cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repo Specialness in the Transmission of Quantitative Easing

I show that the repo specialness of sovereign bonds can magnify the transmission of central bank quantitative easing into the real economy. Investors who cannot take advantage of the repo specialness of government bonds substitute for government bonds with riskier assets, such as corporate bonds. The extra demand from this portfolio substitution lowers corporate financing costs. I quantify the magnitude of this repo specialness channel for quantitative easing (QE) transmission in the context of the Public Sector Purchase Program of the Eurosystem.
Trunk and pelvis movement compensation in people with multiple sclerosis: Relationships to muscle function and gait performance outcomes.

Abstract Background Problems with gait are common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but little is known about pelvis and trunk kinematics, especially in the frontal plane. Research question Are pelvis and trunk kinematics in people with MS related to muscle function, spatiotemporal parameters, and gait performance? Methods In this cross-sectional study, 20 people with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale 1.5–5.5) and 10 people with comparable age and sex (CTL) underwent threedimensional gait analysis, muscle function assessments (hip and trunk strength and endurance), and gait performance measures (Timed 25-Foot Walk – T25FW, 2-Minute Walk Test – 2MWT). Frontal and sagittal plane pelvis and trunk excursion during the stance period of walking were compared between groups; and in the MS group, associations were determined between kinematic variables, muscle function, spatiotemporal parameters, and gait performance. Results Compared to the CTL group, the MS group had significantly greater sagittal plane trunk and pelvis excursion for both the stronger (p = 0.031) and weaker (p = 0.042) sides; less frontal plane trunk and pelvis excursion for both the stronger (p = 0.008) and weaker (p = 0.024) sides; and more sagittal plane trunk excursion for the stronger side (p = 0.047) during stance phase. There were low-to-moderate correlations in the MS group for sagittal plane pelvis excursion with muscle function (p = 0.019 to 0.030), spatiotemporal parameters (p Significance Rehabilitation interventions may consider addressing pelvis movement compensations in order to improve spatiotemporal parameters and gait performance in people with MS.
56 – Equidimensional-In-y Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter explains equidimensional-in-y equations. An equidimensional-in-y equation is one in which the scaling of the y variable does not change the equation. This information can be used to lower the order of the equation by a change of the dependent variable. An equidimensional-in-y equation is one that is left invariant under the transformation y → ay, where ‘a’ is a constant. That is, if the original equation is an equation for y(x) and the y variable is replaced by the variable ay', then the new equation (in terms of y' and x) will be identical to the original equation (which is in terms of y and x). An equation of this type can be converted to an equation of lower order by changing the dependent variable from y(x) to eu(x).
Posterior Mediastinal Mass Resection Requiring Venoarterial and Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support.

Summary Management of a mediastinal mass resection remains a challenging anesthetic scenario due to its compression on airway and major cardiovascular structures. In general, anterior mediastinal masses cause the most severe and often life-threatening complications due to the gravity effect leading to high degree of compression on the trachea, the superior vena cava, the pulmonary artery or the right heart. Posterior mediastinal mass is usually considered at lower risk because of its anatomical distance from those vital structures. Here the authors present a case of a large posterior mediastinal mass leading to severe cardiopulmonary compromise, requiring veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for surgical resection and veno-venous ECMO support for postoperative management. Though rare, posterior mediastinal masses can cause cardiopulmonary collapse with anesthesia induction, specifically with a large size tumor. Patient's positioning, physiological state and anesthetic drugs can pose dynamic changes on the severity of airway and vascular compression. It is important to recognize the potential risks of inducing anesthesia and use a multidisciplinary approach with meticulous planning for alternative management strategies that can be applied according to the patient's clinical condition.
Halogen Bonding of Organoiodines and Triiodide Anions in (NMe 3 Ph) + Salts.

To study the role of the triiodide (I3 )- anion in establishing various halogen bonding patterns, the trimethylphenylammonium iodide (NMe3 PhI) salt was reacted with diiodine (I2 ) in the presence of a series of organoiodines, tetraiodoethylene (TIE), 1,2-diiodo-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene (o-F4 DIB), 1,4-diiodo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene (p-F4 DIB), and 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (1,3,5-F3 I3 B) to form cocrystals of the organoiodines with the trimethylphenylammonium triiodide (NMe3 PhI3 ) salt. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed the (I3 )- anion served as a halogen bond acceptor for the organoiodine donors, forming a variety of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D packing arrangements through I⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonding. Significant asymmetry was observed within the (I3 )- anion. The melting points of the cocrystalline materials, as determined by simultaneous DSC/TGA, ranged from 43 °C to 119 °C and showed a strong dependence on the identity of the organoiodine incorporated into the crystal lattice.
Polarized Population Under Imitation Dynamics in Complex Networks

