cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-time observations of SN 2006gy: Still going strong

Owing to its extremely high luminosity and long duration, supernova (SN) 2006gy radiated more energy in visual light than any other known SN. Two hypotheses to explain its high luminosity at early times - that it was powered by shock interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) as implied by its Type IIn spectrum, or that it was fueled by radioactive decay from a large mass of 56Ni synthesized in a pair-instability SN-predicted different late-time properties. Here we present observations of SN 2006gy obtained more than a year after discovery. We were unable to detect it at visual wavelengths, but clear near-infrared (IR) K′ and H-band detections show that it is still at least as luminous as the peak of a normal Type II SN. We also present spectra giving an upper limit to the late-time Ha luminosity of ≲S10 39 erg s-1. Based on the weak late-time Ha, X-ray, and radio emission, combined with the difficulty of explaining the shift to IR wavelengths, we can rule out ongoing CSM interaction as the primary late-time power source of SN 2006gy. Instead, we propose that the evolution of SN 2006gy is consistent with one of two possible scenarios: (1)apairinstability SN plus modest CSM interaction, where the radioactive decay luminosity shifts to the IR because of dust formation; or (2) an IR echo, where radiation emitted during peak luminosity heats a pre-existing dust shell at radii near 1 light year, requiring the progenitor star to have ejected another shell of ∼10 M ⊙ about 1500 yr before the SN. © 2008. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen bonding Part 45. Thermodynamic and IR study of the hydrates of N-methylmorpholine oxide and quinuclidine oxide. Effect of hydrate stoichiometry on strength of HOH⋯ON hydrogen bonds; implications for the dissolution of cellulose in amine oxide solvents

N-Methylmorpholine oxide forms two hydrates containing 2.5 and 1 mole H2O respectively. Equilibrium dissociation vapor pressure measurements show that the strength of HOH⋯ON hydrogen bonds in the higher hydrate (15.83 kcal mol−1) is greater than in the monohydrate (12.01 kcal mol−1). The failure of cellulose to dissolve in N-methylmorpholine oxide when the H2O content is greater than 2 moles H2O per mole of amine oxide may arise because H2O is more tightly bound to the NO group at higher H2O content, rather than because the amine oxide oxygen is “saturated” with two or more hydrogen bonds. Quinuclidine oxide forms a crystalline monohydrate; no other stable hydrates are observed at 25°C. The similarity of the IR spectra for bound H2O in N-methylmorpholine oxide monohydrate and quinuclidine oxide monohydrate and the similarity of thermodynamic parameters for the dissociations of these two hydrates suggests that they have the same ribbon-type hydrate structure.
Smoking in Response to Negative Mood in Men Versus Women as a Function of Distress Tolerance

INTRODUCTION Negative mood situations often increase smoking behavior and reward, effects that may be greater among women and smokers low in tolerance for distress. METHODS Adult dependent smokers (N = 164; 86 men, 78 women) first completed measures of distress tolerance via self-report and by mirror-tracing and breath-holding tasks. They then participated in 2 virtually identical laboratory sessions, involving induction of negative versus neutral mood (control) via pictorial slides and music. They rated negative affect (NA) before and during mood induction and smoked their preferred brand ad libitum during the last 14 min of mood induction. Our aim was to examine mood effects on NA, smoking reward ("liking"), and smoking intake (puff volume and number) as a function of sex and distress tolerance. RESULTS Negative mood induction increased NA, as planned, and smoking reward and intake compared with neutral mood. Increases in NA and puff volume due to negative mood were greater in women compared with men, as hypothesized, but no main effects of the self-report or behavioral distress tolerance measures were seen in responses to mood induction. However, unexpectedly, lower self-reported distress tolerance was associated with greater smoking intake due to negative (but not neutral) mood in men and generally due to neutral (but not negative) mood in women. CONCLUSIONS Negative mood may increase smoking intake more in women compared with men. Yet, low distress tolerance may enhance smoking intake due to negative versus neutral mood differentially between women and men, suggesting that sex and distress tolerance may interact to influence smoking responses to negative mood.
An Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods to Detect Malicious SCADA Communications

Critical infrastructure Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have been designed to operate on closed, proprietary networks where a malicious insider posed the greatest threat potential. The centralization of control and the movement towards open systems and standards has improved the efficiency of industrial control, but has also exposed legacy SCADA systems to security threats that they were not designed to mitigate. This work explores the viability of machine learning methods in detecting the new threat scenarios of command and data injection. Similar to network intrusion detection systems in the cyber security domain, the command and control communications in a critical infrastructure setting are monitored, and vetted against examples of benign and malicious command traffic, in order to identify potential attack events. Multiple learning methods are evaluated using a dataset of Remote Terminal Unit communications, which included both normal operations and instances of command and data injection attack scenarios.
Relativistic electron microbursts during the GEM storms

