cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of potential fracture-sealing materials for remediating CO2 leakage pathways during CO2 sequestration

Abstract This work presents experimental studies of four candidate fracture-sealing materials with the potential for sealing CO 2 leakage pathways during CO 2 sequestration, including paraffin wax, polymer-based gel, silica-based gel, and micro-cement. We investigated their ability to effectively seal CO 2 injection-induced or natural fractures with widths from 1/4 mm up to 1 mm. All four materials significantly reduced fracture permeabilities. However, the micro-cement was the most effective sealant agent and was the only sealant material that was able to withstand large differential pressures, typical of what might be caused by CO 2 injection. Visual inspection of the fracture surfaces revealed that both the gel and the wax-filled fractures had worm-holes which made them less effective as sealant agents. Based on the mechanical experiments conducted, the gels cannot be expected to withstand large pressure differentials in a fracture whereas the micro-cement can. Thus micro-cement is recommended for sealing of fractures if fracture width is above half a millimeter. The long-term chemical stability of polymer-based gel was assessed by exposing it to CO 2 for 7 months at 20 °C without any apparent sign of degradation. The CO 2 exposure does not seem to hinder the use of gel as a sealant material. Given that cement exposed to CO 2 has been shown to be susceptible to alteration via carbonatation reactions, a potential injection scenario might be to inject cement first to create a barrier to differential pressures, and then follow with gel as a second injection fluid to create a chemically stable sealing agent to CO 2 exposure or the usage of CO 2 resistant micro-cements not investigated here.
Malignant lymphoma, well differentiated lymphocytic. Its relationship with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and macroglobulinemia of Waldenström

A clinicopathologic analysis of 108 patients originally diagnosed as malignant lymphoma, well differentiated lymphocytic type on the basis of lymph node (l.n.) biopsy sections showed that in 41 patients neither absolute lymphocytosis nor monoclonal gammopathy was evident (Group I). A monoclonal serum immunoglobulin was present in 20 patients, 18 of whom had no absolute lympocytosis (Group II). The remaining 47 patients had absolute lymphocytosis (above 4,000/mm3) and no monoclonal gammopathy (Group III). Of the 41 Group I patients, 11 had no bone marrow involvement at the time of 1.n. biopsy and 35 never developed lymphocytosis over follow-up periods ranging from 24 to 150 months. Our observations indicate that malignant lymphoma of the well differentiated lymphocytic type (WDL) may be a tissue manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but may also exist as a distinct form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Of the 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy (Group II) 90% had plasmacytoid lymphocytes and/or plasma cells in tissue sections. However, these cells were also present in 9.7% of patients with WDL (Group I) and in 7% of patients with CLL (Group III) without demonstrable monoclonal gammopathy. Our findings suggest that although WDL, CLL and well differentiated lymphoproliferative diseases with monoclonal gammopathy are histologically similar, their clinical and hematological presentations differ sufficiently to justify their separation into three distinct entities. At the same time they could well represent different hematopathologic expressions of the same basic process, namely a proliferation of small lymphocytes usually of the B-cell type.
PHLOROTANNIN ALLOCATION AMONG TISSUES OF NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC KELPS AND ROCKWEEDS

Optimal defense theory (ODT) predicts antiherbivore defensive compounds will be allocated so that the most valuable or most susceptible tissues will be best defended. The growth–differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) predicts that defense allocation will be a result of trade-offs between growth and defense. Thus, these two theories predict opposite allocation patterns with respect to “valuable,” actively growing meristematic and reproductive tissues. ODT predicts that meristems and reproductive tissues should have higher defense levels than nonmeristematic vegetative tissues; the GDBH predicts the defense levels of meristems and reproductive tissues will be lower than vegetative tissues. We examined allocation patterns of phlorotannins in 21 species of kelps (Order Laminariales) and rockweeds (Order Fucales) from nine sites on the west coast of the United States to determine if allocation patterns better matched the predictions of ODT or the GDBH and to look for differences in allocation patterns among sites. Within-species differences in phlorotannin levels occurred in 10 of the 21 species examined. Meristems of both kelps and rockweeds had higher phlorotannin levels than nonmeristematic vegetative tissues, consistent with ODT. Phlorotannin levels in reproductive tissues of kelps were higher than vegetative tissues, but levels in reproductive tissues of rockweeds were lower than vegetative tissues, indicating that allocation strategies may follow taxonomic lines. Allocation patterns differed among sites in four of the 16 species collected from more than one site. Differences in allocation patterns among sites were usually changes in the ratios of phlorotannins in well-defended compared to poorly defended tissues, rather than changes in which tissues were well defended or poorly defended. We concluded that environmental variability can have large effects on the concentration of phlorotannins in algae but has limited effects on allocation patterns among tissues.
Supporting Adaptable Consistency Control in Structured Collaborative Workspaces

