cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ammonia and methionine sulfoximine intoxication

Abstract Intoxication with ammonium acetate abolished the suppression of action potential generation by cortical postsynaptic inhibition, i.e. produced ‘disinhibition’, due to the inactivation of neuronal Cl− extrusion. With the occurence of disinhibition cerebral ammonia increased to 445% of normal; glutamine increased to 170%. Methionine sulfoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, produced disinhibition about 3 h after administration; at this time cerebral ammonia was increased to 290% of normal, glutamine was unchanged. Intoxication with MSO for less than 3 h significantly decreased the amount of ammonium acetate needed to produce disinhibition at cerebral ammonia concentrations of 340–430% of normal. MSO produces an endogenous ammonia intoxication which: (i) decreases the amount of exogenous ammonia required to affect cortical postsynaptic inhibitions; and (ii) eventually becomes sufficiently severe to disturb cortical inhibitory neuronal interactions by itself.
The State of Bats in Conservation Planning for the National Wildlife Refuge System, With Recommendations

Abstract Bats face an unprecedented array of threats in the early 21st century, from traditional concerns such as habitat loss, to white nose syndrome and collisions with wind turbines. These growing challenges arise when the National Wildlife Refuge System, a system of public lands and waters that provides habitat for nearly every bat species in North America north of Mexico, is beginning its first revision cycle for its management plans, known as Comprehensive Conservation Plans. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is thus uniquely positioned to assess its current contribution to sustaining viable populations of bats in the United States and incorporate those findings into the biological objectives that will guide Refuge management for the next 15 y. We present a review of the degree to which the first generation of Comprehensive Conservation Plans addresses bat conservation, and we provide recommendations to guide managers, planners, and partners in the development of the second generation of these Comp...
Enhancing design methods to support real design processes

Software design methods typically focus on the activities that individual designers should perform under ideal circumstances. They rarely, if ever, address the activities that should be performed when things do not go according to plan, such as when a customer requests changes to the specification, or when early design decisions must be changed. They also rarely address issues involving coordination of multiple designers in cooperative design tasks or in competition for limited resources. We are investigating fundamental concepts required for more complete definition of design methods, developing linguistic mechanisms within a process programming language to support these concepts, and validating these through the definition of a process program that incorporates the Booch method.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies somatic ATRX mutations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGL) are the solid tumour type most commonly associated with an inherited susceptibility syndrome. However, very little is known about the somatic genetic changes leading to tumorigenesis or malignant transformation. Here we perform whole-exome sequencing on a discovery set of 21 PCC/PGL and identify somatic ATRX mutations in two SDHB-associated tumours. Targeted sequencing of a separate validation set of 103 PCC/PGL identifies somatic ATRX mutations in 12.6% of PCC/PGL. PCC/PGL with somatic ATRX mutations are associated with alternative lengthening of telomeres and clinically aggressive behaviour. This finding suggests that loss of ATRX, an SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling protein, is important in the development of clinically aggressive PCC/PGL.
Association of human papillomavirus infection and disease with magnitude of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA plasma level among women with HIV-1 infection.

Ninety-three women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) infection were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and coincident cervical infection and disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). HIV-1 RNA plasma levels of >10,000 copies/mL were highly associated with the presence in cervical specimens of HPV DNA of oncogenic (high risk) virus genotypes (P =.006; relative risk, 2.57). In addition, similar HIV- RNA plasma levels were associated with abnormal Pap smears (P =.01; relative risk, 2.11). In this study, 81% of women with high-risk HPV cervical infection had abnormal Pap smears. Measurement of HIV-1 RNA plasma levels may help to identify a subgroup of HIV-1-infected women at increased risk for cervical HPV infection and disease.
Mapping to reduce contention in multiprocessor architectures

Reducing communication overhead has been widely recognized as a requirement for achieving efficient mappings which substantially reduce the execution time of parallel algorithms. This paper presents an iterative heuristic for static mapping of parallel algorithms to architectures. Special attention is given to measuring and reducing channel contention. Experimental results are used to show the effects of channel contention for packet-switched networks and the improvement realized by the authors' heuristic. They also present preliminary results for wormhole-routed networks. >
Subsoil Nitrate and Bromide Uptake by Contrasting Alfalfa Entries

