cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of typological thinking in mental retardation.

Abstract Despite the acceptance of evolutionary theory in the biological and social sciences, typological thinking—the belief that individual differences diverge around an underlying type or essence—has persisted. The most egregious example is J. H. Langdon Down's “ethnological classification of idiocy,” taken seriously in the field for almost 80 years after its origin in 1866. Past and present controversies over the definition of mental retardation have turned on an unacknowledged typological axis. Some contemporary research on Down syndrome indicates that the allure of typology is still an obstacle to the appreciation of individual differences and human dignity in the field of mental retardation.
Real‐Time Flash Flood Prediction

A prototype hydrometeorological model for real-time, site-specific, flash flood prediction is presented. Precipitation prediction components are coupled with runoff-generating and flood-routing components through the water mass conservation law and a state estimator which was used for updating the model state variables from real-time observations. The model is capable of operating under the various data availability conditions existing in flash flood prone areas. Sensitivity analysis using data from significant past flash floods indicates that short-term model predictions are not significantly sensitive to the runoff-generating model component when updating is performed. In addition, the sensitivity analysis suggested that model performance is best when all available meteorological and hydrological data are utilized by the state estimator. Remarkably (given the data available for calibration) good predictions of stream stage were obtained by the model for several flash flood cases.
Patterns of accidental genital trauma in young girls and indications for operative management.

Abstract Background/purpose The aim of this study was to define the injury patterns of accidental genital trauma (AGT) in female patients and examine the indications and outcomes of operative intervention. Methods Review of patients younger than 16 years with AGT from 1980 to 2007 excluding sexual- and obstetric-related injuries. Results One hundred sixty-seven patients met the criteria. Mean (±SEM) age was 6.9 (0.2) years. There were 70.5% straddle injuries, followed by nonstraddle blunt injuries (23.5%) and penetrating injuries (6.0%). Injuries to the labia were most frequent (64.0%). Injuries to the posterior fourchette (7.8%) and hymenal disruption (8.4%) were less frequent. There was 87.9% of AGT that was managed expectantly without further sequelae. Twenty patients (12.1%) were managed operatively. Penetrating injuries were more likely to require operative management ( P ≤ .03). The operative group was also more likely to have multiple genital injuries (60% versus 25%, P Conclusions Accidental genital trauma is most commonly caused by straddle-type injuries and is usually amenable to nonoperative management. Hymenal disruption and injuries to the posterior fourchette are uncommon with these types of injuries.
Taste aversions conditioned with intravenous copper sulfate: Attenuation by ablation of the area postrema

Borison and Wang identified the area postrema as the locus of chemoreceptors that mediate emetic reflexes elicited by blood-borne toxins. In the present experiments we have extended a systematic investigation of the afferent pathways mediating taste aversions by examining the effects of area postrema lesions on the aversions that follow either intravenous or intragastric administration of copper sulfate. Intrajugular cannulas were implanted in rats after ablation of the area postrema (Group AP-L) and in operated controls (Group AP-C). Every third day rats were offered a saccharin solution and immediately afterward were injected intravenously with 0.05 ml isotonic CuSO4. A group of pseudo-conditioned rats (Group SAC-C) was injected with CuSO4 approximately 24 h after ingestion of saccharin. Compared to control animals, rats with area postrema damage acquired significantly weaker aversions to saccharin when it was paired repeatedly with intravenous CuSO4. After three conditioning trials, the rats in Group AP-L that were most resistant to acquisition of a taste aversion (Group AP-L*) were again offered saccharin, but ingestion in this case was followed immediately by intragastric injection of CuSO4. After a single conditioning trial rats in Group AP-L* demonstrated a robust aversion. The results are discussed in terms of the parallels in afferent systems between emetic physiology and some instances of taste aversion conditioning.
Abstract 3759: Meat consumption, ornithine decarboxylase gene polymorphism, and outcomes after colorectal cancer diagnosis

