cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Guilt-Based Explanation of the Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy

A new explanation is proposed for the accumulated research findings concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy. The explanation treats successful DITF implementations as based on guilt: Refusal of the first request creates guilt, and compliance with the second request reduces guilt. In addition to explaining the known effects of DITF moderator variables, the explanation is consistent with current theoretical and empirical understandings of the nature of guilt and with extant research findings concerning guilt-based social influence. This explanation also suggests a significant role for a new moderator, the identity of the beneficiary of the requests. A reanalysis of previous meta-analytic findings confirms the importance of that moderator.
Prm1 functions as a disulfide-linked complex in yeast mating.

Prm1 is a pheromone-induced membrane glycoprotein that promotes plasma membrane fusion in yeast mating pairs. HA-Prm1 migrates at twice its expected molecular weight on non-reducing SDS-PAGE gels and coprecipitates with Prm1-TAP, indicating that Prm1 is a disulfide-linked homodimer. The N terminus of a plasma membrane-localized GFP-Prm1 endocytic mutant projects into the cytoplasm, where it is protected from low pH quenching in live cells and from external protease in spheroplasts. In a revised topological map, Prm1 has four transmembrane domains and two large extracellular loops. Mutation of all four cysteines in the extracellular loops blocked disulfide bond formation and destabilized the Prm1 homodimer without preventing Prm1 transport to contact sites in mating pairs. Cys120 in loop 1 and Cys545 in loop 2 form disulfide cross-links in the Prm1 homodimer and are required for fusion activity. Cys120 lies between a hydrophobic segment formerly thought to be a transmembrane domain and an amphipathic helix. An interaction between either of these regions and the opposing membrane could promote fusion.
Locked confinement: First and second impressions

This article evaluates the practical and therapeutic merits of using locked confinement from a first-hand perspective. The author describes her experiences working as a child care worker in settings with and without locked confinement rooms. The point is made that the profession of child care defines itself at least in part by the methods it chooses to employ. Since workers have reactions, sometimes strong ones, to the very procedures they currently use, it is important as a research exercise to attempt analysis of how those reactions arise and how they change over time. Her conclusion is that there are effective alternatives to locked confinement.
Classification of rules for automated BIM rule checking development

Abstract Automated rule checking has been identified as potentially providing significant value to the AEC industry from both regulatory and industry perspectives. Key challenges to a successful rule checking implementation are the complexities inherent in the rules themselves and the breadth of conditions to which they need to apply. Due to the large number of building codes and theoretically infinite number of rules that can be defined, it is critical to systematize the rules to make the task of rule checking tractable. This paper is a first step towards classifying automated rule checking. In this paper, the authors draw upon their extensive international exposure with various building codes and rule checking areas in the AEC domain to introduce a general classification of rules across application domains using criteria that apply to all known aspects of automated rule checking. The exposure covers both academic research as well as actual production implementation done with CORENET ePlanCheck project in Singapore, and also various pilot implementations in the US and other countries. The authors offer a survey of representative examples of different classes of rules, their key concepts, potential tools required to implement them, and at least one possible solution of each example rule in each category. The examples are drawn from both research domains and existing commercial applications. The aim of this paper is to provide an initial guide for creating a framework for rule classification that articulates both the process challenges and the technology needs to address rule automation.
Spirituality in Occupational Therapy: Do We Practice What We Teach?

This mixed-method study examined the responses of 97 occupational therapists on the subject of spirituality in occupational therapy practice. The inclusion of spirituality into the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (2008) implies that clinicians address spirituality as a component of client-centered practice. This research revealed a gap between education, theory, and practice as evidenced in the quantitative and qualitative data. Although occupational therapy is intended to be holistic, therapists require a more complete understanding of what spirituality is and what the role of the occupational therapist is when addressing spirituality in evaluation or treatment. The discussion of this research provides information for future occupational therapy educators and educational programs as they seek to incorporate the construct of spirituality into curricula.
The Effect of Alfalfa Saponin on the Growth, Diet Consumption, and Efficiency of Diet Utilization of Chicks

Abstract IN THE experiment of Cooney, Butts and Bacon (1948) each addition of 5 percent dehydrated alfalfa meal to the diet above the 5 percent level had an increasingly depressing effect on the growth, diet consumption, and diet utilization of chicks. Lepkovsky, Shaeleff, Peterson and Perry (1950) reported that dehydrated alfalfa meal contains a naturally occurring substance (or substances), probably organic in nature, that depresses the growth of chicks and that the fiber in alfalfa meal is not the offending substance. The experiments of Heywang (1950) showed that both dehydrated and suncured alfalfa meals may contain a factor (or factors) that retards the growth of young chickens and the egg production of layers when they are included in the diet at levels as low as 10 percent. He observed that alfalfa meals may vary considerably in their growth depressing effect, which seems to explain why some investigators have reported that the …
MACH NUMBER DEPENDENCE OF THE COMPRESSION WAVE GENERATED BY A HIGH-SPEED TRAIN ENTERING A TUNNEL

