cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development and scaling of the Teaching Outdoor Education Self-Efficacy Scale

Outdoor educator teaching self-efficacy beliefs are an important, yet unexamined, aspect of teaching in the outdoors. Teaching self-efficacy beliefs are self-perceptions of ability to successfully perform necessary teaching tasks. These beliefs may influence the approach or avoidance of instructional strategies, the likelihood to experiment with new teaching strategies (Allinder, 1994), and persistence amidst set-backs while teaching (Tschannen-Moran, Hoy, & Hoy, 1998). In some cases, self-efficacy beliefs can be overinflated and result in inappropriate selection of behaviors, acceptance of risk, and decreased performance (Woolfolk Hoy & Burke- Spero, 2005). Thus, in the context of outdoor education, errors in an educator's teaching selfefficacy beliefs carry consequences for student learning and student safety (cf. Martin & Priest, 1986). It is critically important to attend to the accuracy of outdoor educator teacher self-efficacy beliefs during initial training phases because unrealistically positive or negative self-efficacy beliefs are commonly found to develop in teachers when they first begin their teaching careers (Cakir &Alici, 2009). Initial judgments of teaching self-efficacy are some of the most powerful influences on long-term beliefs and future behaviors (Shaughnessy, 2004). Despite the importance of attending to the accuracy of outdoor educator teaching self-efficacy beliefs, no context specific scale exists to measure these beliefs or their accuracy. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present two studies, which develop a teaching outdoor education self-efficacy scale (TOE-SES).
Transfer of adoptive immunity to Plasmodium berghei: a comparison of routes of injection.

SYNOPSIS. The ability to protect rats against Plasmodium berghei by the transfer of spleen cells by various routes of injection was examined. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injections of cells taken from spleens of recovered rats transferred immunity. Intramuscular injection of the same material was unsuccessful. All injections were derived from the same pool of immune spleen cells and contained equal numbers of trypan blue-excluding cells.
Turbulence and turbulent combustion in spark-ignition engines

Publisher Summary The turbulent flow field in an engine plays an important role in determining its combustion characteristics and thermal efficiency. The details of the turbulence structure in the engine are needed for determining heat transfer rates, ignition delay times, minimum ignition energy, and the rate of mixing and burn-up of quench layers. The turbulent field in an engine is produced by high shear flows that occur during the intake process and/or near top dead center (TDC) of the compression stroke for engines that have large squish regions. Conventional time averaging techniques are useful for determining turbulence quantities when the flow can be considered quasi-steady and are the simplest methods for obtaining correlations from which integral time scales and micro time scales can be determined. This chapter discusses the features of turbulent flow in an engine during the intake and compression processes and the influence this turbulent field has on the combustion process. An attempt is made to relate conventional turbulence theory to engine turbulence measurements wherever possible.
Scrambling eggs: meiotic drive and the evolution of female recombination rates.

Theories to explain the prevalence of sex and recombination have long been a central theme of evolutionary biology. Yet despite decades of attention dedicated to the evolution of sex and recombination, the widespread pattern of sex differences in the recombination rate is not well understood and has received relatively little theoretical attention. Here, we argue that female meiotic drivers—alleles that increase in frequency by exploiting the asymmetric cell division of oogenesis—present a potent selective pressure favoring the modification of the female recombination rate. Because recombination plays a central role in shaping patterns of variation within and among dyads, modifiers of the female recombination rate can function as potent suppressors or enhancers of female meiotic drive. We show that when female recombination modifiers are unlinked to female drivers, recombination modifiers that suppress harmful female drive can spread. By contrast, a recombination modifier tightly linked to a driver can increase in frequency by enhancing female drive. Our results predict that rapidly evolving female recombination rates, particularly around centromeres, should be a common outcome of meiotic drive. We discuss how selection to modify the efficacy of meiotic drive may contribute to commonly observed patterns of sex differences in recombination.
Dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-oxaazetidine-4-carboxylate]: a chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidate of exceptional reactivity and selectivity.

A new chiral azetidinone−carboxylate ligand for dirhodium(II) catalysts enhances reactivity toward diazo decomposition and selectivity toward cyclopropanation enabling diazomalonates, vinyldiazoacetates, and aryldiazoacetates to be effectively used with a dirhodium(II) carboxamidate catalyst.
Dynamic Smagorinsky model on anisotropic grids

To examine the performance of the dynamic Smagorinsky model in a controlled fashion on anisotropic grids, simulations of forced isotropic turbulence are performed using highly anisotropic discretizations. The resulting model coefficients are compared with an earlier prediction. Two extreme cases are considered: pancake-like grids, for which two directions are poorly resolved compared to the third, and pencil-like grids, where one direction is poorly resolved when compared to the other two.
The coloring complex and cyclic coloring complex of a complete k-uniform hypergraph