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a deeply rooted perennial legume that can protect the environment by absorbing nitrate (NO 3 - ) both better than annual crops and from deeper in the soil. Our objectives were to characterize subsoil NO 3 - removal by eight alfalfa entries differing in symbiotic efficiency, root system architecture, forage quality, and leaf morphology, and to evaluate Br - as an alternative tracer to 15 N for monitoring NO 3 - uptake. Low (0.3 mM ) or high (20 mM ) NO 3 - -N concentrations were supplied through a subsoil irrigation system installed in a Hubbard loamy sand soil (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploboroll) at Becker, MN. Nitrate uptake and N 2 fixation were evaluated during two regrowth periods using 15 N. We also added small concentrations of Br - to the subsoil NO 3 - during three regrowth periods. Subsoil NO 3 - -N removal was similar for the seven N 2 -fixing entries, suggesting that selection for traits such as root system architecture, high forage quality, or multiple (>3) leaflets does not necessarily confer an advantage in NO 3 absorption. Even though 'Ineffective Agate' yielded less herbage than the N 2 -fixing entries, this non-N 2 -fixing cultivar removed about 38% more subsoil NO 3 - than N 2 -fixing entries over the growing season. These results confirm our earlier findings that non-N 2 -fixing alfalfa cultivars are likely to be more effective in phytoremediation of NO 3 - -contaminated sites than are standard cultivars. It also confirms our earlier conclusion that the simple difference technique may underestimate rates of symbiotic N 2 fixation when inorganic N supply is large. A strong correlation between 15 N and Br - uptake in the herbage (mg excess Br - = 25.2 x mg excess 15 N, r 2 = 0.97) led us to conclude that Br - can be used as a tracer of NO 3 - absorption by alfalfa in the field. This provides a new, dual-tracer approach for such studies.
Blockade of rabbit atrial sodium channels by lidocaine. Characterization of continuous and frequency-dependent blocking.

Lidocaine block of the cardiac sodium channel is believed to be primarily a function of channel state. For subthreshold potentials, block is limited to the inactivated state, whereas above threshold, block results from the combination of open- and inactivated-state block. Since, in the absence of drug, inactivation develops with time constants that vary from several hundred milliseconds to a few milliseconds as potential is varied from subthreshold to strongly depolarized levels, we would predict a similar voltage dependence of at least a fraction of block. Prior theoretical analyses from our laboratory suggest that there should be a direct parallel between blockade determined with a single pulse and trains of pulses. We tested these predictions by measuring the blockade of sodium current in cultured atrial myocytes during exposure to 80 microM lidocaine. We selected two test potentials for most of our studies, -80 mV, which was clearly in the subthreshold range of potentials, and -20 mV, which was close to the peak of the current-voltage curve. With single pulses of increasing duration, block developed with a single exponential time course and with time constants that decreased from 694 +/- 117 msec at -80 mV to 373 +/- 54 msec at -20 mV. In the absence of drug, inactivation developed with a time constant 176 +/- 17 at -80 mV and 2.9 +/- .5 msec at -20 mV. Despite the much slower onset of inactivation at -80 mV, no second-order delay in block development was observed. This suggests that at -80 mV block is occurring to a channel conformation that is accessed without delay rather than the classical inactivated state. We compared the kinetics of block during a single continuous pulse with trains of pulses at -20 mV. The rate of block onset was faster during the pulse trains, suggesting an element of "activated state" block. We computed shifts in apparent inactivation from observed steady-state blockade. The computed shifts agree well with those observed, indicating that shifts in apparent inactivation result largely from voltage-sensitive equilibrium blockade. The classical states described in the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism may be too restrictive to fully describe the voltage- and time-dependent block of cardiac sodium channels.
Neurochemical stratification in the inner plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina.

Most regions of metazoan nervous systems can be idealized as laminated structures in which layers of neuropil are sandwiched between layers of neuronal somas and the structure pierced by afferent or efferent fibers whose trajectories are roughly orthogonal to the layers. Within very complex systems, such as retina, mammalian cerebral cortex or invertebrate visual medulla and lobula plate, a finer lamination exists within individual layers of neuropil. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the vertebrate retina has long been known as a structure composed of many sublayers. As one passes along an axis normal to the plane of the IPL*, the local composition varies in terms of the kinds and numbers of synaptic complexes, axonal or dendritic processes, and glial profiles. We will consider the composition within a plane at a given level to be homogeneous, though this presumption is dependent on the scale over which one samples the composition. This review is intended to summarize current knowledge, and an extensive historical account is inappropriate. Nevertheless, the observations of Ramon y Cajal and his contemporaries are central to interpreting more recent data. Ramon y Cajal ( 1933) gives Dogiel (I 891) credit for the attribution of IPL banding to the processes of amacrine and ganglion cells but notes that many
Individual variation in maximum aerobic capacity: cardiovascular and enzymatic correlates in Rana catesbeiana.

