cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The estimation of transmission loss in the trans-horizon region

The expression for the scattering cross-section derived by Batchelor has been integrated over the useful scattering volume for transmitting and receiving aerials aligned on a great-circle path, and formulae have been derived for the transmission loss. The application of the theory to experimental results at 86, 3000 and 10000 Mc/s suggests that mean-square variations of refractive index of the atmosphere may be independent of height up to about 2200 ft and may then vary with the inverse square of height.
Distortion of perception and recall of positive and neutral feedback in depression

This study evaluated three hypotheses derived from a cognitive behavioral model of depression. It was predicted that clinically depressed subjects, relative to psychopathological and normal controls, would underestimate their recall of high but not of low rates of externally controlled positive feedback. Although no specific prediction was made, data were also collected to determine whether such a cognitive distortion, if it occurred, took place at the point of stimulus perception or at some subsequent state of cognitive processing. Finally, it was predicted that the clinically depressed subjects, relative to the control subjects, would distort their perception of neutral feedback in a negative direction. The data indicated that the depressed subjects recalledhaving received less positive feedback than did the controls at the high but not the low rate of feedback. No between group differences were obtained for the subjects' immediate perception of positive or of neutral feedback. The implications of these data for the cognitive behavioral conceptualization and treatment of depression are discussed.
Nuclear reaction matrix calculations with a shell-model Q

The Barrett-Hewitt-McCarthy (BHM) method for calculating the nuclear reaction matrixG is used to compute shell-model matrix elements forA=18 nuclei. The energy denominators in intermediate states containing one unoccupied single-particle (s.p.) state and one valence s.p. state are treated correctly, in contrast to previous calculations. These corrections are not important for valence-shell matrix elements but are found to lead to relatively large changes in cross-shell matrix elements involved in core-polarization diagrams.
Ambiguity function in Fourier optics

If a field g(x,z) satisfies the diffusion equation ∂2g/∂x2 + 2j k(∂g/∂z) = 0, then its ambiguity function χ(x,ν,z)=∫-∞∞g(η+x/2,z)g*(η-x/2,z)e-jνηd η satisfies the wave equation ν2(∂2χ/∂x2) − k2(∂2χ/∂z2) = 0. A theory of Fresnel diffraction and Fourier optics results, involving merely coordinate transformations of the independent variables of the aperture ambiguity function. As an application, a simple expression for the width of the diffracted beam is derived in terms of certain moments of the amplitude of the incident wave. The analysis is extended to signals crossing a layer of a random medium. At the exit plane, the field is partially coherent and it spreads as it propagates. The broadening of beam width due to the loss in coherence is related to the statistical properties of the layer.
Left unilateral neglect in a preschool child.

SUMMARY The authors present a case of transient left hemispatial inattention following traumatic brain injury in a three-year-old child. Computed tomographic scan revealed a small right frontal and a right temporo-parietal contusion. Stimuli were developed to quantify the response difference between hemifields in this pre-literate child. Hemispatial inattention showed resolution at 19 days post-trauma and had completely resolved six months later. These findings suggest that right hemisphere systems subserve visually guided attention before six years of age. RESUME Negligence gauche unilaterale chez un enfant d'âge prescolaire Les auteurs rapportent le cas d'une inattention hemispatiale gauche transitoire a la suite d'une lesion cerebrale chez un enfant de trois ans. Les scanner revela une petite contusion frontale droite et une contusion temporo-parietale droite. Des stimulations furent provoquees pour quantifier les differences de reponses entre les deux hemi-champs chez cet enfant de capacite pre-scolaire. L'inattention hemispatiale s'attenua 19 jours apres le traumatisme et disparut completement six mois plus tard. Ces donnees suggerent que les systemes hemispheriques droits participent a l'attention sous controle visuel avant l'âge de six ans. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Linksseitige laterale Aufmerksamkeitsstorung bei einem Vorschulkind Die Autoren stellen ein dreijahriges Kind vor, das nach einem Hirntrauma eine passagere raumliche Aufmerksamkeitsstorung links aufwies. Im Computertomogramm zeigten sich rechts frontal und rechts temporoparietal kleine Contusionsherde. Es wurden Stimuli entwickelt, um die Wahrnehungsunterschiede der zwei Sehfeldabschnitte bei diesem Vorschulkind zu quantifizieren. Die raumliche Aufmerksamkeitsstorung begann sich am 19 posttraumatischen Tag zuruckzubilden und war sechs Monate spater vollstandig verschwunden. Diese Befunde deuten darauf hin, das die visuell gelenkte Aufmerksamkeit vor dem sechsten Lebensjahr von der rechten Hemisphare gesteuert wird. RESUMEN Negligencia unilateral izquierda en el preescolar Los autores presentan un caso de inatencion transitoria hemiespacial izquierda despues de una lesion traumatica del cerebro en un nino de tres anos de edad. La TAC revelo una pequena contusion frontal y temporoparietal del lado izquierdo. Se aplicaron estimulos para cuantificar la diferencia de respuestas entre ambos hemisferios en este nino prelectivo. La inatencion hemiespacial empezo a resolverse a los 19 dias despues del trauma habiendo desaparecido totalmente seis meses mas tarde. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los sistemas del hemisferio derecho subsirven la atencion guiada visualmente antes de los seis anos de edad.
Mechanism of corrosion protection of aluminum alloy substrate by hybrid polymer nanocomposite coatings

