cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional genomics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The availability of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome has fueled an explosion of high-throughput methods aimed at the functional characterization of all proteins in yeast. These diverse methods include expression and protein microarray experiments, protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction studies, proteomics data, and phenotype analyses. Integrated bioinformatics analysis is necessary to utilize the full potential of these data. Such analysis can be facilitated by public distribution of these data sets in standardized form and by development of accurate and efficient analysis algorithms. In this chapter, we outline available data sources and their distribution, data sharing standards, and data integration methods. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; functional genomics; data standards; data integration; Bayesian network
On Approximating Non-regular Languages by Regular Languages

Approximate computation is a central concept in algorithms and computation theory. Our notion of approximation is that the algorithm performs correctly on most of the inputs. We propose some finite automata models to study the question of how well a finite automaton can approximately recognize a non-regular language. On the one hand, we show that there are natural problems for which a DFA can correctly solve almost all the instances, but not all instances. An example of such a problem is a decision question about the number of digits in the square of a given integer. On the other hand, we show that some languages (such as L majority = {x ∈ (0 + 1)a | x has more 1′s than 0′s }) can't be approximated by any regular language in a strong sense. We also show that there are problems that are intermediate (between the extremes stated above) in terms of how we well a regular language can approximate it. An example of such a problem is a decision question about the number of digits in the product of two integers. We also present results comparing different models of approximation.
Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory: Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign

(2001). Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory: Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 351-366.
Organizational learning and entrepreneurship in family firms: exploring the moderating effect of ownership and cohesion

Organizational learning can significantly improve family firms’ ability to counter by stimulating entrepreneurship. Applying the behavioral theory of the firm, this study empirically examines the effect of family ownership on the breadth, depth, and speed of organizational learning. Each of these dimensions can influence entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the effect of ownership on organizational learning depends on family cohesiveness, the extent to which members of the owner family feel closeness, mutual solidarity, and the desire to stick together. Data from 741 firms show that family ownership is positively associated with the breadth and speed of learning but is negatively associated with the depth of learning. Though cohesiveness does not alleviate the negative effect of family ownership on the depth of learning, it amplifies the effect of family ownership on the breadth and speed of learning. Organizational learning, especially its breadth and depth, positively influences the pace of family firms’ entrepreneurship
Radiation effects in nuclear waste forms for high-level radioactive waste

Abstract High-level nuclear waste in the United States comprises large volumes (tens of millions of cubic meters), high total activities (billions of Curies) and highly diverse and complex compositions. The principal sources of nuclear waste are: (i) spent nuclear fuel from commercial and research nuclear reactors; (ii) liquid waste produced during the reprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel; (iii) waste generated by the nuclear weapons and naval propulsion programs. The latter category now includes over 100 metric tons of plutonium and many hundreds of tons of highly enriched uranium from the dismantling of nuclear weapons. Most of these wastes will require chemical treatment, processing and solidification into waste forms for permanent disposal. The long-term effects of radiation on waste form solids is a critical concern in the performance assessment of the long-term containment strategy. In the case of spent nuclear fuel, the radiation dose due to the in-reactor neutron irradiation is already substantial, and additional damage accumulation during disposal is not anticipated to be significant; thus, this is not a subject addressed in this review paper. In contrast, the post-disposal radiation damage to waste form glasses and crystalline ceramics is significant. The cumulative α-decay doses which are projected for nuclear waste glasses reach values of 1016 α-decays g−1 in 100 yr. Similarly, crystalline waste forms, such as Synroc will reach values of > 1018 α-decay events g−1 in 1000 yr for a 20 wt% waste loading. These doses are well within the range for which important changes in the physical and chemical properties may occur, e.g. the transition from the crystalline-to-aperiodic state in ceramics. This paper provides a comprehensive review of radiation effects (due to γ-, β- and α-decay events, as well as from actinide doping experiments and particle irradiations) on nuclear waste form glasses and crystalline ceramics, particularly Synroc phases, zircon, apatite, monazite and titanite. The paper also includes recommendations for future research needs.
Insect Serosa: A Head Line in Comparative Developmental Genetics

A recent study reveals specific functions of Hox3/zerknullt (zen) in the extraembryonic and embryonic primordia of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The results shed light on the functional evolution of bicoid, a zen paralogue of higher flies, which determines anterior body parts.
671 VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND METABOLISM IN PREMATURE INFANTS FED MINERAL SUPPLEMENTED FORMULAE

