cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Curious Doctrinal Marriage: the Social Function of Property and the Right to the City in Brazil

This chapter will explore a curious conceptual marriage in the recent history of the notion of the social function of property as it has been received and used in Brazil. In doing so, the chapter aims to highlight notable features of social function doctrine as it has been understood and applied in Brazil. The chapter will begin by briefly reviewing the reception and history of social function doctrine in Brazil, exploring how the Brazilian reception of the social function concept displays exactly the sort of necessary evolution in the property institution that Duguit argued was necessary. Second, the chapter will explore the melding, in the Brazilian context, of social function doctrine and the idea of the “right to the city.” In this portion, the chapter will both describe the improbability of this pairing and suggest likely reasons for its success. In describing the coupling of social function and right to the city doctrines, the chapter will thus explore both the intellectual history of that relationship and the legal architecture in which it is embedded today. Finally, the chapter will conclude with an examination of some notable cases in which Brazilian courts have applied the national legal formulations of social function theory and the right to the city and offer reflections on the role of social function concept in Brazil today (and focus on one case that is both typical in its causes of action and reasoning and exceptional because it does not come froma part of the country noted for progressive urban jurisprudence.) The chapter concludes by analyzing how, despite the oddity, in intellectual terms, of the couple of social function doctrine and the right to the city concept, the marriage presents a dynamic notion that is steadily expanding the reach of the idea of property’s “social function” is South America’s largest and most populous nation.
A COMPARISON OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE MEASURES OF HSTA PARTICIPANTS WITH NON-HSTA PARTICIPANTS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO NARROW THE AFRICAN AMERICAN-WHITE ACHIEVEMENT GAP?

Historically, African American and other underserved students encounter academic challenges in pursuit of a college degree—one of which is their performance on standardized tests. This paper analyzes College Grade Point Averages (CGPAs), ACT Composite (ACTC), and SAT Total (SATT) scores of students who participated in the Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA), an out-of-school-time (OST) program, and Non-HSTA (NHSTA) students attending West Virginia University. Traditionally, OST programs provide academic enrichment to underserved youth to increase their chances for post-secondary entry and success. Two-Way Factorial ANOVA determined if HSTA participants performed better on academic measures than their NHSTA counterparts. The ANOVAs showed statistically significant differences based on Status (HSTA/NHSTA) and Race (Black/White) on the SATT and ACTC. Although not statistically significant, there are favorable outcomes on the CGPA for African American HSTA students comparable to their non-HSTA counterparts.
Geometric configuration of five-coordinated Al and Si in tectosilicate calcium aluminosilicate glasses and its effect on plastic flow

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations of calcium aluminosilicate glasses, AlV, SiV, and their surrounding O environments were analyzed. Unlike a trigonal bipyramidal structure, which is common for five-coordinated species, the bond angle distributions suggest that AlV and SiV adopt configurations consistent with the range of geometries found in a Berry pseudorotation. This allows AlV and SiV to adopt any configuration between two extremes, which are trigonal bipyramids, with minimal energy cost. It is shown that this range of geometries, in combination with the ease with which Al changes coordination, facilitates mechanisms that lead to plastic deformation or viscous flow. This understanding of the geometry of these five-coordinated network formers, along with knowledge of plastic deformation mechanisms, can be used to explain the effects of pressure, temperature, and aluminum content on the plastic flow behavior of aluminosilicates.
Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Convalescent Plasma Reveals a Signal of Significantly Decreased Mortality.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has spread globally, and proven treatments are limited. Transfusion of convalescent plasma collected from donors who have recovered from COVID-19 is among many approaches being studied as potentially efficacious therapy. We are conducting a prospective, propensity score-matched study assessing the efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion versus standard of care as treatment for severe and/or critical COVID-19. We present herein the results of an interim analysis of 316 patients enrolled at Houston Methodist hospitals from March 28 to July 6, 2020. Of the 316 transfused patients, 136 met a 28-day outcome and were matched to 251 non-transfused control COVID-19 patients. Matching criteria included age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and baseline ventilation requirement 48 hours from admission, and in a second matching analysis, ventilation status at day 0. Variability in the timing of transfusion relative to admission and titer of antibodies of plasma transfused allowed for analysis in specific matched cohorts. The analysis showed a significant reduction (P = 0.047) in mortality within 28 days, specifically in patients transfused within 72 hours of admission with plasma with an anti-spike protein receptor binding domain titer of ≥1:1350. These data suggest that treatment of COVID-19 with high anti-receptor binding domain IgG titer convalescent plasma is efficacious in early-disease patients.
Aging and Economic Growth in Japan: Differential Effects of Multiple Generations

