cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Treatment of Nonviral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Specific Issues in Adolescents

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common and happen more frequently in younger patients. These adolescents have unique risks of acquiring infection because of developing psychosocial skills, biological factors and sociocultural barriers. The clinician must be adept at identifying and modifying these risks through knowledge of the adolescent stages of development and biology, with good history and examination skills that make teens comfortable during their evaluation, and with patient education and treatment. Whereas patient compliance and partner notification can be problematic in any population, teenagers may be more prone not to follow through on these issues. While compliance may not be as important as previously thought, there is a dearth of studies of patient compliance and STD treatment in adolescents.
A Study of Knock and Power Loss in the Automotive Spark Ignition Engine

Measurements were made with a piezoelectric pressure transducer in one cylinder of an automotive V-8 engine having a compression ratio of 10 to determine the level of knock intensity at which knock becomes detrimental to power output (IMEP), and/or damage occurs at wide open throttle. A computer program was devised to permit the measurement of (IMEP), knock intensity, and peak pressure for 100 cycles. The findings are described in this paper.
Quantum discord: a measure of the quantumness of correlations.

Two classically identical expressions for the mutual information generally differ when the systems involved are quantum. This difference defines the quantum discord. It can be used as a measure of the quantumness of correlations. Separability of the density matrix describing a pair of systems does not guarantee vanishing of the discord, thus showing that absence of entanglement does not imply classicality. We relate this to the quantum superposition principle, and consider the vanishing of discord as a criterion for the preferred effectively classical states of a system, i.e., the pointer states.
Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures: Part I. Cycling performance

Abstract The capacity fade of Sony 18650 Li-ion cells increases with increase in temperature. After 800 cycles, the cells cycled at RT and 45 °C showed a capacity fade of 30 and 36%, respectively. The cell cycled at 55 °C showed a capacity loss of about 70% after 490 cycles. The rate capability of the cells continues to decrease with cycling. Impedance measurements showed an overall increase in the cell resistance with cycling and temperature. Impedance studies of the electrode materials showed an increased positive electrode resistance when compared to that of the negative electrode for cells cycled at RT and 45 °C. However, cells cycled at 50 and 55 °C exhibit higher negative electrode resistance. The increased capacity fade for the cells cycled at high temperatures can be explained by taking into account the repeated film formation over the surface of anode, which results in increased rate of lithium loss and also in a drastic increase in the negative electrode resistance with cycling.
1150 TOTAL PROTEIN (TP), 3-METHYLHISTIDINE (3-MeH), AND FREE WATER CONTENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN FETUSES AND INFANTS AT VARYING GESTATIONAL AGES

Urinary excretion of 3-MeH provides an index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown. In order to assess fractional turnover of muscle protein in infants, the content of 3-MeH was analyzed in skeletal muscle obtained from two fetuses and four infants of 15 to 38 weeks gestation (GW). Wet and dry weight (wwt/dwt) were measured from duplicate specimens of the psoas and femoral muscle of each fetus and infant. One set of the muscle specimen was hydrolyzed and assayed for 3-MeH and total nitrogen content by high pressure liquid chromatography and micro-Kjeldahl technique respectively. The results are as follows:
Non‐equilibrium between dust and gas temperatures in the Mars atmosphere

[1] A radiative-conductive balance calculation is presented to predict dust temperatures in the Mars atmosphere and to evaluate the assumption that dust and gas in the atmosphere are in thermal equilibrium. Mie theory is used to calculate the absorption and scattering properties of dust, important for the heating of dust by sunlight; scattering is neglected in the treatment of infrared absorption and emission by grains. Besides radiating in the infrared, dust grains cool via collisions with gas molecules, at a rate proportional to the gas density. We find that dust grains are in thermal equilibrium with the atmospheric gas near the surface. At a predictable pressure, which depends on grain size, the dust and gas temperatures decouple, as radiative absorption and emission increasingly dominate over exchange of thermal energy due to collisions with gas molecules. This non-equilibrium between dust and gas will affect calculations of heating in the atmosphere.
Charge distribution in thunderstorm clouds

The negative charge involved in lightning flashes to ground is found to be distributed in a manner strongly dependent upon the direction of movement of the storm, and does not, in general, constitute a nearly vertical column as proposed by Malan and Schonland. Based on a study of electric field-changes measured at two stations 10 km apart involving 539 return strokes from 84 flashes in 10 storms, we conclude that the horizontal component of the in-cloud channel on the average exceeds the vertical component, and points in the direction of storm motion. An analysis is given of the five methods of Malan and Schonland, on the basis of which we suggest that significant horizontal components are also compatible with their observations of a vertical column, and that the ‘nearly vertical’ aspect of the charge distribution has been over-emphasized.
Within-session rates of responding when reinforcer magnitude is changed within the session

