cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new palladium catalyst for intramolecular carbametalations of enynes

Abstract The combination of (dba) 3 Pd 2 ·CHCl 3 plus a car☐ylic acid effectively catalyzes cyclization of 1,6-enynes in which asymmetric induction may be achieved by use of enantiomerically pure car☐ylic acids.
Young infants' reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object

The present experiments examined 7-month-old infants' ability to represent and reason about the physical and spatial properties of an occluded object. In Experiment 1, two groups of infants were tested. One group saw a screen that rotated 90° upwards and then, remaining vertical, slid backwards. The results showed that the infants expected the screen to stop sliding sooner when an object stood 10, as opposed to 25, cm behind it, suggesting that they (a) represented the location of the object behind the screen and (b) used this information to estimate at what point the screen should reach the object and stop. The other group of infants saw a screen that rotated upwards and then backwards, in the manner of a drawbridge. The results showed that the infants expected the screen to stop rotating sooner when an object 20, as opposed to 4, cm-high stood behind it, suggesting that they (a) represented the height of the object behind the screen and (b) used this information to judge at what point the screen should reach the object and stop. The infants in Experiment 2 also saw a screen that rotated upwards and then backwards. The results indicated that the infants expected the screen to stop sooner when an incompressible, as opposed to a compressible, object stood behind it (the two objects were of the same height). This finding suggested that the infants (a) represented the height and the compressibility of the object behind the screen and (b) used this information to determine at what point the screen should reach the object and whether it could continue rotating past this point (by compressing the object). The results of a control experiment supported this interpretation. Together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that, contrary to Piaget's (1954) claims, 7-month-old infants can represent and reason about the physical and spatial properties of an occluded object. These results have implications for three areas of infancy research: object permanence, physical reasoning, and representation.
Large scale micromagnetic simulation for the exchange interaction between a polycrystalline antiferromagnet and a ferromagnet

Exchange bias in biaxial and uniaxial systems has been micromagnetically simulated for a system containing more than 250 000 elements. Each ferromagnetic element was coupled to a neighboring antiferromagnetic grain that rotated uniformly under the effect of thermal fluctuations. The time evolution of the ferromagnetic moments was determined by solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation for each degree of freedom. For a sample of $\mathrm{NiFe}$ (thickness of $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$) coupled to polycrystalline $\mathrm{NiMn}$ (thickness of $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$) we obtained an exchange bias of $118\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Oe}$ and an enhanced coercivity of $108\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Oe}$. There is good agreement with experiment despite the absence of adjustable parameters. The simulation also correlates the symmetry of the antiferromagnet to the loop shape and training effect.
Two probabilistic results on rectilinear steiner trees

In recent years, researchers have proven many theorems of the following form: given points distributed according to a Poisson process with intensity parameterN on the unit square, the length of the shortest spanning tree (rectilinear Steiner tree, traveling salesman tour, or some other functional) on these points is, with probability one, asymptotic to β√N for some constant β (which is presumably different for different functionals). Though these theorems are well understood, very little is known about the constants β. In this paper we prove that the constants in the cases of rectilinear spanning tree and rectilinear Steiner tree do, indeed, differ. This proof is constructive in the sense that we give a polynomial-time heuristic algorithm that produces a Steiner tree of expected length some fraction shorter than a minimum spanning tree. We continue the analysis to prove a second result: the expected value of the minimum number of Steiner points in a shortest rectilinear Steiner tree grows linearly withN.
Supervisory Control of Drilling

A supervisory process control approach to machining is presented in this paper, and demonstrated by application to a drilling operation. The supervisory process control concept incorporates optimization and control functions in a hierarchical structure. This approach utilizes feedback measurements to parameterize the constraints of a process optimization problem whose solution determines both strategies and references for process control. For this particular drilling operation, a three-phase strategy (utilizing a combination of feed, speed, and torque control) evolved due to inherent variation in constraint activity as a function of hole depth. A controller comparison study was conducted which demonstrates the advantages of this approach compared to (1) uncontrolled “conventional” drilling, (2) feed and speed controlled drilling, and (3) torque and speed controlled drilling. Benefits of reduced machining time, improved hole quality, and the elimination of tool breakage are demonstrated, and the potential economic impact is highlighted for an example production application.
Synthesis of the Giant Dielectric Constant Material CaCu3Ti4O12 by Wet-Chemistry Methods†

CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) has a giant dielectric constant of up to 105 at room temperature and great potential for technological application. In this work, we report two wet-chemistry methods to synthesize CCTO at relatively low temperatures and short reaction times. The pure-phase sample was obtained at 800 °C for 0.5 h, and the grain size of a pellet sample sintered at 1030 °C has a homogeneous distribution in the range of 0.4–1.5 µm.
Artificial neural network models for texture classification via: the Radon transform

