cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Functionalization and Reductive Degradation of Multibrominated Disulfide-containing Hyperbranched Polymers

Reductively degradable hyperbranched polymethacrylates with multiple peripheral alkyl bromide groups were synthesized by the azobis(2-isobutyronitrile)-initiated copolymerization of diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate or oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate with the disulfide-containing crosslinker bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)disulfide (2.5–10.0 mol-% relative to the monomer) in the presence of carbon tetrabromide (10–40-fold excess relative to the radical initiator) as efficient chain transfer agent. The alkyl bromide groups initiated the atom-transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate, and star copolymers with hyperbranched disulfide-containing cores were formed. Both the macroinitiators and the star copolymers derived from them were degraded in reducing environment.
Low Self-Control and Imprudent Behavior Revisited

This study assesses the effect of low self-control on traditional offending-oriented outcomes and three imprudent behaviors—“drunk dialing,” public profanity, and public flatulence. The sample consists of approximately 500 undergraduate students. The results from the regression analyses show that low self-control is associated with typical offending, academic fraud, and binge drinking. More importantly, low self-control is also associated with making telephone calls while under the influence of alcohol, using offensive language in public places, and publicly expelling digestive gases. The results suggest that low self-control not only explains traditional offending-oriented outcomes, but also understudied forms of social deviance.
Small carrier frequency difference detection based on the relative phase entropy

Carrier frequency difference (CFD) detection plays a special role in signal classification and selection. Unfortunately, the CFD between co-channel signals transmitted by different transmitters at the so-called "same frequency" is often too small to detect. This paper applies the phase entropy theory to small CFD detection and we achieve superior results. We proved that the phase entropy algorithm can also be applied to carrier frequency estimation of MPSK signals shaped with limited-bandwidth pulse as well as rectangular pulse. And the sharp trough of entropy spectrum is expanded using the relative phase entropy, thus nonlinear search algorithms are applicable. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient at the expense of a performance degradation which is acceptable for practical application. For SNR greater than 10 dB and QPSK modulation, the normalized mean square error (NMSE) is below 1e-11, i.e., a CFD of 4 Hz can be detected.
The IBM family of APL systems

The developmental history of IBM subfamilies of APL systems is traced in this paper, focusing on the inter-relationships among them and the methods of implementation used by the various groups involved. The language itself, and the way its evolution was managed, are also considered as factors influencing the development process. A chart is included that illustrates the evolution of mainframe and small machine programming products supporting APL, beginning in 1964 up to the present time.
Discrete-time nonlinear H control with measurement feedback

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of H ∞ control via measurement feedback with internal stability for discrete-time nonlinear systems. Using the theory of discrete-time dissipative systems and differential game, we first present a parameterization of a family of static state feedback H ∞ nonlinear controllers. Then, we provide sufficient conditions for the existence of a dynamic output compensator which solves the problem of disturbance attenuation with internal stability for discrete-time nonlinear systems. The theory developed in this paper incorporates the well-known results for discrete-time linear systems, and generalizes some recent advances in H ∞ control of continuous-time nonlinear systems to their discrete-time counterparts.
Vaginal Hygiene Practices and Perceptions Among Women in the Urban Northeast

To inform development of an intervention to decrease vaginal douching among Latinas, we conducted a survey of 335 women aged 16-45 years in primary care offices in the urban Northeast, including many Hispanic women (59.7%). About a third (30.7%) indicated that they had never douched. Of women who had ever douched (n = 235), 51.1% indicated they no longer douche. Women reported using a variety of products for douching and non-douching hygiene, including U.S.-made and imported commercial products as well as traditional products. Compared to Black women, more Hispanic women reported never douching and use of imported products. More positive beliefs about the benefits of douching and its safety were reported by women who currently douche. Health care providers should be aware that women may be using imported and traditional products, the safety of which is unknown. Advice about douching from health care providers may be effective for some women in helping them choose to stop or not initiate the practice.
Neurofibromin, the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Ras‐GAP, Is Required for Appropriate P0 Expression and Myelination

The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene product, neurofibromin, regulates activation of the Ras intracellular signaling pathway in Schwann cells. Schwann cells purified from mouse embryos with null mutations in the Nf1 gene increase expression of the major myelin glycoprotein P0. v-Ras expression in cultured Schwann cells partially mimics loss of Nf1, suggesting a role for Ras in upregulation of P0 expression in Nf1-deficient cells. We tested whether loss of Nf1 alters the ability of Schwann cells to form myelin. No significant changes in myelin formation resulted when Nf1-deficient or v-Ras-expressing Schwann cells were cultured with normal neurons. Yet, in organotypic cultures of neurons, Schwann cells, and fibroblasts without neurofibromin, myelination was dramatically reduced. We suggest that Nf1-dependent signaling cascades in neurons and/or fibroblasts, as well as Schwann cells, are required for normal myelination.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated motility in fibroblasts.

