cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the aquaporin-1 water channel in human glial tumors.

OBJECTIVE Malignant glial tumors are associated with cerebral edema. The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane proteins that provide a major pathway for water transport in mammals. In the central nervous system, AQP1 is selectively expressed in the choroid plexus and thought to participate in cerebrospinal fluid production. Prior studies have suggested that AQP1 may be up-regulated in glial tumors, potentially contributing to tumor-associated edema. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of AQP1 in a large series of human glial tumors. METHODS Thirty-six human glial tumors were obtained from the University of California, San Francisco Neurosurgery Tissue Bank. AQP1 expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid gene array, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS AQP1, normally restricted to choroid epithelia, was highly expressed in glioblastomas. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid array, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense up-regulation of AQP1 expression in all glioblastomas studied. CONCLUSION The abnormal up-regulation of AQP1 in glial tumors suggests a potential pathological role for this membrane water channel and raises the possibility that selective AQP1 inhibition might offer a new therapeutic target for treatment of tumor-associated edema.
Students' anxiety in a senior thesis course.

Summay.-The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered on Weeks 8. 12, and 15 of a semester to 16 students enrolled in a senior thesis course. State anxiety scores were elevated when oral presentations began and declined following the presentations. Trait anxiety scores remained constant across test administrations. The influence of situational variables on students' anxiety was discussed. Zitzow (4) reported that conducting research and giving presentations in class are sources of academic stress for college students. Frank and R~ckard (2) asked introductory psychology students to rate their anxiety as they imagined completing components of a research project. The thought of orally presenting the findmgs to a professor was associated with the highest anxiety scores. The present study was conducted with students enrolled in a psychology senior thesis course and was designed to examine whether anxiety scores would be elevated prior to a required oral presentation. Form Y of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (3) was administered to 16 students (13 women and 3 men) enrolled in the course on three occasions during the semester: the day on which project data collection and analysis were com
Non-linear Coupling Between Modes in a Low-Dimensional Model of ENSO

Abstract An intermediate coupled model of the tropical Pacific ocean‐atmosphere system was reduced by projecting the non‐linear model onto a truncated basis set of its own empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). For moderate coupling strengths, the simulated El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability consists of a dominant quasi‐quadrennial mode with a period of approximately four years and a smaller quasi‐biennial mode at a period of approximately two years. In the absence of a seasonal cycle, the leading two EOFs capture the dynamics of the leading interannual mode, with a further two EOFs being required to capture the secondary oscillation. The presence of seasonal forcing increases the EOF requirement by two, the leading pair of EOFs being dominated by the annual cycle. Normal mode analysis of the reduced models indicates that the quasi‐biennial mode manifests itself, even though it is linearly stable, by non‐linear coupling to the quasi‐quadrennial mode. The nonlinearity does not produce the quas...
Surgical Advantages of Selective Unilateral Ventilation

Abstract Two hundred major thoracic operations have been performed using controlled selective unilateral pulmonary ventilation with no morbidity or mortality related to this technique. A group of 20 patients ventilated selectively with a double-lumen endotracheal tube and 5 additional patients ventilated with a single-lumen tube were studied to determine the physiological effects of each technique. Blood gases and physiological shunt determinations showed better values with selective ventilation, whereas some derangement was noticed in the group ventilated with a single-lumen tube. The physiological and technical advantages provided by the double-lumen endobronchial tube make selective ventilation safer and more practical.
The devil in the details: An academic library acquires a video collection

What happened when an educational video collection arrived on an academic library's doorstep? Decisions about cataloging, processing, shelving, and circulation inevitably followed, but equally important was providing uninterrupted access for the collection's borrowers. Although the relocation plan devised by the library director and circulation librarian retained the “new” collection's unique classification scheme and kept it shelved apart from the library's video collection for at least 1 year, after Technical Services librarians joined the discussion, they proposed immediate and full integration. Their strategy included extensive communication with the videos' borrowers as the collection arrived in the library. Relocating the videos to the library dramatically improved access and circulation.
Estimating the direction of arrival at low signal to noise ratios using the principal-component-Burg cascaded system

The problem of estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of plane waves is considered. The principal component (PC) method has a threshold of 7 dB, below which the mean square error is too large for the estimate to be considered reliable. The PC method is cascaded with the Burg algorithm (BA) to yield estimates of DOAs at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as -5 dB. For a single source, this cascading yields an almost unbiased estimated with a very small variance. What makes this method more attractive is the fact that only one snapshot is used for the simulations. The method works in general and requires the solution to a set of second-degree equations. This method appears to be very attractive under adverse SNR conditions and if small number of snapshots are available. >
Tilt and splay of surfactants on surfaces.

