cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bubble Removal in Microfluidic Devices Using Nanofibrous Membranes

This paper presents an experimental study to determine bubble removal characteristics of nanofibrous membranes in microfluidic devices. It is well known that the presence of gas bubbles in fluidic channels can cause significant flow disturbances and adversely affect the overall performance and operation of microfluidic devices. In this study, a microfluidic device is designed and fabricated to generate and extract bubbles from a microfluidic channel. A T-junction is used to produce controllable bubbles at the entrance of fluidic channel. The generated bubbles are then transported to a bubble removal region and vented through a highly porous hydrophobic membrane. Four different hydrophobic PTFE membranes with different pore sizes ranging from 0.45 to 3 μm were used to permeate air bubbles. The fluidic channel width was 500 μm and channel height ranged from 100 to 300 μm. The effects of pore size, channel height, and liquid flow rate on the bubble removal rate are investigated. The results reveal that the rate of bubble removal increases with increasing the pore size and channel height but decreases with increasing the liquid flow rate.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Infiltration metasomatism in layered intrusions — An example from the Stillwater Complex, Montana

Abstract The contact between Anorthosite zone II (AN II) and the overlying troctolite of Olivine-Bearing zone V (OB V) of the Stillwater Complex is characterized by a 5-m-thick, adcumulate anorthosite. This adcumulate anorthosite separates rocks of AN II, characterized by the apparent crystallization sequence plagioclase followed by orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene±quartz±Fe-Ti oxide assemblages, from those of OB V, where the apparent crystallization sequence is olivine+plagioclase followed by orthopyroxene. The grain size and compositional zoning of plagioclase in this transition zone is similar to that in the overlying troctolite and distinct from the coarser, complexly zoned plagioclase that makes up the underlying anorthosite. In contrast, the minor interstitial pyroxene in the transition zone compositionally overlaps that in the underlying anorthosite, and both have a lower molar Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio than the pyroxene of the troctolite. These relationships suggest that the intercumulus liquids of AN II and OB V were compositionally distinct. Model phase diagram considerations suggest that infiltration of any plagioclase-saturated liquids into a troctolite assemblage will result in the assimilation of olivine and, depending on the actual composition of the anorthositic liquid, will also either assimilate or crystallize plagioclase as well. Hence, the monomineralic anorthosite zone at the top of AN II can be attributed to infiltration of interstitial liquids from AN II that were displaced upward into the troctolite during compaction of AN II. This reaction can be either exothermic or endothermic, depending on the actual composition of the infiltrating liquid and the bulk solids composition. Numerical models of the thermal effects of infiltration suggest that heat of reaction can significantly affect the liquid/solid ratio away from the infiltration boundary.
Suspensors in Leguminosae

Published descriptions of suspensors from Mimosoideae (12 genera, 21 species), Caesalpinioideae (7 genera, 9 species), and Papilionoideae (about 65 genera, 150 species) were collated and compared with the most recent classification scheme of the Leguminosae. The first two subfamilies have mostly suspensorless embryos. Suspensors of various forms are usually present in the Papilionoideae (20 of the 32 tribes have been sampled). The putatively primitive and intermediately placed tribes have mostly inconspicuous suspensors. This is also true in some advanced tribes, but some or all members of other tribes have conspicuous suspensors of differing morphology: Phaseoleae, Loteae/Coronilleae, Vicieae/Cicereae/ Trifolieae, Crotalarieae, and Genisteae. There is no discernible correlation between suspensor development with amount of endosperm produced or amount present at maturity, or with habit, although elaborate suspensors are more common in derived herbaceous groups. Suspensor morphology helps to outline broad evolutionary trends in the family and to place studies on individual species in perspective.
Soil disturbance/restoration effects on stream sediment loading in the Tahoe Basin—detection monitoring

Quantifying the relative impacts of soil resto- ration or disturbance on watershed daily sediment and nutrients loads is essential towards assessing the actual costs/benefits of the land management. Such quantifica- tion requires stream monitoring programs capable of detecting changes in land-use or soil functional and erosive area "connectivity" conditions across the water- shed. Previously, use of a local-scale, field-data based runoff and erosion model for three Lake Tahoe west- shore watersheds as a detection monitoring "proof of concept" suggested that analyses of midrange average daily flows can reveal sediment load reductions of rel- atively small watershed fractional areas (∼ 5% ) of re- stored soil function within a few years of treatment. Developing such an effective stream monitoring pro- gram is considered for tributaries on the west shore of the Lake Tahoe Basin using continuous (15-min) stream monitoring information from Ward (2,521 ha), Blackwood (2,886 ha), and the Homewood (260 ha, HMR) Creek watersheds. The continuous total suspended sediment (TSS) and discharge monitoring confirmed the hysteretic TSS concentration—flowrate relationship associated with the daily and seasonal spring snowmelt hydrographs at all three creeks. Using the complete dataset, daily loads estimated from 1-h sampling periods during the day indicated that the opti- mal sampling hours were in the afternoon during the rising limb of the spring snowmelt hydrograph, an observation likely to apply across the Sierra Nevada and other snowmelt driven watersheds. Measured rising limb sediment loads were used to determine if soils restoration efforts (e.g., dirt road removal, ski run reha- bilitation) at the HMR creek watershed reduced sedi- ment loads between 2010 and 2011. A nearly 1.5-fold decrease in sediment yields (kg/ha per m 3 /s flow) was found suggesting that this focused monitoring approach may be useful towards development of TMDL "crediting" tools. Further monitoring is needed to verify these observations and confirm the value of this approach.
Cone production and stand density in young Larix occidentalis