Cell motility is induced by many growth factors acting through cognate receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (RPTK). However, most of the links between receptor activation and the biophysical processes of cell motility remain undeciphered. We have focused on the mechanisms by which the EGF receptor (EGFR) actuates fibroblast cell motility in an attempt to define this integrated process in one system. Our working model is that divergent, but interconnected pathways lead to the biophysical processes necessary for cell motility: cytoskeleton reorganization, membrane extension, formation of new adhesions to substratum, cell contraction, and release of adhesions at the rear. We postulate that for any given growth factor some of the pathways/processes will be actively signaled and rate-limiting, while others will be permissive due to background low-level activation. Certain couplings have been defined, such as PLCγ and actin modifying proteins being involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and lamellipod extension and MEK being implicated in detachment from substratum. Others are suggested by complementary investigations in integrin-mediated motility, including rac in membrane protrusion, rho in new adhesions, myosin II motors in contraction, and calpain in detachment, but have yet to be placed in growth factor-induced motility. Our model postulates that many biochemical pathways will be shared between chemokinetic and haptokinetic motility but that select pathways will be activated only during RPTK-enhanced motility. Microsc. Res. Tech. 43:395–411, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The germ cell-specific transcription factor ALF. Structural properties and stabilization of the TATA-binding protein (TBP)-DNA complex.

Abstract The assembly and stability of the RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex on a eukaryotic core promoter involves the effects of TFIIA on the interaction between TATA-binding protein (TBP) and DNA. To extend our understanding of these interactions, we characterized properties of ALF, a germ cell-specific TFIIA-like factor. ALF was able to stabilize the binding of TBP to DNA, but it could not stabilize TBP mutants A184E, N189E, E191R, and R205E nor could it facilitate binding of the TBP-like factor TRF2/TLF to a consensus TATA element. However, phosphorylation of ALF with casein kinase II resulted in the partial restoration of complex formation using mutant TBPs. Studies of ALF-TBP complexes formed on the Adenovirus Major Late (AdML) promoter revealed protection of the TATA box and upstream sequences from −38 to −20 (top strand) and −40 to −22 (bottom strand). The half-life and apparentK D of this complex was determined to be 650 min and 4.8 ± 2.7 nm, respectively. The presence of ALF or TFIIA did not significantly alter the ability of TBP to bind TATA elements from several testis-specific genes. Finally, analysis of the distinct, nonhomologous internal regions of ALF and TFIIAα/β using circular dichroism spectroscopy provided the first evidence to suggest that these domains are unordered, a result consistent with other genetic and biochemical properties. Overall, the results show that while the sequence and regulation of the ALF gene are distinct from its somatic cell counterpart TFIIAα/β, the TFIIAγ-dependent interactions of these factors with TBP are nearly indistinguishable in vitro. Thus, a role for ALF in the assembly and stabilization of initiation complexes in germ cells is likely to be similar or identical to the role of TFIIA in somatic cells.
Lack of influence of phytochrome on membrane permeability to tritiated water.

The water permeability of tissues was investigated by measuring the efflux of 3HHO from previously loaded (in darkness) etiolated bean buds (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney), pea epicotyl segments (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska), and oat coleoptile segments (Avena sativa L. var. Garry). Red light, far red light, or darkness was applied at the time of transfer of tissue from labeled to unlabeled medium. There were no effects of light on half-time for efflux or on the maximum level of radioactivity in the medium. Based on these criteria, phytochrome exerts no apparent control over water permeability.
A Personal Perspective on Triple Board Certification

Child psychiatrists see themselves as reflective in nature, while pediatricians describe themselves as advocates for children with a more practical bend (3). Because of pre-disposition or simply because of my training I view myself as a hybrid. I resonate best with those who have a similar triple board training experience yet fully understand and appreciate colleagues from any of the three specialties. Currently, the shortage of child psychiatrists is strongly felt. More than ever child psychiatrists, pediatricians, and general psychiatrists must work closely together to meet the mental health needs of children. A newly developed program which allows pediatricians the opportunity to complete general and child psychiatry residencies in 3 years will not only offer a timely solution for more child psychiatrists but will generate professionals who can help develop bridges between specialties in a time of great need (4).
Natural Oil-Based Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges

The downstream plastic conversion industries have received a large boost and have mushroomed without a corresponding increase in the production of plastic raw materials in the world. There is a gre...
Catoosa—A new medium-early red potato immune from common races of the late blight fungus and resistant to scab

Catoosa has many of the characteristics of Pontiac and should be well adapted to production areas where Pontiac is grown. It is the first red variety released to growers that is immune from late blight and resistant to scab.
Nutrient selection through nutrigenomic approaches

the abundance and varieties of nutrients in developed countries and increasingly in urban areas of transitional and developing countries presents modern humans with a conundrum: what are the best combinations of macro- and micronutrients that promote health and longevity in each individual? Why and
Peptide azoles: A new class of biologically-active dipeptide mmetics.