Abstract The corrosion protection of polymer clay nanocomposite, PCN coatings consisting of polyurea, siloxanes, epoxy ester and montmorillonite clay was determined. Corrosion resistance of the coating, was assessed by monitoring the polarization resistance and impedance of coated aluminum alloy, Al 2024-T3, coupons immersed in 3.5 wt.% of sodium chloride, NaCl, solution. Direct current polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques were used to measure polarization resistance and impedance of the samples, respectively. Diffusion of saturated salt solution into free-standing PCN films was measured gravimetrically and diffusivity of the nanocomposites was determined. The presence of clay decreases diffusivity and increases corrosion resistance of the non-scribed coatings containing up to 10 wt.% of clay. A correlation between polarization resistance and diffusivity was made. It was shown that for non-scribed coatings, polarization resistance increases with decreasing diffusivity. A relationship between coating's diffusivity and weight fraction of clay was established. Increasing clay concentration also resulted in decreasing diffusivity. The scribed nanocomposite coatings show slightly decreasing polarization resistance with increasing weight fraction, however, the polarization resistance of scribed coatings containing low clay weight fraction in the range between 0.5 and 2.0 wt.% was higher than that for the matrix. A barrier mechanism of corrosion prevention of the coated substrate is proposed for non-scribed coatings. The viscoelastic property of the nanocomposites was determined by using dynamic mechanical spectrometer. A correlation between polarization resistance of the coatings and the rubbery plateau modulus on the one hand and polarization resistance and tan δ peak area for α-transition of the nanocomposites is made. Decreasing tan δ peak area for α-transition and increasing rubbery plateau modulus resulted in increasing coatings polarization resistance.
Working with Indigenous Peoples to Conserve Nature: Examples from Latin America

In some cases, the creation of protected areas to conserve nature has resulted in the displacement of indigenous peoples away from their original territories in Latin America. In this context, conservation organizations are developing alliances with indigenous peoples in different parts of the continent to find ways to jointly address conservation and livelihood issues with equity to avoid displacement and to empower decision-making at the grassroots level. This article illustrates the establishment of partnerships between conservation organizations and indigenous peoples that have yielded concrete results. While it is hard to generalize from a high diversity of cases, the common thread is the realization that the main solution would be to implement a comprehensive land/resource use reform that would avoid the destruction of wild habitats and promote the recuperation of degraded lands. Additionally, the management of protected areas must include the voices of those most directly affected by the establishment of those areas; one solution is the participation of indigenous peoples and other local stakeholders in protected areas management committees.
Influence of Extruder Geometry on Laminar Mixing: Entropic Analysis

Abstract Rigorous measures of mixing are needed to optimise processes and equipment design. In this work, the Shannon entropy, a rigorous measure of mixing universally employed across sciences, is used to quantify laminar mixing in an extruder. The classical unwound channel model of a single screw extruder is used in the present study and the influence of extruder geometry on mixing quality is the focus of this work. Three geometries are analysed: a simple single screw extruder, a single screw extruder with ridges placed diagonally on the bottom of the channel and a single screw extruder with pins on the bottom of the channel. The pin geometry is found to be more efficient at mixing than the other two geometries. The influence of scale of observation on the mixing measure is also studied. As the scale of observation decreases, the entropy decreases.
Depression and the Sense of Control: Aging Vectors, Trajectories, and Trends

Adulthood trajectories of outcomes such as depression and the sense of control measure aspects of the human condition that Americans may view as objects of change. Social science should provide inf...
Experimental Repair of Ventricular Septal Defects Using Autologous Right Ventricular Muscle Flaps: Preliminary Report

