cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant care, infanticide, and female reproductive strategies in polygynous groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Reproduction in marmoset and tamarin groups is typically restricted to a single dominant female, but it is unclear why subordinate females tolerate delayed reproduction. The presence of two breeding females in free-ranging groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) presented a unique opportunity to examine differences in the reproductive strategies of dominant and subordinate females. Three groups were monitored for 12–18 months at a forest reserve in northeastern Brazil. Data on infant care were collected during two consecutive all-day follows every 10 days until the infants were 2 months old. Carrying patterns for infants born to dominant females were similar to those observed in groups containing a single breeding female. All group members over 5 months of age participated in infant care, and dominant females allowed some group members to carry their infants from the 1 st day of life. In contrast, subordinate females were protective of their offspring and were their sole caretakers for at least a week following birth. One infant born to a subordinate was killed in an attack involving the dominant female. Overall, dominant females gave birth to more infants and had higher infant survival than did subordinate breeding females. subordinate females were successful in rearing young only when the timing of births was such that they did not overlap with the dependency period of infants born to the dominant female. These patterns suggest that subordinate females may face resource competition, especially over access to helpers. In times of severe competition, subordinate females that delay reproduction may be avoiding a wasted reproductive effort.
Instrumentation For Multichannel Hermaphroditic Connector Evaluation

Several manufacturers have been developing hermaphroditic connectors for six-fiber optical cables used in tactical military communication system applications. The specifications to which respective manufacturers have designed and tested these connectors have not been consistently the same. A test plan, as well as measurement procedures which will be uniformly applied to all connector assemblies, has been proposed. In support of the test procedures, fiber optics instrumentation that measures the insertion loss of the six-fiber hermaphroditic connectors under dynamic conditions has been developed. Special equipment to perform tests that simulate aspects of field conditions has been designed and fabricated. Selected fiber optic connectors are presently under evaluation using these procedures and instrumentation. This paper describes characteristics of the insertion loss and simulation equipment and their application to the measurement of the parameters to be tested.*© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Precision farming adoption and use in Ohio: case studies of six leading-edge adopters

Precision farming (PF) has the potential to help farmers improve input allocation decisions, thereby lowering production costs or increasing outputs, and, potentially, increasing profits. However, little is known about how farmers use PF technologies to support managerial decision-making, or about the relative magnitude of benefits and costs of PF technologies on individual farms. An embedded, multiple-case study approach was used to collect information about PF from six farms. The objective was to collect information about adoption and use of PF from early adopters to glean information that would be useful to those considering adoption of this farming system. Results suggest that farmers credit benefits to PF for a wide variety of decision types. The case study farmers appear to derive more value from information gathering technologies (e.g. yield monitors and mapping) than from variable rate application technologies.
Neutralization kinetics of bovine viral diarrhea virus by hyperimmune serum: One or multi-hit mechanism

Abstract The kinetics of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus neutralization (VN) by hyperimmune serum followed first order kinetics at low dilutions (1:8 and 1:16) of hyperimmune bovine serum. A lag phase in the VN curve occurred when the serum was further diluted. Addition of rabbit anti-bovine IgG, but not anti-IgM, significantly increased the degree of VN after BVD virus was reacted with further diluted (1:256 dilution) anti-BVD bovine hyperimmune serum. Incubation of virus-hyperimmune serum (1:64 dilution) at 4°C for 0 to 60 min, followed by incubation at 37°C indicated VN occurred as a two-stage process: a binding (temperature-independent) phase that was followed by a triggering (temperature-dependent) phase. The data favor the thesis that neutralization of BVD virus occurs by a multi-hit mechanism and requires combination of at least two molecules of antibody with each virus.
Laser cladding assisted with an induction heater (LCAIH) of Ni–60%WC coating

Abstract Adjusting the laser power and induction energy in order to obtain a coating with low dilution and low partial melting of carbides should be carefully considered in the laser cladding of metal matrix composite coating assisted with an induction heater. Based on numerical study, the effect of assessment of induction heater during the laser cladding of composite coating in thermal cycle, crack susceptibility, and solubility of the carbides was investigated in detail. The numerical results were validated by in situ-monitoring techniques. The thermal images of the molten pool proved that the utilization of an induction heater in laser cladding of Ni–60%WC made the evolution of the molten pool smoother with relatively less temperature fluctuation in and around it. The induction heater enhanced the carbide transfer efficiency by decreasing the carbides rebounding from molten pool due to larger molten pool with higher peak temperature.
Bone marrow cells in the ‘pre-metastatic niche’: within bone and beyond