Texture is generally recognized as being fundamental to perception. A taxonomy of problems encountered within the context of texture analysis could be that of classification/discrimination, description, and segmentation. In this paper we suggest a novel artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for features extraction and texture recognition. There is evidence which suggests that the analysis of stimulus by visual system might involve a set of quasi-independent mechanisms called channels which could be conveniently characterized in the spatial frequency domain. In our model we use an FT feature space with angular and radial bins that characterize spatial domain filters to extract features. The extracted features are then used as input for the recognition stage. In order to evaluate the 2-D FT coefficients we use the Radon transform. The usage of the Radon transform simplifies the ANN model significantly. We suggest an electronic implementation of the ANN model for feature extraction, using a Connected Network Adaptive ProcessorS (CNAPS) chip designed by Adaptive Solutions Inc. We also develop software to simulate the ANN model with the Radon transform. We use a three stage back-propagation network as a classifier. We have used ten different texture patterns to test our ANN model.
Ethnicity, State Violence, and Neo‐Liberal Transitions in Post‐Communist Bulgaria

State socialist nationalization policies in the 1980s severely impacted the ethnic Turkish and Muslim regions of Bulgaria, while neo-liberal economic strategies have subsequently further deepened their economic crisis. This paper focuses on the ways in which policies of regional economic marginalization, cultural assimilation, and population expulsion have deeply marked the people and places of the Kurdajli region of southeastern Bulgaria. The paper shows how mass unemployment arose quickly after 1989 as a result of the closure of branch-plants, and assesses the role of social networks and non-capitalist economic practices in the Muslim communities during this period of economic immiseration. The paper shows how these legacies of state policy and social practice have provided flexible opportunities for the resurgence of apparel assembly for export, referred to locally as ‘Klondike capitalism’. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extent to which the history of violence has influenced the processes of internationalization in the region, and how we are to think about the relationship between regional mass unemployment and sectorally specific industrial revitalization.
Impacts of new energy technologies as measured against reference energy systems

Abstract Many technical options and policy options are available to decision-makers in the energy field. Each of these options will have specific and distinct effects on the efficiency, cost, and environmental attributes of the energy system that must be analyzed and understood through policy analyses performed in support of decision-making in industry and government. The comprehensive analyses that must be performed on a technical or policy option include engineering process studies; economic analysis; and the analysis of the transport, conversion, and health impacts of pollutants. Many analytical techniques are employed in this comprehensive analysis. The results, however, must be integrated in a complete but straightforward representation and expressed in the context of the overall system. The Reference Energy System was developed for this purpose. It is a physical description of the energy flows in the system from resources to end use, augmented with compilations of economic and environmental attributes associated with those flows. The Reference Energy System has been applied to energy policy analysis at the national level in industrialized and developing countries and at the regional level. It has been used as an integrating framework in a number of energy-economic analyses. By emphasizing the physical structure of the supply and end-use system, it allows for the insertion of specific policy options that are designed to effect changes in the energy system. The results of the application of this technique to the assessment of alternative energy technologies and energy strategies are described.
The inverse inertia problem for the complements of partial k-trees

Let F be an infinite field with characteristic not equal to two. For a graph G=(V,E) with V={1,…,n}, let S(G;F) be the set of all symmetric n×n matrices A=[ai,j] over F with ai,j≠0, i≠j if and only if ij∈E. We show that if G is the complement of a partial k-tree and m⩾k+2, then for all nonsingular symmetric m×m matrices K over F, there exists an m×n matrix U such that UTKU∈S(G;F). As a corollary we obtain that, if k+2⩽m⩽n and G is the complement of a partial k-tree, then for any two nonnegative integers p and q with p+q=m, there exists a matrix in S(G;R) with p positive and q negative eigenvalues.
Single-Phase and Two-Phase Hybrid Cooling Schemes for High-Heat-Flux Thermal Management of Defense Electronics

This study examines the cooling performance of two hybrid cooling schemes that capitalize on the merits of both microchannel flow and jet impingement to achieve the high cooling fluxes and uniform temperatures demanded by advanced defense electronics. The jets supply HFE 7100 liquid coolant gradually into each microchannel. The cooling performances of two different jet configurations, a series of circular jets and a single slot jet, are examined both numerically and experimentally. The single-phase performances of both configurations are accurately predicted using 3D numerical simulation. Numerical results point to complex interactions between the jets and the microchannel flow, and superior cooling performance is achieved by optimal selection of microchannel height. The two-phase cooling performance of the circular-jet configuration is found superior to that of the slot jet, especially in terms of high-flux heat dissipation. Unprecedented cooling fluxes, as high as 1127 W/cm 2 , are achieved with the circular jets without incurring CHF.
An integrated debugging environment for FPGA computing platforms

