cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction between allergy and innate immunity: model for eosinophil regulation of epithelial cell interferon expression.

Abstract Background Eosinophils in asthmatic airways are associated with risk of exacerbations. The most common cause of asthma exacerbations is viral respiratory infections, particularly human rhinovirus (HRV). Objective To determine the mechanism by which eosinophils may influence virus-induced responses. Methods We used an in vitro coculture model of primary human eosinophils and the BEAS-2B epithelial cell line either stimulated with HRV1A infection or polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interferon (IFN) β1 and IFN-λ1 was assessed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the protein level of IFN- λ1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Both poly(I:C) and HRV1A infection induced BEAS-2B expression of IFN-β1 and IFN-λ1 mRNA. Coculture of eosinophils resulted in suppression of poly(I:C)-stimulated IFN-β1 and IFN-λ1 mRNA expression (2.5-fold and 3.6-fold less, respectively). Separation of cells did not block eosinophil regulatory activity. Coculture of eosinophils with HRV1A-infected BEAS-2B cells also suppressed IFN-β1 and IFN-λ1 mRNA (5.7-fold and 5.0-fold less, respectively) and reduced IFN-λ1 protein secretion (1.6-fold decrease). This corresponded to a 34% increase in the quantity of HRV1A virus RNA on coculture with eosinophils. Recombinant transforming growth factor β suppressed IFN-λ1 from HRV1A-infected BEAS-2B cells. Coculture of eosinophils and BEAS-2B cells induced transforming growth factor β secretion, which may mediate suppression of HRV-induced interferon expression. Conclusion Eosinophils suppressed HRV-induced expression of interferons from epithelial cells, resulting in increased quantity of HRV. This represents one mechanism for interaction between allergic inflammation and innate immunity.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) identification of genetic variation in three species ofPorphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to characterize three species ofPorphyra from the western North Atlantic and adjacent Gulf of Mexico. Twenty 10-mer primers were screened for DNA amplification usingPorphyra template DNA. Nine of these oligonucleotide primers, all (G+C)-rich, were positive or band-producing, but yielded poor or variable band resolution. Subsequent use of the universal 20-mer M 13 primer resulted in both clear band resolution with a minimum of secondary bands and a high degree of reproducibility. Amplification products for DNA from six regional isolates ofPorphyra carolinensis Coll et Cox,P. leucosticta Thuret in Le Jolis andP. rosengurttii Coll et Cox were compared to each other and toBangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh. Results provide evidence of both genetically hetero- and homogeneous populations. Use of the RAPD method with the M 13 primer yields amplification products which can be used to fingerprint specific genotypes. This procedure could be used to discriminate between hetero- and homokaryotic fusion products from previously characterized donor strains.
Serum creatinine in very low birth weight infants during their first days of life.

Little is known about the relationship between gestational age (GA) or birth weight (BW) and serum creatinine (SCr) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We sought to study postnatal SCr changes and determine if there is a correlation between GA or BW and SCr in VLBW infants, during their first days of life. Medical records of all VLBW infants, who were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between 1 May 1998 and 1 May 2001, were reviewed. Medical records were reviewed for: BW, GA, gender, race, APGAR scores, mechanical ventilation, use of medications, fluid intake, urinary output, protein intake, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and SCr during the first days of life. Patients with anuria/oliguria, major congenital anomalies, low APGAR scores at 5?min, on high ventilator settings (on the oscillator), hemodynamically unstable (on pressors, inotropes) and on indomethacin and diuretics were excluded. In total, 138 infants met our inclusion criteria. SCr was found to decrease postnatally, reaching a plateau on day 5 of life in all VLBW infants (repeated measure analysis of variance; P=0.004); however, there was a delay in the decrease of SCr in the subgroup of infants <29 weeks GA, and <1000?g BW. SCr (on day 5 of life) was also found to decrease with increasing GA and BW (Pearson correlation coefficient: −0.206 (P=0.05) and −0.236 (P=0.05) respectively). In VLBW infants SCr decreases significantly during the first days of life; however, in infants younger than 29 weeks GA or smaller than 1000?g BW there is a delay in the decrease of their SCr that extends beyond the first days of life. We also conclude that during the first days of life, and in VLBW infants SCr decreases with advancing GA and BW.
Work in progress — Recruiting initiatives for Hispanic, first-generation students

The “Program to Increase College Opportunities and Successes” (PICOS) is an NSF S-STEM funded initiative to increase the number of Hispanic, first-generation, economically disadvantaged students in Math, Chemistry, Engineering, and Engineering Technology using scholarship funds and academic success initiatives. The first phase of the project was implementing a recruiting strategy. To facilitate this, a recruiting advisory board composed of Hispanic representatives from the community and university was established. This board helped develop recruiting materials, educate the management team on Hispanic family dynamics, and advertise the program in the community. A second component was to have a knowledgeable recruiter involved in the program. The recruiter also served as liaison between the PICOS program and the broader university recruiters. A third component was to alleviate anxieties about college preparedness and transition by incorporating a summer bridge program. In the first two years, 25 students were recruited into the target majors, nearly doubling the overall Hispanic enrollment in these majors. This paper will elaborate on the recruiting strategies and impacts associated with this phase of the PICOS program.
The metaconule: A morphologic and familial analysis of a molar cusp in humans

