cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic Fishes in Inland Context: Pickled Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Historic Period

Several North Atlantic fish species were salted, pickled, or smoked and widely transported throughout inland North America during the 19th century. Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are among the most frequently referenced in historic accounts. These two are the fishes whose remains are reported most often from 19th-century archaeological contexts. Because mackerel were graded and priced primarily by fork length, they potentially offer a useful means of assessing socioeconomic status. A method for estimating mackerel fork length from remains recovered from archaeological contexts is provided for 10 bones of the mackerel skeleton. Bulk fine-screening of at least some deposits containing human food refuse is recommended to guard against recovery bias of remains from higher priced, larger mackerel.
Strategies for managing protected areas: community management agreements in the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve, central Ecuador

Abstract Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has assumed increasing importance in protected area management throughout the developing world. Largely a response to previous state-centered protectionist policies, CBNRM seeks to simultaneously promote community development and biodiversity conservation. Where human populations exist within state-controlled protected areas, successful application of CBNRM requires a legal basis for community participation in resource decision-making. Community management agreements (CMAs) are one contractual mechanism that can provide this foundation. Their goals are to: (1) resolve issues of land tenure; (2) devolve authority and guarantee rights of access to communities; and (3) establish conditions that promote subsequent management planning and activities. This chapter examines three case studies involving the use of CMAs within the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve (RECAY), part of the Condor Bioreserve of central Ecuador. CMAs were found to be successful i...
Powermonitor: a versatile API for automated power-aware ESL design

System Level Description Languages (SLDL) emerged a decade ago for high-level System-on-Chip (SoC) design and efficient design space exploration. Initially performance and area constraints were the major concerns. Nowadays the shrinking of transistor size has brought power and temperature to top of the list of designer concerns. Although SLDLs are welldefined for functional and timing modeling, the dimension for power- and temperature-aware modeling is missing and needs to be added manually by the user in an ad-hoc fashion. In this paper we introduce; PowerMonitor as an Application Programming Interface (API) capable of (a) power annotation in the executable model, (b) power-aware simulation, and (c) monitoring and graphically representing power dissipation at the system level with flexible granularity and compositions.
The Universal Cover

If U is a Hausdorff topological space, a path is a continuous map p : [0,1]→ U. The path is closed if the endpoints coincide : p(0) = p(1). A closed path is also called a loop.
The State of Experimental Research in IR: An Analytical Survey

The purpose of this review essay is to examine the use of experimental methods and its contributions to international studies research. Following a general discussion of the experimental approach, including the advantages and disadvantages of experimentation in International Relations (IR), this review moves to a categorized discussion of the ways in which experimental methods have contributed to the field of international studies. By invoking economist Alvin Roth's three purposes of experiments—searching for facts, speaking to theorists, and influencing policy debates—this classification scheme helps to identify the overarching purposes of a wide variety of experiments in the field. However, this review seeks to move beyond merely presenting a basic review of the copious experimental literature by also providing an analytical assessment of the function that experimentation serves in IR; that is, to identify and elaborate on experimental research that serves an integrative function, as a bridge across the multiple divides in the landscape of IR. To this end, we introduce a second and original classification framework that allows us to profile in detail a number of singularly significant experimental studies. We then conclude the analysis by highlighting a set of “growth areas” for experimental research that can maintain and expand the already significant contributions of experimental methods to our field.
Small group decision making: The uncertain role of information in reducing uncertainty

Although decision-making analysis has been widely pursued in political science and other fields, most emphasize an outcome orientation, ignoring (or assuming away) the process by which decisions are made. This study treats the process of decision making at the small group level by applying the cognitive information processing model to the methods by which search behavior reduces uncertainty in the collective environment. After examining the theoretical constraints on search behavior, an experiment is performed on student subjects with two of the constraints—information level and decision rule—operationalized as treatment variables on the volume and type of search by individuals in a small group environment. The findings suggest that increasing information availability and requiring consensus decisions will increase search, but that subjects are easily overloaded with information, increasing—not reducing—their uncertainty about their decisions.
A study of hetero-specific sperm-egg interactions in the rat, mouse, and deer mouse using in vitro fertilization and sperm injection

Hetero-Specific fertilization of zona-free eggs is used in these experiments as a tool to analyze the barriers to hybridization and to gain insight into the mechanisms of normal fertilization. When the zonae of rat eggs, which are a barrier to hetero-specific fertilization, are removed with pronase, the eggs can be fertilized by mouse sperm and the zygotes start to develop normally. A rat egg fertilized with mouse sperm completes meiosis and forms both male and female pronuclei. Chromosomes from both parents are found on the spindle at the metaphase stage of the first cleavage division. Under present culture conditions, embryos develop only to the two-cell stage, but this initial development of the hybrid is apparently normal. The question of whether sperm and egg membrane fusion is requisite for normal development is addressed by injecting sperm directly into the cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs. The injection of mouse sperm into rat eggs frequently leads to activation and formation of male and female pronuclei. The first cleavage division is indistinguishable from that following hetero-specific fetilization. Capacitated and uncapacitated sperm react alike when injected into eggs. Egg activation, however, is necessary for male pronucleus formation. Sperm from the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii, which are incapable of fertilizing even zona-free rat eggs, respond like mouse sperm when injected into rat eggs. These data indicate that sperm interactions with the egg cytoplasm are less species-specific than interactions at the egg surface. Furthermore, the normal surface interactions of sperm and eggs are not essential for the start of development.
Patterns of brain injury in inborn errors of metabolism.

