cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goodness-of-fit Tests in Regression

In this chapter we shall discuss the two problems of the goodness-of-fit. The first one pertains to the error d.f. of the linear model (1.1.1) and the second one pertains to fitting a parametric regression model to a regression function. The proposed tests will be based on certain residual weighted empiricals for the first problem and a partial sum process of the residuals for the second problem. The first five sections of this chapter deal with the first problem and Section 6.6, with several subsections, discusses the second problem. To begin with we shall focus on the first problem.
Ethical Standards of Marketing Students

This paper reports the results of an empirical examination of the ethical standards of marketing students attending a large Southeastern university. The results indicate that in many cases situational ethics do exist. In one of four tested cases, the students with more exposure to the business curriculum were more tolerant of unethical behavior. Few differences in the ethical views of male and female students were found. Some evidence did exist, however, to suggest that the ethical posture of women does change as their education level increases. These and other results are analyzed and compared to previous research findings.
Dynamic Evaluation of PreWEC Systems with Varying Hysteretic Energy Dissipation

AbstractThe precast wall with end columns, known as the PreWEC, was developed as a solution for resisting earthquake lateral loads and validated using quasistatic testing. This paper presents a sha...
A genome-wide algal mutant library reveals a global view of genes required for eukaryotic photosynthesis

Photosynthetic organisms provide food and energy for nearly all life on Earth, yet half of their protein-coding genes remain uncharacterized. Characterization of these genes could be greatly accelerated by new genetic resources for unicellular organisms that complement the use of multicellular plants by enabling higher-throughput studies. Here, we generated a genome-wide, indexed library of mapped insertion mutants for the flagship unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas hereafter). The 62,389 mutants in the library, covering 83% of nuclear, protein-coding genes, are available to the community. Each mutant contains unique DNA barcodes, allowing the collection to be screened as a pool. We leveraged this feature to perform a genome-wide survey of genes required for photosynthesis, which identified 303 candidate genes. Characterization of one of these genes, the conserved predicted phosphatase CPL3, showed it is important for accumulation of multiple photosynthetic protein complexes. Strikingly, 21 of the 43 highest-confidence genes are novel, opening new opportunities for advances in our understanding of this biogeochemically fundamental process. This library is the first genome-wide mapped mutant resource in any unicellular photosynthetic organism, and will accelerate the characterization of thousands of genes in algae, plants and animals.
Reward behaviour is regulated by the strength of hippocampus-nucleus accumbens synapses

Reward drives motivated behaviours and is essential for survival, and therefore there is strong evolutionary pressure to retain contextual information about rewarding stimuli. This drive may be abnormally strong, such as in addiction, or weak, such as in depression, in which anhedonia (loss of pleasure in response to rewarding stimuli) is a prominent symptom. Hippocampal input to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is important for driving NAc activity1,2 and activity-dependent modulation of the strength of this input may contribute to the proper regulation of goal-directed behaviours. However, there have been few robust descriptions of the mechanisms that underlie the induction or expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) at these synapses, and there is, to our knowledge, no evidence about whether such plasticity contributes to reward-related behaviour. Here we show that high-frequency activity induces LTP at hippocampus-NAc synapses in mice via canonical, but dopamine-independent, mechanisms. The induction of LTP at this synapse in vivo drives conditioned place preference, and activity at this synapse is required for conditioned place preference in response to a natural reward. Conversely, chronic stress, which induces anhedonia, decreases the strength of this synapse and impairs LTP, whereas antidepressant treatment is accompanied by a reversal of these stress-induced changes. We conclude that hippocampus-NAc synapses show activity-dependent plasticity and suggest that their strength may be critical for contextual reward behaviour.
A Geometric Characterization of Fisher Information from Quantized Samples with Applications to Distributed Statistical Estimation

Consider the Fisher information for estimating a vector $\theta \in \mathbb {R}^{d}$ from the quantized version of a statistical sample $X \sim f(x|\theta)$. Let M be a k-bit quantization of $X.$ We provide a geometric characterization of the trace of the Fisher information matrix $I_{M}(\theta)$ in terms of the score function $S_{\theta }(X)$. When $k=1$, we exactly solve the extremal problem of maximizing this geometric quantity for the Gaussian location model, which allows us to conclude that in this model, a half-space quantization is the one-bit quantization that maximizes $Tr(I_{M}(\theta))$. Under assumptions on the tail of the distribution of $S_{\theta }(X)$ projected onto any unit vector in $\mathbb {R}^{d}$, we give upper bounds demonstrating how $Tr(I_{M}(\theta))$ can scale with k. We apply these results to find lower bounds on the minimax risk of estimating $\theta $ from multiple quantized samples of X, for example in a distributed setting where the samples are distributed across multiple nodes and each node has a total budget of k-bits to communicate its sample to a centralized estimator. Our bounds apply in a unified way to many common statistical models including the Gaussian location model and discrete distribution estimation, and they recover and generalize existing results in the literature with simpler and more transparent proofs.
Abstract 375: Defining a Unifying Mechanism for Select Cardiomyopathy-Linked Variants of Desmoplakin

