cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drosophila hedgehog signaling and engrailed-runt mutual repression direct midline glia to alternative ensheathing and non-ensheathing fates

The Drosophila CNS contains a variety of glia, including highly specialized glia that reside at the CNS midline and functionally resemble the midline floor plate glia of the vertebrate spinal cord. Both insect and vertebrate midline glia play important roles in ensheathing axons that cross the midline and secreting signals that control a variety of developmental processes. The Drosophila midline glia consist of two spatially and functionally distinct populations. The anterior midline glia (AMG) are ensheathing glia that migrate, surround and send processes into the axon commissures. By contrast, the posterior midline glia (PMG) are non-ensheathing glia. Together, the Notch and hedgehog signaling pathways generate AMG and PMG from midline neural precursors. Notch signaling is required for midline glial formation and for transcription of a core set of midline glial-expressed genes. The Hedgehog morphogen is secreted from ectodermal cells adjacent to the CNS midline and directs a subset of midline glia to become PMG. Two transcription factor genes, runt and engrailed, play important roles in AMG and PMG development. The runt gene is expressed in AMG, represses engrailed and maintains AMG gene expression. The engrailed gene is expressed in PMG, represses runt and maintains PMG gene expression. In addition, engrailed can direct midline glia to a PMG-like non-ensheathing fate. Thus, two signaling pathways and runt-engrailed mutual repression initiate and maintain two distinct populations of midline glia that differ functionally in gene expression, glial migration, axon ensheathment, process extension and patterns of apoptosis.
A modified method for obtaining large amounts of high titer polyclonal ascites fluid

When limited amounts of antigens are available, it is often difficult to obtain large quantities of polyclonal antisera. Although antisera can be raised in small rodents, yields are usually small. To circumvent these problems, we have designed a modified method for generating polyclonal ascites fluid (AF). Using the appropriate strain of mice and adjuvant, we generated high serum titers by injection of 1–100 μg of protein. Following i.p. injection of compatible sarcoma cells, 13–19 ml of high titer (1:1000–1:20,000), polyclonal ascites fluid were obtained from each mouse. Similar results were obtained using nine different antigens.
Recombinant hemoglobins with low oxygen affinity and high cooperativity

Abstract By introducing an additional H-bond in the α 1 β 2 subunit interface or altering the charge properties of the amino acid residues in the α 1 β 1 subunit interface of the hemoglobin molecule, we have designed and expressed recombinant hemoglobins (rHbs) with low oxygen affinity and high cooperativity. Oxygen-binding measurements of these rHbs under various experimental conditions show interesting properties in response to pH (Bohr effect) and allosteric effectors. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies show that these rHbs can switch from the oxy (or CO) quaternary structure (R) to the deoxy quaternary structure (T) without changing their ligation states upon addition of an allosteric effector, inositol hexaphosphate, and/or reduction of the ambient temperature. These results indicate that if we can provide extra stability to the T state of the hemoglobin molecule without perturbing its R state, we can produce hemoglobins with low oxygen affinity and high cooperativity. Some of these rHbs are also quite stable against autoxidation compared to many of the known abnormal hemoglobins with altered oxygen affinity and cooperativity. These results have provided new insights into the structure–function relationship in hemoglobin.
Are Technological Innovations Contagious? Evidence From Sport Records

In this paper we use world cycling records to study the pattern of technological development of the track bicycle. We find that there is a strong evidence of ‘contagious’ effects among cycling records which in turn provides indirect evidence of ‘contagious’ effects among technological innovations. Interestingly, the ‘contagiousness’ of records is not a salient characteristic of track and field competitions where, arguably, technology plays a smaller role.
Improving novelty detection for general topics using sentence level information patterns

The detection of new information in a document stream is an important component of many potential applications. In this work, a new novelty detection approach based on the identification of sentence level information patterns is proposed. First, the information-pattern concept for novelty detection is presented with the emphasis on new information patterns for general topics (queries) that cannot be simply turned into specific questions whose answers are specific named entities (NEs). Then we elaborate a thorough analysis of sentence level information patterns on data from the TREC novelty tracks, including sentence lengths, named entities, sentence level opinion patterns. This analysis provides guidelines in applying those patterns in novelty detection particularly for the general topics. Finally, a unified pattern-based approach is presented to novelty detection for both general and specific topics. The new method for dealing with general topics will be the focus. Experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the performance of novelty detection for general topics as well as the overall performance for all topics from the 2002-2004 TREC novelty tracks.
Protein biosynthesis in a cell-free system from bovine retina