Abstract Survival after repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defects remains poor, often due to extensive loss of contractile muscle in the septum or left ventricle. We evaluated whether a contractile flap of right ventricular muscle could be used to repair a similar ventricular septal defect to augment left ventricular performance in 7 fully instrumented mongrel dogs (weight, 23 to 28 kg). By using hypothermic bypass and cold fibrillatory arrest, a trapezoidal right ventricle flap was fashioned from the free wall of the mid to lower right ventricle, basing its widest portion anteriorly on the septum and left ventricle. A large, 2-cm-diameter core of septum was excised beneath this flap to simulate a postinfarct ventricular septal defect. The right ventricular flap was then invaginated through the defect and sewn to the left ventricular side of the septum with pledgeted sutures taken full thickness through the flap and septum in a "vest-over-pants" fashion. Contraction of the right ventricular flap was confirmed visually and by postbypass multiple gated acquisition scans. The right ventricular defect was closed with fascia lata. All dogs were weaned from bypass without inotropes. Precardiac and postcardiac outputs of 2.5 ± 0.5 versus 2.3 ± 0.4 L/min and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures of 4 ± 2 versus 4 ± 3 mm Hg were identical. No shunts were detected by oxygen saturation. Autopsies confirmed the integrity of the repair. We conclude that septal defects can be repaired by using contractile right ventricular muscle, thus preserving left ventricular function. This technique offers promise for repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defects by using autologous, already conditioned to contract, cardiac muscle, but its application in humans must await long-term testing.
Knowledge for use: Anthropology and community-centered substance abuse research

Abstract The anthropological world has changed. The ethnographic Other is no longer available and pliant, awaiting anthropological representation, but has acquired a voice of his/her own. As a result, anthropology is faced with a dilemma. What is to be the anthropological role in this transformed world? Two alternatives are examined. The first, postmodernism, stresses the development of experimental ethnographic texts that inscribe the voice of the transformed Other. Noting the weaknesses of the postmodern ‘solution,’ this paper proposes community-centered research as a more appropriate response to contemporary social realities. In this approach, the anthropologist seeks collaboration with the Other in the struggle for self-determination. Illustration is provided with the case study of anthropologists employed in a Puerto Rican community based organization (CBO), with specific reference to the emergence and development of the substance abuse prevention and treatment work of this CBO. While noting the difficulties of this role, the paper argues that scholarly activism, a model adopted from the Third World, is well suited to the postmodern world.
Is the Concreteness Effect a Result of Underlying Network Interconnectivity

Abstract Two general classifications of theoretical explanations for concreteness effects are evaluated. Process theories are those that emphasize the nature of the processing initiated by the study items, and structural explanations are those that emphasize the role of long-term memory representations of the study items. A series of four experiments is presented in which structural variables such as the number of associates a word has in long-term memory (set size) and the density of the connections among those associates (connectivity) are crossed with concreteness under several different instructional manipulations in the cued recall task. The results consistently demonstrate that concreteness effects and effects related to the associative structure of the study items are not dependent upon one another, but instead have additive effects on performance. The results allow for the elimination of the structural explanations, in favor of one of the process theories: dual code theory. The results are also consistent with the overall framework of memory proposed by the PIER model.
Accurate mounting casts for complete dentures

An accurate and efficient method to fabricate mounting casts for complete dentures has been presented. Well-made mounting casts are required to accurately transfer the jaw relation records made in the mouth to an articulator.
The characterization of emthyl, π-allyl, mixed metal and cationic derivatives of vanadium carbonyl

Abstract Photosubstitution of V(CO) 6 − by o -phenylenebis(dimethylarsine) (DIARS) and 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (DMPE) provide highly reactive carbonylvanadate monoanions which have been protonated to give thermally stable seven coordinate carbonyl hydrides. The DIARS substituted anion, V(CO) 4 DIARS − , reacts with methyl iodide, allyl chloride and bromopentacarbonylmanganese to yield CH 3 V(CO) 4 DIARS, h 3 -C 3 H 5 V(CO) 3 DIARS and (OC) 5 MnV(CO) 4 DIARS which represent the first examples of alkyl, h 3 -allyl and mixed metal carbonyl derivatives of vanadium carbonyl. The chemical and spectral properties of these and related compounds are described. Controlled oxidation of V(CO) 4 DIARS − provides small yields of a very oxidatively unstable substance that appears to be monomeric V(CO) 4 DIARS. Reinvestigation of the reaction of vanadium hexacarbonyl and o -phenylenebis(dimethylarsine) in heptane has shown that a novel ionic species [V(CO) 3 (DIARS) 2 ][V(CO) 6 ], the first pnicogen derivative of the unknown V(CO) 7 + , is formed instead of the previously formulated neutral dimer [V(CO) 4 DIARS] 2 .
The Synthesis of Tricyclo [4. 2. 2. 02, 5] Deca-3, 7, 9-Trienes and Related Derivatives Via the Kolbe Oxidation Route

Abstract The Koloe oxidation of cis-dicarboxylic acids is a convenient method for clafin synthesis 1,2,3. In an earlier communication 1 one of us reported the synthesis of Tryicyclo [4.2.2.02,5] deca-3,7,9-triane (Nenitzescu's hydrocarbon) by this method. In view of the interest in the (CH)10 energy surface, any entry at the C10H10 level immediately malcas & wide range of ring structure potentially available. 4 For this reason we have chosen to concentrate on the tricyclo[4.2.2.02,5] deca-3,5,7-triane system and now report the results of a series of compounds containing various functional groups which prove to be stable under the reaction conditions. These now include phosphine oxide35, cyclic ether 3g, nitrile1, ester1, vinyl bromide, vincinal dibromide, methoxy, ketone and epoxide group (See table).
Effects on precise motor responding of bilateral intrastriatal application of dopamine.

