cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the large-scale anisotropy in the microwave background radiation

Measurements of large-scale anisotropy in the 2.7 K microwave background radiation are reaching a sensitivity of Delta T/T = 0.0001 in the amplitudes of low-order spherical harmonics. At this level, interesting conditions and processes in the early universe can be studied. However, the measurements are difficult and very susceptible to systematic errors. The microwave instruments and techniques are discussed with the emphasis on the reduction and evaluation of spurious effects. The subtraction of foreground radiation, mainly from diffuse Galactic sources, is a major problem that already limits the accuracy of measurements near 1 cm wavelength. Current results for the dipole and quadrupole moments are compared and discussed.
Significance of K-dominance zone size and nonsingular stress field in brittle fracture

Stress intensity factor has been used to characterize the fracture toughness of a brittle material. This practice is apparently based on the assumption that the singular stress alone at the crack tip is responsible for fracture and that the nonsingular part of the near tip stress has no effect on fracture. In this study, mode I fracture experiments were conducted on a brittle material (PMMA) with four different specimen configurations. The result indicated that fracture toughness cannot be described by stress intensity alone and that a second parameter representing the influence of the nonsingular stress is needed. A two-parameter fracture model was proposed and validated with the experimental result. This two-parameter model was shown to be able to account for various effects created by specimen configurations, crack sizes, and loading conditions, on the fracture behavior of brittle materials.
Ultrastructural observations on the postnatal development of the rat prostate.

The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
Public relations: For your information.

Scientific public-information officers need a gift for writing and a wide interest in all areas of science.
Replacement lamp for the Nagel anomaloscope

The light source for the Schmidt & Haensch Nagel Model 1 Anomaloscope is no longer available. Here we describe a modern replacement that is powered by a regulated voltage supply. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S256–S257, 2001
A computer-based model for system level reliability and maintainability allocation

Abstract This paper describes computer-based heuristic models for Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) allocation for large systems. The model is an embellishment to the Maintenance Allocation Program (MAP) developed at McDonnell Douglas Corporation. The new version of MAP known as REMAP (Reliability Embellished MAP) is a decision support tool for contractors who are involved in large scale design projects such as aircraft design. The REMAP allows the user to give preliminary R&M information about the system. The REMAP gives “what if” changes on the requirements required to meet the desired design reliability specification.
The Place of John Stuart Mill and of Robert Owen in the History of English Neo-Malthusianism

Misconceptions prevalent on Mill and Owen. — I. James Mill, Place, and Carlile, 628. — Hayward's letter of 1873 on J. S. Mill, 630 — His charges and insinuations, 631. — Mill's letter of 1868, 633 — II. Place's statement of 1823 on Owen, 633. — How intimate was Owen's connection with Neo-Malthusianism, 636 — Owen's letter of denial in 1827, 639.
Secondary stream and excitation effects on two-dimensional nozzle plume characteristics

In order to design two-dimensional nozzle/ejector systems for future high performance aircraft, the basic engine exhaust plume velocity and temperature decay as effected by the secondary stream (ejector) and decay augmentation means must be assessed. Included in the assessment of the plume decay characteristics are the effects of nozzle aspect ratio and nozzle/ejector flow conditions. Nozzle/ejector plume decay can be enhanced by suitable excitation of the plume shear layers. Correlation of these factors are developed in a manner similar to those previously developed for conic and dual-flow nozzle plumes.
Numerical simulation of time-dependent fracture of graded bimaterial metallic interfaces

Stationary cracks along and near interfaces between two time-dependent materials are simulated using the finite element method (FEM) to examine crack tip fields and candidate driving force parameters for crack growth. Plane strain conditions are assumed. In some cases, a thin transition layer is included between the two materials. This transition layer features a functionally graded blend of properties of the two materials. An example of such a system is that of weld metal (WM) and base metal (BM) in a weldment, with the transition layer corresponding to the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Numerical solutions for the stress and strain fields of homogeneous and heterogeneous Compact Tension (C(T)-type) specimens are presented. The equivalent domain integral technique is employed to compute the J-integral for elastic-plastic cases as well as the C(t)-integral and transition times for creep behavior. Results from parametric studies are curve-fit in terms of transition layer thickness and crack position, inelastic property mismatches, and other independent model parameters. Results indicate that the incorporation of functionally graded transition layer regions leads to less concentrated stress and strain components along interfaces ahead of the crack tip. It is also shown that the computed fracture parameters are influenced by the transition layer properties.
An investigation of three-matrix permutation tests

