cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Time Complexity Time Series Classification with Bag-of-Pattern-Features

Time series classification has attracted much attention due to the ubiquity of time series. With the advance of technologies, the volume of available time series data becomes huge and the content is changing rapidly. This requires time series data mining methods to have low computational complexities. In this paper, we propose a parameter-free time series classification method that has a linear time complexity. The approach is evaluated on all the 85 datasets in the well-known UCR time series classification archive. The results show that the new method achieves better overall classification accuracy performance than the widely used benchmark, i.e. 1-nearest neighbor with dynamic time warping, while consuming orders of magnitude less running time. The proposed method is also applied on a large real-world bird sounds dataset to verify its effectiveness.
Engineering Microvascular Networks in LED Light-cured Cell-Laden Hydrogels

The success of tissue engineering inevitably depends on the fabrication of tissue constructs that can be vascularized and that anastomose with the host vasculature. In this report we studied the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) photopolymerized gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels (GelMA), encapsulated with stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in promoting vasculature network formation as a function of hydrogel physical and mechanical properties, as well as total cell density. Lithium acylphosphinate (LAP) was used as the photoinitiator in concentrations of 0.05, 0.075, 0.1% (w/v). GelMA hydrogel precursors of 5% (w/v) were encapsulated with co-cultures of SCAPs and HUVECs at different cell densities (1x, 5x and 10x106 cells/ml) and photocrosslinked for 5 s. Results suggested that the compressive modulus of GelMA hydrogels increased as a function of LAP concentration, and had a maximum stiffness of 3.2 kPa. GelMA hydrogels photopolymerized using 0.0...
Zum Verständnis von Kreativität am Arbeitsplatz: Ein Überblick zu verschiedenen Ansätzen der Kreativitätsforschung

Auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene ist Kreativitat ein wesentlicher Faktor fur wirtschaftliches Wachstum und soziale Entwicklung (Florida 2004; Schumpeter 1939). Kreativitat ist ferner auf den Ebenen von Individuen, Teams und Organisationen ein Schlusselfaktor fur Leistung, Unternehmertum, Wachstum und Wettbewerb (Amabile 1996; Oldham und Cummings 1996; Shalley 1991; Woodman et al. 1993; Zhou 1998; Zhou und Shalley 2008a).
Opportunities for behavioral energy efficiency and flexible demand in data-limited low-carbon resource constrained environments

Abstract Sensor networks, information and communication technologies, and advances in behavioral science can allow for the design and implementation of inclusive information and automation systems for ongoing low-carbon transitions. Here, we present results of the first randomized pilot providing tandem behavioral energy efficiency and flexible demand services through the use of distributed sensor networks in Latin America (Managua, Nicaragua). We show that the houses and micro-enterprises randomly assigned to the intervention reduced their energy consumption by nine percent relative to the control group, and participated at length in peak-shaving flexible demand events (≥80% of events). Identified social co-benefits included increased energy literacy, financial management and user empowerment, and find that improved access to energy information was more important than cash when incentivizing project participation with a high user willingness to pay. Several challenges may hinder the success of smart systems in resource constrained environments, including temporal and financial scarcity at the household level, lack of institutional support, and a panoply of top-down misaligned incentives. We document the multiple barriers to scale flexible demand and energy efficiency strategies, including bottom-up (e.g., appliance financing) and top-down (e.g., decoupling) challenges and discuss ways to overcome them. As more low, low-middle income countries transition away from fossil fuels, the use of sensor networks and information and communication technologies for building smart and inclusive smart systems will become increasingly necessary and attractive.
A Tap on the Shoulder: Supervision with Insoo Kim Berg

Of the many ways one can learn about supervision, few are better in printed form than transcriptions. The SF community places great value on research methods that examine actual therapy (Bavelas 2012; McGee et al. 2005; Tomori and Bavelas 2007), including research grants and awards for microanalysis of psychotherapy sessions. Some of the best-selling SF books in the marketplace include extended transcription segments of psychotherapy to illustrate the approach (De Jong and Berg 2012; de Shazer et al. 2007). However, most of the leading texts on general psychotherapy supervision only offer vignettes and little primary data from which readers can learn (Bernard and Goodyear 2009; Stoltenberg and McNeill 2010). Perhaps the major difference between SF approaches and other supervision texts falls along the inductive/deductive continuum. SFBT historically began with observation and moved toward generalizable practices. Solution-building approaches were and continue to be developed inductively, focusing on the pragmatics of success as it unfolds in practice. With little emphasis on theory, SF practices fall on the inductive end of the continuum. This is in stark contrast to most approaches in the field of psychotherapy, as theory and practice are usually developed through hypothesis testing and logic, applying scientific methods to understand the nature and predictability of change. While inductive and deductive methods have their values and limitations, ground-up induction is often much closer to the raw data.
The Biochemical and Antimicrobial Activities of the Phagocyte