Abstract Appropriately substituted thiazoles, imidazoles and oxazoles have been designed to be useful mimetics of dipeptide moieties. These “peptide azoles” have been shown to be potent antagonists of substances P as measured by isolated tissue assays such as the isolated guinea-pig ileum. A novel, chiral synthesis of these peptide azoles from aminoacids has been developed.
A proof for Rhiel's range estimator of the coefficient of variation for skewed distributions.

Summary In this research study is proof that the coefficient of variation (CVhigh-low) calculated from the highest and lowest values in a set of data is applicable to specific skewed distributions with varying means and standard deviations. Earlier Rhiel provided values for dn, the standardized mean range, and an, an adjustment for bias in the range estimator of μ. These values are used in estimating the coefficient of variation from the range for skewed distributions. The dn and an values were specified for specific skewed distributions with a fixed mean and standard deviation. In this proof it is shown that the dn and an values are applicable for the specific skewed distributions when the mean and standard deviation can take on differing values. This will give the researcher confidence in using this statistic for skewed distributions regardless of the mean and standard deviation.
Reducing branch costs via branch alignment

Several researchers have proposed algorithms for basic block reordering. We call these branch alignment algorithms. The primary emphasis of these algorithms has been on improving instruction cache locality, and the few studies concerned with branch prediction reported small or minimal improvements. As wide-issue architectures become increasingly popular the importance of reducing branch costs will increase, and branch alignment is one mechanism which can effectively reduce these costs.In this paper, we propose an improved branch alignment algorithm that takes into consideration the architectural cost model and the branch prediction architecture when performing the basic block reordering. We show that branch alignment algorithms can improve a broad range of static and dynamic branch prediction architectures. We also show that a program performance can be improved by approximately 5% even when using recently proposed, highly accurate branch prediction architectures. The programs are compiled by any existing compiler and then transformed via binary transformations. When implementing these algorithms on a Alpha AXP 21604 up to a 16% reduction in total execution time is achieved.
Interactive analysis and design program for phase-controlled rectifiers operating in the closed-loop periodic-steady-state and transient conditions

An interactive computer program which accurately simulates the behavior of single- and three-phase closed-loop phase-controlled rectifiers operating in both the periodic-steady-state and transient conditions is described. An analysis of the simulation waveforms provides the user with a complete and accurate description of rectifier performance as a function of rectifier and controller design. Using this program, the rectifier design most closely suited to a given set of requirements can be found easily and quickly. >
Sample size re-estimation: recent developments and practical considerations

Interim findings of a clinical trial often will be useful for increasing the sample size if necessary to provide the required power against the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true. Strategies for carrying out the interim examination that have been described over the past several years include "internal pilot studies", blinded interim sample size adjustment and conditional power. Simulation studies show that the alternative methods generally control the type I error rate satisfactorily, although the power properties are more variable. The important issues associated with sample size re-estimation are strategic, not numeric. Clearly expressed regulatory preferences suggest that methods not requiring unblinding the data before completion of the trial would be most appropriate. Extending a trial has its risks. The investigators/patients enrolled later in the course of a trial are not necessarily the same as those recruited/entered early. Re-activating the enrollment process may be sufficiently complicated and expensive to justify enrolling more investigators/patients at the outset. Since sample size re-estimation adjusts the sample size on the basis of variability while efficacy interim analysis adjusts the sample size based on the basis of estimated effect size, both principles can be used in the same trial. Sample size re-estimation may not be advisable for trials involving extended follow-up of individual patients or, more generally, when the follow-up time is long relative to the recruitment time. In such cases, it may be better to estimate the sample size conservatively and introduce an interim efficacy evaluation.
ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CO ABSORPTION AND FAR-ULTRAVIOLET NONLINEAR EXTINCTION TOWARD GALACTIC OB STARS

A sample of 59 sight lines to reddened Galactic OB stars was examined for correlations of the strength of the CO Fourth Positive (A 1 � − X 1 � + ) absorption band system with the ultraviolet interstellar extinction curve parameters. We used archival high-dispersion NEWSIPS IUE spectra to measure the CO absorption for comparison to parametric fits of the extinction curves from the literature. A strong correlation with the non-linear far-UV curvature term was found with greater absorption, normalized to E(B − V ), being associated with more curvature. A weaker trend with the linear extinction term was also found. Mechanisms for enhancing CO in dust environments exhibiting high non-linear curvature are discussed. Subject headings: Dust, extinction — ISM: abundances — ISM: molecules — ultraviolet: ISM
The Impact of Cognitive Complexity on Feedback Efficacy during Online Versus Face-to-Face Interactive Tasks.

