cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Constants of Thin Films by a Kramers–Kronig Method

A method is described for determining the optical constants of a thin film deposited on a nonabsorbing window using a single set of transmittances over an absorption band. The method depends on the fact that the phase shift of the transmitted radiation can be determined from the transmittances by a Kramers–Kronig transform. No assumption of a physical model or band shape is required. Practical implementation of the method is numerically complicated, and the use of a digital computer is essential.
Protective efficacy of a recombinant protective antigen against Bacillus anthracis challenge and assessment of immunological markers

The efficacy of recombinant Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen (rPA) produced in Bacillus subtilis and formulated in Alhydrogel or MPL-TDM-CWS (Ribi adjuvant) has been tested and compared to the licensed UK human vaccine in guinea pigs challenged by the aerosol route with the Ames strain of B. anthracis. rPA combined with the Ribi adjuvant was found to be only formulation to provide 100% protection from challenge. Analysis of immunological parameters in the individual animals revealed significant differences between the View the MathML source vaccine group and rPA/Alhydrogel and human vaccine groups for antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation, PA neutralisation and antigen specific IgG2 levels, but indicated no significant differences in PA-specific IgG1 levels. rPA formulated in Alhydrogel induced a mainly IgG1 response whilst the View the MathML source vaccine produced a predominantly IgG2 response.
Applications Of Image Analysis For Infrared Microspectroscopic Detection Of Contaminants On Microelectronic Devices

The use of infrared microscopy imaging for location and identification of contaminants on microelectronic devices is discussed. Several methods for reconstruction of images from the spectrum acquired at each pixel were compared. Peak-height and peak-integration methods require prior knowledge of the contaminant to narrow the spectral region of interest. These frequency-limited methods performed better than full-spectrum methods. When full-spectrum methods must be used, Gram-Schmidt reconstruction performed better than integration.
Pressure integrability conditions for uniqueness of mild solutions of the Navier-Stokes system

Abstract We address uniqueness of mild solutions of the Navier–Stokes system in L t ∞ L x 3 . We prove that solutions for which the pressure is locally square integrable are unique.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR AT MOTOR END PLATES OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC MUSCLES

The acetylcholine receptors at the mammalian motor end plate have been counted and their distribution there determined ultrastructurally. Electron microscope autoradiography applied to muscles labeled with alpha-(3H)bungarotoxin was used for this purpose. The receptors are distributed asymmetrically along the postsynaptic membrane, being concentrated at the fold crests-that portion nearest to the presynaptic membrane. The density of receptor sites at that region is estimated to be 20,000-25,000 per mum2 of membrane surface. This density holds for the several species and muscle types thus far examined and appears to be a constant parameter of the motor end plate. It determines the limit of responsiveness to acetylcholine. By contrast, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase is found to be distributed evenly over the folds and may reside in the intersynaptic matrix. When mouse diaphragm end plates from dystrophic animals or animals following 5-day denervation were similarly examined, no significant alterations in either the density or the distribution of the receptor sites were found. Similarly, dystrophic muscles in chickens possess an unaltered number of receptors at their end plates. A model is outlined to correlate receptor and cholinesterase concentrations with known aspects of transmitter release. These findings may have relevance to some of the electrophysiological abnormalities seen in myasthenia gravis.
The Third Domain: The Spread and Use of gis within Social Science

Discussions of geographic information systems (gis) and society have usually revolved around the uses and effects of gis in the real world, in contradistinction to its uses in the ivory towers of academia by geographers and other spatially aware researchers.
Conformational disorder in unsaturated phospholipids by FTIR spectroscopy

Conformational disorder in liquid alkenes and in the L alpha and Hparallel phases of some unsaturated phospholipids has been monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. The CH2 wagging region (1330-1390 cm-1) in saturated chains contains vibrations of particular 2- and 3-bond conformational states as follows: 1341 cm-1, end-gauche (eg); 1352 cm-1, double gauche (gg); 1368 cm-1, the sum of kink and gtg states. In unsaturated chains, this spectral region revealed an additional band at 1362 cm-1 and (occasionally) a feature near 1348 cm-1. The 1362 cm-1 band is tentatively assigned to the wagging of CH2 groups adjacent to the C = C bond. Substantial populations of both gg and (kink+gtg) states are evident in the L alpha phases of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC's). Unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE's) are more ordered than their PC counterparts, and possess fewer gg and eg states. Chain disorder in the Hparallel phase of PE's approaches that in L alpha phases of unsaturated PC's. Changes in conformer distributions during the L alpha-->Hparallel transition in 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), 1-palmitoyl,2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE), and N-methyl-DOPE(N-MeDOPE) were semi-quantitatively estimated. For DOPE and DEPE, slight cooperative increases in both gg and (kink+gtg) states occur, for POPE only the gg population increases and for N-MeDOPE only the kink+gtg populations increase. These disorder increases are consistent with the small calorimetric delta H for this transition. Difficulties in quantitative determination of conformational disorder in unsaturated chains are discussed.
MLL, Hox genes, and leukemia: the plot thickens

