cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
China's Great Migration and the Prospects of a More Integrated Society

During the last three decades, China has experienced the largest migration in human history. China's great migration has had transformative social, economic, and demographic consequences for China and the world. In this review, first I provide background on China's household registration system (hukou), which has been in existence since the late 1950s and continues to affect the life chances of Chinese people. Then I focus on the great migration by discussing research that has examined its causes, migration trends, the adaptation/assimilation of migrants in urban China, the well-being of migrant children, and migration's impact on rural China. Finally, I identify key areas for future research and argue that China's great migration holds major promise to contribute to the literature on migration studies.
Repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in high-risk patients.

Conventional repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in high-risk patients is preferable to nonresective therapy and can be accomplished with very acceptable morbidity and a low mortality rate provided the risks are adequately evaluated and problems treated. However, it must be emphasized that the safety of repair is related not only to the surgical procedure, but also to the quality of the perioperative medical support. When resources are available, direct graft repair is the treatment of choice.
Sex Role Socialization in the USSR: Summary of the Past, and Prospects for the Future

This book has primarily been a study of Soviet views on sex differences in personality, and the social roles which supposedly reflect them. It has charted the discussion from its emergence in the 1960s up until the present day. The Soviet Union is now in a state of flux, and the opening up of public debate has entered this field as well as others. However, before we turn to the future and ask what might become of relations between the sexes in the Soviet Union, we should turn back the pages and summarize the story so far.
The Future of Evangelical Social Movements

Evangelical Christians in Britain and America formed dynamic social movement organizations to combat drinking a century ago and abortion in the past several decades. An evangelical ideology proved to be a powerful mobilizing force for British and American Christians who joined protest groups and fought for their cause with dedicated fervour. Without this religious ideology and the cultural values which followed from it, evangelicals would have had no compelling reason to organize such dynamic political protest groups.
Virtual Appliances for Deploying and Maintaining Software

This paper attempts to address the complexity of system administration by making the labor of applying software updates independent of the number of computers on which the software is run. Complete networks of machines are packaged up as data; we refer to them as virtual appliances. The publisher of an appliance controls the software installed on the appliance, from the operating system to the applications, and is responsible for keeping the appliance up to date. These appliances can be configured by users to fit their needs; the configuration is captured such that it can be reapplied automatically when the appliance's software is updated. We have developed a compute utility, called the Collective, which assigns virtual appliances to hardware dynamically and automatically. By keeping software up to date, our approach prevents security break-ins due to fixed vulnerabilities.This paper presents the concept of virtual networks of virtual appliances and describes our prototype of the Collective Utility. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by creating appliances for groupware servers, Windows desktop environments, and software development environments.
Accuracy of an Accelerometer-Based Hand-Held Surgical Navigation System for Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction: One of the primary goals in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is restoration of the mechanical alignment. The accuracy of conventional mechanical alignment guides and computer-assisted navigation systems has been extensively studied. The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy of a hand-held accelerometer-based navigation system for TKA. Methods: Fifty three patients undergoing TKA utilizing the KneeAlign system (OrthAlign Inc, Aliso Viejo, CA) (Figure 1) were performed by two surgeons. Intraoperative data including tourniquet time, device assembly time, and resection times were recorded. Target alignment goals were 0° femoral, tibial, and overall mechanical coronal alignment and 3° femoral flexion and posterior tibial slope. Coronal/sagittal alignment of the implant and the mechanical axis were measured by two independent observers on full length (54 inch) postoperative hip to ankle radiographs. Results: Average femoral coronal alignment was 0.29° varus ± 2.2° with 13% of patients exceeding 3° of varus/valgus. Average tibial coronal alignment was 0.25° valgus ± 1.4° with 4% of patients exceeding 3° of varus/valgus. Average femoral flexion angle was 87.2° and the average tibial posterior slope was 2.8° ± 1.8 °. Average postoperative mechanical axis was 0.2° varus ± 2.1°with 13% of patients exceeding 3° of varus/valgus (Figure 2). The average time to completion of femoral and tibial resection was 4.8 and 4.6 minutes, respectively, with an overall tourniquet time of 62 minutes. Conclusion: The KneeAlign system was accurate for reestablishing the mechanical axis and the femoral and tibial component alignment in TKA without increasing surgical time. Accuracy was better for tibial than femoral resection, but overall superior to mechanical alignment guides and comparable to computer-assisted navigation.
Rural Language and Literacy Connections: An Integrated Approach to Supporting Low-Income Preschool Children’s Language and Literacy Development

