cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple analysis of the error probability of two-point based sampling

The two-point based sampling technique was introduced by Chor and Goldreich with the purpose of reducing the amount of randomness needed in randomized algorithms. It has since found numerous applications in theoretical computer science. In this note, we point out a connection between two-point based sampling and the combinatorial structures known as orthogonal arrays. We also present an elementary combinatorial analysis of two-point based sampling, which leads to an improved bound on the error probability.
Studies of the life‐cycle of Tetramitus rostratus Perty

The flagellate, Tetramitus rostratus Perty, appeared in cultures of certain amoebae obtained from the coecum of rats. In a typical life-cycle a cyst, planted in an appropriate medium, gives rise to an amoeba which may divide a number of times, but eventually some of the amoebae transform into flagellates identical with Tetramitus rostratus. These divide frequently through several days, sometimes for weeks or months, and then transform back to amoebae which become encysted. During excystment the smooth cyst wall dissolves. Usually both the amoeboid and flagellate phases pass into a “gel” state during division. A “gel” state sometimes occurs during transformation. The time required for transformations varies from a few minutes to several hours. Many culture media and methods have been tested. In certain cultures the flagellate phase was prolonged for weeks or months. These cultures were characterized by: 1) great variation in size, from minute “dwarfs” to oversized “monsters”; 2) frequent multiple fission; 3) pairing and fusion, and, 4) some evidence for the origin of secondary nuclei from chromidia. In cases of pairing and fusion, the process of maturation and union of nuclei could not be definitely proved, although suggested by the observations. The flagellate phase is more probably the “adult” phase because of its complex organization and possible sexual phenomena. This case is considered an extreme for this type amoeba-flagellate transformation.
62 THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CHILDHOOD ILLNESS ON THE MOTHER'S PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT

There are conflicting data regarding the impact of chronic childhood illness on the family unit in general and more particularly on the mother's psychological adjustment (MPA). In spite of evidence that the burden of care of the child falls predominantly on the mother, there are few analyses of the effects of the child's illness on mother's mental health using sound measures. Data from a study of 219 inner-city children with chronic illness indicate that there is no relation (tau-b=.01) between the burden of the child's condition as reported by the provider and MPA. There is, however, a significant (p<.001) but modest association (tau-b=.21) between the child's functional status and MPA. Additionally the effects of the child's condition are minimized by the presence of various social and demographic characteristics including health insurance, social supports, absence of other stressors, and the presence of more than one adult in the home. The absence of these positive characteristics appears to exacerbate the situation and produce significant and moderately severe mental health deficits for the mother (as high as tau-b=.46). Such analyses can be helpful to clinicians interested in identifying characteristics of families which predict the need for further intervention to maximize the functioning of individual family members and minimize secondary sequalae of chronic illness. The results also suggest kinds of interventions which may be helpful.
Acceptance diagram calculations of the performance of neutron removal mirrors

Abstract We have used the method of acceptance diagrams to compute the performance of low energy neutron removal mirrors, or “deflectors”, placed within a parallel neutron guide. Such devices are typically used to remove long wavelength neutrons from cold neutron beams. With appropriate coatings they may also be used as low energy neutron polarizers, ideally transmitting one spin state and reflecting the other spin state out of the beam. Within the small angle approximation, ignoring absorption, and representing reflectivities using unit step functions (either 0% or 100%, depending on the angle of incidence and the critical angle), the transmission probability reduces to a function of 3 ratios among 4 angles: the inclination angle of the deflector and the critical angles (which are proportional to neutron wavelength) of the upstream entrance guide, the deflector, and the guide within which the deflector is placed. The results of the acceptance diagram calculations, and of complementary ray-tracing calculations using realistic reflectivity profiles for the deflector, should benefit scientists and engineers involved in the design of neutron scattering instruments that potentially incorporate neutron deflectors.
Dual Role of Gene D5 in the Development of Bacteriophage T5

THREE distinct classes of phage-specific proteins—“pre-early”, “early” and “late”—are synthesised in a temporal sequence after infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T51 (Fig. 2a). The synthesis of pre-early proteins begins within the first minute after infection and is shut off 8–10 min later1,2. The beginning of synthesis of early proteins is delayed until about 6 min after infection. This delay is mechanical, and is a result of the transfer of phage DNA to the host cell in two steps1,3. The rate of synthesis of early proteins decreases considerably after 20 to 25 min of infection, but synthesis does continue through the late period at diminishing rates. We have observed that the rate of synthesis of most early proteins is diminished normally even when the turn-on of synthesis of late proteins is defective4. This observation suggested to us the presence of a negative control mechanism for the ‘shut-off’ of synthesis of early proteins, rather than a passive shut-off, such as a competition between early and late transcripts for the translational system of the infected cell. We have identified a gene the product of which is required for the shut-off of synthesis of phage specific early proteins, but which is also required for the replication of phage DNA.
Stability of quantum dots in live cells

