cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of flight activation and escape behavior in houseflies recovering from pyrethroid poisoning

Recovery from pyrethroid poisoning was studied in groups of adult female houseflies treated with LD50 doses of trans-permethrin or deltamethrin. The first overt sign of recovery was the appearance of normal posture, which was followed by jumping behavior and finally, coordinated flight when the flies had fully recovered. Prior to full recovery, treated houseflies were able to maintain normal posture and usually jump, but they could not fly. When tethered, these flightless houseflies responded to loss of tarsal contact by initiating normal patterned activity in the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles, yet the wings did not move. In flightless flies displaying jumping behavior, electrical stimulation of the brain evoked responses in the pleurosternal muscle, which controls thoracic tension during flight. Thus, many of the motor systems responsible for flight behavior seemed to be functional in flightless flies. Carbofuran, a carbamate anticholinesterase known to initiate spontaneous flight behavior from within the central nervous system, failed to elicit this response in flightless flies. These results suggested that the flightless condition was due to a disruption in central nervous pathways, and not to peripheral neuromuscular block. The pattern of recovery of different behaviors analyzed in this study was found to be consistent with the Jacksonian Hierarchy Principle, and the utility of this principle in guiding the design of new behavior-modifying compounds is discussed.
Ploceus: modeling, visualizing, and analyzing tabular data as networks

Tabular data are pervasive. Although tables often describe multivariate data without explicit definitions of a network, it may be advantageous to explore the data by modeling it as a graph or network for analysis. Even when a given table design specifies a network structure, analysts may want to look at multiple networks from different perspectives, at different levels of abstraction, and with different edge semantics. We present a system called Ploceus that offers a general approach for performing multidimensional and multilevel network-based visual analysis on multivariate tabular data. Powered by an underlying relational algebraic framework, Ploceus supports flexible construction and transformation of networks through a direct manipulation interface and integrates dynamic network manipulation with visual exploration through immediate feedback mechanisms. We report our findings on the learnability and usability of Ploceus and propose a model of user actions in visualization construction using Ploceus.
Nondoxastic Perceptual Evidence

How does a particular experience evidence a particular perceptual belief for us? As Alvin Plantinga (Warrant and Proper Function, Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 98) puts it, “[W]hat makes it the case that a particular way of being appeared to—being appeared to greenly, say—is evidence for the proposition that 1 see something green?” Promising, but unsuccessful, answers cite a reliable connection between our having the experience and the belief's being true, our having good reason to believe in such a connection, the proper functioning of our faculties, and objective epistemic norms. A superior view, developed here, is that our experience of being appeared to greenly evidences for us that something is green because we have learned to identify green objects by experiences of that sort. Our learning to do so amounts to our adopting an epistemic norm directing us to form that belief on the basis of that experience.
Fiber lasers: A future space technology [same article as "Fiber lasers: A future technology for lasers in space", ibid, vol. 23, n. 4, pp. 25-30, 08]

The constraints of operation in space have largely precluded the use of conventional solid-state laser systems for applications including remote sensing, communication relays, and active laser radars. A new technology, fiber lasers, may offer all of the needed features at an affordable price. An appealing aspect of the fiber laser is that it does not need a rigid optical bench. Only the output end of the fiber need be held in rigid reference to the optical tracking system. Design, fabrication, and testing of the laser resonator is generally the most expensive and longest lead part of the effort for conventional solid-state lasers. Advances in Fiber Optic technology and devices mean that the "fiber laser" need not be a simple device but may be a complex system employing sophisticated technology such as wavelength selective Bragg reflectors and nonlinear optical frequency shifters. Three companies have recently obtained single-mode outputs of 3540 watts single mode at 1.03-1.1 microns.
Populations of GABAergic neurons and axons in layer I of rat auditory cortex.

