cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simplification heuristic for large flow tables

Flow tables specifying large asynchronous sequential circuits often contain more internal states than are required to specify desired circuit behavior. Known minimization techniques appear unsuited for reduction of such large (rows × columns > 250) flow tables, because of excessive computation and intermediate data requirements for problems of this size. The algorithm described here is intended to rapidly produce a simplified—but in general non-minimal—flow table. It is most economical when applied to extremely large tables and was devised primarily for automated design applications.The procedure has been programmed in PL/1 and has been incorporated into an asynchronous sequential circuit design automation systeml developed at the University of Missouri—Rolla. Typical flow table simplification times obtained using the program are cited. In one test reduction of a 217 row × 8 column table to 39×8 required about 2.6 minutes (the minimum table in this case was known to be 23×8).
SEQUENCE COMPARISON WITH CONCAVE WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS

We consider efficient methods for computing a difference metric between two sequences of symbols, where the cost of an operation to insert or delete a block of symbols is a concave function of the block's length. Alternatively, sequences can be optimally aligned when gap penalties are a concave function of the gap length. Two algorithms based on the ‘candidate list paradigm’ first used by Waterman (1984) are presented. The first computes significantly more parsimonious candidate lists than Waterman's method. The second method refines the first to the point of guaranteeingO(N 2 lgN) worst-case time complexity, and under certain conditionsO(N 2). Experimental data show how various properties of the comparison problem affect the methods' relative performance. A number of extensions are discussed, among them a technique for constructing optimal alignments inO(N) space in expectation. This variation gives a practical method for comparing long amino sequences on a small computer.
A technique for measuring hydrogen concentration versus depth in solid samples

The resonance at 0.83 MeV (center-of-mass energy) in the nuclear reaction ^1H(^(19)F,αγ)^(16)O has been used to measure hydrogen depth profiles in solids. Hydrogen concentrations have been measured to a depth of 0.4μm both in samples implanted with 11.5-keV protons and in several lunar samples. Further applications of this technique are discussed and several other resonant nuclear reactions are suggested for depth distribution studies of hydrogen and other elements.
Increasing the Rigor of Procedural Fidelity Assessment: An Empirical Comparison of Direct Observation and Permanent Product Review Methods

Although it is widely accepted that procedural fidelity data are important for making valid decisions about intervention effectiveness, there is little empirical guidance for researchers and practitioners regarding how to assess procedural fidelity. A first step in moving procedural fidelity assessment research forward is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the relation between currently recommended assessment methods, systematic direct observation (SDO) and permanent product review (PPR). To this end, we first discuss methodological issues related to procedural fidelity assessment via SDO and PPR, and how they are evidenced in the behavioral intervention outcome literature. Second, we present a single-case design study in which teachers’ implementation of behavior support plans was assessed via SDO and PPR. Third, we analyze the SDO and PPR data with regard to (a) relation between the methods; (b) methodological issues including definitions of procedural fidelity and intervention steps, representativeness of intervention steps, and collection of an adequate sample; and (c) association with student outcomes. Finally, we discuss implications for research and practice.
Linear versus process tracing approaches to judgment modelling: A new perspective on cue importance

Abstract For a bankruptcy prediction problem, the judgment formation process is studied using linear models and process tracing models. The linear models are constructed using traditional linear discriminant analysis techniques. The process tracing models are constructed using computer-generated algorithmically-based decision nets. All the models presented show good predictive accuracy. However, the linear models and process tracing models diverge widely on several measures of cue importance. This divergence, for a fairly straightforward problem, is intriguing since virtually all the evidence in the accounting literature about cue importance is based on linear models research. The importance of different information cues to decision-makers is clearly a critical issue in the design of effective accounting information systems. Thus, this study suggests the need for much more careful attention to the complex question of assessing cue importance.
Exploring Support for 100% College Tobacco-Free Policies and Tobacco-Free Campuses Among College Tobacco Users.

Background Tobacco-free campus policy is identified as an effective means to address tobacco use on college campuses; however, the prevalence of tobacco-free policies (TFPs) in the United States remains low. This study explores college tobacco users' support for a university's TFP and tobacco-free campuses (TFCs) in general. Methods A standardized and structured questionnaire was administered to 790 college tobacco users recruited in a university located in a tobacco-growing region of the United States, during April-May 2011, to collect information on support for TFPs and TFCs and sociodemographic-political characteristics. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify key factors associated with support for TFPs and TFCs. Results Approximately 2 of 5 tobacco users favored TFPs and TFCs. Multivariable logistic regression models showed that demographic factors were mostly not significantly associated with attitudes of the college tobacco users. Instead, while knowledge about harmful effects of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke significantly increased support for both TFPs and TFCs, parental and peer smoking and exposure to tobacco industry promotions significantly decreased the likelihoods of support compared with respective referent groups. Conclusion Study findings suggest that campus advocacy and education campaigns for campus tobacco policies to pay attention to tobacco use behavior of familial relations, tobacco industry activities, and other political determinants of tobacco users' attitudes. Thus, this study should inform national initiatives to promote TFPs nationwide such as the Tobacco-Free College Campus Initiative.
Performance comparison of two differential chip detection schemes of DSSS systems

