cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The photochemical mechanism of pyrimidine cyclobutyl dimerization

Abstract Irradiation of 6MU with 254 nm light, 6MU6MU are formed with cis-syn and cis-anti configurations in frozen aqueous solutions and with predominantly cis configurations in frozen t-butanol solutions; no dimerization occurs in methanol “puddles”. Irradiated with 254 nm light, 6MU6MU with predominantly trans configurations are obtained in H 2 O and D 2 O solutions; dimer yields in D 2 O are three times that in H 2 O. Irradiated with 313 nm light, acetone photosensitized dimerization gives only trans-syn and trans-anti dimers. The total dimer yields decrease as the solvent is changed from 90% CH 3 COOH, CH 3 OH, CH 3 CN to non-polar solvent p-dioxane. Our results contradict the general belief that if dipole moment increases in the transition state leading to head-to-head or syn dimers, the dimer yield increases in a solvent with high dipole moment. The study of pH effects indicated that keto-enol equilibrium of 6MU probably controls the dimer yields and distributions of these photosensitized dimerization processes. With 1,3,6- trimethyluracil, the total dimer yields decrease with increasing pH; however, the product compositions remained unchanged over the entire pH range. This finding suggests that the ketonic or protonated ketonic form of an α,β-unsaturated ketone molecule is the favored structure for photodimerization and ketoenol equilibrium influences the compositions of dimers.
A Molecular Portrait of Arabidopsis Meiosis

Abstract Meiosis is essential for eukaryotic sexual reproduction and important for genetic diversity among individuals. Efforts during the last decade in Arabidopsis have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of plant meiosis, which has traditionally provided much information about the cytological description of meiosis. Through both forward genetic analysis of mutants with reduced fertility and reverse genetic studies of homologs of known meiotic genes, we now have a basic knowledge about genes important for meiotic recombination and its relationship to pairing and synapsis, critical processes that ensure proper homolog segregation. In addition, several genes affecting meiotic progression, spindle assembly, chromosome separation, and meiotic cytokinesis have also been uncovered and characterized. It is worth noting that Arabidopsis molecular genetic studies are also revealing secrets of meiosis that have not yet been recognized elsewhere among eukaryotes, including gene functions that...
On the Professional Regulation of Change

‘The individuals composing the ruling class possess among other things consciousness, and therefore think. In so far, therefore, as they rule as a class and determine the whole extent of an epoch, it is self evident that they do this in their whole range and thus, among other things, rule also as thinkers, as producers of ideas, and regulate the production and distribution of the ideas of their age. Consequently, their ideas are the ruling ideas of the age.’
Maltreated Children’s Temporal Knowledge for Significant Events

Maltreated children are often asked, during forensic interviews and when testifying in court, temporal questions about when their abuse occurred. Yet, it is unknown as to how well maltreated children can actually answer temporal questions, or how their temporal knowledge develops more generally. The present study examined 167 6- to10-year-old maltreated children’s temporal knowledge (e.g., the current month) and temporal memory (e.g., how many times a prior event occurred) for prior significant documented events. Overall accuracy was poor for many of the questions when children were dichotomized as being correct or not. However, children’s reports were not largely discrepant from the correct time, and their reports were often significantly better than chance. Together, these results highlight limitations but also competencies in maltreated children’s temporal abilities and have important implications for evaluating children’s statements in legal contexts.
Quantification of dendritic and axonal growth after injury to the auditory system of the adult cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.

Dendrite and axon growth and branching during development are regulated by a complex set of intracellular and external signals. However, the cues that maintain or influence adult neuronal morphology are less well understood. Injury and deafferentation tend to have negative effects on adult nervous systems. An interesting example of injury-induced compensatory growth is seen in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. After unilateral loss of an ear in the adult cricket, auditory neurons within the central nervous system sprout to compensate for the injury. Specifically, after being deafferented, ascending neurons (AN-1 and AN-2) send dendrites across the midline of the prothoracic ganglion where they receive input from auditory afferents that project through the contralateral auditory nerve (N5). Deafferentation also triggers contralateral N5 axonal growth. In this study, we quantified AN dendritic and N5 axonal growth at 30 hours, as well as at 3, 5, 7, 14 and 20 days after deafferentation in adult crickets. Significant differences in the rates of dendritic growth between males and females were noted. In females, dendritic growth rates were non-linear; a rapid burst of dendritic extension in the first few days was followed by a plateau reached at 3 days after deafferentation. In males, however, dendritic growth rates were linear, with dendrites growing steadily over time and reaching lengths, on average, twice as long as in females. On the other hand, rates of N5 axonal growth showed no significant sexual dimorphism and were linear. Within each animal, the growth rates of dendrites and axons were not correlated, indicating that independent factors likely influence dendritic and axonal growth in response to injury in this system. Our findings provide a basis for future study of the cellular features that allow differing dendrite and axon growth patterns as well as sexually dimorphic dendritic growth in response to deafferentation.
More Netflow Tools for Performance and Security

