cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercises in emergency preparedness for health professionals in community clinics.

Health professionals in community settings are generally unprepared for disasters. From 2006 to 2008 the California Statewide Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program conducted 90 table top exercises in community practice sites in 18 counties. The exercises arranged and facilitated by AHEC trained local coordinators and trainers were designed to assist health professionals in developing and applying their practice site emergency plans using simulated events about pandemic influenza or other emergencies. Of the 1,496 multidisciplinary health professionals and staff participating in the exercises, 1,176 (79%) completed learner evaluation forms with 92–98% of participants rating the training experiences as good to excellent. A few reported helpful effects when applying their training to a real time local disaster. Assessments of the status of clinic emergency plans using 15 criteria were conducted at three intervals: when the exercises were scheduled, immediately before the exercises, and for one-third of sites, three months after the exercise. All sites made improvements in their emergency plans with some or all of the plan criteria. Of the sites having follow up, most (N = 23) were community health centers that made statistically significant changes in two-thirds of the plan criteria (P = .001–.046). Following the exercises, after action reports were completed for 88 sites and noted strengths, weaknesses, and plans for improvements in their emergency plans Most sites (72–90%) showed improvements in how to activate their plans, the roles of their staff, and how to participate in a coordinated response. Challenges in scheduling exercises included time constraints and lack of resources among busy health professionals. Technical assistance and considerations of clinic schedules mitigated these issues. The multidisciplinary table top exercises proved to be an effective means to develop or improve clinic emergency plans and enhance the dialogue and coordination among health professionals before an emergency happens.
Collisional Effects On Laser-Induced Fluorescence Flame Measurements

Abstract. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a method of considerable utility for the measurement of the transient free radicals which are the keys to the chemistry of flames. Collisions experienced by the electronically excited state can alter the magnitude and the spectral form of the fluorescence signals. Recent studies on both quenching and energy transfer collisions, and their influence on LIF measurements, are treated in this review; special emphasis is given to the important and popular OH molecule. Different solutions to the problem of accounting for quenching are considered, and both effects and exploitation of energy transfer within the excited state are discussed. Although further research is needed to better quantify these collisional effects, LIF can currently provide data significant for the understanding of combustion chemistry.
Do Racial Minorities Respond in the Same Way to Mainstream Beauty Standards? Social Comparison Processes in Asian, Black, and White Women

Some members of stigmatized groups, such as Asian women, may be more likely to experience negative self-evaluations after exposure to a mainstream beauty standard than members of other stigmatized groups, such as Black women. In this study, 54 Asian women, 52 Black women, and 64 White women, were exposed to mainstream standards of beauty and compared themselves to these idealized images. It was hypothesized that although Black women would find these comparisons irrelevant, Asian women would see these targets as relevant for their comparisons, reflecting their striving for mainstream beauty standards. The results indicated that Black women did not find mainstream standards as relevant to themselves, and reported positive self-evaluations generally and about their bodies in particular. Asian women, on the other hand, responded differently than Black women and were more likely to endorse mainstream beauty standards in a similar fashion to White women. As predicted, Asian women also experienced greater dissat...
Confidentiality of student records in the electronic frontier: Professors' and administrators' obligations

Abstract The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) was created to provide parents and students over the age of 18 with access to education records and to limit disclosure of those records without proper consent. Recent changes in information technology and amendments to the law itself have put FERPA in a state of flux and uncertainty. In this article we describe the rights of students and obligations of professors and administrators. We provide guidance for maintaining student information, especially in light of advances in information technology. A number of recommendations are made to help protect the rights of students as well as to minimize the likelihood of violations under the Act.
Selective separation of valeric acid from dibasic acids using supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Separations of coproduct valeric acid from mixed dibasic acids is essential for a new process of producing adipic acid for nylon production. The batch fractionation of valeric acid from mixtures of valeric acid and dibasic acids consisting of methyl glutaric acid and ethyl succinic acid was carried out with su percritical carbon dioxide using a continuous flow saturation apparatus. Phase equilibria of valeric acid and mixtures of valeric acid with methyl glutaric acid with supercritical carbon dioxide were measured in the range 35–65 °C and 68–140 bar. Apparent equilibrium of a mixture of valeric acid, methyl glutaric acid, and ethyl succinic acid with carbon dioxide is also reported. A high-pressure view-cell allowed visual observation of the number of phases present. Results indicate that highly selective removal of valeric acid is possible from the mixtures of dibasic acids using supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 °C and 90 bar, with loadings of valeric acid close to 0.1 mol %. Solubility of valeric acid in the fluid phase was increased to almost 6.5 mol % at 50 °C and 138 bar but with a decrease in the selectivity for valeric acid. The data obtained were correlated using the Peng-Robinson equation with conventional quadratic mixing rules.
Air pollution abatement: An examination of three policies

