cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Representation Learning

The central theme of this review is the dynamic interaction between information selection and learning. We pose a fundamental question about this interaction: How do we learn what features of our experiences are worth learning about? In humans, this process depends on attention and memory, two cognitive functions that together constrain representations of the world to features that are relevant for goal attainment. Recent evidence suggests that the representations shaped by attention and memory are themselves inferred from experience with each task. We review this evidence and place it in the context of work that has explicitly characterized representation learning as statistical inference. We discuss how inference can be scaled to real-world decisions by approximating beliefs based on a small number of experiences. Finally, we highlight some implications of this inference process for human decision-making in social environments.
Abstract MP35: Blood Pressure Reductions Before Arrival at a Thrombectomy-Capable Hospital Are Associated With Neurologic Worsening in Patients With Large-Vessel Occlusion

Introduction: Decreases in blood pressure (BP) during thrombectomy are associated with infarct progression and worse outcomes. Many patients present first to a primary stroke center (PSC) and are l...
Acute exacerbation in hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic type B hepatitis: A clinicopathological study

During a 6-year (mean 24.5 months) follow-up study of 237 HBeAg-positive patients with biopsy-verified chronic type B hepatitis, 199 episodes of acute exacerbation (SGPT greater than 300 IU/l) were observed in 148 patients. The clinical and laboratory findings of these acute exacerbations were less severe than classic acute viral hepatitis (P less than 0.001) but with remarkable overlapping. The main histological changes of acute exacerbations were those of lobular hepatitis, even with bridging hepatic necrosis which predicted subsequent HBeAg clearance. Anti-HBc IgM was positive in 14.4% of the exacerbations. All of these findings made acute exacerbation of chronic type B hepatitis indistinguishable from acute viral hepatitis aside from chronic clinical history. Hepatitis A virus, delta agent and possibly non-A, non-B virus(es) were responsible for some of the episodes of clinical exacerbations.
The erythropoietin-hematocrit relationship in normal and polycythemic man: implications of marrow regulation.

The relationship between erythropoietin excretion and change in hematocrit has been determined in normal and polycythemic subjects. Erythropoietin was measured by a method involving the assay of urinary concentrates in polycythemic protein-depleted mice. Basal erythropoietin excretion in normal subjects ranged from 2.8 to 7.5 Standard B units per day. Studies in subjects made anemic by bleeding demonstrated an inverse relationship between hematocrit and the log of erythropoietin excretion. Patients with hypoxia-induced erythrocytosis had increased levels of urinary erythropoietin when their hematocrit was reduced to normal levels by phlebotomy. Three patients whose erythrocytosis was associated with tumors had an erythropoietin excretion which remained constant over a wide range in hematocrit. In polycythemia vera, erythropoietin output was absent or markedly decreased at high hematocrit levels, but measurable erythropoietin appeared in the urine when the hematocrit was reduced to normal or anemic levels by bleeding.
Population Health Surveillance

This article described the basic issues and principles underlying Population health surveillance. First, temporal and then spatial and spatio-temporal aspects of the problem are considered. The emphasis is on change-point methods and jump detection methods in time and clustering in space. The intersection of space and time leads to the concept of persistence of features. Keywords: population; surveillance; temporal; spatial; cluster; relative risk; persistence
Quantum Wave Resistance of Schrodinger functions

The new concept of quantum wave-impedance (QWI), Z is introduced to answer the question whether there is impedance to a Schrodinger wave. Z will be an analogue of Maxwell's free space impedance (376.7 ohm) for electromagnetic waves. We show, for free particle wave function, the value of Z is in general not zero and purely real (resistive). As in quantum hall (QHE), Z can be expressed in terms of the fine structure constant, the electromagnetic permittivity and permeability of free space. Z is a determinant of the partitioning and flow of charge and energy transported by the quantum system. The scale factor of Z is about 12.9 kilo-ohms (per spin), so the corresponding wave conductance G is (77.5 micro-mho, per spin) double the unit of Landaur conductance. As functions of the quantum numbers (l,m,n) Z shows, peaks, valleys and plateaus; also as in QHE, both integer and fractional steps may be obtained. In microwave and optical technology, conventional impedance is an essential parameter. The quantum impedance defined here will be no exception in future technology.
Back to School: Why Everyone Deserves a Second Chance at Education, Edited by Mike Rose

Some years ago, the columnist George Will published two opinion pieces in the space of a week. One column lauded the career and character of a Hall of Fame baseball player who, despite being droppe...
I'm Still There! Ronald A.N. Kydd's Influence on Canadian Pentecostalism

Ronald Kydd is a notable and recognized scholar in Patristic studies as well as Charismatic/Pentecostal movements. With degrees from the University of Manitoba (1967), Lutheran Theological Seminary (1968) and the University of St. Andrews (PhD 1973), Kydd has published a modest number of books and academic articles that have been well received. He was also a well respected participant in the Roman Catholic–Pentecostal dialogue in the 1990s. Furthermore, he has served communities of Anglicans and Pentecostals through his teaching and pastoral responsibilities. His influence extends beyond his scholarly work and includes important contributions from his service to a number of church communities.
Six weeks of massage therapy produces changes in balance, neurological and cardiovascular measures in older persons.

