cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Everolimus and Sorafenib in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Everolimus targets the mammalian target of rapamycin, a kinase that promotes cell growth and proliferation in pancreatic cancer. Sorafenib inhibits the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor pathways, thus inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. Combinations of these two agents are under evaluation for therapy of several cancers. This study examined the effects of everolimus and sorafenib on proliferation of the pancreatic cancer cell lines MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1. Cell growth inhibition was evaluated in vitro for a range of concentrations of the drugs alone and in combination. Maximum inhibition capacity (Imax) and potency (IC50) were determined. The data were analyzed to characterize drug interactions using two mathematical analysis techniques. The Ariens noncompetitive interaction model and Earp model were modified to accommodate alterations in the inhibition parameters of one drug in the presence of another. Sorafenib alone inhibited growth of both cell lines completely (Imax = 1), with an IC50 of 5–8 μM. Maximal inhibition by everolimus alone was only 40% (Imax = 0.4) in both cell lines, with an IC50 of 5 nM. Slight antagonistic interaction occurred between the drugs; both analytic methods estimated the interaction term Ψ as greater than 1 for both cell lines. The in vitro data for two pancreatic cancer cell lines suggest that a combination of these two drugs would be no more efficacious than the individual drugs alone, consistent with the drug interaction analysis that indicated slight antagonism for growth inhibition.
Taste ratings of obese people, and taste preferences based on geographical location

Obese people’s taste ratings of sweet, sour, salt, and bitter were measured. Results indicated that obese people liked sour-tasting foods significantly less than did people of normal weight. In taste ratings for 44 food items, subjects from the Southwest region of the United States preferred pizza, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and tacos significantly more than did subjects from the Southeast region of the United States. The subjects from the Southwest weighed significantly more than the subjects from the Southeast.
Fine structure, reconstruction and possible functions of components of the cortex of Tetrahymena pyriformis.

SYNOPSIS. Improved methods of preparing cells for electron microscopic study have permitted a more complete examination of the tubular and fibrous elements already reported in the cortex of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Three of these structures, a kinetodesmal fiber, a band of postciliary microtubules and a band of transverse microtubules, are all associated at one of their ends with the proximal end of a basal body-cilium complex. From this position they radiate out as tho from one corner of a tetrahedron, each passing separately to one of the other 3 corners. Available evidence is presented and discussed for a structural function for these elements. A firm bonding of these fibers and bands to the basal body at one of their ends and to the amorphous material under the pellicle at their other ends is thought to provide for this support. Connecting the proximal ends of the left side of the basal bodies of a kinety is another, previously undescribed, set of tubules. Their diameter, 24 mμ, and cross sectional structure are similar to those of the other microtubules. However, their more sinuous longitudinal appearance, small number of tubules per kinety and different reaction to fixatives suggest a different function. Because of their location it is proposed that they may be a communication line between basal body-cilium complexes of a kinety. A 3-dimensional drawing shows the positioning of the above structures in the cortex. Bodies with an internal tubular structure appear anterior to the proximal end of some basal bodies. They are referred to as probasal bodies due to their resemblance to procentrioles; they may be immature basal bodies. Smooth-membraned cisternae which have bristle-coated pits and bear a resemblance to the outer pellicular membrane appear in the cytoplasm. Their origin is discussed.
Surface-plasmon radiation from ellipsoidal silver spheroids

We have studied the radiation resulting from 15keV-electron bombardment of thin silver films and of particles formed by heat treating these films. The particles were treated as oblate and prolate spheroids on which resonant surface-charge-density oscillations (surface plasmons) were excited by electron bombardment. We have calculated the energy associated with various surface-plasmon modes as a function of the shape of the spheroid using nonretarded electrodynamics and the optical properties of bulk silver. We have obtained good agreement between the calculations and the experimental observations of the wavelength, polarization, and angular intensity distributions of radiation emitted by silver particles which were characterized as to size and shape with the use of scanning electron microscopy. The emission from one type of sample was found to be the result of the radiative decay of a dipole and a quadrupole oscillation on oblate spheroids. The radiation from another type of sample showed evidence of the decay of dipole plasmons on prolate particles.
Hirschsprung disease in the premature newborn: A population based study and 40-year single center experience

Abstract Background/Purpose Understanding of Hirschsprung disease (HD) in premature newborns (PHD) is anecdotal. We have sought in this study to identify the demographic and clinical features of PHD. Methods All patients with HD 1970–2011 treated at our tertiary care children's hospital were identified. Patients with biopsy confirmed HD and EGA Results 404 patients with HD from 1970 to 2011 were treated. Twenty-seven (6.7%) had PHD. Mean birth weight in PHD was 2196grams and mean gestational age 34 (range 29–36)weeks. Seven patients had Down syndrome. Nonchromosomal anomalies occurred in 25%. Median time from birth to biopsy diagnosis was 42days (range 2–316days). The most common presenting signs were abdominal distension and bilious emesis. The HD incidence in Utah for all births was 1/4322 (0.023%) and for premature infants 1/3885 (0.027%). Conclusions PHD are similar to term infants with HD. Diagnosis of HD is often delayed in premature newborns, and associated anomalies are more common.
Photoelastic study of the durability of interfacial bonding of carbon fibre-epoxy resin composites