Many factors determine whether a parasite can establish itself successfully in a host and initiate an infectious process. An important mechanism that a host can employ to combat disease and that can be studied, in vitro, at the cellular level is phagocytosis. The importance of this host-defense mechanism has been apparent since the process was first described by Metchnikoff in the latter part of the nineteenth century. However, the mechanism(s) involved in engulfment and destruction of ingested microorganisms have been the subject of much study and controversy. The early literature dealing with phagocytosis has been adequately reviewed (1,2). These scholarly works concentrate mainly on the physical forces involved with engulfment and also on the different factors that can effect the phagocytic act. Inexplicably little or no studies on the biochemical aspects of phagocytosis were carried out or reported in this early period. Some scattered reports, however, did appear (3). Somewhat later some excellent work was carried out in Nungester’s laboratory. Unfortunately, most of this work was published in thesis form only (4, 5). These workers all demonstrated that the phagocytic act was accompanied by biochemical changes; specifically, an increased respiratory activity. Suter and his co-workers in the early 1950’s initiated a series of studies concerned with the interaction of tubercle bacilli and guinea pig exudate cells. They described this interaction at the biochemical level (6–8).
Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Sturge-Weber syndrome, also called encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, does not have a well delineated hereditary pattern. It is a congenital syndrome that usually has a port wine stain (nevus flammeus) with ipsilateral intracranial hemangioma, ipsilateral choroidal hemangioma, and glaucoma.
Neurointerventionalists, stroke and burnout.

> ‘You will burn and you will burn out; you will be healed and come back again.’ > -Fyodor Dostoyevsky Burnout among United States physicians has reached epidemic proportions. Sadly, suicide is the leading cause of death in male resident physicians and the second leading cause of death in their female counterparts.1 Physicians and medical students have significantly higher rates of burnout and depression than the general population.2 Across a wide spectrum of specialties, more than half of all physicians are experiencing professional burnout.3 Burnout is defined as a triad of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment associated with work.4 The toll is not insignificant and is associated with poor quality of life, depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation in the physician and also poor patient care. Major medical errors are strongly correlated with burnout among surgeons,5 with a 17% increased risk of being named in a malpractice lawsuit.6 In addition, we take our work lives home with us, which can detrimentally affect personal and family relationships. Over 40% of spouses/partners report that their physician partner comes home from work too tired to …
Family Career Genograms: Beginning Life Design With Exploratory Students:

Sixteen exploratory college students participated in in-depth interviews exploring their family career genograms. Through the use of constant comparison method, five salient themes emerged from the...
The negative effects of social bond disruption are partially ameliorated by sertraline administration in prairie voles.

Abstract Negative social experiences influence both depression and cardiovascular dysfunction. Many individuals who experience negative mood states or cardiovascular conditions have limited social support. Therefore, investigation of drug treatments that may protect against the consequences of social stress will aid in designing effective treatment strategies. The current study used an animal model to evaluate the protective effect of sertraline administration on behavioral and cardiovascular consequences of social stress. Specifically, male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), which are socially monogamous rodents that share several behavioral and physiological characteristics with humans, were isolated from a socially-bonded female partner, and treated with sertraline (16 mg/kg/day, ip) or vehicle during isolation. Unexpectedly, sertraline did not protect against depression-relevant behaviors, and it was associated with increased short- and long-term heart rate responses. However, sertraline administration improved heart rate variability recovery following a behavioral stressor, including increased parasympathetic regulation, and altered long-term neuronal activity in brain regions that modulate autonomic control and stress reactivity. These results indicate that sertraline may partially protect against the consequences of social stressors, and suggest a mechanism through which sertraline may beneficially influence neurobiological control of cardiac function.
Perioperative opioid requirements of patients receiving sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone: a case series

Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, displaces full opioid agonists from receptors and may impede surgical pain management. We report the effects of a sublingual formulation of buprenorphine-naloxone, Suboxone (SL-BUP), on perioperative pain management. We identified all adult surgical patients from December 31, 2004, to January 1, 2016, who received SL-BUP within 30 days prior to procedures performed with general, regional, or combined general/regional anesthesia. We recorded opioid use during the procedure, in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and during the 24 h following PACU discharge. We also examined opioid use in those who continued SL-BUP until the day of surgery vs those who preoperatively discontinued SL-BUP. Thirty-two patients were treated preoperatively with SL-BUP. Three patients had regional anesthesia only, and opioid requirements were case dependent. Requirements were minimal for creation of an arteriovenous fistula and high following knee replacement and cesarean section. Twelve patients received combined general/regional anesthesia, and 17 received general anesthesia only. Intraoperative and PACU opioid use in these 2 groups were not significantly different (P = .10 and P = .93, respectively). In both groups opioid use increased after discharge from the PACU, and remained comparable between the general and combined general/regional group through the first 24 h after PACU discharge (P = .78). Although median [interquartile range] 24-h opioid doses were higher among patients who discontinued SL-BUP, the difference was not statistically significant in the general anesthesia–only group (SL-BUP discontinued, 199 [110–411] mg IV-MEq [intravenous morphine equivalent] vs SL-BUP continued, 106 [58–160] mg IV-MEq; P = .15) or in the combined general/regional group (SL-BUP discontinued, 140 [100–157] mg IV-MEq vs SL-BUP continued, 100 [73–203] mg IV-MEq; P = .94). Regardless of the type of anesthesia used, physicians treating patients with SL-BUP must be prepared to administer large doses of opioids during the early postoperative period. No difference in opioid requirements was noted between patients who perioperatively stopped SL-BUP versus those who continued SL-BUP.
An Efficient One-Stage Deprotection/Reduction of 1,2-O-Isopropylidene Furanoses to the Corresponding Tetrahydrofurans

Treatment of 1,2-O-isopropylidenefuranose derivatives with triethylsilane/boron trifluoride etherate results in generation of the corresponding tetrahydrofurans. This one-stage process removes the 1,2-O-isopropylidene group with accompanying deoxygenation at the anomeric position and is compatible with several hydroxyl protecting groups.
Quality of Life and Cost Implications of Pseudarthrosis After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion and its Subsequent Revision Surgery.

Background More than 120,000 anterior cervical discectomy and fusions (ACDFs) are performed annually. Pseudarthrosis is a potential delayed adverse event that affects up to 33% of patients. The degree to which this adverse event affects both patient quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes and health care costs is poorly understood. Methods Patients who underwent revision surgery for pseudarthrosis between 2007 and 2012 were identified and matched to controls not experiencing pseudarthrosis in a 1:2 fashion (case/control). Cases and controls were compared regarding total health care costs incurred in the year after the index ACDF and QOL outcomes on the following metrics: EuroQol Five-Dimensions Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire–9, and Pain Disability Questionnaire. Results Of 738 patients who underwent ACDF, 11 underwent surgery for pseudarthrosis. No differences were noted between cases and controls regarding any of the matched variables. Patients in the pseudarthrosis cohort had poorer postoperative scores on the EuroQol Five-Dimensions Questionnaire mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and quality-adjusted life-year dimensions. In addition, 64% of patients with pseudarthrosis had worsened quality-adjusted life-year scores compared with only 9% of controls (P Conclusions This is the first study to characterize the effect of surgical revision for pseudarthrosis on both QOL outcomes and care costs after ACDF. Patients requiring revision experienced significantly poorer QOL outcomes and higher care costs relative to controls.
Examining connection to nature and mindfulness at promoting psychological well-being

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how connection to nature and mindfulness independently and jointly relate to psychological well-being, specifically: (1) the mediating role of mindfulness on the association between connection to nature and psychological well-being; and (2) whether connection to nature and mindfulness moderate the association between perceived stress and psychological well-being. Participants (N = 360; 65.8% female) completed surveys assessing their connection to nature, mindfulness, and psychological well-being. Results revealed that mindfulness significantly mediated the association between connection to nature and psychological well-being. Mindfulness also significantly moderated the association between perceived stress and two indicators of psychological well-being. Limitations of the current study and future directions are discussed.
Can past failures help identify vulnerable bridges to extreme events? A biomimetical machine learning approach