Abstract Research began in 1985 to investigate the influence of spacing on cone production of 30- and 32-year old western larch ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.) in western Montana, U.S.A. These natural stands are on two moderately productive sites (Site Index 18 m at 50 years) at Coram, on a less productive site (SI 16 m) at Cottonwood, and on a more productive site at Pinkham (SI 21 m). In 1961, four 0.4-ha plots at each of the four sites were thinned to average spacing of 2.0, 2.4, 3.4, and 4.6 m. In addition, at each Coram site, a 6.1-m average spacing and an unthinned (control) were installed. The crowns of 10 taller trees in each treatment and control were examined for 1985 seed and pollen cones and for open seed cones that were still attached from previous years. Numbers of seed and pollen cones generally increased as average spacing increased. Unthinned trees had neither new seed, new pollen, nor old seed cones. The least productive site produced the fewest seed and pollen cones, while the moderate and most productive sites produced the most seed and pollen cones. At Coram, some trees in the 2.4-m and wider spacings were damaged by bears ( Ursus sp.) partially stripping bark at the base of the trees. All damaged trees produced seed cones, but not all undamaged trees produced seed cones.
Neutral-beam requirements for compression-boosted ignited tokamak plasmas

Neutral-beam energies of 200 to 500-keV D/sup 0/ may be required to insure adequate penetration into the center of ignition-sized tokamak plasmas. However, the beam energy requirement can be reduced by using a start-up scenario in which the final plasma is formed by major-radius compression of a beam-heated plasma whose density-radius product, na, is determined by satisfactory neutral-beam penetration. ''Compression boosting'' is attractive only for plasmas in which ntau/sub E/ increases with na, because a major-radius compression C increases na by C/sup 3///sup 2/. The dependence on C of beam energy and beam power for plasmas which obey ''empirical scaling laws'' of the type ntau/sub E/ varies as (na)/sup 2/ is analyzed. The dependences on C of stored magnetic energy and TF-coil power dissipation are also determined. It is found that a compression ratio of 1.5 to attain the ignited plasma permits adequate penetration by 150-keV D/sup 0/ beams.
Chest wall resection for locally recurrent breast cancer: is it worthwhile?

Abstract Objective: The effectiveness of chest wall resection for locally recurrent breast cancer as cancer treatment remains poorly defined, possibly because of the general impression that locally recurrent disease is a harbinger of rapidly progressive metastatic disease and that extensive surgical treatment in these patients is inappropriate. Reports to date have focused on technical feasibility, not long-term outcome. Methods: We reviewed our experience with 38 women who underwent chest wall resection for locally recurrent breast cancer between October 1987 and May 1997. Overall survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the significance of prognostic variables evaluated by log-rank and Cox regression analyses. Results: The operative mortality rate was 0%. Overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after chest wall resection was 74%, 41%, and 18%, respectively, and the proportion of patients free of local recurrence at 1, 3, and 5 years was 59%, 42%, and 13%, respectively. Regional nodal disease and size of largest tumor nodule (>4 cm) were significant predictors of local re-recurrence ( P P = .04); lymph node metastasis was the only predictor of long-term survival ( P Conclusions: Chest wall resection for locally recurrent breast cancer has a low mortality. However, a significant number of patients have the development of local re-recurrence or metastases, and 5-year survival is limited. It is unlikely that complete resection of all locally recurrent disease improves survival. Future studies should focus on the quality of palliation achieved. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:420-8)
Multimodal and Multi-task Audio-Visual Vehicle Detection and Classification

Moving vehicle detection and classification usingmultimodal data is a challenging task in data collection, audio-visual alignment, and feature selection, andeffective vehicle classification in uncontrolledenvironments. In this work, we first present a systematicway to align the multimodal data based the multimodaltemporal panorama generation. Then various types offeatures are extracted to represent diverse and multimodalinformation. Those include global geometric features(aspect ratios, profiles), local structure features (HOGs), various audio features in both spectral and perceptualrepresentations. A flexible sequential forward selectionalgorithm with multi-branch searching is used to select aset of important features at different levels of featurecombinations. Finally, using the same datasets for twodifferent classification tasks, we show that the roles ofaudio and visual features are task-specific. Furthermore, in both cases, the combination of some of the features withmultimodal and complementary information can improvethe accuracy than using the individual features only. Therefore finer and more accurate classification can beachieved by two different levels of integration: featurelevel and the decision level.
Development of vomeronasal receptor neuron subclasses and establishment of topographic projections to the accessory olfactory bulb.

