cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prolonged passive static stretching-induced innervation zone shift in biceps brachii.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a bout of repeated and prolonged passive static stretching on the innervation zone (IZ) location of the human biceps brachii muscle. Eleven men performed 12 sets of 100-s passive stretches on their biceps brachii. Before (Pre) and immediately after (Post) the stretching intervention, isometric strength was tested during the maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the forearm flexors. The subjects also performed several separate isometric forearm flexion muscle actions at 30%, 50%, and 70% of their predetermined MVCs for examining the locations of the IZ at different contraction intensities. The IZ was identified through multi-channel surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings from a linear electrode array. The stretching intervention induced an average of 10% isometric strength loss for the forearm flexors (mean ± SD: Pre-MVC vs. Post-MVC = 332.12 ± 59.40 N vs. 299.53 ± 70.51 N; p < 0.001). In addition, the average IZ shift was nearly 4.5 mm in average in the proximal direction. However, this shift was not specific to the contraction intensity. We believe that the IZ shift was caused by the elongation of the entire muscle-tendon unit in the proximal direction. Therefore, caution should be taken when using surface EMG technique to examine possible changes in the EMG variables after a stretching protocol, as these variables can be contaminated by the shift of the IZ.
On the solution process for a stochastic fractional partial differential equation driven by space-time white noise

Abstract Let { u ( t , x ) : t ≥ 0 , x ∈ R } be the solution process for the following Cauchy problem for the stochastic fractional partial differential equation taking values in R d : ∂ ∂ t u ( t , x ) = D α δ u ( t , x ) + W ( t , x ) , t > 0 , x ∈ R ; u ( 0 , x ) = u 0 ( x ) , where D α δ ( 1 α 3 , | δ | ≤ min { α − [ α ] , 2 + [ α ] 2 − α } ) is the fractional differential operator with respect to the spatial variable x (see below for a definition), W ( t , x ) is an R d -valued space–time white noise, and u 0 is an initial random datum defined on R . In this paper, we study the sample path properties of the solution process. We first find the dimensions in which the process hits points, and then determine the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the range, the graph and the level sets of the process. Our results generalize those of Mueller and Tribe (2002) and Wu and Xiao (2006) for random string processes.
Topography and evolution of the East Pacific Rise between 5°S and 20°S

Abstract In the absence of convincing magnetic anomaly information, topographic profiles have been used to infer the tectonic history of the East Pacific Rise between 5°S and 20°S. Profiles projected at right angles to the rise crest show a sharp drop in elevation at roughly the same distance on either side of the crest. Profiles to the east of the rise also show a second topographic high at 95°W. Comparison of these profiles with empirical depth versus age curves for the North Pacific suggests that this rise, the Galapagos Rise, is the fossil East Pacific Rise which terminated close to 6 mybp by the spreading center jumping 900 km to the west. The extreme youthfulness of the present East Pacific Rise, the step structure of its flanks, and the similarity in age of the top of this step and the crest of the Galapagos Rise substantiate this interpretation. This jump coincided with a similar readjustment involving the Mathematicians ridge at 5° to 20°N and the opening of the Gulf of California. This wholesale realignment of the active spreading centers in the eastern Pacific from 20°N to 20°S may have arisen because of the break-up of the Farallon Plate into several smaller plates and/or the complex interaction of the East Pacific Rise with the North American continent.
Crack detection in conducting materials using SQUID magnetometry

A highly sensitive multichannel SQUID gradiometer, optimized uniquely for spatial resolution, was used to map in two dimensions the magnetic field perturbations from circular holes and thin slots in conducting plates and strips, respectively. Holes as small as 0.75 mm radius in electrically conducting plates were measured directly using a single channel. Edge slots as short as 0.5 mm long in conducting strips were detected, using a multiple-channel measurement method which eliminated the effects from the edge of the strip and the current leads. Clear magnetic signatures from these simulated cracks were measured using low current densities. Numerical computations of the theoretical field distributions are presented which confirm the experimental results. Calculations indicate that much smaller defects should be detectable with an optimization of test parameters.
Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir according to trimester of pregnancy

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters for oseltamivir in all trimesters of pregnancy. Thirty pregnant women, 10 per trimester, who were receiving oseltamivir phosphate (75 mg) were recruited to study first-dose pharmacokinetics. Plasma samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after the first dose. Samples were analyzed for oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate levels. With the use of a noncompartmental model, we estimated the area-under-the-curve, maximum concentration, time-to-maximum concentration, and half-life. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir by trimester, except for an increased half-life in the first trimester for oseltamivir phosphate and an increased maximum concentration in the third trimester for oseltamivir carboxylate. The levels of oseltamivir carboxylate that were observed were within the range that was needed to achieve inhibitory concentrations at 50% for pandemic H1N1. The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir does not change significantly according to trimester of pregnancy.
A method of promoting single crystal yield during melt growth of semiconductors by directional solidification