Many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are associated with irreversible brain injury. For many, it is unclear how metabolite intoxication or substrate depletion accounts for the specific neurologic findings observed. IEM-associated brain injury patterns are characterized by whether the process involves gray matter, white matter, or both, and beyond that, whether subcortical or cortical gray matter nuclei are involved. Despite global insults, IEMs may result in selective injury to deep gray matter nuclei or white matter. This manuscript reviews the neuro-imaging patterns of neural injury in selected disorders of metabolism involving small molecule and macromolecular disorders (ie, Phenylketonuria, urea cycle disorders, and maple syrup urine disease) and discusses the contribution of diet and nutrition to the prevention or exacerbation of injury in selected inborn metabolic disorders. Where known, a review of the roles of individual differences in blood–brain permeability and transport mechanisms in the etiology of these disorders will be discussed.
Lisdexamfetamine for binge eating disorder in adults: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved indication - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?

SummaryObjective To describe the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) for the treatment of binge eating disorder (BED). Data sources The pivotal registration trials were accessed by querying http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov and http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu for the search terms ‘lisdexamfetamine’ and ‘binge’, and by also querying the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) and Embase (Elsevier) commercial databases, and by asking the manufacturer for copies of posters presented at congresses. Product labelling provided additional information. Study selection All available clinical reports of studies were identified. Data extraction Descriptions of the principal results and calculation of number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH) for relevant dichotomous outcomes were extracted from the available study reports and other sources of information. Data synthesis LDX is a central nervous system stimulant indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe BED. The recommended dose range is 50–70 mg/day. Approval for the treatment of BED was based on a clinical development programme that included an 11-week Phase II proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled study, testing fixed doses of LDX 30, 50 and 70 mg/day, and two 12-week Phase III placebo-controlled studies examining LDX 50–70 mg/day. Statistically significant reductions in binge eating days/week, the primary outcome measure, were observed for LDX doses of 50 and 70 mg/day, with effect sizes in the Phase III trials ranging from 0.83 to 0.97. The pooled NNT for response across all trials (as defined by a Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement score of ‘very much improved’ or ‘much improved’) for LDX vs. placebo was 3 (95% CI 3–4), and NNT for remission (as defined by 4-week cessation of binge eating) for LDX vs. placebo was 4 (95% CI 4–6). Reductions in weight ranged between 5.2% and 6.25% for LDX 50 or 70 mg/day. Discontinuation rates because of adverse events (AEs) were low; NNH for discontinuation because of an AE for LDX vs. placebo was 44 (95% CI 23–1971). The most commonly encountered AEs (incidence ≥ 10% and greater than the rate for placebo) were dry mouth, decreased appetite, insomnia and headache, with NNH values vs. placebo of 4 (95% CI 3–5), 11 (95% CI 8–17), 11 (95% CI 8–18) and 19 (95% CI 11–75), respectively. Conclusions LDX is the first pharmacological agent that has received regulatory approval for the treatment of BED. LDX 50 or 70 mg/day significantly reduced BED symptoms as measured by the number of binge eating days per week. Effect sizes were highly robust. Pending clinical trials include a long-term study examining maintenance of efficacy.
Counter-anions and their coordination behavior with Cu(II) complexes of thiophen-3-yl-dipicolylamine

Abstract A new ligand, 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(thiophen-3-ylmethyl)methanamine, ThDPA, was synthesized, as a new example of an N3S donor. Cu(II) complexes of this ligand were isolated. When Cu(NO3)2 was used as the metal source, a homobinuclear complex with the formula [CuThDPA(NO3)2]2·H2O, 1, with two different types of nitro coordination was isolated. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with a = 15.193, b = 8.181, c = 32.827 A, β = 103.3° and V = 3971.9 A3. In the case of CuSO4 as the source of copper(II), uncommon sulfato-bridged structures were isolated. The homobinuclear complex crystallized in two different lattices, depending on the solvent evaporation rate. Compound 2, with the formula [CuThDPA(SO4)]2·3H2O, crystallizes with 3 water molecules per binuclear structure in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 10.143, b = 17.013, c = 11.793 A, β = 97.18° and V = 2019.1 A3, and 3, [CuThDPA(SO4)]2·4H2O, crystallizes with 4 water molecules per binuclear structure in the triclinic P 1 ¯ space group, with a = 9.2906, b = 10.7297, c = 12.7236 A, α = 79.66, β = 72.18, γ = 67.1° and V = 1109.7 A3.
Mechanism of the participation of the contact system in the Vroman effect. Review and summary

