cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An in vitro system for studying osteointegration of dental implants utilizing cells grown on dense hydroxyapatite disks.

A proposed in vitro system is described where chick osteoblasts are cultured on the flat surfaces of dense, nonporous HA disks to facilitate the study of bone formation at the cell-HA interface. During early bone formation cell-coated HA disks were retrieved, fixed with buffered 2% glutaraldehyde, and embedded in epon/araldite. The underlying HA disks were demineralized in diluted acid, and the intact cell-HA interfaces were re-embedded and thin sectioned for routine transmission electron microscopy. Morphologic studies indicated that osteoblasts proliferated and formed nodules of cells on the surfaces of HA disks. With increasing time in culture, they deposited orthogonally packed collagen fibrils between the cell layers that were enveloped by electron-dense mineralized globules. Eventually, small spicules of mineralized HA formed along collagen fibrils. An electron-dense layer about 50 nm thick was observed on the surface of the HA disks. Biochemical studies indicated that cell proliferation, as judged by 3 H-thymidine uptake, increased rapidly during the first 3 days, reached a maximum around 6 days, and then declined by 12 days in culture. AP activity and collagen synthesis, as determined by 3 H-hydroxyproline formation, increased as cellular proliferation declined. Mineralization, as judged by 45 Ca uptake and spicule formation, occurred, as expected, following the increase in AP activity and deposition of densely packed collagen fibrils. Thus, all morphological and biochemical parameters studied indicate that the proposed in vitro system is reproducible and can facilitate the study of the osteointegration of HA-coated implants.
CO2 capture from the flue gas of conventional fossil‐fuel‐fired power plants

Research has been conducted at Argonne National Laboratory to identify and evaluate the advantages and deficiencies of several technologies, both commercially available and alternative technologies, for capturing CO[sub 2] from the flue gas of utility boilers that use air as an oxidant (the current universal practice). The technologies include chemical solvent, cryogenic, membrane, physical absorption, and physical adsorption methods. In general, technologies for capturing CO[sub 2] are expensive and energy-intensive. Therefore, they result in a substantial overall increase in the cost of power generation. Research to improve the performance and economics of these technologies is discussed. 20 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
An investigation of the harvest decision of timber firms in the south‐east United States

In the forestry literature, stochastic extensions of the classic Faustmann model have become the predominant models of optimal harvesting on even-aged timber stands. A recent attempt to estimate a stochastic version of the Faustmann model left several puzzling results unexplained (Provencher, 1995). This paper reports on new estimation and analyses undertaken to resolve these puzzles. Of particular note is the result that the value of using correct price forecasts in the harvest decision is much lower than indicated by recent simulation studies, perhaps because variability in convenience yield dampens the expected gain from exploiting stochastic variation in timber prices.
Chronic Cocaine Treatment Alters Social/Aggressive Behavior in Sprague-Dawley Rat Dams and in Their Prenatally Exposed Offspringa.

Maternal cocaine abuse during pregnancy has been correlated with a greater incidence of maternal neglect and problems with maternal-infant bonding.1 Children of mothers who have abused cocaine during pregnancy have exhibited signs of increased irritability and altered state liability as newborns2,3 and are aggressive, show poor social attachment, and display abnormal play behavior in unstructured environments as young children.4 These data suggest cocaine-induced, abnormal development of socioemotional behavior, but it is difficult to determine if these deficits are a direct result of cocaine or are related to living in an unstable or abusive environment. Animal research on the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure suggest that offspring exposed prenatally to cocaine exhibit signs of behavioral abnormalities including increased “emotionality” and neophobia5,6 and aggression towards an intruder or other untreated conspecifics.7–9 Long-term changes in specific neurotransmitter systems may be related to behavioral alterations. On the basis of previous findings,7–9 we focused our research on cocaine-induced alterations of both maternal and offspring social/aggressive behavior. The following data include a summary of results from several recent experiments.
Two-mode models for describing mixing effects in homogeneous reactors

The Liapunov-Schmidt technique of bifurcation theory is used to spatially average the convection-diffusion-reaction equation over smaller time/length scales to obtain two-mode models (TMMs) for describing mixing effects in homogeneous tubular, loop/recycle and tank reactors. For the isothermal case, these TMMs are described by a pair of coupled balance equations involving the mixing-cup (C m ) and the spatially averaged (C) concentrations. One equation traces the evolution of C m with (residence) time, while the other is a local equation that describes mixing resulting from coupling between diffusion, velocity gradients, and reaction at the local scales, in terms of an exchange between the two modes, C m and . The TMMs have many similarities with the two-phase models of catalytic reactors, with concept of transfer between phases being replaced by that of exchange between the two modes. Examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of these TMMs in predicting micromixing effects on homogeneous reactions.
Infrastructure for e-government Web services