An analysis is made of the compression wave generated when a high speed train enters a tunnel. Operations in the near future are expected to be at Mach numbersMranging in value up to 0·4. Non-linear steepening of the wave in a very long tunnel exacerbates the environmental damage caused by the subsequent radiation of an impulsivemicro-pressure wavefrom the far end of the tunnel. The compression wave profile depends on train speed and the area ratio of the train and tunnel, and forM<0·2 can be estimated to a good approximation by regarding the local flow near the tunnel mouth during train entry asincompressible. The influence of higher train Mach numbers is investigated for the special case in which the tunnel is modelled by a thin-walled circular cylinder, of the type frequently used in model scale tests. This is done by representing the nose of the train by a distribution of monopole sources, and calculating their interaction with the mouth of the tunnel by using the exact acoustic Green's function for a semi-infinite, circular cylindrical tunnel. Empirical formulae valid up toM=0·6 are obtained for the compression wave amplitude and for the maximuminitialpressure gradient (which determines the amplitude of the micro-pressure wave). Predictions of the theory are found to be within 5% of measurements made in recent experiments.
A Consideration of Three Types of Burglars: Based on the Thinking of Herbert Packer, Rawls, Norval Morris, and Samuel Donnelly

Abstract In this paper three models of a burglar are depicted. The first model is a person who steals for survival. For example, a person may take money for food or food itself to sustain their body if they have no other means of providing for their hunger. For purposes of this paper, this model is labelled ‘the desperate criminal’. The second model is a burglar who steals sometimes for survival and sometimes for the thrill of the crime, just because he is bored. This model is labelled ‘the criminal who lacks direction in his life’. The third model shows a person who steals simply to take from others what he is not inclined to earn for himself. This model is labelled the ‘conventional burglar’. To examine how authoritative thinkers view punishing these three types of criminals, we consider the thoughts of Packer, Rawls, Morris, and Donnelly. Lastly, we provide considered moral judgment as it has been influenced through the study of above thinkers.
Radiographic imaging of muscle strain injury

We reviewed our experience with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of acute muscle strain injury. We imaged 50 athletes (average age, 28 years; range, 17 to 42) who had an acute muscle strain involving either the adductor, hamstring, quadriceps, or triceps surae muscles. Computed tomography (axial imaging) was used from 1982 to 1987 for 27 athletes. Spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (axial, coronal, sagittal imaging) was used from 1987 to 1991 for 23 athletes. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging localize the strain injury to a single muscle within a group of synergists; the adductor longus, rectus femoris, and medial head of gastrocnemius muscles are most prone to strain injury. A disruption occurs predictably at the myotendinous junction; fluid collects at the disruption site and dissects along the epimysium and subcutis. Muscle tissue remote from the myotendinous junction clearly demonstrates extensive injury with abundant magnetic resonance imaging signal changes consistent with edema and inflammation. Follow-up computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies can clearly demonstrate atrophy, fibrosis, and calcium deposition.
Psychiatric commitment and involuntary hospitalization: an ethical perspective.

As a psychiatrist, I have focused in this paper on the medical model view of commitment. Directed against the medical model is the civil liberties position, mostly put forward by attorneys, which values autonomy over beneficence and sees psychiatric decision-making as biased, imprecise, and too paternalistic. Like the moral principles they champion, neither of these positions is "wrong." The tension between them is inevitable and sometimes beneficial. The conflict is inevitable because the proponents differ in their missions and how they think. Attorneys (and philosophers) think in terms of the general case, of classes of situations, whereas psychiatrists focus on individuals as unique. Chodoff has also pointed out that the medical model is a utilitarian one, i.e. the morality of an act is determined by, on balance, whether it increases the good for the individual or society. The civil liberties position, on the other hand, is a deontological one, i.e. the end does not justify the means; some moral principles must be considered even if they do not lead to maximally good outcomes. This conflict between positions can be ultimately beneficial, if we recognize that each is fighting for a good. As a society, we should expect psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to try their utmost to treat the mentally ill, and attorneys to protect their rights. When we view it as such a moral dilemma, "we are confronted not with melodrama, a contest of right against wrong, but rather with tragedy, a conflict of one right--to be at physical liberty--against another right--to be free dehumanizing disease."
Minority Carrier Diffusion Lengths in Silicon Slices and Shallow Junction Devices

