cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical models of the relationship between HDL-Cholesterol and Serum Triglyceride: an empirical evaluation

The nonlinear relationship between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) was examined in two different populations: (1) survivors of myocardial infarction in the @b-Blocker Heart Attack Trial; and (2) a reference population from a health maintenance organization. An empirical evaluation of three mathematical models was done for males and females in each of the two populations. On the basis of higher R^2 values and lower standard errors and coefficients of variation of the estimates for the three models, models (1) [HDL=Y"0+((K)(Y"m))@?(K+TG)] and (2) [HDL= C"0+(C"m)exp((-B)(TG))] were preferred. Parameter Y"0(and C"0) is the minimum value for HDL when TG becomes infinitely large, Y"m(and C"m) is the range of the HDL between TG=0 and ~, and K(and B) is a rate-of-change constant. Comparison of curves between males and females in each population revealed differences in the parameters, indicating that separate models are needed. Narrow confidence bands at the low TG levels for each sex and population group suggest better estimations would be obtained at these values than at elevated TG concentrations.
The Reuse of Vessels as Harbor Structures: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

Ships and boats, both intact and disarticulated, have been reused as port and harbor structures for at least the last two millennia. Based on the many available examples, it is now possible to analyze the reuse of ships within the larger context of harbor structures as a form of vernacular architecture. Fundamental to this analysis is the observation that vessels were not reused in all ports or during all periods; consequently, by examining where, when, and how vessels were reused it is possible to understand some of the environmental, social, and economic factors that led to vessel reuse.
Infant Victimization in a Nationally Representative Sample

The objectives of this research were to (1) obtain esti- mates of child maltreatment and other forms of personal, witness- ing of, and indirect victimization among children aged 0 to 1 year in the United States and (2) examine associations between infant vic- timization exposure and the infant's level of emotional and behav- ioral symptoms. METHODS: The study is based on a cross-sectional national telephone survey that included caregivers of a sample of 503 children under 2 years of age. RESULTS: Nearly one-third of the sample of infants (31.6%) had expe- rienced some form of personal, witnessing, or indirect form of victim- ization. The rate of infant maltreatment by caregivers (2.1%) was sig- nificantly lower than among older preschool-aged children. However, the rate of infant assault by siblings was considerable at 15.4%. The greatest risk of assault occurred in households with young siblings; nearly 35% of the infants with a sibling aged 2 to 3 years were as- saulted in the year before the interview. Witnessing family violence was also relatively common among the infants (9.5%). Victimization was associated with emotional and behavioral problems; sibling assault and witnessing family violence had the highest correlations with infant symptom scores. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the need for attention to infant victimization that considers a wider array of victimization sources and a broader scope of prevention efforts than has been typical in the child-maltreatment field. Pediatrics 2010;126:44-52
Mechanism of phosphor ylide-mediated living polymerizations of MMA. Nature of side reactions in the formation of initiators

Materials. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (HPLC grade, >99.99%) was stirred over potassium/sodium alloy until a sky-blue color was observed and distilled in vacuo before use. NiBr2 (Fluka, 97%), Ph3P (Aldrich, 99%), and 1-bromonaphthalene (Aldrich, 98%) were used as received. Triphenylmethane (TPM) (Aldrich, 97%) was dried under high vacuum at 60 °C for 3 h. MMA was stirred over CaH2 for 24 h, distilled in vacuo, and then distilled twice over triethylaluminum. 1-Naphthyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (NTPP,Br, 1) was prepared by stirring NiBr2 ,P h 3P, and 1-bromonaphthalene mixture at 200 ° Cf or 3h . 15 The NTPP,Br was of high purity based on proton and 31P NMR: ‰H (400 MHz; CDCl3) 8.42 (Ha, 1H, d, J 8.4), 8.12 (Hb, 1H, d, J 7.6), 7.87 (Hj, 3H, t, J 7.4), 7.77-7.72 (Hi + Hg, 7H, m), 7.66-7.60 (Hh + Hc, 7H, m), 7.537.46 (Hf, 1H, m), 7.40-7.36 (Hd + He, 2H, m) with the structure and assignment in Figure 2A and Figure SI-2 (Supporting Information); ‰P (162 MHz; CDCl3): 22.2. TPP,Br (Aldrich, 97%) and NTPP,Br were dried under high vacuum at 190 °C for 3 h before use. TPM,K (2) was prepared from TPM using a potassium mirror in THF. Polymerizations. Polymerizations were carried out in THF at 25 °C in vacuo using break-seal techniques. In a typical procedure (Table 1, no. 4), compounds 1 (0.118 g, 0.250 mmol) and 2 (8.40 mL, 0.0173 mol/L in THF) were mixed in THF and stirred for various periods (Scheme 1, eq 1) before addition of an MMA/THF solution (5.10 mL, 1.43 mol/L). The NTPP ylide-mediated polymerizations were terminated by 1 mL acetic acid/methanol (1/3 V/V). Methanol (1 mL) was used to terminate the TPP,TPMinitiated polymerizations. The PMMA solutions were precipitated in hexanes, filtered, and dried in vacuo to constant weight. Characterization. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on a Varian Mercury-400 ( 1 H: 400 MHz; 13 C: 100 MHz; 31 P: 162 MHz) or a Bruker AMX-500 ( 1 H: 500 MHz; 2 H: 77 MHz) instrument. CDCl3 was used as an external standard for the 2 H NMR measurements. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses were carried out at 25 °C on a Waters-510 instrument using three “Polymer Laboratories” (10 I m1 0 4 A (10K -600K), 5 I m1 0 3 A (0.5K-60K), and 5 Im 50 A (up to 2K) columns and equipped with UV and RI detectors in THF at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using PMMA standards. Molecular weights were also determined by proton NMR. UV-vis spectra were recorded on an HP 8453 UV-vis spectrophotometer.
Quantitative EEG analysis during hypnosis.