(1973). Air pollution abatement: An examination of three policies. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 3, No. 1-4, pp. 121-128.
THE MATTER‐ANTIMATTER COLLISION HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ORIGIN OF COSMIC γ‐RAY BURSTSfn1

A case for the origin of the cosmic ..gamma..-ray bursts in terms of collisions of chunks of antimatter with ordinary stars is made. The current observational data are consistent with the model in its present state of development, and this hypothesis is probably one of the most amenable to observational disproof, should it be incorrect. A variety of possible observational tests are discussed, both in terms of properties of the bursts themselves and in terms of methods of searching for antimatter in the neighborhood of the solar system. 24 references. (auth)
The New Jersey performance management system: A state system and uses of simple measures

Abstract The New Jersey Performance Management System (PMS) is a major mechanism used by the leadership of the New Jersey Division of Mental Health and Hospitals to contract for, monitor and manage community mental health services. The goal of PMS is to foster proactive, data-based management via sound assessment of multi-dimensional performance, equitable distribution of resources and introduction of incentives. This paper describes PMS, its components, implementation, and limitations.
On computing serial dependency relations

In a database system where the data is a collection of shared objects there can be concurrent access to the data by several transactions. Traditional concurrency-controls use a notion of conflict between pairs of operations (of which the transactions are composed) to ensure correctness. Herlihy has proposed the notion of a serial dependency relation over the set of operations to capture this idea of conflict. Since the smaller the conflict relation the more the concurrency, it is of interest to construct minimal serial dependency relations. In this paper, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of operations to be related by a minimal serial dependency relation. However, we go on to show that, in general, the problem of constructing a minimal relation is undecidable. We also show that some approaches advocated for constructing serial dependency relations are not feasible in general. We then provide a sufficiency condition for cases where the minimal relations are computable.
Composite Confidence Estimators for Enhanced Speculation Control

This paper proposes a way to allow more effective use of speculation control techniques by combining multiple confidence estimators into a {em composite confidence estimator}. This new class of confidence estimators provides improved performance and finer speculation control. This paper makes three contributions. First, we describe techniques for building efficient composite confidence estimators. Second, we present an improved statistical methodology for evaluating confidence estimators. Finally, we use a detailed microarchitectural simulator to evaluate the ability of our estimator to support an energy reduction technique called pipeline gating. Using previous confidence estimators, pipeline gating reduces the amount of extra work due to mis-speculated instructions by 22%, with a reduction in IPC of 5%. With the same impact on IPC, our confidence estimators reduce extra work by 31%.
Now We Are Almost Fifty! Reflections on a Theory of the Transformation of Social Movement Organizations

In 1963, Roberta Ash (now Garner) was a young graduate student taking a seminar on social movements led by Mayer Zald and the late David Street. There were five students in the class. Several times during the quarter Zald led discussions of the many directions that the transformation of a social movement organization (SMO) could take. Much of the discussion focused upon the limits of the Weber-Michels model, which posited the bureaucratizing and oligarchic tendencies of SMOs, summarized as “the iron law of oligarchy.” The basic framework for discussion was provided by Selznick’s open system approach to organizations. Both internal and external sources of pressures to change were examined. Under specific conditions SMOs could vanish, decline, grow, split or merge with other SMOs, and become more radical and/ or develop internal democracy. The students were given a choice of writing a paper or taking a final examination. Considering herself lazy, Garner chose to take a final exam. She was asked to state three or four propositions that were suggested by the class discussions and justify them. When Zald read her answer he immediately thought they could write a paper on the topic. Since then we have collaborated on one other paper, “The Political Economy of the Social Movement Sector” (Garner and Zald, 1985). Although we both have continued to write about topics related to collective action and social movements, our interests and emphases have diverged. Thus, rather than developing a single response to Arne Kalleberg’s invitation we have decided to provide a conversation between ourselves that responds to the questions he raised in his letter of invitation. Garner begins the conversation.
Novel biological activities of the fish pro-IGF-I E-peptides: studies on effects of fish pro-IGF-I E-peptide on morphological change, anchorage-dependent cell division, and invasiveness in tumor cells.

