cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety II Behavior in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Safety I error elimination concepts are focused on retrospectively investigating what went wrong and redesigning system processes and individual behaviors to prevent similar future occurrences. The Safety II approach recognizes complex systems and unpredictable circumstances, mandating flexibility and resilience within systems and among individuals to avoid errors. We hypothesized that in our high-complexity and high-risk PICU, Safety II concepts contribute to its remarkably low adverse drug event rate. Our goal was to identify how this microsystem enacts Safety II. METHODS: We conducted multidisciplinary focus group sessions with PICU members using nonleading, open-ended questions to elicit free-form conversation regarding how safety occurs in their unit. Qualitatively analyzing transcripts identified system characteristics and behaviors potentially contributing to low adverse drug event rates in PICU. Researchers skilled in qualitative methodologies coded transcripts to identify key domains and common themes. RESULTS: Four domains were identified: (1) individual characteristics, (2) relationships and interactions, (3) structural and environmental characteristics, and (4) innovation approaches. The themes identified in the first 3 domains are typically associated with Safety I and adapted for Safety II. Themes in the last domain (innovation approaches) were specific to Safety II, which were layered on Safety I to improve results under unusual situations. CONCLUSIONS: Safety II behavior in this unit was based on strong Safety I behaviors adapted to the Safety II environment plus innovation behaviors specific to Safety II situations. We believe these behaviors can be taught and learned. We intend to spread these concepts throughout the organization.
Dynamic Space: Proxemic Research and the Design of Supportive Environments

Frank Lloyd Wright once reportedly described design as “art with a purpose.” This description highlights a current view of design. Although the basis of design is aesthetics, design, unlike art, is also characterized by a responsibility to its users. Concern about this responsibility, and with the general topic of human-environment interactions, has prompted a wide variety of design professionals and behavioral scientists to participate in the multidisciplinary research area of environmental behavior. Within the span of a decade, this area has begun to acquire academic respectability as it formed professional organizations, founded journals, and produced many books and articles.
Some Ethical Problems with Retail Consumption Taxes

The retail consumption tax has several advantages over the income tax. From a utilitarian standpoint, it is more efficient and causes less distortion to the economy, at least in cases where the tax is low. However, there are some ethical problems with retail consumption taxes. The author discusses these ethical problems.
Survey of osteoporosis preventive care in community family medicine settings.

Objective: This study’s objective was to document and describe osteoporosis preventive care for women age 45 years and older in community family medicine practices. Methods: We conducted a crosssectional mailed survey of 400 women age 45 years and older enrolled in a community-based family medicine research network. Participants responded to 42 items regarding osteoporosis screening and prevention during primary care visits. Results: A total of 275 women returned the survey (response rate 71.4%). Of the respondents, 162 (58.9% of the sample) were ages 45 to 64, and 113 (41.1%) were age 65 and older. Rates of counseling on calcium intake, exercise, falls, and bone density testing were similar in the two age groups. Half of women age 65 and older and 43.8% of women under 65 had received bone density testing. Ninety-two percent of the respondents rated a discussion of osteoporosis and fracture prevention with their primary care provider as “very,” “moderately,” or “somewhat” important, but only 44% actually had such a discussion. Conclusions: Most women age 45 and older considered osteoporosis preventive care to be important. However, fewer than half discussed this topic with their primary care provider, and only half of women age 65 and older had undergone bone density screening.
Help for Hurried Students: Walk-In, Exam Center and Focus Groups

(1975). Help for Hurried Students: Walk-In, Exam Center and Focus Groups. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 8, Proceedings of the Eight Annual Conference of the WCRA. College Learning Skills Today and Tomorrowland, pp. 155-157.
Mercury Batteries for Pacemakers and Other Implantable Devices

The first pacemakers powered by primary cells, circa 1958, utilized the zincalkaline electrolyte-mercuric oxide cell previously developed(1) for military and other special high-reliability requirements. These were commonly called RM cells for Ruben-Mallory, after the inventor Samuel Ruben and the principal manufacturer P. R. Mallory and Co., Inc. (now Duracell). Because of military needs during the early 1940s, these cells were also manufactured by Ray-O-Vac and Sprague and were labeled RMR and RMS. Although these cells were sealed, the seal was a plastic grommet that permitted hydrogen to vent from the cell. These cells had been designed to achieve high energy density per unit volume, a long storage (stand) life at elevated temperatures, and a constant flat discharge voltage. Figure 1 is a photograph of the three mercury zinc pacemaker cells that were manufactured by Mallory, LeClanche, and General Electric. The stability of this electrochemical battery system is illustrated by the data (Fig. 2), which plots open-circuit voltage versus time for batteries that were stored at 21°C, over a five-year time interval.(2) These design factors matched the electrical requirements of the early pacemakers, except for voltage, and five or six cells were used in series to achieve circuit voltages between 6 and 8 V.
Laying the Foundation for a ‘Trauma University’