Consistency control is a critical issue in collaborative systems. Supporting flexible consistency control in particular matches the dynamic and situated needs of cooperative work. However, previous approaches generally provide only limited flexibility due to their static binding between shared data objects and consistency control protocols. We propose a component-based framework that allows for the runtime plug-n-play of consistency protocols in collaborative systems. We model data and protocols in a way such that they are cleanly separated and can be dynamically bound at run time to achieve flexible control. Data-protocol bindings can happen at the property, object, and workspace levels. The framework provides reusable services for implementing adaptable consistency control in a range of collaborative workspace applications.
Low Voltage Energy Harvesting Systems Using Coil Inductance of Electromagnetic Microgenerators

Direct ac-to-dc power converters used for vibration based low voltage energy harvesting are more efficient than the conventional two stage power converters where diode bridge rectifiers are used. In the single inductor based direct ac-to-dc converters external inductors are connected to the output of the microgenerators for boost operation. This work proposes to utilize the coil inductance of the electromagnetic microgenerators for boost operation and to eliminate the external inductor of direct ac-to-dc boost converter. This improves efficiency, reduces the component count and size of the converters, and it is beneficial for circuit integration. Based on this concept inductorless ac-to-dc converters are used in energy harvesting systems. Circuit simulation, finite element simulation, and co-simulations results are presented to validate the proposed low voltage energy harvesting systems.
An anthozoan chitin

L'auteur demontre que la partie organique du squelette du corail,Pocillopora damicornis, est constituee par de la chitine. Cette chitine semble d'exister sous une forme tres pure, sans etre associee a la proteine, comme le sont toutes les autres chitines calcifiees connues.
Optimal harvesting during an invasion of a sublethal plant pathogen

Plant pathogens are quite destructive to cash crops throughout the world, resulting in potentially devastating financial losses. This work expands recently developed optimal control theory for an integrodifference model to a mathematical system which includes an integrodifference component. This system models a highly simplified plant pathogen system for which the optimal harvesting scheme is derived. An adjoint system is introduced to characterize the optimal harvesting pattern. This analysis shows that, while it may not be possible to prevent losses upon discovery of the pathogen in an area, it is theoretically possible to significantly cut those losses by culling an area around the initial infection.
Field observations of the social behaviour of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus

Abstract Wild kangaroos were observed in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. They were tolerant of each other, and coexisted peacefully with other macropods and cattle. Ritualized fighting occurred between males. Social grooming was rare, but anoestrous courting was common. Juveniles groomed and played with their mothers, but social play with other individuals was almost non-existent. The population comprised two discrete units, or mobs, which were usually broken into subgroups of varying composition and size. In a mob with twenty to twenty-five members, the largest subgroup seen was fifteen; the average size was 3·7 animals. Pairs were more frequent than single animals, indicating a gregarious tendency rare among macropods. Previous authors have probably under-estimated the social structure because they could not repeatedly recognize individuals.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase is involved in epidermal‐growth‐factor‐regulated protein phosphorylation in nuclear membranes isolated from JEG‐3 human choriocarcinoma cells

The treatment of highly purified nuclear membranes isolated from JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) resulted in an increase of the receptor autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of several other proteins, including 44-kDa, 34-kDa and 24-kDa proteins, and a decrease in the phosphorylation of a 40-kDa protein. The kinetics of phosphorylation and the use of RG-13022, a selective inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase activity, suggested that receptor activation was necessary for the phosphorylation response of the other proteins. Tyr was exclusively phosphorylated in the EGF receptor and 24-kDa proteins, Tyr and Thr were phosphorylated in the 44-kDa protein, and Ser was phosphorylated in the 34-kDa protein and dephosphorylated in the 40-kDa protein. The molecular size, Thr/Tyr phosphorylation, immunoprecipitation and enzymatic activity towards myelin basic protein suggested that the 44-kDa protein was a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The EGF treatment not only increased phosphorylation but also catalytic activity of MAP kinase and these increases were prevented by the addition of RG-13022. In summary, this report demonstrates that target cell nuclei contain EGF receptors, which use the MAP kinase signaling pathway.
Parameterized complexity and improved inapproximability for computing the largest j -simplex in a V -polytope

We consider the problem of computing the squared volume of the largest j-simplex contained in an n-dimensional polytope presented by its vertices (a V-polytope). We show that the related decision problem is W [1]-complete, with respect to the parameter j. We also improve the constant inapproximability factor given in [A. Packer, Polynomial-time approximation of largest simplices in V-polytopes, Discrete Appl. Math. 134 (1-3) (2004) 213-237], by showing that there are constants µ 1 such that it is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of cµn the volume of the largest ⌊µn⌋-simplex contained in an n-dimensional polytope with O(n) vertices.
On the f-vectors of Cutsets in the Boolean Lattice

