cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ligand-accelerated Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition: a mechanistic report.

The experimental rate law for the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was found to vary in complex ways with concentration, the presence of chloride ion, and the presence of accelerating ligands. Several examples of discontinuous (“threshold behavior”) kinetics were observed, along with a decidedly nonlinear correlation of electronic substituent parameter with the rate of CuAAC reaction with p-substituted arylazides. The previously observed tendency of the CuAAC reaction to provide ditriazoles from a conformationally constrained 1,3-diazide was found to be affected by a class of polybenzimidazole ligands introduced in the accompanying article. Various lines of evidence suggest that the standard tris(triazolylmethyl)amine ligand binds less strongly to Cu(I) than its benzimidazole analogues. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that (a) a central nitrogen donor provides electron density at Cu(I) that assists the cycloaddition reaction, (b) the three-armed motif bearing ...
The nature of insight. 1941.

© 2014 Washington School of Psychiatry 1 Hutchinson, Eliot Dole, Varieties of Insight in Humans. PSYCHIATRY (1939) 2:323-332. Hutchinson, Eliot Dole, The Period of Frustration in Creative Endeavor. PSYCHIATRY (1940) 3:351-359. B.A. Harvard College Summa Cum Laude 22; Sheldon Fellow from Harvard College at Univ. Berlin, Germany 2223; A.M. Harvard Univ. 25; Ph.D. 26; National Research Council Fellow Cambridge Univ. (Caius College) England 26-27; Instr. Psychol. Univ. Rochester, N.Y. 27-32; Asst. Prof. Psychol. 32-. M.: Amer. Psychol. Assn.; A.A.A.S.; Amer. Assn. Univ. Prof.; Rochester Psychol. Assn. Research; religious soc. aesth. For bibliography, see PSYCHIATRY (1939) 2:469. Originally published in 1941 in Psychiatry: Journal of the Biology and the Pathology of Interpersonal Relations, 4, 31–43. Hutchinson The Nature of Insight
Template for positioning and angulation of intraosseous implants

Abstract Presugical planning for submerged inplant location and angulation within bone relative to the opposing occlusion is important for the prosthodontist. This information is accurately communicated to the surgeon by using a surgical template. A technique for fanrication of the template is described.
Recent monte carlo calculations of the equation of state of Lenard-Jones and hard sphere molecules

The investigations repor ted at this sympos ium are in the process of publication elsewhere [1, 2]; since the la t te r papers are r a the r detailed, we will content ourselves here with a ra ther brief survey of the work, with only a few addit ional results. The t e rm (~ Monte Carlo ,) has come into use to designate numerical methods in which specifically stochastic elements are introduced, in contras t to the whole body of classical numerical techniques which consist of numerical evaluations of complete ly de te rminan t algebraic expressions. The par t icular Monte Carlo me thod used here was devised by METROPOHS et al. [3]; its essential fea ture is t ha t i t produces a Markov chain [4] in which the individual 5 Ia rkov s tates are points in the usual configuration space of s tat is t ical mechanics, for a sys tem of N molecules confined a t a t e m p e r a t u r e T in ~ volume Y. The t ransi t ion probabil i t ies character izing the Markov chain are de termined in such a way tha t the va lue of any funct ion of configuration state, averaged over all s tates developed in the Markov cha.in, approaches the pe t i t canonical ensemble average value of the same function. I t should be noticed t ha t the present me thod does no t consist in an evaluat ion of the configurational phase in tegral b y means of a random, selection of points in configuration space. A me thod of the l a t t e r sort, which m a y be compared with a sequence of independent throws of a die, is indeed
Value functions and the Dirichlet problem for Isaacs equation in a smooth domain

In this paper, we investigate probabilistic solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the elliptic Isaacs equation in a smooth bounded domain in Euclidean space.
Is more information always better? Party cues and candidate quality in U.S. judicial elections

Abstract We investigate the influence of electoral rules on voting behavior and the quality of judges, using newly collected data on judicial elections and ratings from 39 U.S. states. We find that in partisan elections, where candidates' party affiliations are listed on the ballot, party drives voting behavior and candidate quality has little effect on outcomes. In nonpartisan elections, where party affiliation is not on the ballot, party has a much smaller influence on voting behavior and candidate quality has a substantial effect on outcomes. If the primary task of public officials is not to represent voters' ideology and their decisions have little variability across parties, then we need to seriously consider the potential cost of partisan competition. To the extent that partisan voting behavior crowds out the influence of candidate quality on voting outcomes, the desirability of the partisan election system should be carefully assessed.
Role of Apoptosis in the Regulation of Virus-Induced T Cell Responses, Immune Suppression, and Memory

