cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion in AZ-5214 image reversal process and its application to E-beam proximity effect correction

Abstract Here we report our discovery of the diffusion phenomenon of AZ5214 resist during a post-exposure bake process step and its application to improve the electron beam lithographic performance of the resist. The diffusion phenomena are that the exposed features gain an extra amount of material from their immediate neighborhoods and become thick at the pattern edge and wider in feature size. In general, variations in pattern dimensions are unfavorable for process control. However, in this case, the changes in the exposed geometry are just opposite to those caused by the electron beam proximity effect. Therefore, by carefully controlling the parameters of the post-exposure bake, excellent proximity effect corrections have been obtained. The advantage of this method is its simplicity. There is no extra process step and complicated computation involved as in other proximity effect correction methods. It is achieved by using a rather simple step, a post-exposure bake, in the image reversal process.
Determining the MgO content in some refractory materials by photocolorimetric methods

We made a comparative study of phenazone and titanium yellow as reagents for the photocolorimetric determination of magnesium oxide concentrations. In terms of sensitivity, absorption spectra, and the sensitivity of the complexes with time, the best proved to be titanium yellow. As regards the relationship with the atmosphere and the sensitivity of the solution of the reagent with time, the best should be considered as phenazone. As regards the remaining factors both reagents are equivalent.
Protein binding of lopinavir and ritonavir during 4 phases of pregnancy: implications for treatment guidelines.

Objective To investigate the intraindividual pharmacokinetics (PKs) of total (protein bound plus unbound) and unbound lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) and to assess whether the pediatric formulation (100 mg/25 mg) can overcome any pregnancy-associated changes. Design Prospective longitudinal PK study. Methods HIV-infected pregnant antiretroviral therapy-naive and experienced women receiving LPV/RTV 400 mg/100 mg tablets twice daily. Intensive PK evaluations were performed at 20-24 weeks (PK1), 30 weeks (PK2) followed by empiric dose increase using the pediatric formulation (100 mg/25 mg twice daily), 32 weeks (PK3), and 8 weeks postpartum (PK4). Results Twelve women completed prespecified PK evaluations. Median (range) age was 28 (18-35) years and baseline BMI was 32 (19-41) kg/m. During pregnancy, total area under the time concentration (AUC0-12h) for LPV was significantly lower than postpartum (PK1, PK2, or PK3 vs. PK4, P = 0.005). Protein-unbound LPV AUC0-12h remained unchanged during pregnancy [PK1: 1.6 (1.3-1.9) vs. PK2: 1.6 (1.3-1.9) μg·h/mL, P = 0.4] despite a 25% dose increase [PK2 vs. PK3: 1.8 (1.3-2.1) μg·h/mL, P = 0.5]. Protein-unbound LPV predose concentrations (C12h) did not significantly change despite dose increase [PK2: 0.10 (0.08-0.15) vs. PK3: 0.12 (0.10-0.15) μg/mL, P = 0.09]. Albumin and LPV AUC0-12h fraction unbound were correlated (rs = 0.3, P = 0.03). Conclusions Total LPV exposure was significantly decreased throughout pregnancy despite the increased dose. However, the exposure of unbound LPV did not change significantly regardless of trimester or dose. Predose concentrations of unbound LPV were not affected by the additional dose and were 70-fold greater than the minimum efficacy concentration. These findings suggest dose adjustments may not be necessary in all HIV-infected pregnant women.
SYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROPROBE AND COMPUTED MICROTOMOGRAPHY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCATALYSTS

Abstract Gas-to-liquids (GTL) is a viable pathway for synthesis of clean fuels from natural gas. One of the attractive synthesis options is the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) method using an iron catalyst to yield a broad range of hydrocarbons. We collected catalyst samples during three separate F–T runs that utilized nanophase (mean particle diameter (MPD): 3 nm and 20–80 nm) and micrometer-sized (32.5 μm) Fe2O3 that served as catalyst precursors. The collected samples were characterized with micro-X-ray fluorescence and computed microtomography at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Results found with two different measurement techniques indicated that there was heterogeneity on a spatial scale corresponding to volumes of roughly 103 μm3.
Storing Efficiently Bioinformatics Workflows

We propose an efficient storage strategy to record bioinformatics workflows. Our approach presents scientists with a flexible design model that distinguishes the scientific aim as a design protocol expressed against an ontology from the implementations (s), scientific workflows composed of bioinformatics services, and their execution. The storage strategy presented in this paper allows efficient access and constitutes the framework for reasoning on scientific protocols and experimental data.
Three-point backward finite-difference method for solving a system of mixed hyperbolic—parabolic partial differential equations

