cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breakdowns in Home-School Collaboration for Behavioral Intervention

For some children, behavioral health services are critical in supporting their development and preventing adverse outcomes such as school dropout, substance use, or encounters with juvenile justice. Schools play an important role in identifying problem behavior and providing appropriate intervention, and these efforts are most effective when executed in collaboration with parents at home. However, home-school collaboration is difficult to achieve. In this work, we investigated lack of information sharing as a barrier to collaboration, through a qualitative study including observation, contextual inquiry, and interviews. We found that policies, processes, and tools for documenting behaviors in schools are implemented without significant consideration toward exchanging information with parents. Consequently, a lack of effective two-way information sharing tended to hinder collaboration and erode trust. Combining our empirical findings with evidence-based strategies for parent involvement, we discuss design opportunities for promoting collaboration toward positive behavioral outcomes for children.
Should We Screen Oncotype DX Eligible Patients With Breast MRI

Abstract Purpose Oncotype DX is a genomic test used to predict chemotherapy benefit and recurrence risk in early stage breast cancer patients. A previous study has shown that in patients with multiple tumors sent for Oncotype DX analysis, differing results between the tumors were yielded that ultimately changed chemotherapy management in 27% of cases. The purpose of this study is to determine the utility of preoperative MRI in Oncotype DX eligible patients. Methods A retrospective, Institutional review board approved study identified 888 consecutive new breast cancer patients from 2012 to 2016 at a single institution and identified 541 patients who potentially would be eligible for Oncotype DX. Frequency of additional disease in this population group was recorded. The method of imaging used, either conventional imaging (mammography and ultrasound) or additional MRI, was evaluated. Results Of 541 patients, 360 patients had conventional imaging performed only and 181 patients had an additional breast MRI. Of 541 patients, 73 patients (13.5%) had additional biopsy proven multifocal, multicentric, or contralateral tumors identified. The total number of additional disease within the conventional imaging group was 39 of 360 patients (10.8%), vs 34 of 181 patients (18.8%) in the MRI group, which was statistically significant (P = 0.02). Total 34 of 73 patients (46.6%) had additional disease only detected by MRI. Conclusions In patients who may be eligible for Oncotype DX evaluation, 13.5% of patients were found to have additional disease. Nearly half of the patients had additional disease only detected by MRI, indicating the potentially utility of preoperative MRI in this patient population.
Improving In Vivo Brain Delivery of Monoclonal Antibody Using Novel Cyclic Peptides.

Many proteins can be used to treat brain diseases; however, the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) creates an obstacle to delivering them into the brain. Previously, various molecules were delivered through the paracellular pathway of the BBB via its modulation, using ADTC5 and HAV6 peptides. This study goal was to design new cyclic peptides with N-to-C terminal cyclization for better plasma stability and modulation of the BBB. Cyclic HAVN1 and HAVN2 peptides were derived from a linear HAV6 peptide. Linear and N-to-C terminal cyclic ADTHAV peptides were designed by combining the sequences of ADTC5 and HAV6. These novel cyclic peptides were used to deliver an IRdye800CW-labeled IgG monoclonal antibody into the brain. Cyclic HAVN1 and HAVN2 peptides deliver IgG into the brain, while the parent linear HAV6 peptide does not. Cyclic and linear ADTHAV and ADTC5 peptides enhanced brain delivery of IgG mAb, in which cyclic ADTHAV peptide was better than linear ADTHAV (p = 0.07). Cyclic ADTHAV and ADTC5 influenced the distribution of IgG mAb in other organs while HAV6, HAVN1 and HAVN2 did not. In summary, the novel cyclic peptides are generally better BBB modulators than their linear counterparts for delivering IgG mAb into the brain.
Optimal temporal logic planning with cascading soft constraints

In this paper, we address the problem of temporal logic planning given both hard specifications of the robot’s mission and soft preferences on the plans that achieve the mission. In particular, we consider a problem whose inputs are a transition system, a linear temporal logic (LTL) formula specifying the robot’s mission, and an ordered sequence of formulas expressed in linear dynamic logic over finite traces (LDL f ) specifying the user’s preferences for how the mission should be completed. The planner’s objective is to synthesize, on this transition system, an infinite trajectory that best fits the user’s preferences over finite prefixes of that trajectory while nonetheless satisfying the overall objective. We describe an algorithm for this problem that constructs, from the inputs, a product automaton —which is, in fact, a special kind of state-weighted Buchi automaton— over which an optimal trajectory is synthesized. This synthesis problem is solved via reduction to the minimax path problem in vertex weighted graphs, which can be solved by variants of the standard algorithms for computing shortest paths in a graph or by algorithms for the all-pairs bottleneck paths problem on vertex-weighted graphs. We show the applicability of the approach via some case studies, for which we present results computed by an implementation.
Use of copper in pine nurseries

