cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile anti-phase domains in lightly doped lanthanum cuprate

Light hole doping of lanthanum cuprate strongly suppresses the onset of antiferromagnetic (AF) order. Surprisingly, it simultaneously suppresses the extrapolated zero temperature sub-lattice magnetization. 139La NQR results in lightly Li-doped lanthanum cuprate have demonstrated that these effects are independent of the details of the mobility of the added holes. We propose a model in which doped holes phase separate into charged domain walls that surround ``anti-phase'' domains. These domains are mobile down to ~30 K where they either become pinned to the lattice or evaporate as their constituent holes become pinned to dopant impurities.
Combination of lithium and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with higher odds of delirium and cognitive problems in a large national sample across the United States.

Abstract Background Lithium is a helpful adjunct to patients undergoing ECT. However, only case reports and limited data suggest increase risk of delirium. Thus, this continues to be a controversial issue. Objective In this study, we examine 1) The association and odds of delirium and cognitive problems with ECT and lithium (ECT + Li) combination compared to ECT alone, 2) If positively associated, would this association vary by both type of mood episode and type of disorder? Methods A national sample of 64,728 adult psychiatric inpatients across the US (identified from a total data of about 70 million total discharges annually) was analyzed using linear-by-linear association and logistic regression to assess the odds ratio (OR) for delirium and cognitive impairment for those treated with lithium (N = 158), ECT (N = 64148), or ECT + Li (N = 422) after adjusting for demographics and psychiatric diagnoses. Results The prevalence of delirium was higher in the ECT + Lithium group (5.7%) vs. ECT only (0.6%) or lithium only groups (0%). Patients managed with ECT + Lithium have 11.7-fold higher odds (95% CI 7.55–17.99, P Conclusion These results are surprising given the fading concern about delirium association with ECT + lithium combination. The high odds in the combination group warrant clinical caution, use of lower lithium doses (if combinations cannot be avoided), and vigilance regarding early signs of delirium. These results warrant replication in future studies.
Alpine lichen-dominated heaths: ecology, effects of reindeer grazing, and climate change. A review

Lichens are important forage for reindeer during winter, making evaluation of lichen biomass important for reindeer population management. Lichen heaths have a scattered distribution at high latitudes and altitudes in Fennoscandia. During the last few decades, their decrease has been attributed to reindeer grazing and trampling as well as climate change. Some consider this decrease to be the result of competition from vascular plants. However, we believe that this is a far too simple an explanation. In many studies the most important factor - deep soils with long-lasting frost - has not been considered. As a result, anticipated long-term effects of climate change and grazing should be reconsidered. Lichens have no roots, and therefore, environmental and edaphic conditions have limited direct effects on lichen abundance. Vascular plants live in contact with two different environments; the atmosphere and the rhizosphere, and ecological factors within both affect them. It is imperative to know which environmental factors increase the possibility of maintenance and development of extensive lichen heaths. In this review, we use current ecological knowledge to discuss the ecology of alpine lichen heath distribution and possible reasons for their decline, both at present and in the future.
Ultra-small angle neutron scattering to study droplet formation in polyelectrolyte complex coacervates

Associating soft matter such as surfactants, polymers, proteins, and liposomes, may form structures with dimensions not readily accessible by optical methods. Scattering methods can provide detailed information about the mechanism of associative phase separation including nucleation density, size, and shape. Ultra-small angle neutron scattering, a reciprocal space method, provides sensitivity to submicron to micron-scale structures in a non-invasive manner and described in the context of nucleation and growth of dilute droplets formed by a temperature jump into the meta-stable region of polyelectrolyte complex coacervates.
Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam Alone and in Combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model.

Combination therapy may enhance imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam's (I/R) activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and suppress resistance development. Human-simulated unbound plasma concentrations of I/R at 1.25 g every 6 h (h), colistin at 360 mg daily, and amikacin at 25 mg/kg daily were reproduced alone and in combination against six imipenem-nonsusceptible P. aeruginosa isolates in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model over 24 h. For I/R alone, the mean reductions in CFU ± the standard errors by 24 h were -2.52 ± 0.49, -1.49 ± 0.49, -1.15 ± 0.67, and -0.61 ± 0.10 log10 CFU/ml against isolates with MICs of 1/4, 2/4, 4/4, and 8/4 μg/ml, respectively. Amikacin alone also resulted in 24 h CFU reductions consistent with its MIC, while colistin CFU reductions did not differ. Resistant subpopulations were observed after 24 h in 1, 4, and 3 I/R-, colistin-, and amikacin-exposed isolates, respectively. The combination of I/R and colistin resulted in synergistic (n = 1) or additive (n = 2) interactions against three isolates with 24-h CFU reductions ranging from -2.62 to -4.67 log10 CFU/ml. The combination of I/R and amikacin exhibited indifferent interactions against all isolates, with combined drugs achieving -0.51- to -3.33-log10 CFU/ml reductions. No resistant subpopulations were observed during I/R and colistin combination studies, and when added to amikacin, I/R prevented the emergence of amikacin resistance. Against these six multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, I/R alone achieved significant CFU reductions against I/R-susceptible isolates. Combinations of I/R plus colistin resulted in additivity or synergy against some P. aeruginosa, whereas the addition of amikacin did not provide further antibacterial efficacy against these isolates.
Molecular beam epitaxy of polar III-nitride resonant tunneling diodes

