cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrographic imaging of recognition memory in 34-38 week gestation intrauterine growth restricted newborns.

Abstract Electrophysiological imaging of recognition memory using event-related potentials (ERPs) in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) newborns allows assessment of recognition memory before the onset of multiple confounding variables. Animal models that reproduce the physiologic components associated with IUGR have demonstrated adverse effects on the hippocampus, a structure that is essential to normal memory processing. Previous electrophysiologic studies have demonstrated shortened auditory-evoked potential (AEP) and visual-evoked potential (VEP) latencies in IUGR infants suggesting accelerated neural maturation in response to the adverse in-utero environment. The hypothesis of the current study was that newborns with IUGR and head-sparing would demonstrate altered auditory recognition memory when compared to controls and that the configuration of the alteration would evidence advanced maturation but still be different from that of typically grown newborns. Twelve IUGR newborns born at 34–38 weeks gestation with head-sparing and 16 age-matched control newborns were tested with both a speech/nonspeech paradigm to assess auditory sensory processing and a novel (stranger's voice) and familiar (mother's voice) paradigm to assess recognition memory. In the recognition memory experiment, a three-way interaction of condition, lead, and group was identified for the lateral leads T4, CM3, and CM4 with the response to the mother being of much greater area in the IUGR cohort than in the controls. This ERP configuration has previously been reported for the midline leads in term newborns. The findings indicate that IUGR newborns with head-sparing have electrophysiologic evidence of accelerated maturation of cognitive processing suggesting an atypical process of maturation that may not support typical cognitive development.
Effects of nanodots on surface plasmons and electric field enhancement in nano-pillar antenna array

We study the effects of nanodots on surface plasmons and field enhancement in nano-pillar antenna array (NPA). The NPA's nanodots have slight effect on surface plasmon resonance wavelength, but increase field enhancement by two orders of magnitude.
Preparation of a Kröhnke Pyridine Combinatorial Library Suitable for Solution-Phase Biological Screening

Pyridine derivatives are an important part of the repertoire in the discovery of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In this regard, combinatorial chemistry can be a powerful tool. The Krohnke synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines is ideal for combinatorial applications, since reactions generally proceed in high yields on solid phase, and three points of diversity can be independently varied. A 220-member Krohnke pyridine library was prepared on JandaJel using a combined split-mix and parallel strategy affording 55 pools of four members each after cleavage from the resin. The library was analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS that indicated 85% of the pools were of good quality in terms of yield, purity, and members present in similar amounts. Notably, the library was prepared on a large scale (∼15 to 20 mg per member) and in a time/cost efficient manner. The pooling approach facilitated synthesis and should also prove advantageous in biological screening experiments.
Solution to precision weighing challenge.

Although “Lhasa” literally means “place of the gods,” the reversal of the balance tip is not really a sign of their omnipotence. It all comes down to thin air, so next time you trade those valuable pearls high up in the mountains, remember the fancies of weighing in alps. As the air density is reduced, the apparent mass of the stainless steel weight increases relative to that of the platinum weight. We know this from the difference in balance readings between Paris (near sea level) and Lhasa (at very high elevation). In Tibet, the stainless steel weight already appears to be “heavier” than the platinum weight. Reducing the air density even further, all the way to zero in fact, would only make this difference grow larger. But, at zero air density as in a vacuum, the apparent mass difference equals the “true” mass difference. Therefore, the mass of the stainless steel weight must be greater than that of the platinum weight. The quantitative resolution of the paradox is evident in the context of accurate mass comparisons. Weighing on the equal-arm, double-pan balances amounts to comparing the resulting forces exerted by both mass artifacts on the pans. In the first approximation, there are two forces to consider: the downward-pointed gravitational force and the upward buoyant force. The net force on one particular balance pan is thus
Molding by reactive injection of reinforced plastics

A model for the molding by reactive injection of reinforced plastics for systems in which fiber glass reinforcements are placed into the molds, is proposed. It allows for the determination of processing parameters and their influence on dependent variables: conversion, temperature, and pressure. Moldability areas, where premature gelling is avoided, are defined. Operating conditions are selected to reduce cycle time, produce small load losses, and provide a fairly uniform curing stage throughout the product.
POSITIVE PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS AT 450 Mev

