cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Ionization of Protoplanetary Disks

In the light of new observations of star forming regions by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) and by ROSAT, we assess the ability of young stars to ionize their own circumstellar disks with stellar coronal X-rays. Although stellar winds may absorb soft X-rays, hard X-rays can penetrate to large column densities and, until they are absorbed, produce ionization rates greater than standard estimates for Galactic cosmic rays. As in previous studies of the external ionization of protoplanetary disks by cosmic rays, we find that X-ray ionization produces a surface layer that is well coupled to disk magnetic fields at ~AU distances. The properties of the surface layer depend on the characteristics of the X-ray source and, thus, on the evolutionary status of the central star. Even if Galactic cosmic rays are efficiently excluded by magnetized winds, stellar X-ray irradiation alone may provide sufficient ionization for disks to accrete via the Balbus-Hawley instability. The resulting vertically layered structure of disks at ~AU distances (a well-coupled surface layer overlying a poorly coupled, deeper layer) may lead to divergent dynamical evolution in the two regions. While accretion in the surface layer contributes to the buildup of the mass of the star, the quiescent conditions in the poorly coupled, deeper layer appear to be conducive to the formation of planets.
Interactions of antinicotinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies with rat brain and muscle antigenic determinants.

1. Studies were performed to determine whether antibodies prepared against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAcChoR) from electric tissue are reactive toward nAcChoR-like antigenic determinants in rat brain. 2. Reference experiments involved the use ofTorpedo electroplax and rat innervated muscle as tissue controls and an anti-α-bungarotoxin antiserum as a probe for curaremimetic neurotoxin binding sites. 3. As evinced by their ability to inhibit immunoprecipitation ofTorpedo nAcChoR, brain or muscle membranes specifically interact with polyclonal antisera raised againstElectrophorus electroplax nAcChoR. 4. When the extent of polyclonal anti-nAcChoR antibody binding to muscle membranes is measured by protein A binding protocols, receptor-like antigenic determinants and toxin binding sites are found to be present in approximately equal quantities. 5. In contrast, nAcChoR-like antigenic determinants on rat brain membranes are present at concentrations in excess of those of toxin binding sites. 6. The results are consistent with the earlier observation that some antibodies prepared against nAcChoR from peripheral tissues recognize rat brain high-affinityα-bungarotoxin binding sites. 7. The results also suggest the existence of nAcChoR-like entities in brain that do not bind toxin with a high affinity.
The preparation, polymerization and copolymerization of (η5-vinylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyliron monomer

Abstract The first report on the synthesis, polymerization and copolymerization of the organometallic monomer, (η 5 -vinylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyl iron is presented. The monomer was prepared in high yield by the coupling reaction of (η 5 -iodocyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyliron and vinyltributyltin in the presence of 5 mol% (CH 3 CN) 2 PdCl 2 . (η 5 -Iodocyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyliron was prepared by lithiation of the cyclopentadienyl ligand in ( gh 5 -Cyclopentadienyl)-dicarbonyl-methyliron with butyllithium at - 78°C and subsequent reaction with iodine. (η 5 -Cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmethyliron was prepared by the reaction between potassium benzophenone ketyl and cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron dimer followed by addition of iodomethane. The vinyl complex underwent homopolymerization under radical initiation in benzene. Copolymerization of the vinyl complex with styrene or with methylmethacrylate was also successful under radical initiation in benzene.
The price tag on progress--chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.

The irinotecan and cetuximab regimen costs approximately $30,790. How should we determine whether these interventions are worth their immense cost? Dr. Deborah Schrag responds.
Remote two-photon excited fluorescence sensing in a simulatd fermentation broth

Abstract The feasibility of direct quantitation of a fluorescent fermentaiton product by means of two-photon excited molecular and fiber-optic was investigated. The fermentation broth environment was simulated using buffered baker's yeast solutions. To demonstrate that a two-photon induced signal is unperturbed by the presence of microorganism, the fluorescence intensity from a fixed amount of fluorophore was monitored versus increasing baker's yeast cell density (0–60 g 1 −1 ). The resultant two-photon induced signal remained relatively constant, in comparison to a one-photon induced signal. Quantitation via one-photon excitation without a fiber optic showed the characteristic inner-filter roll-off of optically dense systems and quantitation became impossible at cell densities higher than approximately 20 g 1 −1 . The effect of mie-scattering on the observed two-Proton induced signal is discussed, and is hypothesized to be the cause of a slight decline with increasing cell density.
A compact 1---30 µH, 1---350 µF, 5---50 mΩ ESR compliant, 1.5% accurate 0.6 µm CMOS differential ΣΔ boost dc---dc converter

