cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative thermodynamic performance study for the design of power and desalting cogeneration technologies in Kuwait

Abstract This study attempts to answer two questions by developing a thermodynamic mathematical model: which is the optimal energy conversion process, generating power and desalting water independently or coupling power generation with seawater desalination technologies via cogeneration power and desalting plants (CPDP)? How would modifying the plant design affect the performance of a CPDP? Nine different configurations of power and water conversion technologies are modeled and compared with respect to an ideal reversible CPDP using a newly introduced cost-based dimensionless parameter, the power and water gain ratio (PWGR). Results of this study show that producing power using a gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) and desalting seawater using reverse osmosis (RO) on a stand-alone basis is the most energy efficient for generating power and desalinating water simultaneously. GTCC-RO has the closest PWGR set at 1.470 to the ideal reversible reference plant’s 1.529 PWGR. Modifying the number of gas turbines (GT), steam turbines (ST), and multi-effect distillation (MED) units can improve the performance of the combined cycle heat and power (CCHP) reference plant coupled with MED desalination units.
Validation of a novel smartphone application-enabled, patient-operated skin barrier device.

Background Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and surface capacitance measure skin barrier permeability and stratum corneum (SC) hydration, respectively, and are frequently utilized in atopic dermatitis clinical trials. Many barrier devices are costly and often used only in the academic setting. GPSkin is a low-cost, patient-operated device that measures both TEWL and SC hydration. This study aimed to test the reliability of GPSkin and assess its correlation with current industry standards. Materials and methods GPSkin was compared to the Biox AquaFlux (TEWL) and Courage-Khazaka Corneometer (SC hydration). Participants with healthy skin (n = 50) collected measurements with GPSkin in Trial 1 without any device education and in Trial 2 with additional instruction. In Trial 2, the investigator also performed measurements with GPSkin. Spearman's coefficients (rs ) were performed to assess device correlation. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine reliability. Results Overall, GPSkin was moderately correlated with current industry device measurements for TEWL (Trial 1 rs :0.48; Trial 2 rs :0.40 participant, 0.34 investigator) and SC hydration (Trial 1 rs :0.63; Trial 2 rs :0.45). GPSkin demonstrated "good" test-retest reliability for both TEWL (ICC: 0.89) and SC hydration (ICC: 0.85) measurements when participants were provided with some device education. There was no difference in reliability between participants provided with device education and investigators. Conclusion Based on these findings, we concluded that GPSkin provides reasonably precise and reliable measurements of SC hydration and TEWL as compared to current devices.
The public and legislative impact of hyperconcentrated topic news

News has been shown to influence public perception, affect technology development, and increase public expression. We demonstrate that framing, a subjective aspect of news, appears to influence both significant public perception changes and federal legislation. We show that specific features of news, such as publishing volume, appear to influence sustained public attention, as measured by annual Google Trends data, and federal legislation. We observe that federal legislative activity is often foreshadowed by periods of high news volume and similarity between articles, which we call hyperconcentrated news periods. Last, we contribute the measures of framing density and framing polarity, which provide a quantitative assessment of news framing in a domain. We demonstrate that these measures appear to correlate substantially with the results of earlier human surveys. We note, however, that our analysis does not disprove reverse causality and does not model other confounding factors.
An Observational Study of Retail Pharmacy Naloxone Prescriptions: Differences Across Provider Specialties and Patient Populations

Despite exponential growth in pharmacy-dispensed naloxone, little information is available regarding variation in naloxone prescribing pattern across specialty groups, regions, and patient populations. Explore variation in pharmacy-dispensed naloxone by prescriber specialty and patient characteristics. Cross-sectional analysis of the 2016 national retail pharmacy naloxone prescription claims from the IQVIA Real Longitudinal Prescriptions database. Naloxone prescribers and individuals filling naloxone prescriptions. Descriptive statistics assess differences across prescriber specialty groups in number of naloxone prescribers, patient and prescription characteristics, and geographic variation in naloxone dispensation and naloxone market share across prescriber specialty groups or formulation. In 2016, 100,958 naloxone prescriptions written by 14,026 prescribers were filled by 88,735 patients. Primary care physicians accounted for the largest share of naloxone prescribers (45.9%); pain and anesthesia physicians and non-physicians prescribed to significantly greater numbers of patients (means of 10 and 8, respectively). While responsible for a relatively small share of naloxone dispensed (6.1%), psychiatrists and addiction specialists disproportionately served younger individuals, accounting for 49.5% of all prescriptions for individuals aged 35 and younger. Naloxone fill rates differed greatly across geographic regions, with the highest per capita rates in New England and the most concentrated prescribing in the West South Central and South Atlantic regions, where naloxone prescribers had the highest average numbers of patients (9.7 and 7.9, respectively). The South Atlantic and West South Central also had naloxone markets dominated by the Evzio® auto-injector, responsible for 50.3% and 43.8% of all naloxone dispensed in the regions; in contrast, New England’s naloxone market was predominantly comprised of generic formulations (48.8%) and Narcan® nasal spray (45.4%). Our findings reflect a need to better understand barriers to uptake of naloxone prescribing behavior among physicians and other prescribers to ensure individuals have adequate opportunity to receive naloxone from their treating clinicians.
Multi-GPU Performance Optimization of a CFD Code using OpenACC on Different Platforms