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) with differential chip detection (DCD) schemes, chip model 1 and chip model 2, have been proposed in reference of A. Cavallini et al. (1997) and Q. Shi et al. (2002), respectively. The performances of these two DCD schemes have been studied via simulations in reference to M.M.K. Howlader and H, Chang (2003). In this paper, we derive the decision variables of these two DCD over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channel, and our results show that the noise variance in chip model 2 is twice of that in chip model 1.
Updating pagerank with iterative aggregation

We present an algorithm for updating the PageRank vector [1]. Due to the scale of the web, Google only updates its famous PageRank vector on a monthly basis. However, the Web changes much more frequently. Drastically speeding the PageRank computation can lead to fresher, more accurate rankings of the webpages retrieved by search engines. It can also make the goal of real-time personalized rankings within reach. On two small subsets of the web, our algorithm updates PageRank using just 25% and 14%, respectively, of the time required by the original PageRank algorithm. Our algorithm uses iterative aggregation techniques [7, 8] to focus on the slow-converging states of the Markov chain. The most exciting feature of this algorithm is that it can be joined with other PageRank acceleration methods, such as the dangling node lumpability algorithm [6], quadratic extrapolation [4], and adaptive PageRank [3], to realize even greater speedups (potentially a factor of 60 or more speedup when all algorithms are combined). every few weeks. Our solution harnesses the power of iterative aggregation principles for Markov chains to allow for much more frequent updates to the valuable ranking vectors.
Experimental validation of an optical system for interrogation of dermally-implanted microparticle sensors

Dermally-implanted microparticle sensors are being developed for on-demand monitoring of blood sugar levels. For these to be deployed in vivo, a matched optoelectronic system for delivery of excitation, collection and analysis of escaping fluorescent signal is needed. Previous studies predicted the characteristics of fluorescence from microparticle sensors to facilitate design of hardware system. Based on the results of simulations, we designed and constructed the optical part of this opto-electronic system. This study experimentally verified the simulation results and tested the capability of the designed optical system. Reliable skin phantoms sufficient for future dynamic tests were developed. Skin phantoms with different thicknesses were made and the optical properties of skin phantoms were determined with an integrating sphere system and Inverse Adding-Doubling method. Measurements of sensor emission spectrum through phantoms with different thicknesses were done with the designed optical system. Simulations for the experiment situation were performed. The experimental measurements agreed well with simulations in most cases. The results of hardware experiment and validation with skin phantoms provided us with critical information for future dynamic tests and animal experiments.
The molecular and cellular biology of enhanced cognition

Most molecular and cellular studies of cognitive function have focused on either normal or pathological states, but recent research with transgenic mice has started to address the mechanisms of enhanced cognition. These results point to key synaptic and nuclear signalling events that can be manipulated to facilitate the induction or increase the stability of synaptic plasticity, and therefore enhance the acquisition or retention of information. Here, we review these surprising findings and explore their implications to both mechanisms of learning and memory and to ongoing efforts to develop treatments for cognitive disorders. These findings represent the beginning of a fundamental new approach in the study of enhanced cognition.
Visceral artery aneurysm rupture.

Abstract Purpose: Aneurysms of the visceral arteries are infrequently encountered. Many are found incidentally and are thought to have a benign outcome. To better characterize these lesions and their clinical course, we reviewed our experience with visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) at a single institution. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all VAAs diagnosed at our institution over the past 10 years was performed. The presentation, management, and outcome of therapy was examined for each patient. Results: Thirty-four VAAs in 26 patients were diagnosed over the past 10 years. Four patients had multiple VAAs: splenic (17), hepatic (7), celiac (3), superior mesenteric (2), gastroduodenal (2), pancreaticoduodenal (1), right gastric (1), ileal (1) artery aneurysms. Associated aneurysms were found in 31% of patients and involved the thoracic aorta (3 patients), abdominal aorta (4 patients), renal arteries (2 patients), iliac artery (3 patients), lower extremity (1 patient), and intracranium (1 patient). In 15 patients (58%), VAAs were detected before rupture by chance or because abdominal symptoms resulted in diagnostic evaluation. Eight of these underwent elective surgery, and there were no deaths. Of those 15 patients with known VAAs, one patient died of rupture and hemorrhage from an untreated splenic artery aneurysm. Eleven patients (42%) presented unexpectedly with rupture, and two died despite prompt surgical treatment. The mortality rate in patients who had ruptured VAAs was 25%, including those who presented with ruptured aneurysms and those observed whose aneurysms eventually ruptured. Conclusions: Aneurysms of the visceral arteries are rare but important vascular lesions. Associated aneurysms are common. Because of the risk of rupture, often with a fatal outcome, an aggressive approach to the treatment of VAA is essential. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:806-11.)
Thermal Imaging Performance of Passive Infrared Scanners

