cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schmidt Press and Mekkanischer Wahnsinn

The owner of the small Berlin-based Schmidt Press encounters a dilemma when she is given the opportunity to publish a novel about a Muslim woman who attempts to lead an underground movement to take control of the Kaaba, the holy sanctuary at Mecca. Given the events of the prior 25 years—such as the angry fallout after Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses, the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, the upheaval in many Middle Eastern countries—publishing the novel presents a host of various ethical dilemmas, including whether Schmidt should put her staff at risk. This case discusses the ethics of a free press and challenges the profit motive in the face of political and religious world affairs. Excerpt UVA-E-0387 Rev. Mar. 6, 2020 Schmidt Press and Mekkanischer Wahnsinn After 29 years of career success in a leading German publishing firm, Gisela Schmidt had harnessed all the monetary and human resources she could to launch her own publishing firm, Schmidt Press. The Berlin-based company had created a niche for itself in publishing exciting, fact-based fiction, and Schmidt, a risk-taker, had profited from a national resurgence in adventure novels. In late 2012, Schmidt Press was celebrating its sixth year in business and its first year in the black. In June 2012, author Jonathan Taajwar had submitted a manuscript to Schmidt Press called Mekkanischer Wahnsinn (Meccan Madness). The book had been reviewed by the editorial staff and was now on Schmidt's desk, where it had been sitting for six months while Schmidt pondered what to do with it. She had read the manuscript the week she received it and found it to be a riveting novel about a Muslim woman who attempts to lead an underground movement to take control of the Kaaba, the holy sanctuary at Mecca. Schmidt was sure the book would be a bestseller and give her embryonic bottom line a large and welcome boost. Schmidt's confidence in the success of Mekkanischer Wahnsinn, however, was also the very reason for her serious concern about publishing it under her company's name. She was well aware that the novel's basic premise made it potentially controversial, in particular given that the author described himself as a lapsed Muslim. Any publication critical of Islam would be poorly received by people of the Islamic faith. Although the tragedy of the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, had created some worldwide interest in learning about the Islamic faith—and might consequently have led to a boost in sales of publications dealing with Islam—it had also created a volatile climate that could potentially lead to a hostile reception of Taajwar's novel. . . .
Regulation of ATR-dependent DNA damage response by nitric oxide

We have shown that nitric oxide limits ataxia-telangiectasia mutated signaling by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in a β-cell selective manner. In this study, we examined the actions of nitric oxide on a second DNA damage response transducer kinase, ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR). In β-cells and non–β-cells, nitric oxide activates ATR signaling by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase; however, when produced at inducible nitric oxide synthase–derived (low micromolar) levels, nitric oxide impairs ATR signaling in a β-cell selective manner. The inhibitory actions of nitric oxide are associated with impaired mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and lack of glycolytic compensation that result in a decrease in β-cell ATP. Like nitric oxide, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration reduce ATP levels and limit ATR signaling in a β-cell selective manner. When non–β-cells are forced to utilize mitochondrial oxidative metabolism for ATP generation, their response is more like β-cells, as nitric oxide and inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration attenuate ATR signaling. These studies support a dual role for nitric oxide in regulating ATR signaling. Nitric oxide activates ATR in all cell types examined by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase, and in a β-cell selective manner, inducible nitric oxide synthase–derived levels of nitric oxide limit ATR signaling by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and depleting ATP.
Trends in Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency: Incidence, Utilization, Transplantation, and Mortality.

Background Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) describe a myriad of diseases caused by inherited defects within the immune system. As the number of identified genetic defects associated with PIDDs increases, understanding the incidence and outcomes of PIDD patients becomes imperative. Objective To characterize the frequency of new diagnoses, patterns of health care utilization, rates of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and mortality in pediatric patients with PIDDs. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System database from 2004 to 2018 for pediatric inpatients with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and 10th Revisions (ICD-9/ICD-10). code associated with PIDD. Results A total of 17,234 patients with a PIDD were hospitalized from 2004 to 2018. There were 2.8 new PIDD diagnoses and 6.3 PIDD hospitalizations per 1,000 discharges; these metrics were unchanged during the study period. The number of new diagnoses for B-cell and antibody defects significantly increased over time. The number of new PIDD diagnoses significantly increased in adolescents or adults and decreased in infants. T-cell disorders had the highest number of intensive care unit admissions. There were 747 PIDD patients who underwent HSCT; complications of HSCT significantly decreased over time. Mortality rates significantly decreased in all PIDD patients and in patients receiving HSCT. Conclusions The total hospitalizations and incidence of PIDDs within the hospitalized pediatric population were unchanged. There were significant changes in the class of PIDD diagnosed, the age at diagnosis, and health care utilization metrics. Mortality significantly decreased over time within the PIDD cohort.
Exploring the evolution of marine invertebrate cryopreservation – Landmarks, state of the art and future lines of research

