cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bolus-rapid infusion of contrast medium: Simplified technique for optimal computed tomography pancreatography without use of dynamic scanning

Optimal pancreatic computed tomography demands the use of both narrow beam collimation and high levels of intravascular contrast medium. Dynamic scanning with or without table incrementation has been advocated, but not all patients are amenable to prolonged breath holding, and tube cooling requirements may limit the study. In addition, repeat boluses usually must be administered to adequately image the entire pancreas. Enhancement may also be less than uniform. We describe a simple method of pancreatic scanning using bolus injection and pressurized rapid infusion of contrast medium that yields consistently high-quality scans demonstrating both pancreatic parenchymal and peripancreatic vascular enhancement in most patients. The method eliminates the need for dynamic scans in most cases and improves the speed of examination and quality of patient care in a busy computed tomography department.
Optimal Air-to-Fuel Ratio Tracking Control With Adaptive Biofuel Content Estimation for LNT Regeneration

This paper presents an optimal control method of tracking the desired air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) based upon the adaptively estimated biofuel content for internal combustion engines equipped with the lean NOx trap (LNT) aftertreatment system. This biofuel content (or percentage of biofuel) is adaptively estimated based upon the exhaust oxygen AFR sensor signal under both the normal engine operations with lean combustion and the LNT regeneration operations with the closed-loop AFR control. The engine system is approximated by a third-order linear system in this paper. A linear quadratic optimal tracking controller is used to track the desired engine AFR during the LNT regeneration period. The robust stability of the closed-loop tracking control system with the adaptive biofuel content estimation is guaranteed over the entire biofuel range and engine speed between 600 and 5500 rpm by using the robust stability criteria for linear parameter variation systems, where the biofuel gain and engine speed are considered as the variable parameter. Several adaptive control schemes are studied through simulations, and then the selected control strategies are evaluated through dynamometer tests for a lean burn spark ignition engine. The best performance is achieved by the gain-scheduled adaptive scheme.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor associated cough: deceptive information from the Physicians' Desk Reference

Abstract Background Dry cough is a common, annoying adverse effect of all angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The present study was designed to compare the rate of coughs reported in the literature with reported rates in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)/ drug label. Methods We searched MEDLINE/EMBASE/CENTRAL for articles published from 1990 to the present about randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of ACE inhibitors with a sample size of at least 100 patients in the ACE inhibitors arm with follow-up for at least 3 months and reporting the incidence or withdrawal rates due to cough. Baseline characteristics, cohort enrolled, metrics used to assess cough, incidence, and withdrawal rates due to cough were abstracted. Results One hundred twenty-five studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria enrolled 198,130 patients. The pooled weighted incidence of cough for enalapril was 11.48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.54% to 13.41%), which was ninefold greater compared to the reported rate in the PDR/ drug label (1.3%). The pooled weighted withdrawal rate due to cough for enalapril was 2.57% (95% CI, 2.40-2.74), which was 31-fold greater compared to the reported rate in the PDR/ drug label (0.1%). The incidence of cough has increased progressively over the last 2 decades with accumulating data, but it has been reported consistently several-fold less in the PDR compared to the RCTs. The results were similar for most other ACE inhibitors. Conclusion The incidence of ACE inhibitor-associated cough and the withdrawal rate (the more objective metric) due to cough is significantly greater in the literature than reported in the PDR /drug label and is likely to be even greater in the real world when compared with the data from RCTs. There exists a gap between the data available from the literature and that which is presented to the consumers (prescribing physicians and patients).
Boundary-layer predictions for small low-speed contractions

The present scheme for the prediction of boundary-layer development in small, low-speed wind tunnel contraction sections proceeds by calculating the wall pressure distributions, and hence the wall velocity distributions, by means of a three-dimensional potential-flow method. For the family of contractions presently treated, the assumption of a laminar boundary layer appears to be justified; the measured boundary layer momentum thicknesses at the exit of the four contractions were found to lie within 10 percent of predicted values.
The Effect of Lecithin in Dairy Products upon Butter Fat Determinations

The loss of butter fat in dairy manufacturing processes, such as churning, was considered to be relatively unimportant when tests for the fat content were made by the regular Babcock test. But since the introduction of the butyl alcohol modification of the Babcock test, and the wider use of ether extraction methods, the fat losses appear to be considerably greater than was formerly supposed. Tested by the older method, the fat content of buttermilk showed tests of about 0.2 per cent. Tests recently made on a large number of samples from various creameries have shown that the average fat content of the buttermilk from Iowa creameries is 0.7 per cent. The question now arises, which method, if either, gives the true percentage of fat?
Knoop Microhardness Anisotropy and the Indentation Size Effect on the Basal Plane of Single‐Crystal Alumina (Sapphire)