In this paper, we study the homology of the coloring complex and the cyclic coloring complex of a complete k-uniform hypergraph. We show that the coloring complex of a complete k-uniform hypergraph is shellable, and we determine the rank of its unique nontrivial homology group in terms of its chromatic polynomial. We also show that the dimension of the (n-k-1)st homology group of the cyclic coloring complex of a complete k-uniform hypergraph is given by a binomial coefficient. Further, we discuss a complex whose r-faces consist of all ordered set partitions [B"1,...,B"r"+"2] where none of the B"i contain a hyperedge of the complete k-uniform hypergraph H and where 1@?B"1. It is shown that the dimensions of the homology groups of this complex are given by binomial coefficients. As a consequence, this result gives the dimensions of the multilinear parts of the cyclic homology groups of C[x"1,...,x"n]/{x"i"""1...x"i"""k|i"1...i"k is a hyperedge of H}.
Evaluation of the Utility of Video-Urodynamics in Children With Urinary Tract Infection and Voiding Dysfunction

Objective To assess the use of video-urodynamic studies (VUDS) in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and symptoms of voiding dysfunction (frequency, urgency, incontinence), to ascertain whether VUDS significantly assists in diagnosis and deciding treatment. Patients and methods Over a 16-month period, all children seen at our centre with a UTI in conjunction with previous symptoms suggestive of voiding dysfunction underwent free and pressure-flow VUDS. Forty-two children underwent VUDS and 38 (mean age 9 years, range 4–16, 15 male, 23 female) had sufficient information to be included in the study. Results All children had a prior history of voiding dysfunction (mean 55 months). Only five patients were found to have reflux and three of these had associated detrusor instability. In addition, 24 of 33 patients who did not have reflux had abnormalities on urodynamic study, the most common problem being detrusor instability in 17 of 24 patients. Other abnormalities included sphincter dyssynergia (five patients), poor bladder compliance (two) and hypersensitivity on bladder filling (three). Conclusion VUDS can provide information about the aetiology of UTI and voiding dysfunction in children that cannot be obtained from any other source. The results of VUDS can be used to select specific treatments, to avoid inappropriate therapy and to identify children who may benefit from follow-up studies despite normal findings on voiding cysto-urethrography. From these results, we believe that VUDS should be considered for children with UTI and voiding dysfunction.
HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY

Pregnancies complicated by hypertension require a well-formulated management plan. Women with chronic hypertension should be evaluated prior to pregnancy. At onset of pregnancy, they should be classified into low-risk and high-risk groups. The majority of pregnant women identified as low-risk hypertensives will have good perinatal outcome without the use of antihypertensive drugs. In general, antihypertensive medications should be reserved for those considered as having high-risk hypertension. In either case, all these women should have close follow-up of maternal and fetal conditions throughout pregnancy. All women with diagnosed preeclampsia should be hospitalized at the time of diagnosis for evaluation of maternal and fetal well-being. Subsequent management will then depend on gestational age and the severity of the disease process. An individualized management plan and a referral to a tertiary care center will improve maternal and perinatal outcome in those women who are remote from term and in those with the HELLP syndrome.
Approximate solutions to minimax optimal control problems for aeroassisted orbital transfer

The maneuver considered in the present investigation involves the coplanar transfer of a spacecraft from a high earth orbit (HEO) to a low earth orbit (LEO). HEO can be a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). The basic concept utilized involves the hybrid combination of propulsive maneuvers in space and aerodynamic maneuvers in the sensible atmosphere. The considered type of flight is also called synergetic space flight. With respect to the atmospheric part of the maneuver, trajectory control is achieved by means of lift modulation. The Bolza problem of optimal control is stated, and the first-order optimality conditions for this problem are given. The one-arc approach, the two-arc approach, and the three-subarc approach are discussed. Attention is given to the Chebyshev problem of optimal control, details concerning aeroassisted orbital transfer (AOT), AOT optimization problems, and numerical experiments.
HRR ATR using VQ classification with a reject option

Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) systems are required to identify and differentiate between a large number of targets under a broad class of scenario variations. To accomplish this task ATR systems will employ high-dimensional data, such as High Range Resolution (HRR) radar data, which improves discriminability, but leads to very large databases and the attendant computational and storage requirements. Reducing the size of ATR databases without jeopardizing recognition performance is a potential solution to the above challenges. This reduction can be achieved through: (1) Feature Extraction, or (2) Vector Quantization. In this paper we apply VQ classification algorithms to measured HRR radar data to assess the effects of database compression on ATR performance. In particular, we introduce a distance-based reject option into the nearest neighbor classification scheme and perform experiments to investigate the error-reject tradeoff via error-reject curves. Experimental results indicate that a substantial compression (about 10:1) of the training database can be achieved with little degradation of ATR performance on the measured HRR database.
Multiuser cryptographic techniques

