cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US conductor R&D and small scale experiments for the ITER magnets

During the Engineering Design Activity (EDA) of the ITER program a major effort is being devoted to conductor R&D for the ITER magnets systems. This program includes all aspects of cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) manufacturing development such as superconducting strand, large multistage cables, and fabrication of thick-wall and thin-wall conduits. It also includes an extensive program of small scale laboratory measurements and experiments designed to predict the full-size conductor and magnet performance, and to quantify elements of the conductor design guidelines. A description of the manufacturing development and experimental program is given, including experiments for determining AC losses in the superconductor, CICC stability under BC and fast ramped conditions of field and current, and development of novel quench detection techniques.
Adaptive control with loop transfer recovery: A Kalman filter approach

In this paper we develop a Kalman filter based adaptive controller for multivariable uncertain systems with loop transfer recovery of an associated reference system. This approach increases the level of confidence of adaptive control systems by providing a means for preserving stability margins even under uncertainty and failures. In addition, it results in an optimization based time-varying adaptation gain. An example is provided to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Increasing Mn substitution in magnetic semiconductors through controlled ambient annealing processes

We report on a controlled ambient annealing technique aimed at increasing the amount of Mn incorporation in III–V semiconductors. The aim is to reduce the number of hole carrier and magnetic element compensating entities, such as Mn interstitials and anti-site defects, to increase the magnetic Curie temperature. The idea is (a) to increase the number of Group III vacancies through annealing in Group V vapor rich conditions and (b) judicious use of crystal field theory to reduce/stabilize Mn interstitials. Our experimental results constitute the highest reported Tc (∼130 K) in Mn doped InSb and Mn doped InP. The possibility of ferrimagnetism in Mn and Cr incorporated GaAs, was noted.
Mechanism and kinetics of iodine dissociation in COIL

Dissociation of I2 by O2(a1D), with subsequent excitation of I*, was first observed by Arnold et al.1 in 1966. This key discovery led to the eventual development of the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL). The mechanism by which I 2 is dissociated was not determined by Arnold et al.1 and has remained elusive, despite many experimental attempts to unravel this question. Although the details are not known, it is apparent that a complex interplay between vibrationally and electronically excited states of I 2 is involved. Vibrationally excited states of O 2 have also been implicated. Characterization of the dissociation process is an important issue for COIL as the efficiency is impacted by the energy cost of dissociating the iodine. In this paper we provide a historical summary of work on the dissociation mechanism, and summarize the current understanding of the problem.
Complicated acute type B thoracic aortic dissections: endovascular treatment for visceral malperfusion and pseudoaneurysms.

Purpose: Morbidity and mortality of acute type B thoracic aortic dissections remain alarmingly high. Endoluminal options are promising. Methods: A single-center 5-year review of 17 acute type B aor...
Reply to and commentary on the Letter to the Editor by Weschler on the dynamic regulation of the osmotically inactive sodium storage pool

### Is the Osmotically Inactive Sodium Storage Pool Regulated at the Total Body Level? to the editor: There is current controversy over whether the osmotically inactive Na+ storage pool is fixed or variable in clinical conditions characterized by changes in Na+ and H2O balance. The experimental
The Final-state Interaction in the Two-Body Nonleptonic Decay of a Heavy Particle

Author(s): Suzuki, M. | Abstract: We attempt to understand the final-state interaction in the two-body nonleptonic decay of a heavy particle for which many multibody decay channels are also open. No matter how many multibody channels couple to the two-body channels, the analyticity of the S-matrix relates the phase and the magnitude of the two-body decay amplitude through a dispersion relation. In general, however, the phase cannot be determined by strong interactions alone. The dispersion relation requires on a general ground that the final-state interaction phases be small for the two-body decay amplitudes when the initial particle is very heavy. We then analyze the final-state interaction phases in terms of the s-channel eigenstates of the S-matrix and obtain semiquantitative results applicable to the B decay with a random S-matrix hypothesis. We use the high-energy scattering date and the dual resonance model as a guide to the relevant aspects of strong interactions at long and intermediate distances.
Existence and uniqueness of travelling waves for a neural network

A one-dimensional scalar neural network with two stable steady states is analysed. It is shown that there exists a unique monotone travelling wave front which joins the two stable states. Some additional properties of the wave such as the direction of its velocity are discussed.
Using a relational approach to retaining students and building mutually beneficial student‐university relationships

The practice of public relations at most universities has been relegated to a single office concerned primarily with managing institutional reputation. When public relations is conceptualized as relationship management, however, the role of public relations is expanded to include a campus‐wide approach to initiating, developing, and maintaining relationships with key public members who can affect the institution economically, socially, politically, and culturally. In the current investigation, 164 students were surveyed to determine whether student‐university relationship attitudes differentiated those who indicated they were planning on returning to the institution from those who were not or were undecided. Respondent student‐university relationship attitudes were measured using the Bruning and Ledingham (1999) organization‐public relationship scale, which examines the respondent's personal, professional, and community relationship attitudes. Also, focus groups were conducted to define student‐university...
The Influence of Specific Phonemic Awareness Processes on the Reading Comprehension of African American Students.