Abstract Previous studies of the adult vomeronasal system have shown that vomeronasal receptor neurons in the middle layer (expressing Giα2) and deep layers (expressing Goα) of the sensory epithelium project to the anterior and posterior parts of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively. In the present study, the development of the two populations of vomeronasal receptor neurons and their segregated projections were investigated in the opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Antibodies to G proteins Giα2 and Goα were used to identify the two subpopulations of receptor neurons. The Giα2-immunoreactive (ir) cells and Goα-ir cells appeared between postnatal day 0 (P0) and postnatal day 3 (P3) and both types of cells increased in number during later development. The differential localization of Giα2-ir cells in the middle layer and Goα-ir cells in the deep layer of the VNO could be seen as early as P3 and became more prominent at later stages. The AOB was clearly identified at P10, and at this stage segregated projections of Giα2-ir fibers to the anterior part and Goα-ir fibers to the posterior part of the AOB were seen. The segregation of the two types of fibers in the AOB resemble that in the adult after P21. These results suggest that Giα2-ir and Goα-ir subpopulations of receptor neurons in the VNO develop in parallel, and that segregation of the two populations of receptor neurons in the VNO and the topographic projection to the AOB are established at very early stages during development.
Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques have been used to investigate aging mechanisms in a vinyl chloride:chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, FPC-461, due to exposure to {gamma}-radiation. Solid state {sup 1}H MAS NMR spectra revealed structural changes of the polymer upon irradiation under both air and nitrogen atmospheres. Considerable degradation is seen with {sup 1}H NMR in the vinyl chloride region of the polymer, particularly in the samples irradiated in air. {sup 19}F MAS NMR was used to investigate speciation in the chlorotrifluoroethylene blocks, though negligible changes were seen. {sup 1}H and {sup 19}F NMR at elevated temperature revealed increased segmental mobility and decreased structural heterogeneity within the polymer, yielding significant resolution enhancement over room temperature solid state detection. The effects of multi-site exchange are manifest in both the {sup 1}H and {sup 19}F NMR spectra as a line broadening and change in peak position as a function of temperature.
Gamma Irradiation Effects on 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors and MOSFETs

The effects of gamma radiation on field effect mobility and threshold voltage have been studied for lateral n-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs passivated with nitric oxide. MOS capacitors (n and p) and n-channel lateral MOSFETs were irradiated unbiased (floating contacts) for a total gamma dose of 6.8Mrad (Si). The MOS capacitors were used to study the radiation-induced interface traps and fixed oxide charge that affect the performance of the MOSFETs. Radiationinduced interface traps were observed near the SiC valence band edge and just above mid-gap, and field effect channel mobility was reduced by 18-20% following irradiation. Even so, 4HMOSFETs appear to be more radiation tolerant than Si devices.
Overview of biomedical applications of neural networks

Biomedical applications of neural networks are reviewed. Early applications are briefly mentioned. Applications published in the period 1991 - 1994 provide the main focus for a selected bibliography of over 100 references appearing in the paper. References are organized according to medical discipline. Emergent patterns and trends, and predictions for future developments, are briefly discussed.
On hypothesis testing with a partitioned random alternative

It is common in statistical practice that one needs to make a choice among m + 1 mutually exclusive claims on distributions. When m = 1, it is done by the (traditional) hypothesis test. In this paper, a generalization to the case m > 1 is proposed. The fundamental difference with the case m = 1 is that the new alternative hypothesis is a partition of m multiple claims and is data-dependent. Data is used to decide which claim in the partition is to be tested as the alternative. Thus, a random alternative is involved. The conditional and overall type I errors of the proposed test are controlled at a given level, and this test can be used as a new solution for the general multiple test problem. Several classical problems, including the one-sample problem, model selection in multiple linear regression, and multi-factor analysis, are revisited, and new tests are provided correspondingly. Consequently, the famous two-sided t-test should be replaced by the proposed.
Informant variance: the issue of parent-child disagreement.