Several methods have recently been introduced for investigating relations between three interpoint proximity matricesA, B, C, each of which furnishes a different type of distance between the same objects. Smouse, Long, and Sokal (1986) investigate the partial correlation betweenA andB conditional onC. Dow and Cheverud (1985) ask whethercorr (A, C), equalscorr (B, C). Manly (1986) investigates regression-like models for predicting one matrix as a function of others. We have investigated rejection rates of these methods when their null hypotheses are true, but data are spatially autocorrelated (SA). That is,A, andB are distance matrices from independent realizations of the same SA generating process, andC is a matrix of geographic connections. SA causes all the models to be liberal because the hypothesis of equally likely row/column permutations invoked, by all these methods, is untrue when data are SA. Consequently, we cannot unreservedly recommend the use of any of these methods with SA data. However, if SA is weak, the Smouse-Long-Sokal method, used with a conservative critical value, is unlikely to reject falsely.
Comparison of the importance of Alcoholics Anonymous and outpatient counseling to maintenance of sobriety among alcohol abusers.

36 alcohol abusers who had attended outpatient counseling and Alcoholics Anonymous were asked to rate the importance of outpatient counseling and Alcoholics Anonymous to their maintenance of sobriety. They also reported the number of outpatient and Alcoholics Anonymous sessions they attended in the last 90 days. Alcoholics Anonymous was rated significantly higher in importance to maintenance of sobriety by participants with above median days (160 days) of sobriety than those with below median days of sobriety or than outpatient counseling by those with below or above median days of sobriety. A significant, positive correlation of .79 between attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous and days of sobriety was found.
Phylogeography of the pallid kangaroo mouse, Microdipodops pallidus: a sand-obligate endemic of the Great Basin, western North America

Aim Kangaroo mice, genus Microdipodops Merriam, are endemic to the Great Basin and include two species: M. pallidus Merriam and M. megacephalus Merriam. The pallid kangaroo mouse, M. pallidus, is a sand-obligate desert rodent. Our principal intent is to identify its current geographical distribution and to formulate a phylogeographical hypothesis for this taxon. In addition, we test for orientation patterns in haplotype sharing for evidence of past episodes of movement and gene flow. Location The Great Basin Desert region of western North America, especially the sandy habitats of the Lahontan Trough and those in south-central Nevada. Methods Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from portions of three genes (16S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome b, and transfer RNA for glutamic acid) were obtained from 98 individuals of M. pallidus representing 27 general localities sampled throughout its geographical range. Molecular sequence data were analysed using neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. Directional analysis of phylogeographical patterns, a novel method, was used to examine angular measurements of haplotype sharing between pairs of localities to detect and quantify historical events pertaining to movement patterns and gene flow. Results Collecting activities showed that M. pallidus is a rather rare rodent (mean trapping success was 2.88%), and its distribution has changed little from that determined three-quarters of a century ago. Two principal phylogroups, distributed as eastern and western moieties, are evident from the phylogenetic analyses (mean sequence divergence for cytochrome b is c. 8%). The western clade shows little phylogenetic structure and seems to represent a large polytomy. In the eastern clade, however, three subgroups are recognized. Nine of the 42 unique composite haplotypes are present at two or more localities and are used for the orientation analyses. Axial data from haplotype sharing between pairwise localities show significant, non-random angular patterns: a north-west to south-east orientation in the western clade, and a north-east to south-west directional pattern in the eastern clade. Main conclusions The geographical range of M. pallidus seems to be remarkably stable in historical times and does not show a northward (or elevationally upward) movement trend, as has been reported for some other kinds of organism in response to global climate change. The eastern and western clades are likely to represent morphologically cryptic species. Estimated times of divergence of the principal clades of M. pallidus (4.38 Ma) and between M. pallidus and M. megacephalus (8.1 Ma; data from a related study) indicate that kangaroo mice diverged much earlier than thought previously. The phylogeographical patterns described here may serve as a model for other sand-obligate members of the Great Basin Desert biota.
Analytic Reviews: Electrophysiologic Testing in the Intensive Care Unit:

The role of electrophysiologic concepts and procedures in managing patients with potentially life-threatening ar rhythmias in the intensive care unit is discussed. These patients may be survivors of sudden cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction or may be admitted for syncope or sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. The value of electrophysiologic testing is discussed in terms of the distinction between wide QRS complex tachycardias that are supraventricular or ventricular in origin and those in which preexcitation syndromes may be important. Drug-induced ventricular arrhythmias are discussed, with specific emphasis on torsades de pointes. Finally, the use of His bundle recordings in pa tients with atrioventricular conduction disturbances is discussed. The methodology of electrophysiologic test ing, including stimulation protocols and interpretation of results, is described.
Increased expression of fibronectin and the α5β1 integrin in angiogenic cerebral blood vessels of mice subject to hypobaric hypoxia

