cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging the gap: Mapping the relationship between activism and public relations

Abstract Traditionally activists have received more attention as external publics than as users of public relations themselves. This article reviews the dominant literature that positions public relations in contrast to activism and suggests theoretical directions for bridging the gap between activism and public relations. This critical essay provides a brief historical outline of activism in public relations literature, identifying gaps and proposing the cultural-economic model (CEM; Curtin & Gaither, 2005) as a way to propel scholarship of activism and public relations forward. This article presents the CEM as a heuristic theoretical framework to examine how activism and public relations are not always antagonists but sometime synonymous.
EFFECTS OF INTRAINDIVIDUAL AND INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN REPEATED DIETARY RECORDS

In this study 5,115 daily diet records were collected from 151 women on two randomly selected days per sampling month (29 days) over a two-year period. Yearly estimates of the ratios of intraindividual (sigma w2) and interindividual (sigma b2) variance components were calculated for dietary intake of 15 nutrients and for dietary intake + vitamin/mineral supplements. From one year to the next, corresponding ratios of sigma w2/sigma b2 were nearly identical. Intraindividual variation in dietary intake of all 15 nutrients was greater than interindividual variation (sigma w2/sigma b2 greater than 1). Variance component ratios for highly supplemented nutrients such as iron, vitamin C and B vitamins were less than one (sigma w2/sigma b2 less than 1). Using the ratios of sigma w2/sigma b2, it was calculated that between six and 99 repeated records measuring dietary intake and between two and 31 records measuring total intake may be needed per individual to ensure that the estimate of the population correlation (rho DF) between an individual's "usual" dietary intake or total intake of a dietary risk factor and an individual's mean or usual level of a physiologic risk factor was within 10% of the true population correlation coefficient (rho xy). It was also found that twice as many dietary records per individual were required to estimate the population slope (beta xy) within 10%. These results have serious implications for the design and analysis of prospective nutritional studies.
Amino acid patterns in the plasma of old and new world primates

Abstract 1. 1. Fasting plasma amino acid levels were determined in one New World (squirrel monkey) and four Old World (rhesus and talapoin monkeys, chimpanzees, and stump-tailed macaques) subhuman primate species. The values were compared with those for normal human subjects. 2. 2. Few qualitative differences were observed between man and the simian species and among the latter species in the 29 plasma constituents measured. 3. 3. Numerous quantitative differences between man and the simian species and among the latter species were observed.
The bromine doping of polyacetylene

Abstract The original experiment of the bromine doping of polyacetylene performed by Chiang and Shirakawa is described. This simple, seminal experiment impacted physics and chemistry through the discovery of metallic conducting synthetic organic polymers and the verification and demonstration of the doping concept in organic polymers. Although the molecular formula of polyacetylene is simple, this molecule exhibits complex behavior and fueling significant work not only in polymer science, but also in quantum physics. The soliton theories used to describe polyacetylene's simple but unique 1-D structure inspired many new quantum concepts for more complicated conducting polymers. The continuing study of model complex conducting polymers could lead to a better understanding of quantum electronic devices at the molecular level.
The Role of the Female During Copulation in Wild and Domestic Norway Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

The copulatory behavior of both wild and domestic strains of Rattus norvegicus was observed via continuous video monitoring as it spontaneously occurred in the large seminatural environment and under standard laboratory conditions. A factorial design demonstrated that the female Norway rat has the major role determining the amount and timing of copulation once mating begins. Copulation between wild pairs was characterized by fewer ejaculatory series than domestic pairs. The first ejaculatory series of wild pairs contained more intromissions at longer intervals. Domestic pairs had the same total number of intromissions in a copulatory session, but spread over multiple ejaculatory series with few intromissions at short intervals in the first series. The characteristic differences between the copulatory patterns of wild and domestic pairs was determined by the female's strain condition and was either statistically independent or opposite to the male's strain condition. Specifically, the population pattern of a wild female was characterized by fewer ejaculatory series and more intromissions at longer intervals before the first ejaculation than the pattern of a domestic female. These differences between wild and domestic populations were produced by differences in the rate of active solicitations for an intromission by individual females : the solicitation occurred virtually in a one-to-one correspondence with an intromission. There were no gross anatomical differences between the vaginal size and placement of the two strains. The female solicitation is a distinct and quantifiable behavior not found in the standard testing cage: its occurrence depends on a larger and more complex environment. In addition, copulation in the larger seminatural environment is characterized by fewer intromissions in each ejaculatory series of a session at longer copulatory intervals. The role of the female is discussed both in terms of the individual interactions which underlie it and in terms of its physiological functions for successful reproduction in the rat. Copulation with a wild male is characterized by longer intervals between the intromissions of the first ejaculatory series than with a domestic male. The wild condition of both the pair and the female showed the opposite effect. This difference is evaluated in terms of the different mating strategies for the two sexes on a population level and in terms of the individual interactions that allow a compromise for successful reproduction of the pair.
992-113 The Role of Tilt Table Testing and Neuromonitoring for Optimal Defibrillator Programming