Abstract A cell-free extract active in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein has been prepared from bovine retina. This system may be useful in identifying early precursors and transported forms of the visual pigment apoprotein. The system completed a minimum of 50% of the preexisting nascent polypeptide chains. 20% of the labelled product accumulated in the soluble fraction of the extract. Gel electrophoresis revealed that this fraction contained six major labelled polypeptide species, each of which correspond to a major unlabelled soluble polypeptide. Some completed polypeptides were retained in the particulate fraction of the extract; several of these were resolved on gel electrophoresis and were of very high specific radioactivity. An antiserum to rod outer segment disc proteins precipitated several labelled species from each fraction. The most interesting of these is a polypeptide of molecular weight 41 000 which was found only in the particulate fraction.
Stratigraphy of Jurassic pyroclastic rocks in the Transantarctic Mountains

Abstract Jurassic pyroclastic rocks cap the Antarctic Gondwana sequence and document an important event in the evolution of the continent. The Hanson Formation, which crops out in the central Transantarctic Mountains, consists of ca 240 m of silicic tuffs, tuffaceous sandstones, and subordinate quartzose sandstones of probable Early Jurassic age. It is overlain by basaltic pyroclastic rocks of the Prebble Formation. Similar basaltic rocks also crop out in Victoria Land and constitute the Mawson and Exposure Hill Formations. These basaltic pyroclastic rocks and the overlying Kirkpatrick Basalt lavas are Middle Jurassic. The pyroclastic rocks comprise thick tuff-breccias with minor lapilli-tuffs and tuffs; sequences are as much as 400 m thick. These silicic and basaltic pyroclastic rocks record the transition from foreland basin fluvial sedimentation of the Antarctic Gondwana sequence to an extensional tectonic regime associated with flood basalts and Gondwana break-up.
Visual sensitivity to controlled motion of a line or edge

Abstract Contrast thresholds were measured for moving stimuli which were viewed through an image stabilization system to eliminate visual stimulation by eye movements. For most experiments, I Hz square-wave or triangular-wave motion was used with amplitudes from 0.5′ up to about 2°. For a fine line, the lowest threshold occurred for triangular-wave motion of velocity 0.5–1 deg/sec; the threshold for optimum square-wave motion (8′ jumps in position) was about 1.5 times higher and the threshold for on-off presentation was still higher. Sensitivity (reciprocal threshold) increased linearly with amplitude for amplitudes up to 2′ or 4′. For continuous motion of small amplitude, thresholds depended on amplitude rather than velocity, whereas the reverse was true for rapid motion. Threshold amplitude curves for an edge were similar to those for a fine line, but the minimum thresholds occurred at larger amplitudes.
Tensile Deformation and Fracture Mechanism of Bulk Bimodal Ultrafine-Grained Al-Mg Alloy

The tensile fractures of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al-Mg alloy with a bimodal grain size were investigated at the micro- and macroscale using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with focused ion beam (FIB), and optical microscopy. The nanoscale voids and crack behaviors near the tensile fracture surfaces were revealed in various scale ranges and provided the evidence to determine the underlying tensile deformation and fracture mechanisms associated with the bulk bimodal metals. The bimodal grain structures exhibit unusual deformation and fracture mechanisms similar to ductile-phase toughening of brittle materials. The ductile coarse grains in the UFG matrix effectively impede propagation of microcracks, resulting in enhanced ductility and toughness while retaining high strength. In view of the observations collected, we propose a descriptive model for tensile deformation and fracture of bimodal UFG metals.
Sex, maps, and imprinting.

As in the case in many organisms, there are sex-specific differences in genetic recombination in humans. On average, the female genetic map is 90% longer than the male map. In this review, we will adress this issue and propose a hypothesis to explain the differences observed in the genetic map distances between males and females.
Scheduling orders for multiple product types to minimize total weighted completion time

We consider the problem of scheduling orders for multiple different product types in an environment with m dedicated machines in parallel. The objective is to minimize the total weighted completion time. Each product type is produced by one and only one of the m dedicated machines; that is, each machine is dedicated to a specific product type. Each order has a weight and may also have a release date. Each order asks for certain amounts of various different product types. The different products for an order can be produced concurrently. Preemptions are not allowed. Even when all orders are available at time 0, the problem has been shown to be strongly NP-hard for any fixed number (>=2) of machines. This paper focuses on the design and analysis of efficient heuristics for the case without release dates. Occasionally, however, we extend our results to the case with release dates. The heuristics considered include some that have already been proposed in the literature as well as several new ones. They include various static and dynamic priority rules as well as two more sophisticated LP-based algorithms. We analyze the performance bounds of the priority rules and of the algorithms and present also an in-depth comparative analysis of the various rules and algorithms. The conclusions from this empirical analysis provide insights into the trade-offs with regard to solution quality, speed, and memory space.
Plasmon assisted enhanced nonlinear refraction of monodispersed silver nanoparticles and their tunability

