cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment planning for intraoral maxillofacial prosthetics for cancer patients.

Abstract A preliminary study was made on 50 oral cancer patients. These patients were arbitrarily divided into “maxillary” and “mandibular” tumor groups, according to the proximity of the tumor site. These groups were compared with a matched control group of dental patients. This preliminary study suggested that there are differences between the two oral cancer groups, and these differences affect prosthetic treatment. Preponderantly, the tumors found in the mandibular cancer group were squamous cell carcinomas, while the maxillary cancer patients demonstrated more variation in tumor type. Patients in the maxillary tumor group were in a higher socioeconomic level, appeared more stable, and developed greater motivation for treatment. The maxillary tumor group of patients had more teeth present and the teeth were in better condition; these individuals offered a better prosthetic prognosis. The theory of excessive smoking and drinking in association with oral cancer patients is primarily confirmed in individuals with cancer approximating the mandible. Factors of which the prosthodontist should be aware are enumerated in the hope that he will consider the defect and prosthesis as part of the whole individual and not as a separate entity. In this manner, more successful prosthetic rehabilitation can be accomplished.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the brain of the developing chick.

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity has been studied in the brains of a series of chick embryos from stage 18 (67 hours) until hatching. Maximum values of 4 mμmoles triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) reduced per microgram protein per hour are obtained at 3 days' incubation followed by a decline and a second peak from 6 to 9 days and a steady decline to adult values of about 1 mμmole at hatching. This curve shows a striking parallel to that of mitotic activity, which precedes it, and of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which follows. It is postulated that after cellular proliferation an early step in neural differentiation consists of a transient rise in pentose cycle activity which provides pentose for RNA synthesis as well as providing TPNH for various reductive syntheses involved in differentiation.
Susceptibility to Predation of Blacktail Shiners Stained with Bismarck Brown Y

Abstract The use of Bismarck Brown Y as a tool in mark-and-recapture studies was tested under laboratory conditions. Dyed blacktail shiners, Notropis venustus, were consumed at a greater rate than control fish by largemouth bass and bluegill. When both dyed and control prey were anesthetized no preference was exhibited by largemouth bass. Selection of dyed fish by largemouth bass continued under different lighting conditions. Behavioral response rather than color is considered to be the primary factor effecting differences in selection. At least 6 h were required for the dyed fish to recover from the observable effects of the dyeing process. The use of the stain Bismarck Brown Y may introduce bias in population studies.
Influence of initial sheet temperature on ABS thermoforming

Understanding the effects of material and processing parameters on the thermoforming process is critical to the optimization of processing conditions and the development of better materials for high quality products. In this study we investigated the influence of initial temperature distribution over the sheet on the part thickness distribution of a vacuum snap-back forming process. The linear viscoelastic properties along with the Wagner two parameter nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model were utilized for numerical simulation of the thermoforming operation. Simulations of pre-stretched vacuum thermoforming with a relatively complex mold for a commercial refrigerator liner were conducted. The effects of temperature distribution over the sheet on the part thickness distribution were determined to examine process sensitivity and optimization. Effects of the temperature distribution on the material rheology and polymer/mold friction coefficient are primarily responsible for the changes in the thickness distribution. We found that even small temperature differences over the sheet greatly influenced bubble shape and pole position during the bubble growth stage and played a critical role in determining the part thickness distribution. These results are discussed in terms of rheological properties of polymers such as elongational viscosity and strain hardening.
Effect of Heating Methods on Mutagenic Activity and Yield of Mutagenic Compounds in Pyrolysis Products of Protein

Effects of temperature, atmosphere and time of heat treatment of albumin on mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, as well as the yield of mutagens, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole were determined in pyrolysis products. Mutagenic activity and mutagen content in the pyrolyzate increased progressively with heating temperature from 200 to 700°C. The effect of heating temperature differed depending on the heating atmosphere, i.e., N2 or air. At 200°C, pyrolyzate mutagenic activity increased with heating time up to 7 h, but the mutagenic principles indicated above were not detected.
At-Risk and Expert Teachers: Some Thoughts About Their Evaluation

For some time I have held two slightly inconsistent views about the evaluation of teachers. I believe that we have enough knowledge about the teaching/learning process in schools to create a valid evaluation system for identifying teachers whose students will succeed or fail to do well academically. In addition, I believe that formal evaluation systems have no useful role to play with teachers that are highly experienced, with reputations for being expert. The beliefs behind these two views are explored in this article.
Preliminary Design Considerations for 10-40 Meter-Diameter Precision Truss Reflectors