Advances in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been crucial for the engineering of heterostructures in which the wave nature of electrons dictates carrier transport dynamics. These advances led to the first demonstration of negative differential conductance (NDC) in arsenide-based resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) in 1974. In contrast to the 17 years elapsed between the initial MBE growth of arsenide semiconductors and the first demonstration of room-temperature GaAs/AlAs RTDs, the development of polar III-nitride RTDs has been remarkably different. After pioneering growths of nitride materials by MBE in 1973, it would take 43 years—until 2016—to demonstrate the first GaN/AlN RTD that exhibits repeatable NDC at room temperature. Here, we discuss, from the crystal growth point of view, the key developments in the epitaxy of III-nitride heterostructures that have led us to the demonstration of robust resonant tunneling transport and reliable NDC in III-nitride semiconductors. We show that in situ tracking of the crystal electron diffraction allows us to deterministically control the number of monolayers incorporated into the tunneling barriers of the active region. Employing this technique, we fabricate various GaN/AlN RTD designs showing the exponential enhancement of the resonant tunneling current as a function of barrier thickness. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate that tunneling transport in nitride RTDs is sensitive to epitaxial parameters such as the substrate growth temperature and threading dislocation density. This new insight into the MBE growth of nitride resonant tunneling devices represents a significant step forward in the engineering of new functionalities within the family of III-nitride semiconductors, allowing to harness quantum interference effects for the new generation of electronic and photonic devices.
A Low-Profile, Top-Loaded, Multi-Element, Monopole Antenna for Compact UGV Systems

This communication presents a low-profile and efficient low-VHF antenna designed for compact Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). An effective miniaturization strategy for a top-loaded multi-element monopole antenna is proposed to improve its gain while maintaining a low profile. The approach introduces multiple closely-spaced short vertical radiating elements and a structurally-constructed 180-degree phase shifter connecting the elements on a small ground plane. The phase shifter enables electric currents flowing through the vertical elements to be in phase, resulting in enhanced radiation without increasing the antenna profile. In order to improve the antenna bandwidth, a monopole configuration with a sleeve feed and capacitive top-loading is adapted. The proposed antenna optimized for a compact UGV via parametric analysis has a height of 0.028λ at 42 MHz (the corresponding electrical size ka = 0.24). The measured performance of an antenna prototype shows the 3-dB bandwidth of 0.67 MHz and peak gain of -2.5 dBi. The proposed design can achieve more than 16 % reduction in lateral dimensions and 1-dB improvement in gain compared to the state-of-the-art design with similar topology. The performance of the antenna integrated on an actual UGV system is also evaluated by experiments.
Unmanned Vehicle Guidance Using Video Camera/Vehicle Model

A video guidance sensor (VGS) system has flown on both STS-87 and STS-95 to validate a single camera/target concept for vehicle navigation. The main part of the image algorithm was the subtraction of two consecutive images using software. For a nominal size image of 256 x 256 pixels this subtraction can take a large portion of the time between successive frames in standard rate video leaving very little time for other computations. The purpose of this project was to integrate the software subtraction into hardware to speed up the subtraction process and allow for more complex algorithms to be performed, both in hardware and software.
A sibship with Bartter's syndrome: failure of total adrenalectomy to correct the potassium wasting.

A family in which three of four children are affected with Bartter9s syndrome is described. The three affected sibs had hypokalemia and persistent urinary potassium loss. Two also were hyponatremic despite hyperaldosteronism. Because of the persistent urinary potassium loss, thought to be due in part to the hyperaldosteronism, a total adrenalectomy was performed in one affected child. His urinary potassium loss was not affected by this procedure. It was concluded that adrenalectomy should not be performed in these patients and that the hypokalemia is not due to the hyperaldosteronism. It is possible that the primary defect is in renal reabsorption of both sodium and potassium.
Four-Dimensional LV Tissue Tracking from Tagged MRI with a 4D B-Spline Model