Nonlinear optical characterizations were performed on monodispersed silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) of various sizes using a picosecond Z-scan technique with excitation wavelengths of 532 nm and 1064 nm. The Ag NPs were fabricated using a heterogeneous condensation technique in a gas medium. The nonlinear refraction values were higher for the monodispersed Ag NPs whose surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak is closer to the excitation wavelength. The higher nonlinear optical response is explained in terms of an electric field enhancement near the SPR. Moreover, the fabrication method allows the tailoring of the nonlinear refraction index of the Ag NPs by tuning the SPR peak of the sample. A comparison of the nonlinear refraction index of the monodispersed and polydispersed Ag NPs showed that the nonlinear refractive index of the monodispersed Ag NPs is higher.
1802 PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS (PFTs) IN PRETERM BABOONS WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD): PROGRESSION AND RECOVERY

Serial PFTs were performed in a baboon model to characterize changes during the course and recovery of HMD. Preterm baboons delivered abdominally at 140±2 days gestation were intubated at birth and stabilized. An esophageal balloon was inserted. The anesthetized, paralyzed animals were placed in a constant volume pressure plethysmograph for PFTs. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) at 0.5 Hz, total lung resistance (RL), inspiratory capacity (IC) at 30 cmH2O pressure, static compliance (Cst) and functional residual capacity (FRC) by helium dilution were measured. Mean values (±SD) obtained were: (Paired t–test). Significant (P<0.05) improvement occurs in FRC by day 1; IC, Cst and Cdyn by day 3; and RL by day 9. Serial PFTs may serve as a basis for evaluating complications and therapy for HMD.
Placing zeroes and the Kronecker canonical form

Given a linear time-invariant control system, it is well known that the transmission zeroes are the generalized eigenvalues of a matrix pencil. Adding outputs to place additional zeroes is equivalent to appending rows to this pencil to place new generalized eigenvalues. Adding inputs is likewise equivalent to appending columns. Since both problems are dual to each other, in this paper we only show how to choose the new rows to place the new zeroes in any desired locations. The process involves the extraction of the individual right Kronecker blocks of the pencil, accomplished entirely with unitary transformations. In particular, when adding one new output, i.e., appending a single row, the maximum number of new zeroes that can be placed is exactly the largest right Kronecker index.
Steel factor and c-kit regulate cell-matrix adhesion

Steel (SI) and white spotting (W) loci encode steel factor (c-kit ligand) and the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor, respectively. Mutations at these loci affect migration and differentiation of primordial germ cells, neural crest-derived melanoblasts, and hematopoietic cells. In these processes, cell adhesion molecules are hypothesized to be crucial. We have examined the role of steel factor and c-kit in cell- extracellular matrix adhesion using bone marrow-derived mast cells as a model system. Steel factor stimulates mast cells to bind to fibronectin and, to a lesser extent, to vitronectin, whereas interleukin-3 and interleukin-4, which are also mast cell growth factors, do not. Activation of adhesiveness is transient, occurs at concentrations of steel factor 100-fold lower than required for growth stimulation, and requires the integrin VLA-5. Mast cells from c-kit mutant mice adhere to fibronectin on stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not on stimulation with steel factor, indicating that stimulation of integrin adhesiveness requires activation of the c-kit protein tyrosine kinase. By contrast, c-kit mutant and wild-type mast cells adhere equally well to COS cells expressing membrane-anchored steel factor, showing that the kinase activity of c-kit is not required for adhesion directly mediated by c-kit. Our findings suggest that regulation of adhesion is an important biologic function of steel factor.
Resorcinarene-Encapsulated Gold Nanorods: Solvatochromatism and Magnetic Nanoshell Formation.

Gold nanorods (GNRs) were encapsulated and dispersed into organic solvents by tetrabenzylthiol resorcinarene (TBTR) and by a poly(dithiocarbamate) derived from tetra-N-methyl(aminomethyl)resorcinarene (TMAR-DTC), formed by the in situ condensation of TMAR with carbon disulphide. The latter proved to be highly effective at enabling the redispersion of GNRs in various organic solvents. GNRs encapsulated in TMAR-DTC exhibited a strong solvatochromic response, with a refractive index sensitivity of more than 300 nm/RIU. The resorcinarene-encapsulated GNRs could withstand high temperatures for a short period of time, and could be used to nucleate the growth of magnetic nanoshells.
Evolution of human brain functions: the functional structure of human consciousness

The functional structure of self-aware consciousness in human beings is described based on the evolution of human brain functions. Prior work on heritable temperament and character traits is extend...
Algorithm for Performance Analysis of the IMM Algorithm