With limited resources to properly maintain and upgrade transportation infrastructure, bridges often end up exceeding their expected service lifespan; thus, becoming vulnerable to the adverse effects of aging and extreme loading conditions. In order to better assess the vulnerability of these structures, this study showcases the outcome of an observational analysis that utilizes biomimetical (bio-inspired) machine learning algorithms to predict the vulnerability and expected degree of damage in bridges in the aftermath of an extreme loading event (such as fire, flood, earthquake, etc.). These algorithms comprise deep learning, decision tree, genetic algorithm and genetic programing and were trained and validated using 299 international incidents covering a wide variety of bridge systems/configurations, traffic demands, etc. Based on this analysis, user-friendly assessment tools that can be used to evaluate propensity of a given bridge to undergo high levels of damage and/or collapse are developed. These tools can aid designers and decision-makers in evaluating performance of new or existing bridges against a variety of hazards, as well as in developing relevant design strategies for mitigating disaster-induced failures as to minimize disruptions to supply chain operations and/or evacuations during an emergency.
Layer‐by‐layer assembled PLGA nanoparticles carrying miR‐34a cargo inhibit the proliferation and cell cycle progression of triple‐negative breast cancer cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-25% of diagnosed breast cancers, and its lack of a clinically defined therapeutic target has caused patients to suffer from earlier relapse and higher mortality rates than patients with other breast cancer subtypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of multiple genes through RNA interference to maintain normal tissue function. The tumor suppressor miR-34a is downregulated in TNBC, and its loss-of-expression correlates with worse disease outcomes. Therefore, delivering miR-34a mimics into TNBC cells is a promising strategy to combat disease progression. To achieve this goal, we synthesized layer-by-layer assembled nanoparticles (LbL NPs) comprised of spherical poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) cores surrounded by alternating layers of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and miR-34a. TNBC cells internalized these LbL NPs to a greater extent than polyplexes comprised of PLL and miRNA, and confocal microscopy showed that LbL NPs delivered a substantial fraction of miR-34a cargo into the cytosol. This yielded robust suppression of the miR-34a target genes CCND-1, Notch-1, Bcl-2, Survivin, and MDR-1, which reduced TNBC cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest. These data validate that miR-34a delivery can impair TNBC cell function and support continued investigation of this platform for treatment of TNBC.
Endorsement of Binge Eating Symptoms in a Sample of Predominantly Non-Hispanic Black Adolescents:

Binge eating disorder (BED) as well as individual subthreshold binge eating symptoms are related to deleterious physical and socioemotional outcomes among adolescents. The present study examined the prevalence of specific binge eating behaviors among a sample of primarily non-Hispanic Black outpatients presenting to weight management and endocrinology clinics. Analyses are based on 103 adolescents (69.9% female, 66.9% non-Hispanic Black) who endorsed one or more binge eating symptoms on a nonstandardized clinical assessment patterned after Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. The most commonly endorsed symptom was eating in excess of what is considered normal (71.8%), while least commonly endorsed symptoms included guilt, distress, and embarrassment due to overeating (17.5% to 26.2%). More than half of the participants endorsed multiple specific binge eating symptoms. The level of subthreshold symptomatology reported underscores the importance of developmental and cultural tailoring of prevention and intervention efforts to address these behaviors as a means of curbing clinical-level onset of BED.
Chapter 5 – Variability: Dealing with Diversity

In this chapter, you will learn about variability, which may be defined as the extent to which the data values differ from each other (or differ from their average). Other terms that have a similar meaning include diversity, uncertainty, dispersion, and spread. You will see three different ways of summarizing the amount of the variability in a data set, all of which require numerical data: One: The standard deviation is the traditional choice and is the most widely used. It summarizes how far an observation typically is from the average. If you multiply the standard deviation by itself, you find the variance. Two: The range is quick and superficial and is of limited use. It summarizes the extent of the entire data set, using the distance from the smallest to the largest data value. Three: The coefficient of variation is the traditional choice for a relative (as opposed to an absolute) variability measure and is used moderately often. It summarizes how far an observation typically is from the average as a percentage of the average value, using the ratio of standard deviation to average. Finally, you will learn how rescaling the data (eg, converting from Japanese yen to U.S. dollars or from units produced to monetary cost) changes the variability.
Can Duties to the Self Bind if They Are Waivable

It is often argued that, because she would always be in the position to waive it, a person cannot owe a duty to herself. In a recent AJP article, Janis David Schaab argues that a person can owe a d...
Talazoparib Exposure-Efficacy Analysis in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer and Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations in the EMBRACA Trial

In the phase 3 EMBRACA trial, treatment with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, talazoparib, led to significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with chemotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.71; P 12 months were independent covariates associated with longer PFS. The association of talazoparib exposure with PFS (higher exposure, longer PFS) suggests the recommended starting dose of 1 mg once daily (the maximum tolerated dose) is appropriate.
Developing hazard recognition skill among the next-generation of construction professionals

Globally, a large number of safety hazards remain unrecognised in construction workplaces. These unrecognised safety hazards are also likely to remain unmanaged and can potentially cascade into une...
Batch Training for Neuromorphic Systems with Device Non-idealities

Neuromorphic hardware based on emerging analog memory technologies, like resistive switching, show promise for dense energy efficient systems given their ultra-scalable footprint and better energy / bit consumption. Training of neuromorphic systems large enough for useful real-life applications is theoretically highly efficient, however it poses significant practical challenges due to device non-idealities, such as stochasticity, asymmetry, and nonlinearity. We investigate in detail mini-batch gradient descent in the context of device non-idealities using a 3-layer MLP on MNIST. Convergence curves for different batch sizes show a consistent increase in performance with the increased batch size, but is highly sensitive to the learning rate. Statistical analysis of the weight trajectories and histograms show different behavior between the software and the non-ideal hardware case, but further investigations are needed to understand the trends in the weight populations across the training for different batch sizes.
Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy flexibly adapt grip control in response to variable task demands

