cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The FKBP12-rapamycin-binding domain is required for FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein kinase activity and G1 progression

The immunosuppressant rapamycin, in complex with its cellular receptor FKBP12, targets the cellular protein FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein/mammalian target of rapamycin/rapamycin and FKBP12 target 1 (FRAP/mTOR/RAFT1) and inhibits/delays G1 cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. As a member of the novel phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase family, FRAP's kinase activity is essential for its signaling function. The FKBP12-rapamycin binding (FRB) domain in FRAP is also speculated to play an important role in FRAP function and signaling. However, the biochemical and physiological functions of FRB, as well as the mechanism for rapamycin inhibition, have been unclear. The present study focuses on investigation of FRB's role and the functional relationship between FRB domain and kinase domain in FRAP. Microinjection of purified FRB protein into human osteosarcoma MG63 cells results in a drastic blockage of the G1 to S cell cycle progression; such a dominant negative effect is reversed by a point mutation (Trp2027 → Phe). The same mutation also abolishes kinase activity of FRAP without affecting ATP binding, and truncation studies suggest that upstream sequences including FRB are required for kinase activity in vitro. Given these data, we propose a model for FRAP function, in which the FRB domain is required for activation of the kinase domain, possibly through the interaction with an upstream activator. In addition, our observations provide direct evidence linking FRAP function to G1 cell cycle progression.
NEM tubulin inhibits microtubule minus end assembly by a reversible capping mechanism.

Although microtubule (MT) dynamic instability is thought to depend on the guanine nucleotide (GTP vs GDP) bound to the β-tubulin of the terminal subunit(s), the MT minus end exhibits dynamic instability even though the terminal β-tubulin is always crowned by GTP−α-tubulin. As an approach toward understanding how dynamic instability occurs at the minus end, we investigated the effects of N-ethylmaleimide-modified tubulin (NTb) on elongation and rapid shortening of individual MTs. NTb preferentially inhibits minus end assembly when combined with unmodified tubulin (PCTb), but the mechanism of inhibition is unknown. Here, video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy was used to observe the effects of NTb on MTs assembled from PCTb onto axoneme fragments. MTs were exposed to mixtures of PCTb (25 μM) and NTb (labeled on ≈1 Cys per monomer) in which the NTb/PCTb ratio varied from 0.025 to 1. The NTb/PCTb mixture had a slight inhibitory effect on the plus end elongation rate, but significantly in...
Critical issues concerning the mechanisms of duplex grain structure formation and interpretation of duplex nio grown on pure ni and cr doped substrates during high-temperature oxidation

Duplex layers are a very important class of film microstructures and form under a wide variety of conditions on a large number of substrates. In this paper, the available models for duplex layer formation are reviewed in detail and the basic assumptions which are based upon them are examined. The mechanisms of formation of the duplex layers based on microstructural observations in pure Ni and Ni-lat.%Cr systems during high-temperature oxidation are addressed.
Effects of promethazine on sleep stages in the cat.

Abstract Repeated observations of 4-hour sleep periods (AM and PM) were made in three male and three female cats. Minutes of total sleep time (TST), nonrapid eye movement (NREM), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were increased in PM trials. Percentage REM sleep was increased in PM trials. These increases in REM sleep are accounted for by changes observed in sleep cycle parameters, namely, a shorter time to the end of the first REM episode in PM trials, as well as longer REM episodes in PM trials. Promethazine hydrochloride (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, sc) increased TST and NREM minutes (especially slow-wave sleep) in a dose-response relationship. Minutes of REM were decreased at the highest dose. Percentage REM sleep decreased at the three highest doses. These changes are accounted for by increases in time to the end of the first REM episode, cycle length, and time of onset of sleep to the end of REM episodes. No change in duration of REM episodes was seen. No differences in drug response with respect to AM or PM trials or sex were demonstrated. Promethazine decreased the total number of pontine-lateral geniculate nucleus-occipital (PGO) monophasic spikes during a trial run. There was no difference in frequency of PGO spikes when REM sleep occurred.
INFLUENCE OF SALT ADDITION ON TENDERNESS OF HOT BONED PORK, CHICKEN, TURKEY, AND BEEF ROLLS

Hot and cold boned pork, chicken, turkey and beef were cubed and mixed for 30 min either with 1.5% added NaCl or without added NaCl. Meat was then stuffed into fibrous casings and steam cooked to 76° C. Rolls were evaluated for tenderness using a Kramer shear cell attached to an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Peak heights (kg) divided by sample weights (g) were statistically analyzed. Regardless of rigor state, the addition of NaCl significantly improved tenderness of all four meat types. For pork and chicken rolls, with 1.5% NaCl, there was no significant effect on tenderness due to boning method. Cold boned turkey rolls with 1.5% NaCl were more tender than hot boned rolls with 1.5% NaCl. The most tender treatment combination for beef rolls was hot boned meat with 1.5%‘NaCl.
Some Methodological Issues in Counting Communities and Households

