cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PR-6: Does racial/ethnic concordance between patients and their navigators increase identification of barriers to care?

Background: Racial/ethnic minority groups have higher cancer mortality rates and experience more barriers in receiving cancer care compared to their white counterparts. Recent literature, suggests patients receiving care from providers who are racially/ethnically concordant have improved patient satisfaction. Our long term hypothesis is that racial/ethnic concordant navigators would identify more barriers to care, and by addressing these identified barriers, improve patient outcomes. Study Intervention: Boston is part of the NCI CRCHD Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP). Boston9s aim is to develop and test patient navigation as an intervention to increase timely resolution after identification of a breast or cervical screening abnormality. We partnered with six of Boston9s community health centers; three received breast navigation and three received cervical navigation, each serving as a control site for the other cancer type. Study Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association of racial/ethnic concordance and barrier identification between participants and navigators. Study Design: Participants were included if they were enrolled in the navigation arm between January 2007 and May 2008, had an abnormal mammogram (BIRADS 0,3,4 or 5) or Pap test (ASCUS HPV+, LGSIL, or HGSIL). Racial/ethnic data was collected administratively. Navigators recorded identified barriers to care from a checklist of 19 predetermined categories. Measures: Participant and navigator race/ethnicity was collapsed into a single, mutually exclusive variable. Each participant was categorized as concordant or discordant with her navigator. For participants navigated by more than one navigator, the navigator with the most patient contacts was used. For this analysis, participants were dichotomized as having no versus any barriers identified. Language was also excluded as a potential barrier to remove potential confounding by concordance. Results: Preliminary results (N=870) indicate that 29% of the participants were white, 28% black, 31 % Latina, and 12% Asian; mean age 40 (± 14); 62% spoke English; 56% were on public insurance. Of the 17 navigators, 59% were white, 18% black, 18% Latina, and 5% Asian. Racial/ethnic minority participants had more identified barriers compared to whites (70% vs. 52%, p=.0001). More Asian participants had barriers identified with concordant than discordant navigators (100% vs. 71 %, p=.0001) while concordance and barrier identification was not associated among white, black, or Latina participants. Conclusion: Racial/ethnic minority participants had more barriers identified than white participants. Concordance was significantly associated with barrier identification for Asian participants but not white, black, or Latina participants. Our future research will explore clinical outcomes and concordance to understand the impact of racial/ethnic concordance among these groups. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):PR-6.
Modeling inoculum dose dependent patterns of acute virus infections

Inoculum dose, i.e. the number of pathogens at the beginning of an infection, often affects key aspects of pathogen and immune response dynamics. These in turn determine clinically relevant outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality. Despite the general recognition that inoculum dose is an important component of infection outcomes, we currently do not understand its impact in much detail. This study is intended to start filling this knowledge gap by analyzing inoculum dependent patterns of viral load dynamics in acute infections. Using experimental data for adenovirus and infectious bronchitis virus infections as examples, we demonstrate inoculum dose dependent patterns of virus dynamics. We analyze the data with the help of mathematical models to investigate what mechanisms can reproduce the patterns observed in experimental data. We find that models including components of both the innate and adaptive immune response are needed to reproduce the patterns found in the data. We further analyze which types of innate or adaptive immune response models agree with observed data. One interesting finding is that only models for the adaptive immune response that contain growth terms partially independent of viral load can properly reproduce observed patterns. This agrees with the idea that an antigen-independent, programmed response is part of the adaptive response. Our analysis provides useful insights into the types of model structures that are required to properly reproduce observed virus dynamics for varying inoculum doses. We suggest that such models should be taken as basis for future models of acute viral infections.
Evaluation Practices of Instructional Designers and Organizational Supports and Barriers.

The overall goal of this study was to determine the status quo of evaluation efforts of instructional designers as part of a systematic instructional system. This descriptive research investigated what organizational and managerial frameworks are required to sustain the evaluate component of systematic instructional design. Specifically, this survey: 1) Identifies and describes current evaluation practices and strategies of instructional designers within corporate and higher educational settings, 2) Describes types and causes of organizational supports and barriers instructional designers encounter as related to conducting instructional evaluation, and 3) Compares and contrasts professional practices and organizational issues by industry.
The J ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

