cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of piezoelectric sensor fidelity

Ideal piezoelectric sensors should measure the response of a structure in a nonintrusive manner. The size of the sensor should be relatively small and its properties well matched to the structure. The voltage response of a piezoelectric sensor embedded in a fluid loaded plate structure is modeled using a hybrid finite element approach. The structure is excited by an obliquely incident acoustic signal. Finite element modeling is used for the structure and the fluid surrounding the transducer region, and a plane wave representation is invoked to match the displacement field on a mathematical boundary. On this boundary, continuity of field derivatives is enforced by using a penalty factor and to further achieve transparency at the mathematical boundary, drilling degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) are introduced in the finite element representation. Another novel feature in the FEM is the use of solid elements for the acoustic fluid augmented by an irrotational constraint to render the fluid inviscid. Numerical results are presented for the sensor response of an immersed plate structure. The voltage excited in the piezoelectric sensor is studied as a function of sensor and host material properties, size of sensor, and poling direction of the sensor with respect to the structure. The effect of multiple sensors on one another is also studied. It is found that piezoelectric sensors can be nonintrusive and sensitive to the characteristics of the structure.
Factors Related to the Formation of Cytoplasmic Crescents on Milk Fat Globules

Cytoplasm from lactating cells is included with some milk fat globules at secretion. The objective was to search for factors causing this phenomenon. Globules bearing crescents of cytoplasm were selectively stained with the fluorescent dye, acridine orange, and their proportion in the globule population was obtained by counting from photomicrographs. Incidence of crescents on fat globules in milk samples of 50 human donors ranged from 1 to 29%, and the mean was 7.2%. Two bovine milk samples, both representing over 100 animals, contained 1% or less of globules with crescents. Globules in individual milkings of five beef cows showed the same low proportion of crescents. In addition to species, genetic and diurnal factors influenced numbers of crescents. Two sisters showed evidence within and between lactations of a persistent high proportion (greater than 25%) of globules with crescents. Samples collected in the a.m. contained a lower percentage of globules with crescents (6.5%) than those obtained in the p.m. (9.7%). Crescent incidence was not correlated with lipid or protein content of human milk, interval within a milking, days in lactation, or the donor's age. Evidence is presented to suggest that the concentration, distribution, and acylation of butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase, coat proteins of the apical plasma membrane, are important factors in globule crescent formation.
Mimesis Across Empires: Artworks and Networks in India, 1765–1860, by Natasha Eaton

This compelling and complex book addresses the notion of mimesis as an intricate relationship between art and political spheres through ‘imitation, appropriation, mimicry, simulation, and reciproci...
CASE Study : Effect of Limiting Access to Winter Wheat Pasture on Performance of Angus, Brahman, Romosinuano, and Reciprocal Cross Calves

ABSTRACT The CP content of winter wheat pasture exceeds the daily CP requirement of beef stocker calves by more than 100%. Excess N is excreted as urinary N and may subsequently be lost through volatilization. The objective of this experiment was to determine stocker calf performance when wheat forage DMI was limited by physically removing calves from the pasture. In each of 3 yr (4 pastures/yr), stocker calves (BW = 251 ± 3.8 kg) were assigned to graze wheat pasture continuously (control) or to graze wheat pasture for 3.5 d/wk (limit-grazed) plus be confined in a dry lot for 3.5 d/ wk. Calves in the limit-grazed group were fed supplemental feed and had ad libitum access to hay when not on pasture. Limiting access to wheat pasture decreased (P
Strike-Adjusted Spread: A New Metric For Estimating The Value Of Equity Option

Investors in equity options experience two problems that compound each other. In contrast to fixed-income and currency markets, there are thousands of underlyers and tens of thousands of options, and each underlyer can have a potentially large volatility skew. How can an options investor gauge which option provides the best relative value? In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the fair volatility smile of any equity underlyer from information embedded in the time series of that underlyer's historical returns. We can then compute the relative richness or cheapness of any particular strike and expiration by examining the option's Strike-Adjusted Spread, or SAS, the difference between its market implied volatility and its estimated historically-fair volatility. Our method obtains fair volatility smiles by estimating the appropriate risk-neutral distribution for valuing options on any equity underlyer from that underlyer's historical returns. The distribution includes the effect of both past price jumps and past shifts in realized volatility. Using this distribution, we can estimate the fair volatility skews for illiquid or thinly-traded single-stock and basket options. We can also forecast changes in the skew from changes in a single options price.
Emissions reduction is not enough.

