cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Performance of a Mechanical Design `Compiler''

A mechanical design ``compiler'''' has been developed which, given an appropriate schematic, specifications, and utility function for a mechanical design, returns catalog numbers for an optimal implementation. The compiler has been successfully tested on a variety of mechanical and hydraulic power transmission designs and a few temperature sensing designs. Times required have been at worst proportional to the logarithm of the number of possible combinations of catalog numbers.
MEANINGFULNESS, PRESENTATION RATE, LIST LENGTH, AND AGE IN ELDERLY ADULTS’ PAIRED‐ASSOCIATE LEARNING

Past research has suggested that elderly adults have considerable difficulty learning nonmeaningful material, and in fact, that the age‐related decline in adults’ learning and memory performance is more pronounced for nonmeaningful than for meaningful material. The present study examined the effects of varying meaningfulness of CVC response terms (low, medium, and high) in paired‐associate learning of 5‐ or 7‐item lists over 5 trials with both experimenter‐paced and self‐paced conditions. A 2X2X2X3X5 factorial design was used. The subjects were two groups of elderly adults, 61‐75 (M = 69.9) and 76‐92 (M = 84.4) years of age. For both age groups, self‐paced learning was significantly better than experimenter‐paced learning (p < .05), and significantly more correct anticipations were made for each increased level of meaningfulness (p < .001). Also, a significant interaction of meaningful‐ness and trials was found (p < .001) indicating that practice resulted in greater improvement in learning for the increas...
Dynamic measurements of thermal transport coefficients and boundary resistance I. Normal4He

The thermal conductivity,K, and the thermal diffusivity,DT, of normal liquid4He have been obtained from the temperature response, ΔT (ω), across a fluid layer of thickness,d, to an ac heat flux,Q(t)=Q0 exp(iωt). Previous transient heat flux experiments measured the thermal relaxation of the fluid towards equilibrium and assumed the dominance of a single slowest mode. The present ac technique allows measurements under steady-state conditions while driving the system at a single frequency, ω. The response curve for ΔT(ω)/Q0 yields data forK,DT and the boundary resistance,Rb. Boundary effects appear at frequencies higher than τ−1 ≡ DT/d2 where the fluid is unresponsive to bulk heat transport. We use this fact to obtainRb with high accuracy in the normal phase from the high frequency response. In addition, the apparatus permits the fluid thickness,d, to be varied continuously andin situ from zero to 3 mm, allowing for further consistency in the fluid measurements. This work also includes data for the onset of convection whereQ0>Qc, andQc corresponds to the heat amplitude at convective onset.
Long-Term Outcomes After Proton Beam Therapy for Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common sinonasal cancer and is associated with one of the poor outcomes. Proton therapy allows excellent target coverage with maximal sparing of adjacent normal tissues. We evaluated the long-term outcomes in patients with sinonasal SCC treated with proton therapy. Methods and Materials Between 1991 and 2008, 54 patients with Stage III and IV SCC of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus received proton beam therapy at our institution to a median dose of 72.8 Gy(RBE). Sixty-nine percent underwent prior surgical resection, and 74% received elective nodal radiation. Locoregional control and survival probabilities were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional-hazards model. Treatment toxicity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Results With a median follow-up time of 82 months in surviving patients, there were 10 local, 7 regional, and 11 distant failures. The 2-year and 5-year actuarial local control rate was 80%. The 2-year and 5-year rates of overall survival were 67% and 47%, respectively. Only smoking status was predictive for worse locoregional control, with current smokers having a 5-year rate of 23% compared with 83% for noncurrent smokers ( P =.004). Karnofsky performance status ≤80 was the most significant factor predictive for worse overall survival in multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio 4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.6-12.5, P =.004). There were nine grade 3 and six grade 4 toxicities, and no grade 5 toxicity. Wound adverse events constituted the most common grade 3-4 toxicity. Conclusions Our long-term results show that proton radiation therapy is well tolerated and yields good locoregional control for SCC of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Current smokers and patients with poor performance status had inferior outcomes. Prospective study is necessary to compare IMRT with proton therapy in the treatment of sinonasal malignancy.
Effect of experimentally induced hypo- and hyperthyroid states upon pituitary lactogenic hormone concentration in rats.