The Knoop microhardness anisotropy profile was determined for the basal plane of a Czochralski grown alumina single crystal for indentation test loads from 100 through 1000 g. Microhardness maxima occur at low indentation test loads for the long axis of the Knoop indenter parallel to the 〈2[Onemacr][Onemacr]0〉. Minima exist for the long axis parallel to the 〈10[Onemacr]0〉. This low indentation test load profile is attributed to slip on the primary slip system, the (0001)〈[Onemacr][Onemacr]20〉, as previously noted by Brookes and co-workers. The degree of the microhardness anisotropy decreases for higher indentation test loads. This results from the activation of multiple slip systems to accommodate the greater amounts of plastic flow required by the larger indentation sizes. The microhardness profile becomes more uniform with increasing indentation test load until the Knoop microhardness approaches a test-load-independent, orientation-independent microhardness of 1167 ± 34 kg/mm2. The indentation size effect (ISE) was further investigated through lubricated indentation hardness measurements. Lubrication of the test specimen surface significantly reduces the ISE. Results indicate that friction between the test specimen surface and the indenter facets is a major portion of the ISE.
Synaptic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid resmethrin in rat brain in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. Resmethrin (30 μM) induced release of transmitters was not affected by manipulation of the Na + current with either choline or tetrodotoxin agents which readily reversed the effects of veratridine, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. 2. 2. Resmethrin ( I 50 : 2.2 μ M) inhibited the ATP dependent uptake of Ca 2+ but deltamethrin and cypermethrin were much less effective. Resmethrin also displaced Ca 2+ from crude synaptosomal membranes. 3. 3. The release promoting effects of resmethrin in rat brain in vitro are better explained by its effects on Ca 2+ rather than through a specific effect on the Na + channel. In contrast, the effects of deltamethrin and cypermethrin promote transmitter release by a Na + dependent process.
Architecture for low-power real-time image analysis using 3D silicon technology

The technology to build highly integrated 3D computational image sensors by stacking and interconnecting layers of 2D silicon ICs is being developed. Unlike multi-chip module packaging, in which interconnect lines are brought to the periphery of a chip stack to achieve vertical integration, this new technology allows virtually unrestricted placement of vertical vias within the interior of the chip. The goal of this development is to enable high sped, high resolution image processing in compact low power wearable systems that would be coupled with a head-mounted display. Potential applications for these systems include target tracking and image stabilization. In this talk we focus on the architecture of the 3D image sensor, which includes pixel- parallel analog-to-digital conversion and programmable digital processors for pixel and block operations. We show that 3D technology will allow at least an order of magnitude decrease in power dissipation over an equivalent 2D implementation of the architecture.
Thinking the Unthinkable: The Effects of Anchoring on Likelihood Estimates of Nuclear War1

“Anchoring” results from insufficient adjustment up or down from an original— often arbitrary—starting value. Six sets of surveys were designed to assess the effects of anchoring on subjective likelihood estimates of a nuclear war. Based on responses from 1600 students, results indicated that: (a) likelihood estimates were strongly susceptible to anchoring; (b) neither likelihood estimates nor the effects of anchoring were significantly influenced by the ease with which respondents could imagine a nuclear war (outcome availability), by instructions to list the most likely path to nuclear war (path availability), or by casting the problem in terms of the avoidance, rather than the occurrence, of nuclear war; (c) the effects of anchoring extended to estimates concerning the efficacy of strategic defenses; and (d) likelihood estimates were affected by anchoring even after correcting for social demand biases. In estimating the likelihood of nuclear war and otherwise attempting to “think the unthinkable”, many students responded in a manner consistent with denial; the paper concludes with a discussion of these individuals.
A UHF True Logarithmic IF Amplifier

A UHF ?true logarithmic IF? which yields a carrier output proportional in amplitude to the logarithm of the carrier input has been constructed. Although this ?true? form has been known for a number of years, it appears to have been neglected in development. Good performance has been obtained over a 60-dB input signal range with rise and fall times of 2 ns per 20 dB. A high-level, detected dc coupled output without the use of any dc amplifier is obtained. Coherent signal processing of the output carrier is possible, and other important advantages to this type of logarithmic IF are described.
Effects of α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene, and Soy Isoflavones on Lipid Oxidation of Structured Lipid-Based Emulsions

Structured lipids (SLs) are triacylglycerols that have been modified to change the fatty acid composition and/or positional distribution in the glycerol backbone by chemically and/or enzymatically catalyzed reactions and/or genetic engineering. Ten percent oil-in-water emulsions were formulated with a canola oil/caprylic acid SL and stabilized with 0.5% whey protein isolate (WPI) or sucrose fatty acid ester (SFE). The effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, genistein, and daidzein (added at 0.02 wt % of oil) on lipid oxidation were evaluated over a 15-day period in emulsion samples. Significantly (p < 0.05) less total oxidation (calculated from peroxide value and anisidine value measurements) occurred in the WPI emulsions compared to their SFE counterparts. In this study, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and both soy isoflavones exhibited prooxidant activities in SFE emulsions. Because of their ability to exhibit prooxidant activity under certain conditions, manufacturers must experiment with these compounds before adding them to SL-based products as functional ingredients.
Synthesis of template-sense, single-strand Flockhouse virus RNA in a cell-free replication system.