The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm has been used in many applications. However, performance analysis of the IMM algorithm is difficult because it uses a set of Kalman filters that are coupled with each other. We present an algorithm to compute the means and cross-covariances of the residuals and state estimation errors of these Kalman filters. Specifically, we derive the cross-covariances, each of which is the covariance of the residuals of two Kalman filters, to account for the mutual interactions. From the means and cross-covariance terms, we then compute the means of the likelihood functions and the mean-squared estimation errors as performance measures of the IMM algorithm.
Reversibility of Electrophysiological Abnormalities in Subacute Ischemia

Twenty-four hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the dog, ventricular tachycardia is the predominant rhythm. At this time, records of transmembrane potentials from the subendocardial Purkinje fibers adjacent to the infarct show a low maximum diastolic potential, prominent phase 4 depolarization, and slow response action potentials. Exposure of the fibers to pinacidil, 25-100 microM, increases resting potential to the estimated value of EK, abolishes the phase 4 depolarization, and restores action potential amplitude and Vmax toward normal. Perfusion of the bed of the occluded coronary artery with Tyrode's solution prior to isolation of the subendocardial tissues results in similar normalization of transmembrane potentials. These findings indicate: (a) that the major cause of the abnormal transmembrane potentials of the subendocardial tissues is the loss of resting potential; and (b) that abnormalities of the transmembrane potentials are caused by some substance that can be washed out by perfusion and not by a direct effect of ischemia.
Prospecting the Influenza Hemagglutinin to Develop Universal Vaccines

Influenza pandemics are among the most serious infectious threats to public health. The 1918‐1919 influenza pandemic caused up to 500,000 deaths during a single influenza season in the United States, representing the most fatalities within such a short period in US public health history. The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic caused much less mortality but nevertheless exposed important limitations of global pandemic preparedness. [1, 2, 3]. First, the 2009 H1N1 virus was not detected by animal health surveillance systems for .10 years, exposing the inadequacy of current surveillance for viruses in animals that have pandemic potential for humans [4]. Second, the emergence of a pandemic virus with the same HA and NA subtypes as viruses that had been circulating in humans for decades (seasonal H1N1 virus) underscored the need to better understand immunity to emerging influenza viruses in the human population [4]. Finally, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic exposed our current inability to develop, manufacture, deliver, and administer billions of doses of vaccine directed against a newly emerging virus in the 4 months or less that would have been required to mitigate the impact of the spread of the 2009 H1N1 virus. [5]. Thus, several strategic changes in pandemic vaccine preparedness plans have been recommended [6]. The proposed changes are costly and often not affordable for low- and middle-income countries. Thus, sustainable long-term solutions will require the development of novel immunization strategies. The concept of a universal influenza vaccine that would elicit protection against a broad range of antigenically diverse influenza viruses, including different
Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Block: Problems of Clinical Assessment

The diagnosis of congenital complete atrioventricular block usually offers little difficulty. There remains, however, the problem of interpreting certain clinical findings, including systolic and diastolic murmurs and cardiomegaly, which are sometimes falsely suggestive of an associated congenital heart lesion. The clinical, radiologic, and electrocardiographic findings in 27 children with congenital complete heart block have been analyzed in terms of the hemodynamic abnormalities found at cardiac catheterization in 12 of these patients.
Pitfall Trap Survey of Gnaphosid Spiders from Wichita County of North-Central Texas (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Abstract A pitfall trap survey was conducted in Wichita County of north-central Texas for one year. A total of 4072 spiders were collected, representing 22 families. Of the total spiders collected, 62% were mature with males outnumbering the females by a ratio of 4 to1. The members of the Gnaphosidae were the dominant cursorial spider, consisting of 16.2% of the spider total. This family included 267 males and 144 females that represented 26 species and 11 genera. Seven new species records were noted for Wichita County and included the following: Callilepis imbecilla (Keyserling), Cesonia bilineata (Hentz), Drassyllus aprilinus (Banks), D. gynosaphes Chamberlin, Synaphosus paludis Chamberlin and Gertsch, Tachyzelotes lyonneti (Audouin), and Zelotes lasulanus Chamberlin.
Discrimination of motion based on traces in the space of probability functions over feature relations

In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible to discriminate between high level motion types such as walking, jogging, or running based on just the change in the relational statistics among the detected image features, without the need for object models, perfect segmentation, or tracking. Instead of the statistics of the feature attributes themselves, we consider the distribution of the statistics of the relations among the features. We represent the observed distribution of feature relations in an image as a point in a space where the Euclidean distance is related to the Bhattacharya distance between probability functions. Different motion types sweep out different traces in this Space of Probability Functions (SoPF). We demonstrate the effectiveness of this representation on image sequences of human in motion, gathered using a digital video camera. We show that it is not only possible to distinguish between motion types but also to discriminate between persons based on the SoPF traces.
Cooperative load balancing in distributed systems