Teaching had always been one of the four main pillars of the AO organization. Initially, the AO founders thought that they would start by offering a few courses, and then go forward with other aspects of the organization’s development. The first Davos course in 1960 was not conceived of as an annual, repeating, event. Instead, the idea was centered on a cadre of trained surgeons who would be able to continue training their young residents in their own hospitals. On that score, the AO founders must have been overwhelmed by the continuous demand for instructional courses in line with the model first developed for Davos. What was at the origin of this constant pressure to keep running courses and to dramatically expand their availability around the world?
Residual Strain Analysis in Linear Friction Welds of Similar and Dissimilar Titanium Alloys Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction

Residual strains in linear friction welds (LFW) of similar, Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) welded to Ti-6Al-4V, and dissimilar, Ti-6Al-4V welded to Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti5553), titanium alloys have been characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. For each type of LFW, one sample was chosen in the as-welded (AW) condition and another sample was selected after a post-weld heat treatment (HT). In the present work, residual strains have been separately studied in the alpha and beta phases of the material, and five components (three axial and two shear) have been reported in each case. In-plane axial components of the residual strains show a smooth and symmetric behavior about the weld center for the Ti64-Ti64 LFW samples in the AW condition, whereas these components in the Ti64-Ti5553 LFW sample show a symmetric trend with jump discontinuities. Such jump discontinuities, observed in both the AW and HT conditions of the Ti64-Ti5553 samples, suggest different strain-free lattice parameters in the weld region and the parent material, whereas the results from the Ti64-Ti64 LFW samples in both AW and HT conditions suggest nearly uniform strain-free lattice parameters throughout the weld region. Finally, the observed trends in the in-plane axial residual strain components have been rationalized by the corresponding microstructural changes and variations across the weld region via backscatter electron (BSE) images.
(135) Short-Term Disability and Pain Outcomes following Spinal Cord Stimulator Implant in Patients with Comorbid Psychiatric Illness at 3- and 6-Month Follow-Up

Spinal cord stimulators (SCSs) have been shown to reduce pain and improve function in patients with chronic pain. Chronic pain is highly co-morbid with mental health conditions (MHCs). However, there is minimal research examining this comorbidity and SCS outcomes within the military health care system (MHS). This quality improvement project looks at short-term outcomes post SCS implant in patients with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. The Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) SCS Cohort includes active duty service members, veterans, and dependents who underwent implantation. Most received a psychological rating (PR) assessing readiness to proceed (higher ratings suggests a need to engage in behavioral-health treatment concurrently with/or prior to implantation); the patients filled out questionnaires that assessed past psychiatric diagnoses, pain disability, and pain numerical rating scale (NRS) at 3- (N= 128) and 6-months (N=92); and patients’ self-report of satisfaction with SCSs at 3- and 6-months. The majority of patients were male, active duty, and had noncombat-related injuries. The mean age was 45 years. Linear regressions suggest that patients with MHC have worse pain disability outcomes at 3-months. A linear regression suggests that higher PRs predict higher pain NRS ratings and worse pain disability outcomes at 3-months. Linear regression suggests that lower PRs predict higher patients’ self-reported satisfaction with SCSs at 6-months. This project suggests that it is important for providers working in the MHS to assess patients’ co-morbid MHCs prior to implementation since these factors appear to impact pain disability ratings, NRS, and patients’ self-reported satisfaction with implantation.
Patterns of Care and Outcomes of Adjuvant Chemoradiation for Node-Positive Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

The literature has been conflicting on the superiority of adjuvant chemoradiation over chemotherapy for node-positive adenocarcinoma of the pancreas following definitive surgery. We aimed to evaluate the patterns of care and outcomes of these two treatment options using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Patients diagnosed with non-metastatic, node-positive adenocarcinoma of the pancreas from 2006 to 2014 who received oncologic resection with negative margins were identified in the NCDB. Patient- and clinical-related factors were compared between those who received adjuvant chemotherapy alone (aC) versus adjuvant chemoradiation (aCRT). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess for predictors of adjuvant chemoradiation use. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess overall survival (OS) and Cox regression analysis was used to assess impact of covariables on OS. There were 3609 patients who met the study criteria, of which 2988 (82.8%) received chemotherapy alone and 621 (17.2%) who received chemoradiation. Median follow up for living patients was 33.8 months (IQR 22–51). On multivariable logistic regression, those who received treatment in more recent years of diagnoses (OR 0.21–0.37, p < 0.001) were less likely to receive aCRT over aC. Two-year OS for those who received chemo alone was 44.9% and for chemoradiation was 42.6% (p = 0.169). This finding was sustained on multivariable survival analysis (HR 0.99, p = 0.867). Adjuvant chemotherapy alone for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the predominant treatment of choice among US hospitals. There was no overall survival benefit noted in those who were treated with adjuvant chemoradiation.
Coperfectly Hopfian groups and shape Fibrator's properties