Analysis of network traffic is becoming increasingly important, not just for determining network characteristics and anticipating requirements, but also for security analysis. Several tool sets have been developed to perform analysis of flow-level network traffic, however none have had security as the primary goal of the analysis, nor has performance been a key consideration.In this paper we present a suite of tools for network traffic collection and analysis based on Cisco NetFlow. The two primary design considerations were performance and the ability to build richer models of traffic for security analysis. Thus the data structures and code have been optimized for use on very large networks with a large number of flows. Data filter rates are approximately 80 million records in less than 1.5 minutes on a Sun 4800.
A novel K-band frequency-controlled beam-steering quasi-Yagi array with mixing frequency compensation

A new type of compact K-band frequency-controlled beam-steering array utilizing fixed progressive delay lines in combination with passive double-balanced MMIC mixers integrated with quasi-Yagi antenna elements is presented. The beam steering is carried out by simply changing the frequency of the LO and IF signals at the same time such that the radiation frequency keeps constant. The K-band (20 GHz) four-element array fabricated on the Alumina substrate demonstrates 40 degree scanning with an LO frequency change from 22 to 26.2 GHz by the short delay lines installed in the LO line and ensures broadband data transmission with well-defined radiation patterns.
How Academic Psychiatry Can Better Prepare Students for Their Future Patients: Part I: The Failure to Recognize Depression and Risk for Suicide in Primary Care; Problem Identification, Responsibility, and Solutions

The author, after a review of the relevant literature, found that depression and the risk for suicide remain unacceptably underrecognized in primary care (PC). The negative consequences are substantial for patients and their physicians. Suicide prevention in PC begins with the recognition of depression because suicide occurs largely during depression. In this article (Part I), the author suggests causes, responsibilities, and solutions for that failure. He also addresses the role of academic psychiatry's traditional curriculum. The comprehensive, initial diagnostic interview that is typically taught to medical students in psychiatry may decrease recognition in PC care because of the time required to complete it. In Part II, the author offers guidelines to develop a weekly interview course with an instrument targeting abbreviated diagnostic screening for only the most critical psychiatric problems such as depression and the risk for suicide.
Analytic stabilization and the algebraic Riccati equation

The central result of this paper is that the stabilizing solution P*, to the Algebraic Riccati Equation in (A,B,C) depends analytically on (A,B,C). A variant of this result was first presented in an earlier paper ([13]) by the author, but the simplicity of the proof was obscured by the context; moreover, the version given in §1 is more general. In addition, §1 contains recursive formulas for the terms in the Taylor series expansion of P* about a point (A,B,C). In the remainder of the paper, various control - and system-theoretic ramifications of the analyticity lemma are considered.
NIS05-3: On the Feasibility of Very Low Complexity Trust Modules Using PKPS Synergies

For many evolving application scenarios like ubiquitous and autonomic computing systems, trustworthy computing solutions are essential. However the fact that the autonomic elements that may take part in such networks may be (1) severely resource constrained, and that (2) the sheer scale of such devices may also place constraints on their cost, calls for inexpensive, low complexity (but nevertheless trustworthy) computing modules, or secure co-processors (ScP). We propose two synergistic strategies for the realization of very low complexity, inexpensive ScPs. The first is a simple security policy, decrypt only when necessary (DOWN). The second is the utilization of untrusted external resources to improve the security of very low complexity ScPs. We point out some very desirable properties of probabilistic key pre-distribution schemes (PKPS) that can take good advantage of the DOWN policy and simultaneously make use of external resources, to render the problem of their susceptibility to collusions irrelevant.
Iterative collage coding for fractal compression

A fractal encoder processes the original source vector by selecting a contractive map whose unique fixed point (attractor) approximates the original. A description of the map is transmitted to the decoder. The decoder iterates the map to recover the attractor. The task of picking the map is called the inverse problem. The predominantly used, suboptimum, technique to solve the inverse problem is collage coding. In collage coding, only the first decoding iteration is optimized. We propose two new suboptimum algorithms for the inverse problem. In our approach, the encoder imitates the iterative operation of the decoder. At each step, however, a new map is used so as to keep the sequence of approximations close to the original. If the sequence converges, then the limit is an attractor, and it is a good candidate for the reconstructed vector. The description of the map corresponding to the attractor is sent to the decoder. >
Environmental Factors and Disease: Stress and Cancer