Abstract Evolutionary game theory is applied in a variety of settings, ranging from economics to socio-technical networks. The core concept in evolutionary game theory is evolutionary dynamics, which determines the composition of strategies in the population at steady state. Most evolutionary dynamics are modeled to descriptively showcase the utility derived from interactions between random pairs of players in well-mixed populations, or random pairs of neighbors in structured populations. In real-life social and socio-technical networks, it is more appropriate to evaluate a player’s utility as a collection of interactions with its neighbors. To understand this; in practice, people form opinions by means of observation and imitation, by not just one friend, but a collection of friends. This paper displays a variation of the pairwise imitation dynamics where players imitate the most well-off neighbor. This process is memory-less i.e., players only use the outcome of the current game to determine their strategies in subsequent games. Empirical results demonstrate that in real-life social networks, this imitation dynamic leads to a polarized population with games that have multiple pure strategy Nash equilibria such as the Stag-Hunt game and anti-coordination games like Hawk-Dove, where an "undecided" population indefinitely swings between two strategies.
Somatomedin C in the Ovine Fetus and Neonate

The chronically catheterized sheep model offers a useful approach to the study of fetal and neonatal neuroendocrine and pituitary maturation.(1) The ontogeny of somatomedin (SM) concentrations in the normal ovine fetus and after surgical or pharmacological manipulations has been investigated by bioassay,(2) radioreceptor assay,(3,4) and, more recently, radioimmunoassay.(5,6) We describe our studies of the ontogeny of somatomedin C/insulinlike growth factors (SMC/ IGF-I), the site of secretion of SMC/IGF-I, and the pituitary hormones that could be involved in the control of production of SMC/IGF-I in the sheep fetus and neonatal lamb.
Drawing Lines in the Mud: Giving Back (or trying to) in Northern Cameroon

This research note is part of the thematic section, Practical Realities of Giving Back, in the special issue titled “Giving Back in Field Research,” published as Volume 10, Issue 2 in the Journal of Research Practice.
Does aspirin interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension or congestive heart failure?

We conducted a MEDLINE search of published literature from 1966 to January 1998 regarding the impact of aspirin (ASA) on the therapeutic effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Selected references from these articles and results of recent clinical trials were also included. By inhibiting cyclooxygenase, ASA may interfere with the prostaglandin-mediated hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibitors. Although other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs may increase blood pressure in hypertensive patients taking an ACE inhibitor, low-dosage (≤ 100 mg/day) ASA does not. However, higher dosages of ASA may attenuate the benefits of ACE inhibitors in patients with hypertension and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). Low-dosage ASA appears to interact little with ACE inhibitors, whereas higher dosages may produce a more significant interaction. Patients with CHF may also be more susceptible to this interaction because of underlying disease.
Verrucous carcinoma of the female genital tract.

Abstract Three recently observed cases of verrucous carcinoma involving the squamous epithelium of the female reproductive tract are the basis for this report. These are rare, locally invasive, radioresistant cancers. Both gynecologists and pathologists should be alert to the fact that precise initial diagnosis may be difficult because of the close gross and microscopic similarity to benign squamous papillomas and condyloma acuminata. The pertinent literature is reviewed and treatment discussed.
THE DESTINY OF PAKISTAN AND PAK-US RELATIONSHIP

Pakistan has been full of surprises since its inception. Although contrary to Jawaharlal Nehru’s predictions, Pakistan did not disintegrate and merge with India “six months” after its emergence, but within twenty-five years of its existence, it lost its eastern wing (East Pakistan), which emerged as Bangladesh; and within another two decades, the country became one of the most ungovernable and dangerous places in the world. In view of its checkered history of unpleasant surprises for the country itself, its neighbors and others, one can take unpredictability as the main variable for Pakistan. The country went through thirty-two years of military rule and other thirty-odd years of authoritarian, oligarchic democracy, a democratically elected government completed its full-term and was succeeded by another in May 2013 in its history. One may assume that Pakistan will functionally remain a democracy, albeit under the waning influence of the military and “feudal” aristocracy. Whether Pakistan remains an Islamic “garrison state”, a civilian “illiberal democracy”, or transforms itself into a liberal democracy in the coming years are important questions today. However, it appears that in the coming years the Pak-US relationship will remain as awkward and unpredictable as it has been since the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Pakistan’s identity crisis – “the mother of all conflicts”, to one scholar – is reflected in the state-sponsored Islamization process and the country’s hovering between civilian and military rule.
Microbial growth rates in a cold-core gulf stream eddy of the northwestern Sargasso sea