In efforts to use information and communication technologies for the civil and political conduct of government, many countries have begun supporting e-government initiatives. The ultimate goal is to improve government-citizen interactions through an infrastructure built around the "life experience" of citizens. To facilitate the use of welfare applications and expeditiously satisfy citizens' needs, we wrapped these applications in modular Web services. Adopting Web services in e-government enables government agencies to provide value-added services by defining a new service that outsources from other e-government services; to uniformly handle privacy issues: and to standardize the description, discovery, and invocation of social programs. The core of our research is to develop techniques to efficiently access e-government services while preserving citizens' privacy. To that end we designed and implemented an infrastructure called Web Digital Government.
Parental attitudes about vaccination: sexual transmissibility, efficacy, severity & behavioral prevention

Conclusions: Not surprisingly parents generally favored higher efficacy vaccines for potentially fatal infections. Contrary to expectations however sexual transmissibility of the infection and the availability of behavioral prevention methods were not important factors. Although a small proportion of parents (4%) were strongly opposed to STD vaccination our results suggest that parents who accompany their adolescent children to medical appointments may find vaccination against STDs an acceptable medical procedure. (excerpt)
Screening the Peanut Core Collection for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is among the greatest yield-reducing viruses affecting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The best known method of control of TSWV is through the use of resistant cultivars. Unfortunately, only a few peanut genotypes with moderate levels of resistance are known. The objectives of this study were to identify additional sources of resistance to TSWV and to determine whether plant descriptor information is associated with reaction to TSWV in the field. Peanut plant introductions from a core collection were evaluated for resistance to TSWV in field trials from 1991 to 1993. Great variability was found among PIs for reaction to natural TSWV epidemics at Attapulgus, GA. Accessions which exhibited potential resistance in 1991 or 1992 were reevaluated in subsequent years. Disease pressure was high in 1993 and 27 accessions exhibited significantly greater resistance than Florunner, and one (PI 262049) had lower disease incidence than Southern Runner. Only minor relationships ex...
Experiments on ripple instabilities. Part 3. Resonant quartets of the Benjamin–Feir type

Instabilities and long-time evolution of gravity-capillary wavetrains (ripples) with moderate steepnesses (e 19.6 Hz) – if selective amplification does not occur (see Parts 1 and 2). The experiments further show that oblique perturbations with the same frequency as the underlying wavetrain, i.e. rhombus-quartet instabilities, amplify more rapidly and dominate all other modulational instabilities. The inviscid, uncoupled NLS equations predict the existence of modulational instabilities for wavetrains with frequencies exceeding 9.8 Hz, typically underpredict the bandwidth of unstable transverse modulations, typically overpredict the bandwidth of unstable longitudinal modulations, and do not predict the dominance of the rhombus-quartet instability. When the effects of weak viscosity are incorporated into the NLS models, the predicted bandwidths of unstable modulations are reduced, which is consistent with our measurements for longitudinal modulations, but not with our measurements for transverse modulations.Both the experiments and NLS equations indicate that wavetrains in the frequency range 6.4–9.8 Hz are stable to modulational instabilities. However, in these experiments, wavetrains with sensible amplitudes excite one of the members of the Wilton ripples family. When second-harmonic resonance occurs, both the first-and second-harmonic wavetrains undergo rhombus-quartet instabilities. When third-harmonic resonance occurs, only the third-harmonic wavetrain undergoes rhombus-quartet instabilities.
Hot flash: TRPV channels in the brain.

TRPV1 (transient receptor potential, vanilloid) channels belong to a family of ligand-gated ion channels gated not only by the binding of certain lipophilic molecules but also by extracellular protons and physical stimuli such as heat or osmotic pressure changes. These nonselective cation channels are permeable to Na + and K + and are also very Ca 2+ permeable; in fact, TRPV1 is as Ca 2+ permeable as the NMDA receptor channel and can, thus, act as a trigger for Ca 2+ -mediated cell signaling. Although these channels are highly expressed in primary sensory afferents, accumulating evidence indicates that TRPV family channels are also present in the brain. Here, we review evidence that TRPV channels in the central nervous system might contribute to many basic neuronal functions including resting membrane potential, neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity.
Novel Approach to Efficient UV Emitters by Frequency-Doubling in Nitrides-Based Structures from Laser Diode

We propose to achieve efficient UV emission by frequency-doubling laser diodes in nitrides-based structures. Output powers of more than 5 mW at 340 nm can be generated, with the possibility of extending deep into UV
CORE: Coordinated Relocation of Sink Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), collected data are routed to multiple gateway nodes for processing. Based on the gathered reports, the gateways may also work collaboratively on a set of actions to serve application-level requirements or to better manage the resource-constrained WSN. Some of these actions involve the relocation of some gateways. In this paper, we argue that changing the position of a gateway cannot be pursued without the consideration of the impact on inter-gateway connectivity. We present an efficient algorithm for coordinated relocation of gateways (CORE). CORE strives to maintain communication paths among gateways while repositioning individual gateways to better manage the sensors in their vicinity. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of CORE and its positive effect on both network longevity and node coverage
Pymetrozine Causes a Nontarget Pest, the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to Leave Potato Plants