Abstract A three-point backward finite-difference method has been derived for a system of mixed hyperbolic—parabolic (convection—diffusion) partial differential equations (mixed PDEs). The method resorts to the three-point backward differencing to approximate the first-order temporal and spatial derivatives, thereby leading to second-order temporal and spatial accuracy and a substantial reduction in numerical oscillations and diffusion. The resultant finite-difference equations are solved with the tridiagonal matrix method at each time step. For a system of mixed PDEs with coupled nonlinear reaction terms, a two-step expansion technique has been derived to linearize the finite-difference equations and uncouple the PDEs. The accuracy of the expansion is of third-order. Consequently, each PDE can be solved independently with the tridiagonal matrix method. Moreover, the present method can be extended to a system of mixed PDEs coupled with ordinary differential equations and/or algebraic equations.
Predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals in humans from rodent bioassay data

Regulatory agencies currently rely on rodent carcinogenicity bioassay data to predict whether or not a given chemical poses a carcinogenic threat to humans. We argue that it is always more useful to know a chemical's carcinogenic potency (with confidence limits) than to be able to say only qualitatively that it has been found to be a carcinogen. In a typical bioassay, a chemical is administered to groups of 50 to 100 rodents at the highest feasible level (the maximum tolerated dose) and rarely at less than 1/10 this dose in order to maximize the statistical significance of any increase in tumors that might result. Recently, much experimental work has focused on the mechanisms by which site-specific toxicity arising from chronic administration at the maximum tolerated dose may lead to carcinogencity. Extrapolation of high-dose results to low doses does not take into consideration the possibility of a threshold dose, below which the carcinogenic potency is much lower or even zero. Threshold dose-response phenomena may be much more relevant to the etiology of cancer in the rodent bioassays than was earlier realized; if so, there is an even greater need for establishing dose-dependent potency estimates. The emphasis of this review is on the interspecies comparison of high-dose potencies. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of carcinogenicities between mice and rats and between rodents and humans is reviewed and discussed. We conclude that there is a good qualitative (yes/no) correlation for both the rat/mouse and the rodent/human comparison. There is also a good correlation of the carcinogenic potencies between rats and mice, and the upper limits on potencies in humans are consistent with rodent potencies for those chemicals for which human exposure data are available. For the rodent/human comparison, the best estimate of the interspecies potency factor is lognormally distributed around 1 when the potencies in both species are measured in units of (mg/kg-day) -'.
An inspirational teacher - reflections of a medical student.

Based on personal experiences from the pediatric core clerkship of the third year of medical school, this reflexive writing piece highlights the positive impact that a preceptor had on my development as a physician-in-training. The piece draws attention to the emphasis that this preceptor places on cultivating constructive, supportive patient–doctor relationships and on pursuing a career path that is congruent with our inclinations and abilities.
Science, technology, and application of THz air photonics

The significant scientific and technological potential of terahertz (THz) wave sensing and imaging has been attracted considerable attention within many fields of research. However, the development of remote, broadband THz wave sensing technology is lagging behind the compelling needs that exist in the areas of astronomy, global environmental monitoring, and homeland security. This is due to the challenge posed by high absorption of ambient moisture in the THz range. Although various time-domain THz detection techniques have recently been demonstrated, the requirement for an on-site bias or forward collection of the optical signal inevitably prohibits their applications for remote sensing. The objective of this paper is to report updated THz air-plasma technology to meet this great challenge of remote sensing. A focused optical pulse (mJ pulse energy and femtosecond pulse duration) in gas creates a plasma, which can serve to generate intense, broadband, and directional THz waves in the far field.
Effects of artificially altered foliar nitrogen levels on development and survival of young instars of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman

The influence of foliar nitrogen levels in Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) on various biological characteristics of the young instars of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was studied. Seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and provided with nutrient solutions to maintain 9 foliar nitrogen levels ranging from 0.74–5.02%. Third instar larvae confined to treated seedlings were monitored through the next generation. Larval mortality was highest and adult emergence lowest, at both the upper and lower extremes of foliar nitrogen. Maximum survival occurred in larvae confined to seedlings containing 2.51% foliar nitrogen. Total development time and mean pupal weight varied significantly across nitrogen levels. Total number of eggs and total mass of eggs produced per female were lowest at the high and low extremes of foliar nitrogen levels and highest from treatments with foliar nitrogen of 2.51% nitrogen. Zusammenfassung Auswirkung von kunstlich verandertem Stickstoffgehalt der Nadeln auf die Entwicklung und Uberlebensrate von Junglarven des Wicklers Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, den Einflus des Stickstoffgehaltes der Nadeln der Douglasie, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) auf Choristoneura occidentalis-Junglarven zu untersuchen. Im Gewachshaus wurden Samlinge gezogen und so mit Nahrlosungen behandelt, das schlieslich 9 verschiedene Stickstoffgehalte der Nadeln erzielt wurden (0,74-5,02 % N). Larven des dritten Stadiums wurden auf die gedungten Samlinge angesetzt und bis zur nachsten Generation durchgezuchtet. Bei den niedrigsten und hochsten N-Gehalten war die Larvenmortalitat am hochsten und die Schlupfrate der Falter am niedrigsten. Die hochste Uberlebensrate der Larven wurde bei 2,51 % N-Gehalt der Nadeln beobachtet. Die Gesamtentwicklungszeit und das mittlere Puppengewicht unterschieden sich signifikant in Abhangigkeit vom N-Gehalt. Die Zahl der insgesamt abgelegten Eier und die Gesamteizahl/Weibchen war beim niedrigsten und hochsten N-Gehalt am niedrigsten und bei einem N-Gehalt von 2,51% am hochsten.
Behavioral intention as an indicator of drug and alcohol use.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between behavioral intention to use drugs and self-reported drug use. The subjects were 9403 seventh through twelfth grade students in five different types of schools in Pennsylvania. All subjects completed a questionnaire that assessed a variety of behaviors. Across all drugs, and within all school samples, the intention to use drugs was consistently related to the self-reported use of all drugs tested. Assessing the behavioral intentions of students serves as an alternative approach to measurement of substance use and abuse and has useful implications for program planning.
Formation of Digallium Sites in the Reaction of Trimethylgallium with Silica

