cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radial Scar at Percutaneous Breast Biopsy That Does Not Require Surgery

Background Surgical excision is currently recommended after pathologic radial scar is found on breast core needle biopsy because surgical upgrade to carcinoma is not uncommon. The goal of our study was to identify the true pathologic upgrade rate for a "pure" radial scar, those without associated proliferative lesion, based on indication for biopsy, biopsy type, and needle size. Study Design The pathology database of Continuum Health Partners was searched for the terms radial scar and radial sclerosing lesion , from January 2007 to December 2015. From review of 1,513 pathology reports, 292 cases of core biopsies without malignancy were identified. Age, indication for biopsy, type of biopsy, and excisional pathology were obtained. Data were then analyzed using SPSS. Results Two hundred nineteen (75%) of the 292 core biopsies showed pure radial scar without associated proliferative lesion, and 161 (74%) of these patients had surgical excision. Only 1 of these patients had disease that was upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ—a 2-mm focus located 5 mm away from the radial scar biopsy cavity. This patient also had residual calcifications on mammography after the stereotactic biopsy. Six additional malignant upgrades were found in patients who had radial scar associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (n = 5) or lobular neoplasia (n = 1) on needle biopsy. Conclusions Surgical excision is unnecessary when radial scar is found at percutaneous needle biopsy without an associated proliferative lesion. Surgical excision is still indicated when radial scar is associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia.
Perceiving and Confronting Sexism: The Causal Role of Gender Identity Salience

Although many researchers have explored the relations among gender identification, discriminatory attributions, and intentions to challenge discrimination, few have examined the causal impact of gender identity salience on women's actual responses to a sexist encounter. In the current study, we addressed this question by experimentally manipulating the salience of gender identity and assessing its impact on women's decision to confront a sexist comment in a simulated online interaction. Female participants (N = 114) were randomly assigned to complete a short measure of either personal or collective self-esteem, which was designed to increase the salience of personal versus gender identity. They were then given the opportunity to confront a male interaction partner who expressed sexist views. Compared to those who were primed to focus on their personal identity, participants who were primed to focus on their gender identity perceived the interaction partner's remarks as more sexist and were more likely to engage in confrontation. By highlighting the powerful role of subtle contextual cues in shaping women's perceptions of, and responses to, sexism, our findings have important implications for the understanding of gender identity salience as an antecedent of prejudice confrontation. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
Prolonged Calorie Restriction Downregulates Skeletal Muscle mTORC1 Signaling Independent of Dietary Protein Intake and Associated microRNA Expression.

Short-term (5-10 days) calorie restriction (CR) downregulates muscle protein synthesis, with consumption of a high protein-based diet attenuating this decline. Benefit of increase protein intake is believed to be due to maintenance of amino acid-mediated anabolic signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), however, there is limited evidence to support this contention. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of prolonged CR and high protein diets on skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling and expression of associated microRNA (miR). 12-wk old male Sprague Dawley rats consumed ad libitum (AL) or calorie restricted (CR; 40%) adequate (10%, AIN-93M) or high (32%) protein milk-based diets for 16 weeks. Body composition was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle protein content was calculated from muscle homogenate protein concentrations expressed relative to fat-free mass to estimate protein content. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to determine mTORC1 signaling and mRNA and miR expression in fasted mixed gastrocnemius. Independent of dietary protein intake, muscle protein content was 38% lower (P < 0.05) in CR compared to AL. Phosphorylation and total Akt, mTOR, rpS6 and p70S6K were lower (P < 0.05) in CR versus AL, and total rpS6 was associated with muscle protein content (r = 0.64, r2 = 0.36). Skeletal muscle miR expression was not altered by either energy or protein intake. This study provides evidence that chronic CR attenuates muscle protein content by downregulating mTORC1 signaling. This response is independent of skeletal muscle miR and dietary protein.
Expert for a day: Theory and the tailored craft of ethnography1

Sociologists exhibit growing interest in the politics of expertise. Analyses of evaluations, economic paradigms, blueprints, censuses, policy instruments and the like have come to occupy an important position in recent research. While much of this emergent scholarship has drawn on historical methods, a growing number of scholars have turned to ethnography. A close reading of this work reveals that ethnographers have actively tailored rather than passively transposed ethnography to the study of expertise. Departing from traditional conceptions of ethnography, these works exhibit growing attentiveness to movement, mediation, and materials. We argue that this retooling of ethnography is not merely a response to empirical realities but rather stems, at least in part, from the influence of science and technology studies, specifically Actor-Network Theory. This case provides the occasion to make a broader point about ethnography as a ‘theory/method package’: theory does not only shape what ethnographers study, ...
4-H Donated Meat Program: A Model for Service

