cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volume Fraction of Graphene Platelets in Copper-Graphene Composites

Copper-graphene composite films were deposited on copper foil using electrochemical deposition. Four electrolyte solutions that each consist of 250 mL of graphene oxide suspension in distilled water and increasing volume of 0.2 M solution of CuSO4 in steps of 250 mL were used to deposit the composite films with and without a magnetic stirrer. Graphene oxide in the films was reduced to graphene by hydrogen treatment for 6 hours at 673 K (400 °C). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction for identification of phases, scanning electron microscopy for distribution of graphene, energy dispersive spectrometry for evaluation of elemental composition, electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of electrical resistance and thermal conductivity. Effective mean field analysis (EMA) was used to determine the volume fraction and electrical conductivity of graphene and interfacial thermal conductance between graphene and copper. The electrical resistivity was reduced from 2.031 to 1.966 μΩ cm and the thermal conductivity was improved from 3.8 to 5.0 W/cm K upon addition of graphene platelets to electrolytic copper. The use of stirrer during deposition of the films increased the average size and the thickness of the graphene platelets and as a result the improvement in electrical conductivity was lower compared to the values obtained without the stirrer. Using the EMA, the volume fraction of graphene platelets that was responsible for the improvement in the electrical conductivity was found to be lower than that for the improvement in the thermal conductivity. The results of the analysis are used to determine the volume fraction of the thinner and the thicker graphene platelets in the composite films.
Culture, values, and beliefs about economic justice

We examine the relationship between values and beliefs about economic justice by conducting a cross-cultural analysis. Social values of Americans and West Germans are compared and the relationships between values and beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are examined. Data are from the 1984 General Social Survey and its West German counterpart, the 1984 ALLBUS; both surveys contain identical value and economic justice items. We find that among citizens in both countries beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are related to values even when income and education are held constant, but the relationship is stronger in West Germany. For Americans, beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are related primarily to conservative values (beliefs that greater efforts lead to greater rewards). In addition, the positive influence of conservative values and of income level on fairness judgments is greater for Americans with higher levels of education. For West Germans, beliefs about the fairness of business profits are related both to conservative and to liberal values (beliefs that class divisions persist). In general, economic fairness judgments of West Germans have a strong ideological basis, but polarization associated with differing ideologies is found. Economic fairness judgments of Americans showed both a simpler ideological basis and some relationship to self-interest. The influence of both factors on Americans' fairness judgments seemed to be affected by socialization due to education. Results are discussed in terms of the prevailing economic ideologies in both countries.
Effects of transfusions in extremely low birth weight infants: a retrospective study.

Objectives To determine the risks and benefits associated with the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. We hypothesized that when ELBW infants underwent transfusion with the University of Washington Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 2006 guidelines, no clinical benefit would be discernible. Study design We conducted a retrospective chart review of all ELBW infants admitted to the NICU in 2006. Information on weight gain, apnea, heart rate, and respiratory support was collected for 2 days preceding, the day of, and 3 days after PRBC transfusion. The incidence, timing, and severity of complications of prematurity were documented. Results Of the 60 ELBW infants admitted to the NICU in 2006, 78% received PRBC transfusions. Transfusions were not associated with improved weight gain, apnea, or ventilatory/oxygen needs. However, they were associated with increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and diuretic use ( P Conclusions When our 2006 PRBC transfusion guidelines were used, no identifiable clinical benefits were identified, but increased complications of prematurity were noted. New, more restrictive guidelines were developed as a result of this study.
Engineering of molecular and cellular biocatalysts: selected contributions by James E. Bailey.

James (Jay) E. Bailey was a pioneer in biotechnology and biochemical engineering. During his 30 years in academia he made seminal contributions to many fields of chemical engineering science, including catalysis and reaction engineering, bioprocess engineering, mathematical modeling of cellular processes, recombinant DNA technology, enzyme engineering, and metabolic engineering. This article celebrates some of his contributions to the engineering of molecular and cellular biocatalysts, and identifies the influence he had on current and future research in biotechnology.
Role of MT1-MMP in estrogen-mediated cellular processes of intimal hyperplasia.