Abstract Background Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy demonstrate impairments in grip control with associated limitations in functional grasp. Previous work in cerebral palsy has focused on grip control using relatively predictable task demands, a feature which may limit generalizability of those study results in light of recent evidence in typically developing adults suggesting that grip control strategies are task-dependent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and how varying upper extremity task demands affect grip control in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Methods Children and adolescents with mild spastic cerebral palsy (n = 10) and age- and gender-matched typically developing controls (n = 10) participated. Participants grasped an object while immersed in a virtual environment displaying a moving target and a virtual representation of the held object. Participants aimed to track the target by maintaining the position of the virtual object within the target as it moved in predictable and unpredictable trajectories. Findings Grip control in children with cerebral palsy was less efficient and less responsive to object load force than in typically developing children, but only in the predictable trajectory condition. Both groups of participants demonstrated more responsive grip control in the unpredictable compared to the predictable trajectory condition. Interpretation Grip control impairments in children with cerebral palsy are task-dependent. Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy demonstrated commonly observed grip impairments in the predictable trajectory condition. Unpredictable task demands, however, appeared to attenuate impairments and, thus, could be exploited in the design of therapeutic interventions.
Predictive Design of a Liquid-Metal Switch Actuated by Continuous Electrowetting

A liquid-metal switch actuated by continuous electrowetting is designed and simulated using varied concentrations of sodium hydroxide electrolyte as the immersive media. The observed strong agreement between simulated and measured switch characteristics suggests that the behavior of similar liquid-metal-based systems may be predicted through simulation, eliminating the need for inefficient trial-and-error physical prototyping.
Utilization of smartphone and tablet camera photographs to predict healing of diabetes-related foot ulcers

The objective of this study was to build a machine learning model that can predict healing of diabetes-related foot ulcers, using both clinical attributes extracted from electronic health records (EHR) and image features extracted from photographs. The clinical information and photographs were collected at an academic podiatry wound clinic over a three-year period. Both hand-crafted color and texture features and deep learning-based features from the global average pooling layer of ResNet-50 were extracted from the wound photographs. Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models were then trained for prediction. For prediction of eventual wound healing, the models built with hand-crafted imaging features alone outperformed models built with clinical or deep-learning features alone. Models trained with all features performed comparatively against models trained with hand-crafted imaging features. Utilization of smartphone and tablet photographs taken outside of research settings hold promise for predicting prognosis of diabetes-related foot ulcers.
Rare cutaneous manifestation of Trichosporon asahii.

An 85-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery disease, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to erosive gastritis,
Ternary quadratic forms over local fields

In this chapter, we classify quaternion algebras over local fields using quadratic forms; this generalizes the classification of quaternion algebras over \(\mathbb R \).
Starter and carryover effects of feeding varied feed form (FF) and feed quality (FQ) from 0–18 d on performance and processing for two broiler strains

SUMMARY Previous research in our laboratory demonstrated that feeding broiler chicks crumbles of 2,200 to 3,736 µm improved starter performance, suggesting chicks may be able to consume larger particles, even pellets, earlier than perceived. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of 0 to 18 d variations in feed form (FF; crumble or intact pellets [IP]) and feed quality (FQ; low, medium, high) on starter performance utilizing 2 different genetic strains (GS; high yielding [HY] or fast growing [FG]). Starter FF and FQ carryover effects were also examined by feeding common pelleted diets for the remainder of the grow-out phases and measuring d 62 performance and d 63 processing. Day 0 to 18 FF and FQ interacted, whereas birds fed crumbles had the highest BW and BWG, regardless of crumble FQ; birds fed IP achieved increased weights when FQ was highest, similar to birds fed crumbles. Examining the carryover effects, 0 to 32 d FCR was improved by providing high FQ crumbles (3,388 µm). Overall data (d 0–62) demonstrated no significant differences for measured performance variables. Interactive differences were found for d 63 breast yield (BY), dependent on the FF and FQ presented from d 0 to 18 for each GS. In particular, HY strains demonstrated improved BY if fed low FQ crumbles or high FQ IP, whereas FG broilers demonstrated similar yields, regardless of FF and FQ. These data suggest that the length of the grow out is important when determining which FQ and FF to present in the starter growth phase.
Sleep insufficiency and the natural environment: Results from the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey.

