cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geomagnetic intensity variations over the past 780 kyr obtained from near-seafloor magnetic anomalies

Knowledge of past variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field provides an important constraint on models of the geodynamo. A record of absolute palaeointensity for the past 50 kyr has been compiled from archaeomagnetic and volcanic materials, and relative palaeointensities over the past 800 kyr have been obtained from sedimentary sequences. But a long-term record of geomagnetic intensity should also be carried by the thermoremanence of the oceanic crust Here we show that near-seafloor magnetic anomalies recorded over the southern East Pacific Rise are well correlated with independent estimates of geomagnetic intensity during the past 780 kyr. Moreover, the pattern of absolute palaeointensity of seafloor glass samples from the same area agrees with the well-documented dipole intensity pattern for the past 50 kyr. A comparison of palaeointensities derived from seafloor glass samples with global intensity variations thus allows us to estimate the ages of surficial lava flows in this region. The record of geomagnetic intensity preserved in the oceanic crust should provide a higher-time-resolution record of crustal accretion processes at mid-ocean ridges than has previously been obtainable.
NEC microwave diagnostics-an application of expert systems

The development of an expert system for the diagnosis of NEC microwave radio equipment was accomplished in a relatively short time and without a great investment of manpower or dollars. Several benefits from this project are discussed, including having a useful diagnostic tool (the expert system) to assist repair personnel, having a useful training tool (again the expert system), and the development of a better set of maintenance procedures from the analysis that went into the development of the expert system. A background on the need for the expert system is given, and failure plans are outlined for the development of other expert diagnostic systems. >
Nitrogen-Bearing Organic Molecules in Hot Cores

We have modeled the gas-phase chemistry occurring in warm dense clumps of gas and dust near regions of massive star formation. Many large organic molecules have been previously observed in hot cores; their surprisingly high abundances have sometimes been attributed to grain surface chemistry. However, our models show that many complex organics can form in the warm gas upon injection of molecules believed to be icy mantle constituents (e.g. ammonia, methane, and simple alcohols) which will evaporate at hot core temperatures.
A Review of “Georeferencing: The Geographic Associations of Information“

This text offers a cogent introduction to the concepts, history, and future directions of incorporating geographic information into a wide range of topics and disciplines. It offers readers a quick...
A potentiometric study of ferric ion complexes in synthetic media and seawater

Abstract An investigation of ferric ion complexing has been conducted in synthetic media and seawater at 25°C. Formation constants were potentiometrically determined for the species FeCl2+, FeCl2+, FeOH2+, and Fe(OH)2+ at an ionic strength of 0.68 m. Formation constants for the ferric chloride complexes were determined as Clβ1 = 2.76 and Clβ2 = 0.44. In a study of the reaction Fe3+ + nH2O ⇌ Fe(OH)n(3−n)+ + nH+ in NaClO4, NaNO3 and NaCl the formation constants ∗ β 1 and ∗ β 2 were shown to be relatively independent of medium when the effects of nitrate and chloride complexing were taken into account. The average values obtained for these constants are ∗ β 1 = 1.93 · 10 −3 and ∗ β 2 = 8.6 · 10 −8 . Reasonable agreement with these values was obtained when these constants were determined in seawater by accounting for the effects of chloride, fluoride and sulfate complexing.
Bulk Thermodynamic Effects and Properties of Small Tropical Cumuli

Abstract Separate diagnostic models of shallow and inversion-penetrating, trade wind cumulus clouds are combined with large-scale BOMEX heat and moisture budgets to obtain the thermodynamic effects and properties of the shallow clouds. The deeper trade wind cumulus effects are obtained using a modified version of Nitta's (1975) spectral diagnostic method, while a bulk model based on the bubble theory of convection is used for the shallow clouds. Results show that the buoyancy of the small cumuli is an order of magnitude less than the buoyancy of the deeper clouds, and suggest that their effects on the temperature stratification are small compared with radiative cooling and subsidence warning due to deep clouds. Also, the results show that the primary role of the small cumuli is to support the growth of deeper clouds through the transport of water vapour from the subcloud layer into the lower cloud layer. The deduced shallow cloud properties are found to be consistent with observations and Sommeria's (1976...
Mechanism of the dissociative chemisorption of methane over Ir(110): trapping-mediated or direct?

