cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MASM: a market architecture for sensor management in distributed sensor networks

Rapid developments in sensor technology and its applications have energized research efforts towards devising a firm theoretical foundation for sensor management. Ubiquitous sensing, wide bandwidth communications and distributed processing provide both opportunities and challenges for sensor and process control and optimization. Traditional optimization techniques do not have the ability to simultaneously consider the wildly non-commensurate measures involved in sensor management in a single optimization routine. Market-oriented programming provides a valuable and principled paradigm to designing systems to solve this dynamic and distributed resource allocation problem. We have modeled the sensor management scenario as a competitive market, wherein the sensor manager holds a combinatorial auction to sell the various items produced by the sensors and the communication channels. However, standard auction mechanisms have been found not to be directly applicable to the sensor management domain. For this purpose, we have developed a specialized market architecture MASM (Market architecture for Sensor Management). In MASM, the mission manager is responsible for deciding task allocations to the consumers and their corresponding budgets and the sensor manager is responsible for resource allocation to the various consumers. In addition to having a modified combinatorial winner determination algorithm, MASM has specialized sensor network modules that address commensurability issues between consumers and producers in the sensor network domain. A preliminary multi-sensor, multi-target simulation environment has been implemented to test the performance of the proposed system. MASM outperformed the information theoretic sensor manager in meeting the mission objectives in the simulation experiments.
Intracellular polysaccharide production by human oral strains of Lactobacillus casei

Abstract The synthesis of iodophilic polysaccharides (IPS) by resting and growing cells of four strains of Lactobacillus casei isolated from the human gingival crevice was investigated. The polysaccharides were shown to be polymers of glucose linked by alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds and located intracellularly although the marked tendency of late stationary phase cells to autolyse resulted in some of the polysaccharide being found in culture filtrates. The absorption spectrum of the iodine-polysaccharide complex, the susceptibility of the polysaccharide to alpha amylase, i.r. and immunodiffusion data indicate that this polysaccharide is identical to the intracellular glycogen-amylopectin type of polysaccharide synthesized by several cariogenic oral streptococci. Maximum amounts of polysaccharide were synthesized by growing cells from several carbohydrate substrates including glucose, maltose, lactose, and fructose in culture media having high carbohydrate/nitrogen ratios. Resting cells were able to assimilate up to 15 per cent of the exogenous glucose (0.45 μmoles/mg cell N/hr) as intracellular polysaccharide of which 85–90 per cent could be degraded rapidly under endogenous conditions for the production of lactic acid. Survival curves, however, indicate precipitous loss of viability of cells rich in IPS under conditions of nutrient limitation whereas IPS-negative mutant cells under similar conditions survive for much longer. It is suggested that the endogenous metabolism of this polysaccharide is associated with structural changes in the cell wall, resulting in an increased rate of autolysis.
Investigation of 2,5-dimethyl furan and iso-octane ignition

Abstract The ignition behavior of 2,5-dimethyl furan (2,5-DMF), iso-octane, and their blends is investigated. To confirm that 2,5-DMF is the least reactive furan, its ignition behavior is compared with that of the isomer, 2-ethyl furan (2-EF), revealing the very high reactivity of 2-EF. For the 2,5-DMF/iso-octane comparative study, ignition delay times are measured over a temperature range from 1009 to 1392 K and pressures up to 12 atm for lean, stoichiometric, and rich mixtures of fuel, oxygen, and argon. It is observed that 2,5-DMF generally has longer ignition delay times than iso-octane when the equivalence ratio ϕ , the argon-to-oxygen ratio D, and pressure p are kept constant over a range of temperatures, T. Further, ignition delay times of a 2,5-DMF/iso-octane 50% blend (by liquid volume) are measured and compared to those of the pure fuels at stoichiometric and rich conditions and pressure of 12 atm. The blend shows intermediate reactivity between the pure fuels, albeit in closer alignment with iso-octane than 2,5-DMF. A combined model for 2,5-DMF and iso-octane combustion is developed, drawing from recent literature models for the pure components. Further modifications are carried out to improve agreement with the current and previous ignition data. The resulting model captures the ignition trends of the pure and blended fuels. Reaction pathway analysis and species sensitivity analysis are performed for more insight on the governing chemical kinetics. The reported experimental data set and the model advance combustion modeling of bio and conventional fuel blends for spark ignition engines.
MOS and Bipolar ICs in consumer applications

Abstract This paper considers the application of Bipolar and MOS technologies to a number of consumer areas. It discusses the relevant advantages of MOS and Bipolar technology; a wide range of actual devices are included, and brief details of the operating performance.
Discordant expression of the cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins in rat liver following acute administration of the hepatocarcinogen [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (WY14,643).