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL BACKGROUND. Arginine, and meat consumption (i.e., the primary dietary source of arginine) have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression via polyamine-dependent processes. Genetic polymorphism in the polyamine-regulatory gene ornithine decarboxylase-1 (ODC1) has been shown to be prognostic for survival after CRC diagnosis. Here we examined the joint effects of meat consumption and ODC1 polymorphism on CRC-specific mortality among CRC cases. METHODS. The study included 329 incident stage I-III CRC cases from the population-based UC Irvine Gene-Environment Study of Familial CRC (diagnosed 1994-1996 with follow-up through March 2008). Genotyping of the ODC1 (National Center for Biotechnology Information SNP database ID rs2302615) +316 SNP was conducted using oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify a 172-bp fragment containing the polymorphic base at +316 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Meat intake (frequency and serving size) was ascertained via questionnaires administered at baseline (cohort entry), where patients were asked to report their usual eating habits during the one year prior to CRC diagnosis. Multivariate CRC-specific survival analyses were stratified by TNM stage, and adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family history, tumor subsite within the colorectum, histology, treatment with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, weekly meat consumption, ODC1 genotype, and a term representing the interaction of meat consumption and ODC1 genotype. The primary outcome was to assess the interaction of meat consumption and ODC1 genotype (GG vs. GA/AA) on CRC-specific mortality. RESULTS. ODC1 genotype distribution was 51% GG, 49% GA/AA). Median meat consumption was 6.95 and 7.40 servings per week in ODC1 GG group and GA/AA group respectively (P =0.31). In the multivariate model, a statistically significant interaction between ODC1 genotype, meat consumption, and CRC-specific mortality was observed, such that increasing levels of meat consumption were associated with higher CRC-specific mortality among ODC1 GA/AA compared to GG cases, adjusted colorectal cancer-specific survival hazards ratio, 12.75; 95% confidence interval, 2.71-60.12; P =0.001 (unadjusted HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.24-4.23; P =0.008). There was a strong interaction between meat consumption and ODC1 genotype, P-int =0.01. CONCLUSIONS. Among CRC cases with ODC1 GA/AA genotypes, higher levels of meat consumption are associated with poor survival outcomes. These data provide further evidence that polyamine metabolism, and its modulation by specific dietary factors, have relevance to CRC outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3759. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3759
X-ray absorption and resonance Raman studies of methyl-coenzyme M reductase indicating that ligand exchange and macrocycle reduction accompany reductive activation.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes methane formation from methyl-coenzyme M (methyl-SCoM) and N-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate (CoBSH). MCR contains a nickel hydrocorphin cofactor at its active site, called cofactor F 430 . Here we present evidence that the macrocyclic ligand participates in the redox chemistry involved in catalysis. The active form of MCR, the red1 state, is generated by reducing another spectroscopically distinct form called ox1 with titanium(III) citrate. Previous electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 14 N electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) studies indicate that both the ox1 and red1 states are best described as formally Ni(I) species on the basis of the character of the orbital containing the spin in the two EPR-active species. Herein, X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) and resonance Raman (RR) studies are reported for the inactive (EPR-silent) forms and the red1 and ox1 states of MCR. RR spectra are also reported for isolated cofactor F 430 in the reduced, resting, and oxidized states; selected RR data are reported for the 15 N and 64 Ni isotopomers of the cofactor, both in the intact enzyme and in solution. Small Ni K-edge energy shifts indicate that minimal electron density changes occur at the Ni center during redox cycling of the enzyme. Titrations with Ti(III) indicate a 3-electron reduction of free cofactor F 430 to generate a stable Ni(I) state and a 2-electron reduction of Ni(I)-ox1 to Ni(I)-red1. Analyses of the XANES and EXAFS data reveal that both the ox1 and red1 forms are best described as hexacoordinate and that the main difference between ox1 and red1 is the absence of an axial thiolate ligand in the red1 state. The RR data indicate that cofactor F 430 undergoes a significant conformational change when it binds to MCR. Furthermore, the vibrational characteristics of the ox1 state and red1 states are significantly different, especially in hydrocorphin ring modes with appreciable C=N stretching character. It is proposed that these differences arise from a 2-electron reduction of the hydrocorphin ring upon conversion to the red1 form. Presumably, the ring-reduction and ligand-exchange reactions reported herein underlie the enhanced activity of MCR red1 , the only form of MCR that can react productively with the methyl group of methyl-SCoM.
Simplified integration of Prolog with RDBMS

In this paper we describe several advantages of integrating the declarative, logic-based language, Prolog, with conventional relational database management systems. We then explain a file conversion procedure which can be used to exchange information between systems. The result is a research environment in which the user can derive maximum benefit from both Prolog and relational database systems.
Pharmacogenetic predictors of methylphenidate dose-response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective Because of significant individual variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication response, there is increasing interest in identifying genetic predictors of treatment effects. This study examined the role of four catecholamine-related candidate genes in moderating methylphenidate (MPH) dose-response. Method Eighty-nine stimulant-naive children with ADHD 7 to 11 years old participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of long-acting MPH. Parents and teachers assessed each child's response on placebo and three MPH dosage levels using the Vanderbilt ADHD rating scales. Children were genotyped for polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region of dopamine transporter (DAT), exon 3 on dopamine receptor D 4 (DRD4), codon 158 on catechol- O -methyltransferase, and the adrenergic α 2A -receptor promoter. Linear mixed models evaluated gene, dose (milligrams per kilogram per day), and gene-by-dose effects on inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive domain outcomes. Results The most statistically significant gene-by-dose interactions were observed on hyperactive-impulsive symptoms for DRD4 and DAT polymorphisms, with participants lacking the DAT 10-repeat allele showing greater improvements in symptoms with increasing dose compared with 10-repeat carriers ( p = .008) and those lacking the DRD4 4-repeat allele showing less improvement across MPH doses compared with 4-repeat carriers (p = 0.02). Conclusions This study suggests that DAT and DRD4 polymorphisms may be associated with individual variability in MPH dose-response, although further research in larger samples is required to confirm these findings and their clinical utility. Clinical trial registration information—Response Variability in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01238822.
Simulating Heterogeneous and Larger-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks with TOSSIM TinyOS Emulator