High-quality preschool programs that promote early literacy through oral language, phonological awareness, print and word awareness, and alphabet knowledge prepare children to be more successful in kindergarten and more effective readers. Additionally, interventions that connect home and school literacy environments and create literacy-rich home environments are associated with children’s positive academic outcomes. Integrated programming to support early literacy skills at home and school is important because children’s skill levels and readiness at the time they enter school are strongly related to later school success. Few early childhood programs effectively integrate supports across home and preschool settings. This chapter will describe Rural Language and Literacy Connections, an ecologically-based early language and literacy intervention for rural, low-income preschool children and their families that integrates preschool classroom instruction with family and environmental supports. The intervention includes the implementation of scientifically-based literacy curricula and as well as enriched literacy environments in rural preschools, child care settings, and children’s homes through the provision of supplemental literacy-based opportunities. Details of the intervention, including professional development supports for early childhood teachers, as well as language and literacy outcomes for children will be discussed.
Sample environment for in situ synchrotron corrosion studies of materials in extreme environments

A new in situ sample environment has been designed and developed to study the interfacial interactions of nuclear cladding alloys with high temperature steam. The sample environment is particularly optimized for synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies for in situ structural analysis. The sample environment is highly corrosion resistant and can be readily adapted for steam environments. The in situ sample environment design complies with G2 ASTM standards for studying corrosion in zirconium and its alloys and offers remote temperature and pressure monitoring during the in situ data collection. The use of the in situ sample environment is exemplified by monitoring the oxidation of metallic zirconium during exposure to steam at 350 °C. The in situ sample environment provides a powerful tool for fundamental understanding of corrosion mechanisms by elucidating the substoichiometric oxide phases formed during the early stages of corrosion, which can provide a better understanding of the oxidation process.
A retrospective analysis of a pediatric tele-echocardiography service to treat, triage, and reduce trans-Pacific transport:

Introduction Tele-echocardiography can ensure prompt diagnosis and prevent the unnecessary transport of infants without critical congenital heart disease, particularly at isolated locations lacking access to tertiary care medical centers. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all infants who underwent tele-echocardiography at a remote 16-bed level IIIB NICU from June 2005 to March 2014. Tele-echocardiograms were completed by cardiac sonographers in Okinawa, Japan, and transmitted asynchronously for review by pediatric cardiologists in Hawaii. Results During the study period 100 infants received 192 tele-echocardiograms: 46% of infants had tele-echocardiograms completed for suspected patent ductus arteriosus, 28% for suspected congenital heart disease, 12% for possible congenital heart disease in the setting of likely pulmonary hypertension, and 10% for possible congenital heart disease in the setting of other congenital anomalies. Of these, 17 patients were aeromedically evacuated for cardiac reasons; 12 patients were transported to Hawaii, while five patients with complex heart disease were transported directly to the United States mainland for interventional cardiac capabilities not available in Hawaii. Discussion This study demonstrates the use of tele-echocardiography to guide treatment, reduce long and potentially risky trans-Pacific transports, and triage transports to destination centers with the most appropriate cardiac capabilities.
Control of Slow, Use Dependent Inactivation of NaVAb by its C Terminal Tail

Bacterial voltage-gated sodium channels are composed of four identical subunits. They share major biophysical features with eukaryotic counterparts. Crystallization of full-length bacterial sodium channels (Payandeh et al. 2011, 2012; Zhang et al. 2012) makes them invaluable models for studying the structural basis of ion conductance, activation, inactivation, and drug interaction. Mammalian sodium channels have two main types of inactivation: fast inactivation on the order of milliseconds, which is mediated by the IFM motif in the intracellular loop between domains III and IV; and slow inactivation on the order of hundreds of milliseconds to seconds, which is believed to occur through pore collapse. The bacterial sodium channel NavAb activates at very negative membrane potentials, and it has a late use-dependent phase of slow inactivation that reverses very slowly (Gamal El-Din et al. 2013). We studied the effect of the NavAb C-terminal cytoplasmic domain on use-dependent slow inactivation. Deletion of 40 residues of the cytoplasmic tail (α40) abolished late use-dependent inactivation. Progressively smaller deletions to yield α28, α10, α7, and α3 caused graded effects. However, deletion of only 10 residues was sufficient to abolish most of the late, use-dependent inactivation of NavAb. In addition to modulating the extent of use-dependent inactivation, the progressively truncated constructs showed decremental slowing of the decay of sodium current during depolarizations. NaVAb-α40 has voltage-independent kinetics of current decay, while other constructs have differential profiles of decay kinetics that are correlated with C-terminal length. Our experiments reveal a surprisingly crucial role for the C-terminal domain, which forms a coiled-coil structure unique to bacterial sodium channels, in both early and late phases of use-dependent slow inactivation of NaVAb.
Proteomics of Color in Fresh Muscle Foods