Large-scale, direct-mapped FPGA computing systems are traditionally very difficult to debug due to the high level of parallelism and limited access to internal signal values. This poster describes our solution to this problem, in which the concepts of variables and process control are brought into the FPGA hardware domain. Declarations made in the design environment are translated into logic inserted automatically into the hardware implementation. Variables provide full read/write access to hardware signals during runtime, complete with dynamic assertion checking capable of automatically halting the system clock. System data is consistently cached via attached DRAM, providing a very deep history of variable sample values and the ability to "rewind" system state. Process execution can also be controlled by the user on a cycle-by-cycle basis, either manually or through the declaration of breakpoints. Assertion failures and breakpoints are accurate within the same cycle of detection, and are implemented using on-chip gated clock buffers. All debugging controls are provided by a remote graphical user interface, which also supports back-annotation in the input design for improved data visibility and comprehension. The complete hardware and software infrastructure of the debugger has already been fully implemented, with user trials and overhead measurements ongoing at the time of writing
Simulation of a storage ring free electron laser with a mapping algorithm for distribution functions

A model for the simulation of the time-dependent behavior and the analysis of the equilibrium of the coupled system of storage ring and the free electron laser (FEL) is presented. The analysis comprises both amplifier and oscillator FELs. Bunch lengthening and energy widening due to wake forces are taken into account in a self-consistent way. The method is based on a mapping algorithm for means and correlations of the electron distribution function, pioneered by K. Hirata (1987). The evolution of the laser field in the oscillator FEL is described by supermodes. The model is used to simulate an FEL in a small 500 MeV storage ring with 100 m circumference. >
Nonexpansive Z(2)-Subdynamics and Nivat's Conjecture

For a finite alphabet $\A$ and $\eta\colon \Z\to\A$, the Morse-Hedlund Theorem states that $\eta$ is periodic if and only if there exists $n\in\N$ such that the block complexity function $P_\eta(n)$ satisfies $P_\eta(n)\leq n$, and this statement is naturally studied by analyzing the dynamics of a $\Z$-action associated to $\eta$. In dimension two, we analyze the subdynamics of a $\ZZ$-action associated to $\eta\colon\ZZ\to\A$ and show that if there exist $n,k\in\N$ such that the $n\times k$ rectangular complexity $P_{\eta}(n,k)$ satisfies $P_{\eta}(n,k)\leq nk$, then the periodicity of $\eta$ is equivalent to a statement about the expansive subspaces of this action. As a corollary, we show that if there exist $n,k\in\N$ such that $P_{\eta}(n,k)\leq \frac{nk}{2}$, then $\eta$ is periodic. This proves a weak form of a conjecture of Nivat in the combinatorics of words.
Defect and temperature dependence of tunneling in InAs/GaSb heterojunctions

We assess the origin of the reported temperature dependence of subthreshold slope in many published tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) by examining the temperature dependence of the intrinsic tunneling at InAs/GaSb interfaces in the absence of three-terminal parasitics. We compare the temperature dependence of peak current, excess current, and conductance slope for interfaces with and without heavy interface defect concentrations. We identify that the tunnel and excess currents depend on temperature and defect density but that the conductance slope, a two-terminal analog to subthreshold slope, depends only on defect density and not temperature, contrasting sharply with the heavy temperature dependence seen in TFETs in literature. We propose that TFETs based on this and similar materials systems are dominated by parasitic effects such as tunneling into oxide trap states, or other parasitics that are not intrinsic to the heterojunction itself, and that in the absence of these effects, the true steepness from band-to-band tunneling is limited by defects and inhomogeneity at the interface.
Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale.

Abstract A variety of mammalian lineages have secondarily invaded the water. To locomote and thermoregulate in the aqueous medium, mammals developed a range of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. A distinct difference in the suite of adaptations, which affects energetics, is apparent between semiaquatic and fully aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim by paddling, which is inefficient compared to the use of oscillating hydrofoils of aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim at the water surface and experience a greater resistive force augmented by wave drag than submerged aquatic mammals. A dense, nonwettable fur insulates semiaquatic mammals, whereas aquatic mammals use a layer of blubber. The fur, while providing insulation and positive buoyancy, incurs a high energy demand for maintenance and limits diving depth. Blubber contours the body to reduce drag, is an energy reserve, and suffers no loss in buoyancy with depth. Despite the high energetic costs of a semiaquatic existence...
Ambiguous language and differences in beliefs