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. We showed previously that angiogenic capillaries in the developing CNS express high levels of fibronectin and its receptor α5β1 integrin, and that this expression is developmentally downregulated. As cerebral hypoxia leads to an angiogenic response, we sought to determine whether angiogenic vessels in the adult CNS re-express fibronectin and the α5β1 integrin. Ten-week old mice were subject to hypobaric hypoxia for 0, 4, 7 and 14 days, and fibronectin/integrin expression examined. Fibronectin and the α5 integrin subunit were strongly upregulated on capillaries in the hypoxic CNS, with the effect maximal at the earliest time point examined (4 days). Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the α5 integrin was expressed by angiogenic endothelial cells. In light of the defined angiogenic role for fibronectin in other systems, this work suggests that induction of fibronectin-α5β1 integrin expression may be an important molecular switch driving angiogenesis in the hypoxic CNS.
Generalized effective Hamiltonians: Time scale separation within a semiclassical formalism

A theory for collision‐induced transitions in the subset of quantum states ‖ae〉 is developed, where the full molecular basis is ‖aeau〉. The only assumption is that changes in au occur much more quickly than those in ae. The choice of ae and au is in general arbitrary, and it is shown how to make this separation based on the type of experimental measurement under consideration. For example, an evaluation of an atom–vibrotor problem (i.e., ae=n, au=jmj) is considered. In conjuction with this illustration an analysis of the breathing sphere (BS) approximation is carried out. It is concluded that a modified BS method (i.e., use of the diagonal rotational potential) should be valid when the random phase approximation holds for the rotational scattering amplitude.
In praise of the Old I.O.

Abstract “Old I.O.” is the body of empirical regularities obtained by cross-section statistical methods following their introduction by Bain [Bain, 1951. Relation of profit rate to industry concentration: American manufacturing, 1936–1940. Quarterly Journal of Economics 65, 293–324.]. Its researchers did not seek to fit particular theoretical (oligopoly) models to market data, apart from theoretical conditions for sustainable collusion, but they did establish a large number of empirical regularities – cross-section associations between dimensions of performance (allocative efficiency, productive efficiency, turnover of suppliers) in markets and their structural and behavioral features. These associations continue to serve a wide range of uses for economic understanding and policy formation.
Effect of Insecticide Spray Applications, Sowing Dates and Cultivar Resistance on Insect Pests of Cowpea in the Delmarva Region of the United States

ABSTRACT Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of insecticide spray applications, sowing dates and cultivar resistance in diverse cowpea genotypes in the Delmarva (Delaware, Maryland and Virginia) peninsula region of the United States. A mixture of cypermethrin and dimethoate was applied in the first experiment and the number of spray applications ranged from two to six. The second experiment had two sowing date treatments and received four spray applications of endosulfan. Also, ten genotypes of cowpea were planted and observations were taken on the incidence of major insect pests and pod damage. There was a 30% increase in cowpea seed yield as a result of spraying the mixture of cypermethrin + dimethoate insecticides. The damage to cowpea pods was also significantly reduced in the sprayed treatments. The first and second sowing dates of cowpea sprayed treatments gave 30% and 45% increase in the seed yield over the first and second unsprayed dates of sowing cowpea treatments, respectively....
A model for gas phase chemistry in interstellar clouds. II - Nonequilibrium effects and effects of temperature and activation energies

The chemical evolution of diffuse and dense interstellar clouds is examined via the time-dependent model outlined by Prasad and Huntress (1980). This paper presents specific results for CH, CO, CH4, O2, CH2O, CN, C2, C2H, HC3N, and NH3. Comparison with observations and predictions of other contemporary models show that cloud temperature plays a very important role through the inverse temperature dependence of radiative association reactions and through activation energies in neutral reactions and selected ion-molecule reactions. The observed fractional abundance of CN with respect to H2 and more accurate recent laboratory data on CN + O and CN + O2 reactions suggest that there is an unidentified, yet efficient, mechanism for conversion of O and O2 into polyatomic species. C2H and HC3N are synthesized early in the history of dense clouds. The value of the fractional abundance of C2H remains high, because as the cloud cools down the activation energy in the C2H + O reaction closes down this most important loss channel. A rapidly decreasing fractional abundance of O with time can also accomplish the same result. The value of the fractional abundance of HC3N remains high because it is an unreactive molecule and probably does not condense readily onto grains.
Affinity-Capture Tandem Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Polyprenyl-Linked Oligosaccharides: Tool to Study Protein N-Glycosylation Pathways

N-Glycosylation of proteins is recognized as one of the most common post-translational modifications. Until recently it was believed that N-glycosylation occurred exclusively in eukaryotes before the discovery of the general protein glycosylation pathway (Pgl) in Campylobacter jejuni. To date, most techniques to analyze lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) of these pathways involve the use of radiolabels and chromatographic separation. Technologies capable of characterizing eukaryotic and the newly described bacterial N-glycosylation systems from biologically relevant samples in a quick, accurate, and cost-effective manner are needed. In this paper a new glycomics strategy based on lectin-affinity capture was devised and validated on the C. jejuni N-glycan pathway and the engineered Escherichia coli strains expressing the functional C. jejuni pathway. The lipid-linked oligosaccharide intermediates of the Pgl pathway were then enriched using SBA-agarose affinity-capture and examined by capillary electropho...
Van Inwagen, Zimmerman, and the materialist conception of resurrection