Emerging high-end portable electronics demand on-chip integration of high-performance dc---dc power supplies not only to save pin count, printed circuit board (PCB) real estate, and the cost of off-chip components but also to better regulate the point of load (PoL). In the face of a widely variable LC filter, however, integrating the frequency-compensation circuit is difficult without sacrificing stability performance, which is why integrated controller ICs only cater to relatively narrow LC ranges. While ΣΔ control addresses this LC compliance issue in buck dc---dc converters with high equivalent series resistance (ESR) output capacitors, it is not clear how it applies to ΣΔ boost converters. To that end, this paper discusses, analyzes, and experimentally evaluates a prototyped 0.6 μm CMOS differential ΣΔ boost converter. Experimental results verified the switching supply was stable across 1---30 μH, 1---350 μF, and 5---50 m? of inductance, capacitance, and ESR while keeping output voltage variations in response to 0.1---0.8 A load and 2.7---4.2 V line changes to less than ±1.5%, peak efficiency at 95%, and switching frequency variation to less than 27%.
Preliminary examination of assessment of assertive behavior in retarded persons.

-Informants' rating, self-report questionnaires and observers' ratings were compared in the assessment of assertive skills of five mildly retarded young adults. Of the three standard assertion scales administered, only the Wolpe-Lazarus correlated positively with behavioral ratings obtained from roleplaying. Scores on the Wolpe-Lazarus scale, however, were negatively correlated with those obtained on the Rathus and Adult Self-expression scales. Neither the informants' ratings nor self-reports correlated with behavioral ratings. These data suggest a multi-modal assessment of assertive behavior is needed. The implications for treatment and further research are considered.
Exploring the impact of comorbid primary headaches and neck pain

Migraine, tension-type headache, and neck-pain are highly revalent in the population and frequently coexist [1,2]. Neck pain s more common in patients with migraine and in patients with ension-typeheadache in comparison to individualswithnoknown rimary headache disorder [2]. Furthermore, neck pain is more ommon in personswith bothmigraine and tension-type headache han in individuals with just one of these primary headache disorer [2]. Given that migraine, tension-type headache, and neck pain o-occur, approaches to measuring the impact of headache should ake these comorbidities into account. Measures of disease impact, isability and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures may e generic or disease specific [3]. Generic measures provide a comon yardstick for measuring and comparing the burden of a range f diseases. Disease specific approaches focus on the impact of articular disorders and may be more sensitive to the particular urdens of illness than the genericmeasures.While there aremany eneric measures used to assess the impact of pain, and a number f disease specific measures as well, there are no disease specific easures for persons with migraine, tension type headache, and eck pain. In this issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Pain, Kroll et al. 4] present and validate a new 78-item questionnaire designed o measure the impact of migraine, tension-type headache and eck pain (Impact M-TTH-NP). This report addresses face validty and content validity of their newly developed questionnaire. he Impact M-TTH-NP is based largely on 4-week recall and ncorporates measures which target sleep, pain characteristics, tress, headache triggers, physical activity, etc. The Impact M-TTHP was validated against existing questionnaires which measure hysical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ short form), Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionaire (MSQ v. 2.1), WHO-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Major epression Inventory (MDI) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) in atients with migraine coexistent with tension-type headache
A Wapl a Day Keeps the Sisters Apart: Wapl and Cohesin Dynamics

Sister chromatids are held together by the cohesin complex from the time they are made until cell division. In recent articles published in Cell and Current Biology , the characterization of Wapl, a newly identified cohesin-interacting protein, suggests that a dynamic interaction between the cohesin complex and chromatin is important for normal regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.
Instrumental activities of daily living are impaired in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE Although it is well known that Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia results in functional decline, little is known about the impact of mild cognitive impairment in PD (PD-MCI) on day-to-day functioning. METHOD Forty-one individuals with PD-MCI, 56 PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), and 47 healthy older adults were administered two performance-based measures of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) that evaluated medication and financial management. Informants of the PD patients were also administered an IADL questionnaire. RESULTS There were no significant differences between PD-NC and healthy older adults on the performance-based measures of medication and financial management. However, PD-MCI patients demonstrated significantly lower scores on the performance-based measures of medication and financial management compared with healthy older adults. PD-MCI patients were also impaired compared with PD-NC patients on performance-based medication management, but no difference between these groups was observed for ability to manage finances. Performance-based financial and medication management did not correlate with scores on neuropsychological measures in PD-MCI patients. PD-MCI and PD-NC patients showed comparable scores on the informant-based IADL questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Performance-based measures of IADLs, particularly medication management ability, are sensitive to subtle functional declines in PD-MCI. Although impairment in performance-based measures is associated with cognitive status in PD, IADLs may be a separate domain of functioning from cognitive functioning in PD-MCI as these measures did not correlate with performance on the neuropsychological measures. Overall, performance-based assessment of IADLs may add to the clinical evaluation of PD-MCI.
Circular dichroism of nucleic acid monomers. I. Calculated adenosine and 2′-deoxyadenosine CD spectra

