cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A feasibility study of the radio occultation electron density retrieval aided by a global ionospheric data assimilation model

[1] Radio Occultation (RO) has been proven a powerful technique on profiling ionospheric electron density profile. The currently used Abel inversion in RO electron density profile retrieval has degraded performance in regions with large horizontal gradients because of an assumption of spherical symmetry as indicated by many studies. Due to the success of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, the Joint U.S.-Taiwan Executive Steering Committee has decided to move forward with a follow-on RO mission (called COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7), which implies that the number of RO observations will increase rapidly in the near future. It is thus worthwhile continuing retrieval method improvements. In this study, a global ionospheric data assimilation model is constructed. A series of simulation tasks are conducted to study the feasibility of RO electron density profile retrieval aided by a global ionospheric data assimilation model based on the planned COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 orbits and existing GPS, GLONASS and ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations configuration. We find that the data assimilation aided retrieval can significantly improve upon the Abel inversion and offers an optimal electron density profile retrieval approach if sufficient RO and ground GNSS observations are available. The retrieval error is affected by the data quantity, ionospheric variability, and accuracy of the data assimilation background. It is found that ∼700 globally distributed occultations per hour are sufficient to get better performance than the Abel inversion with the resolution of 2.5° in latitude, 5° in longitude, and 20 km in altitude in the data assimilation model.
Electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with adenoviruses.

HeLa cells were infected with adenoviruses (types 1–4) and sectioned for electron microscopy after intervals of 20 to 48 hours. Clusters of virus-like particles were found within the nuclei of infected cultures but not in those of uninfected controls. The particles were often arranged in rows as if in crystalline formation. Maximal diameter of particles was approximately 65 mµ, and internal bodies were demonstrated. Lesions of infected cells included target-like structures of the nuclear membrane, large nuclear vacuoles (type 2), and increased numbers of large irregular electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm 48 hours after infection. Examination of infected cultures by light microscopy, using the Feulgen reaction, showed intranuclear inclusion bodies and a cytopathogenic effect consisting of clumping of cells without pyknosis of nuclei. A lipide stain showed numerous cytoplasmic granules that were not identical with the large, irregular, electron-dense granules of the cytoplasm. Practically all the cells showed the viral cytopathogenic effect, but only a minority of cells were found to contain virus-like particles or intranuclear inclusion bodies.
A shift operator approach to state-affine system theory

Using a transform representation, a state-affine realization theory for a Volterra series input-output map is presented. The approach involves the definition of certain shift operators on linear spaces associated with the transforms of the kernels in the Volterra series. The result is a realization algorithm that is extremely easy to implement. The approach also yields a theory of minimality, span-reachability, and observability for infinite degree state-affine systems.
Diverticular Disease as a Chronic Illness: Evolving Epidemiologic and Clinical Insights

Diverticular disease imposes a significant burden on Western and industrialized societies. The traditional pathogenesis model posits that low dietary fiber predisposes to diverticulosis, and fecalith obstruction prompts acute diverticulitis that is managed with broad-spectrum antibiotics or surgery.
Aromatic pi-systems more curved than C(60). The complete family of all indenocorannulenes synthesized by iterative microwave-assisted intramolecular arylations.

Syntheses and X-ray crystal structures are reported for all seven members of the indenocorannulene family, comprising indenocorannulene, both isomers of diindenocorannulene, both isomers of triindenocorannulene, tetraindenocorannulene, and pentaindenocorannulene. With each additional indenoannulation, the pyramidalization of the trigonal carbon atoms at the hub of the corannulene increases. Five of the seven indenocorannulenes contain carbon atoms at the hub that are actually more pyramidalized than the carbon atoms of C60. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that extended π-systems with curvatures exceeding those of the most curved stable fullerenes and carbon nanotubes can be prepared by ordinary laboratory methods in solution, without recourse to high-temperature gas phase methods, such as flash vacuum pyrolysis. This proof of principle presages the days when scientists will be able to synthesize isomerically pure fullerenes and single-chirality nanotubes by well-understood, controlled chemical...
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomographic imaging of artificial demineralization on exposed surfaces of tooth roots.