Apoptosis is an important mechanism enabling the selection of the non-self-reactive T cell repertoire and for maintaining homeostasis in the immune system after it has expanded to combat infections. Highly activated, proliferating T cells become susceptible to apoptosis driven by a number of stimuli, and T cells activated during a viral infection become susceptible to “activation induced cell death” after repeated stimulation through the T cell receptor (TcR). This is a major mechanism for the immune deficiencies observed during many viral infections. During infections with a high antigen load this can lead to a selective deletion of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to the establishment of persistent infection. More commonly, the CTL control the infection first, and high levels of apoptosis in the expanded lymphocyte population occur after antigen and growth factors become limiting. This cell death does not seem to depend on TcR specificity, as the residual population contains a remarkably stable population of memory CTL precursors that approximate the frequency per CD8 cell of that seen during the peak of the acute infection. Subsequent infections with heterologous viruses result in an expansion and then an apoptotic elimination of T cells, with the consequence being a reduction in precursor CTL specific for the first virus. Thus, apoptosis shapes the quality and quantity of T cell memory. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Excitatory amino acid pharmacology of the auditory nerve and nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken.

Abstract Experiments were performed on the nucleus magnocellularis and auditory nerve in tissue slices of 19–20-day-old chick embryos. Bath-applied kainate, quisqualate and N- methyl - d - aspartate induced dose-dependent alterations in the antidromic responses of nucleus magnocellularis neurons. The sensitivity of these agonist-induced responses to 2,3- cis -piperidine dicarboxylate, glutamate diethylester and d -α-aminoadipate were tested, as was the sensitivity of auditory nerve transmission. The data suggest that receptors for all three agonists are present on nucleus magnocellularis neurons and that the postsynaptic receptor of the nucleus magnocellul- aris-auditory nerve synapse is of the kainate type. The effects of bath-applied baclofen were also studied. Baclofen blocked orthodromic responses suggesting that an excitatory amino acid is released from the presynaptic terminal.
BCG-induced enhancement of endotoxin sensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice. II. T cell modulation of macrophage sensitivity to LPS in vitro.

Abstract BCG infection induces a marked increase in LPS sensitivity in vivo and will render genetically defective, LPS hyporesponsive, C3H/HeJ mice almost as sensitive to LPS as normal mice. In this study, we have examined the endotoxin sensitivity of lymphocytes and macrophages from BCG infected mice in order to determine the cellular basis of this effect. We have found that the alteration in endotoxin sensitivity is mediated by a primary effect of BCG infection on T lymphocytes rather than on macrophages. Macrophages from «LPS sensitive», BCG-infected C3H/HeJ mice remain unresponsive to LPS when tested in vitro . However, when peritoneal T lymphocytes from these LPS »corrected» mice were cocultured with LPS unresponsive C3H/HeJ macrophages, a conversion to the LPS-responsive state was observed as manifested by the ability of the macrophages to produce LAF (IL 1) upon LPS stimulation. T cells from normally LPS-responsive or BCG-infected C3H/HeN mice, but not from control C3H/HeJ mice, were also able to render C3H/HeJ macrophages sensitive to LPS. This activity was not affected by treatment of the column-purified T cells with anti-macrophage serum plus complement, indicating that the response was not due to residual LPS-responsive macrophages contaminating the T cell preparations. The ability of the T cell suspension to render C3H/HeJ macrophages capable of producing LAF (IL 1) in response to LPS was abrogated by treatment of the T cell preparations with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement. These findings establish the importance of T lymphocytes in regulating the LPS sensitivity of macrophages in BCG infected C3H/HeJ mice and support the concept that macrophage LPS responsiveness is dependent upon a certain state of macrophage activation which is regulated by lymphocytes.
Medical management of epilepsy in adults

Optimal treatment of epilepsy in adults requires a tailored approach that weighs the efficacy of individual drugs in the specific diagnosis against the patient9s risks for adverse events. Partial seizures, which are the most common seizure type in adults, can be effectively controlled by virtually all the standard and newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). For the generalized epilepsies, valproate remains the drug of choice. Data continue to accumulate regarding use of the newer agents. Overall, many of the newer AEDs may offer a better tolerability than the standard agents because of more favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and lack of interactions with drugs other than AEDs. Serious adverse events have been associated with felbamate and lamotrigine, however, and more experience is needed with many of the other newer AEDs to better define their safety profiles. Monotherapy should be the goal when AED treatment is instituted for the adult with epilepsy. Dosage modification on the basis of seizure control and toxicity should be implemented, as well as single-drug trials with alternative AEDs, before resorting to polytherapy. With the introduction of several promising newer AEDs, safe and effective seizure control may become a reality for an increasing number of adults with epilepsy.
Elastic scattering of 17 to 21 MeV neutrons from 12C