A simplified preliminary design capability for erectable precision segmented reflectors is presented. This design capability permits a rapid assessment of a wide range of reflector parameters as well as new structural concepts and materials. The preliminary design approach was applied to a range of precision reflectors from 10 meters to 100 meters in diameter while considering standard design drivers. The design drivers considered were: weight, fundamental frequency, launch packaging volume, part count, and on-orbit assembly time. For the range of parameters considered, on-orbit assembly time was identified as the major design driver. A family of modular panels is introduced which can significantly reduce the number of reflector parts and the on-orbit assembly time.
Completely rank-nonincreasing linear maps☆

Abstract We give purely algebraic characterizations of the maps that are approximate compressions or skew-compressions of a unital representation of a C ∗ -algebra. The key techniques used also relate to closures of joint similarity orbits of matrices and elementary maps on B(H).
Edge diffraction of a convergent wave

Closed-form solutions have been derived for the diffraction patterns at the focal plane of (1) a convergent wave of unit amplitude illuminating a segment of a circular aperture and (2) a convergent wave of Gaussian amplitude diffracted by an infinite edge. Photographs showing the main features of these edge transform patterns are presented together with computer-generated graphs.
Anticipatory cardiac deceleration prior to total body movement in grade school children.

Abstract A total of 16 males (mean age = 10.9 years) were tested on six trials of a signaled, running time task while heart rate was recorded. The preparatory interval varied randomly among 10, 15, or 20 sec. The response consisted of running a distance of 4.62 m. A triphasic heart rate response (deceleration-acceleration-deceleration) occurred following the warning signal. A stable deceleration below pre-stimulus levels was observed during the 5-sec period prior to the respond signal. Heart rate responses were not related to running time.
Vertical variability of soil properties in a small watershed

Abstract Coefficient of variation, spatial trends, and correlation structure of successive depth increments were determined for several soil properties along a 200 m line transect in a sloping field. Undisturbed soil cores were taken at 21 sites in nine depth increments (15 cm) to a 135 cm depth, and used for measurements of soil bulk density, texture, water retention at several different suctions, macroporosity, organic matter content, pH, and available phosphorus (P). For each depth interval, a trend was found in all of the soil properties horizontally along the line transect, which was described adequately by a second-degree polynomial. There was also a strong vertical trend in each soil property. This vertical trend was removed from the data by subtracting from them the values given by the polynomial fitted to the data for each depth interval along the line transect. The detrended data were then analyzed for correlation and semivariance between 21 values for one depth and corresponding values at depths separated by one, two, three, or four lags. These sets of correlations and semivariances provided a means to test the stationarity in their values for a given lag, at different depths in the soil. The results indicated a high degree of nonstationarity in the correlation coefficients and semivariances for all properties. However, for most properties several of the correlation coefficients were significant at small lags. The mean of the correlation coefficients decreased only slowly with increase in the number of lags, and the mean semivariance showed the opposite trend. The mean semivariograms were essentially linear within the distance of four lags (60 cm). These results enhance our understanding of the vertical spatial variability structure for applications in hydrologic modeling.
A 1.5-V, 10-bit, 14.3-MS/s CMOS pipeline analog-to-digital converter

A 1.5-V, 10-bit, 14.3-MS/s pipeline analog-to-digital converter was implemented in a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Emphasis was placed on observing device reliability constraints at low voltage. MOS switches were implemented without low-threshold devices by using a bootstrapping technique that does not subject the devices to large terminal voltages. The converter achieved a peak signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 58.5 dB, maximum differential nonlinearity of 11.5 least significant bit (LSB), maximum integral nonlinearity of 0.7 LSB, and a power consumption of 36 mW.
Dynamical Causal Learning

Current psychological theories of human causal learning and judgment focus primarily on long-run predictions: two by estimating parameters of a causal Bayes nets (though for different parameterizations), and a third through structural learning. This paper focuses on people's short-run behavior by examining dynamical versions of these three theories, and comparing their predictions to a real-world dataset.
Respiratory Rhythm Generation and Synaptic Inhibition of Expiratory Neurons in Pre-Bötzinger Complex: Differential Roles of Glycinergic and GABAergic Neural Transmission

Shao, Xuesi M. and Jack L. Feldman. Respiratory rhythm generation and synaptic inhibition of expiratory neurons in pre-Botzinger complex: differential roles of glycinergic and GABAergic neural tran...
DERIVATION AND APPLICATION OF THE STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS

The Stefan-Maxwell equations represent a special form of the species momentum equations that are used to determine species velocities. These species velociti...
Production of Mouse Interferon with High Titers in a Large-Scale Suspension Culture System1

