cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of in-tube enhancement for large evaporators and condensers

Abstract Introducing roughness in tubes increases the turbulent heat-transfer coefficient but there is usually a much larger increase in friction factor for constant geometry and flow conditions. In this study, generalized rib-tube correlations are used in optimizing the roughness geometry for two different objective functions or performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Considered are the maximum heat transfer for given pumping power and surface area (R-3) and the minimum surface area for constant heat load and pumping power (R-5). Only tube-side flow was considered. The PEC, with their associated constraint equations, were evaluated by using a simple iterative procedure over a wide range of parameters (Re = 10,000–100,000, Pr = 0.7–35, e d = 0.01–0.1 , p d = 0.1–1.0 , and α 90 = 0–1.0 ). The optimum rib geometry had e d = 0.02, p d = 0.1 , and α 90 = 1.0 . The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers had little influence on heat-transfer augmentation. The improvement in the effectiveness due to the ribbed tubes has been illustrated for different tube and flow variables to aid in the preliminary design of enhanced heat exchangers.
Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome

Patients with Klippel-Trenaunay (KT) syndrome have a complex constellation of anomalies that includes cutaneous capillary malformation (usually on an affected limb), abnormal development of the deep and superficial veins, and limb asymmetry, usually enlargement. Mixed vascular malformations may be present and include capillary, venous, arterial, and lymphatic systems. The records of 79 patients referred for vascular anomalies were reviewed and 49 were found to have the three cardinal anomalies of KT syndrome. Twenty-six females and 23 males had 46 affected legs (27 right legs), 23 affected arms (15 right), 21 affected trunks, and 10 affected heads. Thirty-six had only one affected quadrant, 8 had two, and 5 had three or more. Although 40 patients had increased limb girth, measurable length discrepancy was noted in only 17 individuals. Patients were evaluated using a noninvasive imaging strategy including color duplex ultrasonography, MRI, lymphoscintigraphy, and plain radiographs. Treatment included compression, pulsed-dye laser treatment, reduction of arteriovenous malformations, and orthopedic procedures for overgrowth. All KT cases in this series occurred sporadically. We speculate that KT syndromes may be due to a somatic mutation for a factor critical to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic development.
30 nm E-mode InAs PHEMTs for THz and future logic applications

We have demonstrated 30 nm E-mode InAs PHEMTs with outstanding Tera-Hz (THz) and logic performance. The devices feature a Pt gate sinking process to effectively thin down the In0.52Al0.48As barrier layer. Fabricated devices show excellent Lg scalability down to 30 nm with record fT in E-mode devices, and record combination of fT and fmax in any transistor technology. In particular, 30 nm devices exhibit VT = 80 mV, gm,max = 1.83 mS/mum, S = 73 mV/dec, DIBL = 85 mV/V, fT = 601 and fmax = 609 GHz at VDS = 0.5 V. We have also estimated a source injection velocity of vinj = 2.5 times 107 cm/s at VDS = 0.5 V, about a factor of two higher than state-of-the-art Si MOSFETs These encouraging results stem from the outstanding transport properties of InAs as a channel material coupled with well-tempered design features that improve short-channel effects through insulator thickness scaling with buried Pt-gate.
First report of buckeye rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in tomato in New Mexico.

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan was isolated from turning tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in August 2010 from a garden in central New Mexico. Symptoms typical of buckeye rot including brown, water-soaked, necrotic lesions with concentric rings were observed on three tomato fruit. Tissue from each fruit was surface sterilized and plated onto water agar and incubated at room temperature. After 72 h, colonies of Phytophthora (identified by the presence of coenocytic hyphae and papillate sporangia) were found and subcultured by hyphal tips to V8 agar amended with ampicillin (250 mg/liter), rifampicin (10 mg/liter), and pimaricin (0.2% wt/vol). The isolates of Phytophthora were identified as P. nicotianae based on morphological characteristics and DNA analysis. Sporangia were sharply papillate, noncaducous, and ovoid to spherical. The average sporangium size was 44.5 × 35.5 μm with a length-to-width ratio of 1.26. Chlamydospores, both terminal and intercalary, were spherical to ovoid and averaged ...
Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development

Activins are dimeric (beta A beta A; beta B beta B; beta A beta B) members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. They are widely expressed during murine development, are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, and may be involved in mesoderm induction and neurulation in Xenopus laevis and Oryzias latipes. To investigate the function of mammalian activins in vivo, we generated mice with mutations either in activin-beta A or in both activin-beta A and activin-beta B. Activin-beta A-deficient mice develop to term but die within 24 h of birth. They lack whiskers and lower incisors and have defects in their secondary palates, including cleft palate, demonstrating that activin-beta A must have a role during craniofacial development. Mice lacking both activin subunits show the defects of both individual mutants but no additional defects, indicating that there is no functional redundancy between these proteins during embryogenesis. In contrast to observations in lower vertebrates, zygotic expression of activins is not essential for mesoderm formation in mice.
Children, Mathematics, and Videotape Using Multimodal Analysis to Bring Bodies Into Early Childhood Assessment Interviews

