cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Velocity Tracking/Setpoint Control of Induction Motors with Improved Efficiency

Abstract In this paper, a singularity-free, velocity tracking controller which yields global exponential velocity tracking despite the lack of rotor flux measurements is presented. For the velocity setpoint case we illustrate how a design parameter can be selected to minimize the power loss in the machine. Experimental results will then be provided to validate the theoritical concepts.
Hexagonal to monoclinic phase transformation in Eu2O3 thin films grown on GaN (0001)

The high-pressure hexagonal phase of Eu2O3 has been grown epitaxially on C-plane GaN (0001) by molecular beam epitaxy. A structural phase transition from the hexagonal to the monoclinic phase is observed with increasing film thickness by ex-situ X-ray diffraction. The critical thickness for the structural transition is between 2 and 6 nm. The observed epitaxial relationships between the substrate and the film are GaN (0001) ǁ Eu2O3 (0001), GaN ⟨11 2¯0⟩ ǁ Eu2O3 ⟨11 2¯0⟩ for the hexagonal phase, and GaN (0001) ǁ Eu2O3 (20 1¯), GaN ⟨11 2¯0⟩ ǁ Eu2O3 [020] with six rotational domains for the monoclinic phase. The (0.8 ± 0.2) eV conduction band offset and bulk dielectric constant of ∼14 makes Eu2O3 a possible gate dielectric for a GaN-based field effect transistor.
A review of accuracy assessment for object-based image analysis: From per-pixel to per-polygon approaches

Abstract Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has gained widespread popularity for creating maps from remotely sensed data. Researchers routinely claim that OBIA procedures outperform pixel-based procedures; however, it is not immediately obvious how to evaluate the degree to which an OBIA map compares to reference information in a manner that accounts for the fact that the OBIA map consists of objects that vary in size and shape. Our study reviews 209 journal articles concerning OBIA published between 2003 and 2017. We focus on the three stages of accuracy assessment: (1) sampling design, (2) response design and (3) accuracy analysis. First, we report the literature’s overall characteristics concerning OBIA accuracy assessment. Simple random sampling was the most used method among probability sampling strategies, slightly more than stratified sampling. Office interpreted remotely sensed data was the dominant reference source. The literature reported accuracies ranging from 42% to 96%, with an average of 85%. A third of the articles failed to give sufficient information concerning accuracy methodology such as sampling scheme and sample size. We found few studies that focused specifically on the accuracy of the segmentation. Second, we identify a recent increase of OBIA articles in using per-polygon approaches compared to per-pixel approaches for accuracy assessment. We clarify the impacts of the per-pixel versus the per-polygon approaches respectively on sampling, response design and accuracy analysis. Our review defines the technical and methodological needs in the current per-polygon approaches, such as polygon-based sampling, analysis of mixed polygons, matching of mapped with reference polygons and assessment of segmentation accuracy. Our review summarizes and discusses the current issues in object-based accuracy assessment to provide guidance for improved accuracy assessments for OBIA.
Shellfishing in an Urban National Wildlife Refuge

Commercial shellfishing is incompatible with the wildlife protection mandates of the urban National Park concept. State agencies advocate relaying of shellfish for commercial consumption. Biodepuration does not remove chemical contaminants which are lipophilic. Such programs which are based solely on bacteriological monitoring are inappropriate.
Pathophysiology of Hypertension: CNS and Behavioral Components

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease. Directly, its consequences include cerebral hemorrhage and congestive heart failure; while, indirectly, it serves as a major risk factor for atherosclerosis in both the cerebral and coronary vascular beds. Thus, the costs attributable to hypertension in terms of medical care and lost productivity are enormous. Large-scale prospective studies have now shown that these costs can be reduced. Early treatment of hypertension at all levels of severity has been shown to result in significant reduction of both mortality and morbidity associated with this disorder. A major problem in achieving this reduction, however, has been the low rates of patient compliance with antihypertensive pharmacologic regimens. Since the symptoms and discomfort associated with high blood pressure are minimal, particularly in the initial phase, and since the side effects of the medications prescribed to treat hypertension are often major (e. g. memory loss, depression, fatigue, impotence, etc.), it is not hard to understand why many patients choose not to take their medications. Now that the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group (1979) has shown that adequate reduction of blood pressure is effective in reducing mortality even among patients with only mild hypertension, the problem of compliance will in all likelihood assume even greater prominence as we try to reduce the personal and societal costs of hypertension.
Effect of Alloying Elements on the Elevated Temperature Plastic Properties of Alpha Solid Solutions of Aluminum

