cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Algorithm for Damage-Coupled Visco-Plastic Fatigue Model

The paper describes the development of an efficient and robust numerical algorithm for a damage-coupled visco-plastic-fatigue material model. The material chosen for the investigation is a eutectic material, Sn-Pb solder, exhibiting strain-softening behavior. The numerical algorithms employs a modified explicit method with adaptive sub-stepping based on the local error control for which the stress (constitutive) Jacobian explicit solution is derived. The algorithm is implemented in a commercial finite element (FE) code ABAQUS (Version 6.2) via its user-defined material subroutine. The validity of the algorithm is examined with several numerical examples, including (i) single-element simulations for uniaxial test, tensile creep, and fatigue simulations to attain an optimized algorithm, and (ii) two three-dimensional analyses of a miniature specimen under monotonic tensile loading and fatigue loading. The numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the modified explicit algorithm in predicting cyclic thermoviscoplastic behavior of a solder material. The algorithm is considered a generalized methodology that can be readily applied characterize thermoviscoplastic behavior and fatigue life of similar materials.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A functional measurement analysis of the development of dimensional coordination in children

Abstract The development of children's dimensional coordination was investigated using kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth grade subjects (Ages 5, 7, 9, and 11 years, respectively), and an adult sample, by means of a perceptual estimation task requiring the subjects to match in total area a stimulus rectangle to an adjustable square stimulus. The problem was formulated using information integration theory, and the procedures and techniques of functional measurement were used in the analysis. Dimensional coordination was found to develop from a stage of total centration on one dimension to a stage of total decentration with equal weighting applied to both dimensions. Contrary to extant hypotheses, the vertical dimension was not the salient dimension for single dimension centerers. Rather, the spatial axis on which the compared-objects were placed determined the displacement of attention. When this frame of reference effect was controlled, the longer of the two dimensions was the salient dimension for centering subjects.
Robust detection of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus acute lung infections by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) breathprinting: From initial infection to clearance

Before breath-based diagnostics for lung infections can be implemented in the clinic, it is necessary to understand how the breath volatiles change during the course of infection, and ideally, to identify a core set of breath markers that can be used to diagnose the pathogen at any point during the infection. In the study presented here, we use secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) to characterize the breathprint of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus lung infections in a murine model over a period of 120 h, with a total of 86 mice in the study. Using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the time-course data, we were able to show that SESI-MS breathprinting can be used to robustly classify acute P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mouse lung infections at any time during the 120 h infection/clearance process. The variable importance plot from PLS indicates that multiple peaks from the SESI-MS breathprints are required for discriminating the bacterial infections. Therefore, by utilizing the entire breathprint rather than single biomarkers, infectious agents can be diagnosed by SESI-MS independent of when during the infection breath is tested.
35 GHz microwave signal generation with an injection-locked laser diode

A new technique for sinusoidal intensity modulation of light, based on injection-locking of two longitudinal modes of a single laser to FM sidebands of another laser, is described. A 35 GHz microwave signal with a linewidth of less than 10 Hz was generated.
Temporal characterization of attosecond wave forms in the sub-optical-cycle regime

We present a temporal characterization of sub-optical-cycle extreme ultraviolet radiation generated in a hollow-core waveguide. This generation scheme permits the use of relatively long 13-fs driving laser pulses to generate sub-optical-cycle bursts of high-order harmonic light. Using two-color cross-correlation and phase retrieval techniques, we extract the extreme ultraviolet wave form and show that it consists of chirped 470-as bursts, spaced by 1.3 fs, within a 1.4-fs intensity envelope. The radiation is spectrally narrow and energy tunable, making it a useful tool to investigate state-selective molecular and materials dynamics.
Development of a shear layer ignition model for application to direct-injection diesel engines

A transient, one-dimensional spray shear layer ignition model has been formulated to provide a methodology for predicting the autoignition period in direct-injection, quiescent chamber diesel engines. This approach focuses on including the influence of key injection and thermodynamic parameters that affect this key diesel combustion phenomenon. In particular, these important parameters include injection rate, mean spray angle, bulk in-cylinder instantaneous temperature and pressure, and residual gas fraction from a thermodynamic point-of-view. The proposed shear layer model agreed fairly well with experimental autoignition data derived from indirectly measured engine bulk fuel burning rate profiles even though ignition is modeled only according to a one-step Arrhenius-type reaction that accounts for both local shear layer equivalence ratio and temperature. In particular, the proposed model exhibited improved predictive capability in comparison to published zero-dimensional diesel engine autoignition correlations that are typically employed in bulk parameter, diesel engine performance simulation models.
Finger-interaction mechanisms in stratified Hele-Shaw flow

