cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pruning techniques in associative classification: Survey and comparison

Association rule discovery and classification are common data mining tasks. Integrating association rule and classification also known as associative classification is a promising approach that derives classifiers highly competitive with regards to accuracy to that of traditional classification approaches such as rule induction and decision trees. However, the size of the classifiers generated by associative classification is often large and therefore pruning becomes an essential task. In this paper, we survey different rule pruning methods used by current associative classification techniques. Further, we compare the effect of three pruning methods (database coverage, pessimistic error estimation, lazy pruning) on the accuracy rate and the number of rules derived from different classification data sets. Results obtained from experimenting on different data sets from UCI data collection indicate that lazy pruning algorithms may produce slightly higher predictive classifiers than those which utilise database coverage and pessimistic error pruning methods. However, the potential use of such classifiers is limited because they are difficult to understand and maintain by the end-user.
A Multicomponent Self-Similar Characterization of Rainfall Fluctuations

Issues of scaling characteristics in spatial rainfall have attracted increasing attention over the last decade. Several models based on simple/multi scaling and multifractal ideas have been put forth and parameter estimation techniques developed for the hypothesized models. Simulations based on these models have realistic resemblence to “generic rainfall fields”. In this research we analyze rainfall data for scaling characteristics without an a priori assumed model. We look at the behavior of rainfall fluctuations obtained at several scales, via orthogonal wavelet transform of the data, to infer the precise nature of scaling exhibited by spatial rainfall. The essential idea behind the analysis is to segregate large scale (long wavelength) features from small scale features and study them independently of each other. The hypothesis is set forward that rainfall might exhibit scaling in small scale fluctuations, if at all, and at large scale this behavior will break down to accomodate the effects of external factors affecting the particular rain producing mechanism. The validity of this hypothesis is examined. In addition we define and estimate parameters that characterize the spatial dependence of the rainfall fluctuations and we use these parameters, estimated for several frames (in time), to relate to and identify the evolutionary nature of rainfall. These parameters and the type of scaling show significant variation from one rainfall field to another.
Beyond access: Disparities in epilepsy quality of care according to insurance status. (P3.202)

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether individuals with epilepsy who have publicly financed insurance experience differences in quality of care compared with those having private insurance. BACKGROUND: Medicaid expansion creates an opportunity to address the inequity in epilepsy care to the poor, but only sparse research has assessed the impact of appropriate access on quality of care. Providing care of high quality to people with epilepsy while decreasing costs is of national concern. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with medical record abstraction. We selected records from 100 adults who had two or more visits for epilepsy at a neurology clinic within a 24 month period. Type of insurance, public or private, served as the binary independent variable. Quality was assessed by adherence to the epilepsy quality indicators of the American Academy of Neurology/American Epilepsy Society performance measurement set (EQM). Adherence to the EQM, scored 0-100, served as the continuous outcome measure. After univariate analysis, a linear regression model estimated the impact of insurance type on EQM scores while controlling for significant socio-demographic characteristics. Covariates included age, gender, language, race, education and number of comorbidities. RESULTS: Individuals with public insurance coverage (N= 41) received care of lower quality (mean EQM=55 SD:30) than did those with private insurance (N=59, mean EQM=72 SD:25), p=0.0037. The groups were comparable with respect to age and gender. Predictors of higher EQM scores in univariate analysis included English language, Caucasian race and higher education level. After controlling for confounders, patients with public insurance experienced care of lower quality (EQM score average reduction of 15[percnt]) than those with private insurance (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Insurance status is a significant and independent predictor of lower quality epilepsy care, even after control for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities. Significant but unexplored barriers to receipt of high quality epilepsy care for individuals with public insurance still exist. Disclosure: Dr. Moura has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mendez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jesus has nothing to disclose. Dr. Andrade has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weissman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoch9s spouse holds stock and/or stock options in Merck, Biogen Idec, and Regeneron.
Receding-horizon adaptive control of aero-optical wavefronts

This paper introduces a new method for adaptive prediction and correction of wavefront errors in adaptive optics. The new method is based on receding-horizon control design and an adaptive lattice filter. Experimental results presented in the paper illustrate the capability of the new adaptive controller to predict and correct aero-optical wavefronts derived from recent flight-test data. The experimental results compare the performance of the new adaptive controller the performance of a minimum-variance adaptive controller previously used in adaptive optics. These results demonstrate the reduced sensitivity of the receding-horizon adaptive controller to high-frequency sensor noise.
Carbon 13 as a Probe of Helix Formation in Semisynthetic Ribonuclease-S'