Copper has been used by nursery managers for more than 100 years to suppress fungi and as a fertilizer for more than 50 years. Consequently, nursery seedlings with copper deficiencies are rare, especially for broadleaf species. In many nurseries, soil contains <10 μg-Cu g-1 and in greenhouse trials, pine seedlings are relatively tolerant of soil levels with 35 μg-Cu g-1. A million bareroot pine seedlings may contain 50 to 100 g-Cu and, when soil tests indicate low copper levels, managers might apply 1 kg-Cu per million seedlings. In contrast, it may take only 15 g-Cu to produce one million container-grown seedlings. Copper fertilization is typically not required when 30 cm of applied irrigation water contains 0.1 μg-Cu g-1 (supplying 0.3 kg-Cu ha-1). This review highlights some of the past and current uses of copper in bareroot and container nurseries with a focus on deficiency and toxicity effects as well as the impact of various copper-based products and provides recommendations on ideal soil and foliar ranges.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Selective Mutism in Identical Twins

Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by persistent failure to speak in situations where speech is expected. There is evidence that behavioral interventions are effective for ...
Neurobiological aspects of pain in the context of alcohol use disorder

Alcohol is an effective and widely utilized analgesic. However, the chronic use of alcohol can actually facilitate nociceptive sensitivity over time, a condition known as hyperalgesia. Excessive and uncontrollable alcohol drinking is also a hallmark feature of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Both AUD and chronic pain are typically accompanied by negative affective states that may underlie reinforcement mechanisms contributing to AUD maintenance or progression. Frequent utilization of alcohol to relieve pain in individuals suffering from AUD or other chronic pain conditions may thus represent a powerful negative reinforcement construct. This chapter will describe ties between alcohol-mediated pain relief and potential exacerbation of AUD. We describe neurobiological systems engaged in alcohol analgesia as well as systems recruited in the development and maintenance of AUD and hyperalgesia. Although few effective therapies exist for either chronic pain or AUD, the common interaction of these conditions will likely lead the way for promising new discoveries of more effective and even simultaneous treatment of AUD and co-morbid hyperalgesia. An abundance of neurobiological findings from multiple laboratories has implicated a potentiation of central amygdala (CeA) signaling in both pain and AUD, and these data also suggest that attenuation of stress-related systems (including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, and glucocorticoid receptor activity) would be particularly effective and comprehensive therapeutic strategies targeting the critical intersection of somatic and motivational mechanisms driving AUD, including alcohol-induced hyperalgesia.
Comparison of IV oncology infusions compounded via robotics and gravimetrics-assisted workflow processes.

PURPOSE A study was conducted to compare an intravenous (IV) gravimetric technology-assisted workflow (TAWF) platform to an IV robotic system. In the study we reviewed both IV technology platforms using the same gravimetric quality assurance system, which allowed for direct comparison. METHODS All oncology preparations compounded from January 2016 through December 2018 using either system were included in our retrospective analysis. Final preparation accuracy, IV system precision, and workflow throughput (analyzed using lean process methodologies) were evaluated. RESULTS Data analysis indicated that use of the IV gravimetric TAWF system was associated with a significantly lower percentage of accuracy errors compared to the IV robotics system (1.58% vs 2.47%, P < 0.001), with no significant difference in absolute precision (1.12 vs 1.12 P = 0.952). Lean analysis demonstrated that overall completion time (17:49 minutes vs 24:45 minutes) and compound preparation time (2:39 minutes vs 6:07 minutes) were less with the IV gravimetric TAWF vs the IV robotics system. CONCLUSION Implementation of either an IV gravimetric TAWF system or IV robotics system will result in similar compounding accuracy and precision. Preparation time was less with use of the IV gravimetric TAWF vs the IV robotic system, but the IV robotic system required less human intervention. Both systems ensure medication safety for patients, although the IV robotic system has increased safeguards in place. Therefore, the primary driver for implementing these systems is alternative factors such as cost of systems implementation and maintenance, employee safety, and drug waste.
From Classroom to Industry: Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Decision-Making