The lactogenic hormone concentration in the pituitary glands of intact and ovariectomized rats was estimated by the pigeon intradermal method of assay. Administration of Tapazole for 2 weeks caused a large reduction in lactogcnic hormone concentration. Reversal of the Tapazole-induced hypothyroid state, i.e. prevention of goitre, with euthyroid doses of thyroxine increased lactogenic hormone concentration considerably above untreated control levels. Injection of hyperthyroid levels of thyroxine caused no apparent change in lactogenic hormone concentration. The same pattern of results was obtained in both intact and ovariectomized groups. It is suggested that the metabolic processes operative in lactogenic. hormone synthesis are acutely sensitive to the circulating level of thyroxine.
Civic respect, political liberalism, and non-liberal societies

One prominent criticism of John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples is that it treats certain non-liberal societies, what Rawls calls ‘decent hierarchical societies’, as equal participants in a just international system. Rawls claims that these non-liberal societies should be respected as equals by liberal democratic societies, even though they do not grant their citizens the basic rights of democratic citizenship. This is presented by Rawls as a consequence of liberalism’s commitment to the principle of toleration. A number of critics have claimed that Rawls’s treatment of these non-liberal societies is symptomatic of a more general problem with political liberalism, namely, its reliance on toleration as its ‘fundamental principle’. Against this view, I argue that the principle of toleration should not be understood as political liberalism’s ‘fundamental principle’. This is revealed through a consideration of the normative basis of what Rawls calls the ‘Liberal Principle of Legitimacy’. A correct understanding of...
The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940

The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Richard Graham (editor), with chapters by Thomas E. Skidmore, Aline Helg, and Alan Knight. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. 135 pp. $15.95 (cloth), $7.95 (paper). ISBN 0-292-73856-0, ISBN 0-292-73857-9.
The Ovarian Cycle of the Bitch: Plasma Estrogen, LH and Progesterone

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone and estrogen were determined in pregnant and nonpregnant cycles of female beagle dogs. Mean basal LH levels during estrus and proestrus were 1.4 + or -.1 ng/ml and peaked at 7.5 + or -.8 ng/ml on the 1st day of estru s. Preovulatory increases in progesterone and LH appeared to be temporally correlated and were significantly elevated by the 2nd day of estrus (p less than .001). Progesterone levels reached their maximum on the 25th day of estrus (22.9 + or -2.7). Estrogen levles increased from 26 + or -4 on Day 10 prior to the LH peak to 62 + or -4 pg/ml 1 day before the LH peak. Once the LH peak was established estrogen levels fell rapidly. In the luteal phases of 12 pregnant and 10 nonpregnant cycles there were no marked differences in mean maximum progesterone levels the ranges of individual maximum levels or the time of their occurrence. After Day 30 progesterone levels declined gradually and were significantly (p less than .001) variable in nonpregnant cycles compared with pregnant cycles once progesterone levels dropped below 1 ng/ml. Progesterone levels showed significant (p less than .05) daily changes during the 2 days prior to parturition. Plasma Estrogen levels were constant in nonpregnant cycles but significantly (p less than .01) increased during the 3 weeks prior to parturition. The results suggest that plasma estrogen initiates or potentiates the preovulatory release of LH that the early preovulatory release of progesterone may encourage the LH peak surge and the onset of behavioral estrus and that mechanisms exist that maintain elevated levels of plasma progesterone throughout pregnancy.
Pain Management Part II: Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Orofacial Pain

Abstract The pharmacologic management of chronic orofacial pain involves the use of medications not used routinely in dental practice. Additionally, many drugs are used for long periods of time necessitating careful monitoring for adverse effects and potential drug interactions. This article will review commonly used medications for chronic orofacial pain and highlight important areas of concern.
Comparing the Cognitive Ability Models of Spearman, Horn and Cattell, and Carroll

In recent years, researchers have focused on the development of hierarchical theories of intelligence. Flanagan and McGrew (1998) recently tested the appropriateness of Carroll's (1993a) hierarchical theory, the three-stratum theory, on the KAIT and WJ-R. Their results suggested that the KAIT is best interpreted from Carroll's theory rather than the test's recommended Gf-Gc theory, yet their sample had limited generalizability. The current study compared a single-factor model, Gf-Gc, and Carroll's hierarchical model on data from the KAIT and K-BIT standardization and validation sample. Results indicated that the Gf-Gc model was the only appropriate interpretive model for the KAIT and KAIT/K-BIT models.
Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: an incidental finding in a patient with coronoid hyperplasia

A patient with a history of partial mandibular resection and subsequent reconstruction following a nasopharyngeal carcinoma was referred for evaluation of orofacial pain and restricted mouth opening. Considering the patient's medical history and the diagnostic limitations of standard panoramic X-rays (presence of artefacts, image distortions, etc), further advance imaging (eg, MRI or CT) was considered as a diagnostic and management planning tool, which, due to its accuracy, could enable the identification of the coronoid process volume and morphology, and would also …
An iterative workflow for creating biomedical visualizations using Inkscape and D3.js