Peter van Inwagen's brand of materialism leads him to speculate that God actually removes the deceased at the moment of death and replaces the corpse with a simulacrum that decays or is cremated. Dean Zimmerman offers an account of resurrection that is loyal to Peter van Inwagen's commitment to a materialist metaphysics, with its stress on the earlier life processes of an organism immanently causing its later ones, while maintaining that resurrection is possible without involving God in any ‘body snatching’. My contention is that Zimmerman's account is metaphysically impossible. His alleged ‘solution’ is at odds with the principles governing the ways in which an organism can assimilate new parts. Instead of providing a scenario where we can be resurrected, Zimmerman has merely sketched a scenario where we are duplicated. An alternative materialist account of resurrection is offered, one in which immanent causation is not necessary.
Application of a computer-aided expert decision support system to rural development in Kenya

Abstract This paper describes the utility of a computer-aided system that couples an expert system with other planning modeling techniques and hypermedia as a method to support institutional development. Using an example of rural development in Kenya, the paper describes the application of a computer-aided expert decision support system to aid local planners and administrators plan for investment in infrastructure to selected rural service centers.
Small Income Effects: A Marshallian Theory of Consumer Surplus and Downward Sloping Demand

We formalize the Marshallian idea that when the proportion of income spent on any commodity is small then the income effects are small. If n is the number of goods, we show, under certain assumptions on preferences and prices, that the order of magnitude of the norm of the income derivative of demand is 1/√n. As a corollary we get that for the case of a single price change the percentage error in approximating the Hicksian Deadweight Loss by its Marshallian counterpart goes to zero at least at the rate 1/√n and that demand is downward sloping for n large enough.
A novel method for site specific introduction of single model oxidative DNA lesions into oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was used to incorporate several products of oxidative base damage onto the 3' end of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Under the defined conditions described in this report, single residues of dihydrothymine, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, thymine glycol, urea, 7-hydro-8-oxoadenine, 7-hydro-8-oxoguanine, 5-hydroxycytosine and 5-hydroxyuracil were incorporated into oligodeoxyribonucleotides of different lengths. The reaction is both efficient and cost effective. The 3' termini of the reaction products were suitable substrates for ligation by phage T4 DNA ligase, facilitating greatly the construction of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing unique and site specific oxidative DNA lesions.
11: Stimulation of DNA Synthesis in Cultured Pibroblasts and Chondrocytes by a Cartilage-Derived Growth Factor

A growth factor derived from bovine cartilage is described which stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in cultured fibroblasts and chondrocytes. This growth factor is obtained by extraction of bovine scapular cartilage from 1-14 day old calves with 1M guanidine hydrochloride. Further purification is achieved by ion exchange chromatography using a cationic ion exchange resin. The active fraction is eluted with 0.02M ammonium acetate, pH 8.5. This fraction stimulates DNA synthesis in mouse Balb/c-3T3 cells-and NIH/3T3 cells. It also stimulates DNA synthesis in confluent, resting chondrocytes cultured from scapular cartilage of adult New Zealand white rabbits. The growth factor is inactivated by trypsin. On gel filtration in 4M guanidine hydrochloride the growth factor chromatographs in the region of cytochrome c, indicating a molecular weight of 12,000-13,000 daltons. The occurrence of both growth factor and chondrocytes in the same tissue suggests a possible physiological role for this factor in the regulation of cartilage growth.
The μ-opioid receptor gene-dose dependent reductions in G-protein activation in the pons/medulla and antinociception induced by endomorphins in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

Abstract There appear to be different relationships between μ-opioid receptor densities and the acute and neuroadaptive μ-opioid agonist-induced responses of the multiple opioid neuronal systems, including important pons/medulla circuits. The recent success in creating μ-opioid receptor knockout mice allows studies of μ-opioid agonist-induced pharmacological and physiological effects in animals that express no, one or two copies of the μ-opioid receptor gene. We now report that the binding of μ-opioid receptor ligand, [3H][D-Ala2,NHPhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin to membrane preparations of the pons/medulla was reduced by half in heterozygous μ-opioid receptor knockout mice and eliminated in homozygous μ-opioid receptor knockout mice. The endogenous μ-opioid agonist peptides endomorphin-1 and -2 activate G-proteins in the pons/medulla from wild-type mice in a concentration-dependent fashion, as assessed using [35S]guanosine-5′-o-(3-thio)triphosphate binding. This stimulation was reduced to half of the wild-type levels in heterozygous mice and eliminated in homozygous knockout mice. The intracerebroventricular injection of either endomorphin-1 or endomorphin-2 produced marked antinociception in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests in wild-type mice. These antinociceptive actions were significantly reduced in heterozygous μ-opioid receptor knockout mice, and virtually abolished in homozygous knockout mice. The μ-opioid receptors are the principal molecular targets for endomorphin-induced G-protein activation in the pons/medulla and the antinociception caused by the intracerebroventricular administration of μ-opioid agonists. These data support the notion that there are limited physiological μ-opioid receptor reserves for inducing G-protein activation in the pons/medulla and for the nociceptive modulation induced by the central administration of endomorphin-1 and -2.
The availability of food folate in man.