ABSTRACT L-MS cells, adapted to grow in suspension, were obtained by selection from a high interferon (IF)-producing line of mouse L cell monolayers. A large volume of L-MS cells (20 liters or more; 1-2 †~ 101° cells) was readily grown in a spinner culture, retaining their ability to produce high yields of IF in serum-free medium following induction with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The optimal condition for the production of IF in the suspension culture of L-MS cells was established. The system also proved itself to be susceptible to IF induction by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I †E Poly C) and by NDV inactivated with ultraviolet light (NDV-UV). By employing the present system, large quantities of mouse IF of a high titer could be routinely prepared. Recent improvements in suspension culture techniques have enabled us to grow mam- malian cell lines in a large-scale system. These culture systems seem to be suitable for preparing large quantities of cells or cell products. However, in production and preparation of interferon (IF) from cultured cells, the monolayer culture system has been widely used, although it does not appear to be suitable for handling and growing a large volume of cells. Earlier, Cantell and Pau- cker [2] reported the production and release of mouse IF in L cells grown in suspension after induction with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but the titer was very low. Later, there have been only a few reports [5, 13] on the suspension culture system of mammalian cells for IF production except that of human leukocytes [6, 16]. Graff et al [5] prepared. NDV-induced IFfrom L-929 cells propa- gated in a relatively large-scale suspension system. Their system was a dialysis cultureusing a special cytogenerator, and the IF titer obtained fluctuated within a wide range. Mogensen et al [13] reported that mouse LS cells, adapted to grow in a protein-free medium [1], produced both Poly I - Poly C-and NDV-UV-induced IF in a spinner culture system, but the titers obtained were still very low as compared with other mouse IF produced in the monolayer system [9, 14]. Nevertheless, the system offered several technical advantages and suggested a possi-bility of producing large quantities of IF with high-specific activities. The LS cells used may have been a low IF producer. Alter- natively, the adaptation of the cells to growth in suspension may have caused an alteration in the IF-producing ability. Using a spinner culture technique intro-duced by Eagle [3] and Salzman [15], we have adapted a high IF-producing line of mouse L cells to grow stably in a large-scale suspension, which could yield large quantities of mouse IF in a suspension system. This paper details conditions for the production of a high-titered IF in the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells and media. L-MS cells, adapted to grow in suspension, were derived from a high
Point spread functions of the T2 decay in k-space trajectories with long echo train.

T2 decay during long echo trains of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pulse sequences is known to cause a blurring effect, due to the peak broadening of the point spread function (PSF). In contrast, the simultaneous amplitude-loss effect, led by the peak reduction of the PSF, has gained much less attention. In this report, we analyzed the PSFs of both the truncation and T2 decay for Cartesian (linear profile ordering and low-high ordering) and spiral trajectories, respectively. Then, we derived simple formulas to characterize both the blurring and amplitude-loss effects, which are functions of the ratios of the echo train duration (Tk) over T2 (Tk/T2). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per unit time was thus analyzed considering both the amplitude-loss effect induced by the T2 decay and the SNR gain from the long acquisition duration based on MR sampling theory. Optimum Tk/T2 ratios to achieve maximum SNR per unit time were 1.2 for the Cartesian trajectory and 0.8 for the spiral trajectory.
ACHIEVEMENT IN RELATED PSYCHOMOTOR TASKS AS INFLUENCED BY LEARNING STRATEGIES

An information-processing perspective for motor-task analysis was formulated, considering informational analysis, response demands, and feedback characteristics. Three strategies relevant to learning two versions of the same task, maze traversal, were identified. 8 men and 8 women were placed in strategies or no-strategies groups and attempted to traverse a maze as quickly as possible. The strategies group completed the related mazes faster than the control group.
Inductive learning in power system voltage control

The application of inductive learning to voltage control and contingency assessment of power systems is considered. The first application discussed is the identification of correct control amount for remedial actions. The inductive learning application is intended to obtain a decision tree which identifies a proper value of the low voltage limit. It is shown that learning capability can be incorporated into a voltage control expert system (VCES) by including a decision tree. The VCES obtains the appropriate low voltage limit from a precomputed decision tree. The software implementation of th VCES with learning capability is described. The VCES with a learning module is integrated into the dispatcher training modulator environment. The second application is an attempt to use inductive learning to identify critical operating conditions/outages which may cause voltage problems in a power system. The selected attributes, generation of the training and test sets, and the numerical results are summarized. >
Cobalt and zinc interreplacement in marine phytoplankton: Biological and geochemical implications