This paper investigates the multi-GPU performance of a 3D buoyancy driven cavity solver using MPI and OpenACC directives on different platforms. The paper shows that decomposing the total problem in different dimensions affects the strong scaling performance significantly for the GPU. Without proper performance optimizations, it is shown that 1D domain decomposition scales poorly on multiple GPUs due to the noncontiguous memory access. The performance using whatever decompositions can be benefited from a series of performance optimizations in the paper. Since the buoyancy driven cavity code is latency-bounded on the clusters examined, a series of optimizations both agnostic and tailored to the platforms are designed to reduce the latency cost and improve memory throughput between hosts and devices efficiently. First, the parallel message packing/unpacking strategy developed for noncontiguous data movement between hosts and devices improves the overall performance by about a factor of 2. Second, transferring different data based on the stencil sizes for different variables further reduces the communication overhead. These two optimizations are general enough to be beneficial to stencil computations having ghost changes on all of the clusters tested. Third, GPUDirect is used to improve the communication on clusters which have the hardware and software support for direct communication between GPUs without staging CPU's memory. Finally, overlapping the communication and computations is shown to be not efficient on multi-GPUs if only using MPI or MPI+OpenACC. Although we believe our implementation has revealed enough overlap, the actual running does not utilize the overlap well due to a lack of asynchronous progression.
Snapping and chatting away: Consumer motivations for and outcomes of interacting with Snapchat AR ad lens

Abstract Snapchat AR ad lens is one of the highly engaging and interactive ads among the plethora of social media advertising formats. Applying the uses and gratifications (U&G) theory and social media advertising engagement (SMAE) framework, two survey studies were conducted to enhance our understanding of consumers’ motivations for interacting with this unique Snapchat ad format and its subsequent effects. With the use of exploratory research, Study 1 uncovered consumers’ motivations to interact with the Snapchat AR ad lens: entertainment, aesthetics, uniqueness, curiosity, brand fan, and social interaction. Furthermore, Study 2 cemented consumers’ disclosed motivations as antecedents of attitudinal perceptions of the Snapchat AR ad lens and examined its resultant outcomes: ad engagement and purchase motivation. The results revealed that the majority of motivations had a positive effect on Snapchatters’ attitude toward the AR ad lens, which directly affected continuous ad engagement and indirectly affected purchase motivation through ad engagement. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed for scholars and practitioners.
Remote Sensing Based Rapid Assessment of Flood Crop Damage Using Novel Disaster Vegetation Damage Index (DVDI)

Accurate crop-specific damage assessment immediately after flood events is crucial for grain pricing, food policy, and agricultural trade. The main goal of this research is to estimate the crop-specific damage that occurs immediately after flood events by using a newly developed Disaster Vegetation Damage Index (DVDI). By incorporating the DVDI along with information on crop types and flood inundation extents, this research assessed crop damage for three case-study events: Iowa Severe Storms and Flooding (DR 4386), Nebraska Severe Storms and Flooding (DR 4387), and Texas Severe Storms and Flooding (DR 4272). Crop damage is assessed on a qualitative scale and reported at the county level for the selected flood cases in Iowa, Nebraska, and Texas. More than half of flooded corn has experienced no damage, whereas 60% of affected soybean has a higher degree of loss in most of the selected counties in Iowa. Similarly, a total of 350 ha of soybean has moderate to severe damage whereas corn has a negligible impact in Cuming, which is the most affected county in Nebraska. A total of 454 ha of corn are severely damaged in Anderson County, Texas. More than 200 ha of alfalfa have moderate to severe damage in Navarro County, Texas. The results of damage assessment are validated through the NDVI profile and yield loss in percentage. A linear relation is found between DVDI values and crop yield loss. An R2 value of 0.54 indicates the potentiality of DVDI for rapid crop damage estimation. The results also indicate the association between DVDI class and crop yield loss.
The “bond of the sea”: Conrad, coal, and entropy