Despite the increased use of video for data collection, most research using assessment interviews in early childhood education relies solely upon the analysis of linguistic data, ignoring children’s bodies. This trend is particularly troubling in studies of marginalized children because transcripts limited to language can make it difficult to analyze embodied power relations between majority researchers and minority children. This article responds to this problem by outlining a theoretical position on power and bodies, describing multimodal analysis strategies, and using these strategies to analyze the subject positions available during a mathematical assessment interview for three African American preschool child-participants and the European American adult researcher. This study draws attention to the complexity of human interactions during assessment interviews by describing the ways children positioned themselves as willing (or not), attentive (or not), and competent (or not) as well as describing the...
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cellular and organismal decline: amelioration with melatonin.

Cellular and organismal decline is, in part, believed to be a consequence of oxygen and nitrogen-based reactants which persistently damage macromolecules throughout a lifetime. The resulting accumulation of damaged molecules eventually seriously compromises essential functions of cells leading to their death. Excessive cellular loss causes deterioration of organ function and inevitably to the demise of the organism. The sequence of events, known as the free radical theory of aging, is widely espoused by biological gerontologists. Antioxidants are commonly employed to combat molecular damage mediated by oxygen and nitrogen-based reactants. One of these protective agents is melatonin. Melatonin has several distinct advantages as a preserver of organelle structure and function. It is widely distributed in organisms and within cells. It works via a number of mechanisms to reduce oxidative damage. Thus, melatonin scavenges a number of reactants including the hydroxyl radical (*OH), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric acid (NO*), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH). One of the products of melatonin's interaction with H(2)O(2), i.e., N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), is also a highly efficient radical scavenger. The cascade of reactions where the secondary metabolites are also effective scavenges is believed to contribute to melatonin's high efficacy in reducing oxidative damage. Besides its direct scavenging actions, melatonin stimulates several antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in addition to inhibiting a proxidative enzyme, nitric oxide synthase. This combination of actions assists melatonin in protecting cells from the degenerative changes normally associated with aging and age-related diseases.
FACTOR ANALYSIS APPLIED TO PREDICTORS OF INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR

Studies concerning innovative behavior have applied many predictor variables, to the point where a purge to reduce redundancy now appears in order. Factor analysis with orthogonal varimax rotation was applied to product perception and demographic, socioeconomic, and predispositional variables in order to reduce their numbers without a significant loss of information. The derived rotated factors were then related by way of factor scores obtained from respondent data to a surrogate measure of innovative behavior using multiple regression equations. The resulting coefficients of determination, while smaller than those originally derived using all of the perceptual and predispositional variables individually, were not reduced by any massive amounts. Thus, the gain from reducing the number of predictor variables through the use of factor analysis seems to more than off-set the modest reduction in explained variance. Moreover, the resulting factors and their item loadings suggest possible alternative predictor variables to those that have commonly been used in past studies concerning the diffusion of innovations.
Phosphorylation of Yeast Phosphatidylserine Synthase by Protein Kinase A IDENTIFICATION OF SER46 AND SER47 AS MAJOR SITES OF PHOSPHORYLATION

The CHO1-encoded phosphatidylserine synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is phosphorylated and inhibited by protein kinase A in vitro. CHO1 alleles bearing Ser46 → Ala and/or Ser47 → Ala mutations were constructed and expressed in a cho1Δ mutant lacking phosphatidylserine synthase. In vitro, the S46A/S47A mutation reduced the total amount of phosphorylation by 90% and abolished the inhibitory effect protein kinase A had on phosphatidylserine synthase activity. The enzyme phosphorylation by protein kinase A, which was time- and dose-dependent and dependent on the concentration of ATP, caused a electrophoretic mobility shift from a 27-kDa form to a 30-kDa form. The two electrophoretic forms of phosphatidylserine synthase were present in exponential phase cells, whereas only the 27-kDa form was present in stationary phase cells. In vivo labeling with 32Pi and immune complex analysis showed that the 30-kDa form was predominantly phosphorylated when compared with the 27-kDa form. However, the S46A/S47A mutations abolished the protein kinase A-mediated electrophoretic mobility shift. The S46A/S47A mutations also caused a 55% reduction in the total amount of phosphatidylserine synthase in exponential phase cells and a 66% reduction in the amount of enzyme in stationary phase cells. In phospholipid composition analysis, cells expressing the S46A/S47A mutant enzyme exhibited a 57% decrease in phosphatidylserine and a 40% increase in phosphatidylinositol. These results indicate that phosphatidylserine synthase is phosphorylated on Ser46 and Ser47 by protein kinase A, which results in a higher amount of enzyme for the net effect of stimulating the synthesis of phosphatidylserine.
The relationship between nutritional indices and duration of mechanical ventilation of critically intensive care unit patients