Abstract Cellular proliferation is an essential aspect of chemical carcinogenesis. At the core of cell cycle regulation is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases termed cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk). Cdk activity, which directs progression through the cell cycle, is dependent upon cdk binding to the appropriate, phase-specific cyclin proteins. Alterations in hepatic cdk1, cdk2, cdk4, cdk5, and cyclin protein expression were determined in response to acute dosing of the prototypic peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid (WY14,643). Intraperitoneal dosing of 45 mg WY14,643/kg daily for 4 days to young, male rats produced dramatic increases in hepatic protein expression of all cdk analyzed as well as cyclins B, D2, D3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The largest relative increases, 6.1-, 2.8-, 11-, 83-, and 7.9-fold, were seen with cdk1, cdk4, cyclin B, cyclin D3, and PCNA, respectively. Increases of only 1.8-, 2-, 1.6-, and 1.4-fold were noted, respectively, for cdk2, cdk5, cyclin D2, and cyclin E. Analysis of gel filtration fractions indicated that PCNA co-eluted with cdk1 from the WY14,643-treated rats as a 70–80 kDa molecular complex. In contrast, cdk4, cdk5 and D cyclins migrated as much larger complexes with an estimated MW of approximately 180–190 kDa.
Microemulsions of water in supercritical carbon dioxide: an in-situ NMR investigation of micelle formation and structure

High-pressure NMR spectroscopy was used for the first time to investigate microemulsions of water in supercritical carbon dioxide. The emulsions were formed using a family of anionic perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate surfactants. This system holds promise as a reaction medium for conducting homogeneous catalytic reactions within the aqueous micellular cores while, at the same time, exploiting the facile mass transfer properties of the supercritical fluid. Ammonium hexafluorophosphate was used as a water-soluble ionic guest to investigate micelle formation and structure. Under micelle-forming conditions, the PF{sub 6}{sup -} guest, surfactant, and water were uniformly dispersed throughout the CO{sub 2} phase, as demonstrated by in situ NMR imaging. In addition, the micelles were observed to form even in the absence of mechanical stirring. This spontaneous formation of micelles demonstrates that the NMR spectral properties were obtained under conditions that result in the production of thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) was used to probe the micellular structure through dipole-dipole interactions between the PF{sub 6}{sup -} anion and the fluorinated backbone of the surfactant. A strong negative homonuclear NoE was observed between the PF{sub 6}{sup -} guest and the fluorine moiety that is located directly adjacent to the surfactant's carboxylate head group.more » This highly specific negative NOE indicates an ordered arrangement, where the PF{sub 6}{sup -} anion and carboxylate ion are located in close proximity to one another. This close association of two negatively charged ionic groups in an aqueous environment is unusual and suggests that the PF{sub 6}{sup -} guest is concentrated within the electric double layer that forms at the micellular interface.« less
Multiple imputation of missing phenotype data for QTL mapping.

Missing phenotype data can be a major hurdle to mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL).Though in many cases experiments may be designed to minimize the occurrence of missing data,it is often unavoidable in practice; thus, statistical methods to account for missing data are needed.In this paper we describe an approach for conjoining multiple imputation and QTL mapping.Methods are applied to map genes associated with increased breathing effort in mice after lung inflammation due to allergen challenge in developing lines of the Collaborative Cross, a new mouse genetics resource. Missing data poses a particular challenge in this study because the desired phenotype summary to be mapped is a function of incompletely observed dose-response curves. Comparison of the multiple imputation approach to two naive approaches for handling missing data suggest that these simpler methods may yield poor results: ignoring missing data through a complete case analysis may lead to incorrect conclusions, while using a last observation carried forward procedure, which does not account for uncertainty in the imputed values, may lead to anti-conservative inference. The proposed approach is widely applicable to other studies with missing phenotype data.
Numerical analysis of 3D electrostatics of deformable conductors using a Lagrangian approach

In this paper, we introduce a Lagrangian approach for 3D electrostatic analysis. In this approach, when the conductors undergo deformation or shape changes, the surface charge densities on the deformed conductors can be computed without updating the geometry of the conductors. This alleviates the computation-intensive task of remeshing the structure and regeneration of shape functions.
Conceptual design considerations for the Astrometric Telescope Facility

The system of an astrometric telescope on the Space Station and its support by the Station are described and its feasibility demonstrated. The conceptual design shows that such a facility provides a basis for the study of design alternatives and a point of departure for a detailed design. Basic requirements for this preliminary design are outlined.
Toward a theory of foreign trade zones

Although the Foreign Trade Zones Act became law in 1934, only within the last decade have firms realized their potential, Foreign merchandise enters a zone immune to tariffs, quotas, and customs procedures, Merchandise may be processed into the U.S. or exported; in fact, most goods are imported. The manufacturing sector has rather quietly been taking advantage of “inverted” or “upside-down” tariffs. This article confines itself to a descriptive analysis leading to rudimentary theory.
Absence of Colony Stimulation Factor-1 Receptor Results in Loss of Microglia, Disrupted Brain Development and Olfactory Deficits