The room-temperature, gas−solid reaction of volatile GaMe3 with a nonporous silica was studied by elemental and gas-phase analysis, in situ IR and 1H, 13C, and 29Si solid-state NMR, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Most of the grafting (∼85%) occurred on Q3 sites, O3SiOH, but a small amount (∼15%) of siloxane (O3SiO−SiO3) bond cleavage was also observed. The major, if not the only, gallium product has the empirical formula ⋮SiOGaMe2, but it is not an “isolated” site. The Ga K-edge EXAFS of GaMe3-modified silica, recorded at 10 K, reveals that each Ga has a Ga neighbor at 2.97−2.99 A. The sites are best described as [GaMe2(μ-OSi⋮)]2. To strengthen this assignment, a molecular analogue, [GaMe2(μ-OSiPh3)]2, was characterized by both single-crystal X-ray diffraction and EXAFS. The Ga2O2 rings in the molecular complex and the silica-supported gallium dimer have very similar dimensions. The gallium dimer is formed on the silica surface regardless of the extent of partial dehydr...
Halothane in outpatient dental anesthesia.

Abstract Halothane has proved its value as an adjuvant to nitrous oxide-oxygen for dental outpatient anesthesia. Rapid induction and recovery, smooth maintenance, and low incidence of nausea and vomiting have been factors in its wide acceptance by oral surgeons and anesthetists. There is a more stable cardiovascular response during anesthesia with halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen than with halothane-oxygen alone or with thiopental induction. Premedication is usually unnecessary, indeed, it may actually cause serious cardiac arrhythmias, mask signs of halothane overdosage, or delay recovery time. A demand-flow, nonrebreathing system is most suitable for outpatient anesthesia. The advisability of frequent recalibration of gas machines and halothane vaporizers is stressed. Use of the nasal mask or nasopharyngeal tube provides an equally satisfactory airway, but the nasopharyngeal tube may create iatrogenic complications during its placement. Endotracheal intubation in outpatients is avoided except where positively indicated. Although the relationship of halothane to massive hepatic necrosis has received inordinate scrutiny, present evidence indicates that halothane presents no greater hazard than other anesthetic agents. The use of catecholamines on outpatients anesthetized with halothane cannot be recommended, as the risk of serious cardiac arrhythmias outweighs any possible advantages. Extensive experience with halothane in the general operating theater, followed by its supervised administration to outpatients, should be prerequisites to its use in private dental or oral surgery practice.
Fracture characterization from attenuation of Stoneley waves across a fracture

Fractures contribute significantly to the permeability of a formation. It is important to understand the fracture distribution and fluid transmissivity. Though traditional well logs can image fractures intersecting the borehole, they provide little information on the lateral extent of the fractures, away from the borehole, or the fluid transmissivity. Experiments in the past demonstrated that fracture compliance can be a good proxy to fracture fluid conductivity. We describe a method to estimate fracture compliance from the attenuation of Stoneley waves across a fracture. Solving the dispersion relation in the fracture, transmission coefficient of Stoneley waves across a fracture is studied over all frequency ranges. Based on the observations from the model, we propose that measuring the transmission coefficient near a transition frequency can help constrain fracture compliance and aperture. Comparing attenuation across a finite fracture to that of an infinitely long fracture, we show that a bound on the lateral extent of the fracture can be obtained. Given the limitation on the bandwidth of acoustic logging data, we propose using the Stoneley waves generated during micro-seismic events for fracture characterization.
Entering a New Peer Group in Ethnically and Linguistically Diverse Childcare Classrooms