This study examined discrepancies between parents' and children's reports of children's behaviors. Fifty children and adolescents of 24 affective-disordered patients were interviewed in a highly structured psychiatric interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Parents were interviewed about their children with a parallel instrument, the DICA-P. Diagnoses based on children's reports indicated a high prevalence of depression. However, the depressed parents did not report their children to be depressed. Rather, they reported high rates of oppositional and attention problems in their children. Efforts toward understanding and resolving parent/child disagreement are discussed.
The reorganization energy of the aqueous proton

Abstract The reorganization energy of the aqueous proton was determined by analysis of experimental values of exchange current densities for the proton discharge reaction on various metals including Pt. In acid electrolytes a value of 1.95 eV was determined from the kinetic and hydrogen binding energy data for Pt electrodes. Additional values derived from similar data on the discharge reaction at other metals were 1.96 eV, Pb; 2.06 eV, Zn; 2.23 eV, Ga; 2.11 eV, In; 1.87 eV, Au; 2.03, Ag; and 1.74 eV, Cu. The average value for λH+was 2.00 ± 0.12 eV, spanning twelve orders of magnitude in discharge rate. It is concluded that the adsorbed H on Hg and Cd is mobile with equilibrium H atom coverages of 2 × 10−7 and 3 × 10−8 respectively.
HOW DISJOINING PRESSURE DRIVES THE DEWETTING OF A POLYMER FILM ON A SILICON SURFACE

We have used optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry to study the dewetting of films of a perfluoropolyether polymer on silicon substrates. The disjoining pressure of these films is determined, for the first time for a dewetting system, by using noncontact atomic force microscopy to measure the dimensions of the liquid dewetting droplets. The determined disjoining pressure explains the different dewetting processes observed for different initial film thicknesses and is dominated by structural forces and by the inability of the polymer to spread on its own monolayer.
Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of three structurally related, non-ionic surfactants, Triton X-45, Triton X-100 and Triton X-165, as well as the oleophilic fertilizer, Inipol EAP 22, on the rate of biodegradation of phenanthrene by pure bacterial cultures. Each surfactant dramatically increased the apparent aqueous solubility of phenanthrene. Model studies were conducted to investigate the ability of these surfactants to enhance the rate of transport and uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into bacterial cells, and to assess the impact that increasing the aqueous solubility of hydrocarbons has on their rate of biodegradation. Our results indicate that increasing the apparent aqueous solubility of hydrocarbons can lead to enhanced biodegradation rates by two Pseudomonas saccharophila strains. However, our experiments also suggest that some surfactants can inhibit aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation by certain bacteria. Our data also support the hypothesis that surface-active components present in the oleophilic fertilizer formulation, Inipol EAP 22, may have significantly contributed to the positive results reported in tests of remedial agent impact on bioremediation, which was used as a supplemental clean-up technology on Exxon Valdez crude oil-contaminated Alaskan beaches.
Biological and biochemical studies on the inactivation of avian oncoviruses by ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract The effects of ultraviolet (uv) irradiation on transforming and replicating capacities of avian oncoviruses and on the synthesis of virus specific products after infection with irradiated virus were studied. Different strains of nondefective avian sarcoma viruses were inactivated at the same rate following single-hit kinetics. The 37% survival dose D37 (1/e) was 736 erg mm−2 on average. A comparison of the inactivation kinetics in a focus assay (transforming capacity) and an infectious center assay (replicating and transforming capacity) showed no partial inactivation of the virus genome; focus and infectious center formation were inactivated at the same rate. Similar results were obtained when the replicating capacity of the avian sarcoma virus was measured in a plaque assay; focus and plaque formation were inactivated at the same rate. No repair of the uv damage by either complementation or recombination with exogenous or endogenous avian leukosis virus could be demonstrated. The rates of inactivation of avian sarcoma virus assayed in focus and infectious center tests on chick embryo fibroblasts expressing or not expressing chicken helper factor, on chick embryo cells preinfected with RAV-1, and on Peking duck cells were identical. Nondefective avian sarcoma virus and deletion mutants of avian sarcoma virus defective for replication or transformation were inactivated at the same rate. Biochemical analysis of the DNA extracted from a Japanese quail tumor cell line (QT-6) 26 hr after infection with irradiated avian sarcoma virus strain B77 showed a decrease of total virus specific DNA and of full-length covalently closed circular (form I) viral DNA synthesis with increase of the uv dose. Virus-specific RNA synthesis, measured by hybridization of labeled RNA extracted from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with irradiated virus to viral DNA, and particle production, assayed by uridine incorporation, were also inhibited with increasing uv dose. The inactivation rates for virus-specific DNA and RNA synthesis and for particle production were very similar, but lower than the rate for the loss of infectivity.
Regulation of enzymes for erythrose 4-phosphate synthesis in Brevibacterium flavum.

Partially purified FBPase of B. flavum exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with Km of 22μm for F1, 6P2, but was inhibited by its substrate, F1, 6P2, at more than 30μm. The inhibition reached 76% at 1.0mm. FBPase was also competitively inhibited by AMP, SI, 7P2, and S7P, the inhibitor constants being 32, 23, and 170 μm, respectively. The presence of S1, 7P2 in B. flavum was suggested by the presence of ATP-dependent S7P kinase and SI, 7P2 aldolase activities, which corresponded to 27 and 89% of the 6PFK and FI, 6P2 aldolase activities, respectively. Transaldolase activity involved in S7P formation was also detected in cell-free extracts. Partially purified PG1 showed Kms of 1.4 and 0.54mm in the forward and reverse directions, respectively and was inhibited by E4P. The inhibition was of the mixed type with respect to G6P, with Ki and Ki′ of 32 and 260 μm, respectively. None of the metabolites tested inhibited TK. Whereas the specific activities of PGI and 6PFK were not affected by carbon sources in the cu...
Treatment of esophageal motility disorders based on the chicago classification.

