cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A frequency selective surface with integrated limiter for receiver protection

The design and simulation of a frequency selective surface (FSS) with integrated limiter for receiver-protection are presented. The FSS operates as normal until a certain power threshold is reached, at which point the temperature increase triggers a dramatic resistance change across the element, and the insertion loss changes from 0.2 dB to 20 dB. The limiting action is completely passive and automatically reversible. By placing the limiter outside of the system, no portion of the front-end risks damage from high-power signals, a level of protection not offered in conventional limiters. Finally, the design is compatible with standard lithography processes, requires no diodes, ferrites, or additional components, and can potentially be integrated on flexible substrates.
Flame surface properties of premixed flames in isotropic turbulence : measurements and numerical simulations

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation of free turbulent premixed flames propagating in isotropic turbulence at neutrally stable preferential diffusion conditions is described. Experiments were limited to the wrinkled thin laminar flamelet regime and involved mixtures of hydrogen, air, and nitrogen ignited within a fan-stirred combustion chamber. Measurements included flame tomography for flame surface statistics and two-point laser velocimetry for unburned gas turbulence properties. Flame surface properties were numerically simulated using a two-dimensional flame propagation algorithm combined with statistical time series simulation of unburned gas velocities along the flame surface. Measurements showed progressively increasing flame radius fluctuations, flame surface fractal dimensions, and turbulent/laminar flame perimeters with increasing mean frame radius. The rate of increase of these properties all increased with increasing turbulence intensities relative to laminar flame speed. Simulated flame properties duplicated these trends but underestimated the effects of turbulence—a deficiency mainly attributed to the limitations of a two-dimensional simulation. Extension of the method to a three-dimensional simulation, to obtain a more definitive evaluation of the simulation, appears to be computationally feasible.
Optical imaging of growth defects in infrared crystals

Abstract This paper describes the use of two recently developed and commercially available infrared optical imaging systems for studying growth defects in several important semiconductor crystals such as CdGeAs 2 and Tl 3 AsSe 3 . The systems were used in a mode where transmitted illumination rather than black body radiation was imaged. One type of system utilizing an IR-sensitive vidicon is sensitive to 2.0 μm. The other, using either an InSb or a HgCdTe photodetector is sensitive in the 2–5.6 μm and the 8–14 μm range. With standard macro lens systems, both were capable of resolving millimeter and sub-millimeter growth defects such as internal cracks, voids, and precipitates.
Expression of gastric pyloric mucin, MUC6, in colorectal serrated polyps

Serrated polyps of the colorectal mucosa represent a heterogeneous and controversial taxonomic category with variation in histopathological, molecular, and immunohistochemical characteristics and with an incomplete understanding of pathogenesis. A previous study reported that the expression of gastric pyloric-type mucin, MUC6, characterized sessile serrated adenomas. We therefore evaluated the expression of MUC6 in serrated polyps identified among 2502 participants in a Phase III chemoprevention trial within the Arizona Cancer Center Colorectal Cancer Prevention Trials Program and characterized the associated histopathological features and location. We carried out immunohistochemistry for MUC6 on 146 serrated lesions and 87 conventional tubular adenomas, and assessed the percentage of cells with expression and the grade of staining intensity. In all 92 hyperplastic polyps, 43 sessile serrated adenomas, and 11 traditional serrated adenomas were included. Polyps ranged in size from 1-150 mm. The association of MUC6 staining with serrated polyp category was evaluated using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis and two-sided Fisher's exact test. A total of 53% of sessile serrated adenomas (n=23), 17% of hyperplastic polyps (n=16), and 18% of traditional serrated adenomas (n=2), but none of 87 tubular adenomas, expressed MUC6. Expression was limited to the lower crypts in all serrated polyps. The extent of positive staining ranged from 2-100% of crypt cells and was independent of the histopathological type. MUC6 expression had relatively high specificity for sessile serrated adenoma (82%) but low sensitivity (54%). In CART analysis, proximal location was found to be the best partitioning factor for MUC6, followed by classification as sessile serrated adenoma. We conclude that MUC6 expression is strongly associated with proximal location of serrated polyps, but only has modest utility as a tissue biomarker for sessile serrated adenoma.
Natural convection in cavities with constant flux heating at the bottom wall and isothermal cooling from the sidewalls

Natural convection in rectangular cavities is studied numerically using a finite volume based computational procedure. In many applications, especially for cooling of electronic components, a natural convection configuration is encountered where a constant flux heating element at the bottom surface are cooled from the isothermal sidewalls while the top wall can be considered adiabatic. The present study is based on such a configuration where a constant flux heat source is symmetrically embedded at the bottom wall. The length of the heat source is varied from 20 to 80% of the total length of the bottom wall. The non-heated parts of the bottom wall are considered adiabatic. The Grashof number is varied from 103 to 106. The study includes computations for cavities at various aspect ratios, ranging from 0.5 to 2, and inclination angles of the cavity from 0° to 30°. The effects aspect ratio, inclination angles, and heat source length on the convection and heat transfer process in the cavity are analysed. Results are presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots as well as the variation of the Nusselt number and maximum temperature at the heat source surface under different conditions.
A method of digital switching of continuous signals

