cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching and learning environmental hydrometallurgy

Environmental hydrometallurgy can be considered to comprise two distinctly different areas: environmentally compliant hydrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy for environmental compliance. The latter includes both hydrometallurgical waste treatment and hydrometallurgical processes that can replace existing ones with attendant environmental benefits. This approach may find application in many fields well beyond those in which hydrometallurgy is traditionally encountered. Teaching environmental hydrometallurgy is truly coupled with learning, because this field is very much in its infancy. Students need a foundational knowledge base, but must learn to use these tools to think creatively, outside of the box. Cognizance of developments in other fields is also essential. Some of the most useful unit processes and new developments are discussed, such as biohydrometallurgy, ion exchange and membrane processes. These are examined as case studies that can be used to teach students to make future developments.
Marihuana and Temporal Disintegration

High oral doses of marihuana extract, calibrated for content of 1 (—)-Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, significantly impaired the serial coordination of cognitive operations during a task that required sequential adjustments in reaching a goal. This disintegration of sequential thought is related to impaired immediate memory.
A Note on Inferences About the Median of the Distribution of Difference Scores

For two random variables, X and Y, let D = X - Y, and let θ x , θ y , and θ d be the corresponding medians. It is known that the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and its modern extensions do not test H 0 : θ x = θ y , but rather, they test H 0 : θ d = 0. The article deals with an extension of these methods to dependent groups, so the goal is not to make inferences about the median of the pairwise differences or even the median of the marginal distributions. Rather, if an individual is randomly sampled from the first group and another individual is randomly sampled from the second group, the goal is to make inferences about the median value of the typical difference. The goal is not to suggest that alternative methods be abandoned but rather to provide a perspective on how dependent groups compare that it is similar in spirit to the perspective provided by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.
A Role for TFIIIC Transcription Factor Complex in Genome Organization

Summary Eukaryotic genome complexity necessitates boundary and insulator elements to partition genomic content into distinct domains. We show that inverted repeat ( IR ) boundary elements flanking the fission yeast mating-type heterochromatin domain contain B-box sequences, which prevent heterochromatin from spreading into neighboring euchromatic regions by recruiting transcription factor TFIIIC complex without RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Genome-wide analysis reveals TFIIIC with Pol III at all tRNA genes, many of which cluster at pericentromeric heterochromatin domain boundaries. However, a single tRNA phe gene with modest TFIIIC enrichment is insufficient to serve as boundary and requires RNAi-associated element to restrain heterochromatin spreading. Remarkably, we found TFIIIC localization without Pol III at many sites located between divergent promoters. These sites appear to act as chromosome-organizing clamps by tethering distant loci to the nuclear periphery, at which TFIIIC is concentrated into several distinct bodies. Our analyses uncover a general genome organization mechanism involving conserved TFIIIC complex.
Gamma ray line astronomy as a probe of cold dark matter

Abstract Some annihilation processes of cold dark matter particles in the galactic halo may result in monochromatic gamma rays with an astrophysically significant rate. This paper summarizes the calculation of these rates and discusses the expected gamma ray line flux in comparison with the diffuse cosmic background.
To complete or not to complete: Gap completion in real images

Gap Completion is a key step in the process of linking of edges into contours towards generating meaningful boundaries. The likelihood of completing a gap between two edges has been approached either indirectly through studying optimal completion contours such as Elastica and Euler Spiral, or through the statistics of co-occurrence. These studies do not address the issue of finding appropriate candidates for gap completion and do not typically address the role of appearance and contextual contours. The paper's contributions are twofold. First, we introduce a Gap Completion Ground-Truth Dataset (GCGD) which annotates human subjects' completions using a local window around a potential gap when contours only or contours and appearance are presented. This dataset is proposed as a mechanism for evaluating gap completion strategies. Second, we show that a shock-based identification scheme identifies gap candidates effectively. We then introduce a scheme for ranking these candidates based on a likelihood measure. The results compare favorably to CDT-based gap completion when evaluated on the GCGD and on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset.
High-Dose Olanzapine for Bipolar Depression: Proceed With Caution