We combine Japanese Population Census, Prefectural Accounts Calculations and other Japanese government data sources to create a panel database covering 47 prefectures over the 2001 to 2014 period. We then used this data to investigate the role of societal and generational aging on national economic growth in Japan. Specifically, we estimate the impacts of multiple Japanese generations that are distinct in characteristics, tastes and experiences, and explore the trajectories of their economic impacts. Our findings suggest that as Generation Z, our base generation, ages, gross domestic product increases at a decreasing rate, peaking at age 39. This is conditional upon the distributions of other generations and their ages. Additional and differential growth effects of aging are attributed to the Baby boomer II, Generation Y, Baby boomer I and Generation X and the Yutori generations, vis-a-vis Generation Z. However, the aging of the Before baby boomer generation leads to slower growth than that of the Generation Z. Our results challenge the use of average societal aging variables and suggest the efficacy of models accounting for the aging of different generations. These results are useful in national policies to promote economic growth through age-specific strategies that target individual generations.
To Disclose or Not to Disclose: Examining the Privacy Decision-Making Processes of Older vs. Younger Adults

To understand the underlying process of users’ information disclosure decisions, scholars often use either the privacy calculus framework or refer to heuristic shortcuts. It is unclear whether the decision process varies by age. Therefore, using these common frameworks, we conducted a web-based experiment with 94 participants, who were younger (ages 19-22) or older (65+) adults, to understand how perceived app trust, sensitivity of the data, and benefits of disclosure influence users disclosure decisions. Younger adults were more likely to change their perception of data sensitivity based on trust, while older adults were more likely to disclose information based on perceived benefits of disclosure. These results suggest older adults made more rationally calculated decisions than younger adults, who made heuristic decisions based on app trust. Our findings negate the mainstream narrative that older adults are less privacy-conscious than younger adults; instead, older adults weigh the benefits and risks of information disclosure.
Postoperative Delirium in Patients After Brain Tumor Surgery.

Background Postoperative delirium is a common surgical complication that can be associated with poorer outcome. Many patients with brain tumors experience delirium after surgery. We hypothesize that patients who experience delirium after resection of a brain tumor will have worse outcomes post surgery in terms of mortality, disposition, and length of stay compared with those without postoperative delirium. We also examine differences between nurse and physician diagnoses of delirium. Methods Data from patients undergoing brain tumor resection at University of Missouri Hospital were retrospectively collected. Delirium was defined using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual−5 criteria. Patients with delirium were compared with patients without delirium using chi-squared test, Cohen Kappa value, and binomial proportion analysis at 95% confidence intervals or P Results Of 500 patients having brain tumor resections, 93 (18.6%) were diagnosed with postoperative delirium. Patients with delirium had higher 30-day mortality (9.78% vs. 1.48%; P Conclusions Delirium, a common postoperative complication after brain tumor surgery, is associated with longer length of stay, increased disposition to skilled nursing facility, and increased 30-day mortality. These findings reinforce the importance of early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of postoperative delirium in brain tumor resection patients.
'Going Nuclear' Over Appointments: The Causes and Consequences of Filibuster Reform

In this paper, I examine the so-called “nuclear option,” utilized by Senate Democrats in November of 2013 to effectively eliminate the filibuster in the process of confirming lower federal court judges. I analyze filibuster reform in the context of other contemporary changes in the selection and confirmation processes for federal court judges. As a Senate process change intended to expedite the confirmation of judges, the nuclear option has been successful, but has not eliminated the ability of home-state senators to obstruct nominees. Institutional reform in the appointment process for federal judges has been common in recent decades, and filibuster reform, like other recent institutional change, is likely to be responded to with subsequent efforts that will continue or even increase contention in the appointment process.
The Video Image and Signal

The main task of video is to convert an optical image of a dynamic scene into an electrical signal that can be transmitted in real time to another location, and converted back without delay into an optical image that faithfully reproduces the original scene. Sound, synchronized to the scene, commonly accompanies the video image.
Using Simcyp to project human oral pharmacokinetic variability in early drug research to mitigate mechanism-based adverse events

Positive allosteric modulators (‘potentiators’) of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) have been shown to display a mechanism-based exposure–response continuum in preclinical species with procognitive electrophysiological and behavioral effects (‘efficacy’) at low exposures and motor coordination disruptions at progressively higher exposures. Due to the dose-capping nature of such motor coordination deficits, an exposure threshold-mediated adverse event (CAE), the adequacy of separation between the maximal total plasma compound concentration (Cmax) at a predicted clinically efficacious oral dose and this adverse event (AE) was explored in early drug research with three AMPAR potentiators considered potential candidates for clinical trials. In vitro metabolism studies in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes demonstrated the metabolic clearance for each compound was predominately due to cytochromes P450 (CYP). Thus, for each compound's anticipated clinically efficacious dose, human Cmax variability following oral administration was assessed using Simcyp software, which combines its virtual human populations database using extensive demographic, physiological and genomic information with routinely collected compound-specific in vitro biochemical data to simulate and predict drug disposition. Using a combination of experimentally determined recombinant human CYP intrinsic clearances for CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, human binding factors, expected fraction absorbed and estimated steady-state volume of distribution, Simcyp simulations demonstrated that two of the three potentiators had acceptable projected Cmax variability (i.e. the 95th percentile Cmax did not breach CAE). This evaluation aided in the selection of compounds for preclinical progression, and represents a novel application of pharmacologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) software approaches to predict interpatient variability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of unprotected intercourse among gay and bisexual youth: knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.