A cutset in the poset 2[n], of subsets of {1, ?, n} ordered by inclusion, is a subset of 2[n] that intersects every maximal chain. Let 0???1 be a real number. Is it possible to find a cutset in 2[n] that, for each 0?i?n, contains at most ? (ni) subsets of size i? Let ?(n) be the greatest lower bound of all real numbers for which the answer is positive. In this note we prove the rather surprising fact that limn?∞?(n)=0.
Hindlimb unweighting induces changes in the RhoA-Rho-kinase pathway of the rat abdominal aorta

Abstract Hindlimb unweighting (HLU) in rats mimics the fluid shift experienced by astronauts and may serve as a model for ground-based orthostatic hypotension. It has been shown that the abdominal aorta of HLU rats exhibits a deficit in contractile response to adrenergic agonists. The hypothesis of the present study was that decreased activity in the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway could contribute to that deficit. Wistar rats were subjected to 20 days of HLU treatment. Abdominal aorta rings from HLU and control rats were suspended in baths for measurement of contraction. Concentration response curves were obtained to the alpha adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine and the thromboxane-mimetic, U46619. HLU treatment caused decreased contraction in response to both. The Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632, caused a reduction in the phenylephrine-induced contraction in control, but not HLU aorta. Other rings were frozen after stimulation 1 μM U46619 or phenylephrine. Western analysis revealed a decreased expression of RhoA, but increased expression of both Rho kinase and MYPT1, the regulatory subunit of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase. MYPT1 and MLC phosphorylation was decreased by HLU in phenylephrine stimulated aorta. Decreased activity in the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway may be involved in the decreased contraction seen in the HLU abdominal aorta.
On the influence of multiple faults on coverage-based fault localization

This paper presents an empirical study on the effects of the quantity of faults on statistical, coverage-based fault localization techniques. The former belief was that the effectiveness of fault-localization techniques was inversely proportional to the quantity of faults. In an attempt to verify these beliefs, we conducted a study on three programs varying in size on more than 13,000 multiple-fault versions. We found that the influence of multiple faults (1) was not as great as expected, (2) created a negligible effect on the effectiveness of the fault localization, and (3) was often even complimentary to the fault-localization effectiveness. In general, even in the presence of many faults, at least one fault was found by the fault-localization technique with high effectiveness. We also found that some faults were localizable regardless of the presence of other faults, whereas other faults' ability to be found by these techniques varied greatly in the presence of other faults. Because almost all real-world software contains multiple faults, these results impact the use of statistical fault-localization techniques and provide a greater understanding of their potential in practice.
A national survey of U.S. statutes on juvenile transfer: implications for policy and practice

A survey of the statutes on juvenile transfer and decertification in the U.S. federal and 50 state jurisdictions, and the District of Columbia, was performed. Relevant information was obtained on the procedures in each jurisdiction by which a juvenile can be tried in criminal court, whether there are applicable decertification ("transfer back") procedures in jurisdictions permitting criminal court processing through automatic file or prosecutorial discretion, and the burden and allocation of proof in relevant proceedings. We also identified four criteria relevant to the mental, emotional, and developmental functioning of juveniles that are used in various jurisdictions in making transfer and decertification decisions: treatment needs and amenability, risk assessment of future criminality, the presence of mental retardation or mental illness, and certain kinds of offense characteristics. The majority of jurisdictions now allow 14-year-old juveniles to be tried in criminal court. Treatment needs/amenability and risk assessment are set forth as criteria relevant to transfer in the majority of jurisdictions as well, with the presence of mental retardation or mental illness explicitly relevant in a small number of jurisdictions. The patterns of these findings are discussed in their implications for social policy and for the forensic mental health assessment of juvenile transfer and decertification, with needed areas of research identified within each.
Relationship marketing strategy: an operant resource perspective

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to illustrate that the operant resource perspective of the service-dominant (S-D) logic can explicate how operant resources can influence relationship marketing (RM) strategy success. Design/methodology/approach – After a brief discussion of the operant resource perspective of the service-dominant (S-D) logic, the paper reviews relationship marketing literature to identify and explore specific operant resources that can influence relationship marketing success. Findings – This paper identifies several operant resources that have been empirically verified to have positive influence on relationship marketing success and several other operant resources that need further conceptual and empirical investigation. Originality/value – The operant resource perspective of relationship marketing strategy and the operant resources identified in this paper provide the foundation for theory development and managerial practice.
The Effects of Iron Contamination on Thin Oxide Breakdown -Experimental and Modeling