Measurements of surface photovoltage as a function of the wavelength of incident light provide a convenient method for the determination of minority carrier diffusion length in semiconductors. The diffusion length in silicon slices with a thickness greater than twice the diffusion length has been measured by the steady-state surface photovoltage method with a single laboratory reproducibility of ± 10% over a long period of time. Radial variations in diffusion length in silicon slices as well as the effects of heat treatment have been studied. The diffusion length in the base region of shallow junction devices has been measured by the collection of short-circuit current as a function of the wavelength of incident light. The single laboratory reproducibility of this method for the determination of diffusion length in single crystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar cells is also about ± 10%.
Endoscopic needle biopsy: a comparative study of forceps biopsy, two different types of needles, and salvage cytology in gastrointestinal cancer

One of the goals of gastrointestinal endoscopy is to diagnose whether a lesion is malignant. The desire to improve the sensitivity of biopsy-sampling techniques prompted us to compare prospectively the reliability and accuracy of obtaining tissue by forceps biopsy, needle biopsy (21 gauge 13-mm long metal needles versus 18 gauge 20-mm long plastic needles), and salvage cytology in patients with endoscopically suspected malignancy. Samples were obtained in the order of needle biopsy (the order of metal and plastic needle biopsy was randomized), forceps biopsy, followed by salvage cytology. Needle biopsies were obtained by puncturing the lesion under direct vision while aspirating with a syringe. Twenty-three patients with gastrointestinal malignancy were studied (7 esophageal, 4 gastric, and 12 colonic). Forceps biopsies were positive in 18 of 23 (78%), missing 1 gastric and 4 colon malignancies. Metal needle biopsy was positive in 16 of 19 (84%), plastic needle biopsy in 17 of 22 (77%), and salvage cytology in 20 of 22 (91%). Accuracy was increased by a combination of techniques. Endoscopic needle biopsy is a simple and rapid method to evaluate lesions seen at endoscopy and is especially useful in evaluation of submucosal lesions.
Is central venous access in childhood osteomyelitis associated with increased morbidity

Children with osteomyelitis need treatment with intravenous antibiotics for protracted periods. An implanted central venous line (CVL) is a good method to deliver this treatment. Between 1992 and 1996, 17 patients with osteomyelitis had 20 surgically inserted Hickmann-type CVLs. The outcome of these lines was studied. Patients ranged from 1 month to 14 years of age and the duration of use of the CVL ranged from 6 to 180 days. One CVL was removed because of line sepsis and 1 was removed because of exit-site infection. We conclude that surgically inserted Hickmann-type CVLs in children with a pre-existing focus of infection in the form of osteomyelitis did not result in increased morbidity in terms of line sepsis, and served the purpose of prolonged administration of antibiotics very well.
What We Do: Detroit in Car Advertising

The auto industry bailout in 2008 was a hotly contested political issue. It presented two ethical dilemmas: Should American car manufactures rise and fall only on the purchasing opinions of the Ame...
“Latent” Trialkylphosphine and Trialkylphosphine Oxide Organogelators Activated by Brønsted and Lewis Acids#

The weak bases tri-n-alkylphosphines (R3P, where R = C14H29, C18H37) and phosphine oxides (R3PO) have been reacted with the strong Lewis acid BF3 to form zwitterions (R3P+−OBF3- or R3P+−BF3-) and w...
Computer Recognizes Expert Reviewers and Departing Editors

During the past year, hundreds of volunteers have given their time to review submitted manuscripts, offering comments on organization and clarity, checking accuracy and definitions, and scrutinizing visual aids or ancillary materials.
Toward detecting compromised MapReduce workers through log analysis

MapReduce is a framework for performing data-intensive computations in parallel on commodity computers. When MapReduce is carried out in distributed settings, users maintain very little control over these computations, causing several security and privacy concerns. MapReduce activities may be subverted or compromised by malicious or cheating nodes. In this paper, we focus on the analysis and detection of attacks launched by malicious or misconfigured nodes, which may tamper with the ordinary functions of the MapReduce framework. Our goal is to investigate the extent to which integrity and correctness of computation in a MapReduce environments can be verified while introducing no modifications on the original MapReduce operations or introductions of extra operations, neither computational nor cryptographic. We identify a number of data and computation integrity checks against aggregated low-level system traces and Hadoop logs, correlated with one another to obtain insights on the operations being performed by nodes. This information is then matched against system and program invariants to effectively detect malicious activities, from lazy nodes to nodes changing input/output or completing different computations.
Our Journey from the Study of Human Autoantibodies to the microRNA World.