Abstract A search for a resonance in the yield of elastically scattered 17 to 21 MeV neutrons from 12 C has been made. The differential cross section has been measured for laboratory angles of 36°, 51°, 60°, 86°, 123.5° and 139°. The total cross section was also measured for the same range of neutron energies. In the differential cross sections which were measured at 36°, 51° and 60°, a broad peak was present at a laboratory neutron energy of 19.5±0.2 MeV. Its total width at half maximum was approximately 1.1 MeV and its height was between 14 and 21% of the value of the continuum. Within the 4.5% statistical error of our measurements, the peak does not appear at 86°. At 123.5° and 139°, the cross section decreases monotonically by a factor of three between 17.5 and 20.5 MeV. The total cross section data, which exhibit a weak resonance at 19.6±0.2 MeV having a total width at half maximum of about 1.2 MeV, are consistent with the differential cross section results. The resonance, which presumably results from a state or states in the compound nucleus 13 C, appears similar to the known resonance in the yield of elastically scattered 22.5 MeV protons from 12 C.
Efficient bandwidth utilization in LambdaGrids using pricing incentives

The ability to reserve network bandwidth is a critical factor for the success of high-performance grid applications. Reservation of lightpaths in dynamically switched optical networks facilitates guaranteed bandwidth. However, reservation of bandwidth can often lead to bandwidth fragmentation which significantly reduces system utilization and increases the blocking probability of the network. An interesting approach to mitigating this problem is to induce quasi-flexibility in the user requests. A smart scheduling strategy can then exploit this quasi-flexibility and optimize bandwidth utilization. However, there has to be an incentive for flexibility from the user's perspective as well. In this paper, we explore how the network service provider (NSP) can influence user flexibility by dynamically engineering pricing incentives. Ultimately, user flexibility will lead to efficient network utilization, reduce the price for the users, and increase the revenue for the NSP.
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in pregnancy

Women heterozygous for mutations at the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus may be at risk for hyperammonaemia and its untoward effects including coma and death in the postpartum period. We present the case of a pregnant woman heterozygous for OTC deficiency (McKusick 311250) whose past medical history was significant for two prior pregnancies complicated by postpartum hyperammonaemic coma. In the index pregnancy, increased levels of serum ammonium were noted during labour. Postpartum hyperammonaemia was averted by administration of oral sodium benzoate. Our experience demonstrates that in women at risk, perilous hyperammonaemia can be prevented through appropriate medical management.
Diverse programs of ascus development in pseudohomothallic species of Neurospora, Gelasinospora, and Podospora.

Meiosis and ascospore development in the four-spored pseudohomothallic ascomycetes Neurospora tetrasperma, Gelasinospora tetrasperma, Podospora anserina, and P. fefraspora have been reexamined, highlighting differences that reflect independent origins of the four-spored condition in the different genera. In these species, as in the heterothallic eight-spored N. crassa, fusion of haploid nuclei is followed directly by meiosis and a postmeiotic mitosis. These divisions take place within a single unpartitioned giant cell, the ascus, which attains a length of >0.1 mm before nuclei are enclosed by ascospore walls. Two basically different modes underlie the delivery of opposite mating type nuclei into each of the four ascospores in the different genera. In N. tefrasperma on the one hand, the mating type locus is closely centromere-linked. Mating types therefore segregate at the first meiotic division. The second division spindles of N. tefrasperma overlap and are usually parallel to one another, in contrast to the their tandem arrangement in N. crassa. As a result, nonsister nuclei of opposite mating type are placed close together in each half-ascus and a pair is enclosed in each ascospore. In the Podospora and Gelasinospora species on the other hand, the second-division spindles are in tandem, with sister nuclei of opposite mating type associated as a pair in each half-ascus. It is established for P. anserina and inferred for P. fetraspora and G. fefrasperma that a single reciprocal crossing over almost always occurs in the mating type-centromere interval, ensuring that mating types segregate at the second meiotic division and that nuclei of opposite mating type are enclosed in each ascospore. Other differences are also seen that are less fundamental. Neurospora tetrasperma differs from the other species in the orientation of chromosomes and spindle pole body plaques at interphase (I.) Third-division spindles are oriented parallel to the ascus wall in Gelasinospora but across the ascus in Podospora and Neurospora. The two Podospora species differ from one another in nuclear behavior following mitosis in the young ascospores. In P. tefraspora, two of the four nuclei migrate into the tail cell, which degenerates, leaving one functional nucleus of each mating type. In P. anserina, by contrast, only one of the four nuclei moves into the tail cell, leaving the germinating ascospore with two functional nuclei of one mating type and one of the other. The pseudohomothallic condition with its heterokaryotic vegetative phase has significant consequences for both the individual organism and the breeding system. Genetic controls of development and recombination are complex. Inbreeding is not obligatory. © 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
Crystallization of the nonameric small terminase subunit of bacteriophage P22

