjective transportation network design and routing problems: Taxonomy and annotation

In this paper we update an earlier review of multiobjective network design and routing problems. Forty-one articles are annotated. The diversity of objectives presented demonstrates the multiobjective nature of such problems and the difficulty of measuring these objectives in commensurate units. The variety of problems addressed reflects the importance and complexity of transportation network analysis.
The effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on homotypic collateral sprouting of serotonergic fibers in hippocampus

Lesioning of serotonergic (5-HT) fibers using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) in one of the two median raphe-hippocampal pathways induced homotypic sprouting from the other. We have utilized this model with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique to test the effects of an adrenal corticosteroid-corticosterone on homotypic sprouting in female adult rats. Removal of the adrenal glands does not interfere with the 5,7-DHT destruction of 5-HT fibers observed at 3 days. However, the animals without circulating adrenal steroids do not show the increase of the HRP-labeled cells normally seen 21 days after the 5,7-DHT lesions. Furthermore, s.c. implantation of corticosterone pellets was able to completely restore homotypic sprouting of 5-HT fibers in the hippocampus.
Demonstration of a boar testicular protein band that is immunoreactive to proacrosin and proacrosin binding protein antibodies.

Abstract A testicular protein band has been identified and shown to be immunoreactive to both of the proacrosin (53–55 kd) and the proacrosin binding protein (28 kd) antibodies. pH 4.5 extracts of boar testis were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies of the proacrosin and the proacrosin binding protein. In addition to their respective antigens, a distinct high molecular weight protein band of approximately 200 kd was detected by both of the antibodies. Gelatin SDS-PAGE analysis of the extracts showed that this protein band was proteinase active. These results suggest that the proacrosin molecule is present as a much higher molecular weight form in the boar testis than the currently known 53–55 kd forms that have been isolated from spermatozoa.
A novel arresting solution for study of postmortem pressure-volume curves of the rat left ventricle

Objective.We have found diastolic properties of the rat heart extremely sensitive to the method used to induce arrest. Accordingly, we sought to develop a reliable solution for measuring the LV pressure–volume relationship (LVPVR) in the rat. Materials and methods.The study had five phases: (i) K120Na100, consisting of KCl (120 mEq/L) in NaCl (100 mEq/L) diluted with distilled water was developed in preliminary experiments. (ii) ACI rats were arrested with 3 cc of 4°C KCl (n= 6) or K120Na100(n= 6) infused into the aortic root. The LVPVR was expressed as normalized volume (Vn) at standardized pressures. Myocardial water content (%MWC) was determined. (iii) Six hearts were arrested with K120Na100and LVPVRs observed over 1 h. (iv) Four hearts were instrumented with sonomicrometry crystals to comparein vivoand postmortem pressure diameter data. (v) The relation between body weight and dry heart weight was determined in 48 animals. Results.In hearts arrested with KCl, meanVnat pressures of 10, 15, and 20 mmHg (206 ± 26, 306 ± 21, and 336 ± 25 μl, respectively) was significantly reduced vs K120Na100hearts (345 ± 11, 407 ± 12, and 472 ± 18 μl) (P< 0.05). Mean %MWC changed insignificantly.Vnat 20 mm Hg became significantly smaller vs initial data 60 min after arrest with K120Na100(P< 0.05, ANOVA). No differences betweenin vivoand postmortem mean normalized diameter were observed. The correlation coefficient for the relation between body weight and dry heart weight was 0.80. Conclusions.K120Na100at 4°C reliably preserves LV diastolic properties in the rat heart for 30 min. Normalization of LV volume to body weight is justified.
Bilateral pectoral myocutaneous advancement flaps and anatomic sternal wound reconstruction in cyanotic infants with mediastinitis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the results and applicability of a modified chest closure technique employing bilateral pectoral myocutaneous advancement flaps after sternal re-approximation for postoperative mediastinitis in cyanotic infants. Methods: The study population is of a single surgeon's pediatric cardiac experience (n = 253) over a 2-year period. With retrospective hospital chart review six cases with deep sternal wound complications were identified (five mediastinitis and one hypoxemic wound necrosis). Sternal wound reconstruction was done with the above technique in all cases. Follow up was completed by outpatient record review and with telephone interviews. Results: All six cases presented in this paper were neonates or infants with complex cyanotic cardiac malformations. Following chest wall reconstruction all had complete resolution of their mediastinitis with no mortality and no wound healing complications. Three of them have since undergone elective staged repair, with no evidence of residual wound infection. Two babies died during follow-up as a result of progressive respiratory compromise. Conclusion: For postcardiotomy mediastinitis in cyanotic infants we recommend limited debridement and anatomic sternal reconstruction supported by bilateral pectoral myocutaneous advancement flap closure. (J Card Surg 2003;18:245-252)
Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s: comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems

The primary objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of two different normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series derived from Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Areal Coverage (GAC) data sets of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite system. This comparison was conducted in the context of analysing spatiotemporal patterns of Arctic tundra vegetation greenness change in the 1990s within the North Slope of Alaska. A second objective was to examine patterns of greenness change with respect to the distribution of vegetation association types. An 8 km spatial resolution NDVI series was produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center based on a GAC data set and corrected for stratospheric aerosol effects from the eruption of Mt Pinatubo. The LAC (1 km spatial resolution) NDVI time series was generated through recalibration and fine-tuning of image registration of a twice-monthly time series produced by the US Geological Survey, and was cross-calibrated with the GIMMS data set to reduce stratospheric aerosol effects from the Mt Pinatubo eruption. While the general patterns of pixels exhibiting significant increase in seasonally integrated NDVI over the 1990s were similar from both data sets, many of the more localized areas of more rapidly increasing greenness (i.e. 'hotspots') between 1990 and 1999 were lost with the product from the GIMMS data set. The majority of the 'hotspots' of greenness increase within the North Slope region are located in the southern portions of the foothills physiographic province and within vegetation units composed primarily of prostrate or dwarf shrubs with a mixture of graminoid species. Notably fewer hotspots of greenness increase were detected in Arctic tundra areas of the Seward Peninsula and none in the Chukotka Peninsula of the Russian Far East, an area that had not experienced the same warming trend in the 1990s and preceding decades as the Alaskan Arctic.
Electron tomographic analysis of cytoskeletal cross-bridges in the paranodal region of the node of Ranvier in peripheral nerves.

The node of Ranvier is a site for ionic conductances along myelinated nerves and governs the saltatory transmission of action potentials. Defects in the cross-bridging and spacing of the cytoskeleton is a prominent pathologic feature in diseases of the peripheral nerve. Electron tomography was used to examine cytoskeletal-cytoskeletal, membrane-cytoskeletal, and heterologous cell connections in the paranodal region of the node of Ranvier in peripheral nerves. Focal attachment of cytoskeletal filaments to each other and to the axolemma and paranodal membranes of the Schwann cell via narrow cross-bridges was visualized in both neuronal and glial cytoplasms. A subset of intermediate filaments associates with the cytoplasmic surfaces of supramolecular complexes of transmembrane structures that are presumed to include known and unknown junctional proteins. Mitochondria were linked to both microtubules and neurofilaments in the axoplasm and to neighboring smooth endoplasmic reticulum by narrow cross-bridges. Tubular cisternae in the glial cytoplasm were also linked to the paranodal glial cytoplasmic loop juxtanodal membrane by short cross-bridges. In the extracellular matrix between axon and Schwann cell, junctional bridges formed long cylinders inking the two membranes. Interactions between cytoskeleton, membranes, and extracellular matrix associations in the paranodal region is likely critical not only for scaffolding, but also for intracellular and extracellular communication.
Effects of Water Network Synthesis on the Air Pollutant Emissions and Energy Consumption of a Whole Economy

Environmental and energy performances of a water network system (WNS) utilizing water reuse are compared to those of a conventional water system (CWS) supplying only freshwater from the perspective of an entire economy and life cycle. Environmental input–output analysis (EIOA) is used to evaluate their air pollutant emissions and energy consumptions. The global warming potential and the emissions of carbon monoxide and of volatile organic compounds from the WNS are less than those from the CWS because of the decrease in the consumption of industrial water, while the emissions of sulfur dioxide and of nitrogen oxides and energy consumption from the WNS are greater because of the increase in electricity consumption for pumping. For perfectly environmentally-friendly water reuse, electricity consumption should be constrained or optimized in water network synthesis, and primary energy mix for electricity generation should be shifted towards renewable energy.
Optically Excited Iodine Bands with Alternate Missing Lines

WE have recently been studying, under improved conditions, the fluorescent bands which develop around the ‘fundamental’ doublets when iodine is excited, in the presence of helium, by the green mercury line. The use of a battery of four mercury arc lamps surrounding the iodine tube excites such a brilliant fluorescence that it is possible to photograph it in 24 hours in the second order of a 9-foot grating. On the plates so obtained it is apparent that only alternate lines of the corresponding absorption bands occur, namely, those for which m' is even. Now the fluorescent bands are known to be developed by collisions of the second kind between excited iodine molecules and helium atoms, wherein m' is changed from 34, the value originally excited, to various neighbouring values. The new data, then, show that the rotational quantum number of the excited iodine molecules can change only by even numbers during these collisions of the second kind.
Market-Based Disparities in Foster Care Service Provision.