The sections in this article are: 1 Stress-Induced Changes in Tumor Progression in Nonhuman Subjects 1.1 Effect of Physical Stressors on Tumor Progression 1.2 Effect of Psychological Stressors on Tumor Progression 1.3 Summary 2 Effects of Manipulations of the Micro-Environment on Stress-Induced Changes in Tumor Progression 2.1 Psychiatric–Pharmacological Manipulations 2.2 Hormonal Manipulations 2.3 Neurochemical Manipulations 2.4 Other Influences on Stress-Induced Tumor Progression 2.5 Summary 3 Psychological Effects on Tumors in Human Subjects 4 Conclusion
Cement application techniques in luting implant-supported crowns: a quantitative and qualitative survey.

Purpose: To investigate different techniques used by dentists when luting an implant-supported crown and to evaluate the application of cement quantitatively and qualitatively. Materials and Methods: Participants were given a bag containing cement sachet, mixing pad, spatula, a variety of application instruments, and a polycarbonate crown form. The participants were instructed with a standardized audio-video presentation to proportion the cement, mix it, and apply it to the intaglio of the crown as they would if they were to cement it onto an implant abutment in a clinical situation. The crowns were weighed, first unfilled and then again once the applied cement had set. The mean weights of fully-loaded crowns (n = 10) were used as a control group. The patterns of cement loading were recorded. The weights of collected cement-loaded crowns were compared to those of the control group and analyzed statistically. Results: Four hundred and one dentists in several different geographic locations were surveyed. Three distinct cement loading patterns were observed: gross application (GA), brush-on application (BA), and margin application (MA). The mean weights for each cement loading pattern were 242.2 mg for the GA group, 59.9 mg for the BA group, and 59.0 mg for the MA group. The weight of cement in the GA group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. No statistically significant difference between groups BA and MA was seen. Conclusions: The diversity of the cement loading patterns disclosed in this study indicates that there is a lack of uniformity and precision in methods and a lack of consensus in the dental community regarding the appropriate quantity of cement and placement method for a cement-retained implant crown. Int J Oral MaxIllOfac IMplants 2012;27:859–864.
Three-photon imaging of ovarian cancer

Optical imaging methods have the potential to detect ovarian cancer at an early, curable stage. Optical imaging has the disadvantage that high resolution techniques require access to the tissue of interest, but miniature endoscopes that traverse the natural orifice of the reproductive tract, or access the ovaries and fallopian tubes through a small incision in the vagina wall, can provide a minimally-invasive solution. We have imaged both rodent and human ovaries and fallopian tubes with a variety of endoscope-compatible modalities. The recent development of fiber-coupled femtosecond lasers will enable endoscopic multiphoton microscopy (MPM). We demonstrated two- and three-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF, 3PEF), and second- and third-harmonic generation microscopy (SHG, THG) in human ovarian and fallopian tube tissue. A study was undertaken to understand the mechanisms of contrast in these images. Six patients (normal, cystadenoma, and ovarian adenocarcinoma) provided ovarian and fallopian tube biopsies. The tissue was imaged with three-dimensional optical coherence tomography, multiphoton microscopy, and frozen for histological sectioning. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and Sudan black. Approximately 1 μm resolution images were obtained with an excitation source at 1550 nm. 2PEF signal was absent. SHG signal was mainly from collagen. 3PEF and THG signal came from a variety of sources, including a strong signal from fatty connective tissue and red blood cells. Adenocarcinoma was characterized by loss of SHG signal, whereas cystic abnormalities showed strong SHG. There was limited overlap of two- and three- photon signals, suggesting that three-photon imaging can provide additional information for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
Myocardial Strain and Strain Rate in Kawasaki Disease: Range, Recovery, and Relationship to Systemic Inflammation/Coronary Artery Dilation

Background: Kawasaki Disease (KD), a systemic vasculitis of medium sized vessels, is the most common cause of acquired heart disease among children in the developed world. Some KD patients demonstrate echocardiographic evidence of depressed myocardial mechanics. However, the incidence, etiology, and reversibility of abnormal mechanics in KD patients remain undefined. Methods and results: We retrospectively studied 41 KD patients and measured myocardial strain and strain rate by velocity vector imaging from pre-treatment and convalescent echocardiograms. Pre-treatment procalcitonin, Creactive protein (CRP), and coronary artery z-scores were obtained in all patients and compared between the groups with preserved versus depressed acute phase mechanics. The change in mechanics between the acute and convalescent phases was also assessed. Patients with initially low longitudinal strain improved by the convalescent period (mean difference - 4.0%; p<0.005) with the greatest improvement occurring in patients with the lowest initial strain (-7.3%; p<0.05). Patients with higher initial strain did not change significantly by the convalescent period. Patients with lower longitudinal and circumferential strain demonstrated higher median procalcitonin levels (1.2 vs. 0.3 ng/mL; p<0.05 and 1.8 vs. 0.4 ng/mL; p<0.05 respectively) and a trend towards higher CRP, but no difference in coronary artery z-scores. Strain rate was not associated with inflammatory markers or coronary artery z-scores. | Conclusions: The range of strain found in our cohort was large. Improvement in mean strain was driven primarily by patients with lower initial strain. Lower strain was associated with increased markers of systemic inflammation, but not proximal coronary artery changes.
CEO Profiles and Implications for the Marketing Educator