Informed by the cognition hypothesis (Robinson, 2011), recent studies indicate that more cognitively complex tasks can result in better incorporation of feedback during interaction and, as a consequence, more learning. It is not known, however, how task complexity and feedback work together in computerized environments. The present study addressed this gap by investigating how cognitive complexity in face-to-face (FTF) versus computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments mediates the efficacy of recasts in promoting second language development. Eighty-four adult learners of Spanish as a foreign language at a mid-Atlantic university were randomly assigned to a control group or one of four experimental groups. The experimental groups engaged in one-on-one interaction and received recasts on the Spanish past subjunctive but differed according to (a) whether or not they had to reflect on another person’s intentional reasons during the task and (b) whether they interacted in FTF or CMC environments. Learning was measured with two production tasks and a multiple-choice receptive test in a Pretest-Posttest 1-Posttest 2 design. Results revealed that in the FTF mode, performing the cognitively complex task while receiving recasts led to the most learning. In the CMC mode, the cognitively complex task + recasts was not effective. Instead, the cognitively simple task led to the most development in CMC. The study also found that judgments of time on task were the only independent measure of cognitive complexity that held across mode.
Transient Transfection Methods for Clinical Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Production

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors expressing therapeutic gene products have shown great potential for human gene therapy. One major challenge for translation of promising research to clinical development is the manufacture of sufficient quantities of AAV vectors that meet stringent standards for purity, potency, and safety required for human parenteral administration. Several methods have been developed to generate recombinant AAV in cell culture, each offering distinct advantages. Transient transfection-based methods for vector production are reviewed here, with a focus on specific considerations for development of AAV vectors as clinical products.
Party politics in the Continental Congress

Reexamines the immense documentation still extant for the Congress, and judiciously evaluates the Congress's accomplishments and points out its frailties. The book's most distinctive feature is its focus on congressional politics and factions. The author examines the voting patterns and personal and geographical divisions existing in the Continental Congress, uncovering all the elements of a concealed party system taking form as early as 1774. Originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1974.
Core Promoter Structure in the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans

We have investigated the core promoter structure of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. The transcriptional start sites (TSS) of three previously characterized P. infestans genes, Piexo1, Piexo3, and Piendo1, were determined by primer extension analyses. The TSS regions were homologous to a previously identified 16-nucleotide (nt) core sequence that overlaps the TSS in most oomycete genes. The core promoter regions of Piexo1 and Piendo1 were investigated by using a transient protoplast expression assay and the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase. Mutational analyses of the promoters of Piexo1 and Piendo1 showed that there is a putative core promoter element encompassing the TSS (-2 to +5) that has high sequence and functional homology to a known core promoter element present in other eukaryotes, the initiator element (Inr). Downstream and flanking the Inr is a highly conserved oomycete promoter region (+7 to +15), hereafter referred to as FPR (flanking promoter region), which is also important for promoter function. The importance of the 19-nt core promoter region (Inr and FPR) in Piexo1 and Piendo1 was further investigated through electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). The EMSA studies showed that (i) both core promoters were able to specifically bind a protein or protein complex in a P. infestans whole-cell protein extract and (ii) the same mutations that reduced binding of the EMSA complex also reduced beta-glucuronidase (GUS) levels in transient expression assays. The consistency of results obtained using two different assays (GUS transient assays [in vivo] and EMSA studies [in vitro]) supports a convergence of inference about the relative importance of specific nucleotides within the 19-nt core promoter region.
Measurement of fear of the conditioned stimulus and of situational cues at several stages of two-way avoidance learning

Abstract In Experiment 1, subjects were trained in a signaled two-way avoidance task to a criterion of either 2, 10, or 20 consecutive avoidance responses. Subsequently, they were allowed to escape, in the absence of shock, from one compartment of the avoidance apparatus to an adjacent safe box. For one group at each criterion level, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was presented during these trials; for another group, it was not (NCS). The rate and level of learning of the escape response were taken to reflect the amount of fear of the CS and situational cues present at the end of avoidance training for the CS groups and the amount of fear of the situational cues alone for the NCS groups. Under the CS condition, all groups learned equally well; under the NCS condition, learning occurred only in the two-criterion group. This pattern of results suggests that, as avoidance training continued, differential reinforcement led to the formation of a discrimination so that a substantial amount of fear was elicited by the CS plus situational cues but only a minimal amount by the situational cues alone. Such a loss of fear of situational cues would, according to effective reinforcement theory, serve to maintain or even increase reinforcement as avoidance training progressed. The results of Experiment 2, by ruling out some alternative explanations, supported the interpretation that the learning of the instrumental escape response in the first experiment was based on prior fear conditioning.
Dietary Manipulation of Histone Structure and Function

