cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models for Nonthermal Photon Spectra

We describe models of nonthermal photon emission from a homogeneous distribution of relativistic electrons and protons. Contributions from the synchrotron, inverse Compton, nonthermal bremsstrahlung, and neutral-pion decay processes are computed separately using a common parameterization of the underlying distribution of nonthermal particles. The models are intended for use in fitting spectra from multiwavelength observations and are designed to be accurate and efficient. Although our applications have focused on Galactic supernova remnants, the software is modular, making it straightforward to customize for different applications. In particular, the shapes of the particle distribution functions and the shape of the seed photon spectrum used by the inverse Compton model are defined in separate modules and may be customized for specific applications. We assess the accuracy of these models by using a recurrence relation and by comparing them with analytic results and with previous numerical work by other authors.
Experimental Investigation of Recirculating Cells in Laminar Coaxial Jets

Utilizing several unique means of introducing smoke into the flow field for careful visualization in addition to hot-wire techniques, experiments are performed in a specially designed facility producing laminar flows up to considerably high Reynolds numbers. Characteristics of the cells and the flow conditions that bring them about are documented by smoke photographs in the Reynolds number velocity ratio plane and the results are compared to previous analytical predictions. The cells are found to fall into three categories with different flow characteristics involving unsteadiness in position, and shear layer instabilities which result in higher mixing with the outer streams.-
Fluorinated carbohydrates as potential plasma membrane modifiers. Synthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-hexopyranoses

2-Amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro- and 2-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-4, 6-difluoro-D-galactose, and 2-amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro- and 2-amino-4-deoxy-4, 4-difluoro-D-xylo-hexose were synthesized, as potential modifiers of tumor cell-surface glyco-conjugate, from benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4, 6-di-O-mesyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-mesyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which were converted into the corresponding 4,6-difluoro-2,4, 6-trideoxy and 2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro derivatives. Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-mesyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside and benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexo-4-ulopyra noside were treated with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride to give 2-amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucose and 2-amino-2,4-dideoxy-4, 4-di-fluoro-D-xylo-hexose derivatives, respectively, to give after deprotection the target compounds. Several of the peracetylated sugar derivatives inhibited L1210 tumor-cell growth in vitro at concentrations of 1-5 10(-5) M. The peracetylated derivative of 2-amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-D-galactose inhibited protein and glycoconjugate biosynthesis, and also exhibited antitumor activity in mice with L1210 leukemia.
A concise synthesis of d,l-brevianamide B via a biomimetically-inspired IMDA construction

Abstract A concise synthesis of brevianamide B has been accomplished using a biomimetically-inspired intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction to diastereoselectively form the characteristic bicyclo[2.2.2]diazooctane core.
Low-valent titanium-mediated stereoselective alkylation of allylic alcohols.

We have developed low-valent titanium-mediated 1,3-transpositive cross-coupling reactions of acyclic and cyclic allylic alcohols for the stereoselective introduction of ethyl, 2-silylethyl, 2-phenethyl, and alkenyl groups. Cross-coupling of an allylic alcohol with a vinylsilane or styrene derivative is particularly noteworthy, as an efficient cross-selective coupling of two alkenes has been elusive. The stereochemistry of the cross-coupling alkylation is consistent with syn addition/β-elimination.
Asymmetric synthesis of pyrrolizidinones by radical cyclization of N-allylic pyroglutamates

Abstract Ethyl S-pyroglutamate is converted to N -allylic-S C 5 -iodomethyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Facile radical cyclization on treatment with AIBN and tributyltin hydride in refluxing benzene gives good yields of the C 6 substituted pyrrolizidin-2-one with excellent diastereoselectivity.
Long Frame Sync Words for Binary PSK Telemetry

Correlation criteria have previously been established for identifying whether a given binary sequence would be a good frame sync word for phase-shift keyed telemetry. In the past, the search for a good K -bit sync word has involved the application of these criteria to the entire set of 2Kbinary K -tuples. It is shown that restricting this search to a much smaller subset consisting of K -bit prefixes of pseudonoise sequences results in sync words of comparable quality, with greatly reduced computer search times for larger values of K . As an example, this procedure is used to find good sync words of length 16-63; from a storage viewpoint, each of these sequences can be generated by a 5- or 6-bit linear feedback shift register.
A kinetic and mechanistic study of cyclohexene disproportionation: An example of irreversible hydrogen transfer

