cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
α-Thrombin inhibits DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes but not in hepatoma cells by receptor activation and proteolysis

Prothrombin is a plasma protein, which after tissue injury is converted to α-thrombin and is mainly involved in blood clot formation. It has also been shown to have a mitogenic effect on primary endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and some tumor cells, but is an inhibitor of rat hepatocyte DNA synthesis on fibronectin matrix in cell culture. We now report that prothrombin is converted to α-thrombin by primary cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes and α-thrombin is also a potent inhibitor of hepatocytes DNA synthesis. In contrast, rat hepatoma cells cultured under similar conditions were resistant to α-thrombin mediated DNA synthesis inhibition. The inhibitory effect of α-thrombin on DNA synthesis was antagonized by hirudin and antithrombin, two specific α-thrombin inhibitors or by the presence of collagen-I matrix. A thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP6) also inhibited EGF-mediated rat hepatocyte DNA synthesis, suggesting a role of the thrombin receptors in this process. Matrix fibronectin was degraded by α-thrombin. However, no appreciable cell detachment was observed. These results suggest a role of α-thrombin as a potent growth inhibitor of normal hepatocytes, possibly through control of fibronectin or other matrix protein(s).
Upgrading scientific capabilities at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Abstract Following the termination of the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) Project, an upgrading program for the Department of Energy's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) was devised by a team of researchers and reactor operators, which has been proposed to the department. HFIR is a multipurpose research reactor, commissioned in 1965, with missions in four nationally important areas: isotope production, especially transuranic isotopes; neutron scattering; neutron activation analysis; and irradiation testing of materials. For neutron scattering, there are two major enhancements and several smaller ones. The first is the installation of a small, hydrogen cold neutron source in one of the four existing beam tubes: because of the high reactor power, and the use of new design concepts developed for ANS, the cold source will be as bright as, or brighter than, the Institut Laue-Langevin liquid deuterium vertical cold source, although space limitations mean that there will be far fewer cold beams and instruments at HFIR. This project is underway, and the cold source is expected to come on line following an extended shutdown in 1999 to replace the reactor's beryllium reflector. The second major change proposed would put five thermal neutron guides at an existing beam port and construct a new guide hall to accommodate instruments on these very intense beams.
Interracial and intra-racial stereotypes and constructive memory in 7- and 9-year-old African-American children

Across several measures, the interracial and intra-racial views of 7- and 9-year-old African-American children were examined. Overall, children showed more negative views toward other African-Americans, labeling pictures of African-American children with more negative adjectives than pictures of European-American children. Children displayed more negative views of darker skin tones than lighter skin tones, and African-American children who displayed more stereotyped views on the interracial measure, particularly negative views of other African-American children, also displayed more negative views about darker-complexioned children. Additionally, children's memory for stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent stories with African-American protagonists was assessed. Nine-year-olds showed a significant recall advantage for stereotype-consistent stories, and 7- and 9-year-old children who were found to be highly-stereotyped recalled more stereotype-consistent information than less-stereotyped children. Such negative views of oneself and others like oneself in African-American children may lead to difficulties in self-concept, and suggest the need to eliminate such beliefs in our African-American children.
Isolation of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against Physalia physalis (Portuguese man-o'war) nematocyst venom.

Balb/C mice were immunized with crude Portuguese Man-O'War (Physalia physalis) nematocyst venom and their spleen immunocytes were fused with plasmacytoma cells. Nine hybridomas which produced IgG specific for Man-O'War venom were identified using a specific ELISA technique. Ammonium sulfate and DEAE cellulose-purified monoclonal anti-venom antibody had an ELISA titer of 1:4000 and an ability to neutralize the lethal activity (4 LD50/0.6 ml ascites fluid) of an i.v. challenge of crude venom. Indirect immunofluorescence testing demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody isolated in these experiments reacted against a venom component located in the nematocyst wall and thread.
On the Control Canonical Structure of a Class of Scalar Input Systems

In this paper, we demonstrate the equivalence of a scalar input system $\dot x = \mathcal{A}x + \mathfrak{b}u$, for which the eigenvalues of the generator $\mathcal{A}$ coincide with the roots of the entire function \[p(\omega ) = e^{\omega T} + a_1 e^{\omega (T - \theta _1 )} + \cdots + a_m + \int_0^T {a(\theta )e^{\omega (T - \theta )} d\theta ,} \] with the controlled scalar functional equation \[y(t) + a_1 y(t - \theta _1 ) + \cdots + a_m y(t - T) + \int_0^T {a(\theta )y(t - \theta )d\theta = u(t)} .\] The theory of nonharmonic Fourier series is then employed to investigate the placement of eigenvalues in the closed-loop system with continuous state feedback.
Unusual Presentations of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Three Hemodialysis Patients