Objectives: Falls in older adults represent a primary cause of decreased mobility and independence, increased morbidity, and accidental death. Research and clinical reports indicate that therapeutic massage (TM) may positively influence suggested causative factors. The second in a two-part study, this project assessed the effects of six weeks of TM treatment on balance, nervous system, and cardiovascular measures in older adults. Design: A randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of six weekly 60-minute sessions of TM on balance, cardiovascular, and nervous system measures. Thirty-five volunteers (19 male and 16 female; ages 62.9 ± 4.6) were randomly assigned to relaxation control or TM groups. A 2 × 4 [treatment condition X time (week 1 and 6)] mixed factorial experimental design was utilized for cardiovascular/balance variables assessed at pretreatment baseline, immediate post-treatment, and 20- and 60-minutes post-treatment; nervous system measures were assessed only at pretreatment and at 60-minute follow-up (2 × 2 mixed design). Longterm benefits were assessed by comparing the TM and control groups on pretreatment baseline measures at week six and a follow-up assessment at week seven (2 × 3 mixed design). Setting: Laboratory Intervention: Six weekly 60-minute, full-body TM. Outcome Measures: Postural control/cardiovascular measures were assessed weeks one, six, and seven; pretreatment and immediate, 20- and 60-minutes post-treatment. Motoneuron pool excitability was assessed pretreatment and 60 minutes post-treatment. Results: The TM group showed significant differences relative to controls in cardiovascular and displacement area/velocity after the week six session, with decreasing blood pressure and increasing stability over time from immediate post-TM to 60 minutes post-TM. The TM group revealed lower H-max/M-max ratios 60-minutes post-treatment. Long-term differences between the groups were detected at week seven in displacement area/velocity and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: Results suggest six weeks of TM resulted in immediate and long-term improvements in postural stability and blood pressure, compared to a controlled condition.
Business Policy in a Dictatorship

Assuming that large concerns usually do pursue a common external “political” policy, the author examines the opportunities and eventual failure of such a policy in the first phase of the Hitler regime. His distinction between an independent and dependent “political” policy by business under a dictatorship may also be relevant for less developed countries with dictatorial governments.
Tautomerism and Magnesium Chelation of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: A Theoretical Study

The tautomerism and corresponding transition states of four authentic HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor prototype structures, alpha,gamma-diketo acid, alpha,gamma-diketotriazole, dihydroxypyrimidine carboxamide and 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid, were investigated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level in vacuum and in aqueous solvent models. To study the possible chelating modes of these tautomers with two magnesium ions--a process important for inhibition--we modeled an assembly of three formic acids, four water molecules and two Mg(2+) ions as a template mimicking the binding site of IN. The DFT calculation results show that deprotonated enolized or phenolic hydroxy groups of specific tautomers in water lead to the most stable complexes, with the two magnesium ions separated by a distance of approximately 3.70 to 3.74 A, and with each magnesium ion at the center of an octahedron. The drug candidate GS-9137 (Gilead), based on the 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid scaffold, and its analogues form similar but different chelating modes. When one water molecule in the complex is replaced by a methanol molecule, which mimics the terminal 3'-OH of viral DNA, a good chelating complex is retained. This supports the hypothesis that, in the binding site of IN after 3'-processing, the terminal 3'-OH of viral DNA interacts with one Mg(2+) by chelation.
Bleaching out the color line?: The skin color continuum and the tripartite model of race

Abstract Bonilla-Silva [Skin Deep: How Race and Color Matter in the “Color-Blind” Era, IRRPP and University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana-Chapaign, IL, 2004, pp. 224–239] argues that “the U.S. is developing a tri-racial system with “Whites” at the top, an intermediary group of “honorary Whites,” and a non-White group or the “collective Black” at the bottom. His thesis provides a new, provocative explanation of how race will operate in 21st Century America. Using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, this article provides an analysis of propositions derived from three models of race as they relate to stratification outcomes: the “binary” (Black/White) model of race, Bonilla-Silva’s tripartite model of race, and a multi-ethnic model of race and ethnicity. The analysis points out that Whites and Blacks differ significantly on several stratification outcomes (e.g., education, occupational prestige, earnings, and family income), irrespective of the model of race that is used. The binary, Black/White model of race is still important in identifying baseline differences in who gets what. The results of the analysis further suggest that Bonilla-Silva’s tripartite model of race makes some apparent improvements on the binary model. In particular, the bivariate results were fully consistent with Bonilla-Silva’s tripartite model. Nevertheless, there are other stratification outcomes that do not strictly conform to the expectations of the tripartite model. The implications of these findings are examined briefly.
Identification of a novel vertebrate circadian clock-regulated gene encoding the protein nocturnin

