cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation in Mastocarpus papillatus (Rhodophyta) in central California using amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Mastocarpus (Rhodophyta)(Kutzing) occurs globally along temperate ocean coasts as at least four currently recognized species (Guiry & Nic Dhonncha 2003) ranging from intertidal to shallow subtidal depths. Mastocarpus papillatus (C. Agardh) is one of the most common intertidal red algae on the central California coast (Abbott & Hollenberg 1976), yet its full life history was not discovered until West (1972) linked the crustose Petrocelis (J. Agardh) and the foliose Gigartina (Stackhouse) genera into a common life history. Polanshek & West (1977) further showed that a single Petrocelis-Gigartina complex, later named M. papillatus , occupies the entire range from Alaska to California. The only recognized congener over this range is the morphologically distinct M. jardinii (J. West) ,which co-occurs from Point Conception, California into British Columbia (Abbott & Hollenberg 1976). Mastocarpus papillatus follows the typical red algal sexual life cycle, exhibiting three morphologically dissimilar yet easily identifiable stages. Additionally, morphologically indistinguishable direct-type reproduction occurs in the female gametophyte, recycling unfertilized gametes into female gametophytes. Reproductive studies by Polanshek & West (1977) indicated that individual female gametophytes are obligated to their particular mode of reproduction as all spores cultured from a single blade produce the same life history stage (female gametophyte or tetrasporophyte). Follow-up cultures from four subsequent generations indicated that daughters of direct-type females share this obligation (Polanshek & West 1977). This finding provides reasonable suspicion of inherited divergence in M. papillatus . In numerous studies, genetic diversity has been evaluated as high as the genus level on the genetic basis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints alone (see Han et al . 2000; Monte et al . 2001; Coart et al . 2002; Mannschreck et al . 2002; Mendelson & Shaw 2002; Mougel et al . 2002; Wong et al . 2002). Amplified fragment length polymorphisms provide quick, inexpensive, reliable DNA fingerprints without extensive foreknowledge of the study organism’s genome (Vos et al . 1995). Here we use AFLP on female gametophytes to determine whether divergence exists within M. papillatus and on tetrasporophytes to determine whether co-occurring, diverged groups are interbreeding on the central coast of California, USA.
Microcanonical Monte Carlo Simulation

A new algorithm for the simulation of statistical systems is presented. The procedure produces a random walk through configurations of a constant total energy. It is computationally simple and applicable to systems of both discrete and continuous variables.
Monolithic wavelength-graded VCSEL and wavelength-selective photodetector arrays for WDM applications

Monolithic, multiple-wavelength VCSEL arrays have been obtained by using the surface-controlled enhancement and reduction of the MOCVD epitaxial growth rate to produce a periodic and repeatable grading of the resonance wavelength over a span of greater than 30 nm. Room temperature, electrically-injected, cw lasing has also been achieved with a wavelength span of greater than 20 nm. We show here both the enhancement and the reduction of the growth rate of the entire VCSEL structure and demonstrate the controlled variation of the VCSEL lasing wavelength over a widened spectral range by exploiting both of these effects. Using the same growth techniques, wavelength-selective, resonance-enhanced photodetector arrays with closely-matched resonance wavelengths can be monolithically integrated on the same epilayer structure. We demonstrate the repeatability of this technique using different arrays from the same growth run.
Improving the accuracy vs. speed tradeoff for simulating shared-memory multiprocessors with ILP processors

Previous simulators for shared-memory architectures have imposed a large tradeoff between simulation accuracy and speed. Most such simulators model simple processors that do not exploit common instruction-level parallelism (ILP) features, consequently exhibiting large errors when used to model current systems. A few newer simulators model current ILP processors in detail, but we find them to be about ten times slower. We propose a new simulation technique, based on a novel adaptation of direct execution, that alleviates this accuracy vs. speed tradeoff. We compare the speed and accuracy of our new simulator, DirectRSIM, with three other simulators-RSIM (a detailed simulator for multiprocessors with ILP processors) and two representative simple-processor based simulators. Compared to RSIM, on average, DirectRSIM is 3.6 times faster and exhibits a relative error of only 1.3% in total execution time. Compared to the simple-processor based simulators, DirectRSIM is far superior in accuracy, and yet is only 2.7 times slower.
Chemical disulfide mapping identifies an inhibitor cystine knot in the agouti signaling protein

The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) and its homolog, the agouti-related protein (AgRP), act as inverse agonists that control, respectively, pigmentation and metabolic function in mammals. NMR investigations find that the C-terminal domains of these proteins adopt a fold consistent with an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK), previously identified in invertebrate toxins. Although these structural studies suggest that ASIP and AgRP define a new mammalian protein fold class, the results with ASIP are inconclusive. Here, we apply direct chemical mapping to determine the complete set of disulfide linkages in ASIP. The results demonstrate unequivocally that ASIP adopts the ICK fold and thereby supports a recent evolution structure function analysis, which proposes that ASIP and AgRP arose from a common antagonist ligand.
Everything's coming up hormones!

