cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Code Thumbnails: Using Spatial Memory to Navigate Source Code

Modern development environments provide many features for navigating source code, yet recent studies show the developers still spend a tremendous amount of time just navigating. Since existing navigation features rely heavily on memorizing symbol names, we present a new design, called Code Thumbnails, intended to allow a developer to navigate source code by forming a spatial memory of it. To aid intra-file navigation, we add a thumbnail image of the file to the scrollbar, which makes any part of the file one click away. To aid interfile navigation, we provide a desktop of file thumbnail images, which make any part of any file one click away. We did a formative evaluation of the design with eleven experienced developers and present the results.
Overview of Intergranular Corrosion Mechanisms, Phenomenological Observations, and Modeling of AA5083

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) of Al-Mg alloys in aqueous solutions is reviewed. Al-Mg alloys containing more than 3 wt% Mg can form β phase (Al3Mg2) that will precipitate via heterogeneous nucleati...
Superiorly based nasolabial interpolation flap for repair of complex nasal tip defects.

Background.Reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the nasal tip is one of the most challenging aspects of cutaneous oncologic surgery. It is imperative that the cutaneous surgeon be intimately familiar with all the available surgical options to provide for the best postoperative outcome.Objecti
Unraveling the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Eccoptochilinae, an Enigmatic Array of Ordovician Cheirurid Trilobites

The Cheiruridae are a diverse group of trilobites and several subfamilies within the clade have been the focus of recent phylogenetic studies. This paper focuses on the relationships of one of those subfamilies, the Ordovician Eccoptochilinae. We analyze sixteen species from six genera within the traditionally defined group, using the pilekiid Anacheirurus frederici as an outgroup. To assess the monophyly of the Eccoptochilinae seven sphaerexochine species, Kawina arnoldi, Sphaerexochus arenosus, S. atacius, S. latifrons, S. mirus, S. parvus, and S. scabridus were included in the analysis as well. The results of this analysis show that the genus Eccoptochile represents a paraphyletic grade and species traditionally assigned to Parasphaerexochus and Skelipyx plot within Pseudosphaerexochus. Also, representative species of Sphaerexochinae plot within the traditionally defined Eccoptochilinae, suggesting Eccoptochilinae itself is paraphyletic. To resolve this, we propose all species of Pseudosphaerexochus be placed within Sphaerexochinae and Eccoptochilinae be restricted to a monotypic Eccoptochile clavigera.
Predictors of Black Students’ Race-Related Reasons for Choosing an HBCU and Intentions to Engage in Racial Identity—Relevant Behaviors:

This study explores the antecedents and consequences of race-related reasons for historically Black college and university (HBCU) choice. A total of 109 undergraduate students attending a historica...
Natural gas prices and the gas storage report: Public news and volatility in energy futures markets

This study examines the short-term volatility of natural gas prices through an examination of the intraday prices of the nearby natural gas futures contract traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The influence on volatility of what many regard as a key element of the information set influencing the natural gas market is investigated. Specifically, we examine the impact on natural gas futures price volatility of the Weekly American Gas Storage Survey report compiled and issued by the American Gas Association during the period January 1, 1999 through May 3, 2002 and
Value-Based Tasking Controllers for Sensing Assets

Sensing in support of combat teams will be increasingly performed by UAVs. With the accelerating pace of modern combat operations, and the developing networked-management of such, the problem of how to task sensor assets is entering the realm where automated decision-support tools should be applied. The objective by which the relative value of possible future sensor tasks should be compared is the value that they bring to the combat operation, with adjustment by the possible costs of these sensing operations. A mathematical theory allowing for the determination of the control-problem value as a function of information state (where this information state is described by a probability distribution) has recently been obtained. Possible future sensing tasks are mapped into the (stochastic) observation outcomes, and these are further mapped into potential a posteriori probability distributions. The value to the combat operation is the expectation of the minimax value as a function of these potential future probability distributions. This is used as an objective function, according to which optimal sensing-platform tasking is computed. Both open-loop and observation-feedback sensing-platform tasking controllers are developed. Importantly, a new, and quite general, representation of the form of such a value function is obtained. The value takes the form of a pointwise minimum of linear functionals. Further, this form is retained through dynamic programming backward propagation for solution of the problem. This representation will allow for the solution of high-dimensional problems in tasking of sensing UAVs. A simple, illustrative example is shown.
A Look at the Research How Good Are Teachers In Effecting Student Outcomes

This is the first of two articles covering the re search on teacher effectiveness. This article focuses on the importance of the teacher in affecting student outcomes. The sec ond part, which will be in the January Bulletin, presents a model that includes an analysis of vari ables related to student outcomes.
The Differential Effects of Family Violence on Adolescent Adjustment.