ABSTRACTResearch indicates the primary difference between strong and weak readers is their phonemic awareness skills. However, there is no consensus regarding which specific components of phonemic awareness contribute most robustly to reading comprehension. In this study, the relationship among sound blending, sound segmentation, and reading comprehension is investigated. A total of 84 African American and two multiethnic 1st- through 4th-grade students attending an inner-city charter school completed measures of sound blending, sound segmentation, and reading comprehension. Statistically significant relationships were found between blending and segmenting skills and blending and reading comprehension. Results from structural equation modeling reveal a moderate to large effect size between sound blending and reading comprehension and a relatively small effect size between sound segmenting and reading comprehension. The results indicate sound blending skills account for more variance in the prediction of r...
Application of the 8-State Clock Model to FM/AFM/FM Trilayers

The phase diagrams of magnetic trilayers consisting of three or four AFM planes sandwiched between two layers of FM planes were studied by Monte Carlo simulation. A bcc lattice was used for the structure of the each system, and an 8-state clock model was used for the individual spins. The discrete nature of this model played a significant role at low temperatures, producing a series of first-order transitions.
Building Policy that Crosses Virtual Borders: A Case Study of A Virtual Labor Strike with Real World Ramifications

Within this paper, the authors present an initial analysis of a protest case study in Second Life and the policy, legal and regulatory issues it involves. In particular, the authors elaborate on the current understanding of legal frameworks within virtual worlds and build on the concept of inter-real harm first introduced by Warren and Palmer. Three critical events within the Second Life case: Media Storm, Organization, and Strike! are examined to see how the actions of the protesters and authorities meet the definition of inter-real harm and support the need for a new framework for understanding virtual worlds. Virtualizing protest changes the repertoire of contention that protesters and authorities operate under and introduces new complications and unconsidered consequences that are unique to virtual worlds. Inter-real harm addresses issues raised by some of these complications and its implementation requires a re-examination of law policy dealing with virtual worlds.
Functional Evaluations of Genes Disrupted in Patients with Tourette’s Disorder

Tourette Disorder (TD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic architecture and unclear neuropathology. Disruptions of particular genes have been identified in subsets of TD patients. However, none of the findings has been replicated, probably due to the complex and heterogeneous genetic architecture of TD that involves both common and rare variants. To understand the etiology of TD, functional analyses are required to characterize the molecular and cellular consequences caused by mutations in candidate genes. Such molecular and cellular alterations may converge into common biological pathways underlying the heterogeneous genetic etiology of TD patients. Herein, we review specific genes implicated in TD etiology, discuss the functions of these genes in the mammalian central nervous system and the corresponding behavioral anomalies exhibited in animal models and, importantly, review functional analyses that can be performed to evaluate the role(s) that the genetic disruptions might play in TD. Specifically, the functional assays include novel cell culture systems, genome editing techniques, bioinformatics approaches, transcriptomic analyses and genetically modified animal models applied or developed to study genes associated with TD or with other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. By describing methods used to study diseases with genetic architecture similar to TD, we hope to develop a systematic framework for investigating the etiology of TD and related disorders.
U. S. Military R&D: A Set of Questions

The R & D component of the military budget requires more careful examination by Congress and the public
Dissecting a Dam

To determine the source of seepage from a Soil Conservation Service (SCS) high hazard flood prevention dam in New York, a geologic and engineering investigation was made which showed unexplained high permeability in the foundation and embankment and a possibility of voids in the trench drain system. The decision was made to immediately breach this 65 ft high earth fill structure. During the breaching a detailed study was made of the embankment, cutoff trench and drains. The embankment contained some oversize material but was in excellent condition. Unexplained high permeability rates measured in the embankment appeared to be the result of hydraulic fracturing during drilling operations. The drains were intact and were not overloaded; however, they had relatively low permeability. An ancient landslide was discovered in the lower left abutment which was not recognized during construction; therefore, the cutoff trench had not been extended through the slide material. The seepage appearing near the toe of the dam was moving through and under the slide material. The dam was redesigned and reconstructed with higher capacity drains. The cutoff trench in the left abutment was extended well below the slide zone and the embankment was replaced to its original design.
Surface Structure and Morphology of Mg-Segregated, Epitaxial Fe3O4 Thin Films on MgO(001)

