cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic pH sensitive polyampholyte hydrogels: A preliminary study

A combined capillary drop viscometer-pH cell has been constructed and used to study the solution properties of some polymeric weak acids, bases, and ampholytes containing methacrylic acid (MAA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The behavior of polyelectrolytes based on MAA or DMAEMA is consistent with established thinking, and is dominated by the chain expansions which accompany ionization of acidic (MAA) or protonation of basic (DMAEMA) functionality. The solution behavior of the polyampholytes is complex and was studied as a preliminary to investigations of crosslinked hydrogel analogues. Briefly, it was found that changes in polymer coil dimensions were dictated by the formation or “breakage” of intramolecular salt bridges by, for example, lowering the solution pH to protonate weakly acidic, or raising the pH to deprotonate weakly basic functionality. Similar effects were observed on adding counterions which preferentially complex with one of the bound ions. The pH “sensitivity” of polymer coil dimensions increased with the concentration of charged functionality in the polymer. Chemically crosslinked polyampholytes were prepared and equilibrium water contents were measured as a function of pH. In contrast, due to network constraints, the pH “sensitivity” of the hydrogels, as measured by changes in equilibrium water uptake, increased with a decrease in the level of charged functionality in the polymer.
Light amplification in semiconductor nanocrystals: Quantum rods versus quantum dots

We perform side-by-side comparison of optical gain properties of spherical and elongated nanocrystals (quantum dots and quantum rods, respectively). This comparison indicates that elongated nanoparticles provide several features beneficial for lasing applications, such as enhanced absorption cross sections (and hence reduced lasing threshold and improved photostability), increased optical gain lifetime, and extended optical gain spectral range through the use of transitions that involve both ground and excited electronic states.
Calcite Prisms from Mollusk Shells (Atrina Rigida): Swiss‐cheese‐like Organic–Inorganic Single‐crystal Composites

Biogenic single-crystal composites, such as sea urchin spines and calcitic prisms from mollusk shells, contain organic macromolecules inside of inorganic single-crystal matrices. The nanoscale internal structure of these materials, however, is poorly understood, especially how the biomacromolecules are distributed within the crystals without signifi cantly disrupting the crystalline lattice. Here, annular dark-fi eld scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography reveal, in three dimensions, how biomacromolecules are distributed within the calcitic prisms from Atrina rigida shells. Disk-like nanopatches, whose scattering intensity is consistent with organic inclusions, are observed to be anisotropically arranged within a continuous, single-crystalline calcite matrix. These nanopatches are preferentially aligned with the (000 l ) planes of calcite. Along the crystallographic caxis, there are alternating organic-rich and -poor regions on a length scale of tens of nanometers, while, in the ab plane, the distribution of nanopatches is more random and uniform. The structural features elucidated in this work have relevance to understanding the structure–property relationships and formation mechanisms of biominerals, as well as to the development of bioinspired strategies to extrinsically tune the properties of single-crystals.
Free-forced laminar flow convective heat transfer from a square cavity in a channel with variable inclination

Abstract Free-forced laminar flow convective heat transfer from a square cavity in a channel with variable inclination has been investigated numerically using Boussinesq approximated equations. All walls of the geometrical configuration are adiabatic except for the back wall in the cavity which was kept at a constant temperature higher than that of the entering flow. The influence on heat transfer of cavity orientation, channel inclination, flow direction and entrance profile have been studied for flow conditions corresponding to Pr = 0.709, Re = 300 and Gr = 4500; based on the cavity width, mean flow rate and a cavity orientation angle γ = 0 corresponding to vertical channel flow. The calculations show that significant buoyant forces arise in the cavity where Gr / Re 2 ∼- 30 but that these are small in the channel where Gr / Re 2 ∼- 0.05. In general, the calculations show enhanced rates of heat transfer when buoyant forces are opposed to the main flow direction and diminished rates of heat transfer when they are aligned in the same direction. Stable stratification of the flow in a downward-facing cavity geometry is responsible for reducing the rate of heat transfer relative to an upward-facing geometry under equivalent flew conditions. Although limited to a narrow range of geometric and dynamic characteristics wherein the Boussinesq approximation applies, the present results show clearly the relative roles and magnitudes of these effects and should therefore be of value to researchers concerned with the influence of buoyancy driven motions in ducted flows.
A Nonradioactive Assay for the Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Use in Monitoring Receptor Kinase Activity after Activation of Overexpressed Protein Kinase Cα and High Glucose Treatment

