cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 5'2 promoter of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase dual promoter complex mediates inducibility by nerve growth factor.

Abstract Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Previous studies from our laboratory identified two closely linked promoters (designated 5′1 and 5′2) that mediate transcription of the human nNOS gene in the brain [J. Xie, P. Roddy, T.K. Rife, F. Murad, A.P. Young, Two closely linked but separable promoters for human neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene transcription, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 (1995) 1242–1246]. In this report, we demonstrate that luciferase fusion genes under transcriptional control by the 5′1 and 5′2 dual promoter complex are inducible by NGF in stably transformed PC12 cells. In sharp contrast, neither epidermal growth factor (EGF) nor fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are able to significantly enhance the expression of NOS–luciferase fusion genes. Deletion studies indicate that the 5′2 promoter plays a major role in mediating NGF inducibility. The 5′2 promoter contains six potential Ets binding sites as well as four potential AP1 binding sites. Thus, it is possible that activation of Ets and/or AP1 transcription factors by the Ras–Raf–MAP kinase cascade contributes to the NGF-mediated induction of nNOS.
There is no temperature dependence of net biochemical fractionation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in tree-ring cellulose.

Abstract The isotopic composition of tree-ring cellulose was obtained over a two-year period from small diameter, riparian zone trees along an elevational transect in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, USA to test for a possible temperature dependence of net biological fractionation during cellulose synthesis. The isotope ratios of stream water varied by only 3.6‰ and 0.2‰ in δD and δ18O, respectively, over an elevation change of 810m. The similarity in stream water and macroenvironment over the short (13km) transect produced nearly constant stem and leaf water δD and δ18O values. In addition, what few seasonal variations observed in the isotopic composition of source water and atmospheric water vapor or in leaf water evaporative enrichment were experienced equally by all sites along the elevational transect. The temperature at each site along the transect spanned a range of ≥ 5°C as calculated using the adiabatic lapse rate. Since the δD and δ18O values of stem and leaf water varied little for these trees over...
Mapping of the gene for hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE) to chromosome 19q13.1→q13.2

Free fatty acids are the major source of fuel for mammals, and hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE) plays a critical role in lipid metabolism by mobilizing free fatty acids from stored triglycerides. We ha
Benefit of filtration in physical water treatment for the mitigation of mineral fouling in heat exchangers

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the benefit of filtration in the physical water treatment used to mitigate mineral scale build-up in heat exchangers. Two types of filters were used: a 5-μm cartridge fabric filter and a sand filter with 20-μm pores, both of which were used at a side-stream loop in a laboratory cooling tower. Heat transfer fouling experiments were conducted using a double-pipe heat exchanger with cooling water at 5 and 8 cycles of concentration with a make-up water hardness of 200–240 ppm. The test results demonstrated that the filtration enhanced the performance of the PWT synergistically, resulting in a near initial peak heat transfer performance in the double-pipe heat exchanger.
On the Tate–Shafarevich groups of certain elliptic curves

Abstract The Tate–Shafarevich groups of certain elliptic curves over F q ( t ) are related, via etale cohomology, to the group of points of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication. The Cassels–Tate pairing is computed under this identification.
Behavioral consultation in the community mental health center

The need for an increased impact of behavior modification in the community mental system was discussed. Some factors currently preventing such impact were presented and a consultation model proposed. Specific suggestions included a setting of limited goals, focus on the, teaching of techniques, use of case conferences and the use of the consultant as a model. Difficulties in assessing consultant effectiveness were also discussed.
The challenge of studying evalutation theory

This chapter discusses why evaluation as a field has not systematically studied its own theory and then examines the Christie research in detail to highlight its procedures and assumptions and the challenge of translating such theory into practice.
Reintegrating the Subdisciplines of International and Comparative Politics

Long before academic disciplines and subdisciplines emerged, the great writers on politics understood well how the fields of knowledge that we call international relations and comparative politics informed each other. The Greeks did not make a distinction between the two. Indeed, Thucydides, often regarded as the first great analyst of international relations, is centrally concerned with domestic politics. He considers how Athens' direct democracy encouraged quick and ill-considered decisions for war, and how failures in war, in turn, undermined that democracy. Although he does not offer contemporary-style generalizations about the international behavior of different regime types, his narrative is devoted to the details of leadership and debates on decision making. His famous statement, "What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta" (Thucydides 1972:1:23), is ambiguous. As a Greek of his day, Thucydides might well have believed in inevitability. But was it an avoidable fear that made the Peloponnesian War inevitable, or did the fear inevitably follow from the growth of Athenian power? If Thucydides means the latter, his reputation as a realist is fully deserved. His extraordinary concern with the effect of democratic politics, however, suggests something more complex.' Similarly, the second-image reversed is evident in Aristotle's premier text of comparative politics: The Politics. Aristotle sees oligarchies as derived from warriors and is well aware of the role of external intervention and defeat or victory in war in inducing constitutional change. One could go on with similar concerns in most of the canon, notably in Machiavelli's and Rousseau's writings. Hobbes was actually a theorist of the state, and Leviathan would likely fall into the contemporary box of comparative politics; application of his theories to international relations is essentially a twentieth-century phenomenon. Of course, Kant's theory provides an elaborate structure of interactions among domestic systems, wars, and alliances. Despite the rich precedent established by the great writers in politics, the study of international relations remains a distinct focus of analysis in that the security dilemma of self-help in a system of sovereign states conditions any effort to import propositions from comparative politics, which recognizes within most states a greater role for the monopolization of legitimate violence than characterizes the international system. In the shift of late twentieth-century enthusiasm away from
Effect of deposition temperature on surface morphology and magnetic properties in epitaxial CoFe2O4 thin films deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

