cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE MECHANISMS OF LIGHT-INDUCED GERMINATION INHIBITION OF PHACELIA TANACETIFOLIA'

Germination of seed of Phacelia tanacetifolia is inhibited by several mechanisms. In addition to physical restraints imposed by the seed coats, the seed contains a water-soluble inhibitor which is independent of light or temperature for its activity. Available evidence also points to the presence of 1 or more light-activated inhibitors which are not easily leached from the seed. The blue-light-activated inhibition can be negated by high oxygen tensions or mechanical abrasion of the micropylar end of the seed. The suppression of germination by far-red or red light can be negated by abrasion but is only partially reversed by oxygen. Combinations of abrasion and high oxygen tensions negate both light-induced and temperature-induced inhibitions of germination. IN CONTRAST to seeds which have a light requirement for germination (Toole, 1959), the germination of Phacelia tanacetifolia is suppressed by exposure to far-red, red, blue or near-ultraviolet radiation (Schulz and Klein, 1963). The mechanism of light inhibition in Phacelia has been studied by previous investigators (cf. Schulz and Klein, 1963, for pertinent citations), but the results are conflicting and contradictory. The work reported in this paper is an attempt to resolve existing discrepancies and to increase our knowledge of the mechanism of light inhibition of germination. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Seed of Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. was obtained from Harry E. Saier, Dimondale, Michigan. Details of the radiation apparatus used in these experiments have been reported elsewhere (Schulz and Klein, 1963). The source of white light used in experiments testing the effects of seed coat abrasion and differential oxygen tensions was a General Electric "Quartzline" lamp. General Electric "cool white" fluorescent lamps were used as a source of white light in seed extraction experiments. Seed extracts were made by placing 1 g of ungerminated seeds in test tubes (150 X 25 mm) containing 10 ml distilled water and agitating the tubes in 200 ft-c white light or in darkness for 24 hr. These extracts were filtered in the dim light of a green safelamp (495-550 m,; peak 525 m,) and then presented to fresh seed in lots of 50 on filter paper in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were then placed, together with appropriate controls, in white fluorescent light (intensity 8
Maintaining interactivity while exploring massive time series

The speed of data retrieval qualitatively affects how analysts visually explore and analyze their data. To ensure smooth interactions in massive time series datasets, one needs to address the challenges of computing ad hoc queries, distributing query load, and hiding system latency. In this paper, we present ATLAS, a visualization tool for temporal data that addresses these issues using a combination of high performance database technology, predictive caching, and level of detail management. We demonstrate ATLAS using commodity hardware on a network traffic dataset of more than a billion records.
Correlation effects on the electronic structure of 1 × 1 and 2 × 1 reconstructed Si(111) surfaces

Intra-atomic correlations are shown to lead to two separate occupied dangling-bond bands at the buckled Si(111) surface, in agreement with recent photoemission results. A bandwidth of 0.4 eV and spin-polarized bands are obtained when the atomic and spin periodicities are both 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1. The bandwidths are sensitive to the type of spin ordering at the surface. Nearly dispersionless bands result when the atomic and spin periodicities are 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 and 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2, respectively. For the nonbuckled surface a metastable, antiferromagnetic structure with a 1.1-eV gap is predicted.
Effect of Biopolymers on Structure of Hydroxyapatite and Interfacial Interactions in Biomimetically Synthesized Hydroxyapatite/Biopolymer Nanocomposites

The interfacial interaction and effect of biopolymer on crystal structure of hydroxyapatite in biomimetically synthesized nanocomposites, chitosan/hydroxyapatite (ChiHAP50), polygalacturonic acid/hydroxyapatite (PgAHAP50), and chitosan/polygalacturonic acid/hydroxyapatite (ChiPgAHAP50) have been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Rietveld analysis. AFM phase images show nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles uniformly distributed in biopolymer. FTIR spectra indicate that chitosan interacts with hydroxyapatite through NH3 + groups, whereas in polygalacturonic acid/hydroxyapatite, dissociated carboxylate groups (COO−) form unidentate chelate with calcium atoms. A change in lattice parameters of hydroxyapatite in all nanocomposites is observed using Rietveld analysis. The increase in lattice parameters was most prominent along c-axis in ChiHAP50 and ChiPgAHAP50 nanocomposites, which was 0.388% and 0.319%, respectively. Comparison between particle sizes of hydroxyapatite, determined from AFM and Rietveld analysis, indicates presence of amorphous phase in hydroxyapatite particles, which is believed to be present at the interface of hydroxyapatite and biopolymer.
Amperometric determination of phosphate by use of a nucleoside phosphorylase-xanthine oxidase enzyme sensor based on a Clark-type hydrogen peroxide or oxygen electrode.