Abstract Cell-free extracts of Drosophila melanogaster cells infected with FHV (Flockhouse virus) have the capacity to synthesize FHV RNA. When such extracts are incubated appropriately, ss and ds FHV RNA 1, -2, and -3 can be detected as synthesis products. Pulse-chase analyses indicate that radioactivity, incorporated into ds RNA 1, -2, and -3 is chased into ss RNA 1, -2, and -3, suggesting that these ds RNAs are intermediates in FHV RNA replication. When the cell-free extracts are treated with detergents to solubilize cellular membranes, only ds RNA 1, -2, and -3 can be detected as synthesis products. The cell-free extracts, treated with a ribonuclease to remove endogenous templates, have the capacity to replicate FHV RNA 1 and -2 when these RNAs are provided as templates, together with lipofectin. Both as and ds RNA 1 and -2 are detected as synthesis products. When RNA3 is provided as a template, only ds RNA3 is synthesized. In the absence of lipofectin or in the presence of detergent, only ds RNAs are detected as synthesis products and all the incorporated radioactivity is found in the strand complementary to that of the template. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which second-strand synthesis, although not complementary strand synthesis, requires intact membranes. They also suggest that ds RNA3 is an intermediate in the synthesis of ss RNA3.
Fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren.

Recent trends in the prevalence of dental caries in children, as well as a possible increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, have prompted some researchers to suggest the reassessment of water fluoride concentration standards. Instead of reducing water fluoride concentrations, an alternative approach would be to limit the use of, or reduce the fluoride concentration of, dentifrices, mouthrinses, and supplements. Information about the use of these other sources of fluoride, however, is scarce. Using data from a 1987 survey of Michigan schoolchildren, exposure to selected fluoride sources as well as tooth brushing habits are described. Responses from questionnaires revealed that, overall, 98.5 percent of the children have used fluoride dentifrices, 27 percent have used topical fluoride rinses, 72.5 percent have had at least one exposure to professionally applied topical fluoride, and 27percent have used dietary fluoride supplements. Although the use of fluoride dietary supplements was appropriate for most children residing in fluoride-deficient Cadillac, the percentages of children in the other communities who have ingested these supplements suggest that these products are being prescribed improperly. Given the almost universal use of fluoride dentifrices at an early age, it may be time to investigate the use of reduced fluoride dentifrices for children. In addition, continuing efforts to decrease inappropriate dietary fluoride supplementation are required.
Ethnoracial Minority Background, Psychological Trauma, PTSD, and DESNOS Among Urban Low-Income Women with Severe Mental Illness

ABSTRACT Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among adults with severe mental illness. A sample of 38 women in intensive community mental health services was assessed with psychometrically validated structured interview measures. Exposure to multiple types of psychological traumas was reported by 95% of respondents; almost half (44%) met criteria for current PTSD, and an equal number met criteria for Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). Another 40% did not meet criteria for either PTSD or DESNOS. Women of color were less likely than White women to meet criteria for PTSD. Although no specific type of psychological trauma was particularly associated with PTSD, sexual and medical trauma were strongly and consistently associated with DESNOS. Among women of color, domestic violence and traumatic loss due to drunk driving fatalities were particularly prevalent. Income was generally low but not associated with risk of trauma exposure or either PTSD ...
Training in clinical child psychology: The role of continuing education

(1984). Training in clinical child psychology: The role of continuing education. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 13, General Issue: Evaluation and Treatment of Children, pp. 90-91.
Deaf College Students and Computers: The Beneficial Effect of Experience on Attitudes:

The impact of individual differences on deaf college students' attitudes toward computers was investigated. Three components of computer attitudes were examined: liking, anxiety, confidence. Mean s...
Cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated oxidative conversion of a cyano to an amide group in the metabolism of pinacidil.

