cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Technology in Mathematics Classrooms with U-Learning: A Story from South Korea

This articles details the self-study of an elementary teacher in her experience in teaching mathematics with technology. The practical use of technology in a mathematics instruction and its influences on students’ learning was explored based on the framework of Ubiquitous Learning Providing specific procedures of developing and performing mathematics instruction with Ubiquitous Learning, this paper aims to broaden the understanding of using an educational technology. In particular, the paper provides implications for the elementary teachers, researchers, and policy makers in the United States as well as those in South Korea, from the case of a South Korean elementary teacher’s mathematics instruction.
The Role of Sialic Acid in the Determination of Distinct Properties of the Isozymes of Rabbit Plasminogen

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have resulted in the separation of two major forms of plasminogen from rabbit plasma. These two forms differ in their affinity characteristics for antifibrinolytic amino acids, metabolic survival times in the circulation, charge characteristics of the subforms resolved from each major form, and sialic acid content. In order to investigate the role of sialic acid in determining these distinct properties of the plasminogen forms, we have studied these same properties of the asialo rabbit plasminogen forms. We find that the charge differences between the two forms are essentially abolished upon removal of the sialic acid. The number of subforms resolved from each major form is decreased as an effect of removal of the sialic acid, but the remaining subforms possess greatly increased isoelectric points. Contrarily, the binding of each plasminogen to antifibrinolytic amino acids appears no different from normal. The metabolic survival times of the asialoplasminogen forms are not greatly different from each other but are significantly lower than normal, a phenomena also found for many other circulating proteins. These studies suggest that the charge differences between the two forms of rabbit plasminogen are incidental to their functional differences.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of Transition-Metal Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanines. VI. The Adsorption of Iron Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine on Single Crystal Silver Electrodes.

Abstract : Adsorbed layers of iron tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine have been examined using cyclic voltammetry on the silver single crystal low index surface: (100), (110), and (111). The peak potentials and charge under the voltammetry peaks show some dependence on the crystal planes. The effects of the underpotential deposition of lead on the adsorbed macrocycle have also been examined on the silver single crystal electrode. The lead can be underpotential deposited on the silver directly through a pre-adsorbed macrocycle layer without desorbing the macrocycle. The data are explained in terms of a model for the adsorbed macrocycle which has the plane of the ligand perpendicular to the electrode surface.
Joint localization and separation of sperm whale clicks

In this paper we consider the joint problems of separating and localizing sperm whale click trains. Click train separation is the single-sensor problem of grouping the clicks from each animal together when the clicks of more than one animal are present at a given sensor. Localization is the problem of localizing the animals based on the measurement of time delays of the same click events at multiple sensors. The two problems are inherently connected. We first consider the two problems independently using novel applications of statistical signal processing methods. For separation, we employ an algorithm inspired by the Viterbi algorithm from dynamic programming. For localization, we employ an algorithm inspired by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Finally, we use the two algorithms to "assist" each other in a joint localization/separation solution. We demonstrate the algorithm on real data.
Typical low-tropospheric pressure distributions over and around the Plateau of Tibet. Typische niedertroposphärische Druckverteilung über dem Plateau von Tibet und seiner Umgebung

The Laplacian of terrain height over Central Asia correlates well with planetary boundary layer (PBL) pressure perturbations during summer. Low-pressure perturbations favor concave terrain forms, high pressure perturbations appear to go with convex terrain forms. Some of these PBL perturbations have been found to trigger severe weather over Tibet and over eastern China. This observation leads to the speculation that large-scale orographic features may cause the establishment of “severe weather alleys” downwind.
Commissioning Experience for the SNS Linac

The Spallation Neutron Source accelerator systems will deliver a 1 GeV, 1.44 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron scattering research. The accelerator complex consists of an H− injector, capable of producing one‐ms‐long pulses at 60 Hz repetition rate with 38 mA peak current, a 1 GeV linear accelerator, an accumulator ring and associated transport lines. A 2.5 MeV beam from the Front End is accelerated to 86 MeV in a Drift Tube Linac, then to 185 MeV in a Coupled‐Cavity Linac and then to 1 GeV in a Superconducting Linac. The staged beam commissioning of the accelerator complex is proceeding as component installation progresses. The Front End, Drift Tube Linac and part of the Coupled‐Cavity Linac have been commissioned at ORNL. The primary design goals of peak current, transverse emittance and beam energy have been achieved. Results and status of the beam commissioning program will be presented.
Structure-Based whole genome realignment reveals many novel non-coding RNAs

