cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond photon echo spectroscopy of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Three-pulse photon echo peak shift measurements were performed on semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in polymer matrix at room temperature. Simultaneous modeling of the peak shift data in the limit of zero-intensity and the linear absorption spectrum enable us to extract an intrinsic homogeneous line width of 178 cm -1 , an inhomogeneous width of 698 cm -1 , and a Huang-Rhys factor of 0.04 for the radial breathing mode vibration. The peak shift data when combined with two-pulse photon echo and pump-probe measurements allows us to determine a pure exciton dephasing time scale of 78 fs at room temperature.
Peanuts, Peanut Oil, and Fat Free Peanut Flour Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Development of Atherosclerosis in Syrian Golden Hamsters

Human clinical trials have demonstrated the cardiovascular protective properties of peanuts and peanut oil in decreasing total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) without reducing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The cardiovascular effects of the nonlipid portion of peanuts has not been evaluated even though that fraction contains arginine, flavonoids, folates, and other compounds that have been linked to cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fat free peanut flour (FFPF), peanuts, and peanut oil on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis in male Syrian golden hamsters. Each experimental diet group was fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet with various peanut components (FFPF, peanut oil, or peanuts) substituted for similar metabolic components in the control diet. Tissues were collected at week 0, 12, 18, and 24. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), LDL-C, and HDL-C distributions were determined by high-performance gel filtration chromatography, while aortic total cholesterol (TC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF diet groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower TPC, non-HDL-C than the control group beginning at about 12 wk and continuing through the 24-wk study. HDL-C was not significantly different among the diet groups. Peanut and peanut component diets retarded an increase in TC and CE. Because CE is an indicator of the development of atherosclerosis this study demonstrated that peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF retarded the development of atherosclerosis in animals consuming an atherosclerosis inducing diet.
Serum Protein and Amino Acid Levels of Escherichia coli-Infected Chicks on High and Low Levels of Dietary Protein

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE effect of different levels of dietary proteins on bacterial infections has been investigated. Boyd and Edwards (1963) reported that mortality from Escherichia coli infection was higher in protein-deficient chicks, while mortality from Newcastle disease and Salmonella gallinarum infections was greater in chicks on a high protein diet. Koerner et al. (1949) and Dubos and Schaedler (1958) found that rats and mice were more susceptible to tuberculosis infection when on a low protein diet. Twenty-one amino acids in the plasma or serum of chickens of different ages have been identified by paper chromatography using diversified color tests (Chubb, 1959). Owings and Balloun (1961), Hill et al. (1961), Hill and Olsen (1963), and Askelson and Balloun (1963) found that the plasma amino acid concentrations were dependent on the type of protein supplementation in the diet. Ross et al. (1955) and Woodward et al. (1954) reported that chicks and rats have…
Geohydrologic Models of the Houston District, Texas

The major water-bearing units in the Houston district are the Chicot and Evangeline aquifer systems. Both systems consist of discontinuous layers of unconsolidated sand (aquifers) separated by clay layers. Extensive pumping has caused large declines of potentiometric surfaces in and around Houston. The declines have caused both the compaction of clay layers, which has resulted in land-surface subsidence, and the movement of salt water towards Houston. During the early 1960's, an electric analog model of the district was made. The model simulated water-level declines; but more importantly, the model indicated that the available data and conceptual model of the hydrologic system, consisting of two aquifers, were not totally adequate to allow simulation of the ground-water systems. During the early 1970's, a second electric analog was built. The second model used new data and a conceptual model consisting of two aquifer systems simulated water-level declines quite accurately, but the model was unable to accurately simulate the spatial distribution of water yielded from clay storage. A digital model was then developed during 1979 to simulate the hydrology of the district. The digital model used five layers and accurately simulated the hydraulic heads in both aquifer systems and land-surface subsidence.
7-Dimethylvinylidene-1-methoxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptane and Ethyl 1-Ethoxy-2-methylcyclopropane-3-carboxylate

Abstract As part of a study of the effect of neighboring functional groups on the β-oxycyclopropylcarbonium ion system2 from the viewpoints of the ease of preparation of its precursor β-oxycyclopropylcarbonyl compounds and the facility of its generation of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl and γ-dicarbonyl units3 a small investigation of the consequences of modification of the starting materials of the initial cyclopropanation step, i.e. usually enol ethers or esters and carbenoid generators such as diazomethyl keto compounds, was undertaken. The following discussion illustrates cyclopropanations, resulting from the involvement of an enol ether with an allenic carbene and of an inol ether with diazoacetic ester, as well as the subsequent unravelling of the oxygenated three-membered rings.
Fast EBCOT Encoder Architecture for JPEG 2000

Embedded Block Coding with optimized Truncation (EBCOT) is a very computation and hardware intensive algorithm. It consumes more than 50 percent processing time of JPEG2000 encoding system. In this paper, we present a new algorithm and architecture of Block Coder based on serial mode in JPEG2000. It processes two bit planes simultaneously along with the encoding of four bits of a stripe concurrently. The architecture is capable of encoding in the causal mode of the standard. The paper also describes a variant of pass switching arithmetic encoder which further reduces the computation time of tier 1 with minimal increase in hardware. The proposed architecture not only saves memory by 4K bits but also significantly increases the throughput. It is estimated that the throughput can be increased by over 50%. In addition, the new architecture also reduces memory access.
Fluorescence polarization studies of membrane fluidity: where do we go from here?