This paper deals with new problems which arise in the application of cryptography to computer communication systems with large numbers of users. Foremost among these is the key distribution problem. We suggest two techniques for dealing with this problem. The first employs current technology and requires subversion of several separate key distribution nodes to compromise the system's security. Its disadvantage is a high overhead for single message connections. The second technique is still in the conceptual phase, but promises to eliminate completely the need for a secure key distribution channel, by making the sender's keying information public. It is also shown how such a public key cryptosystem would allow the development of an authentication system which generates an unforgeable, message dependent digital signature.
Forensic Use of Megaselia abdita and M. scalaris (Phoridae: Diptera): Case Studies, Development Rates, and Egg Structure

Megaselia abdita Schmitz is reported from human corpses in 2 forensic cases in Chicago, IL. This fly has not been recorded in the Nearctic region before these occurrences. Descriptions of the death scenes and the insect indicators are given, as are developmental schedules and descriptions of the eggs of M. abdita and Megaselia scalaris (Loew). The presence of either fly on the body, together with blowflies or other insects, could contribute to a determination of the postmortem interval. Given their predilection for older carrion, these flies would be relegated to a secondary forensic role. Phoridae have been shown to be primary flies in Okinawa and Panama, and they may occur elsewhere as the only insect evidence, especially in sealed apartments inaccessible to large insects.
Supercomputing of supersonic flows using upwind relaxation and MacCormack schemes

The performance of two numerical solution schemes, (1) an implicit upwind relaxation with a finite-volume discretization (Thomas and Walters, 1985) and (2) an explicit-implicit MacCormack (1981) scheme with a finite-difference discretization, is compared in two-dimensional simulations of supersonic flow past a flat plate with leading edge, a rearward-facing step, a 10-deg compression corner, a NACA 0012 airfoil at high angle of attack, and a cavity. The algebraic turbulence model, the solution methods, and the boundary conditions and SIMD coding are explained, and the results are presented in tables and graphs and characterized with reference to published experimental data. Scheme (1) is found to converge more rapidly and to give more accurate results than (2) in a wide range of problem types.
Reactions of piroxicam with alkyl iodides

Alkylation of piroxicam with a homologous series of alkyl iodides gave reversibly formed O-alkyl products 1 as well as unexpected, irreversibly formed zwitterionic compounds 2, alkylated on the pyridine nitrogen, and O,N-bis-alkyl products 3. Proof of structure was accomplished by nmr and X-ray crystal analysis. Product distribution ratios were determined by hplc and are explained by the Hard-Soft Acid-Base principle.
THE FORMATION OF DISK GALAXIES

We present a scenario for the formation of disks that explains not only the properties of normal galaxies but also the properties of the population of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBs) as well. We use a gravitationally self-consistent model for disk collapse to calculate the observable properties of disk galaxies as a function of mass and angular momentum of the initial protogalaxy. The model naturally produces both smooth, asymptotically flat rotation curves and exponential surface brightness profiles over many disk scale lengths. In this scenario, low-mass and/or high angular momentum halos naturally form low baryonic surface density disks, which will tend to be low surface brightness. Theoretical and numerical calculations suggest galaxy halos should form with a wide range of mass and angular momenta, and thus, the disks that form within these halos should have a wide range of surface brightnesses and scale lengths. We use theoretical predictions for the distribution of halo masses and angular momenta to calculate explicitly the expected number density of disk galaxies as a function of central surface brightness and disk scale length. The resulting distribution is compared to the observed properties of galactic disks and is shown to explain the range of observed disk properties, including the cutoff in the maximum disk scale length as a function of surface brightness. We also show that disk instabilities explain the observed lack of high surface density disks. The calculated distribution of disk properties also suggests that there are large numbers of galaxies that remain undetected owing to biases against galaxies with either low surface brightness or small scale length. We quantify this by calculating the difference between the intrinsic luminosity function and the luminosity function that would be measured in a galaxy survey with a given limiting surface brightness. We show that current measurements of the galaxy luminosity function may be missing more than half of all L* galaxies, and an even larger fraction of faint galaxies, given the correlation between mass and surface brightness. The likely underestimate of the luminosity density is also expected to be large. We discuss how this affects observations of the "faint blue galaxy" population. We also investigate the dynamics of galaxies as a function of surface brightness. We show that, in the absence of any systematic change in the ratio of disk mass to disk luminosity, galaxies of all surface brightnesses should lie on the same Tully-Fisher relation. Our models also show systematic changes in the shape of the rotation curve as a function of angular momentum, which leads to LSBs having slowly rising rotation curves. Furthermore, because high angular momentum LSB disks have their baryonic mass spread over a larger area than normal galaxies of comparable mass, LSB disks contribute very little to the observed dynamics of the galaxy. Thus, LSBs provide a very effective tracer of the shape and mass profile of the dark matter halo, out to proportionally larger radii than is possible to observe with normal galaxy rotation curves.
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Organoactinides. Trivalent Uranium Organometallic Chemistry and the Unusual Structure of Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)uranium Monochloride