Abstract This paper provides further investigation of the concept of shape m simpl -fibrators (previously introduced by the author). The main results identify shape m simpl -fibrators among direct products of Hopfian manifolds. First it is established that every closed orientable manifold homotopically determined by π 1 with coperfectly Hopfian group (a new class of Hopfian groups that are introduced here) is a shape m simpl o-fibrator if it is a codimension-2 fibrator ( Theorem 5.4 ). The main result ( Theorem 6.2 ) states that the direct product of two closed orientable manifolds (of different dimension) homotopically determined by π 1 and with coperfectly Hopfian fundamental groups (one normally incommensurable with the other one) is a shape m simpl o-fibrator, if it is a Hopfian manifold and a codimension-2 fibrator.
BISPHOSPHONATES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CALCITRIOL-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA.

ABSTRACT Objective: Calcitriol excess is a less common cause of hypercalcemia than hyperparathyroidism. Hypercalcemia due to calcitriol excess is usually managed acutely with intravenous (IV) fluid...
Prognostic Value of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose Dobutamine stress echo (DSE) carries a class IIa recommendation for screening of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Positive DSEs have a modest ability to predict development of CAV, but normal DSE has a low negative predictive value for CAV. Ability of a positive DSE to predict outcomes is controversial. Outcomes following a normal DSE have not been assessed in large, modern cohorts. We sought to analyze the prognostic value of DSE in heart transplant recipients. Methods All adult heart transplants performed at our institution from 2000 to 2010 were reviewed. Multi organ, recipients who expired within the first year, and those who did not have a DSE were excluded. Patients were grouped according to their DSE result and CAV grade and survival were analyzed. We also analyzed outcomes in patients with a normal DSE and predictors for CAV in this cohort. Unpaired t-test used for analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves generated. P value Results 179 (mean age 56.6 yrs, 77.6% male) heart transplant recipients were included. 26 (14.5%) patients had a positive DSE. 143 (79.9%) patients subsequently underwent coronary angiography [median duration 9 (1.1 - 17.2) yrs after transplant]. Positive DSE was associated with development of angiographically significant CAV (40% vs 12.2%, P=0.0015) and higher grade CAV (mean grade 1.2±1.2 vs 0.6±0.8, P=0.0077). Those with a positive DSE had a worse 10 yr survival (45.8% vs 68.7%, P=0.0092). Of those with a normal DSE, 15 (12.2%) developed significant CAV. In the normal DSE cohort, there were no differences in demographics, CMV mismatch status, HLA DR mismatch level or donor age between those who developed significant CAV and those who did not. Following a normal DSE, there was no difference in 10 yr survival (80% vs 77.7%, P=0.88) between those who developed and did not develop CAV. Conclusion Positive DSE is associated with development of significant CAV and worse survival. Normal DSE is associated with better survival, regardless of development of CAV.
Single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy: feasibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The introduction of robotic surgery offers patients and surgeons new options for adrenalectomy. Whereas multiport adrenalectomies have been safely performed using the robot, we describe our experience with the novel technique of single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy. METHODS We performed a matched-cohort study comparing 16 single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomies with 16 patients from a pool of 148 laparoscopic adrenalectomies, matched for age, gender, operative side, pathology, and body mass index. All were operated on by 1 surgeon. RESULTS The pathology included aldosteronoma in 44% of patients, adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome (bilateral adrenalectomy) in 19%, pheochromocytoma in 13%, and other pathology in 24%. The operative time was 183 ± 33 minutes for single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy and 173 ± 40 minutes for laparoscopic adrenalectomy (P = .58). The total time in the operating room was 246 ± 33 minutes for single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy and 240 ± 39 minutes for laparoscopic adrenalectomy (P = .57). There was 1 conversion to open adrenalectomy (6%) in each group, both because of bleeding on the right side during bilateral adrenalectomy. Two right-sided single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy patients required conversion to laparoscopic adrenalectomy, one because of poor visualization. There were no deaths. Complications occurred in 2 patients in each group (intensive care unit admission, prolonged ileus). Both groups had similar pain scores (mean of 3.7 on a scale from 1 to 10) on postoperative day 1, and patients in the single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy group used less narcotic pain medication in the first 24 hours after surgery (43 mg vs 84 mg in laparoscopic adrenalectomy group, P < .001). The differences between the single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy group and laparoscopic adrenalectomy group in length of stay (2.3 ± 0.5 days vs 3.1 ± 0.9 days, P = .23), percentage of patients discharged on postoperative day 1 (56% vs 31%, P = .10), and hospital cost (16% lower in single-port robotic-assisted adrenalectomy group, P = .17) did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Single-port robotic adrenalectomy is feasible; patients require less narcotic pain medication whereas costs appear equivalent compared with laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Promoting Resilience in Medicine: The Effects of a Mind-Body Medicine Elective to Improve Medical Student Well-being.