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a disease that affects 1 in 2000 Americans every year and segregates with sudden cardiac death (SCD). AC is linked to genetic variants in desmosomal genes, how...
Murine Calprotectin Coordinates Mn(II) at a Hexahistidine Site with Ca(II)-Dependent Affinity

Manganese is an essential metal ion that bacterial pathogens need to acquire from the vertebrate host during infection. In the mammalian nutritional immunity strategy to combat bacterial infection, the host restricts bacterial access to Mn(II) by sequestering this metal nutrient using the protein calprotectin (CP). The role of murine calprotectin (mCP) in Mn(II) sequestration has been demonstrated in vivo, but the molecular basis of this function has not been evaluated. Herein, biochemical assays and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy are employed to characterize the Mn(II) binding properties of mCP. We report that mCP has one high-affinity Mn(II) binding site. This site is a His6 site composed of His17 and His27 of mS100A8 and His92, His97, His105, and His107 of mS100A9. Similar to the human ortholog (hCP), Ca(II) binding to the EF-hand domains of mCP enhances the Mn(II) affinity of the protein; however, this effect requires ≈10-fold more Ca(II) than was previously observed for hCP. Mn(II) coordination to the His6 site also promotes self-association of two mCP heterodimers to form a heterotetramer. Low-temperature X-band EPR spectroscopy revealed a nearly octahedral Mn(II) coordination sphere for the Mn(II)-His6 site characterized by the zero-field splitting parameters D = 525 MHz and E/D = 0.3. Further electron-nuclear double resonance studies with globally 15N-labeled mCP provided hyperfine couplings from the coordinating e-nitrogen atoms of the His ligands (aiso = 4.3 MHz) as well as the distal δ-nitrogen atoms (aiso = 0.25 MHz). Mn(II) competition assays between mCP and two bacterial Mn(II) solute-binding proteins, staphylococcal MntC and streptococcal PsaA, showed that mCP outcompetes both proteins for Mn(II) under conditions of excess Ca(II). In total, this work provides the first coordination chemistry study of mCP and reveals striking similarities in the Mn(II) coordination sphere as well as notable differences in the Ca(II) sensitivity and oligomerization behavior between hCP and mCP.
Identifying Android Malware Using Network-Based Approaches

The proliferation of Android apps has resulted in many malicious apps entering the market and causing significant damage. Robust techniques that determine if an app is malicious are greatly needed. We propose the use of a network-based approach to effectively separate malicious from benign apps, based on a small labeled dataset. The apps in our dataset come from the Google Play Store and have been scanned for malicious behavior using Virus Total to produce a ground truth dataset with labels malicous or benign. The apps in the resulting dataset have been represented using binary feature vectors (where the features represent permissions, intent actions, discriminative APIs, obfuscation signatures, and native code signatures). We have used the feature vectors corresponding to apps to build a weighted network that captures the “closeness” between apps. We propagate labels from the labeled apps to unlabeled apps, and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach using the F1-measure. We have conducted experiments to compare three variants of the label propagation approaches on datasets that include increasingly larger amounts of labeled data. The results have shown that a variant proposed in this study gives the best results overall.
Equitable Allocations of Indivisible Chores

We study fair allocation of indivisible chores (i.e., items with non-positive value) among agents with additive valuations. An allocation is deemed fair if it is (approximately) equitable, which means that the disutilities of the agents are (approximately) equal. Our main theoretical contribution is to show that there always exists an allocation that is simultaneously equitable up to one chore (EQ1) and Pareto optimal (PO), and to provide a pseudopolynomial-time algorithm for computing such an allocation. In addition, we observe that the Leximin solution---which is known to satisfy a strong form of approximate equitability in the goods setting---fails to satisfy even EQ1 for chores. It does, however, satisfy a novel fairness notion that we call equitability up to any duplicated chore. Our experiments on synthetic as well as real-world data obtained from the Spliddit website reveal that the algorithms considered in our work satisfy approximate fairness and efficiency properties significantly more often than the algorithm currently deployed on Spliddit.
Enterolith-induced duodenal stump perforation: rare remote complication of surgery for PUD

Duodenal stump blowout is a feared complication of Billroth II reconstruction after gastrectomy. Most commonly presenting in the early postoperative period, there is significant variation in the surgical management of the difficult duodenal stump due to complexity. Here, we report a highly unusual case of a delayed duodenal stump perforation secondary to a golf-ball sized enterolith without evidence of a cholecystoenteric fistula or afferent loop obstruction in a patient with a remote history of distal gastrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction. An 84-year-old man status post vagotomy and antrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) 40 years ago presented with the acute onset of abdominal pain of 6 hours duration. The patient had focal peritonitis in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), hypoxia requiring 3 L of oxygen by nasal cannula and tachycardia with heart rate of 100 beats per minute. Laboratory findings were significant for a leukocytosis of 14 820/µL and metabolic acidosis. A CT scan demonstrated free air around the duodenal stump …
Combination therapy: Etanercept and intravenous immunoglobulin for the acute treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis

Abstract Background Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is an autoimmune condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a single institution. All patients admitted to the LAC + USC burn unit from May 1st 2015–January 1st 2018 with a histologic diagnosis of SJS/TEN were reviewed. Patient characteristics and outcomes were recorded. These outcomes were compared to our previously published cohort. Results Thirteen total consecutive SJS/TEN patients were treated with etanercept. Compared to non-etanercept treated patients, etanercept-treated patients did not experience a significant difference in mortality (15.4% vs. 10%, P = 0.58), ICU days (6.9 vs. 15.1, P = 0.08), length-of-stay (9.8 vs 16.4, P = 0.11), or infections (38.5% vs. 57.5%, P = 0.58). The standardized mortality ratio in etanercept-treated patients was 0.44 (95% CI, 0.21, 0.65). In general, etanercept-treated patients had higher SCORTENs (3 vs. 2, P = 0.03) and longer delays to presentation (5.2 vs. 2.7 days, P Conclusions Etanercept can be considered in the treatment of SJS/TEN patients in addition to IVIg, and supportive care in a burn unit.
Computer science unplugged: tutorial presentation

This tutorial focuses on enrichment and extension material for anyone interested in exploring Computer Science in a fun way, without using computers! It includes hands on activities from the Computer Science Unplugged project which engage participants in learning fundamental computing concepts such as binary numbers, parity, sorting, graph modeling and encryption. These fun activities have been used world wide for all ages, especially young children, but have also been effective at the college level and for laypeople interested in computing. The tutorial will introduce the unplugged project and related kinesthetic material through hands on activities for the participants. Copies of sample activities, the unplugged book and videos will be made available.
The Great Disrupter: Relationship of Alexithymia to Emotion Regulation Processes and Smoking among Pregnant Women.

Background: Many women continue to smoke during pregnancy, despite known risks, often in response to negative affect. Recent scholarship has begun to examine factors that decrease the success of be...
CHAPTER 16 – HYDROGEN ATOM

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the derivation of the Schrodinger equation, which for the motion of an electron in a Coulomb field is invariant under transformations of the four-dimensional rotation group. The classification of states with respect to the irreducible representations of the four-dimensional group then leads to the n2 degeneracy. Degenerate eigenfunctions may be combined linearly to form other sets of degenerate eigenfunctions. An integral involving spin orbitals implies a spatial integration and a summation over spin coordinates. In many instances, the radial part of the wave function remains fixed so that the principal quantum number may be suppressed without loss of information. Depending on the specific interactions contained in the Hamiltonian, it is often possible to choose a representation in which physical results are obtained in the most efficient manner.
Refractive index prediction models for polymers using machine learning

The refractive index (RI) is an important material property and is necessary for making informed materials selection decisions when optical properties are important. Acquiring accurate empirical measurements of RI is time consuming, and while semi-empirical and computational determination of RI is generally faster than empirical determination, predictions are less accurate. In this work, we utilized experimentally measured RI data of polymers to build a machine learning model capable of making accurate near-instantaneous predictions of RI. The Gaussian process regression model is trained using data of 527 unique polymers. Feature engineering techniques were also used to optimize model performance. This new model is one of the most chemically diverse and accurate RI prediction models to date and improves upon our previous work. We also concluded that the model is capable of providing insights about structure–property relationships important for estimating the RI when designing new polymer backbones.
P12 Cooking Self-Efficacy, Perceived Health Status, and Fresh Produce Purchasing Criteria Among Faculty and Staff

Background National health guidelines emphasize the nutritional benefits of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. Positive associations between FV consumption, health awareness, and cooking skills have been noted in previous work. However, little is known about this relationship among university faculty and staff. Objective To explore the relationship between cooking skills, health perceptions, importance of FV consumption, and FV purchase criteria among university faculty and staff by gender. Study Design, Setting, Participants A random representative sample of faculty and staff at a large Southern university were recruited to complete an online survey in spring 2018 (n = 175). Measurable Outcome/Analysis Questions included cooking skills, perceived health status, benefits of produce consumption, produce purchasing criteria, and demographic data. Associations between cooking skills, self-health assessment, and fresh produce buying preferences were evaluated using Pearson's correlation test. Independent t-tests were used to determine differences by gender. Significance was determined by P ≤ .05. Results Health perceptions were positively correlated with perceived health benefits of fresh produce (P Conclusions In this study, females responded with the highest cooking skill levels which positively correlated with importance of fresh produce, specific purchasing preferences, and self-perceived health status. While overall cooking skill level in this sample was high, it is likely that those interested in healthy eating were more likely to complete the survey. Universities could play an important role in improving fresh produce consumption among faculty and staff by providing support and resources in the form of cooking classes through university programs such as nutrition departments, university wellness programs, and community venues.
Revisiting the accuracy problem in network analysis using a unique dataset