Recent genome-wide computational screens that search for conservation of RNA secondary structure in whole genome alignments (WGAs) have predicted thousands of structural non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The sensitivity of such approaches, however, is limited due to their reliance on sequence-based wholegenome aligners, which regularly misalign structural ncRNAs. This suggests that many more structural ncRNAs may remain undetected. Structure-based alignment, which could increase the sensitivity, has been prohibitive for genomewide screens due to its extreme computational costs. Breaking this barrier, we present the pipeline REAPR (RE-Alignment for de novo Prediction of structural ncRNA) that realigns whole genomes based on RNA sequence and structure and then evaluates the realignments for potential structural ncRNAs with a ncRNA predictor such as RNAz 2.0. For efficiency of the pipeline, we develop a novel banding realignment algorithm for the RNA multiple alignment tool LocARNA. This allows us to perform very fast structure-based realignment within limited deviation of the original multiple alignment from the WGA. We apply REAPR to the complete twelve Drosophila WGAs to predict ncRNAs across all these Drosophila species. Compared to direct prediction from the original WGA at the same False Discovery Rate (FDR), we predict twice as many high-confidence ncRNA candidates in D.melanogaster while less than doubling the run-time. As a novelty in ncRNA prediction, we control the FDR, going beyond the usual a posteriori FDR estimation. Applying the sequence-based alignment tool Muscle for realignment, we demonstrate that structure-based methods are necessary for effective prediction of originally misaligned ncRNAs. Comparing to recent screens of Drosophila and ENCODE we show that REAPR outperforms the widely-used de novo predictors RNAz, EvoFold, and CMfinder. Finally, we reveal, with high confidence, a putative structural motif in the long ncRNA roX1 of D.melanogaster, known to regulate X chromosome dosage compensation in male flies. Interestingly, we recapitulate the Drosophila phylogeny, based on co-predicted ncRNAs across all fly genomes.
Melville and the Syntax of Class

MLA 2011 | Los Angeles, California Melville and the Syntax of Class Chair: Ivy G. Wilson, Northwestern University In settings as various as whaling ships and Wall Street offices, pastoral meadows and English leisure clubs, Melville’s writings are preoccupied with class formations and with contradictions of decadence and poverty, excess and paucity. While much of the criticism on Melville and class has approached the topic through psychoanalysis to limn readings about his own personal anxieties in works such as Pierre or “Bartleby,” this panel sought to underscore what a historical materialist approach to Melville’s work can reveal about his social world. Glenn Hendler argued that, in “The House-Top,” Melville forced a recognition of the ways in which the white participants of the New York Draft Riots coalesced as a contingent but nonetheless specific class formation. Calling for a more sustained critical engagement with Melville’s transnationalism and tracing his early use of the word “cholo,” Rodrigo Lazo showed how Melville invoked South America and the South American to make class distinctions legible to his readers. Kyla Tompkins analyzed Melville’s preoccupation with taste in “Poor Man’s Pudding and Rich Man’s Crumbs” as a metaphor for the organization of social differentiation and inequity. Feeling Like a State Glenn Hendler Fordham University Melville’s “The House-Top,” a lyric poem about the 1863 New York City Draft Riots published in Battle-Pieces, remains exceptional not simply as an example of Melville’s genius for compressing the epichistorical into the space of a lyric but also for how it compels the reader to come to terms with the effects and affects of the war’s various permutations. Acknowledging Melville’s engagement with affect, we become aware that the c © 2011 The Melville Society and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 124 L E V I A T H A N A J O U R N A L O F M E L V I L L E S T U D I E S
Configurations of Governance Structure, Generic Strategy, and Firm Size: Opening the Black Box of Value Creation In International Joint Ventures

To better identify the antecedents of joint venture (JV) performance, we investigate the singular and joint effects of: (1) JV governance structure (shared control; dominant control); and (2) JV competitive strategy (cost leadership; differentiation; hybrid) on stock market expectations of American parents' JV performance. We combine arguments from the JV governance, generic strategy, and organizational studies literatures to delineate the strategy-structure-size configurations required for creating superior abnormal returns. In doing so, we also unpack the moderating role of firm size vis-a-vis strategy-performance and structure-performance relationships. Our efforts contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the mechanisms for creating shareholder value in American manufacturing firms who participate in international JVs. We generate five hypotheses and find full or partial support for them in our sample of almost 200 international JVs.
X‐Ray Scattering Investigations of Liquid Crystals

This article has no abstract. Keywords: calamitic molecules; liquid-crystalline phase; mesogens; crystalline solids; molecular associations; X-ray crystallography
Remaking the nation of Latvia: Anthropological perspectives on nation branding

