cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instruments Assessing Capacity to Manage Medications

Objective:To review literature on instruments available for assessing the physical and cognitive ability to take medications as prescribed, which serve as a way to rule out reasons for nonadherence.Data Sources:A PubMed search (1950–February 2008) was conducted to identity relevant articles. Additional references were obtained from cross-referencing the bibliographies of selected articles. Only journals containing English-language articles were selected for review.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Articles that described a simulated assessment of medication management were obtained, irrespective of whether the assessment also contained data about medication adherence or was focused on older adults.Data Synthesis:Fifteen instruments were identified. Six instruments required 5 minutes or less to administer. 5 required 6–30 minutes, and 4 had no administration time data reported. A possible advantage of 3 of the instruments is that they use a subject's own medications and may therefore provide a more authe...
Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Metamaterials Using Nonuniform Transmission-Line Grids Aligned With the Principal Axes

We present a method for realizing electromagnetically inhomogeneous and anisotropic metamaterials using nonuniform transmission-line grids. The desired material parameter tensors are decomposed into their constituent eigenvectors and eigenvalues. Transmission lines are then aligned with the eigenvectors of the permeability tensor and loaded with reactive circuit elements to attain the desired eigenvalues (diagonal permeability and permittivity values). The method is shown for two separate 2-D transformation optical devices: a collimator and a field rotator. The collimator is simulated as a continuous inhomogeneous medium as well as a subwavelength-structured transmission-line grid, and the results closely agree.
GIANT HYPERPLASTIC NEPHROGENIC REST IN A SOLITARY KIDNEY PRESENTING AS AN ANGIOMYOLIPOMA IN A CHILD

A nephrogenic rest is a focus of immature persistent nephrogenic elements, which can be induced to form Wilms tumar.' A single rest usually does not develop into a mass. We report an important variation in which a nephrogenic rest grew into a large renal mass and radiography demonstrated an angiomyolipoma. tumor. Pathological examination revealed ipsilateral intralobar nephrogenic rests. Contralateral renal biopsy at that time also demonstrated intralobar nephrogenic rests. At age 4 years renal ultrasound revealed a normal left kidney with compensatory hypertrophy. At age 13 years hypertension developed. Physical examination was otherwise normal. Urinalysis revealed trace proteinuria, and blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were normal. Renal ultrasound demCASE REPORT onstrated a 7 cm. inhomogeneous mass with high echogenicity in the mid to upper pole. Computerized tomography (CT) A 13-year-old boy presented 12 years after having undergone 'ght nephrectomy and chemotherapy for stage Wilms revealed a nonenhancing septated mass in the upper renal
Self-contained compact transmitter for high-rate data transmission

A new technique to realise a high-rate data transmission through electrically small antennas is presented. In this technique, the fundamental resonant frequency of a single-mode antenna is modulated by feeding the antenna with a switched capacitor with a switching signal controlled by baseband digital data. The antenna operates completely in the transient state and a DC power source is used to excite the fundamental resonances, and therefore no RF source is required.
Metaphor in Idiom Comprehension

Psycholinguistic research has shown that people's tacit knowledge of conceptual metaphors, such as ANGER IS HEATED FLUID IN A CONTAINER, partly motivates how they make sense of idiomatic phrases likeblow your stackandflip your lid.But do people quickly access conceptual metaphors each time an idiom is encountered in discourse? The present studies used a priming method to examine the role of conceptual metaphors in immediate idiom comprehension. Experiment 1 showed that people access conceptual metaphors when understanding idioms, but significantly less so when processing literal paraphrases of idioms. Experiment 2 demonstrated that people access the appropriate conceptual metaphors, such as ANGER IS HEAT, when processing some idioms, such asblow your stack,but not when they read idioms, such asjump down your throat,which have similar figurative meanings that are motivated by different conceptual metaphors (e.g., ANGER IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOR). The findings from these studies provide important evidence on the constraining role that common patterns of metaphoric thought have in figurative language understanding.
Nutritionally Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

There are many sources of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress that trigger inflammatory cascades along short and long time frames. These events are primarily mediated via NFκB. On the short-term scale postprandial inflammation is characterized by an increase in circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and is mirrored on the long-term by proinflammatory gene expression changes in the adipocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of obese individuals. Specifically the upregulation of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CXCL2/MIP-2α, and CXCL3/MIP-2β is noted because these changes have been observed in both adipocytes and PBMC of obese humans. In comparing numerous human intervention studies it is clear that pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory consumption choices mediate gene expression in humans adipocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) both demonstrate an ability to increase pro-inflammatory IL-8 along with numerous other inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, and CXCL1 for arachidonic acid and IGB2 and CTSS for SFA. Antioxidant rich foods including olive oil, fruits, and vegetables all demonstrate an ability to lower levels of IL-6 in PBMCs. Thus, dietary choices play a complex role in the mediation of unavoidable oxidative stress and can serve to exacerbate or dampen the level of inflammation.
Third-Order Aberrations of Inhomogeneous Lenses with Cylindrical Index Distributions