Interactions between a few fingers in sharply stratified Hele-Shaw flow are investigated by numerical integration of the initial-value problem. It is shown that fingers evolving from an initial perturbation of an unstable interface consisting of a single wave are rather insensitive to variations of the control parameters governing the flow. Initial perturbations with at least two waves, on the other hand, lead to important finger-interaction and selection mechanisms at finite amplitude. On the basis of the results reported here many features of an earlier numerical study of the ‘statistical-fingering’ regime can be rationalized.
Shear bond strength comparison between two orthodontic adhesives and self-ligating and conventional brackets.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare the shear bond strengths of two adhesives using two types of brackets: a conventional and a self-ligating bracket system. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human premolars were collected. The premolars were randomly divided into three groups of 20 teeth. All three groups were direct bonded. Groups 1 and 2 used light-cured adhesive and primer (Transbond XT) with a conventional (Orthos) and a self-ligating bracket (Damon 2), respectively. Group 3 used a light-cured primer (Orthosolo) and a light-cured adhesive (Blūgloo) with a self-ligating bracket (Damon 2). The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 40 ± 2 hours, after which they were debonded and inspected for Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scoring. Results: The mean shear bond strength was 15.2 MPa for group 1, 23.2 MPa for group 2, and 24.8 MPa for group 3. A one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test showed significant differences in bond strength (P < .001) between group 1 and gro...
On the control between cell-mediated, IgM and IgG immunity.

Abstract An hypothesis is proposed here describing some of the conditions that determine the type of response an antigen will induce, and explaining how the induction of one type of immunity affects the induction of other types of immunity. In more detail, the hypothesis attempts to account for the following observations: Some antigens induce only cell-mediated immunity, whereas others can, under different conditions, induce either cell-mediated or humoral immunity. The humoral response to most antigens consists of an initial period of IgM antibody synthesis, followed by a period of IgG synthesis. Some polymeric antigens induce the synthesis of only IgM antibody. There is a tendency for the immune response to an antigen, at a particular time, to be exclusively of the cell-mediated, IgM or IgG type. The hypothesis may also be relevant to some observations that, I believe, have been incorrectly interpreted to mean that “tolerance” to some antigens requires the presence of T (thymus-derived) cells specific for these antigens. The hypothesis suggests teleological reasons for the existence of the different types of immunity. It also suggests ways of controlling the type of response an antigen induces.
Influence of Solicitation Pattern, Type of Practice Example, and Student Response on Pupil Behavior, Commitment to Discussion and Concept Attainment

Abstract This experimental study examined whether solicitation pattern, type of example, and student response influence the classroom behavior, commitment to discussion and concept attainment of high school social studies students. Participating teachers taught two concept application lessons according to detailed plans provided by the researcher. The classroom behaviors, inspection of stimulus material and attention to discussion were recorded as they occurred by the researcher on a low inference observation” system. Commitment was measured by a Thurstone successive intervals scale and concept learning by a test constructed for the experiment. Solicitation pattern had a significant effect on inspection and attention behaviors. Solicitation pattern interacted with response mode to exert a significant influence on commitment to discussion. Response sequence interacted with type of example to affect concept learning.
Mechanical properties of age-hardened titanium-aluminum alloys

Abstract The room temperature tensile properties of age-hardened titanium-aluminum alloys in the concentration range from 14.5 to 18.1 at.% aluminum were correlated to the size and dispersion of the precipitated Ti3Al particles and to the interaction of moving dislocations with the particles. It was found that when the coherent, ordered Ti3Al particles were sheared by the moving dislocations the alloys were extremely brittle. As a result of the operative cutting mechanism large dislocation pile-ups were formed, causing premature failure. It was observed that the large dislocation pile-ups were able to fracture the grain boundaries. By controlled aging the particle size and interparticle distance were changed so as to exceed the critical value for inducing a dislocation by-pass mechanism. Dislocation loops were created around the particles by the moving dislocations and the formation of high stress concentrations due to pile-ups of dislocations was avoided. Thus, the plastic elongation to fracture of the brittle alloys was increased up to about 7 per cent without a decline of the high flow stress.
Polarization of tritons scattered from hydrogen

Abstract The polarization of tritons scattered from hydrogen has been measured at four triton energies between 6.4 and 9.5 MeV to determine the analyzing power of hydrogen for polarized tritons.
The surgical management of primary invasive breast cancer

The treatment of operable primary breast cancer has evolved dramatically in the past few decades. The standard operative procedure has changed from the radical mastectomy to the modified radical mastectomy, and the use of breast-conserving treatment is increasing. This article reviews trends in treatment of early-stage breast cancer, factors associated with increased risk for local recurrence after breast-conserving treatment, and the use of axillary lymph node dissection.
Markets and regulation under uncertainty