48 infants 1192±191 g (mean±SD) birthweight and 29.6±1.5 weeks gestation were fed formulae containing 940-1125 mg/L Ca and 470-660 mg/L P plus either 400 IU ergocalciferol (D2), 800 IU D2 or 2 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3). Serum, urine, photon absorptiometry and wrist radiographs were obtained serially. Serum and urine calcium and radiographically evaluated mineralization did not differ between groups and were increased over similarly supplemented infants fed standard formula (J Pediatr, In press). Bone mineral content (BMC) also did not differ (see table) and significant increase in BMC (*P<.05)(or radiographic normalization) was not seen until postconceptional term (9 or 12 weeks). Subsets of infants on 800 IU D2 or 2 μg 25-OHD3 both had high-normal serum 1,25(OH)2D (49±10 pg/ml, n=14). Infants on D2 had a higher serum vitamin D (6-11 vs 2-4 ng/ml) and infants on 25-OHD3 had higher serum 25-OHD (34-80 vs 18-27 ng/ml). These values resemble data using standard formula (Pediatr Res 17:291A, 1983). Thus, in infants fed mineral supplemented formulae, improvement in mineral availability plus maturational limits appear to mask the benefit of 800 IU D2 over 400 IU D2 or 2 μg 25-OHD3 previously seen in infants fed standard formula.
Influence of gender, dogmatism, and risk-taking propensity upon attitudes toward information from computers

Abstract The influence of gender, degree of dogmatism, and prospensity for risk upon attitudes toward information from computer and noncomputer sources was investigated. The degree of dogmatism was determined by use of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale, Form E. Propensity for risk was determined by use of Wallach's and Kogan's Choice Dilemmas Procedure. Attitudes toward information were measured by used of Matheson's ATIS. The results indicated that females have a significantly more positive attitude toward information from computers than do males. No gender differences were found in attitudes toward information from noncomputer sources. Males were found to have a significantly more positive attitude toward information from noncomputer sources than from computer sources. Females were found not to have any significant differences in attitudes toward information from computer sources than from noncomputer sources. Degree of dogmatism and propensity for risk were not significantly correlated with attitudes toward information from computer sources or noncomputer sources.
Parallel supercomputing today and the cedar approach

More and more scientists and engineers are becoming interested in using supercomputers. Earlier barriers to using these machines are disappearing as software for their use improves. Meanwhile, new parallel supercomputer architectures are emerging that may provide rapid growth in performance. These systems may use a large number of processors with an intricate memory system that is both parallel and hierarchical; they will require even more advanced software. Compilers that restructure user programs to exploit the machine organization seem to be essential. A wide range of algorithms and applications is being developed in an effort to provide high parallel processing performance in many fields. The Cedar supercomputer, presently operating with eight processors in parallel, uses advanced system and applications software developed at the University of Illinois during the past 12 years. This software should allow the number of processors in Cedar to be doubled annually, providing rapid performance advances in the next decade.
A newborn infant with bilious vomiting and jitteriness.

THIS 2-DAY-OLD INFANT was transferred to the Rhode Island Hospital for evaluation of poor feeding and vomiting. He was the 3459 gm product of an uncomplicated term pregnancy, born to a 25-year-old G3, P2, AB1 mother with blood type A, Rh negative, who had no venereal disease and was rubella immune. After the birth of her first child 5 years previously, the mother had received Rh0 (D) immune globulin (RhoGAM). The patient was delivered by cesarean section because of cephalopelvic disproportion. The Apgar scores were 8 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. After his first feeding at 12 hours, the baby vomited yellow material; thereafter, he fed poorly:At 36 hours of age he became jittery; serum glucose concentration was 35 mg/dl. After intravenous administration of 15 ml 10% dextrose in water, serum glucose concentration was normal and the baby was no longer tremulous. White blood cell count and serum electrolyte values were normal. During the next 18 hours he twice vomited bile-stained material, but he did pass several meconium-containing stools. Roentgenograms of the abdomen showed only dilated loops of small bowel. Feeding was stopped, and the infant was transferred to Rhode Island Hospital at 52 hours of age. On admission he had jaundice and was moderately active, with stable vital signs. He weighed 3,46 kg, was 50 cm long, and head circumference was 36 cm. He had a grade II /VI systolic murmur at the left upper sternal border. The liver was palpable 1.5 cm below the right costal margin, there were no abdominal masses, and the
Error Assessment in Decision-Tree Models Applied to Vegetation Analysis