Abstract Although some investigators have previously reported light or deep sleep EEG patterns during hypnosis, most of them have not demonstrated any significant EEG differences between the hypnotic and the awake states. By quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) methods, using digital computer period analysis and analog frequency analyzer techniques, our study demonstrated statistically (ANOV and t test) significant EEG changes during both hypnotic induction and hypnotic trance. These changes were far from drowsiness or sleep EEG patterns. During hypnotic induction, there was a significant decrease of slow and increase of alpha and beta waves accompanied by an increase in amplitude and decrease of amplitude variability, in the best hypnotic subjects. Both the best and the poorest hypnotic subjects exhibited similar changes during the hypnotic trance period, although the best hypnotic subjects showed greater EEG changes, in particular, significantly more alpha activity, than the poorest ones. Augmented alpha activity can also be seen during Yoga and Zen meditation as well as autogenic and alpha training, which seems to indicate that hypnosis has something in common with these states.
The Unbinding of ATP from F1-ATPase

Using molecular dynamics, we study the unbinding of ATP in F(1)-ATPase from its tight binding state to its weak binding state. The calculations are made feasible through use of interpolated atomic structures from Wang and Oster [Nature 1998, 396: 279-282]. These structures are applied to atoms distant from the catalytic site. The forces from these distant atoms gradually drive a large primary region through a series of sixteen equilibrated steps that trace the hinge bending conformational change in the beta-subunit that drives rotation of gamma-subunit. As the rotation progresses, we find a sequential weakening and breaking of the hydrogen bonds between the ATP molecule and the alpha- and beta-subunits of the ATPase. This finding agrees with the "binding-zipper" model [Oster and Wang, BIOCHIM: Biophys. Acta 2000, 1458: 482-510.] In this model, the progressive formation of the hydrogen bonds is the energy source driving the rotation of the gamma-shaft during hydrolysis. Conversely, the corresponding sequential breaking of these bonds is driven by rotation of the shaft during ATP synthesis. Our results for the energetics during rotation suggest that the nucleotide's coordination with Mg(2+) during binding and release is necessary to account for the observed high efficiency of the motor.
Reflexivity in Research on Civil Society: Constructivist Perspectives

This article explores the ethical relationship between researcher and research subject. In order to address these issues, it examines what reflexivity entails in constructivist research on civil society actors, then discusses briefly how it can differ from highlighting the ethical dimen sions of research within other paradigms like realism, liberalism, and feminism. The article also analyzes the types of ethical issues confronted by constructivists, and drawing from the practices of anthropologists, political scientists, and the author's own experiences interviewing reli gious humanitarian activists, assesses the tasks at hand for constructivists who are serious about understanding the ethical dimensions of their work.
Elevation of Seizure Thresholds: A Comparison of Cerebellar Stimulation, Phenobarbital, and Diphenylhydantoin

Generalized EEG seizures were induced in acute, conscious New Zealand albino rabbits with intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (10 or 15 mg/kg) or electrical stimulation of the frontal cerebral cortex (ELEC) (50 Hz, 1 msec pulse duration, 2 sec train duration, 4.0-7.6 V). Three anticonvulsant treatments were compared: (1) electrical transhemispheral stimulation of the ansiform or simplex cerebellar lobes (10 Hz, 1.5 msec, 3-4 V), (2) phenobarbital (PB) (25 mg/kg, i.v.), and (3) diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (30 mg/kg, i.v.). After treatment, increments in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage were applied until a seizure was evoked that approximated the original in severity and duration. PTZ seizure thresholds were not elevated by DPH, and electrically induced seizure thresholds were not elevated by cerebellar stimulation (CBL). The four remaining seizure threshold elevations (increase in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage) were significant at a level of 0.025 or greater. Comparison of the elevations of seizure thresholds showed no differences at the 0.01 level of significance. Thus, no differences were seen between elevation of PTZ seizure thresholds by CBL or PB, or elevation of electrically induced seizure thresholds by PB or DPH, when examined on an acute basis.
Morphometry of individual capillary beds in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of rats.