In both “Youth: A Narrative” and Heart of Darkness, the world-weary steamship captain Charles Marlow invokes the “bond of the sea” (Conrad 2002a, 71, 2002b, 100). In context, he refers to a kind of...
Radiation-Enhanced Anion Transport in Hematite

The influence of radiation-induced (1 MeV energy H+ to ∼0.1 displacements per atom (dpa) at 450 °C), nonequilibrium point defect populations on mass transport is studied with an integrated campaign...
Top-down modeling of distributed neural dynamics for motion control

In neuroscience a topic of interest pertains to understanding the neural circuit and network mechanisms that enable a range of motor functions, including motion and navigation. While engineers have strong mathematical conceptualizations regarding how these functions can be achieved using control-theoretic frameworks, it is far from clear whether similar strategies are embodied within neural circuits. In this work, we adopt a ‘top-down’ strategy to postulate how certain nonlinear control strategies might be achieved through the actions of a network of biophysical neurons acting on multiple time-scales. Specifically, we study how neural circuits might interact to learn and execute an optimal strategy for spatial control. Our approach is comprised of an optimal nonlinear control problem where a high-level objective function encapsulates the fundamental requirements of the task at hand. We solve this optimization using an iterative method based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. It turns out that the proposed solution methodology can be translated into the dynamics of neural populations that act to produce the optimal solutions in a distributed fashion. Importantly, we are able to provide conditions under which these networks are guaranteed to arrive at an optimal solution. In total, this work provides an iterative optimization framework that confers a novel interpretation regarding how nonlinear control can be achieved in neural circuits.
Reactive Granulomatous Dermatitis: A Review of Palisaded Neutrophilic and Granulomatous Dermatitis, Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis, Interstitial Granulomatous Drug Reaction, and a Proposed Reclassification

The terms "palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis," "interstitial granulomatous dermatitis," and the subset "interstitial granulomatous drug reaction" are a source of confusion. There exists substantial overlap among the entities with few strict distinguishing features. We review the literature and highlight areas of distinction and overlap, and propose a streamlined diagnostic workup for patients presenting with this cutaneous reaction pattern. Because the systemic disease associations and requisite workup are similar, and the etiopathogenesis is poorly understood but likely similar among these entities, we propose the simplified unifying term "reactive granulomatous dermatitis" to encompass these entities.
Transcription activation by viral and cellular oncogenes.

Publisher Summary The mechanisms by which certain genes can alter the growth regulation of cells and lead to transformation to the oncogenic state are of great importance. One class of oncogenes comprises of viral genes that have the ability to immortalize certain primary cells and, in combination with various other oncogenes, elicit the fully transformed phenotype. In many instances, these immortalizing genes have been shown to function as transcriptional regulatory genes during lytic viral infection. The direct evidence for the role of transcription activation in oncogenesis is lacking, but a variety of indirect evidence has suggested that this may be a contributing factor. In addition, the study of these genes, apart from their role in oncogenesis, has provided valuable insight into the mechanisms of transcription control. This chapter focuses on these two subjects: current understanding of the way such genes control transcription initiation and the possible involvement of such a mechanism in oncogenesis. The first issue is conceptually straightforward although experimentally difficult. The resolution of the mechanisms requires the isolation of the proteins involved and an analysis of their nature before and after transcriptional induction. The second issue is more complex and likely will never be fully resolved.
Organic Acid Metabolism: Genetic Disorders

Disorders of organic acid metabolism result from deficiencies in enzymes involved in terminal steps of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, causing a number of serious multi-system symptoms. Management of these conditions may be life-saving, and their study has yielded invaluable information about metabolic processes in man. Keywords: human metabolism; human genetics
Conglutination of the labia minora in the presence of normal endogenous estrogen levels: an exception to the rule.

A case report of conglutination of the labia minora in a 20 year-old nulliparous woman who had normal estrogen levels. The case is exceptional in that the condition is usually associated with estrogen deficiency and the adhesions are expected to separate spontaneously when endogenous estrogen is naturally secreted. The patient was successfully treated by sharp dissection. This rare occurrence is likely due to a high degree of scarring by the initial inflammatory process which estrogen alone could not overcome.
Toward a New Pedagogy

I . . . received a call from Jim Treanor who was then the Director of the Trading and Exchange Division. He said, "I have just been on the telephone with Paul Rowen," who was then the S.E.C. Regional Administrator in Boston, "and he has told me about the president of some company in Boston who is going around buying up stock in his company from his own shareholders at $4.00 a share, and he has been telling them that the company is doing very badly, whereas, in fact, the earnings are going to be quadrupled and will be $2.00 a share for this coming year. Is there anything we can do about it?" So he came upstairs and I called in my secretary and I looked at Section 10(b) and I looked at Section 17, and I put them together, and the only discussion we had there was where "in connection with the purchase or sale" should be, and we decided it should be at the end. We called the Commission and we got on the calendar, and I don't remember whether we got there that morning or after lunch. We passed a piece of paper around to all the commissioners. All the commissioners read the [proposal for Rule lOb-5] and they tossed it on the table, indicating approval. Nobody said anything except Sumner Pike who said, "Well, . . . we are against fraud, aren't we?" That is how it happened.'
New General and Complementary Energy Theorems, Finite Strain, Rate Sensitive Inelasticity and Finite Elements: Some Computational Studies

