cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of the problem of toxoplasmosis and pneumocystosis in AIDS in the USA: implication for future therapeutic trials.

By the end of 1989, 18,518 cases ofPneumocystis carinii infection and 5,614 cases ofToxoplasma gondii infection were reported to the Centers for Disease Control as the AIDS indicator disease. Pneumocystosis did not vary according to gender, race or risk factors; whereas toxoplasmosis was more common in black males with no known risk factors. Immigrants to the USA from Africa, Latin America and Haiti are three to four times more likely to develop toxoplasmic encephalitis than American-born patients with AIDS. The implications of this epidemiologic data for the predictive value of serology and clinical trials are discussed.
Effects of iontophoresis on the electrical properties of human skin in vivo

Abstract Preliminary measurements have been made of the effect of iontophoresis on the electrical properties of human skin in vivo. Skin impedance was measured as a function of frequency and as a function of applied direct (i.e., iontophoretic) current. The resistance of the skin was then determined from the accumulated impedance data in the normal way. After the electrode chambers were attached to the forearm, and the pretreatment resistance had stabilized, direct current was applied and the % change from baseline resistance was determined. At the end of current passage, the recovery of resistance was monitored for up to 4 h. Current application involved three current densities applied for three different times (combined in such a way that three consistent amounts of total charge were delivered): 10 p,A/cm2 for 10, 20 and 50 min; 50μA/cm2 for 2, 4 and 10 min; and 100μA/cm2 for 1, 2 and 5 min. Current application caused skin resistance to drop rapidly (at all currents, most of the change occurs within 10 seconds of beginning the current flow). At all current levels, the decrease in skin resistance leveled off at a value which was dependent upon current density, but somewhat independent of time of current application: 10μA/cm2 -approx. 45% of pretreatment value; 50 μA/cm2 -approx. 20% of pretreatment value; and 100 μA/cm2 - approx. 10% of pretreatment value. The time required for recovery of skin resistance increased with (a) increasing time of current application (at constant current density), and (b) increasing current density. It is concluded that measurements of skin impedance (and derived values of skin resistance) in vivo, in man, can therefore provide direct electrical evaluation of the effects of iontophoresis on the tissue. Such measurements, we believe, are of vital importance with respect to the long-term application of iontophoresis as a method of drug delivery.
Photospheric Variability of O Stars

The characteristics of the line profile variations observed in optical transitions of O-type stars are reviewed. For a few well-observed stars, there is compelling evidence that the variations are due to photospheric velocity fields from one or more modes of nonradial pulsation. However, the origin of the line profile variations observed in most O stars is not yet established. To date, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that the variability in optical absorption lines of O stars is causally linked to the stellar wind variability commonly observed in their UV resonance lines.
Disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection after injection of bovine embryonic cells.

A 50-year-old previously healthy white woman developed a tender erythematous draining subcutaneous nodule on her left cheek, 9 months after receiving multiple injections of bovine embryonic cells in different areas of the face, neck, and chest as a skin rejuvenation treatment. Over the subsequent 4 months, multiple similar nodules developed on the injected areas. The lesions, which were initially painful, became asymptomatic as they developed purulent drainage and ruptured onto the skin surface. There were no associated fevers, chills, or sweats. The nodules failed to respond to a 2-month course of oral prednisone and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Physical examination showed red, firm, subcutaneous nodules some of which were draining a serosanguinous exudate ( Fig. 1). While a presumptive diagnosis of foreign body granuloma was made, the possibility of an atypical mycobacterial infection remained, and therefore tissue was submitted for culture. While awaiting culture results, the patient was started on minocycline, 50 mg twice daily. Figure 1. Neck with disseminated subcutaneous erythematous nodules due to M. chelonae that developed following injections of “bovine embryonic cells” Download figure to PowerPoint The biopsy showed a collection of chronic and granulomatous inflammatory cells, intermixed with a few areas of polymorphonuclear abscesses within the dermis ( Fig. 2). Doubly refractile foreign material was not detected. Although acid-fast bacilli were not observed with Ziehl–Neelsen stain, tissue culture grew mycobacterial colonies after 1 week of incubation. The isolate was subsequently identified as Mycobacterium chelonae, and clarithromycin, 500 mg twice daily, was added to the antimicrobial regimen on the basis of the susceptibility profile. There was significant improvement and the lesions resolved clinically over the following 6 weeks. Figure 2. Skin biopsy specimen from facial nodule shows granulomatous inflammation within the papillary dermis (hematoxylin and eosin, ×40) Download figure to PowerPoint
Interpolation Problems in Image Reconstruction