Meat continues to be the most in-demand food item for the Utah Food Bank. To address this issue, the 4-H Donated Meat Program was started by a 4-H Club in Davis County, Utah. When Utah State University Extension Agents in Davis, Salt Lake, Weber, and Morgan Counties became involved in the program it expanded rapidly. The program was made possible through generous donations from corporations allowing for the purchase of market livestock exhibited by 4-H youth at county fair livestock sales. USDA certified processed meat was then donated to the Utah Food Bank for distribution to hungry families in the counties participating in the program. The program has grown rapidly. In 2005, two counties were involved with 3,000 pounds of meat donated to the food bank. By 2007, ten counties were involved with 70,000 pounds of meat donated. This program has become a model of service for hundreds of 4-H youth in Utah. This program may be duplicated in other states to meet the demand for meat at food banks across the nation.
Origins of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Austrian Max Perutz came to Cambridge in 1936 to study X-ray diffraction with John Bernal, one of the first to apply X-ray studies to proteins. In 1937, Max began his studies of hemoglobin. That same year Ernest Rutherford , Cavendish Chair of Physics, died following surgery, and Bernal left for London. Lawrence Bragg became Cavendish Chair in 1938.
Leaf-inspired microcontact printing vascular patterns

The vascularization of tissue grafts is critical for maintaining viability of the cells within a transplanted graft. A number of strategies are currently being investigated including very promising microfluidics systems. Here, we explored the potential for generating a vasculature-patterned endothelial cells that could be integrated into distinct layers between sheets of primary cells. Bioinspired from the leaf veins, we generated a reverse mold with a fractal vascular-branching pattern that models the unique spatial arrangement over multiple length scales that precisely mimic branching vasculature. By coating the reverse mold with 50 μg ml-1 of fibronectin and stamping enabled selective adhesion of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to the patterned adhesive matrix, we show that a vascular-branching pattern can be transferred by microcontact printing. Moreover, this pattern can be maintained and transferred to a 3D hydrogel matrix and remains stable for up to 4 d. After 4 d, HUVECs can be observed migrating and sprouting into Matrigel. These printed vascular branching patterns, especially after transfer to 3D hydrogels, provide a viable alternative strategy to the prevascularization of complex tissues.
Creep behavior of the solid acid fuel cell material CsHSO4

Abstract Solid acid materials have recently shown great promise as solid-state electrolytes in intermediate temperature fuel cells. However, little is currently known about their mechanical properties, some of which could severely limit their application. In this study, the steady state creep behavior of the prototypical solid acid, CsHSO 4 , is characterized. In its highly conductive superprotonic state (> 141 °C), the material creeps at very high rates, as high as 10 − 2 s − 1 , at stresses in the application design range of only a few MPa. The steady state creep stress exponent n ≅ 3.6 and activation energy Q ≅ 1.02 eV = 98.8 kJ/mol are consistent with a dislocation-based creep mechanism.
Regenerative Endodontic Treatment or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apical Plug in Teeth with Necrotic Pulps and Open Apices: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction A mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plug (MAP) and regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) have shown acceptable clinical outcomes. However, comparative studies are scarce. The aims of this study were to examine the level of evidence for both treatments, conduct a systematic review of the literature on MAP and RET, and run a meta-analysis on the survival and success rates of teeth treated with these procedures. Methods Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts for eligibility. Subgroup analyses were performed on the clinical outcomes (ie, survival and success) of the procedures. Results In all, 750 studies were identified, and 144 studies were subjected to qualitative synthesis. Ten randomized clinical trials were included in subgroup analyses. Most of the studies in both groups were case reports and case series (72% and 86% in MAP and RET, respectively). The overall level of evidence in both groups was low. The pooled survival rates were 97.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93.7–100) and 97.8% (95% CI, 94.8–100) for MAP and RET, respectively. The pooled success rates were 94.6% (95% CI, 90.2–99.1) and 91.3% (95% CI, 84.5–98.2) for MAP and RET, respectively. Very little heterogeneity was observed among the studies regarding survival and success rates (I2 .10). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding survival (P = 1.00) or success rates (P = .58). Conclusions The existing literature lacks high-quality studies with a direct comparison of outcomes of MAP and RET. Randomized multicenter clinical trials with large sample sizes and long-term follow-ups are needed to address this gap in knowledge.
Correlations among visual analogue scale, neck disability index, shoulder joint range of motion, and muscle strength in young women with forward head posture

This study investigated the correlation between the neck disability index (NDI) and visual analogue scale (VAS), which are indicators of neck pain, shoulder joint range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength in women with a slight forward head posture. This study was carried out on 42 female college students attending Uiduk University in Gyeongju, Korea. The neck pain and disability index for each subject was measured using VAS and NDI, respectively. Two physiotherapists measured the shoulder joint ROM and muscle strengths of the subjects using a goniometer and a dynamometer, respectively. External rotation, internal rotation, and abduction of the shoulder joint were measured for each subject. A significant negative correlation between neck pain and shoulder joint ROM in external rotation and the muscle strength of the shoulder joint in abduction was found in the subjects. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between ROM in external rotation and muscle strength in abduction. This study showed a significant negative correlation between neck pain and ROM in external rotation as well as between neck pain and the muscle strength in abduction.
Development of FOCUS-GC: Framework for Outcomes of Clinical Communication Services in Genetic Counseling.