Pymetrozine is a selective insecticide that targets aphids. Published assessments of the effects of pymetrozine on nontarget organisms focus mainly on predatory insects, and they rarely indicate toxicity. In a laboratory bioassay, survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), larvae was not affected by pymetrozine exposure. We subsequently used pymetrozine to implement low-aphid-density treatments in a field experiment that involved separate manipulations of Colorado potato beetle density. Unexpectedly, the addition of Colorado potato beetle adults and eggs did not increase the densities of Colorado potato beetle larvae in plots that were sprayed with pymetrozine (applied with water and an adjuvant). In control plots sprayed with water and adjuvant (without pymetrozine), addition of Colorado potato beetles increased densities of their larvae. Data collected on a smaller scale suggest that a behavioral mechanism underlies the population-level pattern: Colorado potato beetle larvae become more active and are less likely to remain on a host plant after exposure to pymetrozine. Thus, potato, Solanum tuberosum L., growers who use pymetrozine against aphids also might benefit in terms of Colorado potato beetle control.
Befremdete Gesten: Von der Macht des Pädagogischen in politisch-medialen Inszenierungen

Gesten haben eine elementare Bedeutung in Prozessen der Sozialisation, Erziehung und Bildung. Nach wie vor gilt, was Cicero, einer der grosen Redner und Rhetoriklehrer der Antike, in seinem De Oratore bezuglich der Bedeutung der die Rede begleitenden Gesten formulierte: „Worte machen nur auf den Eindruck, der durch das Band derselben Sprache verbunden ist, und pointierte Formulierungen entgehen oft den Menschen, deren Aufmerksamkeit nicht gescharft ist.“ Doch: „Aller Menschen Herzen werden von denselben Regungen bewegt, und an denselben Zeichen, die sie bei ihnen selbst bezeichnen, erkennen sie sie auch bei anderen“ (Cicero 2006: 589, § 223). Gesten werden im Verlauf der Sozialisation erfahren und in ihrer padagogischen Bedeutung qua Situation – in Kontexten der Erziehung und Bildung – als quasi „stille Padagogik“, wie Bourdieu sie genannt hat, gelernt. Aufgrund dieser inkorporierten Erfahrung werden sie auch in ihrer medialen Prasentation in audiovisuellen Medien wie dem Fernsehen oder auch in den neuen Medien „verstanden“. Dieser Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit einer solch medial „verstandenen“, aber durch die Prozesse der Sozialisation signifikant gewordenen Geste, die als stockende Geste einem Millionenpublikum wahrend einer TV-Live-Ubertragung unvergesslich eingepragt wurde: Es geht um den missgluckten Schwur des amerikanischen Prasidenten Barack Obama bei seiner Inauguration 2009.
THE POLLS—A ReviewTHE 1985 USIA CENTRAL AMERICAN SURVEYS

In the spring of 1986, press reports on a series of 1985 surveys sponsored by the U.S. Information Agency in four Central American nations (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Savador) attracted widespread attention and evoked reactions ranging from glee among supporters of the Reagan administration's Central American policy to shock and disbelief among opponents of that policy. According to media reports, these surveys depicted most citizens of those four countries as staunch advocates of the assumptions underlying current U.S. policy toward Central America. For example, La Nacion, the major Costa Rican daily, cited the finding that 73% of those polled viewed Nicaragua as a military threat, in sharp contrast to the less than 5% who so viewed the United States. Other results prominently featured in newspaper stories in the United States and elsewhere sounded the same theme, pointing consistently toward an interpretation of Central American events strikingly in concert with administration policy. Are these findings scientifically credible? In an attempt to find out, we requested information and documentation from USIA. The agency responded by forwarding an odd array of materials, including: an excerpt from the Congressional Record in which Rep. Livingston (R, Louisiana) reported some results from the surveys and concluded that "Central Americans understand the threat that Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union pose to their future. They also understand that the United States is helping them to surmount their problem"; a Jeane Kirkpatrick newspaper column, which mentioned selected survey results in the context of defending the administration's request for contra aid; and a collection of stories from La Nacion, La Estrella de Panama, and the Washington Times. These materials succeeded in heightening our awareness of the political uses of survey research, but
Approximating the scattering coefficients for a non-Rayleigh obstacle by boundary defect minimization