The nature of interpolation required during image reconstruction using Filtered Back-Projection has been studied. It has been found that the usual method, called linear interpolation, may easily be refined to a better method, which we call trapezoidal approximation. The error associated with this method has been analyzed in the frequency domain for circularly symmetric objects. There is moderate distortion and diminshed response at high frequencies, with the amplitude envelope falling to about 60% of ideal at the Nyquist fre-quency for 100 sampling points. The error is reduced with more sampling points.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Early Career Teachers: Possibilities for Professional Learning

As new teachers begin teaching in classrooms, they are faced with the challenge of integrating and applying all that they have learned in their preparation programs: curricular knowledge, content k...
Nutrition and breast cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and breast cancer is reviewed. After several decades of study, many aspects of the role of diet in breast cancer etiology are still unclear. Results from large prospective studies do not support the concept developed from animal and ecologic evidence that dietary fat intake in mid-life is associated with breast cancer risk. Thus, if fat intake is relevant to breast cancer, it is probably only at extremely low fat intakes or during early life. An emerging hypothesis that higher energy intake and growth rate in childhood and adolescence increases risk deserves further study. The possibility that diets rich in olive oil may be protective is also intriguing. Considerable evidence suggests that low intake of vegetables modestly increases the risk of breast cancer; however, the nutrients responsible remain elusive. The positive relation of alcohol intake with breast cancer risk has been seen repeatedly, and recently has been buttressed by studies showing that moderate alcohol intake increases estrogen endogenous levels. Advice to increase vegetable intake and limit alcohol consumption would probably have a modest, at best, effect on breast cancer risk. Future studies of the relation of nutrition during early life to subsequent breast cancer risk are needed.
Radio-telepathy: extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel

Securing communications requires the establishment of cryptographic keys, which is challenging in mobile scenarios where a key management infrastructure is not always present. In this paper, we present a protocol that allows two users to establish a common cryptographic key by exploiting special properties of the wireless channel: the underlying channel response between any two parties is unique and decorrelates rapidly in space. The established key can then be used to support security services (such as encryption) between two users. Our algorithm uses level-crossings and quantization to extract bits from correlated stochastic processes. The resulting protocol resists cryptanalysis by an eavesdropping adversary and a spoofing attack by an active adversary without requiring an authenticated channel, as is typically assumed in prior information-theoretic key establishment schemes. We evaluate our algorithm through theoretical and numerical studies, and provide validation through two complementary experimental studies. First, we use an 802.11 development platform with customized logic that extracts raw channel impulse response data from the preamble of a format-compliant 802.11a packet. We show that it is possible to practically achieve key establishment rates of ~ 1 bit/sec in a real, indoor wireless environment. To illustrate the generality of our method, we show that our approach is equally applicable to per-packet coarse signal strength measurements using off-the-shelf 802.11 hardware.
Generation of recombinant guinea pig antibody fragments to the human GABAC receptor.

Abstract To generate monoclonal antibodies to the human ρ1 GABAC receptor, a ligand-gated chloride ion channel that is activated by the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), we recovered the immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) regions of a guinea pig immunized with a 14-mer peptide segment of the N-terminal extracellular domain of the ρ1 subunit. Oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to amplify the VH and VL regions of guinea pig RNA by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The amplified and cloned VH and VL regions were transferred together into a phagemid vector, yielding a library of 5 × 106 members, which displayed chimeric fragments of antigen binding (Fabs) with guinea pig variable and human constant regions fused to protein III of M13 bacteriophage. Through affinity selection of this phage-display library with the biotinylated 14-mer peptide segment of GABAC, we isolated four different antibody fragments that bound specifically to the immunogenic peptide. Phage particles displaying two of these antibodies, but not negative controls, bound selectively to the surface of neuroblastoma cells expressing the ρ1 GABAC receptor. Such antibody fragments will be useful in future studies involving targeting of specific neural tissues that express the GABAC receptor.
Using clock accuracy to guide model synthesis in distributed systems: An application in power grid control

Practical implementations in distributed model based control face a fundamental trade-off between model complexity and the number of modeled nodes. For linear systems, higher order models better capture the behavior of the system at higher frequencies, but the effective operating frequency range is limited during implementation due to sensor/actuator bandwidth limits, control algorithm limits and, in the case of wide scale distribution, communication bandwidth limits. The optimal choice for model order is the intersection of increasing model fidelity and the increasing generalized cost. Using existing methods for optimal model synthesis we present an evaluation of this cost in terms of clock synchronization accuracy. We show through illustrative example in the domain of large scale power transmission that there is a growing performance penalty as model order is increased in the presence of uncertain time-stamps. We discuss how this penalty can be framed as a design parameter for automated model deduction. As a corollary, we also show that the choice of a network based clock synchronization method can be formalized by using the same performance metric used for model synthesis.
Design of low Reynolds number airfoils. I