The energy of a monolayer of surfactant on a surface is calculated as a function of the orientation of the surfactant tails. The structure is determined by a competition between the spacings preferred by the polar heads and nonpolar tails. As a function of the head-tail mismatch, we find a region of no molecular tilt, and one of uniform tilt. In the tilted state, solitonlike defects resembling micellar clusters are stabilized by entropy or finite-size effects.
A hybrid technique for staining meiotic nuclei of Basidiomycetes

A hybrid nuclear staining procedure used on the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune produced squash preparations of sufficient density for effective brightfield photomicrography. Procedure: Tissue is fixed in Newcomer's solution, rehydrated in a graded ethanol series, rinsed, hydrolyzed in 1 N HC; at 60 C, washed, mordanted in 4% iron alum, rinsed again, and stained with aceto-iron-hematoxylin prior to mounting and squashing.
Pentagon surface wipe sampling health risk assessment.

Within hours after the terrorist attack on the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, an extensive sampling effort was initiated within the building to include surface wipe sampling for select coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins/furans) and lead. A risk-based screening level method was utilized to determine the necessity of additional sampling and to assess the potential for emergency response crews, remediation crews, and returning Pentagon workers to have adverse health impact from exposure to the PCBs, dioxins/furans, and lead on nonporous surfaces. The screening level method included all exposure pathways: dermal absorption, incidental ingestion, and inhalation. Various U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance documents provided the basis for the method. The underlying assumptions were that the PCBs, dioxins/furans, and lead were contained in the dust or soot layer found on nonporous surfaces, that sampling results were representative of the surfaces from which they were taken, and that the analytical methods employed were able to detect 100% of these substances. A few of the limitations associated with this method included the lack of toxicity values for dermal absorption and the lack of accurate, discrete dermal-exposure values. Evaluation results indicated that additional sampling was not necessary and that concentrations of PCBs, dioxins/furans, and lead on nonporous surfaces were below levels expected to cause adverse health impacts to emergency response crews, remediation crews, and returning Pentagon workers.
Synthesis and properties of microlaminate structures by ion beam assisted deposition

Abstract Films of Al, Al 2 O 3 , Mo and MoSi x were formed by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) at R ratios between 0.004 and 0.1 and film thicknesses between 150 and 1100 nm. Al films were crystalline with a strong (111) fiber texture becoming more pronounced and azimuthally oriented with increasing R ratio. Mo films were crystalline with strong (110) texture and a distinct azimuthal texture indicative of planar channeling of the ion beam along (110)_planes. The microstructure of Al films is characterized by large columnar grains at R = 0 with breakup starting at R = 0 04, while that of Mo films showed little change with increasing R ratio. Al 2 O 3 and MoSi x films are amorphous under all deposition conditions. The average stress in oxide and silicide films is tensile at R = 0 and becomes compressive with increased values of the normalized energy, saturating at ∼ 15 eV/atom. The average stress in Mo films is tensile at R = 0, increases to a maximum value of 0.63 GPa and becomes compressive with increasing normalized energy.
Systemic vasodilation is a predominant cause of hypotension in a patient with familial amyloid polyneuropathy during liver transplantation

A patient with familial amyloid polyneuropathy underwent a living, nonrelated orthotopic liver transplant and developed hypotension after induction of anesthesia. Causes of hypotension in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy are discussed. Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring was invaluable in differentiating various causes of hypotension and in diagnosing peripheral vasodilation as the predominant cause of hypotension.
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: developments and resolving controversies.

It has now been over 10 years since lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was first used in patients with breast cancer. Since the procedure was introduced, over 1,500 studies on SLN biopsy in breast cancer have been published in the cited world medical literature. Over 11,000 women have been enrolled in National Cancer Institute–sponsored SLN biopsy trials for breast cancer, the final results of which will not be available until several years from now. In the meantime, both the National Comprehensive Cancer Network treatment guidelines in the United States and the Saint Gallen International Consensus Conference on the treatment of breast cancer have now indicated that SLN biopsy is an acceptable alternative to axillary lymph node dissection in patients with clinically nodenegative breast cancer, provided that the SLN team has documented experience with this technique. Simply stated, although long-term follow-up data are not yet available from randomized trials comparing SLN biopsy with axillary lymph node dissection, SLN biopsy has become an acceptable alternative to routine level I and II axillary lymph node dissection for women with clinically node-negative early-stage breast cancer in the United States and in several other developed countries. However, despite a clear picture of increasing integration of SLN biopsy into standard diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for breast cancer, there are several clinical scenarios in which the utility of this technique has been questioned. This article will focus on current and resolving controversies associated with breast cancer lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy.
Information retrieval on the web