The presence of human factors in aviation remains a critical area of research given the safety implications of human error. Understanding what specific factors contribute to human error allows managers and operators to take steps to mitigate these hazards. Several methods have been tested in the cockpit and cabin crew environments, but less attention has been given to the aviation maintenance sector, despite the prevalence of accidents resulting from human error. With the introduction of AC-172A, the FAA validated the need for additional research and training on the role of human factors in aviation maintenance errors. However, a key component in this process is often overlooked--the role of decision-making. In aviation maintenance, the environment can change rapidly. Technicians must react and adjust their behavior, and their decision-making abilities, accordingly. Human factors such as fatigue, pressure, and distractions can interrupt cognitive processes and judgment, and in turn, decision-making. As technicians adapt to these environmental challenges, strategies must be in place to facilitate optimal decision-making. Recommendations for addressing the presence of human factors in aviation maintenance and the resulting impact on the decision-making process include taking both a proactive and reactive approach to human error identification. Proactively screening for individuals who are too risk-averse or too comfortable with taking risks can help hiring managers employ the right personnel equipped to make appropriate decisions in high consequence industries, such as aviation. Additionally, by encouraging and reviewing hazard reports, steps can be taken to mitigate human error factors in the future. Anonymous hazard reporting tools such as the REPAIRER allow maintenance managers to leverage existing (and FAA-required) safety management systems (SMS) by including a human factors analysis.
Joint Learning for Deformable Registration and Malignancy Classification of Lung Nodules

The use of low-dose Computer Tomography (CT) has been effective in reducing the mortality rate of lung cancer. With the rapid increase in the number of studies, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems need to be developed to further assist radiologists in detecting and classifying lung nodules in CT scans. In this paper we propose a new system based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, U-net, and ResNet architectures. This network performs the dual task of registration of lung nodule scans in two time points and additionally performs benign/malignant classification. The training and testing data were put together based on a subset of data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), referred to as NLSTx which has biopsy confirmed diagnoses for the nodules. The combination of deformable registration and binary classification performed by the network will increase the usefulness of this CADx system allowing both measurement of the growth and classification of the nodule.
Research and Career Outcomes for Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Graduates.

OBJECTIVES Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellowships have rapidly developed to meet established needs. The purpose of this research was to describe the research and career outcomes of PHM fellowship graduates. We hypothesized that graduates would report significant research and academic productivity. METHODS This was an institutional review board–approved, cross-sectional survey of PHM fellowship graduates in 2018. The 88-item survey was modified from an existing survey, developed by experts to address study objectives and pilot tested, and it included quantitative and qualitative items to assess characteristics of fellowship training and research and career outcomes. RESULTS A total of 63% of PHM fellowship graduates (143 of 228) completed the survey (graduation dates, 2000–2018). In total, 89% graduated from dedicated PHM fellowship programs, with 59% completing a 2-year fellowship and 78% now practicing primarily at a university or children’s hospital. Fellows conducted research in clinical research (53%), quality improvement (41%), health services (24%), and medical education (19%). A total of 77% of graduates continued to do research after graduation, with 63% publishing and 25% obtaining grant funding. Graduates of 2- and 3-year fellowships and those with a master’s degree were significantly more productive. Graduates now hold important roles in academic and health systems leadership. Graduates are highly satisfied with their decision to do PHM fellowship and identified 5 themes regarding how fellowship impacted their career outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we document robust research activity and leadership positions among PHM fellowship graduates and can serve as a benchmark for metrics that PHM educational leaders can use to assess outcomes and improve training regarding research and career development.
Measuring Expert Performance for Serious Games Analytics: From Data to Insights

Advances in technology have made it possible to trace players’ actions and behaviors (as user-generated data) within online serious gaming environments for performance measurement and improvement purposes. Instead of a Black box approach (such as pretest/posttest), we can approach serious games as a White box, assessing performance of play-learners by manipulating the performance variables directly. In this chapter, we describe the processes to obtain user-generated gameplay data in situ using serious games for training—i.e., data tracing, cleaning, mining, and visualization. We also examine ways to differentiate expert-novice performances in serious games, including behavior profiling. We introduce a new Expertise Performance Index, based on string similarities that take into account the “course of actions” chosen by experts and compare that to those of the novices. The Expertise Performance Index can be useful as a metric for serious games analytics because it can rank play-learners according to their competency levels in the serious games.
Aspect and the Categorization of States: The Case of Ser and Estar in Spanish

In this work, the Spanish copulae ser and estar are argued to be aspectual morphemes. Their binary opposition reflects the universal aspectual values [±Perfective], which are the same ones overtly expressed by the preterite and imperfect past tense forms in Spanish. It can therefore be shown that different types of states, just like different types of events, can be categorized based on their aspectual composition. Additionally, the inherent semantic differences between events and states can be accounted for by analyzing aspect as applying to events internally and to states externally . A useful resource for the beginning linguist as well as the most seasoned analyst, this work is written in language that is easy to understand while remaining faithful to all of the appropriate relevant technical terminology. Anyone who is seriously interested in exploring why the Spanish verbs ser and estar are used the way they are should read this book.
Message encoding/decoding using chaotic pulsing semiconductor lasers

Chaotic communication using chaotic pulsing semiconductor lasers has been investigated. A high-speed digital message has been encoded/decoded on a chaotic pulsing carrier. Good message hiding during transmission and message recovery at a receiver has been observed.
Baseline airway hyperreactivity in A/J mice is not mediated by cells of the adaptive immune system.