The brain contains numerous mononuclear phagocytes called microglia. These cells express the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for the macrophage growth factor colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1R). Using a CSF-1R-GFP reporter mouse strain combined with lineage defining antibody staining we show in the postnatal mouse brain that CSF-1R is expressed only in microglia and not neurons, astrocytes or glial cells. To study CSF-1R function we used mice homozygous for a null mutation in the Csflr gene. In these mice microglia are >99% depleted at embryonic day 16 and day 1 post-partum brain. At three weeks of age this microglial depletion continues in most regions of the brain although some contain clusters of rounded microglia. Despite the loss of microglia, embryonic brain development appears normal but during the post-natal period the brain architecture becomes perturbed with enlarged ventricles and regionally compressed parenchyma, phenotypes most prominent in the olfactory bulb and cortex. In the cortex there is increased neuronal density, elevated numbers of astrocytes but reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes. Csf1r nulls rarely survive to adulthood and therefore to study the role of CSF-1R in olfaction we used the viable null mutants in the Csf1 (Csf1op) gene that encodes one of the two known CSF-1R ligands. Food-finding experiments indicate that olfactory capacity is significantly impaired in the absence of CSF-1. CSF-1R is therefore required for the development of microglia, for a fully functional olfactory system and the maintenance of normal brain structure.
The patch microstructure in concrete : The effect of superplasticizer

Abstract It has been previously shown that laboratory- and field-mixed concretes exhibit dense areas or patches of hardened cement paste (hcp) which are sharply delineated from adjacent, highly porous areas. Direct experiment with long-continued concrete mixing showed that this microstructural pattern is not due to inadequate mixing. An experiment was conducted to determine whether this distinctive microstructure was associated with the flocculation inherent in most fresh concretes. A conventional laboratory concrete was batched and after preliminary mixing a polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer was incorporated. The superplasticizer was added in two successive stages, a modest dose causing some increase in slump, and then a heavy additional dose sufficient to cause complete collapse of slump. SEM examination indicated that the patchy microstructure existed in the ‘base’ concrete, and was retained in the superplasticized concretes as well. Thus the patchy microstructural pattern is not generated as a consequence of the flocculated state that exists in most fresh concretes.
The SAFETY Program: A Treatment-Development Trial of a Cognitive-Behavioral Family Treatment for Adolescent Suicide Attempters

The purpose of this article is to describe feasibility, safety, and outcome results from a treatment development trial of the SAFETY Program, a brief intervention designed for integration with emergency services for suicide-attempting youths. Suicide-attempting youths, ages 11 to 18, were enrolled in a 12-week trial of the SAFETY Program, a cognitive-behavioral family intervention designed to increase safety and reduce suicide attempt (SA) risk (N = 35). Rooted in a social-ecological cognitive-behavioral model, treatment sessions included individual youth and parent session-components, with different therapists assigned to youths and parents, and family session-components to practice skills identified as critical in the pathway for preventing repeat SAs in individual youths. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. At the 3-month posttreatment assessment, there were statistically significant improvements on measures of suicidal behavior, hopelessness, youth and parent depressi...
HELMET STREAMERS GONE UNSTABLE: TWO-FLUID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODELS OF THE SOLAR CORONA

The equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are used to study heating of electrons and protons in an axially symmetric model of the solar corona, extending from the coronal base to 15 solar radii. To study heating of electrons and protons separately, as well as the collisional coupling between the particle species, we use a two-fluid description of the electron-proton plasma. A steady coronal heat input, uniform base pressure, and dipole field boundary conditions produce a magnetic field configuration similar to that seen with white-light coronagraphs during quiet-Sun conditions: a helmet streamer is formed in the inner corona around the equator, surrounded by coronal holes at higher latitudes. The plasma inside the helmet streamer is in hydrostatic equilibrium, while in the coronal holes a transonic solar wind is accelerated along the field. The collisional coupling between electrons and protons becomes weak close to the coronal base. In the case of proton heating, the thermal structure along open and closed field lines is very different, and there is a large pressure jump across the streamer-coronal hole boundary. When the equations are integrated on a long timescale, the helmet streamer becomes unstable, and massive plasmoids are periodically released into the solar wind. These plasmoids contribute significantly to the total mass and energy flux in the solar wind. The mass of the plasmoids is reduced when electrons are heated.
International conference on basic and clinical aspects of cell-cycle control.