The effect of iron contamination in silicon on the properties of thermally grown thin oxides is studied through electrical modelling and experimental MOSDOT testing. Iron concentration is measured using a surface photovoltage / diffusion length technique. Failure mechanisms related to iron contamination are proposed. Contamination limits for various gate oxide thicknesses are defined. Experimental results show that reduction of oxide thickness from 20nm to 10nm requires a reduction in iron conntamination by 100 times.
Wavefront reconstruction by machine learning using the delta rule

In this paper we use phase screen models to illustrate the power of the delta rule, by obtaining the optimum reconstructor for a Shack-Hartmann sensor with just 6 subapertures in the form of pie segments. The dependence of the matrix elements and residual error on measurement noise is determined, and the accuracy compared with theoretical limits. Reconstructors for more complex problems involving time dependence and multiple laser spots are ideal applications for the method.
Relaxation dynamics of salt‐free polyelectrolyte solutions using flow birefringence and rheometry

Relaxation dynamics of salt-free, aqueous solutions of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) were investigated by mechanical rheometry and flow birefringence measurements. Two semidilute concentration regimes were studied in detail for a range of polymer molecular weights. At solution concentrations c 10 mg mL, a change in viscosity scaling was observed η0 ∼ c1.5M, consistent with a change from simple Rouse dynamics for unentangled polyions to near-perfect reptation dynamics for entangled chains. Characteristic relaxation times τ deduced from shear stress and birefringence relaxation measurements following start-up of steady shearing at high rates reveal very different physics. For c 10 mg mL. Curiously, the concentration scalings seen in both regimes are consistent with theoretical expectations for salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions undergoing Rouse and reptation dynamics, respectively, but the molecular weight scalings are not. Based on earlier light scattering studies using salt-free NaPSS solutions, we contend that the unusual relaxation behavior is likely due to aggregation and/or coupled polyion diffusion. Simultaneous stress and birefringence measurements suggest that in concentrated solution, NaPSS aggregates are likely well permeated by solvent, supporting a loose collective of aggregated chains rather than the dense polymer aggregates previously supposed. Nonetheless, polyion aggregates of either variety cannot account for the inverse dependence of relaxation time on polymer molecular weight for c < 10 mg mL. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 825–835, 1999
Class-Based Masculinities: Divorce, Fatherhood, and the Hegemonic Ideal

This study is based on current research and theory that suggests that divorce creates fundamental changes in the organization of families in terms of gender. We use feminist theory, with its elevation of gender to a central category of analysis, to begin to explain the mechanisms that shape fathers’ responses to divorce. Based on a review of narratives from 20 nonresidential, recently divorced fathers, we found that divorce prompted a transformation for these men in terms of their families’ gender relations of power. Men occupied positions of relative privilege when married, and divorce called this status into question. The relational and legal changes prompted by divorce signified a loss of access and authority to which many of the research participants felt entitled. Changes in the gender order in families influenced men’s constructions of masculinity. Moreover, an examination of gender and social class as components of an interacting system illustrates the constraints that class position imposed on men as they negotiated postdivorce family relationships.
The Cervical Spine in Benign Recurring Headache

Abstract Wilson's unified model of benign recurring headaches, adding cervicogenic to the standard migraine-tension continuum, is appealing, particularly as it expands possible treatment options. Current understanding of the mechanisms of cervicogenic, migraine, and tension-type headaches is probably insufficient to strongly support this expanded continuum. As our understanding of headaches increases, Wilson will likely be proven correct in his hypothesis, as migraine and tension-type headaches, previously viewed as very dissimilar, have recently been linked.
General-potential study of the electronic and magnetic structure of FeCo

Full-potential calculations of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of B2 iron-cobalt are presented. The calculated spin- and charge-density anisotropies are compared to results from neutron-scattering experiments as well as to results from an earlier calculation employing spherical approximations. It is found that the elimination of shape approximations improves agreement with measured anisotropies, but significant discrepancies remain. These discrepancies are attributed to the local-spin-density approximation (LSDA). No significant improvement in the anisotropies is found when the LSDA is replaced by a generalized-gradient-approximation density functional.
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole in two‐day‐old foals after a single intravenous injection

Summary Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP) - sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was 0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and 0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P > 0.05). Based on published minimum inhibitory concentration values for equine pathogens (Adamson et al 1985), the primary indication for the use of TMP/SMZ in foals may be in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. A dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bwt and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt, given iv at 12 h intervals would be appropriate.
Modeling flow stress of magnesium alloys at elevated temperature