Metastasis, the spread of invasive carcinoma to sites distant from the primary tumor, is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths (Weigelt, B., Peterse, J. L., & van 't Veer, L. J. (2005). Breast cancer metastasis: Markers and models. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 5, 591-602). Despite progress in other areas of cancer therapeutics, the complexities of this process remain poorly understood. Consequently, there are few successful treatments that directly target this stage of carcinogenesis. Particularly enigmatic is the tissue-specificity of different tumor types observed in metastatic spread. One example is the predilection of colon cancer to spread to liver whereas breast, prostate, and lung carcinomas have a particular affinity to target and proliferate in bone. In 1889, Stephen Paget observed that circulating tumour cells would only "seed" where there was "congenial soil". Since then, attention has focused on explaining the dynamic adhesive and migratory capabilities intrinsic to tumor cells. Meanwhile, the earliest changes occurring within distant tissues that prime the "soil" to receive incoming cancer cells have largely been neglected. Recent work characterizing the importance of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in initiating these early changes has opened new avenues for cancer research and chemotherapeutic targeting (Kaplan, R. N., Riba, R. D., Zacharoulis, S., Bramley, A. H., Vincent, L., Costa, C., et al. (2005). VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature, 438, 820-827). This review discusses the inextricable relationship between bone stromal components, metastasizing cells, and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells, and their roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Understanding these dynamics may help explain the tissue-specific tropism seen in metastasis. Moreover, exploring the earliest events promoting circulating cancer cells to engraft and establish at secondary sites may expose new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and reduce the morbidity and mortality from metastatic disease.
Singular configurations of structural systems

Abstract A singular configuration of a structural system is characterized by rank deficiency of the equilibrium matrix and kinematic matrix (the rank is lower than both the number of degrees of freedom and the number of constraints) . Such configurations exist only in systems that are not geometrically invariant (underconstrained structural systems) . Most interesting among them are systems with infinitesimal mobility which attracted attention of many prominent researchers. This paper puts the entire issue in a different perspective by addressing a critical, yet so far unexplored, aspect of singular configurations—their realizability. It turns out that the only generic, physically realizable type of a singular configuration is a system with first-order infinitesimal mobility, and even this cannot be constructed without inducing prestress of finite magnitude. All other singular configurations (unprestressable first-order mechanisms; higher-order mechanisms; and singular configurations of finite mechanisms) are unrealizable. Moreover, short of exact or symbolic calculation, they are also noncomputable and are just formal analytical constructs.
Effects of Differentiated Reading on Elementary Students’ Reading Comprehension and Attitudes Toward Reading:

In this investigation, we examined the effects of a differentiated reading approach on fourth grade students’ reading comprehension and attitudes toward reading. Eight Title I schools within one urban district were randomly assigned to treatment (Schoolwide Enrichment Model–Reading [SEM-R]) or control (district reading curriculum) conditions. Treatment teachers implemented SEM-R as a supplement to the district curriculum for 1 academic year, whereas control teachers used the district curriculum. Based on multilevel analyses of students’ posttest reading comprehension scores on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (n = 358) and attitudes toward reading as measured by the Elementary Reading Attitudes Survey (n = 429), no statistically significant differences in students’ attitudes toward reading were found, but SEM-R students had significantly higher scores on the comprehension posttest compared with the students in the control schools.
Person, Environment, and Person-Environment Fit as Influences on Residential Satisfaction of Elders:

This article extends previous conceptualizations of person-environment fit from institutional to community settings, focusing on neighborhoods. The authors consider applicability of the congruence construct for understanding the impact of neighborhoods, including dwelling units, on older persons' residential satisfaction. They argue that characteristics of person, environment, and person-environment fit are important for determining residential satisfaction. Understanding each of these distinct but interdependent influences should result in better prediction of outcomes. To provide taxonomies of environmental features, the authors consider the following four physical and two social domains of neighborhood environments, which also form counterparts of personal characteristics for community-dwelling older people: physical amenities or aesthetics, resource amenities, safety, stimulation or peacefulness, homogeneity or heterogeneity, and interaction or solitude. In addition, they attempt to specify salient en...
Kant and the Moral Worth of Actions

L'A. se propose de presenter et de developper la doctrine que Kant a elaboree au sujet du merite (ou de la valeur) moral(e) des actions. Il commence par presenter les critiques faites a cette these. Puis il propose sa propre comprehension de la chose. La troisieme section met en discussion la notion kantienne de bonne volonte. La quatrieme section considere si la bonte morale exprimee par la bonne volonte est d'abord une qualite des personnes ou bien des actes. La derniere partie releve les dernieres objections et propose un commentaire conclusif
Cloning the red alga Gigartina exasperata for culture on artificial substrates

Abstract A method for cloning the marine red alga Gigartina exasperata Harvey and Bailey for inoculation of artificial substrates has been developed. Several methods for producing viable vegetative propagules are compared, and a successful method of inoculating artificial substrate (nylon twine) is described. Survival and growth of such cloned material has been examined in field and laboratory experiments. The application of this technique of vegetative propagation to other seaweeds is discussed.
System Evaluation and Economic Analysis of a Nuclear Reactor Powered High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen-Production Plant