The contact system comprises three zymogens (factor XII, factor XI, and prekallikrein) and the non-enzymatic activation cofactor, high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK). When blood comes into contact with negatively charged surfaces, a small amount of factor XII is adsorbed and activated which, in turn, generates kallikrein from prekallikrein. Kallikrein amplifies the activation of the contact system by producing additional factor Xlla molecules as well as by activating the cofactor, HK, to HKa. HKa, while complexed with either prekallikrein or factor XI, can penetrate a barrier of fibrinogen and adsorb to the surface, where it optimally positions these zymogens for activation by adjacent factor Xlla molecules. Factor Xla can then degrade the light chain of HKa, producing the inactive cofactor HKi, which no longer has the ability to adsorb to a surface or support coagulation. The Vroman effect refers to the ‘conversion’ of fibrinogen from plasma on a negatively charged surface. Fibrinogen is detectable with...
Structure and Strength of Dislocation Junctions: An Atomic Level Analysis

The quasicontinuum method is used to simulate three-dimensional Lomer-Cottrell junctions both in the absence and in the presence of an applied stress. The simulations show that this type of junction is destroyed by an unzipping mechanism in which the dislocations that form the junction are gradually pulled apart along the junction segment. The calculated critical stress needed for breaking the junction is comparable to that predicted by line tension models. The simulations also demonstrate a strong influence of the initial dislocation line directions on the breaking mechanism, an effect that is neglected in the macroscopic treatment of the hardening effect of junctions.
Dynamic effects in plasma wakefield excitation

We have used 2D cylindrically symmetric particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the dynamics of a high energy electron beam propagating through an underdense plasma. The simulation parameters are relevant to a recent plasma wakefield experiment conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [R. Assmann et al., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Proposal, 1997]. We model the dynamic development of the beam and wakefield excitation over meters of propagation length. To most clearly illustrate the dynamics of both the beam and the wakefield, a video of the simulation data is presented. The main observation is that the beam dynamics, i.e., its betatron motion in the resulting ion channel, agree well with the theoretical predictions while the plasma wake remains almost invariant over the entire propagation distance. The video illustrates subtle details regarding the interplay between the beam dynamics and wakefield generation. The results presented here complement results published separately [S. Lee et al., Phys. Rev. E 61, 7014 (2000)].
Influence of pregnancy on immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) metabolism in pregnancy has not been clearly defined. Studies have reported either increased or unchanged values of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH). However, iPTH levels do not necessarily correlate with hormonal bioactivity due to the presence of immunoreactive but nonbioactive PTH fragments. In this study we evaluated PTH metabolism in the third trimester of pregnancy by determining iPTH blood levels as well as the biological effects of PTH, assessed by tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption (TmP) and nephrogenous cAMP (ncAMP) excretion, in 10 young, healthy pregnant patients (mean gestational age 35 weeks) and 10 young, healthy age-matched female controls. Pregnancy was associated with a significant increase in creatinine clearance (146±13 vs 106±9 ml/min,P<0.01), and a significant decrease in total fasting serum calcium (8.4±0.1 vs 9.0±0.1 mg/dl,P<0.001) and serum albumin (3.6±0.1 vs 4.2±0.1 g/dl,P<0.001). There was no significant difference in iPTH (3.7±0.4 vs 4.3±0.5 µlEq/ml), serum phosphorus (3.6±0.1 vs 3.8±0.2 mg/dl), TmP (3.61±0.13 vs 3.75±0.25 mg/100 ml GFR), or ncAMP (1.68±0.20 vs 1.88±0.23 nmoles/100 ml GFR) between the two groups. Pregnancy was attended by a significant increase in fasting urinary calcium to creatinine ratio (0.14±0.03 vs 0.06±0.01,P<0.05), an index of bone resorption. The data suggest that the biological effects of PTH are unchanged in pregnancy, and that reported increments in 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in pregnancy are not regulated by changes in either PTH, calcium, or phosphate.
Judicial Autonomy in Central America: A Typological Approach

Judicial autonomy from societal actors is argued herein to be a critical aspect of the rule of law and to have been overlooked by the dominance within comparative judicial politics of the role of i...
Progesterone antagonism of androgen-dependent marking in gerbils ☆