Abstract Neurons and axon terminals (puncta) immunostained by an antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase were studied in layer I of adult rats in architectonically identified area 41 of auditory cortex. The borders of area 41 and the laminar subdivisions of cortex were established in normal material and in other studies of cortical connections. Vibratomed or frozen sections were immunostained. The objectives of the study were to classify the types of (i) glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons and (ii) puncta, and (iii) to examine their spatial distribution within layer I. Control sections were devoid of specific immunostaining. More than 90% of layer I cells are glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive. Four types of neuron were identified in Golgi material, including small neurons with stellate dendritic fields, horizontal cells with laterally projecting arbors, medium-sized neurons with stellate, widely ramifying dendritic fields, and large neurons with broad dendritic fields spanning the depth of layer I or branching laterally. In the glutamic acid decarboxylase material, examples with a somatodendritic shape matching each of these types were found. The average somatic diameter of glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons ( X¯ = 59μm 2 , S.D. = 21μm 2 ) suggests that the small and medium-sized neurons predominate. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons occur throughout the depth of layer I, but are far more numerous in the deeper half (68% in layer Ib) than in the superficial part (32% in layer Ia). Glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons form small clusters of three to five cells across the cortical surface, with a range of 0–9/100 μm across the cortex. Most glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neuronal perikarya were intensely immunostained, and the dendrites of the medium-sized and large neurons were traced as far as 50–75 μm beyond their initial branching point. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive puncta also had variable shapes. Both small, fine puncta ( 1.5 μm in diameter) were present, though the former were much more common. In traverses from the pia to the layer II border, the puncta average about 40/100 μm 2 (range: 20–80), and the shape of individual pia-layer II traverses is multipeaked, often with a slight trough at −80μm depth, then rising slowly in number toward layer II. These anatomical arrangements may have physiological consequences for cortical functional organization: (i) the GABAergic influences of layer I cells are directed laterally, toward other layer I neurons, or at the apical dendritic arbors of deep-lying commissural or corticofugal neurons, whose activity might be modulated by GABAergic layer I influences; (ii) the axons of layer II glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons or of corticocortical interneurons may affect layer I. While many different transmitter molecules have been identified in layer I, it is probable that their activity influences a largely GABAergic neuronal population.
Metastable and equilibrium defect structure of II-VI/GaAs interfaces

Defect characterization by high-resolution electron microscopy is presented for (001) epitaxy of the CdTe/GaAs and ZnTe/GaAs heterojunctions, before and after a long vacuum anneal. The annealed interface structure consists of a periodic array of perfect edge Lomer misfit dislocations, with spacing corresponding to a strain-free thin film. Since this is the most efficient manner to obtain complete relaxation, it represents the equilibrium microstructure. The as-deposited films are very thick, three to four orders of magnitude greater than the critical thicknesses, which are both less than a monolayer for these large lattice mismatch systems. Their microstructure corresponds to a metastable distribution of defects in that the thin film residual strain is nearly zero and neighboring defects can react to form Lomer misfits. A variety of defects exist both in the form of perfect misfit dislocations at the interface and extended defects into the thin film. The extended defects result from formation of stacking faults bounded by either Shockley or Frank partials, and more complicated defect structures due to interacting perfect and partial dislocations on intersecting slip planes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the means by which complete stress relaxation can occur through dislocation reactions during annealing of very thick as-deposited films.
The role of electrons in the emission enhancement by easily ionized elements low in the inductively coupled plasma

Abstract The enhancement of emission intensity in the presence of easily ionizable matrix elements low in the plasma is related to the electron excitation cross-section for the transition in question. The matrix also causes a local increase in the electron density in the atom zone of the plasma. The observations can be explained qualitatively by an ambipolar diffusion model.
Effects of Freshwater Macrophytes on Sediment Chemistry

ABSTRACT Changes in the vertical distribution of sediment redox potential and nutrient availability were examined during the growth of freshwater macrophytes in a greenhouse facility. Sagittaria latifolia, an emergent macrophyte species with an extensive root system, markedly affected sediment redox, resulting in a change from reduced to oxidized conditions within six weeks. In contrast, Hydrilla verticillata, a submersed macrophyte species with a relatively minor root system, did not appreciably alter sediment redox. Nutrient uptake by both species substantially reduced concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments. Decreased concentrations of sediment nutrients appear to have resulted primarily from nutrient uptake by macrophytes rather than from change in sediment redox potential.
Interdisciplinarity and higher education

One aspect of the current world‐wide concern with the environment has been the questioning of traditional forms of higher education. A re‐examination of the adequacy of higher education in meeting world needs will continue to be encountered. One important aspect of this re‐examination is a consideration of the value of interdisciplinary innovation. Interdisciplinarity, and indeed all other forms of innovation, must be viewed from the perspective of entire educational systems. Healthy diversity within systems of higher education and a healthy environment for experimentation and innovation within institutions will be needed to enable us to face the challenges. Interdisciplinarity is one approach which can enhance the social usefulness of higher education world‐wide, at the same time contributing to its theoretical elegance.
Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on Kentucky algae: simultaneous laboratory and field toxicity testings

2,4-D was applied to a cove in Kentucky Lake which was highly infested with Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil). Effects of 2,4-D on nontarget algal communities were monitored concurrently in the field and in laboratory microcosms for eight days. Results indicated that indirect effects of water temperature and increased nutrient concentrations due to lysis in milfoil plants may be more important in the field community dominated by Chlorophyta, Pyrrhophyta, and Bacillariophyta. 2,4-D applied at the label-recommended rate of 2 mg/L or less stimulated total community growth in both laboratory and field indicating a possible hormonal effect of 2,4-D on algae. Reduced community growth and metabolism at high laboratory concentrations of 100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L may indicate an inhibitory effect on photosynthesis and/or respiration in algae. 2,4-D altered the laboratory community structure and function in all concentrations tested. Heterotrophic taxa such as Nitzschia, Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Mallomonas, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria appeared to be least affected by 2,4-D at high concentrations. Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, Characiosiphon, Navicula, Melosira, and Fragilaria appeared to be more sensitive, even in the lowest concentrations.
An improved radioassay of urea amidolyase.

