cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical Solution of a Borehole Problem Using Strain Gradient Plasticity

An analytical solution is presented for the borehole problem of an elasto-plastic plane strain body containing a traction-free circular hole and subjected to uniform far field stress. A strain gradient plasticity theory is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the material widergoing plastic deformations, whereas the generalized Hooke's law is invoked to represent the material response in the elastic region. This gradient plasticity theory introduces a higher-order spatial gradient of the effective plastic strain into the yield condition to account for the nonlocal interactions among material points, while leaving other relations in classical plasticity unaltered. The solution gives explicit expressions for the stress, strain, and displacement components. The hole radius enters these expressions not only in nondimensional forms but also with its own dimensional identity, unlike classical plasticity-based solutions. As a result, the current solution can capture the size effect in a quantitative manner. The classical plasticity-hosed solution of the borehole problem is obtained as a special case of the present solution. Numerical results for the plastic region radius and the stress concentration factor are provided to illustrate the application and significance of the newly derived solution.
Measurement of Wave Profiles in Shock-Loaded Solids

Those of us whose technical interest concerns the response of solids to shock-wave loading feel quite at home with nanoseconds and GPa’s. Nevertheless, the nonlinear and largely irreversible events which take place under such short durations and high pressures are not available for direct examination with our human senses and we rely on our instruments for scientific descriptions of the processes. Since our experience is so limited under these conditions, experiments have played a leading role in the development of the field and the fidelity of our instruments and the validity of our experiments are crucial elements in our understanding of shock processes.
Electrostatic characteristics of a charged turbulent free jet

Abstract The spreading and decaying of a charged fluid that is issued into a stagnant fluid as an unconstraintsubmerged turbulent jet is investigated. The dynamic conservation equation of charge is solved analytically for the mean charge density field in the flow by assuming a simple velocity field and numerically by using a more accurate velocity field. It is shown that the characteristics of a charged jet can be described by a dimensionless length ratio defined as e/σaj with e and σ being the fluid electrical permittivity and the fluid electrical conductivity, respectively. Based on the electrostatic properties of a charged jet, three conductivity ranges were identified. In the high-conductivity range, when σ > 0.2 eVj/aj, the charged region is confined only to the near field. In the other extreme, for σ > 0.2 eVj/aj, there is a low-conductivity range in which the charge density field in the flow behaves analogously to other conservative scalar field properties in a turbulent jet with similar rates of decay and spread. The intermediate conductivity range falls between these two limits and here charge dispersion is controlled by migration and diffusion.
Urethral reconstruction of strictures resulting from treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer

Urethral strictures are common after the treatment of benign prostatic disease and prostate cancer. They include the well-known entities of bladder neck contracture after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy, and the less common instances of prostatic, bulbar urethral, penile urethral, and fossa navicularis stricture, which can occur after any urethral instrumentation. The practicing urologist must necessarily become expert in the repair of these common complications.
Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of time-temperature-sensitization diagrams in austenitic stainless steels

Abstract The development of a chromium-depleted zone, the cause of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels, is analyzed by integrating a thermodynamic and a kinetic model for the grrin boundary precipitation of (Cr,Fe) 23 C 6 . The thermodynamic model utilizes the Kohler extrapolation formula for the Gibbs free energies of austenite and (Cr,Fe) 23 C 6 and provides the matrix concentrations at the carbide-matrix interface as a function of alloy chemistry and temperature. The kinetic model describes the complete space-time evolution of the chromium concentration and takes account of the effects of alloy chemistry, temperature and the grain size. Calculations at temperatures between 773 and 1173 K indicate that the onset of sensitization and the subsequent restoration of the corrosion resistance can be related to respectively a fall below and a rise above the average chromium content of 12 wt.% in a region 35 nm thick adjacent to the grain boundary for the type 304L and in a region 31 nm thick for type 316L austenitic stainless steels. This finding is in very good agreement with 0.010 inch penetration per year time-temperature-sensitization diagrams for the two austenitic stainless steels.
Correlates of Psychosocial Well-Being Among Overweight Adolescents: The Role of the Family

An ethnically diverse sample of at-risk-for-overweight and overweight youths (body mass index greater than the 85th percentile for age and gender; n = 667 male participants, and n = 684 female participants) completed a school-based survey measuring family variables (connectedness, mealtime environment, and weight commentary), psychosocial well-being (depressed mood, body satisfaction, and self-esteem), and unhealthy weight-control behaviors; all measures were assessed concurrently. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that measures of general family connectedness, priority of family meals, and positive mealtime environment were significantly positively associated with psychological well-being and inversely associated with depressive symptoms and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Familial weight commentary (i.e., weight-based teasing and parental encouragement to diet) was associated with many indicators of poor psychological health. The authors conclude that greater psychosocial well-being and fewer unhealthy weight-control behaviors are associated with making family time at meals a priority, creating a positive mealtime atmosphere, and refraining from weight commentary.
Oxygen Stabilization of Damage Induced by Mev Ion Implantation

