cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projected Shifts in 21st Century Sardine Distribution and Catch in the California Current

Predicting changes in the abundance and distribution of small pelagic fish species in response to anthropogenic climate forcing is of paramount importance due to the ecological and socioeconomic importance of these species, especially in Eastern boundary current upwelling regions. Coastal upwelling systems are notorious for the wide range of spatial (from local to basin) and temporal (from days to decades) scales influencing their physical and biogeochemical environments and, thus, forage fish habitat. Bridging those scales can be achieved by using high-resolution regional models that integrate global climate forcing downscaled from coarser resolution earth system models. Here, “end-to-end” projections for 21st century sardine population dynamics and catch in the California Current system (CCS) are generated by coupling three dynamically downscaled earth system model solutions to an individual-based fish model and an agent-based fishing fleet model. Simulated sardine population biomass during 2000-2100 exhibits primarily low frequency (decadal) variability, and a progressive poleward shift driven by thermal habitat preference. The magnitude of poleward displacement varies noticeably under lower and higher warming conditions (500 and 800 km, respectively). Following the redistribution of the sardine population, catch is projected to increase by 50-70% in the northern CCS and decrease by 30-70% in the southern and central CCS. However, the late-century increase in sardine abundance (and hence, catch) in the northern CCS exhibits a large ensemble spread and is not statistically identical across the three downscaled projections. Overall, the results illustrate the benefit of using dynamical downscaling from multiple earth system models as input to high-resolution regional end-to-end (“physics to fish”) models for projecting population responses of higher trophic organisms to global climate change.
Correlation of the I-HaND Scale with Other Musculoskeletal Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Scores

Background Experiments can determine if nerve-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can outperform regional or condition-specific PROMs. We compared a nerve-specific PROM of the upper extremity, the Impact of Hand Nerve Disorders (I-HaND) scale, to other validated measures quantifying activity intolerance and sought to assess interquestionnaire correlations and factors independently associated with activity intolerance and pain intensity. Methods One hundred and thirty patients with any upper extremity nerve-related condition completed measures of demographics, psychological limitations, quality of life, activity intolerance, and pain intensity. To quantify activity intolerance, we used the I-HaND, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function Upper Extremity, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand short form. Results Strong interquestionnaire correlations were found between the activity intolerance measures (r between 0.70 and 0.91). Multivariable analysis revealed that greater activity intolerance and greater pain intensity correlated most with greater symptoms of depression on all scales, with symptoms of depression accounting for 53 to 84% of the variability in the PROMs. Conclusion There is no clear advantage of the nerve-specific I-HaND over shorter, regional PROMs, perhaps because they are all so closely tied to mental health. Unless an advantage relating to responsiveness to treatment is demonstrated, we support using a brief arm-specific PROM for all upper extremity conditions. Level of Evidence Level II; Prognostic.
Feasibility of tele-chemotherapy administration to improve access to rural cancer patients.

112Background: Telehealth improves access to cancer care for patients with cancer in rural communities. It allows qualified infusion nurses to administer chemotherapy in smaller rural towns under s...
Computational Materials Insights Into Solid-State Multiqubit Systems

A path to bridge the gap between ab initio materials calculations and the model Hamiltonians used to discover and develop scalable quantum systems is presented.
Targeting the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in cancer: opportunities and challenges

Increasing evidence indicates that a mitochondria-specific stress response referred to as the 'mitochondrial unfolded protein response' (UPRmt) is activated to maintain mitochondrial integrity and support tumor growth. In this forum article, we discuss the recent advances and current challenges in therapeutically targeting UPRmt in cancer.
Environmental certainty influences the neural systems regulating responses to threat and stress.

Abstract Flexible calibration of threat responding in accordance with the environment is an adaptive process that allows an animal to avoid harm while also maintaining engagement of other goal-directed actions. This calibration process, referred to as threat response regulation, requires an animal to calculate the probability that a given encounter will result in a threat so they can respond accordingly. Here we review the neural correlates of two highly studied forms of threat response suppression: extinction and safety conditioning. We focus on how relative levels of certainty or uncertainty in the surrounding environment alter the acquisition and application of these processes. We also discuss evidence indicating altered threat response regulation following stress exposure, including enhanced fear conditioning, and disrupted extinction and safety conditioning. To conclude, we discuss research using an animal model of coping that examines the impact of stressor controllability on threat responding, highlighting the potential for previous experiences with control, or other forms of coping, to protect against the effects of future adversity.
Difficulties in Achieving Deterrence by International Criminal Tribunals: The Example of the ICTY in Kosovo in Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect Of International Criminal Tribunals

Chapter on the Difficulties in Achieving Deterrence by International Criminal Tribunals: The Example of the ICTY in Kosovo; The chapters explores whether the ICTY has had a deterrent effect in the Kosovo context. The chapter initially evaluates whether creation of the ICTY itself has had a deterrent effect, to further focus on the effect of its work short term and long term. The main focus is put on the potential individual and general deterrent effect of indictments and the counter effect of the lenient sentences. The empirical research shows that the tribunal has failed in its main task of deterring future crimes.
The Impact of Simulation Training on Operative Performance in General Surgery: Lessons Learned from a Prospective Randomized Trial.