Human asthma is characterized by increased airway hyperreactivity to a variety of bronchoconstricting agents. Aberrant type 2 immune responses in the lung have been associated with airway hyperreactivity in both human asthma and in murine models of allergic airways disease. Despite their intrinsically elevated basal airway reactivity to smooth muscle constricting agents, A/J mice demonstrated no inherent inflammatory cell infiltration nor elevation of type 2 cytokines in the lung. Crossed bone marrow reconstitution experiments between A/J and MHC congenic B10.A mice revealed enhanced airway reactivity only in A/J recipients, irrespective of whether they had been reconstituted with A/J or B10. A hemopoietic cells. Further, A/J-derived bone marrow cells did not affect the reactivity of B10.A recipients. Although mice on RAG-deficient and IL-4-deficient backgrounds demonstrate substantial abrogation of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity, these gene deletions had no impact on the elevated baseline reactivity when backcrossed onto A/J mice. Thus, in these mice, basal airway hyperreactivity is maintained independently of type 2 immunity induced by allergens.
Laminar and Turbulent Overland Flow Hydrographs

An understanding of the physical flow phenomenon is important to the investigator as he formulates a computer-solved mathematical model to synthesize flow. To further this understanding this paper presents an application of the kinematic flow assumptions to the analysis of experimental overland-flow hydrograph data. The results of this analysis give an indication of flow regime, roughness, and the nature of the change from laminar to turbulent flow. The hydrographs are put in dimensionless form using the rainfall and the kinematic time to equilibrium as normalizing factors. Included is an analysis of a computer-solved mathematical model. The results from the data analysis are used in this model to synthesize a turbulent and a laminar hydrograph which compare favorably with the original experimental data.
Thermal Radio Emission from the Winds of Single Stars

Observations of thermal emission at radio wavelengths provides a powerful diagnostic of the rate of mass loss and temperature of the winds of early-type stars. Some winds are also strong sources of nonthermal emission. Case studies of known thermal and nonthermal sources provide empirical criteria for classifying the observed radio radiation. Mass loss rates are derived for 37 OB and Wolf-Rayet stars considered “definite” or “probable” thermal wind sources by these criteria. The rate of mass loss is strongly linked to stellar luminosity in OB stars and probably linked to stellar mass in Wolf-Rayet stars, with no measurable correlation with any other stellar property. A few late-type giants and supergiants also have detectable thermal emission, which arises from extended, accelerating, partially-ionized chromospheres.
Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Solution for Health

Throughout evolution, sunlight-produced vitamin D in the skin has been critically important for health. Vitamin D, known as the sunshine vitamin, is actually a hormone. Once it is produced in the skin or ingested from the diet, it is converted sequentially in the liver and kidneys to its biologically active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This hormone interacts with its receptor in the small intestine to increase the efficiency of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption for the maintenance of the skeleton throughout life. Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis, making it difficult for childbirth. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. Essentially, every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers, and infectious diseases. Therefore, sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health.
Maritime Trade, Seapower, and the Anglo‐Mysore Wars, 1767–1799

On 5 April 1794, Charles, Earl Cornwallis, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Governor General and Commander in Chief India, was bestowed the freedom of the city of London by its Lord Ma...
House Price Impacts of Racial, Income, Education, and Age Neighborhood Segregation

We study housing prices and neighborhood segregation. We advance the literature by (1) studying not just racial segregation like previous studies, but also segregation by age, income, and education level, (2) using a finer unit of geography to construct segregation measures, (3) incorporating spatial statistics, and (4) separating segregation effects from underlying population level effects. We find race segregation is positively related to house prices, with an elasticity of 0.19. In contrast, income and educational segregation reduce housing values, with elasticities of −0.23 and −0.21. By comparison, house age has an elasticity of −0.15. Age segregation is not generally capitalized.
The effects of variable sample biomass on comparative metagenomics

Summary Longitudinal studies that integrate samples with variable biomass are essential to understand microbial community dynamics across space or time. Shotgun metagenomics is widely used to investigate these communities at the functional level, but little is known about the effects of combining low and high biomass samples on downstream analysis. We investigated the interacting effects of DNA input and library amplification by polymerase chain reaction on comparative metagenomic analysis using dilutions of a single complex template from an Arabidopsis thaliana-associated microbial community. We modified the Illumina Nextera kit to generate high-quality large-insert (680 bp) paired-end libraries using a range of 50 pg to 50 ng of input DNA. Using assembly-based metagenomic analysis, we demonstrate that DNA input level has a significant impact on community structure due to overrepresentation of low-GC genomic regions following library amplification. In our system, these differences were largely superseded by variations between biological replicates, but our results advocate verifying the influence of library amplification on a case-by-case basis. Overall, this study provides recommendations for quality filtering and de-replication prior to analysis, as well as a practical framework to address the issue of low biomass or biomass heterogeneity in longitudinal metagenomic surveys.
Role of pore pressure generation in sediment transport within half‐grabens