In this paper we review studies of the growth of the Internet and technologies that are useful for information search and retrieval on the Web. We present data on the Internet from several different sources, e.g., current as well as projected number of users, hosts, and Web sites. Although numerical figures vary, overall trends cited by the sources are consistent and point to exponential growth in the past and in the coming decade. Hence it is not surprising that about 85% of Internet users surveyed claim using search engines and search services to find specific information. The same surveys show, however, that users are not satisfied with the performance of the current generation of search engines; the slow retrieval speed, communication delays, and poor quality of retrieved results (e.g., noise and broken links) are commonly cited problems. We discuss the development of new techniques targeted to resolve some of the problems associated with Web-based information retrieval and speculate on future trends.
Detection of Fatigue Cracks and Torque Loss in Bolted Joints

Fatigue crack growth during the service life of aging aircraft is a critical issue and monitoring of such cracks in structural hotspots is the goal of this research. This paper presents a procedure for classification and detection of cracks generated in bolted joints which are used at numerous locations in aircraft structures. Single lap bolted joints were equipped with surface mounted piezoelectric (pzt) sensors and actuators and were subjected to cyclic loading. Crack length measurements and sensor data were collected at different number of cycles and with different torque levels. A classification algorithm based on Support Vector Machines (SVMs) was used to compare signals from a healthy and damaged joint to classify fatigue damage at the bolts. The algorithm was also used to classify the amount of torque in the bolt of interest and determine if the level of torque affected the quantification and localization of the crack emanating from the bolt hole. The results show that it is easier to detect the completely loose bolt but certain changes in torque, combined with damage, can produce some non-unique classifier solutions.
Effects of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled cromolyn sodium on urinary growth hormone excretion in asthmatic children

Over the past few years there has been an increasing awareness that asthma is a chronic inflammatory airways disease. The current therapeutic strategies for treating asthma focus on suppressing the inflammatory process by using cromones or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). The beneficial effects of ICS in asthma are now well known, but its detrimental effect on linear growth remains a controversial issue. The aim of this open label, nonrandomized, cross-sectional, one-time study was to determine the influence of these drugs on urinary growth hormone (U-GH) levels in prepubertal asthmatic children. U-GH levels were measured in 47 prepubertal asthmatic children who had been treated for at least 6 months with either ICS (beclomethasone or budesonide at a mean daily dose of 360 microg) or with 80 mg daily dose of cromolyn sodium (CrS). There were also nine healthy children who served as a control. These three groups of children were matched for age and gender ratio. The mean level of U-GH in the CrS-treated group was 2.94 +/- 0.96 ng/night; this was significantly higher compared to the mean level of the ICS-treated group (1.99 +/- 0.83 ng/night; P < 0.001) and to the mean level of the control group (1.98 +/- 0.39 ng/night; P < 0.006). There was no significant difference between the mean level of U-GH in the group treated by ICS and the controls (P < 0.9). These results show that the mean levels of U-GH secretion of the children who were treated by CrS for 6 months was significantly increased, compared to the mean U-GH level of the ICS-treated group and the controls. The mean U-GH levels in the last two groups showed no statistically significant difference.
From Sociocultural Categories to Socially Located Relations: Using Critical Theory in Social Work Practice

This article applies concepts from critical social theories to shift the profession's discourse from the center-margin relations of generalist-multicultural practice to a model of socially located cross-cultural client-worker relationships. Critical theories examine patterns and meanings enacted within and between people in specific social locations at specific points in history that express particular relations of culture, power, and identity. This framework can help social workers listen, explore, conceptualize, and intervene in a more complex and effective manner. The article summarizes key themes in critical theories, redefines how social workers can use knowledge for practice, and concludes with discussion of a case illustration.
External pneumatic compression does not increase urokinase plasminogen activator after abdominal surgery.

Abstract External pneumatic compression (EPC) devices prevent lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by reducing stasis. There is a widely held belief that they also enhance endogenous fibrinolysis; however, recent studies of tissue plasminogen activator (the primary activator of fibrinolysis) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (the primary inhibitor of fibrinolysis) failed to confirm this. The hypothesis of this study was that EPC devices increase the level of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a second activator of fibrinolysis. This was a prospective trial in which 44 subjects who underwent major abdominal surgery were randomized to receive unfractionated heparin injections, thigh-length sequential EPC devices, or both for DVT prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was begun immediately before surgical incision and continued until postoperative day 5 or discharge. Venous blood samples were collected from an antecubital vein for measurement of systemic uPA levels and from the common femoral vein for measurement of regional uPA levels. Samples were collected the day before surgery, after induction of anesthesia but before surgical incision, and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. uPA levels (ng/mL) were measured with an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Baseline uPA levels (0.41 to 0.56 ng/mL; P > .05, analysis of variance with repeated measures) were similar among the three groups. uPA levels did not change after surgery in systemic or regional blood samples in any group. There were no significant differences in systemic or regional uPA levels in the groups treated with EPC devices relative to those treated with heparin at any time point ( P > .05, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Enhancement of fibrinolysis with EPC devices remains unproven; the findings reported here suggest that effective DVT prophylaxis can only be assured when the devices are used in a manner that reduces venous stasis. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:917-21.)
Charged-to-neutral heavy meson yield ratio at the Z b 0 resonances as a probe of the I G ( J P ) = 0 − ( 1 + ) channel