A novel technique of continuous carrier switching in which a digital carrier is utilized and switched on-off is described and analysed. A typical fast switching application in the burst-operated Phase Shift Keyed (PSK) modulators for Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) satellite communications is described.
Natural variation of canine parvovirus

Canine parvovirus was first recognized during 1978. Analysis of isolates collected since its emergence revealed that viruses circulating after 1980 were antigenically different from earlier isolates. Monoclonal antibodies clearly distinguished the two strains, some being specific for either the old or the new viruses. Restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA's showed that the post-1980 viruses were similar to earlier isolates, but some restriction site differences were present in the new strain. These results suggest that the canine parvoviruses infecting dogs in the seven areas of the United States that were sampled derive from a variant virus that replaced the original strain during 1980.
The Cytosolic J-protein, Jjj1, and Rei1 Function in the Removal of the Pre-60 S Subunit Factor Arx1

Although the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits occurs predominantly in the nucleus, final remodeling steps take place in the cytosol. One cytosolic step has two components: 1) the removal of the maturation factor Arx1, which transits from the nucleus to the cytosol with the pre-60 S subunit, and 2) its subsequent transport back into the nucleus. Two cytosolic proteins, Rei1 and Jjj1, are required, but their individual contributions to this step are not understood. Here we report that Rei1 and Jjj1 directly interact. This interaction is mediated by a C-terminal segment of Jjj1 encompassing a region rich in charged residues, flanked by C2H2-type zinc fingers. Deletion of the charged region results in defects in 60 S subunit biogenesis in vivo. In addition, we report resolution of an apparent contradiction in the literature regarding the association of Arx1 with the pre-60 S subunit in the absence of Rei1. The association of Arx1 with ribosomes is sensitive to the concentration of magnesium ions when Rei1 is absent. At near physiological concentrations, Arx1 remains associated with the pre-60 S particle, as it does in the absence of Jjj1; at higher concentrations, Arx1 dissociates in the absence of Rei1 but not in the absence of Jjj1. As both Rei1 and Jjj1 are required for dissociation of Arx1 from the pre-60 S subunit, and the region of Jjj1 that mediates interaction with Rei1 is required in vivo for 60 S subunit biogenesis, our data support the idea that the primary role of both Rei1 and Jjj1 is the first step of the Arx1 removal/recycling process.
The Use of Homework in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Working with Complex Anxiety and Insomnia

Abstract Homework, or self-help, is an essential and required part of cognitive behavioral treatment. It offers several opportunities for the therapist to extend and increase therapy contact by having the patient “live” the therapy outside of the consulting room. It can also serve as a measure of the patient’s motivation for therapy or for change. Homework offers the patient an opportunity to practice what has been developed and discussed in the therapy session. By trying out new behaviors, new ideas, or new emotional responses, the patient can make “real” what has been an abstraction in the therapeutic dialogue. The homework becomes an opportunity for gathering data. Inasmuch as the homework grows “organically” from the session content, it is relevant and timely. Homework provides continuity between sessions. Rather than sessions being discrete moments in time, they are chained together by the homework from the previous session being included in the agenda for the subsequent session. The homework can be structured to involve significant others. This is essential in many therapeutic situations, and having the significant others involved can substantially aid in relapse prevention. Finally, effective homework helps to build therapeutic collaboration and afford the patient the opportunity for building self-efficacy. Using several case examples, this paper describes the functions and impediments to using homework in CBT.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass for Hydrocarbons Production

A simple thermal pretreatment process called torrefaction has shown to be effective in improving the quality of pyrolysis oil in terms of chemical composition. The main objective of this study was to integrate torrefaction with fast pyrolysis process to produce high quality of bio-oil. In this study, the effects of four pyrolysis temperatures (450, 500, 550, and 600 °C) and shape selective zeolite catalyst (H+ZSM-5) on hydrocarbon yield were analyzed. Temperature and catalyst were found to be favorable for aromatic hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of torrefied biomass. The total carbon yield from catalytic pyrolysis of torrefied biomass was 1.45 times the total carbon yield from catalytic pyrolysis of untreated pine. Reaction mechanisms were proposed to understand the production of hydrocarbons from lignin and holocellulose derivatives.
Supply and demand of teachers in California

Abstract A model of input to and output from teaching in California showed the effects of the Teacher Preparatory Institutions (TPI's), the schools, and teachers themselves. The model was based on a reconnaissance, questionnaires addressed fo a 5% sample of teachers and their administrators, interviews at the TPI's, and questionnaires on career choice filled out by college students. By collating information from these sources, we estimated the extent of future shortages at the elementary and secondary levels, and adduced reasons for them. We recommended to the California State Board of Education a series of actions on the part of various responsible agencies to help relieve the expected teacher shortage.
Neighborhood Associations and Their Strategic Actions to Enhance Residents’ Neighborhood Satisfaction:

A neighborhood-representing community association (or neighborhood association [NA]) can offer community-based solutions to address problems and needs within a neighborhood. From this study, we exp...
Unesterified long chain fatty acids inhibit the binding of single chain urokinase to the urokinase receptor.