Abstract Background and objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to non-destructively measure the depth and severity of artificial demineralization on exposed root surfaces and measure the degree of inhibition by topical fluoride. Although PS-OCT imaging studies have demonstrated the utility of PS-OCT for imaging carious lesions on enamel and dentin surfaces the influence of the cementum layer that is present on intact root surfaces has not been investigated. Materials and methods In this study, extracted human tooth roots were partitioned into three sections with one partition treated with topical fluoride, one partition protected from demineralization with acid resistant varnish, and one partition exposed to a demineralization solution, producing artificial lesions approximately 200-μm deep in root dentin. The lesion depth, remaining cementum thickness and the integrated reflectivity for lesion areas were measured with PS-OCT. These measurements were also compared with more established methods of measuring demineralization, namely transverse microradiography (TMR) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Results PS-OCT was able to measure a significant increase in the reflectivity between lesion areas and sound root surfaces. In contrast to dentin, the cementum layer manifests minimal reflectivity in the PS-OCT images allowing non-destructive measurement of the remaining cementum thickness. The reflectivity of the cementum layer did not increase significantly after substantial demineralization, however it did manifest considerable shrinkage in a fashion similar to dentin and that shrinkage could be measured with OCT. Significance This study demonstrates that PS-OCT can be used to measure demineralization non-destructively on root surfaces and assess inhibition of demineralization by anti-caries agents.
An approach to study impact of public policy, exogenous variables, and vehicle design on greenhouse gas emission

The aim of this paper is to study the impact of public policies and uncontrollable (exogenous) variables as well as optimal vehicle design on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the US transportation sector. The overall model is divided into the government model and an enterprise model. To examine the effect of GHG emissions and exogenous variables, the optimization model includes public policy, exogenous variables, and a market mix focusing on the GHG effects of four different types of vehicles, 1) gasoline-based 2) gasoline-electric hybrid or alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs), 3) battery-electric (BEVs) and 4) fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). The public policies taken into consideration are infrastructure investments for hydrogen fueling stations and subsidies for purchasing AFVs. An exogenous variable taken into consideration are gasoline prices. For each selection of public policy and exogenous variables in the government model, the enterprise model finds the optimum vehicle design that maximizes profit and updates the market mix, from which the government model can estimate GHG emissions for that selection and can choose a public policy accordingly to produce a desired effect. This paper demonstrates the model using FCV design as an illustrative example.© 2012 ASME
Photoemission Valence-Band Densities of States for Si, Ge, and GaAs Using Synchrotron Radiation

We present experimental valence-band optical densities of states for Si, Ge, and GaAs obtained from ultraviolet photoemission energy distribution curves obtained at about 25 eV of photon energy. The width of the upper two valence bands of Si and the positions of several energy-band minima for the second and third valence bands of Ge and GaAs have been accurately determined. Comparing the above-mentioned band edges with theoretical calculations based on optical data, we find good agreement for Si and observe significant differences for Ge and GaAs.
Mitogenic effects of excitatory amino acids in the adult rat retina

We studied the retinas of adult rats after the intravitreal injection of excitatory amino acids and ouabain. Kainic acid, domoic acid, N-methyl D-asparate and ouabain produced swelling and vacuolization of the outer plexiform, inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers and pyknosis. Mitoses were present in retinas treated with all agents other than N-methyl D-asparate. Rompun ketamine anesthesia blocked the mitogenic effects. Immunohistochemical labeling of both glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 protein would indicate that the mitoses are occurring in glial cells. We suggest that the mitogenic effects are mediated through action on glial cationic channels, and might account for the reactive gliosis observed in some retinal lesions.
Understanding video transmission decisions in cloud based computer vision services

This paper presents a study about the effect of the quality of the input video source on the computer vision system robustness and how to make use of the findings to create a framework generating a set of recommendation or rules for researchers and developers in the field to use. The study is of high importance especially for cloud based computer vision platforms where the transmission of raw uncompressed video is not possible, as such it is desired to have a sweet spot where the usage of bandwidth is at optimal level while maintaining high recognition rate. Experimental results showed that creating such rules is possible and beneficial to integrate in an end to end cloud based computer vision service.
In Vitro Bile Acid Binding Capacity of Wheat Bran Extruded at Five Specific Mechanical Energy Levels

ABSTRACT The in vitro binding of bile acids of extruded wheat bran (EWB) at five specific mechanical energy (SME) levels of 120 (EWB-120), 177 (EWB-177), 234 (EWB-234), 291 (EWB-291), and 358 (EWB-358) Wh/kg on a dry weight basis, was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at a duodenal physiological pH 6.3. Experiments were conducted using six treatments and two blank incubations to test unextruded and extruded wheat bran samples on an equal dry matter (DM) basis. Relative to cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol-lowering drug), in vitro bile acid binding ability of unextruded and extruded wheat bran treatments on an equal DM basis was 14–23%. The bile acid binding ability of the total dietary fiber (TDF) was 28–51% and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was 29–53%. Bile acid binding on DM, TDF, and IDF bases for EWB-177 was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher, and EWB-358 was significantly lower than UWB, EWB-120, EWB-234, and EWB-291. Bile acid binding for EWB-120 was significa...
Parameterization of the M(λ) function for a Hamiltonian system of limit circle type

The authors continue their study of Titchmarch-Weyl matrix M(λ) functions for linear Hamiltonian systems. A representation for the M(λ) function is obtained in the case where the system is limit circle, or maximum deficiency index, type. The representation reduces, in a special case, to a parameterization for scalar m-coefficients due to C. T. Fulton. A proof that matrix M(λ) functions are meromorphic in the limit circle case is given.
The body's story: a case report of hypnosis and physiological narration of trauma.