Abstract A controversy exists regarding the dominant mechanism in the reaction of methane over transition metals. We present new insight regarding this subject by: (1) providing the first unambiguous evidence for the chemisorption of methane by a trapping-mediated mechanism; (2) demonstrating, with unprecedented accuracy, agreement between bulb measurements of reaction probability and determinations employing molecular beam techniques, and (3) quantifying the contributions of differing mechanisms as a function of experimental conditions. Our results show conclusively that a trapping-mediated mechanism dominates dissociative chemisorption of methane over Ir(110) at low gas temperatures and that a direct mechanism dominates at high gas temperatures.
A methodology for roll pass optimization for multi-pass shape rolling

Abstract Improper roll pass designs can lead to either underfill, which results in the formation of hairline cracks on the surface of the finished bars, or overfill, which results in roll overloading and the formation of fins. Therefore, to reduce downtime and improve yields, it becomes important to design an acceptable roll pass in reasonable time. This paper presents a methodology for roll pass optimization (improvement of pass design). This methodology uses three-dimensional finite element simulation along with empirical procedures to arrive at an iterative scheme for reducing the number of passes and improving metal flow in the passes. This methodology is applied to improving an existing seven pass square-to-round sequence resulting in reduced number of passes, and improved reduction in area and distributions of effective strains in the rolled product.
An animal model of capsular infarct: Endothelin-1 injections in the rat

In this study stereotaxic injections of the vasoconstrictive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) were used to create infarcts in the white matter of the internal capsule underlying sensorimotor cortex in rats. Resulting deficits were assessed using established sensorimotor tests conducted on each rat before and after the ET-1-induced infarct. After a 14-day survival period, histological examination revealed tissue necrosis and demyelination in the infarcted white matter of ET-1-injected rats, but not saline-injected control rats. Infarcts resulted in measurable sensorimotor deficits in rats that received ET-1 injections. The same sensorimotor tests showed no deficits in surgical-control rats. The present model of white matter infarct should be valuable in examining the underlying mechanisms of subcortical ischemic stroke and to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions.
Decoupling the electronic, geometric and interfacial contributions to support effects in heterogeneous catalysis

We examine the role of the oxide support in modulating the activity and selectivity of common oxide-supported transition metal heterogeneous catalysts. Using representative models of various suppor...
Conditionally filtered diffusion of mixture fraction and temperature in turbulent partially premixed flames

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the subgrid-scale (SGS) mixture fraction has different structures and probability distributions for different SGS scalar variances. We study the effects of these structures on the scalar diffusion and temperature diffusion in the context of large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent combustion. Line images obtained in turbulent partially premixed (Sandia) flames are used to analyze the scalar and temperature diffusion filtered conditionally on the scalar and temperature, which must be correctly modeled in LES. The results show that for small SGS variance the scalar and temperature diffusion have a relatively simple structure. For large SGS variance the diffusion is much more complex, with the flamelet structure and local extinction playing important roles. The results show that it is important that mixing models for filtered density function methods be able to account for the different SGS mixture fraction and temperature structures for small and large SGS variance.
Influence on Gravity on the Microstructure of the MnBiBi Eutectic

Larson and Pirich showed that the MnBi fiber spacing in the Mn–Bi system is finer when the alloy is solidified in space or in the presence of a magnetic field. In completion of a program aimed at explaining these results, the influence of electric current pulses on the MnBi fiber spacing is determined. Small, frequent electric current pulses cause fiber spacing to increase. The fiber spacing is roughly proportional to the length of the current pulse and its amplitude. An additional piece of information is the recent results by Smith, showing no influence of low gravity on the MnBi fiber spacing. Consequently now the Larson-Pirich results are believed to be caused by a fluctuating freezing rate on earth, resulting from time-dependent buoyancy-driven convection. The fiber spacing adjusts more readily to a sudden decrease in freezing rate than it does to a sudden increase in freezing rate. That is, the MnBi fibers are terminated more readily than they branch. If the reverse is true, then a fluctuating freezing rate would cause a decrease in fiber spacing rather than an increase.
Interseismic strain and rotation rates in the northeast Mojave domain, eastern California

[1] The northeast Mojave domain, a type locality for bookshelf faulting, is a region of east striking, left-lateral faults in the northeast corner of the Mojave block, a block otherwise dominated by ∼N40°W striking, right-lateral faults. Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that blocks within the domain have rotated clockwise about a vertical axis as much as 60° since 12.8 Ma [Schermer et al., 1996]. In 1994, and again in 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed an array of 14 geodetic monuments distributed across the northeast Mojave domain. The 2002 survey results were adjusted to remove the coseismic offsets imposed by the nearby Hector Mine earthquake (16 October 1999, Mw = 7.1). The adjusted deformation across the array appears to be uniform and can be approximated by the principal strain rates e1 = 28.9 ± 9.1 N77.2°W ± 4.8° and e2 = −48.2 ± 8.9 N12.8°E ± 4.8° nstrain yr−1; extension reckoned positive, and quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. That strain accumulation could be released by slip on faults striking N32°W but not by bookshelf faulting on the east striking faults alone. The vertical axis rotation rate of the northeast Mojave domain as a whole relative to fixed North America is 71.0 ± 6.4 nrad yr−1 (4.07° ± 0.37° Myr−1) clockwise, about twice the maximum tensor shear strain rate. The observed rotation rate acting over 12.8 Myr would produce a clockwise rotation of 52.1° ± 4.7°, exclusive of possible coseismic rotations. That rotation is in rough agreement with the paleomagnetic rotation accumulated in the individual fault blocks within the northeast Mojave domain since 12.8 Ma.
A Qualitative Calculus for Three-Dimensional Rotations