The Chicago Classification divides esophageal motor disorders based on the recorded value of the integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). The first group includes those with an elevated mean IRP that is associated with peristaltic abnormalities such as achalasia and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction. The second group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypermotility disorders such as distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer esophagus), and hypertensive peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus). The third group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypomotility peristaltic abnormalities such as absent peristalsis, weak peristalsis with small or large breaks, and frequent failed peristalsis. The therapeutic options vary greatly between the different groups of esophageal motor disorders. In achalasia patients, potential treatment strategies comprise medical therapy (calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection, pneumatic dilation, or peroral endoscopic myotomy) or surgery (Heller myotomy). Patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypermotility disorder are candidates for medical therapy (nitrates, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, cimetropium/ipratropium bromide, proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection and peroral endoscopic myotomy), or surgery (Heller myotomy). Lastly, in patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypomotility disorder, treatment is primarily focused on controlling the presence of gastroesophageal reflux with proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle modifications (soft and liquid diet and eating in the upright position) to address patient’s dysphagia.
Non-linear dynamics of a spur gear pair

The backlash nonlinearity excited primarily by transmission error between spur gear pairs is studied for both external and internal excitations. The digital simulation technique and the method of harmonic balance are used to develop steady state solutions for the internal sinuosidal excitations. The analytic predictions agreed well with available experimental data. Digital simulation is used to observe that at the chaotic and subharmonic resonances may exist in a gear pair depending on the mean or design load, mean to alternating force ratio, damping, and backlash.
The Crack Growth Evaluation of A335 P22 Steels by Acoustic Emission

Acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to investigate fatigue crack growth on compact tension specimens of aging materials at room temperature. Test materials have been sampled steam pipe serviced the actual operation conditions for a long time in fossil power plant. The compact tension test specimens were subjected to load stress ratios of 0.33, 0.5, and 0.66. All the fatigue tests were performed at a frequency of 1Hz. The test results indicate that acoustic emission counts show reasonable correlation with crack propagation rates for applied stress ratios. When the crack growth rates increase, AE’s counts and energies show increment. Also, the higher stress ratios, the faster crack propagation rates. Based on these relationships it may be possible to predict the remaining service life of fatigue-damaged steam pipes.
Adaptable method of managing jets and aerosurfaces for aerospace vehicle control

An actuator selection procedure is presented that uses linear programming to optimally specify bounded aerosurface deflections and jet firings in response to differential torque and/or force commands. This method creates a highly adaptable interface to vehicle control logic by automatically providing intrinsic actuator decoupling, dynamic response to actuator reconfiguration, dynamic upper bound and objective specification, and the capability of coordinating hybrid operation with dissimilar actuators. The objective function minimized by the linear programming algorithm is adapted to realize several goals, i.e., discourage large aerosurface deflections, encourage the use of certain aerosurfaces (speedbrake, body flap) as a function of vehicle state, minimize drag, contribute to translational control, and adjust the balance between jet firings and aerosurface activity during hybrid operation. A vehicle model adapted from Space Shuttle aerodynamic data is employed in simulation examples that drive the actuator selection with a six-axis vehicle controller tracking a scheduled re-entry trajectory.
A fourier transform carbon-13 NMR study on trivalent compounds of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth and their LNi(CO)3 complexes

Abstract 13C NMR chemical shift data are reported for a number of trivalent derivatives of P, As, Sb and Bi and their LNi(CO)3 complexes. Data for EMe3 and EPh3 (E = P, As, Sb and Bi), EEt3 and EBu3 (E = P, As and Sb) and PhEX2 and Ph2EX (E = P, As; X = Cl, Me, Et, Bu) are presented, as well as data for many of the corresponding metal carbonyl complexes. The spectra of AsBu3 and SbBu3 are assigned using T1 (spin-lattice) relaxation time measurements. The effect of variations in the Group VA atom and the effect of complexation on the chemical shifts of alkyl- and aryl-carbon resonances are discussed. Resonance substituent constants of the aryl derivatives are analyzed.
Bovine Milk Lipase. II. Characterization