An inhomogeneous medium has a cylindrical index distribution if the refractive index depends only on the distance from some fixed line, the axis of the distribution. Formulas are given whereby the third-order aberration coefficients of a symmetric optical system may be computed exactly when the optical media have such cylindrical index distributions. The formulas are valid for both diverging and converging media. A comprehensive numerical illustration of the use of the various formulas is included.
The small college enrollment officer: relationship marketing at work

Prospective college students regularly read in promotional literature that the college experience is personal and unique to each individual. However, if their experience in the recruitment process proves otherwise it is difficult to convince students that they can each have a personal relationship with the institution. Small colleges can overcome this barrier by utilizing relationship marketing in recruitment, namely seller expertise, communication, interaction frequency and relationship benefits, via the enrollment officer model to meet enrollment goals. This article describes the model based on relationship marketing and enrollment management theory. Results from implementing the model at two small colleges showed an increase in admissions yield, first-year retention and employee job satisfaction.
Mathematical determinacy and the transferability of aboutness

Competent speakers of natural languages can borrow reference from one another. You can arrange for your utterances of ‘Kirksville’ to refer to the same thing as my utterances of ‘Kirksville’. We can then talk about the same thing when we discuss Kirksville. In cases like this, you borrow “aboutness” from me by borrowing reference. Now suppose I wish to initiate a line of reasoning applicable to any prime number. I might signal my intention by saying, “Let p be any prime.” In this context, I will be using the term ‘p’ to reason about the primes. Although ‘p’ helps me secure the aboutness of my discourse, it may seem wrong to say that ‘p’ refers to anything. Be that as it may, this paper explores what mathematical discourse would be like if mathematicians were able to borrow freely from one another not just the reference of terms that clearly refer, but, more generally, the sort of aboutness present in a line of reasoning leading up to a universal generalization. The paper also gives reasons for believing that aboutness of this sort really is freely transferable. A key implication will be that the concept “set of natural numbers” suffers from no mathematically significant indeterminacy that can be coherently discussed.
Cell cycle specific effects of selenium on the lens epithelium studied in vivo by the direct chemical approach.

We attempted to separate S phase from post-S phase effects of selenium upon the lens epithelium by exposing the lens in vivo to selenium either during S phase synthesis of DNA or immediately after completion of DNA synthesis. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into lens epithelial cell DNA is complete within about 3 hours after intraperitoneally injecting this substrate. Young rats were given selenium either 5 hours before injecting 3H-thymidine (selenium present at the time of labeled-DNA synthesis) or 5 hours after 3H-thymidine (selenium present immediately after completion of S phase). By measuring changes in the distribution of 3H-DNA between the epithelium and lens body for 14 days after injection we estimated migration times and rates of differentiation of the labeled cell population. When selenium was present during DNA synthesis, DNA labeling was decreased by 70%, net migration time (movement from the germinative zone to the equator) was markedly prolonged and the rate of differentiat ion was slightly ...
Globally optimal 3D graph search incorporating both edge and regional information: application to aortic MR image segmentation

We present a novel method for incorporating both edge and regional image information in a 3-D graph-theoretic approach for globally optimal surface segmentation. The energy functional takes a ratio form of the "onsurface" cost and the "in-region" cost. We thus introduce an optimal surface segmentation model allowing regional information such as volume, homogeneity and texture to be included with boundary information such as intensity gradients. Compared to the linear combination as in the standard active contour energies, this ratioform energy is parameter free with no bias toward either a large or small region. Our method is the first attempt to use a ratio-form energy functional in graph search framework for high dimensional image segmentation, which delivers a globally optimal solution in polynomial time. The globally optimal surface can be achieved by solving a parametric maximum flow problem in the time complexity of computing a single maximum flow. Our new approach is applied to the aorta segmentation of 15 3-D MR aortic images from 15 subjects. Compared to an expert-defined independent standard, the overall mean unsigned surface positioning error was 0.76± 0.88 voxels. Our experiments showed that the incorporation of the regional information was effective to alleviate the interference of adjacent objects.
Identification of Immunoreactive Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Human Neoplasia*

Immunoreactive TRH (IR-TRH) was identified in extracts derived from seven human cancer tissues, including two oat cell carcinomas. The IR-TRH concentrations ranged from 29-189 pg/g. Tumor IR-TRH exhibited immunological identity with synthetic pyroglu-his-proamide and coeluted with synthetic [3H]TRH after high pressure liquid chromatography on a mu Bondapak C-18 column. These data extend the number of hypothalamic peptide hormones identified in human neoplastic tissues.
Semantic extraction of geographic data from web tables for big data integration