Zinc is used extensively in the metabolism of higher organisms; cobalt’s usage is minimal. We found an unusual pattern of requirement for these metals in marine phyto,plankton in which the cyanobacterium Synechococcus bacillaris needed Co but not Zn for growth, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi had a Co requirement that could be partly met by Zn, and the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Thalassiosira oceanica had Zn requirements that could be largely met by Co. These results indicate that Co and Zn can replace one another metabolically in the eucaryotic species. Associated with this replacement, there was up to a 700-fold increase in cellular Co uptake rates with decreasing 2.n. ion concentration, indicating that Zn should have a major influence on biological scavenging of Co. This hypothesis is consistent with Zn and Co distributions within the oceanic nutricline which show Co depletion only after Zn has become depleted. Zn ion concentrations and Co : Zn ratios vary widely in the ocean, and these variations could influence the relative growth of diatoms and coccolithophores, with potential effects on global carbon cycles. Zinc, an essential micronutrient, is a component of nearly 300 enzymes involved in virtually all aspects of metabolism (Vallee and Auld 1990). It typically occurs in surface oceanic waters at concentrations 10.1 nM (Bruland and Franks 1983), - l/lOOth the levels found in coastal waters (Evans 1977). Previous experiments have shown that oceanic phytoplankton have adapted to the low levels of Zn in their environment by reducing their cellular Zn requirement, but the mechanisms by which they have done so are unknown (Brand et al. 1983; Sunda and Huntsman 1992). One possibility is the replacement of Zn in enzymatic sites by other chemically similar metals. Both cobalt and cadmium have been shown to partially replace Zn metabolically in the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Price and Morel 1990). Our previous growth limitation experiments comparing Zn requirements of oceanic and coastal species were conducted in media with added Co but not Cd. Thus, a metabolic replacement of Zn by Co could explain the low growth requirement for Zn we previously observed (Sunda and Huntsman 1992). To test this hypothesis, we measured relationships among free ion concentrations of Co and Zn, cellular concentrations and uptake rates of these two metals, and growth rate in the coastal cyanobacterium Synechococcus bacillaris and three eucaryotic species we examined previously (Sunda and Huntsman 1992): the oceanic and coastal diatoms, Thalassiosira oceanica and Thalassiosira pseudonana, and the dominant oceanic coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. The results were compared with oceanic distributions of Zn, Co, and major nutrient concentrations within the nutricline of the North Pacific and
Generalized procedure calling and content-directed invocation

We suggest that the concept of a strategy can profitably be viewed as knowledge about how to select from among a set of plausibly useful knowledge sources, and explore the framework for knowledge organization which this implies. We describe meta rules, a means of encoding strategies that has been implemented in a program called TEIRESIAS, and explore their utility and contribution to problem solving performance.Meta rules are also considered in the broader context of a tool for programming. We show that they can be considered a medium for expressing the criteria for retrieval of knowledge sources in a program, and hence can be used to define control regimes. The utility of this as a programming mechanism is considered.Finally, we describe the technique of content-directed invocation used by meta rules, and consider its use as a way of implementing strategies. It is also considered in historical perspective as a knowledge source invocation technique, and its advantage over some existing mechanisms like goal-directed invocation is considered.This work was supported in part by the Bureau of Health Sciences Research and Evaluation of HEW under Grant HS-01544 and by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under ARPA Order 2494. It was carried out on the SUMEX Computer System, supported by the NIH under Grant RR-00785. The views expressed are solely those of the author.
Stuck in the suburbs? Gendered perspectives on living at the edge of the post-communist city

One of the most notable processes of urban spatial restructuring in Eastern Europe since the end of communism has been that of suburbanization. The literature on suburbanization in Western contexts has firmly shown its gender-laden nature. Yet there have been few studies of the gender impacts of post-communist suburbanization. In this paper, I aim to partially fill this gap in the literature by exploring men’s and women’s views on living in the post-communist suburbs of the Bulgarian capital of Sofia. Using a survey of 250 suburban residents and two dozen in-depth interviews, I show that men and women have different suburban experiences. Women find it harder to get to central Sofia than do men. And although female employment rates remain high, suburban women report becoming more dependent on their male partners and having greater difficulty in balancing commutes, paid work and household responsibilities.
Hydrothermal and metamorphic berthierine from the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Timmins, Ontario

Berthierine, a 7 A pe-Al member of the serpentine group, occurs in the footwall stringer zone of the Archean Kidd Creek massive sulfide deposit, Ontario, associated with quartz, muscovite, chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and local tourmaline' cassiterite, and halloysite. Berthierine has been identified by the lack of 14 A basal reflections on X-ray powder diffractionpattems, by its composition (electron-microprobe data), and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Peoogaphic and scanning eiectron microscopic (SEM) studies reveal different types of berthierine occulrences, including interlayers within and rims on deformed chlorite, intergrowths with muscovite and halloysite, and discrete coarse grains. TEM images show thick packets of berthierine and chlorite that are parallel or related by low-angle boundaries, and layer terminations of chlorite by berthierine; mixedJayer chlorite-berthierine also is observed, intergrown with Fe-rich chlorite and berthierine. End-member (Mg-free) berthierine is present in small domains in two samples. The Kidd Creek berthierine is chemically similar to berthierine from other localities, and to Fe-rich chlorite from a variety of geological settings. This is the first reported occurence of berthierine from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Textural relations suggest that most of the Kidd Creek berthierine formed as a primary hydrothermal mineral at relatively high temperatures (*350"C) in the footwall stringer zone, probably by the replacement of a pie-existing aluminous phase such as muscovite or chlorite. However, the intergrowth textures observed by SEM and TEM suggest that some oftheberthierine originatedby syn- orpost-metamorphic replacement ofchlorite. The difficulty ofidentifying berthierine by routine petrographic, X-ray, and elecfon-microprobe methods suggests that much ofthe Fe-rich chlorite described from modem and ancient massive sulfide deposits may instead be berthierine.
Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation: a new forum for the exchange of information to integrate materials, manufacturing, and design engineering innovations