Post-translational modifications of histones are the subject of intensive investigations with the aim of decoding how they regulate, alone or in combination, chromatin structure, genomic stability, and gene expression. Major epigenetic programming events take place during gametogenesis and fetal development and are thought to have long-lasting consequences on adult health. Epidemiological and experimental studies have pointed toward maternal nutrition as a major player during prenatal development in influencing disease susceptibility later in life. Although the mechanisms underlying such observations are not well elucidated, epigenetic alterations of histones by particular maternal diets might be of central importance. Moreover, as much as dietary sources can influence epigenetic programming during pregnancy, they have started to be implicated in cancer chemoprevention, via the targeting of reversible epigenetic deregulations at the level of the histones.
Gamma Interferon Assays Used in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease that has infected humans for thousands of years. However, despite diagnostic tests that detect the disease and effective therapy, there are still millions of people worldwide who are infected with TB. The first TB test used to detect infected patients was a skin test that identifies individuals actively infected with TB. This test used a mix of proteins from culture filtrates of the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recently, two new diagnostic tests have been introduced; these two new tests can detect TB infection in patients by challenging peripheral blood cells with specific TB proteins. These assays measure the cellular immune response to these proteins. This minireview evaluates the new assays and compares them to the use of the TB skin test. The use of these new assays may have some advantages in detecting individuals with active tuberculosis. However, there is still a role for the use of the skin test, especially in young patients.
B cell responses to HIV-1 infection and vaccination: pathways to preventing infection

The B cell arm of the immune response becomes activated soon after HIV-1 transmission, yet the initial antibody response does not control HIV-1 replication, and it takes months for neutralizing antibodies to develop against the autologous virus. Antibodies that can be broadly protective are made only in a minority of subjects and take years to develop—too late to affect the course of disease. New studies of the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection, new techniques to probe the human B cell repertoire, the modest degree of efficacy in a vaccine trial and new studies of human monoclonal antibodies that represent the types of immune responses an HIV-1 vaccine should induce are collectively illuminating paths that a successful HIV-1 vaccine might take.
Inadvertent transection of a pulmonary artery catheter during thoracic surgery

A WIDE VARIETY of complications have been associated with insertion and use of pulmonary artery catheters (PAC). They include arrhythmias, which are commonly seen during insertion of the PAC, and more serious events, such as rupture of the pulmonary artery or pulmonary infarctions. A case is reported of inadvertent transection of the tip of the PAC by the surgical stapler during a left pneumonectomy, which is a complication unique to lung resection and has not been previously reported. It is important to emphasize the possible consequences that may follow if this event is unrecognized. This complication is preventable, but should it occur, a method of safe repair is necessary.
Long term exercise patterns and immune function in healthy older women: A report of preliminary findings

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between active versus inactive lifestyle and immunocompetence in older women. A sample of 46 independently dwelling, ambulatory and mentally alert women 60–98 years was examined, 25 who rated themselves as `active' and 21 who rated themselves as `inactive'. Lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry using selected monoclonal antibodies. The self-reported active subjects (also validated by their current unsolicited participation in a formal exercise class) demonstrated significantly higher percent change in CD25 mitogen stimulated lymphocytes ( P =0.0335) than those who reported themselves to be sedentary.
Immigrant Earnings Patterns In High Immigration States

This paper examines and measures the extent of wage convergence of immigrants to native-born workers. The focus is on a dimension of immigrant labor market assimilation that has been largely overlooked in this literature; particularly, how differences in local labor market wage-setting mechanisms affect the process of wage convergence. Recently, some have argued that immigrants arriving after the 1970s will possess inferior assimilation abilities relative to previous immigrant cohorts because they lack essential skills. This paper shows that wage convergence varies significantly between high-immigration states and that the wage-setting structure can be a significant factor in the assimilation process. The results also indicate that recent immigrants begin their process of assimilation from a position that is similar to previous immigrants and that if their human capital accumulation rates mirror those of previous cohorts, successful wage convergence will rest on the development of an equitable pay structure.
A game-theoretic tree matching approach for object detection in high-resolution remotely sensed images