Lanan (1971) working on oyster sperm and Asahina and Takahashi (1977) on sea urchin sperm and embryos can be considered the pioneers in marine invertebrate cryopreservation. It was from the 90s onwards when the number of references began to increase and diversify not only the range of species of interest but also in the cell types and fields of application. This work is an attempt to summarize the research published on marine invertebrates in a wide variety of journals regarding the development and the applications of marine invertebrate cryopreservation protocols. This paper reviews factors and trends, the obtained results, remaining technical constraints and the immediate future of marine invertebrate cryopreservation.
A general technique for fast comprehensive multi-root planning on graphs by coloring vertices and deferring edges

We formulate and study the comprehensive multi-root (CMR) planning problem, in which feasible paths are desired between multiple regions. We propose two primary contributions which allow us to extend state-of-the-art sampling-based planners. First, we propose the notion of vertex coloring as a compact representation of the CMR objective on graphs. Second, we propose a method for deferring edge evaluations which do not advance our objective, by way of a simple criterion over these vertex colorings. The resulting approach can be applied to any CMR-agnostic graph-based planner which evaluates a sequence of edges. We prove that the theoretical performance of the colored algorithm is always strictly better than (or equal to) that of the corresponding uncolored version. We then apply the approach to the Probabalistic RoadMap (PRM) algorithm; the resulting Colored Probabalistic RoadMap (cPRM) is illustrated on 2D and 7D CMR problems.
Debating a testosterone “sex gap”

Sexual dimorphism of testosterone (T) in elite athletes was at the center of a recent case at the “Supreme Court of Sport,” the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Switzerland, after teenage Indian sprinter Dutee Chand challenged a sports policy regulating competition eligibility of women with naturally high T. The idea of a “sex gap” in T is a cornerstone of this policy ( 1 ). Policymakers infer that men's higher T is the “one factor [that] makes a decisive difference” between men's and women's athletic performances ( 2 )—so that women with naturally high T may unfairly enjoy a “massive androgenic advantage” over other women athletes ( 2 ). We report on an emerging scientific debate about whether the sex gap in T applies to elite athletes.
Cloning and expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The flagellin gene was isolated from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genomic bank by conjugation into a PA103 Fla- strain. Flagellin DNA was transferred from motile recipient PA103 Fla+ cells by transformation into Escherichia coli. We show that transformed E. coli expresses flagellin protein. Export of flagellin to the E. coli cell surface was suggested by positive colony blots of unlysed cells and by isolation of flagellin protein from E. coli supernatants.
Practice-related effects demonstrate complementary roles of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices in attentional control.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC), not the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), plays the predominant role in implementing top-down attentional control. To do so, we used fMRI to examine practice-related changes in neural activity during a variant of the Stroop task. The results indicated that the DLPFC’s activity decreased gradually as the need for control was reduced (as indexed by behavioral measures), while the ACC’s activity dropped off rapidly. Such a pattern is consistent with the DLPFC taking a leading role in implementing top-down attentional control and the ACC being involved in other aspects of attentional control, such as response-related processes. In addition, with practice, there was a reduction in activity within cortical systems handling the processing of task-irrelevant information capable of interfering with task performance. This finding suggests that with practice the brain is capable of identifying and strategically inhibiting such processing.
Moving average models—time series in m-dimensions

Stochastic models for discrete time series in the time domain are well known but such models lack consideration of spatial dependency I We expand on their work by constructing spatially dependent moving average models. Definitions of order, stationarity, invertibility, autocorrelation function, and spectrum are made as natural extensions of those in zero dimensions and are implemented in the one and two-space dimensional models.
Splenic artery as a conduit to facilitate visceral arterial reconstruction

Splenic-to-superior mesenteric artery transposition was used to treat proximal celiac in-stent occlusion in one patient and to prepare a landing zone for thoracic endograft treatment of a dissection in another. The proximal splenic artery was used as a conduit to facilitate visceral aortic debranching in four patients. Using the splenic artery as a conduit to preserve or restore celiac perfusion without interrupting liver perfusion is feasible.
Survey of Patient Knowledge and Expectations about a Free-Standing Emergency Department

Objectives. A free-standing emergency department (FSED) is defined as a facility that is structurally separate and distinct from a hospital and provides emergency care. Nationally, the number of FSEDs continues to grow, but the general public may have limited knowledge about the costs and services associated with FSEDs. The purpose of this paper is to survey patient knowledge and expectations about FSEDs. Methods. A convenience sample of patients presenting to a FSED was given a 19-item survey to complete. Results. 187 surveys were collected; 126 were included for analysis. 40% of respondents thought they could be seen by a specialist at the FSED, and 55% of patients did not know they had to be transferred for hospitalization if required. Most patients did not know that the cost of services at the FSED would be the same as that at the traditional ED. Convenience and perceived shorter wait times were the primary reasons patients selected the FSED for care. Conclusion. In general, patients do not have adequate knowledge about the costs and services associated with FSEDs. Education through marketing and advertising may be helpful in creating more public awareness about FSEDs.
The Riemann Zeta Function