The experience at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A., with abdominal colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileo-anal anastomosis is now approaching 600 patients. The procedure is safe and, with careful timing and selection of patients, can be performed with minimal mortality. Postoperative morbidity, however, is still considerable, even in the most experienced hands. Increasing experience with the procedure has been shown to be associated with a continuing decline in the incidence of postoperative complications, and a defunctioning ileostomy is still a necessity in the majority of patients. Long-term functional results of the procedure are satisfactory and have been shown to improve both with the experience of the operator and with the passage of time after surgery. Patient acceptance remains the ultimate sanction, and it appears that the majority of patients are satisfied with their outcome after ileo-anal anastomosis, with only very few being prepared to consider an alternative. The operation appears to provide a superior quality of life relative to that expected after proctocolectomy and Brooke ileostomy. Not all patients with chronic ulcerative colitis or adenomatosis coli are potential candidates for this procedure, however. The problems of age, obesity, indeterminate colitis and Crohn's disease, co-existing colorectal neoplasia, technical difficulties at the time of the operation, and the wishes of the patient all must be taken into consideration when assessing the optimal operation in a particular situation. Proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy or continent ileostomy and total abdominal colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis both still have roles in the management of diseases such as chronic ulcerative colitis and adenomatosis coli. For a patient who is young, relatively fit, and well motivated and in whom there is little or no doubt about the diagnosis, ileo-anal anastomosis must be considered as the possible treatment of choice. Increasing experience with the procedure and improvements in functional results seem to be confirming this position.
Isolation ofEnterobacter aerogenes susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics despite high level beta-lactamase production

This report describes a patient with nosocomial meningitis from whom four distinct isolates ofEnterobacter aerogenes were recovered over a complicated course of chemotherapy. The initial isolate was susceptible to expanded spectrum β-lactams despite constitutive production of high levels of β-lactamase. Resistant isolates recovered during antibiotic therapy had lost a 42,000 outer membrane protein. These data suggest that b-lactam susceptibility in the original isolate was due to “hyperpermeability” mediated by the 42,000 Dalton protein.
Self-interest and the kosygin reforms: Finding new wine in old bottles☆

Abstract Stagnation and resistance to change are common themes in Western literature on the Soviet economy. While general conclusions of this type are reasonable enough, the specifics are subject to argument, especially if one focuses on the dynamics of transition rather than concentrating solely on the endpoints. Contrary to prevailing opinion, I argue that the 1965 reforms led to meaningful increases in managerial discretion over the wage fund, and I proceed to model this proposition rigorously and then test it against the data. I conclude the paper with a few brief observations that place the findings in historical perspective.
Genomics Portals: integrative web-platform for mining genomics data.

A large amount of experimental data generated by modern high-throughput technologies is available through various public repositories. Our knowledge about molecular interaction networks, functional biological pathways and transcriptional regulatory modules is rapidly expanding, and is being organized in lists of functionally related genes. Jointly, these two sources of information hold a tremendous potential for gaining new insights into functioning of living systems. Genomics Portals platform integrates access to an extensive knowledge base and a large database of human, mouse, and rat genomics data with basic analytical visualization tools. It provides the context for analyzing and interpreting new experimental data and the tool for effective mining of a large number of publicly available genomics datasets stored in the back-end databases. The uniqueness of this platform lies in the volume and the diversity of genomics data that can be accessed and analyzed (gene expression, ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, epigenomics, computationally predicted binding sites, etc), and the integration with an extensive knowledge base that can be used in such analysis. The integrated access to primary genomics data, functional knowledge and analytical tools makes Genomics Portals platform a unique tool for interpreting results of new genomics experiments and for mining the vast amount of data stored in the Genomics Portals backend databases. Genomics Portals can be accessed and used freely at http://GenomicsPortals.org .
Transportin-mediated Nuclear Import of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNP Proteins

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 is an abundant nuclear protein that plays an important role in pre-mRNA processing and mRNA export from the nucleus. A1 shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and a 38-amino acid domain, M9, serves as the bidirectional transport signal of A1. Recently, a 90-kD protein, transportin, was identified as the mediator of A1 nuclear import. In this study, we show that transportin mediates the nuclear import of additional hnRNP proteins, including hnRNP F. We have also isolated and sequenced a novel transportin homolog, transportin2, which may differ from transportin1 in its substrate specificity. Immunostaining shows that transportin1 is localized both in the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm, and nuclear rim staining is also observed. The nuclear localization of A1 is dependent on ongoing RNA polymerase II transcription. Interestingly, a pyruvate kinase–M9 fusion, which normally localizes in the nucleus, also accumulates in the cytoplasm when RNA polymerase II is inhibited. Thus, M9 itself is a specific sensor for transcription-dependent nuclear transport. Transportin1–A1 complexes can be isolated from the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm, but transportin1 is not detectable in hnRNP complexes. RanGTP causes dissociation of A1-transportin1 complexes in vitro. Thus, it is likely that after nuclear import, A1 dissociates from transportin1 by RanGTP and becomes incorporated into hnRNP complexes, where A1 functions in pre-mRNA processing.
Osmotic effects as a factor modifying insecticide toxicity on Aedes and Artemia.