Background Practice in the simulated environment can improve surgical skills. However, the transfer of open complex surgical skills to the operating room is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of resident operative performance following a simulation experience on a hand-sewn small bowel anastomosis and determined the impact of utilizing proficiency-based training. Methods Nine categorical interns performed a hand-sewn small bowel anastomosis in the operating room prior to (pre-test) and following (post-test) a 3-h simulation training session with an assessment at the end. Participants were randomly assigned to 1of 2 simulation training groups: proficiency-based or standard. Operative performance was videotaped. 2 independent, blinded faculty surgeons assessed performances by a global rating scale. Pre- and post-confidence levels were obtained on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Overall, pre-test and post-test operative performance was similar (3 [IQR, 2.5 -3.5] versus 3 [IQR, 3 -3], P = 0.59). Furthermore, no difference was observed in the post-test performance with proficiency-based or standard training (3 [IQR, 3 -3] versus 3 [IQR, 3 -3], P = 0.73). Self-reported confidence with the skills, however, significantly improved (median 1 versus 4, P = 0.007). Conclusions In this prospective, randomized study, we did not observe an improvement in operative performance following simulation instruction and assessment, with both training groups. Overcoming barriers to skills transfer will be paramount in the future to optimize simulation training in general surgery. These findings highlight the importance of continued study for the ideal conditions and timing of technical skills training.
Trends in Receipt of Help at Home After Hospital Discharge Among Older Adults in the US.

Importance With declining use of institutional postacute care, more patients are going directly home after hospital discharge. The consequences on the amount of help needed at home after discharge are unknown. Objective To estimate trends in the frequency and duration of receipt of help with activities of daily living (ADLs) among older adults discharged home. Design, setting, and participants Repeated cross-sectional study of a national sample of community-dwelling older adults who returned home after hospital discharge from 2011 to 2017. Participants included respondents to National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an annual population-based, nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries, who were 69 years or older and were discharged from an acute care hospital to home during the years of the study. A nationally representative sample was estimated using NHATS' analytic weights. Unweighted frequencies and weighted and unweighted percentages are reported. The analysis was conducted from September 2020 to October 2021. Exposures Discharge from an acute care hospitalization. Main outcomes and measures Receipt of help with ADLs during the 3 months after hospital discharge. Results Of the 3591 survey participants who were discharged home from an acute care hospital during the study period, 53.3% were female, 54.8% were married or living with a partner, and the mean (SD) age was 78.5 (7.0) years. Of these, 1710 (44.1%) reported receiving help within 3 months of discharge. Compared with people not receiving help, those receiving help were older (mean [SD] years, 79.7 [7.5] years vs 77.6 [6.3] years), had worse self-rated health at baseline (47.1% with fair or poor health vs 26.5%) and were more likely to have dementia (21.8% vs 5.5%). The percentage of respondents who reported receiving help increased during the study period from 38.1% of hospital discharges in 2011 to 51.5% in 2017. For those who were independent in their ADLs before hospitalization, the percentage receiving help after discharge more than doubled over the study period increasing from 9.3% receiving help in 2011 to 31.8% in 2017. Among patients who did not receive Medicare-reimbursed home health, the percentage receiving help also increased from 22.1% to 28.1%. Among those who received help after discharge, the need for help slowly declined to prehospitalization levels over the ensuing 9 months. Conclusions and relevance In this cross-sectional study, older adults' receipt of help at home after hospital discharge increased from 2011 to 2017, including patients relying on non-Medicare funded sources of care. As payers steer patients away from inpatient postacute care facilities, policymakers will need to pay attention to this shifting burden of care.
What Is Informatics

Biomedical informatics is a discipline dating back to the 1950s that continues to evolve with the growth of data and advances in technology in biomedicine and health care. This field brings together foundational approaches from many scientific and technological disciplines that can be applied across the spectrum from molecules to individuals to populations. In the context of the learning healthcare system, this chapter highlights frameworks and methods for transforming data to knowledge, putting knowledge into practice through evidence-based technology innovations, and evaluating the impact of those innovations.
The evolution of the supermarket industry: from A & P to Walmart