The surface is a graph of the reciprocal of the absolute value of the Riemann zeta function ζ (s). The spikes correspond to the zeros on the critical line ½ + iy. Recall that the global behavior of π(x), the prime distribution function, is well approximated by Riemann’s smooth function R(x) (discussed in Chapter 2). More delicate information about π(x), such as the local distribution of the primes, is determined by the location of the zeros of ζ. If π 0(x) denotes the function that agrees with π(x) except at prime numbers p, where its value is π(p)− ½, then modifying R(x) with correction terms for the zeros of ζ yields the function π 0(x) exactly. The lower graph is obtained by adding 100 correction terms to R(x), one for each of the first hundred zeros on the critical line. The dots are the points (p, π 0(p)), p prime. The convergence to the step function can be clearly seen: the graph comes close to all the prime points and has several near-horizontal segments.
Microbial transformations of ferulic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (dry baker9s yeast) and Pseudomonas fluorescens were used to convert trans-ferulic acid into 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene in 96 and 89% yields, respectively. The metabolites were isolated by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The identities of the metabolites were determined by 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The mechanism of the decarboxylation of ferulic acid was investigated by measuring the degree and position of deuterium incorporated into the styrene derivative from D2O by mass spectrometry and by both proton and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Resting cells of baker9s yeast reduced ferulic acid to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpropionic acid in 54% yield when incubations were under an argon atmosphere.
Analysis and design of switched capacitor converters

Switched capacitor converters have become more common in recent years. Crucial to understanding the maximum power throughput and efficiency is a model of the converter's equivalent resistance. A new form for equivalent resistance is derived and discussed in a design context. Quasi-resonant operation is also explored and compared to non-resonant operation. Several capacitor technologies are evaluated and compared
Estimation of tracking errors using array heads

The general theory of array heads for data recovery and servoing purposes is described for both decision-oriented and nondecision-oriented approaches. Simulation results for both these approaches using a two-track, three-head model are shown, demonstrating the convergence of the estimate of the misregistration, in , as a function of the SNR. The decision- and nondecision-directed approaches appear to provide similar estimates of in for the 1D channel. However, the nondecision-directed approach can be computed independently of the data detection process, if one has knowledge of the noise correlation, making this method simpler to implement. >
PAS control in a reconfigurable OTA chamber

A reconfigurable chamber for over the air testing of wireless devices has recently been introduced, with potential performance examined through simulation. This paper reports an experimental prototype of such a chamber. Measurements using a circular array explore the angular characteristics of the multipath fields that can be synthesized in the chamber.
Overexpression, purification, and characterization of the thermostable mevalonate kinase from Methanococcus jannaschii.

We report here the first overexpression and characterization of a thermostable mevalonate kinase from an archae, Methanococcus jannaschii, a strict anaerobe, which produces methane and grows at pressure of 200 atm and an optimum temperature near 85°C. PCR-derived DNA fragments containing the structural gene for mevalonate kinase were cloned into an expression vector, pET28a, to form pETMVK. The mevalonate kinase was overexpressed from Escherichia coli pETMVK/BL21(DE3) (15–20% of total soluble protein) when induced with isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. The protein was purified by heat treatment (to denature E. coli proteins), followed by metal-affinity chromatography on Talon metal-affinity resin column. The purified protein had a dimeric structure composed of identical subunits, and the Mr of the enzyme determined by gel chromatography was 68K. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the subunit Mr was 36,000. The pI for mevalonate kinase was 7.8. The Michaelis constant (Km) for (RS)-mevalonate was 68.5 μM and was 92 μM for ATP. The Vmax was 387 units mg−1. The optimal temperature for mevalonate kinase activity was 70–75°C.
Early thermal damage in optical coatings identified by infrared spectral signatures

Laser induced damage can take several forms. Perhaps the most common is thermal breakdown, caused by heating of the coating to a catastrophic failure induced by local melting, delamination, evaporation, or some other change. We demonstrate that micromachined dielectric membranes show strong differences in their hydroxyl signatures as measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The changes correspond to regions of high fluence (3200 J/cm 2 ) from a Nd:YAG laser. It is found that the absorption peaks associated with O-H stretching mode decrease after laser treatment, indicating a reduction in the number of film hydroxyl groups.
Survival analysis and regression models