In the most general terms, the concept of membrane fluidity comprises a number of the motional characteristics of membrane components. It includes the translational and rotational motions of proteins and the translational diffusion of lipids in the plane of the membrane (“mobility”), and the segmental motions of lipid acyl chains and the reorientational motions of lipid polar head groups (“fluidity”). Fluidity appears to be an essential element of membrane structure and it is intimately related to biological function. Modifications in the composition of membrane lipids often result in alterations in membrane function. In numerous experiments (which are not considered explicitly in this review) it has been possible to detect the alteration in the physical properties of the membrane lipids and thus to link the alteration in the membrane composition and its structure to its function. For the purposes of this review we will regard fluidity as arising from the disordered nature of the lipid bilayer and mobility as reflecting diffusion of molecules within the matrix. While fluidity is a prerequisite for mobility, additional cellular factors may ultimately limit or determine the mobility of membrane proteins.
Salt marsh vegetation response to edaphic and topographic changes from upland sedimentation in a Pacific estuary

This study investigated how changes in salt marsh soil properties and topography on sediment fans related to shifts in salt marsh plant community composition in the Elkhorn Slough Watershed, California, USA. Several sediment fans have formed in this watershed as soil eroding from farms moved downslope, filling marshes, mudflats, and channels. Sandy sediment deposition increased marsh plain elevation and altered edaphic properties by increasing bulk density and decreasing soil moisture, salinity, and soil nitrogen compared to reference sites. These changes created a strong wetland- upland gradient and influenced the development of well-defined vegetation zones from wetland to upland: pickleweed (Salicornia virginica), cattail (Typha spp.) and bulrush (Scirpus spp.), and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). Based on statistical analysis, arroyo willow grew in a distinct edaphic environment, and its expansion into the salt marsh was restricted by elevation in tidal areas greater than 1.80 m NAVD 88, spring soil moisture levels lower than 20%, and year-round salinity levels lower than 2.67 dS/m. Cattail and bulrush were present in transitional environmental conditions with fluctuating salinity and at an elevation similar to that of the pickleweed community. The hydrogeologic setting played a part in this change, as the contribution of upland sandy soils likely facilitated the emergence of new edaphic properties including lower salinity, lower soil moisture, and reduced soil nutrients. The findings in this study underline the importance of on-going erosion-control efforts to estuarine conservation in Central California.
A Reexamination of Factors Influencing Philopatry in Rodents

The costs and benefits of philopatry (remaining at the natal nest) have been discussed in numerous papers. Nevertheless, there is still debate about the relative importance of factors that favor philopatry, which can result in the formation of social groups. The decision to remain at the natal nest can be examined by using models such as the delayed-dispersal threshold model, which takes into account risks of dispersal, probability of becoming established on a suitable territory, and probability of finding a mate. These factors, in turn, are influenced by ecological variables such as distribution of critical resources and population density. The often-cited conclusion from this and similar models is that ecological or social constraints promote philopatry whereas relaxation of the constraints result in dispersal. More recent theoretical approaches have included not only some of these ecological factors but also life-history traits (e.g., survival and age of maturation). Some of the latter models suggest that external constraints alone are inadequate to explain interspecific variation in group living. I review existing data to evaluate the relative importance of variables proposed to influence philopatry in rodents and argue that future studies may benefit from a broad approach that encompasses life-history and ecological factors, such as adult survival and territory quality.
Special Solicitude for State Standing: Massachusetts v. EPA

This articles explores the new special solicitude rule for states' standing when suing federal agencies, as set forth by the Supreme Court in its recent landmark decision on global warming and the regulation of greenhouse gases. It also discusses the implications of the Court's new distinction, from the same opinion, between agency discretion in rulemaking and agency discretion in enforcement, for purposes of judicial review and levels of judicial deference.
Factors affecting liver pyridine nucleotide concentration in hyperthyroid rats.