Programming of third generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is usually based on electrophysiologic (EP) testing in the supine position. However, efficacy and tolerance to tiered therapy for ventricular tachycardia (VT) may not be equivalent in the erect position. To test this hypothesis we studied 9 patients ages 36–72 years with implanted ICDs in the supine and erect position on a tilt table. ICDs were programmed to deliver ATP, cardioversion and defibrillation in the ascending order of agressivity for hemodynamically stable VTs. Perfusion was assessed by continuous intraarterial pressure and neuromonitoring techniques capable of assessing beat to beat cerebral perfusion (transcranial Doppler (TCD)), oxygen utilization (near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)) and neuronal function (quantitative encephalography (QEEG)). Results 52 episodes of tachyarrhythmias were induced, 30 in the supine and 22 in the erect position. The duration of VT was 12 ± 5 secs in the supine and 17 ± 11 secs in the erect position (p = NS). Adequate perfusion was seen with programmed therapy in all patients in the supine but only in 5/9 patients in the erect position. Abnormal response in 4 patients was characterized by subnormal post-hypotensive hyperemic response l 40% increase in the blood flow velocity post-VT), delta wave slowing on the QEEG, and g 20% increase in NIRS post-hypotensive episode typical of cerebral ischemia. Of these 4 patients, syncope (2) and seizures (2) were experienced in the erect, but not in the supine position during testing. Conclusions 1) Supine testing may not predict optimal ICD therapy. 2) Neuromonitoring techniques are useful to assess cerebral perfusion during ICD testing. 3) Upright tilt should be considered forroutine ICD testing to optimize programming.
Distributed Fiber Optic Intrusion Detection System with Improved Sensitivity

This paper describes results of field test and analyzes data on the response of a distributed fiber optic intrusion sensor for detecting and locating intruders based on a phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer.
Data Sources for Aging Research on Racial and Ethnic Groups

This article reports the results of a survey of recent and ongoing aging-related data sources supported by U.S. federal agencies. The survey sought to obtain data on the sample sizes and topics covered within the data sets maintained and frequently used by the various federal agencies engaged in data collection and/or analysis. The objective of the study was to determine the suitability of these data sets to conduct research on minority elders. Formal tests of the adequacy of data set sample sizes to support analysis on various minority groups were performed. Each data set was found to be large enough to conduct research on white elders, and a majority of the data sets were large enough for research on African American elders. However, Hispanics, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders were rarely included in sufficient numbers.
A differentiation diagnosis--specialization and the medical student.

Many first-year U.S. medical students feel an urgency, partly imposed by residency programs, to begin investing meaningfully in a specialty or subspecialty. But though encouraged to form preferences early, students aren't equipped early to inform those preferences.
Heat Loss Compensated Calorimeter

I HAVE designed a calorimeter intended essentially to eliminate systematic errors caused by temperature gradients. It is a calorimetric body with the core completely surrounded by a thermally isolated jacket of equal heat capacity (Fig. 1). Thermistors imbedded in both body and jacket, to indicate temperatures, form opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge that is initially balanced when the core and jacket temperatures are at equilibrium. Unbalanced output voltages for small changes in temperature are therefore proportional to the sum of the temperature changes of the core and jacket from equilibrium. The jacket is surrounded by a shield that either remains at a constant temperature, or follows the rising temperature of the jacket, depending on the mode of operation.
Elevated Cerebellar Glucose Metabolism in Microvascular White Matter Disease: Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease

Summary: Young normal, elderly, and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease subjects who had undergone positron emission tomography (PET) and computed to-mography (CT) examinations were studied to determine the effect of periventricular white matter lesions on cere-bellar glucose metabolic rates. PET-determined cere-bellar metabolic rates were elevated in subjects with periventricular white matter lesions. These results suggest the cautious use of cortical-to-cerebellar ratios in fu-ture PET or single-photon-emission CT (SPECT) studies.
Calcium, magnesium, and sodium uptake in Rabbit‐eye blueberries

Abstract In a sand culture study with rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade), increasing Na fertilization levels increased leaf concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn, and reduced leaf K plus plant growth. Magnesium fertilization did not affect leaf concentration of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, or Zn. High Ca fertilization increased leaf Ca and Mg. Calcium and Mg fertilization did not independently influence plant vigor, chlorosis, or growth of leaves and stems. Higher Na fertilization levels decreased plant vigor plus leaf production and increased chlorosis. With low Na fertilization levels, high Mg fertilization reduced leaf production. At the highest levels of Na fertilization, Ca fertilization had a synergistic influence and Mg had an antagonistic effect on Na uptake.
Evaporated film profiles over steps in substrates