Incidence and size variability of the metaconule, an accessory maxillary molar cusp, is analyzed in a series of 1,217 living Melanesians. The range of morphologic variation is quantified on a six-grade ordinal scale developed to standardize observations. Total incidence of the metaconule decreases along a mesial-to-distal gradient, while mean size and size variability increase from M1 to M3. So, while the trait is less common on distal molars, it is on average larger. Estimation of the additive genetic component is 65% for the first molar but only 15% for the second. Trait incidence and heritability estimates are generally higher for females indicating the need for separate analysis by sex.
Topical isoproterenol protects the rat gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced injury

This study evaluated the effects of topical isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, on the morphologic damage produced in the gastric mucosa by ethanol. The orogastric instillation of 100% ethanol in rats resulted in gross lesion formation and deep histologic injury in the gastric mucosa. Animals pretreated with oral isoproterenol (50 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 50 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent protection from both the gross and the histologic mucosal injury (P < 0.01, ANOVA). Pretreatment with propranolol (2 mg/kg/sec) but not indomethacin (5 mg/kg/sec) blocked this protective effect. Isoproterenol had no effect on ethanol-induced mast cell degranulation as both mucosal and submucosal mast cell counts were significantly and equally decreased in all groups treated with 100% ethanol (P < 0.05). These findings show that topical isoproterenol protects the rat gastric mucosa from both the gross and the histologic injury caused by 100% ethanol. This protection is mediated by a β-adrenergic receptor mechanism as it can be blocked by prior treatment with propranolol, but does not involve stabilization of mucosal or submucosal mast cell membranes.
Percutaneous Absorption of LHRH Through Porcine Skin: Effect of N-Methyl 2-Pyrrolidone and Isopropyl Myristate

The effect of penetration enhancer (PE) on the in vitro permeability of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) through porcine epidermis was investigated. The permeability coefficient of LHRH significantly increased (p < 0.05) through PE-(e.g., n-methyl 2-pyrrolidone [NMP], and isopropyl myristate [IPM]) treated epidermis in comparison to the control (without PE-pretreated epidermis). The higher permeability coefficient was observed with NMP followed by IPM. This shows that PE such as NMP and IPM can enhance the percutaneous absorption of peptides such as LHRH.
Fuzzy ordering theory and its use in filter generalization

The rank ordering of samples is widely used in robust nonlinear signal processing. Recent advances in nonlinear filtering algorithms have focused on combining spatial and rank (SR) order information into the filtering process to allow spatial correlations to be exploited while retaining the robust characteristics of strict rank order methods. Further generalization can be achieved by replacing the crisp, or binary, SR information utilized by most methods with more general fuzzy SR information. Indeed, by exploiting fuzzy methodologies real-valued SR orderings can be defined that not only relate the spatial and rank orderings of samples, but also includes information on sample spread. This paper utilizes this approach to define fuzzy ranking and fuzzy order statistics. Properties of these concepts are discussed and several previously defined filters are generalized by including fuzzy concepts. Specifically, the fuzzy median, fuzzy rank conditioned rank selection, and fuzzy weighted median filters are defined. Optimization of the parameters for these filters are discussed. Simulation results are presented to show the advantages of these fuzzy filters over their crisp counterparts.
MATING BEHAVIOUR OF PHAULACRIDIUM VITTATUM SJÖSTEDT (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)1

The mating behaviour of Phaulacridium vittatum, a non-acoustic acridid of Australia, was observed under laboratory conditions. Femur-tipping by males was common. Males mounted any active grasshopper that moved nearby. However, males appeared to use the size of a mounted individual as a basis for sex identification because they remained mounted only on females or on males whose thorax or abdomen were broadened to that of a female. A male's copulatory attempts continued when his antennae, mouthparts, cerci or tarsi were amputated, and antennectomised males remained mounted longer. Males and females were compared for agonistic behaviour of brachypterous and macropterous forms.
An approximate confidence interval for the scale parameter of the gamma distribution based on grouped data

This paper discusses interval estimation for the scale parameter, λ, of the gamma distribution based on grouped data. An approximate confidence interval of λ, is proposed. Monte Carlo simulation is also conducted in this article to test the performance of the approximate confidence interval of λ.
Polymeric nanocomposites with graphene sheets – Materials and device for superior thermal transport properties