Accurate delineation of the volumetric motion of left ventricle (LV) of the heart over time from tagged MRI is an important area of research. We have built a system that takes tagged short-axis (SA) and long-axis (LA) image sequences as input, fits a 4D B-spline model to the LV of the heart by simultaneously fitting knot solids to the SA and LA frame sequences via matching 3 sequences of model knot planes to LV tag planes for 4D tracking. The advantage of the 4D model is that 3D material point localization and displacement reconstruction is achieved in a single step. The generated 3D displacement fields are validated with a cardiac motion simulator, and 3D motion fields capturing in-vivo deformations in a parcine model of a LV with postero-lateral myocardial infarction are illustrated.
Multimodal Therapy in Clinical Psychology

Multimodal therapy (MMT) arose out of the realization that there were significant treatment omissions in behavior therapy and in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). CBT rests on trimodal base – affect, behavior, and cognition. In addition, MMT also thoroughly assesses imagery, sensations, interpersonal relationships, and biological factors resulting in a seven-point diagnostic matrix. This broad-spectrum approach addresses response deficits and excesses, and rests on a social and cognitive learning theory base. While eschewing theoretical integration, multimodal therapists may borrow effective strategies from diverse theories without buying into the theories that spawned them – technical eclecticism. Follow-ups indicate that by working multimodally, clinicians are apt to achieve durable results.
Electron Microscopy of Tissue Culture Cells Infected with Brucella abortus

Thin sections of hamster kidney tissue cultures were examined by electron microscopy over a 7-day period after infection with Brucella abortus 3183. Numerous bacteria and structures resembling L-forms were present both intracellularly and extracellularly after the first 24 hr of infection. Most intracellular microorganisms were enclosed by a cytoplasmic membrane, but in a few instances no limiting membrane was detected. After 4 to 7 days, fewer microorganisms were present, and most normal-appearing bacteria were intracellular, particularly in antibiotic-treated cultures. Structures typical of Brucella L-forms were extracellular at the latter time intervals. Several structures were observed in cells from infected cultures whose relationship to the infecting organisms is not known. These consisted of various membranous structures within cytoplasmic vacuoles, myelin-like structures surrounding occasional intracellular organisms, and small bodies present within vacuoles and extracellularly. The latter structures observed throughout the experimental period appeared to occur more frequently as the duration of the infection increased.
Queering Desire / Querying Consumption: Rereading Visual Images of 'Lesbian' Desire in Lisa Cholodenko's High Art

In this paper we use Elizabeth GroszA¢â¬â¢s notion of becomings to argue that Lisa CholodenkoA¢â¬â¢s film, High Art , offers visual representations of desiring bodies that challenge heteronormativity and identity-based politics. We illustrate how the film turns in on itself and brings to the forefront questions about spectatorship, pleasure, and desire, thereby commenting on how the politics of visual representation are always fraught with contradictions and complexities. Ultimately, we argue that the self-referentiality of High Art draws spectators into spaces where the A¢â¬EpositiveA¢â¬â¢ pleasure of easily consuming cinematic images is thrown into relief.
Active Learning and Law School Performance

“Active learning” (AL) has recently become a cornerstone of the calls for reform in legal education in the United States. This article studies three years of data on a comprehensive AL program for first-year law students at St. Thomas University School of Law in Miami, Florida in order to evaluate whether a student’s attendance at AL sessions improves his or her law school grades. Holding all other factors constant (such as undergraduate grade point average and Law School Admission Test score), we found that a student who attended all the AL sessions was expected to earn a cumulative first-year law school grade point average that is 0.47 grade points (on a 4.00 scale) higher than a student who attended none of the sessions. These results and similar statistical analyses of the database are presented.
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the pedunculopontine tegmental cells is involved in the maintenance of sleep in rats

Considerable evidence suggests that receptor-mediated excitation and inhibition of brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) neurons are critically involved in the regulation of sleep-wake states. However, the molecular mechanisms operating within the PPT-controlling sleep-wake states remain relatively unknown. This study was designed to examine sleep-wake state-associated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) transduction changes in the PPT of freely moving rats. The results of this study demonstrate that the levels of ERK1/2 expression, phosphorylation, and activity in the PPT increased with increased amount of time spent in sleep. The sleep-associated increases in ERK1/2 expression, phosphorylation, and activity were not observed in the cortex, or in the immediately adjacent medial pontine reticular formation. The results of regression analyses revealed significant positive relationships between the levels of ERK1/2 expression, phosphorylation, and activity in the PPT and amounts of time spent in slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, and total sleep. Additionally, these regression analyses revealed significant negative relationships between the levels of ERK1/2 expression, phosphorylation, and activity in the PPT and amounts of time spent in wakefulness. Collectively, these results, for the first time, suggest that the increased ERK1/2 signaling in the PPT is associated with maintenance of sleep via suppression of wakefulness.
The utility of Google Trends data to examine interest in cancer screening