To the Editor: High-dose olanzapine has gained momentum as an effective pharmacotherapy in individuals diagnosed with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, yet there is little evidence regarding its safety.1–4 Olanzapine is also indicated for the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, few guidelines are available regarding dosing of olanzapine for individuals with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. The following case report highlights the need for increased guidance in the management of treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Case report. Mr A is a white man with a long history of psychiatric disorders, specifically bipolar I disorder (DSM-IV-TR criteria). He also has a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and a history of alcohol dependence and cannabis use (DSM-IV-TR criteria); however, he is reported to have not used cannabis for over 2 years. Mr A complained of severe mood swings including daily anxiety and panic attacks several times weekly and paranoia. After failing treatment with several other mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medications and declining treatment with clozapine, olanzapine was prescribed by his primary care provider. Olanzapine was increased over the course of 4 weeks to 80 mg/d (40 mg oral twice a day) to control his symptoms. Mr A reported that the anxiety and panic attacks did not occur as frequently; however, he was now experiencing erectile dysfunction, which was believed to be due to high-dose olanzapine. Despite the erectile dysfunction, Mr A asked to maintain high-dose olanzapine, as he felt the benefits outweighed the risks. Over the following 2 weeks, his depressive symptoms fluctuated, and Mr A reported that he was still struggling with posttraumatic stress disorder but managing better with other symptoms. At the time of his presentation to the inpatient psychiatry ward, 5 weeks after the prescription of high-dose olanzapine, Mr A reported increasing anxiety, depression, paranoid delusions, guilt, and suicidal ideation. He also described symptoms similar to hyperreligiosity. Mr A denied use of any illicit drugs or alcohol prior to arriving at the hospital. The olanzapine dose was reduced to 40 mg/d (20 mg oral twice a day). Following this reduction, he showed immediate improvement in symptoms and felt significantly better. Mr A was provided with education regarding the benefits and risks of high-dose olanzapine and reported that this was “new information,” and he had not been adequately told of the dangers. At discharge, Mr A was stable on 40 mg/d of olanzapine. Although some studies have indicated the benefits of high-dose olanzapine, the dose is typically in the range of 20–60 mg/d rather than 80-mg/d, as was prescribed to Mr A.1,2 Greater guidance is needed to clarify procedures involved in dose escalation of olanzapine and monitoring of side effects. Further clinical trials highlighting the benefits and risks of high-dose olanzapine with a foundation on understanding mechanisms of treatment resistance should be a priority.
4-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl bromide as a new electrophoric derivatizing reagent

Abstract 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl bromide (TMB) was synthesized in a single step from α,α,α,2,3,5,6- heptafluoro-p-xylene. The purpose of TTBB is to function as an analogue of pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBB) in electrophoric derivatization reactions prior to detection by gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS). In more detail, it was anticipated that TTBB could be used along with, or as a substitute for, PFBB to help control some interferences and confirm results. This is because a TTBB-product (of an analyte) would have different retention and sometimes m/z characteristics than a corresponding PFBB product in GC-ECNI-MS, while the two products should be similar in their ease of formation and yields. Results demonstrating these expectations were achieved by derivatizing and detecting two analytes with these reagents: N7-(2-hydroxyethyl)xanthine, and 2,3-pyrenedicarboxylic acid.
Effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on spatial cognitive processing and hippocampal function in the rat

Animals, including rats, have a predisposition to process and use spatial information to organize and guide behavior. The hippocampus and related structures are critically involved in this function, and, consequently, it has been proposed that one function of the hippocampus is to construct “spatial cognitive maps” of environments. Lesions to the hippocampus or its connections produce a pattern of alterations in behavior which include shifts from the use of spatial information to guide behavior to the use of cue- or taxon-based information to guide behavior. Recently it was demonstrated that ethanol interacts with a specific group of neurotransmitter systems, i.e., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and GABAA receptors that exist in high proportions in the hippocampus and related structures. In this review, we seek to summarize the literature demonstrating that one effect of acute and chronic ethanol exposure is to produce behavioral alterations that are strikingly similar to those found following lesions to the hippocampal system. Furthermore, cellular and anatomical alterations resulting from similar ethanol exposure paradigms will be reviewed and offered as possible mechanisms for producing the alterations in behavior. Finally, several unanswered questions concerning the interaction between ethanol and spatial cognitive processing will be identified. Hippocampus 2000;10:122–130. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promoting Progress: A Qualitative Analysis of Creative and Innovative Production.

This chapter is based on data collected as part of a larger qualitative empirical study based on face-to-face interviews with artists, scientists, engineers, their lawyers, agents and business partners. Broadly, the project involves the collecting and analysis of these interviews to understand how and why the interviewees create and innovate and to make sense of the intersection between intellectual property law and creative and innovative activity from the ground up. This chapter specifically investigates the concept of “progress” as discussed in the interviews. “Promoting progress” is the ostensible goal of the intellectual property protection in the United States, but what exactly “progress” means is largely a mystery – doctrinally, culturally and empirically. This chapter describes but avoids solving the mystery in terms of the theoretical literature and instead investigates the notion of “progress” in terms of the motives the interviewees provide for engaging in creative and innovative behavior that is (or could be) protected as intellectual property. Across the interviews, there are common themes that tie together specific notions of progress as related to personal desires as well as public benefits. The chapter will describe these themes and investigate whether and how intellectual property facilitates the various forms of “progress” envisioned or hoped for by the interviewees.
Fuzzy Set Applications For Freeway Incident Detection