This paper considers how nation branding is thinkable as a response to a particular problematisation of nation and self in the new Europe. It is written from within the disciplinary terrain of anthropology and thus adheres to certain scholarly practices of the discipline. These pertain to research methods, analytical frames and textual representations. Research for this paper involved extended semi-structured interviews with the staff of government agencies, representatives of the private sector, academics and nation branding experts/practitioners; review of theoretical and policy material and of media coverage; and media coverage of image building or nation branding in Latvia. The aim of this paper is to trace the discourses and practices of those who are (or were at the time of the research) actively involved in nation branding or were identified as supportive or critical of nation branding efforts. The paper focuses on the ways of thinking and acting that nation branding presupposes and constitutes rather than representative views on nation branding. The analytical frame and style of writing correspond to anthropology's attempts to recognise the positionality of the author which is never entirely neutral, but rather always already situated in the world. The boundaries between a knowing subject and the object of their knowledge are not strictly enforced, but rather constitute a site of reflection on how both subjects and objects are (re)made through production of knowledge.
Percutaneous coronary intervention in st-elevation myocardial infarction

This review traces the development of coronary angioplasty as a direct, primary means of establishing reperfusion in an acutely occluded infarct-related artery. As a therapeutic strategy for the early management of patients with ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction, this mechanical-invasive procedure arose virtually simultaneously with the demonstration that intravenous administration of fibrinolytic agents to such patients results in a relative reduction in early mortality by as much as 25% to 30%. Over the past 15 years, more than a dozen randomized, controlled trials have investigated the question, "Which is the better means of administrating reperfusion therapy?" The recent demonstration that the combination of coronary stenting plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors used in the early stages of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction salvages more myocardium than the administration of front-loaded tissue plasminogen activator offers a convincing answer. This is further supported by the evidence that clinical outcomes also improved in these patients, with the greater improvement in ventricular function. It is likely, however, that the development of newer pharmacologic agents plus the combination of both strategies will keep this a hotly debated issue for some time to come.
Energy in the Age of Sustainability

Meeting global energy needs in a sustainable and environmentally responsible way is one of the grand challenges of our time. While the use of energy based on fossil fuels has enabled great advances and an increase in the standard of living, it has also brought us to the brink of an environmental catastrophe. As a society, we will need to develop strategies that integrate renewable and sustainable energy sources. We must also engage and partner with policy makers in order to articulate an energy policy that is not only scientifically and technically sound, but also one that the global society will accept. The energy challenge is the type of problem that we, as a global society, have never faced before and we need decisive scientific and political leadership to address it. We must accept the challenge and insist that our leaders articulate a global energy policy capable of meeting such a challenge. (Image created by Alice Muhlback and used with permission.)
Electronic states and vibrational frequencies of the triatomic Ga2N, GaN2, and their cations and anions

Abstract The low-lying electronic states of Ga2N, GaN2 and the corresponding anions and cations have been investigated using B3LYP, MP2, CCD, complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field technique (CASSCF) and multi-reference singles + doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI) calculations. Potential energy surfaces, geometries, energy separations, adiabatic ionization energies, electron affinities, vibrational frequencies, and dissociation energies are computed.
Energetics of Gravitational Adjustment for Mesoscale Chimneys

Abstract The rates of energy flux out of newly formed circular patches of dense water (chimneys) are considered as a function of patch size on an f plane. The dense fluid resulting from a rapid deep convective process serves as a powerful reservoir of both mass and energy. Energy flux due to superinertial waves precedes mass flux. Both mass and energy are ultimately carried away from the local site of convection through baroclinic instability. Analytical and numerical methods are employed to investigate the relative amounts of potential energy radiated to the far field by either process and the rates at which this is accomplished. An analytical solution is developed for the superinertial transients generated during linear, axisymmetric gravitational adjustment of a unit step. Initial energy decay by axisymmetric gravitational collapse is greater for a narrow chimney than for a wide one, but ultimately this is equated and surpassed by the steady spreading of the wide chimney via its baroclinic breakup into...
Concurrent treatment of marital couples by one or two analysts.

My experience in this small sampling of couples with marital conflicts has indicated to me that simultaneous, individual, concurrent treatment of marital partners by a single therapist is both feasible and advantageous in certain cases. This kind of treatment utilizes as a major focus, much more than separate treatment by different therapists, the relationship between the partners instead of the relationship with the therapist. Many of the delineations of neurotic patterns and their change were made possible, it seems to me, by the therapist's more accurate knowledge of the interactions between husband and wife than would be possible in separate treatment by different therapists.
An analysis of returns to scale in public production, with an application to fire protection

Abstract This paper analyzes returns to scale in public production. Existing studies fail to differentiate among three dimensions of scale: service quality, the level of governmental activity, and the number of people served. A fourth dimension, economies of scope, is need for agencies that provide multiple services. This paper provides a formal definition of returns to scale for each dimension. This framework is applied to fire protection, using a translog cost function with two services, fire prevention and fire suppression. The results indicate economies of scope, increasing returns to quality scale, and constant returns to population scale.
Grain boundary processes and development of metamorphic plagioclase