Solid solution alloying increases the plastic properties of aluminum at elevated temperatures by solid solution strengthening, by restraining recovery and recrystallization, and by a Cottrell effect. When binary aluminum alloys are strained and aged at 194° to 300°K they develop a yield point. This is attributed to a migration of dislocations to solute atoms during aging.
An Overview of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy remains an important worldwide cause of visual loss. Diabetic retinopathy is more common in patients with longstanding or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy causes visual loss through a variety of mechanisms, including diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which may lead to vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have provided solid evidence-based outcomes data for a variety of treatments, including photocoagulation for DME and PDR, as well as pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for severe vitreous hemorrhage and other complications. Despite these treatments, some patients with diabetic retinopathy continue to lose vision. Investigational treatments for DME and PDR include intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists, and other agents. As current and new RCTs are completed, the precise roles of these investigational agents will become clearer.
Receiving ‘Vittoria’: Reformed Gift-Relations in Vittoria Colonna’s and Marguerite de Navarre’s Epistolary Correspondence

Ricevere ‘Vittoria’ Le relazioni riformate del dono nella corrispondenza epistolare tra Vittoria Colonna e Margherita di Navarra Nonostante la natura precaria delle relazioni franco-italiane nel Cinquecento, troviamo nella corrispondenza tra Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547) e Margherita di Navarra (1492-1549), uno scambio di idee che ci invita a riflettere sulla natura della Riforma ad un momento cruciale della storia europea. Questo articolo tratta della corrispondenza tra Colonna e Margherita considerando l’espressione del pensiero riformista delle scrittrici. Le lettere, scritte in italiano da Colonna e Margherita, due donne separate da conflitti territoriali, pero accomunate dalle loro esplorazioni spirituali della teologia riformista, mostrano come queste due erudite abbiano negoziato ed espresso il loro interesse nella riforma della Chiesa. In particolare, discuto la corrispondenza tra Colonna e Margherita in connessione al principio della giustificazione per fede (Sola Fide) e l’economia del donno divino privilegiato dei riformisti, che emerge come un modello fondamentale dello scambio. Inoltre, le lettere pongono l’accento sulla solidarieta femminile e spirituale in imitazione del dono divino in un momento critico del Cinquecento, un momento in cui il potere papale, sospettoso di eresia, controllava attentamente tutte le forme di comunicazione. Il successo della Controriforma nella sua repressione dei movimenti riformisti, ci aiuta a comprendere le implicazioni piu indicative dell’identita religiosa italiana, che propende a glorificare e aderire alle strutture tradizionali.
Large-Scale Weakly-Supervised Content Embeddings for Music Recommendation and Tagging

We explore content-based representation learning strategies tailored for large-scale, uncurated music collections that afford only weak supervision through unstructured natural language metadata and colisten statistics. At the core is a hybrid training scheme that uses classification and metric learning losses to incorporate both metadata-derived text labels and aggregate co-listen supervisory signals into a single convolutional model. The resulting joint text and audio content embedding defines a similarity metric and supports prediction of semantic text labels using a vocabulary of unprecedented granularity, which we refine using a novel word-sense disambiguation procedure. As input to simple classifier architectures, our representation achieves state-of-the-art performance on two music tagging benchmarks.
The Role of Confidence in Family Caregiving for People with Dementia

Objective: A lack of confidence directly impacts caregiver distress, thereby having a tremendous influence on the overall health of caregivers. The purpose of this study examined how The Family Car...
Decision value signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anhedonia across mood and psychotic disorders

Background: Anhedonia, or diminished pleasure, is a prominent symptom in mood and psychotic disorders. Anticipatory pleasure is particularly impaired in these conditions, which may be reflected in blunted activity in the fronto-striatal circuitry during evaluation of future rewards. This study examined the neural correlates of anhedonia during decision-making across mood and psychotic disorders. Methods: Analyses included 81 adults with major depression (N=17), bipolar disorder (in depressed state, N=21), schizophrenia (N=23), or no history of psychopathology (N=20). Participants performed a delay discounting paradigm while functional imaging data were acquired at 3T. We examined the relationship between anhedonia and activity in two a priori regions of interest critical for valuation, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum. Anhedonia was measured using a semi-structured clinical interview; cognition, depression, and symptoms of psychosis were also evaluated. Results: Discounting behavior did not differ as function of primary diagnosis or level of anhedonia (F(3,77) = 0.28, p = 0.84; r = 0.03, p = 0.78). Value-related activity in the vmPFC was blunted in association with anhedonia (b = -0.27; 95% CI, -0.48 to -0.06; p = 0.01). This relationship remained significant while controlling for primary diagnosis, behavioral performance, cognitive functioning, smoking, depression severity, and both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusions: Hypofunction in the vmPFC during decision-making about future rewards is specifically linked to anhedonia, rather than a general feature of psychopathology. These findings help elucidate the pathophysiological underpinnings of anhedonia across mood and psychotic disorders and inform the development of novel treatment approaches.
Differentiation of speech-induced artifacts from physiological high gamma activity in intracranial recordings