This superb three-volume set of Endocrinology is a thorough, exhaustive compilation covering endocrine regulation of every physiological system and process, as well as pathological conditions and clinical implications associated with disruptions in endocrine function. The regulation of hormone synthesis and secretion and the mechanisms of action at the molecular level are clearly described.
Query Processing in Distributed Database System

Query processing in a distributed system requires the transmission f data between computers in a network. The arrangement of data transmissions and local data processing is known as a distribution strategy for a query. Two cost measures, response time and total time are used to judge the quality of a distribution strategy. Simple algorithms are presented that derive distribution strategies which have minimal response time and minimal total time, for a special class of queries. These optimal algorithms are used as a basis to develop a general query processing algorithm. Distributed query examples are presented and the complexity of the general algorithm is analyzed. The integration of a query processing subsystem into a distributed database management system is discussed.
A new chiral peptide analog: Synthesis and characterization of poly[4(S)‐2‐propyl‐4‐methoxycarbonyl‐2‐oxazoline]

Synthese de poly (N-acyl-ethyleneimines racemique et optiquement actif. Formation competitive du monomere dehydroalanine correspondant
Chronic Olanzapine or Sertindole Treatment Results in Reduced Oral Chewing Movements in Rats Compared to Haloperidol

Chronic haloperidol treatment typically produces late-onset, purposeless oral chewing movements in laboratory rats with a prevalence of 40 to 60%. Chronic clozapine does not produce these movements. Based on the phenomenologic and pharmacologic similarities between these rat chewing movements and human tardive dyskinesia (TD), the animal movements are often used as a model of tardive dyskinesia (TD). Here we report results of the association of oral chewing movements in rats with chronic administration of two new antipsychotic drugs, olanzapine and sertindole. Because each of these antipsychotic drugs has a very low incidence of acute Parkinsonism in human studies, they are candidates for showing a low tardive dyskinesia risk. Neither new drug produced a significant incidence of haloperidol-like chewing in rats, nor did movement ratings after their chronic administration differ from placebo; whereas, haloperidol produced a 60% prevalence of purposeless chewing and a prevalence significantly increased from placebo. This low rate of oral dyskinesias in rats is consistent with several of the preclinical characteristics of the drugs and correlates with their low acute motor side effects in clinical trials. We propose, although have not yet tested in humans, that these animal results will predict low TD liability of these drugs.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Examination of Reverse Coding Effects in Meyer and Allen's Affective and Continuance Commitment Scales

Examination of Meyer and Allen's Affective and Continuance Commitment Scales using confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 7 provided strong support across multiple diagnostics for the existence of a reverse coding method factor defined by the six negatively worded items in the scales.
Vaccinia, Inc.--probing the functional substructure of poxviral replication factories.

Summary Poxviruses replicate in viral factories in the host cell cytoplasm. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Katsafanas and Moss identify discrete poxviral factory subdomains that contain locally synthesized virus proteins and specifically imported host proteins, and within which viral transcription and translation take place simultaneously. These factories thus comprise a highly structured virus organelle that isolates and coordinates late viral replication events, facilitating competition for cellular resources.
Effects of problem frame and gender on principals’ decision making

Research indicates people’s decisions can sometimes be influenced by seemingly trivial differences in the framing (i.e., wording) of alternative options. The tendency to prefer risk averse options when framed positively and risky options when framed negatively is known as the framing effect. The current study examined the susceptibility of school principals to the framing effect. Additionally, analytical and intuitive decision styles, the degree to which one’s typical goal is to maximize (rather than satisfice), gender, and years of experience as a principal were measured to assess whether they are predictive of principals’ choices, and to test whether they moderate the effects of framing on choice. Seventy-one principals completed six decision problems (framed either positively or negatively) and instruments assessing decision style, typical decision goal, gender, and experience. Analyses demonstrated that principals are influenced by framing. Although the positively and negatively framed versions of the decision problems were objectively identical, negative framing resulted in more risky choices. Additionally, regardless of frame, men made more risky choices than women. There was no evidence that experience, decision style, or the degree to which one’s typical decision goal was to maximize, decreased framing effects. Several potential debiasing strategies are described, and limitations are noted.
The use of statistical channel models, full-field propagation codes, and field data to predict link availability