The physical techniques of polarizing microscopy, including the quantitative measurements of small optical retardations, have been used to investigate elastic fields adjacent to short carbon fibres in epoxy resin composites. The elastic fields associated with shear stress distribution along the fibre-matrix interface have been employed to monitor the initiation of interface debonding during hot (100 °C) water uptake. By examining the development of stress birefringence during resin swelling in the resin adjacent to individual fibres, the differences in the durability of interfacial bonding and the fibre failure modes for differently coated fibres have been obtained. The results show that the state of self-stress in model composites, comprising a single carbon fibre in a film of epoxy resin, can, by immersion in hot distilled water, be enhanced to such an extent that the axial tension in the fibre can be sufficient to initiate fibre fracture. The results also show that, for fibres that have been given certain proprietary surface treatments, the fibre fractures by different failure modes.
Difficult-to-Control Asthma in Adults

Difficult-to-control asthma in adults is under-diagnosed and under-treated in the United States, particularly in those 40 years of age or older. Increasing attention has been focused on the subset of adult patients with poorly controlled asthma because they consume up to 85% of all health care dollars spent on asthma, while representing 20% of all asthma patients. In this article, we define difficult-to-control asthma and discuss the problem of misdiagnosis. We present an algorithm for confirming the diagnosis in these patients and highlight the importance of patient self-assessment.
Three-dimensional neglect phenomena following right anterior choroidal artery infarction.

Neglect in the horizontal and vertical axes of space has been observed after acute right anterior choroidal artery (AChA) lesions. How spatial processing is affected in the radial axis during the acute period following infarction in this region is unknown. We report the case of a 69-year-old man with acute left hemineglect and deficits in 3-dimensional spatial processing following right AChA infarction. His line bisections in 4 spatial conditions, oriented in the 3 primary axes of space, were compared with 6 control participants. The patient's bisections were different from true center and from control performance in all axes. His bisections were to the right, below, and distal to the arithmetic midpoint. This patient's bisection errors show a 3-dimensional neglect pattern following right AChA infarction, supporting the view that processing of all 3 spatial dimensions may be simultaneously disturbed following unilateral right hemisphere lesions. (JINS, 1999, 5, 567–571.)
Reasons, Causes, and the Extended Mind Hypothesis

In this paper we develop a novel argument against the extended mind hypothesis. Our argument constitutes an advance in the debate, insofar as we employ only premises that are acceptable to a coarse-grained functionalist, and we do not rely on functional disanalogies between putative examples of extended minds and ordinary human beings that are just a matter of fine detail or degree. Thus, we beg no questions against proponents of the extended mind hypothesis. Rather, our argument consists in making use of the following necessary condition on holding a belief for a reason: To believe something for a reason, one must come to believe it in virtue of attitudes that epistemically rationalize the belief that is formed, and one must come to believe in virtue of the fact that these attitudes epistemically rationalize the new belief. We show that many external objects that defenders of the extended mind hypothesis have claimed are (in conjunction with an internal cognitive system) beliefs cannot (even partly) constitute a belief had for a reason, as they necessarily fail to satisfy the necessary condition. Our first thesis, then, is that beliefs had for reasons cannot be extended in the most interesting way specified by the extended mind hypothesis. Furthermore, if we add to our argument the premise that every token belief is something that could have been had for a reason, we can derive the stronger thesis that no beliefs can be extended in this way.
Femtosecond Dynamics of Linear Ag3

A femtosecond negative ion−neutral−positive ion charge reversal apparatus has been developed, following the concept of Woste and Berry, to carry out spectroscopy of transient neutral species along the reaction coordinate. We report studies of the ultrafast dynamics of linear Ag3 produced by photodetachment of linear Ag3-. The background-free time-resolved multiphoton ionization spectra of Ag3 taken at various wavelengths show a strong probe time and wavelength dependence, indicating important roles both of an intermediate state resonance and the ionization detection window in the time-resolved ionization signal. Based on these results, we speculate on the wavepacket dynamics along the coordinate of the linear-to-triangular rearrangement on the ground state potential energy surface.
Analysis of the contributions of permeability and flow to intercompartmental clearance

Recent pharmacokinetic studies indicate that both flow and permeability contribute to intercompartmental clearance. A previous analysis of flow and permeability components of transcapillary exchange has been adapted to a three-compartment model of PA and NAPA pharmacokinetics. Data from a study that simultaneously determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of these two compounds made it possible to estimate permeability coefficients for the fast equilibrating compartment averaging 3.32 liters/min for PA and 1.35 liters/min for NAPA, and for the slow equilibrating compartment averaging 2.05 liters/min for PA and 0.78 liters/min for NAPA. These results were then used to estimate flow-intercompartmental clearance relationships for PA and NAPA and to predict the extent of hemodynamic changes causing the slow intercompartmental clearance of NAPA to decrease by 77% during hemodialysis without an apparent alteration in fast intercompartmental clearance.
A unifying approach to scheduling