Methods were developed to evaluate the performance of a decision-tree model used to predict landscape-level patterns of potential forest vegetation in central New York State. The model integrated environmental databases and knowledge on distribution of vegetation. Soil and terrain decision-tree variables were derived by processing state-wide soil geographic databases and digital terrain data. Variables used as model inputs were soil parent material, soil drainage, soil acidity, slope position, slope gradient, and slope azimuth. Landscapescale maps of potential vegetation were derived through sequential map overlay operations using a geographic information system (GIS). A verification sample of 276 field plots was analyzed to determine: (1) agreement between GIS-derived estimates of decision-tree variables and direct field measurements, (2) agreement between vegetation distributions predicted using GIS-derived estimates and using field observations, (3) effect of misclassification costs on prediction agreement, (4) influence of particular environmental variables on model predictions, and (5) misclassification rates of the decision-tree model. Results indicate that the prediction model was most sensitive to drainage and slope gradient, and that the imprecision of the input data led to a high frequency of incorrect predictions of vegetation. However, in many cases of misclassification the predicted vegetation was similar to that of the field plots so that the cost of errors was less than expected from the misclassification rate alone. Moreover, since common vegetation types were more accurately predicted than rare types, the model appears to be reasonably good at predicting vegetation for a randomly selected plot in the landscape. The error assessment methodology developed for this study provides a useful approach for determining the accuracy and sensitivity of landscape-scale environmental models, and indicates the need to develop appropriate field sampling procedures for verifying the predictions of such models.
Behavioral adaptation in C. elegans produced by antipsychotic drugs requires serotonin and is associated with calcium signaling and calcineurin inhibition.

Abstract Chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs produces adaptive responses at the cellular and molecular levels that may be responsible for both the main therapeutic effects and rebound psychosis, which is often observed upon discontinuation of these drugs. Here we show that some antipsychotic drugs produce significant functional changes in serotonergic neurons that directly impact feeding behavior in the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans . In particular, antipsychotic drugs acutely suppress pharyngeal pumping, which is regulated by serotonin from the NSM neurons. By contrast, withdrawal from food and drug is accompanied by a striking recovery and overshoot in the rate of pharyngeal pumping. This rebound response is absent or diminished in mutant strains that lack tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH-1) or the serotonin receptors SER-7 and SER-1, and is blocked by serotonin antagonists, which implicates serotonergic mechanisms in this adaptive response. Consistent with this, continuous drug exposure stimulates an increase in serotonin and the number of varicosities along the NSM processes. Cyclosporin A and calcineurin mutant strains mimic the effects of the antipsychotic drugs and reveal a potential role for the calmodulin–calcineurin signaling pathway in the response of serotonergic neurons. Similar molecular and cellular changes may contribute to the long-term adaptive response to antipsychotic drugs in patients.
On performance optimization for multi-carrier MIMO ad hoc networks

Broadband multi-carrier MIMO (MC-MIMO) is a promising technology that could provide significant capacity gain for wireless ad hoc networks. For MC-MIMO networks, since the capacity is affected by potential mutual interference on subcarriers, scheduling for subcarriers and algorithms for power control/allocation become key problems to harness their potential. However, due to non-convexity and large size of the underlying problem, there are few results on this important problem. In this paper, we first show that the non-convex problem for MC-MIMO networks satisfies the so-called concave perturbation condition, which gives a zero duality gap for the problem. This important result allows us to tackle the problem in the dual domain. The dual approach has the highly desirable benefit of reducing the complexity of the underlying problem, which allows us to design a near-optimal off-line algorithm. In addition to the off-line algorithm, we also devise an online adaptive algorithm (OAA) without the need of channel distribution information (CDI). We show that OAA is able to achieve the same result as the off-line algorithm.
Differential heats of condensation and enthalpies of saturated liquid hydrocarbon mixtures

By use of saturated-vapor enthalpies determined by accepted procedures in conjunction with differential latent heats of condensation, the saturated-liquid enthalpies are established for the system methane–ethane at 200, 400, and 600 lb./sq. in. abs. and for the system ethane–n-butane and propane–n-butane at the two lower pressures. Where comparison is possible, the liquid-enthalpy values obtained by this method are in general agreement with those previously determined by Edmister and Canjar. The procedure used is thermodynamically rigorous and may be applied to any binary mixture, provided the Benedict-Rubin-Webb equation of state is valid in the vapor phase and P-V-T-x data are available.
Synthesis of L-[3-2H,18O]glycerol and its incorporation into the 4-methyl-5-hydroxyethyl thiazole moiety of thiamine byEscherichia coli

L-[3-2H,18O]glycerol was prepared and fed toEscherichia coli in order to determine the origin of the oxygen atom in the biosynthesized thiazole moiety of thiamine. Measurement by GC-MS of the isotope incorporation into the thiazole from this substrate confirmed that the 2 hydrogens and the oxygen on the C-3 carbon of glycerol are incorporated directly into the thiazole.
A Qualitative Study of Breast Cancer Treatment Decisions: Evidence for Five Decision-Making Styles

Being diagnosed with breast cancer requires that women make a number of decisions about their medical treatments. To gain insight into the variety of forces that shape a woman's breast cancer treatment decisions, we conducted semistructured interviews with 44 breast cancer survivors. Through an interpretive analysis, we identified five treatment decision-making styles: (a) medical expert, (b) self-efficacy, (c) relationship embedded, (d) inhibition, and (e) constellation of information, which are differentiated by two dimensions: (a) low versus high information needs and (b) self versus other preferences.
Site-Specific Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange in E. coli Thioredoxins Measured by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry as an analytical tool to study protein folding and structure by hydrogen/deuterium exchange is a relatively new approach. In this study, site-specific amide deuterium content was ...
A Quick Justification for Business Ethics