Abstract A series of papers published by Bernard and colleagues in the late 1970s and early 1980s, dubbed the “accuracy studies,” called into the question the validity of self-reported perceived communication in the study of networks, showing that such reports explain only about 20 % of the variance in directly observed communication. Questions remain about how well the kinds of organizations studied reflect typical formal organizations, the studies’ short observation periods, and manual observation methods. This study revisits the accuracy studies using a unique dataset comprising 144 weeks of network surveys and machine classification of 7,000 h of audio recordings to measure observable communication in a software engineering unit employing 54 people. Results show that correlations between perceived and observed communication over the weeks studied have a lower average than that reported in the accuracy studies but vary considerably from week to week. It also replicates results of earlier research showing that participants tend to overreport communication when they perceive a strong structural relationship to the alters they are rating. This study solidifies our knowledge about network self-reports using a stronger data foundation than prior research employed. Its results, along with the previous research, suggest that perceived communication is not so much a flawed measure of observable communication as it is a related, yet distinct phenomenon. This highlights the need for developments in theory and modeling that articulate the relationship between perceived and observed communication, and Network Reticulation Theory is suggested as a viable approach.
Trust over Use: Examining the Roles of Media Use and Media Trust on Misperceptions in the 2016 US Presidential Election

This study examines both the antecedents and consequences of partisan misperceptions during the 2016 US Presidential election using a three-wave panel study collected by YouGov. Both cross-sectiona...
Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulations of Cancer Chemotherapy

The fundamental clinical properties of cancer chemotherapy are investigated and demonstrated by utilizing a system of clinically plausible deterministic non-linear differential equations which depicts the pathophysiology of malignant cancers. In this mathematical model, the cytokinetic properties of normal cells, cancer cells, and the pharmacokinetics of the chemotherapy drug are described, respectively, by biophysically measurable growth parameters, stoichiometric rate constants and Michaelis–Menten type reaction profiles. Computer simulations have been conducted to elucidate various hypothetic scenarios when the model is configured with different parametric values, including the therapeutic efficacy of the use of stealth liposomes in high dose chemotherapy.
The False Federalism of EPA’s Clean Power Plan

This paper explicates the four building blocks underlying emission standard guidelines in the U.S. EPA’s proposed clean power plan for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the U.S. electric power sector. It critically analyzes the methodology by which EPA has assessed the cost and effectiveness of each building block. This explication of the four building blocks reveals that the clean power plan is fundamentally inconsistent with how Congress has allocated state versus the federal regulatory authority under the Clean Air Act. Under the CAA vision of federalism, the federal EPA’s presumed centralized expertise in matters of climate change policy would be coupled with a productive delegation of authority to state regulators to utilize their superior knowledge of state power sectors in finding ways to reduce CO2 emissions. Under the clean power plan, the EPA has set state-specific CO2 emission reduction targets on the basis of the stylized facts of estimated average state performance. Thus rather than standards based on federal expertise, implemented by state regulators with state-specific knowledge, the clean power plan sets standards based on federal guesswork about state realities that may leave state regulators with few feasible or cost effective compliance options.
Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid‐ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°37′N

[1] Geophysical and petrological boundaries on mid-ocean ridges provide ideal locations to study the relationships between magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes. Alvin-based observational data and geochemical data for basalts and hydrothermal fluids are used to investigate these relationships at an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) crest between ∼9°36′N and 9°38′N. This ridge-crest discontinuity is morphologically expressed by the overlap of an eastern and western axial summit collapse trough (ASCT) that delimits the primary volcanic and hydrothermal loci along the ridge crest in this area. The ASCTs overlap by ∼3 km and are offset in a right-lateral sense by 0.45 km. Near-bottom imaging of this area in 1989 and 1991 shows changes in volcanic morphology and increases in hydrothermal and biological activity consistent with the occurrence of a magmatic event during that time interval. When combined with the inferred age and structure of the seafloor, basalt geochemistry, and hydrothermal fluid chemistry, these temporal changes suggest active southward propagation of the eastern ASCT and show that the western ASCT was unaffected by the recent magmatic event. Numerous extinct hydrothermal vents and older-looking lava flow surfaces suggest waning of magmatic activity in the western ASCT.Young-looking lava flows within or proximal to the eastern ASCT have anomalously high Mg numbers relative to the regional trend and are chemically similar to lava erupted in 1991 along the 9°46′–52′N EPR region. We propose that the young-looking lava flows in the eastern ASCT are related to the 1991 eruption. Data show that the 9°37′N axial discontinuity marks a magmatic and hydrothermal boundary along the EPR ridge-crest, and we argue that it be classified as a third-order discontinuity. This result is consistent with geophysical evidence suggesting fundamental differences in the crust and upper mantle north and south of the 9°37′N discontinuity.
Experimental studies of fission product release from commercial light water reactor fuel under accident conditions