Abstract Unusually high capillary densities, volumes, and surface areas were revealed by morphometric analysis of the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (magnocellular and parvocellular division), supraoptic nuclei, and pituitary neural lobe of Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats. Capillaries of the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus were greater in number, but smaller in diameter, than those in the parvocellular division. Expressed per unit area or volume, capillary dimensions in the hypohalamo-neurohypophysial system of Brattleboro rats were the same as in Long-Evans rats.
Ethanol elimination rates in an ED population.

Knowledge of the rate of ethanol elimination is essential in the assessment of the intoxicated patient. Surprisingly little literature is available regarding ethanol elimination rates in emergency department (ED) patients; prior studies almost exclusively examined populations of alcoholics or normal controls. Consequently, this prospective observational study was undertaken to assess the rate of ethanol elimination in an ED population. Twenty-four consecutive adult ED patients clinically suspected of intoxication who had serum ethanol determinations drawn were enrolled. Patients underwent serial ethanol determinations via breathalyzer (Intoxilyzer 1400, CMI Inc., Owensboro, KY). Linear regression analysis of the plot of decrease in ethanol level over time was performed to determine the rate of ethanol elimination. Initial ethanol levels in the 24 patients ranged from 58 to 447 mg/dL (mean, 249 +/- 109 [SD] mg/dL). Patients were observed for a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 9 observations (mean, 3.9 +/- 1.7), over a period of 0.5 to 12.1 hours (mean, 4.4 +/-3.5 h). Clinical features of intoxication were poorly correlated with ethanol level (r < .5). The rate of ethanol elimination in the ED population was 19.6 mg/dL/h (r = .83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.9 to 22.3 mg/dL/h). Subgroup analysis found differences that were statistically significant but small. Multiple regression analysis showed that time was the major variable useful in predicting changes in ethanol level (P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessing Group Differences in Estimated Baseline Survivor Functions From Cox Proportional Hazards Models

The author discusses the general problem of evaluating differences in adjusted survivor functions and develops a heuristic approach to generate the expected events that would occur under a Cox proportional hazards model. Differences in the resulting expected survivor distributions can be tested using generalized log rank tests. This method should prove useful for making other kinds of comparisons and generating adjusted life tables. The author also discusses alternative specifications of the classical Cox model that allow time-varying effects and thus permit a more direct assessment of group differences at various points in time. He implements recently developed semiparametric approaches for estimating time-varying effects, which permit statistical tests of group difference in effects as well as tests of time-invariant effects. He shows that these approaches can provide insight into the nature of time-varying effects and can help reveal the temporal dynamic of group differences.
Collisions, accretion, and erosion in the Kuiper Belt

Abstract Collisional modeling has been a fertile area of Kuiper Belt research for almost a decade. Such modeling has yielded important results concerning expected KBO surface properties, the KBO size distribution, the origin of KBOs and the properties of the primoridal Kuiper Belt, and most recently, the formation of KBO satellites. In what follows we briefly review some isolated aspects of these research results. A far more comprehensive, but older review of this topic was provided by Farinella et al. (in: Protostars and Planets IV, Mannings et al. (Eds.), University of Arizona Press, 2001). To cite this article: S.A. Stern, S.J. Kenyon, C. R. Physique 4 (2003).
ON THE CHOICE OF THE BEST TEST FOR ATTRIBUTE DEPENDENCY IN PROGRAMS FOR LEARNING FROM EXAMPLES

The paper discusses a problem associated with learning from examples. Learning programs under consideration, LEM and LERS, were designed to automate knowledge acquisition for expert systems. Hence, both programs induce rules in the minimal discriminant form, i.e., rules based on minimal sets of relevant attributes, called coverings. The problem addressed in the paper is the selection of the best algorithm for determining coverings. Four different methods, based on indiscernibility relation, partition, characteristic set and lower boundary are compared. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results of multiple running of many sets of examples, with variable number of examples and with variable number of attributes are taken into account. As a result the partition method is determined to be the most efficient way to compute coverings.
Diffusion in polycrystalline magnesiowüstite determined by reduction kinetics

Abstract Polycrystalline magnesiowustite samples (5 wt% Fe 2 O 3 doped) were reduced (or oxidized) at various temperatures in CO 2 CO gas mixtures and N 2 O 2 gas mixtures. The reaction was followed continuously with a Cahn microbalance. The kinetics in the high oxygen partial pressure region (0.18−9.6 × 10 −6 atm) were controlled by cation vacancy diffusion. The chemical diffusion coefficient of iron in magnesiowustite was found to increase linearly with the concentration of cation vacancies. The activation energy for diffusion was found to be 45 kcal/mol. The pseudochemical diffusion coefficient of iron in magnesiowustite evaluated from the kinetics of reduction and oxidation in low oxygen partial pressure atmospheres (10 −7 –10 −10 atm) was found to decrease as the concentration of cation vacancies increased. The reduction kinetics could be interpreted best by assuming an initial desorption of oxygen on the surface of the solid solution, and the migration of oxygen away from the grain boundaries of the sample followed by an associated solid state diffusion process.
Experimental investigations on the stability of a He II cooled superconducting solenoid