There is great interest in identifying the neurophysiological underpinnings of speech production. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is unique in that it allows intracranial recordings from both cortical and subcortical regions in patients who are awake and speaking. The quality of these recordings, however, may be affected to various degrees by mechanical forces resulting from speech itself. Here we describe the presence of speech-induced artifacts in local-field potential (LFP) recordings obtained from mapping electrodes, DBS leads, and cortical electrodes. In addition to expected physiological increases in high gamma (60-200 Hz) activity during speech production, time-frequency analysis in many channels revealed a narrowband gamma component that exhibited a pattern similar to that observed in the speech audio spectrogram. This component was present to different degrees in multiple types of neural recordings. We show that this component tracks the fundamental frequency of the participant9s voice, correlates with the power spectrum of speech and has coherence with the produced speech audio. A vibration sensor attached to the stereotactic frame recorded speech-induced vibrations with the same pattern observed in the LFPs. No corresponding component was identified in any neural channel during the listening epoch of a syllable repetition task. These observations demonstrate how speech-induced vibrations can create artifacts in the primary frequency band of interest. Identifying and accounting for these artifacts is crucial for establishing the validity and reproducibility of speech-related data obtained from intracranial recordings during DBS surgery.
Career Development in Plastic Surgery.

SUMMARY Professional development as a plastic surgeon is a critical component of a balanced and rewarding career. The phase of career plays an important role in what opportunities are available and what decisions must be made to affect the trajectory of the surgeon's life and practice. Engagement and proactive strategic planning can help identify these points in a career. The goal of this article is to describe some of the fundamental choices in professional development, discuss recent literature related to the phases of career progression, and present the construct of career as a continuum integrated with life goals. Foundational career planning has roots even before becoming a resident or fellow, with increasing attention paid during medical school and undergraduate years. Mentorship and leadership roles, and work-life balance challenges, grow with entry into practice. Career sustainment with continuing education, ergonomic resources, and transition to retirement become important considerations for the experienced surgeon. Career success is a diverse vision, with composition unique to the individual surgeon. Understanding the merit of different career directions will help the surgeon take full advantage of the plethora of opportunities available in the plastic surgery specialty. Importantly, this planning and engagement has contributed to the decreased rate of burnout seen in plastic surgery.
Proactive and Transformational Directions: What We Need to Learn About Our Biological Basis of Behavior for Clinical Practice

With rapid advances in medical science, the importance of understanding the biological basis of behavior is becoming an essential component of health service psychology and applied clinical practice. Clinical neuropsychology represents a practice model which allows psychologists to incorporate their knowledge about neurodevelopment and central nervous system dysfunction into understanding observable behavior. This text was assembled to provide an overview of the essential aspects of clinical neuropsychology for both current and future psychologists and counselors. This final chapter provides an overview of many of the important concepts discussed in this text as well as providing for a brief discussion of other important issues related to neurodiversity, our changing world, and clinical practice.
Audre Lorde’s Intellectual Body: Scripting an Embodied Activism

This chapter discusses the ways that Lorde repeatedly declares her multiple subjectivities as a “black lesbian feminist warrior poet.” In writing Zami and The Cancer Journals, Lorde (re)writes herself by creating a fantasy self based on the myths of her matriarchal culture and the reality of her own life where her love of women is natural and “normal.” Read together, Lorde’s autobiographical texts work to form a cultural critique that moves beyond mere resistance—they demand critical consciousness and activism from her readers. Lorde’s “activist poetics” (Carr) in these two works, particularly of her intellectual body, resist cultural inscriptions of the body and also challenge the traditional (patriarchal) genre of autobiography. As a black lesbian feminist warrior poet, Audre Lorde was used to contending with culturally constructed identity as she examined her multi-layered marginalization. But when she was diagnosed with breast cancer, Lorde became conscious of her body in yet another way. Lorde addresses difference and otherness in Zami, yet it is in The Cancer Journals, written simultaneously with Zami, where she writes as a means to reconstruct herself as a warrior against the disease and to resist the view of women with mastectomies as victims. The chapter argues that the “intellectual body,” while present in Zami, becomes active in The Cancer Journals as it resists cultural inscription by refusing the prosthesis that doctors, nurses, and other breast cancer patients encourage her to wear.
Big Five personality traits and academic performance: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This meta-analysis reports the most comprehensive assessment to date of the strength of the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and academic performance by synthesizing 267 independent samples (N = 413,074) in 228 unique studies. It also examined the incremental validity of personality traits above and beyond cognitive ability in predicting academic performance. RESULTS The combined effect of cognitive ability and personality traits explained 27.8% of the variance in academic performance. Cognitive ability was the most important predictor with a relative importance of 64%. Conscientiousness emerged as a strong and robust predictor of performance, even when controlling for cognitive ability, and accounted for 28% of the explained variance in academic performance. A significant moderating effect of education level was observed. The relationship of academic performance with openness, extraversion, and agreeableness demonstrated significantly larger effect sizes at the elementary/middle school level compared to the subsequent levels. Openness, despite its weak overall relative importance, was found to be an important determinant of student performance in the early years of school. CONCLUSION These findings reaffirm the critical role of personality traits in explaining academic performance through the most comprehensive assessment yet of these relationships.
The Cholinergic Systems of the Eye