Abstract An enzymically active analogue of semisynthetic ribonuclease-S' (the noncovalent complex of synthetic-(1–15) (corresponding to residues 1 through 15 of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A) and native ribonuclease-S-(21–124) (containing residues 21 through 124 of ribonuclease-A)) was prepared with specific carbon 13-enriched glycine in place of the normally occurring alanine at position 6. This material was synthesized in a manner such that half of the molecules contain 13C enrichment only at the carbonyl carbon of glycine 6, while the other half contain enrichment only at the α carbon. Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopic analysis of this ribonuclease-S' analogue, as as well as of the isolated [Gly6-13C0,α]synthetic-(1–15) peptide component of the complex, allow the detection of singlet resonances for both the carbonyl and α carbon atoms in the two states. The chemical shifts of both of these resonances exhibit downfield transitions in going from the isolated, and disordered, synthetic fragment to the folded semisynthetic complex. In addition, the Cα resonance broadens significantly during the folding process, while that for C0 broadens only very little. These chemical shift and line width transitions are interpreted as due to the formation of the ribonuclease-S' NH2-terminal α helix, which includes position 6. Taken together with previous experiments, the results indicate that 13C NMR can be used to monitor helix formation at an individual amino acid locus in proteins.
Assessment of clonal relationships in malignant lymphomas.

Abstract DNA sequencing of the antigen receptor genes remains the gold standard for the establishment of clonal relationships between samples. However, a variety of strategies may be employed as surrogates for the determination of the actual sequence of the clonally rearranged antigen receptor genes. The methods described in this chapter provide a framework for the rapid determination of clonal relationships between (microdissected) lymphoid populations. All of the methods described are PCR-based because of its versatility and ability to utilize very small amounts of DNA. For illustration purposes, the descriptions have been confined to B-cell populations. Although not described here, Igκ or Igλ PCR may also be utilized for determination of B-cell clonality and clonal relationships in the same manner. Similarly, the principles utilized may be extended to T -cell populations and T-cell receptor chain genes. Regardless of the methodology or targets involved, it is strongly recommended that all assays on microdissected material be run on parallel replicates of each sample to ensure reproducibility of results. The information about clonal relationships obtained by LCM has more than an academic significance and has utility in routine diagnostics for the establishment of minimal residual disease and the determination of microscopic disease recurrence vs the development of a secondary malignancy.
Threshold pump power dependence on the spectral alignment between the gain peak and the cavity resonance in InGaAsP photonic crystal lasers

The dependence of the threshold pump power on wavelength is investigated for a multiwavelength array of photonic crystal lasers. The temperature dependence of these lasers are also characterized. In this study photonic crystal lasers is investigated, while utilizing the ability to lithographically tune the photonic crystal laser cavity resonant frequency so as to investigate the dependence of the threshold pump power on the alignment between the gain peak and the cavity resonance. The effects of operating temperature on the operating wavelength and the threshold pump power are also investigated.
Fat oxidation, lipolysis, and free fatty acid cycling in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats.

Defects in fat metabolism may contribute to the development of obesity, but what these defects are and where they occur in the feeding/fasting cycle are unknown. In the present study, basal fat met...
Intestinal Calcium Absorption Is Enhanced D-Glucose in Diabetic and Control Rats

The effect of glucose on intestinal absorption of calcium was studied in the jejunum and ileum of control, diabetic (streptozotocin-induced), and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Intestinal absorption was determined in vivo using an in situ one-pass perfusion technique. In the jejunum of control and diabetic rats, net absorption and unidirectional lumen to mucosa flux of calcium and net absorption of water were significantly greater during perfusion of an isotonic NaCl solution, containing 15 mmo11L of glucose, than during perfusion of the same solution containing 15 mmol/L of mannitol instead of glucose. To determine i f net absorption of calcium and water were related, the jejunum was perf used with a hypotonic solution (260 mosmol/kg) in separate groups of rats. Although net absorption of water was equivalent during perfusion of the hypotonic solution to that noted during perfusion of the isotonic glucose-containing solution, rate of absorption of calcium was not enhanced. Thus, it appeared that, i f the enhancement in absorption of calcium by glucose was an effect on the passive absorption of calcium, it was through a mechanism not related to passive absorption of water. As expected, jejunal absorption of calcium was lower in diabetic than in control rats. Because in diabetic rats the metabolism of vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, is defective, the enhancement in absorption of calcium by glucose did not appear to be due to a mechanism influenced by vitamin D metabolism. In the ileum, rate of absorption of calcium was lower than in the corresponding jejunum and was not significantly altered by the presence of glucose in the perfusion solution, by perfusion of a hypotonic solution, or by the diabetic state. The mechanism of action of glucose on calcium absorption in the jejunum needs to be studied further.
Stability of red food colours in the presence of nitrite in canned pork luncheon meat