Abstract Accurate flow stress model is crucial for investigating magnesium alloys deformation behavior at the elevated temperatures. Based on the deformation mechanism of closed-packed hexagonal (CPH) structure material, an analytical method, which reflects temperature, strain and strain rate effect by introducing temperature-compensated strain rate (Zener–Hollomon parameter), is proposed in this study. The model has been applied on three published experimental data and predicted flow stress curves match well with those measurements.
Downslope Eulerian mean flow associated with high-frequency current fluctuations observed on the outer continental shelf and upper slope along the northeastern United States continental margin: implications for sediment transport

Abstract Eulerian current measurements made 5–7 m above bottom at six stations along the United States east coast continental margin show a net downslope flow of 1–5 cm s−1. Although the scalar current speed decreases with water depth and toward the bottom, fluctuations in the cross-isobath flow were stronger and increasingly asymmetric near the bottom. Maximum downslope flow exceeded maximum upslope flow by a factor of two to three. The strength of the low-passed downslope flow was proportional to the upslope Reynolds flux of density as well as to the amplitude of the current fluctuations that have periods shorter than 30 h. These flow characteristics may be caused by differential vertical mixing in the bottom boundary layer where a stratified fluid flows upslope (unstable) and downslope (stable). The asymmetry in current strength clearly favors net downslope transport of sediments that move as bedload.
Bidirectional plasticity of cortical pattern recognition and behavioral sensory acuity

Learning to adapt to a complex and fluctuating environment requires the ability to adjust neural representations of sensory stimuli. Through pattern completion processes, cortical networks can reconstruct familiar patterns from degraded input patterns, whereas pattern separation processes allow discrimination of even highly overlapping inputs. Here we show that the balance between pattern separation and completion is experience dependent. Rats given extensive training with overlapping complex odorant mixtures showed improved behavioral discrimination ability and enhanced piriform cortical ensemble pattern separation. In contrast, behavioral training to disregard normally detectable differences between overlapping mixtures resulted in impaired piriform cortical ensemble pattern separation (enhanced pattern completion) and impaired discrimination. This bidirectional effect was not found in the olfactory bulb; it may be due to plasticity within olfactory cortex itself. Thus pattern recognition, and the balance between pattern separation and completion, is highly malleable on the basis of task demands and occurs in concert with changes in perceptual performance.
Medium access control in wireless sensor networks

Limited energy, computational, and communication resources complicate protocol design within sensor networks and prevent the application of many techniques used within other networks. Constraints on sensor node cost further restrict which technologies sensor networks may utilize. Despite much attention in recent years, researchers have yet to achieve the goal of long term, independent operation of sensor network deployments under these constraints. One research direction considers the energy expended performing communication functionality. Medium access protocols provide the greatest influence over communication mechanisms and provide the most direct influence over the utilization of the transceiver, the largest energy consumer in most sensor nodes. We present a discussion of medium access control concepts in relation to sensor networks and examine previous wireless medium access control protocols to illustrate how they do not match the requirements and characteristics of sensor networks. We then present several protocols recently proposed in the literature specifically for sensor networks.
The roles of self-esteem and n achievement in aspiring to prestigious vocations

Abstract This study investigated several hypotheses relevant to the vocational aspiration process as it is related to self-esteem and n Achievement. One hundred and forty-four male college students completed the Attitudes Toward Occupation Questionnaire, Form B of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Adjective Check List. To investigate the differential relationships of self-esteem and n Achievement with vocational aspirations, each hypothesis was tested by computing partial correlations, controlling first for n Achievement and then for self-esteem. The data indicated a positive relationship between self-esteem and the tendency to aspire to vocations with high prestige. This finding was interpreted as providing an extension of Super's self-implementation theory. Additionally, the data revealed (a) the existence of a negative relationship between self-esteem and the tendency to strive for vocations with less prestige than one's perceived vocational upper limit, and (b) contrary to prediction, a significant positive relationship between self-esteem and the tendency to settle for vocations which have less satisfaction associated with them than with one's perceived vocational upper limit.
On the existence of 5-line nodes on interdiffusion microstructure maps

Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Institute of Materials Science,University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA(Received August 5, 1999)(Accepted in revised form March 28, 2000)Keywords: Diffusion bonding; Coatings; Bulk diffusion; Kinetics theory and modeling; PhasediagramsIntroductionDiffusion couples are well known samples for studying atom mixing and reactions that take placebetween two alloys in contact, for example as in diffusion bonding or in coating/matrix interdiffusion.Interdiffusion Microstructure Maps (IMMs) are diagrams that predict the microstructures that arisewithin diffusion couples as a result of these interactions. IMMs are drawn for one alloy of the diffusioncouple, which is considered the “base alloy.” The IMM shows how the microstructure varies as afunction of the other alloy’s composition. This work concerns a two-dimensional IMM that contains a5-line node. Recognizing that such an unexpected topology can occur is important when constructingIMMs from microstructural data.An IMM Containing a 5-Line NodeIn recent work on the interdiffusion of Ni-Cr-Al alloys at 1200 °C [1–3], five different microstructureswere observed both experimentally and via computer simulation. In this work the base alloy was theg1g9 alloy indicated by the star in Fig. 1 and the variable alloys were a series of alloys in the g1bregion of the phase diagram as indicated by various symbols in Fig. 1. On Fig. 1 the g1b region issub-divided into five fields by dotted lines to form the IMM. The five fields are labeled A, B, C, D andE according to the microstructure that formed in the composition range of the field.The five microstructures are shown schematically in Fig. 2 where the dashed, vertical lines are theinitial interface of the diffusion couple and the solid vertical lines are boundaries between various singleand multiphase regions. Arrows indicate the direction of boundary motion, which are always away fromthe initial interface. Microstructures C and E were first found in computer simulations using DICTRAsoftware by Engstro¨m et al [4], while microstructures A, B, C and D were found both experimentallyand in simulations by Qiao [1]. Micrographs and simulations of all microstructures are in [2] and willbe reported in a future paper that describes the experimental procedure. However this work deals withkinetic theory and the results are independent of the alloy chemistry or precipitate morphology ofindividual samples.
A Three-Dimensional MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Channel Model

A three-dimensional (3-D) geometrical propagation model for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) mobile-to-mobile (M-to-M) communications is proposed. Based on the geometrical model, a 3-D reference model for MIMO M-to-M multipath fading channels is proposed. From the reference model, a closed-form joint space-time correlation function is derived for a 3-D non-isotropic scattering environment and it is show that many existing correlation functions are special cases of the derived space-time correlation function.
Body size dissatisfaction among male and female triathletes.

Body size dissatisfaction was assessed among 583 male and female triathletes residing in the USA. The males perceived themselves to be larger than their calculated body mass index (BMI discrepancy index: −1.92) and desired to be larger (BMI discrepancy index: −0.7), whereas the females perceived themselves to be smaller than their calculated BMI (BMI discrepancy index: 1.67) and desired to be much smaller (BMI discrepancy index: 3.61). The male triathletes categorised as underweight showed no discrepancy between their perceived and desired BMI, whereas 10% of the females in the underweight category desired to be larger than perceived and 13% desired to be smaller. Among the males whose BMI fell into the healthy range, 8.0% indicated a desire to be larger than perceived and 19.3% desired to be smaller; the majority of female triathletes in the healthy BMI category desired to be smaller, with only 2.4% desiring to be larger.
Encapsulation of chlorothiazide in whey proteins: Effects of wall-to-core ratio and cross-linking conditions on microcapsule properties and drug release

A model drug with limited water-solubility, chlorothiazide, was successfully encapsulated in whey protein-based wall systems cross-linked by glutaralde-hyde-saturated toluene via an organic phase. The effects of drug content of the core-in-wall suspension and of cross-linking conditions on core retention and on microcapsule size, structure and core release properties were investigated. Spherical, surface cracks-free microcapsules ranging in diameter from ∼ 200–1300 μm were obtained. Particle size distribution of microcapsules was affected by core content and cross-linking conditions. Core retention in microcapsules prepared at different cross-linking conditions and different wall-to-core ratios ranged from 48.9–81%, from 42.2–76.1% and from 37.3–67.2% in large (L), medium-size (M) and small (S) microcapsules, respectively. In all cases, drug crystals were physically entrapped and embedded throughout the cross-linked protein matrix. Core release from the microcapsules into enzyme-free simulated gastric flu...
General 3D Microporous Structures Fabricated with Two-photon Laser Machining

Microporous structures are a common theme in biomedical devices, microfluidics, geology and other fields of study. However because of the complexity and lack of symmetry, it has been difficult to fabricate 3D arbitrary microporous structures with broad-illumination photolithography. We apply two-photon polymerization and femtosecond laser directwriting techniques to fabricate 3D microporous structures in photopolymers. Three dimensions are built up from 2D patterned-microchannels with random geometry. The height and the width of the features are about 40 μm and 5 μm, respectively. We make 3D microchannels with random apertures and obstacles in two layers that allow liquid to flow through multiple random flowpaths. We also fabricate three-layered lattice-like microstructures. In each layer, the height and the width of the walls are about 18 μm and 2 μm, respectively. Our current application of these microporous structures is for a fundamental study of internal fluid interfaces in microfluidic systems during imbibition and drainage, using interfacial areas per volume as a measure of internal energy density as a function of saturation and capillary pressure.
A spatial sampling scheme based on innovations diffusion in sensor networks