Abstract Polymeric nanocomposites of high thermal conductivities are developed for their significant potential applications in modern electronics, transportation, and space technologies. Among widely studied nanoscale fillers are carbon nanomaterials of superior thermal transport characteristics, whose incorporation into polymeric matrices may result in nanocomposites that exhibit a good combination of processability and thermal conductivity. In this work we prepared specifically exfoliated few-layer graphene nanosheets (GNs), and dispersed them into two different polymeric matrices, the poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) copolymer (PEVA) and polyimide (PI). The GNs, generally less than 10 nm in thickness according to X-ray and microscopy characterization results, were found to substantially enhance the thermal transport properties in the resulting polymeric nanocomposite films. The same enhancement was also found in the devices fabricated from the nanocomposites, specifically tubes from melt-extrusion, suggesting significant application potentials of the polymeric/GN nanocomposite materials. The ability for the GNs to impart electrical conductivity into the nanocomposite films was also determined, with the results correlated in terms of the percolation theory. The relative enhancement effects of the GNs at different loadings in the nanocomposite films on thermal and electrical transports are highlighted and discussed.
Field experiment on the influences of suspended clay and P on the plankton of a small lake

Independent and interactive effects of phosphorus and clay loading on pelagic community organization and productivity were tested in a small piedmont lake in North Carolina. Twelve limnocorrals (2-m diam, 3 m deep) were used for field manipulations. Treatments (in triplicate) were unaltered controls, P loading of 3.3 mg m−2 d−1, kaolinite clay loading of 100 g m−2 d−1, and combined clay and P loading. Fertilization with P significantly increased rates of turbidity reduction in comparison to controls (Secchi depth increasing at 7.2 vs. 5.8 cm d−1) and also significantly lowered sustained turbidity in treatments under clay loading. Clay loading reduced net community productivity (NCP), Chl a concentrations, and algal cell numbers. Suspended clay also caused a shift in algal community composition; Trachelomonas superba and other flagellates replaced the otherwise dominant blue-green Spirulina major. Fertilization with P increased NCP and algal densities and favored development of the N2-fixing blue-green algae Anabaena spiroides and Anabaena circinalis. Combined P and clay loading produced intermediate values of turbidity, NCP, and Chl a. Simultaneous clay loading eliminated the influence of P fertilization on algal community structure, yielding an assemblage dominated by flagellates. Clay turbidity also caused a shallowing in the daytime distribution of zooplankton.
Mutations at Arginine 352 Alter the Pore Architecture of CFTR

Arginine 352 (R352) in the sixth transmembrane domain of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) previously was reported to form an anion/cation selectivity filter and to provide positive charge in the intracellular vestibule. However, mutations at this site have nonspecific effects, such as inducing susceptibility of endogenous cysteines to chemical modification. We hypothesized that R352 stabilizes channel structure and that charge-destroying mutations at this site disrupt pore architecture, with multiple consequences. We tested the effects of mutations at R352 on conductance, anion selectivity and block by the sulfonylurea drug glipizide, using recordings of wild-type and mutant channels. Charge-altering mutations at R352 destabilized the open state and altered both selectivity and block. In contrast, R352K-CFTR was similar to wild-type. Full conductance state amplitude was similar to that of wild-type CFTR in all mutants except R352E, suggesting that R352 does not itself form an anion coordination site. In an attempt to identify an acidic residue that may interact with R352, we found that permeation properties were similarly affected by charge-reversing mutations at D993. Wild-type-like properties were rescued in R352E/D993R-CFTR, suggesting that R352 and D993 in the wild-type channel may interact to stabilize pore architecture. Finally, R352A-CFTR was sensitive to modification by externally applied MTSEA+, while wild-type and R352E/D993R-CFTR were not. These data suggest that R352 plays an important structural role in CFTR, perhaps reflecting its involvement in forming a salt bridge with residue D993.
CLASSIFICATION OF CORN ODOR BY STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF HEADSPACE VOLATILES

At present corn is graded organoleptically into “normal” and various “off-odor” categories. The possibility of classifying corn odor on the basis of gas chromatographic patterns of headspace volatiles was studied using 60 samples of corn and statistical step-wise discriminant and regression analyses. Three options for subdividing the patterns into variables and several transformations for quantitation of peak areas were explored. To obtain optimum odor classification, five to seven gas chromatographic features were necessary. When applied to additional samples, classification at an error probability P < 0.05 (above 95% confidence level) was obtained for some statistical models. Thus, an objective system is feasible for classification of grain odor.
Time stamping in EPRB experiments: application on the test of non-ergodic theories

In Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) experiments, the record of the time of detection of each single photon (“time stamping”) provides much more information than the usual record of coincidence rates. It is a preferable technique for several reasons, and it can be realized with accessible means nowadays. As an illustration of its capacities, we show that a certain class of non-ergodic (local realistic) models that violates the Bell’s inequalities, even in ideally perfect setups, is disproved from the examination of time stamped files. This class of models, which has remained untested until now, exploits the finite size of the time window defining the coincidences, and it cannot be disproved by measuring coincidence rates. We use not only our own experimental data, but also the data obtained in the Innsbruck experiment with random variable analyzers.
Decompositions of homology manifolds and their graphs

The graph of everyd-dimensional convex polytope isd-connected and contains a refinement of the complete graph ond+1 vertices. These two theorems are generalized to pseudomanifolds and to some very general decompositions of homology manifolds.
Tests with Systemic Insecticides in Rabbits as Toxicants for Body Lice.