Studies of the stability of a single layer superconducting solenoid are reported. In order to investigate various aspects of the stability of proposed designs, the solenoid is cooled with a concentric and confined layer of He II at 1.8 K and 0.1 MPa. Stability boundaries are measured for variety of types of thermal disturbances. It is found that these boundaries are insensitive to the duration of the thermal disturbances for disturbances less than 10 ms but are influenced by the spatial extent of those disturbances. A precipitous drop in the stability boundary at high currents is shown to be associated with the Kapitza resistance between the conductor and the liquid helium in agreement with existing theories. Results are presented on the development of normal zones in various conditions. These reveal spreading above a threshold of pulse energy density. Further, normal zone development in quench situations is shown to be useful in defining a relationship between the duration of the stability process and the joule heating of the conductor.
Replacement of a chlorine with a methylsulfonyl group in the metabolism of propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide).

Urine from rats and sheep given single oral doses of [14C]propachlor contained 14C metabolites in which the chlorine of propachlor was replaced by a methylsulfonyl group. Methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites were also isolated from the urine of rats given an intraperitoneal dose of the cysteine conjugate of [14C]propachlor; this indicated that the methylsulfonyl-containing metabolites resulted from metabolic reactions subsequent to the mercapturic acid pathway.
MODE-SELECTIVE INFRARED EXCITATION OF LINEAR ACETYLENE

Quantum‐mechanical simulations of excitation of linear acetylene (HCCH) with a few synchronized, infrared, linearly polarized, transform‐limited, subpicosecond laser pulses reveal optimal pathways for the selective laser‐controlled excitation of the stretching modes in the molecule. Examples presented include a double‐resonance excitation of a CH‐stretching local mode state, a single‐pulse excitation of a predominantly symmetrical CH‐stretching state, an optimal two‐pulse dissociation of the molecule into C2H + H, and a two‐pulse sequence which induces stimulated emission and dumps the energy from a highly excited CH‐stretching state into a CC‐stretching state. The resulting optimal laser pulses fall within the capabilities of current powerful, subpicosecond, tunable light sources. The spectroscopy of the model that is relevant for finding selective excitation pathways is discussed. The wave function of the molecule is represented in a harmonic normal‐mode basis, a discrete variable representation, and in an eigenstate basis. A real‐time Lanczos propagator and an energy‐shifted, imaginary‐time Lanczos propagator are employed.
Robustness of a Spline Element Method with Constraints

The spline element method with constraints is a discretization method where the unknowns are expanded as polynomials on each element and Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce the interelement conditions, the boundary conditions and the constraints in numerical solution of partial differential equations. Spaces of piecewise polynomials with global smoothness conditions are known as multivariate splines and have been extensively studied using the Bernstein-Bezier representation of polynomials. It is used here to write the constraints mentioned above as linear equations. In this paper, we illustrate the robustness of this approach on two singular perturbation problems, a fourth order problem and a Stokes-Darcy flow. It is shown that the method converges uniformly in the perturbation parameter.
Role of neutrophils in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Intrarectal administration of 4% acetic acid produces diffuse inflammation that ultimately results in erosions and ulcerations of the rat colon. Although this model of colitis has been used extensively over the past several years, there are no quantitative data available regarding the relationship between neutrophil infiltration and mucosal injury during times of active inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to define the role of extravasated neutrophils as mediators of mucosal injury and inflammation in acetic acid-induced colitis. We found the intrarectal administration of 4% acetic acid produced an 11-fold increase in colonic mucosal permeability, a 9-fold increase in colonic MPO activity, and a 1.6-fold increase in colon weight at 48 h following administration of acetic acid. In addition, we found significant correlations between colonic MPO activity and mucosal permeability and between colonic MPO activity and colon weight (P < 0.01 for both). These data suggested that inflammatory neutrophils may mediate mucosal injury and inflammation in this model of colitis. To assess the role of circulating neutrophils, rats were rendered neutropenic for 48 h by the intraperitoneal administration of antiserum directed toward rat neutrophils (ANS). Although ANS treatment reduced both the number of circulating neutrophils and colonic MPO activity to less than 10% of control values, it did not attenuate the increases in colonic mucosal permeability nor did it attenuate the increases in colon weight produced by acetic acid. Histological inspection confirmed that ANS treatment was not effective in attenuating the injury to the epithelial barrier. These data demonstrate that infiltrating neutrophils do not mediate the mucosal injury and inflammation observed in acetic acid-induced colitis.
Real-time 3D reconstruction for FPGAs: A case study for evaluating the performance, area, and programmability trade-offs of the Altera OpenCL SDK

Embedding real-time 3D reconstruction of a scene from a low-cost depth sensor can improve the development of technologies in the domains of augmented reality, mobile robotics, and more. However, current implementations require a computer with a powerful GPU, which limits its prospective applications with low-power requirements. To implement low-power 3D reconstruction we embedded two prominent algorithms of 3D reconstruction (Iterative Closest Point and Volumetric Integration) on an Altera Stratix V FPGA by using the OpenCL language and the Altera OpenCL SDK. In this paper, we present our application and evaluation of the Altera tool in terms of performance, area, and programmability trade-offs. We have verified that OpenCL can be a viable method for developing FPGA applications by modifying an open-source version of the Microsoft KinectFusion project to run partially on a FPGA.
Population aging patterns: the expansion of mortality.