This study explores the potential applications of expert system and fuzzy logic to enhance existing automatic freeway incident detection algorithms.
Mobility induced robust throughput behavior in mobile ad hoc networks

We propose a good-put oriented performance measure (identified as RT, robust throughput) that accounts for connectivity, mobility and capacity induced events. Such events contribute to the robustness of the mobile ad hoc networks that accommodate realtime flows. Through analysis and extensive simulations, we investigate the performance upgrade impact attained by guiding unmanned vehicles (including unmanned ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles) into advantageous locations to enhance in a significant manner the life-time of network routes and thus upgrade the network robust throughput level.
Rehabilitation for functional ankle instability

Objective: The article presents a focused review of the literature surrounding training methods for addressing the proprioceptive loss and subsequent balance problems that result from inversion ankle sprains. Data Sources: The authors searched the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for the period 1985 through December 2001 using the key words ankle, ankle sprain, and rehabilitation. Study Selection: Any study investigating a rehabilitation or prevention program for the proprioceptive or balance aspects of ankle instability was included. Data Synthesis: Key components of the training regimen used in each study are described, and major findings are summarized. Conclusions: Based on the literature reviewed, there is evidence to suggest that training programs for individuals with ankle instability that include ankle-disk or wobble-board activities help improve single-leg-stance balance and might decrease the likelihood of future sprains. Key Words: sprain, balance, physical therapy, rehabilitation Madras D, Barr JB. Rehabilitation for functional ankle instability. J Sport Rehabil. 2003;12:133-142. © 2003 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
Do Mothers’ Play Behaviors Moderate the Associations between Socioeconomic Status and 24-Month Neurocognitive Outcomes of Toddlers Born Preterm or with Low Birth Weight?

Objective We examined whether neonatal risks and maternal scaffolding (i.e., task changes and flexibility) during a 16-month post-term play interaction moderated the association between socioeconomic status (SES), visual-spatial processing and emerging working memory assessed at 24 months post-term among 75 toddlers born preterm or low birth weight. Method SES and neonatal risk data were collected at hospital discharge and mother–child play interactions were observed at 16-month post-term. General cognitive abilities, verbal/nonverbal working memory and visual-spatial processing data were collected at 24 months. Results Neonatal risks did not moderate the associations between SES and 24-month outcomes. However, lower mother-initiated task changes were related to better 24-month visual-spatial processing among children living in higher SES homes. Mothers’ flexible responses to child initiated task changes similarly moderated the impact of SES on 24-month visual-spatial processing. Conclusion Our results suggest that mothers’ play behaviors differentially relate to child outcomes depending on household SES.
IL-17 enhances chemokine gene expression through mRNA stabilization

IL-17 plays an important role in host defense and autoimmunity via the induction of proinflammatory gene expression, particularly in combination with TNF-alpha. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-17 regulates such expression are not well understood. Using the mouse chemokine CXCL1 (KC) gene as a model, we have examined the effects of IL-17 alone or in combination with TNF-alpha on transcriptional and posttranscriptional events. Although treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with IL-17 alone only modestly increased KC expression, the combination of IL-17 with TNF-alpha induced a synergistic response. IL-17 treatment exerted a strong posttranscriptional effect by extending the t1/2 of the highly unstable, TNF-alpha-induced KC mRNA. Using a tetracycline-regulated transgene in HeLa cells, we determined that IL-17 treatment alone promoted stabilization of KC mRNA in the absence of TNF-alpha. IL-17 treatment exerted little effect on KC transcription or NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that it primarily acts posttranscriptionally. We identified a number of other mRNAs whose t1/2 are prolonged in response to IL-17, suggesting that this is a common mechanism by which IL-17 promotes enhanced gene expression. Finally, activator of NF-kappaB1 protein (Act1), an adaptor protein recently implicated in IL-17 signaling, was necessary for IL-17-induced stabilization, and overexpression of Act1 resulted in stabilization of KC mRNA, indicating that events downstream of Act1 are sufficient to initiate this process. Thus, the synergy between TNF-alpha and IL-17 reflects their independent actions on KC gene expression; TNF-alpha serves as a stimulus to initiate transcription through activation of NF-kappaB, whereas IL-17 drives mRNA stabilization through an Act1-dependent pathway.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Regulates Synthesis of Biglycan and the Proteoglycan Form of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

Objective— We have shown that copper-oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) regulates proteoglycan synthesis by arterial smooth muscle cells. Ox-LDL specifically upregulates biglycan expression while causing elongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on all of the major secreted proteoglycans (biglycan, decorin, and versican), resulting in enhanced lipoprotein-binding interactions. It is not known which component of Ox-LDL is responsible for these effects. This study investigated the ability of several bioactive components of Ox-LDL to regulate proteoglycan synthesis. Methods and Results— Those tested included 2 oxysterols (7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol) and 2 lysolipids (lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid) formed during LDL oxidation. 7-ketocholesterol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidic acid all increased proteoglycan MWapp, which is correlated with chain elongation and enhanced lipoprotein-binding properties in vitro. Lysophosphatidylcholine mimics the ability of Ox-LDL to stimulate ...
Resolution of central nervous system astrocytic and endothelial sources of CCL2 gene expression during evolving neuroinflammation