Abstract A bienzymatie sensor for the determination of phosphate was constructed by coimmobilization of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.22) and nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) on a polycarbonate membrane mounted on the tips of amperometric hydrogen peroxide and oxygen electrodes. The sensor response was linear to phosphate concentrations in the range 10–250 μ m .
Worksite environment physical activity and healthy food choices: measurement of the worksite food and physical activity environment at four metropolitan bus garages

The present research describes a measure of the worksite environment for food, physical activity and weight management. The worksite environment measure (WEM instrument) was developed for the Route H Study, a worksite environmental intervention for weight gain prevention in four metro transit bus garages in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Two trained raters visited each of the four bus garages and independently completed the WEM. Food, physical activity and weight management-related items were observed and recorded on a structured form. Inter-rater reliability was computed at the item level using a simple percentage agreement. The WEM showed high inter-rater reliability for the number and presence of food-related items. All garages had vending machines, microwaves and refrigerators. Assessment of the physical activity environment yielded similar reliability for the number and presence/absence of fitness items. Each garage had a fitness room (average of 4.3 items of fitness equipment). All garages had at least one stationary bike and treadmill. Three garages had at least one weighing scale available. There were no designated walking areas inside or outside. There were on average < 1 food stores or restaurants within sight of each garage. Few vending machine food and beverage items met criteria for healthful choices (15% of the vending machine foods; 26% of the vending machine beverages). The garage environment was perceived to be not supportive of healthy food choices, physical activity and weight management; 52% reported that it was hard to get fruits and vegetables in the garages, and 62% agreed that it was hard to be physically active in the garages. The WEM is a reliable measure of the worksite nutrition, physical activity, and weight management environment that can be used to assess changes in the work environment.
Local Chain Dynamics and Dynamic Heterogeneity in Cross-Linked Epoxy in the Vicinity of Glass Transition

We studied the local chain dynamics as well as the dynamic heterogeneity in highly cross-linked epoxy near glass transition by molecular dynamics simulation. In previous work (Lin and Khare in Macromolecules 2009, 42, 4319 ), we had reported creation of fully relaxed atomistic structures of cross-linked epoxy; the glass transition temperature of these structures was also determined from volume−temperature behavior. The local chain dynamics in these structures is characterized by using molecular dynamics simulation in this work. Local translational mobility of cross-linked epoxy as measured by mean-squared displacement of atoms exhibited two subdiffusive regimes within the simulation time of 200 ns. Local orientational mobility was determined by monitoring the autocorrelation function (ACF) of a vector associated with the epoxy monomer. Time dependence of an order parameter based on this ACF showed that there was almost no orientational relaxation when the temperature was near or below glass transition tem...
Parallax measurements on stereomicrographs of hydrated single molecules: Their accuracy and precision at high magnification

Stereoimaging of hydrated single complex macromolecules requires thin freeze-etch platinum-carbon replicas (⩽200 A) and that the transmission electron microscope (TEM) be equipped with a tilt-rotation eucentric goniometer stage. The original parallax equation is an accurate approximation for high-magnification work, micrographs (105 ×) being less than 0.3% in error. In addition, we have derived formulas for high-magnification work to measure heights, lateral distances, and the object tilt angle for an object not lying flat on the film surface. The accuracy of the height measurements is evaluated on spermidine-condensed DNA toruses. By using the maximum error equation derived from the original parallax equation, we discuss methods to improve the height measurement precision (95% fractile) to the 5–10 A range.
Herbivore Biodiversity Varies with Patch Size in an Urban Archipelago

The effects of ecosystem fragmentation on biodiversity during urbanization are well established. As a city grows, it replaces much of the native plant life with asphalt, cement, and lawns, yet small patches of native plants remain in greenspaces, which act as refugia for native animals. However, little work has been done on the patterns of re-colonization by native animals as urban decay allows for re-establishment of native plant communities. We found that patterns of biodiversity in the insect herbivore community within an archipelago of abandoned lots follow patterns of island biogeography, with higher biodiversity on large islands. We also found that insect colonization of the abandoned lots was correlated with each species’ dispersal ability. The patterns seen here have implications for patterns of species movement into urban systems as new parks are established or as abandoned lots are re-colonized by native plants.
Intelligent digital plotter

Abstract This article describes the use of a microprocessor to control Computer Instrumentation's Series 4/70 flatbed digital graph plotter. It covers both the hardware interface with the plotter and the firmware which controls the actual plotting. It describes how the firmware analyses the various user-controlled functions, and also how it interprets the high-level input language used to describe the plots, and converts these commands into actual pen movement.
Nitrogen-rich heterocycles as reactivity retardants in shocked insensitive explosives.

We report the first quantum-based multiscale simulations to study the reactivity of shocked perfect crystals of the insensitive energetic material triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB). Tracking chemical transformations of TATB experiencing overdriven shock speeds of 9 km/s for up to 0.43 ns and 10 km/s for up to 0.2 ns reveal high concentrations of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic clusters. Further reactivity of TATB toward the final decomposition products of fluid N2 and solid carbon is inhibited due to the formation of these heterocycles. Our results thus suggest a new mechanism for carbon-rich explosive materials that precedes the slow diffusion-limited process of forming the bulk solid from carbon clusters and provide fundamental insight at the atomistic level into the long reaction zone of shocked TATB.
A bound on the energy resolution required for quantitative SPECT.