A reference design for a commercial-scale high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) plant for hydrogen production was developed to provide a basis for comparing the HTE concept with other hydrogen-production concepts. The reference plant design is driven by a high-temperature helium-cooled nuclear reactor coupled to a direct Brayton power cycle. The reference design reactor power is 600 MW, with a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa, and reactor inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of 540°C and 900°C, respectively. The electrolysis unit used to produce hydrogen includes 4,009,177 cells with a per-cell active area of 225 cm 2 . The optimized design for the reference hydrogen-production plant operates at a system pressure of 5.0 MPa, and utilizes an air-sweep system to remove the excess oxygen that has evolved on the anode (oxygen) side of the electrolyzer. The inlet air for the air-sweep system is compressed to the system operating pressure of 5.0 MPa in a four-stage compressor with intercooling. The alternating current to direct current conversion efficiency is 96%. The overall system thermal-to-hydrogen-production efficiency (based on the lower heating value of the produced hydrogen) is 47.1% at a hydrogen-production rate of 2.356 kg/s. This hydrogen-production efficiency is considerably higher than can be achieved using current low-temperature electrolysis techniques. An economic analysis of this plant was performed using the standardized hydrogen analysis methodology developed by the Department of Energy Hydrogen Program, and using realistic financial and cost estimating assumptions. The results of the economic analysis demonstrated that the HTE hydrogen-production plant driven by a high-temperature helium-cooled nuclear power plant can deliver hydrogen at a competitive cost. A cost of $3.23/kg of hydrogen was calculated assuming an internal rate of return of 10%.
Seed Weight Response to Decreased Seed Number in Maize

Weight per seed (SDWT) of maize (Zea mays L.) has been rcported to show no response when seed number was manually decreased. This field experiment was designed to test the general3 y of this lack of response across techniques of reducing seeds per ear and across genotypes. Bagging ears of a dent hybrid 2 to 4 d after silking reduced seed number by 15 to 45% and increased SDWT by 19 to 25%. The same treatment applied to a popcorn hybrid reducvd seed number by 12 to 36% with no significant increase in SDWC. Open pollinated varieties representing different seed sizes showed similar variability in SDWT response to reduced seed number. When SDWT of the dent hybrid and one of the varieties increased in response to reduced reed number, seed volume increased by a similar fraction. Removal of the apical half of the ear of the dent hybrid caused a different SDWT response than ear bagging. Such removal 5 to 15 d after silking decreased SDWT while removal 20 to 25 d after silking produced no significant change. Thus, it appeared that the response of SDWT to reduced seed number depended on genotype, how seed number was reduced, and when the reduction occurred. The reduction in SDWT due to early ear cutting was not due to a reduction in number of endosperm cells or volume of the developing seeds. The possibility of a physical restraint on SDWT by the developing pericarp of some cultivars was discussed. Contribution from the USDA-ARS.
Comparison of single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline using stable isotopes

Theophylline, enriched with the stable isotopes13C and15N, was administered intravenously in a dose of 10 mg to 8 healthy men following single (200 mg) and multiple (200 mg 8-hourly for 5 days) oral dose administration of aminophylline. Total plasma clearance, volume of distribution, and half-time determined from the intravenous data were similar, demonstrating that the pharmacokinetics of theophylline after chronic dosing can be predicted from the pharmacokinetics of a single dose. With chronic oral dosing, however, the mean trough concentration was 12% higher at 9 a.m. than at 5 p.m., the end of the dose interval (3.94±0.55 vs. 3.50±0.45 µg·ml−1). The AUC following oral dosing was 25% higher in the multiple dose study than in the single dose study. Simulation analysis suggested that these results could be explained by diurnal variation in the clearance or absorption rate or a combination of both. Thus, the systemic availability of theophylline measured during a single dosage interval after chronic oral dosing to steady state would be overestimated in comparison with that measured after a single oral dose.
Changes in stimulant drug use over time in the MACS: evidence for resilience against stimulant drug use among men who have sex with men.