Abstract The presence of malnutrition in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) may result in prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV). The relationship between admission nutritional indices and days on the ventilator was retrospectively studied in 52 patients with ARF (26 males, 26 females, mean age 55.5 years, range 18–87 years). Criteria used to define malnutrition was % ideal body weight (IBW) S 100 (Hamwi method) (24 of 52 patients) and serum albumin I - short term MV ( 9 days) . Proportion of patients with malnutrition in each group was assessed by X 2 analyses. Comparison of outcome data is presented below.Group IGroup IIP valueParametern(n=28)(n=24)IBW (%)24⩽ 10083/8 (38%)5/8 (62%)0.0736> 1001612/16 (75%)4/16 (25%)Albumin (gm/dl)51 2.92819/28 (68%)9/8 (32%)
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone: production and degradation

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a polypeptide hormone precursor that is expressed in the brain and in peripheral tissues such as in the pituitary gland, immune system, and skin. In the brain, POMC is processed to form several peptides including alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). alpha-MSH is expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem where it has a crucial role in the regulation of metabolic functions. Specifically, α-MSH is an anorexigenic peptide. Its production and maturation processes have been shown to be regulated according to the metabolic condition of the organism. This review summarizes our current knowledge on α-MSH processing including its maturation and degradation processes and pharmacological aspects of its manipulation.
No Identity Without an Entity

Peter Geach's puzzle of intentional identity is to explain how the claim ‘Hob thinks a witch has blighted Bob's mare, and Nob wonders whether she (the same witch) killed Cob's sow’ is compatible with there being no such witch. I clarify the puzzle and reduce it to the familiar problem of negative existentials. That problem is a paradox of representations that seem to include denials of commitment (implicitly, here), to carry commitment to what they deny commitment to, and to be true. The best proposed solutions can be understood through this paradox; I evaluate them, and defend a new solution.
Inference with transposable data: modelling the effects of row and column correlations

Summary. We consider the problem of large-scale inference on the row or column variables of data in the form of a matrix. Many of these data matrices are transposable meaning that neither the row variables nor the column variables can be considered independent instances. An example of this scenario is detecting significant genes in microarrays when the samples may be dependent because of latent variables or unknown batch effects. By modelling this matrix data by using the matrix variate normal distribution, we study and quantify the effects of row and column correlations on procedures for large-scale inference. We then propose a simple solution to the myriad of problems that are presented by unexpected correlations: we simultaneously estimate row and column covariances and use these to sphere or decorrelate the noise in the underlying data before conducting inference. This procedure yields data with approximately independent rows and columns so that test statistics more closely follow null distributions and multiple-testing procedures correctly control the desired error rates. Results on simulated models and real microarray data demonstrate major advantages of this approach: increased statistical power, less bias in estimating the false discovery rate and reduced variance of the false discovery rate estimators.
The Role of Data/Code Archives In the Future of Economic Research

This essay examines the role of data and program‐code archives in making economic research ‘replicable.’ Replication of published results is recognized as an essential part of the scientific method. Yet, historically, both the ‘demand for’ and ‘supply of’ replicable results in economics has been minimal. ‘Respect for the scientific method’ is not sufficient to motivate either economists or editors of professional journals to ensure the replicability of published results. We enumerate the costs and benefits of mandatory data and code archives, and argue that the benefits far exceed the costs. Progress has been made since the gloomy assessment of Dewald, Thursby and Anderson some 20 years ago in the American Economic Review, but much remains to be done before empirical economics ceases to be a ‘dismal science’ when judged by the replicability of its published results.
Domesticating the Functional Dragon: An Analysis of Piddocke's Potlatch1

This work endeavors to clarify the form of the functional argument so that empirical verification may be facilitated. Piddocke's functional interpretation of the potlatch is examined in detail as a type case; other notable functional arguments with somewhat varying forms are also considered. Lastly, analysis is provided of the universal subsistence form of the functional argument.
Choosing beacon periods to improve response times for wireless HTTP clients

The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard power-saving mode (PSM) allows the network interface card (NIC) to periodically sleep between receiving data. In this paper, we show that 802.11 PSM performs poorly due to the fact that an access point is unable to adapt to the requirements of each client. Therefore, we propose a novel power saving algorithm, named Dynamic Beacon Period, where the access point uses different beacon periods for different clients. During HTTP downloads, each client carefully chooses a good beacon period for itself, based on the RTT of its current connections, and informs the access point of this beacon period. This technique enables download times for Web pages that are comparable to those without any power-saving and provides energy savings comparable to the standard 802.11 PSM. We show, using real-world measurements and emulation-based experiments, that it is feasible for both clients and access points to efficiently support such per-client beacon periods, instead of having a common, static beacon for all clients. The solution is simple enough that it can be implemented with just small enhancements to the existing 802.11 specification.
Deleterious effects induced by oxidative stress in liver nuclei from rats receiving an alcohol-containing liquid diet.