This paper presents a scheme for classifying scheduling algorithms based on an abstract model of a scheduling system which formalizes the notion of priority. Various classes of scheduling algorithms are defined and related to existing algorithms. A criterion for the implementation efficiency of an algorithm is developed and results in the definition of time-invariant algorithms, which include most of the commonly implemented ones. For time-invariant algorithms, the dependence of processing rates on priorities is derived. The abstract model provides a framework for implementing flexible schedulers in real operating systems. The policy-driven scheduler of Bernstein and Sharp is discussed as an example of
Wall Stabilization of High Beta Tokamak Discharges in DIII-D

Reference CRPP-ARTICLE-1995-014doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2483View record in Web of Science Record created on 2008-04-16, modified on 2017-05-12
Si(111)3×3-Al: An Adatom-Induced Reconstruction

First-principles pseudopotential total-energy and force calculations have been used to study the $\mathrm{Si}(111)\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$-Al surface. A new adatom model of this reconstruction is proposed wherein each Al adatom sits in a threefold-symmetric site with three first-layer Si neighbors and one second-layer Si neighbor directly below. For this model, the calculated dispersion of the adatom-induced surface states is in good agreement with experiment. A theory for the observed momentum distribution of adatom-induced surface states is proposed.
Eliminating perserverative speech by positive reinforcement and time-out in a psychotic child

Abstract Reinforcement, time-out, and combined reinforcement-time-out contingencies through in vivo training were applied to a 5-yr-and-9-month-old psychotic male in a short-term residential center in an attempt to extinguish perseverative verbal behavior. Results indicated that perserverative verbal behavior could be extinguished without decreasing total verbal output. Time-out and combined reinforcement-time-out contingencies proved to be more effective treatment techniques than a contingency consisting of reinforcement for behaviors incompatible with verbal perseveration. Environmental generalization from ward to school was demonstrated. In vivo therapy rather than the more traditional in-session training utilized for language problems was effective in treating the perseverative speech. After 6 months the behavior was no longer present in the school.
Natural history of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis

Patients with atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity who were adhering to an elimination diet underwent repeat double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges annually for follow-up of their food allergy. After 1 year, 19 of 75 patients lost all signs of clinical food hypersensitivity (15 of 45 patients allergic to one food, and 4 of 21 allergic to two foods). Of the individual foods, 38 of 121 no longer elicited symptomatic responses. After 2 years, patients underwent a second rechallenge; 4 of 44 patients tested lost their clinical food hypersensitivity. In 20 patients undergoing a third rechallenge, no food hypersensitivity was lost. Loss rate of food hypersensitivity varied among foods; after 1 year, there was a 26% loss of symptomatic food allergy to five major allergens (egg, milk, soy, wheat, and peanut) compared with a 66% loss rate to other food allergens. Loss of symptomatic allergy was not affected by the patient's age at diagnosis, except with milk allergy, for which older patients were more likely to lose clinical food hypersensitivity ( p
Differences in Identity Style and Process: Can Less Be More

This study examines relationships between identity status and process measure scores that advance our understanding of methodological characteristics in the context of gender and age. A sample of 391 adolescents and adults (215 males, 176 females) completed the Identity Style Inventory (ISI; Berzonsky, 1992) and Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ; Balisteri, Busch-Rossnagel, & Geisinger, 1995). Two of three identity processing styles were related significantly with age; moderated by gender and status. Exploration and commitment were significantly associated with informational and normative style, respectively. The two commitment measure scores were significantly related. Informational identity style and the exploration and commitment measures increased with age. Identity diffused orientation decreased over time and was more prevalent among males. Support was limited for the stability of identity style over time. These findings, founded on a broad age range, help test assumptions regarding the role of maturation and the identity style model in particular.
Motorist Response to Arterial Variable Message Signs

Although much research into driver attitudes toward and responses to expressway-based variable message signs (VMSs) has been conducted, little research has explored motorist responses to VMSs on arterial surface streets. Arterial VMSs, located near main expressway entrance points, may prove to be more effective at inducing motorists to divert during congestion or incidents than their highway counterparts because they will allow drivers to have many more routing options before they commit to the expressway system. The results of a study conducted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to discern motorist attitudes toward arterial VMSs and the diversion behaviors induced by those signs are presented. A revealed-preference survey conducted in the immediate vicinity of the arterial VMS found that nearly two-thirds of the respondents obtained traffic information from the signs more than once per week. Furthermore, 66% of those surveyed changed their route at least once per month because of the information received from the ...
The Remington Rand Type 409-2 Electronic Computer