The present study examined the effects of different types of domestic violence (i.e., being a victim of parent-child violence and witnessing interparental violence) on adolescent adjustment. The sample included a large, racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse group of high school students. Findings revealed that this sample experienced and witnessed high levels of family violence. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with externalizing behavior problem and internalizing behavior problem scores as the outcome variables. Variables were entered in three blocks with numerous sociodemographic variables entered first as covariates, the amounts of parent-child violence and witnessing interparental violence entered in the second block, and the interaction of gender and violence variables and interaction of the two violence variables in the third. Results revealed the amounts of parent-child violence and interparental violence witnessed were significant predictors of both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Significant effects were also found for the interaction between parent-child violence and interparental violence. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes in a National Sample of Medicare Beneficiaries With Hip Fracture

Effects of patient characteristics on rehabilitation outcomes (functional status at discharge, discharged home) were assessed in a retrospective study of Medicare beneficiaries admitted to Medicare...
Digital Compensation of Intercarrier Nonlinear Distortion With Carrier Phase Locking

Compensating for intercarrier nonlinear distortion allows launching higher power into the transmission fiber and it leads to an increase in the transmission distance. Numerical calculations show that the launch power is increased by 10 dB and the maximum transmission distance is more than tripled, when the optical repeater spacing of 80 km, dispersion-shifted fiber, and signal format of 10 Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero are assumed. It is experimentally demonstrated that waveform distortion due to the four-wave mixing (FWM) among different carriers in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) becomes deterministic by phase-locking optical carriers and that FWM distortion can be compensated at 5 Gb/s with three-channel condition by employing DSP at the transmitter or receiver.
Capable of Suicide: A Functional Model of the Acquired Capability Component of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide

A functional model of the acquired capability for suicide, a component of Joiner's (2005) Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide, is presented. A component of Joiner's (2005) Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide a functional model of the acquired capability for suicide is presented. The model integrates the points discussed by Joiner into a unified and specific conceptualization of acquired capability. Several points are elaborated on, such as the interaction between specific diatheses with life events, the role of short-term bolstering of the capability for suicide, and how contextual factors moderate the experience of painful and provocative life events; thereby leading to fearlessness and pain insensitivity to the actions and ideas involved in suicide.
The Terms of Trade of the United Kingdom, 1798–1913

Concepts of the terms of trade as a means of measuring a country's gain or loss from exchange of goods have been discussed by students of economic theory for a hundred years or more. Until comparatively recently they have remained concepts only, without substantive application, but the tremendous disturbances in trading relationships and monetary standards in the last three decades have quickened interest in the subject. The various formulas devised for the measurement of relative movements of prices and quantities of exports and imports are now used with increasing frequency for the study of relatively current situations. They have not been applied much as yet to illuminate earlier trading history, largely because of the labor involved in deriving and organizing the limited data available. Apart from this difficulty there seems to be no very strong reason why they should not be as useful for economic history as for current analysis.
Rationale and design of the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction In Transplantation (FAVORIT) trial.

Background Patients with chronic kidney disease, including kidney transplant recipients, are at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition to the constellation of traditional CVD risk factors in chronic kidney disease, elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) is notably more prevalent among the general population. The Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction In Transplantation (FAVORIT) trial is designed to evaluate whether lowering tHcy using vitamin supplementation reduces CVD events in renal transplant recipients. Methods FAVORIT is a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants are clinically stable renal transplant recipients who are 6 months or longer posttransplant with elevated tHcy. Patients are randomized to a multivitamin that includes either a high-dose or low-dose of folic acid (5 or 0 mg), vitamin B 6 (50 or 1.4 mg), and vitamin B 12 (1000 or 2 μg). The primary end point is a composite of incident or recurrent CVD outcomes, that is, coronary heart, cerebrovascular, or abdominal aortic/lower extremity arterial events. A sample size of 4000 is estimated to provide 87% power to detect a 20% treatment effect. Recruitment is expected to continue until July 2006, with follow-up through June 2010. Results From August 2002 through December 2004, 2234 of the target 4000 patients were enrolled. In accordance with trial design, mean (SD) screening tHcy was elevated (17.4 ± 6.2 μmol/L), and mean (SD) estimated creatinine clearance was consistent with stable renal function (58.0 ± 18.6 mL/min). Evaluating baseline results to date, 42% of the randomized participants had a history of diabetes mellitus, and 21% had prevalent CVD. Conclusions The FAVORIT trial is designed with sufficient power and follow-up time to detect a clinically relevant change in CVD risk between renal transplant recipients receiving a high or low tHcy-lowering folic acid multivitamin. Preliminary screening and baseline data support the trial's objectives.
High-Level Factor VIII Gene Expression In Vivo Achieved by Nonviral Liver-Specific Gene Therapy Vectors