Die Titelverbindung (II), in der U(III) durch Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-Liganden komplexiert ist, ist eine ausgezeichnete Ausgangsverbindung fur weitere U(III)-Verbindungen.
Enumeration of nilpotent loops via cohomology

Abstract The isomorphism problem for centrally nilpotent loops can be tackled by methods of cohomology. We develop tools based on cohomology and linear algebra that either lend themselves to direct count of the isomorphism classes (notably in the case of nilpotent loops of order 2 q , q a prime), or lead to efficient classification computer programs. This allows us to enumerate all nilpotent loops of order less than 24.
A one-step synthesis of a free base secochlorin from a 2,3-dimethoxy porphyrin

The synthesis and X-ray structure of a C2 symmetric secochlorin 2, obtained by a photosensitized oxidative ring opening of a 2,3-dimethoxy porphyrin, is described.
Laser voltage probe (LVP): a novel optical probing technology for flip-chip packaged microprocessors

A novel optical probing technique to measure voltage waveforms from flip-chip packaged CMOS integrated circuits (IC) is described. This IR laser based technique allows signal waveform acquisition and high frequency timing measurements directly from active P-N junctions through the silicon backside substrate on ICs mounted in flip-chip stand-alone or multi-chip module packages as well as wire-bond packages on which the chip backside is accessible. The technique significantly improves silicon debug and failure analysis (FA) throughput time (TPT) as compared to backside electron-beam (e-beam) probing because of the elimination of backside trenching and probe hole generation operations.
A simple quick route to fullerene amino acid derivatives

Two new fullerene amino acids have been prepared by dipolar addition to C60 of either the Boc- or Fmoc-Nα-protected azido amino acids derived from phenylalanine and lysine. UV-visible and CV studies indicate the as prepared amino acids are a mixture of 5,6-open (major product) and 6,6-closed (minor product) derivatives that may be readily separated.
Stochastic image models generated by random tessellations of the plane

A useful class of two-dimensional (2-D) random fields is described which can be generated by random tessellations of the plane. The random tessellations are in turn generated by marked point processes evolving according to a spatial parameter. Gray levels are assigned within elementary disjoint regions generated by the tessellations to have specified correlation properties with gray levels in contiguous regions. A complete second-order statistical description of the resulting class of random fields is provided. This includes not only autocorrelation functions and power spectral densities but joint probability density functions. Several applications are discussed including the modeling of real-world imagery possessing inherent edge structure.
Calogero-Moser Lax pairs with spectral parameter for general Lie algebras

We construct a Lax pair with spectral parameter for the elliptic Calogero-Moser Hamiltonian systems associated with each of the finite-dimensional Lie algebras, of the classical and of the exceptional type. When the spectral parameter equals one of the three half periods of the elliptic curve, our result for the classical Lie algebras reduces to one of the Lax pairs without spectral parameter that were known previously. These Calogero-Moser systems are invariant under the Weyl group of the associated untwisted affine Lie algebra. For non-simply laced Lie algebras, we introduce new integrable systems, naturally associated with twisted affine Lie algebras, and construct their Lax operators with spectral parameter (except in the case of G2).
Differential hydrogen isotopic ratios of Sphagnum and vascular plant biomarkers in ombrotrophic peatlands as a quantitative proxy for precipitation—evaporation balance

Abstract We have developed a new approach to quantitatively reconstruct past changes in evaporation based on compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios of vascular plant and Sphagnum biomarkers in ombrotrophic peatland sediments. We show that the contrast in H isotopic ratios of water available to living Sphagnum (top 20 cm) and in the rooting zone of peatland vascular plants can be used to estimate “ƒ”—the fraction of water remaining after evaporation. Vascular plant leaf waxes record H isotopic ratios of acrotelm water, which carries the D/H ratio signature of precipitation and is little affected by evaporation, whereas the Sphagnum biomarker, C 23 n -alkane, records H isotopic ratios of the water inside its cells and between its leaves, which is strongly affected by evaporation at the bog surface. Evaporation changes can then be deduced by comparing H isotopic ratios of the two types of biomarkers. We calibrated D/H ratios of C 23 n -alkane to source water with lab-grown Sphagnum . We also tested our isotopic model using modern surface samples from 18 ombrotrophic peatlands in the Midwestern United States. Finally, we generated a 3000-year downcore reconstruction from Minden Bog, Michigan, USA. Our new record is consistent with records of other parameters from the same peatland derived from different proxies and allows us to differentiate precipitation supply and evaporative loss.
A DISK OF YOUNG STARS AT THE GALACTIC CENTER AS DETERMINED BY INDIVIDUAL STELLAR ORBITS