Abstract Adult Posttraumatic Stress Disorder secondary to childhood sexual abuse is clinically complicated by its increasingly noted deficient linguistic recording of the abuse, perhaps partially explaining consequent difficulties with verbalizing in therapy. A single case illustrates that hypnotically utilizing the body-emotion register of encrypted sexual abuse trauma may not only afford more naturalistic retrieval and purgation of the experience, but may also provide the very medium for the healing narrative required for recovery. The patient's original and continuing therapist was also present as support and observer for all but 1 of 25 hypnosis sessions. Treatment gains were robust at 3-year follow up. This case suggests that effective treatment for sexual abuse PTSD may in some instances reside in more nonverbally sensitive interventions not aiming to prove, probe, or process linguistic reconstructions of memory. This is the first published report of such a bodily narrative in hypnosis.
Swimming Microorganisms in Complex Media

Microogranisms such as sperm and E. coli swim in a low-Reynolds number environment. In the zero-Reynolds-number Stokes limit, their kinematics are completely controlled by viscous forces and inertia is unimportant. This swimming environment is quite different from our usual (high Reynolds number) intuition about swimming. For example, due to the kinematic reversibility of Stokes flow, motions that look the same going forward and backward in time, such as the linear motion of an oar-like appendage, do not lead to net translation. Thus microorganisms in Newtonian fluids use swimming motions with a clear time-direction, such as the traveling waves or rotating corkscrew shapes of eukaryotic and bacterial flagella, respectively. While there has been much investigation of microorganism swimming in Newtonian fluids such as water, much less attention has been paid to swimming in complex materials, such as non-Newtonian, viscoelastic fluids and gels. However, in many cases microorganisms do in fact swim through such complex materials in their natural biological environments. For example, mammalian sperm swim through viscoelastic cervical mucus in the female reproductive tract, while H. pylori swim through the gastric mucus lining the inside of the stomach. In this talk I discuss two ways in which swimming through complex media differs from swimming in Newtonian fluids. First, the forces exerted by a viscoelastic medium are different from those exerted by a Newtonian fluid. I address how this affects swimming shapes and speeds of flexible swimmers such as sperm. Second, I discuss swimming through solids such as gels, where compressibility and heterogeneity become important.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effects of orienting task on differential hemispheric EEG activation.

Abstract Sixteen right-handed men heard 12 brief cue questions pertaining to each of four tasks. Each cue question was followed by the announcement of a single trait adjective, which was either positive, neutral or negative. Judgements of self reference and volume discrimination evoked greater relative left hemispheric EEG activation than judgements of evaluation and rhyme. Differential hemispheric EEG activation was not affected, however, by the depth-of-processing. Once the assigned task was completed, affect-laden (positive or negative) adjectives elicited less relative left hemispheric EEG activity than neutral words.
An analysis of factors affecting differential assessment legislation

This paper has attempted to identify the factors affecting agricultural differential assessment legislation. State characteristics that were determined to be important in determining the type of legislation enacted were population density, amount of land in farms, level of property taxes, median income, farm income, age distribution, education, and recreational and other personal travel. Discriminant analysis based on these factors allowed correct classification of eighty percent of all states with one of the three types of differential assessment laws. High levels of farm income and education were found to be associated with preferential assessment laws. High levels of property taxes, median income, percentage of the population over sixty-five, and in-state household trips appeared associated with restrictive agreement laws.
International listings and risk

Abstract This paper examines changes in volatility associated with the listing of US firms' stocks on overseas exchanges. Implied volatilities are calculated for 40 firms that had exchange-listed options at the time of their international listing. The analysis documents significant increases in anticipated volatility following the overseas exchange listing, while an industry-matched control sample shows no meaningful changes in volatility. We interpret the findings as supportive of the noice trading hypothesis. (JEL F30)
Effects of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, fitness, and cadmium accumulation in flax (Linum usitatissimum; Linaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Agricultural soils have become contaminated with a variety of heavy metals, including cadmium. The degree to which soil contaminants affect plants may depend on symbiotic relationships between plant roots and soil microorganisms. We examined (1) whether mycorrhizal fungi counteract the potentially negative effects of cadmium on the growth and fitness of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and (2) whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the accumulation of cadmium within plant parts. METHODS Two flax cultivars (Linott and Omega) were grown in three soil cadmium environments (0, 5, and 15 ppm). Within each cadmium environment, plants were grown in either the presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungi. Upon senescence, we measured growth and fitness and quantified the concentration of cadmium within plants. KEY RESULTS Soil cadmium significantly decreased plant fitness, but did not affect plant growth. Mycorrhizal fungi, which were able to colonize roots of plants growing in all cadmium levels, significantly increased plant growth and fitness. Although mycorrhizal fungi counteracted the negative effects of cadmium on fruit and seed production, they also enhanced the concentration of cadmium within roots, fruits, and seeds. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which soil cadmium affects plant fitness and the accumulation of cadmium within plants depended on the ability of plants to form symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in contaminated agricultural soils may offset the negative effects of metals on the quantity of seeds produced, but exacerbate the accumulation of these metals in our food supply.
Wnt'er in liver: Expression of Wnt and frizzled genes in mouse