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of cyclohexane disproportionation, as well as its structure sensitivity, have been studied over a variety of Group VIII metal catalysts (i.e., Pt, Pd, and Ni). The goal of this work was to better understand how hydrogen transfer occurs in heterogeneous catalysis. Three reactions were studied: cyclohexene disproportionation, cyclohexene hydrogenation, and benzene hydrogenation. A gas-phase, microcatalytic reactor was used to obtain the data. The results were analyzed in terms of their activities, apparent activation energies, and selectivities. It was found that all the catalysts (except 0.001% Pt Al 2 O 3 ) were active catalysts for benzene hydrogenation. The apparent Ea's were between 42 and 50 kJ/mole. The activities decreased in the following manner, Pt > Ni > Pd. In contrast, during cyclohexene disproportionation, the apparent Ea's varied among catalysts (Pt ≈ 84, Pd ≈ 50, and Ni ≈ 25 kJ/mole), but their activities at 100 °C were similar (except 0.01 and 0.001% Pt Al 2 O 3 ). During cyclohexene disproportionation, it was also found that the selectivity was a function of temperature. There existed a transition temperature below which the correct stoichiometry for cyclohexene disproportionation was observed, and above which the selectivity (measured as moles cyclohexane produced/moles benzene produced) decreased with temperature. This transition temperature varied with type of metal (T was ≈60 °C for Ni, ≈90 °C for Pd, and ≈110 °C for Pt). The results can be explained as a competition between two reactions, intermolecular hydrogen transfer among cyclohexene molecules and cyclohexene dehydrogenation. The idea of reaction occurring over a carbonaceous overlayer was used to explain the observed similar activities at 100 °C, and also the varying apparent Ea's among catalysts. Furthermore, the catalysts' capacity for hydrogen storage seems to be a fundamental part of the mechanism. If the capacity for hydrogen storage is impaired, then activity and selectivity are greatly altered.
Compact rf-linac free-electron lasers

Abstract Design studies using the INEX simulation method are presented for an infrared compact rf-linac-driven FEL. The possibility of such a device relies upon two technological advances: a very bright electron beam from a linac with a photocathode injector, and a short-period, high-field wiggler.
Neurologic Manifestations of Chronic Methamphetamine Abuse

The drug with perhaps the greatest impact on the practice of Psychiatry is Methamphetamine. By increasing the extracellular concentrations of dopamine while slowly damaging the dopaminergic neurotransmission, Meth is a powerfully addictive drug whose chronic use preferentially causes psychiatric complications. Chronic Meth users have deficits in memory and executive functioning as well as higher rates of anxiety, depression, and most notably psychosis. It is because of addiction and chronic psychosis from Meth abuse that the Meth user is most likely to come to the attention of the practicing Psychiatrist/Psychologist. Understanding the chronic neurologic manifestations of Meth abuse will better arm practitioners with the diagnostic and therapeutic tools needed to make the Meth epidemic one of historical interest only.
The Conformations of Cyclononane Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Force-Field Calculations

Iterative force-field calculations for cyclononane are reported for four conformations and five transition states for conformational interconversions. The strain energies (in kcal/mol) relative to the [333] conformation are as follows: energy minima, [333], 0; [144], 1.2; [225], 1.7; [234], 3.2; conformational transition states, [1323], 4.4; [1224], 6.0; [1233], 7.0; [18], 8.3; [1134], 9.9. The 13C NMR spectrum of cyclononane shows two dynamic NMR effects at low temperatures and reveals the presence of three different conformations. At – 173.°C, the major conformation (≃ 95%) is [333] and the minor conformation (≃ 5%) is [225]. The third conformation, [144], is present in a very small amount (≃ 1% at – 95°C) and is only barely detectable by its broadening effect near – 95°C. The [225] has an entropy which is 3.5 eu greater than that of the [333], mainly because of the high symmetry of the latter conformation. As a result of the entropy difference, ΔG0 for the [333] to [225] equilibrium is quite temperature dependent and the equilibrium constant is very strongly temperature dependent. It is estimated that at room temperature there are roughly 40% of the [333], 50% of the [225], and 10% of the [144] in cyclononane.
Bis[tris(m(sodium sulfonato)phenyl)phosphine] hexacarbonyl dicobalt, Co2(CO)6 (P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)2, in a supported aqueous phase for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene

Abstract The synthesis of the cobalt carbonyl phosphine complex, Co2(CO)6(P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)2, is described and the complex is used as a catalyst for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene under two-phase and supported aqueous phase reaction conditions. Under two-phase reaction conditions both with and without excess phosphine substantial quantities of cobalt are leached into the organic phase and the observed activity is consistent with catalysis from HCo(CO)4 in the organic phase. When the complex is supported onto the controlled pore glass CPG-340 in a supported aqueous phase configuration the amount of cobalt lost into the organic phase is minimized and the observed activity appears to come from the complex on the glass. When excess phosphine as well as the complex are supported on the glass cobalt leaching is further reduced under batch reaction conditions.
The Spatial Distribution of Brown Dwarfs in Taurus