Objectives We examined the utility of January 2004 to April 2014 Google Trends data from information searches for cancer screenings and preparations as a complement to population screening data, which are traditionally estimated through costly population-level surveys. Setting State-level data across the USA. Participants Persons who searched for terms related to cancer screening using Google, and persons who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Primary and secondary outcome measures (1) State-level Google Trends data, providing relative search volume (RSV) data scaled to the highest search proportion per week (RSV100) for search terms over time since 2004 and across different geographical locations. (2) RSV of new screening tests, free/low-cost screening for breast and colorectal cancer, and new preparations for colonoscopy (Prepopik). (3) State-level breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancer screening rates. Results Correlations between Google Trends and BRFSS data ranged from 0.55 for ever having had a colonoscopy to 0.14 for having a Pap smear within the past 3 years. Free/low-cost mammography and colonoscopy showed higher RSV during their respective cancer awareness months. RSV for Miralax remained stable, while interest in Prepopik increased over time. RSV for lung cancer screening, virtual colonoscopy and three-dimensional mammography was low. Conclusions Google Trends data provides enormous scientific possibilities, but are not a suitable substitute for, but may complement, traditional data collection and analysis about cancer screening and related interests.
Etching, sidewall passivation and microtrenching in contact holes and edge regions

Summary form only given. Our analytical/numerical models for etching in semiconductor fabrication of integrated circuits are extended to include sidewall passivation and microtrenching for contact holes (vias) and edge regions. The models fit oxide etch profiles in SEMS that were etched by a CF4/CHF3/Ar plasma in a MERIE reactor. Mild microtrenching is due to the anisotropic ion flux and isotropic deposition neutral flux. The model for contact holes includes an approximate analytic expression for the ion energy flux, Langmuir kinetics for the ions and etching neutrals and the flux for deposition neutrals. The deposition neutrals are modeled by an interpolation between shadowed and isotropic neutrals. The edge region (half trench) model may include enhanced microtrenching by scattered ions. The basic shape of the etch profile of the half trench is determined by the ion energy flux and the deposition flux. Much of the sidewall of the via and edge region is a characteristic of the evolution partial differential equation. Comparison of the etch model for the edge region and via for the same process conditions is presented.
The Developing Person: An Experiential Perspective

This chapter explores how flow experiences, or episodes of deep engagement, facilitate lifelong learning and development. Optimal experience (flow) theory describes how experiential feedback can be used to negotiate an optimally arousing, person-environment fit. Such a pattern of healthy self-regulation, referred to as psychological complexity, instigates development by allowing the person to actively respond to aversive experiential states (e.g., boredom and anxiety) in ways that enhance their intrinsic motivation and full engagement. The theory examines how the capacity to regulate experience, and the likelihood of finding flow, are affected by socialization and the levels of support and challenge children receive in family and school contexts. Keywords: complexity; experience; flow; intrinsic motivation self-regulation
The Shallowater aubrite: Evidence for origin by planetesimal impacts

This paper presents the results of petrographic, mineralogic, and bulk trace element analyses of Shallowater aubrite samples, and interprets them in terms of the meteorite's origin. On the basis of these analyses, it is argued that Shallowater did not form on the aubrite parent body but represents a fourth enstatite meteorite body (in addition to the H and L enstatite chondrite and aubrite parent bodies). It is shown that its peculiar composition, texture, and cooling history can best be explained by an origin involving a low-velocity collision and breakup of a molten or a partly molten asteroid, consisting largely of a melt of MgSiO3 composition, with a solid, enstatite meteoritelike object.
Price controls, price dispersion and the supply of refined petroleum products

Abstract This paper analyses the petroleum industry price and allocation controls which dominated US energy policy during the 1970s. It is emphasized that since controls on refined products tied maximum prices to costs of production, the market effects of this regulatory system were quite unusual. The paper shows that controls induced firms to price refined products below marginal costs. In addition, the regulations tended to increase the degree of dispersion in prices charged by firms in the industry. Finally, in the context of multiple product analysis, it is shown that the presence of effective ceiling prices for any of the products reduced the prices of all products below marginal costs.
Molecular Detection of Viable Bacterial Pathogens in Water by Ratiometric Pre-rRNA Analysis

Ratiometric pre-rRNA analysis (RPA) detects the replenishment of rRNA precursors that occurs rapidly upon nutritional stimulation of bacterial cells. In contrast to DNA detection by PCR, RPA distinguishes viable from inactivated bacteria. It exhibits promise as a molecular viability test for pathogens in water and other environmental samples.
The Relation of Harsh and Permissive Discipline with Child Disruptive Behaviors: Does Child Gender Make a Difference in an At-Risk Sample?

