cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of trichlorophenols on xenobiotic metabolism in the rat.

Summary Unlike halogenated benzenes, trichlorophenols did not induce xenobiotic metabolism in the rat. 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol at doses as high as 400 mg/kg p.o. daily for 14 days did not alter EPN detoxification. Only 2,4,5-trichlorophenol at the highest dose decreased microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P -450 content. In vitro, all 4 isomers inhibited EPN detoxification and the demethylation of p -nitroanisole. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was not altered in vivo and was only slightly inhibited in vitro by 2,3,5- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. The compounds were not hepatotoxic as assessed by measurement of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase.
WALLACE AND THE MIDDLE CLASS: THE WHITE BACKLASH IN WISCONSIN

From comparative studies in Wisconsin of suburbs and counties favorable and opposed to Governor Wallace of Alabama; of the Wallace and normal party votes; and of the Wallace and former Senator McCarthy votes, Professor Rogin finds that much of the political expression of white prejudice is concentrated among middleand upper-class conservatives. Michael Rogin is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley.
When doing better means feeling worse: The effects of categorical cutoff points on counterfactual thinking and satisfaction.

Counterfactual thoughts of what might have been have been shown to influence emotional responses to outcomes. The present investigation extends this research by proposing a model of how categorical cutoff points, or arbitrary values that impose qualitative boundaries on quantitative outcomes, induce counterfactual thoughts and influence individuals' satisfaction. In particular, just making a cutoff for a category is hypothesized to elicit downward counterfactual comparisons, boosting satisfaction, whereas just missing a cutoff prompts upward counterfactual thoughts, decreasing satisfaction. In some circumstances, this asymmetry can reverse the usual relationship between objective outcome and satisfaction, causing people who do objectively better to feel worse than those they outperform. This hypothesis is supported by the results of 1 naturalistic study and 2 scenario experiments.
Methanol carbonylation catalyzed by a polymer-bound rhodium (I) complex

Abstract The carbonylation reaction of methanol in the presence of methyl iodide promoter was catalyzed by a matrix-bound Rh(I) complex formed by ligand exchange of RhCl(CO) (PPh3)2 with a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing bound -CH2PPh2 groups. Infrared spectra of a functioning, 7-μm-thick membrane catalyst were measured simultaneously with reaction rates in a steady-state flow reactor at 1 atm and 90–125 °C. Kinetic experiments were also performed with macroporous catalyst beads suspended in a stirred batch reactor operating at conditions of potential industrial interest, 20 atm and 90 °C. Reaction rates of the order of 10−5 moles/(sec mole of Rh) were observed at 100 °C. The carbonylation product at 1 atm was methyl acetate, and the only side product was dimethyl ether. The reaction was approximately first order in methyl iodide, zero order in each of the reactants, and second order in the Rh(I) complex. The stretching frequency of the Rh(I)-bound carbonyl (1978 cm−1) indicated that the predominant form of the catalyst was the bound analog of RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2. This complex was converted over tens of hours of operation to a coordinatively saturated and inactive Rh(III) complex, probably an iodine adduct. The results point to a mechanism involving slow oxidative addition of methyl iodide to a Rh(I) complex followed by methyl migration and subsequent steps in the coordination sphere of Rh. The suggested transition state for methyl iodide addition involves two Rh(I) centers in the flexible polymer network, one acting as a nucleophile attacking the carbon and the other playing a solvent-like role stabilizing the transition state.
Clinical neuroscience and imaging studies of core psychoanalytic constructs

Abstract Core psychoanalytic constructs may be impossible to study directly using neuroscience and imaging methodologies. Nevertheless, experimental paradigms have been developed and are being applied that are at least relevant to understanding the neural bases of certain core theoretical constructs within psychoanalysis. These paradigms have demonstrated the likely contributions of: (1) the nucleus accumbens and related limbic circuitry in assigning valence within the pleasure/unpleasure continuum of affective experience; (2) the reticular formation, thalamus, amygdala, and cortex within arousal circuits in assigning personal salience to those affective experiences; (3) frontostriatal systems in subserving top-down processing in the CNS, which in turn contributes to numerous important psychological functions, including the control of drives and the construction of experience according to preestablished conceptual schemas—processes that likely underlie cognitive distortions, projection, and transference phenomena; and (4) multiple memory systems, particularly the procedural learning systems based within the dorsal striatum and declarative learning systems in the mesial temporal lobe, that likely contribute to memories within the domain of the descriptive unconscious, and the interactions across affective and cognitive memory systems, that might contribute to memory formations within the dynamic unconscious.
Christ in the Works of Two Jewish Artists: When Art is Interreligious Dialogue