The free-space communications community has only recently recognized the complexity of atmospheric channel interactions, which are highly dependent on the turbulence profile, beam propagation geometry, and transceiver design. The search for models that accurately describe link performance and overall availability is currently an active field of research. This paper describes a method for defining link availability based on statistical channel models, which can be derived from measured signal fluctuations during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. Measurements made during an extended communication link experiment conducted during the summer of 2008 indicate that the intervals of channel stability, which impact the length of link outages, can vary in duration from a few minutes to several hours. This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
Some Systems with Unique Equilibrium States

where h , ( f ) is the entropy of/z. We want conditions o n f a n d ~o which guarantee a unique equilibrium state. f i s called expansive if there is an ~ > 0 such that for any two points x ¢ y in X there is an n e Z so that d( f " (x ) , f " (y ) ) > E. fsat isf ies specification if for each 8 > 0 there is an integer p(8) for which the following is true: if I~,. •., I , are intervals o f integers contained in [a, b] with d(ll, I j) >_ p(8) for i ¢ j and x l , . . . , x , eX, then there is a point x e X with fb-"+PO)(X)= X and d(fk(x), fk(xi)) < 8 for k e Ii. This condition allows us to construct a lot of periodic points. For ~o e C(X) and n _ 1 let
¿Un neobarroco español? Del hispanismo a los estudios latinoamericanos, viaje de ida y vuelta

ResumenEste articulo estudia las contradicciones teoricas que surgen cuando el concepto del neobarroco es llevado a un contexto espanol. Tradicionalmente el neobarroco se ha considerado un fenomeno esencialmente latinoamericano, pero en los ultimos anos algunos criticos han querido ver en la produccion cultural peninsular una estetica parecida. Dada la fuerte carga identitaria que tiene el termino, cabe preguntarse si tal apropiacion conceptual resulta legitima. ?Se puede trasladar un aparato teorico latinoamericano a una realidad iberica? La cuestion tiene que ver no solo con la presencia en Espana de una sensibilidad particular, sino que remite, en ultima instancia, a debates mucho mas amplios sobre el hispanismo como marco comun para el estudio de las culturas peninsulares y continentales. Una consideracion del neobarroco ofrece una perspectiva singular sobre estos debates, porque revela como un discurso identitario puede perpetuarse en un concepto estetico. En el exito del neobarroco se hace patente l...
Chemistry of thienopyridines. X. Syntheses of thieno[3,4‐b] — and thieno[3,4‐c] pyridines

Thieno [3,4-b] pyridine (5) was synthesized by means of the successive steps of (a) photochlorination of 2,3-dimethylpyridine to the bis(chloromethyl) compound, (b) condensation with sodium sulfide, (c) oxidation to the sulfoxide, and (d) catalytic dehydration by means of alumina. Thieno[3,4-c]pyridine (6) was obtained in an analogous manner. Spectral properties indicate that 5 and 6 have aromatic character.
A randomized trial of misoprostol and oxytocin for induction of labor: safety and efficacy.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of misoprostol and oxytocin for induction of labor. Methods: One hundred thirty women requiring induction of labor were randomized to receive either intravenous oxytocin or 100 μg misoprostol, administered intravaginally every 4 hours until labor was established. Results: Compared with women receiving oxytocin, a greater percentage of women in the misoprostol group had Bishop scores of 3 or less (58 versus 38%, P Conclusion: Compared with oxytocin for labor induction, misoprostol results in a shorter induction-to-delivery interval, a reduction in the rate of cesarean delivery for dystocia, and a decreased use of epidural analgesia. Uterine tachysystole is significantly more common with the use of misoprostol.
Sepsis-induced suppression of skeletal muscle translation initiation mediated by tumor necrosis factor α

Inhibition of translational efficiency is responsible at least in part for the sepsis-induced decrease in protein synthesis observed in skeletal muscle. Moreover, infusion of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) into naive rats produces a comparable decrement. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether inhibition of TNF action under in vivo conditions could prevent the sepsis-induced decrease in translation initiation observed in the postabsorptive state. To address this aim, sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and rats were studied in the fasted condition 20 to 24 hours thereafter. Both septic and time-matched nonseptic control rats were pretreated with TNF-binding protein (TNFBP) before CLP or sham surgery to neutralize endogenously produced TNF. Sepsis altered the distribution of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in the gastrocnemius by increasing the amount associated with 4E-BP1 (inactive complex) and decreasing the amount bound to eIF4G (active complex). This change in eIF4E availability was associated with a decreased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was also decreased in the gastrocnemius from septic rats. Pretreatment of septic rats with TNFBP largely ameliorated the altered distribution of eIF4E as well as the reduced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, S6, and mTOR. In contrast, sepsis did not change either the total amount or the phosphorylation state of eIF2α or eIF2Be. Furthermore, no sepsis-induced change in eIFs was detected in the slow-twitch soleus muscle. The ability of TNFBP to prevent the sepsis-induced alterations in translation initiation was independent of change in plasma insulin and proportional to the insulinlike growth factor I content in blood and muscle but was associated with a reduction in plasma corticosterone. Hence, the decreased constitutive protein synthesis observed in fast-twitch skeletal muscle in response to peritonitis is mediated by a TNF-dependent mechanism affecting mTOR regulation of translation initiation.
Quality Analysis for Least-Squares Transformation of Unevenly Spaced Interferograms