The packaging of viral genomes into preformed empty procapsids is powered by an ATP-dependent genome-translocating motor. This molecular machine is formed by a heterodimer consisting of large terminase (L-terminase) and small terminase (S-terminase) subunits, which is assembled into a complex of unknown stoichiometry, and a dodecameric portal protein. There is considerable confusion in the literature regarding the biologically relevant oligomeric state of terminases, which, like portal proteins, form ring-like structures. The number of subunits in a hollow oligomeric protein defines the internal diameter of the central channel and the ability to fit DNA inside. Thus, knowledge of the exact stoichiometry of terminases is critical to decipher the mechanisms of terminase-dependent DNA translocation. Here, the gene encoding bacteriophage P22 S-­terminase in Escherichia coli has been overexpressed and the protein purified under native conditions. In the absence of detergents and/or denaturants that may cause disassembly of the native oligomer and formation of aberrant rings, it was found that P22 S-terminase assembles into a concentration-independent nonamer of ∼168 kDa. Nonameric S-terminase was crystallized in two different crystal forms at neutral pH. Crystal form I belonged to space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 144.2, b = 144.2, c = 145.3 A, and diffracted to 3.0 A resolution. Crystal form II belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 76.48, b = 100.9, c = 89.95 A, β = 93.73°, and diffracted to 1.75 A resolution. Preliminary crystallographic analysis of crystal form II confirms that the S-terminase crystals contain a nonamer in the asymmetric unit and are suitable for high-resolution structure determination.
Approaches to avermectin assembly: elaboration of an α-L-oleandrosyl-α-L-oleandroside derivative

Abstract A stereospecific synthesis of the disaccharide moiety of avermectin A 2b has been accomplished in 11 steps from commercially available 3-pentyn-2-ol and L-rhamnal.
Mechanism of hole Boring in Octopus Vulgaris

Summary Gastropod shells were covered with artificial materials to determine whether the octopus can bore through these compounds which are resistant to chemical attack. The octopus penetrated acrylic, epoxy, and polyester coatings, which are harder than shell, and thus mechanical action by radular teeth is sufficient to bore the hole, and chemical involvement is not necessary.
Fast Fourier Transformation Based on Number Theoretic Transforms

Abstract Many fast algorithms have been proposed for computing the discrete Fourier transformation. Most of them are based on factorization with the goal of reducing the number of multiplications. They use floating point arithmetic to avoid repetitious scaling and a sizeable wordlength to minimize quantization errors. This paper shows that the DFT of a sequence with prime length, P, can be computed efficiently, for selected P's, using number theoretic transforms. The proposed technique, denoted as FFT/NTT, is illustrated for p = 2M + 1. Advantages include availability of fast algorithms for a set of prime lengths, residue arithmetic with benefit in speed and hardware costs, parallel implementation with short wordlengths through the use of the Chinese remainder theorem, and exact computation except for scaling and round off for the input array and the trigonometric sequences.
The effect of water on polymer matrix and composite wear.

Abstract Objectives . Previous studies have demonstrated increased in vitro wear of composite after long-term water exposure. The increased wear effect was not clearly related to debonding of the filler from the matrix, resulting in accelerated loss of filler particles. The hypothesis tested in this experiment was that the changes in in vitro three-body wear of a composite following water storage are caused by changes in the wear resistance of the polymer matrix. Methods . In the in vitro wear test used, a specimen wheel was rotated against an antagonist wheel in a slurry of millet seed and water. Specimens were fabricated of composite and polymer matrix only. Specimens were wear tested after 1 wk of ambient temperature dry storage and after 14, 20, and 26 mon of water storage at 37°C. Results . The wear of the composite significantly increased (23%) during the 26 mon of water storage. The wear of the polymer specimens increased slightly; however, the increase was not statistically significant. Significance . Analyses of the data using a series model for the wear of a composite indicated that the increase in wear of the composite was not due to changes in the wear resistance of the polymer matrix. Instead, the increased composite wear was more likely due to increases in the dislodgment rate of filler particles and the wear rate of the filler itself.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF PORCELLIO SCABER LATREILLE, 1804 (ISOPODA, ONISCOIDEA): HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY

[Das Lumen des Osophagus wird von einer Intima aus Chitin und sauren Mucopolysacchariden ausgekleidet. Die kurze saulen- bis wurfelformige Mucosa des Osophagus deutet einige Phosphatase-Aktivitat an. Innere und ausere Muskelfasern sorgen fur den Nahrungstransport zu Cardia und Pylorus. Die Cardia zeichnet sich durch sklerotisierte Proteinplatten aus. Die E-Zellen am distalen Ende eines jeden Mitteldarmdivertikels stellen in histochemischer Hinsicht keine Besonderheit dar. Die F-Zellen und die R-Zellen verhalten sich histochemisch sehr ahnlich und scheinen einen einheitlichen Zelltyp zu reprasentieren. Beide spielen eine Rolle bei Enzymsekretion, Absorption von Nahrungsstoffen, Exkretion und Glykogenspeicherung. Die R-Zellen enthalten zusatzlich Lipidtropchen. Phosphatase-Aktivitat zeigt bedeutende Absorptionsvorgange in der Mucosa des Enddarms einschlieslich der Zellen der Typhlosolis an. Die Muscularis ist dunn, und ein deutlicher Schliesmuskel ist vor dem kurzen, schlecht erkennbaren Rektum vorhanden., Das Lumen des Osophagus wird von einer Intima aus Chitin und sauren Mucopolysacchariden ausgekleidet. Die kurze saulen- bis wurfelformige Mucosa des Osophagus deutet einige Phosphatase-Aktivitat an. Innere und ausere Muskelfasern sorgen fur den Nahrungstransport zu Cardia und Pylorus. Die Cardia zeichnet sich durch sklerotisierte Proteinplatten aus. Die E-Zellen am distalen Ende eines jeden Mitteldarmdivertikels stellen in histochemischer Hinsicht keine Besonderheit dar. Die F-Zellen und die R-Zellen verhalten sich histochemisch sehr ahnlich und scheinen einen einheitlichen Zelltyp zu reprasentieren. Beide spielen eine Rolle bei Enzymsekretion, Absorption von Nahrungsstoffen, Exkretion und Glykogenspeicherung. Die R-Zellen enthalten zusatzlich Lipidtropchen. Phosphatase-Aktivitat zeigt bedeutende Absorptionsvorgange in der Mucosa des Enddarms einschlieslich der Zellen der Typhlosolis an. Die Muscularis ist dunn, und ein deutlicher Schliesmuskel ist vor dem kurzen, schlecht erkennbaren Rektum vorhanden.]
Laser tweezer technique for study of gelation process