Abstract The role of progesterone (P) as an androgen antagonist in Mongolian gerbil territorial marking was assessed in the present investigation. Twenty-seven mature males were observed for two consecutive weeks in a marking apparatus. On the basis of the average of the two sessions, subjects were matched and assigned to one of three groups. All animals were orchidectomized and tested three weeks after surgery. Three days after a single postoperative session a schedule of hormonal replacement was initiated. Group 1 was administered 640 μg testosterone propionate (TP). Group 2 received 640 μg TP followed immediately by 3 mg P. A third group received 640 μg TP followed by a 1 mg injection of P. Subjects were tested for marking 24 hr after the injection for a cumulative period of 6 wk. Results indicated that (a) castration drastically reduced marking; (b) TP alone and TP + 1 mg P restored the behavior; (c) TP + 3 mg P inhibited its restoration; and (d) a significant interaction was present between hormonal therapy and the 6-wk testing interval. However, all three hormonal treatments restored sebaceous gland dimensions. Results are discussed in terms of a model of hormone-gene action.
Implications of drought for vertebrate fossil assemblages

THE profound effects of drought on modern ecosystems is widely appreciated. However, little attention has been paid to the palaeontological and geological consequences of drought; the few works1 which discuss drought in these terms are general. I wish to describe a sequence of events that may occur during a drought and the taphonomic implications of these events.
Identification and Subcellular Localization of the Subunits of L-type Calcium Channels and Adenylyl Cyclase in Cardiac Myocytes

The properties of cardiac L-type channels have been well characterized electrophysiologically, and many such studies have demonstrated that the channels are regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway. However, the subunit composition of native cardiac L-type calcium channels has not been completely defined. Furthermore, a very important question exists regarding the status of the C-terminal domain of the pore-forming alpha1 subunit, as this domain has the potential to be the target of protein kinases but may be truncated as a result of post-translational processing. In the present studies, the alpha1C and beta2 subunits were identified by subunit-specific antibodies after partial purification from heart membranes, or immunoprecipitation from cardiac myocytes. Both the beta2 and the full-length alpha1C subunits were found to be expressed and co-localized in intact cardiac myocytes along T-tubule membranes. Using a quantitative antibody binding analysis, we demonstrated that the majority of the alpha1C subunits in intact cardiac myocytes appear to be full-length. In addition, we observed that adenylyl cyclase is localized in a pattern similar to the channel subunits in cardiac myocytes. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the structural basis for understanding the regulation of L-type calcium channels by a cAMP-mediated signaling pathway.
Science as a Way of Knowing: Human Genetics

SYNOPSIS. Genetics contributes to our way of knowing in two ways: 1) there is an analytical method that sorts out relationships between genes and phenotypes and 2) the genes transmit biological information, specify cellular structure, and mediate homeostasis and development. Human genetics can be used to clarify many aspects of human variation. The paper deals with three: 1)the meaning of individuality; 2) the nature of causes; and 3) possibilities and limits for goals in medicine. The genes define individuals as unique representatives of many classes. They contribute variability to the qualities of each class. Phenotypes have two kinds of causes (Mayr, 1983): proximate causes lead to events consequent upon decoding of the DNA, while ultimate causes consist of the genetic and cultural events that shape the species and the individuals of which they are composed. Disease is a consequence of incongruence between a genetically conditioned homeostasis and experiences and events. The genes set limits for homeostatic response thereby limiting both the forms and expressions disease can take in various individuals and the extent to which the latter can be modified by treatments of various kinds.
Energetic advantages of slight drops in body temperature in little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus

1. 1. At constant ambient temperatures (Ta) below their thermal neutral zone (TNZ), little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus, maintain a wide range of steady-state body temperatures (Tb). 2. 2. The relationship between oxygen consumption and Tb–Tb differential at constant Tbs below the TNZ is curvilinear. 3. 3. Small drops in Tb from high Tb levels result in significantly greater energy savings than subsequent Tb reductions of equal increments.
Extending direct manipulation in a text editor

This paper describes the implementation of a prototype text editor that incorporates conversation-like features through the direct-manipulation modality. In this way, traditional direct-manipulation interaction techniques such as direct reference via pointing can be extended to include techniques more commonly associated with human conversation, such as negotiation of reference. The paper illustrates the use of the prototype with an extended example, and discusses research issues raised by the implementation.
Effects of Trichloroacetic Acid, a New Contaminant Found from Chlorinating Water with Organic Material, on Dragonfly Nymphs

It has been recognized since the mid-1970's that chlorination of water rich in organic matter results in the formation of chloroform and some related volatile organic contaminants (Rook 1974). However, it was only relatively recently that chlorination of water rich in organic matter was found to produce an array of non-volatile chemical products including trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) (Uden and Miller 1983). Interestingly, the concentrations of TCA and DCA found in community drinking water are thought to equal or exceed those for chloroform. Levels of TCA and DCA in Amherst, Massachusetts drinking water have been found in the range of 100-200 ~g/L (Uden and Miller 1983). In light of the limited data base associated with the effects of TCA and DCA on animal models, especially at environmentally relevant levels, a study was undertaken to assess the effects of TCA on respiration and ammonia excretion rates of the dragonfly (Somatochlora cingulata), a widely used indicator organism for the assessment of environmentallyinduced
Comments on the triplet-state spin polarization in photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract The triplet-state EPR spectra of photosynthetic bacteria reported in the literature exhibit a unique spin polarization pattern, previously attributed to intermolecular processes such as electron transfer. We show here that another, purely intramolecular, model can also account for the observed spin polarization. New experimental results, obtained for a porphyrin triplet state, are used to illustrate the proposed interpretation.
Turnover of functional basic fibroblast growth factor receptors on the surface of BHK and NIH 3T3 cells.