Quantum dots are highly fluorescent and photostable, making them excellent tools for imaging. When using these quantum dots in cells and animals, however, intracellular biothiols (such as glutathione and cysteine) can degrade the quantum dot monolayer, compromising function. Here, we describe a label-free method to quantify the intracellular stability of monolayers on quantum dot surfaces that couples laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using this new approach we have demonstrated that quantum dot monolayer stability is correlated with both quantum dot particle size and monolayer structure, with appropriate choice of both particle size and ligand structure required for intracellular stability.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGING RATE AND I: E RATIO USING DIFFERENT HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATORS

Eighteen healthy cats were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated with either the IDC VS600 or Bunnell Lifepulse (BLP). Mean airway pressure (Paw) and rates were constant as I:E increased from 1:8 to 1:1. Next, Paw and I:E were constant as rates increased from 100-600 bpm. The two machines behaved similarly in terms of I:E and quite differently in terms of rate. As I:E increased, both ventilators maintained normal pH and PCO2 values until 1:2, then hypercarbia and acidemia developed. As rates increased, the VS600 maintained normal pH and PCO2 values until 250 bpm; the BLP did so until 600 bpm. Above these rates, hypercarbia and acidemia developed. At all rates and I:E ratios, AaDO2 were higher with the BLP; Paw was higher with the VS600, but not significantly so. Conclusions: 1) The VS600 produced better arterial oxygenation and somewhat higher Paw. 2) The BLP produced better ventilation over a wider range of rates. 3) Different high frequency jet ventilators perform differently. The conclusions from the studies of one system cannot, and should not, be applied to any other.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Environmental Impact, Biochemical and Toxic Responses, and Implications for Risk Assessment

AbstractCommercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and environmental extracts contain complex mixtures of congeners that can be unequivocally identified and quantitated. Some PCB mixtures elicit a spectrum of biochemical and toxic responses in humans and laboratory animals and many of these effects resemble those caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, which act through the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-receptor signal transduction pathway. Structure-activity relationships developed for PCB congeners and metabolites have demonstrated that several structural classes of compounds exhibit diverse biochemical and toxic responses. Structure-toxicity studies suggest that the coplanar PCBs, namely, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (tetraCB), 3,3',4,4',5-pentaCB, 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexaCB, and their monoortho analogs are Ah-receptor agonists and contribute significantly to the toxicity of the PCB mixtures. Previous studies with TCDD and structurally related compounds ...
Toward an integrated theory of multinational evolution: The evidence of Chinese multinational enterprises as latecomers

Abstract This paper seeks to address the fundamental question of how much we can modify and enhance the ownership–location–internalization (OLI) Model of multinational enterprise (MNE) formation to reflect the new evidence of MNE latecomers from the developing countries. The evidence of three longitudinal cases from China suggests that the traditional OLI and the newly proposed linkage–leverage–learning (LLL) Model of MNE formation can be readily integrated within a content-process framework of MNE evolution so as to better explain all types of MNE from both the developed and the developing countries.
Managing Owner’s Risk of Contractor Default

The objective of the study presented in this paper is to provide owners with a decision-making mechanism that will free them from automatically taking the typical “transfer the risk to a surety” option and will allow them to make intelligent and economical decisions that include retaining or avoiding the risk of contractor default. The methodology involves using artificial neural network (ANN) and a genetic algorithm (GA) training strategies to predict the risk of contractor default. Prediction rates of 75 and 88% were obtained with the ANN and GA training strategies, respectively. The model is of relevance to owners because once the likelihood of contractor default is predicted and the owner’s risk behavior is established, the owner can make a decision to retain, transfer, or avoid the risk of contractor default. It is of relevance to surety companies too as it may speed up the process of bonding and of reaching more reliable and objective bond/not bond decisions. The comparative use of the ANN and GA tr...
Market-based transmission expansion planning

This paper presents a market-based transmission expansion planning model and compares it with a traditional reliability-based transmission planning model. Reliability-based transmission planning tries to install new lines at minimal cost while fulfilling system reliability criteria. Market-based transmission planning, on the other hand, seeks investment opportunities so that network expansions can generate more economic benefits than the costs. Benders decomposition technique is employed in both methods, and their master problems and slave problems are compared, respectively. The two models are applied on a five-bus system and a thirty-bus system. The results show that the market-based transmission planning method is better in terms of relieving system congestions, enhancing market efficiency and reducing load payments. The scalability of the market-based transmission planning algorithm is also discussed in this paper.
SKS splitting beneath Alaska: Regional variability and implications for subduction processes at a slab edge