We report three patients who received maintenance hemodialysis and suffered from extrapulmonary tuberculosis with unusual presentations. The first patient presented with fever of unknown origin. All studies showed negative findings except high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and high value of C-reactive protein. He failed to response to broad-spectrum antibiotics but showed a complete response to antituberculosis therapy. The second patient presented with right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and weakness. Lymph node biopsy revealed caseating granuloma with positive acid-fast bacilli. The third patient presented with tumor mass of left sternoclavicular joint for which malignancy was suspected initially. Ultimately, tuberculosis was documented by histopathologic studies showing caseating granuloma. All three patients had normal findings of chest x-ray and did not have previous history of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus.
Capacity building in space technology development: A new initiative within the United Nations programme on space applications

Abstract Since 1971 the UN Programme on Space Applications, implemented by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, has been organizing workshops, symposiums and expert meetings and providing training opportunities in the practical applications of space technology. In 2009 the Office launched the Basic Space Technology Initiative (BSTI). The BSTI encompasses a range of activities in support of capacity building in space technology development in response to the growing interest of academic and governmental organizations in many countries to establish basic, indigenous capabilities to develop nano- and small satellites. Considerations such as the education and training of experts, the creation of required testing and building infrastructure, opportunities for international cooperation and the applicable legal and regulatory frameworks are therefore of particular interest to these organizations. The BSTI aims to assist them with their efforts. This paper describes the origins of the initiative, the activities that have been conducted to date and the work planned for 2011 and beyond.
Atmospheric Electric Measurements in the Arctic and Antarctic

During the International Geophysical Year, 1958, and extending into 1959, the atmospheric electric field, current, and conductivity were recorded at Thule, Greenland (78°N). During the International Year of the Quiet Sun, 1964, records of the atmospheric electric field were obtained at the Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole (90°S). The diurnal variation averaged over the year of the normalized current at Thule and the normalized field at the South Pole show a surprisingly good agreement. These two curves combined into one represent the world time variation of the air-earth current (or field) in the Polar regions. Compared with the oceanic diurnal field variation obtained at the Carnegie ship cruises, the Polar curve shows a very similar shape but a much reduced amplitude. The maximum and minimum in the Polar regions are 1.07 and 0.92. The corresponding values on the oceans are 1.20 and 0.85. The difference is greater than the measuring error or statistical scatter and has to be accepted as real. No conclusive explanation of the deviation of the two curves can be offered.
Acute Encephalitis and Hydrocephalus in Dogs Caused by Canine Parainfluenza Virus

Gnotobiotic puppies were inoculated intracerebrally with a strain of canine parainfluenza virus (CPI-78-238). Four of eight dogs developed histological evidence of acute encephalitis. Clinical signs of encephalitis were seen in two of these four dogs; one had signs and lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Of six inoculated dogs observed for six months after infection, five developed internal hydrocephalus. Virus was reisolated from two dogs with acute encephalitis but not from dogs with hydrocephalus. Hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies persisted throughout the observation period of six months at high levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of hydrocephalic dogs.
A stress improvement procedure

In this paper, we present a novel procedure to improve the stress predictions in static, dynamic and nonlinear analyses of solids. We focus on the use of low-order displacement-based finite elements - 3-node and 4-node elements in two-dimensional (2D) solutions, and 4-node and 8-node elements in 3D solutions - because these elements are computationally efficient provided good stress convergence is obtained. We give a variational basis of the new procedure and compare the scheme, and its performance, with other effective previously proposed stress improvement techniques. We observe that the stresses of the new procedure converge quadratically in 1D and 2D solutions, i.e. with the same order as the displacements, and conclude that the new procedure shows much promise for the analysis of solids, structures and multiphysics problems, to calculate improved stress predictions and to establish error measures.
Analysis of selection combining schemes on Rayleigh fading channels with noisy channel estimates

The optimum selection combining (SC) scheme, proposed recently by Kim, requires estimation of complex channel fades on every diversity channel for minimizing the average probability of error. In this paper, we quantify the effect of imperfect channel estimation on the performance of the optimum SC receiver. By modeling the estimation errors as independent Gaussian random variables, we obtain a simple closed-form expression for the average probability of error. We also analyze a simple sub-optimum SC scheme, based on the output of the coherent matched filter alone, without requiring the knowledge of the fade amplitudes, in the presence of channel estimation errors. Finally, we provide some numerical results to illustrate the comparative performances of various SC receivers with pilot-aided minimum mean-square error (MMSE) channel estimation.
Evaluating Methods for the Analysis of Rare Variants in Sequence Data