Background Many biological disciplines use data visualization alongside computational methods to explore large-scale biomedical data. Visualization often provides insight into patterns in the data that are not available in the numerical data and statistics [1]. The development of new visualization tools requires the use of sophisticated software and programming skills. Commercial standalone software like Tableau [2] create multiple types of common visualizations and have the ability to customize certain features. There are also freely available software libraries like D3.js [3] that can be used to make interactive web applications based on static or dynamic data. Nevertheless, modern data visualization is highly sophisticated, and creating customized visualizations to interact with a specific dataset can be challenging for a variety of reasons. Specifically with D3.js, which builds a scalable vector graphic (SVG) programmatically, generating the visualization is a process of trial and error. The programmer generates SVG markup manually and then views it with a browser and does this iteratively until the final graphic is realized. We present an iterative workflow shown in Figure 1 that simplifies the creation of SVG images using freely available software. We demonstrate this workflow in constructing an interactive dashboard to track clinical trial enrollment.
Automatic extraction of data points and text blocks from 2-dimensional plots in digital documents

Two dimensional plots (2-D) in digital documents on the web are an important source of information that is largely under-utilized. In this paper, we outline how data and text can be extracted automatically from these 2-D plots, thus eliminating a time consuming manual process. Our information extraction algorithm identifies the axes of the figures, extracts text blocks like axes-labels and legends and identifies data points in the figure. It also extracts the units appearing in the axes labels and segments the legends to identify the different lines in the legend, the different symbols and their associated text explanations. Our algorithm also performs the challenging task of separating out overlapping text and data points effectively. Our experiments indicate that these techniques are computationally efficient and provide acceptable accuracy.
Changes in β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in pituitary portal blood during the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy in rats

beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity (beta-EP-LI) was measured by RIA in plasma collected from pituitary portal vessels of rats at various times in the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. There were no appreciable differences between the mean beta-EP-LI concentration either in the afternoon (1500-1700 h) of estrus (4.1 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) or on diestrous days 1 (4.1 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) or 2 (5.4 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). The concentration increased slightly (6.7 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) but not significantly in the early afternoon (1400-1500 h) of proestrus. The concentration of beta-EP-LI then fell to 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml at 1700-1800 h on proestrus, a level significantly lower than at any other time of the cycle. Portal plasma beta-EP-LI was also low (1.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) in animals ovariectomized for 3 weeks. After gel filtration of the portal plasma extracts, most of the beta-EP-LI eluted in the same position as synthetic beta-EP. Dilution of portal plasma produced a displacement curve parallel to that of beta-EP and hypothalamic extract. These results indicate that the secretion of hypothalamic beta-EP into the blood of pituitary portal vessels changes during the estrous cycle, possibly due to cyclic changes in sex steroids.
Socioeconomic influences on bone health in postmenopausal women: findings from NHANES III, 1988-1994

Our objectives were (1) to examine the associations of education and income with bone health in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Mexican-American postmenopausal women, (2) to determine if any observed associations can be explained by behavioral factors such as calcium intake and physical activity and (3) to determine if government food assistance and education are associated with increased calcium intake among low-income women. Cross-sectional data were gathered by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (NHANES III) using a stratified multistage probability design. Bone health was indicated by total hip bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2). Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the associations of education, income and behavioral factors with BMD. There were 2,905 postmenopausal women with acceptable DXA scans and complete relevant data selected from a nationally representative sample of the civilian non-institutionalized population aged 2 months and older. Education and income were positively associated with BMD in Black and White women, respectively, but not in Mexican-American women. When behavioral factors were included in the analyses, associations with education and income were eliminated. Instead, positive associations with estrogen use, calcium intake and physical activity, and a negative association with smoking, were noted in White women. Among low-income women, education was associated with increased calcium intake, while participation in the Food Stamp Program was associated with increased calcium intake in Black women. We conclude that education and/or income are positively associated with BMD among Black and White postmenopausal women, and that efforts to promote bone health among low-income women are warranted.
High-abundance mRNAs in human muscle: comparison between young and old

To gain a better understanding of the potential role of altered gene expression in the diminished muscle function in old age, we performed a broad search for transcripts expressed at quantitatively...
Accuracy and application of the motif expression decomposition method in dissecting transcriptional regulation

Understanding transcriptional regulation is a major goal of molecular biology. Motif expression decomposition (MED) was recently introduced to describe the expression level of a gene as the sum of the products of the binding strengths of its cis-regulatory motifs and the activities of the corresponding trans-acting transcription factors (TFs). Here, we use computer simulation to examine the accuracy of MED. We found that although MED accurately rebuilds gene expression levels from decomposed motif binding strengths and TF activities, estimates of motif binding strengths and TF activities are unreliable. Nonetheless, MED provides accurate estimates of relative binding strengths of the same motif in different genes and relative activities of the same TF under different conditions. We found that reasonably accurate results are achievable with genome-wide expression data from only 30 conditions and that MED results are robust to the existence of unknown occurrences of known motifs, although they are less robust to the presence of unknown motifs. With these understandings, judicious use of MED will likely provide useful information about eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. As an example, MED results are used to demonstrate that motifs generally have higher binding strengths when appearing in multiple copies than appearing in one copy per promoter.
The Grasses: A Case Study in Macroevolution