A least-squares method of transforming interferograms into spectra is compared with the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT) for varying degree of point-spacing unevenness. A Gaussian distribution is assumed for the deviations from even spacing. FFT gives inferior spectra quality above a critical unevenness, which decreases as more interferograms are averaged.
Graduate teaching assistant perceptions of training programs

This study sought to identify how Communication GTAs rank the importance of various issues and components of GTA training programs. Speech communication GTAs were asked to rate the importance of 12 different non‐instructional concerns and 22 different issues regarding classroom management. GTAs were also presented with an open‐ended question which asked GTAs how training programs could provide the most effective training. Survey results were used to formulate suggestions for how GTA training programs can be organized and conducted.
Gender, Financial Strain, and Psychological Distress among Older Adults:

This study assessed the degree to which differential exposure and differential vulnerability to chronic financial strain contribute to greater distress among older women than older men. Previous research on this topic used the demographic mean decomposition technique, a procedure that does not assess factors that might account for differential exposure and differential vulnerability. This issue is addressed by (a) evaluating the effects of marital status, a factor that might be responsible for differential exposure and (b) evaluating the effects of control, a coping resource that might account for differential vulnerability. Using data from a nationwide survey, the results indicate that gender differences in control and distress emerged in response to differential exposure. Older women were exposed to more financial stress than older men, and their greater exposure resulted, in part, from their lower probability of being married. Older women's greater exposure to financial strain overwhelmed their ability...
Sentient Networks: A New Dimension in Network Capability

As computer networks evolve to the next generation, they offer flexible infrastructures for communication as well as high vulnerability. In order to sustain the reliability, to prevent misuse, and to provide radically new services, these networks need new capabilities in non-traditional domains of operation such as perception and consciousness. Therefore, we propose Sentient Networks, as an early approach towards realizing them. There are several applications for such networking capability. For one, sentient networks can enable packet detection in a blackbox manner, detect encryption of data transferred, detecting and classifying data types such as voice, video, and data. Some of the applications of such capabilities, for example, include the use of emotion content of the voice packets through a network and classifying these packets into normal, moderately panicked, and extremely panicked. Such classifications can be used to provide better QoS schemes for panicked callers. We obtained a packet detection accuracy of about 65-70% for data packets and about 98% accuracy for detecting encrypted TCP packets. The emotion-aware QoS provision mechanism provided approximately 60% improvement in delay performance for voice packets generated by panicked sources.
Noise, chaos, and the Josephson voltage standard

The design of zero-bias Josephson voltage standards is presented as a case study in nonlinear dynamics. Based on superconducting tunnel junctions, such standards rely on nonlinearity to create a phase lock between an internal junction variable and an applied rf bias. In the terminology of nonlinear dynamics, phase lock corresponds to motion on a periodic attractor. Not all attractors of the rf-biased junction are periodic, however, and both quasiperiodic and chaotic attractors must be avoided in voltage standards. Surprisingly, the optimum operating point for zero-bias standards is near a region of chaos. Thus, the Josephson coupling energy , a measure of the junction's nonlinearity, must be chosen much larger than the thermal energy to avoid disruption by intrinsic noise but not so large that chaos is evoked. The optimum maximizes the activation energy required for thermally induced escape from the phase-locked attractor. For nonequilibrium systems like the rf-biased junction, is a difference in quasipotential that can be calculated by finding the most probable path for escape from a basin of attraction in the limit of low temperature.
An augmented Lagrangian finite element formulation for 3D contact of biphasic tissues.

Biphasic contact analysis is essential to obtain a complete understanding of soft tissue biomechanics, and the importance of physiological structure on the joint biomechanics has long been recognised; however, up to date, there are no successful developments of biphasic finite element contact analysis for three-dimensional (3D) geometries of physiological joints. The aim of this study was to develop a finite element formulation for biphasic contact of 3D physiological joints. The augmented Lagrangian method was used to enforce the continuity of contact traction and fluid pressure across the contact interface. The biphasic contact method was implemented in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2® (COMSOL, Inc., Burlington, MA). The accuracy of the implementation was verified using 3D biphasic contact problems, including indentation with a flat-ended indenter and contact of glenohumeral cartilage layers. The ability of the method to model multibody biphasic contact of physiological joints was proved...
Real-time experiments of ANC systems for infant incubators

This paper presents real-time experiments of applying active noise control (ANC) algorithms for infant incubators to reduce recorded neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) noise. Research shows that 10�15% of newborns spend time in NICU and high noise levels in the infant incubator result in numerous adverse health effects. The ANC system has potential benefits of generating quiet environment for newborns inside the incubators and decreasing the risk of health impairment and disability. Real-time experiments of single-channel and multiple-channel ANC structures were conducted using real recorded NICU noise samples. An average reduction of 13 dB and 17 dB are obtained by using single-channel and multiple-channel ANC systems.
Is obesity predictive of cardiovascular dysfunction independent of cardiovascular risk factors