SummaryNo relationship was observed between survival time and liver pyridine nucleotide concentration of hyperthyroid rats. Pork, which prolongs survival, and nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, which do not prolong survival, partially prevented the fall in liver pyridine nucleotide concentration caused by thyroid-active substances. Methionine and betaine, which prolong survival, did not cause an increase in liver pyridine nucleotide concentration.
Aligning and Trespassing: Candidates’ Party-Based Issue and Trait Ownership on Twitter

This study examined how Republican and Democratic candidates utilized Twitter to manage their impressions during the 2012 U.S. Senate elections, and examined their discussion of political issues an...
Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer

AbstractWe reviewed 52 consecutive patients who had undergone radical cystectomy for bladder cancer prior to 1962 and have been followed for 15 to 23 years. The over-all survival rates at 5, 10 and 15 years were 38, 27 and 17 per cent. Pathologic staging was the most important prognostic factor in the series.
Nanoparticles Synthesized by Microorganisms

Microorganisms capable of synthesizing nanoparticles are prevalent microflora of the terrestrial and marine ecosystems. These microorganisms are involved in biogeochemical cycling of metals in processes such as precipitation (biomineralization), decomposition (bioweathering), and degradation (biocorrosion). The biosynthesis of metal NPs by microbes is a function of heavy metal toxicity resistance mechanisms. Resistance mechanisms range from redox enzymes that convert toxic metal ions to inert forms, structural proteins that bind protein, or through the use of efflux proteins that transport metal ions by proton motive force, chemiosmotic gradients, or ATP hydrolysis, which work together to coordinate synthesis nanoparticle synthesis. This chapter focuses on the biological systems; bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae for utilization in nanotechnology, especially in the development of a reliable and eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The rich microbial diversity points to their innate potential for acting as potential biofactories for nanoparticles synthesis.
Location-dependent frequency tuning of vibrating micromechanical resonators via laser trimming

Location-dependent, bidirectional laser trimming of the resonance frequencies of vibrating micromechanical resonators is demonstrated in steps as small as 21 ppm over it range of 20,200 ppm, and with targeting measures that suppress unwanted variations in Q and series motional resistance. Specifically, geometrically symmetrical laser targeting is shown to be instrumental in preserving high Q on the micro-scale, much more so than on the macro-scale. A semi-empirical model is used to model the trimming process and to identify the laser trim locations that most efficiently attain a desired shift in frequency with minimal Q reduction. Different micromechanical resonator types are trimmed to demonstrate the versatility of the technique, including a clamped-clamped beam and a wine glass disk.
Precise master-event locations of aftershocks of the 4 October 1978 Wheeler Crest earthquake sequence near Long Valley, California

Precise (<1 km) master-event hypocenters of aftershocks of the 4 October 1978 Wheeler Crest, California earthquake have been computed using a good distribution of close-in temporary stations (typically 10 stations, 0 to 20 km from the epicenter, with a coverage gap of less than 180°). Unlike other earthquakes which have occurred near Long Valley since this time, the Wheeler Crest event has a very simple aftershock pattern consistent with rupture at a depth of 15 km on a plane striking north and dipping about 70° to the west. The rupture plane defined by this aftershock pattern is about 5 by 8 km in extent. Focal mechanisms of this event based on first motions of P are consistent with left-lateral strike-slip motion on a plane striking N15°E (Fuis et al. , 1979); however Julian (1983) has found a non-double-couple focal mechanism based on teleseismic observations. The simplicity of the aftershock pattern is evidence for this event being a shear dislocation rather than a sudden dyke injection as proposed by Julian (1983). As with events of the ongoing Mammoth Lakes sequence, the proposed rupture surface does not correspond to recognized Holocene/Quaternary faults in this vicinity, but it does appear to be subparallel with trends of the 1980 aftershocks located a few km west (Lide and Ryall, 1985).
Ventilation heterogeneity measured by multiple breath inert gas testing is not affected by inspired oxygen concentration in healthy humans.

Hyperoxia is used to measure the distribution of ventilation in imaging and MBW but may alter the underlying ventilation distribution. We used MBW to evaluate the effect of inspired oxygen concentr...
The Nonprofit Capacities Instrument

Efforts to build capacity are ubiquitous in the nonprofit sector. However, scholarly and grant maker efforts are hampered by varied definitions of the concept, competing but untested models, and th...
A Biomimetic Phosphatidylcholine-Terminated Monolayer Greatly Improves the In Vivo Performance of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors

The real-time monitoring of specific analytes in situ in the living body would greatly advance our understanding of physiology and the development of personalized medicine. Because they are continuous (wash-free and reagentless) and are able to work in complex media (e.g., undiluted serum), electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors are promising candidates to fill this role. E-AB sensors suffer, however, from often-severe baseline drift when deployed in undiluted whole blood either in vitro or in vivo. We demonstrate that cell-membrane-mimicking phosphatidylcholine (PC)-terminated monolayers improve the performance of E-AB sensors, reducing the baseline drift from around 70 % to just a few percent after several hours in flowing whole blood in vitro. With this improvement comes the ability to deploy E-AB sensors directly in situ in the veins of live animals, achieving micromolar precision over many hours without the use of physical barriers or active drift-correction algorithms.
Naturally formed ultrathin V2O5 heteroepitaxial layer on VO2/sapphire(001) film