We used the hypothesis of mortality compression as a framework to examine patterns of mortality from 1962 to 1984. Data from national vital statistics records were used for analysis of the changing age at death for percentiles of the population. Data from the Social Security Administration and the U.S. Census Bureau were used to calculate the force of mortality. The mean age at death for all percentiles, including the oldest groups, has risen during the interval. Examination of the coefficient of variation for the mean age at death suggests that there is a relative increase in the variability of age at death among the oldest old. The available data do not fit a hypothetical sequence of normal density distributions with an increasing mean and declining standard deviation. The force of mortality in those over 85 years appears to be decreasing in a pattern similar to that for those under 85 years. Current mortality patterns suggest an "expansion," rather than compression, of mortality at the oldest ages. Further refinement of these observations, with improved data on mortality among the oldest old, will be helpful in delineating mortality patterns.
Distribution of the scaffolding proteins PSD-95, PSD-93, and SAP97 in isolated PSDs

We compared the distribution of three scaffolding proteins, all belonging to a family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases, thought to have key roles in the organization of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Isolated PSDs readily adhered to treated glass coverslips where they were labeled with immunogold and rotary shadowed for analysis by EM. The distribution of proteins within individual PSDs were measured by counting and mapping individual immunogold particles. PSD-95, as previously described, is distributed evenly throughout the PSD. We find here that PSD-93 has a nearly identical distribution suggesting that PSD-95 and PSD-93 could perform similar roles. SAP97, in contrast, is concentrated near edges of cleft sides of the PSDs, and in small clumps on their cytoplasmic sides. The homogenous distribution of PSD-95 and PSD-93 throughout the PSD is consistent with their being part of a backbone that stabilizes their various binding partners within the PSD. The distribution of SAP97 confirms that this protein is actually an integral component of the PSD, and suggests that it may have a role in inserting or stabilizing its main binding partner, Glu-R1, at the edge of the PSD.
Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cephalosporins: Cephradine and Cephalexin

A crossover experiment was utilized to compare the pharmacokinetics of a 1-g dose of cephalexin tablets, cephalexin capsules, or cephradine capsules in nine normal human volunteers. These antibiotics were administered as three formulations: two 500-mg capsules of cephradine every 6 hr for five doses, two 500-mg capsules of cephalexin every 6 hr for five doses, and one 1000-mg tablet of cephalexin every 6 hr for five doses. Pharmacokinetic parameters in the experimental groups showed no statistical differences (p > 0.1), indicating that these drugs are equivalent pharmacokinetically.
The theory of neighbourhood decline due to pariah land uses: Regaining control of the downward cycle

Abstract Some neighbourhood environments have become dumping grounds for locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) that middle-class Americans do not want near their homes. LULUs may combine with other pariah land uses to collectively undermine the quality of the local environment, reduce investment, government services, the proportion of middle-income people and associated businesses. As important neighbourhood attributes are lost, illegal activities, derelict structures, trash-strewn lots and the concentration of poor and unhealthy people may increase. This paper describes the theory behind the impact of pariah land uses through examples of the downward spiral experienced by Camden, New Jersey and the south Bronx, New York. It then documents the experience of one community, Elizabethport, New Jersey, in reversing that downward spiral. Success in Elizabethport came from the synergistic activities of local, state and federal governments, community groups, and not-for-profit organizations as they struggled to reg...
Yield of mammography in selected patients age ≤ 30 years

BACKGROUND An outcomes analysis study was performed to quantify the benefit of directed diagnostic imaging of selected very young women (defined as ≤ 30 years of age) in our population. Summary results are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS Women's Imaging Services were queried for studies performed between April 1, 1997 and December 31, 1998 on women ≤ 30 years of age. The authors' referral pathway mandates breast examination by a general surgeon or by the head of Women's Imaging before mammography in all such patients. Studies were excluded if there were reviews of scans performed at other sites. The resulting 142 mammograms were evaluated. RESULTS Ninety percent of the 142 studies were within normal limits. Only 11 mammograms indicated any required action (7.8%), and only 5 of these merited biopsy. All biopsies revealed benign disease. No carcinomas were detected by biopsy or on clinical follow-up in this cohort of women. These values are congruent with the scarce literature on mammography in this population. CONCLUSIONS The yield of mammography in the age ≤ 30 years population is low. Cancer 2001;91:1075–8. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Children of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Global Implications for Child Language