Standard models of multi-agent modal logic do not capture the fact that information is often ambiguous, and may be interpreted in different ways by different agents. We propose a framework that can model this, and consider different semantics that capture different assumptions about the agents' beliefs regarding whether or not there is ambiguity. We consider the impact of ambiguity on a seminal result in economics: Aumann's result saying that agents with a common prior cannot agree to disagree. This result is known not to hold if agents do not have a common prior; we show that it also does not hold in the presence of ambiguity. We then consider the tradeoff between assuming a common interpretation (i.e., no ambiguity) and a common prior (i.e., shared initial beliefs).
THE IMPACT OF MARKET MAKER CONCENTRATION ON ADVERSE-SELECTION COSTS FOR NASDAQ STOCKS

We examine the impact of market maker concentration on adverse-selection costs for NASDAQ stocks and find that more market makers results in lower costs. Furthermore, this reduction in adverse selection exceeds the overall reduction in spreads that is attributable to market maker competition. We hypothesize that order flow internalization is increasing in market makers and allows for greater information production, and is an explanation for our findings. Our results provide an explanation for the puzzle documented by previous work that finds that adverse-selection costs for NASDAQ tend to be lower than for the New York Stock Exchange, whereas spreads tend to be higher.
Remote Measurement of Temperature in the Presence of a Strong Magnetic Field

This paper describes the development of a temperature sensor suitable for use in a pulse power system. Such systems generate large time-varying magnetic fields, which complicate instrumentation. A temperature-sensing system has been developed that can remotely capture information necessary to determine the temperature of a surface in the presence of a strong electromagnetic field. This sensor is based on an interferometer using a thin sapphire die coated with nickel and nickel oxide as the sensing element. A model was developed to predict the behavior of the sensor to determine the ideal layer thickness. With this system, temperature measurement has been demonstrated in the presence of a large time-varying magnetic field at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz over a range of 20degC to 350degC.
Cost Structures of Pork Slaughter and Processing Firms: Behavioral and Performance Implications

The cost structure of pork slaughter and processing plants and firms has significant behavioral and competitive implications. A survey of selected large slaughter and processing firms probed into fixed and variable costs for single and double shift plants, and capacity utilization and multiplant effects on cost levels. Behavioral implications are considered.
Fullerenes: three dimensional electron acceptor materials

This feature article highlights the advantages of employing [60]fullerene as a viable electron accepting building block in novel donor acceptor systems. Different strategies that aim towards improving charge separation in fullerene containing systems are presented. This is accomplished, for example, via utilisation of additional stabilisation forces of the radical pair or, alternatively, diffusional splitting of the last mentioned. Fine-tuning the topology of the electron donor moiety has been shown to be a powerful means of influencing the relative energies of the two states involved (e.g. the charge-separated state vs. the singlet ground state). Remarkable effects concerning the lifetime of the charge-separated radical pair were observed, in particular, in systems that upon charge separation led to a gain of aromaticity and planarity of the oxidised fragment.
Direct Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Unrestrained, Conscious Mice

Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) has been measured in anesthetized mice. However, anesthesia and acute surgical preparation cause poor cardiovascular stability and unphysiological blood pressures. This compromised physiological state confounds proper interpretation of experimental results considering the inseparable link between cardiovascular status and autonomic nervous tone. We, therefore, developed a surgical and experimental protocol for measuring RSNA in conscious, unrestrained mice. Male C57Bl/6J mice were chronically instrumented with blood pressure radiotelemeters, an indwelling jugular venous catheter and a bipolar electrode for recording RSNA. Mice were placed in a home cage and left to recover for 48 to 72 hours. Survival rate was 100%; all of the mice exhibited normal behavior with no sign of distress 24 hours after surgery. RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of the mice at 48 and 72 hours postsurgery; viable RSNA was reduced to 70% and 50% at 4 and 5 days postsurgery, respectively. Mean arterial pressure (116±2 mm Hg; n=10) was consistent with values reported previously for conscious mice. RSNA increased with the normal physical activities of eating and grooming and was validated by ganglionic blockade and pharmacological manipulation of blood pressure; reduction in blood pressure to 62±3 mm Hg with nitroprusside increased RSNA by 77±9% above baseline (n=5; P<0.05), whereas an increase in blood pressure to 137±6 mm Hg with phenylephrine reduced RSNA by 79±2% compared with baseline (n=5; P<0.05). Thus, we demonstrate an accessible and effective method for direct assessment of RSNA in conscious, unrestrained mice.
Convolutional encoding of self-dual codes

Self-dual block codes of rate 1/2 are constructed. The codes are of length 8m with weights w, w=0 mod 4. The codes have a convolutional portion of length 8m-2 and non-systematic information length 4m-1. The last two bits are parity checks on the two (4m-1) length parity sequences. The final information bit complements one of the extended parity sequences of length 4m. Solomon and Van Tilborg (1979) have developed algorithms to generate these for the quadratic residue codes of lengths 24 and beyond. For reasonable constraint lengths, there are possible Viterbi type of decodings that may be as simple as in the convolutional encoding/decoding of the extended Golay code. In addition, the K=9 constraint length for the QR (48, 24;12) code found by Solomon and Van Tilborg is lowered to K=8. >
A Flexible Spatially Dependent Discrete Choice Model: Formulation and Application to Teenagers' Weekday Recreational Activity Participation