AbstractThe recovery of functional cell-surface bFGF receptors after trypsin treatment was studied in BHK cells and NIH 3T3 cells. Restoration of functional bFGF receptors occurred at an approximately linear rate with 50% of the high-affinity binding capacity restored after 4 hr. Restoration of functional receptors required protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis. Upon exposure of BHK cells to bFGF, cell-surface receptors were rapidly lost, with only 25% remaining after 1 hr. When the bFGF was removed, down-regulated BHK and NIH 3T3 cells recovered cell-surface receptors at about the same rate observed in trypsin-treated cells. The recovery of receptors after down-regulation was inhibited by protein synthesis inhibitors. Addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to unperturbed cultures of BHK or NIH 3T3 cells resulted in a time-dependent loss of cell-surface bFGF receptors, demonstrating that the receptors turn over constantly in the absence of ligand. These results suggest that bFGF recep...
Penetrating Cardiac Injuries: A Population-Based Study

Background: Wide variances exist in reports of survival rates after penetrating cardiac injuries because most are hospital-based reports and thus are affected by the local trauma system. The objective of this study was to report population-based, as well as hospital-based, survival rates after penetrating cardiac injury. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis was performed during a 7-year period of 20,181 consecutive trauma admissions to a regional Level I trauma center and 6,492 medical examiner's reports. A meta-analysis was performed comparing survival rates with available population-based reports. Results: There were 212 penetrating cardiac injuries identified, for an incidence of approximately 1 per 100,000 man years and 1 per 210 admissions. The overall survival rate was 19.3% (41 of 212) for the population studied, with survival rates of 9.7% (12 of 123) for gunshot wounds and 32.6% (29 of 89) for stab wounds. Ninety-six of the 212 patients were transported to the trauma center for treatment, resulting in an overall hospital survival rate of 42.7% (41 of 96), with a hospital survival rate of 29.3% (12 of 41) for gunshot wounds and 52.7% (29 of 55) for stab wounds. Conclusion: Review of population-based studies indicates that there has been only a minor improvement in the survival rates for the treatment of penetrating cardiac injuries.
Impact of gas-phase reactions in the mixing region upstream of a diesel fuel autothermal reformer

ABSTRACT The use of diesel fuel to power a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) presents several challenges. A major issue is deposit formation in either the external reformer, the anode channel, or within the SOFC anode itself. One potential cause of deposit formation under autothermal reforming conditions is the onset of gas-phase reactions upsteam of the catalyst to form ethylene, a deposit precursor. Another potential problem is improper mixing of the fuel, air, and steam streams. Incomplete mixing leads to fuel rich gas pockets in which gas phase pyrolysis chemistry might be accelerated to produce even more ethylene. We performed a combined experiment/modeling analysis to identify combinations of temperature and reaction time that might lead to deposit formation. Two alkanes, n-hexane and n-dodecane, were selected as surrogates for diesel fuel since a detailed mechanism is available for these species. This mechanism was first validated against n-hexane pyrolysis data. It was then used to predict fuel conversion and ethylene production under a variety of reforming conditions, ranging from steam reforming to catalytic partial oxidation. Assuming that the reactants are perfectly mixed at 800 K, the predictions suggest that a mixture must reach the catalyst in less than 0.1 s to avoid formation of potentially troublesome quantities of ethylene. Additional calculations using a simple model to account for improper mixing demonstrate the need for the components to be transported to the catalyst on a much shorter time scale, since both the relatively lean and relatively rich regions react faster and rapidly form ethylene.
The Multiphasic Sex Inventory: Diagnosis and Prediction of Treatment Response in Child Sexual Abusers:

The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of the Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) in predicting treatment progress and therapy outcome of child sexual abuse perpetrators and to examine the diagnostic potential of this instrument for differentiating perpetrator characteristics. The MSI was administered to 122 clients prior to their entry into therapy and again at three month intervals for nine months. No significant changes in MSI scales were found during the nine month period. Retest correlations on the initial test and the first three month retest period ranged from .42 to .84 with an average of .71. Using the initial MSI scores as predictors, the MSI was able to predict between 30% and 47% of treatment variance, depending on what measure was used as a criterion. It was able to differentiate between treatment outcome (success vs. failure) with 70.9% accuracy. The Sexual Assault, Aggravated Assault, Cognitive Distortion/Immaturity, Lie, and Sex Knowledge Scales were the most salient variables in predicting treatment progress and outcome. A factor analysis of the MSI Scales yielded four factors: Assault, Sexual Fantasy, Denial/Dysfunction, and Normal. The Assault Factor accounted for the largest proportion of variance. Results also indicated that the MSI could 1) differentiate among abusers who molest males, females, and both sexes and 2) among abusers who molest only intrafamilial victims, only extrafamilial victims, and those who molest both kinds of victims. The MSI is also an excellent instrument for differentiating between deniers and non-deniers of abuse. The implications of the MSI as an instrument measuring denial is discussed and an MSI profile of a successful therapy candidate is sketched.
SU‐FF‐T‐394: Surviving Fraction (SF2) Is the Dominant Predictor of Tumor Control Probability (TCP) in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with IMRT and Dose Escalation

Purpose: To quantify the effect of radiationdose escalation in prostate cancer patients treated with IMRT using TCP mathematical modeling.Methods and Materials: CT treatment planning in the prone position was performed in ten patients at Houston VAMC using an endorectal balloon for prostate immobilization. The planning target volume included the prostate gland with a 5 mm circumferential expansion. TCP was calculated with the Niemierko method of Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD) and Munro‐Gilbert hypothesis as a function of increasing radiationdoses (70–140 Gy), α/β (1.5–20), SF2 (0.3–0.7) and clonogen cell density (CCD, 100–10 million cells per cc). Results: At 70 Gy and CCD of 10 million/cc, TCP ⩾ 99% for SF2 of 0.3 or 0.4, 97.4%–98.6% for SF2 of 0.5 and less than 2% for SF2 of 0.6 or 0.7. With dose escalation, TCP values above 99% were seen at 80 Gy for SF2 of 0.5 and 100 Gy for SF2 of 0.6. For SF2 of 0.7, 100 Gy resulted in TCP above 99% only with lower CCD ⩽ 10000/cc while doses of 140 Gy were required for higher CCD ⩾ 10 million cells/cc. With dose escalation, low α/β of 1.5 increased clonogen cell survival approximately by a factor of 1.5 to 2, when compared to α/β of 3, 5 and 10, therefore, increasing radioresistance but at a much smaller scale compared to SF2. Conclusions: TCP modeling predicts that SF2 is the dominant predictor of radioresistance in prostate cancer.Radiationdose escalation of 100 Gy or higher may be required for tumors with SF2 of 0.6 or above. Relating clinical tumor prognostic indicators such as Gleason score and pretreatment PSA to SF2, α/β and CCD will allow us to identify subsets of patients in need of higher radiationdoses and adjuvant therapy that will maximize treatment outcomes.
Propranolol withdrawal-induced supersensitivity to the chronotropic effects of isoproterenol in the conscious rabbit.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine if chronic administration and abrupt withdrawal of propranolol would induce supersensitivity to the chronotropic effects of isoproterenol in the conscious rabbit. Eight rabbits were pretreated with propranolol (40 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for one week. Dose-response curves were obtained one week prior to pretreatment and 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after the last dose of propranolol. Isoproterenol (0.01 to 10 ωg/kg) was injected via the marginal ear vein and heart rate was monitored continuously by recording the ECG. During the withdrawal period no significant rebound increase in basal heart rate was noted. Geometric mean ED50 values and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated and used as an index of potency. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal of propranolol pretreatment, the ED50 value for isoproterenol was significantly greater than control indicating continued surmountable β-adrenoceptor blockade. In contrast, 72 hours after withdrawal, the geometric mean ED50 value was significantly less than control. The maximum chronotropic response to isoproterenol was not found to be different from control at any time during the withdrawal period indicating that a change in responsiveness was not induced. These data are interpreted as evidence of a true supersensitivity to the chronotropic effects of isoproterenol in the conscious rabbit following propranolol withdrawal.
Filial Piety in Modern Times: Timely Adaptation and Practice Patterns

Abstract. In recent years industrialisation and urbanisation have weakened the willingness of adult children to care for their elderly parents. The results of the author's studies reveal that the majority of Korean adult children still value and practice filial piety in their day-to-day living. However, the way they express this cultural value has changed in the process of adapting to rapid and massive social changes. For instance many of them, due to job situation, schooling and needs to explore better opportunities, live separately from their elderly parents. In spite of this physical separation, most Korean adult children strive to practice filial piety in terms of affection, responsibility, family harmony, repayment, sacrifice and so forth. By expressing and practising these basic values using the telephone, letters, visitation and other tools for communication, they maintain close relationships with their elderly parents. The relationship between parents and adult children in Korea is transforming into a new type in which mutual respect and reciprocal care and support are considered more important than submission to the authority of the elderly.
Charged Version of Tomimatsu-Sato Spinning-Mass Field