Abstract We have developed a qualitative calculus for three-dimensional directions and rotations. A direction is characterized in terms of the signs of its components relative to an absolute coordinate system. A rotation is characterized in terms of the signs of the components of the associated 3 × 3 rotation matrix. A system has been implemented that can solve the following problems: 1. Given the signs of direction and rotation matrix P, find the possible signs of the image of under P. Moreover, for each possible sign vector of · P, generate numerical instantiations of and P that yields that result. 2. Given the signs of rotation matrices P and Q, find the possible signs of the composition P · Q. Moreover, for each possible sign matrix for the composition, generate numerical instantiations of P and Q that yield that result. We have also proved some related complexity and expressivity results. The satisfiability problem for a qualitative rotation constraint network is NP-complete in two dimensions and NP-...
I, S, T, and J Grading Techniques for Es, Ns, Fs, and Ps: Insights From the MBTI on Managing the Grading Process

Most instructors at least occasionally experience grading student work as a frustrating, time-consuming task. The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument can be a powerful self-awareness tool for management educators seeking to enhance their grading techniques. Evidence suggests that many management professors prefer Extraversion (E), Intuition (N), Feeling (F), or Perceiving (P) on the four dichotomies of the MBTI instrument. However, these same preferences often make the grading process cumbersome, because grading can require critical, detail-oriented, and time-constrained responses. Using a key insight from type theory—that individuals can develop the talents consistent with their nonpreferred preference on each dichotomy—this article explores strategies to help those of us with E, N, F, or P preferences develop skills from our MBTI Introversion (I), Sensing (S), Thinking (T), or Judging (J) peers, thus making for a more effective grading process. After discussion of grading “gifts” offered with ...
SU-FF-T-44: A Practical DRR Reconstruction Technique for Removing Artifact Induced by Patient Respiration for Prostate Cancer Treated with IMRT

Purpose: In our clinical practice, we often encounter prostate cancer patients who breathe heavily during CT simulation. This is particularly significant for overweight patients. Consequently, the DRRsreconstructed from these CTimages show a sine wave type of artifact on the femoral and pelvic bones. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in the right and left lateral views, where the respiration amplitude is maximum, making patient setup verification based on these DRRs very difficult. In this study, we attempted to develop a practical reconstruction technique to remove this artifact efficiently. Materials and Method: A right lateral DRR was first computed using the acquired CTimages. A sine wave function with proper amplitude and phase was used to model the breathing pattern as shown on the femoral bone on this DRR. This would allow us to determine the breathing amplitudes of each individual slices relative to the mean breathing position during a complete respiration cycle. The correct shift (or number of rows) of each slice relative to the mean breathing position was then determined by dividing the breathing amplitude by the pixel resolution. For each slice, the data matrix was resorted by shifting the matrix by the number of rows determined in the last step. The missing top rows (in the case of downward shifting) or bottom rows (in the case of upward shifting) were filled in with data from the nearest row. The new DRRs will then be computed from these resorted CT data. The proposed technique was implemented using MATLAB. Results: Comparison of original DRRs and the DRRs computed using proposed technique showed significant reduction in breathing artifact. The quality of these new DRRs was sufficient for patient setup verification. Conclusions: The proposed technique is practical and can effectively remove the sine wave artifact induced by respiration.
Ethics in disciplines and professions related to evaluation

The author argues that insufficient attention has been given to the study of ethical codes in evaluation-related consulting professions. She examines the ethical codes within evaluation and related disciplines and professions and discusses implications for content, dissemination, and compliance.
Discover Protein Complexes in Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Using Parametric Local Modularity

Recent advances in proteomic technologies have enabled us to create detailed protein-protein interaction maps in multiple species and in both normal and diseased cells. As the size of the interaction dataset increases, powerful computational methods are required in order to effectively distil network models from large-scale interactome data. We present an algorithm, miPALM (M odule I nference by P arametric L ocal M odularity), to infer protein complexes in a protein-protein interaction network. The algorithm uses a novel graph theoretic measure, parametric local modularity, to identify highly connected sub-networks as candidate protein complexes. Using gold standard sets of protein complexes and protein function and localization annotations, we show our algorithm achieved an overall improvement over previous algorithms in terms of precision, recall, and biological relevance of the predicted complexes. We applied our algorithm to predict and characterize a set of 138 novel protein complexes in S. cerevisiae. miPALM is a novel algorithm for detecting protein complexes from large protein-protein interaction networks with improved accuracy than previous methods. The software is implemented in Matlab and is freely available at http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/Labs/tan/software.html .
A network analysis of the dynamics of seizure