Abstract A convenient method is described for the determination of urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase activities of the enzyme complex urea amidolyase. This assay involves rapid diffusion and trapping of 14 CO 2 enzymatically produced from [ 14 C]urea or [ ureido - 14 C]allophanate and measurement of the radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting.
Scheduled Out-Patient Endoscopy and Lack of Compliance in a Minority Serving Tertiary Institution

Abstract Introduction Lack of adherence to appointments wastes resources and portends a poorer outcome for patients. The authors sought to determine whether the type of scheduled endoscopic procedures affect compliance. Methods The authors reviewed the final endoscopy schedule from January 2010 to August 2010 in an inner city teaching hospital that serves a predominantly African American population. The final schedule only includes patients who did not cancel, reschedule or notify the facility of their inability to adhere to their care plan up to 24 hours before their procedures. All patients had face to face consultation with gastroenterologists or surgeons before scheduling. The authors identified patients who did not show up for their procedures. They used Poisson regression models to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Of 2183 patients who were scheduled for outpatient endoscopy, 400 (18.3%) patients were scheduled for Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD), 1,335 (61.2%) for colonoscopy and 448 (20.5%) for both EGD and colonoscopy. The rate of noncompliance was 17.5%, 22.8% and 22.1%, respectively. When compared with those scheduled for only EGD, patients scheduled for colonoscopy alone (RR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.13–1.92) and patients scheduled for both EGD and colonoscopy (RR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01–1.84) were less likely to show up for their procedures. Conclusions This study suggests a high rate of noncompliance with scheduled out-patient endoscopy, particularly for colonoscopy. Because this may be a contributing factor to colorectal cancer disparities, increased community outreach on colorectal cancer education is needed and may help to reduce noncompliance.
Analyzing polymer crazing as quasifracture

This paper deals with a viscoelastic boundary element method for analyzing a polymer quasifracture usually called a craze in polymers. A time-dependent boundary stiffness is considered on the quasifracture envelope surface. The viscoelastic property of the glassy polymer is represented by a generalized Kelvin model with multiple retardation times. According to the linear viscoelastic correspondence principle, the associated elasticity solution can be solved by applying the general integral boundary element method. Then the viscoelastic solution in the time domain can be obtained by applying a collocation Laplace inversion transformation. Using these methods, the quasifracture problem composed of an isolated craze opening with time-dependent stiffness traction in a stressed rectangular plate is analyzed. The displacement profile and the stress distribution around the craze envelope surface are computed.
Properties of lightning associated with long recovery early VLF events

Ionospheric disturbances produced by lightning discharges are capable of scattering sub-ionospherically propagating VLF waves, leading to amplitude and/or phase perturbations of the received VLF signal. A specific class of perturbation is known as the "early" VLF event, which occurs within ∼20 msec of the causative lightning discharge and indicates a direct and immediate effect on the overlying ionosphere. Typical early VLF events recover over the course ∼10–100 seconds. A very interesting sub-class of early VLF events, known as long recovery early VLF events, exhibits recoveries on the order of several minutes to hours. In this paper, we analyze over 50 long recovery events observed in North America together with VLF observations of the causative lightning discharge. Not only are the causative lightning return strokes (of both polarities) unusually strong, but they also exhibit unusual waveform characteristics. We critically compare the observed characteristics of lightning associated with long recovery events to the characteristics of natural lightning observed at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida.
Modification of tobacco plant development by sense and antisense expression of the tomato viroid-induced AGC VIIIa protein kinase PKV suggests involvement in gibberellin signaling