General variational theorems for the rate problems of rate-dependent finite strain inelasticity, in terms of the appropriate rates of the first and second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensors, the symmetrized Biot-Lure’ stress tensor, and their conjugate measures of strain-rate, are discussed. Certain new rate-complementary-energy principles, involving the rate of spin and the rate of the symmetrized Biot-Lure’ stress tensor as variables, are stated for finite strain analysis of rate-sensitive materials, such as those exhibiting elasto-viscoplastic and creep behavior. Uniqueness and stability criteria for those inelastic solids, using the finite element counterparts of the new complementary energy rate principles, are discussed. Computational studies, using the complementary energy methods, discussed herein include: (i) bifurcation necking and post-buckling analyses of initially perfect elastoplastic bars, and (ii) post-buckling and large deformation analyses of thin elastic plates under inplane compression and transverse bending loads.
A fourier integral density estimate: a Monte Carlo study

Davis (1977) proposed the use of a kernel density estimate which is the sample characteristic function integrated over (-A(n) , A(n)), where A(n) is chosen to minimize the mean integrated square error of the estimate. The scalar, A(n), is determined by the sample size and the population characteristic function. This paper investigates, in a Monte Carlo study, the mean integrated square error obtained under a procedure suggested by Davis (1977) for estimating A(n) when the population characteristic function is unknown.
Proteoglycan biosynthesis in murine monocytic leukemic (M1) cells before and after differentiation

Abstract Murine monocytic leukemic (M1) cells were cultured in the presence of [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate. Labeled proteoglycans were purified by anion exchange chromatography and characterized by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with chemical and enzymatic degradation. M1 cells synthesize a single predominant species of proteoglycan which distributes almost equally between the cell and medium after 17 h labeling. The cell-associated proteoglycan has an overall size of about 135 kDa and contains three to five chondroitin sulfate chains (28-31 kDa each) attached to a chondroitinase-generated core protein of 28 kDa. The synthesis and subsequent secretion of this proteoglycan was enhanced 4-5-fold in cells induced to differentiate into macrophages. This was not a phenomenon of arrest in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle, since density inhibited undifferentiated cells arrested at this stage did not increase proteoglycan synthesis. The chondroitin sulfate chains contained exclusively chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate; however, the ratio of these two disaccharides differed between the medium- and cell-associated proteoglycans, and changed during progression of the cells into a fully differentiated phenotype. Pulse-chase kinetics indicate the presence of two distinct pools of proteoglycan; one that is secreted very rapidly from the cell after a approximately 1-h lag, and a second pool that is turned over in the cell with a half-time of approximately 3.5 h. Subtle differences in the glycosylation patterns of the medium- and cell-associated species are consistent with synthesis of two pools. Papain digestion suggests that the chondroitin sulfate chains are clustered on a small protease resistant peptide. The data suggest that this proteoglycan is similar to the serglycin proteoglycan family.
Flight Deck Automation

A review of flight deck automation is provided with an emphasis on examples and design principles. First, a review of historical developments in flight deck automation is provided. Current examples of control automation, warning and alerting systems, and information automation are then provided. A discussion of human factors, integration, safety, and certification issues are then discussed. The chapter provides guidance to managers, engineers, and researchers tasked with studying or building flight deck systems. In particular, the chapter provides an appreciation of the challenges of building such systems, and the challenges facing those who will build the flight decks of the future.
What’s the True Definition of an Adverse Event? (P4.289)