The external proton beam of the Chicago cyclotron has been used to study the reaction $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n+p$ at 450 Mev. The reaction $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d$ was also measured as a check on the equipment. A double focusing wedge magnet was used to observe the momentum distribution of pions at angles of 14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 20.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory system. The over-all resolution of the magnet system varied from 1.5% to 2.2%. A least squares fit of the $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d$ data in the center-of-mass system gives $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\alpha}(0.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20+{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})}$ with $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12$ millibarns. The spectra for the unbound reaction were fitted to $\mathrm{Ss}$, $\mathrm{Sp}$, $\mathrm{Ps}$, and $\mathrm{Pp}$ spectrum shapes predicted by the phenomenological theory of pion production. This fit gives $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}\ensuremath{\propto}(0.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08+{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta})$ with $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ millibarns. The results of this fit have been compared with the cross section for neutral pion production at 450 Mev. This comparison was found satisfactory for the amounts of the $\mathrm{Ss}$, $\mathrm{Sp}$, and $\mathrm{Pp}$ spectrum shapes found in this experiment, but an excessively large amount of the $\mathrm{Ps}$ shape, 0.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 millibarns, was required to fit the data. The results show that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{10}(\mathrm{Pp})$ is much smaller than has been previously reported. An excitation function for the unbound cross section is predicted by this fit in terms of the phenomenological model, and is found to increase too rapidly at high bombarding energies.
Alterations in morphine analgesia produced by chronic deficits of brain catecholamines or serotonin: role of analgesimetric procedure.

The responsiveness of rats to nociceptive stimuli was determined using both the radiant-heat tail-flick procedure and electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve sufficient to induce a squeal. Depletion of forebrain serotonin (produced by surgical lesions of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei) or of catecholamines (produced by intracerebral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine) did not affect tail-flick latency. Squeal thresholds, however, were elevated nearly 300% over controls in the serotonin-deficient animals and reduced by over 50% in the catecholamine-deficient animals. The effect of morphine on the tail-flick latency did not differ in the lesioned and control rats. In the squeal procedure, however, the normal elevation in threshold produced by morphine was attenuated in the raphe-lesioned rats and was markedly enhanced in the animals treated with 6-hydroxy-dopamine.
A sensitive, absolute, and time-resolved method for the study of reactive atoms

Abstract Laser techniques for the production of free atoms at time t = 0 and their detection at r > 0 have been developed to measure the diffusion of Cs atoms in Ar and the reaction of Cs with O 2 in Ar gas.
Rheological behavior and microstructure of magnetic dispersions with varying nonmagnetic particle content

Abstract We examine the frequency, stress, and strain dependencies of the dynamic shear moduli of magnetic dispersions containing mixtures of varying amounts of magnetic cobalt-modified γ-Fe 2 O 3 and nonmagnetic cobalt-modified α-Fe 2 O 3 particles, and we interpret these results in terms of a network structure in the dispersions. The storage modulus exhibits a plateau, providing evidence for such a network. The critical strain amplitude indicating the transition from linear to nonlinear behavior is independent of magnetic particle fraction. This implies that the topology of the network structure formed by magnetic interactions between the particles is independent of nonmagnetic particle content. However, the critical stress amplitude indicating the transition to nonlinear behavior does depend on magnetic particle fraction. This indicates that the strength of the network depends on nonmagnetic particle content. The loss modulus exhibits a minimum when considered as a function of frequency. This minimum can be rationalized in terms of network elasticity at low frequencies and local viscous behavior at high frequencies. Furthermore, the ‘network elasticity’ extracted from small-amplitude oscillatory measurements scales the magnetic particle fraction dependence of shear stress–shear rate data for steady shear flow onto a single master curve.
Studies of the lipids of dog skin. II. Observations of the lipid metabolism of perfused surviving dog skin.

In a previous investigation (1) a study was made of the incorporation of acetate and isoleucine into the lipids of dog skin, using the perfusion technic of Kjaersgaard (2). With this technic, the flap of skin from the thigh of the dog is removed after cannulation and perfused in a chamber kept at 37 °C and high humidity by steam heating. Relatively poor incorporation of acetate was observed under these experimental conditions; but with isoleucine much higher incorporation was found. This suggested that the skin, in contradistinction to other tissues, could form lipid much more readily from amino acids than from acetate. One possible explanation of this anomalous result is that this perfusion technic is not reproducing the true physiological conditions as they occur in living skin. In a recent modification of the Kjaersgaard perfusion technic, Adachi and Chow (3) do not remove the flap of skin from the dog, but isolate its vascular supply and leave it in situ during the perfusion period. In the present paper the latter technic has been used for perfusion studies of the incorporation of other amino acids, in addition to isoleucine, into the lipids of the skin.
Treatment of Comorbid Obesity and Major Depressive Disorder: A Prospective Pilot Study for their Combined Treatment