▪ Abstract Macroevolution in the grasses has often involved change in the position (heterotopy) of developmental programs, possibly via ectopic gene expression. Heterotopy apparently has been involved in the evolution of unique epidermal morphology in the grasses and their sister genus, Joinvillea; in the origin of the grass flower and possibly in the spikelet as well; in the formation of unisexual flowers in the panicoid grasses, and in the repeated origin of C4 photosynthesis. Change in timing of development (heterochrony) may explain the novel morphology of the grass embryo. Changes in the structure and size of the nuclear genome correlate with phylogenetically informative cytogenetic characteristics. Most of the 10,000 species of grasses evolved tens of millions of years after the common ancestor of the family, indicating that the origin of novel morphologies did not lead to immediate radiation.
"Another Andalusia": Images of Colonial Southeast Asia in Arabic Newspapers

This essay discusses changing images of island Southeast Asia and its Muslim populations in the modern Arabic press during the late colonial period. It com mences by surveying the general informational letters sent to the largely pro Ottoman papers of Beirut and Cairo during the 1890s by increasingly vocal local Arabs who were seeking to redress their situation as second-class colonial citizens. Thereafter, it considers the role played by Malays, Javanese, and other Southeast Asians in the globalizing Arabic media. In doing so, it demon strates that although many Southeast Asians bought into and actively partici pated in the often Arabocentric program for Islamic reform in their homelands, they were by no means in agreement that their situations were any worse than those of other Muslims or that they could all be treated under one ethnic rubric.
Glucose deprivation enhances targeting of GLUT1 to lipid rafts in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Glucose deprivation dramatically increases glucose transport activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without changing the concentration of GLUT1 in the plasma membrane (PM). Recent data suggest that subcompartments within the PM, specifically lipid rafts, may sequester selected proteins and alter their activity. To evaluate this possibility, we examined the distribution of GLUT1 in Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions. Our data show that 77% of the GLUT1 pool in PMs isolated from control 3T3-L1 adipocytes was extracted by 0.2% Triton X-100. After glucose deprivation for 12 h, only 56% of GLUT1 was extracted by detergent. In contrast, there was a twofold increase in the GLUT1 content of the detergent-resistant fraction. To evaluate whether GLUT1 interacts with a specific protein within lipid rafts, we focused on stomatin, recently shown to interact with and inhibit GLUT1 activity. Stomatin is distributed about equally between the PM and the biosynthetic compartments, and its expression is not affected by glucose deprivation. Nearly 90% of the PM pool of stomatin is in detergent-resistant lipid rafts. In normal 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we were unable to demonstrate an interaction between GLUT1 and stomatin in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. However, in stomatin-overexpressing cells, there was clear coprecipitation of stomatin with GLUT1 antibodies. Glucose deprivation increased this interaction threefold, which may reflect the increase of GLUT1 in lipid rafts. Despite this, there was little change in transport activity in glucose-deprived, stomatin-overexpressing cells vs. that in control cells. Thus GLUT1 interacts with stomatin in lipid rafts, but this interaction per se does not alter transport activity. Rather, stomatin may serve as an anchor for GLUT1 in lipid rafts, the environment of which favors activation.
Serial Innovators: How Individuals Create and Deliver Breakthrough Innovations in Mature Firms

OVERVIEW:For over 25 years, research on innovation has taken the perspective that new product development can be managed like any other (complex) process. In sharp contrast to this process view, we reframe the problem by exploring a people perspective on innovation, focusing on the cutting-edge serial innovators who repeatedly create and deliver breakthrough innovations in large, mature organizations. These employees are powerhouses who solve customer problems and contribute substantially to their firm's financial value. In this paper, we provide an overview of who serial innovators are and how they develop novel products; we also share insights about how to better understand, emulate, enable, support, and manage these unique individuals for long-term corporate success.
8. Reflections on the Journey

In the context of the Dodge Morgan case study, we discuss holistic analysis of personality. In such analysis, apparently separate, even contradictory, approaches can be integrated to produce a metalevel understanding. In our analysis, a trait and a phenomenological model worked effectively in concert; qualitative and quantitative analyses produced a fruitful synergy. We consider the implications of multilevel understanding of personality for future investigations. We also consider the limitations of personality theory with respect to the construct of personality change, as well as the changes in the investigators' perspectives that occurred over the period of study of the Morgan data.
Community identity discourse and the heritage academy: colorblind educational policy and white supremacy