A number of contemporary studies have concluded that the research and engineering activities across materials, manufacturing, and product design need to be more closely coupled to enable responsive product innovation and delivery [1-3]. The recurrent themes in these studies point out that the fields of materials and manufacturing must strive to become more quantitative and predictive and have to reshape and integrate their engineering practices and outputs to better synchronize with product design engineering frameworks. This philosophy is strongly embraced by a relatively new discipline known as Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) which seeks to accelerate the development and deployment of advanced materials [3]. The complexities and opportunities of a fully engaged global research and manufacturing enterprise and the rapid speed of present day product design cycles demand a new ICME-based paradigm for how we work, collaborate, and share knowledge. Hence the time is right to introduce Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation (IMMI), a new journal that focuses on the issues and opportunities facing the materials and manufacturing community in building this new paradigm. The community is becoming ever more reliant on global collaboration, integrated design teams, digital data, computational modeling, and more complex and high throughput experimentation. In addition to integrating these themes in one publication venue, it is clear we need to evolve not only the way in which we disseminate ideas and information, but the format and richness in which it is shared. This journal will promote a discourse that fosters ICME, the accelerated implementation of advanced materials in the product design cycle, and the minimization of the disciplinary
Asymmetric synthesis of amines by action of baker's yeast on oximes

Abstract Chiral 2-aminobutane (58% e.e. of (R) - isomer) was obtained from 2-butanone oxime (44% excess of (E)-isomer) by fermenting bakerus yeast. The less toxic 2-butanone oxime acetate (40% excess of (E)-isomer) also yielded chiral amine, 24% e.e. (R)-isomer.
Phase I trial and correlative laboratory studies of bryostatin 1 (NSC 339555) and high-dose 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in patients with refractory acute leukemia.

A Phase I trial has been conducted in patients with refractory/relapsed acute leukemia in which escalating doses of the protein kinase C (PKC) activator and down-regulator bryostatin 1 (NSC399555), administered as a 24-h continuous infusion on days 1 and 11, were given immediately before and after a split course of high-dose 1--D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (HiDAC; 1.5 g/m 2 every 12 h 4) administered on days 2 and 3, and 9 and 10. The bryostatin 1 maximally tolerated dose (MTD) was identified as 50 g/m 2 , with myalgias representing the major dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Other DLTs included prolonged neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and hepatotoxicity. Of the 23 patients who completed their course of therapy and were fully evaluable for response, the large majority of whom had unfavorable prognostic characteristics, 4 complete remissions (CRs) were obtained. An additional 3 patients were treated at a 3 g/m 2 ara-C (1--D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) dose level to determine whether this HiDAC dose could be administered in conjunction with bryostatin 1. All 3 of these patients experienced DLT, and this dose was considered above the MTD. However, one of the latter patients, who was heavily pretreated, also achieved a CR that persisted 5 months without maintenance. Finally, 1 patient post-HiDAC and autologous bone marrow transplantation achieved a 5 month leukemia-free survival although she did not meet the criteria for a CR because of persistent transfusion requirements. Correlative laboratory studies performed on blasts from 9 patients revealed that in vivo administration of bryostatin 1 resulted in variable effects on total blast PKC activity, including decreases in 4 samples, increases in 2, and no change in 3. Previous in vivo bryostatin 1 exposure also exerted disparate effects on the extent of apoptosis observed in blasts exposed to ara-C ex vivo, although increases were noted in a subset of patient samples. Interestingly, in vivo administration of bryostatin 1 by itself induced lethality in some patient specimens. No clear relationship between the in vivo effects of bryostatin 1 on blast PKC activity and the extent of ara-C-related apoptosis that occurred ex vivo was apparent. Together, these findings demonstrate that bryostatin 1 can be safely administered as a continuous infusion before and after a split course of HiDAC in patients with refractory leukemia, and identify the bryostatin 1 MTD as 50 g/m 2 when given by this schedule. Furthermore, the achievement of several CRs in the setting of a Phase I trial in which many patients had particularly high-risk features (e.g., short initial remission, previous HiDAC or autologous bone marrow transplantation, and multiple previous salvage regimens) suggests that this regimen has activity in acute leukemia and warrants additional investigation.
Subsidies, Hierarchy and Peers: The Awkward Economics of Higher Education