In the present experiment, the authors investigated the idea that within-session changes in operant response rates occur because subjects sensitize and then habituate to the reinforcer. If that is true, then altering an aspect of the reinforcer within the session should alter the observed within-session responding. The authors tested that idea by having rats press a lever for 2 food-pellet reinforcers delivered by a variable-interval 120-s schedule during 60-min baseline sessions. In treatment conditions, the magnitude of the reinforcer was halved (1 pellet) or doubled (4 pellets) 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 min into the session. That magnitude of reinforcement then remained in effect for the rest of the session. Altering reinforcer magnitude altered the rates of responding within the session in a fashion consistent with the habituation explanation, that is, response rates increased, relative to baseline, when the magnitude of reinforcement was increased. They decreased when the magnitude was decreased. Those results were seemingly inconsistent with the competing idea that within-session decreases in responding rates are produced by satiation.
Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses

Summary 1 Restoration of habitats invaded by non-native plants should include both the removal of invasive plants and re-establishment of native plant communities. To develop appropriate restoration strategies and quantify the effects of invasions, experiments that evaluate multiple removal methods and native community responses to those removal methods are needed. 2 We evaluated the response of native plant communities to removal of the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass) in eastern forests in the USA. At eight field sites in southern Indiana, we applied three common removal treatments and compared native community responses among treatments and to untreated reference plots. 3 After 2 years of treatment, native community responses to Microstegium removal varied significantly among methods and plant functional groups in autumn 2006. Graminoid richness was greater when the invader was removed with hand-weeding, while graminoid biomass was lower in plots treated with post-emergent herbicide compared to reference plots. Forb richness was greater with hand-weeding and post-emergent herbicide compared to plots treated with post-emergent plus pre-emergent herbicides or untreated plots. Forb biomass was greater across all removal treatments. Overall native community diversity was 24% greater when the invasion was removed with hand-weeding and 21% greater with post-emergent herbicide compared to reference plots. No positive response in plant diversity occurred with post-emergent plus pre-emergent herbicide. 4 By spring 2007, graminoid percentage cover was greater with hand-weeding but not with herbicide treatments compared to untreated plots. However, forb cover was greater across all removal treatments compared to plots where the invader was not removed. The density of native tree seedlings was 123% greater in post-emergent herbicide treated plots than in untreated plots, indicating that the invasion was inhibiting tree recruitment. 5 Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate that multiple techniques can be used to control invasive plants but that the responses of native plant communities vary among removal methods. Further, greater native plant diversity and biomass following removal shows that invasions were suppressing native plant communities. Management of plant invasions should consider not only the effectiveness of removal methods but also how different methods influence native plant responses.
The Interaction of FRC and Ventilation on Occlusion Pressure in Conscious Man

Analytical and experimental results relating the interaction of functional residual capacity (FRC) and ventilation (V) on occlusion pressure in conscious man are presented. An analytical model was developed relating the airway pressure measured 100 ms after occlusion (P100) with FRC and V just before occlusion. By relating the change in diaphragmatic force with time during breathing to that during occlusion, it was found that P100 and IFRC could be linearly related. In order to test this model, 16 normal adult subjects with different FRC values (2.0 to 5.6 1) were studied during periods of increasing ventilation. Subjects increased V by rebreathing a mixture of 7% CO2 and 93% 02. Neither AP100/APC02 nor AV/APCO2 could be correlated to FRC since the differences in motoneuron activity in response to hypercapnia were probably greater than the variations in FRC. Linear regression analysis on all 16 subjects demonstrated a significant effect of FRC on the relationships P100 versus V, and AP100/APCO2 versus A V/APCO2. These experimental findings were in close agreement with analytical predictions and suggest that subjects with larger FRC values have a greater ventilation and ventilatory response for the same occlusion pressure and occlusion pressure response, respectively.
Optical rotatory dispersion of polypeptides and proteins

“THE invention in 1866 of the Bunsen burner inhibited the more laborious study of rotatory dispersion by making it almost too easy to work with the nearly monochromatic light of the sodium flame, and in this way brought to an end the fertile era which Biot had inaugurated half a century before.” Thus wrote Lowry in his classical study of optical rotatory power. l As a matter of fact, during the time of Biot and his famous pupil, Pasteur, nearly all studies of optical activity were associated with measurements of optical rotatory dispersion. It was indeed most unfortunate that much valuable information was lost in later years through the extensive use of the sodium lamp by almost all the workers in this field. Within the last five years, however, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the optical rotatory power, both theoretically and experimentally. With the availability of commercial spectropolarimeters, the optical rotatory dispersion studies have experienced a rebirth, and have already yielded many fruitful findings as a result of new developments. On the one hand, this technique has been extensively applied to the structural studies of organic compounds, as evidenced by the beautiful work of Djerassi et al. * Of equal importance are the applications of optical rotatory dispersion to the study of polypeptide and protein conformations. It is at the latter aspect that the present paper will be aimed. Already the vast interest in this field has resulted in the appearance of several excellent reviews.3-6 A monograph on synthetic polypeptides has also been published which describes in detail the work of the English school. 7 Therefore (and taking into consideration the limits of time and space imposed upon me) it seems superfluous to discuss recently publishd work; nor is it necessary to describe the work of some of the distinguished participants present at this symposium. Rather, we will limit our brief review to some of our early work, which I, myself, had the good fortune to observe closely. Some of the older proposals and interpretations will also be re-examined in view of later developments.
Construction of a viable SV40 variant containing two functional origins of DNA replication