Abstract Many aspects of subduction zone geodynamics remain poorly understood, including the pattern of flow in the mantle surrounding subducting slabs. Because of the relationship between deformation and seismic anisotropy, measurements of shear wave splitting in subduction zones can shed light on this pattern of flow. While observations of splitting in subduction zones are numerous and robust, the source and geodynamical implications of the anisotropy remain imperfectly constrained. The Alaska subduction zone, associated with the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath North America, is a particularly complex tectonic setting. Dramatic lateral variations in slab morphology, seismicity, and volcanic character are present beneath the region, and previous splitting observations and modeling studies have suggested the possibility of significant along-strike mantle flow in the region. Here we present SKS splitting measurements from more than 50 stations of the permanent broadband AK network located throughout Alaska. Splitting patterns show significant regional variability, but proximate stations often exhibit similar splitting behavior. Stations in southern Alaska exhibit nearly trench-normal fast directions, while in southeasternmost Alaska fast directions trend parallel to the plate boundary. A group of stations in the eastern part of the array exhibit predominantly null splitting, while stations to the northwest of this group tend to exhibit ~ 1 s or more of splitting with fast directions that are roughly NE–SW. Stations east of the Kenai Peninsula region exhibit complicated splitting patterns that suggest complex anisotropy. We discuss a number of potential factors that may contribute to the complexity in splitting patterns observed in Alaska, including frozen anisotropic structure in the overriding plate lithosphere, asthenospheric shear due to absolute plate motion, trench-parallel flow in the mantle wedge, two-dimensional entrained flow beneath the slab, and mantle upwelling at the slab edge.
Young Adult Respondent Experiences of Disclosing Self-Injury, Suicide-Related Behavior, and Psychological Distress in a Web-Based Survey

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of questions regarding self-injury, suicide, and psychological distress in a web-based survey on respondents, particularly those with relevant personal histories. Drawn from a random 8-college sample, 14,372 students completed the survey. Adjusted odds ratios were used to model the likelihood of responses based on respondent characteristics. The constant comparative method identified salient themes in qualitative data. Few individuals (2.7%) reported negative survey experiences. Individuals with relevant personal experience reported greater discomfort with the survey yet were also significantly more likely to report that it caused them to think more deeply about their lives. Surveys may be beneficial in promoting self-reflection, particularly among individuals with relevant experience.
Dendrimers as reactive modules for the synthesis of new structure-controlled, higher-complexity megamers*

Dendrimers are macromolecular, nanoscale objects that are widely recognized as precise, mathematically defined, covalent core-shell assemblies. As such, they are composed of quantized numbers of atoms, monomers, and terminal functional groups relative to the respective shell levels (generations) surrounding their cores. Dendrimers have been referred to as molecular-level analogs of atoms. This perspective arises from their potential to func- tion as precise macromolecular tectons (modules), suitable for the synthesis of structure-con- trolled complexity beyond dendrimers. We have termed this major new class of generic struc- tures "megamers". Our group has now synthesized such "megamer complexity" in the form of both covalent and supra-macromolecular dendri-catenanes, dendri-macrocycles, dendri- clefts, and dendri-clusters. The covalent dendri-cluster subset of megamers has been coined "core-shell tecto(dendrimers)". New mathematically defined, covalent bonding rules for tecto(dendrimer) formation are consistent with sterically induced stoichiometry (SIS) pre- dictions and have been verified experimentally.
Seasonal Changes in Reflectance and Standing Crop Biomass in Three Salt Marsh Communities

Reflectance of red (656-705 nm) and infrared (776-826 nm) solar radiation and standing crop biomass were measured in three salt marsh communities at intervals of approximately 2 weeks between February and August 1974. Red reflectance declined at the onset of greening in each community and was correlated with standing crop of green biomass. Infrared reflectance increased substantially in the shrub community but less in the grass and sedge communities. The inverse of red reflectance was found to be a reliable predictor of green biomass in sedge and grass communities, but not in a shrub community.
Control of Vortex-Induced Oscillations in a Model Solid Rocket Motor: Flow Characterization and Secondary-Injection Experiments

Abstract : Vortex-driven instability in a solid rocket motor and its active control via secondary injection were studied in a cold-flow experimental model. All tests were conducted in an 86-cm-long, 5- cm-square airflow chamber. Twin orifice plates at the center of the chamber produced a 21 5-Hz vortex-driven pressure instability with 2% peak-to-peak oscillations near the first longitudinal chamber mode. Hot-wire anemometer data at the vortex shedding frequency indicate that the organized structures occur between the two orifice plates located at the center of the chamber and not between the orifice pair and the exit nozzle. Exploratory secondary-injection active control experiments were performed by pulsing a fast-acting solenoid valve at the upstream end of the chamber. The chamber pressure response (without orifice plates) to the pulsating secondary injection was characterized for various flow rates at frequencies of 100 and 150 Hz. Pressure perturbations of sufficient magnitude (1-5% peak-to-peak)to counter the vortex-driven instabilities were demonstrated. An active control scheme utilizing the present secondary-injection hardware will be the subject of future studies.
On the utility of the SCL-90-R with low-back pain patients.