The role of parenting in child disruptive behaviors has received substantial support; however, the findings as to differential effects of specific parenting behaviors (e.g., discipline) on boys’ and girls’ disruptive behavior problems have not been consistent. The current study examined the individual, unique, and interactive relation of two types of ineffective discipline (i.e., harsh & permissive) with child disruptive behavior for at-risk boys and girls separately. Participants were 160 parents with 3- to 6-year-old at-risk children (47.5% girls). Findings revealed that higher levels of harsh discipline were related to more intense disruptive behavior of both boys and girls, whereas higher levels of permissive discipline were related to more intense disruptive behavior of only boys. Additionally, results indicated that harsh and permissive discipline did not interact to predict child disruptive behavior problems. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Excited State Contributions to the Heavy Baryon Fragmentation Functions in a Quark-Diquark Model

Spin dependent fragmentation functions for heavy flavor quarks to fragment into heavy baryons are calculated in a quark-diquark model. The production of intermediate spin 1/2 and 3/2 excited states is explicitly included. The resulting {Lambda}{sub b} production rate and polarization at CERN LEP energies are in agreement with experiment. The {Lambda}{sub c} and {Xi}{sub c} functions are also obtained. The spin independent f{sub 1}(z) is compared to data. The integrated values for production rates agree with the data.
Marital protection and marital selection: evidence from a historical-prospective sample of American men

Whether marriage causes people to live longer or whether healthier people select into marriage is an open question. In this study I followed a sample of men from age 18 to first marriage and ultimately to death. Health in early adulthood was represented by height and weight around age 20. The probability of ever marrying and the conditional probability of marriage in a given time period were lower for smaller men and greater for larger men. Marriage significantly lowered mortality risk even after controlling for health in early adulthood. Thus I found support both for selection into marriage and for protective effects of marriage.
A fast, energy-efficient abstraction for simultaneous breadth-first searches

Optimized GPU kernels are sufficiently complicated to write that they often are specialized to input data, target architectures, or applications. This paper presents a multi-search abstraction for computing multiple breadth-first searches in parallel and demonstrates a high-performance, general implementation. Our abstraction removes the burden of orchestrating graph traversal from the user while providing high performance and low energy usage, an often overlooked component of algorithm design. Energy consumption has become a first-class hardware design constraint for both massive and embedded computing platforms. Our abstraction can be applied to such problems as the all-pairs shortest-path problem, community detection, reachability querying, and others. To map graph traversal efficiently to the GPU, our hybrid implementation chooses between processing active vertices with a single thread or an entire warp based on vertex outdegree. For a set of twelve varied graphs, the implementation of our abstraction saves 42% time and 62% energy on average compared to representative implementations of specific applications from existing literature.
Thermal transformations of organic and inorganic sulfur in Type II kerogen quantified by S-XANES

Abstract Sulfur X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy (S-XANES) was used to quantify the thermal transformations of organic and inorganic sulfur forms in pyrite-containing Type II kerogens and kerogen chars after open system pyrolysis for a series of well-defined times and temperatures. These results are compared to identical experiments conducted on the same kerogens treated to be pyrite-free. No significant differences were found in the thermal transformations of organic sulfur between the pyrite-containing and pyrite-free kerogen. The loss of aliphatic sulfur forms occurs early (equivalent Ro 1.5%). In pyrite-containing kerogens, the complete conversion of pyrite (FeS2) into pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS) occurs by a laboratory equivalent Ro = 1.5%, followed by the conversion of pyrrhotite into troilite (FeS) at higher maturity. The availability of hydrogen from hydrocarbons generated from kerogen accelerates the initial decomposition of pyrite resulting in pyrrhotite and H2S evolution. H2S evolution up to Ro = 2.4% corresponds to the sulfur loss associated with pyrrhotite and troilite formation and aliphatic sulfur loss, indicating that sulfur from pyrite results almost exclusively in H2S evolution with no significant incorporation and retention of sulfur into the organic matter of the kerogen chars under the current set of open system pyrolysis conditions.
Morphometric analysis of lipoprotein-like particle accumulation in aging human macular Bruch's membrane.

PURPOSE. To determine the size and regional distribution of lipoprotein-like particles (LLPs) that accumulate with age in Bruch’s membrane (BrM). METHODS. The quick-freeze/deep-etch method was used to prepare specimens of human BrM (age range, 27–78) for electron microscopic examination. Stereologic methods were used to analyze the resultant micrographs and determine the age-related changes of the LLP volume fraction and diameter distribution in various locations in BrM. RESULTS. The volume fraction occupied by LLPs was found to increase monotonically with age in both the inner collagenous layer (ICL) and elastic layer (EL), but not in the outer collagenous layer (OCL). The mass of total LLP-associated lipids in BrM also increased with age. There was no significant increase in LLP size with age, but there was a modest increase in size with increased volume fraction of LLPs in BrM. CONCLUSIONS. The pattern of accumulation of particles was consistent with a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) source for the LLPs, which explains why once the EL and ICL were filled with particles, LLPs continued to accumulate near the RPE, but no further accumulation was found in the OCL. The quantity of LLP-associated lipids found in BrM accounts for a large portion of the accumulated lipids measured in this tissue. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2721–2727)
Contribution to the theory of discrimination learning