The Wnt signaling pathway is essential for a wide array of developmental and physiological processes. Wnts are extracellular ligands that bind to frizzled (Fz) receptors at the membrane, canonically inducing β-catenin nuclear translocation and activation. Although β-catenin has been shown to be critical in liver biology, the expression of the 19 Wnt and 10 Fz genes in liver remains undetermined. We report comprehensive analysis of Wnt and Fz expression in whole liver as well as individual cell types: freshly isolated and plated hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, normal and activated stellate and Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). Oligonucleotides for the 19 Wnt, 10 frizzled receptors genes, and secreted Frizzled-related protein-1 (sFRP or Fzb) were synthesized based on the available sequences. A total of 11 Wnts and 8 Fz genes and Fzb were expressed in normal liver. Although only 6 Wnt and 5 Fz genes were expressed in freshly isolated hepatocytes, 8 Wnt genes, 7 Fz genes, and Fzb were expressed in plated hepatocytes. Although 12 Wnt and 7 Fz genes were expressed in biliary tree, additional Fz9 and Fzb were only expressed in cultured biliary epithelial cells. The same 14 Wnt and 7 Fz genes were expressed in both activated and normal stellate and Kupffer cells; only Fzb was expressed in their activated state. Also, 11 Wnt, seven Fz, and Fzb genes were expressed in SECs. Conclusion: These data indicate that most Wnt and frizzled genes are expressed in the liver and might be playing important roles in liver pathobiology via canonical and noncanonical pathways. HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:195–204.)
Socially induced diet preference ameliorates conditioned food aversion in lambs

We determined whether a socially induced diet preference could ameliorate a conditioned food aversion in lambs. To do so, one group of lambs was conditioned to avoid the shrub Cercocarpus montanus by giving them lithium chloride, a toxin that produces strong food aversions, following shrub ingestion. On Day 1 of conditioning, lambs ingested an average of 29 bites of C. montanus, but by Day 2 the number of bites had decreased to two and lambs took even fewer bites on Days 3–5. Following conditioning, averted lambs spent a substantial amount of time foraging on C. montanus when foraging with non-averted conspecifics in pasture trials (10% vs. 19% of time spent ingesting C. montanus) and in pen trials (25 vs. 35 bites). We also examined the effects of group composition during conditioning (heterogeneous vs. homogeneous) on the use of C. montanus during pasture and pen trials. In the heterogeneous groups, lambs being averted to C. montanus were exposed to the shrub in the presence of lambs not being averted to C. montanus. In the homogeneous groups all lambs were averted to C. montanus. Lambs in the heterogeneous groups took numerically more bites of C. montanus than lambs in the homogeneous groups during conditioning (25 vs. 17 bites day−1), but the trend was not significant (P>0.05). When foraging on pastures, however, lambs in the heterogeneous groups spent more (P 0.05). The capacity of social interactions to ameliorate food aversions suggests that social influences are a major determinant of diet selection in sheep.
Synthesis and characterization of oligodeoxynucleotides containing the major DNA adducts formed by 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene.

An efficient method for the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a site-specific DNA adduct formed by the carcinogens 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene has been developed. Palladium-catalyzed amination provided a straightforward route for the synthesis of aminonitropyrenes which, following separation, were reduced to the nitrosonitropyrenes. The N-hydroxyaminonitropyrene, generated in situ from each nitrosonitropyrene, was used successfully to introduce the dinitropyrene-derived DNA adduct at a defined site in an oligonucleotide.
The relationship of the cochlear microphonic potential to the acquisition of a classically conditioned pupillary dilation response.