ABSTRACT Sediment transport and overpressure generation are coupled primary through the impact of effective stress on subsidence and compaction. Here, we use mathematical modeling to explore the interactions between groundwater flow and diffusion‐controlled sediment transport within alluvial basins. Because of lateral variation in permeability, proximal basin facies will have pore pressure close to hydrostatic levels while distal fine‐grained facies can reach near lithostatic levels. Lateral variation in pore pressure leads to differential compaction, which deforms basins in several ways. Differential compaction reduces basin size, bends isochron surfaces across the sand–clay interface, restricts basinward progradation of sand facies, and reduces the amplitude of oscillation in the lateral position of the sand–clay interface especially in the deepest part of the section even when temporal sediment supply are held constant. Overpressure generation was found to be sensitive to change in sediment supply in permeable basins (at least 10−17 m2 in our model). We found that during basin evolution, temporal variations in overpressure and sediment supply fluctuations are not necessarily in phase with each other, especially in tight (low permeability) basins (<10−17 m2 in our model).
Mechanism of d-Cycloserine Action: Transport Systems for d-Alanine, d-Cycloserine, l-Alanine, and Glycine

The accumulation of d-alanine, l-alanine, glycine, and d-cycloserine in Escherichia coli was found to be mediated by at least two transport systems. The systems for d-alanine and glycine are related, and are separate from that involved in the accumulation of l-alanine. d-Cycloserine appears to be primarily transported by the d-alanine-glycine system. The accumulation of d-alanine, glycine, and d-cycloserine was characterized by two line segments in the Lineweaver-Burk analysis, whereas the accumulation of l-alanine was characterized by a single line segment. d-Cycloserine was an effective inhibitor of glycine and d-alanine accumulation, and l-cycloserine was an effective inhibitor of l-alanine transport. The systems were further differentiated by effects of azide, enhancement under various growth conditions, and additional inhibitor studies. Since the primary access of d-cycloserine in E. coli is via the d-alanine-glycine system, glycine might be expected to be a better antagonist of d-cycloserine inhibition than l-alanine. Glycine and d-alanine at 10(-5)m antagonized the effect of d-cycloserine in E. coli, whereas this concentration of l-alanine had no effect.
Cellular reaction to injury in the anthozoan Anthopleura elegantissima

Abstract Small thermal injuries were used to examine the ability of Anthopleura elegantissima (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) to establish a successful inflammatory response. Experimental animals were seen to react by an initial influx of phagocytes derived from resident amoebocytes. Within 72 hr, a zone of repair formed which contained distinctly atypical cells morphologically suited for the production and secretion of unknown substances. At all times the wound remained infection free and was rapidly repaired by the passive influx of cells from the surrounding epithelium as well as progressive replacement of lost tissue by the mesogleal repair zone.
Social practices and mobile phone use of young migrant workers

To explore opportunities for technology adoption in emerging markets, we conducted ethnographic studies to understand the social practices and technology use of young migrant workers in China. In total twenty-six young migrant workers, aged 19-28, were interviewed and/or shadowed in three cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, and Xi'an). We found that social practices play a significant role in the life of the research participants, who live in stressful and "unfriendly" urban environments and have a lower social status than urban residents. Moreover, we found that these social practices act as a primary driver for mobile phones adoption and use. Personal mobile phones were quickly adopted and frequently used to initiate, maintain and enhance social connections, as well as the quality of social practices. Based on the research findings, we discuss several design directions for making mobile phones play a greater role in social practices.
Hereditary realizations of linear neutral delay differential systems

The realization problem for hereditary linear neutral delay differential systems is considered in the context of systems over commutative rings. The notion of formal spectral minimality is introduced and related to the general notion of spectral minimality of infinite dimensional systems. It is shown that for neutral delay systems, unlike retarded delay systems, absolute minimality does not imply formal spectral minimality. For systems with commensurable delays it is shown that an absolutely minimal system may always be reduced to a formally spectrally mininal system by an extended type of system transformation which we call weak restricted system equivalence following the terminology of Rosenbrock. This result is used to give a two-step realization procedure for the construction of canonical neutral realizations for a large class of non-rational transfer functions. A counterexample is given to show that, in the case of non-commensurable delays, there may not exist an hereditary realization which is both absolutely minimal and (formally) spectrally minimal.
Expanding pharmacists' roles in breastfeeding support: A pilot study of an online breastfeeding tutorial for student pharmacists

