cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐591: Improvement of IMRT Plan Quality with Non‐Isocentric Beam Arrangement for Head and Neck Cancers

Purpose: Selection of beam orientations are sometime limited by geometric confliction raised from isocentric setup. The recent introduction of robotic couch (e.g., Treago, Siemens) in linac room opens door for using non‐isocentric beams. We study the dosimetric advantages of using non‐isocentric beams over conventional isocentric beams for IMRT of head and neck cancers.Method and Materials: Because of complicated anatomic geometric relationship between planning target volumes (PTV) and surrounding organs at risk (OAR), IMRT plan quality for head and neck cancers is often affected by the selection of beam orientations. In this work, isocentric and non‐isocentric IMRT plans were generated for 10 representative head and neck cases using a treatment planning system (XiO, CMS). Non‐isocentric beams were determined based on the locations, sizes and shapes of the PTV and OARs with appropriate gantry/couch angle and couch position, to maximally avoid direct expose of OARs. Same dose volume constraints were used in the generation of isocentric and non‐isocentric plans. The two plans were compared using various parameters, including conformity index (CI), uniformity index (UI), V30 (volume receiving 30 Gy) and V15, and an overall plan quality indicator, f EUD calculated based on the equivalent uniform doses (EUD) for both targets and OARs. Results: The dose coverage and uniformity of PTV are generally comparable between the two plans for the cases studied. Normal tissue sparing is however improved with non‐isocentric plan. For example, the values of V30 of parotid gland, V30 and V15 of cord, for non‐isocentric plans are reduced with p‐values = 0.032, 0.040 and 0.049, respectively. Comparison of f EUD shows that the overall plan quality for a non‐isocentric plan is improved. Conclusion: Non‐isocentric beam arrangement, which can be efficiently delivered with a robotic couch, can improve IMRT plan quality for head and neck cancers as compared to the conventional isocentric beams.
Differential Accumulation and Tissue Distribution of Mosquito Hexamerins During Metamorphosis

Abstract The pupal hexamerins were characterized for two mosquitoes representative of the culicine and anopheline families, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Like higher Diptera, both mosquito species express two types of hexamerins, Hex-1 and Hex-2, whose subunits are distinguished by different levels of methionine and aromatic amino acids. In A. aegypti there are two heterohexamers, AaHex-1 and AaHex-2. In A. gambiae there are two homohexamers, AgHex-1.1 and AgHex-1.2, and one heterohexamer, AgHex-2. These hexamerins are rich in aromatic residues, with 18–23% Phe+Tyr for Hex-1 subunits and 13–17% Phe+Tyr for Hex-2 subunits. In addition, both mosquito species synthesize methionine-rich Hex-1 subunits: Aedes AaHex-1γ (8% met) and Anopheles AgHex-1.1 (3.9% met). Aedes Hex-1 and Hex-2 proteins exhibit different, stage-specific tissue distributions: AaHex-2 is the primary hexamerin of late larval hemolymph whereas AaHex-1 is the most important non-hemolymph protein of early pupae. Although both proteins are stored in the pupal fat body, peak AaHex-1 levels are 2-fold higher. Both pupal protein levels decline rapidly between 25 and 36 h after pupation. Furthermore, AaHex-1 not only reaches peak values in female Aedes pupae later than in males, but the methionine-rich AaHex-1γ subunit level is specifically higher in females. These observations suggest different roles for Hex-1 and Hex-2 during mosquito development.
Chemotactic signaling in filamentous cells of Escherichia coli

Video techniques were used to record chemotactic responses of filamentous cells of Escherichia coli stimulated iontophoretically with aspartate. Long, nonseptate cells were produced from polyhook strains either by introducing a cell division mutation or by growth in the presence of cephalexin. Markers indicating rotation of flagellar motors were attached with anti-hook antibodies. Aspartate was applied by iontophoretic ejection from a micropipette, and the effects on the direction of rotation of the markers were measured. Motors near the pipette responded, whereas those sufficiently far away did not, even when the pipette was near the cell surface. The response of a given motor decreased as the pipette was moved away, but it did so less steeply when the pipette remained near the cell surface than when it was moved out into the external medium. This shows that there is an internal signal, but its range is short, only a few micrometers. These experiments rule out signaling by changes in membrane potential, by simple release or binding of a small molecule, or by diffusion of the receptor-attractant complex. A likely candidate for the signal is a protein or ligand that is activated by the receptor and inactivated as it diffuses through the cytoplasm. The range of the signal was found to be substantially longer in a cheZ mutant, suggesting that the product of the cheZ gene contributes to this inactivation.
HIV/AIDS as Business Risk A South African Case Study

This article utilizes a political system framework to trace the political sources of business risk stemming from the unfolding HIV/AIDS generalized epidemic in South Africa. The article integrates ...
Clinical Aspects: Focusing on Key Unique Organ-Specific Issues of Renal Transplantation