The Remington Rand Electronic Computer, Type 409-2, does computations by arithmetic steps in sequence with a unique self-proving feature. Parallel inputs to ten vacuum-tube decades are added or directly subtracted into a 22-column Accumulator. The Accumulator is connected in a ring so that a number or pair of numbers can be shifted to any position. Decimal positions are automatically handled by a Decimal Computer. Signs are handled algebraically. The total electron tube complement includes 1476 vacuum tubes and 1128 cold-cathode gas diodes. Most of these are designed and manufactured especially for computer use. Inputs are brought to the Accumulator, using a Call Line for each complete number, from three types of storage: 1. Variables from a tabulating card reading block of Sensing Switches; 2. Constants from manually settable Constant Switches; and 3. Intermediate results from Storage Relays. Outputs are delivered to Punching Storage from Intermediate Storage, in one or two blocks. Results are punched into the same tabulating card or following cards, as may be desired. Programming is directed by interchangeable Plug Boards. There are 40 Calculating Steps and 6 special steps: Clear, Set I, Set II, Sort I, Sort II and Trip. Each Calculating Step has 5 addresses and a process designation: 1st Operand; Process (+, -,×,÷); 2nd Operand; Result; Next Step if Result is "plus"; and next step if Result is "minus.
Exercise testing and training in patients with chronic heart failure

HANSON, P. Exercise testing and training in patients with chronic heart failure. Med. Sci. Spoils Exerc., Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 527–537, 1994. Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome of impaired left ventricular (LV) function and cardiac output reserve that is associated with secondary compensatory adaptations including: LV hypertrophy and dilation, neuroendocrine activation, and vasoconstriction and redistribution of peripheral blood flow. The primary limitation in CHF is exercise intolerance characterized by fatigue and/or dyspnea during mild to moderate exertion. These symptoms are primarily attributed to impaired nutrient blood flow, cellular atrophy, and loss of oxidative function in skeletal muscle. Functional capacity in CHF is usually classified into four categories determined by symptom-limited exercise testing: normal ≥ 7 METs; mild 5–7 METs; moderate 3–5 METs, severe < 3 METs. Exercise capacity in CHF is frequently unrelated to resting or exercise measures of LV function, e.g., LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Peak exercise heart rate and blood pressure are progressively attenuated in CHF due to baroreflex dysfunction and β-receptor down regulation. Exercise training studies in selected patients with CHF (mild to moderate) have reported significant increases in peak JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199405000-00018/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160727Z/r/image-pngO2max, attributed to increases in peak leg blood flow O2 transport. Heart rate and lactate production during submaximal exercise arc reduced compared with pretraining values. Potential training complications in patients with CHF include dysrhythmia, hypotension, and deterioration of cardiac status. The major benefit of moderate exercise training is improvement in tolerance to daily activities. However, the long term effect of exercise training on prognosis is currently not established.
The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes

Cytomorphic structure was studied in erythrocytes ofBatrachoseps salamanders, a genus unique among non-mammalian vertebrates because most of the erythrocytes are anucleate. These anucleate erythrocytes are highly flattened, quite variable in size, and generally elliptical. All of them were found to contain marginal bands of microtubules (MBs), as observed in phase contrast and darkfield after Triton lysis. The MBs of larger cells typically twisted into figure-8 forms upon lysis. Whole mounts of the lysed anucleate cells consisted only of the MB plus a trans-MB network of material (TBM), as observed by electron microscopy. If lysis was carried out in the presence of 0.5 M KCl, all of the MBs circularized immediately and none were twisted. The network (TBM) was now missing, suggesting that it is needed for maintenance of MB ellipticity and plays a role in MB twisting. Small numbers of living anucleate erythrocytes were constricted in their mid-region, and others were pointed at one end. Correspondingly pointed MBs were observed after lysis, exhibiting a range of forms compatible with the mechanism proposed byEmmel (1924) in which the anucleate erythrocytes arise by amitotic division of nucleated ones. The results show that these erythrocytes retain the typical nonmammalian cytomorphic system, and are thus unlike those of adult mammals. The network component (TBM) is present even though nuclei are absent, making it unlikely that it functions simply to position the nucleus. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the flattened, elliptical shape of non-mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes is generated by TBM tension applied across the faces of the MB “frame”, and that excessive tension induced by lysis (without KCl) produces MB twisting.
Configurational statistics of acyl chains in polyunsaturated lipid bilayers from deuterium nmr