Seizures are events that spread through the brain's network of connections and create pathological activity. To understand what is occurring in the brain during seizure we investigated the time progression of the brain's state from seizure onset to seizure suppression. Knowledge of a seizure's dynamics and the associated spatial structure is important for localizing the seizure foci and determining the optimal location and timing of electrical stimulation to mitigate seizure development. In this study, we analyzed intracranial EEG data recorded in 2 human patients with drug-resistant epilepsy prior to undergoing resection surgery using network analyses. Specifically, we computed a time sequence of connectivity matrices from iEEG (intracranial electroencephalography) recordings that represent network structure over time. For each patient, connectivity between electrodes was measured using the coherence in the band of frequencies with the strongest modulation during seizure. The connectivity matrices' structure was analyzed using an eigen-decomposition. The leading eigenvector was used to estimate each electrode's time dependent centrality (importance to the network's connectivity). The electrode centralities were clustered over the course of each seizure and the cluster centroids were compared across seizures. We found, for each patient, there was a consistent set of centroids that occurred during each seizure. Further, the brain reliably evolved through the same progression of states across multiple seizures including characteristic onset and suppression states.
Second-order boundary corrections to the radial acoustic eigenvalues for a spherical cavity

We calculated the eigenvalues of the radially symmetric acoustic modes of a gas-filled, spherical cavity to order (δt/a)2, where δt is the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and a is the radius of the cavity. Our results explain an anomaly revealed by high-precision acoustic measurements made to redetermine the Boltzmann constant.
A hydroxide ion carrier in planar phospholipid bilayer membranes: (C6F5)2Hg (dipentafluorophenylmercury)

Abstract Although a number of molecules are known to function as current-carrying proton carriers across lipid bilayer membranes, no such hydroxide ion carriers have been found to date. We report that (C 6 F 5 ) 2 Hg, which can function as a chloride ion carrier, can also carry a hydroxide ion. In 100 mM Na 2 SO 4 solutions, membranes treated with (C 6 F 5 ) 2 Hg are almost ideally selective for H + /OH − between pH 6.0 and 9.5. Membrane conductance varies linearly with [OH − ] over this pH range and with the square of the (C 6 F 5 ) 2 Hg concentration. The presumed current-carrying species is the dimer [(C 6 F 5 ) 2 Hg] 2 OH − , which, along with the neutral molecule (C 6 F 5 ) 2 Hg, shuttles back and forth within the bilayer. In 0.2 M NaCl at pH 9.5, the OH − and Cl − conductances are approximately equal. Thus, the carrier displays an approximately 10 4 -fold preference for OH − over Cl − .
A convergent strategy for the preparation of N-glycan core di-, tri-, and pentasaccharide thioaldoses for the site-specific glycosylation of peptides and proteins bearing free cysteines

Abstract Mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis produces heterogeneous ranges of proteins that possess the same peptide backbone but differ in the nature and site of glycosylation. This feature has frustrated efforts to develop therapeutic glycoproteins as well as the elucidation of biological functions of individual glycoforms. We have developed an attractive approach to well-defined glycoforms of glycoproteins by oxidative coupling of thioaldoses to cysteine-containing peptides and proteins to give disulfide-linked neoglycoconjugates. To this end, the chemical synthesis di-, tri-, and pentasaccharide N-glycan thioaldoses was undertaken. A convergent approach was used for the preparation of the pentasaccharide containing a ‘synthetically difficult’ β-mannoside linkage. This linkage was installed by forming initially the corresponding β-glucoside-containing pentasaccharide, followed by inversion of configuration at C-2. This approach exploited a levulonyl ester at C-2 of a glucosyl donor, which directed the coupling to give the β-glucoside exclusively and could be removed selectively using hydrazine acetate without affecting other base-labile functionalities. The resulting alcohol was converted into a triflate, which was displaced by tri-n-butylammonium acetate to give a β-mannosidic linkage. The trisaccharide N-glycan was prepared in a similar manner. Thioaldoses were prepared by displacing the peracetylated α-glycosyl chlorides with thioacetate to give the peracetylated β-thioacetates, which upon saponification gave the desired compounds. The incubation of molar excesses of chitobiose thioaldose with cysteine-containing glutathione and BSA resulted in the site-specific formation of a disulfide-linked neoglycopeptide and neoglycoprotein, respectively.
Negotiating due-dates between customers and producers