Abstract The enzyme lipase, isolated from skimmilk in a homogenous form as evidenced by a single band in starch gel electrophoresis, was partially characterized. It kept best frozen at -20C and was unstable at 37C. Lyophilization resulted in complete loss of activity. The heat stability of pure lipase was similar to that of the enzyme in skimmilk. The pH of maximum stability was 6.6–7.6. The enzyme was stable to light in the absence of catalyst. Diethyl- p -nitrophenyl-phosphate and diisopropylfluoro-phosphate were very potent inhibitors, whereas N-ethylmaleimide, p -chloromercuribenzoate, iodine, and sodium arsenite were less so, thus suggesting that serine and histidine may be at the active site of the enzyme. Skimmilk powder and isoelectric casein had no inhibitory effect. Glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol were inhibitory at higher concentrations and stimulatory at lower ones. Lipase hydrolyzed simple short-chain fatty acid triglycerides faster than simple long-chain fatty acid triglycerides. It contained 14.8% N, 0.16% P, and 0.6% sialic acid. Amino acid composition was unlike that of any known milk protein, indicating that lipase is a distinct, separate, minor protein moiety.
Dysprosium(III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate complexes of aminocyclodextrins as chiral NMR shift reagents.

A metal chelating ligand is bonded to α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin by the reaction of diethylenetraminepentaacetic dianhydride with the corresponding 6-mono- and 2-mono(amine)cyclodextrin. Adding Dy(III) to the cyclodextrin derivatives causes shifts in the 1H-NMR spectra of substrates such as propranolol, tryptophan, aspartame, carbinoxamine, pheniramine, doxylamine, and 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. The Dy(III)-induced shifts enhance the enantiomeric resolution in the NMR spectra of several substrates. Enhancements in enantiomeric resolution using cyclodextrin derivatives with the amine tether are compared to previously described compounds in which the chelating ligand is attached through an ethylenediamine tether. In general, the Dy(III) complex of the 6-β-derivative with the amine tether is a more effective chiral resolving agent than the complex with the ethylenediamine tether. The opposite trend is observed with the 2-β-derivatives. The presence of the chelating ligand in the 2-β-derivative hinders certain substrates from entering the cavity. For cationic substrates, evidence suggests that a cooperative association involving inclusion in the cavity and association with the Dy(III) unit occurs. Enhancements in enantiomeric resolution in the spectrum of tryptophan are greater for the secondary α- and γ-derivatives than the β-derivative. Chirality 12:30–37, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronometric and Relative Age Determination of Petroglyphs in the Western United States

This paper presents chronometric age determinations of petroglyphs from the Coso Range and Cima volcanic field and relative dating from other locations in the western United States using the new rock varnish technique of cation-ratio dating. Our results verify the proposed Great Basin relative stylistic chronology, which indicates that curvilinear abstract was followed by rectilinear abstract and representational. However, these styles have greater antiquity than previously proposed, suggesting new interpretations for the significance of the Coso Range rock art.
Lessons from Japan: Resilience after Tokyo and Fukushima

In the spring of 1995 Japan experienced the world’s first major terrorist attack using chemical weapons by a little-known religious cult called Aum Shinrikyo. The attack on the Tokyo subway, which killed 13 people, was the first lethal case of a non-state actor using a chemical agent against a civilian population. In March 2011, following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor experienced a full meltdown releasing radiation into the surrounding area. The seemingly unhurried government reaction provided conflicting information to Japanese citizens, slowing evacuation and protective actions. Government failure is cited as a significant factor in the severity of the nuclear disaster in three investigations conducted after the incident. This article defines resilience and raises the question of whether the U.S. government has the ability to address the issues raised by the two case studies. There are four primary lessons of these two case studies from Japan: Trust is essential; two-way communications are vital; someone or something will always unexpectedly fail to act appropriately, while others will provide surprising support and; finally, recovery is long-term. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol6/iss2/6
Clinical problems in the management of hypertension 1) Prehypertension: should we treat? 2)The very elderly: how should we treat.

Following a hypertension symposium in New York, NY, on January 28, 2004, a panel was convened to discuss several issues of interest in the management of hypertension. Dr. Marvin Moser of the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, moderated the discussion. Dr. Michael Alderman of the Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, and Dr. Jackson Wright, Jr. of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, were the participants.
Stem-cell competition

The debate continues over the relative merits of using embryonic and adult stem cells for research — and perhaps, one day, to treat patients. Two new papers look at the abilities of these remarkable cells.
How to Use Transactional Databases for M&A

Want to price M&A transactions more accurately and structure them more favorably? Then take a look at other completed transactions, advises the author. Databases now contain details on thousands of M&A transactions. The author shows you how to use them. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole-brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases from melanoma

SUMMARY Aims: To describe results of melanoma brain metastases (BM) treated with whole-brain radiation (WBRT). Methods: Retrospective review of patients with melanoma BM treated with WBRT divided into two groups based on the timing of WBRT (at BM diagnosis or recurrence). Results: We identified 61 patients with melanoma BM who received WBRT. For the group treated at diagnosis (n = 39): median overall survival was 3 months; best radiographic response included one partial response, ten stable disease, 18 progressive disease, and ten no follow-up imaging. For the group treated at recurrence (n = 22): median overall survival was 3 months; best radiographic response was three partial response, four stable disease, eight progressive disease, and seven no follow-up imaging. Conclusion: WBRT activity was limited; however, its role in symptom palliation is unclear.
Computing partition functions