This paper considers an estimation network of many distributed sensors with a certain correlation structure. Due to limited communication resources, the network selects only a subset of sensor measurements for estimation as long as the resulting fidelity is tolerable. We present a distributed sampling and estimation framework based on innovations diffusion, within which the sensor selection and estimation are accomplished through local computation and communications between sensor nodes. In order to achieve energy efficiency, the proposed algorithm uses a greedy heuristics to select a nearly minimum number of active sensors in order to ensure the desired fidelity for each estimation period. Extensive simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed sampling scheme.
A conceptual model of cyclical glacier flow in overdeepenings

Abstract. A nearly four-decade, satellite-based velocity survey of the largest glaciers in the Alaska Range, Chugach Mountains, and the Wrangell Mountains of southern Alaska, spanning the early- to mid-1970s through the 2000s, reveals nine pulsing glaciers: Capps, Copper, Eldridge, Kahiltna, Matanuska, Nabesna, Nizina, Ruth, and Sanford glaciers. The pulses increase velocity by up to 2449% (Capps Glacier) or as little as 77% (Nabesna Glacier), with velocity increases for the other glaciers in the range of 100–250%. The pulses may last from between six years (Copper Glacier) to 12 years (Nizina Glacier) and consist of a multi-year acceleration phase followed by a multi-year deceleration phase during which significant portions of each glacier move en masse. The segments of each glacier affected by the pulses may be anywhere from 14 km (Sanford Glacier) to 36 km (Nabesna Glacier) in length and occur where the glaciers are either laterally constricted or joined by a major tributary, and the surface slopes at these locations are very shallow, 1–2°, suggesting the pulses occur where the glaciers are overdeepened. A conceptual model to explain the cyclical behavior of these pulsing glaciers is presented that incorporates the effects of glaciohydraulic supercooling, glacier dynamics, surface ablation, and subglacial sediment erosion, deposition, and deformation in overdeepenings.
Liquid crystal variable retarder modeling of incident angle response with experimental verification

The nematic liquid crystal variable retarder is a useful device for examining the polarization properties of optical components and material samples as well as for remote sensing applications. The response of the retarder to oblique ray angles is important in applications requiring a finite field of view such as imaging polarimetry. Mueller matrices that describe the response to incident angle are developed in two ways using an extended Jones matrix approach and through an alteration of a standard Stokes Mueller matrix for a retarder. Comparisons of the model results with lab measurements show good agreement, although with some differences due to varying assumptions in the models and nonideal aspects of the actual variable retarder. We provide analytical models that can be applied relatively easily to examine the effects of oblique angles in systems using liquid crystal variable retarders.
Growth and Survival of Invasive Aedes albopictus Larvae on Diospyros virginiana Leaves

Studies on the interactions of exotic species with their invaded environment are imperative in understanding their invasion biology. Larvae of container mosquitoes such as the invasive Aedes albopictus (Skuse) feed on microorganisms that subsist on allochthonous inputs like leaves. Ae. albopictus are vectors for many diseases including West Nile virus and are rapidly expanding their distribution in the United States. We tested the larval performance ofAe. albopictus at different larval densities in maple, oak, American elm, and persimmon. Survival was significantly lower and days to pupation were significantly higher with persimmon leaves compared with all others. In a follow-up experiment, we compared the performance of Ae. albopictus in different amounts of oak and persimmon and different ratios of persimmon + oak. The linear model for the growth rate (defined by larval head width) showed a positive slope as the amount of oak leaves increased in oak treatment, but there was no significant slope for persimmon. In the persimmon + oak combination, as the ratio of persimmon to oak increased, the growth rates of the larvae decreased. Lack of a significant slope for survival rate in combination with the results from the growth rate indicated that persimmon was a poor nutritional resource for Ae. albopictus.
Efficient distributed shared state for heterogeneous machine architectures

InterWeave is a distributed middleware system that supports the sharing of strongly typed, pointer-rich data structures across heterogeneous platforms. As a complement to RPC-based systems such as CORBA, .NET and Java RMI, InterWeave allows processes to access shared data using ordinary reads and writes. Experience indicates that InterWeave-style sharing facilitates the rapid development of distributed applications, and enhances performance through transparent caching of state. In this paper we focus on the aspects of InterWeave specifically designed to accommodate heterogeneous machine architectures. Beyond the traditional challenges of message-passing in heterogeneous systems, InterWeave (1) identifies and tracks data changes in the face of relaxed coherence models, (2) employs a wire format that captures not only data but also diffs in a machine and language-independent form, and (3) swizzles pointers to maintain long-lived (cross-call) address transparency. To support these operations, InterWeave maintains an extensive set Of metadata structures, and employs a variety of performance optimizations. Experimental results show that InterWeave achieves performance comparable to that of RPC parameter passing when transmitting previously uncached data. When updating data that have already been cached, InterWeave's use of platform-independent diffs allows it to significantly outperform the straightforward use of RPC.
The development and preliminary validation of the behavior, environment, and changeability survey (BECS).