The mixed lineage leukemia gene MLL , a histone methyltransferase and the human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, is rearranged in a variety of acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. Over the past 2 years great progress has been made in understanding the mechanism by which MLL fusion proteins
Volcanology: Opening wide the magma spigot

The supply of magma to Kīlauea Volcano was relatively stable for 50 years. But between 2003 and 2007, the volcano experienced a surge in the supply of magma from the mantle that implies short-term changes in the underlying Hawaiian hotspot.
Drop Formation in Non-Newtonian Jets at Low Reynolds Numbers

The objective of this study was to develop an experimentally verified computational model that accurately predicts evolution of shear-thinning liquid jets. A secondary objective was to investigate the formation of satellite drops and to determine conditions under which their diameter can be controlled. The model employs the Galerkin finite/ element approach to solve the complete two-dimensional set of axisymmetric governing equations and the corresponding kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions at the free surface. The effect of shear-thinning behavior on breakup was studied in detail for the case of an infinitely long non-Newtonian jet. It was found that shear-thinning behavior may be useful in controlling satellite drop sizes. (We observe that increasing the shear-thinning behavior at Re∼5 leads to an initial increase in the satellite drop size, followed by a subsequent decrease.) Comparison of model predictions with experimental data is presented for the case of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian jet. The experimental liquid was pumped through a capillary and drop shapes obtained using a high speed camera. The experimentally obtained shapes were compared to those predicted by the model and found to be in good agreement.
Preparation, Stability, and Luminescence of Gallium Nitride

Gallium nitride has been prepared from gallium oxide and ammonia at temperatures from 600° to 1100°C. The emission of various preparations under cathode ray excitation has been investigated. Dissociation studies indicate the thermal instability of at temperatures as low as 600°C. Observed emission spectra are discussed in terms of preparation temperature and dissociation.
A study of diesel emissions on Drosophila

Abstract A sex-linked recessive lethal test was performed on male fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster , (Oregon-R strain), exposed to an approximate five-fold dilution of exhaust from a diesel engine. The eight hour exposure was achieved by drawing diluted diesel exhaust from a three cubic meter stainless steel exposure chamber housing laboratory animals through a two liter reaction flask modified for use with Drosophila . A preconditioned sampling bag was used to collect the emissions after passing through the exposure chamber containing the flies. Results of analyses performed on the diesel exhaust mixture showed the following: carbon dioxide—0.17%, carbon monoxide—12.2 ppm, hydrocarbons—11.6 ppm, nitrogen oxide—3.8 ppm, nitrogen dioxide—2.9 ppm, sulphur dioxide—1.0 ppm, and particulates—2.18 mg/m 3 . Two broods of the F 2 generation were investigated for the occurrence of recessive lethal events. These broods approximated the developing gametogenic stages of mature sperm ( P 1 matings on days 2 and 3 postexposure) and spermatocytes ( P 1 matings on days 8 and 9). Additionally, the F 3 generation was evaluated for the occurrence of mosaic recessive lethal events which might escape detection in the F 2 generation. An equal number of F 2 and F 3 flies for both broods served as concurrent controls. Results indicate that, under the conditions tested, the diesel exhaust did not increase the mutation frequency of the exposed flies ( F 2 rate = 0.30%, F 3 rate = 0%) when compared to the concurrent controls ( F 2 rate = 0.37%, F 3 rate = 0.15%).
The Endothelium of Failed Corneal Grafts

Corneal buttons of failed grafts were obtained at the time of regrafting and studied with the scanning electron microscope. The condititions studied varied from failed donor tissue to graft rejections and herpetic endothelial disease. The scanning electron microscope offers a tridimensional, panoramic high-power view of pathologic endothelium that can be correlated to the clinical picture and light or transmission electron microscopy. The endothelium of recent grafts may be damaged by organized blood clots; leukocytes were present over the graft endothelium, possibly as a normal reaction to surgery. Herpetic infection of the graft may cause death of endothelial cells and formation of granulomatous lesions, with damage to Descemet's membrane. A large detachment and rupture of Descemet's membrane was found in a case of wound dehiscense.
Cbfa1 Contributes to the Osteoblast-specific Expression of type I collagen Genes

