cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design of Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles

Fuel cells are being considered increasingly as a viable alternative energy source for automobiles because of their clean and efficient power generation. Numerous technological concepts have been developed and compared in terms of safety, robust operation, fuel economy, and vehicle performance. However, several issues still exist and must be addressed to improve the viability of this emerging technology. Despite the relatively large number of models and prototypes, a model-based vehicle design capability with sufficient fidelity and efficiency is not yet available in the literature. In this article we present an analysis and design optimization model for fuel cell vehicles that can be applied to both hybrid and non-hybrid vehicles by integrating a fuel cell vehicle simulator with a physics-based fuel cell model. The integration is achieved via quasi-steady fuel cell performance maps, and provides the ability to modify the characteristics of fuel cell systems with sufficient accuracy (less than 5% error) and efficiency (98% computational time reduction on average). Thus, a vehicle can be optimized subject to constraints that include various performance metrics and design specifications so that the overall efficiency of the hybrid fuel cell vehicle can be improved by 14% without violating any constraints. The obtained optimal fuel cell system is also compared to other, not vehicle-related, fuel cell systems optimized for maximum power density or maximum efficiency. A tradeoff between power density and efficiency can be observed depending on the size of compressors. Typically, a larger compressor results in higher fuel cell power density at the cost of fuel cell efficiency because it operates in a wider current region. When optimizing the fuel cell system for maximum power density, we observe that the optimal compressor operates efficiently. When optimizing the fuel cell system to be used as a power source in a vehicle, the optimal compressor is smaller and less efficient than the one of the fuel cell system optimized for maximum power density. In spite of this compressor inefficiency, the fuel cell system is 9% more efficient on average. In addition, vehicle performance can be improved significantly because the fuel cell system is designed both for maximum power density and efficiency. For a more comprehensive understanding of the overall design tradeoffs, several constraints dealing with cost, weight, and packaging issues must be considered.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Paradigmatic Shifts in Automobile Manufacturing

ABSTRACTOne of the greatest problems facing the U.S. auto industry is the erosion of its manufacturing base. Another is the increasing challenge from Japan, which keeps building on its solid postwar accomplishments mapped out by such pioneers as Taiichi Ohno and Shigeo Shingo. Their enduring legacy includes a reliance on the firm's human resources for maintaining productivity and quality control. The Japanese paradigm thus has a built-in mechanism for self-improvement and competitiveness enhancement.The continued strife in Detroit suggests that the older American paradigm must be restructured; its top-down way of conducting business must allow labor to become a genuine partner with management instead of an adversary. The Japanese immigrant plants in the United States clearly show the way to do this. While such restructuring is frequently time-consuming, the period available for reform dwindles as the Asians keep strengthening their U.S. operations.
A flexible shared-buffer switch for ATM at Gb/s rates

Abstract This paper presents the architecture of a very high-speed VLSI packet switch and its performance. The switch, called PRIZMA, is suited for broadband telecommunications, based on ATM, the Asynchronous Transfer Mode. However, the concept is not restricted to ATM-oriented architectural environments. There may be applications within private networks, independent of whether they are ATM-based. There may also be other potential applications such as multiprocessor interconnection. The architecture of the PRIZMA switch follows the architecture of its lower-speed earlier version (H. Ahmadi et al., Int. J. Digital Analog Cabled Syst. 2 (4) (1989) 277–287) to a large degree: It is based on a single-chip switch element that exploits the performance advantage of output queuing and from which larger, self-routing single-stage or multistage switch fabrics can be constructed in a modular way. However, compared to the precursor, higher performance is achieved by output queues that now are configured as a dynamically shared memory. This shared memory can also be expanded by linking multiple switch elements. Owing to novel parallel structures inside the switch element, VLSI implementation is possible for transmission rates on the order of a gigabit per second per port. In the last section of this paper, performance results are presented for a switch in a single-stage configuration as well as for the case of a three-stage switch fabric.
Quality competition in retailing: A structural analysis

Abstract This paper presents empirical evidence that endogenous fixed costs play a central role in determining the equilibrium structure of the retail food industry. Using the framework developed in Sutton [Sutton, J. (1991). Sunk Cost and Market Structure: Price Competition, Advertising, and the Evolution of Concentration (MIT Press, Cambridge).], I construct a structural model of retail competition in which escalating investment in firm level distribution systems yields a natural oligopoly of high quality supermarkets, while a low quality fringe of grocery stores serves consumers who do not value quality. Using a full census of the retail food industry to evaluate the model, I construct a structural prediction for the limiting number of supermarket firms and identify the quality escalation mechanism that sustains this oligopoly. Apart from the specific setting analyzed here, this model can help explain why certain retail industries remain highly concentrated as markets grow, while others quickly fragment.
Maternal Rh antibody and delayed neonatal expression of Rh antigen.

