cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Putting our Lives in Order

This paper explores the work of American conservationist Wendell Berry as it informs an EcoJustice Education framework and, in particular, a “pedagogy of responsibility.” Berry’s work—essays, fiction, poetry and environmental politics— spans many decades, exposing the devastating effects of economic and political policies that have forced small farmers into debt and off the land in favor of huge mono-crop, high chemical input industrial farming now being globalized across the planet. Focusing on the dissolution of communities and concurrent damages to the land, especially since World War II, Wendell Berry helps us to recognize our capture in a violent culture.
Conceptual design and artificial intelligence

This paper introduces new approaches to the conceptual design of electro-mechanical systems from qualitative specifications of behaviour and function. The power of these methods stems from the integration of techniques in qualitative physics, symbolic mathematics, computational geometry and constraint programming. This is illustrated with an effective kinematic synthesis method that integrates reasoning with configuration spaces and constraint-programming techniques.
Case 34: Globe Injury with Concurrent Intracranial Injury

A 40-year-old man presented with concern for open globe injury in the right eye after his nail gun malfunctioned. He was found to have an 8.2-cm nail traversing the lateral orbit and penetrating the right frontal lobe. He was urgently evaluated by neurosurgery and subsequently underwent removal of the nail by a team including neurosurgery, oculoplastic surgery, and ocular trauma. Upon exploration of the globe, the patient was found to have a partial thickness scleral laceration with an injury to the lateral rectus muscle, which were repaired. Post-operatively, he was found to have a dilated examination concerning for sclopetaria, chorioretinal rupture. He later developed a retinal detachment and required several retinal surgeries due to recurrent retinal detachment before achieving a stable eye exam.
Management of Chondral Lesions of the Knee: Analysis of Trends and Short-Term Complications Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database.

Purpose To provide updated surgical trends of cartilage procedures differentiated by the classic groups of palliative, repair, and restorative modalities. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried from 2010-2016 for the following cartilage procedures: chondroplasty, microfracture, arthroscopic osteochondral autograft or allograft transplantation, open osteochondral autograft or allograft transplantation, and autologous chondrocyte implantation. Demographic variables and short-term (30-day) complications were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc analysis. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyze trends over time. Results A total of 15,609 procedures performed between 2010 and 2016 were analyzed. On average, 342.2 ± 27.9 cartilage procedures were performed per 100,000 operations. There was a linear increase in the management of overall cartilage procedures per 100,000 operations (P = .002). There were also linear increases in arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation, arthroscopic osteochondral allograft transplantation, open osteochondral autograft transplantation, open osteochondral allograft transplantation, and autologous chondrocyte implantation (P Conclusions Cartilage restoration is becoming an increasingly popular modality to address chondral defects. Minimal complication rates suggest that these procedures may be safely performed concomitantly with other interventions. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective database analysis.
Breaking the Oblivious-RAM Bandwidth Wall

PathORAM is a popular security primitive for obfuscating memory access patterns from a secure processor to an insecure main memory. Emerging throughput multicore and GPU processors provide immense memory bandwidth via multiple on-chip memory controllers. PathORAM translates a single off-chip cache line access into ~100 cache lines, thereby stressing the available memory bandwidth. However, current PathORAM scheme shows degradation of bandwidth utilization with an increase in the number of memory controllers. This deprivation in bandwidth utilization is primarily due to the fact that PathORAM falls short in proportionate distribution of memory accesses among all available on-chip memory controllers. This paper presents a novel ORAM path distribution scheme that ensures balanced load distribution among parallel on-chip memory controllers, and consequently improves secure processor performance by ~24% over state-of-the-art PathORAM scheme.
Accelerating Deep Neural Network Training for Action Recognition on a Cluster of GPUs

Due to the additional temporal dimension, large-scale video action recognition is even more challenging than image recognition and typically takes days to train on modern GPUs even for modest-sized datasets. We propose algorithms and techniques to accelerate training of deep neural networks for action recognition on a cluster of GPUs. In terms of convergence and scaling, our distributed training algorithm with adaptive batch size is provably superior to popular asynchronous stochastic gradient descent algorithms. The convergence analysis of our algorithm shows it is possible to reduce communication cost and at the same time minimize the number of iterations needed for convergence. We customize the Adam optimizer for our distributed algorithm to improve efficiency. In addition, we employ transfer-learning to further reduce training time while improving validation accuracy. Compared with the base-line single-GPU stochastic gradient descent implementation of the two-stream training approach, our implementation achieves super-linear speedups on 16 GPUs while improving validation accuracy. For the UCFI0l and HMDB51 datasets, the validation accuracies achieved are 93.1 % and 67.9% respectively. As far as we know, these are the highest accuracies achieved with the two-stream approach that does not involve computationally expensive 3D convolutions or pretraining on much larger datasets.
Competition and tolerance of low soil water favor Carex dominance over establishing Acer seedlings in managed temperate mesic forests