Objective: This study examines in-agency and out-of-agency service provision to a sample of 243 foster children and their families. Method: Data come from a longitudinal study of 243 foster children and families served by non-profit agencies that were operating under either a performance-based, managed care purchase-of-service contract or a fee-for-service reimbursement mechanism. Results: Children and families served by agencies with performance-based, managed care contracts receive fewer of three of five types of services than those served by agencies reimbursed through fee-for-service contracts. Conclusions: Results suggest that performance-based, managed care contracting is related to suppressed service provision and may lead to service disparities between foster children and families served under different market environments.
Mathematical theorems of adaptive wavelet transform

The computational efficiency of the adaptive wavelet transform (AWT) is due both to the compact support closely matching with signal characteristics, and to a larger redundancy factor of the superposition-mother (s(x), or in short super-mother, created adaptively by a linear superposition of other admissible mother wavelets. We prove that the super-mother always forms a complete basis, but usually associated with a higher redundancy number than its constituent C.O.N. bases. Then, in terms of Daubechies frame redundancy, we prove that the robustness of super-mother in suffering less noise contamination (since noise is everywhere, and a redundant sampling by band-passings can suppress the noise and enhance the signal). Since the continuous function of super- mother has been created with least-mean-squares (LMS) off-line using neural nets and is formulated in discrete approximation in terms of high-pass and low-pass filter bank coefficients, then such a digital subband coding via QMF saves the in-situ computational time of AWT. Moreover, the power of such an adaptive wavelet transform is due to the potential of massive parallel real-time implementation by means of artificial neural networks, where each node is a daughter wavelet similar to a radial basis function using dyadic affine scaling.
Geomorphic process-disturbance corridors: a variation on a principle of landscape ecology

The paradigm of landscape ecology describes a landscape as a mosaic of landscape elements including the matrix, patches and corridors. Corridors are described as linear disruptions to the matrix, produced by anthropogenic actions or by streams which produce riparian corridors. Snow avalanches and debris flows are other geomorphic processes that should be considered as geomorphic process corridors rather than as disturbance patches. They possess requisite linearity, and they accomplish the five functions of a corridor: habitat, conduit, filter, source and sink. The definition of corridor in landscape ecology should be modified to embrace the concept of geomorphic process corridors.
Synthesis, Stability, and Function of Cytadhesin P1 and Accessory Protein B/C Complex of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

The genes MPN141 and MPN142 encode the major adhesin P1 and the cytadherence-related B/C proteins (P90/P40), respectively, in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Using reverse transcriptase PCR we found open reading frames MPN140 to MPN142 constitute a polycistronic transcriptional unit. Cytadherence mutant IV-22 has a frameshift mutation in MPN141 and lacks the P1, B, or C proteins. Recombinant MPN141 and/or MPN142 were introduced into mutant IV-22 by transposon delivery in several configurations, and the levels of the P1, B, and C proteins were assessed by immunoblotting. MPN142 in mutant IV-22 has a wild-type nucleotide sequence, yet the introduction of recombinant MPN141 alone to mutant IV-22, although it restored P1 levels, failed to restore levels of B or C. In contrast, recombinant MPN141 and MPN142 delivered in cis or in trans were sufficient to restore all three proteins. Taken together, our data indicated that some but not all synthesis of B or C is dependent on coupling to the translation of P1 immediately upstream of MPN142 and demonstrated that proteins B and C are not stable in the absence of P1. The linkage of MPN141 and MPN142 at the levels of transcription, translation, and protein stability, in addition to their previously demonstrated colocalization and the requirement of B and/or C for P1 function, reinforces the conclusion that these proteins constitute a multiprotein complex that functions in receptor binding.
Acupuncture in drug treatment: Exploring its role and impact on participant behavior in the drug court setting

The originators of the Miami drug court incorporated acupuncture into the substance abuse treatment regimen that has been widely imitated in hundreds of drug courts since 1989. Although there is some evidence to suggest that acupuncture may be an effective adjunct to treatment more generally, research has not yet examined its role and impact in the drug court setting. This paper describes an effort to study the impact of acupuncture on offender behavior and progress in treatment in the Clark County, (Las Vegas) Nevada Drug Court using a prospective modified experiment, where 336 new participants were randomly assigned to acupuncture and no-acupuncture conditions. However, significant treatment contamination hindered straightforward analysis, as nearly 40% of the control group received at least some acupuncture. To compensate for the treatment compliance problem, two-stage least-squares (2SLS) regression is employed with original group assignment as an instrumental variable and acupuncture exposure as a predictor. Results indicate no significant difference along a range of criminal justice and treatment outcomes, with the exception of one measure of treatment progress. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings and the need to design studies that are better able to separate the effects of acupuncture from other treatment and court interventions.
Flow divergence and density flows above and below a deciduous forest Part I. Non-zero mean vertical wind above canopy

