cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterior hippocampal dysfunction in early psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study.

Background Cross-sectional studies indicate that hippocampal function is abnormal across stages of psychosis. Neural theories of psychosis pathophysiology suggest that dysfunction worsens with illness stage. Here, we test the hypothesis that hippocampal function is impaired in the early stage of psychosis and declines further over the next 2 years. Methods We measured hippocampal function over 2 years using a scene processing task in 147 participants (76 individuals in the early stage of a non-affective psychotic disorder and 71 demographically similar healthy control individuals). Two-year follow-up was completed in 97 individuals (50 early psychosis, 47 healthy control). Voxelwise longitudinal analysis of activation in response to scenes was carried out within a hippocampal region of interest to test for group differences at baseline and a group by time interaction. Results At baseline, we observed lower anterior hippocampal activation in the early psychosis group relative to the healthy control group. Contrary to our hypothesis, hippocampal activation remained consistent and did not show the predicted decline over 2 years in the early psychosis group. Healthy controls showed a modest reduction in hippocampal activation after 2 years. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that hippocampal dysfunction in early psychosis does not worsen over 2 years and highlight the need for longer-term longitudinal studies.
Minimum Redundancy Maximal Relevance Gene Selection of Apoptosis Pathway Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of HIV-infected Patients with Antiretroviral Therapy-associated Mitochondrial Toxicity

BACKGROUND We previously identified differentially expressed genes on the basis of false discovery rate adjusted P value using empirical Bayes moderated tests. However, that approach yielded a subset of differentially expressed genes without accounting for redundancy between the selected genes. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of a case-control study of the effect of antiretroviral therapy on apoptosis pathway genes comprising of 16 cases (HIV infected with mitochondrial toxicity) and 16 controls (uninfected). We applied the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) algorithm on the genes that were differentially expressed between the cases and controls. The mRMR algorithm iteratively selects features (genes) that are maximally relevant for class prediction and minimally redundant. We implemented several machine learning classifiers and tested the prediction accuracy of the two mRMR genes. We next used network analysis to estimate and visualize the association among the differentially expressed genes. We employed Markov Random Field or undirected network models to identify gene networks related to mitochondrial toxicity. The Spinglass model was used to identify clusters of gene communities. RESULTS The mRMR algorithm ranked DFFA and TNFRSF1A, two of the upregulated proapoptotic genes, on the top. The overall prediction accuracy was 86%, the two mRMR genes correctly classified 86% of the participants into their respective groups. The estimated network models showed different patterns of gene networks. In the network of the cases, FASLG was the most central gene. However, instead of FASLG, ABL1 and LTBR had the highest centrality in controls. CONCLUSION The mRMR algorithm and network analysis revealed a new correlation of genes associated with mitochondrial toxicity.
On the Mechanics of sustainability: ESG Rating and company performance

ESG is the core concept in the field of green finance that has attracted much attention in recent years. Based on traditional financial indicators, ESG aims to integrate environmental, social, and governance factors. By examining the potential for long-term and sustainable value growth of the company, it can effectively help prevent and control downside risks, obtain long-term returns, and discover economic growth. However, there are currently many international ESG rating systems, lacking a unified framework, transparency of their rating methodologies, data sources, and a consensus on how to evaluate the ESG related risk profiles. This research intends to find how ESG Rating is constructed from company performance. In the study, we mainly did the review and illustration of MSCI & RepRisk ESG Rating. We can identify limited mechanisms that could hinder us to simulate ESG rating under various circumstances. For RepRisk, we could only identify the formula in the last step of generating RepRisk Rating: Scale RRR = 0.5 𑁦 (country sector aver+|||| peak RRI). For MSCI, we could only identify the rating construction methodologies based on various factors. However, we believe that the blockchain is supportive of eliminating these limitations, and we aim to explore the possibility of constructing an ESG rating system for blockchain for our next step.
Economic conditions and the living arrangements of young adults: 1960 to 2011

The recent economic downturn in the USA has coincided with stories of young men and women choosing to remain at home, or to move back in with their parents since they cannot afford to live independently. This paper first describes changes in parental coresidence over the last half-century, and then assesses the causal link between economic conditions and living arrangements among young adults using data on more than 15 million individuals from 1960 to 2011. Comparing changes in economic conditions across US states to changes in living arrangements, I find that fewer jobs, low wages, and high rental costs all lead to increases in the numbers of men and women living with their parents. The magnitudes of the effects are quite large: for men, I estimate that changes in economic factors alone are large enough to have caused the observed changes in parental coresidence between 1970 and 2011.
A Change is Gonna Come: Generational Membership and White Racial Attitudes in the 21st Century