Stimulant drug use is associated with numerous health problems among men who have sex with men (MSM). This paper describes how stimulant drug use changes over a four and one-half year period from 2003 until 2008. Participants were 2,389 men (17,222 person-visits) from The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)—an ongoing, prospective study of HIV infection among MSM. Group-based trajectory analyses of data from these men over the study period yielded a four groups solution: consistent users (9.8%), men whose use increased (5.4%), men whose use declined (6.9%), and abstinent or rarely-using men (77.9%). There were significant differences between groups in terms of demographic, behavioral risk and HIV serostatus. Men who increased or decreased stimulant drug use over time reported congruent changes in sexual risk taking. The fact that sexual risk levels parallel stimulant drug use over time suggests that finding ways to lower rates of stimulant drug use among MSM could be a tool in HIV prevention.
Contextual Features of Violent Video Games, Mental Models, and Aggression

This experiment employed a 2 (third vs. first person) × 2 (blood on/off) × 2 (sex) design in order to examine the effects of two internal video game manipulations: the presence of blood and point of view on participants’ perceptions of the game. Overall, when the blood manipulation was on, participants perceived greater gore. Players were significantly more focused when they played in the third-person point of view than when they played in first person. Males were more involved in the game overall regardless of point of view, but females were more focused and involved when they played in third, not first, person. In addition, we wanted to see if game manipulations and perceptions of the game affected aggressive outcomes. Those who played the game in the blood-on condition had more physically aggressive intentions, and when players were more involved and immersed in the game, they reported greater hostility and physically aggressive intentions. Findings are discussed as they relate to mental models of media violence.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide and spinal afferents partly mediate postoperative colonic ileus in the rat

Abstract Background: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide contained in intrinsic and extrinsic neurons of the gastrointestinal wall that has been shown to be released by noxious stimulation, to be involved in nociception, to inhibit gastrointestinal motility, and to partly mediate postoperative gastric ileus. We hypothesized that abdominal surgery-induced release of CGRP might inhibit postoperative colonic motility and food intake. Methods: Colonic transit, stool pellet number, stool pellet weight, and food intake were measured for 48 hours after induction of postoperative ileus in rats. CGRP was immunoneutralized by preoperative injection of CGRP monoclonal antibody, or visceral afferent nerve fibers containing CGRP were functionally ablated by topical capsaicin treatment of the vagus nerves or of the celiac/superior mesenteric ganglia before abdominal surgery. Results: Abdominal surgery increased colonic transit time and decreased 24-hour cumulative stool pellet number, stool pellet weight, and food intake. CGRP immunoneutralization reversed postoperative inhibition of colonic transit, 24-hour cumulative stool pellet number, stool pellet weight, and food intake by 77%, 82%, 80%, and 52%, respectively. Whereas ablation of vagal afferent nerve fibers had no effect, spinal afferent nerve fiber ablation reversed postoperative inhibition of 24-hour cumulative stool pellet number, stool pellet weight, and food intake by 41%, 38%, and 19%, respectively. Conclusions: CGRP and spinal afferent nerve fibers partly mediate postoperative colonic ileus and inhibition of food intake in the rat. By the magnitude of reversal of postoperative ileus, CGRP seems to be an important mediator of postoperative colonic ileus. Our results for the first time show involvement of a neuropeptide and spinal afferents in the mediation of postoperative colonic ileus and postoperative inhibition of food intake in rats. (Surgery 1998;123:518-27.)
Ethics of Clinical Research

The clinical researcher has certain obligations to subjects and theorists associated with the research being proposed. This article has identified some of the major ethical considerations that characterize "good" research. The related readings will give more information regarding ethics of clinical research.
The Administrative Component in Growing and Declining Organizations: A Longitudinal Analysis

In a longitudinal study on 24 school districts the analysis of data over a 10-year-period indicates that (1) the relationship between size and the administrative component observed in cross-section...
A Lagrangian view of fluorescent chromophoric dissolved organic matter distributions in the Mississippi River plume

In April 2001, three instrumented surface drifters were deployed in the Mississippi River plume near the mouth of Southwest Pass. The plume was characterized by strong surface gradients of salinity, temperature, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence (FCDOM). The drifters initially headed west and attained peak speeds of 1 m s 1 within 5 h after release. Thereafter, velocity decreased as the triad headed north in the Louisiana Bight. Linear relationships between FCDOM and salinity identified two subsurface sources of high salinity water (salinity >35) underlying the surface plume. The platforms stalled in a surface front about 40 h after deployment, and then slowly drifted south along the eastern perimeter of the plume. Shoreward of the plume front there were patches of low-salinity, high FCDOM ‘patches’ of surface waters that likely originated in the marshes, bayous, and other smaller distributaries of the delta. D 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The Sale and Lease of Public Assets: Fiscal Savior or Sacrilege?