Painter Marc Chagall and sculptor Jacob Epstein, both of whom were from orthodox Jewish backgrounds, each created a number of works of Christ. Although in Epstein's case, and only later in his career, some of these works were commissioned, both Chagall's and Epstein's works of Christ were self-driven. Chagall described himself as having been "haunted" by the face of Christ in his early years and his several crucifixion paintings were of a Jesus who was not the Christ of Christian dogma, but a "Jewish Jesus" who summed up the suffering of the Jewish people. Epstein similarly created a Christ that was beyond the conventions of the time, through his predilection for using primitive forms in his work. During his life-time, many of Epstein's Christs were met with resistance, but the more visionary critics understood the importance of his work in freeing the image of Christ from the matrix of convention and opening new possibilities of theological perception and understanding. The work of both Chagall and Epstein, who were contemporaries, is examined in relation to Jewish modernism, a movement ongoing in their formative years and before, in which Jewish intellectuals, writers and artists were engaged in efforts to work-out the relationship of Judaism to Jesus and the surrounding Christian world. The atrocities of the Holocaust effectively ended this dialogue. The potential contributions of the thought and creative works of this pre-World War II interreligious interchange to contemporary Jewish-Christian dialogue are discussed.
L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of complications associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract l -Carnitine (LC) and acetyl- l -carnitine (ALC) play major roles in cell energy and lipid metabolism. Supplementation with these nutrients, which are highly popular in USA, has been associated with favorable effects, including anti-oxidant action, neuro- and cardioprotection, immunomodulation, and cognitive enhancement. Patients with HIV infection and undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) often develop complications, such as polyneuropathy, skeletal myopathy, dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, which have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, these patients are often LC-deficient. Thus, they may benefit from LC and ALC supplementation. Indeed, oral, i.v., or i.m. administration of large doses of LC and/or ALC to HIV positive subjects untreated/treated with HAART was shown to: (1) increase the number of CD4 cells and reduce lymphocyte apoptosis; (2) improve symptoms of polyneuropathy; (3) prevent cardiovascular damage from wasting and diarrhea syndromes; (4) decrease serum levels of triglycerides and TNFα. No significant toxicities were associated with LC and ALC treatment. Although promising, most of these findings derive from small uncontrolled clinical trials. Further research is warranted to prove the efficacy and safety of LC and ALC supplementation in patients with complications of HIV infection and HAART.
KNO scaling isn't what it used to be

Abstract The definition of KNO scaling is reviewed in the context of the negative binomial distributions. It is shown that these distributions provide a natural description of observed violations of KNO scaling. The properties of the negative binomial distribution are then used to predict the correlations between photons and charged-particle production, and the forward-backward multiplicity correlations.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate (cAMP)-Dependent Protein Kinase and the Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Release by Divalent Cations and Agents Elevating Cellular cAMP in Dispersed Bovine Parathyroid Cells*

Divalent cations and agents elevating cellular cAMP were tested for their effects on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and protein kinase activity in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. After incubation with secretagogue for 5–30 min, cells were sedimented, PTH in the supernatant was determined by RIA, and the pellet was disrupted by sonication for the measurement of protein kinase activity. Preliminary studies established conditions where the protein kinase activity ratio (AR = activity in the absence divided by that in the presence of 10-6 M cAMP in the kinase assay) remained stable during the preparation and assay of cellular extracts. (−)Isoproterenol caused a rapid (within 5 min) increase in the AR from 0.28 to 0.63, which returned to 0.25–0.3 within 5 min after the addition of the potent βadrenergic blocker (β)propranolol. (β)Isoproterenol, dopamine, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor methylisobutylxanthine caused parallel, dose-dependent increases in PTH release and the protein kinase AR of 2- t...
Effect of combining extended-release carvedilol and lisinopril in hypertension: results of the COSMOS study.

report the results of a6-week, randomized, double-blind, factorialtrial in patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension,contrasting the blood pressure (BP)–loweringeffect of carvedilol extended-release (CR) and lis-inopril monotherapy as well as 9 combinationdoses to determine whether at least one combina-tion dose lowered BP more than its components.The co-primary end points were change frombaseline in 24-hour ambulatory diastolic BP(DBP) and change from baseline in trough DBP.None of the combination therapies were superiorto their monotherapy components. Because the24-hour ambulatory DBP change was not signiﬁ-cant, trough DBP differences were not formallytested for statistical signiﬁcance. Interestingly,high-dose combination groups showed greaterchange from baseline in 24-hour ambulatoryDBP, but not trough DBP, relative to high-dosemonotherapy with carvedilol CR (80 mg⁄d) andlisinopril (40 mg⁄d). Ofﬁce cuff BP readings werenot used in any of the reported analyses.Several studies
Combinatorial Mapping of Surface Energy Effects on Diblock Copolymer Thin Film Ordering