Summary. The availability of five different folate derivatives: tetrahydropteroylglutamate (H4PteGlu), 5-formyltetrahydropteroylglutamate (5-CHO-H4PteGlu), 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate (5-CH3 -H4PteGlu), pteroyltriglutamate (PteGlu3) and pteroylheptaglutamate (PteGlu7) and folates in 12 natural food items: orange juice, romaine lettuce, egg yolk, banana, cooked lima beans (dry and frozen), liver, brewer's yeast, cabbage (raw and cooked), defatted soybean, and wheat germ were measured in human subjects. The method used for this study was based on the measurement of urinary excretion of folate by microbiological assay using Lactobacillus casei (L. casei). Each subject was maintained in a ‘folate-saturated’ condition by oral administration of 2.0 mg of pure pteroylmonoglutamate (PteGlu) on alternate days and a response curve relating folate intake with urinary folate excretion was established. Urinary folate excretion following administration of synthetic folate derivatives and food samples containing microbiologically assayed quantities of folates were measured and the folates which had been absorbed were estimated by reference to the response curve previously established with PteGlu. We have considered this to be an index of the ‘availability’ of synthetic folates and/or naturally occurring folates in foods. The results indicated that pure synthetic folate derivatives are almost as available as PteGlu. Among the 12 food items, banana, lima beans, liver and bewer's yeast contained relatively highly available folates. Folate availability was poor in orange juice, romaine lettuce, egg yolk, cabbage, defatted soybean and wheat germ.
On essential entropy-carrying sets

Abstract In this paper we study properties of essential entropy-carrying sets of a continuous map on a compact metric space. If f : X → X is continuous on a compact metric space X, then the intersection of all essential entropy-carrying sets of f may or may not be an essential entropy-carrying set of f. When this intersection is an essential entropy-carrying set we denote it by E ( f ) , the least essential entropy-carrying set, otherwise we say that E ( f ) does not exist. We present an example where E ( f ) does not exist but also find a sufficient condition for E ( f ) to exist. If f is a piecewise monotone map, we show that E ( f ) exists and is the finite union of the entropy-carrying sets in the Nitecki Decomposition of the nonwandering set of f intersected with the closure of the periodic points of f. When E ( f ) exists we study how it relates to other entropy-carrying sets of f including subsets of itself.
In-line implant and RTP process monitoring using the carrier illumination technique for 65 nm and beyond

This paper describes the application of the Carrier Illumination technique to non-destructively measure dopant behavior before and after annealing for 65nm technology. Patterned wafers were implanted with different SDE energy and dosages. The detected signals from laser diode show good correlation with electrical performance (drive current, overlap capacitance). Another crucial application is to in-line monitor the thermal process. By splitting spike anneal temperature, we found detected signals were proportional to the junction depth of SIMS. The non-destructive, non-contact, and small spot size nature of the CI measurement method is capable of tracing low energy implant and spike anneal.
Short communication: Genetic variations of SLC2A9 in relation to Parkinson's disease

Background Epidemiological studies showed that higher plasma urate was associated with lower risk for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and slower disease progression. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) consistently showed that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the solute carrier family 2 member 9 gene (SLC2A9 ) were associated with plasma urate concentration and the risk of gout.
Advances in molecular simulations of clathrate hydrates

Molecular simulations of clathrate hydrate properties are challenging due to the contrasting nature of water and guest molecules and the poorly understood process leading to their formation. This article highlights the recent advances in computational research on clathrate hydrates with a focus on nucleation. The atomic scale molecular simulations provide insight into the nucleation process on scales difficult to access experimentally. Simulations have demonstrated spontaneous homogeneous nucleation and growth. Active research using simulations for hydrates continues to make progress in quantifying growth rates, thermodynamic stability, and other physical properties.
Fluorescence imaging of latent fingerprints with a cooled charge-coupled-device detector