In recent years cities and states have expanded the use of public–private partnerships (P3s) to the sale and lease of existing infrastructure and facilities for large sums of up-front cash. Proponents have viewed these practices as effective and innovative ways to raise sorely needed funds and address pressing fiscal problems. If P3 revenues are used to finance operating expenditures, these practices represent a fundamental departure from the traditional principles of balanced budgets for state and local governments. In financing capital projects they are an expensive alternative to traditional tax-exempt financing and productive efficiencies in the private sector are unlikely to offset higher costs of capital. Furthermore, these practices are unlikely to improve infrastructure pricing and use and entail significant policy/economic risks as governments lose control of infrastructure for significant periods of time. The adoption of these sales or leases can be traced to political and institutional failures and inappropriate analysis.
Chemical vapor deposition of aluminum from methylpyrrolidine alane complex

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition of aluminum from a recently developed precursor, methylpyrrolidine alane complex, has been studied. Aluminum films deposited on conducting surfaces (titanium nitride, copper, gold), but not on insulating surfaces (silicon, silicon dioxide, glass) at low substrate temperatures, showing deposition selectivity, while the deposition selectivity was lost at high substrate temperatures (> 210 °C). Al deposition rates on TiN and Cu were very close, but much higher than on Au. Deposition rates on all conducting substrates increased with the temperature and reached maximum at ∼180 °C. Al films deposited on as-sputtered TiN or Cu have no preferred orientations. Al–Au alloys and intermetallics were observed in the films deposited on Au. Surface morphology observation revealed that the film growth on TiN or Cu is different from that on Au. The surface roughness of Al films increased with the deposition time or the film thickness.
Notch1 and Jagged1 expression by the developing pulmonary vasculature

The molecular mechanisms of pulmonary vascular development are poorly understood. Cell-specific developmental pathways are influenced by cell–cell signaling. Notch signaling molecules are highly conserved receptors active in many cell-fate determination systems. Recent observations of Notch molecules and a Notch ligand, Jagged1, suggest their importance in vascular morphogenesis, and particularly pulmonary vascular development. We performed a systematic evaluation of Notch1/Jagged1 gene and protein expression in the developing mouse lung from embryonic day 11 until adulthood by using quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic analysis. mRNA transcripts for Notch1-4 and Jagged1 increased progressively from early to later lung development, accompanied by a simultaneous rise in endothelial cell-specific gene expression, a pattern not seen in other organs. Notch1 mRNA was identified on both epithelial and mesenchymal structures of the embryonic lung. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the progressive acquisition of Notch1 and Jagged1 proteins by the emerging endothelium. Notch1 and Jagged1 were seen initially on well-formed, larger vessels within the embryonic lung bud and progressively on finer vascular networks. Each was also expressed on surrounding nonvascular structures. The localization of Notch1 and Jagged1 on endothelial cell surface membranes within the alveolar microvasculature was confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy. These temporal and spatial patterns in Notch1/Jagged1 gene and protein expression suggest multiple potential paths of cell–cell signaling during lung development and vascular morphogenesis. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pancreatic Laceration in a Female Collegiate Soccer Athlete: A Case Report

Objective: To characterize the diagnosis of pancreatic trauma in an athletic population and to raise awareness among health care providers of the possibility of this life- and organ-threatening inj...
The Impact of Dyadic Social Support on Self-Efficacy and Depression After Radical Prostatectomy

Objectives: To assess the effect of one-on-one peer support at enhancing self-efficacy and decreasing depression in older men treated by radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Methods: Six week...
Energy Efficient Collaborative Sensing-Based Design: Soft Keyboard Case Study

With our approach, for the synthesis and energy-efficient operation of a pressure sensor-based soft keyboard, energy is optimized at five levels of abstraction: 1) architecture of sensor systems, 2) sensing schedule, 3) sensor data processing, 4) use of semantic information, and 5) customization. We have been able to achieve up to a factor of 63 energy reduction in a keyboard case study over the standard using various techniques. For example, when each sensor senses several keyboard events and each event is sensed by three sensors, sensing and data processing results in a 12- to 42-fold energy savings depending on typing speeds. Customization techniques accounting for user typing speed and duration of typing pulses support another 1.5-fold savings. We demonstrate using a proof of concept prototype evaluation with five participants.
The Evolution of Social Behavior in Dogs and Wolves