Combinatorial gradient techniques are used to map the morphology dependence of thin symmetric diblock copolymer films on film thickness and substrate surface energy. An inversion from symmetric to anti-symmetric lamellar morphology occurs with a progressive change in surface energy. An intermediate neutral region is found between these limiting types of ordering. The width ω of this transitional energy range scales as a power of copolymer mass M, ω M 1,9 .
TMS-Induced Cortical Potentiation during Wakefulness Locally Increases Slow Wave Activity during Sleep

Background Sleep slow wave activity (SWA) is thought to reflect sleep need, increasing in proportion to the length of prior wakefulness and decreasing during sleep. However, the process responsible for SWA regulation is not known. We showed recently that SWA increases locally after a learning task involving a circumscribed brain region, suggesting that SWA may reflect plastic changes triggered by learning.
THE GENETIC CONTROL OF SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN LINANTHUS PARVIFLORUS (POLEMONIACEAE)

The genetic control of self-incompatibility (SI) was studied in the spring-flowering annual, Linanthus parviflorus (Polemoniceae). Arrays of full-siblings were cross-pollinated in a full-diallel design and compatibility relationships were assessed by examining for pollen tube growth in styles. Two to four incompatibility types were observed in each sibship, some types were interincompatible, and reciprocal differences in incompatibility between types were found. The results demonstrated close agreement with expected patterns of incompatibility among full-siblings for sporophytic control of SI with linear dominance. Taken together, these results provide support for sporophytic SI in L. parviflorus. The crossing data presented here are contrasted with results of a previous study indicating gametophytic control of SI in Phlox drummondii, another polemoniaceous species.
Temporal properties of the Zernike expansion coefficients of turbulence-induced phase aberrations for aperture and source motion

Zernike polynomials are often used to analyze turbulence-induced optical phase aberrations. Previous investigations have examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of the expansion coefficients of the turbulence-induced optical phase with respect to these polynomials. The results of these investigations are valid only for certain geometries and atmospheric models and do not take into account the effects of relative motion between the sensor and the object of interest. We introduce a generalized analysis geometry and use this aperture-and-source geometry with conventional methods to arrive at a general expression for the inter- aperture cross correlation of the Zernike coefficients. Aperture-and-source motion considerations are introduced to derive an expression for the temporal cross correlation and cross power spectra of these expansion coefficients. Temporal correlation and spectrum results are presented for several low-order Zernike modes, given certain aperture-and-source motions.
Pollution, Poverty, and Potentially Preventable Childhood Morbidity in Central California.

Objective To measure ecological relationships between neighborhood pollution burden, poverty, race/ethnicity, and pediatric preventable disease hospitalization rates. Study design Preventable disease hospitalization rates were obtained from the 2012 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database, for 8 Central Valley counties. US Census Data was used to incorporate zip code level factors including racial diversity and poverty rates. The pollution burden score was calculated by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment using 11 indicators. Poisson-based negative binomial regression was used for final analysis. Stratification of sample by age, race/ethnicity, and insurance coverage was also incorporated. Results Children experiencing potentially preventable hospitalizations are disproportionately low income and under the age of 4 years. With every unit increase in pollution burden, preventable disease hospitalizations rates increase between 21% and 32%, depending on racial and age subgroups. Although living in a poor neighborhood was not associated with potentially avoidable hospitalizations, children enrolled in Medi-Cal who live in neighborhoods with lower pollution burden and lower levels of poverty, face 32% lower risk for ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalization. Children living in primary care shortage areas are at increased risk of preventable hospitalizations. Preventable disease hospitalizations increase for all subgroups, except white/non-Hispanic children, as neighborhoods became more racially diverse. Conclusions Understanding the geographic distribution of disease and impact of individual and community level factors is essential to expanding access to care and preventive resources to improve the health of children in California's most polluted and underserved region.
Effect of binocular cortical misalignment on ocular dominance and orientation selectivity

We model a two-eye visual environment composed of natural images and study its effect on single cell synaptic modification. In particular, we study the effect of binocular cortical misalignment on receptive field formation after eye opening. We show that binocular misalignment affects principal component analysis (PCA) and Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) learning in different ways. For the BCM learning rule this misalignment is sufficient to produce varying degrees of ocular dominance, whereas for PCA learning binocular neurons emerge in every case.
Treatment of proximal humeral dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica with custom hemiarthroplasty: a case report.

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare disorder involving alterations in the growth of the epiphyses. It is more frequently encountered in the lower extremity, and shoulder girdle involvement is less common. Diagnosis is usually made by radiographically identifying epiphyseal lesions of varying size that alter joint size and shape. Often, these lesions progress to limit joint motion and can lead to pain. Presented here is a patient in whom epiphysiodesis failed and who underwent shoulder hemiarthroplasty after humeral head collapse.
Recombination and genetic differentiation in the mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr.