Abstract Objectives A 2011 report to the US Surgeon General by the US Public Health Service Chief Pharmacist provides rationale and a compelling discussion to support health reform through pharmacists delivering expanded patient care services. With their highly visible role in the community, frequent interactions with soon-to-be and new parents, and knowledge of medication safety, pharmacists can be a key component in the promotion and support of breastfeeding, an important, and underutilized health behavior. This expanded role in breastfeeding support would be consistent with the pharmaceutical care concept. Exposing student pharmacists to breastfeeding information beyond traditional medication and lactation information can facilitate the early shaping of their attitudes and understanding. Methods We created and pilot-tested an online tutorial that complements existing medication–lactation education at three schools of pharmacy. A survey was conducted to understand pharmacy students' attitudes regarding their roles in infant feeding. Results After the online tutorial, student pharmacists most commonly expressed moderate confidence in answering questions that parents have on breastfeeding (47% moderately confident, 39% extremely or very confident, and 14% not very or not at all confident) and on introducing solid foods (41% moderately confident, 35% extremely or very confident, and 24% not very or not at all confident). Almost all student pharmacists felt they had an important role in providing breastfeeding information and support. Conclusions Leveraging pharmacists to address unmet preventive health needs is especially important in our current health care delivery environment. A short online tutorial is a feasible mechanism for expanding student pharmacist awareness about breastfeeding.
Compensation for hysteresis using bivariate Preisach models

The accurate control of a system that exhibits hysteresis requires a control strategy that incorporates some form of compensation for the hysteresis. One approach is to develop a compensator based on an inverse hysteresis operator. If this can be accomplished, the composite operation will produce a linear relationship between the input and output. Thus, an open loop control can be developed in which the inverse operation adjusts the system input to compensate for the hysteresis in the physical system. One difficulty lies in developing a model of the hysteresis for which an inverse operator can be obtained. In this work, a system with hysteresis in modeled by a classical Preisach model. We show that in the case of certain bivariate distributions, a closed-form formula for the inverse operator can be obtained. The concept is illustrated by a computer simulation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Power & Effect: A statistical utility for Macintosh and Windows systems

Significance tests are not the only step in statistics. Other considerations include effect sizes and adequate sample sizes for a respectable level of statistical power. However, many statistical packages are spotty in their offerings of effect size, complex, and lack a friendly interface. Textbooks may have limited coverage, and calculations entail several formulas and tables. Power & Effect offers a calculator- and formula-based metaphor to compute popular measures of effect size, simple significance tests between effect sizes, combining of effect sizes, simple significance tests based on known statistical values, and sample size determinations based on predicted results or effect size.
The Strength of Parallel-Displaced Arene-Arene Interactions in Chloroform

Triptycene-derived compounds have been prepared to serve as conformational equilibrium reporters for direct measurements of arene−arene interactions in the parallel-displaced orientation. A series of such compounds bearing arenes with different substituents were synthesized, and the ratios of the syn and anti conformers were determined by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The syn conformer allows attached arenes to interact with each other while the anti conformer does not. The free energies derived from the syn/anti ratios in chloroform range from slightly positive (0.2 kcal/mol) to considerably negative (−0.98 kcal mol) values. The interactions between the arenes bearing electron-donating groups (EDG) are either negligible or slightly repulsive, while the interactions between arenes bearing electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) are attractive. Intermediate free energy values are obtained for those compounds bearing arenes with one EDG and one EWG.
How competition might affect electric-utility DSM programs

Abstract This paper discusses competition in the electricity industry and how it might affect utility DSM programs. The roles that state regulatory commissions could play to affect retail competition and DSM programs are examined. Commissions could set exit or reentry fees for customers who want to buy electricity from an entity other than the local utility. Or they could ‘tax’ the use of the local distribution system to discourage uneconomic wheeling and to pay for DSM programs. The effects of DSM programs on retail electricity prices and how utilities might redesign their DSM programs for a more competitive environment are considered. In the future, utility DSM programs may 1. (1) focus more on customer service and less on system-resource benefits, 2. (2) emphasize capacity reductions more and energy savings less as utilities seek to minimize the lost revenues associated with DSM, 3. (3) become more cost-effective as utilities identify better ways to deliver DSM services at lower cost, and 4. (4) involve fewer inter- and intraclass transfers as utilities increasingly have individual customers pay for their own DSM services. While DSM programs in the future may be different from what they are today, they will continue to be important to utilities as powerful marketing tools and to society because of their environmental and economic-productivity benefits.
Comparison of residual microstructures associated with impact craters in fcc stainless steel and bcc iron targets: the microtwin versus microband issue