In this article we discuss some of the limitations of conventional census techniques that assign all individuals to a single household in a single community. In areas with high rates of mobility and where people may belong to several households, traditional census methods can lead to very deceptive results that are poor guides for policy making and the delivery of services. The article suggests some ways census methods could be improved, so they can yield more informative and useful results.
Translocons, thermodynamics, and the folding of membrane proteins

Recent three-dimensional structures of helical membrane proteins present new challenges for the prediction of structure from amino acid sequence. Membrane proteins reside stably in a thermodynamic free energy minimum after release into the membrane's bilayer fabric from the translocon complex. This means that structure prediction is primarily a problem of physical chemistry. But the folding processes within the translocon must also be considered. A distilled overview of the physical principles of membrane protein stability is presented, and extended to encompass translocon-assisted folding.
Factor Analysis of Job Functions and Employers' Preferred Training Models for Master's Level Clinical Psychologists

A factor analysis was conducted on the functions that master's level clinical psychologists perform, and on their employers' preferred training models as reported on questionnaires returned from 400 mental health agencies west of the Mississippi River. The analysis extracted seven factors labeled Outpatient Therapy, Inpatient Therapy, Community Mental Health, Research Assistant, Inpatient Ward Management, Psychological Testing, and Other Functions. The results supported the belief that master's level clinical psychologists are performing traditional clinical functions such as psychotherapy, psychological testing, and research, as well as functions associated with the more recent community mental health model. The results were viewed as a step toward more rational, job-oriented curriculum development for master's level clinical psychologists.
Preparing children for travel in Asia.

Abstract Category 1 Continuing Medical Education credit for WMS member physicians is available for this article. Go to http://wms.org/cme/cme.asp?whatarticle;eq1833 to access the test questions. Families are traveling with their children in increasing frequency. Travel to Asia offers children many opportunities to learn about new cultures and history. It also offers the potential for exposure to numerous infectious agents not commonly encountered in the United States. Families must begin to prepare for travel to Asia weeks before departure. Children should be up to date on routine vaccinations. Appropriate education should be given on arthropod avoidance and malaria prophylaxis. Additional education and possible prophylaxis should be completed for other infectious agents frequently encountered in Asia. With appropriate pretrip immunizations and prophylaxis, children can travel to Asia with minimal risk of acquiring infection. This article provides general advice to assist providers with pretravel preparat...
HYDROXYL SUBSTITUENT CHEMICAL SHIFT (SCS) EFFECTS IN ALCOHOLS : THE 17O NMR OF DIOLS

Abstract The 17O NMR spectra for a series of saturated diols were investigated. From these studies both hydroxyl induced substituent chemical shift (SCS) effects of hydroxyl oxygen 17O NMR chemical shifts were determined. In addition, linear correlations between the 17O chemical shift of the hydroxyl oxygen (ROH) and the 13C chemical shift for the methyl group in the corresponding hydrocarbon (RCH3) were obtained. ‡Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
The effect of ketamine-contaminated control plasma on small-molecule plasma protein binding

Due to macroeconomic factors, the pharmaceutical industry has progressively outsourced larger amounts of its internal research efforts. One such example is the purchase of large volumes of control nonhuman primate (nhp) plasma from external vendors. During the bioanalysis of plasma samples collected during a Cynomolgus monkey PK study with racemic (±) ketamine, it was discovered that the vendor control nhp plasma used for standard curve samples contained ketamine (32 µM). This ketamine concentration correlated to an anesthetic dose of ketamine (10-15 mg/kg, IM), which was not cited in the vendor's plasma harvesting protocol. This study evaluated the effect of ketamine in control nhp plasma on the in vitro-derived unbound plasma fraction of small molecules, which would cause erroneous nhp efficacy and safety values.
Lipid composition of optic nerve myelin.

— Myelin was isolated from bovine optic nerves by differential ultracentrifugation and its lipid composition was analysed. Optic nerve myelin contained 76·3 per cent lipid. The major lipids were cholesterol, ethanolamine glycerophosphatides (EGP) and cerebroside. Serine glycerophosphatides (SGP), sphingomyelin and cerebroside sulphate were present in smaller proportions. EGP and SGP contained 34·6 and 0·5 per cent aldehydes. The major fatty aldehydes were palmitaldehyde, stearaldehyde and octadecenaldehyde. The fatty acids of EGP, SGP and choline glycerophosphatides (CGP) were chiefly 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1, with small proportions of 20 and 22 carbon polyunsaturates. The sphingolipids contained predominantly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of chain lengths of 20–26 carbon atoms. Optic nerve myelin and white matter myelin resembled one another closely in overall lipid composition and in the fatty acid compositions of their constituent lipids. Optic nerve myelin and white matter myelin are chemically similar membranes, but both of these differ in their lipid composition from spinal root myelin.
Symmetry-breaking magnetic fields create a vortex fluid that exhibits a negative viscosity, active wetting, and strong mixing