Tissues of the eye possess several interesting features which make them particularly useful for certain types of experimental studies on transmitter systems. For example, ocular structures can be readily denervated or given chronic drug treatments with little trauma or systemic drug effect to the experimental animal. Some of these advantages are illustrated by studies discussed here on acetylcholine (ACh) and the cholinergic system present in cornea, and studies on the dynamics of ACh receptors in the intraocular smooth muscle of iris and ciliary body.
HEMANGIOMA OF THE CERVIX: FOUR NEW CASES AND A REVIEW.

Abstract A review of the literature, and the addition of 4 new cases brings the total number of reported hemangiomas of the uterine cervix to 33. Although hysterectomy has been a common mode of therapy, conservative treatment by observation, cauterization, or local excision has been quite successful. Topical estrogen therapy in one prepubertal patient resulted in a cessation of bleeding.
Functional Capacity Evaluation & Disability

Function, Impairment, and Disability are words in which many physicians have little interest. Most physicians are trained to deal with structure and physiology and not function and disability. The purpose of this article is to address some of the common questions that many physicians have with the use of functional capacity evaluation and disability and also to provide a unifying model that can explain the medical and societal variables in predicting disability. We will first define the functional capacity evaluation (FCE) and explore the different types available as well as their uses. We will review several studies exploring the validity and reliability of the FCE on healthy and chronic pain patients. We will examine the few studies that look into whether an FCE is predictive of return to work and whether an FCE is predictive of disability. In the second half of this article, we will focus on the Assessment of Disability from the origins of the United States Social Security Administration to a bold new concept, the World Health Organization's International Classification of Function, Disability and Health.
Evidence for Bacterial Chemotaxis to Cyanobacteria from a Radioassay Technique

Lyngbya birgei and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae elicited a significant chemotactic attraction of Aeromonas hydrophila compared with controls lacking cyanobacteria. There was a positive exponential relationship between biomass (chlorophyll a) of L. birgei and A. flos-aquae and chemotactic attraction of A. hydrophila. The assay equipment was simple and reliable and could be used to study bacterial chemotaxis in other species in situ.
Mycotoxins contaminating cereal grain crops: Their occurrence and toxicity

Publisher Summary Mycotoxins are natural products of fungi that are capable of producing acute toxic or chronic carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or estrogenic response in higher vertebrates and other animals. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on the occurrence and toxicity of mycotoxins contaminating cereal grain crops. Mycotoxin production is associated with fungal development, even though, often there is no positive correlation between fungal growth in a commodity and the toxin levels detected in that commodity. Presumably, these compounds play some role in the ecology of the fungus, but their function has not been clearly defined. Many mycotoxin-producing fungi can cause plant diseases in the field, but it has been difficult to establish a causal role of mycotoxins in plant disease. Laboratory and field tests have indicated that trichothecenes play an important role in wheat head blight and maize ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum; but fumonisins, produced by another Fusarium species (F.verticilioides) is not required for maize ear rot. Mycotoxins are not grouped with antibiotics, compounds, which also may be produced by fungi with microorganisms as the target species.
Does Child Care Quality Mediate Associations Between Type of Care and Development

Studies document that, on average, children cared for in centers, as compared to homes, have higher cognitive test scores but worse socioemotional and health outcomes. The authors assessed whether the quality of care received explains these associations. They considered multiple domains of child development-cognitive, socioemotional, and health-and examined whether mediation is greater when quality measures are better aligned with outcome domains. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort, they found that children in centers have better cognitive skills and behavioral regulation than children in homes, but worse social competence and generally equivalent health (N = 1,550). They found little evidence that quality of child care, as measured by standard instruments (e.g., the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised), accounts for associations between type of care and child developmental outcomes.
An efficient educational program for a fin line coupler on semiconductor

Computer programs are developed in FORTRAN 77 language, given the results in 3-D of the dispersion and of the coupling, as functions of the frequency, conductivity and permittivity for the unilateral fin lines coupler asymmetric in E-plane, on semiconductor substrate. The characteristic impedance and complex propagation constant, for the odd and even-modes excitation are obtained by Transverse Transmission Line method-TTL. These programs are easily used in graduate and undergraduate courses with good efficiency.
Manual of Community Health Nursing