The article examines the question of whether business ethics courses ought to have an impact. Despite the still common attitude among students and some business professionals that ethical considerations are less pressing in business, I argue that moral obligations are just as important there as elsewhere. The emphasis on profits in business is related to other realms (e.g., hobbies and seeking and education) in which, though private goals are dominant, moral limits remain in force. Business ethics courses can play a crucial role in emphasizing the necessity of ethical analysis in business.
A Coupled Sharp-Interface Immersed Boundary-Finite-Element Method for Flow-Structure Interaction With Application to Human Phonation

A new flow-structure interaction method is presented, which couples a sharp-interface immersed boundary method flow solver with a finite-element method based solid dynamics solver. The coupled method provides robust and high-fidelity solution for complex flow-structure interaction (FSI) problems such as those involving three-dimensional flow and viscoelastic solids. The FSI solver is used to simulate flow-induced vibrations of the vocal folds during phonation. Both two- and three-dimensional models have been examined and qualitative, as well as quantitative comparisons, have been made with established results in order to validate the solver. The solver is used to study the onset of phonation in a two-dimensional laryngeal model and the dynamics of the glottal jet in a three-dimensional model and results from these studies are also presented.
Allelic Diversity in Human Developmental Neurogenetics: Insights into Biology and Disease

One of the biggest challenges in neuroscience is illuminating the architecture of developmental brain disorders, which include structural malformations of the brain and nerves, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and some psychiatric conditions like autism and potentially schizophrenia. Ongoing gene identification reveals a great diversity of genetic causes underlying abnormal brain development, illuminating new biochemical pathways often not suspected based on genetic studies in other organisms. Our greater understanding of genetic disease also shows the complexity of allelic diversity, in which distinct mutations in a given gene can cause a wide range of distinct diseases or other phenotypes. These diverse alleles not only provide a platform for discovery of critical protein-protein interactions in a genetic fashion, but also illuminate the likely genetic architecture of as yet poorly characterized neurological disorders.
Simulation and Experimental Verification of Crystallization and Birefringence in Melt Spinning of PET

A novel approach for the numerical simulation of the development of crystallinity and birefringence on the spinline was proposed. The approach was based on the calculation of elastic recovery and c...
The effect of solar wind structure on magnetospheric energy supply during solar cycle 20

The energy supplied to the magnetosphere by the solar wind has been estimated by computing the incremental energy build up in a simple magnetotail model as a result of magnetic flux transfer from the dayside via reconnection. A method utilizing the auroral AL index as a quantitative measure of the flux transfer process and, hence, the magnetospheric energy supply is presented. In this way the available AL records are examined for the purpose of determining the variation in energy input from the solar wind and its relationship to interplanetary conditions during 9 years of solar cycle 20 (1966–1974). The principal feature discerned on shorter time scales was a large modulation of the input energy with sector structure, while in the annual averages enhancements were observed in 1968, 1973, and 1974 of 19%, 33%, and 60% over the 1966–1972 mean of 3 × 1025 ergs/yr. Interpreting these results as being due to variations in the time history of the dawn-dusk component of the interplanetary electric field in magnetospheric coordinates, Bz−V, leads to the conclusion that while on shorter intervals the energy supply is dominated by variations in Bz−, associated with both the IMF and the orientation of the terrestrial dipole, on the time scale of years Bz− changes are small compared with the solar cycle variation in V which clearly produced the increase in 1973–1974 as has been concluded in other studies using techniques different from the one employed here.
Oil Spills and the Social Amplification and Attenuation of Risk

Abstract The news media and environmental groups are frequently blamed for public overreaction to unfortunate events like major oil spills; an example of the social amplification of risk. A disconnect between public views regarding spill consequences and necessary remedies on the one hand, and expert opinion on these same questions on the other, is a frequently identified consequence of this social amplification. A more comprehensive examination of the ways in which scientific messages can fail to inform the public or to rationalize public policy suggests however that a more complex phenomenology is at work. Perceived risks can be attenuated as well as amplified, and many organizations besides the news media contribute to the shaping of public risk attitudes. As a result, social and political questions of blame can prove difficult to disentangle from scientific questions of impact. Both social amplification and social attenuation of messages about the risks of oil production and transport are evident in public responses to the Exxon Valdez spill, and both continue to affect the debate about oil production and its transport by sea today. Oil-spill science has had mixed success in modulating these risk concerns, as the conduct of oil-spill science has itself felt the effects of risk amplification and attenuation. Because these difficulties are bound up in questions of social trust, institution building is seen as the best long-term strategy for redress. The Prince William Sound Regional Citizen’s Advisory Council offers a hopeful example that such institution building can occur, given sufficient motivation, resources and the means and time for diverse interests to develop a shared vision of the risks to be addressed.
Forest lepidopteran communities are more resilient to shelterwood harvests compared to more intensive logging regimes