Scientists of numerous medical and life science disciplines met in Siena, Italy to discuss the latest proceedings in basic and clinical research. General models of interconnected linear and back-feeding cell-cycle control pathways provide a basis for applied molecular research. Cell-cycle determining factors essential for the control of cellular homeostasis either become markers to determine characteristics of a disease and/or become therapeutic targets. Apart from animal and tissue culture models, molecular theories finally have to stand proof in clinical application and evaluation. Therefore, the clinical feedback to the basic scientist's bench is essential for necessary adjustments of their models to improve future approaches to research challenges. A select group of speakers provided the audience with such an interdisciplinary dialogue at the first International Conference on Basic and Clinical Aspects of Cell-Cycle Control from May 29 to 31, 2000 in Siena, Italy. J. Cell. Physiol. 185:481–485, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-term urinary adverse effects of pelvic radiotherapy

Objective Radiation for tumors arising in the pelvis has been utilized for over a 100 years. Adverse effects (AEs) of radiotherapy (RT) continue to accumulate with time and are reported to show decades after treatment. The benefit of RT for pelvic tumors is well described as is their acute AEs. Late AEs are less well described. The burden of treatment for the late AEs is large given the high utilization of RT.
SU-EE-A4-05: Radiation Dose Reduction in CT Guided Cryoablation Using HYPR-LR

Purpose: Patients under CT guided interventional procedures usually receive high radiation dose as multiple scans are performed. The purpose of this study is to investigate potential of dose reduction for CT‐guided renal tumor cryoablation using a newly developed image reconstruction technique: Local HYPR Reconstruction (HYPR‐LR). Method and Materials: Three patients, each with a renal tumor, underwent percutaneous cryoablation with CT monitoring. Original full dose projection data sets were saved and exported to a personal computer.Noise was inserted into the projection data to simulate low dose scans (50% of the original dose) using a novel noise insertion tool developed by our lab. Low dose images at different freezing time were then reconstructed from the simulated low dose projections using commercial reconstruction algorithm. HYPR‐LR was conducted using the average low dose images as a composite image.Image quality, focusing on target (ice ball) visibility and imagenoise, was compared among full dose images (FD), low dose images (LD) and low dose HYPR‐LR images.Results: Low dose imagesreconstructed with HYPR‐LR demonstrate similar image quality as the full dose scan images and superior to the low dose imagesreconstructed with commercial software. Imagenoise measured at three set of images were: 51.3 (LD), 38.3 (FD), and 31.8 HU (HYPR‐LR). The growing ice ball can be better visualized in the HYPR‐LR image series compared to the low dose images due to improved image quality. Conclusion: HYPR‐LR has been demonstrated to be useful for dose reduction in renal tumor cryoablation with CT monitoring. Our study shows that at least a factor of 2 dose reduction is achievable by reducing the tube mAs by 50%. Clinically, this translates into a factor of 2 reduction in radiation risk (deterministic or stochastic) for the increasing numbers of patients undergoing CT‐guided tumor cryoablation.
From the Simple to the Sublime: Incorporating Surgical Models into Your Surgical Curriculum

Financial and time constraints have limited graduating residents' operative experience, making the use of models a necessary adjunct to a complete surgical curriculum. Models are useful tools to teaching surgical skills outside the operating room. They can be very realistic and complex, or they can be simple and economical. Models are developed to represent the anatomic arrangements seen in human patients, and to reproduce the biomechanical tasks necessary to complete a surgical case. Bench model laboratories are well-received by trainees and steepen the learning curve in the operating room.
The Palestinian Exodus in 1948

The historical question of why the vast majority of Palestinians left their homes in 1948 is not only relevant as a problem of history, but has been given added significance by the protagonists involved. Rightly or wrongly, both Palestinian and Israeli spokesmen and adherents have sought to link the events of 1948 with their claims to the land today. In order to do this, each has come up with a different version of events and drawn its conclusions accordingly. It is not the purpose of this paper to do anything more than examine the conflicting explanations of the exodus and attempt to offer a coherent analysis. It is not my aim to try to extrapolate from this analysis an evaluation of Palestinian rights. Indeed, if the fundamental question in the Palestine conflict is the Zionist presence in that country, this episode can at most be seen as an expression, in part, of Zionist thinking, and not the be all and end all that it is frequently touted as. For unless Israel can come to terms with the region in which she exists and be accepted by the native inhabitants, especially the Palestinian people, no settlement of the conflict is imaginable. Thus it is futile to hope that one episode in the seventy-year collision between Zionism and Palestinian nationalism can explain or justify arguments about the entire problem. This paper will begin with an introduction discussing some of the works on the subject and the fundamental problems of dealing with historians who
Non-classical states in solids and detection

Abstract Phonons in a lossless phonon-polariton exhibit remarkable non-classical features. In the small wavevectors side of the polariton energy spectrum, the phonon population in a phonon-polariton coherent state exhibits strong oscillations. This is caused by the highly non-classical structure of the phonon-polariton state in that region of the spectrum. A neutron scattering experiment enables one to probe the non-classical nature of a phonon-polariton state.
Raising Awareness Incorporating a Student-run Campus Awareness Week in Course Objectives