There are many areas of science and technology where being able to generate vigorous, noncontact flow would be desirable. We have discovered that three dimensional, time-dependent electric or magnetic fields having key symmetries can be used to generate controlled fluid motion by the continuous injection of energy. Unlike natural convection, this approach does not require a thermal gradient as an energy source, nor does it require gravity, so space applications are feasible. The result is a highly active material we call a vortex fluid. The homogeneous torque density of this fluid enables it to climb walls, induce ballistic droplet motion, and mix vigorously, even in such complex geometries as porous media. This vortex fluid can also exhibit a negative viscosity, which can immeasurably extend the control range of the “smart fluids” used in electro- and magnetorheological devices and can thus significantly increase their performance. Because the applied fields are uniform and modest in strength, vortex fluids of any scale can be created, making applications of any size, from directing microdroplet motion to controlling damping in magnetorheological dampers that protect bridges and buildings from earthquakes, feasible.
Self-esteem, control beliefs, and cognitive problem-solving skill as risk factors in the development of subsequent dysphoria

Low self-esteem, external control beliefs, and low social problem-solving skill have all been found to correlate with concurrent depressive symptoms, suggesting that they may function as risk factors for the development of future depression. But there have been very few investigations of whether these variables actually place persons at risk for future depression. This research was a 21/2-month prospective investigation of whether measures of these constructs could predict the development of dysphoria and to what extent these factors operated by moderating stressful life events. After initial symptom levels were controlled, personal control beliefs predicted subsequent dysphoria by moderating the effects of subsequent negative life events such that internal subjects were unaffected by life stress. Self-esteem, however, did not predict follow-up dysphoria. Persons with low cognitive problem-solving scores were more likely to experience subsequent symptoms regardless of stress level. In addition, coping styles involving high levels of advice seeking were also associated with increased subsequent dysphoria.
An N-Product, Multi-Machine, Lotsize Scheduling Model

Abstract In this paper we consider an N-product, multi-machine, lotsize-scheduling problem that was originally encountered in a large automotive metal stamping facility. It is shown that the natural constraints of the real-life problem provide a special structure which allows an efficient formulation of the problem as a 0–1 integer program. An implicit enumeration algorithm for obtaining numerical solutions is presented. Computational experience shows that the algorithm is quite efficient when the number of products does not exceed ten or eleven. In the automotive metal stamping facility, that number is rarely exceeded; therefore, it is possible to employ the model as one of the basic tools used by a team responsible for the development of a production planning system.
Tobacco council and research.

In contrast to the statement by Brown University's Paul Calabresi (26 Apr., p. 493) in the special news report by Jon Cohen “Tobacco money lights up a debate” ([26 Apr., p. 488][1]) about research funding by the Council for Tobacco Research (CTR), this funding agency provides a “no strings attached” source of peer-reviewed funding in amounts often not obtainable from nonprofit private funding agencies. This source of funding is crucial to furthering biomedical research by allowing young investigators to start a research program and enabling established investigators to begin new projects. Thus, the money is used to expand basic disease-related research, which is not different from the government using tobacco tax revenues to support socially significant programs. To question the morality of using money from tobacco products to further disease-related research is to beg the larger question, What is the responsibility of private industry to contribute to funding basic research in an era of ever-contracting federal support? Why is there no “Council for Pharmaceutical Research” to support basic biomedical studies that are the foundation of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries? Although large technology-based corporations claim to have bottom-line considerations that do not allow them to invest in risky long-term basic research endeavors, it is clear from the CTR example that, when corporations see an advantage to supporting such research, funds can and will be made available. Perhaps it is time for the biomedical research community to make clear to other members of the private sector that there are broad advantages to contributing greater financial support to the basic research that provides the technologies and insights from which the profits of their industries derive. Finally, it is noteworthy that several research institutions refuse to allow their investigators to apply for CTR funding. In contrast to their high moral position, one wonders if a low indirect cost rate (15%) plays a role in their eschewing these awards. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5261.488
Notch signaling specifies prosensory domains via lateral induction in the developing mammalian inner ear