Ecosystem‐atmosphere exchange flux measurements above tall vegetation in hilly terrain are well known to suffer from systematic underestimates of nighttime fluxes of CO2 and other scalars with significant sources in or below the canopy. This bias is commonly attributed to advection driven by thermotopographic density flows and the resulting horizontal flow divergence. Flux correction methods have been proposed based on this notion. To examine the structure and dynamics of horizontal flow divergence and vertical convergence mean vertical velocities are analyzed. These are derived from sonic anemometers at 1.8 and 1.3 times canopy height for 3 years above a deciduous forest in hilly terrain at the Morgan‐Monroe State Forest (Indiana, USA) Fluxnet site. Measured vertical velocities are linked to forcing parameters represented in the equations of motion and heat for sloping terrain. In the leaf-off season, the data suggest that the dynamics and daily patterns of horizontal flow divergence (implied from vertical convergence through continuity) are entirely consistent with the hypothesis that the divergence is driven by thermotopographic density flows. However, in the vegetative season with a full canopy, a more complex picture emerges, suggesting strong dynamic and thermal decoupling of the horizontal divergence below canopy from flow conditions above. Thus we conclude that flux correction methods based on above-canopy conditions alone may significantly misrepresent scalar transport below canopy during the vegetative season and should be avoided. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ethnic-collective action, intergroup competition and social networks : Formation of ethnic-trade guilds

Abstract This inquiry examines the conditions under which ethnicity gives rise to more stable forms of collective action such as ethnic-trade guilds. Derived from competition and enclave theory it tests the hypothesis that ethnic-trade guilds surface in response to: (a) intergroup competition; (b) shared judgement over the fairness of the exigent competition; and (c) the organizing capacity of ethnic networks. Supporting evidence rests on the mobilizing efforts of Japanese Americans in the immigrant-based niche of contract gardening and the new sentinels of this niche, Latino Americans. Two divergent patterns of intergroup competition are revealed: exclusion (marginalized) and inclusion (compelled incorporation). Both stem from competing groups over conflicting goals. Two additional expectations are confirmed – that inequity of intergroup competition facilitates the collective action process; and that ethnic networks operate as social conduits through which actors are mobilized.
A model of compression mold filling

A model is proposed for the flow, reaction, and heat transfer during compression molding of thin, flat parts. The isothermal Newtonian version of the model is implemented using the finite element method, and is capable of handling arbitrary planar geometries. Automated mesh expansion and boundary condition modification allow the simulation to run without operator interaction. The model accurately predicts mold filling pattern for non-Newtonian and non-isothermal flows.
A Comparison of Foreman and General Foreman Conceptions of the Foreman's Job Responsibilities

Summary This study was carried out to determine how foremen and general foremen differ in their concepts of the foreman's job responsibilities. It was also aimed at determining how foremen rated by their general foremen as “most effective” compared with foremen rated “least effective” in the way they viewed their job responsibilities. Specifically, it was hypothesized that foremen rated as “most effective” by their general foreman would be in better agreement with the general foreman regarding their job responsibilities than would foremen rated “least effective.” Both general foremen and foremen in a number of manufacturing plants filled out a check-list questionnaire indicating their conceptions of the degree of the foreman's responsibility for a number of specific job functions. The questionnaire results were analyzed by comparing the responses of the foremen to the responses of their respective general foremen. Attention was also focussed on differences between the responses of foremen rated as “most effective” and the responses of foremen rated “least effective.” The study revealed: (a) a fairly high level of disagreement between foremen and general foremen regarding the responsibilities of the foreman; (b) that foremen rated “most effective” disagreed with their general foremen regarding their job responsibilities just as much as did foremen rated “least effective;” but (c) that “most effective” foremen, as compared with “least effective” foremen, did differ significantly in the direction of their disagreement. Specifically, “most effective” foremen characteristically claimed more responsibility for job functions than did “least effective” foremen.
Motivation, achievement, and advanced placement intent of high school students learning science