For more than five months after delivery, delay in Rh reactivity was observed in a type A Rh-positive infant who had received six intrauterine transfusions of type O Rh-negative blood. The A reaction of the infant's erythrocytes was used as a marker for these studies, and delay in the development of Rh reactivity coincided roughly with the period when Rh antibody was demonstrable in the infant's serum. Neither “blocking” of Rh receptors nor “dilution” of the infant's cells with transfused Rh-negative cells could be proven to be responsible for the findings, and suppression of Rh antigen by maternal Rh antibody appears to account for the observed phenomenon.
Parallel harmony search based distributed energy resource optimization

This paper presents a harmony search based parallel optimization algorithm to minimize voltage deviations in three phase unbalanced electrical distribution systems and to maximize active power outputs of distributed energy resources (DR). The main contribution is to reduce the adverse impacts on voltage profile during a day as photovoltaics (PVs) output or electrical vehicles (EVs) charging changes throughout a day. The IEEE 123-bus distribution test system is modified by adding DRs and EVs under different load profiles. The simulation results show that by using parallel computing techniques, heuristic methods may be used as an alternative optimization tool in electrical power distribution systems operation.
Expanding Enrollments and Contracting State Budgets The Effect of the Great Recession on Higher Education

The Great Recession heightened a growing conflict in the United States between expanding enrollments in postsecondary education and contracting public budget support. Weak labor market conditions during the Great Recession encouraged college enrollments, with much of the increase in enrollment occurring outside the most selective institutions. While federal aid policies, including the Pell grant, became more generous, dramatic reductions in state budget allocations made it difficult for colleges and universities to maintain programming and accommodate student demand. As a result, the Great Recession has accelerated the cost-shifting from public subsidies to individual payments in higher education.
Cat scratch disease: magnetic resonance imaging findings

Cat scratch disease is an infectious lymphadenitis frequently occurring in children and adolescents. We present the magnetic resonance imaging findings of two patients with this disease. In both cases, lymphadenopathy was characterized by extensive stranding of the surrounding soft tissues, consistent with the inflammatory nature of this condition. Magnetic resonance imaging can be diagnostic and may obviate the need for invasive means of evaluation in patients suspected of having cat scratch disease.
Changes in rat brainstem responsiveness to somatovisceral inputs following acute bladder irritation.

A number of clinical studies indicate the coexistence of multiple chronic pelvic diseases and pain syndromes. An association between various conditions related to the pelvic viscera may relate to a high degree of central visceral convergence, which is a requisite for the cross-organ coordination that is necessary for their normal functions. In the present study, a population of neurons receiving a high degree of somatovisceral convergence (those in the medullary reticular formation—MRF) was targeted in order to examine the effect of infusing a chemical irritant into one organ on the responsiveness of convergent inputs from various visceral and somatic regions of the body, using electrophysiological techniques. Acute irritation of the urinary bladder (UB) with 2% acetic acid significantly decreased the percentage of convergent MRF neuronal responses to UB distention and urethral infusion and significantly increased the percentage responding to whole body, mainly due to stimulation of the face. Irritation also produced a significant increase in the response duration of MRF neurons to distention of colon as well as the bladder (for those few UB responses that still remained). These results indicate that a pelvic/visceral pathology confined to one organ can affect at least some of the convergent responses from other regions of the body. The findings suggest that MRF neurons contribute to the cross-talk between different regions of the body under both normal and pathological conditions.
Antecedent tone presentation differentially alters the rate of amygdala kindling: continued exposure is not required for this region-specific effect.

Recently we reported that antecedent tone presentation significantly delays the rate of amygdala kindling when it precedes and overlaps with every kindling trial. The goal of the present study was to determine if there is a minimal number of pairings required for the tone to exert its effects or if continued exposure is required. To investigate this, male Long-Evans hooded rats were implanted with a bipolar electrode in the right amygdala and assigned to a Tone, No Tone, or Tone Discontinued group and kindled once daily. The Tone group was exposed to the auditory stimulus on every kindling trial, while the Tone Discontinued group received it for only the first 5 days and subsequently was kindled in the same manner as the No Tone group (i.e., not exposed to the tone while receiving the kindling stimulation). In agreement with our earlier report, antecedent tone presentation significantly delayed seizure progression for subjects kindled in the central nucleus. However, the antecedent tone also significantly accelerated epileptogenesis for rats kindled in the amygdalostriatal transition area and produced no significant difference for those kindled in the basolateral nucleus. Furthermore, presentation of the tone was not required with every kindling trial in order for these effects to be seen, suggesting that a critical period might exist early in the kindling process during which epileptogenesis is acutely vulnerable to intervention. Additional research is necessary to determine the nature of these interventions and what effects they may have on seizure genesis.
Neither friends nor foes: Thoughts on ethnographic distance