Background. Obese individuals who suffer from major depressive disorder are routinely screened out of weight loss trials. Treatments targeting obesity and depression concurrently have not been tested. Purpose. To test the short-term efficacy of a treatment that combined behavioral weight management and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obese adults with depression. Methods. Twelve obese females diagnosed with major depressive disorder received weekly group behavioral weight management, combined with CBT for depression, for 16 weeks. Weight, symptoms of depression, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were measured at baseline and week 16. Results. Participants lost 11.4% of initial weight and achieved significant improvements in symptoms of depression and CVD risk factors. Conclusions. Obese individuals suffering from major depressive disorder can lose weight and achieve improvements in symptoms of depression and CVD risk factors with 16 weeks of combined treatment. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed to establish the efficacy of this treatment.
Public Opinion Polls, Chicken Soup and Sample Size

Summary Cooking and tasting chicken soup in three different pots of very different size serves to demonstrate that it is the absolute sample size that matters the most in determining the accuracy of the findings of the poll, not the relative sample size, i.e. the size of the sample in relation to its population.
Mutagenic potential of water concentrates from the effluent of a waste oil storage pond

An investigation to compare the mutagenic effects of water samples collected before and after a contaminated waste oil storage pond was dredged and to evaluate the utility of bioassays for the determination of the mutagenic potential of a complex mixture is presented. Water samples collected from the pond were analyzed in two biological systems capable of detecting mutagens and potential carcinogens (Salmonella/microsome assay and Bacillus subtillis DNA repair assay). Although the water samples contained compounds which were toxic to bacteria, the sample collected after the dredging operation exhibited a substantial reduction in its capacity to produce repairable DNA damage. The results indicate the potential utility of bioassays for the detection of mutagens in environmental samples. (JMT)
Cation-ether complexes in the gas phase: Bond dissociation energies and equilibrium structures of Li+[O(CH3)2]x, x = 1-4

Bond dissociation energies, equilibrium structures, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of Li+[O(CH3)2]x, x = 1−4, are reported. The bond dissociation energies are determined experimentally by analysis of the thresholds for collision-induced dissociation of the cation−ether complexes by xenon (measured using guided ion beam mass spectrometry) and computationally by ab initio electronic structure calculations at the RHF and MP2 levels of theory. In all cases, the primary and lowest energy dissociation channel observed experimentally is endothermic loss of one ether molecule. The cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and unimolecular decay rates. The experimental and theoretical bond energies are in good agreement with previous experimental results for Li+[O(CH3)2]. Agreement between experiment and theory is also good for x = 2−4, where the bond energies calculated w...
Photometric Determination of Fat in Milk

Abstract A photometric method for determination of fat in unhomogenized milk was developed. It is based on an indirect measurement of the total amount of light scattered by fat globules. This method has been proved theoretically and experimentally correct. The wave length of light which gave the maximum value of light scattering was determined by a scanning procedure. From this wave length, λ max , the slope of the standard curve was found. If the same standard curve for all milk is preferred, the correct optical path length of an adjustable cuvette may be used. Fat contents of unhomogenized milk from individual cows, herds, and from mixtures of these milks were measured, representing wide globule size distribution curves. Precision of the photometric method is in between that of the Babcock and Mojonnier methods.
Abstract 1521: Expression of the tight junctions protein IGSF5 in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Patients with advanced adenomas are at high risk for the development of colorectal cancer, but predictors of disease progression remain elusive. Genome wide association study (GWAS) data from the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) Trial identified six germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that predicted advanced adenoma recurrence. These SNPs are located in tight linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 21 in or around the coding sequence for Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 5 (IGSF5). This transmembrane protein localizes to tight junctions and modulates cell adhesion with its binding partner MAGI-1. We examined the expression of IGSF5 in normal colon tissue, adenomas and adenocarcinomas. By immunohistochemistry, IGSF5 was expressed in both crypt cells and stromal cells of normal human colon. With progression to adenoma and adenocarcinoma, IGSF5 expression became more membranous and diffuse in comparison to normal colon. Immunofluorescence histochemistry (IF) showed co-localization of IGSF5 with BMI-1 in normal colon crypt cells, indicating that intestinal stem cells express IGSF5. Pericryptal stromal cells expressing IGSF5 included both mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells, but not myofibroblasts, as indicated by IF colocalization with CD73 and CD34 but not αSMA, respectively. These results suggest that IGSF5 expression is altered in the progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma, and may exert its effects through stem cell modulation of intestinal homeostasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1521. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1521
A systematic assessment of Morchella using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene

Morels (Morchella spp.) are one of the most highly prized edible mushrooms found in the wild of North America. Because environmental conditions can cause members of the genus to vary morphologically, the number of species has been disputed. Some au? thors classify the genus into three to five species, while others argue for as many as 50 species. DNA from lines of Morchella and a closely related genus (Verpa) was isolated. The large subunit of the ribosomal DNA repeat was amplified using the polymerase chain re? action and then digested with restriction enzymes. Re? striction fragment length polymorphisms were found among the lines investigated and used to separate the lines into genotypic classes. More genetic variation may occur between geographically isolated popula? tions of the same species than between two putatively distinct species. The phylogenetic tree developed from restriction data suggests that the black morels (M. an- gusticeps, M. elata, and M. conica) and the yellow morels (M. esculenta, M. crassipes, and M. deliciosa) are separate taxonomic groups.
Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in brains of developing and adult male rhesus monkeys.