Abstract For certain semiconductors with important applications, the existing unseeded bulk directional solidification crystal growth technique from the melt usually results in poor quality multi-crystalline ingots which causes the low yield of the commercial growth process. The multi-grained crystal growth is mainly caused by the large supercool of the melt, which not only results in a large section of ingot solidifying uncontrollably under spontaneous nucleation but also prohibits the ideal growth condition that small single crystal nuclei form at the very tip of the ampoule and grow into large single grains. To promote nucleation under the condition of small supercooling, a method was employed to induce nucleation by mechanical perturbation at a critical time during growth. The technique was applied to the bulk crystal growth process of Cd 1− x Zn x Te ingots. The comparison between the crystalline quality of the crystals grown with and without the mechanically induced nucleation shows that the yield of single crystalline can been vastly improved with the application of the technique.
Familial Corneal Scarring: A New Dystrophy?

A 34-year-old white man with skin manifestations of the epidermal nevus syndrome was found to have anesthetic corneas, dry eyes, and localized opaque nodular elevations of both corneas. Similar corneal lesions, unassociated with corneal anesthesia, were found in four family members. Histology of corneal biopsies from the proband revealed superficial stromal scarring. The possible relationship between this familial condition and Salzmann's nodular corneal dystrophy, Goldenhar syndrome, and epidermal nevus syndrome is discussed.
X- and W-band EPR and Q-band ENDOR studies of the flavin radical in the Na+ -translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio cholerae.

Na+-NQR is the entry point for electrons into the respiratory chain of Vibrio cholerae. It oxidizes NADH, reduces ubiquinone, and uses the free energy of this redox reaction to translocate sodium across the cell membrane. The enzyme is a membrane complex of six subunits that accommodates a 2Fe−2S center and several flavins. Both the oxidized and reduced forms of Na+-NQR exhibit a radical EPR signal. Here, we present EPR and ENDOR data that demonstrate that, in both forms of the enzyme, the radical is a flavin semiquinone. In the oxidized enzyme, the radical is a neutral flavin, but in the reduced enzyme the radical is an anionic flavin, where N(5) is deprotonated. By combining results of ENDOR and multifrequency continuous wave EPR, we have made an essentially complete determination of the g-matrix and all major nitrogen and proton hyperfine matrices. From careful analysis of the W-band data, the full g-matrix of a flavin radical has been determined. For the neutral radical, the g-matrix has significant r...
An Emotion-Based Prevention Program for Head Start Children.

Empirical research shows that poor emotional competence is an early risk factor for the development of psychopathology. Numerous school-based prevention programs have been developed with the goal of decreasing behavior problems. Several of these programs include a discrete emotions component, but none of them are solely or primarily guided by emotion theory for their design and implementation. The prevention program described in this paper, the emotions course (EC), is a theoretically-coherent program based on differential emotions theory and is designed to be implemented by teachers in Head Start classrooms. Children participating in a pilot implementation of EC showed larger increases in emotion knowledge and less growth in negative emotion expression than their peers in control classrooms. These findings provide initial support for EC. Future implementations of the program need increased monitoring of implementation fidelity as well as additional methods to assess the success of the program.
Mode coupling and detunning in a ring laser

Abstract It is shown that the mode coupling constant for a ring laser is not arbitrary but, to a first approximation, is completely determined by the detuning of the laser cavity from line center. In the limit far above threshold, it becomes equal to the negative of the intensity cross-correlation coefficient, and its functional dependence on detuning should therefore be demonstrable by photoelectric correlation measurements.
The electron band structure of copper-nickel alloys

Abstract Thermoelectric data were used to examine the way in which 4s electrons from Cu atoms fill the 3d bands of Ni. The 3d bands of Cu-Ni alloys do not become completely filled as the Cu content approaches 60 at.%. Maximum filling occurs at 57 at.% Cu. The energy ranges of the unoccupied states between the Fermi level and the top of the 3d band vary very nearly as 3/2kT. These unoccupied states may be explained in terms of hybridized sd electrons. Thus, the two-band models for the behavior of Cu-Ni alloys appear to be oversimplified. The addition of alloying elements to the Cu—Ni base appears to have the effect of slightly deepening the overlap of the 4s band with respect to the 3d band and a small additional number of 4s levels seem to be filled at the expense of 3d states. Empirical relationships are given to describe the effects of alloying additions upon the energy range between the Fermi level and the top of the 3d band.
Hot Draw Mechanical Preforming of an Automotive Door Inner Panel