We have investigated the structural and compositional changes that are induced by the segregation of substrate Mg to the surface of 1fum-thick Fe3O4 films on MgO(001). The thin films have been grown with plasma-assisted MBE, and characterization with RHEED (reflection high-energy electron diffraction), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry show slightly strained, single-crystalline Fe3O4 films. For the surface studies, we have combined Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). Initial and final surface characterization employed X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ion Scattering Spec-troscopy (ISS) respectively. The surfaces of the MBE-grown samples are flat and show a (√2×√2)R45° reconstruction with respect to the Fe3O4 surface unit cell. We observe the onset of Mg segregation to the surface at around 700 K, with long, narrow extensions of terraces being observed growing along the [110] and [110] directions. Upon prolonged heating at 800 K, massive Mg segregation to the surface is observed. Heating in an oxygen atmosphere induces a 1x4 surface reconstruction, and results in extremely long (≈ 1000 A), wide terraces.
Targeting of glioblastoma cell lines and glioma stem cells by combined PIM kinase and PI3K-p110α inhibition

// Asneha Iqbal 1, 2 , Frank Eckerdt 1 , Jonathan Bell 1, 3 , Ichiro Nakano 4 , Francis J. Giles 1, 3 , Shi-Yuan Cheng 1 , Rishi R. Lulla 1, 2 , Stewart Goldman 1, 2 , Leonidas C. Platanias 1, 3, 5 1 Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 4 Department of Neurological Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 5 Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Correspondence to: Leonidas C. Platanias, e-mail: l-platanias@northwestern.edu Keywords: glioblastoma, PIM kinase, mTOR signaling, p110α Received: February 04, 2016 Accepted: April 05, 2016 Published: April 21, 2016 ABSTRACT The PIM family of proteins encodes serine/threonine kinases with important roles in protein synthesis and cancer cell metabolism. In glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PIM kinases or pharmacological inhibition of PIM kinases by SGI-1776 or AZD-1208 results in reduced phosphorylation of classic PIM effectors and also elements of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, suggesting interplay between PIM and mTOR signals in GBM cells. Combination of PIM kinase inhibitors with BYL-719, an inhibitor specific for the PI3K catalytic isoform p110α, results in enhanced antineoplastic effects in GBM cells. Additionally, pharmacologic inhibition of PIM kinases impairs growth of patient-derived glioma sphere cells, suggesting an important role for PIM kinases in cancer stem cell (CSC) function and survival. Such effects are further enhanced by concomitant inhibition of PIM kinase and p110α activities. Altogether these findings suggest that pharmacological PIM targeting in combination with PI3K inhibition may provide a unique therapeutic approach for the treatment of heterogeneous tumors containing populations of therapy-resistant CSCs in GBM.
Emphasis on the Study of Non-Malignant Diseases Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Children

Epstain-Barr virus(EBV) is an important tumor-related virus,infects over 90% of the world's adult population.EBV is also associated with a wide variety of malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas,gastric carcinoma,post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder(PTLD).This review introduced laboratory diagnostic assays of EBV infection,and focused on clinical feature and diagnostic guidline of non-malignant diseases associated with EBV infection in children(including infectious mononucleosis,chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection,Epstein-Barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome).Fields of these diseases needed further research were also introduced.
Catching the flu: emerging threats from a third party power management unit

Power management units (PMU) have come into the spotlight with energy efficiency becoming a first order constraint in MPSoC designs. To cater to the exponential rise in power events, and to meet the demands of tight power and energy budgets, PMUs are evolving to more complex and intelligent designs. In an era defined by energy efficient computing, a malicious circuit embedded in a third party PMU can adversely affect the operation of the entire MPSoC. This work presents and evaluates two covert security threats, P-VIRUS and DROWSY, designed using a malicious third party PMU. Further, we propose a non-invasive IP risk assessment module to monitor the trustworthiness of the deployed PMU. Our techniques help flag malicious activities in the PMU with less than 1% area and power overheads.
Diversity and variability analysis for yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

The analysis of variance revealed presence of significant variability among the 44 genotypes of rice for all the traits except for number of effective bearing tillers per plant. Higher magnitude of PCV and GCV were recorded for all the characters studied. Additive gene action was predominant for the traits, number of grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight. Based on D2 analysis the genotypes were grouped into 11 clusters. On the basis of inter cluster distance genotypes from clusters IV and V followed by V and IX could be used as parents for future hybridization programme. Cluster mean analysis revealed the genotypes, JGL 21820 and JGL 21849 could be used in breeding programme for obtaining high yielding super fine grain segregants. Days to 50% flowering and 1000 grain weight manifested highest contribution towards total divergence, thus, these traits could be given due importance for further crop improvement.
Carboxylate Surrogates Enhance the Antimycobacterial Activity of UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Probes.