There are millions of web tables with geographic data that are pertinent for big data integration in a variety of domain applications, such as urban sustainability, transportation networks, policy studies, and public health. These tables, however, are heterogeneous in structure, concepts, and metadata. One of the challenges in semantically extracting geographic data is the need to resolve these heterogeneities so as to uncover a conceptual hierarchy, metadata associated with instances, and geographic information---corresponding respectively to ontologies, elements that we call features, and cell values that can be used to identify geographic coordinates. In this paper, we present an architecture with methods to: (1) extract feature-rich web tables; (2) identify features; (3) construct a schema and instances using RDF; (4) perform geocoding. Preliminary experiments led to high accuracy in table identification and feature naming even when compared to manual evaluation.
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON POA ANNUA IN TURFGRASSES

Ecological studies of Poa annua populations in turf using the core sampling method conducted over a period of several years showed that Poa annua was able to produce seed under frequent mowing at 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch. The population the second winter after seeding into Bermuda Grass turf was as high as that of the first. High soil moisture maintained by frequent light irrigations favoured its persistence in Bermuda Grass turf during the summer months. Matted Bermuda Grass turf which was lightly renovated in November contained a higher winter population of Poa annua than the non-renovated. Significantly denser populations were found in turf mowed at 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch than in turf mowed at 3 inches. Perennial prostrate growing strains were selected which could be readily propagated vegetatively and persisted in field plots for two to three years when clipped at 1/4 inch.
Limiting Mach number for quantitative pressure-sensitive paint measurements

This analysis develops a technique to determine the limiting M∞ for acquiring quantitative pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) measurements of pressure. The analysis is based on defining C p uncertainties in terms of coefficient of lift (c l ) uncertainties (dc l ). The dC p for quantitative PSP measurements will then be equated to the dc l representative of quantitative measurements from traditional instrumentation systems.
Natural convection heat transfer in a non-equilibrium homogeneously reacting gas system

Abstract Methods of predicting and correlating natural convection heat transfer data for non-equilibrium gas systems are presented and are tested by experimentally measuring rates of natural convection from a horizontal non-catalytic gold cylinder to the 2NO 2 ⇌ 2NO + O 2 gas system. Measurements were made from 1 to 21 atm at bulk temperature of around 500°K and for cylinder surface temperatures up to 1000°K. Under these conditions the behavior of the system ranged from a frozen-equilibrium to a near-equilibrium state (with the effective thermal conductivity of the system varying from 1 to 2·5 times the frozen equilibrium value—corresponding to 0·3–0·8 times the equilibrium value). Two simple one-dimensional models were considered: (i) conduction through an annular stagnant film around a cylinder and (ii) convective heat transfer through a boundary layer at the forward stagnation point of a cylinder. These models were found to give a good representation of the influence of chemical kinetics on non-equilibrium natural convection with the stagnant-film model being simpler than the stagnation point model, whose solution required extensive nuimerical work. However to obtain the stagnant-film thickness an experimental Nusselt—Grashof number correlation has to be obtained from measurements with non-reacting systems, whereas the stagnation-point model does not require such a correlation. The stagnation-point model depends on the relationship that the effective boundary-layer thickness is proportional to 1/ N 1 4 Gr , which is not valid at low Grashof numbers ( 4 ).
An information management system for scientific gaming in the social sciences

During the past decade, the use of gaming techniques has spread among social scientists. Beginning primarily in the fields of international strategic studies and business management, gaming is now used in such areas as urban studies, general economics, political science, environmental studies, educational administration, and sociology. The purposes to which gaming techniques have been put are varied. Education and training applications have been by far the most numerous, and these continue to be the areas of broadest consensus about the value of gaming. Second most common are policy-analytic applications wherein present and future problems of policy choice are examined through gaming by expert analysts and policymakers. Finally, there have been basic research applications in which gaming exercises are used as settings for more or less controlled experimentation dealing with social psychological, sociological, and political variables.
The crayfish lateral giants as command neurons for escape behavior

The lateral giants (LGs) of the crayfish have often been described as command neurons. Recently, questions have arisen as to the definition of command neurons and as to whether the LGs are necessary for tailflips. We find that in an isolated abdomen preparation the LGs are necessary; temporarily blocking the LGs by hyperpolarization eliminates the tailflip flexor muscle output normally elicited by stimulation of the sensory afferents. However this demonstration of the LGs' necessity does not establish the LGs as the decision point of the behavior, for the LGs might be driven by a large input from a preceding decision neuron. We have checked for such an input by plotting the size of the EPSP produced in the hyperpolarized LG by various stimulus levels near spike threshold. We find no evidence for a large driving input near spike threshold. We conclude that the LGs have most of the features of command neurons.
The Welfare Returns to Finer Targeting: The Case of The Progresa Program in Mexico