Color and appearance of fresh muscle foods critically influence the consumers' purchase decisions. Myoglobin is the sarcoplasmic heme protein responsible for the color of meats. The interactions of myoglobin with other biomolecules in the post-mortem skeletal muscles govern the color of fresh muscle foods. Advances in proteomics offer valuable tools to characterize fundamental bases of these interactions and explain color phenomena in red and white meats. This chapter deals with the current research on the applications of proteomics to elucidate color biochemistry in fresh beef, pork, chicken, and fish.
Dose-Response Effects of Exercise Duration and Recovery on Cognitive Functioning

We examined the effects of different acute exercise durations and recovery periods on cognitive function in a counterbalanced, cross-over randomized controlled experiment. We placed 352 participant...
Smartphones in the Classroom: Students' Misperceptions

Students at a mid-sized public university in New England (N=129) were surveyed to determine their use of smartphones and their perceptions of their peers’ use of smartphones during class time for personal use. The results showed that students inaccurately perceived that their peers used their smartphones more often than they did. These misperceptions may lead students to believe that (a) texting, (b) surfing the Web, and (c) visiting social sites represent the campus norms. The main finding from this study that students inaccurately perceive that their peers use their smartphones more than they do themselves for personal use during class time is an important finding because the use of smartphones phones during class time for personal use distracts students from the leaning process. The results of this research shaped the model: Smartphones in the Classroom: Guidelines for Clarifying Students’ Misperceptions. Educators incorporating this model in their classrooms will reduce students’ use of smartphones for personal use during class time and improve the learning environment by reducing distractions. The implementation of the Model requires additional work by instructors. This may prove to be problematic due to time constraints. If so, informing students that misperceptions exist may clarify students' misperceptions enough to lessen their use of smartphones during class time for personal use.
Automation and Upgrade of the NIST 27.1 kN (6.1 klbf) Dead Weight Force Machine

This paper focuses on the automation and upgrades performed on the 27.1 kN (6.1 klbf) dead weight force machine located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg,...
Environmental Uncertainty and Positive Performance of Small Firms: The Roles of Key Mediators

The thesis of this research is that environmental uncertainty can act as a driver for small firms to be innovative resulting in a positive impact on performance. This paper examines the role of env...
Revision of Misumessus (Thomisidae: Thomisinae: Misumenini), with observations on crab spider terminology

The widespread and previously monotypic genus Misumessus Banks, 1904 from North America is found to consist of at least seven species. The type species, M. oblongus (Keyserling, 1880), occurs from Ontario, Canada, to eastern Texas and ranges over most of the eastern and mideastern United States. Misumessus lappi sp. nov. has a midwestern range and is known from central Texas to eastern Colorado. Misumessus dicaprioi sp. nov. is recorded from western North America from California, Utah and western Colorado, south to Arizona, New Mexico, and southwest Texas. Misumessus tamiami sp. nov. occurs in the southern half of peninsular Florida. Misumessus quinteroi sp. nov. is circum-Caribbean, with records from Mexico to Panama, Trinidad, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Another Antillean species, M. bishopae sp. nov., is known from Puerto Rico, Dominica, and possibly the Grenadines. Misumessus blackwalli sp. nov. is known from Bermuda from a single male; it is unlikely that this species represents Thomisus pallens Blackwall, 1868, a nomen dubium based on a juvenile female, and the only thomisid previously reported from Bermuda. This name has not been used since the 19th century other than in catalogs and checklists, and since its retention could potentially create a homonym, it is declared a nomen oblitum. The epigynal ‘hood' of thomisids is considered misnamed, as it engages the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA), and is renamed the ‘coupling pocket' as in other RTA clade members. A hood is herein considered to be a general term that refers to an epigynal outgrowth partly enclosing a depression that engages a structure on the palpal bulb rather than the palpal tibia.
The role of interleukin-2, all- trans retinoic acid, and natural killer cells: surveillance mechanisms in anti-GD2 antibody therapy in neuroblastoma