Abstract Viable variants of simian virus 40 (SV40) have been constructed which contain two functional origins of DNA replication (Or). The variants were made by introducing, at 0.175 on the SV40 map, a segment of DNA containing the viral Or. Two types of experiments demonstrate that the second Or is functional. First, the distribution of radioactivity in pulse-labeled SV40 (I) DNA is dramatically altered in the variants when compared with the parental virus. Second, electron microscopic examination of viral replicative intermediates indicates that while there is one initiation site for DNA synthesis in the parental genome, there are two sites in the variant. It was possible to introduce a deletion which inactivated the original Or at 0.67 map units in this variant. The resulting mutant could be propagated, and its DNA replication originated at the site of the newly inserted Or.
The in-depth interview: Between science and sociability

The social science interview is a temporally circumscribed, explicitly instrumental exchange conducted by relative strangers that demands (1) intimacy yet impersonality and (2) professionalism amidst sociability. This paradoxical structure is reflected in what is said, as well as in what isnot said. Requirements for intimacy and impersonality can be accomplished respectively through “fresh” and scripted utterances; the demands for professionalism and sociability through question-answer sequences and conversation. The types of discourse peculiar to this setting may shape utterances in ways antithetical to the social science goals that prompted the choice of this method.
Differences in daily energy expenditure in lean and obese women: the role of posture allocation.

Objective: A low resting metabolic rate (RMR) is considered a risk factor for weight gain and obesity; however, due to the greater fat-free mass (FFM) found in obesity, detecting an impairment in RMR is difficult. The purposes of this study were to determine the RMR in lean and obese women controlling for FFM and investigate activity energy expenditure (AEE) and daily activity patterns in the two groups. Methods and Procedures: Twenty healthy, non-smoking, pre-menopausal women (10 lean and 10 obese) participated in this 14-day observational study on free-living energy balance. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry; AEE and total energy expenditure (TEE) were calculated using doubly labeled water (DLW), and activity patterns were investigated using monitors. Body composition including FFM and fat mass (FM) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: RMR was similar in the obese vs. lean women (1601 ± 109 vs. 1505 ± 109 kcal/day, respectively, P = 0.12, adjusting for FFM and FM). Obese women sat 2.5 h more each day (12.7 ± 3.2 h vs. 10.1 ± 2.0 h, P < 0.05), stood 2 h less (2.7 ± 1.0 h vs. 4.7 ± 2.2 h, P = 0.02) and spent half as much time in activity than lean women (2.6 ± 1.5 h vs. 5.4 ± 1.9 h, P = 0.002). Discussion: RMR was not lower in the obese women; however, they were more sedentary and expended less energy in activity than the lean women. If the obese women adopted the activity patterns of the lean women, including a modification of posture allocation, an additional 300 kcal could be expended every day.
"The Cop Will Get You": The Police and Discretionary Juvenile Justice, 1890-1940

While urban police are the public officials who most directly regulate juvenile crime and delinquency, their work has rarely been considered in histories of juvenile justice. Most studies concentrate on Progressive-era reform and juvenile court, not how kids got in trouble and entered the judicial system in the first place. This essay addresses that gap. Focusing on everyday interactions between police and disorderly youth in Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles, it demonstrates how the exercise of discretionary authority by the police shaped juvenile justice, both before and after the creation of juvenile court. First, police performed a filtering function, deciding which complaints against children and teenagers to handle at their own discretion and which to refer to court. Second, the police regulated adolescent behavior on their own by targeting potential offenders for arrest based on the perceived problems of the day (larceny and truancy in turn-of-century Detroit, auto theft in Depression-era Los Angeles). Third, the police, not the courts, decided whether or not to detain arrested youth prior to court hearings. Thus, the police largely determined the intake of the juvenile court and could discipline young offenders in their own fashion regardless of the outcome of a case. Language: en
Measurement of the electron affinity of praseodymium

The electron affinity (EA) of praseodymium (Pr) has been measured using laser photodetachment electron spectroscopy. The EA of Pr(4I9/2) was determined to be 0.962±0.024 eV. The data also show that Pr- has at least one bound excited state with a binding energy of 0.866±0.018 eV relative to the ground state of the Pr atom. The present experimental measurements are compared to a recent calculation of the electronic structure of Pr-.
Leiomyosarcoma of penis.