OBJECTIVE To examine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse. DESIGN Structured interviews and paper-and-pencil instruments. SETTING Community sites in Minnesota during 1989 to 1991. SUBJECTS Two hundred thirty-nine gay and bisexual male adolescent volunteers. OUTCOME MEASURES AIDS knowledge and beliefs, self-reported substance use, and sexual behavior. RESULTS Subjects demonstrated accurate knowledge and beliefs about HIV; but 63% were found to be at "extreme risk" for prior HIV exposure, based on histories of unprotected anal intercourse and/or intravenous drug use. Thirty-four percent of subjects reported unprotected anal sex with at least one of the last three partners in the previous year. Perceived likelihood of HIV acquisition, substance abuse, having a steady partner, noncommunication with partners about risk reduction, and frequent intercourse were found to be significantly associated (P < .05) with unprotected anal sex in the previous year. CONCLUSIONS Programs for gay and bisexual youth should focus on preventing unprotected anal intercourse. Other goals are to promote: communication with sexual partners, consistent condom use during oral and vaginal sex, low risk sexual practices, avoidance of substance use in sexual situations, and developmentally appropriate HIV antibody counseling and testing services.
Mitochondria from human term placenta. III. The role of respiration and energy generation in progesterone biosynthesis.

Abstract The interrelationships among the processes of progesterone biosynthesis, respiration and energy production in human term placental mitochondria were examined. All substrates (citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, glutamate, glycerol 3-phosphate, ascorbate + N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) previously found to stimulate oxygen uptake and ATP synthesis in placental mitochondria supported progesterone synthesis from endogenous and exogenous cholesterol. Citrate support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NADP + but not NAD + . It was inhibited by fluorocitrate and trans-aconitate but not by arsenite, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ascorbate- N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine support of progesterone synthesis was stimulated by NAD + and NADP + and was inhibited by ADP, rotenone, antimycin, cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cyanide inhibition was relieved by an exogenous ATP regenerating system and ADP inhibition was reversed by oligomycin. Progesterone synthesis supported by α-ketoglutarate + malonate was stimulated by NAD + and NADP + , and was completely inhibited by arsenite. 2,4-Dinitrophenol was strongly inhibitory both in the absence and presence of rotenone or antimycin. Stimulation by ATP was enhanced by rotenone, antimycin and oligomycin and inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thus, metabolic control of progesterone synthesis by the energy status of the mitochondrial system was demonstrated when reducing equivalents were supplied via NADH or the respiratory electron transport chain.
In-Frame Deletions Allow Functional Characterization of Complex Cellulose Degradation Phenotypes in Cellvibrio japonicus

ABSTRACT The depolymerization of the recalcitrant polysaccharides found in lignocellulose has become an area of intense interest due to the role of this process in global carbon cycling, human gut microbiome nutritional contributions, and bioenergy production. However, underdeveloped genetic tools have hampered study of bacterial lignocellulose degradation, especially outside model organisms. In this report, we describe an in-frame deletion strategy for the Gram-negative lignocellulose-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus. This method leverages optimized growth conditions for conjugation and sacB counterselection for the generation of markerless in-frame deletions. This method produces mutants in as few as 8 days and allows for the ability to make multiple gene deletions per strain. It is also possible to remove large sections of the genome, as shown in this report with the deletion of the nine-gene (9.4-kb) gsp operon in C. japonicus. We applied this system to study the complex phenotypes of cellulose degradation in C. japonicus. Our data indicated that a Δcel5B Δcel6A double mutant is crippled for cellulose utilization, more so than by either single mutation alone. Additionally, we deleted individual genes in the two-gene cbp2ED operon and showed that both genes contribute to cellulose degradation in C. japonicus. Overall, these described techniques substantially enhance the utility of C. japonicus as a model system to study lignocellulose degradation.
Gas phase detection of tributyltin chloride arising from aqueous and solid matrices

The vapour phase above water spiked with tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and PACS-2 sediment certified reference material was sampled with a solid phase microextraction fiber. The collected volatile compounds were analysed by GC-MS using a HBr–methanol-treated capillary column. Two ion sources were used for this study and their performance characteristics compared. These were electron impact (EI) and negative chemical ionisation (NCI), which allowed both detection of trace amounts of analytes (NCI source) and their identification. This approach provides structural information on the sampled species; at this stage no quantitation was attempted. TBTCl can be detected in the vapour phase above saline water or PACS 2 sediment after one night of passive sampling without any stirring or heating of the sample. This work indicates the need to consider evaporation of TBT as the chloride as a mechanism of loss of this analyte from water or sediment. This may take place from natural settings and contributes to the global biogeochemical cycle of tin; hydride or methyl forms of trace metals are not the only compounds capable of volatilising into the atmosphere.
On-Chip Memory Power-Cut Scheme Suitable for Low Power SoC Platform