During inner ear morphogenesis, the process of prosensory specification defines the specific regions of the otic epithelium that will give rise to the six separate inner ear organs essential for hearing and balance. The mechanism of prosensory specification is not fully understood, but there is evidence that the Notch intercellular signaling pathway plays a critical role. The Notch ligand Jagged1 (Jag1) is expressed in the prosensory domains, and mutation of Jag1 impairs sensory formation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Notch in vitro during prosensory specification disrupts the prosensory process. Additionally, activation of Notch by cDNA electroporation in chick otocysts results in formation of ectopic sensory patches. Here we test whether Notch activity is sufficient for prosensory specification in the mouse, using a Cre-/loxP approach to conditionally activate the Notch pathway in nonsensory regions of the inner ear epithelia during different stages of otic vesicle morphogenesis. We find that broad ectopic activation of Notch at very early developmental stages causes induction of prosensory markers throughout the entire otic epithelium. At later stages of development, activation of Notch in nonsensory regions leads to induction of sensory patches that later differentiate to form complete ectopic sensory structures. Activation of Notch in isolated nonsensory cells results in lateral induction of Jag1 expression in neighboring cells and spreading of prosensory specification to the adjacent cells through an intercellular mechanism. These results support a model where activation of Notch and propagation through lateral induction promote prosensory character in specific regions of the developing otocyst.
Use of Protection of 30S Ribosomal Proteins by tRNA for Functional Mapping of the E. coli Ribosome

THE large number of physically and chemically distinct proteins that contribute to the structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome1–5 is in keeping with its many functions which often seem to be attributable to particular protein components of the 30S ribosomal subunit. A complete allocation of functions to specific proteins is vital to an understanding of the mechanism of action of the ribosome in terms of its constituent parts. Several groups6–9 have used tryptic digestion of ribosomal subunits to estimate the relative accessibility of the proteins. We have investigated whether this accessibility can be altered by the presence of bound mRNA or tRNA and describe here some ribosomal proteins from the 30S subunit which have decreased susceptibility to tryptic digestion in these conditions. The involvement of many of these proteins in mRNA and tRNA binding functions, suggested by previous experiments, leads us to propose the use of the technique in the identification of regions of the ribosome to which the various functional ligands are bound during protein synthesis.
Conformal predictors for online track classification

This paper considers online classification problems where each object to be classified consists of a sequence of measurements, termed here a track. We present an approach that combines ideas from sequential hypothesis testing with those from conformal prediction to address track level outliers - entire measurement sequences that are novel relative to the statistical model. We show with analysis and empirical results that this approach preserves the optimal performance of the underlying sequential hypothesis testing when outliers are absent and provides an error rate guarantee in the presence of contamination by novel tracks.
Corticospinal tract insult alters GABAergic circuitry in the mammalian spinal cord.

During perinatal development, corticospinal tract (CST) projections into the spinal cord help refine spinal circuitry. Although the normal developmental processes that are controlled by the arrival of corticospinal input are becoming clear, little is known about how perinatal cortical damage impacts specific aspects of spinal circuit development, particularly the inhibitory microcircuitry that regulates spinal reflex circuits. In this study, we sought to determine how ischemic cortical damage impacts the synaptic attributes of a well-characterized population of inhibitory, GABAergic interneurons, called GABApre neurons, which modulates the efficiency of proprioceptive sensory terminals in the sensorimotor reflex circuit. We found that putative GABApre interneurons receive CST input and, using an established mouse model of perinatal stroke, that cortical ischemic injury results in a reduction of CST density within the intermediate region of the spinal cord, where these interneurons reside. Importantly, CST alterations were restricted to the side contralateral to the injury. Within the synaptic terminals of the GABApre interneurons, we observed a dramatic upregulation of the 65-isoform of the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65). In accordance with the CST density reduction, GAD65 was elevated on the side of the spinal cord contralateral to cortical injury. This effect was not seen for other GABApre synaptic markers or in animals that received sham surgery. Our data reveal a novel effect of perinatal stroke that involves severe deficits in the architecture of descending spinal pathways, which in turn appear to promote molecular alterations in a specific spinal GABAergic circuit.
Plant breeding and the vegetable industry

Beginning in prehistoric times, man has continuously sought to obtain vegetables of progressively greater productivity and better conformity to his ever increasing requirements. Today’s breeders must use the most modern knowledge and devices in efforts to keep abreast of new demands that grow out of our fast moving, mechanized, industrialized ways of working and living. Varieties are being modified more successfully than ever before to meet changing requirements, but always something more is desired.
Competition and interpersonal conflict in dating relationships

This study examines the nature of competition between partners in dating relationships, the differences between men and women in such competition, and the associations between competition and conflict strategies. Factor analysis revealed seven categories of competition: Achievement, Social Skills, Altruism, Social Attractiveness, Controversy, Affection, and Play. Findings reveal that competition is distinct from distributive communication tactics, that not all types of competition are necessarily destructive to dating relationships, and that although women report using more of both integrative and distributive conflict strategies, women and men do not differ in their reports of frequency of the competition categories.
Reduction of partial-volume artifacts with zero-filled interpolation in three-dimensional MR angiography.