The stability of nine red food colours in pork luncheon meat products in the absence and presence of nitrite has been investigated. The extracted dyes were examined by visible and u.v. spectrophotometry and paper chromatography for changes due to processing and to the presence of nitrite. All the colours were destroyed to some extent but with nitrite more of the food colour survived. Subsidiary dye components and colourless fluorescent products were formed as a result of heat processing and in certain cases additional products were observed in the presence of nitrite.
The relations between faulting and mafic magmatism in the Altiplano-Puna plateau (central Andes)

Abstract Mafic lava flows and scoria cone on the Altiplano-Puna plateau correlate spatially and temporalily with late Pliocene-Quternary strike-slip faulting. Thrust faulting dominated deformation in the plateau and adjacent foreland during the Miocene-Pliocene. The relations between faulting and mafic magmatism may be explained by a change from vertical to horizontal least principal compression during the Pliocene-Quaternary. A model in which mantle-derived mafic magma ascends through the thick, less dense continental crust of the Altiplano-Puna plateau suggests that nonlithostatic stress in the crust may have controlled the depth and geometry of intrusion. Horizontal nonlithostatic compression favored the formation of horizontal mafic intrusions in the lower crust, which may have thermally weakened the crust, localized crustal thickening, and caused crustal anatexis. Horizontal nonlithostatic tension favored vertical intrusions in the crust and surface eruption.
A simple machine simulator for teaching stack frames

Stack frames are a fundamental concept in computer science often taught in an operating systems or an assembly language programming course. Computer security courses also rely on an understanding of stack frame concepts when teaching buffer overflow attacks. To assist students in learning the fundamentals of stack frames and related concepts, we have developed an interactive Simple Machine Simulator tool that allows students to step through a C-like language program and watch how memory changes. We have used this tool successfully in various courses to teach different aspects of stack frames and their use. This paper will describe the tool, how it is used to teach stack frame concepts, our experience, and future plans.
Mass spectrometry-based relative quantification of human neutrophil peptides 1, 2, and 3 from biological samples.

Abstract Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) are cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides stored in neutrophils. The similar structure of HNPs -1, -2, and -3 renders them impossible to study individually in biological samples. For the first time, we describe a method of individually identifying the HNPs -1–3 from exudative neutrophils using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and we demonstrate the ability to quantify the relative changes in the peptides found in biological samples. The study includes tracheal aspirates (TA) from infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) illness at intubation for respiratory failure (acute illness) and at extubation (convalescence). In vitro, convalescent and acute illness TAs are labeled with d 0 - and d 3 -acrylamides, respectively, and mixed 1:1. TA proteins are separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and then identified by mass spectrometry-based peptide mass fingerprinting. The ratio of signal intensities for the isotopically normal (d 0 -labeled) and heavy (d 3 -labeled) forms of the peptide reveals the relative increase in each peptide with illness.
The DNA methylome: a novel biomarker.

In this issue of Blood , Chambwe and colleagues demonstrate the presence of promoter methylation variability in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs).[1][1] This methylation variability correlates with the expression of specific genes and is associated with distinct survival following standard
Impact of the Band Offset for n-Zn(O,S)/p-Cu(In,Ga)Se $_{2}$ Solar Cells

The conduction-band offset (CBO) of the Zn(O, S)/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunction can play a significant role in the performance of solar cells. The individual electron affinities and bandgaps are controlled by the oxygen-to-sulfur and gallium-to-indium ratios, and the resulting offsets can range from +1.3 eV in the “spike” direction to -0.7 eV in the “cliff” direction if the full range of the two ratios is considered. The optimal CBO of near +0.3 eV can be achieved with various combinations of the two ratios. The traditional CdS emitter is near optimal for the commonly used 1.15-eV Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) but less optimal for higher Ga. The flexibility with Zn(O,S) emitters ranging from above 90% oxygen for CIS down to 50% oxygen for CGS allows an optimal CBO over the full gallium range. Assuming that other factors remain constant, the optimal offset should also be able to reduce the loss in cell efficiency between room temperature and temperatures more typical of field conditions by about 1% absolute.
CharACTERISTICS OF SUPPORTERS AND REJECTORS OF A FLUORIDATION REFERENDUM AND A GUIDE FOR OTHER COMMUNITY PROGRAMS.