Two liver-specific nonviral gene transfer vectors have been developed to accommodate heterologous genes. The expression cassettes contain (1) a hepatic locus control region from the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene (HCR), (2) a liver-specific alpha(1)-antitrypsin promoter (HP), (3) a 1.4-kb truncated factor IX first intron (I) or a synthetic minx intron (mI), (4) a multiple cloning site (MCS) for inserting cDNA sequences, and (5) a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bpA) to make pBS-HCRHPI-A or pBS-HCRHPmI-A. These vectors were first evaluated with reporter genes encoding human factor IX (hFIX) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). hFIX constructs, pBS-HCRHPI-FIXA and control pBS-HCRHP-FIXIA with the hFIX intron in its native position, produced comparable hFIX gene expression levels (0.5-5 microg/ml) 6 months after naked DNA transfer to mice, whereas the factor IX level from pBS-HCRHPmI-FIXA averaged about 50% lower. RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA indicated that introns inserted upstream from the cDNA were correctly processed and spliced. GFP expression was detected in 15-30% of the hepatocytes in pBS-HCRHPI-GFPA-treated mice. Next, a B domain-deleted human factor VIII (hFVIII) cDNA was inserted into the modified vectors. High-level hFVIII expression (up to 750 ng/ml) was achieved initially in both C57BL/6 mice and Rag2 mice. Moreover, therapeutic levels of hFVIII (20-310 ng/ml) circulated in Rag2 mice 6 months after treatment. These liver-specific gene expression cassettes can deliver a large, heterologous gene such as hFVIII cDNA to achieve high-level, persistent transgene expression after in vivo hepatic gene therapy.
LOSS OF FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS IS NECESSARY FOR TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF EMBRYONIC LIMB MUSCLE

Early in embryogenesis, precursors of the limb musculature are generated in the somite, migrate to the limb buds and undergo terminal differentiation. Although myogenic differentiation in culture is affected by several growth factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it remains uncertain whether migration and differentiation of myogenic cells in vivo are directly regulated by such growth factors. To investigate the roles of FGF signaling in the regulation of myogenesis both in the somite and the limb bud, mosaic chicken embryos were generated that consist of somitic cells carrying transgenes expressing one of the following: FGF1, FGF4, the FGF receptor type-1 (FGFR1) or its dominant negative mutant (delta FGFR1). Cells infected with virus producing FGF ligand migrated into the somatopleure without differentiating into myotomal muscle, but differentiated into muscle fibers when they arrived in the limb bud. In contrast, cells overexpressing FGFR1 migrated into the limb muscle mass but remained as undifferentiated myoblasts. Cells infected with the delta FGFR1-producing virus failed to migrate to the somatopleure but were capable of differentiating into myotomal muscle within the somites. These results suggest that the FGFR-mediated FGF signaling (1) blocks terminal differentiation of myogenic cells within the somite and (2) sustains myoblast migration to limb buds from the somite, and that (3) down-regulation of FGFRs or FGFR signaling is involved in mechanisms triggering terminal differentiation of the limb muscle mass during avian embryogenesis.
Atomically thin group v elemental films: theoretical investigations of antimonene allotropes.

Group V elemental monolayers including phosphorene are emerging as promising 2D materials with semiconducting electronic properties. Here, we present the results of first-principles calculations on stability, mechanical and electronic properties of 2D antimony (Sb), antimonene. Our calculations show that free-standing α and β allotropes of antimonene are stable and semiconducting. The α-Sb has a puckered structure with two atomic sublayers and β-Sb has a buckled hexagonal lattice. The calculated Raman spectra and STM images have distinct features thus facilitating characterization of both allotropes. The β-Sb has nearly isotropic mechanical properties, whereas α-Sb shows strongly anisotropic characteristics. An indirect–direct band gap transition is expected with moderate tensile strains applied to the monolayers, which opens up the possibility of their applications in optoelectronics.
Model Selection in Spatial Econometric Models

In this chapter, the statistical validation of spatial econometric models is approached from a different perspective, based on model selection or model discrimination techniques. In this context, the issue of selecting one model from among a number of alternative candidates is considered as a decision problem. More specifically, attention is focused on the nature of the trade-off between the number of parameters included in the model and the model fit, in the sense of how well the estimated model predicts in-sample observations.
Strategies for Sustainable Technologies and Innovations by John R. McIntyre, Silvester Ivanaj, and Vera Ivanaj (eds.)