The interaction of single chain urokinase with its receptor accelerates plasminogen activator activity on cell surfaces and induces intracellular signalling in several cell types. To date, no physiologic inhibitor of this binding has been identified. We report that the binding of scuPA to its cellular receptor is inhibited by long chain fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18,Δ9) at physiological plasma concentrations. Inhibition of single chain urokinase binding to human trophoblastic cells by long chain fatty acids was dose-dependent and saturable. Fifty percent of the binding was inhibited at an oleic acid concentration of 27 μM, while inhibition was maximal (75%) at 150 μM oleic acid. The inhibitory potency of oleic acid was unaffected by fatty acid free albumin or human plasma. Inhibition of single chain urokinase binding by free fatty acid analogues was critically dependent on chain length (>C14 required for inhibition) and was proportional to the extent of unsaturation. Only the fraction of specific sc...
Neuregulin 1- erbB signaling is necessary for normal myelination and sensory function

To investigate the role of erbB signaling in the interactions between peripheral axons and myelinating Schwann cells, we generated transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative erbB receptor in these glial cells. Mutant mice have delayed onset of myelination, thinner myelin, shorter internodal length, and smaller axonal caliber in adulthood. Consistent with the morphological defects, transgenic mice also have slower nerve conduction velocity and defects in their responses to mechanical stimulation. Molecular analysis indicates that erbB signaling may contribute to myelin formation by regulating transcription of myelin genes. Analysis of sciatic nerves showed a reduction in the levels of expression of myelin genes in mutant mice. In vitro assays revealed that neuregulin-1 (NRG1) induces expression of myelin protein zero (P0). Furthermore, we found that the effects of NRG1 on P0 expression depend on the NRG1 isoform used. When NRG1 is presented to Schwann cells in the context of cell–cell contact, type III but not type I NRG1 regulates P0 gene expression. These results suggest that disruption of the NRG1–erbB signaling pathway could contribute to the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies with hypomyelination and neuropathic pain.
A new paradigm for the revival of technicolor theories

Abstract In this paper we discuss a paradigm for the revival of technicolor theories. Fixed-point and walking technicolor theories have been shown to solve the Flavor Changing Neutral Current and pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson problems inherent in the original TC scenario. Although walking technicolor theories can be constructed, the fixed-point theories still do not exist. Recent progress in the understanding of strong coupling QED 4 suggests a possible class of fixed-point gauge theories. We show how such theories could be used to construct realistic technicolor models.
The electrolytic respirometer—II Use in water pollution control plant laboratories

Abstract The electrolytic respirometer provides a direct and continuous measure of oxygen uptake in a wastewater sample. The principal advantages of this method are that (1) little or no dilution of the sample is required, (2) larger and more representative samples can be analyzed, (3) tests can be run for days or weeks without interruption, (4) the equipment is simple to operate, (5) no titrations are required, and (6) BOD can be measured with significantly greater precision than with other methods. The use of electrolytic respirometers in research laboratories and water pollution control plant and industrial laboratories demonstrated that the method is technically and economically justified for plant control and evaluation purposes. This method was well received by treatment plant operators and laboratory analysts when used for purposes ranging from routine measurement of BOD to investigating the treatability of industrial wastes.
Wannier Exciton in an Electric Field. I. Optical Absorption by Bound and Continuum States

A comprehensive study of electric field effects on optical absorption by Wannier excitons is presented, showing field effects on both bound and continuum states. The calculations and results have been simplified by defining appropriate dimensionless parameters such that the eigenvalues are independent of field when expressed in terms of these parameters. A general normalization procedure for wave functions with continuous eigenvalues is outlined. The effect of the electron-hole interaction on the electric-field-induced oscillations is demonstrated, with the result that the electron-hole interaction enhances these oscillations near an ${M}_{0}$-type edge (positive effective masses) and quenches these oscillations near an ${M}_{3}$-type edge (negative effective masses). This effect would inhibit the observation of ${M}_{3}$-type edges in electroreflectance.
Reforming the Nation: Mexican Nationalism in Context