The coefficients which appear in the representation of the far-field scattered by a twodimensional, perfectly electrically conducting obstacle, depend on the normal derivative of the scattered field on the obstacle boundary, ∂Nv|Γ. A family of functions, W, deduced from the minimization of a boundary defect, is shown to be linearly independent and complete. As a consequence the approximation of ∂Nv|Γ results from a well posed algebraic problem. The approximation error is estimated from an a priori bound on the equation error in terms of the eigenvalues of a boundary integral operator. Rayleigh’s hypothesis is nowhere required of the obstacle. These results justify some obstacle inversion methods which originated from heuristic arguments
IT-20OVEREXPRESSION OF IL13Ra2: ASSESSMENT OF PRO-AGGRESSIVE AND PRO-INVASIVE PHENOTYPES OF MALIGNANT GLIOMA IN A SYNGENEIC ANIMAL MODEL

BACKGROUND: IL13Rα2 is a promising target for novel therapies in glioblastoma (GBM) due to its overexpression in tumor cells as well as glioma-initiating cells, which are responsible for the growth and recurrence of GBM. The role of IL13Ra2, found heterogeneously expressed in GBMs, is not fully understood and better targeting strategies are necessary for its clinical application. This study investigated the effectiveness of different patterns of IL13Rα2 expression on the survival of syngeneic rodent glioma models. This study also aims to act as a blueprint for further tests of the level of immune response to the target immunotherapy in immunocompetent mice bearing GBMs with different levels of IL13Rα2 expression. METHODS: G26 murine glioma cell line, with transfected to express hIL13Rα2 (G26-H2) and vector control (G26-V2) were intracranially injected in two groups of C57Bl/6 mice respectively. The metric analyzed for outcome was survival. Histological analysis were used to evaluate the level of IL13Ra2 expression in primary tissue obtained from patients with high gliomas. RESULTS: Two populations of G26 glioma cell lines were established per hIL13Rα2 expression: the hIL13Rα2+ and the hIL13Rα2−. In vivo, the cell lines showed a significant difference in survival: the group that received intracranial injection of G26-H2 cells (100% positive for hIL13Rα2) had a median survival of 29.5 days compared to 49 days for group receiving G26-V2 cells (100% negative for h IL13Rα2), p <0.0172. CONCLUSION: We assessed two different populations of G26 glioma cell lines: h IL13Rα2+ and h IL13Rα2−. In vivo, after intracranial implantation, the two populations showed a significant difference in survival. These results confirm the role of hIL13Rα2 overexpression in specific subtypes of GBMs, and most likely the most aggressive ones.
The Control of Adrenal Secretion of Cortisol

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control of adrenal secretion of cortisol. The adrenal cortex may be viewed as a combination of at least two endocrine glands, one concerned primarily with the secretion of cortisol and the other primarily with the secretion of aldosterone. The secretion of cortisol is primarily the function of the zona fasciculata, whereas the secretion of aldosterone is primarily the function of the zona glomerulosa. The chapter discusses the control of secretion of cortisol. The adrenal cortex increases its secretion of cortisol in response to a signal of increased presentation of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) released by the anterior pituitary gland. The control of release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary may best be viewed as a set of nested negative feedback control systems. The secretion of ACTH may be stimulated by a wide variety of inputs and may be inhibited by increased concentrations within the brain or within the pituitary gland itself of cortisol or of ACTH. The chapter describes the median eminence of the hypothalamus, the distribution of ACTH, and the adrenal gland and its secretions.
Woody Shrubs and Trees

The propagation of woody plants often is highly dependent on cloning. This is due in part to the long-term nature of developing reproducible seed lines of such long-life cycle plants, and to the desire to utilize only the best genetic quality when planting specimens that will often dominate the landscape in both size and time. Cloning of high-value woody crops utilizing micropropagation has been relatively slow to fully develop because of physiological hurdles; however, after some critical basic biology was realized and relevant protocols developed, the value of commercial micropropagation of woody perennials became apparent. Four generally available genera (rhododendron, rose, birch, and white cedar) are used in this chapter to show successful approaches for a diversity of woody crop plants.
Social networking as the production and consumption of a self

Abstract The ubiquitous use of social networking sites (SNS) has resulted in the blurring of individual's private and professional social worlds. As the use of SNS in the workplace grows, it has been studied along a number of dimensions such as its impact on boundary spanning, the advancement of careers, and campaigning for projects. Earlier research on the personal use of SNS has explored user motivations and benefits of participating in SNS including social capital, status seeking, narcissism, self-esteem, and professional identity. However, these studies attempt to describe with static frameworks what we discover to be a dynamic, cyclical process of creation and consumption of self-identity. We conducted a qualitative research study using a grounded theory approach with semi-structured interviews of SNS users, discovering that the creation and consumption of user generated content (UGC) are symbolic interactions, which recursively produce and consume the users' self-identities on SNS. This cyclical framework for explaining the role of self-identity on SNS is a novel finding with broad implications for understanding the use of SNS, especially in the workplace.
Production of eta and. omega. mesons in tau decay and a search for second-class currents