An analytical base for assessing the performance of thermal mapping systems suitable for remote environmental sensing is provided. For systems that operate in a pulsed mode and are limited by photon noise, the signal-to-noise ratio can be expressed simply in terms of an effective signal irradiance which involves the whole spectral region of interest, and a single number which is the system's noise-equivalent irradiance (NEI) at the peak-response wavelength of the detector. A compact expression of the NEI is derived for background fluxes representative of situations encountered with contemporary radiation-shielded detector packages operating in the earth's atmosphere. In conjunction with the definition of an effective signal irradiance for extended targets, the concept of a figure of merit for passive thermal-imaging equipment is introduced, and implications for system tradeoffs are discussed. The analysis is applied to evaluate an 8- to 14-?m airborne scanner from the point of view of angular resolution and thermal sensitivity; limitations imposed by optical diffraction effects, detector time constant, and detector size requirement are also considered. Angular resolutions of, say, 0.1 to 0.2 mrad exemplify the capabilities of the current generation of infrared imaging sensors.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the pancreas: cytomorphological evaluation with emphasis on adequacy assessment, diagnostic criteria and contamination from the gastrointestinal tract

Objective: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) has been proved to be safe, efficient and reliable in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. This study evaluated specimen adequacy, diagnostic criteria of various pancreatic neoplasms and contamination from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods: EUS-guided FNA of the pancreas and subsequent surgical resections performed at the University of California Irvine Medical Center during February 1996-October 2000 were retrospectively selected. Modified Papanicolaou staining method was used for immediate evaluation and cell block prepared. Results: A total of 267 cases were available for review, including 147 (55.1%) positive/suspicious, 10 (3.7%) atypical, 96 (36.0%) negative and 14 (5.2%) unsatisfactory cases. Eighty-six (58.5%) positive/suspicious cases had histological confirmation and 12 (8.3%) had lymph node or distant metastases by cytology. Three atypical, two negative, and two unsatisfactory cases proved to have adenocarcinoma. Contamination from duodenum, stomach or pancreas was found in 77 positive/suspicious, three atypical and 90 negative cases. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were 94.6%, 100%, 95.6%, 100%, 82% respectively. Conclusions: EUS FNA is efficient and accurate in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms in adequate samples. Contamination from the GI tract should be well recognized to avoid misinterpretation.
Expert opinion: Experience with 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Arbitrarily, modern day treatment of inflammatory bowel disease begins with the introduction of immunosuppressives for ulcerative colitis. Clinical improvement with sulfasalazine had been meaningful but modest. Treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosteroids led to clinical responses never before realized but it took much too long to recognize that they were not capable of maintaining remission, that adverse reactions were subtle but potentially devastating and that some other agent would be necessary to capitalize on their transient advantage. This of course was true in the treatment of Crohn’s disease as well. Not much was ever made of the role of sulfasalazine for Crohn’s disease, but with the severing of the diazobond and the elimination of the sulphur component, the 5-aminosalacylic acid (5-ASA) products clearly led to clinical improvement, especially in cases of Crohn’s colitis and those with ileitis where the 5-ASA product was released in the terminal ileum and more proximal in the small bowel as well as in ulcerative colitis. The induction of remission was first demonstrated by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) with case reports and uncontrolled trials in patients with ulcerative colitis, but its placebo controlled trial for Crohn’s disease firmly established its role in inducing remission. No subsequent trial has confirmed its similar role for ulcerative colitis, but nevertheless clinicians know well that 6-MP works at least as well and probably more effectively for ulcerative colitis than for Crohn’s disease. What changes have taken place utilizing 6-MP in the management of inflammatory bowel disease since its introduction in the 1960’s and 1970’s and its trial for Crohn’s disease published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1980?
The Role of Diet in Modulating Gut Detoxification Mechanisms

Abstract Livestock ingest numerous potentially toxic compounds, including natural plant and fungal metabolites, insect chemical defenses, human-made environmental pollutants, and therapeutic drugs. In turn, animals evolved physiological mechanisms to protect themselves from these ingested toxins. Enzymes have been described that first activate toxins cytochrome P-450 and then conjugate the compounds (glutathione-S-transferase, GST) to detoxify, enhance elimination, or both. Two additional members of this defense have recently been described. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) differ from the detoxifying enzymes in that they are membrane-bound efflux transport proteins that mediate a reduction in intracellular toxin accumulation. The relationship between phase I and II metabolism of dietary toxins and the efflux transport proteins has not been examined for any livestock species. In this report the role of dietary constituents in the regulation of detoxification pathways and the importance of this regulation to animal agriculture are discussed.
Inhibition of Proteasome Activity by Bortezomib in Renal Cancer Cells Is p53 Dependent and VHL Independent