Type I collagen is composed of two chains, α1(I) and α2(I), encoded by two distinct genes, the α1(I) and α2(I) collagen genes, that are highly expressed in osteoblasts. In most physiological situations, α1(I) and α2(I) collagen expression is coregulated, suggesting that identical transcription factors control their expression. Here, we studied the role of Cbfa1, an osteoblast-specific transcription factor, in the control of α1(I) and α2(I) collagen expression in osteoblasts. A consensus Cbfa1-binding site, termed OSE2, is present at the same location in the α1(I) collagen promoter at approximately −1347 base pairs (bp) of the rat, mouse, and human genes. Cbfa1 can bind to this site, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift experiments using an anti-Cbfa1 antibody. Mutagenesis of the α1(I) collagenOSE2 at −1347 bp reduced the activity of a α1(I) collagen promoter fragment 2- to 3-fold. Moreover, multimers of this OSE2 at −1347bp confer osteoblast-specific activity to a minimum α1(I) collagen promoter fragment in DNA transfection experiments as well as in transgenic mice. An additional Cbfa1-binding element is present in the α1(I) collagen promoter of mouse, rat, and human at approximately position −372. This site binds Cbfa1 only weakly and does not act as a cis-acting activator of transcription when tested in DNA transfection experiments. Similar to α1(I) collagen, the mouse α2(I) collagen gene contains multiple OSE2 sites, of which one is conserved across multiple species. In EMSA, Cbfa1 binds to this site and multimers of this α2(I) OSE2 element confer osteoblast-specific activity to the minimum α1(I) collagen promoter in DNA transfection experiments. Thus, our results suggest that Cbfa1 is one of the positive regulators of the osteoblast-specific expression of both type I collagengenes.
pH Dependence of Amide Chemical Shifts in Natively Disordered Polypeptides Detects Medium-Range Interactions with Ionizable Residues

A growing number of natively disordered proteins undergo a folding/binding process that is essential for their biological function. An interesting question is whether these proteins have incompletely solvated regions that drive the folding/binding process. Although the presence of predominantly hydrophobic buried regions can be easily ascertained by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the identification of those residues implicated in the burial requires NMR analysis. We have selected a partially solvated natively disordered fragment of Escherichia coli, thioredoxin, C37 (38–108), for full NMR spectral assignment. The secondary chemical shifts, temperature coefficients, and relaxation rates (R1 and R2) of this fragment indicate the presence of a flexible backbone without a stable hydrogen bond network near neutral pH. 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence analysis of the pH dependence of amide chemical shifts in fragment C37 within pH 2.0 and 7.0 suggests the presence of interactions between nonionizable residues and the carboxylate groups of four Asp and four Glu residues. The pH midpoints (pHm) of the amides in the ionizable residues (Asp or Glu) and, consequently, the shifts in the pHm (ΔpHm) of these residues with respect to model tetrapeptides, are sequence-dependent; and the nonionizable residues that show pH dependence cluster around the ionizable ones. The same pH dependence has been observed in two fragments: M37 (38–73) and C73 (74–108), ruling out the participation of long-range interactions. Our studies indicate the presence of a 15-residue pH-dependent segment with the highest density of ionizable sites in the disordered ensembles of fragments C37 and M37. The observed correlations between ionizable and nonionizable residues in this segment suggest the organization of the backbone and side chains through local and medium-range interactions up to nine residues apart, in contrast to only a few interactions in fragment C73. These results agree qualitatively with the predominantly hydrophobic buried surface detected only in fragments C37 and M37 by highly sensitive differential scanning calorimetry analysis. This work offers a sensitive and rapid new tool to obtain clues about local and nonlocal interactions between ionizable and nonionizable residues in the growing family of natively disordered small proteins with full NMR assignments.
Crystal Twins Revisited

Just as “quasicrystals” demanded a new definition of “crystal,” they demand that we redefine crystal twins.
Senescence alters blood flow responses to acute heat stress.

Renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) responses to heating are significantly reduced in senescent compared with young Fischer-344 (F344) rats (Kenney MJ and Fels RJ. Am J Physiol R...
Enhancements of the critical currents of YBaCuO single crystals by neutron (n) and proton (p) irradiation

The results of magnetization hysteresis and T/sub c/ measurements on neutron- and proton-irradiated YBaCuO single crystals are presented. The crystals used for comparison were irradiated to a fluence of 2*10/sup 17/ n/cm/sup 2/ (E>0.1 MeV) and 1*10/sup 16/ p/cm/sup 2/ (E=3.5 MeV). The critical currents at 1 T and 10 K are enhanced by a factor of five for the neutron-irradiated and a factor of nine for the proton-irradiated samples. After irradiation the crystals were annealed at 100, 200 and 300 degrees C for 8 h each in air. Following each annealing step the critical temperature and the magnetization hysteresis at 10 and 70 K were measured. Upon annealing, a decrease of the critical currents, which is more pronounced for the proton irradiated sample, is observed. This decrease is related to the removal of point defects or their small clusters. Thus, their contribution to pinning can be studied. The critical temperature decreases after both types of irradiation by about 0.5 K and is fully recovered after annealing. >
A total synthesis of chelidonine

Abstract Condensation of homophthalic anhydride 3 with the Schiff base 4 is exploited as the key step in a total synthesis of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid (±)-chelidonine (8).
Personal growth in adults' stories of life transitions.