The production of eta and ..omega.. mesons in tau decay has been studied with the CLEO detector. A sample of 42 000 e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..tau/sup +/tau/sup -/ events at a mean ..sqrt..s of 10.5 GeV is used in the analysis. The branching ratio B(tau/sup -/..--> omega pi../sup -/..nu../sub tau/) is measured to be (1.60 +- 0.27 +- 0.41)%. No signal for eta production from tau decay is observed, resulting in 95%-confidence-level upper limits of 1.8% for B(tau/sup -/..-->..eta..pi../sup -/..nu../sub tau/), 2.1% for B(tau/sup -/..-->..eta..pi../sup -/..pi../sup 0/..nu../sub tau/), and 2.1% for inclusive eta production in tau decay. No evidence is found for decays proceeding via second-class currents.
The Effect of Top Management Team Diversity and Board Diversity on Fraudulent Financial Reporting

This study examined how demographic diversity present in the top management team and in the board of directors may influence the likelihood of a firm’s fraudulent financial reporting. It also evalu...
Winter Breeding and Summer Nonbreeding Home Ranges of Bald Eagles from Louisiana

Abstract Home range size, location, and movements between home ranges may differ markedly within species. Some populations of Bald Eagles breed in summer and move south in winter, whereas others breed in winter and move north in summer, while even others stay in the same area all year. We studied winter breeding and summer nonbreeding home range sizes and locations for 10 Bald Eagles (five adults, three subadults, and two subadults that became adults) captured in Louisiana and tracked with GPS satellite transmitters. Individuals were tracked from 2012–2014, during which, all spent the winter breeding season in Louisiana and all migrated north to Canada for at least one summer nonbreeding season. Most held clearly defined home ranges, which varied from 19.7–2368.3 km2, with no significant difference between adults and subadults, winter breeding and summer nonbreeding ranges, year, or their interactions. All nesting home ranges were less than 66 km2 and, on average, nonnesting home rages were 730.3 ± 183.4 ...
Review: Fecal occult blood test screening reduces colorectal cancer mortality

Source Citation Towler BP, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Weller D, Kewenter J. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Cochrane Review, latest version 16 Jan 1998. In:...
Measurements of Arterial Dynamics: From Physical Principles to Clinical Usage

The spatial and temporal characteristics of pulsatile flow are determined by the viscoelastic properties of blood vessels, which are in turn linked to endothelial and smooth muscle cell function and end organ perfusion. Abnormalities in blood flow patterns are markers of underlying disorders from fetal development to old age. As a result, many techniques have been proposed to measure features of the physiologic waveform clinically. Theoretical models of vascular dynamics have been developed to derive arterial properties from these measurements. It is of great interest to ascribe specific physiologic processes to these markers to that diagnostic and therapeutic strategy can be developed. In this paper, commonly used methods of determining the performance of the cardiovascular system are reviewed with focus on their physical meaning. These include simple measurements of flow, pressure, and geometric changes, as well as parameters based on more sophisticated theoretical models derived from these basic measurements.
Is death anxiety more closely linked with optimism or pessimism among older adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether death anxiety is more closely linked with optimism or pessimism among older adults. Participants consisted of community-dwelling older adults (N = 253; 73.1% female) in the southern U.S. Both optimism and pessimism demonstrated a bivariate association with death anxiety; however, when considering optimism and pessimism together-and after controlling for age, gender, physical health, and mental health-optimism was not associated with death anxiety, while pessimism was associated with higher death anxiety. Post hoc analyses found a unique relationship between pessimism and greater fear of the unknown. Perhaps, given the inevitability of death, limiting negative expectancies is more salient to death anxiety than having positive expectancies, and pessimism may be particularly associated with existential and religious concerns.
Encouraging the Spirit: The Role of Student-Faculty Interactions in College Students’ Meaning-Making and Spiritual Quest

The influence of faculty on student academic and affective development is well-documented. Positive interactions with faculty are related to increases in student retention, GPA, and well-being, but...
Altered selection during language processing in individuals at high risk for psychosis.

Abstract Introduction Performance in the executive function (EF) domain has been linked to symptoms and functional outcomes in psychosis. Studies have found that UHR populations have difficulty with verbal fluency, which involves multiple facets of EF. Two potentially implicated EF facets were examined to explore whether these could be dissociated in UHR populations: selection among alternatives (measured by selection costs) and retrieval from semantic memory retrieval (measured by retrieval costs). Methods A total of 45 UHR individuals and 46 healthy controls (HVs) were assessed with a verb generation task. Differences in selection cost (RT difference between high and low selection demand conditions) and retrieval cost (RT difference between high and low retrieval demand conditions) were examined and participants were also assessed for clinical symptoms. Results The UHR group showed greater selection costs relative to HVs, F (1, 91) = 4.39, p = 0.039. However, there were no group differences on retrieval cost, F (1, 91) = 0.63, p = 0.43. A positive association (r = 0.41) was found between disorganized and negative symptoms and selection costs (but not retrieval costs) in the UHR group. There was no significant association between selection costs and positive symptoms. Discussion Increased selection costs may reflect impaired performance in the neural inhibition domain of EF in the UHR population, potentially underlying a mechanistically distinct EF subdomain that affects the group's ability to efficiently select between competing options. Findings suggest that UHR individuals may exhibit impairment in selecting among alternatives, but not in retrieval from semantic memory.
Brazil: An Overview