This short-term longitudinal study examined changes over time in social competence with peers as a function of child and classroom characteristics. One hundred and seventy ethnically diverse low-income children, all new to their peer groups, entered childcare classrooms with heterogeneous entry policies and ethnic/racial compositions. We observed them with their teachers and peers at entry and again six months later. Observers rated aggressive, anxious/withdrawn, and prosocial behavior with peers and observed complexity of peer play. Children who lacked peers with a shared ethnic heritage and children who spoke a different language at home than the language most often used in the classrooms appeared to be struggling with peer interaction six months after entry into the peer group. Children who had a peer who shared their ethnic heritage and entered the most ethnically diverse classrooms increased their complex peer play more than other children.
Modeling steam pressure under martian lava flows

Abstract Rootless cones on Mars are a valuable indicator of past interactions between lava and water. However, the details of the lava–water interactions are not fully understood, limiting the ability to use these features to infer new information about past water on Mars. We have developed a model for the pressurization of a dry layer of porous regolith by melting and boiling ground ice in the shallow subsurface. This model builds on previous models of lava cooling and melting of subsurface ice. We find that for reasonable regolith properties and ice depths of decimeters, explosive pressures can be reached. However, the energy stored within such lags is insufficient to excavate thick flows unless they draw steam from a broader region than the local eruption site. These results indicate that lag pressurization can drive rootless cone formation under favorable circumstances, but in other instances molten fuel–coolant interactions are probably required. We use the model results to consider a range of scenarios for rootless cone formation in Athabasca Valles. Pressure buildup by melting and boiling ice under a desiccated lag is possible in some locations, consistent with the expected distribution of ice implanted from atmospheric water vapor. However, it is uncertain whether such ice has existed in the vicinity of Athabasca Valles in recent history. Plausible alternative sources include surface snow or an aqueous flood shortly before the emplacement of the lava flow.
The Anini Saga: Armed Robbery and the Reproduction of Ideology in Nigeria

At the conclusion of a meeting of the Armed Forces Ruling Council in October 1986, President Ibrahim Babangida turned to the Inspector- General of the Nigeria Police Force, Etim Inyang, and asked, ‘My friend, where is Anini?’. At about this time, Nigerian newspapers and journals were publishing numerous articles and editorials on the ‘Anini Challenge’, the ‘Anini Saga’, the ‘Anini Factor’, ‘Lawrence Anini – the Man, the Myth’, ‘Anini, Jack the Ripper’, and ‘Lawrence Anini: A Robin Hood in Bendel’. The Guardian asked, almost plaintively, ‘Will they ever find Anini, “The Law”?’, and when he was finally captured in early December, the cover of the magazine Thisweek blared forth, above a picture of the badly injured criminal in his hospital bed, ‘Anini. Face to Face with The Law’.
Estrogen and prothrombin synthesis. The prothrombinogenic action of estrogen

Abstract Vitamin K deficient castrate male rats exhibit more rapid prothrombin depletion after injection of 100 μg of methyltestosterone, decreasing from 25% to 8% of normal plasma prothrombin levels. During the same 96 hour period, control castrate male rats showed a decline from 25% to 16%. Injection of 100 μg ethynylestradiol to similar vitamin K deficient, castrate male rats increased plasma prothrombin levels from 23% to approximately 45% within 96 hours. The effect of estradiol on biosynthesis of prothrombin was investigated by measuring incorporation of [3H]L-amino acids into the electrophoretically separable prothrombin. We conclude that the observed estrogen effect is due to a prothrombinogenic, rather than prothrombin-sparing mechanism.
Determination of differential cell counts in feline bone marrow by use of flow cytometry

Objective—To evaluate the potential usefulness of 2 flow cytometric methods for determination of differential cell counts in feline bone marrow. Sample Population—10 bone marrow specimens from client-owned cats. Procedure—Bone marrow specimens were stained with 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) and evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Differential counts were also determined by analysis of scatterplots of forward-angle versus side-angle light scatter of unstained specimens, obtained by use of flow cytometry (scatterplot method). Results of both flow cytometric methods were compared with differential cell counts determined by manually counting 1,000 cells on slides of Wright-stained smears. Results—Staining with DiOC6 resulted in identification of mature and immature erythroid and myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Use of the scatterplot method resulted in identification of mature and immature erythroid and myeloid cells and metamyelocytes. However, to identify lymphocytes by use of the scatterplot met...
Automatic segmentation of the facial nerve and chorda tympani in pediatric CT scans