More than 100 selected materials were evaluated as systemic insecticides in rabbits against body lice, Pediculus h. humanus L. Thirteen caused complete mortality of lice fed on rabbits which had been given the materials orally without noticeably affecting the rabbits. Eight others caused complete mortality of lice but also affected or killed the rabbits. Butazolidin, monosodium 4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione, one of the most promising chemicals, caused complete mortality of all motile stages of lice fed within 5 hours after treatment on rabbits given doses as low as 20 mg/kg. Complete mortality of female lice was obtained at 10 mg/kg. There were no noticeable effects on the rabbits at dosages up to 600 mg/kg.
ECHO THERAPY FOR INFANTS WITH OVERWHELMING SEPSIS

Neonates with fulminant bacterial infections can die in septic shock despite aggressive medical therapy. From 6/84 to 11/86, 10 infants with septic shock were treated at CHNMC with veno- arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). All infants had failed to respond to conventional intensive medical management and met ECMO entry criteria predictive of > 80% mortality risk. Diagnosis was by positive blood cultures in 7 infants. One infant had negative blood cultures but Wellcogens were positive for GBS antigen. Two infants had negative cultures, but perinatal hx's were compatible with septic shock. Eight infants had total WBC's <6,600 prior to ECMO. All ten infants survived with ECMO therapy. Morbidity among these infants included: (1) ICH in 4 infants, 2 which were severe; (2) oxygen dependence beyond one month in 3 infants. The risk of ICH was higher in the septic shock infants than in our ECMO population in general (40% vs 26%). Likewise, the risk for chronic lung disease was higher in the septic shock infants than in our ECMO population (30% vs 15%). In our experience ECMO is a valid therapy for infants with septic shock unresponsive to other therapies.
Molecular evolution: A theory approaches experiments

Abstract Applied Molecular evolution, especially in vitro techniques developed in the last few years have revolutionized the design of functional biopolymers. SELEX techniques for example have become particularly popular. These methods have been enormously successful, yet this success is not trivial: the huge number of sequences being searched, the low concentrations of individual species and the bias and noise inherent in the techniques would seem to make these experiments very difficult. The theory presented here will give a comprehensive description of directed molecular evolution of RNA molecules in detail and biopolymers in general. Essential for an understanding is an adequate genotype–phenotype relationship. This relationship exhibits neutral properties which explain the success of these experimental methods. Influences of the initial library, the error rate, the cycle length and other parameters on the experiments are characterized. New problems arise in extending the concept of evolutionary optimization of biopolymers in a Darwinian scenario to complex reaction networks.
Rateless space-time coding

Rateless codes are good codes of infinite length that have the property that prefixes of such codes are themselves good codes. This makes them attractive for applications in which the channel quality is uncertain, where systems transmit as much of a codeword as necessary for decoding to be possible. In particular, rateless codes are potentially attractive for wireless communication. In a recent work, a rateless coding scheme was proposed for the AWGN channel, based on layering, repetition and random dithering. We extend this scheme to multiple-input single-output (MISO) Gaussian channels. We show that the rate loss associated with orthogonal design space-time codes may be alleviated by layering and dithering, very similar to the rateless approach for the AWGN channel. We then combine the two schemes and arrive at a close-to-capacity rateless code for MISO channels. The required complexity depends on the fraction of capacity that is targeted, is linear in the capacity of the channel and does not depend on the number of transmit antennas. Furthermore, the coding scheme uses only one base AWGN code
SLOW-NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS OF He, Ne, Ar, AND Kr.

Abstract Total neutron cross sections of He, Ne, Ar and Kr were obtained from transmission measurements through pressurized gas samples using monoenergetic neutrons in the range 0.075–6.19 eV. Analysis of the energy dependence of the total cross sections yielded values for the scattering and capture cross sections for Ar and Kr.
CMAC neural network architecture for control of an autonomous undersea vehicle

The design of an autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV) control system is a significant challenge in light of the highly uncertain nature of the ocean environment together with partially known nonlinear vehicle dynamics. This paper describes a neural network architecture called Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer (CMAC). CMAC is used to control a model of an autonomous underwater vehicle. The AUV model consists of two input parameters, the rudder and stern plane deflections, controlling six output parameters; forward velocity, vertical velocity, pitch angle, side velocity, roll angle, and yaw angle. Properties of CMAC and results of computer simulations for identification and control of the AUV model are presented.
The development of two new KC-135 furnaces for studies on microgravity materials processing