A combination of the DeVoe and Kirkwood polarizability concepts is developed to calculate CD spectra of nucleic acid monomers. The method is perfectly general and applies to any system where the constituents have absorption properties which are widely separated in terms of frequency. The theory is applied to calculate the CD spectra of adenosine and 2′-deoxyadenosine conformers. Bond polarizabilities are evaluated for the ribosyl moiety of adenosine, as a function of glycosidic rotational angles and polarizability anisotropies. It is found that a wide range of C-C and C-O bond polarizabilities give similar CD results. Isotropic atom polarizabilities are also evaluated. It is found that the CD results using these polarizabilities do not differ significantly from those obtained with bond polarizabilities. The CD spectra of adenosine and 2′-deoxyadenosine are calculated for three x-ray diffraction determined geometries: A-form RNA, B-form DNA, and C-form DNA. The results indicate that the monomer CD spectra are strongly dependent on the precise geometry and appear to be of importance in understanding the spectra of oligomers and polymers. The deoxyadenosine conformers are found to have calculated CD spectra which are less intense than those of the ribosyl conformers. These results indicate that the measured differences between the CD magnitudes of ribo- and deoxyriboadenosine are due to the presence or absence of the 2′-hydroxyl. Weighted averaged adenosine CD spectra are calculated with the aid of probability distributions from conformational energy calculations. The results suggest a new method for obtaining empirical monomer parameters for use in optical calculations. The calculations in this paper indicate for the first time that DeVoe theory, in combination with the Kirkwood theory, provides a useful method for the calculation of the CD spectra of nonpolymeric molecules.
Affirmative Action and the Doctrine of Double Effect

This article attempts to show that affirmative action can be supported by the doctrine of double effect which recognises distinctions between desired and unintended effects such that the responsibility for acts falls on the side of the former rather than the latter. With this doctrine it may also be seen why affirmative action programmes cannot be simply equated with numerical quota systems, nor can they be called discriminatory, at least not under the definition of discrimination utilised.
Effects of phenytoin on memory, cognition and brain structure in post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study

Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is believed to act by modulation of glutamatergic transmission. Because the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesized to involve alterations in glutamatergic transmission with subsequention neurotoxicity, we assessed the effects of phenytoin on cognition and brain structure in PTSD patients. Phenytoin was administered in an open label fashion for 3 months to nine adult patients with PTSD related to a variety of traumas, including early abuse, combat and car accidents. Subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging for measurement of whole brain and hippocampal volume, and neuropsychological testing of memory and cognition, before and after treatment. Phenytoin treatment resulted in a significant 6% increase in right brain volume (p < 0.05). Increased hippocampal volume was correlated with reductions in symptom severity as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and improvements in executive function as measured by the Trails test. However, treatment associated improvements in memory and cognition did not achieve statistical significance. These findings suggest that phenytoin treatment may be associated with changes in brain structure in patients with PTSD.
Impact of computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) on clinical pharmacy practice : A hypothesis-generating study

Since the Institute of Medicine’s 1999 landmark report on patient safety, much literature have been published to show the advantages and disadvantages of information systems such as computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) on improving the delivery of health care. The primary end points of this study were to assess the potential impact of CPOE on patient safety, as well as pharmacy practice and profession—based on the experience and/or opinions of selected pharmacy leaders in California. A qualitative method using multidimensional scaling (MDS), a hypothesis generating tool, was used for data analysis. Most pharmacy leaders held positive opinions regarding the impact of CPOE on the pharmacy practice and the profession, with varying concerns regarding its impact on practice and safety. The MDS analysis showed that leaders from community hospitals held the most optimistic beliefs on CPOE’s impact compared with leaders from the academic medical centers and government hospitals whom held concerns over the e...
Timing and geodesy

Geodetic science (geodesy) is that branch of science concerned with determining the size, shape, and gravitational field of the earth, and precisely mapping its surface features. Astronomic observations provide essential information in the geodetic process. Both the earth-based observing stations and the observed extraterrestrial bodies (stars, planets, natural and artificial earth satellites) are in motion, creating time-dependent coordinate systems and making epoch, interval, and synchronization important. Modern geodesy uses the most sophisticated optical and electronic equipment in measurements, and the timing requirements have become increasingly stringent. Systems that require accurate timing often have potential in the determination of time. Lunar laser ranging, a currently developing technique with many exciting geodetic implications, may develop into a practical method for the determination of Universal Time (UT1) to a new order of accuracy.
The Use of Balance Sheets in Developing Clinical Guidelines