Higher education is a business: it produces and sells educational services to customers for a price and it buys inputs with which to make that product. Production is subject to technological constraints. Costs and revenues discipline decisions and determine the long-run viability of a college or university. ‘‘But higher education is not just a business.’’ While that statement is often meant to imply that higher education is nobler than business—more decent and humane in the purposes it serves—it can also mean that even in economic terms higher education is, in important ways, simply different from a business. This paper asks how well our extensive experience with commercial businesses—and the microeconomic theory of firms and markets that has evolved to describe them—helps in understanding the economics of higher education. That experience and those insights will be used by trustees, politicians, administrators, lawyers, reporters and the public, as well as by economists, to understand and evaluate the behavior of colleges and universities. So it is useful to ask how safe it is to use ‘‘the economic analogy’’ in the context of higher education, drawing parallels between universities and firms, students and customers, faculty and labor markets, and so on. The discussion here seeks to identify the key economic features of higher education that make it different from familiar for-profit industries and to ask what difference those differences make. This is a stick that can be picked up from either end. One approach is to start with meticulous economic theory and see how far it can be made to encompass the economic realities of higher education. An excellent recent paper by Rothschild and White (1995) does that. In their matching model, students and colleges meet
Biochemical and structural properties of mouse kynurenine aminotransferase III.

Kynurenine aminotransferase III (KAT III) has been considered to be involved in the production of mammalian brain kynurenic acid (KYNA), which plays an important role in protecting neurons from overstimulation by excitatory neurotransmitters. The enzyme was identified based on its high sequence identity with mammalian KAT I, but its activity toward kynurenine and its structural characteristics have not been established. In this study, the biochemical and structural properties of mouse KAT III (mKAT III) were determined. Specifically, mKAT III cDNA was amplified from a mouse brain cDNA library, and its recombinant protein was expressed in an insect cell protein expression system. We established that mKAT III is able to efficiently catalyze the transamination of kynurenine to KYNA and has optimum activity at relatively basic conditions of around pH 9.0 and at relatively high temperatures of 50 to 60°C. In addition, mKAT III is active toward a number of other amino acids. Its activity toward kynurenine is significantly decreased in the presence of methionine, histidine, glutamine, leucine, cysteine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine. Through macromolecular crystallography, we determined the mKAT III crystal structure and its structures in complex with kynurenine and glutamine. Structural analysis revealed the overall architecture of mKAT III and its cofactor binding site and active center residues. This is the first report concerning the biochemical characteristics and crystal structures of KAT III enzymes and provides a basis toward understanding the overall physiological role of mammalian KAT III in vivo and insight into regulating the levels of endogenous KYNA through modulation of the enzyme in the mouse brain.
Molecular Probe Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

In this paper, we report our proof-of-concept demonstration of using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a new surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor platform. A liquid core PCF (LCPCF) is fabricated by sealing the cladding holes of a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) while leaving the central core channel open to the outside. In this case, the analyte/SERS solution will only fill the central hole of the HCPCF. Additionally, theoretical simulation ensures that light is well confined in the core of a LCPCF. R6G solutions were used to test the sensor and excitation power dependence was demonstrated.
Trends in nonoperative management of traumatic injuries - A synopsis.

Nonoperative management of both blunt and penetrating injuries can be challenging. During the past three decades, there has been a major shift from operative to increasingly nonoperative management of traumatic injuries. Greater reliance on nonoperative, or “conservative” management of abdominal solid organ injuries is facilitated by the various sophisticated and highly accurate noninvasive imaging modalities at the trauma surgeon's disposal. This review discusses selected topics in nonoperative management of both blunt and penetrating trauma. Potential complications and pitfalls of nonoperative management are discussed. Adjunctive interventional therapies used in treatment of nonoperative management-related complications are also discussed. Republished with permission from: Stawicki SPA. Trends in nonoperative management of traumatic injuries – A synopsis. OPUS 12 Scientist 2007;1(1):19-35.
Multiphoton writing of three-dimensional fluidic channels within a porous matrix

We demonstrate a facile method for fabricating novel 3D microfluidic channels by using two-photon-activated chemistry to locally switch the interior surface of a porous host from a hydrophobic state to a hydrophilic state. The 3D structures can be infilled selectively with water and/or hydrophobic oil with a minimum feature size of only a few micrometers. We envision that this approach may enable the fabrication of complex microfluidic structures that cannot be easily formed via current technologies.
Analysis and design of the Schelkunoff-Friis antenna

Quasi-static (QS) analysis of the Schelkunoff-Friis antenna or asymptotic conical dipole (ACD), previously confined to computation of the effective height and the capacitance, is extended to yield the inductance. This results in a complete equivalent circuit that is useful below first resonance and exact for vanishingly small frequencies. Equipotential contours, obtained using Mathsoft's Mathcad, permit low-frequency designs to be based on the maximum height and the capacitance, both specified arbitrarily. For use as a wideband wave launcher at frequencies above first resonance, this paper shows how the characteristic impedance of the conical region near the feed is related to the equivalent charge and surface potential governing the shape. Using Ansoft's HFSS program, low-frequency behavior is shown to agree with QS results asymptotically and wideband impedance behavior is demonstrated.
Highly functionalizable penta-coordinate iron hydrogen production catalysts with low overpotentials