As devices are scaled down and their performance is enhanced, the role of oxygen in silicon remains critical. The precipitation of oxygen away from the device region leads to desirable gettering of deleterious impurities and is a useful technique. In the device region, however, oxygen has recently been shown to take part in the annealing of dopant implants and segregate to damaged regions. This may result in the stabilization of damage structures and the attraction of unwanted impurities to sensitive regions of the device. In this work we examine these phenomena and their potential impact on device performance. For example, oxygen has been observed to segregate at two positions following a 1000°C, one hour anneal of a 2 MeV, 3.5x1015/cm2 phosphorus implant into CZ p-Si. The oxygen concentration is greatly enhanced above its initial level of 1018 O/cm3, both in the end-of-range region and at approximately half that depth, near the peak of the predicted damage profile. Iron deliberately introduced at the surface prior to annealing, getters out strongly at these locations No significant redistribution of carbon can be detected. The results assume significance in view of the increasing use of high energy implantation for both epi-layer replacement and retrograde well formation.
Adaptation of the DCB test for determining fracture toughness of brazed joints in ceramic materials

We have developed a test, based on a modified applied moment double cantilever beam specimen, to measure the fracture toughness of brazed joints between ceramics and ceramics and metals. Evaluation of samples directly brazed with experimental brazing filler metals showed that the brazed interfaces were generally as tough as the ceramics alone, with toughness increasing proportionally to the toughness of the ceramics. Although the specimen and techniques have so far been used only for direct brazes (no surface pretreatment of the ceramic), we suggest that they would also be valid for joints involving metallization of the ceramics prior to brazing.
Malaria historians: analyze your old slides!

Are you interested in the history of drug resistance in P. falciparum or P. vivax? To reconstruct that history, we all need to analyze old samples, and those are not easy to find.
Isolation and Characterization of the Sesquiterpene Lactones Costunolide, Parthenolide, Costunolide Diepoxide, Santamarine, and Reynosin from Magnolia grandiflora L.

The germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, and costunolide diepoxide were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora L. Costunolide diepoxide might be, at least in part, an artifact derived from air oxidation of parthenolide. The root bark yielded only costunolide together with the two eudesmanolides, santamarine and reynosin. In an attempt to synthesize costunolide diepoxide, the action of m-chloroperbenzoic acid on parthenolide and on costunolide was studied. The products were costunolide diepoxide from parthenolide and the two cyclized derivatives, santamarine and reynosin, from costunolide. The elusive 1,10-epoxide was obtained by epoxidizing costunolide using a biphasic system containing sodium bicarbonate. Under these conditions, epoxidation of costunolide took place without cyclization.
New Optical Glasses with Good Transparency in the Infrared

Optical glasses were produced using arsenic trisulfide as a network former and different sulfides as network modifiers. These glasses transmit infrared up to 12–13 microns in thicknesses useful for optical purposes. The transmission of glassy selenium was determined up to 21 microns and a few composite selenium glasses were investigated.
Effect of microstructural anisotropy on stress corrosion cracking of hot rolled duplex stainless steels

AbstractAnisotropy in stress corrosion cracking of lean grade UNS S32101 and standard grade UNS S32205 hot rolled duplex stainless steels was evaluated in this study. Microstructures were characterised with stereology methods in three orthogonal orientations to quantify anisotropy in phase distribution. Constant extension rate tests were conducted in an autoclave at 2×10−6 s−1 in chloride containing alkaline sulphide solution at 170°C. The maximum crack lengths and average crack densities were measured for the rolling longitudinal and transverse longitudinal orientations after stress corrosion cracking tests. Results indicate that stress corrosion crack initiation and growth are a strong function of the microstructure in each orientation. Maximum crack length and average crack density were maximum for the rolling longitudinal orientation. Crack initiation and growth were favoured along the transverse direction. Chlorides enhanced anisotropy in crack growth behaviour by facilitating crack initiation and cr...
Housing for Disabled Persons: To What Extent Will Today's Homes Accommodate Persons with Physical Limitations?