By combining photometry from the 2MASS Point Source Catalog and the USNO-B1.0 catalog with optical and infrared spectroscopy, I have performed a search for young brown dwarfs in an area of 225 deg2 encompassing all of the Taurus star-forming region (τ ~ 1 Myr). From this work, I have discovered 22 new members of Taurus, 5 of which were independently found by Guieu and coworkers. Sixteen of these new members have spectral types later than M6 and thus are likely to be brown dwarfs according to the theoretical evolutionary models of Chabrier and Baraffe. After adding these new members to the previously known members of Taurus, I have compared the spatial distributions of stars and brown dwarfs across the entire region. I find no statistically significant difference between these two distributions. Taurus does not contain the large, extended population of brown dwarfs that has been predicted by some embryo ejection models for the formation of brown dwarfs. However, these results are consistent with other ejection models, as well as models in which stars and brown dwarfs share a common formation mechanism.
Friendly Fire? The Impact of US Antidumping Enforcement on US Exporters

While there has been considerable interest in recent years in the role of macroeconomic determinants of antidumping actions by the United States and other traditional users, on the one hand, and the determinants of the growing global usage of this trade policy instrument, on the other, there has to date been no systematic exploration of the motivations for the significant number of foreign antidumping cases filed against US exporters. Several observers have remarked that the growing number of foreign users of antidumping might threaten US exporters, but the determinants of these actions have not been examined. That is the purpose of this study. We find that these actions are in part explained by macroeconomic forces and as a response to US export superiority in particular sectors, however a significant role (and larger than found for global antidumping more generally) is played by retaliation for US trade policy actions.
BPS geodesics in N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

Abstract We introduce some techniques for making a more global analysis of the existence of geodesics on a Seiberg-Witten Riemann surface with metric ds2 = |λsw|2. Because the existence of such geodesics implies the existence of BPS states in N = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, one can use these methods to study the BPS spectrum in various phases of the Yang-Mills theory. By way of illustration, we show how, using our new methods, one can easily recover the known results for the N = 2 supersymmetric SU(2) pure gauge theory, and we show in detail how it also works for the N = 2, SU(2) theory coupled to a massive adjoint matter multiplet.
Rate Enhanced Olefin Cross-Metathesis Reactions: The Copper Iodide Effect

Copper iodide has been shown to be an effective cocatalyst for the olefin cross-metathesis reaction. In particular, it has both a catalyst stabilizing effect due to iodide ion, as well as copper(I)-based phosphine-scavenging properties that apply to use of the Grubbs-2 catalyst. A variety of Michael acceptors and olefinic partners can be cross-coupled under mild conditions in refluxing diethyl ether that avoid chlorinated solvents. This effect has also been applied to chemistry in water at room temperature using the new surfactant TPGS-750-M.
Recollections of early studies on platinum(II) complexes related to Chatt's contributions to coordination chemistry☆

Abstract An overview is reported on early research done in our laboratory on ligand substitution reactions of Pt(II) complexes. Some of the research was related to seminal work of Chatt on the subject, and one of our joint publications with him dealt with his view of the kinetic trans effect. Rate data on the reactions of trans-PtClL(PEt3)2 L = alkyl, aryl, or hydride) show that these ligands have a large trans effect. Since these ligands do not π bond, the results are explained in terms of the high polarizability of the ligands. Also described are reactions of different nucleophiles with trans-PtCl2 (pyridine)2 and its use as a standard to estimate values of nucleophilic constants ηPt0 for substitution reactions of Pt(II) complexes. The data obtained were consistent with Pt(II) being a class b or soft metal and preferring the more polarizable ligand atoms.
Near infrared spectroscopy of protostars

Observational study of protostars and their immediate environs has recently become possible as a result of advances in infrared spectroscopy, especially in the near infrared (A = 2—5 pm). Although such stars are totally obscured at optical wavelengths by the enshrouding dust and gas from which they formed, the near infrared spectroscopy has yielded detection of emission lines from both ionized gas and high excitation molecular gas ( T >2000 K) probably within a few astronomical units of several such sources (e.g. the BN object in the Orion nebula). The former lines provide the first constraints on the spectral type and temperature of the protostar; the latter reveal the physical conditions (density and temperature) and gas dynamics in the immediate protostellar nebula. . Data on the BN object covering the CO, 13 CO, and H 2 vibrational bands and the H II lines are presented as an illustration of these techniques.
The zirconocene induced coupling of benzyne with nitriles: Synthesis, structure and reactions of novel azametallacyclopentenes

Abstract A series of novel azazirconacyclopentenes have been prepared by the thermolysis of diphenylzirconocene in the presence of one equivalent of a wide variety of nitriles. An X-ray crystal structure shows these metallacycles to be dimeric in the solid state.
PERSPECTIVE: Organizational Behavior and the Working Poor