Abstract As a critical ethnographer of proselytizing missions led by conservative Korean/American evangelicals, I discuss the difficulties arising from conducting research in a hostile group setting, negotiating the dynamics of empathetic proximity and critical distance.
Temperature dependence of kinetic roughening during metal(100) homoepitaxy : transition between 'mounding' and smooth growth

Abstract From simulations of a realistic lattice-gas model for metal(100) homoepitaxy, we analyze the temperature ( T ) dependence of the film roughness (or interface width), of the effective roughening exponent, of the local step-density, and of the persistence of the Bragg intensity oscillations. By also analyzing the dependence on T of the lateral mass currents of deposited atoms, we reveal a kinetic phase transition from a regime of ‘mounding’ at higher T , to a regime of ‘reentrant’ smooth growth at lower T . Application of these results for the cases of Ag, Fe, and Cu homoepitaxy is discussed. Finally, we also describe some features of the dynamics of deposited atoms that could lead to the recovery of rough growth at very low T .
Induced morphological defenses in the wild: Predator effects on a mayfly, Drunella coloradensis

Phenotypic plasticity may enable organisms to optimize their phenotypes in environments that are heterogeneous over time or space. For example, inducible defenses are favored for prey populations faced with variable predation risk. We studied the impact of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on the development of defensive morphological characters in larvae of the mayfly, Drunella coloradensis, both in natural streams and in a series of experiments carried out in streamside, circular, flow-through chambers. Drunella larvae in natural streams with trout had Ion-er caudal filaments per unit body size and relatively heavier exoskeletons than Drunella in fishless streams. Female larvae that developed in fish streams were also significantly smaller and less fecund at metamorphosis than those living in fishless streams, suggesting a possible fitness cost associated with development of morphological defenses. However, timing of metamorphosis of Drunella larvae to the adult stage did not differ between fish and fishless streams. Larvae originating from fish and fishless streams were reared and exposed to water with fish cues or fishless control water for three weeks (1998) or until they developed black wing pads, i.e., just before emergence (1999). In both experiments waterborne fish cues induced the development of relatively longer caudal filaments, but only in Drunella originating from sites without fish. Waterborne fish cues had no effect oil Drunella growth rates, behavior, or size at emergence. Drunella originating from fish streams had significantly lower mortality when exposed to predation by trout than Drunella originating from fishless streams. Caudal filament length appears to enhance survival, as Drunella with intact caudal filaments had lower predation rates than Drunella with their tails artificially shortened. This study provides evidence of chemically induced morphological plasticity that could reduce predation rates of these mayflies in natural stream environments. (Less)
Determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide without tetrachloromercurate(ii): Further refinements of a pararosaniline method and field application

Results are presented for the field application of a pararosaniline method which determines sulfur dioxide by utilizing a nontoxic thermally stable dilute formaldehyde absorber buffered at pH 4. Parallel results by the Federal Reference Method are reported. Further refinements of the pararosaniline procedure including dye reagent purification and inclusion of a trichloroacetic acid buffer system are described. Merits and limitations of direct and reverse reagent addition are discussed.
Alcohol, Neurotransmitter Systems, and Behavior

Alcohol affects several neurotransmitter systems within the brain. In this article, the author describes its effects on 5 major ones: glutamate, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems. The author also notes the interactions and interdependencies of these transmitters, and provides details on both immediate effects and long-term adaptations. Last, the author explains several psychopharmacological treatments for alcoholism and the effects of these treatments on transmitters, and draws conclusions.
Effects of commercial processing on the fat- soluble vitamin content of menhaden fish oil

The effect of processing on the fat-soluble vitamin content of menhaden fish oil was studied. Menhaden oil samples were taken during various steps in commercial processing. Samples included a crude oil, a bleached oil, a refined oil, a refined then bleached oil, and a refined-bleached-deodorized-stabilized oil. The most processed oil had only about one-fifth as much vitamin A and vitamin D3 as the crude fish oil. Vitamin E levels were decreased by about half as a result of processing. Bleaching the oil with Fuller’s earth caused the major loss of retinols. Treating the fish oil with steam for several hours caused the major loss of vitamin D3.
Confronting Sadness Through Art-Making: Distraction Is More Beneficial Than Venting

in the distraction condition they were asked to draw an image unrelated to the film (a house). In Study 2 we induced a negative mood by asking participants to think of the saddest event they had experienced and then assigned them to one of three conditions: venting, distraction, and sitting - a new condition in which participants just sat quietly. This latter condition allowed us to assess the effect of passage of time. In both studies, positive and negative affect were measured before and after the assigned activity. In both studies, mood improved significantly more in the distraction than in the venting or sitting condition. We argue that the mood elevating effects of art-making are stronger when art is used to distract than when used to vent.
PGP9.5 As a candidate tumor marker for non-small-cell lung cancer