Abstract Plagioclase from a progressively metamorphosed granodiorite changes as the metamorphic grade increases. Lower grade plagioclase are chemically inhomogeneous, with zoned rims containing distinct compositional levels of An 0−3 , An 17 , and An 25 . As grade increases the plagioclase becomes more chemically homogeneous with An 0−3 rims dominating. Microcline inclusions are controlled by internal defects at lower grades and grain boundaries at higher grades. Myrmekite rims are developed at the highest grade. Rims are dependent on surface energy factors and occur at triple points, high angle lattice misfits and other high energy surfaces. At low grades, rims form at plagioclase-plagioclase contacts and at higher grades, at plagioclase-microcline contacts. These changes are due to impurity segregation and grain boundary migration, and an increase of the letter process at higher grades.
Structure-Based Discovery of a Boronic Acid Bioisostere of Combretastatin A-4

Summary Targeting the microtubule system represents an attractive strategy for the development of anticancer agents. In this study, we report a class of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) analogs derivatized with a boronic acid moiety replacing the hydroxyl group on the C-ring of CA-4. Docking studies of the X-ray structures of our aryl-boronic analogs onto an X-ray structure of the α,β-tubulin heterodimer suggested that cis - 6 was a potent inhibitor of the colchicine binding. The model indicated that there would be strong hydrogen bonding between the boronic acid moiety and Thr-179 and Val-181 of α-tubulin. We demonstrate that the cis - 6 boronic acid bioisostere of CA-4: (1) inhibits tubulin assembly, (2) competitively displaces colchicine, and (3) is a low-nanomolar inhibitor of human cancer cell lines. We present this isostere as a class of potent analogs of CA-4.
The Report for Decision Making: Genre and Inquiry.

The report for decision making shares some common ground with the proposal, the report of scientific experiment, and even the persuasive essay, yet these genres differ. Recognizing these differences is necessary for effective inquiry, pedagogy, and decision making. The genres are means of solving different types of problems: practical, empirical, and theoretical. They serve different aims: action, demonstration, and conviction. The proposal, like the report, may solve practical problems, but the proposal advocates, whereas the report inquires. These genres all embody assumptions about problem solving and inquiry in their forms. Applying the problem-solving goals and methods of the proposal, experimental report, or essay to the report for decision making compromises the quality of the inquiry and of the resulting decision. Complex problems for decision making require a rhetorical method of inquiry based on Aristotle's special topics. The report genre reflects the invention heuristics and analysis in its form.
Relation of familial patterns of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes to subclinical atherosclerosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Relation of familial patterns of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes to subclinical atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis
Oral White Patches in a National Sample of Medical HIV Patients in the Era of HAART

– Objectives: Several types of HIV-related oral mucosal conditions have been reported to occur during the course of HIV disease progression. Of these, few may be manifested as ‘white’ lesions and many are noticeable to the patient. This paper examines the relationships between social, behavioral and medical aspects of HIV infection and reporting an occurrence of oral white patches (OWP) by HIV-infected patients. Methods: The subjects are participants in all three interviews in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS). The subjects were selected using a three-stage probability sampling design. The multivariate analysis is based on 2109 subjects with nonmissing binary outcome variable for all three waves representing a national sample of 214 000 individuals. The multivariate model was fitted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) by implementing the XTGEE command in STATA. Results: We estimate that 75 000 persons (35%) reported at least one incident of OWP, of these 14 000 reported having OWP during all three interviews, and that the rate of reporting declined over the three HCSUS waves. The multivariate analysis showed seven variables that were significant predictors of at least one report of OWP. Conclusions: Compared with persons on HAART therapy, patients on other regimens or taking no antiviral medications were 23–46% more likely to report an incident of OWP. Compared with whites, African Americans were 32% less likely to report OWP, while current smokers were 62% more likely than nonsmokers. Being diagnosed with AIDS and having CD4 counts less than 500 significantly increased the likelihood of reporting OWP.
Determination of Total Protein Content in Gelatin Solutions with the Lowry or Biuret Assay

ABSTRACT: Gelatins can be obtained from different sources and prepared using different processes, and the end product gelatin may vary in amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution. In the present study, the variation in “protein color” development among gelatins in colorimetric total protein content measurements was investigated at 540 nm using the Biuret assay and at 650 nm using the Lowry assay, with bovine serum albumin as the reference protein. In both the Biuret and Lowry assays, the color response varied significantly among gelatins. The difference in imino acid content was the major factor responsible for this variation, which probably influenced the gelatin helix → coil phase transition and resulted in the difference in gelatin associate state. Based on their “protein color” development abilities in both Biuret and Lowry, gelatins were classified into 2 major groups with the hierarchical cluster analysis: 1 group included all cold water fish gelatins, while the other included gelatins from warm water fish, avian, and mammalian species.
A Mullerian Duct Cyst Presenting as a Large Complex Pelvic Mass