A novel sheet metal forming technology based on aspects of both warm forming and superplastic forming has recently been developed. The new forming process, referred to as hot draw mechanical preforming (HDMP), uses two sequential steps to form a panel within a single tool at elevated temperature. In the first step, the cushion system acts on a binder and upper die to draw the blank over a punch which serves to draw in metal from the perimeter of the blank. In the second step gas pressure is applied to finish the panel details. This two step process of drawing in metal followed by gas forming can result in a significant expansion of the forming envelope for conventional AA5xxx series aluminum sheet alloys commonly used within the automotive industry. Similar to SPF, the HDMP process is performed within a single forming press equipped with heated platens and using gas pressure to shape the component during elevated temperature forming. However, the HDMP process utilizes a blankholder to control the flow of material into the forming cavity during the drawing stage and therefore requires the addition of an integrated cushion system in the bed of the press. HDMP dies are of interest in automotive applications because they maintain the low-investment attributes of SPF tooling while also significantly reducing the forming time as compared to conventional SPF. This work details the CAE based design of an HDMP die to form a one-piece aluminum door inner that can not be formed with conventionally forming processes. Critical aspects addressed in the development of the die include manufacturing targets, part design for manufacturing, and die design for operation at elevated temperature.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Digital Filter Design Approach to Optimizing Nonlinear Optical Response in Multiple Resonator Structures

We describe a method to optimize a nonlinear optical process in the weak perturbation limit by treating the desired response as a linear digital filter, synthesizing that response into poles and zeros, and mapping onto a specific optical architecture. We demonstrate this method for the nonlinear phase shift response.
Coding of Visual Stimuli for Size and Animacy

Blocked presentations of objects (Small-Large Crossed w. AnimalsObjects). Subjects performed an oddball (red bounding box aroud image) detection task. Mean referential size of was comparable between animals and objects (Object size from Konkle & Oliva, 2011; Animals fromWikipedia). Animacy: Animals activated ventral lateral temporal cortex, while inanimate objects activated more medial regions of the ventral temporal lobe, and dorsal occipital lobe.
Epidemiology and Natural History of Anal HPV Infection and ASIL and Cancer in the General Population

Carcinoma of the anal canal is an increasingly prevalent problem that has been causally associated with infection by oncogenic strains of the human papillomavirus. Concurrent infection with HPV and the human immunodeficiency virus is the most significant risk factor; however, among HIV-negative men and women, risk factors include receptive anal intercourse, the presence of condyloma, multiplicity of HPV serotype infection, injection drug abuse, and the presence of cervical, vulvar, or penile neoplasia. Although there is limited data on the natural history of anal HPV infection and the progression to anal cancer, a number of epidemiologic and associative studies have demonstrated that anal squamous intraepithelial lesions represent an intermediate step in the progression to cancer. This relationship is analogous to the pathogenesis of invasive cervical carcinoma that is similarly asociated with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Further study may elucidate the factors responsible for the pattern of regression or persistence after HPV infection.
Evaluation and Comparison of Two Design for Assembly Methods: Subjectivity of Information Inputs

This paper presents a comparison study on two design for assembly (DFA) tools, Boothroyd and Dewhurst’s Design for Manufacturing and Assembly software and the Mathieson-Summers connective-complexity algorithm, focusing on the amount of information required from the designer to complete the analysis and the subjectivity of this information. The Boothroyd Dewhurst software requires the user to answer a set of questions about each part and how it is assembled to estimate an assembly time, assembly cost, and to suggest design improvements. The connective-complexity method predicts assembly times based on the physical connectivity between parts within an assembly. The methods are applied to three consumer products and evaluated and compared through five criteria: approximate time to conduct the analysis, predicted assembly time, amount of required input information, amount of subjective information, and number of redesign features provided to the user. The results show that the DFMA software requires the user to go through eight types of information answering a total of forty nine questions per part. Sixteen of these questions are based on subjective information making the analysis nearly a third subjective. The connectivity method requires only two types of information and a total of five questions per part to complete the analysis, none of it being subjective. The predicted assembly times from the connective-complexity DFA method ranged from 13.11% to 49.71% lower than the times predicted by the DFMA software. The results from this comparison can be used to bench mark DFA methods so that their weaknesses can be identified and improved.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Early diagenesis of mangrove leaves in a tropical estuary: Molecular-level analyses of neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols

Leaves of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, were collected from trees and submerged sediments in a tropical mangrove swamp in the Bahamas. Weight-to-area measurements indicated that the most highly degraded black-colored leaves had undergone a 36% loss in ash-free dry weight (AFDW). Green leaves were characterized by an abundance of cyclitols (8.5% AFDW), glucose-rich aldose mixtures (20% AFDW) and relatively low yields of lignin-derived phenols (2% AFDW). Cyclitols were rapidly lost from senescing and submerged decomposing leaves, whereas the overall yields of aldoses and lignin-derived phenols remained fairly constant throughout the various stages of leaf decay. Decomposition patterns were therefore unusual in that lignin was lost at about the same rate as polysaccharides. Variable loss rates were observed within the individual aldoses, indicating the following stability series (most to least stable) for submerged leaves: hemicelluloses > cellulose > pectins and gums. Compositional patterns of lignin-derived phenols remained fairly constant throughout decomposition and were characterized by unusually high acid-to-aldehyde ratios (0.4) in all leaf samples. A laboratory leaching experiment was conducted with senescent leaf material to estimate the contribution of leaching to the observed compositional patterns. Assuming the amounts and patterns of materials leached in the laboratory experiment were similar to those for field degraded leaves, we estimated that leaching could account for 58% of the mass loss, 97% of the cyclitol loss, 46% of the aldose polysaccharide loss and 74% of the lignin loss. Microbial degradation appeared to be responsible for about half of the overall mass and polysaccharide loss. Vanillyl phenols were leached in preference to syringyl phenols and the vanillic acid-to-vanillin ratio for the leachate was very high (0.7). These results indicate that high acid-to-aldehyde ratios are not necessarily indicative of microbial oxidation and should be interpreted with caution. During early diagenesis of leaves, leaching produces relatively large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the lignin component, in particular, may provide a convenient tracer for studying the distribution and fate of mangrove-derived DOM in estuarine and coastal waters.
Cilantro response to nitrogen fertilizer rates

ABSTRACT The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for the production of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Asian, C1410, and C18135) were investigated. Nitrogen applications in excess of 100 kg N/ha did not result in increased yields. The cultivar C1410 produced the highest foliar yield and Asian cultivar had the highest concentration of essential oils as compared with the other cultivars. Age of plants at harvest had a significant effect on yield with highest yield at 52 days after planting for a summer planting (June-September) and at 73 days after planting for a fall planting (August-November). The results indicated that cilantro can be produced in Virginia from April to August.
Evaluating and Giving Feedback to Mentors: New Evidence‐Based Approaches

A comprehensive mentoring program includes a variety of components. One of the most important is the ongoing assessment of and feedback to mentors. Scholars need strong active mentors who have the expertise, disposition, motivation, skills, and the ability to accept feedback and to adjust their mentoring style. Assessing the effectiveness of a given mentor is no easy task. Variability in learning needs and academic goals among scholars makes it difficult to develop a single evaluation instrument or a standardized procedure for evaluating mentors. Scholars, mentors, and program leaders are often reluctant to conduct formal evaluations, as there are no commonly accepted measures. The process of giving feedback is often difficult and there is limited empirical data on efficacy. This article presents a new and innovative six-component approach to mentor evaluation that includes the assessment of mentee training and empowerment, peer learning and mentor training, scholar advocacy, mentee-mentor expectations, mentor self-reflection, and mentee evaluation of their mentor.
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men with Type 2 Diabetes

It has recently been demonstrated that > or = one-third of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus have low testosterone concentrations associated with inappropriately low luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity but not duration of diabetes, elevated glycosylated hemoglobin, or the presence of microvascular complications of diabetes. Recent data show that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is also observed frequently in nondiabetics with the metabolic syndrome or obesity, but it is not associated with type 1 diabetes. Low testosterone concentrations in men with type 2 diabetes have also been related to a higher C-reactive protein concentrations, lower hematocrit, increased total and regional adiposity, lower bone mineral density, and erectile dysfunction. This article discusses the pathophysiology of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes and its signs and symptoms. Clinical trials are required to determine whether testosterone replacement therapy alleviates insulin resistance, inflammation, and symptoms related to sexual dysfunction care.
The correlations of professionalization and compensation sources with the ethical development of personal investment planners

Abstract Recent controversies concerning personal financial planners, and investment planners in particular, have centered around two issues: competence and ethics. This paper has focused on the ethical development of a sample of investment planners in connection with the correlative roles of professionalization and compensation sources. Certified Financial Planner designees were found to manifest higher ethical development scores than non-Certified Financial Planner designees. Fee-based planners manifested no significantly different ethical development scores than their counterparts. Other demographic variables were also studied. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus gallus: their relationships to food availability, courtship and social facilitation