Background Exposure to the natural environment may improve health behaviors and mental health outcomes such as increased levels of physical activity and lower levels of depression associated with sleep quality. Little is known about the relationship between insufficient sleep and the natural environment.
Nonlinear Anisotropic Stress-Strain-Strength Behavior of Soils

Soils consist of an assemblage of particles with different sizes and shapes which form a skeleton whose voids are filled with various fluids. The stresses carried by the soil skeleton are conventionally termed "effective stresses" in the soil mechanics literature, and those in the fluid are called the "pore-fluid pressures". In cases in which some flow of the pore fluid can take place, there is an interaction between the skeleton strains and the pore-fluid flow. The solution of these problems therefore requires that soil behavior be analyzed by incorporating the effects of the flow (transient or steady) of the pore fluid through the voids, and thus requires that a multiphase continuum formulation be available for soils. Such a theory was first developed by Biot (1955) for an elastic porous skeleton. However, it is observed experimentally that the stress-strain behavior of the soil skeleton is strongly nonlinear, anisotropic, elastoplastic, and path-dependent. An extension of Biot's theory into the nonlinear anelastic range is therefore necessary in order to analyze the transient response of soil deposits. Such an extension of Biot's formulation is proposed herein by viewing soil as a multiphase medium consisting of an anelastic porous skeleton and viscous fluids. and by using the modern theories of mixtures developed by Green and Naghdi (1965) and Eringen and Ingram (1965). In order to relate the changes in effective stresses carried by the soil skeleton to the solid rate of deformation tensor, a general analytical model is used which describes the nonlinear, anisotropic, elastoplastic. stress and strain dependent, stress-strain-strength properties of the soil skeleton when subjected to complicated three-dimensional and, in particular, cyclic loading paths. The theory falls within the general framework of the formalism of classical plasticity theory. It combines properties of isotropic and kinematic plasticity, and allows for the adjustment of the plastic hardening rate to any kind of experimental hardening law by using a collection of nested yield surfaces. It is shown that the model parameters required to characterize the behavior of any given soil can be derived entirely from the results of conventional soil tests. The model's extreme versatility and accuracy is demonstrated by applying it to represent the behavior of both cohesive and cohesionless soils under both drained and undrained, monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The use of the proposed formulation for solving boundary value problems of interest in soil mechanics is illustrated.
Food Insecurity and Body Mass Index: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study, Chelsea, Massachusetts, 2009-2013.

INTRODUCTION Cross-sectional studies show an association between food insecurity and higher body mass index (BMI), but this finding has not been evaluated longitudinally. Patient perspectives on food choice in resource-constrained environments are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal association between food insecurity and BMI. METHODS This mixed methods study used both a retrospective matched cohort and focus groups. For the quantitative analysis, all patients in a community health center who reported food insecurity from October 2009 through March 2010 (n = 457) were followed through August 2013 and compared with controls matched by age, sex, and race/ethnicity (n = 1,974). We evaluated the association between food insecurity and change in BMI by using linear, mixed effects longitudinal models. The qualitative analysis included patients with food insecurity, stratified by BMI. Qualitative data were analyzed by using open coding and grounded theory. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 51 years; 61% were women, and 73% were Hispanic. Baseline BMI was similar in food insecure participants and matched controls. After adjustment in longitudinal analyses, food insecurity was associated with greater increase in BMI (0.15 kg/m(2) per year more than controls, P < .001). Themes identified in 4 focus groups included attitudes and knowledge about food, food access, and food practices. Participants with BMI of 30 kg/m(2) or less highlighted skills such as budgeting and portion control. CONCLUSION Food insecurity is associated with increase in BMI. The skills of food insecure participants who were not obese, such as portion control and budgeting, may be useful in weight management interventions for vulnerable patients.
The long-wavelength mantle structure and dynamics and implications for large-scale tectonics and volcanism in the Phanerozoic

Abstract The Earth's lower mantle structure, as revealed by seismic tomography studies, is best characterized by two large low seismic velocity provinces (i.e., LLSVP) beneath Africa and Pacific and their surrounding, circum-Pacific seismically fast anomalies. This mantle structure, sometimes called degree-2 structure, has been the most robust feature of all the seismic tomography models for the last 30 years. The dominantly degree-2 mantle structure explains the long-wavelength geoid anomalies including the geoid highs over Africa and Pacific. The LLSVPs are suggested to be the source regions for hotspot volcanism and large igneous province (LIP) events that are compositionally distinct from that for mid-ocean ridge basalts, thus holding the key to understanding mantle geochemistry. The degree-2 structure and LLSVPs have also been used as a reference frame to reconstruct paleogeography and true polar wander (TPW) history of the Earth for the Phanerozoic (i.e., for the last 500 Ma). This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on the degree-2 mantle structure. While seismic tomography inversion and models are discussed, the main focus of the paper is on the dynamics of long-wavelength mantle convection, plate tectonics and large-scale volcanism. Important topics in the paper include: 1) the long-wavelength seismic structure for the present-day mantle, its possible relation to the long-wavelength geoid anomalies, volcanism and magmatism, and plate motion history, 2) the time evolution of the long-wavelength mantle structure in the Phanerozoic and its relations to Pangea assembly and breakup and history of volcanism/LIP events, and 3) the physics that controls the dynamics of long-wavelength mantle convection. The paper also provides a critical assessment on the validity of the hypothesis of spatially stationary Africa and Pacific LLSVPs since the early Paleozoic and its implications.
Heat transfer to newtonian and non-newtonian fluids in rectangular ducts