The gain a better understanding of the biological roles of polyunsaturated phospholipids, deuterium (/sup 2/H) NMR studies have been conducted of 1-perdeuteriopalmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, an asymmetric or mixed-chain saturated-polyunsaturated phospholipid, in the liquid crystalline (L/sub ..cap alpha../) phase. The palmitoyl (16:0) chain at the glycerol sn-1 position was labeled with /sup 2/H by perdeuteration, whereas the polyunsaturated, docosahexaenoyl (22:6 omega 3) chain at the sn-2 position was unlabeled, i.e., protiated. The /sup 2/H NMR results were compared to studies of 1,2-diperdeuteriopalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, in which both the sn-1 and sn-2 palmitoyl chains were perdeuterated, as well as 1-palmitoyl-2-perdeuteriopalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, in which only the sn-2 chain was perdeuterated. Multilamellar phospholipid dispersions containing 50 wt % H/sub 2/O were employed, and /sup 2/H NMR spectra were obtained using quadrupolar echo methods at a magnetic field strength of 8.5 T. The experimental /sup 2/H NMR spectra were numerically deconvoluted (de-Paked) to yield subspectra corresponding to the parallel bilayer orientation with respect to the main applied magnetic field. The increased resolution of the de-Paked subspectra enabled profiles of the segmental order parameters of the individual C-/sup 2/H bonds, denoted by absolute value of S/sub CD/(i), to be derived as a function of chain position. Significant differences in the /supmore » 2/H NMR spectra and derived absolute value of S/sub CD/(i) profiles of the per-/sup 2/H-16:0 chains of the polyunsaturated and saturated bilayers were found.« less
The Anatomist by Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827): The Play's the Thing

Thomas Rowlandson's print, The anatomist, published by Thomas Tegg of Cheapside on 12 March 1811, is one of Rowlandson's most recognizable caricatures with a medical theme. For the modern day non-historian, Rowlandson's comic prints, particularly the more abundant social as opposed to political caricatures, are characteristically transparent and easily accessible to interpretation, no doubt contributing to the artist's continued popularity after two centuries. According to his biographer Bernard Falk, Rowlandson's humorous conceptions “may be roughly defined as chunks of visual experience distilled into broad and simple comedy”.1 Ronald Paulson has contrasted the compositions of Rowlandson with the “narrative” and “emblematic” works of William Hogarth (1697–1764), observing that the two artists, besides occupying opposite ends of the eighteenth century, “are also representatives of the change that took place in the signifying structure of graphic art between the age of the emblem and the age of romantic expression”.2 According to Paulson, Rowlandson's scene “never tells more than the simplest anecdote that is least in need of commentary”.3 Falk echoes these sentiments: “Because for the most part Rowlandson is content with the surface appearance of things, he is easy to live with, calling for no special preparation of mood, his meaning plain and instantaneously conveyed to the observer”.4
TEM studies of GaN layers grown in non-polar direction: Laterally overgrown and pendeo-epitaxial layers

The formation of structural defects in GaN grown in non-polar directions is reviewed based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Stacking faults (SFs) formed on c-planes and also on prismatic planes bounded by partial dislocations, in addition to full dislocations, are major defects in these layers. Since c-planes are arranged perpendicular to the substrate, these defects propagate to the sample surface through the active areas of the devices and become detrimental for device applications. An established method to decrease the defect density is lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) and pendeo-epitaxy. The measured density of SFs in the seed areas is ∼1.3 × 10 6 cm -1 and in the 'wing' areas ∼1.2 x 10 4 cm -1 ; a decrease of almost of two orders of magnitude. For overgrown samples, two opposite wings grow in opposite polar directions: [0001] (Ga-growth polarity) and [0001] (N-growth polarity) confirmed by convergent beam electron diffraction. Ca-polar wings are wider and often have different height than those grown with N-polarity, therefore planarity of these layers and cracking at the meeting front of two wings often occur. It is shown that two-step growth using MOCVD leads to satisfactory layer planarity.
Binge Eating Scale: Further Assessment of Validity and Reliability

Validity of the Binge Eating Scale (BES), used to measure binge eating severity in overweight binge eaters, was examined using food records. A sample of 56 nonpurge binge eating women completed the BES and 28-day food records. Self-identified binges were classified as subjective when less than 1,000 calories were consumed and as objective when 1,000 calories or more were consumed. Binge severity was measured by total number of binge calories, binge episodes, and binge days over 28 days. BES scores had significant, moderate associations between subjective and objective binge eating severity. In contrast, BES scores were not related to total caloric intake. The BES was unable to distinguish between subjective and objective binge eating, which is essential for diagnostic purposes.
Reduced wear and friction enabled by graphene layers on sliding steel surfaces in dry nitrogen

We report on the friction and wear behavior of graphene-lubricated 440C steel test pairs in dry nitrogen under different loads. Tribological test results have revealed that a few-layer graphene is able to drastically reduce the wear and the coefficient of friction (COF) of 440C steel during the initial sliding regime and under low load conditions. Specifically, the COF has been reduced from ≈1 for bare steel to 0.15 for steel covered by a low concentration of graphene flakes. Such low COFs have persisted for thousands of sliding passes, even though the graphene layers formed on sliding surfaces have not been continuous or continuously replenished; they were made of a few sheets of graphene. The wear rates of the steel test pairs have been also reduced (by as much as two orders of magnitude), again despite the very sporadic and thin nature of the graphene layers. A possible explanation for the low friction and wear reduction is that graphene as a two-dimensional material shears easily at the sliding contact interface and, hence, provides low friction.
Teaching Controversal Topics in Contemporary German Culture through Hip‐Hop