Partial-volume artifacts reduce vessel contrast and continuity (especially in small vessels) in magnetic resonance (MR angiography. The authors applied zero-filled (band-limited) interpolation to three-dimensional (3D) MR angiograms to reduce partial-volume artifacts. They demonstrated that zero-filled interpolation can also be implemented by means of voxel shifting in real space. Voxel-shifted interpolation is much less computer memory intensive than conventional zero-filled interpolation. They numerically simulated the contrast loss due to partial-volume artifacts and contrast recovery obtained with zero-filled interpolation. Zero-filled interpolation in all three orthogonal directions was applied to 3D MR angiography data sets from 29 human studies. These studies were obtained with the three commonly used 3D MR angiography techniques: 3D time of flight, multislab 3D time of flight, and 3D phase contrast. A substantial improvement in vessel contrast and vessel continuity was observed in all cases.
I, Digital: Personal Collections in the Digital Era edited by Christopher Lee

Within the discourse of electronic information, institutional records, such as business records, government records, and scholarly publishing, have received much attention. But personal records are also going digital at a rapidly increasing rate. Family photos are taken digitally and shared on Facebook. Diaries are kept in blogs. Personal correspondence is by email.
Elastic Modulus by Resonance of Rectangular Prisms: Corrections for Edge Treatments.

Abstract : The dynamic elastic moduli of isotropic, homogeneous ceramics is commonly determined by resonance methods. A prismatic beam specimen is vibrated in a flexural mode, and the resonant frequency is measured. The beam may have a square, rectangular, or circular cross section. Elastic modulus is determined from the resonant frequency, the mass or density of the prism, and the beam's physical dimensions. Under ideal circumstances, the beam cross section should have a simple prismatic shape, but in practice, the method is sometimes applied to rectangular specimens with edge chamfers or radii that are applied to reduce edge flaw sensitivity during strength tests. The effect of such edge treatments on the resonance frequency and a simple means to correct the calculated elastic modulus for the edge treatment are provided in this note.
Chlorophyll meter readings can predict nitrogen need and yield response of corn in the north-central USA

Nitrogen fertilizer is a fundamental input for production of corn (Zea mays L.) that can move to ground and surface waters when over-applied. Previous research has shown that chlorophyll meter (CM) readings can indicate N stress in corn, but has not addressed whether the amount of N needed can be predicted by CM readings. Our objective was to evaluate whether CM readings can predict corn N need and yield response to N. Sixty-six N rate experiments were conducted in seven north-central states over a 4-yr period. Linear regression was used to relate absolute and relative CM readings over a range of growth stages to economically optimal N rate (EONR) and yield response to N applied at growth stage V7 or earlier. Chlorophyll meter readings at all growth stages from V5 to R5 were significantly related (P < 0.0001 in 22 of 24 models, P < 0.01 in 2 models) to EONR and yield response to N. Relationships were stronger for relative than for than absolute CM readings, and also were stronger when the corn had received no N fertilizer at planting. Coefficients of determination ranged from 0.53 to 0.76 for relative CM reading as a predictor of EONR or yield response to N, and were lower for the V5 to V9 stage than for later stages. Earlier research has indicated that measurements with this level of predictive accuracy can produce N rate recommendations that are more profitable than current N management practices. Our findings suggest that CM readings (and potentially other measures of corn color) are quantitatively related to early-season EONR and yield response to N over a wide range of environments with enough accuracy to be helpful in making management decisions.
The unit condition and global existence for a class of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations

Abstract Global existence for a special class of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations in two space dimensions is proved. In particular it is shown that, for small initial data, the equation ∂ tt u − Δu + u = u 2 has a global solution.
A high-speed silicon modulator based on an embedded-ring-resonator structure

An embedded-ring-based modulator is proposed for 40-Gb/s signal generation, with compact chip-size and enhanced tolerance to cavity loss and fabrication-induced coupling variation. The modulated signal with negative chirp exhibits penalty-free transmission of 6.5 km, with a drive voltage lower by 40%.
The effects of video display terminal height on the operator: a comparison of the 15° and 40° recommendations

Prolonged use of video display terminals (VDTs) has been shown to be a risk factor for musculoskeletal and visual discomfort. A standard workplace design recommendation is to position the centre of the VDT 15 degrees below horizontal eye level. Recently a viewing angle of 40 degrees below horizontal has been suggested based on studies that have indicated that this is the preferred viewing angle for visually intensive tasks. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of these two VDT positions on muscular activity, muscular fatigue, head/neck posture, visual acuity, operator performance (productivity and quality), heart rate and operator subjective assessment. The experimental task consisted of reading text from a computer screen and answering reading comprehension questions using a mouse and a keyboard. Each experimental session lasted 2 h. The 40 degree VDT position showed significantly greater head tilt angles and higher muscle activity levels for six of the 10 neck, shoulder and back muscles sampled. No significant differences in visual acuity, operator performance or heart rate were detected as a result of monitor location. Seven of the 12 subjects preferred the 15 degree monitor position.
Biodiversity Laws: State Experiences