The serine-threonine protein kinase gene, designated pkv (protein kinase- viroid induced) was previously found to be transcriptionally activated in tomato plants infected with the plant pathogen Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). These plants exhibited symptoms of stunting, and abnormal development of leaf, root, and vascular tissues. The encoded protein, PKV, is a novel member of the AGC VIIIa group of signal-transducing protein kinases; however, the role of PKV in plant development is unknown. In this communication, we report the phenotypic results of over expression and silencing of pkv in transgenic tobacco. Over expression of pkv in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi (tobacco) resulted in stunting, reduced root formation, and delay in flowering, phenotypes similar to symptoms of PSTVd infection of tomato. In addition, homozygous T2 tobacco plants over expressing PKV were male sterile. Antisense expression of pkv, on the other hand, resulted in plants that were taller than non-transformed plants, produced an increased number of flowers, and were fertile. Exogenous application of GA3 stimulated stem elongation in the stunted, sense-expressing plants. PKV sense and antisense expression altered transcript levels of GA biosynthetic genes and genes involved in developmental and signaling pathways, but not genes involved in salicylic acid- or jasmonic acid-dependent pathways. Our data provide evidence suggesting that PKV plays an important role in a GA signaling pathway that controls plant height and fertility. We have found that the over expression of the tomato protein kinase PKV resulted in stunting, modified vascular tissue development, reduced root formation, and male sterility in tobacco, and we propose that PKV regulates plant development by functioning in critical signaling pathways involved in gibberellic acid metabolism.
Exposure to indoor allergens in day-care facilities : Results from 2 North Carolina counties

Background With 63% of US children under 5 years of age in regular child care, day-care facilities could be an important source of exposure to indoor allergens. Objective This study examined levels of 7 indoor allergens in 89 day-care facilities in 2 North Carolina counties. Methods At each facility, a questionnaire was administered, observations were made, and vacuumed dust samples were collected from carpeted and noncarpeted areas of one room. Allergen concentrations were measured with antibody-based ELISAs. Results Each allergen was detected in a majority of facilities (52% to 100%). Geometric mean concentrations were 5.19 μg/g for Alternaria alternata , 2.06 μg/g for Can f 1, 1.43 μg/g for Fel d 1, 0.21 U/g for Bla g 1, 0.20 μg/g for Der p 1, 0.10 μg/g for Der f 1, and 0.01 μg/g for Mus m 1. Concentrations for 5 of the 7 allergens were not statistically different from concentrations found in southern US homes sampled in the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. In rooms with carpet and hard-surfaced flooring, levels of A alternata , Can f 1, Der f 1, Der p 1, and Fel d 1 were statistically higher on carpet. Conclusions In this survey of day-care facilities in North Carolina, detectable levels of indoor allergens were commonly found. For many young children and day-care staff, day-care facilities might be a source of clinically relevant exposures to indoor allergens.
The adjustment of output-inventory process under linear decision rules

Linear decision rule models which allow adjustment of output, inventory and unfilled orders in order to absorb fluctuations in demand are empirically estimated here for three representative industries: Southern pine lumber, printing paper, and softwood plywood. The empirical results show a more stabilizing influence in the recent period for the three industries in general and the cyclical tendencies appear to have been dampened out. For the plywood sector, the introduction of futures trading by the end of 1969 has helped considerably in exerting a stabilizing influence and in reducing considerably or even eliminating the sources of cyclical instability.
Pianos, not orchestras

Would you rather that your children learn to play the piano, or learn to direct an orchestra? In this paper, I apply the poor learning environments perspective to this question. I conclude that learning environments should be like pianos, not orchestras.
A fast minimal storage computational algorithm for determining a minimal spanning tree in a graph

When a system or process is represented as a graph and a unique interconnection between the quantities is desired the problem is one of selecting a spanning tree. Each spanning tree gives a unique path between vertices, but there are many spanning trees for a graph.An algorithm for the selection of a minimal spanning tree for a given weighted connected graph, or a minimal spanning forest for a disconnected weighted graph is presented. The algorithm utilizes sparse matrix techniques, and the basic concept of ring sum operations to obtain the spanning tree, or forest. The minimality of the resultant spanning tree, or forest is proven. In addition, timing and storage requirements are determined. Several cases are studied including the worst case. The only restriction placed on the graphs is that they do not have any isolated vertices.
Acquisition and retention of categorized material in normal aging and senile dementia.

The "shopping list task" is a new verbal learning task with a high degree of face validity for elderly subjects. Learning and delayed recall performance were examined for three groups of subjects: young normals (n = 63, median age = 21), elderly normals (n = 44, median age = 69) and mild to moderately impaired senile dementia patients (n = 60, median age = 70). The young normal subjects performed best of the three groups in both initial learning and delayed recall measures. The elderly normals showed significant decrements in learning and recalling the list items (p less than .01). The impaired elderly showed much greater performance decrements in both learning and recall. None of the subjects showed a deficit in delayed recognition. These results suggest that both storage and retrieval difficulties occur in normal aging and dementia. The recognition test results suggest that recall deficits evidenced by both elderly groups are in large part due to faulty retrieval mechanisms. Since the shopping list task discriminated well among the three groups, it has potential for memory assessment in clinical settings.
Josephson tunneling in high-{Tc} superconductors