Time-to-event outcomes are common in medical research as they offer more information than simply whether or not an event occurred. To handle these outcomes, as well as censored observations where the event was not observed during follow-up, survival analysis methods should be used. Kaplan-Meier estimation can be used to create graphs of the observed survival curves, while the log-rank test can be used to compare curves from different groups. If it is desired to test continuous predictors or to test multiple covariates at once, survival regression models such as the Cox model or the accelerated failure time model (AFT) should be used. The choice of model should depend on whether or not the assumption of the model (proportional hazards for the Cox model, a parametric distribution of the event times for the AFT model) is met. The goal of this paper is to review basic concepts of survival analysis. Discussions relating the Cox model and the AFT model will be provided. The use and interpretation of the survival methods model are illustrated using an artificially simulated dataset.
Effects of Learning Set, Verbalization, Sample Characteristics, and Meaningfulness of Material on Bi-Directional Learning:

Four independent variables were studied as they relate to bi-directionality in recall. The data indicate that the effect of meaningfulness of material is sufficient to offset effects of the other three variables (learning set, verbalization, sample characteristics) for bi-directional learning. A suggestion is provided for using an index of relationships identified in determining list difficulty in paired-associate learning tasks.
Gibbs energies of formation of metal-carbonate solid solutions: part 3. The CaxMn1-xCO3 system at 298 K and 1 bar

New thermodynamic data are presented for the mixing of calcite (CaCO{sub 3(s)}) and rhodochrosite (MnCO{sub 3(s)}) to form Ca{sub x}Mn{sub 1{minus}x}CO{sub 3(s)} solutions. A reversible equilibrium was achieved between the aqueous solution and the metastable solid solution using electrochemical cells and a new electrode of the third kind. New values of {Delta}{sub f} G{degree} [PbCO{sub 3(s)}] and {Delta}{sub f} G{degree} [MnCO{sub 3(s)}] were determined as {minus}622.61 {+-} 0.79 kJ/mol and {minus}809.89 {+-} 0.73 kJ/mol, respectively, using the more thoroughly studied value for the Gibbs energy of formation of calcite as a reference. The Ca{sub x}Mn{sub 1{minus}x}CO{sub 3} system was evaluated using these new Gibbs energy values and was found to have thermodynamically stable compositions for 0.186 < x < 0.734, which is consistent with the compositions of natural minerals. X-ray analysis of the solid solutions, before and after the reaction, shows very little evidence of unmixing for time periods in excess of 45 days. The excess Gibbs energy function derived for this system at 25 C is: {Delta}G{degree}{sub ex} = [x (1 {minus} x)][(27.84 {+-} 5.12) {minus} (132.62 {+-} 23.47)x + (142.65 {+-} 23.68) x{sup 2}] where x represents the mole fraction of calcium in the solid solution. The {Delta}G{degree}{submore » ex} values found in this study show a strong resemblance to high temperature {Delta}H{degree}{sub ex} values reported by Capabianco and Navrotsky (1987). This similarity suggests that the Ca{sub x}Mn{sub 1{minus}x}CO{sub 3} system has very small {Delta}S{degree}{sub ex} values. However, this conclusion cannot be easily reconciled with the phase equilibrium studies at high temperatures. These phase equilibrium studies indicate a large miscibility gap in intermediate calcium concentrations at high temperatures, in the region where the authors find evidence for miscibility at 25 C.« less
Racial differences in body type preferences of men for women.

Objective Research indicates that African-American women have a significantly higher prevalence of obesity, a markedly lower prevalence of eating disorders, and greater satisfaction with their bodies than Euro-American women. One potential contributing explanation for this difference may be differential body type preferences between the men in the two communities. Method: Sixty-three African-American and 116 Euro-American men were asked to rank, in order of attractiveness, a series of silhouettes of women of varying sizes. Additionally, they answered questions concerning their current relationships. Results: Euro-Americans chose significantly thinner figures, and reported wishing their girlfriends would lose weight significantly more often than African-Americans. Discussion: These differential preferences may translate into greater pressure within the Euro-American community for women to be thin than in the African-American community; however, a small effect size suggests that factors other than race contribute to men's body type preferences. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Fine Structure of the Echinoderm Cuticle and the Subcuticular Bacteria of Echinoderms

A cuticle, consisting of fibrous and sometimes granular material, covers the epidermal cells of crinoids, echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids and holothurians. The tendency for the echinoderm cuticle to dissolve during fixation in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde accounts for several previous reports that echinoderms have no cuticle. Depending on the species, there are from one to three cuticular sublayers. Abundant epidermal microvilli penetrate the cuticle of crinoids, echinoids and asteroids, but such microvilli are rare in ophiuroids and holothurians. The ophiuroid cuticle is especially modified, since numerous pinched-off tips of microvilli are included in its outer layer, and its inner layer may be very thick. The discussion includes speculations on cuticle evolution, with special reference to the deuterostomes. Each echinoderm studied, except the two holothurians, harbors one or two morphological types of bacteria between the cuticle and the epidermal cells and/or embedded in the inner layer of the cuticle. These subcuticular bacteria are spindle-shaped in Antedon, spiral in Echinocardium, encapsulated rods in Ophiothrix, rods in Ophiura, and a mixture of rods and spirals in both Psammechinus and Astropecten. The discussion considers the possible significance of this widespread, specific and apparently non-pathologic association between echinoderms and their subcuticular bacteria.
On the Combustion of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons I. Trichloroethylene