It is argued that the ratio of the yield of pairs of charged and neutral ${B}^{(*)}$ mesons in the processes $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+(B{\overline{B}}^{*}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.)$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(5S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{B}^{*}{\overline{B}}^{*}$ is very sensitive near the corresponding heavy meson threshold to the strong interaction between the mesons in the ${I}^{G}({J}^{P})={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}({1}^{+})$ channel due to significant isospin breaking by the Coulomb force. This channel, not readily accessible by other means, may contain near-threshold molecular meson-antimeson resonances---isoscalar analogs of the isovector states ${Z}_{b}(10610)$ and ${Z}_{b}(10650)$.
In vivo mapping of DNA topoisomerase II-specific cleavage sites on SV40 chromatin.

Abstract The antitumor drug, m-AMSA (4′-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide), is known to interfere with the breakage-reunion reaction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II by blocking the enzyme-DNA complex in its putative cleavable state. Treatment of SV40 virus infected monkey cells with m-AMSA resulted in both single- and double-stranded breaks on SV40 viral chromatin. These strand breaks are unusual because they are covalently associated with protein. Immuno-precipitation results suggest that the covalently linked protein is DNA topoisomerase II. These results are consistent with the proposal that the drug action in vivo involves the stabilization of a cleavable complex between topoisomerase II and DNA in chromatin. Mapping of these double-stranded breaks on SV40 viral DNA revealed multiple topoisomerase II cleavage sites. A major topoisomerase II cleavage site was preferentially induced during late infection and was mapped in the DNAase I hypersensitive region of SV40 chromatin.
Immunolocalization of scrapie amyloid (PrP27-30) in chronic wasting disease of Rocky Mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer.

Scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques are present in brain tissues of captive mule deer with chronic wasting disease (CWD), a progressive neurological disorder characterized neuropathologically by widespread spongiform change of the neuropil, intracytoplasmic vacuolation in neuronal perikarya and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. We report here the immunolocalization of scrapie amyloid (PrP27-30) in plaques observed in brain tissues of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and hybrids of mule deer and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) naturally affected with CWD. Similar findings have been shown in kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome in humans. Our data corroborate that CWD in Rocky Mountain elk and hybrids of mule deer and white-tailed deer belongs to the subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies (transmissible cerebral amyloidoses).
Central research questions in e‐government, or which trajectory should the study domain take?

Purpose – To develop the notion of centrality in e‐government (EG) research, and to base the identification of central research areas on that principle. To pave the path towards a more integrated understanding of EG and its phenomena.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes which disciplines contribute to EG. It scrutinizes the scope and orientation of disciplines involved and invested EG. Key high‐level variables in EG are derived from the literature. It is analyzed to what extent major EG phenomena are impacted by those variables and their interaction, which leads to the development of the principle of centrality. Central research areas of EG are identified based on the centrality principle. The integrative interdisciplinary research approach in EG is linked to trends in global science.Findings – The paper finds the areas of transformation, integration, participation, and (information) preservation to be central to EG. It also identifies strong drivers in central EG research towards an integrati...
The relative costs and benefits of telephone interviews versus self-administered diaries for daily data collection.

This article compares two methods of collecting daily data: self-administered diaries and telephone interviews. Study participants included 44 men and 56 women between the ages of 16 and 35 who participated in a larger study of drinking, drug use, and sexual activity. Participants were randomly assigned to either the written diary or the telephone interview conditions; question wording and format were identical in both conditions. Daily data were collected for a period of 8 weeks. Results indicate that although telephone interviews resulted in slightly more missed days of data collection, they generally yielded less item-level missing data, produced cleaner data and therefore were less costly to process, and were as palatable to participants as self-administered diaries. Except for reports of drinking and vegetable consumption, telephone and diary conditions did not differ in the amount of behavior reported; more drinking and vegetable consumption were reported with telephone interviews, however. Telephon...
In vivo interrogation of the molecular display of atherosclerotic lesion surfaces.