This study identified four themes of personal growth (integrative, intrinsic, agentic, and communal) in adults' stories of life transitions in careers and religions. Specific themes were expected to relate differentially to two forms of personality development (social- cognitive maturity and social-emotional well-being) and to transition satisfaction. Integrative themes correlated primarily with social-cognitive maturity (ego development; Loevinger, 1976), whereas intrinsic themes correlated primarily with social-emotional well-being. Agentic-growth themes correlated primarily with transition satisfaction, whereas commu- nal-growth themes correlated primarily with global well-being. Themes of agentic and communal growth also differentiated the two types of transitions studied—changes in careers and changes in religions—in ways that both supported and contradicted traditional notions of those transitions. We discuss these findings in terms of narrative meaning making, the mature and happy person, and intentional self-development via life transitions. This paper explores how stories of life transitions relate to personality development. Life transitions represent periods of heightened self- Jack J. Bauer, Northern Arizona University, and Dan P. McAdams, The Foley Center for the Study of Lives, Northwestern University.
Association between n−3 fatty acid consumption and ventricular ectopy after myocardial infarction

Background: n−3 (omega-3) Fatty acids are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease; however, the relation between dietary intake of n−3 fatty acids and ventricular arrhythmias has not been investigated among acute post-myocardial infarction (AMI) patients—a group at elevated risk of malignant arrhythmias. Objective: The objective was to examine the association between n−3 fatty acid consumption and ventricular ectopy among AMI patients. Design: In 260 AMI patients, dietary intake of n−3 fatty acids was assessed by using the Harvard food-frequency questionnaire, and ventricular ectopy was estimated from 24-h electrocardiograph recordings. Results: A greater intake of n−3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid + docosapentaenoic acid + α-linolenic acid) was associated with lower ventricular ectopy (β = −0.35, P = 0.011), and this effect remained after cardiovascular comorbidities were controlled for (β = −0.47, P = 0.003). Higher concentrations of both marine-based (eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) (β = −0.21, P = 0.060) and plant-based (α-linolenic acid) (β = −0.33, P = 0.024) fatty acids remained associated with lower ventricular ectopy after cardiovascular comorbidities were controlled for. Conclusion: These findings extend existing evidence linking n−3 fatty acid consumption to a reduced risk of ventricular arrhythmias by showing that a greater intake of n−3 fatty acids may be associated with low ventricular ectopy among AMI patients.
Management science, theory of constraints/optimized production technology and local optimization

This study uses a controlled laboratory experiment to compare the performances of Management Science (MS), Theory of Constraints/Optimized Production Technology (TOC/OPT) and Local Optimization (LO) approaches to production planning. The OPT game was used as the experimental instrument. The subjects were given hint sheets based on MS, TOC/OPT and LO approaches. The results show that production planning by MS and TOC/OPT approaches improve the performance more than the LO approach. Additionally MS was found to improve the performance more than TOC. Statistical power analysis of the data suggests that the laboratory experiment had a high power and the tested approaches had a medium to large effect on performance.
Life-cycle assessment of organic solar cell technologies

Organic photovoltaics are often proposed as a solution to achieve low cost and low environmental impact in a solar cell. In this work, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for various donor and acceptor materials, taking into account required purity of reactants and solvents, low yields for reactions, repeated purification steps, and toxic chemicals and solvents used for production of electronic grade semi-conductor materials. The full life cycle of complete single junction organic solar cells was done, based on current state-of-the art efficiencies reported for various donor/acceptor combinations. At this point, it is shown that the increase in device efficiency results in an increase in energy payback, mainly because higher concentrations of [C70]PCBM are being used which have a higher embodied energy compared to lower efficiency [C60]PCBM - based solar cells.
Small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists: a patent review (2011 – 2014)

Introduction: Glucagon receptor antagonists (GCGRAs) have been an area of ongoing research in the pharmaceutical industry for more than two decades. Blocking the action of the glucagon peptide leads to repression of hepatic glucose production and reduced blood glucose. Small molecule GCGRAs continue to be pursued as a potential new treatment for diabetes.Areas covered: The current review summarizes small molecule GCGRA patents and patent applications that first appeared during 2011 – 2014. The search term ‘glucagon receptor’ was used to find patents of the desired type.Expert opinion: Several companies have brought forward GCGRAs into human clinical trials with the most advanced to date being in Phase II. This field is mature and the number of patents has been decreasing in the last few years.
Extracting Borderline Associations

In this paper, we present an extension of the well known algorithm for association mining, Apriori. This extended algorithm, ApriorBL, considers associations between items which occur together - focusing solely on the borderline cases. These borderline cases occur often enough to provide valuable information; however, there are currently no algorithms that target them. We discuss how the AprioriBL algorithm works and present a comparative analysis of Apriori and AprioriBL
A Practical Approach to Hardware Performance Monitoring Based Dynamic Optimizations in a Production JVM