We quantified natural variation in maximum aerobic capacity (V02max) exhibited by a free-living by a free-living population of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and examined the degree to which such variation is associated with key parameters of the systemic oxygen transport apparatus and oxidative enzyme (citrate synthase) activity at the tissue level. Regression analysis of these data revealed that only ventricle mass and hemoglobin concentration accounted for significant fractions of the variation in V02max. Neither variation in maximum heart rate nor in citrate synthase activity were significantly correlated with individual variation in maximum aerobic capacity. These results support the contention that, in at least some taxa, maximum aerobic capacity is limited by the ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to the tissues.
Testing Schrödinger's paradox with a Michelson interferometer

Abstract The Schrodinger paradox points out that quantum mechanics predicts a linear superposition of states even for macroscopic objects prior to measurement. However, at the macroscopic level of ordinary objects it has not been possible to maintain the phase correlations needed to demonstrate or disprove the reality of such a superposition of states as opposed to the mixture of states. Without such a quantum “signature”, this paradoxical prediction of quantum theory would seem to have no testable consequences. State vector collapse in that case becomes indistinguishable from a stochastic ensemble description. The experiment described here provides a means for testing Schrodingers' paradox. A Michelson interferometer is used to test for the presence of state superposition of a pair of shutters that are placed along the two optical arms of the interferometer and driven by a beta decay source so that either the first shutter is open and the second closed or vice versa. The shutters take on the role of the cat in the Schrodinger paradox. The experiment that we discuss here has been carried out at SRI International. Under the conditions of the experiment, the results remove the possibility of the existence of macroscopic superposition prior to observation.
Weaving aspects into C++ applications for validation of temporal invariants

In this paper, we describe temporal invariants, which are class invariants that are qualified by the operators eventually, always, never, or already. Temporal invariants can capture assertions that may not be valid initially but, as the program continues, must eventually become valid. Moreover, temporal invariants can indicate references to memory that should eventually be deallocated. To facilitate incorporation of temporal invariants as a maintenance or reengineering activity, we weave invariants into the system as aspects. In our case study of a C++ system, the aspects are woven into join points using policies. We investigate the effectiveness of temporal invariants and we compare the performance of our aspect-oriented implementation with several other approaches.
Evolutionarily Stable Infection by a Male-Killing Endosymbiont in Drosophila Innubila: Molecular Evidence from the Host and Parasite Genomes

Maternally inherited microbes that spread via male-killing are common pathogens of insects, yet very little is known about the evolutionary duration of these associations. The few examples to date indicate very recent, and thus potentially transient, infections. A male-killing strain of Wolbachia has recently been discovered in natural populations of Drosophila innubila. The population-level effects of this infection are significant: ∼35% of females are infected, infected females produce very strongly female-biased sex ratios, and the resulting population-level sex ratio is significantly female biased. Using data on infection prevalence and Wolbachia transmission rates, infected cytoplasmic lineages are estimated to experience a ∼5% selective advantage relative to uninfected lineages. The evolutionary history of this infection was explored by surveying patterns of polymorphism in both the host and parasite genomes, comparing the Wolbachia wsp gene and the host mtDNA COI gene to five host nuclear genes. Molecular data suggest that this male-killing infection is evolutionarily old, a conclusion supported with a simple model of parasite and mtDNA transmission dynamics. Despite a large effective population size of the host species and strong selection to evolve resistance, the D. innubila-Wolbachia association is likely at a stable equilibrium that is maintained by imperfect maternal transmission of the bacteria rather than partial resistance in the host species.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression in neuronal cultures from spontaneously hypertensive rat brain

Abstract We have compared the levels of angiotensin II (AII) type 2 (AT2) receptors in neuronal cultures from 1-day-old Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat hypothalamus and brainstem. These studies were performed to determined if the increase in total AII receptors observed in SH neurons in previous studies includes the AT2 receptor subtype. Specific binding of the AT2 receptor selective ligand [125I]CGP42112 to WKY and SH rat neuronal cultures was time dependent and saturable in each case. K d (∼0.35 nM) and B max (∼95 fmol/mg protein) values for [125I]CGP42112 specific binding did not significantly differ between WKY and SH rat cultures. In addition, AT2 receptor-mediated reductions in cellular cGMP exhibited no significant differences in WKY and SH rat neuronal cultures. We conclude that the greater levels of AII receptors found in SH rat hypothalamus/brainstem neuronal cultures, compared with WKY rat neurons from these areas, do not include the AT2 receptor subtype.
Use of Analgesics and Sedatives in Critical Care

Most patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) struggle with anxiety, fear, apprehension, and loss of control. In addition, critically ill patients often undergo a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, most of which are associated with physical discomfort or pain. In some patients, there will be an indication for the use of neuromuscular blocking agents; patients receiving these agents will be completely unable to communicate, so the need for adequate and consistent sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia will be even more important. Fortunately, a variety of agents and techniques are available to alleviate both pain and anxiety. To safely utilize these methods of pain control and anxiolysis, however, the clinician must possess current knowledge regarding the advantages, disadvantages, and potential side effects of each of these agents.
Privatization: audit opportunity

