cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of phosphine-to-rhodium ratios in enantioselective hydroborations

Abstract Catalyzed hydroborations of several 1,1-disubstituted aryl alkenes were studied. Formation of tertiary alcohols (after oxidation) was favored when high phosphine-to-rhodium ratios were used. Enantioselective variants of this process can give chiral primary and tertiary alcohols with different enantioselectivities indicative of mechanistic differences. Measurements of product optical yields as a function of optical purities of the catalyst gave a linear correlation. The mechanistic implications of these data are discussed.
Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in agarose culture

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow (hBM-MSCs) can differentiate into chondrogenic cells for the potential treatment of injured articular cartilage. To evaluate agarose gels as a supportive material for chondrogenesis of hBM-MSCs, this study examined chondrogenesis of hBM-MSCs in the agarose cultures. Pellet cultures were employed to confirm the chondrogenic potential of the hBM-MSCs that were used in agarose cultures. The hBM-MSCs were seeded in 2% agarose constructs at the initial cell-seeding densities of 3, 6, and 9 x 10(6) cells/ml while each of pellets was formed using 2.5 x 10(5) cells. Chondrogenesis of hBM-MSCs was induced by culturing cell-agarose constructs and pellets for 21 days in the presence of a defined medium containing transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF-beta3). The analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that hBM-MSCs of agarose and pellet cultures expressed the chondrogenic markers of collagen type II and aggrecan in the presence of TGF-beta3. The deposition of cartilage-specific macromolecules was detected in both agarose and pellet cultures by histological and immunohistochemical assessments. Chondrogenesis of hBM-MSCs in agarose gels directly correlated with the initial cell-seeding density, with the cell-agarose constructs of higher initial cell-seeding density exhibiting more cartilage-specific gene expressions. This study establishes a basic model for future studies on chondrogenesis of hBM-MSCs using the agarose cultures.
Optical sectioning with low coherence spatio-temporal holography

We demonstrate an optical sectioning method employing low coherence spatio-temporal holography. The method results in an on-line, single-side-band interferogram of a section of the object that matches the reference path-length within the coherence length of the source, while rejecting the out-of-focus information. The method combines the advantage of low spatial coherence holography (no transverse scanning needed), with those of low temporal coherence tomographic reflectometry (sectioning with small coherence length sources and heterodyne detection).
Cell Biology And Photochemistry Of Photodynamic Sensitizers

The cellular characteristics of three photodynamic sensitizers are described. The mechanism of uptake by cultured cells was determined for Photofrin II, Mono L-aspartyl Chlorin e6, and Chloroaluminum Sulfonated Phthalocyanine. In addition, the subcellular localization, sensitizer photostability and photochemistry were studied. Also, the integral relationship between the biological characteristics and the photochemistry of the sensitizers is discussed. Photofrin II enters the cells through passive diffusion across the plasma membrane and primarily localizes in the mitochondria. Both the chlorin and phthalocyanine are transported into the cell through constitutive pinocytosis and thus localize in the lysosomes.
Physico-chemical factors in the acridid feeding behaviour (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Though acridids are generally polyphagous, they are not indiscriminate feeders as is observed, on the basis of extensive studies on several species of grasshoppers likeEyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serv.),Oxya nitidula (Walker), etc. The feeding behaviour of such herbivorous insects in general is of immense importance because of their direct relevance to applied ecological problems. These insects live in environments with abundance of food, but their suitability is differently related to each available plant species in the environment. Hence the feeding behaviour patterns are seen to be generally influenced by several factors such as the morphological correlates of the insect as well as the physico-chemical factors of the host plant. In this context, consideration is being given to, (a) physical factors of the host plant such as the thickness of the leaf lamina, the presence of trichomes, the position of the leaf blade, the general colour pattern and the effect of blinding, (b) morphological correlates of the insect such as mandibular modifications in relation to the host, its changes during post-embryonic development and their role in the shift of the host, the foregut armature and its influence on host selection, (c) the influence of chemicals like silica, phagostimulants and deterrents of the hosts on the insect feeding behaviour and (d) the role of sensory structures of the insect in the detection and discrimination of the host. In addition to the discussion on the general pattern of feeding, the factors responsible for the initiation, continuation and termination of feeding are also analysed.
Evaluation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by pediatric emergency physician sonography.