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease because of improved patient survival and quality of life as compared with dialysis. Successful transplantation requires the prompt recognition and appropriate management of both the immediate posttransplant surgical and medical complications as well as subsequent issues like recurrent disease and chronic rejection that affect long-term graft survival. Guidelines for understanding and managing some of the more important early and late kidney-specific transplant problems, including urologic complications, delayed graft function, acute and chronic rejection, BK polyoma virus infection, and recurrent glomerular disease, are reviewed.
Person: an economic agent for the electronic age

Purpose – To demonstrate that person and the philosophy of personalism are more relevant to contemporary economic affairs than individual and the philosophy of individualism.Design/methodology/approach – This paper addresses two tasks. First, it provides a sketch of what it means to approach economic affairs from the perspective of person and personalism versus individual and individualism. Second, it traces the origins of personalist economics to Aristotle, Aquinas, and Smith, shows why personalist economics departs from mainstream economics, and how it is linked to Weber and Walras principally through Schumpeter.Findings – This paper provides a schematic showing that personalist economics originates with Aristotle, Aquinas, and Smith without embracing the individualism of the Enlightenment and a timeline that connects the three stages of human communication – oral/aural, script, and electronic – to the evolution of economics since the Enlightenment.Research limitations/implications – This paper challeng...
Sodium Alginate Plus Modified Tapioca Starch Improves Properties of Low-Fat Beef Patties

Sodium alginate (A) in combination with modified tapioca starch (T) was evaluated in low-fat beef patties cooked by broiling or grilling to 68 or 74°C. Added water was used with AT formulations at 7% (AT7) or 14% (AT14) levels. In comparisons with all-beef patties (8 and 20% fat), AT provided improvements in tenderness, juiciness and cooking yields without increasing fat retention or affecting beef flavor. In sensory comparisons with 14 commercially processed, low-fat beef patties, AT7 and 14 patties received the highest ratings. Combined use of A and T would provide improved acceptability of low-fat patties over that from using single fat replacers.
Employment status and frequent mental distress among adults with disabilities.

Background It has been postulated that poor mental health can lead to disability and disability can lead to unemployment. However, the association between poor mental health and employment status among adults with disabilities has not been well characterized in population-based studies. Aim To examine the association between employment status and frequent mental distress (FMD; 14 or more mentally unhealthy days during the previous 30 days) among adults with disabilities. Methods Cross-sectional data were analysed for 47 377 community-dwelling US adults aged 25-64 years with disabilities that participated in the 2001 and 2003 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System. Logistic regression analysis was applied. Results Among adults with disabilities, the unadjusted prevalence of FMD was 18% (SE 0.4) among those employed, 40% (SE 1.3) among those unemployed and 44% (SE 0.8) among those unable to work. After adjustments were made for age, sex and race/ethnicity, the results indicated that adults with disabilities who were unemployed or unable to work were significantly more likely than those employed to have FMD (adjusted prevalence: 39 and 45%, respectively, versus 18%; P < 0.001). These associations persisted after further adjusting for education, marital status, health risk behaviours, body mass index, health care coverage and self-rated general health (34 and 36%, respectively, versus 19%; P < 0.001). Conclusion These findings demonstrate the need for research and development of public health interventions to reduce the toll of mental distress among all adults with disabilities.
Understanding Insecure IT: Practical Risk Assessment

Risk assessment involves gathering and evaluating risk information so that enterprise stakeholders can make mitigation decisions. Once we identify the risks, we can rank the probability of each one's occurrence and its impact on the organization. Some risks are more likely to occur than others, and different risks can affect an organization in different ways, so a practical risk assessment can help ensure that enterprises identify the most significant risks and determine the best actions for mitigating them.
Application of Media Literacy and Cultural Studies in K–12 Social Studies Curricula

In 2009 the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) released a position statement calling for the implementation of media literacy in social studies education. NCSS argues that if today's students are to become engaged citizens as adults, they must acquire the skills and knowledge associated with media literacy. Using this position statement as foundation, I developed a media literacy framework for use in the social studies classroom that applies prevailing theories on media and cultural studies. For consumers of media to engage in the practice of citizenship they need to acquire the tools needed to negotiate the waters of the many media texts that are produced. For a consumer of media texts to negotiate the meaning and influence of those texts, that consumer must use a framework that applies approaches that are historical, empirical, interpretive, and critical. As we shall see, these approaches are necessary if citizens are to engage effectively in a democracy that is flooded with such texts.
Performance bounds on state-feedback controllers with network delay

This paper describes a convex optimization approach to bound the performance degradation of control systems subject to network loop delay. We consider a linear time-invariant continuous-time plant connected over a communication network to a remote controller. The network introduces bounded but time-varying delays between the controller and plant. We establish an upper bound on the worst-case performance degradation due to the network delays as a function of the delay bound, which can be used as a design parameter for the networked implementation. Numerical simulation results illustrate the degree of conservativeness of the bound.
Holographic thought experiments