We localized immunoreactive androgen receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) of fetal and adult male rhesus macaques by immunocytochemisty using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to the first 21 amino acids of the human androgen receptor (AR). This antibody caused a shift in the mobility of AR-bound 3H-DHT on a sucrose gradient and recognized a protein of approx 116 kDa on Western blot. Other criteria for specificity are presented. We localized AR in the diencephalon of male rhesus monkey fetuses. Immunoreactive neurons were found in the medial hypothalamic area and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus on days 47, 61, and 124 of gestation. At 124 d of gestation, AR immunoreactivity was also found in the arcuate nucleus. AR immunostaining was not found in other diencephalic structures in fetal life, including the preoptic area. In the adult monkey, neurons in ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus; cortical, medial, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala; and regions of the hippocampus and the anterior pituitary gland contained immunoreactive AR. These data indicate that AR is found in specific areas of the CNS early in fetal development, but they also appear in other brain areas as the fetus grows. At 124 d of gestation (term, 167 d), the hypothalamic location of immunoreactive AR is similar to the adult.
Crater Topography on Titan: Implications for Landscape Evolution

We present a comprehensive review of available crater topography measurements for Saturn's moon Titan. In general, the depths of Titan's craters are within the range of depths observed for similarly sized fresh craters on Ganymede, but several hundreds of meters shallower than Ganymede's average depth vs. diameter trend. Depth-to-diameter ratios are between 0.0012 +/- 0.0003 (for the largest crater studied, Menrva, D approximately 425 km) and 0.017 +/- 0.004 (for the smallest crater studied, Ksa, D approximately 39 km). When we evaluate the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit parameter, we find that there is less than a 10% probability that Titan's craters have a current depth distribution that is consistent with the depth distribution of fresh craters on Ganymede. There is, however, a much higher probability that the relative depths are uniformly distributed between 0 (fresh) and 1 (completely infilled). This distribution is consistent with an infilling process that is relatively constant with time, such as aeolian deposition. Assuming that Ganymede represents a close 'airless' analogue to Titan, the difference in depths represents the first quantitative measure of the amount of modification that has shaped Titan's surface, the only body in the outer Solar System with extensive surface-atmosphere exchange.
Typechecking Safe Process Synchronization

Session types describe the interactions between two parties within multi-party communications. They constitute a communication protocol in the sense that the order and type of interactions between two parties are specified. For their part, correspondence assertions provide a mechanism for synchronization. When session types and correspondence assertions are combined, they are able to describe synchronization across different communication sessions, yielding a rich language for imposing expressive interaction patterns in multi-party communications. This paper studies the typechecking problem for Iris, a typed @p-calculus that combines session types and correspondence assertions. We define a typechecking algorithm and prove that it is sound and complete with respect to the typing rules. Furthermore, we show that the typing system satisfies the minimum effects property. Although session types have been extensively studied in the past few years, to our knowledge this is the first proof of decidability of typechecking for a type system with session types.
Parenthood and Psychological Well-Being: Theory, Measurement, and Stage in the Family Life Course

There are theoretical foundations in sociology for two seemingly incompatible positions: (1) children should have a strong negative impact on the psychological well-being of parents and (2) children should have a strong positive impact on the psychological well-being of parents. Most empirical analyses yield only a modest relationship between parenthood and psychological well-being. Usually, but not always, it is negative. In this study we consider the relationship between parental status and several dimensions of psychological well-being. Our analysis is based on data from a large national survey. It suggests that children have positive and negative effects on the psychological well-being of parents. The balance of positive and negative effects associated with parenthood depends on residential status of the child, age of youngest child, marital status of the parent, and the particular dimension of psychological well-being examined. When compared with nonparents, parents with children in the home have low...
Recirculation of Inhaled Xenon Does Not Alter Lung CT Density