This study examines the characteristics of 1000 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of America's top corporations, in order to provide factual information marketing educators may disseminate to students considering careers in marketing. Six research questions related to CEO career path, promotion speed, salary, educational level, and educational relevance are examined. Marketing remains a top path to CEO status although the time required to reach the top can take longer than other career paths. Marketing CEOs occupy positions across all eight industrial categories examined and receive an average $776,000 salary per year. Marketing CEOs have earned a low percentage of undergraduate marketing degrees and MBAs. Implications for marketing educators and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Rapid evaporation at the superheat limit of methanol, ethanol, butanol and n-heptane on platinum films supported by low-stress SiN membranes.

The bubble nucleation temperatures of several organic liquids (methanol, ethanol, butanol, n-heptane) on stress-minimized platinum (Pt) films supported by SiN membranes is examined by pulse-heating the membranes for times ranging from 1 μs to 10 μs. The results show that the nucleation temperatures increase as the heating rates of the Pt films increase. Measured nucleation temperatures approach predicted superheat limits for the smallest pulse times which correspond to heating rates over 10^8 K/s, while nucleation temperatures are significantly lower for the longest pulse times. The microheater membranes were found to be robust for millions of pulse cycles, which suggests their potential in applications for moving fluids on the microscale and for more fundamental studies of phase transitions of metastable liquids.
Added dietary methionine in starter pig diets containing spray-dried blood products.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of weanling pigs fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma and(or) blood meal in a phase-feeding program. In Exp. 1, 216 crossbred pigs (21 ± 2 d of age and 4.9 kg BW) were fed diets (1.6% lysine,.52% cystine) containing 10% spray-dried porcine plasma and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal from d 0 to 21 postweaning. Pigs were fed one of six dietary treatments ranging from.28 to.48% total dietary methionine (.225 to.425% apparent digestible methionine). From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 21 postweaning, ADG, ADFI, and gain :feed ratio (G :F) increased (quadratic, P <.01) as dietary methionine increased. Inflection point analysis projected.42 and.41% total dietary methionine to maximize ADG and G :F from d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 21 postweaning, respectively. In Exp. 2, 216 crossbred pigs (21 ± 3 d of age and 5.6 kg BW) were used to determine the dietary methionine requirement from d 7 to 28 postweaning. All pigs were fed the same diet (1.6% lysine,.44% methionine,.52% cystine) from d 0 to 7 postweaning. From d 7 to 28, pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (1.3% lysine, .46% cystine) containing 10% dried whey and 3% spray-dried blood meal. Total dietary methionine levels ranged from.27 to.42% (.249 to.399% apparent digestible methionine). From d 7 to 14 postweaning, increasing dietary methionine increased (quadratic, P <.05) ADG, ADFI, and G :F (.34 to.35% total methionine projected by inflection point analysis). From d 7 to 28 postweaning, increasing dietary methionine improved (quadratic, P <.05) G :F (.33% total methionine projected by inflection point analysis). In conclusion, a diet (1.6% lysine) including spray-dried blood products should contain.41 to.42% total dietary methionine (.36 to.37% apparent digestible) to maximize growth performance from d 0 to 14 postweaning. When pigs were fed a diet containing 1.3% dietary lysine,.34 to.35% total dietary methionine (.33% apparent digestible) was required to maximize growth from d 7 to 14 postweaning.
The Origin of the Flagship Idea and Modern Adaptions

The notion of the public Flagship University has its origins in the early development of America’s higher education system in the mid-1800s. It included a devotion to the English tradition of the residential college as well as the emerging Humboldtian model of independent research and graduate studies, in which academic research would, in turn, inform and shape teaching and build a stronger academic community. But just as important, the hybrid American public-university model sought utilitarian relevance. Teaching and research would purposefully advance socioeconomic mobility and economic development. As part of an emerging national investment in education, public universities also had a role in nurturing and guiding the development of other educational institutions. For these and other reasons, America’s leading state universities were to be more practical, more engaged in society than their counterparts in Europe and elsewhere, evolving and expanding their activities in reaction to societal needs.
Predicting balance improvements following STARS treatments in chronic ankle instability participants