The election of President Barack Obama offers a unique opportunity to test the impressionable-years hypothesis—the theory of political socialization that predicts that widely experienced political events can have a lasting impact on the political attitudes of individuals who experience that event in their youth, thereby creating a generational distinction. Using data from an original survey embedded in the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we examine the racial attitudes of White youth who came of age during Barack Obama's presidential campaign and election to see if those individuals are significantly more liberal on racial attitudes than older generations of Whites. In other words, we look for early evidence that an “Obama generation” has emerged. We find there are indeed early signs of a generational distinction. Members of the “Obama generation” are more strongly opposed to racial resentment, but they exhibit similar levels of opposition to old-fashioned racism as older cohorts. Additionally, we uncover that the factors that traditionally structure racial attitudes among Whites, most notably contact, education, and residential proximity, work quite differently for members of this generation. We take these findings as initial evidence that Barack Obama's presidency will have a lasting impact on the racial views of a generation of Americans.
Multistage Separation Processes, Third Edition

Preface THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA Thermodynamic Fundamentals PVT Behavior of Fluids Phase Equilibria Enthalpy Characterizing Petroleum Fractions Nomenclature References Problems THE EQUILIBRIUM STAGE Phase Behavior Performance of the Equilibrium Stage Solution Methods FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTISTAGE SEPARATION Cascaded Stages Distillation Basics Absorption/Stripping Basics MATERIAL BALANCES IN MULTICOMPONENT SEPARATION Mathematical Model Types of Column Specifications BINARY DISTILLATION: PRINCIPLES Column Section Total Column Column Solution with Mass and Enthalpy Balances BINARY DISTILLATION: APPLICATIONS Parameters Affecting Column Performance Parameter Interactions in Fixed Configuration Columns Design Strategies Guided by Graphical Representation MULTICOMPONENT SEPARATION: CONVENTIONAL DISTILLATION Characteristics of Multicomponent Separation Factors Affecting Separation Specifying Column Performance Number of Trays and Feed Location ABSORPTION AND STRIPPING Thermal Effects Liquid-to-Vapor Ratios Number of Stages Performance Specifications Graphical Representation COMPLEX DISTILLATION AND MULTIPLE COLUMN PROCESSES Multiple Feeds Multiple Products Side Heaters/Coolers and Pumparounds Multiple Column Processes SPECIAL DISTILLATION PROCESSES Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation Three-Phase Distillation Reactive Multistage Separation LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION AND SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION Extraction Fundamentals and Terminology Graphical Representation Extraction Equipment Supercritical Extraction SHORTCUT METHODS Columns at Total Reflux Minimum Reflux Ratio Column Design and Performance Analysis Modular Shortcut Methods RIGOROUS EQUILIBRIUM METHODS Model Description Steady State Solution Methods Chemical Reactions in Multistage Separation Three-Phase Distillation Liquid-Liquid Extraction Convergence by Dynamic Iteration Column Dynamics TRAY HYDRAULICS, RATE-BASED ANALYSIS, TRAY EFFICIENCY Tray Hydraulics Rate-Based Analysis Tray Efficiency PACKED COLUMNS Continuous Differential Mass Transfer Rate of Mass Transfer Mass Transfer in Packed Columns Packed Column Design CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION OF SEPARATION PROCESSES Multi-Loop Controllers Dynamic Predictive Multivariable Control Model-Based Control and Optimization BATCH DISTILLATION Principles of Batch Distillation Solution Methods MEMBRANE SEPARATION OPERATIONS General Membrane Separation Process Performance of Membrane Separators Applications INDEX *Contains Nomenclature, References, and Problems sections at the end of each chapter
Isolation and Identification of Obligate Thermophilic Sporeforming Bacilli from Ocean Basin Cores

Bartholomew, J. W. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), and George Paik. Isolation and identification of obligate thermophilic sporeforming bacilli from ocean basin cores. J. Bacteriol. 92:635-638. 1966.-Obligate thermophilic sporeforming aerobic bacilli were isolated from 11 ocean basin cores taken from locations in a 150 mile long area off of the coast from Ensenada, Mexico, to Santa Catalina Island, and ranging as far out from shore as 160 miles. Isolated strains of bacilli were all identified as being identical, or closely related, to Bacillus stearothermophilus.
A hybrid similarity matching algorithm for mapping and rading ontologies via a multi-agent system

In this paper, we present a hybrid similarity matching algorithm i.e. Semantic Relatedness Score (SRS) that is used to match ontological concepts and instances in the context of ontology evolution. We combine five out of thirteen well-tested semantic and syntactic algorithms to produce SRS. Specifically we focus on the issue of ontology upgrade and highlight how our hybrid matching algorithm produces higher precision and reliability compared to existing syntactical approaches. Managing evolution amongst shared ontologies is a laborious affair. This paper extends ongoing work in the area and focuses on changes made in a shared ontology such as inclusion of new classes, renaming, deletion and modification of existing classes. Since these changes will adversely impact shared concepts, users would have to update their local ontologies to be consistent with changes in the shared ontology. As such, a less laborious method is needed for an ontologist to update his local ontology. This paper illustrates how a multi-agent system (MAS) can be deployed to achieve this goal. A semi-automated approach is presented where agent systems would filter concept changes based on SRS and recommend them to the ontologist for upgrade. A MAS prototype has been implemented in the Java Agent DEvelopment Framework (JADE) which is a FIPA standard for proof-of-concept.
The Cost of Smoking in California