1. Introduction to Community Health and Community Health Nursing. 2. Community Health Nursing Process 3. Nursing and Social Science. 4. Personal Hygiene 5. Environmental Health 6. Nutrition 7. Principles of Epidemiology 8. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases. 9. Maternal and Child Health Services 10. Health Programs in India 11. Demography and Family Welfare . 12. Occupational Health. 13. Mental Health 14. Health Statistics. 15. Health Education. 16. School Health 17. Health Planning and Services in India 18. International and National Health Agencies . 19. Community Health Administration 20. Staff Management and Development in Community Health Nursing. 21. Hospital Waste Management 22. Community Health Services Index
Tissue‐engineered provisional matrix as a novel approach to enhance diabetic wound healing

Inherent pathologies associated with diabetic wound microenvironment including increased proteolysis, inflammatory dysregulation, and impaired neovascularization prevent timely resolution of chronic diabetic ulcers. It is hypothesized that augmentation of local wound microenvironment with a stable provisional matrix formed by proteolysis-resistant angiogenic peptide nanofibers (NFs) will create permissive environment for attenuated inflammation, enhanced neovascularization, and improved diabetic wound healing. Using murine excisional wound healing models, full-thickness dorsal skin wounds were treated with either NFs or control solutions (phosphate buffered saline; hyaluronic acid) and analyzed for morphology, inflammatory response, neovascularization, and biomechanical properties. NF treatment of diabetic wounds stimulated formation of a robust pro-angiogenic in situ tissue-engineered provisional matrix leading to a significant decrease in wound inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory interleukin-6 levels, a significant increase in endothelial and endothelial progenitor cell infiltration, vascular endothelial growth factor levels, and neovascularization (day 7), as well as improved wound morphology, accelerated wound closure, and significantly stronger repair tissue (day 28). These results suggest that appropriate design of provisional matrix may compensate for some of the complex disruptions in diabetic wound microenvironment and provide missing cues to cells and direct in situ responses toward improved healing, which is promising for future development of new therapies for diabetic ulcers.
Underwater Cultural Heritage and the Market: The Uncertain Destiny of Historic Sunken Warships Under International Law

The recovery of historic sunken military vessels raises a number of legal issues, including those of ownership, state immunity, preservation of cultural heritage and military defence. Maritime powers hold that sunken warships are immune from the jurisdiction of countries other than the flag state and that military property is never abandoned unless by explicit consent. Therefore, they insist on a rule that would require the consent of the flag state even in the case of activities directed at a wreck located in the territorial waters of other states. Other countries, however, contend that such an approach would unduly limit the sovereignty of the coastal states. Given the recent technological developments and the recovery of more and more military vessels, an analysis and critical assessment of the relevant legal issues and emerging case law could not be timelier. In fact, notwithstanding the historical, military and geopolitical relevance of sunken military vessels, a regime complex governs these shipwrecks at the international law level, leaving many legal issues unsettled. It remains to be seen whether the firm and uniform approach of maritime powers may determine the crystallisation of a norm of customary law.
Static noise analysis for digital integrated circuits in partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator technology

In this paper, we extend transistor-level static noise analysis tools to consider the unique features of partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PD-SOI) technology: floating-body-induced threshold voltage variations and parasitic bipolar leakage currents. This involves a unique state-diagram abstraction of the device physics determining the body-potential of PD-SOI FETs. Based on this picture, a simple model of the body voltage is derived which takes into account modest knowledge of which nets have dependable, regular switching activity. Results are presented using a commericial static noise analysis tool incorporating these extensions.
Order—Disorder Behavior of Grain Boundaries in a two Dimensional Mcdel Ordered Alloy

The order-disorder behavior of a Σ = 5 grain boundary was investigated using a two dimensional latice gas model and the cluster variation method. It is found that a disordered layer forms in the grain boundary region at temperatures significantly below theorder—disorder temperature for the bulk. Under certain assumptions for the pair interaction energies the model predicts grain boundary compositions different from the bulk.
Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in Immunocompromised Patients

Influenza A and B viruses cause serious, sometimes fatal, disease in immunocompromised patients, particularly bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. Protracted disease has also been recognized in certain oncology and HIV-infected patients. Currently available inactivated vaccines are variably immunogenic in such groups. Poor humoral immune responses are seen within 2 years of bone marrow transplantation, often following solid organ transplantation, and commonly in patients with advanced HIV infection. Oral amantadine and rimantadine are useful for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections, but their efficacy, particularly in treatment of severe disease, has not been rigorously established in immunocompromised hosts. Case reports document the emergence of drug-resistant variants and prolonged viral shedding in some patients. Aerosol and intravenous ribavirin has been used to treat severe influenza in small numbers of immunosuppressed patients, but the efficacy of ribavirin by either route has not been established in such patients. The neuraminidase inhibitor GG167 is active in experimental influenza but requires topical application to the respiratory tract and has had limited clinical study in natural influenza. More effective interventions for serious influenza infections will likely require combinations of antiviral drugs.
What Is the Shape of the Multinationality-Performance Relationship?