Abstract Horizontal spatial variations of microbial and bacterial abundance and biomass, and rates of nucleic acid synthesis in surface waters across cold-core Gulf Stream eddy P were investigated in April 1982. The age of eddy P was estimated at 8 to 10 months. Chlorophyll a reached 0.38 μg l −1 in an area of high chlorophyll a fluorescence located in 18 to 19°C waters. Bacteria were mostly (98%) free-floating, and microbial-ATP biomass correlated with chlorophyll a fluorescence across eddy P. Rates of microbial metabolism and growth, and bacterial production were not proportional across areas of high chlorophyll a fluorescence. Estimates of microbial growth rates (δ), were 0.3 to 0.6 h −1 in the mixed surface waters of eddy P and 0.06 to 0.08 h −1 in adjacent waters of the northwestern Sargasso Sea. Bacterial production ranged from 0.12 to 1.41 μgC l −1 d −1 , and production: biomass ratios (turnover times) were 0.024 to 0.27 h −1 in the eddy and ca. 0.002 h −1 in the Sargasso Sea. Because microbial metabolism (RNA synthesis) and growth (DNA synthesis) across eddy P were not closely coupled, although intertwined with diurnal variations, we conclude that the microbial communities, based on the experimental time scale, were in a state of unbalanced growth.
Performance of an industrial source complex model: Predicting long‐term concentrations in an urban area

The short-term and long-term versions of Industrial Source Complex Models (ISCST3 and ISCLT3) are evaluated for estimating long-term concentrations using sulfur dioxide data from emission inventory of Lucas County, Ohio for the year 1990. The ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models are used to predict monthly and quarterly averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations. Uncertainties associated with the model's predictions are estimated using the bootstrap resampling method. Confidence intervals on the fractional mean bias, normalized mean square error, geometric mean bias and geometric variance are calculated for each model and differences between models. Intercomparison of the ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models indicated that these models yielded relatively good performance in their prediction of monthly and quarterly average concentrations, with relative fractional biases of 0.26 to 0.55 and normalized mean square error values that are about 0.12 to 0.44. Both the ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models predicted concentrations that are lower than the observed concentrations. The concentrations predicted by the ISCST3 model were closer to the observed concentrations when compared with the concentrations obtained using the ISCLT3 model. The study suggests that the ISCST3 model is better for estimating long-term concentrations of sulfur dioxide as compared to the ISCLT3 model.
Nonpenetrating Traumatic Rupture of the Tricuspid Valve: Formation of Ventricular Septal Aneurysm and Subsequent Septal Necrosis: Recognition by Two-Dimensional Doppler Echocardiography

A 26-year old man was admitted with blunt trauma to the chest following a high-speed deceleration injury. A two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram demonstrated traumatic rupture of the tricuspid valve and a hematoma in the basilar portion of the interventricular septum. Serial two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic analyses demonstrated evolutionary formation of a septal aneurysm and subsequent rupture with formation of a ventricular septal defect. The usefulness of the two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram as a screening tool for cardiac contusion is discussed.
Multiheterodyne Detection and Sampling of Periodically Filtered White Light for Correlations at 20 km of Delay

A frequency comb is used as a set of coherent local oscillators to downconvert and spectrally compress white light that has been periodically filtered by a Fabry-Perot etalon. Multiheterodyne detection allows white light spread across 100 GHz of optical spectrum to be compressed to 5 GHz of radio frequency (RF) bandwidth for electronic sampling on an oscilloscope. Correlations are observed at delays of up to 20 km with a minimum resolution of less than 1 mm. Calculations show that resolution may be easily increased by increasing etalon finesse and frequency comb bandwidth.
A New Equation for the Static Characteristic of the Normal Electric Arc

COMMERCIALLY the electric arc is now extensively used, and yet after more than a hundred years of study, there has been little crystallization of opinion as to certain phases of its fundamental theory. Absolute contradictions are frequently found in the literature, and premature generalizations have given rise to more disagreement among the investigators of the equation of the static characteristic of the normal1 arc than the experimental difficulties warrant.
Release of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors by human cardiac fibroblasts: effects on DNA synthesis and protection under hypoxia in human endothelial cells.

Myocardium consists of diverse cell types suggesting a role for cell-cell interaction in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts are the source of extracellular matrix, growth factors and cytokines in the heart and their interactions with cardiac myocytes are recognized. Their effects on biological responses of endothelial cells, however, are vastly unexplored. Proliferation of endothelial cells is an essential stage of angiogenesis and contributes to development of coronary collaterals. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of soluble factors produced by cardiac fibroblasts on endothelial cell proliferation. Human cardiac fibroblast-conditioned medium (CF-CM) caused a significant increase (47%, P<0.0001) in DNA synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. This effect was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and activation of MAP kinases. Consistently, CF-CM induced the expression and activation of ERK2 in HUVEC. The CF-CM from which heparin-binding proteins were removed, had a significantly enhanced stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in HUVEC compared to that of ‘whole CF-CM’. Western analysis showed the presence of VEGF, bFGF, PDGF, TGF-β1, fibronectin and thrombospondin-1 in whole CF-CM. The individual immunodepletion of each factor from whole CF-CM showed that all were necessary for full activity of CF-CM. CF-CM caused a significant reversal of hypoxia-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis and enhanced expression of survival-associated protein, Bcl2, in HUVEC. Together, these data show that cardiac fibroblasts release inhibitory and stimulatory factors, the net effect of which is an enhancement of DNA synthesis in endothelial cells. These results point to the role that cardiac fibroblasts may play in angiogenesis in the heart.
LC−MS/MS Screen for Penitrem A and Roquefortine C in Serum and Urine Samples