Almost every foreign language instructor at one point has attempted to infuse music from the target language and culture into the classroom. In recent years hip-hop music (a.k.a. rap music) has found its way into many classrooms due to its popularity both in German-speaking Europe and throughout the world. Hip-hop music also has a natural pedagogical appeal because of its use (and sometimes creation) of new vocabulary, slang phrases and linguistic constructions. It provides students with an accurate impression of the evolv ing modern German language within this ever growing hip-hop culture. Foreign language instruc tors who only use hip-hop solely for its linguistic and "fun"' appeal, however, fail to utilize the full ness of this rich educational tool. One of the global aspects of hip-hop music throughout the world is its embodiment of the views and opinions of those who feel under-represented and marginalized within a given culture. Perhaps no form of musical expression has ever been so open-and some times abrasive-in exposing cultural taboos and expressing the viewpoint of minority cultures to mainstream society. German hip-hop is no excep tion. American hip-hop, once defined by Chuck D of Public Enemy as "the black man's CNN" has found its equivalent in modem German hip-hop which has been tagged as "die Stimme der Migran ten." Building upon the work of Schmitt, the pur pose of this article is to provide examples of how German hip-hop music can approach sometimes controversial topics in German cultural studies not only in a university seffing but also potentially in the high school classroom. Due to the countless possi bilities afforded to us through this medium, this article has has been restricted in its content and mission by focusing on two relevant topics ad dressed in modem German hip-hop: Racism ex perienced by German citizens who enjoy non German heritage and the current relationship of today's German youth to Nazi Germany.2 Section 1 (below) provides a brief history of German hip-hop and its parallel and divergent developments in comparison to its American coun terpart is provided. Section 2 addresses the racism experienced by young Germans who are not of European heritage through the song Fremd im eigenen Land (1992) by Advanced Chemistry. Section 3 tackles the controversial theme of Vergangenheitsbewaltigung through Fler's Neue
Broadcasting of a Digitally Coded List of Transponder Equipped Aircraft Scanned by FAA Ground Radars as a Means of Collision Avoidance, Navigation, Air Traffic Structuring, and Airfield Approach

An air traffic control system is proposed in which 1) all aircraft are equipped wit transponders, 2) FAA radar sites broadcast a digitally coded list of the identity, altitude, and coordinates of aircraft scanned, 3) each aircraft on receiving this list converts it into a PPI display with the blip of that aircraft branded and blips of off-altitude aircraft blanked, and 4) superimposed on this display are projected maps of airways appropriate to the particular radar and the aircraft altitude. This system could provide a fairly complete capability for air traffic control, structuring, navigation, and collision avoidance at a cost of about 3000 dollars per aircraft. It would replace most navigational and communication equipment now in use and could be operational in several years.
Lateral Epicondylitis: Open Versus Arthroscopic

Lateral epicondylitis occurs from repetitive motions of the upper extremity in both athletes and non-athletes, and is more recently thought to be related to overuse microtearing of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB). Less than 10% of all cases are recalcitrant and therefore nonresponsive to conservative management. Surgical treatment for tennis elbow consists of many open and arthroscopic techniques. Open repair aims to excise the diseased tissue, but requires longer postoperative recovery times. Arthroscopic treatment yields equally successful results as compared to open techniques. This article provides a brief overview of lateral epicondylitis and the current evidence for open versus arthroscopic treatment.
Mapping of lactate and N-acetyl-L-aspartate predicts infarction during acute focal ischemia: in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in rats.

THE TIME COURSE, anatomic distribution, and extent of changes in cerebral lactate, N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), and other metabolite levels were determined by three-dimensional in vivo 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and single-voxel spectral analysis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Increased lactate was detected in the central ischemic region within 1.3 hours after the onset of permanent occlusion (n = 22) or 0.5 hour after the onset of 1 hour of temporary occlusion and then reperfusion (n = 8). Permanent occlusion resulted in persistent lactate elevation and a 25.4 ± 4.1% reduction in the NAA peak after 1.3 hours ; NAA was almost completely depleted after 24 hours. Results also demonstrated delayed depletion of all other magnetic resonance spectroscopy-visible 1 H metabolites, including creatine, choline, and glutamate, after permanent occlusion. After 1 hour of temporary focal ischemia, lactate returned to nearly normal levels within 0.4 hour after the onset of reperfusion ; at 72 hours, a recurrent increase in lactate and a new decrease in NAA were observed, suggesting delayed tissue injury. Histological analysis, performed in 10 rats, demonstrated infarcts that corresponded in distribution to regions of NAA depletion at 72 hours. These findings indicate that lactate elevation is a sensitive early marker of ischemia ; however, temporary recovery of lactate accumulation after reperfusion did not predict sustained metabolic recovery. In contrast, NAA depletion within 1.3 hours after the onset of ischemia identified central ischemic regions that were destined for infarction. Potential clinical applications include selection and monitoring of therapeutic intervention, as well as prediction of outcome, in patients with acute stroke.
Forecasting us home sales using bvar models and survey data on households' buying attitudes for homes