It is common in developing countries to attempt finer targeting of the benefits from social safety net programs through combining different targeting methods. We evaluate the returns to finer targeting in the context of the PROGRESA program in Mexico. This program is a prominent program in the literature reflecting the fact that it has been widely evaluated, is perceived to be well targeted, and has been used as a prototype for many other programs in the region and beyond. We also identify the relative incremental contribution of each targeting method to the overall targeting performance of the program. We find that geographic targeting dominates demographic targeting (based on linking transfer levels to demographic composition), which in turn dominates household proxy-means targeting. However, the contribution of proxy-means targeting increases substantially as the program expands into less marginal localities. Adjusting for incomplete take-up increases the targeting performance of the program only slightly.
Coping with sales decay: Case and techniques

Multi-product manufacturers of consumer goods find for most of their items that, at some point in the marketing cycle, sales have peaked. The decline that follows will normally proceed along an approximately stable rate described by the particular decay constant applicable. Often, action to alter or even reverse declining trends may be feasible and desirable. But in order to be aware of these meeds, to know when and how strongly to proceed, one must understand the nature of decay rates, be able to analyze decay patterns, and set up effective surveillance controls. The problem or recognizing and dealing with sales decay is explored with the aid of a case.
Supersymmetric grand unified theories and the early universe

Abstract Consequences of supersymmetric, grand unified theories (with supersymmetry unnbroken at the tree level) for the production of baryons and magnetic monopoles in the early universe are discussed.
Definition of periprosthetic joint infection: is there a consensus?

Background The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) continues to pose a challenge. While many diagnostic criteria have been proposed, a gold standard for diagnosis is lacking. Use of multiple diagnostic criteria within the joint arthroplasty community raises concerns in patient treatment and comparison of research pertaining to PJI.
Direct vibrational excitation in gas-surface collisions of NO with Ag(111)

Vibrationally excited NO molecules have been observed in the scattering of a molecular beam of vibrational ground state NO molecules from an Ag(111) surface. Specific vibrational-rotational states of the scattered molecules have been probed by resonance-enhanced laser ionization. This has allowed us to determine the rotational, angular and velocity distribution of the vibrationally excited molecules, and to estimate the excitation probability over a range of incidence kinetic energies and angles and as a function of surface temperature. These results reveal that vibrational excitation occurs in an essentially direct process. In particular, the NO( υ = 1) velocity, angular and rotational state distributions are found to depend on the incidence kinetic energy but are relatively insensitive to the surface temperature. Moreover, the velocity and rotational distributions of the vibrationally excited molecules are found to be highly non-Boltzmann, while angular distributions are found to be quasi-specular, in all cases resembling the corresponding distributions observed for the vibrationally elastic channel. The vibrational excitation probability for the process NO( υ = 0) → NO( υ = 1) is found to depend strongly on surface temperature, Ts, and relatively weakly on incident kinetic energy, E, reaching ~ 7 ± 5% at T s = 760 K and E = 1.24 eV. Excitation of NO( υ = 2) is found to be υ = 2 excitation probability.
Molecular analysis of the influences of positive selection, tolerance induction, and antigen presentation on the T cell receptor repertoire.

Immunization of both B10.A and B10.S(9R) mice with pigeon cytochrome c (pcc) elicits T cells capable of proliferating to pcc presented on I-E major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire used by pcc-specific T cells from these two strains is markedly different, even for T cells recognizing very similar antigen/MHC complexes. Our current studies have been directed toward explaining this differential expression between MHC congenic strains of TCR gene elements capable of recognizing similar ligands. Analysis of the TCR repertoire of pcc-specific T cells from F1[B10.A x B10.S (9R)]----parent radiation chimeras has demonstrated that much of this difference is a result of the positive selection of T cells for MHC restriction specificity. Further analysis of T cell lines from F1 mice and from radiation chimeras stimulated in vitro with pcc on both B10.A and B10.S(9R) antigen-presenting cells has provided clear-cut examples of the influence of positive selection, tolerance induction and of both in vivo and in vitro antigen presentation on the shaping of the TCR repertoire for a protein antigen. This is the first molecular analysis of how positive selection, tolerance induction, and antigen presentation can combine to mold the TCR repertoire.
Sedation and analgesia for the pediatric trauma patients