We have successfully grown epitaxial CoFe2O4 (CFO) thin film on SrTiO3 by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. In order to understand the surface structure and its correlation with magnetic properties, CFO thin films were deposited at a range of deposition temperatures. As the deposition temperature is decreased, a huge effect on film morphology and surface roughness is observed, resulting from a change in the size and density of the crystal nuclei. These changes to grain structure and surface roughness modify the energy landscape of the films and are major contributors to the change in magnetic properties as a function of deposition temperature: the direction of the easy axis is aligned in-plane at lower deposition temperatures and lower anisotropy between different directions is observed in the rough films grown at high temperature.
Play, Games and Interaction: the Contexts of Childhood Socialization

Classical and contemporary theories of childhood play are reviewed and evaluated. A symbolic interactionist conception of play, games, work, and socialization is offered. Naturalistic data drawn from the observation of children ages three to eight years are presented to support a processual model of socialization and interaction in early childhood.
Separation of active subunits of ragweed antigen E.

Abstract The two subunits (α and p) of ragweed antigen E (AgE) were obtained by gel filtration of Citraconylated AgE on Sephadex G-75. The subunits had molecular weights of 25,000 and 13,900 respectively by disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and, in amino acid analysis, gave the expected compositions for the α and β chains of AgE. The presence of IgE antibody to α and β subunits in sera from a pool of ragweed sensitive persons was tested by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). After removal of the citraconyl masking groups, both the α and β subunits showed remarkable activity, in terms of ability to bind IgE antibody from a pool of ragweed sensitive persons.
Soluble Nogo Receptor Down-regulates Expression of Neuronal Nogo-A to Enhance Axonal Regeneration

Nogo-A, a member of the reticulon family, is present in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Nogo-A in central nervous system (CNS) myelin prevents axonal regeneration through interaction with Nogo receptor 1, but the function of Nogo-A in neurons is less known. We found that after axonal injury, Nogo-A is increased in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons unable to regenerate following a dorsal root injury or a sciatic nerve ligation-cut injury and that exposure in vitro to CNS myelin dramatically enhanced neuronal Nogo-A mRNA and protein through activation of RhoA while inhibiting neurite growth. Knocking down neuronal Nogo-A by small interfering RNA results in a marked increase of neurite outgrowth. We constructed a nonreplicating herpes simplex virus vector (QHNgSR) to express a truncated soluble fragment of Nogo receptor 1 (NgSR). NgSR released from QHNgSR prevented myelin inhibition of neurite extension by hippocampal and DRG neurons in vitro. NgSR prevents RhoA activation by myelin and decreases neuronal Nogo-A. Subcutaneous inoculation of QHNgSR to transduce DRG neurons resulted in improved regeneration of myelinated fibers in both the dorsal root and the spinal dorsal root entry zone, with concomitant improvement in sensory behavior. The results indicate that neuronal Nogo-A is an important intermediate in neurite growth dynamics and its expression is regulated by signals related to axonal injury and regeneration, that CNS myelin appears to activate signaling events that mimic axonal injury, and that NgSR released from QHNgSR may be used to improve recovery after injury.
Mice lacking matrilin-1 (cartilage matrix protein) have alterations in type II collagen fibrillogenesis and fibril organization.

Matrilin-1 (cartilage matrix pro- tein) is a homotrimeric protein that forms colla- gen-dependent and collagen-independent fibrils in the extracelluar matrix of cartilage. In the growth plate of developing long bones, the gene for matrilin-1 is transcribed exclusively by the chondrocytes of the zone of maturation which is situated between the zones of proliferation and hypertrophy. When associated with the cartilage collagen fibril, which consists of collagens type II, IX, and XI, matrilin-1 displays a periodicity of 59.3 nm. Matrilin-1 also interacts with the proteo- glycan, aggrecan. Because of its association with the collagen fibril, we tested the hypothesis that matrilin-1 may play a role in collagen fibril forma- tion and cartilage matrix assembly by generating mice with targeted mutations in the matrilin-1 gene. Ultrastructural studies of the cartilage of growth plates of matrilin-1 null mice reveal an abnormal type II collagen fibrillogenesis and fi- bril organization in the matrix of the zone of maturation. These results represent the first re- port on the regulation of the heterotypic type II collagen fibril by a non-collagenous protein. The abnormal fibrillogenesis had no obvious effects on skeletal development, on the organization of chondrocytes in the growth plate and on the deposition of aggrecan and the hypertrophic- specific type X collagen in the cartilaginous matrix. Dev Dyn 1999;216:434-441. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermal decomposition study of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) solid fuel