Bilateral intrastriatal administration of dopamine (200 μg over 2 hr) in iproniazid-treated rats produced stereotyped movements of the jaws and forelimbs. In an experimental situation specifically designed to measure behaviorally the analog characteristics of motor responses, these rats displayed oscillatory, choreiform-like response patterns. This motor symptomatology was not observed after intrastriatal application of dopamine or noradrenaline alone, or after intracortical administration of dopamine. It was concluded that increments in striatal dopamine may be correlated with the production of chorea and related reiterative motor processes.
Caudate asymmetry is related to attentional impulsivity and an objective measure of ADHD-like attentional problems in healthy adults

Case–control studies comparing ADHD with typically developing individuals suggest that anatomical asymmetry of the caudate nucleus is a marker of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is no consensus on whether the asymmetry favors the right or left caudate nucleus in ADHD, or whether the asymmetry is increased or decreased in ADHD. The current study aimed to clarify this relationship by applying a dimensional approach to assessing ADHD symptoms that, instead of relying on clinical classification, utilizes the natural behavioral continuum of traits related to ADHD. Structural T1-weighted MRI was collected from 71 adults between 18 and 35 years and analyzed for caudate asymmetry. ADHD-like attentional symptoms were assessed with an objective measure of attentional problems, the ADHD score from the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA). Impulsivity, a core feature in ADHD, was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, a self-report measure that assesses attentional, non-planning, and motor features of impulsivity. We found that larger right relative to left caudate volumes correlated with both higher attentional impulsiveness and worse ADHD scores on the TOVA. Higher attentional impulsiveness also correlated with worse ADHD scores, establishing coherence between the objective measure and the self-report measure of attentional problems. These results suggest that a differential passage of information through frontal–striatal networks may produce instability leading to attentional problems. The findings also demonstrate the utility of a dimensional approach to understanding structural correlates of ADHD symptoms.
Development and validation of the learner attitudes and motivations for pronunciation (LAMP) inventory

Abstract This study discusses the development and validation of the Learner Attitudes and Motivations for Pronunciation (LAMP) Inventory. The LAMP is a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire designed to capture learners’ motivations and attitudes towards English pronunciation practice and learning. The article examines the theoretical framework and extant scales that guided the construction of the inventory items and reports the steps taken to validate the instrument. The LAMP was administered to 704 Korean adolescents studying English in South Korea. An exploratory factor analysis found four motivation factors—integrative, intrinsic, extrinsic, and curiosity—, and four attitude factors—cognitive, conative, negative affect, and self-efficacy. Finally, the paper discusses implications for research and pronunciation instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts and suggests avenues for future research in other instructional contexts.
PET Imaging of Soluble Yttrium-86-Labeled Carbon Nanotubes in Mice

Background. The potential medical applications of nanomaterials are shaping the landscape of the nanobiotechnology field and driving it forward. A key factor in determining the suitability of these nanomaterials must be how they interface with biological systems. Single walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being investigated as platforms for the delivery of biological, radiological, and chemical payloads to target tissues. CNT are mechanically robust graphene cylinders comprised of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms and possessing highly regular structures with defined periodicity. CNT exhibit unique mechanochemical properties that can be exploited for the development of novel drug delivery platforms. In order to evaluate the potential usefulness of this CNT scaffold, we undertook an imaging study to determine the tissue biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of prototypical DOTAfunctionalized CNT labeled with yttrium-86 and indium-111 ( 86 Y-CNT and 111 In-CNT, respectively) in a mouse model. Methodology and Principal Findings. The 86 Y-CNT construct was synthesized from amine-functionalized, water-soluble CNT by covalently attaching multiple copies of DOTA chelates and then radiolabeling with the positron-emitting metal-ion, yttrium-86. A gammaemitting 111 In-CNT construct was similarly prepared and purified. The constructs were characterized spectroscopically, microscopically, and chromatographically. The whole-body distribution and clearance of yttrium-86 was characterized at 3 and 24 hours post-injection using positron emission tomography (PET). The yttrium-86 cleared the blood within 3 hours and distributed predominantly to the kidneys, liver, spleen and bone. Although the activity that accumulated in the kidney cleared with time, the whole-body clearance was slow. Differential uptake in these target tissues was observed following intraveneous or intraperitoneal injection. Conclusions. The whole-body PET images indicated that the major sites of accumulation of activity resulting from the administration of 86 Y-CNT were the kidney, liver, spleen, and to a much less extent the bone. Blood clearance was rapid and could be beneficial in the use of short-lived radionuclides in diagnostic applications.
The frequency of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of undiagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy. Patients were separated into two groups depending on presence or absence of painful symptoms, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Of the 48 patients studied, those with painful symptoms had a higher frequency of abnormal glucose metabolism than literature-based controls, whereas patients without painful symptoms showed no difference. Comparison of patients with and without painful symptoms had a P-value of 0.02. The results indicate the need to consider undiagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy.
ARE PHENYLHALOCARBENES AMBIPHILIC