There is no denying that “environmental sustainability” is a major challenge facing the current generation of business enterprises. If this challenge is not tackled by adopting innovative and susta...
Peace and Security

ICC at the Hague was created to indict crimes against humanity and war crimes. Among those investigated were a Liberian leader, the President of Sudan, and Kenyan candidates involved in two Dynastic elections (2007 and 2013). The Kenyan elections were Dynastic because the leading candidates were sons of previous and deceased Kenyan leaders. Because ICC has disproportionately indicted leaders of small countries, the question arises whether the Court is a case of neo-imperialism. Are China, the United States and Israel inviolate before the Court?
Infertility: Altered responses to stress in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization and recipients of oocyte donation

Clinical impressions suggest the presence of considerable anxiety and depression in infertile couples. We utilized a psychological stress test to assess adaptations to provoked stress to improve the psychological profile of infertile women. A psychological stress test was administered to four groups: normal menstruating females (controls, n=13); oocyte donors (n=13); recipients of oocyte donation (n=7); and women undergoing standard in-vitro fertilization (IVF; mean age 38.0 years; n=8). The psychological stress test consisted of three active coping tasks: (i) serial subtraction, (ii) Stroop colour test, (iii) speech task and (iv) one passive coping task, the cold-pressor test. Haemodynamic responses (HD) were monitored before, during and after the psychological stress test, and serum samples were drawn for catecholamines and cortisol. Baseline blood pressures were similar among groups. The psychological stress test elicited different biophysical responses in controls compared with the other groups (P<0.001). Oocyte donors had different speech task responses from baseline, although these and the other parameters of the psychological stress test were not different from either the recipient or IVF groups. Blood pressure responses from baseline were blunted in both recipients and standard IVF patients following provoked stress. Baseline cortisol and norepinephrine were similar among all groups, yet provoked stress elicited a significant increase in controls (142.0±25.2%, P<0.001) compared with oocyte donors (17.1±19.7%), recipients and standard IVF patients (mean -15.5±17.3% respectively). Norepinephrine responses were apparently greater in controls (60.1±13.1%) compared with oocyte donors (41.8±27%) and recipient and IVF groups combined (21.7±12.4%) but this result was not significant. These data suggest that infertile women have blunted biophysical and biochemical reactions to provoked behavioural stressors. Oocyte donors demonstrate blunted passive coping responses similar to those of infertile women, yet still respond to active coping stressors in a manner similar to that of normal controls. Our data suggest that infertility therapy combined with the anticipation of success or failure results in blunted patterns of response to passive coping stressors. However, blunted active coping responsesare unique to infertile women
Observations on the Anamorph of Diatrypella Frostii

3. Emerson, R. 1941. An experimental study of the life cycles and taxonomy of Allomyces. Lloydia 4: 77-144. 4. . 1958. Mycological organization. Mycologia 50: 589-621. 5. Florey, H. 1949. Antibiotics I. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 628 p. 6. Fultz, S. A., and A. A. Sussman. 1966. Antigenic differences in the surfaces of hyphae and of rhizoids in Allomyces. Science 152: 785-787. 7. Held, A. A. 1972. Improved culture methods for Rozella and for Olpidiopsis. Mycologia 64: 870-886. 8. Karling, J. S. 1977. Chytridiomycetarum Iconograpghia. Cramer, Vaduz. 414 p. 9. Lorelli, J. P. 1981. Screening of a culture collection of the watermold genus Allomyces for antibiotic production. M.A. Thesis. Lehman College, CUNY, New York. 10. Porter, J. N. 1976. Antibiotics. Pp. 60-78. In: Industrial microbiology. Ed., B. M. Miller and W. Litsky. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Contested inheritance: debates on the role of ‘inheritance of acquired characteristics’ in late nineteenth century Darwinian and Weismannian thought

Debates over transgenerational inheritance of acquired characters under the banner of epigenetics research, while contested, are becoming increasingly mainstream. However, given the polysemic nature of the terms ‘epigenetics’ ‘transgenerational’ and ‘inheritance of acquired characters', facets of this debate, both historically and contemporarily, actually relate to and are indeed reinforced by the terms’ undifferentiated usage. In order to shed light on the terminological constraints at play today, this historical analysis focuses on a parallel debate which unfolded on the pages of Nature in 1893 and 1894 relating to the meaning of ‘acquired characters’ between four very different protagonists: Sir Edward Fry, Ray Lankester, Edward Poulton and Joseph Cunningham. As differing groups of researchers both historical and today use undifferentiated terminology to represent differing phenomena I argue that as the terms’ meaning is ambiguous, a more careful analysis of the concepts and mechanisms they have been u...
Group-based Trajectory Modeling and Criminal Career Research

This essay traces the origins of group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) from its inception as a statistical tool for analyzing issues central to the criminal careers debate of the 1990s to its widespread application outside of criminology especially in psychological and medical research to study the developmental course of disease and physiological processes. Also, discussed are common misconceptions about the interpretation of GBTM.
Vascular Rings, Tracheoplasty, and Pulmonary Artery Sling