The proposed built-in Power-Cut scheme intended for a wide range of dynamically data retaining memories including embedded SoC memories enables the system-level power management to handle SoC on which the several high density and low voltage scalable memory macros are embedded. This scheme handles the deep standby mode in which the SoC memories keep the stored data in the ultra low standby current, and quick recovery to the normal operation mode and precise power management are realized, in addition to the conventional full power-off mode in which the SoC memories stay in the negligibly low standby current but allow the stored data to disappear. The unique feature of the statically or dynamically changeable internal voltages of memory in the deep standby mode brings about much further reduction of the standby current. This scheme will contribute to the further lowering power of the mobile applications requiring larger memory capacity embedded SoC memories.
The Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity

The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale was evaluated in 44 depressed inpatients. All items of the scale occurred frequently in the sample; the scale exhibited construct validity (internal homogeneity) and concurrent validity relative to the Hamilton Depression Scale and the concepts of endogenous and nonendogenous depression. Sleep disturbance, reduced appetite, and suicidal thoughts, correlated poorly with the remainder of the scale. Reasons for this finding are discussed. Inter-rater reliability was demonstrated between a psychiatrist and a nurse on individual item and total scale scores.
A Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Technique for Porous Media

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a common way to measure the mechanical properties of materials as functions of frequency. Traditionally, a viscoelastic mechanical model is applied and current DMA techniques fit an analytical approximation to measured dynamic motion data by neglecting inertial forces and adding empirical correction factors to account for transverse boundary displacements. Here, a finite-element (FE) approach to processing DMA data was developed to estimate poroelastic material properties. Frequency-dependent inertial forces, which are significant in soft media and often neglected in DMA, were included in the FE model. The technique applies a constitutive relation to the DMA measurements and exploits a nonlinear inversion to estimate the material properties in the model that best fit the model response to the DMA data. A viscoelastic version of this approach was developed to validate the approach by comparing complex modulus estimates to the direct DMA results. Both analytical and FE poroelastic models were also developed to explore their behavior in the DMA testing environment. All of the models were applied to tofu as a representative soft poroelastic material that is a common phantom in elastography imaging studies. Five samples of three different stiffnesses were tested from 1–14 Hz with rough platens placed on the top and bottom surfaces of the material specimen under test to restrict transverse displacements and promote fluid–solid interaction. The viscoelastic models were identical in the static case, and nearly the same at frequency with inertial forces accounting for some of the discrepancy. The poroelastic analytical method was not sufficient when the relevant physical boundary constraints were applied, whereas the poroelastic FE approach produced high quality estimates of shear modulus and hydraulic conductivity. These results illustrated appropriate shear modulus contrast between tofu samples and yielded a consistent contrast in hydraulic conductivity as well.
Prospects for cryo-immunotherapy in cases of metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract Clinical observations of the remission of metastatic lesions in six patients following cryothermic treatment of their primary prostatic tumor suggest that factors other than freezing may be involved in both primary and secondary cellular destruction. The precise mechanism(s) operative in the cases presented is not yet definitive; however; priliminary data are suggestive of immunologic factors. The nature of the possible immunologic process underlying these remissions is discussed.
Protection by parenteral iron administration against the inhalation toxicity of beryllium sulfate.

Abstract Animals exposed to an aerosol of BeSO4 showed a significant reduction in mortality with iron treatment. Rats were exposed for 2 h in a nose-only inhalation chamber for 14 days to an aerosol of 2.59 μg Be l . The cumulative mortality of animals concurrently treated with iron salt was significantly reduced (P
An analysis of value destruction and recovery in the alliance and proposed merger of Volvo and Renault

Abstract Volvo's attempt to merge with Renault in 1993 temporarily destroyed SEK 8.6 billion (US$ 1.1 billion) in Volvo shareholder wealth. This study traces the destruction to hubris, managerialism, and the escalation of commitment – elements suggested in previous research. In addition, the case suggests path dependence as a source of wealth destruction in mergers. An elaborate structure of cross-shareholdings, joint committees, and a poison pill made it difficult for the strategic allies (Volvo and Renault) to follow any strategic path other than merger if they wanted to exploit economies more fully. Activism by institutional investors was instrumental in halting the destruction of shareholder wealth and redirecting the firm. This study reveals significant positive abnormal returns associated with the institutional activism. Consistent with Shleifer and Vishny (1986) , institutional `jawboning' is valuable. An analysis of the voting premium between Volvo's `A' and `B' shares suggests that the value created by institutional voice derived from the strategic change in the firm's direction rather than the power of the coalition of institutional investors to expropriate wealth.
Auditory and visual evoked potentials during hyperoxia