Images of fluorescently tagged latent fingerprints were obtained using a low power source and a scientifically operated charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The luminescence of the fingerprints is chemically enhanced with a fluorescent tag, orthophthalaldehyde. The orthophthalaldehyde undergoes a Schiff base reaction with phenyl ring containing amino acids to produce fluorescence emission at approximately equals 446 nm under UV illumination. An inexpensive, portable, low power UV source was constructed utilizing two 4-watt UV fluorescent lamps and appropriate filters. In the past, the use of filtered lamp sources resulted in an appreciable loss in sensitivity compared to laser sources. Preliminary investigations into the use of a low power tungsten filament lamp source for the excitation of NBD chloride tagged fingerprint on paper were also conducted. Sensitive detection by way of a CCD eliminates the need for the use of expensive, high power laser sources in field instruments and provides a wide range of additional advantages over photographic film.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A role of estrogens in the regulation of RNA polymerase in surviving rat uteri.

Abstract DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nucleotidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl transferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was elevated in nuclei isolated from uteri of rats treated in vivo for 4 h with estradiol. This hormone-induced activity of the enzyme was maintained when the surviving uteri were incubated at 37° or 4° in tissue culture medium prior to the isolation of the nuclei. When the surviving uteri of hormone-treated animals were incubated at 23°, enzyme activity of the nuclei declined to control levels in approx. 30 min. A rapid recovery of hormone-induced polymerase activity was observed on returning the temperature of the incubation of the surviving uteri from 23° to 37°; this activity was lost again on lowering the temperature to 23°. When surviving uteri were incubated with graded levels of cycloheximide, a reduction of polymerase activity was also observed which was correlated with the block of protein synthesis in the uterine segments. The level of active RNA polymerase in rat uteri appears to be determined by the balance between two temperature-sensitive processes and to depend on the continued synthesis of protein. Estrogen action affects this balance.
Comments on the Analysis of Variance Strategy for the Computation of Intraclass Reliability

ANOVA computed intraclass reliability coefficients are often underestimated because ANOVA assumptions are ignored. Assumptions of an alternate technique are explored. Biasedness of the intraclass reliability coefficient is discussed and a table of corrections presented.
Contemplating Some Big Shifts

Biologists and philosophers explore the implications of major transitions for our understanding of evolution, development, and individuality.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Networks with Network Coding

We investigate the use of network coding for information dissemination over a wireless network. Using network coding allows for a simple, distributed and robust algorithm where nodes do not need any information from their neighbors. In this paper, we analyze the time needed to diffuse information throughout a network when network coding is implemented at all nodes. We then provide an upper bound for the dissemination time for ad-hoc networks with general topology. Moreover, we derive a relation between dissemination time and the size of the wireless network. It is shown that for a wireless network with N nodes, the dissemination latency is between O(N) and O(N2), depending on the reception probabilities of the nodes. These observations are validated by the simulation results.
Influence of dietary restriction on immunologic function and renal disease in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice.

Abstract In (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice, moderate caloric intake [10 kcal (41.8 kJ) per day] from the time of weaning was associated with maintenance of lower body weight, greater capacity of spleen cells to be stimulated with T-cell mitogens, and better preserved capacity to generate cytotoxic cells in response to in vitro and in vivo stimulation with allogeneic tumor cells. Plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes was also well maintained in animals on the restricted diets when sensitization was accomplished either in vitro or in vivo. Spontaneous suppressor cell activity against plaque-forming cells that developed in controls did not appear in the mice on the restricted diet. Significantly less circulating antibody to native DNA was present in the blood of mice 10 months of age when their dietary intake had been restricted. Histological analysis revealed that the development of renal disease and the deposition of gamma globulin in the glomerular capillaries was markedly inhibited in the mice on restricted diets. Dietary restriction from the time of weaning thus appears to prolong significantly the life of autoimmunity-prone (NZB × NZW)F1 male and female mice and to alter lymphoid cell immune function, thereby decreasing the autoimmune processes and immunological assault associated with progressive renal disease in these animals.
Surgical Correction of Periocular Fat Pad Hypertrophy in Pot-Bellied Pigs

Objective To report surgical correction of hypertrophic periocular fat pads that cause loss of vision and behavioral changes in pot-bellied pigs. Study Design A retrospective study. Animals or Sample Population Nine Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. Methods Medical records of nine pot-bellied pigs admitted between 1994 and 1997 for loss of vision associated with hypertrophied periocular fat accumulations were reviewed. Outcome was assessed by contacting owners 4 months to 5 years after surgery. Results The most common clinical signs were related to impaired vision and included periocular dermatitis, lethargy, and aggressive behavior. Surgical removal of redundant periorbital fat and skin resulted in marked improvement in vision and behavior in all pigs. Overall client satisfaction was excellent. Clinical Relevance A novel method for removal of redundant fat and skin can be used to alleviate clinical signs associated with periocular fat pad hypertrophy of pot-bellied pigs. A small percentage of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs are prone to abnormal fat accumulations in the facial region, particularly the periorbital region, that results in a mechanically narrowed palpebral fissure and impaired vision. This report describes a technique for surgically removing redundant fat and skin to improve vision and reports outcome in nine pigs.
The stokes translation of two or more particles along the axis of an infinitely long circular cylinder