Within the framework of social cognitive theory, we examined the motiva- tion of students (14-16 years old) to learn science in their introductory science courses. The students responded to a questionnaire about their intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and self-determination. The students also wrote essays about their motivation, and indi- vidual interviews were conducted with a representative sample of students. We found that the students' intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, self-determination, and achievement were related. Consistent with social cognitive theory, self-efficacy was the motivation factor most related to achievement. The Advanced Placement Program (AP) aspirants were higher than nonaspirants in intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, self-determination, and achievement. Patterns in students' essays and interviews identified inspiring teachers, career interests, and collaborative-learning activities as strong motivators. The findings suggest that sci- ence teachers should use social modeling and collaborative-learning activities to foster students' motivation, achievement, AP intent, and interest in science careers. C � 2011
Substrate Issues for Advanced Display Technologies

The glass substrate plays a crucial role in the successful performance of advanced flat panel displays (FPDs). These FPD technologies include active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) and Plasma Displays (PDP). Although these displays are different in the way in which they operate, there are several common substrate requirements, all of which are determined by the process for making the entire display. These include issues relating to substrate size, thermal shrinkage, high temperature stability, and substrate surface quality. While AMLCD technology is moving toward larger sizes, PDPs are currently large size displays, requiring large glass substrates. The primary issue in using larger substrates is minimizing distortion of the glass during high temperature processes, both viscous sag and shrinkage. These are related to the high temperature thermal stability which, in turn, is largely determined by the strain point and thermal history of the substrate. Finally, thickness uniformity and surface flaws are critical to the performance of the final display. Corning’s Code 1737 glass substrate meets the requirements for AMLCDs and has become the industry standard. Corning/Saint-Gobain Code CS25 glass is a new glass that has significant benefits over soda-lime glass for PDP applications. This paper will discuss these two glasses in terms of the above-mentioned issues.
Textbook Municipal Reform

Most political scientists and historians find the home of reform government in the suburbs. The author shows that there was another style of reform government, big-city reform, in the big cities of the Southwest. The political system of big-city reform was distinguished by nonpartisan, city-manager government with citywide elections to the city council, low turnout and participation, and an electorate more Anglo and middle class than the metropolitan area as a whole. Big-city reform governments joined developer-dominated governing coalitions with Anglo middle—and upper-class communities in a growth community benefiting from good government.
Localization of Rate-Limiting Barrier to Penetration of Endotoxin Through Nonkeratinized Oral Mucosa In Vitro

The penetration of tritiated bacterial endotoxin through nonkeratinized oral mucosal epithelium was studied using an in vitro model system and radioautographic tracer techniques. The basement membrane region of the epithelium was the rate-limiting barrier to penetration, and this barrier effect was independent of the direction and duration of penetration as well as any clearance effects of the vasculature.
Table-driven implementation of the exponential function in IEEE floating-point arithmetic

Algorithms and implementation details for the exponential function in both single- and double-precision of IEEE 754 arithmetic are presented here. With a table of moderate size, the implementations need only working-precision arithmetic and are provably accurate to within 0.54 ulp as long as the final result does not underflow. When the final result suffers gradual underflow, the error is still no worse than 0.77 ulp.
Crystallization and preliminary studies of lima bean trypsin inhibitor.

Crystals of lima bean trypsin inhibitor (LBTI) were obtained by using the vapor phase equilibration technique with sodium/potassium tartrate as the precipitating agent. The space group was determined to be cubic, I213 with a= 110.2 A. These crystals diffract to about 1.9 A resolution. Preliminary analysis of self-rotation maps (calculated from native x-ray intensity data) suggests the presence of two monomers in the asymmetric unit. LBTI is very thermostable and retains activity even after boiling for 10 minutes. This property is exploited as part of its purification procedure. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase C in human brain and its inhibition by calmodulin

Abstract Protein kinase C is a ubiquitous enzyme which is especially concentrated in brain tissue and which has been reported to have a key role in the regulation of neuronal activity. Substrates for this kinase were studied in frozen postmortem human cortex. Two major protein substrates with mol. wts. of 86, 000 and 67, 000 Da were found in the cytosol fraction. Calmodulin was found to inhibit phosphorylation of these two proteins.
Biological Subtypes and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer in Inflammatory Breast Cancer – Population Based Analysis from the California Cancer Registry.