The Hamiltonian of classical anti\char21{}de Sitter gravity is a pure boundary term on-shell. If this remains true in nonperturbative quantum gravity then (i) boundary observables will evolve unitarily in time and (ii) the algebra of boundary observables is the same at all times. In particular, information available at the boundary at any one time ${t}_{1}$ remains available at any other time ${t}_{2}$. Since there is also a sense in which the equations of motion propagate information into the bulk, these observations raise what may appear to be potential paradoxes concerning simultaneous (or spacelike separated) measurements of noncommuting observables, one at the asymptotic boundary and one in the interior. We argue that such potentially paradoxical settings always involve a breakdown of semiclassical gravity. In particular, we present evidence that making accurate holographic measurements over short time scales radically alters the familiar notion of causality. We also describe certain less intrinsically paradoxical settings which illustrate the above boundary unitarity and render the notion more concrete.
Medir a discriminação

Debates about the contemporary relevance of discrimination have been clouded by a lack of rigorous measurement techniques. How can we disentangle the effects of race from the many other sources of social inequality? What are the obstacles to developing reliable measures of racial discrimination? This article addresses the state-of-the-art approaches to measuring discrimination, including studies of perceptions, attitude surveys, statistical analyses, laboratory and field experiments, and provides a brief overview of the varying approaches, examining their unique strengths and limitations. While no research method is without flaws, careful consideration of the range of methods available helps to match one's research question with the appropriate empirical strategy.
Numerical constraints on rates of metamorphism, fluid production, and fluid flux during regional metamorphism

One-dimensional numerical models of regional metamorphism were constructed in order to constrain rates of metamorphism, rates of fluid production, and fluid flux as a function of time and position in thickened continental crust. Four end-member numerical experiments result from combinations of sawtooth (single thrust) versus homogeneous crustal thickening geometries and continuous versus discontinuous metamorphic reactions that release up to 5 wt% volatiles from the lower half of the thickened crust. Metamorphic reactions consume substantial amounts of heat and retard the thermal evolution of thickened continental crust by several million years. Peak rates of metamorphism, defined as the rate of advance of the 400 °C isotherm, range from 1.4 to 5.7 mm yr -1 in the saw-tooth models and from 0.5 to 0.6 mm yr -1 in the homogeneous models. Maximum rates of fluid production range from 90 mg (fluid) m -3 yr -1 in the sawtooth, discontinuous-reaction model to 6 mg (fluid) m -3 yr -1 in the homogeneous, continuous-reaction model. Fluid production in the sawtooth models produce a maximum fluid flux of ∼0.2 kg (fluid) m -2 yr -1 out of the 40-km-thick lower plate. The maximum fluid flux in the homogeneous models are lower, -2 yr -1 . Fluid fluxes resulting from all models require significant focusing into channels, spaced greater than 10 km apart, in order to perturb the overlying thermal structure of the continental crust. In these numerical experiments, most fluid flow infiltrates overlying rocks at temperatures substantially below peak metamorphic temperatures, suggesting that strongly focused or multi-pass fluid-circulation systems may be required to explain reported high fluid/rock ratios.
Long-term outcomes associated with pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for chronic calcific pancreatitis.

Background Most outcomes data on pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (P-ESWL) for chronic calcific pancreatitis (CCP) are based on studies with Objective To report long-term P-ESWL outcomes for CCP and to assess whether smoking or alcohol use influences P-ESWL outcomes. Design Cross-sectional study, retrospective chart review. Setting Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Patients This study involved 120 patients who underwent P-ESWL and ERCP for CCP and completed an outcomes questionnaire. Intervention P-ESWL and ERCP, outcomes survey. Main Outcome Measurements Pain, quality of life, narcotics use, diabetes status, pancreatic enzyme requirement, repeat P-ESWL, repeat ERCP, surgery. Results A total of 120 patients underwent P-ESWL followed by ERCP (mean ± standard deviation [SD] follow-up 4.3 [± 3.7] years) and completed a survey. The mean (± SD) before-P-ESWL pain score was 7.9 (± 2.6) compared with 2.9 (± 2.6) after P-ESWL ( P P P = .014), and a trend suggested a decreased need for repeat ERCPs (68% vs 84%; P = .071). Limitations Single center, retrospective, recall bias, nonvalidated pain and quality-of-life scales. Conclusion P-ESWL as the initial therapy for CCP may lead to more lifetime procedures; however, partial pain relief in 85%, complete pain relief with no narcotic use in 50%, and avoidance of surgery in 84% of patients may be achieved. Quitting smoking after P-ESWL may improve outcomes.
Photically-induced retinal damage in diabetic rats.