Abstract Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge) dominance of managed temperate mesic forest understories is associated with high deer browsing pressure, frequent partial timber harvests, invasive earthworms, and low seedling-to-sapling recruitment rates of canopy-dominant Acer saccharum (sugar maple). There is concern that Carex dominance may be difficult to reverse because Carex may decrease soil resource availability and tolerate these conditions better than Acer seedlings. However, evaluation of this notion and of management aimed at reducing possible Carex impacts on Acer seedlings is lacking. Here, we examine the effects of (1) removing Carex on soil water and the growth and survival of naturally-established Acer seedlings over a forest understory light gradient, (2) drought on growth, survival, water relations, and soil mineral N pools of potted monocultures and mixtures of Carex and Acer seedlings, and (3) summer vs. autumn glyphosate herbicide treatments on Carex and Acer seedling dynamics in group-selection harvest openings. Carex removal increased soil water and growth of naturally established Acer seedlings but only in harvest gaps >8% light. Carex exhibited greater tolerance of drought than Acer by closing stomates at lower pre-dawn water potentials (−4.2 MPa vs. −3.0 MPa), and incurring lower post-drought mortality (~0% vs. 50%). In well-watered Carex-Acer mixtures, Carex reduced soil NH4+ but not Acer growth or survival relative to Acer monocultures. Glyphosate treatments reduced Carex by >90%, but possible benefits to young Acer seedlings may have been offset by greater deer herbivory on Acer in glyphosate treatments. Our results indicate that Carex reinforces its dominance of mesic hardwood forest understories via water competition and drought tolerance mechanisms that slow the establishment and recruitment of canopy dominant Acer. These effects could be exacerbated by increased intensity and frequency of droughts in the future, such that Carex dominance of understories could accelerate the xerophication of these systems in the face of climate change. Herbicides can be used to reduce Carex but may need to be combined with deer population reductions to promote adequate Acer seedling to sapling recruitment for sustainable management by selection silviculture. The sustainability of other temperate mesic forests globally characterized by high ungulate populations and associated high graminoid density may be similarly challenged.
MYOSIN 1H AND THE SOFT TISSUE PROFILE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FEMALES WITH MANDIBULAR PROGNATHISM

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of Myosin 1H on the soft tissue profile of African American females. Methods: Fourteen African American females from the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Dental Registry and DNA Repository with the ancestral genotype GG, marker rs10850110, locus 12q24.11 were analyzed. For this investigation, measurements were taken of the eleven items that comprise the Holdaway soft tissue analysis. Profile differences between ethnicity and corresponding normative values were explored by independent-sample t tests for all facial profile measurements. Student’s t test for independent means was used to determine differences with accepted norms. Significance was set a p 0.000). In contrast, the H angle of the African American females was larger than the normative value. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous research that Myosin 1H contributes to mandibular prognathism. It agrees with the idea that Myosin 1H is less influential in the maxillary soft tissue complex. Understanding the genetic influence of soft tissue growth would allow improved therapies and prevention approaches.
Evoking the Yarragh

Appleby reflects on a meeting with musician Van Morrison, noting the incongruity between the spiritual depth of his music and the artist’s disagreeable temperament. He observes how many contributors to the volume describe artists evoking deeper visions of reality that are simultaneously harrowing and hopeful. He compares this to a Yarragh, a term which Yeats used to describe a cry of the heart, a haunting and haunted sound that can be found in Irish song and poetry. Appleby ponders whether an artist’s evocation of the Yarragh might give expression to Jungian archetypes or common primordial perceptions of humankind. He concludes by reflecting on how encounters with the ineffable can instill hope in the midst of suffering, and set our souls on a journey back to full humanity.
Cultivating resilience in new foster parents through mentoring: A dyadic analysis

Abstract Despite the use of mentor programs within child welfare, few studies have examined relational issues between matched pairs of mentors/mentees. This qualitative study uses interpretive description and adapted dyadic analysis to explore the challenges faced by new foster parents and how foster parent mentors council them through these challenges. Using in depth interviewing, primary data were collected from mentor/ mentee dyads (N = 22). Emergent themes were permitting grief, taking breaks, setting boundaries, and attending to the needs of the family. This study contributes to extant knowledge by identifying ways in which foster parent mentoring can help new foster parents remain engaged, promote placement stability, and support competency.
Impact of air and water vapor environments on the hydrophobicity of surfaces.