This study proposes a simple and practical Composite Marginal Likelihood (CML) inference approach to estimate ordered-response discrete choice models with flexible copula-based spatial dependence structures across observational units. The approach is applicable to data sets of any size, provides standard error estimates for all parameters, and does not require any simulation machinery. The combined copula-CML approach proposed here should be appealing for general multivariate modeling contexts because it is simple and flexible, and is easy to implement The ability of the CML approach to recover the parameters of a spatially ordered process is evaluated using a simulation study, which clearly points to the effectiveness of the approach. In addition, the combined copula-CML approach is applied to study the daily episode frequency of teenagers' physically active and physically inactive recreational activity participation, a subject of considerable interest in the transportation, sociology, and adolescence development fields. The data for the analysis are drawn from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area Survey. The results highlight the value of the copula approach that separates the univariate marginal distribution form from the multivariate dependence structure, as well as underscore the need to consider spatial effects in recreational activity participation. The variable effects indicate that parents' physical activity participation constitutes the most important factor influencing teenagers' physical activity participation levels. Thus, an effective way to increase active recreation among teenagers may be to direct physical activity benefit-related information and education campaigns toward parents, perhaps at special physical education sessions at the schools of teenagers.
Three current account balances: A "semi-structuralist" interpretation

Three large current account imbalances—one deficit (the United States) and two surpluses (Japan and the Euro area)—are subjected to a minimalist structural interpretation. Though simple, this interpretation enables us to assess how much of each of the imbalances require a real exchange rate adjustment. According to the estimates, a large part of the U.S. current account deficit (nearly 2 percentage points of the 2004 deficit of 5½ percent of GDP) will undergo an adjustment process that involves real depreciation in its exchange rate. For Japan, a little more than 1 percentage point (of GDP) of the current account surplus is found to require an exchange rate movement (real appreciation) as the surpluses adjust down. For the Euro area, less than half a percentage point of its current account surplus is found to require an adjustment via real appreciation.
Balancing market exploration and market exploitation in product innovation: A contingency perspective☆

Abstract This paper examines three different ways to balance market exploration and market exploitation in product innovation. First, following the knowledge-based view, we examine whether market exploration and market exploitation have differential effects on various new product outcomes based on their different learning mechanisms. We find that market exploration facilitates new product innovativeness, whereas market exploitation is more beneficial for new product development speed. This indicates that market exploration and market exploitation influence new product financial performance via distinct paths. Second, we examine the interaction between market exploration and market exploitation on new product outcomes. Our findings indicate that the joint effects of market exploration and market exploitation reduce new product development speed and have no significant impact on new product innovativeness. Third, we examine the contingent role of customer need tacitness in influencing the effects of market exploration and market exploitation. Our results show that customer need tacitness strengthens the effects of market exploration on both new product innovativeness and new product development speed. In contrast, it weakens the effect of market exploitation on new product innovativeness, and has no significant influence on new product development speed. Our results provide specific guidelines for managers regarding how to achieve a balance between market exploration and market exploitation in product innovation.
International Supply Chains and the Volatility of Trade

The world trade collapsed in the most recent recession. Some analysts have suggested the increasing offshoring of the supply chain, or vertical specialization (VS) trade, can explain the apparent increase in volatility of trade over the business cycle. This paper develops a model of VS trade to examine its impact on the volatility of trade. The model features increased trade volatility as VS trade increases when goods production is more volatile than services production. While the simulated model generates the observed increase in relative volatility of trade to GDP from 1967 to 2002, most of the increase is due to GDP’s shift to less volatile services production. VS trade only accounts for a third of the increase. Counterintuitively, VS trade can moderate trade volatility.
Investigation of a Flexible Enantiospecific Approach to Aziridines

A flexible approach to functionalized and enantioenriched aziridines has been developed from an intermediate aziridinylmethyl tosylate. This protocol features a Cu-catalyzed Grignard substitution reaction that allows a range of functionalized organic fragments to be incorporated. Moreover, a convenient one-pot procedure is outlined that allows the trityl group to be exchanged for a range of common N-protecting groups.
Fault tolerance in linear systolic arrays using time redundancy