Highly purified rat-liver nuclei were previously shown to have nuclear ethanol (EtOH) metabolizing system able to bioactivate alcohol to acetaldehyde and 1-hydroxyethyl radicals. These reactive metabolites were able to covalently bind to nuclear proteins and lipids potentially being able to provoke oxidative stress of nuclear components. In this study, the above-mentioned possibility was explored. Sprague Dawley male rats (125–150 g) were fed a standard Lieber and De Carli liquid diet for 28 days. Controls were pair-fed with a diet, in which EtOH was isocalorically replaced with carbohydrate. The presence of a chlorzoxazone hydroxylase activity inducible by the repetitive EtOH drinking further suggested the presence of CYP2E1 in the highly purified nuclei. Nuclei from EtOH-drinking rats evidenced significantly increased susceptibility to a t-butyl hydroperoxide challenge as detected by chemiluminescence emission, increased formation of protein carbonyls, and decreased content of protein sulfhydryls. In co...
Voltage-Controlled Electric Field Gradient Focusing with Online UV Detection for Analysis of Proteins

Electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) uses a hydrodynamic flow and an electric field gradient to focus proteins in order of electrophoretic mobility. In this paper, we describe several bioanalytical applications using voltage-controlled hollow dialysis fiber-based EFGF with online UV detection. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein, a concentration factor as high as 15,000 and a concentration limit of detection as low as 30 pM were achieved. We also demonstrate the potential of using fiber-based EFGF for protein quantitative analysis. Simultaneous desalting and protein concentration were performed by mixing BSA with 2 M NaCl in a cell culture medium. Online concentration of ferritin and simultaneous removal of albumin from a sample matrix were performed using this EFGF system.
Dissociable influences of opiates and expectations on pain

Placebo treatments and opiate drugs are thought to have common effects on the opioid system and pain-related brain processes. This has created excitement about the potential for expectations to modulate drug effects themselves. If drug effects differ as a function of belief, this would challenge the assumptions underlying the standard clinical trial. We conducted two studies to directly examine the relationship between expectations and opioid analgesia. We administered the opioid agonist remifentanil to human subjects during experimental thermal pain and manipulated participants' knowledge of drug delivery using an open-hidden design. This allowed us to test drug effects, expectancy (knowledge) effects, and their interactions on pain reports and pain-related responses in the brain. Remifentanil and expectancy both reduced pain, but drug effects on pain reports and fMRI activity did not interact with expectancy. Regions associated with pain processing showed drug-induced modulation during both Open and Hidden conditions, with no differences in drug effects as a function of expectation. Instead, expectancy modulated activity in frontal cortex, with a separable time course from drug effects. These findings reveal that opiates and placebo treatments both influence clinically relevant outcomes and operate without mutual interference.
Systems biology approaches for the microbial production of biofuels

The instability caused by fluctuations in oil prices and the undesirable damage that greenhouse gas emissions cause to the environment have encouraged the investigation of alternative platforms for the sustainable production of fuels from renewable sources. Recent advances in synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and plant and microbial genomics have accelerated the development of efficient systems for the production of fuels from biomass feedstocks. The continuous breakthroughs in systems biology tools and the integration of these tools into in silico metabolic models have complemented these advances and, subsequently, enabled the systematic analysis and design of biofuel-producing microorganisms with improved properties. This article reviews the most significant contributions of systems biology that have powered the development of novel and more efficient microbes for the production of biofuels.
Hydroclimatic Analysis of Snowfall Trends Associated with the North American Great Lakes