The working poor are situated in a very powerful context—the nexus of poverty and low-wage work. Our central premise is that this context represents a “strong situation” that powerfully affects work-related outcomes, but it has been largely overlooked by organization science, even as the working poor comprise a sizable segment of the workforce. In this paper we briefly review categorical, compositional, and relational theories of poverty from other disciplines, and we describe three key mediators from organizational research that may explain how the working poor are adversely affected in terms of job attachment, career attainment, and job performance. Our goals are to encourage further thinking about the working poor among organizational scholars, encourage future research in this domain, and call attention to the need for research-based interventions.
Contextual Influences on Judgment Based on Limited Information

When judging objects described by incomplete evidence, people often make judgments on the basis of what is known and fail to adjust for what is unknown. However, contextual factors may increase sensitivity to the limited weight of the given information. Consistent with this hypothesis, four experiments show that sensitivity to the limitations of the evidence and the likelihood of judgmental moderation increases when (a) a target is judged in the context of a similar object described on dimensions different from those used to describe the target, or (b) a target is judged in the context of a completely different type of object described by a relatively large amount of information. Considered together, the results suggest that judgment is moderated when contextual objects or cues alert judges to specific omissions or when contextual cues imply a general lack of information. The findings illuminate the diverse effects that even context objects of a different category have on information integration judgment. Context objects may affect the weighting as well as the valuation of the evidence about targets described by limited information and thereby contribute to judgmental moderation. Finally, the findings illustrate the contextually sensitive nature of the weighting criteria that guide information integration.
Is Collective Bargaining Pareto Efficient? A Survey of the Literature

It would be difficult, even today, to argue that labour unions are not important economic institutions, and it is this importance that makes their consequences for efficiency so substantial. Interest in the economic analysis of unions was revived in the early 1980s, in large part by a paper by Ian McDonald and Robert Solow, which formalized ideas first expressed in the context of labour markets 35 years earlier by Wassily Leontief. The standard textbook model of the labour union treats the union as a conventional monopoly seller of labour, selecting the wage while the firm chooses the level of employment; McDonald & Solow, however, drew from Leontief’s work to suggest an alternative in which the firm and union negotiate to a Pareto efficient contract. Further theoretical work followed, and a still-growing empirical literature began to develop; a wide variety of empirical procedures and tests have been attempted, with a diverse and contradictory range of findings. Given the importance of the question of union contract efficiency, an up-to-date survey of the literature may be useful in synthesizing past results and pointing the way to future research, and it is this role which the current paper will attempt to fill.
Amalgamated aluminum electrodes in acidic chloroaluminate molten salts

Aluminum was electrochemically deposited in and stripped from mercury substrates in acidic 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride-AlCl3 molten salts. Electrodissolution occurred at 220 and 45 mA cm−2 from mercury pool and amalgamated aluminum rotating cylinder electrodes, respectively. In contrast to pure aluminum electrodes, neither of these electrodes exhibited passive behavior.
Can Weak Substitution be Rehabilitated

This paper develops a graphical analysis and an analytical model that demonstrate how weak substitution can be used for non-market valuation. Weak complementarity and weak substitution represent preference restrictions that allow us to develop equivalent price changes to describe quantity or quality changes in non-market goods. The price changes are Hicksian equivalents in that they yield the same utility changes as would the quantity or quality changes. After discussion of several potential applications of weak substitution, the paper develops the parallel between the restriction and recent strategies from modeling differentiated goods.
IceCube and searches for astrophysical sources

Understanding cosmic acceleration mechanisms, such as jet formation in black holes, star collapses or binary mergers, and the propagation of accelerated particles in the universe is still a ‘work in progress’ and requires a multi-messenger approach, exploiting the complementarities across all possible probes: ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR), gamma-rays and neutrinos. In this report I will summarize some of the IceCube results concerning searches for astrophysical neutrino point sources and diffuse fluxes from populations of sources widely distributed in the sky or from the interactions of protons on the cosmic microwave background producing the GZK cut-off in the cosmic ray spectrum. I will compare the results to other neutrino telescopes and to astrophysical models of neutrino production in sources. Another unresolved question concerns the nature of dark matter. Indirect searches have the opportunity to observe where it is located in the universe through the observation of secondary photons, neutrinos or antiparticles such as positrons and antiprotons. The potential for the search of neutrinos from the annihilation of WIMPs in IceCube is greatly enhanced by the addition of more compact strings, the DeepCore.
ILL-POSEDNESS RESULTS FOR GENERALIZED BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS

Abstract In this article, we investigate both the periodic and non-periodic initial-value problems for generalized Boussinesq equations. We show that the associated flow map is not smooth for a range of Sobolev indices, thus providing a threshold for the regularity needed to perform a Picard iteration for these problems.
NMR implementation of a building block for scalable quantum computation