The present study examines the interaction of light damage to the retina and streptozotocin (SZ)-induced diabetes in male and female rats during the early development of the disease, when changes occur in the blood-retinal barrier and in pigment cell membranes. Exposure of rats to low illuminance was used to determine the relationship between photically-induced cell death and diabetes. Other groups of animals were exposed to a greater illuminance for shorter time periods (24 hours) in attempts to identify a specific post-treatment day for the effect of diabetes. Blood glucose levels were monitored to indicate the severity of the diabetes. Morphometric analyses and histo-pathologic observations demonstrated that the outer nuclear layer (ONL, photoreceptor nuclei) was reduced significantly in thickness in female rats exposed to light during a 9 day period after SZ injection, but was unchanged from the control groups when exposed beginning at 12 days after SZ treatment. Removal of the pituitary gland prior t...
The effects of surrounding media on the shear wave propagation in plates as related to the dispersion velocity

The calculation of dispersion curves and, therefore, the rheological properties is possible by analyzing how the different phase velocity modes behave in the medium of interest. Shear wave propagation in “thin” organs is affected by the mechanical properties of the tissues surrounding those organs. In order to obtain the proper mechanical properties of such boundary sensitive organs, an analytical solution for the dispersion curves in a plate surrounded by semi-infinite solids was derived and validated in DISPERSE software, FEM simulations and experimentally in PVA phantoms.
Perspectives from the Classroom - Developing Effective Concept Questions and Collaborative Learning for an Introductory Materials Engineering Course

Several relatively recent research studies have shown that students understand more about what they are studying if the course environment includes active/ conceptual learning opportunities. While effective concept questions have been developed for many introductory courses, this is not the case for introductory materials engineering. This paper describes our research work to develop effective concept questions for materials engineering. To this end, what percentage of students had the right conceptual understanding after the lecture during their first attempt to answer the concept question was tracked, as was the percentage of students who had the correct conceptual answer on their second attempt. From Mazur's work, we know that for concept questions to be effective, they can neither be too hard, nor should they be too easy. Equally important in developing concept questions, is trying to understand why the students get the question wrong and then finding strategies to help students overcome their misconceptions. The paper also describes how technology was used to facilitate such changes and what the opportunities and barriers are.
Magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: The role of plant community change

Carbon-isotope measurements (δ 13 C) of leaf-wax n-alkanes from the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, reveal a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of 4–5‰, which is 1–2‰ larger than that observed in marine carbonate δ 13 C records. Reconciling these records requires either that marine carbonates fail to record the full magnitude of the CIE or that the CIE in plants has been amplified relative to the marine. Amplification of the CIE has been proposed to result from an increase in available moisture that allowed terrestrial plants to increase 13 C-discrimination during the PETM. Leaf physiognomy, paleopedology and hydrogen isotope ratios of leaf-wax lipids from the Bighorn Basin, however, all suggest that rather than a simple increase in available moisture, climate alternated between wet and dry during the PETM. Here we consider two other explanations and test them quantitatively with the carbon isotopic record of plant lipids. The “marine modification” hypothesis is that the marine carbonate record was modified by chemical changes at the PETM and that plant lipids record the true magnitude of the CIE. Using atmospheric CO2 δ 13 C values estimated from the lipid record, and equilibrium fractionation between CO2 and carbonate, we estimate the expected CIE for planktonic foraminifera to be 6‰. Instead, the largest excursion observed is about 4‰. No mechanism for altering marine carbonate by 2‰ has been identified and we thus reject this explanation. The “plant community change” hypothesis is that major changes in floral composition during the PETM amplified the CIE observed in nalkanes by 1–2‰ relative to marine carbonate. This effect could have been caused by a rapid transition from a mixed angiosperm/ conifer flora to a purely angiosperm flora. The plant community change hypothesis is consistent with both the magnitude and pattern of CIE amplification among the different n-alkanes, and with data from fossil plants. This hypothesis predicts that the magnitude and pattern of amplification of CIEs among different n-alkanes will vary regionally and systematically depending on the extent of the replacement of conifers by angiosperms during the PETM. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Failure to Thrive: Can Education Save the Life of Ethics Consultation?

On the Medical College of Wisconsin bioethics listserve, an oft-invoked phrase is “data beats anecdotes.” As bioethics shifts from a conceptual to a more empirical field, more data is usually a goo...
The Scientist-Practitioner Model Revisited: Strategies for Implementation

The scientist-practitioner model remains valuable in improving the treatment of individual clients and in enhancing clinical science. One deterrent to its implementation, however, is the unsuitability of traditional research methods to clinical settings. Alternative research tools are presented, namely, practical ways to collect dependent measures, specification of treatment and measures of treatment integrity, and single-subject research designs.
Feuchtigkeitsmessungen der Schleimhaut bei Xerostomie nach Applikation einer Mucinlösung

Auf dem letztjahrigen HNO-Kongres in Kiel 1989 wurde ein neuer Speichel- und Schleimersatz for die oberen Luft- und Speisewege vorgestellt. Dieser besteht aus zwei Losungen; Losung 1 enthalt Calciumsalze, Losung 2 Natriumalginat. Sie werden hintereinander auf die Schleimhaut appliziert.
Proton-Nucleus Dynamics Defining, Measuring, and Studying Centrality Dependence