Is obesity predictive of cardiovascular dysfunction independent of cardiovascular risk factors?
Aberration functions for microlithographic optics

In this paper a newly proposed polynomial series for aberration expression is reviewed. The new series can be utilized to express aberration distribution of a high NA and wide field optical system like a microlithographic projection lens. Moreover, the new aberration functions can be used for the microlithographic lens manufacturing process because they can express each aberration component of a rotationally symmetric system with a small amount of decentering error and astigmatic (toric) error.
Cephalometric changes after the correction of Class III malocclusion with maxillary expansion/facemask therapy

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cephalometric changes that occurred during and after the correction of Class III malocclusion. The records of 24 Class III patients treated with a banded expansion appliance and custom facemask were compared with 24 Class I and 27 Class III untreated controls. Cephalometric means were calculated for the annualized data and compared univariately with unpaired t tests to determine significant differences. Treatment results showed more convexity of the facial profile from anterior displacement and downward and backward rotation of the maxilla and clockwise rotation of the mandible. The maxillary teeth moved forward while the lower incisors retruded. Postprotraction results showed the maxilla did not relapse after treatment but grew anteriorly similar to the Class III controls but less than the Class I controls. Mandibular growth was similar for the treatment and control groups. Dental changes compensated for decreasing overjet whereas the soft tissue profile showed no significant posttreatment changes. Results in the intercontrol comparison showed the Class III controls had significantly less forward movement of A-point and greater forward movement of the mandible than Class I controls. Because of these differences using a Class I control group to compare to a Class III treatment group will tend to underestimate the treatment effects and overestimate posttreatment changes. Overcorrection of the Class III malocclusion is recommended to compensate for postprotraction growth deficiency of the maxilla.
Thermoelectric power of bismuth nanowires

We report here measurements of the thermoelectric power and longitudinal magneto-Seebeck coefficient of 200 nm diameter single-crystal bismuth nanowires. Nanowires of pure Bi and of n-type-doped Bi (with Te at about $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3})$ were measured. The wires are imbedded in porous anodic alumina. The data are taken on arrays of wires connected in parallel, at temperatures from 8 to 300 K, and, between 10 and 80 K, in magnetic fields from 0 to 5 Tesla. It has been theoretically calculated that bismuth nanowires should have a strongly increased thermoelectric figure of merit over bulk Bi, when the diameter is decreased below about 10 nm. The nanowires in this study were selected because they are easier to prepare and handle. The temperature-dependent thermopower data are consistent with the partial electron and hole thermopower values calculated using the carrier Fermi energies obtained from Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations on the same samples.
1β, 25(OH)2-vitamin D3 is an antagonist of 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 stimulated transcaltachia (The rapid hormonal stimulation of intestinal calcium transport)

Abstract The steroid hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D 3 [1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] stimulates biological responses via both genomic mechanisms and nongenomic mechanisms (opening of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels). We report here that 1β,25(OH) 2 -vitamin-D 3 (a) is devoid of activity as an agonist for transcaltachia, (b) is a potent stereospecific antagonist of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulation of the nongenomic transcaltachia response and also (c) has less than 1% the ability of 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 to bind to the chick intestinal nuclear 1β,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptor. We conclude that the membrane response element(s) which generates the nongenomic response of transcaltachia has a different ligand specificity than the classic nuclear 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptor.
Effects of mammal and insect herbivory on population dynamics of a native Californian thistle, Cirsium occidentale

We explored consequences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in herbivory on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the Californian native dune thistle, Cirsium occidentale, in coastal and inland sites, for 2 years. We assessed the relative impacts of insect and mammalian herbivores and compared the relative importance of herbivory in coastal and inland habitats and among locations with different microclimates across a coastal dune. Effects of insect and mammalian herbivores were tested with a combination of insecticidal spray and cage exclusion treatments in a factorial experiment at the coastal site. Mammalian herbivores strongly affected the population dynamics of C. occidentale in both years, and their effects were augmented by fungal infection (1991), herbivory by stem-borers (1990) and, to a lesser extent, by insect seed predators in both years. Mammals caused most plant deaths, but the mammal species responsible differed among sites. Rabbit herbivory altered the vegetative growth of coastal thistles and significantly modified other key aspects of Cirsium demography, including growth rate and timing of reproduction. Small, uncaged plants grazed by rabbits took at least 1 year longer to mature than did caged plants. Larvae of Pyrausta subsequalis were the only insects that killed established plants. In 1990 and 1991, the numbers of insects damaging seed heads before dispersal were low, but were sufficient to cause receptacle and seed damage. The number of mature, undamaged seeds (and percent successful seed production) was reduced significantly only for heads infested by fungi near the ocean in 1991: the fungus occurred in 37% of heads and caused a 77% reduction in mature seeds.
Compliance and Satisfaction With Physician-Patient Communication An Expectancy Theory Interpretation of Gender Differences