Purpose: Cochlear implant surgery is used to implant an electrode array in the cochlea to treat hearing loss. The authors recently introduced a minimally invasive image-guided technique termed percutaneous cochlear implantation. This approach achieves access to the cochlea by drilling a single linear channel from the outer skull into the cochlea via the facial recess, a region bounded by the facial nerve and chorda tympani. To exploit existing methods for computing automatically safe drilling trajectories, the facial nerve and chorda tympani need to be segmented. The goal of this work is to automatically segment the facial nerve and chorda tympani in pediatric CT scans. Methods: The authors have proposed an automatic technique to achieve the segmentation task in adult patients that relies on statistical models of the structures. These models contain intensity and shape information along the central axes of both structures. In this work, the authors attempted to use the same method to segment the structures in pediatric scans. However, the authors learned that substantial differences exist between the anatomy of children and that of adults, which led to poor segmentation results when an adult model is used to segment a pediatric volume. Therefore, the authors built a new model for pediatric cases and used it to segment pediatric scans. Once this new model was built, the authors employed the same segmentation method used for adults with algorithm parameters that were optimized for pediatric anatomy. Results: A validation experiment was conducted on 10 CT scans in which manually segmented structures were compared to automatically segmented structures. The mean, standard deviation, median, and maximum segmentation errors were 0.23, 0.17, 0.18, and 1.27 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that accurate segmentation of the facial nerve and chorda tympani in pediatric scans is achievable, thus suggesting that safe drilling trajectories can also be computed automatically.
First-principles theory of vibrational effects on the phase stability of Cu-Au compounds and alloys

The importance of vibrational effects on the phase stability of Cu-Au alloys is investigated via a combination of first-principles linear response calculations and a statistical mechanics cluster expansion method. We find that (i) the logarithmic average of the phonon density of states in ordered compounds is lower than in the pure constituents, thus leading to positive vibrational entropies of formation and to negative free energies of formation, stabilizing the compounds and alloys with respect to the phase separated state. (ii) The vibrational free energy is lower in the configurationally random alloy than in ordered ground states, which leads to lower order-disorder transition temperatures. (iii) The random alloys have larger thermal expansion coefficients than ordered ground states, and therefore the vibrational entropy difference between the random and ordered states is a strongly increasing function of temperature. However, (iv) due to the associated increase in the static internal energy, the effect of thermal expansion on the free energy (and thus on the phase diagram) is only half that of the entropy alone.
Finite-Moment Tensor of the 3 September 2002 Yorba Linda Earthquake

We have developed procedures for inverting broadband waveforms for the finite-moment tensors (fmts) of regional earthquakes. The fmt is defined in terms of second-order polynomial moments of the source space–time function; it removes the fault-plane ambiguity of the centroid moment tensor (cmt) and yields several additional parameters of seismological interest: the characteristic length Lc , width Wc , and duration Tc of the faulting, as well as the directivity vector v d of the fault slip. Following McGuire et al. (2001), we represent the observed waveform relative to the synthetic in terms of two frequency-dependent differential times, a phase delay δτp ( ω ) and an amplitude-reduction time δτq ( ω ), which we measure using the generalized seismological data functional (gsdf) method (Gee and Jordan, 1992). We numerically calculate the fmt partial derivatives, which allows us to use synthetics computed by using any forward-modeling tools. We have tested our methodology on Southern California Seismic Network (scsn) recordings of the 03 September 2002 Yorba Linda earthquake ( M W 4.3). Using 1D synthetic Green’s functions, we determined the cmt and resolved fault-plane ambiguity. To resolve the details of source finiteness, we employed a joint-inversion technique that recovers the cmt parameters of the aftershocks and the cmt and fmt parameters of the mainshock. The joint system of equations relating the data to the source parameters of the mainshock–aftershock cluster is denuisanced for path anomalies in both observables; this projection operation effectively corrects the mainshock data for path-related anomalies in a way similar to, but more flexible than, empirical Green’s function (egf) techniques. Our results indicate that the Yorba Linda rupture occurred as left-lateral slip on a fault-patch conjugate to the nearby, right-lateral Whittier fault. We obtained source dimensions of Lc = 0.7 ± 0.1 km, Wc = 0.4 ± 0.1 km, and Tc = 0.2 ± 0.05 sec, implying a stress drop of about 3.2 MPa, and we found a directivity of 0.8 ± 0.2, oriented up and to the northeast. The inferred fault plane is consistent with the mainshock–aftershock distribution relocated by Hauksson et al. (2002).
Wearable printed monopole antenna for UWB and ISM applications

A great deal of attention has been focused recently towards the development and optimization of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) wireless systems due to their outstanding features which include: low power requirement, configuration simplicity, and very high data rate. This technology can be deployed in a wide spectrum of fields such as: medical devices, entertainment and multimedia connectivity, and personal communication. For most modern consumer devices, WiFi connectivity is required. Hence, the antenna is required to have an omnidirectional radiation characteristics. A printed monopole antennas would serve as a good candidate for such systems due to its compactness, high efficiency, simple fabrication process, and cost effectiveness. Moreover, the emerging wearable electronics technology require low profile, light weight and compact antennas.
Robust Tool Wear Estimation With Radial Basis Function Neural Networks