In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic tree matching algorithm for object detection in high resolution (HR) remotely sensed images, where, given a scene image and an object image, the goal is to determine whether or not the object exists in the scene image. To that effect, tree based representations of the images are obtained using a hierarchical scale space approach. The nodes of the tree denote regions in the image and edges represent the relative containment between different regions. Once we have the tree representations of each image, the task of object detection is reformulated as a tree matching problem. We propose a game-theoretic technique to search for the node correspondences between a pair of trees. This method involves defining a non-cooperative matching game, where strategies denote the possible pairs of matching regions and payoffs determine the compatibilities between these strategies. Trees are matched by finding the evolutionary stable states (ESS) of the game. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we perform experiments on both synthetic and HR remotely sensed images. Our results demonstrate the robustness of the tree representation with respect to different spatial variations of the images, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed game-theoretic tree matching algorithm.
Priming Effects and Performance Expectations in Mixed-Sex Task Groups

I report the results of a laboratory experiment in which I examine the relationship between cognitive categorization processes and status-organizing processes, focusing on how seemingly irrelevant information becomes relevant to the informational structure of a task situation. In phase one, participants completed a task in which they were primed with photographs of women occupying either stereotypical or counter-stereotypical roles. In phase two, participants, along with a partner, completed a collective decision-making task. The two experimental phases were ostensibly unrelated from the participants’ point of view. Results indicate that priming manipulations significantly affected patterns of influence in mixed-sex groups. These effects were driven primarily by altering expectations of female group members.
Competition in the Affluent Society

S. . in the total marketing system from farm to consumers, the clear trend has been to larger sized firms, many of which possess considerable market power. Moreover, much competition among market agencies has come to be not the exclusively price competition that is typical of little businesses. Instead it often is the peculiar kind of contest which takes place between giants-it may include much nonprice competition, as in promotion, advertising, trading-stamp bonuses, brand-name rivalries, and others. Some of these lead to built-in merchandising costs without clear evidence of commensurate benefit.
The impact of various cycling regimens on phosphorus removal in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.

Background: The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines have suggested that serum phosphate levels be maintained at ≤ 5.5 mg/dL in patients maintained on dialysis. Over 45% of anuric patients maintained on CAPD have serum phosphate levels > 5.5 mg/dL. The present study was designed to address the question whether phosphate removal could be enhanced by increasing the dialysate volume during cycler peritoneal dialysis therapy. Methods: Medically stable patients maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis therapy, who were high or high-average transporters and had serum phosphate levels ≥ 5.5 mg/dL, were invited to participate in the study. The protocol involved measuring phosphate and creatinine clearances at weekly intervals on three different cycler prescriptions consisting of 7 and 12 full cycles or 24 cycles with 50% tidal PD (TPD) over 9 hours. Ten patients agreed to participate. Those patients (n=7) with a BMI > 22 had 2 liter (L) fill volumes and 14 L of total dialysate (7 cycles of 2 L) or 24 L total dialysate (12 cycles of 2 L or 50% TPD with 24 cycles).The patients (n=3) with a BMI 22 BMI group. The mean phosphate clearance (L/night/1.73m 2 ) increased from 3.96 (′ 1.16) with 7 cycles to 4.71 (+ 1.81) with 12 cycles and 4.51 (′ 1.61) with 50% TPD. Creatinine clearance (L/night/1.73m 2 ) was 4.74 (′ 1.74) with 7 cycles, 6.06 (′ 2.04) with 12 cycles and 5.61 (′ 2.01) with TPD. Conclusion: The present study indicates that there is a significant, 19% (P < 0.005) rise in phosphate clearance by increasing dialysate volume 71% from 7 cycles to 14 cycles compared to a 27% increase in creatinine clearance. With tidal PD, phosphate clearance increased by 12% (p=NS) and creatinine clearance increased 18 % (p, 0.02). This increase in phosphate clearance translates into < 50 mg net phosphate removal in 9 hours, assuming a serum phosphate of 6 mg/%. Thus, increasing dialysis cycles and volume results in only a minimal increase in net phosphate removal.
Importance of chloride for the correction of chronic metabolic alkalosis in the rat.