Abstract TOSSIM is a wireless sensor network (WSN) emulator which is useful for assessing and evaluating application code in TinyOS operating system and Mica mote based environments. Although TOSSIM provides a high-fidelity and very accurate emulation environment for WSN applications, there are some significant drawbacks that might hinder simulation of larger scale WSNs. TOSSIM can simulate WSNs with up to 1,000 motes under certain conditions. Another fundamental shortcoming of TOSSIM is that it does not support heterogeneous networks, although this issue originates as a result of a limitation imposed by TinyOS, where every mote must run the same code. In furtherance, the TOSSIM memory space allocation for the application program running on motes appears to be fixed regardless of the number of motes in the WSN. This leads to having to write smaller application for a mote as the mote count increases. Finally, because of its bit-level granularity, TOSSIM simulation time increases quickly to several weeks for larger-scale sensor networks with around 1000 motes. We propose a number of suggestions and workarounds to facilitate larger-scale WSNs to be simulated with reasonably-functional application code and within quicker simulation time periods in the TOSSIM environment. In order to simulate heterogeneous networks, a simple If- Then control structure is proposed for the application code. Packet-TOSSIM is an option to reduce the simulation time if bit- level granularity is not required. The nesC application code must be compact and optimized for size for larger mote counts so that the entire simulation can fit into the TOSSIM process memory space.
1997 Albert Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science. Observations over 50 years concerning intestinal polyposis, Marfan syndrome and achondroplasia.

Observations over 50 years concerning intestinal polyposis, Marfan syndrome and achondroplasia
Rare earth crystal field spectroscopy by neutron magnetic scattering: from xenotime to high Tc superconductors

Abstract Optical spectroscopy is one of the traditional methods used to determine the overall splitting of the rare earth ion energy states within an f N configuration in either solution or solid state of transparent materials. This technique can provide data over a wide energy range with good resolution, and the parameters obtained for the empirical Hamiltonian reflect the “best fit” of the observed energies. Absolute intensity measurements of optical transitions and their comparison with theory, however, are difficult. Magnetic scattering of thermal neutrons arises from an interaction of the neutron magnetic moment with the convection and spin current of the scatterer. Such a weak interaction does not involve any excited intermediate states of the system and requires only a first order perturbation treatment to calculate the scattering cross-section. However, neutron spectroscopy probes only states at energies less than ≈ 1 eV. It is demonstrated that a combined treatment of neutron and optical data can provide the complementary information necessary for a proper characterization of the level splittings and wavefunctions of the rare earth ions in xenotime (RPO 4 , R  Tb to Yb). Next we discuss the analyses of neutron scattering data for the understanding of the rare earth energy levels and wavefunctions in various high T c copper oxide superconductors and related compounds. The importance of a consistent refinement of the crystal field parameters across a series of isostructural rare earth compounds and a systematic comparison of the low temperature magnetic properties with model calculations are emphasized.
The interaction of Ca2+ with human factor IX

Abstract The binding isotherms of Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ to human blood coagulation Factor IX have been obtained at 25 °C and pH 7.4. In the case of both cations, a Scatchard plot of the data reveals that a single class of binding sites exist. For Ca 2+ , a total of 16.0 ± 1.0 sites, of K D 7.3 ± 0.2 × 10 −4 m , are present on human Factor IX. Similar analysis of the Sr 2+ data indicates that Factor IX contains 11.0 ± 1.0 binding sites, with a K D of 1.9 ± 0.1 × 10 −3 m . Both Sr 2+ and Mn 2+ effectively displace Ca 2+ from human Factor IX; whereas Mg 2+ is considerably less potent in this regard. Conversely, Ca 2+ is capable of nearly complete displacement of Sr 2+ from its binding sites on human Factor IX. The activation of human Factor IX, by human Factor XIa, shows a complex dependence on the Ca 2+ concentration. Sr 2+ can substitute for Ca 2+ in this activation process. Mn 2+ cannot, in itself, substitute for Ca 2+ in activation of Factor IX, but does significantly enhance the activation of Factor IX by Factor XIa at suboptimal levels of Ca 2+ . The rate of activation of human Factor IX by the coagulant protein of Russell's viper venom also shows a dependence on the presence of divalent cations. Here, however, a rigid specificity is not noted, since Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Mn 2+ all allow activation to proceed equally well.
Roles and Mechanisms of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor survival. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has provided a new opportunity to study the disease. Thus far, altered expression of miRNAs has been reported in a wide range of malignancies, including PC, and some miRNAs are associated with PC cell proliferation, invasion, chemoresistance, and patient survival. This review summarizes recent advances with respect to the roles and mechanisms of miRNAs in PC and discusses potential clinical applications.
Bladder-sparing strategies for transitional cell carcinoma