Experiment E910 has measured slow protons and deuterons from collisions of 18 GeV/c protons with Be, Cu, and Au targets at the BNL AGS. These correspond to the “grey tracks” first observed in emulsion experiments. We report on their momentum and angular distributions and investigate their use in measuring the centrality of a collision, as defined by the mean number of projectile-nucleon interactions. The relation between the measured N yrey and the mean number of interactions, v (N yrey ), is studied using several simple models, one newly proposed, as well as the RQMD event generator. For the Au target, we report a relative systematic error for extracting v (Nyrey) that lies between 10% and 20% over all N yrey .
Transfer reactions involving boron—XVIII

Abstract β-Styreneboronic (1), 2-phenylethaneboronic (2), 2-phenylethane-1,1-bisboronic (3), α-styreneboronic (4), 1-phenylethaneboronic (5), and 1-phenylethane-1,2-bisboronic (6) esters have been synthesized and their chemical and physical properties have been investigated. The bisboronic esters 3 and 6 were very unreactive toward electrophilic substitution (protonolysis and oxidation) in contrast to the other boronic esters. The unsaturated boronic esters 1 and 4 readily added bromine to give reasonably stable dibromides. The boronic esters 2 and 5 underwent facile radical bromination to give the 2-bromo-2-phenylethaneboronic (10) and 1-bromo-1-phenylethaneboronic (14) esters respectively. The bisboronic esters 3 and 6 underwent facile radical bromination to produce thermally unstable bromides which underwent elimination and subsequent addition reactions. The chemical properties of the various bromides were investigated. The electrophilic and radical hydrobrominations of 1 and 3 were investigated, producing 10 and 14 respectively. Other radical reactions of 3, 5, and 6 were also explored.
Teaching about Diversity in Black and White: Reflections and Recommendations from Two Teacher Educators

ABSTRACTIn this article, two teacher educators reflect on their experiences teaching a diversity course for preservice middle-school teachers. The first author is an African American male teacher educator, and the second author is a White female teacher educator. While the authors bring distinct experiences, backgrounds, and epistemologies to this work, both seek to prepare preservice teachers with the skills and dispositions needed to meet the needs of culturally diverse students. Including their narratives in their own words, the authors share their experiences teaching this course and make recommendations for those doing this work in their respective spaces.
Longitudinal Evaluation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Model of ADHD in a Sample of College Students With ADHD

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal pathways to impairment as outlined in the cognitive-behavioral model of ADHD in a sample of 59 college students diagnosed with ...
The Analysis of Static Variable Frequency Starting Device(SFC) in Pumped Storage Power Station(G/M)

Static variable frequency starting device(SFC)is one of the important devices in reversible pumped storage power station(G/M),it can accelerate the roter speed of G/M from zero to rated speed by changing the frequency of stator during a short time(usually about 240 s).This paper introduces the form,working principle and working sequence,record and analysis the wave of electrical parameters of G/M when speed is accelerated in pump condition.
Preservation of adenine nucleotides following ischemia and reperfusion: correlation with functional recovery.

Hypothermic storage following a single infusion of a cold hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution is currently the only clinically utilised method for ex-vivo cardiac preservation. This technique offers up to four hours of relatively safe ischemia time. A longer period of preservation may increase the donor organ pool, allow more time for tissue typing and possibly shorten the transplant waiting lists. The recently introduced University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution has significantly improved the solid organ preservation. However, the potential role of UW solution in cardiac transplantation has not been adequately defined. The objective of this study was to perform critical evaluation of UW solution as compared with the currently used St. Thomas’ Hospital cardioplegic solution (ST) for the preservation of the pig heart. The restitution of adenine nucleotide content and functional recovery following reperfusion were compared in the two groups of hearts.
B-lymphocytic hairy cells contain no HTLV-II DNA sequences.

HTLV-II has been found in some cases of the rare T-cell form of hairy- cell leukemia (HCL) and in a leukopenic chronic T-cell leukemia mimicking HCL. We asked whether the virus is implicated in the more frequent B-cell form of HCL. DNA extracted from the mononuclear cells derived from spleen (eight cases) or peripheral blood (eight cases) of 16 patients with the B-cell form of HCL was probed. No viral sequences were detected at levels of sensitivity as low as one viral genome in five cells. Therefore HTLV-II may not be involved in the B-cell form of HCL.
Pseudomonas exotoxin conjugated to monoclonal antibody MRK16 specifically kills multidrug resistant cells in cultured renal carcinomas and in MDR-transgenic mice.