Thermal analysis has been conducted on R-45M resin, Isonate 143L crosslinking agent, and cured HTPB polymer to determine the thermal decomposition processes, energy changes, and kinetic parameters. The results show that thermal decomposition processes of the cured HTPB polymer are predominantly characterized by the R-45M resin, and confirm that the urethane bond cleavage is the first step in the decomposition. After the urethane bonds are cleaved and the diisocyanate volatilizes (above approximately 430°C), HTPB behaves as though it had never been crosslinked. Increasing the heating rate of HTPB polymer increases the extent of the first-stage decomposition and decreases its exothermicity, implying augmentation of the depolymerization process. The activation energies and pre-exponential factors of thermal decomposition for test samples were determined. Results also indicate that adding the curing agent to the polybutadiene resin has a greater influence on the energetics than on the kinetics of R-45M decomposition.
Melt migration and mantle chromatography, 2: a time-series Os isotope study of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii

Abstract We have determined the major element, trace element, and Os isotopic compositions of a stratigraphic suite of tholeiitic basalts spanning >30,000 years of the eruptive history of Mauna Loa volcano. Good correlations are observed between Os isotopes and the isotopes of Sr, Nd, Pb and He. In addition, the isotopes correlate with fractionation-corrected major element abundances within this single volcano, and provide a record of increased melting of mafic material with time at Mauna Loa. Chromatographic element fractionation during melt transport is shown to be negligible based on the good correlations of the isotopes of the compatible element Os with the other incompatible element tracers. The temporal variation at Mauna Loa is best described by the translation of the volcano over a Hawaiian plume which is radially zoned in composition. The radial zonation is a predicted consequence of thermal entrainment during flow in a mantle plume conduit.
Single transverse spin asymmetries in direct photon production

We derive single transverse spin asymmetries for direct photon production cross sections in perturbative QCD, relating them to partonic matrix elements that couple the quark and gluon fields. Our method may be generalized to asymmetries for other reactions.
Part II-mechanism of adaptation: A549 cells adapt to high concentration of nitric oxide through bypass of cell cycle checkpoints.

Previous work has shown enhanced survival capacity in high nitric oxide (HNO)-adapted tumor cells. In Part I of this series of manuscripts, we have shown that A549-HNO cells demonstrate an improved growth profile under UV and X-ray radiation treatment. These cells exhibit increased expression of proteins involved in DNA damage recognition and repair pathway, both the non-homologous end joining pathway and homologous recombination. These include Ku80, DNA-PK, XLF ligase and MRN complex proteins. Further, the A549-HNO cells show high levels of ATM, ATR, Chk1 and Chk2, and phospho-p53. Activation of these molecules may lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis due to DNA damage. This is observed in parent A549 cells in response to NO donor treatment; however, the A549-HNO cells proliferate and inhibit apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis showed slowed progression through S phase which will allow time for DNA repair. Thus, to better understand the increased growth rate in A549-HNO when compared to the parent cell line A549, we studied molecular mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation in A549-HNO cells. During the initial time period of NO donor treatment, we observe high levels of cyclin/Cdk complexes involved in regulating various stages of the cell cycle. This would lead to bypass of G1–S and G2–M checkpoints. The HNO cells also show much higher expression of Cdc25A. Cdc25A activates Cdk molecules involved in different phases of the cell cycle. In addition, there is enhanced phosphorylation of the Rb protein in HNO cells. This leads to inactivation of Rb/E2F checkpoint regulating G1–S transition. This may lead to faster progression in S phase. Thus, all of these perturbations in HNO cells lead to accelerated cell cycle progression and a higher growth rate. We also assessed expression of cell cycle inhibitors in HNO cells. Interestingly, the HNO cells show a significant decline in p21CIP1 at initial time points, but with prolonged exposure, the levels were much higher than those of the parent cells. This suggests an initial bypass of cell cycle checkpoints as p21CIP1 can inhibit the activity of all cyclin/Cdk complexes. p21CIP1 is also known to inhibit p53-induced apoptosis. This could be important during later phases of the cell cycle to allow time for repair of damaged DNA and thus better survival of HNO cells.
Time-frequency detection algorithm for gravitational wave bursts