Abstract In additions to simple alkenes and styrenes at 25°C, the selectivitles of PhCF and PhCCl are best described as electrophilic.
Early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Definition, assessment, and prevention

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD, however, is a heterogeneous collection of diseases with differing causes, pathogenic mechanisms, and physiological effects. Therefore a comprehensive approach to COPD prevention will need to address the complexity of COPD. Advances in the understanding of the natural history of COPD and the development of strategies to assess COPD in its early stages make prevention a reasonable, if ambitious, goal.
Resident enteric microbiota and CD8+ T cells shape the abundance of marginal zone B cells

Since enteric microbial composition is a distinctive and stable individual trait, microbial heterogeneity may confer lifelong, non-genetic differences between individuals. Here we report that C57BL/6 mice bearing restricted flora microbiota, a distinct but diverse resident enteric microbial community, are numerically and functionally deficient in marginal zone (MZ) B cells. Surprisingly, MZ B-cell levels are minimally affected by germ-free conditions or null mutations of various TLR signaling molecules. In contrast, MZ B-cell depletion is exquisitely dependent on cytolytic CD8(+) T cells, and includes targeting of a cross-reactive microbial/endogenous MHC class 1B antigen. Thus, members of certain enteric microbial communities link with CD8(+) T cells as a previously unappreciated mechanism that shapes innate immunity dependent on innate-like B cells.
Whey protein gels: fracture stress and strain and related microstructural properties

Abstract The fracture properties of the true shear stress and true shear strain of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels were adjusted to targeted values by varying protein, sodium chloride and calcium chloride concentrations. Changes in stress and strain were varied independently and related to the microstructural properties of area fraction, surface volume, chord length distribution, mean volume weighted diameter and fractal dimension using a face-centered cube statistical design. Light and scanning electron micrographs revealed no overall relationship among fracture properties and microstructure. However surface volume and fractal dimension differed due to type of mineral present. These properties differentiated fine-stranded and particulate gels. It was concluded that identical fracture properties can be produced in fine-stranded and particulate gels.
Complex standards and innovation in the digital economy: the Internet Protocol

As Web-based services evolve from a medium for data exchange to a system for managing geographically-dispersed work flows, the complexity of the supporting infrastructure is increasing along with the sophistication of the actual services. This paper presents a case study of the global transition to IPv6 to illustrate the importance of a standards infrastructure in the evolution of internet-based services across the global economy and the consequent strategic and policy issues facing industry and government. Industry cost data are presented and a model is proposed to explicitly represent the role of standards in the innovation process and illuminate private sector investment risks.
Stimulation of insulin secretion by guanidinoacetic acid and other guanidine derivatives.

Insulin secretion was measured in the isolated perfused rat pancreas in response to guanidinoacetic acid and other guanidine derivatives. Guanidinoacetic acid appears to be more potent than arginine, creatine and guanidine in stimulating insulin secretion. Parasympathetic mediation is unlikely because insulin secretion in response to these compounds is not inhibited by atropine. The guanidino group may be an important factor in arginine-stimulated insulin release. Glycine, which does not have a guanidino group, also increases insulin levels. It is possible that, in addition, arginine and glycine may release insulin by being converted to guanidinoacetic acid. (Endocrinology 86: 332, 1970)
Behavioral intervention strategies with child abusive parents: A home intervention program

This article describes a therapeutic program for child abusive parents that is psychoeducationally based and is conducted through home visits by trained behavioral interventionists. The immediate goals of the intervention are to teach abusive parents effective child management procedures based on social learning therapy and to modify faulty or excessive expectations these parents have toward the behavior of their children. The general model is discussed as well as criteria for selection of parents for home intervention services, the differences between home intervention with abusive and non-abusive parents and the procedures used in home intervention services. A general discussion is also provided of the various goals and stages through which parents progress.
Structure and function of a virally encoded fungal toxin from Ustilago maydis: a fungal and mammalian Ca2+ channel inhibitor.