Abstract Hypothesis Droplet wettability and mobility play an important role in dropwise condensation heat transfer. Heat exchangers and heat pipes operate at liquid–vapor saturation. We hypothesize that the wetting behavior of liquid water on microstructures surrounded by pure water vapor differs from that for water droplets in air. Experiments The static and dynamic contact angles and contact angle hysteresis of water droplets were measured in air and pure water vapor environments inside a pressure vessel. Pressures ranged from 60 to 1000 mbar, with corresponding saturation temperatures between 36 and 100 °C. The wetting behavior was studied on four hydrophobic surfaces: flat Teflon-coated, micropillars, micro-scale meshes, and nanoparticle-coated with hierarchical micro- and nanoscale roughness. Findings Static advancing contact angles are 9° lower in the water vapor environment than in air on a flat surface. One explanation for this reduction in contact angles is water vapor adsorption to the Teflon. On microstructured surfaces, the vapor environment has little effect on the static contact angles. In all cases, variations in pressure and temperature do not influence the wettability and mobility of the water droplets. In most cases, advancing contact angles increase and contact angle hysteresis decreases when the droplets are sliding or rolling down an inclined surface.
Food Insecurity, Depression, and Race: Correlations Observed Among College Students at a University in the Southeastern United States

Food insecurity is common among college students in the United States and is associated with poorer health-related outcomes and academic performance. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of food insecurity at a large, public university in Mississippi, a state with the second highest rate of food insecurity in the nation, and to examine the associations between food insecurity, depression, and race in this group of students. Food security was measured using the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form, and depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. In total, 131 students ages 18–24 participated in the study. Food insecurity was present in 38.2% of students surveyed. The odds of food insecurity were higher among African American students compared to Caucasian students (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 1.38, 8.90). Students with very low food security had 4.52-times greater odds of having depression than food-secure students (p = 0.011, 95% CI: 1.42, 14.36). Neither body mass index nor body fat percentage were associated with food security status. Further research is needed on strategies to address the risk of depression among food-insecure college students and the racial disparity in food insecurity rates present among college students.
LDLS™ Powered Tunable Light Source with Far-UVC Output

Tunable light source powered by LDLS™ with far-UVC output is proposed and evaluated. Experimental results of in-band fluxes, FWHM bandwidths between 200nm and 400nm, are presented.
Connecting with Community and Facilitating Learning through the Little Rock Congregations Study.

Places of worship play important roles as anchor institutions that promote community engagement and motivate political activity. Universities, particularly in urban settings, can also serve as anchor institutions that connect communities. Yet, there is often a gulf between the two, to the detriment of the broader community. In this article, we present the Little Rock Congregations Study (LRCS) as an approach to community engagement with faith-based organizations in an urban setting. This research project, based at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, involves an interdisciplinary team focused on understanding and improving the community engagement of congregations in the city of Little Rock since 2012. We present qualitative and quantitative data to illustrate the benefits of our approach, including research results returned to community organizations, greater visibility of the university in the community, student involvement in research and with faith-based organizations, and substantive findings that inform the greater body of knowledge and our own community. Through more than eight years of community-based work on the LRCS we provide six key lessons learned for researchers and students building relationships with religious leaders that can help bridge the gulf between these two key community institutions.
The Active Response of an Endothelial Cell to the Onset of Flow

Over the past 25 years, there has been considerable interest in the role of hemodynamics in vascular biology and in those pathobiological events leading to arterial disease. Early on much of the effort was focused on in vivo studies and on experimental investigations using excised tissue; however, more recently there has been a significant emphasis on the use of cell culture studies as will shortly be discussed (Nerem and Girard, 1990). In both the in vivo and in vitro studies much of the focus has been on the vascular endothelial cell (EC). In vivo the vascular endothelium serves as the interface between the flowing blood and the underlying vessel wall. As such it might be expected to serve as a mediator of blood-associated effects on the biology of the vascular wall. This would include hemodynamic-related effects.
Recent Advances in Microfluidically Spun Microfibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications.

In recent years, the unique and tunable properties of microfluidically spun microfibers have led to tremendous advancements for the field of biomedical engineering, which have been applied to areas...
Brown and Bullied Around: The Relationship between Colorism and Workplace Bullying for African Americans/Blacks

This book chapter uses a Chi-Square analysis to confirm that Blacks with darker skin tones are more likely to face workplace bullying when compared to Blacks with lighter skin tones.
Impact of techniques to reduce error in high error rule-based expert system gradient descent networks

Machine learning systems offer the key capability to learn about their operating environment from the data that they are supplied. They can learn via supervised and unsupervised training, from system results during operations, or both. However, while machine learning systems can identify solutions to problems and questions, in many cases they cannot explain how they arrived at them. Moreover, they cannot guarantee that they have not relied upon confounding variables and other non-causal relationships. In some circumstances, learned behaviors may violate legal or ethical principles such as rules regarding non-discrimination. In these and other cases, learned associations that are true in many – but not all – cases may result in critical system failures when processing exceptions to the learned behaviors. A machine learning system, which applies gradient descent to expert system networks, has been proposed as a solution to this. The expert system foundation means that the system can only learn across valid pathways, while the machine learning capabilities facilitate optimization via training and operational learning. While the initial results of this approach are promising, cases where networks were optimized into high error states (and for which continued optimization continued to increase the error level) were noted. This paper proposes and evaluates multiple techniques to handle these high error networks and improve system performance, in these cases.
A Practical Approach to the Evaluation of a Cyclist with Overuse Injury.