A linear systolic array with fault-tolerant capabilities is described. Fault tolerance is achieved by using triple time redundancy. The array is capable of undergoing reconfiguration and can operate in a gracefully degradable mode. The concept of algorithm remapping on degraded (smaller) arrays is integrated with that of graceful degradation to obtain a general fault-tolerance technique. A new technique for restructuring algorithms and executing them on a degraded array is discussed. The requisite modifications of the interconnection, switching, and control structures to achieve fault tolerance are discussed. Reliability analysis of the system is carried out, and the reliability is compared to that of nonredundant systolic arrays. Finally, the average performance of the system, with running time and throughput as performance metrics, is estimated. >
A hodgepodge of sets of reals

We open up a grab bag of miscellaneous results and remarks about sets of reals.Results concern: Kysiak and Laver-null sets, Kocinac and γ k -sets, Fleissner and square Q-sets,Alikhani-Koopaei and minimal Q-like-sets, Rubin and σ-sets, and Zapletal and the Souslin number. See the survey papers Brown, Cox [1], and Miller [17, 19].
Discovery of the astatine, radon, francium, and radium isotopes

Thirty-nine astatine, thirty-nine radon, thirty-five francium, and thirty-four radium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is described. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Chemical proteomic tool for ligand mapping of CYP antitargets: an NMR-compatible 3D QSAR descriptor in the Heme-Based Coordinate System.

Chemical proteomic strategies strive to probe and understand protein−ligand interactions across gene families. One gene family of particular interest in drug and xenobiotic metabolism are the cytochromes P450 (CYPs), the topic of this article. Although numerous tools exist to probe affinity of CYP−ligand interactions, fewer exist for the rapid experimental characterization of the structural nature of these interactions. As a complement to recent advances in X-ray crystallography, NMR methods are being developed that allow for fairly high throughput characterization of protein−ligand interactions. One especially promising NMR approach involves the use of paramagnetic induced relaxation effects to measure distances of ligand atoms from the heme iron in CYP enzymes. Distances obtained from these T1 relaxation measurements can be used as a direct source of 1-dimensional structural information or to restrain a ligand docking to generate a 3-dimensional data set. To facilitate such studies, we introduce the con...
User-guided white balance for mixed lighting conditions

Proper white balance is essential in photographs to eliminate color casts due to illumination. The single-light case is hard to solve automatically but relatively easy for humans. Unfortunately, many scenes contain multiple light sources such as an indoor scene with a window, or when a flash is used in a tungsten-lit room. The light color can then vary on a per-pixel basis and the problem becomes challenging at best, even with advanced image editing tools.We propose a solution to the ill-posed mixed light white balance problem, based on user guidance. Users scribble on a few regions that should have the same color, indicate one or more regions of neutral color, and select regions where the current color looks correct. We first expand the provided scribble groups to more regions using pixel similarity and a robust voting scheme. We formulate the spatially varying white balance problem as a sparse data interpolation problem in which the user scribbles and their extensions form constraints. We demonstrate that our approach can produce satisfying results on a variety of scenes with intuitive scribbles and without any knowledge about the lights.
Micro through nanostructure investigations of polycrystalline CdTe: Correlations with processing and electronic structures

Abstract This paper provides first-time correlations of the nanoscale physical structure with the macroscale electronic and optical properties of CdTe/CdS thin films for several standard deposition techniques. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the micro and nanostructures of polycrystalline CdTe thin films used in photovoltaic (PV) cell fabrication. Photoluminescence (PL) was used to determine band gap, relative defect density, and photoexcited carrier lifetime. Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to determine the nanoscale electronic properties. Nanostructural features (nanograins), beyond the spatial resolution of conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were observed and characterized in as-deposited CdTe. The correlations of the proximal probe measurements of the physical and electronic structure with the optically determined electronic properties were used to show the effects of the chemical and heat processing, directly and conclusively. A particularly striking effect with important implications for PV applications is the diffusion of sulfur across the CdTe/CdS interface during heat treatment.
The Continuing Puzzle of the Great Oxidation Event

The rise of atmospheric O 2 was a milestone in the history of life. Although O 2 itself is not a climate-active gas, its appearance would have removed a methane greenhouse present on the early Earth and potentially led to dramatic cooling. Moreover, by fundamentally altering the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, S and Fe, its rise first in the atmosphere and later in the oceans would also have had important indirect effects on Earth's climate. Here, we summarize major lines of evidence from the geological literature that pertain to when and how O 2 first appeared in significant amounts in the atmosphere. On the early Earth, atmospheric O 2 would initially have been very low, probably −5 of the present atmospheric level. Around 2.45 billion years ago, atmospheric O 2 rose suddenly in what is now termed the Great Oxidation Event. While the rise of oxygen has been the subject of considerable attention by Earth scientists, several important aspects of this problem remain unresolved. Our goal in this review is to provide a short summary of the current state of the field, and make the case that future progress towards solving the riddle of oxygen will benefit greatly from the involvement of molecular biologists.
AMPol-Q: adaptive middleware policy to support qos