Abstract Unlike many comparisons of control strategies under uncertainty, this letter will report that, in some cases, optimality can be achieved ex ante if specific andad valorem taxes are imposed upon a functioning market with externalities.
Cobalt Coordination and Clustering in α-Co(OH)2 Revealed by Synchrotron X-ray Total Scattering

Structures of layered metal hydroxides are not well described by traditional crystallography. Total scattering from a synthesis-controlled subset of these materials, as described here, reveals that different cobalt coordination polyhedra cluster within each layer on short length scales, offering new insights and approaches for understanding the properties of these and related layered materials. Structures related to that of brucite [Mg(OH)(2)] are ubiquitous in the mineral world and offer a variety of useful functions ranging from catalysis and ion-exchange to sequestration and energy transduction, including applications in batteries. However, it has been difficult to resolve the atomic structure of these layered compounds because interlayer disorder disrupts the long-range periodicity necessary for diffraction-based structure determination. For this reason, traditional unit-cell-based descriptions have remained inaccurate. Here we apply, for the first time to such layered hydroxides, synchrotron X-ray total scattering methods-analyzing both the Bragg and diffuse components-to resolve the intralayer structure of three different alpha-cobalt hydroxides, revealing the nature and distribution of metal site coordination. The different compounds with incorporated chloride ions have been prepared with kinetic control of hydrolysis to yield different ratios of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated cobalt ions within the layers, as confirmed by total scattering. Real-space analyses indicate local clustering of polyhedra within the layers, manifested in the weighted average of different ordered phases with fixed fractions of tetrahedrally coordinated cobalt sites. These results, hidden from an averaged unit-cell description, reveal new structural characteristics that are essential to understanding the origin of fundamental material properties such as color, anion exchange capacity, and magnetic behavior. Our results also provide further insights into the detailed mechanisms of aqueous hydrolysis chemistry of hydrated metal salts. We emphasize the power of the methods used here for establishing structure-property correlations in functional materials with related layered structures.
Lower urinary tract injury in women in the United States, 1979–2006

Objective We sought to determine age-adjusted rates (AARs) of lower urinary tract injury and incidence in selected inpatient gynecologic and obstetric procedures. Study Design We utilized the National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979–2006. AARs of nonobstetric bladder and ureteral injuries and incidence of lower urinary tract injury for various hysterectomy types and deliveries were calculated for women >18 years old. Results Overall AARs of ureteral injury decreased from 0.06–0.03 per 1000 women (1979–2006). AARs of inpatient gynecologic procedures decreased from 24.9–11.8 per 1000 women (1979–2006). By hysterectomy type, bladder injury was highest in laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (VH) (13.8 per 1000) and VH (13.1 per 1000). Ureteral injury recognized during hysterectomy was most common with radical hysterectomy (7.7 per 1000) and least common with laparoscopic-assisted VH (0 per 1000). Conclusion Ureteral injuries at time of inpatient surgical procedures have decreased from 1979–2006. This corresponds with a sharp decrease in inpatient gynecologic procedures.
Inverse correlation between Helicobacter pylori colonization and obesity in a cohort of inner city children.

Background Recently, publications in adults and children have documented a potential role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in decreasing the likelihood of obesity. The present study compares the prevalence of H. pylori colonization between obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 95th percentile) and healthy weight (BMI ≥ 5th to <85th percentiles) children seen at an inner city medical center in the United States. Methods This retrospective study reviewed clinical features, BMI, and gastric histology of consecutive children aged 1–18 years undergoing an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. BMI percentile was calculated for age and gender. Helicobacter pylori colonization was determined by histopathologic identification of the organism. Multiple logistic regression was employed to measure the association between BMI and H. pylori colonization, controlling for baseline age, gender, and presenting symptoms. Results Among 340 patients (51.5% female, mean age of 10.5 ± 4.7 years), 98 (29%) were obese and 173 (51%) were healthy weight. The H. pylori colonization rate of the entire cohort was 18.5% (95% CI = 14.7–23.0%). Among obese children, 10% had H. pylori colonization compared to 21% of the healthy weight children (RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1–4.0). Conversely, 39% of noncolonized children, but only 21% of the infected children, were obese (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–3.3). Multivariate analysis revealed that being colonized with H. pylori is associated with a 50% reduction in the odds of being obese (adjusted OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.2–1.0). Conclusions Our findings in a North American cohort are in agreement with studies from Asia and Europe suggesting that H. pylori infection decreases the prevalence of obesity in children. Further work to characterize the extent and nature of this relationship is warranted.
Inhibition of male accessory glands of Aedes aegypti by larval treatment with apholate.