The endothelial surface of atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE knockout mice was interrogated by in vivo biopanning with a phage-displayed constrained peptidyl library. Through repeated biopanning, 103 peptidyl sequences were identified, many are homologous to known proteins. The sequence CAPGPSKSC contains motifs that are shared by 9.7% of selected peptides. On phage or as a synthetic peptide, this constrained peptide selectively bound to atherosclerotic lesion surfaces of ApoE knockout mice in vivo and of human atherosclerotic lesions ex vivo. A cell-surface protein of ∼82 kd recognized by this peptide was affinity-purified and determined by mass spectrometry analysis as glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), indicating the surprising presence of this endoplasmic reticulum chaperone on the endothelial cell surface of atherosclerotic lesions. Peptides that mimicked binding functions of their homologues were demonstrated with three peptides homologous to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), ie, CNHRYMQMC, CNQRHQMSC, and CNNRSDGMC. Phage carrying CNHRYMQMC bound to atherosclerotic lesion endothelium of ApoE knockout mice in vivo. The three peptides bound to endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner and were inhibited by TIMP-2 protein. These peptides provide a set of probes to interrogate the cell surface repertoire associated with atherogenesis and thrombotic complications.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways: Therapeutic targets in steroid resistance?

a ll e rg ic in fl a m m a ti o n Immune activation and tissue inflammation play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic allergic and autoimmune diseases. The anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids are currently the most effective agents for the treatment of these diseases. Although the majority of patients respond to glucocorticoid therapy, some demonstrate persistent tissue inflammation despite treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid resistance has been widely recognized as complicating the management of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation rejection. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for glucocorticoid insensitivity is crucial for the development of effective therapies. The anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are mediated through a specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that modulates inflammatory gene expression. The GR is a transcriptional regulatory protein characterized by 3 distinct functional domains (Fig 1). The amino-terminal region harbors a hormone-independent transcriptional activation function (AF-1). The central part of the protein contains a highly conserved zinc finger DNA-binding domain. The C-terminus includes a hormone-binding domain with an additional transcriptional activation function (AF-2). Of these 3 functional domains, the amino-terminal AF-1 region is the major target for phosphorylation at multiple serine residues. There is mounting evidence that posttranslational modification of GRs by means of phosphorylation modulates receptor function. Before ligand binding, GRs exist as a large multiunit complex in the cytoplasm that includes 2 molecules of heat shock protein 90. After activation by binding of glucocorticoid hormone, the GR dissociates from the chaperone proteins and rapidly translocates to the nucleus (Fig 2). Within the nucleus, the GRs bind as a dimer to specific glucocorticoid response elements on DNA within the promoter region of glucocorticoid-responsive genes to
Optimizing the Scalability of Network Intrusion Detection Systems Using Mobile Agents

Modern Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are distributed real-time systems that detect unauthorized use or attacks upon an organization's network and/or hosts. The components of most distributed IDSs are arranged in a hierarchical tree structure, where the sensor nodes pass information to the analyzer nodes. Optimal placement of the analyzer nodes results in an improved response time for the IDS, and isolation of attacks within the IDS network. Since the network topology and workload are constantly changing, we are able to maintain near-optimal placement of the analyzer nodes by instantiating them as mobile agents. The analyzer nodes may then relocate, reproduce or be deleted as necessary. Such flexibility improves the response times and the stability of an IDS. The movement of the analyzer nodes also offers some protection against denial-of-service attacks, since secure analyzer nodes will be relocated to take over some of the functionality of the host under attack.
Production of Direct Photons and Jets at the Tevatron

Recent differential cross section measurements of isolated photon and jet production from the CDF and DO collaborations are presented. NLO pQCD calculations agree, within uncertainties, with the inclusive photon measurements but disagree with the photon+jet cross sections. NLO pQCD agrees very well with both the inclusive jet and dijet data. Limits on several exotic models are set based on the dijet mass distribution.
Aryl sulfate formation in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) ingesting marine algae (Fucus distichus) containing 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene

The metabolism of tritiated 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-DMN) was studied in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) feeding on marine algae (Fucus distichus). The Fucus accumulated this hydrocarbon from sea water without converting it to metabolites. Most of the tritium accumulated by the sea urchins (e.g., 70.8% after 3 days) from feeding on 2,6-DMN-exposed Fucus was present in the exoskeleton (shell and spines). Moreover, after 3 days feeding, about 90% of the tritium in the total metabolite fraction of the gonads and digestive tract of the sea urchin was present as sulfate derivatives. These metabolites were identified through hydrolysis with aryl sulfatase, followed by thin-layer chromatography of the products. After 14 days of feeding, the tritium associated with the sulfate derivatives decreased in the gonads and digestive tract to 61 and 65%, respectively, of the total metabolite fraction. Hydroxy compounds from sulfatase hydrolysis were chromatographed using multiple elutions with toluene. The hydroxy isomers were separated and the Rf values were compared to those of pure reference compounds. The data indicated that 80% of the 2,6-dimethylnaphthyl sulfate contained the sulfate on the 1 and/or 3 position of the aromatic ring. Moreover, 6-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol was not detected, which implies that sea urchins, unlike fish, metabolize alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons primarily through aromatic ring oxidations.
Role for trade policy? markets with informational barriers to entry