The phrase “vascular ring” refers to a group of vascular anomalies that result from abnormal development of the aortic arch system and cause compression of the trachea, the esophagus, or both. The vascular rings that form a true, complete ring and encircle both the esophagus and trachea are the double aortic arch and the right aortic arch with left ligamentum arteriosum. Partial vascular rings include innominate artery compression syndrome, pulmonary artery sling, and left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery. Patients with these anomalies also present with symptoms from esophageal and tracheal compression. Nearly two thirds of those with a pulmonary artery sling have what is known as the “ring/sling complex”—the combination of pulmonary artery sling and complete tracheal rings—so the surgeon must be prepared to repair the trachea at the time of pulmonary artery sling surgery.
Anti-HAV immune responses in young children vaccinated with an inactivated and a live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine respectively

Objective To evaluate the anti-HAV levels of young children in one year after the vaccination with one dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and a live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine,respectively.Methods A double-blind,randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted in 332 healthy children volunteers aged 18 months to 4 years.Participants were randomly vaccinated with a dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine or a live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine.Hepatitis A antibodies were detected by the method of MEIA in the serum collected before vaccination,6 and 12 months after vaccination.Results The serum conversion rates of anti-HAV were 95.2% and 91.1% for the inactivated and attenuated vaccine respectively.The geometric mean concentration of anti-HAV was significantly higher in the children vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine(101.7 IU/L) than that in the children vaccinated with the attenuated vaccine(65.5 IU/L)(P0.001).Conclusions The positive rates of anti-HAV were high in the children immunized with a single dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine or live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine.The antibody level induced by inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was significantly higher than that induced by live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine.
Laser in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred contemporary revascularization therapeutic approach for patients who sustain acute myocardial infarction. An integral component of revascularization tools the user -friendly laser offers several unique advantages which enhance the efficacy of PCI in this critical clinical scenario. Basic research demonstrates that the interaction between laser emission and bio tissues uniquely effects two critical pathophysiologic components of AMI: the ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and its accompanying thrombus. The marked precision of the laser energy permits transformation of the irradiated plaque into microscopic particles while its acoustic shock waves mechanically destroy the intra-thrombus’ fibrin fibers system. Consequently, adequate clot dissolution ensues. The laser further improves the treatment of AMI through a significant inhibitory effect on the aggregation kinetics of the platelets adhering to the plaque. Clinical studies of various wavelength lasers in the setting of AMI repeatedly demonstrate laser induced expedient recanalization and adequate restoration of optimal antegrade flow in the infarct related vessel. Technically, the shallow penetration depth of the excimer laser (35–50 μm) indicates that lasing should be performed with emphasis on slow advancement of the irradiating catheter (0.2–0.5 mm/s) enabling proper energy deposition and optimal absorption onto the targeted plaque and thrombus. Laser activation is performed with concomitant saline injections into the vessel, and should only be initiated after complete dye removal from the treated vessel. This avoids unwarranted amplification of the laser generated acoustic shock waves from the contrast dye. Strategically, the precision of laser induced plaque vaporization and effective thrombus dissolution render the placement of distal protection devices unnecessary. Altogether, the use of laser assisted percutaneous revascularization in AMI is associated with very high success rates, especially in complex plaques and heavy thrombus burden, and with a considerably low complication rate.
Transformation: The IJzertoren Memorial Museum to the Museum aan de IJzer

From its inception, the IJzer Pilgrimage Committee intended to house a museum within the IJzertoren memorial. At the 1928 pilgrimage these plans were shared with the public. Calling it a Flemish IJzermuseum, the Committee wanted to include everything related to “Flemish suffering” that drove the IJzer boys during the war: photographs, paintings, pieces of the heldenhuldezerken, portraits of the IJzer symbols and information on the camps in which they were incarcerated. But the museum was never realized. The construction of the second tower allowed for the inclusion of the infamous Golden Painting of Flanders (Gulden Doek van Vlaanderen) (1931–1944) by Hendrik Luyten and the addition of several glass cases filled with letters and other objects from World War I, which were displayed on the lower floors. But overall, the entirety of the tower remained empty.
Knee morphometric and alignment measurements with MR imaging in young adults with central cartilage lesions of the patella and trochlea.