With the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); the EZLN (Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion Nacional), and political crisis/reform all posing questions both old and new about Mexican nationalism, this article reconsiders the dimensions of the subject, the issues, and the empirical evidence. After setting out an analytical and theoretical framework for the study of nationalism, it concentrates on the many components of Mexican nationalism, the historic and on-going nationalist debates over the Indian, the American and the state, and the nature of nationalist policies over the years. It then reviews research related to such theoretical issues as the linkages between nationalist sentiments, ideas and policies, the social bases of nationalist ideas and perceptions, and the changes in nationalism. The article aims to place longstanding discussions of Mexican nationalism in a theoretical context and to derive conclusions which indicate appropriate directions for future research.
Abnormalities in the glycosylation of immunoglobulin heavy chain and an H-2 transplantation antigen in a mouse myeloma mutant

Two mutant cell lines derived from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma synthesize immunoglobulin with abnormal heavy chains and normal light chains. The defective heavy chains have molecular weights of 38,000-42,000 (M3.11) and 50,000 daltons (ICR 11.19) as compared to 55,000 daltons of the wild-type. The glycosylation of the defective heavy chains demostrated several unusual features: first, 30-50% of the M3.11 heavy chain contained no carbonydrate, while 100% of the wildtype and ICR 11.19 heavy chains were glycosylated; second, the glycopeptides of the M3.11 heavy chains revealed an altered gel filtration pattern when compared with the wild-type; and third, digestion with an endoglycosidase indicated that the heterogeneity of the wild-type and M3.11 glycopeptides involved structural changes in the core region of the oligosaccharide. Examination of two other glycoproteins (the major histocompatibility complex antigens) in these cell lines showed that in M3.11, the H-2D but not the H-2K product was abnormally glycosylated and contained a smaller glycopeptide. However, in a subclone of M3.11 that had lost the ability to produce immunoglobulin heavy chains, the H-2D glycopeptide had returned to wild-type size. We concluded from these studies that the defective M3.11 immunoglobulin heavy chain interfered both with its own glycosylation and the glycosylation of another protein, H-2D.
Dairy-rich diets augment fat loss on an energy-restricted diet: a multicenter trial.

A 12-week randomized controlled multi-center clinical trial was conducted in 106 overweight and obese adults. Diets were designed to produce a 2,093 kJ/day energy deficit with either low calcium (LC; ~600 mg/day), high calcium (HC; ~1,400 mg/day), or high dairy (HD; three dairy servings, diet totaling ~1,400 mg/day). Ninety-three subjects completed the trial, and 68 met all a priori weekly compliance criteria. Both HC and HD contained comparable levels of calcium, but HC was only ~30% as effective as HD in suppressing 1,25-(OH)2D and exerted no significant effects on weight loss or body composition compared to LC. In the group that met compliance criteria, HD resulted in ~two-fold augmentation of fat loss compared to LC and HC (HD: -4.43 ± 0.53 kg; LC: -2.69 ± 0.0.53 kg; HC: -2.23 ± 0.73kg, p < 0.025); assessment of all completers and an intent-to-treat analysis produced similar trends. HD augmentated central (trunk) fat loss (HD: -2.38 ± 0.30 kg; HC: -1.42 ± 0.30 kg; LC: -1.36 ± 0.42 kg, p < 0.05) and waist circumference (HD: -7.65 ± 0.75 cm; LC: -4.92 ± 0.74 cm; LC: -4.95 ± 1.05 cm, p < 0.025). Similar effects were noted among all subjects completing the study and in an intent-to-treat analysis. These data indicate that dairy-rich diets augment weight loss by targeting the fat compartment during energy restriction.
Effect of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, Auxin, and Gibberellic Acid on Abscission

Chloramphenicol, actinomycin D, and other inhibitors of protein synthesis promote abscission in several plant genera. Abscission is accelerated in species where an abscission layer is present, as well as in tissue where no abscission layer develops prior to abscission. The inhibitors promote abscission in species where cell division is reported to precede the separation processes as well as in tissues where no cell division is associated with the initiation of abscission. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) or auxin precursors, when applied with chloramphenicol and aclinomycin D, overcome the promotive effects of the inhibitors on abscission. These inhibitors apparently do not promote abscission through their effects on auxin precursor conversion, IAA transport, and IAA destruction in the petiole. IAA increases the incorporation of leucine-1-14C into a trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction of the abscission zone under conditions where abscission is retarded. A low concentration of IAA which accelerates abscission, decreases incorporation of leucine into protein. Other promoters of abscission — chloramphenicol, d-aspartic acid, and gibberellic acid —also decrease the incorporation of leucine into the protein of the abscission zone. The data indicate that enzymes required for the degradative processes associated with abscission are already present in the abscission zone whereas a continuous synthesis of protein is required for the retention of the leaf.
From the politics of lying to the farce at Suez: What the US knew

This article seeks to establish, in a definitive manner, what the US knew about the Suez invasion plan of 1956. With the benefit of the CIA's U‐2 reconnaissance plane, the US was able to pinpoint, as of mid‐October, the existence of nearly three times the number of Mystere fighters in Israel than had previously been notified to Washington by the French government. That plus an information blackout on the part of the British and the French, and the breakdown of negotiations with the Egyptians at the UN, roused Washington's apprehensions that a military option was being considered. However, though there was suspicion on the part of the US that an Israeli‐French operation might be in the offing, Washington never seriously focused on the possibility of a tripartite operation involving the British, the French, and the Israelis. President Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles relied on the Anglo‐American special relationship and on British good sense not to get involved. In particular, Washington completely ...
Improved quality of life is partly explained by fewer symptoms after treatment of fibroids with mifepristone.