When barriers to entry are created by an informational asymmetry between firms and consumers about the quality of a product, there may be a role for trade policy, in general, and for infant industry protection, in particular. This paper extends the recent literature investigating the role of trade policy in improving national welfare in models with informational barriers to entry. Results from a new variant of the existing models show that export subsidies are not the optimal policy response to market failures associated with experience goods. Further analysis shows that the role for trade policy in the literature as a whole depends on the types of market failures that arise in each model.
A Leptin Dose-Response Study in Obese (ob/ob) and Lean (+/?) Mice

This experiment determined the amount of leptin required to correct different abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Baseline food intakes and body weights of lean (+/?) and obese (ob/ob) C57B1/6J mice were recorded for 7 days. An Alzet miniosmotic pump was placed in the peritoneal cavity of each mouse and delivered 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 42 microg/day human leptin for 7 days. In ob/ob mice, 2 microg leptin/day reduced food intake and body weight, and increased hypothalamic and brain stem serotonin concentrations. All fat pads were reduced 35-40% by 10 microg leptin/day, and liver weight, lipid, and glycogen decreased. Serum insulin and glucose were reduced in all leptin-treated ob/ob mice, and levels were normalized by 10 microg/day leptin. Low rectal temperatures of ob/ob mice were corrected by 10 and 42 microg/day leptin. These doses also increased brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein expression. The only responses in lean mice were a transient reduction in food intake and weight loss with 10 or 42 microg/day leptin. This study shows enhanced leptin sensitivity in ob/ob mice and suggests that increased temperature and sympathetic activity are indirect responses to high concentrations of protein.
Vibrating hydroxide in hydrophobic solution: The ion to keep an eye on

Abstract Knowledge of hydroxide ion’s spectral signature is an essential ingredient for finding it at the water surface. In solutions, the intense hydrogen-bonded resonance of water often hinders unambiguous characterization of the OH − stretching frequency and linewidth. These parameters are likely to be modified at the hydrophobic water–vapor interface. This communication reports the first experimental observation of hydroxide ion that is free from interaction with bulk water. OH − is isolated in a hydrophobic environment and exhibits a sharp resonance at 3634 cm −1 , as confirmed by isotopic substitution. The feature is red shifted from that of dangling OH bonds by 29 cm −1 .
Regulation of progestin receptors in raphe neurons of steroid-treated monkeys.

Progesterone increases prolactin secretion in estrogen-primed primates. This action is probably mediated through a neural mechanism since lactotropes do not have progestin receptors (PR). This laborat
Linking Cognitive Scripts and Job Design Variables: The Relationships Between Script Recognition, Growth Need Strength and Intrinsic Motivation

A study was conducted in order to investigate the relationships among script recognition, growth need strength (GNS), feedback from the task, and intrinsic motivation. It was hypothesized that GNS would moderate the script recognition-intrinsic motivation relationship for intrinsic script recognition items. It was also hypothesized that intrinsic script recognition would be positively correlated with feedback from the task itself while extrinsic script recognition would exhibit a negative relationship with this variable. Subjects were 80 male undergraduates. The hypotheses were partially supported in that extrinsic script recognition was negatively related to perceptions of feedback from the task itself. In addition, GNS did moderate the intrinsic script recognition-intrinsic motivation relationship.
Free-thyroxine index in mania and depression

Abstract Although free-thyroxine index is commonly used as a reliable method of thyroid function investigation,1,2 only Rybakowski and Sowinski3 have used this method for the assessment of thyroid function in mania. In depression, determination of free-thyroxine index by four research groups3,6 revealed contradictory results. For these reasons, it was thought that further research in this area would be justified.
Discovery of a Sand Blow and Associated Fault in the Epicentral Area of the 1886 Charleston Earthquake

An earthquake-induced sand blow was discovered in a shallow trench dug on the premises of the Colonial Dorchester State Historical Site in Summerville, South Carolina. A comparison of its location with available seismicity, seismic reflection, and shallow geological and geomorphologic data suggests that the sand blow was associated with a splay of the currently active Sawmill Branch fault zone. This is the first sand blow to be directly associated with a specific fault in the Middleton Place–Summerville seismic zone, the source zone for the Charleston earthquakes. Geotechnical and vibracore data revealed that the source sand is ∼3 m thick and the top of the sand is at a depth of ∼2.5 m below the ground surface. The sand blow was associated with a pre-1886 earthquake that occurred possibly 3,500 YBP or earlier, with an estimated maximum magnitude of 5.6.
Improving Delivery Rate for Real-Time Mobile Streaming Video