Introduction: Adverse(AEs)are common occurrences in clinical practice yet there is a lack of universally accepted definition.The objective of this study is to it identify and categorize the wide variations in defining AEs using standard AAN level of evidence. Methods: We started out with the question‘what is an AE?’and systematically reviewed all English language literature using the terms adverse events,safety,medical errors/harm/injury/complications and near miss with corresponding MESH terms in PubMed from 1980-2013.Only those studies which met AAN evidence class 1-3 and had defined inclusion and exclusion criteria for an adverse event were included. Results: There were 350 studies from the literature search and 56 studies met all the criteria for inclusion in this review.Based on these 56 studies we categorized AEs into the following broad definitions: 1.Based on causation:This is the most commonly used and applied definition in which AE is an injury caused by medical management rather than disease process. These include errors in diagnosis,errors in use of a drug,complications of procedure and negligence. 2. Based on systems failure:Occurrence of AEs on whether the events were secondary to individual errors,due to interactive causes in the patient’s environment or due to administrative decisions. 3. Based on outcomes:AE can also be defined as an event which caused a measurable disability.These include all events which resulted in prolonged hospital stay,produced a disability at the time of discharge or both. 4. Based on nature of treatment:Although AEs can be detrimental to patients,sometimes the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Accordingly AEs can be those events that are preventable or unexpected,those which are unpreventable or expected and those which can still be potentially prevented. Conclusion: Based on this review we thus provide a new and comprehensive definition of AEs as: injuries expected or unexpected caused by healthcare provider,or occurring due to systems failure which can result in a measurable disability, prolonged hospitalization/both or be asymptomatic and is not due natural progression of the disease. Disclosure: Dr. Govindarajan has nothing to disclose.
Collision-Induced Dissociation I: Quantal Treatment

In this chapter we are concerned with the elementary bimolecular-collision process A + BC → A + B + C (1) i.e., collision-induced dissociation (CID), which plays a basic role in the kinetics of high-temperature gases. It is of special importance in connection with unimolecular decay, relaxation in shock waves and chemical lasers, and three-body recombination, which is the reverse of CID. In recent years molecular beam data(1–6) on chemical systems exhibiting CID have become available. Consequently, the calculation of cross sections for CID has assumed increasing importance. Even so, the state of the art of computing CID cross sections for systems of chemical interest remains relatively undeveloped compared to that of treating inelastic (Chapters 4–13) and/or reactive (Chapters 14–19) scattering. A number of calculations of CID cross sections have, in fact, appeared. These have been based on a variety of methods: statistical (phase-space),(7,8) optical-model,(9) classical-trajectory (quasi-classical),(10–13) semiclassical,(14—19) and quantal.(20–29) As the statistical, optical-model, and semiclassical methods are treated extensively elsewhere in this volume (see Chapters 12, 16, and 19), we shall focus here on quantal techniques. The following chapter deals with quasiclassical treatments of CID.
Symplectic toric orbifolds

A symplectic toric orbifold is a compact connected orbifold $M$, a symplectic form $\omega$ on $M$, and an effective Hamiltonian action of a torus $T$ on $M$, where the dimension of $T$ is half the dimension of $M$. We prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between symplectic toric orbifolds and convex rational simple polytopes with positive integers attached to each facet.
A Linearized Prognostic Cloud Scheme in NASAs Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation Tools

A linearized prognostic cloud scheme has been developed to accompany the linearized convection scheme recently implemented in NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation tools. The linearization, developed from the nonlinear cloud scheme, treats cloud variables prognostically so they are subject to linearized advection, diffusion, generation, and evaporation. Four linearized cloud variables are modeled, the ice and water phases of clouds generated by large-scale condensation and, separately, by detraining convection. For each species the scheme models their sources, sublimation, evaporation, and autoconversion. Large-scale, anvil and convective species of precipitation are modeled and evaporated. The cloud scheme exhibits linearity and realistic perturbation growth, except around the generation of clouds through large-scale condensation. Discontinuities and steep gradients are widely used here and severe problems occur in the calculation of cloud fraction. For data assimilation applications this poor behavior is controlled by replacing this part of the scheme with a perturbation model. For observation impacts, where efficiency is less of a concern, a filtering is developed that examines the Jacobian. The replacement scheme is only invoked if Jacobian elements or eigenvalues violate a series of tuned constants. The linearized prognostic cloud scheme is tested by comparing the linear and nonlinear perturbation trajectories for 6-, 12-, and 24-h forecast times. The tangent linear model performs well and perturbations of clouds are well captured for the lead times of interest.
Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine and Religion in Brazil

Sacred Leaves of Candomble: African Magic, Medicine and Religion in Brazil. Robert A. Voeks. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. 236 pp.
Prevention of Microsporum canis infection in a cat challenge model