Abstract A case is reported of leiomyosarcoma of the penis, and the literature is reviewed.
Silicone oil for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

We used sophisticated vitreous surgical techniques in conjunction with silicone oil injection in ten eyes of ten patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. After a minimum follow-up of one year, three patients achieved total retinal reattachment and two patients regained ambulatory vision (5/200 or better). Maintenance of low to normal intraocular pressure was observed in nine of the ten eyes despite some cases of progressive anterior segment neovascularization and retinal detachment. Although treatment was more difficult and less successful than in either retinal detachment with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative vitreoretinopathy alone, these techniques allowed some success in eyes that otherwise would have a poor prognosis.
Volume decomposition and feature recognition, part II: curved objects

Abstract A method has been developed that decomposes a curved object into volumes, called maximal volumes, with the half-spaces of the object. A maximal volume has as few concave edges as possible without introducing additional halfspaces. The object is first decomposed into minimal cells by extending the surfaces of the object. Combinations of these minimal cells are then composed to form maximal volumes. The combinations of such minimal cells that result in maximal volumes are found by traversing a search tree which is pruned by examining the relationships among these minimal cells. One application of this decomposition method is recognition of machining features. With this decomposition method, a delta volume is decomposed into maximal volumes. Many maximal volumes are readily recognizable as features with graph matching. Compound features can be recognized by combining maximal volumes. By subtracting maximal volumes from each other in different orders and applying graph matching to the resulting volumes, multiple interpretations of features can be generated.
Menopausal bone loss is partially regulated by dietary intake of vitamin D.

Five years ago we reported results from a cross-sectional study of the effect of nutritional factors on calcium-regulating hormones and bone loss in perimenopausal women. We found an inverse correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and we postulated that over time, women with lower 25OHD would lose more bone because of increased bone remodeling induced by secondary hyperparathyroidism. We have followed 38 of these women for 5 years. Twenty-two have gone through menopause and we are reporting observations on these 22 subjects. Bone mineral analysis was performed twice a year at the distal and mid-radius using single-photon absorptiometry. The slope of the bone mineral content curve was calculated by least squares. Bone loss increased within 6 months of the rise in serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to >40 mIU/ml. We continued to see a negative correlation between 25OHD and PTH (r=-0.450, P=0.03). Premenopause, PTH was negatively correlated with the proximal bone mineral content (PBMC) slope (-0.604, P=0.002). The distal bone mineral content (DBMC) 5-year slope was correlated with dietary vitamin D (r=0.509, P=0.02), the higher the intake, the less negative the slope. The 5-year PBMC slope was negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin (OC) levels (r=-0.382, P=0.08). Before menopause, the change in PBMC was positively correlated with OC (r=0.450, P=0.03). Postmenopause, the correlation with DBMC slope was negative (r=-0.506, P=0.05). The results provide further evidence that with uncoupling of bone remodeling after menopause, a high turnover state is associated with greater bone loss. Bone loss accelerates early in menopause, frequently before the cessation of menses. Adequate vitamin D nutritional status preserves bone mass in perimenopausal women by reducing serum PTH concentration and PTH-dependent bone remodeling.
α-VINYLLYSINE AND α-VINYLARGININE ARE TIME-DEPENDENT INHIBITORS OF THEIR COGNATE DECARBOXYLASES

(±)-α-Vinyllysine and (±)-α-vinylarginine display time-dependent inhibition of L-lysine decarboxylase from B. cadaveris, and L-arginine decarboxylase from E. coli, respectively. A complete Kitz-Wilson analysis has been performed using a modification of the Palcic continuous UV assay for decarboxylase activity.
Hepatic hydrothorax: a retrospective case study.

Purpose To present the pathophysiology, differential diagnoses, assessment techniques, and treatment options for hepatic hydrothorax. Data Sources A case study is presented with supporting material from current medical literature. Conclusions Hepatic hydrothorax is a pleural effusion caused by the flow of ascitic fluid into the pleural space through an actual defect in the diaphragm. Successful outcomes depend on early detection and timely referral of often-subtle lung involvement. Implications for Practice Although incidence is reported to be as high as 12% in cirrhotic patients, standard medical references attach little importance to pul-monary risks in this population. Hepatic hydrothorax should always be considered in the cirrhotic patient with a pleural effusion.
Comparison of efficient seasonal indexes.