Our discovery of a novel cytoplasmic domain in HEp-2 cells recognized by the autoimmune serum of a patient led us on a journey into the world of microRNAs (miRNA). Our journey began with the identification and cloning of the novel glycine (G)–tryptophan (W)-rich protein, GW182, and its close interaction with the miRNA-binding protein, argonaute2 (Ago2). Discovering the important relevance of GW182 with miRNA function was the igniting force that steered us toward understanding the role of miRNAs in autoimmunity and the innate immune response. This brief paper highlights our journey and key findings.
Can Derailed Pastors be Restored? Effects of Offense and Age on Restoration

We studied the restoration beliefs of conservative protestant pastors using an experimental design. We varied pastor offense (romance, affair) and offender age (young, middle age) in narratives presented in an online study and at a ministerial retreat. Both groups rated restoration potential highest for the younger pastor in the affair condition but there was no difference in the romance condition. In addition, the participants believed a younger pastor would fare better in his marriage. We discussed our findings in terms of research on forgiveness and reconciliation.
Activation of intrinsic coagulation pathway in pre-eclampsia

Disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, consumption of factors VIII and II, and antithrombin deficiency have been previously demonstrated in pre-eclampsia. However, the precise mechanism responsible for initiation of disseminated intravascular coagulation has not been elucidated. The present study documents activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in a patient with severe pre-eclampsia. The studies revealed marked reductions of plasma coagulant activities of all intrinsic pathway factors, i.e., XII, XI, IX, and VIII. In addition, the ratio of plasma factor XII activity to antigen concentration was markedly abnormal, and plasma high-molecular-weight kininogen concentration was diminished. It is suggested that activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway may be operative in the genesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in pre-eclampsia.
DISTRACTIBIU7Y AND VOCABULARY DEFICITS IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA AND HYDROCEPHALUS

This experiment tested the hypothesis that children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus (SBH) are more distractible than normal children, and that the distractibility partially accounts for the language deficits of these children. In Part 1, 15 of these children of primary-school age were compared with controls matched for mental age on a non-verbal task during which irrelevant stimuli were present or absent. Interference effects of the irrelevant stimuli were larger and more persistent for the SBH children. In Part 2, the children and their controls were tested for comprehension of relational words, with and without irrelevant information. The two groups performed similarly when there was no irrelevant information, but the SBH children exhibited vocabulary deficiencies when irrelevant items were present. These findings support the original hypothesis of a relationship between distractibility and language deficits.
Activation of human B cells by the agonist CD40 antibody CP-870,893 and augmentation with simultaneous toll-like receptor 9 stimulation

Background CD40 activation of antigen presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC) and B cells plays an important role in immunological licensing of T cell immunity. Agonist CD40 antibodies have been previously shown in murine models to activate APC and enhance tumor immunity; in humans, CD40-activated DC and B cells induce tumor-specific T cells in vitro. Although clinical translation of these findings for patients with cancer has been previously limited due to the lack of a suitable and available drug, promising clinical results are now emerging from phase I studies of the agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody CP-870,893. The most prominent pharmacodynamic effect of CP-870,893 infusion is peripheral B cell modulation, but direct evidence of CP-870,893-mediated B cell activation and the potential impact on T cell reactivity has not been reported, despite increasing evidence that B cells, like DC, regulate cellular immunity.
Factors influencing 45 Ca metabolism in brain and other organs in vivo.

SummaryThe distribution of 45Ca among various tissues of the rat was followed for 8 hr after intravenous administration of the isotope. Three major patterns of 45Ca turnover were demonstrable, represented by: (i) brain; (ii) bone; and (iii) certain soft tissues: kidney, adrenal, and muscle. These differences may be explained in terms of different exchange (e.g., for bone) and physiological barriers (e.g., for brain). Studies on the subcellular distribution of 45Ca in brain, performed 2 hr after intravenous administration of 45CaCl2, showed that mitochondria accumulated 25% of the total 45Ca; moreover, the concentration of the 45Ca accumulated by the mitochondria was decreased by prior administration of phenobarbital and of reserpine, but increased by pentylenetetrazol.
Scheduling on the Grid via multi-state resource availability prediction

To make the most effective application placement decisions on volatile large-scale heterogeneous Grids, schedulers must consider factors such as resource speed, load, and reliability. Including reliability requires availability predictors, which consider different periods of resource history, and use various strategies to make predictions about resource behavior. Prediction accuracy significantly affects the quality of the schedule, as does the method by which schedulers combine various factors, including the weight given to predicted availability, speed, load, and more. This paper explores the question of how to consider predicted availability to improve scheduling, concentrating on multi-state availability predictors. We propose and study several classes of schedulers, and a method for combining factors. We characterize the inherent tradeoff between application makespan and the number of evictions due to failure, and demonstrate how our schedulers can navigate this tradeoff under various scenarios. We vary application load and length, and the percentage of jobs that are checkpointable. Our results show that the only other multi-state prediction based scheduler causes up to 51% more evicted jobs while simultaneously increasing average job makespan by 18% when compared with our scheduler.
Errors and the assessment of cognitive development

Much cognitive-developmental research is narrowly based on children's errors on a few tasks and thus leads to distorted views of children's capabilities.
Linking simulation model specification and parallel execution through UNITY