Abstract Vanadium dioxide (VO2) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin films change their properties in response to external stimuli such as photons, temperature, electric field and magnetic field and have applications in electronics, optical devices, and sensors. Due to the multiple valence states of V and non-stoichiometry in thin films, it is challenging to grow epitaxial, single-phase V-oxide on a substrate, or a heterostructure of two epitaxial V-oxides. We report the formation of a heterostructure consisting of a few nm thick ultrathin V2O5 epitaxial layer on pulsed laser deposited tens of nm thick epitaxial VO2 thin films grown on single crystal Al2O3(001) substrates without post annealing of the VO2 film. The simultaneous observation of the ultrathin epitaxial V2O5 layer and VO2 epitaxial film is only possible by our unique reflection high energy electron diffraction pole figure analysis. The out-of-plane and in-plane epitaxial relationships are V2O5[100]||VO2[010]||Al2O3[001] and V2O5[03 2 ¯ ]||VO2[100]||Al2O3[1 1 ¯ 0], respectively. The existence of the V2O5 layer on the surface of the VO2 film is also supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
Adaptive kernel methods

Abstract This paper discusses the Least Squares Support Vector Machine and implementing adaptive on-line algorithms based on recursive least squares algorithms. The algorithms are of moderate complexity and can implement nonlinear decision regions which make it suitable for many applications in communication and signal processing.
Correlation of Regional Warming with Global Emissions

A study of regional temperature reconstructions of the instrumental record 1850-2016 for five global regions is presented. No evidence is found to relate warming of sea surface temperature (SST) in either hemisphere to global emissions. The rate of warming over land in the Northern Hemisphere appears to show some evidence of correlation with global emissions in five of the twelve calendar months but the statistical significance of the correlation could not be verified with station data from the region. No correlation with emissions could be found in regional temperature reconstructions for land in the Southern Hemisphere or for combined land and ocean in either hemisphere. These results taken together do not support the claim that the observed warming in surface temperatures worldwide since the Industrial Revolution is driven by fossil fuel emissions or that observed changes in tropical cyclone characteristics due to rising SST are anthropogenic.
Simulation of finite-strain inelastic phenomena governed by creep and plasticity

Inelastic mechanical behavior plays an important role in many applications in science and engineering. Phenomenologically, this behavior is often modeled as plasticity or creep. Plasticity is used to represent the rate-independent component of inelastic deformation and creep is used to represent the rate-dependent component. In several applications, especially those at elevated temperatures and stresses, these processes occur simultaneously. In order to model these process, we develop a rate-objective, finite-deformation constitutive model for plasticity and creep. The plastic component of this model is based on rate-independent $$J_2$$ plasticity, and the creep component is based on a thermally activated Norton model. We describe the implementation of this model within a finite element formulation, and present a radial return mapping algorithm for it. This approach reduces the additional complexity of modeling plasticity and creep, over thermoelasticity, to just solving one nonlinear scalar equation at each quadrature point. We implement this algorithm within a multiphysics finite element code and evaluate the consistent tangent through automatic differentiation. We verify and validate the implementation, apply it to modeling the evolution of stresses in the flip chip manufacturing process, and test its parallel strong-scaling performance.
Anesthesia for Major Orthopedic Surgeries

Major orthopedic surgery is a continually growing field in developed nations across the world. The most common major joint procedures include total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee replacement (TKR), pelvic fracture surgery (PFS) and shoulder surgery. As the incidence of these cases continue to rise, anesthesiologists must become better attuned to the special requirements of these surgeries. Peri-operative considerations used to guide the anesthetic plan include the patient’s age, indication for surgery, surgical approach, and comorbid medical conditions. This chapter will discuss the preoperative patient optimization, specific operating room considerations, intraoperative care, and postoperative pain management. The perioperative considerations presented herein can additionally be extrapolated with adaptation to most other orthopedic surgical interventions.
Did Casey Strike Out? Following and Overruling Constitutional Precedents in the Supreme Court

This chapter challenges the supposed normative justifications of constitutional stare decisis in the Supreme Court. The author contends that a Justice who believes the Constitution must be obeyed even when it would produce what she believes to be unjust results should, for the same reasons, presumptively reject a supposed obligation to follow incorrect constitutional precedents. The author acknowledges that this presumption might in theory be overcome, if the consequences of overruling a precedent would be calamitous. But he suggests that this will rarely be the case, as the Court could delay implementation of an overruling in order to mitigate its effects or to allow the enactment of a corrective constitutional amendment. The author then specifically addresses the arguments for stare decisis advanced by the well-known plurality opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, finding them poorly reasoned and unpersuasive.
Natural Language Motivations for Extending Categorial Grammar