This paper examines the evolution of the supermarket industry, from the birth of the chain store concept in the early 1900s to the recent rise of the Wal-Mart supercenter. The central message is that the major themes relevant today (the importance of scale and standardization, technological innovation, the introduction of new formats, and the rapt attention of anti-trust authorities) appear throughout its hundred year history. The goal of this paper is to provide a coherent context for current merger policy and broaden our understanding of the processes shaping the economic geography of retail trade.
Partial node configuration-interaction Monte Carlo as applied to the Fermi polaron

Finding the ground state of a fermionic Hamiltonian using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) is a very difficult problem, due to the Fermi sign problem. While still scaling exponentially, full configuration-interaction Monte Carlo (FCIQMC) mitigates some of the exponential variance by allowing annihilation of noise---whenever two walkers arrive at the same configuration with opposite signs, they are removed from the simulation. While FCIQMC has been quite successful for quantum chemistry problems, its application to problems in condensed systems has been limited. In this paper, we apply the FCIQMC algorithm to the Fermi polaron problem, which provides an ideal test bed for improving the algorithm, although since we restrict the number of many-body excitations, our algorithm is more precisely a QMC implementation of the configuration-interaction method (CIQMC). In its simplest form, CIQMC is unstable for even a fairly small system sizes. However, with a series of algorithmic improvements, we are able to significantly increase its effectiveness. We modify fixed node QMC to work in these systems, introduce a well chosen importance sampled trial wave function, a partial node approximation, and a variant of release node. Finally, we develop a way to perform CIQMC directly in the thermodynamic limit.
Liposarcoma of the oropharyngeal region. Review of the literature and report of two cases.

Abstract From 1968 to 1975, two cases of well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma of the oropharyngeal region were seen in the Department of Pathology of Harlem Hospital Center. A review of the literature from 1911 to 1976 disclosed thirty-two cases which met the criteria for inclusion in this study. The age, sex, race, location, histologic type, and biologic behavior were analyzed. Correlation of the available data from the literature with our experience showed that the well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma was the most common histologic type in the head and neck region and presented the best prognosis.
When you Wish Upon a Star: Explaining the Cautious Growth of Royalty-Backed Securitization

This article focuses on the phenomenon of securitizing future royalties of entertainers, illustrating why securitzation of such royalties has not been embraced more enthusiastically. The article begins by describing the securitization process in general and the differences between mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The article then examines the benefits of securitization as applied to entertainment royalties. Benefits of securitization include immediate liquidity, less expensive capital, and diversification of the suppliers of the originator’s funding. However, securitization does not make sense for many entertainers unless they need large sums of cash. Moreover, securitizing royalties may not be viable because it creates a host of copyright issues.
Hardware design with generalized arrows

Ordinarily, a compiler for a multi-level language will contain some knowledge of the object language; for example, in a multi-stage programming language with runtime code generation, the compiler will know how to produce code which emits machine code for object language expressions. This means that adding, extending, or replacing the object language requires knowledge of compiler internals. Generalized arrows act as an intermediate language, separating the meta language compiler from the object language implementation. Two-level expressions are flattened [11] into ordinary one-level expressions polymorphic in an instance of the GArrow class, which is used to represent object language expressions. Operations on object language expressions are then packaged in an instance of the GArrow class, which is a library rather than part of the compiler. This paper presents an example application of this approach: a bit-serial circuit which searches for SHA-256 hash collisions. A two-level circuit-building program is passed through the GHC flattening pass (which is not specific to hardware design in any way) and the resulting one-level program is combined with a GArrow instance that emits Verilog code; this instance is an ordinary Haskell library which can be written without knowledge of compiler internals.
Local News Media Cultivation of Host Receptivity in Plainstown

This message-system and cultivation analysis investigated the influence of local news on the host receptivity of native-born “Plainstown” residents toward immigrants. The message-system analysis revealed that regional television and newspaper immigration coverage was more pessimistic, while local newspaper immigration coverage was more optimistic. A cultivation analysis confirmed that attention to pessimistic coverage interacted with conversations about immigration to reduce host receptivity. This research contributes to the study of cross-cultural adaptation by constructing and validating a measure of Y. Y. Kim's (2001) concept of host receptivity. By demonstrating that second-order cultivation is the product of on-line cognitive processes, this research provided additional validation of Shrum's (2004) online model of second-order cultivation. Findings suggest that optimistic immigration news frames may facilitate host receptivity.
An integrated pulse oximeter system for telemedicine applications

This paper will describe a wireless integrated pulse oximeter system that enables the measurement of blood oxygen saturation and the direct measurement of heart rate. Its implementation is relatively simple and thus easily put on a VLSI chip so it can be attached on a person's ear lobe, finger or other body part. The chip includes a radio transmitter/telemetry system, so measurement data can be linked to a data acquisition system. To conserve battery life, the sensor will be activated by external RF tagging as needed.
A Comparison of B2C E-Commerce in Developing Countries