Observations of relativistic (> 1M eV) electr on microbursts by the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite are frequently asso- ciated with geomagnetic storms. We examine the charac- teristics of these microbursts during 1997 and 1998, pay- ing particular attention to the three storms selected by the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) community for special study: May 15, 1997, September25, 1998, and Octo- ber 19, 1998. The relativistic electron microbursts strongly correlate with both the Dst and Kp indices and generally increase in intensity and move to lower L shells during the recovery phases of geomagnetic storms. During the recovery phases of the Septemberand October1998 storms, the num- bers of >1 MeV electrons lost from the radiation belts to the microburst precipitation are estimated to be 2.5×10 25 and 3.3×10 24 , respectively. In both cases, the microburst loss is a significant fraction of the total radiation belt population.
Sensor localization for indoor wireless sensor networks

Although numerous solutions have been proposed to the sensor area localization problem, most of them are aimed at two-dimensional (2D) planes rather than the three-dimensional (3D) scenarios in real world applications. This study presents a novel approach to indoor localization of a mobile object that is equipped with sensors and cameras by utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 3D stereo image measurements. Based on some experiments conducted, the proposed scheme has shown its potential to be useful in real world applications.
Melanoma in the young: Differences and similarities with adult melanoma : A case-matched controlled analysis

BACKGROUND. Melanoma in the first 2 decades of life is rare and is less well characterized than melanoma in adults. Previously published comparisons of melanoma of the young (age ≤20 years) and in adults have been biased by the observation that primary melanomas of the young are significantly thicker on average than adult melanomas. In this study, the use of an adult control group that was matched for tumor thickness adjusted for this bias and allowed for a comparison of the biology of pediatric melanoma and adult melanoma. METHODS. The authors identified young patients with melanoma who were treated at their institution between 1971 and 2002, and matched each patient by thickness and year of diagnosis to 2 adult control patients with melanoma. The study group of 73 young patients with melanoma (aged ≤20 years) was compared with to 146 adult case-matched control patients for clinical presentation, treatment, and clinically relevant outcome parameters, including disease-free and cause-specific survival. A subset of pediatric patients aged ≤13 years also was analyzed against case-matched adult controls. RESULTS. The demographics and clinical presentation of the 2 groups were similar. Of the young patients with melanoma who underwent pathologic staging of clinically negative lymph nodes by either elective lymph node dissection or lymphatic mapping/sentinel lymph node biopsy, 11 of 25 patients (44%) had positive lymph nodes compared with 11 of 46 patients (23.9%) among the adults. The overall incidence of positive lymph nodes was 17.8% in young melanoma patients and 9.6% in thickness-matched adult control patients. Nonetheless, 10-year cause-specific survival was similar between young melanoma patients and adult melanoma patients (89.4% and 79.3%, respectively). No significant differences were observed comparing young patients with melanoma aged 13 years. CONCLUSIONS. Melanoma of the young had some important differences and similarities relative to adult melanoma. Lymph node metastases were more prevalent in young patients with melanoma compared with adult (thickness-matched) control patients; however, the 5- and 10-year survival rates were similar. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Complicity: That Moral Monster, Troubling Matters

In the criminal law of many jurisdictions complicity, though not itself a substantive crime but a way of committing a crime, is a doctrine that determines when one person is legally liable for a criminal offense that was committed by another person, typically by being an accomplice. That doctrine has a number of troubling moral implications with respect to responsibility, particularly when complicity is employed as a devise to capture one agent as morally accountable for the actions of another agent and/or the consequences of those actions. I focus on the issue of responsibility for consequences and actus reus and mens rea difficulties with complicity as a moral concept in the light of two cases in which complicity is the basis for ascriptions of moral and criminal responsibility to someone who was not the primary wrongdoer. The book on the topic by Chiara Lepora and Robert E. Goodin provokes my discussion.
DASD dancing: a disk load balancing optimization scheme for video-on-demand computer systems

For a video-on-demand computer system we propose a scheme which balances the load on the disks, thereby helping to solve a performance problem crucial to achieving maximal video throughput. Our load balancing scheme consists of two stages. The static stage determines good assignments of videos to groups of striped disks. The dynamic phase uses these assignments, and features a DASD dancing algorithm which performs real-time disk scheduling in an effective manner. Our scheme works synergistically with disk striping. We examine the performance of the DASD dancing algorithm via simulation experiments.
Fabrication of Ge/Si quantum-dot infrared photodetector by pulsed laser deposition