PGP9.5 is a neurospecific peptide that functions to remove ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins and prevents them from targeted degradation by proteasomes. Using the serial analysis of gene expression method (SAGE), we observed that the PGP9.5 transcript was highly expressed in primary lung cancers and lung cancer cell lines but was not detectable in the normal lung. Here we examined the expression of PGP9.5 protein in normal lung epithelium, lung tumor cell lines, and 98 resected primary non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). We found PGP9.5 reactivity in normal lung in a pattern compatible with K-cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. However, the PGP9.5 was present in both small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and NSCLC cell lines (22/24) independent of neuronal differentiation. In primary NSCLCs, 54% (53/98) of the cases had positive PGP9.5 staining, and the expression of protein was strongly associated with pathological stage of the cancer. It was present in 44% (29/66) of stage I NSCLCs and in 75% (24/32) of stage II and IIIA NSCLCs (p = 0.0032). These results suggest that the increased expression of PGP9.5 is specifically associated with lung cancer development and may serve as a potential marker for the detection of lung cancer.
In Vitro Release of Luteinizing Hormone from Anterior Pituitary Fragments Superfused with Constant or Pulsatile Amounts of Luteinizing Hormone- Releasing Factor1

Anterior pituitary fragments fromovariectomized rats were superfused with mediumto which luteinizing hormone-releasing factor(LH-RF) was added for either prolonged or shortintervals. Samples of superfusate were collected at2-min intervals before and after the onset of LH-RFadministration. In control experiments without anteriorpituitary fragments, infusions of constantamounts of NIAMDD-Rat LH were made into thesupervision chamber. The superfusate was collectedin all experiments and luteinizing hormone(LH) levels measured by radioimmunoassay. LH release was increased 100–200% following supervision with concentrations of LH-RF rangingfrom 10-9 to 10-5M. The percent coefficient ofvariation (%CV) was determined for LH to quantitatefluctuations in hormone release. A nonepisodicpattern of LH release was obtained prior to LH-RFadministration and during superfusion with constantlevels of LH-RF. There was no significantdifference in the %CV in these periods as comparedto that obtained during infusion of constantam...
OPENING CLOSED SPACES

The survival of the stranger, the handicapped, and the deviant require the development of support systems based largely upon voluntary commitments. The traditional concept of commitment involved separation and institutionalization. Nineteenth century moral treatment encouraged a rationalization for the us/them dichotomy and the development of distinctions between normal places and deviant places. Social growth requires inclusiveness and viable support systems to sustain inclusion. The inclusive society expressed in terms of open communities provides a mechanism for tapping resources not unleashed by the market-place of private or public sectors. Volunteerism encourages progress toward community expressed as social growth.
Pharmacological and immunological effects of individual herbs in the Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) on peanut allergy

It was previously shown that a Chinese herbal formula, Food Allergy Herbal Formula 2 (FAHF-2) composed of nine herbs, blocked peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model. The current study was designed to investigate the pharmacological actions of individual herbs comprising FAHF-2 on peanut-induced anaphylactic reactions in a murine model of peanut allergy and to determine if all nine herbs are necessary to prevent an anaphylactic reaction, or if a simplified formula containing fewer herbs would be equally effective. Some individual herbs reduced peanut-induced anaphylactic symptoms but no single herb offered full protection from anaphylactic symptoms equivalent to FAHF-2. The herbs had highly variable effects on histamine release, as well as peanut-specific serum IgE and IgG2a levels. The herbs also had variable effects on IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma levels. A simplified formula comprising the most efficacious tested individual herbs showed only partial efficacy and was not able to reproduce comparably the effects of FAHF-2, suggesting that component herbs of FAHF-2 may work synergistically to produce the curative therapeutic effects produced by the whole formula, which appears to be the best option for future clinical trials.
Dilated contour extraction and component labeling algorithm for object vector representation

Object boundary extraction from binary images is important for many applications, e.g., image vectorization, automatic interpretation of images containing segmentation results, printed and handwritten documents and drawings, maps, and AutoCAD drawings. Efficient and reliable contour extraction is also important for pattern recognition due to its impact on shape-based object characterization and recognition. The presented contour tracing and component labeling algorithm produces dilated (sub-pixel) contours associated with corresponding regions. The algorithm has the following features: (1) it always produces non-intersecting, non-degenerate contours, including the case of one-pixel wide objects; (2) it associates the outer and inner (i.e., around hole) contours with the corresponding regions during the process of contour tracing in a single pass over the image; (3) it maintains desired connectivity of object regions as specified by 8-neighbor or 4-neighbor connectivity of adjacent pixels; (4) it avoids degenerate regions in both background and foreground; (5) it allows an easy augmentation that will provide information about the containment relations among regions; (6) it has a time complexity that is dominantly linear in the number of contour points. This early component labeling (contour-region association) enables subsequent efficient object-based processing of the image information.
Shear-Induced Agglomeration of Particulate Suspensions