Sociological data was gathered in a Massachusetts town to learn what led citizens to vote for or against fluoridation. This study showed that a high socioeconomic status does not necessarily produce an active profluoridation citizenry.
EXECUTIVE APOLOGIES FOR PRICE FIXING: ROLE BIASED PERCEPTIONS OF CAUSALITY1

The article discusses the results of a research which demonstrated how discrepant but systematic executive perceptions blur the clarity of organizational learning. In the study, executives in sever...
Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound for distributed estimation of correlated data with non-linear observation model

In this paper we study the problem of distributed estimation of a random vector in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with non-linear observation model. Sensors transmit their binary modulated quantized observations over orthogonal erroneous wireless channels (subject to fading and noise) to a fusion center, which is tasked with estimating the unknown vector. We derive the Bayesian Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) matrix and study the behavior of its trace (through analysis and simulations), with respect to the observation and communication channel signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The derived CRB serves as a benchmark for performance comparison of different Bayesian estimators, including linear MMSE estimator.
Early fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva-like lesion formation in nude mice following implantation of lymphoblastoid cells from FOP patients

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progessiva (FOP) is a genetic disease of progressive, heterotopic ossification, resulting in profound decreased mobility. To investigate the pathophysiology of this condition, lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) derived from patients with FOP or unaffected family members were implanted subcutaneously into athymic (nude) mice. Cells from unaffected individuals persisted as small masses with little evidence of a fibrotic or angiogenic response. In contrast, cells from patients with FOP gave rise to palpable, solid, fibrotic cellular masses in the animals. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that FOP cells proliferated in the host and induced a fibrotic and angiogeneic response similar to the early-stage FOP lesions in patients, but did not progress to form ettopic cartilage or bone. These results de monstrate that lymphoblastoid cells from patients with FOP induce early preosseous FOP-like lesions in mice, but are not sufficient to induce heterotopic ossification in immunocompromised host animals. Implantation of FOP-derived cells in nude mice provides a useful model system for examining the earliest stages of the disease.
Interplanetary spacecraft design using solar electric propulsion

Emphasis of the electric propulsion technology program is now on the application of solar electric propulsion to scientific missions. Candidate planetary, cometary, and geosynchronous missions are being studied. The object of this paper is to describe a basic spacecraft design proposed as the means to accomplish (1) a comet Encke slow flyby, (2) a comet Encke rendezvous, and (3) an out-of-the-ecliptic mission. The discussion includes design differences foreseen for the various missions and indicates those areas where spacecraft design commonality is possible. Particular emphasis is placed on a solar electric propulsion module design which permits an attractive degree of design inheritance from mission to mission.
Prenatal care in Oregon and Washington: policy and utilization for vulnerable women.

This is a non-final version of an article. The article is copyrighted by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It can be found as published in final form at: http://journals.lww.com/nursingresearchonline/pages/default.aspx
Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent

This volume is the proceedings of the 13th Annual Geomorphology Symposium, an extension of the Binghamton Series, held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., September 1982. A preface by the editor (R. G. LaFleur) provides an introduction to the volume and short commentaries on each of the 15 papers. The primary emphasis is on geochemistry, aquifer simulation, and land-form development of karst terrains (nine papers). A potpourri of other topics, including rates of soil formation, landform development by groundwater outflow, and potential effects of acid rain on glaciated terrain (six papers), completes the volume.
Effects of hydrogen and UHV annealing on the elastic moduli of tantalum