The purpose of this paper is to present a variety of linguistically significant generalizations that can naturally be represented within a specific version of categorial grammar we propose below. These generalizations are given in Sections 2–4. Section 1 introduces the specific form of categorial grammar we use, and Section 5 concludes with a tentative suggestion for a formal universal of natural language based on the empirically motivated work of the preceding sections.
Liver Failure in Infants and Children

Liver dysfunction is common in children requiring intensive care and is a common source of morbidity and mortality. Both primary disorders of the liver and complications of other underlying disorders may result in hepatic failure and life-threatening multisystem dysfunction. Slowly progressive liver disease may result from numerous disorders of infancy and childhood. The rate of progression and specific complications vary with the specific disorder, but most ultimately progress to cirrhosis and obstruction to portal venous blood flow, with variceal bleeding, intractable ascites, failed synthetic function, growth failure, severe coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and multiple organ dysfunction. Biliary atresia is the most common, but intrahepatic cholestasis, a variety of familial disorders, chronic viral infection, and parenteral nutrition induced cirrhosis are also relatively frequent.
LRRK2 deficiency impairs trans-Golgi to lysosome trafficking and endocytic cargo degradation in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells

Defects in vesicular trafficking underlie a wide variety of human diseases. Genetic disruption of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in rodents results in epithelial vesicular trafficking errors ...
The use of the Seattle Heart Failure Model to Guide Palliative Care Referrals in Advanced Heart Failure

Introduction Of the over 6 million individuals living with heart failure (HF) approximately 5% or 300,000 are living with advanced HF. These individuals report a high symptom burden including physical, emotional, and spiritual symptoms; all which contribute to an overall poor quality of life for both the individual and their families. Palliative care principles are recommended to meet the needs of individuals living with HF and their families and should be integrated throughout the illness trajectory, but low utilization of palliative care services in the HF population persists. There are several identified barriers that contribute to lack of palliative care services including the unpredictable illness trajectory, limited acknowledgement of HF terminality, and practitioner uncertainty when to initiate services. Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine the utility of the predicted survival score from the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) as a guide for initiating palliative care referrals. Methods Participants with a SHFM of Results The mean predicted survival for the 100 participants at the time of enrollment from the SHFM was 1.8 years. The 51 participants who died during data collection, had a SHFM predicted survival mean of 1.7 years but a mean actual survival of 0.74 years. Of the 49 participants who were alive at the conclusion of data collection 43% (21/49) outlived their predicted survival. Twelve of the 21 who lived longer than their predicted survival had an intervention (transplant or mechanical circulatory support device). Conclusions Even in the context of those living with advanced HF and a predicted survival of less than 2 years, the HF trajectory remains unpredictable at the end of life which makes the timing of palliative care referrals a challenge. The SHFM does not appear to be an effective screening tool for initiating palliative care services. Palliative care should be viewed as a philosophy of care initiated at the time of diagnosis with components of primary and specialized care.
The reporting rates of atypical glandular cells and their HPV testing and histologic follow-up results: a comparison between ThinPrep and SurePath preparations from a single academic institution.

Introduction The interpretation of atypical glandular cells (AGCs) remains a major challenge in gynecologic cytopathology using liquid-based cytology (LBC) (ThinPrep and SurePath). The comparison of performance of detecting glandular abnormalities using these 2 methods is lacking. We investigated the reporting rates of AGCs, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, and histologic follow-up results in ThinPrep (TP) and SurePath (SP) samples. Materials and methods In our institution, both TP and SP were utilized during the period between January 2014 and June 2017. A retrospective search was conducted to identify patients with AGCs from 58,591 LBCs (27,041 TP and 31,550 SP). Roche (Pleasanton, CA) cobas HPV testing and histologic follow-up results were collected. Results The reporting rates of AGCs for TP (0.7%) or SP (0.2%) were within the College of American Pathologists benchmark ranges, but the reporting for TP was significantly greater than that for SP (P Conclusions TP preparation detected considerably more AGCs than SP preparation. There was no statistical significant difference in HPV-positive rates or histologic follow-up outcomes between TP-detected AGCs and SP-detected AGCs.
Anti-bootlegging provisions: Congressional power and constitutional limitations