In this paper, a unified method for constructing dynamic models for tool wear from prior experiments is proposed. The model approximates flank and crater wear propagation and their effects on cutting force using radial basis function neural networks. Instead of assuming a structure for the wear model and identifying its parameters, only an approximate model is obtained in terms of radial basis functions. The appearance of parameters in a linear fashion motivates a recursive least squares training algorithm. This results in a model which is available as a monitoring tool for on-line application. Using the identified model, a state estimator is designed based on the upperbound covariance matrix. This filter includes the errors in modeling the wear process, and hence reduces filter divergence. Simulations using the neural network for different cutting conditions show good results. Addition of pseudo noise during state estimation is used to reflect inherent process variabilities. Estimation of wear under these conditions is also shown to be accurate. Simulations performed using experimental data similarly show good results. Finally, experimental implementation of the wear monitoring system reveals a reasonable ability of the proposed monitoring scheme to track flank wear.
Self-financing urbanization: Insights from the use of Town Planning Schemes in Ahmadabad, India

Through an in-depth review of the financing structures of two projects developed using land readjustment (LR) in the State of Gujarat, India, this article provides insights into LR’s ability to selffinance urbanization. This ability rests on three intertwined factors. First, a rapid increase in the value of developed urban land enables local governments to generate substantial revenue from the sale of reserved land. Second, the local governments retain the reserved land for a significant amount of time before selling it, thereby benefiting significantly from increases in land prices. Third, a revolving fund system, wherein the revenues from older LR projects fund infrastructure in new projects, helps to finance the up-front infrastructure costs and eliminates the need to sell the land early or to seek loans. Furthermore, by using sensitivity analyses, the article shows that the timely accrual of betterment charges would bolster the revenue stream. Finally, the analyses highlight the concern that more land may be reserved than is required to fund the project and argues for more accurate estimates of the need for land reservation.
Myokymie und Neuromyotonie

Zusammenfassung Myokymie und Neuromyotonie sind klinische Phanomene, denen eine charakteristische elektromyographische Aktivitat zu Grunde liegt. Die Kenntnis dieser Merkmale ist von diagnostischem und differentialdiagnostischem Wert, da sie nur bei einem eingeschrankten, wenn auch heterogenen Spektrum von Erkrankungen des peripheren Nervensystems vorkommen.
Using a Parent Survey to Advance Knowledge about the Nature and Consequences of Fragile X Syndrome.

Abstract Understanding the nature and consequences of intellectual and developmental disabilities is challenging, especially when the condition is rare, affected individuals are geographically disp...
Comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography

In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, the entire chromatogram eluting from the primary column is submitted to the secondary column for a second independent separation. The resulting two-dimensional chromatogram has peaks scattered about a plane rather than along a line. Peak capacity can be very large allowing much more complete separation of complex mixtures such as petroleum products. Moderately complex samples can be separated much more quickly than is possible with high-resolution one-dimensional gas chromatography. The method is a true hyphenated instrument analogous to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A Digital Humanities Approach: Text, the Internet, and the Egyptian Uprising

Can Twitter really bring a dictator to his knees? Does YouTube stream information that is more influential than traditional news providers such as the New York Times? In the mainstream media debate between Clay Shirky and Malcolm Gladwell about whether “the revolution will be tweeted,” both pundits make confidently totalizing arguments (see Malcolm Gladwell (2010) Small Change: Why the Revolutions Will Not Be Tweeted, The New Yorker (October 4), available online at: newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell; and Clay Shirky (2011) The Political Power of Social Media, Foreign Affairs (Jan./Feb.). In contrast, this article presents a micro-study of the hashtag (#) Tahrir using an emergent method of cultural analytics and a repository developed by a digital Arabic knowledge management system—a body of work that coheres dissimilar elements not into a single idea, but rather into a heterogeneous network. It may be difficult to make direct correlations between the rise of revolutionary movements...
1H and 19F Multiple-Quantum NMR Dynamics in Quasi-One-Dimensional Spin Clusters in Apatites

The 1H multiple-quantum NMR dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional distributions of clusters of uniformly spaced proton spins in hydroxyapatite, Ca5(OH)(PO4)3, and related fluorine-containing apatites have been studied. Two different growth exponents characterizing the power-law dependence of the effective size upon preparation time are observed at short and long times for the hydroxyapatite samples. The corresponding growth exponents are 0.98 and 1.78 for the most stoichiometric sample, which suggest a possible transition from 1-D to 2-D growth at longer preparation times. A slight deficiency of hydroxyl groups in another sample of hydroxyapatite leads to a decreased rate of MQ coherence growth and a measurable decrease in the short-time growth exponent to 0.83. The 1H MQ dynamics of two fluorohydroxyapatite solid solutions, Ca5Fx(OH)1-x(PO4)3, exhibit both decreasing rates of MQ coherence growth as x increases and decreased values of the short-time growth exponent. A 1-D cluster model is developed to account...
Asteroids: Dark and stormy weather