Background: Antiproliferative effects of proteasome inhibitors are suggested to be primarily due to effects on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent pathways and the induction of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanistic basis for the antiproliferative effects of the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in human clear cell renal cell cancer cells (CCRCC). Materials and Methods: von Hippel Lindau (VHL) mutation/methylation status and cytotoxic response to bortezomib was determined in a panel of CCRCC cell lines. Effects on target protein/gene expression and the role of p53 in bortezomib-mediated cytotoxicity, inhibition of proteasome activity, survivin transcript and protein expression as well as induction of p21 expression was determined in CCRCC that differed in their intrinsic sensitivity to bortezomib. Results: VHL status was not associated with cytotoxic response to bortezomib treatment. Cytotoxicity in cell lines that differed in intrinsic sensitivity to bortezomib correlated with sustained inhibition of proteasome activity, survivin expression and induction of p21 expression. Stable down-regulation of p53 expression by siRNA led to attenuation of bortezomib effects, survivin down- regulation and p21 induction, suggesting that cellular effects are p53-dependent. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the antiproliferative effects of bortezomib in CCRCC cells are VHL independent and dependent on pathways regulated by p53. Kidney cancer is responsible for more than 12,000 deaths per year in the United States and it has been reported that the incidence is increasing (1). Although the prognosis for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is excellent, there is significantly reduced survival with advanced disease. Treatment with interferons and/or interleukin-2, as well as inhibitors of angiogenesis have clinical activity in metastatic RCC (2-4). Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) comprises 75% of kidney cancer cases. We focused on CCRCC because it is the only histological subtype where the majority of hereditary and sporadic forms are associated with alterations in the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene either through gene mutation or methylation of the promoter region (5-7). The product of the VHL gene forms a complex
On liminality and loss: a decade of Israeli and Palestinian film

Beginning in fall 2000, after the President Clinton-brokered peace talks fell apart, Palestinians launched the Second Intifada, setting in motion events that would make headlines around the world: ...
Measuring component DGD using polarized fixed frequency components and monitoring the DOP

We propose two techniques to measure the DGD of components by scrambling the fixed polarized optical frequency components and measuring the resulting minimum degree-of-polarization.
Local and Semi-Local Density Functional Approximations for Exchange and Correlation: Why Do They Work, and Do They Work Best at Zero Temperature?

Kohn-Sham spin density functional theory is a widely-used method of electronic structure calculation. The simple local spin density approximation for the exchange-correlation energy of a many-electron system, proposed over 30 years ago, has worked beyond all expectation, and is still the basis for much of solid state physics. The semi-local generalized gradient approximation has brought much of quantum chemistry under the rubric of density functional theory. Some old and new explanations for the success of these approximations will be reviewed. In particular, the sum rule on the exchangecorrelation hole will be displayed for systems of fixed or fluctuating electron number at zero or non-zero temperature. INTRODUCTION In 1965, Kohn and Sham 1 derived exact selfconsistent field equations for the ground-state (T = 0) energy E and electron spin densities n↑(r), n↓(r) of N electrons in an external potential v(r): nσ(r) = ∑ α fασ|ψασ(r)| 2 (σ =↑ or ↓) , (1) fασ = θ(μ− eασ) , (2)
Adapting Projective Tests for Minority Children

Child abuse reporting laws have placed new demands upon law enforcement, human service agencies, and clinicians alike. For the clinician, these demands are compounded when minority children are involved. Few of the standardized measures seem to fit all cultural groups. In our situation the cultural mix involves Hispanic, Mexican, and American Indian children. We found a combination of two projectives, the Draw-A-Person/Draw-A-Family and the Thematic Apperception Test, to fit our multicultural needs. Specifically, we use the D-A-P drawings of the child and his/her family as "plates" and then apply the TAT "tell me a story about this picture" technique. Language: en
Twist Regulates Cytokine Gene Expression through a Negative Feedback Loop that Represses NF-κB Activity

During Drosophila embryogenesis, the dorsal transcription factor activates the expression of twist, a transcription factor required for mesoderm formation. We show here that the mammalian twist proteins, twist-1 and -2, are induced by a cytokine signaling pathway that requires the dorsal-related protein RelA, a member of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. Twist-1 and -2 repress cytokine gene expression through interaction with RelA. Mice homozygous for a twist-2 null allele or doubly heterozygous for twist-1 and -2 alleles show elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in perinatal death from cachexia. These findings reveal an evolutionarily conserved signaling circuit in which twist proteins regulate cytokine signaling by establishing a negative feedback loop that represses the NF-kappaB-dependent cytokine pathway.
An Active Pixel CMOS separable transform image sensor