Abstract We report the implementation of the central building block of the Schulman–Vazirani procedure for fully polarizing a subset of two-level quantum systems which are initially only partially polarized. This procedure consists of a sequence of unitary operations and incurs only a quasi-linear overhead in the number of quantum systems and operations required. The key building block involves three quantum systems and was implemented on a homonuclear three-spin system using room temperature liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. This work was inspired by the state initialization challenges in current NMR quantum computers but also shines new light on polarization transfer in NMR.
MERRA Analytic Services: Meeting the Big Data challenges of climate science through cloud-enabled Climate Analytics-as-a-Service

Climate science is a Big Data domain that is experiencing unprecedented growth. In our efforts to address the Big Data challenges of climate science, we are moving toward a notion of Climate Analytics-as-a-Service (CAaaS). We focus on analytics, because it is the knowledge gained from our interactions with Big Data that ultimately produce societal benefits. We focus on CAaaS because we believe it provides a useful way of thinking about the problem: a specialization of the concept of business process-as-a-service, which is an evolving extension of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS enabled by Cloud Computing. Within this framework, Cloud Computing plays an important role; however, we it see it as only one element in a constellation of capabilities that are essential to delivering climate analytics as a service. These elements are essential because in the aggregate they lead to generativity, a capacity for self-assembly that we feel is the key to solving many of the Big Data challenges in this domain. MERRA Analytic Services (MERRAAS) is an example of cloud-enabled CAaaS built on this principle. MERRAAS enables MapReduce analytics over NASAs Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data collection. The MERRA reanalysis integrates observational data with numerical models to produce a global temporally and spatially consistent synthesis of 26 key climate variables. It represents a type of data product that is of growing importance to scientists doing climate change research and a wide range of decision support applications. MERRAAS brings together the following generative elements in a full, end-to-end demonstration of CAaaS capabilities: (1) high-performance, data proximal analytics, (2) scalable data management, (3) software appliance virtualization, (4) adaptive analytics, and (5) a domain-harmonized API. The effectiveness of MERRAAS has been demonstrated in several applications. In our experience, Cloud Computing lowers the barriers and risk to organizational change, fosters innovation and experimentation, facilitates technology transfer, and provides the agility required to meet our customers' increasing and changing needs. Cloud Computing is providing a new tier in the data services stack that helps connect earthbound, enterprise-level data and computational resources to new customers and new mobility-driven applications and modes of work. For climate science, Cloud Computing's capacity to engage communities in the construction of new capabilies is perhaps the most important link between Cloud Computing and Big Data.
Three-dimensional simulation of gas conductance measurement experiments on Alcator C-Mod

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo neutral transport simulations of gas flow through the Alcator C-Mod sub-divertor yield conductances comparable to those found in dedicated experiments. All are significantly smaller than the conductance found with the previously used axisymmetric geometry. A benchmarking exercise of the code against known conductance values for gas flow through a simple pipe provides a physical basis for interpreting the comparison of the three-dimensional and experimental C-Mod conductances.
Investigating the influence of mineralogy and pore shape on the velocity of carbonate rocks: Insights from extant global data sets

Using a variety of recent public-domain data sets comprising porosity, velocity (P- and S-waves), and, in most cases, mineralogy and petrographic data, I created an extensive global data set and evaluated the importance of mineralogy and pore type on the elastic properties behavior of carbonate core plugs. Results from this investigation clearly illuminated the potential for overinterpreting elastic properties behavior as a function of pore type(s) when mineralogy was not explicitly included in the analysis. Rock-physics analysis using a combination of heuristic and theoretical models illustrated that mineralogy exerted a significant additional variation on velocity at a given porosity. Failure to account for mineralogy exacerbated inferences about the effect of pore type(s) made using a comparison of P-wave velocity to an inappropriate empirical model (Wyllie) that did not account for pore shape(s). In this analysis, extreme variability in carbonate velocity was observed in only portions of two data sets, when mineralogy was explicitly considered and robust models that accounted for inclusion (pore) shape were used. Results from this analysis resulted in a recommended workflow, including a rock-physics template and dry-rock modulus diagnostics, for the evaluation of lab-based carbonate rockphysics data. The workflow was amenable to further integration with well-based data and other core-based petrophysical measurements (e.g., electrical properties).
Interferometric optical tweezers

Abstract We report the first experimental demonstration of an optical trap that uses interference fringes for the trapping and micro-manipulation of microscopic objects. The finges can be generated either by two-beam interference or by projecting a reduced image of a Ronchi ruling on the sample plane. Polystyrene beads of a few microns in diameter can be trapped and held in a bright region of a set of interference fringes and subsequently moved to a designated position by sweeping the fringes across the field of view. The potential advantages of extending this technique to the trapping of rod-shaped samples and for independent micro-manipulation of two or more particles are discussed.
Solid Particle Dynamic Behavior Through Twisted Blade Rows