Euryhaline species are more tolerant of various insecticides under isosmotic conditions. Two euryhaline species, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) and Artemia sp., were exposed to four insecticides (aldicarb, dimethoate, imidacloprid, tebufenozide), under isosmotic and hyperosmotic conditions. Mortality under these two osmotic conditions was observed and compared to evaluate salinity as a contributing factor to insecticide toxicity. Artemia was more tolerant of all chemicals tested than A. taeniorhynchus under isosmotic conditions based on the percentage mortality observed. Mortality of Artemia under isosmotic conditions was dependent on the length of exposure; A. taeniorhynchus did not exhibit time dependence. Less mortality was observed in populations of both test species under isosmotic conditions compared with hyperosmotic conditions. However, the variation in mortality due to exposure to test chemicals was of greater magnitude in A. taeniorhynchus than Artemia. This result indicates that higher salinity is a greater stress on A. taeniorhynchus than Artemia when exposed to the test insecticides at the concentration ranges tested in this study.
Self‐Reliance and Empathy: The Enemies of Poverty—and of the Poor

Starting with a brief review of why all post-industrial societies tend to be inegalitarian, this paper develops two main themes: (1) how the idea that people are individually responsible for their own fates reduces poverty but impedes redistribution, and (2) how both the loose ties of individuals to their societies and the selective nature of their empathy and pity for others reduces compassion for the poor, making redistribution unlikely. The first theme is elaborated through psychological research on dispositional versus circumstantial attributions, showing their effects on the widely shared belief in a just world and more generally on the prevailing theory of the justice of deserts. The attribution-affect-action model is used to show how dispositional attributes evoke either anger or pity for victims and, if anger, then unwillingness to help. The development of the second theme shows how people divorce their own fates from those of their nations, how the basic tendency to favor the familiar and similar limits support for redistribution, how converting concern regarding deprivations of the self to concern for (fraternal) deprivation of people like the self excludes those who most need help, how envy fails to lead to redistribution, and finally, how people’s ideas of the privileged and the disadvantaged reflect market values and often mark the poor and the different as overprivileged.
Diamond And "Diamondlike" Phases Grown At Low Pressure: Growth, Properties And Optical Applications

A wide variety of energetically assisted methods have been employed to grow diamond films at low pressures. Common features of the processes include the presence of atomic hydrogen, energetic carbon containing fragments and high surface mobilities. Some understanding of the molecular processes taking place during nucleation and growth of diamond has been achieved, but detailed molecular mechanisms are not known with certainty. Application of vapor grown diamond for abrasive grit, tool coatings and wear resistant surfaces can be expected shortly. However, the use of vapor grown, crystalline diamond in optical applications or as active semiconductor elements will require further control over surface roughness and crystalline quality. Related research has led to the discovery of a new class of materials, the so-called "diamondlike" phases. Two types of diamondlike materials may be distinguished, namely, the diamondlike hydrocarbons and the diamondlike carbons. These materials possess exceptional hardness, smoothness and chemical inertness. They show promise as combined anti-reflection and abrasion resistant coatings on optical elements, as protective coatings on magnetic and optical disks, as diffusion barriers and for photo-lithographic applications.
Photoproduction signatures of hybrid baryons: An application of the quark model with gluonic degrees of freedom.

An application of the quark model with gluonic degrees of freedom to hybrid baryons is discussed. The photon-gluon transition operator for the process {gamma}{ital q}{r arrow}{ital qG} is added to the electromagnetic interaction, where it plays an explicit role in quark-gluon systems. The successes of the three-valence-quark model in describing the magnetic moments of baryons is preserved in the new model. It is shown that the Barnes-Close selection rule for hybrid baryons ({ital q}{sup 3}{ital G} states) is equivalent to the Moorhouse selection rule for conventional {ital P}-wave baryons ({ital q}{sup 3} states). We predict a gluonic partner of the nucleon with the same ratio of magnetic moments. It is possible that the Roper resonance {ital P}{sub 11}(1440) is such a state. The phenomenological implications of such an assignment and important tests accessible to forthcoming photoproduction experiments at CEBAF are discussed.
The interaction of non‐transforming Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) with cell‐associated EBV DNA in superinfected lymphoblastoid cell lines