In their Review “Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios” (Reviews, 3 July, p. 45), J.-P. Gattuso et al. write that anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be drastically reduced to avoid “massive and effectively irreversible
Rapid assessment of drug resistance of cancer cells to gefitinib and carboplatin using optical imaging

The overall goal of this study was to evaluate optical molecular imaging approaches to determine the drug response of chemotherapy and molecular targeted agents in drug sensitive and drug resistant cell lines. The optical molecular imaging approaches selected in this study were based on changes in intracellular uptake and retention of choline and glucose molecules. The breast cancer cell lines were treated with a molecular targeted anti-EGFR therapy. The bladder cancer cell lines were treated with a conventional chemotherapy approach. Sensitivity of optical molecular imaging approach was also compared with conventional cell viability and cell growth inhibition assays. Results demonstrate that optical molecular imaging of changes in intracellular uptake of metabolites was effective in detecting drug susceptibility for both molecular targeted therapy in breast cancer cells and chemotherapy in bladder cancer cells. Between the selected metabolites for optical molecular imaging, changes in glucose metabolic activity showed higher sensitivity in discrimination between the drug sensitive and drug resistant cell lines. The results demonstrated that optical molecular imaging approaches more significantly sensitive as compared to the conventional cell viability and growth assays. Overall, the results demonstrate potential of optical molecular imaging of metabolic activity to improve sensitivity of in-vitro drug response assays.
Yes, it is Production “Control”

Presents a rejoinder to the article 'Is It Production Control,' by T.S. Isaack, which appeared in Volume I, Number I of the 'Academy of Management Journal.' Distinction between the operative phases...
Comparative Researah of Chinese & American Telecommunication Regulation

In comparing telecommunication regulation between China and America, It can be found that American telecommunication regulation is advanced and unique, and has much for us to learn from, such as regulation independence, fine intendance. And there are humanism spirits of benefiting people and justice in the regulation design and operation. Further more; there are many redeeming features in Chinese telecommunication regulation, such as setting up regulation organization according with the situation of our country, external regulation, timely intendance, cooperation of regulation organization and government, and orderly competition of market. All of these will improve our confidence and determination of continuing deepening reform of telecommunication regulation in China.
Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Objective:To review pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and safety information for the antipsychotic agent risperidone and to evaluate its place in the treatment of schizophrenia.Data Sources:MEDLINE and Exerpta Medica databases; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Food and Drug Administration Psychopharmacology Advisory Committee; PJB Publications; published articles and abstracts; unpublished research reports and abstracts.Study Selection:In vivo animal studies (pharmacology); volunteer studies (pharmacokinetics); clinical case reports, open clinical studies, and controlled clinical studies (clinical efficacy and adverse effects; long-term studies; studies in special populations.Data Extraction:Relevant data were extracted from published and unpublished source documents, evaluated, and summarized in tables for comparative review. Abstracts were used in 6 of 8 pharmacokinetic studies, 4 of 8 open clinical studies, and 2 of 9 controlled clinical studies. Use of abstracts limits the extent of data extracted....
A missing source of aerosols in Antarctica - beyond long-range transport, phytoplankton, and photochemistry

Abstract. Understanding the sources and evolution of aerosols is crucial for constraining the impacts that aerosols have on a global scale. An unanswered question in atmospheric science is the source and evolution of the Antarctic aerosol population. Previous work over the continent has primarily utilized low temporal resolution aerosol filters to answer questions about the chemical composition of Antarctic aerosols. Bulk aerosol sampling has been useful in identifying seasonal cycles in the aerosol populations, especially in populations that have been attributed to Southern Ocean phytoplankton emissions. However, real-time, high-resolution chemical composition data are necessary to identify the mechanisms and exact timing of changes in the Antarctic aerosol. The recent 2ODIAC (2-Season Ozone Depletion and Interaction with Aerosols Campaign) field campaign saw the first ever deployment of a real-time, high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS – soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer – or AMS) to the continent. Data obtained from the AMS, and a suite of other aerosol, gas-phase, and meteorological instruments, are presented here. In particular, this paper focuses on the aerosol population over coastal Antarctica and the evolution of that population in austral spring. Results indicate that there exists a sulfate mode in Antarctica that is externally mixed with a mass mode vacuum aerodynamic diameter of 250 nm. Springtime increases in sulfate aerosol are observed and attributed to biogenic sources, in agreement with previous research identifying phytoplankton activity as the source of the aerosol. Furthermore, the total Antarctic aerosol population is shown to undergo three distinct phases during the winter to summer transition. The first phase is dominated by highly aged sulfate particles comprising the majority of the aerosol mass at low wind speed. The second phase, previously unidentified, is the generation of a sub-250 nm aerosol population of unknown composition. The second phase appears as a transitional phase during the extended polar sunrise. The third phase is marked by an increased importance of biogenically derived sulfate to the total aerosol population (photolysis of dimethyl sulfate and methanesulfonic acid (DMS and MSA)). The increased importance of MSA is identified both through the direct, real-time measurement of aerosol MSA and through the use of positive matrix factorization on the sulfur-containing ions in the high-resolution mass-spectral data. Given the importance of sub-250 nm particles, the aforementioned second phase suggests that early austral spring is the season where new particle formation mechanisms are likely to have the largest contribution to the aerosol population in Antarctica.
SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR DECOMPOSABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses search strategies for decomposable production systems. It introduces decomposable production systems and structures called AND/OR trees, for controlling their operation. The chapter describes some heuristic strategies for searching AND/OR trees and graphs. It also describes some search techniques for graphs used in game-playing systems. The chapter defines AND/OR graphs as hyper graphs. Instead of arcs connecting pairs of nodes, there are hyperarcs connecting a parent node with a set of successor nodes. These hyperarcs are called connectors. Each k-connector is directed from parent node to a set of k successor nodes.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)