An efficient algorithm is presented for the identification of short bursts of gravitational radiation in the data from broadband interferometric detectors. The algorithm consists of three steps: pixels of the time-frequency representation of the data that have power above a fixed threshold are first identified, clusters of such pixels that conform to a set of rules on their size and their proximity to other clusters are formed, and a final threshold is applied on the power integrated over all pixels in such clusters. Formal arguments are given to support the conjecture that this algorithm is very efficient for a wide class of signals. A precise model for the false alarm rate of this algorithm is presented, and it is shown using a number of representative numerical simulations to be accurate at the 1% level for most values of the parameters, with maximal error around 10%.
A psychometric evaluation of the CDRS and MADRS in assessing depressive symptoms in children.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study compared the psychometric properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in children with major depressive disorder. Method: Children ( N = 96; ages 8 to 11 years inclusive) with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder were enrolled. Participants were part of a multisite, outpatient, randomized, placebo-controlled, 9-week trial of fluoxetine (10 mg/day for the first week and 20 mg/day thereafter). The CDRS-R and MADRS were completed based on clinician interviews with both parents and children. Classic test theory and item response theory analyses were conducted. Results: The MADRS and CDRS-R total scores were correlated at baseline ( r = 0.51) and at study exit ( r = 0.85). Cronbach's α was .86 (CDRS-R) and .82 (MADRS) at exit. The effect sizes for change from baseline to exit between the fluoxetine and placebo groups were 0.78 (CDRS-R) and 0.61 (MADRS). There was agreement between the CDRS-R and MADRS in the declaration of treatment response (50% improvement from baseline to exit) in 84.2% of children. Test information function favored the CDRS-R. Conclusions: The CDRS-R showed greater effect size for differentiating drug and placebo and better test information than the MADRS in this study of depressed children.
Excimer-laser pumped infrared dye laser at 907–1023 nm

Abstract Infrared laser operation has been achieved in the range 907–1023 nm by pumping LDS 925 (Styryl 13) with the ultraviolet output of a XeCl excimer laser at 308 nm. Despite conversion efficiency of 8.3% at 960 nm is easily achived.
Colouring Cape Breton “Celtic” : Topographies of Culture and Identity in Cape Breton Island

This article rethinks the relationship between cultural identity and landscape by way of a post-constructivist, “multicultural political ecological” examination of Cape Breton Island’s Celtic Colours International Festival. The author reads the festival as an intervention on several levels: as part of a set of contests and contrasts by which Cape Bretoners articulate their identities and heritages; as a medium by which Celticity is defined and shaped as a transnational cultural discourse; as one arm of a strategy by which island entrepreneurs are repositioning Cape Breton as central within global tourist flows; and as a means by which a relatively cold northern landscape is made attractive through a discursive linkage with the pleasing imagery of autumn foliage in scenic mountain and highland topography. In the process, what was once the most industrialized region of the Atlantic Provinces can now boast an expressive harmony between “nature” and “culture”.
Homeostasis of ocular surface epithelium in the rat is regulated by opioid growth factor

Abstract Endogenous opioid peptides serve as growth factors in developing, renewing, and neoplastic cells and tissues. This study examined the hypothesis that opioids serve to modulate the homeostatic renewal of ocular surface epithelium in the rat. DNA synthesis in the epithelium of the central (CC) and peripheral (PC) cornea, limbus (LM), and conjunctiva (CN) was investigated using adult male rats. Animals received an injection of opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met5]-enkephalin, OGF and naloxone (NAL), NAL alone, naltrexone (NTX), or an equivalent volume of sterile water (CO) and sacrificed 4 h later (i.e. 16:00 h). [3H]thymidine was administered 1 h before sacrifice. With the exception of NTX (20 mg/kg), all compounds were given at 10 mg/kg. Examination of 5 time points over an 18-h period revealed no variation in DNA synthesis within a region of ocular surface basal epithelium (BE). OGF depressed DNA synthesis of the BE by 25, 48, and 50% in the PC, LM, and CN, respectively; little labeling was recorded in the BE of the CC. Exposure to OGF-NAL or NAL alone did not alter DNA synthesis of the BE. Complete blockade of OGF-ζ receptor interaction by administration of the potent opioid antagonist, NTX, increased the number of epithelial cells in the PC, LM, and CN undergoing DNA synthesis by 30 to 72%. The effects of OGF and NTX on DNA synthesis of BE also were observed in an organ culture setting. Utilizing immunocytochemistry, OGF and its receptor ζ were associated with both the basal and the suprabasal cells of the ocular surface epithelium. These results indicate that an endogenous opioid peptide, OGF, and its receptor are present and govern homeostatic cellular renewal processes in ocular surface epithelium. OGF regulates DNA synthesis in a direct manner, and does so by a tonic, inhibitory, and receptor-mediated mechanism.
Spatial working memory deficits in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia.