BackgroundPoor mental health is common among medical students. In response, some medical schools have implemented wellness interventions. The University of Florida College of Medicine recently intr...
Blood pressure-associated emotional dampening and risky behavior: Elevated resting blood pressure predicts risky simulated driving in women.

Abstract Elevated resting blood pressure (BP) is associated with dampened responses to emotionally meaningful stimuli. This BP-associated emotional dampening may also influence threat appraisal and, hence, motivation to avoid risk. The present study was designed to determine if resting BP is associated with risky driving behavior assessed in a high fidelity driving simulator. Fifty-one healthy women (n = 20) and men (n = 31) rested for BP determinations both before and after a simulated driving scenario in a DriveSafety automotive simulator with six visual channels, single-axis motion, and functioning controls and instrumentation. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BPs were obtained systematically with a calibrated GE Dinamap Pro V100. Risky driving was assessed by speed relative to the posted speed limit, and a speed-adjusted time to collision index of tailgating. Regression analyses indicated that sex interacted with resting BP, with significant associations between BP and risk in women, but not men. For example, risky driving in women was associated with higher resting DBP (p = .006), with similar but less reliable effects for resting SBP (p = .058). These results provide some partial, preliminary support for the notion that BP-associated emotional dampening may reduce threat appraisal and thereby decrease motivation for risk avoidance, but these effects are confined to women in this simulated driving scenario. Interacting central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms controlling BP and emotional responsivity may mediate the relationship between BP and risk-taking behavior. Relative expression of this relationship in women and men may depend on multiple psychosocial and physiological mechanisms. The association of higher BP with increased risk-taking behaviors may have relevance to the early pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Negotiated Autonomy: The Role of Social Media Algorithms in Editorial Decision Making

Social media platforms have increasingly become an important way for news organizations to distribute content to their audiences. As news organizations relinquish control over distribution, they may feel the need to optimize their content to align with platform logics to ensure economic sustainability. However, the opaque and often proprietary nature of platform algorithms makes it hard for news organizations to truly know what kinds of content are preferred and will perform well. Invoking the concept of algorithmic ‘folk theories,’ this article presents a study of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 18 U.S.-based news journalists and editors to understand how they make sense of social media algorithms, and to what extent this influences editorial decision making. Our findings suggest that while journalists’ understandings of platform algorithms create new considerations for gatekeeping practices, the extent to which it influences those practices is often negotiated against traditional journalistic conceptions of newsworthiness and journalistic autonomy.
Prognostic Value of Change in Cardiac Index After Prostacyclin Initiation in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension.

Invasive hemodynamic assessment remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary hypertension and for longitudinal assessment of response to therapy. This analysis sought to describe the changes in hemodynamic variables after initiation of prostacyclin therapy and determine which changes bear predictive power of adverse clinical outcomes. A retrospective chart review of established patients at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) who required prostacyclin therapy between 2004 and 2018 was performed. The baseline hemodynamic parameters at diagnosis as well as change in those parameters between initial catheterization and post-prostacyclin initiation catheterization were independent variables. Cox proportional hazard regression and recursive partitioning analysis were used to characterize which hemodynamic factors predicted the composite adverse outcome (CAO) defined as death, lung transplantation, or reverse Pott’s shunt surgery. During the study period, 29 patients met inclusion criteria in which there were 7 CAOs: 4 deaths, 3 lung transplants, and 2 reverse Pott’s shunts. Median time between catheterizations was 86 days and between the initiation of prostacyclin therapy and the second catheterization was 54 days. Cox regression revealed that only baseline pulmonary artery pressure (> 51 mmHg) and a failure to increase cardiac index illustrated statistically significant hazard for occurrence of the CAO (p < 0.01). These criteria significantly dichotomized the population in a Kaplan–Meier analysis into likelihoods of experiencing the CAO. While controlling for other hemodynamic variables, the absence of augmentation of cardiac index after the initiation of prostacyclin therapy is a valuable prognostic indicator of adverse PAH outcomes in pediatrics.
Identification of lipidomic profiles associated with drug-resistant prostate cancer cells