Abstract An important managerial issue in the coordination of the manufacturing-sales interface is the joint determination of order due-dates between customer and manufacturer, mediated by sales personnel. This paper presents a methodology for negotiating due-dates between customers and producers in complex manufacturing environments. This is accomplished by modeling the setting of due-dates as a leadtime forecasting problem, and using the empirical distribution of forecast errors as the basis for negotiating and setting due-dates with customers. These distributions provide the basis for accepting or rejecting customer due-date proposals, and allows the construction of managerially useful trade-off curves between customer due-dates and several alternative performance measures including cost and service-level measures.
Molecular tools for the identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi--taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for suilloid fungi

Five taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes are described that can be used to help identify the fungal components of ectomycorrhizae. Comparisons among partial sequence from the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene (mt-LrRNA) were used to select the probes, which were intended to be specific to several taxa within the suilloid group of the Boletales (Basidiomycota). Probes S1, R1, and G1 were targeted at the genera Suillus, Rhizopogon and Gomphidius; probe G2 was designed to recognize the family, Gomphidiaceae, and probe US1 was designed to recognize all of these taxa and any other members of the suilloid group. The specificity of each probe was determined empirically by testing their ability to hybridize to PCR amplified fragments derived from 84 species of basidiomycetes. Although none of the probes exhibited their intended specificity, all specifically hybridized to useful subsets of taxa, and collectively they can be used to identify many suilloid taxa to the generic level or below. The probes were also tested for their ability to identify field collected mycorrhizae and were found to perform well.
Influx and efflux of amphetamine and N-acetylamphetamine in keratinocytes, pigmented melanocytes, and nonpigmented melanocytes

To establish an in vitro model of drug incorporation into hair and to elucidate the potential roles of hair cell selectivity and hair color in the incorporation of certain drugs into hair, the basic drug amphetamine and its nonbasic analog N-acetylamphetamine (N-AcAp) were analyzed for influx and efflux into and out of keratinocytes, pigmented melanocytes (PM), and nonpigmented melanocytes (NPM) as a model for incorporation and efflux of these drugs from hair cells. NPM were of the same melan-a cell line as PM, but cultured in the presence of the tyrosinase inhibitor phenylthiocarbamide. Results show that PM take up large amounts of the basic drug amphetamine (levels of uptake dependent on melanin content), whereas keratinocytes and NPM take up only small amounts of amphetamine. None of the cells take up N-AcAp above background levels. Interestingly, whereas keratinocytes and NPM quickly efflux most of the influxed drug, PM are slow to efflux and only efflux approximately 65% of influxed drug, if efflux media is not refreshed. (If efflux media is periodically refreshed, PM will eventually redistribute essentially all influxed drug back into the media.) These results demonstrate that pigmented cells take up greater amounts of the basic drug amphetamine, and efflux it more slowly than nonpigmented cells. Also, these results are consistent with previous data for in vivo incorporation of amphetamine in animal hair. In combination with previous data, an overall comparison of the amphetamine and N-AcAp incorporation data support a non-diffusion mediated model for drug incorporation into hair cells.
Utilization of aromatic compounds as carbon and energy sources during growth and N2-fixation by free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria

Six species of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azomonas agilis, Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii, and Beijerinckia mobilis, were surveyed for their ability to grow and fix N2 using aromatic compounds as sole carbon and energy source. All six species grew and expressed nitrogenase activity on benzoate, catechol, 4-hydroxybenzoate, naphthalene, protocatechuate, and 4-toluate. In many cases, growth rates on one or more aromatic compounds were comparable to or greater than those on the non-aromatic substrates routinely used for cultivation of the organisms. Specific activity of nitrogenase in extracts of aromatic-grown cells often exceeded that in cells grown on non-aromatic substrates. All six species growing on substrates typically converted to catechol expressed inducible catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and/or catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. When grown on substrates typically converted to protocatechuate, inducible protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and/or protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase was expressed. A. chroococcum expressed only ortho cleavage dioxygenases during growth on naphthalene and 4-toluate and only meta cleavage dioxygenases on the other aromatics. B. mobilis expressed only ortho cleavage dioxygenases. The other four species examined expressed both ortho and meta cleavage enzymes.
Reconnaissance and preliminary assessment of a damaged high-rise building near ground zero

Summary An MCEER research team, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, visited Ground Zero twice in the two weeks following the attacks of September 11, 2001, to collect perishable data related to the collapse of the two 110-story towers and collateral damage to buildings and infrastructure surrounding the World Trade Center complex. The visit on September 23 involved a walk-through of one high-rise building that was badly damaged by large pieces of debris that were ejected from World Trade Center Tower 2 as it collapsed. This paper presents information from the building-interior reconnaissance on September 23 and the subsequent analysis of a building frame with properties similar to those of the damaged building. Linear and non-linear analyses were undertaken. Such analyses showed that the use of rigid beam-to-column connections in the building frame enabled gravity loads in the frame above the segment of the building that partially collapsed to be transferred to adjacent undamaged vertical components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C60B buckminsterfullerene, other fullerenes and the icospiral shell