Background Hormone replacement therapy increases intimal hyperplasia (IH) following vascular intervention. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in IH development. We have shown estrogen up-regulates MT1-MMP expression, a transmembrane protein that activates MMP-2, and increases vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) collagen invasion via increased MMP-2 activity. Here we hypothesize inhibition of MT1-MMP will prevent hormonally-stimulated increased MMP-2 activation and the downstream cellular processes of IH pathogenesis. Methods VSMCs from a postmenopausal donor were transfected with MT1-MMP or negative control siRNAs, treated with estrogen (Est), analyzed by q-PCR, Western blot, zymography, migration, invasion, and proliferation assays. Results Est treatment of MT1-MMP silenced cells still resulted in increased MT1-MMP expression (C = 41% ± 4%; Est = 52% ± 2%; P Conclusion Silencing of MT1-MMP in aged VSMCs results in impaired but not complete inhibition of basal and Est-stimulated increases in MMP-2 activity. Other mechanisms appear to be playing a role in hormonally-regulated cellular processes of IH pathogenesis. Future studies will target other signaling cascades, with the goal of identifying mechanisms responsible for hormonally-modulated unbalanced MMPs. In vivo manipulation of the expression patterns of MT1-MMP will be examined for the prevention of IH in animal models of vascular disease.
A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a basolateral membrane protein in A6 epithelial cells

The A6 cell line is a model for tight epithelia and studies of epithelial polarity. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by immunization of mice with intact A6 cells and fusion of spleen cells to generate hybridomas. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA to select MAbs binding to the apical membrane of confluent A6 cells. Localization of MAb binding was examined by indirect immunofluorescence using cross sections of A6 monolayers grown on collagen coated filters. One MAb, designated 13F12, was positive by apical surface ELISA but localized specifically to the basolateral membrane of cross sections of A6 monolayers on filters. Immunofluorescence labeling of confluent A6 cells grown on glass cover slips revealed that MAb 13F12 does not bind to the apical membrane, but binds to basolateral determinants in the regions of domes, where it appears able to penetrate cellular junctions. Subconfluent A6 cells express the antigen all over the cell surface. Cells approaching confluency express the antigen on the apical membrane of some cells but not others, and as the cells reach confluency, the antigen disappears from the apical surface, and the cells become fully polarized. A6 cells at confluency on glass cover slips are equally polarized as cells grown on filters with respect to this antigen. The antigen has been identified by immunoprecipitation as a 22 kDa protein. High concentrations of MAb 13F12 did not inhibit cell plating, indicating that the antigenic site is not directly involved in cell adhesion to the substrate. MAb 13F12 should prove to be a useful tool to study many aspects of epithelial polarity, including the signals involved in sorting of proteins to specific membrane domains.
A new non-local effect in quantum mechanics

Abstract The Aharonov-Bohm effect effords a beautiful insight into the non-local nature of quantum theory. Unfortunately, because of the topological aspects to that effect, which are quite fascinating in their own right, there is an unfortunate tendency to connect these two independent elements. The present effect exhibits the non-locality, free of topological considerations, although it is related to the Berry phase, another much-discussed recent phenomenon. The effect consists of keeping a particle confined to a small region of a box with infinite walls. If the wall of the box is moved, then even though the particle is nowhere near the wall, it will experience a phase shift, which in principle is subject to experimental verification.
Assessment of DNA damage induced by terrestrial UV irradiation of dried bloodstains: Forensic implications

Few publications have detailed the nature of DNA damage in contemporary (i.e. non-ancient) dried biological stains. The chief concern, from a forensic standpoint, is that the damage can inhibit polymerase-mediated primer extension, ultimately resulting in DNA typing failure. In the work described here, we analyzed the effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on cell-free solubilized DNA, cell-free dehydrated DNA and dehydrated cellular DNA (from bloodstains). After UV exposure ranging from 25 J cm(-2) to 1236 J cm(-2), we assayed for the presence of bipyrimidine photoproducts (BPPPs), oxidative lesions and strand breaks, correlating the damage with the inhibition of STR profiling. Subsequent to irradiation with either UVA and UVB, the incidence of BPPPs, oxidative products and strand breaks were observed in decreasing quantities as follows: cell-free solubilized DNA>cell-free dehydrated DNA>bloodstain DNA. UVA irradiation did not result in even the partial loss of a STR profile in any sample tested. Somewhat different results were observed after genetic analysis of UVB exposed samples, in that the ability to produce a complete STR profile was affected earliest in bloodstain DNA, next in cell-free solubilized DNA and not at all in cell-free dehydrated DNA. Therefore, it is likely that other types of damage contributed to allele-drop-out in these samples but remained undetected by our assays, whereby the endonucleases did not react with the lesions or the presence of the lesions was masked by strand breaks. Under the conditions of the study, strand breaks appeared to be the predominant types of damage that ultimately resulted in DNA typing failure from physiological stains, although some evidence suggested oxidative damage may have played a role as well.
Optic nerve head extracellular matrix in primary optic atrophy and experimental glaucoma.

• Unilateral glaucomatous optic neuropathy and optic nerve transections were produced in cynomolgous monkeys, and the optic nerve heads were examined by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. Glaucomatous nerve heads showed increased labeling for collagen type IV along the margins of beams in the lamina cribrosa, due to accumulation of basement membrane-like materials. We also noted material in the pores of the laminar beams that labeled with antibodies to collagen types I, III and IV, but not elastin. In transected eyes, increased type IV labeling of laminar beam margins resulted solely from redundant astrocyte basement membranes. Extracellular matrix deposition within laminar pores was not observed following optic nerve transection; hence this may be a selective response to elevated intraocular pressure. This response may alter the biochemical composition of the lamina cribrosa and its function in patients with elevated intraocular pressure.
The effect of temperature (25°–289°C) on pit initiation in single phase and duplex 304L stainless steels in 100 ppm Cl− solution

Abstract The effect of temperature on pit initiation in single and duplex phase alloys was investigated by the use of several passive film property experiments which were conducted after film preformation at temperatures in the range of 25–289°C. Additionally, static and straining electrode pitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy pit initiation studies were performed. The properties measured as a function of temperature were the quality of the film (thickness and/or flaw density), the nature of the conductivity of the semiconductor oxide film, the static electrode pitting potentials, and the straining electrode pitting potentials. Results indicate that the transport of chloride ions through the film at temperatures above 200°C is a rapid step; therefore, pit initiation is reaction controlled. At temperatures below 220°C, the results indicate that transport of ions through the film at the sites most susceptible to pitting play a vital role in the pit initiation process and transport or mixed mode control governs.
A comparison of the carrageenan edema test and ultraviolet light-induced erythema test as predictors of the clinical dose in rheumatoid arthritis.

Twelve non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAI's) and one steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, were examined in the carrageenan edema test (CET) in the rat and in the ultraviolet light-induced erythema test (UVE) in the guinea pig to evaluate the correlation between those models of inflammation and the clinical dose of the NSAI's in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The regression of the logarithm of the clinical dose with the logarithm of the ED50 for UVE gave a slope of 0.54 implying a non-parallelism of assays and a difference in mechanism. Dexamethasone failed to inhibit the UVE thereby corroborating this point. The parallelism of the logarithm of the clinical dose with the logarithm of the ED50 for the CET was substantially better (slope=0.86). Dexamethasone was active in CET and its dose would be predicted by the CET regression. When only one variable was used for a prediction, log(CET) was a better predictor of log (clinical dose) than log(UVE). Standard methods for best regression selection indicated that even when both predictor variables were considered, log(CET) alone gave the best regression equation for predicting clinical dose. The view that inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis is the primary anti-inflammatory mechanism of NSAI's in rheumatoid arthritis is discussed in terms of these findings.
Ultraviolet light and ozone stimulate accumulation of salicylic acid, pathogenesis-related proteins and virus resistance in tobacco

In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthinc), salicylic acid (SA) levels increase in leaves inoculated by necrotizing pathogens and in healthy leaves located above the inoculated site. Systemic SA increase may trigger disease resistance and synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins). Here we report that ultraviolet (UV)-C light or ozone induced biochemical responses similar to those induced by necrotizing pathogens. Exposure of leaves to UV-C light or ozone resulted in a transient ninefold increase in SA compared to controls. In addition, in UV-light-irradiated plants, SA increased nearly fourfold to 0.77 μg·g−1 fresh weight in leaves that were shielded from UV light. Increased SA levels were accompanied by accumulation of an SA conjugate and by an increase in the activity of benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase which catalyzes SA biosynthesis. In irradiated and in unirradiated leaves of plants treated with UV light, as well as in plants fumigated with ozone, PR proteins 1a and 1b accumulated. This was paralleled by the appearance of induced resistance to a subsequent challenge with tobacco mosaic virus. The results suggest that UV light, ozone fumigation and tobacco mosaic virus can activate a common signal-transduction pathway that leads to SA and PR-protein accumulation and increased disease resistance.
Neuropsychologic change after cardiac surgery: A critical review

Studies that have examined neuropsychologic change after cardiac surgery address three main issues: (1) the incidence of cognitive change; (2) the identification of factors that put patients at higher risk; and (3) the evaluation of interventions to prevent these complications. This review attempts to bring together concerns associated with various study designs and to integrate the conclusions from these studies. Thirty-five studies have been examined in this review. Some of the difficulties encountered when quantifying the degree of cognitive change are related to study design, patient sampling, and deficit definition. Additionally, changing patient populations have influenced results reported from different health care settings. Increasing age and longer cardiopulmonary bypass times have been correlated with cognitive decline in a number of studies. Filtration devices and blood gas management techniques have decreased but not eliminated the number of patients who have cognitive decline. Cognitive change exists following cardiac procedures. Identification of a subgroup of patients at high risk for cognitive change has been difficult, possibly due to issues of study design. Design of future studies, which may include intraoperative or pharmacologic interventions, is dependent on identification of this high-risk group.
Work in Progress: Effectiveness of Collaboration within a Secure Software Engineering Course for SE and Computing Students

With the popularity of the Internet, a continuous threat exists that PC's will come under attack. The increased availability of software on new, mobile platforms and embedded systems have resulted in an ongoing call for the need for secure systems. A graduate course in secure software engineering was developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology. The courses are part of a college-level Master's degree in Computer Security and Information Assurance, whose students have backgrounds in software engineering in addition to other computing disciplines. This paper describes the course structure and the effects that the varying backgrounds of the students have on teamwork, the project, and performance.
Evidence of trade‐offs shaping virulence evolution in an emerging wildlife pathogen

In the mid-1990s, the common poultry pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) made a successful species jump to the eastern North American house finch Haemorhous mexicanus (HM). Subsequent strain diversification allows us to directly quantify, in an experimental setting, the transmission dynamics of three sequentially emergent geographic isolates of MG, which differ in the levels of pathogen load they induce. We find significant among-strain variation in rates of transmission as well as recovery. Pathogen strains also differ in their induction of host morbidity, measured as the severity of eye lesions due to infection. Relationships between pathogen traits are also investigated, with transmission and recovery rates being significantly negatively correlated, whereas transmission and virulence, measured as average eye lesion score over the course of infection, are positively correlated. By quantifying these disease-relevant parameters and their relationships, we provide the first analysis of the trade-offs that shape the evolution of this important emerging pathogen.
Pancreatic enzyme supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients before and after fibrosing colonopathy.

Background: In 1994 we cared for nine cystic fibrosis patients with fibrosing colonopathy. To evaluate the relationship between fibrosing colonopathy and supplemental pancreatic enzymes we reviewed our dosing of enzymes prior to fibrosing colonopathy development and then evaluated the subsequent effect of drastically reducing pancreatic enzyme dose. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed pancreatic enzyme dosing for 267 cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency. The supplemental enzyme history of nine patients with fibrosing colonopathy was contrasted with the history of 258 nonaffected patients. The pancreatic enzyme doses of 75 patients taking at least 6,000 U lipase/kg/meal were systematically reduced to approximately 2,000 lipase units/kg/meal. We evaluated the effect of this dose reduction on change in height and weight z scores one year after achievement of stable enzyme dose. Results: In the year prior to diagnosis patients with fibrosing colonopathy took a significantly larger pancreatic enzyme dose, whether assessed by highest dose or cumulative dose, than did nonaffected patients. Similar results were observed after controlling for sex and age. All 75 patients on at least 6,000 U lipase/kg/meal were able to tolerate a significant reduction in dose while achieving clinically acceptable nutrient absorption, with no change over one year in height and weight z scores. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate a strong relationship between very high doses of pancreatic enzyme supplementation and formation of fibrosing colonopathy. These very high doses do not appear to be needed for adequate nutrient absorption and growth.
TEMPLE DESECRATION AND INDO-MUSLIM STATES

In recent years, especially in the wake of the destruction of the Baburl Mosque in 1992, much public discussion has arisen over the political status of South Asian temples and mosques, and in particular the issue of temples desecrated or replaced by mosques in the pre-British period. While Hindu nationalists like Sita Ram Goel have endeavoured to document a pattern of wholesale temple destruction by Muslims in this period, few professional historians have engaged the issue, even though it is a properly historical one. This essay aims to examine the available evidence of temple desecration with a view to asking, What temples were in fact desecrated in India's pre-modern history? When, and by whom? How, and for what purpose? And above all, what might any of this say about the relationship between religion and politics in pre-modern India? This is a timely topic, since many in India today are looking to the past to justify or condemn public policy with respect to religious monuments. Much of the contemporary evidence on temple desecration cited by Hindu nationalists is found in Persian materials translated and published during the rise of British hegemony in India. Especially influential has been the eight-volume History of India as Told by its Own Historians, first published in 1849 and edited by Sir Henry M. Elliot, who oversaw the bulk of the translations, with the help of John Dowson. But Elliot, keen to contrast what he understood as the justice and efficiency of British rule with the cruelty and despotism of
Application of chemometrics to resolve overlapping mass spectral peak clusters between trichloroethylene and its deuterated internal standard.

Rationale Using one or two 2H-atom-labeled analogs as internal standards (ISs) may cause a 'cross-contribution' problem (i.e., the overlap of ions from the IS and the analyte) especially for halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, in this situation the overlapping peak clusters of the analyte and ISs can be resolved by multivariate chemometric methods such as classical least-squares (CLS) and inverse least-squares (ILS). Methods Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its internal standard, deuterated TCE (TCE-d), as model compounds, were analyzed using portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. CLS and ILS were applied to resolve overlapping TCE and TCE-d mass spectral signals and evaluated for the determination of TCE. CLS and ILS models were constructed and used to predict concentration ratios of TCE to TCE-d. Calibration samples were prepared by adding TCE at different concentrations and TCE-d at 300 ng mL–1 as an IS. Results The calibration curve was linear over a range of 10–1000 ng mL–1 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.993. A validation data set collected 2 weeks later was used to further test the model robustness. Lower prediction errors and higher correlation coefficients were obtained from TCE/TCE-d ratios predicted by the CLS model. Conclusions This paper describes the first application of CLS to deconvolute overlapping peaks between an analyte and its corresponding isotopic internal standard for quantification. The proposed method enables simple isotopic analogs of analytes (one H or C atom is isotopically labeled) to be used as internal standards for analytes with isotopic distributions. It has wide application because of the environmental impact and prevalence of halogenated VOCs, especially when analytes have isotopic distributions that overlap with an internal standard or when sophisticated isotopic analogs of the analytes with three or more 2H- or/and 13C-atoms are prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theories and Beliefs

In an essay entitled “The Scepticism of Believers,” Leslie Stephen remarks a common confusion between un belief and contrary belief. The term “belief” is at any historical moment almost invariably used to denote the established belief, that is, the belief supported by authority or by the consensus of opinion; while the term “unbelief” is used to denote dissent from the established belief, even when, as is most often the case, this dissent is itself due to belief. The established belief resists change, and must be attacked, weakened, or destroyed, before it is possible for another belief to get a hearing; hence assenters come to regard dissenters as destructive in their primary intent, and are blinded to the fact that there is another belief at stake, which may be as affirmative and constructive in its own terms as that which prevails. Thus modern religious orthodoxy has condemned as unbelief a certain secular tendency, which really has arisen, not from a love of mischief-making, but from a most devoted confidence in the uniformity of nature, and in the power of man to save himself. It is not wholly unjust to assert, as Leslie Stephen does assert, that, in opposing the free advance of science and of individualism, defenders of “the Faith” have virtually sought to prevent or destroy that faith in the enterprise of civilization which has mainly inspired the progress of the last two centuries.
Emergent Human Pathogen Simian Virus 40 and Its Role in Cancer

The polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) is a known oncogenic DNA virus which induces primary brain and bone cancers, malignant mesothelioma, and lymphomas in laboratory animals. Persuasive evidence now indicates that SV40 is causing infections in humans today and represents an emerging pathogen. A meta-analysis of molecular, pathological, and clinical data from 1,793 cancer patients indicates that there is a significant excess risk of SV40 associated with human primary brain cancers, primary bone cancers, malignant mesothelioma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Experimental data strongly suggest that SV40 may be functionally important in the development of some of those human malignancies. Therefore, the major types of tumors induced by SV40 in laboratory animals are the same as those human malignancies found to contain SV40 markers. The Institute of Medicine recently concluded that "the biological evidence is of moderate strength that SV40 exposure could lead to cancer in humans under natural conditions." This review analyzes the accumulating data that indicate that SV40 is a pathogen which has a possible etiologic role in human malignancies. Future research directions are considered.
Screening Patients to Assess Renal Function Before Administering Gadolinium Chelates: Assessment of the Choyke Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to determine the efficacy of using the Choyke questionnaire to stratify the potential risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) before a gadolinium-enhanced MRI examination and to compare the economic impact of such an approach with universal blood sampling before gadolinium-enhanced MRI.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,086 consecutive outpatients referred for gadolinium-enhanced MRI. For inclusion, patients were required to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) result within 30 days before gadolinium-enhanced MRI and a completed Choyke questionnaire, first when the order was placed and again at the point of service. Questionnaire results were dichotomized into “No” (all no responses in both questionnaires) or “Yes” (one or more yes responses in either questionnaire) response groups for comparison with the corresponding eGFR. An economic impact assessment for using the questionnaire to identify “at risk” patients w...
The Defenestration of Superfluous Architectural Accoutrements

Simple architectures have conceptual integrity and are better than more complex ones. Continuous architectural refactoring helps to converge a system to its practical and optimal simplicity.
Constraining carbonate chemistry at a potential ocean acidification event (the Triassic–Jurassic boundary) using the presence of corals and coral reefs in the fossil record

Abstract Ocean acidification associated with emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) has been hypothesized as a kill mechanism for the end-Triassic mass extinction, but few direct proxies for ancient ocean acidity are available. This paper describes a new proxy that uses the presence of fossil corals and coral reefs to determine aragonite saturation state (Ω Arag ). Modern scleractinian corals struggle to biomineralize a skeleton below an Ω Arag of 2 and modern shallow water coral reefs are typically only found in areas with source water of Ω Arag > 3; so when corals or coral reefs are preserved in the fossil record, these ocean saturation states can be inferred. Atmospheric pCO 2 reconstructions are combined with the coral Ω Arag limitations to calculate the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Late Triassic ocean, which is a measure of the buffering capacity or ocean sensitivity to acidification. Once DIC is known, the severity of an acidification due to a carbon dioxide injection can be determined, for example the Triassic–Jurassic (T–J) event. Our results suggest that if Late Triassic DIC values were low to moderate (2000–3000 μmol/kg), the T–J pCO 2 increases would have depressed saturation state to the point where coral biomineralization would have been extremely challenging (Ω Arag 2 elevations recorded in stomatal and pedogenic proxies are not sufficient to cause complete carbonate undersaturation, modeled scenarios for CAMP-related T–J pCO 2 increases (within error of pedogenic pCO 2 proxies) suggest that aragonite undersaturation is plausible and in extreme cases calcite undersaturation is achievable. Thus, a short but extreme acidification event could occur and would satisfactorily explain the significant extinction of calcareous organisms, the Early Hettangian coral gap, and the T–J carbonate crisis.
Reply to Moore and Romney

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Improved accuracy in flow mapping of congenital heart disease using stationary phantom technique

Background Flow mapping by cardiovascular magnetic resonance has become the gold standard for non-invasively defining cardiac output (CO), shunt flow and regurgitation. Previous reports have highlighted the presence of inherent errors in flow mapping that are improved with the use of a stationary phantom control. To our knowledge, these studies have only been performed in healthy volunteers.
Cultivating an Unexpected Community: Inclusivity of Immigrant Service Workers in a Wealthy Neighborhood

Luxville, a neighborhood in lower Manhattan in New York City, is mostly white, native, and wealthy. But when taking the workforce into account it is far more diverse, with immigrants filling most of the personal service jobs. Conventional assumption suggests that residents and immigrant service workers in Luxville would have little interpersonal contact, never mind sense of community, with one another. However, context-specific factors have aided the cultivation of a definition of community there that is unexpectedly inclusive of local immigrant workers, giving both immigrants and residents a sense of belonging. This paper, which is based on extensive ethnographic research, explores factors that create this inclusive community. The degree to which immigrants are incorporated in the neighborhood, however, is minimal, as they occupy a stratified and marginalized position. Immigrants’ belonging, therefore, is largely symbolic.
Selecting the Performance Weights for the μ and H∞ Synthesis Methods for SISO Regulating Systems

Presented in this paper is a method in which the performance weights W 1 (s) and W 2 (s) of the robust performance problem and the H∞ optimization problem can be chosen to directly enforce hard time domain constraints. The class of systems addressed are single-input-single-output (SISO) regulating systems required to maintain the output within a prespecified time domain tolerance despite (i) plant uncertainty, (ii) an external step disturbance, and (iii) actuator output saturation. The performance weights are extracted from the feedback configuration and facilitate performance maximization.
Intraguild predation in larval parasitoids: Implications for coexistence

Summary 1. Many coexisting parasitoids interact via intraguild predation (IGP); however, in IGP theory without stage structure the intraguild predator and intraguild prey coexist via this mechanism over only a relatively narrow region of parameter space. A recent formulation of IGP theory with a stage of the intraguild prey species that is invulnerable to attack by the intraguild predator shows that coexistence between guild members can occur across a much broader range of resource productivity than is predicted by IGP theory without stage structure. These general theoretical predictions are used to explore the implications for coexistence of Aphytis melinus (DeBach) and Encarsia perniciosi (Tower), a pair of parasitoids that coexist on California red scale. 2. Reanalysis of a published laboratory competition experiment between two parasitoid species suggests that Aphytis , an ectoparasitoid, survives at a lower rate when the reparasitized host contains a more developed juvenile endoparasitoid ( Encarsia ). This pattern is contrary to a common assumption that ectoparasitoids always consume endoparasitoids in a shared host, and may affect coexistence. The experiment covered only the first ~ 30% of the Encarsia development period and did not describe the outcome for Encarsia , so the dynamic effects of this interaction in the context of IGP remain unclear. In addition, Encarsia is capable of parasitizing much younger hosts than is Aphytis , which the experiment did not examine. 3. The experiment was repeated, and extended to cover the full developmental duration of Encarsia . An additional experiment was performed to explore whether Encarsia could pre-empt Aphytis by attacking younger hosts. Aphytis juvenile survival was found to decrease as a function of the age of the juvenile Encarsia onto which it was laid. When Encarsia parasitized very young hosts, it was increasingly invulnerable to attack by Aphytis and increasingly more likely to survive to emergence. However, until the formation of an invulnerable pseudomoult, Encarsia was always killed in larger hosts, regardless of its age at the time of Aphytis attack. 4. According to stage-structured IGP theory, the decline in Aphytis success combined with an invulnerable Encarsia stage may promote coexistence in this system.
Dispelling the illusion of invulnerability: The motivations and mechanisms of resistance to persuasion.

Three studies examined the impact of a treatment designed to instill resistance to deceptive persuasive messages. Study 1 demonstrated that after the resistance treatment, ads using illegitimate authority-based appeals became less persuasive, and ads using legitimate appeals became more persuasive. In Study 2, this resistance generalized to novel exemplars, persevered over time, and appeared outside of the laboratory context. In Study 3, a procedure that dispelled participants' illusions of invulnerability to deceptive persuasion maximized resistance to such persuasion. Overall, the present studies demonstrate that attempts to confer resistance to appeals will likely be successful to the extent that they install 2 conceptual features: perceived undue manipulative intent of the source of the appeal and perceived personal vulnerability to such manipulation.
Psychological well-being of Thai nursing students.

Summary Background The psychological well-being of nursing students is a very important component in the training and development of future nurses. While previous studies have explored different aspects of nursing students' mental and psychological health in various countries, they have given little attention to comparing nursing students with their non-nursing student peers. The present study investigated the differences between nursing students and non-nursing students in Thailand with regard to their psychological well-being. The gender effect was also examined. Method Four hundred students were included in this study (200 nursing students and 200 non-nursing students). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and four psychological instruments that examined their self-esteem, life satisfaction, depression, and social difficulties. Results Overall, compared to their non-nursing counterparts, nursing students were found to score significantly higher on self-esteem and life satisfaction and reported lower levels of depression and social difficulties. Gender was also found to have a significant main effect on participants' social difficulties. Several recommendations for improving the mental health and psychological well-being of nursing students are discussed.
Adsorption of Supercritical Fluids

Adsorption isotherms for supercritical fluids are calculated using lattice theory. Results are compared with experimental data for methane on graphon and for carbon dioxide on coal. It is shown that the model reflects the peculiar features in adsorption isotherms of supercritical fluids (in particular, a maximum in the adsorption with increasing pressure). The analysis shows that there is two layer adsorption over a wide range of densities.
FUNGAL INFECTIONS AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT

Abstract With improved control of cytomegalovirus infection, invasive fungal infections have become the leading cause of infectious mortality after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). A number of changes in transplant practices have led to changes in patterns of fungal infections: neutropenic episodes have been shortened through the use of hematopoietic growth factors and peripheral blood as a source of stem cells. More potent immunosuppressive regimens, including T-cell depletion techniques, have encouraged the use of alternate donor sources with greater numbers of transplant recipients experiencing more prolonged and more profound immunodeficiency following engraftment. The advent of new antifungal agents has led to a decline in Candida infections, but has encouraged the emergence of other less susceptible fungal pathogens. The development of molecular techniques to distinguish different fungal strains has led to identification of nosocomial transmission as an unexpected means for the spread of fungal infections in BMT units. These shifts in fungal infection patterns emphasize the need for infection control monitoring. The development of more accurate diagnostic tools and the incorporation of new antifungal agents into practice are needed to further improve outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(2):55-68.
TinyDB: an acquisitional query processing system for sensor networks

We discuss the design of an acquisitional query processor for data collection in sensor networks. Acquisitional issues are those that pertain to where, when, and how often data is physically acquired (sampled) and delivered to query processing operators. By focusing on the locations and costs of acquiring data, we are able to significantly reduce power consumption over traditional passive systems that assume the a priori existence of data. We discuss simple extensions to SQL for controlling data acquisition, and show how acquisitional issues influence query optimization, dissemination, and execution. We evaluate these issues in the context of TinyDB, a distributed query processor for smart sensor devices, and show how acquisitional techniques can provide significant reductions in power consumption on our sensor devices.
ARFI Ultrasound Monitoring of Hemorrhage and Hemostasis In Vivo in Canine Von Willebrand Disease and Hemophilia

A validated method for assessing hemostasis in vivo is critical for testing the hemostatic efficacy of therapeutic agents designed for patients with bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease (VWD) and hemophilia A. We hypothesize that rate of bleeding and time to hemostasis can be monitored in vivo by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) ultrasound. We performed ARFI imaging following 12-gauge needle puncture of hind limb muscle encompassing an ∼2 mm vein in six normal, eight naive hemophilia A before and after infusing canine factor VIII, three hemophilia A expressing canine factor VIIa following gene transfer, and two naive VWD dogs. Serial data sets were processed with custom software to (1) estimate the rate of hemorrhage and (2) estimate the time of hemostasis onset. The rate of hemorrhage during the first 30 min following puncture was markedly increased in the VWD dogs relative to normal but was not significantly different between normal, naive hemophilia A or hemophilia A expressing cFVIIa. ARFI-derived times to hemostasis were significantly longer in naive hemophilia A dogs than in normal dogs and were shortened by canine coagulation factors VIII and VIIa. These data support our hypothesis that rate of hemorrhage and time to hemostasis in vivo in response to a standardized hemostatic challenge can be detected by ARFI ultrasound in canine models of VWD and hemophilia. These data also suggest that the ARFI-monitored hemostatic challenge is relevant for in vivo testing of the hemostatic efficacy of therapeutic clotting factor replacement products used to treat inherited bleeding disorders.
Land‐Use Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling and Microbial Community Dynamics in the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

Soil subsidence has become a critical problem since the onset of drainage of the organic soils in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), which may impair current land uses in the future. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil microbial community‐level physiology profiles, extracellular enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient pools for four land uses: sugarcane, turfgrass, pasture, and forest. Long‐term cultivation and management significantly altered the distribution and cycling of nutrients and microbial community composition and activity in the EAA, especially for sugarcane and turf fields. The least‐managed fields under pasture had the lowest microbial biomass and phosphorus (P) levels. Turf and forest had more microbial metabolic diversity than pasture or the most intensively managed sugarcane fields. Land‐use changes from sugarcane cropping to turf increased microbial activity and organic‐matter decomposition rates, indicating that changes from agricultural to urban lan...
Total power reduction in CMOS circuits via gate sizing and multiple threshold voltages

Minimizing power consumption is one of the most important objectives in IC design. Resizing gates and assigning different V/sub t/'s are common ways to meet power and timing budgets. We propose an automatic implementation of both these techniques using a mixed-integer linear programming model called MLP-exact, which minimizes a circuit's total active-mode power consumption. Unlike previous linear programming methods which only consider local optimality, MLP-exact can find a true global optimum. An efficient, non-optimal way to solve the MLP model, called MLP-fast, is also described. We present a set of benchmark experiments which show that MLP-fast is much faster than MLP-exact, while obtaining designs with only slightly higher power consumption. Furthermore, the designs generated by MLP-fast consume 30% less power than those obtained by conventional, sensitivity-based methods.
A novel modular smart PIC technology platform for functional diversification

Toward great flexibility in making advanced analog interfaces, a novel modular smart PIC technology platform for functional diversification is proposed. This technology platform offers high voltage capability, high current level, very large variety of integrable components, and process modular flexibility thorough diversification or simplification according to the different product application needs. Masks can be added or subtracted based upon product design. A modular route creation system allows us to create the lowest cost process flow for the product needs. Applications of interest for the modular smart PIC technology we focus on ultra-portable, computing, consumer and communication.