The particle trajectory calculations provide the essential information which is required for predicting the pattern and intensity of turbomachinery erosion. Consequently, the evaluation of the machine performance deterioration due to erosion is extremely sensitive to the accuracy of the flow field and blade geometry representation in the trajectory computational model. A model is presented that is simple and efficient yet versatile and general to be applicable to axial, radial and mixed flow machines, and to inlets, nozzles, return passages and separators. The results of the computations are presented for the particle trajectories through a row of twisted vanes in the inlet flow field. The effect of the particle size on their trajectories, blade impacts, and on their redistribution and separation are discussed.
Highly nonrepetitive sequences: Winning strategies from the local lemma

We prove game-theoretic versions of several classical results on nonrepetitive sequences, showing the existence of winning strategies using an extension of the Lovasz Local Lemma which can dramatically reduce the number of edges needed in a dependency graph when there is an ordering underlying the significant dependencies of events. This appears to represent the first successful application of a Local Lemma to games. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Space-bounded hierarchies and probabilistic computations

Abstract We study three aspects of the power of space-bounded probabilistic Turing machines. First, we give a simple alternative proof of Simon's result that space-bounded probabilistic complexity classes are closed under complement. Second, we demonstrate that any language recognizable by an alternating Turing machine in log n space with a constant number of alternations (the log n space “alternation hierarch”) also can be recognized by a log n spacebounded probabilistic Turing machine with small error probability; this is a generalization of Gill's result that any language in NSPACE (log n) can be recognized by such a machine. Third, we give a new definition of space-bounded oracle machines, and use it to define a space-bounded “oracle hierarchy” analogous to the original definition of the polynomial time hierarchy. Unlike its polynomial time analogue, the entire log n space “alternation hierarchy” is contained in the second level of the log n space “oracle hierarchy.” However, the entire log n space “oracle hierarchy”is still contained in bounded-error probabilistic space log n.
Teaching new markets old tricks: The effects of subsidized investment on low-income neighborhoods

Abstract This paper examines the effects of investment subsidized by the federal government's New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program, which provides tax incentives to encourage private investment in low-income neighborhoods. I identify the impacts of the program by taking advantage of a discontinuity in the rule determining the eligibility of census tracts for NMTC-subsidized investment. Using this discontinuity as a source of quasi-experimental variation in commercial development across tracts, I find that subsidized investment has modest positive effects on neighborhood conditions in low-income communities. Though spillovers appear to be small and crowd out incomplete, the results suggest that some of the observed impacts on neighborhoods are attributable to changes in the composition of residents as opposed to improvements in the welfare of existing residents.
Digital systems for array radar

The purpose of this paper is to present the role and philosophy of digital techniques, and especially of general purpose digital computers, in array radar systems.
Approximate revenue maximization in interdependent value settings

We study revenue maximization in settings where agents' values are interdependent: each agent receives a signal drawn from a correlated distribution and agents' values are functions of all of the signals. We introduce a variant of the generalized VCG auction with reserve prices and random admission, and show that this auction gives a constant approximation to the optimal expected revenue in matroid environments. Our results do not require any assumptions on the signal distributions, however, they require the value functions to satisfy a standard single-crossing property and a concavity-type condition.
Synthesis of mixed acyclic imides using pentafluorophenyl esters

Abstract Mixed acyclic imides are assembled using amide anions and pentafluorophenyl esters reacted in THF at low temperature. Sodium hexamethyldisilazide deprotonates lactam 4 followed by addition of pentafluorophenyl (PFP) esters to give imides in high yield (85–90%). Acyclic TMS-protected primary amides were also reacted under basic conditions with PFP esters to give mixed imides.
An interactive multiple-objective linear programming approach to a problem in forest management

Abstract In many situations it is under legislative mandate to manage publicly owned forest resources for multiple uses (e.g., timber production, hunting, grazing). The major obstacle that has been encountered in applying previously developed mathematical programming procedures to multiple-use forest management has been the difficulty in assessing the appropriate criterion weights required. To avoid the criterion weight estimation problem, an interactive multiple-objective linear programming approach, which does not require criterion weights of any kind, was developed in response to the needs of the multiple-use forest management problem. The procedure uses a combination of linear programming and vector-maximum techniques. At each iteration the cone generated by the gradients of the multiple objectives is contracted. On the last two iterations the most acceptable efficient extreme point is identified with the aid of a filtering device. As illustrated, the method has been applied to prepare preliminary management plans for a 10 000-acre subunit of a national forest.
Consequences of Satisfaction with Pay Systems: Two Field Studies

Research on pay satisfaction has been criticized for inattention to determining whether its multiple dimensions have different consequences and for overreliance on cross-sectional designs. Structural equation analyses of data from two field studies showed that satisfaction with pay systems, but not pay levels, led to greater perceived organizational support, which in turn affected employer commitment and organizational citizenship. Union commitment was a positive function of pay system satisfaction and a negative function of pay level satisfaction.
Enantio- and Diastereoselective Michael Reactions of Silyl Enol Ethers and Chalcones by Catalysis Using a Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salt