Objective To examine mediators of mifepristone treatment on improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among women with symptomatic fibroids.
Obesity and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Is Adiponectin the Molecular Link between these Conditions?:

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a condition of unknown etiology whose pathological features include increased vascular resistance, perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling. Although risk factors for PAH are poorly defined, recent studies indicate that obesity may be an important risk factor for this condition. The mechanisms leading to this association are largely unknown, but bioactive mediators secreted from adipose tissue have been implicated in this process. One of the most important mediators released from adipose tissue is the adipokine adiponectin. Adiponectin is highly abundant in the circulation of lean healthy individuals, and possesses well-described metabolic and antiinflammatory actions. Levels of adiponectin decrease with increasing body mass, and low levels are directly linked to the development of PAH in mice. Moreover, overexpression of adiponectin has been shown to protect mice from developing PAH in response to inflammation and hyp...
Using a smaller plate did not reduce energy intake at meals

Abstract In three cross-over experiments, we examined the effect on energy intake of changing the size of the plate used at a meal. On separate days, adults were served the same lunch menu but were given a different-sized plate. In the first study, 45 participants used each of three plate sizes (17, 22, or 26 cm) and served the main course from a large dish. In the second study, 30 participants received an equal amount of food presented on each of the two larger plates. In the third study, 44 participants used each of the three plates and selected from a buffet of five foods matched for energy density. Results showed that plate size had no significant effect on energy intake. The mean differences in intake using the smallest and largest plates in the three studies were 21±13 g, 11±13 g, and 4±18 g, respectively, equivalent to
Consideration of round off errors in the design of mean square estimators

In this correspondence, a search for the optimal polynomial mean-square (ms) estimator is undertaken; when the input is a vector with fixed dimensionality and at the calculation of the estimator characteristics the round off errors are considered. It is found that the accumulation of these errors causes divergence of the estimate from the theoretically ideal one. Also, the minimum mean-square error, instead of monotonically decreasing with the degree of the polynomial estimator, increases when This degree exceeds a number that depends on the statistics of the problem. This error is found to be equal to the sum of the ideal error e 0 and a term e e which includes the computational errors and increases monotonically with the degree of the estimator.
Quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts by postlabeling with 14C-acetic anhydride and accelerator mass spectrometry.

Abstract Quantitation of carcinogen-DNA adducts provides an estimate of the biologically effective dose of a chemical carcinogen reaching the target tissue. In order to improve exposure-assessment and cancer risk estimates, we are developing an ultrasensitive procedure for the detection of carcinogen-DNA adducts. The method is based upon postlabeling of carcinogen-DNA adducts by acetylation with 14 C-acetic anhydride combined with quantitation of 14 C by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). For this purpose, adducts of benzo[ a ]pyrene-r-7, t -8-dihydrodiol- t -9,10-epoxide (BPDE) with DNA and deoxyguanosine (dG) were synthesized. The most promutagenic adduct of BPDE, 7 R ,8 S ,9 R -trihydroxy-10S-(N 2 -deoxyguanosyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (BPdG), was HPLC purified and structurally characterized. Postlabeling of the BPdG adduct with acetic anhydride yielded a major product with a greater than 60% yield. The postlabeled adduct was identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry as pentakis(acetyl) BPdG (AcBPdG). Postlabeling of the BPdG adduct with 14 C-acetic anhydride yielded a major product coeluting with an AcBPdG standard. Quantitation of the 14 C-postlabeled adduct by AMS promises to allow detection of attomolar amounts of adducts. The method is now being optimized and validated for use in human samples.
Characterization of an alternatively spliced isoform of rat vesicle associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2)

VAMPs are vesicle associated membrane proteins that are essential for secretion. A spliced isoform of rat VAMP-2, called VAMP-2B, is characterized in this study. The VAMP-2B transcript is the result of alternative RNA splicing in which an intron is retained. The predicted amino acid sequence of VAMP-2B differs from VAMP-2 at its carboxy-terminal end. Because recent studies have shown that VAMP's carboxy-terminal end influences the protein's sorting, the location of myc-epitope tagged VAMP-2B in PC12 cells was determined. Subcellular fractionation showed colocalization of myc-VAMP-2B and endogenous VAMP-2. Thus alternative RNA splicing does not affect VAMP-2 sorting in PC12 cells.
Media Review: More Than Listening: A Casebook for Using Counseling Skills in Student Affairs Work

Virtually every college student development preparation program offers course work designed to familiarize students with counseling practices that student affairs staff—who have responsibilities for the exercise of helping skills—may adapt. Until recently, those teaching helping skills courses had no text specifically tailored to these topics as they applied in the higher education environment. Instead, most faculty adopted texts that, while referencing “helping,” were based largely in the pure psychological counseling field. These books portray students as “clients” who generally visit a counseling office for an appointment and subsequent intervention. While such texts were of assistance, faculty in these programs commiserated on the lack of direct, appli-
Acute ethanol effects on blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 in LS and SS mice.