Objectives The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of pediatric emergency physician (EP) sonography for infants with suspected hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Methods This was a prospective observational pilot study in an urban academic pediatric emergency department (PED). Patients were selected if the treating physician ordered an ultrasound (US) in the department of radiology for the evaluation of suspected HPS. Results Sixty-seven patients were enrolled from August 2009 through April 2012. When identifying the pylorus, pediatric EPs correctly identified all 10 positive cases, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62% to 100%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI = 92% to 100%). There was no statistical difference between the measurements obtained by pediatric EPs and radiology staff for pyloric muscle width or length (p = 0.5 and p = 0.79, respectively). Conclusions Trained pediatric EPs can accurately assess the pylorus with US in the evaluation of HPS with good specificity. Resumen Evaluacion de la Estenosis Hipertrofica del Piloro mediante la Ecografia Realizada por el Urgenciologo Pediatrico Objetivos Evaluar la certeza de la ecografia realizada por el urgenciologo pediatrico (UP) en los ninos con sospecha de estenosis hipertrofica del piloro (EHP). Metodologia Estudio piloto observacional prospectivo en un servicio de urgencias pediatrico urbano y universitario. Se seleccionaron los pacientes en los que el medico responsable de la atencion solicito una ecografia al servicio de radiologia para la evaluacion de la sospecha de EHP. Resultados Se incluyeron 67 pacientes desde agosto de 2009 hasta abril de 2012. Cuando se identifico el piloro, el UP identifico correctamente todos los 10 casos positivos, con una sensibilidad del 100% (IC 95% = 62% a 100%) y una especificidad del 100% (IC 95% = 92% a 100%). No hubo diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las medidas de la anchura y la longitud del musculo pilorico (p = 0,50 y p = 0,79, respectivamente) obtenidas por el UP y por el radiologo. Conclusiones Un UP formado puede valorar certeramente el piloro con la ecografia en la evaluacion de la EHP, con una buena especificidad.
The Continuing Professional Education Needs of Midwives.

The philosophy behind Post Registration Education and Practice (PREP) dictates that continuing professional education (CPE) must be tailored to the needs of the individual and relevant to the practice environment. The study is set within the context of PREP and other changes that are currently affecting midwives and midwifery educational establishments. This study sought to explore the CPE needs of midwives. The main objective of the study was to seek information on a number of issues that would assist with the planning and implementation of continuing education programmes to meet the needs of midwives. The study takes the form of a descriptive survey. Questionnaires were sent to 696 midwives employed by 7 National Health Service Trusts in the South-West of England. A 45% response rate was achieved. Seven midwife managers were also interviewed to gain insight into their perspectives of CPE and to enhance the findings from the questionnaire. Results show that midwives use a variety of strategies to identify their CPE needs. One of the more significant seems to be through interaction with colleagues. 'Professional issues' and 'management topics' were the categories identified by both midwives and managers alike to be the greatest need. There is a demand for part-time and distance learning. The format and timings that would ensure that midwives find it easy to attend CPE events were identified. Findings illustrate how midwifery managers and educationalists can facilitate midwives with their CPE and career development.
hTERT-immortalized ovine microglia propagate natural scrapie isolates.

Abstract Ex vivo propagation of natural prion isolates ( i.e. , propagated solely in the natural host) is crucial for the characterization and study of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Several well-established, prion-permissive cell culture systems are available; however, only a few cell lines are permissive to natural prion isolates and these cells are not pathophysiologically relevant ( e.g. , renal epithelium and fibroblast-like cells). Therefore, a pathophysiologically relevant cell line derived from a natural TSE host could be used for propagation of natural prion isolates. In this study, ovine brain macrophages (microglia) were immortalized by transfection with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene to identify cell lines (hTERT-microglia) permissive to natural scrapie prion isolates. Following transfection, hTERT-microglia were passaged up to 100 times and their lifespan was significantly longer compared to parental cells (Fisher's exact test, P i.e. , derived from brain homogenates of sheep infected with scrapie). Prion infectivity and partial protease resistance of the prion protein were maintained in hTERT-microglia. Comparisons between scrapie-permissive and non-permissive hTERT-microglia sublines revealed that overall quantity of the normal cellular prion protein was not associated with prion permissiveness. The use of hTERT-microglia in future TSE studies may be more germane to the characterization of the cellular and subcellular pathophysiology of natural scrapie prion isolates and to investigate host-specific factors involved in prion replication.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor-induced acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia—a case report

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor-induced acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia—a case report
Well-driven floating gate transistors

A new layout structure for floating gate MOS devices on top of an isolating n-well is proposed. The well provides the floating device with noise isolation from the substrate and can also be used as an additional input for threshold voltage control or signal modulation.
Olefin isomerization promoted by olefin metathesis catalysts

Abstract A model study was conducted to determine the extent to which olefin isomerization occurs during olefin metathesis of simple olefins with Grubbs ruthenium catalysts and Schrock's molybdenum catalyst under conditions similar to those employed in ADMET polymerization. It was found that the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-ligated ruthenium complex promotes extensive isomerization of both internal and terminal olefins at temperatures of 50–60 °C, whereas the bisphosphine ruthenium complex and Schrock's molybdenum complex do not. Isomerization occurs concurrently with metathesis for the NHC ruthenium complex to produce a mixture of linear olefins of consecutive carbon numbers.
Do intraoperative total serum and ionized calcium levels, like intraoperative intact PTH levels, correlate with cure of hyperparathyroidism?