This study focuses on the case of The Heritage Academy (THA), a predominantly white charter school in rural North Carolina. Through a critical race analysis, this article suggests that predominantly white charter schools like THA benefit from colorblind educational policies in a whitestream and white supremacist society. Specifically, this case study focuses on how white community activism around the creation of THA strengthened a community school identity discourse founded on the principles of whiteness as property. Because of the privilege of whiteness, predominantly white and middle‐class charter schools like THA may have greater access to economic and symbolic resources that ensure their success. This article raises questions about the use of school choice rhetoric as a raceless metaphor in the charter school movement that may result in race‐based inequality, separation and segregation.
Risk Factors for Cervicitis among Women with Bacterial Vaginosis

Background. Cervicitis commonly occurs in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), often without concomitant chlamydial or gonococcal infection. The risk factors for cervicitis have not been described. Methods. We characterized the risk factors for cervicitis, which is defined as endocervical mucopurulent discharge or easily induced bleeding, among women with BV who were 14-45 years of age. Associations between cervicitis and the characteristics of the subjects, including the presence of specific vaginal bacteria and chlamydial or gonococcal infection detected by strand displacement assay, were analyzed. Results. Of 424 women with BV, 63 (15%) had cervicitis. Of these 63 women, only 8 (13%) had chlamydia or gonorrhea. The risk factors for cervicitis, adjusted for variables, included older age (P<.001, for trend), ≤12 years of education (odds ratio [OR], 2.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.3-4.6]; P =.006), new male sex partner (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.4-5.4]; P =.004), female sex partner (OR, 6.2 [95% CI, 1.3-28.3]; P =.02), recent oral sex (OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.2-4.2]; P =.008), and absence of vaginal H 2 O 2 -producing Lactobacillus species (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 3.3-5.9; P =.01). No association with cervicitis was seen for current douching or smoking, race, time since or frequency of intercourse, or presence or quantity of vaginal bacteria other than H 2 O 2 -producing Lactobacillus species. Conclusions. Cervicitis is common among women with BV and is associated with some risk factors that are distinct from those associated with endocervical infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. Absence of H 2 O 2 -producing lactobacilli may contribute to the development of cervicitis.
POST-TRAINING FEEDBACK: THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEAM- VERSUS INSTRUCTOR-LED DEBRIEFS

In many high-risk domains, simulators are used for training and evaluating team performance under realistic conditions. Once the simulation is complete, the teams review their performance to identi...
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits

The total antioxidant activity of 12 fruits and 5 commercial fruit juices was measured in this study using automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. On the basis of the wet weight of the fruits (edible portion), strawberry had the highest ORAC activity (micromoles of Trolox equivalents per gram) followed by plum, orange, red grape, kiwi fruit, pink grapefruit, white grape, banana, apple, tomato, pear, and honeydew melon. On the basis of the dry weight of the fruits, strawberry again had the highest ORAC activity followed by plum, orange, pink grapefruit, tomato, kiwi fruit, red grape, white grape, apple, honeydew melon, pear, and banana. Most of the antioxidant capacity of these fruits was from the juice fractions. The contribution of the fruit pulp fraction (extracted with acetone) to the total ORAC activity of a fruit was usually less than 10%. Among the commercial fruit juices, grape juice had the highest ORAC activity followed by grapefruit juice, tomato juice, orange juice, and apple juice.
Surface Ocean Fluxes and Water-Mass Transformation Rates in the Coupled NCAR Climate System Model*

Abstract The global distributions of the air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater and water mass transformation rates from a control integration of the coupled National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate System Model (CSM) are compared with similar fields from an uncoupled ocean model equilibrium spinup and a new surface climatology. The climatology and uncoupled model use the same bulk-flux forcing scheme and are forced with National Centers for Environmental Predicition (formerly the National Meteorological Center) atmospheric reanalysis data and satellite-based cloud cover, solar flux, and precipitation estimates. The climatological fluxes for the open ocean are adjusted to give a global net balance and are in broad general agreement with standard ship-based estimates. An exception is the ice-free Southern Ocean, where the net heat and evaporative fluxes appear to be too weak but where the observational coverage underlying the reanalyis is quite poor. Major differences are observed between the...
Optical routing for SDM networks

I outline key challenges of implementing optical routing in SDM networks, review recent research developments, and suggest some possible directions for future work.
Does a localized plasma disturbance in the ionosphere evolve to electrostatic equilibrium? Evidence to the contrary