The simultaneous effects of boundary proximity and of neighboring particles on the drag experienced by a particle of arbitrary shape translating parallel to a principal axis of translational resistance is theoretically calculated, at small Reynolds numbers, for the case in which it falls with other similar particles, equally spaced, along the axis of an infinitely long circular cylinder. The translational resistance encountered by the body is increased by the presence of the cylinder walls, but decreased by the presence of other particles. Results are expressed in terms of the ratio of drag forces experienced by the body in the bounded fluid with other particles and alone in an unbounded fluid, respectively, when moving with the same speed and orientation in the same fluid. Numerical values are provided which enable this ratio to be computed from the fundamental geometrical parameters of the system. The computation furnishes the interaction correction correctly to the first-order in the ratios of characteristic particle dimension to characteristic distance of the particle from both the cylinder wall and from another particle.
The direct microdetermination of tissue calcium by flame photometry.

Abstract A simple direct micro flame photometric determination for tissue calcium was developed. Approximately 100 mg fresh tissue containing a total of 0.5–3.0 μg Ca was extracted with trichloroacetic acid solution, and the extract was analyzed after the addition of 5 meq Na/l, 1 meq K/l, and isopropyl alcohol. Under these conditions tissue sodium, potassium, and phosphate did not cause significant interference. The values and standard errors for fresh rat liver, heart, kidney, and diaphragm muscle were 3.96 ± 0.11, 3.95 ± 0.06, 5.52 ± 0.18, and 4.83 ± 0.23 μg Ca 100 mg , respectively. Good agreement with the results of analysis by the Clark and Collip method was obtained.
Carbohydrate allocation patterns in citrus genotypes as affected by phosphorus nutrition, mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal dependency

SUMMARY Among closely related citrus genotypes growing in high phosphorus (P) orchard soils, there is a tendency for less mycorrhizal-dependent (M-dependent) species to have lower rates of root colonization than more M-dependent species. We hypothesized that the less M-dependent the citrus species the more limited is their carbohydrate (CHO) allocation to the M fungus. In a glasshouse study at low and high P supply, lower total incidence of Glomus intraradices FL 208, intensity of vesicles formation, and accumulation of 16: W5cis fungal fatty acid as measures of root colonization were related to lower mycorrhizal dependency (MD; M plant d. wt/non-mycorrhizal (NM) plant d. wt expressed at low P supply) in five citrus genotypes. At high P supply, when host carbon (C) production was not affected by P nutrition, less M-dependent genotypes had consistently lower starch concentrations in their root and shoot tissues than did more M-dependent genotypes, irrespective of M inoculation. At low P supply, M plants were more heavily colonized by G. intraradices and had lower starch levels than the M plants supplied with additional P. At high P, M plants of the more dependent genotypes allocated more C to starch pools relative to the NM plant than the least dependent genotype. Concentration of sucrose in tissues did not vary consistently with the dependency of citrus genotypes or with M inoculation except in high P NM plants, when less M-dependent genotypes had lower levels of sucrose in their roots than the more dependent species. At high P supply, sucrose concentrations were lower in colonized roots than in NM roots. Across citrus genotypes, sucrose in M fibrous roots decreased relative to that in NM roots with increase in root colonization suggesting that more sucrose was allocated for growth and maintenance of G. intraradices in roots of M-dependent species. The concentration of reducing sugars in root tissues varied in relation to MD of citrus genotypes in the same way as that of starch and sucrose, but was less responsive to M colonization. Responses of total non-structural CHO in tissues indicated that more heavily colonized plants at low P expended more C to acquire P than did M plants of similar biomass and P status grown at high P supply. Total CHO pools increased with MD of citrus genotypes, providing evidence than C allocation patterns in the host affect M colonization.
Use of attitude congruence to identify safety interventions for small residential builders

The construction industry has experienced high numbers of occupational injuries and fatalities over the years. To address this issue, differences in safety attitudes and behaviours were explored among construction workers, first‐line supervisors, and project managers in small residential construction companies with respect to recommendations for safety interventions. A triangulation design consisting of observation (shadowing), subjective quantitative (questionnaire), and subjective qualitative (interview) methods was used to obtain different but complementary data on the same safety challenges. Shadowing was utilized to explore onsite safety problems and/or risky behaviours resulting from safety attitudinal discrepancies among the three groups. Questionnaires were administered to identify salient themes for the observed practices. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to explore the causes of the observed safety problems. Results revealed that first‐line supervisors did not enforce safety rules stric...
Computed tomography in genitourinary pathology