Abstract Premixed flames of highly chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), such as trichloroethylene, possess two widely separated flame zones at I atm. In the first zone, the CHCs undergo fast oxidative decomposition reactions, with the formation of mainly CO, HCI and Cl2, as the principal intermediate combustion products, followed by the HCl and Cl2, inhibited, slow combustion of CO, which finally leads to the establishment of the second flame zone. The extent of flame zone separation depends on the degree of dilution present, as well as the chlorine content of the system. A global and a semi-detailed chemical kinetic model of C2HCl3 and CO oxidation are presented to explain the observed flame zone characteristics of chlorinated hydrocarbons
Clinical Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy Staffing, and Hospital Mortality Rates

Objective: To determine if hospital-based clinical pharmacy services and pharmacy staffing continue to be associated with mortality rates. Methods: A database was constructed from 1998 MedPAR, American Hospital Association's Annual Survey of Hospitals, and National Clinical Pharmacy Services databases, consisting of data from 2,836,991 patients in 885 hospitals. Data from hospitals that had 14 clinical pharmacy services were compared with data from hospitals that did not have these services; levels of hospital pharmacist staffing were also compared. A multiple regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was used. Results: Seven clinical pharmacy services were associated with reduced mortality rates: pharmacist-provided drug use evaluation (4491 reduced deaths, p=0.016), pharmacist-provided in-service education (10,660 reduced deaths, p=0.037), pharmacist-provided adverse drug reaction management (14,518 reduced deaths, p=0.012), pharmacist-provided drug protocol management (18,401 reduced deaths, p=0.017), pharmacist participation on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation team (12,880 reduced deaths, p=0.009), pharmacist participation on medical rounds (11,093 reduced deaths, p=0.021), and pharmacist-provided admission drug histories (3988 reduced deaths, p=0.001). Two staffing variables, number of pharmacy administrators/100 occupied beds (p=0.037) and number of clinical pharmacists/100 occupied beds (p=0.023), were also associated with reduced mortality rates. Conclusion: The number of clinical pharmacy services and staffing variables associated with reduced mortality rates increased from two in 1989 to nine in 1998. The impact of clinical pharmacy on mortality rates mandates consideration of a core set of clinical pharmacy services to be offered in United States hospitals. These results have important implications for health care in general, as well as for our profession and discipline.
Factors Influencing Automotive Application of High Strength Steels

The most extensive materials substitution program in automotive history—from mild steel to high-strength steel —is currently well underway. The major technical issues affect almost all aspects of vehicle design and production, and this transition involves changing essential characteristics of the major car input material, sheet steel. This paper discusses the recent past, and future potential for high-strength, low-alloy steel applications in vehicles, including metallurgical changes responsible for changes in characteristics, material availability, and approximate relative cost. Implications of changed material properties and trade offs in the key sheet steel fabrication processes (forming and spot welding), as well as effects of HSLA steel use on vehicle design, particularly crush, mechanical durability, and rigidity, are also discussed. The major issues with respect to vehicle design are to delineate the materials which can be used in all components, and the associated weight reduction achieved in applications. At present, the primary factors deterring rapid implementation of HSLA steels are material availability and sheet metal forming.
Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers

Study objective: To identify and determine the rates of delivery and performance of telephone CPR in noncardiac arrest incidents. Design: We studied prospectively all out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and potential cardiac arrest incidents from July 1 through October 31, 1992. Setting: King County, Washington, excluding the city of Seattle. Participants: Persons with cardiac arrest or an initial complaint resembling cardiac arrest who received emergency medical services. Interventions: Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR. Measurements and main results: Three hundred fifty-eight incidents of cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and potential cardiac arrest were reviewed. Telephone CPR was offered appropriately in 61 of 87 cases (70%) and inappropriately in eight of 154 potential cardiac arrests (5.2%) (95% confidence interval, 1.7%, 8.7%). Ventilation instructions were performed appropriately in 52 of 87 cases (60%) and inappropriately in three of 154 potential cardiac arrests (1.9%) (95% confidence interval, 0%, 4.1%). Chest compressions were performed appropriately in 26 of 68 cardiac arrests (38.2%) and inappropriately in two of 173 potential cardiac arrests (1.2%) (95% confidence interval, 0%, 2.8%). Conclusion: We found a low rate of performance of telephone CPR in King County for incidents resembling cardiac arrest. This finding suggests that the protocols designed for dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR effectively screen out those incidents that may initially resemble cardiac arrest.
Evaluating the effect of tool management on flexible manufacturing system performance

Abstract The design of tool management systems for Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) is analysed. An algorithm is given, which allows performance evaluation of an FMS with its tool management system. The procedure applies queueing network theory in order to estimate important performance parameters. Of particular interest is the tool blocking time, which is defined as the time a machine is idle while it waits for the required tools.
Host preferences and reproduction of four cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on certain wheatgrasses, Agropyron spp.