There are many problems hindering the design and development of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs), which can dynamically discover and compose multiple services so that the quality of the composite service is measured by its End-to-End (E2E) quality, rather than that of individual services in isolation. The diversity and complexity of QoS constraints further limit the wide-scale adoption of QoS-aware SOA. We propose extensions to current OWL-S service description mechanisms to describe QoS information of all the candidate services. Our middleware based solution, AMPol-Q, enables clients to discover, select, compose, and monitor services that fulfil E2E QoS constraints. Our implementation and case studies demonstrate how AMPol-Q can accomplish these goals for web services that implement messaging.
Advances in Antibody Catalysis of Cycloaddition Reactions

Pericyclic cycloaddition reactions are among the most useful transformations available to the synthetic organic chemist. All are capable of si- multaneously establishing multiple stereogenic centers with high levels of selectivity. Although many powerful chemical catalysts for these reac- tions exist, biological catalysts for these reactions are rare, and in most cases, non-existent. With the advent of catalytic antibody technology, proteins have been developed that are capable of not only catalyzing the Diels-Alder reaction, but also hetero- Diels-Alder, retro-Diels-Alder, and 1,3-dipolar cy- cloaddition reactions. This review will summarize the key developments in the use of catalytic antibo- dies as catalysts for these powerful cycloaddition re- actions.
Origin of martian northern hemisphere mid-latitude lobate debris aprons

Lobate debris aprons in the martian mid- to high-latitudes (northern and southern hemispheres) have been interpreted as ice-related features that indicate periglacial climate conditions as recently as late Amazonian. Using MOLA topographic profiles perpendicular to apron flow fronts, we surveyed 36 debris aprons in the northern hemisphere found in the regions of Mareotis, Protonilus, and Deuteronilus Mensae and Acheron Fossae. The profiles of these aprons were compared with idealized simple plastic and viscous power law models for ice-rock mixtures. All aprons studied exhibit convex profiles similar to a simple plastic model. This confirms previous interpretations that debris aprons are ice-rich mixtures with rheologies similar to stagnant ice sheets, thus indicating high ice concentrations (>40% by volume). About 60% of the surveyed debris apron population significantly deviates from the idealized simple plastic model profile; this may be due to locally reduced ice content, which primarily controls apron topography. Although post-emplacement modification due to near-surface ice sublimation plays a secondary role in defining the overall shape of aprons, it causes conspicuous surface textures. Degradation by ice sublimation probably results in pitted and ridge-and-furrow surface textures revealed by high resolution MOC images. Such textures may indicate decreased near-surface ice stability since the formation of the aprons, possibly due to Mars' current low obliquity after their emplacement. High ice content inferred from topography suggests some debris aprons have ice cores: potentially exploitable water resources for future robotic/human operations that could prove invaluable for missions remote from polar regions.
Spacecraft Vibration Reduction Using Pulse-Width Pulse-Frequency Modulated Input Shaper*

Minimizing vibrations of a flexible spacecraft actuated by on-off thrusters is a challenging task. This paper presents the first study of Pulse-Width PulseFrequency (PWPF) modulated thruster control using command input shaping. Input shaping is a technique which uses shaped command to ensure zero residual vibration of a flexible structure. PWPF modulation is a control method which provides pseudo-linear operation for an on-off thruster. The proposed method takes full advantage of the pseudo-linear property of a PWPF modulator and integrates it with a command shaper to minimize the vibration of a flexible spacecraft induced by on-off thruster firing. Compared to other methods, this new approach has numerous advantages: 1) effectiveness in vibration suppression, 2) dependence only on modal frequency and damping, 3) robustness to variations in modal frequency and damping, 4) easy computation and 5) simple implementation. Numerical simulations performed on an eight-mode model of the Flexible Spacecraft Simulator (FSS) in the Spacecraft Research and Design Center (SRDC) at US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of the method.
Asymptotic Optimality of Multicenter Voronoi Configurations for Random Field Estimation

This technical note deals with multi-agent networks performing estimation tasks. Consider a network of mobile agents with sensors that can take measurements of a spatial stochastic process. Using the kriging statistical technique, a field estimate may be calculated over the environment, with an associated error variance at each point. We study a single-snapshot scenario, in which the spatial process mean is known and each agent can only take one measurement. We consider two optimization problems with respect to the measurement locations, using as objective functions the maximum error variance and the extended prediction variance. As the correlation between distinct locations vanishes, we show that circumcenter and incenter Voronoi configurations become network configurations that optimize the maximum error variance and the extended prediction variance, respectively. We also present distributed coordination algorithms that steer the network towards these configurations.
SYNTHESIS OF β-CARBOLINES. A REVIEW