The SCL-90-R has become an increasingly popular measure of maladjustment. Its use beyond simply screening chronic low-back pain (CLBP) patients has been criticized, however, in part, because it appears to be a single-factor instrument. In fact, its nine major scales do share only one important common factor, i.e., general psychological discomfort. The scale most applicable to CLBP, however, somatization (SOM), has sufficient specific variance that it does not simply measure discomfort and predicts several other measures better than the SCL-90-Rs more reliable composite measure (GSI). Using SOM in conjunction with the GSI to separate psychological from physical discomfort is therefore both clinically and psychometrically appropriate. Other objections to the test are critically evaluated. The potential clinical relevance of the SCL-90-R is discussed.
Sexually inexperienced Caribbean youth: correlates of delayed sexual debut.

Conclusion: Religiosity emerged as a prominent correlate in the selection of reasons for delaying coitus with the strength of associations increasing with age. For many adolescent males sexual inexperience may not reflect a decision to abstain but rather a lack of opportunity to have sex. However for adolescents who were connected to their families liked school and attended religious services lack of opportunity to have sex was not a prominent reason for delaying first intercourse. (excerpt)
Data-driven interdisciplinary interventions to improve inpatient pain management.

Pain during hospitalization and dissatisfaction with pain management are common. This project consisted of 4 phases: identifying a pain numeric rating scale (NRS) metric associated with patient satisfaction, identifying independent predictors of maximum NRS, implementing interventions, and evaluating trends in NRS and satisfaction. Maximum NRS was inversely associated with favorable pain satisfaction for both efficacy (n = 4062, χ2 = 66.2, P < .001) and staff efforts (n = 4067, χ2 = 30.3, P < .001). Independent predictors of moderate-to-severe maximum NRS were younger age, female sex, longer hospital stay, admitting department, psychoactive medications, and 10 diagnostic codes. After interventions, moderate-to-severe maximum NRS declined by 3.6% per quarter in 2010 compared with 2009. Satisfaction data demonstrated improvements in nursing units meeting goals (5.3% per quarter, r2 = 0.67) and favorable satisfaction answers (0.36% per quarter, r2 = 0.31). Moderate-to-severe maximum NRS was an independent pr...
Static noise analysis with noise windows

As processing technology scales down to the nanometer regime, capacitive crosstalk is having an increasingly adverse effect on circuit functionality, leading to increasing number of chip failures. In this paper, we propose mapping the static crosstalk functional noise problem into the well understood static timing problem. The key differences between static noise and static timing analyses, namely the injection of noise, accurate noise window propagation and register sensitive window computation are the contributions of this work. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in two industrial designs by achieving 5X reduction in functional noise failures over noise propagation without considering timing of the composite noise pulse envelope, and 30X reduction in functional noise failures over net based noise failure metrics.
Changing trends in breast fine-needle aspiration: results of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Survey.

Following the NCI-sponsored consensus conference on fine-needle aspiration of the breast, the Criteria and Nomenclature Task Force of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology undertook a survey to assess the status of these issues and recommendations among practicing cytopathologists. The survey was designed to assess the impact of the changing trends in the diagnosis of breast lesions on cytopathology laboratories. It also intended to assess the impact of the recommendations of the consensus conference concerning the inclusion of a statement in breast FNA reports recommending the use of the triple test, the use of the proposed diagnostic terminology, and to evaluate criteria for specimen adequacy in breast FNAs used in different institutions. The results of this survey indicate the impact of an increasing use of core biopsies on the number of breast FNAs performed over the last several years. The recently recommended diagnostic terminology for breast FNA has quickly gained wide acceptance, as has the fundamental concept of the triple test. The issue of specimen adequacy, however, remains controversial, with some laboratories utilizing quantitative criteria, while the majority do not. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:126–130. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mission and Money: Understanding the University

Mission and Money goes beyond the common focus on elite universities and examines the entire higher education industry, including the rapidly growing for-profit schools. The sector includes research universities, four-year colleges, two-year schools, and non-degree-granting career academies. Many institutions pursue mission-related activities that are often unprofitable and engage in profitable revenue raising activities to finance them. This book contains a good deal of original research on schools' revenue sources from tuition, donations, research, patents, endowments, and other activities. It considers lobbying, distance education, and the world market, as well as advertising, branding, and reputation. The pursuit of revenue, while essential to achieve the mission of higher learning, is sometimes in conflict with that mission itself. The tension between mission and money is also highlighted in the chapter on the profitability of intercollegiate athletics. The concluding chapter investigates implications of the analysis for public policy.
Absolute photoluminescence quantum yield enhancement of poly(2-methoxy 5-[2'-ethylhexyloxy]-p-phenylenevinylene)