Conceptual frameworks bring together existing theories and models in order to identify, consolidate, and fill in gaps between theory, practice, and evidence. Given the vast number of possible outcomes that could be studied in genetic counseling, a framework for organizing outcomes and postulating relationships between communication services and genetic counseling outcomes was sought. Through an iterative approach involving literature review, thematic analysis, and consolidation, outcomes and processes were categorized to create and define components of a conceptual framework. The final product, “Framework for Outcomes of Clinical commUnication Services” (FOCUS) contains the following domains: communication strategy; communication process measures; patient care experience, patient changes, patient health; and family changes. A website was created to allow easier access and ongoing modifications to the framework. In addition, a step-by-step guide and two examples were created to show flexibility in how the framework can be used. FOCUS may help in conceptualizing, organizing and summarizing outcomes research related to risk communication and counseling in genetic service delivery as well as other healthcare settings.
Detection of Velocity and Diffusion Coefficient Change Points in Single-Particle Trajectories

Abstract The position-time trajectory of a biological subject moving in a complex environment contains rich information about how it interacts with the local setting. Whether the subject be an animal or an intracellular endosomal vesicle, the two primary modes of biological locomotion are directional movement and random walk, respectively characterized by velocity and diffusion coefficient. This contribution introduces a method to quantitatively divide a single-particle trajectory into segments that exhibit changes in the diffusion coefficient, velocity, or both. With the determination of these two physical parameters given by the maximum likelihood estimators, the relative precisions are given as explicit functions of the number of data points and total trajectory time. The method is based on rigorous statistical tests and does not require any presumed kinetics scheme. Results of extensive characterizations, extensions to 2D and 3D trajectories, and applications to common scenarios are also discussed.
Nanowires of spinel cathode material for improved lithium-ion storage

Li-excess layered materials, such as Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNCO) et al. are promising cathode materials that can be used in batteries for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)/electric vehicles (EV), due to their excellent lithium-storage capability and very high energy density. Dramatic capacity loss during electrochemical cycling seriously hinders their practical implementation. It is found that the LMNCO layered cathode material suffers from structural instability and irreversible layered-to-spinel phase transition during lithiation/delithiation, leading to dramatic loss of capacity and deteriorated electrochemical kinetics. To overcome this challenge, we synthesize spinel-structured LHMNCO TBA nanowires using an electrospinning method followed by facile ion-exchange promoted phase transition. After 100 electrochemical cycles at the specific current 0.5 C, spinel-structured LHMNCO TBA still retains a capacity of about 200 mAh/g, corresponding to a capacity retention ratio of 90.5%, much higher than that of layered LMNCO nanowires, which only maintains a specific capacity of 137 mAh/g with only 48.9% capacity retention.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors compared to metformin+sulfonylureas for treatment of type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) typically use several drug treatments during their lifetime. There is a debate about the best second-line therapy after metformin monotherapy failure due to the increasing number of available antidiabetic drugs and the lack of comparative clinical trials of secondary treatment regimens. While prior research compared the cost-effectiveness of two alternative drugs, the literature assessing T2D treatment pathways is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) compared to sulfonylureas (SU) as second-line therapy in combination with metformin in patients with T2D. A Markov model was developed with four health states, 1 year cycle, and a 25-year time horizon. Clinical and cost data were collected from previous studies and other readily available secondary data sources. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated from the US third party payer perspective. Both, costs and outcomes, were discounted at a 3% annual discount rate. One way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the base-case results. The discounted incremental cost of metformin+DPP-4i compared to metformin+SU was $11,849 and the incremental life-years gained were 0.61, resulting in an ICER of $19,420 per life-year gained for patients in the metformin+DPP-4i treatment pathway. The ICER estimated in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis was $19,980 per life-year gained. Sensitivity analyses showed that the results of the study were not sensitive to changes in the parameters used in base-case. The metformin+DPP-4i treatment pathway was cost-effective compared to metformin+SU as a long-term second-line therapy in the treatment of T2D from the US health care payer perspective. Study findings have the potential to provide clinicians and third party payers valuable evidence for the prescription and utilization of cost-effective second-line therapy after metformin monotherapy failure in the treatment of T2D.
Impact of a Pre-College Summer Workshop on Women's Confidence and Interest in Pursuing Undergraduate Computer Science Studies: (Abstract Only)