Overview • The HMS generates NADPH for reductive biosynthesis of lipids, and ribose for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis.
A power-efficient FPGA accelerator: Systolic array with cache-coherent interface for pair-HMM algorithm

A systolic array is known as a parallel hardware architecture applicable to a wide range of applications. Naive implementations, however, can lead to inefficient resource usage and low power performance. In this paper, we discuss two techniques for improving the hardware resource usage: flexible multi-threading and dummy data padding. The design was implemented to accelerate a pair-HMM algorithm on an FPGA with the IBM POWER8 CAPI (Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface) feature. The CAPI feature simplifies the software design for driving the FPGA accelerator. Our experimental result indicates that the implemented FPGA accelerator executing the pair-HMM algorithm achieves 33x higher power performance than a POWER8 processor chip executing the same algorithm.
U.S. Dental Specialty Residents' Expectations and Anticipated Benefits of Academic Employment.

The aims of this study were to assess features of an academic career that dental specialty residents, as a group and by gender, find most attractive and to identify what determines their expectations for responsibilities and professional growth in academic employment. In November 2013, an invitation to participate in the study along with a link to an online survey was sent to the 407 U.S. program directors of six of the dental specialties (endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and orthodontics), asking them to forward the survey to their residents. A total of 287 residents responded (112 [41.3%] female and 159 [58.7%] male) out of 4,400 enrolled in these specialty training programs (6.5% response rate). The female respondents were significantly more interested in joining academia than were the male respondents (female 48%; male 31.5%; p
Central Nervous System Hypersomnias

Abstract Hypersomnia or excessive sleepiness is one of the most common complaints of patients presenting to sleep clinics. Excessive sleepiness is characterized by the inability to maintain alertness during normal waking periods, leading to drowsiness and necessitating sleep. It can be caused by a variety of conditions including behavioral, psychiatric, neurological and primary sleep disorders. It is important to recognize, accurately diagnose and properly manage patients with hypersomnia disorders, as these disorders may predispose an individual to potentially life-threatening vehicular and occupational accidents. This chapter will focus on narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, describing their clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and treatment.
American Maelstrom: The 1968 Election and the Politics of Division

Some presidential elections have been more memorable than others. For instance, it seems likely that the 2016 race between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump (among others) is destined to be remember...
Intermittent hypoxia is a proinflammatory stimulus resulting in IL-6 expression and M1 macrophage polarization

The biological factors that promote inflammation or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the setting of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remain incompletely understood. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and both inflammation and fibrosis in NASH, but the mechanism has not been identified. In this study, we use in vitro modeling to examine the impact of intermittent hypoxia on the liver. Hepatocyte, stellate cell, and macrophage cell lines were exposed to intermittent or sustained hypoxia. Candidate genes associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and lipogenesis were analyzed. Circulating cytokines were assessed in human serum of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Intermittent hypoxia results in significant induction of interleukin (IL)-6 expression in both hepatocytes and macrophages. The increase in IL-6 expression was independent of hypoxia inducible factor 1 induction but appeared to be in part related to antioxidant response element and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Mature microRNA 365 (miR-365) has been demonstrated to regulate IL-6 expression, and we found that miR-365 expression was decreased in the setting of intermittent hypoxia. Furthermore, macrophage cell lines showed polarization to an M1 but not M2 phenotype. Finally, we found a trend toward higher circulating levels of IL-6 in patients with OSA and NASH. Conclusion: Intermittent hypoxia acts as a potent proinflammatory stimulus, resulting in IL-6 induction and M1 macrophage polarization. Increased IL-6 expression may be due to both induction of antioxidant response element and nuclear factor kappa B as well as inhibition of miR-365 expression. Higher levels of IL-6 were observed in human samples of patients with OSA and NASH. These findings provide biological insight into mechanisms by which obstructive sleep apnea potentiates inflammation and fibrosis in patients with fatty liver disease. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:326-337).
Positive Nikolsky Sign and Pinpoint “Lakes of Pus”