A twofold absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) enhancement of poly(2-methoxy 5-[2′-ethylhexyloxy]-p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) is demonstrated by simple preparation of films where the polymer is blended with the small organic molecule 7,8,10-triphenylfluoranthene (3PF). The photophysical investigation of this particular energy transfer process was carried out using steady state absorption/luminescence spectroscopy and optically detected magnetic resonance techniques. The enhanced PLQY is attributed to direct sensitization of the intrachain emitting state of MEH-PPV by energy transfer from 3PF.
Evaluation of indeterminate bile duct strictures by intraductal US.

Abstract Background: Cholangiography and tissue sampling (brush cytology, biopsy) are the standard nonsurgical techniques for determining whether a bile duct stricture is benign or malignant. The aim of this study was to determine whether intraductal US is of assistance in distinguishing benign from malignant biliary strictures. Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken of 30 patients with indeterminate bile duct strictures who underwent ERCP and tissue sampling from September 1999 to November 2000. A 20 MHz over-the-guidewire intraductal US catheter probe was used during ERCP for further examination of the strictures. Final diagnoses of malignant strictures (18 patients) were confirmed histopathologically; confirmation of benign stricture (12 patients) was based on negative tissue sampling plus extended clinical follow-up. Results: Based on retrospective blinded review, the diagnosis by ERCP was correct in 67% of patients, by tissue sampling in 68%, by combined ERCP/tissue sampling in 67%, and by intraductal US in 90% ( p = 0.04 vs. ERCP/tissue sampling) of cases. No complication of intraductal US or ERCP was recorded. Conclusions: Intraductal US is safe and can improve on the ability at ERCP to distinguish benign from malignant biliary strictures. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:372-9.)
First steps towards SAT-based formal analog verification

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) based methods have traditionally been popular for formally verifying properties for digital circuits. We present a novel methodology for formulating a SPICE-type circuit simulation problem as a satisfiability problem. We start with a circuit level netlist, capture the non-linear behavior of the circuits at the transistor level via conservative approximations and transform the simulation problem into a search problem that can be exhaustively explored via a SAT solver. Thus, for DC as well as fixed time-step based transient and periodic steady state (PSS) simulation formulations, the solutions produced by the solver are formal in nature. We also present algorithms for abstraction refinement and smart interval generation to improve the computational efficiency of our proposed solution scheme. We have implemented our ideas into a tool called fSpice which is the first attempt at building a formal SPICE engine. We demonstrate the applicability of our ideas by showing experimental results using pruned versions of real designs that faced challenges during chip tape-out. Categories and Subject Descriptors I.6.5 [Simulation and Modeling]: Model Development General Terms Algorithms, Design
Estimation of Interference-Free Transmit Power for Opportunistic Spectrum Access

We consider a scenario in which frequency agile radios opportunistically share a fixed spectrum resource with a set of primary nodes. We develop a collaborative scheme for frequency agile radios to estimate the maximum power at which they can transmit, without causing harmful interference to the primary receivers. The proposed scheme relies on signal strength measurements, which are used to localize primary transmitters. An approximation to the maximum interference-free transmit power is derived using the Cramer-Rao lower bound on localization accuracy. We present numerical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under a variety of scenarios.
Surgical, oncologic, and cosmetic differences between oncoplastic and nononcoplastic breast conserving surgery in breast cancer patients.

Abstract Background There is a lack of information regarding the safety, complication rate, and cosmetic outcome of oncoplastic breast conserving surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare oncoplastic and nononcoplastic procedures. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients treated with oncoplastic or nononcoplastic lumpectomies. Immediate and long-term complication rates and cosmetic satisfaction were compared. Results Of the 142 surgeries, 58 were oncoplastic lumpectomies (40.8%). Oncoplastic patients were younger than nononcoplastic patients (60.9 vs 65.2 years, P = .043). Immediate complications were similar with the exception of nonhealing wounds (oncoplastic = 8.6% vs nononcoplastic=1.2%, P = .042). Cosmetic complaints were similar, but fat necrosis was more common in the oncoplastic group (25.9% vs 9.5%, P = .009). Time to radiation and number of future biopsies were similar between the groups. Conclusion Oncoplastic lumpectomy is a safe alternative to standard lumpectomy for selected breast cancer patients.
The Draco Approach to Constructing Software from Reusable Components