Abstract Abstract. Male chickens produce characteristic pulsatile calls upon discovering food and are more likely to call in the presence of a hen. Calling thus appears to be dependent upon food and to be modulated by social context. An alternative explanation is that food calls are in fact components of a complex courtship display. The relationships between food calling, food availability and courtship were examined in a laboratory setting. Subjects interacted with an unfamiliar hen and were then given access to food, using an instrumental conditioning procedure. In some control conditions, the males were tested alone, while in others food was unavailable. Food calling, sexual display and the rate at which males performed an operant response were measured. Call production increased dramatically when food first became available, both when a hen was present and when males were alone. This change in call rate did not occur during control trials without food. Sexual display was maximal when males were first placed in the test chamber with a hen present and declined exponentially thereafter. The presence of a hen had no effect on food calling during this period. Food calling was thus principally elicited by food stimuli and was not reliably associated with courtship behaviour. When a hen was present, males called at a higher rate following food presentations. In contrast the rate at which males worked to obtain food was unaffected by social context. The 'audience' effect therefore acts specifically to potentiate calling and is distinct from social facilitation.
THE GREAT AGRICULTURAL TRANSITION: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming

▪ Abstract One of the most profound changes in the United States in the past century is the national abandonment of farming as a livelihood strategy. This change is evident both in the exodus of Americans from farming and in the conditions faced by the farmers remaining, most of whom are marginal producers in an increasingly concentrated industry. In this article, we provide a retrospective account of the empirical and sociological fate of family farmers. While sociologists have had longstanding interest in agrarian change, research on contemporary farmers is largely confined to speciality publications, with a loss to the discipline at large. We examine three distinct research traditions that continue to document farm transformation: research on macro-level transformation, community impacts, and household response. While these traditions evolved separately, we describe how they overlap and inform each other. Most notably, research on household and community responses delineates meso- and micro-level insti...
Promotion of Attack on Glass and Silica by Citrate and Other Anions in Neutral Solution

The observation that essentially neutral solutions of sodium citrate attacked sulfur-treated soda-lime glass bottles of generally high chemical resistance much more than was anticipated led to a general investigation. It has been found that neutral solutions of sodium citrate attack silicate glasses and silica with a severity similar to that of substantially alkaline solutions. This effect was observed for both soda-lime and borosilicate glasses and also for vitreous, crystalline, and amorphous forms of silica. The effect of citrate becomes perceptible at a pH of about 5 and increases rapidly with pH up to 7.6. Solutions of higher pH were not studied. Solutions of certain other complex-forming anions show the effect on sulfur-treated soda-lime glass containers in varying lesser degrees. Although the active anions studied are complexing agents for alkaline earths and aluminum, it was observed that citrate had more action on a fused silica container than on containers made of certain glasses containing calcium and aluminum. Therefore a digestive action on silica and the Si–O–Si structure of glasses is to be recognized. Fluoride, the only anion tested that forms previously known complexes with silicon, had slightly less action on sulfur-treated bottles than citrate. The results suggest that soluble silicon complexes are formed at pH values in the region of 7 by citrate and some of the other organic anions studied.
A general-purpose finite-volume advection scheme for continuous and discontinuous fields on unstructured grids

We present a new general-purpose advection scheme for unstructured meshes based on the use of a variation of the interface-tracking flux formulation recently put forward by O. Ubbink and R. I. Issa (J. Comput. Phys. 153, 26 (1999)), in combination with an extended version of the flux-limited advection scheme of J. Thuburn (J. Comput. Phys. 123, 74 (1996)), for continuous fields. Thus, along with a high-order mode for continuous fields, the new scheme presented here includes optional integrated interface-tracking modes for discontinuous fields. In all modes, the method is conservative, monotonic, and compatible. It is also highly shape preserving. The scheme works on unstructured meshes composed of any kind of connectivity element, including triangular and quadrilateral elements in two dimensions and tetrahedral and hexahedral elements in three dimensions. The scheme is finite-volume based and is applicable to control-volume finite-element and edge-based node-centered computations. An explicit-implicit extension to the continuous-field scheme is provided only to allow for computations in which the local Courant number exceeds unity. The transition from the explicit mode to the implicit mode is performed locally and in a continuous fashion, providing a smooth hybrid explicit-implicit calculation. Results for a variety of test problems utilizing the continuous and discontinuous advection schemes are presented.
LOCALIZED AREAS OF HIGH ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE TERMINAL ARTERIAL TREE

Fresh frozen skeletal muscles of rats, rabbits, and humans were sectioned in a cryostat. Sections 12 to 32 micra thick were incubated in a substrate solution for the histochemical demonstration of non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity. A modified azo dye coupling technique was used at pH 9.5. Localized areas of high enzymatic activity were found in specific and well defined areas along the terminal arterial tree, in addition to the activity which has been previously described in capillary endothelium. Arterial branches with luminal diameters of 25 micra or less showed staining of their endothelium starting abruptly at their origin from the parent vessel and fading distally. Smaller arterial branches showed the same localization of enzymatic activity and stained more intensely. Other organs of rats surveyed showed arterial branches with the same pattern of staining. Identical results were obtained using the Gomori technique for alkaline phosphatase. Extensive saline perfusion of the vascular tree did not affect the observed localization of enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity described may be part of the mechanism regulating the blood flow.
Two-dimensional viscous flow between slowly expanding or contracting walls with weak permeability