This article surveys the challenges of conducting business to consumer (B2C) e-commerce in developing countries. Low credit card penetration and poor delivery systems are widely viewed as serious problems for B2C e-commerce in developing countries. An investigation of payment and delivery methods provided by B2C sites in Russia, India and Latin America is reported. Similarities and differences in how sites from the three regions handle payment and delivery are presented. The results of an examination of e-commerce sites show that sites from all areas used a variety of payment and delivery methods, many of which are not highly used in the USA. The results also show that there are some regional differences in how e-commerce sites have chosen to deal with low credit card penetration and poor delivery systems. The implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Purification and mass spectroscopic analysis of human CB2 cannabinoid receptor expressed in the baculovirus system

The cannabinergic system is present in a variety of organs and tissues that perform a wide range of essential physiologic functions making it an inherently important therapeutic target for drug discovery. In order to augment our knowledge regarding the interactions between cannabinoid receptors (CBs) and their ligands, efficient and effective tools are essential for robust expression and purification of these membrane-bound proteins. In this report, we describe a suitable method for purification of the human cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) to a qualitative and quantitative level sufficient for mass spectral analysis. We utilized a baculovirus expression system, incorporating several epitope tags to facilitate purification and to ameliorate the effect the tags have on CB2 expression and function. Expressed protein encoded by a carboxy (C)-terminal His-tagged CB2 construct displayed a B(max) value of 9.3 pmol/mg with a K(D) of 7.30 nM using [3(H)]CP-55(940), a standard cannabinoid radioligand, and was selected for subsequent purification experiments. Western blot analysis of purified membrane protein yielded several forms of CB2, the most abundant being a 41 kDa peptide. A second protein species was observed with an apparent molecular weight of 46 kDa representing a glycosylated form of CB2. In addition, a CB2 homodimer was also identified. The purified receptor was subjected to mass spectroscopic analysis to confirm its identity and purity. Mass spectra corresponding to the intracellular, extracellular and transmembrane domains were obtained. These experiments exemplify the importance of high-level expression systems when developing membrane-bound protein purification strategies. This work will aid in the identification of receptor-ligand binding sites, the characterization of molecular features involved in receptor activation, and the elucidation of the CB2 receptor tertiary structure.
A Cluster Analysis Typology of Religiousness/Spirituality Among Older Adults

This study used cluster analysis to identify sets of individuals similar to one another across multiple measures of religiousness and then ascertained if these groups differed by sociodemographic c...
Evolution of a moderately short turbulent boundary layer in a severe pressure gradient

The early and intermediate development of a highly accelerated (or decelerated) turbulent boundary layer is analyzed. For sufficiently large accelerations (or pressure gradients) and for total normal strains which are not excessive, the equation for the Reynolds shear stress simplifies to give a stress that remains approximately constant as it is convected along streamlines. The theoretical results for the evolution of the mean velocity in favourable and adverse pressure gradients agree well with experiment for the cases considered. A calculation which includes mass injection at the wall is also given.
The Spaces of Modernity: Readings in Human Geography. Edited by Michael Dear and Steven Flusty

(2005). The Spaces of Modernity: Readings in Human Geography. Edited by Michael Dear and Steven Flusty. Economic Geography: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 435-436.
Biomarker signatures of mitochondrial NDUFS3 in invasive breast carcinoma

We present evidence for potential biomarker utility of a mitochondrial complex I subunit, (NDUFS3) in discriminating normal and highly invasive breast carcinoma specimens obtained from clinical patients. Besides being a robust indicator of breast cancer aggressiveness, NDUFS3 also shows clear signatures of a hypoxia/necrosis marker in invasive ductal carcinoma specimens. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between nuclear grade and NDUFS3 expression level in the tumor specimens analyzed. We support these findings with a plausible mechanism involving mitochondrial complex I assembly defects and/or redox buffering induced mitochondrial dysfunction during the process of cancer cell transformation. From a clinical standpoint, this novel observation adds value in augmenting the current receptor-based biomarkers for better accuracy in diagnosis and predicting survival rate in patients with breast carcinoma.
The physics of behavioral systems

A formal theory of behavior and emotion is outlined which relates an operationally defined psychological force field to the propensity for choice among alternative behaviors. The propensity is represented by a probability density which depends not only on the configuration of the force field, but also on the individual's level of emotional arousal. The level of emotional arousal is linked probabilistically to the individual's interaction history. The theory is formally analogous to the mathematics of quantum mechanics and its philosophical roots are traceable to the metaphysical cosmology of Whitehead; however, no attempt is made to justify it on these grounds. Instead, illustrative examples employing the theory are drawn from contemporary behavioral science data, demonstrating the efficacy of a probabilistic, field theoretic approach to behavioral modeling.
Close Companions at Church, Health, and Health Care Use in Late Life