Abstract E-peptides of proinsulin-like growth factor-I (pro-IGF-I) are proteolytically cleaved from the prohormone after translation and have long been regarded as biologically inactive. Tian et al. [Endocrinology 140 (1999) 3387–3390] recently demonstrated that recombinant rainbow trout pro-IGF-I E-peptides (rtEa-2-, rtEa-3-, and rtEa-4-peptides), like hIGF-I, exhibited a dose-dependent mitogenic activity in several nontransformed mammalian cell lines. We show in this report that treatment of established human and fish cancer cells (MCF-7, HT-29, HepG2, ZR-75-1, SK-N-F1, and HC) and retroviral transformed human embryonic kidney cells (293GP) with recombinant rtEa-2- or rtEa-4-, but not rtEa-3-peptide, resulted in a dose-dependent induction of morphological change and enhanced cell attachment. The E-peptide-induced morphological changes are sensitive to treatment with α-amanitin or cycloheximide, known inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The in vitro colony formation activity of established human tumor cells (HT-29 and MDA-MB-231) is greatly reduced or diminished by treatment with the rtEa-4-peptide. Both morphological change and reduction of colony formation activity in MDA-MB-231 cells were also observed following transfection with an Ea-4 transgene construct. Furthermore, the invasive activity of HT1080 cells, known invasive cancer cells, is reduced three to fourfold by treatment with the rtEa-4-peptide. These results suggest that E-peptides of rainbow trout pro-IGF-I possess novel biological activities controlling malignant properties of cancer cells in vitro.
Occupational segregation and gender differentials in earnings in Macedonia

This paper examines gender differentials in earnings in Macedonia, with special emphasis on the role of occupational segregation. The lower earnings of women in Macedonia cannot be explained by gender differences in measured human capital endowments. There is a high degree of segregation of jobs along gender lines, the end product of which is lower earnings for women relative to men. Women are over-represented in female-dominated occupations, and feminization of occupations has a negative impact on earnings. Even after controlling for numerous individual and job characteristics and gender composition of occupations, a huge amount of the gender wage gap remains unexplained. J31, P2
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy is useful evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a cancer center

Background: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) biopsy is used to stage mediastinal lymph nodes in cancer patients to optimize treatment strategies. In this retrospective study, the authors determined the utility of EBUS-TBNA biopsy in the evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy at a high-volume cancer center. Materials and Methods: The pathology database was searched for all patients who had undergone EBUS-TBNA biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes over a one-year period. Cytologic diagnoses were correlated with clinical histories, subsequent resection, and clinical follow-up data. Results: Of 928 lymph node samples, 226 (24%) were diagnosed as malignant, 4 (0.4%) were suspicious for malignancy, 9 (1%) were atypical, 640 (69%) were benign, and 47 (5%) were insufficient for evaluation. In 89 (9.6%) cases, the patients had surgical resection. There was one false positive, in which the primary tumor contained infiltrating lymphocytes, had been sampled. There were five false-negative cases, which resulted from sampling errors, including two with micrometastases. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value rates for EBUS-TBNA biopsy in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes were 68.7% and 98.6% and 91.6% and 93.5%, respectively on a per lymph node basis. The overall clinical sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value rates after one year clinical/radiological and histologic follow-up were 97%, 99.3%, 96.7% and 99.4%, respectively. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA biopsy is a sensitive and specific method for evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with lung and other primary tumors.
Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts Created From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The utility of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to create tissue-engineered vascular grafts was evaluated in this study. hiPSC lines were first induced into a mesenchymal lineage via a neural crest intermediate using a serum-free, chemically defined differentiation scheme. Derived cells exhibited commonly known mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD105, and CD73 and negative marker CD45) and were shown to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic). Functional vascular grafts were then engineered by culturing hiPSC-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in a pulsatile bioreactor system over 8 weeks to induce smooth muscle cell differentiation and collagenous matrix generation. Histological analyses confirmed layers of calponin-positive smooth muscle cells in a collagen-rich matrix. Mechanical tests revealed that grafts had an average burst pressure of 700 mmHg, which is approximately half that of native veins. Additionally, studies revealed that karyotypically normal mesenchymal stem cell clones led to generation of grafts with predicted features of engineered vascular grafts, whereas derived clones having chromosomal abnormalities generated calcified vessel constructs, possibly because of cell apoptosis during culture. Overall, these results provide significant insight into the utility of hiPS cells for vascular graft generation. They pave the way for creating personalized, patient-specific vascular grafts for surgical applications, as well as for creating experimental models of vascular development and disease.
Note on the perturbation equation of state of Barker and Henderson