Abstract Background: The P4 strain of the corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis, secretes a fungal toxin, KP4, encoded by a fungal virus (UMV4) that persistently infects its cells. UMV4, unlike most other (non-fungal) viruses, does not spread to uninfected cells by release into the extracellular milieu during its normal life cycle and is thus dependent upon host survival for replication. In symbiosis with the host fungus, UMV4 encodes KP4 to kill other competitive strains of U. maydis, thereby promoting both host and virus survival. KP4 belongs to a family of fungal toxins and determining its structure should lead to a better understanding of the function and evolutionary origins of these toxins. Elucidation of the mechanism of toxin action could lead to new anti-fungal agents against human pathogens. Results We have determined the atomic structure of KP4 to 1.9 a resolution. KP4 belongs to the α / β -sandwich family, and has a unique topology comprising a five-stranded antiparallel β -sheet with two antiparallel α -helices lying at ∼45° to these strands. The structure has two left-handed β α β cross-overs and a basic protuberance extending from the β -sheet. In vivo experiments demonstrated abrogation of toxin killing by Ca 2+ and, to a lesser extent, Mg 2+ . These results led to experiments demonstrating that the toxin specifically inhibits voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in mammalian cells. Conclusion Similarities, although somewhat limited, between KP4 and scorpion toxins led us to investigate the possibility that the toxic effects of KP4 may be mediated by inhibition of cation channels. Our results suggest that certain properties of fungal Ca 2+ channels are homologous to those in mammalian cells. KP4 may, therefore, be a new tool for studying mammalian Ca 2+ channels and current mammalian Ca 2+ channel inhibitors may be useful lead compounds for new anti-fungal agents.
Induction of Acute Ectopic Pancreatitis by Endoscopic Ultrasound With Fine-Needle Aspiration

Ectopic pancreas rarely causes symptoms or complications. We analyzed 2 atypical cases of ectopic pancreas associated with acute ectopic pancreatitis, 1 of which was induced by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). The patients were seen at a tertiary medical center where they had undergone computed tomography, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and EUS-FNA analyses. They initially received conservative medical treatment and were later treated by surgery. Both patients were diagnosed with ectopic pancreas of the stomach on the basis of computed tomography, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or EUS-FNA. Surgical resection cured both patients and confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic pancreas. Acute ectopic pancreatitis is an unusual complication of ectopic pancreas that can be induced by EUS-FNA and diagnosed and cured with surgery.
African American clergy: what are their perceptions of pastoral care and pastoral counseling?

This qualitative study explores African American clergy’s perspectives on pastoral care and pastoral counseling. Interviews were conducted with 18 African American clergy of diverse ages, locales, and educational levels who were recruited from a southern state. Two major themes emerged from the data: (a) Shepherding the Flock and (b) Distinguishable Concepts with Different Meaning and Functions. Implications for social work practice and research are addressed.
X-ray Diffraction Measurements in a Rotational Diamond Anvil Cell

We have established an experimental method to perform synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a rotational diamond anvil cell to study the properties of a material under pressure and shear by achieving a quasi-homogeneous pressure distribution. The uniform distribution of pressure eliminates the peak widening caused by pressure deviation in the sample chamber. This enables us to explore the effects of shear on the physical and chemical properties such as the structural disorder, phase transformation, and chemical bonding. The method has been applied in studying the shear-induced stacking fault, phase transition-induced plasticity, and the shear-induced formation of bonding between diamond and hexagonal boron nitride.
Chemotactic activation of Dictyostelium AGC-family kinases AKT and PKBR1 requires separate but coordinated functions of PDK1 and TORC2.

Protein kinases AKT and PKBR1 of Dictyostelium belong to the AGC protein kinase superfamily. AKT and PKBR1 are phosphorylated at similar sites by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and TORC2 kinases; however, they have different subcellular localizing domains. AKT has a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]-regulated PH (pleckstrin homology) domain whereas PKBR1 is myristoylated and persistently membrane localized. Using strains defective for PI3K/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-, PDK1- and TORC2-signaling or strains that express phospho-site mutants of AKT and PKBR1, we dissect the different roles of PI3K/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, PDK1 and TORC2. We show that activation of AKT and PKBR1 requires PDK1-site phosphorylation, but that phosphorylation by TORC2 is insufficient for AKT or PKBR1 activation. However, PDK1-site phosphorylation is dependent on phosphorylation by TORC2, which suggests that there is regulatory coordination among PDK1, TORC2 and their phospho-site targets. This defines a separate input for signaling in control of chemotaxis and dependency on PDK1 function. We also demonstrate that PDK1 in Dictyostelium functions independently of PI3K/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Finally, we show that AKT and PKBR1 exhibit substrate selectivity and identify two novel lipid-interacting proteins preferentially phosphorylated by AKT. Despite certain similarities, AKT and PKBR1 have distinct regulatory paths that impact activation and effector targeting, with PDK1 serving a central role.
The PSO-Based Adaptive Window for People Tracking

This paper presents a robust tracking algorithm using an adaptive tracking window associated with five parameters, where the parameters of the tracking window are optimized by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Basically, the optimization of a tracking window is transformed into a searching algorithm in a five-dimension feature space, which constrains the possibilities of the window. Particles associated with different parameters fly around the searching space independently, while they are sharing information from the society and adjust their behaviors to achieve the global optimization, which means the most optimized parameters for the tracking window. Appearance histogram is employed to calculate the fitness function for particles, where the distance between histograms is measured by histogram intersection. Estimated people motion is utilized to expedite the convergence of particles. Experimental results of people tracking demonstrate that the algorithm is efficient, robust, and adaptive to various rigid and non-rigid people motions
Point defects and transport mechanisms in transparent conducting oxides of intermediate conductivity