Photoreceptors of the Xenopus laevis retina are the site of a circadian clock. As part of a differential display screen for rhythmic gene products in this system, we have identified a photoreceptor-specific mRNA expressed in peak abundance at night. cDNA cloning revealed an open reading frame encoding a putative 388 amino acid protein that we have named “nocturnin” (for night-factor). This protein has strong sequence similarity to the C-terminal domain of the yeast transcription factor, CCR4, as well as a leucine zipper-like dimerization motif. Nocturnin mRNA levels exhibit a high amplitude circadian rhythm and nuclear run-on analysis indicates that it is controlled by the retinal circadian clock at the level of transcription. Our observations suggest that nocturnin may function through protein–protein interaction either as a component of the circadian clock or as a downstream effector of clock function.
Does Access to Females or Competition among Males Limit Male Home-Range Size in a Promiscuous Rodent?

To maximize fitness, female mammals attempt to maximize offspring survival, whereas males attempt to mate with as many females as possible, which results in differential use of space. The relative influence of male competition versus access to females on space use by males has not been addressed theoretically or empirically. We conducted an experiment in which we manipulated total density, density of females, and density of males to determine relative influence of density of each sex on space use and overlap by male gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus). Home-range size was correlated inversely with total density and was influenced separately by each sex. Home-range sizes of males were significantly smaller in high male-low female populations than in low female-high male populations. Males overlapped 4-5 females and 4-5 other males in populations with low densities of both sexes and high densities of both sexes. When sex ratios were skewed toward females, males still overlapped 4-5 females but only one other male. When sex ratios were skewed toward males, males overlapped only two females while overlapping three other males. Home-range size of a male does not appear to expand beyond an overlap with about five members of either sex. Thus, intrasexual competition with five males or overlap with five females appear to set upper limits to home-range size of male gray-tailed voles. We conclude that space use by males is influenced by intrasexual competition and access to females with an upper limit of overlap with either sex.
Permselectivity of solutes in homogeneous water-swollen polymer membranes

Abstract The concept of a homogeneous polymer membrane, in which randomly coiled macromolecules pack the solid phase uniformly leaving some unoccupied space as free volume, has been applied in the study of permeability and selectivity of solutes through water (solvent)-swollen polymer membranes. Using this treatment, it became clear that fundamental principles of permeation through polymer film, i.e., a solution and diffusion mechanism of permeation, is also applicable to these swollen systems. However, the permeability characteristics of highly swollen systems resemble that of porous media due to the presence of the solvent, and the permeability of a swollen system to a solute cannot be characterized by a single permeability coefficient. The permeabilities based on diffusive flux (molecular flow) and on bulk flow of solvent, both of which occur under certain conditions, should be differentiated. Consequently permeability and permselectivity depend on the type of processes or conditions under which permea...
A study of (d, p) reactions on 52Cr, 54Fe and 90Zr with a tensor polarized deuteron beam

Abstract Measurements of the three tensor analysing powers T 20 , T 21 , and T 22 and the cross section for (d, p) reactions on 52 Cr, 54 Fe, and 90 Zr have been made at a deuteron energy of 10.0 MeV for eighteen strong transitions with l = 0 to 4 in the angular range from 5° to 130°. The measurements are not explained by DWBA calculations which neglect the deuteron D-state. In particular, calculated values of T 21 are much smaller than the measurements. If the D-state is included, the calculations reproduce the measurements at forward angles.
Comparison of estradiol and testosterone levels during and immediately following prolonged exercise in moderately active and trained males and females.

Estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels were compared among 28 subjects, ages 21-30, classified as male controls (MC), male runners (MR), female controls (FC) or female runners (FR). Serial blood samples were drawn from an indwelling venous catheter during rest (2 hrs), treadmill exercise (1 hr at 60% VO2max), and immediate recovery (15 min). Two-way ANOVA resulted in expected sex differences (p less than .01) in resting levels of E2 (M = 43.2 +/- 26.4; F = 142.4 +/- 72.8 pg/ml) and T (M = 4.8 +/- 1.2; F = 0.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). Significant (p less than .01) percent (%) and absolute (ABS) increases in E2 were observed in all subjects. Exercise increases in T were only significant in the MRs. ABS and % changes were compared among groups during exercise and during recovery. Training-related differences were found in the nature of the steroid responses. Runners exhibited greater ABS and % increases in T and E2 during recovery while the controls' greatest increases occurred during exercise. It was concluded that the greater (and more rapid) exercise responses of E2 in the MCs and T in the FCs as compared to the MRs and FRs, respectively were due to increased adrenal stimulation. The greater (and more delayed) recovery responses of the runners were due to gonadal production or differences in gonadal blood flow dynamics immediately post-exercise. The significance of this training difference may be relevant for steroidal induction of anabolic processes that lead to training adaptations.
Analgesic effects of the APC combination in rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Significant increases in flight threshold as measured by pressure on an inflamed foot have been observed when acetylsalicylic acid, acetophenetidin, caffeine, and combinations have been administered to albino rats. 2. 2. No potentiation of pain reaction threshold between ASA, AP, and caffeine have been observed under the conditions of this experiment, and the possibility of inhibition was in evidence. 3. 3. Caffeine when studied under these experimental conditions appeared to be a potent agent in raising pain reaction threshold, being over twenty-five times as effective as ASA on a unit weight basis.
Exploring the determinants of cable television subscriber satisfaction

Cable television subscribers were interviewed by telephone to explore the determinants of subscriber satisfaction. Performance attribute evaluations, complaint call frequency, and cable system characteristics were examined as antecedents of overall satisfaction with cable service. Several performance evaluation measures emerged as strong predictors of subscriber satisfaction. Analysis of the satisfaction formation process for demographic subgroups revealed variation in the pattern of independent variables that emerged as significant across the groups. Implications for cable system operators and future research are examined. It is suggested that confirmation/disconfirmation constructs be further explored in cable satisfaction research.
Homologies in procaryotic ribosomal proteins: alanine rich acidic proteins associated with polypeptide translocation.

Abstract : Translocation of the growing peptide chain in the synthesis of proteins is mediated to some extent by certain novel acidic ribosomal proteins. These proteins, designated L7 and L12 in Escherichia coli, are localized on the 50 S ribosomal subunit and differ only in the acetylation state of the N-terminal serine. The isolation, chemical characterization and N-terminal sequence analysis of an L7-L12 equivalent from B. stearothermophilus is reported, and the structural features are compared with the E. coli polypeptides, a comparison that is of particular note in view of the considerable interest in the structure, function and evolution of the genetic translation apparatus.
Granular-bed filtration assisted by filter cake formation 3. Penetration of filter cakes by a monodisperse aerosol

For several types of granular solids (sands, silicon carbide and copper shot), penetrations have been measured for a monodisperse aerosol (1.1 μm Dow microspheres) passing through fly ash deposited upon horizontal surfaces of the solids. Fractional penetrations can run as low as 10−5. Pressure drop data for dust cake/granular medium combinations are also given. The data illustrate significance of dust autohesivitiy and dust/granular solid adhesivity for granular-bed filtration assisted by dust cake formation.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Fuel Cermets for Nuclear Reactor Applications

The feasibility of the fabrication of tungsten based nuclear fuel cermets via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is investigated in this work. CeO2 is used to simulate fuel loadings of UO2 or Mixed-Oxide (MOX) fuels within tungsten-based cermets due to the similar properties of these materials. This study shows that after a short time sintering, greater than 90 % density can be achieved, which is suitable to possess good strength as well as the ability to contain fission products. The mechanical properties and the densities of the samples are also investigated as functions of the applied pressures during the sintering.
The technology acceptance model and the World Wide Web

Abstract The technology acceptance model (TAM) proposes that ease of use and usefulness predict applications usage. The current research investigated TAM for work-related tasks with the World Wide Web as the application. One hundred and sixty-three subjects responded to an e-mail survey about a Web site they access often in their jobs. The results support TAM. They also demonstrate that (1) ease of understanding and ease of finding predict ease of use, and that (2) information quality predicts usefulness for revisited sites. In effect, the investigation applies TAM to help Web researchers, developers, and managers understand antecedents to users' decisions to revisit sites relevant to their jobs.
Hypnosis and the reduction of speech anxiety

Hypnosis and systematic desensitization are compared and contrasted as viable means of reducing speech anxiety. Both methods show substantial promise, but Speech‐Communication researchers have not thoroughly explored the potential of hypnosis to date.
Studies on peripheral circulation and epinephrine sensitization following sympathectomy.