The low Reynolds number airfoils designated ASM-LRN-003 and -007 have been designed for high section L/D ratios using Drela's (1985) design-and-analysis code; close to 70-percent laminar flow is maintained on the upper surfaces, and 100-percent on the lower, at coefficients of lift of 1.0-1.3, assuming optimum laminar separation and transition control on the upper surface by means of suitable turbulators. If peak performance is critical, airfoils of this type with an undercut front lower surface and a correspondingly sharper leading edge may be resorted to.
The Effect of Food Availability on Time and Energy Expenditures of Territorial and Non-Territorial Hummingbirds

We studied the time and energy allocations related to territorial behavior in male Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae; about 8.3 g) under conditions of unlimited and restricted food availability. When food was unlimited. territorial males avoided inter-specific aggression, chasing only 11% of the inter-specific’intruders (Blackchinned Hummingbirds, Archilochus alexandri; about 3.5 g). Thus, when food was unlimited, inter-specific intruders were able to forage efficiently, meeting their estimated daily energy requirement with ease (27 Id/day). Conversely, 8 1% of intraspecific intruders were chased, and intra-specific intruders were able to feed at territorial feeders only when the territorial male was away. Chases of intra-specific intruders were longer and appeared to be more intense than chases of inter-specific intruders. When food was restricted territorial activity, including the total number of chases engaged in by the territory owner, was significantly reduced, although the basic characteristics of territorial behavior (e.g., chases and displays) did not change. Territory owners chased a higher proportion of inter-specific intruders when food was restricted (48%), suggesting an increase in inter-specific competition. A high proportion of intra-specific competitors continued to be chased (80%), although the total number of intra-specific intruders was lower. We believe that variations in the cost of territoriality are dependent primarily on the level of intra-specific competition. This is supported by the fact that when food was restricted to an amount that could support a maximum of 1.4 L. clemenciae(based on doubly labeled water measurements offield metabolic rate in a previous study), energy intake by the territory owner decreased from 114 kJ/day to 64 Id/day, with the primary difference being number of intra-specific chases. These data also suggest hat the exclusion of other hummingbird species might be based strictly on the amount of available food (energy). When food is restricted, inter-specific competition is more costly to the territory owner causing the exclusion of a higher proportion of inter-specific intruders. The high proportion of intra-specific intruders that are chased in either experimental condition suggests that territorial behavior in L. clemenciae might have functions other than resource protection per se, such as social functions related to their mating system.
Depressive symptoms as a link between barriers to care and sexual risk behavior of HIV-infected individuals living in non-urban areas

HIV-infected individuals living in non-urban areas have been proposed to be particularly vulnerable for sexual risk behavior because of barriers to adequate care. The current study examined the association of barriers to care and sexual risk behavior with a focus on depressive symptoms as a link between the two variables. One-hundred-and-one sexually active HIV-infected individuals living in non-urban areas in New England participated by completing self-report measures in a computer-administered format. Four barriers to care were examined: geographical barriers and distance to services; access to and quality of medical and psychological services; community stigma; and personal resources. The results indicated barriers to care, and in particular those pertaining to access to and quality of medical and psychological services were related to depressive symptoms, which, in turn, were related to sexual risk behavior. The findings suggest that interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior in non-urban settings could include not only increasing the availability of quality services but targeting depressive symptoms of HIV-infected individuals.
Measuring card sort orthogonality

: Card sorts can be used to study the way human subjects acquire and organize conceptual knowledge. Analyses of card sorts often involve subjective examination of criteria or category names or using clustering techniques, neither of which lend themselves well to direct statistical analysis. This paper defines NMST, a quantitative measure of knowledge discrimination based on repeated, single-criterion card sorts that is independent of criteria or category names and that is particularly amenable to statistical analysis. The NMST measure is illustrated by applying it to a particular data set collected in a large multinational card sort study of subjects, where the knowledge area comes from a first-year programming course. Applied to this data set, the NMST measure is shown to distinguish, with statistical significance, between a set of subjects with only an introduction to programming and a set of subjects who have completed the equivalent of a bachelor's degree or higher in a computing-related discipline.
A comparative evaluation of the estimators of the three-parameter lognormal distribution by Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract The parameters and quantiles of the three-parameter lognormal distribution were estimated by the method of moments, modified method of moments, maximum likelihood estimation, modified maximum likelihood estimation and entropy for Monte Carlo generated samples. The performance of these estimators was statistically evaluated, with the objective of identifying the most robust estimator from amongst them.
A Study of the Blood Carotene in Relation to Lipolytic Activity of Milk