Background The chemokine CCL2 is a critical mediator of neuroinflammation in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CCL2 drives mononuclear cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS), alters expression and distribution of microvascular endothelial tight junction proteins, and disrupts the blood–brain and blood-spinal cord barriers. Immunohistochemistry has consistently revealed astrocytes to be a source of this chemokine during neuroinflammation, while providing less uniform evidence that CNS endothelial cells may also express CCL2. Moreover, the relative contributions of these cell types to the CNS pool of CCL2 during MS/EAE are unclear and the aim of this study was to investigate this further.
Role of phosphorus in eutrophication and diffuse source control

Abstract Many lakes and some streams and estuaries are showing signs of excessive fertilization due to the input of aquatic plant nutrients from man-associated sources. The key element often found limiting aquatic plant populations is phosphorus. The attempt to control phosphorus input to natural waters as the overall approach for controlling excessive fertilization is technically sound and economically feasible for many natural waters. However, a much better understanding of the relationship between the phosphorus input to a lake and the excessive growths of aquatic plants within the lake must be developed. This development will require a combined biological and chemical approach toward assessing the role of phosphorus in eutrophication for a specific water body. The biological approach will use tissue content, enzymatic and kinetic uptake analysis of phosphorus limitations as well as bioassays of phosphorus availability in order to determine the limiting nutrient for a body of water. The chemical aaproach will utilize amounts of each of the forms of phosphorus present in the lake and the rates of interchange of phosphorus between these various forms. There will be some waters where control of phosphorus from treatment of domestic waste water input and removal of phosphorus from detergents will not result in significant improvement in water quality. This is because these waters derive their phosphorus from diffuse sources, such as urban and rural stormwater drainage, the atmosphere, and ground waters. In these instances, it may be necessary to initiate in-lake control of phosphorus by the addition of alum or iron salts.
QMatch - A Hybrid Match Algorithm for XML Schemas

Integration of multiple heterogeneous data sources continues to be a critical problem for many application domains and a challenge for researchers world-wide. With the increasing popularity of the XML model and the proliferation of XML documents on-line, automated matching of XML documents and databases has become a critical problem. In this paper, we present a hybrid schema match algorithm - QMatch - that provides a unique framework for combining existing structural and linguistic algorithms while exploiting additional information inherent in XML documents such as the order of XML elements to provide improved levels of matching between two given XML Schemas. QMatch is based on an extension of our previous work on QoM, a Quality of Match metric that measures the "goodness" of a match of two UML-based schemas. We now extend the QoM taxonomy to encapsulate the richness of information captured in XML Schemas and provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the information capacity of XML Schemas. QoM provides not only a means of tuning existing schema match algorithms to output at desired levels of matching but also provides an effective basis for a new schema match algorithm. In this paper we show via a set of experiments the benefits of QMatch over using individual structural and linguistic algorithms for schema matching, and provide an empirical measure of the accuracy of QMatch in terms of the true positives discovered by the algorithm.
The Ehrlich–Schwoebel barrier on an oxide surface: a combined Monte-Carlo and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy approach

The controlled growth of epitaxial films of complex oxides requires an atomistic understanding of key parameters determining final film morphology, such as termination dependence on adatom diffusion, and height of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barrier. Here, through an in situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of mixed-terminated La5/8Ca3/8MnO3 (LCMO) films, we image adatoms and observe pile-up at island edges. Image analysis allows determination of the population of adatoms at the edge of islands and fractions on A-site and B-site terminations. A simple Monte-Carlo model, simulating the random walk of adatoms on a sinusoidal potential landscape using Boltzmann statistics is used to reproduce the experimental data, and provides an estimate of the ES barrier as ∼0.18 ± 0.04 eV at T = 1023 K, similar to those of metal adatoms on metallic surfaces. These studies highlight the utility of in situ imaging, in combination with basic Monte-Carlo methods, in elucidating the factors which control the final film growth in complex oxides.
Restriction enzyme-free mutagenesis via the light regulation of DNA polymerization

The effects of photocaged nucleosides on the DNA polymerization reaction was investigated, finding that most polymerases are unable to recognize and read through the presence of a single caging group on the DNA template. Based on this discovery, a new method of introducing mutations into plasmid DNA via a light-mediated mutagenesis protocol was developed. This methodology is advantageous over several common approaches in that it requires the use of only two polymerase chain reaction primers, and does not require any restriction sites or use of restriction enzymes. Additionally, this approach enables not only site-directed mutations, but also the insertion of DNA strands of any length into plasmids and the deletion of entire genes from plasmids.
Diagnosis of aseptic deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity in a cancer patient using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (FDG PET/CT).