Abstract Since the transport of biological fluids through contracting or expanding vessels is characterized by low seepage Reynolds numbers, the current study focuses on the viscous flow driven by small wall contractions and expansions of two weakly permeable walls. The scope is limited to two-dimensional symmetrical solutions inside a simulated channel with moving porous walls. In seeking an exact solution, similarity transformations are used in both space and time. The problem is first reduced to a nonlinear differential equation that is later solved both numerically and analytically. The analytical procedure is based on double perturbations in the permeation Reynolds number R and the wall expansion ratio α . Results are correlated and compared via variations in R and α . Under the auspices of small | R | and | α |, the analytical result constitutes a practical equivalent to the numerical solution. We find that, when suction is coupled with wall contraction, rapid flow turning is precipitated near the wall where the boundary layer is formed. Conversely, when injection is paired with wall expansion, the flow adjacent to the wall is delayed. In this case, the viscous boundary layer thickens as injection or expansion rates are reduced. Furthermore, the pressure drop along the plane of symmetry increases when the rate of contraction is increased and when either the rate of expansion or permeation is reduced. As nonlinearity is retained, our solutions are valid from a large cross-section down to the state of a completely collapsed system.
Medical Team Handoffs Current and Future Directions

Patient handoffs can look very different depending on the context, but regardless of the situation, they are a major vulnerability in patient care. The current regulations of resident work-hours have increased the frequency of handoffs, thereby increasing the risk to patients and the need to understand how to optimize the procedure. Moreover, the time pressure that many handoffs from one department to the next face pose a unique set of teamwork and communication challenges that need to be further explored. This expert panel will engage in discussion regarding the current state of medical team handoffs: in multiple contexts, how to use technology and the environment to increase their efficiency, and the role of human factors in creating a safer patient handoff.
A novel method for the treatment of dysphagia lusoria due to aberrant right subclavian artery

Dysphagia lusoria occurs secondary to an aberrant right subclavian artery coursing posterior to the oesophagus. Open ligation and transposition to the right carotid artery via a right supraclavicular approach has been described as a minimally invasive method. However, approaching the origin of the aberrant right subclavian artery through this incision can be extremely challenging. A persistent aberrant right subclavian artery stump may account for postoperative residual dysphagia. This article describes a safe, effective and reproducible surgical approach to dysphagia lusoria due to a non-aneurysmal aberrant right subclavian artery.
Dynamic Network Energy Management Via Proximal Message Passing

We consider a network of devices, such as generators, fixed loads, deferrable loads, and storage devices, each with its owndynamic constraints and objective, connected by AC and DC lines. The problem is to minimize the total network objective subject tothe device and line constraints, over a given time horizon. This is a large optimization problem, with variables for consumptionor generation for each device, power flow for each line, and voltage phase angles at AC buses, in each time period. In this paperwe develop a decentralized method for solving this problem called proximal message passing. The method is iterative: At each step,each device exchanges simple messages with its neighbors in the network and then solves its own optimization problem, minimizing itsown objective function, augmented by a term determined by the messages it has received. We show that this message passing methodconverges to a solution when the device objective and constraints are convex. The method is completely decentralized, and needs noglobal coordination other than synchronizing iterations; the problems to be solved by each device can typically be solved extremelyefficiently and in parallel. The method is fast enough that even a serial implementation can solve substantial problems inreasonable time frames. We report results for several numerical experiments, demonstrating the method's speed and scaling,including the solution of a problem instance with over 10 million variables in under 50 minutes for a serial implementation;with decentralized computing, the solve time would be less than one second.
Changes in ribosomal RNA processing paths in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes

Abstract Processing of rRNA was examined in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes. Synthesis of 1.7 (28S) and 0.7 (18S) X 10(6) dalton rRNA was more than 4-fold greater in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated than in resting cells. A 5- to 10-fold increase in flux of molecules through a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton RNA occurred without a concurrent change in the flux through a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton fraction in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells. In both resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate equilibrated with [3H]methyl label and pulse-chased prior to the 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The data indicate at least two processing paths in guinea pig lymphocytes; one proceeds to rRNA via a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate, and another proceeds via a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The increase in rRNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells occurs primarily through that path containing the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate.
Theatre History, Methodology and Distinctive Features