Experimental study of the auditory and visual averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) recorded during hyperoxia, and investigation of the effect of hyperoxia on the so-called contingent negative variation (CNV). No effect of hyperoxia was found on the auditory AEP, the visual AEP, or the CNV. Comparisons with previous studies are discussed.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance contact shift studies of the 1,1′-dimethylmetallocenes

The 13C NMR contact shifts are reported for the 1,1′-dimethylmetallocene derivatives of vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel and the mechanisms of spin delocalization are discussed. Exchange polarization is found to dominate the spin transfer to the ring carbons in the V and Cr species, although a strongly competing direct delocalization is indicated by the data. Previous reports of Jahn-Teller effects based on NMR data for the Cr and Co species are also brought into question.
Sequential expression of B lymphocyte surface antigens in vitro.

Serological techniques were used to examine the process of sequential surface antigen expression on differentiating B cells in vitro. A 4-day culture system is described in which bone marrow lymphocytes from neonatal mice acquire in sequence the ability to express Lyb-2, IgM, Ia and IgD in response to a 3-h-induction with E. coli lipopoly-saccharide (LPS). Lyb-2 can be induced on day 1, IgM can be induced after 24 h, Ia after 48 h and IgD only after 96 h in culture. This sequence mimics the order of appearance of B cell surface antigens during ontogeny. When DNA synthesis is blocked from 0–24 h with hydroxyurea (HU), all surface antigens can be induced simultaneously by LPS. Immunoselection of one antigen-bearing population results in the loss of cells bearing other B cell antigens indicating that the surface antigens are induced on the same cells. When both HU and LPS were added to the cultures from the start, IgM appears after 11–14 h, Ia after 14–15 h and IgD only after 19 h. Induction of antigen was demonstrated by the cytotoxicity assay, quantitative absorption and the protein A sheep red blood cell resetting assay. The results obtained show that there is a population of surface IgM-negative precursor B cells in young bone marrow which, when grown in vitro, become sequentially inducible for expression of B surface antigens. Inhibition of DNA synthesis promotes acquisition of the inducible state, and the sequence of antigen expression is correlated with specific time intervals after DNA synthesis has stopped.
Diffractive jet production in a simple model with applications to DESY HERA.

In diffractive jet production, two high energy hardons A and B collide and produce high transverse momentum jets, while hadron A is diffractively scattered. Ingelman and Schlein predicted this phenomenon. In their model, part of the longitudinal momentum transferred from hadron A is delivered to the jet system, part is lost. Lossless diffractive jet production, in which all of this longitudinal momentum is delivered to the jet system, has been discussed by Collins, Frankfurt, and Strikman. We study the structure of lossless diffractive jet production in a simple model. The model suggests that the phenomenon can be probed experimentally at DESY HERA, with A being a proton and B being a bremsstrahlung photon with virtuality ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$. Lossless events should be present for small ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$, but not for ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$ larger than 1/${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{P}}^{2}$, where ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{P}}$ is a characteristic size of the Pomeron.
Activity patterns in networks stabilized by background oscillations

The brain operates in a highly oscillatory environment. We investigate here how such an oscillating background can create stable organized behavior in an array of neuro-oscillators that is not observable in the absence of oscillation, much like oscillating the support point of an inverted pendulum can stabilize its up position, which is unstable without the oscillation. We test this idea in an array of electronic circuits coming from neuroengineering: we show how the frequencies of the background oscillation create a partition of the state space into distinct basins of attraction. Thus, background signals can stabilize persistent activity that is otherwise not observable. This suggests that an image, represented as a stable firing pattern which is triggered by a voltage pulse and is sustained in synchrony or resonance with the background oscillation, can persist as a stable behavior long after the initial stimulus is removed. The background oscillations provide energy for organized behavior in the array, and these behaviors are categorized by the basins of attraction determined by the oscillation frequencies.
An approximate algorithmic solution for the elastic fields in bonded patched sheets

Abstract An approximate algorithmic solution is derived for the elastic fields in an infinite isotropic sheet rigidly bonded with an orthotropic, polygon-shaped patch. The approach employed here combines the equivalent inclusion method by Eshelby, see work by Mura (Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, 1987) and the extension of Rodin’s (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 44, 1996) algorithmic solution for a polygonal inclusion with constant eigenstrains to the case of polynomial eigenstrains. A numerical example of an octagonal shaped patch symmetric with respect to two coordinate axes is presented using zero- and second-ordered approximation for eigenstrains, and the results are compared with those from finite element method. The study was motivated by the lack of analytical capabilities for analyzing and designing bonded repairs with a general shaped patch in aging aircraft.
Cervical Kyphosis Following Laminectomy: Etiology, Prevention, and Surgical Reconstruction