As one of the BRICS countries, Brazil has witnessed prosperous economic growth and political prominence during the last two decades. It has actively engaged in polishing its foreign policy strategy by reinforcing its stance via Mercosur (Mercado Comun del Sur) and UNASUR (Union de Naciones Suramericanas), and in establishing regional leadership.
Die Rechtsbindungen und die Rechtsformen des Wirtschaftsverwaltungshandelns

Die Handlungsformen der Wirtschaftsverwaltung sind im wesentlichen keine anderen als diejenigen des allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts; durch ihre Bezogenheit auf die „Wirtschaft“ erhalten sie aber eine besondere Ausrichtung und fuhren dementsprechend in eigengeartete Problemkonstellationen hinein. Sie bringen die „in ihrer Vielfalt unuberschaubare, amorphe Tatigkeit der Verwaltung“1 in die geordneten Bahnen des Rechts und unterscheiden sich vor allem hinsichtlich der Eignung zur Erfullung bestimmter Aufgaben, der rechtlichen Voraussetzungen, des einzuhaltenden Verfahrens sowie der gegen sie eroffneten Rechtsschutzmoglichkeiten2.
Tar Spot of Maple

Tar spot diseases are bold-appearing leaf lesions (Fig. 32-1) which appear as stripes when mature. Tar spot of maple is caused by Rhytisma acerinum. Another species also attacks maple and still others willow, golden rod, and other plants.
THE PRESENCE OF IgG AFFINITY ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES BEARING BOTH COMPLEMENT AND SRBC RECEPTORS

Publisher Summary A small population of normal human peripheral lymphocytes are known to possess both complement receptors and the capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with uncoated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) but lack membrane immunoglobulins. These lymphocytes, tentatively called “D-lymphocytes,” could be detected by a mixed rosette method, which simultaneously employs uncoated SRBC and pigeon erythrocytes (PRBC) coated with rabbit IgM antibodies and mouse complement (PRBC-EAC) as indicators. This chapter describes an experiment to investigate the presence of separate IgG receptors on the D-lymphocytes. In this experiment, lymphocyte receptors for IgG were demonstrated by a rosette method using guinea pig erythrocytes coated with rabbit antibodies (GRBC-EA). In the experiment, the double rosetting cells were shown to be lymphocytes and not monocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The lymphocyte preparations depleted of IgG receptor bearing cells were obtained by the Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation procedure to remove lymphocyte–GRBC-EA rosettes.
Changes in regional brain metabolism following aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal women

1803 Objectives While aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy represent an advance in the treatment of breast cancer, further data regarding potential neurologic effects are needed. Methods Data from 16 subjects all at least 60 years old are reported here: 8 breast cancer patients for whom treatment with AI therapy was the sole systemic therapy (69±5), and 8 age-matched healthy controls (76±6). All subjects were postmenopausal, eliminating the potential confounding impact of hormonal fluctuations due to precipitous menopause, and the 8 AI treated patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy, eliminating the potential confounding impact of interactions with those agents. All subjects underwent FDG PET imaging to assess regional brain metabolism at baseline and 6 months later, following initiation of AI therapy for the cancer patients. Cerebral activity normalized to the whole brain was analyzed region by region and examined for significance (p Results Among subjects who initiated AI therapy after baseline, 5 cortical regions exhibited consistent changes over the 6 month period as seen by ROI analysis. Activity decreased a mean of 1.8% (p=0.03) in the right superior parietal lobule, decreased 1.9% (p=0.01) in the left Broca’s region, increased 2.0% (p=0.002) in the left anterior medial temporal region, increased 2.4% (p=0.03) in the right anterior medial temporal region, and increased 1.4% (p=0.02) in the left posterior medial temporal region in AI treated patients. In contrast, the control group did not show significant changes in any cortical regions. Conclusions AI therapy was associated with altered metabolism in right superior parietal cortex, Broca’s area (previously found to have decreased metabolism in association with cognitive impairment in younger patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy), and medial temporal regions bilaterally, which may have particular significance for memory functions
Electrochemical Aspects of Bioenergetics

The application of electrochemical techniques to the study of biological systems finds its roots in work done more than fifty years ago.(1) This early work, based principally on potentiometric studies, provided extensive thermodynamic information for a number of biological molecules. More recently there has been a remarkable expansion in the application of electrochemical techniques to problems in biological systems. A number of scientific disciplines that focus on the thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanisms of biological electron transfer are responsible for this enhanced activity. The basic processes by which energy is transduced between chemical and electrical domains in biological systems are being intensely investigated.
Sexual Orientation and Self-Perception