Scattered radiation is one of several physical perturbations that limit the accuracy of quantitative measurements in single‐photon emission computed tomography(SPECT). Improvement in detector energy resolution leads to a reduction of scatter counts and a corresponding improvement in the quantitative accuracy of the SPECT measurement. In this study, simulated SPECT projections of a simple myocardial perfusion phantom were used to investigate the effect of detector energy resolution on the data. The phantom consists of a spherical shell of radionuclide within a 15 cm radius water‐filled cylinder. Each projection contains on the order of 3×105 counts. The results demonstrate that a full‐width, half‐maximum energy resolution of 3–4 keV is sufficient to render the error due to scatter insignificant compared to the uncertainty due to photon statistics in this case. Further simulations verify that because smaller objects produce less scatter, they can be imaged accurately with degraded energy resolution. These results are useful when designing prototype systems that utilize solid‐state detectors and low‐noise electronics to achieve improved energy resolution.
Interpreting Information Systems in Organizations

From the Publisher: A coherent integrated source for an interpretive approach to understanding information systems in organizations to aid readers in their own processes of defining computer systems. Examines four major IS issues--strategy, evaluation, design and development, implementation. Features in-depth case studies to illustrate key points.
Chloride Corrosion Threshold of Reinforcing Steel in Alkaline Solutions—Effect of Specimen Size

Abstract The effect of specimen surface area (S), varied by 3 orders of magnitude, on the pitting and repassivation potentials of concrete reinforcing steel specimens in alkaline solutions was dete...
Providing Care in the End of Life Ethical and Therapeutic Considerations

As modern technology advances, people live longer and are more likely to face death later in life from chronic or degenerative diseases. The location of death has also changed, resulting in more pe...
A novel cache optimization algorithm and protocol for video streaming in pure peer-to-peer networks

P2P networks offer scalable, inexpensive, and robust solutions to video streaming that overcome the shortcomings of the traditional client-server architecture. However, they suffer from user churn and node failure, thus posing a formidable challenge to the performance of P2P networks. In this paper, a novel cache allocation strategy designed to achieve optimality while factoring in characteristics of peers (i.e. reliability) and videos (i.e. demand, supply) is proposed. A distributed architecture based on local peer neighborhoods is developed, which provides an algorithm and protocol for peer caching, streaming, and routing. The allocation algorithm is obtained as a solution of a linear programming problem designed to maximize a utility function. A protocol based on local neighborhood relationships is proposed and handles data gathering, streaming, and peer communication. The solution results in a balanced workload distribution among peers and improved video availability. The performance of the proposed P2P allocation and streaming protocol is assessed through simulations and is shown to provide a significant improvement compared with existing methods.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS FOR AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE SYSTEM FOR A SMALL AUV

Abstract Improvements in high resolution small forward looking sonar (FLS) and computer processing have made it possible to develop an obstacle avoidance system (OAS) for small diameter Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). An AUV with such a system can maneuver around unanticipated obstacles that may be proud of the ocean floor. This ability can prevent serious damage to the vehicle or the environment. This paper discusses developments in control and computer vision techniques of an OAS designed to vertically avoid obstacles found on the ocean floor. Results are presented from recent in-water testing.
The Half-life of Human Platelet Phosphatide

PLATELET life-span has been measured by incorporating into the platelet a tracer compound and following its disappearance. The labels used have included radioactive phosphorus, as 32P-orthophosphate and as 32P-diisopropyl fluorophosphonate, radioactive chromium, radioactive sulphur and radioactive carbon. Aas and Gardner1 reported a life-span of 9–11 days using in vitro labelling with chromium-51. Leeksma and Cohen2 calculated a life-span of 8–9 days using 32P-diisopropyl fluorophosphonate in vivo. Both methods gave a calculated life-span that was longer than previous results had suggested and longer than the 1½–3 day half-life for transfused 32P-platelets reported by Adelson et al. 3. These authors pointed out the hazards of using in vitro techniques and attempted to reduce platelet handling to a minimum. A longer platelet life-span would explain more adequately the occurrence of a maximum depression of platelets at 25–30 days in human beings exposed to radiation4.
Migratory Logistic Regression for Learning Concept Drift Between Two Data Sets With Application to UXO Sensing

To achieve good generalization in supervised learning, the training and testing examples are usually required to be drawn from the same source distribution. In this paper, we propose a method to relax this requirement in the context of logistic regression. Assuming D p and D a are two sets of examples drawn from two different distributions T and A (called concepts, borrowing a term from psychology), where D a are fully labeled and D p partially labeled, our objective is to complete the labels of D p. We introduce an auxiliary variable mu for each example in D a to reflect its mismatch with D p. Under an appropriate constraint the mus are estimated as a byproduct, along with the classifier. We also present an active learning approach for selecting the labeled examples in D p. The proposed algorithm, called migratory logistic regression, is demonstrated successfully on simulated data as well as on real measured data of interest for unexploded ordnance cleanup.
Impact of Region-Based Faults on the Connectivity of Wireless Networks in Log-Normal Shadow Fading Model