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) monitoring is useful in the operative management of hyperparathyroidism. Measurement of intraoperative total serum calcium (TSC) and ionized calcium (ICa) levels may be less expensive and more readily available methods of intraoperative guidance during neck dissection than ioPTH levels, the gold standard. We compared the accuracy of monitoring intraoperative TSC and ICa to that of ioPTH for predicting surgical cure during parathyroidectomy. Over a 10-month period, 47 parathyroidectomies were performed, during which ioPTH, TSC, and ICa were measured. Samples were obtained at the start of the operation and 5 and 10 minutes after gland removal. Data were compared and trends analyzed with respect to removal of abnormal parathyroid tissue as confirmed by pathology. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if decreases in TSC and ICa were significant. The mean baseline ioPTH level (253 ± 247 pg/ml) dropped by 70% at 5 minutes after removal of the abnormal glands (68 ± 85 pg/ml) and by 83% at 10 minutes (32 ± 25 pg/ml). The mean baseline TSC level (10.1 ± 0.9 mg/dl) dropped by 4% at 5 minutes after removal of the abnormal glands (9.7 ± 0.8 mg/dl) and remained at 4% at 10 minutes (9.6 ± 0.7 mg/dl). The mean baseline ICa level (1.4 ± 0.1 mmol/dl) also dropped by 4% at 5 minutes after removal of the abnormal glands (1.3 ± 0.1 mmol/dl) and remained at 4% at 10 minutes (1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl). ioPTH dropped by ≥ 50% in 39 patients (83%) at 5 minutes and in 46 patients (98%) at 10 minutes after gland resection. TSC decreased below baseline at 5 minutes and remained below baseline at 10 minutes in only 37 patients (79%). In the remaining 21% of patients, TSC decreased inconsistently, if at all, with respect to baseline at both the 5- and 10-minute time points. ICa decreased below baseline at 5 minutes and remained below baseline at 10 minutes in only 35 patients (77%). In the remaining 23% of patients, ICa, like TSC, changed inconsistently at 5 and 10 minutes after parathyroidectomy with respect to baseline levels. Decreases in TSC and ICa during parathyroidectomy, if present, are thus minimal. Unlike ioPTH levels, TSC and ICa levels do not consistently decrease at 5 and 10 minutes after gland resection. Although inexpensive and readily available, monitoring the intraoperative TSC and ICa is not clinically reliable for confirming removal of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.
Historical Seismic Activity in the Central United States

The expected recurrence of the 1811-1812 New Madrid sequence about every 500 years (Tuttle et al., 2002) dominates the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates of seismic hazard over much of the central United States (CUS) (Harmsen et al., 1999; Frankel et al., 2000, 2002). While earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) apparently dominated CUS seismicity in the first two decades of the 19th century, more moment magnitude M 5.0 and larger earthquakes have occurred in the Illinois basin in southern Illinois and Indiana in the past 150 years than in the NMSZ (Bakun and Hopper, 2004a). Paleoseismic studies ( e.g., Munson et al. , 1997) have shown, moreover, that large Holocene earthquakes have occurred in the Illinois basin where 5.0≤ M ≤6.0 historical earthquakes have occurred. M ≥ 5.0 historical earthquakes have also occurred in Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Thus, a consistent evaluation of historical seismic activity occurring throughout the CUS is important in estimating the seismic hazard. Bakun et al. (2003) developed a model specifically designed to estimate the location and M for historical earthquakes in eastern North America (ENA) and analyzed the 5 January 1843 and 31 October 1895 M 6 CUS earthquakes. Bakun and Hopper (2004b) used this model to estimate the location and M for the three largest events in the 1811-1812 NMSZ earthquake sequence. Bakun et al. 's (2003) model can be used to analyze historical CUS earthquakes with only a few intensity assignments and includes empirical site corrections to account for anomalous site effects, such as the enhanced shaking effects in 1811-1812 in communities built on weak ground along waterways (Hough et al., 2000). Bakun and Hopper (2004a) applied Bakun et al. 's (2003) model to M < 6 historical CUS earthquakes and compiled a catalog of historical seismicity wherein …
Does certification of staff nurses improve patient outcomes

Commentary on: D Kendall-Gallagher, LH Aiken, DM Sloane, et al.. Nurse specialty certification, inpatient mortality, and failure to rescue.J Nurs Scholarsh2011;43:188–94.
Soviet style of teaching accounting