Abstract Research over the past several decades has indicated that snowfall has increased dramatically over portions of the past century across those areas of the Great Lakes region of North America that are subject to lake-effect snowfall. Within this study, time series of annual midwinter snowfall within lake-effect areas show evidence of a clear increase in both snowfall and snowfall frequency through a 40-yr period beginning in the early 1930s and ending in the early 1970s. The goal of the work presented here is to determine to what extent the apparent increases in lake-effect snowfall actually modified the winter hydroclimate of the areas. Simple hydroclimatic analysis of midwinter precipitation to the lee of Lakes Erie and Ontario for the period of significant snowfall increases suggests that the changes were a product of 1) a shift toward more precipitation events that were snowfall rather than rainfall, 2) an associated decrease in midwinter rainfall, 3) an increase in the intensity of individual ...
Effects of Antipsychotic Treatment on Emotion Perception Deficits in First-Episode Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated emotion perception in acutely ill patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia. They also investigated the effects of antipsychotic medication on emotion perception. METHOD: Tests of the ability to perceive and discriminate emotional expressions from the Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery were given to 13 patients experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. Patients were also assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The patients were tested while they were unmedicated and again following clinical stabilization. Healthy individuals were evaluated over a similar time interval. RESULTS: Patients with first-episode schizophrenia demonstrated impairments in emotion perception before treatment and no significant improvement after treatment. Emotion perception deficits were correlated with negative symptoms after clinical stabilization. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in emotion perception are present at illness onset in schizophrenia and show mini...
Effect of Implant Surface Roughness and Loading on Peri‐Implant Bone Formation

Background: Critical factors for the establishment of osseointegration are the implant surface microtopography and the local mechanical environment. The present study evaluated the bone response around a turned (T) and a roughened (R) implant for either an unloaded or a well-controlled loaded situation.Methods: Bone chambers were installed in the tibia of 20 rabbits. In each of the chambers, two identical displacement-controlled loading experiments were performed: 30 μm for 400 cycles at 1 Hz, three times a week for 9 weeks versus 0-μm implant displacement. A linear mixed model and a logistic mixed model with α = 5% were set to study the significant effect of the surface texture on the peri-implant bone response in the unloaded (T-0 μm versus R-0 μm) and the loaded (T-30 μm versus R-30 μm) mode.Results: Results indicated no microtopographic dependence of the bone response further away from the implant in unloaded and loaded conditions. For a load-free implant, osseointegration seemed to occur with a highe...
Effect of methyl branching of C8H18 alkanes and water activity on lipase-catalyzed enantioselective esterification of ibuprofen

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the methyl branching of a high log P alkane solvent and the water activity in the organic medium on the initial rate and the enantioselectivity of ibuprofen esterification catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase. Resolution of ibuprofen is important because S-(+)-ibuprofen has the desired pharmacological activity, whereas the R-(-)-enantiomer causes much of the side effects. The Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed reaction in isooctane at 40oC and 0.73 water activity gave the best results, both in terms of the initial reaction rate and the enantioselectivity of the reaction. An increase in water activity allowed a higher reaction rate and enantiomeric excess in each of the four solvents. An increase in methyl branching did not necessarily increase the initial reaction rate, but it allowed a higher enantioselectivity, evidenced by an increase in the substrate enantiomeric excess
Award for distinguished service to Dr. Lynn Arthur Steen

The nation's spotlight is focused on mathematics and the efforts to reform and revitalize its teaching and learning at all levels. Mobilizing the mathematical community and the nation behind one common plan of action has required tremendous effort to build consensus and increase public awareness of the underlying issues. Throughout this process, which has spanned nearly two decades, Lynn Arthur Steen has provided distinguished leadership in formulating national strategies and communicating the issues to the various concerned communities. Lynn Steen must be considered among the world's preeminent scientists who use their minds and talents to transmit to broad audiences the basic understandings of the nature of their discipline and the surrounding issues in research and education. Through books, magazine articles, original news articles, op-ed pieces, lectures, congressional testimony, and presidential leadership of scientific organizations, he has established a new standard for the intelligible scientific scholar. A hallmark of Lynn Steen's prolific writing is the lack of wasted breath-every word counts in communicating to his audience. Whether using techniques of analogy, allusion, or alliteration, he conveys a spritely style which captures the imagination of the reader. In all his work there is evidence of his closely coupled intellectual and writing skills. An important gauge of Lynn Steen's work in promoting and capturing public understanding of mathematics is his 1988 article in Science magazine-"The Science of Patterns." This article, written for the scientific public, takes the reader on a tour of present-day mathematics, placing the subject in an historical and scientific context, while conveying forcefully the idea that mathematics remains a dynamic discipline-still growing and changing after 7,000 years. While Lynn Steen's record of publications is extremely lengthy, the January 1989 publication of Everybody Counts (National Academy Press) must be considered the premier piece of writing he has done for the general public. The richness of its language and exposition, its pervasive quotability, and its ability to capture and hold its reading audience make it stand out boldly in a landscape flooded with reports on education. Lynn Arthur Steen graduated from Luther College with a double major in mathematics and physics. He immediately entered the graduate program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received his doctorate in mathematics in 1965. In that same year he joined the faculty of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he has taught for 26 years and is currently Professor of Mathematics and Director of Academic Computing. His professional activity spans the full spectrum from school mathematics, through deep involvement in issues of undergraduate education, to leadership positions at the national level in the broader mathematical community.
Introduction: English studies and intercultural negotiations