Fission product release from fully irradiated light water reactor fuel under accident conditions and the chemical forms and behavior of the released material have been studied at high temperatures. This work has emphasized release from commercial fuels, but tracer-level tests using specific fission product species have been used in efforts to clarify chemical behavior. The specimens were heated in an induction furnace in flowing steam at temperatures of 1700 to 2300 K. The fractional releases of krypton, iodine, and cesium increased with temperature, reaching maxima of nearly 60% in 20 min. The release of tellurium varied strongly with the extent of cladding oxidation and approached that of cesium for completely oxidized cladding. In addition to some structural material, the major chemical forms in the furnace effluent appeared to include CsI, CsOH, silver, antimony, and tellurides of cesium and tin. The fractional releases of the volatile fission products correlated with the amount of fuel porosity, and the masses of aerosol collected increased with test temperature and oxidation. Comparison of our results with several fission product release models showed agreement ranging from good to poor.
Alkylaryl sulfides as peroxidase reducing substrates for prostaglandin H synthase: probes for the reactivity and environment of the ferryl-oxo complex

Abstract The peroxidase activity of prostaglandin (PGH) synthase catalyzes the reduction of PGG2 and other natural and synthetic hydroperoxides by reducing substrates. Sulfides serve as reductants by incorporating the oxo ligand from the ferryl-oxo complex which represents the higher oxidation state of the peroxidase (Compound I). A series of alkylaryl sulfides and substituted dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes were synthesized to determine the electronic and steric requirements of PGH synthase for sulfide reducing substrates. Kinetic parameters were determined for most of the molecules by determining their ability to support reduction of 5-phenyl-4-pentenyl-1-hydroperoxide in the presence of PGH synthase purified from ram seminal vesicle microsomes. Electron-donating groups on the aryl moiety para to the sulfide enhanced reducing substrate activity (p = -0.8). As expected from previous results, the major oxidation product of p-methylthioanisole was the corresponding sulfoxide. The presence of a para-amino group increased binding to the enzyme and changed the reduction mechanism from oxygen transfer to electron transfer. The major oxidation product of p-(dimethylamino)thioanisole was identified as p-(methylamino)thioanisole; an equivalent amount of formaldehyde was produced. Increasing the size of the alkyl group attached to sulfur decreased the ability of the sulfide to act as a peroxidase reductant. The maximal turnover for reduction by p-methoxyphenylalkyl sulfides decreased 10-fold on substitution of isopropyl for ethyl. Chiral derivatives of benzo[b]thiophenes demonstrated differences in the ability of the two enantiomers to support reduction. Introduction of a carboxylic acid moiety anywhere in the molecule decreased the maximal turnover for reduction. Esterification of the carboxylate doubled the extent of reduction relative to the free acid. The results are used to develop models for the interaction of sulfides with Compound I of PGH synthase.
13 When Group Identities Matter

Abstract Performance appraisals are a critical part of organizational life, and bias in appraisals is consistently mentioned as a barrier to advancement for diverse workers. This chapter reviews the literature on rater bias in performance appraisals, defined as effects on performance ratings due to ratee category membership. We focus on the major theoretical frameworks (e.g., stereotype fit and relational demography) used in the study of bias, organizing the research findings by the four most commonly studied demographic categories: gender, race, age, and disability. The review allows better understanding of the gaps in our knowledge and identifies needed future research directions in this literature stream. We conclude the chapter with several concerns including a lack of empirical research testing propositions concerning the effect of organizational variables on bias.
Study of the reduction of UO2 by magnesium or calcium dissolved in molten chlorides

The reduction of solid UO2 to uranium by magnesium or calcium dissolved in their molten chlorides has been studied. The rate of reduction per unit area of UO2 surface, at constant temperature and concentration of reductant in the molten chloride, was found to increase with time to a constant value. The rate of reduction per unit area was observed to be proportional to the concentration of reductant in the molten salt. The small increase observed in the reaction rate over the temperature range 750° to 850°C, suggests that the reduction is controlled by transport of the reductant to the reaction site. Solidified salt, containing UO2 pellets which had been partially reduced, was sectioned, polished, and examined microscopically. The products of the reduction reaction form concentric layers around the UO2 pellets. Layers of metallic uranium and oxide containing small amounts of dispersed salt alternated with layers of salt containing small amounts of metallic uranium and oxide. The layers ruptured, presumably because the volume of the products, uranium and oxide, is greater than the volume of the UO2. Therefore, an impervious layer did not form on the oxide surface to inhibit the reduction reaction.
Deflection of CsF molecules by resonant inhomogeneous electric fields