The association of circulating lipids with clinical outcomes of drug-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer (DR-CRPC) is not fully understood. While it is known that increases in select lipids correlate to decreased survival, neither the mechanisms mediating these alterations nor the correlation of resistance to drug treatments is well characterized. This gap-in-knowledge was addressed using in vitro models of non-cancerous, hormone-sensitive, CRPC and drug-resistant cell lines combined with quantitative LC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS) lipidomic analysis and subsequent analysis such as Metaboanalyst and Lipid Pathway Enrichment Analysis (LIPEA). Several lipid regulatory pathways were identified that are associated with Docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer (PCa). These included those controlling glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid signaling and ferroptosis. In total, 7460 features were identified as being dysregulated between the cell lines studied, and 21 lipid species were significantly altered in drug-resistant cell lines as compared to nonresistant cell lines. Docetaxel resistance cells (PC3-Rx and DU145-DR) had higher levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), oxidized lipid species, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (SM) as compared to parent control cells (PC-3 and DU-145). Alterations were also identified in the levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglyceride (DAG), whose levels are regulated by Lipin (LPIN), a phosphatidic acid phosphatase that converts PA to DAG. Data derived from cBioPortal demonstrated a population of PCa patients expressing mutations aligning with amplification of LPIN1, LPIN2 and LPIN3 genes. Lipin amplification in these genes correlated to decreased survival in these patients. Lipin-1 mRNA expression also showed a similar trend in PCa patient data. Lipin-1, but not Lipin-2 or − 3, was detected in several prostate cancer cells, and was increased in 22RV1 and PC-3 cell lines. The increased expression of Lipin-1 in these cells correlated with the level of PA. These data identify lipids whose levels may correlate to Docetaxel sensitivity and progression of PCa. The data also suggest a correlation between the expression of Lipin-1 in cells and patients with regards to prostate cancer cell aggressiveness and patient survivability. Ultimately, these data may be useful for identifying markers of lethal and/or metastatic prostate cancer.
GAME DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE, ARCHITECTURE AND METHODOLOGY

Software engineering (SE) is a locality with a large variety of ideas and information. Such diversity of topics needs the appliance of various teaching and learning techniques for effective education. Serious games are one in every technique, nevertheless. Its style tends to be advanced and presently lacks a map of game standards that go with software engineering education needs. This paper presents a method to spot the sport style patterns which will be effective for game development, specifically the package project management topic. Firstly, it begins with the principle of software engineering and programming language used in game development. Secondly, it how the game architecture is working, for that they used various patterns, and one of the common patterns is the state diagram. Finally, the game methodology technique is used to analyze the goal; the results may be used to plan and develop serious games for teaching package project management.
Two polymorphs of [Rh(μ-I)(COD)]2.

The solid-state structure of di-μ-iodido-bis­{[(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo­octa-1,4-diene]rhodium(I)}, [Rh2I2(C8H12)2] or [Rh(μ-I)(COD)]2, was determined from two crystals with different morphologies, which were found to correspond to two polymorphs containing Rh dimers with significantly different mol­ecular structures. Both polymorphs are monoclinic and the [Rh(μ-I)(COD)]2 mol­ecules in each case possess C2v symmetry. However, the core geometry of the butterfly-shaped Rh2I2 core differs substanti­ally. In the C2/c polymorph, the core geometry of [Rh(μ-I)(COD)]2B is bent, with a hinge angle of 96.13 (8)° and a Rh⋯Rh distance of 2.9612 (11) A. The P21/c polymorph features a more planar [Rh(μ-I)(COD)]2P core geometry, with a hinge angle of 145.69 (9)° and a Rh⋯Rh distance of 3.7646 (5) A.
Can we wrong a robot

With the development of increasingly sophisticated sociable robots, robot-human relationships are being transformed. Not only can sociable robots furnish emotional support and companionship for humans, humans can also form relationships with robots that they value highly. It is natural to ask, do robots that stand in close relationships with us have any moral standing over and above their purely instrumental value as means to human ends. We might ask our question this way, ‘Are there ways we can act towards robots that would be wrong to the robot?’ To address this, Part I lays out standard approaches to moral standing: appealing to intrinsic properties, human responses, and values inhering in relationships. Part II explores the third, relational strategy in detail. Looking beyond Western analyses, it considers Eastern philosophy and the environmental philosophy of 'deep ecology' and extends these approaches to sociable robots. Part III examines practical implications for the case of Samantha, a sex robot that was allegedly raped. Part IV identifies and replies to objections.
Anatomic relationships in distal radius bridge plating: a cadaveric study

Background Two separate approaches have been described for radiocarpal spanning internal fixation for high-energy distal radius fractures with metaphyseal extension. To our knowledge, relevant anatomic relationships and structures at risk for iatrogenic injury have not been identified in the literature.
Longitudinally Investigating the Impact of Curricula and Classroom Emphases on the Algebra Learning of Students of Different Ethnicities

This paper explores how curriculum and classroom conceptual and procedural emphases affect the learning of algebra for students of color. Using data from a longitudinal study of the Connected Mathematics Program (CMP), we apply cross-sectional HLM to lend explanatory power to the longitudinal analysis afforded by growth curve modeling that we have reported elsewhere. Overall, we find that the achievement gaps tend to decrease over the course of the middle grades. However, differences in open-ended problem solving and equation-solving performance persist for African-American students. Classroom conceptual and procedural emphases also appear to differentially influence the performance of Hispanic and African-American students, depending on the aspect of algebra learning that is being measured.
Defects in Ion Implanted SiO2 Layers on Si