A 54-year-old man with a past medical history of paraplegia, osteomyelitis, sacral decubitus ulcer, suprapubic catheter, and several reported drug eruptions was seen for evaluation of skin sloughing without any tenderness to palpation. He reported being on chronic oral antibiotics including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin over the past two years for osteomyelitis. Two days prior to evaluation, he had been hospitalized for osteomyelitis of the left iliac bone and was treated with intravenous vancomycin and meropenem. Initial evaluation revealed widespread Nikolsky sign with extensive involvement of the back, abdomen, and extremities without any tenderness. Involving 30-40% body surface area were scattered deep red macules and patches. The histopathologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). Clinically, AGEP appears as diffuse erythema with several small, non-follicular pustules and possible peripheral neutrophilia or eosinophilia. A positive Nikolksy sign can be seen with AGEP, but is not specific, and has been referred to as a ‘pseudo-Nikolsky sign.’ Systemic involvement, such as renal insufficiency, has been reported in AGEP. There are few reports in the literature describing AGEP with TEN-like features . We present an interesting patient with AGEP and TEN-like features who improved after cessation of vancomycin and meropenem and a short course of systemic steroids.
Animal Cruelty Offenders

The offender was arrested for killing a 19-year-old female. David initially came up in the investigation when witnesses came forward identifying a work pick-up truck that he was driving that day. The investigators interviewed David and asked to look in his truck. The investigators noticed something that looked like blood. David stated that a young woman walked in front of his truck and was injured. He tried to drive her home, but she became very upset, jumped out of the truck and hit her head. He stated that he put her in the back of his truck and since she was already dead he disposed of her body in a beautiful place. David was given a psychological evaluation and made statements regarding killing feral cats that were in his neighborhood. David did so by catching them, cutting them, eviscerating them and drowning them. A friend of his observed him killing the cats and stated that David was very excited and bragged about it. The psychologist did not incorporate this information into the evaluation because he did not think it was relevant to the homicide allegation of the young woman.
Primary Breakup in Turbulent Liquid Films on Downward-Facing Surfaces

A number of thin liquid protection schemes involving a sacrificial thin liquid layer have been proposed to protect the first walls of inertial fusion energy reactor chambers from excessive radiation and energetic ion damage. The Prometheus study used a tangentially injected highspeed film of molten lead attached to the first wall to protect the upper endcap of the chamber reactor. Minimizing droplet formation and detachment from this film to avoid interference with beam propagation is a major design issue for such flows. Experiments were conducted on turbulent films of water injected tangentially with a rectangular nozzle into ambient air onto the underside of a horizontal flat plate. Previous efforts were focused on the effect of various design and operational parameters on the film detachment distance. This study focuses on measurement of the hydrodynamic source term, i.e., the rate of droplet formation due to primary turbulent breakup at the film surface. Droplet mass flux was measured using a simple collection technique at various standoff distances measured with respect to the plate surface and downstream distances measured from the nozzle exit. The data show that the ejected droplet mass flux increases as the standoff distance decreases and as both downstream distance and Weber number increase. Comparisons of the experimental data on the estimated ejected droplet mass flux with previously published correlations suggest that the correlations overpredict the ejected droplet mass flux by more than three orders of magnitude.
When law calls, does science answer? A survey of distinguished scientists & engineers

Sound legal decision-making frequently requires the assistance of scientists and engineers. The survey we conducted with the cooperation of the American Academy examines the views of the legal syst...
IMPROVING EDUCATION FOR FELLOWS PERFORMING AFTER-HOURS ECHOCARDIOGRAMS: WHERE DO WE FOCUS?

Acquiring and interpreting transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs) is a core competency of cardiovascular disease fellowships. Many fellows perform after-hours TTEs without in-person supervision, so little is known about what educational needs exist. Our goal was to identify future opportunities for
Reaching the Latino Population: a Brief Conceptual Discussion on the Use of Telehealth to Address Healthcare Disparities for the Large and Growing Population