This pair of studies sought to apply the explanatory calculus of expectancy theory to examine patient compliance and satisfaction with physicians’ instructions. Study 1 analyzed the differential expectations of patients based on gender of the physician. Results indicated that female physicians are expected to use instrumentally unaggressive strategies while male physicians are expected to use strategies that fall in the mid-range of a verbal aggression continuum. There were no differences in expectations based on the gender of patients. The second study manipulated physician communication and physician gender to predict an interaction such that when male physicians deviate from moderately aggressive, direction-giving strategies, using either more affiliative tactics or more instrumentally aggressive strategies, compliance increases. It was also predicted that affective satisfaction with male physicians would increase with increased use of affiliative, nonaggressive compliance-gaining messages. Based on expectancy theory, an inverse linear relationship between the use of instrumental verbal aggression and compliance and affective satisfaction was predicted for female physicians. Results supported the posited interaction. Implications for further refinement of expectancy theory are discussed, and practical implications for physician-patient communication in clinical situations are offered.
Cytochrome P450 3A5 plays a prominent role in the oxidative metabolism of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug maraviroc.

Maraviroc is an anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug that acts by blocking viral entry into target cells. With use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry several monooxygenated, dioxygenated, and glucuronidated metabolites of maraviroc were identified both in vitro and in vivo. Characterization of the enzymes involved in the production of these metabolites determined that cytochrome P450 3A5 was the principal enzyme responsible for the formation of an abundant metabolite of maraviroc that resulted from oxygenation of the dichlorocyclohexane ring. For the formation of this metabolite, the Vmax values for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were 0.04 and 0.93 pmol · min−1 · pmol P450−1, and the Km values were 11.1 and 48.9 μM, respectively. Furthermore, human liver microsomes isolated from donors homozygous for the loss-of-function CYP3A5*3 allele exhibited a 79% decrease in formation of this metabolite compared with those homozygous for the wild-type CYP3A5*1 allele. To probe which divergent residues between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 might play a role in the differential activities of these enzymes toward maraviroc, mutations were introduced into both enzymes and metabolism of maraviroc was measured. A CYP3A5 L57F mutant exhibited a 61% decrease in the formation of this metabolite, whereas formation by a CYP3A4 F57L mutant was increased by 337% compared with that of the wild type. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into the biotransformation of maraviroc as well as the potential role of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 divergent residues in the enzymatic activities of these two highly homologous enzymes.
Influence of crop management on soil moisture and plant stresses

Public awareness about environmental quality has been on the rise for the last few decades. Impact of land use on the environment has been of great importance for decision makers. This paper presents a research study of large watershed crop management impacts on soil, plant, and interdependence pollutant loads using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based watershed modeling tool called Soil and Wafer Assessment Tool (SWAT). The Tangipahoa River Watershed, LA, was selected as the study area. This research required the use of a continuous time modeling to simulate watershed hydrology, surface and subsurface water quality processes, and the impacts of crop management. The SWAT utilizes the U.S. Geological Survey and Soil Conservation Services geographic raster maps resources. SWAT includes nationwide relational database of soil properties, weather data, and pesticides, fertilizers, and tillage applications. Geographic data were extracted via the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) including digital terrain model, land use, and soil type layers at a scale of 1:250,000 and 500 m resolution. SWAT was applied for several crop management scenarios. There were insignificant differences in soil moisture distributions among the different crop management scenarios because the amount of surface water remained unchanged. However, crop stresses varied within 5%. The use of no-tillage resulted in a 20% reduction in the basin sediment yield, Org-N, and Org-P, but there was an increase in Nitrate-N and soluble-P loads. The simulation of hay gave similar values except Nitrate-N was decreased. Conversely, the simulation of cotton gave an increase in Nitrate-N and soluble-P if compared to the BOC.
U-Pb systematics of the McClure Mountain syenite: thermochronological constraints on the age of the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar standard MMhb