A serious difficulty in concurrent programming of a distributed system is how to deal with scheduling and load balancing of such a system which may consist of heterogeneous computers. In this paper, we formulate the static load-balancing problem in single class job distributed systems as a cooperative game among computers. The computers comprising the distributed system are modeled as M-M-1 queueing systems. It is shown that the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) provides an optimal solution (operation point) for the distributed system and it is also a fair solution. We propose a cooperative load-balancing game and present the structure of NBS. For this game an algorithm for computing NBS is derived. We show that the fairness index is always equal to 1 using NBS, which means that the solution is fair to all jobs. Finally, the performance of our cooperative load-balancing scheme is compared with that of other existing schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies to Support Exploration of Mars' Surface

Surface Visible infrared spectroscopy has a long history of providing fundamental compositional discoveries in the solar system. However, we are entering a new era of Mars exploration in which missions will take place nearly every 2 years.The visible infrared spectral community thus faces a more rapid influx in data volume and variety than it has previously handled.Visible- infrared instruments are on the 1996 Mars Global Surveyor, 2001 Mars Odyssey 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, 2003 Mars Express, 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; and likely on the 2007 and 2009 missions. Interpretations of those data sets provide a critical foundation for geologic and climatic interpretations as well as an opportunity to select landing sites.
Penetration of Sodium Tripolyphosphate into Fresh and Prefrozen Peeled and Deveined Shrimp

The distribution of sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) in peeled and deveined shrimp tails after treatment was investigated using P32 labeled STP. Fresh and frozen brown (Penaeus aztecus) and fresh and frozen white (Penaeus setiferus) shrimp were used in the study. Shrimp were treated in solutions of either 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10% STP that had been prepared using P32 labeled STP diluted with “cold” STP. The duration of treatment was either 20 sec, 1 min, 5 min, or 20 min. When shrimp were treated in 0.5% and 1% STP solutions, a phosphate concentration gradient was evident in the shrimp muscle. After such treatments, STP was shown to accumulate on the surface of the muscle preventing further STP uptake. At higher STP concentrations (5% and 10% solutions) prolonged time treatments overcame the concentration gradient as STP became equally distributed through the shrimp muscle (4.8 mm). No difference in the STP penetration mechanism between fresh and prefrozen treated shrimo was evident.
A Pipeline Framework for Dependency Parsing

Pipeline computation, in which a task is decomposed into several stages that are solved sequentially, is a common computational strategy in natural language processing. The key problem of this model is that it results in error accumulation and suffers from its inability to correct mistakes in previous stages. We develop a framework for decisions made via in pipeline models, which addresses these difficulties, and presents and evaluates it in the context of bottom up dependency parsing for English. We show improvements in the accuracy of the inferred trees relative to existing models. Interestingly, the proposed algorithm shines especially when evaluated globally, at a sentence level, where our results are significantly better than those of existing approaches.
On the Same Page: Practical Techniques to Enhance Co-Teaching Interactions

As increasing numbers of students with disabilities are taught in general education classrooms, co-teaching has become an established method of special education service provision. No longer viewed by education professionals as a collaborative model-come-lately, this shared approach of working side by side with a colleague in a classroom can be a rewarding and at the same time frustrating experience. This article offers co-teachers practical techniques to enhance their interactions and, in turn, improve educational outcomes for all of their students.
The importance of gender on the beneficial effects of posttraumatic hypothermia

The authors studied the importance of gender on the consequences of mild posttraumatic hypothermia following parasagittal fluid-percussion (F-P) brain injury in rats. After traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain temperature was maintained at normothermia (37°C) or reduced to 33°C for 4 h starting 30 min after the insult followed by a 1.5-h slow rewarming period. Animals (n = 48) were allowed to survive for 3 days before quantitative histopathological and immunocytochemical examination. As previously reported, contusion volume in normothermic animals (37°C) was smaller (P < 0.05) in intact females compared to males. In addition, numbers of NeuN-positive cortical neurons were greater in females versus males after TBI. Posttraumatic hypothermia significantly reduced overall contusion volume in males (P < 0.05), while not significantly reducing contusion volume in females. Likewise, hypothermia protected against the loss of cortical neurons in males but had no effect in females. Ovariectomized females showed contusion volumes and neuronal cell counts comparable to those seen in males as well as a significant reduction in contusion volumes and greater neuronal counts following posttraumatic hypothermia. These data are the first to demonstrate that posttraumatic hypothermia (4 h) does not affect short-term histopathological outcomes in female rats. Potential mechanisms underlying this gender difference are discussed. Finally, these experimental findings may have important implications in terms of clinical trials using therapeutic hypothermia targeting patients with central nervous system (CNS) injury.
Oxidation at low temperatures