While 57% of US undergraduate degrees are awarded to women, women account for only 18% of computer science and related degrees. Studies of recent interventions have shown promise in increasing the number of women who choose to major or minor in computing or related disciplines. Two key findings from this research indicate the promising impact of high school outreach and providing a "mission driven" context for computer science for young women. We will present early findings from Summer Guild, a two-week immersive experience for rising freshman women offered in the summer between graduation from high school and the start of their first year of college. During this experiential learning program, students are engage in a compressed digital product development lifecycle including all of the elements of design thinking, prototyping and iteration in the context of a real-world civic or business challenge. In addition, they gain an introduction to Python and work with professional developers to build their digital solutions. We present the results of changes in student's self-reported attitudes, academic plans and acquisition of computing skills based on pre- and post-surveys, a selection and analysis of qualitative data provided by students via daily exit tickets, and the number of students registered for computer science or related classes during their freshman year.
A design for a dynamic biomimetic sonarhead inspired by horseshoe bats

The noseleaf and pinnae of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) have both been shown to actively deform during biosonar operation. Since these baffle structures directly affect the properties of the animals biosonar system, this work mimics horseshoe bat sonar system with the goal of developing a platform to study the dynamic sensing principles horseshoe bats employ. Consequently, two robotic devices were developed to mimic the dynamic emission and reception characteristics of horseshoe bats. The noseleaf and pinnae shapes were modeled as smooth blanks matched to digital representations of a horseshoe bat specimens noseleaf and pinnae. Local shape features mimicking structures on the pinnae and noseleaf were added digitally. Flexible baffles with local shape feature combinations were manufactured and paired with actuation mechanisms to mimic pinnae and noseleaf deformations in vivo. Two noseleaves with and without local shape features were considered. Each noseleaf baffle was mounted to a platform called the dynamic emission head to actuate three surface elements of the baffle. Similarly, 12 pinna realizations composed of combinations of three local shape features were mounted to a platform called the dynamic reception head to deform the left and right pinnae independently. Motion of the noseleaf and pinnae were synchronized to the incoming and outgoing sonar waveform, and the joint time-frequency properties of the noseleaf and pinnae local feature combinations and pairs of pinnae and noseleaf thereof were characterized across spatial direction. Amplitude modulations to the outgoing and incoming sonar pulse information across spatial direction were observed for all pinnae and noseleaf local shape feature combinations. Peak modulation variance generated by motion of the pinnae and combinations of the noseleaf and pinnae approached a white Gaussian noise variance bound. It was found the dynamic emitter generated less modulation than either the combined or reception scenarios.
Precipitation and dissolution of δ and γ″ during heat treatment of a laser powder-bed fusion produced Ni-based superalloy

Abstract One drawback of the laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) technique is the build-up of residual stresses during processing that requires a stress-relief heat treatment prior to components being removed from the build plate. Here, we demonstrate the coprecipitation of the γ″-phase alongside the known δ-phase, during stress-relief annealing of AM Inconel 625 at 870 °C. The unexpected precipitation of γ″ in the AM material is attributed to the local solute enrichment to the interdendritic regions of the as-built solidification microstructure. Dissolution of the δ and γ″ phases is achieved after annealing for 15 min at 1150 °C.
Flower, soil, water, stone: Biblical landscape items and Protestant materiality:

Protestants mobilize objects such as ‘Holy Land’ flowers, Jordan River stones, vials of Dead Sea water, sand from Lake Tiberias, and Golgotha soil as potent metonymic resources, promising a kind of...
Positional Workspace Boundary for Serial Manipulators with Revolute Joints

We have recently shown that the boundary of the positional workspace for an nR serial manipulator with any pair of consecutive axes coplanar is made of circular arcs with an underlying combinatorial structure of interconnectivity. In the orthogonal case, the boundary is linear in size and can be computed efficiently with a polynomial time algorithm. In this paper we show that the general (non-orthogonal) case may be much more complex: in the worst case, the boundary may consist of 2 n such arcs.
Relation Between the Growth of an Entire Function and the Size of Its Taylor Coefficients

Let Fbe an entire function and M(r) be its maximum modulus for |z| = r. Suppose λ is a positive continuous increasing function for r ge; 1 such that \( \frac{{\lambda (2r)}}{{\lambda (r)}} \) is bounded.
Hormonal Therapy of Prostate Cancer: Limitations in the Total Androgen Ablation Concept