The traditional studies on fault-tolerance in networks assume that the faults are random in nature, i.e., the probability of a node failing is independent of its location in the deployment area. However, this assumption is no longer valid if the faults are spatially correlated. In this paper we focus on the study of the impact of region-based faults on wireless networks. Most of the studies on connectivity of wireless networks assume a unit disk graph model, i.e., links exist between two nodes if they are within a circular transmission range of one another. However, the unit disk graph model does not capture wireless communication environment accurately. The log-normal shadow fading model for communication was introduced to overcome the limitations of the unit disk graph model. In this paper we investigate connectivity issues of wireless networks in a log-normal shadow fading environment where the faults are spatially correlated. If d_min(G) denotes the minimum node degree of the network, we provide the analytical expression and method for computing P(d_min(G) >= 1) in a region-based fault scenario, where P(d_min(G) >= 1) denotes the probability of the minimum node degree being at least 1. Through extensive simulation, we find P(kG) >= 1), where k(G) represents the connectivity of the graph G formed by the distribution of nodes on a 2D plane and examine the relationship between P(d_min(G) >= 1) and P(k(G) >= 1).
Assessing the cost of fuel reduction treatments: a critical review

The basic costs of the operations for implementing fuel reduction treatments are used to evaluate treatment effectiveness, select among alternatives, estimate total project costs, and build national program strategies. However, a review of the literature indicates that there is questionable basis for many of the general estimates used to date. Different approaches to estimating cost have been used. Four methods are reviewed with discussion of the appropriate applications to fuel reduction cost analysis. Critical gaps identified in the understanding of operations costs include business overhead, repair and maintenance reserves, and estimates of the cost of risk. Future analyses of fuel treatments should be cautious in extrapolating cost numbers from the existing literature. Published by Elsevier B.V.
What we know about spreadsheet errors

Although spreadsheet programs are used for small "scratchpad" applications, they are also used to develop many large applications. In recent years, we have learned a good deal about the errors that people make when they develop spreadsheets. In general, errors seem to occur in a few percent of all cells, meaning that for large spreadsheets, the issue is how many errors there are, not whether an error exists. These error rates, although troubling, are in line with those in programming and other human cognitive domains. In programming, we have learned to follow strict development disciplines to eliminate most errors. Surveys of spreadsheet developers indicate that spreadsheet creation, in contrast, is informal, and few organizations have comprehensive policies for spreadsheet development. Although prescriptive articles have focused on such
The Urbanist Ethics of Jane Jacobs

This article examines ethical themes in the works of the celebrated writer on urban affairs, Jane Jacobs. Jacobs’ early works on cities develop an implicit, ‘ecological’ conception of the human good, one that connects it closely with economic and political goals while emphasizing the intrinsic good of the community formed in pursuit of those goals. Later works develop an explicit ethics, arguing that governing and trading require two different schemes of values and virtues. While Jacobs intended this ethics to apply to all forms of productive activity, it is particularly illuminating when applied to her own urban ideas and activism.
Multi-Element Microwave Computer Generated Holograms

Reflective computer-generated holographic elements are used in a quasi-optical fashion to modify both the phase and polarization of a high-power coherent microwave beam. The design code currently allows any two-element, ofd axis configuration.
Nutritional Resilience in a Hostile Environment: Positive Deviance in Child Nutrition

The term "positive deviance" applies to the study of children who demonstrate above-average growth in impoverished environments. Favorable values on known malnutrition correlates and attentive child care characterize positive deviants. Best-growing children do not necessarily mirror the malnourished; for example, best- and worst-nourished infants may both get more breast-milk substitutes than middle growers. Positive deviants receive more high-quality foods, physical interaction, affection and praise, and verbal and environmental stimulation. Factors that influence child growth through care quality also predict cognitive development, health, and social adjustment. They include: the type of society; parental education, mental health, initiative, and work burden; family and community structure; and the value of children to parents. Feeding practices related to growth include: permitting the child to control the length of feeding, encouraging eating while avoiding a power struggle, actively spoon- or hand-feeding, not displacing appetite by giving frequent sweets, and timely introduction of appropriate foods.
A comparison of the MIR-estimated and model-calculated fresh water surface emissivities at 89, 150, and 220 GHz

