cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practice Patterns and Projections for the US Pediatric Otolaryngology Workforce

Importance This study represents up-to-date information on the current status of and future projections for the pediatric otolaryngology workforce. Objective To provide an update on the practice patterns of and projections for the US pediatric otolaryngology workforce. Design, Setting, and Participants An online survey was sent to all 172 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and fielded from May 29, 2014, to September 17, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Current status of and perceived trends in the pediatric otolaryngology workforce Results Eighty-four (48.8%) of the 172 members responded to the survey. Not all respondents answered all questions, and so totals and percentages might not reflect a total of 84 for any given response. The demographics and practice characteristics of the responding pediatric otolaryngologists were similar to those noted in a 1997 workforce survey. Fifty-four percent of respondents (n = 38) planned to continue full-time work over the next 5 years, and 47% (n = 31) believed that the number of patients in their practice was increasing. The proportion of those who believed that the need for pediatric otolaryngologists in their community was increasing (31%; n = 21) or decreasing (13%; n = 9) remained relatively constant from the 1997 survey (34% and 12%, respectively). Forty-nine percent (n = 35) reported believing that the number of pediatric otolaryngologists being trained was appropriate and that the need in their community was stable. Eighty-three percent (n = 55) reported believing that employment opportunities for pediatric otolaryngologists in the United States would be plentiful in the near future. Conclusions and Relevance The overall state of the pediatric otolaryngology workforce appears stable. The perceived current and future needs for pediatric otolaryngologists appear to be met by the current number of trainees. Employment opportunities appear promising for future pediatric otolaryngologists based on our respondents’ opinions. This represents up-to-date information on the current status of and future projections for the pediatric otolaryngology workforce.
The Dollar and the Policy Mix

Almost two decades ago I wrote a monograph titled The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1971 (Mundell [5] (*)). It arose from a talk I had given in February 1971 at a US Treasury Consultants’ meeting presided over by Paul Volcker, then undersecretary of the Treasury, and by Secretary John B. Connally, who had returned from his confirmation proceedings that very day. My talk was in answer to a question prepared by the late Henry Wallich, then a professor at Yale University and adviser to the Treasury, who had organized the proceedings: “Is the balance of payments deficit a menace to the dollar?”
A meta-analysis of percutaneous vascular closure devices after diagnostic catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background While each of the available femoral arterial sealing devices claims equivalent safety to manual compression following invasive cardiac procedures, these claims are based on small, underpowered studies. Our aim was to increase the ability to detect a clinically meaningful difference by performing a meta-analysis. Methods We identified studies via Medline and manual searches and selected studies that were prospective, randomized clinical trials for inclusion. Pooling of data was performed by calculation of the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (OR) and the variance of the OR was estimated using the method of Robins, Greenland and Breslow. Results Sixteen studies enrolling 5,048 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled OR was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.91), indicating a significant decrease in risk by devices. Excluding hematomas from the endpoint resulted in a concordant result. Angio-Seal was associated with a significant reduction in risk (OR, 0.51) and Perclose had a neutral result (OR, 1.0), whereas Vasoseal had an increased risk of complications (OR, 1.18). Conclusion Overall, sealing devices may be associated with a reduction in risk of complications following invasive coronary procedures, but significant differences may exist among individual devices. These potential differences need to be explored in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Is Good Contact Enough for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

The use of new contact force catheters has become routine in atrial fibrillation ablation with the hope that the additional contact force information will improve outcomes and reduce complications. The excitement over the use of contact force catheters stems from the fact that long-term lesion
Le buone ragioni del soggettivismo etico e i suoi errori. Note su bioetica, relativismo e metafisica

Soggettivismo etico e relativismo della conoscenza fanno spesso da sfondo ai dibattiti in bioetica. Il soggettivismo rivendica una sorta di attivita legislatrice della ragione umana che, almeno in parte, va accolta. Il singolo uomo ha il dovere di legiferare in merito alla promozione delle finalita che lo interpellano, ma il criterio non puo essere soggettivo: per conoscere il bene dell’uomo si deve, infatti, sapere chi e l’uomo. Soltanto nella conoscenza della struttura antropologica umana si puo trovare una risposta adeguata alle esigenze del soggetto. Al soggettivismo, allora, si deve rispondere con l’argomento della personalizzazione della vita morale. L’uomo deve realizzare un bene in se facendolo diventare nel concreto bene per lui. Ma il nodo teorico che resta da affrontare e la possibilita pratica e teorica di rispondere alla domanda “chi e l’uomo” senza fare i conti con la metafisica. Il nesso tra etica e metafisica non si pone secondo la logica della remunerazione o del comando estrinseci, ma come determinazione del senso stesso della condizione umana. La metafisica va pensata come cio che restituisce alla temporalita il suo stesso significato storico. ---------- Ethical subjectivism and relativism of knowledge are often the setting of debates on bioethics. The subjectivism vindicates a kind of legislative activity of the human reason that, at least partly, must be welcomed. The single man has duty to legislate regarding the promotion of finalities that consult him, but the criterion can not be subjective: to know the good of the man, in fact, ones must know who the man is. A suitable answer to the demands of the subject can be found only in the knowledge of the human anthropological structure. Ones must answer to subjectivism with the matter of the personalization of moral life. The man must realize a good in oneself making it becoming a good for him in the concrete. But the theoretical knot that stays to face is the practical and theoretical possibility to answer to the question “who is the man” without making the accounts with the metaphysics. The connection between ethics and metaphysics doesn’t set according to the logic of the extrinsic remuneration or the command, but as determination of the sense itself of human condition. Metaphysics must be thought like what it returns its same historical meaning to temporality.
Library collections in the life of the user: two directions