We describe a patient with a history of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and abnormal FDG uptake in the left arm during a re-staging FDG PET/CT. After revision of the patient’s clinical history, tests and physical exam, the abnormal FDG uptake was found to correspond to an extensive aseptic deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity.
Methods and dimensions of electronic health record data quality assessment: enabling reuse for clinical research.

Objective To review the methods and dimensions of data quality assessment in the context of electronic health record (EHR) data reuse for research. Materials and methods A review of the clinical research literature discussing data quality assessment methodology for EHR data was performed. Using an iterative process, the aspects of data quality being measured were abstracted and categorized, as well as the methods of assessment used. Results Five dimensions of data quality were identified, which are completeness, correctness, concordance, plausibility, and currency, and seven broad categories of data quality assessment methods: comparison with gold standards, data element agreement, data source agreement, distribution comparison, validity checks, log review, and element presence. Discussion Examination of the methods by which clinical researchers have investigated the quality and suitability of EHR data for research shows that there are fundamental features of data quality, which may be difficult to measure, as well as proxy dimensions. Researchers interested in the reuse of EHR data for clinical research are recommended to consider the adoption of a consistent taxonomy of EHR data quality, to remain aware of the task-dependence of data quality, to integrate work on data quality assessment from other fields, and to adopt systematic, empirically driven, statistically based methods of data quality assessment. Conclusion There is currently little consistency or potential generalizability in the methods used to assess EHR data quality. If the reuse of EHR data for clinical research is to become accepted, researchers should adopt validated, systematic methods of EHR data quality assessment.
Evaluation of A.A.S. transcript in mechanical engineering technology

The procedure of evaluation of A.A.S. (Associate of Applied Science) transcripts in mechanical engineering technology is presented. >
Evolution of Neurodegeneration

A number of neurodegenerative diseases principally affect humans as they age and are characterized by the loss of specific groups of neurons in different brain regions. Although these disorders are generally sporadic, it is now clear that many of them have a substantial genetic component. As genes are the raw material with which evolution works, we might benefit from understanding these genes in an evolutionary framework. Here, I will discuss how we can understand whether evolution has shaped genes involved in neurodegeneration and the implications for practical issues, such as our choice of model systems for studying these diseases, and more theoretical concerns, such as the level of selection against these phenotypes.
Exploring the Relationship Between Stereotype Perception and Residents' Well-Being

Background Medicine has historically been a male-dominated field, and there remains a stereotype that men are better physicians than women. For female residents, and in particular female surgical residents, chronically contending with this stereotype can exact a toll on their psychological health. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between women surgeons' psychological health and their perception of other people's endorsement of the stereotype (stereotype perception). Study Design This is a correlational study based on survey data collected from 14 residency programs at one medical center from September 2010 to March 2011. The participants were 384 residents (representing an 80% response rate). The main survey measures were the Dupuy Psychological General Well-Being Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results Among female surgical residents, we found that those with higher degrees of stereotype perception had poorer psychological health than those with lower degrees of stereotype perception (β = −0.44, p = 0.002). For men, there was no relationship between stereotype perception and psychological health (β = 0.015; p = 0.92). Among nonsurgeons, there was no relationship between stereotype perception and psychological health for either women or men (β = −0.016; p = 0.78; β = −0.0050; p = 0.97, respectively). Conclusions The data suggest that women in surgical training, but not men, can face a stressor—stereotype perception—that is negatively associated with their psychological health. This same relationship does not seem to exist for women in nonsurgical training programs. Efforts should be made to further understand this relationship and investigate possible interventions to level the playing field for male and female surgical trainees.
Changing Technologies and Consequences for Labor in Coal Mining

The relations of coal miners and coal managers have always been of central importance in American industrial history. The production of coal measured America’s industrial growth and economic power1 and the relations of miners and managers marked the changed relationship of workers and owners as America’s industry changed. This history is familiar. Miners began to organize during the Civil War and were among the first workers to do so. Their efforts met with unexceeded force and resistance from owners. Battles and even “wars” in the coal fields mar American industrial history.2 Later, the union of coal miners led in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Unions and produced leaders of the AFL and CIO in the 1930s and 1940s.3 At the same time, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) acquired a degree of organization among workers in a single industry tantamount to a closed shop. Through this achievement miners acquired unprecedented wage and benefit agreements. The power of the union was so great that in November 1946, the New York Times had this worried headline, “25,000,000 (Workers) May Be Idle II Coal Strike Is Prolonged.”4
Measuring State House Speakers’ Formal Powers, 1981–2010