Investigation of the overlap of the pair wavefunction of a conventional superconductor with that of a high Tc cuprate should reveal the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter of the cuprate. We have been studying this overlap by Josephson tunneling (tunneling as opposed to SNS or weak link) between conventional superconductors (Pb, Sn) and YBCO. The observation of Josephson coupling in the c direction implies that the order parameter in YBCO is not strictly of dx2-y2 symmetry. We have carried out studies on YBCO in the form of twinned and detwinned single crystals and thin films on various substrates. The magnetic field dependence of the Josephson current Ic(B) allows a direct, dc, and low field measurement of the low temperature penetration depth (lambda) ab. Measurements of (lambda) a and (lambda) b in detwinned single crystals of YBCO give the value of in-plane anisotropy ratio in this material.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamics of Plasma Close to the Horizon of a Schwarzschild Black Hole

General relativistic plasma dynamics relevant to the condition very close to a black hole event horizon is developed. The plasma is studied using the 3+1 paradigm of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics. The equilibrium and dynamical solution of such a plasma in Rindler's coordinates are presented. We assume a pressure source at the horizon that provides the balancing force to stop the radial infall of the plasma. We show that the plasma near the black hole is subject to the convective instability when the magnetic field is absent and to the magnetic buoyancy instability when a toroidal field exists. These instabilities are largely suppressed, however, in the presence of a poloidal magnetic field. Therefore, when a poloidal magnetic field is twisted and changed into a toroidal field by plasma rotation, the plasma is destabilized due to these instabilities. The manifestation of these instabilities is a jet formation from this inner region of a black hole atmosphere. Since this formation mechanism is deep in the gravitational potential of a black hole, the energy liberated and the jet formed by this mechanism can be very substantial. We suggest that this mechanism provides a viable model for recent observations of the superluminal jets from the galactic black hole candidates GRS 1915+105 and GRO J1655-40.
K2—Not the Spice of Life; Synthetic Cannabinoids and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report

Introduction The adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids are not well-described nor have they been thoroughly studied.
Recognition of tertiary structure in tRNAs by Rh(phen)2phi3+, a new reagent for RNA structure-function mapping.

With photoactivation Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) promotes strand cleavage at sites of tertiary interaction in tRNA. The rhodium complex, which binds double-helical DNA by intercalation in the major groove, yields no cleavage in double-helical regions of the RNA or in unstructured single-stranded regions. Instead, Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) appears to target regions which are structured so that the major groove is open and accessible for stacking with the complex, as occurs where bases are triply bonded. So as to examine the specificity of this novel reagent and to evaluate its use in probing structural changes in RNAs, cleavage studies have been conducted on two structurally characterized tRNAs, tRNA^(Phe) and tRNA^(Asp) from yeast, the unmodified yeast tRNA^(Phe) transcript, and a chemically modified tRNA^(phe), as well as on a series of tRNA^(Phe) mutants. On tRNA^(Phe) strong cleavage is observed at residues G22, G45, U47, ψ55, and U59; weaker cleavage is observed at A44, m^7G46, and C48. On tRNA^(AsP) cleavage is found at residues A21 through G26, ψ32, and U48, with minor cleavage apparent at A44, G45, A46, ψ55, U59, and U60. There is a striking similarity in cleavage observed on these tRNAs, and the sites of cleavage mark regions of tertiary folding. Cleavage on the unmodified tRNA^(Phe) transcript resembles closely that found on native yeast tRNA^(Phe), but additional sites, primarily in the anticodon loop and stem, are evident. The results indicate that globally the structures containing or lacking the modified bases appear to be the same; the differences in cleavage observed may reflect a loosening or alteration in the structure due to the absence of the modified bases. Cleavage results on mutants of tRNA^(Phe) illustrate Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) as a sensitive probe in characterizing tRNA tertiary structure. Results are consistent with other assays for structural or functional changes. Uniquely, Rh- (phen)_2phi^(3+) appears to target directly sites of tertiary interaction. Cleavage results on mutants which involve base changes within the triply bonded region of the molecule indicate that it is the structure of the triply bonded array rather than the individual nucleotides which are being targeted. Chemical modification to promote selective depurination of the third base (m^7G46) involved in the triple in the folded, native tRNA leads to the reduction of cleavage by the metal complex; this result shows directly the importance of the stacked triple base structure for recognition by the metal complex. The cleavage results are consistent with the notion that Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+) preferentially targets regions of tertiary structure in the tRNA because these regions are structured so that the major grooves are open and accessible to stacking by the complex. Since sites cleaved by the rhodium complex mark a range of tertiary structures, Rh(phen)_2phi^(3+)appears to be a powerful and unique probe in characterizing the folded structures of RNAs.
Genetic diversity in and phylogenetic relationships of the Brazilian endemic cotton, Gossypium mustelinum ( Malvaceae )