Treatment of 24-hour-old Larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) with 20 ppm apholate resulted in adults of normal size but with the volume of the male accessory gland reduced by half. Treated males could inseminate nearly as many females as normal males but were much less efficient in rendering females monogamous. The value of larval treatment with chemosterilants in sterile-male control programs is questioned.
Projected Unrestricted Hartree-Fock Calculations within the Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap Model

We develop a stable scheme for full spin projection of an unrestricted Hartree−Fock wave function using ideas originally discussed by Lowdin and Harriman. We examine three test cases within the intermediate neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopic method (INDO/S); a model of ferredoxin, Fe−S enzyme models for nitratases, and Ni6 clusters. The projected INDO/S UHF method has a remarkable ability to predict spin multiplicities correctly and with far greater ease than corresponding restricted open-shell Hartree−Fock calculations followed by configuration interaction (ROHF/CI).
DNA replication by phage T4 rII mutants without polynucleotide ligase (gene 30)

Abstract In phage T4-infected E. coli , the polynucleotide ligase coded for by T4 gene 30 is not required for DNA replication and phage production when the infecting phage is an rII mutant. The wild-type T4 rII gene product may be a nuclease or control a nuclease activity.
STRUCTURAL MODELS OF PERSONALITY AND THEIR RELATION TO ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A META‐ANALYTIC REVIEW*

The authors argue that the concept of personality has much to offer the field of criminology. To this end, they used meta-analytic techniques to examine the relations between antisocial behavior defined relatively broadly and four structural models of personality: Eysenck's PEN model, Tellegen's three-factor model, Costa and McCrae's five-factor model (FFM), and Cloninger's seven-factor temperament and character model. A comprehensive review of the literature yielded 59 studies that provided relevant information. Eight of the dimensions bore moderate relations to antisocial behavior; the dimensions could all be understood as measures of either Agreeableness or Conscientiousness from the FFM. The implications of these findings for future research are considered.
Chronic bacterial infection and inflammation incite reactive hyperplasia in a mouse model of chronic prostatitis.

Background Chronic inflammation is postulated to contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. We developed a mouse model of chronic prostatitis to test whether infection-induced chronic inflammation would incite reactive changes in prostatic epithelium. Methods Prostate tissues harvested from either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or E. coli-infected mice were evaluated for histological changes and immunostained for markers of oxidative stress and epithelial cell proliferation. Results As compared to PBS-treated controls, mice infected with E. coli bacteria for 5 days showed foci of uniformly acute inflammation in the glandular lumen and a persitent inflammation at 12 weeks post-inoculation in the stroma. Prostatic glands showing varying degrees of atypical hyperplasia and dysplasia had stronger staining for oxidative DNA damage and increased epithelial cell proliferation than normal prostatic glands. Conclusions These data demonstrate that chronic inflammation induces reactive hyperplasia associated with oxidative stress injury and support the proposed linkage among inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 67:14–21, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lessons Learned from Experiments with Interactivity on the Web

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the empirical literature on interactivity, primarily studies based on experimental designs, and concludes that two conceptualizations of interactivity are beginning to dominate: the functional and the perceptual. Suggestions concerning future experiments with interactivity are offered.
Bacteriological culture of water-in-oil emulsions

Abstract 1.1. Mechanical suspension of emulsions in broth prior to culturing is a more reliable way to detect contamination with small numbers of bacteria than the direct addition of the emulsion to thioglycollate broth. 2.2. Storage of emulsions tends to reduce bacteriological contamination with streptococci, staphylococci, and to Clostridium welchii. 3.3. Bacteria readily escape from emulsions injected in mice.
A Simulation Model of a Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Fueled With Landfill Gases

A simulation model for establishment of performance parameters of a spark ignition engine fueled with landfill gas-methane and landfill gas-hydrogen mixtures is described. A two zone model was employed to estimate combustion duration, ignition lag, associated mass burning rates and performance parameters for various operating conditions in an internal combustion engine. The modeling consists of two main modules: a) a fuel-air and residual gas properties calculation, and b) equilibrium combustion product properties calculation with 13 species of equilibrium combustion products. The fuel-air and residual gas module calculates gas properties required in compression stroke and in an unburned zone of a combustion chamber. The equilibrium combustion products module calculates gas properties for the burned zone during combustion and expansion phases. In addition to engine parameters, combustion duration estimation methods were presented to accommodate the presence of high quantities of diluents such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen in methane to represent landfill gases, generally encountered in practice. Similarly, an effect of addition of hydrogen in landfill gas on performance of a spark ignition engine was also incorporated in the model. The pressure traces and other engine output parameters were modeled and compared with the experimental observations obtained in a variable compression single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition Co-operative fuel research (CFR) engine for different fuels that include methane, landfill gas and landfill gas–hydrogen mixtures and found satisfactory agreement. Matlab was used as the programming software in the model.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Defining the boundaries of atypical depression: Evidence from the HPA axis supports course of illness distinctions