Presents the results of an attempt to bridge the gap between the requirements and philosophy of parallel programming (attention being focused on crucial efficiency-related implementation details) and the requirements and philosophy of a simulation model specification (attention being focused on correctly and simply describing the model behavior). K.M. Chandry and J. Misra's (1988) UNITY system is found to offer (or be amenable to) many of the features required to bridge this gap. UNITY can handle both a state-transition-based specification, which is a conventional parallel simulation program, and a data-flow-based specification. For the G/G/1 problem, the data-flow view leads to a more efficient solution. >
The effect of model accuracy and thruster saturation on tracking performance of model based controllers for underwater robotic vehicles: experimental results

This paper reports an experimental investigation of the effect of two specific errors on a class of model based controllers for the low-speed maneuvering of fully actuated underwater vehicles. First, we review previously reported studies and a commonly accepted simplified plant model that has been experimentally validated for this class of vehicles. Second, we review a family of associated model-based nonlinear controllers, both fixed and adaptive, for trajectory tracking, as well as the commonly employed proportional-derivative (PD) controller. Third, we report an experimental evaluation of the performance of this entire family of controllers in the presence of two commonplace modelling errors: plant parameter mismatch, and thruster saturation. In the presence of plant model parameter errors, the fixed model based controllers often perform worse than PD control, and the adaptive controllers "learn" the correct parameters to provide asymptotically superior performance. In the presence of unmodelled thruster saturation, the adaptive controllers performs worst, and the model-based controllers perform no worse than PD.
Oyster-Sea Nettle Interdependence and Altered Control Within the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem

Research on the effects of declining abundances of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Chesapeake Bay and other estuaries has primarily focused on the role of oysters in filtration and nutrient dynamics, and as habitat for fish or fish prey. Oysters also play a key role in providing substrate for the overwintering polyp stage of the scyphomedusa sea nettle,Chrysaora quinquecirrha, which is an important consumer of zooplankton, ctenophores, and icthyoplankton. Temporal trends in sea nettle abundances in visual counts from the dock at Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, trawls conducted in the mesohaline portion of the Patuxent River, and published data from the mainstem Chesapeake Bay indicate that sea nettles declined in the mid 1980s when overfishing and increased disease mortality led to sharp decreases in oyster landings and abundance. Climate trends, previously associated with interannual variation in sea nettle abundances, do not explain the sharp decline. A potentially important consequence of declining sea nettle abundances may be an increase in their ctenophore prey (Mnemiopsis leidyi), and a resultant increase in predation on icthyoplankton and oyster larvae. Increased predation on oyster larvae by ctenophores may inhibit recovery of oyster populations and reinforce the current low abundance of oysters in Chesapeake Bay.
EFFECTS OF TEAM DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION: A FIELD EXPERIMENT.

A team development intervention was conducted with 22 three- and four-person work groups from an engineering survey course. For comparison purposes, 22 work groups from the surveying course served as controls and an additional 23 groups were observed to measure any possible Hawthorne effect. Random assignment of subjects to groups and groups to conditions resulted in a post-test-only control group experimental design.The major findings were:1. Work groups experiencing team development did not perform better than controls.2. Individuals in groups receiving team development perceived their group as being more effective and reported greater participation than members of control groups.3. There was a nonsignificant tendency for individuals in groups receiving team development to express greater agreement on group goals.4. There were no statistically significant differences between individuals in treatment and control groups in terms of: (a) perceived learning, (b) expressed satisfaction with group performance...
Toxicities of antiangiogenic therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.

The addition of antiangiogenic agents has improved overall survival in a wide variety of tumor types, including non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Antibodies to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were the first targeted agent to yield a significant improvement in overall survival when combined with first-line chemotherapy for metastatic NSCLC. Anti-VEGF antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors blocking VEGF receptor (VEGFR) activity are also being investigated in pretreated NSCLC. Initial experience with anti-VEGF antibodies suggested a mild adverse event profile. However, it has become clear with additional experience that antiangiogenic agents are associated with a distinct array of toxicities, such as hemorrhage, hypertension, thromboembolic events, and proteinuria. Furthermore, an increase in chemotherapy-associated toxicities such as neutropenia has been observed with the addition of anti-VEGF antibodies. Multitargeted small-molecule inhibitors that block activity of the VEGFR tyrosine kinase are associated with fatigue and other toxicities in addition to the aforementioned class-effect toxicities, possibly because of their inhibition of multiple signaling pathways. Currently, only patients without predominant squamous cell histology are eligible to receive bevacizumab. Trials are ongoing to address the feasibility of bevacizumab in patients who were excluded from the phase III pivotal trial. Additionally, further investigation is necessary to determine risk factors for hemorrhage with antiangiogenic agents.
Group projects: woman and men can work together in the computer science realm