Latinos collectively rank as the largest ethnic minority population in the USA, with estimates suggesting continued growth into the future. Despite the Latino population being identified as a demographic in need of greater medical and mental health care, a lack of adequate services, as well as underutilization, persists. Specifically, local availability of services, language barriers, transportation issues, health insurance coverage, immigration status, and acculturation levels are among the many challenges precluding Latinos from receiving appropriate care. Telehealth has been suggested as a novel means of addressing recognized disparities, specifically for Latinos who have been indicated as a population with greater utilization of the Internet and associated technologies than other population groups. As such, the purpose of this conceptual discussion is to briefly detail the unique possibilities that the integration of technology can hold for Latino-focused medical and mental health care. Opportunities for improved education, prompting of recommendation usage, monitoring of vitals, and application of other direct treatments are discussed in relation to the most common medical and mental health issues faced by Latinos.
An Assessment of Riparian Shrub Browsing

On the Ground • Browse estimates in this study were made using a random sampling strategy to monitor riparian shrub communities using presence or absence to determine the percent of shrub occupancy and intensity of browsing. • This height-based shrub monitoring takes the guesswork out of complex browse estimates. • The strategic timing of monitoring periods facilitates separation of wildlife and livestock browsing impacts. • Height-based shrub monitoring was an efficient and repeatable method for tracking shrub occupancy, maturity, and shrub form.
Effect of a Competitive Solvent on Binding Enthalpy and Chain Intermixing in Hydrogen-Bonded Layer-by-Layer Films

This work is focused on the effect of a small-molecule/hydrogen-bonding competitor on the heat of complexation of hydrogen-bonding polymers in aqueous solutions, as well as on deposition of these molecules within layer-by-layer (LbL) films. Specifically, binding between poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) under acidic conditions in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been explored. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that with increasing concentration of DMSO in aqueous solution, the positive enthalpy of formation of PMAA/PVP complexes decreased and switched sign at ∼25 vol % DMSO. This change is interpreted as a transition from endothermal association between PMAA and PVP in water, driven by release of solvation water molecules, to exothermic association driven by the enthalpy of interpolymer hydrogen bonding. This switch is interpreted as destruction of polymer hydration shells by DMSO molecules. The content of DMSO also strongly impacted the growth of LbL films....
Shrub expansion and alpine plant community change: 40-year record from Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Background: Alpine and arctic tundra are particularly sensitive ecosystems to the impacts of global climate change. Yet, warming studies versus observational studies in these ecosystems yield diffe...
Analyzing the impact of implementing different approaches of the approximation of the catalyst effectiveness factor on the prediction of the performance of trickle bed reactors

Abstract A steady-state diffusion model comprising of diffusion and reaction in a catalyst pellet was used to study and understand the effect of the approximation of the catalyst effectiveness factor in the modeling of trickle bed reactors. The hydrogenation of alpha-methylstyrene was chosen as the case study reaction from literature for liquid-limited reaction conditions. The effectiveness factor values in this study were sensitive to reactor scale equations during the prediction of reactor performance. The approximation of accounting for the overall catalyst effectiveness factor in the reactor scale model equations from different models and solving the reactor scale model equations by different modeling approaches was assessed. It was observed that evaluating the overall effectiveness factor from pellet scale model equations and integrating the parameter in the reactor scale axial dispersion model at every local axial collocation point to simulate the reactor performance showed better agreement to the experimental data. This approach evaluates the effectiveness factor locally with the variation of the reactant concentration at different axial points across the reactor rather than using one value for the entire reactor. The approach of using a single effectiveness factor for the whole bed and using the effectiveness factor approximated as a fitted polynomial to the reactant concentrations did not properly predict the reactor performance.
Beneficial and Adverse Effects of cART Affect Neurocognitive Function in HIV-1 Infection: Balancing Viral Suppression against Neuronal Stress and Injury

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite the successful introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). While insufficient concentration of certain antiretrovirals (ARV) may lead to incomplete viral suppression in the brain, many ARVs are found to cause neuropsychiatric adverse effects, indicating their penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Several lines of evidence suggest shared critical roles of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, compromised neuronal energy homeostasis, and autophagy in the promotion of neuronal dysfunction associated with both HIV-1 infection and long-term cART or ARV use. As the lifespans of HIV patients are increased, unique challenges have surfaced. Longer lives convey prolonged exposure of the CNS to viral toxins, neurotoxic ARVs, polypharmacy with prescribed or illicit drug use, and age-related diseases. All of these factors can contribute to increased risks for the development of neuropsychiatric conditions and cognitive impairment, which can significantly impact patient well-being, cART adherence, and overall health outcome. Strategies to increase the penetration of cART into the brain to lower viral toxicity may detrimentally increase ARV neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric adverse effects. As clinicians attempt to control peripheral viremia in an aging population of HIV-infected patients, they must navigate an increasingly complex myriad of comorbidities, pharmacogenetics, drug-drug interactions, and psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction. Here we review in comparison to the neuropathological effects of HIV-1 the available information on neuropsychiatric adverse effects and neurotoxicity of clinically used ARV and cART. It appears altogether that future cART aiming at controlling HIV-1 in the CNS and preventing HAND will require an intricate balancing act of suppressing viral replication while minimizing neurotoxicity, impairment of neurocognition, and neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Graphical abstract Schematic summary of the effects exerted on the brain and neurocognitive function by HIV-1 infection, comorbidities, psychostimulatory, illicit drugs, therapeutic drugs, such as antiretrovirals, the resulting polypharmacy and aging, as well as the potential interactions of all these factors.
Bentham on Temptation and Deterrence