R cystectomy is the accepted standard of care for the patient with clinically organ-confined muscle invasive bladder cancer. Exenterative surgery provides excellent long-term diseasespecific survival, particularly in patients with low-stage disease (pT2 or less). Cystectomy also provides definitive staging information with which decisions about the application of adjuvant systemic therapy can be made. Advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care have reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality.1,2 Advances in organ preservation strategies have substantially modified the approach to many cancers (ie, breast, esophagus). As multimodal and tissue-sparing alternatives to standard surgical therapies gain in both efficacy and popularity, it is not surprising that interest in alternatives to bladder removal has increased. The rationale for bladder preservation is that patients succumbing to invasive disease rarely do so because of locoregional complications, but rather because of distant metastases that are not addressed by locoregional therapeutic interventions. Additionally, despite enthusiasm among urologic surgeons for bladder reconstruction, neobladders and internal reservoirs are associated with significant long-term reoperation and complication rates (20% to 30% in most large series) that make complete bladder removal somewhat less attractive than a cursory analysis of the available data might otherwise suggest. Many patients diagnosed with bladder cancer are elderly and have significant comorbidity. Accordingly, it is important that quality of life as well as actuarial and disease-specific survival be considered in formulating the therapeutic plan for a given patient. Bladder preservation can be achieved by using a combination of modalities that include transurethral resection (TUR), partial cystectomy, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy. Data about the use of bladder preservation strategies, as well as the advantages and limitations of these approaches, are reviewed here.
Utility of temperature dependent FT-IR spectra of xenon solutions and ab initio calculations for conformational stability determinations of some CH3YPX2 molecules

Abstract Variable temperature (−60 to −100°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500-400 cm −1 ) of ethylphosphine, CH 3 CH 2 PH 2 , dissolved in liquid xenon have been recorded. From these data, the enthalpy difference between the more stable trans form and high energy gauche conformer has been determined to be 160 ± 30 cm −1 (457 ± 86 cal mol −1 ). From this enthalpy value along with the torsional transitions for both conformers and the gauche dihedral angle the potential function governing the conformer interconversion has been determined. Optimized structural parameters, conformational stabilities, barriers to internal rotation, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, and scaled and unscaled fundamental frequencies were calculated for both conformers from MP2/6-31G∗ ab initio calculations. Raman line intensities and depolarization values were obtained from gradient RHF/6-31G∗ calculations. All of the results are compared with the experimentally determined values. Additionally, the results are compared with those obtained for ethyldifluorophosphine and ethyldichlorophosphine as well as to the corresponding isoelectronic molecules, methoxydifluorophosphine and methoxydichlorophosphine, respectively.
RTD studies in an industrial flotation column: use of the radioactive tracer technique

Abstract The radioactive tracer technique was applied in a flotation column (0.91 m diameter and 12 m height) in order to compare the hydrodynamic behaviour of the liquid and mineral phases. Experiments were carried out by marking the liquid and non-floatable solid in three size classes (−38; −75+38; −150+75 μm). The mean residence time and the degree of mixing of the liquid and solid per size class was evaluated. A 2:1 ratio between residence time of liquid (or fine particles) and coarse particles was measured. It was shown that the solid dispersion number is similar to the liquid dispersion number. The effectiveness of the froth preventing the entrainment of fine particles was directly observed around the pulp/froth interface, using fine non-floatable mineral as the tracer.
The Penetration of an Electron Beam Through a Plasma † Part I. General Considerations—Amplification and Overstability

ABSTRACT Employing the one-dimensional hydrodynamic equations, the problem of an electron beam traversing a plasma is treated from the point of view of double stream amplifier, resistive and inductive envelope amplifier and stability theory. The connection between the above treatments is demonstrated and discussed to clarify certain questions that enter into the interpretation of amplification and overstability. A method of determining particle number density and collision frequency (under certain conditions) of the plasma is suggested.
An isolation approach to symbolic execution-based verification of Ada tasking programs

Abstract An experiment was performed using a case study to examine the storage structures of a hybrid DBMS (ADABAS) and a hierarchical DBMS (IMS). Data base operating performance of retrievals, inserts, deletes, and modifications were obtained. Measures of I/O accesses, CPU time, and application development time were monitored. Results indicate that it takes less time for program development using ADABAS/NATURAL compared to IMS/COBOL. It is found that IMS performs better than ADABAS in small data bases. In larger data bases, insertion and deletion performance of IMS is better than that of ADABAS. As the data base size grows, ADABAS retrieval performance deteriorates. The reasons attributed for the performance difference are the large number of inverted lists maintained in ADABAS and the poor reorganization performance of IMS. Some conclusions are drawn regarding inverted list and hierarchical data structures.
Intervening variables in unaware subjects in a verbal conditioning task.