The best way to summarize the efficacy of total androgen ablation therapy over castration is by the old saying — “for a difference to be a difference, it must make a difference” — unfortunately, it is not different with regard to survival but it is with regard to acceptance and cost. The Nobel Prize was given in 1966 to Dr. Charles Huggins of the University of Chicago for his pioneering work in 1941 showing that prostate cancer cells still retain their need for androgens to maintain their growth. Now, forty-six years following this first treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma by androgen ablation (1), we still use this therapy although we still remain in a state of confusion regarding the true degree of efficacy and most optimal modality for this type of therapy. We still do not know how much survival can be increased by androgen ablation. There is debate on whether androgen ablation should be initiated early or late in the disease process. Many have proposed that relapse following castration is because of small amounts of residual androgen remaining in the serum or in the tissue. Many believe that estrogens have a direct cytotoxic effect on prostate cancer cells. Many new hormonal treatments have been proposed but none have yet been proven more efficacious than castration. LH-RH analogs now join our armamentarium of drugs to treat prostate cancer.
The Great Divide: The Conflict Between Washington and Jefferson that Defined a Nation. By Thomas Fleming. (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2015. Pp. 400. $27.99.)

The Great Divide has a dramatic flow to it that informs and entertains. The book brings to life prominent characters and events that shaped American political development. One such character, of co...
A randomized phase II trial of MOVING ON: An intervention to increase exercise outcome expectations among breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to test theoretical intervention fidelity and feasibility of MOVING ON, a self-directed, home-based, randomized controlled trial to increase exercise outcome expectations (OEs) (what one expects to obtain or avoid as a result of a behavior or lack thereof), among breast cancer survivors. METHOD Stage Ia to IIb survivors (n = 60) were given the MOVING ON intervention or control booklet. Data were collected through online surveys and an accelerometer at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postintervention. Fidelity was measured by questions assessing participant perceptions of MOVING ON (score ≥2) and direction of intervention effects. Feasibility was measured by recruitment rate (target of 60 participants in 6 months), retention (total attrition <17%), and acquisition of accelerometer data (% ≥subjective exercise data obtained). Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, mixed models, and content analysis. RESULTS Fidelity met a priori criteria (mean = 3.31, SD = 0.87). Outcome expectations increased 0.01 points, and weekly steps increased by 970 every 4 weeks in the intervention arm compared to the control arm. All effect sizes were small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09. Target enrollment, achieved in 17 weeks, met a priori feasibility criteria. Retention (66%) and accelerometer data acquisition (60%) (compared to 73% of subjective exercise data) did not. CONCLUSION MOVING ON influenced OEs as intended and was well received by participants. A fully powered study, of this low-cost, easy-to-implement intervention, is warranted. Intervention and measurement strategies used in MOVING ON can be incorporated in any study targeting OEs as a mediator of exercise or collecting exercise data with an accelerometer.
Standardization and automation of quality assurance for high-dose-rate brachytherapy planning with application programming interface

Abstract Purpose To standardize and automate the high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy planning quality assurance (QA) process utilizing scripting with application programming interface (API) in a commercially available treatment planning system (TPS). Methods and Materials Site- and applicator-dependent plan quality (PQ) evaluation criteria and plan integrity (PI) checklists were established based on published guidelines, clinical protocols, and institutional experience. User designed C# programs (“scripts”) were created and executed through the API to access planning information in TPS. A set of standardized quality control reports, focusing on PQ evaluations and PI checks, were automatically generated. Information derived from the TPS was compared against predetermined QA metrics with color-coded pass/fail indicators to aid and enhance the efficiency of plan evaluation. Five independent, blinded observers reviewed mock plans with simulated errors to validate the scripts and to quantify the improvement of plan review efficiency. Results Scripts were developed for HDR prostate and breast. Forty-one parameters were reported/checked in the PI report; the PQ report returned dose-volume indices and an independent check of dwell time. All simulated errors were detected by the PI scripts with appropriate warning messages displayed, and any values failing to meet the planning constraints were red-flagged successfully in the PQ report. An average time reduction of 16 min for plan review was observed when using the scripts. Conclusions API scripting-based automated planning QA for HDR brachytherapy including PI checks and PQ evaluations was designed and implemented. The simulated error study showed promising results in terms of error catching and efficiency improvement.
Infant-adult vocal interaction dynamics depend on infant vocal type, child-directedness of adult speech, and timeframe.