Courts and scholars have considered the constitutional validity of 17 U.S.C. § 1101 (civil), and 18 U.S.C. § 2319A (criminal), known as “the anti-bootlegging provisions.” These provisions prohibit unauthorized recording, copying and distribution of live musical performances. The provisions have been challenged in three cases, resulting in five different published opinions. Two district court opinions held the provisions unconstitutional, but subsequent opinions vacated those decisions. Notwithstanding a sharp division among copyright scholars, the courts have upheld these provisions. The discussion surrounding these provisions demonstrates a continuing struggle to ascertain limits on congressional power to regulate copying and distribution of expression. The latest decision in this area, United States v. Martignon, 492 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 2007), found that Congress had the power to enact § 2319A, but left two major issues unresolved. First, it only considered the constitutionality of the criminal provision, and its analysis calls into doubt the constitutionality of the companion civil anti-bootlegging provision that was not before the court. Second, Martignon did not consider the first amendment free speech challenge to the statute and remanded the case for consideration of that issue. This article demonstrates that the Constitution firmly supports Congress’s power to enact the anti-bootlegging provisions as an exercise of the Commerce Clause, which does not conflict with the Copyright Clause, and does not violate the First Amendment.
New series identities with Cauchy, Stirling, and harmonic numbers, and Laguerre polynomials

In this article we use an interplay between Newton series and binomial formulas in order to generate a number of series identities involving Cauchy numbers, harmonic numbers, Laguerre polynomials, and Stirling numbers of the first kind.
Oliver Wendell Holmes: A Willing Servant to an Unknown God

Oliver Wendell Holmes was one of the most influential figures in American law. As a Supreme Court Justice, he wrote foundational opinions about such important constitutional issues as freedom of speech and the limits of state regulatory power. As a scholar and Massachusetts High Court judge, he helped to reshape the common law for the modern industrial era. And yet, despite the many accounts of his career, Holmes himself remains an enigma. This book is the first to explore the nineteenth-century New England influences so crucial to the formation of his character. Inspired by Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendentalism, Holmes belonged to a group of men who formulated a philosophy known as American pragmatism that stood as an alternative to English empiricism and German rationalism. This innovative study places Holmes within the transcendentalist, pragmatist tradition and thereby unlocks his unique identity and contribution to American law. Wells' nuanced analysis will appeal to legal scholars, historians, philosophers, and general readers alike.
Effects of a habitat-modifying eelgrass epibiont on predator success and epifaunal survival

Abstract Structural complexity plays an important role in mediating predator-prey interactions. Structural elements can limit predator mobility and ability to detect prey, increasing prey survival. Seagrasses are marine plants that provide refuge for many fishes and invertebrates by increasing the structural complexity of the benthos. Though prey survival often is positively correlated with seagrass biomass or shoot density, seagrasses frequently are colonized by epibiotic organisms such as algae and colonial invertebrates, which could affect this relationship. In San Diego Bay, Thalamoporella californica Levinsen is a common rigid branching bryozoan that creates a three-dimensional structure within eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) canopies. We conducted laboratory mesocosm experiments in which we examined fish Heterostichus rostratus predator foraging behaviors and shrimp Hippolyte californiensis prey escape behavior with (i) different densities of artificial seagrass, both with and without artificial bryozoans, and (ii) constant seagrass density, but varying amounts of artificial bryozoans. We also conducted a laboratory habitat selection experiment to determine if H. rostratus prefer to forage in artificial eelgrass with or without the presence of artificial bryozoans, and a field experiment to determine whether bryozoan, eelgrass and algal biomasses influenced survivorship of tethered H. californiensis. In the lab, we found that increasing eelgrass density reduced predator foraging efficiency, but bryozoans did not alter this relationship. We also found that fish preferred foraging in artificial eelgrass without artificial bryozoans. In the field, the biomass of bryozoans, eelgrass and algae did not influence tethered shrimp relative survival. Our results suggest that it should not be assumed that alterations to habitat complexity alter the outcomes of predator-prey interactions in seagrass habitat.
Design of a 3000-Pixel Transition-Edge Sensor X-Ray Spectrometer for Microcircuit Tomography

Feature sizes in integrated circuits have decreased substantially over time, and it has become increasingly difficult to three-dimensionally image these complex circuits after fabrication. This can be important for process development, defect analysis, and detection of unexpected structures in externally sourced chips, among other applications. Here, we report on a non-destructive, tabletop approach that addresses this imaging problem through x-ray tomography, which we uniquely realize with an instrument that combines a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a transition-edge sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer. Our approach uses the highly focused SEM electron beam to generate a small x-ray generation region in a carefully designed target layer that is placed over the sample being tested. With the high collection efficiency and resolving power of a TES spectrometer, we can isolate x-rays generated in the target from background and trace their paths through regions of interest in the sample layers, providing information about the various materials along the x-ray paths through their attenuation functions. We have recently demonstrated our approach using a 240 Mo/Cu bilayer TES prototype instrument on a simplified test sample containing features with sizes of $\sim$ 1 $\mu$ m. Currently, we are designing and building a 3000 Mo/Au bilayer TES spectrometer upgrade, which is expected to improve the imaging speed by factor of up to 60 through a combination of increased detector number and detector speed.
Unexpected false feelings of familiarity about faces are associated with increased pupil dilations