The conversion of nitriles to amides is generally considered to be a hydrolytic process that does not involve redox chemistry. We demonstrate here that cytochrome P450 (CYP) is responsible for the conversion of the cyano group of pinacidil to the corresponding amide. The reaction in human liver microsomes was NADPH-dependent and was nearly completely inhibited by an anti-CYP3A4 antibody. Incubations of pinacidil with recombinant CYP enzymes confirm that CYP3A4 is the principal catalyst of this reaction. The kinetics of pinacidil amide formation by CYP3A4 yielded an apparent K(m) of 452 +/- 33 microM and k(cat) of 0.108 min(-1) (k(cat)/K(m) = 0.238 mM(-1).min(-1)). Incubation of pinacidil with CYP3A4 in the presence of (18)O(2) or H(2)(18)O showed that the amide carbonyl oxygen derived exclusively from molecular oxygen. The CYP3A4-mediated reaction also was supported by hydrogen peroxide when incubations were carried out in the absence of cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH. The reaction can be explained by a nucleophilic attack of a deprotonated ferric peroxide intermediate (Fe(3+)-O-O(-)) on the carbon atom of the -C triple bond N triple bond to form an Enz-Fe(III)-O-O-C(=NH)R intermediate, followed by cleavage of the O-O bond to give pinacidil amide. This nucleophilic addition of an Fe(3+)-O-O(-) intermediate to a -C=N pi-bond in a P450 system resembles the analogous reaction catalyzed by the nitric oxide synthases.
Distinguishing characteristics of interferon induction with poly(I)·poly(C) and Newcastle disease virus in human cells

Abstract Exposure of a human diploid foreskin cell strain (FS-4) to polyinosinate-polycytidylate [poly(I)·poly(C)] resulted in an early rise of interferon production that peaked at about 4 hr after induction and decreased rapidly thereafter. Irradiation of cells with low to moderate doses of ultraviolet (uv) light immediately before induction with poly(I)·poly(C) increased the amount of interferon produced up to about tenfold. This enhancement was apparently due to interference with the shut-off process which in unirradiated cells leads to early termination of interferon production; in irradiated cells interferon production continued for much longer. Inoculation of FS-4 cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in interferon production that showed a slower rise and peaked only at about 10–15 hr after inoculation. Irradiation of cells at the time of induction with NDV resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of interferon production. However, a small fraction of the total amount of interferon produced in response to NDV, which appeared by about 5 hr after virus inoculation, was resistant to uv. This uv-resistant early peak of NDV-induced interferon was greatly enhanced in cells which 6 hr before virus inoculation had either been induced with poly(I)·poly(C) or incubated with interferon, while the appearance of the major, uv-sensitive peak of NDV-induced interferon was inhibited or delayed after the same treatments. In its characteristics the early peak of NDV-induced interferon resembled the poly(I)·poly(C)-induced interferon response. Poly(I)·poly(C)-induced, as well as the early and late NDV-induced interferons were all neutralized by an antiserum raised against poly(I)·poly(C)-induced interferon, suggesting that they represent products of the same structural gene(s). It is concluded that there may be more than one mechanism of interferon induction by a single virus.
3‐D theory for a radially inhomogeneous microstrip circular ferrite circulator utilizing a recursive dyadic Green's function

Diagonalization of the 3-D governing equations, transverse field construction, field dependence on the perpendicular coordinate, fields within annuli, compact recursion equations in matrix form, and 3-D EH and HH dyadic Green's function elements are treated. Explicit dependence on substrate thickness is given. Magnetic walls are imposed for nonport contour regions. Published 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 18: 219–227, 1998.
Regulatory potential of ethanol and retinoic acid on human monocyte functions

Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolic product of vitamin A, has been shown to affect a variety of immune functions, including monocytes. Monocyte functions and mediator production are also modulated by ethanol exposure. This study demonstrates that therapeutic doses of RA (0.1-10 microM) significantly increase transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) production both in THP-1, human myelomonocytic cells, and in human peripheral blood monocytes. We have previously reported TGF beta induction by ethanol in human M theta. Combination of RA stimulation with acute in vitro ethanol treatment, however, resulted in significantly lower M theta TGF beta production than TGF beta levels induced by RA alone (p < 0.003). Down-regulation of M theta TGF beta production by ethanol was tested at the concentration range of 25-150 mM and occurred both at high and low RA concentrations (10-0.1 microM). In contrast to its inhibitory effect on RA-induced M theta TGF beta production, ethanol augmented TGF beta production induced by muramyl dipeptide (20 micrograms/ml), suggesting that ethanol can either up- or down-regulate M theta TGF beta production, depending on the costimulatory factors. RA also induced a moderate increase in M theta tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) production, which was down-regulated by ethanol both at the level of secreted and cell-associated TNF alpha. In addition to regulation of cytokine production, both RA and ethanol decreased expression of CD4 on THP-1 cells. The degree of inhibition of CD4 expression by RA was more significant than by ethanol, but RA-induced decrease in CD4 expression was not significantly affected by the combined stimulation with ethanol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differences in gut morphology of Campostoma oligolepis populations from two watersheds in northwest Georgia, USA