In Introduction Bentham considers a difficulty. If the immediate aim of punishment is to deter agents considering breaking the law, then the severity of the threat of punishment must increase if they are strongly tempted to offend. But it seems intuitively that some people who were strongly tempted to offend should be punished leniently. Bentham argues in response that all potential offenders capable of being deterred must be deterred. He makes three mistakes. (i) It is possible that it would produce the most happiness at t2 to punish an offender who could have been deterred at t1, but was not. (ii) The Principle of Utility might condemn the threats that would be needed to deter all potential offenders who can be deterred. (iii) Given the dispositions to reoffend of some strongly tempted offenders, their punishments should be relatively lenient. There is more room for leniency in Bentham's theory than he realized.
Does visual attention to the instructor in online video affect learning and learner perceptions? An eye-tracking analysis

Abstract An increasing number of instructional videos online integrate a real instructor on the video screen. So far, the empirical evidence from previous studies has been limited and conflicting, and none of the studies have explored how learners' allocation of visual attention to the on-screen instructor influences learning and learner perceptions. Therefore, this study aimed to disentangle a) how instructor presence in online videos affects learning, learner perceptions (i.e., cognitive load, judgment of learning, satisfaction, situational interest), and visual attention distribution and b) to what extent visual attention patterns in instructor-present videos predict learning and learner perceptions. Sixty college students each watched two videos on Statistics, one on an easy topic and the other one on a difficult topic, with each in one of the two video formats: instructor-present or instructor-absent. Their eye movements were simultaneously registered using a desktop-mounted eye tracker. Afterwards, participants self-reported their cognitive load, judgment of learning, satisfaction, and situational interest for both videos, and feelings toward seeing the instructor for the instructor-present videos. Learning from the two videos was measured using retention and transfer questions. Findings indicated instructor presence a) improved transfer performance for the difficult topic, b) reduced cognitive load for the difficult topic, c) increased judgment of learning for the difficult topic, and d) enhanced satisfaction and situational interest for both topics. Most participants expressed a positive feeling toward the instructor. Results also showed the instructor attracted a considerable amount of overt visual attention in both videos, and the amount of attention allocated to the instructor positively predicted participants’ satisfaction level for both topics.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Rural Healthy Adults: Russian and American Groups.

OBJECTIVE The Russian-speaking population is among the largest European-born in the U.S., yet Russian-American cross-cultural research is scarce. Two studies compared neuropsychological test performance in Russian and American urban adults. However, rural populations of the two nations have never been compared. Cross-cultural neuropsychological differences in rural populations might present differently than in urban dwellers. The present study provides a cross-sectional comparison of neuropsychological test performance in Russian and American rural adults. METHODS Neuropsychological test performance of 51 American (67% female) and 52 Russian (60% female) healthy rural adults age 18-89 was compared using t-test with Bonferroni correction for education-adjusted z-scores for the following tests: Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A&B), Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test (JLO), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Color Trails Test 1 and 2 (CTT 1&2), WMS-IV Logical Memory Test (LMT), WAIS-IV Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Backward Test (DSB), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). RESULTS Age and sex distribution did not differ in the two groups, but the Russian group was more highly educated. The American group outperformed the Russian group on TMT B, CTT 2, recognition trials of RCFT, BVMT-R, LMT, and on DSF. CONCLUSIONS Cultural differences in attitudes to timed activities, experience with timed tests and multiple-choice format, attention to details, and length of digit-words that put differential demand on short-term memory in Russian and in English may mediate observed between-group differences.
Leading correction to the local density approximation of the kinetic energy in one dimension

A mathematical framework is constructed for the sum of the lowest N eigenvalues of a potential. Exactness is illustrated on several one-dimensional systems (harmonic oscillator, particle in a box, and Poschl-Teller well). Semiclassical expansion yields the leading corrections for finite systems, identifying the error in common gradient expansions in density functional theory. Some singularities can be avoided when evaluating the correction to the leading term. Correcting the error in the gradient expansion greatly improves accuracy. The relevance to practical density functional calculations is discussed.
Eating to stop diabetes