The current wave of privatization, abroad more aptly referred to as denationalization, has achieved decidedly mixed results. Performance shortfalls have been fostered by operational weaknesses in the nature of the denationalization process, and by structural deficiencies which impede the performance of particular tasks. Argues that it is likely that part of the cure lies in the involvement of auditors on a proactive basis, that is before significant commitments have been made. Further, Western‐trained auditors should be well equipped to strengthen the model of the process, to select efficient and effective means of accomplishing tasks, and to oversee the carrying out of the programme.
A frame-layer bit allocation for H.263+

In typical block-based video coding, the rate-control scheme allocates a target number of bits to each frame of a video sequence and selects the block quantization parameters to meet the frame targets. In this work, we present a new technique for assigning such targets. This method has been adopted in the test model TMN10 of H.263+, but it is applicable to any video coder and is particularly useful for those that use B frames. Our approach selects the frame targets using formulas that result from combining an analytical rate-distortion optimization and a heuristic technique that compensates for the distortion dependency among frames. The method does not require pre-analyses, and encodes each frame only once; hence, it is geared toward low-complexity real-time video coding. We compare this new frame-layer bit allocation in TMN10 to that in MPEG-2's TM5 for a variety of bit rates and video sequences.
Interactions of the plasma sheet with the lunar surface at the Apollo 14 site

Calculations of the magnetic shadow zones of lunar-based particle detectors are extended to include the effects of local remanent magnetic fields. At the Apollo 14 site, the local magnetic field is approximated as that of a dipole. Numerically calculated open and shadowed zones are shown to be in agreement with quiet-time plasma-sheet observations of the charged-particle lunar-environment experiment. An analysis of three storm-time observations indicates that magnetic shadowing can significantly alter the near-lunar-surface electrostatic potential distribution.
Efficient off-line routing of permutations on restricted access expanded delta networks

This paper presents an off-line algorithm for routing permutations on expanded delta networks (EDNs) with restricted access. Restricted access means that the number of elements to be permuted may exceed the number of inputs to the EDN. For every N-element permutation on an M-input EDN, the algorithm computes a routing that takes exactly 3N/M passes (assuming M divides N). On a certain class of EDNs, the number of passes can be reduced to 2N/M. For example, for every 16 K-element permutation on the 1 K-input global network of the MasPar MP-1 and MP-2, the algorithm computes a routing that takes exactly 32 passes. The time complexity of the algorithm is Theta (NlogN) sequentially, and Theta (log/sup 2/N) on an N-processor PRAM. >
Autosomal dominant Opitz GBBB syndrome due to a 22q11.2 deletion

We report on a family with autosomal dominant paternally inherited "Opitz" GBBB syndrome and an additional case with findings which have been reported in that syndrome. In each case the propositus presented with a vascular ring. Since a vascular ring may be a sign of a 22q11.2 deletion [Zacki et al., 1995], FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) studies were performed. These studies demonstrated a 22q11.2 deletion in the 3 affected individuals. Review of Opitz GBBB syndrome and the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome demonstrates significant overlap of manifestations including both facial characteristics and structural anomalies. Based on the phenotypic overlap and the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion in our patients with Opitz GBBB syndrome and the presence of a deletion in a patient with lung hypoplasia, absent pulmonary artery, and long segment tracheomalacia, we propose that, in some cases, the Opitz GBBB syndrome may be due to a 22q11.2 deletion. This enlarges the list of "syndromes" associated with the 22q11.2 deletion, which presently includes most patients with DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome.
Rural-Urban Differences in Costs of End-of-Life Care for Elderly Cancer Patients in the United States.

Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the rural-urban differences in Medicare expenditures on end-of-life care for elderly cancer patients in the United States. Methods We analyzed Medicare claims data for 175,181 elderly adults with lung, colorectal, female breast, or prostate cancer diagnosis who died in 2008. The end-of-life costs were quantified as total Medicare expenditures for the last 12 months of care including inpatient, outpatient, physician services, hospice, home health, skilled nursing facilities (SNF), and durable medical expenditure. Linear regression models were used to estimate rural-urban differences in log-transformed end-of-life costs and logistic regressions were used to estimate probability of service use, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities. Findings On average, elderly cancer patients cost Medicare $51,273, $50,274, $62,815, and $50,941 in the last year for breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. Rural patients cost Medicare about 10%, 6%, 8%, and 4% less on end-of-life care than their urban counterparts for breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. Rural cancer patients were less likely to use hospice and home health, more likely to use outpatient and SNF, and they cost Medicare less on inpatient and physician services and more on outpatient care conditional on service use. Conclusions The lower Medicare spending on end-of-life care for the rural cancer patients suggests disparities based on place of residence. A future study that delineates the source of the rural-urban difference can help us understand whether it indicates inappropriate level of palliative care and find effective policies to reduce the urban-rural disparities.
Mesoscale Anticyclonic Circulations in the Lee of the Central Rocky Mountains