A solution of the coupled Einstein-Maxwell field equations is constructed from the recently published Tomimatsu-Sato solution of Einstein's vacuum field equations.
Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options

How can scholars select cases from a large universe for in-depth case study analysis? Random sampling is not typically a viable approach when the total number of cases to be selected is small. Hence attention to purposive modes of sampling is needed. Yet, while the existing qualitative literature on case selection offers a wide range of suggestions for case selection, most techniques discussed require in-depth familiarity of each case. Seven case selection procedures are considered, each of which facilitates a different strategy for within-case analysis. The case selection procedures considered focus on typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, most similar, and most different cases. For each case selection procedure, quantitative approaches are discussed that meet the goals of the approach, while still requiring information that can reasonably be gathered for a large number of cases.
Developments in Psychopharmacology

• The chemical revolution in psychiatry, inaugurated by the advent of tranquilizers ten years ago and advanced by the development of the antidepressants, is one of the most exciting chapters in the history of modern medicine. These drugs have made it possible for the first time for all doctors to unite with psychiatrists in the conquest of mental illness. In the short span of ten years, physicians all over the world have prescribed tranquilizers alone for more than two-hundred million patients.! These new drugs for the mind have dispelled the aura of therapeutic nihilism and pessimism that was the hallmark of psychiatry for many decades, and have substituted a refreshing air of expectant optimism. They have enabled the medical profession to achieve remarkable advances in the care and treatment of the emotionally disturbed. Neuroleptic drugs (major tranquilizers) also brought about the long desired reduction in the number of hospitalized psychiatric patients. In the United States the mental hospital population had risen steadily from 511,000 in 1950 to 559,000 in 1955. Beginning in 1956, when the tranquilizers were first used on a large scale, hospital population began to fall each year, so that by 1963 it had reached a low of 505,000. Meanwhile, community psychiatry has grown rapidly. For several years the number of psychiatric patients admitted to general hospitals has exceeded those admitted to mental hospitals. Drugs have allowed short term and most active treatment of acute mental illnesses. There also has been an expansion of day hospital facilities and of outpatient departments and after-care clinics. At this moment many more persons are receiving treatment for emotional illness in the doctors' offices than was possible only a decade ago.
What makes you click?—Mate preferences in online dating

We estimate mate preferences using a novel data set from an online dating service. The data set contains detailed information on user attributes and the decision to contact a potential mate after viewing his or her profile. This decision provides the basis for our preference estimation approach. A potential problem arises if the site users strategically shade their true preferences. We provide a simple test and a bias correction method for strategic behavior. The main findings are (i) There is no evidence for strategic behavior. (ii) Men and women have a strong preference for similarity along many (but not all) attributes. (iii) In particular, the site users display strong same-race preferences. Race preferences do not differ across users with different age, income, or education levels in the case of women, and differ only slightly in the case of men. For men, but not for women, the revealed same-race preferences correspond to the same-race preference stated in the users’ profile. (iv) There are gender differences in mate preferences; in particular, women have a stronger preference than men for income over physical attributes.
Understanding small scale industrial user internet purchase and information management intentions: A test of two attitude models

Abstract The present research compares two attitudinal models—variants of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TOPB) in terms of understanding the determinants of industrial buyer intentions to use the internet. The first variant of the Theory of Planned Behavior examines a decomposed perceived behavioral control construct that consists of self-efficacy and perceived control. The second variant of the TOPB model adds past behavior. Data from small scale users of industrial equipment are used to explore the models using structural equation modeling. While both variants of the TOPB are comparable in terms of standard fit indices, the variant with past behavior added substantially to the variance explained for internet purchase intentions. These results hold implications for future theory, research, and management of information technology-related small scale industrial buyer motivation.
Measuring Attitudes Toward Self and Others in Society: State of the Art

This study investigates the correlation between 31 social life tests within and across groupings by title, by concept, and by factor weights; also the principal dimensions of the 107 items appearing in those tests. Unadjusted test correlations tend to be larger within groupings than across them; however, correlations adjusted for overlapping items show little or no difference within and between groupings. Item correlations contain eight significant (as defined) dimensions; corresponding factor scores were interpreted to be measures of pessimism, depression, cynicism, anxiety, fatalism, job morale, life satisfaction, and personal morale. The findings on the whole suggest that the number of social life attitude tests in use in sociology is excessive and that a smaller number would suffice. Since the 1930s sociologists have constructed a number of objective tests to measure attitudes and feelings toward self and others in society. These tests go by different but related titles: morale, normlessness, estrangement, etc. Since they contain closely similar items, by that criterion they all belong to the same domain. Consequently, one would expect all tests to be positively correlated with one another but not necessarily to the same degree. Tests bearing the same title might be expected to be more closely correlated than tests bearing different titles; tests representing the same construct might be expected to be more closely correlated than tests representing different constructs. This study addresses these issues by analyzing first the correlations between 31 separate tests-hereafter referred to as the tests-and second the correlatons between the 107 items appearing in those tests. It seeks to answer the following specific questions: (1) Do tests with the same title correlate more closely than tests with different titles? (2) Do tests purporting *This research was supported directly by a U.S. Public Health Service Grant (MH22294) and indirectly by a U.S. Public Health Service Training Grant (MH10577). We wish to acknowledge our debt to Norman Bradburn, Melvin Kohn, and Melvin Seeman, who read a preliminary draft of this paper and made suggestions for its improvement; also our debt to Robin Stryker for her careful examination of writings pertaining to test constructs.
Search for Sentencing Equity: Sentence Review in Massachusetts and Connecticut