Wyle Laboratories is currently designing and fabricating two KC-135 materials processing furnaces for Marshall Space Flight Center. The first of these, called the Rapid Melt/Rapid Quench (RM/RQ) Furnace, will be used to melt and resolidify Cu-, Al-, and Ni-based alloys and composites, all during the 20 to 30 seconds of low gravity (0.1 to 0.001 g) available in a single parabola of the KC-135. In addition, it will be capable of directional solidification of these alloys. The furnace can be configured for either liquid or gas quenching of the samples. The second furnace, called the Polymer Solidification Transparent (PST) Furnace, will use a wide range of sample translation rates to directionally solidify polymers and low-melting-point metals as the KC-135 flies a series of parabolic maneuvers. The use of transparent crucibles and an optics system between the hot and cold zones of the furnace will allow for high-resolution video monitoring of the solid-liquid interface during processing. It is hoped that the development of these two furnaces will lead to significant increases in understanding of interface kinetics, fluid flow, and heat transfer in materials during solidification in a low-gravity environment.
On the number of acceptable task assignments in distributed computing systems

A distributed computing system and cooperating tasks can be represented by a processor graph G/sub p/=(V/sub p/, E/sub p/) and a task graph G/sub T/=(V/sub T/, E/sub T/), respectively. An edge between a pair of nodes in G/sub T/ represents the existence of direct communications between the two corresponding tasks. The maximal number of hops between two processors in G/sub p/ to which two adjacent tasks in G/sub T/ are assigned is called dilation of that assignment. Characterization and use of the number of acceptable assignments for given G/sub T/ and G/sub P/ are treated. Assignments with the dilation less than or equal to one are considered. This dilation constraint represents a special case in which two adjacent tasks in G/sub T/ must be assigned to either a single processor or two adjacent processors in G/sub p/. For the case where N(G/sub T/, G/sub P/) denotes the numbers of acceptable assignments under this constraint, N(G/sub T/, G/sub P/) are derived for arbitrary G/sub T/ and G/sub P/, and a recursive expression is formulated for N(G/sub T/, G/sub P/) when G/sub T/ is a tree. For some restricted cases, either closed-form or recursive-form expressions of N(G/sub T/, G/sub P/) are derived. The results on N(G/sub T/, G/sub P/) are extended to the completely general case, assignments with dilations greater than one, where two adjacent tasks in G/sub T/ can be assigned to any two processors in G/sub P/ which are not necessarily adjacent to each other. >
Windows into the search process: an inquiry into dimensions of online information retrieval

From diverse users' points of view, contextual frameworks are elaborated for the nature of the information technology, the information universe, and the information search. Within these conceptual parameters, established theories on search strategy are reviewed and cognitive models of information‐seeking are highlighted. Future directions for research on users' search processes are discussed in terms of the role for online retrieval in the future information environment.
Prolonged intraesophageal pH monitoring with 16-hr overnight recording. Comparison with "24-hr" analysis.

From studies in 43 patients (17 male, 26 female, mean age 51 years), we compared the analysis of the routine complete “24-hr” ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring study to that of the 16-hr overnight interval (4∶00pm to 8∶00am). The latter included a major meal with an upright postprandial period and a recumbent period. All patients were monitored for at least 20 hr (median=22.6 hr). The percent distal esophageal pH 4.2% total time; >6.0% upright; >1.2% recumbent). Based on this, sensitivity and specificity for 16-hr monitoring were as follows: total study: 86% and 95%; upright: 80% and 91%; recumbent: 100% for both. Conclusions: (1) a 16-hr overnight pH monitoring period can provide a reliable representation of “24-hr” distal esophageal acid exposure, (2) this shorter monitoring may improve patient acceptability and compliance, and (3) the symptom index was changed in 26.3% of patients using the 16-hr evaluation.
Inhibitory Functioning across ADHD Subtypes: Recent Findings, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions.

Although growing consensus supports the role of deficient behavioral inhibition as a central feature of the combined subtype of ADHD (ADHD/C; Barkley 1997 Psychol Bull 121:65-94; Nigg 2001 Psychol Bull 127:571-598), little research has focused on how this finding generalizes to the primarily inattentive subtype (ADHD/I). This question holds particular relevance in light of recent work suggesting that ADHD/I might be better characterized as a disorder separate from ADHD/C (Diamond 2005 Dev Psychopathol 17:807-825; Milich et al. 2001 Clin Psychol Sci Pract 8:463-488). This article describes major findings in the area of inhibitory performance in ADHD and highlights recent research suggesting important areas of divergence between the subtypes. In particular, preliminary findings point to potential differences between the subtypes with respect to how children process important contextual information from the environment, such as preparatory cues that precede responses and rewarding or punishing feedback following behavior. These suggestive findings are discussed in the context of treatment implications, which could involve differential intervention approaches for each subtype targeted to the specific deficit profiles that characterize each group of children. Future research avenues aimed toward building a sound theoretical model of ADHD/I and a better understanding of its relation to ADHD/C are also presented. Specifically, investigators are encouraged to continue studying the complex interplay between inhibitory and attentional processes, as this area seems particularly promising in its ability to improve our understanding of the potentially distinct pathologies underlying the ADHD subtypes.
Pharmacological significance of biogenic amines in the lungs: Histamine