Oral lufenuron is reportedly an effective treatment for some cats with existing dermatophytosis. We sought to determine if lufenuron, when used as a pre-treatment prior to challenge exposure and infection, would prospectively protect against development of infection by direct application of Microsporum canis spores. Three groups (n = 6 per group) of juvenile cats were treated with either monthly oral lufenuron (30 or 133 mg kg−1) or placebo. After 2 months of treatment, kittens were challenged using 105Microsporum canis spores applied to the skin under occlusion. Cats were observed weekly, including: Wood’s lamp examination; scoring for scale/crust, erythema, induration; lesion size; and development of satellite lesions. Fungal cultures were performed biweekly. All cats became infected; the infections progressed, and then regressed, in a similar fashion in all groups. There were no consistent statistically significant differences in weekly infection scores throughout the study. Treated cats did not recover faster than untreated cats. We concluded that oral lufenuron at the dosing schedule and conditions used in this study did not prevent dermatophyte infection by direct topical challenge. Further studies are warranted to evaluate alternate dosing schedules, less severe challenge exposures, varying strains of M. canis, and other factors that may be present under field conditions. This study was funded by Novartis Animal Health.
Top-down versus cross-sectional SEM metrology and its impact on lithography simulation calibration

Because of their high quality, repeatability, and non-destructive nature, CD-SEMs are the gold standard for metrology in the fab. Yet, there are known offsets from this metrology type compared to others. For example, there is an inherent bias in the measurements made on the top down CD-SEM relative to measurements made from cross-sections. The underlying causes for this bias are complex, and are related both to the measurement techniques used and the interpretation of the data in terms of a specific measurement model. In extracting a line width measurement from a CD-SEM line-scan, for example, the line-scan analysis algorithm interacts with the resist profile shape to produce reported CD. The influence of the resist profile shape on the CD for top down measurements will, in general, be different from the influence of profile shape on a cross-sectional measured CD. We present here a study of CD metrology made with top down CD-SEMs and the corresponding cross-sectional metrology taken from the same structures on the same wafers. The experimental data show the top-down to cross-section offsets to be small, but present over a variety of profile shapes and measurement algorithms. We then use a simple simulation of a typical CD-SEM measurement to predict the offset as a function of beam properties, material composition, and profile shape of the structures being measured. We compare our simulations with the experimental data, tuning the model to give accurate results for our test structures. In this manner, we hope to adequately predict the top-down offset and thereby eliminate it as a source of error in calibrating a lithography simulator.
Development of glacial-valley cross sections under conditions of spatially variable resistance to erosion

Abstract A simulation model that examines the development of valley cross-profiles as a result of glacial erosion has been constructed by placing a finite-element model for ice flow within an iterative program that modifies channel cross-section form on the basis of an erosion equation. The simulation model has previously been used to examine how different flow laws, erosion laws and ice discharge histories affect medium-scale landform development. This allows us to better understand the development of glacial landforms, and also provides a critical test for erosion and flow laws. Within the erosion component of the simulation program it is possible to specify spatial variations in bedrock erodibility in order to examine the effect of spatially variable lithologies on form development. As an initial test of form development under these conditions a central area of enhanced erodibility is placed in the valley center. In this case active glacial channels develop that are narrower and deeper than those which occur with homogenous bedrock. This change in form occurs as long as the weaker zone is small enough that the active channel does not eventually narrow to a stage such that it is entirely contained within the weaker material, and as long as it is large enough that it continues to have a significant impact on overall discharge through the section. Form variation occurs because the weaker central zone enhances the lateral gradient of the erosion rate, which is critical for form development. A central area of more erodible bedrock changes not only the form of the active glacial channel, but also the convexity of side slopes that are left above the glacier as it erodes downwards into the landscape. The absence of a classic U-shaped cross section should not be taken, a priori, to suggest either absence of glacial erosion or ineffective glacial erosion. Rather, the combination of active glacial and hillslope processes in a landscape with spatially and temporally variable ice discharge and rock characteristics can create a diverse set of cross-section forms.
Members of Congress as Presidential Diplomats in the United Nations

In a unique cooperative relationship in foreign affairs between the executive and legislative branches, the president appoints and the Senate confirms two members of Congress each year to help articulate U.S. policies in the UN General Assembly. But crossing the separation of powers and acting as executive diplomats pose real problems for incumbent members of Congress. They must decide how to balance their ongoing obligations in Congress with their executive-diplomatic obligations in the Assembly when the sessions between the two coincide. In the Assembly, as members of the USUN they must depend on its executive leadership to accept and use them as meaningful actors. And they must decide whether to articulate executive-determined foreign policies when these conflict with those of their own. However these problems were resolved, on the whole both executives and legislators associated with the USUN in the period 1946-1990 agreed that each benefits significantly from such congressional participation. Neverth...
Bizarreness as a nonessential variable in mnemonic imagery: A confirmation

A positive replication of Wollen, Weber, and Lowry (1972) demonstrating that interactiveness appears to be more important than bizarreness in imaginal mnemonic learning is reported.
beta-like ganglion cells in the retina of the North American opossum.