Summary Six cows, 5 Jerseys and 1 Guernsey, were kept for various periods, extending up to 269 days, on a very low-carotene diet of bleached alfalfa hay and concentrates. On this diet the depletion of carotene in blood and milk fat was most rapid in the first 20 days; after about 40 days the carotene values of both the blood and milk fat leveled off at the values between 0.25 and 0.05 mg. of carotene per 100 cc. of blood plasma. The relation between the amount of carotene in blood and that in milk fat approached a factor of a direct proportionality when considered for each cow separately. The numerical values of carotene, moreover, are nearly the same in blood and in milk fat if expressed on the basis of mg. of carotene per 100 cc. of blood plasma and mg. of carotene per 100 cc. of milk fat. With 4 cows, the depleted carotene was restored to normal by feeding either crystalline β-carotene (up to 1000 mg. daily, dissolved in cottonseed oil) or green alfalfa. The data on the extent of lipolysis of fat in aged milk, measured by surface tension of milk and acid degree of fat, failed to reveal any consistent relation between the level of carotene in the blood or the milk fat of a cow and the extent of spontaneously developed hydrolytic rancidity in her milk. This study has fully confirmed that the advanced stage of lactation is a contributing or major factor in the secretion of milk high in the concentration of a naturally active lipase. In this experiment every cow in a late stage of lactation and gestation on the diet of bleached alfalfa hay and concentrates secreted milk that spontaneously developed strong rancid flavor. The limited data obtained in the present study support the observations made by other workers: the ingesting of green feed prevents the secretion of milk high in a concentration of a naturally active lipase and generally improves the flavor of milk. A critical examination of the results obtained in this study warrants two conclusions: 1) that the principle responsible for the beneficial effect of green feed in preventing spontaneous lipolysis of the milk fat is not its high carotene content and 2) that the hydrolytic rancidity occurring in the milk of cows near the end of gestation on a dry-feed diet cannot be attributed to the low-carotene content of the ration.
Difference in ocular surface temperature by infrared thermography in phakic and pseudophakic patients.

Purpose To assess the change in ocular surface temperature between healthy phakic and pseudophakic patients. Methods We included patients with no history of ocular disease other than cataract. Patients were divided into three groups: clear lens, cataract, and pseudophakic. All patients had two ocular surface digital thermal scans. An average of five surface points was used as the mean ocular surface temperature. Results were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance and a Tukey's least significance difference test. The patients were further divided into phakic and pseudophakic groups. Correlation coefficients between several variables were done in order to assess dependencies. Results Fifty-six eyes (28 cataracts, 12 clear lenses, 16 pseudophakic) were enrolled. The mean ocular surface temperature in the cataract group was 34.14°C±1.51°C; clear lens: 34.43°C±2.27°C; and pseudophakic: 34.97°C±1.57°C. There were no statistical differences among the study groups (P=0.3). There was a nonsignificant negative correlation trend between age and surface temperature in the phakic group. The trend inverted in the pseudophakic group but without statistical significance. Conclusion Although cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation seem to induce a mild increase in ocular surface temperature, the effect is not clear and not significant.
Manifestations of hydrothermal discharge from young abyssal hills on the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise flank

Spectacular black smokers along the mid-ocean-ridge crest represent a small fraction of total hydrothermal heat loss from ocean lithosphere. Previous models of measured heat flow suggest that 40%–50% of oceanic hydrothermal heat and fluid flux is from young seafloor (0.1–5 Ma) on mid-ocean-ridge flanks. Despite evidence that ridge-flank hydrothermal flux affects crustal properties, ocean chemistry, and the deep-sea biosphere, few ridge-flank vent sites have been discovered. We describe the first known seafloor expressions of hydrothermal discharge from tectonically formed abyssal hills flanking a fast-spreading ridge. Seafloor manifestations of fluid venting from two young East Pacific Rise abyssal hills (0.1 Ma at 10°20′N, 103°33.2′W; 0.5 Ma at 9°27′N, 104°32.3′W) include fault-scarp hydrothermal mineralization and macrofauna; fault-scarp flocculations containing hyperthermophilic microbes; and hilltop sediment mounds and craters possibly created by fluid expulsion. These visible features can be exploited for hydrothermal exploration of the vast abyssal hill terrain flanking the mid-ocean ridge and for access to the subseafloor biosphere. Petrologic evidence suggests that abyssal hills undergo repeated episodes of transitory fluid discharge, possibly linked to seismic events, and that fluid exit temperatures can be briefly high enough to transport copper (≥250 °C).
First-passage times for non-Markovian processes: Correlated impacts on bound processes.