1. Eight animal species were investigated for the histamine content of the lung and can be divided into two groups: the low-level group, ranging from 2 to 7 mug/g, consisting of the mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit; and the high-level group, ranging from 12 to 35 mug/g, consisting of the cat, dog, goat and human. In two species of the high-level group (cat and dog) the amount of histamine that elicited an increase in pulmonary resistance was one-fifth to one-tenth of the dose that elicited an increase in species of the low-level group (rat and rabbit). There is an inverse relationship between the content of histamine and the dose of histamine that produces a 25% increase in pulmonary resistance.2. Anaphylaxis increases the histamine content of the lung of the rabbit but not of the lung of the guinea-pig. In both species, anaphylaxis is accompanied by an elevation of the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the lung, indicating the trapping of platelets in the lung.3. The development of severe parasitaemia in the mouse inoculated with Plasmodium berghei is accompanied by an elevation of the histamine content of the lung. This increase appears to be part of the response of the lung to parasitaemia.
Must Dissociation Be Unusual

Drs. Nijenhuis and Van der Hart have two apparent goals in their paper: (a) to define and elaborate the concept of dissociation of personality caused by trauma and (b) to argue for the use of the t...
International Earth remote sensing: overview 1980-2010

This paper summarizes the evolution of the field of space- based remote sensing of the Earth's environment (the atmosphere, oceans, and land surface) over the period from 1980-2000. It describes how we have reached the cusp of fundamental change in 2000, and it projects trends over the next decade. The scope of this paper is international. The work that forms the basis of this paper covers systems from Argentina to Ukraine. The field is evolving away from standalone governmental systems of high complexity and expense toward increasing use of small satellites, an increasingly commercial component, increasing spectral and spatial resolution, an increasing mix of lower-cost systems, and rapid international proliferation. As of three years ago, eight countries had built and flown free-flying Earth remote sensing satellite systems, and 11 countries were owners. Projections are for 25 countries to own (but not necessarily be able to build) such systems by three years from now. Following an inauspicious start to the field of high-resolution commercial remote sensing, the first commercial one-meter system is now operating, with many more slated to follow. History, status, trends, and over 25 potential commercial applications of remote sensing will be summarized.
Activation of GPR4 by acidosis increases endothelial cell adhesion through the cAMP/Epac pathway.

Endothelium-leukocyte interaction is critical for inflammatory responses. Whereas the tissue microenvironments are often acidic at inflammatory sites, the mechanisms by which cells respond to acidosis are not well understood. Using molecular, cellular and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that activation of GPR4, a proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, by isocapnic acidosis increases the adhesiveness of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that express GPR4 endogenously. Acidosis in combination with GPR4 overexpression further augments HUVEC adhesion with U937 monocytes. In contrast, overexpression of a G protein signaling-defective DRY motif mutant (R115A) of GPR4 does not elicit any increase of HUVEC adhesion, indicating the requirement of G protein signaling. Downregulation of GPR4 expression by RNA interference reduces the acidosis-induced HUVEC adhesion. To delineate downstream pathways, we show that inhibition of adenylate cyclase by inhibitors, 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) or SQ 22536, attenuates acidosis/GPR4-induced HUVEC adhesion. Consistently, treatment with a cAMP analog or a Gi signaling inhibitor increases HUVEC adhesiveness, suggesting a role of the Gs/cAMP signaling in this process. We further show that the cAMP downstream effector Epac is important for acidosis/GPR4-induced cell adhesion. Moreover, activation of GPR4 by acidosis increases the expression of vascular adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which are functionally involved in acidosis/GPR4-mediated HUVEC adhesion. Similarly, hypercapnic acidosis can also activate GPR4 to stimulate HUVEC adhesion molecule expression and adhesiveness. These results suggest that acidosis/GPR4 signaling regulates endothelial cell adhesion mainly through the Gs/cAMP/Epac pathway and may play a role in the inflammatory response of vascular endothelial cells.
Inversion For Fracture Parameters In Laterally Varying Media Using First-order Ray-Born Approximation

The conventional methods of AVOA analysis for inversion of fracture parameters fail in case of laterally varying media. We have developed a technique for inversion for fracture parameters using a first-order ray-Born inversion scheme in laterally varying media. We implemented the inversion in the symmetry plane of the fractured media. Our inversion scheme simultaneously inverts both vertical and horizontal components data. In addition, we have also developed a regularization scheme which reduces the non-uniqueness of the inversion. We also demonstrate, using numerical examples, that all the frequencies are not needed for a desired inversion result; in fact, a very small number of frequency samples covering the whole spectrum is enough for a good inversion result.
Thermosensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)−Clay Nanocomposites with Enhanced Temperature Response