Objective: This article studies whether there are age variations in the relationships between having a close companion friend at church, health, and outpatient physician visits. Method: The data come from two waves of interviews in a nationwide survey of older adults. These data are analyzed with ordinary least squares multiple regression analyses. Results: The findings reveal that older people who have a close companion friend in the place where they worship are more likely to rate their health in a favorable way over time. However, these health-related benefits emerge only among the oldest-old study participants. The data results further indicate that having a close friend at church is associated with fewer outpatient physician visits over time, but once again, the results are observed only among the oldest old. Discussion: The results from this study provide preliminary insight into one way in which spiraling health care costs may eventually be curtailed.
Second-order sensitivity analysis in factorable programming: theory and applications

Second-order sensitivity analysis methods are developed for analyzing the behavior of a local solution to a constrained nonlinear optimization problem when the problem functions are perturbed slightly. Specifically, formulas involving third-order tensors are given to compute second derivatives of components of the local solution with respect to the problem parameters. When in addition, the problem functions are factorable, it is shown that the resulting tensors are polyadic in nature.
Measuring the directivity index of underwater sound projectors

The directivity index D i of an underwater sound source usually is approximated because of the difficulty involved in performing the required power measurements and integrating over all angles. A simulation study conducted at the Underwater Sound Reference Division resulted in a model of a D i measuring system that minimizes the complexity of measuring the power profile about a sphere with accuracy to within ±0.1 dB. A system was assembled in accordance with the model and experimental measurements have been made in a shallow lake. The instrumentation and measurement techniques are presented in this paper. A complete three-dimensional power profile can be obtained in approximately 10 min running time with conventional hardware. Measured values of D i are in close agreement with theoretical calculations based on a perfect piston raditors, except for patterns with significant sidelobes.
Multispectral infrared detection using plasmon-assisted cavities

We report the demonstration of multi-spectral quantum dots-in-a-well infrared photo-detectors through the coupling of incident light to resonant modes of surface plasmons. The integration of a surface plasmon assisted cavity with the detector results in shifting the peak wavelength of absorption of the detector to that of the resonant wavelength of the cavity. The cavity consists of a square lattice structure with square holes in it. A wavelength tuning of 8.5 to 9 μm was observed, by changing the pitch of the fabricated pattern forming the cavity. Polarization sensitive detectors can be fabricated by breaking the symmetry of the lattice. This is achieved by stretching the lattice constants along the x and y directions. A DWELL detector with resonant frequency at 6.8 μm where the response of the 0 ° polarization is twice as strong as the 90° polarization is reported. This technique, in principle, is detector agnostic and shows promise in fabrication of multi-spectral focal plane arrays (FPA).
A 106-kDa Aminopeptidase Is a Putative Receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba Toxin in the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae †

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins bind to receptors on midgut epithelial cells of susceptible insects, and binding triggers biochemical events that lead to insect mortality. Recently, a 100-kDa aminopeptidase N (APN) was isolated from brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and shown to bind Cry11Ba toxin with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection [Abdullah et al. (2006) BMC Biochem. 7, 16]. In our study, a 106-kDa APN, called AgAPN2, released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Anopheles gambiae BBMV was extracted by Cry11Ba bound to beads. The AgAPN2 cDNA was cloned, and analysis of the predicted AgAPN2 protein revealed a zinc-binding motif (HEIAH), three potential N-glycosylation sites, and a predicted glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor site. Immunohistochemistry localized AgAPN2 to the microvilli of the posterior midgut. A 70-kDa fragment of the 106-kDa APN was expressed in Escherichia coli. When purified, it competitively ...
Nanotechnology evolution in piezoelectric resonator sensors

This paper surveys the ongoing evolution of piezoelectric resonator sensors from the micro-technology to the nano-technology regime. Topics covered include fundamental principles of operation, phenomena used for sensing, types of devices and design considerations, material systems, and fabrication. Particular attention is given to the use of piezoelectric resonators in passive wireless RF sensors.
Optimal Energy Scheduling for a Smart Entity

Real-time availability of electricity prices via a smart power grid has a potential bilateral benefit to electricity users and suppliers. The users can reduce their costs by consuming energy during low-price hours and balancing their energy usage during other hours. This in turn benefits energy utility companies by reducing their peak power demand. This article describes an optimal shrinking horizon model for electricity-consuming units based on user preferences. The proposed model optimizes the end user's electricity cost while meeting preferred comfort levels. The user can set preferences in the model using a tristate flexibility parameter for each electric-power-consuming unit. The electricity price model used in the optimization model is general and covers all pricing schemes in the electricity market today. The model derived can be described by a simple mixed integer linear program and solved by most optimization software in a short time. The most distinguishing characteristics of our proposed model are its simplicity, generality, comprehensibility, and ease of implementation. Simulation results are used to verify the model's performance in reducing consumer electricity costs and satisfying comfort preferences.
Adsorption of Water on a PdO(101) Thin Film: Evidence of an Adsorbed HO−H2O Complex