This paper presents a 128×128 charge-mode CMOS imaging sensor that computes separable transforms directly on the focal plane. The pixel is a unique extension of the widely reported Active Pixel Sensor (APS) cell. By capacitively coupling across an array of such cells onto switched capacitor circuits, computation of any unitary 2-D transform that is separable into inner and outer products is possible. This includes the Walsh, Hadamard and Haar basis functions. This scheme offers several advantages including multiresolution imaging, inherent de-noising, compressive sampling and lower integration voltage and faster readout. The chip was implemented on a 0:5µm CMOS process and measures 9mm2 in MOSIS' submicron design rules.
Physical habitat utilization of fish in a Sonoran Desert stream, Arizona, southwestern United States

Abstract– The physical habitat utilization of 7 species of native fishes in a Sonoran Desert stream, Aravaipa Creek, Arizona is described. The species occupied significantly different depths and velocities of water. Longfin dace (Agosia chrysogaster), speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) and loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis) used similar depths and velocities. Two of the three larger species (Sonora sucker [Catostomus insignis] and roundtail chub [Gila robusta]) used areas of greater depth and reduced velocity. Desert sucker (Catostomus clarki) grouped with loach minnow and speckled dace in the velocity of water occupied, but utilized deeper waters. The spikedace (Meda fulgida) aligned very closely with desert sucker in use of all 3 physical habitat variables.
Power quality improvement at medium-voltage grids using Hexagram Active Power Filter

A new Hexagram Active Power Filter (APF) is proposed for harmonics elimination at medium-voltage grids. The new converter is composed of six interconnected three-phase standard two-level voltage source converter modules with advantages including modular structure with easy construction and maintenance, no voltage unbalance problem, reduced voltage stress, symmetrical structure with automatic and equal voltage and current sharing, and easy control with well-developed two-level control techniques, etc. In this paper, One-Cycle Control — an excellent control scheme for two-level converters is extended to realize the control of the Hexagram converter for active power filter function. Both simulation and experiment have been conducted and verified the proposed converter and proposed control scheme.
Robust stability of piecewise linear discrete time systems

This paper presents efficient algorithms for verifying the stability of uncertain discrete time piecewise linear (PL) systems. While PL systems are intuitively simple, they are computationally hard. Two approaches to verifying stability are presented. For each approach, separate necessary and sufficient conditions are given. The first approach requires the solution of a linear matrix inequality. This method is only applicable to a restricted class of PL systems, and is generally very conservative. It is demonstrated that for most PL systems, these conditions yield no information. The second, more general, approach is based upon robust simulation. This method is useful for all PL systems, and will always yield a definitive answer. If a system initially satisfies necessity, but fails sufficiency, these algorithms can be systematically refined and after a finite number of refinements, a definitive answer is guaranteed. The algorithms are illustrated on four examples.
Applying the resource-based relative value scale to the emory angioplasty versus surgery trial

Abstract The resource-based relative value scale developed for use in the Medicare fee schedule can also be very useful in profiling and comparing physicians’ cardiovascular utilization across different medical activities. This article applies relative value units (RVUs) to data from the Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial. The Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial was a randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) versus coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). All physician services in the clinical trial provided to 2 groups of patients—those undergoing CABG and those receiving PTCA—over the course of 4 years were assigned physician work RVUs (representing the intensity of physician work required) and total RVUs (representing both the intensity and practice costs). Physician charges were also compiled. These data were used to profile and compare physician services to the 2 groups of patients by type of service, distribution over time, and clinical department. Comparisons based on RVUs contrast sharply with differences based on charges. Mean physician charges, in 1996 dollars, were $27,158 for CABG patients and $21,491 for PTCA patients, a 26% difference (p
Hafnium imido complexes containing silyl ligands

Abstract The hafnium imido dichloride (2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)NHf(THF)2Cl2 (1) reacts with two equivalents of Ph3SiLi(THF)3 to yield the corresponding disilyl complex (2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)NHf(THF)2(SiPh3)2 (2) in low yield. Compound 2 was crystallographically characterized. The hafnium monosilyl complex (2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)NHf(4-t-BuC5H4N)2Cl[Si(SiMe3)3] (4) was synthesized in a similar manner from (2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)NHf(4-t-BuC5H4N)2Cl2 (3) and one equivalent of (Me3Si)3SiK in good yield. The Cp*-containing hafnium imido complex {Cp*HfCl[μ-N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)]}2 (5) was prepared by thermolysis of Cp*Hf[Si(SiMe3)3][NH(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)]Cl via loss of (Me3Si)3SiH. Complex 5 was crystallographically characterized. Attempts to prepared derivatives of 5 with reactive σ-bonds resulted in the formation of Cp*-cyclometallated species.
Age-related muscle dysfunction