It seems remarkable that though carbon has been studied exhaustively for decades a new highly symmetric form, in addition to diamond and graphite, has recently been discovered. The C60B molecule is a cage with t-icosahedral symmetry analogous to that of a football, i.e. 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces. The molecule, buckminterfullerene, is one of a family highly symmetric fullerence 5/6-face cage species. The spontaneous formation of C60B has led to the discovery of an icosahedral spiral (icospiral) network that explains the structure of carbonaceous particles such as soot. This new topological form solves the spheroidal wrapping problem using planar materials. Curiously giant fullerence structures can be generated as highly symmetric 3D cages by the introduction of only 12 pentagonal defects into a 2D hexagonal sheet network of any size.
Critical Americans: Victorian Intellectuals and Transatlantic Liberal Reform – By Leslie Butler

Meet four of American history's “deadest, whitest, least manly men,” in the coy words of their collective biographer (6). The writers and activists James Russell Lowell, Thomas Wentworth Higginson,...
A simple three-compartment model of anterior segment kinetics.

Abstract Diffusion of fluorescein between the plasma and anterior chamber has been considered a one-step process with transfer coefficient kd. However, after systemic administration, fluorescein enters the anterior chamber by a different kinetic than this simple model predicts. In this study we added to the model another compartment, the 'iris', between the plasma and anterior chamber. When fluorescein diffuses into the anterior chamber, it must cross two barriers one between plasma and iris with coefficient ki.ip, and one between iris and anterior chamber with coefficient ki.ia . Fluorescein was measured in the anterior chamber after intravenous injection and was compared to fluorescein concentration calculated by using both kinetic models, the three-compartment model (iris, anterior chamber, and cornea) and the twocompartment model (anterior chamber and cornea). Transfer coefficients were determined by the method of least squares in 12 pigmented rabbits and two groups of six human subjects measured in two previous fluorophotometry studies. In all subjects except one, the three-compartment model matched the data better than the two-compartment model. In a second experiment, diffusion of fluorescein out of the anterior chamber was studied in 15 pigmented rabbits. Diffusional loss was determined from the relative clearances of rhodamine-labeled dextran, a large molecule that left only by bulk outflow, and fluorescein that was cleared by diffusion and outflow. The upper 95% confidence limit of diffusional clearance was less than 11% of total clearance in anesthetized rabbits.
Measure of controllability for actuator placement

A new measure of controllability for linear time invariant dynamical systems is introduced. The controllability measure is designed especially to guide the placement of actuators to control vibrating structures. An example is presented, and the design of optimal feedback control laws for each of several actuator configurations supports the practical value of the new controllability measure.
Validation of a pain mechanism classification system (PMCS) in physical therapy practice

The objective of this study was to validate the clinical application of a pain mechanism classification system (PMCS) in clinical practice. We analyzed data abstracted from the medical records of patients who were treated in the outpatient clinics of a large urban rehabilitation hospital in Chicago. We hypothesized that there would be good agreement between the PMCS determined by trained therapists and the PMCS category assigned based on a computer-generated statistical model using patients’ signs and symptoms. Using cluster analysis, when we assumed five groups, 97% of patients could be classified. Sensitivity and specificity results with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the categories using the physical therapist assigned categories (PMCS) as the criterion standard. Sensitivity for four of the five categories (inflammatory, ischemia, peripheral neurogenic, and other ranged from 72·0 to 83·1%). For the central mechanism, sensitivity was much lower at 15%. Specificity for the five categories r...
A new look at biopsy of the breast.

Summary o 1. Since radical mastectomy with removal of the pectoral muscles is no longer the standard technic used in the treatment of all patients with breast cancer, biopsy must be performed in such a way that simple operations will not enter the site of the biopsy which is potentially contaminated with cancer cells. 2. Not only the technic of biopsy but also the timing of the definitive operation is important. After excisional biopsy, for example, it may be better to wait until the wound has healed before performing definitive surgery. 3. One of the advantages of not performing definitive operation at the same time as biopsy is that the biopsy can be performed in the operating room on an outpatient basis. This avoids the delay that often attends admission to the hospital for definitive surgery. 4. A second advantage of delay is that the patient is not unnecessarily frightened if she is told that no definitive or mutilating operation will be performed at the time of biopsy. After the nature of the tumor is known, she will have an opportunity to discuss with the surgeon which treatment will be given. 5. Since the treatment of cancer of the breast is now so varied, it is essential to know as much as possible about the nature of the lesion before making a final decision as to its treatment, and evaluation of multiple permanent sections is often important in this decision.
Who were the winners and losers in the Financial Crisis of 2008: it depends