Two human lymphoblastoid cell lines were established by the transformation of human cord-blood lymphocytes with transforming Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). One cell line (HLB-R1) was established with EBV obtained after the superinfection of Raji cells with HR-1 EBV and the other (HLB-Bl) was established from B95-8 EBV-infected human cord-blood lymphocytes. Both the HLB-R1 and HLB-B1 lines were susceptible to superinfection with HR-1 EBV. We found that EBV DNA was replicated in the superinfected cell lines and that transforming EBV was produced in both the HLB-B1 and HLB-R1 cells. The average titer of transforming EBV obtained in the HR-1 EBV superinfected HLB-B1 and HLB-R1 cell lines was 10(4) transforming units (TU)/ml, whereas the average titers of transforming EBV obtained by the superinfection of Raji cells was 10(1) TU/ml. Epstein-Barr virus capable of inducing early antigen (EA) in superinfected Raji cells (lytic virus) was not detected in any transforming virus preparation. Restriction enzyme digestion patterns of virus DNA isolated from HR-1 and B95-8 cells, as well as from superinfected cells, were compared. The EBV DNA that was replicated in the superinfected HLB-R1 and HLB-B1 cell lines showed a more complex pattern. Our data suggest that recombination between input HR-1 EBV DNA and latent cell-associated EBV DNA occurs. Presumably this recombination results in a change in the biological properties of the newly synthesized virus.
Literacy's Verb: Exploring What Literacy Is and What Literacy Does.

This article considers contemporary policy claims about ‘‘what literacy is’’ and ‘‘what literacy does.’’ First, the article reviews in-depth the ways in which development discourses define literacy, and the claims made in development discourses about the ‘‘consequences’’ of literacy for economic and political development. I then draw on 24 months of ethnographic research in Brazil with 41 highly impoverished literacy students from four literacy programs in two cities in order to demonstrate that there is no predictable ‘‘impact’’ of literacy on development. Instead, I show that the opportunities afforded by literacy depend greatly on the types of literacy and the types of literacy programs made available to students, as well as students’ cultural understandings of literacy and the social, political, and economic contexts within which they attempt to assert new literacy practices. The article concludes that we should not consider literacy as an actor with some ‘‘impact’’; instead, we should examine how people use literacy in ways that are conditioned by social and cultural forces. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Combining skin texture and facial structure for face identification

Current face identification systems are not robust enough to accurately identify the same individual in different images with changes in head pose, facial expression, occlusion, length of hair, illumination, aging, etc. This is especially a problem for facial images that are captured using low resolution video cameras or webcams. This paper introduces a new technique for facial identification in low resolution images that combines facial structure with skin texture to accommodate changes in lighting and head pose. Experiments using this new technique show that combining facial structure features with skin texture features results in a facial identification system for low resolution images that is more robust to pose and illumination conditions than either technique used alone.
Fully coupled thermal–electric-sintering simulation of electric field assisted sintering of net-shape compacts

A fully coupled thermal–electric-sintering finite element model was developed and implemented to predict heterogeneous densification in net-shape compacts using electric field assisted sintering techniques (FAST). FAST is a single-step processing operation for producing bulk materials from powders, in which the powder is heated by the application of electric current under pressure. Previous modeling efforts on FAST have mostly considered the thermal–electric aspect of the problem and have largely neglected the sintering aspect of the problem. A new model was developed by integrating a phenomenological sintering model into a previously established thermal–electric finite element framework to predict the densification kinetics of the sample. The model was used to quantify the effect of specimen geometry on the evolution of thermoelectric gradients and resulting heterogeneous sintering kinetics during FAST processing of a conductive powder. It is shown that the new model which considers sintering kinetics and density-dependent properties provides a substantial increase in accuracy compared to thermal–electric only models. It is also shown that small changes in local resistance due to densification can greatly impact the distribution of thermoelectric gradients during the process, which are exacerbated by heterogeneous stress states induced by sample geometry. Experimental characterization of sintered specimens is used to provide qualitative validation of the model predictions.
On Petri net models of infinite state supervisors

A class of supervisory control problems that require infinite state supervisors is considered, and Petri nets with inhibitor arcs (PNs) are introduced to model the supervisors. This PN-based approach to supervisory control is compared to automata-based approaches. The primary advantage of a PN-based supervisory controller is that it provides a finite representation of an infinite state supervisor. For verification, implementation, and testing reasons, a finite PN-based representation of an infinite state supervisor is preferred over an automata-based supervisor. It is shown that this modeling advantage is accompanied by a decision disadvantage, in that in general the controllability of a language that can be generated by the closed-loop system is undecidable. >
Gabapentin significantly decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain: a prospective study