Abstract A construction method is derived for evaporated film profiles over steps in substrates. The construction can be applied to any source geometry and step profile. Application of the method to hemispherical vapor sources reveals the origin of the severe cracks encountered in evaporated films in microcircuit fabrication, even under such ideal evaporation conditions.
Revisiting Schramm's Radiotown: Media Displacement and Saturation

In 1959 Wilbur Schramm collected data on the media use behavior of children in what he believed was the last remaining town in North America to have radio as its only electronic mass media, and he concluded the primary impact of new media was the displacement of incumbent media. This research returns to Schramm's “Radiotown” for two follow-up studies to assess the validity of displacement as a mechanism for understanding long-term changes in media use. The first study is a qualitative data collection among a convenience sample (n = 28) of the now-adult participants of the 1959 study. The second study quantitatively tests the conclusions of the first study among the youth of Radiotown (n = 263). Among both adults and youth, radio remains a primary mass media device, with adults using more radio now than in 1959. Three principles of media use are proposed: the ubiquity of mass media devices in the household, the proximity of media devices, and the constancy of media use. Implications for the displacement hy...
Numerical method for laminar convection in a concentric vertical annular duct with variable properties

An implicit finite-difference method is developed to study the effect of variable fluid properties on laminar convection for upflow of air in the entrance region of a heated vertical concentric annulus. Fluid properties are assumed to vary with temperature according to power-law relations. Computations have been made with a radius ratio of 0.2S, and typical results are obtained for pure forced convection with air as the working fluid. The walls of the annulus are subjected to UHF or UWT boundary conditions. The effects of variation of air properties on the local Nusselt number and friction factor are found to be slight at locations close to the channel entrance and far downstream from it, but the effects are shown to be noticeable in locations that are in between. Fluid property variations can cause a reduction of the ratio of the wall and bulk temperatures by about 6%. It is shown that in UWT, the Nusselt numbers for constant and variable properties do not necessarily merge in the entrance region.
Characterization of butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea L.) accessions for morphology, phenology, reproduction and potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical trait utilization

Butterfly pea, Clitoria ternatea is used in Africa as a companion crop and in the United States as an ornamental. The USDA, ARS, PGRCU curates 28 butterfly pea accessions. Butterfly pea accessions were transplanted from about 30-day-old seedlings to the field in Griffin, GA around 01 June 1999, 2003, 2006-2007 or directly sown in 2001. At 50% maturity, 19 accessions were characterized for morphology, phenology, and evaluated for regeneration. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 6 to more than 3,400 total seeds. Butterfly pea can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among accessions for morphological and reproductive traits. Butterfly pea has potential to be used as a nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food. The flavonoid quercetin has been shown to reduce upper respiratory infections in humans while delphinidin and malvidin identified in butterfly pea flowers may inhibit various forms of cancer.
Hydrogen adsorption and absorption on ultrathin Pd films on Ta(110)

The H2 adsorption and absorption properties of monolayer and ultrathin Pd films deposited on Ta(110) were studied with AES, LEED, and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The interaction of H2 with the fcc (111) Pd monolayer (θPd = 1) at 100 K is characterized by an initially high value of the H2 dissociative sticking coefficient, S ~ 0.6, that decreases rapidly to ~ 0.04 with increasing H2 uptake. Only a very small amount (< 1% of a monolayer) of hydrogen desorbs from chemisorption sites on the θPd = 1 film although there is substantial desorption of hydrogen from bulk absorption sites. We also observed desorption at 150 K from a near-surface hydride or interface state from the fcc (111) Pd monolayer. The absence of any appreciable amount of desorption from a Pd-H chemisorption state on the Pd monolayer is due to destabilization of the Pd-H bond and diffusion of hydrogen into Ta to populate energetically more favorable sites. Increasing the temperature of the Pd monolayer to 500 K caused S to increase to only 0.1 for large H2 exposures. We attribute this relatively small value of S to the population of hydrogen absorption sites just below the Ta surface which, in effect, create a barrier to further H2 uptake. LEED observations following H2 exposures on the θPd = 1 film showed that hydrogen, unlike CO, had no effect on the observed LEED pattern, i.e., no large change in the geometric structure of the Pd film occurred. The H2 chemisorption properties of the pseudomorphic bcc (110) Pd monolayer (θpd = 0.7–0.8) were almost identical to the fcc (111) Pd monolayer with only a slightly smaller value of S and no desorption peak at ~ 150 K. As the Pd film thickness was increased beyond one monolayer, the H2 sticking coefficient and desorption from the H-Pd chemisorption state increased. If adsorption experiments were carried out on these thicker Pd films at 100 K, S reached a value of only 0.23 for large H2 exposures even for films as thick as θPd ≈ 50. We propose that slow diffusion into the bulk at this low temperature limits the uptake rate. Increasing the temperature of thick Pd films to 500 K caused a large increase in the H2 dissociative sticking coefficient to S ≈ 0.4 for θPd = 10 and large H2 exposures.
Experimental and computational models for three-dimensional crack-fiber interactions