In the first two sections, which deal, respectively, with simple and double (or successive) discrimination, a comparison is made between the theory presented and certain experiments on time discrimination. Section III sets forth a possible theoretical approach to multiple choice discrimination.
PREDICTING CONFLICT STRATEGY WITH PERSONALITY TRAITS: INCREMENTAL VALIDITY AND THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL

Research examining the relation of personality to conflict resolution strategy has yet to incorporate the dominant, contemporary view of personality, the five‐factor model (FFM). The use of broad traits (domains), to represent personality, although parsimonious, ignores information contained in narrow personality facets, masks important conceptual relations with various strategies, and has produced inconsistent results. The present study demonstrates that narrow, rather than broad, FFM traits consistently explain greater variance in strategy, and account for significant variance when FFM domain scores appear unrelated to the criterion. These effects are shown to result from the unbinding of criterion‐related from criterion‐unrelated facet scores that are otherwise aggregated into broad domains.
Some Statistics of Daily Rainfall Occurrence for the Canadian Prairie Provinces

Abstract A two-state Markov chain model provided very serviceable approximations to the April-September frequency statistics for duration of dry spells recorded in 45 years' observations at Edmonton, Swift Current and Winnipeg. It was less satisfactory in respect of the total number of rainy days per month, tending to underestimate the frequency of months with few rainy days. There was a minor degree of correlation in the numbres of rainy days recorded during the same month at these three locations, but no significant statistical association in those for successive months at the same location.
Alcohol Consumption and Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (from The HyperGEN Study)

Although moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, underlying physiologic mechanisms are not fully understood. Data relating alcohol intake to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have been inconsistent. We evaluated whether alcohol consumption was associated with plasma ANP in 1,345 participants from the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study. We used random effect models to estimate the adjusted means of logarithmic transformed ANP. The mean age was 35.8 ± 8.6 years, 91% were normotensive, 46% were men, and 40% and 60% were African-Americans and whites, respectively. In a model adjusting for age, body mass index, field center, education, gender, race, and serum albumin, alcohol consumption was positively associated with ANP in men (p 24 g/d, respectively. Controlling for additional factors, including left atrial size, ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume, systolic blood pressure, smoking, lipids, and serum creatinine did not change the results. Restriction to normotensive subjects yielded similar results. Alcohol intake was associated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p
Core Hardness Testing and Data Integration for Unconventionals

Stimulation of unconventionals often demands the characterization of fine-scale mechanical properties and correlations between several data sets, including well logs, core descriptions, and lab tests. This study presents a comparison of hardness data from a slabbed liquids-rich core with complementary well logs and core analysis. Hardness refers to the measure of resistance to permanent deformation from an applied force, and depends on a range of material properties, some of which are independently measured by standard well logs and core work. Leeb rebound hardness was manually measured with the portable Equotip 3 by Proceq. Within the handheld tool, a 3 mm diameter ball indenter is launched by spring against the sample; the ratio of the rebound velocity to impact velocity determines the Leeb hardness value. The Equotip was originally designed for testing metals, although recent studies have employed this tool to improve geomechanical characterization of core samples and field exposures. Hardness measurements, collected at two inch intervals, and high resolution whole-core dual energy computed tomography (CT) data elucidate the fine-scale mineralogical heterogeneity of unconventional reservoir rock. For example, thin laminations of softer calcareous marl cause anomalously low hardness measurements within hard, blocky, limestone or chalk. X-ray CT provides core images, as well as variations in density and effective atomic number (Zeff). In the tested core section, hardness trends with Zeff more closely than with other data sets, such as density, elastic properties, total organic carbon, and shale volume. This suggests that the mineralogy may be a key factor in controlling mechanical stratigraphy. The Equotip is less destructive than scratch or indentation hardness tests, is easy to use, provides instantaneous results, and has the potential to replace costly tests; however, a dependable methodology is necessary to maximize efficiency and minimize error. Reliable hardness data can then be scaled up and integrated with well logs.
Tempo and mode in human evolution

The quickening pace of paleontological discovery is matched by rapid developments in geochronology. These new data show that the pattern of morphological change in the hominid lineage was mosaic. Adaptations essential to bipedalism appeared early, but some locomotor features changed much later. Relative to the highly derived postcrania of the earliest hominids, the craniodental complex was quite primitive (i.e., like the reconstructed last common ancestor with the African great apes). The pattern of craniodental change among successively younger species of Hominidae implies extensive parallel evolution between at least two lineages in features related to mastication. Relative brain size increased slightly among successively younger species of Australopithecus, expanded significantly with the appearance of Homo, but within early Homo remained at about half the size of Homo sapiens for almost a million years. Many apparent trends in human evolution may actually be due to the accumulation of relatively rapid shifts in successive species.
Levy on Neuroscience, Psychology, and Moral Intuitions