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to assess whether common measurements of patellar and trochlear morphology and patellar alignment are associated with central cartilage lesions of the patella and trochlea using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods The MRI examinations of 58 patients (38 women, 20 men; mean age, 28.59 years [range: 19–35 years]) with central cartilage lesions of the patella and trochlea were retrospectively compared to those obtained in 102 control subjects (57 women, 45 men; mean age, 27.05 years [range: 20–35 years]). Patients had Modified Noyes Classification grade IIA, IIB or III cartilage defects whereas control subjects had normal MRI examination of the knee as determined by two radiologists. Patellar measurements of facet asymmetry, patellar tilt, lateral patellofemoral angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, and patellotrochlear cartilage overlap were performed in patients and control subjects along with trochlear measurements of the trochlear depth and width, and sulcal angle. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and body mass index was used to assess associations. Results The ratio of the lengths of the medial to lateral facets of the patella (OR = 2.7 × 10−3; P Conclusion Central cartilage lesions of the patellofemoral joint are associated with patellar and trochlear morphology, and patellar alignment.
Cross-Scale Analysis of Sub-pixel Variations in Digital Elevation Models

Terrain is modeled on a grid of pixels, assuming that elevation values are constant within any single pixel of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (a ‘rigid pixel’ paradigm). This paradigm can generate imprecise measurements because it does not account for the slope and curvature of the terrain within each pixel, leading to precious information being lost. In order to improve the precision of interpolated points, this paper relaxes the rigid pixel assumption, allowing possible sub-pixel variations (a ‘surface-adjusted’ paradigm) to be used to interpolate elevation of arbitrary points given a regular grid. Tests based on interpolating elevation values for 5000 georeferenced random points from a DEM are presented, using the rigid pixel paradigm and different interpolation methods (e.g., Weighted Average, Linear, Bi-linear, Bi-quadratic, Bi-cubic, and best fitting polynomials) within different contiguity configurations (i.e., incorporating first and second order neighbors). The paper examines the sensitivity of surface adjustment to a progression of spatial resolutions (10, 30, 100, and 1000 m DEMs), evaluating sub-pixel variations that can be directly measured from 3 m resolution LIDAR data.
Changing votes or changing voters? How candidates and election context swing voters and mobilize the base

Abstract To win elections, candidates attempt to mobilize supporters and persuade swing voters. With what magnitude each operates across American elections is not clear. I argue that the influence of swing voters should depend upon change in the candidates across elections and that the consequences of changes in composition should depend upon the relative balance of campaign expenditures. I estimate a Bayesian hierarchical model on Florida electoral data for house, governor, and senate contests. Swing voters contribute on average 4.1 percentage points to change in party vote shares, while change in turnout influences outcomes by 8.6 points. The effect of swing voters is increasing in the divergence between the Democrat and Republican candidates. Candidates increasingly benefit from the votes of occasional voters as the relative balance of campaign spending increases in their favor. More broadly, the effects of swing voters and turnout are not constant features of American elections, instead varying across time and space in ways related to candidates and context.
Consortium on Methods Evaluating Tobacco: Research Tools to Inform US Food and Drug Administration Regulation of Snus.

Introduction The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has purview over tobacco products. To set policy, the FDA must rely on sound science, yet most existing tobacco research methods have not been designed to specifically inform regulation. The NCI and FDA-funded Consortium on Methods Evaluating Tobacco (COMET) was established to develop and assess valid and reliable methods for tobacco product evaluation. The goal of this article is to describe these assessment methods using a US manufactured "snus" as the test product. Methods In designing studies that could inform FDA regulation, COMET has taken a multidisciplinary approach that includes experimental animal models and a range of human studies that examine tobacco product appeal, addictiveness, and toxicity. This article integrates COMET's findings over the last 4 years. Results Consistency in results was observed across the various studies, lending validity to our methods. Studies showed low abuse liability for snus and low levels of consumer demand. Toxicity was less than cigarettes on some biomarkers but higher than medicinal nicotine. Conclusions Using our study methods and the convergence of results, the snus that we tested as a potential modified risk tobacco product is likely to neither result in substantial public health harm nor benefit. Implications This review describes methods that were used to assess the appeal, abuse liability, and toxicity of snus. These methods included animal, behavioral economics, consumer perception studies, and clinical trials. Across these varied methods, study results showed low abuse-liability and appeal of the snus product we tested. In several studies, demand for snus was lower than for less toxic nicotine gum. The consistency and convergence of results across a range of multi-disciplinary studies lends validity to our methods and suggests that promotion of snus as a modified risk tobacco products is unlikely to produce substantial public health benefit or harm.
Migrant Farmworkers' Perceptions of Pesticide Risk Exposure in Adams County, Pennsylvania: A Cultural Risk Assessment