Estimates of a seasonal index in the standard manner (from a moving average) introduce systematic error into the seasonal estimates if a trend is present. This paper shows that a logarithmic modification of the standard moving average procedure will cause it to be consistent with a trend and is an efficient alternative. This paper also compares several other efficient seasonal indexing procedures appropriate for routine business applications and shows some numerical results. The results indicate that it is possible to achieve an improvement in the precision of the seasonal index, in the seasonally adjusted data and in forecasts based upon this data, by considering logarithmic alternatives to standard seasonal indexing procedures. This improvement may be accomplished without a substantial increase in complexity or in the associated computational burden. The opportunities for improvement are shown to be greatest when the data contain substantial trend and seasonal aspects and when the trend has a percentage form. Some suggestions for forecasters are offered.
A numerical study of general viscous flows around multi-element airfoils

An efficient numerical procedure based on a velocity integral representation and Fourier series expansion is developed to compute the unsteady viscous flows around multielement airfoils. Flow developments initiated from an impulsively started motion of a Boeing VR7 airfoil with or without a leading-edge slat are studied in both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The effect of the presence of the slat to the surface pressure distribution of the airfoil is assessed.
Serial angiographic appearance of healing dissection after balloon angioplasty.

In this report we describe the case of a patient with a significant coronary artery dissection following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in whom serial coronary arteriograms were obtained over a 6-week period. These demonstrated healing of the dissected vessel and correlated with abatement of the patient's angina. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO2 by NH3 over HZSM-5

We have studied the reduction of NO2 by NH3 over HZSM-5 and find that this reaction is several hundred times faster than the corresponding reduction of NO under similar conditions. In addition, the kinetics of the reduction of NO2 are strikingly different from the kinetics of NO reduction. Whereas the reduction of NO is inhibited by the adsorption of ammonia and is first order in oxygen concentration, the rate of conversion of NO2 increases as NH3 concentration increases and is independent of oxygen concentration. We believe that these results strongly support our earlier suggestion that the oxidation of NO is the rate-determining step in the selective catalytic reduction of NO over HZSM-5.
Genetic relationships between peanut and wild species ofArachis sect.Arachis (Fabaceae): Evidence from RAPDs

Twenty-six accessions of wildArachis species and domesticated peanuts,A. hypogaea, introduced from South America were analyzed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The objective of the study was to investigate inter- and intraspecific variation and affinities among species of sect.Arachis which have been proposed as possible progenitors for the domesticated peanut. Ten primers resolved 132 DNA bands which were useful for separating species and accessions. The most variation was observed among accessions ofA. cardenasii andA. glandulifera whereas the least amount of variation was observed inA. hypogaea andA. monticola. The two tetraploid species could not be separated by using RAPDs.Arachis duranensis was most closely related to the domesticated peanut and is believed to be the donor of the A genome. The data indicated thatA. batizocoi, a species previously hypothesized to contribute the B genome toA. hypogaea, was not involved in its evolution. The investigation showed that RAPDs can be used to analyze both inter- and intraspecific variation in peanut species. Southern hybridization of RAPD probes to blots containing RAPD of theArachis species provided information on genomic relationships and revealed the repetitive nature of the amplified DNA.
Physeal-Sparing Technique for Femoral Tunnel Drilling in Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Posteromedial Portal

Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears present a technical dilemma for orthopaedic surgeons. Multiple surgical techniques have been described to protect the distal femoral and proximal tibial physes. We present an ACL reconstruction technique performed on a 12-year-old girl with open physes who sustained an ACL tear after a noncontact twisting injury while playing soccer. A hamstring autograft reconstruction was performed by use of a posteromedial portal to drill the femoral tunnel in an all-epiphyseal fashion at the anatomic footprint of the native ACL. This case provides a new surgical technique to achieve anatomic fixation for ACL reconstruction in a skeletally immature individual using a posteromedial portal to drill a physeal-sparing lateral femoral tunnel for anatomic ACL reconstruction. This advancement may make drilling the femoral tunnel less technically challenging compared with other proposed methods while maintaining the lateral wall of the distal femur.
Self-enhancement and belief perseverance

Abstract Belief perseverance—the tendency to make use of invalidated information—is one of social psychology’s most reliable phenomena. Virtually all of the explanations proffered for the effect, as well as the conditions that delimit it, involve the way people think about or explain the discredited feedback. But it seems reasonable to assume that the importance of the feedback for the actor’s self-image would also influence the tendency to persevere on invalidated feedback. From a self-enhancement perspective, one might ask: Why would people persist in negative self-beliefs, especially when the basis for those beliefs has been discredited? In the present study, actors and observers completed a word-identification task and were given bogus success or failure feedback. After success feedback was discredited, actors and observers persevered equally in beliefs about the actor’s abilities. However, following invalidation of failure feedback, actors provided significantly higher performance evaluations than observers, thus exhibiting less perseverance on the negative feedback. These results suggest that the motivation to maintain a relatively favorable self-image may attenuate perseverance when discredited feedback threatens an important aspect of the self-concept.
Effect of Ag and Cu Concentrations on the Creep Behavior of Sn-Based Solders