Uridine diphosphate galactopyranose mutase (UGM also known as Glf) is a biosynthetic enzyme required for construction of the galactan, an essential mycobacterial cell envelope polysaccharide. Our group previously identified two distinct classes of UGM inhibitors; each possesses a carboxylate moiety that is crucial for potency yet likely detrimental for cell permeability. To enhance the antimycobacterial potency, we sought to replace the carboxylate with a functional group mimic—an N-acylsulfonamide group. We therefore synthesized a series of N-acylsulfonamide analogs and tested their ability to inhibit UGM. For each inhibitor scaffold tested, the N-acylsulfonamide group functions as an effective carboxylate surrogate. Although the carboxylates and their surrogates show similar activity against UGM in a test tube, several N-acylsulfonamide derivatives more effectively block the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. These data suggest that the replacement of a carboxylate with an N-acylsulfonamide group could ...
Comparison of the human and mouse erythropoietin genes shows extensive homology in the flanking regions.

Considerable insights into important cis regulatory elements in a gene can be gleaned from the identification of sequence homologies among different species. To extend and optimize the sequence comparison between human and mouse erythropoietin (Epo) genes, we have obtained new human sequence from 5,547 to 385 bp upstream of the cap site and extended the 3′ flank by 489 bp. In addition, we have obtained new sequence information on the mouse Epo gene extending from within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) to 1,001 bp downstream of the polyadenylation site. Analysis of these additional sequences shows considerable homology between human and mouse Epo genes as far as 4 kb (human) or 3 kb (mouse) upstream of the cap sites, as well as far more homology at the 3′ end than was previously realized. In addition, both species were found to have a high frequency of short interspersed (SINE) repetitive sequences that interrupt homologies in both the 5′ flank and within the transcription unit.
Cultural buffering as a protective factor against electronic cigarette use among Hispanic emergency department patients

Abstract Introduction Hispanics in the U.S. historically use tobacco at lower rates than other racial and ethnic groups. Cultural buffering, the process by which aspects of traditional Hispanic culture delay the adoption of unhealthy behaviors, is believed to be a protective factor against tobacco use. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a new tobacco product that have not been extensively studied, and it is unknown if cultural factors that protect against tobacco use will buffer against e-cigarette use among the Hispanic population. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the emergency department (ED) in a safety-net hospital in 2014. Patients visiting the ED participated in a survey assessing demographics and substance use. Cultural buffering was operationalized as participants' primary language spoken at home. Multivariate logistic regression and generalized estimating equations examined the association between Hispanic cultural buffering and e-cigarette ever-use. Results Of the 1476 Hispanic ED patients (age: 46.6 M ± 14.5 SD , 49.3% male), 7.6% reported e-cigarette ever-use and 11.1% reported current combustible cigarette use. In adjusted models, Spanish speakers were half as likely to report e-cigarette ever-use (O.R.: 0.54, 95% C.I.: 0.34–0.84, p = 0.007), compared with English speakers. Combustible cigarette use remained the most significant factor associated with e-cigarette ever-use (O.R.: 9.28, 95% C.I.:7.44–11.56, p p Conclusions Cultural buffering was protective against e-cigarette ever-use, especially in higher-income neighborhoods. These results support research on culturally-sensitive prevention programs for new and emerging tobacco products in Hispanic communities.
The MARS15-based FermiCORD code system for calculation of the accelerator-induced residual dose

Abstract The FermiCORD code system, a set of codes based on MARS15 that calculates the accelerator-induced residual doses at experimental facilities of arbitrary configurations, has been developed. FermiCORD is written in C++ as an add-on to Fortran-based MARS15. The FermiCORD algorithm consists of two stages: 1) simulation of residual doses on contact with the surfaces surrounding the studied location and of radionuclide inventories in the structures surrounding those locations using MARS15, and 2) simulation of the emission of the nuclear decay γ -quanta by the residuals in the activated structures and scoring the prompt doses of these γ -quanta at arbitrary distances from those structures. The FermiCORD code system has been benchmarked against similar algorithms based on other code systems and against experimental data from the CERF facility at CERN, and FermiCORD showed reasonable agreement with these. The code system has been applied for calculation of the residual dose of the target station for the Mu2e experiment and the results have been compared to approximate dosimetric approaches.
The Normal Arterial Wall

The vasculature consists of a complex system of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Each vessel serves a unique function and exhibits unique behavior. The focus of this chapter, however, is on the multiaxial mechanics of the normal arterial wall. Studying one particular class of vessels reveals both specific results and a general philosophical approach of investigation that is useful throughout cardiovascular solid mechanics.
The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris: II. Muscle energy use as indicated by blood flow.