A common measure of ecosystem resilience is the time course to recovery for a system that has been previously disturbed. The goal of this study was to assess whether forest lepidopteran communities displayed three different forms of resilience following experimental timber harvest. Specifically, I examined whether moth species assemblages returned to pre-logging composition (compositional resilience), species richness (structural resilience), and guild diversity (functional resilience) after forest management. Lepidoptera were sampled from 16 forest stands managed with one of four harvest treatments: no logging, clear-cutting, shelterwood harvests, and group selection harvests. Moths were sampled from all forest stands one year prior to harvest in 2007 and immediately postharvest in 2009–2011. Moth community composition only appeared to be resilient to timber harvest in stands managed with shelterwood methods (15% biomass removed) or in the unlogged stands within managed concession units. Both total speci...
Cell death in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mouse mammary tumors may not be typical apoptosis

Enforced expression of c-myc has been shown to serve as an apoptotic stimulus in cultured cells. Prior studies have also demonstrated that several tissues expressing c-myc transgene display a large number of dead cells, although a morphologic or biochemical verification of apoptosis in these tissues has actually not been presented. In the present study, we examined the morphologic properties of cell death in the mammary tumors developed from MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. We found that c-myc-expressing mammary tumor cells exhibited malformation of mitochondria, characterized by an amorphous matrix with very few cristae. The mitochondria were also frequently degenerated by lysis of the matrix and cristae. The protein level of cytochrome c was much lower in the areas of c-myc-expressing tumor cells compared with the adjacent tumor foci, which was previously shown to have decreased expression of c-myc, reduced frequencies of cell death, and increased frequencies of proliferating cells. In the c-myc-expressing tumor areas, there were many dying or dead cells organized in clusters, termed "dead cell islands." These cells exhibited shrinkage, DNA breakage as indicated by a positive TUNEL staining, and nuclear localization of apoptosis-inducing factor, but a lack of typical apoptotic morphology, such as nuclear condensation and formation of cell membrane blebs and apoptotic bodies. Many macrophages infiltrated into these dead cell islands, engulfing the dying or dead tumor cells. In the total tumor tissue, the protein level of caspase-3 was very low, and the poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase was present mainly as the unprocessed, inactive form. Collectively, these results suggest that programmed cell death in the c-myc transgenic mammary tumor tissue may not be typical apoptosis and may involve a caspase-independent mechanism.
Evidence for tunneling in base-catalyzed isomerization of glyceraldehyde to dihydroxyacetone by hydride shift under formose conditions

Hydrogen atom transfer reactions between the aldose and ketose are key mechanistic features in formose chemistry by which formaldehyde is converted to higher sugars under credible prebiotic conditions. For one of these transformations, we have investigated whether hydrogen tunneling makes a significant contribution to the mechanism by examining the deuterium kinetic isotope effect associated with the hydrogen transfer during the isomerization of glyceraldehyde to the corresponding dihydroxyacetone. To do this, we developed a quantitative HPLC assay that allowed us to measure the apparent large intrinsic kinetic isotope effect. From the Arrhenius plot of the kinetic isotope effect, the ratio of the preexponential factors A H / A D was 0.28 and the difference in activation energies E a(D) − E a(H) was 9.1 kJ·mol −1 . All these results imply a significant quantum-mechanical tunneling component in the isomerization mechanism. This is supported by multidimensional tunneling calculations using POLYRATE with small curvature tunneling.
Pairwise end sequencing: a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing

Abstract Strategies for large-scale genomic DNA sequencing currently require physical mapping, followed by detailed mapping, and finally sequencing. The level of mapping detail determines the amount of effort, or sequence redundancy, required to finish a project. Current strategies attempt to find a balance between mapping and sequencing efforts. One such approach is to employ strategies that use sequence data to build physical maps. Such maps alleviate the need for prior mapping and reduce the final required sequence redundancy. To this end, the utility of correlating pairs of sequence data derived from both ends of subcloned templates is well recognized. However, optimal strategies employing such pairwise data have not been established. In the present work, we simulate and analyze the parameters of pairwise sequencing projects including template length, sequence read length, and total sequence redundancy. One pairwise strategy based on sequencing both ends of plasmid subclones is recommended and illustrated with raw data simulations. We find that pairwise strategies are effective with both small (cosmid) and large (megaYAC) targets and produce ordered sequence data with a high level of mapping completeness. They are ideal for fine-scale mapping and gene finding and as initial steps for either a high- or a low-redundancy sequencing effort. Such strategies are highly automatable.
Of isbræ and ice streams