Abstract Twenty-five years of teaching accounting in the USSR and five years of analogous experience in the United States qualify me, I feel, to compare the educational methods of training accountants in these two countries. Since most of my potential readers are already familiar with the methods of instructing students of accounting in the United States, I will concentrate my discussion on the Soviet style of teaching accountants. In this article I refrain from making political judgments, since any criticism of Soviet policy and economics would only detract from the focus. My personal attitude toward the Soviet Union, its politics and economics is evidenced by my choice to emigrate to the United States.
Adaptive Bolus Chasing Computed Tomography Angiography

Abstract Synchronization of the contrast bolus peak and CT imaging aperture is a crucial issue for CTA. It effects the CTA imaging quality and the necessary amount of contrast dose. In this paper, we propose an optimal adaptive bolus chasing controller. The controller estimates and predicts the unknown two dimensional bolus density on line and then determines the optimal control actions. Tracking errors are mathematically quantified in terms of estimation errors. Simulation results on the actual patient data exhibit its superior performance to the current constant-speed method. Also, the preliminary experiments demonstrate the clinical feasibility.
Psychotropic drug efficacy and side effects for persons with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Pharmacotherapy is a frequently employed treatment option in the area of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A considerable literature base has developed indicating when these medications should or could be administered. However, research on the potential side effects and cost benefit analysis of these treatments is not well understood at this time. The purpose of this review is to assess current prescription practices, to determine what is needed with respect to better understanding the cost and benefits of these prescription practices, and notions about future trends in research to better aid in our understanding of psychotropic drug side effects. Future research of this sort should further establish best practices with respect to pharmacotherapy and ASD.
Structural and thermodynamic studies of the metal insulator transition in a 1-D organic material

Abstract The single crystal structural features conductivity and heat capacity in the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition have been determined for the pseudo-one-dimensional charge transfer salt tetrathiafulvalenium 2,5-diethyltetra-cyanoquinodimethane (TTF-DETCNQ). The metal insulator transition observed in the conductivity measurements in the stacking direction is sharply defined by a peak in the heat capacity curve at 111 K. Assuming a single band model, the density of states at the Fermi surface is estimated to be 5.7 eV. Changes in structural features including dynamic and/or static displacements of molecules in the unit cell as a function of temperature are also described.
Building 3D aerial image in photoresist with reconstructed mask image acquired with optical microscope

Calibration of mask images on wafer becomes more important as features shrink. Two major types of metrology have been commonly adopted. One is to measure the mask image with scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain the contours on mask and then simulate the wafer image with optical simulator. The other is to use an optical imaging tool Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMS ™ ) to emulate the image on wafer. However, the SEM method is indirect. It just gathers planar contours on a mask with no consideration of optical characteristics such as 3D topography structures. Hence, the image on wafer is not predicted precisely. Though the AIMS ™ method can be used to directly measure the intensity at the near field of a mask but the image measured this way is not quite the same as that on the wafer due to reflections and refractions in the films on wafer. Here, a new approach is proposed to emulate the image on wafer more precisely. The behavior of plane waves with different oblique angles is well known inside and between planar film stacks. In an optical microscope imaging system, plane waves can be extracted from the pupil plane with a coherent point source of illumination. Once plane waves with a specific coherent illumination are analyzed, the partially coherent component of waves could be reconstructed with a proper transfer function, which includes lens aberration, polarization, reflection and refraction in films. It is a new method that we can transfer near light field of a mask into an image on wafer without the disadvantages of indirect SEM measurement such as neglecting effects of mask topography, reflections and refractions in the wafer film stacks. Furthermore, with this precise latent image, a separated resist model also becomes more achievable. An algorithm is proposed to reconstruct the mask image in photoresist in this paper. In addition, the reconstructed image is compared with that obtained with thick mask model.
Interpreting and Managing Blood Lead Levels of Less Than 10 μg/dL in Children and Reducing Childhood Exposure to Lead: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention

Lead is a common environmental contaminant. Lead exposure is a preventable risk that exists in all areas of the United States. In children, lead is associated with impaired cognitive, motor, behavioral, and physical abilities. In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defined the blood lead level that should prompt public health actions as 10 μg/dL. Concurrently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recognized that a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL did not define a threshold for the harmful effects of lead. Research conducted since 1991 has strengthened the evidence that children9s physical and mental development can be affected at blood lead levels of
Developing a clinical algorithm for early management of cervical spine injury in child trauma victims

To define a subset of injured children for whom emergency cervical spine radiography may be unnecessary, we performed a retrospective chart and radiologic review. Two entry methods were used: All injured children, from birth through 16 years, who had received cervical spine radiographs at The Children's Memorial Hospital from September 1983, to September 1984, were included. All patients from birth to 16 years with proven or suspected cases of cervical spine injury who had received cervical spine radiographs and who had been treated at either the Children's Memorial Hospital or the Northwestern University Spine Trauma Unit during period 1974 to 1984 also were included. Each child's chart was reviewed, and 84 clinical variables were recorded. All radiographs were reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist. Of 206 children studied, 59 had cervical spine injuries. A clinical algorithm was derived using the following eight variables: neck pain; neck tenderness; limitation of neck mobility; history of trauma to the neck; and abnormalities of reflexes, strength, sensation, or mental status. The following decision rule was selected: Positive findings in any of these eight variables mandates cervical spine radiography. This algorithm correctly identified 58 of 59 children with cervical spine injury, yielding a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 54%. Cervical spine radiographs could have been avoided in 79 children (38% of the entire sample). This algorithm performed better than did models derived from logistic regression analysis of the same data. Validation trials are required prior to the implementation of this or other clinical decision algorithms in practice.
Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death.