Although anti-disialoganglioside (GD2) antibodies are successfully used for neuroblastoma therapy, a third of patients with neuroblastoma experience treatment failure or serious toxicity. Various strategies have been employed in the clinic to improve antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), such as the addition of interleukin (IL)-2 to enhance natural killer (NK) cell function, adoptive transfer of allogeneic NK cells to exploit immune surveillance, and retinoid-induced differentiation therapy. Nevertheless, these mechanisms are not fully understood. We developed a quantitative assay to test ADCC induced by the anti-GD2 antibody Hu14.18K322A in nine neuroblastoma cell lines and dissociated cells from orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (O-PDXs) in culture. IL-2 improved ADCC against neuroblastoma cells, and differentiation with all-trans retinoic acid stabilized GD2 expression on tumor cells and enhanced ADCC as well. Degranulation was highest in licensed NK cells that expressed CD158b (P < 0.001) and harbored a killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) mismatch against the tumor-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA; P = 0.016). In conclusion, IL-2 is an important component of immunotherapy because it can improve the cytolytic function of NK cells against neuroblastoma cells and could lower the antibody dose required for efficacy, thereby reducing toxicity. The effect of IL-2 may vary among individuals and a biomarker would be useful to predict ADCC following IL-2 activation. Sub-populations of NK cells may have different levels of activity dependent on their licensing status, KIR expression, and HLA–KIR interaction. Better understanding of HLA–KIR interactions and the molecular changes following retinoid-induced differentiation is necessary to delineate their role in ADCC.
Consumer acceptance of eggs from Hy-Line Brown layers fed soybean or soybean-free diets using cage or free-range rearing systems.

Abstract Consumers have begun to awaken to the food on their plates with respect to human health and the environment, as well as animal welfare. They have become more demanding about what they buy or prefer in their food, such as soy-free, gluten-free, or organic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumer acceptance of eggs from hens fed soybean meal or soybean-free diets utilizing cottonseed meal and distillers’ dried grains, using cage or free-range rearing systems. All eggs were stored at the sensory lab at Texas AM P = 0.014). Consumers liked the texture (P = 0.018) for eggs collected from hens fed soybean meal (6.91) vs. eggs from hens fed the soybean-free diet (6.30).
Compatibility of reed canarygrass with alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil

47 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54 Changes in Mixture Botanical Composition over Time 54 Evaluation of Contrasting Populations and Cultivars 61 Comparison of Mixtures with Component Monocultures for Quality and Agronomic Traits 62 PART II. COMPATIBILITY OF FOURTEEN REED CANARYGRASS CLONES WITH ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL 75 ABSTRACT 76 INTRODUCTION 78 MATERIALS AND METHODS 81 Field Procedures 81 Statistical Procedures 83 RESULTS 85 Linear Model of Changes in Botanical Composition over Time 85 Reed Canarygrass Clone x Legume Cultivar Factorial Analysis 99 Path Analysis of Reed Canarygrass and Legume Yield Components 104 Linear Regression of Legume Yield on Reed Canarygrass Yield 110 DISCUSSION 116
Glutathione peroxidase and reactive oxygen species in TCDD-induced lipid peroxidation.

Previous studies have shown that high doses of TCDD induce hepatic lipid peroxidation and inhibit selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. The dose dependent effects of TCDD on hepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) and GSH-Px activity were determined. A dose as low as 1 μg/kg induced hepatic lipid peroxidation and inhibited GSH-Px. Based on the use of scavengers of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde formation) by hepatic microsomes from both control and TCDD-treated rats appears to be due primarily to H2O2. The results indicate that superoxide, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen are also involved. The differences in the reactive oxygen species involved in microsomal lipid perexidation between control and TCDD treated animals appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative. A 5.9-fold greater rate of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation by microsomes from TCDD treated animals occurred as compared to controls, while livers of TCDD rats had an MDA content that was 5.0-fold greater than the controls. These differences may be due in part to an enhanced production of H2O2 as well as a decrease in the activity of selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase which metabolizes H2O2.
Structure of the Fabric that Covers a Bacterium

A cell surrounded only with a phospholipid vesicle (the cytoplasmic membrane) should imbibe water and swell because of its mechanical weakness. The cytoplasm of the first descendants of the First Cell probably did not have a high enough turgor pressure to cause such problems, but by the time that much physiology had been developed and the Domain of Bacteria was about to be initiated, cellular systems must have improved, tending to increase turgor pressure and nearly bursting the cell. During earlier evolution, as organisms improved their intermediary metabolism and their membrane transport capabilities, the turgor pressure would have increased and the tendency of the cell to rupture, or “blow-up“, in a dilute aqueous environment would have progressively increased.
Foot characteristics in association with inversion ankle injury.

Objective To review the literature that provides information to assist in analyzing the role of the foot in acute and chronic lateral ankle injury. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, and SPORT Discus from 1965-2005 using the terms lateral, ankle, ligament, injury, risk factors, foot, subtalar joint, talocrural joint, gait analysis, and foot biomechanics. Data synthesis We found substantial information on the incidence and treatment of lateral ankle sprains in sport but very few articles that focused on risk factors associated with these injuries and even less information on the foot as it relates to this condition. Moreover, little information was available regarding the risk factors associated with the development of chronic instability after a lateral ankle sprain. We critically analyzed the foot articulations and the foot's role in the mechanism of injury to assist our clinical synopsis. Conclusions/recommendations An in-depth review of the foot complex in relation to lateral ankle sprains strongly suggested its importance when treating and preventing inversion ankle trauma. Throughout the literature, the only static foot measurements that show a significant correlation to this condition are an identified cavovarus deformity, increased foot width, and increased calcaneal eversion range of motion. Authors also provided dynamic measurements of the foot, which produced several significant findings that we discuss. Although our findings offer some insight into the relationship between foot characteristics and lateral ankle injuries, future research is needed to confirm the results of this review and expand this area of investigation.
Technology and Cultural Revenge