The entire global population is waiting for new opportunities of the new millennium. This paper will report selected global trends; describe briefly children of yesterday, today and tomorrow; detail a case study explaining the multiple challenges of working with children in a multicultural environment and probe into the implications for the future of child language.
Concept Redundancy in Organizational Research: The Case of Work Commitment

A facet design describing the theoretical and empirical interrelationships among five forms of work commitment (Protestant work ethic, career salience, job involvement/work as a central life interest, organizational commitment, and union commitment) is presented. The analysis reveals that these concepts are partially redundant and insufficiently distinct to warrent continued separation. Suggestions for advancing the study of work commitment are rendered.
A review of drought concepts

Owing to the rise in water demand and looming climate change, recent years have witnessed much focus on global drought scenarios. As a natural hazard, drought is best characterized by multiple climatological and hydrological parameters. An understanding of the relationships between these two sets of parameters is necessary to develop measures for mitigating the impacts of droughts. Beginning with a discussion of drought definitions, this paper attempts to provide a review of fundamental concepts of drought, classification of droughts, drought indices, historical droughts using paleoclimatic studies, and the relation between droughts and large scale climate indices. Conclusions are drawn where gaps exist and more research needs to be focussed.
Cocaine Self-Administration Abolishes Associative Neural Encoding in the Nucleus Accumbens Necessary for Higher-Order Learning

Background Cocaine use is often associated with diminished cognitive function, persisting even after abstinence from the drug. Likely targets for these changes are the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which are critical for mediating the rewarding aspects of drugs of abuse as well as supporting associative learning. To understand this deficit, we recorded neural activity in the NAc of rats with a history of cocaine self-administration or control subjects while they learned Pavlovian first- and second-order associations. Methods Rats were trained for 2 weeks to self-administer intravenous cocaine or water. Later, rats learned a first-order Pavlovian discrimination where a conditioned stimulus (CS)+ predicted food, and a control (CS−) did not. Rats then learned a second-order association where, absent any food reinforcement, a novel cued (SOC+) predicted the CS+ and another (SOC−) predicted the CS−. Electrophysiological recordings were taken during performance of these tasks in the NAc core and shell. Results Both control subjects and cocaine-experienced rats learned the first-order association, but only control subjects learned the second-order association. Neural recordings indicated that core and shell neurons encoded task-relevant information that correlated with behavioral performance, whereas this type of encoding was abolished in cocaine-experienced rats. Conclusions The NAc core and shell perform complementary roles in supporting normal associative learning, functions that are impaired after cocaine experience. This impoverished encoding of motivational behavior, even after abstinence from the drug, might provide a key mechanism to understand why addiction remains a chronically relapsing disorder despite repeated attempts at sobriety.
The Explosive r-Process

Previous r-process calculations were done using constant temperature and neutron density. However, the r-process presumably occurs under dynamic conditions in supernovae. In this work, more realistic, dynamic r-process calculations with time varying temperature and density are presented. It is shown that these dynamical calculations eliminate the previous need for arbitrary smoothing of the calculated abundances in order to fit the observed r-process abundances. It is also shown that for certain conditions it is possible to make all three observed r-process abundance peaks in the same dynamical event. Previous non-dynamical calculations were always forced to have more than one event in order to fit the observed peaks. It is felt that these dynamic calculations are able to remove many of the major uncertainties regarding the r-process. In determining the r-process conditions, one may also be determining the conditions at the mass cut separating the ejected supernova material from the neutron star remnant. In order to determine these conditions, a detailed examination of the nuclear reaction network which builds ‘seed’ nuclei from neutrons, protons and alphas is being carried out, as is a careful examination of the β-rates appropriate to the r-process region.
Myonecrosis Caused by Edwardsiella tarda: A Case Report and Case Series of Extraintestinal E. tarda Infections

Edwardsiella tarda is an unusual human pathogen. It is primarily associated with gastrointestinal disease, although recent reports of extraintestinal disease are broadening the current understanding of the clinical spectrum of E. tarda. A series of 11 cases of extraintestinal E. tarda infection is presented, including the first reported case of myonecrosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wound infections were the most common manifestation, and 3 of 5 patients with infected wounds had been exposed to a marine environment. One patient had bacteremia, and the remaining 5 patients developed abscesses that required surgical drainage. Four patients had E. tarda isolated in pure culture, including the patient with myonecrosis. Although it is often difficult to ascertain the contribution of E. tarda to infection when it is isolated as part of a mixed culture, this case series suggests that E. tarda is singularly capable of causing limb- and life-threatening infections.
THE EFFECT OF EARLY GONADECTOMY ON THE GROSS BODY ACTIVITY OF RATS

The relation between the normal level of spontaneous activity in rats and the function of the sex glands has been demonstrated in several experiments. Wang (’23) found the running activity of adult females in revolving drums to be reduced as much as 95 per cent by removal of the ovaries. Hoskins (’25) found that removal of the testes in adult males had a similar depressive effect. In keeping with these observations made on adults, it was found further that rats spayed or castrated before puberty, from 28–40 days of age, showed a constant low level of activity throughout life which averaged less than 2,000 revolutions per day. (Wang, Richter and Guttmacher, ’25; Richter and Wislocki, ’28.) That the sluggishness of these gonadectomized animals was due to the absence of the sex glands was demonstrated by replacement therapy which consisted of the implantation of the sex glands or the injection of their extracts. Successful implantation of ovaries into rats castrated or spayed before puberty caused an increas...
Multispecific myeloid defensins.