Aging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass, strength, and quality, a condition described as sarcopenia of aging. Despite the significance of skeletal muscle atrophy, the mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of muscle performance are only partially understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes that contribute to age-related muscle dysfunction.
The Alpha Factor

The alpha factor is a 13 amino acid peptide secreted by some cells of yeast. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a eukaryote that exists either in a haploid or diploid state. It can undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction. The former occurs via the mediation of the mating of two haploid cells, types a and alpha, by two diffusible peptide pheromones, a and alpha factors. Each haploid responds to the appropriate pheromone by a series of responses such as cell-surface agglutinin synthesis, cell-cycle arrest in G1, and morphological transformation necessary for cell and nuclear fusion (1). The two types of haploids can be considered two genders since they mate. After the fusion of an a cell with an alpha cell, a zygote is formed that can propagate into a diploid line by budding or can undergo meiosis and sporulation, giving rise to a new haploid phase of the cycle (2–3).
Total Worker Health Intervention Increases Activity of Sedentary Workers

Introduction Office employees are exposed to hazardous levels of sedentary work. Interventions that integrate health promotion and health protection elements are needed to advance the health of sedentary workers. This study tested an integrated intervention on occupational sedentary/physical activity behaviors, cardiometabolic disease biomarkers, musculoskeletal discomfort, and work productivity. Design Two-group, RCT. Data were collected between January and August 2014. Setting/participants Overweight/obese adults working in sedentary desk jobs were randomized to: (1) a health protection–only group (HPO, n =27); or (2) an integrated health protection/health promotion group (HP/HP, n =27). Intervention HPO participants received an ergonomic workstation optimization intervention and three e-mails/week promoting rest breaks and posture variation. HP/HP participants received the HPO intervention plus access to a seated activity permissive workstation. Main outcome measures Occupational sedentary and physical activity behaviors (primary outcomes), cardiometabolic health outcomes, musculoskeletal discomfort, and work productivity (secondary outcomes) were measured at baseline and post-intervention (16 weeks). Results The HP/HP group increased occupational light intensity physical activity over the HPO group and used the activity permissive workstations 50 minutes/work day. Significant associations were observed between activity permissive workstation adherence and improvements in several cardiometabolic biomarkers (weight, total fat mass, resting heart rate, body fat percentage) and work productivity outcomes (concentration at work, days missed because of health problems). Conclusions The HP/HP group increased occupational physical activity and greater activity permissive workstation adherence was associated with improved health and work productivity outcomes. These findings are important for employers interested in advancing the well-being of sedentary office workers. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02071420.
I Couldnâ€™t Agree More: The Role of Conversational Structure in Agreement and Disagreement Detection in Online Discussions

Determining when conversational participants agree or disagree is instrumental for broader conversational analysis; it is necessary, for example, in deciding when a group has reached consensus. In this paper, we describe three main contributions. We show how different aspects of conversational structure can be used to detect agreement and disagreement in discussion forums. In particular, we exploit information about meta-thread structure and accommodation between participants. Second, we demonstrate the impact of the features using 3-way classification, including sentences expressing disagreement, agreement or neither. Finally, we show how to use a naturally occurring data set with labels derived from the sides that participants choose in debates on createdebate.com. The resulting new agreement corpus, Agreement by Create Debaters (ABCD) is 25 times larger than any prior corpus. We demonstrate that using this data enables us to outperform the same system trained on prior existing in-domain smaller annotated datasets.
Position Paper: Embracing Heterogeneity—Improving Energy Efficiency for Interactive Services on Heterogeneous Data Center Hardware

Data centers today are heterogeneous: they have servers from multiple generations and multiple vendors; server machines have multiple cores that are capable of running at difference speeds, and some have general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU). Hardware trends indicate that future processors will have heterogeneous cores with different speeds and capabilities. This environment enables new advances in power saving and application optimization. It also poses new challenges, as current systems software is ill-suited for heterogeneity. In this position paper, we focus on interactive applications and outline some of the techniques to embrace heterogeneity. We show that heterogeneity can be exploited to deliver interactive services in an energy-efficient manner. For example, our initial study suggests that neither high-end nor low-end servers alone are very effective in servicing a realistic workload, which typically has requests with varying service demands. High-end servers achieve good throughput but the energy costs are high. Low-end servers are energy-efficient for short requests, but they may not be able to serve long requests at the desired quality of service. In this work, we show that a heterogeneous system can be a better choice than an equivalent homogeneous system to deliver interactive services in a cost-effective manner, transforming heterogeneity from a resource management nightmare to an asset. We highlight some of the challenges and opportunities and the role of AI and machine learning techniques for hosting large interactive services in data centers.
Mental Health First Aid in Rural Communities: Appropriateness and Outcomes