Electrostatic equilibrium must be achieved through electromagnetic evolution. From an initial state with non-zero neutral wind localized along the geomagnetic field, and with all other plasma and electromagnetic perturbations initially zero, evolution progresses from plasma velocity, to electric field, to magnetic field, where the last step can launch an Alfven wave that transmits the electromagnetic disturbance along geomagnetic field lines. Without the Alfven wave the disturbance does not map along geomagnetic field lines, and there is no semblance of electrostatic equilibrium. This paradigm is essentially the traditional magnetosphere/ionosphere coupling paradigm, except addressed to smaller scale, local ionospheric phenomena. However, Alfven waves have not been thoroughly studied in the context of the partially ionized, collisional ionospheric plasma: and so the full effects predicted by this modeling paradigm are not known. In this work we adopt the two-fluid equations and investigate whether the ionosphere supports Alfven-type waves that can transmit disturbances along geomagnetic field lines, and perform a wave analysis of the “lumped circuit” parameters normally used to characterize the ionosphere under electrostatic equilibrium. We find that under the wave analysis: (1) the Pedersen conductivity is severely modified and has a negative real part at short wavelengths; (2) the mapping distance for electric fields is significantly modified, and there is a non-negligible wavelength along the geomagnetic field; and (3) the load admittance seen by a localized dynamo is strongly reactive, causing a phase offset between electric field and current, as compared with when the load is electrostatic.
Translating ubuntu to Spanish: Convivencia as a framework for re-centring education as a moral enterprise

In this essay, the author introduces the concept of “convivencia” (peaceful coexistence) as a framework for re-centring education as a moral enterprise. He discusses convivencia within the context of education and society in Colombia, paying special attention to the Colombian rural school model Escuela Nueva (New School). This discussion draws on both previous evidence and the author’s own research on the implementation of the Escuela Nueva model in urban areas of Colombia. He discusses several facets of convivencia and parallels with the ideas and ideals of ubuntu. Using convivencia as an organising principle, he presents insights for educational practitioners and researchers related to re-centring education as a moral enterprise.
SYNTHESIS, SELF-ASSEMBLY, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF FEXCOYPT100-X-Y NANOPARTICLES

FexCoyPt100-x-y alloy nanoparticles were prepared by the simultaneous reduction of cobalt acetylacetonate and platinum acetylacetonate and the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. The relative amounts of iron, cobalt, and platinum in the particles depended on the amount of iron, cobalt and platinum charged to the reaction. As prepared, the particles were superparamagnetic and had a distorted fcc structure. The average particle diameter was 3.5 nm and the size distribution was very narrow. The particles could be dispersed in hydrocarbon solvents and formed films consisting of hexagonal close-packed particles on carbon-coated copper TEM grids. The films were sputter coated with amorphous carbon and then annealed at temperatures ranging from 550 to 700 °C to transform the particles to the tetragonal (L10) phase. The coercivity of the annealed films increased with increasing annealing temperature. For films with a similar degree of transformation to the tetragonal phase, increasing the cobalt content ...
The most-cited journal in mineralogy and petrology (and what scientists can learn from baseball)

American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials received more citations than any other journal in mineralogy, petrology, and crystallography (Table 1), according to the Thompson-Reuters Journal Citation Reports of 2015 (for citations in 2014). We expect the journal to retain that mantle in the soon-to-be-released 2016 report. The current Journal Impact Factor—a lagging indicator to be sure—still hovers near 2, but JIF is only one indicator of journal influence. Together the JIF and total citation numbers show that we publish a lot of papers, many of which are very well cited, some of which are not—but overall, the journal garners considerable attention, and our articles have staying power. However, while we take no displeasure at the total citations ranking, and will conclude this Editorial by using these rankings to stoke support for society-published journals, the means by which scientific quality and influence are ranked requires critical review. Some well-worn indices that supposedly measure scientific influence or accomplishment are misunderstood. And we should take care not to confuse “citations” with “success”; the two may be related, but are not synonymous. Total citations (Table 1) are probably not a completely unfair measure of journal influence; in the JCR report, they represent (by all appearances) the sum of all citations that accrue to a journal in a given year, to articles published in any year. Total citations thus take a longer view than the JIF, which represents mean citations per article, calculated over a 2-year period (so the 2015 JIF report averages citations per article in 2014, for articles published in 2013 and 2012). The disparity in the total citations and JIF rankings belies the commonly held view that if papers are not cited quickly, they are never cited. Unlike the JIF, though, yearly rankings for total citations are not freely obtained …
Economic Evaluation With Clinical Trials in Neonatology

With the current economic climate, the budget crisis within the health-care system, and the rapid development of health-care technologies in the field of neonatology, it is essential for decision makers at every level to understand how to interpret published economic evaluations to help guide both practice and budget decisions. The objective of this article is to provide a stepwise approach to interpreting economic evaluations conducted alongside randomized, controlled trials (RCTs). The emphasis in assessing the validity of such an analysis is to ensure that the authors are transparent in their approach with respect to factors such as the intervention and comparator, time horizon, study perspective, sources for costs and effects, appropriate combining of costs and effects into a single metric, and assessment of uncertainty and time preference.
Excited State Dynamics in Single and Double-Stranded DNA Constructs: Ultrafast Formation of the Major Radiation Product in DNA

Using femtosecond transient and infrared spectroscopic techniques we show that vertical base stacking determines the fate of singlet-excited states in DNA and its major photodimer product is fully formed ~1 picosecond after ultraviolet excitation.
British By-Elections: What Do They Prove?.