Author(s): Max, Wendy; Sung, Hai-Yen; Shi, Yanling; Stark, Brad | Abstract: IntroductionThe economic impact of smoking, including healthcare costs and the value of lost productivity due to illness and mortality, was estimated for California for 2009.MethodsSmoking-attributable healthcare costs were estimated using a series of econometric models that estimate expenditures for hospital care, ambulatory care, prescriptions, home health care, and nursing home care. Lost productivity due to illness was estimated using an econometric model predicting how smoking status affects the number of days lost from work or other activities. The value of lives lost from premature mortality due to smoking was estimated using an epidemiological approach.ResultsAlmost 4 million Californians still smoke, including 146 000 adolescents. The cost of smoking in 2009 totaled $18.1 billion, including $9.8 billion in healthcare costs, $1.4 billion in lost productivity from illness, and $6.8 billion in lost productivity from premature mortality. This amounts to $487 per California resident and $4603 per smoker. Costs were greater for men than for women. Hospital costs comprised 44% of healthcare costs.ConclusionsDespite extensive efforts at tobacco control in California, healthcare and lost productivity costs attributable to smoking remain high. Compared to costs for 1999, the total cost was 15% greater in 2009. However, after adjusting for inflation, real costs have fallen by 13% over the past decade, indicating that efforts have been successful in reducing the economic burden of smoking in the state.
PARTICLE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF DOG LYMPH CHYLOMICRONS.

Chyle from the thoracic duct of dogs fed cream or corn oil was fractionated into chylomicrons of different particle size: 200 mμ. The composition of chylomicrons was studied before and after washing with saline solutions. In general the percentages of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester were greater in the small chylomicrons than in the larger ones. Washing the chylomicrons did not appear to affect their composition. Chylomicrons collected at different times during fat feeding showed significant differences in phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations. Storage of lymph at 4° was accompanied by alterations in phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations of the chylomicrons. The composition of chylomicrons is consistent with the hypothesis that at some stage during their formation the nontriglyceride components are present on the surface of the oil droplet.
Logic Programming Techniques for Dynamic VRML Web Content Generation

We explore the use of a number of Logic Programming techniques for generating dynamic Web content and the underlying architecture and implementation issues. We describe a Prolog to VRML mapping allowing generation of dynamic VRML pages through CGI and server side Prolog scripts. BinProlog's Assumption Grammars (a form of multi-stream DCGs with implicit arguments and temporary assertions, scoping over the current AND-continuation) are used to mimic VRML syntax and semantics directly, without using a preprocessor. The resulting generator allows quick development of integrated knowledge processing and data visualization Web applications. Using BinProlog's multi-threaded networking primitives, we describe a design integrating in a self-contained Prolog application a Web Server, a Data Extraction module and an Assumption Grammar based VRML generator.
Breath-hydrogen production and amylose content of the diet.

Recommendations to increase dietary intakes of starch and fiber in the United States may result in increased intake of resistant starch. High-amylose starch appears to resist digestion in vitro. To investigate the in vivo effect of high-amylose starch, diets containing 70% amylose or amylopectin cornstarches were fed for 14 wk each in a crossover design to 24 men [10 control, 14 hyperinsulinemic (HI)]. Fasting breath samples and periodic postingestion samples were analyzed for hydrogen during weeks 12 (nibbling tolerance test) and 14 (acute tolerance test) of each phase. Overall breath hydrogen was significantly higher after the amylose tolerance tests (nibbling, P 27.8) BMI increased from week 12 to week 14. The HI subjects with a high BMI averaged lower breath-hydrogen expiration than other HI subjects. After 3 d of excess energy intake, breath hydrogen after amylose was still significantly greater than after amylopectin (P < 0.019); fasting breath hydrogen of the control subjects after amylose more closely resembled that of the HI subjects. HI subjects with a high BMI may be more efficient at digesting all starch, therefore decreasing the amount available for colonic digestion. This may be a factor contributing to their greater body weight.
Using AutoDock for Ligand‐Receptor Docking

This unit describes how to set up and analyze ligand-protein docking calculations using AutoDock and the graphical user interface, AutoDockTools (ADT). The AutoDock scoring function is a subset of the AMBER force field that treats molecules using the United Atom model. The unit uses an X-ray crystal structure of Indinavir bound to HIV-1 protease taken from the Protein Data Bank (UNIT 1.9) and shows how to prepare the ligand and receptor for AutoGrid, which computes grid maps needed by AutoDock. Indinavir is prepared for AutoDock, adding the polar hydrogens, and partial charges, and defining the rotatable bonds that will be explored during the docking. The input files for AutoGrid and AutoDock are created, and then the grid map calculation run, followed by the docking calculation in AutoDock. Finally, this unit describes some of the ways the results can be analyzed using AutoDockTools.
The tangible video editor: collaborative video editing with active tokens