This article reviews the incidence of disability within the non-institutionalized U.S. resident population, with estimates of gender differences and severe limitations. Estimates of the desire for functional independence among the elderly are presented, and theoretical frameworks related to choice, consumer efficiency, consumer decisions, and housing norms are reviewed. Accommodation of a wheelchair was chosen as the measure to be studied because it is the means of mobility for those with the most severe mobility limitations. Three states, Oregon, Nevada, and Utah collected data on wheelchair accommodation of existing housing, resulting in a sample of 1,549 homeowners. Only 1% of the respondents indicated that their homes would accommodate a wheelchair at the present. However, 77% indicated that their homes could be modified to accommodate a wheelchair, and 22% responded that costs for modifications to their present homes would be prohibitive. Home economics educators have an obligation to educate the public to the needs for accessible and/or adaptable housing and unite architects, designers, home builders, and realtors in an effort to increase the proportion of wheelchair-accessible housing, to accommodate all types of mobility impairment regardless of age.
Barnacle Fouling of the Blue Crab Callinectes Sapidus at Beaufort, North Carolina

ABSTRACT This study examines the barnacle symbionts on 168 blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, taken from both shallow and deep estuarine environments in the area of Beaufort, North Carolina. The purpose of the study was to quantify the prevalence, intensity, abundance, and spatial distribution of the ectosymbiotic barnacle Chelonibia patula on blue crabs. The proportion of blue crabs fouled was 67%. There was no difference in the prevalence of barnacles on crabs from the shallow versus the deep environment. Results indicate female crabs were significantly more fouled than males. This suggests that the prevalence and intensity of barnacles are dominantly controlled by the migratory habits of the host, since female crabs spend more time in deeper waters of higher salinity, where they are more likely to be fouled by barnacle larvae. The spatial distribution of barnacles on the crab carapaces was controlled by the surface topography of the carapace with more barnacles on the lateral regions than medial. The orientation of the carinal to rostral axes of the barnacles on the carapaces of the host crabs was measured, but no preferred orientation was found. The costs and benefits of epibiosis are reviewed and the barnacle/blue crab relationship appears to be more beneficial to the barnacles than to the host blue crabs.
On the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic and Southern oceans

Abstract Contours showing the penetration of anthropogenic CO 2 are given for four cross sections in the Atlantic Ocean based on the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) CO 2 data and for seven sections in the Southern Ocean based on International Geophysical Year data. The results agree well with tritium and 14 C data and indicate that the excess CO 2 has penetrated to below the thermocline everywhere in the Atlantic Ocean and even deeper on the western side. Excess CO 2 has penetrated to the sea floor in the northwest Atlantic Ocean north of about 15°N, to about 2000 m near the Subtropical Convergence, but only to shallower depths in the Equatorial region. In the Southern Ocean the anthropogenic CO 2 has penetrated relatively deeper in the Drake Passage north of the Polar Front, shallower south of the front, and even shallower outside of the Drake Passage. South of the Polar Front the excess CO 2 penetrates to no more than 500 m and frequently only to 200 m. On the continental shelf the excess CO 2 exists throughout the water column, but little or none can be found in the Antarctic Bottom Water.
Binding pattern of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate is not altered following electroconvulsive shock treatment in rats

Abstract Single or repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment-induced changes in [ 35 S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([ 35 S]TBPS) binding patterns in specific regions i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and striatum of rat brain were investigated. Specific[ 35 S]TBPS binding in these brain regions was not altered following a single or repeated administration of ECS, nor was the inhibition of [ 35 S]TBPS binding by GABA affected. These observations tend to suggest that the picrotoxin-site on the GABA receptor complex may not be directly involved in electroconvulsive shock.
Municipal Government: Does Structure Make a Difference in Small Cities and Towns?

This study is designed to present a comprehensive view of government in cities and towns with populations between 2,500 and 25,000 in order to determine that the council-manager form of government has made a consequential difference in government at the local level. Two major forms of government in 559 municipalities are compared and contrasted regarding nine selected variables. Data are evaluated using the independent samples t-test and regression analysis. Results from this research study demonstrate several differences in local government administration and its provision of municipal services. The data in this analysis show that a statistically significant level of differentiation between the council-manager and non-council-manager forms of government can be seen regarding the education level of the chief administrative officer; the percentages of time this individual devotes to the policy, administrative, and political roles; and the per capita expenditure levels of the municipalities in cities and towns with populations between 2,500 and 25,000. However, the study does not indicate that form of government significantly affects the provision of municipal services and the influence of political activities and special interest groups on municipal decisions of cities and towns in this same population range.
Monoclonal antibodies to prothrombin.