We present new proper motions from the 10 m Keck telescopes for a puzzling population of massive, young stars located within 3".5 (0.14 pc) of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center. Our proper motion measurements have uncertainties of only 0.07 mas yr^–1 (3 km s^–1), which is ≳ 7 times better than previous proper motion measurements for these stars, and enables us to measure accelerations as low as 0.2 mas yr^–2 (7 km s^–1 yr^–1). Using these measurements, line-of-sight velocities from the literature, and three-dimensional velocities for additional young stars in the central parsec, we constrain the true orbit of each individual star and directly test the hypothesis that the massive stars reside in two stellar disks as has been previously proposed. Analysis of the stellar orbits reveals only one of the previously proposed disks of young stars using a method that is capable of detecting disks containing at least seven stars. The detected disk contains 50% of the young stars, is inclined by ~115° from the plane of the sky, and is oriented at a position angle of ~100° east of north. Additionally, the on-disk and off-disk populations have similar K-band luminosity functions and radial distributions that decrease at larger radii as ∝ r^–2. The disk has an out-of-the-disk velocity dispersion of 28 ± 6 km s–1, which corresponds to a half-opening angle of 7° ± 2°, and several candidate disk members have eccentricities greater than 0.2. Our findings suggest that the young stars may have formed in situ but in a more complex geometry than a simple, thin circular disk.
Fire Plume Along Vertical Surfaces: Effect of Finite-Rate Chemical Reactions

Fire plume along a vertical wall is analyzed using a laminar boundary layer model, including finite-rate, gas-phase chemical kinetics. The chemical reactions include two semiglobal steps: In the first, fuel is oxidized to form carbon monoxide and water vapor, and in the second, carbon monoxide is oxidized to form carbon dioxide. Several important nondimensional kinetic parameters are identified and a parametric study is given. The computed results indicate that by slowing down the relative kinetic rates in the gas-phase reactions, the total surface heat transfer rate and the preheating distance are decreased. Furthermore, slowing down the kinetics also increases the amount of unreacted combustibles that escape from the flame.
The Rebound Effect for Automobile Travel:Asymmetric Response to Price Changes and Novel Features of the 2000s

Previous research suggests that the elasticity of light-duty motor vehicle travel with respect to fuel cost, known as the "rebound effect," is modest in size and probably declined in magnitude between the 1960s and the late 1990s. However, turmoil in energy markets during the early 2000s has raised new questions about the stability of this elasticity. Using panel data on U.S. states, we revisit the simultaneous-equations methodology of Small and Van Dender (2007) and Hymel et al. (2010) to see whether structural parameters have changed. Using data through 2009, we confirm the earlier finding of a rebound effect that declines in magnitude with income, but we also find an upward shift in its magnitude of about 0.025 during the years 2003-2009. In addition, we find that the rebound effect is much greater in magnitude in years when gasoline prices are rising than when they are falling. It is also greater during times of media attention and price volatility, which explains about half the upward shift just mentioned.
Syzygies and singularities of tensor product surfaces of bidegree (2,1)

Let U ⊆ H(OP1×P1 (2, 1)) be a basepoint free four-dimensional vector space. The sections corresponding to U determine a regular map φU : P1 × P1 −→ P3. We study the associated bigraded ideal IU ⊆ k[s, t;u, v] from the standpoint of commutative algebra, proving that there are exactly six numerical types of possible bigraded minimal free resolution. These resolutions play a key role in determining the implicit equation for φU (P1 × P1), via work of Buse-Jouanolou [5], Buse-Chardin [6], Botbol [2] and Botbol-DickensteinDohm [3] on the approximation complex Z. In four of the six cases IU has a linear first syzygy; remarkably from this we obtain all differentials in the minimal free resolution. In particular this allows us to explicitly describe the implicit equation and singular locus of the image.
Micromechanical filters for miniaturized low-power communications

With Q's in the tens to hundreds of thousands, micromachined vibrating resonators are proposed as IC-compatible tanks for use in the highly selective filters of communications subsystems. To date, bandpass filters consisting of spring- coupled micro-mechanical resonators have been demonstrated in a frequency range from HF to VHF. In particular, two- resonator micromechanical bandpass filters have been demonstrated with frequencies up to 35 MHz, percent bandwidths on the order of 0.2%, and insertion losses less than 2 dB. In addition, free-free beam, single-pole resonators have recently been realized with frequencies up to 92 MHz and Q's around 8,000. Evidence suggests that the ultimate frequency range of this high-Q tank technology depends upon material limitations, as well as design constraints--in particular, to the degree of electromechanical coupling achievable in micro-scale resonators.
Microwave ferrites, part 1: fundamental properties