Identifying endophenotypic markers is crucial to schizophrenia research for finding appropriate preventive strategies. Working memory (WM) deficit has been suggested as a marker for schizophrenia but its presence in adolescents at high risk is understudied. We piloted a test of spatial WM function in adolescents at clinical high risk (CHR) for schizophrenia and in ageand IQ-matched low-risk control subjects. CHR adolescents showed deficits in spatial WM compared with controls but showed intact performance on a non-WM-demanding spatial control task. Although based on a small pilot study, the results strongly suggest that WM deficit may be a risk factor for psychosis. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Autopoiesis and Darwinism

The purpose of this paper is to offer a critical approach to the theory of autopoiesis in order to see how it challenges mainstream Darwinism. In the first part of the paper, I characterize Darwinism from the concepts of natural selection, heredity, reproduction, and evolution. This characterization is absolutely schematic, and I hope not controversial at all, since my aim is to provide a general background for the discussion of the rest of the paper. The second part presents the main tenets of the theory of autopoiesis, also paying special attention to the concepts of natural selection, heredity, reproduction, and evolution. The third and final part considers some criticisms that have been directed against the theory and suggests some new ones. As I said, my intention is to offer a critical approach, so that I pretend to assess neither autopoiesis nor Darwinism. The assessment, it seems to me, would be a matter of scientific debate—not properly of philosophy. Therefore, given that my approach attempts to be a conceptual clarification, my contribution to the contemporary debate about Darwinism is twofold. On the one hand, I show that conceptually autopoiesis constitutes an important challenge to Darwinism, but on the other, I also show that some fundamental aspects of the theory appear to be both epistemologically and empirically problematic, which perhaps helps to understand why autopoiesis is not widely accepted in mainstream Darwinism.
Synthesis of taxol from baccatin III via an oxazoline intermediate

Abstract Taxol ( 1 ) can be prepared in good yield by coupling the oxazoline carboxylic acid 5 with 7-(triethylsilyl)baccatin III, followed by hydrolysis. The oxazolines 7 and 8 can also be prepared directly from taxol.
Divergent Selection in Japanese Quail for the Plasma Cholesterol Response to ACTH

Abstract Two lines of Japanese quail were divergently selected for high and low plasma cholesterol levels after three daily injections with 2 IU of adrenocorticotropen (ACTH)/100 g of body weight. Plasma cholesterols were obtained at 31 days of age, just before the first injection, and at 34 days of age, after the last injection. After eight generations of selection, the plasma cholesterol level after ACTH injections in the high line was 34% greater than the level in the control line, whereas the low line level was approximately 14% less than that in the control. Selection differentials were significantly greater in the high line than in the low line. The realized heritability for plasma cholesterol after ACTH stimulation was approximately .15 in both lines. The heritability of plasma cholesterol before ACTH treatment calculated by regression of progeny on mid-parent was .25 in the high line and .16 in the low line.
Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-binding Protein Contains Three Retinoid Binding Sites

Abstract Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), the major soluble protein component of the interphotoreceptor matrix, is believed to participate in the visual cycle by transporting retinoids between retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells in the eye. IRBP can associate with several chemical and isomeric forms of retinoids but displays the highest affinity towards the retinoids that are important in the visual cycle, 11- cis -retinal and all- trans -retinol. It was previously reported that IRBP can associate with 2 mol of all- trans -retinol or 2 mol of 11- cis -retinal per mol of protein. One of the retinoid binding sites, termed ‘site 1’, was found to display a broad ligand selectivity and to bind either all- trans -retinol or 11- cis -retinal with similar affinities. Here, the retinoid-binding properties of IRBP were further examined. The data demonstrate that IRBP contains three distinct retinoid binding sites. The promiscuous ‘site 1’, and two additional sites with a stricter selectivity. One of the latter sites appears to be selective towards all- trans -retinol, while the other is specific for 11- cis -retinal.
Oxygen isotopic evidence for the depth stratification of tertiary and cretaceous planktic foraminifera

Abstract Oxygen isotope analyses of Tertiary and Cretaceous planktic foraminifera indicate that species have been stratified with respect to depth in the water column at least since Albian time. There is a relationship between morphology and depth habitat. Species with globigerine morphology have consistently occupied shallower depths than have species with globorotalid morphology. Biserially arranged species occupied both shallow and deep levels in the water column. On the average, it appears that ancient species with shallow habitats have been more susceptible to dissolution and have been preserved less well than species dwelling in deeper habitats. This relationship is similar to that observed for Recent planktic foraminifera. Comparison of carbon isotope ratios of adult and juvenile forms indicates that either the source of the carbon found in the shell or the carbon isotopic fractionations which occur during calcite secretion change during the development of individual foraminifera. The carbon isotopic ratios do not provide a reliable means for reconstructing the depth habitats of ancient species. Temperature-depth profiles for tropical Tertiary oceans have been reconstructed from the isotopic temperatures of planktic and benthic foraminifera. The vertical thermal structure of Oligocene oceans resembled that of modern oceans most closely. Those of Paleocene and Maastrichtian times differed most from that of modern oceans.
Ethylene glycol exposure: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management.