Composite analyses of terrain-forced, mesoscale anticyclonic circulations over southern Wyoming and northern Colorado are constructed. These suggest two different types of circulations, based on upstream flow direction. The air within type 1 circulations originates to the west of the Continental Divide and contains little moisture. Type 2 circulations form in more moist, northerly flow and are sometimes associated with snowbands. Both types tend to form during the afternoon and dissipate after sunset, although type 2 events may follow frontal passages and occur at night. Case studies of one event of each type suggest that anticyclonic vorticity generation occurs within the lowest kilometer above ground level when that layer is nearly vertically mixed in both potential temperature and velocity. An analogy with vorticity generation in mixed-layer models is considered, and it is shown that the conditions for generating negative vorticity in those models are satisfied in each observed case. The mixed-layer mechanism is also favored as it naturally explains the diurnal tendency of the circulations and may therefore explain the observed, late-day snowfall maximum along the Front Range of Colorado.
Toward a Taxonomy of Disaster and Crisis Theories

This article frames and defines the role of public administration theory in disaster planning and response. It is argued that there is little if any systematic theorizing in disaster planning and response beyond mainstream heuristics and possibly ad hoc classification schemes. By offering a basic taxonomy of existing disaster management theory literature, this article points toward opportunities for future theoretical development. Specifically, this taxonomy uses a concern for tools and a concern for process to categorize decision, administrative, economic, and social theories related to disaster and crisis management. This article highlights the Love Canal case as an example of how alternative approaches to theorizing disaster can help explain seemingly irrational phenomena.
Personal reflections on Russell and Burch, FRAME, and the HSUS.

Summary — The coincidence of anniversaries associated with the publication of William Russell and Rex Burch’s The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, the founding of the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), and the establishment of the collaboration between FRAME and the University of Nottingham, provides an opportunity to reflect on Russell and Burch’s legacy and how it was carried forward by FRAME. The Principles, published in 1959, was the pioneering work in what later became the alternatives or Three Rs field of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use. Such was the book’s initial and undeserved obscurity, however, that FRAME, following its founding in 1969, pioneered a similar approach independently of Russell and Burch’s work. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) was also an early champion of the alternatives framework, and through the establishment of the Russell and Burch Award, helped unite Russell and Burch with what had emerged as the alternatives community. Thanks largely to FRAME, Russell and Burch were able to participate in Three Rs activity before their deaths. They lived long enough to see their ideas take hold, but not long enough to see the emerging revolution currently under way in toxicity testing, toward the use of non-animal methods.
Sacrificing Indigenous Bodies and Lands: The Political–Economic History of Lowland Bolivia in Light of the Recent TIPNIS Debate

Resumen El plan de Evo Morales de construir una autopista masiva a traves de tierras y territorios indigenas ha creado una tormenta politica que ha hecho temblar a Bolivia. Nosotros argumentamos que este conflicto no puede ser comprendido fuera de la historia de las industrias extractivas y produccion agricola en las tierras bajas bolivianas porque ambas han creado patrones racializados de opresion y explotacion laboral que han estructurado a las tierras bajas desde la epoca colonial. Al trazar la historia economica de las tierras bajas, mostramos como las demandas globales por comodidades han contrapuesto a los pueblos de las tierras bajas unos contra otros, creando tensiones en torno a tierras, recursos y diferencias culturales que continuan en el presente. Segundo, mostramos que tanto el gobierno de Morales como las elites de las tierras bajas han defendido sus posiciones en el debate sobre la autopista al oscurecer esta historia politica y economica y declarar la proteccion de los pueblos indigenas de la region; sin embargo, tales proyectos de desarrollo una vez mas trastornaran la organizacion social y modos de produccion.
Ex situ synthesis of magnetically exchange coupled SrFe12O19/Fe-Co composites

Magnetically exchange coupled SrFe12O19/Fe-Co composites with different mass percentage of Fe-Co were synthesized through an ex situ process. The morphology, magnetic properties, and crystallization of SrFe12O19/Fe-Co composites were investigated. Lower mass percentage of Fe-Co presented an even distribution of Fe-Co nanoparticles on the surface of SrFe12O19, and effective magnetic exchange coupling between Fe-Co and SrFe12O19. Higher mass percentage of Fe-Co leads to an agglomeration of Fe-Co nanoparticles on SrFe12O19 surface, and a weak magnetic exchange coupling between Fe-Co and SrFe12O19. This ex situ process proposed a new method to synthesize magnetically exchange coupled SrFe12O19/Fe-Co core/shell composites with precise control of the magnetic properties. This method can also be potentially used for other hard/soft magnetic composite synthesis.
Iron-Binding Ligands in the Southern California Current System: Mechanistic Studies