Data from the UHV sample was used as a basis with which to evaluate the differences in the reported effects of hydrogen on C'. However, during reexamination of the data for the C' modulus reported for this same crystal with 1.15 at. % hydrogen added, an error was found. The correct value of the C' modulus for this hydrogen composition produces the same hydrogen dependence of C' in Ta as was reported in the literature. A brief presentation of the corrected data as well as a comparison with the other reports is presented.
Highly basic myelin and oligodendrocyte proteins analyzed by NEPHGE-two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: recognition of novel developmentally regulated proteins.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) provides high resolution separation of proteins and offers a powerful method for their identification and characterization. Since many myelin-specific proteins are highly basic, they cannot readily be analyzed by standard isoelectric focusing (IEF)-2D-PAGE that affords separation primarily in the isoelectric points (pI) range of 4–8. An alternative method, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE)-2D-PAGE, can provide excellent resolution of highly basic proteins. In the present study, we have optimized the NEPHGE-2D-PAGE protocol for the analysis of myelin proteins with basic pIs, and provide a NEPHGE-2D-PAGE map based on size, pI, and immunoreactivity (Western blot) of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), and its smaller spliced variant DM20, myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP). We have also demonstrated, by analyzing metabolically radiolabeled oligodendrocytes in culture at specific stages of the developmental lineage, the developmentally up-regulated expressions of several undefined, oligodendrocyte, basic membrane proteins during oligodendrocyte differentiation. We suggest that this approach offers an important tool for identifying and characterizing the plethora of uncharacterized myelin proteins. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:199–205, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postprandial insulin profiles with implantable pump therapy may explain decreased frequency of severe hypoglycemia, compared with intensive subcutaneous regimens, in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Purpose To examine the mechanism of the decreased frequency of severe hypoglycemia with implantable pump therapy compared with subcutaneous intensive therapy. Patients and methods Eight subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), enrolled in an implantable insulin pump study, were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center and on 2 separate days were given either a dose of preprandial insulin chosen to maintain normoglycemia for a standard (450 kcal, 50% carbohydrate) breakfast or 1.75 times the dose. The two doses were administered subcutaneously (by syringe or with an external pump) during one inpatient admission and by implantable pump (intraperitoneally, n=6; or intravenously, n=2) during a separate admission. Blood glucose, plasma-free insulin, and neurocognitive function were measured for 4 hours after the meal. Results Subcutaneous administration resulted in 7 episodes of hypoglycemia (2 with the usual dose and 5 with the 1.75-fold dose), defined as blood glucose less than 50 mg/dL; implantable pump treatment resulted in only 2 episodes, both with the 1.75-fold dose (P Conclusions The lower frequency of severe hypoglycemia with intensive therapy administered by implantable pump therapy is explained by the more rapid clearance of insulin delivered intraperitoneally or intravenously compared with intensive subcutaneous injection regimens. The lower frequency of severe hypoglycemia with implantable pump therapy compared with subcutaneous therapy demonstrated in clinical trials is confirmed by this study, in which we attempted to induce hypoglycemia.
A guidance law for the aeroassisted plane change maneuver in the presence of atmospheric uncertainties

A stochastic feedback control law for a space vehicle performing an aeroassisted plane change maneuver is developed. The stochastic control law is designed to minimize the energy loss while taking into consideration the uncertainty in the atmospheric density. The solution is based on expansion of the stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation (or dynamic programming) about a zeroth-order known integrable solution. The zeroth-order optimization problem uses a deterministic dynamical system which neglects inertial terms, assuming that aerodynamic forces dominate. In the stochastic problem, a zero-mean process noise term is added to the exponential density model (both additive noise and multiplicatlve noise, with known spectral densities). Then, the stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is expanded using the spectral densities of the noise as the expansion parameters. Each expansion term is determined by a perturbed Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation described by a first-order linear, partial differential equation that can be solved by the method of characteristics. The characteristics are simply the trajectories of the zeroth-order solution. The resulting guidance law is expressed as a series expansion in the noise power spectral densities. A numerical example indicates the potential improvement of this method.
STUDIES ON BACILLUS TYPHOSUS TOXIC SUBSTANCES : III. THE EFFECT OF SERA UPON THE INJURY PRODUCING FACTORS OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY.

It has been demonstrated that many multiples of minimal doses of Bacillus typhosus reacting factors can be neutralized by specific immune sera. The potency of a given serum can be conveniently titrated against increasing amounts of reacting factors. If the immune serum is diluted or if the amount of the reacting factors is too large for a given amount of serum, there is obtained neutralization but only irregularly. Normal and heterologous sera (therapeutic meningococcus and erysipelas horse sera) free of normal agglutinins or possessing normal agglutinins of a low titer (1:16) for Bacillus typhosus are not able to neutralize the reacting factors. There is obtained questionable neutralization with a serum possessing normal Bacillus typhosus agglutinins in dilution 1:64. The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increases in the course of immunization. Immune sera exercise a definite protection against the mortality induced by intravenous injection of Bacillus typhosus culture filtrates.
Capital Accumulation, Profitability, and Crisis: Neoliberalism in the United States

This paper uses the rate of profit to address the issue of structural changes in class relationships and the process of capital accumulation that occurred under neoliberalism. I take a long-term class perspective and show that changing class relationships along with the financialization of the economy beginning in early 1980s progressively set the stage for the crisis of 2007-2009.
Naive and heuristic permutation-coded genetic algorithms for the quadratic knapsack problem

The Quadratic Knapsack Problem extends the 0-1 Knapsack Problem by associating values not only with individual objects but also with pairs of objects. Two genetic algorithms encode candidate solutions to this problem as permutations of objects. One GA applies no heuristic steps while a second seeds its population and performs crossover by considering the values of objects relative to the objects already in the knapsack. Both algorithms perform well, and competitively with two earlier binary-coded GAs. The heuristic measures improve performance significantly.
How Verbalizers and Visualizers Process the Newspaper Environment