Intercultural communication is a daily occurrence for many, if not most, people. As James Clifford put it, 20 years ago: This century has seen a drastic expansion of mobility, including tourism, mi...
Structure and Dynamics of Coarse-Grained Ionomer Melts in an External Electric Field

We perform molecular dynamics simulations on a set of ionomer melts in the presence of a static, external electric field. We employ the same coarse-grained bead–spring model from our previous simulations, which characterized the zero-field morphologies and dynamics of the isolated or percolated ionic aggregates observed in these systems. Here we investigate the electric field effects on these aggregates. In the linear response regime, the morphology of both isolated and percolated aggregates is unaltered because the force between the two ions at contact is much stronger than the force on an ion due to the external field. However, the same fields are strong enough to bias the local ion dynamics so that ions in the percolated systems, which contain a continuous ionic network, transition to the steady state drift regime. Furthermore, the field biases the motion of oppositely charged ions in opposite directions and decorrelates the ionic aggregates along the field direction. In the systems with isolated ionic...
Nonlinear attitude motion of asymmetric spacecraft containing symmetric rotors

The dynamical system of coupled rigid bodies often used as models for dual-spin spacecraft is considered from the perspective of using exact and approximate solutions to obtain useful information about the attitude motions of such spacecraft. A brief review is provided of a few of the many contributions that have been made in describing the behavior of this apparently simple, yet dynamically rich system. This is followed by some analysis of a problem which is still receiving considerable attention, the dual-spin turn maneuver. (Author)
A Triple Product of Vectors in Four-Space

(1964). A Triple Product of Vectors in Four-Space. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 230-235.
Urethral and genital malformations in prune belly syndrome

AbstractIn addition to the typical triad of the prune belly syndrome, comprising abdominal wall muscle deficiency, urinary tract dilatation and cryptorchidism, anomalies of the lower urinary tract and genitalia can occur. Between January 1974 and December 1978 we evaluated and treated 19 boys with prune belly syndrome. All boys had an abnormally wide bladder neck and prostatic urethra, and 13 (68 per cent) also had malformations of the bulbous or pendulous urethra and/or corporeal bodies of the penis.Although the etiology of these findings is uncertain we assume that they are part of the same developmental disturbance that affects the remainder of the urinary system. Our description of these urethral and penile abnormalities in boys with prune belly syndrome should provide an impetus to develop a systematic method for seeking and recording these abnormalities, and for establishing their true incidence and clinical relevance.
Prior Binge Ethanol Exposure Potentiates the Microglial Response in a Model of Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration

Excessive alcohol consumption results in neurodegeneration which some hypothesize is caused by neuroinflammation. One characteristic of neuroinflammation is microglial activation, but it is now well accepted that microglial activation may be pro- or anti-inflammatory. Recent work indicates that the Majchrowicz model of alcohol-induced neurodegeneration results in anti-inflammatory microglia, while intermittent exposure models with lower doses and blood alcohol levels produce microglia with a pro-inflammatory phenotype. To determine the effect of a repeated binge alcohol exposure, rats received two cycles of the four-day Majchrowicz model. One hemisphere was then used to assess microglia via immunohistochemistry and while the other was used for ELISAs of cytokines and growth factors. A single binge ethanol exposure resulted in low-level of microglial activation; however, a second binge potentiated the microglial response. Specifically, double binge rats had greater OX-42 immunoreactivity, increased ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1+) cells, and upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared with the single binge ethanol group. These data indicate that prior ethanol exposure potentiates a subsequent microglia response, which suggests that the initial exposure to alcohol primes microglia. In summary, repeated ethanol exposure, independent of other immune modulatory events, potentiates microglial activity.
The Generic Sense of Education

“Education” is a word of many meanings. In common usage it refers to the skills an individual acquires, the knowledge he possesses, the things he can do, the moral virtues he acts upon. In the largest sense, it denotes what he has become, the characteristic ways in which he functions, the background from which his character has developed. This latter sense is that in which we say “education makes the man.” A man is what he has learned to become, in all the schools of his life—parental, environmental, traditional, formal—or simply by the sheer effect of existence upon him. A human individual is not a brute existent isolated from the world which surrounds him. He is continuously affected by the impact of things upon him. Even when he acts upon things and re-makes them, they become themselves the source of subsequent influences upon him. A human individual is a sensitive, active reflection of his surroundings. He displays in his very being the results of his past, the acts he has performed and the impacts of things upon him. In the broadest sense, his education is what his past has been; it is what he has become; it is the essence of his individuality. It is true that he is born an individual, with idiosyncratic traits, but these are never isolated from the stream of his life. They affect and influence it—they contribute to its eventual result. In this way they too are part of his education.
Development and Use of Cancer Education Materials