Cycling has grown in popularity over the past 20 to 30 years, serving as transportation, fitness, and sport. Cycling is unique for several reasons: it is a non-weight-bearing sport, nearly all of the motion is in the sagittal plane, and it is one of the only sports where an individual remains attached to a machine for a long duration. As such, the cycling athlete has unique needs compared with other endurance-based athletes. The complex biomechanical interaction of bicycle and rider requires a systematic process for assessment, which provides the framework for understanding, evaluating, and treating overuse injury in cyclists.
A Simple Method for Estimating In Situ Stresses at Great Depths

A new borehole method has been recently suggested for estimating stresses remotely at long distances from the operator and under any stress configuration. This method, called "hydraulic fracturing," is based on a technique used by the petroleum industry to stimulate oil wells. The basic required equipment is available commercially through renting or purchasing, and the experience of oil field service companies is accessible to ensure correct functioning. The method itself consists of pressurizing a sealed-off interval of the tested borehole until fracture occurs. Additional pumping is then undertaken to open and extend the fracture. After the pressure is released, an "impression packer" is used to obtain an oriented imprint of the hole showing the inclination and azimuth of the hydraulic fracture. Using the recorded fracturing pressures and the fracture impression, the principal stresses and their directions are calculated. Laboratory experimental work has confirmed most of the theoretical assumptions and results. Stresses calculated from field hydraulic fracturing tests have demonstrated the great potential of the method. In particular, a hydraulic fracturing test was conducted at 6280 ft (1915 m) below the surface at Rangely, Colo. The in situ stresses as determined by the method were in accord with the expected condition for the type and the slip direction of an existing fault, and were used to predict the critical pore pressure necessary to trigger local earthquakes. Following the successful experiment, more field tests have been planned, and a number of research groups have purchased the necessary equipment, planning to use hydrofracturing on a routine basis in the future.
157Gd Photon Dose Enhancement from a Neutron Emitting 252Cf Point Source

Though the efficacy of the 157Gd(n,γ)158*Gd neutron capture reaction (GdNCR) has yet to be demonstrated in humans, there is merit to studying the potential benefits of this modality. In this study, the photon dosimetry of GdNCR enhanced 252Cf fast neutron brachytherapy was examined.
Finding the right fit: examining developmentally appropriate levels of challenge in elicited-imitation studies.

Publisher Summary Over the past two decades, elicited and deferred imitation have emerged as widely used paradigms for the assessment of developmental changes in children's memory abilities. To be implemented effectively, the use of elicited imitation begins with the selection of to-be-remembered material that presents an appropriate level of challenge to the developmental abilities of the participating children. This has been implicit in the use of imitation in which older children are presented with longer sequences than younger children. This chapter presents results from two studies examining the abilities of 16- to 32-month-old children to recall event sequences of a variety of lengths in an elicited-imitation paradigm. The results provide normative information on age-related immediate imitation abilities; and it can serve as a guide for the researchers who plan to use elicited imitation with special populations or use elicited imitation as a tool to study memory's relation to other developmental domains, by establishing developmentally appropriate materials to test children across the second and third years of life.
Endoscopic Robotically Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Anastomosis on the Beating Heart: Analysis of Quantity and Patency

Background: Construction of a coronary artery bypass anastomosis on the beating heart using a computer-enhanced telemanipulation system is feasible but its quality is unknown. Methods: In nine pigs the Left Internal Mammary Artery (LIMA) to the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery anastomosis was constructed exclusively using the ZEUS System. Pressure-fixation stabilizer provided local immobilization. LIMA flow was analyzed using transit-time technology. Pigs had to survive without ischemia with proximal LAD ligated for one hour. Angiography was performed within 90 minutes of the anastomosis and graded using the Fitzgibbon Classification. After sacrifice, the anastomosis was assessed using probes. Results: LIMA-LAD anastomosis was successful in all cases in 22 ± 3.6 minutes. No repair stitches were necessary. LIMA flow was 21.6 ± 2.5 ml/min. Angiographic patency was 100% with grade A anastomosis in all. Eight pigs survived without ischemia for 60 min; one pig fibrillated shortly after completion of anastomosis. A 2 mm probe was passed without resistance through the anastomosis in all cases. Conclusion: The quality of the LIMA-LAD anastomosis performed on the beating heart using the ZEUS robotic system is excellent. Confirmation of these results with a totally endoscopic approach is warranted.
Purification and Properties of Bacillus subtilis Nucleoside Diphosphokinase

