cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
British statistical information

Abstract Frequent demands for statistical information from Great Britain, both current and historical, have combined with the recent rapid burgeoning of reissues, especially in microform, of early statistical records to bring about the need for a brief guide to British official statistical publications. This article examines the guides to, and sources of, statistics of Great Britain published by the government. Publications by international organizations and other countries are omitted from consideration. General guides to statistics and compilations are discussed first, followed by those pertaining to these areas: Demographic, including censuses and vital statistics; economic and financial, including national accounts, production, distribution, agriculture, and labor; and social, including education and justice. An attempt has been made to suggest where nineteenth-century and earlier material may be found in each category.
The Emission of Secondary Electrons from Metals Bombarded with Protons

A study has been made of the yield of secondary electrons from various metals bombarded with protons. For metals that have not been outgassed the secondary electron-proton ratio was about three for protons having energies between 48 and 212 kev. The ratio from outgassed targets of C, Cu, Ni and Pt was about two for protons of the same energies as above. Be gave a yield of about 7.5 electrons per proton. The secondary electron yield was found to be proportional to the cosecant of the angle between the proton beam and the target.
Maryland v. King: the case for uniform, nationwide DNA collection and DNA database laws in the United States

The recent United States Supreme Court pronouncement in Maryland v. King that the police may readily take a DNA cheek swab of a suspect after an arrest for a serious offense poses challenging Fourth Amendment questions. Moreover, private DNA databases built by healthcare centers raise concerns such as the security of the data from government intrusions and whether information from a DNA database might be sold. In this article, I advocate for a uniform national infrastructure of DNA collection and retention laws, and legislative and judicial safeguards on third-party use and disclosure of citizens' DNA information.
Fair-sharing Resource Management Scheme for Multi-Service Wireless and Mobile Networks

The cellular networks have experienced impressive growth in recent years, and with the inevitable convergence of wireless network and the Internet, bandwidth resources may not match the workload and workloads may vary significantly over time and space. Due to the intrinsic limitation of wireless bandwidth, it is crucial to provide QoS guarantees while achieving reasonable bandwidth utilization. Moreover, achieving fairness among multi-classes of service is also an important issue. Our objective here is to accommodate maximum number of users and achieve fair bandwidth allocation while providing acceptable QoS to each class of service. We propose a protocol that can dynamically adjust the priority of each class and determine whether new coming calls can be accepted and how much bandwidth should be assigned based on the current system state. This scheme is simple to implement and shown to be very efficient.
Denoising multicomponent CSEM data with equivalent source processing techniques

ABSTRACTFrequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic surveys can be negatively affected by near-surface geologic features, resulting in static shifts in the observed electric field amplitude data. We propose using an equivalent source method to denoise electric field data from frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys. The equivalent source method can either be applied individually to data from each measured frequency or simultaneously to data from all frequencies measured. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by denoising an individual synthetic CSEM survey with data contaminated with noise from near-surface conductive bodies, as well as a synthetic time-lapse survey representing resistivity changes in a target due to, for instance, CO2 sequestration. We also apply the equivalent source method to denoise a set of controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric data affected by static shift from a field survey in western China.
EUS-guided FNA aspiration of kidney masses: a multicenter U.S. experience

Background Tissue sampling of renal lesions is traditionally performed with percutaneous US or CT guidance. To date, only 3 known cases of EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) of a renal mass have been reported. Objective To describe a multicenter experience with the indications, yield, and complications from attempted EUS-FNA of a kidney mass. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Six tertiary referral hospitals in the United States. Patients Consecutive subjects undergoing attempted EUS-FNA of a kidney mass. Endosonographers at 15 other teaching hospitals were contacted regarding EUS findings and follow-up of any EUS-guided renal biopsies previously attempted or considered at that institution. Interventions EUS-FNA of a kidney mass. Main Outcome Measurements Biopsy indications, yield, diagnosis, and complications. Results Fifteen procedures in 15 patients (9 men; median age 67 years) were performed at 6 (37%) of 16 hospitals (Indiana University plus 15 other hospitals). Kidney masses (median diameter 32 mm; range 11-60 mm) were located in the upper (n = 12) and lower (n = 3) poles of the left (n = 10) and right (n = 5) kidneys, respectively. Initial mass detection was by previous imaging in 13 (87%) patients or by EUS in 2 (13%) patients. Results of EUS-FNA (median 3 passes; range 2-4 passes) in 13 (87%) procedures were diagnostic of (n = 7) or highly suspicious for (n = 1) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), atypical cells (n = 2), oncocytoma (n = 1), benign cyst (n = 1), and nondiagnostic (n = 1). No complications were encountered. Surgical resection confirmed RCC in 7 patients in whom preoperative EUS-FNA demonstrated RCC (n = 5) or oncocytoma (n = 1) or was not performed (n = 1). Limitations Retrospective series, small number of patients. Conclusions EUS-FNA of renal masses is rarely performed at the U.S. teaching hospitals surveyed. This technique appears safe and feasible and should be considered when results would affect patient management.
The Impact of Maternal Terbutaline Administration on Lung Growth Following Prenatal Tracheal Occlusion

The Impact of Maternal Terbutaline Administration on Lung Growth Following Prenatal Tracheal Occlusion
A Theory of the Interaction Between Dc and Elf Electromagnetic Fields and Living Organisms

(1985). A Theory of the Interaction Between Dc and Elf Electromagnetic Fields and Living Organisms. Journal of Bioelectricity: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 133-140.
Colorectal cancer screening among midwestern community-based residents: indicators of success.

Screening reduces the rate of death and morbidity resulting from CRC. Although CRC screening rates are low relative to other cancer screening tests, rates appear to be increasing: In 2004, 57% of adults ≥ 50 years reported up-to-date CRC screening test use; 14 states and Washington DC showed rates in excess of 60%. Identification of indicators of success and challenges remaining are important for universal goal achievement. The purpose of this study was to identify system and individual-level indicators of up-to-date CRC screening in a geographic area that reports higher uptake rates. Random-digit-dialing methods were used to survey a population-based community sample (N = 1033) of Midwestern adults ages 50 to 79 for CRC screening uptake in spring 2005. Adjusted odds ratio estimates were obtained using multivariate logistic regression. In total, about 62.6% of the sample reported up-to-date CRC screening. Compliant attitudes toward physicians’ screening recommendations were important indicators for up-to-date CRC screening; other individual-level psychosocial factors included beliefs about testing responsibility and testing safety. Non-current CRC screening was linked with testing anxiety and lack of perceived need for healthy people to test. System-level indicators associated with up-to-date CRC screening included reliance on physicians as the primary source for health information, family/personal history of bowel disease, regular physician visits, and participation in other cancer screening tests, controlling for age. Although population-based studies generally emphasize health system-level factors, individual-level attitudes such as feelings of responsibility to screen and adherence to physicians’ screening recommendations are important contributors to up-to-date CRC screening patterns.
Bianchi type-IX quantum cosmology of the heterotic string.

The dimensionally reduced effective action of the bosonic sector of the heterotic string in critical dimensions is employed to derive a Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the Bianchi type-IX cosmology. An exact solution is found that becomes strongly peaked around the isotropic limit as the volume of the three-geometry increases. In principle the global O(6,6) symmetry of the effective action can be employed to generate new solutions from the one presented here.
Effects of two meprobamate-amphetamine combinations on moods, emotions, and motivations.

(1967). Effects of two Meprobamate-Amphetamine Combinations on Moods, Emotions, and Motivations. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 169-181.
Comparative evaluation of vein graft preparation media: Electron and light microscopic studies

Arterial reconstructions using autogenous veins are often compromised by late graft stenoses, diffuse constrictions, and occasional aneurysmal dilatations. Comprehensive studies of alterations within vein grafts, following transplantation to the arterial circulation, are few in number. Knowledge is even more meager regarding the immediate effects of differing procurement, preparation and placement techniques upon transplanted veins. The present investigation entails a light and electron microscopic assessment of early cellular and subcellular changes following use of three different vein graft preparation media.
[010] and [001] dislocations in laser clad NbAl3 on Nb

Abstract The dislocation structure, the dislocation dissociation and the Burgers vectors in laser clad NbAl3 on a Nb substrate were investigated by transmission electron microscopy including weak beam contrast analysis by the g.b equals; 0 criterion, contrast width associated with edge and screw dislocations and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). High densities of dislocations were observed in NbAl, grains. Contrast analysis by the g.b equals; 0 criterion and contrast width showed the presence of [010] and [001] dislocations. HREM revealed many ½[010] (partial) edge dislocations and ½[001] (partial) edge dislocations, suggesting the didocation dissociation modes: [010]→½[010] + ½[010] and [001]→½[001] +½[001]. It is suggested that such dislocations were introduced by the rapid cooling at high temperatures involved in the laser cladding process.
Folic acid supplementation to prevent adverse events in individuals with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease

Purpose of review This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of folate in the treatment of hyperhomocysteindemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Relevant papers published between 2003 and 2004 are referenced. Recent findings With the exception of one paper, recent therapeutic studies supported previous findings that folate therapy achieves only a modest reduction in plasma homocysteine and seldom normalizes homocysteine. Large prospective studies are under way to evaluate the causal relationship between homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Recent work supports earlier data that suggested that homocysteine inflicts its damage by oxidative stress. A newly described consequence of hyperhomocysteindemia is DNA hypomethylation and alteration of gene expression. A recent study in the general population suggested that while folate may lower homocysteine it does not improve endothelial function in individuals without cardiovascular disease. Summary The causes of hyperhomocysteindemia in renal failure remain obscure. The possibilities include impairment of both renal and extrarenal metabolic pathways by uraemia. Hyperhomocysteindemia is associated in some but not all studies with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. A low homocysteine may reflect malnutrition and predict a poor outcome. Folate achieves modest reductions of homocysteine in some but not all studies. There are no data to support therapy with very high-dose folic acid. Hyperhomocysteindemia impairs endothelial function which is not adequately reversed by folate.
Relation Between the Mechanical Specific Energy, Cuttings Morphology, and PDC Cutter Geometry

This paper discusses a series of experiments performed on Carthage Marble Limestone rock samples in a high pressure single PDC cutter testing facility. The tests were performed at 450 psi confining pressure conditions and four different cutters were used. Two different cutter diameter sizes of 13 mm and 16 mm, each with two different chamfer sizes of 0.010 inch and 0.016 inch were tested. Effect of the cutter geometry on the MSE of the cutting action and grain size distribution are discussed in this paper.The experimental results show that, in the tested range, the difference between the MSE when the two different cutter sizes are considered is insignificant. On the other hand, the results show that a change in the chamfer length from 0.010 inch to 0.016 inch can significantly increase the required MSE (as much as 20%). The cuttings produced at each test were gathered and tested in a particle size testing facility and the results were analyzed to determine which drilling parameters can be best correlated to the particle size distribution of the cuttings. The results show that the minimum particle size of the cuttings has a relatively strong dependency on the MSE of each test. The minimum particle size decreases as the MSE of the cutting increases and this is closely related to the extra energy required to regrind and crush the rock as a consequence of decreased drilling efficiency. In fact, the MSE can be estimated by the rock fracture surface energy and the grain size distribution.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
CuIn(S,Se)2thin film solar cells from nanocrystal inks: Effect of nanocrystal precursors

Abstract CuIn(S,Se) 2 thin film solar cells are fabricated by selenizing CuInS 2 nanocrystals synthesized using a variety of copper and indium precursors. Specifically, copper and indium acetates, acetylacetonates, iodides, chlorides and nitrates are investigated to determine the effect of precursors on electronic properties and device performance. Nanocrystal synthesis with each of these precursors can be optimized to yield similar nanocrystal composition, size and structure. In addition, dense chalcopyrite CuIn(S,Se) 2 thin films with micron sized grains at the surface are formed upon selenization regardless of precursor type. Surprisingly, solar cells fabricated from each nanocrystal ink have roughly the same carrier concentrations of 10 16 to 10 17 cm − 3 in the absorber layer and achieve active area efficiencies of approximately 5%.
Life-history plasticity and inbreeding depression under mate limitation and predation risk: cumulative lifetime fitness dissected with a life table response experiment

Environmental effects on the evolution of mating systems are increasingly discussed, but we lack many examples of how environmental conditions affect the expression and consequences of alternative mating systems. Variation in mate availability sets up a trade-off between reproductive assurance and inbreeding depression, but the consequences of both mate limitation and inbreeding may depend on other environmental conditions. Predation risk is common under natural conditions, and known to affect allocation to reproduction, but we know little about the effects of isolation and inbreeding under predation risk. We reared selfed and outcrossed hermaphroditic freshwater snails (Physa acuta) in four environments (predator cues present or absent crossed with mating partners available or not) and quantified life-history traits and cumulative lifetime fitness. Our results confirm that isolation from mates can increase longevity and growth, resulting in higher lifetime fecundity. Thus, we observed no evidence for mate limitation of reproduction. However, reproduction under isolation (i.e., selfing) resulted in inbreeding depression, which should counteract the benefits of selfing. Inbreeding depression in fitness occurred in both predator and no-predator environments, but there was no overall change in inbreeding depression with predator cues. This represents, to our knowledge, the first empirical estimate of the effect of predation risk on inbreeding depression in an animal. Cumulative fitness was most influenced by early survival and especially early fecundity. As predation risk and inbreeding (both ancestral and due to a lack of mates) reduced early fecundity, these effect are predicted to have important contributions to population growth under natural conditions. Therefore life-history plasticity (e.g., delayed reproduction) is likely to be very important to overall fitness.
Lee metric codes over integer residue rings (Corresp.)

A method for constructing Lee metric codes over arbitrary alphabet sizes using the elementary concepts of module theory is presented. The codes possess a high degree of symmetry. Codes with two information symbols over arbitrary alphabet sizes are cyclic reversible. For alphabet sizes which are a power of two or an odd prime number, codes with one information symbol are reversible and equidistant, and codes having more than two information symbols are quasi-cyclic reversible. Binary Reed-Muller codes arise as subcodes of the codes presented. A method of constructing equidistant Lee metric codes analogous to maximum length shift register codes is presented.
HSF1-mediated BAG3 expression attenuates apoptosis in 4-hydroxynonenal-treated colon cancer cells via stabilization of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins.

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a pro-apoptotic electrophile generated during the spontaneous decomposition of oxidized lipids. We have previously shown that HNE activates the transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and promotes cytoprotective heat shock gene expression and that silencing HSF1 sensitizes the colon cancer cell line RKO to HNE-induced apoptosis. Here we report a reduction in the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2 in HSF1-silenced RKO cells, and we examine the underlying mechanism. To investigate the regulation of the Bcl-2 family by HSF1, microarray analysis of gene expression was performed. We observed that the Hsp70 co-chaperone, BAG3 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene domain 3), is strongly induced by HNE in control but not in HSF1-silenced colon cancer cells. Silencing BAG3 expression with small interfering RNA caused a dramatic reduction in Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2 protein levels in colon cancer cells and increased apoptosis, similar to the effect of silencing HSF1. Also, immunoprecipitation experiments indicate specific interactions between BAG3, Hsp70, and the Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-XL. Overall, our data reveal that BAG3 is HSF1-inducible and has a unique role facilitating cancer cell survival during pro-apoptotic stress by stabilizing the level of Bcl-2 family proteins.
From Friday to Sunday: the hacker ethic and shifting notions of labour, leisure and intellectual property.

Leisure studies scholars have theorised how the Web is changing leisure experiences, and this essay continues that work by discussing the Web and shifting notions of leisure, labour and intellectual property. Much online activity is described under the umbrella term of ‘piracy’. By discussing online cultural production in terms of what Pekka Himanen calls the hacker ethic, we can rethink rhetorics of piracy and better understand the positive and negative aspects of online activities. Rather than thinking of online activity as derivative, we can reframe Web texts as doing what all cultural texts do – build upon the past. The ethic of the Web is built on a hacker approach to work, play, collaboration, intellectual property. Facebook applications and Wikipedia entries are just two examples of Web users’ embrace of the hacker ethic. But is this labour or leisure? Is Wikipedia, a text edited and maintained by volunteers, the result of work or play? Himanen provides a new way to view online activities that sit ...
Hip-Hop Beyond Appropriation: An Introduction to The Series

This article introduces the articles in the Transforming Anthropology series titled Hip-Hop beyond Appropriation. “Rebel Song: Soweto's Black Sunday Movement as Language Antipolitics” by Micah C. Gilmer is the first in this series, with more to come. My introductory essay contextualizes the cultural and social significance of hip-hop while addressing some key issues. Overall, this leads to a wider discussion of hip-hop as a critical area in which race, class, and globalization intersect to produce particular cultural and political realities.
A Dynamic Programming Approach to Distortion-Energy Optimization for Distributed Wavelet Compression with Applications to Data Gathering Inwireless Sensor Networks

We address a scenario where energy-constrained sensors in a wireless sensor network can choose among different distributed coding schemes to encode their data. We propose a framework where the network is described as a graph, with sensors representing the nodes, and where communication and processing costs are associated to edge weights and the coding schemes associated to states of operation. After describing data transitions and edge costs, we show that a shortest-path algorithm can be used to find the optimum network configuration, i.e., the one that leads to the lowest overall energy consumption.
A fast tone reproduction algorithm for high dynamic range image display

This paper presents a simple, parameter-free solution for the tone reproduction of high dynamic range images on conventional display devices. Both theoretical analysis and experiments with a wide variety of images have shown that this algorithm produces compelling results by revealing details from the dark regions while preserving the contrast of the bright regions of an image. We also introduce an enhanced operator to improve the contrast of the bright regions.
Computer programs for detecting and correcting spelling errors

With the increase in word and text processing computer systems, programs which check and correct spelling will become more and more common. Peterson investigates the basic structure of several such existing programs and their approaches to solving the problems which arise when this type of program is created. The basic framework and background necessary to write a spelling checker or corrector are provided.
Developments in module ready SI backside-contact solar cells

Moderate quantities of high-efficiency Si backside-contact solar cells were fabricated. Compromises were made at the design level in order to investigate the possibilities for obtaining a high fabrication yield. The cells were tested in a module-ready state, soldered down to copper cell mounts. The efficiencies for the best cells peak at 26% for a range of 5-12 W/cm/sup 2/ (50-120 suns). For a design point of 36 W/cm/sup 2/, a majority of the 283 cells from two successive runs have efficiencies in a tight distribution around 23%. The performance difference between these cells and the best laboratory cells demonstrated to date (26% versus 28.3%) is primarily due to the sunward-side dopant diffusion, not present in the previous cells but incorporated in the current designs in order to make them stable to degradation in ultraviolet light. Accordingly, improved performance is expected to come primarily from improvements in stable front-surface passivations. >
μCT-generated carpal cartilage surfaces: validation of a technique.

Abstract Computational models are increasingly being used for the analysis of kinematics and contact stresses in the wrist. To this point, however, the morphology of the carpal cartilage has been modeled simply, either with non-dimensional spring elements (in rigid body spring models) or via simple bone surface extrusions (e.g. for finite element models). In this work we describe an efficient method of generating high-resolution cartilage surfaces via micro-computed tomography (μCT) and registration to CT-generated bone surface models. The error associated with μCT imaging (at 10 μm) was 0.009 mm (95% confidence interval 0.007–0.012 mm ), or ∼1.6% of the cartilage thickness. Registration error averaged 0.33±0.16 mm (97.5% confidence limit of ∼0.55 mm in any one direction) and 2.42±1.56° (97.5% confidence limit of ∼5.5° in any direction). The technique is immediately applicable to subject-specific models driven using kinematic data obtained through in vitro testing. However, the ultimate goal would be to generate a family of cartilage surfaces that could be scaled and/or morphed for application to models from live subjects and in vivo kinematic data.
Characterizing operant hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Background Operant hyperactivity, the emission of reinforced responses at an inordinately high rate, has been reported in children with ADHD and in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), the most widely studied animal model of ADHD. The SHR emits behavior at hyperactive levels, relative to a normoactive strain, only when such behavior is seldom reinforced. Because of its dependence on rate of reinforcement, operant hyperactivity appears to be driven primarily by incentive motivation, not motoric capacity. This claim was evaluated in the present study using a novel strategy, based on the organization of behavior in bouts of reinforced responses separated by pauses.
Opportunistic access in slotted ALOHA adapted to decentralized CSI

We develop a model for decentralized opportunistic transmissions of a finite (n) user slotted ALOHA system that relies on decentralized channel state information (D-CSI). D-CSI refers to each user node having access only to its own uplink channel gain. Every user adapts both rate and re-transmission probability to D-CSI in every slot. Due to the variable transmission rate from slot to slot, incoming packets with fixed length are re-assembled to deliver as many bits as possible per slot. By modeling the number of bits in queues as a discrete Markov chain, we analyze the stability region and the maximum stable throughput (MST). In addition, we derive a decentralized opportunistic scheme and show that it achieves a fraction (1-1/n)/sup n-1/ of its centralized counterpart's throughput, where (1-1/n)/sup n-1/ is a factor due to the inherent contention in random access.
Computers and Management Structure: Some Empirical Findings Re-examined

This paper re-examines empirical literature which relates computerization to organization structure. Explanations are sought for the conflicting findings regarding the effects of computer adoption on centralization and decentralization. A review of the literature suggests that: (1) computers do not cause changes in the degree of delegation, (2) computerized systems are sufficiently flexible to facilitate either centralized or decentralized structures, and (3) the degree of delegation in these studies is related to task environmental conditions of the organizations studied. Certain conceptual and methodological issues pertaining to this line of research are discussed, including the meaning of centralization, the perceptual bias in interviewing affected managers, the lack of adequate effectiveness measures in most studies, and the very basic problem of treating computerization as a variable. Further research on computerization should focus away from the present confining framework to look at environmental c...
Tissue hemoglobin monitoring of progressive central hypovolemia in humans using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy

We demonstrate noninvasive near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) measurements of tissue hemoglobin contents that can track progressive reductions in central blood volume in human volunteers. Measurements of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (Q) are obtained in ten healthy human subjects during baseline supine rest and exposure to progressive reductions of central blood volume produced by application of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Simultaneous quantitative noninvasive measurements of tissue oxyhemoglobin (OHb), deoxyhemoglobin (RHb), total hemoglobin concentration (THb), and tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)) are performed throughout LBNP application using broadband DOS. As progressively increasing amounts of LBNP are applied, HR increases, and MAP, SV, and Q decrease (p<0.001). OHb, S(t)O(2), and THb decrease (p<0.001) in correlation with progressive increases in LBNP, while tissue RHb remained relatively constant (p=0.378). The average fractional changes from baseline values in DOS OHb (fOHb) correlate closely with independently measured changes in SV (r(2)=0.95) and Q (r(2)=0.98) during LBNP. Quantitative noninvasive broadband DOS measurements of tissue hemoglobin parameters of peripheral perfusion are capable of detecting progressive reductions in central blood volume, and appear to be sensitive markers of early hypoperfusion associated with hemorrhage as simulated by LBNP.
The Ultraviolet Absorption of Heparin Sodium

The absorption spectra of low, medium, and high potency heparins have been determined. From the results obtained and reported it appears that the application of the spectrophotometric method in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum possesses definite applicability to heparin research.
Distinct Stress and Resource Profiles Among At-Risk Adolescents: Implications for Violence and Other Problem Behaviors

This study tests for the presence of subgroups among youth at-risk for school drop-out and whether those groups differ on levels of violence and related problem behaviors. Latent profile analysis was employed with a diverse adolescent sample (N = 849) to identify and describe subgroups based on assessment of stress and coping resources, resulting in four distinct groups: Low Risk, Unprotected, Risk Only, and High Risk. Tests across these groups demonstrated significant heterogeneity in violent behaviors, substance use, and school disengagement. The value of stress and protective resource assessment and tailoring interventions to meet the differing needs of vulnerable youth is discussed.
Optimization of Multi-Agent Workflow for Human-Robot Collaboration in Assembly Manufacturing

Human-robot collaboration presents an opportunity to improve the efficiency of manufacturing and assembly processes, particularly for aerospace manufacturing where tight integration and variability in the build process make physical isolation of robotic-only work challenging. In this paper, we develop a robotic scheduling and control capability that adapts to the changing preferences of a human co-worker or supervisor while providing strong guarantees for synchronization and timing of activities. This formulation is then expanded to optimize the workflow of a team of robots according to a set of qualitative and quantitative spatial and temporal constraints and performance objectives. We describe the Adaptive Preferences Algorithm that computes the optimal flexible scheduling policy for task completion that meets hard temporal constraints. We use APA within a mixed integer multi-agent optimization algorithm that assigns a flexible schedule of agents to tasks. We show that execution of the Advanced Preferences Algorithm is fast, robust, and adaptable to changing preferences for workflow and that the multi-agent optimization, while slower, is practically useful for important applications in multi-robot assembly of large structures for aerospace manufacturing. We specifically demonstrate the capability for quick reoptimization of a plan in response to temporal disturbances in the schedule and changing high-level guidance from a human supervisor.
Expression and Function of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ in Mesangial Cells

P:eroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a novel nuclear receptor, which enhances insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Ligands to PPARgamma are currently used as therapy for type II diabetes. Using Western blot analysis, RNase protection assay, and immunostaining, we identified the presence of PPARgamma message and protein in cultured primary rat mesangial cells. Electrophoretic mobility of a labeled PPARgamma response element (PPRE) was retarded in the presence of mesangial cell nuclear extract, suggesting that PPARgamma is functional in these cells. The addition of unlabeled PPRE efficiently competed away the PPARgamma-PPRE protein complex, confirming specificity of binding of the PPARgamma to the PPRE. PPARgamma ligands rosiglitazone (1 to 10 micromol/L) and troglitazone (1 to 10 micromol/L) inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced DNA synthesis, measured as bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (P<0.01). This inhibition was dose dependent. When administered in antidiabetic doses to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, troglitazone substantially normalized albumin excretion at 3 months (from 687.1 to 137.6 microgram urinary albumin/mg creatinine, P:<0.05) but did not affect hyperglycemia or blood pressure in this model. This treatment also decreased glomerular plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. These data suggest that PPARgamma activation may directly attenuate diabetic glomerular disease, possibly by inhibiting mesangial growth, which occurs early in the process of diabetic nephropathy, or by inhibiting PAI-1 expression. PAI-1 inhibits the activation of plasmin and matrix metalloproteinase, which degrade extracellular matrix in the glomerulus. Excess glomerular PAI-1 allows the accumulation of extracellular matrix, leading to glomerulosclerosis. These results have therapeutic implications for diabetic nephropathy as well as for proliferative mesangial diseases of the kidney.
Cdc37/Hsp90 Protein Complex Disruption Triggers an Autophagic Clearance Cascade for TDP-43 Protein

The RNA-binding protein, trans-active response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), is normally found in the nucleus, but in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontal temporal dementia, and some cases of Alzheimer disease it is cleaved and mislocalized to the cytosol, leading to accumulation. The mechanisms contributing to this are largely unknown. Here, we show that part of the normal clearance cascade for TDP-43 involves the Cdc37/Hsp90 complex. An Hsp90 inhibitor that disrupts the Cdc37/Hsp90 complex reduced TDP-43 levels to a greater extent than a standard Hsp90 ATPase inhibitor. When Cdc37 was depleted, TDP-43 underwent proteolytic clearance that was dependent on nuclear retrotranslocation and autophagic uptake. Accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau prevented the clearance of cleaved TDP-43, but not its production. This caused cleaved TDP-43 to accumulate, a feature observed in the brain of persons with Alzheimer disease. Clearance of cleaved TDP-43 was also prevented by knockdown of the autophagic inducer beclin1. Thus, in cells where TDP-43 clearance is normally needed, a system that employs manipulation of the Hsp90 complex and autophagy exists. But when tau accumulation is occurring, cleaved TDP-43 can no longer be cleared, perhaps explaining the emergence of these co-pathologies.
A Typology of Child School Behavior: Investigation Using Latent Profile Analysis and Cluster Analysis.

To describe and facilitate the identification of child school behavior patterns, we developed a typology of child school behavior (ages 6–11 years) using the norming data (N = 2,338) for the second edition of the Behavior Assessment System for Children Teacher Rating–Child form). Latent profile analysis was conducted with the entire data set, whereas cluster analysis was conducted within each latent profile. The resulting classification system included three latent profiles: (a) Adequate Adjustment (AA), (b) Mild Adjustment Difficulties (MAD), and (c) Functionally Impaired Adjustment (FIA). The AA latent profile included the (a) Well-Adapted, (b) Average, and (c) Worry clusters. The clusters identified within the MAD latent profile were (a) Academic Problems, (b) Physical Complaints, (c) Disruptive Behavior Problems, and (d) Internalizing Problems. Finally, the FIA latent profile comprised the (a) Clinical Problems–External and (b) Clinical Problems–Internal clusters.
From Dinner to Dynamite: Fats and Oils in Wartime America

AbstractThis article focuses on the vital significance of fats and oils for dietary and industrial purposes in World War II and pays special attention to the supply in the United States and among its Allies. It argues that the war led the US government to intervene drastically in important segments of the fats and oils commodity chain. Further, it examines government policies to rationalize usage, conserve the supply of stocks, recycle materials, and increase domestic oil crop cultivation. It also addresses US efforts to coordinate the global commodity chain with Allied powers, especially the UK. All these measures combined resulted in profound short- and long-term transformations in the national as well as global commodity chain of fats and oils.
Image-guided 3D Interpolation of Borehole Data

A blended neighbor method for image-guided interpolation enables resampling of borehole data onto a uniform 3D sampling grid, without picking horizons and without flattening seismic images. Borehole measurements gridded in this way become new 3D images of subsurface properties. Property values conform to geologic layers and faults apparent in the seismic image that guided the
Response to novelty inSaimiri andCallicebus: Influence of social context

Responses to novel objects by pair-livingSaimiri andCallicebus and grouplivingSaimiri were investigated in two experiments. In the first, titis and squirrel monkeys were tested in the presence and absence of an opposite-sexed pairmate. The species were differentially affected by the absence of the pairmate: titis of both sexes were distressed and object interest was attenuated; squirrel monkeys were not distressed and object scores (particularly females') increased. Nonsocial differences in object exploration principally involved the tempo and mode of investigation; squirrel monkeys were quicker and more vigorous than titis.
The posterior lobes of the brain of Nephtys and the mucus-glands of the prostomium

A pair of lobes is attached to the posterior margin of the supra-oesophageal ganglion of some species of Nephtys. They are filled with large, vacuolated mucus-cells similar in appearance and histochemical properties to those found in the anterior part of the prostomium, in the lateral walls of it, and in the parapodia. The mucus-cells of the posterior lobes, and sometimes those of the anterior prostomial group also, have long necks which run in a tract to the epidermis, where they open to the exterior. When this is so, they replace the epidermal mucus-cells found in the lateral walls of the prostomium in species lacking posterior lobes. It is suggested that there has been a centripetal migration of epidermal mucus-cells into the posterior lobes and to the anterior prostomial group, a phenomenon closely paralleling that found in the evolution of the nermertean cerebral organ. In one species, Nephtys cirrosa , the posterior lobe cells appear to have undergone a further modification, for they are much more closely integrated with the nervous system and differ in appearance from those of other species, coming to look, at least superficially, like the majority of neurosecretory cells in the brain.
Abstract 4633: The DNA strand breaking nucleoside analogue sapacitabine sensitizes Brca2-deficient ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with PARP inhibitors

Sapacitabine, an orally bioavailable prodrug of the deoxycytidine analog, CNDAC, is currently in a Phase III registration trial for elderly AML patients (NCT01303796). CNDAC (as DFP-10917) is in a Phase I/II trial for relapsed or refractory acute leukemia (NCT01702155) with very limited toxicity. CNDAC-induced DNA damage, double-strand breaks converted from initial single-strand breaks, is repaired mainly by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Deficiency in HR components (e.g. ATM, Rad51, Xrcc3, Brca1 and Brca2) confers sensitivity to CNDAC. Brca1/2 function is frequently compromised in ovarian cancer (OC). To determine the role of Brca2 in DNA damage repair after CNDAC, we used in this study a Brca2-mutant ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line, PEO1 and its revertant line, PEO1 C4-2, in which Brca2 function is restored due to a secondary mutation. First, the clonogenic sensitivities of the two lines to therapeutic agents were compared. The mutant was 6-10 fold more sensitive to CNDAC than the revertant. In contrast, Brca2 restoration did not confer resistance to cytarabine or gemcitabine, confirming the unique action mechanism of CNDAC among nucleoside analogs. Second, CNDAC-induced chromosome damage was compared in both lines. We found Brca2- mutant cells bearing more chromosomal structural abnormalities (67% metaphases with scorable breaks or fusions, N = 51) than Brca2-restored cells (14%, N = 50), apparently due to genetic instability when lacking Brca2. The mutant cells exposed to 25 nM CNDAC for 3d manifested massive chromosomal aberrations (100% metaphases unscorable, N = 51). In contrast, the revertant cells showed significantly fewer chromosome aberrations (30% scorable, N = 50). These results provided cytogenetic evidence for Brca2 involvement in DNA damage repair after CNDAC. Third, the combination effect of CNDAC with two classes of front-line anti-OC drugs, platinum compounds and taxanes, was explored using clonogenic assays and median effect analyses. Both cisplatin and oxaliplatin each had additive cell killing effects with CNDAC (combination index, CI ∼1) independent of Brca2 status. Similarly, CNDAC was additive with either paclitaxel or docetaxel in both lines (CI ∼1). Finally, two PARP inhibitors (PARPis), rucaparib and talazoparib, greatly sensitized Brca2-mutant cells. Despite the distinctive sensitivities of the two lines, both rucaparib-CNDAC and talazoparib-CNDAC combinations showed synergistic killing effect (CI Citation Format: Xiaojun Liu, Yingjun Jiang, Billie Nowak, Bethany Qiang, Nancy Cheng, William Plunkett. The DNA strand breaking nucleoside analogue sapacitabine sensitizes Brca2-deficient ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with PARP inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4633.
The association between household bed net ownership and all-cause child mortality in Madagascar.

Malaria continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Madagascar. It has been estimated that the malaria burden costs Madagascar over $52 million annually in terms of treatment costs, lost productivity and prevention expenses. One of the key malaria prevention strategies of the Government of Madagascar consists of large-scale mass distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLIN). Although there is ample evidence that child mortality has decreased in Madagascar, it is unclear whether increases in LLIN ownership have contributed to this decline. This study analyses multiple recent cross-sectional survey data sets to examine the association between household bed net ownership and all-cause child mortality. Data on household-level bed net ownership confirm that the percentage of households that own one or more bed nets increased substantially following the 2009 and 2010 mass LLIN distribution campaigns. Additionally, all-cause child mortality in Madagascar has declined during the period 2008–2013. Bed net ownership was associated with a 22 % reduction in the all-cause child mortality hazard in Madagascar. Mass bed net distributions contributed strongly to the overall decline in child mortality in Madagascar during the period 2008–2013. However, the decline was not solely attributable to increases in bed net coverage, and nets alone were not able to eliminate most of the child mortality hazard across the island.
Fluorogenic protein labeling using a genetically encoded unstrained alkene.

We developed a new fluorogenic bioorthogonal reaction that is based on the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction between styrene (an unstrained alkene) and a simple tetrazine. The reaction forms a new fluorophore with no literature precedent. We have identified an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair for the efficient and site-specific incorporation of a styrene-containing amino acid into proteins in response to amber nonsense codon. Fluorogenic labeling of purified proteins and intact proteins in live cells were demonstrated. The fluorogenicity of the styrene–tetrazine reaction can be potentially applied to the study of protein folding and function under physiological conditions with low background fluorescence interference.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and latchup in advanced semiconductors

This paper focuses on semiconductor device layout and design, design integration, digital receiver design, off-chip drivers, and ESD power clamps. The paper discussed ESD test models (HBM, MM, and CDM), ESD testing techniques, failure mechanisms, and electro-thermal models (eg. Wunsch-Bell). In addition, the section discussed ESD in diodes, and MOSFETs. This was followed on how to construct ESD circuits such as input node networks and ESD power clamps. In addition, ESD issues with receivers, off-chip drivers, and other circuitry. The paper discussed semiconductor mixed signal integration and design synthesis. In addition, the paper included RF devices, RF ESD design fundamentals, RF ESD failure mechanisms, and RF ESD circuits. RF ESD failure criteria, RF ESD testing issues, and mechanisms in both passive and active elements were discussed. The paper also discussed latchup in CMOS and BiCMOS technologies. The paper included CMOS latchup physics, latchup test structures and design, semiconductor process issues, failure analysis and design integration issues in CMOS, BiCMOS, mixed signal and smart power applications.
The optimal allocation of campaign funds in U.S. House elections

Abstract How should political parties allocate resources in U.S. House elections? Are actual spending strategies optimal? This paper answers these questions by using Bayesian election forecasts to estimate a probabilistic voting model. The model provides real-time estimates of the marginal value of additional resources in a district during a campaign and can be used to compare actual spending patterns to the amount that should have been spent according to the model. The correlation between observed and optimal spending is over 0.5 in each non-redistricting year from 2000 to 2010 and observed spending patterns respond to new polls during a campaign. The correlations are consistent across different types of campaign donors including the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the National Republican Congressional Committee, various political action committees, and individuals. There is also evidence that spending is based on maximizing total seats rather than the probability of winning a majority of seats.
Technical note: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the presence of an intramedullary femoral nail using anteromedial drilling.

Technical note: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the presence of an intramedullary femoral nail using anteromedial drilling