Though cervical laminectomy without fusion is often performed for cervical stenosis, infection, or tumors, postoperative instability is a well-known complication. The deformity typically begins as a dynamic condition resulting in inability to maintain horizontal gaze and dysphagia and may progress to a fixed cervical kyphosis. Our goal is to review the anatomy and biomechanics of the cervical spine and how they relate to the development of postoperative instability or kyphosis after a stand-alone laminectomy. We will also suggest several techniques to help avoid this complication and provide our experience with surgical management for both flexible and fixed deformities.
Failure of the Miller Criteria to Predict Significant Intracranial Injury in Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale Score of 14 after Minor Head Trauma

Objective: To determine the utility of the Miller criteria (presence of headache, nausea, vomiting, and signs of depressed skull fracture) for predicting the need for CT in patients with minor head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) of 14. Methods: The study was a prospective, consecutive series of all patients undergoing head CT scans with a GCS of 14 following head trauma. A data sheet was completed for all patients prior to obtaining a head CT scan. Results: 264 patients were entered into the study and 35 patients were found to have traumatic abnormalities on head CT scan. The use of the Miller criteria to select those patients who would require head CT scan would have resulted in missing 17 of the 35 abnormal scans, including 2 patients who required neurosurgical intervention. These 2 patients were markedly intoxicated upon presentation. Conclusion: The use of the Miller criteria as the only criteria for screening patients with a GCS of 14 after minor head trauma who require a head CT scan is not recommended. While the authors have identified ethanol intoxication as one confounding factor, further refinement of this risk-stratification tool is required.
Time Controlled Release of Arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) from Agarose Hydrogels using Layer-by-Layer Assembly: An In Vitro Study

Experimentally induced axonal regeneration is compromised by glial scar formation arising from leptomeningeal fibroblasts cells in and around the hydrogel scaffold implanted for nerve repair. Strategies are needed to prevent such fibroblastic reactive cell layer formation for enhanced axonal regeneration. Here, we implement the technique of layer-by-layer assembled degradable, hydrogen bonded multilayers on agarose hydrogels to incorporate an anti-mitotic drug (1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C)) within the agarose hydrogels. We show controlled release of Ara-C under physiological conditions over a period of days. The concentrations of Ara-C released from agarose at the different time points were sufficient to inhibit fibroblast growth in vitro, while not adversely affecting the viability of the neuronal cells.
Superplastic Response of Continuously Cast AZ31B Magnesium Sheet Alloys

Magnesium sheet is typically produced for commercial applications with the traditional DC-ingot casting method. As a result of the hexagonal close-packed crystallographic structure in magnesium, multiple rolling passes and annealing steps are required to reduce the thickness of the ingots. Thus, high fabrication costs characterize the creation of magnesium sheet suitable for common forming operations. Recently, continuous casting (CC) technology, where molten metal is solidified directly into sheet form, has been applied to magnesium alloys; this method has shown the potential to significantly reduce the cost of fabricating magnesium sheet alloys. In order to understand the viability of the CC process, a study was conducted to investigate the superplastic potential of alloys produced by this method. This study focused on AZ31B Mg that was continuously-cast on twin-roll casters from three different suppliers. These three materials were compared with a production DC-cast AZ31B alloy in terms of microstructure, elevated-temperature tensile properties, and superplastic forming response. The data from this study found that microstructural features such as grain size and segregation can significantly affect the forming response. Additionally, the CC alloys can have equivalent or superior SPF response compared to DC-cast alloys, as demonstrated in both elevated temperature tensile tests and superplastic forming trials using a rectangular pan die.
Gain spectrum in gated x-ray MCPs

The gain spectrum in a gated multichannel intensifier output depends on the gain and spatial averaging. The spectrum affects the minimum signal that can be detected as well as the signal to noise in the detected images. We will present data on the gain-spectrum for the GXD detector, a gated x-ray detector to be used at the National Ignition Facility. The data was recorded on a cooled CCD detector, with an x-ray gating time of approximately 75 ps, selected from a range of 0.2 and 1 ns electrical pulse width determined by pulse forming modules were also used. The detector was characterized at the TRIDENT laser facility, using a 2.4 ns long x-ray at 4.75 keV. The x-rays were generated by the interaction of the focused Trident laser beam with a Titanium target.
Levodopa-Responsive Parkinsonism After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Levodopa-responsive Parkinsonism is a rare complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage and no cases have been reported to occur in the absence of hydrocephalus. Case report. We describe a 42-year-old woman who developed progressive severe Parkinsonism in the second week after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. No hydrocephalus was present. Neuroimaging revealed striking abnormalities of the midbrain in the region of the substantia nigra. She was ultimately treated with high dose levodopa/carbidopa with a dramatic response. This case suggests that Parkinsonism may occur as a delayed complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and that in these patients, a trial of levodopa-carbidopa may be warranted.
Deficiency of Hageman factor (factor XII) in patients with the nephrotic syndrome