Laser tweezer trapping technology has been applied to monitor the bulk local solution viscosity during the sol-gel gelation process. The gelation rate is the same in depth ranges 2 - 20 microns from the bounding surface. Simultaneously with the laser tweezer study, a micro-viscosity kinetic measurement of the sol-gel process was performed using fluorescent anisotropy and quantum yield measurements. The differences between the bulk- and micro-viscosities obtained in the experiment reflect the intrinsic differences in solution environment sensed by the laser tweezer on the macro level and by other optical techniques within the probe microscopic environment.
RelA alone appears essential for (p)ppGpp production when Neisseria gonorrhoeae encounters nutritional stress

Abstract The bacterial stringent response is a pleiotrophic physiological response that is evoked when bacteria are subjected to nutrient stress and is mediated through the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated guanine nucleotides ((p)ppGpp) which are synthesized by the combined action of the relA and spoT gene products. The relA and spoT genes were cloned from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain MS11 and various insertional and deletion mutants were constructed. Deletion of the gonococcal relA gene abrogated the production of (p)ppGpp when the organism was starved for the amino acid serine. Also, N. gonorrhoeae Δ relA null mutants were impaired for growth when propagated on rich medium, a phenotype that could be relieved by deleting the spoT gene. Sequence analysis of the gonococcal SpoT polypeptide indicated a strong similarity to its Escherichia coli counterpart. However, in contrast to studies with E. coli, insertional spoT mutants could be obtained that still accumulated (p)ppGpp when gonococci were starved for nutrients provided that the non-polar insertions were located downstream of the putative phosphohydrolase active site. In time course studies, it is also shown that gonococci rapidly accumulate (p)ppGpp (within 5 min) when encountering nutrient deprivation.
Abstract biological systems as sequential machines: behavioral reversibility.

Rosen’s identification of abstract biological systems, called (M,R)-systems, with sequential machines is formally characterized. It is then shown that the determination of environmental alterations of (M,R)-systems from a knowledge of the response sequence and the structure of the system, which we call behavioral reversibility, can be interpreted as information-losslessness of sequential machines. Applying this relationship, necessary conditions for behavioral reversibility are derived. It is further shown that, similar to Rosen’s work on structural reversibility, (M,R)-systems are behaviorally reversible only if the number of physically realizable mappings are restricted.
Biomechanical Comparison of Patellar Fixation Techniques in Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Multiple techniques for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) have been described; however, little is known about the biomechanical properties of these techniques. Fixation of the graft to the patella has not been studied in a human cadaveric model.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the ultimate failure load and stiffness of 2 different MPFL patellar fixation techniques: suture anchor fixation and interference screw fixation. The null hypothesis was that the suture anchor group would show no difference in the ultimate failure load and stiffness compared with the interference screw group.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Reconstruction of the MPFL with semitendinosus autografts was performed in 8 pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (16 knees total; mean age, 55.8 ± 7.7 years). The specimens were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 8 specimens each based on the method used to fix the graft to the medial patella: suture anchor or interfe...
Structural size and temperature dependence of solid to air heat transfer

Abstract Accurate prediction of heat transfer from micro and nanoscale devices is very important for their operation and reliability. While the general consensus is that the heat transfer coefficient increases at the smaller scales, the literature also indicates contradiction in the scaling across length scales. In this paper, we present an experimental technique to accurately characterize heat transfer from micro to nano scales using infrared microscopy on nanofabricated specimens that are integrated with micro heaters. The heat transfer coefficient for quiescent air is found to be about two orders of magnitude higher than its bulk counterpart. It also showed pronounced inversely proportional relationship with temperature and suggested that solid to air conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer. It was found that pressure only indirectly influences heat transfer. Based on the experimental data, we present an empirical relationship for the heat transfer coefficient that depends on the ratio of the surface area to cross-sectional area, temperature of the heated solid and its proximity to other solid bodies.
Perceived Personal and Institutional Influences on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Careers