Abstract Hybridoma technology was used for the production of murine monoclonal antibodies to bovine normal prothrombin. Hybrid cell cultures were assayed for the production of antibodies, both in the absence and presence of calcium ions, by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Antibody-producing cell lines were cloned two times and grown as ascites tumors. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb), isolated by affinity chromatography (Protein A-Sepharose), were tested for their affinity for normal (10-Gla) and dicoumarol-induced abnormal prothrombins containing 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9 α-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues. A total of 24 McAb were obtained and the immunoglobulins were of the IgG1 subclass. Nine of the twenty-four McAb did not require Ca2+ for the formation of Ag-Ab complexes, and reacted equally with normal and Gla-deficient prothrombins. These antibodies had affinity for prethrombin (PI) but not for the Gla-containing prothrombin fragment1 (Fl) portion of the molecule. In contrast, the 15 Ca2+-dependent McAb reacted with F1 but not with P1. They discriminated the abnormal prothrombins based upon their Gla content. For example, though all the Ca2+-dependent McAb formed Ag-Ab complexes with 9-, essentially none formed with 5- or less-Gla prothrombins. [Some reacted equally with 9- and 10-Gla (normal) prothrombin while others had only 25% of normal affinity for 9-Gla isomer]. Only four and twelve of the 15 McAb had some affinity for 7-and 8-Gla variants respectively. These results show that antibodies which react with the Ca2+-stabilized conformation of prothrombin are not specific for normal prothrombin, as has been reported in the literature.
The kinetics of deposition and dissolution of iron: Effect of alloying impurities

Abstract The kinetics of the deposition and dissolution of iron [=X] have been measured potentiostatically and galvanostatically on iron of total impurity content 0·2 per cent (“A” iron), and on zone refined iron of total impurity content Potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements give identical parameters for the kinetics of X. Reduction of the impurity level in Fe as indicated causes no change in the mechanism and kinetics of X; it causes a decrease of about ten times in the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction (h.e.r.). The capacitance of the electrode/solution interface at “B” shows, in contrast to that at “A”, no influence of a pseudo-capacitance. The kinetics of X are not affected by the amount of H introduced into iron as a result of corrosion at pH 1·7–3·1. Dissolved H removes the maximum on the anodic potential/time transients and causes the anodic Tafel slope to change from 2 3 RT F to RT F . It has a negligible effect on the kinetics of the h.e.r. Consideration of the distribution of H with distance and time in a membrane under potentiostatic conditions gives an expression which relates the concentration of dissolved H at the interface far from that at which it has entered the membrane to the quantity of electricity which must be passed to attain a limiting diffusion current in the anodic dissolution of this dissolved H. The occupancy with H of the surface of “B” on which X is measured is
Further remark on stably updating mean and standard deviation estimates

A procedure for sequentially recomputing the mean and standard deviation of a weighted series of numbers as new values are added is given by Hanson [2]. To accommodate the most frequently occurring situation, Cotton [1] expressed Hanson's formulas in terms of unit weights. The result is accurate for updating the mean. However, for updating the standard deviation, Cotton chose to use Hanson's eq. (14), which Hanson rejected as being inaccurate when the new value is close to the mean.
The impact of collective bargaining for teachers on resource allocation in public school districts

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and empirical evaluation of the impact of teacher bargaining on the demand for school inputs, the compensation of school personnel, and the level of educational expenditure in public school districts. It is demonstrated that the major impact of bargaining for teachers has been on a regional rather than on a district by district level, and, contrary to the results of previous studies, bargaining does appear to have a substantial and significant effect on teachers' salaries. The empirical analysis is carried out on a sample of public school districts located in the state of California.
Application of the Boundary Element Method to Prediction of Highway Noise Barrier Performance

The boundary element method has proven to be an important tool for the computational solution of many engineering problems. A commercial boundary element code was applied to traffic noise barrier analysis. First, it is shown that boundary element models may be used to quantify the accuracy of existing, approximate barrier models, for example, diffraction-based models. Diffraction-based models have been widely applied in noise control engineering applications owing to their relative ease of use. Recently, it was suggested that multipath diffraction components should be summed on a phase-coherent basis instead of on an energy basis. Here the accuracy of a phase-coherent diffraction model has been verified against the boundary element solution, showing limitations of the diffraction model. Second, the boundary element method was used to calculate a new barrier performance metric. In the past, the insertion loss has been considered the most important measure of noise barrier performance. However, insertion lo...
The annual George C. Griffith scientific lecture.

… "To stimulate significant intellectual contributions to scientific knowledge, … "To advance physician knowledge and practice regarding cardiovascular disorders, … "To honor a great Los Angeles physician, teacher and humanitarian. " Cardiovascular disorders are Twentieth Century man's worst scourges and greatest challenges. Valuable advances are being made against these health problems as a result of the investments that have been made in research . " With the machinery of research set in motion, transmission and application of new medical knowledge is the most pressing need, now and for the future. Professional education, planned to establish the highest standards of knowledge and practice, will result in improved care of heart patients ."
At the same time or apart in time? The role of presentation timing and retrieval dynamics in generalization.