Abstract The effects of ethanol on blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were measured in LS and SS mice in an attempt to ascertain whether these lines of mice, which differ in CNS sensitivity to the behavioral effects of ethanol, also differ in sensitivity to physiological effects of this drug. Long-sleep (LS) female mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, or 3.8 g/kg ethanol; short-sleep (SS) female mice were administered 2.5, 3.3, 4.1, or 4.7 g/kg. Blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 were assessed at 15, 30, 60, 120, or 180 min after injection of the 2.5 and 4.1 g/kg doses or at 60 min after injection of the 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, 3.8, 4.1, and 4.7 g/kg doses. Opposite effects on blood pH and PCO2 over time were obtained in LS and SS mice at the 2.5 g/kg dose. Acidosis characterized the LS line, whereas alkalosis characterized the SS. The results obtained with SS mice at the 4.1 g/kg dose were similar to those obtained with LS mice at the 2.5 g/kg dose. The dose-response curve for the SS mice generated at 60 min post-injection lies to the right of that for the LS mice. The effects of high ethanol doses on SS mice resemble the effects of low doses on LS animals. Thus, the two lines of mice differ in response to the effects of ethanol on these parameters related to respiration. The difference in sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of ethanol may contribute to the differences in behavioral sensitivity between the two lines.
ROUTINE USE OF METHODS FOR IMPROVED G-BAND RESOLUTION IN A POPULATION OF PATIENTS WITH MALFORMATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY

We report on an 11-year experience in which cell culture synchronization and other methods for improving cytogenetic detail were used to study 2,245 patients presenting with malformations and (usually) developmental delay. Not including patients presenting with one of the so-called "contiguous gene syndromes," 30 patients (1.1% of the study population) were found to have karyotypes characterized by structural alterations that were either subtle enough to be judged undetectable in standard metaphase preparations or subtle enough to have escaped detection in previous banded studies. Analysis of the detail available for 6 chromosome pairs suggests that the average banding detail available for these analyses fell short of that considered to be "high-resolution" but was, nevertheless, more than would have been expected from standard metaphase preparations.
Recent developments in understanding the mechanism of five-power-law creep

Abstract This work describes recent advances on the understanding of elevated temperature plasticity within five-power-law creep. Particular attention is devoted to recent developments regarding dislocation network hardening, internal back-stresses and Harper–Dorn creep. This will include discussions of recent convergent beam electron diffraction experiments on metals to evaluate internal stresses in association with dislocation heterogeneities and Taylor hardening analyses in both copper and aluminum.
Preoperative Assessment of Pulmonary Risk

Study objectives A summary of current modalities for and the utility of preoperative assessment of pulmonary risk. Design Review of recent literature published in the English language. Setting Not applicable. Patients or participants Patients who undergo elective cardiothoracic or abdominal operations. Interventions Not applicable. Measurements and results Postoperative pulmonary complications occur after 25 to 50% of major surgical procedures. The accuracy of the preoperative assessment of the risk of such complications is only fair. The routine assessment for all preoperative patients includes age, general physiologic status, and the nature of the planned operation. Specific tests such as measurement of spirometric values and diffusing capacity are indicated routinely only for patients who are candidates for major lung resection or esophagectomy. Conclusions Pulmonary complications are an important form of postoperative morbidity after major cardiothoracic and abdominal operations. The appropriate preoperative assessment of the risk of such complications is well defined for lung resection and esophagectomy operations, but it requires refinement for general surgical and cardiovascular operations.
Poster: Towards supporting situational awareness using tactile feedback

In this paper, we describe an approach with the aim of supporting individuals engaged with a task where the eyes are occupied to monitor obstacles within their wider environment. A head-mounted interface has been developed where tactile feedback can be presented to alert the user to important situational events, such as the presence of spatial obstacles. Our research aims to examine ways in which cues can be developed to support levels of situational awareness for decision-making. Early results from our work suggest that the participatory approach adopted offers considerable potential when developing feedback for presentation to sites on the body which are rarely used for tactile interaction (e.g. locations on the head).
Growth and energy balance during the larval lives of three prosobranch gastropods