Abstract Bacillus subtilis nucleoside diphosphokinase was purified 1,100-fold to apparent homogeneity (a single band upon disc gel electrophoresis). Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 indicated an approximate molecular weight of 100,000. The corrected Michaelis constants for the various nucleoside triphosphate substrates ranged from 0.10 mm for GTP to 0.42 mm for CTP. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as well as ribonucleoside triphosphates served as substrates for the enzyme. Mn2+ and Mg2+ both were able to fulfill the divalent cation requirements for enzyme activity. Mn2+ was maximally activating at 1 mm while Mg2+ was maximally activating at 10 mm. The purified enzyme reacts with [γ-32P]ATP yielding a phosphorylated enzyme in which the phosphate group is bound via a 1-phosphohistidine bond. The equilibrium between the free and phosphorylated enzyme form favors the free form, indicating that the 1-phosphohistidine bond has a free energy of hydrolysis more negative than the terminal ATP bond. Initial velocity and product inhibition kinetic studies suggest a ping pong reaction mechanism (the first product dissociates before the second substrate combines with the enzyme). This is consistent with the postulation that the phosphorylated protein associated with enzyme activity is an intermediate in the enzymatic reaction.
TLK1B promotes repair of DSBs via its interaction with Rad9 and Asf1

The Tousled-like kinases are involved in chromatin assembly, DNA repair, transcription, and chromosome segregation. Previous evidence indicated that TLK1B can promote repair of plasmids with cohesive ends in vitro, but it was inferred that the mechanism was indirect and via chromatin assembly, mediated by its interaction with the chromatin assembly factor Asf1. We recently identified Rad9 as a substrate of TLK1B, and we presented evidence that the TLK1B-Rad9 interaction plays some role in DSB repair. Hence the relative contribution of Asf1 and Rad9 to the protective effect of TLK1B in DSBs repair is not known. Using an adeno-HO-mediated cleavage system in MM3MG cells, we previously showed that overexpression of either TLK1B or a kinase-dead protein (KD) promoted repair and the assembly of Rad9 in proximity of the DSB at early time points post-infection. This established that it is a chaperone activity of TLK1B and not directly the kinase activity that promotes recruitment of 9-1-1 to the DSB. However, the phosphorylation of Rad9(S328) by TLK1B appeared important for mediating a cell cycle checkpoint, and thus, this phosphorylation of Rad9 may have other effects on 9-1-1 functionality. Here we present direct evidence that TLK1B can promote repair of linearized plasmids with incompatible ends that require processing prior to ligation. Immunodepletion of Rad9 indicated that Rad9 was important for processing the ends preceding ligation, suggesting that the interaction of TLK1B with Rad9 is a key mediator for this type of repair. Ligation of incompatible ends also required DNA-PK, as addition of wortmannin or immunodepletion of Ku70 abrogated ligation. Depletion of Ku70 prevented the ligation of the plasmid but did not affect stimulation of the fill-in of the ends by added TLK1B, which was attributed to Rad9. From experiments with the HO-cleavage system, we now show that Rad17, a subunit of the "clamp loader", associates normally with the DSB in KD-overexpressing cells. However, the subsequent release of Rad17 and Rad9 upon repair of the DSB was significantly slower in these cells compared to controls or cells expressing wt-TLK1B. TLKs play important roles in DNA repair, not only by modulation of chromatin assembly via Asf1, but also by a more direct function in processing the ends of a DSB via interaction with Rad9. Inhibition of Rad9 phosphorylation in KD-overexpressing cells may have consequences in signaling completion of the repair and cell cycle re-entry, and could explain a loss of viability from DSBs in these cells.
The benzodiazepines as adjuvant analgesics

There has been long-standing debate regarding whether benzodiazepines possess analgesic properties that are independent of their effects on mood and alertness. A careful review of the literature reveals insufficient evidence to support the contention that the benzodiazepines have meaningful analgesic properties in most clinical circumstances. Treatment with the benzodiazepines may reduce complaints of pain, but this seems to be an indirect effect related to their psychotropic properties, such as alleviation of anxiety and, in selected cases, depression. In the absence of definitive data, clinical experience suggests a potential role for treatment with benzodiazepines for acute muscle spasm, concomitant chronic pain and anxiety, and lancinating neropathic pain, in which case clonazepam and alprazolam may be the agents of choice. They should probably not be considered as first-line choices even for the above indications, since potential benefits must be considered in the context of potential for the development of cognitive impairment, physical and psychological dependence, worsening depression, overdose, and other side effects.
Polymerization of amino acids under primitive earth conditions