The “demixing” of an initially well-dispersed suspension of particulates arising from shear-induced, interparticle collisions in laminar flow was examined with the help of a transparent, cone-and-plate device. Experiments were conducted on a model system consisting of narrow-size distribution, noncolloidal, glass spheres suspended in aqueous corn syrup with added surfactant. The rate of agglomerate growth was measured as a function of time for different constant shear rates and suspension compositions. Data revealed a rapid buildup of particulate size at short times but a leveling off at extended times of shear due to the influence of hydrodynamic shear forces that determine the equilibrium agglomerate size. All the observations could be qualitatively explained by a simple agglomeration analysis that is developed here, and agglomerate growth could be quantitatively represented using an equation resulting from this theoretical analysis.
Flexibility of the Bacterial Chaperone Trigger Factor in Microsecond-Timescale Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The bacterial chaperone trigger factor (TF) is the first chaperone to be encountered by a nascent protein chain as it emerges from the ribosome exit tunnel. Experimental results suggest that TF possesses considerable conformational flexibility, and in an attempt to provide an atomic-level view of this flexibility, we have performed independent 1.5-μs molecular dynamics simulations of TF in explicit solvent using two different simulation force fields (OPLS-AA/L and AMBER ff99SB-ILDN). Both simulations indicate that TF possesses tremendous flexibility, with huge excursions from the crystallographic conformation caused by reorientations of the protein’s constituent domains; both simulations also predict the formation of extensive contacts between TF’s PPIase domain and the Arm 1 domain that is involved in nascent-chain binding. In the OPLS simulation, however, TF rapidly settles into a very compact conformation that persists for at least 1 μs, whereas in the AMBER simulation, it remains highly dynamic; additional simulations in which the two force fields were swapped suggest that these differences are at least partly attributable to sampling issues. The simulation results provide potential rationalizations of a number of experimental observations regarding TF’s conformational behavior and have implications for using simulations to model TF’s function on translating ribosomes.
Decoding protein modifications using top-down mass spectrometry

Top-down mass spectrometry is an emerging technology which strives to preserve the post-translationally modified forms of proteins present in vivo by measuring them intact, rather than measuring peptides produced from them by proteolysis. The top-down technology is beginning to capture the interest of biologists and mass spectrometrists alike, with a main goal of deciphering interaction networks operative in cellular pathways. Here we outline recent approaches and applications of top-down mass spectrometry as well as an outlook for its future.
On Witkowski's Review of Australian Kin Classification

Witkowski's review (AA 82:220-222) of my Australian Kin Classification virtually begins with the rhetorical question, "What purpose does the analysis [of the structures and relations among the structures of the systems] serve, and what is ultimately accomplished?" It concludes with the observation, "It remains to be seen, however, whether equivalence-rule analysis will prove more useful than the older typologies in these endeavors," that is in attempting to relate terminological structures to social organization and to other features of Australian social life. In between, Witkowski says nothing about the contents of the final three chapters of the book, in which I discuss the relationship between the structures of the systems of kin classification and many other features of Australian social life, including the so-called marriage class or section and subsection systems, interkin marriage rules, kin group organization, ritual organization, and cosmology. Nevertheless, most of the book is, indeed, devoted to structural-semantic analysis of particular systems of kin classification and to showing how the systems are related structurally one to another; and I do argue, more or less as
Stress‐induced ultrasonic velocity and attenuation anisotropy of rocks