Due to the central role of categorization and generalization in cognition, a considerable amount of research has examined the factors that promote generalization. One particular factor that has been shown to facilitate generalization is the timing with which instances of a category are presented. The findings of this research present a paradoxical set of results—both presenting instances at the same time, providing an opportunity to compare instances simultaneously, and presenting instances apart in time, by spacing the presentation of instances out in time, have been shown to facilitate generalization. In this study, we examine these findings by investigating how simultaneous, massed, and spaced learning schedules affect children’s in-the-moment and long-term generalization. Moreover, we identify a mechanism, ease of retrieval during learning, which may contribute to differences in performance across time.
Steric effects in the binding of hindered dibenzothiophene ligands in [Cp'Ru(CO)2(η1(S)-DBTh)]+ complexes

Structural studies of several complexes of the type [Cp'Ru(CO) 2 (η 1 (S)-DBTh)] + , where Cp' = Cp or Cp* and DBTh = DBT, 4-MeDBT, 4,6-Me 2 DBT, or 2,8-Me 2 DBT, show that only in [Cp*Ru(CO) 2 (η 1 (S)-4,6-Me 2 DBT)] + is there evidence for steric crowding between the Cp' and DBTh ligands. However, relative equilibrium constants (K') for the binding of the DBTh ligands in both the Cp and Cp* complexes show evidence of steric effects in those that contain 4-MeDBT and 4,6-Me 2 DBT as the K' values increase in the order 4,6-Me 2 DBT 4-MeDBT > DBT > 2,8-Me 2 DBT, which is consistent with the trend in K' values. The most labile DBTh ligand in both series of complexes is 4,6-Me 2 DBT in [Cp*Ru-(CO) 2 (η 1 (S)-4,6-Me 2 DBT)] + , where both steric crowding and electron donation by the Cp* ligand accelerate the rate of 4,6-Me 2 DBT dissociation.
Comparison of the electrical properties of polyimide films containing surface metal oxide: Cobalt oxide vs. tin oxide

Abstract Polyamide acid solutions (polyimide precursors) doped with either anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride or tin(II) chloride dihydrate and cast on glass plates yield highly anisotropic structures having distinct air-side, glass-side and volume mode (bulk) properties. The room temperature d.c. electrical resistivity is considerably decreased relative to the non-doped polyimide for the air-side, but the glass-side and bulk resistivities are only slightly reduced. Charge-time profiles indicate a substantial polymer matrix contribution to both the glass-side and volume mode measurements but a minimal contribution to the air-side properties. At a constant applied field the electrical resistivity for each measurement mode decreases with increasing temperature as expected for semiconductors and insulators. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the presence of metal oxide near the air side. Near-surface metal enrichment and metal oxide formation were found to be dependent on processing conditions and in turn critically influenced electrical properties. Electrical, thermal and spectroscopic data obtained on cobalt(II) and tin(II) doped systems are compared and contrasted in order to document these conclusions.
Fatigue life of a design subject to wide-band random loading

Metal fatigue is one of the most important failure modes to be considered in mechanical and structural design. The only satisfactory way to prevent fatigue failures in the service life span is by proper design; i.e., being able to predict the fatigue lifetime of a particular design through design analysis or testing. For engineering applications, designers need a simple and reasonably accurate design code to predict the reliability or fatigue lifetime of a design for a specified application. This paper will provide a methodology in frequency domain to determine the reliability (high-cycle fatigue life) under wide-band Gaussian random loading. For the wide-band variable-amplitude stress, stress cycles and cycle counts are not obvious. A cycle-counting method is proposed for the wide-band random stress in this paper. After deriving the distributions of both the amplitude and the mean value of the stress cycles according to the proposed cycle-counting method, the fatigue lifetime distribution can be obtained directly from knowledge of the power spectral density (PSD) of the hot-spot stress and the statistical expression of fatigue strength (i.e., P-S-N curves). The effect of a non-zero mean of stress process is also easily taken into account in this approach. The derived formula has been verified with several random fatigue tests and can be used at the engineering design stage where the hot-spot stress history is actually not available.
Experiences with Frozen Erythrocytes in a Private Hospital

Frozen erythrocytes can provide a valuable addition to many blood banks for better patient care. Exaggerated fears concerning cost and complexity have frightened many blood bankers from consideration of a frozen erythrocyte program for their hospital blood bank. This type of program promotes improved blood banking as it emphasizes the need for increased utilization of specific blood components in hemotherapy. Since better inventory control is achieved, the patient is more likely to receive the desired component when needed. Erythrocytes containing optimal levels of DPG and ATP always are available. As compared to ordinary whole blood, frozen erythrocytes markedly reduce the incidence of febrile and hypersensitivity reactions, and the incidence of hepatitis may be reduced. A frozen erythrocyte program is also advantageous in that an autotransfusion program can be developed successfully and blood from selected donors lacking certain antigens can be stored for future transfusions to patients presenting problems.
Natural Water as a Monochromator1