The paper considers how the changing nature of research in digital environments is reshaping the nature of library collections and services in academic and research libraries. It describes two central directions, each a response to the centrality of the user in a network environment. First, the library has an increasing role in managing the research and other outputs of the university (the inside-out collection). Second, the library is facilitating access to a broader range of local, external and collaborative resources organized around user needs (the facilitated collection).
Endoluminal Ultrasound: Anatomy, Technique, and Intervention of the Anorectum

Endoscopic ultrasound of the rectum and anus is used for the evaluation of a variety of conditions, most commonly rectal cancer staging and fecal incontinence. This chapter will discuss the indications and technique of endorectal/endoanal ultrasound, in addition to a review of rectal and anal ultrasound anatomy and the interpretation of the images.
Proton elastic and inelastic scattering at 0.8 GeV from C12,13 and Pb208

Angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from /sup 12/C, /sup 13/C, and /sup 208/Pb have been measured. Reported are data for the ground, 4.4 MeV 2/sup +/, 7.6 MeV 0/sup +/, 9.6 MeV 3/sup -/, and 14.1 MeV 4/sup +/ states of /sup 12/C; the ground, 3.1 MeV 1/2/sup +/, 3.7 MeV 3/2/sup -/, 6.9 MeV 5/2/sup +/, 7.6 MeV 5/2/sup -/, and 11.9 MeV () states of /sup 13/C; and the ground, 2.6 MeV 3/sup -/, and 3.2 MeV 5/sup -/ states of /sup 208/Pb. Analyses of the elastic angular distributions are made using the partial wave formalism and the Kerman-McManus-Thaler approach to the nucleon-nucleus optical potential; a realistic spin-orbit term is included. The inelastic transitions are analyzed within the framework of the distorted-wave Born-approximation, using transition strengths consistent with previous low-energy studies of inelastic scattering. A simple single-particle-plus-excited-core model is used for /sup 13/C. In terms of this analysis, an assignment of J/sup ..pi../ = (5/2,7/2)/sup +/ is made for the 11.9 MeV state in /sup 13/C.
Variations in Health Insurance Policies Regarding Biologic Therapy Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) has developed guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD) recommending anti-TNF therapy in moderate-severe disease. However, which drug is used is often dictated by insurance company policies. We sought to determine the insurance policy requirements prior to approval of biologic therapies. Methods Using the National Association of Insurance Commissioners report of the top 125 insurance companies by market share in 2014, we reviewed the first 50 that had online policies regarding anti-TNF and vedolizumab available. Policies were reviewed for criteria needed for approval of anti-TNF or vedolizumab therapy, and for compliance with the current AGA clinical pathway recommendations. Results Ninety-eight percent of policies are inconsistent with the AGA ulcerative colitis pathway and require step-wise drug failure before approval of an anti-TNF. Only 11% of the policies allowed starting vedolizumab without initial failures of an anti-TNF agent, and 21% required the failure of two or more anti-TNF agents. Ninety percent of the policies are inconsistent with AGA CD pathway and require step-wise drug failure before approval of an anti-TNF. Seventy-four percent allowed for initiating infliximab specifically for fistulizing CD. Twenty-eight percent required failing of at least two or more drugs before starting anti-TNF. Only 8% policies allowed starting vedolizumab without initial failures of an anti-TNF agent, and 28% required the failure of two anti-TNF agents. Conclusions The majority of the policies reviewed fail to adhere to the current AGA pathway recommendations for ulcerative colitis and CD. Further interventions are needed to better align policies with optimal evidence-based drug therapy.
Prolonged exposure of resveratrol induces reactive superoxide species-independent apoptosis in murine prostate cells