This article provides a model for incorporating a student-run campus awareness week into the course objectives of a sociology class. It reflects on four semesters in which students in a sociology course on eating disorders create social change by developing and implementing a campus-based awareness week. Although the article focuses specifically on a course about eating disorders, the method may be generalized to any course in which students have the potential to educate the college community with the knowledge they have learned over the course of a semester. This article describes the course and addresses the design of the project, including student responsibilities and expectations, the specific contributions of students, and previous week themes, and it offers an evaluation of the effectiveness of this assignment.
Improvement in ratings of tension after TRH administration in healthy women.

Administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), 400 μg i.v., to healthy premenopausal women resulted in improvement in ratings of tension on the 100 mm line test. The max. mean improvement in tension ratings was significantly greater after TRH than after saline (t = 2.27, df = 9, p < 0.05); after TRH administration, eight of 10 subjects showed greater than 30% improvement in tension ratings, while only three of 10 subjects receiving saline reported a comparable degree of improvement. No significant improvement in ratings of mood state were noted after administration of either TRH or saline. These findings extend previous reports of behavioral effects of TRH in normal subjects. The possibility that the behavioral effects of TRH may be influenced by the state of activity of the CNS is discussed.
GI-Cat: a Web service for dataset cataloguing based on ISO 19115

We present the GI-Cat service: a SOAP-based Web service providing basic functionalities for GI dataset cataloguing and access. The GJ-Cat object model schema is instance of the hierarchical, semistructured data model and is based on the ISO 19115 data model. GI-Cat requirements, information model (resources and accompanying metadata) and functional modules are introduced. Some of the architectural and technological aspects of an experimental implementation of the service are briefly described. Eventually, we relate GI-Cat to OWS/spl trade/ specifications. The proposed solution is being currently experimented in the framework of the COS(OT) project, that is part of the Italian National Operating Program on Scientific and Technological Research and High Education.
High levels of environmental noise erode pair preferences in zebra finches: implications for noise pollution

Male–female pair bonds are common to most bird species, and these bonds affect fundamental aspects of mating systems and the strength of selection, for example, by limiting extrapair paternity. Therefore, understanding factors that strengthen and erode pair bonds are important in elucidating the selection pressures that avian populations will experience. Here, we studied the effects of environmental noise on pair bonds and the strength of pair preferences (i.e. preferences for a pair-bonded partner versus an unfamiliar individual) in the monogamous zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, a model species in studies of sexual selection. Based on a previous study, we hypothesized that high-amplitude environmental noise would decrease the strength of pair preferences. Explicitly, we tested whether females' relative preference for their pair-bonded males, compared with extrapair males, decreased as the amplitude of environmental white noise increased. Our results generally supported our hypothesis, as females' preference for their pair-bonded males significantly decreased under conditions of high environmental noise. This erosion of preference may result from the masking or distortion of the paired males' pair-bond maintaining call, although the decrease in preference could also occur because a female cannot recognize her pair-bonded male. Our findings suggest that songbird populations in areas with high environmental noise may have (temporarily or permanently) weakened pair bonds, suggesting that extrapair behaviours could increase in areas of greater environmental noise.
Anger suppression and subsequent pain behaviors among chronic low back pain patients: moderating effects of anger regulation style.

Background Suppression of anger is linked to subsequent pain intensity among chronic low back patients, but it is not clear whether anger regulation style (trait anger-out, anger-in) moderates these effects or if aroused anger accounts for links between anger regulation style and pain.
Ubiquitin, Ubiquitination, and Proteasomal Degradation in the Eukaryotic Cell: A Review

Abstract. Ubiquitin is a conserved eukaryotic protein essential to cellular survival. Although it contributes to various cellular processes including vesicular trafficking and signal transduction, it is primarily known for its role in protein homeostasis. Specifically, ubiquitin serves as a tag placed on unneeded cellular proteins that targets them for proteasomal degradation. After transcription and post-translational modification, ubiquitin monomers may become activated and conjugated to target proteins through the E1/E2/E3 enzymatic pathway. Multiple additional conjugations of ubiquitin monomers results in the creation of polyubiquitin chains, which signals the protein for degradation in the 26S proteasome. Here a review of this process, along with a number of ubiquitin's other roles, is presented.
Emerging Conceptual Models of Excessive Behaviors