Fast-flowing ice streams and outlet glaciers provide the major avenues for ice flow from past and present ice sheets. These ice streams move faster than the surrounding ice sheet by a factor of 100 or more. Several mechanisms for fast ice-stream flow have been identified, leading to a spectrum of different ice-stream types. In this paper we discuss the two end members of this spectrum, which we term the “ice-stream” type (represented by the Siple Coast ice streams in West Antarctica) and the “isbrae” type (represented by Jakobshavn Isbrae in Greenland). The typical ice stream is wide, relatively shallow (∼1000 m), has a low surface slope and driving stress (∼10 kPa), and ice-stream location is not strongly controlled by bed topography. Fast flow is possible because the ice stream has a slippery bed, possibly underlain by weak, actively deforming sediments. The marginal shear zones are narrow and support most of the driving stress, and the ice deforms almost exclusively by transverse shear. The margins seem to be inherently unstable; they migrate, and there are plausible mechanisms for such ice streams to shut down. The isbrae type of ice stream is characterized by very high driving stresses, often exceeding 200 kPa. They flow through deep bedrock channels that are significantly deeper than the surrounding ice, and have steep surface slopes. Ice deformation includes vertical as well as lateral shear, and basal motion need not contribute significantly to the overall motion. The marginal shear zone stend to be wide relative to the isbrae width, and the location of isbrae and its margins is strongly controlled by bedrock topography. They are stable features, and can only shut down if the high ice flux cannot be supplied from the adjacent ice sheet. Isbraes occur in Greenland and East Antarctica, and possibly parts of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica. In this paper, we compare and contrast the two types of ice streams, addressing questions such as ice deformation, basal motion, subglacial hydrology, seasonality of ice flow, and stability of the ice streams.
New academics’ perceptions of the language of teaching and learning: identifying and overcoming linguistic barriers

Seventy‐seven new academics – 59 at a large, public university in the UK and 18 at a medium‐sized, private comprehensive university in the USA – were asked to read an extract of an article on the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) and mark the text according to categories of difficulty or dislike. Analysis of the data revealed six main linguistic barriers in the text: specialist vocabulary, passive constructions, pronouns, figurative language, derivations and poor editorial standards. These barriers were similar at both institutions, suggesting they apply across different contexts. Contrary to expectations, no conclusive disciplinary‐based distinctions were detected. Implications for both readers and writers are explored and proposals are made for developing a literary style in SoTL literature that is simultaneously accessible and credible. Soixante‐dix‐sept nouveaux enseignants – cinquante‐neuf provenant d’une universite publique britannique de grande taille et dix‐huit provenant d’une universit...
Building your base: identifying library donors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider several methods for establishing and growing a pool of potential library donors. Who gives to libraries and where are they? All types of libraries can benefit from private giving; the initial challenge in building a philanthropic base is identifying prospective donors.Design/methodology/approach – Considers the donor development strategies employed by the University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries, noting those most effective.Findings – A range of initiatives can help establish and build a donor base, such as robust programming, expanded partnerships, annual fund efforts, friends groups, and a mix of technologies.Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified information/resource need and offers practical suggestions to library administrators for building a donor base.
Architecting Systems of Systems with Ilities: an Overview of the SAI Method

The uncertain and fast-changing nature of operational environments is driving a growing interest in systems that display desirable lifecycle properties (i.e., ilities). A survivable, flexible, or evolvable (among other properties) system is able to sustain value delivery over time by responding to exogenous changes in the operational environment. This paper introduces the SoS Architecting with Ilities (SAI) method, which enables systems architects to design for ilities from the conceptual design phase. An overview of the SAI method is presented, to expose the reader to the most important steps and activities of the method, and how they are specifically targeted at enabling SoS design with ilities.
The fetal head: Borderlines

After more than 20 years of using ultrasound to examine the fetal head, there are still areas of controversy. The size of the ventricular atrium or the anteroposterior measurement of the posterior fossa have been shown to be relatively stable throughout pregnancy. However, there are instances in which intracranial malformations occur with normal ventricular atrial measurements. Although there are more obvious posterior fossa defects such as Dandy-Walker malformation, there are other abnormalities such as Dandy-Walker variant that are difficult to detect. Another area of controversy surrounds dealing with the fetus with a choroid plexus cyst. Review and understanding of the current literature are needed to best manage these fetuses with choroid plexus cysts. Knowledge of central nervous system embryology and of technical pitfalls of sonography, and understanding the overlap between normal and abnormal anatomy are needed to obtain a more precise central nervous system diagnosis. This article will review some of the borderlines in examination of the fetal brain.
Rotator cuff function during a golf swing