Nitric oxide, a signaling molecule, inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding with cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in elevated production of reactive superoxide species (reactive oxygen and nitrogen) in the mitochondria and increased susceptibility to cell death. Generation of mitochondrial superoxide species can be suppressed by natural compounds such as resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol found in the skin of red fruits. In various cancer cells, resveratrol shows anti-oxidant and cancer preventive properties. Since, the effect of resveratrol on reactive superoxide species-independent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is not well illustrated; therefore, we investigated this phenomenon in TRAMP murine prostate cancer cells. To accomplish this, TRAMP cells were incubated with resveratrol, resveratrol + DETA-NONOate, DETA-NONOate (nitric oxide donor), resveratrol + L-NMMA, or L-NMMA (nitric oxide inhibitor) for 48 h, and reactive superoxide species in the mitochondria and culture supernatant were measured. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell viability, expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl2), γ-H2A.x, p53, and caspase-3 was determined. We found that resveratrol suppressed reactive superoxide species such as reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria and nitric oxide in culture supernatant when compared to the DETA-NONOate treatment and disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential. Resveratrol also reduced cell viability, altered the expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl2), and increased expression of γ-H2A.x (indicative marker of DNA fragmentation) and p53 (a critical DNA damage response protein). However, there was no appreciable modulation of the caspase-3. Therefore, our data suggest that resveratrol induces superoxide species-independent apoptosis and may act as a therapeutic agent against prostate cancer.
How to Support the Machine Learning Take-Off: Challenges and Hints for Achieving Intelligent UAVs

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are getting momentum. A growing number of industries and scientific institutions are focusing on these devices. UAVs can be used for a really wide spectrum of civilian and military applications. Usually these devices run on batteries, thus it is fundamental to efficiently exploit their hardware to reduce their energy footprint. A key aspect in facing the “energy issue” is the exploitation of properly designed solutions in order to target the energy- and hardware-constraints characterising these devices. However, there are not universal approaches easing the implementation of ad-hoc solutions for UAVs; it just depends on the class of problems to be faced. As matter of fact, targeting machine-learning solutions to UAVs could foster the development of a wide range of interesting application. This contribution is aimed at sketching the challenges deriving from the porting of machine-learning solutions, and the associated requirements, to highly distributed, constrained, inter-connected devices, highlighting the issues that could hinder their exploitation for UAVs.
Arguing for Justice: An Analysis of Arguing in Small Claims Court

This essay reports on systematic observation and analysis of arguments by untrained advocates in court. The small claims court was found to be a unique argument field: there, untrained arguers must...
A Report of Two Cases of Hazards Associated with High Flow Arteriovenous Fistula in ESRD Patients

High flow arteriovenous fistulas are a common clinical entity affecting patients with end-stage renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Given the difficulty in predicting who will develop a high flow arteriovenous fistula the exact prevalence is unclear. We present two cases of patients with high flow arteriovenous fistula that developed clinical cardiac failure at a time point after the fistula was placed with findings of significant cephalic arch stenosis. Both patients required treatment of cephalic arch stenosis with balloon angioplasty with subsequent surgical aneurism resection. Accurate and timely diagnosis of high flow arteriovenous hemodynamics by prospective monitoring of volumetric flow and cardiac function is required to halt this process prior to cardiac compromise.
Stimulating a culture of innovation at the aerospace corporation

The aerospace industry is undergoing tremendous changes causing a shift in focus, methodology, and the speed of innovation. The “NewSpace” sector of the aerospace industry consists of almost 1,000 companies focused on creating different business models for accessing space. As a result, the role of The Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) as a trusted advisor on space programs is taking on a new focus as our customers are working directly with the NewSpace sector. The speed and agility of NewSpace and an increasing focus on space security is pushing Aerospace to elevate our culture of innovation. In this paper, we describe the programs we created to stimulate this culture and engage our employees in more innovative practices.
Removal of the Mitochondrial Fission Factor Mff Exacerbates Neuronal Loss and Neurological Phenotypes in a Huntington’s Disease Mouse Model

Objective Excessive mitochondrial fission has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). Consequently, mitochondrial dynamics has been suggested to be a promising therapeutic target for Huntington's disease. Mitochondrial fission depends on recruitment of Drp1 to mitochondria, and Mff (mitochondrial fission factor) is one of the key adaptor proteins for this process. Removal of Mff therefore greatly reduces mitochondrial fission. Here we investigate whether removal of Mff can mitigate HD-associated pathologies in HD transgenic mice (R6/2) expressing mutant Htt. Method We compared the phenotype of HD mice with and without Mff. The mice were monitored for lifespan, neurological phenotypes, Htt aggregate formation, and brain histology. Results We found that HD mice lacking Mff display more severe neurological phenotypes and have shortened lifespans. Loss of Mff does not affect mutant Htt aggregation, but it accelerates HD pathology, including neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our data indicate a protective role for mitochondrial fission in HD and suggest that more studies are needed before manipulation of mitochondrial dynamics can be applied to HD therapy.
Use of reproducible research practices in public health: A survey of public health analysts.