This study sheds light on the small-scale interaction of a three-dimensional matrix crack with a fiber. The experiments with a model brittle-matrix/brittle-fiber system record the three-dimensional growth history of an initially penny-shaped fracture which quasi-statically propagates toward and around a cylindrical inclusion. Crack growth histories are obtained by hydraulically fracturing a cement matrix with embedded glass rods. These experimentally determined crack patterns support micromechanical computational simulations which were conducted using a three-dimensional surface integral method. The implications for tailoring interfacial friction to increase the crack resistance of brittle materials (e.g., ceramic matrix/ceramic fiber composites) are discussed.
A new assay for fibronectin opsonic activity and its application to plasma and plasma fractions.

. A homologous assay system for human plasma fibronectin opsonic activity is presented. The system utilizes peripheral leukocytes purified from leukocyte concentrates and a metabolizable, radiolabeled lipid emulsion which has been gelatin-coated. The uptake of radiolabeled lipid was shown to depend on the presence of fibronectin and was stimulated by the addition of heparin. Both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes were active in this system. That at least a portion of the incorporated radiolabeled lipid emulsion was phagocytosed was indicated through the use of metabolic inhibitors, trypsin, and direct electron microscopic observation. This assay was applied to the analysis of donor plasma and plasma fractions. Opsonic activity levels measured with this assay system were shown to correlate (p = 0.05) with the level of fibronectin antigen in 17 samples of dialyzed normal donor plasma. Fibronectin opsonic activity was retained by outdated liquid plasma, cryo-depleted plasma, and cryoprecipitate; however, Cohn fraction I appeared to lose considerable fibronectin opsonic activity relative to fibronectin antigen.
The e‐volution of the digital divides in the US: a mayhem of competing metrics

Traces the trajectory of the digital divides by focusing on different areas of research that are competing to shape the public policy agenda. Posits that policy should focus at least as much on the context and content of technology use as it has this far on the increased distribution of computing resources.
Characterization of the arc cathode attachment by emission spectroscopy and comparison to theoretical predictions

Emission spectroscopic diagnostics of electron temperature distribution and electron number density distribution in the cathode region have been carried out employing an OMA/spectrometer system. Single color and two color pyrometry of cathode temperature distributions have also been performed. The experimental results are compared with results of a theoretical model formulated previously to study the arc cathode interaction.
Differentiation between inks of the same brand by infrared luminescence photography of their thin-layer chromatograms

Abstract A case is reported involving a U.S. Treasury check with an altered amount payable. The ink in the alteration and the ink in the endorsement signature were compared with ink from three Skilcraft ball pens all having Skilcraft black ink ball pen refills. Infrared luminescence photography of their thin-layer chromatograms revealed differences between the inks in the three pens.
Journey into Digital Humanities: One Victorianist's Tale

In this essay, I document my experiences of working on the Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project, an international Digital Humanities initiative that I describe briefly below and that is fully set o...
HMOs and Managed Care: Implications for Rural Physician Manpower Planning*

: American health care is changing dramatically. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other managed care plans are central to this change. Today, the majority of Americans living in metropolitan areas receive their care from these types of plans. The goal of this article is two-fold. First, it will discuss the potential implications of HMOs and managed care for physician needs and supply in rural regions. Second, it will derive insight into alternative approaches for meeting rural health manpower needs by analyzing HMO staffing patterns. As HMOs and other managed care plans expand, rural physicians, their practices, and their patients will almost certainly be affected. As described in this paper, most of these effects are likely to be positive. The staffing patterns used by HMOs provide an interesting point of comparison for those responsible for rural health manpower planning and resource development. HMOs appear to meet the needs of their enrollees with significantly fewer providers than are available nationally or suggested by the federal standards. Moreover, HMOs make greater use of nonphysician providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants.
High reflectivity of silver extended down to 200 nm

Silver has the highest reflectance of all of the metals, but it tarnishes in the presence of sulfides, chlorides, and oxides in the atmosphere. Also, the silver reflectance is very low at wavelengths below 400 nm making aluminum more desirable mirror coating for the UV region. We have found a way to prevent silver tarnishing by sandwiching the silver layer between two thin layers of NiCrNx , and to extend the metal’s high reflectance down to 200 nm by depositing the (thin) Ag layer on top of Al. Thus, the uv is transmitted through the thin Ag layer below 400 nm wavelength, and is reflected from the Al layer underneath. This UV-shifted durable coating1 provides a valuable alternative to the aluminum coating for telescope mirror coatings where collection efficiency is an important consideration.
S2R(Pgrmc1): the cytochrome-related sigma-2 receptor that regulates lipid and drug metabolism and hormone signaling.