Abstract This study explored the temporal contingencies between infant and adult vocalizations as a function of the type of infant vocalization, whether adult caregivers’ vocalizations were infant-directed or other-directed, and the timescale of analysis. We analyzed excerpts taken from day-long home audio recordings that were collected from nineteen 12- to 13-month-old American infants and their caregivers using the LENA system. Three 5-minute sections having high child vocalization rates were identified within each recording and coded by trained researchers. Infant and adult vocalizations were sequenced and defined as contingent if they occurred within 1 s, 2 s, or 5 s of each other. When using 1 s or 2 s definitions of temporal adjacency, infant vocalizations generally predicted subsequent infant-directed adult vocalizations. A reflexive vocalization (i.e. a cry or a laugh) was the strongest predictor. Likewise, within 1–2 s timeframes, infant-directed adult speech generally predicted infant vocalizations with reflexive vocalizations being particularly predictive. Infant vocalizations predicted fewer subsequent other-directed adult vocalizations and were less likely following other-directed adult vocalizations when considering up to 5 s lags. This suggests an understudied communicative role for infants of non-infant-directed adult speech. These results demonstrate the importance of timescale in studying infant-adult interactions, support the communicative significance of reflexive infant vocalizations and other-directed adult speech in addition to more commonly studied vocalization types, and highlight the challenges of determining direction(s) of influence when using only two-event sequences.
Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce Time from Regional Anesthesia Placement to Delivery for Cesarean Delivery.

Objective Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a quality improvement (QI) initiative on the regional anesthesia placement-to-infant delivery time during cesarean delivery (CD). Study Design We performed a quality improvement trial. Before June 18, 2018, the preoperative protocol was as follows: the anesthesiologist administered regional anesthesia in the operating room then the nurse placed the Foley's catheter, clipped pubic hair, precleaned the abdomen, and abdominal preparation. On June 18, 2018, the protocol changed and all the preoperative preparation (Foley's clip and preclean) were performed prior to the arrival in the operating room. The records of patients who underwent scheduled or nonemergency CD between May 1 and July 15, 2018, were reviewed. Our primary outcome was time between the placements of regional anesthesia to infant delivery at the time of CD. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Results A total of 194 patients were included, 124 before and 70 after the process change. The change in process leads to a significant reduction in anesthesia-to-delivery time, even after adjusting for number of prior CD and body mass index (BMI). Other times were also significantly impacted by the change. Conclusion Our QI initiative significantly decreased the time from anesthesia placement to delivery of the fetus. Performing preoperative preparation activities, such as Foley's placement and shaving, after regional anesthesia for CD, increase the risk of fetal exposure to maternal hypotension. We evaluated the impact of a QI initiative on regional anesthesia placement to infant delivery time during CD.
The marriage of training and inference for scaled deep learning analog hardware

Resistive crossbar arrays are promising candidates for efficient execution of deep neural network (DNN) inference workloads. The weight matrices of a neural network are mapped to the conductance values on crossbar arrays and then used as vector-matrix multiply engines. Although this mapping seems straightforward, we show that for large scale DNNs the weights must come from a training procedure that accounts for hardware induced constraints, such as ADC, DAC, noise and device fails, for the inference task to run successfully on analog hardware composed of crossbar arrays.
Identifying the Dominant Stage of Intellectual Development: Knowing and Learning.

How might colleges identify and measure changes in the dominant learning stages of groups of alumni or students? Marcia Baxter Magolda's 1992 Epistemological Reflection Model, a revision of William Peny's 1970 work, identified several stages of intellectual and ethical development at which students might experience difficulty. Baxter Magolda used qualitative research (interviews scored holistically) to gain evidence of individual students' dominant stages. To gain evidence for large groups, this study considers using survey data instead of interviews for groups too large for interviews to be feasible. Data were collected as part of a survey of baccalaureate program alumni at a mid-sized suburban community college. Factor analysis successfully produced equal sized but different loadings for men and women. Dominant learning stage was associated with demographic variables for gender, age and racial ethnic identy, and with several measures of outcomes: perceptions of the helpfulness of general education objectives in mathematics, cumulative GPA, whether alumni had transferred to a four-year degree programs, and whether they had earned bachelor's degrees. Chi-square tests aand analyses of variance were used. This process may provide a "pattern of evidence" useful in assessing learning in general or liberal education and in planning for new or improved curricula.
Genetic factors and the risk of drug-resistant epilepsy in young children with epilepsy and neurodevelopment disability: A prospective study and updated meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects 7% to 20% of children with epilepsy. Although some risk factors for DRE have been identified, the results have not been consistent. Moreover, data regarding the risk factors for epilepsy and its seizure outcome in the first 2 years of life are limited.We analyzed data for children aged 0 to 2 years with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disability from January, 2013, through December, 2017. These patients were followed up to compare the risk of DRE in patients with genetic defect (genetic group) with that without genetic defect (nongenetic group). Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis to identify the pooled prevalence of genetic factors in children with DRE.A total of 96 patients were enrolled. A total of 68 patients were enrolled in the nongenetic group, whereas 28 patients were enrolled in the genetic group. The overall DRE risk in the genetic group was 6.5 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15-19.6; p = 0.03) higher than that in the nongenetic group. Separately, a total of 1308 DRE patients were participated in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of these patients with genetic factors was 22.8% (95% CI 17.4-29.3).The genetic defect plays a crucial role in the development of DRE in younger children with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disability. The results can serve as a reference for further studies of epilepsy panel design and may also assist in the development of improved treatments and prevention strategies for DRE.
A Weak Galerkin Harmonic Finite Element Method for Laplace Equation