A number of rare variant statistical methods have been proposed for analysis of the impending wave of next-generation sequencing data. To date, there are few direct comparisons of these methods on real sequence data. Furthermore, there is a strong need for practical advice on the proper analytic strategies for rare variant analysis. We compare four recently proposed rare variant methods (combined multivariate and collapsing, weighted sum, proportion regression, and cumulative minor allele test) on simulated phenotype and next-generation sequencing data as part of Genetic Analysis Workshop 17. Overall, we find that all analyzed methods have serious practical limitations on identifying causal genes. Specifically, no method has more than a 5% true discovery rate (percentage of truly causal genes among all those identified as significantly associated with the phenotype). Further exploration shows that all methods suffer from inflated false-positive error rates (chance that a noncausal gene will be identified as associated with the phenotype) because of population stratification and gametic phase disequilibrium between noncausal SNPs and causal SNPs. Furthermore, observed true-positive rates (chance that a truly causal gene will be identified as significantly associated with the phenotype) for each of the four methods was very low (<19%). The combination of larger than anticipated false-positive rates, low true-positive rates, and only about 1% of all genes being causal yields poor discriminatory ability for all four methods. Gametic phase disequilibrium and population stratification are important areas for further research in the analysis of rare variant data.
Probing for primary functions of prohibitin in Trypanosoma brucei

Prohibitins (PHBs) 1 and 2 are small conserved proteins implicated in a number of functions in the mitochondrion, as well as in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The current understanding of PHB functions comes from studies of model organisms such as yeast, worm and mouse, but considerable debate remains with regard to the primary functions of these ubiquitous proteins. We exploit the tractable reverse genetics of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, in order to specifically analyse the function of PHB in this highly divergent eukaryote. Using inducible RNA interference (RNAi) we show that PHB1 is essential in T. brucei, where it is confined to the cell's single mitochondrion forming a high molecular weight complex. PHB1 and PHB2 appear to be indispensible for mitochondrial translation. Their ablation leads to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, however no effect on the level of reactive oxygen species was observed. Flagellates lacking either PHB1 or both PHB1 and PHB2 exhibit significant morphological changes of their organelle, most notably its inflation. Even long after the loss of the PHB proteins, mtDNA was unaltered and mitochondrial cristae remained present, albeit displaced to the periphery of the mitochondrion, which is in contrast to other eukaryotes.
Preservation of Grayfish (Squalus acanthias) by Salting

Grayfish (Squalus acanthias) fillets were preserved by an improved salting technique with pre-brining procedure along with ascorbic acid treatment in order to retard rancidity. The protein loss during salting was 2.4% and more than 2/3 fatty acid content of salted fillets decreased over 8 wk of storage at 20°C. The added ascorbic acid had an antioxidative effect for 2 wk of storage, after which the TBA values rose sharply. The organoleptic evaluation indicated no significant decrease in flavor until after 4 wk of storage. Statistical T-test showed no significant differences for appearance, odor, and texture among salted grayfish and salted cod fillets.
Extracting usability information from user interface events

Modern window-based user interface systems generate user interface events as natural products of their normal operation. Because such events can be automatically captured and because they indicate user behavior with respect to an application's user interface, they have long been regarded as a potentially fruitful source of information regarding application usage and usability. However, because user interface events are typically voluminos and rich in detail, automated support is generally required to extract information at a level of abstraction that is useful to investigators interested in analyzing application usage or evaluating usability. This survey examines computer-aided techniques used by HCI practitioners and researchers to extract usability-related information from user interface events. A framework is presented to help HCI practitioners and researchers categorize and compare the approaches that have been, or might fruitfully be, applied to this problem. Because many of the techniques in the research literature have not been evaluated in practice, this survey provides a conceptual evaluation to help identify some of the relative merits and drawbacks of the various classes of approaches. Ideas for future research in this area are also presented. This survey addresses the following questions: How might user interface events be used in evaluating usability? How are user interface events related to other forms of usability data? What are the key challenges faced by investigators wishing to exploit this data? What approaches have been brought to bear on this problem and how do they compare to one another? What are some of the important open research questions in this area?
The Effect of Toxaphene on the Benthos in a Thermally-Stratified Lake

Abstract Chaoborus larvae were the only profundal benthic organisms that were adversely affected by treatment of a dimictic lake with toxaphene to eradicate undesirable fish. The larvae were eliminated, and had not become reestablished 2 years after treatment. Subesquent to removal of the fish, an extremely large population of Chironomus larvae appeared, and when the lake was restocked with 7 species of fish, the population dropped to its former level. More than a year after treatment, a substantial population of Procladius larvae appeared, probably resulting from the removal of carp and the consequent reduction of turbidity, increased growth of rooted aquatic vegetation, and restoration of higher dissolved oxygen levels. The temporary absence of fish also favored an increase in the physid snail population.
Decomposition of baseline noise sources in hard disk position error signals using the PES Pareto method