Introduction: S2R (sigma-2 receptor)/Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome-related protein that binds directly to heme and various pharmacological compounds. S2RPgrmc1...
Effect of Contaminant Concentration on Aerobic Microbial Mineralization of DCE and VC in Stream-Bed Sediments

Discharge of DCE and VC to an aerobic surface water system simultaneously represents a significant environmental concern and, potentially, a non-engineered opportunity for efficient contaminant bioremediation. The potential for bioremediation, however, depends on the ability of the stream-bed microbial community to efficiently and completely degrade DCE and VC over a range of contaminant concentrations. The purposes of the studies reported here were to assess the potential for aerobic DCE and VC mineralization by stream-bed microorganisms and to evaluate the effects of DCE and VC concentrations on the apparent rates of aerobic mineralization. Bed-sediment microorganisms indigenous to a creek, where DCE-contaminated groundwater continuously discharges, demonstrated rapid mineralization of DCE and VC under aerobic conditions. Over 8 days, the recovery of [1,2-14C]DCE radioactivity as 14CO2 ranged from 17% to 100%, and the recovery of [1,2-14C]VC radioactivity as 14CO2 ranged from 45% to 100%. Rates of DCE a...
A six-pound battery-powered portable transcranial magnetic stimulator

Background Commercial transcranial magnetic stimulators are massive and may be difficult to transport for lecture and teaching purposes Objective To design and construct a portable, battery-powered magnetic stimulator of the lowest possible mass for use in demonstrations and simple measurements Results The functioning battery-powered single-pulse system is relatively inexpensive, weighs less than 7 pounds, including coil, incorporates external sync capability, and functions well for the intended purposes Conclusions The device may useful for teachers, researchers, and clinicians
A beating heart cell model to predict cardiotoxicity: effects of the dietary supplement ingredients higenamine, phenylethylamine, ephedrine and caffeine.

Some dietary supplements may contain cardiac stimulants and potential cardiotoxins. In vitro studies may identify ingredients of concern. A beating human cardiomyocyte cell line was used to evaluate cellular effects following phenylethylamine (PEA), higenamine, ephedrine or caffeine treatment. PEA and higenamine exposure levels simulated published blood levels in humans or animals after intravenous administration. Ephedrine and caffeine levels approximated published blood levels following human oral intake. At low or midrange levels, each chemical was examined plus or minus 50 µM caffeine, simulating human blood levels reported after consumption of caffeine-enriched dietary supplements. To measure beats per minute (BPM), peak width, etc., rhythmic rise and fall in intracellular calcium levels following 30 min of treatment was examined. Higenamine 31.3 ng/ml or 313 ng/ml significantly increased BPM in an escalating manner. PEA increased BPM at 0.8 and 8 µg/ml, while 80 µg/ml PEA reduced BPM and widened peaks. Ephedrine produced a significant BPM dose response from 0.5 to 5.0 µM. Caffeine increased BPM only at a toxic level of 250 µM. Adding caffeine to PEA or higenamine but not ephedrine further increased BPM. These in vitro results suggest that additional testing may be warranted in vivo to further evaluate these effects.
Coarse-Grained Simulations of the MexAB-OprM Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pump

Multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps are tripartite membrane protein complexes that confer antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria by active transportation of antibiotic substrates from the periplasmic space to the extracellular milieu. While complete structural characterization of MDR efflux pumps via experimental techniques has remained elusive so far, modeling studies guided by available structural data have hypothesized several possible models of the full tripartite pump assembly. Based on these data, we have assembled several models of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations on these various models in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of pump function and to discern any functional differences that arise in the various models.
Effects of a Combination of Stances and Points of Aim on Putting Accuracy

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two putting stances (conventional versus side-saddle) and two points of aim (ball versus hole) on putting accuracy. Subjects (12 men, 4 women) were taught to putt using four methods: (a) conventional stance, eyes on the ball; (b) conventional stance, eyes on the hole; (c) side-saddle stance, eyes on the ball; and (d) side-saddle stance, eyes on the hole. Each subject practiced each method for 2 wk., after which they were tested for purring accuracy by couoting putts made, determining constant error, and by calculating variable error. Accuracy was assessed at 5 and 15 ft. A 2 by 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that there was no single combination of stance and point of aim that was significantly better than another at either distance. This suggests that, contrary to popular opinion, the traditional method of putting is not the best method for putting; other methods are equally as good and could be used if individually desired.
Influence of thyroid hormone on myosin heavy chain mRNA and other messenger RNAs in the rat heart.