To assess possible influences on the professional success of child and adolescent psychiatry investigators, all 187 physician-first authors of research posters presented at 4 annual meetings of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry were asked to complete a questionnaire. Responses numbered 147 (79%), with 80% (117/147) spontaneously naming one or more workplace factors, such as excessive clinical, administrative, or teaching demands, as hindrances to their success as researchers. The most important hindrances andfacilitatingfactors are discussed and suggestions are made to promote the development of research investigators in child and adolescent psychiatry.
Inflammatory pseudotumors (Inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the small intestine: A clinicopathologic study

The clinical and pathologic features of 25 inflammatory pseudotumors of the small intestine are reported. These rare lesions, which clinically may simulate neoplasms, consist of localized, frequently polypoid masses composed of inflamed fibrous and granulation tissue. Inflammatory pseudotumors may produce intussusception and small-bowel obstruction. Some are found at laparotomy performed for other reasons. The diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor usually can not be made until the lesion is examined histologically. Their etiology remains unknown, but their relationship to intestinal ulceration is discussed. Problems in differential histologic diagnosis are considered.
A Comprehensive Genetic Approach for Improving Prediction of Skin Cancer Risk in Humans

Prediction of genetic risk for disease is needed for preventive and personalized medicine. Genome-wide association studies have found unprecedented numbers of variants associated with complex human traits and diseases. However, these variants explain only a small proportion of genetic risk. Mounting evidence suggests that many traits, relevant to public health, are affected by large numbers of small-effect genes and that prediction of genetic risk to those traits and diseases could be improved by incorporating large numbers of markers into whole-genome prediction (WGP) models. We developed a WGP model incorporating thousands of markers for prediction of skin cancer risk in humans. We also considered other ways of incorporating genetic information into prediction models, such as family history or ancestry (using principal components, PCs, of informative markers). Prediction accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) estimated in a cross-validation. Incorporation of genetic information (i.e., familial relationships, PCs, or WGP) yielded a significant increase in prediction accuracy: from an AUC of 0.53 for a baseline model that accounted for nongenetic covariates to AUCs of 0.58 (pedigree), 0.62 (PCs), and 0.64 (WGP). In summary, prediction of skin cancer risk could be improved by considering genetic information and using a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a WGP model, which allows for the detection of patterns of genetic risk that are above and beyond those that can be captured using family history. We discuss avenues for improving prediction accuracy and speculate on the possible use of WGP to prospectively identify individuals at high risk.
Girls' secondary education in Uganda: assessing policy within the women's empowerment framework

This paper makes the case that policies, such as the National Strategy for Girls' Education in Uganda (NSGE), intended to achieve gender equity in education for girls in developing countries, have limited relevance to, and impact on girls' actual educational experiences. Recent considerations of girls' education acknowledge that gender equity within education is more than access to schooling; it entails the cultivation of capabilities necessary for girls to participate fully, actively and equally in all aspects of their societies. Drawing on a longitudinal, ethnographic policy research case study with 15 Ugandan schoolgirls in rural Masaka District, Uganda, from August 2004 to September 2006, I explore the girls' educational experiences in relationship to the NSGE. I employ the Women's Empowerment Framework (WEF) to evaluate the NSGE with respect to the extent to which its interventions are ‘empowering’ for girls.
FORMATION OF CRACK-LIKE DIFFUSION WEDGES AND COMPRESSIVE STRESS EVOLUTION DURING THIN FILM GROWTH WITH INHOMOGENEOUS GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSIVITY

We consider the effects of inhomogeneous grain boundary (GB) diffusivity on the formation of crack-like grain boundary diffusion wedges and evolution of compressive stress during the growth of a polycrystalline thin film on a substrate with a perfectly bonded film-substrate interface. The problem is formulated as a class of moving boundary diffusion problems with fully coupled elasticity, GB diffusion and film growth. The inhomogeneous GB mobility leads to a set of hypersingular integro-differential equations which are solved by a special numerical scheme. During the film growth, atoms diffuse into the GBs due to the tensile coalescence stress in the film associated with GB formation. We show that, at deposition rates comparable to the diffusion time scale, such GB diffusion leads to temporal decay of GB traction and induces crack-like singular stress concentration at the roots of the GBs. For a slowly growing high mobility thin film, the stress intensity factor near the tip of the diffusion wedge is comparable to that of a GB diffusion wedge under annealing conditions and can lead to nucleation of dislocations, which in turn can influence stress evolution during film growth. Furthermore, the higher chemical potential at the film surface can overdrive adatoms into GBs and result in a final compressive stress in the film. Our simulations on cyclic film deposition and growth interruption processes qualitatively reproduced the experimentally observed behavior of GB mobility on the Stress-Thickness evolution during deposition, the stress relaxation during growth interruption, as well as the dependence of steady state stress on the deposition rate.
When You and I Share Perspectives Pronouns Modulate Perspective Taking During Narrative Comprehension