The possible role of the peripheral auditory apparatus in the acquisition of a behavioral conditioned response was investigated by simultaneously recording the cochlear microphonic and the pupillary dilation response during Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Chronically prepared, paralyzed cats were used to insure acoustic stimulus constancy at the cochlea. Sensitization and differentiation procedures were employed to control for nonassociative factors. During conditioning, the pupillary dilation response systematically increased, in contrast to the cochlear microphonic response, which failed to exhibit either consistent increases or decreases. During discrimination training, the pupillary dilation response exhibited consistent differential responses to the acoustic CS+ and CS−, whereas the cochlear microphonic failed to do so. The present findings support the view that conditioning of auditory system multiple unit activity is not the result of systematic changes at the cochlea.
Esophageal Resection for Cancer of the Esophagus: Long-Term Function and Quality of Life

Abstract Background . Information on function and quality of life of long-term survivors after esophageal resection for carcinoma is limited. Methods . Between 1972 and 1990, 359 patients underwent esophagectomy for stage I or II esophageal carcinoma at Mayo Clinic. We evaluated long-term function and quality of life in 107 of these patients (81 men and 26 women) who survived 5 or more years. Median age at operation was 62 years (range, 30 to 81 years). The operation performed was an Ivor Lewis resection in 77 patients (72%), transhiatal esophagectomy in 14 (13%), extended esophagectomy in 4 (4%), thoracoabdominal esophagectomy in 4 (4%), and other in 8 (7%). Adenocarcinoma was present in 72 patients (67%), squamous cell carcinoma in 28 (26%), and other in 7 (7%). Thirty-four patients (32%) were in postsurgical stage I, 65 (61%) in stage IIA, and 8 (8%) in stage IIB. Median survival was 10.2 years (range, 5.0 to 23.2 years). Follow-up was complete for all patients. Results . Gastroesophageal reflux was present in 64 patients (60%), symptoms of dumping in 53 (50%), and dysphagia to solid food in 27 (25%). Seventeen patients (16%) were asymptomatic. Factors affecting late functional outcome were analyzed. Patients who had a cervical anastomosis had significantly fewer reflux symptoms ( p p p p p Conclusions . We conclude that long-term functional outcome after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma is affected by age, sex, and type of reconstruction. Quality of life as judged by the patients is similar to the national norm. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1568–72)
Liminal living at an extended stay hotel: Feeling "stuck" in a housing solution.

As a result of unaffordable housing, many of America’s working poor are forced to seek shelter in hotels to avoid homelessness. The concept of liminality has been used in discussions of place to describe the subjective experience of feeling in-between two states of being. Research is scant on the liminal experiences of low-income hotel residents, who are culturally invisible in society. This paper draws from data qualitatively collected via semi-structured interviews from ten low-income residents living in an extended-stay hotel. Descriptions of these residential experiences are presented along with recommendations for social workers practicing with families in this liminal situation.
USE OF BROMATE IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: IX, DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY BY THE GYÖRY METHOD*

The determination of arsenic and of antimony by the oxidation of the hydrochloric acid solutions of their tervalent forms using standard bromate as oxidant by the Gyory method has long been a preferred procedure. This method involves the use of strongly acid, hot solutions and nonreversible internal dye-stuff indicators. Difficulties result from the instability of the indicators under the required conditions. The published improvements as applied to the Gyory method are discussed and evaluated. The new study of the old procedure shows that the use of a hot solution is not required. The experimental proof of this conclusion is given, and the use of the “electron beam sectrometer” and a modified “dead stop” equivalence-point determination has been applied to establish the concordance between the potentiometric and visual indicator applications. The performance of the various applicable internal indicators has been described and those preferred are specified.
Framework for Intersection Decision Support in Adverse Weather Conditions

The impact of inclement weather on driver behavior can be significant and may lead to erroneous driver decisions. Consequently, the research being presented used sensor information to assist opposed left-turning vehicles at signalized intersections under various weather conditions. The research proposed a new framework for a real-time intersection decision support system for left-turning vehicles entitled IDS-W. The proposed system was tested with data from a signalized intersection in Christiansburg, Virginia. The intersection was equipped with four video cameras and an on-site weather station. Nine thousand fifty-eight observations covering various weather conditions were gathered. Each observation consisted of the driver decision (accept or reject), weather condition (dry, rain, or snow), illumination (day or night), gap size, and gap-offered location (lane number). The observed decisions and the corresponding gap variables were aggregated to build the IDS-W database, which was developed by fusing data...
Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle

The purpose of this study was to discern cellular mechanisms that contribute to the suppression of lipid oxidation in the skeletal muscle of obese individuals. Muscle was obtained from obese [body ...
Erosional effects of cattle on streambanks in Tennessee, U.S.A.

The geomorphological effects ofcattle on streambanks in a humid region, which have consequent potential effects on water quality, are examined. Field observations suggest that cattle are important agents in causing streambanks to erode, but so many variables are involved that it is difficult to isolate the role of cattle. Instead, an empirical approach based on long-term controlled experiment was adopted along a small perennial stream in the Central Basin of Tennessee. The results showed that uncontrolled grazing caused about six times as much gross bank erosion as occurred on the protected control stretch. However, most of this difference was due to breakdown of banks by trampling and consequent erosion, rather than by bank scour caused by removal of bank vegetation by grazing. That is, bank vegetation alone did not appear to be a primary control. A relatively inexpensive grade-control structure reduced the gross bank erosion by about 50 per cent. The rapid destruction of streambanks observed in this study suggests that reduction of geomorphic resistance by uncontrolled stock access to streambanks has been an important factor in the stream widening that has taken place during historical time in the eastern United States.
Relative Inactivation by Staphylococcus aureus of Eight Cephalosporin Antibiotics