Objective Use of reproducible research practices improves the quality of science and the speed of scientific development. We sought to understand use of reproducible research practices in public health and associated barriers and facilitators. Methods In late 2017, we surveyed members of the American Public Health Association Applied Public Health Statistics section and others; 247 of 278 who screened eligible answered the survey, and 209 answered every applicable question. The survey included questions about file management, code annotation and documentation, reproducibility of analyses, and facilitators and barriers of using reproducible practices. Results Just 14.4% of participants had shared code, data, or both. Many participants reported their data (33%) and code (43.2%) would be difficult for colleagues to find if they left their institution. Top reported barriers to using reproducible practices were data privacy (49.8%) and lack of time (41.7%). Participants suggested training (50.9%) and requirements by journals (44.4%) and funders (40.2%) to increase use of reproducible research practices. Conclusions Increasing use of reproducible research practices is important for public health and requires action from researchers, training programs, funders, and journals.
Novel Genetic Risk Variants Can Predict Anti-TNF Agent Response in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND It is important to identify patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] therapy, to avoid potential adverse effects and to adopt different treatment strategies. We aimed to identify and validate clinical and genetic factors to predict anti-TNF response in patients with IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mayo Clinic and Washington University IBD genetic association study cohorts were used as discovery and replicate datasets, respectively. Clinical factors included sex, age at diagnosis, disease duration and phenotype, disease location, bowel resection, tobacco use, family history of IBD, extraintestinal manifestations, and response to anti-TNF therapy. RESULTS Of 474 patients with IBD treated with anti-TNF therapy, 41 [8.7%] were refractory to therapy and 433 [91.3%] had response. Multivariate analysis showed history of immunomodulator use (odds ratio 10.2, p = 8.73E-4) and bowel resection (odds ratio 3.24, p = 4.38E-4) were associated with refractory response to anti-TNF agents. Among genetic loci, two [rs116724455 in TNFSF4/18, rs2228416 in PLIN2] were successfully replicated and another four [rs762787, rs9572250, rs144256942, rs523781] with suggestive evidence were found. An exploratory risk model predictability [area under the curve] increased from 0.72 [clinical predictors] to 0.89 after adding genetic predictors. Through identified clinical and genetic predictors, we constructed a preliminary anti-TNF refractory score to differentiate anti-TNF non-responders (mean [standard deviation] score, 5.49 [0.99]) from responders (2.65 [0.39]; p = 4.33E-23). CONCLUSIONS Novel and validated genetic loci, including variants in TNFSF, were found associated with anti-TNF response in patients with IBD. Future validation of the exploratory risk model in a large prospective cohort is warranted.
On Optimizing Complex Stencils on GPUs

Stencil computations are often the compute-intensive kernel in many scientific applications. With the increasing demand for computational accuracy, and the emergence of massively data-parallel high-bandwidth architectures like GPUs, stencils have steadily become more complex in terms of the stencil order, data accesses, and reuse patterns. Many prior efforts have focused on optimizing simpler stencil computations on various platforms. However, existing stencil code generators face challenges in optimizing such complex multi-statement stencil DAGs. This paper addresses the challenges in optimizing high-order stencil DAGs on GPUs by focusing on two key considerations: (1) enabling the domain expert to guide the code optimization, which may otherwise be extremely challenging for complex stencils; and (2) using bottleneck analysis via runtime profiling to guide the application of optimizations, and the tuning of various code generation parameters. We implement these abstractions in a prototype code generation framework termed Artemis, and evaluate its efficacy over multiple stencil kernels with varying complexity and operational intensity on an NVIDIA P100 GPU.
Development and Evaluation of Preoperative Teaching Materials for CABG/Valve Surgery Patients.

Background Patients often experience anxiety and feel overwhelmed by the prospect of undergoing open-heart surgery. Randomized controlled trials have found preoperative education materials and counseling to reduce levels of patient anxiety, depression, and perioperative complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)/valve surgery. Objective The purposes of this performance improvement project were to develop preoperative teaching materials for cardiac surgery inpatients and evaluate their usability. Methods Existing CABG/valve teaching materials were evaluated. A new booklet was developed through an iterative process. An expert panel reviewed the final draft using the patient education materials assessment tool for printable materials (PEMAT-P). Patients were surveyed for usability and usefulness. Results Expert reviewer results for using the PEMAT-P tool for understandability and actionability were 99% and 100%. Of 62 teaching booklets and patient preparedness questionnaires distributed, N = 11 (17.7%) were returned. Nearly all respondents (90.9%) agreed or strongly agreed for questions related to how well the booklet prepared them for surgery. Likewise, 90.9% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with statements about design and content of the booklet. The hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems performance reports from October 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 showed improvement for discharge information (96.2% from 92.2%), symptom to look for (100% from 94.9%), and care transitions (66.2% from 54.3%). Conclusions The development and implementation of evidence-based preoperative teaching materials help patients and families prepare for open-heart surgery and self-care after discharge. Implications for nursing Nurses' utilization of preoperative teaching materials improves patient satisfaction, preparedness, and usefulness.
Triathlon Race Day Medical Care