A 58-year-old man with a history of pancreatitis and penetrating abdominal trauma 14 years ago presented with a 2-year history of increasing abdominal girth and pain. He had a markedly distended, nontender abdomen with a large palpable mass. Laboratory evaluation was remarkable only for elevated carcinoembryonic antigen of 30.2 ng./ml. (normal 0 to 3). Computerized tomography demonstrated a large complex cystic mass in the abdomen and pelvis, which was preoperatively diagnosed as a mesenteric lymphatic cyst likely secondary to the previous stabbing injury (fig. 1). Exploration was done through a midline infraumbilical incision. The large cyst was mobile and not significantly adherent to the bowel or pelvic side wall. With further dissection the cyst was believed to be clearly extraperitoneal with a neck at the base of the prostate. Removal of the cyst in this area necessitated removal of a cuff of prostatic tissue. On gross pathological evaluation the 22 cm. cystic mass was filled with green and brown fluid (fig. 2). The cyst was lined predominantly by keratinizing squamous epithelium with a focal area of prostatic tissue and transitional epithelium at the lower pole. There was no evidence of malignancy.
The effects of specific auxotrophic mutations on the virulence of Aspergillus nidulans for mice.

The paper describes studies of the influence of a number of genetically-mapped auxotrophic mutations on the virulence ofAspergillus nidulans for DBA/2J male mice. Specific mutations were found to be either neutral in regard to the character of virulence, i.e., strains carrying such mutations had a virulence similar to that of prototrophic strains, or were associated with significantly decreased virulence or avirulence. These data provide the first extensive information concerning the effects of auxotrophic mutation on the virulence of a mycotic pathogen of animals.
Effect of oxethazaine HCl on control of food and water intake in the rat.

Abstract Oral administration of the local anesthetic oxethazaine HCl was used to modify eating and drinking patterns in the rat. The addition of the oxethazaine HCl to the diet (0.5 gm/100 gm diet) markedly reduced food intake. Similarly, administration of the drug by gatric inturbation (gavage) also reduced food intake. This reduction was of short duration. The inhibition of water intake associated with administration of the drug was shown to be a secondary effect of reduced food intake, rather than a direct action of the drug. The data indicate that local anesthesia of the gastrointestinal tract results in an inhibition of food intake.
Multi-energy, single-isotope imaging using stacked detectors.

We investigated a scheme for concurrently detecting low- and high-energy emissions from 123I with a stacked silicon double-sided strip detector (DSSD) and modular scintillation camera (Modcam) from the FastSPECT II design. We sequentially acquired both low- and high-energy emission images of an 123I object with a prototype DSSD and a Modcam. A sandwich aperture increases spatial resolution in the low-magnification DSSD image via a smaller pinhole diameter and allows a higher magnification image on the Modcam. Molybdenum, the insert material, efficiently stops 20–30 keV photons due to its ∼20 keV K-edge. Theoretically, less than 10% of 159 keV photons interact in 0.035 cm thick sheet of molybdenum, while this thickness stops virtually all ∼30 keV photons. Thus, photons from both energy regions will be incident upon their respective detectors with little cross talk. With a multi-pinhole collimator, we can decode multiplexed images on the Modcam by making use of the lower-magnification DSSD image. This approach can provide an increase in system sensitivity compared to single-detector configurations. Using MCNP5 we examined the potential benefits and drawbacks of stacked detectors and the sandwich aperture for small-animal pinhole SPECT via the synthetic-collimator method. Simulation results encourage us to construct the novel aperture and use it with our new DSSDs designed for mounting in a transmission configuration.
A NEW SPECIES OF AROGA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA

A new species of Aroga (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is described, and characters separating it from Aroga trialbamaculella (Chambers) and Aroga epigaeella (Chambers) are given.
17β-estradiol inhibition of ascorbic acid accumulation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

Abstract We investigated the effect of estrogen on the accumulation of ascorbic acid by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. 17β-estradiol, synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol, and partial agonist tamoxifen were found to inhibit ascorbic acid accumulation in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibitory effect of estrogens can be observed at as short as 5 min of incubation. An additive effect was observed when they were used in combination. Similar to dietary flavonoids, inhibition was also observed in two other intestinal cell lines, HT-29 and IEC-6. These chemicals affected both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent(K+ substituting Na+) accumulation of ascorbic acid and did not affect the efflux of accumulated ascorbic acid. Kinetic analysis of diethylstilbestrol showed a non-competitive inhibition with an apparent Ki of 23 μM. The hormone-ascorbic acid interaction in the intestinal cell could help to explain the known reduction in blood ascorbic acid level among oral contraceptive users and female guinea pigs given contraceptive hormones.
Polarizability of molecular hydrogen.