In the present study we describe a nonradioactive assay for measuring the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor. This assay utilizes as an exogenous substrate a biotinylated peptide based on the sequence of the endogenous substrate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). To separate the tyrosine phosphorylated peptide from the nonphosphorylated peptide, immobilized recombinantly produced SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is utilized to bind the tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide. The amount of bound peptide is then detected by the use of peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin and a colorimetric assay. This assay has been used to measure the tyrosine kinase activity of receptor which was immunocaptured from lysates of various cells overexpressing the human insulin receptor as well as the endogenous insulin receptors in the parental cells. In this in vitro assay, no decrease in tyrosine kinase activity was observed in receptors from cells with activated overexpressed protein kinase C alpha or after high glucose treatment although a decrease in in situ phosphorylation of IRS-1 was observed with the activation of protein kinase C alpha. These results indicate that this assay may be a useful new method for monitoring the enzymatic activity of the insulin receptor kinase as well as other tyrosine kinases.
Reliable open spectrum communications through proactive spectrum access

Open Spectrum systems offer an attractive solution to the reuse of under-utilized licensed spectrum. Existing proposals take a reactive sense-and-avoid approach to impulsively reconfigure spectrum usage without any knowledge of future dynamics. We propose a proactive spectrum access approach where secondary users utilize past observations to build predictive models on spectrum availability, and intelligently plan channel usage to maximize utilization and minimize disruptions to primary users. Based on the characteristics of TV-broadcast, we develop a simple availability metric and apply a usability filter to eliminate unreliable channels with heavy and frequent appearance of primary users. Our experimental results show that the proactive approach can significantly reduce the number of disruptions. We also observe a clear tradeoff between the disruption rate and the throughput at secondary users. By varying the usability filter threshold, we can to control this tradeoff according to the constraints of primary users and the application requirements at secondary users.
EXPECTATIONS AND STABILITY OF PREFERENCE CHOICE

When identical milk samples are presented, only 30% of participants respond with a "no preference" rating. Stability of the "no preference" rating was studied under a variety of conditions, having consumer panelists rate both identical and different pairs of milk samples with varying fat content. The proportion of participants choosing the "no preference" option, when the samples in the pair were identical, was largely consistent despite manipulation of pretest conditions and changes in test questions and answer formats. However, when the milk preference test was preceded by a same/different test, and those responding "same " were assumed to have no preference, the percent of "no preference" was two to three times larger for identical test samples (60-69%). Thus by branching the question, the "false preference" choice for identical milks was lowered. Among those responding "different" to identical milks, the false-alarm rate increased to 91%, suggesting that perception of (spurious or momentary) differences is driving at least part of the preference choice.
Responses of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsucae) Infestation in Appalachian Riparian Forests

ABSTRACT. Invasive insects pose a significant threat to biodiversity, often affecting entire communities through the destruction of foundation species. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) forests, which are unique habitats in eastern North America, are threatened by an introduced insect, the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). Previous studies have found declines in the abundance of some forest bird species, including the Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), with increasing infestation by Hemlock Woolly Adelgids. To identify potential mechanisms behind these declines, we studied abundance, breeding biology, and habitat selection of Acadian Flycatchers in 11 Eastern Hemlock-dominated riparian sites in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, representing a continuum of infestation levels, in 2001–2002 and 2006–2007. Eastern Hemlock supported 90% of all nests and was used more as a nesting substrate than expected at most sites. We found ∼70% fewer breeding pairs at heavily infested sites, tho...
Exploring Third Space in a Dual-Language Setting: Opportunities and Challenges

This study examined the ways that 5th graders and their teachers constructed third spaces in bilingual and bicultural communities of practice in a dual-language school. Students and teachers used students' funds of knowledge to connect with and transform academic tasks and discourses and to create third spaces. In transformational third spaces, students' personal experiences were merged with official discourses to inform the curricula and enrich learning. However, the linguistic and cultural resources of the bilingual students were not fully capitalized upon; thus, crucial moments that offered potential for learning and discovery were underutilized.
Geometrically large flux-line pins

Abstract Extensive theoretical work on the statistical summation of flux-line point pins cannot be applied in principle to the many experimental studies of pinning by large crystalline defects [dimensions larger than the flux-line-lattice (FLL) parameter]. However, qualitative similarities exist between the theory of point pins and observations of the critical current density in coarsely grained polycrystalline, cold worked and two-phase superconducting materials. A review is presented of the theory developed for understanding pinning by grain boundaries and ellipsoidal precipitates. This theory assumes contiguity of a FLL plane with the crystalline defect surface. Pinning by ellipsoidal precipitates accounts for the observed anisotropy of the critical current density in Nb containing impurity precipitates. The required alignment of a flat defect surface with a FLL layer sharply reduces the pinning effectiveness of grain boundaries and dislocation-cell walls. A new theory of thermally activated flux creep is presented, and data are presented that imply strong point pinning at dislocation-cell vertices in a cold-worked material.
Synthesis and Iron(III) Binding Properties of 3-Hydroxypyrid-4-Ones Derived from Kojic Acid