Many of the spectral data on the optical constants of natural water are suspect because of errors introduced by light “leakage” outside the stated band of the filter used. The magnitude of this error is computed for a specified water sample under specified natural lighting when measured with a specified detector and filter. The errors arc large even for measurements at shallow depths. Methods for avoiding this error are suggested.
Factors affecting pregnancy rate to estrous synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle

Application of AI in extensive beef cattle production would be facilitated by protocols that effectively synchronize ovarian follicular development and ovulation to enable fixed-time AI (TAI). The objectives were to determine whether use of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device to administer progesterone in a GnRH-based estrous synchronization protocol would optimize blood progesterone concentrations, improve synchronization of follicular development and estrus, and increase pregnancy rates to TAI in beef cows. Beef cows (n = 1,240) in 6 locations within the US Meat Animal Research Center received 1 of 2 treatments: 1) an injection of GnRH [100 µg intramuscularly (i.m.)] followed by PGF(2α) (PGF; 25 mg i.m.) 7 d later (CO-Synch), or 2) CO-Synch plus a CIDR during the 7 d between GnRH and PGF injections (CO-Synch + CIDR). Cows received TAI and GnRH (100 µg i.m.) at 60 h after PGF. Progesterone was measured by RIA in blood samples collected 2 wk before and at initiation of treatment (d 0) and at PGF injection (d 7). Estrous behavior was monitored by Estrotect Heat Detectors. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography 72 to 77 d after TAI. Plasma progesterone concentrations did not differ (P > 0.10) between synchronization protocols at first GnRH injection (d 0), but progesterone was greater (P 0.10) between protocols (52.1 ± 2.1 vs. 50.0 ± 2.4%, respectively) when progesterone was >1 ng/mL (treatment × progesterone; P < 0.01). Inclusion of a CIDR in the synchronization protocol increased plasma progesterone concentration, proportion of cows detected in estrus, and pregnancy rate; however, the increase in pregnancy rate from inclusion of the CIDR was primarily in cows with decreasing or low endogenous progesterone secretion during treatment.
The infrastructure of chelate compounds—III: A study of some tervalent metal chelate compounds of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the region 5000–250 cm−1

Abstract The infrared spectra of 8-hydroxyquinoline and of its complexes with aluminium, gallium and indium have been determined in the region 500–150 cm −1 . The spectra shows similarities, but differences between the aluminium complex and the other two occur in the region 625–250 cm −1 . A discussion of the spectra and of the structures of the oxinates is presented.
Professional Skills for Serving Students Who Use AAC in General Education Classrooms: A Team Perspective.

The roles of school-based professionals serving students with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) needs are changing in light of the inclusion movement. Focus group research methodolog...
The relationship between attitudes toward science and science achievement

This study investigated the relationship between elementary pupils' attitudes toward science and their science achievement. Residualized gain scores were used to analyze the data. By using residualized gain scores, the effects of individual differences can be minimized. In addition to controlling for these differences, residualized gain scores do not possess the measurement errors that are normally associated with simple change scores. The subjects of this study were 583 intermediate elementary pupils. The average class size was 21. A pretest-posttest design was used. To insure consistency in the teaching of the lesson, each teacher was given an identical detailed science lesson that included all the instructions and materials needed for the activity. The pupils were pre- and posttested. The pupils' science achievement was assessed by a test, the “Hough Pupil Process Test.” It consisted of multiple choice and fill-in questions. The attitude instrument, the “Hough Attitude Inventory,” was given to the elementary pupils involved in this study. It was field tested and found to discern attitudes. The instrument consisted of six statements to which the subjects responded by circling either yes, I don't know, or no. The analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between the pupils' residualized gain scores on the “Hough Pupil Process Test” and their residualized gain scores on the “Hough Attitude Inventory” (r = 0.45).
Prevention and control of Karenia brevis blooms.