The clinical assessment of a common behavior that disrupts a person’s life only when it becomes excessive is controversial. The inclusion of pathological gambling in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition (DSM-III) in 1980 was one of the initial formal attempts to develop diagnostic criteria for this type of behavior. The diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling were based on substance dependency, but the disorder was classified as an impulse control disorder. One attempt to resolve the controversy has been the development of a general psychological model of addiction that includes both substance related behaviors and excessive behaviors. An example is the Griffiths component model that describes salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse as the central features of addiction. An addictive disorders section including excessive behaviors and substance use disorders is one of the proposals for the DSM-V, scheduled to be published in 2012.
A Numerical Code for Waves in a Two-Layer Shallow Fluid

The preliminary results from a two-dimensional two-layer nonlinear shallow water model are presented. The system is composed of two inviscid, incompressible, and immiscible fluids of constant density. The waves are assumed to be nonlinear and non-dispersive and the water depth is assumed to be constant. A high order predictor-corrector algorithm with a high order finite difference discretization, accurate to O(Δx4) is developed. The numerical algorithm and the boundary conditions are outlined and the model is compared with the analytical solution of internal solitary waves.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Clinical factors useful in predicting aortic valve structure in patients > 40 years of age with isolated valvular aortic stenosis.

A number of reports have described the frequency of coronary arterial narrowing in patients with valvular aortic stenosis. No published reports have examined the structure of the stenotic aortic valve in adults and related the valve structure to variables, including coronary arterial narrowing, useful in predicting that structure. One hundred eighty-eight patients having aortic valve replacement for isolated valvular aortic stenosis were studied. All patients were > 40 years of age at the time of aortic valve replacement, all had coronary angiograms preoperatively, and of 182 patients (97%) measurements of serum total cholesterol had been obtained and 184 (98%) had body mass index calculated. The structure of the operatively excised valve was classified as unicuspid or bicuspid (congenitally malformed), or tricuspid aortic valve. A logistic regression model was developed that found 4 factors (age, serum total cholesterol, angiographic coronary artery disease and body mass index) to be predictive of aortic valve structure: (1) Patients with at least 3 or all 4 factors high or present (i.e., age > 65 years, serum total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl, body mass index > 29 kg/m2 and coronary artery disease) had a low probability (10 to 29%) of having a congenitally malformed valve; (2) patients with at least 3 or all 4 factors low or absent (i.e., age < or = 65 years, serum total cholesterol < or = 200 mg/dl, body mass index < or = 29 kg/m2, and no coronary artery disease) had a high probability (72 to 90%) of having a congenitally malformed valve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A role for the protein in internal electron transfer to the catalytic center of cytochrome c oxidase.

Internal electron transfer (ET) to heme a3 during anaerobic reduction of oxidized bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was studied under conditions where heme a and CuA were fully reduced by excess hexaamineruthenium. The data show that ET to heme a3 is controlled by the state of ionization of a single protolytic residue with a pKa of 6.5 ± 0.2. On the basis of the view that ET to the catalytic site is limited by coupled proton transfer, this pKa was attributed to Glu60 which is located at the entrance of the proton-conducting K channel on the matrix side of CcO. It is proposed that Glu60 controls proton entry into the channel. However, even with this channel open, there is the second factor that regulates ET, and this is ascribed to the rate of proton diffusion in the channel. In addition, it is concluded that proton transfer in the K channel is reversibly inhibited by the detergent Triton X-100. It is also found that the rate of ET to heme a3 in the as-isolated resting enzyme and in CcO “activated” b...
MSRI after three years

In the early 1960s I was at a meeting of an advisory committee at the National Science Foundat ion. Physics, chemistry, and astronomy were represented (in addition to mathematics). We were asked the following question: What, in your discipline, could make for a quantum leap in achievement? When my turn came, I unhes i ta t ing ly replied: "For mathematics, found two new Institutes for Advanced S tudy-one in the Midwest, and one on the west coast." The next day the Director of NSF joined us and commented on our suggestions. When it was the turn of mathematics he addressed me by name (slightly surprising, since we had never met) saying, "Dr. Kaplansky, I note with interest your suggestion of two new institutes." Twenty years later the dream came true! I have no idea whether there was any connection, however remote, be tween the incident at NSF and what ultimately happened. In particular, nobody ever asked me again. (However, on my own initiative I did push the institute idea on every possible occasion.) I find it interesting that the prototype NSF inst i tute-the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Santa Barbara-preceded the two mathematics institutes. However, at that committee meeting the physics representative did not mention research institutes (I forget what he did suggest). Where did my enthusiasm for institutes originate? From the granddaddy of institutes, of course: the venerable Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. I first went there in the fall of 1946. In advance, I had a picture of the place in my mind. I visualized a serene shrine where one 's mathematical adrenalin would almost automatically start flowing. A phrase in Infeld's autobiography Quest comes to mind: a place where one could virtually reach out and grab a theorem anywhere (actually, Infeld was describing Fine Hall, the mathematics building of Princeton University). It lived up to expectations. I spent some time tidying up some projects I already had underway, but in restrospect I can see that in the fall of 1946 the seeds were planted for forthcoming work on noncommutat ive rings, C*-algebras, AW*-algebras, and a few other
Transactional interactive multimedia banner