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. Our group9s recent study revealed that the 5-year breast cancer specific survival for IBC is 49%, an improved rate compared to historical studies (∼ 30%). This could be attributed to evolution in modern modalities of treatment including utility of transtuzumab. Given marginally improved survival, these women are also at risk for second breast cancers. Here we investigate the risk of second breast cancer in IBC compared to the general population.Methods: We identified 75,039 IBC, LABC and non-T4 female breast cancer cases in the California Cancer Registry during the period of 1999-2005. We excluded synchronous tumors (cancer diagnosed Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2056.
The inverse problem for compartmental systems

Abstract The current state of the inverse problem for compartmental systems is reviewed and analyzed in terms of three major phases, viz. model specification, identifiability and parameter estimation. Emphasis is given to a review of identifiability for linear compartmental systems and the need to put identifiability in perspective in the context of the inverse problem.
Finite-sample investigation of likelihood and Bayes inference for the symmetric von Mises-Fisher distribution

We consider likelihood and Bayes analyses for the symmetric matrix von Mises-Fisher (matrix Fisher) distribution, which is a common model for three-dimensional orientations (represented by 3x3 orthogonal matrices with a positive determinant). One important characteristic of this model is a 3x3 rotation matrix representing the modal rotation, and an important challenge is to establish accurate confidence regions for it with an interpretable geometry for practical implementation. While we provide some extensions of one-sample likelihood theory (e.g., Euler angle parametrizations of modal rotation), our main contribution is the development of MCMC-based Bayes inference through non-informative priors. In one-sample problems, the Bayes methods allow the construction of inference regions with transparent geometry and accurate frequentist coverages in a way that standard likelihood inference cannot. Simulation is used to evaluate the performance of Bayes and likelihood inference regions. Furthermore, we illustrate how the Bayes framework extends inference from one-sample problems to more complicated one-way random effects models based on the symmetric matrix Fisher model in a computationally straightforward manner. The inference methods are then applied to a human kinematics example for illustration.
The Bovine Leukemia Virus Encapsidation Signal Is Composed of RNA Secondary Structures

The encapsidation signal of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was previously shown by deletion analysis to be discontinuous and to extend into the 5' end of the gag gene (L. Mansky et al., J. Virol. 69:3282-3289, 1995). The global minimum-energy optimal folding for the entire BLV RNA, including the previously mapped primary and secondary encapsidation signal regions, was analyzed. Two stable stem-loop structures (located just downstream of the gag start codon) were predicted within the primary signal region, and one stable stem-loop structure (in the gag gene) was predicted in the secondary signal region. Based on these predicted structures, we introduced a series of mutations into the primary and secondary encapsidation signals in order to explore the sequence and structural information contained within these regions. The replication efficiency and levels of cytoplasmic and virion RNA were analyzed for these mutants. Mutations that disrupted either or both of the predicted stem-loop structures of the primary signal reduced the replication efficiency by factors of 7 and 40, respectively; similar reductions in RNA encapsidation efficiency were observed. The mutant with both stem-loop structures disrupted had a phenotype similar to that of a mutant containing a deletion of the entire primary signal region. Mutations that disrupted the predicted stem-loop structure of the secondary signal led to similar reductions (factors of 4 to 6) in both the replication and RNA encapsidation efficiencies. The introduction of compensatory mutations into mutants from both the primary and secondary signal regions, which restored the predicted stem-loop structures, led to levels of replication and RNA encapsidation comparable to those of virus containing the wild-type encapsidation signal. Replacement of the BLV RNA region containing the primary and secondary encapsidation signals with a similar region from human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1 or type 2 led to virus replication at three-quarters or one-fifth of the level of the parental virus, respectively. The results from both the compensatory mutants and BLV-HTLV chimeras indicate that the encapsidation sequences are recognized largely by their secondary or tertiary structures.
Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Sperm

Laboratories around the world have produced tens of thousands of mutant and transgenic zebrafish lines. As with mice, maintaining all of these valuable zebrafish genotypes is expensive, risky, and beyond the capacity of even the largest stock centers. Because reducing oxidative stress has become an important aspect of reducing the variability in mouse sperm cryopreservation, we examined whether antioxidants might improve cryopreservation of zebrafish sperm. Four experiments were conducted in this study. First, we used the xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO) system to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The X-XO system was capable of producing a stress reaction in zebrafish sperm reducing its sperm motility in a concentration dependent manner (P 0.05), whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E did not (P 0.05), producing a mean 2.0 to 2.9-fold increase in post-thaw motility. Fourth, we examined the effect of additional cryoprotectants and CAT on fresh sperm motility. Cryoprotectants, 8% methanol and 10% dimethylacetamide (DMA), reduced the motility over the control value (P 0.05). Zebrafish sperm protocols should be modified to improve the reliability of the cryopreservation process, perhaps using a different cryoprotectant. Regardless, the simple addition of CAT to present-day procedures will significantly improve this process, assuring increased and less variable fertilization success and allowing resource managers to dependably plan how many straws are needed to safely cryopreserve a genetic line.
Ion implantation of Carbon and Silicon into Ge2Sb2Te5: Ion Profiles and Post Crystallization Redistribution