Balance sheets are designed to assist decision-makers regarding outcomes in their practice setting. For this reason, they must include data generated in that practice setting and project the impact of a change in clinical practice on health outcomes, cost, and patient and provider satisfaction. To complete a balance sheet, it is often necessary to make assumptions that should be both conservative and realistic. Balance sheets are particularly useful for presenting all the expected outcomes of implementing a clinical guideline or other change in clinical practice and frequently lead to insights and improvements.
High-speed interconnect and packaging design of the IBM System z9 processor cage

This paper describes the system packaging and technologies of the IBM System z9TM enterprise-class server. The central electronic complex of the system consists of four nodes, each housing a multichip module (MCM) with 16 chips consuming up to 1,200 W. The z9TM server doubles the multiprocessor performance of the System z990 by increasing the central processing unit (CPU) configuration and using an internally developed elastic interface to increase interconnect speed on all high-speed buses. In contrast to all previous zSeries® designs, which were running at half of the processor speed, the packaging interconnects on the multichip module run at the same speed as the processor (1.72 GHz). High frequencies and massively parallel connectivity lead to a raw packaging bandwidth of up to 1,764 GB/s between processors and cache within a single frame for a fully configured four-node z9 system.
An Alternative Approach to Protein Folding

A diffusion theory-based, all-physical ab initio protein folding simulation is described and applied. The model is based upon the drift and diffusion of protein substructures relative to one another in the multiple energy fields present. Without templates or statistical inputs, the simulations were run at physiologic and ambient temperatures (including pH). Around 100 protein secondary structures were surveyed, and twenty tertiary structures were determined. Greater than 70% of the secondary core structures with over 80% alpha helices were correctly identified on protein ranging from 30 to 200 amino-acid sequence. The drift-diffusion model predicted tertiary structures with RMSD values in the 3–5 Angstroms range for proteins ranging 30 to 150 amino acids. These predictions are among the best for an all ab initio protein simulation. Simulations could be run entirely on a desktop computer in minutes; however, more accurate tertiary structures were obtained using molecular dynamic energy relaxation. The drift-diffusion model generated realistic energy versus time traces. Rapid secondary structures followed by a slow compacting towards lower energy tertiary structures occurred after an initial incubation period in agreement with observations.
Protecting Children, Preserving Families: Moral Conflict and Actuarial Science in a Problem of Contemporary Governance

The United States Child Protective Services system is shaped by the unresolved tension between the aims of child protection and family preservation. Since the 1980s, child welfare experts have recommended the use of risk assessment tools in the hopes of standardizing the decisions made by social workers and judges. In this article, I show that despite their bureaucratic appearance, the tools implemented lacked a clear directive, allowing unresolved value conflicts to be papered over by the appearance of technocratic regularity. I argue that this case not only exemplifies Max Weber's classic distinction between problems of social science and moral value in the creation of social policy, but also raises questions about the effects and uses of audit technologies in situations of ongoing moral conflict.
ADHD and Anger Contexts: Electronic Diary Mood Reports from Mothers and Children

Objective Using electronic diaries (eDiaries), this study examined temporal links between child and maternal anger, as well as positive mood and perceived stress, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus comparison peers. Methods Across 7 days, half-hourly eDiaries were completed independently by mothers and their 8-12-year-old children (51 receiving medication for ADHD and 58 comparison peers). Results Cross-informant analyses revealed systematic patterns of negative maternal moods in relation to child anger in both groups along with evidence of slower recovery in the ADHD group. Analogously, for both groups, children's anger reports increased and good-mood reports decreased in relation to maternal anger, whereas elevated stress in relation to maternal anger was restricted to children with ADHD. Conclusions The findings indicate that a negative affective climate is more likely to persist in ADHD than in comparison families. They also affirm the utility of child as well as parent eDiary reports and suggest that children may be willing to report low positive mood when reluctant to report negative mood. The promise of incorporating real-time data on mood patterning into tailored treatments for children with ADHD and their families is discussed.
Deep venous thrombosis after percutaneous insertion of vena caval filters.