Advertising in TV broadcasting has shown that multimedia is a very effective means to present merchandise and attract shoppers. This has been applied to the Web by including animated multimedia banner ads on web pages. However, the issues of coupling interactive browsing, shopping, and secure transactions e.g. from inside a multimedia banner, have only recently started to being explored. Currently there is an explosively growing amount of back-end services available (e.g., business to business commerce (B2B), business to consumer (B2C) commerce, and infomercial services) in the Internet. These services are mostly accessible through static HTML web pages at a few specific web portals. In this paper, we will investigate the feasibility of using interactive multimedia banners as pervasive access point for the B2C, B2B, and infomercial services. We present a system architecture that involves a layer of middleware agents functioning as the bridge between the interactive multimedia banners and back-end services.
An integral sliding control for robust vibration isolation and its implementation

In this paper we propose a new robust control algorithm for skyhook isolation using an integral sliding surface. Unlike conventional sliding control based on reference tracking, a dynamic sliding surface is directly defined in state space, and the target dynamics are achieved by driving the system onto this surface. Such an algorithm eliminates the need for measurement of base vibration, and also yields an equivalent control exactly equal to that obtained by inverse dynamics. We further examine the effect of geophone sensor dynamics on the practical implementation, and design an electric circuit to correct the low-frequency characteristics of the sensor. We implement the proposed control in a realistic plant, and compare the performance to that of direct velocity feedback and conventional sliding control.
Kinetics and mechanisms of substitution at paramagnetic metal centers in organometallic complexes

The mechanism of ligand substitution in 17- and 19-electron organometallic radicals is discussed. These species substitute ligands by an associative process some 106 to 1010 faster than analogous 18-electron complexes. When 17-electron species can be generated by bond homolysis or electron transfer reactions of 18-electron complexes, they can act as intermediates in radical chain reactions of 18-electron complexes. A 17–19 electron rule is proposed to explain transformations of organometallic radicals just as the 16–18 electron rule finds use for closed shell organometallic complexes. The origin of this rule is the favorable two-center three-electron bond that can form when an odd electron in a sterically accessible metal d-orbital interacts with an electron pair on an entering nucleophile. Besides simple substitution, these radicals can disproportionate, dimerize, and undergo insertion or atom abstraction reactions.
Adhesion analysis for on-chip interconnect structures by beam bending techniques with optical crack length determination

Crack propagation in BEoL (back-end of line) interconnect structures is a concern in terms of chip reliability. Due to the application of porous ultra low-k (ULK) materials, a careful trade-off is necessary between reducing signal delays and also decreasing mechanical properties of the interconnect structures. Therefore, fast and reliable measurement techniques for characterizing mechanical properties as film adhesion and fracture toughness are needed. In the present investigation, a camera assisted double-cantilever beam (DCB) technique has been used to obtain locally resolved adhesion measurements within the die. Two chip designs, produced in leading-edge technology nodes with two different ULK materials, were tested. The G"c values measured within the die show a correlation to density and arrangement of the Cu structures. ULK containing metallization levels with lowest k values have been identified as preferred crack paths. The measurements are compared with results of the four-point bending (4PB) test not having the local resolution of DCB but typically used for unpatterned film stacks and possessing a mode I/II load mixity. The DCB tests yield reduced G"c values compared to the 4PB tests, which can be understood as result of the different loading modes of both techniques.
Exploring the concept of health among adolescents with diabetes using photography

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the concept of health among adolescents with diabetes. Photography was used to facilitate communication. Participants were given polaroid cameras with instructions to take pictures illustrating health. They were then asked to explain in writing how their pictures demonstrated the concept. The participants produced 46 pictures and 53 descriptive expressions, which were analyzed for content. Health was described as energy, positive feelings, absence of illness, strength, activity, fitness, mental ability, and relationships. There were also descriptions of what one does to be healthy, which included eating nutritious food, exercising, engaging in diabetes-related care, sleeping, studying, relaxing, maintaining hygiene, and obtaining shelter.
Rapid and sensitive magnetoelastic biosensors for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in a mixed microbial population.