Summary.-33 Ss, judged in a lengthy post-conditioning interview to be unaware of the correct res~nse-reinforc ement contingency as employed in a Taffel verbal conditioning task, were compared on the interrelationsh~ps of their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the E and N scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, an auditory measure of vigilance, the spiral aftereffect rest, and a verbal conditioning measure. Verbal conditioning was found to be related to manifest anxiety and neuroticism in a psychiatric subgroup but not in a normal subgroup. Variables affecting verbal conditioning were discussed. The determination of which intervening variables are important in modifying the level of an individual's conditionability has important implications for behavior modification. Th3s is especially true of verbal behavior inasmuch as it is the traditional vehicle of psychotherapy and, as such, is presumed to exert a great deal of influence over more covert aspects of behavior. Anxiety (Taffel, 1955 ) , introversion (Eysenck, 1959), and Ss awareness (Spielberger, et al., 1965) have been intervening variables most frequently found to affect verbal conditioning. Eysenck ( 1957) has further suggested that cortical inhibition, as measured by such perceptual tests as auditory vigilance and spiral aftereffect, is negatively related to conditioning, though this hypothesis has not been tested with a verjal conditioning task. Spielberger has argued that, when awareness was controlled through the use of a lengthy post-conditioning interview, drive and personality effects have not been demonstrated. Use of Ss who are aware of the correct response-reinforcement contingency, however, may bias the results against finding relationships between personality variables and conditioning scores since awareness places the control of the experiment in S's hands. Under such circumstances conditioning is likely to be a function of the desirability of the reinforcer and of S's relationship to E. Whether personality and perceptual variables are related to conditioning may be a function of the population characteristics. Spielberger, for example, has suggested that psychiatric patients have more competing response tendencies than college students and, for this reason, are less likely to become aware of the correct response-reinforcement contingency. While Spielberger has been the only one to comment on differences in sample characteristics as related to verbal 'The study reported here is based upon a portion of a dlsserution submitted to St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, in partial fulfillmenr of rhe requirements for the Ph.D. 'The opinions or assertions contained herein are the p~ivate ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or as necessarily reflecting the views of the Department of the
Endoscopic surveillance and ablative therapy for periampullary adenomas.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Periampullary adenomas are an increasingly recognized condition, both in those with familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes (FAP) as well as sporadic cases. Endoscopic management has been advocated for these lesions without differentiating between these two patient groups regarding aim of therapy. The aims of this study were to determine the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic surveillance and ablative therapy of periampullary adenomas in patients with both sporadic and FAP-associated lesions. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 59 patients with FAP and 32 with sporadic lesions who were all enrolled in a program of endoscopic surveillance and ablative therapy. Median follow-up was 24 months (range, 1–134 months). RESULTS: Ampullary ablative therapy has resulted in return to normal histology in 44 and 34% of sporadic and FAP-associated lesions, respectively. Complications of endoscopic therapy were mild in 12 patients and severe in 3 patients: the latter category involved one occurrence of asymptomatic duodenal stenosis and one occurrence of postcoagulation syndrome—both after Nd-YAG laser therapy—and necrotizing pancreatitis after ampullary biopsy in one patient. Thirteen patients have been referred for surgical intervention. There has been no mortality and no cases of advanced malignancy missed by endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surveillance and ablative therapy of periampullary lesions is safe and can be effective, although eradication of ampullary tissue requires multiple ablative sessions.
Dental implants in the periodontal patient.

SUMMARY The periodontal patient who has been treated and is receiving periodontal supportivetherapy can be a candidate to receive dental implants if there are no systemic contra-indications for therapy. In these individuals, implants can be placed in native bone,grafted bone, or in a sinus that has been augmented with bone. There should notbe a rush to judgment with respect to removing periodontally compromised teethand replacing them with dental implants, because these teeth often have betterlong-term prognoses than perceived by the dentist. On the other hand, in the estheticzone, consideration should be given to removing teeth before altering the gingivaltopography and creating an esthetic dilemma. Ultimately, in the periodontal patient,it is a judgment call by the clinician that determines which teeth to retain and whichtoreplace withdental implants.Thisdecision needstobe baseduponavailablescien-tific evidence, clinical experience of the clinician, dental history of the patient, and hisor her desires.
The chemical mass balance in the Amazon plume I: The nutrients

In May and June 1976, the Amazon plume was dominated by a diatom blood centered on the 10 x 10−3 isohaline. The bloom was apparently initiated by the increased transparency produced by the rapid settling of the fluvial detrial load. The bloom removes the nitrate and phosphate from the surficial layer. The underlying salt wedge was enriched by remineralisation of planktonic debris. A balance between the dissolved and particulate material shows that the regeneration was essentially complete for carbon and phosphorus; but about 50% of the nitrogen was unaccounted for, having been solubilised to species other than nitrate and nitrite. Only 20% of the silica removed as diatoms (∼25% of the river dissoled flux) could be accounted for as salt wedge enrichment. The rest must have been incorporated in the sediment. The composition of the river waters was strongly affected, before entry to the mixing zone, by remineralisation of a large fraction of the fluvial particulate organic material in the broad area of multi-channel flow above the mouth.
Doxorubicin-induced hair loss in the Angora rabbit: a study of treatments to protect against the hair loss