“Returns from three more by-elections make it abundantly clear that the British people are not behind Prime Minister Chamberlain in his peace-at-any-price policies.” Thus the Nation summed up the results of the first five post-Munich byelections. The London Times, however, in an editorial on the ninth of the same series, thought “the result of the East Norfolk by-election should hearten and stiffen the Government.”
Effect of mono- and divalent cations on in vitro lipolysis.

Summary“Spontaneous” lipolysis in rat epididymal fat pads is markedly affected by mono- or divalent cations, in the decreasing order K > Cs = NH4 = Choline > Ca = Na > Li = Mg. This response is independent of the buffer employed.
Dedicated Energy Crops and Crop Residues for Bioenergy Feedstocks in the Central and Eastern USA

Dedicated energy crops and crop residues will meet herbaceous feedstock demands for the new bioeconomy in the Central and Eastern USA. Perennial warm-season grasses and corn stover are well-suited to the eastern half of the USA and provide opportunities for expanding agricultural operations in the region. A suite of warm-season grasses and associated management practices have been developed by researchers from the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and collaborators associated with USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers. Second generation biofuel feedstocks provide an opportunity to increase the production of transportation fuels from recently fixed plant carbon rather than from fossil fuels. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” bioenergy feedstock, crop residues like corn (Zea mays L.) stover are the most readily available bioenergy feedstocks. However, on marginally productive cropland, perennial grasses provide a feedstock supply while enhancing ecosystem services. Twenty-five years of research has demonstrated that perennial grasses like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are profitable and environmentally sustainable on marginally productive cropland in the western Corn Belt and Southeastern USA.
Application of Evaluation Standards of Pure Tone Audiometry in Health Examination among River Sailors

[Objective]To explore the application of pure tone audiometry's evaluation standards in health examination among river sailors.[Methods]A total of 147 sailors from Baimiao Water Transportation Enterprise and Xinbeijiang Navigational Fairs Enerprise were conducted pure tone audiometry, the results were evaluated according to "Physical Examination Requirements for River Sailors" and " The diagnostic criteria of occupational noise deaf".[Results]Of 147 sailors; 3 (2.04%) were detected mild noise deaf, 3 had to change their jobs, according to "Physical Examination Requirements for River Sailors"; 39 (26.53%) sailors were detected unqualified according to " The diagnostic criteria of occupational noise deaf", and there were no resolution suggestion for the unqualified sailors.[Conclusion]The evaluation standards of pure tone audiometry in river sailors according to " The diagnostic criteria of occupational noise deaf" are specific and clear, and the principle of management is definite. So it is conducive to the implementation of occupational health supervision for sailors.
Childhood Immunizations: First-Time Expectant Mothers’ Knowledge, Beliefs, Intentions, and Behaviors

Introduction This study focused on how first-time mothers decide or intend to decide with respect to the recommended childhood immunization schedule. Methods This was the baseline survey of a larger longitudinal survey. Data were collected between June and September 2014 from 200 first-time mothers in their second trimester of pregnancy to examine vaccine-related knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and information-seeking behavior. Results Data were analyzed between January and June 2015. Seventy-five percent planned to have their child receive all the vaccinations consistent with the recommended childhood immunization schedule. Although participants expressed interest in childhood vaccine information, most had not received information directly from a primary care provider. One third reported receiving such information from their obstetrician/gynecologist but only about half of those were “very satisfied” with the information they received. About 70% indicated they were not familiar with the recommended vaccination schedule and number of routinely recommended vaccines. Familiarity with common vaccine education messages varied widely. Women who indicated they were planning to delay one or more recommended vaccinations were most likely to rely on Internet searches for childhood vaccine information. Conclusions Overall, respondents had relatively positive beliefs and perceptions regarding childhood vaccines, which were associated with intentions to get their newborn vaccinated as recommended. However, most who were planning to delay recommended vaccinations or were undecided relied primarily on socially available sources of vaccine information, rather than information provided by a healthcare professional. Improved access to vaccine information from healthcare professionals could foster better vaccine-related knowledge and favorably impact vaccination decisions.
To Report the First Case of Muscle Specific Tyrosine Kinase (MuSK) Antibody (ab) Positive Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Evolving into Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 Related Disease (P3.134)