This article addresses the question of how people process news photographs and news stories as a function of their scores on 2 scales designed to measure 2 “cognitive styles” called visualizing and verbalizing. Although newspaper practitioners believe news photos enhance the newspaper reading process, research has not demonstrated a clearly positive impact. Education theory about visualizing and verbalizing suggests these 2 individual-specific indicators may explain why news photos sometimes help and sometimes hinder. The results show that high visualizing scores did not enhance recall of stories or photos or even enhance story interest. In contrast, high verbalizers found all stories more interesting and recalled both stories and photos better than low verbalizers. The results are discussed in terms of cognitive style theory and its role in how people process visual and verbal news information.
A Positive Reinforcement Program in a 19th Century Penal Colony

From the late 18th Century until 1868 more than 150,000 convicts were “transported” from England to its colony, Australia. Most of the convicts, male and female, had been city dwellers and eight in ten were thieves. Almost all were laborers and destitute. As Robert Hughes points out in The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding, until the Prison Acts of 1835 and 1839, England did not have a penitentiary system and thus had to send its convicts elsewhere and that meant Australia. A major Australian destination for those transported was Van Diemen’s Land, now known as Tasmania. The person responsible for the planning and implementation of the positive reinforcement program was Captain Alexander Maconochie. He had personal experience of prison life because he spent more than two years as a prisoner of war in Verdun. He was the only major official of the “transportation system” that shipped convicts to Australia who had ever spent time behind bars. In Australia Maconochie served as the private secretary to John Franklin, the lieutenant governor in charge of Van Diemen’s Land, whose writ also ran to Norfolk Island, a small island in the Pacific more than 1500 miles from Van Diemen’s Land. The penal colony that constituted Norfolk Island would be the place where Maconochie’s program would be tested. Maconochie argued that because the penal system was based solely on punishment it “had produced mainly crushed, resentful and embittered men and women,” (Hughes, 1987, p. 499). Under his “Mark System,” in contrast, the emphasis would be on incentives not punishment. Sentences would be indefinite and the convicts would have to earn a certain number of “marks,” or credits for good behavior and hard work, before they would be freed. “Six thousand marks would be the equivalent of a seven-year sentence; seven thousand would correspond to ten years…” (Hughes, 1987, p. 500). Marks could be exchanged for reduced sentences or for goods, such as extra food, tobacco, and clothing. Maconochie was put in charge of Norfolk Island but he did not think it was suitable for his experiments, primarily because there were already 1200 twice
An investigation of traumatic life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), like most other psychiatric disorders, is suspected of being influenced by an interaction between life events and genes, both with regard to onset and course of illness. To date, no specific genes have been identified as playing a frequent role, and only a relatively few empirical studies have assessed the association between stressful life events (SLEs) and OCD. The present study builds on past research by examining the potential contributions from traumatic life events (TLEs) on the severity and symptom features in 265 individuals with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-diagnosed OCD. Of these participants 54% endorsed having experienced at least one TLE in their life time. The presence of one or more TLEs was associated with increased OCD symptom severity. This relationship remained significant despite controlling for key variables including age, OCD age-of-onset, comorbidity, and depressive symptoms. In addition, obsessions/checking and symmetry/ordering were two of four symptom factors that were specifically associated with the occurrence of TLEs. These results are generally supportive of a pathoplastic relationship between TLEs and OCD symptomatology and thus suggest the need for greater systematic consideration of life stresses in research focused on the nature and treatment of OCD.
Access to Consumer Health Information

A number of articles, reports, and books have been written on the subject of providing health related information to consumers. 1 - 5 Consumers who are members of the general public and who, until recently, have had little means of access to such information in a timely and authoritative fashion.
Farmer Attitudes toward Proactive Targeting of Agricultural Conservation Programs

Calls for improved targeting of conservation resources are increasingly common. However, arguments for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of agricultural conservation programs through proactive targeting are often tempered by questions regarding political feasibility. Such questions rest on an assumption that there will be resistance to these approaches, whether from farmers, farm groups, or elected officials, yet there is little research-based evidence supporting that assumption. Analysis of data on Iowa farmers’ attitudes toward targeted conservation indicates that most farmers support targeted approaches. Specific factors associated with endorsement of targeted approaches include awareness of agriculture's environmental impacts, belief that farmers should address water quality problems, having experienced significant soil erosion, belief that extreme weather will become more common, participation in the Conservation Reserve Program, and belief that farmers who have natural resource issues are l...
Binary, Orthogonal Waveform Performance in Combined Time and Frequency Uncertainties

A general analytical tool is developed here to evaluate the combined effects of time and frequency uncertainties on the bit error rate performance of binary, orthogonal waveforms. Results are presented to allow a comparative evaluation of these uncertainties on the above waveforms.
A Note on Correlated Uncertainty and Hybrid Environmental Policies