A multilayered infrared Ge/Si quantum-dot photodetector is fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Forty successive Ge quantum dot layers, each covered with a thin Si layer, are deposited. Deposition is monitored by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and the morphology is further studied by ex situ atomic force microscopy. Current-voltage measurements reveal typical diode characteristics, while responsivity measurements show an absorption peak around a 2-μm wavelength
The euphausiid eye—a re-evaluation

Abstract The development of the eyes of euphausiids, like that of the eyes of galatheids, is accomplished by an outward growth of retinular cells and a deposition, by these cells, of a hyaline filament distal to the rhabdoms. This developmental pattern and the resulting adult structure are quite different from those reported from bottom-dwelling crabs, lobsters and prawns. The refractive index of the hyaline filaments in galatheid eyes is sufficiently higher than that of the surrounding cells and fluid that the principles of fiber optics are effective. Any light reaching the filament is conducted without loss to the rhabdoms. Although the filaments in the eyes of euphausiids are too slender to measure by routine refractive index methods, it is suggested that they act in the same way and that the euphausiid eye is capable of forming an apposition-type, mosaic image.
Corporate crime: why we cannot trust industry-derived safety studies.

The control of pesticides, as of all synthetic chemicals, in most industrialized countries relies heavily or even entirely on safety data supplied by the manufacturers. Such a regulatory system can only be effective if the companies conducting and reporting the studies honestly disclose any adverse findings. The record shows, however, that all too often company executives and their scientists knowingly suppress or manipulate information that could affect the licensing and sale of their products. A case in point is the gross manipulation of health and related data on the pesticides heptachlor and chlordane by the U.S. chemical company, Velsicol.
Tire Wear Rates

Abstract During the early stages of tire wear, the wear rate determined from groove depth measurements may reflect a dimensional change not associated with rubber loss, that is superimposed on the tread loss. The combined effect can be fit with an exponential decay curve relating groove depth to miles run. A method for separating any shape change effect from wear rate effects is suggested.
An Approach to Zero-One Integer Programming

By starting with an all-integer zero-one linear programming problem, it is possible to develop a modified, possibly linear, programming problem that provides a characterization of the basis corresponding to a feasible zero-one solution to the integer problem. This characterization is based on the number of variables equal to one in the feasible solution. This paper develops an approach to zero-one programming based on this characterization. The method uses the criterion function of the original problem as a constraint, and then generates a sequence of feasible zero-one solutions, each with a greater value of the objective function. The solution technique is terminated when no more feasible solutions can be found, indicating that the last feasible solution determined is the optimum.
Vacuum simulation of RF cavities to optimize pump configurations

The pressure history in the components of an RF linac has been modeled using Mathematica. Specifically the Cavity Coupled Drift Tube Linac (CCDTL) and Cavity Coupled Linac (CCL) sections of the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) plant [2] have been modeled in order to predict the optimal pump configuration over the 224 meter length. The pressure history in up to 43 sub-volumes within three representative modules (about three meters long) is analyzed in detail. Included in our model are time-dependent outgassing rates and pressure dependent pump speeds. With this information, we solve for the pressure history during roughing and with turbo and ion pumps. The number and size of each pump is optimized to achieve the desired pressure with minimal costs.
Dark Radiation from Particle Decays during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

CMB observations suggest the possibility of an extra dark radiation component, while the current evidence from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) is more ambiguous. Dark radiation from a decaying particle can affect these two processes differently. Early decays add an additional radiation component to both the CMB and BBN, while late decays can alter the radiation content seen in the CMB while having a negligible effect on BBN. Here, we quantify this difference and explore the intermediate regime by examining particles decaying during BBN, i.e., particle lifetimes ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{X}$ satisfying $0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{sec}l{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{X}l1000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{sec}$. We calculate the change in the effective number of neutrino species, ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, as measured by the CMB, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{CMB}}$, and the change in the effective number of neutrino species as measured by BBN, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$, as a function of the decaying particle initial energy density and lifetime, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$ is defined in terms of the number of additional two-component neutrinos needed to produce the same change in the primordial $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ abundance as our decaying particle. As expected, for short lifetimes (${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{X}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{sec}$), the particles decay before the onset of BBN, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{CMB}}=\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$, while for long lifetimes (${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{X}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{sec}$), $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$ is dominated by the energy density of the nonrelativistic particles before they decay, so that $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$ remains nonzero and becomes independent of the particle lifetime. By varying both the particle energy density and lifetime, one can obtain any desired combination of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{CMB}}$, subject to the constraint that $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{CMB}}\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$. We present limits on the decaying particle parameters derived from observational constraints on $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{CMB}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\mathrm{BBN}}$.
Pathway from child sexual and physical abuse to risky sex among emerging adults: the role of trauma-related intrusions and alcohol problems.