Our previously developed stochastic trajectory analysis technique has been applied to the calculation of first-passage time statistics of bound processes. Explicit results are obtained for linearly bound processes driven by dichotomous fluctuations having exponential and rectangular temporal distributions.
Phenotypic switching to long cilia effected by various proteases: Results With Dendraster excentricus and Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus blastulae

Incubation in trypsin effects a phenotypic switch from short to long cilia (greater than 30 micron) in hatched blastulae of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. To determine how trypsin causes such a switch we tested whether the phenomenon was unique to the species, Arbacia, and to the protease, trypsin. With two other echinoderm species, the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus, and the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, trypsin incubation increased the percentage of long cilia. During incubation of D. excentricus in trypsin, the percentage of long cilia increased progressively from the normal 10% long cilia of the apical tuft to 45-50% long cilia covering 1/2-3/4 of the embryo. With S. purpuratus blastulae, however, the percentage of long cilia was lower (32-40%) and the results were more variable. Of the additional proteases tested with D. excentricus, elastase was more effective than trypsin in terms of the percentage of long cilia (58%), the mean length, and the broad distribution of lengths formed. Thermolysin was about as effective as trypsin but chymotrypsin was much less so. Thus, increases in ciliary length were not unique to a particular echinoderm species or to incubation in trypsin. The magnitude of the change in length distribution, however, was species- and enzyme-dependent. An extracellular or membrane component with differential susceptibility to various proteases may, therefore, be involved in altering ciliary length.
Social skill and social cognition in adolescents at genetic risk for psychosis

Adolescents at genetic high risk (GHR) for schizophrenia have shown social skill impairments and there is some evidence to suggest they have Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits; however no research has used a standardized, performance-based behavioral measure to assess social functioning in this population nor evaluated ToM with a well-validated measure. We evaluated the psychometric properties of a new, theoretically-derived assessment of social functioning in GHR adolescents: the “High-Risk Social Challenge” task (HiSoC). The second aim was to explore whether GHR adolescents would show social skill and ToM deficits as compared to a non-psychiatric control (NPC) group. The present study evaluated social functioning with the HiSoC and ToM with the Eyes Test in 23 GHR adolescents and 31 NPCs. The HiSoC demonstrated high levels of reliability and validity. The GHR adolescents showed social skill impairments, but not ToM deficits. The results suggest that the HiSoC is a potentially useful new measure of social functioning in GHR adolescents. Furthermore, the findings add to the current body of literature that indicates that social skill impairments are related to schizophrenia vulnerability.
Does the Structure of the Evidence Base “Cause” Verdicts of Guilty and Innocent?

The analysis of juror cognition requires a distinction between evidence comprehension and verdict computation. Some investigators have assumed that verdict choice depends upon properties of the evidence base rather than upon the outcome of the application of a verdict algorithm to that evidence base. The evidence bases developed by eight members of a guilty‐verdict group and six members of an innocent‐verdict group for a medical malpractice case were compared using multidimensional scaling procedures. INDSCAL and HICLUS solutions for the relatedness rankings of twelve evidence elements for the two groups of undergraduates were virtually indistinguishable at an initial session and one four days later. No dimension of the two‐ or three‐dimensional INDSCAL solutions was differentially salient for members of the guilty‐verdict group. Verdict‐related differences between these mock jurors only emerged in response to instructions at the second session to simulate the evidence base of members of the opposite verd...
Xenopus CDC7/DRF1 Complex Is Required for the Initiation of DNA Replication

The Cdc7 kinase is essential for the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes. Two regulatory subunits of the Xenopus Cdc7 kinase have been identified: XDbf4 and XDrf1. In this study we determined the expression pattern of XDbf4 and XDrf1 and examined their involvement in DNA replication. We show that XDrf1 expression is restricted to oogenesis and early embryos, whereas XDbf4 is expressed throughout development. Immunodepletion from Xenopus egg extracts indicated that both proteins are only found in complexes with XCdc7 and there is a 5-fold molar excess of the XCdc7/Drf1 over SCdc7/Dbf4 complexes. Both complexes exhibit kinase activity and are differentially phosphorylated during the cell cycle. Depletion of the XCdc7/Drf1 from egg extracts inhibited DNA replication, whereas depletion of XCdc7/Dbf4 had little effect. Chromatin binding studies indicated that XCdc7/Drf1 is required for pre-replication complex activation but not their assembly. XCdc7/Dbf4 complexes bound to the chromatin in two steps: the first step was independent of pre-replication complex assembly and the second step was dependent on pre-replication complex activation. By contrast, binding of XCdc7/Drf1 complexes was entirely dependent on pre-replication complex assembly. Finally, we present evidence that the association of the two complexes on the chromatin is not regulated by ATR checkpoint pathways that result from DNA replication blocks. These data suggest that Cdc7/Drf1 but not Cdc7/Dbf4 complexes support the initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts and during early embryonic development.
Fuzzy ranking methods for multi-attribute decision making

When ranking a large quantity of fuzzy numbers, the efficiency, accuracy and effectiveness of the ranking process is critical. This paper considers the application of "/spl alpha/-cut" and "fuzzy arithmetic operations" to rank the aggregated fuzzy utilities (or generalized fuzzy numbers). The purpose of this application is to make the method easier to program and the data easier to manipulate which results in a more practical method for fuzzy decisions. >
Bayesian approaches to the value of information: implications for the regulation of new pharmaceuticals.