An experiment that tests a novel method for deflecting molecular beams using inhomogeneous resonance fields is described. The idea is easily understood in classical terms. Imagine that the rotating electric dipole moment of a polar diatomic molecule is placed in an electric field. In a static field the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}$ interaction averages to zero due to the rotation of the molecule. If, however, the field rotates at the same frequency as the molecule, the field and molecule remain aligned and the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}$ interaction does not average to zero. If the field is spatially inhomogeneous, then there is a net force $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nabla}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}})$ on the molecule. This force can be used in making a molecular beam deflector. Resonance deflection of molecules in the $J=0 \mathrm{and} 1$ rotational states of a molecular beam of CsF has been observed. The deflection is produced by passing a collimated molecular beam of CsF through the center of a T${\mathrm{E}}_{111}$ microwave cavity which is oscillating at the $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ transition frequency, 11.019 GHz. The deflection of the $J=0 \mathrm{and} 1$ molecules can be detected as a decrease in the undeflected on-axis beam or as an increase in the off-axis beam. The theory of the effect as well as potential applications are also discussed.
Obstetric attending physician characteristics and their impact on vacuum and forceps delivery rates: University of California at San Francisco experience from 1977 to 1999 ☆

Abstract Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the impact of obstetric attending physician characteristics (eg, region of previous residency training, sex, year of graduation from residency) on the rates of vacuum and forceps delivery at our institution. Study Design: The analysis was based on 19,897 vaginal deliveries that were performed by 171 attending physicians and 160 resident physicians between 1977 and 1999 at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center. Z -tests and multivariate logistic regression were performed on a perinatal database that contained standard obstetric variables. Results: Male attending physicians had a higher percentage of forceps deliveries compared with female attending physicians (11.1% vs 6.6%; P P P P P >.06) in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Factors such as the sex of the obstetric attending physician, the sex of the resident, and the year of graduation from residency for the obstetric attending physician did not have a significant impact on the forceps or vacuum delivery rates (all P >.05). Conclusion: Our study is the first to report that the apparent gender differences in forceps and vacuum delivery rates among obstetric attending physicians was due to the year in which the procedure was performed and not due to sex per se. We also found that the region of previous residency training for the obstetric attending physician significantly influenced the vacuum delivery rate. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1299-303.)
Adsorption of Natural Lung Surfactant and Phospholipid Extracts Related to Tubular Myelin Formation

ABSTRACT. The microstructure of aqueous dispersions of pulmonary surfactant lipids extracted from bovine lung lavage was investigated by electron microscopic analysis. Following organic solvent extraction (chloroform/methanol) from natural lung surfactant, the mixed lipids (CLL), with 1% residual protein, were dispersed in water by two techniques, probe sonication at 4° C and mechanical vortexing. Surface pressure-time adsorption isotherms were defined for the CLL dispersions, followed by staining with tannic acid, uranyl acetate, and lead citrate for electron microscopy of microstructure. CLL extract dispersions adsorbed in seconds to surface pressures near 45 dynes/cm (surface tension 25 dynes/cm) at low concentrations<0.25 mg/ml after dispersion by sonication of 4° C and by mechanical vortexing. Ultrastructurally, the CLL dispersions were somewhat heterogeneous, but large thin-walled phospholipid vesicles, both intact and fragmented, predominated. No tubular myelin was formed. By contrast, natural lung surfactant (LS) from bronchoalveolar lavage had characteristic regions of tubular myelin when it adsorbed well at low concentrations (≤ 0.25 mg phospholipid/ml). When divalent cations were removed from solution with 5 mM EDTA, this distinctive microstructure was not present and natural LS adsorbed less rapidly; higher concentrations of 0.63 mg phospholipid/ml were necessary for maximal adsorption of natural LS without tubular myelin. These results suggest that while tubular myelin is associated with optimal adsorption for natural LS, it is not a required configuration for rapid adsorption facility at low phospholipid concentrations in general. Specifically, for dispersions of surfactant extracts, other microstructures allow adsorption facility equivalent to that of natural LS with tubular myelin.
Cdk5, a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the leading cause for senile dementia affecting more than 4 million people worldwide. AD patients display a triad of pathological features including brain atrophy caused by neuronal loss, β-amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles. We previously show that Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is deregulated in AD brains and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. In AD brains, a calpain cleavage product of its physiological regulator p35, p25 is elevated. p25 causes prolonged activation of Cdk5 and alteration of its substrate specificity. The implications of p25/Cdk5 in neurotoxicity, β-amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology will be discussed.
Pyridines via solid-supported [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization

The formation of pyridines via a crossed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition has been achieved on a solid-support for the first time.
Expression of c-fos and fos-B proteins following transient forebrain ischemia: effect of hypothermia.