Abstract Purpose Some evidence suggests that risk reduction programming for sexual risk behaviors (SRB) has been minimally effective, which emphasized the need for research on etiological and mechanistic factors that can be addressed in prevention and intervention programming. Childhood sexual and physical abuse have been linked with SRB among older adolescents and emerging adults; however, pathways to SRB remain unclear. This study adds to the literature by testing a model specifying that traumatic intrusions after early abuse may increase risk for alcohol problems, which in turn may increase the likelihood of engaging in various types of SRB. Methods Participants were 1,169 racially diverse college students (72.9% female, 37.6% black/African-American, and 33.6% white) who completed anonymous questionnaires assessing child abuse, traumatic intrusions, alcohol problems, and sexual risk behavior. Results The hypothesized path model specifying that traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems account for associations between child abuse and several aspects of SRB was a good fit for the data; however, for men, stronger associations emerged between physical abuse and traumatic intrusions and between traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems, whereas for women, alcohol problems were more strongly associated with intent to engage in risky sex. Conclusions Findings highlight the role of traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems in explaining paths from childhood abuse to SRB in emerging adulthood, and suggest that risk reduction programs may benefit from an integrated focus on traumatic intrusions, alcohol problems, and SRB for individuals with abuse experiences.
Improving environmental valuation estimates through consistent use of revealed and stated preference information

Abstract Environmental valuation data from stated and revealed preference methods are integrated into a unified model of preferences for environmental quality improvement that identifies the “use” and “nonuse” components of the total value estimate. This articulates clearly what parts of the total value estimate come from each type of data, and permits tests of whether estimated preferences satisfy weak complementarity between the environmental good of interest and related private goods. The statistical advantages of using more information for the valuation problem are exploited, while retaining flexibility to identify value estimates from any individual method of analysis.
An Empirical Investigation of How Trust, Cohesion, and Performance Vary in Virtual and Face-to-Face Teams

As technology improves, more teams are meeting virtually. In this study, we analyze how individual levels of trust, cohesion, output, outcome satisfaction, and process satisfaction differ in virtual and face-to-face teams completing different tasks. A controlled experiment in which business students were randomly assigned to either a virtual or face-to-face team, completing either an intellective or a preference task, was completed. Comparisons of the four task/technology conditions showed that virtual team members reported lower levels of trust, cohesion, outcome satisfaction, and process satisfaction. However, their output was essentially the same as individual working in face-to-face teams. No significant differences were found between the teams completing the intellective or preference tasks.
Adaptive digital techniques to suppress quantization noise of ΣΔ analog to digital converters

This paper investigates the application of Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) techniques in improving the performance of sigma delta ADCs. Using a specific technique of ANC, adaptive line enhancer (ALE), quantization noise of sigma delta modulator can be reduced significantly and signal to noise ratio is boosted. Mathematical model of this system in steady state is presented. Simulation results on different sigma delta ADCs are very promising and show significant improvements in signal to noise ratio and spurious free dynamic range. ALE processes the signal at the output of sigma delta modulator; hence, it will be a part of digital post-processing of the signal and no analog complexity will be added to the converter by using this technique.
Boundary layer flow of a second grade fluid with variable heat flux at the wall

We study the boundary layer (stagnation) flow of a second grade fluid, with a prescribed variable heat flux at the wall. The flow is assumed to be steady and laminar. The governing equations are solved using an iterative central difference approximation method in a non-uniform grid domain. The effects of the non-Newtonian nature of the fluid and the heat flux parameter on the thermal boundary layer are also presented.
Public Opinion About Stem Cell Research and Human Cloning

Few science and technology–related issues have sparked as much survey attention as the public controversy ov er human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. Interest groups, advocates, and policymakers on both sides of the debate have taken advantage of poll results to support their claims that the public backs their preferred policy outc omes, and the competing camps have staged ongoing public communication campaigns in an effort to shape public opinion. Journalists have also highlighted the results of these surveys, using poll figures to complement their coverage of who is ahead and who is behind in the competition to decide stem cell–and cloning-related policy (Nisbet, Brossard, and Kroepsch 2003). The study of survey trends detailing public responses to genetic engineering and biotechnology is not new. For example, Singer, Corning, and Lamias (1998) reviewed poll trends specific to genetic testing, gene therapy, and early public reactions to animal and human reproductive cloning. Shanahan, Scheufele, and Lee (2001) examined trends related to agricultural biotechnology, and the National Science Foundation’s Science and Engineering Indicators surveys have tracked public opinion about genetic engineering (broadly defined) since the 1980s (for an overview, see Miller and Kimmel 2001). These previous analyses, however, have not focused speci fically on surveys measuring public reactions either to stem cell or therapeutic cloning research.
Transcription Corepressor CtBP Is an NAD+-Regulated Dehydrogenase