SUMMARY The current regulation of new pharmaceuticals is inefficient because it demands arbitrary amounts of information, the type of information demanded is not relevant to decision-makers and the same standards of evidence are applied across different technologies. Bayesian decision theory and an analysis of the value of both perfect and sample information is used to consider the efficient regulation of new pharmaceuticals. This type of analysis can be used to decide whether the evidence in an economic study provides ‘sufficient substantiation’ for an economic claim, and assesses whether evidence can be regarded as ‘competent and reliable’. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting Challenges of Insulin Pump Therapy in a Toddler and Adolescent With Type 1 Diabetes

PurposeTo describe the challenges and outcomes of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump therapy in a toddler and adolescent with type 1 diabetes. Insight into patient-family aspects motivating pump use is provided.MethodsTwo cases treated at the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic at Yale University.ResultsUpon parental request, CSII was initiated to improve glycemic control in a 4-year-old boy (case 1) with unpredictable food intake. During 68 months of CSII therapy, hemoglobin A1C levels averaged 6.3% ± 0.6%. Severe hypoglycemic episodes ceased 36 months ago, and occasional postprandial hyperglycemia during early school years was corrected with school nurses’ reminders about premeal insulin bolus doses. Currently 9.5 years old, he independently manages all his insulin injections with parental assistance only to change the catheter site. Case 2 is a girl who was nearly 12 years of age when diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Initially managed with daily injections, hypoglycemic episodes were interfering...
NEW STANDARDS FOR PROVIDING METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC INFORMATION VIA AIS APPLICATION-SPECIFIC MESSAGES

AIS Application-specific messages transmitted in binary format will be increasingly used to digitally communicate maritime safety/security information between participating vessels and shore stations. This includes time-sensitive meteorological and hydrographic information that is critical for safe vessel transits and efficient ports/waterways management. IMO recently completed a new Safety-of-Navigation Circular (SN/Circ.) that includes a number of meteorological and hydrographic message applications and data parameters. In conjunction with the development of a new SN/Circ., IMO will establish an International Application (IA) Register for AIS Application-Specific Messages. IALA plans to establish a similar register for regional applications. While there are no specific standards for the presentation/display of AIS applicationspecific messages on shipborne or shore-based systems, IMO issued guidance that includes specific mention of conforming to the e-Navigation concept of operation. For both IHO S-57 and S-100-related data dealing with dynamic met/hydro information, it is recommended that IHO uses the same data content fields and parameters that are defined in the new IMO SN/Circ. on AIS Application-specific Messages
Reasoning with inaccurate spatial knowledge

Work currently in progress on spatial planning for a semiautonomous mobile robot vehicle is described. The overall project objective is to design a semiautonomous rover to plan routes in unknown, natural terrains. The authors elaborate on the problem of reasoning with imperfect geographical knowledge and briefly discuss a route planner which uses the results of reasoning with such spatial knowledge. An overview is given of current work on the development for a planetary rover robotic vehicle being done at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This includes a description of the vehicle operation when everything works as planned as well as an overview of the software system architecture and the functionalities of the various modules. >
Victimization and Violent Offending An Assessment of the Victim-Offender Overlap Among Native American Adolescents and Young Adults

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the victim-offender overlap among a nationally representative sample of Native American adolescents and young adults. Data for this study were obtained from 338 Native American youth who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves I-IV. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to estimate trajectories of violence and victimization separately. Bivariate tests were used to assess the overlap between victimization and violent trajectory groups. Multinomial regression procedures were used to assess the predictors of victimization, offending, and the overlap category of both victimization and offending. Three trajectory groups were found for violence (nonviolent, escalators, and desistors) and victimization (nonvictim, decreasing victimization, and increasing victimization). We found substantial evidence of an overlap between victimization and offending among Native Americans, as 27.5% of the sample reported both victimization and offending. Those in the overlap group had greater number of risk factors present at baseline. These results suggest that the victim-offender overlap is present in Native American adolescents. Explanations and implications are discussed.
Negative bulk mobility devices - what next?