Populations of stream fishes exposed to different hydrodynamic, trophic, and physicochemical conditions may vary in their phenotypic traits in ways that influence local persistence. For example, gut morphology frequently varies with trophic position and food quality. As a result, one might expect gut morphology to differ between populations from watersheds with unique ecosystem characteristics, such as those occurring in urbanized streams. This study was an initial exploration to determine whether gut morphology of Campostoma oligolepis (Largescale Stoneroller) differed between an urbanized stream and a less urbanized stream in northwest Georgia, USA. Individuals were collected in May and June 2011 and dissected to quantify the gut length and gut quotient. With standard length as a covariate, gut length was shorter in the urbanized stream, and gut quotients were significantly lower. Gut lengths were also significantly longer in May than in June. One possible explanation for this difference is spatial and ...
Leucine incorporation by aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the Delaware estuary.

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are well known to be abundant in estuaries, coastal regions and in the open ocean, but little is known about their activity in any aquatic ecosystem. To explore the activity of AAP bacteria in the Delaware estuary and coastal waters, single-cell 3H-leucine incorporation by these bacteria was examined with a new approach that combines infrared epifluorescence microscopy and microautoradiography. The approach was used on samples from the Delaware coast from August through December and on transects through the Delaware estuary in August and November 2011. The percent of active AAP bacteria was up to twofold higher than the percentage of active cells in the rest of the bacterial community in the estuary. Likewise, the silver grain area around active AAP bacteria in microautoradiography preparations was larger than the area around cells in the rest of the bacterial community, indicating higher rates of leucine consumption by AAP bacteria. The cell size of AAP bacteria was 50% bigger than the size of other bacteria, about the same difference on average as measured for activity. The abundance of AAP bacteria was negatively correlated and their activity positively correlated with light availability in the water column, although light did not affect 3H-leucine incorporation in light–dark experiments. Our results suggest that AAP bacteria are bigger and more active than other bacteria, and likely contribute more to organic carbon fluxes than indicated by their abundance.
Voice in qualitative inquiry: challenging conventional, interpretive, and critical conceptions in qualitative research

edited by Alecia Y. Jackson and Lisa A. Mazzei, New York, Routledge, 2009, 248 pp., $45.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-415-44221-3; $150.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-44220-6 Jackson and Mazzei’s edite...
Hemodynamic deterioration after coronary angioplasty in the presence of previous left ventricular infarction

This prospective-controlled study did not reveal any additional protective effect of 500 ml of dextran-40 when combined with other drugs in preventing acute coronary artery occlusion during PTCA. Several factors may have influenced this result. First, all study patients were treated with antiplatelet drugs before and after PTCA. This may have masked any beneficial effect contributed by dextran6 Second, the protocol for dextran administration was based on the common cardiac laboratory practice of infusing 500 ml of dextran-40 immediately before and during PTCA. The maximal effect of dextran on platelet inhibition, however, may occur as long as 4 to 6 hours after administration.3*4 The infusion-dilatation interval under this protocol may have been too short for full dextran-mediated platelet inhibition to take place. In addition, the angiographic studies performed do not allow discrimination between different causes for coronary occlusion, only some of which might be amenable to a dextran effect.
Quantitative and qualitative progression of peripheral arterial disease by non-invasive testing

There is little information on the progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) over time. A series of 508 patients with a prior examination for PAD were contacted and brought in for follow-up to evaluate the natural history of PAD. A total of 85 patients were excluded because they had interventions in both limbs prior to their return visit. Progression was assessed in the remaining 423 patients for a total of 755 limbs, both quantitatively and qualitat- ively using six categories of PAD severity. There was a modest overall categorical progression of disease: 228 limbs (30.2%) displayed categorical progression, while 172 limbs (22.8%) improved over a 4.6-year average follow-up. Through analysis of quantitative change, it was determined that more quantitative progression occurred than was evident from categorical pro- gression. Two of the three non-invasive tests employed, the ankle/brachial index (ABI) and posterior tibial peak forward flow velocity (peak PT), showed statistically significant progression during follow-up: mean ABI change =- 0.019, 95% confidence interval (CI) =- 0.031 to -0.007; mean peak PT change =- 2.32 cm/s, 95% CI =- 3.20 to -1.44. The toe/brachial index (TBI) also suggested progression: mean change =- 0.013, but the 95% CI included no change. Standard scores (sum of the Z-scores for ABI, peak PT and TBI) were calculated. The standard score progressed approximately 0.34 units (standard deviations), p-value ,0.001, over 4.6 years; or about 0.07 standard deviations per year. There were independent and statistically significant (p , 0.05) associations between the rate of PAD progression (standard score change) and age, diabetes, classic ('Rose') intermittent claudication, moderate to severe PAD in the same limb, moderate to severe PAD in the contralateral limb and future therapeutic intervention. There were independent and suggestive associations (0.05 , p-value , 0.15) between PAD pro- gression and pain at rest, mild PAD in the same limb, and mild PAD in the contralateral limb. PAD progression was not associated with gender, atypical claudication, or amputation status. Thus, in this cohort of PAD patients, PAD on average progressed significantly over 4.6 years. This progression was independently related to age, diabetes and several markers of disease severity.
Colonic inflammation found at diagnosis of juvenile retention polyps in pediatric patients