Triathlon is a sequential swim/bike/run race. As such, the sport poses unique challenges for the medical care of the athletes.
Social Dance in the Age of (Anti-)Social Media: Fortnite, Online Video, and the Jook at a Virtual Crossroads

By all accounts, we are again in the midst of a “dance craze,“ a cultural moment when a wide swath of people—most remarkably, white middle-class youth—embrace the ability to communicate and coordinate using little loops of codified gesture. As with prior crazes, the phenomenon is inseparable
Communicating the consensus on climate change to college biology majors: The importance of preaching to the choir

College and university biology majors who are not climate change deniers may yet be unaware of the degree of scientific consensus on climate change and unprepared to communicate about climate science to others. This study reports on a population of climate change accepting biology majors at a large, private research university in the American northeast. Our students tended to greatly underestimate the degree of scientific consensus around climate change, to be only moderately worried about climate change, and to be unconfident in their ability to communicate about the state of the scientific consensus around climate change. After an introduction to the scholarly literature that substantiates and quantifies the scientific consensus on climate change in the context of a course on biological research literature, our students showed significant increases in their estimates of the consensus on climate change, and their estimates were more accurate. Additionally, they became more worried about climate change as well as more confident in their ability to communicate about the scientific consensus to others. These results are in line with the Gateway Belief Model, which positions perception of scientific agreement on climate change as an important driver of acceptance and motivation toward action.
Auditory detection learning is accompanied by plasticity in the auditory evoked potential.

Abstract Auditory detection can improve with practice. These improvements are often assumed to arise from selective attention processes, but longer-term plasticity as a result of training may also play a role. Here, listeners were trained to detect either an 861-Hz or 1058-Hz tone (counterbalanced across participants) presented in noise at SNRs varying from -10 to -24 dB. On the following day, they were tasked with detecting 861-Hz and 1058-Hz tones at an SNR of -21 dB. In between blocks of this active task, EEG was recorded during passive presentation of trained and untrained frequency tones in quiet. Detection accuracy and confidence ratings were higher for trials at listeners’ trained, than untrained-frequency (i.e., learning occurred). During passive exposure to sounds, the P2 component of the auditory evoked potential (∼150 – 200 ms post tone onset) was larger in amplitude for the trained compared to the untrained frequency. An analysis of global field power similarly yielded a stronger response for trained tones in the P2 time window. These effects were obtained during passive exposure, suggesting that training induced improvements in detection are not solely related to changes in selective attention. Rather, there may be an important role for changes in the long-term neural representations of sounds.
Towards quaternary alloy Au–Pd catalysts for direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide

Abstract The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ to replace legacy large-scale commercial anthraquinone process is a critical industrial technology required to advance applications in sustainable green chemistry and reduce energy consumption associated with transporting reagents and oxidants. Current state-of-the-art Au–Pd transition metal alloy catalysts show promise to selectively synthesize H2O2 however activity is not optimal and material costs and sustainability concerns hinder widespread use. In this manuscript, using target values from previously derived Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Volcano Plots, we analyze and filter potential (Au44Pd44)M6N6 {M = metal 1, N = metal 2} quaternary alloys by their associated descriptor values, the adsorption energy of mono-atomic oxygen and hydrogen. We report possible surface structures and compositions which have adsorption sites that simultaneously optimize the adsorption energy of both descriptors and explain possibilities for using these results to leverage in future and ongoing work for truly optimal catalyst design for transition-metal alloys for direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. These results and recommendations should ultimately help guide developments to increase the performance (activity and selectivity) of direct synthesis catalysts for hydrogen peroxide synthesis while simultaneously lowering the costs of materials in these catalysts and making them more sustainable.
Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a handcycling high-intensity interval training program for individuals with spinal cord injury.