With the recurrent and potentially severe impacts of Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, new management approaches have been examined to potentially prevent and control these blooms. This paper summarizes past and present research and strategies for the prevention and control of K. brevis blooms. Prevention presumes a certain level of understanding about the cause or causes of these blooms. This may not yet be available, however, for K. brevis in the Gulf of Mexico. Some efforts to synthesize the current understanding of bloom dynamics for the region were recommended. The earliest attempts to control K. brevis blooms in the field used copper sulfate minerals seeded from ships and crop-dusting planes. Although effective for short term applications, the method was abandoned as it provided only temporary relief at a high cost with unknown collateral damage to the ecosystem. Results from chemical screenings and ozone treatments were also presented. Algicidal bacteria have shown some promise in controlling K. brevis in laboratory experiments, either through direct contact or release of algicidal compounds. Finally, the state of the research into the use of natural clays was presented, beginning with laboratory and mesocosm tests, to larger-scale experiments and flume studies. Several impacts studies were reviewed. While much progress has been made in examining control methods in recent years, more research in the field is needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and impacts of these strategies. Furthermore, the social and human dimensions of this potentially controversial area of research may have to be explored more fully to gauge the receptiveness of the public to these management approaches.
Schedule-induced polydipsia: Blockade by intrahypothalamic atropine

Abstract Atropine sulfate or atropine methyl nitrate infused into either the lateral hypothalamus or lateral preoptic area reduced the amount of water consumed by rats on an intermittent schedule of food reinforcement. Response and reinforcement rates were diminished by drug treatment, but not to the same extent as water intake. Schedule-induced polydipsia is inhibited by central cholinergic blockade.
Generation of surface shape from variable-resolution video moire contours

Several methods for generation of three dimensional surface shapes from variable resolution video moire contours are described. In a classical moire system, a physical grating is projected on a target and also used to view the target. The moire contours are generated in the plane of the viewing grating. An unambiguous surface shape can then be computed by processing a set of moire images where the grating, target, or both are moved. By using an interferometer to generate and project variable pitch gratings and video technology to generate the moire contours, a 3-D surface can be scanned at different resolutions and used on a wide range of object sizes. The elimination of the physical grating also leads to surface generation techniques that do not use moving parts, increasing reliability. From these video moire contours, it is possible to uniquely reconstruct the 3-D surface, making the distinction between concave and convex surfaces. In one technique, a computer is used to mix digitized images of distorted gratings projected on the object with computer generated gratings, creating the moire patterns. By shifting one grating, it is possible to reconstruct the surface without having to move the object being scanned.
Thoracic outlet syndrome: anatomy

The thoracic outlet region contains three important structures: the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein. As they travel from the upper mediastinum to the upper extremity, these structures run through three important spaces: the interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular space, and the subpectoral space. Compression can occur in any of these three spaces because of structural anomalies or trauma.
Electron spin resonance spectra of marine and fresh-water manganese nodules

Abstract Eighty ferromanganese nodules from a wide variety of marine and fresh-water environments have been analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The purpose has been to gain information on the forms in which the major constituents of manganese nodules are present. Contributions to ESR spectra of the nodules come mainly from Mn 2+ and Fe 3+ . Deep-sea samples generally showed only broad resonance lines, and those with larger peaks close to g = 2.0 are believed to contain more Mn 2+ than others. Some Antarctic and fresh-water nodules lack a strong Mn 2+ resonance and have a peak around g = 4.0 which is most likely tetrahedral Fe 3+ . A number of smaller peaks in several samples could not be readily interpreted in terms of contributions from individual ionic species because of fundamental problems in preparing standards having the ion of interest in the same micro-environment as it experiences in the nodules.
The motion of large bottom particles (cobbles) in a wave-induced oscillatory flow

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a series of experiments aimed at better understanding the dynamics of the motion of large bottom particles (cobbles) in a wave-induced oscillatory flow. This problem is closely related to the motion of cobbles along the bottom in an oscillatory flow such as occurs in coastal waters beyond the region of wave breaking. The aims of the study were (i) to mimic this process in laboratory experiments and (ii) to develop a physical model to predict cobble movements. The oscillatory flow was created in a long tank of rectangular cross-section using standing waves of large amplitude. Objects of different shapes (spheres and disks) were placed in the flow and their subsequent motion along the tank floor was studied. The results of the observations were compared with the predictions of a theoretical model. For the range of parameters used in the experiments (shape, size, aspect ratio and density of cobbles, amplitude and frequency of the oscillatory flow and bottom friction), reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated values of the cobble displacements as a function of time was obtained.
ICI 118,551: an effective ocular hypotensive agent with selectivity for the ciliary process β2-adrenoceptor and with minimal cardiac side effects