An animal model for anticancer drug-induced hair loss has been developed using the Angora rabbit given i.v. doxorubicin, 2 mg/kg, twice weekly for 3 weeks. There was a 167% increase in the weight of hair collected by grooming between weeks 2 and 5, and a 72% inhibition of new hair growth at week 6 compared with non-treated animals. The hairs that grew in the doxorubicin treated rabbits did so at the same rate as in non-treated rabbits and appeared normal by light microscopy. Topical application of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), of 10% alpha-tocopherol in DMSO, of 0.5% naphthazoline hydrochloride in DMSO, of 0.1% fluocinolone acetonide in a propylene glycol base and local hypothermia did not provide any protection against doxorubicin-induced hair loss. Angora rabbits fed an alpha-tocopherol-deficient diet for 6 weeks showed decreased hair growth compared with animals fed a normal diet or a diet supplemented with 100 mg alpha-tocopherol acetate twice a week for 6 weeks. Some rabbits fed the alpha-tocopherol-deficient diet died when given doxorubicin. Rabbits fed the alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diet showed evidence of protection against doxorubicin-dependent inhibition of new hair growth.
Induced fit in HIV-neutralizing antibody complexes: evidence for alternative conformations of the gp120 V3 loop and the molecular basis for broad neutralization.

Human monoclonal antibody (mAb) 447-52D neutralizes a broad spectrum of HIV-1 isolates, whereas murine mAb 0.5β, raised against gp120 of the X4 isolate HIV-1IIIB, neutralizes this strain specifically. Two distinct gp120 V3 peptides, V3MN and V3IIIB, adopt alternative β-hairpin conformations when bound to 447-52D and 0.5β, respectively, suggesting that the alternative conformations of this loop play a key role in determining the coreceptor specificity of HIV-1. To test this hypothesis and to better understand the molecular basis underlying an antibody's breadth of neutralization, the solution structure of the V3IIIB peptide bound to 447-52D was determined by NMR. V3IIIB and V3MN peptides bound to 447-52D exhibited the same N-terminal strand conformation, while the V3IIIB peptide revealed alternative N-terminal conformations when bound to 447-52D and 0.5β. Comparison of the three known V3 structures leads to a model in which a 180° change in the orientation of the side chains and the resulting one-residue s...
The relative importance of variables in initial conditions for dynamical weather prediction

Tests were made to evaluate the relative importance of large errors in some of the variables formally required to specify initial conditions for the time integration of the hydro-thermodynamic equations for the atmospheric motion. The prime purpose was to analyze the adjustment process immediately following the initial disturbance. The variables selected were the surface pressure, the water vapor, the boundary layer temperature, and the boundary layer wind. It is likely that these quantities are not individually nor possibly even collectively essential to the definition of initial conditions because of dynamic coupling. The experiments showed that the predictions appear almost the same after about six hours irrespective of the initial values of these quantities. But after several days, the subsequent error behaves similar to the growth noted in predictability experiments. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb01516.x
Disentangling Quantum States while Preserving All Local Properties

We consider here a disentanglement process which transforms a state $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of two subsystems into an unentangled (i.e., separable) state, while not affecting the reduced density matrix of either subsystem. Recently, Terno [Phys. Rev. A 59, 3320 (1999)] showed that an arbitrary state cannot be disentangled, by a physically allowable process, into a tensor product of its reduced density matrices. In this Letter we show that there are sets of states which can be disentangled, but only into separable states other than the product of the reduced density matrices, and other sets of states which cannot be disentangled at all. Thus, we prove that a universal disentangling machine cannot exist.
Functional plasticity in the sympathetic nervous system of the neonatal rat

The age-dependent effects of sympathetic superior cervical ganglionectomy on smooth muscle alpha-adrenoceptor contractile responses were investigated in Muller's muscle in the superior eyelid of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Ganglionectomies in juvenile (32 days) and adult (70 days) rats produced sustained sympathetic denervation, determined by absence of contractile responses to electrical stimulation of ipsilateral and contralateral sympathetic chains and reduced responses to indirect release of nerve terminal norepinephrine by tyramine. Denervation was associated with diminished contractile responses and postjunctional supersensitivity to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation by methoxamine. In contrast, contractile responses in rats ganglionectomized as neonates (day 3) were greater than those of other groups and sensitivity to methoxamine was comparable to control values. Responses to tyramine suggested that noradrenergic reinnervation had occurred. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral chain did not elicit contractions; however, stimulation of the contralateral chain evoked contractions in all neonatally ganglionectomized preparations and responses were present by 20 days of age. Contralateral reinnervation was derived from postganglionic sympathetic neurons with axons in the internal carotid nerve. This pathway is probably not formed by collateral sprouting of neurons with bilateral projections at the time of surgery for contralateral stimulation did not evoke contractions in the neonate. It is concluded that Muller's muscle is reinnervated by sympathetic neurons in the contralateral chain after denervation in neonates but not in older animals, and it is suggested that the higher potential for plasticity is attributable to the immaturity of the neonatal sympathetic nervous system.
Differences in dynamic response of California Current salmon species to changes in ocean conditions