Grievances and restlessness among convicted prisoners led to legislation–in 1943 in Massachusetts, in 1957 in Connecticut–establishing sentence review boards composed of three judges of the trial courts of first instance. The authors explore in these two jurisdictions how often and under what circumstances sentences are appealed and modified and what effect, if any, these modifications have on the sentencing practice in the trial courts. They also appraise the value of the Connecticut requirement that the review board state the reasons for its decisions. The authors explore the function of the review boards in the broader context of the need for reducing sentence disparity.
U2 snRNA variants are differentially incorporated into spliceosomes

In this study, five U2 small nuclear (sn)RNA variants were detected in the posterior silk gland of the Bombyx mori Nistari strain, one of which represents a novel U2 isoform not previously identified in other strains of this species. Following glycerol gradient ultracentrifugation of B. mori silk gland whole cell lysate, the newly isolated variant, U2α, was detected at a greater frequency in total cell lysate than in a high density glycerol gradient fraction rich in spliceosomal complexes. Conversely, previously identified isoforms U2A, U2B, U2D and U2N are abundant in the fraction containing high molecular weight spliceosomal complexes, possibly indicating their greater involvement in splicing. As expected, western blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments indicate high levels of specific serine and arginine rich (SR) proteins and total U2 snRNA (all variants included) in the fraction enriched in spliceosomes. Free energy values for each U2 isoform, as well as their individual stem-loops, were estimated to determine their structural stability. Due to the essential role of U2 in the transesterification reactions, it is possible that these isoforms may modulate splicing through differential incorporation into the spliceosome.
Disturbances in the secretion of neurotransmitters in IA-2/IA-2β null mice: Changes in behavior, learning and lifespan

Islet-associated protein 2 (IA-2) and IA-2β are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes and transmembrane proteins in dense core secretory vesicles (DCV) of neuroendocrine cells. The deletion of these genes results in a decrease in insulin secretion. The present study was initiated to test the hypothesis that this deletion not only affects the secretion of insulin, but has a more global effect on neuroendocrine secretion that leads to disturbances in behavior and learning. Measurement of neurotransmitters showed that norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were significantly decreased in the brain of double knockout (DKO) mice (P< 0.05 to <0.001). In tests evaluating anxiety-like behavior and conditioned-learning, the DKO mice showed a highly significant increase in anxiety-like behavior (P<0.01 to <0.001) and impairment of conditioned learning (P<0.01) as compared to WT mice. The DKO mice also displayed an increase in spontaneous and induced seizures (P<0.01) and age-related death. Contrary to the generally held view that IA-2 and IA-2β are expressed exclusively in DCV, subcellular fractionation studies revealed that IA-2β, but not IA-2, co-purifies with fractions rich in synaptic vesicles (SV), and that the secretion of dopamine, GABA and glutamate from the synaptosomes of the DKO mice was significantly decreased as was the number of SV (P<0.01). Taken together, these findings show that IA-2β is present in both DCV and SV, and that the deletion of IA-2/IA-2β has a global effect on the secretion of neurotransmitters. The impairment of secretion leads to behavioral and learning disturbances, seizures and reduced life span.
LaF3:Ce nanocomposite scintillator for gamma-ray detection

Nanophosphor LaF 3 :Ce has been synthesized and incorporated into a matrix to form a nanocomposite scintillator suitable for application to γ-ray detection. Owing to the small nanocrystallite size (sub-10 nm), optical emission from the γ / nanophosphor interaction is only weakly Rayleigh scattered (optical attenuation length exceeds 1 cm for 5-nm crystallites), thus yielding a transparent scintillator. The measured energy resolution is ca. 16% for 137 Cs γ rays, which may be improved by utilizing brighter nanophosphors. Synthesis of the nanophosphor is achieved via a solution-precipitation method that is inexpensive, amenable to routine processing, and readily scalable to large volumes. These results demonstrate nanocomposite scintillator proof-of- principle and provide a framework for further research in this nascent field of scintillator research.
Conservation and Book Arts

This presentation contrasts and relates historical binding structure, book conservation and physical deterioration of books with interpretive modern works of book art.