In this paper we introduce the Tangible Video Editor (TVE), a multi-user, tangible interface for sequencing digital video. We present a new approach to tabletop interaction by using multiple handheld computers embedded in plastic tokens. Drawing from the rich physical experience of tradition film editing techniques we designed the TVE to engage multiple users in a collaborative process and encourage the exploration of narrative ideas. We used active tokens to provide a malleable interface, enabling users to organize the interface components in unspecified ways. Our implementation improves upon common projection-based tabletop interfaces in a number of ways including a design for use beyond dedicated two dimensional spaces and a naturally scaling screen resolution.
Photoselective discrimination of matrix isolated respiratory enzymes from E. coli by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Photodissociation of heme-CO complexes in bacterial membranes was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wavelength of the photodissociating light and selected cryogenic temperatures were used to distinguish multiple forms of respiratory enzymes (cytochromes).© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Area-Efficient Parallel FIR Digital Filter Structures for Symmetric Convolutions Based on Fast FIR Algorithm

Based on fast finite-impulse response (FIR) algorithms (FFAs), this paper proposes new parallel FIR filter structures, which are beneficial to symmetric coefficients in terms of the hardware cost, under the condition that the number of taps is a multiple of 2 or 3. The proposed parallel FIR structures exploit the inherent nature of symmetric coefficients reducing half the number of multipliers in subfilter section at the expense of additional adders in preprocessing and postprocessing blocks. Exchanging multipliers with adders is advantageous because adders weigh less than multipliers in terms of silicon area; in addition, the overhead from the additional adders in preprocessing and postprocessing blocks stay fixed and do not increase along with the length of the FIR filter, whereas the number of reduced multipliers increases along with the length of the FIR filter. For example, for a four-parallel 72-tap filter, the proposed structure saves 27 multipliers at the expense of 11 adders, whereas for a four-parallel 576-tap filter, the proposed structure saves 216 multipliers at the expense of 11 adders still. Overall, the proposed parallel FIR structures can lead to significant hardware savings for symmetric convolutions from the existing FFA parallel FIR filter, especially when the length of the filter is large.
Pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic pathways: opportunities and challenges of cancer therapy.

Carcinogenesis is the uncontrolled growth of cells gaining the potential to invade and disrupt vital tissue functions. This malignant process includes the occurrence of ‘unwanted’ gene mutations that induce the transformation of normal cells, for example, by overactivation of pro-oncogenic pathways and inactivation of tumor-suppressive or anti-oncogenic pathways. It is now recognized that the number of major signaling pathways that control oncogenesis is not unlimited; therefore, suppressing these pathways can conceivably lead to a cancer cure. However, the clinical application of cancer intervention has not matched up to scientific expectations. Increasing numbers of studies have revealed that many oncogenic-signaling elements show double faces, in which they can promote or suppress cancer pathogenesis depending on tissue type, cancer stage, gene dosage and their interaction with other players in carcinogenesis. This complexity of oncogenic signaling poses challenges to traditional cancer therapy and cal...
Different Tests, Different Answers: The Stability of Teacher Value-Added Estimates Across Outcome Measures

Recently, educational researchers and practitioners have turned to value-added models to evaluate teacher performance. Although value-added estimates depend on the assessment used to measure student achievement, the importance of outcome selection has received scant attention in the literature. Using data from a large, urban school district, I examine whether value-added estimates from three separate reading achievement tests provide similar answers about teacher performance. I find moderate-sized rank correlations, ranging from 0.15 to 0.58, between the estimates derived from different tests. Although the tests vary to some degree in content, scaling, and sample of students, these factors do not explain the differences in teacher effects. Instead, test timing and measurement error contribute substantially to the instability of value-added estimates across tests.
The relationship between the soil seed bank and above‐ground vegetation of a coastal barrier island