A rapid LC−MS/MS method, using a triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer, was developed for determination of penitrem A and roquefortine C in serum and urine samples. Penitrem A and roquefortine C were extracted from samples with methylene chloride. The extracts were injected onto a liquid chromatograph coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Seven replicate fortifications of serum at 0.001 μg/g (1 ppb) each of penitrem A and roquefortine C gave average recoveries of 90% with 10% CV (relative standard deviation) and 97% with 3% CV, respectively. Seven replicate fortifications of urine at 0.001 μg/g (1 ppb) each of penitrem A and roquefortine C gave average recoveries of 98% with 12% CV and 100% with 6% CV, respectively. This is the first report of a positive mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of both compounds in urine and serum samples from dog intoxication cases.
Effect of oligodeoxynucleotide thrombin aptamer on thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II and antithrombin

Abstract ‘Thrombin aptamers’ are based on the 15-nucleotide consensus sequence of d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) that binds specifically to thrombin’s anion-binding exosite-I. The effect of aptamer–thrombin interactions during inhibition by the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) heparin cofactor II (HCII) and antithrombin (AT) has not been described. Thrombin inhibition by HCII without glycosaminoglycan was decreased ∼two-fold by the aptamer. In contrast, the aptamer dramatically reduced thrombin inhibition by >200-fold and 30-fold for HCII–heparin and HCII–dermatan sulfate, respectively. The aptamer had essentially no effect on thrombin inhibition by AT with or without heparin. These results add to our understanding of thrombin aptamer activity for potential clinical application, and they further demonstrate the importance of thrombin exosite-I during inhibition by HCII–glycosaminoglycans.
Enhancer modeling uncovers transcriptional signatures of individual cardiac cell states in Drosophila

Here we used discriminative training methods to uncover the chromatin, transcription factor (TF) binding and sequence features of enhancers underlying gene expression in individual cardiac cells. We used machine learning with TF motifs and ChIP data for a core set of cardiogenic TFs and histone modifications to classify Drosophila cell-type-specific cardiac enhancer activity. We show that the classifier models can be used to predict cardiac cell subtype cis-regulatory activities. Associating the predicted enhancers with an expression atlas of cardiac genes further uncovered clusters of genes with transcription and function limited to individual cardiac cell subtypes. Further, the cell-specific enhancer models revealed chromatin, TF binding and sequence features that distinguish enhancer activities in distinct subsets of heart cells. Collectively, our results show that computational modeling combined with empirical testing provides a powerful platform to uncover the enhancers, TF motifs and gene expression profiles which characterize individual cardiac cell fates.
A CLEAN AND PERMANENT ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PAKISTAN : SOLAR-HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM

Abstract A solar-hydrogen energy system has been proposed for Pakistan as the best replacement for the present fossil fuel based energy system. Hydrogen is to be produced via a photovoltaic-electrolysis system, utilizing the available non-agricultural sunny terrain in Baluchistan region. There will be a desalination plant for sea water desalination. The area under the photovoltaic panels with the availability of water would provide suitable environment for growing some cash crops. This would change the vast useless desert land into green productive farms. In order to show the quantitative benefits of the proposed system, future trends of important energy and economical parameters have been studied with and without hydrogen introduction. These included population, energy demand (fossil + hydrogen), energy production (fossil + hydrogen), gross national product, fossil energy imports, world energy prices, environmental savings due to hydrogen introduction, savings due to the higher utilization efficiency of hydrogen, by-product credit, agricultural income, income from hydrogen sale, photovoltaic cell area, total land area, water desalination plant capacity, capital investment, operating and maintenance cost, total income from the system environmental impact and quality of life. The results indicate that adopting the solar-hydrogen energy system would eliminate the import dependency on fossil fuels, increase gross product per capita, reduce pollution, improve quality of life, and establish a permanent and clean energy system. The total annual expenditure for the proposed system is quite small compared to the total income expected. The availability of water, the cast crop production, electricity and hydrogen would result in rapid development of Baluchistan, the largest province of Pakistan.
Verification of a built-in health monitoring system for bolted thermal protection panels