Intrinsic and stress-induced ultrasonic velocity and attenuation anisotropic properties of rocks have been investigated in this experiment. Three pairs of three-components transducers (one compressional wave, and two orthogonally polarized shear waves) were attached to the six faces of the tested cubic rock sample under “general triaxial loading”. ’ Eight rock samples (granite, limestone, sandstones, shales, and Ottawa sand) have been tested. Distinct velocity anisotropy, S-wave splitting, and attenuation anisotropic patterns -were observed. Stress-induced velocity and attenuation are significant in “soft rock”. A physical model-orthorhombic anisotropy of both velocity and attenuation were observed through the analysis of the results.
Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from cells to circuits.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder of childhood and adulthood, with a considerable impact on public health. There is a substantial pharmacopoeia available for safe and effective treatment of ADHD, and newly available agents diversify the treatment options. With the burgeoning scientific literature addressing the genetic, neurochemical, and neural systems basis for this condition, increasing attention is directed at establishing the neural basis for the efficacy of existing treatments. ADHD remains the only highly prevalent, nondegenerative neuropsychiatric disorder for which effective medications remediate the principal cognitive disturbances in concert with clinical efficacy. Therefore, deeper insight into the neural mechanisms of cognitive remediation may serve to advance treatment development not only in ADHD, but across a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders in which cognitive dysfunction is a cardinal feature and a strong predictor of clinical outcome. To date, all effective medications for ADHD act on 1 or both of the major catecholamine neurotransmitter systems in the brain. These 2 systems, which arise from subcortical nuclei and use norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) as transmitters, exert strong modulatory effects on widely distributed cortical–subcortical neural circuits, with important effects on cognition, mood, and behavior, in both health and illness. The present review outlines the actions of ADHD medications from subcellular effects to effects on neural systems and cognition in ADHD patients. This is a very active area of investigation at all phases of the translational cycle, and near-term work is poised to firmly link cellular neuropharmacology to large-scale effects, and point the way toward advances in treatment.
The powers of the police and the rights of suspects under the amended Criminal Procedure Law of China

The Chinese criminal justice system has undergone significant changes in the past 20 years. An important aspect of the changes is the promulgation of a series of laws that are essential to the criminal justice operation. In 1996, the National People’s Congress promulgated the amended Criminal Procedure Law (CPL). The amended law in many aspects has expanded the rights of defendants and suspects. But the preliminary research on the implementation of the amended CPL indicates that due to the lack of a culture of respect for the law on the part of the police and the deficiencies contained in the amended CPL, the protections afforded to suspects are far from being properly implemented by the police. Introduces to readers the legislative progress made in the amended CPL, examines various problems that arise in the implementation of the amended CPL, and offers suggestions as to what needs to be done further to assure better protections of suspects’ rights at the police investigatory stage.
Aging Behavior of Optically Transparent Poly (methyl Methacrylate) Composites

The thermal aging between 25 and 115°C of hot pressed glass fiber reinforced poly (methy1 methacrylate)(PMMA) transparent composites was studied as a function of the temperature and time of hot pressing. Thermal aging at near the Tg of the PMMA matrix caused dimensional changes and a reduction in optical transmission and clarity. The reduction in transmission was attributed to gas bubbles that formed in the matrix, which may be due to the evaporation of residual MMA monomer or low Tg (∼ 75°C) polymer in the composites during aging. Thermal cycling between 25 and 100°C by eliminating low Tg of the PMMA matrix establishes the upper temperature limit to which the composite can be exposed without seriously damaging its optical properties.
Cross-hedging with futures and options: The effects of disappointment aversion

Abstract This article examines the effect of disappointment aversion on cross-hedging decisions. We show that, when both futures and options markets are unbiased, disappointment aversion has no effect on the optimal hedge positions. In case that either market is biased, disappointment aversion induces the hedger to behave more conservatively. In addition, as the hedger becomes more disappointment averse, his action is more reserved. It is also found that disappointment aversion tends to depress the importance of the put options whereas the effect of risk aversion is not uniform. Analytical predictions are supplemented by numerical exercises.
Polishing of highly oriented YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films

Abstract We report a mechanical/chemical polishing process that facilitates removal of both particulates and segregated second phases from the surface of highly oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- δ (YBCO) thin films. The polishing agent was 0.7% HF in deionized water. The method is quick, simple, and self-limiting. The removal process ceases as a smooth surface is obtained. A thin, fluoride containing passivation layer results from the polishing action, but can be removed easily by an oxygen plasma. This process allows for subsequent growth of epitaxial insulating layers (e.g. SrTiO 3 ) or highly oriented YBCO layers.
The optical properties of the anterior segment of the eye: implications for cortical cataract.

Epidemiological studies have correlated cortical cataract with exposure to light and have suggested that this is due primarily to relatively short wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation (UV-B). In addition, some cellular and animal models also implicate UV-B. In order to evaluate the likely role of different wavelengths of light in the etiology of cortical cataracts, the optical characteristics of several animal models were ascertained and compared to the primate. This study shows that the mouse model absorbs UV-B almost exclusively whereas other animal models such as the rabbit and the guinea pig also contain chromophores that absorb UV-A. The absorptive characteristics of the human lens varies drastically with age. The young lens absorbs primarily UV-A, whereas with age, there are increases in absorptions at 320 nm and out to wavelengths as long as 550 nm. By sectioning human lenses it was found that these changes in absorption properties increased toward the central and the nuclear regions. These absorptive characteristics were then compared to the amount of light reaching the surface of the lens. It was found that UV-B is a minor component of total energy reaching the surface of the human lens and old human lens proteins absorb 2 orders of magnitude more UV-A and visible light than UV-B. It is concluded that it is premature to exclude UV-A or even visible light in the etiology of human cortical cataracts.
Evaluation of the Influence of Water Exchange in Channel Catfish Ponds