Abstract In an attempt to reduce the toxicity of the 3-hydroxypyrid-4-ones, the more hydrophilic derivatives of kojic acid were explored and compared to the standard, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, L1. The synthesis and iron(III) binding properties of these chelators are described. Neither these compounds nor the clinically effective 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4 one is able to completely remove all of the iron(III) from the Fe(III)EDTA complex in sodium acetate buffered solutions, when the 3-hydroxypyrid-4-one:Fe(III) ratio is 6:1. The ability of these compounds to enhance the urinary excretion of iron in rats indicates that the behavior of the 3-hydroxypyrid-4-ones derived from kojic acid is comparable to the analogous derivatives of maltol and ethyl maltol. The structure of the iron(III) complex of 3-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-1-methylpyrid-4-one was determined by x-ray diffraction and found to be similar to the previously reported structure of the iron(III) complex of L1.
Treating produced water from hydraulic fracturing: Composition effects on scale formation and desalination system selection

Abstract Produced water from unconventional gas and oil extraction may be hypersaline with uncommon combinations of dissolved ions. The aim of this analysis is to aid in the selection of produced water treatment technology by identifying the temperature, pH, and recovery ratio under which mineral solid formation from these produced waters is likely to occur. Eight samples of produced water from the Permian Basin and the Marcellus shale are discussed, with an average TDS of about 177 g/L but significant variability. Crystallization potential is quantified by the saturation index, and activity coefficients are calculated using the Pitzer model. The method is applied to estimate solid formation in the treatment of two design case samples: a 183 g/L sample representing the Permian Basin water and a 145 g/L sample representing the Marcellus. Without pretreatment, the most likely solids to form, defined by highest saturation index, are: CaCO3, FeCO3, MgCO3, MnCO3, SrCO3, BaSO4, CaSO4, MgSO4 and SrSO4. Some options for mitigating the formation of these scales are discussed. With appropriate pretreatment, it is estimated that recovery ratios of as high as 40–50% are achievable before NaCl, a major constituent, is likely to limit further concentration without significant crystallization.
Mixed-mode dynamics in a semiconductor laser with two optical feedbacks

We demonstrate analytically and numerically that multiple mixed external cavity mode solutions are possible for a laser subject to optical feedback from two external cavities. Such solutions exhibit a series of bifurcations and can be easily identified from optical spectra and their frequency content. Similar states have been proposed and analyzed within the framework of the usual Lang-Kobayashi equations describing a semiconductor laser subject to a single optical feedback in short cavities and with moderate pumping. We will present experimental results demonstrating the existence of mixed-mode states in a two-cavity system. We also find that the bifurcation sequence can terminate in low frequency fluctuation states before restabilization on a new maximum power external cavity mode.
Application of fluorescence vital microscopy to the vasculature around erupting teeth

Abstract By using epi-illumination to excite fluorescence from a suitable fluorochrome dye injected into the blood stream, it is possible to conduct a study on the distribution of blood vessels in thick, opaque tissues, such as gingiva (gum tissues) without surgical intervention. The pattern of the fluorescing vessels can conveniently be observed by means of a high sensitivity CCTV system.
Thermal fatigue degradation of an overlay coating

Abstract The degradation of a 92 μm-thick NiCoCrAlY overlay coating applied with electron beam physical vapor deposition to single crystals of a nickel base superalloy (CMSX-3) was studied by subjecting thin disk-shaped specimens to 6000 thermal cycles with different rates of heating (from 520 °C to 1090 °C on 4.5 s, 6 s and 20 s) and cooling (to 520 °C in 7 s and 15 s). Diffusion during coating deposition and the subsequent heat treatments to allow for further substrate precipitate growth and coating-substrate interdiffusion gave a 10 μm β-α-γ transition zone between the coating and substrate, which grew to 80 μm and transformed into a single γ phase after cycling for the most severe history (Δecoatel + Δecoatcreep = 0.83%). A A 100 h isothermal test at 1090 °C revealed little thinning of the coating, no interface voids, and no cracking. Cyclic degradation consisted of severe cracking, which in some cases propagated well into the substrate, and critically depended on the calculated coating strain ranges and oxides cooling stresses. Two different crack initiation process were observed in the absence of initial surface defects (pits). At normal cooling rates (15 s), cracks appeared to originate from interface (Kirkendall) voids that grew from the original coating-substrate interface towards the coating surface. These voids were associated with calculated coating strain ranges of 0.57% and above. At high cooling rates (7 s), giving maximum calculated oxide stresses of 218 MPa rather than 116 MPa, there was early cracking of the protective oxide scale with cracks initiating at the coating surface.
Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, Part I: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.

Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy occur infrequently in small animals, but are capable of causing significant disease. The clinical and histopathologic findings seen with these late complications of diabetes are discussed. The pathogenesis of these disorders is most likely multifactorial; metabolic alterations secondary to the hyperglycemic state, and microvascular changes seen with diabetes have both been implicated. Current treatment consists of aggressive control of the hyperglycemia, as research continues into the pathobiology of the late complications in attempts to find a definitive therapy.
Information loss in a competing risks model

A semi-parametric model is investigated for the analysis of competing risks with covariates in the presence of independent random censoring. The information of the maximum partial likelihood estimates is compared with that of the maximum likelihood estimates, assuming the baseline hazard function is an unknown constant. The difference between the two information matrices is taken as the amount of information lost as the result of using the partial likelihood. It is a positive semi-definite matrix. A condition is given for no loss of information.
Effect of pulsing on reaction outcome in a gas–liquid catalytic packed-bed reactor

Abstract A novel experiment is described for studying the effect of flow regime on reaction outcome for a consecutive-parallel reaction. By taking advantage of the convective nature of disturbances that grow into pulses in gas–liquid packed-bed reactors, it is shown that it is possible to compare reaction behavior for pulsing and trickling at the same flow rates. This contrasts previous studies where effects of regime were found, but at different flow rates. This experiment is accomplished by packing the column with mostly inert particles and confining the catalytically active region either near the inlet, where pulses have not yet formed, or near the end where they have developed. It is found that for the reaction of phenylacetylene to styrene and ethylbenzene over a platinum/alumina catalyst, where pulses are present in the bottom of the reactor but not at the top, about a 15% increase in styrene concentration, as an intermediate, occurs under pulsing conditions.
The importance of belief in argumentation: belief, commitment and the effective resolution of a difference of opinion

This paper examines the adequacy of commitment change, as a measure of the successful resolution of a difference of opinion. I argue that differences of opinion are only effectively resolved if commitments undertaken in argumentation survive beyond its conclusion and go on to govern an arguer’s actions in everyday life, e.g., by serving as premises in her practical reasoning. Yet this occurs, I maintain, only when an arguer’s beliefs are changed, not merely her commitments.
Controlling nonlinear stochastic resonance by harmonic mixing

Abstract We investigate the potential for controlling the effect of nonlinear Stochastic Resonance (SR) by use of harmonic mixing signals for an overdamped Brownian dynamics in a symmetric double well potential. The periodic forcing for harmonic mixing consists of a first signal with a basic frequency Ω and a second, superimposed signal oscillating at twice the basic frequency 2 Ω . By variation of the phase difference between these two components and the amplitude ratios of the driving the phenomenon of SR becomes a priori controllable. The harmonic mixing dynamically breaks the symmetry so that the time- and ensemble-average assumes a non-vanishing value. Independently of the noise level, the response can be suppressed by adjusting the phase difference. Nonlinear SR then exhibits resonances at higher harmonics with respect to the applied noise strength and relative phase. The scheme of nonlinear SR via harmonic mixing can be used to steer the nonlinear response and to sensitively measure the internal noise strength. We further demonstrate that the full Fokker–Planck dynamics can be well approximated by a two-state model.
Influence of Sensation Seeking on Response to Alcohol Versus Placebo: Implications for the Acquired Preparedness Model

Objective:Previous research has identified several aspects of behavioral undercontrol that are associated with heavy drinking and problems. Further, research on the acquired preparedness model (Smith and Anderson, 2001) has identified biased learning as a potential mechanism of these effects. Traits like sensation seeking have been linked to stronger positive and weaker negative expectancies, which, in turn, contribute to increased risk for heavy drinking and problems. Although expectancies are thought to represent potentially biased expectations about drinking outcomes, they may also reflect individual differences in alcohol response. The present study examined the strength of associations between sensation seeking and both expectancies (response to placebo) and subjective response under alcohol.Method:Using a between-subjects design, young adult social drinkers (N = 236) were randomly assigned to receive alcohol (target breath alcohol concentration of .08%) or placebo, after which they reported on subje...
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. A new method of surgical repair.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery has been surgically corrected by means of a technique that avoids direct suturing of the coronary artery itself. The anomalous left coronary artery is removed from the pulmonary artery with a cuff of pulmonary artery tissue about its orifice. In a five-and-one-half-year-old patient the anomalous coronary artery was anastomosed directly to the aorta using this technique. In another patient, seven months of age, the anomalous coronary artery could not be anastomosed directly to the aorta and a segment of the patient's subclavian artery was interposed between the left coronary artery and the aorta to complete the anastomosis. In the latter patient, profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest were used during construction of the anastomosis in an attempt to minimize further myocardial damage. The establishment of a two coronary artery system has been demonstrated to be feasible in the infant or young child with this anomaly.
The lower Proterozoic Fern Creek Formation, northern Michigan: mineral and bulk geochemical evidence for its glaciogenic origin