Very low-calorie diets can induce and sustain significant weight loss and diabetes remission.
SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD IN THE DIET OF THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPOD PORCELLIO SCABER LATR. (ISOPODA: ONISCIDEA)

ABSTRACT In laboratory experiments with Porcellio scaber, the primary food (Norway maple litter) was supplemented with artificial (gelatin, bran) or natural (feces) food sources. Total food consumption was similar, whereas the proportion of different food sources in the isopods' diet, as well as assimilation efficiency, varied greatly. Isopods grew best when the supplementary food was bran and gelatin, and their survival rate was also high on the bran and gelatin diet. The chemical composition of the (secondary) feces produced during the experiments also differed significantly between treatments. Nitrogen content and carbon to nitrogen ratio in secondary feces were lowest in the gelatin-supplemented regime. In the present experiments, feces did not increase fitness correlates as much as the artificial supplementary food, which may be partly due to the use of freshly produced dried feces which had not undergone microbial action.
The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870: Thomas S. R. O. Flynn OP, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2017, ISBN 978-90-04-16399-7 (hbk), xxvii + 1113 pp.

The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qajar Persia is by all accounts a monumental work; in its heft, with almost 1,000 pages of sprawling text; in the depth of its research, with some ...
Recent advances in the use of edible coatings for preservation of avocados: A review.

Avocados (Persea americana) are a fruit, whose shelf-life is jeopardized by rapid ripening and fungal diseases, which heighten the necessity for postharvest treatments. The use of refrigeration during storage and transport helps delay the ripening process and phytopathogen growth but it is not enough to attenuate the problem, especially once avocados are placed in ambient temperatures. Fungicides are effective in controlling fungal prevalence, but their possible adverse environmental and human health effects have spurred interest in finding safer, natural substitutes. The objective of this paper is to review recent advances and trends in the use of edible coatings as a safe alternative to preserve and extend avocados shelf-life. Edible biopolymer coatings have gained considerable attention due to their ability to extend fruit and vegetable shelf-life. These coatings are a novel type of biodegradable primary packaging made from biological compounds like polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and other polymers. Coatings are considered nonactive if they only form a physical barrier, separating avocados from their immediate environment, controlling gas and moisture transfer. Active coatings can contain supplementary ingredients with additional properties like antioxidant and antifungal activity. The application of edible coatings shows promising potential in extending avocado shelf-life, replacing synthetic fungicides and reducing economic losses from avocado spoilage.
Mixed solvent synthesis of polydopamine nanospheres for sustainable multilayer flame retardant nanocoating

Polydopamine has been of great interest in recent years due to its utility for various functional coatings. Unfortunately, traditional deposition methods, such as polymerization from tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane [THAM] buffer, require lengthy film formation time. In an effort to overcome this challenge, polydopamine nanospheres were synthesized using a mixed solvent approach and alternately deposited with chitosan via layer-by-layer assembly onto flexible polyurethane foam. This environmentally-benign, multilayer nanocoating results in a 22% decrease in peak heat release rate compared to uncoated polyurethane foam (and eliminates melt dripping), while simultaneously reducing the processing time. This unique processing strategy yields a sustainable flame retardant nanocoating and provides a technological advance for polydopamine utilization.
Bridging the Analog-Digital divide: critical literacies and procedural design in young people’s game-making practices

Over the past several decades, the concept of critical literacy has been applied to an increasing range of multimodal texts mediated by digital technologies. Expressive forms such as fan-fiction, d...
How affordable are accessible locations? Neighborhood affordability in U.S. urban areas with intra-urban rail service

Abstract Housing and transportation affordability is a major problem for low-income households, yet studies on the issue tend to focus on the average household. Consequently, relatively little is known about the factors that affect affordability for low-income households and the neighborhoods that are affordable to them. This study addresses these issues and examines how housing and transportation affordability varies across neighborhoods with different built environments and the affordability of these neighborhoods to households from different income groups. The analysis is based on a unique data set comprised of neighborhoods within the urbanized areas of twenty-seven U.S. metropolitan areas with intra-urban rail service. Neighborhoods are further categorized into six types based on their built environments and distance from a rail station. The results suggest that transit-rich neighborhoods are more affordable than auto-oriented ones, mainly due to lower transportation costs. However, only a small share of neighborhoods and housing units are affordable to very-low income households. The results have implications to the way affordability is measured and understood as well as to efforts to alleviate affordability problems.
Infrahyoid myocutaneous flap: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction The infrahyoid myocutaneous flap (IHMCF) is an often-overlooked flap of the anterior neck used for reconstruction of oral cavity and laryngopharyngeal defects. The primary goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the postoperative outcomes and efficacy of this flap. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Biological Abstracts, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science was conducted. Two researchers independently scrutinized the studies to determine inclusions based on relevance, sample size, and English language publications. Results Twenty-eight studies containing 1027 IHMCF cases met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes included flap necrosis and postoperative functional outcomes. The rate of flap survival was 99%. Total skin necrosis and partial skin necrosis were minor complications that occurred in 2.5% and 5.8% of cases respectively. Poor speech and swallowing outcomes were reported in 6.4% and 6.5% of cases respectively. The included studies were predominantly retrospective. An average MINORS score of 9.6 suggests moderate bias among the studies. Conclusions The IHMCF is both safe and effective for repairing medium sized mucosal lesions of the head and neck region in carefully selected patients. IHMCF use in oral cavity reconstruction is particularly appealing although functional outcomes remain difficult to statistically assess. Complications of IHMCFs are rare and often minor. To ensure the best outcome, pre-surgical planning needs to be conducted and all contraindications should be respected. Further large prospective multi-centered trials are needed for more accurate analysis.
A Massively Parallel Implementation of the CCSD(T) Method Using the Resolution-of-the-Identity Approximation and a Hybrid Distributed/Shared Memory Parallelization Model.

A parallel algorithm is described for the coupled-cluster singles and doubles method augmented with a perturbative correction for triple excitations [CCSD(T)] using the resolution-of-the-identity (RI) approximation for two-electron repulsion integrals (ERIs). The algorithm bypasses the storage of four-center ERIs by adopting an integral-direct strategy. The CCSD amplitude equations are given in a compact quasi-linear form by factorizing them in terms of amplitude-dressed three-center intermediates. A hybrid MPI/OpenMP parallelization scheme is employed, which uses the OpenMP-based shared memory model for intranode parallelization and the MPI-based distributed memory model for internode parallelization. Parallel efficiency has been optimized for all terms in the CCSD amplitude equations. Two different algorithms have been implemented for the rate-limiting terms in the CCSD amplitude equations that entail O(NO2NV4) and O(NO3NV3)-scaling computational costs, where NO and NV denote the number of correlated occupied and virtual orbitals, respectively. One of the algorithms assembles the four-center ERIs requiring NV4 and NO2NV2-scaling memory costs in a distributed manner on a number of MPI ranks, while the other algorithm completely bypasses the assembling of quartic memory-scaling ERIs and thus largely reduces the memory demand. It is demonstrated that the former memory-expensive algorithm is faster on a few hundred cores, while the latter memory-economic algorithm shows a better strong scaling in the limit of a few thousand cores. The program is shown to exhibit a near-linear scaling, in particular for the compute-intensive triples correction step, on up to 8000 cores. The performance of the program is demonstrated via calculations involving molecules with 24-51 atoms and up to 1624 atomic basis functions. As the first application, the complete basis set (CBS) limit for the interaction energy of the π-stacked uracil dimer from the S66 data set has been investigated. This work reports the first calculation of the interaction energy at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level without local orbital approximation. The CBS limit for the CCSD correlation contribution to the interaction energy was found to be -8.01 kcal/mol, which agrees very well with the value -7.99 kcal/mol reported by Schmitz, Hattig, and Tew [ Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 22167-22178]. The CBS limit for the total interaction energy was estimated to be -9.64 kcal/mol.
A Real World Perspective on Automobile Accidents Involving Small-Child Passengers

The purpose of this study was to obtain information useful for improving crash protection for small children. Previous research efforts have produced findings relating to accident characteristics in general, and those findings have been used to improve passenger protection. However, little work has focused on the particular characteristics of nonfatal and fatal accidents involving small-child passengers. Thus, this study compared accidents involving small children (five years old and younger) with accidents not involving small children, to establish the similarities and difference between those types of accidents. The principal findings of the study are briefly summarized in the following description of a composite accident in which a small child is an occupant of the car: The child is very likely a passenger in a car driven by a female between 20 and 35 years of age, who is not wearing a seat belt, and who has not been drinking. The accident, likely a frontal impact collision, occurs in daylight, most likely on a Friday. If the child is fatally injured, there is a substantial (about a 13%) chance that the collision involves non-horizontal impact forces, including a greater chance of rollover than for other fatal-accident-involved cars. /HSRI/
A new moray eel (Gymnothorax: Muraenidae) from Japan and Hawaii

A new muraenid,Gymnothorax ypsilon, is described from seven specimens from Japan and four from the Hawaiian Islands. It has about 30 narrow dark bars on the body, some of which are Y-shaped on most specimens, a uniformly colored head, an anal fin with a white margin, and 141–153 vertebrae. It differs fromG. pikei, its most similar species, by a white margin of the anal fin.