Population genetic analyses of the mycor- rhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum were conducted to test for a clonal or recombining population struc- ture. Multilocus genotypes based on polymorphisms in 9 loci, identified in this study by PCR-SSCP tech- niques, were obtained for two populations. Genotypic variation occurred on a fine scale because unique ge- notypes were identified at most every transect point, and in some cases occurred even within one soil sam- ple (equivalent to about a 500 mL volume). The larg- est genet observed occurred over a 30 meter transect space. The two population genetic methods em- ployed to distinguish between clonality and recom- bination, (1) Index of Association; and (2) ''Parsi- mony Tree Length Permutation Test'' (PTLPT), could not reject the null hypothesis of recombination in either population. Wright's Fst, as estimated by theta, was used to examine gene flow between the two populations based on allele frequencies. Two of the nine loci had theta values that were not signifi- cantly different from what one would expect for the null hypothesis of panmixia. However, the other sev- en loci were consistent with reduced gene flow. The theta value for the Fisher combined probability (combining all 9 loci) was significant and indicated that there was genetic differentiation between these two populations.
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC): a single institution review of 129 cases.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to identify clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) who were all surgically managed at a single institution. The identified characteristics were then correlated with overall survival (OS). Methods One hundred twenty-nine patients with FIGO stage I–IV UPSC who were surgically staged at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1989 and 2002 were identified. For each patient, medical records and pathology reports were reviewed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to generate OS data. Factors predictive of outcome were compared using the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results There were 52 patients with stage I disease, 5 with stage II, 41 with stage III, and 31 with stage IV. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 68 years (range, 44–93 years). A personal history of breast cancer was reported by 12.4% of the patients, and a family history of breast cancer was reported by 16%. The 5-year OS among all patients was 45.9%. Among the stage I patients (IA, n = 19; IB, n = 26; and IC, n = 7), the 5-year OS was 62.9% (IA, 81.5%; IB, 58.6%; and IC, 34.3%). The 5-year OS for patients with stage III and IV disease was 37.3 and 19.9%, respectively. Pathologic features predictive of OS included lymph node status ( P ≤ 0.01), lymph vascular invasion ( P ≤ 0.05), and depth of uterine invasion ( P ≤ 0.05). Among patients with no uterine invasion ( n = 32), surgical staging revealed that 37% had stage III or IV disease. Among stage III patients, those who received chemotherapy had a longer OS than those who did not receive chemotherapy ( P = 0.03). Conclusion In this population of nonselected patients with UPSC, approximately 20% had a personal or family history of breast cancer. Stage, lymph node status, lymph vascular invasion, and depth of myometrial invasion were all risk factors for a worse prognosis. Traditional risk factors, however, did not predict the presence or the absence of metastasis. Among patients with noninvasive uterine disease, there was a high proportion with abdominal metastasis. Therefore, complete surgical staging of these patients is vital in determining their prognosis.
Sleep’s Role in the Consolidation of Emotional Episodic Memories:

Emotion has a lasting effect on memory, encouraging certain aspects of our experiences to become durable parts of our memory stores. Although emotion exerts its influence at every phase of memory, this review focuses on emotion’s role in the consolidation and transformation of memories over time. Sleep provides ideal conditions for memory consolidation, and recent research demonstrates that manipulating sleep can shed light on the storage and evolution of emotional memories. We provide evidence that sleep enhances the likelihood that select pieces of an experience are stabilized in memory, leading memory for emotional experiences to home in on the aspects of the experience that are most closely tied to the affective response.
EXTENDED DETERRENCE AND THE OUTBREAK OF WAR

Successful deterrence, it is argued, requires a combination of military capabilities and bargaining behavior that enhances a defender's credibility without provoking a potential attacker. Hypotheses on the political and military conditions under which extended-immediate deterrence is likely to succeed or fail are formulated and tested by probit analysis on fifty-eight historical cases. The empirical results indicate that (1) the military capability of the defender to deny the potential attacker a quick and decisive victory on the battlefield enhances deterrence; (2) a policy of reciprocity in diplomacy and military actions by the defender contributes strongly to deterrence success; and (3) a past record of backing down under pressure or intransigence in confrontations with the potential attacker increases the likelihood of deterrence failure.
Risk Factors for Self-reported Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol and/or Illicit Drugs Among Older Adults