The creep behavior of Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-2.5Ag-1Cu and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu ball grid array (BGA) solder balls and 99.99% pure polycrystalline bulk Sn was studied using impression creep and related to the microstructure. Sn-Ag-Cu solders generally consist of primary dendrites/grains of β-Sn, and a eutectic microconstituent comprising fine Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 particles in β phase. With increasing concentrations of Ag and Cu in the alloy, the proportion of the eutectic microconstituent in relation to the primary β phase increases. In pure Sn and Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu, the β grains form the continuous matrix, whereas in Sn-2.5Ag-1Cu and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu, the eutectic microconstituent forms a continuous network around the β grains, which form isolated islands within the eutectic. The steady-state creep behavior of the alloys was dominated by the response of the continuous microstructural constituent (β-Sn or solid solution β for pure Sn and Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu, and the eutectic microconstituent for Sn-2.5Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu). In general, the steady-state creep rate decreased with increasing alloy content, and in particular, the volume fraction of Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 precipitates. The rate-limiting creep mechanism in all the materials investigated here was core diffusion controlled dislocation climb. However, subtle changes in the stress exponent n and activation energy Q were observed. Pure Sn shows n = 5, Q = 42 kJ/mol, Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu shows n = 5, Q = 61 kJ/mol, whereas both Sn-2.5Ag-1Cu and Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu show n = 6 and Q = 61 kJ/mol. Rationalizations for the observed changes of n and Q are provided, based on the influence of the microstructure and the solute concentrations.
The emergence and evolution of canine parvovirus—an example of recent host range mutation

Abstract Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged in 1978 an a new pathogen of dogs, which spread around the world and now appears endemic in the domesticated and wild dog populations in all countries. CPV is over 98% identical in DNA sequence to viruses which had been known for many years in cats, mink and raccoons, and genetic analysis has revealed that the differences in canine host range are determined by a small number of changes in the capsid protein gene. Comparison of the atomic structures of the CPV and FPV capsids shows that the changes affecting host range and virus-specific antigenic sites are exposed on the capsid surface in three different positions within a raised region at the threefold axis of symmetry, which is also the site of major antigenic determinants on the capsid. Three types of CPV have been defined by antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies. The original CPV strain (called CPV type-2) was only present in nature for a few years, and by 1981 it had been largely replaced in nature by a variant of CPV (CPV type 2a), which in turn replaced between 1984 and 1990 by a further variant (CPV type-2b). Those viruses differed by less than 0.2% of their genome sequences, but in each case the replacement apparently occurred on a global scale. The true ancestry of CPV is not clear, but the apparent emergence of the new types of CPV and its subsequent evolution suggest that this is a useful model for the emergence of new viruses with extended host ranges and their continuing adaptation.
Theoretical Support for the Assignment of X-ogen to the HCO+ Molecular Ion

THE first unidentified interstellar microwave line was reported in 1970 by Buhl and Snyder1, who, appropriately enough, named this line the X-ogen line. They were originally1 able to detect X-ogen at 89.190±0.002 GHz in five galactic sources: W3 (OH), Orion, L134, Sgr A (NH3A) and W51. The first two candidates suggested for X-ogen were HNC and HCO+, the former the suggestion of Herzberg (noted by Buhl and Snyder1) and the latter that of Klemperer2. Since then Snyder and Buhl3 have concluded that a second unidentified line (at 90.665 GHz) is more likely to be due to HNC and very recent ab initio calculations4 have unquestionably ruled out HNC as a candidate for X-ogen.
Distributed practice in short-term memory

The similarity of short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) and acquisition (ACQ) was assessed in terms of the operation of common variables, massed (MP) and distributed practice (DP). Two basic transfer paradigms, A-C and C-B, were used to identify the nature of the interference among four transfer pairs in experimental lists. Control lists were designed so that interpair interference was at a minimum. The first and fourth pairs within each list were presented twice under MP (0 sec) or DP (24 sec) conditions and tested after 0, 15, or 45 sec. In both paradigms, recall of pair four under DP was significantly superior to recall under MP at retention intervals of 15 and 45 sec, irrespective of type of list construction (experimental or control). This result indicates that DP in STM does not operate in an analogous way to DP in LTM or ACQ. Proactive interference was shown to be a major variable in producing decrements associated with STM.
Comparison of aminolevulinic-acid-induced fluorescence from normal and inflamed gingiva in the canine model.