Of all the cultural products of Euro-American recent history, technoscience is probably the most powerful. No nation has ever successfully colonized the world, nor gotten its language to be the lingua globale, nor even gotten its arts universalized. But technoscience is a world phenomenon which has englobed the earth. In this essay I focus upon one particularly powerful strand of contemporary technoscience—its “image” and communications technologies—which play an especially important cultural role in a technologically englobed earth. We are all familiar with and use them: television, cinema, telephonic and computer networks, even the newer “fax” technologies. Correlated with these image and communications technologies, I focus upon the emergence of what I call pluriculture, a unique form of late modern crossculturality. And, within pluriculture, I shall examine a set of theses around “technology and cultural revenge.”
Ribonoscopy and “Theragnostics”

The combined field of researches in drug therapy, diagnostics, and prognostics may be referred to as “theragnostics.” Some investigators have already coined the word “theranostics” to refer to the same but I prefer theragnostics over theranostics because the second stem in the latter word, “nostics,” has no etymological basis. The main purpose of this section is to propose that ribonoscopy will find important applications in theragnostics.
Keynote Address: The Small Satellite Business: Contributions to, and from, Developing Countries

The most pressing need of the developing countries and, therefore, the most useful deed which we could undertake is the establishment of capacity in all areas of space activities. Although more engaging to address, technology transfer is just one component of the equation. Just as important is the necessity to build capacity in space science and technology applications, particularly to demonstrate clearly how small satellites can contribute to important decision making. While it is more profitable simply to sell technology, due consideration should be given to joint investment and financing for projects. Additionally, the issue of the sharing of intellectual property rights, as is deemed appropriate, has to be addressed seriously in order to allow the developing nations to advance incrementally.
What can the Innovator Learn From the Operations Manager? An Operations View of Innovation Strategy

The innovation has been recognized as a competitive advantage for almost all organizations. Yet, it has been a rather elusive topic when it comes to implementation. Operations design and strategy are mostly concerned about effective implementation of ideas. Hence, in this paper we marry these two fields (operations design and innovation), and identify three key areas for evaluating the innovation strategy, based on our previous research on innovation management. We further offer three prescriptions for practical implementation, which may be of value to managers with their assessment of the value of their innovation strategies.
Assessment of risk from long term exposure to waterborne pathogens

Disease due to waterborne pathogens, whether in outbreak or endemic form, continues to be a problem in both the developing and the developed world. Control of waterborne disease requires accurate assessment of the pathogen dose-response relation and of likely patterns of exposure. Heretofore, risk assessment of pathogen exposure has been done on the basis of several standard biologically plausible dose-response models. In this paper, the problem of estimating the long-term risk from waterborne pathogens is put into a rigorous mathematical and statistical framework. The implications of the biologic assumptions embedded in the dose-response models (e.g., heterogeneity in susceptibility) are fully considered, as are the likely patterns of long-term exposure (e.g., temporal correlations within individuals and heterogeneity of mean exposures). Two types of long-term risk are described, risk per person-time and risk per individual where the latter is the risk of infection at least once. The effects on these risks of heterogeneity in individuals’ susceptibilities and mean exposures and of temporal correlations of exposures are described, both theoretically and empirically using a sample of experimental data sets. Because different models with equal plausibility may give very different results in the low-dose range but fit the experimental data equally well, we apply the model uncertainty algorithm of Buckland et al. (1997) on example data sets. Finally, the computational aspects of the general problem, which are often challenging, are discussed along with the conditions under which simplifying approximations may be utilized.
Quantitative PCR of T7 Bacteriophage from Biopanning

This protocol describes the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) to enumerate T7 phages from phage selection experiments (i.e., "biopanning"). qPCR is a fluorescence-based approach to quantify DNA, and here, it is adapted to quantify phage genomes as a proxy for phage particles. In this protocol, a facile phage DNA preparation method is described using high-temperature heating without additional DNA purification. The method only needs small volumes of heat-treated phages and small volumes of the qPCR reaction. qPCR is high-throughput and fast, able to process and obtain data from a 96-well plate of reactions in 2–4 h. Compared to other phage enumeration approaches, qPCR is more time-efficient. Here, qPCR is used to enumerate T7 phages identified from biopanning against in vitro cystic fibrosis-like mucus model. The qPCR method can be extended to quantify T7 phages from other experiments, including other types of biopanning (e.g., immobilized protein binding, in vivo phage screening) and other sources (e.g., water systems or body fluids). In summary, this protocol can be modified to quantify any DNA-encapsulated viruses.
Why are US men retiring later