Purpose – This paper aims to address the question of who gained and who lost in the financial crisis of 2008. Design/methodology/approach – Gains and losses were identified by groups ranging from bankers to homeowners to taxpayers. Findings – Gains and losses are not neatly split by a main street/Wall street dichotomy. Major financial institutions and their chief executive officers made huge gains followed by bigger losses, a substantial portion of which were shared by taxpayers. Homeowners and taxpayers consistently lost. Workers and real estate developers experienced a mixture of gains and losses. Practical implications – Financial legislation is affected by questions of who won and who lost. The complex mixture of gains and losses must be fully grasped if winners and losers are an important consideration in the design of legislation. Originality/value – The detailed analysis and model of winners and losers provide important lessons for legislators and regulators in all countries.
Web ecology: Information needs of different user groups in the context of a community college website

College websites play an increasingly important role in the lives of students, faculty, and parents providing them with necessary information and communication opportunities. A number of researchers have studied the effectiveness of college websites, however, most of these studies focused on the needs of students. There is a research gap in understanding the information needs of multiple audiences of college websites. This paper presents the preliminary findings of the study on information needs of multiple user groups of a community college website: traditional students, non-traditional students, employees, parents, and prospective students. The preliminary analysis of data shows that in general, community college website users need course-related information, information about the college, financial information, contact information, admission and career-related information pertaining to the college. On the other hand, each group of users has distinct information needs that should be taken into account in the architecture, design, and content of community college websites to make them more effective.
The Reflection of Atomic Beams from Sodium Chloride Crystals

The wave nature of helium, neon, and argon has been investigated by the reflection of beams of these gases from a freshly cleaved surface of sodium chloride. Evidence of diffraction was obtained in all cases, it being most pronounced in helium and least in argon. Both natural and laboratory grown crystals were used. The laboratory grown crystals were cleaved in moist air, dry air, and dry hydrogen. Laboratory grown crystals cleaved in dry air or dry hydrogen reflected a greater percentage of the incident molecules in the specular and diffracted beams than natural crystals or laboratory grown crystals exposed to moist air. The diffraction pattern obtained from crystals which had not been exposed to water vapor was produced by the spacing between rows of sodium and chlorine ions (1.99A). Crystals which had been exposed to water vapor showed evidence of a spacing twice as long as those which had not been exposed.
Natural Enemies of Subterranean Diaprepes abbrevialus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae in Florida

A monthly survey of the subterranean natural enemies of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) larvae was conducted from June 1979 through December 1980 in nine citrus groves and one ornamental nursery in central Florida. Four entomopathogenic fungi, Melarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Aspergillus ochraceous, and two entomogenous nematodes, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis sp. Poinar, were found active in the soil and infectious to D. abbreviatus larvae throughout the year. Fungus-infected larvae were most prevalent from May through July, whereas nematode parasitism was most predominant from May through November. In addition, a survey conducted in 55 citrus groves throughout Florida in August 1980 and again in February 1981 showed that 27.0 and 45.0%, respectively, had detectable populations of N. carpocapsae or Heterorhabditis sp., or both species.
Effect of phospholipase treatment on insulin receptor signal transduction.

To study the role of membrane lipids in signal transduction by the insulin receptor, we have studied the effect of phospholipase C (Clostridium perfringens) and a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase (Staphylococcus aureus) on insulin binding, a function of the α-subunit, and tyrosine kinase activity, a function of the β-subunit in IM-9 lymphocytes and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with the human insulin receptor. Treatment of the cells with phospholipase C at concentrations up to 3.4 U/ml did not affect specific insulin binding, but reduced insulin-stimulated receptor phosphorylation by 50%. This effect of phospholipase C was observed within 10 min of treatment and occurred with no change in the basal level of phosphorylation. Pre-treatment of cells with insulin for 5 min prior to enzyme addition prevented any change in kinase activity. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of pp 185, the presumed endogenous substrate for the insulin receptor kinase, was also reduced following phospholipase C treatment, with an almost complete loss of insulin stimulation after exposure of cells to enzyme at concentrations as low as 0.6 U/ml. In contrast to these effects of phospholipase C on intact cells, receptor autophosphorylation was not affected in insulin receptors purified on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose from phospholipase C treated cells. Likewise, the phospholipase C effect was reduced by the addition of phosphatidylcholine, but not by the addition of the protease inhibitors, aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, to the incubation indicating its dependence on phospholipid hydrolysis. Treatment of cells with the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C did not affect any of the parameters studied. These data suggest that the phospholipid environment in the plasma membrane is an important modulator of transmembrane signalling within the insulin receptor heterotetramer and at the level of substrate phosphorylation.
Neutral pion photoproduction on nuclei in baryon chiral perturbation theory

Threshold neutral pion photoproduction on light nuclei is studied in the framework of baryon chiral perturbation theory. We obtain a general formula for the electric dipole amplitude in the special case of neutral pion photoproduction on a nucleus. To third order in small momenta, the amplitude is a sum of 2- and 3-body interactions with no undetermined parameters. With reasonable input from the single nucleon sector, our result for neutral pion photoproduction on the deuteron is in agreement with experiment.
Second messenger control of chromatin remodeling.