This study uses Bayesian vector autoregressive models to examine the usefulness of survey data on households' buying attitudes for homes in predicting sales of homes. We find a negligible deterioration in the accuracy of forecasts of home sales when buying attitudes are dropped from a model that includes the price of homes, the mortgage rate, real personal disposable income, and die unemployment rate. This suggests that buying attitudes do not add much to the information contained in these variables. We also find that forecasts from the model that includes both buying attitudes and the aforementioned variables are similar to those generated from a model that excludes the survey data but contains the other variables. Additionally, the variance decompositions suggest that the gain from including the survey data in the model that already contains other economic variables is small.
Inhibition of RNA Synthesis in Human Lymphoid Cells Induces Interferon Production

AbstractHuman lymphoid cell cultures produced an interferon-like activity in the absence of inducers. Using actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and other metabolic inhibitors, we have shown that the cellular requirement for de novo RNA synthesis is not a requisite for interferon induction. We show here that the production of an interferon-like protein may be triggered in cultured lymphoid cells by substances capable of suppressing DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Our data suggest that a rapidly turning over regulatory mechanism controls the production of an interferon-like molecule in lymphoid cells. In fact, the induction by inhibitors of RNA synthesis and the requirement for protein synthesis for production, but not for induction, suggests a preformed messenger RNA for an interferon-like molecule whose translation is normally prevented by a rapidly turning over mechanism which requires ongoing RNA synthesis. Experiments with neutralizing antibody for interferon suggest a new antigenic type of immune interferon or...
Antacid talcid activates in gastric mucosa genes encoding for EGF and its receptor. The molecular basis for its ulcer healing action.

Abstract In previous studies [Gut 35 (1994) 896–904], we demonstrated that antacid talcid (TAL) accelerates gastric ulcer healing and provides better quality of mucosal restoration within the scar than the omeprazole (OME). However, the mechanisms of TAL-induced ulcer healing are not clear. Since growth factors promote cell proliferation, re-epithelization, angiogenesis and ulcer healing, we studied whether TAL and/or OME affect expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptors (EGF-R) in both normal and ulcerated gastric mucosae. Rats with or without acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers (n = 64) received i.g. twice daily 1 mL of either: A) placebo (PLA); B) TAL 100 mg; or C) OME 50 mg.kg–1 for 14 d. Studies of gastric specimens: 1) ulcer size; 2) quantitative histology; 3) expression of EGF mRNAs was determined by RT/PCR; 4) gastric sections were immunostained with antibodies against EGF and its receptors. In non-ulcerated gastric mucosa of placebo or omeprazole treated group, EGF expression was minimal, while EGF-R was localized to few cells in the mucosal proliferative zone. Gastric ulceration triggered overexpression of EGF and its receptor in epithelial cells of the ulcer margin and scar. In ulcerated gastric mucosa TAL treatment significantly enhanced (versus PLA and omeprazole) expression of EGF and EGF-R. OME treatment reduced expression of EGF in ulcerated mucosa by 55 ± 2% (P
The behavioral assessment scale for intercultural communication effectiveness

Abstract The behavioral approach to the measurement of intercultural communication effectiveness is used as the theoretical and methodological basis for the development of the Behavioral Assessment Scale for Intercultural Communication (BASIC) effectiveness. The prior work of Ruben and his colleagues is described. The conceptual strengths and methodological weaknesses of this approach are presented. Modifications of the original nine Ruben scales to form an eight-item Behavioral Assessment Scale for Intercultural Communication effectiveness are described. Results of the administration of the BASIC measure to 263 college students demonstrated that the new scale was reliably used, correlated highly with another measure of communication effectiveness, and represented one underlying dimension. Limitations of the scale and suggestions for additional research are presented.
Incompressible Cake Filtration of a Yield Stress Fluid

Filtration of Non-Newtonian fluid occurs frequently in industry. A correlation is developed by introducing the Yield Stress model in place of the Newtonian model used in the Ergun equation. The resulting model has three parameters that are functions of the geometry and roughness of the particle surfaces. Two of the parameters can be deduced in the limit as the yield stress becomes negligible and the model reduces to the Ergun equation for Newtonian fluids. The third model parameter is determined from experimental data. The correlation relates a defined friction factor to the dimensionless Reynolds and Hedstrom numbers that can be used to predict pressure drop for flow of a yield stress fluid through a packed bed of spherical particles. This model is applied to predict incompressible cake filtration performance of a yield stress fluid. Modeling results show that for a constant pressure filtration the cake growth rate and filtrate flow rate for the incompressible filter cake are similar to that for a Newton...
Performance Degradation of Microtubular SOFCs Operating in the Intermediate-Temperature Range