Diclofenac (DCLF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute muscle pain conditions. Toxic doses of DCLF can cause nephrotoxicity in humans and experimental animals. However, whether this DCLF-induced nephrotoxicity involves apoptotic cell death in addition to necrosis is unknown. The goals of this investigation were to determine whether DCLF-induced nephrotoxicity involves oxidative stress and apoptotic type genomic DNA fragmentation, and if so, whether DCLF-induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation cause apoptotic cell death in mouse kidneys. Male ICR mice (CD-1; 25–45 g), fed ad libitum, were administered nephrotoxic doses of DCLF (100, 200, 300 mg/Kg, po) and sacrificed 24 h later. Blood was collected to evaluate renal injury (BUN), lipid peroxidation (MDA: malondialdehyde levels), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (a marker of oxidative stress). Kidney tissues were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the degree and type of DNA damage, and evaluated histopathologically for the presence of apoptotic characteristics in the nucleus of diverse types of kidney cells. Results show that diclofenac is a powerful nephrotoxicant (at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg: 4.7-, 4.9-, and 5.0-fold increases in BUN compared to the control, respectively) and a strong inducer of oxidative stress (significant increase in MDA levels). Oxidative stress induced by DCLF was also coupled with massive kidney DNA fragmentation (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg: 3-, 8-, and 10-fold increases compared to control, respectively). A dose-dependent increase in MDA levels and SOD activity was also observed, which indicated a link between oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Qualitative analysis of DNA fragmentation by gel electrophoresis showed a DNA ladder indicative of Ca2+-Mg2+-endonuclease activation. Histopathological examination of kidney sections revealed numerous apoptotic nuclei across proximal and distal tubular cell linings. Collectively, these data for the first time suggest that DCLF-induced nephrotoxicity may involve production of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and massive genomic DNA fragmentation, and these two free radical mediated events may ultimately translate into apoptotic cell death of kidney cells in vivo, and reveal a DNA-active role for DCLF.
Ethanol stimulates triglyceride synthesis by the intestine.

In vivo ethanol given acutely or chronically by two dietary means resulted in significant increases in [1-14C]palmitate incorporation into triglyceride by intestinal slices or microsomes derived from intestinal slices. In vitro, 2.6 percent ethanol, an amount comparable to that found in t..e intestinal lumen of social drinkers, also resulted in significant increases in [1-14C]palmitate incorporation into triglyceride. Pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, diminished the stimulatory effect of ethanol both in vivo and in vitro. These data may provide a new insight into the effects of alcohol, and specifically on the possible contribution of intestinal triglyceride synthesis to alcoholic hyperlipemia and the alcohol-induced fatty liver.
Role of glutamine in purine synthesis and in guanine nucleotide formation in normal fibroblasts and in fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Abstract Normal fibroblasts and fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity were dependent on exogenous glutamine for maximal purine synthesis, particularly after being grown in media without added glutamine. With excess glutamine, the availability of glycine was limiting. The maximal rate of purine synthesis in the mutant cells was about four times that in normal cells. When fibroblasts were incubated with [ 14 C]adenine in the absence of glutamine, the incorporation of radioactivity into guanine nucleotides through IMP was severely limited, and the intermediary compounds, xanthylic acid, xanthosine and xanthine accumulated, particularly in the mutant cells. In the presence of glutamine, this accumulation was abolished, a net increase in guanine nucleotide synthesis occurred in mutant cells, but a slight further decrease took place in normal cells. Addition of glutamine to normal fibroblasts produced a marked stimulation of incorporation on [ 14 C]hypoxanthine into adenine and guanine nucleotides.
Rotation of the Earth and Magnetostriction

IN 1926, Prof. E. W. Brown presented the evidence indicating remarkable changes in the rate of the earth's rotation (Trans. of the Astronomical Observatory of Yale University, vol. 3, part 6). Changes, more or less abrupt, were shown to have occurred about 1785, 1850, 1898, and 1918. Prof. Brown finds that the observational data are consistent with the hypothesis of an oscillatory change in the earth's mean radius. Why the earth should expand and contract, he makes no suggestion, but gives a study of the occurrence of earthquakes, which, however, shows no well-defined correlation. He cites a theory of Prof. Joly (Observatory, February, 1926) that the vertical oscillations of the earth's crust may be caused by a thermal effect of radium acting in a substratum of basalt.
EXTENSIVE DILATION OF DISTAL URETER FOR ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF LARGE VOLUME URETERAL DISEASE