Previous theoretical explanations and empirical analyses of the multinationality‐performance relationship have produced mixed arguments and results. Linear and inverted U‐shaped relationships have been theorized and confirmed empirically. Recent research has theorized that there is a three‐stage, sigmoid relationship between multinationality and performance. We contribute to the debate by showing that the impact of multinationality depends on the time dimension incorporated in the performance measure; that is, the net benefits from multinationality are likely to be higher in the longer term. The results from our sample of US manufacturing multinationals indicate that there is a three‐stage, sigmoid multinationality‐performance relationship.
Interaction of Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins with Oriented Phospholipid Bilayers

The hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C (SPs), promote rapid adsorption of phospholipids to an air-water interface by a mechanism that remains unclear. To understand the structural changes that lead to faster adsorption, we measured small-angle X-ray diffraction from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers containing varying concentration of SPs on solid supports. Swelling at different hydration allowed interpretation of the diffracted intensities and construction of the electron density profile. With increasing concentrations of protein (0 - 10 wt/wt %), the d-spacing and bilayer thickness increased. This change may reflect stretching of the hydrophobic region of the bilayer caused by the presence of the protein. Larger amounts of protein also flattened the electron density profiles, reducing the difference between minimum and maximum densities. A disordering effect of the proteins should cause greater thermal fluctuations of the bilayer, which would explain both the flattened density profile and the observed loss of higher order Bragg peaks.Figure 1: Electron density profiles of DPPC samples containing varying amount of SPs.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideAcknowledgements: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL); NIH.
Tobacco mosaic virus infection in leaf tissue of nicotiana tabacum L. CV. ‘Little Turkish’

Abstract Many types of plant tissues are subject to infection by the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and TMV apparently is not selective in terms of a particular cellular site of localization (Esau and Cronshaw, 1967). There have been several reports on the presence of TMV in leaf tissue of Nicotiana (Henry, 1980; Esau and Cronshaw, 1967). The effect of TMV on leaf tissue of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘Little Turkish’ is discussed in terms of ultrastructural appearance and sites of TMV localization within the cellular areas of infection. Twelve-week-old tobacco plants were treated with Carborundum (dusting), followed by subsequent inolulation with a purified solution of TMV. Experimental and control plants (non-TMV-treated) were kept under similar light environments and exposed to a temperature of 23 ± 1°C in the day and 20 ± 2°C at night. Leaf tissue portions were excised from experimental and control plants respectively and prepared for ultrastructural examination (Henry, 1980). TMV infection appears to cause excessive swelling in chloroplasts (Figs.1–2), in addition to enlargement of plastoglobuli (Figs. 1–2). Starch bodies appear enlarged and separated from other elements of the chloroplastsstroma (Figs. 1–2). Chloroplast lamellae and cell walls both appear to be swollen and distorted in TMV infected tobacco leaf tissues (Figs. 1–2). To summarize, TMV infection in tobacco leaf tissue causes a generalized distortion and swelling of the tissue, particularly cell walls, chloroplasts, plastoglobuli, starch bodies and chloroplastslamellae (Figs. 1–2). It is suggested that TMV infection, due to its comprehensive invasion of the cellular integrity of the tissue, is thereby able to exert distinct and destructive effects on the leaf tissue cellular metabolism. Also, the results of the present study lend support to the suggestion of Betto et al. (1972) that the chloroplast may be possible site of TMV multiplication in virus infected tisue.
Speckle interferometric measurements of binary stars. IX

Four hundred-forty measurements of 232 binary stars observed during 1981 by means of speckle interferometry with the 4-m telescope at KPNO are represented. Newly resolved systems include Xi-1 Cet, Rho Her A, HD 187321, and 59 Cyg A.
Balancing cure and long-term risks in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Cure rates for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved dramatically over the last few decades. With this success has come increasing recognition of the adverse late effects of treatment. The significant long-term sequelae in the earliest cohort of long-term survivors treated in the 1970s and 1980s are well documented. To reduce the incidence of these late effects, the majority of pediatric patients treated on more contemporary regimens receive less intensive treatment than did those treated 30-40 years ago. However, current therapies are not risk free; children treated with contemporary regimens remain at risk for developing long-term toxicities, including cardiac dysfunction, osteonecrosis, neurocognitive impairment, and second malignant neoplasms. One of the great challenges facing clinical investigators today is to identify interventions that will reduce the frequency and severity of long-term toxicities without adversely affecting cure rates. The use of dexrazoxane as a cardioprotectant (to prevent anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity) and alternate-week dosing of dexamethasone (to reduce the risk of osteonecrosis) are examples of 2 such successful strategies. This article provides an overview of the long-term toxicities associated with current therapies and reviews results of clinical trials designed to minimize the burden of cure in long-term survivors.
Effects of birefringence on Fizeau interferometry that uses a polarization phase-shifting technique