The paper describes how group projects in the undergraduate level can educate men and women about each other, encourage women to continue in the computer science curriculum and reinforce women's role in the computer science realm. In today's society it is important for graduates of the computer science programs to be able to interact with colleagues effectively and professionally. Group projects encourage interaction and mandate that they work as a team to finish the activity and receive their grade. The concepts discussed in the paper were implemented in multiple software engineering courses and a data structure course. The paper provides examples of classroom reaction and techniques that were used in these classes. No student was ever the "token" in a group. Each student had strengths and weaknesses and when the groups were formed correctly, the results were a well-rounded and a productive team. Creating the groups was a key factor and a major component.
It’s Just A Crop: Public Perception and Transgenic Trees

Genetic modification of forest trees has followed similar efforts in agriculture. Over 100 years ago, those conducting purposeful forest management in the United States have engaged terminology from Europe that was naturally adapted from agricultural pursuits. Early conservationists used such phrases as "trees are a crop" to help the American public understand that forests deserved their investment. Later, the same language was used and continues to be used to justify active management in the face of environmental pressures. Public perception of genetically modified trees is connected in this basic way to transgenics in agriculture and this increases the challenge to understanding the driving forces of public opinion. This paper traces this historic connection and suggests that public discourse will be a vital part of the process that decides how quickly and under what conditions transgenic forest trees are used.
A pattern-based approach for deriving approximate and intensional answers

A pattern-based approach is proposed to derive the approximate and intensional query answers when the exact answer is unavailable or too time-consuming to generate. The approximate and intensional query answers may be refined if more time is available. Since the pattern-based query processing performs mainly main-memory based manipulations without database access until the last step of generating the final results, it should provide faster response to queries than the conventional query processing in real-time applications. >
Building a Sustainable Future on the Grounds of a Rediscovered Identity

For several weeks in January 2010, the world witnessed one of the most extraordinary demonstrations of courage, dignity, and unity by a people ranked as the poorest and most politically unstable in the Western Hemisphere. The Haitian people showed the world how far it could go in its determination to survive against all odds—a resilience that seems embedded in the Haitian culture and way of thinking. So why hasn’t that resilience, that common front the Haitian people present in the face of adversity, played its part in helping Haiti grow as a nation? How could a people who, in the midst of disaster, changed the world’s perception of its own humanity, apparently be unable to take charge of its own destiny, to build on its accomplishments, and secure its collective well-being? Having learned to manage unlikely alliances in order to secure their own collective freedom, how could Haitians be so devoid of a national conscience, the very motor of nation-building? The answer to this riddle seems to lie in Haiti’s past, and in the way the selective acceptance or rejection of its history has, over the years, shaped the mentality of its people.
Phosphatic Clay as a Phosphorus Source for Chicks

Abstract AMONG the sources of phosphorus available for poultry feeding is phosphatic clay, which is also called soft phosphate with colloidal clay. Representative samples of this product contain about 8.5 percent phosphorus, 18 percent calcium and 1.2 percent fluorine. Gerry, Carrick, Roberts and Hauge (1947) found that 2.5 percent phosphatic clay produced a satisfactory calcification in young chicks, but the rate of growth of groups fed phosphatic clay was lower than with groups fed equivalent amounts of bone meal, an effect attributed to the fluorine contained in phosphatic clay. Miller and Joukovsky (1953) compared phosphatic clay with Curacao Island rock phosphate, defluorinated rock phosphate, dicalcium phosphate and bone meal at calcium-phosphorus ratios of 2:1 when the supplement provided 0.2 percent or 0.4 percent phosphorus. They estimated that somewhat less than half of the phosphorus of phosphatic clay is available, as compared with the other sources tested. At the higher phosphorus level, …
The Interaction between Binocular Rivalry and Negative Afterimages

Summary Afterimage formation, historically attributed to retinal mechanisms [1–4], may also involve postretinal process [5–7]. Consistent with this notion are results from experiments, reported here, investigating the interaction between binocular rivalry and negative afterimages (AIs). In Experiment 1, one eye was exposed to a grating never consciously experienced by the observer because this grating remained suppressed in rivalry throughout induction (the exclusively dominant stimulus was designed to preclude formation of an AI). As expected, the suppressed grating generated a vivid AI whose orientation could be accurately identified; not surprisingly, the strength of this AI varied with induction contrast. Experiment 2 revealed, however, that the strength of this AI produced during suppression was significantly weaker than the AI produced by that same stimulus when it was visible throughout the entire induction period, implying that some component of AI induction is susceptible to interocular suppression. In Experiment 3, AIs of dichoptic, orthogonally oriented gratings were induced in a way ensuring that one of the two gratings was exclusively dominant during the induction period. Dissimilar monocular AIs engaged in rivalry, as expected, but, surprisingly, the AI induced by the suppressed grating initially dominated. We offer two alternative accounts of this counterintuitive finding, both based on differential neural adaptation.
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Fe3(1−δ)O4, 0 ⩽ δ < 0.01