This paper uses the position error signal (PES) Pareto method and measurement techniques for isolating noise sources to decompose the PES of a Lynx II hard disk drive manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. This accomplishes three things: it demonstrates the utility of the PES Pareto method in a practical example, it allows us to discover which noise sources are insignificant to PES, and it identifies which noise sources are significant to PES. In this particular hard disk drive, it is discovered that the two most significant sources of baseline noise at the disk's position error signal are the turbulent wind flow generated by the spinning disks (windage) and the noise involved in the actual readback of the Position Error Signal (position sensing noise).
Estimating Aquifer Properties by Nonlinear Least-Squares Analysis of Pump Test Response

In this study, nonlinear least-squares analysis of pump test data is used as a method for estimating aquifer parameters and choosing a conceptual model of the aquifer. The goal of this study is to investigate the potential advantages and disadvantages of using statistical algorithms for pump test analyses. Four different aquifer models were fitted to an extensive set of pump test data to characterize the aquifer at a single aquifer test site. These models were the Theis model, the equipotential boundary model, the confined leaky aquifer model, and the water-table aquitard model. For several of the data sets, more than one aquifer model was found to match the pump test response with the same residual least-squares error, and a review of the local hydrogeology was required to choose the leaky aquifer model as the most appropriate aquifer model. A few data sets, however, did not agree well with the leaky aquifer model. Using the fitting routine, the water-table aquitard model was found to significantly improve the fit to these data sets. Further analysis of hydrogeologic features at the site indicated that the duration of the pump tests which matched the leaky aquifer model was probably insufficient to exhibit deviation from the leaky aquifer model. The water-table aquitard model is, therefore, chosen as the most suitable model for this site, and parameters for the aquifer are estimated using the results from the fitting procedure. In comparison, an earlier graphical interpretation of these pump tests did not distinguish the improved fit which could be obtained with the water-table aquitard model. However, the graphical analyses were valuable as they did provide preliminary estimates of the aquifer transmissivity, aiding in accepting or rejecting the results of the fitting analysis. Thus, we found that nonlinear least-squares analysis can complement, but does not replace, graphical interpretation methods. The nonlinear least-squares analysis can provide a means for analyzing pump tests which may not have been easily interpreted using traditional techniques, as the nonlinear least-squares analysis attempts to match all the test data at both large and small values of time. However, this analysis also illustrates that fitting methods cannot be totally automated, but rather must be interpreted in light of other hydrogeologic data in order to arrive at a reasonable model for the aquifer.
Twist: a new player in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of the peritoneal mesothelial cells

Background. The peritoneal membrane is a vital structure for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. It has been increasingly recognized that the transition of the peritoneal lining mesothelial cells into a more fibroblastic phenotype is a key step in peritoneal membrane injury. Methods. Relevant literature was reviewed and summarized. Results. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a basic cellular process that occurs in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. The hallmark of this process is a loss of epithelial markers, and E-cadherin is a prototypical epithelial transmembrane protein. E-cadherin expression is suppressed at many levels and the gene is regulated by a family of transcription factors. Twist is one of the lesser studied E-cadherin regulatory factors, which belongs to a larger family of basic helix-loop-helix DNA-binding proteins. In this issue of Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Cuixiang Li reports on in vitro experiments where the expression of Twist led to a decreased expression of E-cadherin and the evidence of EMT. In an in vivo model of dialysate exposure, Li demonstrates that Twist expression is increased in the injured peritoneal tissues. Conclusions. These important observations are the first to link Twist to mesothelial cell EMT and peritoneal membrane injury. Like most novel observations, this paper leaves many questions unanswered. Twist is only one of several transcription factors involved in EMT and how these factors interact will require further investigations. Furthermore, the question of whether Twist interacts at multiple levels in the EMT process, or simply gives an initial push to the process, is left unanswered. Finally, to bring these early significant findings to the bedside as potential therapies for PD patients will require further innovation.
Alternative Methods for Measuring Organization Fit: Technology, Structure, and Performance:

Using data from 68 newspaper organizations, this article examines the substantive and methodological implications of using two popular perspectives of measuringfit: moderation and matching. The strengths and weaknesses of these and other related methods are discussed. Based on this discussion, we use the multiplicative model (multiple regression with product terms) to test the moderation perspective and the deviation score model to test the matching perspective. After consideration of both relevant literature and the empirical results, the moderation approach was considered most viable, provided that proper interpretation methods are used.
Optimization of electrostatically actuated miniature compressors for electronics cooling