Summary even skipped , rhomboid , and fushi tarazu (Nibu et al.,1998a, 1998b; Poortinga et al., 1998). All three of these Transcriptional repression is based on the selective sequence-specific repressors contain PXDLS-relatedactions of recruited corepressor complexes, including motifs that have been shown in vitro and in vivo to those with enzymatic activities. One well-characterized be important in recruiting dCtBP. CtBP1 and CtBP2, a developmentally important corepressor is the C-ter- second highly related factor in vertebrates, have been minal binding protein (CtBP). Although intriguingly re- linked toa host of disparatetranscription factors includ- lated in sequence to D2 hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, ing several that are important in cellular proliferation, the mechanism by which CtBP functions remains un- homeostasis, and development by a conserved PXDLS- clear. We report here biochemical and crystallographic like motif (Chinnadurai, 2002). studies which reveal that CtBP is a functional dehy-
Effects of time-varying loads on rotor fault detection in induction machines

The authors address the problem of motor current spectral analysis for the detection of nonidealities in the airgap flux density in the presence of an oscillation or position-varying load torque. An analysis of the effects of position-varying loads on the current harmonic spectrum is presented. The load torque-induced harmonics are shown to be coincidental with rotor fault-induced harmonics when the load varies synchronously with the rotor position. Since the effect of the load and fault on a single stator current harmonic component is spatially dependent, the fault-induced portion cannot be separated from the load portion. Therefore, an online detection scheme which measures the spectrum of a single-phase current must rely on monitoring those spectral components which are not affected by the load torque oscillations. With this in mind, the detection of broken bars is still possible, since the current typically contains higher order harmonics than those induced by the load. >
Spurious source/drain underlap of large junction area NFET's

When a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology was introduced into manufacturing, a small fraction of the tested devices exhibited symptoms of source/drain underlap, despite the fact that all other monitors were well within the design control limits. Additional measurements showed variable overlap on various monitor structures on the same chip. The specific formulation of an HF wet clean was shown to be responsible for the underlapped devices, and the problem was eliminated by altering this process step. High-volume manufacturing data are presented to show the problem and the solution.
Natural history of intravascular ultrasound-detected edge dissections from coronary stent deployment.

Background High-resolution intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) performed immediately after stent deployment often reveals dissection at the stent margin that may not be appreciated by angiography. However, the natural history of these edge dissections is unknown. These intimal disruptions at the stent margins have been previously reported to occur in 5% to 23% of stent implantations. The short-term prognosis of these lesions appears to be good; however, the longer-term effect on restenosis and/or vessel remodeling is not known. We therefore studied a cohort of patients with the use of IVUS immediately after stent implantation and at 6 months to assess the incidence and prognosis of coronary edge dissections. Methods and Results One hundred fifty patients undergoing Palmaz-Shatz stent implantation were imaged with IVUS with the use of a motorized pullback, and the incidence of edge dissections was determined and graded according to depth and circumferential extent. Arterial and lesional morphometric parameters were assessed by digital planimetry. Six-month IVUS images were aligned with the poststent IVUS to determine the natural history of these lesions. Sixteen (10.7%) of 150 had edge tears. All were angiographically silent. Most lesions (n = 9) were superficial intimal tears. Vessel, lumen, and plaque area were similar in the nondissection and dissection groups in both the proximal and distal reference segments. Plaque eccentricity was likewise similar in both groups. At 6 months, lesions (n = 12) healed without a change in plaque burden, undergoing a “tacking down” process. Vessel area (19.1 ± 6.4 vs 18.4 ± 7.1 mm2, P = not significant), lumen area (8.2 ± 4.1 vs 9.2 ± 4.0 mm2, P = not significant), and plaque area (10.0 ± 3.3 vs 9.8 ± 3.3 mm2, P = not significant) were unchanged when compared with the lesion site taken at stent deployment. Conclusions Edge dissections as detected by IVUS do not necessarily proscribe an adverse prognosis at 6 months. This finding may provide reassurance to interventionalists because these lesions are frequently seen by IVUS after stent deployment. Further studies are warranted to precisely define specific morphometric features of edge dissections that affect the long-term clinical outcome. (Am Heart J 2000;139:59-63.)
Designing a human-centered, multimodal GIS interface to support emergency management