SUMMARY We examined the changes in muscle energy use in guinea fowl running at 1.5 m s -1 either unloaded, or carrying trunk loads equal to 23% of body mass, or loads on their distal legs equal to a total of 5% of body mass. We estimated muscle energy use by measuring blood flow to all of the leg muscles using injected microspheres. Total blood flow to the leg muscles increased by approximately 15% under both loading conditions, which matched the percentage increase in net organismal metabolic rate. Significant increases in energy use (inferred from blood flow) above that found in unloaded birds were found in 12 muscles in trunk-loaded birds, with most of the increases restricted to stance-phase muscles, as predicted. Just three of these muscles, the femerotibialis, the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis and the fibularis longus accounted for 70% of the increased energy use. Noticeably absent from the group of muscles that increased energy use during trunk loading were several large biarticular muscles that have extensor actions at the hip or ankle, but flexor actions at the knee. We concluded that the low energetic cost of carrying trunk loads in guinea fowl may rely on the activation of a group of muscles that together provide support and propulsion across all the major joints, without producing opposing moments at other joints that could potentially waste energy. The specific leg muscles responsible for the increase in metabolism during trunk loading also suggest that the energy cost of producing mechanical work may be an important determinant of the cost of carrying extra mass on the trunk. During distal-limb loading, eleven leg muscles had significant increases in energy use, but unlike during trunk loading, both stance- and swing-phase muscles had large increases in energy use. This distribution of energy use between stance and swing agrees with the prediction that increased mechanical work determines the cost of limb loading, because a substantial fraction of the increased segmental work during distal-limb loading in guinea fowl has been found to occur during stance.
PERIOPERATIVE ADMINISTRATION OF AMIODARONE OR BETA BLOCKERS IN CARDIAC SURGERY: WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION?

Background: Optimum prophylaxis for post-operative atrial fibrillation (AF) in cardiac surgery patients is controversial. We aimed to compare the utility of amiodarone (A) versus beta blockers (BB) in decreasing the postoperative incidence of AF. Methods: Online search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE,
"It is a perfect hell to me": L.R. Webber Experiences Soldiering in Civil War Missouri

At the close of more than six months of soldiering in Missouri during the opening year of the American Civil War, L. R. Webber, a private in Company D of the First Kansas Volunteer Infantry, wrote to a friend in Lawrence, Kansas, "I almost wish sometimes that I might fall in battle fighting bravely and thus be discharged honorably from farther service in this Regiment." He then elaborated as to why he wished to be separated from the regiment in such a drastic manner: "If what is practiced in this outfit is good soldiering then I never can get to be a good soldier. Getting drunk, stealing, shirking duty, rioting and imposing upon the few who are steady is the prevailing discipline in this Regiment. It is a perfect hell to me.'' 1
Southeast Asian American Health: Socio-Historical and Cultural Perspectives

Understanding of the state and conditions of new Asian American communities must begin with recognition of the group’s experiences before, during, and after migration, hence of the multiplicity, diversity and disparity within and among groups. This chapter looks at health and mental health issues in Cambodian and Laotian American communities through socio-historical lens. Adopting a multivariate analysis that takes into consideration both structural and cultural factors, it examined the physical and psychological effects of trauma, challenges posed by economic vulnerability and linguistic challenges, cultural norms, and belief systems that impact Southeast Asian Americans and the way they assess their health needs and priorities. The issues of scarcity of disaggregated data and culturally and linguistically skilled human resources are also noted.
Fish trader’s gender and niches in a declining coral reef fishery: implications for sustainability

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The state of natural resources is greatly influenced by market access. Consequently, resource trader’s incentives, decisions, and willingness to comply with management can influence efforts to achieve sustainability. Trader’s impacts will depend on their economic niches, which are influenced by cultural norms, skill, social relationships, profitability, and the spatial scale of markets. Consequently, we examined the potential of traders to influence fisheries’ sustainability by evaluating their jobs, gender roles, religion, socioeconomic status, association and perceptions of management systems, and future plans. We studied 142 traders in 19 Kenyan coral reef fisheries landing sites distributed among four gear management systems.Outcomes: We found a strong role of gender, geography, and religion in the participation of these fisheries that was primarily driven by fisheries’ profitability. The associations suggest that overfished fisheries should retain traders with low education, cap...
The European Textile and Apparel Industries: An Institutional and Literature Review