Rationale and Objectives Xenon-enhanced computed tomography (Xe-CT) measures regional ventilation from changes in lung parenchymal CT density during the multibreath washin/washout of inhaled Xe gas. Because Xe is moderately soluble, vascular uptake and redistribution has been proposed as a confounding phenomenon. We propose that the redistribution of Xe via the circulation is negligible, and correction is unwarranted. Materials and Methods Unilateral ventilation with 60% Xe was performed in intubated canines. Whole-lung CT images were obtained at baseline and after 1 and 5 minutes of unilateral Xe ventilation. Comparisons between blocked (B) and Xe ventilated (V) whole lung densities were made. Density of paraspinous muscle and blood (aorta, inferior vena cava) were also compared. Results The density of lung tissue in the V lungs increased significantly compared to B lungs after 1 minute (B −688.5 ± 54.3 Hounsfield units [HU] vs. V –535.4 ± 55.6 HU, P Conclusions Five minutes of ventilation with a high concentration of Xe does not cause measurable density changes in the contralateral, unventilated lung. Xe accumulation in muscle tissue limits redistribution. Correction of Xe-CT time series density data may be unnecessary.
Artificial deformation of the human skull: a review.

Early examples of intentional human cranial deformation predate written history. Intentional cranial deformation as an extreme has seemingly not persisted into this century. However, mild forms of this manipulation are still practiced by various groups worldwide. Accidental cranial deformation or mild forms of intentional cranial deformation may be encountered by the clinician or anatomist. We review the literature regarding intentional manipulation of the human cranium. Clin. Anat. 19:372–377, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Responsive Deoxyribonucleic Acid Element Confers Forskolin Sensitivity on Gene Expression by Primary Rat Granulosa Cells

Abstract The following studies were conducted with the goal of understanding some of the molecular mechanisms by which cAMP alters granulosa cell function. In this regard, we characterized the expression of messages for the cholesterol sidechain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450SCC) enzyme and a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase subunit (RIIβ) in granulosa cells isolated from small antral follicles and cultured in 1% fetal bovine serum-containing medium. Forskolin (FSK) stimulated cAMP production followed by accumulation of RIIβ mRNAs, induction of P450SCC mRNA, and, finally, progesterone biosynthesis. The regulation of each mRNA displayed a different sensitivity to actinomycin-D treatment. To determine if the modulation of RIIβ or the induction of P450SCC could be mediated by the enhancer activity of a cAMP-responsive DNA element (CRE), plasmid DNA containing the CRE and TATA box of the human glycoprotein α-subunit (αG) gene fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene was introduced into ...
From Chaos to Secret Key Agreement

A chaos-based key generation scheme is proposed and its performance analyzed. The method, the logistic map scheme, is applicable for use on wireless networks because it does not require devices to engage in computationally intensive algorithms. In addition, the method achieves reliability from the perspective of the communication agents, as well as randomness and unpredictability from the perspective of an eavesdropper.
Hamilton's legacy: kinship, cooperation and social tolerance in mammalian groups

In 1964, W. D. Hamilton proposed a novel solution to the long-standing evolutionary puzzle: why do individuals cooperate? Hamilton predicted that, if individuals possess the ability to discriminate on the basis of kinship, then they should gain inclusive fitness benefits by biasing helpful behaviour towards relatives and harmful behaviour away from them. The possibility that kin selection might favour social evolution has now inspired five decades of active research. Here, I synthesize this evidence for social mammals. First, I report on the methodological advances that allow for pedigree construction, and review the evidence for maternal and paternal kin discrimination. Second, I recognize that a substantial body of evidence for the evolution of cooperative breeding via kin selection exists, and then focus on the potential for kin selection to favour less well understood, yet equally salient, targets of selection: social partner choice, coalition formation and social tolerance (withholding aggression). I find that kin selection favours remarkably similar patterns of nepotism in primate and nonprimates with respect to these short-lived social acts. Although social alliances among maternal and paternal kin are common in mammalian societies, kinship largely fails to protect individuals from aggression. Thus, an individual's closest associates and allies, many of whom are kin, are most often an individual's closest competitors within mammalian social groups. Taken together, these findings highlight the value of Hamilton's holistic approach in simultaneously considering the direct benefits of competition and the indirect fitness benefits of cooperation. Despite major empirical advances since the inception of kin selection theory, future tests using newly available molecular and statistical methods in combination with longitudinal behavioural data are required to partition the relative contributions of direct and indirect fitness on the lifetime inclusive fitness. Such approaches will elucidate the relative influences of evolutionary and ecological forces favouring social evolution across the mammalian lineage of social mammals.
Food, Fun and Fitness Internet program for girls: influencing log-on rate