Ion implantation of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) enables localized doping of the film by using conventional lithography. Although the doped region dimensions and the doping concentration profile are defined by the opening in the mask and the ion energy, longitudinal and lateral straggling of implanted ions leads to a spread in the ions final location. Additionally, a thermal treatment such as one that induces a phase transition may lead to redistribution of the implanted dopants and further increase the spread. In this work we demonstrate doping of GST by ion implantation. Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) we studied the as-implanted doping profiles obtain by ion implantation of carbon and silicon into GST. We also investigated by SIMS the dopant redistribution following a recrystallization annealing. The as-implanted ion profiles were found to be in fair agreement with TRIM simulation. The dopants profiles show little change after a crystallization annealing at 200°C for silicon doping and at 350°C for carbon doping.
Feasibility of Prosthetic Posture Sensing Via Injectable Electronic Modules

A bionic neuron (BION) is an inductively powered, miniature implant developed for functional electric stimulation (FES) to reanimate paralyzed limbs. This paper investigates the possibility of reusing the BION antenna coil as a magnetic sensor to provide meaningful posture information for feedback control of FES. A variety of techniques have been developed to model and cancel nonideal effects caused by the shapes of the internal and external coils, ferrite material, and electronic connections. Field warping has been employed to both amplitude and direction to achieve more accurate description of the dipole magnetic field generated by external coils suitable for generating a reference magnetic frame in the environment of a wheelchair. Models of the transmitting coil and the receiving BION coil were validated against experimental data, providing a solid foundation for implementing a sensor system. Based on the established model, a magnetic sensing system combined with customized microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometer has been designed and tested as a prototype on the bench. The sensor output can be employed to compute 6-D position and orientation. A two-step algorithm integrated with multiple error-cancelling techniques demonstrated sufficient accuracy in bench tests to appear promising for control of reach-and-grasp tasks. A sensor fusion step is proposed to estimate the position and orientation of a limb segment using data from multiple implants in muscles, where they will also function as neuromuscular stimulators to produce the movements to be controlled.
Predicting community satisfaction among rural residents: an integrative model.

Abstract Community satisfaction has often been linked to the level of satisfaction with a community's infrastructure, job opportunities, and social support networks. Yet most empirical analyses of community satisfaction have focused on only one aspect of the available theory to predict community satisfaction. In this paper we integrate multiple models to analyze community satisfaction of almost 4,000 rural Nebraskans. The integrated model indicates that social ties may have a greater role in predicting community satisfaction than had been thought previously.
Energy-Efficient Duty Cycle Assignment for Receiver-Based Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks

Duty cycling is often used to reduce the energy consumption caused by idle listening in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most studies on WSN protocols define a common duty cycle value throughout the network to achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies propose adaptation of the duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions, which is beneficial assuming one-to-one traffic patterns that result in evenly distributed packet traffic. In this work, we consider the convergecast communication pattern commonly observed in WSNs. In convergecast communication, the packet traffic observed around the sink node is much higher than the traffic observed far from the sink, i.e., nodes with different distances to the sink node receive and must relay different amounts of traffic. Additionally, we utilize receiver-based protocols, which enable nodes to communicate with no synchronization or neighbor information, and hence do not require all nodes in the network to have the same duty cycle. In this paper, we model the expected energy consumption of nodes utilizing receiver-based protocols as a function of their duty cycle and their distance to the sink node. Using this analysis, we derive a closed-form formula for the duty cycle that minimizes the expected energy consumption at a given distance. Moreover, we propose an adaptation method for the derived distance-based duty cycle, based on local observed traffic. Performance evaluations of the two proposed duty cycle assignment methods show that they greatly improve the energy efficiency without sacrificing packet delivery ratio or delay significantly.
Potato cold hardiness development and abscisic acid. II. De novo synthesis of proteins is required for the increase in free abscisic acid during potato (Solanum commersonii) cold acclimation

During cold acclimation of potato plantlets (Solanum commersonii Dun, PI 458317), there are two transitory increases in free ABA content corresponding to a three-fold increase on the 2nd day and a five-fold increase on the 6th day (Ryu and Li 1993). During this period, plantlets increased in cold hardiness from −5°C (killing temperature, control grown at 22/18°C, day/night) to −10°C by the 7th day of exposure to 4/2°C (day/night). This increase in free ABA was not found when cycloheximide (CHI), an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, was added to the culture medium 6 h before exposure to low temperatures. Plantlets treated with CHI did not acclimate to cold, maintaining a hardiness level (−5°C) similar to that of the 22/18°C-grown plantlets. When the CHI-treated plantlets were exposed to low temperatures for 3 days, transferred to CHI-free culture medium and grown at low temperatures, the plantlets showed a transitory increase in free ABA 2 days later. This increase was followed by the development of cold hardiness (−8°C). Application of CHI to the culture medium after 3 days of cold acclimation, when the first ABA peak and a partial development of cold hardiness (−8°C) had occurred, blocked the second transitory increase in free ABA and resulted in no further development of cold hardiness. These results suggest that de novo synthesis of proteins is required for these transitory increases in free ABA during cold acclimation of potato plantlets.
Early and late effects of cisplatin and radiation at acute and low dose rates on the mouse skin and soft tissues of the leg.