Abstract Objective To develop and test the validity of the Behavior, Environment, and Changeability Survey (BECS) for identifying the importance and changeability of nutrition, exercise, and stress management behavior and related aspects of the environment. Design A cross-sectional, online survey of the BECS and selected validated instruments. Setting Ten state universities. Participants A convenience sample of college students (n = 1,283), ages 18-24 years. Analysis Principal component analysis was used to confirm a 6-component structure of the BECS in 2 independent samples for the purpose of cross-validation. Internal consistency was measured and construct and criterion-related analyses were conducted to test the reliability and validity of the BECS subscales. Results Six components representing 34 BECS items were revealed from the original 69 items and explained 64% of the total variance. Six scales were retained, and internal consistency of each ranged from α = .82 to .93. BECS Nutrition Behavior and Nutrition Changeability scale scores were highest for participants in action/maintenance Stages of Change for fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions and Implications There is strong support for the use of the BECS when planning health programs to gain insight into behavior that young adults are willing to improve, specifically related to nutrition, exercise, and sleep.
Stochastic models of telomere shortening.

Abstract Shortening of chromosome ends, known as telomeres, is one of the supposed mechanisms of cellular aging and death. We provide a probabilistic analysis of the process of loss of telomere ends. The first work concerned with that issue is the paper by Levy et al. [J. Molec. Biol. 225 (1992) 951–960]. Their deterministic model reproduced the observed frequencies of viable cells in the in vitro experiments. Arino et al. [J. Theor. Biol. 177 (1995) 45–57] reformulated the model of Levy et al. (1992) in the terms of branching processes with denumerable type space. In the present paper, the mathematical results of Arino et al. (1995) are extended to the case in which cell death is present, in cells with telomeres above and below the critical threshold of length, generally with differing probabilities. Both exact and asymptotic results are provided, as well as a discussion of biological relevance of the results.
Strong coupling critique of spin fluctuation driven charge order in underdoped cuprates

Charge order has emerged as a generic feature of doped cuprates, leading to important questions about its origin and its relation to superconductivity. Recent experiments on two classes of hole doped cuprates indicate a novel $d$-wave symmetry for the order. These were motivated by earlier spin fluctuation theoretical studies based on an expansion about hot spots in the Brillouin zone that indicated such an order would be competitive with $d$-wave superconductivity. Here, we reexamine this problem by solving strong coupling equations in the full Brillouin zone for experimentally relevant parameters. We find that bond-oriented order, as seen experimentally, is strongly suppressed. We also include coupling to ${B}_{1g}$ phonons and do not see any qualitative change. Our results argue against an itinerant model for the charge order, implying instead that such order is likely due to Coulombic phase separation of the doped holes.
Cytotoxic evaluation of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with refractory solid tumors using electron paramagnetic resonance

PURPOSE: 3-AP (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP) is a metal chelator that potently inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, RR, which plays a key role in cell division and tumor progression. A sub-unit of RR has a non-heme iron and a tyrosine free radical, which are required for the enzymatic reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The objective of the study was to determine whether 3-AP affects its targeted action by measuring EPR signals formed either directly or indirectly from low molecular weight ferric-3-AP chelates. METHODS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected from patients with refractory solid tumors at baseline and at 2, 4.5 and 22 hours after 3-AP administration. EPR spectra were used to identify signals from high-spin Fe-transferrin, high-spin heme and low-spin iron or copper ions. RESULTS: An increase in Fe-transferrin signal was observed, suggesting blockage of Fe uptake. It is hypothesized that formation of reactive oxygen species by FeT(2) or CuT damage transferrin or the transferrin receptor. An increase in heme signal was also observed, which is a probable source of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and potential apoptosis. In addition, increased levels of Fe and Cu were identified. CONCLUSION: These results, which were consistent with our earlier study validating 3-AP-mediated signals by EPR, provide valuable insights into the in vivo mechanism of action of 3-AP.
Radiograph utilization and demographics in a chiropractic college teaching clinic.

Objective The purpose of this study is to present radiograph utilization at a chiropractic college teaching clinic, the associated patient demographics, and the utilization rates by body region.