Small amounts of peptides were obtained when equal amounts of methane and ammonia were reacted with vaporized aqueous solutions of C14-labeled glycine, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid and L-threonine in the presence of a continuous spark discharge in a 24-hr cyclic process. The experiment was designed to demonstrate the possibility of peptide synthesis under simulated primeval earth conditions. It is theorized that some dehydration-condensation processes may have taken place, with ammonium cyanide, the hydrogencyanide tetramer or aminonitriles as intermediate products, during the early chemical evolution of the earth.
Vortex cutting by a blade. I - General theory and a simple solution

A simplified theory for long-wave motion of vortex filaments with variable core radius is given, for small values of the ratio e = max(a/L) of core radius a to axial length scale L, which offers a number of advantages for numerical computations of the vortex response. An analytical solution of this theory is then obtained for the axial flow within a straight vortex filament following cutting of the vortex by a flat blade at an angle of attack a. The mathematical structure of the solution is similar to the classic problem of impulsive piston motion in a shock tube, and analogies of shocks and expansion waves propagating on the vortex away from the blade are predicted. A simple expression for the vortex force on the blade is derived, which is found to be mainly dependent on the ratio of the vortex core radii on opposing sides of the blade.
Experimental investigation of cyclic and time-dependent deformation of titanium alloy at elevated temperature

Abstract A novel cyclic deformation test program was undertaken to characterize macroscopic time dependent deformation of a titanium alloy for use in viscoplastic model development. All tests were conducted at a high homologous temperature, 650 °C, where there are large time dependent and loading rate dependent effects. Uninterrupted constant amplitude tests having zero mean stress or a tensile mean stress were conducted using three different control modes: strain amplitude and strain rate, stress amplitude and stress rate, and a hybrid stress amplitude and strain rate. Strain ratcheting occurred for all cyclic tests having a tensile mean stress and no plastic shakedown was observed. The shape of the strain ratcheting curve as a function of time is analogous to a creep curve having primary, steady state and tertiary regions, but the magnitude of the ratchet strains are higher than creep strains would be for a constant stress equal to the mean stress. Strain cycles interrupted with up to eight 2-h stress relaxation periods around the hysteresis loop, including hold times in each quadrant of the stress–strain diagram, were also conducted. Stress relaxation was path-dependent and in some cases the stress relaxed to zero. The cyclic behavior of these interrupted tests was similar even though each cycle was very complex. These results support constitutive model development by providing exploratory, characterization and validation data.
Modeling Q-Switching in Actively Mode-Locked Lasers

We characterize the Q-switching behavior in an active mode-locked cavity as the nonlinear beating interaction of two unstable modes. The nonlinear beating generates a modulated pulse-train which is verified with numerical simulations.
Transcript-RNA-templated DNA recombination and repair

Homologous recombination is a molecular process that has multiple important roles in DNA metabolism, both for DNA repair and genetic variation in all forms of life. Generally, homologous recombination involves the exchange of genetic information between two identical or nearly identical DNA molecules; however, homologous recombination can also occur between RNA molecules, as shown for RNA viruses. Previous research showed that synthetic RNA oligonucleotides can act as templates for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in yeast and human cells, and artificial long RNA templates injected in ciliate cells can guide genomic rearrangements. Here we report that endogenous transcript RNA mediates homologous recombination with chromosomal DNA in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed a system to detect the events of homologous recombination initiated by transcript RNA following the repair of a chromosomal DSB occurring either in a homologous but remote locus, or in the same transcript-generating locus in reverse-transcription-defective yeast strains. We found that RNA-DNA recombination is blocked by ribonucleases H1 and H2. In the presence of H-type ribonucleases, DSB repair proceeds through a complementary DNA intermediate, whereas in their absence, it proceeds directly through RNA. The proximity of the transcript to its chromosomal DNA partner in the same locus facilitates Rad52-driven homologous recombination during DSB repair. We demonstrate that yeast and human Rad52 proteins efficiently catalyse annealing of RNA to a DSB-like DNA end in vitro. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of homologous recombination and DNA repair in which transcript RNA is used as a template for DSB repair. Thus, considering the abundance of RNA transcripts in cells, RNA may have a marked impact on genomic stability and plasticity.
Chronic patterns of mother-child coercion: Some differences between insular and noninsular families

Abstract Twenty-six mother-child dyads were referred for psychological help because of their children's oppositional actions. Fifteen of the mothers were classified as insular on the basis of a self report measure of their extra family social contacts. This classification was taken to mean that the mother-child referral problems would be resistant to change. All dyads were observed in their home setting during times of the day which the mothers specified as likely periods of child oppositional actions. Results showed similar occurence rates of child opposition and mother aversive and positive reactions for the insular and noninsular dyads. However, durations of these coercive episodes were longer for the insular dyads.
Covariation among elements of rattlesnake posture: Potential interspecific signals