Abstract Immediate early genes are induced by transient global ischemia. Using immunohistochemistry we studied the effect of intraischemic hypothermia (30°C) on the expression of c- fos and fos-B proteins following 10 min forebrain ischemia in the gerbil. Postischemia (PI) periods of 1 hour (h), 6 h, 1 day (d) and 2 d and nonischemic controls were examined in normothermic and hypothermic brains. In normothermic ischemic brains, marked expression of c- fos occurred in the dentate gyrus after 1 h PI which extended to CA2-4 regions by 6 h. Hypothermia hastened the time course of c- fos expression as it was expressed simultaneously in the dentate gyrus as well as CA2-4 regions after only 1 h, and by 6 h the expression remained only in the CA2-4 regions and not the dentate gyrus in hypothermic ischemic brains. There was no difference in its expression between normothermic and hypothermic brains in the 1 d and 2 d PI animals. Somewhat similar changes were noted in fos-B expression. In normothermic ischemic brains fos-B was induced in the dentate gyrus by 1 h PI, and by 6 h it extended to involve CA1-4 cells. The hypothermic ischemic brains showed faster induction of fos-B so that the dentate gyrus as well as CA1-4 regions were immunopositive at 1 h PI. There was no difference in its expression between normothermic and hypothermic brains in thesubsequent PI periods of 6 h, 1 d and 2 d. The shift towards faster sequential induction of these genes by hypothermia in ischemic brains may be indicative of preservation of or faster recovery of mechanisms involved in intracellular signalling.
Factors affecting the turnover of cerebral glycogen and limit dextrin in vivo.

The turnover of cerebral glycogen in mice has been investigated by using [U-14C]glucose as a precursor. The time required for turnover of total glycogen and limit dextrin has been determined in normal animals and animals given phenobarbital or hydrocortisone. In all 3 groups, the turnover time for limit dextrin was twice that of total glycogen. Phenobarbital increased the time for turnover of total glycogen and limit dextrin approximately 2-fold, whereas hydrocortisone diminished the turnover time of both fractions to one-half. The accumulation of glycogen during phenobarbital anesthesia (2·5-fold) is attributed to the decrease in rate of phosphorolysis rather than elevated glycogenesis. The ratio of phosphorylase a to total phosphorylase was significantly decreased in the brains of phenobarbital-treated mice, while the ratio of glycogen synthetase I to total synthetase activity was not affected. The administration of hydrocortisone had no effect on either the phosphorylase or synthetase of mouse brain. A mathematical model was devised to determine the rate constants for incorporation of labelled glucose into brain glycogen and the subsequent loss of radioactivity. Metabolite levels and enzyme activities have been correlated with the observed changes in glycogen turnover.
Active tracking and dynamic dose delivery for robotic couch in radiation therapy

Precise and accurate dose delivery is critically important in external beam radiation therapy. In many cases target-volumes are stationary, but the problem arises when the tumors move significantly due to cardiac and respiratory motions. This is a case for tumors in lung, esophagus, pancreas, liver, prostate, breast, and other organs in thoracic and abdominal regions. In the article we have described the Active Tracking and Dynamic Dose Delivery (ATDD) technique for real-time tumor motion compensation. In this approach, the robotic treatment table moves while delivering the radiation beam and compensates for breathing-induced tumor motion. Many parameters of the control system, such as patient mass or breathing pattern, are initially uncertain and may vary during the treatment. To solve these problems, feedforward adaptive control was adopted to minimize irradiation to healthy tissue and spare critical organs while ensuring prescribed radiation dose coverage to the target-volume.
Injections in Aesthetic Medicine: Atlas of Full-face and Full-body Treatment

Mario Goisis, ed. Injections in Aesthetic Medicine: Atlas of Full-face and Full-body Treatment . New York, NY: Springer, 2014. ISBN-10: 8847053609, ISBN-13: 978-8847053601, $189.00. ![Graphic][1] Injections in Aesthetic Medicine: Atlas of Full-face and Full-body Treatment , edited by Mario Goisis from Milan, Italy, is a textbook that describes many aesthetic-injection techniques, including injections of the neck and decolletage, arm, hand, breast, calf, and tear trough, as well as injections for scar revision. This book describes the aesthetic injection techniques in the treatment of the face and body. The authors are Italian maxillo-facial surgeons, ophthalmologists, and aesthetic physicians. The book is divided into chapters based on different facial and body areas. Each area starts with an anatomy review, pitfalls, and techniques. Indications, contraindications, operating time, materials, and complications are described. There are many photographs and anatomic drawings. There are no … Corresponding Author: Ronald Moy, MD, 421 North Rodeo Drive, Beverly Hills, CA, 90210, USA. E-mail: ronmoymd{at}gmail.com [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Variation of Yeast Ribosomes with Nutritional State

Ultracentrifugal and electron microscopic data are presented on ribosomes from cells of baker's yeast which were cultured in nutrient and starving media. The sedimentation patterns show that the gamma - or 65S-peak is present only in the growing ribosomes. Some of the ribosomes were irradiated with x rays in an attempt to split some of the components; little or no change occurred in the sedimentation constants. The results are discussed with respect to the theory of ribosomes being the synthetic site for cellular proteins and to the role of the 65S yeast ribosome, and comparative structures and sedimentation rates are given for ribosomes of E. coli and yeast. (D.J.C.)
MSW Students' Experience with Termination: Implications and Suggestions for Classroom and Field Instruction