This note examines the effects of correlated uncertainty between abatement costs and pollution damage on hybrid emissions control policies. In particular, I show how correlated uncertainty affects the structure and performance of control policies that combine permit trading with price controls. Moreover, I show how correlated uncertainty affects the choice between a simple emissions tax versus a hybrid policy. Under correlated uncertainty, constant marginal damage is no longer necessary or sufficient for a tax to be an optimal policy.
Behavioral effects of xylamine-induced depletions of brain norepinephrine: interaction with LSD

Abstract Male rats were treated with a combination of systemic fluoxetine and intraventricular xylamine (under ether anesthesia) to deplete brain norepinephrine (NE) in the projection areas of the locus coeruleus. Four days later, control and lesioned rats were tested following injections of either saline or 80 μg/kg LSD in a Behavioral Pattern Monitor which recorded the sequential patterns of their locomotor and investigatory (holepokes) responses. Liquid chromatographic measures of brain monoamines confirmed that xylamine reduced hippocampal NE by 80.8% and hypothalamic NE by 26% without affecting levels of serotonin or dopamine. Relative to controls, NE-depleted rats exhibited repetitive spatial patterns of locomotion with no alteration in the amount or rate of habituation of locomotor activity. Lesioned animals made fewer rearings and holepokes, particularly early in the hour test session. When given 80 μg/kg LSD, sham-lesioned rats exhibited the expected decreases in entries into and time spent in the center of the chamber, an increase in time spent in the corners, and fewer holepokes and rearing early in the session. With the exception of the effect on rearings and holepokes, the effects of LSD were diminished in rats depleted of brain NE. These results indicate that this profile of behavioral effects of LSD, which has been interpreted as a potentiation of neophobia, may be dependent upon the noradrenergic projections of the locus coeruleus.
A Network Processor-Based, Content-Aware Switch

With the explosive growth in Internet traffic, requests have been overloading Web servers. Many ISPs and search engines employ a server cluster to build a cost-effective, scalable, and reliable server system. To make such a distributed-server system transparent to clients, architects usually place a switching device with one virtual Internet protocol (VIP) address in front of the server cluster as a common interface. We designed and implemented a content-aware switch based on an ENP2611 board that contains an Intel IXP2400 network processor (NP). A content-aware switch can optimize cluster-based server architectures by examining requests and distributing them to servers on the basis of application-level information. A network-processor-based switch can reduce HTTP processing latency and improve packet throughput
Metabolic pathway structures for recombinant protein synthesis in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is a valuable commercial host for the production of heterologous proteins. We used elementary mode analysis to identify all possible genetically independent pathways for the production of three specific recombinant proteins, green fluorescent protein, savinase and an artificial protein consisting of repeating units of a five-amino-acid cassette. Analysis of these pathways led to the identification of the most efficient pathways for the production of each of these proteins. The results indicate that the amino acid composition of expressed proteins has a profound effect on the number and identity of possible pathways for the production of these proteins. We show that several groups of elementary modes produce the same ratio of biomass and recombinant protein. The pattern of occurrence of these modes is dependent on the amino acid composition of the specific foreign protein produced. These pathways are formed as systemic combinations of other pathways that produce biomass or foreign protein alone after the elimination of fluxes in specific internal reversible reactions or the reversible carbon dioxide exchange reaction. Since these modes represent pathway options that enable the cell to produce biomass and protein without utilizing these reactions, removal of these reactions would constrain the cells to utilize these modes for producing biomass and foreign protein at constant ratios.
Roughness and the mean free path of surface polaritons in tunnel-junction structures

We calculate the mean free path of surface polaritons in tunnel junctions, in the presence of roughness on the surface of the outermost film. When these results are combined with our earlier theory of light emission from roughened junctions subject to a dc bias voltage, we discuss the saturation of the intensity of emitted light with increased roughness amplitude. Also, the probability that the surface polariton emits a photon into the vacuum during its lifetime is estimated and found to be very small for waves in the near infrared and visible frequency range.
Taxonomy of Data Prefetching for Multicore Processors

Data prefetching is an effective data access latency hiding technique to mask the CPU stall caused by cache misses and to bridge the performance gap between processor and memory. With hardware and/or software support, data prefetching brings data closer to a processor before it is actually needed. Many prefetching techniques have been developed for single-core processors. Recent developments in processor technology have brought multicore processors into mainstream. While some of the single-core prefetching techniques are directly applicable to multicore processors, numerous novel strategies have been proposed in the past few years to take advantage of multiple cores. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art prefetching techniques, and proposes a taxonomy that classifies various design concerns in developing a prefetching strategy, especially for multicore processors. We compare various existing methods through analysis as well.
Maximum entropy image restoration. I. The entropy expression