Surgery for hemorrhoidectomy remains a painful procedure despite advances in pain management. Gabapentin is widely used for control of acute and chronic pain. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of gabapentin on posthemorrhoidectomy pain and opioid use. A prospective, open-label study. Patients requiring hemorrhoid surgery were recruited to be in control (standard of care) or treatment group (standard of care plus daily gabapentin). Twenty-one treatment and 18 control patients were recruited. One patient from study group and two patients from control group were excluded due to failure to follow up. Pain levels for gabapentin group were significantly lower on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14 compared to the standard treatment group (3.68 vs. 6.82 p < 0.01, 2.68 vs. 5 p = 0.02 and 0.75 vs. 3.64 p < 0.001 respectively). There was a trend toward less opioids taken in gabapentin group for postoperative days 1, 7, and 14 (4.69 vs. 6.36; 2.13 vs. 2.73, and 0.125 vs. 0.9) but it did not reach statistical significance. The average hemorrhoidal grade and number of hemorrhoidal complexes removed was slightly higher in gabapentin group. Five control group patients experienced postoperative complications versus two gabapentin group patients. No gabapentin related complications were seen in the treatment group. The average cost of gabapentin course was $5.34 per patient. Daily use of gabapentin in perioperative period significantly decreased reported levels of postoperative pain. This effective, inexpensive addition improves pain after hemorrhoid surgery. Randomized placebo-controlled studies would better define the usefulness of this medication for posthemorrhoidectomy pain.
Analytics of Organized Spontaneity: Rethinking Participant Selection, Interaction Format, and Milieu for Academic Forums

interaction, and milieu within which the interaction occurs. The analysis proceeds in a two-part process. First, three creative environments far removed from the present-day academic forums—18th-century French salons, the 18th-century London coffeehouses, and Mensa—are examined to generate analytical distance from our current practices. Second, with these three locales in the background, current practices are analyzed and the following thoughts are offered for deliberation: 1 Low threshold to entry is not necessarily a bad thing. 2 Creative environments require an artful mix of homogeneity and heterogeneity. 3 Sociality, which is essential for a creative environment, limits the extent to which a disagreement can be pushed. 4 The selection–format–milieu interaction greatly shapes the character of what gets produced in a creative environment.
Export processing zones and corporate environmental performance in emerging economies: The case of the oil, gas, and chemical sectors of Trinidad and Tobago

Export processing zones (EPZs) are increasingly being established to promote economic growth in developing countries. However, they remain controversial and are often criticized for being associated with a “race to the bottom” characterized by the easing of labor and environmental standards. This paper investigates whether the decision to locate facilities inside these zones is associated with higher corporate environmental performance. Findings indicate that facilities operating in Trinidad and Tobago’s EPZs are more likely to show higher corporate environmental performance than those outside. Additionally, firms in state-managed zones appear to show higher corporate environmental performance than those located in privately managed zones. Enhanced institutional pressures from regulators, local communities, and fellow tenant firms may explain these differences. These results suggest that environmental policy makers and environmentalists can take advantage of already established EPZs to promote enclave enhanced institutional pressures associated with superior corporate environmental performance.
Ternary Boolean algebra unification

In order to unify terms in a ternary Boolean algebra (TBA), the authors exploit the properties of complete commutativity and pseudoassociativity and develop an E-unification algorithm for the equational theory E consisting of the axioms which define these two properties. The algorithm is for the most part a modification of J. Siekmann's (1979) C-unification algorithm, which is itself an extension of J. Robinson's (1965) unification algorithm for first-order terms. However, in the case of TBA terms, it is necessary to account for the possible rearrangement of subterms due to the effect of the pseudoassociative law. The algorithm for finding such rearrangements is based on both the pseudoassociative law and complete commutativity. >
Set-valued differentials and the hybrid maximum principle

We propose an axiomatic definition of the concept of a generalized differentiation theory (GDT) and a precise statement of the directional open mapping property (DOMP), and we outline the definitions of our two most recent GDTs, namely, the generalized differential quotients (GDQs) and path integral generalized differentials (PIGDs). In addition, we give a complete statement of a hybrid maximum principle (MP) for general GDTs, which now amounts to saying that to every GDT that has the DOMP is associated a version of the hybrid MP. Finally, we limit ourselves to theories in which the GDs of a set-valued map F from a C/sup 1/ manifold M to a C/sup 1/ manifold N at a point (x,y) /spl isin/ M x N are nonempty compact sets of linear maps from T/sub x/M to T/sub y/N-where T/sub q/Q denotes the tangent space of Q at q-thereby excluding theories due to Ioffe, Mordukhovich and others, where the GDs are different kinds of objects. We are fully aware that these choices are somewhat arbitrary, and that, when a truly definitive version is achieved, the details of the definitions might have to be modified.
Pose estimation from a single image using tensor decomposition and an algebra of circulants

Dimensionality reduction and object classification (recognition and pose estimation) serve as important tools in robotics, robotic vision, and industrial automation. The current paper presents a new approach to dimensionality reduction and object classification of three-dimensional rigid objects. The approach is based upon recent developments in tensor decompositions and a newly defined algebra of circulants. In particular, it is shown that under the right tensor multiplication operator, a third order tensor can be written as a product of third order tensors in which the left and right tensors are tensor-orthogonal and the inner-tensor is a diagonal tensor of singular-tuples. This new development allows for a proper tensor singular value decomposition (SVD) to be defined and has natural extension to tensor principal component analysis (PCA). Comparisons are made with traditional PCA and it is shown that the current approach is capable of recovering significantly more information from an image sequence using a much smaller subspace dimension. Further, it is shown that for most objects, accurate pose estimation can be performed from a single subspace dimension.
Low temperature electromigration and thermomigration in lead-free solder joints