Perturbation theory of equation of state due to Barker and Henderson is reformulated. This new formulation makes it possible to calculate the Helmholtz free energy of a fluid system analytically by perturbation relations of Barker and Henderson, without use of any approximation or need of any numerical table for the hard‐sphere reference system other than the original Percus–Yevick approximations. The results are compared with the calculation of Barker and Henderson, and it is shown that the two agree with each other at all the temperatures which are compared, while the present method produces compressibilities slightly closer to the experimental and machine‐calculated data. The results of the present method, based on average Percus–Yevick hard‐sphere compressibilities, are also compared with the result of other theories of equation of state of simple fluids, molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo calculations.
Synchronized Paroxysmal Activity in the Developing Thalamocortical Network Mediated by Corticothalamic Projections and “Silent” Synapses

In mouse thalamocortical slices in vitro, the potassium channel blocker 4-AP and GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline together induced spontaneous prolonged depolarizations in layer VI neurons from postnatal day 2 (P2), in ventroposterior nucleus neurons (VP) from P7, and in reticular nucleus neurons (RTN) from P8. Dual whole-cell recordings revealed that prolonged bursts were synchronized in layer VI, VP, and RTN. Bursts were present in cortex isolated from thalamus, but not in thalamus isolated from cortex, indicating that bursts originated in cortex and propagated to thalamus. Prolonged bursts were synchronized in layer VI when vertical cuts extended from pia mater through layers IV or V, but were no longer synchronized when cuts extended through layer VI and white matter. In voltage-clamp recordings before P10, burst conductance of all three neuronal populations was dominated by the NMDA receptor-mediated conductance, and therefore synapses were "silent". In cortex and RTN, after P10, bursts were associated with strong AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated conductances, and synapses had become "functional"; silent synapses persisted in a large proportion of VP cells after P10. Before P9, the NMDA receptor antagonist APV or the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX blocked the prolonged bursts. After P9, CNQX continued to block the prolonged bursts, but APV merely shortened their duration. Thus, NMDA receptor-based silent synapses are essential for paroxysmal corticothalamic activity during early postnatal development, and connections between layer VI neurons are sufficient for horizontal cortical synchronization.
The mental health of male victims and their children affected by legal and administrative partner aggression

The authors recently developed a psychometrically valid measure of legal and administrative (LA) intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization (Hines, Douglas, & Berger, 2014). The current article explores the impact of actual and threatened LA aggression on the mental health of male physical IPV victims and their children. In the current study, a sample of 611 men who sought help after experiencing physical IPV from their female partners completed a survey assessing the types and extent of IPV that occurred in their relationship, including LA aggression, their own mental health outcomes, and the mental health of their oldest child. A series of OLS regressions indicated that after controlling for covariates, actual LA aggression was associated with more symptoms of PTSD and depression in male victims, and that both threatened and actual LA aggression were associated with higher levels of affective and oppositional defiant symptoms in the men's school age children. The current findings suggest that it is important to screen couples for the presence of LA aggression and male partners and their children should be referred for mental health treatment if LA aggression is occurring in the relationship. Aggr. Behav. 42:346-361, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determining the Electronic Properties of Individual Nanointerfaces by Combining Intermittent AFM Imaging and Contact Spectroscopy