Internet-based interventions hold promise as an effective channel for reaching large numbers of youth. However, log-on rates, a measure of program dose, have been highly variable. Methods to enhance log-on rate are needed. Incentives may be an effective method. This paper reports the effect of reinforcement schedule and recruitment method on log-on rates to an 8-week Internet-based obesity prevention program. It also explores trends in log-on rate. Girls were randomized to receive immediate (weekly) or delayed (program end) incentives ($5). The study was powered to detect a moderate-to-large effect (0.65). Overall log-on rate was 74.5%. A higher but not statistically different log-on rate was observed in the immediate incentive group (79%) than in the delayed incentive group (70%) (P = 0.118), and among girls recruited via media (80%) as opposed to non-media methods (69%) (P = 0.058). Trend analysis indicated a significant drop in log-on rate between weeks 4 and 5 among all participants (P = 0.009). Although an acceptable log-on rate was achieved in this program, there was a substantial drop between weeks 4 and 5. Identifying the reason that this occurred may provide insight into how to further enhance log-on rate. Recruitment method may influence log-on rate.
THE FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION, 1938–57†

DETAILED AND DOCUMENTED accounts have been written on various government agencies which have figured importantly in housing and real estate finance. Despite the attention which the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, "Fanny May") has attracted and the impact of its operations upon housing, this financial institution has somehow escaped the scrutiny of scholars. To provide necessary background, this study reviews the rapid growth of non-farm mortgage debt and attempts to establish a secondary (resale) market for home mortgages patterned after those developed for securities and commodities. The nearest approach to this objective presently exists in FNMA. Relatively inactive in the first decade of its existence, FNMA has expanded greatly since 1947. This growth is attributable largely to the rapid increase in mortgage credit, which, in the postwar period, has outstripped that of all other debt categories-public and private. To place mortgages on a more competitive basis with other investment media for the scarce amount of available capital, it is imperative that their marketability be enhanced. This study was motivated in the light of the above developments. Concepts and criteria for evaluating the performance of a secondary mortgage market institution were formulated. After delineating the functions performed and policies pursued by FNMA, consisting of mortgage purchasing, selling, pricing, portfolio servicing, administration of capital, financial operations, accounting procedures and controls, and top management, a detailed description and analysis of each was made in one or more of the twenty-one chapters in this study. Despite market-support activity and pursuance of a rigid pricing policy, the pre-1954 FNMA generated large earnings resulting mainly from financing operations with capital borrowed from the United States Treasury at subsidized interest rates. This factor and failure to bear other operating expenses have given FNMA a misleading
The Illocutions of Exile

This commentary argues that the typical representation of exiles and immigrants in literature be distinguished from their representation in the law, where they are often given not to descriptive and plaintive expressions of their plight, as is the case in so many literary texts, but to simple affirmations of their existence. As the commentary goes on to show, the expression of exilic presence often comes in the form of an illocution – statements that make things happen as opposed to merely describing them – which have the potential to alter our view of exiles and immigrants as outsiders who are powerless and bereft anywhere but in their country of origin.
The Pleasures of Corruption: Desire and Discipline in Ghanaian Political Culture

This article juxtaposes popular understandings of corruption in public discourse with official practices of anticorruption in the institutions of the state in Ghana. Although global disciplinary campaigns against corruption target selfishness and greed, local practices of anticorruption intersect with affectively engaged social desires. These social desires are profoundly shaped by local notions of articulation, pressure, and flow, and they are mobilized by communal desire as well as material. I examine two distinct conceptualizations of corruption in popular media that illustrate the link between corruption and socially embedded desire and then move behind the scenes to the realm of corruption investigations at the Ghanaian Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO).
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA IN NORMAL STIFLES AND AFTER NOTCHPLASTY IN STABLE AND UNSTABLE STIFLES

The role of the intercondylar fossa in cranial cruciate ligament injury has gained notable attention in humans and it's role is now being questioned in animals. Controversy exists regarding the accuracy of radiographs and computed tomography (CT) in evaluating the intercondylar fossa. This study compared radiographic and CT evaluation with gross evaluation of the intercondylar fossa. Six greyhounds were evaluated before notchplasty, immediately after notchplasty and 6 months after notchplasty in stable and unstable stifles. A fossa width index was used for comparison because it negates the effects of patient size and radiographic magnification. The fossa width index is calculated by dividing the width of the intercondylar fossa by the total condylar width. The fossa width indices of dogs determined from radiographs and CT were not significantly different before notchplasty except for the cranial fossa width indices which were more inconsistent and tended to underestimate the size when compared to gross measurements. At six months, both stable and unstable stifles had refilling of the notchplasty, but the unstable stifles had significantly greater refilling resulting in no significant enlargement in intercondylar fossa size as compared to the prenotchplasty size. Osteophytes that occurred within the intercondylar fossa were less radiopaque and more easily visualized by computed tomography. Computed tomography provided several advantages, including clearer visualization of the intercondylar fossa, avoiding superimposition of the intercondylar fossa by caudal thigh muscles or tuber ischii and the ability to analyze the cranial and caudal components of the intercondylar fossa separately.
Exposing photo manipulation with inconsistent shadows