A collection of instructional objectives in oncology has been developed in response to a perceived need for identification of the body of knowledge in oncology that is required by the graduating medical student. These objectives are now being utilized in some parts of the medical school curriculum at the Medical College of Virginia and various resource materials based on these objectives have been developed for student self-study. The two major ongoing thrusts of the oncology education program at MCV are (1) a curriculum analysis program to determine the degree to which the objectives developed are actually included in the present medical curriculum and, (2) continued efforts to increase usage of the objectives and the resource materials in the medical curriculum.
Acquisition of Fast Frequency Hopping at HF

In this paper we propose an acquisition scheme for a frequency-hopped spread-spectrum signal received over a nonspecular Rayleigh fading multipath channel. We consider relatively fast frequency hopping with hopping rate of 1 KHz, and 127 different hopping frequencies. We assume that any two hopping frequencies propagate via statistically independent channels, i.e. via channels with statistically independent time and frequency spreading and statistically independent delay times. Also according to the measurement results we assume that the maximum deviation of the delay time from the nominal delay time is 1 msec and is uniformly distributed around the nominal delay time. For such a case we propose an acquisition scheme whose characteristics are analyzed mathematically and by computer simulation.
Microdistribution of lead in human teeth using microbeam synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐SRXRF)

Lead (Pb) exposure is known to be associated with adverse effects on human health, especially during the prenatal period and early childhood. The Pb content in teeth has been suggested as a useful biomarker for the evaluation of cumulative Pb exposure. This study was designed to employ the microbeam synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique to determine the microdistribution of Pb within the tooth to evaluate the reliability of the technique and the effectiveness of tooth Pb as a biomarker of Pb exposure. The results showed that in the incisor sample, Pb primarily deposited in secondary dentine region close to the pulp and secondarily at enamel exterior. In addition, Pb colocalised with Zn, indicating a positive correlation between Pb and Zn. By contrast,in the two molar samples, Pb accumulated principally in the pulp, and secondarily in the enamel. At the same time, Pb in these two molar samples colocalised with Ca instead of Zn as was observed in the incisor sample. Several batches of line scans further confirmed the conclusions. The feasibility of using microbeam synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence to determine the microdistribution of Pb in teeth and of using the tooth Pb, especially in dentine, as a biomarker was discussed.
Solvent dependence of the solid-state structures of salicylaldiminate magnesium amide complexes

There are challenges in using magnesium coordination complexes as reagents owing to their tendency to adopt varying aggregation states in solution and thus impacting the reactivity of the complexes. Many magnesium complexes are prone to ligand redistribution via Schlenk equilibrium due to the ionic character within the metal–ligand inter­actions. The role of the supporting ligand is often crucial for providing stability to the heteroleptic complex. Strategies to minimize ligand redistribution in alkaline earth metal complexes could include using a supporting ligand with tunable sterics and electronics to influence the degree of association to the metal atom. Magnesium bis­(hexa­methyl­disilazide) was reacted with salicylaldimines [1L = N-(2,6-diiso­propyl­phen­yl)salicylaldimine and 2L = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-N-(2,6-diiso­propyl­phen­yl)salicylaldimine] in either nondonor (toluene) or donor solvents [tetra­hydro­furan (THF) or pyridine]. The structures of the magnesium complexes were studied in the solid state via X-ray diffraction. In the nondonor solvent, i.e. toluene, the heteroleptic complex bis­{μ-2-[(2,6-diiso­propyl­phen­yl)imino­meth­yl]phenolato}-κ3N,O:O;κ3O:N,O-bis­[(hexa­methyl­disilazido-κN)magnesium(II)], [Mg2(C19H22NO)2(C6H18NSi2)2] or [1LMgN(SiMe3)2]2, (1), was favored, while in the donor solvent, i.e. pyridine (pyr), the formation of the homoleptic complex {2,4-di-tert-but­yl-6-[(2,6-diiso­propyl­phen­yl)imino­meth­yl]phenolato-κ2N,O}bis­(pyridine-κN)magnesium(II) toluene monosolvate, [Mg(C27H38NO)2(C5H5N)2]·C5H5N or [{2L2Mg2(pyr)2}·pyr], (2), predominated. Heteroleptic complex (1) was crystallized from toluene, while homoleptic complexes (2) and the previously reported [1L2Mg·THF] [Quinque et al. (2011). Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. pp. 3321–3326] were crystallized from pyridine and THF, respectively. These studies support solvent-dependent ligand redistribution in solution. In-situ 1H NMR experiments were carried out to further probe the solution behavior of these systems.
4D Visual Delivery of Big Climate Data: A Fast Web Database Application System

This paper develops a web database application to make space-time 4D visual delivery (4DVD) of big climate data. The delivery system shows climate data in a 4D space-time box and allows users to vi...
Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review