Gossypium mustelinum, one of five tetraploid species in the cotton genus, is geographically restricted to a few states in NE Brazil. Allozyme analysis was used to assess levels and patterns of genetic diversity inG. mustelinum and its relationship to the other tetraploid species. Genetic variation was low, with only 6 of 50 loci examined being polymorphic, a mean of 1.14 alleles per locus and a mean panmictic heterozygosity of 0.08. These estimates are low relative to other tetraploid cotton species, but are typical of island endemics. Interpopulational genetic identities were uniformly high, lending support to the concept of there being only one wild species of Brazilian cotton. The limited allelic diversity observed was correlated with geographical distribution, although variability is so limited in the species that geographically marginal populations are electrophoretically ordinary. Phylogenetic and phenetic analyses demonstrate thatG. mustelinum is isolated among polyploid cotton species, occupying one of the three basal clades resulting from an early radiation of polyploid taxa subsequent to polyploid formation. We suggest thatG. mustelinum represents a paleoendemic that presently exists as a series of widely scattered, relictual populations. Despite several centuries of sympatric cultivation ofG. barbadense andG. hirsutum, there was little evidence of interspecific introgression of alleles from cultivated cottons intoG. mustelinum.
High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopic studies of 119Te isomers

Abstract Gamma rays emitted in the decay of 16 h 119gTe and 4.7 d 119mTe have been investigated with Ge(Li) detectors. Coincidence data, obtained with various Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) detector combinations, suggest that the shorter-lived isomer populates excited states at 644.1, 699.6, 1328, 1338.7, 1412.8, 1487, 1749.1 and 1820 keV in 119Sb. The decay of 119mTe populates levels at 270.3, 1048.1, 1212.6, 1249, 1365.8, 1407, 2129, 2225, 2278, 2283 and 2360 keV. Tentative spin assignments are suggested from log ƒt values and previously reported internal conversion electron data.
Tilted guides with friction in web conveyance systems

Abstract One challenge in designing web conveyance systems is controlling the displacement and vibration of the webs by guides without introducing instabilities or higher frequency disturbances from flange impacts. A solution to this problem is to use an actively or passively tilted guide or roller to steer the web. In this paper, a model of tilted guides with friction is developed, and it is shown that tilted guides produce a change in the web’s displacement, slope, bending moment, and shear force. When the web is conceptually unwrapped from its path, the normal force between the web and a tilted guide has a component that acts in the direction of the web’s lateral displacement, resulting in an equivalent force and bending moment acting on the web. The model is validated by measurements, and is compared to a previously existing model of guide tilt. In the configurations studied, the displacement of the web near the guide is linearly dependent on the tilt angle and tension and it increases exponentially with the web’s span length. When the guide’s tilt is oriented towards the center of the web’s wrap around the guide, the equivalent bending moment is zero in the absence of friction, and there is good agreement between the model developed in this paper and the previously existing model. However, when the center of the web’s wrap is oriented 90° away from the guide’s tilt orientation, the equivalent force is zero in the absence of friction, and measurements demonstrate the necessity of the equivalent bending moment.
Rate of reduction of ubiquinone by NADH in electron transport particles

Abstract The rate of reduction of ubiquinone by NADH in electron transport particles (ETP) in the absence of inhibitor, and in the presence of cyanide or Antimycin A, has been determined spectrophotometrically in a rapid-mixing stopped flow apparatus, and compared with the rate of reduction of the cytochromes under the same conditions. With 20–50 μm NADH as substrate, and inhibitor concentrations low enough to allow cycles of reduction and reoxidation, ubiquinone remains oxidized in the absence of inhibitor and the presence of cyanide, but is reduced in the presence of Antimycin A with a half-time for reduction of 0.9 second. In contrast, cytochromes, c,c1, and flavoprotein have half-times for reduction of 70–100 mseconds in the presence of cyanide; cytochrome b is reduced with a half-time of 30–40 mseconds in the presence of Antimycin A. With 100 μ m NADH as substrate and 3 mm KCN as inhibitor, 74% of the ubiquinone is reduced in these particles. Cyanide has a minor, but definite inhibiting effect on the reduction of cytochrome b. These results, and those reported in two previous papers are summarized, and a scheme for electron transport in ETP is put forward.
Characteristics of successful women managers and professionals in local government: a national survey

Describes a survey of international City/County Management Association female members in professional, mid‐level management, and upperlevel management positions to determine the factors they see as important to their career success. The questionnaire contained measures of three models (human capital, socio‐psychological, systemic) which are cited as explanatory of the success achieved by women. The majority of women, regardless of position in the organization, attribute their success to variables that are within their purview. These include self‐confidence, education, intelligence, competence on the job, hard work, and motivation. Assistance from others such as mentors was seen as important but not a significant factor in career advancement. Measures representing distribution of power and distribution of opportunity (systemic model indicators) were not viewed as being as important to career success as measures representing the human capital and socio‐psychological models. The absence of a perceived importance of measures of the systemic model suggests that the socialization and education of women needs to stress the importance of these indicators in an overall strategy to achieve career goals.
Resilience in the US red meat industry: the roles of food safety policy