The level of myosin heavy chain (MHC) alpha mRNA and of MHC-beta mRNA was quantitated in the rat heart using a specific cDNA probe. In hypothyroid and diabetic hearts MHC-beta mRNA predominates, whereas in normal hearts MHC-alpha mRNA represents 80% of all MHC mRNA. Administration of 0.2 mg T3/100 g body wt. to hypothyroid rats led to an increase in MHC-alpha mRNA beginning at 3 h after injection and continued to rise until at 24 h control level of MHC-alpha mRNA were reached. In contrast, after administration of 2 units regular insulin to diabetic rats, MHC-alpha mRNA levels showed a small but significant increase already 30 min after insulin administration reaching a peak at 3 h and returning to diabetic values 5 h after insulin. The T3 response of other cardiac mRNAs was quantitated using in vitro translation, separation of 35S methionine labeled translational products and their quantitation by digital matrix photometry. An mRNA (spot 72b) coding for a translational product with a Mr 81,000 and pI of 5...
Electron microscopy of cardiac tissue in a primitive vertebrate Myxine glutinosa.

Hearts of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa were studied with the electron microscope after prefixation in phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde or buffered formalin and subsequent postifxation in phosphate buffered osmium tetroxide. Epicardial, myocardial and endocardial layers are identified; however the hearts of Myxine lack an extensive capillary system comparable to the coronary vessels of other vertebrate heart tissues. Instead, blood is supplied to cells via an elaborate system of channels which extend between numerous trabeculae that make up the cardiac wall of this organism. Fine structural features of special interest include the presence of numerous dense granules (chromaffin granules) within myofibers and also specific granular cells which lack the contractile elements that are characteristic of both skeletal and cardiac myofibers. Another prominent feature noted includes an elaborate system of tubular invaginations within the subjacent sarcoplasm. These elements appear to be specific for the myofibers. They are continuous with the plasma membrane and project into the peripheral sarcoplasmic matrix. Crystalline inclusions are also observed in the sarcoplasm of the myofibers. These are compared with similar inclusions in other cellular components. The Golgi complex is very extensive in the myofibers of Myxine, and granules of varying sizes and densities often appear in the vicinity of the Golgi saccules. The observations suggest that the numerous vesicles around the Golgi Complex represent intermediate stages in the formation of the chromaffin granules. The structure and function of the extensive tubular invaginations are compared with the transverse tubules reported in several mammalian heart tissues.
Structure determination of a cocaine hydrolytic antibody from a pseudomerohedrally twinned crystal.

Few examples of pseudomerohedrally twinned macromolecular crystals have been described in the literature. This unusual phenomenon arises when a fortuitous unit-cell geometry makes it possible for twinning to occur in a space group that ordinarily does not allow twinning. Here, the crystallization, structure determination and refinement of the cocaine hydrolytic antibody 15A10 at 2.35 A resolution are described. The crystal belongs to space group P21, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = 37.5, b = 108.4, c = 111.3 A and β fortuitously near 90°; the refined twinning fraction is α = 0.43. Interestingly, the non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) and twin operators are nearly parallel, which appears to be a relatively frequent situation in protein crystals twinned by merohedry or pseudomerohedry.
Modeling of nitromethane flame structure and burning behavior

Abstract Nitromethane was investigated in this study due to the push for higher performance and reduced toxicity monopropellant. A comprehensive detailed model for its flame structure and linear regression rate was developed and validated with experimental data. The model considered one-dimensional behavior with surface vaporization and detailed gas-phase kinetics based on the RDX mechanism of Yetter et al. combined with the nitromethane decomposition mechanism of Glarborg, Bendtsen, and Miller, resulting in a mechanism consisting of 47 species and 250 elementary reactions. The predictive model was implemented using a custom FORTRAN code wrapping the CHEMKIN 4 PREMIX gas-phase solver coupled with the condensed-phase solution. Predicted burning rates using the model showed good agreement with measured rates up to 15 MPa. Calculated species and temperature profiles showed three distinct regions based upon the appearance and consumption of certain species. The first region was marked by decomposition of nitromethane, the second region by consumption of all intermediate species except CH4 and NO, and the third region by the rise to final temperature and species concentrations near the equilibrium values. Among the intermediate species, CH4 and NO had higher concentrations than those of CH2O, N2O, HNO, and HONO. CH4 served as fuel species and NO provided a portion of the oxidizer for the third-region reactions to reach equilibrium composition. Sensitivity analysis identified the importance of two elementary reactions involving HNO to the temperature profile, and therefore the burning rate. Although the absolute level of NH and HCO were low, they served as an important intermediate species transporting nitrogen and carbon, respectively, between other higher-concentration species. The calculated flame zone thickness is consistent with that measured by microthermocouples.
Metal Mediated Reactions in Nucleside Synthesis

Abstract The reaction of a halogenated nucleoside with cuprous ions and appropriate nucleophiles allows for the introduction of a wide range of functional groups or synthons into specific postions of the base molety of nucleosides.
Mechanical properties of undoped GaAs. III: Indentation experiments