Abstract Deformation microtwins characteristic of Neumann bands dominate the residual microstructures beyond a dynamic recrystallization and highly deformed regime below the crater wall of impact craters in polycrystalline bcc iron targets impacted by 3.2 mm diameter iron projectiles at velocities ranging from 0.5 to 3.8 km s −1 . Corresponding impact craters in polycrystalline fcc 304L stainless steel targets impacted by 3.2 mm diameter stainless steel projectiles at velocities ranging from 0.5 to 3.9 km s −1 were observed to have a more limited dynamic recrystallization zone at the crater wall followed by a highly deformed transition into a region of mostly microtwins, but with some intermixing of grains containing microbands.
Whole-cell biosensing of 3-chlorocatechol in liquids and soils

A rapid and sensitive technique is needed to analyze water and soils for chlorocatechols, common environmental pollutants produced from wood pulp chlorination and other processes. The soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida, harboring plasmid pSMM50R-B′, selectively express β-galactosidase in response to 3-chlorocatechol in pure water samples. The objective of the study was to determine whether background matrices in fresh water, sea water, soils, and organic solvents interfered with 3-chlorocatechol analysis by use of a bacteria-sensing system and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although 3-chlorocatechol detection by HPLC was not substantially affected by the background composition of aqueous or organic solvents, HPLC was ineffective in the analysis of contaminated soils due to irreversible contaminant sorption. Whereas detection by the bacteria-sensing system was reduced in the presence of aqueous and organic solvents, interferences could be reduced by sample dilution. 3-Chlorocatechol was detected when the bacteria were added directly to contaminated soils, suggesting that the organism enhanced desorption or had access to the sorbed compounds. Results indicate that the bacteria-sensing system has wide application for detection of 3-chlorocatechols in environmental samples, especially in soils where extraction and HPLC analysis are not efficient due to extensive contaminant sorption.
Star-Shaped Poly(ether−ester) Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Physical Properties

Biodegradable polymers based on star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)−poly(l-lactide) (PLA) and PEO−poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) block copolymers were synthesized by a divergent synthetic method. Multiarm PEOs with various numbers of arms with a fixed molecular weight (MW ∼ 10 000) were synthesized by anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated with metalated plurifunctional initiators and used as a core block. The star-shaped block copolymers were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide or e-caprolactone in the presence of multiarm PEOs and a catalytic amount of stannous octoate. The equilibrium swelling and thermal and solution properties of the synthesized star-shaped polymers were examined. The block copolymers were swollen in distilled water, and the degree of swelling decreased as the number of arms increased. The melting point, crystallinity, and phase separation decreased with the degree of branching. A similar tendency in solution viscosity of the star-shaped PEO and block copo...
The Bolivarian Presidents: Conversations and Correspondence with Presidents of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela

Preface Bolivia Victor Paz Estenssoro Hernan Siles Rene Barrientos Luis Adolfo Siles Walter Guevara Arce Lidia Gueiler Jaime Paz Zamora Peru Fernando Belaunde Terry Ecuador Galo Plaza Osvaldo Hurtado Rodrigo Borja Colombia Eduardo Santos Alberto Lleras Camargo Alfonso Lopez Michelson Venezuela Romulo Gallegos Carlos Delgado Chalbaud Raul Leoni Rafael Caldera Carlos AndREs Perez Luis Herrera Campins Jaime Lusinchi Index
Speaking about Science

Morgan, Scott, and Barrett Whitener. 2006. Speaking about science: a manual for creating clear presentations. Cambridge University Press, New York. x + 126 p. $60.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-0-521-86681-1; $22.99 (paper), ISBN: 978-0-521-68345-6.
A Fortran 90-based multiprecision system

A new version of a Fortran multiprecision computation system, based on the Fortran 90 language, is described. With this new approach, a translator program is not required—translation of Fortran code for multiprecision is accomplished by merely utilizing advanced features of Fortran 90, such as derived data types and operator extensions. This approach results in more-reliable translation and permits programmers of multiprecision applications to utilize the full power of Fortran 90. Three multiprecision data types are supported in this system: multiprecision integer, real, and complex. All the usual Fortran conventions for mixed-mode operations are supported, and many of the Fortran intrinsics, such as SIN, EXP, and MOD, are supported with multiprecision arguments. An interesting application of this software, wherein new number-theoretic identities have been discovered by means of multiprecision computations, is included also.
Use of a Case-Based Hypermedia Resource in an Early Literacy Coaching Intervention with Pre-Kindergarten Teachers

Use of a case-based hypermedia resource (HR) was examined in a Web-based early literacy coaching intervention with pre-kindergarten teachers of at-risk children. Web usage logs, written records of ...
Macrophage/particle interactions: Effect of size, composition and surface area