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the analytical and experimental hydrodynamics and heat transfer studies of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in laminar and turbulent flow through rectangular tubes. The chapter in particular focuses on the rectangular duct geometry, with emphasis on the friction factor and heat transfer behavior of non-Newtonian fluids. It is recognized that non-Newtonian behavior is generally more complicated than Newtonian flow. In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, the theoretical predictions yield low estimates of the heat transfer under laminar flow conditions. The fact that the available experimental heat transfer measurements lie above the predictions could reflect an inadequacy in the analytical model. For non-Newtonians in turbulent flow through rectangular channels, the situation is even more complicated. Some non-Newtonian fluids act as pseudoplastics, showing some reduction in friction and heat transfer as compared with a Newtonian fluid. Other non-Newtonian fluids experience large reductions in the friction factor and in heat transfer under turbulent flow conditions.
Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation: Evidence against Participation of Cytochrome P-450

Abstract The initial reaction of 4-methylsterol demethylation is an aerobic hydroxylation of the methyl group by a mixed function oxidase. Since the microsomal carbon monoxidebinding hemoprotein, P-450, is the terminal oxidase of some similar mixed function oxidases, the role of P-450 in the process of methylsterol demethylation has now been investigated. The specific content of P-450 in a preparation of rat liver microsomes that actively demethylates sterols is approximately 1.2 mµmoles per mg of protein. This concentration of microsomal P-450 is decreased markedly by treatment of microsomes with deoxycholic acid. However, upon deoxycholate treatment, methylsterol demethylase activity is retained disproportionately. Microsomes from various sources contain sterol demethylase activity, but many active preparations contain no P-450. The sterol demethylase is not inhibited by compounds that inhibit P-450-dependent mixed function oxidases. For example, methylsterol demethylase is not inhibited by carbon monoxide, ethyl isocyanide, or nicotinamide. In further contradistinction, the demethylase is inhibited by cyanide. An aerobic hydroxylase is released from rat liver microsomes in soluble form by treatment of the particles with deoxycholic acid. The isolated hydroxylase has been purified approximately 100-fold by gel filtration, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex. The ratio of activity to P-450 content is increased approximately 1000-fold by purification. Similar but less extensive evidence suggests that microsomal cytochrome b5 may not be a carrier of electrons in methylsterol hydroxylase.
Ion channel remodeling in gastrointestinal inflammation

Background Gastrointestinal inflammation significantly affects the electrical excitability of smooth muscle cells. Considerable progress over the last few years have been made to establish the mechanisms by which ion channel function is altered in the setting of gastrointestinal inflammation. Details have begun to emerge on the molecular basis by which ion channel function may be regulated in smooth muscle following inflammation. These include changes in protein and gene expression of the smooth muscle isoform of L-type Ca2+ channels and ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Recent attention has also focused on post-translational modifications as a primary means of altering ion channel function in the absence of changes in protein/gene expression. Protein phosphorylation of serine/theronine or tyrosine residues, cysteine thiol modifications, and tyrosine nitration are potential mechanisms affected by oxidative/nitrosative stress that alter the gating kinetics of ion channels. Collectively, these findings suggest that inflammation results in electrical remodeling of smooth muscle cells in addition to structural remodeling. Purpose The purpose of this review is to synthesize our current understanding regarding molecular mechanisms that result in altered ion channel function during gastrointestinal inflammation and to address potential areas that can lead to targeted new therapies.
Inference and Speci?cation Testing in DSGE Models with Possible Weak Identification