We investigated the adsorption of water on a PdO(101) thin film using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TPD spectra obtained from high water coverages exhibit sharp peaks at 149 and 197 K that arise from water desorbing from a multilayer and a second layer, where the second layer appears to be stabilized by direct interactions with the PdO(101) surface. The TPD spectra also exhibit features at 318 and 350 K that originate from different forms of chemisorbed water. The feature at 350 K grows as a sharp peak with increasing water coverage, whereas the feature at 318 K develops as a broad peak only after the water coverage exceeds ∼50% of the density of coordinatively unsaturated (cus) Pd atoms (0.50 MLcus). Consistent with the experimental observations, DFT predicts that formation of an HO−H2O complex is highly favored at low water coverages on PdO(101), and that water chemisorbs into less stable molecular states at coverages above 0.50 ML...
Regulation of adrenomedullary preproenkephalin mRNA: effects of hypoglycemia during development.

To further evaluate whether transsynaptic mechanisms account for stress-induced changes in adrenomedullary preproenkephalin mRNA (ppEnk mRNA), neonatal rats were made hypoglycemic at a time when synapses are non-functional (<10 days postnatal age). While ppEnk mRNA in medullae from adult rats increased as much as 60-fold in this paradigm (insulin 10 U/kg), ppEnk mRNA levels in the newborn increased only 1.6-fold (insulin 20 U/kg). To evaluate whether postsynaptic cholinergic pathways of the neonatal adrenal medulla were functional, we treated 5-day-old pups with cholinergic agonists (nicotine [1 mg/kg, s.c., q 12 h]+carbachol [1.7 μmol/kg, s.c., q 12 h × 4 days]). Combined cholinergic agonist treatment augmented enkephalin prohormone and peptide levels up to 3-fold (P < 0.05). To determine whether the blunted response to hypoglycemia in the newborn resulted from a deficiency in functional transsynaptic activity, synapses were matured using thyroid hormone pretreatment (postnatal days 2 and 3) before hypoglycemic stress. Hypoglycemia now caused a 40-fold increase in adrenomedullary ppEnk mRNA levels only in the T3/insulin treated group. To exclude other secondary effects of hypoglycemia (eg. hormonal, or insulin treatment-dependent), intracellular glycopenia was produced in the presence of secondary hyperglycemia by injecting adult rats or pups with 2-deoxyglucose (500 mg/kg). Similar to the insulin-hypoglycemia group, a large increase in adrenomedullary ppEnk mRNA resulted in the adult but not in the 5-day-old neonatal adrenal medullae. We conclude that enkephalin biosynthesis, like co-stored catecholamines, is induced by a transsynaptic process. However, since decreasing transsynaptic activity can also increase ppEnk mRNA, a bimodal, activity-dependent mechanism of ppEnk gene regulation appears to exist.
Running gestures: hands-free interaction during physical activity

This paper presents Running Gestures, an interaction technique that relies on foot gestures while running. A prototype and evaluation of one of the proposed gestures, a mid-stride skip, is presented in detail. The developed prototype is used by runners to change the currently playing music track, and the evaluation compares users' performance in relation to other methods of changing tracks while running. The results show that Running Gestures is a highly effective way of interacting with a system when running.
Supported Platinum Nanoparticles by Supercritical Deposition

Supported nanoparticles of platinum on a wide variety of substrates, including carbon aerogel, carbon black, silica aerogel, silica, γ-alumina, and Nafion 112 film, were synthesized via a supercritical fluid route. The porous substrates and Nafion film were impregnated with an organometallic precursor, dimethyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(II) (PtMe2COD), from a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) solution at 80 °C and 27.6 MPa. After depressurization, the impregnated organometallic precursor was reduced to elemental platinum by heat treatment in the presence of nitrogen gas. The resulting nanocomposites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed uniformly dispersed platinum particles on each of the substrates with average particle sizes ranging from 1.2 to 6.4 nm and a narrow particle size distribution. A comparison of nanocomposites produced under different conditions showed that both the metal contents and the particle sizes are controllable.
Perceptual complexity and form class cues in novel word extension tasks: how 4‐year‐old children interpret adjectives and count nouns