Preferences and reproduction of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Macrosiphum avenae (F.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and R. maidis (Fitch) were tested on 13 widely grown species of wheatgrass, Agropyron spp., in the seedling and mature stages of growth under controlled conditions in environmental chambers. Results are an index to the role of Agropyron spp. as potential alternative hosts for cereal aphids and aphid-transmitted plant virus diseases. S. graminum and R. padi were well adapted to most of the Agropyron spp. tested, especially in the seedling stage. M. avenae reproduced well on mature Agropyron spp. but was not well adapted to seedlings. Most Agropyron spp. were not reproductive hosts for R. maidis.
The proton to electron stoichiometry of steady-state photosynthesis in living plants: A proton-pumping Q cycle is continuously engaged.

A noninvasive technique is introduced with which relative proton to electron stoichiometries (H+/e− ratios) for photosynthetic electron transfer can be obtained from leaves of living plants under steady-state illumination. Both electron and proton transfer fluxes were estimated by a modification of our previously reported dark-interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK) analysis, in which processes that occur upon rapid shuttering of the actinic light are analyzed. Rates of turnover of linear electron transfer through the cytochrome (cyt) b6f complex were estimated by measuring the DIRK signals associated with reduction of cyt f and P700. The rates of proton pumping through the electron transfer chain and the CFO-CF1 ATP synthase (ATPase) were estimated by measuring the DIRK signals associated with the electrochromic shifting of pigments in the light-harvesting complexes. Electron transfer fluxes were also estimated by analysis of saturation pulse-induced changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield. It was shown that the H+/e− ratio, with respect to both cyt b6f complex and photosystem (PS) II turnover, was constant under low to saturating illumination in intact tobacco leaves. Because a H+/e− ratio of 3 at a low light is generally accepted, we infer that this ratio is maintained under conditions of normal (unstressed) photosynthesis, implying a continuously engaged, proton-pumping Q cycle at the cyt b6f complex.
Temporal coverage aggregates over moving region streams

A temporal coverage operation computes the duration that a moving object covers a spatial area. We extend this notion into temporal coverage aggregates, in which the spatial area covered for a maximum or minimum amount of time by a moving region, or set of moving regions, is discovered.
Residential Differences in Attitudes About Barriers to Using Community‐based Services Among Older Adults

Despite poorer health, rural elders tend to use fewer community-based services than their urban or suburban counterparts. Researchers have speculated that residential differences in the receipt of community-based services may be attributable to, among other factors, the attitudes of older adults toward such services. Twelve focus groups were conducted to explore residential variation in the attitudes of older adults toward the use of community-based services, specifically emphasizing perceived barriers to the use of services. While both rural and urban residents expressed overall satisfaction with the services that they had received in the past or currently receive and both groups noted insufficient community-based services, residential differences emerged in both the nature of the perceived barriers and the frequency in which they were mentioned. Rural elders more frequently highlighted barriers that diminished their use of community-based services. Such barriers included a lack of awareness of services, inadequate transportation, and perceived rigid program eligibility standards. Urban older adults mentioned far fewer and different barriers to the receipt of services, but those barriers seemed to be consistent with the community context in which they lived. While these findings support speculations that differences in attitudes may account for some of the residential variation in the use of community-based services that has been observed, the conclusion also can be drawn that, regardless of residence, older adults face substantial barriers to services, resulting in unmet needs.
Smart Packaging: A Novel Technique For Localized Drug Delivery

In this project, we have developed a model drug delivery system consisting of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) packaged within a biodegradable, temperature and pH sensitive hydrogel network. We have characterized the behavior of individual niosomes when exposed to environments that mimic body fluids. Diffusion and mass transfer characteristics of 5,6-Carboxyfluorescein, a dye with similar physical properties as therapeutic drugs for cancer, is used to determine release rate from the niosomes. The release rate can be controlled to last from 24 hours to more than 144 hours depending on the conditions to which individual niosomes are exposed. We used a cross-linked hydrogel (chitosan) network into which the niosomes were embedded. The hydrogel provides another layer of control, gives a stable environment for the niosomes, and enhances the release rate. The niosome-hydrogel system, which is a liquid at room temperature, starts gelling once inside the body since it undergoes a phase transition at 37°C. Surface characteristics, such as the interaction between the niosomes and chitosan, Van der Waals forces and chemical bonding are being measured by the Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) technique. One of the systems that we are targeting with this study is intraperitonial cavities after ovarian cancer is discovered and removed to increase the life span of patients. Single administration rates have been tested and compared to local delivery via an external catheter. We found that our system lasted longer than catheter administration leading to less frequent administration and also resulted in reduced toxicity. Our results will help in the development of a low cost and improved method for drug delivery with application to intracavitary ovarian cancer treatment and other cancer types.
Development of schemata during event parsing: Neisser's perceptual cycle as a recurrent connectionist network