This paper explores the feasibility of using electrostatically actuated diaphragm compressors in a miniature-scale refrigeration system for electronics cooling. A previously developed experimentally validated analytical model for the diaphragm compressor is used in conjunction with an optimization approach to determine the required dimensions for the compressor. The analysis reveals that the pressure rise and volume flow rate required for the electronics cooling application are not achieved using a single compressor because of material property limitations. A three-dimensional array of compressors is proposed instead with which the cooling requirements and the size restrictions for electronics cooling applications may be simultaneously satisfied.
Stochastic resonance in models of neuronal ensembles

Two recently suggested mechanisms for the neuronal encoding of sensory information involving the effect of stochastic resonance with aperiodic time-varying inputs are considered. It is shown, using theoretical arguments and numerical simulations, that the nonmonotonic behavior with increasing noise of the correlation measures used for the so-called aperiodic stochastic resonance ~ASR! scenario does not rely on the cooperative effect typical of stochastic resonance in bistable and excitable systems. Rather, ASR with slowly varying signals is more properly interpreted as linearization by noise. Consequently, the broadening of the ‘‘resonance curve’’ in the multineuron stochastic resonance without tuningscenario can also be explained by this linearization. Computation of the input-output correlation as a function of both signal frequency and noise for the model system further reveals conditions where noise-induced firing with aperiodic inputs will benefit from stochastic resonance rather than linearization by noise. Thus, our study clarifies the tuning requirements for the optimal transduction of subthreshold aperiodic signals. It also shows that a single deterministic neuron can perform as well as a network when biased into a suprathreshold regime. Finally, we show that the inclusion of a refractory period in the spike-detection scheme produces a better correlation between instantaneous firing rate and input signal. @S1063-651X~97!01102-1#
Parent Involvement Is Associated With Early Success in Obesity Treatment

Objective: The study examined the influence of parent involvement and family factors on body mass index (BMI) change in a pediatric obesity treatment program. Methods: A total of 104 children and their caregivers were examined during a 12-week obesity intervention. Participants (mean age = 11.42 years; SD = 2.83) and their caregivers completed measures of family environment and depression prior to enrollment. Children’s BMI and parental involvement were rated weekly during the intervention. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the role of sociodemographic factors, family characteristics, and parent involvement on weight. Results: Children with the lowest parent involvement were less likely to lose any weight or have clinically significant (≥2 kg) weight loss. Demographics and family factors did not predict BMI change. Parent involvement related to ethnicity, absences and physical activity. Conclusions: Parental involvement may be helpful in identifying who is likely to do well in a weight loss p...
A new spider (Araneae: Haplogynae: Plectreuridae) from the Cretaceous Fossil-Lagerstatte of El Montsec, Spain

Abstract Two specimens of a new spider from the Cretaceous (ca. 129 Ma) El Montsec Fossil-Lagerstatte, northeastern Spain, are described as Montsecarachne amicus gen. et sp. nov. and referred to the extant haplogyne family Plectreuridae. Plectreurids are found today in only in the southwestern USA, Mexico, Central America and Cuba, but fossils show a more widespread distribution in Eurasia. The new species adds an additional stratigraphic and biogeographical record. The paleobiogeographical history of plectreurids is discussed, and it is concluded that the most likely scenario is that the family was more widespread in the past, and has suffered extinction over much of its range, resulting in the present distribution. Possibly, extant plectreurids represent a living remnant of a more diverse group of haplogynes that were widespread in the Mesozoic.
Tribe, the State, and More: The Foundations of a Stable Arctic; Toward a Convergence of Indigenous, State and Global Interests at the Top of the World

Over the centuries, interest in the Arctic and the commercial and strategic potential of its sea lanes and natural resources has been persistent, from the fur trading empires of Rupert’s Land and Russian America to our own time – but climatic conditions prevented the region’s full potential from being achieved before now, holding back its development, and limiting its contribution to the world economy, making it neither a rimland or a heartland but something that more closely resembles what geopolitical theorist Mackinder called Lenaland – named for the isolated Lena river valley in Russia and which captured the unique geostrategic insularity of the Far North, which made it possible for the Cold War’s two armed and often hostile superpowers to come face to face along their long ice curtain with very little risk of war, in great contract to the Central Front in the once-divided Germany where a million men stood armed and ready for war for a generation. This long isolation, that dates back before the dawn of man and accounts for the region’s unique fauna like the polar bear and beluga whale, blending into an environment defined by ice and snow for millennia. What defined the region’s biological evolution also shaped its geopolitical stability, and limited mankind’s otherwise heavy footprint. But all this now looks to be changing, or least the prospect of such a change has tipped from the implausible to the possible – as a result of the rapid warming of the Arctic climate and the measurably accelerated summer ice melts, putting the region in play strategically for the first time since the Cold War’s end.
A high order approximation of hyperbolic conservation laws in networks