Purpose Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), an early intervention training program for general audiences, has been promoted as a means for improving population-level behavioral health (BH) in rural communities by encouraging treatment-seeking. This study examined MHFA's appropriateness and impacts in rural contexts. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach to study MHFA trainings conducted from November 2012 through September 2013 in rural communities across the country. Data Sources: (a) posttraining questionnaires completed by 44,273 MHFA participants at 2,651 rural and urban trainings in 50 US states; (b) administrative data on these trainings; and (c) interviews with 16 key informants who had taught, sponsored, or participated in rural MHFA. Measure of Rurality: Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. Analyses: Chi-square tests were conducted on questionnaire data. Structural, descriptive, and pattern coding techniques were used to analyze interview data. Findings MHFA appears aligned with some key rural needs. MHFA may help to reduce unmet need for BH treatment in rural communities by raising awareness of BH issues and mitigating stigma, thereby promoting appropriate treatment-seeking. However, rural infrastructure deficits may limit some communities’ ability to meet new demand generated by MHFA. MHFA may help motivate rural communities to develop initiatives for strengthening infrastructure, but additional tools and consultation may be needed. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that MHFA holds promise for improving rural BH. MHFA alone cannot compensate for weaknesses in rural BH infrastructure.
Spacecraft Attitude Control under Constrained Zones via Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming

This paper examines an optimal spacecraft attitude control problem in the presence of complicated attitude forbidden zones. The objective is to design an optimal reorientation trajectory for a rigid body spacecraft under constraints, which is originally formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. The attitude forbidden zones are considered to prevent the light-sensitive instruments operated on-board from exposure to bright light while the mandatory zone to keep the communication instrument in certain zones to transmit and receive signals. When unit quaternions are used to represent the attitude of spacecraft, the dynamics and constraints are formulated as quadratic functions. By discretizing the reorientation trajectory into discrete nodes, the optimal attitude control problem can be formulated as general quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP). Due to nonconvexity of general QCQP problems, the traditional semide nite relaxation method can only obtain a bound on the optimal solution. In this paper, we proposed an iterative rank minimization approach to gradually reduce the gap between the bound and the optimal solution and will nally converges to the optima. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed algorithm.
Correction: Probing substrate binding to the metal binding sites in metallo-β-lactamase L1 during catalysis

Correction for ‘Probing substrate binding to the metal binding sites in metallo-β-lactamase L1 during catalysis’ by Mahesh Aitha et al., Med. Chem. Commun., 2016, 7, 194–201.
‘Mind maps’: helping from pedagogy to packing

A straw poll at the recent Royal Society of Medicine Winter Meeting in Saalbach, Austria, showed that only a handful of delegates were aware of ‘mind maps’ – surprising given that an internet search will find millions of mind map images and articles. In this article the author describes the basic concept of mind maps and how they can be used by healthcare professionals in their work.
Who's on First? Gender Differences in Performance on the SAT® Test on Critical Reading Items With Sports and Science Content

This study gathered quantitative and qualitative evidence concerning gender differences in performance by using critical reading material on the SAT® test with sports and science content. The fundamental research questions guiding the study were: If sports and science are to be included in a skills test, what kinds of material are appropriate for fair and valid assessments? Does item type matter with regard to differential item functioning (DIF)? What factors can provide explanations for the different levels of difficulty, discrimination, and DIF exhibited? Do differences in students' interest in and familiarity with the material affect their performance? From data gathered during the two phases of our research, it appears that most sports and science material of the sort used in this study should be permissible in a skills test. Particularly in the context of a long passage, in which most information needed to answer an item is provided, very little material appears to be too “specialized.” From participants' statements during cognitive interviews, it seems that interest in and/or familiarity with a subject has little impact on performance—despite previous research to the contrary. On the basis of our observations, we recommend the following: (a) use more than one type of statistic to evaluate differential item functioning; (b) consider the amount of context provided with an item rather than just the particular content of an item; and (c) when possible, use data rather than assumptions about gender bias to make decisions about test content that may generate differential item functioning.
Phylogenomic analysis of the family Peptostreptococcaceae (Clostridium cluster XI) and proposal for reclassification of Clostridium litorale (Fendrich et al. 1991) and Eubacterium acidaminophilum (Zindel et al. 1989) as Peptoclostridium litorale gen. nov. comb. nov. and Peptoclostridium acidaminophilum comb. nov.