The germinable soil seed bank is described from a coastal barrier island off the northwest coast of Florida, USA. Soil samples collected from seven vegetation types, recently deposited dredge spoil and unvegetated areas in autumn 1990 and spring 1991 were placed out in greenhouse trays. 110 taxa germinated from the samples with the largest number (41) being C 3 perennial dicots. The largest number of taxa germi- nated from dry (57) and wet (54) swales, the fewest (one species: Heterotheca subaxillaris) from strand. Similarity of seed bank densities to above-ground species cover was low (Jaccard's Index = 0.36), not different between vegetation types, but higher in the autumn than in the following spring. Compositional gradients in the seed bank and above-ground vegetation determined using DCA ordination were highly correlated and related to distance from mean high water, and plot elevation. At the landscape scale, the seed bank provided an equally clear delineation of vegetation types to that based upon the above-ground vegetation. The seed bank of low disturbance, late-succession vegetation types (wooded dunes, swales, marshes) was well developed (high species richness, emergent density, and percentage annual species) with the exception that the large-seeded woody species (i.e. Quercus spp.) were absent from the wooded dune seed bank. By con- trast, a poorly developed and transient seed bank occurred in more frequently disturbed (extensive sand movement, salt spray), early successional dredge spoil, unvegetated areas and strand. These contrasts support a general pattern of increasing seed bank development and a persistent rather than transient seed bank with decreasing disturbance frequency, increasing time since disturbance and successional maturity.
Zinc binding and synthesis of eight-hydroxy-quinoline-agarose

Eight-hydroxy-quinoline-agarose was prepared by the synthesis of 5-nitroso-8-hydroxy-quinoline and reduction to 5-amino-8-hydroxy-quinoline followed by cyanogen bromide coupling to agarose. The binding of zinc to 8-hydroxy-quinoline-agarose was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The data were evaluated by a Schatchard plot indicating an association constant of 0.60 × 109 mole−1 liter. This compares with a reported association constant of zinc to 8-hydroxy-quinoline in 50% dioxane of 9.12 × 109 mole−1 liter.
Increased hydrogen spillover by gaseous impurity : The Benson-Boudart method for dispersion revisited

Abstract A new bridge-building technique was used for facilitating H spillover on metal doped adsorbents for hydrogen storage at room temperature. By preadsorbing 1.0 × 10 −3 atm of CH4 on Pt/AX-21 (superactivated carbon), the adsorbed amount of hydrogen increased by ∼100% at 1 atm and 25 °C, attributed to the adsorbed CH4 serving as bridges for spillover. We conclude that the Benson–Boudart method can provide a good assessment for the dispersion of metals supported on Al2O3 (and zeolites). For carbon and SiO2 supports, even with pure H2, spillover leads to overestimates of dispersion, and any small amounts of gaseous impurities could lead to much greater overestimates.
Multiple resources: The concepts of task difficulty and response requirements

The variables of task difficulty and response requirements were examined within the multiple resources framework. The performance of 54 undergraduates was monitored on a visual target detection task as the difficulty of auditory shadowing was manipulated. Response competition was examined by varying the time at which subjects responded to the visual target. In line with multiple resources theory, there were no significant differences in target detection as a function of different demands of auditory shadowing, and there was no evidence for switching between auditory and visual inputs. Subjects were devoting their effort toward shadowing as measured by control trials of shadowing alone. Although evidence for response competition was not obtained in the hypothesized direction, the subjects who responded to visual targets while continuing to shadow performed better than other subjects. Alternative theories and the notion that effort may refer to the range of available processing strategies are discussed.
Contextualizing Not-Knowing: Terminology and the Role of Professional Identity

SUMMARY This chapter provides a context for the concept of not-knowing, including a discussion of how the concept was framed. The experience of not-knowing in professional youth work is framed in relationship to other concepts explored by the social work and therapeutic literature (including vicarious trauma, helplessness, secondary trauma, and burnout), as well as those offered by the limited youth work and nursing literature discussing similar concepts (disruption and hurt, suffering, commitment in spite of conflict, and the struggle to go along when you do not believe). The standing of youth work in the professions and its own struggles to professionalize are explored, with attention to how not-knowing affects and is affected by these efforts.
Variations in article seeking and reading patterns of academics: What makes a difference?

Although scholarly articles play an important role in the work life of academics, specific patterns of seeking and reading scholarly articles vary. Subject discipline of the reader influences many patterns, including amount of reading, format of reading, and average time spent per reading. Faculty members in different disciplines exhibit quite distinct patterns of reading. Medical/health faculty read more than others and mainly for current awareness purposes, while engineering faculty spend more time on average per article reading, and they also read more for research. Other factors that influence some reading patterns include work responsibilities (weighted towards more teaching or more research), age (young faculty are more likely to read on-screen from the open Web) and productivity of the reader, and purpose of the reading (readings for research and writing are more likely to be from a library collection). The ability to predict scholarly article seeking and reading patterns will assist journal editors, publishers, and librarians design better, more targeted journal systems and services.
Ocular Causes of Abnormal Head Postures

A prospective study was undertaken to analyze the different causes of abnormal head postures on ocular bases. Eight basic mechanisms were found in a series of 188 patients. Incomitance accounted for 62.7% of the head postures and nystagmus for 20.2%. Important diagnostic criteria for evaluating patients with head postures are discussed.
Connective Tissue Disease Presenting With Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension in Children