Two rattlesnakes were photographed in various behavioral states from two perspectives (from above and from the side) simultaneously, and 26 measures of posture were taken from each pair of pictures. A total of 48 pairs of pictures were digitized in this manner. These measures were then subjected to a correlational analysis. Various measures taken from the side view were significantly correlated with each other and with measures taken from the top view. For example, the degree to which the head and neck were elevated above the floor (as seen from side view) was correlated with the number of S-shaped loops in the body (as seen from top view). Both sets of measures were, in turn, associated with the snakes’ momentary state of defensiveness. Hence, a bird viewing the snake from above could diagnose the snake’s behavioral state by cues which are quite different from those which could be used for the same purpose by rodents or canids that would view the snake from a horizontal perspective. Although we have not established that these cues are in fact being utilized by birds, rodents, or canids (or any other animal), the fact remains that covarying postural elements are associated with particular behavioral states and that they may be useful cues for prey or predators.
Understanding the design and economics of distributed tri-generation systems for home and neighborhood refueling—Part I: Single family residence case studies

Abstract The potential benefits of hydrogen as a transportation fuel will not be achieved until hydrogen vehicles capture a substantial market share. However, although hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technology has been making rapid progress, the lack of a hydrogen infrastructure remains a major barrier for FCV adoption and commercialization. The high cost of building an extensive hydrogen station network and the foreseeable low utilization in the near term discourages private investment. Based on the past experience of fuel infrastructure development for motor vehicles, innovative, distributed, small-volume hydrogen refueling methods may be required to refuel FCVs in the near term. Among small-volume refueling methods, home and neighborhood tri-generation systems (systems that produce electricity and heat for buildings, as well as hydrogen for vehicles) stand out because the technology is available and has potential to alleviate consumer's fuel availability concerns. In addition, it has features attractive to consumers such as convenience and security to refuel at home or in their neighborhood. The objective of this paper is to provide analytical tools for various stakeholders such as policy makers, manufacturers and consumers, to evaluate the design and the technical, economic, and environmental performances of tri-generation systems for home and neighborhood refueling. An interdisciplinary framework and an engineering/economic model is developed and applied to assess home tri-generation systems for single family residences (case studies on neighborhood systems will be provided in a later paper). Major tasks include modeling yearly system operation, exploring the optimal size of a system, estimating the cost of electricity, heat and hydrogen, and system CO2 emissions, and comparing the results to alternatives. Sensitivity analysis is conducted, and the potential impacts of uncertainties in energy prices, capital cost reduction (or increase), government incentives and environmental cost are evaluated. Policy implications of the modeling results are also explored.
Powerful medicine with long-term side effects

Abstract Gunther Kress’ call to include graphics in our conception of literacy is valuable, given the print-bias of English departments and writing programs generally. If we answer Kress’ call, however, we will further marginalize the oral and face-to-face aspects of our curriculum: listening, speaking, and class discussion.
Effect of molecular motion on electron spin phase memory times for copper(II) complexes in doped solids

Electron spin phase memory times,T m, as a function of temperature were measured for Cu(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate), Cu(Et2dtc)2; Cu(II) bis(diethyldithiophosphate), Cu(Et2dtp)2; Cu(II) bis(diphenyldithiophosphate), Cu(Ph2dtp)2; Cu(II) tetratolylporphyrin, CuTTP; vanadyl 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tritolylporphyrin, VOTTP-COOH; and Ag(II) tetratolylporphyrin, AgTTP, doped into powdered samples of closely-related diamagnetic hosts. For the three metalloporphyrins, the electron spin relaxation rate (1/T m) increased monotonically with increasing temperature. However the temperature dependence of the relaxation rate was not monotonic for the three other Cu(II) complexes. For Cu(Et2dtc)2 and Cu(Et2dtp)2 the temperature dependence of 1/T m between about 85 and 130 K is attributed to the effects of methyl rotation, with activation energies of 1.0 kcal/mole. Between 120 and 250 K the 1/T m data for Cu(Ph2dtp)2 exhibit effects that are attributed to motion of the phenyl rings.
A general multi-strain model with environmental transmission: invasion conditions for the disease-free and endemic states.

Abstract Although many infectious diseases of humans and wildlife are transmitted via an environmental reservoir, the theory of environmental transmission remains poorly elaborated. Here we introduce an SIR -type multi-strain disease transmission model with perfect cross immunity where environmental transmission is broadly defined by three axioms. We establish the conditions under which a multi-strain endemic state is invaded by another strain which is both directly and environmentally transmitted. We discuss explicit forms for environmental transmission terms and apply our newly derived invasion conditions to a two-strain system. Then, we consider the case of two strains with matching basic reproduction numbers (i.e., R 0 ), one directly transmitted only and the other both directly and environmentally transmitted, invading each other's endemic state. We find that the strain which is only directly transmitted can invade the endemic state of the strain with mixed transmission. However, the endemic state of the first strain is neutrally stable to invasion by the second strain. Thus, our results suggest that environmental transmission makes the endemic state less resistant to invasion.
Redefining Religion: Uzbek Atheist Propaganda in Gorbachev-Era Uzbekistan

Much has been made in the social sciences of the ambiguity of nationalism in Central Asia, where not only the boundaries between republics but between nations, languages, and peoples were drawn by ...
Estimates of ventilation from inductance plethysmography in sleeping asthmatic patients.