The awful confusion about homosexuality in American society is made evident by contrasting the depth and extent of antihomosexual attitudes against the prevalence of homosexual behavior.
A network scale, intermediate complexity model for simulating channel evolution over years to decades

Abstract Excessive river erosion and sedimentation threatens critical infrastructure, degrades aquatic habitat, and impairs water quality. Tools for predicting the magnitude of erosion, sedimentation, and channel evolution processes are needed for effective mitigation and management. We present a new numerical model that simulates coupled river bed and bank erosion at the watershed scale. The model uses modified versions of Bagnold’s sediment transport equation to simulate bed erosion and aggradation, as well as a simplified Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) to simulate bank erosion processes. The model is mechanistic and intermediate complexity, accounting for the dominant channel evolution processes while limiting data requirements. We apply the model to a generic test case of channel network response following a disturbance and the results match physical understanding of channel evolution. The model was also tested on two field data sets: below Parker Dam on the lower Colorado River and the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) which responded dramatically to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. It accurately predicts observed channel incision and bed material coarsening on the Colorado River, as well as observations for the upstream 18 km of the NFTR watershed. The model does not include algorithms for extensive lateral migration and avulsions and therefore did not perform well in the lower NFTR where the channel migrated across a wide valley bottom. REM is parsimonious and useful for simulating network scale channel change in single thread systems responding to disturbance.
Impact of Front-End Wearout Mechanisms on the Performance of a Ring Oscillator-Based Thermal Sensor

This work studies how process/environmental parameters and front-end wearout mechanisms affect the performance of a FinFET-based thermal sensor which can be applied for on-chip temperature monitoring and temperature tracking for healthcare. This work has considered process/environmental parameters, such as gate length, supply voltage (VDD), bank capacitance, and temperature, and front-end wearout mechanisms, including bias temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injection (HCI), and random telegraph noise (RTN). The impact of wearout mechanisms on each module was checked, and it was found that the ring oscillator is the most sensitive part. It was found that a larger gate length and lower VDD cause lower digital output values (indicating a lower operating frequency) and less power consumption. Wearout causes the sensor’s digital output values to decrease, and it causes more deviation in the digital output because of wearout induced parameter variations. It was found that linear recalibration is not a perfect solution for wearout induced parameter deviations of the digital output.
Characterization of a Coherent Doppler Lidar for Operation Onboard Aerial and Space Vehicles

A Doppler lidar instrument has been developed to provide velocity and altitude data for precision navigation of space and terrestrial vehicles. Performance of this lidar is characterized through a series of ground and flight tests.
Penetration enhancer for Xiao'er allaying a fever minitype enema gel

OBJECTIVE To study the rectum mucous membrane permeation of borneol,menthol and azone for Xiao'er tuire minitype enema gel.METHODS Different gels containing different concentrations penetration enhancer were prepared.The flux of Gardenia glycoside from the gel was determined in vitro on excised pig rectum mucous membrane using modified Franz diffusion cells.And the accumulated permeation amount and permeation rate were determined by HPLC.RESULTS In Xiao'er tuire minitype enema gels containing different permeation enhancer,the enhancing permeation amount containing 1% menthol combined with 3% azone was obvious,the accumulated permeation amount and permeation rate by 1% menthol combined with 3% azone were 2.856 mg and 0.355 mg·h-1.CONCLUSION The maximum enhancement in the Xiao'er tuire minitype enema gel was 1% achieved by using menthol combined with 3% azone.
Methodological considerations in ACEs research

Abstract Research conducted on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) over the past two decades has changed how healthcare workers think about the relation between childhood and adult physical and mental well-being. Much of that research has relied on the original ACEs instrument and its derivatives. This chapter evaluates the psychometric properties of eight of those instruments. In terms of reliability, we found that the instruments typically have adequate internal consistency but test-retest reliability data are mostly lacking. The evidence for validity, including concurrent and predictive, is sparsely scattered across the instruments. Several more general methodological issues are then raised, including the need to assess measurement invariance, inconsistencies across factor structures, the range of adversities children may face, and, more generally, problems with the accuracy of retrospective memory. Recommendations are made for ways of improving the instruments. When possible, researchers should consider using lengthier and psychometrically strong instruments to assess childhood adversities.
Chapter 6 – Experiences

This chapter begins with a discussion of what types and levels of education are needed for working in the humanitarian sector. It discusses the graduate degree that is relevant and the timing of obtaining a graduate degree. It provides advice on what to look for in a graduate program and discusses other types of training. The chapter then discusses the importance of obtaining relevant work experience, especially field-based experience. It offers information about how to get field experience including through internships and long-term volunteering. It suggests ways to get field-based internships and offers advice on how to cover the associated costs. The chapter concludes with a three-part exercise to help the reader consider a graduate degree, take stock of their experience, identify experience gaps, and develop a plan to fill those gaps.
An evaluation of the convergent validity of and preliminary cutoff scores for the DASS-21 Total score as a measure of distress in adolescents