We are living at a time when we are particularly conscious of historical change and of the impermeability of institutions, political, social, intellectual, and educational. The old disciplinary structures that organized our Western educational system for so long seem to have accelerated from the slow and comfortable evolution which gave rise to, for example, the various social sciences and, indeed, our own discipline of theatre studies into a dizzying whirl of new inter and cross relationships that the stunning proliferation of centres, institutes, and special programmes reflects but by no means adequately represents. The world of intellectual discourse, within which theatre studies, historical studies, and for that matter the cognate fields toward which and from which analytical ideas of theatre and performance circulate, has become in the last quarter of a century extremely complex, and seems to offer an almost infinite variety of methodologies vying for critical attention. There are a number of concerns and assumptions that run consistently through a great deal of this varied discourse, however, and one of the most important of these has obviously also contributed significantly our sense of a conceptual world in flux. This is the wide circulation in modernist thought of historical and cultural relativism, the rejection of traditional essentialist beliefs in favour of an attitude that regards most human institutions as culturally generated and thus always changing or changeable through the continuing negotiations of cultural activity.
Quantification of Obstructions in Vessels by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

The sequence of radiofrequency and magnetic field gradients used to form an NMR image produces changes in the signals emitted by moving blood when compared to the signals from stationary blood. These changes can be used to measure the open area of vessels. In addition, specific relaxation time signatures of lesions may help in identifying the nature of the obstructions.
Lactation Safety Recommendations and Reliability Compared in 10 Medication Resources

Background:Discontinuation of breast-feeding is linked with an increased risk of acute and chronic diseases in children, as well as increased risk of maternal disease. Mothers and physicians often depend on pharmacists for accurate drug information. Their information is only as good as the sources available to them.Objective:To determine the reliability of safety recommendations for drugs used during lactation, based on current research and information, and determine whether resources may be inappropriately advising the interruption of breastfeeding.Methods:A comparison of 10 frequently used sources for information on medication used during breast-feeding was done for 14 commonly used drugs. Our sources included the databases used by 2 retail pharmacy chains, available text references, and electronic references. We assessed the number of drugs thought to be safe in breast-feeding for each source. The drugs reviewed included those widely accepted as safe, widely regarded as not safe, and drugs that fit int...
BLAM: a high-performance routing algorithm for virtual cut-through networks

High performance, freedom from deadlocks, and freedom from livelocks are desirable properties of interconnection networks. Unfortunately, these can be conflicting goals because networks may either devote or under-utilize resources to avoid deadlocks and livelocks. These resources could otherwise be used to improve performance. For example, a minimal adaptive routing algorithm may forgo some routing options to ensure livelock-freedom but this hurts performance at high loads. In contrast, chaotic routing achieves higher performance as it allows full-routing flexibility including misroutes (hops that take a packet farther from its destination) and it is deadlock-free. Unfortunately, Chaotic routing only provides probabilistic guarantees of livelock-freedom. In this paper we propose a new routing algorithm called BLAM (bypass buffers with limited adaptive lazy misroutes) which achieves Chaos-like performance, but guarantees freedom from both deadlocks and livelocks. BLAM achieves Chaos-like performance by allowing packets to be "lazily" misrouted outside the minimal rectangle. Lazy misrouting is critical to BLAM's performance because eager misrouting can misroute unnecessarily, thereby degrading performance. To avoid deadlocks, BLAM uses a logically separate deadlock-free network (like minimal, adaptive routing), virtual cut-through, and the packet exchange protocol (like Chaos). To avoid livelocks, unlike Chaos, BLAM limits the number of times a packet is misrouted to a predefined threshold. Beyond the threshold, stalled packets are routed by the deadlock-free network to their destinations. Simulations show that our BLAM implementation sustains high throughput at heavy loads for a variety of network configurations and communication patterns.
Development of high damage threshold apodizers for laser applications

Using laser ablation of a transmissive fused silica window, high damage threshold apodizers were produced in order to modify the spatial and amplitude profile of a high energy laser beam.
Organoboranes for synthesis. 4 : Oxidation of organoboranes with pyridinium chlorochromate. A direct synthesis of aldehydes from terminal alkenes via hydroboration

Abstract The oxidation of trialkylboranes containing primary a1kyl groups with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) in methylene chloride provides the corresponding aldehydes in good yields. The stoichiometry for the oxidation of alcohols, borate esters and trialkylboranes with PCC has been examined. In view of the poor regioselectivity (only 94% primary alkyl groups) and functional group tolerance observed in the hydroboration with borane (BH 3 .THF or BH 3 .SMe 2 ), a more selective hydroborating agent, bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane (disiamylborane), was utilized for the preparation of aldehydes from terminal alkenes. However, the formation of 3-methyl-2-butanone as a by-product, and the requirement of six moles of PCC per mole of aldehyde are major disadvantages in this method. This difficulty was circumvented by employing monochloroborane-dimethyl sulfide for hydroboration. This reagent exhibits high regioselectivity (⪢ 99% primary alkyl groups) in the hydroboration of terminal alkenes. Oxidation of the resulting dialkylchloroborane following hydrolysis affords the desired aldehydes in satisfactory yields. Consequently, the hydroboration of terminal alkenes, followed by PCC oxidation, represents a direct convenient method for the transformation of alkenes into the corresponding aldehydes.
The structure of polysiloxanes: Molecular size and shape of highly crosslinked polymethylsiloxanes in solution