Synopsis. Patterns of social behavior in the Family Canidae appear to be conservative traits in evolution. Darwin's concept of sexual selection may be broadened to "social selection," in? cluding all factors in the social environment which exert selection pressure. In a highly social species, the social environment tends to be stable, generation after generation, accounting for the stability of social behavioral patterns. The evolution of social behavior is also related to development, with different and sometimes opposite selection pressures acting at different periods in life. Some myths and misconceptions regarding dog-wolf behavior are described, and some problems for future research outlined. One of the things which distinguishes different members of the Family Canidae from each other is the differential develop? ment of social behavior. Among the close relatives of the domestic dog, the most highly social species is the wolf, and it is this characteristic which enables us to say with a good deal of certainty that dogs are most probably descended from wolves rather than from other forms, the coyote and jackal, which normally form no group larger than a mated pair or, for a brief peri? od, the litter born to this pair. In the process of preparing an ethogram for the dog we listed some 90 behavior pat? terns observed in the laboratory, nursery, and free situations (Scott and Fuller, 1965). We then examined the available descriptions of behavior of the wolf, particularly those of Murie (1944), Young and Gold? man (1944), and Schenkel (1947), and found all but 19 of the same patterns ob? served in dogs. Most of the missing ones were minor patterns of behavior that al? most undoubtedly do occur in wolves and had simply escaped observation under field and zoo conditions. Conversely, the very few behavior patterns reported in wolves but not in dogs were those observed in spe? cial hunting situations and hence not like? ly to occur in dogs living under our condi? tions. The only major behavior pattern of wolves that has not yet been reported in dogs is that of a dominant wolf pinning a subordinate one to the ground by the neck (Ginsburg, 1965). We felt justified, therefore, in concluding that the dog could only have been domesticated from the wolf. As further evi? dence comes in from detailed behavioral studies of other Canidae, this evidence can? not be given as much weight, although the data now available for broader compari? sons in no way conflict with our original conclusion. Tembrock (1957) did a de? tailed ethogram of the red fox and was able to identify many of the same patterns of be? havior as in the dog and wolf, with minor modifications such as the tone of the bark. Significantly, Tembrock did not find the dog-wolf postures of dominance and subordination. Foxes are even more solitary than coyotes and jackals, and they appar? ently have never evolved patterns of ago? nistic behavior which would permit them to live in larger groups than the mated pair.
Changes in photochemical and fluorescence yields in leaf tissue from normal and starchless Nicotiana sylvestris with increasing irradiance

Abstract The light responses of CO 2 assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence yield have been studied at 25–30°C and 1.6% (v/v) O 2 in leaf tissue from wild-type (WT) and from a mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris unable to accumulate starch due to a lack of plastid phosphoglucomutase activity. Rates of assimilation of CO 2 reached lower maximal levels and saturated at a lower irradiance in the mutant compared to WT. The increase in non-photochemical quenching and the decrease in photochemical quenching of fluorescence with irradiance were shifted to lower photon flux rates in the mutant compared to WT. Genetic analysis confirms that alterations in photosynthetic properties of the mutant are associated with the inability to form starch. The steady state and slow oscillatory responses of photochemical and fluorescence yields in the mutant are discussed in terms of a limitation in the rate of recycling of orthophosphate (Pi) via sucrose synthesis. The results also suggest that extreme depletion of stromal Pi may alter the intrinsic relationship between quantum efficiency of linear electron transport to CO 2 and fluorescence yield as irradiance is varied under 1% O 2 .
A review and comparative evaluation of forensics guidelines of NIST SP 800-101 Rev.1:2014 and ISO/IEC 27037:2012

In this paper, we present a review and comparative evaluation of forensics guidelines of NIST SP 800-101 Rev.1:2014 and ISO/IEC 27037:2012. This study proposes and analyzes an integrated implementation of these two forensic guidelines. The result of this will provide a forensic investigator with a good understanding of the two forensic standards, and present an opportunity to forensic investigators, organizations and jurisdictions that are compliant in one standard to realize the benefits of the other standard. As it is shown, no single standard addresses all processes of digital forensic investigations. This comparison identifies areas of forensics guidelines covered by each standard, commonalities and differences in the two standards, and their limitations.
Mapping the Arrestin-Receptor Interface STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY OF ARRESTIN PROTEINS

Arrestins selectively bind to phosphorylated activated forms of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors. Arrestin binding prevents further G protein activation and often redirects signaling to other pathways. The comparison of the high-resolution crystal structures of arrestin2, visual arrestin, and rhodopsin as well as earlier mutagenesis and peptide inhibition data collectively suggest that the elements on the concave sides of both arrestin domains most likely participate in receptor binding directly, thereby dictating its receptor preference. Using comparative binding of visual arrestin/arrestin2 chimeras to the preferred target of visual arrestin, light-activated phosphorylated rhodopsin (PRh*), and to the arrestin2 target, phosphorylated activated m2 muscarinic receptor (P-m2 mAChR*), we identified the elements that determine the receptor specificity of arrestins. We found that residues 49–90 (β-strands V and VI and adjacent loops in the N-domain) and 237–268 (β-strands XV and XVI in the C-domain) in visual arrestin and homologous regions in arrestin2 are largely responsible for their receptor preference. Only 35 amino acids (22 of which are nonconservative substitutions) in the two elements are different. Simultaneous exchange of both elements between visual arrestin and arrestin2 fully reverses their receptor specificity, demonstrating that these two elements in the two domains of arrestin are necessary and sufficient to determine their preferred receptor targets.
THE MANAGEMENT OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASS

Author's Summary.— A discussion of principles and techniques relating to the efficient planning and administration of the recitation period, control of discipline and routine, etc., with description of a conventionalized lesson plan for a 55 minute period with supervised study.
On the Calamity Theory of Growth: The Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and Changes in Identity Over Time