Abstract Objectives Sensory Targeted Ankle Rehabilitation Strategies that stimulate sensory receptors improve postural control in chronic ankle instability participants. However, not all participants have equal responses. Therefore, identifying predictors of treatment success is needed to improve clinician efficiency when treating chronic ankle instability. Therefore, the purpose was to identify predictors of successfully improving postural control in chronic ankle instability participants. Design Secondary data analysis. Methods Fifty-nine participants with self-reported chronic ankle instability participated. The condition was defined as a history of at least two episodes of “giving way” within the past 6 months; and limitations in self-reported function as measured by the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure. Participants were randomized into three treatment groups (plantar massage, ankle joint mobilization, calf stretching) that received 6, 5-min treatment sessions over a 2-week period. The main outcome measure was treatment success, defined as a participant exceeding the minimal detectable change score for a clinician-oriented single limb balance test. Results Participants with ≥3 balance test errors had a 73% probability of treatment success following ankle joint mobilizations. Participants with a self-reported function between limb difference 2.5 errors had a 99% probability of treatment success following plantar massage. Those who sustained ≥11 ankle sprains had a 94% treatment success probability following calf stretching. Conclusions Self-reported functional deficits, worse single limb balance, and number of previous ankle sprains are important characteristics when determining if chronic ankle instability participants will have an increased probability of treatment success.
On maximal relative projection constants

Abstract This article focuses on the maximum of relative projection constants over all m-dimensional subspaces of the N-dimensional coordinate space equipped with the max-norm. This quantity, called maximal relative projection constant, is studied in parallel with a lower bound, dubbed quasimaximal relative projection constant. Exploiting alternative expressions for these quantities, we show how they can be computed when N is small and how to reverse the Kadec–Snobar inequality when N does not tend to infinity. Precisely, we first prove that the (quasi)maximal relative projection constant can be lower-bounded by c m , with c arbitrarily close to one, when N is superlinear in m. The main ingredient is a connection with equiangular tight frames. By using the semicircle law, we then prove that the lower bound c m holds with c 1 when N is linear in m.
The Effects of Family Structure on Consumption and Exercise Patterns for Adolescent Youth

With over 22 million children considered overweight or obese, research needs to examine factors related to overweightness and obesity. Parents seem to have an influence on their children’s eating behaviors such as taste likes and dislikes and quality and quantity of food. Parents also seem to influence their children’s physical activity levels. A link between physical activity level and obesity exists, indicating that less active children have an increased risk for high BMIs, with children from single parent families having higher than normal BMIs compared to children from two-parent families. The purpose of this study is to examine whether family structure influences eating and exercise patterns of adolescent youth. The current study employed a secondary data analysis utilizing data from the HBSC (N = 6733). According to the data, participants engaged in approximately 3.76 healthy consumption behaviors per week and moderate levels of exercise (mean = 2.38). The linear regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between family structure and consumption patterns, as youth from single parent families, stepparent families, and multigenerational families have fewer healthy consumption patterns (−.256, −.142, and −.164, respectively) compared to youth from two-parent families. Healthy eating initiatives need to target both parents and children, as a relationship between consumption patterns and family structure exists. Additionally, future research needs to examine initiatives targeted at promoting physical activity, particularly among overweight and obese youth who are less likely to engage in physical activity.
Changes in Liver Transplant Criteria for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

There have been several recent policy changes in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We outline the most recent changes in allocation policy for HCC prior to transplant and the rationale behind them. The United Network for Organ Sharing recently adopted a new allocation policy for HCC to better balance organ availability between HCC and non-HCC waitlist candidates and exclude patients with rapidly progressive HCC. This policy includes a mandatory 6-month waiting period prior to application of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception points and a cap of 34 points. The new policies have changed the landscape of liver transplantation for HCC in the USA. The allocation policy should better select HCC patients who would have the best post-transplant outcome and balance liver transplant benefits between HCC and non-HCC patients.
A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients

This review focuses on the treatment options for adult female patients with acne. Acne in adult female patients may start during adolescence and persist or have an onset in adulthood. Acne has various psychosocial effects that impact patients' quality of life. Treatment of acne in adult women specifically has its challenges due to the considerations of patient preferences, pregnancy, and lactation. Treatments vary widely and treatment should be tailored specifically for each individual woman. We review conventional therapies with high levels of evidence, additional treatments with support from cohort studies and case reports, complementary and/or alternative therapies, and new agents under development for the treatment of patients with acne.
Graduate Programs in Learning, Design, Technology, Information, or Libraries