Abstract The influence of radiation dose rate and drug dose on the combined effects of cisplatin (Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) and radiation on the skin and soft tissues was studied in the C3HSED mice. Localized acute-dose-rate irradiation (ADRI) at 3.345 Gy/min and continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (CLDRI) of the hind leg at 0.028 Gy/min with and without the drug was delivered using a 137 Cs laboratory irradiator. Cisplatin at 6 or 11 mg/kg was given by intraperitoneal bolus injection 1 hour before ADRI or by continuous infusion during CLDRI. Acute skin reaction was scored from days 13 to 30 and late skin contraction and leg contracture were measured at days 90, 180, 270, and 360 after treatment. A marked dose-rate effect was observed for these early and late normal tissue endpoints. At a dose of 60 Gy of CLDRI, the dose rate factor (DRF = isoeffect dose at CLDRI/isoeffect dose at ADRI) was 1.82 for acute skin reaction and 1.76 for late skin contraction or leg contracture at day 270. However, there was no significant enhancement of these early and late normal tissue effects by cisplatin at 6 or 11 mg/kg at either acute or low dose rates. Thus neither drug dose nor radiation dose rate had a significant impact on the combined effects of cisplatin and radiation on the mouse skin and soft tissues of the leg.
Gender differences in skeletal muscle fatigability are related to contraction type and EMG spectral compression

The purposes of this study were 1) to evaluate gender differences in back extensor endurance capacity during isometric and isotonic muscular contractions, 2) to determine the relation between absolute load and endurance time, and 3) to compare men [n = 10, age 22.4 +/- 0.69 (SE) yr] and women (n = 10, age 21.7 +/- 1.07 yr) in terms of neuromuscular activation patterns and median frequency (MF) shifts in the electromyogram (EMG) power spectrum of the lumbar and hip extensor muscles during fatiguing submaximal isometric trunk extension exercise. Subjects performed isotonic and isometric trunk extension exercise to muscular failure at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction force. Women exhibited a longer endurance time than men during the isometric task (146.0 +/- 10.9 vs. 105.4 +/- 7.9 s), but there was no difference in endurance performance during the isotonic exercise (24.3 +/- 3.4 vs. 24.0 +/- 2.8 repetitions). Absolute load was significantly related to isometric endurance time in the pooled sample (R(2) = 0.34) but not when men and women were analyzed separately (R(2) = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). EMG data showed no differences in neuromuscular activation patterns; however, gender differences in MF shifts were observed. Women demonstrated a similar fatigability in the biceps femoris and lumbar extensors, whereas in men, the fatigability was more pronounced in the lumbar musculature than in the biceps femoris. Additionally, the MF of the lumbar extensors demonstrated a greater association with endurance time in men than in women (R(2) = 0.45 vs. 0.19). These findings suggest that gender differences in muscle fatigue are influenced by muscle contraction type and frequency shifts in the EMG signal but not by alterations in the synergistic activation patterns.
Meaning to change: how diverse stakeholders interpret organizational communication about change initiatives

This paper explores the problems that occur in implementing a major organizational change initiative where various employee groups have different interpretations of the purpose of the initiative and tactics intended to achieve it. In this paper, the author employs two concepts: technology frames and the order of change magnitude surrounding technology change. By understanding the meanings that various stakeholder groups attach to the same communications about the change initiative, we may better understand the characteristic ways in which they interpret both the objectives of the change initiative and how it can be implemented. By using these concepts to explain various stakeholders' conflicting interpretations of the information that they have received about the change initiative, this paper shows how they perceive differently what events constitute progress toward achieving the initiative's objectives.
Weak Input-to-State Stability Properties for Navigation Function Based Controllers

Due to topological constraints, Navigation Functions, are not, except from trivial cases, equivalent to quadratic Lyapunov functions, hence systems based on Navigation Functions cannot directly accept an Input-to-State stability (ISS) characterization. However a relaxed version of Input-to-State stability, namely almost global ISS (aISS), is shown to be applicable. The proposed framework provides compositional capability for navigation function based systems. Cascade as well as feedback interconnections of aISS navigation systems are shown to also possess the aISS property under certain assumptions on the interconnections. Several simulated examples of navigation systems are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.