The distributions of dissolved iron and organic iron-binding ligands were examined in water column profiles and deckboard incubation experiments in the southern California Current System (sCCS) along a transition from coastal to semi-oligotrophic waters. Analysis of the iron-binding ligand pool by competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) using multiple analytical windows (MAWs) revealed three classes of iron-binding ligands present throughout the water column (L1-L3), whose distributions closely matched those of dissolved iron and nitrate. Despite significant biogeochemical gradients, ligand profiles were similar between stations, with surface minima in strong ligands (L1 and L2), and relatively constant concentrations of weaker ligands (L3) down to 500 m. A phytoplankton grow-out incubation, initiated from an iron-limited water mass, showed dynamic temporal cycling of iron-binding ligands. A biological iron model was able to capture the patterns of the strong ligands in the grow-out incubation relatively well with only the microbial community as a biological source. An experiment focused on remineralization of particulate organic matter showed production of both strong and weak iron-binding ligands by the heterotrophic community, supporting a mechanism for in-situ production of both strong and weak iron-binding ligands in the subsurface water column. Photochemical experiments showed a variable influence of sunlight on the degradation of natural iron-binding ligands, providing some evidence to explain differences in surface ligand concentrations between stations. Patterns in ligand distributions between profiles and in the incubation experiments were primarily related to macronutrient concentrations, suggesting microbial remineralization processes might dominate on longer time-scales over short-term changes associated with photochemistry or phytoplankton growth.
The use of full covers in real analysis

(1989). The Use of Full Covers in Real Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 328-333.
Transforming growth factor βand its receptor expression in glioma

Objective: To determine the expression of transforming growth factor β1 , 2 (TGF β1 , 2)and its type II receptor(TGF βRII) in gliomas , explore its relationship with the malignancy of the tumors and the mechanism of gliomas growth.Methods: Forty one cases of astrocyte gliomas were collected and among them, 16 cases were of grade I and II, 25 cases were of grade III and IV. LSAB immunohistochemical staining was used to semi quantify the expression of TGF β1 , 2 and TGF βRII. Results: Semi quantative analysis revealed that TGF β1 , 2 expression tended to aggravate from normal brain tissue, grade I～II gliomas to grade III～IV gliomas, and significant difference could be seen among them. The positive rate of TGF βRII in normal brain tissue was 100%. The positive rate of grade I～II and grade III～IV gliomas was 81 2%and 44%respectively. Semi quantitative analysis revealed that TGF βRII expression tended to diminish from normal brain tissue, grade I～II gliomas to grade III～IV gliomas, and significant difference could be seen among them . Conclusions: The magnitude of expression of TGF β1 , 2 is increased with the malignancy of gliomas. Owing to partial or total loss of expression of TGF βRII the expression of TGF β1 , 2 in gliomas is strengthened. Decrease of TGF βRII expression is related to the malignancy of the tumors. Decrease of TGF βRII expression might be important for the pathogenesis and development of gliomas.
Regionalization: A Time for New Solutions

Solutions must be found to the problems of facilities, personnel, transportation, and reimbursement in the delivery of neonatal health care. Each city, county, state, or region must implement systems that will enable achievement of the goal of provision of appropriate care for high-risk newborns as close to their place of birth as is medically and financially feasible.
Question-Based Dialogue on Media Representations of Social Problems Enhancing Civic Engagement by Uncovering Implicit Knowledge Accumulated From the Media

Media coverage helps people to be informed about many important social phenomena. However, there is no evidence that audiences know what to do with what they have learned from the media. The current study examines whether we can use implicit knowledge that people accumulate from the media about sensitive social problems to help them understand these issues, and reflect on their social responsibility. I applied principles of media literacy education and educational dialogue to conduct 16 focus groups on media representations of child sexual abuse with 93 college students. This study suggests that a question-based dialogue where the facilitator uses participants’ natural curiosity to help them construct meanings out of implicit knowledge they possess has an important potential to encourage civic engagement.
Breaking Fresh Ground

Co-opting the Rhodes Scholarship selection process offered two valuable incentives. The first was financial: if the Marshall Scholarship could use the Rhodes’ selection apparatus, the British government would save money. The Marshall could simply pay an honorarium to Rhodes selection committee members for their extra service, rather than expend time and money setting up a brand new selection process for Marshall Scholars across the USA. “I never understand how, at any bearable cost of time and money, it is possible to select, over that vast and varied country, the best dozen people for anything, with any assurance that you really are gotting [sic] the best,” wrote Hector Hetherington, Chair of the CVCP and an advisor to the government, to Makins in 1952.
Innocent or Intentional?: Interpreting Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a Preschool Mental Health Clinic.