[reaction: see text] N-(9-Anthracenylmethyl)dihydrocinchonidinium bromide (1) is an effective catalyst for enantioselective Michael additions to chalcones, as shown in the above example, using toluene/50% aqueous KOH biphasic conditions at -20 degrees C.
On maximum likelihood estimation of the differencing parameter of fractionally-integrated noise with unknown mean

Abstract There are two approaches to maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameter of fractionally- integrated noise: approximate frequency-domain ML [Fox and Taqqu (1986)] and exact time- domain ML [Sowell (1992b)]. If the mean of the process is known , then a clear finite-sample mean-squared error ranking of the estimators emerges: the exact time-domain estimator is superior. We show in this paper, however, that the finite-sample efficiency of approximate frequency-domain ML relative to exact time-domain ML rises dramatically when the mean is unknown and so must be estimated. The intuition for our result is straightforward: the frequency-domain ML estimator is invariant to the true but unknown mean of the process, while the time-domain ML estimator is not. Feasible time-domain estimation must therefore be based upon de-meaned data, but the long memory associated with fractional integration makes precise estimation of the mean difficult. We conclude that the frequency-domain estimator is an attractive and efficient alternative for situations in which large sample sizes render time-domain estimation impractical.
Syntheses, structure, some band gaps, and electronic structures of CsLnZnTe3 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Y).

Eleven new quaternary rare-earth tellurides, CsLnZnTe3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Y), were prepared from solid-state reactions at 1123 K. These isostructural materials crystallize in the layered KZrCuS3 structure type in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm. The structure is composed of LnTe6 octahedra and ZnTe4 tetrahedra that share edges to form [LnZnTe3] layers. These layers stack perpendicular to [010] and are separated by layers of face- and edge-sharing CsTe8 bicapped trigonal prisms. There are no Te−Te bonds in the structure of these CsLnZnTe3 compounds so the formal oxidation states of Cs/Ln/Zn/Te are 1+/3+/2+/2−. Optical band gaps of 2.13 eV for CsGdZnTe3 and 2.12 eV for CsTbZnTe3 were deduced from single-crystal optical absorption measurements. A first-principles calculation of the density of states and the frequency-dependent optical properties was performed on CsGdZnTe3. The calculated band gap of 2.1 eV is in good agreement with the experimental value. A quadratic fit for ...
Simulation of Thermal Plasma Spraying of Partially Molten Ceramics: Effect of Carrier Gas on Particle Deposition and Phase Change Phenomena

A three-dimensional simulation of the thermal plasma spraying process is reported. In particular, the effect of the radial injection of a carrier gas is taken into account for a dilute spray The thermal history of powder particles of different sizes is predicted. It is shown that introduction of a carrier gas can lead to a significant modification of the plasma jet, and can have an effect on the thermal histories of the injected particles. The study is motivated by the processing of non-traditional materials, specifically nanostructured ceramics.
A Simple Method for the Electrophilic Cyanation of Secondary Amines

Bleach oxidizes trimethylsilyl cyanide to generate an electrophilic cyanating reagent that readily reacts with an amine nucleophile. This oxidative N-cyanation reaction allows for the preparation of disubstituted cyanamides from amines without using highly toxic cyanogen halides.
Hadrodynamics and quark structure

Abstract It is proved that conformal invariance of dual dynamics unambiguously fixes the possible quark configurations of all (exotic and non-exotic) hadrons. All these configurations follow a simple star-of-David rule (rule E of sect. 1). Rules for computing amplitudes for arbitrary hadronic processes involving external and/or intermediate exotic hadrons are given. The existence of quark diagrams such that one diagram has poles in all three channels of a four-point function is pointed out. The total quark number of a hadron is identified with a Casimir operator of a new “ D -spin” group.
A unified decimal floating-point architecture for the support of high-level languages

This paper summarizes a proposal for a decimal floating-point arithmetic interface for the support of high-level languages, consisting both of the arithmetic operations observed by application programs and facilities to produce subroutine libraries accessible from these programs. What is not included here are the detailed motivations, examinations of alternatives, and implementation considerations which will appear in the full work.
Coherent ultrawideband random noise radar systems: recent developments in Doppler estimation and SAR/ISAR imaging