Abstract High current density and high temperature gradient are major reliability concern for next generation nanoelectronic packaging and power electronics. High current density experiments on lead free solder joints coated with NiAu and non-coated Cu pads were conducted at −20, −30, −40 and −50 °C ambient temperatures. The time to failure (TTF) shows that solder joints with NiAu coated Cu pads last longer. Results also indicates TTF plot shows that TTF rate increases exponentially when the solder joint temperature is higher than 64% of its melting temperature, and decreases exponentially reaching the maximum lifetime when the temperature is below this threshold temperature. The mass transport activation energy, Ea was determined using the test data and it was found to be 2.67 ± 0.05 and 3.65 ± 0.13 eV for coated and non-coated solder joints, respectively. These values are indicative of the dominant diffusion mechanism during the experiment. It was discovered that the thermomigration driving force was as high as electromigration driving force.
The high cost of accurate knowledge

Many business thinkers believe it's the role of senior managers to scan the external environment to monitor contingencies and constraints, and to use that precise knowledge to modify the company's strategy and design. As these thinkers see it, managers need accurate and abundant information to carry out that role. According to that logic, it makes sense to invest heavily in systems for collecting and organizing competitive information. Another school of pundits contends that, since today's complex information often isn't precise anyway, it's not worth going overboard with such investments. In other words, it's not the accuracy and abundance of information that should matter most to top executives--rather, it's how that information is interpreted. After all, the role of senior managers isn't just to make decisions; it's to set direction and motivate others in the face of ambiguities and conflicting demands. Top executives must interpret information and communicate those interpretations--they must manage meaning more than they must manage information. So which of these competing views is the right one? Research conducted by academics Sutcliffe and Weber found that how accurate senior executives are about their competitive environments is indeed less important for strategy and corresponding organizational changes than the way in which they interpret information about their environments. Investments in shaping those interpretations, therefore, may create a more durable competitive advantage than investments in obtaining and organizing more information. And what kinds of interpretations are most closely linked with high performance? Their research suggests that high performers respond positively to opportunities, yet they aren't overconfident in their abilities to take advantage of those opportunities.
Clinical Outcomes of HLA-DPB1 Mismatches in 10/10 HLA-Matched Unrelated Donor-Recipient Pairs Undergoing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

(n1⁄44) or unrelated CB (n1⁄419). The conditioning regimens were myeloablative in 20 patients and reduced-intensity in 9. Twenty-seven patients achieved neutrophil engraftment at a median day of 19 (range, 10-34). The cumulative incidence of neutrophil engraftment was 93.1% at day 42 (patients engrafted, n1⁄427; dead before day 19, n1⁄42). At 3 years, the cumulative incidence of relapse and non-relapse mortality was 32.3% and 14.0%, respectively. In 15 patients who did not achieve CP before transplantation, 11 patients (73.3%) achieved CR after transplantation. With a median follow-up of survivors of 1144 days (range, 127-3705), overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) at 3 years was 63.2% and 56.3%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the variables that influenced on OS were disease status at transplantation (CP vs. AP/BC, 85% vs. 42%, p1⁄40.012), karyotype (sole Ph-chromosome vs. additional cytogenetic abnormalities, 90% vs. 47.5%, p1⁄40.042) and conditioning regimen (MAC vs. RIC, 72.7% vs. 41.7%, p1⁄40.039). In multivariate analysis, the only variable that influenced on OS was disease status at transplantation (p1⁄40.015). Conclusion: We concluded that allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from any cell sources could become a promising option for the patients with CML in advanced stage, especially if they achieved CP before transplantation.
"Of Avians and Indigenes": Preliminary Notes on the Orientalization of the New World Native and Natured Others

“Of Avians and Indigenes” combines colonial discourse theory and ecocriticism to demonstrate how the New World bird and the New World “Indian” have been similarly othered in the discourse of Western imperialism. As a result, the Passenger Pigeon and many Native American tribes have suffered a similar fate: extinction. But via the ironic co-evolutionary history of the native House Finch and the introduced English Sparrow ‐ and spanning American literature from John James Audubon to Joy Harjo ‐ the author offers a Native reading of this colonization, through which both avians and indigenes “speak back” against the onslaught of Euro-American ideology, as a veritable “return of the Native.”
Simultaneous recording of event-related auditory oddball response using transcranial near infrared optical topography and surface EEG.