A 9-year-old girl with the nephrotic syndrome was found to have a prolonged partial thromboplastin time screening test and a decreased level of Hageman factor in her plasma. The child underwent renal biopsy without complication and was treated with prednisone, resulting in prompt remission of the nephrotic syndrome. With response to the corticosteroid therapy the coagulation abnormality returned to normal. When the nephrotic syndrome recurred in this patient one year later, a decreased level of Hageman factor again was observed. Eleven additional patients with the nephrotic syndrome were studied, and subnormal levels of Hageman factor were found in 9 of them.
Effect of Age on Growth Hormone Secretion in Man

ABSTRACT To assess the integrity of growth hormone (GH) secretion with age, plasma GH levels were measured in 44 men, 22 to 81 yr old, after an overnight fast, following an intravenous “pulse” of glucose and after arginine infusion. Relative adipose content was derived from weight and estimates of lean body mass by measurement of endogenous 40 potassium emission. With advancing age, there were increases in both relative adipose mass and fasting blood sugar. In contrast, plasma GH levels after an overnight fast [“basal”], after a glucose “pulse,” and following arginine infusion were not significantly altered with aging. Although there was a tendency towards diminished response to arginine in the elderly subjects, this was attributed to the increase in adipose mass. These findings are in agreement with previous studies indicating a preservation of pituitary release of GH with aging.
Affectivity and Mental Health Among Elderly Religious

Fifty elderly Catholic nuns from the Midwest were interviewed in a descriptive study to obtain information regarding affectivity and mental health. Lawton's Philadelphia Geriatric Center affectivity instrument was used to determine frequency of positive versus negative emotions and 10 dimensions of affectivity. Overall, these subjects reported positive emotional experiences to be more common than negative ones. The nuns were shown to be strongest in the affectivity dimensions of duration of feelings, affective dissimulation, and emotional adaptation. They scored lowest on sensation seeking, variability of feelings, and emotional maturity. The mean scores of these subjects demonstrated statistically stronger emotional experiences than did Lawton's subjects. In response to an open-ended question on definition of health, evidence of a multidimensional perception of health was present among these elderly nuns. This research provides the foundation for further work designing and implementing interventions aimed at promoting optimal mental health among members of cultural minority groups.
LAYER CHARGE RELATIONS IN CLAY MINERALS OF MICACEOUS SOILS AND SEDIMENTS

MICACEOUS CLAYS /ILLITES/ OF A NUMBER OF SEDIMENTS, SUBJECTED TO QUANTITATIVE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS, RANGED IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES FROM 58 TO 65 PERCENT OF A DIOCTAHEDRAL MICA OF MUSCOVITE TYPE, FROM 3 TO 8 PERCENT VERMICULITE, FROM 0 TO 10 PERCENT MONTMORILLONITE, FROM 2 TO 12 PERCENT QUARTZ, FROM 0 TO 4 PERCENT FELDSPARS, FROM 1 TO 2 PERCENT RUTILE AND ANATASE, FROM 0.3 TO 1.2 PERCENT FREE IRON OXIDES, AND FROM 16 TO 30 PERCENT CHLORITE. THE SOIL CLAYS CONTAINED LESS MICA /13 TO 35 PERCENT/ BUT MORE VERMICULITE /13 TO 16 PERCENT/, MONTMORILLONITE /6 TO 14 PERCENT/ AND CHLORITE /30 TO 33 PERCENT/. BESIDES KAOLINITE /3 TO 8 PERCENT/ AND AMORPHOUS MATERIAL /6 TO 15 PERCENT/. THE PRESENCE OF THE VARIOUS MINERALS WAS VERIFIED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION. WHEN THE INTERLAYER OF K OF THESE MICACEOUS CLAYS WAS REPLACED BY HYDRATED NA IONS THROUGH TREATMENT WITH 0.2 N SODIUM TETRAPHENYLBORON IN 1 N NACL, THE ANALYTICALLY DETERMINED VERMICULITES AND MONTMORILLONITE CONTENTS INCREASED. THE FRESHLY PRODUCED VERMICULITES HAD AN INTERLAYER CHARGE OF 177 TO 198 ME/100 G. DURING THIS REPLACEMENT OF INTERLAYER K IN A 1 N SALT SOLUTION, THE PH OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MATRIX SOLUTION WAS OBSERVED TO INCREASE INSTEAD OF DECREASING AS WOULD BE EXPECTED IF OXONIUM IONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH K IN THE INTERLAYER SPACE, THUS PRECLUDING THE POSSIBILITY OF INTERLAYER OXONIUM. THE CALCULATED STOICHIOMETRIC EQUIVALENT OF THE PH RISE ESTABLISHED A SIGNIFICANT UPTAKE OF PROTONS BY THE LATTICE AS K WAS RELEASED. THERMAL ANALYSES OF VERMICULITES SHOW 0.5 TO 0.7 PERCENT HIGHER OH WATER CONTENT THAN THE PARENT MICAS. OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN THE SILICATE STRUCTURE, SUGGESTED AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR LOWERING OF LAYER CHARGE DURING WEATHERING OF MICA TO VERMICULITE, ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT 66 PERCENT OF THIS IN SAMPLES HIGH IN IRON /16.0 PERCENT FE0/ AND ONLY 30 PERCENT OF THIS IN SAMPLES FAIRLY LOW IN IRON. THE RATE OF EXTRACTION OF K FROM MUSCOVITE WITH NO FERROUS IRON WAS FOUND TO BE PH DEPENDENT, INCREASING AT LOWER PH VALUES. THE DATA INDICATE PROTON INCORPORATION WITH STRUCTURAL OXYGENS OF THE SILICATE SHEET TO FORM OH AS A CHARGE REDUCTION MECHANISM IN WEATHERING OF MICA, INDEPENDENT OF AND ADDITIONAL TO THAT INVOLVING THE OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON. /AUTHOR/
Anomalies in red and blue: Exceptionalism in American electoral geography