Particulate wear-debris are detected in histiocytes/macrophages of granulomatous tissues adjacent to loose joint prostheses. Such cell-particle interactions have been simulated in vitro by challenging macrophages with particles dosed according to weight percent, volume percent, and number of particles. Each of these dosage methods has inherent shortcomings due to varying size and density of challenging particles of different compositions. In this study we challenged P388D1 macrophages with titania and polystyrene particles (< 2 microns), with dosage based on the ratio of the surface area of the particles to the surface area of the cells. The effect of size and composition on (1) the bone resorbing activity, (2) fibroblast proliferation, and (3) secretion of IL-1 and PGE2 was determined. Macrophage response to particulate debris appears to be dependent on particle size, composition, and dose as given by surface area ratio. P388D1 macrophages challenged with titania particles released IL-1, but did not stimulate fibroblasts. Inhibition of macrophage DNA synthesis at higher surface area ratios suggests cell damage or death. Particle-stimulated cells increased bone resorption up to 125% of controls but released only basal levels of PGE2. Macrophages stimulated by wear particles are expected to synthesize numerous factors affecting events in the bone-implant interface. Using the concept of surface area ratio allows us to study and compare such cellular responses to wear particles in a standardized manner.
A Bayesian approach to some overdispersion models

In fitting a generalized linear model, many authors have noticed that data sets can show greater residual variability than predicted under the exponential family. Two main approaches have been used to model this overdispersion. The first approach uses a sampling density which is a conjugate mixture of exponential family distributions. The second uses a quasilikelihood which adds a new scale parameter to the exponential likelihood. The approaches are compared by means of a Bayesian analysis using noninformative priors. In examples, it is indicated that the posterior analysis can be significantly different using the two approaches. Plusieurs auteurs ont remarque que lors de ľajustement ďun modele lineaire generalise, les donnees peuvent presenter plus de variabilite residuelle que celle predite sous un modele exponentiel. Deux approches sont utilisees pour representer cette dispersion excedentaire. La premiere utilise une densite echantillonnale qui est un melange conjuge de densites de la famille exponentielle. La deuxieme approche utilise une fonction de quasi-vraisemblance qui ajoute un nouveau parametre de dispersion a la fonction de vraisemblance exponentielle. Les deux approches sont comparees en faisant une analyse bayesienne avec des lois a priori non informatives. Des exemples illustrent que les deux approches peuvent mener a des analyses a posteriori differentes.
Undergraduates' Absolute Values for Monetary and Social Outcomes and Correctness

Summary.-Many theories assume that outcomes from the same dass possess similar values or aversions. The present experiments test two interpretations of this notion. Both experiments measured undergraduates' (ns = 146 and 154, respectively) values and aversions on ratio scales. Both experiments found that rewards and punishers in the same dass do not share similar absolute impacts. However, both experiments found that rewards and punishers from the same class do share similar interindividual impacts, i.e., if a person values a reward more highly than his peers, then he will value other rewards from the same class more highly than his peers. Finally, the present experiments provide normative data on the absolute values and aversions of outcomes which are frequently used in experiments with humans. A variety of theories (Costello, 1978; Havighurst, 1970; Lewinsohn, 1974; Zigler, 1970) assume that classes of outcomes exist on the basis of the impacts of their members. It is said that the members of one class of outcome are highly valued, whereas the members of another class of outcome are almost worthless. A problem with this assumption is that the notion of value is not defined precisely enough. Clearly, the theories do not mean that outcomes constituting a single class possess similar absolate values, since most classes of outcome possess members whose absolute values range from negligible to enormous (e.g., a penny versus a billion dollars are both tangibles). Perhaps the theories mean that outcomes constituting a single class possess similar interindividual values. That is, if one member of a class of outcomes is highly valued by some individual, then each of the other members of that class are also highly valued by that same individual, relative to his peers. The present experiments examined the notions that outcomes may be classed in terms of their impaccs. A secondary purpose of these experiments was to provide normative data on the absolute impacts of outcomes which are frequently used in research..
Office folklore in the academic paperwork empire: The interstitial space of gendered (con)texts

“Office folklore,” the ubiquitous cartoons, parodies, and sayings photocopied, faxed, and displayed in millions of offices across the United States, is an expressive nexus of individual and organization, work and play, handicraft and technology. This feminist cultural critique locates office folklore in the interstices of organizational structure as cooperatively created spaces of hypochondriasis, resistance, and pleasure for organizational members who participate in its enactment. We entered and explored this theoretical space through conversations with university staff members and textual exegesis of women‐centered items of office folklore. The gendered (contexts of office folklore emerge as alternative discourses to organizational control.