Larvae of most marine invertebrates postpone metamorphosis in the absence of a suitable environment for the adult stage. Larvae of three marine gastropod species, Ih,anassa obsoleta (Say), CrepidulaJbrnicata (L.), and Bittium alternatunl (Say), differed in the potential durations of their delay periods and in their ultimate fates in the absence of preferred substratum for metamorphosis in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that differences in the delaying capabili- ties of the three species result from differences in the magnitude of metabolic adjustments made during the delay period. Carbon and caloric balances were calculated for larvae of llyanassa obsoleta before and after their attainment of competence, using data on feeding rates, respiration rates, and retention efficiencies. An excess of carbon and energy intake over expenditure was calculated in all experiments. As predicted from those calculations, but not from measurements of shell length increase, tissue bio- mass of I. obsoleta increases at a constant rate throughout larval life. Similarly, growth rate of larvae of Crepidulafornicata does not decline with the onset of metamorphic competence. Larvae of Bittiunl alter- nature also show substantial growth during delay of metamorphosis. Morphological differentiation continues during the delay periods of Ilyanassa obsoleta and Crepidula fornicata. Therefore, there is no indication that changes in energy balance directly limit the potential duration of the delay period in these Sl;~,cies. However, these data suggest a relationship between growth rate prior to the onset of competence and the potential duration of the delay period. The hypothesis is presented that there may be a program for larval development with a genetically fixed endpoint and that potential duration of the delay period may be determined by the rate at which larvae progress through this developmental program. Ecological factors potentially operating to select for differences in delay capabilities among species are discussed.
A “Vertically Lagrangian” Finite-Volume Dynamical Core for Global Models

A finite-volume dynamical core with a terrain-following Lagrangian control-volume discretization is described. The vertically Lagrangian discretization reduces the dimensionality of the physical problem from three to two with the resulting dynamical system closely resembling that of the shallow water system. The 2D horizontalto-Lagrangian-surface transport and dynamical processes are then discretized using the genuinely conservative flux-form semi-Lagrangian algorithm. Time marching is split-explicit, with large time steps for scalar transport, and small fractional steps for the Lagrangian dynamics, which permits the accurate propagation of fast waves. A mass, momentum, and total energy conserving algorithm is developed for remapping the state variables periodically from the floating Lagrangian control-volume to an Eulerian terrain-following coordinate for dealing with ‘‘physical parameterizations’’ and to prevent severe distortion of the Lagrangian surfaces. Deterministic baroclinic wave-growth tests and long-term integrations using the Held‐Suarez forcing are presented. Impact of the monotonicity constraint is discussed.
Congestion management techniques in high-speed cell based networks

Broadband packet networks based on the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) are expected to support extremely bursty traffic. This network provides a large bandwidth, and hence, to make the operation of the network economical and to take advantage of the typical burstiness in various types of data from different sources, statistical multiplexing is necessary, which in turn requires new congestion control strategies. A detailed analysis of congestion in high-speed cell-based networks is presented. Currently available congestion control schemes and some of their salient features are also presented.
X-Ray Luminosity Function and Total Luminosity of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries in Early-Type Galaxies

We have derived bias-corrected X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of sources detected in a uniformly selected sample of 14 E and S0 galaxies observed with Chandra ACIS-S3. The entire sample yields 985 pointlike X-ray sources, with typical detections of 30-140 sources per galaxy. After correcting for incompleteness, the individual XLFs are statistically consistent with a single power law of a (differential) XLF slope β = 1.8-2.2 (with a typical error of 0.2-0.3). A break at or near LX,Edd, as reported in the literature for some of these galaxies, is not required in any case. Given the uniform XLF shape, we have generated a combined, higher statistics XLF, representative of X-ray sources in elliptical galaxies. Although the combined XLF is marginally consistent with a single power law (with β = 2.1 ± 0.1), a broken power law gives an improved fit. The best-fit slope is β = 1.8 ± 0.2 in the low-luminosity range LX = a few × 1037 to 5 × 1038 ergs s-1. At higher luminosities, the slope is steeper, β = 2.8 ± 0.6. The break luminosity is (5 ± 1.6) × 1038 ergs s-1 (with an error at 90%), which may be consistent with the Eddington luminosity of neutron stars with the largest possible mass (3 M☉), He-enriched neutron star binaries, or low-mass stellar-mass black holes. If the change in XLF slope at high luminosities is real and does not mask a step in the XLF, our result would imply a different population of high-luminosity sources, instead of a beaming effect. This high-luminosity portion of the XLF must reflect the mass function of black holes in these galaxies. We note that this high-luminosity population does not resemble that of the ultraluminous X-ray sources detected in star-forming galaxies, where no break in the XLF is present and the XLF is much flatter than in the older stellar system we are studying here. We use our results to derive the integrated X-ray luminosity of accreting low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) in each sample galaxy. We confirm that the total X-ray luminosity of LMXBs is correlated with the optical and more tightly with the near-IR luminosities, but in both cases the scatter exceeds that expected from measurement errors. We find that the scatter in LX(LMXB)/LK is marginally correlated with the specific frequency of globular clusters.
Simulation analysis of a communication link with statistically multiplexed bursty noise sources