Ferrimagnets having low RF loss are used in passive microwave components such as isolators, circulators, phase shifters, and miniature antennas operating in a wide range of frequencies (1–100 GHz) and as magnetic recording media owing to their novel physical properties. Frequency tuning of these components has so far been obtained by external magnetic fields provided by a permanent magnet or by passing current through coils. However, for high frequency operation the permanent part of magnetic bias should be as high as possible, which requires large permanent magnets resulting in relatively large size and high cost microwave passive components. A promising approach to circumvent this problem is to use hexaferrites, such as BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19, which have high effective internal magnetic anisotropy that also contributes to the permanent bias. Such a self-biased material remains magnetized even after removing the external applied magnetic field, and thus, may not even require an external permanent magnet. In garnet and spinel ferrites, such as Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and MgFe2O4, however, the uniaxial anisotropy is much smaller, and one would need to apply huge magnetic fields to achieve such high frequencies. In Part 1 of this review of microwave ferrites a brief discussion of fundamentals of magnetism, particularly ferrimagnetism, and chemical, structural, and magnetic properties of ferrites of interest as they pertain to net magnetization, especially to self biasing, are presented. Operational principles of microwave passive components and electrical tuning of magnetization using magnetoelectric coupling are discussed in Part 2.
An invariance principle for Brownian motion in random scenery

We prove an invariance principle for Brownian motion in Gaussian or Poissonian random scenery by the method of characteristic functions. Annealed asymptotic limits are derived in all dimensions, with a focus on the case of dimension $d=2$, which is the main new contribution of the paper.
Modeling and compensation of nonlinear systems using sensitivity analysis.

Sensitivity analysis application to nonlinear system modeling and compensation noting minimization procedure parameter determination and performance index
Effects of Medicare payment reform: Evidence from the home health interim and prospective payment systems

Medicare continues to implement payment reforms that shift reimbursement from fee-for-service toward episode-based payment, affecting average and marginal payment. We contrast the effects of two reforms for home health agencies. The home health interim payment system in 1997 lowered both types of payment; our conceptual model predicts a decline in the likelihood of use and costs, both of which we find. The home health prospective payment system in 2000 raised average but lowered marginal payment with theoretically ambiguous effects; we find a modest increase in use and costs. We find little substantive effect of either policy on readmissions or mortality.
New Concepts for Mercury Orbiter Missions

The next logical step in the exploration of Mercury is an orbiter mission. A conflict exists between those in the field of planetary sciences who desire a mission with a low circular orbit, and scientists in the fields and particles disciplines, who generally prefer a highly elliptical spacecraft orbit. The thermal environment imposed by the sun and planet render the low orbit intolerable for spacecraft using previous thermal control methods. A thermal control concept and a spacecraft mission concept have been developed which resolve these problems and promise a scientifically significant mission for the mid-1980s.
Optimal cancer prognosis under network uncertainty

Typically, a vast amount of experience and data is needed to successfully determine cancer prognosis in the face of (1) the inherent stochasticity of cell dynamics, (2) incomplete knowledge of healthy cell regulation, and (3) the inherent uncertain and evolving nature of cancer progression. There is hope that models of cell regulation could be used to predict disease progression and successful treatment strategies, but there has been little work focusing on the third source of uncertainty above. In this work, we investigate the impact of this kind of network uncertainty in predicting cancer prognosis. In particular, we focus on a scenario in which the precise aberrant regulatory relationships between genes in a patient are unknown, but the patient gene regulatory network is contained in an uncertainty class of possible mutations of some known healthy network. We optimistically assume that the probabilities of these abnormal networks are available, along with the best treatment for each network. Then, given a snapshot of the patient gene activity profile at a single moment in time, we study what can be said regarding the patient’s treatability and prognosis. Our methodology is based on recent developments on optimal control strategies for probabilistic Boolean networks and optimal Bayesian classification. We show that in some circumstances, prognosis prediction may be highly unreliable, even in this optimistic setting with perfect knowledge of healthy biological processes and ideal treatment decisions.
THE CROSS‐AUTOCORRELATION OF SIZE‐BASED PORTFOLIO RETURNS IS NOT AN ARTIFACT OF PORTFOLIO AUTOCORRELATION

Prior studies find evidence of asymmetric size-based portfolio return cross-autocorrelations where lagged large firm returns lead current small firm returns. However, some studies question whether this economic relation is independent of the effect of portfolio return autocorrelation. We formally test for this independence using size-based portfolios of New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange securities and, separately, portfolios of Nasdaq securities. Results from causality regressions indicate that, across all markets, lagged large firm returns predict current small firm returns, even after controlling for autocorrelation in small firm returns. These cross-autocorrelation patterns are stronger for Nasdaq securities.
Acetyl substitution of the cyclopentadienyl ligand in molybdenum complexes; nucleophilic additions to coordinated allyl groups

Abstract An unusual acetyl substitution of the cyclopentadienyl ligand is observed during the synthesis of allyl(η5-Cp)Mo(CO)2 (I) be nucleophilic displacement on Cl(allyl)Mo(CO)2(NCMe)2 with lithiocyclopentadiene according to Hayter. The origin of the acetyl group is established by deuterium labelling studies, and it is rationalized in terms of the activation of the coordinated acetonitrile to nucleophilic addition with LiCp. The X-ray crystal structure of (η5-AcCp)Mo(CO)2(η3-allyl) (II) reveals a slightly distorted cyclopentadienyl ring and an effective enlargement (i.e., expanded locus) of the ligand as a result of acetyl substitution. The stereoelectronic consequences of the substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (η5-AcCp) are found in the relative populations of the exo- and endo-conformations of the coordinated allyl ligands in both II as well as in its derived cation IV (η5-AcCp)Mo(CO)(NO)(η3-allyl)+ by comparison with their unsubstituted analogues I and III, respectively. The stereochemistry resulting from this steric change is also examined in the course of nucleophilic additions to the cationic allyl complexes IV with hydride, thiolate anions and carbanions.
Positivity of Riesz Functionals and Solutions of Quadratic and Quartic Moment Problems