Bulk chemical data indicate the Fern Creek Formation (Early Proterozoic, Marquette Range Supergroup, Lower Chocolay Group) originated as a glacial till, resolving an old argument about the correct interpretation for diamictite-containing units within the formation. There are poor correlations among SiO2, Al2O3, and K2O, and the chemical index of alteration averages 55. These are qualities characteristic of tills and other sediments accumulated in the absence of chemical weathering and transport-induced sorting and inconsistent with an origin as a fluvial deposit (the principal alternate hypothesis). The Archean Carney Lake Gneiss might be the source for at least the lower portions of the Fern Creek Formation. Compositions are similar, and rare earth element trends in the Fern Creek Formation are consistent with derivation from an Archean high-grade terrane. Pegmatites in the gneiss could be the source for monazite, huttonite, and an unnamed fluor-hydroxy-rare earth mineral that occurs in the midsection of...
The Scripto-Trauma Genogram: An Innovative Technique for Working with Trauma Survivors' Intrusive Memories

This article focuses on how to construct the Scripto-Trauma Genogram and how to use it with trauma survivors who struggle with intrusive memories. Clients develop Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after a traumatic event, based upon personal factors, predisposing factors, peridisposing factors, postdisposing factors and resiliency factors. Clients with ASD or PTSD, as well as trauma survivors who do not quite meet all the diagnostic criteria for ASD or PTSD, often report struggling with intrusive memories, which are believed to be brief sensory fragments of the traumatic event and are experienced as intensely as they were during the traumatic event. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 6:36–51 (2006)]
Dose-related effects of MK-801 on acute and chronic methylphenidate administration

Abstract The non-competitive N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 has been shown to modulate both the effects of stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, in producing locomotion and the chronic effects of stimulants in producing sensitization. In this study, we examine the interactions between MK-801 and the stimulant methylphenidate. Three different doses of MK-801 were administered 60 min prior to methylphenidate injection (2.5 mg/kg) and the acute response to MK-801 alone and the coadministration with methylphenidate were characterized. MK-801 alone was found to produce dose-dependent locomotor activation. The 0.15 mg/kg dose of MK-801 had no effect on the response to methylphenidate, while the 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg doses augmented the methylphenidate response. The effect of pretreatment with MK-801 on subsequent repeated methylphenidate administration was assessed. For all three doses tested, MK-801 pretreatment blocked the progressive locomotor sensitization expected during repeated methylphenidate administration. These findings suggest that MK-801 may exert a long-lasting effect on learning and memory process that result in a blocking of the development of sensitization.
Multifactorial beliefs about the role of genetics and behavior in common health conditions: prevalence and associations with participant characteristics and engagement in health behaviors

Many common health conditions arise due to a combination of genetic factors and lifestyle-related behaviors. People’s understanding of the multifactorial nature of health conditions has implications for their receptivity to health messages regarding genomics and medicine, and may be related to their adoption of protective health behaviors. Although past work has investigated aspects of either genetic or behavioral causal beliefs, multifactorial beliefs have not been evaluated systematically. Utilizing nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Health Information National Trends Survey, we examined the prevalence of multifactorial beliefs regarding the etiology of cancer, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension, as well as associations between such beliefs and demographic, health history, and health behavior variables in the US population. Among 3,630 participants, the vast majority (64.2–78.6%) endorsed multifactorial beliefs. The number of statistically significant associations was limited. Trends suggest that endorsement of multifactorial beliefs may differ by demographic and health history characteristics. Beliefs about the multifactorial etiology of cancer were associated with cancer screening behaviors. Multifactorial beliefs about other common health conditions were associated with few health promotion behaviors. These findings and recommendations for future research provide preliminary guidance for developing and targeting genomics-related health messages and communications. Genet Med 16 12, 913–921.
Non invasive high resolution in vivo imaging of α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced hepatobiliary toxicity in STII medaka

A novel transparent stock of medaka (Oryzias latipes; STII), homozygous recessive for all four pigments (iridophores, xanthophores, leucophores, melanophores), permits transcutaneous, high resolution (<1 μm) imaging of internal organs and tissues in living individuals. We applied this model to in vivo investigation of α -naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced hepatobiliary toxicity. Distinct phenotypic responses to ANIT involving all aspects of intrahepatic biliary passageways (IHBPs), particularly bile preductular epithelial cells (BPDECs), associated with transitional passageways between canaliculi and bile ductules, were observed. Alterations included: attenuation/dilation of bile canaliculi, bile preductular lesions, hydropic vacuolation of hepatocytes and BPDECs, mild BPDEC hypertrophy, and biliary epithelial cell (BEC) hyperplasia. Ex vivo histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies were employed to aid in interpretation of, and verify, in vivo findings. 3D reconstructions from in vivo investigations provided quantitative morphometric and volumetric evaluation of ANIT exposed and untreated livers. The findings presented show for the first time in vivo evaluation of toxicity in the STII medaka hepatobiliary system, and, in conjunction with prior in vivo work characterizing normalcy, advance our comparative understanding of this lower vertebrate hepatobiliary system and its response to toxic insult.
Modeling of Wall Pressure Fluctuations Based on Time Mean Flow Field