Abstract The layered delafossite structure p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) and the mayenite cage-structure n-type transparent conducting oxides represent enabling materials for novel technological applications. In the present work, isovalent replacement of the delafossite B-site cation (i.e., B=Sc and Y for Al in CuBO2) and isovalent substitution of the mayenite Ca-cations by Mg in C12A7 (12CaO·7Al2O3) were undertaken to probe the conduction mechanisms and defect structures of these novel materials. Both classes of materials exhibit small polaron conduction with comparable activation energies and conductivities. In the delafossites, increasing B-cation radius increases the hopping energy without changing the pre-exponential factors. An upper limit for mobility is estimated at ∼1 cm2 V−1 s−1 for these materials. In terms of carrier generation mechanisms, there is a changeover from aluminum anti-site/oxygen interstitial associates in CuAlO2 to oxygen interstitials in CuScO2 and CuYO2. In Mg-doped mayenite, substitution produces no change in activation energy but a precipitous drop in the pre-exponential factor. This behavior is linked to magnesium ions blocking critical conduction paths in the mayenite structure.
Role of Museums in Cultural Resource Management

Cultural resource management is often considered to end when endangered resources are collected or excavated. Actually, this is only an early step in the process. An increasing proportion of our preserved cultural heritage is being managed in museums, and it is in museums that much future archaeological research will have to be done. This brief essay reviews the role of museums in cultural resource management and points to the need for a careful evaluation of the adequacy of current archaeological curation systems.
Nonlinear chromatography Recent theoretical and experimental results

The theory of nonlinear chromatography has been advanced by the incorporation of recent results obtained by the theory of partial differential equations. The system of equations of the ideal model has been solved analytically in the case of a single component for which the equilibrium isotherm between the mobile and the stationary phases is given by a Langmuir equation. A series of computer programs has been written which permits the calculation of numerical solutions of the semi-ideal model. The properties of the solutions obtained are described and discussed for a one-component system (profile of high concentration bands of a pure compound eluted by a pure solvent), several two-component systems (elution of a pure compound band by a binary mobile phase, separation of a binary mixture eluted by a pure mobile phase), and three-component systems (separation of a binary mixture eluted by a binary solvent, displacement and separation of a binary mixture). Experimental results are reported which validate the conclusions derived from the numerical integration of the model. The conclusions of the work apply to all high-performance chromatographic procedures, i.e., to those where the kinetics of mass transfer are fast enough for the mobile and stationary phases always to be near equilibrium. More specifically, the contribution from the kinetics of the retention mechanism to the mass transfer resistance must itself be negligible. This clearly excludes affinity chromatography.
Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from water vapor.

The angular distributions of electrons elastically scattered from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O have been measured by electron impact using a modulated crossed-beam method. The energy and angular range measured were from 30 to 200 eV and 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, respectively. The present results show a high backward scattering for low incident energies, but this falls off for high incident energies. The present results are in qualitative agreement with the measurements of Danjo and Nishimura [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54, 1224 (1985)] and in quantitative agreement with the measurements of Katase et al. [J. Phys. B 19, 2715 (1986)]. Agreement between the present results and the calculation of Jain, Tripathi, and Jain [Phys. Rev. A 37, 2893 (1988)] is good except at 200-eV impact.
Formation of inosine triphosphate and of 14C-labeled 2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside di- and triphosphates in stored human erythrocytes.

Inosine triphosphate (ITP) and 14C-labeled 2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside di- and triphosphate (DDP-14C and DTP-14C, respectively), were formed during incubation of 2,6-diaminopurine-2-14C and inosine with stored human erythrocytes at 37 C for five hours. Erythrocytes were obtained from acid-citrate-dextrose blood which had been stored in a blood bank for four weeks. DDP-14C, DTP-14C, and ITP were isolated and purified by chromatography on Dowex-1 formate resin and on paper, and identified by their chromatographic mobilities, fluorescence in ultraviolet light, derivatives, and absorption spectra. The yields of DDP-14C, DTP-14C, and ITP were 0.16, 1.13, and 0.07 per cent, respectively, of the added 2,6-diaminopurine-2-14C or inosine.
Childhood shingles: Herpes zoster can occur in healthy children too