The cross-sectional variation among state legislative leaders’ formal powers provides a unique opportunity to test a variety of hypotheses of the American legislative process that involve the cause...
Urban Governance and Tolerance: The Regulation of Suspect Spaces and the Burden of Surveillance in Post–World War I Asheville, North Carolina:

This article reconsiders the relevance of tolerance to urban history in the Southern United States. It examines the surveillance of commercial and residential spaces considered morally suspect by white authorities in post–World War I Asheville, North Carolina. Policing practices involved objects of suspicion in the management of order within pawnshops, dance halls, and African American neighborhoods. The regulation of such suspect spaces distributed the responsibility for surveillance to many actors. Pawnbrokers, dance hall operators, and prominent African Americans all were enlisted and enlisted themselves in policing networks. Participants’ involvement in such efforts at times facilitated their claims to self-regulation. These networks, however, did not remove white authorities’ suspicions from either the spaces or the individuals who surveilled them. Instead, the arrangements scrutinized here supported those suspicions. Examining the contradictions of these arrangements demonstrates how tolerance infor...
Density Functional Based Studies of Oxygen Vacancies In Crystalline Silicon Dioxide

We have performed electronic structure studies on two neutral oxygen vacancies in crystalline silicon dioxide. The idealized beta-crystobalite structure has been used as a model for the host perfect crystal. The calculations have been carried out by representing the host-defect system as a large cluster of atoms which is properly embedded into the host crystal, with a Gaussian orbital basis used to describe the electronic states of the host and defect systems. The local density approximation with and without the self-interaction correction has been used in these calculations.
Experimental Studies of Mixed-Phase Sticking Efficiency for Ice Crystal Accretion in Jet Engines

Aircraft jet engines operating at high altitudes in ice crystal clouds can experience operational problems and/or damage resulting from accretion of ingested ice crystals within the compressor. It is believed the ice crystals partially melt, allowing them to stick to internal components. A method for modelling such mixedphase accretion is required to de-risk new engine designs, modify existing designs with such icing issues and define critical operating points for scrutiny in proposed ice crystal certification tests. This paper presents preliminary results for a modelling approach which treats the accretion process as strictly a sticking phenomenon, largely ignoring heat transfer, phase change, runback and other location-dependent effects commonly used in the analysis of supercooled water icing. Ice-on-ice growth is described by a sticking efficiency, defined as the fraction of the mixed-phase impinging mass flux which remains on the surface (i.e. sticks). Experimental results are presented for 3 test articles tested in a small mixed-phase icing tunnel located in an altitude chamber (Research Altitude Test Facility or RATFac) at the National Research Council of Canada. These results show that the sticking efficiency is highly correlated with the ratio of liquid water content (LWC) to total water content (TWC) in the freestream, reaching a maximum value of 0.4-0.5 at melt (LWC/TWC) ratios in the approximate range 10-20%, as measured with a multi-element probe. It is shown that sticking efficiencies are largely independent of TWC, Mach number (M) and particle size at normal incidence (i.e. at the stagnation point) at these melt ratios, at least in the limited ranges of these variables investigated, but are strongly dependent on these parameters at oblique impingement angles. It is also shown that accretions can grow to a very large size at an almost constant rate at high levels of TWC. The experimental results are used to develop an erosion-based semi-empirical accretion model which at least partially explains this super-growth phenomenon and predicts most of the experimental results with acceptable fidelity. The model predicts that the almost unlimited growth observed in the experiments is possible at lower Mach numbers (e.g. 0.25) for TWC levels exceeding ~10g/m, when the sticking efficiency remains finite at all particle impingement angles. The model also predicts that such growth is unlikely for higher Mach numbers (e.g. 0.4), at least for the 45μ (MVD) particles to which the model is applied. Smaller particles will likely extend the Mach number range over which the sticking efficiency remains finite.
The Sum of Its Parts: The Importance of Deconstructing Truth Commissions

Over 30 countries have created truth commissions to investigate human rights abuses and to make recommendations about addressing those abuses. Most of them have been in countries transitioning from...
Effects of Solution Chemistry on the Transport of Graphene Oxide in Saturated Porous Media

A transport study was performed in saturated porous media through a packed bed column to simulate fate of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) in the subsurface environment. Transport experiments, along with mass balances and column dissections, were conducted as a function of ionic strength (IS, 10–3–10–1 M). Additionally, an extensive evaluation of the electrokinetic properties and hydrodynamic diameters of GONPs were determined as a function of IS and pH. The measured hydrodynamic diameter and the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of GONPs indicated an insensitivity to pH, although IS did play a role. Results from a stability study indicated that the hydrodynamic diameter of GONPs was stable and unchanging at the lower range of IS (10–3 and 10–2 M) then became unstable when IS ≥ 10–1.5 M KCl was achieved. Specifically, for IS ≥ 10–1.5 M KCl, the hydrodynamic diameter became greater and showed a larger size range of particles than at the lower IS range (10–3 and 10–2 M). In addition, the EPM of GONPs becam...
Manipulator for Realizing 90° Horizontal Swinging and Assigned-distance Vertical Migration