Agricultural exceptionalism, a system in which regular labor laws and standards do not apply to farm labor, makes migrant farmworkers particularly vulnerable populations—economically, socially, and in terms of environmental health. To address inequities inherent in migrant farmworker margin­aliza­tion, studies advocate for actively engaging the migrant farmworker population in the conversation surrounding these issues. We conducted 40 semi­structured interviews with migrant farmworkers in Adams County, Pennsylvania, to understand pesti­cide risk exposure perceptions and practices. We employed the Health Belief Model as our cultural risk assessment frame, using it in combination with technical risk assessment, which uses government calculations (from the Environmental Protection Agency) to quantify pesticide risk exposure. We used mixed methods analyses (quantitative and qualitative) to compare and understand farmworker demographics, perceived risk, perceived control, and risk behavior. Results show that demo­graphics —e.g., age, education, visa status—are important factors in risk perception. They also confirm observations present in many earlier studies. While trainings and educational materials are valuable to help build awareness of risk, a systemic lack of control over their circumstances make it hard for migrant farmworkers to engage in safe behavior. Results also highlight the limitations of technical risk assessment. Such calculations, however, rarely account for risk perceptions and experiences of farm­workers themselves. Acknowledging the voices of migrant farmworkers is an essential first step in rebalancing inequities of power in our food systems, and cultural risk assessment can help frame recommendations that target different stake­holders across the pesticide regulatory spectrum to ensure migrant farmworker needs and safety.
9-(3,5-Di­methyl­benzyl­idene)-8-(3,5-di­methyl­phen­yl)-1,3,5,7-tetra­phenyl-2,4,7,8-tetra­hydro-4,7-methano­azulene aceto­nitrile disolvate

The title Diels–Alder product, C52H44·2CH3CN, was obtained in trace qu­antity as the `endo' isomer during the synthesis of 1,3-diphenyl-6-(3,5-di­methyl­phen­yl)fulvene. One of the two co-crystallized aceto­nitrile mol­ecules is linked to the main mol­ecule by a weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bond.
Other Markers in the HLA Linkage Groups1

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the genes currently known to be linked to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and explains the methodology used in the genetic analysis of linkage. Linkage between HLA and several other loci has in fact been demonstrated. These other genes appear to determine either components of the complement system or intracellular enzymes. Four or five loci that control the C3-activating components and three genes that control enzymes without apparent relationship to each other or to the major histocompatibility system have been found to map in or close to this genetic region. The chapter also describes the most salient aspects of these traits. Three complement components, namely, Bf, C2, and C4, are inherited through genes in the HLA linkage group.
IMPLICATIONS OF INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC COMPUTERS FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION METHODOLOGY

Abstract New tools are needed if workers in pattern recognition are to cope effectively with the complexities of most real pattern-recognition problems. In this paper we seek to describe how we feel the interactive graphic computer, which is a new tool, can be used to aid the worker in pattern recognition. Our goal in examining interactive graphics is, in addition to doing the old things better, to use the new medium to do things differently. We see interactive graphic computer systems changing the rules by which we go about organizing complexity. The specific implications we see are illustrated by brief discussions of three interactive graphic computer systems—PROMENADE, a system for analysis of multivariate data; SARF, a signature-analysis research facility; and ENVIRON, a tool for portraying a complex conceptual environment.
Cannot Ventilate, Cannot Intubate Due to Airway Hemorrhage

This case describes a situation where ventilation and intubation could not be performed due to an anatomical obstruction to the airway. It highlights important principles to understand when confronted with the difficult airway.
The Spinal Cord: A Review of Functional Neuroanatomy

The spinal cord controls the voluntary muscles of the trunk and limbs and receives sensory input from these areas. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. A basic knowledge of spinal cord anatomy is essential for interpretation of clinical signs and symptoms and for understanding of pathologic processes involving the spinal cord. In this article, anatomic structures are correlated with relevant clinical signs and symptoms and a step-wise approach to spinal cord diagnosis is outlined.
Revisiting Administrative Evil: Is It Consistent with Principles of Administration? Does It Move the Discipline Forward?

In a recent Public Integrity commentary, Adams posited that the prevailing cultural context, with its emphasis on technical rationality, has enabled a new and dangerous form of evil. This essay, in rebuttal, questions the clarity of the constructs, such as administrative evil, popularized by Adams and Balfour. It proposes that they confuse means with ends in linking administrative behavior with the ill-defined construct of evil. It also contends that the conceptualization of administrative evil undermines the core ethos of American governance, which includes neutral professionalism and democratic accountability.
Review of: Batchelor, Roy (2001),

Substantial resources are devoted to forecasting macroeconomic series by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Forecasts for these series are also available from many private sources. For example, Consensus Economics, an English firm, combines forecasts from 10 to 30 private sector forecasts for each country. Batchelor asks whether the IMF and OECD, with their statistics and highly qualified analysts, might contribute to forecast accuracy beyond what is offered by private firms. Batchelor used a two-tailed significance test on whether these forecasts do better than the consensus. He examined forecasts for the G7 countries for seven years (1990-1996) using three starting points for each year for six variables. In all, there were comparisons for 1,200 forecasts. Using the Mean Absolute Errors, the consensus forecasts were superior to the OECD and IMF forecasts on 23 of 27 comparisons (summarized by variable by starting month). On average, the combined forecast error was 9.6% less than the IMF forecast and 8.1% less than the OECD forecast. These gains are in line with the estimate that combining will reduce the error by about 12% versus a single component forecast (Armstrong 2001). Batchelor then examined whether the Consensus Forecasts would be improved through the addition of the OECD and IMF forecasts. It was not, which is not surprising given the large number of forecasts included in the combined forecasts; the results for combining suggest that the gains in accuracy from adding forecasts become small after one has combined five forecasts (Armstrong 2001).
In Vitro Activities of Omadacycline against Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria.