Abstract We discuss applications of method we have invented recently to determine the complete partition function of finite volume statistical systems to very good accuracy using numerical simulation methods.
Tissue Repair in the Iris in Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis

Our previous work on rats with S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis showed iris tissue changes involving infiltration of inflammatory cells, destruction of the iris architecture, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. The present study reports the remarkable ability of the iris to regenerate during the postinflammatory period. The iris regenerates 50% of its architecture by Day 20 postimmunization. The number of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) was relatively high at this stage. Many capillaries showed abnormal endothelial cells. Unmyelinated nerve axons were often seen near blood vessels. The iris stroma was edematous. By Day 30, approximately 95% of the iris had regenerated, the number of lymphocytes and PMNs decreased, and the number of macrophages increased. Most capillaries looked normal and numerous axons in different stages of myelination were apparent. The stroma, the dilator muscle, and the posterior epithelium were almost completely restored. By Day 45, the iris appeared to be virtually normal. Most striking was the abundance of myelinated nerve axons located near blood vessels. Type I collagen immunoreactivity in vascular endothelial cells increased from Day 20 to Day 60 postimmunization, suggesting that blood vessel endothelial cells may play a role in collagenization of the iris stroma.
Peak power and cooling energy savings of high-albedo roofs

Abstract In the summers of 1991 and 1992, we monitored peak power and cooling energy savings from high-albedo coatings at one house and two school bungalows in Sacramento, California. We collected data on air-conditioning electricity use, indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidities, roof and ceiling surface temperatures, inside and outside wall temperatures, insolation, and wind speed and direction. Applying a high-albedo coating to one house resulted in seasonal savings of 2.2 kWh/d (80% of base case use), and peak demand reductions of 0.6 kW. In the school bungalows, cooling energy was reduced 3.1 kWh/d (35% of base case use), and peak demand by 0.6 kW. The buildings were modeled with the DOE-2.1E program. The simulation results underestimate the cooling energy savings and peak power reductions by as much as twofold.
The concentration of the large-scale solar magnetic field by a meridional surface flow

Analytical and numerical solutions to the magnetic flux transport equation in the absence of new bipolar sources of flux are calculated for several meridional flow profiles and a range of peak flow speeds. It is found that a poleward flow with a broad profile and a nominal 10 m/s maximum speed concentrates the large-scale field into very small caps of less than 15 deg half-angle, with average field strengths of several tens of gauss, contrary to observations. A flow which reaches its peak speed at a relatively low latitude and then decreases rapidly to zero at higher latitudes leads to a large-scale field pattern which is consistent with observations. For such a flow, only lower latitude sunspot groups can contribute to interhemispheric flux annihilation and the resulting decay and reversal of the polar magnetic fields.
Effect of forskolin on the spontaneous maturation and cyclic AMP content of hamster oocyte-cumulus complexes.

Forskolin, a reversible stimulator of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, has been used to determine: (1) whether an increase in hamster cumulus cell cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) results in an elevation of intraoocyte cAMP and an accompanying increase in the maintenance of meiotic arrest (%GV where GV is germinal vesicle) when heterologous coupling is maintained, (2) whether the hamster oolemma possesses the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase in an amount adequate to stimulate sufficient cAMP synthesis to maintain arrest, and 3) whether release from meiotic arrest is accompanied by a decrease in the content of intraoocyte cAMP. Intracellular cAMP was determined by RIA, functional metabolic coupling was assessed by determination of the fraction of radiolabeled uridine marker transferred from the cumulus mass to the oocyte, and meiotic stage was determined cytogenetically. While the %GV of both cumulus-enclosed (intact) and cumulus-free (denuded) oocytes was dose-dependent upon forskolin, that of intact oocytes was much more sensitive to the drug (intact: ID50 3.4 μM; denuded: ID50 65.0 μM, where ID50 is the dose of forskolin that inhibits the maturation of 50% of cultured oocytes). Forskolin stimulated a significant, dose-dependent increase in the amount of cAMP within the cumulus mass [(r) = 0.789, P < 0.001)], the intact oocyte [(r) = 0.715, P < 0.001], and the denuded oocyte [(r) = 0.673, P < 0.01)]. The cAMP content of intact oocytes was significantly greater than that of denuded oocytes above 6.25 μM forskolin (25 μM forskolin: 9.28 ± 1.01 vs. 3.98 ± 0.15 fmol cAMP, intact and denuded oocytes, respectively; P < 0.001, paired t test). A highly significant positive correlation was established between the amount of cAMP in groups of cumulus masses and that in the corresponding enclosed oocytes [(r) = 0.635, P < 0.001]. The enhanced sensitivity of meiotic arrest in intact, as compared to denuded, oocytes was due to the presence of adherent cumulus cells but was not attributable to a significant increase in the cAMP content of intact oocytes (at 6.25 μM forskolin; %GV intact = 73.0 ± 10.7, denuded = 20.3 ± 7.4; fmol cAMP intact = 5.02 ± 1.50; denuded = 4.63 ± 0.81). The arresting action of forskolin on intact oocytes was transient and fully reversible, but release from arrest was not accompanied by a decrease in either intraoocyte cAMP or heterologous metabolic coupling. These data show that (1) the hamster oocyte can synthesize cAMP (2) when heterologous metabolic coupling is maintained cumulus cell cAMP may be transferred to the hamster oocyte, and (3) that release from forskolin-maintained meiotic arrest is not correlated with a decline in intraoocyte cAMP or in heterologous coupling. The findings indicate that forskolin stimulates hamster cumulus cells to produce a “factor,” which may not be cAMP, to maintain meiotic arrest.
Use of the Longley-Rice and Johnson-Gierhart Tropospheric Radio Propagation Programs:0.02-20 GHz