Abstract Ponds at Auburn University, Alabama, stocked with 10,600 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus per hectare that were fed at rates up to 66 kg feed/hectare per day, received water exchanges totaling 0, 1, 2, or 4 pond volumes between July and September. Although feeding rate was high enough to impair water quality, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments, and fish production was not increased by water exchange (P > 0.05). Received November 5, 1982 Accepted May 9, 1983
Drug Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia

Talley NJ. Drug treatment of functional dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991, 26(suppl 182), 47–60The therapeutic principles that have been applied to patients with peptic ulceration have often also been applied to those with functional dyspepsia, who by definition have no evidence of a structural or biochemical explanation for their symptoms. Treatments offered have included prokinetic drugs, anticholinergics, antacids, Hz-receptor antagonists, selective muscarinic M, -receptor blockers, sucralfate, bismuth, antibiotics, and even surgery. The large range of therapies prescribed reflects the uncertainty about pathogenesis and the lack of a satisfactory treatment. Patients with functional dyspepsia should not be lumped into one broad category; treatment needs to be individualized. Certain subgroups of patients with functional dyspepsia may respond to some drug classes, whereas others may not be efficacious, although this remains to be established. The results of therapeutic studies are critically evaluate...
Non-binary WOM-codes for multilevel flash memories

A Write-Once Memory (WOM)-code is a coding scheme that allows information to be written in a memory block multiple times, but in a way that the stored values are not decreased across writes. This work studies non-binary WOM-codes with applications to flash memory. We present two constructions of non-binary WOM-codes that leverage existing high sum-rate WOM-codes defined over smaller alphabets. In many instances, these constructions provide the highest known sum-rates of the non-binary WOM-codes. In addition, we introduce a new class of codes, called level distance WOM-codes, which mitigate the difficulty of programming a flash memory cell by eliminating all small-magnitude level increases. We show how to construct such codes and state an upper bound on their sum-rate.
Is Sustainable Development Compatible with Rawlsian Justice

Does economic justice stymie economic development? This paper demonstrates that sustainability is compatible with Rawlsian intertemporal justice, even when considering human capital and natural resources. The methodology employed herein extends and amends previous works that (1) do not consider human capital or renewable resources, and (2) rely upon the application of standard Lagrangian methodology to a continuum of nonlinear constraints. This approach circumvents problems associated with earlier works by internalizing constraints and demonstrating two sufficient conditions which guarantee existence of a Rawlsian maximin path.
Resolving the germanium atomic weight disparity using multicollector ICPMS.

Two most recent mass spectrometric measurements of natural isotopic composition germanium gave discordant Ge atomic weight values of 72.6276(64)k=2 and 72.6390(69)k=2, respectively, a decade ago. Each measurement was performed with a different mass spectrometry platform, gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry and thermal ionization mass spectrometry, respectively. Herein we report results obtained by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yielding an atomic weight of germanium 72.6296(19)k=2 which is in support of the upcoming 2009 Standard Atomic Weight adjustment by IUPAC. Germanium isotope ratios were calibrated using a regression mass bias correction model and NIST SRM 994 gallium isotopic reference material. In this model, no assumptions are made regarding the mass bias differences between gallium and germanium or between the isotopes of germanium. Isotope ratios of 0.5620(21), 0.7515(16), 0.2125(7), and 0.2121(12) were obtained for n(70Ge)/n(74Ge), n(72Ge)/n(74Ge), n(73Ge)/n...
Deoxygenation of dialkyl sulfoxides by dimethylsilylene: Steric requirements

Abstract Competition reactions of dialkyl sulfoxides with photochemically generated dimethylsilylene have been carried out. Sterically hindered sulfoxides are deoxygenated less efficiently than less encumbered sulfoxides. These results are discussed.
Biomedical and Psychosocial Predictors of Early Rehospitalization Among Children With Insulin‐dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of the present study was to determine the cumulative probability of the first diabetes-related rehospitalization within the initial 2.5 years after the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) among newly diagnosed children, and to identify risk factors that can be determined shortly after IDDM-onset. The sample consisted of 88 children, 8 to 13 years old at the onset of IDDM, who had been participating in a longitudinal study. In this sample, there was a 0.25 cumulative probability of an early readmission. Poor control was the most frequent reason for readmissions. Four variables significantly increased the risk of early rehospitalization: severity of child's externalizing symptoms at IDDM-onset, lower socio-economic status, younger age at onset of IDDM, and higher levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, reflecting poorer metabolic control. Because externalizing symptoms and poor control are amenable to change, some early rehospitalizations can potentially be prevented. Furthermore, information about the risk of early rehospitalization should be part of initial diabetes education in order to better prepare families for the possibility of such an event.
TV commercials for prescription drugs: A discourse analytic perspective