This paper discusses an approach called Draco to the construction of software systems from reusable software parts. In particular we are concerned with the reuse of analysis and design information in addition to programming language code. The goal of the work on Draco has been to increase the productivity of software specialists in the construction of similar systems. The particular approach we have taken is to organize reusable software components by problem area or domain. Statements of programs in these specialized domains are then optimized by source-to-source program transformations and refined into other domains. The problems of maintaining the representational consistency of the developing program and producing efficient practical programs are discussed. Some examples from a prototype system are also given.
BIAS, PRECISION, AND ACCURACY OF FOUR MEASURES OF SPECIES RICHNESS

Species richness is a widely used surrogate for the more complex concept of biological diversity. Because species richness is often central to ecological study and the establishment of conservation priorities, the biases and merits of richness measurements demand evaluation. The jackknife and bootstrap estimators can be used to compensate for the underestimation associated with simple richness estimation (or the sum of species counted in a sample). Using data from five forest communities, we analyzed the simple measure of richness, the first- and second-order jackknife, and the bootstrap estimators with simulation and resampling methods to examine the effects of sample size on estimator performance. Performance parameters examined were systematic under- or overestimation (bias), ability to estimate consistently (precision), and ability to estimate true species richness (accuracy). For small sample sizes in all studied communities (less than ∼25% of the total community), the least biased estimator was the ...
Solving security games on graphs via marginal probabilities

Security games involving the allocation of multiple security resources to defend multiple targets generally have an exponential number of pure strategies for the defender. One method that has been successful in addressing this computational issue is to instead directly compute the marginal probabilities with which the individual resources are assigned (first pursued by Kiekintveld et al. (2009)). However, in sufficiently general settings, there exist games where these marginal solutions are not implementable, that is, they do not correspond to any mixed strategy of the defender. In this paper, we examine security games where the defender tries to monitor the vertices of a graph, and we show how the type of graph, the type of schedules, and the type of defender resources affect the applicability of this approach. In some settings, we show the approach is applicable and give a polynomial-time algorithm for computing an optimal defender strategy; in other settings, we give counterexample games that demonstrate that the approach does not work, and prove NP-hardness results for computing an optimal defender strategy.
SINGLE-STRAND DNA BREAKAGE AND REPAIR IN BLOOM'S SYNDROME CELLS

ABSTRACT The formation and repair of x-ray induced single-strand breaks in DNA was found to be the same in Bloom's syndrome and normal cells.
A HALF CENTURY LATER: A LOOK BACK AT CHANGES IN BRAZILIAN AND AMERICAN LEGAL EDUCATION

For several years between 1967 and 1973, a group of Brazilian jurists undertook a bold experiment in legal education through a newly created institution (CEPED). Its distinctive (non-academic) course departed radically from traditional law schools in both teaching methods and course content. Brazil’s rapid economic development influenced these innovations. Several Americans, including the author of this article, participated in that experiment, bringing comparative insights from American legal education to bear. CEPED’s innovations were drawn upon 30 years later when the Getulio Vargas Foundation created two law schools whose structure, classroom instruction, curriculum and research offered stark alternatives to the traditional system. This article concentrates on CEPED’s and these schools’ innovations, all in relation to Brazil’s political and economic development, while offering a comparative look at basic changes in American legal education during the same period. Note: ADVENTURE AND LEGACY IN LEGAL EDUCATION/ Editors Gabriel Lacerda, Joaquim Falcao & Tania Rangel (2012) p.299. (article also appears in Portuguese translation)
Repositioning drugs for systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and heterogeneous disease with few approved therapies. Drug development for SLE has been historically unsuccessful, with numerous failed clinical trials, and the approval of only a single new agent in the last sixty years. In efforts to introduce new therapies to the field, drug repurposing/repositioning, or the testing of drugs previously developed for one disease in a new disease, has emerged as a promising strategy. Indeed, most current lupus therapies have been “repurposed,” as many were developed for other indications such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or transplant rejection before their use in or approval for lupus. Still, the recent failure of biologics and small molecules approved for other indications in lupus clinical trials demonstrates the complexity of repurposing. At present, literature mining, crowdsourcing, and many computational approaches incorporating both genomics and genetics have been employed to identify candidates for drug repositioning in lupus. Ongoing clinical trials of biologics, small molecules, and alternative therapies are testing the effectiveness of these current approaches. In the future, novel repositioning efforts will continue to integrate data-driven and experiential strategies to facilitate candidate identification.
An Inverse Relationship Between Individual Size and Population Density in the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus

Adult cereal leaf beetles, Oulema melanopus (L.), were trapped daily as they emerged from pupation. Sizes were determined by measuring an elytron on each female. Population densities were estimated by counting eggs per season and trapping emerging adults. Average beetle size was inversely related to population density. At high densities late emerging beetles were smaller, indicating a reduction of food available for late-developing larvae.
Modeling of Jets in Cross Flow with RANS and LES Part I: Momentum Transport for Low R w/ RANS