Interferometers that use different states of polarization for the reference and the test beams can modulate the relative phase shift by using polarization optics in the imaging system. Thus the interferometer can capture simultaneous images that have a fixed phase shift, which can be used for phase-shifting interferometry. As all measurements are made simultaneously, the interferometer is not sensitive to vibration. Fizeau interferometers of this type have an advantage compared with Twyman–Green-type systems because they are common-path interferometers. However, a polarization Fizeau interferometer is not strictly common path when both wavefronts are transmitted by an optic that suffers from birefringence. The two polarized beams see different phases owing to birefringence; as a result, an error can be introduced in the measurement. We study the effect of birefringence on measurement accuracy when different polarization techniques are used in Fizeau interferometers. We demonstrate that measurement error is reduced dramatically and can be eliminated if the reference and test beams are circularly polarized rather than linearly polarized.
Building an Integrated Student Learning Outcomes Assessment for General Education: Three Case Studies.

Using experiences from three institutions, the authors describe a three-stage process for designing an integrated general education program that takes into account institutional differences. The three stages are (1) establishing initial discussions that lead to alignment of key university SLOs with key general education SLOs, (2) training and workshopping with faculty groups and administrators whose first task usually is to work with the key general education outcomes and select the appropriate measures for them, and (3) training and workshopping with faculty groups who teach the junior and senior courses that most majors take (the required courses, or courses such as senior capstones) to develop and establish course-embedded assessment in the assessment plans of the degree programs.
Electronic excitation of HgX (X = Cl, Br, I) due to electron and methyl mercury halide collisions

Abstract Electronic excitation of Hg X ( X = Cl, Br, I) radicals in the B -state has been observed as the result of collisions with low energy electrons and methyl mercury halide (CH 3 Hg X ) molecules. The emission intensity has been observed to be much weaker than that observed for electron-Hg X 2 collisions under similar experimental conditions. Using the strongest band head of the B-X band system, an attempt has been made to calculate the emission cross section due to electron CH 3 Hg X collisions at 10 eV electron kinetic energy. For HgCl, HgBr, and HgI radicals, these cross sections are 1 × 10 -18 , 7 × 10 -17 , and 2 × 10 -17 cm 2 , respectively, with an estimated uncertainty of ±30%. Our measured threshold electron energy for excitation of CH 3 Hg X molecules and observation of the B-X emission band system and emission cross sections measured at 10 eV are greatly different from those measured by Allision and Zare [ Chem. Phys. 35 , 263 (1978)].
Detrimental optical properties of germanium intermediate layers in monolithic tandem solar cell structures

Abstract For proposed monolithic tandem solar cells composed of an upper GaAs or Ga1−xAlxAs cell, a thin intermediate germanium layer and a lower silicon cell, optical losses due to the germanium layer will reduce the photo-current of the lower cell and therefore decrease the overall conversion efficiency. To establish lower limits for these losses, we have used the bulk optical constants of germanium at 300 K to calculate the transmission of the germanium layer as a function of thickness for the region of the air mass 1.5 solar spectrum between the absorption edges of the upper and lower cells. The results of the calculations show that the germanium layer must be extremely thin in order to avoid significant optical losses. Even for a germanium layer only 0.15 μm thick, for example, absorption produces a calculated reduction in the lower cell photocurrent of 25% for a GaAs/Ge/Si structure and 37% for a Ga0.72Al0.28As/Ge/Si structure. In addition, reflection produces losses of 2.0% and 2.8% respectively, which are independent of the layer thickness.
RELATIONSHIP OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE TO EFFECTIVE GRANTSMANSHIP

How does the organizational structure in which a community college grants office operates affect its ability to provide its services? A literature search and survey of practioners were undertaken to determine the answer to this question. The literature search and survey determined that grants offices can be found in various positions within the organizational chart. In addition, the sources indicate that development and grants offices are most effective when they are incorporated into the collegewide operation as an integrated service as opposed to as an ancillary service. Practioners understand that the grant‐writing process should relate to the college planning process and that effective grants offices can bring more funds to the college when they pursue grant fundings that are directly related to the college plan and mission.
Long-term volumetric eruption rates and magma budgets