As background for understanding the role of KIE within the EU textile and apparel industries through the empirical analyses in later chapters, this chapter summarizes the dynamics of the European textile and apparel industries in the post-2005 period. It also discusses the role of small firms in the present-day European textile and apparel industries, in general, and specifically with respect to innovation. And, it examines the research literature that explores KIE and, in particular, the literature that is focused on today’s European textile and apparel industries.
Lack of Diversity in the American Teaching Force

The lack of diversity in the American teaching force has existed for over three decades, and is especially acute among the early childhood and elementary teachers. Schroth and Helfer explore how, over the past 30 years, the diversity of teachers in the United States has decreased, with fewer persons of color or men entering the profession. Exacerbating this problem is the rapidly increasing diversity of the K–12 student population, with over 50 percent of students now coming from low- socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds or being persons of color. This disparity is believed to be a factor in the achievement gap that exists between high-achieving students and those who struggle to succeed. While many teacher education programs have attempted to address this imbalance, few have been successful in doing so.
Droplet Oscillation as an Arbitrary Waveform Generator.

Oscillating droplets and bubbles have been developed into a novel experimental platform for a wide range of analytical and biological applications, such as digital microfluidics, thin film, biophysical simulation, and interfacial rheology. A central effort of developing any droplet-based experimental platform is to increase the effectiveness and accuracy of droplet oscillations. Here, we developed a novel system of droplet-based arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) for feedback-controlling single-droplet oscillations. This AWG was developed through closed-loop axisymmetric drop shape analysis and based on the hardware of constrained drop surfactometry. We have demonstrated the capacity of this AWG in oscillating the volume and surface area of a millimeter-sized droplet to follow four representative waveforms, sine, triangle, square, and sawtooth. The capacity of oscillating the surface area of a droplet across the frequency spectrum makes the AWG an ideal tool for studying interfacial rheology. The AWG was ...
Improved Outcomes for Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation Through Optimized Treatment Parameters.

PURPOSE To compare outcomes of transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation with the treatment parameters used. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of a random, 50% sample of diode procedures using the G-probe over 10 years for uncontrolled glaucoma. The main outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction by 20% and final IOP≤21 mm Hg. RESULTS In 236 eyes (persons) treated by 5 glaucoma specialists, most eyes had severe glaucoma, with 75% having <20/200 acuity. Median follow-up was 2.7 years. In eyes receiving only 1 treatment, IOP success criterion was met in 72% (129/180). Success was significantly related to power per delivery and median total joules per treatment (successes=135 J, failures=98 J; P=0.0009), but not to number of deliveries, nor to extent of circumference treated. Greater success was associated with 3 or 4 second duration per delivery, power level based on audible cues, and firm pressure on the sclera. Using a standard 2000 mW, 2 seconds, 20 deliveries in each eye had the lowest success (49%). Of those with no preoperative pain, 40 persons (57%) had no postoperative pain, whereas 20 reported pain of 1-3/10 (29%). Phthisis occurred in 7 eyes (3%), 5 of which had severe secondary eye disease. Nine eyes had no light perception preoperatively, whereas 50 eyes were no light perception at last follow-up, many after additional surgeries for other conditions. CONCLUSIONS Diode cyclophotocoagulation achieved reasonable IOP lowering, often without severe postoperative pain or complication. Greater success was achieved when audible effects were used to tailor the power settings to individual responses. Diode treatments with no intraoperative effect adjustment or using standardized protocols may not achieve optimal success.
Social Services in the Iron Cage

Interview and documentary data from a study of a voluntary job placement agency revealed that counselors were effectively weeding out the hard-to-place clients. These clients were the target population of the agency and its funded programs. The clients who were weeded out tended to be younger, with less education and less work experience. Weeding out was accomplished by discouraging unrealistic clients, and by not retrieving clients who were insufficiently motivated to keep in touch with the counselor. This marked a change in the counselors' practice compared with an earlier period, and appeared to be in conflict with the agency's mission, the counselors' altruistic orientation, and the expressed intent of the government-funded programs. The change in practice was associated with increased dependence of the agency and its counselors, and with the increasing demands for bureaucratic accountability from funding organizations. The findings suggest that as social services are increasingly funded by government, the agencies and practitioners find themselves in the "iron cage" of bureaucratic rationality and accountability, less able to hold to their organizational purposes and to enact their altruistic values. Social services appear to be faced with increasing demands for rational accountability, as government finances more and more of the services and on a larger scale. Social services becaxe market commodities, and calculation of the cost per unit of service beoims more common. However, the study of one agency indicates that under some conditions, the detailed specification of goals, standards, and timetables may be in contradiction with what is often thought to be the main purpose of such programs: viz., providing services to those most in need of them.
Theoretical and Computational Aspects of Feedback in Structural Systems with Piezoceramic Controllers