Abstract While changes in the northeast Pacific Ocean in the mid-1970s apparently caused changes in salmon population growth in the Gulf of Alaska and the California Current, the responses of California Current salmon species, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) differed. Coho salmon catches declined dramatically along the coasts of California, Oregon and Washington, while chinook salmon catches did not. This provides an opportunity for comparative analysis, a rarity in the study of long-term changes in the ocean. Here we test one possible explanation for that difference, that chinook salmon populations are inherently more persistent because chinook salmon populations spawn over a range of ages, while coho salmon spawn predominantly at age 3 yr. We extended a previous theoretical approach that had been used to assess the long-term response of salmon populations with various spawning age structures to different means and variances in environmental variability. New results indicate that populations with environmental variability at the age of return to freshwater have the same characteristic identified earlier for populations with variability in the age of entry: populations spawning at multiple ages are more persistent, but that increased persistence is gained in the first few percent of departure from all spawning at a single age. Thus, in both cases the results are too sensitive to values of uncertain parameters to depend on as an explanation of the differences in response. We also approached this question by subjecting model populations with coho and chinook salmon spawning age structures to an empirical estimate of actual marine survival of coho salmon over the years 1970–2002, asking the question, if chinook salmon had been subjected to the same ocean survivals would they have experienced the same decline. The differences in spawning age structure made little difference in population responses. The dominant factor influencing the response of these species to a decline in ocean survival was the behavior of the freshwater spawner/smolt relationship at low abundance, a factor that has recently been intensively studied for coho salmon, but is poorly known for chinook salmon. These results suggest that the GLOBEC NEP should focus attention on the ocean phase of salmon life, to explain the observed difference in population response to changes in physical conditions.
Pulmonary vascular resistance in repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia vs. age-matched controls.

Infants and children with repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) often continue to show delayed growth and development that may be, in part, secondary to unrecognized persistence of increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Data were reviewed from all patients ages 6–36 mo with repaired CDH who underwent cardiac catheterization from 2007 to 2010 and were compared to data from a control population of patients undergoing percutaneous closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Indexed pulmonary blood flow (Qp), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and PVR were examined. Data from 8 CDH patients and 10 control patients were examined. The mPAP (22.5 ± 3.33 vs. 18.2 ± 4.13 mm Hg) and PVR (3.66 ± 0.79 vs. 1.22 ± 0.4 iwU (indexed Wood’s units)) were both significantly elevated in the CDH population, whereas the Qp (4.08 ± 1.43 vs. 6.82 ± 1.46 l/min/m2) was significantly lower in this population. There was no significant difference in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Less than half of the CDH patients had signs of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on echocardiogram. Our data suggest that children who are ages 6–36 mo with repaired CDH have significantly increased PVR compared with controls and early consideration of cardiac catheterization may be warranted.
Surface strain over longwall coal mines: its relation to the subsidence trough curvature and to surface topography

The paper presents an analysis carried out on a US longwall mine located in rugged terrain with the object of determining the effects of topography on surface strains and of defining a characteristic pattern for those effects.
The column subtraction algorithm: an exact method for solving weighted set covering, packing and partitioning problems

Abstract We present a new and conceptually simple approach for finding exact solutions to large set covering, packing and partitioning problems. The proposed algorithm is based on a new method, called the column subtraction (or row sum) method. First, a linear programming relaxation of the set problem is solved to optimality, using a specialized version of the pivot and probe algorithm of Sethi and Thompson, which has proved to be very effective in avoiding the massive degeneracy typical of these problems. Then, the column subtraction branch and bound method, which proceeds by subtracting certain non-basic columns of the final simplex tableau, one at a time from the right hand side column, is used to produce optimal integer solutions. The algorithm begins with a novel greedy heuristic that makes use of only the nonbasic surplus variables for the column subtractions, and which generates excellent bounds quickly. Computational comparisons, based upon problems having up to 9000 variables and 800 constraints, highlight the effective overall performance of the column subtraction algorithm.
Preliminary study of caffeine and chloroquine enhancement of x-ray induced birth defects.