The two entropy expressions, log B and −B logB (where B is the local brightness of the object or its spatial spectral power) used in maximum entropy (ME) image restoration, are derived as limiting cases of a general entropy formula. The brightness B is represented by the n photons emitted from a small unit area of the object and imaged in the receiver. These n photons can be distributed over z degrees of freedom in q(n,z) different ways calculated by the Bose-Einstein statistics. The entropy to be maximized is interpreted, as in the original definition of entropy by Boltzmann and Planck, as logq(n,z). This entropy expression reduces to log B and −B logB in the limits of n⪢z>1 and n⪡z, respectively. When n is interpreted as an average n¯ over an ensemble, the above two criteria remain the same (with n replaced by n¯), and in addition for the z = 1 case the logB expression, used in ME spectral power estimation, is derived for n¯⪢z=1.
A laboratory and field evaluation of the CO2 huff n puff process for light-oil recovery

This paper is a laboratory and field investigation of the CO/sub 2/ huff 'n puff process for the enhanced recovery of light crude oil. The results of continuous and cyclic CO/sub 2/ displacements using a 31.2 /sup 0/API (870 kg/m/sup 3/) stock tank oil in watered-out Berea cores are presented. Fourteen single-well cyclic CO/sub 2/ field tests in south Louisianan sands are examined. Laboratory results demonstrate that the CO/sub 2/ huff 'n puff process recovers waterflood residual oil. Incremental oil recovery increased with the amount of CO/sub 2/ injected, and was not benefited by operating at the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Maximum ultimate incremental oil recovery required a soak period and additional water influx. Incremental oil recovery continued with a second cycle of CO/sub 2/, but a third cycle showed significant decline. Recovery factors averaging less than 2 Mscf (57 m/sup 3/) of CO/sub 2/ per barrel of incremental oil were achieved in nine out of fourteen field tests. Field results suggest that in the absence of mechanical problems, initial response improved with larger space occupied by CO/sub 2/, thicker perforation interval, and lower CO/sub 2/ reservoir viscosities; while lifetime response improved with lower prior water cut. Field results confirmmore » that the CO/sub 2/ huff 'n puff process recovers waterflood residual oil, and that a second cycle can be successful.« less
Transmural triglycerides in acute myocardial ischaemia

The effect of coronary artery occlusion on endogenous triglycerides of left ventricular subepicardium and subendocardium was studied in the open-chest anaesthetised dog. Under control conditions, the subepicardium was found to have a greater concentration of triglycerides than the subendocardium. Thirty minutes after acute coronary artery occlusion there was a decrease followed by a steady increase at 60, 120, and 240 min in subepicardial triglycerides of the ischaemic region. No change in triglycerides in the subendocardium of normal or ischaemic regions was observed. The initial decrease of subepicardial triglycerides in the ischaemic region was blocked by administration of propranolol or bevantolol (CI-775; a specific β1 antagonist) given 30 min before occlusion. It is concluded that the effect of coronary artery ligation on transmural endogenous triglycerides is biphasic with an initial period of increased mobilisation followed by a period of increased deposition.
In the light of evolution III: Two centuries of Darwin

Charles Darwin's enthusiasm and expertise in natural history contributed hugely to his elucidation of evolution by natural selection, which stands as one of the grandest intellectual achievements in the history of science. Darwin was a lifelong observer of nature, stating in correspondence that some of his happiest times in youth were spent fishing on rainy days and “entomologizing” when England's weather was nice. At the age of 22, he boarded the HSM Beagle for a 5-year stint as Captain Fitzroy's traveling companion and the ship's naturalist, an appointment that introduced him to bio diversity on a global geographic scale. Darwin's breadth and depth of natural-history experience would later be on full display in his most defining scientific works (3⇓–5) in his detailed treatises on orchids, insectivorous plants, coral reefs, barnacles, and earthworms (6⇓⇓⇓–10). The year 2009 marks the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of his most influential publication (3). Darwin transformed the biological sciences in much the same way that Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton, centuries earlier, transformed the physical sciences—by demonstrating that the universe operates according to natural laws that fall within the purview of rational scientific inquiry. In 1543, Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium celestium (“On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres”) that challenged conventional wisdom that the Earth was the center of Creation, and instead promoted the idea that natural laws govern the motion of physical objects in the universe. In 1859, in On the Origin of Species , Darwin developed the equally revolutionary concept that a natural but nonrandom process—natural selection—yields biological adaptations that otherwise can give the superficial impression of direct intelligent craftsmanship. Darwin's impacts have been felt far beyond science. Before Darwin, most scientists and theologians accepted what … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: javise{at}uci.edu or fjayala{at}uci.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1