Pilot nonrandomized clinical trial. To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of performing handcycling high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 6 weeks in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Participant’s home. Participants completed pre- and postgraded exercise stress tests, exercise surveys and 6 weeks of handcycling HIIT. The HIIT program consisted of two weekly, 25 min supervised at-home sessions (2–3 min warm-up, then ten intervals of cycling with a ratio of 1 min work at 90% peak power output (PPO) to 1 min recovery at 0–20% PPO, then 2–3 min cool down). Real-time power output and heart rate were recorded via sensors and a bike computer. The sensor data were analyzed to evaluate training efficacy. Seven of the ten enrolled participants (70%) completed the study. All but one completed the required 12 sessions. The participants met at least 1 of the HIIT target intensity criteria in 76 out of 89 total sessions (85.4%) performed. Participants expressed a high level of enjoyment on the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, mean (SD) = 114.8 (11.3), and satisfaction with the overall experience. Five of the seven participants (71%) who completed the study felt an increase in endurance, function, and health. Objective physiological changes showed mixed results. Six weeks of handcycling HIIT appears to be safe, feasible and acceptable. A longer HIIT work interval may be needed to elicit significant physiological responses. Future investigation of the feasibility and efficacy of differing HIIT parameters is needed.
Development and validation of the CHIRTS-daily quasi-global high-resolution daily temperature data set.

We present a high-resolution daily temperature data set, CHIRTS-daily, which is derived by merging the monthly Climate Hazards center InfraRed Temperature with Stations climate record with daily temperatures from version 5 of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis. We demonstrate that remotely sensed temperature estimates may more closely represent true conditions than those that rely on interpolation, especially in regions with sparse in situ data. By leveraging remotely sensed infrared temperature observations, CHIRTS-daily provides estimates of 2-meter air temperature for 1983–2016 with a footprint covering 60°S-70°N. We describe this data set and perform a series of validations using station observations from two prominent climate data sources. The validations indicate high levels of accuracy, with CHIRTS-daily correlations with observations ranging from 0.7 to 0.9, and very good representation of heat wave trends. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12593846
Advisory Opinions and the Problem of Legal Authority

The prohibition against advisory opinions is fundamental to our understanding of federal judicial power, but we have misunderstood its origins. Discussions of the doctrine begin not with a constitutional text or even a court case, but a letter in which the Jay Court rejected President Washington’s request for legal advice. Courts and scholars have offered a variety of explanations for the Jay Court’s behavior. But they all depict the earliest Justices as responding to uniquely American concerns about advisory opinions. This Article offers a different explanation. Drawing on previously untapped archival sources, it shows that judges throughout the anglophone world—not only in the United States, but also in England and British India—became opposed to advisory opinions in the second half of the eighteenth century. The death of advisory opinions was a global phenomenon, rooted in a crisis of common-law authority. Early modern English judges had routinely advised the Crown. This advisory role was politically fraught but doctrinally unproblematic thanks to a jurisprudential orthodoxy that treated judges’ opinions as evidence of a preexisting common law. Although this declaratory theory survived into the nineteenth century (and beyond), it began to fragment after 1750, as lawyers began to disagree about the nature of precedent. Those disagreements generated new pressure to clarify the weight of different kinds of legal authority. Most lawyers intuited that advisory opinions were less authoritative than decisions arising from litigation. But because bench and bar lacked a common theory of legal authority, they were unable to articulate a shared understanding of what respect was due to judges’ extrajudicial pronouncements. As a result, advisory opinions became dangerous, because the judges who issued them could not control how future readers might treat them. In response, judges sought to limit their advisory activity—first in England, then in British-controlled Bengal, and finally in the United States, whose judges inherited Britain’s contested and dynamic understanding of judicial power.
Validation of Covert Cognizance Active Defenses

In the face of advanced persistent threat actors, existing information technology (IT) defenses as well as some of the more recent operational technology (OT) defenses have been shown to become inc...
Latent Fingermarks as Complex Physical, Chemical, and Biological Structures

Latent fingermarks are complex and dynamic biochemical matrices that continuously change after deposition, affected by a myriad of influencing factors. In practical scenarios, a fingermark will never be immediately recovered from a scene; time will go by, and its physical, chemical, and biological composition will inevitably be altered. For many years, scientists have been searching for aging parameters or indicators that could be sensitive to and representative of the effects of donor, substrate, and environmental factors. In most cases, research on age determinations of fingermarks have taken place in laboratory controlled or monitored settings and have mostly been conducted to replicate common crime indoor conditions. In this chapter, the fundamentals of latent fingermarks will be reviewed and the potential role of age estimations in criminal investigations discussed, including an overview of some of the (known) factors that are involved in the natural degradation process and some potentially relevant aging parameters. This chapter will also introduce concepts that will be further discussed in other chapters of this book.
Greenwood: The Rise and Devastation of “Black Wall Street”

The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre was distinguished by the scope of its prosperity damage as well as by the financial losses incurred by Greenwood residents. Property destruction was assessed at $1.8 million in 1921 dollars (Oklahoma Commission 2001), which would be equivalent to nearly $24 million a century later. Given the extent of human and financial loss, a presentation of Greenwood and its unique characteristics as a black community in 1921 provides further context.
Two-photon absorption characterization and comparison of Au(I) fluorenyl benzothiazole complexes in the visible wavelength regime.