Perturbation theory summation method for calculating molecular hydrogen static dipole electric polarizability, using coupled Hartree- Fock approximation
Influence of samaria doping on the resistance of ceria thin films and its implications to the planar oxygen sensing devices

Abstract In order to evaluate and analyze the effect of samarium (Sm) doping on the resistance of cerium oxide, we have grown highly oriented samaria doped ceria (SDC) thin films on sapphire, Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) substrates by using oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (OPA-MBE). The film growth was monitored using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) which shows two-dimensional growth throughout the deposition. Following growth, the thin films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). XPS depth-profile shows Sm atoms are uniformly distributed in ceria lattice throughout the bulk of the film. The valence states of Ce and Sm in doped thin films are found to be Ce 4+ and Sm 3+ , respectively. HRXRD shows the samaria doped ceria films on Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) exhibit (1 1 1) preferred orientation. Ion-channeling in RBS measurements confirms high quality of the thin films. The resistance of the samaria doped ceria films, obtained by two probe measurement capability under various oxygen pressure (1 mTorr–100 Torr) and temperatures (623–973 K), is significantly lower than that of pure ceria under same conditions. The 6 at.% samaria doped ceria film is the optimum composition for highest conductivity. This is attributed to the increased oxygen vacant sites in fluorite crystal structure of the epitaxial thin films which facilitate faster oxygen diffusion through hopping process.
What we know, and don't know, about the impact of state policy and systems-level interventions on prescription drug overdose

Abstract Background Drug overdose deaths have been rising since the early 1990s and is the leading cause of injury death in the United States. Overdose from prescription opioids constitutes a large proportion of this burden. State policy and systems-level interventions have the potential to impact prescription drug misuse and overdose. Methods We searched the literature to identify evaluations of state policy or systems-level interventions using non-comparative, cross-sectional, before–after, time series, cohort, or comparison group designs or randomized/non-randomized trials. Eligible studies examined intervention effects on provider behavior, patient behavior, and health outcomes. Results Overall study quality is low, with a limited number of time-series or experimental designs. Knowledge and prescribing practices were measured more often than health outcomes (e.g., overdoses). Limitations include lack of baseline data and comparison groups, inadequate statistical testing, small sample sizes, self-reported outcomes, and short-term follow-up. Strategies that reduce inappropriate prescribing and use of multiple providers and focus on overdose response, such as prescription drug monitoring programs, insurer strategies, pain clinic legislation, clinical guidelines, and naloxone distribution programs, are promising. Evidence of improved health outcomes, particularly from safe storage and disposal strategies and patient education, is weak. Conclusions While important efforts are underway to affect prescriber and patient behavior, data on state policy and systems-level interventions are limited and inconsistent. Improving the evidence base is a critical need so states, regulatory agencies, and organizations can make informed choices about policies and practices that will improve prescribing and use, while protecting patient health.
Applications of gas chromatography-Fourier transform IR spectrometry in environmental analyses

Abstract In recent years, several new interfaces between a gas chromatograph and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer have been developed, and these interfaces have made the hyphenated technique of gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC-FTIR) capable of providing the sensitivity necessary to perform analyses of typically complex environmental samples. On a nearly routine basis, ppb detection limits of individual components of environmental mixtures can be achieved with GC-FTIR methods. In addition, GC-FTIR techniques have been applied to the analyses of such environmental contaminants as the priority pollutants, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dioxins and related compounds.
Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of interactively selected MDS data designs

Two revisions of interactive MDS data selection procedures are presented. One revision improves the estimates of the MDS parameters by adding an analysis of the volume of the spatial coordinates of stimuli. Frames of stimuli augmented by an analysis of volume should more nearly surround the swarm of stimulus points. The second revision, based on randomly ordering the list of stimuli, permits more efficient data designs to be selected by reducing the number of judgments collected but never analyzed.
Cholesterol versus cholesterol sulfate: effects on properties of phospholipid bilayers containing docosahexaenoic acid.