The purpose of the current study was to provide evidence for a relationship between stressful life events and changes in identity over time. Previous research has indicated that individuals retrospectively report a variety of life events to be precursors to identity changes. The current study examined the relationship between the extent to which individuals reported stressful life events to occur in their lives and subsequent changes in identity over an interval of approximately five months in a sample of adult women. It was hypothesized that stressful life events would predict increases in identity exploration over time, along with decreases in identity commitment. The results indicated that the hypotheses were supported. The findings are discussed in terms of the current literature on identity development in adulthood.
A Graphical Journey of Innovative Organic Architectures That Have Improved Our Lives

A new free graphical teaching tool that highlights the beautiful organic architectures of the top selling pharmaceuticals is detailed on two posters. In addition to the multitude of teaching and data-mining opportunities these posters offer, they were also created to emphasize the central role organic chemists play in the development of new therapeutics.
On intellecticide or university driven politics of history

‘What does all will to truth mean?’Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of MoralityFor Rethinking History's ‘invitation’, I consider some inseparable actions linking academic and artistic institutions with historical representation and its politics. This involves discussion of how publication and institutional conditions are historicized. To historicize is the key linkage: academic/intellectual labor and writing often ‘plays for’ the future, in which such endeavors require sanitizing a past-present so as to select and rank – ‘history’ serves, and services, present-future institutions and subjects. Institutions are historical because they historicize. Continuity of institutions and roles incorporates breaks and breakdowns. I make a critique of the historicization performed by the institutions where I have worked and published: the University of California and The California Institute of the Arts and Academic Presses. In this, I link to historicize with capitalization and some politics of university-driven knowledge.
A note on difference-delay equations.

Abstract Populations that obey differential-delay equations, and those that obey ordinary first-order difference equations, may be understood within a common general framework, wherein excessive time lags lead to stable limit cycle behavior. This note extends the analysis to include difference-delay equations (i.e., nonoverlapping generations with explicit time lags in the density dependent regulatory mechanisms).
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and its association with reduced mortality: evidence for selection bias

Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) refers to removal of the opposite uninvolved breast in women with unilateral breast cancer, and rates are increasing worldwide. In observational studies, CPM is often associated with reductions in breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality when compared to unilateral surgical treatment alone, but this may reflect selection of a healthier cohort for CPM (selection bias). To further explore this possibility, we examined the association between CPM and non-cancer mortality, an indicator of selection bias. We identified 449,178 adult women diagnosed with unilateral, primary American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I–III ductal or lobular breast cancer, utilizing the 1998–2010 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results dataset. Of these, 5.8 % (n = 25,961) underwent CPM as their first course of treatment. We examined associations between CPM and breast cancer-specific, all-cause, and non-cancer mortality utilizing multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, AJCC stage, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, and histologic grade of the tumor. Among all patients receiving CPM as first course of treatment, CPM was associated with lower breast cancer-specific [HR 0.84 (95 % CI 0.79–0.89)], all-cause [HR 0.83 (95 % CI 0.80–0.88)], and non-cancer [HR 0.71 (95 % CI 0.64–0.80)] 5-year hazard of death. Although our results are consistent with other observational studies showing associations between CPM and reductions in breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, we demonstrate an even stronger association between CPM and reduced non-cancer mortality. Thus, the reported associations between CPM and reductions in mortality might at least partly be attributable to selection bias.
Twenty-six years of lidar monitoring of northern midlatitude stratospheric aerosols

Aerosols in the upper troposphere and low stratosphere have been monitored continuously during the past 26 years by a ground-based lidar system at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The measurements were started in 1974 to support NASA's ongoing atmospheric research programs, and have produced one of the world's longest continuous lidar records on northern mid- latitude aerosols. The 26-year record spans periods during which the stratospheric aerosol loading was greatly enhanced by highly explosive volcanic eruptions including, Fuego in 1974, El Chichon in 1982, and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, each of which injected enormous quantities of aerosols and gases into the stratosphere. These lidar observations of volcanic aerosol plumes in the stratosphere over long time periods have provided insight into their potential impact on global climate and other atmospheric processes.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulation Studies of Ultrathin Films of Linear and Branched Alkanes on a Metal Substrate