A study of bilateral shoulder muscle activity during the golf swing was undertaken using electromyography and high-speed photography. Understanding of the muscle firing patterns could lead to injury prevention and development of appropriate training and condition ing regimens. The swings of seven adult male right- handed professional golfers without shoulder problems were examined. Indwelling electrodes were inserted into the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, mid dle deltoid, and posterior deltoid on the right side. Each subject was allowed to warm up until he felt comfort able. Films of each subject were taken at 450 frames per second. The swing was broken into four segments to which electromyographic signals were synchronized electronically. The EMG tracings were subjected to analog-to-digital conversion and a relative measure of quantity obtained. All tests were repeated on the left side for each subject.Results indicate that all portions...
Templating a Molecular Tug-of-War

The activated transport of organelles, vesicles, and many other subcellular commodities along cytoskeletal filaments is central to mechanisms that regulate the internal organization of eukaryotic cells ( 1 ). The motions of these cargos are driven by several classes of ATP–dependent enzymes called motor proteins that are capable of converting chemical energy into mechanical work. A variety of bulk biochemical and single-molecule techniques have been developed over the past decade to characterize the principles that allow these enzymes to function effectively as molecular machines ( 2 , 3 ). Yet most cargos are transported by multicomponent motor systems containing multiple copies of the same motor, or even by mixtures of different classes of motors that move with different velocities, in opposite directions, and along different types of cytoskeletal filaments ( 4 , 5 ). Understanding how motors cooperate productively and compete antagonistically has therefore become increasingly important for dissecting mechanisms that regulate intracellular transport as well as the impact of motor mutations in diseases. On page 662 of this issue, Derr et al. ( 6 ) demonstrate a new materials approach to these problems that allows the characterization of key relationships among the structural organization of multiple motor systems, the properties of motors within these complexes, and their collective dynamic behaviors.
Which American Dream Do You Mean

According to the latest U.S. Census projection, the arrival of immigrants and their higher birthrates, projected forward at current rates, will turn the U.S. into a “minority–majority” society in 2042, 8 years earlier than the Census used to predict. Liberals tend to view immigration to the U.S. as a human right, but many employers prefer to hire immigrants because they can be paid less than the cost of reproducing their labor-that is, the cost of keeping an American family above the poverty line. One way of looking at the resulting debates over U.S. immigration policy is in terms of moral economy, that is, how different factions compete for moral authority in order to gain control over a desired good. In this case, the desired good is American citizenship, including access to the highest consumption rates on the planet, and national definitions of citizenship are competing with transnational or globalist definitions of citizenship. Constructing moral rhetoric for either national or transnational definitions of citizenship requires excluding information that does not serve the cause. One way of spotlighting the omissions is to look at each moral economy as a highly selective version of the American Dream.
Environmental magnetism of nanophase iron minerals: Testing the biomineralization pathway

Abstract Nanoparticles of iron oxides and iron oxyhydroxides are sensitive proxies of environmental change near the earth's surface. Our research programme aims to provide information about the environmental control variables (temperature, rainfall, pH, as well as microbial type and concentration) for the process of Fe(III) to Fe(II) reduction and solid phase precipitation. Such solid phases of environmental change proxies (e.g., magnetite and maghemite) are being produced in the laboratory for calibration of field data. Low temperature magnetometry and Mossbauer spectra are shown to be extremely useful for characterization and granulometry of such nanophases. In addition, it appears that magnetism may also be a sensitive probe for physical–chemical properties of the outermost ‘skins’ of such nanoparticles, confirming Louis Neel's predictions for the magnetic behavior of such outermost layers.
Genetic effects of dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, and related compounds.

DMS and DES are monofunctional alkylating agents that have been shown to induce mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and other genetic alterations in a diversity of organisms. They have also been shown to be carcinogenic in animals. As an alkylating agent, DMS is a typical SN2 agent, attacking predominantly nitrogen sites in nucleic acids. DES is capable of SN1 alkylations as well as SN2 and thereby causes some alkylation on oxygen sites including the O6-position of guanine which is thought to be significant in mutagenesis by direct mispairing. The mutagenicity of DMS is better explained in terms of indirect, repair-dependent processes. With respect to both alkylating activity and genetic effects, striking similarities are found between DMS and MMS and between DES and EMS. In most systems where they have been tested, both DMS and DES are mutagenic. Results of many of the mutagenesis studies involving these compounds and other alkylating sulfuric acid esters are summarized in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of this review. Most data are consistent with these agents acting primarily as base-pair substitution mutagens. In the case of DES, strong specificity for G.C to A.T transitions has been reported in some systems but has not been clearly supported in some others. Low levels of frameshift mutations of the deletion type are also likely. In addition to the induction of mutations, recombinogenic and clastogenic effects have been described.
Conformity and Success in the Field of Dramatics

(1956). Conformity and Success in the Field of Dramatics. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 269-273.
Vowel duration in stutterers participating in precision fluency shaping