In 2002, poison centers in the US reported 5816 human exposures to ethylene glycol. A guideline that effectively determines the threshold dose for emergency department referral and need for pre-hospital decontamination could potentially avoid unnecessary emergency department visits, reduce health care costs, optimize patient outcome, and reduce life disruption for patients and caregivers. An evidence-based expert consensus process was used to create guideline. Relevant articles were abstracted by a trained physician researcher. The first draft of the guideline was created by the primary author. The entire panel discussed and refined the guideline before distribution to secondary reviewers for comment. The panel then made changes based on the secondary review comments. The objective of this guideline is to assist poison center personnel in the out-of-hospital triage and initial management of patients with a suspected exposure to ethylene glycol by 1) describing the process by which the exposure might be ev...
Some Applications of ABHYANKAR's Lemma

ABHYANKAR's Lemma provides a simple method of producing unramified extensions of number fields. By application of the lemma we simultaneously simplify and strengthen some recent results of ISHIDA concerning unramified abelian extensions and class numbers.
The inflexible fickleness of fashion

One problem with the field of MT has been that the descriptive work is, frankly, rather monotonous and boring. This is why attempts were made either to make it less boring (by adding an independently motivated theoretical angle to the descriptive work), or to try to avoid it altogether. The latter objective manifested itself in attempts to use Al learning techniques or more practical semi-automatic procedures for knowledge acquisition, and the application of statistical methods for establishing cross-linguistic correspondences in lieu of language-description work.
An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application

Habitat and environmental monitoring is a driving application for wireless sensor networks. We present an analysis of data from a second generation sensor networks deployed during the summer and autumn of 2003. During a 4 month deployment, these networks, consisting of 150 devices, produced unique datasets for both systems and biological analysis. This paper focuses on nodal and network performance, with an emphasis on lifetime, reliability, and the the static and dynamic aspects of single and multi-hop networks. We compare the results collected to expectations set during the design phase: we were able to accurately predict lifetime of the single-hop network, but we underestimated the impact of multi-hop traffic overhearing and the nuances of power source selection. While initial packet loss data was commensurate with lab experiments, over the duration of the deployment, reliability of the backend infrastructure and the transit network had a dominant impact on overall network performance. Finally, we evaluate the physical design of the sensor node based on deployment experience and a post mortem analysis. The results shed light on a number of design issues from network deployment, through selection of power sources to optimizations of routing decisions.
Data fusion through fuzzy reasoning applied to segmentation of multisensory images

Multi-sensor systems provide a purposeful description of the environment that a single sensor cannot offer. Fusing several types of data enhances the recognition capability of a robotic system and yields more meaningful information otherwise unavailable or difficult to acquire by a single sensory modality. Because observations provided by sensors are uncertain, incomplete, and/or imprecise, we adopted the use of the theory of fuzzy sets as a general framework to combine uncertain measurements. We developed a fusion formula based on the measure of fuzziness. This fusion formula satisfies several desirable properties. We established a fuzzification scheme by which different types of input data (images) are modeled. This process is essential in providing suitable predictions and explanations of a set of observations in a given environment. After fusion, a defuzzification scheme is carried out to recover crisp data from the combined fuzzy assessments. This approach was implemented and tested with real range and intensity images acquired using an Odetics Range Finder. The goal is to obtain better scene descriptions through a segmentation process of both images. Despite the low resolution of the images and the amount of noise present, the segmented output picture is suitable for recognition purposes.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trans-North Atlantic similarity among Mesozoic and Cenozoic invertebrates correlated with widening of the ocean basin

Sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic during Mesozoic and Cenozoic time had a direct and major effect on the dispersal of invertebrates and, therefore, on the degree of trans-oceanic faunal similarity. Correlation of the Simpson coefficient of similarity with the changing width of the ocean basin estimated from published paleogeographic maps yields a high linear correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination.
Isolation of [Cp(CO)(Ph3P)FeNCCH3]+BF−4 from a vinylidene precursor; an organometallic Beckmann rearrangement

Abstract The reaction of [Cp(CO)(Ph3P)FeCCH2]+ BF−4 with several hydrazine derivatives yielded the acetonitrile complex [Cp(CO)(Ph3P)Fe-NCCH3]+ BF−4 (4) (62–71%). The formation of this product is apparently the result of a facile Beckmann-type rearrangement.
Solution of an Infinite System of Differential Equations of the Analytic Type.

where ai is a constant and fi() is the totality of terms of fi which are homogeneous in t, x1, x2, ... of degree j. That is, fi(l) is a linear function of the infinitely many variables t, x1, 2, ...; fi(2) is a quadratic function of the same variables; and so on. From the analogy with analytic functions of a finite number of variables, fi will be said to be of the analytic type. It is assumed that the following hypotheses are satisfied: (H1). xi = O (i = 1, 2, ...) at t = 0. (H2). Finite real positive constants Co, C1, c2, ...; r0, r 2, ..., A and a exist such that S = Cot + ClXl + C2X2+ ... (2) converges if Itl f r, lxil ?r (i = 1,2, ...) (3)
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF DERIVATIZED BUCKYBALLS AND BUCKYTUBES