Social work students' experiences with termination are rarely explored. This paper discusses the results of a survey of 54 MSW interns regarding termination and, in particular, premature termination resulting from placement completion. Twenty‐four percent of respondents experienced natural terminations, 35% experienced client‐initiated ones, and 93% experienced forced terminations resulting from internship completion. Students felt termination was well‐covered in practice classes, less so in supervision, and felt moderately prepared for the process. Nevertheless, students found terminations significantly harder than their sense of preparation would indicate, and recommend earlier, more comprehensive training in classroom and field settings to support them and their clients.
Refractive errors and ocular motility disorders in preterm babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity

Ocular motility, refraction and visual acuity (VA) were evaluated at the age of 4 years in 136 preterm infants with gestational ages (GAs) at birth of less than 32 weeks. Group 1 (non-retinopathy of prematurity, ROP) included 87 children that had never developed ROP. Group 2 contained 19 children whose ROP had regressed spontaneously. Group 3 (cryo-ROP) was composed of 30 patients who had undergone cryotherapy for severe ROP. Strabismus was found in 13.9% of the total population. chi(2) analysis revealed that strabismus was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with prematurity (i.e. GA <29 weeks), ROP and cryotherapy. Myopia of more than 3 dpt was significantly (p < 0.001) more common in the cryo-ROP infants than in the regressed-ROP and non-ROP groups. The distribution of hypermetropia was similar in all three groups. VA was measured with the E chart. Of the 272 eyes examined, 251 (92.3%) displayed VA of more than 20/25. The majority of these eyes were from the non-ROP group (65.4%), 15.3% had regressed ROP and 21.1% belonged to the cryo-ROP group. Fifteen eyes (8 non-ROP, 3 regressed ROP and 4 cryo-ROP) presented VAs between 20/25 and 20/60. VA of less then 20/60 was found in 6 eyes (2 non-ROP, 1 regressed ROP, 3 cryo-ROP). Cryotherapy did not appear to preclude the development of good VA.
Membrane systems of avian hepatocytes during chronic exposure to dantrolene sodium: A morphometric, ultrastructural and histochemical study

Abstract Dantrolene sodium, administered orally (about 100 mg/kg, twice daily), produces reversible alterations in pigeon hepatocyte morphology. The drug initially causes weight loss, and discoloration and enlargement of the liver. After about 4 weeks of treatment, weight loss subsides and stabilizes. The pigeons can survive this prolonged drug treatment (26 weeks in this study) after this period. Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes associated with this drug include loss of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), formation of large smooth membrane whorls, and decrease in mitochondrial and increase in lipid volume percentages (as measured morphometrically). Mitochondrial volume percentage decreases by a half after 4 weeks of treatment and remains at this level at 8 and 12 weeks. Increase in lipid is greatest at 4 weeks, and tapers off at 8 and 12 weeks, although remaining significantly above control levels. The morphometric information is related to histochemical succinic dehydrogenase activity. Hepatocytes from treated birds show less SDH activity than controls, suggesting lower mitochondrial activity. The Ca-ATPase activity associated with bile canaliculi in control cells is absent in treated cells. Membrane material accumulated in the whorls of the treated cells is substantial, many of the whorls having diameters as large or larger than the nucleus. On cessation of drug treatment, hepatocytes from dantrolene-treated birds regain a more normal morphology. RER is not produced by ribosomes attaching to membrane whorl material, since the whorls disappear prior to RER proliferation. Hepatocytes are normal in appearance and histochemical properties after 2–4 weeks of recuperation.
Water solubilized single-walled carbon nanotubes from stirring reaction

Abstract Reacting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with solid potassium hydroxide (KOH) by a simple stirring method at room temperature can effectively functionalize SWNTs surfaces with hydroxyl groups, and thus produce stable solubilized aqueous and organic SWNTs solutions. Moreover, the resulting SWNTs' electronic properties are not significantly affected as concluded from the low intensity of the D band from the Raman data and the preservation of the peaks in the UV–vis spectra. Although mid-IR data indicated that refluxing and sonicating SWNTs in KOH solution can functionalize the surfaces of the SWNTs with hydroxyl groups, the degree of functionalization does not facilitate aqueous solubility. Preferential reactivity for metallic SWNTs of 1.50 nm and 1.44 nm diameters were observed when the nanotubes were stirred and for metallic SWNTs of 1.75 nm and 1.57 nm diameters when the nanotubes were refluxed. It may also be considered that sonication of SWNTs in KOH solution is not a uniform reaction method since it produces SWNTs of various degree of hydroxyl functionalized tubes.