Abstract Red and Blue America has become the spatial metaphor for an electoral divide on two main dimensions – a nonmetropolitan Red and a larger metropolitan Blue, and a traditionalist Red and a more modern Blue. In this paper, we evaluate the validity and consistency of this conventional wisdom, using both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections results by county. While previous research has underscored the overall pattern and its accuracy, we choose instead to explore mainly the anomalous results: “metropolitan” or “modern” areas that President Bush carried, and “nonmetropolitan” and “traditional” areas that Democrats won. We develop a typology of the anomalous counties and carry out a simple analysis of characteristics that help show how and why they are anomalous. We then compare the 2000 and 2004 results to discover anomalous areas, counties which switched parties or which became more or less partisan. Trends between 2000 and 2004 suggest a weakening of the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan dimension but a deepening of the cultural one, although we note as well that most of the electorate does not place itself at these partisan extremes. We relate these findings to longer term structural changes in American society, and to Republican strategies to mobilize insecure voters. Finally, we lay out an agenda to look at a sample of counties, using qualitative methods, in order to understand these anomalous results.
Influences on practitioner treatment selection: best research evidence and other considerations.

The recent movement toward evidence-based practice in mental health services has highlighted the importance of research evidence in treatment decisions. However, the fact that many treatments with strong research support are not widely used in clinical settings suggests that practitioners’ decisions are not based on research alone but rather are influenced by other considerations. This study examines the relative importance of various considerations on practitioner treatment selection using a national survey of mental health practitioners including doctoral-level psychologists, master’s-level psychologists, and master’s-level clinical social workers (N = 206). Results indicate that practitioners are influenced by a range of considerations including empirical evidence from applied field studies, the perceived flexibility of a treatment, and the appeal of a treatment to colleagues and clients. These findings are discussed within the context of efforts to design, evaluate, and disseminate treatments with research support into clinical settings.
Chemical probing of glycans in cells and organisms

Among the four major building blocks of life, glycans play essential roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Due to their non-templated biosynthesis, advances towards elucidating the molecular details of glycan functions are relatively slow compared with the pace of protein and nucleic acid research. Over the past 30 years, chemical tools have emerged as powerful allies to genetics and molecular biology in the study of glycans in their native environment. This tutorial review will provide an overview of the recent technological developments in the field, as well as the progress in the application of these techniques to probe glycans in cells and organisms.
Document Recognition for a Digital Library

Our work concerns three major processes which help to build a DL database for IR. Several components of the system are shown to be useful for creating a DL database. The design of these processes stresses the importance of robustness and ease of adaptation to the processing of different documents. Output generated by these processes facilitates the IR mechanism to produce intelligent response to user queries. An adaptive approach to document understanding was presented in this chapter. Its robustness was shown to be crucial to the success in processing varied library documents. This chapter also presented an adaptation of the vector space model for information retrieval to improving the performance of a word recognition algorithm. The neighborhoods of visually similar words determined by word recognition are matched to a database of documents and a subset of documents with topics that are similar to those of the input image are determined.
Microscopy: Watching catalysts at work

Solid catalysts speed up many industrial chemical reactions and steer them towards making desired products. A microscopy technique could reveal the changes in composition that catalysts undergo as they perform.
Inhibition of Adrenal 11β-Hydroxylation by Ions

HYDROXYLATION of the 11-position of the steroid nucleus is an essential step in the biosynthesis of the physiologically active adrenal corticoids, cortisol and aldosterone. Previous investigations1–3 have shown that the reaction is rather involved, requiring the participation of a reducing agent (reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide), molecular oxygen and several enzymes.