While the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) is commonly used to measure depression, anxiety, and stress, there is emerging evidence that the DASS-21 total score can be used as a measure of distress in adolescents as well. However, little research has investigated the convergent validity of the DASS-21 as a measure of distress, and no studies have examined potential cutoffs for the DASS-21total score in adolescents. To address these gaps, the present study investigated the convergent validity of the DASS-21’s total score and determined preliminary cutoff scores that could be used to identify adolescents that are clinically distressed. After 306 high school students (mean age = 15.35) from midwestern USA high schools completed the DASS-21 and Langner Symptom Survey (LSS), a MANOVA revealed significant sex differences. In light of these differences, analyses were carried out separately for male and female adolescents. These analyses revealed that the DASS-21 total score was significantly correlated with the LSS for males (r = .80) and females (r = .76). When using adolescents’ classification on the LSS as a reference point, a cutoff score of 14 appeared to be best suited for female adolescents (sensitivity = .78; specificity = .74; AUC = .84), while a cutoff score of 17 appeared best for male adolescents (sensitivity = .72; specificity = .95, AUC = .99). These findings suggest that the DASS-21 total score demonstrates good convergent validity as a measure of distress and may be suitable for identifying adolescents that are clinically distressed. However, further validation of the present preliminary cutoff points is needed.
Chapter 8 – Signal Processing and Optimal Resource Allocation for the Interference Channel

In this article, several design and complexity issues of the optimal physical layer resource allocation problem for generic interference channels are surveyed. The computational complexity, the convexity as well as the duality of the optimal resource allocation problem is discussed. Various existing algorithms for resource allocation are presented and compared. Open research problems are discussed throughout the article.
Changes in meibum composition following plaque bachytherapy for choroidal melanoma.

Objectives Dry eye is common when external beam radiation is used for the treatment of choroidal melanoma (CM). As meibum structure and composition have been related to dry eye, we determined if plaque bachytherapy for CM alters meibum composition. Design 1H-NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the lipid composition of meibum. Setting The University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Participants All 13 participants had CM and one participant had iris melanoma. Main outcome measures Cholesteryl ester (CE) to wax ester (WE) ratio, amount of meibum esters (ME) and meibum lipid saturation were measured. Results ME decreased by 80%±18% (±99% CI) in 11 eyes that were treated compared with the contralateral untreated eye. ME increased by 181% in two eyes that were treated compared with the contralateral untreated eye. The mole % CE/WE for meibum was significantly (p 0.05). Conclusion Eyes that had plaque brachytherapy had a lower amount of expressible meibum and a lower CE/WE ratio compared with meibum from the contralateral eye that received no treatment and eyes that did not have uveal melanoma. Both the quality and quantity of meibum should be considered in designing a therapy for dry eye after plaque brachytherapy.
Optimizing the hypre solver for manycore and GPU architectures

Abstract The solution of large-scale combustion problems with codes such as Uintah on modern computer architectures requires the use of multithreading and GPUs to achieve performance. Uintah uses a low-Mach number approximation that requires iteratively solving a large system of linear equations. The Hypre iterative solver has solved such systems in a scalable way for Uintah, but the use of OpenMP with Hypre leads to at least 2 × slowdown due to OpenMP overheads. The proposed solution uses the MPI Endpoints within Hypre, where each team of threads acts as a different MPI rank. This approach minimizes OpenMP synchronization overhead and performs as fast or (up to 1.44 × ) faster than Hypre's MPI-only version, and allows the rest of Uintah to be optimized using OpenMP. The profiling of the GPU version of Hypre shows the bottleneck to be the launch overhead of thousands of micro-kernels. The GPU performance was improved by fusing these micro-kernels and was further optimized by using Cuda-aware MPI, resulting in an overall speedup of 1.16—1.44 × compared to the baseline GPU implementation. The above optimization strategies were published in the International Conference on Computational Science 2020 [1] . This work extends the previously published research by carrying out the second phase of communication-centered optimizations in Hypre to improve its scalability on large-scale supercomputers. This includes an efficient non-blocking inter-thread communication scheme, communication-reducing patch assignment, and expression of logical communication parallelism to a new version of the MPICH library that utilizes the underlying network parallelism [2] . The above optimizations avoid communication bottlenecks previously observed during strong scaling and improve performance by up to 2 × on 256 nodes of Intel Knight's Landing processor.
Ibuprofen Therapy in Lactating Dairy Cows

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of ibuprofen in lactating dairy cows and then to study the clinical effect of ibuprofen during experimental endotoxin-induced mastitis.