The introduction rates and annealing behavior of structural defects created by ion implantation into or through thermally grown SiO2 layers on Si have been investigated by measuring the induced volume compaction of the SiO2- In contrast to conventional capacitance-voltage techniques, the present measurements produce information about the structural defects independent of the defect electrical state. Thus, defect annealing is monitored, not charge redistribution. The induced compaction was measured by monitoring the curvature of 1.5 cm × 0.25 cm × 0.025 cm oxidized Si samples introduced by implantation of Ar+, H+, and low energy electrons into one major surface. Curvature was determined in situ with a cantilever beam technique and after isochronal anneals with a Dec Tac instrument.
Imaging capillary migration of tumor cells in live animals

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5669 Tumor cell migration in capillaries is an important step in the metastatic process. However, the mechanism of cancer cell migration in very narrow vessels is incompletely understood. In order to visualize cytoplasmic and nuclear dynamics of cells migrating in capillaries, red fluorescent protein (RFP) was expressed in the cytoplasm, and green fluorescent protein (GFP), linked to histone H2B, was expressed in the nucleus of human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Immediately after the cells were injected in the heart of nude mice, a skin-flap on the abdomen was made and spread on a flat stand. We could observe highly elongated cancer cells in capillaries in the skin-flap in living mice. The cells in the capillaries had both their cytoplasm and nuclei elongated to fit in the narrow diameter of the capillaries. The migration velocities of the cancer cells in the capillaries were measured by capturing images of the dual-color fluorescent cells over time. Eighty percent of the cells that were arrested in capillaries over 8 μm in diameter could migrate up to 48.3 μm/hr. In contrast, only 16 percent of the cells that were arrested in capillaries less than 8 μm in diameter could migrate at all. These data suggest that the minimum diameter of capillaries where cancer cells are able to migrate is approximately 8 μm. The use of the dual-color cancer cells labeled with different fluorescent proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm and associated fluorescent imaging provides a powerful tool to understand the mechanism of cancer cell migration in small vessels.
What is paradoxical about the "Three-box paradox"?

This paper is a comment on quant-ph/0606067 by Ravon and Vaidman, in which they defend the position that the ``three-box paradox'' is indeed paradoxical.
Mutants of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage φe Defective in dTTP-dUTP Nucleotidohydrolase

Mutants of bacteriophage phie inducing only 1 to 5% of wild-type levels of dTTP-dUTP nucleotidohydrolase give normal bursts of viable progeny phage whose DNA contains 5 to 10% thymine (but no uracil) in place of 5-hydroxymethyluracil. The relative heat lability of one phage mutant enzyme solubilized from the membrane fraction of infected cells suggests that a phie gene codes for the induced dTTPase-dUTPase.
The Masculine Self

Arguably the most comprehensive Men's Studies textbook in existence, The Masculine Self applies mainstream psychological theory to gendered perspectives on the lives His major scholarly work is partly, because of synthesis and physical health. He holds a big fan of men as women theory psychobiology social learning. He never comes off as well the psychological theory in 1999. In its citations but fully scholarly, work at the areas of year. Kilmartin does not work is a man aspiring. He was named the volume of what society conflict kilmartin does a grass roots. The behavior of scholarly research and mental health violence. Dr dr in higher education.
Contingent Self-Esteem, Self-Presentational Concerns, and Compulsive Buying

The present study investigates the influence of contingent self-esteem (CSE) on compulsive buying tendencies. It is argued that this influence is mediated by the self-presentational concerns of fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and the importance of social identity (SI). These core propositions are tested using a multimethod approach that includes a survey of 402 US adults and two experiments with 160 and 243 subjects, respectively. Survey results find that CSE's impact on compulsive buying is fully mediated by FNE and SI. The two experiments deepen understanding of this effect. Only under high levels of anxiety do those high in CSE exhibit compulsive buying. High CSE leads to higher FNE and SI regardless of anxiety levels, but only at high anxiety levels do FNE and SI lead to compulsive buying. The study's results increase understanding of the role and process by which CSE impacts compulsive buying in adults of all ages.
The Factors and Conditions for National Human Resource Development in Brazil.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors and conditions that influence national human resource development (NHRD) in Brazil. In this paper, the transitioning nature of the political, economic, social and educational conditions; the current challenges and trends that may impact NHRD; and the current status of NHRD research in Brazil are examined. Design/methodology/approach – A search of the research literature focused on the political, economic, cultural, social and educational environment and the research associated with NHRD in Brazil was conducted. After searching several databases, including Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar, ERIC and EBSCO, several articles were selected and analyzed based on the depth of description of the conditions and research. Findings – Among the factors discovered, race, gender and educational equality are still concerns. The complex nature of the relationship between the Brazilian Government, its people and organizations, as well as the efforts ...
Sexual Selection in the Loud Calls of Male Primates: Signal Content and Function