Abstract Computational studies of patterns of addition to fullerenes have been extended (1) from C60H2 and C60H4 to C60H6, (2) from C60H2 and C70H2 to models of buckytubes-H2, and (3) from the products of the reaction of:CH2 with C60 to the corresponding products with buckytubes. A paradigm of multiple addition has appeared: as the number of H2 addends increases, 1,4 addition becomes competitive with 1,2-addition. A significant chemical difference between singly-(buckytube) and doubly-(C60) curved carbon is revealed by the energetics of H2 addition to the sidewalls vs. end-caps of a buckytube model. Remarkably, :CH2 insertion into either sidewalls or endcaps of buckytubes yields structures with similar heats of formation.
Coastal erosion, global sea-level rise, and the loss of sand dune plant habitats

Much of America's coastline is threatened by overdevelopment and coastal erosion, driven by global sea-level rise, a problem that is attracting the attention of researchers around the world. Although we have now acknowledged the impending risks, little is known about the response of spatially dependent dune plant communities to the loss or restriction of their habitat. In order to study this development, a spatially explicit model of sand dune plant succession on Galveston Island, Texas, was created, using sea-level rise as the primary mechanism causing local erosion. Simulations of sea-level rise scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrated that beach erosion constrained plants to a narrow area, resulting in a breakdown of the successional process. The loss of late-succession plants along coastlines, their dependent faunal species, and possible solutions are discussed. This model and example serves as a harbinger of the future for many of the US's sandy beaches and co...
Pure versus mixed electrosurgical current for endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy: a meta-analysis of adverse outcomes.

Background Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) can cause bleeding, pancreatitis, and perforation. This has, in part, been attributed to the type of electrosurgical current used for ES. No consensus exists on the optimal type of electrosurgical current for ES to maximize safety. Objective To compare the rates of complications in patients undergoing ES via pure current versus mixed current. Design A systematic review of published, prospective, randomized trials that compared pure current with mixed current for ES. Patients Patients undergoing ES, with random assignment to either current group. Interventions Data were standardized for pancreatitis and postsphincterotomy bleeding. There were insufficient data to analyze perforation risk. A random-effects model was used. Main Outcome Measurements Bleeding, pancreatitis, and perforation. Results A total of 804 patients from 4 trials that compared pure current to mixed current were analyzed. The aggregated rate of pancreatitis was 3.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0%-6.6%, for the pure-current group versus 7.9%, 95% CI 3.1%-12.7%, for the mixed-current group; the difference was not statistically significant. The rate of bleeding (all severity groups) for the pure-current group was 37.3% (95% CI 27.3%, 47.3%), which was significantly higher than that of the mixed-current group (12.2% [95% CI 4.1%, 20.3%]). Mild bleeding was significantly more frequent with pure current (28.9% [95% CI 16.3, 41.4]) compared with mixed current (9.4% [95% CI 2.1%, 16.8%]). Limitations Variables, including endoscopist skill and cannulation difficulty, were difficult to measure. Conclusions The rate of pancreatitis in patients who underwent ES when using pure current was not significantly different from those when using mixed current. Pure current was associated with more episodes of bleeding, primarily mild bleeding. Data were insufficient to analyze the perforation risk.
Individual RNA Recognition Motifs of TIA-1 and TIAR Have Different RNA Binding Specificities (*)

TIA-1 and TIAR are two closely related RNA recognition motif (RRM) proteins which possess three RRM-type RNA binding domains (RRMs 1, 2, and 3). Although both proteins have been implicated as effectors of apoptotic cell death, the specific functions of TIA-1 and TIAR are not known. We have performed in vitro selection/amplification from pools of random RNA sequences to identify RNAs to which TIA-1 and TIAR bind with high affinity. Both proteins selected RNAs containing one or several short stretches of uridylate residues suggesting that the two proteins have similar RNA binding specificities. Replacement of the uridylate stretch with an equal number of cytidine residues eliminates the protein-RNA interaction. Mutational analysis indicates that, for both TIA-1 and TIAR, it is the second RNA binding domain (RRM 2) which mediates the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. Although RRM 2 is both necessary and sufficient for this interaction, the affinity for the selected RNA (as determined by filter binding assays) does increase when the second domain of TIAR is expressed together with the first and third domains (Kd = 2 x 10(-8) M) rather than alone (Kd = 5 x 10(-8) M). Although RRM 3 (of either TIA-1 or TIAR) does not interact with the uridylate-rich sequences selected by the full-length proteins, it is a bona fide RNA binding domain capable of affinity-precipitating a population of cellular RNAs ranging in size from 0.5 to 5 kilobases. In contrast, RRM 1 does not affinity-precipitate cellular RNA. The inability of RRM 1 to interact with RNA may be due to the presence of negatively charged amino acids within the RNP 1 octamer.
Uncertainty principles and signal recovery