Abstract Experiments on dogs were performed to study the effects of lumbar sympathectomy on the peripheral circulation of the hind limbs. Significant rises of distal cutaneous temperatures and arterial blood flow and a decrease of peripheral arterial pressure followed preganglionic denervation. Epinephrine was injected intravenously immediately after unilateral sympathectomy. An increase of peripheral arterial blood pressure and flow, of greater extent and duration than on the control side, was noted. Because of the disagreement that exists as to the time of onset of sensitization to epinephrine, further experiments were performed on dogs after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy. When the continuity of the femoral arteries was maintained, no difference in the effect of epinephrine on the peripheral arterial pressures of the limbs could be demonstrated, but a difference was very evident when the peripheral arterial beds were isolated. In control animals, administration of epinephrine resulted in a brief rise of pressure and outflow in the femoral veins, coincident with the first part of the rise of arterial pressure. The pressures and flow then abruptly decreased to the control level, or less, during the latter portion of the arterial response. This also occurred after sympathectomy, but was less marked on the denervated side. Finally, plethysmographic studies were carried out on an intact and on a denervated kidney. Epinephrine given immediately after the postganglionic denervation similarly resulted in a greater decrease of volume and a longer duration of the effect in the denervated organ. These data suggest strongly that hypersensitivity of blood vessels to epinephrine may occur immediately after both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathectomy.
Chromogen-Ratio Method for Determining Digestibility of Plants by Grasshoppers

The concentration of plant pigments in excreta vs. food provided a measure of disgestibility of most plants by grasshoppers. Digestibility values obtained with the chromogen-ratio method and consumption-excretion ratios were highly correlated (r = 0.789**). Greatly disparate results were obtained in 4 cases. The chromogen method, when applicable, gave better duplicability and eliminated many of the errors and much labor associated with consumption-excretion ratios.
Women and crime: Issues and perspectives

Key issues in the study of female criminality are examined from the structural, individual, and small group perspectives. The literature on female criminality reflects the divergent orientation toward and interpretations of changes in the feminine sex role. Despite the amount of research done, there remain disagreements concerning the basic facts to be explained as well as the appropriate interpretation of existing knowledge.
Imaging of physeal bars in children

The growth plate, also known as the physis or epiphyseal plate, is essential for longitudinal growth of bones in the immature skeleton. A variety of insults to the growth plate from trauma to infection to idiopathic causes can lead to physeal bar formation, an interruption in normal growth plate cartilage, where a bony or fibrous bridge develops between the metaphysis and epiphysis. This bridge restricts subsequent bone growth, leading to limb shortening and/or angular deformities. Early recognition of the presence of a physeal bar can help direct appropriate surgical management to restore linear growth of the bone.
Adsorption characteristics of some Cu(II) complexes on aluminosilicates

The adsorption of Cu(II) by aluminosilicates with varying Si/Al ratios was investigated. The presence of complex-forming organic ligands [nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and glycine (Gly)] alters metal electrovalency and, in so doing, modifies Cu(II) adsorption characteristics which can influence its fate, biological activity and transport in aquatic systems. Electrostatic attraction by a positively-charged aluminosilicate surface is an important mechanism whereby anion CuNTA− complexes were adsorbed. Two distinct mechanisms are involved in the adsorption of cationic complexes: (1) an exchange reaction at permanent structural sites and (2) interfacial accumulation in response to the pH-dependent surface charge. The contribution of each mechanism to the total amount of CuGly+ adsorbed is related to the Si/A1 ratio. At the critical Si/A1 ratio (Si/A1iso), the aluminosilicates have zero net pH-dependent surface charge. In the absence of specific adsorption, aluminosilicates for which Si/A1 ≥ Si/A1iso can only function as cation exchangers. For Si/A1 < Si/A1iso simultaneous adsorption of anions and cations is possible.
Partial purification and characterization of protein tyrosine kinases from normal tissues

Abstract Three membranous protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been partially purified from human placenta and pig brain. The two placental enzymes (PTK-1 and -2) are distinct with respect to solubility in detergents, molecular weight, and enzymatic properties. The brain protein tyrosine kinase resembles placental PTK-1 with respect to molecular weight and some kinetic properties. However, stimulation of brain PTK is greater with Mn2+ than with Mg2+ whereas placental PTK-1 gives higher rates with Mg2+ than with Mn2+. All three enzymes are inhibited about 50% by 0.1 m NaCl. A monoclonal antibody raised in vitro against the brain enzyme inhibits brain PTK as well as placental PTK-2, but has no effect against PTK-1 or pp60src. It thus appears that these three enzymes are distinct entities that differ from each other both kinetically and immunologically. With synthetic tyrosine-glutamic acid polymers as a substrate, protein tyrosine kinase activity can be detected in crude extracts of membranes.
The strategic impact of international trade shows and trade missions for entrepreneurial firms

Does the use of state sponsored trade shows and trade missions increase the export success of entrepreneurial companies? We hypothesize and find that small firm participation in state sponsored trade shows is positively associated with higher levels of export performance, while small firm participation in state sponsored trade missions is positively associated with long-term export growth. It appears that for smaller businesses, trade shows have an immediate payoff, while trade missions result in benefits over the long run.
Effect of Reflecting Structures on Circularly Polarized Tv Broadcast Transmission