Caffeine and chloroquine were administered to pregnant SAFICR mice at doses which were non-teratogenic. Nevertheless, these dose levels enhanced significantly the number of cleft palates produced by 200 rads x-ray. The combination of chloroquine with 200 rads x-ray also resulted in a substantially higher incidence of tail abnormalities. Although the mechanisms of action for most teratogens are undefined, mutagenic damage to DNA has been implicated. We propose a “co-teratogenic” mechanism by which non-teratogenic agents enhance the effectiveness of gene damage in producing fetal abnormalties.
Nucleotomy Alters Mechanical Function Following Cyclic Loading and Unloaded Recovery of Human Discs

The intervertebral disc plays a critical role in supporting loads, permitting spinal motion, and dissipating energy. Unfortunately, it is also commonly degenerated, resulting in altered spinal mechanics and low back pain. Nucleotomy is a common treatment for herniated discs and is also used experimentally to simulate degeneration.[1] The procedure, which involves a posterior annular incision and removal of a portion of the nucleus pulposus (NP), has also been shown to alter disc mechanics. These changes include acute changes of decreased NP pressure, decreased disc height, and increased neutral zones.[2, 3] Cyclic studies have shown that trans-endplate nucleotomy permanently alters creep mechanical properties of sheep discs.[4] However, the effects of annular nucleotomy on the cyclic properties of human discs have not yet been studied. This work studied the mechanical effect of annular nucleotomy on human discs subjected to physiological axial cyclic loading.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Importance of the trans-Enamine Intermediate as a β-Lactamase Inhibition Strategy Probed in Inhibitor-Resistant SHV β-Lactamase Variants

The ability of bacteria to express inhibitor-resistant (IR) β-lactamases is stimulating the development of novel inhibitors of these enzymes. The 2′β-glutaroxypenicillinate sulfone, SA2-13, was previously designed to enhance the stabilization of the deacylation-refractory, trans-enamine inhibitory intermediate. To test whether this mode of inhibition can overcome different IR mutations, we determined the binding mode of SA2-13 through X-ray crystallography, obtaining co-crystals of the inhibitor–protein complex by soaking crystals of the IR sulfhydryl variable (SHV) β-lactamase variants S130G and M69V with the inhibitor. The 1.45 A crystal structure of the S130G SHV:SA2-13 complex reveals that SA2-13 is still able to form the stable trans-enamine intermediate similar to the wild-type complex structure, yet with its carboxyl linker shifted deeper into the active site in the space vacated by the S130G mutation. In contrast, data from crystals of the M69V SHV:SA2-13 complex at 1.3 A did not reveal clear inhibitor density indicating that this IR variant disfavors the trans-enamine conformation, likely due to a subtle shift in A237.
Shear bond strengths of pressed and layered veneering ceramics to high-noble alloy and zirconia cores.

Statement of problem Heat-pressed ceramics to metal alloys and zirconia have been available for some time. However, information regarding their shear bond strengths is limited. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths of heat-pressed and layered ceramics with regard to their corresponding high-noble alloy and zirconia cores. Material and Methods Forty cylinders (approx. 5 mm in diameter) of high-noble alloy (Olympia) were cast and divided into 4 groups (n=10). Metal cylinders were veneered with ceramics to produce shear test specimens: Group PMI with IPS InLine POM; Group LMI with IPS InLine; Group PMC with Pulse press-to-metal; and Group LMC with Authentic Pulse Metal ceramic. Forty cylinders (approx. 5 mm in diameter) of zirconia (Lava) were obtained and divided into 4 groups (n=10). These cylinders were veneered with ceramics to produce shear test specimens: Group PZI with IPS e.max ZirPress; Group LZI with IPS e.max. Ceram; Group PZV with VITA PM9; and Group LZV with VITA VM9. The veneering ceramics, 3 mm in thickness, were either pressed or layered to their corresponding cylinders. Thermal cycling was performed at 5°C and 55°C for 20,000 cycles with a 20 second dwell time. Shear bond strength testing was conducted in a universal testing machine, and the failure strengths were recorded. Fracture surfaces were characterized visually, under a stereomicroscope, and with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using rank-based Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction to adjust for multiple comparisons (α=.05). Results For metal ceramic specimens, the mean (SD) shear bond strengths ranged from 37.8 (20.6) MPa to 66.4 (22.1) MPa. There were significant differences between Groups PMI and PMC and between Groups LMI and PMC, in which Groups PMI and LMI had significantly higher strength values than Group PMC ( P =.041). For zirconia ceramic specimens, the mean (SD) shear bond strengths ranged from 30.03 (9.49) MPa to 47.2 (13.0) MPa, with Group LZV having a significantly higher shear bond strength value than Group LZI ( P =.012). Half of the Group PZV specimens failed during thermal cycling, and Group PZV was, therefore, excluded from statistical analysis. For all shear bond strength testing specimens, cohesive failures in the veneering ceramics were observed. Conclusions For shear bond strength of veneering ceramics to high-noble alloy, there was no significant difference between pressing and layering with the same manufacturer. For shear bond strength of veneering ceramics to zirconia, there was no significant difference between the pressed and layered groups. (J Prosthet Dent 2011;106:29-37)