We present a methodology for the high order approximation of hyperbolic conservation laws in networks by using the Dumbser-Enaux-Toro solver and exact solvers for the classical Riemann problem at junctions. The proposed strategy can be applied to any hyperbolic system, conservative or non-conservative, and possibly with flux functions containing discontinuous parameters, as long as an exact or approximate Riemann problem solver is available. The methodology is implemented for a one-dimensional blood flow model that considers discontinuous variations of mechanical and geometrical properties of vessels. The achievement of formal order of accuracy, as well as the robustness of the resulting numerical scheme, is verified through the simulation of both, academic tests and physiological flows.
Observation of the 0π Pulse

We have measured to 0.5 psec resolution the reshaping of a small area 7 psec pulse to a 0π pulse due to its resonant propagation through an optically thick sodium cell.
The Legal Ethics Scholarship of Ted Schneyer: The Importance of Being Rigorous

This is the Foreword to a festschrift on the theme of “Lawyer Regulation for the 21st Century” in honor of Ted Schneyer, the Milton O. Riepe Professor at University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law. It discusses why Professor Schneyer’s legal ethics scholarship is so deserving of celebration and why the theme of this collection is so fitting. Among other things, it takes note of a dissenting opinion last Term in which Justice Scalia criticized the Court for implicitly approving views “articulated by an ad hoc group of legal-ethicist amici consisting mainly of professors of that least analytically rigorous and hence most subjective of law-school subjects, legal ethics.” In response, the Foreword maintains that Ted Schneyer’s scholarship belies the Justice’s characterization of the field of legal ethics, and concludes that Professor Schneyer’s writings deserve to be celebrated because, at this critical time in the legal profession’s history, they remind us of the importance of being rigorous.
Corporate Lives: A Journey into the Corporate World

The article presents a review of the book “Corporate Lives: A Journey Into the Corporate World,” by George de Mare and Joanne Summerfield.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Surface Roughness in Nuclear Fuel Rod Bundles

This paper presents convective heat transfer results for enhanced surface rod bundles for a pressurized water nuclear reactor (PWR). The experiments, to determine the single-phase heat transfer characteristics, were performed in a Single Heater Element Loop Tester (SHELT). The heater element simulates a single fuel rod for PWR. In this experimental investigation, the effects of enhancing the outer surface roughness of a simulated nuclear fuel rod bundle were studied. The outer surface of the simulated fuel rod was created with a three-dimensional (Diamond-shaped blocks) surface roughness. The simulated rod was made of Inconel 615, and was supported by Nickel 200 rods. Joule heating was supplied to the rod by passing electric current through the rod. The rod had an outside diameter of 9.5 mm and wall thickness of 1.5 mm, placed in a test-section made of 38.1 mm inner diameter aluminum pipe with a wall thickness of 6.35 mm. Tests were conducted for Reynolds numbers ranging from 105 to 106. Enhancement in heat transfer coefficient at all Re was recorded. The maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement recorded was 86% at Re = 4.18×105.© 2013 ASME
Mechanisms of leukocyte production and release. IX. Kinetics of leukocyte release in leukocytapheresed rats.

SummaryLeukocyte release was studied in normal rats and in rats subjected to massive leukocyte withdrawal via peritoneal lavage (leukocytapheresis, LAP) using 3HT autoradiography. A significant difference in the emergence time of neutrophils in LAP rats, when compared to normal rats, was observed after flash labeling with 3HT. Peak neutrophil labeling in LAP animals occurred on day 2 following isotope injection, whereas in normal (non‐LAP) animals the peak was seen on days 3‐4. Thus, large numbers of neutrophils entered the peripheral circulation of LAP animals 1‐2 days earlier than normal.
Mathematics in Portugal

(1910). Mathematics in Portugal. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 231-233.
Eye-specific segregation of optic afferents in mammals, fish, and frogs: The role of activity