Measurements of solution light scattering and solution viscosity have been made in ideal solvents on polymethylsiloxanes containing large percentages of crosslinking units. For the 1.5 Me/Si and 1.8 Me/Si polymers [η] = 0.326 M0.21 and [η] = 0.240 M0.28, respectively. Densities of the polymer molecules within their spheres of action have been calculated from the viscosity relationship of Flory. They are 0.10 and 0.05 g./cc. for the 1.5 and 1.8 Me/Si resins, respectively. These are to be compared with 0.007 g./cc. for a linear polydimethylsiloxane (Me/Si = 2.0). The high densities, the low viscosities, and the low viscosity exponents lead to the conclusion that these molecules are, to good approximation, spheres of constant density, a sort of micromicrogel.
Kinetic Aspects of the Decomposition of Clorazepate Potassium Salt

AbstractThe decompositation of clorazepate potassium salt (tranxene) In hydrocloric acid was examined at selected temperatures razging from 6 to 78°C. The energy of activation is evaluated and possible degradation pathways are elluded to. The energy of activation was found to be about 20 Kcal/mole.
Biologische Wirkungen gastro-intestinaler Antikörper

Antikorper gegen Zellbestandteile der menschlichen Magenschleimhaut sind ein haufiger Befund bei der chronisch-atrophischen Gastritis mit und ohne perniziose Anamie. Als antigen wirksame Substanzen kommen ein in der Mikrosomen-fraktion der Parietalzellen lokalisiertes Antigen, der Intrinsic-Faktor und Schleimzellenbestandteile in Betracht. Die pathogenetische Bedeutung dieser Antikorper beim Zustandekommen der Magenschleimhautlasion ist noch unklar. Aktive Immunisierung von Hunden mit homologem Magensaft kann zu einer atrophischen Gastritis und Achlorhydrie fuhren (Fixa et al., 1964; Walder, 1966). In eigenen Versuchen wurden nach aktiver Immunisierung von Kaninchen mit heterologen Magenschleimhautextrakten uber eine Zeitdauer von 11 Monaten keine histologischen Magenschleimhautveranderungen beobachtet (Hausamen et al., 1969). Dabei ist bemerkenswert, das bei diesen Versuchstieren zirkulierende Autoantikorper gegen Parietalzellen, Intrinsic-Faktor und Schleimzellbestandteile der Kaninchen-Magenschleimhaut nachweisbar waren.
Reusing social media information in government

Abstract Across policy domains, government agencies evaluate social media content produced by third parties, identify valuable information, and at times reuse information to inform the public. This has the potential to permit a diversity of social media users to be heard in the resulting information networks, but to what extent are agencies relying on private citizens or others outside of the policy domain for message content? In order to examine that question, we analyze the online practices of state-level government agencies. Findings demonstrate that agencies emulate offline content reuse strategies by relying predominately on trusted institutional sources rather than new voices, such as private citizens. Those institutional sources predominantly include other government agencies and nonprofit organizations, and their messages focus mostly on informing and educating the public.
Upgrading of syngas hydrotreated fractionated oxidized bio-oil to transportation grade hydrocarbons

Abstract Fast pyrolysis bio-oils have the potential to replace a part of transportation fuels obtained from fossil. Bio-oil can be successfully upgraded into stable hydrocarbons (gasoline, jet fuel and diesel) through a two-stage hydrodeoxygenation process. Consumption large amount of expensive hydrogen during this process is the major hurdle for commercialization of this technology. Applying syngas in the hydrotreating step can significantly reduce the cost of the whole process and make it competitive. In this study, four different models of syngas with different H 2 concentrations (H 2 /CO molar ratios = 2:8, 4:6, 6:4 and 8:2) were used for the 1st-stage hydrotreating step of oxidized fractionated bio-oil (OFB). The 2nd-stage hydrocracking step was performed on the produced organic liquid products (OLPs) by using pure H 2 gas. The effect of syngas H 2 concentrations on the yields and properties of OLPs and the 2nd-stage hydrocarbons (HCs) was investigated. Physical and chemical properties of the 2nd-stage hydrocarbons were similar regardless syngas H 2 content, with the exception of the viscosity. Syngas with H 2 /CO molar ratio of 4:6 gave significantly highest HCs yield (24.8 wt.%) based on the OFB. Simulated distillation analysis proved that all 2nd-stage hydrocarbons were mixture from a wide range boiling point fuels. These results also indicated that the successful 1st-stage syngas hydrotreating step was having the potential to produce different hydrocarbons.