Can some of the ageing effects on asteroid surfaces be caused by an interplanetary rain of carbon-rich Solar System debris? Observations from the Dawn space mission suggest that the answer is yes. See Letters p.79 & p.83
Effects of environmental regulation on actual and expected profitability

The Porter hypothesis asserts that properly designed environmental regulation motivates firms to innovate, which ultimately improves profitability. In this study, we test empirically the Porter hypothesis and the competing hypothesis that regulation undermines profitability (“costly regulation hypothesis”). In particular, we estimate the effect of clean water regulation, as reflected in the stringency of firm-specific effluent limits for two regulated pollutants, on the profitability of chemical manufacturing firms. As our primary contribution, we contrast the effect of clean water regulation on actual profitability outcomes and its effects on investors' expectations of profitability. Our results for actual profitability are consistent with the Porter hypothesis, while our results for expected profitability are consistent with the costly regulation hypothesis. Thus, our empirical results demonstrate that investors do not appear to value the positive effect of tighter clean water regulation on actual profitability.
Resolution of Stepwise Cooperativities of Copper Binding by the Homotetrameric Copper-Sensitive Operon Repressor (CsoR): Impact on Structure and Stability.

The cooperativity of ligand binding is central to biological regulation and new approaches are needed to quantify these allosteric relationships. Herein, we exploit a suite of mass spectrometry (MS) experiments to provide novel insights into homotropic Cu-binding cooperativity, gas- phase stabilities and conformational ensembles of the D2- symmetric, homotetrameric copper-sensitive operon repressor (CsoR) as a function of Cu I ligation state. Cu I binding is overall positively cooperative, but is characterized by distinct ligation state-specific cooperativities. Structural transitions occur upon binding the first and fourth Cu I , with the latter occurring with significantly higher cooperativity than previous steps; this results in the formation of a holo-tetramer that is markedly more resistant than apo-, and partially ligated CsoR tetramers toward surface-induced dissociation (SID). The structural, dynamic and thermodynamic origins of cooperativity of ligand binding (allostery) is a subject of considerable interest, motivated by the central role this process plays in the regulation of biological activity. (1) Cooperativity can be positive or negative and involve the binding of the same (homotropic) or different (heterotropic) ligands, often to an homooligomeric protein. (2, 3) Bacterial repressors that function to control transition metal bioavail- ability in cells are typically homodimeric or homotetrameric and minimally bind two "ligands": a DNA operator found upstream of metal-regulated genes and a specific (cognate) transition metal ion(s). (4) Although a robust thermodynamic framework capable of quantifying both homo- and hetero- tropic cooperativity in these systems is available, (5) these ensemble-based methods suffer from the limitation that a specific, partially ligated state can not be studied independ- ently of other states. Such step-wise insights are required to understand allosteric coupling beyond a generally phenom- enological description. (1)
Polymeric trapezoidal microelectrospray emitter integrated with a microfluidic chip

We have demonstrated an electrospray of fluid from a tip made from a shaped thin polymer tip bonded to a microfluidic channel. A trapezoidal electrospray emitter was fabricated using lithography and plasma etching. This was integrated with a channel and used for electrospray ionization of small molecules. A lithographically produced silicon master was used to emboss a microfluidic channel in a cyclo olefin substrate. The electrospray emitter was sandwiched between the two plastic pieces at the exit of the microfluidic channel and thermally bonded. The microfluidic channel dimensions were 40 /spl mu/m wide, 20 /spl mu/m deep and 2.5 cm long. One end of channel was directly connected to the electrospray emitter and another end of channel was connected to the silica capillary tubing which was connected to an external syringe pump. 70/30 methanol/DI water with 1% acetic acid was used for testing the spraying characteristics. A grounded aluminum plate was placed 0.6 cm from the electrospray emitter and 2500 volts applied at the reservoir. A Taylor cone was formed on the trapezoid electrospray emitter film. A stable liquid flow of 300 nl/minute was created by the syringe pump for supplying liquid to the electrospray emitter and to maintain a constant spray. 40 nA of total ion current was measured by a picoammeter for 40 minutes.
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION FROM FLORAL EXPLANTS OF CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) USING THIDIAZURON