We describe a geometric technique to detect physically inconsistent arrangements of shadows in an image. This technique combines multiple constraints from cast and attached shadows to constrain the projected location of a point light source. The consistency of the shadows is posed as a linear programming problem. A feasible solution indicates that the collection of shadows is physically plausible, while a failure to find a solution provides evidence of photo tampering.
Web data extraction based on partial tree alignment

This paper studies the problem of extracting data from a Web page that contains several structured data records. The objective is to segment these data records, extract data items/fields from them and put the data in a database table. This problem has been studied by several researchers. However, existing methods still have some serious limitations. The first class of methods is based on machine learning, which requires human labeling of many examples from each Web site that one is interested in extracting data from. The process is time consuming due to the large number of sites and pages on the Web. The second class of algorithms is based on automatic pattern discovery. These methods are either inaccurate or make many assumptions. This paper proposes a new method to perform the task automatically. It consists of two steps, (1) identifying individual data records in a page, and (2) aligning and extracting data items from the identified data records. For step 1, we propose a method based on visual information to segment data records, which is more accurate than existing methods. For step 2, we propose a novel partial alignment technique based on tree matching. Partial alignment means that we align only those data fields in a pair of data records that can be aligned (or matched) with certainty, and make no commitment on the rest of the data fields. This approach enables very accurate alignment of multiple data records. Experimental results using a large number of Web pages from diverse domains show that the proposed two-step technique is able to segment data records, align and extract data from them very accurately.
Pondering Mating: Pneumocystis jirovecii, the Human Lung Pathogen, Selfs without Mating Type Switching, in Contrast to Its Close Relative Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Almeida et al. (1) have interrogated the genomes of two Pneumocystis species, Pneumocystis jirovecii and its sister Pneumocystis carinii, for genes known to be involved in sexual reproductioninthewidelystudiedfissionyeastSchizosaccharomycespombe, with the hope that defining genetic pathways governing sexual reproduction in Pneumocystis will inform disease prevention strategies. Pneumocystis spp. cause host-specific lung infections in mammals, and sexual reproductive propagules appear to be the infectious stage of the life cycle (2). P. jirovecii, a genetically intractable obligate humanpathogen,causespneumoniainimmunosuppressedindividuals, with an estimated 400,000 life-threatening infections reported annually worldwide and a mortality rate of up to 80% (3). P. carinii inhabits the lungs of rats (4). P.cariniiandrelativeswerelongthoughttobeprotozoanparasites until molecular phylogenetic analysis (1988) clearly placed them within the ascomycetes (5, 6), together with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the human pathogen Candida albicans (in the subphylumSaccharomycotina),thehumanpathogenCoccidioidesimmitis,priceyEuropeantruffles(Tuberspp.)andmorels(Morchellaspp.), andfamiliarcontemporarygeneticmodels,suchasthesaprobesNeurospora spp. and the destructive cereal pathogens Cochliobolus heterostrophus and Fusarium graminearum (all Pezizomycotina). Although in the same phylum, Pneumocystis is only distantly related to these other fungi. In fact, it is associated with a diverse group of ancient lineages at the base of the ascomycete phylogenetic tree collectively known as the Taphrinomycotina (7, 8). The Taphrinomycotina include, in addition to the Pneumocystis mammalian pathogens, Taphrinadeformans,adimorphicplantpathogenthatcausesleafcurl diseaseofpeach,andS.pombe,usedinthefermentationofmilletbeer
A gender critique of liberal feminism and its impact on Nigerian law

Any critique of Nigerian law must recognise that it is derived from several principles which do not accord equal weight to questions of rights. There are the common law principles which constitute the bulk of Nigerian law. Interwoven with these are concepts of customary or native law which incorporate Islamic principles and practices as part of the custom of the people. There are also emerging ideas of constitutionalism against which all of Nigerian law must be assessed. Feminist critiques of Nigerian law have invariably focused attention on the vestiges of customary law precepts in such areas as inheritance, women’s rights and widowhood rights. In several cases, Nigerian courts have declared that particular customs cannot stand in view of the position on equality expressed in the Constitution. But feminist arguments go beyond questions of marginalisation in problems of inheritance and address the same issues that one encounters in critiques by Western feminists. The need to be part of the global feminist...
Staged palliation of single ventricle with Levo-transposition of the great arteries