1 Prior biochemical studies have shown that the ciliary process epithelium, which is involved in the secretion of aqueous humour, is rich in β-adrenoceptors with pharmacological characteristics similar to those of the β2 subclass. 2 The present experiments demonstrate that the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118,551, is a potent inhibitor of isoprenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity measured in broken cell preparations of rabbit ciliary process. 3 In rabbit cardiac muscle, however, ICI 118,551 is a relatively weak antagonist of isoprenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase, being approximately 100 fold less potent than the non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist, timolol. 4 ICI 118,551 is also less potent than timolol in inhibiting isoprenaline-sensitive adenylate cyclase of rabbit lung. 5 ICI 118,551 applied topically to eyes of unanaesthetized rabbits causes a dose-dependent decrease in intraocular pressure. Furthermore, in a blind crossover study in rabbits, topically applied ICI 118,551 decreased intraocular pressure for more than 6 h and was more effective than an identical dose of the clinically effective anti-glaucoma agent, timolol. 6 Systemic absorption from topically-applied timolol, but not ICI 118,551, is sufficient to alter cardiac response to subcutaneous administration of isoprenaline. Furthermore, dose-response studies, using direct systemic administration of the two β-adrenoceptor antagonists, revealed that ICI 118,551 is about 60 times less potent than timolol in blocking isoprenaline-induced cardio-acceleration. 7 ICI 118,551, applied to one eye, causes a decrease in intraocular pressure in the contralateral eye, and systemic administration of ICI 118,551 results in decreased intraocular pressure in both eyes, data indicating that at least part of the ocular hypotensive effect of topical ICI 118,551 is mediated through systemic absorption. 8 These findings provide biochemical and physiological evidence that selective β2-adrenoceptor blockers such as ICI 118,551, used topically or systemically, may be useful as ocular hypotensive agents with decreased cardiac side-effects.
Zero-field resonances in oxide Josephson junctions

Abstract The observation of step-structure in the d.c. I–V curve of an oxide Josephson junction in zero magnetic field is reported. The structure results from the excitation of cavity resonances by barrier inhomogeneities.
Teaching and Learning “Green Engineering” in a Multidisciplinary Seminar

This paper presents the recent experience of teaching and learning “Green Engineering” in a multidisciplinary seminar. The instructors who organized the seminar included an environmental engineer and a mechanical/manufacturing engineer. The student population included both graduate and undergraduate students majoring in civil/environmental, mechanical, manufacturing and aerospace engineering as well as several biology majors. The course was organized as a semester long seminar with many guest speakers from industry, government, academia and law firms. In addition to assigned reading and literature searches/reviews, the main learning experiences were provided by two large team projects. The first multidisciplinary team project was a “game” that required the students to develop a facility to provide a variety of products that utilized materials that are toxic, hazardous and radioactive. The students were assigned various roles in the company including bidding, manufacturing, environmental and purchasing responsibilities. The teams were judged on both the financial and environmental success of their company. The second multidisciplinary major team project focused on the creation of a green product including, the design and manufacturing processes, as well as the business plan. The student interest in this project was enhanced by a competition with cash prizes that was financed and judged by WPI’s Entrepreneurship program’s faculty and staff.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Synthesis of a nucleoside analog bearing a branched difunctional sidechain using the palladium-mediated cyclization of a γ-oxoallene

Abstract The aldehyde 8 was synthesized in high yield and with excellent stereoselectivity by treating a protected 3-hydroxypropanal with Corey's chiral B-propargyl boradiazoline reagent. Cyclization of this γ-oxoallene with palladium(II) in the presence of methanol and carbon monoxide produced the furanoside 9 with excellent stereoselectivity for the D-deoxyribose geometry. The furanoside 9 was converted to the branched extended sidechain deoxythymidine analog 11 by reduction, protection, and β-stereoselective Vorbruggen coupling. The hydroboration/oxidation of 10 to yield the doexyribofuranoside analog 13 , bearing two sidechain hydroxyl groups, was also demonstrated.
The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase has been used to identify efferent cells in area 17 of the macaque. Cells projecting to the lateral geniculate nucleus are small to medium sized pyramidal neurons with somata in lamina 6 and the adjacent white matter. The projection to the parvocellular division arises preferentially from the upper half of lamina 6, while that to the magnocellular division arises preferentially from the lower part of the lamina. The projection to both superior colliculus and inferior pulvinar arises from all sizes of pyramidal neurons lying in lamina 58 (Lund and Boothe, '75); at least pyramidal neurons of lamina 5B send collateral axon branches to both destinations. Injections with extensive spread of horseradish peroxidase show that many cells of lamina 4B and the large pyramidal neurons of upper lamina 6 also project extrinsically but their terminal sites have not been identified. Other studies have indicated that cells of laminae 2 and 3 project to areas 18 and 19. Therefore every lamina of the visual cortex, with the exception of those receiving a direct thalamic input, contains cells projecting extrinsically. Further, each lamina projects to a different destination and from Golgi studies can be shown to contain cells with specific patterns of dendritic branching which relate to the distribution of thalamic afferents and to the patterns of intracortical connections. These findings emphasise the significance of the horizontal organisation of the cortex with relation to the flow of information through it and contrast with the current concept of columnar organisation shown in physiological studies.