Abstract Purpose: A large multicenter study has recently questioned the overall clinical efficacy of vena caval filters, especially when inserted prophylactically, because of the subsequent development of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) at the insertion site. We examined the incidence of this complication with newer, smaller diameter percutaneous devices. Methods: We reviewed our vascular surgery and interventional radiology clinical registries to identify patients in whom a femoral percutaneous vena caval filter had been placed from 1993 to 1998. This list was cross referenced with patients who had undergone lower extremity venous ultrasound scan examinations for the diagnosis of DVT in the vascular laboratory within a 60-day period before and after the insertion of the filter device. Results: A total of 35 patients during this 5-year period had timely follow-up venous duplex scan studies performed. The indications for filter placement were DVT in 16 patients (46%), pulmonary embolus in 13 patients (37%), DVT and pulmonary embolus in three patients (9%), and prophylactically in three patients (9%) at high risk for thromboembolization. Of the patients with documented thromboembolic events, 91% (29 of 32) had contraindications to anticoagulation therapy, and the remaining 9% (3 of 32) represented failure of anticoagulation therapy. A Greenfield filter was used in 13 patients (37%), a Simon Nitinol filter was used in 11 patients (31%), and a VenaTech filter was used in nine patients (26%). The other two patients (6%) had a Bird's Nest filter inserted. At a mean follow-up period of 12 ± 2 days (median, 6 days), there was a 40% (14 of 35) incidence of proximal DVT in venous segments without evidence of thrombus before filter insertion. The majority (71%; 10 of 14) occurred in the common femoral vein, with three located in the superficial femoral vein and one in the external iliac vein. The lowest incidence of DVT was seen with the Greenfield and Bird's Nest filters as compared with the smaller Simon Nitinol and VenaTech filters (20% vs 55%; P Conclusion: There is a continuing and significant incidence of new DVT development ipsilateral to the percutaneous femoral insertion site of vena caval filters. The smaller diameter filters are not associated with a lower incidence of femoral thrombosis. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:821-9.)
Structural and diagenetic control of fluid migration and cementation along the Moab fault, Utah

The Moab fault, a basin-scale normal fault that juxtaposes Jurassic eolian sandstone units against Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous shale and sandstone, is locally associated with extensive calcite and lesser quartz cement. We mapped the distribution of fault-related diagenetic alteration products relative to the fault structure to identify sealing and conductive fault segments for fluid flow and to relate fault–fluid-flow behavior to the internal architecture of the fault zone. Calcite cement occurs as vein and breccia cement along slip surfaces and as discontinuous vein cement and concretions in fault damage zones. The cement predominates along fault segments that are composed of joints, sheared joints, and breccias that overprint earlier deformation bands. Using the distribution of fault-related calcite cement as an indicator of paleofluid migration, we infer that fault-parallel fluid flow was focused along fault segments that were overprinted by joints and sheared joints. Joint density, and thus fault-parallel permeability, is highest at locations of structural complexity such as fault intersections, extensional steps, and fault-segment terminations. The association of calcite with remnant hydrocarbons suggests that calcite precipitation was mediated by the degradation and microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. We propose that the discontinuous occurrence of microbially mediated calcite cement may impede, but not completely seal, fault-parallel fluid flow. Fault-perpendicular flow, however, is mostly impeded by the juxtaposition of the sandstone units against shale and by shale entrainment. The Moab fault thus exemplifies the complex interaction of fault architecture and diagenetic sealing processes in controlling the hydraulic properties of faults in clastic sequences.
Interpreting metabolomic profiles using unbiased pathway models.

Human disease is heterogeneous, with similar disease phenotypes resulting from distinct combinations of genetic and environmental factors. Small-molecule profiling can address disease heterogeneity by evaluating the underlying biologic state of individuals through non-invasive interrogation of plasma metabolite levels. We analyzed metabolite profiles from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 50 individuals, 25 with normal (NGT) and 25 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Our focus was to elucidate underlying biologic processes. Although we initially found little overlap between changed metabolites and preconceived definitions of metabolic pathways, the use of unbiased network approaches identified significant concerted changes. Specifically, we derived a metabolic network with edges drawn between reactant and product nodes in individual reactions and between all substrates of individual enzymes and transporters. We searched for “active modules”—regions of the metabolic network enriched for changes in metabolite levels. Active modules identified relationships among changed metabolites and highlighted the importance of specific solute carriers in metabolite profiles. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis demonstrated that changed metabolites in OGTT naturally grouped according to the activities of the System A and L amino acid transporters, the osmolyte carrier SLC6A12, and the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter SLC25A13. Comparison between NGT and IGT groups supported blunted glucose- and/or insulin-stimulated activities in the IGT group. Using unbiased pathway models, we offer evidence supporting the important role of solute carriers in the physiologic response to glucose challenge and conclude that carrier activities are reflected in individual metabolite profiles of perturbation experiments. Given the involvement of transporters in human disease, metabolite profiling may contribute to improved disease classification via the interrogation of specific transporter activities.
DOES CO2 REALLY DRIVE GLOBAL WARMING

DOES CO2 REALLY DRIVE GLOBAL WARMING? I don’t believe that it does. To the contrary, in applying the IFF test – if-and-only-if or necessary-and-sufficient – the outcome would appear to be exactly the reverse. Rather than the rising levels of CO2 driving up the temperature, the logical conclusion is that it is the rising temperature that is driving up the CO2 level. Of course, this raises a raft of questions, but all are answerable nevertheless. What is particularly critical is distinguishing between the observed phenomenon, or the “what”, from the governing mechanism, or the “why”. Confusion between these two would appear to be the source of much of the noise in the Global Warming debate. In applying the IFF test we can start with the clear correlation between the global CO2 profile and the corresponding temperature signature. There is now in the literature a 400,000 year sequence clearly showing, as a phenomenon, that both go up – and down – together (1). The correlation is clear and accepted. But the causation, the mechanism, is something else: Which is driving which? Logically, there are four possible explanations, but only two need serious consideration unless they both fail.
Estate and gift taxes and incentives for inter vivos giving in the US