Two experiments examined the role of perceptual complexity, object familiarity and form class cues on how children interpret novel adjectives and count nouns. Four-year-old children participated in a forced-choice match-to-target task in which an exemplar was named with a novel word and children were asked to choose another one that matched the exemplar in either shape or material In experiment 1, 56 children were provided with lexical form class cues suggestive of adjectives. The results of Experiment 1 showed that perceptual complexity and not object familiarity determined whether children made material or shape matches. In Experiment 2, 56 children were provided with lexical form class cues suggestive of count nouns. The results of Experiment 2 showed that neither perceptual complexity nor object familiarity affected children's selections in the matching task. When provided with lexical form class cues suggestive of a count noun, children selected shape matches. Thus the results suggest that the perceptual properties of the objects presented to children coupled with the particular lexical form class cue determine which features of objects children attend to when interpreting novel words.
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y Transcription Factors Have Both Opposing and Additive Roles in ABA-Mediated Seed Germination

In the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana the heterotrimeric transcription factor NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) has been shown to play multiple roles in facilitating plant growth and development. Although NF-Y itself represents a multi-protein transcriptional complex, recent studies have shown important interactions with other transcription factors, especially those in the bZIP family. Here we add to the growing evidence that NF-Y and bZIP form common complexes to affect many processes. We carried out transcriptional profiling on nf-yc mutants and through subsequent analyses found an enrichment of bZIP binding sites in the promoter elements of misregulated genes. Using NF-Y as bait, yeast two hybrid assays yielded interactions with bZIP proteins that are known to control ABA signaling. Accordingly, we find that plants mutant for several NF-Y subunits show characteristic phenotypes associated with the disruption of ABA signaling. While previous reports have shown additive roles for NF-YC family members in photoperiodic flowering, we found that they can have opposing roles in ABA signaling. Collectively, these results demonstrated the importance and complexity of NF-Y in the integration of environmental and hormone signals.
Na+ and pH dependence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid and methotrexate transport in freshly isolated hepatocytes

Abstract The dependence of the high-affinity transport systems for 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu) and methotrexate on sodium ions and on pH was examined in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Previous studies indicated that transport of these folate derivatives was sodium-dependent. Experiments to determine the K m for sodium of 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu transport showed no dependence on extracellular sodium. However, uptake was sodium-dependent when hepatocytes were preincubated for 30 min in sodium-free medium, a treatment which resulted in an increase in the transmembrane pH gradient ( Δ pH = pH out − pH in ) and a decrease in the uptake of 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu. Uptake of methotrexate displayed a linear dependence on extracellular sodium ions. Uptake of 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu increased linearley as the transmembrane pH gradient decreased; i.e., as the medium became more acid with respect to the cytosol. Lineweaver-Burk and Scatchard plots of 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu uptake indicated an apparent K m for H + of about 24 nM, equivalent to a pH of 7.6. Hill-plots suggested a stoichiometry of 1:1 for the interaction of protons with the 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu transport system. Both the K m and V max for 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu transport were increased at pH 5.5 compared to pH 7.4, suggesting that extracellular protons increased the number of and/or the activity of the membrane carrier. In contrast, methotrexate transport was maximal at pH 7 where the transmembrane pH gradient was zero. These results suggest the possibility that 5-CH 3 -H 4 PteGlu may be cotransported along with H + ions in hepatocytes, although they do not rule out a ‘catalytic coupling’ whereby protons interact with the carrier to stimulate substrate flux without concomitant H + transport
New techniques in measuring nonacidic esophageal reflux.

New techniques in esophageal monitoring are allowing for better differentiation in the role of different gastric refluxates in esophageal mucosal damage and patient symptoms. The Bilitec 2007 (Synectics, Stockholm, Sweden) is a portable spectrophotometer that measures bilirubin as a surrogate marker for bile reflux and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) (Sandhill Scientific Inc, Highlands Ranch, CO) is a new technique allowing measurement of esophageal volume refluxate. Both techniques assess the role of nonacidic esophageal reflux. Despite their novel approach in assessing nonacid reflux, both methods have limitations. Future studies in this area, however, will prove beneficial in identifying their role in diagnosis and management of patients with suspected nonacid reflux disease.
Correlation effects of a phase-diffusing field on two-photon absorption

Experimental evidence of field-correlation effects on weak-field two-photon absorption in atomic sodium is presented. In the case of a nearly Lorentzian laser power spectrum the absorption profile has four times the spectral width of the exciting field, in agreement with predictions by Mollow. The measurement is carried out with counterpropagating laser beams to cancel Doppler broadening. The width of the two-photon absorption spectrum is decreased by partially decorrelating the counterpropagating laser beams. Increasing the correlation time of the frequency fluctuations, resulting in a nearly Gaussian laser power spectrum, has also been observed to decrease the width of the absorption spectrum. An extension of the time-dependent second-order perturbation theory to these additional cases yields good agreement.
Effect of limb demand ischemia on autophagy and morphology in mice