Much discussion has centered on the potential benefits of circularly polarized transmission of TV signals to the viewing public. One of these proposed benefits is the possibility of ghost reduction when both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with CP antennas. While there has been much conjecture and a limited amount of testing, no definitive discussion has appeared on the conditions required and the extent to which ghosts may be expected to be reduced. It is the purpose of this paper to explore these questions from a theoretical point of view. It will be shown that there are, in fact, situations in which ghost reduction should be expected, considering practical transmitting antennas, receiving antennas, and the characteristics of typical reflecting structures. While this discussion is theoretical in nature, it is hoped that it will be useful to the broadcaster contemplating CP transmission so that he can evaluate his market in terms of possible benefit. In addition, this theoretical treatment should serve to guide further field studies to verify that the predicted conditions for ghost reduction are actually observed in practice. Finally, the characteristics required of CP receive antennas to maximize the benefits of CP to the viewer will be discussed.
Cutaneous hypopigmentation following a posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone injection

PURPOSE: To report a case of cutaneous skin hypopigmentation following a posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for uveitis. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A 28-year-old African American female with Adamantiades-Behcet disease and panuveitis was administered a posterior sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide and developed cutaneous hypopigmentation. RESULTS: The patient developed skin hypopigmentation of the upper eyelid adjacent to the site of the sub-Tenon injection. CONCLUSION: Injection of corticosteroids into the sub-Tenon space can cause hypopigmentation of the adjacent tissues, especially in heavily pigmented individuals.
Studies of Damascus steel blades: Part 1—Experiments on reconstructed blades☆

Abstract In a recent article [J. D. Verhoeven and A. H. Pendray, Mat. Char. 29:195–212 (1992)] the authors demonstrated that the striking pattern on genuine Damascus blades can be reproduced by forging small cruicle solidified steel ingots, but the origin of the cementite particles that form the pattern was not discussed. Experiments are presented here that examine the evolution of the cementite particle formation during the forging process. In addition, a comparison study was done on blades formed from vacuum induction-melted chill cast steels of similar compositions to investigate the role of reduced dendrite spacings. The experiments provide evidence that the cementite particles that produce the bands are formed in the forging process by precipitation from the austenite in planar sheets of cluster particles, with the sheets spaced at a distance corresponding to the primary dendrite spacing inherited from the ingot. The experiments are shown to support the hypothesis that the cluster sheet formation in Damascus steel is a type of carbide banding: The segregated impurity elements of the small ingots are deformed into planar arrays on forging and somehow cause the cementite to nucleate along the planar arrays during the cyclic thermomechanical forging process.
Reflections of Turkish International Graduate Students: Studies on Life at a U.S. Midwestern University

A modified version of Moustakas’ (1994) method of analyzing phenomenological data was used to illuminate how full-time, single, Turkish international graduate students conceptualized their experiences as international students. The participants detailed common and salient aspects of their experience: personal growth, decisions regarding participation in the Turkish community, interaction with Americans, future career opportunities, loss of time with family and significant others, the importance of English language skills, and the significance of Turkey’s political history. Implications of the study are specifically applied to the practice of university administration, counselors and counselor educators.
Collision measurements and excited-level lifetime measurements on ions stored in Paul, Penning and Kingdon ion traps

Abstract Ion-collision and ion-excited level mean lifetime measurements carried out in Paul, Penning and Kingdon ion traps are briefly reviewed. Low energy spin-dependent charged particle collisions which have been studied include electron-atom spin exchange, spin-dependent electron-atom elastic collisions, spin-dependent excitation of atoms by polarized electrons, and spin-dependent electron transfer. Cross sections for electron recombination with molecules have been measured, as were the rate coefficients for ion-molecule reactions at temperatures between 11 K and 60 K. The rate coefficients or cross sections for electron transfer from atoms or molecules to atomic ions with charge states as high as 10 + , and energies in the eV range or below, have been obtained. The mean lifetimes of atomic and molecular ion states, with lifetimes ranging from 10 −9 s to tens of seconds, decaying by E1, intercombination E1, 2E1, M1 and E2 transitions, have been measured. The experimental data are presented in tabular form to simplify retrieval. The operation of the ion traps, and certain properties of the ion motion in the traps, are discussed, particularly from the point of view of the storage of ion numbers typically used in collisional research. The background and motivation for individual measurements, as well as salient features of the experimental technique, are also presented.
Occurrence, localization, and possible significance of an ornithine-containing lipid in Paracoccus denitrificans

A ninhydrin-positive, phosphorus-negative lipid from Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC 13543 has been isolated and purified by mild alkaline methanolysis followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The lipid was identified as an ornithine-containing lipid. The major ester-linked fatty acid was cis vaccenic acid. Major amide-linked fatty acids were 3-OH-20:1 and 3-OH-18:0. Ornithine-containing lipid was a major lipid component of P. denitrificans. Phospholipids made up about 57% and ornithine-containing lipid about 14% of the weight of the total lipid of the organism. The ratios of lipid ornithine: lipid phosphorus were 0.23, 0.65 and 0.58 in cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane, and an NaCl extract, which is thought to represent chiefly outer membrane, respectively. Thus ornithine-containing lipid appears to be present in larger amounts in outer membrane than cytoplasmic membrane. No substantial variations in lipid ornithine levels were noted in stationary phase versus exposnential phase organisms, organisms grown in complex medium versus organisms grown in minimal medium with and without amino acid supplements, or in organisms grown in low phosphate-containing medium.
Role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) during ex vivo warm kidney perfusion prior to renal transplantation.