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Despite the increasing number of older adults who have a history of substance use, little research has been done on alcohol- and drug-related driving safety among older drivers. This study (a) examined risk factors for older adults' driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs (DUI) and (b) discerned differences between those aged 50-64 and those aged 65+. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data came from the public use files of the 2008-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health for respondents aged 50+ (N = 29,634). Descriptive statistics were used to present sample characteristics by past year substance use and self-reported DUI status for age groups 50-64 and 65+. Age group separate binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for DUI. RESULTS: Of past-year substance users in the 50-64 and the 65+ age groups, 14.54% and 6.19%, respectively, self-reported DUI. Higher frequency alcohol use, binge drinking, marijuana use, and major depressive episode significantly increased the odds of DUI in both age groups. Lifetime arrest history was a predictor in the 65+ age group only. IMPLICATIONS: Research is needed to improve identification of older drivers at high risk of DUI. Driving safety assessments for older adults can incorporate screening for substance abuse and comorbid mental conditions to identify those at high DUI risk. Older adults who engage in risky substance use should be directed to appropriate services that address substance use and mental health problems concurrently. Language: en
Preoperative liver dysfunction influences blood product administration and alterations in circulating haemostatic markers following ventricular assist device implantation

OBJECTIVES: Preoperative liver dysfunction may influence haemostasis following ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation. The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was assessed as a predictor of bleeding and levels of haemostatic markers in patients with currently utilized VADs. METHODS: Sixty-three patients (31 HeartMate II, 15 HeartWare, 17 Thoratec paracorporeal ventricular assist device) implanted 2001–11 were analysed for preoperative liver dysfunction (MELD) and blood product administration. Of these patients, 21 had additional blood drawn to measure haemostatic marker levels. Cohorts were defined based on high (≥18.0, n= 7) and low (<18.0, n= 14) preoperative MELD scores. RESULTS: MELD score was positively correlated with postoperative administration of red blood cell (RBC), platelet, plasma and total blood product units (TBPU) , as well as chest tube drainage and cardiopulmonary bypass time. Age and MELD were preoperative predictors of TBPU by multivariate analysis. The high-MELD cohort had higher administration of TBPU, RBC and platelet units and chest tube drainage postimplant. Similarly, patients who experienced at least one bleeding adverse event were more likely to have had a high preoperative MELD. The high-MELD group exhibited different temporal trends in F1 + 2 levels and platelet counts to postoperative day (POD) 55. D-dimer levels in high-MELD patients became elevated versus those for low-MELD patients on POD 55. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MELD score predicts postoperative bleeding in contemporary VADs. Preoperative liver dysfunction may also alter postoperative subclinical haemostasis through different temporal trends of thrombin generation and platelet counts, as well as protracted fibrinolysis.
Learning from data: a tutorial with emphasis on modern pattern recognition methods

The purposes of this tutorial are twofold. First, it reviews the classical statistical learning scenario by highlighting its fundamental taxonomies and its key aspects. The second aim of the paper is to introduce some modern (ensembles) methods developed inside the machine learning field. The tutorial starts by putting the topic of supervised learning into the broader context of data analysis and by reviewing the classical pattern recognition methods: those based on class-conditional density estimation and the use of the Bayes theorem and those based on discriminant functions. The fundamental topic of complexity control is treated in some detail. Ensembles techniques have drawn considerable attention in recent years: a set of learning machines increases classification accuracy with respect to a single machine. Here, we introduce boosting, in which classifiers adaptively concentrate on the harder examples located near to the classification boundary and output coding, where a set of independent two-class machines solves a multiclass problem. The first successful applications of these methods to data produced by the Pico-2 electronic nose (EN), developed at the University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, are also briefly shown.
Partitioned Ricatti solutions and integration-free doubling algorithms

Generalized partitioned solutions (GPS) of Riccati equations (RE) are presented in terms of forward and backward time differential equations that are theoretically interesting, possibly computationally advantageous, as well as provide interesting interpretations of these resuits, e.g., in terms of generalized partial observability and controllability matrices. The GPS are the natural framework for the effective change of initial conditions, and the transformation of backward RE to forward RE and vice-versa. The GPS are given in terms of families of forward or backward RE, and constitute generalizations to time-varying RE of well-known solution algorithms such as the X - Y or Chandrasekhar algorithms. Most importantly, based on the GPS, computationally effective algorithms are obtained for the numerical solution of RE. These partitioned numerical algorithms (PNA) have a decomposed or "partitioned" structure, namely, they are given exactly in terms of a set of elemental solutions which are completely decoupled, and as such computable in either a parallel or serial processing mode. Further, the overall solution is given exactly in terms of a simple recursive operation on the elemental solutions. Finally, the PNA for a large class of RE, namely those with periodic or constant matrices, are completely integration-free, other than for a subinterval of the total computation interval, whose length, moreover, can be chosen arbitrarily. Also based on the GPS, a computationally attractive numerical algorithm is obtained for the computation of the steady-state solution of time-invariant RE. This algorithm results from doubling the length of the partitioning interval, and straightforward use of the GPS. The resulting "doubling" PNA is fast and is also essentially, integration-free requiring integration only in an initial subinterval, whose length is arbitrary, and subsequently consisting of simple iterative operations at the end of each time-interval which is twice as long as the interval in the previous iterations, i.e., doubling.
A Simple parallel dual code decoding algorithm for convolutional codes with high throughput and low latency