Geospatial information is critical to effective, collaborative decision-making during emergency management situations; however conventional GIS are not suited for multi-user access and high-level abstract queries. Currently, decision makers do not always have the real time information they need; GIS analysts produce maps at the request of individual decision makers, often leading to overlapping requests with slow delivery times. In order to overcome these limitations, a paradigm shift in interface design for GIS is needed. The research reported upon here attempts to overcome analyst-driven, menu-controlled, keyboard and mouse operated GIS by designing a multimodal, multi-user GIS interface that puts geospatial data directly in the hands of decision makers. A large screen display is used for data visualization, and collaborative, multi-user interactions in emergency management are supported through voice and gesture recognition. Speech and gesture recognition is coupled with a knowledge-based dialogue management system for storing and retrieving geospatial data. This paper describes the first prototype and the insights gained for human-centered multimodal GIS interface design.
Basic concepts for the linear model of ground water level recession

Basic concepts are illustrated for the display of ground water level recession as a linear plot on a semilog graph, as first described by Rorabaugh. This exponential decay function can be achieved if there is a definable outflow boundary such as a lake or river and if water levels are expressed relative to the altitude of the boundary. The model can be used to estimate aquifer hydraulic diffusivity. Concepts are illustrated using three finite-difference simulations. One represents the ideal case as described by Rorabaugh, in which the altitude of the outflow boundary is uniform along its length. Another simulation includes a sloping boundary with simple geometry and demonstrates that the model can be used accurately. Based on this simulation, it appears that the ground water level must be expressed relative to the closest point on the outflow boundary. The third simulation includes a sloping boundary and complex boundary shape, and demonstrates departures from the linear model of recession and errors in the estimate of hydraulic diffusivity. Another cause of nonlinearity is the instability of the ground water head profile soon after a recharge event. The nature of these early-time departures will vary depending on the location of the water level observation site relative to the outflow boundary and the hydrologic divide of the ground water flow system.
Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Guidance From Framingham: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction

The Framingham Heart Study has contributed importantly to understanding of the causes of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Framingham research has helped define the quantitative and additive nature of these causes or, as they are now called, “cardiovascular risk factors.”1 The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)2 3 has made extensive use of Framingham data in developing its strategy for preventing CHD by controlling high cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines2 3 adjust the intensity of cholesterol-lowering therapy with absolute risk as determined by summation of risk factors. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) has set forth a parallel approach for blood pressure control. In contrast to the NCEP,2 however, earlier NHBPEP reports issued through the Joint National Committee4 did not match the intensity of therapy to absolute risk for CHD. “Normalization” of blood pressure is the essential goal of therapy regardless of risk status. Blood pressure–lowering therapy is carried out as much for prevention of stroke and other cardiovascular complications as for reduction of CHD risk. Nonetheless, risk assessment could be important for making decisions about type and intensity of therapy for hypertension. Thus, the most recent Joint National Committee report5 gives more attention to risk stratification for adjustment of therapy for hypertension. Although Framingham data have already been influential in the development of national guidelines for risk factor management, the opportunity may exist for both cholesterol and blood pressure programs to draw more extensively from Framingham results when formulating improved risk assessment guidelines and recommending more specific strategies for risk factor modification. The American Heart Association has previously used Framingham risk factor data to prepare charts for estimating CHD risk. Framingham investigators of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute prepared the original charts and have now revised …
Accelerated learning in colleges and universities

This chapter provides a research-based overview of accelerated learning as a program and educational format in higher education today.
Effective cluster assignment for modulo scheduling

Clustering is one solution to the demand for wide issue machines and fast clock cycles because it allows for smaller, less ported register files and simpler bypass logic while remaining scaleable. Much of the previous work on scheduling for clustered architectures has focused on acyclic code. While minimizing schedule length of acyclic code is paramount, the primary objective when scheduling cyclic code is to maximize the throughput or steady state performance. This paper investigates a pre-modulo scheduling pass that performs cluster assignment in a way that minimizes performance degradation due to explicit communication required as the loops are split over clusters. The proposed cluster assignment algorithm annotates and adjusts the graph for use by the scheduler so that any traditional modulo scheduling algorithm, having no knowledge of clustering, can produce a valid and efficient schedule for a clustered machine.
A Cross-National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations

This article draws on two recent and largely untapped sources of data to test empirically the Tocquevillian argument about the impact of involvement in civic organizations on individual attitudes and behaviors. Our analysis is based on two related studies – the European Social Survey (ESS) and the US ‘Citizenship, Involvement, Democracy’ (CID) survey – that incorporate innovative and detailed measures about respondents' involvement in voluntary associations in nineteen European countries and in the United States. These surveys provide us not only with rich individual-level data within a cross-national comparison, but they also allow us to develop and test a new measure of civic involvement that distinguishes between different levels of participation. After employing our ‘civic involvement index’ in pooled and individual country analyses, we find general support for the Tocquevillian argument. On average, those persons with greater levels of involvement in voluntary organizations also engage in more politi...
Body composition in adults with cerebral palsy by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skinfold anthropometry compared with the 18O isotope-dilution technique.