Abstract Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the severed optic tract or nerve of the opossum retrogradely filled retinal ganglion cells. An abundance of well-labeled ganglion cells had dendritic morphology closely resembling that of β-type ganglion cells in the cat retina. This finding suggests that an X-like functional class of ganglion cells is prominent in the retina of the opossum.
Poor sleep and reactive aggression: Results from a national sample of African American adults

BACKGROUND: We know that poor sleep can have important implications for a variety of health outcomes and some evidence suggests a link between sleep and aggressive behavior. However, few studies have looked at this relationship among African-Americans in the United States. METHODS: Data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) and the NSAL Adult Re-Interview were used to examine associations between sleep duration and self-reported quality of sleep on reactive aggression among African American and Caribbean Black respondents between the ages of 18 and 65 (n = 2499). RESULTS: Controlling for an array of sociodemographic and psychiatric factors, sleep was found to be significantly associated with reactive aggression. Specifically, individuals who reported sleeping on average less than 5 h per night were nearly three times more likely to report losing their temper and engaging in a physical fight (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.22-8.02). Moreover, individuals who reported being "very dissatisfied" with their sleep were more than two times more likely to report losing their temper and engaging in physical fights (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.50-7.33). Persons reporting everyday discrimination and problems managing stress were more likely to sleep poorly. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is among the first to document an association between poor sleep and reactive violence among African-Americans. FINDINGS suggest that reducing discrimination may lead to improved sleep and subsequently reduce forms of reactive violence. Language: en
Sweet sorghum for ethanol industry for the Piedmont

Abstract Approximately one-third of the idle cropland in the Piedmont counties of the five southern states, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, would have to be planted in sweet sorghum with an average yield of 40 t/ha to produce a volume of ethanol equal tro the volume of petroleum fuel purchased by farmers in the Piedmont counties (518 million L/year), assuming that 65% of the fermentable sugar is extracted. If the by-products are ensiled for cattle feed, it is sufficient to feed 1.5 times the entire cattle population of the Piedmont of Virginia, and 3.0, 0.78, 1.25 and 1.16 times the Piedmont cattle population in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, respectively.
Mechanisms of chromate adsorption on hematite

Abstract The fate of chromate in subsurface environments is strongly affected by adsorption reactions on iron oxide surfaces. Characterization of adsorption mechanisms is needed to formulate physically meaningful surface complexation reactions for thermodynamic models. In this study, chromate adsorbed on the surface of hematite was characterized by density functional theory, Cr K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements, and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Estimates of the adsorption energies of different surface configurations predicted that outer-sphere, monodentate, and corner-sharing bidentate complexes are the most thermodynamically favorable. Best-fit structural models of the EXAFS data included two second-shell Fe atoms at distances of approximately 3.3 and 3.6 A from the central Cr atom, characteristic of inner-sphere complexation. A less distant peak at 2.3 A in the Fourier transformed EXAFS was determined to be the result of multiple scattering in the chromate tetrahedron, as indicated by the fitting model. Results from in situ ATR–FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of two inner-sphere surface complexes with C3v and C2v symmetry. The lack of significant peak shifts in spectra recorded using D2O as a solvent indicated that the complexes are nonprotonated. Based on these observations, the C3v and C2v species are assigned to nonprotonated monodentate and bidentate inner-sphere surface complexes with average Cr–Fe interatomic distances of 3.6 and 3.3 A, respectively. Based on simple geometric considerations, the latter distance indicates that the bidentate complex exists in a corner-sharing configuration on two adjacent surface sites. Speciation diagrams derived from multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares optimization of the ATR–FTIR spectra showed that monodentate complexes are dominant above pH 6, below which bidentate complexes are dominant. The relative concentration of monodentate complexes was suppressed when the ionic strength was increased from 0.01 to 0.1 M.
Occurrence of the adenylate cyclase “G Protein” in membranes of Dictyosteliumdiscoideum

Summary The occurrence of a membranal GTP-binding protein in Dictyostelium discoideum is described. The protein is found in the membranes of both vegetative and developing amoebae, has a molecular weight of approximately 42,000 and serves as substrate for NAD + -dependent ADP-ribosylation, catalyzed by cholera toxin. The protein resembles the GTP-binding regulatory factor (“G protein”) of vertebrate adenylate cyclase and may play an analogous role in D. discoideum .
Carbohydrate homeostasis in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: Increased incidence of diabetes mellitus

Twenty-one patients were seen with the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in the Endocrine Clinic during 1965–1972. Three patients developed clinical diabetes mellitus at intervals from one month to three years after the diagnosis of thyroiditis was confirmed. An additional patient, a member of the study group reported here, had asymptomatic glucose intolerance initially and developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus six months after the diagnosis of thyroiditis was established. Standard glucose tolerance tests were performed on 12 additional patients. One of these patients had unequivocal evidence of chemical diabetes; one other had a borderline abnormal oral glucose tolerance test. The remaining ten patients had normal glucose and insulin values during the OGTT. These studies indicate that children with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are at increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus when compared with the normal childhood population.
Low resolution H curve of the 48,502 nucleotides-long lambda genome