We use the two-photon excited fluorescence method to determine the two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections of three series of (fluorenyl benzothiazole) gold(I) complexes in the visible wavelength range from 570 to 700 nm. We compare the effect of ancillary ligand substitutions on the 2PA magnitudes and find that the ancillary ligand does not drastically affect either the magnitude or the shape of 2PA. Even so, moderate 2PA cross sections were measured that ranged from 10 to 1000 s of GM (Goppert–Mayer, =10−50cm4s/photon), making these types of complexes nonlinear optical materials for two-photon absorbing applications.
The Inequality Between Two Distributions: Applications to the Analysis of Diversity Data

A new measure called diversity difference is proposed for the inequality of a pair of distributions. The diversity difference measure satisfies eight properties of a measure of inequality. This measure is simple to calculate and provides easily interpreted results. Existing inequality measures examine the distribution of a single variable whose data are arranged in a monotonic order. The new measure can employ multiple variables and does not require each to be monotonic but can be used if the data happen to be monotonic. The pair of distributions is useful for organizational diversity data because one of the distributions represents the actual proportions of employees in any class or set of classes and the other distribution is the benchmark or anchoring distribution. Data from the measure can be displayed in diversity difference trees for quick interpretation. The diversity difference measure can be arranged to define a Lorenz curve. An example with three classes (gender, race, and age) is employed to provide examples of the measure, the resulting Lorenz curve, and the disparity ratio.
Adeno-associated virus mediated delivery of an engineered protein that combines the complement inhibitory properties of CD46, CD55 and CD59.

Background A variety of disorders are associated with the activation of complement. CD46, CD55 and CD59 are the major membrane associated regulators of complement on human cells. Previously, we have found that independent expression of CD55, CD46 or CD59 through gene transfer protects murine tissues against human complement mediated attack. In the present study, we investigated the potential of combining the complement regulatory properties of CD46, CD55 and CD59 into single gene products expressed from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in a soluble non-membrane anchored form. Methods Minigenes encoding the complement regulatory domains from CD46, CD55 and CD59 (SACT) or CD55 and CD59 (DTAC) were cloned into an AAV vector. The specific regulatory activity of each component of SACT and DTAC was measured in vitro. The recombinant AAV vectors were injected into the peritoneum of mice and the efficacy of the transgene products for being able to protect murine liver vasculature against human complement, specifically the membrane attack complex (MAC), was measured. Results SACT and DTAC exhibited properties similar to CD46, CD55 and CD59 or CD55 and CD59, respectively, in vitro. AAV mediated delivery of SACT or DTAC protected murine liver vasculature from human MAC deposition by 63.2% and 56.7%, respectively. Conclusions When delivered to mice in vivo via an AAV vector, SACT and DTAC are capable of limiting human complement mediated damage. SACT and DTAC merit further study as potential therapies for complement mediated disorders when delivered via a gene therapy approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reporting standards and research strategies for controlled trials

Abstract From a study in Part I of many papers using controlled clinical trials in cancer research, we summarize quantitatively the frequency of reporting important statistical and procedural matters: randomization, statistical method, blindness, power, sample size, survival, and informed consent. We recommend that editors set standards for such reporting to improve readers' ability to evaluate trials. New research is needed to provide strategies for planning and analyzing collections of trials. We suggest in Part II the areas of generalizability, design, including size and allocation of sample and of volume of material collected, methods of reporting and analyzing imperfections in execution, and new archival work to take advantage, through reanalysis of trials and through analyzing collections of trials, of the substantial bodies of data already available.
ONVMS applied to a new advanced portable EMI system data

The ortho-normalized volume magnetic source (ONVMS) technique is applied to a new time domain EMI instrument called portable decoupled electromagnetic induction sensor (PEDEMIS); The system provides multiple deployment options (carted or carried); multimode operation (detection, interrogation, deep detection, wide interrogation); multi static data that is collected with flexible, decoupled and detachable sensors with precise positioning. In this paper we first describe the geometries of the PEDEMIS transmitters and receivers, then present the procedures to model the way they establish primary fields and measure subsurface responses, and, finally, illustrate the comparisons between modeled and actual data.
Samuel Wilks: the “grand old man” of British medicine

Samuel Wilks was born in Camberwell near London in 1824 and lived for 87 years (Table ​(Table11) (1–3). In 1840 he was apprenticed to a general practitioner, Richard Prior. Wilks later married Prior's widow. In 1842 Wilks became a student at Guy's Hospital in London. He received the MB degree in 1848 and his MD in 1850 from the University of London. A member of the medical staff at Guy's Hospital from 1856 to 1885, he also served as fifth curator of the museum at Guy's Hospital (4). In addition, Wilks was the editor of Guy's Hospital Reports from 1854 to 1865. 1865 marked Wilks' paper on Hodgkin's disease (5). In 1859 he published his Lectures on Pathological Anatomy (6). Wilks was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1870. His paper “Historical Notes on Bright's, Addison's and Hodgkin's Diseases” appeared in 1877 (7). Wilks coauthored A Biographical History of Guy's Hospital with G. T. Bettany in 1892 (8). He served as president of the Royal College of Physicians of London from 1896 to 1899 and, in 1897, he was made a baronet and appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria. Figure ​Figure11 shows a photograph of Wilks' distinguished and commanding appearance.
The Role of Selected Factors in the Development and Consequences of Alcohol Dependence