In his target article, Neil Levy (2011) challenges the standard philosophical practice of taking a person's judgments about whether someone acts morally in particular (actual or imaginary) situatio...
Introduction: Geographic Information Systems in Public Health and Medicine

Geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly being used in public health and medicine. Advances in computer technology, the encouragement of its use by the federal government, and the wide availability of academic and commercial courses on GIS are responsible for its growth. Some view GIS as only a tool for spatial research and policy analysis, while others believe it is part of a larger emerging new science including geography, cartography, geodesy, and remote sensing. The specific advantages and problems of GIS are discussed. The greatest potential of GIS is its ability to clearly show the results of complex analyses through maps. Problems in using GIS include its costs, the need to adequately train staff, the use of appropriate spatial units, and the risk it poses to violating patient confidentiality. Lastly, the fourteen articles in this special issue devoted to GIS are introduced and briefly discussed.
The Political is Personal: The feminist lesson of Henry James’s The Bostonians

In 1883, Henry James wrote to his editor, J. R. Osgood, that he was inspired to write a novel by the increasingly visible feminist activity in the U.S.: I wished to write a very American tale, a ta...
Numerical modeling of passive microwave O2 observations over precipitation

Radiometric observations at 118 GHz are compared to a planar-stratified numerical radiative transfer model, in order to study the microwave scattering and emission properties of precipitation cells. Agreement between observed and computed brightness perturbations is shown to be within 10 percent over the radiometrically opaque, mature regions of the cell. Transparent-channel cell top reflectivities of up to 50 percent in the convective core region and 6 percent in the anvil region are determined, using perturbed and nonscattering weighting functions. A parameterized rain cell model is used in a content analysis of 118 GHz precipitation cell spectra. The dominant 118-GHz spectral modes are found to contain useful data on the cell top altitude; they are applicable for detection of transparent anvil regions.
Fractionation of chemically heterogeneous latex particles by centrifugation

A simple centrifugation method for the clean separation of chemically heterogeneous latex particles is described in some detail. It exploits density differences among particles that could be due to differences in composition, degree of crosslinking, crystallinity or other structural features. Particles differing in density by as little as 0.005 g./ml. have been cleanly separated. The fractionation of particles differing in density by less than the above should be feasible with this method which is applicable to concentrated as well as dilute latices.
Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U.S.A.

Analyses of 21 samples collected from a core of the 52.8-cm-thick Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, demonstrate four cycles with two-orders-of-magnitude variations in contents of Cd, Mo, P, V and Zn, and order-of-magnitude variations in contents of organic carbon, Cr, Ni, Se and U. The observed variability in amounts and/or ratios of many metals and amounts and compositions of the organic matter appear related to the cause and degree of water-column stratification and the resulting absence/presence of dissolved O2 or H2S. High Cd, Mo, U, V, Zn and S contents, a high degree of pyritization (DOP) (0.75–0.88), and high high V(V + Ni) (0.84–0.89) indicate the presence of H2S in a strongly stratified water column. Intermediate contents of metals and S, intermediate DOP (0.67–0.75) and intermediate V(V + Ni) (054–0.82) indicate a less strongly stratified anoxic water column. Whereas, low metal contents and low V(V + Ni) (0.46–0.60) indicate a weakly stratified, dysoxic water column. High P contents at the top of the organic-matter-rich intervals within the Stark Shale Member indicate that phosphate precipitation was enhanced near the boundary between anoxic and dysoxic water compositions. Relatively abundant terrestrial organic matter in intervals deposited from the more strongly stratified H2S-bearing water column indicates a combined halocline-thermocline with the fresher near-surface water the transport mode for the terrestrial organic matter. The predominance of algal organic matter in intervals deposited from a less strongly stratified water column indicates the absence of the halocline and the presence of the more generally established thermocline. Relatively low amounts of degraded, hydrogen-poor organic matter characterize intervals deposited in a weakly stratified, dysoxic water column. The inferred variability in chemistry of the depositional environments may be related to climate variations and/or minor changes in sea level during the general phase of deeper water deposition responsible for this widespread shale member.
Characterization of stem cells in human airway capable of reconstituting a fully differentiated bronchial epithelium