Over the past two decades, the share of individuals claiming Social Security at the Early Eligibility Age has dropped and the average retirement age has increased. At the same time, Social Security rules have changed substantially, employer-sponsored retirement plans have shifted from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC), health has improved, and mortality has decreased. In theory, all of these changes could lead to a trend toward later claiming. Disentangling the effect of any one change is difficult because they have been occurring simultaneously. This paper uses the Gustman and Steinmeier structural model of retirement timing to investigate which of these changes matter most by simulating their effects on the original cohort (1931–1941) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The predicted behavior is then compared with the actual retirements of the Early Boomer cohort (1948–1953) to see how much of the later cohort's delayed claiming and retirement can be explained by these changes. The Early Boomer cohort was less likely to be fully retired than the HRS cohort at both age 62 (36.7% vs. 44.0%) and age 64 (49.5% vs. 53.9%). The model suggests that the shift from DB toward DC plans was the biggest contributor to these declines, followed by better health. Social Security rules and improvements in mortality played smaller roles.
Featuring People in Ads (2018 Edition)

This is Chapter 13 from the 2018 edition of Advertising & Marketing Law: Cases and Materials, a casebook by Rebecca Tushnet and Eric Goldman. This chapter examines the legal issues arising from featuring people in advertisements, including publicity rights and endorsement/testimonial guidelines.
Long-Term Effects on QT Prolongation of Pretomanid Alone and in Combinations in Patients with Tuberculosis.

Concentration-QTc modeling was applied to pretomanid, a new nitroimidazooxazine antituberculosis drug. Data came from eight phase 2 and phase 3 studies. Besides pretomanid alone, various combinations with bedaquiline, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide were considered; special attention was given to the bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid (BPaL) regimen that has demonstrated efficacy in the Nix-TB study in subjects with extensively drug-resistant or treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Three heart rate corrections to QT were considered: Fridericia's QTcF, Bazett's QTcB, and a population-specific correction, QTcN. QTc increased with the plasma concentrations of pretomanid, bedaquiline's M2 metabolite, and moxifloxacin in a manner described by a linear model in which the three slope coefficients were constant across studies, visits within study, and times postdose within visit but where the intercept varied across those dimensions. The intercepts tended to increase on treatment to a plateau after several weeks, a pattern termed the secular trend. The slope terms were similar for the three QTc corrections, but the secular trends differed, suggesting that at least some of the secular trend was due to the elevated heart rates of tuberculosis patients decreasing to normal levels on treatment. For pretomanid 200 mg once a day (QD) alone, a typical steady-state maximum concentration of drug in plasma (C max) resulted in a mean change from baseline of QTcN of 9.1 ms, with an upper 90% confidence interval (CI) limit of 10.2 ms. For the BPaL regimen, due to the additional impact of the bedaquiline M2 metabolite, the corresponding values were 13.6 ms and 15.0 ms. The contribution to these values from the secular trend was 4.0 ms.
Supradata: The Experiential Dimensions of Data

“Our everyday life-world consists of concrete ‘phenomena.’ It consists of people, of animals, of flowers, trees and forests, of stone, earth, wood and water, of towns, streets and houses, doors, wi...
Direct Lending: The Determinants, Characteristics and Performance of Direct Loans

I explore the determinants, characteristics and performance of direct corporate loans, that is, loans originated by nonbank institutional investors without banks’ intermediation. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, direct lending has been the most rapidly growing credit market segment. I document that direct lending activity increases when commercial banks face greater regulatory pressure and during periods of weak bank loan and securitized debt issuance. Direct lenders are particularly active in geographic regions that experience more bank mergers and primarily focus on informationally opaque borrowers with limited credit history and few financing alternatives. Moreover, direct loans have higher interest rate, more flexible covenant structures and are more likely to be secured by borrower’s capital stock compared to institutional loans issued by banks. I further show that direct loans experience similar or somewhat better post-issuance performance compared to bank-originated institutional loans. Overall, I provide evidence consistent with the view that direct lending expanded the credit space without giving rise to adverse selection costs.
n. 03 - INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: FORMANDO CIDADÃOS GLOBAIS