To determine whether chloride repletion without sodium could correct chronic chloride depletion metabolic alkalosis (CDA) in Sprague-Dawley rats without volume expansion and without increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR), CDA was generated by peritoneal dialysis (PD) against 0.15 M NaHCO3 and maintained for 7-10 days by a chloride-restricted diet supplemented with sodium and potassium salts. Control animals were dialyzed against Ringer bicarbonate. The maintenance period of chronic CDA, compared with control, was characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis (serum TCO2 31.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 23.1 +/- 0.5 meq/l, P less than 0.05), volume contraction (plasma volume 3.76 +/- 0.08 vs. 4.19 +/- 0.22 ml/100 g body wt, P less than 0.05), decreased GFR (838 +/- 84 vs. 1045 +/- 45 microliters.min-1.100 g body wt-1, P less than 0.05), increased plasma renin activity (PRA) (63 +/- 13 vs. 12 +/- 3 ng.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.05), but unchanged plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) (4.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.4 +/- 1.6 ng/dl, P = NS). Complete correction of chronic CDA was accomplished by 24 h of ingestion of choline chloride drink, and despite negative sodium balance, neutral potassium balance, continued bicarbonate ingestion, and persistent volume contraction (plasma volume 3.76 +/- 0.08 vs. 3.73 +/- 0.12 ml/100 g body wt pre- and postcorrection, P = NS), GFR remained decreased (659 +/- 87 vs. 1,045 +/- 45 microliters.min-1.100 g body wt-1, P less than 0.05), PRA decreased (63 +/- 13 vs. 33 +/- 5 ng.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.05), but PAC did not change (4.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 6.1 +/- 1.6 ng/dl, P = NS) after correction of CDA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult Emergence Patterns and Species Distribution and Abundance of Tipulidae in Three Woodland Floodplains

The adult emergence patterns and species distribution and abundance of Tipulidae in three woodland floodplains diffenng in size and in the diversity of vegetation were studied in southwestern Michigan during 1977. Adults and larvae were sampled by using emergence traps and core samples of leaf litter and humus, respectively. Twentyfour species of Tipulidae belonging to 15 genera were recorded from emergence trap samples. Adult emergence patterns among species groups were characterized and there were differences in species composition among floodplains. Abundance and distribution of larval tipulids were influenced by two closely related environmental factors: soil moisture and organic content. Adult distribution appeared to be influenced by factors affecting evaporation rate, that is, relative humidity, air movement, and insolation.
Some perspectives of teaching control systems engineering design

In this paper, some perspectives on teaching control systems engineering design are presented. The basic premise is that a change in focus from engineering science to engineering design is required if the control systems engineers of the future are to be able to respond to the challenges of the marketplace. Numerous studies in recent years document the growing concern with engineering education in general and recent conferences have addressed similar concerns in the education of control systems'engineers. The changes proposed in this paper argue for a balanced program of traditional classroom work with integration of workstation based Computer Aided Control Engineering (CACE) software and a hardware-in-the-loop laboratory. The focus of a control systems curriculum should be cross departmental and should be vertically integrated to span basic undergraduate studies, graduate studies and current research projects. An outline of the program at University of Washington that is designed to meet these goals is presented.
Reflection on health and epidemic prevention after“8·03”earthquake disaster in Ludian, Yunnan

Objective To analyze the health and epidemic prevention work after the earthquake disaster of "8·03"in Ludian Yunnan, and propose the key points and provide reference for the future work. Methods We paid more attention on the influence of health and epidemic prevention work after the earthquake, combining with field experience and lessons in Ludian, proposed reasonable and useful comments and suggestions based on comprehensive analysis. Results We put forward some suggestions for improvement from six aspects, such as government responsibility, straightening out relations, the responsibilities of the parties, technical support, time limit, summary to analyze the problems. Conclusion The disaster epidemic prevention work is a systematic project, we must strengthen the main responsibility of Government, clarify responsibilities of Health, Environmental Protection, Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration agents and other departments, rationalize the relationship between health and epidemic prevention teams of national, provincial, municipal and county level, pay attention to technical support, determine the time limit properly and make a good summary.
Estimating the ratio of pond size to irrigated soybean land in Mississippi: a case study

Although more on-farm storage ponds have been constructed in recent years to mitigate groundwater resources depletion in Mississippi, little effort has been devoted to estimating the ratio of on-farm water storage pond size to irrigated crop land based on pond metric and its hydrogeological conditions. In this study, two simulation scenarios were chosen to determine such a ratio as well as to investigate pond hydrological processes using a Structural Thinking, Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation (STELLA) model, one scenario with and the other without using pond water for irrigation for a typical pond that represented the average conditions in East Mississippi. Simulation results showed that pond water level changed moderately for conditions without using its water for irrigation, whereas such level changed dramatically for conditions with using its water for irrigation. A reasonable ratio of pond size to irrigated soybeans land was 1:18 if the irrigation rate was 2.54 cm d −1 (or 1 in d −1 ) and the low limit of the pond water level was drawn to near zero (0.08 m). For the ratio of 1:18, our simulations further revealed that a 1-ha soybeans land could save about 542 m 3 groundwater each year. This study suggests that the STELLA model is a useful tool for estimating the ratio of pond size to irrigated crop land.
Wild Desire and Quenchless Will: Wuthering Heights