Two recent studies show that some ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are subject to control by a surprising set of regulators — phosphoinositols. These studies extend earlier observations in mammalian cells and suggest that second messengers are regulators of chromatin remodeling.
Robust digital autopilot design for spacecraft equipped with pulse-operated thrusters

The analysis and design of attitude control systems for spacecraft employing pulse-operated (on-off) thrusters is usually accomplished through a combination of modeling approximations and empirical techniques. A new thruster pulse-modulation theory for pointing and tracking applications is developed from nonlinear control theory. This theory provides the framework for an autopilot suitable for use in digital computers whose performance and robustness properties are characterized analytically, in the design process. Given bounds on the anticipated dynamical modeling errors and sensor errors, it is shown that design specifications can be established and acceptable performance ensured in the presence of these error sources. Spacecraft with time-varying inertia properties can be accommodated, as well as clustered thruster configurations that provide multiple discrete torque levels about one or more spacecraft axes. A realistic application of the theory is illustrated via detailed computer simulation of a digital autopilot designed for midcourse guidance of a hypothetical interplanetary spacecraft.
Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on putative sympatho-excitatory neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla in vitro. Intracellular study

Neurons in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were electrophysiologically characterized and identified using an intracellular recording technique in vitro. The recorded neurons could be classified into three types: spontaneously active neurons with a regular pattern of action potential generation; spontaneously active neurons with an irregular pattern of discharge; and silent neurons. In regularly firing neurons during hyperpolarization below spike generation level there occurred: (a) a 'resetting' of regular pattern of firing; (b) the absence of underlying excitatory postsynaptic potentials; (c) an anomalous rectification that produced a decay in the hyperpolarization. In regularly firing neurons, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2-5 microM) produced a reversible membrane hyperpolarization, reduction of frequency of discharge and a moderate decrease in membrane input resistance. These effects were completely blocked in the presence of the GABAa antagonists bicuculline (16 microM) or picrotoxin (50 microM). However, the superfusion of bicuculline (16 microM), or picrotoxin (50 microM) alone elicited depolarization, increase in firing rate and increase of membrane input resistance. This study has provided evidence for regularly firing neurons in the RVLM in vitro, with strikingly similar electrophysiological characteristics to a group of neurons described in vivo as tonic sympathoexcitatory. In vitro they are still modulated by gabaergic inputs acting predominantly upon GABAa receptors.
Long‐term follow‐up of 24 patients undergoing radical resection for ampullary carcinoma, 1953 to 1988

Potentially curative radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary adenocarcinoma was performed in 24 patients over a 35-year period. The overall operative mortality was 12.5%. Actuarial survival rate at 5 years was 61% +/- 13.4 standard error of the mean (SEM) and subsequently remained unchanged. In the same time period, 21 patients underwent potentially curative radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors of pancreatic origin. Similar analysis showed an overall operative mortality of 23.8% and a survival rate at 5 years of 27% +/- 12.5 SEM. The results of radical pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma in the most recent years (1976 to 1988) were compared with those of former years (1953 to 1975). There were no statistically significant differences in the 5-year survival rate; however, the operative mortality decreased from 25% in the former period to 6.3% in the recent period. Survival was dependent on nodal status. The 5-year survival rate was 78% +/- 11.5 SEM in the absence of nodal metastasis versus 50% +/- 25 SEM in the presence of regional nodal metastasis. These findings support the concept that radical pancreaticoduodenectomy offers a realistic probability for cure in a selected group of patients with carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater.
Case against optical gauge block metrology

The current definition of the length of a gage block is a very clever attempt to evade the systematic errors associated with the wringing layer thickness and optical phase corrections. In practice, most laboratories wring to quartz or fused silica reference plates, and in addition there are very large systematic operator and surface effects. We present quantitative data on these effects and how that the current definition of gage block length is a primary source of measurement uncertainty.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel method of filtration by the discrete heap transforms

In this paper, we describe the method of filtering the frequency components of the signals and images, by using the discrete signal-induced heap transforms (DsiHT), which are composed by elementary rotations or Givens transformations. The transforms are fast, because of a simple form of decomposition of their matrices, and they can be applied for signals of any length. Fast algorithms of calculation of the direct and inverse heap transforms do not depend on the length of the processed signals. Due to construction of the heap transform, if the input signal contains an additive component which is similar to the generator, this component is eliminated in the transform of this signal, while preserving the remaining components of the signal. The energy of this component is preserved in the first point, only. In particular case, when such component is the wave of a given frequency, this wave is eliminated in the heap transform. Different examples of the filtration over signals and images by the DsiHT are described and compared with the known method of the Fourier transform.