Abstract This paper describes the current estate and gift tax rules that apply to intergenerational transfers in the US. It summarizes the incentives for inter vivos giving, gifts from a donor to a recipient while the donor is alive, as a strategy for reducing estate tax liability. It shows that the current level of intergenerational transfers is much lower than the level that would be implied by simple models of dynastic utility maximization. Moreover, even among elderly households with net worth in excess of $2.5 million, roughly four times the net worth at which US households became liable for estate tax in 1995, only about 45% take advantage of the opportunity for tax-free inter vivos giving. Cross-sectional regressions using the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances suggest that transfers rise with household net worth, possibly reflecting the impact of progressive estate taxes. Households with a preponderance of their net worth in illiquid forms, such as a private business, are less likely to make transfers than their equally wealthy counterparts with more liquid wealth. Those with substantial unrealized capital gains, for whom the benefits of ‘basis step-up at death’ under the income tax are greatest, are less likely to make large inter vivos transfers than similarly wealthy households with higher basis assets.
Effect of a Transverse Tensile Stress on the Electric‐Field‐Induced Domain Reorientation in Soft PZT: In Situ XRD Study

The effect of a transverse tensile stress on the electric-field-induced 90°-domain reorientation in tetragonal lead zirconate titanate (PZT) near the morphotropic phase boundary was investigated in situ using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD intensity ratio, I(002)/I(200), which represents the ratio of the volume of the c-domains to that of the a-domains on the PZT surface, was examined as a function of the electric field at various stress levels. It was found that a transverse tensile stress changes the electric-field dependence of I(002)/I(200), especially at higher electric fields. Without a transverse tensile stress, I(002)/I(200) began to saturate at E≈ 800 kV/m. With a transverse tensile stress of 75 MPa, I(002)/I(200) increased with an upward curvature with the electric field, indicating that the transverse tensile stress enhanced the field-induced 90°-domain reorientation, and increased the effective piezoelectric coefficients at larger electric fields. At E= 900 kV/m, the estimated d31,domain changed from −200 × 10−12 V/m at zero stress, to −350 × 10−12 V/m at 75 MPa.
Employing Word Representations and Regularization for Domain Adaptation of Relation Extraction

Relation extraction suffers from a performance loss when a model is applied to out-of-domain data. This has fostered the development of domain adaptation techniques for relation extraction. This paper evaluates word embeddings and clustering on adapting feature-based relation extraction systems. We systematically explore various ways to apply word embeddings and show the best adaptation improvement by combining word cluster and word embedding information. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of regularization for the adaptability of relation extractors.
Catalytic reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine with nanophase nickel–boron