Our case series describes three children who were initially diagnosed as having severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and subsequently found to be positive for specific autoantibodies suggestive of an underlying autoimmune process. The signs and symptoms of PAH are subtle and may be part of the initial presentation of childhood connective tissue disease (CTD). Evaluation for connective tissue disease in the newly diagnosed pulmonary hypertension (PH) patient is important because early diagnosis of PH as well as CTD is crucial in the successful management of these complex patients. Ongoing monitoring for CTD in patients with severe PAH is warranted.
Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus Paracelsus von Hohenheim (1493-1541)

Abstract Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus Paracelsus von Hohenheim (1493-1541), better known by his nickname Paracelsus, was an extremely controversial figure. He is reported to have earned a doctoral in medicine at Ferrara, Italy and worked as a military surgeon before going to Basel, Switzerland in 1527. During his tenure in Basel he tried to destroy medieval medical thinking but only irritated his colleagues. After displaying a fit of anger during a court trial, he was forced to flee Basel and spent the remainder of his life wandering throughout Europe. He died in Salzburg, Austria on September 24, 1541. Because Paracelsus was such a boaster and his followers forged his name to many manuscripts, no one is exactly certain what he contributed to science. However, he is credited with a long list of discoveries and is called the Father of Modern Medicine and Chemistry. There is no doubt that he was the first investigator to truly use the scientific method. The following biography is a review of hi...
Developmental Change in Infant Cortisol and Behavioral Response to Inoculation

Child Development, 1994, 65, 1491–1502. Infant cortisol and behavioral responses to receiving 1 versus 2 inoculations on 1 pediatric office visit were observed at 2 and 6 months of age. Cortisol level (pre- plus postinoculation level) decreased with age, whereas cortisol response (post- minus preinoculation level) did not vary with age when the data were aggregated over infants showing a pre- to postinoculation cortisol increase and those showing a decrease. Nonetheless, for those infants who showed a cortisol increase, cortisol level and response decreased with age. Infants quieted faster at the older age. There was a moderate relation between quieting behavior and cortisol response, at least for infants who showed a pre- to postinoculation cortisol increase. These findings indicate a developmental trend for a decline over age in adrenocortical reactivity to inoculation for infants showing a cortisol release following the perturbation. Results were comparable whether infants received 1 or 2 inoculations.
Evidence for Structural Dissimilarity in the Neurotransmitter Binding Region of Purified Acetylcholine Receptors from Human Muscle and Torpedo Electric Organ

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) purified from human skeletal muscle affinity-alkylated with bromoacetyl[methyl-3H]choline bromide ([3H]BAC) in mildly reducing conditions to yield a specifically radiolabeled polypeptide, Mr 44,000, the alpha-subunit. The binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to AChR was completely inhibited by affinity-alkylation, indicating that the human AChR's binding site for alpha-bungarotoxin is closely associated with the alpha-subunit's acetylcholine binding site. Structures in the vicinity of the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of AChRs from human muscle and Torpedo electric organ were compared by varying the conditions of alkylation. Under optimal conditions of reduction and alkylation, both human and Torpedo AChR incorporated BAC in equivalence to the number of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites. However, with limited conditions of reduction but sufficient BAC to alkylate 100% of the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of human AChR, only 71% of the Torpedo AChR's binding sites were alkylated. In optimal conditions of reduction but with the minimal concentration of BAC that permitted 100% alkylation of the human AChR's alpha-bungarotoxin sites, only 74% of the Torpedo AChR's binding sites were alkylated. These data suggest that the neurotransmitter binding region of human muscle AChR is structurally dissimilar from that of Torpedo electric organ, having a higher binding affinity for BAC and an adjacent disulfide bond that is more readily accessible to reducing agents.
Effects of High School Course-Taking and Other Variables on Choice of Science and Mathematics College Majors

Using a nationally representative sample, the effects of high school course-taking on subsequent choice of science and math majors in college were examined in the context of background variables, early academic performance, and educational attitudes and behavior in high school. Effects of course-taking on choice of science and math majors were stronger for women than for men. For women, 8th-grade math test scores positively influenced math course-taking in high school, which in turn positively influenced later choice of science and math majors. For men, completing high school physics had a significant positive effect on choice of science and math majors. These and other findings are discussed in terms of career theory and counseling and education practice.
When not to accentuate the positive: : Re-examining valence effects in attribute framing

While the expanding body of attribute framing literature provides keen insights into individual judgments and evaluations, a lack of theoretical perspective inhibits scholars from more fully extending research foci beyond a relatively straightforward examination of message content. The current research applies construal level theory to attribute framing research. The authors conduct a meta-analysis of 107 published articles and then conceptually expand this knowledge base by synthesizing attribute framing research and construal level concepts. Results suggest that attribute framing is most effective when there is congruence between the construal level evoked in a frame and the evaluator’s psychological distance from the framed event. A follow-up experiment confirms that the congruence between a frame’s construal level and psychological distance—not simply its valence—appears to be driving attribute framing effects. This research proposes to shift the focus in attribute framing research from that of message composition to a more complex relationship between the message and the recipient.
Effects of a Language‐Minority Family's Activities in Early Second Language Writing Development