Abstract The important omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present at high concentration in some membranes that also contain the unusual sterol cholesterol sulfate (CS). The association between these lipids and their effect on membrane structure is presented here. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), MC540 fluorescence, erythritol permeability, pressure/area isotherms on lipid monolayers and molecular modeling are used to compare the effect of CS and cholesterol on model phospholipid membranes. By DSC, CS decreases the main phase transition temperature and broadens the transitions of dipalmitolyphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0,18:1 PC) and 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0,22:6 PC) to a much larger extent than does cholesterol. In addition CS produces a three-component transition in 18:0,18:1 PC bilayers that is not seen with cholesterol. In a mixed phospholipid bilayer composed of 18:0,18:1 PC/18:0,22:6 PC (1:1, mol/mol), CS at 2.5 membrane mol% or more induces lateral phase separation while cholesterol does not. CS decreases lipid packing density and increases permeability of 18:0,18:1 PC and 18:0,22:6 PC bilayers to a much larger extent than cholesterol. CS disrupts oleic acid-containing bilayers more than those containing DHA. Molecular modeling confirms that the anionic sulfate moiety on CS renders this sterol more polar than cholesterol with the consequence that CS likely resides higher (extends further into the aqueous environment) in the bilayer. CS can therefore be preferentially accommodated into DHA-enriched bilayers where its tetracyclic ring system may fit into the Δ4 pocket of DHA, a location excluded to cholesterol. It is proposed that CS may in part replace the membrane function of cholesterol in DHA-rich membranes.
Police officer perceptions of occupational stress: the state of the art

Purpose – The current study takes stock of the research on perceived stress among police officers by quantitatively synthesizing the available empirical literature on the subject.Design/methodology/approach – In all, 103 studies from both published and unpublished sources are meta‐analyzed, producing 338 individual effect size estimates.Findings – Analysis of predictor domains reveals that most make equally modest contributions to the complex process of stress and coping.Research limitations/implications – Inconsistency in selection and measurement across studies precludes meaningful comparison and analysis of individual correlates of perceived stress, emphasizing the need for more standardization in the research. Particular attention to theoretically driven selection of variables, reliability of measurement instruments, and a higher degree of rigor in methodological quality, generally, will allow for more confidence in the body of empirical work.Originality/value – This study is the first attempt to syst...
Benjamin F. Mudge: The First Kansas Geologist

Benjamin Franklin Mudge (1817-79), originally from Massachusetts, was appointed State Geologist and Director of the First Geological Survey of Kansas in 1864. After failing to be reappointed in 1865 he became Professor of Natural Science at Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, whose president, Joseph Denison, was an old friend and fellow Methodist. Mudge taught courses in all areas of science and spent his summers geologizing in western Kansas. An avid collector, he sent fossil specimens to Edward Cope, O. C. Marsh, and others. In the summer of 1872 he discovered a Cretaceous bird, Ichthyornis dispar, described by Marsh at Yale as the first fossil bird known to have teeth. In 1873 the KSAC regents replaced Denison by John Anderson, who dismissed Mudge and two others in February 1874 after they complained to members of the legislature about misuse of college funds and tried unsuccessfully to defeat legislative confirmation of some of the regents. Mudge then was employed by Marsh to collect fossil ...
Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Subgrade Soils Stabilized with Sulfate-Bearing Cementitious Additives

A laboratory study was conducted on both raw and stabilized soil specimens to evaluate the performance of two subgrade soils stabilized with three different additives, namely, hydrated lime (or lime), class C fly ash (CFA), and cement kiln dust (CKD). Lime, CFA, and CKD have low sulfate (
Twitter as a communication tool for orthopedic surgery.

Twitter is a social networking Web site that has changed the way information is communicated. This study involved identifying, categorizing, and reviewing orthopedic Twitter profi les. A total of 412 profi les were identifi ed. Of those, 176 (50.3%) were surgeons; 89 (50.5%) were based in the United States and 77 (43.8%) were not (10 unclassifi ed). Most surgeons were young; 66% of surgeons were board cer- tifi ed within the past 10 years. Only a small percentage of orthopedic surgeons and practices currently use Twitter, but the use of social networking for orthopedic communication is likely to play an increasing role in future clinical practice.
Limited mobility of argon in a metamorphic terrain

Abstract Excess 40 Ar in biotite from some relatively anhydrous charnockitic rocks in the Appalachian Piedmont indicates limited mobility of argon. Biotite from the Arden pluton of the granulite-facies Wilmington Complex apparently formed as a retrograde product at the expense of pyroxene and K-feldspar. Rb-Sr ages of biotite from all rocks are approximately 365 Myr. The same micas have apparent K-Ar ages which range from about 365–590 Myr, six of which clearly exceed the Sr isotope whole-rock date of 500 Myr. They contain variable amounts of excess 40 Ar incorporated during crystallization or recrystallization of biotite at about 365 Myr ago. None of the other minerals appears to contain significant amounts of excess argon. The K-Ar apparent ages show strong, positive correlation with whole-rock K concentrations. These relations yield a correlation between excess argon in the biotite phase and rock potassium. This suggests that excess 40 Ar in biotite is of local derivation and is due to an imprint of the local argon activity. If the amount incorporated is roughly proportional to the prevailing argon partial pressure then substantial differences in p Ar existed. Argon did not have a uniform chemical potential over large rock volumes. Analysis of closely spaced samples suggests different argon activity over the scale of less than 10m. This implies restricted transport of Ar and is probably due to very low effective permeability of the anhydrous assemblages.
Feeding Cholesterol and Tallow to Young Calves