Abstract Two types of microindentation experiments, “conventional static” as well as “dynamic displacement-sensitive” tests, have been performed on the (0 0 1) surface of GaAs over a range of temperatures. The temperature dependence of hardness has been measured and, from the disappearance of indentation cracks and the measured energy density at different temperatures, the indentation brittle-to-ductile transition temperature TIBDT has been determined. Comparison of the latter with the conventional brittle-to-ductile transition temperature TBDT by the four-point bend technique indicates that TIBDT is nearly 100 °C lower than TBDT. It is argued that this lowering is because of the superimposed hydrostatic component in an indentation test. The microstructure of the plastic zone around the indentation sites has also been investigated by transmission electron microcopy. Based on the observations, the asymmetry of the dislocation rosettes and indentation cracks is discussed in terms of different mobilities of α and β dislocations in GaAs. Finally, the indentation results are compared with data from compression experiments and 4-point bend tests.
AC Conduction in Metal‐Oxide Cermets. I. Ta‐Oxide Resistors

Mesure des caracteristiques de la reponse en frequence dans les cermets Sn-oxyde entre 80 et 360 K. Obtention, suivant les modeles proposes, de nouvelles informations sur plusieurs parametres de conduction: constante dielectrique effective, taille des particules, forme des particules, dependance en frequence des parametres-ac. Details experimentaux. Discussion des resultats: modeles, comportement de la reponse en frequence, conclusions
TRAPPING TERRITORIAL BLACK-BILLED MAGPIES

Abstract Trapping territorial Black-billed Magpies (Pica pica) is challenging because magpies are extremely wary birds. We describe three successful techniques to capture territorial magpies during different periods of the breeding cycle. Funneled walk-in traps were more effective early in the breeding season (late February to late March) when snow covered the ground. A bal-chatri trap with an adult female magpie decoy captured 43% of targeted birds when female magpies were fertile and incubating. A mist-net with a mounted Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) decoy in front of the net captured 52% of targeted birds when adults were feeding nestlings.
POTENTIATION OF THE T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO MITOGENS : I. THE RESPONDING CELL

Human and mouse lymphoid cells, stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide W (LPS), release supernatant factor(s) which are mitogenic for mouse thymocytes and which potentiate their responses to PHA or concanavalin A (Con A), The term LAF (lymphocyte-activating factor) is proposed for this activity. LAF not only enhances the mitotic responses of the less dense thymus subpopulations (A, B, and C) separable on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients but also gives substantial responses in the otherwise inert cells of the denser fractions D and P. LAF does not exert a potentiating stimulatory effect on the responses of unfractionated mouse spleen cells, but does act synergistically with PHA on nonadherent spleen cells and on spleen cells of mice of several strains 5 days after irradiation and injection of thymocytes. Similarly LAF, which has no visible effect on unfractionated human peripheral blood cells, strongly potentiates the PHA response of column-purified lymphocytes, when these are cultured at low concentration. We conclude that LAF stimulates both central and peripheral T lymphocytes and enhances their responses to other stimulants.
Elevation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and its downstream mediators in subcutaneous foreign body capsule tissue

Foreign body encapsulation represents a chronic fibrotic response and has been a major obstacle that reduces the useful life of implanted biomedical devices. The precise mechanism underlying such an encapsulation is still unknown. We hypothesized that, considering its central role in many other fibrotic conditions, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) may play an important role during the formation of foreign body capsule (FBC). In the present study, we implanted mock sensors in rats subcutaneously and excised FBC samples at day 7, 21, and 48-55 postimplantation. The most abundant TGFbeta isoform in all tissues was TGFbeta1, which was expressed minimally in control tissue. The expression of both TGFbeta1 RNA and protein was significantly increased in FBC tissues at all time points, with the highest level in day 7 FBC. The number of cells stained for phosphorylated Smad2, an indication of activated TGFbeta signaling, paralleled the expression of TGFbeta. A similar dynamic change was also observed in the numbers of FBC myofibroblasts, which in response to TGFbeta, differentiate from quiescent fibroblasts and synthesize collagen. Type I collagen, the most prominent downstream target of TGFbeta in fibrosis, was found in abundance in the FBC, especially during the latter time periods. We suggest that TGFbeta plays an important role in the FBC formation. Inhibition of TGFbeta signaling could be a promising strategy in the prevention of FBC formation, thereby extending the useful life of subcutaneous implants.
Multi-dimensional current flow in silicon power transistors operating in the saturation mode

The current distribution in silicon power transistors operating in the saturation region has been determined by imaging the near-infrared recombination emitted by the transistor. It was found that the overlap diode model for the transistor provides a far better description of the current distribution than the more commonly-used one-dimensional Ebers-Moll model.
Adolescent Brain Development and Underage Drinking in the United States: Identifying Risks of Alcohol Use in College Populations