The airborne millimeter-wave imaging radiometer (MIR) measurements over three lakes (surface temperature /spl sim/273 K) in the Midwest region of the USA during February 1997 were used to estimate surface emissivities at 89, 150, and 220 GHz and the results were compared with those calculated from three different dielectric permittivity models for fresh water. The measurements were during clear and dry atmospheric conditions so that the column water vapor could be accurately retrieved and its effect on the MIR measurements predicted. The standard deviations of the estimated emissivities were found to be about 0.003, 0.004, and 0.008 for 89, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively. The errors of the estimation were calculated to be /spl plusmn/0.005, /spl plusmn/0.006, and /spl plusmn/0.011 in the same order of frequency, respectively, based on the MIR measurement accuracy of /spl plusmn/1 K in the brightness temperature range of 190-290 K. The estimated emissivities at normal incidence, under the assumption of a calm water surface, compare quite well with values generated by the model of P. Stogryn et al. (1995). These estimated values are slightly lower than those calculated from the model of H. J. Liebe et al. (1991) at both 89 and 150 GHz. The estimated 89 GHz emissivity is higher than that calculated from the model of W. Ellison et al. (1998). Additionally, the retrievals using different models of atmospheric absorption as well as off-nadir measurements of the MIR are explored. The impact of these retrievals on the comparison of estimated and calculated emissivities is discussed.
An Antimicrobial Activity of Cytolytic T Cells Mediated by Granulysin

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill intracellular pathogens by a granule-dependent mechanism. Granulysin, a protein found in granules of CTLs, reduced the viability of a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites in vitro. Granulysin directly killed extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, altering the membrane integrity of the bacillus, and, in combination with perforin, decreased the viability of intracellular M. tuberculosis. The ability of CTLs to kill intracellular M. tuberculosis was dependent on the presence of granulysin in cytotoxic granules, defining a mechanism by which T cells directly contribute to immunity against intracellular pathogens.
Relating apparent electrical conductivity to soil properties across the north-central USA

Apparent electrical conductivity (EC"a) of the soil profile can be used as an indirect indicator of a number of soil physical and chemical properties. Commercially available EC"a sensors can efficiently and inexpensively develop the spatially dense datasets desirable for describing within-field spatial soil variability in precision agriculture. The objective of this research was to relate EC"a data to measured soil properties across a wide range of soil types, management practices, and climatic conditions. Data were collected with a non-contact, electromagnetic induction-based EC"a sensor (Geonics EM38) and a coulter-based sensor (Veris 3100) on 12 fields in 6 states of the north-central United States. At 12-20 sampling sites in each field, 120-cm deep soil cores were obtained and used for soil property determination. Within individual fields, EM38 data collected in the vertical dipole orientation (0-150cm depth) and Veris 3100 deep (0-100cm depth) data were most highly correlated. Differences between EC"a sensors were more pronounced on more layered soils, such as the claypan soils of the Missouri fields, due to differences in depth-weighted sensor response curves. Correlations of EC"a with clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were generally highest and most persistent across all fields and EC"a data types. Other soil properties (soil moisture, silt, sand, organic C, and paste EC) were strongly related to EC"a in some study fields but not in others. Regressions estimating clay and CEC as a function of EC"a across all study fields were reasonably accurate (r^2>=0.55). Thus, it may be feasible to develop relationships between EC"a and clay and CEC that are applicable across a wide range of soil and climatic conditions.
Investigating microbial co-occurrence patterns based on metagenomic compositional data

Motivation: The high-throughput sequencing technologies have provided a powerful tool to study the microbial organisms living in various environments. Characterizing microbial interactions can give us insights into how they live and work together as a community. Metagonomic data are usually summarized in a compositional fashion due to varying sampling/sequencing depths from one sample to another. We study the co-occurrence patterns of microbial organisms using their relative abundance information. Analyzing compositional data using conventional correlation methods has been shown prone to bias that leads to artifactual correlations. Results: We propose a novel method, regularized estimation of the basis covariance based on compositional data (REBACCA), to identify significant co-occurrence patterns by finding sparse solutions to a system with a deficient rank. To be specific, we construct the system using log ratios of count or proportion data and solve the system using the l1-norm shrinkage method. Our comprehensive simulation studies show that REBACCA (i) achieves higher accuracy in general than the existing methods when a sparse condition is satisfied; (ii) controls the false positives at a pre-specified level, while other methods fail in various cases and (iii) runs considerably faster than the existing comparable method. REBACCA is also applied to several real metagenomic datasets. Availability and implementation: The R codes for the proposed method are available at http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/∼hji403/REBACCA.htm Contact: ude.nretsewhtron@iemgnoh Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Contribution of Arousal and Performance in Reducing Spider Avoidance

To determine the role played by peripheral autonomic arousal in reducing avoidance behavior, 16 spider phobics were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to either a propranolol (a drug which blocks beta-adrenergic activity) or to a placebo group. Subjects in the propranolol group performed significantly better than those given placebo although the magnitude of the effect was small. All subjects later received 90 min of participant modeling. They performed significantly better with participant modeling and there were no differences between the groups in their final performance. Implications of the data for theories of fear and avoidance behavior are discussed.
Reliability and survivability in the Reduced Ship's Crew by Virtual Presence system