The Western Governors' Association (WGA) includes both the public lands states with their issues and the plains states, which are 98% privately owned. WGA deals with most legislation affecting biodiversity, whether the effect is direct or tangential. It will probably not be possible, or desirable, for one entity to be in charge of biodiversity conservation. The Endangered Species Act, public lands laws, agricultural laws, water law, environmental laws, and funding legislation all affect biodiversity conservation and the responsibility for it. None of them on their own are enough, and most can cause harmful unintended consequences for biodiversity. The experience of western states in developing consensus principles for reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act provides an example of common-sense ways to improve management of biodiversity, notwithstanding the complexity and large stakes involved. The WGA's proposed changes call for increasing the role of states, streamlining the act, and increasing certainty for landowners and water users.
Modeling, tuition, and sanction effects on self-control at different ages

Abstract The effects of age, modeling, tuition, and sanctions on self-control of motor behavior were examined. Children 6, 7, 9, and 11 years of age individually participated. A male model either: (a) instructed and performed “Simon Says” in the traditional manner, (b) introduced the sanction “Don't” on the inhibition trials, (c) performed an action that differed from the instruction, or (d) gave instructions only. Activation latency and inhibition error were influenced most greatly by the actions of the model and the introduction of a negative sanction, whereas tuition was less effective. Age differences were present for inhibition errors as well as activation latency and error. The discussion focused on the differential effects of modeling and tuition on deviant responding.
Rank-based Markov chains for regional income distribution dynamics

Markov chains have become a mainstay in the literature on regional income distribution dynamics and convergence. Despite its growing popularity, the Markov framework has some restrictive characteristics associated with the underlying discretization income distributions. This paper introduces several new approaches designed to mitigate some of the issues arising from discretization. Based on the examination of rank distributions, two new Markov-based chains are developed. The first explores the movement of individual economies through the income rank distribution over time. The second provides insight on the movements of ranks over geographical space and time. These also serve as the foundation for two new tests of spatial dynamics or the extent to which movements in the rank distribution are spatially clustered. An illustration of these new methods is included using income data for the lower 48 US states for the years 1929–2009.
Impaired Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake by [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication

Objective— Reduced limb perfusion from arterial stenosis does not adequately account for intermittent claudication symptoms in peripheral artery disease (PAD). Insulin resistance is associated with PAD and may contribute to claudication by impairing skeletal muscle metabolism. We aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle glucose uptake, assessed by [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, is reduced in patients with claudication. Methods and Results— Thirty-seven subjects with PAD and claudication and 11 healthy controls underwent [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography imaging of the legs during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Calf glucose uptake was quantified by graphical Patlak analysis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed as the glucose disposal rate (M) from the insulin clamp. Compared with healthy controls, PAD subjects were insulin resistant (M=3.4 mg/kg per minute [interquartile range, 2.7 to 4.8] versus 5.0 [3.7 to 6.6], P =0.019). Calf muscle glucose uptake was significantly lower in PAD compared with healthy subjects (48.6±2.6 μmol/kg per minute versus 62.9±6.5 μmol/kg per minute, P =0.009) and correlated with systemic insulin sensitivity ( r =0.37, P =0.03) in PAD subjects. These abnormalities persisted even after exclusion of PAD subjects with diabetes. Conclusion— Patients with claudication have impaired calf muscle glucose uptake. Future studies are required to assess whether calf muscle insulin resistance contributes to exercise limitation in patients with intermittent claudication.
Toward a Godly Mode of Being: Virtue as Embodied Deification

Attention to virtue ethics in Eastern Christianity complicates the dominant narrative within the field by revealing new ways of conceptualizing classical problems in virtue theory, new insights into the dynamics of virtues’ development, as well as new contexts for applied virtue ethics. Human flourishing is understood as the progressive realization of theosis—a godly mode of being cultivated through liturgy and askesis, marked by the embodiment of the full range of virtues, and crowned by a radical love.
Iron carburization in CO-H2-He gases, Part I: Experiment

Carburization of iron was studied at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 850°C to 1150°C in gaseous mixtures of CO, H2, and He. The resistance relaxation method was applied to measure the carburization rates. Experimental results show that for carburization in CO-He mixtures, the carburization rate increased proportionally with CO partial pressure with a reaction order of unity. The overall rate also increased with temperature up to approximately 960°C and subsequently decreased with further increases in temperature. For carburization in CO-H2-He mixtures, the carburization rate increased with both the CO and H2 partial pressures under most conditions and was considerably faster than the rate in mixtures without hydrogen. Up to approximately 960°C, the rate was nearly independent of temperature with H2 present, but decreased with a further increase in temperature. The decrease in reaction rate for mixtures with and without H2 at 960°C coincides closely with the change in phase of iron from α to γ. Experiments at 925°C with constant P and PCO indicate that CO dissociation on the iron surface is faster than oxygen removal from the surface except at high ratios of P/PCO, and therefore oxygen removal was generally the rate-limiting step. The rate of oxygen removal from the surface by H2 was found to be of the same order as that by CO. At high hydrogen levels, the rate of oxygen removal exceeds dissociative absorption of CO and the latter becomes rate controlling. The present results are used to establish a numerical model for the carburization of iron, which is described in a companion paper. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 327–336, 2009
Light transducer for the biological clock: a function for rapid eye movements.