Abstract Background The US Food and Drug Administration has called for research that may assist in developing standards for risk/benefit messages in the promotion of prescription drugs. Linguistics-based models of meaning and inference, though frequently applied to advertising, have not hitherto been used in this arena. Objective This study was intended to illustrate how discourse analysis, a methodology for microanalysis of texts in context, can elucidate the workings and interplay of promotional, informational, and other functions of direct-to-consumer drug advertising, anticipating threats to “fair balance” and pinpointing textual phenomena and issues suited to empirical study. Methods The text and visuals of a small corpus were analyzed along several dimensions, using theoretical insights of linguistic pragmatics and ethnography of speech to ask what the advertisement is seeking to do and what messages a viewer is likely to derive. Results The linguistic and rhetorical features include an intense switching and fusion of styles and modalities: the traditional advertising distinction between personal and impersonal, “company” and “consumer”, was ostentatiously flouted. The role of spokesperson was assigned to characters in a real or virtual narrative. The narrative portion of the text and images often struck an ironic or postmodern note, eg, by mixing science with science fiction. The overall functions of the commercials (promotional, informational, and aesthetic) were themselves frequently blended. The text deployed several linguistic or rhetorical strategies to send a double message for promotional advantage, including syntactic-semantic ambiguity, voice-over risk messages at odds with upbeat visuals, and a vagueness of certain words in particular contexts. Conclusions Findings contribute to our understanding of how TV commercials convey meaning with respect to drug benefits and risks, with implications for advertisers, regulators, and patient education. They also suggest new foci for empirical study.
Homogeneous Hydrogenation Catalysis with Monodisperse, Dendrimer-Encapsulated Pd and Pt Nanoparticles.

Extraordinarily stable, monodisperse noble metal nanoparticles can be prepared by using dendrimers as both templates and stabilizers. Dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles (see the schematic representation) exhibit high catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of alkenes in water. The catalytic activity and selectivity of these materials can be controlled by adjusting the dendrimer generation.
1055-1 A Program for Digitization of ECG Tracings on Paper and Accurate Interactive Measurement of QT Intervals and ECG Parameters of Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization

QT dispersion from the 12 lead ECG has been extensively evaluated as a risk parameter in pts prone to arrhythmias. Usually, this parameter is assessed directly from the ECG tracing by means of a magnifying glass and a digitizing pad with reproducibility and accuracy not being optimal. We therefore developed a software program with a graphical interface permitting conversion of a scanned image of the ECG on paper to a digital ECG function (sampling rate 500 or 1000 Hz) which can then be analyzed by a second interactive computer program for standard ECG intervals, QT dispersion and other repolarization parameters (JTpeak, T areas, T peak to T end interval). Digitally available ECGs can also be converted to a format analyzable by the program. The respective signals are processed channel-by-channel with enlarged high resolution display on a 20″ computer screen. The computer program uses customized algorithms to detect important features of the ECG waveforms (Q onset, J point, T peak, and T end for ECG signals) and then displays colored vertical spikes superimposed on the signal marking these points with high resolution for confirmation or manual correction by the observer. The processed data are automatically written to a spreadsheet for further processing. With this methodology accuracy and reproducibility of QT intervals and ECG parameters of dispersion of repolarization can be increased and parameters not easily measurable on paper can be determined (T wave areas).
Hologram Formation With White Light

A coherent optical processing system integrated into a three-grating achromatic interferometer is capable of forming holograms of transparencies using white light from a point source.
Model Validation for Identification of Damage Dynamics

Robust control techniques have allowed engineers to create more descriptive models by including uncertainty in the form of additive noise and plant perturbations. As a result, the complete model set is robust to any discrepancies between the mathematical model and actual system. Experimental unfalsification of the model set leads to the guarantee that the model and uncertainties are able to recreate all experimental data points. In this work, such a robust control relevant model validation technique is applied to structural health monitoring in order to 1) detect the presence of damage and 2) identify the damage dynamics when used in conjunction with model-based identification. Additionally, the robust control relevant model validation technique allows for a novel quality measure of the identified damage dynamics. Feasibility of the method is demonstrated experimentally on a rotordynamic crack detection test rig with the detection and identification of a change in structure. Further insight is gained from application of the method to seeded damage on a rotor levitated on active magnetic bearings in the form of a local reduction in stiffness.Copyright © 2014 by ASME