Fluorescence spectroscopic detection using 5-amino levulinic acid (ALA) may provide an effective, noninvasive approach for early detection of oral cancer. In the present study, the use of ALA-induced fluorescence ratio (red/orange) to differentiate between normal and gingivitis-affected gingiva is investigated. Five dogs with varying degrees of gingivitis are studied. Based on previous studies, a dose of 25 mg/kg of ALA is administered intravenously to the dogs. Autofluorescence and ALA-induced fluorescence from three sites: normal gingiva, pigmented gingiva, and gingivitis, are detected with a fiber optic probe coupled to an optical multichannel analyzer. Four dogs show higher and earlier ALA-induced fluorescence from the gingivitis site as compared to the unpigmented gingiva. In two dogs, ALA-induced fluorescence peaks are seen 15 min after ALA administration. Statistical analysis using mean separation procedures reveal differences in the fluorescence from the various sites in each dog. Using a fluorescence (ratio) cutoff of 1.5, the sensitivity and specificity are found to be 92 and 80%, respectively, 1 h after administration of ALA. The indications from this study—that the characteristic protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is seen earlier and in higher magnitude in more vascular areas of the oral cavity—has implications for oral cancer diagnosis.
Matching, the null hypothesis and the aging variable: would the real age effect please stand up.

Abstract The concepts of hypothesis testing and mach-ing are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively. Suggestions are also offered concerning statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.
Chlorination−Methylation of the Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon(111) Surface Can Induce a Stacking Fault in the Presence of Etch Pits

Recently, we reported STM images of the methylated Si(111) surface [prepared through chlorination−alkylation of the Si(111)−H surface] taken at 4.7 K, indicating that the torsion angle of the methyl group with respect to the subsurface silicon layer is φ = 23 ± 3°. Repulsions between H atoms in adjacent methyl groups are minimized at 30°, while repulsions between H atoms and second layer Si atoms are minimized at 60°. The experimental result of 23° is surprising because it suggests a tendency of the methyl group toward the eclipsed configuration (0°) rather than staggered (60°). In contrast, extensive fully periodic quantum mechanical Density Functional Theory studies of this surface give an equilibrium torsion angle of 37.5°, indicating a tendency toward the staggered configuration. This discrepancy can be resolved by showing that the CH3 on the step edges and etch pits interacts repulsively with the CH3 on the surface terraces unless a stacking fault is introduced between the first and second silicon la...
Viable vein graft preservation.

Homologous vein grafts are becoming increasingly useful in patients without suitable autologous saphenous veins for peripheral arterial bypass procedures [4, 81. However, fresh veins are the only tissue that has been used successfully in homograft vascular reconstruction in terms of long-term patency [4]. The advantages of a reliable method of long-term storage of viable vein segments and the ultimate creation of a vein “bank” are therefore apparent. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is a low molecular weight compound that diffuses readily across cell membranes [2] and has been shown to be an effective cryoprotectant avoiding cellular dehydration, a major cause of cell death during freezing [2]. The DMSO has been used for successful cryopreservation of other tissues [3, 61, but has not been utilized for vein graft preservation. This study assesses a method for the longterm preservation of viable vein segments by freezing in liquid nitrogen with DMSO cryopreservation.
An Improved Method to Estimate Sea Lamprey Wounding Rate on Hosts with Application to Lake Trout in Lake Huron

To better estimate wounding rates on hosts of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes, methods were developed to fit a logistic model for the mean number of wounds per host as a function of host length. These methods were applied to the number of wounds (the sum of type A-I to A-III marks on hosts collected in spring) on individual lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) collected by surveys and by a commercial fishery in three regions of U.S. waters of Lake Huron from 1984 to 2000. Wounds per fish were assumed to follow a Poisson distribution, and a number of models were examined using maximum likelihood techniques. Parameters were allowed to vary spatially and temporally, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques were used to evaluate uncertainty in parameter values. By using data for individual hosts and modeling the effect of host length as a continuous function, this method makes more complete use of available data, increases precision, and removes biases in comparison with widely used approaches for estimating wounding rates. In this application, the asymptote, or wounding rate on the largest lake trout, varied over years and among lake regions. In addition, the inflection point (where wounding rates increased most rapidly toward the asymptote) varied among regions, shifting toward smaller lake trout lengths further north in Lake Huron. This change in shape suggests some complexity in the sea lamprey-lake trout interaction. For a 500-mm lake trout, a host size observed in all areas, estimated wounding rates were highest in the north.
Temporal discrimination in rats with rhinencephalic lesions

Abstract This research was designed to study the behavioral effects of hippocampal and septal lesions in a situation where the cognitive and motivational consequences could be separately evaluated. Prior to training, rats were prepared with either septal, unilateral or bilateral hippocampal lesions; a nonoperated group served as a control. The animals were deprived of food and trained to press a bar for a pellet of food which would be delivered only if a 1-min period of time elapsed since the previous reward. This situation produces a temporal discrimination in which the bar-pressing behavior becomes correlated with the passage of time. No difference was found between the groups in this measure of cognitive activity. Animals with septal lesions, however, showed the highest terminal rate of response, while animals with hippocampal lesions showed the lowest terminal rate suggesting a contrasting motivational function of these two structures. Moreover, the operated animals showed a delay in their learning to withhold bar-pressing immediately following reinforcement. These findings led to the conclusion that the major consequence of hippocampal and septal damage is on motivational processes and on the discrimination of response-produced stimuli.
Tunica vaginalis urethroplasty