While the concept of online profile directed dynamic optimizations using hardware performance monitoring unit (PMU) data is not new, it has seen fairly limited or no use in commercial JVMs. The main reason behind this fact is the set of significant challenges involved in (1) obtaining low overhead and usable profiling support from the underlying platform (2) the complexity of filtering, interpreting and using precise PMU events online in a JVM environment (3) demonstrating the total runtime benefit of PMU data based optimizations above and beyond regular online profile based optimizations. In this paper we address all three challenges by presenting a practical framework for PMU data collection and use within a high performance product JVM on a highly scalable server platform. Our experiments with JavaTM workloads using the SunTM HotspotTM JDK 1.6 JVM on the Intel ® Itanium ® platform indicate that the hardware data collection overhead (less than 0.5%) is not as significant as the challenge of extracting the precise information for optimization purposes. We demonstrate the feasibility of mapping the instruction IP address based hardware event information to the runtime components as well as the JIT server compiler internal data structures for use in optimizations within a dynamic environment. We also evaluated the additional performance potential of optimizations such as object co-location during garbage collection and global instruction scheduling in the JIT compiler with the use of PMU generated load latency information. Experimental results show performance improvements of up to 14% with an average of 2.2% across select Java server benchmarks such as SPECjbb2005[16], SPECjvm2008[17] and Dacapo[18]. These benefits were observed over and above those provided by profile guided server JVM optimizations in the absence of hardware PMU data.
Predator-Induced Larval Cloning in the Sand Dollar Dendraster excentricus: Might Mothers Matter?

Predator-induced cloning in echinoid larvae, with reduced size a consequence of cloning, is a dramatic modification of development and a novel response to risks associated with prolonged planktonic development. Recent laboratory studies demonstrate that exposure to stimuli from predators (i.e., fish mucus) induces cloning in the pluteus larvae (plutei) of Dendraster excentricus. However, the timing and incidence of cloning and size reduction of un- related conspecific plutei differed across experiments. A variable cloning response suggests the effects of such fac- tors as cue quality, egg provisioning, maternal experience, and genetic background, indicating that the potential advan- tages of cloning as an adaptive response to predators are not available to all larvae. This study tested the hypothesis that cloning in D. excentricus plutei is maternally influenced. Plutei from three half-sibling larval families (different mothers, same father) were exposed to fish mucus for 9 days during early development. Cloning was inferred in a per- centage of plutei from each family; however, the rate and success of cloning differed significantly among the larval half-siblings. Unexpectedly, all mucus-treated plutei were smaller and developmentally delayed when compared to all plutei reared in the absence of a mucus stimulus. Thus, while the results from this study support the hypothesis of an influence of mothers on cloning of larval offspring, reduced larval size was a uniform response to fish mucus and did not indicate an effect of mothers. Hypotheses of the developmental effects of fish mucus on larval size with or without successful cloning are discussed.
Mating behavior of cockerels: Effects of social status, group size and group density

Abstract Mating behavior was studied to reexamine the correlation between social status of cockerels and mating frequency. A moderate correlation of 0.30 ( P P
Potential implications of global warming and barrier island degradation on future hurricane inundation, property damages, and population impacted

Hurricane flooding is a leading natural threat to coastal communities. Recent evidence of sea level rise coupled with potential future global warming indicate that sea level rise will accelerate and hurricanes may intensify over the coming decades. In regions fronted by barrier islands, the protective capacity of these islands may diminish as they are degraded by rising sea level. Here we present a hydrodynamic and geospatial analysis of the relative role of barrier island degradation on potential future hurricane flooding. For the City of Corpus Christi, Texas, USA, hurricane flooding is projected to rise between 20% and 70% by the 2030s, resulting in an increase in property damages and impacted population. These findings indicate that adaptive management strategies should be developed and adopted for mitigating loss of natural barrier islands when these islands act as protective features for populated bayside communities. Finally, this study illustrates a method for applying models to forecast future storm protection benefits of barrier island restoration projects.
On building next generation data centers: energy flow in the information technology stack

The demand for data center solutions with lower total cost of ownership and lower complexity of management is driving the creation of next generation datacenters The information technology industry is in the midst of a transformation to lower the cost of operation through consolidation and better utilization of critical data center resources. Successful consolidation necessitates increasing utilization of capital intensive "always-on" data center infrastructure, and reducing the recurring cost of power. A need exists, therefore for an end to end methodology that can be used to design and manage dense data centers and determine the cost of operating a data center.The chip core to the cooling tower model must capture the power levels and thermo-fluids behavior of chips, systems, aggregation of systems in racks, rows of racks, room flow distribution, air conditioning equipment, hydronics, vapor compression systems, pumps and heat exchangers. Earlier work has outlined the foundation for creation of a "smart" data center through use of flexible cooling resources and a distributed sensing and control system that can provision the cooling resources based on the need. This paper shows a common platform which serves as an evaluation and basis for policy based control engine for such a "smart" data center with much broader reach -- from chip core to the cooling tower. In this paper, we propose a data center solution, which has three components: Cooling, Power and Compute. These three components collectively improve efficiency and manageability of the data center by supporting greater compaction, flexible building blocks that can be dynamically configured, dynamic optimization, better monitoring and visualization, and policy-based control. Coefficient of performance (COP) of the ensemble is defined that represents an overall measure of the efficiency of performance of energy flow during the operation of a data center.
Pathway bridge based multiobjective optimization approach for lurking pathway prediction.

Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen-like protein 2 (OCIAD2) is a protein with unknown function. Frequently methylated or downregulated, OCIAD2 has been observed in kinds of tumors, and TGFβ signaling has been proved to induce the expression of OCIAD2. However, current pathway analysis tools do not cover the genes without reported interactions like OCIAD2 and also miss some significant genes with relatively lower expression. To investigate potential biological milieu of OCIAD2, especially in cancer microenvironment, a nova approach pbMOO was created to find the potential pathways from TGFβ to OCIAD2 by searching on the pathway bridge, which consisted of cancer enriched looping patterns from the complicated entire protein interactions network. The pbMOO approach was further applied to study the modulator of ligand TGFβ1, receptor TGFβR1, intermediate transfer proteins, transcription factor, and signature OCIAD2. Verified by literature and public database, the pathway TGFβ1- TGFβR1- SMAD2/3- SMAD4/AR-OCIAD2 was detected, which concealed the androgen receptor (AR) which was the possible transcription factor of OCIAD2 in TGFβ signal, and it well explained the mechanism of TGFβ induced OCIAD2 expression in cancer microenvironment, therefore providing an important clue for the future functional analysis of OCIAD2 in tumor pathogenesis.
Nucleoporin FG Domains Facilitate mRNP Remodeling at the Cytoplasmic Face of the Nuclear Pore Complex

Directional export of messenger RNA (mRNA) protein particles (mRNPs) through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) requires multiple factors. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the NPC proteins Nup159 and Nup42 are asymmetrically localized to the cytoplasmic face and have distinct functional domains: a phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domain that docks mRNP transport receptors and domains that bind the DEAD-box ATPase Dbp5 and its activating cofactor Gle1, respectively. We speculated that the Nup42 and Nup159 FG domains play a role in positioning mRNPs for the terminal mRNP-remodeling steps carried out by Dbp5. Here we find that deletion (Δ) of both the Nup42 and Nup159 FG domains results in a cold-sensitive poly(A)+ mRNA export defect. The nup42ΔFG nup159ΔFG mutant also has synthetic lethal genetic interactions with dbp5 and gle1 mutants. RNA cross-linking experiments further indicate that the nup42ΔFG nup159ΔFG mutant has a reduced capacity for mRNP remodeling during export. To further analyze the role of these FG domains, we replaced the Nup159 or Nup42 FG domains with FG domains from other Nups. These FG “swaps” demonstrate that only certain FG domains are functional at the NPC cytoplasmic face. Strikingly, fusing the Nup42 FG domain to the carboxy-terminus of Gle1 bypasses the need for the endogenous Nup42 FG domain, highlighting the importance of proximal positioning for these factors. We conclude that the Nup42 and Nup159 FG domains target the mRNP to Gle1 and Dbp5 for mRNP remodeling at the NPC. Moreover, these results provide key evidence that character and context play a direct role in FG domain function and mRNA export.
Dynamic Pathways for Viral Capsid Assembly

We develop a class of models with which we simulate the assembly of particles into T1 capsidlike objects using Newtonian dynamics. By simulating assembly for many different values of system parameters, we vary the forces that drive assembly. For some ranges of parameters, assembly is facile; for others, assembly is dynamically frustrated by kinetic traps corresponding to malformed or incompletely formed capsids. Our simulations sample many independent trajectories at various capsomer concentrations, allowing for statistically meaningful conclusions. Depending on subunit (i.e., capsomer) geometries, successful assembly proceeds by several mechanisms involving binding of intermediates of various sizes. We discuss the relationship between these mechanisms and experimental evaluations of capsid assembly processes.
On pipelining dynamic instruction scheduling logic

A machine's performance is the product of its IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) and clock frequency. Recently, S. Palacharla et al. (1997) warned that the dynamic instruction scheduling logic for current machines performs an atomic operation. Either you sacrifice IPC by pipelining this logic, thereby eliminating its ability to execute dependent instructions in consecutive cycles. Or you sacrifice clock frequency by not pipelining it, performing this atomic operation in a single long cycle. Both alternatives are unacceptable for high performance. The paper offers a third, acceptable, alternative: pipelined scheduling with speculative wakeup. This technique pipelines the scheduling logic without eliminating its ability to execute dependent instructions in consecutive cycles. With this technique, you sacrifice little IPC, and no clock frequency. Our results show that on the SPECint95 benchmarks, a machine using this technique has an average IPC that is 13% greater than the IPC of a baseline machine that pipelines the scheduling logic but sacrifices the ability to execute dependent instructions in consecutive cycles, and within 2% of the IPC of a conventional machine that uses single cycle scheduling logic.
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Enriched Supplements as Therapy for Liver Disease