The University of Nebraska-Lincoln has developed and field tested a coherent ultrawideband polarimetric random noise radar system that shows great promise in its ability to covertly estimate Doppler and image targets and terrain features. The system uses the technique of heterodyne correlation processing to preserve phase coherence, an essential ingredient in Doppler estimation and imaging applications. Prior work has been presented at past SPIE conferences on this topic. Some recent exciting developments have taken place that further underscore the utility of this system in operational scenarios. These include the accurate estimation of Doppler velocities, and achievement of theoretical slant-range and cross-range resolutions in SAR and ISAR imaging in an outdoor environment at approximately 200 meters range using a photonic delay line provided by SPAWAR. The experimental results are also supported by theoretical modeling and more controlled experimentation. This paper will summarize recent developments and discuss future research directions in this area.
Towards a molecular-size construction set: 3,3(n-1)-bisacetylthio[n]staffanes

Abstract Synthesis and properties of a series of staffanes 1[n], n = 1–5, functionalized with an -SR group at both termini are reported.
c = 1 matrix model from string field theory

We show that the boundary string field theory (BSFT) on unstable D0-branes in 2d string theory is equivalent to the double scaled c = 1 matrix model (i.e. quadratic action), even though we naively expect many interaction terms in BSFT. It is checked that S-matrices are trivial in the open string theory on the D0-branes. We discuss how to take the closed string decoupling limit in our model in order to make its holographic interpretation clear. We also find some useful lessons from our results in 2d string toward the further understanding of the higher dimensional BSFT action.
A new synthesis of 3-carboxy-2,5-disubstituted furans and their conversion to 5-vinyl derivatives

Abstract A new route to the title compounds is described. The key transformation involves treatment of a 2-(4-keto-2-alkynyl)-3-ketobutanoate with silica gel or Et3N to effect ring closure and subsequent double bond isomerization.
Balancing Production and Distribution in Paper Manufacturing

A paper manufacturing plant minimizes its production cost by using long production runs that combine the demands from its various customers. As jobs are completed, they are released to distribution for delivery. Deliveries are made by railcars, each of which is dedicated to one customer. Long production runs imply that maximizing railcar utilization requires holding the cars over several days or holding completed jobs within the loading facility. Each of these methods imposes a cost onto the distribution function. We find how distribution can minimize its cost, given production's schedule. We then consider the problem of minimizing the company's overall cost of both production and distribution. A computational study using general data illustrates that the distribution cost is reduced by 25.80% through our proposed scheme, and that the overall cost is reduced an additional 4.40% through our coordination mechanism. An optimal algorithm is derived for a specific plant's operations
Observation of dynamic stark splitting in infrared-infrared double resonance in methyl fluoride

Abstract Dynamic Stark splitting has been observed by scanning the Q P (5, 3) transition in the 2 ν 3 - ν 3 band in 13 CH 3 F with a CO 2 -laser based infrared microwave sideband generator while pumping the Q R (4, 3) transition in the ν 3 band with a second CO 2 laser. Similar splitting has been observed in the Q Q (12, 9) and Q R (12, 9) transitions in the 2 ν 3 - ν 3 band of 12 CH 3 F while pumping the Q R (11, 9) transition in the ν 3 band. The lineshapes of these and other double resonance effects have been fit to high accuracy by means of a computer program that computes the spectrum by solving the density matrix equations for a three-level system including summation over the spatially degenerate states and numerical integration over the velocity. The effects of contributions from collisional energy transfer, frequency modulation of the lasers, and misalignment of the laser beams have been calculated and are discussed. Difficulties that must be overcome in order to use these experiments for determination of energy transfer rates are described.
An approved laboratory program for photovoltaic reference cell development

Abstract A program is proposed for establishing at least one approved laboratory for the fabrication, calibration and certification of photovoltaic reference cells. The laboratory would provide the reference cells to solar cell manufacturers for use in calibrating production line solar cells and modules. The approved laboratory would be evaluated by the National Bureau of Standards and monitored for proficiency by using a reference laboratory for reference cell verification testing.
Warped Product Rigidity

In this paper we study the space of solutions to an overdetermined linear system involving the Hessian of functions. We show that if the solution space has dimension greater than one, then the underlying manifold has a very rigid warped product structure. This warped product structure will be used to study warped product Einstein structures in (HPW3).
The giving type: Identifying donors

Abstract One commonly used strategy in charitable fundraising is sharing names and contact information of donors between organizations, even those whose missions are unrelated. The efficacy of this practice hinges on the existence of “giving types,” that is, a positive correlation at the individual level between giving to one organization and to another. We run an experiment using a non-student sample (an artifactual field experiment) in which participants have the opportunity to donate to multiple charitable organizations. We examine the relationship between giving to one organization and giving to another. Our results support the existence of a giving type; a factor analysis demonstrates that giving decisions are driven by a single (unique) factor, and individuals who give to one organization, give significantly more to other organizations than do non-donors. Our results have important implications for the economics of charity and for fundraising practice.
Plants and Human Culture

Historically and presently, plants serve an intimate role in human culture. They influence language, art and literature; performing arts and modem mass media; politics and world events. Plants serv...