The epithelia of the lung are complex structures that play an important role in normal lung physiology and are often involved in the pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases. The dynamics of cell turnover, lineage, and differentiation within these epithelia are complex and poorly understood. We have coupled the technique of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer with a xenograft model of proximal human airway to evaluate pathways of cellular proliferation and differentiation in human bronchial epithelia. Primary isolates of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were infected with mixtures of recombinant retroviruses expressing different reporter genes and seeded into denuded rat trachea, which were implanted subcutaneously into athymic mice. The HBECs were allowed to regenerate for four weeks in xenografts, which were then explanted. Clonal expansion of individual retrovirus-marked cells in the regenerated human bronchial epithelium was detected as clusters of transgene-expressing cells. Clone size varied with seeding density, resulting in the largest clones comprising 103–104 cells. A substantial number of clones showed transgene expression in basal as well as differentiated columnar cells, a finding that appeared independent of clone size. These studies demonstrate the existence of a cell type within the human bronchial epithelium that is capable of extensive self-renewal and pluripotent development. Further characterization of these potential stem cells will be important in defining pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases and in developing novel approaches to treatment such as gene therapy.
RESEARCH: The Effect of Religious-Spiritual Coping on Positive Attitudes of Adult Muslim Refugees From Kosovo and Bosnia

Little empirical evidence is available about the use of religious-spiritual coping and its impact in the positive attitudes of predominantly Muslim war refugees from Kosovo and Bosnia. On the basis of Lepore and Evans' (1996) notion about 4 coping resources and Pargament's (1997) concept of religious-spiritual coping, this hypothesis-driven study focused on the cognitive resources and additional spiritual resources for coping. We collected information about religiosity, war-related trauma, religious-spiritual coping, optimism, and hope from 138 refugees recently resettled in Michigan and Washington states. A path model demonstrated that optimism was positively related to positive religious coping, which in turn was associated with increased religiosity and higher education. Hope, in contrast, was positively associated with education, and negatively associated with negative religious coping, which in turn was predicted by more severe trauma. These findings are discussed with respect to their theoretical an...
Model Assessment and Refinement Using Strategies from Biochemical Systems Theory: Application to Metabolism in Human Red Blood Cells

Abstract Models of biochemical systems are typically formulated with kinetic data obtained from isolated enzymes studiedin vitro, and one has always to question whether or not all the relevant metabolites, processes and regulatory interactions have been identified and whether the parameter values obtainedin vitroreflect the actual intracellular environment. In this paper we extend and further test strategies for model assessment and refinement that take advantage of the power-law formalism, which provides the systematic structure underlying biochemical systems theory. Our purpose is three fold. First, we introduce an algorithm for systematically scanning a model for putative errors, which, if corrected, would reconcile its behaviour with the experimental system. Second, we further test the working hypothesis that systems in nature are selected to be robust and, hence, that the profile of parameter sensitivities can be used to identify poorly defined regions of a model. Third, we illustrate the use of these strategies within the context of a relatively large and realistic biochemical system—the metabolic pathways of the human red blood cell. Our results show that the reference model we have used is neither locally stable nor robust. The algorithm identifies a number of putative regulatory interactions that, when added to the model, are capable of stabilizing the nominal steady state. We include one of these, the feedback inhibition of hexokinase by fructose-6-phosphate, in a first refinement of the model because there is experimental support for it in the literature. Careful re-examination of the most sensitive section in this model, the pathways of nucleotide metabolism, reveals two mechanisms that were omitted from the reference model: membrane transport of adenosine and inosine, and regulation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase by adenosine diphosphate, 2,3 diphophoglycerate and 5- phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. It was also found that the concentration of inorganic phosphate had been inappropriately assumed to be a constant. Modifications to correct these deficiencies produced a second refinement of the model whose parameter sensitivities are reduced on average by 10-fold. Although these refinements are modest and there is substantial room for further improvement, this application identified several biochemically relevant features of the model that had been overlooked. It also points to nucleotide metabolism as the area most in need of further experimental study.
Computer predictions of abnormal test results. Effects on outpatient testing.

We developed statistical equations to predict abnormalities on eight commonly ordered diagnostic tests and we gave the predictions to 112 physicians practicing in an academic internal medicine practice. Half of each physician's patients were randomized to intervention status. All diagnostic tests were ordered by microcomputer, and when a physician ordered one of the eight study tests for an intervention patient, the computer displayed the probability (0% to 100%) that the test would be positive for the main abnormality being tested for. The physician could then cancel the test if desired. During a six-month controlled trial, when there were more than 15 000 scheduled patient visits, patient charges for the eight study tests were 8.8% less for the intervention patients. The largest reductions (>10%) were for serum electrolyte level tests and complete blood cell counts, the two most commonly ordered tests. Physicians ordered fewer low-probability tests for intervention patients than for controls, suggesting that with timely predictive information, physicians can target tests to higher-risk patients. (JAMA1988;259:1194-1198)
Outsourcing: Newman Library, Baruch College/ CUNY

City University of New York libraries, when confronted with a university resolution requiring consolidation of the library technical services departments of the 19 colleges into one office, turned to outsourcing of cataloging and acquisitions as a step toward realizing their goal. The processes of determining the needs of the colleges, the cost of technical services, and the locating of an appropriate vendor are described along with the results of their decision.