This information will be used solely to construct a directory of relevant organizations and associations within the 2017 Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. The data supplied here will not be intentionally shared or publicized in any other form. Thank you for your assistance.
VoIP Accessibility: A Usability Study of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Systems and a Survey of VoIP Users with Vision Loss:

IntroductionAccessibility of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) systems was tested with a hands-on usability study and an online survey of VoIP users who are visually impaired. The survey examined...
Grafts and Bone Graft Substitutes

The value of bone transplantation is demonstrated by the frequency of its use today. Surgeons transplant bone at least 10 times more often than they do any other transplantable organ. The procedure has a rich history, dating back over 300 years to when Job van Meekeren performed the first bone graft using a canine xenograft to repair a cranial defect (138). Bone grafting became critical during World War II, prompting the US Navy to establish bone banks to better treat fractures sustained in battle (9). During that period a successful graft was thought to be one that could withstand the forces applied to it by the individual. Today we consider the bone graft to be a dynamic tool that should not only support normal forces, but also incorporate itself into the bed, revascularize as new bone forms, and assume the specific shape required for the healing defect. Furthermore, accelerating the normal healing process whenever possible is an obvious goal. Recombinant DNA technology might achieve this goal by allowing surgeons to apply growth factors to defects in therapeutic quantities in an effort to speed regeneration.
Back-Propagation Neural Networks

The generic neural operation consists of a weighted summation and nonlinear function, which can be summarized as, $$ {v_j} = {f_s}\left( {\sum\limits_i {{W_{j,i}}{v_i}} } \right) $$ (10.1) where u i -and v j are the i th neuron output and the j th neuron output, respectively. With respect to u j , u i is the neuron output of the previous layer. The synapse value between the i th and the j th neurons is represented by W j,i and f s is the nonlinear function, which is usually a sigmoid function. This operation describes a feedforward or retrieving process in the artificial neural network algorithms. Figure 10.1 shows the block diagram of a multi-layered neuroprocessor chip. It consists of an array of input neurons, an array of output neurons, and the synapse matrix. In order to support the feedback or learning process, the weight value can be programmable — it can be efficiently updated and reliably maintained. Synapse value computation can be done by the host processor outside the chip or can be included within the chip by the dedicated on-chip learning circuitry.
Use of Traditional and Culturally Appropriate Modalities

Researchers are specialists, but they must communicate their research to non-specialists to make their work meaningful. This tension exists from the inception to completion of a project, from finding support for an investigation, to obtaining informed consent, to reporting research findings. Monumental as it may be, this particular challenge of communication is often overlooked by researchers. Further complicating the situation is the influence of culture. As renowned anthropologist Edward Hall (1959) put it, culture hides more than it reveals, and it hides the most from its own members. More simply, culture is a force we take for granted, particularly because it describes our assumptions of what “normal” is and how it works. This holds true for the specialist and the layperson, alike.
A Dual-band Hexagon Monopole Antenna for 28 and 38 GHz Millimeter-Wave Communications

This paper presents a dual-band antenna for future fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The antenna operates in 26.98 − 29.81 and 34.29 − 42.20 GHz frequency bands, covering standard 28 and 38 GHz 5G bands. The structure consists of hexagonal split ring resonator (SRR) and a closed ring resonator (CRR). The proposed antenna is modelled upon 0.254 mm thick Rogers substrate and has a low profile of 6×8 mm2, It has a peak gain of 4.63 dBi with more than 80% radiation efficiency throughout its operating range. The proposed antenna has 2.83 and 7.92 GHz bandwidth at 28 and 38 GHz respectively.
Multi-robot planning with conflicts and synergies

Multi-robot planning (mrp) aims at computing plans, each in the form of a sequence of actions, for a team of robots to achieve their individual goals, while minimizing overall cost. Solving mrp problems requires modeling limited domain resources (e.g., corridors that allow at most one robot at a time), and the possibility of action synergy (e.g., multiple robots going through a door after a single door-opening action). Optimally solving mrp problems is hard as it is a generalization of the single agent planning domain which is known to be NP-hard, and frequently requires considering the states of all the robots, resulting in an exponentially growing joint state and action space. In many mrp domains, robots encounter situations where they have conflicting needs for constrained resources, or where they can take advantage of what each other is doing to form synergies. In this article, we formulate the problem of multi-robot planning with conflicts and synergies (mrpcs), and develop a multi-robot planning framework, called iterative inter-dependent planning (iidp), for representing and solving mrpcs problems. Within the iidp framework, we develop the algorithms of increasing dependency and best alternative which exhibit different trade-offs between plan quality and computational efficiency. Extensive experiments covering the suggested algorithms have been performed using both an abstract-domain simulator, where we can automatically generate a variety of domain configurations, and a practical mrpcs instantiation that focuses on multi-robot navigation. In the navigation domain, we model plan costs with temporal uncertainty, and present a novel shifted-Poisson distribution for accumulating temporal uncertainty over actions. In comparison to baseline approaches, our algorithms produce significant reductions in overall plan cost, while avoiding search in the joint state space. In addition, we present a complete demonstration of the implementation of the model on a team of real robots.
Vasculature submucosal changes at early stages of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ).