The integrity of thermal protection systems (TPS) is crucial to ensure a successful mission of space exploration vehicles. In this paper, an attenuation-based built-in diagnostic technique is demonstrated through a carbon-carbon (C-C) panel for the detection of bolt loosening under extreme environments. The proposed technique is based on the attenuation properties of propagating waves, which depend on the torque level and contact material at the bolted-joint interface. A smart washer was developed with an embedded piezoelectric element used as an actuator to generate the propagating waves as well as a sensor to receive the diagnostic waves. The washers were installed in each bolt on the TPS panel. During the course of the investigation, a complete diagnostic system including smart washers, diagnostic algorithms, and electronic hardware was developed to verify the proposed attenuation technique. Experiments which simulate the acoustic environments during the re-entry process were conducted using a shaker in the AFRL to verify the technique. The test results revealed that the proposed system successfully identify the bolt loosening and failure. More tests are being considered to include temperature effect.
Health services in Gaza under the autonomy plan

The Gaza Strip now has limited self-rule. Its people inherit a health-care system provided by four sectors--the Israeli government, the UN Relief and Works Agency, non-governmental organisations, and private facilities. They also inherit a legacy of health indices comparing unfavourably with those of Israel, huge numbers of refugees, a looming water crisis, civil unrest, and a health care expenditure bill (as a proportion of gross domestic product) that will be unsustainable. Four plans have been drawn up for health services in autonomous Gaza but none is exactly right.
Blurred Borders for Some but Not “Others”: Racialization, “Flexible Ethnicity,” Gender, and Third-Generation Mexican American Identity:

How are the lives of middle-class third-generation Mexican Americans both racialized and gendered? Third-generation Mexican Americans in California experience a racialization process continuum that...
An estimate of the effects of age, taxes, and other socioeconomic variables on the alcoholic beverage demand of young adults

Abstract The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects that age, taxes and other socioeconomic variables have on the alcoholic beverage demand of young adults. OLS regression analysis, in combination with a Chow Test and a pooled data set, is used to determine the effects of age, taxes and other socioeconomic variables on alcohol consumption. NLSY-Geocode data is used in the analysis. Results suggest that taxes have minor effects on alcohol consumption, and the only factors that are statistically significant in all analyses are marital status, sex, race, and level of education. In addition, statistical tests indicate that the factors that affect alcohol consumption change as a person ages.
Is mentoring throughout the fourth and fifth grades associated with improved psychosocial functioning in children

This study examined whether mentoring influenced children's self‐concept, anxiety, depression, and relationships with parents and peers over an 18‐month period. We examined 31 mentored children (50% female) and a comparison group of 22 nonmentored children (50% female) at the beginning of a mentoring program in the fall of the fourth‐grade year (mean age = 9.67) and again in the spring of the fifth‐grade year (mean age = 11.25). In fourth grade, 53 children completed the Piers‐Harris Children's Self‐Concept Scale, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory—Short Form, and the People in My Life questionnaire, and 41 children completed the surveys again in fifth grade. Six fourth‐grade and six fifth‐grade teachers completed the Student Behavior Survey. Paired‐sample t‐test analyses indicated meaningful improvement in only mentored children's self‐concept and anxiety. However, neither mentored nor nonmentored children revealed improvements in depression or relationship...
COHERENT STATES IN THE THEORY OF SUPERFLUIDITY. II. FLUCTUATIONS AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES.

The coherent-state formalism is used to develop a theory of fluctuations and irreversible processes in a superfluid Bose system. Equations of motion for the density matrix are derived both for the case of an isolated system and for the system in interaction with a heat bath. The formalism allows one to go easily to the classical limit and thus to obtain equations for the probability distribution of the superfluid order parameter. The results are in a form suitable for the calculation of the decay of superflow near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point and other similar phenomena.
Antifolate transport in L1210 leukemia cells. Kinetic evidence for the non-identity of carriers for influx and efflux.

Abstract The kinetics of methotrexate transport in L1210 cells are described. Data derived from the measurements of initial influx, the complete time-course of uptake, intracellular steady-state level and unidirectional efflux were found to be consistent with a simple empirical equation containing three constants. Properties of the system include the following: (1) saturability of initial influx; (2) approach to steady state during uptake is expoential; (3) the half-time for drug uptake is independent of external concentration and qual to half-time for efflux; and (4) transport is concentrative at low external concentrations, whereas the reverse is true at high external concentrations. These observations are incorporated into a kinetic model which quantitatively accounts for the data on the basis of the hypothesis that influx and efflux take place via different carriers.
A case study: Tracking and visualizing the evolution of dark matter halos and groups of satellite halos in cosmology simulations

In this poster, we track the evolution of cosmic structures and higher level host structures in cosmological simulation as they interact with each other. The structures found in these simulations are made up of groups of dark matter tracer particles called satellite halos and groups of satellite halos called host halos. We implement a multilevel tracking model to track dark matter tracer particles, satellite halos and host halos to understand their behaviour and show how the different structures are formed over time. We also represent the evolution of halos in the form of merger trees for detailed analysis by cosmologists.
General irreversible thermodynamics of isotropic galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects

Abstract Irreversible thermodynamic galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects are investigated to all orders of magnetic field for materials which are isotropic in the absence of such a field. The starting point is the usual expression for entropy generation with the usual choice of “forces” and “fluxes” and the accompanying linear coupling tensors. These tensors depend on the magnetic field, and the functional dependence is “isotropic”. In this paper use is made of a mathematical result, the Representation Theorem for such isotropic functions, to write explicitly the most general functional form for the dependence of the coupling tensors on the magnetic field. This result is completely coordinate independent. For reference and to demonstrate its advantages it is compared with some of the more usual treatments available. In conclusion, effects to first order in the magnetic field are considered as a special case of the more general results.
The effects of repeated administration of fluprazine on target biting and intruder-evoked attacks.

The effects of repeated administration of fluprazine, an “aggression”-reducing drug, were evaluated in mice using the target biting and resident-intruder paradigms. Under baseline conditions there was a high target biting rate immediately after the delivery of a 2.0 mA tail shock, an intermediate target biting rate during a 2-min intershock interval, and a low target biting rate during a 15-s tone stimulus which signaled the shock. During the 10-min resident intruder test sessions, resident males attacked bulbectomized intruders an average of six times with an average latency to the first attack of 258 s. In the prechronic dose-response curve determination, fluprazine caused a dose-dependent decrease in postshock and intershock interval target biting behavior, increased the latency to the first attack, and decreased the number of attacks in the intruder-evoked aggression paradigm. During the chronic administration of the ED50 dose of fluprazine, intershock interval target biting gradually increased to a level equal to those subjects receiving chronic saline. Moreover, a shift (to the right) in the during-chronic fluprazine dose-response curve for postshock and intershock interval target biting, was observed. Likewise, during the chronic administration of the ED50 dose of fluprazine, resident number of attacks gradually increased to a level equal to those subjects receiving chronic saline. However, no shift in the during-chronic dose-response curve was observed in subjects tested in this paradigm.
BODIES OF SCHOLARSHIP: WITNESSING THE LIBRARY IN LATE-VICTORIAN FICTION

In one of the fictive dialogues from his 1872 book The Poet at the Breakfast-Table, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. dispensed advice to any scholar planning to start a private library: I have a kind of notion of the way in which a library ought to be put together – no, I don't mean that, I mean ought to grow. . . . A scholar must shape his own shell, secrete it one might almost say, for secretion is only separation, you know, of certain elements derived from the material world about us. And a scholar's study, with books lining its walls, is his shell. It isn't a mollusk's shell, either; it's a caddice-worm's shell. (211) Here, the scholar's library entails separation in several senses both physical and ideal. On the one hand, books form a literal carapace insulating the scholar from the outside world – and perhaps even from the distractions of home life. At the same time, the library operates by separation in the sense of discrimination. In accumulating his library, the scholar winnows a vast textual tradition into the manageable dimensions of a single room, and curriculum just enough for a singular human life. Most interesting, however, is the suggestion that the scholar “secretes” the library, as though the books are somehow synthesized from within as an expression of, and memorial to, the scholar's essential self. The caddice worm, as Holmes informs us, “has his special fancy as to what he will pick up and glue together, with a kind of natural cement he provides himself” (211). This may strike us as a crudely glandular way of envisioning the relationship between tradition and the individual talent. Nevertheless, the passage is in keeping with the late-Victorian obsession with the private library, as well as with period representations of the scholar, who is best encountered within a concealing womb of books, carrying on secret exchange with the dusty relics of his own intellectual pilgrimage.
Impact of Immigration on Prenatal Care Use and Birth Weight: Evidence from California in the 1990's

The mid-1990’s witnessed the passage of two legislative measures restricting noncitizens’ use of public services in response to the extensive and costly use of public assistance by immigrants reported by earlier studies (Jane L. Ross, 1996). First, the Immigration Control and Financial Responsibility Act restricted illegal immigrants’ access to medical services and to other forms of public assistance. In addition, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act extended the restriction to legal immigrants entering the country after its enactment for at least five years after entry and effectively until they naturalize. However, some states with large immigrant populations, like California, chose to institute state-funded substitute benefits for immigrants losing federal assistance. In spite of these states’ assistance possibly working as an “immigrant magnet” (George J. Borjas, 2001), the literature emerging after welfare reform has often found a greater decline in the use of public assistance, particularly Medicaid, among noncitizen households relative to citizens. This finding has been attributed to the “chilling effects” of welfare reform (Wendy Zimmermann and Michael Fix, 1998). In light of these findings, should we now expect greater noncitizenship rates to ease access to public services or, rather, to impose a burden on access to public services? In this paper, we look into this question and examine the impact of noncitizenship rates on women’s use of prenatal care (PNC) over the period 1991–2000 in California. We focus on women’s PNC use given the health implications that PNC can have for both mother and infant, and yet the lack of studies examining the role of noncitizenship rates, even in high immigration areas, on women’s PNC use. We use 1991 and 2000 to assess significant changes in the effect of noncitizenship rates on women’s PNC use before and after the 1996 reform. Additionally, we focus on California due to its population size and its large immigrant population, of whom approximately 61 percent are noncitizens. Finally, given the implications of adequate PNC on newborns’ birth weight through the early detection and treatment of any existing health problems, we examine how PNC, in turn, has affected the birth weight of babies born in California over the examined time period. In sum, this study addresses the following questions: Has the effect of noncitizenship rates on women’s PNC use changed before and after the 1996 reform? In particular, do greater noncitizenship rates result in reduced PNC use due to increased competition for public services, or do they lead to increased PNC use due to welfare reform’s “chilling effect” and increased awareness of the importance of PNC? Furthermore, how does PNC use affect birth weight?
Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA deadenylation and turnover in NIH3T3 cells by nitrosative or alkylation stress