Due to the limited computing resources of cell phones and the relative lack of bandwidth of cell phone networks, broadcasting live streaming video from cell phone camera is challenging. Prior work has shown that data compression using wavelet and sub-band aligned integer run-length encoding can produce real-time streaming video. However, such transmissions can result in numerous dropped video frames. The work presented here, a real-time decision making mobile streaming video algorithm, builds upon this earlier work by adapting the number of video frames transmitted per second based on the current load of the cell phone network and the data size of the video frames. Using artificial intelligence, the algorithm makes real-time decisions to improve the video delivery rate by an average of 32%.
Electrophysiological Analysis of Circuits Controlling Energy Homeostasis

Since the discovery of leptin and the central melanocortin circuit, electrophysiological studies have played a major role in elucidating mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis. This review highlights the contribution of findings made by electrophysiological measurements to the current understanding of hypothalamic neuronal networks involved in energy homeostasis with a specific focus on the arcuate–paraventricular nucleus circuit.
Ethics Content in Nursing Education: Pondering with the Possible:

Accrediting bodies of nursing as well as other healthcare organizations require that nursing ethics content be incorporated in programs of study. How does nursing define the termnursing ethics? How is it distinguished or viewed in various levels of higher degree nursing education? What is the role of codes for nursing? These are but a few of the questions pondered in the following article that includes personal correspondence with two distinguished authors, educators, and consultants for biomedical ethics, Dr. Sara T. Fry and Dr. Nancy Berlinger of the Hastings Center.
Gonorrhea in the HIV era: a reversal in trends among men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: Gonorrhea cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) declined in the early years of the HIV epidemic. We evaluated more recent trends in gonorrhea among MSM through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project. METHODS: Isolates and case information were collected from 29 US sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. Gonococcal urethritis cases among MSM were compared with those among heterosexual men, and cases among MSM in 1995 to 1999 were compared with earlier MSM cases. RESULTS: Of 34,942 cases, the proportion represented by MSM increased from 4.5% in 1992 to 13.2% in 1999 (P < .001). Compared with heterosexuals, MSM were older, more often White, and more often had had gonorrhea previously, although fewer had had gonorrhea in the past year. MSM with gonorrhea in 1995 to 1999 were slightly older than those with gonorrhea in 1992 to 1994, and a higher proportion had had gonorrhea in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: MSM account for an increasing proportion of gonococcal urethritis cases in STD clinics. Given recent evidence that gonorrhea may facilitate HIV transmission, these trends demand increased attention to safe sexual behaviors and reducing STDs among MSM.
Positive solutions of a class of biological models in a heterogeneous environment

In this paper we discuss existence of positive solutions to a general nonlinear elliptic system of reaction-diffusion equations representing a predator-prey or competition model of interaction between two species, in a heterogeneous environment. We also consider homogeneous Dirichlet and/or Robin boundary conditions. In the predator-prey case we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions, while in the competition case we give sufficient conditions. We use index theory in a positive cone to attack our problem and characterise our results by the sign of the first eigenvalues of certain Schrodinger type operators.
Cells Infected with Yersinia Present an Epitope to Class I MHC-Restricted CTL

Bacteria of the genus Yersinia cause disease in humans ranging from enteritis and lymphadenitis to plaque. These organisms have the ability to bind to host cells and, in a complex interaction, are able to deliver a specific subset of proteins into the host cell. These proteins alter host structures and functions, and in the case of macrophages, prevent phagocytosis of the organism. In Yersinia enterocolitica, one of these proteins, Yop51, is known to be a protein tyrosine phosphatase. By using a directed approach, we have raised murine CTL that recognize a peptide epitope from Yop51 in the context of the MHC class I molecule H-2 Db. This epitope, Yop51 249-257, seems to be presented both by cells that produce Yop51 endogenously and by epithelial cells infected with virulent Y. enterocolitica. In vivo, Y. enterocolitica is believed to remain mostly in an extracellular niche. Therefore, detection of this organism by cytotoxic T cells and, possibly, resistance to disease may depend on recognition of epitopes from a subset of virulence determinants delivered into the cytoplasm of host cells by surface-bound organisms.
The biologic assay of senna.