Purpose of review This review describes recent progress in our understanding of defensins and their contributions to innate immunity. Defensins are small, cysteine-rich endogenous antibiotic peptides. Human neutrophils contain large amounts of three alpha-defensins (HNP-1-HNP-3), and smaller amounts of a fourth, HNP-4. Monocytes and macrophages generally lack defensins, but they release messengers that induce the synthesis of beta-defensins in epithelial cells. Recent findings In addition to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, HNP-1-HNP-3 possess antiviral and toxin-neutralizing properties. Induction of beta-defensins in epithelial cells is mediated by cell-surface Toll-like receptors or cytoplasmic peptidoglycan receptors that can recognize pathogen-associated molecules. Mutations in Nod2, a cytoplasmic peptidoglycan receptor, are associated with reduced levels of intestinal alpha-defensins and ileal Crohn's disease. Human defensin genes show marked copy-number polymorphism. High level constitutive expression of defensins may afford protection against HIV-1 and other defensin-sensitive pathogens. Theta-defensins (cyclic octadecapeptides found in nonhuman primates) have impressive antiviral and antitoxic properties. Summary The multiple properties of defensins contribute to human innate immunity against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses.
Molecular, cellular and developmental biology of urothelium as a basis of bladder regeneration

Urinary bladder malfunction and disorders are caused by congenital diseases, trauma, inflammation, radiation, and nerve injuries. Loss of normal bladder function results in urinary tract infection, incontinence, renal failure, and end-stage renal dysfunction. In severe cases, bladder augmentation is required using segments of the gastrointestinal tract. However, use of gastrointestinal mucosa can result in complications such as electrolyte imbalance, stone formation, urinary tract infection, mucous production, and malignancy. Recent tissue engineering techniques use acellular grafts, cultured cells combined with biodegradable scaffolds, and cell sheets. These techniques are not all currently applicable for human bladder reconstruction. However, new avenues for bladder reconstruction maybe facilitated by a better understanding of urogenital development, the cellular and molecular biology of urothelium, and cell-cell interactions, which modulate tissue repair, homeostasis, and disease progression.
Context-dependent DNA recognition code for C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors

Motivation: Modeling and identifying the DNA-protein recognition code is one of the most challenging problems in computational biology. Several quantitative methods have been developed to model DNA-protein interactions with specific focus on the C2H2 zinc-finger proteins, the largest transcription factor family in eukaryotic genomes. In many cases, they performed well. But the overall the predictive accuracy of these methods is still limited. One of the major reasons is all these methods used weight matrix models to represent DNA-protein interactions, assuming all base-amino acid contacts contribute independently to the total free energy of binding. Results: We present a context-dependent model for DNA–zinc-finger protein interactions that allows us to identify inter-positional dependencies in the DNA recognition code for C2H2 zinc-finger proteins. The degree of non-independence was detected by comparing the linear perceptron model with the non-linear neural net (NN) model for their predictions of DNA–zinc-finger protein interactions. This dependency is supported by the complex base-amino acid contacts observed in DNA–zinc-finger interactions from structural analyses. Using extensive published qualitative and quantitative experimental data, we demonstrated that the context-dependent model developed in this study can significantly improves predictions of DNA binding profiles and free energies of binding for both individual zinc fingers and proteins with multiple zinc fingers when comparing to previous positional-independent models. This approach can be extended to other protein families with complex base-amino acid residue interactions that would help to further understand the transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic genomes. Availability:The software implemented as c programs and are available by request. http://ural.wustl.edu/softwares.html Contact: stormo@ural.wustl.edu
Cdk5 is involved in NFT-like tauopathy induced by transient cerebral ischemia in female rats

Although neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation is a central event in both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), neither cellular origin nor functional consequence of the NFTs are fully understood. This largely is due to the lack of available in vivo models for neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). NFTs have only been identified in transgenic mice, bearing a transgene for a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease, frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP17). Epidemiological evidence suggests a much higher occurrence of dementia in stroke patients. This may represent the underlying cause of the pathogenesis of sporadic AD, which accounts for the majority of AD cases. We examined pathological markers of AD in a rodent stroke model. Here we show that after transient cerebral ischemia, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates in neurons of the cerebral cortex in the ischemic area, forms filaments similar to those present in human neurodegenerative tauopathies and colocalizes with markers of apoptosis. As a potential underlying mechanism, we were able to determine that transient ischemia induced tau hyperphosphorylation and NFT-like conformations are associated with aberrant activation of cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and can be rescued by delivery of a potent, but non-specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, roscovitine to the brain. Our study further indicates that accumulation of p35 and its calpain-mediated cleavage product, p25 may account for the deregulation of Cdk5 induced by transient ischemia. We conclude that Cdk5 may be the principal protein kinase responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation and may be a hallmark of the tauopathies in this stroke model.
I. A unique deaminated metabolite of sulfamethazine [4-amino-N-(4, 6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benezenesulfonamide] in swine