The in vitro activity of omadacycline, a new tetracycline derivative, was evaluated against isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium fortuitum using a broth microtiter dilution assay. Omadacycline had MIC90 values of 2 μg/ml, 0.25 μg/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The in vitro activity of omadacycline against rapidly growing mycobacteria indicates that it may have the potential to improve therapy for infections caused by these organisms.
Can we use sea surface temperature and productivity proxy records to reconstruct Ekman upwelling

Abstract. Marine sediments have greatly improved our understanding of the climate system, but their interpretation often assumes that certain climate mechanisms operate consistently over all timescales of interest and that variability at one or a few sample sites is representative of an oceanographic province. In this study, we test these assumptions using modern observations in an idealized manner mimicking paleo-reconstruction to investigate whether sea surface temperature and productivity proxy records in the Southern California Current System can be used to reconstruct Ekman upwelling. The method uses extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis of the covariation of alongshore wind stress, chlorophyll, and sea surface temperature as measured by satellites from 2002 to 2009. We find that EEOF1 does not reflect an Ekman upwelling pattern but instead much broader California Current processes. EEOF2 and 3 reflect upwelling patterns, but these patterns are timescale dependent and regional. Thus, the skill of using one site to reconstruct the large-scale dominant patterns is spatially dependent. Lastly, we show that using multiple sites and/or multiple variables generally improves field reconstruction. These results together suggest that caution is needed when attempting to extrapolate mechanisms that may be important on seasonal timescales (e.g., Ekman upwelling) to deeper time but also the advantage of having multiple proxy records.
Chapter 8 – Conclusions

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that there exists a strongly rotation-symmetric 8-state, 5-neighbor cellular space which is computation-construction-universal. In this space all two-dimensional completely passive configurations can be read and erased by other configurations. As a consequence, this space may well be strictly more powerful than von Neumann's rotation-symmetric 29-state, 5-neighbor cellular space. A necessary condition for computation universality is that, by choice of initial configuration, it is possible to obtain boundable propagation arbitrarily far from its source. There does not exist a computation-universal 2-state, 5-neighbor cellular space with a neighborhood that is 90°-rotation-symmetric. However, there does exist a 2-state cellular space that is computation-construction-universal.
Navigating telemedicine for facial trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Importance The COVID-19 pandemic is changing how health care providers practice. As some telemedicine and telecommunication support tools have been incorporated into the otolaryngology practice in response to safety and access demands, it is essential to review how these tools and services can help facilitate facial trauma evaluation during a time when clinical resources are limited. Objective To review applications of telemedicine for the evaluation of facial trauma to better direct utilization of these methods and technologies during times of limited access to clinical resources such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Results After screening 158 titles and abstracts, we identified 16 eligible studies involving facial trauma evaluation using telemedicine. Telemedicine opportunities for facial trauma evaluation have the potential to be developed in the areas of multidisciplinary remote consultations, facial trauma triage, patient engagement, and postoperative follow-up. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic is posing obstacles for both providers and patients in the delivery of health care at a time of limited clinical resources. Telemedicine may provide a potential useful tool in the evaluation and triage of facial injuries and patient engagement.
In-Flight Emergency: A Simulation Case for Emergency Medicine Residents.

Introduction In-flight medical emergencies are common occurrences that require medical professionals to manage patients in an unfamiliar setting with limited resources. Emergency medicine (EM) resi...
Buyout Motives and the Direction of Innovation

Startups are a key driver of innovation but are frequently the target of acquisition by incumbent firms. How does this affect the types of products that are developed? We study a model in which an entrant decides whether to develop either a product that is a partial substitute for an incumbent’s product or an unrelated product. After the product is developed, the incumbent may choose either to buy out the entrant or to engage in Bertrand competition. We show that when buyouts are possible, the entrant is more likely to develop the substitute product. Moreover, this effect reduces aggregate welfare compared to a counterfactual where buyouts are not possible.
Purposeful Use of High-Leverage Practices to Teach Number Sense:

High-leverage practices are essential components of specially designed instruction required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. High-leverage practices such as explicit instruction ...