The number of children requiring sedation and analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has increased substantially in the last decade. Both anesthesiologist and non-anesthesiologists are involved in varying settings outside the operating room to provide safe and effective sedation and analgesia. Procedural sedation has become standard of care and its primary aim is managing acute anxiety, pain, and control of movement during painful or unpleasant procedures. There is enough evidence to suggest that poorly controlled acute pain causes suffering, worse outcome, as well as debilitating chronic pain syndromes that are often refractory to available treatment options. This article will provide strategies to provide safe and effective sedation and analgesia for pediatric trauma patients.
Cobol under control

A sample set of Cobol programming standards is offered. These standards constrain code to be developed in a “structured” form for both data and control structures. They do not require syntax beyond the existing Cobol language and in fact utilize a typical limited subset of the 1974 ANS Cobol standard. These standards have proved extremely valuable in practice and have reduced the cost and time to produce and maintain large software systems that have been deployed in live multiple customer environments.
Single olfactory organ associated with prosencephalic malformation and cyclopia in aXenopus laevis tadpole

Abstract A cyclopsXenopus laevis tadpole with a single olfactory organ is described. At a stage comparable to 48, the telencephalon was severely atrophic and only the region where the olfactory fibres terminated appeared to have the cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb. In this animal the central nervous system (CNS) appeared normally developed only posterior to the preoptic area. The hypothesis of a diencephalic origin of the region where the olfactory fibres terminated is discussed in the light of our previous results of olfactory placode transplantation. By analogy between this case and other malformations (cyclopia, holoprosencephaly) in higher vertebrates and humans, the need is emphasized for a more precise anatomical description of the olfactory input in related malformations.
Surgeons’ Attitudes About Communicating With Patients and Their Families

Context Surgeons face difficult communication challenges with patients and their families. There is a need for improved education in communication skills, especially in giving bad news. Understanding surgeons' attitudes is the first step in designing effective education programs. Objective To determine surgeons' self-assessment of competence, rating of importance, and perceived need for training in communication skills relevant to patient care. Design Anonymous self-report mail survey of demographic information and attitudes toward 12 patient care-related communication skills. Setting San Diego County, California, a geographically distinct area of close to 3 million inhabitants receiving health care from over 6000 physicians. Participants A total of 351 (43.4%) respondents from the 833 surgical specialists in the San Diego County Medical Society list of member and nonmember physicians. Main outcome measures Measurement of surgeons' attitudes toward self-perceived competence, importance, need for training in the communication skills, and the influence of age, duration of practice, and surgical-specialty on attitudes. Results Most respondents rated their competence high except in 3 skills relating to a patient's death. They found all skills important and indicated a need for training in them. Younger surgeons rated their competence and the importance significantly lower in the 3 skills relating to a patient's death (p Conclusion These results suggest that surgical specialists rate themselves as competent in effective communication, believe in its importance, and agree with the need for training. An organized approach to training in interaction skills, especially in giving bad news, is warranted.
Laboratory studies of aerobic stabilization of swine waste

Pig waste was allowed to accumulate in a pit beneath a slatted-floor swine finishing building for one week or one month. Samples of this waste were brought to the laboratory for analysis and aerobic stabilization. It was concluded that adding the raw waste continuously to the aeration unit gave the best results. The treated effluent had a BOD of 10 to 15 p.p.m. and contained only a trace of ammonia. Treatment by the aerobic process made the swine waste virtually odourless and stable. About 6 ft 3 of liquid was required to dilute the waste from a 150 lb pig at the beginning of the aerobic process and 2500 ft3 of air was needed per pound of BOD. However, the more efficient oxygenation obtained with an aeration rotor in an oxidation ditch might reduce the latter value considerably. It was estimated that 36 kWh might be required per pig per year for operation of the aeration rotor of an oxidation ditch. Chlorination of diluted swine waste eliminated a certain degree of odour and improved flocculation and dewatering of the solids. The COD of the chlorinated and filtered waste was reduced 72%. Chlorinated compounds of various types may have similar effects.
Tissue oxygenation: A novel determination using 19F surface coil NMR spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsion

This work examines the variation with oxygen tension (pO2) of the individual spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of the 19F resonances of the perfluorocarbon emulsion Oxypherol-ET (FC-43). A linear relationship between 1/T1 and pO2 has been confirmed for all four resonances at any specific temperature. Using a saturation recovery sequence, T1 has been successfully measured using surface coil NMR spectroscopy. This has facilitated measurement of T1 in vivo in a subcutaneous murine tumor. Mice were predosed with Oxypherol-ET emulsion: following complete vascular clearance of the perfluorocarbon, 19F signal was observed specifically from material sequestered in tissue, thus avoiding flow artifacts. Comparison of the pO2 estimated from each of the 19F resonances provided an internal consistency check. A pO2 = 0.1 +/- 2.2% was determined in a Meth-A murine tumor. When the mouse breathed carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) no significant change in tumor pO2 was detected, whereas the pO2 in the liver showed a distinct increase.
Effects of caffeine deprivation on complex human functioning