These studies extend the recent observation that cefazolin is inactivated to a greater extent than cephaloridine by some strains of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, whereas cephalothin undergoes little if any inactivation. In Mueller-Hinton broth (inoculum, 3 x 10(6)) 100 recently isolated strains had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 2 mug/ml and 10% (designated "resistant" strains) were >8 mug/ml for cephaloridine but remained </=2 mug/ml for cephalothin. A large inoculum (3 x 10(7)) of strains with high MICs in TSB almost completely inactivated 50 mug of cefazolin per ml in 6 h, with progressively less inactivation, in the following order, of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephapirin, and cefamandole; cefoxitin and cephalothin underwent little if any inactivation. The greater inactivation in TSB than in Mueller-Hinton broth appeared to be due to a greater production of beta-lactamases by each colony-forming unit, since the inoculum size in the two broths was not significantly different. In contrast, "susceptible" strains (MICs </= 2 mug/ml in both broths) inactivated cephaloridine more than cefazolin, and equal amounts of powdered bacterial extracts confirmed the fact that qualitatively different beta-lactamases were produced by the susceptible and resistant strains. Disk diffusion tests were unreliable in separating the two groups of staphylococci. The clinical significance of inactivation by strains with high MICs is not known but, unless susceptibility can be clearly established, cephalothin appears preferable for severe staphylococcal infections, since it undergoes little if any inactivation by any strains of staphylococci.
Time to Go Our Separate Ways: Opposite Effects of Study Duration on Priming and Recognition Reveal Distinct Neural Substrates

Amnesic patients have difficulties recognizing when stimuli are repeated, even though their responses to stimuli can change as a function of repetition in indirect tests of memory—a pattern known as priming without recognition. Likewise, experimental manipulations can impair recognition in healthy individuals while leaving priming relatively unaffected, and priming and recognition have been associated with distinct neural correlates in these circumstances. Does this evidence necessarily indicate that priming and recognition rely on distinct brain systems? An alternative explanation is that recognition is merely more sensitive to amnestic insults and experimental manipulations than is priming, and that both priming and recognition are produced by a single brain system. If so, then experimental manipulations would tend to drive priming and recognition in the same direction, albeit to a greater extent for one versus the other in some circumstances. We found evidence to the contrary—that manipulating study duration has opposite effects on priming versus recognition. Studying objects for one-quarter second led to worse recognition than studying objects for two seconds, whereas the opposite was true for priming (greater for one-quarter-second study than two-second study). Furthermore, distinct electrophysiological repetition effects were associated with priming versus recognition. We therefore conclude that study duration had opposite effects on priming and recognition, and on the engagement of implicit versus explicit memory systems. These findings call into question single-process accounts of priming and recognition, and substantiate previous behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging dissociations between implicit and explicit memory.
Racial Differences in Information, Expectations, and Accountability

Citizens contribute to the process of democratic accountability by acquiring information about their elected officials' behavior, comparing this information to their expectations regarding substantive representation, and voting in elections based on the result of this comparison. However, citizens possess varying levels of information about, and different expectations of, Representatives' voting behavior. This raises the possibility that some citizens are more likely to hold their Members of Congress (MCs) accountable than others. We find that there are substantial racial disparities in democratic accountability between whites and African Americans and that these disparities stem from African Americans' relative difficulty acquiring information about their MCs' voting behavior, as well as from this group's unique expectations of their MCs. These racial differences in information and expectations are exacerbated by descriptive representation, but not because descriptively represented African Americans are ...
Metabolic Responses to Light in Monkey Photoreceptors

Purpose: Transient changes in intraretinal oxygen tension (PO 2 ) in response to light stimuli were studied in order to understand the dynamics of light-evoked changes in photoreceptor oxidative metabolism. Methods: PO 2 changes during illumination were recorded by double-barreled microelectrodes in the outer part of the perifoveal retina in five macaques (Rhesus and Cynomolgus) and were fitted to a single exponential equation to obtain the time constant (τ) and maximum PO 2 change. Results: At the onset of light, PO 2 increased at all illuminations in all animals. The magnitude of the light-evoked PO 2 change increased with increasing illumination over 3–4 log units but decreased in all animals at the maximum illumination. The median time constant of the PO 2 change (τ ) was 26 sec and was not correlated with illumination. The time constant for the return to darkness was similar for illuminations below rod saturation. Since O 2 diffusion is fast over the short distance from the choroid to the inner segments, τ reflects the time course of the underlying change in oxidative metabolism. Conclusions: Previous results suggested that two competing processes influence the change in photoreceptor oxidative metabolism with light, Na + /K + pumping and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) turnover. Because a single exponential fitted the PO 2 data, it appears that these processes have time constants that differ by no more than a few seconds in primate. In monkeys, τ is longer than previously reported values for cat and rat. Longer time constants are related to larger photoreceptor volume, possibly because metabolic rate is controlled by intracellular Na + , and a change in intracellular Na + after the onset of illumination occurs more slowly in larger photoreceptors. The “metabolic threshold” illumination that reduced oxygen consumption by about 10% is approximately the same as the illumination that closes 10% of the light-dependent cation channels that are open in the dark. keyw ORDS: Non-human primate; Monkey; Retinal metabolism; Photoreceptor; Retina; Oxygen; Macaque
Near-optimum iterative estimation of dispersive multipath channels