Due to the shortage of available organ donors and the growing renal transplantation waiting list, most transplant centers are utilizing kidneys from an expanded donor pool that consists of older kidneys and those with longer cold ischemia times. In addition, some centers are re-addressing the issue of pumping kidneys (ex vivo hypothermic perfusion) to optimize marginal grafts as a technique to expand the donor pool. In the accompanying report by Brasile et al. (1), the investigators describe excellent function following long-term (48 h) ex vivo warm perfusion of canine autotransplanted kidneys.
An induced acceleration index for examining joint couplings

A muscle produces moments at the joints it crosses, but these moments can also cause accelerations at joints not crossed by the muscle. This phenomenon, the acceleration of a joint caused by a muscle not crossing the joint, is referred to as induced acceleration. For a system of rigid bodies this study examines how system configuration, and segmental inertial properties dictate the potential of one joint to cause the acceleration of other joints in the system. From the equations of motion for a series of rigid bodies, an induced acceleration index (IAI) was developed. The IAI permits quantification of the relative potential of moments produced at joints in the kinematic chain to accelerate other joints in the kinematic chain. The IAI is a function of system orientation, segment lengths, and inertial properties. The IAI was used to examine the roles of the ankle and hip joints in quiet standing. The ankle joint had over 12 times the ability to accelerate the hip joint, than the hip had to accelerate the ankle joint. These results in part explain the relative merits of the two strategies predominantly used to maintain upright stance: the ankle and hip strategies. This index permits an understanding of how the induced accelerations are dependent on system configuration and inertial properties. The IAI is also useful in situations where the inertial properties of the system under investigation changes, for example due to the fitting of a new prostheses to a trans-tibial amputee.
Automated determination of volume phase hologram parameters

Commercially available ray tracing programs by themselves are not adequate for modelling optical systems with holographic gratings. In this paper, we describe a suite of tools that we have developed specifically for working with volume phase holograms. One tool measures the diffraction efficiency of a grating with respect to angle and position. Our automated measurement process is described. The measured diffraction data is analyzed to extract key grating parameters; such as, grating thickness and index modulation. The theoretical basis for this analysis is described. The extracted grating parameters can be used to ray trace expected performance for comparison with direct measurements. Such a methodology has allowed us to develop modelling capabilities that can be confidently used to compare design options and guide development activities. In our environment, data is collected and grating parameters are extracted using LabView; ray tracing is performed using Zemax. The concepts, however, are quite general. An example of measuring a grating recorded in a photopolymer and extracting its grating parameters is given. Results are compared to published datasheet specifications.
Cellular components necessary for mechanoelectrical transduction are conveyed to primary afferent terminals by fast axonal transport.

Abstract Axonal transport of neurotransmitter receptors is a well established phenomenon. In this study, we sought to determine whether the cellular components necessary for mechanical-to-electrical transduction in primary afferents are also conveyed to the peripheral terminals via fast axonal transport. In previous studies, severed cutaneous nerves have been shown to develop mechanical sensitivity at their ligated ends within hours of injury. Since the rate of development of this mechanical sensitivity was temperature dependent, we postulated that axonal transport was involved. In this study, we performed two experiments in which the rate of axonal transport was modified. In the first experiment, the nerve was cut at a proximal site to block the supply of additional transported components to the distal end of the nerve. At a point 80 to 120 mm distal to this proximal cut, a nerve crush and ligation were performed either 3 or 12 h after the proximal nerve ligation. The centripetally conducted action potentials generated by applying mechanical stimuli to the nerve subjacent to the distal ligature were recorded 10 h after the distal ligature was placed. Given a fast axonal transport rate of 400 mm/day, transported molecules should traverse a 100-mm segment within 6 h. Consistent with this calculation, 29% of the myelinated fibers responded to mechanical stimuli when the time lapse between lesions was 3 h, whereas only 3% responded when the time between lesions was 12 h. In the second experiment, axonal transport was enhanced by a prior nerve injury (conditioning lesion). Seven days after this lesion, the nerve was reinjured proximal to the conditioning lesion location, and the development of mechanosensitivity at the acute injury site was assessed. The rate of development of mechanical sensitivity was greatly enhanced by the conditioning lesion, and 44% of the myelinated fibers responded to mechanical stimuli 10 h after the acute injury. These two studies support the ideas that: (1) the cellular components necessary for mechanical-to-electrical transduction are transported to distal sensory terminals via fast axonal transport; (2) nerve crush and ligation lead to ectopic expression of these transducers at the nerve injury site; and (3) prior nerve injury increases the rate of development of mechanosensitivity, perhaps by increasing the production of transducers.
Optimizing the smoothed bootstrap