1. Eye-specific patches or stripes normally develop in the visual cortex and superior colliculus of many (but not all) mammals and are also formed, after surgically produced binocular innervation, in the optic tectum of fish and frogs. The segregation of ocular dominance patches or columns has been studied using a variety of anatomical pathway-tracing techniques, by electrophysiological recording of postsynaptic units or field potentials, and by the 2-deoxyglucose method following visual stimulation of only one eye. 2. In the tectum of both fish and frogs and in the cortex and colliculus of mammals, eye-specific patches develop from initially diffuse, overlapping projections. 3. Of the various mechanisms that might cause such segregation, the evidence favors an activity-dependent process that stabilizes synapses from the same eye because of their correlated activity. First, several environmental manipulations affect the segregation of afferents in visual cortex: strabismus and alternate monocular exposure apparently enhance segregation, whereas dark rearing slows the segregation process, and monocular deprivation causes the experienced eye to form larger patches at the expense of those of the deprived eye. Second, blocking activity in both eyes is effective in preventing the segregation both in the tectum of fish and frog and in the visual cortex of cat. With the eyes blocked, alternate stimulation of the optic nerves permits the segregation of ocular dominance, at least onto single cells in the cat visual cortex. 4. These findings are discussed in terms of an activity-dependent stabilization of those synapses having correlated activity (those from neighboring ganglion cells within one eye) but not of those lacking correlated activity (those from left and right eyes). We suggest that the eye-specific patches represent a compromise between total segregation of the projections from the two eyes and the formation of a single continuous retinotopic map across the surface of the cortex or tectum.
A New Species of Achlya from Costa Rica

Within the past several years, a considerable number of soil samples from various localities have been examined by the writer for the presence of aquatic fungi. Through the kindness of Professor Rafael Lucas Rodriguez, of the Liceo de Costa Rica, a nulmber of collections of soil from the vicinity of San Jose, C. R., were secured for study. The isolation of Allomyces arbuscula from four of these collections has already been reported elsewhere (Wolf, 1941). In addition to Allomyces, there was found in two of these collections of soil from Costa Rica an interesting species of Achlya which is apparently not identical with any member of this genus hitherto described, and for which the following name is proposed:
Respiratory gas exchange and inert gas retention during partial liquid ventilation.

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids have been used as ventilatory media due to their unique combination of low toxicity, low solubility in body fluids, ability to lower interfacial tensions, and high oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacities12. Cardiorespiratory support has been achieved during liquid ventilation with a variety of perfluorinated chemicals in a range of experimental animals1,2,7,8,9,18. In animal models of respiratory distress syndrome, introduction of PFC to the lungs has been shown to improve both compliance and gas exchange11,13,14,15,16 However, the presence of fluid in the gas exchange regions of the lung should impede convective and diffusive mass transport and have a deleterious effect on gas exchange. Indeed, while it is possible to achieve adequate oxygenation during liquid ventilation, CO2 retention and acidosis can be problematic7. In order to maximize the benefits of this mode of ventilation while minimizing the side effects of CO2 retention, acidosis, and O2 toxicity due to high FIO2, a clearer understanding of the determinants of gas exchange through a fluorocarbon medium is necessary.
Monitoring Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

Approximately 20 % of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop acute multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis (MSON) as the initial symptom of their disease, and half of MS patients suffer acute MSON during the course of their disease. Even so, almost all MS patients have evidence of optic nerve demyelination at autopsy, indicating that occult, subclinical optic nerve demyelination occurs in virtually all MS patients. In agreement with these neuropathologic findings, the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) showed evidence that subclinical or asymptomatic optic neuropathy was present in a significant proportion of fellow “unaffected” eyes at the time of enrolment in the ONTT and at 10 years follow-up.
Reanalysis of the Anthrax Epidemic in Rhodesia, 1978-84

In the mid-1980s, the largest epidemic of anthrax of the last 200 years was documented in a little known series of studies by Davies in The Central African Journal of Medicine. This epidemic involved thousands of cattle and 10,738 human cases with 200 fatalities in Rhodesia during the Counterinsurgency. Grossly unusual epidemiological features were noted that, to this day, have not been definitively explained. This study performed a historical reanalysis of the data to reveal an estimated geographic involvement of 245,750 km2, with 171,990 cattle and 17,199 human cases. Geospatial time series analysis is suggestive of multiple, independent geotemporal foci of anthrax introduced via an unknown mechanism rather than re-emergence from native endemic foci.
Asymptotic Entropy Bounds

We show that known entropy bounds constrain the information carried off by radiation to null infinity. We consider distant, planar null hypersurfaces in asymptotically flat spacetime. Their focusing and area loss can be computed perturbatively on a Minkowski background, yielding entropy bounds in terms of the energy flux of the outgoing radiation. In the asymptotic limit, we obtain boundary versions of the quantum null energy condition, of the generalized Second Law, and of the quantum Bousso bound.
Community bank product design within an asymmetric competitive market: An X-efficiency approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess product and service arrays of community banks within competitive markets that are impacted by varying sized financial institutions. A cost efficiency model is used to understand the relationship of product offerings and business cycle response upon bank performance. Design/methodology/approach – A cost efficiency model is used to understand the relationship of product offerings and business cycle response upon bank performance. Markets comprised of alternate size and type of financial institutions are compared. Findings – Greater values of X_EFF i when institutions compete are observed in this analysis. Cost efficiency is lowest when community banks are the only institution in the market, and second lowest when credit unions are the only competing institutions. Call report data are analyzed from 1994 to 2013. The number of big banks increases community bank efficiency and efficiency of large banks. Also, the number of community banks does affect big bank co...
Safe and Sound Social Policy: Reconciling Protection with Productivity