Perhaps one might justly say of all the Bronte sisters’ heroines that they are ‘quenchless’ in the sense of Emily Bronte’s verse above, but Wuthering Heights is unique even among Bronte novels as a construction of identity as a craving will which is both insatiable and unsubduable. As if they were a gloss on Wuthering Heights, the wonderful lines by Emily Bronte above seem to propose a Brontean concept of self: if no Heaven could fulfil the insatiable desire of the poem’s persona, neither could Hell quench the unsubduable will. Both Desire and the Will to act on Desire are seen here as ‘quenchless’, too strong to be either completed or repressed. The alliance of these two, whose strength is the hallmark of individual identity, forms an essentialist view of selfhood, in which a ‘real’ self, a more genuine inner core, is felt to lie buried beneath a distorting layer of social behaviour, values and roles. It would seem, in the social/historical context of Victorian England, that the unfulfilled lack in which Desire originates might easily be associated with the conventional notions of the feminine, and the self-determining practices of an indomitable Will viewed as correspondingly masculine, but this poem unites the two in one selfhood unmarked by gender.
Renal Protection Using Remote Ischemic Peri-Conditioning During Inter-Facility Helicopter Transport of Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Study.

Objective To assess the impact of remote ischemic peri-conditioning (RIPC) during inter-facility air medical transport of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients on the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Background STEMI patients who receive pPCI have an increased risk of AKI for which there is no well-defined prophylactic therapy in the setting of emergent pPCI. Methods Using the ACTION Registry-GWTG, we evaluated the impact of RIPC applied during inter-facility helicopter transport of STEMI patients from non-PCI capable hospitals to 2 PCI-hospitals in the United States between March, 2013 and September, 2015 on the incidence of AKI following pPCI. AKI was defined as ≥0.3 mg/dL increase in creatinine within 48–72 hours after pPCI. Results Patients who received RIPC (n = 127), compared to those who did not (n = 92), were less likely to have AKI (11 of 127 patients [8.7%] vs. 17 of 92 patients [18.5%]; adjusted odds ratio = 0.32, 95% CI 0.12–0.85, P = 0.023) and all-cause in-hospital mortality (2 of 127 patients [1.6%] vs. 7 of 92 patients [7.6%]; adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02–0.86, P = 0.034) after adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. There was no difference in hospital length of stay (3 days [interquartile range, 2–4] vs. 3 days [interquartile range, 2–5], P = 0.357) between the 2 groups. Conclusion RIPC applied during inter-facility helicopter transport of STEMI patients for pPCI is associated with lower incidence of AKI and in-hospital mortality. The use of RIPC for renal protection in STEMI patients warrants further in depth investigation.
An examination of EHR implementation impacts on patient-flow

Abstract Introduction This study builds upon prior knowledge to integrate data from an EHR system to investigate EHR implementation on patient -flow for operations within a pediatric practice. We compare pre-implementation administrative data from a practice management system with paper-based documents, and post-implementation data from a cloud-based EHR system. Methods This study reports on visits from a clinic within a network of eleven pediatric clinics during the period of April 16, 2012 to April 15, 2014. Results 2448 independent patient visits were used in the study. 838 pre-implementation visit records were collected for the period April 16, 2012 to May 15, 2012 period, 789 visit records for the period April 16, 2013 to May 15, 2013, and 821 visit records for April 16, 2014 to May 15, 2014. Overall mean process time increased to 81.43 min immediately after implementation of the new EHR system. This was followed by a decrease (16.83 min) in time from check in to check out post-implementation. Discussion There were significant improvements observed in patient-flow relative to initial EHR adoption; such improvements resulted in gains in operational efficiency in several steps within the process. Conclusion Findings suggests the effective use of knowledge-sharing among employees in complement with EHR training cannot be overlooked. While expected gains in operational efficiency may initially be achieved within some steps of the process, sustained overall gains can only be accomplished by overcoming the barriers and challenges to organizational learning.
Historical Perspectives on Flavivirus Research

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquito or tick vectors. These “arboviruses” are found around the world and account for a significant number of cases of human disease. The flaviviruses cause diseases ranging from mild or sub-clinical infections to lethal hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. In many cases, survivors of neurologic flavivirus infections suffer long-term debilitating sequelae. Much like the emergence of West Nile virus in the United States in 1999, the recent emergence of Zika virus in the Americas has significantly increased the awareness of mosquito-borne viruses. The diseases caused by several flaviviruses have been recognized for decades, if not centuries. However, there is still a lot that is unknown about the flaviviruses as the recent experience with Zika virus has taught us. The objective of this review is to provide a general overview and some historical perspective on several flaviviruses that cause significant human disease. In addition, available medical countermeasures and significant gaps in our understanding of flavivirus biology are also discussed.