Abstract We employ positivity of Riesz functionals to establish representing measures (or approximate representing measures) for truncated multivariate moment sequences. For a truncated moment sequence y , we show that y lies in the closure of truncated moment sequences admitting representing measures supported in a prescribed closed set K ⊆ R n if and only if the associated Riesz functional L y is K -positive. For a determining set K , we prove that if L y is strictly K -positive, then y admits a representing measure supported in K . As a consequence, we are able to solve the truncated K -moment problem of degree k in the cases: (i) ( n , k ) = ( 2 , 4 ) and K = R 2 ; (ii) n ⩾ 1 , k = 2 , and K is defined by one quadratic equality or inequality. In particular, these results solve the truncated moment problem in the remaining open cases of Hilbert's theorem on sums of squares.
What a cognitive radio network could learn from a school of fish

In recent years, various types of control algorithms have been proposed for cognitive radios (CR), ranging from algorithms coordinated by centralized control to ones coordinated in a distributed manner. These algorithms, however, all require communication to either peer nodes or a master node, thus creating communication overhead and potential vulnerability. We introduce a new class of control algorithms to the area of CRs derived from observations of emergent design in nature. Specifically, we introduce an algorithmic approach based on swarm behavior to the task of configuration management in CR networks. Without requiring the exchange of information among peers or a central authority, CRs equipped with such an algorithm are able to globally optimize the configuration of a CR network in the presence of interference and jammers, while only relying on local information, thus providing a fast and efficient way for configuration management especially for large networks.
Multicomponent Approach to the Synthesis of Oxidized Amides through Nitrile Hydrozirconation

“Oxidized” amides, as represented by acyl aminals and acyl hemiaminals, are integral subunits of several natural products that exhibit useful biological activity. In this paper a multicomponent approach to these groups from acylimine intermediates is demonstrated. The acylimines are accessed through a sequence of nitrile hydrozirconation and acylation, making this highly versatile amide synthesis useful for a range of applications in target- and diversity-oriented synthesis.
Regulating Timeliness: Technologies, Laws, and the News, 1840-1970

The advent of telegraphy in the United States shifted newsgathering from the public postal system to a private network dominated by telegraph companies and wire services, a nearly simultaneous revolution in journalism’s technology and political economy. Postal newsgathering had been open to all newspapers with few costs and constraints, while its telegraphic successor developed amid a web of regulations. A changing configuration of occupational rules, private business arrangements, and public laws regulated each stage in the production of telegraphic news, from source–reporter interactions to post-publication liability. This monograph analyzes the origins of rules that governed timely news—determining who got it, how fast, and on what terms—from the advent of telecommunication to the eclipse of telegraphic news relays.
Conditions for the validity of SNP-based heritability estimation

The heritability of a trait (h2) is the proportion of its population variance caused by genetic differences, and estimates of this parameter are important for interpreting the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In recent years, researchers have adopted a novel method for estimating a lower bound on heritability directly from GWAS data that uses realized genetic similarities between nominally unrelated individuals. The quantity estimated by this method is purported to be the contribution to heritability that could in principle be recovered from association studies employing the given panel of SNPs (\(h_{\text{SNP}}^{2}\)). Thus far, the validity of this approach has mostly been tested empirically. Here, we provide a mathematical explication and show that the method should remain a robust means of obtaining \(h_{\text{SNP}}^{2}\) under circumstances wider than those under which it has so far been derived.
Semi-parametric regression models and economies of scale in the presence of an endogenous variable

Abstract Microeconomic applications of semi-parametric models with an endogenous variable have been largely ignored. Recognizing spatial heterogeneity captured by semi-parametric cost function models can impact economies of scale estimates. We estimate several cost function models, using panel data for Connecticut's 30 hospitals over a 10 year time period. We consider a variety of fixed effects and semi-parametric models. One innovation is that we address both the space and time dimensions in the kernel weights of our panel data semi-parametric regression models. We find that a life expectancy measure for years above average lifespan is positively and significantly related to hospital costs. We also address endogeneity of life expectancy. Our instrumental variable (IV) estimation approach uses locally weighted regressions in panel data models, as Baltagi and Li (2002) suggest for endogeneity in general semi-parametric panel data models. With our semi-parametric IV approach the elasticities of scale estimates are smaller than with fixed effects estimation, but still less than 1, implying a greater degree of economies of scale. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that our semi-parametric IV estimator performs well.
THEORETICAL EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE RATIOS IN ROCKS AND ASSOCIATED FLUIDS