Tunica vaginalis on a vascular pedicle was tubularized and used as a urethra to repair hypospadias in three difficult cases. This is the first report of tunica vaginalis utilized for a urethral reconstruction in humans. This new surgical technique is described.
Polarization spectroscopy of early increase in blood supply in predysplastic stages of colon carcinogenesis

Using polarization-spectroscopy we observed, for the first time, a profound increase in subepithelial blood supply in colon carcinogenesis at a time point preceding development of adenomas and any other currently known markers of colon cancer.
The structural stability of a three-species food chain model.

Abstract A three-species food-chain model which was previously shown to exhibit chaotic dynamics was revisited. By exploring the sensitivity of that result this study found that complex behaviour depended on the functional form chosen to model the interaction between the two highest species in the food chain. Two separate scenarios were explored: the gradual addition of refugia modeling the escape from predation at low prey densities; and the gradual addition of predator interference modeling territorial behaviour. The addition of even a small amount of refugia provided a stabilizing influence as the chaotic dynamics collapsed to stable limit cycles. The results of adding interference to the model were more complex. Although the numerical simulations indicated that a low level of interference provided a stabilizing influence, the analytical results suggest that complex dynamics are possible for a range of parameter values that are biologically relevant. The sensitivity of the stability profile to functional changes in the model suggests two important ecological motivations for structural stability analysis. First, in ecological systems, environmental fluctuations cause continuous changes in the functional relationships between and within species, resulting in potential changes in the complexity of the dynamics over time. Second, slight changes in ecological structure may cause significant bifurcations; however, most ecological data are inadequate to distinguish such phenomena.
Personal transformation and social change: Conversations with ecopsychologists in action

Abstract How do we make use of our awareness, our suffering, our love, our understanding of the present situation, to create effective ecological social change? The author explored these questions in interviews with two women who are extensively engaged in both ecopsychology and environmental politics, Renee Soule and Amy Fox.
Mechanism of decomposition of the human defense factor hypothiocyanite near physiological pH.

Relatively little is known about the reaction chemistry of the human defense factor hypothiocyanite (OSCN–) and its conjugate acid hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), in part because of their instability...
STOPPED-FLOW INVESTIGATION OF NITRATED BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN MONOMER BINDING TO OXYTOCIN

By use of stopped-flow kinetic data, we have measured the kinetics of mononitrated neurophysin I monomer binding to oxytocin. The association rate constant was 1.3(±0.3) × 105 M-1 s-1 and the dissociation rate constant was 2.0 (± 0.5)s-1 for protonated oxytocin binding. Both rates are significantly slower than those observed for neurophysin dimer. These data suggest that the binding process by which the monomer binds oxytocin is not identical to that of dimer.
Hyperspectral image data analysis

The fundamental basis for space-based remote sensing is that information is potentially available from the electromagnetic energy field arising from the Earth's surface and, in particular, from the spatial, spectral, and temporal variations in that field. Rather than focusing on the spatial variations, which imagery perhaps best conveys, why not move on to look at how the spectral variations might be used. The idea was to enlarge the size of a pixel until it includes an area that is characteristic from a spectral response standpoint for the surface cover to be discriminated. The article includes an example of an image space representation, using three bands to simulate a color IR photograph of an airborne hyperspectral data set over the Washington, DC, mall.
Analysis of a Stochastic Implicit Interface Model for an Immersed Elastic Surface in a Fluctuating Fluid

We present some mathematical analyses of a recently proposed stochastic implicit interface model for an elastic surface immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid subject to fluctuation forces. We derive suitable a priori estimates and establish the well-posedness of pathwise solutions and provide uniform control on the solutions in probability.
Community drug abuse agencies: An effective approach to the drug abuse problem?

Community-based drug agencies were established as a means for confronting the drug abuse dilemma. However, due to the traditional guidelines that were followed in developing CBDA programs, the unique aspects of the problem were overlooked. This uniqueness relates to the ability of the drug culture to satisfy basic human needs. To be effective CBDA must be able to satisfy the same needs that clients previously met through participation in the drug culture. This article examines three areas of weakness which limit the effectiveness of CBDA: (1) fragmented delivery of services; (2) perpetuation of minimal client involvement, commitment, and responsibility; and (3) motivational considerations of board members. The alternative family structure is described as an innovative CBDA approach that directly relates to the uniqueness of the drug abuse problem.