Abstract The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of magnetite with varying metal to oxygen ratio was investigated. Homogeneous single-crystal specimens of Fe3(1−δ)O4 with 0 ⩽ δ
Depressive Symptoms in HIV Disease

Although depressive symptoms are common in people living with HIV/AIDS, their reported prevalence varies greatly across HIV-positive populations, ranging from 21% to 97%. Comparing these rates is complicated by the varied conceptualization of depression as a major depressive disorder (clinical depression) or depressive symptoms, and by the use of multiple methods of measurement. Knowledge of predictors of depressive symptoms can assist health care providers in the identification of those who are most at risk. Appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and referral are critical, because depressive symptoms have been associated with poorer disease outcomes. Additionally, self-management symptoms can be used to supplement more traditional treatment methods.
Apolipoprotein E, survival in Alzheimer's disease patients, and the competing risks of death and Alzheimer's disease

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele carries an increased risk of a patient developing Alzheimer9s disease (AD) while the e2 allele carries a decreased risk. We compared survival from the onset of AD in subjects with different numbers of e4 alleles and evaluated changes in genotypic frequencies with age. Two subject groups were investigated: unrelated AD case and control subjects, and affected and unaffected members from 74 multiplex AD families. In both subject groups, survival from onset decreased with increasing onset age, was longer in women, and was unrelated to e4 gene dose. The e2/e3 genotype became more common with age ( p = 0.004). The e4 allele decreased in frequency with age in all patient groups but, unexpectedly, remained unchanged in control subjects. We conclude that the progression of AD is not strongly related to e4 gene dose, that the higher prevalence of AD in women may involve the longer survival of affected women, and that AD and death are competing risks involving APOE that change over time.
Surface Area Measurements of Psoriatic Corneocytes: Effects of Intralesional Steroid Therapy

Quantitative measurements of surface areas of corneocytes from the desquamating portion of psoriatic lesions in 11 patients showed that psoriatic corneocytes were much smaller (27%) than corneocytes from noninvolved normal skin in the same patients. Corneocyte surface areas gradually increased in size following one intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension and were almost normal approximately 6 weeks after treatment. These findings support other observations suggesting that rapidly proliferating epidermal cells have smaller surface areas than normal cells.
Serial Expertise of Rhesus Macaques

Here we describe the development of serial expertise in 4 experimentally naive rhesus monkeys that learned, by trial and error, the correct order in which to respond to 3-, 4-, and 7-item lists of arbi- trarily selected photographs. The probabilities of guessing the correct sequence on 3-, 4-, and 7-item lists were, respectively, 1/6, 1/24, and 1/5,040. Each monkey became progressively more efficient at deter- mining the correct order in which to respond on new lists. During sub- sequent testing, the subjects were presented with all possible pairs of the 28 items used to construct the four 7-item lists (excluding pairs of items that occupied the same ordinal position in different lists). Sub- jects responded to pairs from different lists in the correct order 91% of the time on the first trials on which these pairs were presented. These features of subjects' performance, which cannot be attributed to pro- cedural memory, satisfy two criteria of declarative memory: rapid acquisition of new knowledge and flexible application of existing knowl- edge to a new problem. typically involve complicated sequences and presuppose an ability to plan and execute novel sequences (Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960). Here we describe the first experimental evidence of serial expertise in an animal. First, we showed that monkeys became progressively more efficient at determining, by trial and error, the correct order in which to respond on seven 3-, eleven 4-, and four 7-item lists, each composed of different arbitrarily selected photographs. Subjects were then tested on their ability to apply the serial knowledge they had ac- quired while learning 7-item lists on a new task. In this test, the mon- keys were shown item pairs that could be derived from the four 7-item lists on which they had been trained. These pairs consisted of items from the same list and items from different lists. Subjects responded in the correct order on the vast majority of the trials on which these pairs were presented for the first time, whether the items were drawn from the same list or from different lists. This showed that subjects could compare representations of the ordinal position of each item from any of the 7-item lists they had learned and then apply that knowledge to solve a novel problem without any additional training.
Implications of hadron collider observables on parton distribution function uncertainties

Standard parton distribution function sets do not have rigorously quantified uncertainties. In recent years it has become apparent that these uncertainties play an important role in the interpretation of hadron collider data. In this paper, using the framework of statistical inference, we illustrate a technique that can be used to efficiently propagate the uncertainties to new observables, assess the compatibility of new data with an initial fit, and, in case the compatibility is good, include the new data in the fit. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Local structure dynamics in liquids: non-hydrodynamic orientational relaxation of 2-ethyl naphthalene