Gender, family history, comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders, and age all influence a person's risk for alcoholism. In addition, these factors interact with alcoholism to influence neurocognitive functioning following detoxification. This article examines these factors and considers how they interact with each other. This complexity reinforces the need for both animal and human studies and suggests multiple factors that may be sensitive to differential prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts. Thus, it is imperative that hypothesis-driven research designs be directed to identifying the relative potency of these factors and their interactions.
Relaxation oscillations at multiple frequencies of even subharmonics

This paper offers a method of analysis for a parametric amplifier circuit. The circuit, composed of nonlinear inductance for parametric excitation, is designed to operate at one-half of the pump frequency. The Parametron1 has proved useful as a general-purpose element for digital computers, having the potential capability of logic, storage, and amplification. It is both reliable and relatively inexpensive for computers of various sizes.
Influence of Propagator And Acquisition Aperture On Image Amplitude

We apply the local angle domain migration method using one-way wave equations to study the influence of different propagator (with/without WKBJ correction) and different acquisition aperture on the image amplitude. An example of a point scatterer is used to demonstrate the concept and methods in a c(z) media. The results indicate that the propagator and acquisition aperture both influence the imaging amplitude, however aperture correction has much stronger effect on image amplitude than the WKBJ correction for migration with limited aperture acquisition.
EEG in liver transplantation: visual and computerized analysis.

Abstract We prospectively evaluated 40 liver transplant candidates (including 28 recipients) with visually scored or computerized EEG. As expected, EEG frequencies rose significantly after successful transplant (P
Competition in government and industry procurement contracting

Abstract This study explores government and industry procurement official's perception of inhibiting factor importance to competition in Federal contracting. Within the government sector as well as the industrial sector there are no significant differences in perceived factor importance. However, between the industry and government sectors significant differences in perceived factor importance do exist. The study also reveals some commonality of factors identified by both sectors as important inhibitors to competition.
Stable isotope evidence for regional-scale fluid migration in a Barrovian metamorphic terrane, Vermont, USA

We measured the C- and O-isotopic composition of carbonate minerals in the Waits River Formation, eastern Vermont, to determine the extent of fluid infiltration during regional metamorphism over an approx. 2000 km2 area in a deep-seated (>25 km) Barrovian terrane. From a petrologic study of this terrane, Ferry proposed the existence of a large regional metamorphic hydrothermal system with two first-order features: (1) on the scale of the entire terrane fluid flow was focused into the axes of two major antiforms of regional extent; (2) on a smaller scale (about 100 km2) flow was further focused around synmetamorphic granitic plutons that intruded along the axes of the antiforms. We find isotopic evidence for both the regional hydrothermal activity along the antiforms and the more intense fluid flow around synmetamorphic plutons. The evidence for hydrothermal activity around the plutons is large heavy isotope depletions, up to 6–9‰ in δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb, in diopside zone rocks adjacent to the plutons. These isotopic shifts are greater than can be explained solely by prograde metamorphic reactions. We find two lines of evidence for the more diffuse regional flow that was focused into axes of the antiforms. First, δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb, within individual outcrops become increasingly homogeneous with increasing grade towards antiform axes, indicating that the rocks equilibrated with a permeating fluid. Second, there are depletions in 18O near the margins of the Waits River Formation which can be interpreted as a dispersed, advective infiltration front displaced toward the antiform axes. These fronts were modelled using Eq. 13 of Bickle and Baker and imply time-integrated fluid of 105–106 cm3/cm2, which are consistent with values derived by Ferry from measured progress of prograde devolatilization reactions.
THE GENERALIZED HOMOLOGY OF PRODUCTS

We construct a spectral sequence that computes the generalized homology E * (∏ X α ) of a product of spectra. The E 2 -term of this spectral sequence consists of the right derived functors of product in the category of E * E -comodules, and the spectral sequence always converges when E is the Johnson-Wilson theory E ( n ) and the X α are L n -local. We are able to prove some results about the E 2 -term of this spectral sequence; in particular, we show that the E ( n )-homology of a product of E ( n )-module spectra X α is just the comodule product of the E ( n ) * X α . This spectral sequence is relevant to the chromatic splitting conjecture.