It has been found that rodents are suitable test animals (or use in determining the potency of senna, and in the present work mice were used. The assay procedure described involves administering the preparation under test at three dosage levels selected with a view to producing positive laxative effects in approximately 25, 50, and 75 of three similar groups of mice. Concurrently, a suspension of a standard senna powder was given at three appropriate dosage levels. The number of mice on each dose of unknown and standard showing laxative effects during the five and a half hours after dosing were recorded and from these data the potency and confidence limits were calculated by conventional methods. The method is applicable to senna in its various pharmaceutical forms. Satisfactory dosage-response relationships were found in experiments on humans. The potency ratios found on human subjects agree remarkably well with those on mice. This finding appears to validate the biological assay on mice and to facilitate stability studies on senna and its preparations.
Modelling the ecological–functional diversification of marine Metazoa on geological time scales

The ecological traits and functional capabilities of marine animals have changed significantly since their origin in the late Precambrian. These changes can be analysed quantitatively using multi-dimensional parameter spaces in which the ecological lifestyles of species are represented by particular combinations of parameter values. Here, we present models that describe the filling of this multi-dimensional ‘ecospace’ by ecological lifestyles during metazoan diversification. These models reflect varying assumptions about the processes that drove ecological diversification; they contrast diffusive expansion with driven expansion and niche conservatism with niche partitioning. Some models highlight the importance of interactions among organisms (ecosystem engineering and predator–prey escalation) in promoting new lifestyles or eliminating existing ones. These models reflect processes that were not mutually exclusive; rigorous analyses will continue to reveal their applicability to episodes in metazoan history.
Molecular beam mass spectrometer sampling of flash ignited combustion

Mass signals from a transient combustion event have been measured using a direct sampling molecular beam apparatus with a time resolution of approximately 100 microseconds. The signals are normalized to those of inert components to compensate for changes in beam intensity caused by rapidly changing source conditions. Pressure trances recorded simulataneously were used to correlated mass signals to significantly reduce variations in the time dependent signals caused by experimental fluctuations. Temperature measurements of the sampled gas using a time-of-flight analysis show that there are no signfiicant perturbations caused by cell walls or the sampling orifice. The measured temperature profile is used to predict the extent of beam overrun present during various phases of the combustion event, which is necessary to determine the validity of the recorded data. Mass signals from reactants and stable products in the flash ignited combustion of methane/oxygen/nitrogen dioxide/argon mixtures are presented and discussed, and provide insight regarding the mechanism of this complex system.
Alternative 3' splice acceptor sites modulate enzymic activity in derivative alleles of the maize bronze1-mutable 13 allele.

The defective Suppressor-mutator (dSpm)-induced allele bronze1-mutable 13 (bz1-m13) and many of its derivative alleles are leaky mutants with measurable levels of flavonol O3-glucosyltransferase activity. This activity results from splicing at acceptor site-1, one of two cryptic 39 splice sites within the dSpm insertion in bz1-m13. In this study, splicing in bz1-m13 change-in-state (CS) alleles CS-3 and CS-64 was shown to be altered from bz1-m13; previous work found altered splicing in CS-9. CS-64 is a null allele and lacks the acceptor site-1-spliced transcript because this site is deleted. CS-3 and CS-9 had increased levels of the acceptor site-1 transcript relative to bz1-m13 and increased enzymic activities. A deletion in CS-9 altered splicing by eliminating acceptor site-2. Both acceptor sites were intact in CS-3, but a deletion removed most of a 275-bp GC-rich sequence in dSpm. This suggests that GC-rich sequences affect splicing and is consistent with models postulating a role for AU content in the splicing of plant introns. Splicing does not necessarily occur, however, at the junction of AU-rich intron sequences and GC-rich exon sequences.
Global use and access of social networking web sites: a national culture perspective

According to eMarketer, social media users worldwide reached 1.43 billion in 2012, representing a 19.2 % increase over the 2011 figures (Arno 2012). Such growth reflects the increasingly important role of social media in many people's lives. As revealed by a research study of global social media (Van Belleghem 2011), 50 % of the users follow brands and prefer to share positive brand experiences on social media, which is shown to have the highest impact on brand perceptions and buying intentions. In addition, they expect some sort of benefit from companies on social networking websites (SNWs). Personal brand experience and conversations about brands by peers are drivers to connect. This represents a huge opportunity for companies to engage their customers via social networking websites by offering product information, updating promotions and announcing events.
Intel "big data" science and technology center vision and execution plan

Intel has moved to a collaboration model with universities consisting of "Science and Technology Centers" (ISTCs). These are located at a "hub" university with participation from other universities, contain embedded Intel personnel, and are focused on some research theme. Intel held a national competition for a 5th Science and Technology center in 2012 and selected a proposal from M.I.T. with a theme of "Big Data". This paper presents the big data vision of this technology center and the execution plan for the first few years.