Abstract The rotational dynamics of 2-ethyl naphthalene have been studied from 2°C to 100°C using subpicosecond transient grating optical Kerr effect techniques. After ultrafast librational dynamics have decayed, there remains (⪢3–4 ps) a triple-exponential decay of the orientational anisotropy. The slower two decays exhibit hydrodynamic temperature dependences, corresponding to rotational diffusion. The fastest decay is not hydrodynamic, being temperature independent from 2°C to 40°C. This decay is attributed to the relaxation dynamics of local structures in the liquid.
Multiple matched ventilation-perfusion defects in illicit drug use

A 21-YEAR-OLD BLACK WOMAN presented to the emergency room with a history of acute onset of shortness of breath and associated chest pain. The patient had been snorting heroin intranasally and smoking freebased cocaine 30 minutes before the onset of dyspnea. The dyspnea continued for 30 to 36 hours, prompting her to seek medical assistance at the emergency room. The patient gave no history of asthma or significant smoking of tobacco and denied any drug use. Physical examination showed a young black female in mild respiratory distress. There was no calf swelling or tenderness. A posterioranterior and lateral chest radiograph (Fig 1) demonstrated normal heart size and clear lung fields bilaterally. Although the patient denied use of oral contraceptives, pulmonary embolism was considered as a potential cause of these findings. A ventilation-perfusion lung imaging study was performed using aerosolized inhalation of 1.1 mCi of technetium-99m (99mTc) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) with images obtained from the anterior, posterior, and bilateral posterior oblique projections using a general purpose collimator. The perfusion study followed using an intravenous injection of 3.5 mCi of 99mTc microaggregated albumin (MAA), with images obtained in the same projections. The images demonstrated multiple, bilateral, matched, nonsegmental ventilation and perfu-
Oral Administration of Myelin Basic Protein Is Superior to Myelin in Suppressing Established Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Oral administration of a myelin component, myelin basic protein (MBP), induces immunological unresponsiveness to CNS Ags and ameliorates murine relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (REAE). However, a recent clinical trial in which multiple sclerosis patients were treated with repeated doses of oral myelin was unsuccessful in reducing disease exacerbations. Therefore, we directly compared the tolerizing capacity of myelin vs MBP during REAE in B10.PL mice. Oral administration of high doses of myelin, either before disease induction or during REAE, did not provide protection from disease or decrease in vitro T cell responses. In contrast, repeated oral administration of high doses of MBP suppressed established disease and MBP-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine responses. The frequency of IL-2-, IFN-gamma-, and IL-5-secreting MBP-specific T cells declined with MBP feeding, implicating anergy and/or deletion as the mechanism(s) of oral tolerance after high Ag doses. We have previously shown that the dosage and timing of Ag administration are critical parameters in oral tolerance induction. Studies presented here demonstrate that Ag homogeneity is also important, i.e., homogeneous Ag (MBP) is more effective at inducing oral tolerance than heterogeneous Ag (myelin).
"Only the Beginning": Continuing Our Battle for Empowerment

This chronology documents the events of the Nakanishi tenure battle and their significance, from the initial tenure review to his victory celebration in June 1989.
Abstract W P281: Improving Prediction of Readmission After Ischemic Stroke: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Background: Previous models for predicting readmission after ischemic stroke rely solely on administrative claims. The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is a nationwide clinical database required for all U.S. nursing home residents. We hypothesized MDS variables would improve prediction of 30-day acute hospital readmission after ischemic stroke. Methods: Medicare inpatient claims for the year 2008 were used to identify ischemic stroke cases over age 65 as defined by ICD-9 principal diagnosis codes 433.x, 434.x, and 436.x. Unique individuals were linked to full MDS records. Logistic regression was used to construct risk-adjusted models of unplanned readmission 30 days post acute care hospitalization. Covariates were derived from Medicare Part A claims and clinically relevant MDS variables. Model performance was assessed through construction of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Among 252,569 ischemic stroke admissions, there were 87,094 (36%) individuals admitted to nursing homes. The analytical sample was composed of 39,178 (14%) patients directly admitted to nursing homes. At 30-days post acute hospital discharge there were 11,648 (21%) readmissions and 6,394 (12%) deaths. Independent predictors of readmission included feeding tube (OR 1.20, CI 1.06-1.35), congestive heart failure (OR 1.18, CI 1.08-1.29), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.26, CI 1.15-1.39), renal disease (OR 1.26, CI 1.12-1.43), and pressure ulcers (OR 1.34, CI 1.20-1.51). Clostridium difficile infection was most strongly associated with readmission (OR 1.44, CI 1.05-1.97). Hemiparesis (34%) and aphasia (16%) were not significant predictors of 30-day readmission. Area under the ROC curve for predicting readmission at 30 days was 0.65. Conclusions: Nursing home admission is required for a significant proportion of stroke survivors over age 65. The addition of multiple individual clinical variables derived from the MDS resulted in a modest improvement in area under the ROC curve (.65) compared to previous models utilizing only Medicare Part A data (.60). The prediction model presented here provides novel targets for readmission reduction programs among stroke patients cared for in nursing homes.