Abstract Using renal carcinoma and prostate carcinoma cell lines, we investigated the concept of targeting and killing multidrug resistant cells in urogenital cancers. Renal carcinoma lines HTB44, 45, 46, and 47 expressed a relatively low, but detectable level of multidrug resistance (MDR)l mRNA as indicated by Northern blot analysis, whereas prostate lines LNCaP and DU145 were found to be MDR1-negative. Anti-P-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody MRK16 was conjugated to Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) by a stable thioether bond. Treatment with MRK16-PE resulted in a dose-dependent killing of multidrug resistant renal carcinoma cells, while non-MDR expressing prostate carcinoma cells were not affected. Addition of excess MRK16 blocked the effect of MRK16-PE. Furthermore, MOPC-PE, a non-MDR associated monoclonal antibody control conjugate, did not target and kill multidrug resistant renal carcinoma cells. Having established that MRK16-PE was active against and specific for multidrug resistant cells in culture, we also tested bioactivity in MDR-transgenic mice, whose bone marrow cells express the human MDR1 gene at a level approximately equal to that found in many human cancers. Again, MRK16-PE killed multidrug resistant bone marrow cells with high efficiency in an intact animal, and killing was blocked by unconjugated MRK16.
Continuous pump pressures cannot be used to identify catheter tip migration into the subarachnoid space.

Background and Objectives. Migration of an epidural catheter into the subarachnoid space is a potentially lethal complication of continuous epidural anesthesia. We evaluated the use of pump pressure measurement during infusion in detecting such an occurrence. Methods. Pump pressures at two flow rates (P1 and P10) and epidural space pressure (P0) were measured hourly in eight consecutive ASA Physical Status I parturients receiving continuous epidural anesthesia and compared to those of a patient whose catheter migrated into the subarachnoid space. In addition, total resistance to infusion (Rtot) was calculated as the slope of the least squares regression line linking pressure and flow. Epidural resistance (Repi) was computed as the difference between total resistance and catheter resistance; Repi = Rtot − Rcath. Results. In epidural catheters, average P0 and P10 were 13 ± 4 mmHg and 23 ± 4 mm Hg, respectively, and did not change over time. Rtot and Repi averaged 960 ± 180 RU and 980 ± 120 RU, respectively. Pump pressures in the subarachnoid catheter were 10 mmHg for P0 and 20 mmHg for P10, while Rtot was 1000 RU. Conclusions. We conclude that epidural and subarachnoid space resistance is essentially zero and the pump pressure in the system is used to overcome the catheter resistance. Both spaces offer the same total resistance to infusion and, therefore, pump pressure will not change when a catheter migrates into the subarachnoid space.
Three Korean Heritage Language Teachers' Identities, Their Identification of Their Students, and Their Instructional Practices.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the instructional focuses and practices of three Korean heritage language (HL) teachers in community-based HL schools related not only to their constructed identities as HL teachers, but also to their students. Constant-comparative analyses of interviews and classroom observations across the three teacher cases showed that each teacher’s identity as an HL teacher was shaped by her earlier immigration experiences and through her relationships within and across a particular historical and social context. Moreover, the three HL teachers’ identities informed how they identified the imagined communities in which their students would eventually participate. The teachers’ different identifications and visions became significant in shaping their instructional focuses and practices related to teaching language and culture in a manner that would enable their students to learn and, therefore, gain access to their communities.
Prognose der installierten Leistung

Das in Kapitel 3 definierte erste Teilproblem zur Beantwortung der in dieser Arbeit gestellten Forschungsfrage befasst sich mit der Prognose der Photovoltaikleistung, die zukunftig in Deutschland installiert wird. Ziel ist es eine Aussage daruber zu erhalten, wo, wann und wieviel Leistung zur Erzeugung von Elektrizitat aus Photovoltaik installiert wurde und wird. Um den Ausbau der Photovoltaik sowohl in seiner zeitlichen als auch in seiner raumlichen Entwicklung zu verstehen, wird im Nachfolgenden ein entsprechendes Erklarungsmodell beschrieben.
Abstract B28: Co-occupancy of AML1-ETO and N-CoR defines a dominant phenotypic signature in leukemic cells.