To assess the accuracy of the respiratory inductance plethysmograph (RIP) for monitoring ventilation during sleep-associated bronchoconstriction, five adult patients with nocturnal worsening of their asthma were monitored overnight in the sleep laboratory. Three of the five patients demonstrated episodic paradoxic respiratory motion of the lower rib cage undetected by the RIP. Such paradoxic motion was consistently associated with overestimation of volumetric data by RIP compared to pneumotachygraphic measurements. With onset of lower rib cage paradox, the mean error of RIP-derived Vt measurements increased from 9.1 ± 1.7 to 27.9 ± 3.8 percent (p
Soil-structure interaction in coupled rocking and sliding vibration — the plane problem

Abstract For a strip wall erected on a rigid strip foundation and supported on the surface of the ground, the dynamic soil-structure interaction under the action of horizontal ground motion is investigated. The ground motion is idealized as vertically propagating, horizontal steady-state motion. Because the horizontal ground motion brings about sliding vibration of the foundation as well as rocking vibration, the coupled rocking and sliding vibration of the soil-structure system is considered in this paper. For the contact between the ground and the foundation, the following assumptions are made: (a) the contact is assumed to be welded, that is to say, the motion of the foundation is consistent with the ground; (b) the horizontal translation at each point on the bottom surface of the foundation is equal to a constant; (c) the distribution of the normal displacements under the foundation remains linear in the rocking vibration. For comparison, the case of uncoupled vibration is considered also. The use of Fourier transform method yields dual integral equations (for the case without coupled effect) or simultaneous dual integral equations (for the case with coupled effect). Both of them are solved by means of infinite series of orthogonal functions, and Jacobi polynomials. The numerical results show that there are significant differences between the displacement of the foundation, the relative displacements of the top of the wall with respect to its base, and the distributions of contact stresses beneath the foundation, for the cases with and without the coupling effect.
SIRIUS Academics: A Multidimensional Initiative to Improve Student Retention and Success.

SIRIUS Academics is a partnership of educators, technical experts, and corporate sponsors assembled to produce a highly interactive textbook replacement model for use in all course delivery modes. The model promotes student retention and success by integrating learning and motivation research, embedded assessments, and enriched multimedia content for student engagement.
Implementation of VLSI self-testing by regularization

A novel circuit design methodology is developed for comprehensive offline self-testing of nearly regular VLSI circuits. It is based on four major design techniques: circuit partitioning, regularization to produce identical subcircuits (modules), parallel testing of modules, and fault detection by direct comparison of response streams from the modules. A generalization of I-testing called sequential I-testing (SI-testing) is described, which allows identical response streams to be produced at different times and be subsequently synchronized for comparison purposes. The concepts of k-regular and nearly k-regular circuits are introduced, which generalize regular circuits (iterative logic arrays) to array-like circuits that contain several cell-types and are moderately irregular. A heuristic circuit partitioning and regularization method for nearly-regular circuits is described. >
A sensitive specific enzymatic-fluorometric assay for homocarnosine.

We have developed a sensitive and specific assay for homocarnosine in tissues. Homocarnosine is separated from GABA by ion exchange chromatography. After hydrolysis of homocarnosine with swine kidney carnosinase, the evolved GABA is measured by an enzymatic-fluorometric procedure. As little as 0.1 nmol of tissue homocarnosine can be detected by this procedure. Homoanserine, which would be detected by this assay, can be separated from homocarnosine by thin layer chromatography. No homoanserine could be detected in any tissues examined. There are marked regional variations in levels of homocarnosine in guinea-pig brain that do not correspond to regional differences in GABA levels.
Who Benefits from Pennebaker’s Expressive Writing? More Research Recommendations: A Commentary on Range and Jenkins

This manuscript is a commentary on Range and Jenkins’ (2010) exploration of possible gender differences in the outcomes of Pennebaker’s expressive writing paradigm. It too examines possible gender differences, but uses a different perspective and extends Range and Jenkins’ work. She focuses solely on reasons outcomes might be more beneficial for men, while this commentary looks at outcomes that may favor either gender. It employs a communication and emotion framework and explores the effects of previous trauma disclosure, women's tendency to ruminate, and the congruence of written instructions and preferred communication style. Also examined are shame, an emotion associated with some traumas, socially appropriate emotion expression, and the impact of alexithymia on emotional disclosure. Research recommendations are provided.