Based on 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork in a U.S. mental health clinic focused on the treatment of preschool-aged children who exhibited extremely disruptive behavior, this article examines the contradictions clinicians faced when trying to identify and attribute “intentionality” to very young children. Disruptive, aggressive behavior is one of the central symptoms involved in a wide-range of childhood psychopathology and the number one reason young children are referred to mental health clinics in the United States. In the clinic where I conducted my research, clinicians were especially interested in diagnosing these children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), in order to identify those at risk for more serious mental illness later in the lifecourse. In this article, I look at the different strategies clinicians used in interpreting whether aggressive, defiant behavior was a part of the child’s “self,” a biologically driven symptom of a disease, or a legitimate reaction to problematic social environments. I argue that conceptualizing intentionality as a developmental, interpersonal process may help to make sense of the multiple discourses and practices clinicians used to try to reconcile the contradictions inherent in diagnosing ODD.
Chapter 2. The University as a Living Laboratory for Climate Solutions

The story of the University of California’s institutional goal of de-carbonization by 2025, already years in the making, was a key feature of a systemwide Summit on carbon neutrality and climate mitigation in the Fall of 2015. This report, commissioned by the Summit, represents a unique multi-campus, interdisciplinary collaboration, an attempt by one university system to harness its diverse intellectual resources to address the crisis of global climate disruption. This chapter puts the Bending the Curve report into the context of the University of California’s (UC) carbon neutrality and sustainability initiatives and offers one example of how a large organization can become a “living laboratory”— a research, teaching and learning, and innovation testbed—for climate solutions.
Instructor clarity, generative processes, and mastery goals: examining the effects of signaling on student learning

ABSTRACTThis study examined how, and under what conditions, teacher clarity (i.e., structure/signaling) impacts student learning. One hundred and forty eight students reported their propensity to approach their studies with a mastery orientation and were randomly exposed to a lesson on persuasion that was either signaled or not. After the lesson, students reported the extent to which they were able to organize the information in a coherent manner and took a test of their cognitive learning. Results indicated that, compared with the unsignaled lesson, students exposed to the signaled lesson scored higher on a test of cognitive learning to the extent that they were able to organize information meaningfully. However, the indirect effect of signaling on learning through organization was only evident for students who scored low on a measure of mastery orientation. Results are discussed as they pertain to our knowledge of clear teaching and the generative process of student learning.
Synthetic MSC? Nothing Beats the Real Thing.

Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a widely used and promising stem cell type to treat ischemic heart disease. Ease of access for MSC isolation and relatively straightforward culture/expansion protocols led to numerous studies to explore therapeutic potential of MSCs. Direct injection of MSC into infarcted hearts showed fusion with resident cardiomyocytes,1 transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels,2 and improvement of ventricular function coupled with beneficial remodeling.3,4 However, as is the case for multiple types of cardiac stem cell therapies, uncertainty and limitations also exist in adoptive transfer of MSCs. Major issues include poor intramyocardial engraftment, negligible long-term retention, marginal transdifferentiation capacity, and modest understanding of biologically relevant cytokines released after transplantation. MSCs are postulated to ameliorate heart disease through release of soluble factors that contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling, prosurvival and proliferative signaling, and also stimulate cell–cell communication and recruitment of endogenous cardiac stem cells through paracrine action.5 To support the paracrine hypothesis of action, MSC secretome products have been suggested to serve as an alternative to MSC therapy. Concentrated MSC-conditioned medium enriched for cellular secretion significantly reduced infarct size and improved ventricular function after intramyocardial delivery.6 However, the short half-life of released cytokines and the inability to maintain cytokine production after delivery are limitations of cytokine/paracrine-based …
Polycystic Kidney Disease in the First Year of Life

To determine the frequency of autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in infants and to compare the rate of progre ssion of these cond!tions, we conducted a retrospective survey of 48 patients Who were seenwith PKD before I year of age and who survived the first month of age. Seventeen patients had recessive PKD~ six had dominant PKD. Eighteen patients had insufficient data to categorize the type of PKD with certainty. Seven patients were classified as "other"; three had glomerulocystic disease and the remainder had multiple malformation syndromes or tuberous sclerosis. Renal ultrasonography and excretory urography accurately detected 15 of 17 patients with recessive PKD, but only one patient with dominant PKD was correctly diagnosed by excretory urography. The majority of patients in all groups required antihypertensive therapy. The 17 children with recessive PKD have been followe d up for 6.1 • 4.3 (SD) years. Eight patients are doing well. Two patients have died; f ive others have required treatment for renal failure. Only one patient has an estimated glomerular filtration rate within the normal range after 6 years of age. Long-term evaluation of most of the patients with dominant pKD is not yet avai lable; however, by age 42 months one patient has required dialysis. To provide optimum genetic counseling and accurate diagnosis for patients with PKD, a combinat ion of careful family evaluation, radiography, and liver or kidney biopsy is required. The outcome of patients who survive the neonatal period appears not to be so gr!m as previously feared, underscoring the importance of aggressive supportive care and the need for physician and family education. (J PEDIATR 1987;111"693-9)
Going with the flow: a new solution to the sign problem