To test the hypothesis that the rapid eye movements (REMs) of paradoxical sleep (PS) transmit information about environmental light: dark cycles, spontaneous locomotor patterns were studied in rats following surgical disconnection of the extraocular muscles and thus deprived only of the eye movement component of REM sleep. Entrainment of the circadian spontaneous activity cycle to the light: dark cycle was abolished after sectioning the extraocular muscles of rats, but not in sham-operated controls. Endogenous (free running) circadian patterns of spontaneous activity were preserved in the operated animals. The results are consistent with our electrophysiologic studies showing that REMs induce light modulated electrical potentials in brain regions that influence circadian rhythms of activity.
Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples

This research assessed the correlates of homophobia and transphobia in heterosexual and homosexual individuals, based on a theory of different sources of perceived symbolic threat to social status. Compared to 310 heterosexual college students, a sample of 30 gay male and 30 lesbian college students scored lower on homophobia, transphobia, and religious fundamentalism. Mean gender differences were smaller for gay men and lesbians for homophobia, aggressiveness, benevolent sexism, masculinity, and femininity. Fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostile and benevolent sexism were correlated only with homophobia in lesbians, whereas fundamentalism and authoritarianism were correlated only with transphobia in gay men. Correlates of internalized homophobia were different than those found for homophobia and transphobia, which was discussed in terms of gender differences in threats to status based on sexual orientation versus gender identity.
Effects of Package, Extender, and Light on Stored Frozen Bull Spermatozoa

Abstract Spermatozoa were analyzed when fresh, freshly frozen, and stored at −196 C for 6 and 18 mo after processing in egg yolk-citrate and Promine-D extender with varying exposure to light and packaging in straws or glass ampules. Over all treatments there were decreases with time in spermatozoal motility, oxygen uptake, and cellular glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase due to freezing-thawing. Percent progressive motility decreased from spermatozoa freshly frozen (36.5%) to those stored for 6 mo (33.6%). Oxygen uptake in freshly frozen samples was 8.4 μ l per 10 8 cells per h. In frozen semen stored for 6 and 18 mo corresponding values were 12.2 and 8.3 μ l. Packaging methods did not have a significant effect on oxygen uptake, but package interacted with storage. Egg yolk-citrate extender supported greater progressive spermatoal motility than did Promine-D. Extender interacted with storage for all criteria. Visible light radiation reduced progressive spermatozoal motility from 40.2 to 38.0% and oxygen uptake from 11.8 to 10.8 μ l per 10 8 cells per h. Light interacted with storage time. Correlations between all criteria and storage times were not important practically.
Cancer epidemiology and the workplace

Occupational exposure occurs most frequently through direct contact with carcinogenic agents, with any of their active metabolites during absorption (skin, respiratory tract); or during excretion (urinary tract). In the USA, from 2-8% of cancer are attributed to this circumstance. In developing countries emphasis should be made on prevention measures of possible carcinogenic exposure factors, with three basic premises: a) identify exposure markers (biological monitoring); b) identification of high risk subjects, presumable before exposure occurs, and c) early identification of signs of sickness (medical surveillance). This article proposes that, in theory, all occupational cancer can be prevented.
Dual-channel, single-photon upconversion detector at 1300 nm

We show a dual-channel, upconversion detector at 1.3-μm-wavelength based on phase-modulated periodically poled LiNbO3, and use it for wavelength- to time-division multiplexing to achieve high data rates, useful for quantum key distribution.
Placing Manuscript and Archival Collections into an Automated Storage and Retrieval System at the University of Nevada, Reno

ABSTRACT Academic libraries are turning to automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRS) as a long-term cost effective means of gaining additional space in their open stacks areas by removing lesser used books and other materials for storage and placement into ASRS bins. The new library building under construction at the University of Nevada–Reno will have an ASRS facility. Unlike other libraries, however, UNR's Special Collections Department will place its manuscript and archives collections into the ASRS, without regard to frequency of use. This article highlights the staff's decisions and considerations reached during planning this project.
Lack of cross-reactivity between 5-aminosalicylic acid-based drugs: a case report and review of the literature.