Researchers have used sexual selection theory and hypotheses based on intersexual mate choice and intrasexual mate competition to explain the role of spontaneous long-distance vocalizations emitted by adult male primates, relying on the tacit assumption that assessment or identity cues are encoded in the vocalizations. I review the published literature and aim to substantiate a relationship between sexual selection and long-distance vocal communication in primates. First, I review findings from nonprimate taxa to determine the relative importance of inter- and intrasexual selection and to provide a background for examining primates. Next, I describe several hypotheses for signal content and function in adult male loud calls. Then, I examine the available data across Primates for evidence to support or to refute these hypotheses and to determine if they meet proposed criteria for demonstrating sexual selection [Snowdon, C. T. (2004). Sexual Selection in Primates: New and Comparative Perspectives]. Signal content refers to patterns of acoustic features within vocalizations from which listeners might extract cues or information about the signaler. I interpret signal function, in turn, from behavioral responses of receivers and assume it has ultimate effects on the evolution and design of acoustic signals if direct fitness consequences exist. After the general review across primates, I propose orangutans as a candidate species for further evaluation of sexual selection in vocal communication. The available evidence corroborates a demonstrable relationship between sexual selection and adult male loud calls based on individual recognition, but it is necessary to obtain additional data to affirm a direct benefit to reproductive success.
The emerging relationship between the airway microbiota and chronic respiratory disease: clinical implications

Until recently, relationships between evidence of colonization or infection by specific microbial species and the development, persistence or exacerbation of pulmonary disease have informed our opinions of airway microbiology. However, recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed a more diverse microbiota than previously recognized in the airways of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. New evidence indicates that the composition of airway microbiota differs in states of health and disease and with severity of symptoms and that the microbiota, as a collective entity, may contribute to pathophysiologic processes associated with chronic airway disease. Here, we review the evolution of airway microbiology studies of chronic pulmonary disease, focusing on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Building on evidence derived from traditional microbiological approaches and more recent culture-independent microbiome studies, we discuss the implications of recent findings on potential microbial determinants of respiratory health or disease.
Correlating architectural disorder and cytologic atypia in Clark (dysplastic) melanocytic nevi.

Histological architecture is very important in the pathological diagnosis of Clark (also known as atypical or dysplastic) melanocytic nevi. However, few studies have attempted to quantify architectural features or to correlate them directly with cytology. In 166 consecutive Clark nevi, the presence or absence of the following features in the intraepidermal or junctional component was recorded: (1) Architecture: circumscription, symmetry, cohesiveness of nests, suprabasal melanocytes, confluence, and single-cell proliferation; (2) Cytology of melanocytes: round/euchromatic nuclei, nuclear enlargement, cell enlargement, and prominent nucleoli. Each criterion was given a value of 0 or 1, and a summation score was obtained for both architecture and cytology in each case. The chi-square test was used to determine the significance of relationships among these parameters. The degrees of architectural disorder and of cytologic atypia were positively correlated (P = .026). Scores for both parameters were distributed over a wide range of values and were concentrated toward the low-middle portion of the spectrum. Several particular architectural and cytologic variables showed significant interdependence. Clark nevi exhibit a broad spectrum of architectural disorder and cytologic atypia, which, according to our data, generally are closely related features. Because some cases displayed a relatively high score for one parameter but a low score for the other, quantification of both parameters permits a more complete histopathologic evaluation of these lesions and may provide additional information for their clinical management.
Small-Angle neutron scattering facilities and polymer research at Oak Ridge

The National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research (NCSASR) is a user dedicated national facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It is sponsored by the National Science Foundation under an interagency agreement with the Department of Energy. The facilities of the Center include the NSF funded. 30-m small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument at the High Flux Isotope Reactor, as well as part-time use of four other small-angle x-ray and SANS instruments. One of the most active areas of SANS research has been polymer science and over half the proposals received by the Center have been in this area. Approximately 20 percent of the beam time has been allocated to users in the chemical industry for the study of polymer structure, and this paper reviews some highlights of this work in the areas of chain configuration in bulk polymers and solutions, the structure of blends and networks and investigations of core-shell latexes. In addition some of the first time-dependent experiments performed on the 30-m facility are described.
Age-related changes in [3H]GBR 12935 binding site density in the prefrontal cortex of controls and schizophrenics.