Penta-coordinate iron carbonyl complexes that are built around the rigid Fe(PNP) motif (PNP = (C6H5)2PN(R)P(C6H5)2) are synthesized and structurally and spectroscopically characterized. These complexes allow for facile customization of the secondary ligand sphere with various types of linkers and functional groups. The new [Fe(S2C6H4)(PNP)(CO)] complexes show dihydrogen production electrocatalysis at overpotentials of 0.09-0.21 V vs. Pt under mildly acidic conditions (and activities from 0.28 to 3.51 s(-1)). The most active compound exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 3.51 s(-1) at an overpotential of only 0.15 V vs. Pt. Trends in activity are further analyzed. It is found that (a) a decrease in overpotential correlates strongly with the electron withdrawing strength of the PNP amine substituent, and (b) aliphatic substituents give comparatively higher TOFs than aromatic ones. An EC-type mechanism is shown to proceed by initial reduction of the Fe(II) metal center and proposed formation of an Fe(III) hydride intermediate. Analogous cobalt compounds were synthesized and characterized, but were found to have low stability in acidic media under turnover conditions, and hence, are unsuitable as catalysts for proton reduction.
Revision of the green lacewing subgenus Ankylopteryx (Sencera) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae).

The Australasian and Oriental green lacewing subgenus Ankylopteryx (Sencera) Navas (Chrysopinae: Ankylopterygini) is examined and its diversity and placement among other members of the tribe Ankylopterygini is discussed. After study of specimens spanning the full distribution and anatomical range of variation for the subgenus, all prior putative species, resulting in the sole valid species are newly synonymized, Ankylopteryx (Sencera) anomala (Brauer). Accordingly, the following new synonymies are established: Sencera scioneura Navas, syn. n., Sencera feae Navas, syn. n., and Sencera exquisita Nakahara, syn. n. [all under the name Ankylopteryx (Sencera) anomala]. A lectotype is newly designated for Ankylopteryx (Sencera) anomala so as to stabilize the application of the name. To support our hypotheses, the wing and general body coloration as well as the male genitalia are reviewed. We elaborate on the possibility of Ankylopteryx (Sencera) anomala being nothing more than an autapomorphic species of Ankylopteryx Brauer, as it was originally described. The species is not sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition as a separate subgenus within the group, and most certainly not as its own genus as has been advocated by past authors. Nonetheless, we do not for now go so far as to synonymize the subgenus until a more extensive phylogenetic analysis is undertaken with multiple representative species from across Ankylopteryx and other ankylopterygine genera. Lastly, we comment on the biology of Ankylopteryx (Sencera) anomala in terms of the attraction of males to methyl eugenol and on the widespread practice of splitting within Chrysopidae.
Curbside Consultations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Curbside consultations are as old as our medical profession. Professional communication and interaction around best patient care is valuable, educational, and necessary. As consultants, we have special knowledge about how to manage people with digestive disorders and often are willing to share our expertise. We also understand that the days of leisurely lunch discussions in the “Doctor’s Dining Room” are long gone. Nowadays, even my wife tunes me out if my sentences exceed 140 characters. In this age of rapid electronic communication, Dr Lin and colleagues remind us of some critical legal and professional parameters related to curbside consultations. I hope you enjoy this month’s “Road Ahead” column.
Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Control

The tongue is one of the most intriguing of the skeletal muscles, considering that it consists of several muscles and as a group, takes many shapes. It plays a vital role in respiration, suckling, acquiring and manipulating food, swallowing, and speech. Obviously, not all species use the tongue in the same way, so the tongue has adapted to deform into different shapes and mechanisms of movement to meet the needs of the animal. Even when considering only mammalian tongues, two categories of tongue have been proposed (Doran 1975). The type II tongues in animals such as marsupials, monotremes, and pholidota protrude at least 100 % of their resting length to gather food such as ants or flies. Many of these tongues reach their prodigious lengths by a hydrostatic mechanism typically created by contraction of the vertical and transverse lingual muscles, compressing the longitudinal muscles, resulting in more elongation of the tongue (McClung and Goldberg 2000; Smith and Kier 1989). While intriguing, the type II tongues are not discussed further.
Replies to Byrne, McGrath, and McLaughlin