Abstract Recent work by the authors shows that toxic N-nitrosamines, widely detected in disinfected wastewater and drinking water and recalcitrant towards conventional treatment processes, can be rapidly reduced to less hazardous products by treatment with hydrogen and Raney nickel catalysts. Unfortunately, Raney Ni catalysts are pyrophoric when dry and are readily deactivated when exposed to air, severely limiting their application for water treatment. In this work, a non-pyrophoric and air-tolerant nickel–boron (NiB) catalyst is described, and its reactivity with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is quantified. The catalyst, prepared by aqueous reduction of NiCl2 with NaBH4, has an elemental composition of 85 wt.% Ni and 7 wt.% B. Nanophase primary catalyst particles are formed and aggregate in micrometer-sized assemblies in solution. The catalyst has a specific surface area of 18 m2 g−1, and the surface contains Ni(0) and B in a mixture of oxidation states (0/+III). Kinetic studies show that NDMA is rapidly reduced via hydrogenation to dimethylamine and ammonia in H2(g)-saturated ( P H 2 = 1 atm ) aqueous NiB suspensions, with mass- and surface area-normalized first-order rate constants of 29.5 ± 2.4 L gNi−1 h−1 and 1.38 ± 0.11 L mcat−2 h−1, respectively. Although the mass-normalized rate constant is less than that measured for Raney Ni, the surface area-normalized rate constant is greater, suggesting higher intrinsic reactivity of the NiB surface if the availability of surface sites for NDMA reactions on either catalyst surface is not significantly affected by aggregation of the catalyst nanoparticles. Kinetic studies show that reactivity of the NiB catalyst with NDMA is unaffected by solution pH and extended pre-exposure of the dry catalyst to air (Raney Ni is immediately deactivated by exposure to air). The NiB catalyst is also more tolerant of dissolved oxygen and low concentrations of dissolved (bi)sulfide than Raney Ni, suggesting potential for greater catalyst longevity during water treatment applications.
Diabetic Mice Display a Delayed Adaptive Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) but the defect in protective immunity responsible for this has not been defined. We previously reported that streptozotocin-induced DM impaired TB defense in mice, resulting in higher pulmonary bacterial burden, more extensive inflammation, and higher expression of several proinflammatory cytokines known to play a protective role in TB. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that DM leads to delayed priming of adaptive immunity in the lung-draining lymph nodes (LNs) following low dose aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that M. tuberculosis-specific IFN-γ–producing T cells arise later in the LNs of diabetic mice than controls, with a proportionate delay in recruitment of these cells to the lung and stimulation of IFN-γ–dependent responses. Dissemination of M. tuberculosis from lung to LNs was also delayed in diabetic mice, although they showed no defect in dendritic cell trafficking from lung to LNs after LPS stimulation. Lung leukocyte aggregates at the initial sites of M. tuberculosis infection developed later in diabetic than in nondiabetic mice, possibly related to reduced levels of leukocyte chemoattractant factors including CCL2 and CCL5 at early time points postinfection. We conclude that TB increased susceptibility in DM results from a delayed innate immune response to the presence of M. tuberculosis-infected alveolar macrophages. This in turn causes late delivery of Ag-bearing APC to the lung draining LNs and delayed priming of the adaptive immune response that is necessary to restrict M. tuberculosis replication.
Maximum-throughput dynamic network flows

This paper presents and solves the maximum throughput dynamic network flow problem, an infinite horizon integer programming problem which involves network flows evolving over time. The model is a finite network in which the flow on each arc not only has an associated upper and lower bound but also an associated transit time. Flow is to be sent through the network in each period so as to satisfy the upper and lower bounds and conservation of flow at each node from some fixed period on. The objective is to maximize the throughput, the net flow circulating in the network in a given period, and this throughput is shown to be the same in each period. We demonstrate that among those flows with maximum throughput there is a flow which repeats every period. Moreover, a duality result shows the maximum throughput equals the minimum capacity of an appropriately defined cut. A special case of the maximum dynamic network flow problem is the problem of minimizing the number of vehicles to meet a fixed periodic schedule. Moreover, the elegant solution derived by Ford and Fulkerson for the finite horizon maximum dynamic flow problem may be viewed as a special case of the infinite horizon maximum dynamic flow problem and the optimality of solutions which repeat every period.
Rate dependence of serrated flow in a metallic glass

Plastic deformation of amorphous Al90Fe5Gd5 was investigated using nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. While serrated flow was detected only at high loading rates, shear bands were observed for all loading rates, ranging from 1 to 100 nm/s. However, the details of shear-band formation depend on the loading rate.
Improvement of RHIC warm beam vacuum for high intensity operation

With increasing ion beam intensity during recent RHIC operations, pressure rises of several decades were observed at a few warm vacuum sections. Improvement of the warm sections has been carried out in last year's shutdown. Extensive in-situ bakes, additional UHV pumping, electron detectors and beam tube solenoids have been implemented. Vacuum monitoring and interlock were enhanced to reduce premature beam aborts. The effectiveness of these measures in reducing the beam induced pressure bumps and in increasing the vacuum system reliability are discussed and summarized.
Loneliness, friendship, and well-being in adults with autism spectrum disorders

This study examined the relations among loneliness, friendship, and emotional functioning in adults (N = 108) with autism spectrum disorders. Participants completed self-report measures of symptoms of autism spectrum disorders, loneliness, number and nature of friendships, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. The results indicated that loneliness was associated with increased depression and anxiety and decreased life satisfaction and self-esteem, even after controlling for symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. In addition, greater quantity and quality of friendships were associated with decreased loneliness among adults with autism spectrum disorders. Multivariate models indicated that friendship did not moderate the relationship between loneliness and well-being; however, number of friends provided unique independent effects in predicting self-esteem, depression, and anxiety above and beyond the effects of loneliness. This was the first study to examine the relations among these aspects of social and emotional functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorders, and the results indicate that this topic warrants further clinical and research attention.
Code selection for enhancing UWB multiple access communication performance using TH-PPM and DS-BPSK modulations

This research focuses on performance of two ultra wide band (UWB) techniques for implementing multiple access (MA) communications. Specifically, a Gaussian monocycle with time hopping pulse position modulation (TH-PPM) and direct sequence binary phase shift keying (DS-BPSK) is considered. Previous research on UWB system performance using Gold spreading sequences forms the basis for this work. The knowledge base of UWB MA performance characterization is expanded here using codes generated from a random integer selection process and a simulated annealing code generation process. Communication performance is first validated for a single user operating over an AWGN channel and subsequently extended to incorporate multiusers, TH-PPM with Gold coding provides an average MA BER improvement factor of 2.0 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ and 5.1 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ over random integer and simulated annealing codes, respectively. Likewise, DS-BPSK with Gold coding provides an average MA BER improvement factor of 3.8/spl times/ 10/sup -4/ and 9.8 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ over random integer and simulated annealing codes, respectively.
Ivermectin as an antiparasitic agent for use in humans.