This paper reports a thermosensitive polymer−clay nanocomposite with enhanced temperature response based on organically modified clay−poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) nanocomposites. Compared with previously reported polymer−clay nanocomposites, the interfacial chemistry between the clay minerals and the polymer in the new nanocomposite is modified through a coupling agent to favor a more efficient thermal transition. This material exhibits an unusually large thermal volumetric change and faster transition kinetics as compared to conventional PNIPAAm gels. These results are contrary to what has been observed in a PNIPAAm−clay nanocomposite, in which the polymer molecules interact directly with the hydrophilic silicate clays. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy suggest that the clay minerals in the nanocomposite are partially intercalated and partially exfoliated in the dried state and mostly exfoliated in the swollen state. The enhanced thermal response and increased release rate a...
Osteopontin is a mediator of the lateral migration of neuroblasts from the subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia

We and others have shown that focal cerebral ischemia induces lateral migration of neuroblasts from the ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ) to the ischemic striatum. The signaling pathways underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. The present study examined the role of osteopontin (OPN) in post-ischemic lateral migration of neuroblasts. Focal ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult spontaneous hypertensive rats. The expression of OPN in the ischemic brain was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, which showed that an up-regulation of OPN expression in the ipsilateral striatum at day 3, 7, 14 and 1 month of reperfusion with a peak at day 7. Double staining showed co-localization of OPN with ED1(+) macrophages/microglia in the ischemic regions. Inhibition of OPN activity by infusing a neutralizing antibody against OPN into the ischemic striatum significantly decreased the area covered with doublecortin(+) neuroblasts in the ipsilateral striatum. In vitro, OPN treatment did not affect the proliferation of neural progenitors, but induced an increased trans-well and radial migration of neural progenitors. The cultured neural progenitors expressed the OPN receptors CD44 and integrin beta(1). Blockade of the CD44 receptor had no effects on OPN mediated trans-well and radial migration of neural progenitors. However, blockade of integrin beta(1) receptor abolished the migration of neural progenitors in the absence or the presence of OPN. These results suggest that up-regulated expression of OPN produced by macrophages/microglia in the ischemic brain is an attractant and inducer for the lateral migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ to the injured region.
Texas Latino College Student Attitudes Toward Natural Resources and the Environment

Latinos in the United States are an increasing segment of the population and are becoming important stakeholders in the management of natural resources. Although Latinos have been included in attitudinal research on environmental concerns, few studies have focused exclusively on Latino attitudes toward natural resources and the environment. We surveyed Texas college and university students of Mexican descent (n = 635) to determine their environmental concerns. Using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), we determined an environmental concern score for each respondent and compared this index to several demographic variables. We found that gender, a political candidate's environmental position, mother's education, combined parental income, and, to a lesser degree, the number of grandparents born in the United States and religiosity (church attendance), were important model variables. We hypothesized that acculturation would be an important factor in predicting NEP scores; however, acculturation level was not an important predictor in our study, which we attribute to both the nature of our sample (i.e., highly acculturated college students) and small sample sizes of less-acculturated college students. We recommend that future research consider determining the importance of acculturation in Latino attitudes toward natural resources and the environment.
The room temperature preservation of filtered environmental DNA samples and assimilation into a phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol DNA extraction

Current research targeting filtered macrobial environmental DNA (eDNA) often relies upon cold ambient temperatures at various stages, including the transport of water samples from the field to the laboratory and the storage of water and/or filtered samples in the laboratory. This poses practical limitations for field collections in locations where refrigeration and frozen storage is difficult or where samples must be transported long distances for further processing and screening. This study demonstrates the successful preservation of eDNA at room temperature (20 °C) in two lysis buffers, CTAB and Longmire's, over a 2-week period of time. Moreover, the preserved eDNA samples were seamlessly integrated into a phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol (PCI) DNA extraction protocol. The successful application of the eDNA extraction to multiple filter membrane types suggests the methods evaluated here may be broadly applied in future eDNA research. Our results also suggest that for many kinds of studies recently reported on macrobial eDNA, detection probabilities could have been increased, and at a lower cost, by utilizing the Longmire's preservation buffer with a PCI DNA extraction.
Phosphorylation in the Catalytic Cleft Stabilizes and Attracts Domains of a Phosphohexomutase