Abstract In this article, we report the results of an investigation into the performance of a wireless, magnetoelastic biosensor designed to selectively detect Salmonella typhimurium in a mixed microbial population. The Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayer technique was employed for antibody (specific to Salmonella sp.) immobilization on rectangular shaped strip magnetoelastic sensors (2 × 0.4 × 0.015 mm). Bacterial binding to the antibody on the sensor surface changes the resonance parameters, and these changes were quantified as a shift in the sensor's resonance frequency. Response of the sensors to increasing concentrations (5 × 101 to 5 × 108 cfu/ml) of S. typhimurium in a mixture of extraneous foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes) was studied. A detection limit of 5 × 103 cfu/ml and a sensitivity of 139 Hz/decade were observed for the 2 × 0.4 × 0.015 mm sensors. Binding kinetics studies have shown that the dissociation constant (Kd) and the binding valencies for water samples spiked with S. typhimurium was 435 cfu/ml and 2.33 respectively. The presence of extraneous microorganisms in the mixture did not produce an appreciable change in the biosensor's dose response behavior.
The Role of Arp2/3 in Growth Cone Actin Dynamics and Guidance Is Substrate Dependent

During development extrinsic guidance cues modulate the peripheral actin network in growth cones to direct axons to their targets. We wanted to understand the role of the actin nucleator Arp2/3 in growth cone actin dynamics and guidance. Since growth cones migrate in association with diverse adhesive substrates during development, we probed the hypothesis that the functional significance of Arp2/3 is substrate dependent. We report that Arp2/3 inhibition led to a reduction in the number of filopodia and growth cone F-actin content on laminin and L1. However, we found substrate-dependent differences in growth cone motility, actin retrograde flow, and guidance after Arp2/3 inhibition, suggesting that its role, and perhaps that of other actin binding proteins, in growth cone motility is substrate dependent.
Exploration for Facultative Endosymbionts of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), glassy-winged sharpshooter, was collected in California and several states in the southeastern United States in 2002 and 2003 and analyzed for endosymbiotic bacteria. Hemolymph, eggs, and bacteriomes were examined for the presence of bacteria by polymerase chain reaction. A subset of hemolymph and egg samples had their 16S rRNA gene amplicons cloned and sequenced or analyzed by restriction digest patterns of samples compared with known bacterial DNA. Baumannia cicadellinicola, one of the primary symbionts of glassy-winged sharpshooter, was found in the majority of hemolymph samples, although it has been considered until now to reside primarily inside the specialized host bacteriocytes. Wolbachia sp., a common secondary symbiont in many insect taxa investigated to date, was the second most frequently detected bacterium in hemolymph samples. In addition, we detected bacteria that were most closely related (by 16S rRNA gene sequence) to Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Acinetobacter in hemolymph samples of one and/or two glassy-winged sharpshooters, but their origin is uncertain.
Energy dependence of the pp → (pp) S-waveπ0 total cross section

Abstract The total cross section of the reaction pp→pp π 0 with the final nucleons in a relative S-state is calculated including, in addition to the direct production, also pion rescatterings in the πN s-wave and in the p-wave through the Δ (1232) isobar. The inclusion of rescatterings roughly doubles the cross section, but the results still underestimate by a factor of 3–4 a recent measurement near threshold. The calculated energy dependence is in agreement with the data. As the energy is increased, the cross section turns down due to a destructive interference between s-wave rescattering and the direct term, until the Δ contribution takes over and the cross section starts to rise again. The cross section calculated above 400 MeV is much larger than previous calculations indicate. At these energies d-wave pion production becomes comparable with s-wave, but accounts for only about 1% of the total experimental cross section. None of these mechanisms is thus able to account for the discrepancy between experiment and theory in pp→pp π 0 near threshold.
Microchip DNA electrophoresis with automated whole-gel scanning detection

Gel electrophoresis continues to play an important role in miniaturized bioanalytical systems, both as a stand alone technique and as a key component of integrated lab-on-a-chip diagnostics. Most implementations of microchip electrophoresis employ finish-line detection methods whereby fluorescently labeled analytes are observed as they migrate past a fixed detection point near the end of the separation channel. But tradeoffs may exist between the simultaneous goals of maximizing resolution (normally achieved by using longer separation channels) and maximizing the size range of analytes that can be studied (where shorter separation distances reduce the time required for the slowest analytes to reach the detector). Here we show how the miniaturized format can offer new opportunities to employ alternative detection schemes that can help address these issues by introducing an automated whole-gel scanning detection system that enables the progress of microchip-based gel electrophoresis of DNA to be continuously monitored along an entire microchannel. This permits flexibility to selectively observe smaller faster moving fragments during the early stages of the separation before they have experienced significant diffusive broadening, while allowing the larger slower moving fragments to be observed later in the run when they can be better resolved but without the need for them to travel the entire length of the separation channel. Whole-gel scanning also provides a continuous and detailed picture of the electrophoresis process as it unfolds, allowing fundamental physical parameters associated with DNA migration phenomena (e.g., mobility, diffusive broadening) to be rapidly and accurately measured in a single experiment. These capabilities are challenging to implement using finish-line methods, and make it possible to envision a platform capable of enabling separation performance to be rapidly screened in a wide range of gel matrix materials and operating conditions, even allowing separation and matrix characterization steps to be performed simultaneously in a single self-calibrating experiment.