This paper considers inference and model diagnostics for log-linearized DSGE models allow- ing an unknown subset of parameters to be weakly (including un-) identified. The framework allows for latent state variables, measurement errors and also permits analysis using only part of the spectrum, say at the business cycle frequencies. The latter is important because DSGE mod- els are often designed to explain business cycle movements, not very long-run or very short-run ?uctuations. For inference, we first characterize weak identi?cation from a frequency domain perspective and propose a score test for the structural parameters based on the frequency domain maximum likelihood. The construction heavily exploits the structures of the DSGE solution, the score function and the information matrix. In particular, we show that the test statistic can be represented as the explained sum of squares from a complex-valued multivariate linear regression, where weak identification surfaces as (imperfectly) multicollinear regressors. Then, we prove that asymptotically valid inference can be carried out by inverting this test statistic and using Chi-square critical values. Next, we suggest procedures to construct uniform confidence bands for the impulse response function, the time path of the variance decomposition, the individual spectrum and the absolute coherency. For model diagnostics, we propose a family of frequency domain misspecification tests that are robust to weak identification. They can be used to test for misspecification in the mean, in the spectrum as well as misspecification within a band of frequencies. A simulation experiment using a calibrated model suggests that the tests have adequate size even in relatively small samples. It also suggests that it is possible to have informative confidence sets in DSGE models with unidentified parameters, particularly regard- ing the impulse responses functions. Although the paper focuses on DSGE models, the methods developed are potentially applicable to other dynamic models with well defined spectra, such as the stationary (factor-augmented) structural vector autoregression.
Vulnerability to Depression: Personal, Situational, and Family Aspects

There have been breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment of depression in the past decade, but progress in our knowledge of the origins of depression is slower. Or perhaps it is more accurate to say that we know a great deal more now than we did, but the questions continue to grow more complicated. While such complexity may be frustrating, and sometimes even daunting, there is also a great deal of excitement among clinical researchers about the developments that have occurred. This chapter attempts to convey a sense of this complexity, of change and discovery, in selected psychological aspects of depression. Against a growing mass of research on biological aspects of mood disorders, studies of the psychosocial aspects of affective disorders have a great deal to contribute, not just in content but also in methods and conceptualization. In the sections to follow, the theme is vulnerability to depression — how the issue has been framed in my research program over time, how personal, situational, and family aspects of vulnerability to depression have been studied and what such studies have revealed, as well as what gaps remain.
Phased array parameter optimization for low-altitude targets

The paper investigates optimal integration times, search strategies, and confirmation strategies for an X-band, pulse-Doppler, phased array radar which is performing the horizon surveillance function.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, research domain criteria, and endophenotypes

Furthermore, positive associations between growth trajectory throughout the first 5 years of life and childhood cognitive ability were observed, in spite of the fact that rapid infancy growth increases the risk to develop obesity, diabetes and hypertension, conditions associated with increased risk to develop cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. This lecturewill illustrate the above concepts andwill also show recent data on the early on-set of the relationship between obesity and brain insulin sensitivity and development.
Learning, “Flow,” and Happiness

Why do people learn? If we could only answer that modest question, we would be well along the way toward understanding and implementing lifelong learning. If one knew what motivates people to learn, one could facilitate its occurrence and channel it in directions that are socially or ethically desirable.
Production in vitro of murine antibody to a human histocompatibility alloantigen.

AN in vitro culture system from our laboratory which may be used to generate homogeneous antibodies to human cell surface antigens has been recently described1. Using this system, we have obtained series of antibodies which discriminate between closely related human cells1 and cell lines2. The present report defines more precisely the potential of this system by showing how it may be used to obtain antibodies to a human cell surface antigen of well-defined specificity, the histocompatibility alloantigen HLA–A2.
The delivery of IMRT with a single physical modulator for multiple fields: a feasibility study for paranasal sinus cancer.

Abstract Purpose This study describes a new intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery method that utilizes a single modulator to deliver multiple fields (“multifield modulator”). This technique reduces the treatment time and manufacturing costs typically associated with modulator-IMRT. Technical feasibility was evaluated for treating paranasal sinus cancers. Methods and materials Technical feasibility was measured by three criteria: The dose distributions of the multifield modulator–IMRT plans should offer improvements over those produced by 3D conformal plans and be equivalent to those of step-and-shoot multileaf collimator (MLC) IMRT plans, the manufactured modulators should meet quality assurance specifications, and the effort required to use this technology should not substantially exceed the effort required for current IMRT practice. Seven paranasal cancer cases were examined. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results Multifield modulator–IMRT plans can improve target coverage while reducing critical structure doses compared to 3D conformal plans. Multifield modulator–IMRT plans are at least equivalent to the corresponding step-and-shoot MLC–IMRT plans. Multifield modulators can be constructed to meet design specifications in quality assurance tests. The time required for manufacturing, quality assurance, and treatment delivery using multifield modulators was measured and found to be only slightly greater than that for current IMRT treatment methods. Conclusions IMRT treatments using multifield modulators for paranasal sinus tumors are feasible. Clinics may find it worthwhile to commit the minimal extra time for quality assurance and treatment to benefit from the improved dose distribution and lack of interplay between MLC leaf motion and internal target motion.