Abstract Near infrared optical topography (OT) is the measurement of hemoglobin absorption simultaneously from an array of optical fibers on the scalp to construct maps of cortical activity. We demonstrate that OT can be used to simultaneously detect and characterize the hemodynamic responses associated with an “oddball” auditory stimulus and that corresponding electrical event related potentials can be acquired simultaneously using conventional scalp recordings. In addition to the measured electrical response, the hemodynamic localization is consistent with fMRI studies, which show significant activation in the temporal and parietal cortical regions. The event-related response of total hemoglobin showed relatively slow peak latencies (5.8 ± 0.3 s), which were also consistent with fMRI. The current study shows the regions of peak hemodynamic activity that are in closest proximity to areas of peak electrical activity. This is the first demonstration of simultaneous ERP electrical recording and non-invasive optical mapping in human subjects, which promises to be an important tool in the characterization of both normal and abnormal brain function.
Seven functional classes of Barth syndrome mutation

Patients with Barth syndrome (BTHS), a rare X-linked disease, suffer from skeletal and cardiomyopathy and bouts of cyclic neutropenia. The causative gene encodes tafazzin, a transacylase, which is the major determinant of the final acyl chain composition of the mitochondrial-specific phospholipid, CL. In addition to numerous frame shift and splice-site mutations, 36 missense mutations have been associated with BTHS. Previously, we established a BTHS-mutant panel in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that successfully models 18/21 conserved pathogenic missense mutations and defined the loss-of-function mechanism associated with a subset of the mutant tafazzins. Here, we report the biochemical and cell biological characterization of the rest of the yeast BTHS-mutant panel and in so doing identify three additional modes of tafazzin dysfunction. The largest group of mutant tafazzins is catalytically null, two mutants encode hypomorphic alleles, and another two mutants are temperature sensitive. Additionally, we have expanded the defects associated with previously characterized matrix-mislocalized-mutant tafazzins to include the rapid degradation of aggregation-prone polypeptides that correctly localize to the mitochondrial IMS. In sum, our in-depth characterization of the yeast BTHS-mutant panel has identified seven functional classes of BTHS mutation.
Investigating the new 64b/66b encoding scheme's power spectral density

With the emergence of new high-speed data standards, such as the IEEE 802.3ba, the clock rate on individual channels can go up to 10 Gbps creating the need for highly efficient encoding schemes. One such scheme is the 64b/66b. An undesired effect of using encoding schemes is the spreading of signal power to higher harmonics, thereby requiring greater bandwidth to transmit the signal. A clear understanding of the exact effect of the encoding scheme on the PSD of the transmitted data will help in better understanding the bandwidth requirements associated with these encoding schemes. This will prevent over budgeting of the channel requirements and allow for more exact specifications to be developed. This paper analyzes the change in the power spectral density of random data when encoded using 64b/66b scheme. A comparison to similar effects caused by using 8b/10b is presented for reference. The results show consistent variations in PSD which allow us to characterize the encoding scheme.
Policy Paradox: Implications of U.S. Drug Control Policy for Jamaica

U.S. drug control policies impose supply reduction targets on source and transit nations without regard for their social, economic, or political environments. Simultaneously, immigration policies deport drug felons to these countries. This article advances the argument that these policies have displaced responsibility for U.S. crime problems. As a result, there is displacement of criminal activities to areas of least resistance, with drug transit nations being disproportionately affected. The article addresses, in part, the paucity of drug policy literature on the Caribbean drug transit region. It discusses the nexus between U.S. drug and immigration policies and the resulting consequences for Jamaica, a drug transit country. Jamaica is of special interest because of its long-standing presence on the U.S. drug policy agenda and its stereotyping in journalistic discussions.
Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey: The Kurdish question and the AKP

Turkey has the largest Kurdish population in the world. Estimates of the number of Kurds in Turkey in 2007 ranged from 8 million to 12 million. The Kurds of Turkey have made demands varying from full secession, to federalism, and, at a minimum, to the recognition of individual and cultural rights within the framework of the process of Turkey's entry into the European Union (EU). Undoubtedly, the most extreme symptom of Kurdish nationalism in contemporary history has been the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which has led resistance and terrorist activities against the Turkish state as well as against moderate Kurds, which in turn has resulted in the Turkish armed forces' equally violent backlash against both PKK fighters and innocent Kurdish civilians. Turkish soldiers have battled the PKK in the south-east since 1984, a conflict that has caused an estimated 37,000 fatalities and hundreds of thousands of displaced people. One cannot understand Turkish history over the last quarter-century without taking into full account the role played by Kurdish nationalism in general, and that of the PKK in particular. In a way, both the domestic and foreign policies of Turkey have been held hostage to the Kurdish problem for the past twenty-five years. In addition to causing human suffering, the PKK-led rebellion has defined the meaning and role of politics, redefined the boundaries between state and society, and has inadvertently empowered certain state institutions at the expense of others. It has also slowed down the democratization process of Turkey.
The influence of water vapor on thermal transformation of boehmite