An emerging technology for the 90s that offers new challenges for the distributed parameter control community involves the design, development and use of smart material structures. These structures may involve one or more of several materials such as shape memory alloys, piezoceramics, magnetostrictives, or electrorheological fluids. In this paper, we present a brief summary of recent results of some importance in mathematical and computational issues that are fundamental to the development of smart material technology. To illustrate certain ideas and findings, we apply these results to a specific example of a clamped beam with piezoceramic actuators. We emphasize that such a structure is not a “smart material” (usually defined as one with combined sensing and actuation units embedded along with control elements) but that with proper circuitry (to render the piezoceramic element a “self-sensing actuator” (see [16])) such a structure could be an example of a smart material beam.
3.31 Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors: Overview

Since the 1990s, carbon nanotubes and related nanostructures have inspired the engineering, scientific, and medical communities to utilize their novel characteristics and superior properties in a variety of applications. Carbon nanostructures can help strengthen materials and composites, further miniaturize electronics, and enable more efficient green energy technology. Many of the exciting possibilities of carbon nanostructures exist in sensing applications, where their unique properties can be applied to improve the detection of biological threats, efficiently and compactly monitor environmental conditions and screen the health of patients, and detect the early onset of disease. Carbon nanostructures come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and configurations, make them well suited for a broad range of sensing applications. In this chapter, we will focus on the development of several CNT-based sensing platforms and recount the current utilization and application trends in biological sensing.
Are IPOs Underpriced

This paper studies the valuation of initial public offerings (IPO) using comparable firm multiples. In a sample of more than 2000 IPOs from 1980 to 1997, we find that the median IPO is overvalued at the offer by about 50% relative to its industry peers. This overvaluation is robust over time, across technology and non-technology IPOs, to different price multiples, industry classifications, and matching firms. In the cross-section, overvalued IPOs earn 5% to 7% higher first day returns than undervalued IPOs but earn 20% to 40% lower returns over the next five years. The long-run underperformance of overvalued IPOs is robust to various benchmarks and return measurement methodologies including size-B/M controls and the Fama-French threefactor model. Overvalued IPOs exhibit higher sales growth rates temporarily but earn persistently lower profit margins and return on assets than undervalued IPOs over the next five years suggesting that any projected growth opportunities implicit in the initial valuation fail to materialize subsequently. Our results are inconsistent with asymmetric information models of IPO pricing and provide support for behavioral theories based on investor overconfidence.
What is progressive about unions?: Reflections on trade unions and economic crisis

The Left has always assumed that the working class would be the backbone of any serious movement to change capitalism. From this it followed that trade unions, as working-class organizations par excellence, were seen as an essential component of progressive movements. Unions have been perplexing entities, however, often as interested in protecting the shorter-run interests of their members as in broader social change. Thus, if the Left has almost always granted trade-union movements a major place in strategies for change, it has consistently disputed about what kinds of unions are progressive and about what is, more generally, progressive about unions. There has been, of course, some "workerism" in almost all Left thought which, when pushed to its limits, argued that unions should be regarded as progressive simply because they protect ordinary workers against the worst onslaughts of capital. Most modern Leftism has been more demanding, however. Social Democrats have tended to judge unions progressive to the degree to which they perform such protective functions and, in so doing, promote a working-class identity transcending sectoral and occupational particularism. Left Social Democrats and Leninists have gone further, claiming that progressive unions ought also to promote positive visions of how capitalism might be transformed, usually by working closely with a revolutionary party.
El mapa mundial: la caída del BRICS y la llegada del grupo TICKS