In this article, a weak Galerkin finite element method for the Laplace equation using the harmonic polynomial space is proposed and analyzed. The idea of using the $$P_k$$ -harmonic polynomial space instead of the full polynomial space $$P_{k}$$ is to use a much smaller number of basis functions to achieve the same accuracy when $$k\geqslant 2$$ . The optimal rate of convergence is derived in both $$H^1$$ and $$L^2$$ norms. Numerical experiments have been conducted to verify the theoretical error estimates. In addition, numerical comparisons of using the $$P_{2}$$ -harmonic polynomial space and using the standard $$P_2$$ polynomial space are presented.
Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico City: Scale, Social Classes, and the Primate City

Mexico City is known as one of the largest cities in the world and thought by many to be one of the most unequal. Not surprisingly, it has received more attention than other Mexican urban areas. However, the city’s internal social organization is often misunderstood. Mexico City stands out as a city where segregation is relatively low, and levels of inequality are actually lower than perceptions. Moreover, between 1990 and 2010, both segregation and inequality have declined. This chapter examines these changes. We report on changes in occupational structure and patterns of segregation by educational level. Educational level is different from income or occupation, but these three dimensions of socioeconomic conditions are closely linked. While the overall level of segregation between educational groups in the city has slightly decreased, residential patterns of educational groups have changed significantly. The number of neighborhoods with high concentrations of highly educated people increased significantly and expanded geographically. At the same time, the prevalence of neighborhoods with residents with low and middle educational attainment has diminished and neighborhoods that house people of all educational categories or high and middle categories are more numerous. This chapter illustrates the complexity of segregation patterns in such a large metropolitan area, as well as the challenges of determining why patterns have changed.
Effect of chronic ethanol consumption in rhesus macaques on the nucleus accumbens core transcriptome

The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) has been repeatedly demonstrated to be a key component of the circuitry associated with excessive ethanol consumption. Previous studies have illustrated that in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of chronic ethanol consumption, there is significant epigenetic remodeling of the NAcc. In the current study, RNA-Seq was used to examine genome-wide gene expression in eight each of control, low/binge (LD*), and high/very high (HD*) rhesus macaque drinkers. Using an FDR < 0.05, zero genes were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between LD* and controls, six genes between HD* and LD*, and 734 genes between HD* and controls. Focusing on HD* versus control DE genes, the upregulated genes (N = 366) were enriched in genes with annotations associated with signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent co-translational protein targeting to membrane (FDR < 3 × 10-59 ), structural constituent of ribosome (FDR < 3 × 10-47 ), and ribosomal subunit (FDR < 5 × 10-48 ). Downregulated genes (N = 363) were enriched in annotations associated with behavior (FDR < 2 × 10-4 ), membrane organization (FDR < 1 × 10-4 ), inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity (FDR < 2 × 10-3 ), synapse part (FDR < 4 × 10-10 ), glutamatergic synapse (FDR < 1 × 10-6 ), and GABAergic synapse (FDR < 6 × 10-4 ). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that EIF2 signaling and mTOR pathways were significantly upregulated in HD* animals (FDR < 3 × 10-33 and <2 × 10-16 , respectively). Overall, the data supported our working hypothesis; excessive consumption would be associated with transcriptional differences in GABA/glutamate-related genes.
Measurements of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering Radiation Patterns from Elliptical Light with Polarization Resolution

Measurements of first and second harmonic radiation from nonlinear Thomson scattered light as a function of laser polarization ellipticity are reported. Polarization-resolved patterns were observed and connected to the underlying electron motion, confirming half-century old theoretical predictions.
Measuring Online Prosocial Behaviors in Primary School Children: Psychometric Properties of the Online Civility Scale