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which stutters manipulate vowel duration to achieve fluency after participating in Precision Fluency Shaping. Nine stutterers who read an all-voiced sentence fluently before and after therapy were selected for study. Wide-band spectrograms were made of the initial phrase of the sentences, and vowel durations were computed. Results indicated that extended vowel durations were characteristic of the fluency of stutterers posttherapy. The subject that had the highest rate of disfluency after therapy also had the shortest vowel durations. Clinical implications concerning the importance of speech rate during carryover practice are made.
Free vibrations of a layer of micropolar continuum

Abstract An asymptotic method is proposed to investigate the free vibrations of a layer of micropolar continuum. In this method the displacements, the microrotations and the frequencies are sought as power series of the dimensionless wavenumber ϵ, where ϵ = π × layer thickness/wavelength. By substituting the expansions in the displacement equations of motion and the boundary conditions, and by collecting terms of the same order ϵ n , a system of coupled, second-order, inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations is obtained, with the thickness variable as independent variable, and with associated boundary conditions. Subsequent integration yields the coefficients of ϵ n for the field variables and the frequencies for all modes and for the whole range of frequencies, in a range of dimensionless wavenumbers 0 ∗ , where ϵ ∗ increases as more terms are retained in the expansions. The results display the order of the dynamic coupling between the displacements and the microrotations, and between the thickness-shear motions and the thickness-stretch motions, for both the mode shapes and the frequencies.
The Insecurity of Cloud Utility Models

Cloud-based services are vulnerable to attacks that seek to exploit the pay-as-you-go pricing model. A botnet could perform fraudulent resource consumption (FRC) by consuming the bandwidth of Web-based services, thereby increasing the cloud consumer's financial burden.
Two-timing for forced oscillation equations

for small positive values of the parameter E. Herein f is a polynomial in J’ and T’ whose coefficients are 2n-periodic functions of f, and F is periodic of period 2x. It is well known that solutions of (1.1 j have Taylor espansions with respect to E. However, finite Tavlor expansions usually furnish asymptotic approximations to solutions of (1.1) only on finite t intervals as is later illustrated by Example 3. I. In the case F = 0, perturbation expansions for ( I. 1) have been investigated by many authors, e.g., via the method of averaging by Bogoliubov and RIitropolsky [I], Sethna [2], and Sethna and Moran [3], and via two-timing by Kevorkian [4], Reiss [5], Kollett [6], and Greenlee and Snow [7]. For F -+ 0, the only studies appear to he the formal expansions of Levey and RIahonv [8] and Kevorkian [9]. The concern of this paper is the study of (I. I) with F .== 0. If F is orthogonal to both sin t and cos t with respect to the inner product of L”(0, 2~) (F E If,‘,, in the notation introduced in Section 2) the theorems of [6] generalize directly. This case is covered by Theorem 2.1. If F $ B’,,l, the resonant case, WC set T = it, where K == AL and L; is the degree off. The rspansion then takes the form,
Enteral Administration of Agar as an Effective Adjunct to Phototherapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Summary: Phototherapy increases the biliary excretion of unconjugated bilirubin. In this form, bilirubin would be subject to enterohepatic circulation, and the true efficacy of phototherapy would be blunted. We tested the hypothesis that sequestration of lumenal unconjugated bilirubin by enteral agar administration would enhance the efficacy of phototherapy in jaundiced infants. Fifty-two infants were studied, 21 control and 31 agar-supplemented. The birth weights, sex distribution, and postnatal age at onset of phototherapy did not differ between the two groups of infants; pre- and postphototherapy bilirubin concentrations also did not differ between the groups. The bile acid concentrations and bilirubin saturation indices were also similar. The rate of declination of the plasma bilirubin concentrations after 24 h of phototherapy was greater and significantly more uniform in the agar-supplemented infants (—1.59 ± 2.3 versus −2.51 ± 1.44). Stool frequencies were greater in control infants (5.5 versus 4.3 per 24 h) whereas fecal bilirubin excretions were greater in agar-supplemented infants during the second day of phototherapy (1.32 versus 3.29 mg·kg-1·24 h-1). Agar supplementation reduced the duration of phototherapy by 23% (37.6 ± 3.2 versus 48.1 ± 5.0 h).
Premenstrual Hostility, Impulsivity and Impaired Social Functioning*

The diversity of premenstrual changes (PMCs) has been increasingly recognized recently. Subtypes, unipolar features and bipolar dimensions of PMC were assessed with the newly developed Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) showing that various groups of subjects differ in the prevalence of reported changes.We report results on 505 women who were recruited in a variety of ways. The prevalence of hostile features in our sample varied from 83% in a group of treatment-seeking women to 15% among a group of executives. Two groups of responders to mass-media publicity did not differ on the item of impaired social functioning — 91% and 92% reported these features compared to 14-45% of women in the other groups. 80% of treatment-seeking women met criteria for PAF impulsive syndrome compared to 12-40% of women in other groups. Only a few of the successful professional women complained of any of the above premenstrual syndromes. The prevalence of these syndromes among medical center's employees and student nurses was m...