Correlation-based channel estimation techniques offer low complexity, but suffer a performance penalty relative to that achievable using the minimum-variance unbiased estimator. This paper describes two iterative estimation algorithms, called sequential and strength-ordered, respectively, that exploit the known properties of the channel sounding sequence to reduce the bias of an initial correlation-based estimate. Performance is compared with both the sliding correlator technique and the Cramer-Rao performance lower bound in the setting of discrete-time FIR channels. The sequential algorithm leads to a pipelined implementation that is amenable to on-line estimation, while the strength-ordered algorithm can be used for off-line improvement of initial estimates obtained using a correlator.
James F. T. Bugental: Portrait of a Humanistic Psychologist

This essay is a biographical sketch of James Bugental, an outspoken member of the existential wing within humanistic psychology. It narrates his upbringing and education and delineates key tenets o...
Diode Characterization of Rockwell LWIR HgCdTe Detector Arrays

Future infrared space missions will undoubtedly employ passively cooled focal planes (T ~ 30K), as well as passively cooled telescopes. Most long-wave detector arrays (e.g. Si:As IBC) require cooling to temperatures of ~ 6-8K. We have been working with Rockwell to produce 10μm cutoff HgCdTe detector arrays that, at temperatures of ~ 30K, exhibit sufficiently low dark current and sufficiently high detective quantum efficiency to be interesting for astronomy. In pursuit of these goals, Rockwell Scientific Company has delivered twelve 256 x 256 arrays (several of them engineering arrays), with cutoff wavelengths at 30K between 7.4 and 11μm for characterization at Rochester. Seven of these arrays utilize advanced structure diodes with differing capacitances arranged in rows (banded arrays), and the materials properties of the HgCdTe also vary significantly from array to array. Of ultimate interest to astronomy is the fraction of pixels with dark current below the target value of ~ 100e-/s with 10-60mV of actual reverse bias across the diodes at T ~ 30K. These arrays were developed for the purpose of selecting diode architecture: we use this fraction as one criterion for selection. We have determined from these experiments the optimal diode architecture for future array development. Measurement of the dark current as a function of reverse bias and temperature allows us to ascertain the extent to which trap-to-band tunneling dominates the dark current at this temperature. We present the results for one representative array, UR008.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Ligand Dampens Liver Inflammation by Stimulating Vα14 Invariant Natural Killer T Cells to Negatively Regulate γδT Cells

Vα14 invariant natural killer T (Vα14iNKT) cells are at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune responses and are thus critical for providing full engagement of host defense. We investigated the role of polyriboinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a replication-competent viral double-stranded RNA mimic and a specific agonist that recognizes the cellular sensor Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), in regulating Vα14iNKT cell activation. We established for the first time that hepatic Vα14iNKT cells up-regulate TLR3 extracellularly after poly I:C treatment. Notably, activation of TLR3-expressing hepatic Vα14iNKT cells by a TLR3 ligand was suppressed by TLR3 deficiency. Our studies also revealed that Vα14iNKT cell activation in response to poly I:C administration uniquely suppressed the accumulation and activation of intrahepatic γδT cells (but not natural killer cells) by inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, we established that activated hepatic Vα14iNKT cells (via cytokines and possibly reactive oxygen species) influenced the frequency and absolute number of intrahepatic γδT cells, as evidenced by increased hepatic γδT cell accumulation in Vα14iNKT cell-deficient mice after poly I:C treatment relative to wild-type mice. Thus, hepatic Vα14iNKT cells and intrahepatic γδT cells are functionally linked on application of TLR3 agonist. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel and previously unrecognized anti-inflammatory role for activated hepatic Vα14iNKT cells in negatively regulating intrahepatic γδT cell accumulation (probably through TLR3 signaling) and thereby preventing potentially harmful activation of intrahepatic γδT cells.
An Excitatory Paraventricular Nucleus to AgRP Neuron Circuit That Drives Hunger