The aim of this study was to determine in adults with cerebral palsy the accuracy and practicality of standard methods used to estimate body composition. The sample consisted of 20 adults (13 men and 7 women) aged 20-55 y with various degrees of cerebral palsy. Percentage body fat was estimated from skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and compared with the reference measure of percentage body fat from total body water by 18 O dilution. Values derived from use of BIA and skinfold thickness, estimated by using the Jackson-Pollock equation, were significantly different from those derived with use of 18 O dilution (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between percentage body fat measured with DXA and that measured with 18 O. There was favorable agreement between DXA and 18 O (mean difference: 0.06 ± 9.6%), but not between skinfold thickness (mean difference: 6.33 ± 12.3%) or BIA (mean difference: - 6.55 ± 13.6%) and 18 O. Although DXA was the best measure for predicting percentage body fat in the sample, its high cost prohibits its use as a practical method. The best-fitting regression equation specific for this sample by using anthropometric measures to predict percentage body fat was as follows: 8.76 -(7.34 x sex) + (0.32 x weight) + (0.38 x biceps skinfold) (R 2 = 0.84, P < 0.001, SEE = 4.85). This equation needs to be cross-validated in an independent sample of adults with cerebral palsy.
Statistical adaptive transform coding of speech signals

Considers the adaptive transform coding (ATC) of signals and proposes a statistical approach to ATC, called statistical adaptive transform coding (SATC). This scheme uses short-time statistical features of the transform coefficients for the purpose of adaptive bit allocation and adaptive quantization. This set of features is sent to the receiver after quantization. The receiver, in turn, uses this side information in adaptive reconstructing the signal. Vector quantization of the side information is used. It is concluded that the subblock approach makes SATC technique much simpler than previously proposed ATC methods. It is further concluded that the test results for SATC with speech signals are encouraging for low bit rate coding applications. >
Positivity properties in pencils of matrices

If A and B are positive definite self-adjoint matrices, then all the matrices Pi, occurring in the expansion of an exterior power Λk(A+ λB) = P 0 + P 1λ + … + P kλk are positive definite.
QCD constraints on the shape of polarized quark and gluon distributions

Abstract We develop simple analytic representations of the polarized quark and gluon distributions in the nucleon at low Q2 which incorporate general constraints obtained from the requirements of color coherence of gluon couplings at x ∼ 0 and the helicity retention properties of perturbative QCD couplings at x ∼ 1. The unpolarized predictions are similar to the Do′ distributions given by Martin, Roberts, and Stirling. The predictions for the quark helicity distributions are compared with polarized structure functions measured by the E142 experiment at SLAC and the SMC experiment at CERN.
Freeze-substitution and Postembedding Immunocytochemistry on Rat Taste Buds: G-Proteins, Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide, and Choline Acetyl Transferase

Abstract: We have explored freeze-substitution combined with low-temperature embedding in rat taste buds for postembedding immunocytochemistry. A major difference in taste bud cells that were rapidly frozen without prior chemical fixation and those that were fixed and cryoprotected before freezing was that electron-dense core granules were virtually absent. The antibodies used in these initial studies were directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a peptide commonly found in nociceptive neurons; the α-subunits of two G-proteins involved in bitter and sweet taste transduction; and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Anti-CGRP immunolabeled a subpopulation of unmyelinated perigemmal neurons; anti-Gqα labeled a larger subpopulation of these neurons and the microvilli of cells that were most likely from Type II vallate taste buds. α-Gustducin was found in cytoplasm of Type II and/or III cells and probably in microvilli of Type I cells of vallate taste buds. The best labeling results were obtained with anti-ChAT, which stained microvilli and lateral membranes of some Type II vallate taste bud cells, and the cytoplasm of some other Type II and/or III vallate cells. In addition, anti-ChAT labeled electron-opaque materials inside taste bud pores of vallate papillae, but, under the same conditions, not granules of Type I cells or most of the vesicles in von Ebner's glands. These data suggest that we can not assume a priori that the contents of the electron-dense core granules of Type I cells, or even of those of von Ebner's glands, contain the precursors of the taste bud pore–dense substances.
4/5D imaging for guiding intracardiac and extracorporeal ablation of cardiac arrhythmias (Presentation Recording)

This Conference Presentation was recorded at SPIE Medical Imaging 2015 held in Orlando, Florida, United States.
Georods: the development of a four-element geophone for improved seismic imaging of glaciers and ice sheets

Active seismic imaging of glaciers and ice sheets is important for constraining inputs to climate models, such as englacial ice fabric and the nature of the basal interface. However, acquiring high-quality seismic data is time-consuming and resource-intensive. Using traditional single-element geophones requires ideal weather conditions (e.g. light winds) and excellent source coupling. In addition, deploying and retrieving these geophones is slow and cumbersome.We have developed a four element ‘georod’ that enhances signal levels by 20–30 dB in a variety of conditions, including blowing snow and poorly coupled source detonations. The long, slender design of these georods makes them easy to deploy and retrieve, allowing researchers to acquire greater line-kilometers of seismic data during field campaigns that are commonly time-constrained.
Targeting Future Health Care Expenditure Reductions.