Variable bit rate (VBR) coding techniques have received great research interest as very promising tools for transmitting bursty multimedia traffic with low bandwidth requirements over a communication link. Statistically multiplexing the multimedia bursty traffic is a very efficient method of maximizing the utilization of the link capacity. The application of computer simulation techniques in analyzing a rate-based access control scheme for multimedia traffic such as voice traffic is discussed. The control scheme regulates the packetized bursty traffic at the user network interface of the link. Using a suitable congestion measure, namely, the multiplexer buffer length, the scheme dynamically controls the arrival rate by switching the coder to a different compression ratio (i.e., changing the coding rate). VBR coding methods can be adaptively adjusted to transmit at a lower rate with very little degradation in the voice quality. Reported results prove that the scheme greatly improves the link performance, in terms of reducing the probability of call blocking and enhancing the statistical multiplexing gain. >
Why Do Women Enter and Exit From Material Hardship

Current critiques of the official federal poverty measure have led to a growing interest in alternative measures of well-being, such as individual reports of the inability to meet basic needs. This article considers a wide set of risk factors for four different forms of material hardship (food insufficiency, utility disconnection, unmet medical needs, and housing problems) using data from a panel study of single mothers. Specifically, the authors analyze the role of maternal health, household composition, and income on entrances into and exits from material hardship. The results show that there is a great deal of heterogeneity across forms of material hardship but that in general, the predictions of the authors’ conceptual model are confirmed. Determinants of entrances into material hardship differ from those that predict exits, suggesting that interventions to help families exit from material hardship may need to address different issues than those that triggered the entrance into material hardship in th...
A new dose rate model for SOI MOSFETs and its implementation in SPICE

A new SPICE based dose rate model is proposed for SOI MOSFETs, which accounts for collections of excess carriers by both source/body and drain/body junctions. It is also identified that the parasitic bipolar transistor does not play a significant role within the range of dose rate of interest. An implementation method for circuit level simulation is described. The validity of this model has been verified by test results.
Compared to Synthetic Polymers, Proteins Are Awesome

This paper is written for undergraduate chemistry students who are introduced to the elegant biosynthesis and folding of proteins as compared to synthetic polymers. The uniqueness of proteins among other synthetic and biopolymers is discussed. Proteins are characterized by unique 3-dimensional structures that are dictated by their 1-dimensional amino acid sequences. The driving force of the 3-d conformation lies in the tendency of hydrophobic residues to stay away from an aqueous environment. As a result of such hydrophobic forces, proteins are very compact. Conformational folding is much faster than the time needed for an exhaustive search of the global minimum energy. Additionally, conformational changes induced by environmental factors such as pH, temperature, or ligands are cooperative. Such cooperative folding is given by an example of hemoglobin binding to oxygen molecules. Polymer synthesis designed to mimic protein structures has given useful polymers with many practical applications.
The Velocity and Efficiency Limiting Effects of Magnetic Diffusion in Railgun Sliding Contacts

The authors identify and characterize a velocity and efficiency limiting effect called contact velocity skin effect (VSEC) which occurs in the interface of a railgun's sliding contact. Despite enormous contact forces, the armature will remain separated from the rail by a thin adsorbed layer, on the order of 10 to 15 angstroms in this investigation. Electrical conduction through the layer is via quantum tunneling which is more resistive than classical conduction through the conductor. A comprehensive theory to account VSEC is presented and is applicable to all constant gradient electromagnetic launchers. The theory not only accounts for the velocity-limit effect, but also predicts a maximum efficiency. Theoretical parameters include the inductance gradient, system resistance, projectile velocity, and sliding contact area. Theoretical predictions are compared to experimental data from a conventional and an augmented railgun. The augmented railgun is a 3-turn augmented system with 40 mm bore x 750 mm length typically operating at 250 kA peak current with a projectile velocity of 300 m/s. The conventional railgun is 40 mm bore x 4000 mm length which typically operates at 850 kA with a projectile velocity of 1600 m/s. The characterization of VSEC predicts velocity saturation and efficiency roll-off in electromagnetic launchers and provides new insights into EML operation and physics especially with regard to the armature and its contacts.
UWB wireless link design and implementation challenges in broadband frequency modulated fNIR biomedical imaging

Functional spectroscopic measurements of brain matter using near IR wavelengths are characterized by absorption coefficient μ a and scattering coefficient μ s . To increase the accuracy of parameter extraction, a broadband frequency modulated system is proposed and design and implementation challenges of a completely untethered and field deployable unit and a high speed wireless communication system is considered to complement a free space optical communication system.