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The finding of colonic inflammation concurrently with a juvenile retention polyp (JRP) may have prognostic value. However, the significance of abnormal mucosal histology with JRP has not been evaluated. We evaluated the significance of mucosal histology at the time of JRP removal with respect to future development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and polyp recurrence. METHODS: The medical records of patients who had an endoscopic polypectomy performed at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) from 1/1/87 through 4/30/98 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: JRP was histologically identified in 96 patients. A total of 54 patients had colonic mucosal biopsies: 30 (55.6%) had normal histology and 24 (44.4%) had colitis. Of the 24 patients with colitis, 14 patients (58.3%) had inflammation at the polyp site. Twelve of these patients had additional inflammation elsewhere in the colon. Nine (37.5%) had inflammation elsewhere in the colon; however, biopsies around the polyp site were not obtained. One patient with inflammation did not have the location of the polyp documented. Four patients (16.7%) had IBD at the time of polypectomy; two were diagnosed prior and two coincident with JRP. None have subsequently been diagnosed with IBD. There was no difference in polyp recurrence between those with or without inflammation (16.7% [4/24] vs 10.0% [3/30]). The mean follow-up period was 72.4 months (range, 5–142 months). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, histological mucosal inflammation is a common finding with JRP. This inflammation may be a precursor for the development of JRP but has no predictive value for polyp recurrence. This colitis does not seem to be associated with IBD.
Synthetic speech intelligibility under several experimental conditions

Present technology makes it possible for nonspeaking individuals to communicate using electronic augmentative communication devices that generate synthetic speech. For augmented individuals to communicate effectively, the synthetic speech must be intelligible, not just in ideal listening conditions, but in the presence of background noise. The present study sought to determine the extent to which two of the most frequently researched DECTalk™ voices, DECPaul and DECBetty, degraded in the presence of background noise at a signal-tonoise (S/N) ratio of +10 dB. It further sought to determine the effect of adding visual cuing to synthetic speech output on the intelligibility of DECTalk. The results suggested that DECTalk is significantly less intelligible in the presence of background noise at a +10 dB S/N ratio than in ideal listening conditions. Although the addition of visual cuing did not increase intelligibility overall, subjects did have fewer sentence errors when visual cuing was added to synthetic spe...
Cosmogenic 36Cl production rates from Ca spallation in Iceland

Abstract Cosmogenic 36 Cl concentrations were measured in whole-rock basalt samples from twenty-one surface sites on four radiocarbon-dated postglacial lava flows in Iceland. The new 36 Cl data are derived from splits of rock from the same suite of calibration sites used to determine cosmogenic 3 He production rates in recent work, and thus allow a direct co-calibration of production rates for these two widely used terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. Ca spallation is the dominant 36 Cl production reaction in our samples; hence the calibration exercise is focused on this production pathway. The four calibration flows yield mean Ca-spallation 36 Cl production rates that agree within one standard deviation. The grand mean Ca spallation production rate from all four calibration flows in Iceland is 57 ± 5 atoms 36 Cl (g Ca) - 1 yr - 1 (± 1 σ ; normalized to sea level at high latitudes with the standard atmosphere) and falls within the range of values reported in previous 36 Cl calibration studies. We contend that the Ca-spallation 36 Cl production rates in Iceland are 17% higher than normalized values calibrated in western U.S., which is equivalent in direction and magnitude to the previously reported offset in calibrated 3 He production rates between these two regions. Relatively high terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide production rates in Iceland are interpreted to reflect the time-integrated impact of persistent low atmospheric pressure associated with the Icelandic Low. The new 36 Cl production rate calibrations contribute significantly to an understanding of the production systematics of this nuclide and enable accurate 36 Cl surface exposure dating in Iceland.
Self-checking sequential circuit design using m-out-of-n codes

A technique for designing sequential circuits which are totally self-checking for single stuck at faults is presented. This technique uses m-out-of-n codes for state assignments and for output encoding. The next stage logic and the output logic are implemented such that any stuck-at-fault will either create a single bit error or unidirectional multibit error at the output. The technique has been applied to MCNC benchmark circuits and the overhead is estimated.
Feeling with the mind's eye