Acommonlyheld belief states that payingmore for a product is an assuranceof higher quality. The adage “yougetwhat you pay for”hasbeen the conventionalwisdomformanyprospective buyers,whether they aredebatingbuying anewvs aused vehicle, buying an index vs a managed mutual fund, or paying tuition at a public vs a private college. Recent US economicdoldrumshavegivenall of uspause, however, causingmanytoquestion the fiscal sagacityofoverspending.Worse yet, evidence suggests that spendingmore for a productmay not equatewith better value. The sameprinciple seems to apply to health care, as highlighted in this issue of JAMA Surgery. Thewell-written article byEjaz and colleagues1 adds additional fuel to the fire surrounding the debate on health care spending. The authors found that increased spending at the timeof indexhospitalization formajor abdominal surgery correlated with a higher likelihood of readmission. The United States cannot afford health care spendthrifts. After 5 years of historically low growth in health care expenditures, 2014 saw an increase in overall health care spending, whichnowaccounts for 17.5%of the gross domestic product.2 TheAffordable CareAct is believed to account formost of this trend.Hospital-based–careexpenditures alone increased4.1% in 2014, totaling $971.8 billion.2 AlthoughEjaz and colleaguesdescribe theproblemofunnecessary spending admirably, they do not tackle the harder question:What canwedo to combat these spiraling costs?Additional studiesareneededto identifyandtarget themaindrivers of theobservedcost variations. Furthermore,wewouldargue that health care cost containment should begin with education. Surgeons, trainees, and students are largely unaware of the costs of care.3,4 However, studies have shown that surgeons can be trained to minimize costs without sacrificing quality.5 Such education should start early. Timely and actionable feedback to residents with respect to the costs of care should be the next necessary step in surgical education. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program’s Quality-in-Training project,6 which provides resident-specific feedback for operative outcomes, would seem a natural avenue to include resident-level cost data. Another approach is to attack the problem at the medical school level. Plans are already under way to create new medical schools run by health maintenance organizations.7 How graduates from such capitated systems will compare with students trained in more traditional fee-for-service models will be interesting. As the landscape of health care expenditure continues to change,with increases in overall costs a likely result for 2015, newefforts toundertakemeaningful cost containmentwill be necessary. Including plans to use medical student, resident, and fellowtraining toaddress costsof care inameaningfulway may be one method of accomplishing this goal.
Ability of Deaf Swimmers to Orient Themselves When Submerged in Water

Abstract A study was conducted of the effect of submersion upon the sense of orientation of deaf swimmers. The deaf swimmers were classified into groups of those who were born deaf, those who were meningitic, those deaf from other causes, and those deaf from unknown causes. They performed two orientation tests along with a group of normal hearing swimmers. One test was the submerging of subjects under water from a rotating board with the eyes open and the other test was similar but with the eyes blindfolded. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that the meningitis group made a statistically significant slower time in coming up to the surface than the other groups.
Highly Oriented Very Low Surface Resistance Tl2Ba2Cu2O8 Films on NdGaO3 and LaAlO3

Low surface resistance epitaxial Tl2CaCu2O8 thin films were prepared on orthorhombic (001) NdGaO3 and pseudocubic (100) LaAlO3. The films were c-axis oriented on both substrates, with {xc[100]} Yl2Ba2CaCu2O8 parallel to {xc[110]} NdGaO3 or pseudocubic {xc[100]} LaAlO3. The orientation was particularly good on NdGaO3, where the rocking curve full width at half maximum was 0.19°. Films on LaAlO3 exhibit high Tc and exceptional microwave properties: inductive superconducting Tc of 106 ± 2 K, onset of flux exclusion at 107.6 ± 0.5 K, and 10 GHz surface resistance of 130 ± 20 fuΩ at 77 K. These results represent the highest reported Tc of any Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films and the lowest surface resistance at 77 K of any films of any phase on any substrate reported to date. On NdGaO3, in spite of a substrate-film reaction, films with high Tc and good microwave properties were also produced: inductive Tc of 105 ± 2 K, onset of flux exclusion at 104.0 ± 0.5 K, and 10 GHz surface resistance at 77 K of 600 ± 100 fuΩ.