Ultrathin liquid films of three hexadecane isomers and of squalane physisorbed on a flat metal (Au(111)) surface have been studied by Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. Density oscillations arising from the layering of methyl and methylene groups on the surface are observed in all films. Branched molecules exhibit a decreased tendency to layer and an enhancement in the degree of interdigitation. Comparisons are made with recent surface force experiments and other simulation studies.
HIV Sexual Risk Behavior Among Low-Income Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV-related PTSD), drug problems, and alcohol problems were tested as correlates of women’s sexual risk behavior. Participants were 136 low-income women experiencing physical violence by a male partner during the past 6 months. Sexual risk behavior was assessed by whether women had unprotected sex with a risky primary partner (i.e., HIV-positive, injection drug user, and/or nonmonogamous), unprotected sex with a risky nonprimary partner (i.e. HIV-positive or unknown status), or traded sex during the past 6 months. Nearly one in five women engaged in these recent sexual risk behaviors. Simultaneous logistic regression results revealed IPV-related PTSD, but not drug or alcohol problems, was significantly associated with sexual risk behavior while controlling for childhood abuse and demographic covariates. Women with IPV-related PTSD had four times greater odds of recent sexual risk behavior compared to women without IPV-related PTSD. Implications for HIV prevention interventions are discussed.
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

Preface 1. The present dilemma in philosophy 2. What pragmatism means 3. Some metaphysical problems pragmatically considered 4. The one and the many 5. Pragmatism and common sense 6. Pragmatism's conception of truth 7. Pragmatism and humanism 8. Pragmatism and religion Index.
Grieving a Personal Loss

The purpose of this study was to uncover the structure of the lived experience of grieving a personal loss using Parse's research methodology. The nursing perspective for this study is that of Parse's theory of nursing. Through dialogical engagement with the researcher, four participants described their experiences of grieving a personal loss. The researcher dwelled with the descriptions and through extraction-synthesis evolved the structure of the lived experience. The structure of the lived experience of grieving a personal loss is intense struggling in the flux of change while a shifting view fosters moving beyond the now as different possibilities surface in dwelling with and apart from the absent presence and others in light of what is cherished. This study enhances the knowledge base on grieving, expands Parse's theory of nursing, and demonstrates the value of Parse's methodology for uncovering the meaning of lived experiences.
Cell-Specific Post-Transcriptional Regulation of γ-Synuclein Gene by Micro-RNAs

γ-Synuclein is a member of the synucleins family of small proteins, which consists of three members:α, β- and γ-synuclein. γ-Synuclein is abnormally expressed in a high percentage of advanced and metastatic tumors, but not in normal or benign tissues. Furthermore, γ-synuclein expression is strongly correlated with disease progression, and can stimulate proliferation, induce invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. γ-Synuclein transcription is regulated basically through the binding of AP-1 to specific sequences in intron 1. Here we show that γ-synuclein expression may be also regulated by micro RNAs (miRs) on post-transcriptional level. According to prediction by several methods, the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of γ-synuclein gene contains targets for miRs. Insertion of γ-synuclein 3′-UTR downstream of the reporter luciferase (LUC) gene causes a 51% reduction of LUC activity after transfection into SKBR3 and Y79 cells, confirming the presence of efficient targets for miRs in this fragment. Expression of miR-4437 and miR-4674 for which putative targets in 3′-UTR were predicted caused a 61.2% and 60.1% reduction of endogenous γ-synuclein expression confirming their role in gene expression regulation. On the other hand, in cells overexpressing γ-synuclein no significant effect of miRs on γ-synuclein expression was found suggesting that miRs exert their regulatory effect only at low or moderate, but not at high level of γ-synuclein expression. Elevated level of γ-synuclein differentially changes the level of several miRs expression, upregulating the level of some miRs and downregulating the level of others. Three miRs upregulated as a result of γ-synuclein overexpression, i.e., miR-885-3p, miR-138 and miR-497 have putative targets in 3′-UTR of the γ-synuclein gene. Some of miRs differentially regulated by γ-synuclein may modulate signaling pathways and cancer related gene expression. This study demonstrates that miRs might provide cell-specific regulation of γ-synuclein expression and set the stage to further evaluate their role in pathophysiological processes.
Duplication of the ALDH1A2 gene in association with pentalogy of Cantrell: a case report

The pentalogy of Cantrell is rare clustering of congenital defects, first described by Cantrell and colleagues in 1958. The exact pathogenesis for the pentalogy remains unknown and no specific genetic abnormalities have been correlated; however, a failure of embryogenesis has been suspected. The microduplication of chromosome 15q21.3 (57,529,846 to 58,949,448) found in our patient with pentalogy of Cantrell has not been described previously. We describe a case of a newborn Caucasian male baby with prenatally diagnosed pentalogy of Cantrell and a novel maternally inherited copy number variant detected by chromosome microarray analysis. Among the genes within the duplicated region is ALDH1A2, encoding the enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2. Vital for retinoic acid synthesis during early development, ALDH1A2 has previously been demonstrated in animal models to have a strong association with congenital heart disease and diaphragmatic hernia, two key elements comprising pentalogy of Cantrell. It is possible that perturbation of retinoic acid levels during development secondary to this microduplication could underlie the pathology observed in the current case of pentalogy of Cantrell.