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalizes heme degradation, and is considered one of the most sensitive indicators of cellular stress. Previous work in human fibroblasts has shown that HO-1 expression is induced by NO, and that transcriptional induction is only partially responsible; instead, the HO-1 mRNA half-life is substantially increased in response to NO. The mechanism of this stabilization remains unknown. In NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts, NO exposure increased the half-life of the HO-1 transcript from ~1.6 h to 11 h, while treatments with CdCl2, NaAsO2 or H2O2 increased the half-life only up to 5 h. Although poly(A) tail shortening can be rate-limiting in mRNA degradation, the HO-1 mRNA deadenylation rate in NO-treated cells was ~65% of that in untreated controls. In untreated cells, HO-1 poly(A) removal proceeded until 30–50 nt remained, followed by rapid mRNA decay. In NO-treated cells, HO-1 deadenylation stopped with the mRNA retaining poly(A) tails 30–50 nt long. We hypothesize that NO treatment stops poly(A) tail shortening at the critical 30- to 50-nt length. This is not a general mechanism for the post-transcriptional regulation of HO-1 mRNA. Methyl methane sulfonate also stabilized HO-1 mRNA, but that was associated with an 8-fold decrease in the deadenylation rate compared to that of untreated cells. Another HO-1 inducer, CdCl2, caused a strong increase in the mRNA level without affecting the HO-1 mRNA half-life. The regulation of HO-1 mRNA levels in response to cellular stress can be induced by transcriptional and different post-transcriptional events that act independently, and vary depending on the stress inducer. While NO appears to stabilize HO-1 mRNA by preventing the final steps of deadenylation, methyl methane sulfonate achieves stabilization through the regulation of earlier stages of deadenylation.
Medically recommended cessation of employment among pregnant women in Georgia.

Objective: To ascertain the proportion of employed pregnant women who receive medical advice to stop working during pregnancy and to describe their characteristics. Methods: Data were analyzed from the Georgia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a surveillance system that surveys new mothers about pregnancy risk factors, health behaviors, and birth-related outcomes. Employment during pregnancy was defined as work for pay for 10 hours or more per week. Results: We studied 1635 women who were employed during pregnancy. A physician or nurse had advised 27.7% (95% CI 24.5%, 30.9%) of them to stop working during pregnancy. Independent predictors of receiving this advice were hospitalization (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7, 2.8) and history of previous preterm birth (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1, 2.2). Low birth weight (under 2500 g) occurred in 5.8% of women not advised to stop work, in 6.9% of women advised to stop work because of swelling, fatigue, stress, or another reason, and in 13.4% of women advised to stop work because of labor, high blood pressure, or vaginal bleeding (P < .001). Among women advised to stop working in the first through seventh months of pregnancy, 91.7% (95% CI 88.8, 94.5) delivered at 36 or more weeks’ gestation. Conclusion: Work cessation during pregnancy was commonly recommended in this population and was associated with clinical risk factors and adverse birth outcomes. For some women it resulted in a long period of work absence before delivery.
Direct Current Magnetic Field and Electromagnetic Field Effects on the pH and Oxidation−Reduction Potential Equilibration Rates of Water. 1. Purified Water

Effects of low level magnetic and electromagnetic fields (below B ∼ 100 mG for ac magnetic field, and below B ∼ 1000 G for static magnetic field), on purified water that is in the process of equilibration, were investigated. The pH and oxidation−reduction potential (ORP) of distilled and deionized water, previously stored for air equilibration, were measured after exposure to magnetic fields (ac and dc) of different strengths. Readings showed slow and large fluctuations (∼0.05−0.1 pH unit, ∼60 mV for ORP) during the first several hours. These readings looked deceptively stable due to the extreme slowness of the fluctuations. When readings were taken beyond this period, for days, the pH and ORP generally changed slowly toward equilibrium values in a quasi-linear fashion. They changed faster, on average, in those samples that had been exposed to higher magnetic fields. Readings in water samples often “got stuck”, remaining unchanged over an extended period before starting to change again, when stored for eq...
An experimental study of primary feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats and a historical comparison to acute simian and human immunodeficiency virus diseases