The transferred-electron (=TE) type negative differential bulk mobility (=NDBM) of the Gunn Effect in GaAs has formed one of the cornerstones of a rapidly growing solid-state microwave technology. Reliable solid-state microwave oscillators with several hundred milliwatts of low-noise c.w. power at X-band are commercially available, as are lower-power oscillators up to at least 70 GHz, and amplifiers to at least half the latter frequency. While these developments have by no means reached their inherent limits yet, new approaches to NDBM are already being explored, to take over where the present ones leave off. In this paper we wish to review briefly three such approaches, in the order of an increasingly speculative nature.
The Political Revival of Islam: The Case of Egypt

The Middle East was the cradle of the World's three great monotheistic religions, and to this day they continue to play a very important role it its affairs.
Information requirements analysis and multiple knowledge elicitation techniques: experience with the pricing scenario system

It is well understood that large percentage of software development costs are incurred during the earlier phases of the software development process, namely the information requirement analysis. Given the importance of information requirements analysis during software development process, it is surprising that there is limited research in this area to advance the knowledge for better equipping information systems project managers and analysts. This paper examines a software prototyping project held by one organization through use of structured interviews, group sessions, and scenario analysis techniques. As suggested by Davis (1982) and Byrd et al. (1992), combining multiple elicitation techniques at more than one level in the organization allowed explicit and tacit knowledge to be surfaced. A discussion of gathering information requirements by tapping into upper management, middle managers, and end-users' knowledge is provided leading to a development of an effective information system.
Animal Communication: Hidden Complexity

Summary A hallmark of human communication is vocal turn taking. Until recently, turn taking was thought to be unique to humans but new data indicate that marmosets, a new world monkey, take turns when vocalizing too.
VR as a forcing function: Software implications of a new paradigm

Immersive virtual reality systems provide a qualitatively different perceptual experience than do conventional desktop systems and impose greater demands on support hardware and software. The authors address three software issues for VR applications: interaction models, object oriented systems, and application development frameworks. >
Spacecraft infrared imaging Principles and applications

This first part of a two-part article deals with the principles of infrared imaging and the applications of these principles. The second part, to appear in July, will discuss the systems of IR imaging and their relation to the spacecraft and mission. The general concept of imaging can best be understood in terms of the source and receiver of electromagnetic radiation, and the differences between an image made by reflected external illumination and by self-emitted luminance. There is then the problem of choosing an appropriate spectral region in terms of the maximum emitted energy, the transmission of the atmosphere, and the characteristics of the receiver scanning. This installment concludes with a review of satellite imaging experiments to date and a description of future applications of these techniques.
Combined functional and viability cardiac MR imaging in a single breathhold

The combination of cardiac viability and functional information enhances the identification of different heart tissues in the setting of ischemic heart disease. A method has recently been proposed for obtaining black-blood delayed-enhancement (DE) viability images using the stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRI pulse sequence in a single short breathhold. The method was validated against conventional inversion-recovery (IR) DE images for identifying regions of myocardial infarction (MI). The method was based on the acquisition of three consecutive images of the same anatomical slice. One image has T(1)-weighted contrast in which infarction appears bright. The two other images are used to construct an anatomical image of the heart, which is combined with the first image to produce a black-blood viability image. However, using appropriate modulation and demodulation frequencies, the latter two images bear useful information about myocardial deformation that results in a cardiac strain-encoding (SENC) functional image. In this work, a method is proposed for obtaining three consecutive SENC images in a single acquisition that can be combined to produce a composite image of the heart, which shows both functional and viability information. The proposed technique reduces scan time by one-half, compared with separate acquisitions of functional and viability images, and alleviates misregistration problems caused by separate breathholds.
AdmixKJump: identifying population structure in recently diverged groups

Motivation Correctly modeling population structure is important for understanding recent evolution and for association studies in humans. While pre-existing knowledge of population history can be used to specify expected levels of subdivision, objective metrics to detect population structure are important and may even be preferable for identifying groups in some situations. One such metric for genomic scale data is implemented in the cross-validation procedure of the program ADMIXTURE, but it has not been evaluated on recently diverged and potentially cryptic levels of population structure. Here, I develop a new method, AdmixKJump, and test both metrics under this scenario.
Phase modulation of a ring-laser gyro - Part I: Theory

The theory of a multimode ring-laser gyro with intracavity phase modulation is developed, starting from the wave equation for a rotating reference frame. The approach is to extract physical information without actually solving the equations. Considering each of the oppositely directed traveling waves (ODTW) separately, the behavior is similar to that of an ordinary two-mirror phase-modulated laser. However, when the waves are heterodyned to measure a beat frequency, small mode-pulling effects become important, and, if the ODTW are treated unequally by the system, a frequency error or offset results. Sources of offset include time variation of the modulator length, reactance of the gain medium, and detuning of the modulator frequency from axial mode spacing. When back reflections are included in the theory, the results reduce to the single-mode ring-laser case, with the coupling coefficient dependent upon overlap between the ODTW at the reflector. It is predicted that at low rotation rates the ODTW frequencies will still become locked together, except in a very special case where the lock-in threshold vanishes. Significance of the nature of the reflecting elements is discussed. Comments are made on the predicted merits of phase modulation as an improvement in the low-rotation-rate measuring capabilities of the device.
Raman Scattering Characterization of Ultrathin Films of β-SiC