Twenty-five managers who reported an average daily caffeine consumption of 575 mg participated in two complex simulations. A double-blind cross-over design was employed to assess the effects of normal caffeine consumption versus caffeine deprivation upon seven validated measures of managerial effectiveness. Data from a Caffeine Withdrawal Questionnaire indicated discomfort upon deprivation. Systolic blood pressure increased during “normal” caffeine consumption levels but fell quickly and remained lower during deprivation. Several measures of managerial performance indicated decreased effectiveness upon caffeine deprivation. In contrast to prior research from simpler task settings, cognitive effectiveness (during complex task performance) was diminished. However, a measure of strategic performance which requires a relatively high level of cognitive effort showed no impact of caffeine deprivation.
PARTICLE ACCELERATION DURING RECONNECTION IN LABORATORY PLASMAS

Abstract The basic physics of magnetic field line reconnection near magnetic null points is investigated in a large collisionless laboratory plasma. The observations focus on the close vicinity of the neutral sheet (Δ z ⋍ ϱ ci ) , a region which is difficult to resolve in space. Thus, the high resolution laboratory data are complimentary to the more global space observations. The neutral sheet is generated by applying a pulsed magnetic field with X-type null point to the plasma. The reconnection of field lines and the acceleration of particles are established from time resolved three-dimensional field and flow measurements. Both steady and impulsive reconnection events are observed. The latter are characterized by spontaneous current disruptions and tearing of the current sheet, formation of a double layer at the region of current disruption, and particle acceleration to large inductive voltages due to the impulsive release of stored magnetic field energy. Detailed observations of the particle distribution functions f( v , r , t) have been performed. Suprathermal electron tails are observed in the neutral sheet caused by particle runaway in the electric field along the separator. Beam-like distributions exist adjacent to double layers. While the reconnection electric fields are the source for the particle acceleration the plasma turbulence associated with velocity space instabilities causes enhanced resistivity, heating and dissipation of magnetic energy. This is evident when the current sheet is switched off; it breaks up into intense internally closed current filaments which, via instabilities, enhance the dissipation and explain the anomalously fast loss of internally stored magnetic energy and the rapid electron heating.
Visual metaphors in the representation of communication technology

This article examines the role of metaphors in communicating social values associated with new communication technology, through an analysis of magazine advertisements for computing and advanced telecommunications products and services. Particular attention is paid to visual metaphors in those texts. The article discusses the implications of the findings for the study of visual metaphors in advertising and research on technology policy discourse.
Exotic terranes of western California

Numerous distinct geological terranes compose the North American Cordillera1; there may be as many as 50 terranes in California alone2. Critical to deciphering the history of Cordilleran tectonic assembly is an understanding of the displacement history of individual terranes. It is therefore important to know: (1) whether a terrane has undergone significant motion with respect to the stable craton (that is, whether it is allochthonous or exotic); (2) if so, when relative motion started and stopped; (3) from where an individual terrane originated; and (4) the nature of interterrane movements. We consider here the problem of determining whether the now-juxtaposed Salinian and Stanley Mountain terranes of California became amalgamated at or near their present position with respect to cratonic North America, or if they collided at a considerable distance from their present positions and were later accreted to North America as a composite package. The palaeomagnetic data that we present indicate that the latter was the case.
The Proximate Determinants of Domestic Investment in Victorian Britain

This paper attempts to shed new light on the proximate determinants of domestic investment in Victorian Britain by focusing on the relationship between asset markets and investment behavior. It demonstrates that Victorian investment fluctuations were associated with divergences between the valuation of installed capital as determined in asset markets and the supply price of new capital as determined in commodity markets. After showing how investment fluctuations in Victorian Britain were related to real equity prices, the paper concludes with a summary of findings on the determinants of real share prices.
Strengthening of Glass Fibers: I, Cladding *

Experiments on development of internal stress in fibers by cladding borosilicate glass with 96% silica glass are reported. The axial compression in the cladding, determined photo-elastically, agreed well with the increased strength determined in axial tension fracture experiments. In turn, these results agreed well with the axial compressive stress predicted by analysis when proper allowance was made for stresses which can develop when the core is fluid and the cladding rigid.
A Unique Unbiased Estimator with an Interesting Property