Sixteen adolescent specific pathogen free cats were inoculated with the Petaluma strain of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and two cats were then necropsied at each of 5, 10, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 day time points following infection. Lymphadenopathy gradually increased starting at Day 10 and persisted for the duration. Gross clinical signs of fever, mild to severe malaise, anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, and generalized soreness appeared around Day 42, peaked at Day 56, and disappeared by Days 70-84 post-infection. Leukopenia, associated initially with a mild lymphopenia and later by both a mild lymphopenia and a severe neutropenia, appeared 14-28 days following infection, troughed at Day 56, and persisted thereafter. The CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratio started to decrease around Day 28, reaching a nadir at Days 56-70. This decrease was due to a decline in the absolute numbers and percentage of CD4+ T cells and an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells. Significant histopathologic lesions included myeloid hyperplasia between Days 56-70 post-infection; thymitis with cortical involution and follicular hyperplasia starting at Day 42; lymphoid hyperplasia of peripheral and mesenteric nodes, spleen and tonsils beginning around Day 42; typhlitis most evident from Day 56 onward, and an interstitial nephritis and pneumonitis that was most intense after Day 42. Virus was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) beginning 2 weeks post-infection, and plasma viremia appeared 1 week later. Plasma and PBMC-associated viremia peaked at 42-56 days following infection and decreased abruptly thereafter. Proviral DNA was detectable as early as 5 days after infection in blood leukocytes and after 10 days in other organs. The central nervous system, lungs, thymus, tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes were the earliest sites of virus localization. Antibodies to the FIV capsid protein appeared 14 days following infection and reached peak levels by Days 42-56. Abnormalities occurring during the primary stage of FIV infection were consistent with those described for acute simian and human immunodeficiency virus-induced disease.
Dopamine Transporters in Striatum Correlate with Deactivation in the Default Mode Network during Visuospatial Attention

Background: Dopamine and dopamine transporters (DAT, which regulate extracellular dopamine in the brain) are implicated in the modulation of attention but their specific roles are not well understood. Here we hypothesized that dopamine modulates attention by facilitation of brain deactivation in the default mode network (DMN). Thus, higher striatal DAT levels, which would result in an enhanced clearance of dopamine and hence weaker dopamine signals, would be associated to lower deactivation in the DMN during an attention task. Methodology/Principal Findings: For this purpose we assessed the relationship between DAT in striatum (measured with positron emission tomography and [ 11 C]cocaine used as DAT radiotracer) and brain activation and deactivation during a parametric visual attention task (measured with blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging) in healthy controls. We show that DAT availability in caudate and putamen had a negative correlation with deactivation in ventral parietal regions of the DMN (precuneus, BA 7) and a positive correlation with deactivation in a small region in the ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32). With increasing attentional load, DAT in caudate showed a negative correlation with load-related deactivation increases in precuneus. Conclusions/Significance: These findings provide evidence that dopamine transporters modulate neural activity in the DMN and anterior cingulate gyrus during visuospatial attention. Our findings suggest that dopamine modulates attention in part by regulating neuronal activity in posterior parietal cortex including precuneus (region involved in alertness) and cingulate gyrus (region deactivated in proportion to emotional interference). These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of stimulant medications (increase dopamine by blocking DAT) in inattention reflect in part their ability to facilitate the deactivation of the DMN.
Standard enthalpies of formation of PdZr and PdHf

The enthalpies of formation of the intermetallic compounds PdZr and PdHf have been determined by high temperature mixing calorimetry at 1400 K. The following results are reported: PdZr: ΔH°f = −122.6 ± 7.0 kJ mol−1; PdHf: ΔH°f = −134.8 ± 7.8 kJ mol−1. Our results are compared with estimated and predicted literature values and with approximate experimental values recently obtained by direct high temperature reaction calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of the equiatomic alloys of the Ti-group metals with Pd show increasing negative values in the series TiPd < ZrPd < HfPd.
On increased stability in the continuation of the Helmholtz equation

In this paper, we give analytical and numerical evidence of increasing stability in the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation in the whole domain when frequency is growing. This effect depends upon the convexity properties of the surface where the Cauchy data are given. Proofs use previously obtained estimates in subdomains and the theory of Sobolev spaces: traces, embedding and interpolation theorems. The theory is illustrated by three-dimensional numerical examples. The results show that even in an acoustical frequency range the increase of resolution with growing frequency is quite dramatic. On the other hand, the resolution of continuation outside a unit sphere is decreasing.