ABSTRACT Four models (standard k-e, Realizable k-e, Reynolds stress, and Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models) along with the two near-wall treatments (nonequilibrium wall function, and enhanced wall treatment) of software were assesses for low to moderate jet momentum (velocity) ratios of interest in gas turbine combustors. A systematic study was taken to establish RANS capability to be followed by back-to-back assessment of LES/DES capabilities. INTRODUCTION
Sex Differences in Adults' Gifts and Children's Toy Requests at Christmas:

Parents of 47 preschool boys and girls kept diaries of their children's Christmas toy requests and gifts. While these children requested only 3.4 toys for Christmas, they received 11.6. Toys requested also increased with age, though toys received did not. Boys requested and received more vehicles than girls, while girls requested and received more domestic items than boys. Boys also received more spatial-temporal items than girls, and girls requested more dolls and musical items than boys.
Conducted EMI analysis and filter design for MHz active clamp flyback front-end converter

High frequency is the major catalyst for size reduction in the advancement of power conversion technology. It is essential to understand the EMI characteristic of high frequency converter since the EMI filter typically occupies one third of total system volume. This paper presents an insight view of CM/DM noise transformation in Flyback converter for low power adapter applications. The so-called mixed-mode noise is DM noise transformed from CM noise due to unbalanced impedance when the diode-bridge is off. The transformer shielding technique can effectively reduce the CM noise, and therefore it can significantly reduce the magnitude of CM transformed noise. A 65W (19V/3.3A) prototype of active clamp flyback front-end converter operating around 1MHz with GaN devices is developed to verify the analysis. A single stage EMI filter is designed accordingly with much smaller size compared with industry practice.
Comparison of intravenous fleroxacin with ceftazidime for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections

Intravenous fleroxacin, 400 mg once daily, was compared with intravenous ceftazidime, 0.5–2 g three times a day or 1–2 g twice a day, administered for 4–21 days for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to susceptible organisms. Fleroxacin also was tested in an uncontrolled trial. The trial was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study of adults with pyelonephritis or signs and symptoms of UTI and complicating factors. In the controlled trial, 474 patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive fleroxacin (n = 320) or ceftazidime (n = 154). The microbiologic criterion for diagnosis of UTI was the isolation of ≥105 colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic bacteria/mL of urine. The efficacy analyses included 165 fleroxacin-treated and 82 ceftazidime-treated patients in the controlled trial and 97 patients in the uncontrolled trial. In the controlled trial, 317 fleroxacin-treated and 150 ceftazidime-treated patients were included in the safety analysis. In the controlled trial, the respective rates of bacteriologic cure (≤104 CFU/mL of urine 48–96 hours after first dose and 2–5 days posttherapy) were 94% (confidence interval [CI], 89–97%) and 95% (CI, 88–99%) in the fleroxacin and ceftazidime groups, and those of clinical cure were 86% (CI, 80–91%) and 89% (CI, 80–95%). Rates of clinical and bacteriologic cure in the uncontrolled study were 95%. In the controlled trial, 9% of the patients in each treatment group experienced one or more adverse events possibly or probably related to the study drug. The percentage of patients terminating therapy prematurely was higher in the fleroxacin than in the ceftazidime group. Once-daily dosing with 400 mg of intravenous fleroxacin was equivalent to a standard multidose regimen with respect to rates of bacteriologic and clinical cure in the treatment of complicated UTI.
Metamaterial-inspired configurations to enhance the directivity of electrically small antennas

It has been demonstrated that metamaterial-inspired electrically small antennas (ESAs) can be designed to have high radiation efficiencies and even large bandwidths with non-Foster circuit augmentations. However, being electrically small, it still remains a challenge to obtain directivities over interesting bandwidths which exceed those of simple dipoles, especially with only passive constructs. Different classes of metamaterial-inspired ESAs that have successfully produced higher directivities will be reviewed and new configurations will be introduced and discussed.
The role of "happiness" in organizational research: Past, present and future directions.

For many years now, both organizational researchers and practitioners alike have been interested in the role played by employee happiness on a number of workplace outcomes. In particular, many have been fascinated by the happy/productive worker thesis. According to this hypothesis, happy employees exhibit higher levels of job-related performance behaviors than do unhappy employees. However, despite decades of research, support for the happy/productive worker thesis remains equivocal. These inconsistent findings primarily result from the variety of ways in which happiness has been operationalized. Most typically, organizational theorists have operationalized happiness as job satisfaction, as the presence of positive affect, as the absence of negative affect, as the lack of emotional exhaustion, and as psychological well being. I will review this literature using the circumplex framework as the taxonomic guideline. In addition, drawing on the impetus of the “positive psychology” movement, I propose Fredrickson’s (1998, 2001, 2003) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions as one approach especially well-suited for future research to better understand the happy/productive worker thesis.
Diel periodicity and chronology of upstream migration in yellow-phase American eels ( Anguilla rostrata )