Abstract Patients born with single ventricle and L-transposition of the great arteries present challenging medical and surgical management problems. This defect is characterized by a wide variation in cardiac morphology and physiology. The clinical spectrum can range from cyanosis due to pulmonary outflow obstruction and venoarterial shunting to congestive heart failure from pulmonary over-circulation and systemic outflow tract obstruction. To avoid major operations in ill neonates and infants, earlier surgical treatment strategies concentrated on less invasive procedures that did not require cardiopulmonary bypass. Because of relatively poor initial results and a small number of patients presenting later as good candidates for the Fontan procedure, more elaborate initial palliative operations have been used. Despite their increasing complexity, these procedures more completely address the underlying anatomic and physiologic problems and have accounted for steadily improved patient survival.
Insufficiency of the Framingham Risk Score for Stroke Prediction in HIV-Infected Men: Long Term Follow Up in the Multi-Center AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) (S38.005)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for Prediction of Stroke within 10 Years among HIV+ men in the highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) era compared to HIV- men. BACKGROUND: The FRS for Stroke includes assessment of baseline vascular risk factors to predict the long term risk of stroke. The score was developed in an HIV-uninfected population and has not been tested for predictive accuracy in HIV+ men. DESIGN/METHODS: The Multi-Center AIDS Cohort Study is an ongoing, prospective study of HIV+ and HIV- men who have sex with men (MSM) in 4 U.S. cities. We ascertained all reported stroke events during a recent 15-year timeframe during the HAART era (July 1, 1996-June 30, 2011). Framingham predictive scores were calculated 10 years prior to stroke events. HIV+ and HIV- participants with strokes were compared for FRS points and predicted 10-year stroke risk. RESULTS: There were 3945 participants (1776 HIV+, 2083 HIV-) in MACS during the study timeframe, including 57 HIV+ and 37 HIV- participants with strokes. The predicted baseline risk of stroke within 10-years was higher among HIV- men compared to HIV+ men with strokes (mean 5.9% vs. 2.5% risk, p=0.029). In the entire cohort of HIV+ men who did not experience a stroke (median age at first visit during the HAART era 41 years), the median 10-year predicted risk of stroke was 4% (range 0-15%). In HIV- men, (median age 43), it was 4% (0-22%). CONCLUSIONS: FRS Prediction for Stroke was systematically different in HIV+ vs. HIV- men with stroke events, suggesting an insufficiency in the predictive value of the FRS for HIV+ men. Corrective measures, including points for HIV status, should be considered to modify the FRS for Stroke to inform the large number of HAART-treated individuals at long term risk of stroke events. Supported by: Dr. Mateen is supported by an HIV/AIDS priority grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Disclosure: Dr. Mateen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Post has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sacktor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abraham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. Becker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Detels has nothing to disclose. Dr. Phair has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shinohara has nothing to disclose.
Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation for Smart Assessment and Training

In the last two decades, robot-aided rehabilitation has become widespread, particularly for upper limb movement rehabilitation. In this Doctoral Consortium I present a system for physical and cognitive rehabilitation that uses a combination of Serious Games to allow the monitoring and progress tracking of a person during physical therapy. The system records physical and cognitive states through the interaction with the advance robotic arm in order to assess the users hand-eye coordination, response interaction, working memory and concentration rates.
Nonlinear dynamics of crane operation at sea

The transfer operation of a crane ship becomes dangerous when sea state 3 is reached. The sea state may directly or indirectly cause large motions of the container being hoisted by creating instabilities of the crane load's motion. A simplified model is studied and used to illustrate how the instabilities could arise due to the combination of a one-to-one internal resonance and a primary (additive) resonance or a parametric (multiplicative) resonance. The method of multiple scales is used to derive four ordinarydifferential equations describing the amplitudes and phases of the two modes. The resulting two sets of modulation equations are used to study the equilibrium and dynamic solutions and their stability. The response could be a single-mode solution or a twomode solution. A combination of a shooting technique and Floquet theory is used to calculate limit cycles and ascertain their stability. The numerical results indicate the existence of a sequence of perioddoubling bifurcations that culminates in chaos, multiple attractors, intermittency of type I, and cyclicfold bifurcations. The excitation parameters that lead to complex motions, including chaos, are identified.
Simulation Environment for the Development and Testing of Immunity-Based Aircraft Failure Detection Schemes

In this paper, a simulation environment is presented developed at West Virginia University (WVU) for the design and testing of integrated schemes for aircraft sub-system failure detection, identification, and evaluation based on the artificial immune system (AIS) paradigm. The simulation environment includes: a non-linear mathematical model of a supersonic military aircraft, implementation of a large variety of failures and damages of aircraft actuators, sensors, structure, and propulsion system, advanced computational tools for off-line AIS detector generation and optimization, a general framework for AIS-based detection schemes, interface with visualization software for desk-top computer simulation, interface with the WVU 6-degrees-of-freedom motion-based flight simulator, and a set of detailed interactive menus for design and simulation scenario setup. The use of the simulation environment is illustrated through an example of an AIS failure detection, identification, and evaluation scheme based on a hierarchical multi-self approach.