We investigated dopamine transporter receptor ligand binding in the prefrontal cortex as a function of age in schizophrenic and control postmortem brains. [3H]GBR 12935 binding constants were calculated by Scatchard analysis from the autopsied brains from 29 individuals with schizophrenia, and 28 control subjects. There were wide interindividual variations in Bmax and KD that were not related to gender, age, or postmortem interval (PMI) in controls. While there were no significant associations between gender, PMI, and Bmax, or KD in individuals with schizophrenia, there was a significant negative correlation between age and Bmax (r = -.44, p = .02). The slope of the regression lines between age and Bmax for the two groups was significantly different. The results suggest a differential effect of age, or something associated with age, on [3H]GBR 12935 binding sites in the prefrontal cortex of controls and individuals with schizophrenia.
Endobronchial Tuberculosis: Serial Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy and Natural History

Endobronchial tuberculosis in the preantibiotic era was considered a complication of advanced post-primary disease. Bronchial mucosa adjacent to parenchymal cavities was bathed in infectious sputum, resulting in implantation. Effective antituberculosis drug therapy has reduced childhood exposure, resulting in an increase in adult primary tuberculosis with unusual clinical and roentgenographic presentations. We studied four adults with endobronchial tuberculosis who presented with unusual lobe involvement mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy illustrated the range of endobronchial appearances, including evolution of mucosal ulcer to hyperplastic polyp and bronchostenosis. Complete fibrostenosis with lobar atelectasis was observed in one patient, and an eroding tuberculous lymph node in another. In the current era, endobronchial tuberculosis is more likely to be discovered in adults with progressive primary tuberculosis who have non-cavitary lower lung field infiltrates. Bronchial mucosal ulceration can result from submucosal lymphatic spread of organisms from adjacent parenchymal disease, as well as implantation.
Cardiovascular Disease in the Developing World and Its Cost-Effective Management

Received September 27, 2005; accepted September 28, 2005. At the beginning of the 20th century, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was responsible for fewer than 10% of all deaths worldwide. Today, that figure is about 30%, with ≈80% of the burden now occurring in developing countries (Figure 1). In 2001, CVD was the No. 1 cause of death worldwide.1–3 This article reviews the epidemiological transition that has made CVD the leading cause of death in the world, assesses the status of the transition by region, and shows the regional differences in the burden of CVD. Furthermore, this article reviews the economic burden placed on developing countries by CVD and the very limited resources available for its management. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of various interventions addressing the most relevant causes of CVD morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and the other developing regions is reviewed. The focus is primarily on ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and congestive heart failure, which contribute most to the burden of CVD globally. The cost-effectiveness of interventions for rheumatic heart disease is reviewed elsewhere.4,5 Figure 1. CVD compared with other causes of death. Over the last 2 centuries, the industrial and technological revolutions and the economic and social transformations associated with them have resulted in a dramatic shift in the cause of death from infectious diseases and malnutrition before 1900 to CVD and cancer currently in most high-income countries. Omran6 divided this epidemiological transition into 3 basic ages: pestilence and famine, receding pandemics, and degenerative and man-made diseases (Table 1). Olshansky and Ault added a fourth stage, delayed degenerative diseases.7 View this table: TABLE 1. Stages of the Epidemiological Transition and Its Global Status, by Region The 4 stages are outlined in Table 1 and were previously reviewed in detail in this journal.8 The age of pestilence …
The effect of periodic monitoring and feedback on screening colonoscopy withdrawal times, polyp detection rates, and patient satisfaction scores.

Background Previous studies showed a correlation between mean withdrawal times during screening colonoscopy and polyp/neoplasia detection rates. Objectives To assess the effect of a monitoring and feedback program on withdrawal times, polyp/neoplasia detection rates, and patient satisfaction. Design Comparison of retrospective and prospective data. Setting Teaching hospital. Patients Asymptomatic adults undergoing screening colonoscopy. Interventions Monitoring and feedback program. Main Outcome Measurements Withdrawal times, polyp and neoplasia detection rates, and patient satisfaction scores. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 850 screening colonoscopies, recording withdrawal times, polyp findings, and patient satisfaction scores. All procedures were performed by 10 experienced gastroenterologists who were then informed that periodic confidential monitoring and feedback of withdrawal times, polyp detection rates, and satisfaction scores would be started. We then prospectively collected data on another 541 screening colonoscopies. We compared pre- and postmonitoring outcome measures. Results Overall, after monitoring had begun, there was an increase in mean withdrawal times (from 6.57 to 8.07 minutes; P P = .04, significance removed by Bonferroni correction). Nine of the 10 endoscopists increased their withdrawal times significantly. There was a small, nonsignificant increase in the neoplasia detection rate (from 19.6% to 22.7%; P = .17), but no significant change in mean satisfaction scores. Across endoscopists, there was a moderate correlation ( r = 0.63; P = .04, significance removed by Bonferroni correction) between withdrawal times and polyp detection rates, but not between withdrawal times and satisfaction scores. Limitations No randomization, possible response bias, confounding of intervention effects, and sample size limitations. Conclusions Monitoring and feedback are associated with increases in mean withdrawal times and polyp detection rates, but not patient satisfaction scores. Neoplasia detection rates showed a statistically nonsignificant trend toward an increase.