Abstract 14C-Sulfamethazine [4-amino- N -(4, 6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)- 14C-benzenesulfonamide] was administered orally to young, 21-kg male swine. A unique metabolite, N -(4, 6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)- 14C-benzenesulfonamide (14C-desaminosulfamethazine), was identified in skeletal muscle collected 24 hr after dosing. The structure of the metabolite was confirmed by synthesis, comparative electron impact mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy.
A test of the tripartite model's prediction of anhedonia's specificity to depression: patients with major depression versus patients with schizophrenia.

The tripartite model of depression and anxiety suggests that anhedonia represents a relatively specific marker of depression. A strong version of this view is that anhedonic symptoms would particularly characterize depressed patients, even when compared to another diagnostic group—schizophrenic patients—for whom anhedonic symptoms represent a well-studied feature. This prediction was tested among 102 VA psychiatric inpatients (95 men), ages 21– 72 (Ms43.56; S.D.s8.47), all of whom received diagnoses of either major depression (ns50) or schizophrenia (ns52) based on structured diagnostic interviews. As predicted, patients with major depression scored significantly higher on the anhedonic symptoms scale of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) than did patients with schizophrenia. However, there was no difference between the two groups on the BDI total score or the BDI non-anhedonic symptoms score. Consistent with the tripartite model, anhedonic symptoms were more related to depressive vs. schizophrenic diagnostic status, whereas non-anhedonic depressive symptoms were not. Within the study’s limitations, results were interpreted as relatively strong support for the validity and extension of the tripartite model. 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The structure of the nucleus of saccharomyces bayanus

Abstract S. bayanus is an elongate cell whose cytoplasm appears homogeneous in the living state. The nuclear vacuole has the same shape as the cell and contains paired Feulgen-positive chromosomes and a Feulgen-negative nucleolus which is typical in its staining reaction and its relation to the chromosomes. A nuclear membrane is indicated by the definite, regular outline of the nuclear vacuole. When the nuclear vacuole is collapsed the wall lies in folds, establishing the presence of a definite membrane. Certain stains suggest that the centrosome may be within the boundaries of the nuclear membrane. The centrosome is closely associated with the chromosomes, characteristic of the typical fungal nucleus. The centrosome is Feulgen-positive. The chromosomes and centrosome are not Feulgen-positive simultaneously, suggesting a cyclic relationship. The Feulgen-positive substance of the centrosome when present varies in amount and pattern. It divides, part going into the bud, part remaining in the mother cell. The separating Feulgen-positive masses are connected by a Feulgen-negative strand. The proposal is made that the chromatin of the yeast cell be called chromosomal chromatin and centrosomal chromatin. A central clear sphere is present in the centrosome and is closely associated with the Feulgen-positive material. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria which are more densely aggregated in the area surrounding the nuclear vacuole, the centrosome and the region of the cytoplasmic clear area. The mitochondria are visible only in the living cell since the ordinary fixatives destroy them. A clear area is almost constantly present in the cytoplasm opposite the centrosome, apparently in contact with the nuclear vacuole.
Leptin Expression in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Breast Milk

Leptin has recently been shown to be produced by the human placenta and potentially plays a role in fetal and neonatal growth. Many functions of the placenta are replaced by the mammary gland in terms of providing critical growth factors for the newborn. In this study, we show that leptin is produced by human mammary epithelial cells as revealed by RT/PCR analysis of total RNA from mammary gland and immunohistochemical staining of breast tissue, cultured mammary epithelial cells, and secretory epithelial cells present in human milk. We also verify that immunoreactive leptin is present in whole milk at 30- to 150-fold higher concentrations than skim milk. We propose that leptin is secreted by mammary epithelial cells in milk fat globules, which partition into the lipid portion of breast milk.
BrainAligner: 3D registration atlases of Drosophila brains

Analyzing Drosophila melanogaster neural expression patterns in thousands of three-dimensional image stacks of individual brains requires registering them into a canonical framework based on a fiducial reference of neuropil morphology. Given a target brain labeled with predefined landmarks, the BrainAligner program automatically finds the corresponding landmarks in a subject brain and maps it to the coordinate system of the target brain via a deformable warp. Using a neuropil marker (the antibody nc82) as a reference of the brain morphology and a target brain that is itself a statistical average of data for 295 brains, we achieved a registration accuracy of 2 μm on average, permitting assessment of stereotypy, potential connectivity and functional mapping of the adult fruit fly brain. We used BrainAligner to generate an image pattern atlas of 2954 registered brains containing 470 different expression patterns that cover all the major compartments of the fly brain.