Boehmite compacts and boehmite gels (seeded and unseeded) were annealed at various temperatures in nitrogen and 1 atm water vapor to determine the influence of water vapor on boehmite transformation to new phases, changes in porosity, and morphology. Water vapor was found to accelerate the phase transformations markedly compared to dry N2 treatment. The catalyzing effect of water vapor may be due to its interactions on grain surfaces and generation of fast diffusion paths, resulting in nucleation and growth of new phases. This result shows that control of the furnace atmosphere is a useful variable in thermally activated processes.
Spatial Problem-Solving Strategies as Functions of Sex:

Sex differences in spatial ability may be related to different problem-solving methods. Two spatial tests, Choosing A Path and Witkin's Rod and Frame Test, and related strategy questionnaires were given to 50 male and 50 female adults. Multivariate analyses of variance on the strategy questionnaires were significant. Women were more likely to use concrete and unorganized methods and to give up or skip problems. Spearman correlations between the males' and females' rank orders of strategies were high and significant, so that both similarities and differences between the sexes were demonstrated.
Orthorectification of 1960s satellite photographs covering Greenland

This article presents a rigorous, high-precision model for geometric orthorectification of declassified intelligence satellite photography (DISP) imagery for the generation of a seamless, full-coverage mosaic of the Greenland ice sheet. This model integrates the bundle adjustment method and satellite orbital parameters, solving for interior orientation (including lens distortion) and exterior orientation parameters simultaneously. In addition, the techniques of adaptive filtering, bright-strip removal, radiometric balancing, and mosaic postprocessing are discussed. Two full-coverage mosaics of Greenland using 24 DISP images from eight orbits of the ARGON 9034A Mission of May 1962 and 36 images from 14 orbits of the 9058A/59A mission of October 1963 were created. The average planimetric accuracy (relative to the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mosaic) is about 168 m from statistical measurements of 182 points in topographically flat areas and 186 m from statistical measurements of 201 points in mountainous areas. The two mosaic products have been delivered to the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) for use by the research community.
On the Hyoid and Larynx of the Hispaniolan Solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Solenodontidae)

ABSTRACT The skull of the Hispaniolan solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833, was described in detail by Wible (2008). Missing from that study, however, were original observations on the hyoid apparatus and ossified larynx, because appropriate specimens were not available. A specimen has come to light preserving four isolated hyoid and laryngeal bones, from rostral to caudal as situated in the living animal: the right stylohyal, the left epihyal, the hyoid (fused ceratohyals, basihyal, and thyrohyals), and the ossified thyroid cartilage. These elements are poorly known for most mammals. Consequently, the solenodon elements are described and illustrated, and preliminary comparisons with other lipotyphlans are made. Several features are unique to the solenodon among the studied lipotyphlans, including a ceratohyal oriented mediolaterally rather than craniocaudally and an epiglottic prominence on the rostrodorsal margin of the thyroid.
Kepler's missing planets

We investigate the distributions of the orbital period ratios of adjacent planets in high multiplicity Kepler systems (four or more planets) and low multiplicity systems (two planets). Modeling the low multiplicity sample as essentially equivalent to the high multiplicity sample, but with unobserved intermediate planets, we find some evidence for an excess of planet pairs between the 2:1 and 3:1 Mean Motion Resonances in the low multiplicity sample. This possible excess may be the result of strong dynamical interactions near these or other resonances or it may be a byproduct of other evolutionary events or processes such as planetary collisions. Three planet systems show a significant excess of planets near the 2:1 Mean Motion Resonance that is not as prominent in either of the other samples. This observation may imply a correlation between strong dynamical interactions and observed planet number—perhaps a relationship between resonance pairs and the inclinations or orbital periods of additional planets. The period ratio distributions can also be used to identify targets to search for missing planets in the each of the samples, the presence or absence of which would have strong implications for planet formation and dynamical evolution models.
Dynamics of twolined chestnut borer Agrilus bilineatus as influenced by defoliation and selection thinning

The twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a major mortality agent of stressed oak trees. However, patterns of abundance and population change are not well understood. 2 We studied the spatial and temporal variation in abundance of twolined chestnut borer adults during a gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymnatriidae), outbreak and examined the influence of both defoliation and thinning on twolined chestnut borer abundance. 3 In stands that were defoliated by gypsy moth, extensive defoliation occurred in one year, and major overstory tree mortality followed in the next. Most mortality occurred in the year preceding the peak year of twolined chestnut borer abun- dance and abundance of twolined chestnut borer was positively associated with defoliation and mortality in the previous year. 4 Twolined chestnut borers were more frequently associated with poor or fair crown condition trees than trees with good crown condition and were more abun- dant on members of the red oak group than the white oak group.