Raman scattering has been used to characterize ultrathin films of β-SiC, ranging in thickness from 38 nm to 240 nm. These films were prepared on the surface of a Si substrate by a carbonization process at a temperature of 1300°C. In each case, the LO phonon near 970 cm−1 and the TO phonon near 795 cm−1 are observed, indicating the formation of β-SiC crystal. The Raman linewidths and peak positions indicate evidence of nonuniform stress and disorder. The Raman intensity of the TO phonon is nearly twice the intensity of the LO phonon measured both with and without the Si substrate, which indicates that the crystal growth was not entirely confined in the direction.
Skinner, Creativity, and the Problem of Spontaneous Behavior

Behavior is generative, by which I mean that it is probabilistic, continuous in time, and always novel. At first glance, B.F. Skinner's work would seem to make contact with generative aspects of behavior, since he studied the “emitted” behavior of “freely moving organisms,” since he analyzed language, music, literature, and other creative activities, and since he himself was an exceptionally creative individual. In fact, Skinner's work focuses on the effects of various interventions on ongoing behavior; it says little about where that behavior comes from in the first place. Generativity theory suggests that simple behavioral processes of the sort Skinner studied operate simultaneously on the probabilities of a large number of different behaviors. Instantiated in a computer model, the theory has successfully emulated complex, novel performances in both human and animal subjects, and it may some day allow for the real-time simulation of novel performances in individual human subjects.
Temperature and frequency dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in Fe-Ti-N thin films ¢?? structural implications

The objective of this work was to address this question through temperature and frequency dependence measurements of the FMR linewidth for a range of xN values that span the structural transition point. The linewidth data, as well as static magnetization data, show clear changes at xN =7 at.%. Taken collectively, these results indicate that the change in the loss is structure related. The FMR measurements were made on sputtered, nominally 50 nm thick Fe-Ti-N films. Preparation details are given. The linewidth measurements were made with broadband stripline and shorted waveguide techniques for temperature and frequency ranges of 9-294 K and 2-36 GHz.
Attention Factors in Televised Messages: Effects on Looking Behavior and Recall.

The following paper won first prize in the Student Award Competition of the Division of Advertising of the Association for Education in Journalism in 1969. Since then Miss Zeigler has earned her doctorate (in communication) and now is assistant professor in the Department of Advertising at Michigan State University. A winner of the Harold E. Fellows Memorial Scholarship in 1965, and co‐winner of an NAB Research Grant in 1969, Dr. Zeigler has worked for Foote, Cone & Belding and WMAQ‐TV, among others, while continuing her strong interest in broadcasting.
Temperature-dependent development of Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory studies on the temperature-dependent development of Lacanobia subjuncta were performed at 10 constant temperatures ranging from 10.0°C to 37.5°C. Lower developmental thresholds for eggs, larvae, and pupae were calculated as 6.6, 6.7, and 4.9°C, respectively. Degree-days required to complete a stage were estimated as 75, 476, and 312, for the egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. A comparison of the degree-days required to complete immature development under fluctuating field temperatures indicated the laboratory data could be used to predict results in the field. Larval head capsule measurements indicate distinct size ranges for each larval instar with the exception of a slight overlap for fifth and sixth instars.
Magnetic Moment of the Proton in Bohr Magnetons

The magnetic moment of the proton has been measured by observing simultaneously an electronic and a nuclear magnetic transition in atomic hydrogen. Observations were made with a hydrogen maser operating in a 3500-G field. A theory is presented for the transient response of a three-level system under conditions of double resonance including effects of cavity pulling, spin-exchange collisions, and frequency shifts due to motional field narrowing. The electron-proton $g$-factor ratio in hydrogen is found to be $\frac{{g}_{j}(\mathrm{H})}{{g}_{p}(\mathrm{H})}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{j}(\mathrm{H})}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}(\mathrm{H})}=\ensuremath{-}658.210706(6)$. This leads to a value of the proton moment in Bohr magnetons of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}=1.521032181(15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Sources and Targets of Cytokines in the Central Nervous System

Cytokines may be defined as soluble proteins that mediate immune responses. They now include a variety of molecules such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, and colony stimulating factors (Dinarello, 1987; Dinarello,1988, Metcalf, 1984). Typically these agents have been identified by in vitro assays which employ lymphoid cells or monocytoid cells as sources or targets. When examined outside the immune system, cytokines are often found to be pluripotent and take on subtle or opposing functions than those identified by cell culture. It is becoming clear that the traditional definition of a cytokine (based upon an in vitro assay) may not, in fact, reflect physiologic function.