Recent advances in U–Pb geochronology allow unprecedented levels of precision in the determination of geological ages. However, increased precision has also illuminated the importance of understanding subtle sources of open-system behavior such as Pb-loss, inheritance, intermediate daughter product disequilibria, and the accuracy of the model assumptions for initial Pb. Deconvolution of these effects allows a much richer understanding of the power and limitations of U–Pb geochronology and thermochronology. In this study, we report high-precision ID-TIMS U–Pb data from zircon, baddelleyite, titanite and apatite from the McClure Mountain syenite, from which the 40Ar/39Ar hornblende standard MMhb is derived. We find that excess 206Pb in zircon due to inclusions of high-Th minerals and elevated Th/U in titanite and apatite jeopardize the utility of the 238U–206Pb system in this rock. Strongly air-abraded zircons give dates that are younger than chemical-abraded zircons, which yield a statistically robust 207Pb/235U date of 523.98±0.12 Ma that is interpreted as the crystallization age. We explore the best method of Pbc correction in titanite and apatite by analyzing the U–Pb isotopes of K-feldspar and using 2-D and 3-D regression methods—the latter of which yields the best results in each case. However, the calculated compositions of Pbc for titanite, apatite and K-feldspar are different, implying that using a single Pbc correction for multiple U–Pb thermochronometers may be inaccurate. The U–Pb thermochronological results are used to predict a closure time for Ar in hornblende of 522.98±1.00 Ma. Widely cited K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dates overlap with the U–Pb date, and relatively large errors make it impossible to verify whether U–Pb dates are systematically ≤1% older than K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dates.
PAN3 encodes a subunit of the Pab1p-dependent poly(A) nuclease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Pab1p-dependent poly(A) nuclease (PAN) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae copurifies with polypeptides of approximately 127 and 76 kDa. Previously, it was demonstrated that the 127-kDa Pan2 protein is required for PAN activity (R. Boeck, S. Tarun, M. Reiger, J. Deardorff, S. Muller-Auer, and A.B. Sachs, J. Biol. Chem. 271:432-438, 1996). Here we demonstrate that the 76-kDa protein, encoded by the nonessential PAN3 gene, is also required for enzymatic activity. Deletion of PAN3 resulted in the loss of PAN activity in yeast extracts, and immunodepletion of Pan3p from purified PAN fractions abolished enzymatic activity. We show by coimmunoprecipitation and directed two-hybrid studies that the Pan2 and Pan3 proteins physically interact. In addition, we demonstrate that a deletion of PAN2, PAN3, or both resulted in similar increases in mRNA poly(A) tail lengths in vivo. These data strongly suggest that both Pan2p and Pan3p are required subunits of the PAN enzyme and that PAN functions in vivo to shorten mRNA poly(A) tails.
Key transitions during the evolution of animal phototransduction: novelty, ''tree-thinking,'' co-option, and co-duplication

Biologists are amazed by the intricacy and complexity of biological interactions between molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems. Yet underlying all this biodiversity is a universal common ancestry. How does evolution proceed from common starting points to generate the riotous biodiversity we see today? This "novelty problem"-understanding how novelty and common ancestry relate-has become of critical importance, especially since the realization that genes and developmental processes are often conserved across vast phylogenetic distances. In particular, two processes have emerged as the primary generators of diversity in organismal form: duplication plus divergence and co-option. In this article, we first illustrate how phylogenetic methodology and "tree-thinking" can be used to distinguish duplication plus divergence from co-option. Second, we review two case studies in photoreceptor evolution-one suggesting a role for duplication plus divergence, the other exemplifying how co-option can shape evolutionary change. Finally, we discuss how our tree-thinking approach differs from other treatments of the origin of novelty that utilized a "linear-thinking" approach in which evolution is viewed as a linear and gradual progression, often from simple to complex phenotype, driven by natural selection.
Cocaine use and the mid-latency auditory evoked responses

To examine the effects of chronic cocaine use on the mid-latency auditory evoked responses (MLAERs), we recorded the evoked responses of 15 cocaine-dependent subjects and 13 age-matched healthy control subjects. Two evoked response paradigms were used: a trains paradigm with four different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) and a paired-click paradigm. Our data suggest that cocaine-dependent subjects generate smaller P50 components when long ISIs are used with multiple repetitions (in the trains paradigm). In a single repetition paradigm (paired clicks), a significant decrease in the ability to attenuate the N100 component was seen in the cocaine-dependent subjects.
Measuring adequacy of prenatal care: does missing visit information matter?

Background Kotelchuck's Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) Index is frequently used to classify levels of prenatal care. In the Finger Lakes Region (FLR) of upstate New York, prenatal care visit information late in pregnancy is often not documented on the birth certificate. We studied the extent of this missing information and its impact on the validity of regional APNCU scores. Methods We calculated the “weeks between” a mother's last prenatal care visit and her infant's date of birth. We adjusted the APNCU algorithm creating the Last Visit Adequacy of Prenatal Care (LV-APNC) Index using the last recorded prenatal care visit date as the end point of care and the expected number of visits at that time. We compared maternal characteristics by care level with each index, examining rates of reclassification and number of “weeks between” by birth hospital. Stuart-Maxwell, McNemar, chi-square, and t-tests were used to determine statistical significance. Results Based on 58,462 births, the mean “weeks between” was 2.8 weeks. Compared with their APNCU Index score, 42.4 percent of mothers were reclassified using the LV-APNC Index. Major movement occurred from Intermediate (APNCU) to Adequate or Adequate Plus (LV-APNC) leaving the Intermediate Care group a more at-risk group of mothers. Those with Adequate or Adequate Plus Care (LV-APNC) increased by 31.6 percent, surpassing the Healthy People 2020 objective. Conclusions In the FLR, missing visit information at the end of pregnancy results in an underestimation of mothers’ prenatal care. Future research is needed to determine the extent of this missing visit information on the national level.
Neue Strategien zur Totalsynthese von anorganischen Nanostrukturen