The t(8;21) chromosomal translocation produces AML1-ETO, an oncogenic fusion protein that compromises the function of AML1, a transcription factor critical for the myeloid cell differentiation. The differentiation arrest and self-renewal phenotypes of cells expressing AML1-ETO have been chiefly studied at the single gene level. In order to understand how the genome-wide occupancy of AML1-ETO and associated co-regulators contributes to the leukemic properties of Kasumi-1 cells, a model system for human t(8;21) leukemia, chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments were employed. Genome-wide DNA binding profiles for AML1 and AML1-ETO in Kasumi-1 cells showed that both proteins were enriched at introns and distal upstream regulatory regions, the latter implying that distal elements are likely important for target gene regulation. Importantly, A substantial fraction of AML1/AML1-ETO-p300 co-localization occurs near transcriptional start sites (TSSs) in promoter regions associated with transcriptionally active loci, as indicated by an observed enrichment of the H3K4me3 histone modification. A significant discovery of the current study is the co-localization of AML1/AML1-ETO with N-CoR on regions that are primarily distal to TSSs. Analyses of both gene expression data and gene ontology suggest that the AML1/AML1-ETO co-localization with N-CoR, more so than with p300, is associated with the leukemic phenotype of Kasumi-1 cells. De novo motif discovery reveals that PU.1 motifs are over-represented in regions co-occupied by AML1-ETO and N-CoR compared to other AML1-ETO bound regions. Our findings establish a novel and predominant AML leukemia signature characterized by occupancy of the AML1-ETO/N-CoR complex at genomic regions enriched in motifs for myeloid differentiation factors. We propose that this property is critical for maintenance of the leukemic phenotype. Citation Format: Daniel J. Trombly, Troy W. Whitfield, Srivatsan Padmanabhan, Jonathan A. Gordon, Jane B. Lian, Andre J. van Wijnen, Sayyed K. Zaidi, Janet L. Stein, Gary S. Stein. Co-occupancy of AML1-ETO and N-CoR defines a dominant phenotypic signature in leukemic cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr B28.
Resistance to thyroid hormone.

The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are generally characterized by reduced tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone (TH) despite elevated circulating levels of free T 3 and/or T 4 (Refetoff et al., 1993). It is associated with an inappropriately normal or raised serum TSH characteristic of impaired thyrotroph sensitivity. The original clinical description of RTH was reported by Refetoff et al. (1967) in two subjects with deaf-mutism, delayed bone age, and stippled epiphyses. Despite these symptoms of hypothyroidism, serum levels of TH were high. Furthermore, administration of exogenous TH failed to produce the expected metabolic effects and failed to suppress thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated TSH. These observations lead to the diagnosis of RTH. Twenty years later, the molecular basis of the syndrome was found to be due to a mutation in the TH receptor β (THRB and TRβ ) gene (Sakurai et al., 1989; Usala et al., 1990). To date, 186 different mutations in the TRβ gene, found in > 3000 individuals in 500 families, have been described. As our knowledge of the different thyroid function phenotypes has evolved, it has become clear that RTH is part of a larger group of conditions known as impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone (Refetoff et al., 2014). Those with classic RTH due to TRβ mutations are known as RTH-beta. This is to distinguish them from a group of patients with mutations in the TH receptor alpha ( THRA and TRa ) gene RTH-alpha who have low serum T 4 , borderline high T 3 , and very low rT 3 with normal to elevated TSH concentrations (Espiard et al., 2015; Moran et al., 2013, 2014; Tinnikov et al., 2002). A high ratio of free T3 to free T4 seems to be a common finding in the 14 cases of RTH-alpha described to date. Two other syndromes belonging to the group of impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone include patients with gene mutations affecting TH metabolism, such as SBP2 (Di Cosmo et al., 2009; Dumitrescu et al., 2005) or transport via MCT8 (Dumitrescu et al., 2004; Friesema et al., 2004, 2010). The latter is associated with severe psychomotor defects. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in mediation of TH action allows the recognition of the phenotypes caused by genetic defects in the involved pathways.
Patient-Specific Pluripotent Stem Cells for Hematologic Disease.

Abstract Abstract SCI-40 Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated from embryos (embryonic stem cells; ES cells) or generated by direct reprogramming of somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells; iPS cells). Both types can be differentiated into a multitude of cell lineages to serve disease research and cell replacement therapies. Additionally, genetically matched pluripotent stem cells generated via nuclear transfer (ntES cells), parthenogenesis (pES cells), or direct reprogramming (iPS cells) are a possible source of histocompatible cells and tissues for transplantation. We have used customized ntES cells to repair genetic immunodeficiency in mice (Rideout et al., Cell 2002); however, generation of ES cells by nuclear transfer remains inefficient, and to date has not been achieved with human cells. We have also generated ES cells with defined histocompatibility loci by direct parthenogenetic activation of the unfertilized oocyte (Kim et al., Science 2007). Compared to ES cell lines from fertilized embryos, pES cells display comparable in vitro hematopoietic activity, but appear compromised in repopulating hematopoiesis in irradiated adult mouse recipients. We are currently comparing the performance of ntES, pES, and iPS cells in murine models of thalassemia. We have generated human iPS cells by direct reprogramming of human somatic cells with OCT4, SOX2, MYC, and KLF4 (Park et al., Nature 2008), and have generated disease-specific iPS cells from patients with a number of hematologic conditions (Park et al., Cell 2008; Agarwal et al., submitted). Applications of disease-specific cells for investigating the mechanisms of reprogramming and for probing aspects of human bone marrow disorders will be discussed. Disclosures Daley: iPierian: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Epizyme: Consultancy; Solasia: Consultancy; MPM Capital: Consultancy.
A FOURTH ORDER ACCURATE FAST DIRECT METHOD FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION

Publisher Summary Fast direct methods have proven to be very effective techniques for the solution of separable elliptic problems. One reason for their widespread use is the availability of high quality mathematical software such as the FISHPAK collection. These successes have generated much interest in exploring the range of discrete elliptic problems amenable to such treatment. This chapter describes software which uses a fourth order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the Helmholtz equation on rectangular domains in two and three dimensions with Dirichlet, Neumann, or periodic boundary conditions. The discrete problem is solved using Fourier transforms. This software differs in the boundary conditions handled as well as in the details of the direct solution. It is roughly twice as fast as the fourth order solver in FISHPAK, which is based on deferred corrections.
Multicultural and Globalized Digital Libraries: Digitizing and Empowering the "Other" (Extended Abstract)

Our multicultural societies in a globalized context offer the opportunity to forge new frontiers in digital libraries. Focusing on the cultural diversity of the Asian region, this paper examines what should be digitized, who should be involved in the digitization efforts, and what access issues need to be considered. More specifically, documenting the experiences of the Asian diaspora and ethnic minorities will be discussed, engaging critical theories and multicultural scholarship. By problematizing the cultural production of digital libraries as an act of nostalgia, of inclusion and exclusion, and of racial, social and sexual differentiation, we can unpack the role that digital libraries play in the creation of communities in our imaginary and in the perception of space and place from those objects we select to digitize. The paper concludes with a call for decentering digital libraries and digitizing the "Other" as an act of empowerment and representation.
Future of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Children and Young Adults

Abstract Mechanical circulatory support has revolutionized heart failure management for adult and pediatric patients alike. Though the field has been marked by near continuous technologic advances, its origins are undoubtedly inauspicious. First performed in 1966, Dr. Michael Debakey described the use of an extracorporeal, pulsatile device to support the circulation of a 37-year-old woman for a mere 10 days (DeBakey, 1971). However, it was not until the early 1990s that the use of ventricular assist device (VAD) technology became routine with the FDA approval of the HeartMate IP left ventricular assist system ( Fig. 55.1A ). This and other similar first generation VADs utilized pneumatically driven, pulsatile pumps to offload the failing ventricle and provide adequate blood flow to reverse the unrelenting course of end-stage heart failure.
Up-and-Over Technique for Implantation of Iliac Branch Devices After Prior Aortic Endograft Repair

Purpose: To describe a modified up-and-over access technique for treatment of iliac artery aneurysms in patients with prior bifurcated stent-grafts for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Techniqu...
Pregnancy of Unknown Viability

Bleeding in early pregnancy complicates 15 % of all conceptions and accounts for nearly 2 % of all emergency department visits. Seventy to ninety percent of these pregnancies will progress normally. The remainder will either spontaneously abort or be an ectopic pregnancy. With advances in technology, the ability to detect pregnancy at earlier gestational age, either biochemically or sonographically, provides both diagnostic assistance and challenge to practitioners. One of the more clinically challenging scenarios is the patient with a positive pregnancy test who presents with uterine bleeding or pelvic pain and whose fetus cannot be located by ultrasound. An astute clinician must always have concern for a life-threatening ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage. When the situation is uncertain, the clinician must decide if the patient has signs and symptoms highly concerning for abnormal pregnancy. This is important to avoid erroneous treatments or counseling which could not only harm a viable fetus but also may lead to significant medical legal risk. The uncertainty of diagnosis and management is especially true when physicians from multiple disciplines with different skill sets converge in the emergency department. The goal of this chapter is to clarify for the practitioner the evaluation and treatment of early pregnancy of unknown viability or location.
Congenital Muscular Torticollis: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Diagnosis

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and sonographic appearances of congenital muscular torticollis were studied in a 6-week-old female infant who presented with a firm mass in the right sternocleidomastoid muscle and clinical signs of torticollis. MRI and ultrasound were performed to exclude neoplasm. MRI showed a diffusely enlarged, right sternocleidomastoid muscle that was isointense to normal muscle on T1-weighted conventional spin-echo images. The muscle became progressively brighter and more heterogeneous in signal intensity on proton density- and T2-weighted conventional spin-echo sequences. A thin rim of bright signal intensity on the T2-weighted images surrounded most of the muscle. Ultrasound demonstrated fusi-form enlargement with patchy inhomogeneous areas of increased echogenicity. At 14 weeks there were signs of clinical improvement, with softening of the mass and decreased torticollis.
Interpretations of VP anaphora through reference to salient events

Previous work has largely agreed that the verbal anaphors do it/this/that can freely be resolved with respect to information in either the linguistic or nonlinguistic context, whereas there has been more debate regarding the resolution strategy for verb phrase ellipsis. We present an experiment that confirms the intuition that interpretations of do that are highly sensitive to information in the nonlinguistic context. Comparison to a prior experiment on verb phrase ellipsis using the same paradigm reveals that ellipsis is much less sensitive to nonlinguistic manipulations, suggesting that it is not resolved solely with respect to salient discourse events, and that there is a separate linguistic identity requirement for ellipsis.