Abstract Suppose an unknown proportion p of the elements of an infinite population have size a > 0, but the remainder all have size b > a. We draw a random sample X of size 3, (x 1, x 2, x 3), from the infinite population. We then draw from X a sample Y of two elements successively without replacement and with probability proportional to size (PPSWOR sampling). Then it turns out that, when only Y is observable, there is a unique unbiased estimator of p, which has the interesting property of being a ridiculous unbiased estimator (RUBE), since it takes values outside of (0, 1). This is also the unique unbiased estimator for conditionally estimating the proportion of a's in X.
Robustness of Synchronized Chaotic Oscillations

In this paper we address the issue of robustness of synchronized chaotic oscillations in coupled systems. One frequently observes in physical experiments that synchronized chaotic oscillations are occasionally interrupted by brief incidents of unsynchronized behavior. By numerical simulations we show that, under certain circumstances, the regime of synchronized chaos is very sensitive to even small noise and to slightest differences between parameters of coupled systems. As a result of such sensitivity, these small perturbations lead to non-steady, "bursting" synchronization. Using experiments with nonlinear electronic circuits and analytical and numeric analyzes of their ODE model, we study certain bifurcations associated with fixed points and limit cycles in the synchronized chaotic attractor. We establish the connection between these bifurcations and the appearance of the outbursts of unsynchronized behavior. We illustrate a mechanism of formation of complicated invariant sets of trajectories that are associated with the dynamics during such outbursts.
Rhinovirus Infections in Tecumseh, Michigan: Frequency of Illness and Number of Serotypes

We studied rhinovirus-associated illnesses from 1976 to 1981 among residents of the community of Tecumseh, Michigan, in a continuation of similar studies done in 1966-1971. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently isolated respiratory pathogen in all age groups, including young children. The pattern of age-specific isolation rates was similar to that for total respiratory illness. Rhinovirus-associated illnesses were generally mild but of relatively long duration; restriction of daily activity was frequent, especially in certain age groups. Typing of all isolates has been completed; with high-quality antisera nearly all isolates could be typed. Thus, new serotypes are probably not evolving, and most have already been identified. Differences in frequency of occurrences of different serotypes were evident, but ranking in order of importance was difficult based on existing data.
Transport of photosynthetically active radiation in sea ice and the ocean

ABSTRACT A recently developed radiative transfer model is applied to study the transport of photosyntheticallyactive radiation (PAR) in the whole coupled atmosphere, sea ice and ocean system. This model rigorouslyaccounts for the multiple scattering and absorption by the atmospheric molecules, clouds, snow andsea water, as well as the brine pockets and air bubbles trapped in sea ice. Both the spectral distribution and the seasonal variation of PAR at various levels in the ice and ocean have been investigated fordifferent conditions. Results show that clouds, snow and ice algae all have important effects on the PAR availability to the microbial community under ice. For example, 10 cm ofnew snow can reduce thetotal PAR entering the ocean under a 1.0 m ofice by a factor of 10. The algae in the ice also significantlyalters the spectral distribution of PAR transmitted to the ocean. Compared with the effects of clouds,snow and ice algae, the effect ofchanges in the amount ofozone in the atmosphere, the main absorptivegas in the PAR spectrum, on the amount ofPAR entering the ice and ocean is negligible. The total PARtransmitted to the ocean is also sensitive to the ice thickness, especially when the ice is thin and thesolar elevation is high. Clouds not only reduce the total PAR entering the ocean, but also reduce thesensitivity ofthis PAR variation to the variation in ice thickness.
Air truth: operation of a remotely controlled infrared camera and ground-air video/data link during airborne lidar tests

In early tests of an airborne lidar platform, we confirmed the utility of an elevated, ground-based infrared camera as a chemical plume diagnostic. For a series of lidar tests during the summer of 1998, we carried this concept a step further, by adding a digital data link to pass infrared camera video and other data streams to and from the aircraft in real time. In addition, the entire system had to be operated from a distance, for safety considerations. To achieve this goal under a restricted budget and significant time and effort constraints, we assembled a system using primarily off-the-shelf components and software requiring little customization. Remote system control was achieved by a set of radio modems, while the aircraft data link was effected via wireless ethernet connection. The system performed reliably throughout the test series.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sister chromatid exchange as an assay for genetic damage induced by mutagen-carcinogens. II. In vitro test for compounds requiring metabolic activation.