Abstract The information embodied in the entire nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage λ genome was converted into a single three-dimensional space curve (H-curve) using a computer-graphics method. The front and side views of this highly compressed H curve display characteristis breakpoints that could be correlated on the DNA sequence to locations of special biological importance relevant to the transcription process. The utilization of low-resolution H-curves is proposed for the forthcoming task of analyzing and cataloging very long bacterial and eukaryotic DNA sequences.
A performance model of database systems under arbitrary data access distribution

Abstract In this paper, we present an analysis of transaction blocking under arbitrary data access distribution to assist the performance analysis of concurrency control algorithms and frequency of deadlocks under arbitrary data access distribution. We present an efficient algorithm for computation of probability of conflicts among transactions for databases where data access distribution is arbitrary. We extend the result to the environments of dynamic lock acquisition policy which permits the performance analysis of dynamic locking algorithms and analysis of the frequency of deadlocks in the environments of arbitrary data access distribution. We illustrate the technique by taking a numerical example and show that the assumption of uniform data access distribution can introduce significant error.
The theoretical basis of the Mollwo-Ivey relationship in alkali halide color centers

Abstract The dependence of the F and main M band transition energies, ΔEF and ΔEM, on the interionic distance is investigated theoretically on the basis of the point ion model. It is shown that the interionic distance, R, acts very nearly as a simple scale factor and that the transition energies depend on R−1 and R−2. The inclusion of the electronic structure of the neighboring ions in the development adds terms in R−3, R−4, etc. to ΔEF and ΔEM. The Mollwo-Ivey relationship is, evidently, a simple empirical approximation to a more complicated relationship. A number of ways in which scaling can be useful are discussed.
Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of (+)-Miyakolide

The first total synthesis of the marine macrolide miyakolide has been achieved, and its absolute stereochemistry has been determined. The carbon skeleton is assembled in a convergent fashion from t...
Inference modification by children and adults

Abstract The purpose of the five experiments was to determine if and why second graders, fourth graders, and college students differ in modifying causal inferences about a surprising event in a story. The stories contained initial episodes that invited a causal inference about the reason for an unexpected event, followed by continuation episodes containing events that confirmed, directly disconfirmed, or indirectly disconfirmed the causal inference. The inferences were probed independently after each episode, and sensitivity to the continuation events was the measure of inference modification between episodes. The experiments provided evidence about how encoding factors affecting the accessibility of the inference concept and factors affecting inference retrieval contribute to inference modification. The encoding factors included manipulations of clues about critical concepts, titles, concept repetition in the question probes, and separation of the initial inference and the continuation evidence. The retrieval factors included manipulations of quantitative and qualitative properties of the continuation events. The results generally showed small developmental increases in inference modification in situations of maximum concept accessibility and retrieval support, but large differences otherwise. Modification seemed to reflect the interaction of encoding and retrieval factors such that properties of the continuation events mattered most in situations of low concept accessibility.
A SEQUENTIAL DECISION PROBLEM WITH A FINITE MEMORY.

We consider the problem of successively choosing one of two ways of action, each of which may lead to success or failure, in such a way as to maximize the long-run proportion of successes obtained, the choice each time being based on the results of a fixed number of the previous trials.
Clinical Genetics Provider Real-Time Workflow Study

Purpose Our work is the first documentation, in real time, of workflow in a general genetics department including data on patient care, research, and other activities for both clinical geneticists and genetic counselors. Methods All physician geneticists and genetic counselors in the medical genetics department used an electronic tool to record their activities in 15 minute increments during clinic hours, evenings, and weekends over a 10-week period. Results The average work week was 54.1 hours for physicians and 43.5 hours for genetic counselors. During clinic hours physicians spent about one-fourth of their time on direct patient care, one-fourth on other patient-related activities, one-fourth on research unrelated to individual patient care, and the remaining fourth on all other activities. However, after hours and on weekends they spent most of their time on research. Genetic counselors spent half of their time on patient-related activities, one-fourth on direct patient care, and the remainder on all other activities. The total professional time averaged 7 hours per new patient and 3.5 hours per follow-up with nearly 60% of this time devoted to patient-related activities. Conclusions The labor intensive nature of clinical genetics, the large amount of time devoted to patient-related activities, and continuing limitations on billing by genetic counselors all contribute to the financial challenges faced by genetics departments.