Resumo: O tema deste trabalho sao os desafios e as possibilidades da Internacionalizacao na Educacao Superior. Temos como objetivo problematizar os desafios para a Internacionalizacao na Educacao Superior e apontar as suas possibilidades a partir do pensamento de Fossati e Miranda (2018), Gacel-Avila (2003), Godoy (1995), Knight (2004), Miranda e Stallivieri (2017), Morin (2005), Rudzki (1998), Sebastian (2004) e Stallivieri (2017). Utilizamos como metodologia qualitativa o estudo dos descritores da pesquisa a partir da revisao sistematica de literatura. A coleta de dados sera feita por meio do levantamento bibliografico e documental. Apresentamos como resultados a exigencia de uma politica publica para a internacionalizacao do Ensino Superior que faca parte de um projeto de Estado, que priorize a competencia intercultural como um objetivo curricular chave e que estimule a mobilidade internacional (FOSSATI e MIRANDA, 2018); a necessidade de internacionalizacao institucional com o intuito de estimular o desenvolvimento igualitario das nacoes pela oferta de educacao e de contemplar a mobilidade academica do corpo docente e discente. Propomos que as instituicoes academicas ampliem suas dimensoes interdisciplinar e intersetorial, fomentando o desenvolvimento sustentavel e a formacao do pensamento critico, estimulando as experiencias multiculturais e habilitando o individuo a ser um cidadao global. Palavras-chave : Internacionalizacao; Educacao Superior; Mobilidade Academica; Cidadao Global; Internacionalizacao Institucional Universitaria.
The response of plants to elevated CO2 : I. Competition among an assemblage of annuals at two levels of soil moisture.

Four coexisting annual plant species were grown in competition at three levels of CO2 (300, 600, and 1,200 ppm) and two levels of soil moisture (moist and dry). Plant height was higher at high CO2 concentrations for the three C3 species but not for the C4 species (Amaranthus retroflexus). Total community biomass increased with increasing CO2 at both soil moisture levels. The contribution of each species to total community biomass was influenced by CO2 concentration. The effects were especially pronounced for Polygonum pensylvanicum which contributed more to community production as CO2 and soil moisture increased. Amaranthus behaved in exactly the reverse way; it did best under ambient CO2 and dry soil moisture conditions. The results suggest that changes in competitive interactions and community structure will occur with the anticipated rise in global CO2 concentration.
Redox-Resistant SERCA [Sarco(endo)plasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase] Attenuates Oxidant-Stimulated Mitochondrial Calcium and Apoptosis in Cardiac Myocytes and Pressure Overload-Induced Myocardial Failure in Mice.

Background: SERCA [sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase] is regulated by oxidative posttranslational modifications at cysteine 674 (C674). Because sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium has bee...
Age bias in the criteria for antisocial personality disorder

The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) decreases with age. As such, research regarding ASPD typically focuses on children and younger adults. The apparent age-specific prevalence of ASPD may be due, in part, to diagnostic criteria informed by research excluding older adults. The present study sought to better understand the manifestation of ASPD in older adults and investigate potential age bias in the diagnostic criteria. Item response theory methods were used to the diagnostic criteria for ASPD with data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III. The measurement of three ASPD criteria showed uniform differential item functioning (DIF), suggesting that older adults were less likely to endorse the item than younger adults despite having the same level of underlying personality disorder. The items with DIF are related to the following criteria for ASPD: Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest (3 items with DIF); irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults (1 item with DIF); and consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations (1 item with DIF). Results of the present study can be used to inform the development of criteria that better capture the age-specific experience of this disorder. Improved criteria will result in increased diagnostic accuracy, systematic estimation of the prevalence, improved assessments, and more effective treatment options for this complex population.
Binding and stability of MgO monomers on anatase TiO2(101).

In catalysis, MgO is often used to modify the acid–base properties of support oxides and to stabilize supported metal atoms and particles on oxides. In this study, we show how the sublimation of MgO powder can be used to deposit MgO monomers, hither on anatase TiO2(101). A combination of x-ray electron spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory is employed to gain insight into the MgO monomer binding, electronic and vibrational properties, and thermal stability. In the most stable configuration, the Mg and O of the MgO monomer bind to two surface oxygens and one undercoordinated surface titanium, respectively. The additional binding weakens the Mg–O monomer bond and makes Mg more ionic. The monomers are thermally stable up to 600 K, where the onset of diffusion into the TiO2 bulk is observed. The monomeric MgO species on TiO2(101) represent an ideal atomically precise system with modified acid–base properties and will be employed in our future catalytic studies.
Growth of Silicon Nanoclusters