Objective: To report the first case of muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody (ab) positive myasthenia gravis (MG) evolving into immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 related disease. Background: IgG4 related disease is an immune mediated, inflammatory condition most commonly affecting pancreas, salivary gland, lacrimal gland and retroperitoneum. It affects meninges and pituitary gland in central nervous system (NS) but involvement of peripheral NS is not known. MuSK ab is proven to be of IgG4 subclass and causes MG which differs from acetyline choline receptor (AChR) ab MG. Methods: Case report. Results: A 54 year old woman presented with fatigue and intermittent bulbar weakness. Three months later MG was diagnosed with negative AChR ab and positive MuSK ab. Treatment with intravenous Ig was initiated without benefit. She required hospitalization for myasthenic crisis three months later, manifested by dysphagia, dysarthria and dyspnea. She was treated with plasmapheresis with significant improvement. Prednisone 60mg/day was started. Mycophenolate mofetil was added a month later. Thymectomy was performed with histopathology showing extensive fatty replacement. She had poor control on prednisone and cellcept; requiring plasma exchange three times/week. A year and half later, she reported acute back pain. MRI of the spine demonstrated retroperitoneal and iliac lymphadenopathy. Open biopsy showed follicular hyperplasia with marked plasmacytosis and numerous IgG4 plasma cells. Serum IgG4 level was elevated at 525 mg/dl along with total Ig 2560, IgG1 1800 and IgG2 849. She met the diagnostic criteria for IgG4 related systemic disease involving lymph nodes. Conclusions: Our case is so far the first case showing potential clinical association of MuSK MG and systemic IgG4 related disease. This unique temporal relationship of medically refractory MuSK MG caused by IgG4 antibody to later development of IgG4 related disease help further understand the unknown pathogenesis of IgG4 related disease from the well understood autoimmune disease, MG. Disclosure: Dr. Raibagkar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stone has nothing to disclose.
Prospects of Damping Structures via Actuator Interaction

The role of actuator dynamics has often been overlooked in the study of engineering systems. This paper discusses the possible role of actuator interaction in damping the vibrations of mechanical structures while providing the forces and torques necessary to produce motion. Simple models of a DC motor and a hydraulic cylinder actuating a lumped, compliant load are described which indicate that a damping contribution is inherent in the actuation process. Closed loop control of such systems can be improved by utilizing that damping contribution. The actuator-load studies are now being extended to beam actuation and initial analytical results have been obtained by finite element and modal analysis techniques. These results show substantial damping of beam vibrations during actuation as a result of tuning the actuator-load interaction.
Pharmacological difficulties in the treatment of asthma in pregnant women

Introduction: This is a review of the diagnosis and management of asthma in the pregnant patient. Asthma may adversely affect both maternal quality of life and, perinatal outcomes. Optimal manageme...
Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Weight-Loss Intervention on Sleep Quality Among Adults with Obesity: Data from the SHINE Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background and Objective: Sleep disturbance is a common problem among adults with obesity. Mindfulness interventions have been shown to improve sleep quality in various populations but have not been investigated in adults with obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a mindfulness-based weight-loss intervention with an active control on self-reported sleep quality among adults with obesity. Method: This study was a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial and included 194 adults with a body mass index in the range 30–45 kg/m2. The treatment intervention included mindfulness-based eating and stress-management practices, and the active control intervention included training in progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Both groups received identical diet and exercise guidelines in 17 group sessions conducted over 5.5 months that were matched for time, attention, and social support. The primary outcome of this analysis was between-group change in self-reported sleep quality,...
Commensal bacteria-induced MyD88 signaling regulates intestinal permeability to food allergen via anti-microbial peptide and mucin production (MUC9P.741)

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. We have recently shown that germ free mice exhibit increased intestinal permeability to food allergens, suggesting a role for microbiota-derived signals in protecting the barrier. Decreased permeability to the peanut allergen Ara h 6 in mice selectively colonized with a consortium of Firmicutes in the Clostridia class is associated with upregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression ( RegIIIβ/γ ) and the production of mucins (MUC2/13). RegIIIβ/γ are well known targets of MyD88 signaling. We hypothesized that Clostridia signals through MyD88 in IECs to enhance barrier protection and generated mice lacking MyD88 in IECs ( Myd88 Δ IEC ) . Myd88 -/- and Myd88 Δ IEC mice exhibit increased permeability to Ara h 6, downregulated expression of RegIIIβ/γ in IECs, and reduced production of MUC2/13 in goblet cells. Antibiotic mediated depletion of commensal bacteria exacerbated the permeability defect in Myd88 Δ IEC mice and also led to a barrier defect in MyD88 - sufficient littermate controls. Colonization with Clostridia rescues this defect in control mice but not in the Myd88 Δ IEC mice indicating that signaling through MyD88 in the intestinal epithelium is necessary for bacteria-induced barrier protection. This restricted permeability of the gut limits the access of dietary antigens to the systemic circulation and contributes to protection against allergic sensitization in these mice.