Abstract We discuss a novel solution for the sign problem which prevents first principle Monte-Carlo computations of QCD at finite chemical potential (especially important for both the search for the critical point and neutron star physics) as well as real time quantities such as transport coefficients. The solution is based on deforming the region of integration in the path integral into a complex manifold where the sign problem can be mitigated substantially. We explain the new Monte-Carlo algorithm based on this idea and give examples of interacting quantum field theories (bosonic and fermionic) with nonzero chemical potential as well as real time dynamics where this method successfully solves the sign problem. This approach generalizes the “Lefschetz thimble” method that received much attention lately. We also compare/contrast with the complex Langevin method.
Condom use in adolescents and young women following initiation of long- or short-acting contraceptive methods.

Abstract Objective The objective was to determine if young women initiating long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) who report new sexual partner(s) would be less likely to report use of a condom than women using short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC) methods. Study design We enrolled a prospective cohort of 13–24-year-old women attending an adolescent-specific contraception clinic. Participants completed questionnaires at the contraceptive initiation visit and 6 months later. At follow-up, we asked if they had sexual intercourse with a new partner, if they had used condoms, if their condom use patterns had changed and why. We analyzed factors associated with condom use. Results We enrolled 1048 women; 771 (73.6%) initiated LARC and 384 (36.6%) initiated SARC. At 6 months, 508 participants (48.5%) completed the follow-up survey: 380 LARC initiators and 128 SARC initiators. Approximately 23% of LARC initiators and 27% of SARC initiators reported a new partner. SARC initiators who had a new partner were more likely to report condom use at least one time than LARC initiators reporting a new partner [82.4% vs. 59.6%; odds ratio (OR): 3.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–8.43]. Such condom use was 42% higher among LARC initiators who reported a new sexual partner than those without and 38% higher for SARC initiators. In multivariable logistic regression, new sexual partner [adjusted OR (aOR) 3.29, 95% CI 2.10–5.16], SARC initiation (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.35–3.22) and age Conclusion While young women are less likely to report condom use in the 6 months after initiating a LARC than after initiating a short-acting method, both groups increase their condom use similarly if they report a new sexual partner. Implications The differential in condom use between LARC initiators and SARC initiators is likely related to their perceived need for pregnancy prevention, as both groups increase their condom use similarly if they had new sexual partners.
Use of the blood substitute HBOC‐201 in critically ill patients during sickle crisis: a three‐case series

BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an important treatment modality during severe sickle cell crisis (SCC). SCC patients who refuse, or cannot accept, RBCs present a unique challenge. Acellular hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) might be an alternative for critically ill patients in SCC with multiorgan failure due to life-threatening anemia. HBOC-201 (HbO2 Therapeutics) has been administered to more than 800 anemic patients in 22 clinical trials, but use of any HBOCs in critically ill sickle cell patients with organ failure is exceedingly rare. In the United States, HBOC-201 is currently only available for expanded access. CASE REPORT We report three cases of HBOC-201 administered to critically ill sickle cell disease patients in SCC with multiorgan failure, either who refused RBCs (Jehovah's Witnesses) or for whom compatible RBCs were not available. RESULTS Two patients received more than 20 units of HBOC-201, while the other received 6. The 27 units used in the third case equals the largest volume a patient has successfully received to date. All three patients survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSION These reports suggest that blood substitutes such as HBOC-201 can provide an oxygen bridge in SCC with multiorgan failure, until corpuscular Hb levels recover to meet metabolic demand, and highlight the compelling biochemical properties that warrant further investigation.
Sexual Harassment: A Problem for Small Businesses:

Sexual harassment of employees is a national problem for businesses of all sizes, but small businesses seem less aware of it. Therefore, the purposes of this paper are to show how harassment can af...
Vitamin D, Acute Respiratory Infection, and Asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract Many studies have linked vitamin D status with common respiratory disorders, such as childhood wheezing, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although vitamin D probably contributes to human lung development, there is little evidence that vitamin D deficiency affects risk of developing asthma and sparse data regarding the primary prevention of COPD. By contrast, vitamin D deficiency appears to increase risk of acute respiratory infections, which cause most childhood wheezing and most exacerbations of asthma and COPD. Vitamin D's myriad effects on innate and adaptive immunity provide biological plausibility for how vitamin D deficiency: (1) increases risk of infection, (2) decreases therapeutic response to corticosteroids; and (3) alters risk of other related atopic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis. Further studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on acute respiratory infections and other respiratory disorders.