Alcohol use typically is initiated during adolescence, a period that coincides with critical structural and functional maturation of the brain. Brain maturation and associated improvements in decision making continue into the third decade of life, reaching a plateau within the period referred to as emerging adulthood (18-24 years). This particular period covers that of traditionally aged college students, and includes the age (21 years) when alcohol consumption becomes legal in the United States. This review highlights neurobiological evidence indicating the vulnerabilities of the emerging-adult brain to the effects of alcohol. Factors increasing the risks associated with underage alcohol use include the age group's reduced sensitivity to alcohol sedation and increased sensitivity to alcohol-related disruptions in memory. On the individual level, factors increasing those risks are a positive family history of alcoholism, which has a demonstrated effect on brain structure and function, and emerging comorbid psychiatric conditions. These vulnerabilities-of the age group, in general, as well as of particular individuals-likely contribute to excessive and unsupervised drinking in college students. Discouraging alcohol consumption until neurobiological adulthood is reached is important for minimizing alcohol-related disruptions in brain development and decision-making capacity, and for reducing the negative behavioral consequences associated with underage alcohol use.
A comparison of feature-based classifiers for ultrasonic structural health monitoring

Diffuse ultrasonic signals received from ultrasonic sensors which are permanently mounted near, on or in critical structures of complex geometry are very difficult to interpret because of multiple modes and reflections constructively and destructively interfering. Both changing environmental and structural conditions affect the ultrasonic wave field, and the resulting changes in the received signals are similar and of the same magnitude. This paper describes a differential feature-based classifier approach to address the problem of determining if a structural change has actually occurred. Classifiers utilizing time and frequency domain features are compared to classifiers based upon time-frequency representations. Experimental data are shown from a metallic specimen subjected to both environmental changes and the introduction of artificial damage. Results show that both types of classifiers are successful in discriminating between environmental and structural changes. Furthermore, classifiers developed for one particular structure were successfully applied to a second one that was created by modifying the first structure. Best results were obtained using a classifier based upon features calculated from time-frequency regions of the spectrogram.
The Shifting Roles of Women in Intergenerational Mutual Caregiving in Japan: The Importance of Peace, Population Growth, and Economic Expansion

This article looks at historical changes in the cultural superstructure defining the proper organization of elder care. Intergenerational mutual care in Japan developed in a context of various factors, including cultural ideals, centralization of the civil state, and the family unit, called the ie. In the Tokugawa period, care was often emphasized as men's morality in public, for the Tokugawa shogunate emphasized the Confucian ideology of filial piety. As Japan moved from the Tokugawa to the Meiji period, it became more feasible for the government to create legal pressures on women to care for children and the dependent elderly in the privatized ie. Although the ethics of care moved from the public to the private sphere, socioeconomic transformation enabled women to gain equal education and enabled the elderly to live longer. Generational differences now bring conflicts and tensions in Japanese society in determining where the morality of care should belong.
ReadingMate The Effect of the Content Stabilizing Technique, Font Size, and Interline Spacing on the Letter-Counting Task Performance of Treadmill Runners

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of font size, interline spacing, and a technology called ReadingMate on the letter-counting task performance of users running on a tre...
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

The present investigation is concerned with the effect of both molecular weight and chemical structure on the critical temperature. Using data from the comprehensive compilation of critical constants of Kudchadker et al. (1968), a simple relationship could be developed between the critical temperature and chemical structure. This relationship does not require experimental data such as the normal boiling point. It was found that the critical temperature (Tc) is given by an expression containing m and the sum of delta-i, where m is the total number of atoms in the molecule and delta-i is a number whose value is obtained from a table of additive atomic, group, and structural constants.
The Drosophila homologue of vertebrate myogenic-determination genes encodes a transiently expressed nuclear protein marking primary myogenic cells.

Abstract We have isolated a cDNA clone, called Dmyd for Drosophila myogenic-determination gene, that encodes a protein with structural and functional characteristics similar to the members of the vertebrate MyoD family. Dmyd clone encodes a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with 82% identity to MyoD in the 41 amino acids of the putative helix-loop-helix region and 100% identity in the 13 amino acids of the basic domain proposed to contain the essential recognition code for muscle-specific gene activation. Low-stringency hybridizations indicate that Dmyd is not a member of a multigene family similar to MyoD in vertebrates. Dmyd is a nuclear protein in Drosophila, consistent with its role as a nuclear-gene regulatory factor, and is proposed to be a transiently expressed marker for muscle founder cells. We have used an 8-kilobase promoter fragment from the gene, which contains the first 55 amino acids of the Dmyd protein, joined to lacZ, to follow myogenic precursor cells into muscle fibers with antibodies to beta-galactosidase and to Dmyd. Unlike the myogenic factors in vertebrate muscle cells, Dmyd appears to be expressed at a much lower level in differentiated Drosophila muscles, so Dmyd cannot be followed continuously as a muscle marker. This fact is reflected in the loss of Dmyd RNA expression in 12- to 24-hr embryos, a major period of early myogenesis, as well as in the undetectable level of the nuclear antigen in primary cultures of embryonic and adult Drosophila muscle.