A procedure for the regeneration of cacao (Theobroma cacao) plants from staminode explants via somatic embryogenesis was developed. Rapidly growing calli were induced by culturing staminode explants on a DKW salts-based primary callus growth (PCG) medium supplemented with 20 g glucose per L, 9 μM 2,4-D, and thidiazuron (TDZ) at various concentrations. Calli were subcultured onto a WPM salts-based secondary callus growth medium supplemented with 20 g glucose per L, 9 μM 2,4-D, and 1.4 nM kinetin. Somatic embryos were formed from embryogenic calli following transfer to a hormone-free DKW salts-based embryo development medium containing sucrose. The concentration of TDZ used in PCG medium significantly affected the rate of callus growth, the frequency of embryogenesis, and the number of somatic embryos produced from each responsive explant. A TDZ concentration of 22.7 nM was found to be the optimal concentration for effective induction of somatic embryos from various cacao genotypes. Using this procedure, we recovered somatic embryos from all 19 tested cacao genotypes, representing three major genetic group types. However, among these genotypes, a wide range of variation was observed in both the frequency of embryogenesis, which ranged from 1 to 100%, and the average number of somatic embryos produced from each responsive explant, which ranged from 2 to 46. Two types of somatic embryos were identified on the basis of their visual appearance and growth behavior. A large number of cacao plants have been regenerated from somatic embryos and established in soil in a greenhouse. Plants showed morphological and growth characteristics similar to those of seed-derived plants. The described procedure may allow for the practical use of somatic embryogenesis for clonal propagation of elite cacao clones and other applications that require the production of a large number of plants from limited source materials.
Design of a two watt power amplifier in InGaP/GaAs HBT process for very high linearity wireless applications

This paper presents the design of a very high linearity two watt power/driver amplifier in InGaP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) technology for wireless standards like WCDMA. High linearity was achieved through a novel circuit that minimizes the third order intermodulation distortion component in the output signal. The circuit utilizes the base-collector and base-emitter diode capacitances of a transistor biased in the saturation region to provide a nonlinear feedback path between the output and input of the amplifier. In the 2.14GHz WCDMA band, the amplifier demonstrated 51dBm of output third order intercept point at 17dBm/tone output power level with output 1dB compression point of about 32dBm The amplifier is externally matched, thus provides flexibility to optimize the amplifier across a specific frequency band of interest between 400MHz and 2700MHz.
Carbon Nanotube Growth Studies Using an Atmospheric, Microplasma Reactor

This paper reports chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon nanotube arrays at substrate temperatures lower than 100degC and growth rates greater than 50 mum/h using atmospheric plasma discharges inside microcapillary reactors. Thermal CVD using the same reactor required temperatures in excess of 900degC. At temperatures greater than 1100degC, the thermal CVD yielded an unusual, diverging conical morphology. The microreactor studies suggest no new micrometer scale effects for thermal CVD. On the other hand, the microplasma discharges show beneficial effects on nanotube growth due to high plasma densities achieved at submillimeter reactor dimensions. The results suggest that the nanotube growth rates are proportional to plasma radical density.
The implications of CO production in electrical discharges

The high temperature chemistry of the N-O-H-C system has been studied to determine the production of NO and CO by atmospheric lightning. The yield of NO is found to be equivalent to results obtained for a pure N2/O2 atmosphere. The CO yield is highly dependent upon the detailed cooling processes within the discharge and thus an experiment designed to measure the CO source in discharges could yield useful insights into the discharge itself. An upper limit of 3.5 x 10 to the 11th g CO per yr is estimated for the global CO source from lightning.
Structure and composition of a strongly stratified, tidally pulsed river plume

[1] The initial composition of a river plume depends on the cumulative turbulent entrainment within the estuary and how this dilutes the supplied freshwater. Here we examine the relative roles of turbulence and freshwater input using observations from the Columbia River estuary and plume during two periods with contrasting river flow. Within the estuary, intense turbulence observed on flood and ebb stages is controlled by the bottom stress and scales with tidally dominated near-bottom velocity as utidal3. Shear associated with the estuarine circulation is found to have a much weaker influence on turbulence dissipation rates. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that properties of the Columbia River tidal plume should be controlled by the ratio of horizontal advection to turbulent mixing within the estuary. This ratio depends on the magnitude of freshwater river input (characterized by its volumetric flow rate Qf) as compared to turbulent fluxes due to tidal mixing. This is summarized in terms of the estuary Richardson number RiE, a nondimensional ratio between Qf and utidal3. From 17 tidally resolving offshore surveys during spring/neap tides and low/high river flows, we find that the plume's median salinity, thickness, and turbulent mixing are each predicted through RiE. It is hoped that these simple formulations will provide guidance in assessing critical properties of river plumes and their influence on coastal circulation.
Sociability and usability in online communities: Determining and measuring success

Little attention has focused so far on evaluating the success of online communities. This paper begins to identify some key determinants of sociability and usability that help to determine their success. Determinants of sociability include obvious measures such as the number of participants in a community, the number of messages per unit of time, members' satisfaction, and some less obvious measures such as amount of reciprocity, the number of on-topic messages, trustworthiness and several others. Measures of usability include numbers of errors, productivity, user satisfaction and others. The list is not exhaustive but it is intended to provide a starting point for research on this important topic that will lead to develop of metrics. To avoid creating false impressions it is advisable to use several measures and to triangulate with qualitative data, particularly from ethnographic studies.