We use the case of red meat food safety to illustrate the need to problematize policy. Overtime, there have been numerous red meat scandals and scares. We show that the statutes and regulations that arose out of these events provided the industry with a means of demonstrating safety, facilitating large-scale trade, legitimizing conventional production, and limiting interference into its practices. They also created systemic fragility, as evidenced by many recent events, and hindered the development of an alternative, small-scale sector. Thus, the accumulated rules help to structure the sector, create superficial resilience, and are used in place of an actual policy governing safety. We call for rigorous attention to not only food safety, but also the role and effect of agrifood statutes and regulations in general, and engagement in policy more broadly.
Parametric studies of antipsychotic-induced sensitization in the conditioned avoidance response model: roles of number of drug exposure, drug dose, and test–retest interval

Repeated haloperidol and olanzapine treatment produces an enhanced disruption of avoidance responding, a validated measure of antipsychotic activity. Experimental parameters affecting this sensitization-like effect have not been thoroughly examined. The present study investigated the role of three parameters (number of injections, dose, and interval between initial exposure and challenge) in antipsychotic sensitization in the conditioned avoidance response paradigm. Well-trained Sprague–Dawley rats received different numbers of drug treatment (1–5 days) or different doses of haloperidol (0.025–0.10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or olanzapine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously). After certain time intervals (4, 10 or 17 days), they were tested for the expression of haloperidol or olanzapine sensitization in a challenge test in which all rats were injected with a lower dose of haloperidol (0.025 mg/kg) or olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg). Throughout the drug-treatment period, both haloperidol and olanzapine dose-dependently enhanced their disruption of avoidance responding. Three days later, the sensitization induced by a low dose of haloperidol (0.025 mg/kg) or olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg) was only apparent in rats that received treatment for 5 days, but not in those that received treatment for 1–4 days. The sensitization induced by the medium and high doses of haloperidol (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg) or olanzapine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) was still robust even with only 3 days of treatment. The sensitization induced by a 3-day haloperidol (0.10 mg/kg) and olanzapine (2.0 mg/kg) treatment was long-lasting, still detectable 17 days after the last drug treatment. This study suggests that antipsychotic sensitization is a robust behavioral phenomenon. Its induction and expression are strongly influenced by parameters such as number of drug exposures, drug dose, and test–retest interval. Given the importance of antipsychotic sensitization in the maintenance of antipsychotic effects in the clinic, this study introduces a paradigm that can be used to investigate the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms underlying antipsychotic sensitization.
PROGRESSING FROM BRIEF ASSESSMENTS TO EXTENDED EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES IN THE EVALUATION OF ABERRANT BEHAVIOR

The role of experimental analyses in guiding treatment is well established. However, not all experimental analyses yield conclusive results. Outcomes may be inconclusive due to time limitations that preclude extended observation and detailed experimental manipulations, or may result from interactions across experimental conditions, multiple control, or other unknown factors. In this study, we describe an assessment sequence that moves through four phases beginning with relatively brief (1 to 2 hr) analyses and culminating in extended analyses that may control for experimental confounding effects (e.g., interaction effects). Data illustrating the model are presented for 20 individuals referred for severe behavior problems including self-injury, aggression, stereotypy, and tantrums. Analyses were considered to be complete only when clear and replicable response patterns emerged. Results showed that clear and replicable response patterns emerged for 85% of the participants.
Experience‐Based Teaching of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology of Antiepileptic Drugs. Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy: Do Antiepileptic Drugs Have a Role?

The contents of this paper have been written to be used in a teaching program specifically designed for medical postgraduate education of resident physicians and fellows in training interested in the clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs and their role in the treatment of epilepsy and/or in the prevention of sudden unexpected death associated with this disease. With some modifications, such as a specific lecture to provide an overview of the numerous concepts presented in the text, the article could be used when teaching fourth-year medical students. The format of the paper is a combination of didactic review and eight case reports in a self-learning format. A quiz for self-assessment is included at the end of the article (see Appendix). This material was covered in part in the 1992 Board Review Course for Clinical Pharmacology sponsored by the American College of Clinical Pharmacology. The format or setting of instruction for this material could include small learning groups composed of 10 to 15 students. When used in combination with other topics prepared in similar formats, this could become a take home course for those preparing to take the Boards in Clinical Pharmacology. Each instructor could select specific publications from the reference list for assigned readings depending upon the material emphasized by the instructor. The questions included at the end of the text could be used as either a closed or an open book quiz to assess student learning.
Reproduction of Social Class in the Teaching and Learning of Science in Urban High Schools.