Our subjective sense that something we encounter is familiar to us is reflected by changes in pupil size. Although pupil dilation effects of familiarity have been well documented, familiarity is not the only, or even the strongest, contributing factor to pupil dilation. Changes in pupil dilation also reflect changes in brightness, affective or emotional responses, hormonal release, expected value or utility, and surprise, among others. Because many factors can affect pupil dilation, important questions remain about how pupil dilation changes reflect high-order cognitive processes, like attention and memory. For example, because surprise and familiarity are often difficult to fully distinguish (since new experiences can be surprising or unexpected), it can be difficult to tease apart pupil dilation effects of surprise versus familiarity. To better understand the effects of surprise and familiarity on pupil dilation, we examined pupil responses during a recognition memory task involving photographs of faces and outdoor scenes. When participants rated novel face images as "familiar," we observed a robust pupil dilation response.
Hierarchical overlapping belief estimation by structured matrix factorization

Much work on social media opinion polarization focuses on a flat categorization of stances (or orthogonal beliefs) of different communities from media traces. We extend in this work in two important respects. First, we detect not only points of disagreement between communities, but also points of agreement. In other words, we estimate community beliefs in the presence of overlap. Second, in lieu of flat categorization, we consider hierarchical belief estimation, where communities might be hierarchically divided. For example, two opposing parties might disagree on core issues, but within a party, despite agreement on fundamentals, disagreement might occur on further details. We call the resulting combined problem a hierarchical overlapping belief estimation problem. To solve it, this paper develops a new class of unsupervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithms, we call Belief Structured Matrix Factorization (BSMF). Our proposed unsupervised algorithm captures both the latent belief intersections and dissimilarities, as well as hierarchical structure. We discuss properties of the algorithm and evaluate it on both synthetic and real-world datasets. In the synthetic dataset, our model reduces error by 40%. In real Twitter traces, it improves accuracy by around 10%. The model also achieves 96.08% self-consistency in a sanity check.
P110 The Healthy Communities Initiative: Gathering Community Input During COVID-19

Background The Louisiana Healthy Communities Initiative, led by the LSU AgCenter, guides SNAP-Ed policy, systems, and environmental change efforts. Prior to COVID19, agents held in-person community forums to gather input and community priorities for interventions. COVID19 spurred innovation in this process. Although many states have used videoconferencing services to host meetings, lack of functional internet access posed a barrier for many communities in Louisiana. Objective To gather broad community input through Qualtrics surveys in order to assess needs and assets, guide project prioritization, and gather feedback on previous projects. Study Design, Settings, Participants Qualtrics surveys were distributed via email to community members, stakeholders, and partners serving low-income audiences. Three surveys solicited feedback for existing Healthy Communities coalitions (n = 45); 1 survey gathered initial input for a newly formed Healthy Communities coalition (n = 63). The overall response rate across all surveys was 23.6%. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Survey responses to community health and engagement questions were separated by counties and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The research team worked with Extension agents to conduct member checking through discussing survey results with participants. Results One hundred and eight responses were received from 4 communities. Extension agents reported high satisfaction with the process. Surveys provided action items and potential new coalition members. Across all 4 communities, common themes included acknowledging racial health disparities, a need for greater community involvement in coalition efforts, and a lack of healthy food options. Conclusion Qualtrics surveys were an effective way to gather community input and allowed wider participation than would have been possible with a virtual meeting. Post-COVID, agents plan to continue to solicit community input through Qualtrics surveys, in addition to face-to-face forums. This method is a valuable tool for lower-income and rural communities. Results reflected an awareness of low community engagement, racial health disparities and limited healthy food access.
Digital divide and marginalized women during COVID-19: a study of women recently released from prison

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgency to bridge the digital divide, as those without reliable internet, adequate devices, and digital literacy skills were severely disadvantaged when most essential activities moved online. This study examines how the pandemic has affected women recently released from jail or prison, a group that was already at a disadvantage in terms of digital access and skills even before the pandemic. Our interviews with 45 women in transition show that their lack of stable access to the internet and digital devices during the pandemic influenced their post-incarceration supervision requirements, job applications, educational opportunities, and others. These women navigated the challenges by working with their social connections (e.g., friends and neighbors) and relying on emergency resources deployed by local institutions during the pandemic. Those staying in transitional houses before being fully released into communities indicated that they often depended on facility staff or family/friends in the community for pandemic-related information due to their limited access to the internet in those facilities. These and other findings from this research provide insights into the technological challenges and needs of marginalized women during the public health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Information, Communication & Society is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Selectivity in electron emission induced by ultrashort circularly polarized laser pulses