Time-mean flow fields and turbulent flow characteristics obtained from solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a κ-e turbulence model are used to predict the frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations. The vertical turbulent velocity is represented by the turbulent kinetic energy contained in the local flow. An anisotropic distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy is implemented based on an equilibrium turbulent shear flow, which assumes flow with a zero streamwise pressure gradient. The spectral correlation model for predicting the wall pressure fluctuation is obtained through a Green's function formulation and modeling of the streamwise and spanwise wave number spectra
Accumulation of mRNAs encoding synaptic vesicle‐specific proteins precedes neurite extension during early neuronal development

Synaptic vesicles are essential for neuronal synaptic function. We have analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of mRNA accumulation of two integral membrane proteins specific for synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin and SV2) and a small GTP-binding protein associated with the vesicles (rab3a), using in situ hybridization to mouse embryonic tissue sections. Our results indicate that transcription of these mRNAs is not synchronous in the embryo. Detectable levels of synaptophysin and rab3a mRNAs appear during early neurulation (embryonic day [ED] 9.5) both in the CNS and PNS, whereas SV2 mRNA is not observed before ED 10.5. We have also compared the accumulation of these synaptic vesicle protein transcripts during neuroblast proliferation and neuronal differentiation in vitro, using as a model system the embryonic carcinoma cell line P19 which can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. We observe that transcripts for all three proteins appear in neurons virtually simultaneously soon after withdrawal from the cell cycle. These data suggest that the program of differentiation in vitro is similar to that observed in vivo, but markedly accelerated. In both embryos and P19 cells, transcripts for these three proteins are detectable at a time when most of the neurons have withdrawn from the cell cycle, but prior to neurite extension and synapse formation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eastern Bottlebrush Grass Yield, Persistence, and Nutritive Value in the Northeastern USA

Jensen, 1996). Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.) has been evaluated in the northeastern USA in terms Introduced (nonnative) species account for nearly all of the forage of yield, persistence, and nutritive value (Sanderson et grassesusedinnortheasternUSAforagesystems.Weevaluatedaccesal., 2004a, 2004b). Virginia wildrye performed better on sions of the native cool-season species, Eastern bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix var. hystrix L.), from the northeastern USA for yield, a deep soil in New York compared with shallow or persistence, plant morphological traits, and nutritive value. Thirteen sandy soils in Pennsylvania and Maryland, respectively. accessions and one commercial ecotype of bottlebrush grass were The nutritive value of Virginia wildrye was comparable transplanted into single-row field plots in late summer of 2000 at to that of orchardgrass; however, orchardgrass was much Beltsville, MD, Rock Springs, PA, and Big Flats, NY. Two orchardgrass more productive and persistent. (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars were included for reference. Yield, There is a need for more information on the usepersistence, morphology (leaf width, length, mass, area, and tillers fulness of locally adapted native grasses in production, per plant), and nutritive value data were collected during 2001 and conservation, and other plantings in the northeastern 2002. Bottlebrush grass was eliminated by the bluegrass billbug (SpheUSA. Therefore, we evaluated several northeastern colnophorus parvulus Gyllenhal) at Rock Springs in spring of 2001. At lections of bottlebrush grass for dry matter yield, persisBig Flats and Beltsville, the bottlebrush grass accessions produced as much dry matter per plant as the commercial ecotype. Orchardgrass tence, morphological characteristics, and nutritive value yielded four times as much dry matter as the mean of all bottlebrush at three locations. grass entries(102 g vs.26 g per plantaveraged for yearsand locations). The low productivity of bottlebrush grass resulted from reduced tillerMATERIALS AND METHODS ing especially during regrowth. There was very little regrowth of The experiment was conducted at the USDA-NRCS Plant bottlebrush grass during late summer in all environments. Survival Materials Center in Big Flats, NY (42N, 7654W, elevation of bottlebrush grass was 36% during 3 yr vs. 84% for orchardgrass. 290 m), the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center Differences in nutritive value among accessions were due mainly to at Rock Springs, PA (4048N, 7752W, elevation 365 m), differences in leaf-to-stem mass ratio. Eastern bottlebrush grass has and the USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center in limited potential for use as a forage grass in the northeastern USA. Beltsville, MD (3902N, 7656W, elevation 36 m) from 2000 to 2002. Soil types were Unadilla silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts) at Big Flats, Hagerstown silt
Detector nonlinearity in frequency-domain fluorometry