1. Byrne’s comments are concerned with my account of visual phenomenology. Among other things, he argues that the account is poorly motivated. As he sees it, the motivation depends principally on erroneous assumptions about the vocabulary we use in discussing appearances—most prominently ‘‘looks,’’ but also ‘‘seems’’ and ‘‘appears’’ itself. When these errors are cleared away, he maintains, there are very few remaining data that I can cite in support of my position. I believe that I can answer Byrne’s objections in a satisfactory way, but I want to begin by saying that I’ve found his observations about the meanings of ‘‘looks’’ and related terms challenging and (ultimately!) helpful. Certainly they advance the discussion far beyond anything I have said. Alas, I will only be able to respond to the subset of Byrne’s remarks that bear most directly on my project. 2. My account of visual phenomenology consists principally of three propositions. First, there is the claim that visual phenomenology is determined by visual appearances. In the words of Jaegwon Kim, visual qualia ‘‘are, by definition, the ways that things look, seem, and appear to conscious observers’’ (Kim 2006, p. 225). The second claim is that the ways objects appear to us are influenced
Bacteremia in Narcotic Addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. I. Microbiology, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Empiric Therapy

The changing microbiology of bacteremia among narcotic addicts in Detroit raised concerns about current presumptive antimicrobial therapy. In a one-year study of incidence, microbiology, sites, and risk factors, 180 bacteremic addicts (15% of addict-related admissions) were followed prospectively. Cases of bacteremia were caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (33%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, 24%), streptococci (20%), mixed organisms (11%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9%), and miscellaneous other single organisms (3%). Endocarditis (41%) and abscess or cellulitis (34%) were usually found. Multivariate analysis of host factors and addiction habits yielded results predictive of bacterial species but not of infection sites. Previous hospitalization, long-term addiction, and nonprescribed antibiotic use were associated with MRSA acquisition (odds ratio, 8.6:1). All addicts with polymicrobial or P. aeruginosa bacteremia abused pentazocine and tripelennamine (P = .05). Many of the addicts with streptococcal bacteremia were women who did not abuse antibiotics (odds ratio, 20.7:1). Physicians inappropriately prescribed empiric antibiotics for 67 of 72 addicts with MRSA, P. aeruginosa, or polymicrobial infection. The results of regression analysis suggest that, guided by the patient's history, the physician can prescribe appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy for bacteremia in the febrile addict in Detroit.
Poliomyelitis infection in cortisone-treated hamsters induced by the intraperitoneal route.

SummaryIt was possible to produce a violent and uniformly fatal poliomyelitis infection in the hamster by the intraperitoneal route following treatment with cortisone. The disease was accompanied by a pronounced viremia apparently due to the multiplication of the virus outside of the central nervous system under these conditions. No clinical infection was observed in non-treated hamsters thus inoculated. No disease was produced following the intraperitoneal inoculation of the virus in the hamsters receiving ACTH.
Creating the Right Atmosphere: An Autoregressive Technique For Making Simulated Atmospheres Match Telemetry

Custom-made autoregressive atmospheres can be generated in a computationally efficient manner for use in more realistic simulations by closely reflecting metrics (like r0) extracted from telemetry gathered by the wavefront sensors on Adaptive Optics systems.
Common genes regulate food and ethanol intake in Drosophila

The abuse liability of alcohol (ethanol) is believed to result in part from its actions on neurobiological substrates that underlie the motivation toward food and other natural reinforcers, and a growing body of evidence indicates that these substrates are broadly conserved among animal phyla. Understanding the extent to which the substrates regulating ethanol and food intake overlap is an important step toward developing therapeutics that selectively reduce ethanol intake. In the current experiments, we measured food and ethanol intake in Recombinant Inbred (RI) lines of Drosophila melanogaster using several assays, and then calculated genetic correlations to estimate the degree to which common genes might underlie behavior in these assays. We found that food intake and ethanol intake as measured in the capillary assay are genetically correlated traits in D. melanogaster, as well as in a panel of 11 Drosophila species that we tested subsequently. RI line differences in food intake in a dyed food assay were genetically unrelated to ethanol intake in the capillary assay or to ethanol preference measured using an olfactory trap apparatus. Using publicly available gene expression data, we found that expression profiles across the RI lines of a number of genes (including the D2-like dopamine receptor, DOPA decarboxylase, and fruitless) correlated with the RI line differences in food and ethanol intake we measured, while the expression profiles of other genes, including NPF, and the NPF and 5-HT2 receptors, correlated only with ethanol intake or preference. Our results suggest that food and ethanol intake are regulated by some common genes in Drosophila, but that other genes regulate ethanol intake independently of food intake. These results have implications toward the development of therapeutics that preferentially reduce ethanol intake.
A Review of Bundled and Unbundled Post-Sale Service Options

Products have become increasingly complex in recent years, thereby increasing the post-sale risks to the purchaser. Although a variety of ways for obtaining post sale product servicing have evolved from a customer perspective, little discussion is devoted to post-sale product planning in marketing texts. Various options for the provision of post-sale product service are reviewed from the seller's perspective, including both bundled and unbundled options. A matrix of post-sale service options is proposed for use in product planning.