INTRODUCTION.. . . . . . . ........ . . .. . . . .. . . ..... . ...... . . . . .. . . . . .... . . .. . .... 446 INTESTINAL NEMATODES . . ........ . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... . .. .. . . ....... . . 446 A scaris lumbricoides ..... . . . . .... ... . . . .. . . . . .. ..... 446 Ho.okwo.rm� (�ncylostoma, Necator). ..... . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . 446 Tnchuns tnchlUra . .. . . . . . . . ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Enterobius vermicularis. ..... . . . ..... . . ......... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . ... . . ....... 448 Strongyloides stercoralis....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . 448 Broad-Spectrum Potential 449 ONCHOCERCIASIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .. 449 Early Hospital-Based Probes (Phase J) ..... . ..... .. ... . . . .... . . .. . . . . . .... . ... . .. .. 450 Hospital-Based Trials with Reference Treatment (Phase 1/) ... . . . . . . . . .. . 451 Large-Scale Hospital-Based Trials (Phase III) 453 Large-Scale Community-Based Trials (Phase IV) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... ...... .... . . . . ....... . . 454 Effect on the Parasite 455 Effect on Transmission 459 Causal Prophylaxis 461 OTHER FILARIAL INFECTIONS . . . . . . .. . .... . . . .. . . .... . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . ... 461 Wuchereria bancrofti ... . .. . .... ....... . ........ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 461 Brugia, Mansonella, Loa.... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .... . . . 464 EFFICACY AGAINST OTHER PARASITES . ... . ... . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . ....... 464 SAFETY IN HUMANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 465 Safety and Tolerability in Onchocerciasis 465 Safety in Other Infections. . .. .. .... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .... 467 Safety in General 467 CURRENT DRUG DISTRIBUTION..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... .... . . . ...... . . . 468
Transmission properties of wayside communication systems

Some transmission properties of wayside communication systems are discussed. These properties are common to all the wayside communication systems proposed for use on the high-speed ground transportation (HSGT) system. This study considers the method of echo theory, relating the ripple of the phase and amplitude response to the noise which may be produced in the channels. The noise sensitivity suggests its use as a criterion of line performance.
Parallel complexity for solving tridiagonal linear systems with multiple right-hand sides on 2-D torus interconnection networks

Precise upper and lower bounds on running time are derived for the problem of solving tridiagonal linear systems with multiple RHS vectors on 2-dimensional torus interconnection networks. We present various important lower bounds on execution time for solving these systems utilizing odd-even cyclic reduction. Furthermore, algorithms are designed in order to achieve running times that are within a small constant factor of the lower bounds provided.
Concept recognition for extracting protein interaction relations from biomedical text

Reliable information extraction applications have been a long sought goal of the biomedical text mining community, a goal that if reached would provide valuable tools to benchside biologists in their increasingly difficult task of assimilating the knowledge contained in the biomedical literature. We present an integrated approach to concept recognition in biomedical text. Concept recognition provides key information that has been largely missing from previous biomedical information extraction efforts, namely direct links to well defined knowledge resources that explicitly cement the concept's semantics. The BioCreative II tasks discussed in this special issue have provided a unique opportunity to demonstrate the effectiveness of concept recognition in the field of biomedical language processing. Through the modular construction of a protein interaction relation extraction system, we present several use cases of concept recognition in biomedical text, and relate these use cases to potential uses by the benchside biologist. Current information extraction technologies are approaching performance standards at which concept recognition can begin to deliver high quality data to the benchside biologist. Our system is available as part of the BioCreative Meta-Server project and on the internet http://bionlp.sourceforge.net .
Permeability and permittivity measurements using propagation and impedance of TRL calibrated microstriplines

Numerous wireless communication devices such as integrated circuits and micro biochips are emerging in the 1 to 4 GHz frequency range. Thus it has become crucial to accurately determine the permeability and permittivity of such materials and devices in this spectral range. In this paper, we present a propagation and impedance technique for the microstripline. Three different substrates (Alumina, Silicon dioxide and Beryllium Oxide) are employed to design TRL sets for measurement purposes. The custom-designed TRL sets return losses of up to -50 dB which is the same as a standard waveguide TRL calibration.