A type of manipulator that can realize 90°horizontal swinging and assigned-distance vertical migration,is introduced from respects of structure,working principle,design details.
Translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 to the nuclear envelope elicits topographically localized phospholipid hydrolysis

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is a good candidate for mediating the agonist-stimulated release of arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids. This enzyme undergoes a Ca(2+)-dependent translocation from the cytosol to a membrane site in a variety of cell types, and this site has recently been identified as the nuclear envelope in leucocytes. The functional correlate of this finding has not yet been established. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine whether translocation of cPLA2 to the nuclear envelope was associated with localized phospholipid hydrolysis at this site. Rat alveolar epithelial cells, previously shown to contain cPLA2, were prelabelled with [3H]AA and stimulated with the model agonist, ionophore {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"A23187","term_id":"833253","term_text":"A23187"}}A23187. Ionophore-induced AA release exhibited characteristics typical of a cPLA2-mediated response, in that it was Ca(2+)-dependent, sn-2 AA-selective, and inhibited by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone. As determined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopic analysis as well as subcellular fractionation with immunoblotting, ionophore treatment resulted in a translocation of cPLA2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nuclear envelope. To determine whether the nuclear membrane was indeed the source of released AA, prelabelled cells were incubated in the presence or absence of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"A23187","term_id":"833253","term_text":"A23187"}}A23187, after which the phospholipid radioactivity was quantified in nuclear and non-nuclear membrane fractions. [3H]AA was distributed in both nuclear and non-nuclear membrane phospholipids. Following {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"A23187","term_id":"833253","term_text":"A23187"}}A23187 stimulation, the loss of [3H]AA from nuclear membrane phospholipids accounted for 88.1 +/- 5.8% of the total loss from phospholipids and for 92.9 +/- 2.3% of the total [3H]AA released into the medium. These results demonstrate for the first time that agonist-stimulated translocation of cPLA2 to the nuclear envelope is associated with phospholipid hydrolysis which is preferentially localized to that site.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Parenting Processes and Deviance in a Sample of Inner-City African American Youth

The current study assessed for bidirectional relationships among supportive parenting (knowledge), negative parenting (permissiveness), and deviance in a sample (N = 5,325) of poor, inner-city African American youth from the Mobile Youth Survey (MYS) over 4 years. Cross-lagged path analysis provided evidence of significant bidirectional paths among parenting processes (knowledge and permissiveness) and deviance over time. Follow-up multigroup tests provided only modest evidence of dissimilar relationships by sex and by developmental periods. The findings improve our understanding of developmental changes between parenting behaviors and deviance during adolescence and extended current research of the bidirectionality of parent and child relationships among inner-city African American youth.
Piezoelectric cylindrical discs and solid rods: Dependence of the resonance frequencies and effective coupling coefficients on aspect ratio.

Dependencies of the resonance frequencies and effective coupling coefficients for solid circular cylindrical piezoelements (discs) of finite size are considered as a function of their height-to-diameter aspect ratios, h/2a. At aspect ratios in the range of approximately 0.5 < h/2a < 1.5 the piezoelements are treated analytically, as a two degree-of-freedom coupled system by applying the coupled mode theory approach [Aronov, Bachand, and Brown, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126(6), 2983–2990 (2009)]. Results are presented as plots of resonance frequencies and effective coupling coefficients vs aspect ratios. Experimental verification showed good agreement with the analytical predictions and allowed sufficiently reliable characterization of the trends of parameters in the range of aspect ratios, for which the analytical treatment could not be applied. The equivalent parameters that characterize energy relations in the course of coupled vibration are determined, and the equivalent electromechanical circuit is introduced for calculating frequency response of the transducers.
The Branch Profits Tax

This chapter covers the basics of US Branch Profits Tax (BPT), an “extra” form of income tax imposed by the United States on foreign corporations which earn profits from their US operations but which do not reinvest those profits in the USA. The requirements and challenges facing US BPT are also covered.
Which livestock production claims matter most to consumers

Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in how their food is produced. Many studies have focused on consumers’ preferences and willingness-to-pay for specific production-related claims (labels) on food products. However, few studies have asked consumers to rank the importance of different production claims. In this study, we use a best-worst scaling approach to have consumers rank the importance of seven common production claims used on food products. Rankings are obtained across four product types: beef, milk, chicken, and eggs. Results of the study show that consumers often prefer specific components of more encompassing claims (e.g., animals were not treated with growth hormones, no GMOs used in production) as opposed to the broader, more encompassing claim itself (such as product is certified organic). The majority of preference shares were captured by the top three claims, though the order of these preferences appears to vary for meat and non-meat animals.
Decorin-containing collagen hydrogels as dimensionally stable scaffolds to study the effects of compressive mechanical loading on angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis is a critical component during wound healing, and the process is sensitive to mechanical stimuli. Current in vitro culture environments used to investigate three-dimensional microvascular growth often lack dimensional stability and the ability to withstand compression. We investigated the ability of decorin (DCN), a proteoglycan known to modulate collagen fibrillogenesis, incorporated into a collagen hydrogel to increase construct dimensional stability while maintaining vascular growth. DCN did not affect microvascular growth parameters, while increasing the compressive modulus of collagen gels and significantly reducing the contraction of 3% collagen gels after 16 days in culture.
Resilience of Grassroots Leaders Involved in LGBT Issues at a Catholic University

This case study examined the sources of resilience utilized by staff and faculty grassroots leaders at a Jesuit, Catholic university addressing the LGBT campus climate. Interviews with 31 grassroots leaders uncovered how self-authorship helped participants reconcile tensions between Church teachings and LGBT concerns, self-efficacy to make a difference contributed to increased confidence, reliance on support networks countered feelings of isolation, and maintaining balance preserved psychological resources.
MUTANTS IN A YEAST RAN BINDING PROTEIN ARE DEFECTIVE IN NUCLEAR TRANSPORT

Ran, a Ras-like GTPase, has been implicated in controlling the movement of proteins and RNAs in and out of the nucleus. We have constructed strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which produce fusion proteins containing glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fused to Gsp1p, which encodes the essential yeast Ran homolog, and a mutant form of Gsp1p that mimics the GTP-bound state. A major protein with the apparent size of 34 kDa co-purifies with the GTP-bound form of Gsp1p. This protein was identified as Yrb1p (Yeast Ran Binding Protein) and stimulates GTP hydrolysis by Gsp1p in the presence of Rna1p, the Gsp1 GTPase activating protein. Yrb1p is located in the cytoplasm with some concentration at the nuclear periphery. Temperature-sensitive yrb1 mutants are defective in nuclear protein import and RNA export. A mutation in the highly conserved Ran binding region of Yrb1p reduces its ability to interact with Gsp1p. These data indicate that Yrb1p functions with Gsp1p and suggest that together they can control transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope.
Biochemical and Genetic Analyses of DNA Topoisomerase 1-Mediated DNA Damage

Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) is a highly conserved enzyme that catalyzes changes in the linkage of DNA strands (reviewed in refs. 1, 2, 3). Such changes in DNA topology are important during cellular processes involving DNA, including DNA replication, recombination, transcription, and chromosome condensation (1, 2, 3). The monomeric Top1 enzyme, encoded by the Top1 gene, binds to duplex DNA and catalyzes the transient cleavage and relegation of a single DNA strand. This is achieved by the nucleophilic attack of the active site tyrosine on a DNA phosphodiester bond to generate a phosphotyrosyl linkage between the enzyme and the 3′-end of the nicked DNA. The formation of this enzyme-linked nick allows for the rotation of the noncovalently held DNA end around phosphodiester bonds in the nonscissile strand to effect changes in DNA linking number. In a second transesterification reaction, the 5′OH DNA end attacks the phosphotyrosyl bond to restore the phosphodiester backbone bond and liberate the enzyme. The formation of a covalent Top1p-DNA complex is the hallmark of topoisomerase-catalyzed reactions and acts to conserve the energy of the cleaved DNA bond such that the concerted nicking and relegation of DNA stands does not require an exogenous energy source, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The type IB enzymes, such as eukaryotic Top1, are distinct from type IA and type II enzymes in the formation of a 3′-phosphotyrosyl bond. Recent structural insights suggest mechanistic similarities between type IB enzymes and tyrosine recombinases, such as Cre and Int, which also form a covalent linkage with a 3′-phosphoryl DNA end (4,5).
ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED FRACTURING UNDER SUSTAINED LOADING

One of the risks involved in the structural integrity of military equipment is environmentally assisted fracture under sustained (or, for that matter, under cyclic) loading. This risk has increased with increasing levels of technology, as illustrated by three examples: the brass cartridge case was all too prone to “season cracking”, although its paper predecessor was immune; the aluminum airframe has had a long history of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and indeed the titanium alloy counterpart has not been immune, whereas the fabric-covered fuselage was, of course, imaune to SCC; and the modern high strength steel rocket motor case is susceptible to SCC and hydrogen embrittlement cracking whereas cast iron and bronze canon were not. No reason is evident for expecting this pattern of increased threat of SCC to subside, and it may even spread.