Neural net simulations of human event parsing are described. A recurrent net was used to simulate data collected from human subjects watching short videotaped event sequences. In one simulation, the net was trained on one-half of a taped sequence with the other half of the sequence being used to test transfer performance. In another simulation, the net was trained on one complete event sequence and transfer to a different event sequence was tested. Neural net simulations provide a unique means of observing the interrelation of top-down and bottom-up processing in a basic cognitive task. Examination of computational patterns of the net and cluster analysis of the hidden units revealed two factors that may be central to event perception: (1) similarity between a current input and an activated schema and (2) expected duration of a given event. Although the importance of similarity between input and activated schemata during event perception has been acknowledged previously (e.g., Neisser, 1976; Schank, 1982), the present study provides specific instantiation of how similarity judgments can be made using both top-down and bottom-up processing. Moreover, unlike other work on event perception, this approach provides a potential mechanism for how schemata develop.
The subcellular localization of the pteridines in strain R-26 of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Pteridines were detected in strain R-26 of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and the pteridine concentrations in subcellular fractions were measured by a sensitive fluorimetric method. The whole cell fraction contained nearly equal concentrations of pteridine and reaction center bacteriochlorophyll. The soluble subcellular fraction contained the majority of the pteridine and the photochemically active chromatophore preparations contained very little. No pteridine was detected in purified reaction center complex preparations. This subcellular localization of pteridines was not consistent with a pteridine functioning as the primary electron acceptor in this photosynthetic system.
TaN interface properties and electric field cycling effects on ferroelectric Si-doped HfO2 thin films

Ferroelectric HfO2-based thin films, which can exhibit ferroelectric properties down to sub-10 nm thicknesses, are a promising candidate for emerging high density memory technologies. As the ferroelectric thickness continues to shrink, the electrode-ferroelectric interface properties play an increasingly important role. We investigate the TaN interface properties on 10 nm thick Si-doped HfO2 thin films fabricated in a TaN metal-ferroelectric-metal stack which exhibit highly asymmetric ferroelectric characteristics. To understand the asymmetric behavior of the ferroelectric characteristics of the Si-doped HfO2 thin films, the chemical interface properties of sputtered TaN bottom and top electrodes are probed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ta-O bonds at the bottom electrode interface and a significant presence of Hf-N bonds at both electrode interfaces are identified. It is shown that the chemical heterogeneity of the bottom and top electrode interfaces gives rise to an internal electric field, whic...
STEREOSELECTIVE INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE BY ENANTIOMERIC PHOSPHONATES

Abstract Enantiomers of methyl 2-naphthyl hexylphosphonate (MNHP) were prepared via diastereomeric phosphonamidate intermediates. The enantiomers exhibit stereoselective inhibition of purified porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase; the first-order inhibition rate constant of the (-)-isomer is approximately fourfold higher than the rate constant of the (+)-isomer.
Correction of the inertial effect resulting from a plate moving under low-friction conditions

The purpose of the present study was to develop a set of equations that can be employed to remove the inertial effect introduced by the movable platform upon which a person stands during a slip induced in gait; this allows the real ground reaction force (GRF) and its center of pressure (COP) to be determined. Analyses were also performed to determine how sensitive the COP offsets were to the changes of the parameters in the equation that affected the correction of the inertial effect. In addition, the results were verified empirically using a low friction movable platform together with a stationary object, a pendulum, and human subjects during a slip induced during gait. Our analyses revealed that the amount of correction required for the inertial effect due to the movable component is affected by its mass and its center of mass (COM) position, acceleration, the friction coefficient, and the landing position of the foot relative to the COM. The maximum error in the horizontal component of the GRF was close to 0.09 (body weight) during the recovery from a slip in walking. When uncorrected, the maximum error in the COP measurement could reach as much as 4 cm. Finally, these errors were magnified in the joint-moment computation and propagated proximally, ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 Nm/body mass from the ankle to the hip.
Mental shock can produce retrograde amnesia