Mental imagery is thought to play a key role in certain aspects of visual perception and to depend on neural activity in visual cortex. We asked whether tactile discrimination of grating orientation, which appears to involve visual mental imagery, recruits visual cortical areas. H215O positron emission tomography was performed in humans during presentation of gratings to the right index fingerpad. Selective attention to grating orientation significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow, relative to a control task involving selective attention to grating dimensions, in a region located in left parieto-occipital cortex. We propose that this activation reflects the use of imagery-related visuo-spatial processes to enable the tactile discrimination of orientation.
On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective

Summary The creation of value is the core purpose and central process of economic exchange. Traditional models of value creation focus on the firm’s output and price. We present an alternative perspective, one representing the intersection of two growing streams of thought, service science and service-dominant (S-D) logic. We take the view that (1) service, the application of competences (such as knowledge and skills) by one party for the benefit of another, is the underlying basis of exchange; (2) the proper unit of analysis for service-for-service exchange is the service system, which is a configuration of resources (including people, information, and technology) connected to other systems by value propositions; and (3) service science is the study of service systems and of the co-creation of value within complex configurations of resources. We argue that value is fundamentally derived and determined in use – the integration and application of resources in a specific context – rather than in exchange – embedded in firm output and captured by price. Service systems interact through mutual service exchange relationships, improving the adaptability and survivability of all service systems engaged in exchange, by allowing integration of resources that are mutually beneficial. This argument has implications for advancing service science by identifying research questions regarding configurations and processes of value co-creation and measurements of value-in-use, and by developing its ties with economics and other service-oriented disciplines.
Data mining at NASA: from theory to applications

NASA has some of the largest and most complex data sources in the world, with data sources ranging from the earth sciences, space sciences, and massive distributed engineering data sets from commercial aircraft and spacecraft. This talk will discuss some of the issues and algorithms developed to analyze and discover patterns in these data sets. We will also provide an overview of a large research program in Integrated Vehicle Health Management. The goal of this program is to develop advanced technologies to automatically detect, diagnose, predict, and mitigate adverse events during the flight of an aircraft. A case study will be presented on a recent data mining analysis performed to support the Flight Readiness Review of the Space Shuttle Mission STS-119.
Correlations in the Two-Particle Inclusive Reactions π ± + p → π − + π − + Anything

We present rapidity distributions for the one- and two-particle inclusive reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + anything and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + anything at 8 and 18.5 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + anything and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + anything at 18.5 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$. The two-particle correlation functions for these reactions are observed to show strong dependence on the rapidities of the final-state particles and on the nature and momentum of the incident particle. Systematic variations in these correlation functions are discussed.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: An Important Clinical Concern

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent condition, associated with extensive psychiatric and medical comorbidity and usually characterized by a chronic course. Although GAD is common, its existence and importance have been neglected for many years in the research arena. GAD commonly presents in the primary care setting, which makes it important for the general practitioner to have a clear picture of the features, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder. Physicians need to be aware of GAD and its treatments, not only to address the morbidity and disability it may cause, but also to prevent unnecessary or unproductive health service utilization. This article describes the diagnostic criteria of GAD and briefly presents some data on epidemiology, morbidity, and neurobiology of the disorder. This article illustrates how patients with GAD present clinically with special emphasis in primary care settings. The available psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatments for GAD are reviewed.
Positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Four groups of isomeric polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using positive-ion chemical ionization and negative-ion chemical ionization with a variety of reagent gases in order to evaluate the utility of each; differentiation of isomers was the ultimate goal. Hydrogen positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) yielded different spectra for all but one isomer pair while retaining sensitivity comparable to electron-impact mass spectrometry. Several experimental conditions in the negative-ion mode afforded distinctly different spectra for isomeric PAH, but often sensitivities were reduced. The thirteen model compounds divided approximately into three classes according to the types and extent of reactions of the molecular anion. Class 1 gave as good sensitivity as hydrogen PICI; class 2 gave isomer-dependent spectra, but reduced sensitivity; class 3 gave no isomer differentiation, but greatly enhanced sensitivity.
Transport properties of continuous mixtures using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics

Abstract The thermal conductivity of many component mixtures (also referred to as continuous or polydisperse) has been examined using the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics technique of Evans (1982). The results have been used to examine both the mixing rules for thermal conductivity and the various n-fluid approximations (characterizations) for such mixtures. Our results have shown that the simpler Kay's mixing rules do generally as well as the more sophisticated Enskog mixing rules. In addition our results show that the 2-fluid approximation is significantly better than the 1-fluid approximation for continuous mixtures. We have also found that going to higher order approximations (e.g. 4-fluid) does not improve results significantly. This is in contrast to what has previously been thought for thermodynamic properties.
A Multi-Objective Antenna Placement Genetic Algorithm for matched array synthesis on complex platforms