Background 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)-containing drugs are the mainstay of therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, but adverse reactions to these medications are relatively common. Because there may be a lack of cross-reactivity among the various 5-ASA formulations, treatment with alternative preparations is sometimes possible even after an apparent allergic reaction to a 5-ASA product. Objective To describe a patient with a possible allergy to 2 different 5-ASA drugs who tolerated a third. Methods A 27-year-old man with Crohn disease developed a rash while taking mesalamine (Pentasa and Asacol). Treatment with 5-ASA products was discontinued, and 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone were prescribed. He then experienced multiorgan failure secondary to herpes simplex infection, which required discontinuation of the immunosuppressive therapy. After recovery from the acute infection, he underwent successful graded challenge with balsalazide. Results The patient continued treatment with balsalazide for 9 months, with good control of his inflammatory bowel disease and no adverse effects. Conclusions Adverse reactions to 1 or more 5-ASA medications do not necessarily preclude the use of others in the same class. A treatment algorithm for patients with adverse reactions to 5-ASA is outlined based on the case report and review of the literature.
Inactivated Mouse Cytomegalovirus Vaccine: Preparation, Immunogenicity, and Protective Effect

Mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) was rapidly and completely inactivated at 37 C by formalin diluted 1:4,000. Of 18 mice that received two doses of inactivated mouse CMV, 16 survived challenge with 250% lethal doses of mouse CMV; one of 11 mice receiving two doses of a control preparation survived the challenge (P < 0.005). After challenge with live virus, recognizable morbidity occurred in only four of 16 recipients of inactivated mouse CMV, but the virus was recovered from the salivary glands of 15 animals. Mice with reciprocal prechallenge titers of neutralizing antibody of < 4 demonstrated significantly higher morbidity and mortality than mice with higher antibody titers. Administration of inactivated mouse CMV did not depress responsiveness of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin. Most mice immunized with inactivated virus developed only mild or subclinical infections after challenge with lethal doses of mouse CMV.
Real-time optical diagnosis for diminutive colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging: the VALID randomised clinical trial

Background Diminutive (≤5 mm) colorectal polyps are common, and overwhelmingly benign. Routinely, after polypectomy, they are examined pathologically to determine the surveillance intervals. Advances in equipment and techniques, such as narrow-band imaging (NBI) colonoscopy, now permit reliable real-time optical diagnosis. Methods We conducted a randomised single-masked study involving three institutions to determine whether optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps meets clinical practice standards and reduces the need for histopathology. We randomly assigned eligible patients undergoing routine high-definition colonoscopy to optical diagnosis using near focus versus standard view, using computer-generated block sequence. By validated criteria, we rendered an optical diagnosis and a confidence level (high vs low) for all polyps, using NBI. Our primary endpoint was the number of accurate high-confidence optical diagnoses compared with central blinded pathology in the two groups. We analysed data using intention to treat. Findings We enrolled 558 subjects, and randomly assigned 281 to near focus and 277 to standard view optical diagnosis. We detected 1309 predominantly diminutive (74.5%) and neoplastic (60.0%) polyps. Endoscopists were significantly more likely, OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.0, p Conclusions Real-time optical diagnosis using NBI colonoscopy may replace the pathology diagnosis for the majority of diminutive colorectal polyps. Using colonoscopy with near focus view increases the confidence level of the optical diagnosis. Optical diagnosis would be a paradigm shift in clinical practice of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01288833.
Large leakage current reduction of silicon oxide and high-K oxides using the phonon-energy-coupling enhancement effect

In this abstract, we will present, for the first time, a TEM image of a RTP-processed SiO2 sample to confirm the authenticity of the PECE effect. We will show the key factor that generates the PECE effect and study the leakage current reduction of HfSiON.
Hepatitis C virus, alcohol and lipid droplets

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence drives the progression of HCV infection. This progression is usually asymptomatic in HCV-infected patients. For many years, clinical manifestations of HCV persistence are restricted to fatty liver followed by slow development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1, 2]. Thus, HCV persistence is a “first hit” triggering HCV pathogenesis. There are “second hits” that stabilize the infection and cause faster progression, exacerbation of pathological features of HCV infection and poor response to anti-viral therapy. One of these “second hits” known to affect HCV pathogenesis is alcohol. Liver steatosis is common for both HCV infection and alcohol and is considered as a cofactor in development and progression of fibrosis. Hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus packaged into an enveloped virus particle. HCV polyprotein has 3000 amino acids and is co-translational and posttranslational processed by cellular and viral proteases to form three structural proteins (core, E1 and E2), an ion channel protein (p7) and six non-structural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, NS5B) [3]. Viral RNA replication requires the formation of a membrane-associated replication complex composed on HCV non-structural proteins, RNA and cellular membranes. Enveloped HCV virions carrying a newly synthesized viral genome are formed by budding into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and leave the cells through the secretory transGolgi pathway [4].