The study examines the teaching and learning of science in an urban high school characterised by African American students from conditions of relative poverty. An interpretive study was undertaken involving a research team that included the teacher in the study and a student from the school. Despite the teacher's effort to enact a curriculum that was transformative the students resisted most of his efforts to enhance their learning. The study highlights the difficulties of engaging students when they lack motivation to learn and attend sporadically. In an era of standards-oriented science in which all students are expected to achieve at a high level, it is essential that research identify ways to tailor the science curriculum to the needs and interests of students.
Bonding Metal Particles by Heat Alone Without Pressure

This report incorporates the results of microscopic examination and a few physical tests of specimens made of metal powder by sintering in hydrogen for three hours at various temperatures. Powders of different particle shape and size were filled into boats without application of any pressure. Iron, copper and silver powders were investigated. It was found that the particle size is a very important factor in the extent to which bonding between particles proceeds and on the density of the sintered specimens. For the particle sizes studied ranging from a few microns to 1 mm. in diameter, the finer the particle size, the better the bond and the denser the specimen. The effect of particle size on the temperature at which bonding starts could not be established. Cold working of the powder seems to lower the temperature at which bonding starts. The addition of small percentages of graphite to electrolytic iron seems to lower the temperature at which bonding starts. The particle shape has an effect on the extent to which bonding proceeds. However, the number of experiments performed on the effect of cold working, on the addition of graphite to electrolytic iron and on particle shape, was not sufficient to warrant definite statements.
Calcified Left Ventricular Aneurysm and Non-Atherosclerotic Myocardial Infarction in a Child

A 14-year-old boy, admitted with intractable chest pain, was found to have an enlarged heart and calcification in the apical region, with electrocardiographic features of massive inferolateral myocardial infarction. Left ventricular angiography revealed a large left ventricular aneurysm. He died following resection of the aneurysm and post mortem examination showed changes of a non-specific chronic myocarditis. A vasculitis involving small coronary arterioles was also found in the vicinity of the aneurysm, and the possibility of a rheumatic vasculitis was suggested by a transient episode of an erythema marginatum-like eruption. It is concluded that the association of infarction pattern on the electrocardiogram together with calcification of the heart in children is highly suggestive of a ventricular aneurysm secondary to a myocarditis or a vasculitis involving small, intramyocardial branches of the coronary arteries.
Dynamics of concentrated solutions of low molecular weight phenolics and poly(2-vinylpyridine): Role of intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Abstract The molecular dynamics of solutions of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VPy) and a series of low molecular weight phenols containing from one to six hydroxyl groups were investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (DRS). Dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction were employed in a complementary role. Segmental relaxation times for the α processes of all solutions follow expectations from T g s derived from DSC experiments. For three of the model mixtures at 30 and 50 mol% [i.e., those containing bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, 2,6 dihydroxynaphthalene, and 2,2-methylenebis[6-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)- p -cresol] significantly broadened dielectric α relaxation time distributions were observed, indicating dynamic heterogeneity. On the other hand, 4-ethyphenol–P2VPy solutions display dynamic homogeneity. P2VPy with 10 mol% 2,3,3,4,4,5-hexahydroxybenzophenone behaved differently than all mixtures investigated in this study: it displayed a T g (and T α ) significantly higher than that of the neat components, a small SAXS scattering peak, and an additional dielectric relaxation that we propose originates from Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization. We propose that this behavior is a result of a phase separation of different types of hydrogen-bonded complexes, one rich in P2VPy and the other involving the type of 2,3,3,4,4,5-hexahydroxybenzophenone hydrogen-bonded structures found in the neat state. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in all of the P2VPy–phenol mixtures suppresses, in some cases completely, the local P2VPy β relaxation by decreasing the mobility of the pyridine side groups.
Pulsed-laser application to sampling oscilloscope

An optically strobed sampling oscilloscope is described in which a GaAs laser diode is used to strobe a GaAs photoconductive sampling gate.
SPE-LC-MS-MS Determination of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in Surface and Ground Water

A novel method has been developed and validated for the analysis of six phenoxy acid herbicides (dicamba, 2,4-D, MCPA, dichlorprop, mecoprop and MCPB) in surface and ground waters. After solid-phase extraction on Isolute ENV+, analysis was by LC-MS-MS without using derivatization. The limits of quantitation are from 0.01 to 0.05 μg L−1. Average recoveries in method validation (spiking levels: limit of quantitation and 10 times limit of quantitation) ranged from 76.5 to 108.3%, with relative standard deviations of < 13.6%. The method was applied to real surface and ground water samples which gave average recoveries (spiking level: 0.1 μg L−1) ranging from 82.7 to 94.8%, with relative standard deviations of < 19.3%.