Abstract The growth of oxide films on metals and semiconductors at low temperatures was not adequately explained until Mott proposed electron tunnelling as the mechanism of charge neutralization. This led to the Cabrera-Mott model of oxidation in which a self-induced field reduces the activation energy for ion movement. The resulting equation was shown by Fehlner to fit the oxidation kinetics when network-forming oxides can grow. The present work examines kinetic data for network modifiers and attempts to fit them to a direct logarithmic expression of Uhlig. Trapped charge is assumed to limit electron transfer. Charge densities in the 1018−1020cm−3 range are found for Cu, Na, Be, Zn, and Fe.
A new weighting function for solving nonlinear oscillation problems

Abstract A new approximation technique is presented for solving nonlinear oscillation problems. A solution of form x = x0 sin ωt is assumed and put into the differential equation, which leads to an algebraic equation which can be solved for ω in terms of x0. The new technique is to reduce the algebraic equation to an identity at ωt = π 3 . This method is compared with other common approximation techniques and with the exact solution for several nonlinear problems. Overall, the new method works better than any other approximation technique. In addition, it has the very practical advantage of being purely algebraic; no integrals need be evaluated, as in several other methods.
Computationally efficient bandwidth allocation and power control for OFDMA

The paper studies the problem of finding an optimal subcarrier and power allocation strategy for downlink communication to multiple users in an orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing-based wireless system. The problem of minimizing total power consumption with constraints on bit-error rate and transmission rate for users requiring different classes of service is formulated and simple algorithms with good performance are derived. The problem of joint allocation is divided into two steps. In the first step, the number of subcarriers that each user gets is determined based on the users' average signal-to-noise ratio. The algorithm is shown to find the distribution of subcarriers that minimizes the total power required when every user experiences a flat-fading channel. In the second stage of the algorithm, it finds the best assignment of subcarriers to users. Two different approaches are presented, the rate-craving greedy algorithm and the amplitude-craving greedy algorithm. A single cell with one base station and many mobile stations is considered. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity algorithms offer comparable performance with an existing iterative algorithm.
Expression of a 28-Kilodalton Glutathione S-Transferase Antigen of Schistosoma mansoni on the Surface of Filamentous Phages and Evaluation of Its Vaccine Potential

A cloning and expression system that allows display of proteins on the surface of filamentous phages was exploited to display a 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (Sm28GST) antigen of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The phage-displayed Sm28GST (pdGST) was immunoreactive and was recognized by immune sera, suggesting that the Sm28GST protein displayed on the surface of phages potentially maintains native conformation. Subsequent immunization studies showed that mice can develop high titers of antibodies against pdGST and do not require any additional adjuvant for immunization. Isotype analysis suggested that the pdGST immunization predominantly induced immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b), IgG3, and IgM anti-GST antibodies in mice. Furthermore, the pdGST immunization was found to confer about 30% protection after a challenge infection with 100 cercariae of S. mansoni in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that phage display is a simple, efficient, and promising tool to express candidate vaccine antigens for immunization against infectious agents.
The relationship between multiple UV-B perception mechanisms and DNA repair pathways in plants

Abstract UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) is a component of sunlight and a natural environmental stimulus for plants. The characterization of UVR8 (UV Resistance Locus 8) demonstrated that plants contain at least one UV-B-specific photoreceptor and signaling pathway. In plants, DNA damage caused by UV-B and the subsequent responses, historically, have often been considered general stress or non-photomorphogenic. Other UV-B-specific signaling pathways that function independently of the UVR8 photoreceptor suggest that multiple perception mechanisms exist in plants. Recently, however, plant perception of UV-B radiation and the initiation of photomorphogenic responses outside of the UVR8 pathway have been largely overlooked. Plant responses to UV-B are highly varied. Therefore, the existence of multiple perception pathways seems logical. The objective of this review is to highlight that the absorption of UV-B occurs through a variety of ways, for example through DNA, and induces photomorphogenic responses specific to that absorption that are distinct from the UVR8 signaling pathway.
Time series analysis of neural facilitation of muscle activation recorded using chronically implanted microwire arrays