Yellow-phase American eel (Anguilla rostrata) upstream migration is temporally punctuated, yet migration chronology within diel time periods is not well-understood. This study examined diel periodicity, chronology, and total length (TL) of six multi-day, high-count (285–1,868 eels) passage events of upstream migrant yellow-phase American eels at the Millville Dam eel ladder, lower Shenandoah River, West Virginia during 2011–2014. We categorized passage by diel periods (vespertine, nocturnal, matutinal, diurnal) and season (spring, summer, late summer/early fall, fall). We depicted passage counts as time-series histograms and used time-series spectral analysis (Fast Fourier Transformation) to identify cyclical patterns and diel periodicity of upstream migration. We created histograms to examine movement patterns within diel periods for each passage event and fit normal mixture models (2–9 mixtures) to describe multiple peaks of passage counts. Periodicity of movements for each passage event followed a 24-h activity cycle with mostly nocturnal movement. Multimodal models were supported by the data; most modes represented nocturnal movements, but modes at or near the transition between twilight and night were also common. We used mixed-model methodology to examine relationships among TL, diel period, and season. An additive-effects model of diel period + season was the best approximating model. A decreasing trend of mean TL occurred across diel movement periods, with the highest mean TL occurring during fall relative to similar mean values of TL for spring, summer, and late summer/early fall. This study increased our understanding of yellow-phase American eels by demonstrating the non-random nature of their upstream migration.
Formation and Control of Nitrogen Oxides

The majority of the nitrogen oxide species produced during coal combustion is NO, with NO 2 accounting for less than 5% of the total, which is usually referred to as NO x . Nitrogen oxides emissions totaled more than 12 million short tons in 2014 with stationary fuel combustion accounting for approximately 29% of the total anthropogenic emissions (i.e., 3.6 million short tons). Of the 3.6 million short tons, electricity-generating utilities are the largest source of NO x emissions compared to other industries, with electric utilities accounting for 49% or nearly 1.8 million short tons of all NO x emissions from stationary fuel combustion. Nitrogen oxide emissions have, however, decreased approximately 75% and 73% for the periods from 1980 to 2014 and from 1990 to 2013, respectively, for electric utility generators. Reductions in NO x emissions and concentrations since 1990 are primarily due to controls implemented under EPA's Acid Rain and CAIR NO x programs. As of March 2015, the US power fleet, with a total capacity of 280 GW, used combustion controls for NO x reduction on 163.2 GW of generating capacity, and used post-combustion controls for NO x reduction on 174.9 GW of generating capacity.
Considerações sobre a Educação Ambiental no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho e descrever sobre “como trabalhar a Educacao Ambiental no ensino brasileiro”, buscando compreender como o sistema educacional pode proporcionar aos individuos uma concepcao critica e integral de conservacao do espaco no qual estar inserido. Tendo como alicerce as teorias de renomados escritores. Portanto, trata-se um estudo bibliografico de carater qualitativo, tendo como justificativa o interesse de ampliar os conhecimentos sobre o tema e questao. Tendo as Escolas brasileiras como elemento primordial para a pratica efetiva da Educacao Ambiental, garantindo, assim, a obtencao ou concepcao de uma consciencia ecologica por meio de uma aprendizagem, autonoma, critica e participativa. Assinalando para a necessidade de um ensino agregado e globalizado, induzindo o educando, ainda, na pre-escolar a ser consciente da sua responsabilidade para com o meio ambiente, bem como a apreciar e assinalar os diversos relacionamentos sociais, inclusive ao que estar inserido.
Botulism: the present status of the disease.

Botulism is a very serious foodborne illness, often fatal, and characterized by neuroparalytic signs and symptoms. Early observations found an association with consumption of sausages, and thus the name botulism (derived from botulus, Latin for sausage) was given to the disease (Smith and Sugiyama 1988). Foodborne botulism is the result of ingestion of food containing neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The disease may also result from toxin produced in vivo by organisms growing in an infected wound (wound botulism) or colonizing the intestinal tract (infant botulism).
BioSIMP: using software testing techniques for sampling and inference in biological organisms

Years of research in software engineering have given us novel ways to reason about, test, and predict the behavior of complex software systems that contain hundreds of thousands of lines of code. Many of these techniques have been inspired by nature such as genetic algorithms, swarm intelligence, and ant colony optimization. In this paper we reverse the direction and present BioSIMP, a process that models and predicts the behavior of biological organisms to aid in the emerging field of systems biology. It utilizes techniques from testing and modeling of highly-configurable software systems. Using both experimental and simulation data we show that BioSIMP can find important environmental factors in two microbial organisms. However, we learn that in order to fully reason about the complexity of biological systems, we will need to extend existing or create new software engineering techniques.