The uncertainty principle can easily be generalized to cases where the “sets of concentration” are not intervals. Such generalizations are presented for continuous and discrete-time functions, and for several measures of “concentration” (e.g., $L_2 $ and $L_1 $ measures). The generalizations explain interesting phenomena in signal recovery problems where there is an interplay of missing data, sparsity, and bandlimiting.
Waking Up the Stem Cell Niche: How Hematopoietic Stem Cells Generate Inflammatory Monocytes After Stroke

A substantial proportion of cardiovascular mortality is caused by atherosclerosis of large and midsized arteries that supply the brain. Stroke is the main complication of cerebral atherosclerosis and ranks second as cause of death worldwide.1 Recruitment of some myeloid cell subpopulations to atherosclerotic lesions can drive plaque inflammation and predispose to stroke. After a stroke, myeloid cells may also be harmful by directly aggravating the reperfusion injury to the brain. The latter possibility is of significant clinical relevance because epidemiological data have suggested that increased numbers of circulating leukocytes, particularly monocytes and neutrophils, after stroke correlate with poor outcomes.2 However, the functional mechanistic links between monocytosis and neutrophilia and stroke were unknown. Article, see p 407 In the current issue of Circulation Research , Courties, Nahrendorf et al addressed this intriguing question and elucidate how stroke speeds up the turnover of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to specifically generate myeloid cell populations and release them into the blood circulation.3 In their study, the authors have chosen an established mouse stroke model, in which the middle cerebral artery was transiently occluded. After this procedure, the numbers of monocytes and neutrophils resident in the bone marrow increased within 3 days, an effect caused by enhanced proliferation of myeloid progenitors, such as granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and monocyte/dendritic cell progenitors. Interestingly, this effect seems to be specific for myeloid cells because neither noninflammatory Ly6Clow monocytes, nor B cells or lymphoid progenitors showed increased turnover. In fact, the numbers of nonmyeloid cells, as well as expression of their lineage-characterizing factors, such as IL-7 receptor, decreased, whereas the myeloid transcription factor PU-1 increased, suggesting a specific effect on the myeloid lineage. In seeking the most upstream cause of this myeloid bias—a state defined by an increased myeloid-to-lymphoid cell ratio in the bone marrow—the authors …
Eureka! And other pleasures.

▪ Abstract At first one is very pleased at being invited to write a Prefatory Chapter, but as the delivery deadline draws closer one begins to think, “Oh my God! What on earth can I say that all but family members and few close friends will not find a great bore?” One solution is to write a scientific essay, but I concluded that that was a cop-out. I decided that perhaps the best tack to follow was to try to convey to the reader the personal characteristics I bring to my science and to other aspects of my professional career. The writing of this chapter has certainly convinced me that my particular background influenced what problems I chose to work on and how I approached their solution, but I hope that my results have a more ecumenical significance. There's been much written recently about how one's cultural background affects one's science, but I think that thesis can also be exaggerated. Science is a method of inquiry that by using certain guidelines permits rational individuals to observe Nature in a...
Institutionalization of a School Health Promotion Program: Background and Rationale of the Catch-on Study

Research is lacking on how to make effective programs available on a large scale and how to maintain levels of implementation. CATCH: A Study of Institutionalization (CATCH-ON) was designed to help us understand the conditions under which such programs are institutionalized after the trial has ended. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) was the largest field trial of school-based health promotion in the United States conducted in 96 schools in four geographic areas of the United States: California, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Texas. The intervention was multicomponent, targeting school policy and practices in nutrition, physical activity, health education, and smoking. This report provides background on the CATCH study design, the conceptual framework for research on institutionalization of the CATCH program, and an overview of the seven original reports that present results from the CATCH-ON study in this theme issue.
Alloantibody and Complement Promote T Cell–Mediated Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Through Noncanonical Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling in Endothelial Cells

Background—Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late allograft loss after heart transplantation. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions contain alloreactive T cells that secrete int...
Wideband audio over narrowband low-resolution media

This paper proposes a scheme of transmitting or storing a wideband audio stream in a channel or storage medium which is narrowband in nature and with a low resolution data format, such as an 8-bit companded one. In the proposed scheme, signal components in the upper-band part of the wideband beyond the narrowband - are encoded and then the code is embedded into the narrowband stream in a least audible way. As a result, this scheme enables the transmission and storage of wideband audio signals with the existing narrowband infrastructure. Furthermore, the scheme is fully backward compatible, i.e., conventional receivers, without the proposed decoding mechanism, can still access the narrowband audio with little audible degradation. The proposed scheme can find applications in areas where a high quality wideband audio is needed but the physical bandwidth is limited. Examples are voice-over-IP and telephony in general, as well as digital storage and playback.