(1996). SYNTHESIS OF β-CARBOLINES. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-64.
Adaptive nulling with multiple-beam antennas

Some of the more prominent features of an Applebaum-Howells type adaptive nulling processor when used in conjunction with a multiple-beam antenna operating over the earth field of view at synchronous altitude are discussed. Incorporation of this scheme with a multiple-beam antenna allows for the use of a large filled aperture in order to obtain pattern shaping capabilities over a limited field of view while keeping the number of antenna output ports at a tractable number. It also leads to a partial decoupling of the adaptive feedback loops, a property which can be exploited to provide significant improvements in the dynamic performance of the control system. Three techniques for accomplishing this improved dynamic performance particularly applicable to multiple-beam antennas are considered.
Gradual extinction prevents the return of fear: implications for the discovery of state

Fear memories are notoriously difficult to erase, often recovering over time. The longstanding explanation for this finding is that, in extinction training, a new memory is formed that competes with the old one for expression but does not otherwise modify it. This explanation is at odds with traditional models of learning such as Rescorla-Wagner and reinforcement learning. A possible reconciliation that was recently suggested is that extinction training leads to the inference of a new state that is different from the state that was in effect in the original training. This solution, however, raises a new question: under what conditions are new states, or new memories formed? Theoretical accounts implicate persistent large prediction errors in this process. As a test of this idea, we reasoned that careful design of the reinforcement schedule during extinction training could reduce these prediction errors enough to prevent the formation of a new memory, while still decreasing reinforcement sufficiently to drive modification of the old fear memory. In two Pavlovian fear-conditioning experiments, we show that gradually reducing the frequency of aversive stimuli, rather than eliminating them abruptly, prevents the recovery of fear. This finding has important implications for theories of state discovery in reinforcement learning.
Atmospheric budget of acetone

[1] The atmospheric budget and distribution of acetone are investigated by using a priori estimates of sources and sinks to constrain a global three-dimensional atmospheric model simulation and then using atmospheric observations from 14 surface sites and 5 aircraft missions to improve these estimates through an inversion analysis. Observations over the South Pacific imply a large photochemical marine source of acetone, either from the ocean or from marine organic aerosol. Low concentrations of acetone measured at European sites in winter-spring and in the Arctic in summer suggest a large microbial ocean sink. The summer-to-fall decrease of concentrations observed in Europe argues against a large source from plant decay. Continental observations in the tropics and at northern midlatitudes in summer imply a large source from terrestrial vegetation. Observations in the Northern Hemisphere outside summer imply a large source from atmospheric oxidation of anthropogenic isoalkanes (propane, isobutane, isopentane). Model simulation of isoalkanes and comparison to observations yields best global emission estimates of 12 Tg C yr−1 for propane (including only 0.6 Tg C yr−1 from biomass burning), 3.6 Tg C yr−1 for isobutane, and 5.0 Tg C yr−1 for isopentane. Our best estimate of the global acetone source is 95 Tg yr−1. The mean tropospheric lifetime of acetone is estimated to be 15 days. Terrestrial vegetation and oceans are the principal sources of acetone in the tropopause region (0.1–0.7 ppbv) except in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, where oxidation of isoalkanes is more important.
The effect of line configuration on perceived numerosity of dotted lines

Estimates the number of objects in a line are made in many different situations. This paper demonstrates that besides the actual number of dots, aspects of line configuration affect the perceived numerosity of dotted lines. Experiment 1 provides evidence that the highly studied "clutter effect" in distance perception research replicates to the numerosity domain so that lines made up of more segments are perceived to contain more dots. Experiments 2-5 provide nomological validity for the recently proposed "direct distance" effect in distance perceptions by showing that numerosity perceptions are higher the greater the euclidean length between the line end points and by manipulating euclidean length in three orthogonal ways: the relative length of segments (Experiment 2), the angle between segments (Experiment 3), and the general direction of segments (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 conceptually replicates the results of Experiments 2-4 utilizing stimuli-based versus memory-based judgments and a discrimination task. Experiments 6 and 7 extend the research on spatial perception by demonstrating that the use of euclidean length as a source of information is inversely related to line width, with width varied through clutter (Experiment 6) and total line length (Experiment 7). Overall, the results demonstrate that the robustness of the euclidean length effect is contingent on the salience of alternative spatial heuristics--specifically, euclidean width. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of InP Quantum Dots

This paper examines the molecular mechanism of InP colloidal quantum dot (QD) syntheses. Unlike methods for monodisperse PbSe and CdSe we found that existing InP syntheses result in total depletion of molecular phosphorous species following nucleation, so QD growth is due exclusively to non-molecular ripening. We find that amines inhibit precursor depletion via solvation, and these findings may lead to better synthetic methodology for InP QDs.