The role that neurons in the motor and premotor cortical regions have in facilitating muscle activation during reaching and grasping tasks can be detected through cross-correlative techniques such as spike triggered averaging (SpTA). The use of chronically implanted electrodes can provide information regarding the dynamics of this functional role over time. Using chronically implanted microwire arrays with electrode insertion lengths of 1.5 mm, 2 mm and 2.5 mm, recording from the motor and premotor regions, this study examines the effects that the initial depth of electrode implantation has on 1) the total number of units facilitating muscle activity over time; 2) the total number of units detected over time; and 3) the total number of units correlated with task-dependant parameters over time. To determine the facilitative role that recorded units play in activation of muscles during task performance, the EMGs recorded during movement from the center holding pad to the target are cross correlated with the recorded spike activity using SpTA. The results suggest that the initial depth of implantation has a significant effect on the total number of facilitating units detected, the total number of units detected, and total number of units correlated with target direction and target orientation in the specific reach to grasp task. Results also suggest that a significant increase in the number of units is detected at initial depths greater than 1.5 mm. In most cases, initial depths of 2 mm produce a significantly greater number of total units compared to initial depths of 2.5 mm.
Low Ability of Great Tits to Discriminate Similarly Inconspicuous Edible and Inedible Prey

Numerous studies have shown warning coloration to facilitate the discrimination of edible and inedible prey. However, inedible insect species may possess cryptic coloration as well. It has been shown that some other visual features (especially characteristic body shape) are sufficient for the recognition of some insect taxa (e.g. ladybirds, ants, wasps). We tested the ability of wild-caught great tits (Parus major) to discriminate between the identically coloured edible (roach – Blaptica dubia) and the inedible (firebug – Pyrrhocoris apterus) as prey according to subtle peripheral visual traits (shape of legs and antennae, body posture, and means of locomotion). Both prey species were offered either simultaneously or alternately. The ability of the birds to learn was tested by means of fourteen trial repetitions in two sessions. In general, great tits were not able to learn to discriminate between firebugs and roaches by subtle shape cues alone during the two sessions. However, multivariate analysis of individual bird behaviour showed that they adopted one of three different attitudes to the presented prey. Most of the birds never attacked any or always attacked both prey. In addition, a small proportion of the birds was able to discriminate between the two prey types and attacked only roaches. Nevertheless, firebugs survived most of the attacks, which suggests that in case of chemically protected prey, the evolution of conspicuous coloration is not always the best/only option.
Wireless Grids Tutorial

Wireless Grids Edgeware - a new category of 'cloud to edge' ad hoc network applications and services have been under refinement for more than a decade following the first presentation on the topic to TPRC in 2002. A variety of proprietary and open/non-proprietary applications - called gridlets and wiglets, respectively - have been developed over the years, and tested in experimental use by a wide variety of users. Applications and use cases in K-12, university, and adult education as well as informal learning; social emergency response; social radio; virtual energy; enterprise cloud operating models for 'workplace as a service' and 'healthcare workplace as a service' as well as infrastructureless and serverless networks. This tutorial will provide hands-on use experiences and guest account access to a number of wiglets and gridlets, and among other things permit users to create their own social radios across their own - social - machines. The security implications of these novel ad hoc network services will be discussed, as will other regulatory implications of the apparent potential growth in machine to machine communication across the Internet of Things, through social machines, social radios, and other ad hoc network applications which extend well beyond the industrial Internet focus of many market participants.The ability of the these novel applications to withstand 'worst case scenario' circumstances for -social- emergency response is a particularly compelling application, which can be provided widely at negligible cost, this tutorial will demonstrate. Depending upon schedules, several recent doctoral graduates and other partners in the National Science Foundation Partnerships for Innovation Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed (WiGiT) may join the main presenter, and share their insights garnered from empirical studies in major military healthcare centers, among other early uses. Hands-on opportunities for participants to test these applications themselves will be readily provided by WiGiT partners.
Short-Pulse Scattering from and the Resonances of Buried and Surface Metal Mines

After several decades of research [1–19], buried and surface mine detection and identification remains a very difficult problem, with no single sensor providing sufficient performance (defined in terms of probability of detection and probability of false alarm) for reliable and repeatable system performance. Radar represents one of the oldest technologies for this problem, and there has been significant interest recently in ultra-wideband (UWB), short-pulse (SP) radar [20,21]. Such UWB-SP radar systems are designed to operate at a sufficiently low frequency to provide ground penetration, while retaining the wide bandwidth necessary for adequate down-range resolution. In addition to being used for detection, the late-time resonant signature scattered from buried mines has also been used for identification [1,2,5].
“A cardinalles red-hat, and a kings golden crowne:” pamphlet anti-Catholicism and fabricated authority in Thomas Milles’s The Misterie of Iniquitie (1611)