Abstract Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), a rare, but potentially severe side effect of anti-resorptive medications, presents as exposed bone in the maxillofacial region lasting for at least 8 weeks. While clinical experience and animal models concur in finding that systemic antiresorptive treatment in conjunction with local risk factors, such as tooth extraction or dental disease may lead to ONJ development, the subclinical molecular changes that precede bone exposure remain poorly understood. The identification of these changes is not only important in understanding disease pathophysiology, but could provide potential for treatment development. Here, we evaluated the early stages of ONJ utilizing a model of experimental periodontitis (EP) in mice treated with two different types of antiresorptives, targeting potential changes in vasculature, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Antiresorptive treatment in animals with EP increased levels of empty osteocytic lacunae and increased ONJ prevalence compared to Veh animals. The arteriole and venule network seen around EP areas was diminished in animals treated with antiresorptives. Higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) were observed 1-week following EP in treated animals. Finally, levels of hypoxia, oxidative stress, and apoptosis remained high in antiresorptive treated animals with EP through the duration of the experiment. Together, our data point to subclinical vasculature organizational disturbances that subsequently affect levels of hypoxia, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the area of developing ONJ.
Law as Geopolitics: Judicial Territory, Transnational Economic Governance, and American Power

The extension of domestic U.S. judicial authority to govern transnational economic relations involving foreign governments beyond official U.S. borders has been an important but largely overlooked ...
Policy to practice: an implementation case study in restorative justice

ABSTRACTThis case study of a Colorado county with high statutory support for restorative justice uses interviews with Primary Implementers and secondary data to identify the key determinants of pol...
Leftovers No More: Affect, Food, and Power in Recent Latin American Films on Domestic Work

The figure of the live-in maid condenses the contradictory aspects of material life at the intersection of the private and the public, intimacy and work, affect and power. This chapter analyzes the films La teta asustada (2009) by Peruvian Claudia Llosa, La nana (2009) by Chilean Sebastian Silva and Que Horas Ela Volta? (2015) by Brazilian Anna Muylaert as visual narrations that explore the relationship between live-in maids and employers. Focusing on the domestic dynamics in which this relationship unfolds, the films explore the conflict between class identity and affect. This chapter analyzes how food as a language of class and a situation of affect inscribes power and authority daily, tracing clear lines of recognition and a rejection of the “other.”
The salience of Black mentors on the teaching praxis of Latino male teachers

Despite the growing population of Latino students, little has been done to recognize the potential cultural assets and resilience that Latino communities and Latino teachers can bring to the educat...
Anomie and The Purge

Robert K. Merton’s (American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682, 1938) work analyzes a societal structure that converges around one dream and identity of economic success. When a discrepancy exists between common cultural goals and the lack of opportunities and resources to attain such goals, anomie or normlessness begins to emerge, creating instability in the social structure. Citizens must adapt, legitimately or illegitimately, to institutionalized goals and means to achieve cultural goals via one of the five typologies proposed by Merton. A lack of opportunities and resources imposed on certain groups by the social structure can lead to feelings of strain, which can, in turn, lead to deviant and criminal behavior. But what if crime were legal for one night a year? In The Purge films, the New Founding Fathers of America have won over the American political system and legalized crime for one 12-hour period a year called the purge. They hail the purge as an economic success because crime and poverty are at an all-time low, but not everyone agrees. The resulting social and economic structure creates competition, distances the upper class from the middle and lower classes, and leaves people adapting to survive by, literally, fighting for their lives.
Academic General Pediatrics Hiring Practices and Completion of Academic General Pediatrics Fellowships.