Abstract Background Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes and peripheral arterial disease, which frequently leads to lower limb demand ischemia. Skeletal muscle autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are important processes for proper oxidative capacity and energy metabolism, which are compromised in diabetes. This study compares autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and morphology in the hind limbs of obese diabetic mice subjected to demand or sedentary ischemia. Materials and methods Unilateral hind limb demand ischemia was created in a group of diet-induced obese mice after femoral artery ligation and 4 wk of daily exercise. A parallel group of mice underwent femoral artery ligation but remained sedentary for 4 wk. Hind limb muscles were analyzed for markers of autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, adenosine triphosphate, and muscle tissue morphology. Results At the end of the 4-wk exercise period, demand ischemia increased the autophagy mediator Beclin-1, but it did not alter the autophagy indicator, LC3B-II/I ratio, or markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, optic atrophy/dynamin-related protein. In contrast, exercise significantly increased the level of mitochondrial protein-succinate dehydrogenase subunit-A and reduced adipocyte accumulation and the percentage of centrally nucleated myofibers in the demand ischemia limb. In addition, demand ischemia resulted in decreased uncoupling protein-3 levels without altering muscle adenosine triphosphate or pS473-Akt levels. Conclusions Limb demand ischemia markedly decreased adipocyte accumulation and enhanced muscle regeneration in obese mice, but it did not appear to enhance autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, or insulin sensitivity. Future studies aimed at evaluating novel therapies that enhance autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetes with peripheral arterial disease are warranted.
Predicting Older Driver On-Road Performance by Means of the Useful Field of View and Trail Making Test Part B

The Useful Field of View® (UFOV) and Trail Making Test Part B (Trails B) are measures of divided attention. We determined which measure was more accurate in predicting on-road outcomes among drivers (N = 198, mean age = 73.86, standard deviation = 6.05). Receiver operating characteristic curves for the UFOV (Risk Index [RI] and Subtests 1-3) and Trails B significantly predicted on-road outcomes. Contrasting Trails B with the UFOV RI and subtests, the only difference was found between the UFOV RI and Trails B, indicating the UFOV RI was the best predictor of on-road outcomes. Misclassifications of drivers totaled 28 for the UFOV RI, 62 for Trails B, and 58 for UFOV Subtest 2. The UFOV RI is a superior test in predicting on-road outcomes, but the Trails B has acceptable accuracy and is comparable to the other UFOV subtests. Language: en
Experimental Determination of Achievable Information Rates for Single-Channel NRZ IM/DD High-Speed Optical Transmission

The achievable information rates (lower bounds for channel capacity) of an NRZ optical transmission system operating at 10 Gb/s are determined experimentally for: a thermal and an ASE noise dominated channel with and without dispersion.
Dissociation of effector functions in populations of activated macrophages

THERE is much evidence to indicate an important role for activated macrophages in resistance to malignant tumours and to infections caused by intracellular pathogens. Different investigators have found that activated macrophages may be distinguished from normal macrophages by either morphological, biochemical, or functional criteria, depending on the experimental design1. Functional criteria frequently cited are killing of intracellular organisms2,3, inhibition and/or killing of tumour cells4–6 and inhibition of proliferating lymphocytes7,8. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that macrophages activated by several methods have always exhibited each of these three functional capacities. For example, macrophages activated by either chronic infection with C56 strain Toxoplasma gondii or by killed Corynebacterium parvum inhibited multiplication of T. gondii9–11, DNA synthesis by tumour target cells12,13, and mitogen- and antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation14. Whether different populations of activated macrophages which have been defined by one functional criterion always possess the other functional capacities of activated macrophages as well, however, has not been established. We report here that activated macrophages characterised by one functional criterion do not necessarily possess other functional characteristics of activated macrophages and that differences in functional capacity depend on the method used to activate the macrophages.
Signals and Learning Rules Guiding Oculomotor Plasticity

The learning of motor skills is thought to occur largely through trial and error; however, the error signals and rules controlling the induction of motor learning have not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the learning rules that translate the sensory and motor cues available during training into learned changes in the gain and phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of mice. Contrary to previous theories, neither the phase of retinal image motion relative to head motion nor the phase of retinal image motion relative to eye movement could consistently predict the direction of the learned change in the gain of the VOR across all training conditions tested. Instead, the phase of the gaze movement relative to head motion during training was the best predictor of whether learning would increase or decrease the gain of the VOR. Learned changes in the phase of the VOR were best predicted by a different cue–the phase of the eye movement relative to head motion during training. These results provide new constraints on the neural mechanisms implementing the adaptive calibration of the VOR by cerebellum-dependent motor learning.
Development of a short-term memory capacity for escape training in neonatal C3H mice

C3H mice received 25 training trials in a shock-escape straight alley at 5, 7, 8, or 10 days of age, followed by an additional 25 trials 1 h later. Whereas all age groups demonstrated improvement in escape performance during both the training and retest sessions, evidence of retention of prior training did not appear until 7 days of age.