A 6-year-old girl presented with a painful eruption of vesicles on her left eyebrow and the left side of her frontal scalp and forehead. She first noticed the vesicles during the previous 24 hours. There were no prodromalsymptoms. The patient's history revealed no preexisting medical problems. However, she had had chickenpox when she was 10 months old. Physical examination revealed patches of grouped papulovesicles on the left side of her forehead extending into the scalp and confluent papulovesicles on and above the left eyebrow (figure 1). Left posterior cervical lymphadenopathy was noted. There was no involvement of the tip of the nose. A Tzanck test revealed multinucleated giant cells, and a diagnosis of shingles was made. A complete blood cell count was normal, as were levels of γ-glutamyltrans-ferase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, and glucose. The patient was treated with valacyclovir hydrochloride (500 mg three times daily) and silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) cream. On evaluation 7 days later, the blistering had improved, although erosions and crusting remained. The patient's pain was gone, and her pruritus was reduced. Valacyclovir and silver sulfadiazine cream were continued to finish a 10-day course. Physical examination and laboratory workup by the child's pediatrician found no underlying identifiable immune deficiency. Two weeks later, the shingles had resolved completely, leaving only mild persistent erythema and mild pruritus. A cream containing 1% hydrocortisone and I % pramoxine (Pramosone) was applied as needed, and silver sulfadiazine cream was continued until itching resolved completely over the next week.
Representation of object location in 6.5-month-old infants.

Abstract Within a small bounded space, the location of a hidden object can be coded in terms of distance information, general area of hiding, or the boundary of the space. 6.5-month-old infants' use of these three coding strategies was examined using a visual search task. Infants watched as an object was hidden at one of four identical locations. After a short delay (10 s), the object either reappeared at the location where it was hidden (possible event), or reappeared at one of the other three locations (impossible event). Looking behavior was not systematically influenced by the amount of distance the object moved from the original location of hiding or by whether the object was hidden near a boundary. Infants did not appear to code the location of a hidden object in terms of distance information, general area of hiding, or whether it was hidden at a boundary. However, the location of reappearance (i.e., impossible event) did influence looking times. Infants were surprised when the object reappeared at a boundary position that was previously unoccupied. They were not surprised when the object reappeared at a central location. Thus, two factors influenced coding of location: boundary information (but in a different way than specified) and the nature of the change (absence vs. presence of an object). The influence of these two factors on coding of spatial information was discussed.
Groundwater flow near vertical recirculatory wells: effect of skin on flowgeometry and travel times with implications for aquifer remediation

Abstract Flow structure around a recirculation well in a uniform anisotropic aquifer is investigated using potential theory and Stokes’ stream function techniques. A vertical recirculation well consists of two screened sections (chambers) separated by an impermeable casing: one section extracts water from the aquifer and the other section injects the water back into the aquifer. Analytical formulae are derived for the drawdown and the stream function for a model in which the extraction and injection chambers of the well are modeled as uniformly distributed cylindrical sinks and sources, respectively. Travel times are analyzed for water particles traveling from the injection chamber to the extraction chamber along streamlines containing various percentages of the flow. We consider a disturbed zone (skin) having properties which are different from those in the uniform anisotropic aquifer owing to disturbance of the area near the well during installation. The effects of this skin on the streamlines and travel times are analyzed for various lengths separating the chambers and for various skin conductivities. The method completely eliminates the use of numerical finite-difference or finite-element methods and can be used for optimization of technological parameters in a remediation system.
Nutritive Value of Poultry By-Product Meal 2. Comparisons of Methods of Determining Protein Quality

Studies were conducted to compare several methods of determining the protein quality of poultry by-product meal (PBPM). A sample of PBPM was compared to a soybean meal (SBM) sample fortified with .5% of L-methionine. Each was incorporated into corn starch and poultry oil-based diets at 2.5% increments between 0 and 30% protein. Diets were fed for 7 days starting when the chicks were 8 days old. Slope-ratio and saturation kinetics models were fitted for the two protein sources. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio, and net protein utilization were calculated for each diet. The PER was the most discriminating method of estimating protein quality, especially at lower levels (2.5% protein: PBPM = .65, SBM + methionine (Met) = 4.23). At higher levels, no differences could be detected (30% protein: PBPM = 2.45, SBM + Met = 2.31). The 6% protein level was chosen for further studies because there were large differences in PER, and the chicks were in positive nitrogen balance. For eight samples of PBPM (from three different processing facilities), Kjeldahl N ranged from 8.64 to 10.22% gross energy (GE) from 4.49 to 5.36 kcal/g; Ca from 3.6 to 8.84%, and P from 2.04 to 2.55%. A Monday morning sample (fresh broiler waste) was compared to a Friday afternoon sample from the same processing facility (broiler and hatchery waste, and DAF sludge) in semipurified diets at 6% protein. Significant differences in gain were detected in two experiments, but PER in only one. For the five samples tested by all methods, similar rankings were found by PER, pepsin digestibility, total lysine and Carpenter's available lysine.
Planar Silicon-Rich Nitride Resonators Doped with Neodymium

We report on the characterization of neodymium doped silicon rich nitride resonators at 1550nm. We demonstrate the feasibility of use in photonic circuits and demonstrate ring resonators with quality factors of > 5,000.