As energy drink consumption continues to grow worldwide and within the United States, it is important to critically examine the nutritional content and effects on population health of these beverages. This mini-review summarizes the current scientific evidence on health consequences from energy drink consumption, presents relevant public health challenges, and proposes recommendations to mitigate these issues. Emerging evidence has linked energy drink consumption with a number of negative health consequences such as risk-seeking behaviors, poor mental health, adverse cardiovascular effects and metabolic, renal, or dental conditions. Despite the consistency in evidence, most studies are of cross-sectional design or focus almost exclusively on the effect of caffeine and sugar, failing to address potentially harmful effects of other ingredients. The negative health effects associated with energy drinks are compounded by a lack of regulatory oversight and aggressive marketing by the industry towards adolescents. Moreover, the rising trend of mixing energy drinks with alcohol presents a new challenge which researchers and public health practitioners must address further. In order to curb this growing public health issue, policy makers should consider creating a separate regulatory category for energy drinks, setting an evidence-based upper limit on caffeine, restricting sales of energy drinks, and regulating existing ED marketing strategies, especially among children and adolescents.
Blood Lead Levels and Dental Caries in U.S. Children Who Do Not Drink Tap Water

Introduction This study’s purpose is to determine whether nonconsumption of tap water is associated with lower prevalence of elevated blood lead levels and higher prevalence of dental caries in children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2014 recorded drinking water source ( n =15,604) and blood lead levels ( n =12,373) for participants aged 2–19 years, and dental caries experience for the 2011–2014 subset ( n =5,677). The threshold for elevated blood lead level was ≥3 μg/dL. A binary outcome indicated presence or absence of dental caries experience. Multivariable generalized linear models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence limits. Results In analysis conducted in 2017, 15% of children and adolescents did not drink tap water, 3% had elevated blood lead levels ≥3 μg/dL, and 50% had dental caries experience. Children and adolescents who did not drink water were less likely than tap water drinkers to have an elevated blood lead level (adjusted prevalence ratios=0.62, 95% confidence limits=0.42, 0.90). Nonconsumers of tap water were more likely to have dental caries (adjusted prevalence ratios=1.13, 95% confidence limits=1.03, 1.23). Results persisted after adjustment for other covariates and using a higher threshold for elevated blood lead level. Conclusions In this nationally representative U.S. survey, children and adolescents who did not drink tap water had lower prevalence of elevated blood lead levels and higher prevalence of dental caries than those who drank tap water.
Cloud Assisted Personal Online Social Network

The usage of Online Social Networks (OSN) has grown immensely in the last few years. As more sensitive data is shared through OSN services, preserving privacy has become a major issue for the users of these systems. Most OSNs rely on a centralized architecture, which has the major drawback of privacy and control of the data. While decentralized architectures can provide better privacy to the users by removing the central authority, they have performance issues in dissemination of the content. In this study, we present a privacy preserving decentralized Personal Online Social Network (POSN) platform that implements a cloud-backed peer-to-peer decentralized OSN using mobile devices. In POSN, each user utilizes a storage cloud to store and distribute encrypted content to his/her friends. Direct key management allows the user to have fine-grained access control of the shared content, and protects the data from being accessed by third parties. We also performed a feasibility study to assess whether storage clouds can provide speeds comparable to centralized popular OSNs at various locations. Our evaluations across storage cloud providers indicate that, while OSNs are slightly more efficient for very small data transfers as OSNs are optimized for such communication, storage clouds can sustain a similar data transfer performance to popular OSNs especially when considering multimedia. Hence, in POSN design, we utilize device-to-device communication for small data transfers and rely on cloud storage for sharing of larger multimedia. The developed POSN prototype is available at https://github.com/posn/POSN-app.
Bayesian inference from the conditional genetic stock identification model

Genetic stock identification (GSI) estimates stock proportions and individual assignments through comparison of genetic markers with reference populations. It is used widely in anadromous fisheries...
Aligning Plant Identification Curricula to Disciplinary Standards Through the Framework of Student-Centered Learning

Many students within plant identification courses are disengaged owing to the heavy emphasis on rote memorization. We propose a shift of learning objectives in plant identification curricula from content knowledge to emphasize broader scientific competencies and applications, within the framework of interactive student-centered learning. Outlined in this chapter are sample activities and learning objectives aligned with disciplinary standards and methods to promote student interest and success. We present examples of student-centered activities such as student-led field presentation of plants, applying the process of science, and service-learning projects. We also present some platforms for introduction and review including interactive problem-solving and games, interdisciplinary and sensory connections, and online tools. These approaches can increase student responsibility, improve accessibility to information, facilitate long-term memorization, and diversify modes of instruction and assessment.