Background Treatment outcome and brain laterality differ between early onset ( 2 months) depressed patients with atypical features (early/chronic atypical) and those with either later onset or less chronic illness (late/nonchronic atypical). Because hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities have been hypothesized to distinguish atypical depression from melancholia, we examined whether HPA measures would also differentiate these two groups of depressed patients with atypical features. Methods Three-hour afternoon cortisol levels, stimulation of cortisol by afternoon dextroamphetamine, and suppression of cortisol by dexamethasone were investigated in 85 depressed patients with atypical features. The latter group was divided into early/chronic atypical and late/nonchronic atypical based on chart review of course of illness. Results Patients with early/chronic atypical had significantly lower mean 3 h afternoon cortisol levels (N=21) and 4:00 p.m. post-dexamethasone cortisol levels (N=20) than did those with late/nonchronic atypical (N=43 with afternoon cortisol; N=26 with post-dexamethasone cortisol). Post-dextroamphetamine cortisol levels were numerically higher in the early/chronic atypical group (N=15 vs. 19), but this failed to reach conventional significance (0.05<p<0.1). Arbitrary categorical distinctions of normal and abnormal did not separate these groups on any of the tests. Limitations Lack of demonstrated reliability of the chart review and retrospective determination of atypical features and course of illness limit the generalizability of these findings. Conclusions These HPA data are consistent with earlier treatment and brain laterality findings that course of illness distinguishes biologically distinct groups within depressed patients with atypical features. The DSM should consider adding course of illness requirements to its criteria for atypical features.
Creative Thinking and Music Listening

Can listening to music be considered an act involving creative thinking? This paper explores the notion of creative thinking and music listening by (1) sampling conceptual writings on the subject of creativity and listening to music, (2) articulating ten generalities regarding creative listening, (3) examining empirical research in this area, and (4) describing a preliminary study that presented subjects with a problem-solving listening task requiring them to visually represent (`map') what they heard in a musical excerpt, then examined their visual representations and their verbal responses to the task to see if this approach held promise for future indepth research regarding creative listening. The results of the preliminary study were promising and appeared to confirm certain of the generalities articulated about creative listening.
Chromite and olivine in type II chondrules in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: Implications for thermal histories and group differences

Unequilibrated chromite and olivine margin compositions in type II chondrules are noted to differ systematically among three of the chondrite groups, suggesting that type II liquids differed in composition among the groups. These differences may be interpreted as indicators of different chemical compositions of the precursor solids which underwent melting, or, perhaps, as differences in the extent to which immiscible metal sulfide droplets were lost during chondrule formation. Because zinc is detectable only in type II chromites which have undergone reequilibration, the high zinc contents reported for chondritic chromites in other studies probably reflect redistribution during thermal metamorphism.
Auditory selective attention in middle-aged and elderly subjects: an event-related brain potential study.

Abstract Reaction times (RTs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in middle-aged (MA) and elderly (ELD) subjects performing an auditory selective attention task. Subjets attended to tone bursts of a specified pitch and ear of delivery and responded to occasional longer duration target tones (75 vs. 25 msec). Infrequent novel stimuli (computer synthesized sounds and digitized environmental noises) were also included in the stimulus sequence. No significant age-related differences were found in the speed or accuracy of target detection. However, in both groups, RTs were delayed (by more than 300 msec) to targets that followed novel sounds. The prolongation was greater following novel sounds in the attended ear, particularly in the ELD group. The effects of selective attention on ERPs to standard tones were isolated as negative difference waves (Nds) by subtracting ERPs to non-attended stimuli from ERPs to the same signals when attended. Nds had similar amplitudes, latencies of onset (60 msec), and distributions in ELD and MA groups. In both groups, Nd waves were more prominent following right ear stimulation, reflecting possible hemispheric asymmetries of generators in posterior temporal regions. The mismatch negativity (MMN) was isolated by subtracting ERPs to standard tones from ERPs to deviant stimuli. MMN amplitudes were reduced in the ELD group. There was also a significant change in MMN distribution with age: the MMN was larger over the right hemisphere for MA subjects but larger over the left for ELD subjects. Elderly subjects showed a trend toward smaller P3 amplitudes and delayed P3 latencies, but group differences did not reach statistical significance. ERPs to novel sounds were characterized by centrally distributed N2 and P3a components. Although the novel P3a was enhanced with attention, no novel Nd waves could be isolated. This suggests that novel sounds fell outside the focus of attention.
Principal component measures of exchange market pressure: comparisons with variance-weighted measures