[1] A global compilation of 170 time-averaged volumetric volcanic output rates (Qe) is evaluated in terms of composition and petrotectonic setting to advance the understanding of long-term rates of magma generation and eruption on Earth. Repose periods between successive eruptions at a given site and intrusive:extrusive ratios were compiled for selected volcanic centers where long-term (>104 years) data were available. More silicic compositions, rhyolites and andesites, have a more limited range of eruption rates than basalts. Even when high Qe values contributed by flood basalts (9 ± 2 × 10−1 km3/yr) are removed, there is a trend in decreasing average Qe with lava composition from basaltic eruptions (2.6 ± 1.0 × 10−2 km3/yr) to andesites (2.3 ± 0.8 × 10−3 km3/yr) and rhyolites (4.0 ± 1.4 × 10−3 km3/yr). This trend is also seen in the difference between oceanic and continental settings, as eruptions on oceanic crust tend to be predominately basaltic. All of the volcanoes occurring in oceanic settings fail to have statistically different mean Qe and have an overall average of 2.8 ± 0.4 × 10−2 km3/yr, excluding flood basalts. Likewise, all of the volcanoes on continental crust also fail to have statistically different mean Qe and have an overall average of 4.4 ± 0.8 × 10−3 km3/yr. Flood basalts also form a distinctive class with an average Qe nearly two orders of magnitude higher than any other class. However, we have found no systematic evidence linking increased intrusive:extrusive ratios with lower volcanic rates. A simple heat balance analysis suggests that the preponderance of volcanic systems must be open magmatic systems with respect to heat and matter transport in order to maintain eruptible magma at shallow depth throughout the observed lifetime of the volcano. The empirical upper limit of ∼10−2 km3/yr for magma eruption rate in systems with relatively high intrusive:extrusive ratios may be a consequence of the fundamental parameters governing rates of melt generation (e.g., subsolidus isentropic decompression, hydration due to slab dehydration and heat transfer between underplated magma and the overlying crust) in the Earth.
The analysis of economic teaching strategies for a simple learning model

Abstract This paper formulates in economic terms the decision problem for teaching a list of paired associate items. The analysis assumes that learning behavior for each item is described by the one-element model with parameters that can depend on both the student and the item. A dynamic programming formulation for the decision problem is developed that accounts for the cost of instruction as well as the cost of terminating the instruction in the unconditioned state. This formulation considers three alternatives at each decision: simply present the item with no elicited response, present the item and observe the students' response, and terminate instruction for the item. The paper proves that the optimum policy for a multi-item list can be calculated by considering each item individually and then aggregating the individual results into a total policy. Secondly, an algorithm for calculating the optimum policy for each item is derived. The algorithm is simple enough so that the optimum policy can be calculated by hand. Two examples illustrate the application of the algorithm.
Fast Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (Fast fsQCA)

Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is a methodology for obtaining linguistic summarizations from data that are associated with cases. It has recently been described as a collection of 13 steps [3]. In this paper we focus on how to speed up some of the computationally intensive steps of fsQCA and how to use the speed-up equations to obtain some interesting properties of fsQCA.
Contamination control of space-based laser instruments

Space based laser missions have gained their popularity in areas such as: communication, power beaming, ranging, altimetry, and Light Detection and Ranging. The capabilities of 1.0 micron lasers offer a host of improvements in the knowledge gaps that exist and help promote our understanding of our Earth and lunar environments as well as planetary and space science applications. Some past and present National Aeronautics and Space Administration missions that have been developed for increasing our universal knowledge of such environments and applications include: The Shuttle Laser Altimeter, Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System, Mercury Laser Altimeter, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation, and Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter. The effort of contamination control depends on the specific performance goals, instrument designs, and planned operating scenarios of such missions. Trace amounts of contamination have been shown to greatly reduce the performance of 1.0 micron space based laser systems. In addition, the type of contamination plays an important role in the degree of degradation and helps to define the "contamination sensitivity" of the mission. A space based laser mission is considered highly contamination sensitive and therefore requires an unprecedented contamination control effort.
Role of Aspartate 94 in the Decay of the Peroxide Intermediate in the Multicopper Oxidase Fet3p

Fet3p is a multicopper oxidase that contains four Cu ions: one type 1, one type 2, and a coupled binuclear type 3 site. The type 2 and type 3 centers form a trinuclear cluster that is the active site for O2 reduction to H2O. When the type 1 Cu is depleted (C484S mutation), the reaction of the reduced trinuclear cluster with O2 generates a peroxide intermediate. Kinetic studies of the decay of the peroxide intermediate suggest that a carboxyl residue (D94 in Fet3p) assists the reductive cleavage of the O−O bond at low pH. Mutations at the D94 residue (D94A, D94N, and D94E) have been studied to evaluate its role in the decay of the peroxide intermediate. Spectroscopic studies show that the D94 mutations affect the geometric and electronic structure of the trinuclear cluster in a way that is consistent with the hydrogen bond connectivity of D94. While the D94E mutation does not affect the initial reaction of the cluster with O2, the D94A mutation causes larger structural changes that render the trinuclear c...