Readers mentally simulate the objects and events described in narratives. One common assumption is that readers mentally embody an actor's perspective; alternatively, readers might mentally simulate events from an external "onlooker" perspective. Two experiments examined the role of pronouns in modulating a reader's adopted perspective when comprehending simple event sentences. Experiment 1 demonstrated that readers embody an actor's perspective when the pronoun you or I is used, but take an external perspective when he is used. Experiment 2, however, found that a short discourse context preceding the event sentence led readers to adopt an external perspective with the pronoun I. These experiments demonstrate that pronoun variation and discourse context mediate the degree of embodiment experienced during narrative comprehension: In all cases, readers mentally simulate objects and events, but they embody an actor's perspective only when directly addressed as the subject of a sentence.
Oncolytic polioviruses in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies

Body. Previous reports have indicated that oncolytic polioviruses may be useful in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. We sought to determine whether gastrointestinal cancers are also potential targets of oncolytic polioviruses. Methods. In vitro analysis of the growth characteristics of wild-type poliovirus, PVM, and three attenuated mutant poliovirus chimeras in established human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines were performed. Results. The poliovirus chimera RIPO and its derivatives have the capacity to establish productive infection comparable to the wild-type poliovirus, in multiple colon cancer cell lines (RKO, SW480, LoVo), AGS gastric cancer, and Mia PaCa pancreas cancer cell lines. The growths in these cell lines are nearly identical when compared to their growth in standard HeLa cells. Growth in two additional pancreas cancer cell lines, Panc-1 and BxPC-3, was suboptimal. Conclusions. We have determined that the poliovirus chimera RIPO establishes productive infections in a variety of gastrointestinal malignancies, indicating that gastrointestinal malignancies are a potential target for oncolysis by attenuated chimeric polioviruses like RIPO. We plan to begin studies in animal models to determine whether RIPO viruses may be an effective treatment for metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Download full-size image
Systemic Absorption of Topical Lidocaine in Elderly and Young Adults Undergoing Bronchoscopy

This study compared the systemic absorption of topically administered lidocaine in elderly and young adult patients who were undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fourteen elderly subjects aged 60-72 years (mean 67 years) and five young subjects age 31-48 years (mean 42 years) were compared with respect to dosage requirements to achieve satisfactory local anesthesia, rate and extent of lidocaine systemic absorption, plasma drug levels, elimination half-life, and drug side effects. Blood samples were drawn prior to, during, and for an average of 3 hours after the completion of bronchoscopy. Lidocaine plasma concentrations averaged in the range of 3.04-0.88 micrograms/ml from the beginning of the procedure to the end of blood sampling. Despite high cumulative amounts of 19 mg/kg (1200 mg) of lidocaine administered topically, the regimen proved relatively safe and achieved satisfactory anesthesia. In patients without known risk factors either for delayed hepatic lidocaine clearance or for enhanced mucosal absorption, the regimen is suitable for both young and old individuals.
Structure of bacteriorhodopsin at 1.55 A resolution.

Th?e atomic structure of the light-driven ion pump bacteriorhodopsin and the surrounding lipid matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction of crystals grown in cubic lipid phase. In the extracellular region, an extensive three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of protein residues and seven water molecules leads from the buried retinal Schiff base and the proton acceptor Asp85 to the membrane surface. Near Lys216 where the retinal binds, transmembrane helix G contains a pi-bulge that causes a non-proline? kink. The bulge is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding of the main-chain carbonyl groups of Ala215 and Lys216 with two buried water molecules located between the Schiff base and the proton donor Asp96 in the cytoplasmic region. The results indicate extensive involvement of bound water molecules in both the structure and the function of this seven-helical membrane protein. A bilayer of 18 tightly bound lipid chains forms an annulus around the protein in the crystal. Contacts between the trimers in the membrane plane are mediated almost exclusively by lipids.
Cytoplasmic inclusions resembling nucleoli in sympathetic neurons of adult rats.

A distinctive cytoplasmic inclusion consisting of a convoluted network of electron-opaque strands embedded in a less dense matrix was identified in the neurons, but not in the supporting cells, of rat sympathetic ganglia. This ball-like structure, designated "nematosome," measures ∼ 0.9 µ and lacks a limiting membrane. Its strands (diameter = 400–600 A) appear to be made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments and particles ∼ 25–50 A thick. Cytochemical studies carried out with the light microscope suggest the presence of nonhistone proteins and some RNA. Usually only one such structure is present in a cell, and it appears to occur in most ganglion cells. Although they can be seen anywhere in the cell body, nematosomes are typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where they are often associated with smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles. In fine structure and stainability, they bear a resemblance to the fibrous component of the nucleolus. Subsynaptic formations, which are a special feature of some of the synapses in sympathetic ganglia, appear similar to the threadlike elements in the nematosomes. The possibility that these three structures—nucleolus, nematosome, and subsynaptic formation—may be interrelated in origin and function is discussed.
Thoracic splenosis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology: a case report.