A highly parallel maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding algorithm is proposed for high code rate, R = (n-1)/ n , ordinary (nonpunctured) convolutional codes using trellises of reciprocal dual convolutional codes. The advantages of this approach include a substantial reduction of decoding latency and decoding complexity, and a substantial increase of decoding throughput. Applying the proposed parallel decoding algorithm to a class of serial concatenation codes that consist of high rate ordinary convolutional codes, over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, good bit error rate (BER) and block error rate performance, comparable to that of turbo codes and low density parity check (LDPC) codes, can be obtained with smaller overall decoding complexity than that of LDPC codes.
Signal processing issues in wireless sensor networks

Signal processing plays a major role in the optimization of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), both at the physical layer of wireless transport and at the applications layer of distributed inference. This paper will review a number of recent results in this general area. These include results relating to the following: distributed and collaborative algorithms for inferential problems arising in applications of WSNs, sensor scheduling and energy tradeoffs in detection networks, energy-collaboration tradeoffs in estimation networks, collaborative beamforming, and related issues. Details of most of these results can be found in the references cited below.
2-O-sulfotransferase regulates Wnt signaling, cell adhesion and cell cycle during zebrafish epiboly

O-sulfotransferases modify heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) by catalyzing the transfer of a sulfate to a specific position on heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Although the roles of specific HSPG modifications have been described in cell culture and invertebrates, little is known about their functions or abilities to modulate specific cell signaling pathways in vertebrate development. Here, we report that 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST) is an essential component of canonical Wnt signaling in zebrafish development. 2-OST-defecient embryos have reduced GAG chain sulfation and are refractory to exogenous Wnt8 overexpression. Embryos in which maternally encoded 2-OST is knocked down have normal activation of several zygotic mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm patterning genes, but have decreased deep cell adhesion and fail to initiate epiboly, which can be rescued by re-expression of 2-OST protein. Reduced cell adhesion and altered cell cycle regulation in 2-OST-deficient embryos are associated with decreased β-catenin and E-cadherin protein levels at cell junctions, and these defects can be rescued by reactivation of the intracellular Wnt pathway, utilizing stabilized β-catenin or dominant-negative Gsk3, but not by overexpression of Wnt8 ligand. Together, these results indicate that 2-OST functions within the Wnt pathway, downstream of Wnt ligand signaling and upstream of Gsk3β and β-catenin intracellular localization and function.
Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images

We propose a new method to quickly and accurately predict 3D positions of body joints from a single depth image, using no temporal information. We take an object recognition approach, designing an intermediate body parts representation that maps the difficult pose estimation problem into a simpler per-pixel classification problem. Our large and highly varied training dataset allows the classifier to estimate body parts invariant to pose, body shape, clothing, etc. Finally we generate confidence-scored 3D proposals of several body joints by reprojecting the classification result and finding local modes. The system runs at 200 frames per second on consumer hardware. Our evaluation shows high accuracy on both synthetic and real test sets, and investigates the effect of several training parameters. We achieve state of the art accuracy in our comparison with related work and demonstrate improved generalization over exact whole-skeleton nearest neighbor matching.
Effects of the Vitamins Cartels

Like many pharmaceutical products, the consuming public has a high regard for the benefits and efficacy of vitamins. There is something particularly reprehensible about price-fixing schemes that affect products destined for vulnerable populations. Children, pregnant or lactating mothers, the sick, and the elderly often need supplementary vitamins to achieve full health. These groups, as well as meat eaters, ultimately paid the price of price fixing in vitamins. The purpose of this section is to document as precisely as possible the extent of these economic injuries.
Continued Concern: Human Subject Protection, the Irb, and Continuing Review

On September 17, 1999, Jesse Gelsinger, an eighteen-year-old man with a rare metabolic disease, died while undergoing experimental genetic therapy administered in a clinical trial at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger's death focused public attention on the problem of effective monitoring of clinical trials, otherwise known as continuing review. In recent years several major government reports have been highly critical of contemporary research oversight. In addition, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office for Human Research Protection has found it necessary to suspend research at a growing number of institutions due to regulatory violations, including failure to conduct appropriate continuing reviews. Providing adequate protection to all research participants through effective continuing review of clinical trials is a challenging and onerous task, but also an extremely important one. Many believe that limited resources, inadequate personnel, and significant time constraints currently prevent IRBs from performing thorough and effective continuing reviews. Thus far, however, there has been minimal evaluation of mechanisms by which IRB functioning in the area of continuing reviews could be improved. This article provides a rigorous analysis of the problem of continuing review and suggests a variety of means by which to enhance the review process. The article describes the current oversight system for clinical research under the federal regulations and assesses its deficiencies. It further discusses the importance of the continuing review process in light of relevant ethical principles, economic incentives, and liability concerns. Finally, the author offers a series of recommendations relating to the staffing of IRBs, funding for IRBs, the content of continuing reviews, and other aspects of IRB monitoring operations.
Renault–Volvo Strategic Alliance (a): March 1993