The Reduced Ship's Crew by Virtual Presence Advanced Technology Demonstration was a 3-year program (1999-2001) to show the feasibility of employing wireless sensors on naval ships. Environmental, structural, personnel, and machinery sensors were demonstrated. This paper describes the RSVP architecture, highlighting the aspects of the architecture that contribute to the system's reliability and survivability. It also describes the demonstrations that were performed and their results.
New Drugs for the Treatment of Advanced-Stage Diffuse Large Cell Lymphomas

The rapid pace of discovering new signaling pathways that influence the growth and survival of different types of cancer cells has produced a daunting array of potentially new, "drugable" targets for the treatment of cancer. This has been particularly true for the lymphomas. The empiric observation that many kinds of "novel targeted" drugs appear to exhibit relatively selective patterns of activity is testament to the concept that the lymphomas represent an incredibly diverse group of human cancers. Targeting one pathway in a subtype of lymphoma may not be universally effective against all subtypes of lymphoma, even closely related ones. These observations suggest that pharmacologically driven "target identification" plays an important role in the continued development of new therapeutic agents, and underscores the need for more research into the biologic basis for different subtypes of lymphoma. Over the past 10 years, there has been an explosion of new drugs making their way through preclinical laboratories and early clinical studies. These experiences have taught us some frustrating lessons. Sometimes, the strongest biologic rationale is associated with the poorest clinical results. Sometimes, where no rationale exists, golden therapeutic opportunities emerge. In either case, both experiences typically end up teaching us something about the disease we didn't historically appreciate. In this review, we will take a close look at some of the more intriguing targets in aggressive large B-cell lymphomas, all of which now have small molecules that can profoundly affect their activity, activity we hope will lead to new treatment opportunities. We will focus on the biologic rationale for targeting novel pathways regulated by Bcl-6, Bcl-2, BLysS, and APRIL for example. In addition, we will review how new concepts in structural biology and chemical design can help produce new generation compounds with novel activity, as is the case for pralatrexate and targeting the reduced folate carrier-type-1. Clearly, given the breadth and depth of information emerging on these and other relevant biologic pathways, we are limited to discussing only a few illustrative examples, which should in no way detract from the importance of other critical signaling and survival pathways now being exploited in the treatment of lymphoma.
Some Intellectual Genealogies for the Concept of Everyday Resistance

Concerns with how cultural factors influenced agrarian social change remained an abiding interest in the work of James Scott. I begin by sketching out the context of debates in Marxist theory, development studies, and social and political anthropology that, during the 1980s, turned to relations between ideas, power, and processes of conflict and change in a world of new postcolonial nations and rapid agrarian development. In the article, then, I carefully examine the ideas Scott developed about resistance and hegemony in conversation with the work of E. P. Thompson. Tracing the genealogy of Scott's ideas about hegemony and rural social protest, I comment in some detail on the literature on resistance that arose in anthropology during the 1980s and the role of Scott's Weapons of the Weak (1985) in shaping that literature while interacting with Subaltern Studies (Guha 1982-87), studies of social movements, and examinations of power in interpersonal relations.
Characterization of IS1245 for Strain Typing of Mycobacterium avium

IS1245 is an insertion element widely prevalent among isolates of Mycobacterium avium. We used PvuII Southern blots to analyze IS1245 polymorphisms among 159 M. avium isolates (141 clinical isolates from 40 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients plus 18 epidemiologically related environmental isolates) that represented 40 distinct M. avium strains, as resolved by previous studies by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). All 40 strains carried DNA homologous to IS1245 and thus were typeable. Twenty-five (63%) strains had ≥10 copies of the element, 6 (15%) had 4 to 9 copies, and 9 (23%) had only 1 to 3 copies. Among the last group of nine strains (each of which was distinct by PFGE analysis), IS1245 typing resolved only four patterns and thus provided poor discriminatory power. To evaluate the in vivo stability of IS1245, we analyzed 32 strains for which sets of 2 to 19 epidemiologically related isolates were available. For 19 (59%) of these sets, all isolates representing the same strain had indistinguishable IS1245 patterns. Within eight (25%) sets, one or more isolates had IS1245 patterns that differed by one or two fragments from the modal pattern for the isolates of that strain. Five (16%) sets included isolates whose patterns differed by three or more fragments; on the basis of IS1245 typing those isolates would have been designated distinct strains. IS1245 was stable during in vitro passage, suggesting that the variations observed represented natural translocations of the element. IS1245 provides a useful tool for molecular strain typing of M. avium but may have limitations for analyzing strains with low copy numbers or for resolving extended epidemiologic relationships.
Designing high-end computing systems with InfiniBand and10-Gigabit Ethernet iWARP