Altered amino acid metabolism is a hallmark of liver disease, characterized by low levels of circulating BCAAs and elevated levels of circulating aromatic amino acids, and methionine. Although overwhelming evidence indicates that the incidence of complications of liver disease increases with malnutrition, the reported impact of nutritional therapy, specifically BCAA supplementation, on outcomes in patients with liver disease has varied with the indication. Multiple small studies report the beneficial effects of BCAA supplementation, including improved metabolic profiles, as measured by protein sparing and/or normalization of respiratory quotients and clinical improvement of hepatic encephalopathy. Other studies have failed to show a clinical benefit of BCAA supplementation. The data concerning the impact of BCAA supplementation in prophylaxis of long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis is more promising and has been the subject of 2, large randomized controlled trials. In a study of 174 patients with advanced cirrhosis, who were randomized to either BCAA or 1 of 2 control arms, the combined event rates were seen to be significantly reduced in the BCAA supplementation arm, although this was not true for individual complications. In a more recent, larger, randomized controlled trial (n = 646) using a more palatable formulation, investigators demonstrated that long-term BCAA supplementation is associated with decreased frequency of hepatic failure and overall complication frequency. Both studies found improved nutritional status associated with BCAA supplementation. On balance, BCAA supplementation appears to be associated with decreased frequency of complications of cirrhosis and improved nutritional status when prescribed as maintenance therapy. Cost and palatability may limit the potential applicability of this treatment modality.
Approaches to Understanding Families

Mainstream approaches to globalization primarily focus on its economic and ­political manifestations. However, it is within families that globalization is realized. Ideological and material changes in the national and transnational arena ­intersect with personal decisions that are arrived at in family contexts. As globalization accelerates, so do the choices, dilemmas, opportunities, and outcomes that are accompanied by this dynamic process. Given the volatility of markets, the speed of communication, and the intersection of labor force demands with transnational forces, it is becoming increasingly difficult to predict familial responses to fluctuating economies and policies, as well new representations of alternative lifestyles and roles. The traditional blueprints, that so many individuals rely on in their societies, are increasingly challenged, negotiated, and revised.
DISSOCIATIVE RECOMBINATION OF H3O

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed on potential energy surfaces associated with products of dissociative recombination (DR) of H3O+ + e- experiments carried out in the ASTRID heavy-ion storage ring. Gradient geometry optimizations and frequency calculations on critical points on the H3O ground-electronic-state surface and its dissociation paths were performed at levels of theory up to and including MP2(full)/6-311G(d,p) with extra diffuse functions added to the oxygen atom; single-point calculations subsequently were performed at levels up to CCSD(T) with the same basis set. Dissociation pathways of the two lowest-energy valence-to-Rydberg H3O excited states were studied using CIS single-point calculations on SCF-level optimized geometries along ground-state H3O dissociation pathways, and no barriers to fragmentation were observed. The most exothermic ground-state dissociation pathway connects H3O to H2O (X1A1) + H; however, OH(X2Π) + H2 and OH(X2Π) + 2H also are energetically ac...
Optimized color models for high-quality 3D scanning

We consider the problem of estimating high-quality color models of 3D meshes, given a collection of RGB images of the original object. Applications of a database of high-quality colored meshes include object recognition in robot vision, virtual reality, graphics, and online shopping. Most modern approaches that color a 3D object model from a collection of RGB images face problems in (1) producing realistic colors for non-Lambertian surfaces and (2) seamlessly integrating colors from multiple views. Our approach efficiently solves a non-linear least squares optimization problem to jointly estimate the RGB camera poses and color model. We discover that incorporating 2D texture cues, vertex color smoothing, and texture-adaptive camera viewpoint selection into the optimization problem produces qualitatively more coherent color models than those produced by competing methods. We further introduce practical strategies to accelerate optimization. We provide extensive empirical results on the BigBIRD dataset [15], [21]: results from a user study with 133 participants indicate that on all 16 objects considered, our method outperforms competing approaches. Our code is available for download online at http://rll.berkeley.edu/iros2015colormodels.
Mathematical Models of Prebiotic Replication of Informational Molecules

The origin of life is a fascinating problem for both theorists and experimentalists. In this chapter, we review some major mathematical ideas (quasispecies, the error threshold and ways around it, hypercycles, and recent work on the transition from chemical kinetics to replicator dynamics) and relevant experimental contexts. Such models are ideal launch points for mutually informative collaborations in this highly interdisciplinary field.
Characterization of water-soluble organic matter in urban aerosol by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy

The functional and 13C isotopic compositions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in atmospheric aerosol were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in an urban location in the Southern Mississippi Valley. The origin of WSOC was resolved using the functional distribution of organic hydrogen, δ13C ratio, and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three factors were retained based on NMR spectral bins loadings. Two factors (factors 1 and 3) demonstrated strong associations with the aliphatic region in the NMR spectra and levoglucosan resonances. Differences between the two factors included the abundance of the aromatic functional group for factor 1, indicating fresh emissions and, for factor 3, the presence of resonances attributed to secondary ammonium nitrate and low δ13C ratio values that are indicative of secondary organic aerosol. Factors 1 and 3 added 0.89 and 1.08 μgC m-3, respectively, with the highest contribution in the summer and fall. Factor 2 retained resonances consistent with saccharides and was attributed to pollen particles. Its contribution to WSOC varied from 0.22 μgC m-3 in winter to 1.04 μgC m-3 in spring.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Solidified H 2 -D 2 Mixtures. I. Steady-State Experiments

Steady-state NMR measurements using a marginal oscillator technique at 10 Mc/sec have been made on solid mixtures of $n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ of $n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ concentration from 100% to 1% in the temperature range 1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to about 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Striking differences in the line shape were observed, particularly in the $n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{rich}\mathrm{sample}$, with change in temperature, the line shape at the lowest temperatures revealing a composite structure. The question whether this line shape transition is due to isotopic phase separation is discussed, and this interpretation is considered unlikely. It is concluded that the transition is probably associated with a hindering of the rotation of the ortho-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule. Narrowing of the resonance lines with increasing rf power was observed. It is shown that no satisfactory explanation of this effect is possible using the Bloch equations. This narrowing is in excellent agreement with a recent calculation by Provotorov, however, and his theory is used to obtain a value of the exchange interaction in solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ of approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The progressive-saturation technique is used to obtain values of the product ${T}_{1}{T}_{2}$ for several of the mixtures. The data showed that ${T}_{1}{T}_{2}$ has a value at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{2}$ for concentrations of $n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ from 10% to 100%.
Analysis of Nonlinear Structures

A method of analyzing nonlinear structural systems is presented in this paper. The method of displacements is used, and with this formulation, the characteristic equations are shown to be equivalent to a set of simultaneous nonlinear first order ordinary differential equations in which the generalized displacements are the dependent variables and the applied loading is the independent variable. The solution of these differential equations for a given set of initial conditions and loading on the structure yields the complete displacement pattern of the structure. In general, only numerical solutions of these equations are feasible or practical because of the large number of variables involved. With the displaced configuration of the structure known, the internal load distribution in the structure may be easily determined. The method is illustrated through the analysis of several structures to demonstrate its feasibility for systems of practical size and interest. Although only material nonlinearities are considered, the method may be extended to include geometric nonlinearities.
Single-Dose Therapy with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Urinary Tract Infection in Women

One-hundred-four women with symptoms of lower urinary tract inflammation (dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic tenderness) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment regimens: either a single dose of two double-strength trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, (TMP-SMZ) tablets (320 mg of TMP and 1,600 mg of SMZ) or conventional therapy of one double-strength tablet (160 mg of TMP and 800 mg of SMZ) twice a day for 10 days. Eighty-one patients had true bacteriuria; 93% of the infections were eradicated by single-dose therapy and 95% by conventional therapy. Results of an antibody-coated bacteria assay showed no correlation with therapeutic outcome. Clinically important side effects were observed in 4% of patients treated with single-dose therapy and 24% (P less than 0.05) of those treated with conventional therapy. Twenty-three patients had acute urethral syndrome, 14 with and nine without pyuria on initial urinalysis. The 14 with pyuria responded to antimicrobial therapy, whereas those without pyuria did not. This response pattern is consistent with recent data concerning the etiology of acute urethral syndrome. It is concluded that single-dose TMP-SMZ therapy is effective, easily administered, inexpensive, and free from significant side effects, and that it should have broad applicability in the treatment of women with acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
Preaching in Ordinary Time: The Extraordinary Subjects of Jesus' Realm

Ordinary Time comprises those days between Pentecost and Advent—six months of preaching without the special days celebrating the big themes of Advent, Christmas, Lent, Easter, or Pentecost. Within this wide variety of lectionary readings, the Matthean Jesus lays out the demands placed upon those—ancient and modern—who would be subjects of his reign. Matthew's Gospel challenges both delivery and content for the preacher. Sermons based on these texts urge the congregation to deeper spiritual formation, authentic responses to God's calling to serve, a renewed commitment to mission(s), and an inclusive response to our increasingly pluralistic society. Sermons based on these texts will also challenge the preacher to wrestle creatively with texts often memorized, but rarely studied—texts that often leave us uncomfortable in the pulpit. This article presents: (1) a discussion on the importance of Ordinary Time in the preaching cycle; (2) helps for preaching from selected texts which serve as thematic interpretat...