Phosphorylation can modulate the activities of enzymes. The phosphoryl donor in the catalytic cleft of α-D-phosphohexomutases is transiently dephosphorylated while the reaction intermediate completes a 180° reorientation within the cleft. The phosphorylated form of 52 kDa bacterial phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase is less accessible to dye or protease, more stable to chemical denaturation, and widely stabilized against NMR-detected hydrogen exchange across the core of domain 3 to juxtaposed domain 4 (each by ≥1.3 kcal/mol) and parts of domains 1 and 2. However, phosphorylation accelerates hydrogen exchange in specific regions of domains 1 and 2, including a metal-binding residue in the active site. Electrostatic field lines reveal attraction across the catalytic cleft between phosphorylated Ser-108 and domain 4, but repulsion when Ser-108 is dephosphorylated. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulated the dephosphorylated form to be expanded due to enhanced rotational freedom of domain 4. The contacts and fluctuations of the MD trajectories enabled correct simulation of more than 80% of sites that undergo either protection or deprotection from hydrogen exchange due to phosphorylation. Electrostatic attraction in the phosphorylated enzyme accounts for 1) domain 4 drawing closer to domains 1 and 3; 2) decreased accessibility; and 3) increased stability within these domains. The electrostriction due to phosphorylation may help capture substrate, whereas the opening of the cleft upon transient dephosphorylation allows rotation of the intermediate. The long-range effects of phosphorylation on hydrogen exchange parallel reports on protein kinases, suggesting a conceptual link among these multidomain, phosphoryl transfer enzymes.
Development of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination

The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) is a semi-structured clinical interview designed to diagnose body dysmorphic disorder and to measure symptoms of severely negative body image. It taps into preoccupation with and negative evaluation of appearance, self-consciousness and embarrassment, excessive importance given to appearance in self-evaluation, avoidance of activities, body camouflaging, and body checking. The BDDE had adequate internal consistency and test-retest and interrater reliability. It correlated with measures of body image, negative self-esteem, and psychological symptoms, and was sensitive to change following treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. The BDDE distinguished body dysmorphic disorder patients from clinical and non-clinical control subjects and agreed with other clinicians' diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder. The BDDE provided unique information in predicting clinical status when controlling for psychological adjustment and other measures of body image.
Circularly polarized emission studies on Tb3+ and Eu3+ complexes with potentially terdentate amino acids in aqueous solution

Abstract Circularly polarized emission (CPE) and total emission (TE) spectra are reported for Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes of L-aspartic acid (L-asp), L-serine (L-ser), L-threonine (L-thr) and L-histidine (L-his) in D2O solution under various pH conditions. Variations in TE and CPE intensities and in CPE splittings and sign patterns as functions of solution pH are correlated with lanthanide ion/ligand binding characteristics and with structural changes in the coordination environment of the metal ion. In the Eu3+/amino acid systems, the emission bands associated with the 5D0 → 7F1 and 7F2 Eu3+ transitions are monitored, and in the Tb3+/amino acid systems the 5D4 → 7F5 Tb3+ emission is examined.
Systematics of X-Ray Resonant Scattering Amplitudes in RNi2Ge2 (R=Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm): The Origin of the Branching Ratio at the L Edges of the Heavy Rare Earths

An investigation of the x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (XRMS) across the series of heavy rare-earth elements, coupled with first-principles calculations, has revealed that spin-orbit coupling in the $5d$ band plays a critical role in the systematics of the XRMS and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism branching ratio at the $L$ edges of magnetic rare-earth compounds.
Michael Pressley's Educational Legacy and Directions He Identified for Future Research in Reading Instruction

The purpose of this article is to document the legacy and continuing influence of Michael Pressley's work in the field of reading research and instruction. Descriptions are provided to demonstrate how he translated his data from the cognitive sciences into highly effective pedagogy. A second component of this article discusses how Michael Pressley, throughout his career, continuously collected converging evidence through multiple research methodologies to examine single, complex educational issues. The article concludes by presenting research agendas that Mike was pursuing near the end of his career and how these initiatives provide new directions for reading research, policy, and classroom practices today. His contemporary research focused on how to improve multiple comprehension strategy instruction so it could become an even greater, central component in K–12 curricula; how to expand the application of basic research in cognitive strategy instruction to classroom practices; and, how to assess reading c...
Stability Outcomes following Computer-Assisted ACL Reconstruction

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intraoperative prereconstruction stability measurements and/or patient characteristics were associated with final knee stability after computer-assisted ACL reconstruction. Methods. This was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent computer-assisted single-bundle ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon. Prereconstruction intraoperative stability measurements were correlated with patient characteristics and postreconstruction stability measurements. 143 patients were included (87 male and 56 female). Average age was 29.8 years (SD ± 11.8). Results. Females were found to have significantly more pre- and postreconstruction internal rotation than males (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, resp.). Patients with additional intra-articular injuries demonstrated more prereconstruction anterior instability than patients with isolated ACL tears (P < 0.001). After reconstruction, these patients also had higher residual anterior translation (P = 0.01). Among all patients with ACL reconstructions, the percent of correction of anterior translation was found to be significantly higher than the percent of correction for internal or external rotation (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Anterior translation was corrected the most using a single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Females had higher pre- and postoperative internal rotation. Patients with additional injuries had greater original anterior translation and less operative correction of anterior translation compared to patients with isolated ACL tears.