InfiniBand (IB) architecture and 10-Gigabit Ethernet iWARP (10GE) are generating a lot of excitement towards building next generation High-End Computing (HEC) systems. This tutorial will provide an indepth look at this emerging trend and examine the suitability of these standards for prime-time HEC. It will start with a brief overview of IB and 10GE iWARP, and their architectural features. An overview of the emerging OpenFabrics stack which encapsulates both IB and 10GE iWARP in a unified manner will be presented. IB and 10GE iWARP hardware/software solutions and the market trends will be highlighted. Challenges in designing different kinds of systems using these standards on multi-core platforms for performance, scalability, portability and reliability will be covered. Specifically, case studies and experiences in designing HPC clusters (with MPI-1 and MPI-2 programming models), Parallel FileSystems, Networked File Systems (NFS), Storage Protocols, Multi-tier Datacenters, and Virtualization schemes will be presented together with the associated performance numbers and comparisons.
The Brd4 Extraterminal Domain Confers Transcription Activation Independent of pTEFb by Recruiting Multiple Proteins, Including NSD3

Bromodomain protein 4 (Brd4) plays critical roles in development, cancer progression, and virus-host pathogenesis. To gain mechanistic insight into the various biological functions of Brd4, we performed a proteomic analysis to identify and characterize Brd4-associated cellular proteins. We found that the extraterminal (ET) domain, whose function has to date not been determined, interacts with NSD3, JMJD6, CHD4, GLTSCR1, and ATAD5. These ET-domain interactions were also conserved for Brd2 and Brd3, the other human BET proteins tested. We demonstrated that GLTSCR1, NSD3, and JMJD6 impart a pTEFb-independent transcriptional activation function on Brd4. NSD3 as well as JMJD6 is recruited to regulated genes in a Brd4-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that depletion of Brd4 or NSD3 reduces H3K36 methylation, demonstrating that the Brd4/NSD3 complex regulates this specific histone modification. Our results indicate that the Brd4 ET domain through the recruitment of the specific effectors regulates transcriptional activity. In particular, we show that one of these effectors, NSD3, regulates transcription by modifying the chromatin microenvironment at Brd4 target genes. Our study thus identifies the ET domain as a second important transcriptional regulatory domain for Brd4 in addition to the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) that interacts with pTEFb.
Open-Channel Hydraulics: From Then to Now and Beyond

As a subdiscipline of water resources engineering, open-channel hydraulics is of critical importance to human history. This chapter starts with a brief history of open-channel hydraulics. Then the fundamental concepts in open-channel hydraulics (specific energy, momentum, and resistance) are introduced. The new development on the subject of open-channel flow modeling is discussed at some length. A general introduction on 1D, 2D, and 3D computer modeling and examples will be given. Despite the tremendous progress made in the past, modern and future challenges include revisiting past projects which were designed using less than ideal standards, effect of climate variability, and natural open channels in the arid environment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential future directions.
Hypotheses concerning the phonetic and functional origins of tone displacement in Zulu

High tones in Zulu are displaced rightward from their vowel of origin in the context of preceding "depressor" consonants, a segment type traditionally considered to possess breathy phonation. In this paper, I suggest that physical properties of the speech mechanism-phonetic factors-may have initially induced the apparent rightward "unhinging" of high tones in the context of preceding depressors, and that independent functional factors may have induced the conventionalization of tone displacement. As tones were less likely to neutralize upon displacement, displaced tokens were more often perceived unambiguously, and, hence, were more likely to be reproduced.
Characterization and properties of cultured human von Willebrand umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells (ECs), designated here as vWd ECs, were obtained from the umbilical vein of a female child, subsequently diagnosed as having von Willebrand’s disease (vWd). ECs were obtained from human umbilical veins (3 normals, 1 vWd) by mild collagenase treatment and cultured on human fibronectin (FN) coated culture surfaces in Medium 1 99 containing 20% heat-deactivated fetal calf serum and bovine EC growth factor (ECGF). These cells were characterized as ECs by their typical growth characteristics, the presence of immunologically identifiable factor-VIll-related antigen (F.VIIIR:AG) and the production of ristocetin-Willebrand factor (F.VlllR:WF) activity (ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation). The ECs in postconfluent vWd cultures appeared somewhat larger and showed an increased tendency to become detached from the culture surface, as compared to postconfluent normal cultures. In comparison with normal ECs. vWd ECs showed a different pattern of immunofluorescencestaining for F.VlllR:AG and lower levels of this factor in the culture medium. In 72-hr. normal ECs also produced 3-4-fold more F.VIIIR:WF activity in their media than vWd ECs. Finally, normal culture-produced extracellular matrix material,
MB-26TARGETING MEDULLOBLASTOMA WITH A NEW SMALL-MOLECULE DRUG THAT INHIBITS MYC MEDIATED TRANSLATION

Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric brain tumor. Four molecular subgroups have been identified. Group 3 medulloblastomas are characterized by high Myc amplification and have a particularly poor prognosis, further complicated by the fact that MYC has proven very difficult to target due to the lack of clear binding ligands. In this study we evaluated the effect of a new small-molecule drug, ON 013105, in Myc driven medulloblastoma cell growth and cell death. The drug, ON 013105, a novel benzyl styryl sulfone kinase inhibitor has been shown to inhibit Myc mediated translation, cyclin D and eventually decreases tumor cell proliferation in a mouse model of mantle cell lymphoma. In our studies with high Myc expressing medulloblastoma cells, ON 013105 demonstrates an ability to reduce cell proliferation, cell survival, colony formation, and cell self-renewal capacity. Interestingly, in high Myc medulloblastoma cells, we found that ON 013105 inhibits cMyc expression in addition to cyclin D1 inhibition. Combining ON 013105 with JQ1, another small-molecule drug which inhibits cMyc expression by inhibiting BRD4, showed synergistic decrease in tumor cell proliferation. Our study suggests that ON 013105 either alone or in combination with JQ1 can be potential therapeutic agents to target high MYC medulloblastoma.
Linear algebra by analogy

ScoTr H. HOCHWALD: I discovered the beauty of mathematics while I was a member of a Brooklyn Tech High School class that spent three years under the guidance of Lawrence J. Zimmerman. I learned how to do mathematics at Caltech, where Richard Dean and Fred Dashiell played key roles in that phase of my education. I received my Ph.D. in mathematics from U.C. Berkeley in 1984 under the direction of Donald Sarason. Since that time, I have been on the faculty of the University of North Florida. My main research interests are operator theory and linear algebra.
LAB EVALUATION OF POLYMER FLOODING USED IN HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH SALINITY RESERVOIR OF WEN 209 IN ZHONGYUAN

Polymer flooding is an important technical method widely used in the late development of oilfields. However, this method is mainly used in oil reservoirs of moderate and low temperature and salinity and rarely used in those of high temperature and high salinity. In the present study, the authors attempt to apply this effective method to oil reservoirs of high temperature and high salinity through reasonable lab experiment and mathematical simulation. The lab evaluation is successful. The study results make it possible to widen the application domain of the polymer flooding method.
Obesity, low levels of physical activity and smoking present opportunities for primary care asthma interventions: an analysis of baseline data from The Asthma Tools Study.

Asthma prevalence, severity and outcomes are associated with various patient characteristics and lifestyle choices. To identify potentially modifiable factors associated with poor asthma outcomes among US primary care patients. Using baseline data from the Asthma Tools Study, we calculated cross-sectional frequencies of activity levels, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and the presence of obesity, as well as rates of out-of-control asthma and asthma exacerbations. Frequencies were stratified by sex, and into three age groups: 5–11 years, 12–18 years and 19 years and older. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with each of the asthma outcomes. In the 901 individuals enrolled in this asthma study, tobacco smoke exposure, obesity, low activity levels, poverty, inadequately controlled asthma and high asthma-related health-care utilisation were common. Across all age groups, obesity was associated with poorer asthma outcomes: either poor asthma control (odds ratio (OR)=2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.7 in 5- to 11-year-olds and OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2 in adults) or asthma exacerbations (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6–5.1 in 12- to 18-year-olds and OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5 in adults). Among adults, smoking was associated with both measures of poorer asthma outcomes; inadequate asthma control (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.5–3.5), and asthma exacerbations (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6), and low physical activity were associated with poor asthma control (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2). Obesity, low levels of physical activity and smoking are common, and they are associated with poor asthma outcomes in a sample of primary care patients, suggesting important targets for intervention. Encouraging patients to stop smoking, lose weight and improve levels of physical activity could help improve overall asthma outcomes. Asthma can be exacerbated by modifiable lifestyle factors, and early intervention from family doctors could make a significant difference to the condition for many patients. To uncover potential factors associated with asthma severity, Barbara Yawn at the University of Minnesota and co-workers analyzed survey answers and healthcare records from 901 patients, ages 5 to adult, from 21 medical centers across the USA. Obesity was associated with poorer asthma outcome in all age groups, and smoking was linked with exacerbations and inadequate asthma control. Those who undertook little or no physical activity also struggled to control their asthma. Regular support to make relevant lifestyle changes may improve asthma outcomes in these patient groups.
Structural and Functional Evidence Indicates Selective Oxygen Signaling in Caldanaerobacter subterraneus H-NOX.

Acute and specific sensing of diatomic gas molecules is an essential facet of biological signaling. Heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding (H-NOX) proteins are a family of gas sensors found in diverse classes of bacteria and eukaryotes. The most commonly characterized bacterial H-NOX domains are from facultative anaerobes and are activated through a conformational change caused by formation of a 5-coordinate Fe(II)-NO complex. Members of this H-NOX subfamily do not bind O2 and therefore can selectively ligate NO even under aerobic conditions. In contrast, H-NOX domains encoded by obligate anaerobes do form stable 6-coordinate Fe(II)-O2 complexes by utilizing a conserved H-bonding network in the ligand-binding pocket. The biological function of O2-binding H-NOX domains has not been characterized. In this work, the crystal structures of an O2-binding H-NOX domain from the thermophilic obligate anaerobe Caldanaerobacter subterraneus (Cs H-NOX) in the Fe(II)-NO, Fe(II)-CO, and Fe(II)-unliganded states are reported....