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate localization of pathologic processes within the abdomen and also frequently contributes information regarding the nature of the process. A review of 50 patients with suspected genitourinary pathology studied with CT suggests that this new noninvasive diagnostic modality can provide increased diagnostic accuracy but that it will not replace conventional abdominal radiography and intravenous urography as the primary screening examination for such patients. Situations in which CT has proved valuable include: (1) evaluation of areas which are relatively “blind” on conventional radiography: (interior and posterior margins of kidneys, paravertebral and midline portions of retroperitoneum, and base of, bladder; (2) evaluation of patients with severely compromised function of one or both kidneys, including assessment of amount of functioning renal parenchyma and possible demonstration of cause of obstructive hydronephrosis; (3) evaluation of patients in whom intravenous urography is contraindicated; (4) differentiation of solid from cystic masses of kidney: (5) evaluation of spread of tumor outside boundaries of kidney: and (6) staging of bladder tumors.
FRACTAL IMAGES OF GENERALIZED MANDELBROT SETS

The transformation function z ← zα+βi+c, with both α and β being either positive or negative integers or real numbers, is used to generate families of mostly new fractal images in the complex plane . The calculations are restricted to the principal value of zα+βi and the obtained fractal images are called the generalized Mandelbrot sets, ℳ (α, β). Three general classes of ℳ (α, β) are considered: (1) α ≠ 0 and β = 0; (2) α ≠ 0 and β ≠ 0; and (3) α = 0 and β ≠ 0. Our results demonstrate that the shapes of fractal images representing ℳ (α, 0) are usually significantly deformed when β ≠ 0, and that the size of either stable (α > 0) or unstable (α < 0) regions in the complex plane may increase as a result of non-zero β. It is also shown that fractal images of the generalized Mandelbrot sets ℳ (0, β) are significantly different than those obtained with a non-zero α.
Dynamic clock stretching for variation compensation in VLSI circuit design

In the nanometer era, process, voltage, and temperature variations are dominating circuit performance, power, and yield. Over the past few years, statistical optimization methods have been effective in improving yield in the presence of uncertainty due to process variations. However, statistical methods overconsume resources, even in the absence of variations. Hence, to facilitate a better performance-power-yield trade-off, techniques that can dynamically enable variation compensation are becoming necessary. In this article, we propose a dynamic technique that controls the instance of data capture in critical path memory flops, by delaying the clock edge trigger. The methodology employs a dynamic delay detection circuit to identify the uncertainty in delay due to variations and stretches the clock in the destination flip-flops. The delay detection circuit uses a latch and set of combinational gates to dynamically detect and create the slack needed to accommodate the delay due to variations. The Clock Stretching Logic (CSL) is added only to paths, which have a high probability of failure in the presence of variations. The proposed methodology improves the timing yield of the circuit without significant overcompensation. The methodology approach was simulated using Synopsys design tools for circuit synthesis and Cadence tools for placement and routing of the design. Extraction of parasitic of timing information was parsed using Perl scripts and simulated using a simulation program generated in Cpp. Experimental results based on Monte-Carlo simulations on benchmark circuits indicate considerable improvement in timing yield with negligible area overhead.
Visual detection of 1981S13, Saturn's eighteenth satellite, and its role in the Encke gap

Careful inspection of many images taken by the Voyager spacecraft reveals the presence within the Encke gap of Saturn's eighteenth satellite. Its existence had been inferred from gravitational disturbances seen in Voyager data, and it falls close to the predicted orbit, its shepherding effect is responsible for keeping the Encke gap open, and it may also be the progenitor of a narrow ringlet within the gap.
Alternating Planarity/Nonplanarity in n-Doped Odd-Membered, All-Trans Polyenes: Molecular Structures of NaCnHn+2 (n = 3, 5, 7, and 9)

The electronic structures of small, odd-membered, all-trans polyenes doped with one Na atom at various positions have been investigated using Hartree-Fock and density functional (B3LYP) theory with a 6-31G(d) basis set. Two distinctly different structural motifs have been identified. In one motif, the dopant atom interacts with an allylic polyene unit in a 4π-electron interaction that results in a planar polyene backbone. The other motif has the dopant atom interacting with a pentadienyl polyene unit in a 6π-electron interaction, which produces a significantly warped polyene backbone. Independent of structural motif at the doping site, the portion of the polyene structure outside the interaction region remains largely undisturbed in terms of planarity and bond length alternation. For a particular formula unit and potential energy surface, the stationary points corresponding to minima and transition states are remarkably close in energy despite the pronounced changes that occur in the dihedral angles of the polyene backbone at the dopant sites. Whereas internal and external instabilities are found in the Hartree-Fock wavefunctions for NaC7H9 and NaC9H11 structures, the restricted B3LYP wavefunctions are stable for all structures investigated.