Children are online at increasing frequency, for longer periods of time, and at younger ages than ever before. Schools in the USA are engaged in providing online citizenship education to students; however, there are few evaluations of how well programs work or tools to measure program effectiveness. The current study provides psychometric information on one tool, the eight-item online civility scale (OCS), administered as part of an evaluation of the Be Internet Awesome (BIA), digital citizenship curriculum. The OCS was administered securely online to children in grades 4th, 5th, and 6th, to evaluate whether the BIA program improved their online citizenship skills. Psychometric analysis of the OCS was conducted for 824 youth who responded to both the pretest and posttest measures. Item constructs were validated in structural equation models with self-reported online behaviors. The eight items formed a cohesive construct, explaining 60% of the variance in online civility. The item response theory models showed that the items covered a range of the underlying trait. Differential item functioning (DIF) was observed by gender. The difficulty parameter did not show DIF across time (p = 0.11), but the discrimination parameter did (p = 0.002). The OCS construct was significantly and strongly associated with each of the validating variables in the expected directions. The OCS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and could be a useful evaluation tool in programs designed to promote prosocial online behaviors in children. The scale behaves differently by gender and may discriminate differently across time points after an intervention.
Flight Teams’ Learning Needs Assessment on Ultrasound: A Mixed Methods Approach

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to understand flight clinicians’ learning needs and attitudes with regard to a prehospital ultrasound curriculum. Methods: In this convergent mixed methods study, 21 prehospital clinicians completed a questionnaire, and 20 attended a 1-hour focus group to explore attitudes regarding learning ultrasound. These participants were from a single emergency medical service agency. Results Five themes emerged from the focus group transcripts and were supported by the quantitative data: 1) theme 1, hands-on training in ultrasound is a highly preferred modality; 2) theme 2, emergency medical service providers desire learning integrated into shifts and real-life practice; 3) theme 3, prehospital providers express concerns about training and maintenance of competency; 4) theme 4, participants recognize the need for quality control during the training phase and after; and 5) theme 5, participants were enthusiastic about how ultrasound could help guide clinical decision making and potentially improve patient outcomes. Conclusion Those who participated in an evidence-based assessment of prehospital ultrasound needs and barriers were experienced flight clinicians who would use prehospital ultrasound if made available. These adult learners indicated their preferred learning method would be using standardized patients, simulators, and hands-on in the field with physicians. They preferred follow-up courses and simulators to maintain competency.
Chapter 21 Dopamine neurone grafting to the weaver mouse neostriatum

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses certain histochemical properties and behavioral effects of unilateral and the bilateral transplantations of fetal dopamine (DA)-containing neurons to the weaver neostriatum. The delayed cavity transplantation protocol is used throughout the described experiments in the chapter; donor tissue had been obtained from the ventral mesencephalic flexure of embryonic day (E) 14-El5 wild-type fetuses of the same inbred mouse strain as the recipient mutants. Grafts of fetal mesencephalon survive and express tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) following transplantation to the weaver striatum. Surviving grafts contain on the average 200–1200 TH-ir neurons. Grafted cells are located in the cortical aspiration cavity above the striatal complex of the host. The expression of TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of DA, is indicative of the presence of DA in transplanted neurons. Following the transplantation of solid mesencephalic grafts or mesencephalic cell suspensions to the weaver striatum, TH-ir axon terminals have been found in contact with post-synaptic elements of the host striatum.
BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN THE VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT NEWBORN (VLBW) - A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

With the exception of the first hours to days of life there is little information on blood pressures in VLBW infants. We documented an excellent correlation between aortic BP and oscillometric measurements (Narco Oscillometer) in sick VLBW infants over a wide range of BP (r=0.97-0.99). We then performed daily BP measurements by oscillometry in a group of sick newborns with birthweights <1500 g over the first 28 days of life. We also performed simultaneous upper and lower extremity BP in 7 VLBW and 10 term infants in the first 12 days and found the levels to be virtually identical (r=0.99). These data provide reference values for BP in sick VLBW infants in the first month of life and show only a small increase after day 7. Contrary to some previous data, there is no difference between upper and lower extremity blood pressure in the newborn.
Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Abstract To assess the risk of development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in relation to the ascitic fluid total protein concentration, routine admission abdominal paracentesis was performed on a group of 107 patients during 125 hospitalizations. The paracentesis was repeated if evidence of peritonitis developed during hospitalization. Twenty-one episodes of spontaneous peritonitis (or its culture-negative variant) were documented in 17 patients. The ascitic fluid protein concentration in the spontaneous peritonitis group (0.72 ± 0.53 g/dl) was significantly lower (p 1.0 g/dl developed spontaneous peritonitis. This difference in risk of development of peritonitis in relation to initial ascitic fluid protein concentration was also significant (p
Bias-controlled wavelength switching in coupled-cavity In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs self-organized quantum dot lasers

Efficient wavelength switching is demonstrated in an In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs self-organized quantum dot laser with an intracavity absorber section. A wavelength shift of ∼15 nm, believed to be caused by a shift of lasing between the bound states of the quantum dot, is obtained for a bias change of 6 V.