AbstractTwo patients with large volume disease in markedly dilated ureters were treated endoscopically by wide dilation of the ureteral orifice and passage of larger nonureteroscopic endoscopes. The larger instruments provided better vision and the ability to work with larger tools, which greatly facilitated treatment without complication in patients who otherwise would have undergone an open procedure.
Propertius and ‘Coan Philitas’

This is our well received text of Propertius' celebrated address to the shades of Callimachus and Philitas at 3.1.1–2:Callimachi Manes et Coi sacra Philitae,in vestrum, quaeso, me sinite ire nemus.Well received it may be, but scholarly worries and disagreements about the precise meaning of sacra, and indeed about the real purpose of the address, perhaps have diverted editors' eyes from a possible corruption. I would like to suggest that the pairing of ethnic adjective and personal name, Coi and Philitae, in line 1 may not be Propertian.
Degree-of-polarization-based PMD monitoring for subcarrier-multiplexed signals via equalized carrier/sideband filtering

We demonstrate a method for differential-group-delay (DGD) and polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) monitoring using the degree-of-polarization (DOP) in subcarrier-multiplexed (SCM) systems. Traditional SCM signal show very little DOP sensitivity to DGD/PMD due to the low modulation depth used for generating SCM signals. We use a narrow-band optical filter to equalize the power of the carrier and one of the sidebands by offsetting the filter from the carrier, enabling PMD and DGD monitoring and more than tripling the DOP sensitivity to DGD/PMD. Our technique is simple, uses only a single optical filter, and can be applied to both single- and double-sideband (SSB and DSB) SCM signals as well as single and multisubcarrier systems. Additionally, we show that our monitoring technique is robust to the chromatic dispersion-induced radio-frequency (RF) power fading effect seen in DSB SCM signals. Using this technique to enhance the DOP sensitivity to DGD/PMD and generate a feedback signal to a PMD compensator (PMDC), we obtain an 11-dB improvement in the 5% RF power tail.
A Non-Search Optimal Control Solution for a Team of MUAVS in a Reconnaissance Mission

We consider a team of miniature unmanned air vehicles (MUAVs) in a multi-static radar scenario. Time delay and Doppler measurements made at the UAVs are transmitted to a base station which is tracking a target. The base then transmits heading commands to the MUAVs to reduce the tracking error. Optimal solutions that attempt to minimize a function of the error covariance or maximize the observability of the system are computationally difficult to implement. We present a simpler approximate method that yields a closed-form solution and performs comparably to the optimal approaches.
Effects of Material Property and Geometry in Nanoindentation Simulation of Thin Film Mechanical Characterization

Nanoindentation of thin film-thick substrate system is a commonly employed tool to measure the mechanical properties of materials. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of nanoindentation experiment can overcome the expense and limitations of sophisticated test procedure. This study focused on the FEM simulation of nanoindentation test in ABAQUS environment to check the effects of film-substrate material properties and geometry. The indentation process in concern involves a two dimensional axisymmetric model where a thin film is placed above a substrate and indented by a rigid indenter for a specific friction condition. Modulus of elasticity and hardness of thin film has been calculated from analysis results using empirical relationship. For this study, two types of thin film properties i.e. elastic-perfectly plastic and elasto-plastic with specific strain hardening condition are taken for consideration. Firstly, different elastic substrate materials have been used under elastic-perfectly plastic thin film to observe the substrate strength effects. The analysis has been conducted for four different indentation depths to incorporate the influence of depth of penetration also. Secondly, similar analysis was performed for strain-hardening film material for all substrate strength to compare the behavior with perfectly plastic case. Finally, thickness of substrate layer has also been varied to observe the effect of substrate thickness under nanoindentation test. The simulation result shows that substrate strength effect is pronounced on film modulus determination whereas hardness is not significantly sensitive to this effect. Substrate modulus with magnitude smaller or near film modulus can predict reasonable value of film modulus whereas high strength substrate modulus i.e. rigid body as a substrate produces extremely high film modulus. Indentation derived film hardness affects significantly the elastic modulus due to incorporation of strain hardening in thin film properties. In addition, calculated film properties increase with the increment of indentation depth but show negligible change due to the variation of substrate thickness.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Identification of Predominant Aroma Compounds in Muscadine Grape Juice