In studies of currency crises, Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) captures depreciations and central-bank interventions in a single index. However, while the measure's three components are commonly given variance-smoothing weights, this approach has been criticized as problematic. One proposed alternative is to use Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to derive the proper weights. This article examines EMP for 21 countries over the period from 2001 to 2012. While the first principal component never produces weights of the correct sign, some countries’ second (and sometimes third) principal components can be used. We then compare the two measures, finding that the PCA-based measure is highly correlated with the variance-smoothing EMP measure, but that its values are often less extreme. This allows for different definitions of ‘crisis’ periods between the two, and different results in econometric estimations of EMP determinants. As a result, we find that the method of calculating EMP does indeed affect empirical...
Central reflex modulation during locomotion

During repetitive motor behaviors, such as locomotion, the flow of segmental information from sense organ to effector has been shown to be modifiable and dependent on the state of CNS activity. Recent studies of vertebrate locomotion suggest that the central modulation of the sensory-motor flow not only provides a basis for appropriate reflex responses, but also may play an important role in reorganizing peripheral inputs into a pattern of sensory information which can be used on a cycle-by-cycle basis to both reinforce and stabilize the locomotor rhythm generated within the CNS.
Urinary excretion of C5b-9 reflects disease activity in passive Heymann nephritis

Urinary excretion of C5b-9 reflects disease activity in passive Heymann nephritis. Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) is a model of membranous nephropathy in rats in which glomerular injury is mediated by the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement. This model has been shown to be associated with markedly elevated urinary excretion of C5b-9, compared to other experimental models of glomerulonephritis. To determine if urinary C5b-9 excretion could serve as an index of disease activity by correlating with the formation and quantity of glomerular subepithelial immune deposits in PHN, we measured urinary excretion of C5b-9 in PHN under several experimental conditions. In the heterologous phase a direct correlation was demonstrated between levels of urinary C5b-9 excretion and the amount of anti-FxlA IgG deposited in glomeruli (r = 0.85). In the autologous phase, C5b-9 excretion correlated with the amount of deposit forming antibody present in the serum and resolved when antibody disappeared, despite persistence of glomerular deposits of antigen, antibody, C5b-9 and heavy proteinuria. Glomerular C3 deposits paralleled urinary C5b-9 excretion. Re-initiation of active deposit formation by a second injection of anti-FxlA produced new C3 deposits and a marked rise in C5b-9 excretion. Finally, complete abrogation of deposit formation by transplanting PHN kidneys into normal recipients also halted C5b-9 excretion. Our findings demonstrate that urinary excretion of C5b-9 is a sensitive index of on-going immunologic disease activity in the PHN model of membranous nephropathy.
Metabolic activity in SmI cortical barrels of adult rats is dependent on patterned sensory stimulation of the mystacial vibrissae

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry was used to examine the effect of sensory deprivation on metabolic activity in the somatosensory cortex (SmI) of adult rats. Chronic trimming of one or several rows of mystacial vibrissae resulted in a decrease in CO reactivity in the corresponding barrels in layer IV. Reduced CO staining also was observed in cortical laminae superficial and deep to the affected layer IV barrels, suggesting that patterned deflections of the whiskers are important for maintaining the metabolic activity of neurons at least 3 and perhaps 4 synapses removed from the periphery.
Photopolymerization in an isothermal and continuous stirred tank reactor: Concentration stability

An investigation of photopolymerization in an isothermal and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was made. The existence of multiple steady states induced by gel effects was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. This multiple steady state problem is presented in relation to reactor stability and control. Also, the relative behavior of the batch and CSTR systems is discussed.
Development of a tomographic myelin scan

The principle that myelin can be imaged noninvasively using the emission tomographic distribution of a lipophilic radioactive tracer was investigated. Properties of agents suitable for noninvasive myelin scanning are discussed with specific reference to blood-brain barrier permeability, metabolism, and tracer lipophilicity. The brain distributions of inert tracers are correlated with their partitioning between octanol and saline. A test probe, iodobenzene, was labeled with iodine 125 for preliminary invasive studies in the rabbit. The equilibrium brain distribution, determined either autoradiographically or by regional dissection, corresponded closely to that of myelin. 123I-labeled iodobenzene, a gamma-emitting analog, was then administered to a monkey, and tomographic reconstruction revealed a pattern of brain uptake corresponding to white matter.
PICU Prometheus: Ethical issues in the treatment of very sick children in paediatric intensive care

Abstract Through a focus on one child's extended stay in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, I raise four general questions about pediatric medicine: How should physicians communicate with parents of very sick children? How should physicians involve parents of very sick children in treatment decisions? How should care be coordinated when a child is being treated by different medical teams with rotating personnel? Should the guidelines for making judgments of medical futility and discontinuation of treatment differ when the patient is a child rather than an adult?
An Ultra-Wideband Impulse-Radio Communication Method and Transceiver