Decreasing the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can reduce degradation of cell and stack materials and can reduce the cost of these materials as well through the use of metallic materials. These qualities have motivated the development of microtubular SOFCs for operation in the intermediate temperature range between 450 and 500°C. In this study microtubular SOFCs are fabricated and tested for analysis of start-up behavior and electrochemical properties under various conditions in the intermediate temperature range. Start-up behavior, performance at varying flow rates of fuel, and performance during load cycling is investigated. The impedance spectra and current-voltage performance from individual 1.8 mm diameter, 1.2 cm length microtubular SOFCs are obtained for the intermediate temperature range. The microtubular SOFC investigated is anode-supported, consisting of a NiO and Gd 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 2-x (GDC) cermet anode, thin GDC electrolyte, and a La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-y and GDC cermet cathode.
A technique for combining microwave hyperthermia with intraluminal brachytherapy of the oesophagus

A technique for combining microwave hyperthermia with 192Ir brachytherapy for the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma is described. This approach uses an intraluminal afterloading applicator and up to six microwave antennae to deliver both hyperthermia and brachytherapy, with minimal modification of the existing procedure for brachytherapy alone. Each microwave antenna includes a built-in thermistor to control temperature and balance power. Longitudinal temperature distributions were measured in situ from within the applicator, and at the applicator-tissue interface in vivo. Two-dimensional SAR and steady-state temperature distributions measured in muscle-equivalent phantom are presented and discussed. The technique appears to be capable of elevating tissue temperature to greater than 42°C in a radially symmetric volume of length greater than 5 cm, with radial penetration of 0 5 cm. The clinical technique is relatively simple and well tolerated.
Static Tire/Road Stick–Slip Interactions: Analysis and Experiments

Tire/road interactions play a critical role in safe operation of ground vehicles. This paper presents the modeling, analysis, and experimental studies of stick–slip interactions between the stationary tire and the firm road. A semi-analytical model is first proposed to predict the normal force distribution on the tire contact patch. A beam–spring network modeling approach is then used to capture and compute the friction force and rubber deformation distributions on the contact patch during a stick-to-slip transition. To validate the contact models and analyses, a pressure-sensitive, electric conductive rubber sensor is embedded inside the tire rubber layer to extract the 3-D forces on the contact patch. Both the analytical and experimental results show that the friction force and rubber deformation distributions are dependent on the contact normal force distribution and the tire structural properties. The understanding and modeling of the static stick–slip interactions presented in this paper provide new knowledge and methods for studying dynamic tire/road interactions and flexible thin-layer/rigid contacts in other mechanical systems.
The Relationship between Suppressed Anger and Psychosocial Distress in African American Male Adolescents

The goal of this investigation was to examine the relationship between suppressed anger, somatic symptoms, sleep disturbances, social support, the occurrence of the stressful life events, health risk factors, and the frequent experience of intense feelings of anger among African American male adolescents. The results indicated that African American males who cope with stress and provocations with chronically high levels of suppressed anger have significantly fewer close friends and family members to talk with about their personal problems; their personal problems were also more distressing and related to intense angry reactions. Adolescents who frequently suppress angry feelings reported that their level of comfort and self-esteem was lower while confiding in close friends and family members about their personal problems. Symptoms of cardiovascular arousal, sleep disturbances, and stressful life events were reported more often by adolescents who frequently held in (suppressed) their angry feelings. Simila...
Possible mechanisms of mammalian immunocontraception

Ecological and conservation programs in ecosystems around the world have experienced varied success in population management. One of the greatest problems is that human expansion has led to the shrinking of wildlife habitat and, as a result, the overpopulation of many different species has occurred. The pressures exerted by the increased number of animals has caused environmental damage. The humane and practical control of these populations has solicited the scientific community to arrive at a safe, effective, and cost-efficient means of population control. Immunocontraception using zona pellucida antigens, specifically porcine zona pellucida (pZP), has become one of the most promising population control tools in the world today, with notable successes in horses and elephants. A conundrum has risen where pZP, a single vaccine, successfully induces an immunocontraceptive effect in multiple species of mammals. This review describes the most current data pertaining to the mammalian zona pellucida and immunocontraception, and from these studies, we suggest several potential mechanisms of immunocontraception.
Implications of White-Dwarf Crystallization for the Chemical Composition of the Planetary Nuclei

It now seems to be reasonably well-established that the central stars of planetary nebulae evolve directly into white dwarfs. Evidently a knowledge of the chemical composition of the white dwarfs would therefore be of considerable importance in helping to identify the point in the evolution at which the mechanism responsible for expulsion of the nebular shell becomes operative. For this reason I would like to present some evidence which provides a direct suggestion for the internal composition of some of the white dwarfs and to examine briefly the implications of this suggestion for the relation between the planetary nuclei and the white dwarfs.