The article examines changes in shaping the global economic map from the XXI century, with the entry of emerging economies, supported by high prices of its «commodities» in the international market. The countries that led the presence on the global stage formed the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa later), who received substantial external resources to operate its core resources. However, economic and political crisis and corruption investigations of their governments, two leading countries of the group (Brazil and Russia), moved to investors two new actors (Taiwan and South Korea), occupying the place left Brazil and Russia, giving way to new TICKS group (Taiwan, China, South Korea and South Africa). The work also highlights the importance of the Geo-economics, I came to answer the complexities of the globalized world that transcends States, where geopolitical, geostrategic aspects and the global economy are mixed. The basis of their growth potential is strong technological development, an activity that is more interesting to investors and has a growth potential which can be decisive in shaping the global economic map.
Fibroid Expulsion after Uterine Artery Embolization.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a ubiquitous procedure, and a broadly recognized alternative to surgical interventions for symptomatic leiomyomata when uterine preservation is desired. Aside from postembolization syndrome (typically considered an expected feature of recovery), the most frequently described complications are temporary or permanent amenorrhea and lingering vaginal discharge. Less frequently described complications include fibroid expulsion (FE), protracted or refractory pain, infection, urinary retention, and access-related injuries. Reported rates of transcervical FE vary in the literature from 3 to 50% but are most often quoted to be around 5 to 15%. Certain features predispose a patient to FE, including size and location of the tumor, with pedunculated submucosal, submucosal, and transmural lesions considered to be “high risk.” While the optimal management of FE has not been definitively determined, high rates of nonoperative management of FE are noted in the literature. This article describes a case in which a fibroid was expulsed following UAE, as well as the management of the complication. A literature review and recommendations for the management of FE is also given.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Premature Infant

This chapter reviews the case of a medically complex 37-week-old neonate who underwent an exploratory laparotomy for suspected necrotizing enterocolitis. The procedure was complicated by hemodynamic instability following abdominal closure, requiring chest compressions and pharmacologic resuscitation. The discussion begins with a summary of the diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis, including principles of medical and surgical management. The patient’s comorbidities and their contribution to the patient’s presentation are discussed, including congenital cardiac disease, abdominal wall defects, and chronic lung disease. Anesthetic issues during the phases of induction and maintenance included monitoring, vascular access, and medication choice. Management of intraoperative events is reviewed and covers principles of ventilator management, temperature regulation, and fluid management. Finally, the chapter ends with a review of the principles of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a discussion of their application to this case.
Gelatinous zooplankton abundance and benthic boundary layer currents in the abyssal Northeast Pacific: A 3-yr time series study

Abstract Gelatinous zooplankton are prominent fauna in the deep ocean, especially in the water column associated with the sea floor. This interface zone, the benthic boundary layer, is critical to biogeochemical exchanges between pelagic and benthic communities. A conspicuous member of this benthic boundary layer community in the abyssal Northeast Pacific (Sta. M; 4000 m depth) is the hydrozoan medusa, Benthocodon pedunculata. A 3-year time-series study was conducted of B. pedunculata from October 2014 to November 2017 using an autonomous time-lapse camera system and acoustic current meter deployed on the sea floor. Remotely operated vehicle benthic video transects and collections were also conducted during six servicing cruises for the long-term instruments. Over three years, a total of 123,887 B. pedunculata were recorded in hourly images with densities ranging from 0 to a high of 33 individuals m−3 in March 2016. Density of B. pedunculata was highest when current speeds were low, and declined precipitously as speed increased beyond ~1 cm s−1. Movement of B. pedunculata was parallel to the continental margin in northwest and southeast directions. The large numbers of B. pedunculata observed over this 3-year study suggests their ecological importance in the benthic boundary layer food web at Sta. M.
Characterization of Prenylated C-terminal Peptides Using a Novel Capture Technique Coupled with LCMS

Post-translational modifications play a critical and diverse role in regulating cellular activities. Despite their fundamentally important role in cellular function, there has been no report to date of an effective generalized approach to the targeting, extraction and characterization of the critical c-terminal regions of natively prenylated proteins. Various chemical modification and metabolic labelling strategies in cell culture have been reported. However, their applicability is limited to cell culture systems and does not allow for analysis of tissue samples. The chemical characteristics (hydrophobicity, low abundance, highly basic charge) of many of the c-terminal regions of prenylated proteins have impaired the use of standard proteomic workflows. In this context, we sought a direct approach to the problem in order to examine these proteins in tissue without the use of labelling. Here we demonstrate that prenylated proteins can be captured on chromatographic resins functionalized with mixed disulfide functions. Protease treatment of resin-bound proteins using chymotryptic digestion revealed peptides from many known prenylated proteins. Exposure of the protease-treated resin to reducing agents and hydro organic mixtures released c-terminal peptides with intact prenyl groups along with other enzymatic modifications expected in this protein family. Database and search parameters were selected to allow for c-terminal modifications unique to these molecules such as CAAX box processing and c-terminal methylation. In summary, we present a direct approach to enrich and obtain information at a molecular level of detail about prenylation of proteins from tissue and cell extracts using high performance LCMS without the need for metabolic labeling and derivatization. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=190 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/908152v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (21K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12579f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16934ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@94b23org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@23f329_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG