cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimentally Detecting How Cultural Differences on Social Anxiety Measures Misrepresent Cultural Differences in Emotional Well-being

Previous research, statistically accounting for self-construal factors and thereby eliminating widely reported culture main effects in social anxiety scores between East Asians and European-Americans (Norasakkunkit and Kalick 2002 Culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress measures: The role of self-construal and self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 56–70.) suggested that social anxiety measures penalize individuals for being low on independent self-construal; therefore, cultural differences in emotional distress according to social anxiety measures may possibly misrepresent cultural differences in emotional well-being. In the current experimental study, 127 Japanese and 126 American participants were either primed or not primed to access an independent mode of thought prior to filling out two commonly used measures of social anxiety and a measure of emotional well-being. Independent priming caused social anxiety scores to decrease. Yet, independent priming did not influence levels of self-reported emotional well-being. Furthermore, although the Japanese respondents were shown to be more distressed according to both of the standardized social anxiety measures, this finding was actually reversed with respect to self-reported emotional well-being. The evidence thus points to high scores on measurements of social anxiety being directly and causally linked to low levels of independence, while no link was found between independence and emotional well-being.
Optical dielectric function of intrinsic amorphous silicon

The imaginary part of the optical dielectric function epsilon/sub 2/(..omega..) has been calculated using a continuous-random-tetrahedral network as the structural model for the atomic positions. Here the electronic energies and wave functions are determined by first-principles calculations with the method of linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO), and the momentum matrix elements are evaluated directly from the LCAO wave functions. The calculated dielectric function is in good overall agreement with experiment. At energies within 1 eV above the threshold, the epsilon/sub 2/ curve shows some structures that are due to interband transitions between the localized states near the band gap.
Evidence-Based Practice and Information Literacy in Social Work: An Assessment of Students' Reference Lists

ABSTRACT To date, only a small number of articles have been written about the information literacy needs of social work students. This is a topic that needs to be addressed more among librarians because of the emergence of the evidence-based practice paradigm within the social work profession. Now more than ever, social work students need to know sophisticated techniques for searching and identifying high-quality research. The authors of this paper have attempted to start to address this need by conducting a small citation study in order to assess the information literacy needs of graduate level social work students at Boston College. The results of our study indicated that the students need instruction that emphasizes evidence-based searching skills. These skills include retrieving peer-reviewed articles and identifying research-based sources. We outline recommendations for incorporating evidence-based searching skills in instruction sessions.
Characterization of GaN epitaxial layers using

Cathodo luminescence (CL) properties of GaN heteroepitaxial layers, both undoped and Mg-doped, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The GaN samples examined were grown on single crystal sapphire substrates by vapor phase epitaxy and contained different amounts of Mg. It was found that the CL intensity of a GaN specimen depends on its Mg concentration. As the amount of Mg in the GaN lattice increases, the spectral maximum shifts to longer wavelengths; as the full compensation level is approached, as indicated by an abrupt increase in resistivity, the overall CL intensity decreases to complete extinction. These effects are presumably due to the increased density of recombination centers, predominantly nonradiative, generated by the incorporation of Mg deep level impurities. These results established a basis for the qualitative characterization of the Mg distribution in GaN layers. This technique was applied to GaN metal-insulator (GaN:Mg)-n-type semi conductor (GaN) electroluminescent diodes in order to determine the nonuni formity of Mg distribution in the insulating layer. Relevant CL micrographs indicate that, in some cases, isolated conducting grains are embed-ded in an otherwise insulating matrix. This observation was correlated with specific device characteristics to provide a basis for rationalizing device performance.
Simulation of plastic deformation in glassy polymers: Atomistic and mesoscale approaches

The mechanism of deformation in glasses is very different from that of crystals, even though their general behavior is very similar. In this study, we investi- gated the deformation of polycarbonate on the atomistic scale with molecular dynamics and on the continuum scale with a new simulation approach. The results indicated that high atomic/segmental mobility and low local density enabled the for- mation (nucleation) of highly deformed regions that grew to form plastic defects called plastic shear transformations. A continuum-scale simulation was performed with the concept of plastic shear transformations as the basic region of deformation. The continuum simulations were able to predict the primary and secondary creep behavior. The slope of the secondary creep depended on the interactions between the plastic shear transformations. � c 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 994-1004, 2005
The forensic validity of visual analytics

The wider use of visualization and visual analytics in wide ranging fields has led to the need for visual analytics capabilities to be legally admissible, especially when applied to digital forensics. This brings the need to consider legal implications when performing visual analytics, an issue not traditionally examined in visualization and visual analytics techniques and research. While digital data is generally admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence [10][21], a comprehensive validation of the digital evidence is considered prudent. A comprehensive validation requires validation of the digital data under rules for authentication, hearsay, best evidence rule, and privilege. Additional issues with digital data arise when exploring digital data related to admissibility and the validity of what information was examined, to what extent, and whether the analysis process was sufficiently covered by a search warrant. For instance, a search warrant generally covers very narrow requirements as to what law enforcement is allowed to examine and acquire during an investigation. When searching a hard drive for child pornography, how admissible is evidence of an unrelated crime, i.e. drug dealing. This is further complicated by the concept of "in plain view". When performing an analysis of a hard drive what would be considered "in plain view" when analyzing a hard drive. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues of digital forensics and the related issues as they apply to visual analytics and identify how visual analytics techniques fit into the digital forensics analysis process, how visual analytics techniques can improve the legal admissibility of digital data, and identify what research is needed to further improve this process. The goal of this paper is to open up consideration of legal ramifications among the visualization community; the author is not a lawyer and the discussions are not meant to be inclusive of all differences in laws between states and countries.
Fluorinated Oils as Experimental Vitreous Substitutes

• Two kinds of fluorinated oils (a fluorosilicone oil and a perfluoroether [Freon E15]) that have a higher density than water were evaluated as long-term vitreous substitutes. Vitreous compression using perfluoropropane gas was performed to create a space for the vitreous substitute in rabbit eyes. Two fluorosilicone oils (1000 and 10 000 centistokes) induced edema of the inner retinal layers and occasionally of the outer retinal layers regardless of viscosity or period of observation up to six months, but they were well tolerated clinically. Control eyes injected with silicone oils of comparable viscosities showed similar histopathologic findings. Freon E15 induced formation of bubbles and precipitates by one month after injection, and retinal disorganization, formation of preretinal membranes, and tractional retinal detachment by six months. Thus, Freon E15 proved to be unsuitable, but fluorosilicone oil is a possible high-density vitreous substitute.
Purification and partial characterization of an NADH-linked Δ13-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase from human placenta

Abstract A Δ13-15-ketoprostaglandin reductase has been isolated from human placenta and purified 800-fold. The enzyme utilizes NADH as a cofactor but not NADPH. It reduces the 13,14 double bond in 15-ketoprostaglandin E1, E2 and F2α. The KM apparent for NADH is 54.8 μM and the KM apparent for 15-ketoprostaglanding E2 is 7.0 μM. The partially purified enzyme contains no 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity.
Rehabilitative day treatment vs. supported employment: I. Vocational outcomes

Day treatment remains a core component in many community mental health programs for persons with severe mental disorders throughout the United States. Many other mental health centers are moving away from day treatment toward psychosocial and vocational rehabilitation programs. Empirical research directly comparing these two systems of organizing outpatient services is needed. In this study the authors compared a rehabilitative day treatment program in one small city with a similar program in a nearby city that changed from day treatment to a supported employment model. Clients who were enrolled in community support services during a baseline year prior to the change and during a follow-up year after the change (71 in the program that changed and 112 in the other) were evaluated during both intervals. In the program that changed, competitive employment improved from 25.4% to 39.4% for all clients, and from 33.3% to 55.6% for those clients who had been regular attenders of day treatment during the baseline. Hours worked and wages earned similarly improved after the program change. For all work variables, clients who had not worked during the baseline year accounted for the improvements in outcome. Meanwhile, employment remained stable in the day treatment program. No negative outcomes were detected. These results indicate that eliminating day treatment and replacing it with a supported employment program can improve integration into competitive jobs in the community.
Insulin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid

STUDIES involving injection of labelled insulin have been interpreted as evidence that insulin does not pass into brain1,2 or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)3. Neither was any significant amount of insulin detected in human CSF using the rat adipose tissue bioassay technique3,4. We have reinvestigated the question of whether insulin passes the blood-CSF barrier using the more sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique.
In vitro immune responses: effects of masking lymphocyte membrane components.

Abstract Mouse peripheral blood cells and fetal liver cells were cultured with a variety of antigens or with allogeneic cells together with antisera raised against H-2 specificities, θ, or mouse immunoglobulins. All responses dependent upon thymus-passaged cells were profoundly impaired by antisera putatively directed against H-2 specificities. On the other hand, the responses by fetal liver cells (B cells) to these same “thymus-dependent” antigens or by blood cells from adult mice to “thymus-independent” antigens were not affected by the same treatment. The heterologous antiserum to mouse immunoglobulins produced a moderate reduction in the responses by blood cells and fetal liver cells to all antigens tested. The AKr-anti-θC3H serum either was without effect or it slightly increased the response to these same antigens.
An automated method for hemorrhage detection in traumatic pelvic injuries

Hemorrhage is the main cause of deaths that occurs within first 24 hours after a traumatic pelvic injury. Therefore, it is very important to determine hemorrhage quickly. Hemorrhages are detected using a CT scan. However, it is very time consuming for physicians to look for hemorrhage in all CT slices. Therefore, an automated system is needed. This paper proposes an automated hemorrhage detection technique by incorporating anatomical information of pelvic region. The results showed method performs comparably to manual methods. A statistical test is conducted to see if the volume of hemorrhage detected using this technique is significantly different from the volume assessed manually.
Get a little closer: Further examination of nonverbal comforting strategies

A set of nonverbal comforting strategies and their relationships with affective orientation and gender reported in previous research were tested for their generalizability to a broader sample. With one exception, emotional distancing, the strategy types were confirmed and five additional types were observed, resulting in an expanded set of strategies. Previous results relating affective orientation to diversity and number of comforting strategies were not supported. Gender differences in affective orientation, diversity and number of strategies, and use of specific strategies were supported. Females were found to be more affectively oriented and to use a greater number and diversity of strategies.
Direct evidence of host genome acquisition by the alphaherpesvirus Marek’s disease virus

Many herpesviruses including Marek’s disease virus (MDV), a poultry alphaherpesvirus, carry homologous host genes presumably acquired during viral evolution. We have characterized one recent acquisition by MDV in considerable detail. The virulent MDV strain Md11 previously was isolated from a commercial chicken and initially propagated on duck cells. In the process of cloning the entire Md11 genome in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), we obtained an infectious clone in which the entire terminal repeat short segment was replaced with a portion of the duck genome that corresponds to chicken chromosome 19. This sequence is not predicted to express any protein even though it contains one exon of the VAMP1 gene. The replacement did not affect MDV replication in vitro, despite the virus having only one copy of ICP4. Furthermore, we have shown that the variant MDV genome containing the duck genome substitution is present in the parental Md11 population and has been maintained through several subsequent propagations of the virus on chicken cells. This finding provides direct evidence that host genome acquisition by MDV actually occurs during virus replication, and that one or more such MDV genomes with host sequences may exist within MDV viral stocks which tend to be polyclonal, due to the cell-associated nature of its infection process.
Performance Predictions of a Hydrogen-Enhanced Natural Gas HCCI Engine

The characteristics of HCCI engines were numerically investigated by CHEMKIN software, CHEMKIN 4.0. Cylinder temperature and pressure, ignition delay time, peak temperature and pressure, indicated work, indicated power and IMEP were performed for the analysis the HCCI combustion of Methane and Hydrogen. The natural gas can be represented as the Methane (CH4 ), which is the main ingredient. The simulation evaluations were done by increasing the initial concentrations of H2 , changing the initial temperature (inlet temperature), or varying the equivalence ratio. The numerical simulations were accomplished using CHEMKIN Suite from Reaction Design and the results are focused on ignition time, peak temperature, and indicated power. The effect of hydrogen addition to methane increases peak temperature and pressure, decreases ignition delay time, and increases indicated power.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Repeated electroconvulsive shocks alter the biosynthesis of enkephalin and concentration of dynorphin in the rat brain.

Abstract Ten daily electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs) caused a two-fold increase in (Met 5 )-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ME-LI) and an 80% increase in the level of mRNA coding for preproenkephalin A in the hypothalamus. These observations suggest that repeated ECSs increase the biosynthesis of hypothalamic ME. Ten daily ECSs also increased dynorphin A (1–8)-like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) in hypothalamus (45%) but not in frontal cortex. Unlike other brain regions, a 64% decrease of DN-LI was found in the hippocampus after 10 daily ECSs whereas a significant increase of ME-LI (40%) was observed. Furthermore, immunocytochemical studies revealed an increase of (Leu 5 )-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the perforant pathway and a decrease of DN-LI in the mossy fiber system of the hippocampus after 10 daily ECSs. These studies suggest that alterations in enkephalin and dynorphin in the limbic system may contribute to the behavioral changes observed after repeated ECSs.
Seminal vesicle amyloidosis.

Abstract A case of localized amyloidosis of the seminal vesicle with hematospermia is reported. To our knowledge this is the first clinical example of this disease treated by seminal vesiculectomy. Lymphocyte transformation studies were performed to search for an immunologic cause. The incidence of this disorder and its pathogenesis are reviewed.
Rethinking our expectations

There are multiple ways to respond to the recent thought‐provoking paper by Bradley and Nixon (2009), all potentially meaningful. I am going to focus my response on a single premise – our expectati...
Dissemination of information for investors at corporate Web sites

Abstract We extend the limited prior research on Internet financial reporting by providing insights into dissemination of two types of financial information at corporate Web sites. One type consists of reports that already have been filed with the SEC (i.e. required filings). The second type is all other (voluntary) information for investors. In doing so we investigate whether Web-based dissemination of both types of data can be explained by theories of incentives to voluntarily disclose information via more traditional means such as meetings or conference calls with analysts. We use regression analysis to test hypotheses that link the variation in the information disseminated through corporate Web sites to factors thought to influence voluntary disclosure of financial information. Presence of required items is significantly associated only with size and a proxy for information asymmetry, while voluntary information item disclosure is associated with variables proxying for size, information asymmetry, demand for external capital, and companies’ traditional disclosure reputations. Our results confirm that incentives motivating initial voluntary disclosure also explain the subsequent dissemination of voluntary material.
Variation among European populations in summary finger ridge-count variables

SummaryThe magnitude of ridge-count variation and its spatial and linguistic patterning was examined using 82 male and 75 female samples from Europe. Variables were summary measures: sum of radial counts (radial) sum of ulnar counts (ulnar) and sum of larger counts (total ridge-count or TRC). Dermatoglyphic parameters were compared with those derived from classic nuclear gene markers. Fst values computed from ridge-counts range between 0·016 and 0·025, relatively high when compared to classical genetic polymorphism. Ridgecount distances show significant correlation with geographic distances but not with linguistic distances. Ridge-count distances show even higher correlation with blood marker distances, suggesting that, like blood polymorphisms, ridge-counts were strongly influenced by demic expansion of Neolithic farmers. The most differentiated populations in Europe are those of the North Atlantic and North Sea region, especially the Orcadians and Faroe Islanders. Certain Finnic speakers such as Lapps a...
Proposing a Regional Impact Based Feasibility Studies Framework for Convention Centers: A Quantitative Analysis of the Orange County Convention Center (OCCC)

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this article is to propose a Regional Impact Based Feasibility Study (RIBFS) framework, which is an alternative model to the traditional feasibility study that is used to assess the benefits of the investment of public funds in convention centers. More specifically, the framework features a rigorous methodology that can be used to calculate a more comprehensive picture of what convention centers can deliver on public investments. Numerous studies have focused on the importance of the existence of convention centers; however, few authors have been critical of the failure of feasibility studies to accurately forecast economic impacts and operational pro-forma statements. The Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida was used as a case study for assessing this proposed framework. Results indicate that despite operational deficits as an independent entity, a convention center provides income and jobs for a variety of businesses and produces a ripple effect of broad ec...
Factor analysis of cancer Fourier transform infrared evanescent wave fiberoptical (FTIR-FEW) spectra.

Background and Objective The purpose of this study is to isolate pure biochemical compounds' eigenspectra and to classify skin cancer tumors. Study Design/Materials and Methods Fourier transform infrared fiberoptic evanescent wave (FTIR-FEW) spectra, in the middle infrared (MIR) region, of human normal skin tissue and cancer tumors were analyzed using chemical factor analysis. Results Eigenspectra of biochemical species were isolated and some of the eigenspectra have been preliminarily identified as due to protein peptide bond and lipid carbonyl vibrations. Cluster analysis was used for classification and good agreement with prior pathological classifications, specifically for normal skin tissue and melanoma tumors, has been found. However the cluster analysis suggests substantial variability in basaloma tumor biochemical characteristics. In addition this study has demonstrated that chemical factor analysis can be carried out directly on raw data to extract biochemical component eigenspectra and classify skin states. Most importantly, it has been demonstrated that the combination of FTIR-FEW technique and chemical factor analysis has potential as a clinical diagnostic tool. Lasers Surg. Med. 24:382–388, 1999. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linking primary and metastatic tumour re-initiation

Whether the cancer cells responsible for the growth of primary tumours are also able to re-initiate tumour growth after seeding to distant organs is unclear. The characterization of breast cancer cells with both of these attributes now identifies the functional and molecular determinants necessary to mediate primary tumour formation and re-initiation at the secondary site.
SRp38 Regulates Alternative Splicing and Is Required for Ca2+ Handling in the Embryonic Heart

SRp38 is an atypical SR protein splicing regulator. To define the functions of SRp38 in vivo, we generated SRp38 null mice. The majority of homozygous mutants survived only until E15.5 and displayed multiple cardiac defects. Evaluation of gene expression profiles in the SRp38(-/-) embryonic heart revealed a defect in processing of the pre-mRNA encoding cardiac triadin, a protein that functions in regulation of Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during excitation-contraction coupling. This defect resulted in significantly reduced levels of triadin, as well as those of the interacting protein calsequestrin 2. Purified SRp38 was shown to bind specifically to the regulated exon and to modulate triadin splicing in vitro. Extending these results, isolated SRp38(-/-) embryonic cardiomyocytes displayed defects in Ca(2+) handling compared with wild-type controls. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SRp38 regulates cardiac-specific alternative splicing of triadin pre-mRNA and, reflecting this, is essential for proper Ca(2+) handling during embryonic heart development.
Optimization of Thermal Mass in Commercial Building Applications

Based on results from a one-year intensive monitoring project of a northern New York commercial building with energy-conserving design features, a thermal storage project was undertaken to optimize the design of a thermal mass storage system for a moderately sized commercial building and transfer the technology to the commercial building sector. a generic commercial building design of 27,000 square feet (2508 m{sup 2}) was selected for the optimization project. Several different types of thermal mass designs were considered as potentially practical for a commercial building. These included a sandmass design such as the mass incorporated in the previously monitored commercial building mentioned above, a foundation slab of sufficient thickness to serve as a significant building thermal mass, and the use of poured cement in interior wall and floor construction. Five different office building thermal designs were selected which represented various thermal storage features and two different building insulation levels (R10 and R20). Energy performance of the five thermal designs was modeled in building energy simulations using DOE 2.1C (Department of Energy 2.1C) energy simulation code. Results of the simulations showed a reduction in peak heating and cooling loads would be experienced by the HVAC equipment. The reduction in peak heatingmore » and cooling loads was anticipated because thermal mass within a building serves to average peak heating and cooling loads due to the capacity of the thermal mass to store and release heat from all building heat sources over a period of time. Peak heating loads varied from 1972 kBtuh (578 kW) for the R-10 light construction base case to a minimum of 980 kBtuh (287 kW) for the R-20 heavy construction sandmass storage case.« less
The role of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertisements and individual differences in getting people to talk to physicians.

In this study, 384 respondents provided quantitative and descriptive information about direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertisements and factors related to message reception and drug adoption. The authors applied M. Booth-Butterfield's (2008) Standard Model to explain how DTC advertising is used in getting individuals to talk to their doctors about pharmaceutical drugs. The researchers predicted that individuals who talked with their physicians about a pharmaceutical drug (referred to as talkers) would differ from those who did not talk with their physicians (referred to as nontalkers) in a number of meaningful ways. Findings from this data set indicate that individuals who talked with their physician about a specific medication were more likely to be female, older, higher in need for cognition, and reported higher physician satisfaction. Total number of channels (TV, radio, newspaper, magazines, and the Internet) was negatively associated with talking to a physician about a specific medication, ...
Protein levels in the vitreous of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus

The vitreous is a neural extracellular space separated from the blood-vascular compartment by the blood-retinal barrier. Study of the appearance of serum proteins in this space have been carried out in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, a condition associated with barrier dysfunction. A vitreous sampling technique that avoids contamination with surrounding tissue was employed. In rats 1 month after administration of streptozotocin (fasting serum glucose > or = 375 mg/dl), significant increases in vitreous protein were observed in the absence of discernible eye pathology. Two-dimensional isoelectric focusing and SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the soluble fraction demonstrated 85 polypeptides, 28 of whose electrophoretic positions coincided with positions of serum polypeptides. The remainder were unrelated to serum polypeptide loci. Overall patterns of soluble protein from the vitreous of streptozotocin-injected and normoglycemic-uninjected control animals were virtually identical. Results support a system for selective transfer for certain proteins into the extraneural vitreous space as suggested by Chen and Chen (6).
Menière's disease as a manifestation of vestibular ganglionitis

Abstract Objective: To present morphologic evidence of viral-induced vestibular nerve pathology in Meniere's Disease (MD). Material Studied: Twelve temporal bones (TB) from 8 patients with the clinical symptoms of MD. Results: There was endolymphatic hydrops (EH) and perilymphatic fibrosis in 10 of the 12 TB from MD patients. Of the 10 TB with EH of the pars inferior, 3 also contained outpouchings in the pars superior (utricle and canals), and 3 showed apical spiral ganglion cell loss. Focal vestibular nerve axonal degeneration was observed in all but one TB. Conclusion: Morphologic changes in TB of patients with MD, and clinical observations in patients with recurrent vestibulopathy, support the concept that the pathologic mechanism responsible for auditory and vestibular symptoms in MD may be reactivation of a latent viral vestibular ganglionitis. (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:241-250. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
On the two-sided power distribution

This paper concerns a two-parameter two-sided power distribution introduced by van Dorp and Kotz on the interval [0,1]. We introduce a reformulated two-sided power distribution (with the same number of parameters) and provide evidence to prove that it is more flexible than the one suggested by van Dorp and Kotz. We derive various properties of the new distribution as well as provide several hitherto unknown properties of the distribution due to van Dorp and Kotz. We also discuss estimation by the method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood.
Theory of Measurement of Flow Birefringence by use of the Sénarmont Compensator. III. Concerning the Interpretation of Results when the Reference Wavelength is Uncertain

It is shown theoretically by considering two specific examples that the values of the retardation measured by the Senarmont method can be fairly accurate, even when the light is not monochromatic and when the retardation of the compensator wave plate is not known with great accuracy.
Control of voluntary and reflexive saccades in Parkinson’s disease

Eight patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) were compared with a group of age-matched controls on both reflexive saccade and antisaccade tasks. While reflexive, visually guided saccades led to equivalent performance in both groups, PD patients were slower, made more errors, and showed reduced gain on antisaccades (AS). This is consistent with previous results showing that PD patients have no difficulty with reflexive saccades but show deficiencies in a number of voluntary saccade paradigms. Moreover, visual information in the form of landmarks improves AS performance more for PD patients than controls, a finding analogous to results seen with other motor acts such as target-directed pointing. Results are discussed in terms of a two-process model of attention and eye movements.
Relative Importance of Nitrite Oxidation by Hypochlorous Acid under Chloramination Conditions

Nitrification can occur in water distribution systems where chloramines are used as the disinfectant. The resulting product, nitrite, can be oxidized by monochloramine and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), potentially leading to rapid monochloramine loss. This research characterizes the importance of the HOCl reaction, which has typically been ignored because of HOCl’s low concentration. Also, the general acid-assisted rate constants for carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion were estimated for the monochloramine reaction. The nitrite oxidation reactions were incorporated into a widely accepted chloramine autodecomposition model, providing a comprehensive model that was implemented in AQUASIM. Batch kinetic experiments were conducted to evaluate the significance of the HOCl reaction and to estimate carbonate buffer rate constants for the monochloramine reaction. The experimental data and model simulations indicated that HOCl may be responsible for up to 60% of the nitrite oxidation, and that the relative importance of...
Developing nation models for American Indian nation building—Educating the young leaders of our internal developing nations

Abstract American Indian Nations share many common issues with nations in the non-Western world which are developing contemporary economic and political systems after a period of colonialization by Western European countries. Native American students can gain greater understanding of the historical process of nation building in which they are engaged and insight into strategies for integrating the contemporary economics and technology with traditional values and practices from the experiences of some of these non-Western nations. College level courses on American Indian government should utilize nation building examples from the non-Western world in addition to examples from contemporary native nations in North America to broaden students' understanding of tribal government development as part of the process of national regeneration being undertaken by formerly colonized peoples throughout the world.
Woodland commodities, global trade, and local struggles: the beeswax trade in British Tanzania

Abstract This article examines African production and sale of beeswax during the period of British colonial rule in Tanzania. It argues that the Nyamwezi and Ngindo people in particular were active in the exploitation of this forest product as a means to pay taxes and gain access to imports in a way that synchronized with subsistence agriculture and which gave them a measure of control over their economic lives. However, while supported by some colonial officials who tried to increase beeswax exports, African producers had to struggle against forestry and game officers who attempted to prevent their access to prime beeswax areas. The purchase and export of this lucrative product was controlled by a small number of Asian traders who also represented a barrier to the producers’ efforts to gain a fair price.
Absence of tetramethylene diradical intermediates in Lewis acid catalyzed group transfer polymerization

A diradical tetramethylene intermediate in Lewis acid catalyzed Group Transfer Polymerization of methyl acrylate is unlikely based on the lack of incorporation of styrene during methyl acrylate polymerizations.
Bioavailability of naphthalenes from marine sediments artificially contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil

Abstract Uptake of naphthalenes from sand and detritus contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil was examined in the detritivorous clam Macoma inquinata . Concentrations of naphthalenes were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the use of radiolabelled 14 C-2-methylnaphthalene. Exposure of M. inquinata to contaminated sediments indicated that uptake of naphthalenes as a result of consumption of sediment was insignificant. However, naphthalenes which were released from sediment to the surrounding water were available for uptake by the clams. Our results were consistent with the results of other studies which examined bioavailability of naphthalenes from oil-contaminated sediments.
Perinatal management of gastroschisis: analysis of a newly established clinical pathway

Abstract Purpose The authors developed a clinical pathway for optimal management after antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis. This is the outcomes analysis of our first 30 consecutive patients. Method Antenatal counseling was provided for all families with in-utero diagnosis of gastroschisis. Bowel dilatation, thickness, motility, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal development were followed by ultrasonography every 4 weeks. Babies were delivered by cesarean section between 36 and 38 weeks gestation if the lungs were mature or earlier for bowel complications. Gastroschisis repair was scheduled 90 minutes after birth. Primary repair was attempted in all through the abdominal wall defect without an additional incision, resulting in an umbilicus with no abdominal scar. Results Primary repair was achieved in 83%. Babies needed assisted ventilation for 3 days, reached full feeds by 19 days, and were discharged by 24 days (all medians). There were 3 (10%) deaths, all after staged repair. Conclusions Our new protocol of both scheduled elective cesarean section and early gastroschisis repair resulted in a higher proportion of primary repair, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, earlier full feeds, and shorter length of stay. There was no increase in mortality or morbidity. The primary-repair babies had no mortality and had excellent cosmesis.
THE COLLINS SITE (3WA1): EXPLORING ARCHITECTURAL VARIATION IN THE WESTERN OZARK HIGHLANDS

AbstractThe breadth of architectural variation among aboriginal societies that lived within the Western Ozark Highlands is poorly understood, despite sporadic archaeological investigations conducted throughout the region. A site receiving renewed attention is the Collins site (3WA1), a possible Early to Middle Mississippian period (A.D. 900–1400) multimound site on the White River in Elkins, Arkansas. A landscape-based geomagnetic survey of Mounds B, C, D, and the surrounding area offers a preliminary distributional view of architectural features and their proposed functions, which hint at the importance of the site as a paramount mound complex associated with ritual mortuary events linking regional supporting populations. Mound-top enclosures and off-mound rectangular and possible circular structures are clearly evident in the geomagnetic data and are interpreted as large rectangular-shaped mound structures or enclosures that likely represent specialized use associated with mortuary ritual and architectu...
Understory plant biomass dynamics of prescribed burned Pinus palustris stands

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests are characterized by unusually high understory plant species diversity, but models describing understory ground cover biomass, and hence fuel load dynamics, are scarce for this fire-dependent ecosystem. Only coarse scale estimates, being restricted on accuracy and geographical extrapolation, are available. We analyzed the dynamics of ground cover biomass under dif- ferent prescribed burning regimes in longleaf pine stands in the southeastern United States. We devel- oped a set of functions to simulate ground cover biomass dynamics in stands of varying age, basal area and fire management history. The subsequent models allow for estimation of ground cover biomass for unburned stands and living woody and herbaceous ground cover biomass for burned stands. Woody ground cover was highly reduced as fire frequency increased, and also affected by stand basal area when time since last burning was longer than two years. Herbaceous ground cover was affected little by burn- ing frequency but was reduced as basal area increased. This novel model system is a useful tool that can be incorporated into fire management and carbon balance models.
Simultaneous determination of risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone in plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A simple and highly sensitive liquid chromatographic/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of risperidone (RSP) and its major circulating metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RSP) in the plasma of humans and rats. A simple one-step solvent extraction with 15% methylene chloride in pentane was used to isolate the compounds from plasma. The compounds were eluted from a phenyl–hexyl column and detected with a Perkin-Elmer SCIEX API2000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using positive ion atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. The assay was linear over the range 0.1–100 ng ml−1 when 0.5 ml of plasma was used in the extraction. The overall intra- (within-day) and inter- (between days) assay variations were < 11%. The variations in the concentrations of two long-term quality control samples from pooled patient plasma samples analyzed over a period of 6 months were ∼10%. The analysis time for each sample was 4 min and more than 100 samples could be analyzed in one day by running the system overnight. The assay is simple, highly sensitive, selective, precise and fast. This method is being used for the therapeutic drug monitoring of schizophrenic patients treated with RSP and to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of RSP and 9-OH-RSP in rats. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel simulation of real-time systems via the Standard Clock approach

Abstract In this note we extend the Standard Clock methodology to real-time discrete event dynamic systems where analytically complex features such as job priorities and interrupt mechanism can be handled in an efficient way for the parallel exploration of the performance surface.
The Influence of Container Shape and Color Cues on Consumer Product Risk Perception and Precautionary Intent

Four experiments were carried out to examine the extent that the container shape and color of a consumer product package influence hazard perceptions of that product. The experiments further examined the extent that consumer product hazard perception influenced consumer precautionary intent. The first experiment demonstrated that participants could design product packages signaling the identity and potential hazard level of the contents. Experiments 2 and 3 validated the results of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 further introduced the concept of precautionary intent for those products perceived as being more hazardous. Experiment 4 examined whether these stated intentions would be acted upon when participants were asked to interact with a product; it was found that participants were more likely to engage in precautionary behaviors than had been indicated in Experiment 3.
Parametric connectivity: feasibility of learning in constrained weight space

Consideration is given to the impact on the performance of selected learning algorithms when specific artificial neural models are constrained. The particular model of constraint under consideration is parametric connectivity (PC), in which the weights of the incoming links are constrained to be a function of a relatively small number of parameters. This can, in principle, be implemented in an electrooptical system, using such devices as photodetectors, miniature electrooptical cells, and laser diodes. Low-resolution holographic mirrors may be used to direct the global structure of the network architecture. A simulation using PC has been developed. Currently, layered PC networks that implement simple logic functions are being investigated. The performance of networks that use PC units (PCU) is measured. PC is incorporated into the generalized delta rule and into genetic algorithms to measure learning capacity. PC allows almost complete generality in network implementation, while taking advantage of optical system performance. >
An Application of Optimal Control to the Economics of Recycling

A city's landfill is an exhaustible resource; recycling is a backstop method of waste disposal. We formulate an optimal control model that maximizes the total utility of a representative consumer by choosing the appropriate levels of the two disposal techniques. The model is simple enough that some general conclusions can be drawn, and yet specific solutions will require some computations that show a few of the possibilities in optimal control problems. Among the primary results is that once recycling begins, it will increase. It is also likely that the level of recycling will assume the values at the endpoints of its domain as well as the more standard values in the interior.
Artillery/Mortar Round Type Classification to Increase System Situational Awareness

Feature extraction methods based on the statistical analysis of the change in event pressure levels over a period and the level of ambient pressure excitation facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm. The features reliably discriminates mortar and artillery variants via acoustic signals produced during the launch events. Utilizing acoustic sensors to exploit the sound waveform generated from the blast for the identification of mortar and artillery variants as type A, etcetera through analysis of the waveform. Distinct characteristics arise within the different mortar/artillery variants because varying HE mortar payloads and related charges emphasize varying size events at launch. The waveform holds various harmonic properties distinct to a given mortar/artillery variant that through advanced signal processing and data mining techniques can employed to classify a given type. The skewness and other statistical processing techniques are used to extract the predominant components from the acoustic signatures at ranges exceeding 3000m. Exploiting these techniques will help develop a feature set highly independent of range, providing discrimination based on acoustic elements of the blast wave. Highly reliable discrimination will be achieved with a feedforward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of statistical coefficients, frequency spectrum, and higher frequency details found within different energy bands. The processes that are described herein extend current technologies, which emphasis acoustic sensor systems to provide such situational awareness.
System structure: Stability and controllability

it is only fairly recently that the utility of associating a structure with the system equations themselves has been recognized. Kevorkian [l] stressed the role played by certain structurally determined subsystems in analyzing controllability, observability, and stability, and discussed a completely uncontrollable, completely unobservable nonlinear system by way of example. Mayeda and Wax [2] made explicit use of structural subsystem stability in deducing overall system stability for both linear and nonlinear systems. Callier, Chan, and Desoer [3] used a feedback loop of stable subsystems to investigate an input-output stability problem. A brief review of the canonical formulation of the dynamical equations [l] is given below. It is this description which yields the subsystems of the original system and their interconnections, thereby defining the structure of the system. We use this canonical form, in Section 2, to generalize some of the results on stability obtained in [2], and in Section 3, to treat zero state neighborhood, and complete C’ path, controllability. Sufficient conditions