Abstract Objective Academic General Pediatrics (AGP) is a pediatric subspecialty with substantial faculty contributions in clinical care, research, education, and advocacy. However, AGP fellowship recruitment challenges exist. We aimed to describe AGP hiring practices from 2014 to 2019 and the role of fellowship training in hiring decisions. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of AGP Division Directors (DDs) and Fellowship Program Directors (PDs) from US-based academic institutions. Survey questions were developed iteratively and pilot-tested for content validity. Participants were identified from the Association of American Medical Colleges' directory of pediatric departments, Academic Pediatric Association's AGP Accreditation Committee's list of fellowship programs, and institutional websites. Descriptive analysis was used for close ended survey questions. Narrative responses were reviewed for trends. Results Forty-nine DDs (57%) and 22 PDs (73%) responded. All DDs reported at least one available faculty position and 73% reported filling a position with protected time. PDs reported 89 graduating fellows, 88% of whom secured an academic position with protected time. Seventy-percent of DDs and 100% of PDs reported that AGP fellows could secure an academic position with protected time, while only 22% and 1%, respectively, reported a graduating pediatric resident could secure a similar position. DDs indicated AGP fellowship trained candidates are preferable for enhancing research and education programs. Conclusion AGP remains an active subspecialty and the majority of graduating fellows secured faculty positions with protected time. Further studies are needed to understand ways to improve visibility of AGP fellowships.
Access to foods using Grand Rapids, Michigan, as a case study: Objective versus subjective issues

Low access and low income are two of the primary factors used in determining the food desert desig­nation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Low access is defined as a geographical area where 33% or more people are living beyond one mile from a supermarket in an urban region, and a low-income area is defined as one with a poverty rate of either 20% or more, or median family income falling below 80% of statewide or metropolitan area family income. These criteria have been in place for several years now. This study aims to assess the adequacy of these criteria for food desert designa­tion and further investigate perceptions of barriers to fresh and healthy foods and measure physical ‘access’ for those reliant on the public transporta­tion in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The study includes a preliminary price comparative analysis of selected fresh foods in local grocery stores, spatial mapping using GIS to measure accessibility, and interviews with families at three schools located in food desert census tracts. Results of this study indicate that, first, there are other factors to consider when designating areas as food deserts such as public transit availability and inclusion of alternate food retail stores where fresh and healthy foods may be purchased, and secondly, perceptions of barriers to access fresh and healthy foods for families depend on mobility and cost preferences. Implications include a greater aware­ness of transit availability, alternate venues, acceptance of federal benefits such as SNAP-EBT, and incentivizing existing stores to sell healthier produce in disadvantaged areas.
Role of Professional Education with the Reference of Cost and Management Institute.

I discussed the role of professional education is very vital. Nobody ignore the importance of professional education.
Risk of substance use disorders among adolescents and emerging adults with type 1 diabetes: A population-based cohort study

Adolescents and emerging adults with chronic health conditions such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors. Previous studies regarding substance use in adolescents and emerging adults with T1D are mostly derived from cross-sectional studies utilizing self-administered questionnaires and are limited by lack of population-based comparison groups. In addition, despite the rising popularity of vaping, little is known about the incidence of vaping in adolescents and emerging adults with T1D. We explored the incidence and prospective risk of substance use disorders and vaping in adolescents and emerging adults with T1D compared to age and gender matched non-diabetic referents residing in Olmsted County, Rochester, MN. Risk of incident substance use disorder washigher in those with T1D compared to matched referents with alcohol, marijuana, and smoked tobacco being most common substances. When stratified by gender, these differences remained significant in males, but not females. While further work is needed to delineate the causative relationships between T1D, mental health, and substance abuse; our findings confirm the critical need for substance use screening and mental health support for adolescents and emerging adults with T1D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Study of the Viscosity and Thermal Characteristics of Polyolefins/Solvent Mixtures: Applications for Plastic Pyrolysis

Plastic pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems that the world is currently facing. Pyrolysis is a frontier technique aimed at converting plastic waste back into virgin-quality resin...
Liberalism and the Limits of Justice: A Response to Rawls' Political Liberalism

In this new closing chapter, I reply to the revised version of liberalism that John Rawls presents in Political Liberalism . Before doing so, however, I would like to set Rawls' recent book in context by describing the different strands of argument his remarkable work has inspired. It is a measure of its greatness that Rawls' earlier work A Theory of Justice provoked not one debate but three. The first, by now a starting point for students of moral and political philosophy, is the argument between utilitarians and rights-oriented liberals. Should justice be founded on utility, as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argue, or does respect for individual rights require a basis for justice independent of utilitarian considerations, as Kant and Rawls maintain? Before Rawls wrote, utilitarianism was the dominant view within Anglo-American moral and political philosophy. Since A Theory of Justice , rights-oriented liberalism has come to predominate. The second debate inspired by Rawls' work is an argument within the terms of rights-oriented liberalism. If certain individual rights are so important that even considerations of the general welfare cannot override them, it remains to ask what rights these are. Libertarian liberals such as Robert Nozick and Friedrich Hayek argue that government should respect basic civil and political liberties, and also the right to the fruits of our labor as conferred by the market economy; redistributive policies that tax the rich to help the poor thus violate our rights.