Semiconductor nanostructures are of great interest from both fundamental and applied perspectives. They are intriguing scientifically because their bonding and properties deviate strongly from those of their bulk solids and relevant industrially since nanodevices now approach the scale of large clusters. Understanding the behavior of any molecular system starts from ascertaining its structure. So a colossal effort was expended over the last two decades on characterizing semiconductor cluster geometries. As silicon is the most critical semiconductor, that effort largely focused on Si clusters. Structures of small Si clusters were elucidated early on by ab initio calculations, vibrationally resolved spectroscopy, and optical spectroscopies of matrix-isolated species. Progress for larger systems was enabled in late 1990s by an integrated suite of new tools. It includes ion mobility spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, collisional dissociation, and threshold ionization on the side of experiment, and novel molecular optimization algorithms based on evolution paradigm and fast, but accurate semiempirical protocols for energy evaluation on the theory side. Coherent application of these methods has characterized Si clusters up to the region of radical transition from prolate to spherical growth at ~ 25 atoms.
A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries

Abstract With increasing global urbanization and environmental threats, ensuring food security for poor city residents is a critical challenge. An ongoing debate is whether urban agriculture (UA) may serve as a pathway to food security for poor urban households. To assess this potential within low-income countries, we used standard systematic review procedures to synthesize findings from 35 peer-reviewed journal articles from 1980 to 2013 that presented data on UA and food security indicators. Though data quality was often lacking, several key findings emerged. Many of the reviewed studies found subsistence to be the primary motivation for practicing UA, followed by financial benefit, with UA substantially contributing to farming households’ food availability in some settings. Results regarding UA’s impact on dietary diversity reveal that in some farming systems UA may provide households with greater access to specific foods. Evidence also indicates that UA can be a key source of household income, though actual returns were low. Furthermore, results show that UA can facilitate women’s contribution to household food availability amid other household responsibilities, and can provide distinct benefits such as economic and social advancement. Although UA participation does not appear to fully eliminate pressure urban households face in obtaining food, a lack of supportive policies may constrain its potential. Municipal planning and agricultural policies that more effectively incorporate UA—and that integrate gender—may diminish barriers to productive UA practice. More rigorous research on UA’s contribution to food security in settings where supportive policies have been enacted would more clearly elucidate these linkages.
Abstract 16328: Residual Pulmonary Hypertension Persist Even in Patients With Successful MitraClip and Adversely Affect Heart Failure Events

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common among patients requiring mitral valve treatment, and even mild PH adversely affect outcome. The aim of the study was to investigate the response of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in patients undergoing MitraClip and determine the prognostic effect of residual PH. Methods: From 2007 to 2013, 121 consecutive patients undergoing the MitraClip were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups according to residual PH defined by post-procedural PAP obtained by transthoracic echocardiography. The primary endpoint was combined endpoints of all-cause mortality, left ventricular assist device implantation, shock, mitral valve surgery, New York Heart Association III-IV, re-hospitalization due to heart failure, new onset atrial fibrillation requiring hospitalization, ventricular arrhythmia, mechanical ventilation more than 48 hours, admission longer than two weeks. Patients with existing pulmonary disease or systemic disease affecting PAP were excluded. Results: Forty seven of 86 had residual PH. Patients with residual PH had higher pre-procedural PAP, and higher six months PAP than those without residual PH (pre-procedural, 50.3±13.4 vs 42.2±9.8 mmHg, p=0.003; at six months, 45.4±14.0 vs 34.7±9.9 mmHg, p Conclusion: Patients with residual PH have higher rate of adverse events associated with heart failure even with successful MR reduction, and additional medical intervention, such as pulmonary vasodilator, should be considered.
Experimental Design: Randomization and Social Experiments

Randomized controlled experiments are designed so as to make fair comparisons about which of two or more interventions works better, and to produce the least equivocal evidence possible about the relative effects of the interventions. The studies of impact may also be called randomized trials or social experiments depending on the particular focus. This article covers these kinds of studies in diverse academic disciplines and service delivery areas, different countries, and various geopolitical jurisdictions.
Ambulatory moderate plus vigorous physical activity is associated with greater bone mineral density in the hip in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (1166.2)

Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) present hypotonia, low lean mass and a fairly low amount of spontaneous ambulatory physical activity (PA), possibly influencing bone mineral density (BM...
Computational simulation of electromigration induced damage in copper interconnects

Current density levels are expected to increase by orders of magnitude in next generation power electronics and nanoelectronics. Electromigration which occur under high current density is the major concern for the nanoelectronics industry. Using a general purpose computational model, which is capable of simulating coupled electromigration and thermo-mechanical stress evolution, several dual damascene copper interconnect structures have been investigated for electromigration damage. Different diffusion boundary conditions including blocking and non blocking boundary conditions, current crowding effects, interface diffusion effects and material plasticity have been considered. Different damage criteria are used for quantifying material degradation. The computational simulation results match the experimental findings; therefore the model proves to be a useful tool for simulating damage evolution in electronics interconnects.