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between anti-Catholic pamphlet literature and the economic thought of early modern mercantilist Thomas Milles (1550–1626) in his most popular work, The Misterie of Iniquitie (1611). The tract is an extended warning against the dangers of false authority – a subject debated both in economic spheres as well as the ongoing doctrinal debates between English Protestants and Catholics. I argue that while scholars generally dismiss Milles’s anti-Catholic rhetoric as digressive or paranoid, his religio-political thought actually engages the popular generic conventions of pamphlets and polemics that dominated booksellers’ stalls in the wake of many religious controversies, including the passage of the Oath of Allegiance, to which Milles is responding in this tract. Milles’s “digressions” in The Misterie are actually indicative of a high level of syncretism and intertextuality allowed by the pamphlet form, and provide an ideal format for Milles to explore economic, pol...
Experimental Study of Open Loop Plasma Actuation on a von Karman Ogive

was measured in the unforced case. It was shown that plasma actuation provides adequate control authority to change the direction as well as magnitude of the side force, supporting that the system has a limited region of proportional controllability. The open loop forced experiments provided the necessary input/output information to develop a linear system model. The output error identification method was used and found to adequately describe this I/O relationship.
Substrate effect on the plasmonic sensing ability of hollow nanoparticles of different shapes.

Gold hollow nanospheres (AuHSs) and gold hollow nanocubes (AuHCs) were synthesized by the galvanic replacement technique using silver nano templates. Colloidal AuHSs are found to have a higher sens...
The Effects of Unrestricted Immigration on the Housing Market

According to standard economic theory, a sudden wave of immigration may increase residential overcrowding and boost prices in the rental market. In contrast, the theory of dual housing markets predicts that immigration-caused demand will not be as likely to boost natives’ housing costs where newcomers are highly segregated. To test these two explanations, this chapter uses elite interviews, archival materials, and panel regression models for three natural experiments: Mariel Cubans in Miami; Pieds-Noirs and Harkis “repatriates” in Marseille; and Eastern Europeans in Dublin. Regression models suggest that increased overcrowding occurred in Miami but not in Marseille or Dublin. In contrast, the analysis shows a significant migration-caused rent increase in the normal housing market of only Marseille.
Repair of ventricular septal defect in infants with body weight less than 10kg

Objective:To review the efficacy of ventricular septum defect repair in infants with body weight less than 10 kg.Methods:Of 83 infants(male 53,female 30),the ventricular septum defect(VSD) were repaired under cardiopulmonary bypass.Results:No death occurred.Postoperative complications were pneumonia 22 cases,arrhythmia 3 cases,pneumothorax 2 cases,low output syndrome 1 case,and residual shunt 1 cases.Conclusions:VSD in infant with repeated pneumonia and pulmonary hypertension should be operated on as early as possible.Rational and effective treatment of all process could make the increase of the successful rate.
When the future becomes the present of the environmental crisis. The jurisprudence of the brazilian Supreme Court and the future dimension of the right to the environment / Quando o futuro se torna o presente da crise ambiental. A jurisprudência...

Trabalho enviado em 07 de abril de 2016. Aceito em 07 de abril de 2016. DOI: 10.12957/rdc.2016.22367 Abstract The environmental crisis stems from a human development process. The risk that is assumed is the commitment of the future generations. However, the guarantee of the quality of the future generations is shown as a time-present problem. Another aspect of this coexistence between present and future is the formation of the subject of the right to the environment and its analysis by the jurisprudence of the Brazilian Supreme Court. Since solidarity acts in the law as an intergenerational bond is important to note how this jurisprudence has interpreted this “new subject” and how the future dimension of the right to the environment has been interpreted. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the need to “resituate” the relationship between man and the natural order in the face of environmental crisis and how necessary it is to take responsibility for the future time, even with regard to unborn subjects. It is hoped that it will contribute to the analysis of the jurisprudence on the need to take on responsibility for the transgenerational subject and its right to the environment, being that the future tense becomes the present of this new epoch. Keywords : environment; sustainability; risks; subject; environmental crisis Resumo A crise ambiental decorre de um processo humano de desenvolvimento. O risco que se assume e o comprometimento das geracoes futuras. No entanto, a garantia da qualidade futura das geracoes mostra-se como problema do tempo-presente. Outro aspecto dessa coexistencia entre presente e futuro e a formacao do sujeito do direito ao meio ambiente e sua analise pela jurisprudencia do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Uma vez que a solidariedade age no Direito como um vinculo intergeracional e importante observar como essa jurisprudencia tem interpretado este “novo sujeito” e de que forma a dimensao futura do direito ao meio ambiente tem sido interpretada. O objetivo do presente trabalho e enfatizar a necessidade de “ressituar” a relacao entre o homem e a ordem natural diante da crise ambiental, bem como o quanto e preciso assumir a responsabilidade por um tempo por vir, inclusive, no que se refere aos sujeitos nao-nascidos. Espera-se com isso contribuir para a analise da jurisprudencia quanto a necessidade de assumir o sujeito transgeracional do direito ao ambiente, uma vez que o tempo futuro torna-se o presente desta nova era. Palavras-chave: meio ambiente; sustentabilidade; riscos; sujeito; crise ambiental