Four groups of eight 4 wk-old Holstein bull calves were fed calf starter diets containing either no additive (control) or added ingredients: 1% cholesterol, 5% tallow, or 1% cholesterol plus 5% tallow. Body weight and size were reduced, and average daily gain was lowered by added 5% tallow. The added dietary tallow and cholesterol increased lipids and cholesterol of plasma by 35 to 40%. The increased intake of fat due to feeding tallow caused both increased fat metabolism and fat excretion as based on chromic oxide estimates of digestibility. Fat digestibility was lowest in animals receiving cholesterol with no added tallow. Organ weights and composition of meat at slaughter at 21 wk of age were not different.
Iron metal production in silicate melts through the direct reduction of Fe(II) by Ti(III), Cr(II), and Eu(II)

The production of metallic iron in silicate melts by chemical reactions of Ti(3+), Cr(2+), and Eu(2+) with Fe(2+) is demonstrated under experimental conditions in a simplified basaltic liquid. These reactions form a basis for interpreting the role of isochemical valency exchange models in explanations for the reduced nature of lunar basalts. The redox couples are individually investigated in the silicate melt to ascertain reference redox ratios that are independent of mutual interactions. These studies also provide calibrations of spectral absorptions of the Fe(2+) and Ti(2+) species in these glasses. Subsequent spectrophotometric analyses of Fe(2+) and Ti(2+) in glasses doped with both iron and titanium and of Fe(2+) in glasses doped with either iron and chromium or iron and europium ascertain the degree of mutual interactions in these dual-doped glasses.
Water Management Applications for Satellite Precipitation Products: Synthesis and Recommendations†

This article is an assessment of the current state of the art and relative utility of satellite precipitation products (SPPs) for hydrologic applications to support water management decisions. We present a review of SPPs, their accuracy in diverse settings including the influence of geography, topography, and weather systems, as well as the pros and cons of their use for different water management applications. At the end of this broad synthesizing effort, recommendations are proposed for: (1) SPP developers to improve the quality, usability, and relevance of precipitation products; and (2) SPP users to improve the reliability of their predictions and hydrologic applications to better support water management.
Organic matter of the troposphere - V: Application of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconciliations.

Organic matter in tropospheric aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic area. These sources are biogenic detritus and anthropogenic emissions. The biogenic materials in the solvent-extractable organic matter are comprised predominantly of higher plant waxes, with lesser amounts of resin and microbial detritus and the anthropogenic components are primarily vehicular emissions (e.g. oils, soot, etc.) and input from combustion (e.g. charcoal, thermally-altered biogenic matter, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and anthropogenic emissions contain organic compounds (C12−C40+), which can be identified with unique and distinguishable distribution patterns. Molecular composition analysis has been applied to such extracts after suitable chemical separation into subfractions (i.e. hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and wax esters). Both homologous compound series and specific natural products (e.g. phytosterols, terpenes, etc.) are identified as molecular markers. Aerosols from rural and remote areas in the western United States, South America, Nigeria and Australia have been analyzed and all contained predominantly plant waxes. The loadings of hydrocarbons ranged approximately from 10–1400 ng/m3 of air, of fatty acids from 10–450 ng/m3 and of fatty alcohols from 10–1650 ng/m3. These higher molecular weight lipids primarily from flora comprise a major component of the organic carbon in rural and remote aerosols. They are thus important indicators for regional biogenic sources in the global cycling of organic carbon.
The crystal structure of cobalt-substituted calcium chlorapatite

Abstract Single crystals of chlorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3Cl] with approximately 20% substitution of Ca2+ by Co2+ have been prepared by flux techniques. A full structural analysis (space group P6 3 m , a = 9.625(3) and c = 6.747(1) A, V = 541.3 A3) indicates that the Co ion is present on the available six-coordinated cation site. As the stoichiometric chlorapatite is known to form in the ordered monoclinic structure, a detailed analysis of the halide positions along the hexagonal z axis was carried out. We conclude that the driving force for the formation of the (disordered) hexagonal structure is the tendency for Cl− to be associated with Co2+, although it is not possible to exclude a slight nonstoichiometry as a contributing factor.