Abstract Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) which are easily seen by “harlequin chromosome” techniques can be readily induced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by low concentrations of mutagen-carcinogens that do not require metabolic activation. If the cells are simultaneously treated with cyclophosphamide which does require metabolic activation before it becomes mutagenic, and an activating system consisting of an extract of rat liver containing microsomes (S-9 Mix) then numerous SCE's are induced by the compound. This indicates that the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in such cells can be used as an in vitro assay for mutagens that require activation as well as those that do not. The method, which is very simple and quick, is more sensitive than is the usual cytogenetic assay in which chromosome aberrations are assayed.
Noninvasive tracking of coronary atherosclerosis by electron beam computed tomography: Rationale and design of the Felodipine Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (FAPS)

The Felodipine Atherosclerosis Prevention Study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of the calcium antagonist felodipine ER and combined felodipine/simvastatin therapy on retarding the progression of atherosclerosis, estimated by serial changes in coronary calcium evaluated by noninvasive electron beam computed tomography. Subjects include 180 men and women aged 40 to 69 and 50 to 69 years, respectively, with moderate type IIa dyslipidemia, with either cardiovascular disease or risk factors. All subjects receive simvastatin lipid-lowering therapy, and are randomized either to felodipine or placebo for a treatment period of 2 years. Monitoring of blood chemistry, measures of lipids and apolipoproteins, blood pressure, evaluation of symptoms, and interim clinical event monitoring are done at routine follow-up visits. Baseline and 2-year follow-up electron beam computed tomography, measuring changes in total calcium score, area, and mass, evaluate the effects of intervention on the progression of calcified atherosclerosis. The results from the Felodipine Atherosclerosis Prevention Study will provide valuable information about the effect of felodipine alone and in combination with simvastatin on progression of calcified atherosclerosis evaluated noninvasively.
Reliability and Content Validity of an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Grade-level Test for Turkish Primary Grade Students

Abstract The present study examined the reliability and content validity of an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) grade-level test for Turkish 3rd grade primary students. While the Content Validity Index (CVI) was found to be low (.52), the reliability coefficients varied between .77 and .91 for the sub-subsections, indicating high reliability of the items. The item difficulty and discrimination indices were also consistent with the CVI as 50% of the items were identified as being in need of revision.
Stability analysis of non-autonomous linear systems by a matrix decomposition method

Abstract A matrix decomposition method is used to study the stability of the equilibrium state of non-autonomous linear systems. This technique systematically provides sufficient stability and asymptotic stability conditions for such systems, Several criteria regarding the stability of linear systems with time-varying coefficients are developed. A few examples illustrating the procedure are discussed. These examples include a system governed by the Mathieu equation, and a parametrically excited multidegree-of-freedom system.
Proteolysis in Milk Associated with Increasing Somatic Cell Counts

Abstract Individual cow samples were collected and preserved with potassium dichromate. Somatic cells counts were determined. Tyrosine value was used as an index of proteolysis. Sixty-six samples ranged in somatic cell count from 2,000,000/ml. Initial milk tyrosine values and tyrosine values for milks incubated for 24h at 37°C showed proteolytic activity increased with increasing somatic cell count. The increase in proteolysis in preserved milk refrigerated for 72h at 6.7°C was over 1.5 times greater in milks with > 1,000,000 cells/ml than in milks with
Synthetic hydrogel platform for three-dimensional culture of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons

Culturing mammalian neurons in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments that more closely recapitulate critical biochemical and biophysical aspects of the developing or adult central nervous system (CNS) milieu remains a significant challenge in neurobiological studies and in regenerative medicine. Here, we aimed to exploit recent advances in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel chemistries to define a synthetic niche capable of supporting the culture and axonal outgrowth of both aggregated and dissociated mouse embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons (ESMNs). Using thiol-ene click chemistry to create peptide crosslinked PEG hydrogels, we identified a hydrogel formulation that promotes neuronal survival and axon outgrowth through cell–extracellular matrix interactions, such as those between the laminin-derived peptide YIGSR and its integrin, and that allows neurons to remodel their extracellular environment through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated polymer network degradation. Our results demonstrate a 3D platform for culture of both aggregated and single mammalian motor nerve cells that not only permits cell survival over more than a week of culture, but also allows for the robust extension of motor axons. In addition, the optical transparency of the hydrogel allows simultaneous imaging of live cell functions, and as such, this material system should prove useful for studying fundamental aspects of neuronal development.
Mass media and delinquency prevention: The case of “scared straight”

This paper focuses on the Oscar winning television documentary “Scared Straight.” This documentary describes the Juvenile Awareness Project (JAP) at Rahway State Prison in New Jersey, which attempts to deter juvenile delinquency by briefly exposing young offenders to the harsh realities of prison life. The paper analyzes the possible reasons for the popularity of this show and the JAP. It is suggested that factors such as the public perception of increasing crime rates, declining support for rehabilitation, and a dramatic promise of a new, synthetic solution for delinquency were among the major reasons for the success of the television documentary.
Outcomes: Promoting Reflective Practice Using Performance Indicator Questionnaires

This article details the process of self-reflection applied to the use of traditional performance indicator questionnaires. The study followed eight speech-language pathology graduate students enro...