Frequency-domain fluorometry relies on the measurement of the phase and amplitudes of the Fourier components of the time-dependent fluorescence signal. Experimental results that show that a conventional photomultiplier is subject to intensity-dependent phase shifts are presented. The measurements indicate that this is a problem well below the maximum linear current of the photomultiplier response. These results have important implications in frequency-domain fluorescence anisotropy experiments, in which the parallel and the perpendicular components of the emission intensity are inherently different from one another: a phase shift can be introduced by the photomultiplier.
Consequences of the Diaphragm Driven Artificial Heart–Animal Implantation and Mock Circulation Studies

The effects of air-driven diaphragm, artificial hearts implanted with either cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermia were studied in ten calves surviving beyond the initial effects of surgery (beyond 40 hours). Calves were maintained up to ten days with normal aortic blood pressures, but with elevated right ventricular and pulmonary artery pressures and gradually inceasing venous pressure, and symptoms of right artificial heart failure. Smooth, Silicone rubber-surfaced, artificial hearts produced less blood damage than rough-surfaced hearts of Dacron fibrils; however, there was greater evidence of embolization with the smooth hearts. Mock circulation studies indicate that an asynchronously beating atrium as occurs in the calf experiments can drastically reduce cardiac output Elimination of the high C-wave which occurs with the artificial heart could be demonstrated on the mock circulation with the use of an active valve. The major problem with the present artificial heart is postulated to be at the inflow. Asynchronously beating atria with high pressure pulses and compression of the artificial heart against the natural atria and inflow vessels severely decreases cardiac output
Photochemical Reduction of Elemental Nitrogen by Anabaena flos-aquae A -37

Anabaena cylindrica has been shown to reduce elemental nitrogen photochemically1,2. Anabaena cylindrica is readily cultivated at room temperature, and it was of interest to determine if a blue-green alga with an optimum temperature of 39° C possessed this ability.
A counterexample to the triangle conjecture

Abstract The triangle conjecture sets a bound on the cardinality of a code formed by words of the form aibaj. A counterexample exceeding that bound is given. This also disproves a stronger conjecture that every code is commutatively equivalent to a prefix code.
Bacteriophage p22 portal vertex formation in vivo.

Bacteriophage with double-stranded, linear DNA genomes package DNA into pre-assembled icosahedral procapsids through a unique vertex. The packaging vertex contains an oligomeric ring of a portal protein that serves as a recognition site for the packaging enzymes, a conduit for DNA translocation, and the site of tail attachment. Previous studies have suggested that the portal protein of bacteriophage P22 is not essential for shell assembly; however, when assembled in the absence of functional portal protein, the assembled heads are not active in vitro packaging assays. In terms of head assembly, this raises an interesting question: how are portal vertices defined during morphogenesis if their incorporation is not a requirement for head assembly? To address this, the P22 portal gene was cloned into an inducible expression vector and transformed into the P22 host Salmonella typhimurium to allow control of the dosage of portal protein during infections. Using pulse-chase radiolabeling, it was determined that the portal protein is recruited into virion during head assembly. Surprisingly, over-expression of the portal protein during wild-type P22 infection caused a dramatic reduction in the yield of infectious virus. The cause of this reduction was traced to two potentially related phenomena. First, excess portal protein caused aberrant head assembly resulting in the formation of T = 7 procapsid-like particles (PLPs) with twice the normal amount of portal protein. Second, maturation of the PLPs was blocked during DNA packaging resulting in the accumulation of empty PLPs within the host. In addition to PLPs with normal morphology, smaller heads (apparently T = 4) and aberrant spirals were also produced. Interestingly, maturation of the small heads was relatively efficient resulting in the formation of small mature particles that were tailed and contained a head full of DNA. These data suggest that incorporation of portal vertices into heads occurs during growth of the coat lattice at decision points that dictate head assembly fidelity.
Women's expression of anger in response to unwanted sexual advances: Associations with sexual victimization

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between women's prior sexual victimization and their expression of anger in response to unwanted sexual advances. METHOD: Sixty-five female undergraduate students participated in role plays with male actors. During the role plays, which were conducted using virtual reality technology, the male actor made unwanted sexual advances toward the participant. Participants' expression of anger in response to these advances was coded and analyzed. RESULTS: Women with a history of sexual victimization were observed to be less angry and used fewer anger words in response to initial unwanted sexual advances, compared with women with no history of sexual victimization. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential importance of women's expression of anger in response to unwanted sexual advances. Specifically, anger expression might be important to consider in understanding women's vulnerability to victimization and revictimization, and as an intervention target for programs designed to help women resist sexual violence. Finally, this study illustrates the potential benefits of a unique methodology--role plays conducted using virtual reality--for investigating women's responses to unwanted sexual advances.
An embryonic stem cell–like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors

Cancer cells possess traits reminiscent of those ascribed to normal stem cells. It is unclear, however, whether these phenotypic similarities reflect the activity of common molecular pathways. Here, we analyze the enrichment patterns of gene sets associated with embryonic stem (ES) cell identity in the expression profiles of various human tumor types. We find that histologically poorly differentiated tumors show preferential overexpression of genes normally enriched in ES cells, combined with preferential repression of Polycomb-regulated genes. Moreover, activation targets of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and c-Myc are more frequently overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumors than in well-differentiated tumors. In breast cancers, this ES-like signature is associated with high-grade estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors, often of the basal-like subtype, and with poor clinical outcome. The ES signature is also present in poorly differentiated glioblastomas and bladder carcinomas. We identify a subset of ES cell-associated transcription regulators that are highly expressed in poorly differentiated tumors. Our results reveal a previously unknown link between genes associated with ES cell identity and the histopathological traits of tumors and support the possibility that these genes contribute to stem cell-like phenotypes shown by many tumors.
Demethylation in the metabolism of (-)-nicotine in vivo.

THE physiological disposition of nicotine randomly labelled with carbon-14 has been subjected to investigation by many authors1–3. After intravenous administration to mice1 and to dogs2 analyses of the expired air showed no radioactive carbon dioxide. In an extension of this work, in which degradation of nicotine was investigated, the methylamine fraction of dog urine was examined for radioactivity and found3 to contain none.
Charles Bonnet syndrome: Case presentation and literature review

Abstract Background Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is an under-recognized and under-reported disorder that involves visual hallucinations in visually impaired individuals. These patients have intact cognition, do not have hallucinations in any other sensory modalities, and retain insight into the unreal nature of their hallucinations. Case Reports Two case reports are presented. Case 1 is a 79-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of hallucinations. Case 2 is an 86-year-old man who presented with a 2-month history of hallucinations. Both patients are legally blind from age-related macular degeneration. In both cases, the ocular examinations were otherwise unremarkable. A workup for other pathological causes of visual hallucinations was negative for both patients. They were given the diagnoses of CBS and were counseled. No other intervention was indicated at that time. Conclusion Optometrists should be aware of the potential for visual hallucinations in patients with visual impairment. Early recognition by clinicians of the symptoms of CBS, and sharing proper information, treatment, and advice, can alleviate distress or suffering experienced by patients with CBS.
A model for the thixotropy of suspensions

A model for the rheological behavior of thixotropic systems is presented. The model is intended for systems exhibiting no elastic or anisotropic effects. It is shown how the constants of the model can be determined by a systematic program of experimentation. It is also shown how the model can be tested and amended, if necessary, by the same program of experiments. The model is advanced for suspensions of rigid, solid particles in liquids; it is not expected to be valid for materials of polymeric constitution or for suspensions of elastic, deformable particles in liquids.
Effects of Body Condition, Initial Weight, and Implant on Feedlot and Carcass Characteristics of Cull Cows

Abstract Feeding cull cows an energy-dense diet can increase amount and quality of marketable product. Furthermore, implanting cull cows with steroid implants may improve BW gain, feed efficiency, carcass traits, and overall eating quality. Therefore, objectives of this study were to determine effects of implant, initial BW, and body condition score (BCS) at the beginning of the study, on feedlot performance and final live animal and carcass weights, and carcass characteristics of cull cows fed a high-concentrate diet for approximately 90 d. One-half (68) of the cows were allotted to implant treatment (Synovex-Plus®) by initial BW and BCS. Cows were fed a warm-up diet (50 to 60% concentrate, DM basis) for 14 d and then fed a finishing (80 to 85% concentrate, DM basis) diet for the remainder of the study. Variations in initial BW of cows were associated positively (P 0.10) ADG, final BW, or other carcass traits. Implant influenced (P 2 larger longissimus area, 27 units (100 units per marbling score) less marbling and 0.24 units less yield grade. Initial BW, BCS, and implanting influence feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of cull cows.
Scientists at play in a field of the Lord

The Answers in Genesis Creation Museum opened in May of 2007. During the opening day, a loosely affiliated group of scientists joined in a Rally for Reason as they termed it to protest the museum’s potential effect on science in the United States. This paper discusses ethnographic data collected before and during the rally. Scientist narratives disclose the rationale for their participation at the rally, unpacking their hopes, fears and social ideals vis-a-vis their perception of the Museum’s impact. With these ideals, I discuss the lacking discourse between the values of ideal of science literacy, the contested authority of museums and their publics, and a lacking conception of how a valuerationality aligned towards the Museum’s message continues to be culturally produced.