A Multi-Objective Antenna Placement Genetic Algorithm (MO-APGA) has been proposed for the synthesis of matched antenna arrays on complex platforms. The total number of antennas required, their position on the platform, location of loads, loading circuit parameters, decoupling and matching network topology, matching network parameters and feed network parameters are optimized simultaneously. The optimization goal was to provide a given minimum gain, specific gain discrimination between the main and back lobes and broadband performance. This algorithm is developed based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) technique for producing diverse solutions when the number of objectives is increased beyond two. The proposed method is validated through the design of a wideband airborne SAR.
A mouse homolog to the avian sarcoma virus src protein is a member of a protein kinase cascade

Abstract Recent work has identified a cascade of membrane-bound protein kinases in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. These enzymes, designated PK L , PK S and PK M , are present in both Ehrlich tumor and mouse brain, but the cascade is active only in the tumor tissue. We have now purified a fourth protein kinase, PK F , that is also associated with this cascade. Protein kinase F phosphorylates PK L and is phosphorylated by PK S . The position of this kinase in the cascade is as follows, where the arrows denote phosphorylation: PK F → PK L → PK M → Na + K + − ATPase The phosphorylation by PK F , like phosphorylation by the other kinases, is at a tyrosine residue and causes the substrate kinase (PK L ) to become active. The role of the tyrosine phosphorylation in activating these kinases is described in detail elsewhere. One result of activation of the cascade is the phosphorylation of the β subunit of the Na + K + -ATPase, which causes inefficient Na + pumping and is at least in part responsible for the high aerobic glycolysis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. By several criteria protein kinase F from Ehrlich cells is homologous to the src gene product (pp60 src ) from avian sarcoma viruses. Antiserum raised against PK F and sera from rabbits bearing Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors quantitatively precipitate the same 60 kd phosphoprotein from cell lysates of three different RSV-transformed cell lines. Both proteins phosphorylate PK L and a 130 kd cytoskeletal protein (vinculin). The tryptic maps of these proteins are closely similar. Both proteins bind specifically to PK L covalently coupled to Sepharose. We used this latter observation to facilitate the purification of pp60 src from RSV-transformed cells.
Dry etching of MgCaO gate dielectric and passivation layers on GaN

Abstract MgCaO films grown by rf plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and capped with Sc 2 O 3 are promising candidates as surface passivation layers and gate dielectrics on GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and metal-oxide semiconductor HEMTs (MOS-HEMTs), respectively. Two different plasma chemistries were examined for etching these thin films on GaN. Inductively coupled plasmas of CH 4 /H 2 /Ar produced etch rates only in the range 20–70 A/min, comparable to the Ar sputter rates under the same conditions. Similarly slow MgCaO etch rates (∼100 A/min) were obtained with Cl 2 /Ar discharges under the same conditions, but GaN showed rates almost an order of magnitude higher. The MgCaO removal rates are limited by the low volatilities of the respective etch products. The CH 4 /H 2 /Ar plasma chemistry produced a selectivity of around 2 for etching the MgCaO with respect to GaN.
Two distinct types of ON directionally selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

Mammalian retinas contain about 20 types of ganglion cells that respond to different aspects of the visual scene, including the direction of motion of objects in the visual field. The rabbit retina has long been thought to contain two distinct types of directionally selective (DS) ganglion cell: a bistratified ON-OFF DS ganglion cell that responds to onset and termination of light, and an ON DS ganglion cell, which stratifies only in the ON layer and responds only to light onset. This division is challenged by targeted recordings from rabbit retina, which indicate that ON DS ganglion cells occur in two discriminably different types. One of these is strongly tracer-coupled to amacrine cells; the other is never tracer-coupled. These two types also differ in branching pattern, stratification depth, relative latency, and transience of spiking. The sustained, uncoupled ON DS cell ramifies completely within the lower cholinergic band and responds to nicotine with continuous firing. In contrast, the transient, coupled ON DS ganglion cell stratifies above the cholinergic band and is not positioned to receive major input from cholinergic amacrine cells, consistent with its modest response to the cholinergic agonist nicotine. Much data have accrued that directional responses in the mammalian retina originate via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from the dendrites of starburst amacrine cells (Euler et al., 2002). If there is an ON DS ganglion cell that does not stratify in the starburst band, this suggests that its GABA-dependent directional signals may be generated by a mechanism independent of starburst amacrine cells.