Subjects in three experiments saw a short film of a mentally shocking event in which a young boy is violently shot in the face. Compared to other subjects who saw a nonviolent version of the same film, those who saw the mentally shocking version showed poorer retention of the details of the film. Retention was poorer whether measured by recognition or recall. Furthermore, impaired memory occurred only when the event was mentally upsetting, and not when it was merely unexpected but not upsetting. These results suggest that mentally shocking episodes may disrupt the lingering processing necessary for full storage of information in memory.
Post/past-'Orientalism' Orientalism and its dis/re-orientation

AbstractIn Orientalism (1978) Edward Said articulated more a cultural filter than a cultural divide, through a catalog of historical documents on the west's representation of the east, enabling readers to share a vocabulary that has now become a part of American intellectual history. In the last quarter century Orientalism has acquired a 'symbolic value' that was at best present as a 'potential value', thus realizing itself; from its initial position as an object of cultural study it has now become a subject imbued with the agency to change perception and understanding. It has problematized Orientalism itself and associated issues of the new globalism, such as immigration, diaspora, boundary crossings, cross-border terrorism, mixed ethnicities, international and inter-racial adoptions, and travel. The article focuses on the new social, political and economic faces of the old Orientalist attitudes, and calls for a radical revision of history.
Two-Dimensional Strain Cycling in Plasticity

Abstract : Detailed calculations are presented for strain cycling in a homogenous deformation that can be sustained by a biaxial state of stress in thin-walled specimens of OFHC copper. These calculations are made with a set of relatively simple constitutive equations within the framework of the strain-space formulation of plasticity. The predicted theoretical calculations, carried out in the context of small deformation, are in good agreement with corresponding available experimental results for saturation hardening and erasure of memory in two-dimensional strain cycling. Also, with the use of the calculated results, a scalar quantity that characterizes strain-hardening is plotted as a function of plastic strains. Such plots are likely to be useful for computational purposes. (Author)
Long-term coherence of the cyclotron mode in a trapped ion cloud

An entire family of mass spectrometers relies on the excitation and subsequent detection of the cyclotron mode in a trapped ion cloud. The observed long-term coherence of this mode is critical to the success of these instruments. This paper analyzes the dynamics of the charge cloud after excitation and finds that they are mathematically equivalent to the dynamics of the cloud before excitation. A vortexlike rotation of the cloud prevents expansion under many conditions depending on the trap geometry and the properties of the cloud. The stability of an excited ion cloud with velocity dispersion and applied shear is analyzed and numerical predictions of relevance for ion cyclotron mass spectroscopy are made.
Cognitive bias, functional cortical geometry, and the frontal lobes: Laterality, sex, and handedness

Performance of patients with quadrant lesions on the inherently ambiguous Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) suggests sexual dimorphism in the fundamental aspects of functional cortical geometry, by emphasizing different cerebral axes. In right-handed males, extreme context-dependent and context-independent response selection biases are reciprocally linked to left vs. right frontal systems. In right-handed females, these complementary biases appear to be reciprocally linked to posterior vs. frontal cortices. Frontal lobe functions are more lateralized in males than females due to sexual dimorphism of the left frontal systems. Both in males and females, patterns of CBT scores in non-right-handers with quadrant lesions are opposite to those found in right-handers. This suggests the existence of two functionally and neurally distinct cognitive selection mechanisms. Both mechanisms involve the frontal lobes, but their exact neuroanatomy depends on sex and handedness.
Neonatal subventricular zone electroporation.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal cells1. Understanding the molecular pathways responsible for NSC self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation is critical for harnessing their unique potential to repair the brain and better understand central nervous system disorders. Previous methods for the manipulation of mammalian systems required the time consuming and expensive endeavor of genetic engineering at the whole animal level2. Thus, the vast majority of studies have explored the functions of NSC molecules in vitro or in invertebrates. Here, we demonstrate the simple and rapid technique to manipulate neonatal NPCs that is referred to as neonatal subventricular zone (SVZ) electroporation. Similar techniques were developed a decade ago to study embryonic NSCs and have aided studies on cortical development3,4 . More recently this was applied to study the postnatal rodent forebrain5-7. This technique results in robust labeling of SVZ NSCs and their progeny. Thus, postnatal SVZ electroporation provides a cost and time effective alternative for mammalian NSC genetic engineering.
“MIGHTY VICTIMS”: WOMEN WRITERS AND THE FEMINIZATION OF CHRIST

IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN the image and nature of Christ was a prime site of ideological conflict. As the central figure in the dominant religious tradition, Christ was, perhaps inevitably, redefined and claimed by different social groups attempting to harness his remaining cultural influence. One of the dominant images of Christ, however, one that permeated Victorian Christianity, was distinctly feminized, emphasizing virtues and roles allotted to women according to “separate-spheres” gender ideology and often focusing on his passivity and suffering.
Audio Visual Resources

Bad Fit: Challenging the prevalence of homophobia, transphobia, and heterosexism in social work education by Ady Ben-Israel and Jill Kaufman, MSW Program, Hunter College School of Social Work (LGBT...