Abstract Diffusion is considered as a possible process of isotope fractionation taking place throughout geologic time. Both diffusion in solids and diffusion in liquids are taken as possible mechanisms, the latter being more important. Arguments are presented to show that if significant fractionation takes place within a crystal by outward diffusion under solid-state conditions, enrichment will be evident only in elements of minor concentration. Similar conclusions are inferred for solid-state diffusion across a boundary or for diffusion in liquids. No isotopic enrichment can be expected in relatively large bodies of diffusion transported material. Although the necessary data to confirm these conclusions are scanty, it seems worth while to undertake further work in this direction.
Time Evolution of the Reverse Shock in SN 1006

The Schweizer-Middleditch star, located behind the SN 1006 remnant and near its center in projection, provides the opportunity to study cold, expanding ejecta within the SN 1006 shell through UV absorption. Especially notable is an extremely sharp red edge to the Si II 1260 A feature, which stems from the fastest moving ejecta on the far side of the SN 1006 shell—material that is just encountering the reverse shock. Comparing Hubble Space Telescope far-UV spectra obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph in 2010 and with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in 1999, we have measured the change in this feature over the intervening 10.5 year baseline. We find that the sharp red edge of the Si II feature has shifted blueward by 0.19 ± 0.05 A, which means that the material hitting the reverse shock in 2010 was moving slower by 44 ± 11 km s–1 than the material that was hitting it in 1999, a change corresponding to –4.2 ± 1.0 km s–1 yr–1. This is the first observational confirmation of a long-predicted dynamic effect for a reverse shock: that the shock will work its way inward through expanding supernova ejecta and encounter ever-slower material as it proceeds. We also find that the column density of shocked Si II (material that has passed through the reverse shock) has decreased by 7% ± 2% over the 10 year period. The decrease could indicate that in this direction the reverse shock has been plowing through a dense clump of Si, leading to pressure and density transients.
Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological cycle as an analog of geoengineering

[1] The problem of global warming arises from the buildup of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuels and other human activities that change the composition of the atmosphere and alter outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). One geoengineering solution being proposed is to reduce the incoming sunshine by emulating a volcanic eruption. In between the incoming solar radiation and the OLR is the entire weather and climate system and the hydrological cycle. The precipitation and streamflow records from 1950 to 2004 are examined for the effects of volcanic eruptions from El Chichon in March 1982 and Pinatubo in June 1991, taking into account changes from El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 there was a substantial decrease in precipitation over land and a record decrease in runoff and river discharge into the ocean from October 1991–September 1992. The results suggest that major adverse effects, including drought, could arise from geoengineering solutions.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel platinum molybdenum sulfide containing the Mo6S8 cluster

Abstract Our previously discovered, low-temperature route for the preparation of ternary molybdenum sulfide cluster compounds containing the Mo6S8 structure has been used to synthesize a new Pt (PtMoS) material. Ion-exchange of amorphous NaMoS with [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 led to incorporation of the [Pt(NH3)4]2+ cation yielding [Pt(NH3)4](Mo6S8)S·x(H2O/MeOH), as confirmed by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) characterization. XPS indicated that this new platinum material had the reduced molybdenum oxidation state characteristic of ternary molybdenum sulfides containing the Mo6S8 structural unit. The surface area of the new PtMoS material was as high as 135 m2/g. Attempts to convert the PtMoS material to a crystalline Chevrel phase PtMo6S8 by H2 reduction at elevated temperatures were unsuccessful. However, H2 treatment at 400°C provided material retaining the Mo6S8 cluster, probably as amorphous Pt(Mo6S8)S. The latter material is a very active hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst, with much higher activity compared to other more stable compounds containing the Mo6S8 cluster unit.
Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations at High Reynolds Numbers

A numerical method is presented which is designed to solve the Navier- Stokes equations for two-dimensional, incompressible flow. The method is intended for use on problems with high Reynolds numbers for which calculations via finite difference methods have been unattainable or unreliable. The proposed scheme is a hybrid utilizing a time-splitting finite difference method in areas away from the boundaries. In areas neighboring the boundaries, the equations of motion are solved by the newly proposed vortex method by Chorin. The major accomplishment of the new scheme is that it contains a simple way for merging the two methods at the interface of the two subdomains. The proposed algorithm is designed for use on the time-dependent equations but can be used on steady state problems as well. The method is tested on the popular, time-independent, square cavity problem, an example of a separated flow with closed streamlines. Numerical results are presented for a Reynolds number of 10$sup 3$. (auth)
Uniform approximation and gamma networks

Abstract We briefly describe recent results concerning the approximation of nonlinear input-output maps, and show that for any single-variable shift-invariant casual uniformly-fading-memory map G there is a focused gamma network that approximates G uniformly arbitrarily well. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.