Set in 1993, this series of cases (A,B,C,D, and B [abridged]) concerns the strategic alliance between the automotive businesses of AB Volvo, the largest industrial group in Scandinavia, and Renault S.A., the largest enterprise in France. This alliance was one of the most prominent failures of multinational business integration seen in recent years. The aim of this series is to explore three broad themes: strategic alliances, leadership of corporate transformation, and governance and investor relations. The A case reviews the original formation of the strategic alliance in 1990 and its status as of March 1993, when the probability of Renault's privatization increased. The tasks for the student in the A case are to assess the origins and current health of the strategic alliance and to recommend responses to the impending privatization of Renault.
Cutaneous blastomycosis. Report of a case presumably acquired by direct inoculation and treated with carbon dioxide laser vaporization.

A patient who worked as a landscaper had a solitary lesion of cutaneous blastomycosis on the foot at a site of abrasion from the bark of a tree shrub. The authors postulate that the patient’s disease was caused by direct inoculation. The lesion was vaporized with the carbon dioxide laser after initiating systemic ketoconazole therapy.
X–Ray Powder Diffraction Data for Synthetic Varieties of Tetrahedrite

A series of five synthetic tetrahedrite-group minerals has been prepared and examined using powder X-ray diffraction in order to update current powder data and provide a validation test of cell dimension prediction equations. The tetrahedrites (nominally (Cu10X2)Sb4S13 with X = Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg and Fe) have the following properties: zincian tetrahedrite, a = 10.3833 (1) A, Dx = 4.974 (1) g/cm3, F30 = 264 (0.004, 31), M20 = 279; cadmian tetrahedrite, a = 10.5066 (1) A, Dx = 5.073 (1) g/cm3, F30 = 208 (0.004, 37), M20 = 249; manganoan tetrahedrite, a = 10.4384 (1) A, Dx = 4.822 (1) g/cm3, F30 = 274 (0.003, 33), M20 = 302; mercurian tetrahedrite, a = 10.5071 (1) A, Dx = 5.570 (1) g/cm3, F30 = 150 (0.006, 35), M20 = 156; ferroan tetrahedrite, a = 10.3630 (1) A, Dx = 5.002 (1) g/cm3, F30 = 253 (0.004, 33), M20 = 281. The experimental unit cell dimensions obtained in this study are in excellent agreement with calculated values produced using regression equations developed previously.
PREDICTION OF DEPRESSION-PRONENESS

P = 14.82, p < ,001). The remaining variables, sex (.44%), self-efficacy (.28%), religiosity ( .06% ) , and benevolence (.01% ) , were nonsignificant. When an independent regression analysis was performed for each of the predictor variables, only selfconcept (r = ,259, p < ,001) and self-efficacy (T = .184, p < .01) were significantly related to depression-proneness. Sex (r = ,059). religiosity (r = .044), and benevolence (r = .O18) were not associated with depression-proneness. Although this study measured trait depression, the results seem consistent with the significant relationship between self-related variables and state depression which is suggested in major theories (1) of depression. However, these findings may be partially based on item redundancy among measures of depression-proneness and self-related variables.
DNA/DNA HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES OF MUROID RODENTS: SYMMETRY AND RATES OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION

Data from several sources suggest that molecular and organismal rates of evolution often differ (Sarich and Wilson, 1967a, 1967b; Wilson et al., 1974a, 1974b, 1977; Prager and Wilson, 1975; Bruce and Ayala, 1979; Ferris et al., 1981). Protein molecules, for example, are useful systematic tools because they seem to evolve in a stochastically regular manner (Fitch, 1976). In contrast, others note that rates of morphological evolution seldom exhibit such time-dependence (Eldredge and Gould, 1972). The source of comparative data thus influences perceptions of species relatedness, taxonomic status, and divergence time (c.f. Byrd, 1981). For example, on the basis of electrophoretic and immunological analyses, human and chimpanzee might be considered as sibling species that diverged 4-6 million years ago (MYA) (Sarich and Wilson, 1967a, 1967b; Wilson and Sarich, 1969; King and Wilson, 1975; Sarich and Cronin, 1976; Wilson et al., 1977). However, on the basis of morphological characters, human and chimpanzee are placed in different families (Hominidae and Pongidae), and their divergence from a common ancestor is placed earlier (Pilbeam, 1970; Simons, 1976; see also Bruce and Ayala, 1979). To reconcile the apparent disagreement between morphologicallyand biochemically-based primate classifications and divergence estimates, Uzzell and Pilbeam (1971) and Goodman et al. (1971) proposed that biochemical similarities might be a result of an evolutionary slowdown within the hominoid lineage. Sarich and Wilson (1973) evaluated this hypoth-
Culture, Health, and Science: A Multidisciplinary Liberal Arts Alternative to the Public Health Major