The impact of social dimensions (e.g., parental involvement) on second language literacy acquisition is not well studied in the field (August & Shanahan, 2008). Although quite a few studies report immigrant parents' belief and perspectives of their children's second language reading and writing, it remains unknown for school teachers and second literacy specialists the steps that immigrant parents take to improve their children's second language learning after the children leave school. This longitudinal case study intends to fill the gap by profiling an ESL child's early second language writing development, from day one of the child's American schooling to the time when the child received above grade level instruction. The detailed data in naturalistic settings are valuable evidence of effective parental intervention in second language acquisition. Due to the parents' linguistic and educational background, their home literacy practices at the early stage of a child's second writing development are invaluable for classroom teachers. Some of their strategies are also applicable for immigrant parents who don't know where or how to start helping their children learn their second language well.
Lattice rotations during compression deformation of a [011] Ta single crystal

Abstract The slip-system symmetry along 〈011〉 in body-centered cubic materials is such that the 〈111〉 Burgers vectors on potentially active {110} and {112} slip planes lie within a single {011} plane. In the absence of friction, this affords the opportunity for (macroscopically) homogeneous large-strain deformations by compression. The constitutive response of four specimens in the [011] orientation deformed to 10, 20, 30, and 40% engineering strain, exhibited an up-turn in the true stress–true strain curves at approximately 25%. The primary objective of this investigation was to determine the degree of inhomogeneity of the deformation resulting from the platen/sample interface friction, as related to material modeling. To accomplish this, a simple analytical model was adapted and implemented within a 3D finite-element code to simulate the influence of friction on the measured constitutive response and estimate the associated lattice rotations in the specimen corners. Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) was applied to characterize the lattice rotations and other mesoscopic features of the deformed microstructures. OIM revealed organized patterns of alternating crystal orientation (deformation bands) that evolved as a function of strain.
Prediction of digestible energy content across feed ingredients and fish species by linear regression.

In an attempt to develop predictive relationships, apparent digestible energy (ADE) content (n = 361) as biological dependent variable and dietary contents of crude protein (CP), lipid, ash and gross energy (GE) as independent variables, obtained in 40 studies with 65 different feed ingredients and evaluated with 26 fish species, were subjected to linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. With dietary CP and GE contents identified as significant predictors, only 58% of the variation in ADE content could be explained. No improvement in accuracy of regression equations was gained by classification of values according to either feed ingredient (animal proteins, plant proteins, cereals) or fish species (water type, water temperature, feed habit). An R 2-value of 0.4570 and mean prediction error (MPE) of 0.2085 between predicted and observed ADE values from eight independent studies (n = 37) illustrated the inability of the derived regression equation to accurately predict ADE contents of feed ingredients. Inclusion of dietary crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) contents as independent variables did not improve the accuracy of prediction equations. The inadequacy of the use of linear regression to predict DE content from dietary composition across feed ingredients and fish species with high accuracy is discussed.
Order Parameters of Schiff Base Azo Dyes in Nematic Liquid Crystalline Hosts

Abstract The order parameter (S) of a number of Schiff base azo compounds having the structure where Ar = 4-cyanophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 5-chlorothienyl, or2-pyridyl; Y = hydrogen, methyl, or methoxy; R = methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, or n-hexyl; NR2 = N-pyrrolidinyl have been determined in two different nematic liquid crystalline hosts both of which have a positive dielectric anisotropy. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of the dye structure on the order parameter.
Pyloric duplication in a term newborn.

Division of Pediatric Surgery Emory University/Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USAA male infant was born at 38 weeks of gestation with abirth weight of 2860 g. A prenatal ultrasound had shown a4-cmabdominalcysticmass.Atbirth,theinfantwasnotedtohaveascaphoidabdomenandapalpablerightupperquadrantmass. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 2.7 4.1 3.8 cmcystic mass adjacent to the porta hepatis and anterior to theportal vein (Fig. 1). The mass did not have flow on Doppleranalysis. To ascertain whether this mass represented acholedochal cyst, a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA)scan was performed. The HIDA revealed normal filling ofthe gallbladder, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, andnormal emptying into the intestines. Laparoscopic-assistedexcisionofthecystwasundertaken.Thecystwasfoundtobeattachedtothepylorusandduodenum(Fig.2).Resectionwasperformed extracorporeally. Histological examinationrevealed gastric mucosa which was consistent with a pyloricduplication cyst (Fig. 3). The child tolerated the procedurewellandhadanuneventfulpostoperativecourse.Hehasbeenwell since the procedure.Congenital duplications may arise anywhere in thegastrointestinal tract, with an incidence of 1 in 4500 births[1]. Ladd was the first to use the phrase balimentary tractduplicationsQ to describe congenital malformations thatinvolve the mesenteric side of the associated alimentarytract that share a common blood supply with the nativebowel. Foregut duplications involving the esophagus,stomach, and proximal duodenum account for 30% of allcases [2]. Less than 4% of all gastrointestinal duplications
A Comparison of the Predictive Power for Survival in Gliomas Provided by MIB-1, Bromodeoxyuridine and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen with Histopathologic and Clinical Parameters