We theoretically investigate the ionization of neonlike atoms by an intense ultrashort circularly polarized laser pulse as a function of wavelength, spanning the regime from single-photon ionization to multiphoton and tunneling ionization. In order to determine the dependence of the ionization probabilities on the magnetic quantum number of the initial state, we perform ab initio numerical calculations of the corresponding time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation in the single-active-electron approximation. Specific emphasis of our analysis is given to the intermediate-wavelength regime of about 50 nm to 300 nm, in which the trend in the ionization probability of counterrotating electrons strongly differs from those for electrons in the other two initial magnetic sublevels. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the enhanced emission of counterrotating electrons occurs via photon absorption channels, which are only accessible for electrons rotating opposite to the rotation direction of the external electric field. Physical mechanisms behind the enhancement are identified as threshold effects, in which the emission into continuum states with low angular momentum quantum numbers is favored, and resonant enhanced ionization involving transitions via specific excited states in the atom. Numerical results showing the strong population in the relevant excited states, specifically those with low angular momentum quantum number, for the ionization of counterrotating electrons, and the overall similar trends in ionization and excitation for electrons with the other two initial magnetic quantum numbers support our interpretation. Overall, these effects lead to a change in the ionization ratio of co- to counterrotating electrons by two orders of magnitude from 10:1 to 1:10. This strong selectivity in the emission of electrons may lead to new opportunities in the generation of ultrashort spin-polarized electron pulses.
Green tea EGCG suppresses specific antigen driven T cell response and affects CD4+ T cell differentiation

T cells, in particular CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, play a key role in mediating many aspects of autoimmune diseases. Th1 and the recently discovered Th17 cells are pro-inflammatory subsets of Th cell...
Rethinking the Effects of Classroom Activity Structure on the Engagement of Low-Achieving Students.

Background/ContextA common perspective found in the literature on classroom activity structures hypothesizes that a whole-class mode of instruction is linked with increased problems of achievement ...
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control: A Tutorial and Survey

Abstract This paper presents a tutorial survey of model predictive control for constrained linear plants and nonlinear plants. A streamlined implementation is presented for constrained linear systems. The formulation is shown to be nominally stabilizing in the presence of constraints provided inconsistent state constraints are relaxed. Cases with incomplete state measurement and nonzero set points are also discussed. A constant output disturbance model is shown to provide offset free integral control. The differences between optimal control and model predictive control are illustrated with a stochastic control example. Nominal stability is proved for a class of nonlinear plants. The major topics of current research in the field are summarized.
Identification of mouse MD-2 residues important for forming the cell surface TLR4-MD-2 complex recognized by anti-TLR4-MD-2 antibodies, and for conferring LPS and Taxol responsiveness on mouse TLR4 by alanine-scanning mutagenesis

The expression of MD-2, which associates with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on the cell surface, confers LPS and LPS-mimetic Taxol responsiveness on TLR4. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis was performed to identify the mouse MD-2 residues important for conferring LPS and Taxol responsiveness on mouse TLR4, and for forming the cell surface TLR4-MD-2 complex recognized by anti-TLR4-MD-2 Ab MTS510. Single alanine mutations were introduced into mouse MD-2 (residues 17–160), and the mutants were expressed in a human cell line expressing mouse TLR4. Mouse MD-2 mutants, in which a single alanine mutation was introduced at Cys 37 , Leu 71 , Leu 78 , Cys 95 , Tyr 102 , Cys 105 , Glu 111 , Val 113 , Ile 117 , Pro 118 , Phe 119 , Glu 136 , Ile 138 , Leu 146 , Cys 148 , or Thr 152 , showed dramatically reduced ability to form the cell surface mouse TLR4-mouse MD-2 complex recognized by MTS510, and the mutants also showed reduced ability to confer LPS and Taxol responsiveness. In contrast, mouse MD-2 mutants, in which a single alanine mutation was introduced at Tyr 34 , Tyr 36 , Gly 59 , Val 82 , Ile 85 , Phe 126 , Pro 127 , Gly 129 , Ile 153 , Ile 154 , and His 155 showed normal ability to form the cell surface mouse TLR4-mouse MD-2 complex recognized by MTS510, but their ability to confer LPS and Taxol responsiveness was apparently reduced. These results suggest that the ability of MD-2 to form the cell surface mouse TLR4-mouse MD-2 complex recognized by MTS510 is essential for conferring LPS and Taxol responsiveness on TLR4, but not sufficient. In addition, the required residues at codon numbers 34, 85, 101, 122, and 153 for the ability of mouse MD-2 to confer LPS responsiveness are partly different from those for Taxol responsiveness.