A case of thoracic splenosis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of subpleural lung lesions is presented. The patient, a 49-yr-old male with a history of gunshot wound to his trunk with splenic rupture and splenectomy several years previously, presented with recent hemoptysis and multiple subpleural solid nodules shown in the left lung field by CT scan. As the possibility of a metastatic malignancy vs. mesothelioma was entertained, an FNA was performed on one of these lesions, revealing lymphoid tissue with abundant vascularity simulating the structure of splenic tissue. In view of this finding, supported by the absence of splenic outline in the CT radiograph, the diagnosis of splenosis was made. This is the fourth reported case of thoracic splenosis in which FNA cytology was utilized for diagnosis, yet the first in which the diagnosis was based exclusively on the FNA cytologic findings. Clinical, pathologic, and diagnostic aspects of this entity are discussed.
Evaluation of Vocabularies for Electronic Laboratory Reporting to Public Health Agencies

Clinical laboratories and clinicians transmit certain laboratory test results to public health agencies as required by state or local law. Most of these surveillance data are currently received by conventional mail or facsimile transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, and Association of Public Health Laboratories are preparing to implement surveillance systems that will use existing laboratory information systems to transmit electronic laboratory results to appropriate public health agencies. The authors anticipate that this will improve the reporting efficiency for these laboratories, reduce manual data entry, and greatly increase the timeliness and utility of the data. The vocabulary and messaging standards used should encourage participation in these new electronic reporting systems by minimizing the cost and inconvenience to laboratories while providing for accurate and complete communication of needed data. This article describes public health data requirements and the influence of vocabulary and messaging standards on implementation.
Continually Neglected: Situating Natural Disasters in the African American Experience:

It is perplexing why natural disasters, as important life-altering events, are seldom viewed as a catalyst for social change in the United States in general but particularly for African Americans. This article addresses a gap in literature by proposing natural disasters as a variable to help understand the African American experience. The authors argue that the first post-Civil War migration altered the life courses for many. Subsequent to the first migration wave (the Great Migration of 1916-1930), environmental factors altered many African American lives. Natural disasters such as The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927, The 1948 Vanport Flood, and Hurricane Katrina illustrate the federal government’s indifference and neglect of responsibility, which played a role in decisions to migrate. These major natural environmental disasters, when situated in historical context as a part of the social, political, geographical, and economic landscape, are vital in the understanding of the African American experi...
Initiation of multileaf collimator conformal radiation therapy

Abstract Clinical studies have been initiated in conformal radiotherapy using a computer controlled multileaf collimator. Quantitative dosimetry and treatment planning studies comparing field shaping by lead alloy blocks and the multileaf collimator demonstrate the clinical acceptability of the multileaf collimator. Sixteen patients with tumors in multiple sites have received some part of their treatments with both blocking systems. Studies of dosimetry and field shaping show that the multileaf collimator produces clinically acceptable blocking for most field shapes and disease sites. The 80 – 20% penumbra was characterized for a wide range of shaped beams. For straight edges perpendicular to the leaf travel, the penumbra of measured dose distributions from the multileaf collimator is equal to conventional divergent blocking. When the multileaf collimator leaves approach a contour at an angle, the penumbra increases. At forty-five degrees, the maximum angle of approach, the penumbra is approximately 4 mm wider than that for divergent blocks. Three-dimensional treatment planning demonstrates that equivalent dose distributions can be obtained from the two field shaping systems. The multileaf collimator can be used effectively and efficiently to treat a variety of disease sites. Its optimal utility may be in treating complex fields—five or more shaped coplanar or non-coplanar beams. It is well suited for conformal therapy applications.
Heating, ionization and upward discharges in the mesosphere, due to intense quasi‐electrostatic thundercloud fields

Quasi-electrostatic (QE) fields that temporarily exist at high altitudes following the sudden removal (e.g., by a lightning discharge) of thundercloud charge at low altitudes are found to significantly heat mesospheric electrons and produce ionization and light. The intensity, spatial extent, duration and spectra of optical emissions produced are consistent with the observed features of the Red Sprite type of upward discharges.
Stigmatization and racial selection after September 11, 2001: self-identity among Arab and Islamic Americans

During the 2000s Arab and Islamic American racial identity selection was subjected to an exogenous racializing event, viz., public and private reaction to the Al Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001. The Al Qaeda attacks clearly demarcate a period in which there was a structural increase in the intensity of US stigmatization of persons with Islamic religious affiliation and Arab ethnicity. This stigmatization created an exogenous reduction in the expected payoff to acculturation relative to non-acculturation. This paper uses self-identification as white as its measure of acculturation and the fraction of all hate crimes directed at Muslims as its measure of stigmatization after 9/11. Comparing 2002–2012 to 1996–2001, there is a statistically significant and substantively large decrease in the unconditional and conditional probabilities that Arab and Islamic Americans will self-identify as white. The data are combined cross sections of the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Jel codes: J11, J15, Z13