The present paper describes the physical layer of an Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) communication system, together with its implementation in a fully integrated transceiver. The objective of this work was to design and test a low-power radio communication system for medium data-rate, short-range communication. The system is based on Frequency Hopping On-Off Keying modulation (FH-OOK) for transmission, combined with a non-coherent demodulation scheme in the receiver. A fast-phase synchronization method for the receiver was also developed. A single chip transmitter/receiver integrated circuit (IC), incorporating the radio frequency system and the base-band signal processing chain, was produced using a 0.13 µm CMOS process. Test results showed the maximum data rate for the radio interface to be 20 Mb/s, and a reliable link was obtained at a distance of 5 m, without recourse to error-correction convolutional codes. Maximum power consumption was less than 20 mW. The simple hardware architecture, low power consumption and high achievable data rate make this system suitable for small, portable battery-powered devices.
Assessing the Relationships Among Prayer Expectancies, Race, and Self-Esteem in Late Life

When people pray, they have certain beliefs or expectations about the nature of the response they hope to receive. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between two specific prayer expectancies and self-esteem with data provided by a nationwide survey of older adults. The first has to do with the timing of answers to prayers while the second involves the ways prayers are answered. The data suggest that feelings of self-worth are highest when older people believe that only God knows when it is best to answer a prayer, and only God knows the best way to answer it. In contrast, self-esteem tends to be lower among older adults who believe prayers are answered right away and believe they get exactly what they ask for. However, further analysis reveals that the benefits of prayer expectancies are more evident among older African Americans than among older whites.
Assessment of Environmental and Regulatory Uncertainty Impacts on Propulsion System Design

The objective of this paper is to discuss a new structured methodology developed for assisting in engine architecture selection to provide the maximum probability of success of the program under uncertain future environmental regulations. This method integrates a probabilistic analysis technique with the response surface method and an optimization solution technique to enable the designers to rapidly construct the design space and find the optimum design under regulation variations. The response surface method (RSM) approximates the system level responses with a set of quadratic equations as functions of the propulsion system design variables which can capture the primary characteristics of the candidate engine architectures. These equations are fed into the objective function and a series of constraints of an optimization tool. The uncertainty of future regulations is modeled as variations of the regulatory constraint values in the optimization problem. The optimization tool, wrapped with a Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS), solves optimization problems that are set up with randomly selected values of the regulatory constraints. Such a statistical simulation combined with the optimization solution technique provides useful information to the decision maker: the probability of success and estimated ranges of the objective function value for each candidate. A practical demonstration of the method and the accompanying results are given for assessing regulatory uncertainty associated with a Supersonic Business Jet (SBJ) engine development.
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Background Genes in Chickens Influence Susceptibility to High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus

Abstract The chicken's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype has profound influence on the resistance or susceptibility to certain pathogens. For example, the B21 MHC haplotype confers resistance to Marek's disease (MD). However, non-MHC genes are also important in disease resistance. For example, lines 6 and 7 both express the B2 MHC haplotype, but differ in non-MHC genes. Line 6, but not line 7, is highly resistant to tumors induced by the Marek's disease herpesviruses and avian leukosis retroviruses. Recently, survival in the field by Thai indigenous chickens to H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks was attributed to the B21 MHC haplotype, whereas the B13 MHC haplotype was associated with high mortality in the field. To determine the influence of the MHC haplotype on HPAI resistance, a series of MHC congenic white leghorn chicken lines (B2, B12, B13, B19, and B21) and lines with different background genes but with the same B2 MHC haplotype (Line 63 and 71) were intranasall...
Upper Triassic Radiolaria from Eastern Oregon and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia: ABSTRACT

Radiolarian-bearing rocks have been collected from eastern Oregon (Rail Cabin Formation) and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia (middle member of the Kunga Formation). The Rail Cabin Formation consists predominantly of 365 m of thin-bedded, manganiferous argillite. The middle or black limestone member of the Kunga Formation consists of 210 to 280 m of thin-bedded, black carbonaceous limestone with minor amounts of black argillite. The Rail Cabin Formation can be subdivided into two zonal units based on radiolarian biostratigraphy: a lower Mostlerium Zone (?Karnian, early Norian to late middle Norian) and an upper Pantanellium silberlingi Zone (late middle to late Norian). Samples from the middle member of the Kunga Formation contain radiolarians which are indicative of the Pantanellium silberlingi Zone. Norian ages for both radiolarian zones have been confirmed primarily by associated pectinacid bivalves. End_of_Article - Last_Page 421------------
Determining a suitable substrate size and sampling frequency for rearing juvenile rainbow mussels Villosa iris