The Longley-Rice and Johnson-Gierhart tropospheric propagation programs are particularly useful in predicting propagation losses for paths over irregular terrain commonly encountered in ground-to-ground, air-to-ground, and air-to-air military tactical scenarios. These programs use an empirical database to statistically weigh knife-edge diffraction losses with losses from multipath interference, smooth-spherical Earth diffraction, and troposcatter modes of propagation. The purpose of this paper is to provide perspective concerning the use of the two programs. Emphasis is placed upon the regions of applicability for the programs and on factors that must be considered in selecting and specifying the input parameters. Numerical results are given for various scenarios and ranges of input parameters.
A Curriculum for Human Behavior in the Social Environment

SUMMARY Consensus has not been reached regarding the content of human behavior in the social environment (HBSE) courses in schools of social work. Changes in the CSWE Education Policy and Accreditation Standards reflect, in part, the needs of the people social workers serve and the tools necessary to properly equip social workers in that pursuit. While considering the degree of dissension and change within the academic environment, theories of intervention should also provide the practitioner with an understanding of how detrimental behavior develops as well as how undesirable behaviors can be modified or eliminated. It also must provide a description of normal as well as dysfunctional behavior. It is crucial, therefore, that any theory of behavioral change identify the antecedent conditions through which the disordered behavior was acquired. It also must provide very specific behavioral prescriptions and procedures that the practitioner can use to eliminate the undesirable behaviors. An indispensable com...
Depressive Response to Physostigmine Challenge in Borderline Personality Disorder Patients

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mood and hormonal responses to cholinergic challenge with physostigmine in order to assess cholinergic system responsiveness in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients, other non-BPD personality disorder patients, and normal controls. Thirty-four personality disorder patients, 10 of whom met criteria for BPD and 24 of whom met criteria for other, non-borderline, personality disorders, and 11 normal controls participated in a double blind, placebo controlled physostigmine challenge paradigm. The Profile of Mood States depression subscale (POMS-D) self report measure was obtained at baseline and following the physostigmine or placebo infusions. A repeated measures ANOVA of POMS-D scores in placebo and drug conditions indicated a significantly greater depressive response in the total cohort of personality disorder patients than in the normal comparison group (p < 0.05). However, the depressive response to physostigmine was significantly greater in BPD patients, but not other personality disorder patients, compared to normal controls (p < 0.05). There was a correlation between the peak placebo-corrected depressive response to physostigmine and a group of BPD traits related to affective instability but not a group of BPD traits related to impulsivity. There was no correlation in any group between mood response to physostigmine and changes in plasma cortisol, prolactin, or growth hormone, or to nausea or other side effects following physostigmine infusion. These data suggest that there is an association between BPD and acute depressive responses to physostigmine challenge, and that the cholinergic system may be involved in the regulation of affect in Axis II disorders.
Science and technology integration for increased human potential and societal outcomes

Unifying science based on the material unity of nature at the nanoscale provides a new foundation for knowledge, innovation, and integration of technology. Revolutionary and synergistic advances at the interfaces between previously separated fields of science, engineering and areas of relevance are ready to create nano-bio-info-cogno (NBIC) transforming tools. Developments in systems approach, mathematics, and computation in conjunction with NBIC allow us to understand the natural world and scientific research as closely coupled, complex, hierarchical entities. At this unique moment of scientific and technical achievement, improvement of human performance at individual and group levels, as well as development of suitable revolutionary products, becomes possible and these are primary goals for converging new technologies. NBIC addresses long-term advances in key areas of human activity, including working, learning, aging, group interaction, organizations, and human evolution ((Roco and Bainbridge, 2003)). Fundamentally new tools, technologies, and products will be integrated into individual and social human architecture. This introductory chapter of the Annals outlines research and education trends, funding activities, and the potential of development of revolutionary products and services.