The aroma components of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) grape juice were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/olfactometry (aroma extract dilution analysis). 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol), with a burnt sugar-like aroma, was the most intense aroma in the juice. Other predominant compounds included 2,3-butanedione, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-phenylethanol, and o-aminoacetophenone. These compounds were described as buttery/cream cheese, bubble gum/fruity, green apple/fruity, rosy, and foxy, respectively. Furaneol and o-aminoacetophenone were thought to be responsible for characteristic candy and foxy-like aroma notes of muscadine grape juice. Flavor dilution chromatograms were similar for juices prepared from grapes harvested on different dates and from different locations.
Collaborative, Trust-Based Security Mechanisms for a National Utility Intranet

This paper investigates network policies and mechanisms to enhance security in SCADA networks using a mix of TCP and UDP transport protocols over IP. It recommends creating a trust system that can be added in strategic locations to protect existing legacy architectures and to accommodate a transition to IP through the introduction of equipment based on modern standards such as IEC 61850. The trust system is based on a best-of-breed application of standard information technology (IT) network security mechanisms and IP protocols. The trust system provides seamless, automated command and control for the suppression of network attacks and other suspicious events. It also supplies access control, format validation, event analysis, alerting, blocking, and event logging at any network-level and can do so on behalf of any system that does not have the resources to perform these functions itself. Latency calculations are used to estimate limits of applicability within a company and between geographically separated company and area control centers, scalable to hierarchical regional implementations.
vVHDL: a visual hardware description language

Complex hardware systems design demands the effective use of organized approaches to design. The VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) was developed for use in the design process. Traditionally, engineers have developed hardware descriptions based on schematic circuit diagrams, which are a visual notation. When using VHDL, designers are hampered by the cumbersome nature of the language syntax. The authors have developed a visual hardware description language, Visual VHDL (vVHDL), that incorporates the major features of VHDL. This paper presents the syntax of vVHDL and the design system used for developing vVHDL programs. >
Reconciliation between Korea and Japan

Although Japan and Korea formally normalized their relations in 1965, these neighbours remain wary of each other because of their awkward history during the first half of the twentieth century, when Japan annexed Korea and oppressed the Koreans in many ways. Korean scholars believe strongly that this annexation was ''illegal'' and that it constituted a violation of international law when it occurred. Japanese scholars tend to admit that the Japanese occupation of Korea was brutal and caused enormous suffering, but they are reluctant to acknowledge that the annexation was ''illegal'', because other great powers were annexing small countries during that period. The US action supporting the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and annexing Hawaii in 1898 may be helpful in finding an appropriate resolution to the Japan-Korea standoff. In 1993, the US Congress enacted a joint resolution formally apologizing to the Native Hawaiian people and calling for a ''reconciliation'' between the United States and the Native Hawaiians. This resolution acknowledged that the US diplomatic and military support for the 1893 overthrow was ''illegal'' and was in violation of ''international law''. This strong statement seems to be an application of ''inter- temporal law'', whereby present views of international law are applied to the events of the 1890s, but, in any event, it is a powerful acknowledgment that a wrong occurred, causing injuries that can still be felt today. The reconciliation process between the United States and Native Hawaiians is now under way and, to be complete, it will require the restoration of the sovereignty of the Native Hawaiians and a return of land and resources to them. Japanese officials have offered apologies to the Koreans, but the reconciliation between the two countries can become complete only if these apologies are accompanied by a transfer of items of real value. This paper proposes that proper payments to the Korean comfort women and a renunciation by Japan of its claim to Dokdo/Takeshima (the tiny islands claimed by both countries) could serve to formalize the reconciliation between these two neighbours.
Toward Automatically Assembling Hittite-Language Cuneiform Tablet Fragments into Larger Texts

This paper presents the problem within Hittite and Ancient Near Eastern studies of fragmented and damaged cuneiform texts, and proposes to use well-known text classification metrics, in combination with some facts about the structure of Hittite-language cuneiform texts, to help classify a number of fragments of clay cuneiform-script tablets into more complete texts. In particular, I propose using Sumerian and Akkadian ideogrammatic signs within Hittite texts to improve the performance of Naive Bayes and Maximum Entropy classifiers. The performance in some cases is improved, and in some cases very much not, suggesting that the variable frequency of occurrence of these ideograms in individual fragments makes considerable difference in the ideal choice for a classification method. Further, complexities of the writing system and the digital availability of Hittite texts complicate the problem.
A technical framework for light- handed regulation of cognitive radios

Light-handed regulation is discussed often in policy circles, but what it should mean technically has always been a bit vague. For cognitive radios to succeed in reducing the regulatory overhead, this has to change. For us, light-handed regulation means minimizing the mandates to be met at radio certification and relying instead on incentives to deter bad behavior. We put forth a specific technical framework in which the certification mandates are minimal - radios must modulate their transmitted waveform to embed an identity fingerprint, and radios must obey certain go-to-jail commands directed toward their identities. More specifically, the identity is represented by a temporal profile of taboo time slots in which transmission is impossible. The fraction of taboo slots represents the overhead of this approach and determines how reliably harmful interference can be attributed to the culprit(s) responsible. Meanwhile, the fraction of time that innocent radios spend in jail is the overhead for the punishment system. The analysis is carried out in the context of a real-time spectrum market, but is also applicable to opportunistic use.
An adaptive production simulation structure for operational planning with annual emission/fuel constraints