The effects of sampling frequency and substrate size on the overall size and survival of juvenile rainbow mussels Villosa iris were investigated in 4-L round flow-through tanks. All tanks contained either fine sediment (,50 lm), fine limestone sand (500-850 lm), or coarse limestone sand (1,000-2,500 lm) and were sampled every 2 weeks or once at the end of the 10-week experiment. Tanks left unsampled for 10 weeks had 12.8% higher survival regardless of substrate treatment. Juveniles in unsampled tanks also had greater shell length than those in sampled tanks. Juveniles cultured in coarse sand had the best survival in the sampled tanks (36.4%), and juveniles reared in fine sand had the best survival in the unsampled tanks (51.9% at 10 weeks). Analyses of gut contents at 10 weeks revealed that juveniles were consuming large amounts of detritus and algal cells 5-10 lm in size, primarily Coelastrum, Chlorococcum, Chlorella, and Navicula spp. These results show that frequent disturbance of juveniles by sampling may impede physiological functions, resulting in stress and a decrease in overall survival and shell length. It also appears that fine limestone sand (500-800 lm in size) is the best substrate for juvenile culture purposes in similar rearing systems.
Making a Science of Model Search: Hyperparameter Optimization in Hundreds of Dimensions for Vision Architectures

Many computer vision algorithms depend on configuration settings that are typically hand-tuned in the course of evaluating the algorithm for a particular data set. While such parameter tuning is often presented as being incidental to the algorithm, correctly setting these parameter choices is frequently critical to realizing a method's full potential. Compounding matters, these parameters often must be re-tuned when the algorithm is applied to a new problem domain, and the tuning process itself often depends on personal experience and intuition in ways that are hard to quantify or describe. Since the performance of a given technique depends on both the fundamental quality of the algorithm and the details of its tuning, it is sometimes difficult to know whether a given technique is genuinely better, or simply better tuned. In this work, we propose a meta-modeling approach to support automated hyperparameter optimization, with the goal of providing practical tools that replace hand-tuning with a reproducible and unbiased optimization process. Our approach is to expose the underlying expression graph of how a performance metric (e.g. classification accuracy on validation examples) is computed from hyperparameters that govern not only how individual processing steps are applied, but even which processing steps are included. A hyperparameter optimization algorithm transforms this graph into a program for optimizing that performance metric. Our approach yields state of the art results on three disparate computer vision problems: a face-matching verification task (LFW), a face identification task (PubFig83) and an object recognition task (CIFAR-10), using a single broad class of feed-forward vision architectures.
The Second Northernmost Cave-Adapted Fish in the World? Groundwork on the Tytoona Cave Sculpin Population

A new cave population of sculpin fish from Central Pennsylvania is described that, if confirmed to be cave adapted, would become the second northernmost cave-adapted fish in the world. The Tytoona Cave fish lack the suite of modifications typical of troglomorphic populations. Their eyes, pectoral fins, and mouths appear to be as large as those of their surface counterparts, they have the same number of cephalic lateralis pores, and their pigmentation levels do not appear to be much lower. Nonetheless, they are considered to be cave adapted due to the presence of ovigerous females, a lack of evidence for starvation, and primarily because the cephalic lateralis pores (part of the lateral line system) are significantly larger than those of similar-sized surface fish. It may be that the Tytoona Cave population only has some emergent cave adaptations because in high latitudes the extent of polar ice sheet migration during the Pleistocene era restricted colonization by fish at least until 12 ka ago, when the ice age ended.
Coetzee, Agamben, and the Passion of Abu Ghraib

In this article, I address J. M. Coetzee's chapter “The Problem of Evil” in Elizabeth Costello (2003); specifically, I discuss the danger of texts that attempt to represent evil letting loose that evil in the world. This insight is pushed by connecting it to the problem of sovereignty as put forth in Agamben's Homo Sacer (1998). To demonstrate the connection of evil and sovereignty, three different sets of images are analyzed that circulated in the global public sphere in 2004: frames from the Mel Gibson movie, The Passion of the Christ (2004); pictures of the abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners from Abu Ghraib; and beheading videos of U.S. citizens and other nationals working for the U.S.-led occupation forces in Iraq. Different explanations have been given for their circulation, but it is argued, following Agamben's notion of “homo sacer,” that they are contestations over sovereignty of Iraq and more widely of the Middle East.
Knowledge-aided parametric GLRT for space-time adaptive processing

In this paper, we consider knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing (KA-STAP) with a parametric approach, where disturbances in both test and training signals are modeled as a multichannel auto-regressive (AR) model. The a priori knowledge is incorporated into the detection problem through a stochastic signal model, where the spatial covariance matrix of the disturbance is assumed random. According to this model, a Bayesian version of the parametric generalized likelihood ratio test (PGLRT) is developed in a two-step approach, which is referred to as the KA-PGLRT. Interestingly, the KA-PGLRT employs a colored loading approach for estimation of the spatial covariance matrix of the test signal. Simulation results show that the KA-PGLRT can obtain better detection performance over other parametric detectors.