In 1994, analyses of clostridial 16S rRNA gene sequences led to the assignment of 18 species to Clostridium cluster XI, separating them from Clostridium sensu stricto ( Clostridium cluster I). Subsequently, most cluster XI species have been assigned to the family Peptostreptococcaceae with some species being reassigned to new genera. However, several misclassified Clostridium species remained, creating a taxonomic conundrum and confusion regarding their status. Here, we have re-examined the phylogeny of cluster XI species by comparing the 16S rRNA gene-based trees with protein- and genome-based trees, where available. The resulting phylogeny of the Peptostreptococcaceae was consistent with the recent proposals on creating seven new genera within this family. This analysis also revealed a tight clustering of Clostridium litorale and Eubacterium acidaminophilum . Based on these data, we propose reassigning these two organisms to the new genus Peptoclostridium as Peptoclostridium litorale gen. nov. comb. nov. (the type species of the genus) and Peptoclostridium acidaminophilum comb. nov., respectively. As correctly noted in the original publications, the genera Acetoanaerobium and Proteocatella also fall within cluster XI, and can be assigned to the Peptostreptococcaceae . Clostridium sticklandii , which falls within radiation of genus Acetoanaerobium , is proposed to be reclassified as Acetoanaerobium sticklandii comb. nov. The remaining misnamed members of the Peptostreptococcaceae , [ Clostridium ] hiranonis, [ Clostridium ] paradoxum and [ Clostridium ] thermoalcaliphilum, still remain to be properly classified.
Single-Molecule Level Insight into Nanoscale Environment-Dependent Photophysics in Blends

Organic semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in low-cost (opto)electronic devices. Many successful organic materials utilize blends of several types of molecules that contribute different functions (e.g., serving as donors and acceptors in solar cells). In blends, the local environment, which is inherently heterogeneous, strongly influences the (opto)electronic performance and photostability. We use functionalized fluorinated pentacene (F8 TCHS-Pn) molecules as single-molecule probes of the nanoscale environment in blends containing donor and acceptor molecules incorporated into a polymer (PMMA) matrix. Single F8 TCHS-Pn donor (D) molecules were imaged in PMMA in the presence of functionalized indenofluorene (TIPS-IF) or PCBM acceptor (A) molecules using wide-field fluorescence microscopy at various concentrations. Long-lived dark states attributed to a reversible formation of an endoperoxide (TCHS-EPO) were observed, and the EPO formation and reversal processes, ...
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment decreases bladder pain in cyclophosphamide cystitis: a Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network animal model study

Objective To investigate whether treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-neutralizing antibodies can reduce pain and voiding dysfunction in the cyclophosphamide (CYP) cystitis model of bladder pain in mice. Materials and Methods Adult female mice received anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibodies (10 mg/kg i.p. B20-4.1.1 VEGF mAb) or saline (control) pre-treatment, followed by CYP (150 mg/kg i.p.) to induce acute cystitis. Pelvic nociceptive responses were assessed by applying von Frey filaments to the pelvic area. Spontaneous micturition was assessed using the void spot assay. Results Systemic anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody treatment significantly reduced the pelvic nociceptive response to CYP cystitis compared with control (saline). In the anti-VEGF pre-treatment group, there was a significant increase in pelvic hypersensitivity, measured by the area under the curve (AUC) using von Frey filaments at 5 h post-CYP administration (P = 0.004); however, by 48 h and 96 h post-CYP administration, pelvic hypersensitivity had reduced by 54% and 47%, respectively, compared with the 5 h post-CYP administration time point, and were no longer significantly different from baseline (P = 0.22 and 0.17, respectively). There was no difference in urinary frequency and mean voided volume between the two pre-treatment groups. Conclusion Systemic blockade of VEGF signalling with anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibodies was effective in reducing pelvic/bladder pain in the CYP cystitis model of bladder pain. Our data support the further investigation of the use of anti-VEGF antibodies to manage bladder pain or visceral pain.
A New Method for Photocephalometry

This Research Letter presents a simple technique for obtaining pre- and postoperative cephalometric measurements from digital facial photographs using an adhesive ruler affixed to sunglasses.
An Analysis of the Potential Costs and Benefits of Yield and Minimum Whole Farm Net Income Insurance to Rural Agricultural Households in Ethiopia

Food insecurity, poverty, and risk affect people’s well-being around the world on a daily basis. This research looks specifically at agricultural producing households in rural Northwestern Ethiopia and how yield insurance and minimum income insurance would impact household welfare. The impacts of yield insurance and minimum income insurance is examined to determine the impact of alternative risk mitigation options on household welfare and program cost. Additionally, the viability of the insurance programs for the Ethiopian government is considered. It was found that an approach that focused on income protection rather that crop insurance was more cost effective in providing desired household wealth. This research has the potential to assist governments in developing countries in providing public sector insurance programs for subsistence agricultural households.