This paper describes a production simulation structure for use in operational planning. The key features of the structure are: it captures the chronological aspects of power production; it models adaptive compliance with annual emission/fuel constraints; and it models generator availability using a conditional Monte Carlo sampling approach. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that this structure can produce unbiased and low variance results while modeling uncertainty with an acceptable computational requirement. >
Permeability of illite-bearing shale: 1. Anisotropy and effects of clay content and loading

direction relative to bedding, clay content (40–65%), and effective pressure Pe (2– 12 MPa). Permeability k is anisotropic at low Pe; measured k values for flow parallel to bedding at Pe = 3 MPa exceed those for flow perpendicular to bedding by a factor of 10, both for low clay content (LC) and high clay content (HC) samples. With increasing Pe, k becomes increasingly isotropic, showing little directional dependence at 10–12 MPa. Permeability depends on clay content; k measured for LC samples exceed those of HC samples by a factor of 5. Permeability decreases irreversibly with the application of Pe, following a cubic law of the form k = k0 [1 � (Pe/P1) m ] 3 , where k0 varies over 3 orders of magnitude, depending on orientation and clay content, m is dependent only on orientation (equal to 0.166 for bedding-parallel flow and 0.52 for flow across bedding), and P1 (18–27 MPa) appears to be similar for all orientations and clay contents. Anisotropy and reductions in permeability with Pe are attributed to the presence of crack-like voids parallel to bedding and their closure upon loading, respectively. INDEX TERMS: 5114 Physical Properties of Rocks: Permeability and porosity; 5139 Physical Properties of Rocks: Transport properties; 5112 Physical Properties of Rocks: Microstructure; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport; KEYWORDS: permeability, shale, connected pore space
Making cause-effect cost effective: low-resolution fault dictionaries

The foremost problem in VLSI fault diagnosis is the problem of data: there's simply too much of it. Circuits are large and contain enormous numbers of faults of many types. Full-response fault dictionaries are too large for practical or quick diagnosis, but pass-fail dictionaries often do not provide adequate resolution. The goal of this paper is to examine different sets of diagnostic data, determine the utility of each, and investigate ways of drastically reducing the data requirements for fault diagnosis. In doing so we introduce a new fault signature type, and begin to develop the idea of low-precision fault diagnosis in which useful diagnoses are obtained with a minimum of data and computation.
A comparison of full and partial predicated execution support for ILP processors

One can effectively utilize predicated execution to improve branch handling in instruction-level parallel processors. Although the potential benefits of predicated execution are high, the tradeoffs involved in the design of an instruction set to support predicated execution can be difficult. On one end of the design spectrum, architectural support for full predicated execution requires increasing the number of source operands for all instructions. Full predicate support provides for the most flexibility and the largest potential performance improvements. On the other end, partial predicated execution support, such as conditional moves, requires very little change to existing architectures. This paper presents a preliminary study to qualitatively and quantitatively address the benefit of full and partial predicated execution support. With our current compiler technology, we show that the compiler can use both partial and full predication to achieve speedup in large control-intensive programs. Some details of the code generation techniques are shown to provide insight into the benefit of going from partial to full predication. Preliminary experimental results are very encouraging: partial predication provides an average of 33% performance improvement for an 8-issue processor with no predicate support while full predication provides an additional 30% improvement.
PREDICTION OF DIMETHYL SULFIDE PRODUCTION IN TOMATO SERUM

Actual concentrations of dimethyl sulfide in tomato serum were compared to levels that were predicted from using previously determined kinetic data. Levels of dimethyl sulfide produced during thermal processing of tomato serum were predicted with a high degree of accuracy. A relationship of time, temperature and percent dimethyl sulfide production from kinetic data was shown.
Biotic response to a Middle Ordovician paleoceanographic event in eastern North America

Global paleontological events such as mass extinctions have been the focus of attention in recent years, yet regional biotic events account for a greater proportion of extinction in the fossil record and should receive greater attention if we are to fully understand extinction processes over the Phanerozoic. We use a sequence stratigraphic framework to document a major extinction and migration episode that occurred in the Middle and Late Ordovician of North America. This event is characterized in eastern North America by coordinated changes in faunal assemblages, carbonate lithologies, siliciclastic influx, and phosphatization. We ascribe these changes to a regional paleoceanographic event brought on by thrust-driven flexural subsidence and sea-level fluctuations that lowered water temperature and increased turbidity and nutrient input.