In this paper we develop the technique of a generalized rescaling in the smoothed bootstrap, extending Silverman and Young's idea of shrinking. Unlike most existing methods of smoothing, with a proper choice of the rescaling parameter the rescaled smoothed bootstrap method produces estimators that have the asymptotic minimum mean (integrated) squared error, asymptotically improving existing bootstrap methods, both smoothed and unsmoothed. In fact, the new method includes existing smoothed bootstrap methods as special cases. This unified approach is investigated in the problems of estimation of global and local functionals and kernel density estimation. The emphasis of this investigation is on theoretical improvements which in some cases offer practical potential.
A CATV based metropolitan area network using distributed switching

Abstract A number of protocols have been proposed to allow the use of standard cable television plants to support metropolitan area networking. In the present work we describe a new approach to solving the problem that has some interesting properties in its ability to support large numbers of users at fixed transmission rates at a relatively low cost.
Dynamics of molecules in graphite

Abstract Molecular units in liquids and solids exhibit a rich variety of excitations, including librational, rotational, and diffusional motions. Since those occur on comparable time-scales and since the modes may couple they are often difficult to analyze. This situation is different for molecules intercalated in graphite. Here the two-dimensionality together with the steric hindrance due to the bonding graphite layers render the complex problem more tractable. Recent neutron scattering experiments on the dynamics of simple molecules in graphite are briefly reviewed and discussed, with main emphasis on the dynamics of the two-dimensional KNH 3 solution in graphite.
Fertility and Infertility: Genetic Contributions from the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Gonadal Axis

Infertility affects approximately 1 in 10 couples. Causes include physical, environmental, and genetic factors, and both partners are equally likely to be affected. It is often difficult to establish a diagnosis for the cause of infertility. “Idiopathic infertility” still predominates as a diagnosis, which reflects the challenges of defining the pathophysiology of infertility in individual couples. Nevertheless, treatment is often successful, using ovulation induction, in vitro fertilization, or ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). Given the large number of genes that are potentially involved in sex determination, steroidogenesis, and fertility, space limitations preclude a comprehensive review of all genetic abnormalities associated with infertility (e.g. chromosomal abnormalities, disorders of steroid biosynthesis, and metabolic disorders). In this review, we have focused primarily on genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. These disorders have provided important insight into the function of the reproductive axis in humans and may point the way toward improved strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Several single-gene disorders affect HPG function and fertility in humans (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Although most of these disorders are relatively rare, they should be considered as causes of infertility for a variety of reasons. First, understanding the pathophysiology of infertility can allow patients to be counseled about their prognosis and the risk of transmitting a condition to their children. Second, treatment can be tailored more appropriately in the context of known hormonal deficits. Finally, it is likely that the cases described to date represent the most severe end of the phenotypic spectrum. Disorders associated with milder phenotypes may be more common and could provide further information about the transcription factors, hormones, and receptors involved in reproduction.
Putting predators back into behavioral predator–prey interactions

Abstract In the study of behavioral predator–prey interactions, predators have been treated as abstract sources of risk to which prey respond, rather than participants in a larger behavioral interaction. When predators are put back into the picture by allowing them to respond strategically to prey behavior, expectations about prey behavior can change. Something as simple as allowing predators to move in response to prey movements might not only (radically) alter standard expectations of prey behavior, but might also reveal new classes of behavioral phenomena that occur at large spatial scales. Similar revelations undoubtedly await many well-studied aspects of the behavioral interaction between predator and prey. Most examples studied to date, both theoretical and empirical, require attention from this ‘predatory' perspective. Putting predators back into the picture will be challenging, but doing so might change the way in which biologists think about predator–prey interactions in general.
Propagation characteristics of interfacial ripples

Abstract The theory of propagation of capillary waves at liquid—liquid interfaces with interfacial films is developed. Modifications of instrumentation permitting measurement of ripple wavelength and damping coefficients at liquid—liquid interfaces are described. Wavelength and damping coefficient measurements in the systems water-heptane-lauryl amine hydrochloride and aqueous electrolyte-polarized mercury-octanoic acid are presented. Experimental errors were somewhat greater than those experienced in prior work at the water-air interface, but within these errors results were in satisfactory agreement with theory.