Societies need to protect their citizens against certain risks, especially current and future health problems, poverty, and labor shocks. In designing such social protection, most Latin American countries have followed the Bismarkian tradition of collecting in the labor markets the revenues needed for coverage. Unfortunately, this approach has not achieved universal coverage and important segments, especially the poor, remain vulnerable. Governments have tackled this problem by designing social protection policies to cover uncovered workers and their households through substitute public goods and services, such as free or low-cost health insurance, food vouchers, training vouchers, cash transfers, subsidized credit, and subsidized housing. While these policies may improve citizens’ well-being, they may also encourage informality and have certain harmful effects on productivity (Levy 2008). This chapter argues that rather than eliminating social policies because of the collateral damage they may cause, they must be redesigned with productivity issues in mind.
Atomistic formulas for local properties in systems with many-body interactions.

Atomistic formulas are derived for the local densities and fluxes used in the continuum description of energy and momentum transport. Two general methods for the distribution of potential energy among a system’s constituent particles are presented and analyzed. The resulting formulas for the heat flux and stress tensor and the equations for energy and momentum transport are exact consequences of the definitions of the densities and the equations of classical mechanics. The formulas and equations obtained are valid for systems with very general types of many-body interactions.
Forecasting Zika Incidence in the 2016 Latin America Outbreak Combining Traditional Disease Surveillance with Search, Social Media, and News Report Data.

Background Over 400,000 people across the Americas are thought to have been infected with Zika virus as a consequence of the 2015–2016 Latin American outbreak. Official government-led case count data in Latin America are typically delayed by several weeks, making it difficult to track the disease in a timely manner. Thus, timely disease tracking systems are needed to design and assess interventions to mitigate disease transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings We combined information from Zika-related Google searches, Twitter microblogs, and the HealthMap digital surveillance system with historical Zika suspected case counts to track and predict estimates of suspected weekly Zika cases during the 2015–2016 Latin American outbreak, up to three weeks ahead of the publication of official case data. We evaluated the predictive power of these data and used a dynamic multivariable approach to retrospectively produce predictions of weekly suspected cases for five countries: Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, and Martinique. Models that combined Google (and Twitter data where available) with autoregressive information showed the best out-of-sample predictive accuracy for 1-week ahead predictions, whereas models that used only Google and Twitter typically performed best for 2- and 3-week ahead predictions. Significance Given the significant delay in the release of official government-reported Zika case counts, we show that these Internet-based data streams can be used as timely and complementary ways to assess the dynamics of the outbreak.
Mutants for Drosophila Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 3b Are Defective in Mitochondrial Function and Larval Cell Death

The death of larval salivary gland cells during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster has been a key system for studying steroid controlled programmed cell death. This death is induced by a pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone that takes place at the end of the prepupal period. For many years, it has been thought that the ecdysone direct response gene Eip93F ( E93 ) plays a critical role in initiating salivary gland cell death. This conclusion was based largely on the finding that the three “type” alleles of E93 cause a near-complete block in salivary gland cell death. Here, we show that these three mutations are in fact allelic to Idh3b , a nearby gene that encodes the β subunit of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, a mitochondrial enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The strongest of the Idh3b alleles appears to cause a near-complete block in oxidative phosphorylation, as mitochondria are depolarized in mutant larvae, and development arrests early during cleavage in embryos from homozygous-mutant germline mothers. Idh3b -mutant larval salivary gland cells fail to undergo mitochondrial fragmentation, which normally precedes the death of these cells, and do not initiate autophagy, an early step in the cell death program. These observations suggest a close relationship between the TCA cycle and the initiation of larval cell death. In normal development, tagged Idh3b is released from salivary gland mitochondria during their fragmentation, suggesting that Idh3b may be an apoptogenic factor that functions much like released cytochrome c in mammalian cells.
Re-Weighted Functional Estimation of Diffusion Models, 2nd Version

The local linear method is popular in estimating the nonparametric continuous-time diffusion models but it may produce negative results for the diffusion (or volatility) function and thus lead to insensible inference. We demonstrate this using US interest rates data. We propose a new functional estimation method of the diffusion coefficient based on re-weighting the conventional Nadaraya-Watson estimator. It preserves appealing bias properties of the local linear estimator and is guaranteed to be non-negative in finite samples. A limit theory is developed under mild requirements (recurrence) of the data generating mechanism without assuming stationarity or ergodicity.