Since the 2003 call by the Institute of Medicine to educate undergraduates in public health, various models have emerged for incorporating public health into the liberal arts and sciences. One model is a professionalized public health major that uses core public health competencies to prepare a workforce of health professionals. A second model offers a broad-based public health major rooted in liberal arts principles, resisting the utilitarian trend toward human capital formation. A third model resists even the label of "public health," preferring instead to introduce undergraduates to many ways of analyzing human health and healing. The multidisciplinary Culture, Health, and Science Program, based on six key commitments for preparing liberal arts students to analyze health and respond to global health challenges, is offered as an alternative to the public health major.
Survey on AIDS health education among middle school students in a county of Henan province

Aim:To investigate the present status of the AIDS health education among middle school students in a county of Henan province.Methods:The students from 2 junior middle schools and 2 senior middle schools filled the questionnaires anonymously. The investigation contents mainly included the knowledge, manner and behavior related to AIDS.Results:A total of 3 611 questionnaires were collected and the effective response rate was 99.7%.The correct rate was 30.8% to five AIDS elementary questions, the correct rate of the transmission route was about 80%, which was comparatively higher than that of non-transmission route,and the correct rate was remarkably higher for the male or senior students.The students who showed opposite attitudes towards the sexual behaviour before the wedding accounted for 65.1%. The students who were willing to study and eat together with HIV-infected persons accounted for 64.3% and 56.1%, respectively.The students who took positive attitudes towards HIV-infected persons accounted for 88.3%.Conclusion:The misapprehend towards the routine of HIV transmission is still existing among middle school students. It is suggested that the ministry of education should take effective educational measures against AIDS among middle school students.
Management of varices in cirrhosis.

Recent innovations include endoscopic ligation as an alternative to sclerotherapy and small shunts, such as the H graft and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, for treatment of patients who have failed more conservative therapy.
After care in colorectal cancer

The poor results of nonsurgical cancer therapy in locally recurring colorectal carcinoma and its metastases urge for an early diagnosis of these complications. Serial CEA-levels are the most promising tool to detect even preclinical tumour-growth. Because the incidence of tumor recurrence or metastases is highest in the first and second year after surgery the follow-up of the patients should be as close as possible during this time.
Graphene-based hyperbolic metasurfaces

We explore the electromagnetic response of ultrathin metasurfaces realized by densely-packed arrays of graphene strips. We analyze various topologies of propagation bands supported by this structure, ranging from the canalization regime found at a few terahertz (THz), hyperbolic responses present at a few dozens of THz, and anisotropic elliptic TE and TM regimes that arise at mid-infrared frequencies. Interestingly, this configuration can be tuned by exploiting graphene's field effect. We also study the influence of the intrinsic spatial dispersion of graphene, demonstrating that it imposes a wavenumber cutoff on the hyperbolic dispersion diagram that is inversely proportional to the Fermi velocity of electrons in the material. In addition, we show how spatial dispersion limit the maximum enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of emitters located nearby. Our findings may lead to the development of exciting reconfigurable plasmonic devices with direct application in hyperlenses, sensing, imaging, and on-chip communications.
CHAPTER 260 – Neurotrophin Signaling in Development

The formation of the vertebrate nervous system is characterized by widespread programmed cell death, which determines cell number and appropriate target innervation during development. The neurotrophins, which include nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived growth factor (BDNF), NT-3, and NT-4, represent an important family of trophic factors that are essential for survival of selective populations of neurons during different developmental periods. The neurotrophic hypothesis postulates that during nervous system development, neurons approaching the same final target vie for limited amounts of target-derived trophic factor. In the central nervous system, the overlapping expression of multiple neurotrophin receptors and their cognate ligands allows for the creation of diverse connectivity, which extends well into adulthood; even in the periphery complexities remain, such as the molecular mechanisms underlying the retrograde signal, a pathway that must efficiently transmit information over long distances, at times over a meter. The role of the neurotrophin system in development has been reviewed. This chapter focuses upon new views concerning ligand-receptor interactions, signal transduction, and retrograde transport in the peripheral nervous system.