Hunger is a hard-wired motivational state essential for survival. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) at the base of the hypothalamus are crucial to the control of hunger. They are activated by caloric deficiency and, when naturally or artificially stimulated, they potently induce intense hunger and subsequent food intake. Consistent with their obligatory role in regulating appetite, genetic ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of AgRP neurons decreases feeding. Excitatory input to AgRP neurons is important in caloric-deficiency-induced activation, and is notable for its remarkable degree of caloric-state-dependent synaptic plasticity. Despite the important role of excitatory input, its source(s) has been unknown. Here, through the use of Cre-recombinase-enabled, cell-specific neuron mapping techniques in mice, we have discovered strong excitatory drive that, unexpectedly, emanates from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, specifically from subsets of neurons expressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, also known as ADCYAP1). Chemogenetic stimulation of these afferent neurons in sated mice markedly activates AgRP neurons and induces intense feeding. Conversely, acute inhibition in mice with caloric-deficiency-induced hunger decreases feeding. Discovery of these afferent neurons capable of triggering hunger advances understanding of how this intense motivational state is regulated.
Domestication of Science in the Mother Tongue: The Yoruba Human Anatomy in Spiritual and Psycho-Social Health

Domestication of scientific thought in local language opens new vistas that, due to differences in information processing, provide new insights and paradigms for scientifically understanding and mastering our world. As allopathic systems fail to “see” or explain energy systems in acupuncture and chakras, knowledge accumulated in Yoruba spiritual and psycho-social systems, with their translations into physical, emotional, social, spiritual and mental health, is largely missing. Because Yoruba language is ancient, an understanding of the human anatomy using this language may provide new knowledge for a scientific understanding of the complex human experience, and for enhancing health. This project proposes to explore healing systems of Yoruba language usage for human anatomical features, their measures, and how these are utilized in healing art.
Sleep quality and disease severity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objective To evaluate sleep quality in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) using a validated outcome measure and compare measures of CRS disease severity with sleep dysfunction.
Development of a grid-independent GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (v9-02) as an atmospheric chemistry module for Earth system models

Abstract. The GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model (CTM), used by a large atmospheric chemistry research community, has been re-engineered to also serve as an atmospheric chemistry module for Earth system models (ESMs). This was done using an Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) interface that operates independently of the GEOS-Chem scientific code, permitting the exact same GEOS-Chem code to be used as an ESM module or as a stand-alone CTM. In this manner, the continual stream of updates contributed by the CTM user community is automatically passed on to the ESM module, which remains state of science and referenced to the latest version of the standard GEOS-Chem CTM. A major step in this re-engineering was to make GEOS-Chem grid independent, i.e., capable of using any geophysical grid specified at run time. GEOS-Chem data sockets were also created for communication between modules and with external ESM code. The grid-independent, ESMF-compatible GEOS-Chem is now the standard version of the GEOS-Chem CTM. It has been implemented as an atmospheric chemistry module into the NASA GEOS-5 ESM. The coupled GEOS-5–GEOS-Chem system was tested for scalability and performance with a tropospheric oxidant-aerosol simulation (120 coupled species, 66 transported tracers) using 48–240 cores and message-passing interface (MPI) distributed-memory parallelization. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the GEOS-Chem chemistry module scales efficiently for the number of cores tested, with no degradation as the number of cores increases. Although inclusion of atmospheric chemistry in ESMs is computationally expensive, the excellent scalability of the chemistry module means that the relative cost goes down with increasing number of cores in a massively parallel environment.
Point-to-Point Radio Relaying via the Scatter Mode of Tropospheric Propogation

Formulas are given for determining the transmitter power required to provide a specified grade of service in point-to-point radio relaying of the following types of signals: television, frequency modulation high fidelity music, frequency modulation voice, frequency shift telegraph, and a just measurable signal. Allowance is made for the antenna gains, the carrier frequency, the systems bandwidth, distance, the antenna heights above the ground and the effects of the terrain and the atmosphere along the transmission path. The formula for the transmission loss allows separately for the effects of the actual distance, the angular distance and the antenna heights, and this separation of the influence of these variables provides the basis for the development of rules for the efficient siting of the terminals of a tropospheric forward scatter relay circuit.
Acute cyanide poisoning in prehospital care: new challenges, new tools for intervention.

Effective management of cyanide poisoning from chemical terrorism, inhalation of fire smoke, and other causes constitutes a critical challenge for the prehospital care provider. The ability to meet the challenge of managing cyanide poisoning in the prehospital setting may be enhanced by the availability of the cyanide antidote hydroxocobalamin, currently under development for potential introduction in the United States. This paper discusses the causes, recognition, and management of acute cyanide poisoning in the prehospital setting with emphasis on the emerging profile of hydroxocobalamin, an antidote that may have a risk:benefit ratio suitable for empiric, out-of-hospital treatment of the range of causes of cyanide poisoning. If introduced in the U.S., hydroxocobalamin may enhance the role of the U.S. prehospital responder in providing emergency care in a cyanide incident. Language: en