Die rege Nachfrage nach komplexen Nanomaterialien mit prazise kontrollierten Architekturen und Grenzflachen hat zu einer enormen Entwicklung bei innovativen Syntheseverfahren gefuhrt. Dieser Aufsatz beleuchtet Schlusselstrategien fur die chemische Umwandlung und schrittweise Synthese von anorganischen Mehrkomponenten-Nanostrukturen, wobei existierende Umwandlungsreaktionen im Nanobereich in Klassen eingeordnet werden, die den bei der Synthese von organischen Molekulen verwendeten entsprechen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Ubertragung von Konzepten aus der Molekulsynthese auf nanoskalige Systeme: Dazu gehoren unter anderem Ortsselektivitat, Regio- und Chemoselektivitat, orthogonale Reaktivitat, Kupplungsreaktionen, Strategien zum Schutzen und Entschutzen sowie Verfahren zur Trennung und Aufreinigung. Das so geschaffene Regelwerk stellt ein neues Modell fur die “Totalsynthese” von komplexen anorganischen Nanostrukturen dar, dem die Prinzipien von mehrstufigen Totalsynthesen komplexer organischer Molekulverbindungen und Naturstoffe zugrundeliegen.
Crystal Structures of Two Complexes of the Rare-Earth-DOTA-Binding Antibody 2D12.5: Ligand Generality from a Chiral System

We report the crystal structures of antibody 2D12.5 Fab bound to an yttrium-DOTA analogue and separately to a gadolinium-DOTA analogue. The rare earth elements have many useful properties as probes, and 2D12.5 binds the DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘‘-tetraacetic acid) complexes of all of them (Corneillie et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3436−3437). The structures show that there are no direct protein−metal interactions: a bridging water acts as a link between the protein and metal, with the chelate present as the M isomer in each case. DOTA forms an amphipathic cylinder with the charged carboxylate groups toward the face of the chelate near the metal ion, while nonpolar methylene groups from the macrocycle and the carboxymethyl groups occupy the rear and sides of the molecule. The orientation of the metal-DOTA in the 2D12.5 complex places most of the methylene carbon atoms of DOTA in hydrophobic contact with aromatic protein side chains. Other binding interactions between the met...
Optimized interactions for targeted self-assembly: Application to a honeycomb lattice

We devise an inverse statistical-mechanical methodology to find optimized interaction potentials that lead spontaneously to a target many-particle configuration. Target structures can possess varying degrees of disorder, thus extending the traditional idea of self-assembly to incorporate both amorphous and crystalline structures as well as quasicrystals. For illustration purposes, our computational technique is applied to yield an optimized isotropic (nondirectional) pair potential that spontaneously yields the three-coordinated honeycomb lattice as the ground state structure in two dimensions. This target choice is motivated by its three-dimensional analog, the diamond lattice, which is known to possess desirable photonic band gap properties.
Glyphmaker: creating customized visualizations of complex data

Glyphmaker allows nonexpert users to customize their own graphical representations using a simple glyph editor and a point-and-click binding mechanism. In particular, users can create and then alter bindings to visual representations, bring in new data or glyphs with associated bindings, change ranges for bound data, and do these operations interactively. They can also focus on data down to any level of detail, including individual elements, and then isolate or highlight the focused region. These features empower users, letting them employ their specialized domain knowledge to create customized visual representations for further exploration and analysis. For ease of design and use, we built Glyphmaker on top of Iris Explorer, the Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) dataflow visualization system. The current version of Glyphmaker has been successfully tested on a materials system simulation. We are planning a series of tests and evaluations by scientists and engineers using real data. >
At-Wavelength and Optical Metrology of Bendable X-Ray Optics for Nanofocusing at the ALS

We report on a new research and development program at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab directed to establish both at-wavelength and conventional optical metrology techniques suitable to characterize the surface profile of super-high-quality x-ray optics with sub-microradian precision.
Testing and analytical modelling for the purging process of a cryogenic line

To gain confidence in developing analytical models of the purging process for the cryogenic main propulsion systems of upper stage, two test series were conducted. The test article, a 3.35 m long with the diameter of 20 cm incline line, was filled with liquid or gaseous hydrogen and then purged with gaseous helium (GHe). Total of 10 tests were conducted. The influences of GHe flow rates and initial temperatures were evaluated. The Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), an in-house general-purpose fluid system analyzer computer program, was utilized to model and simulate selective tests. The test procedures, modeling descriptions, and the results are presented in the following sections.
The General Linear Model as Structural Equation Modeling.

Statistical procedures based on the general linear model (GLM) share much in common with one another, both conceptually and practically. The use of structural equation modeling path diagrams as too...