The purpose of this prospective study of 65 patients was to compare side-by-side the predictive power for survival of (a) MIB-1, (b) bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR), and (c) proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). They were compared (a) with each other, (b) with several clinical predictors, and (c) with histopathologic grade under actual clinical biopsy conditions in a study of 1993 World Health Organization (WHO) grade II to IV adult supratentorial gliomas. There was a strong positive relationship between MIB-1 and BUDR by Spearman Rank correlation. In univariate analysis, MIB-1 (logrank p = 0.06) was more predictive of survival than BUDR or PCNA. Longer survivors were distinguished from others by the lowest MIB-1 labeling indices (LI < or = 2.5%) better than by the lowest histopathologic grade. However, histopathologic grades were highly predictive among the entire group (logrank p < 0.0001). Young age (p < 0.0001) and high Karnofsky performance status (p < 0.0001) were the clinical factors most predictive of longer survival. Female gender correlated with longer survival (logrank p = 0.02). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, age, Karnofsky performance status, and histopathologic grading remained statistically significant after full reduction of the model. We conclude that Ki-67 measured by MIB-1 monoclonal antibody was superior to other markers of proliferation. When all factors are considered simultaneously over all 3 grades of malignancy, greatest predictive power resides in histopathologic grade and clinical variables. MIB-1 is expected to be most important in cases where clinical or histopathologic factors are ambiguous or where they cannot be fully assessed.
Massachusetts Health Reform: A Public Perspective From Debate Through Implementation

ABSTRACT: This study examines public opinion about the new health reform law in Massachusetts at four stages, from the beginning of the debate in September 2003 through June 2008, two years into im...
Antisymmetry in the three-body model of deuteron-nucleus reactions

Abstract A simple evaluation of the Pauli blocking correction of the three-body Schrodinger equation is described, based on the Tostevin-Johnson observation that blocking tends to introduce high relative momenta in the wavefunction. Adiabatic approximation in a perturbation procedure requires a large closure energy.
Waveform design with time and frequency constraints for optimal detection of elastic objects

We extend a recent method by Kay that maximizes the probability of detecting an elastic object in the presence of Gaussian reverberation and additive Gaussian interference. Kay's solution specifies the spectral magnitude for the optimal transmit waveform, and hence there is an unlimited number of "optimal" waveforms that can be transmitted, all with the same spectral magnitude but differing in terms of time domain characteristics such as duration and peak power. We extend Kay's approach in order to obtain a unique optimal waveform by incorporating time-domain constraints, via two optimization problem formulations. One approach yields a waveform that preserves the optimal spectral magnitude while achieving the minimum temporal duration. The second complementary approach considers temporal concentration rather than duration, and yields a waveform that, depending on the degree of concentration imposed, achieves the optimal the spectral magnitude to varying degrees.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of Nanoscale Thermal Energy Transport

Ab initio molecular dynamics, which employs density functional theory, is used to study thermal energy transport phenomena in nanoscale structures. Thermal equilibration in multiple thin layer structures with thicknesses less than I nm per layer is simulated. Different types of layer combinations are investigated. Periodic boundary conditions in all directions are used in all cases. Two neighboring layers are first set to different temperatures using Nose-Hoover thermostats, and then the process of energy equilibration is simulated with a "free run" (without any thermostat controlling the temperatures). The temperature evolutions in the two neighboring layers are computed. The atomic vibration power spectra are calculated and used to explain the phenomena observed in the simulation.
A Meta Analysis of the Effects of Desegregation on Academic Achievement.

Over the last 25 years, this nation has spent tremendous sums of money to provide equal educational opportunity to people of all races. This money has been spent on court cases, desegregation plans, busing schemes and research in the area of equal opportunity, but we still do not have definitive answers about the results of these efforts and expenditures. This research is an effort to provide more definitive guidelines on the impact of efforts in the area of desegregation on academic achievement. Many of the court decisions which have led to federal laws requiring integration were based on the assumption that segregated schools were not equal. The underlying assumption was that black children would not be provided the opportunity to develop to their full potential, since the facilities, staff, materials, books and equipment were inferior to those provided in all-white schools. It was further assumed that if blacks were allowed access to similar facilities they would experience intellectual growth which would be superior to that which they could achieve in all-black schools (Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954; Boiling vs. Sharpe, 1954). However, the research relating academic achievement to integration has been contradictory. This is evident in a 1971 address to the American Educational Research Association by Walter Mondale on the subject of school integration.