A method to determine the electronic properties at nanointerfaces or of nanostructures by utilizing intermittent contact atomic force microscopy and contact spectroscopy in one system is developed. By combining these two methods, the integrity of the interface or structure is maintained during imaging, while the extraction of the electronic information is obtained with contact spectroscopy. This method is especially vital for understanding interfaces between metal nanoparticles and substrates, where the nanoparticles are not tethered to the surface and can be combined with new and evolving techniques of thermal drift compensation to allow for a larger range of experiments on nanointerfaces and nanostructures in ambient environments. An experimental probe for quantifying the properties of individual interfaces with diameters in the range of 20 to 100 nm is developed, which is based on scanning probe microscopy.
Graded and all-or-none electrogenesis in arthropod muscle. II. The effects of alkali-earth and onium ions on lobster muscle fibers.

Conversion of graded responsiveness of lobster muscle fibers to all-or-none activity by alkali-earth and tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions appears to be due to a combination of effects. The membrane is hyperpolarized, its resistance is increased, and its sensitivity to external K+ is diminished, all effects which indicate diminished K+ conductance. While the spikes are prolonged, the conductance is higher throughout the response than it is in the resting membrane. Repetitive activity becomes prominent. These effects indicate maintained high conductance for an ion which causes depolarization. This is normally Na+, since its presence in low concentrations potentiates the effects of Ba++, but the alkali-earth ions and TEA can also carry inward charge. Ba++, Sr++, and TEA appear to be more effective than is Ca++ in its normal role, which is probably to depress K+ conductance and Na inactivation. Thus, conversion of graded to all-or-none responsiveness appears to occur because of the relative increase of depolarizing inward ion flux and decrease of repolarizing outward flux.
Number of childhood abuse perpetrators and the occurrence of depressive episodes in adulthood

Objective Although past research has documented a link between adverse childhood experiences – particularly childhood emotional (CEA), physical (CPA), and sexual abuse (CSA) – and depression, relatively few studies have examined the unique impact of each of these highly co-occurring abuse types. Moreover, relatively little is known about the specific aspects of abuse experiences that increase risk for depression (e.g., number of perpetrators). The current study provides a conservative test of the association between the number of CEA, CPA, and CSA perpetrators, and depressive episodes in adulthood.
Feeding value of wet distillers byproducts for finishing ruminants.

Yearling and calf finishing trials (replicated over 2 yr) evaluated the feeding value of wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains and thin stillage). An additional trial estimated the amount of thin stillage bypassing the rumen when consumed by drinking. Yearlings were 5, 10, and 20% more efficient (linear, P < .01; quadratic, P = .05), whereas calves were 2, 6, and 14% more efficient (linear, P < .01) when fed 5.2, 12.6, and 40.0% (DM basis) wet distillers byproducts, respectively, compared with cattle fed a 79% dry-rolled corn diet. Cattle fed 5.2 or 12.6% wet distillers byproducts, or the dry-rolled corn diet, received similar amounts of protein (crude or metabolizable), which exceeded the metabolizable protein requirement of all cattle. Therefore, differences in efficiency were attributed to differences in energy utilization of the diets. Wet distillers byproducts fed at 5.2, 12.6 and 40.0% contributed 80, 62, and 47% more net energy for gain than corn when fed to yearlings and 17, 33, and 29% more net energy for gain than corn when fed to calves, respectively. Wet distillers byproducts averaged 169% the energy value of corn (2.53 Mcal of NEg/kg) when fed to yearlings and 128% the energy value of corn (1.96 Mcal of NEg/kg) when fed to calves. The increased energy values cannot be explained by increased digestibility, but they may be due to a combination of factors (reduced acidosis, increased energy utilization, yeast end products, etc.) that increase the net energy content of distillers byproducts. Approximately 50% of the thin stillage consumed by drinking bypassed ruminal fermentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stressful life events predict delayed functional recovery following treatment for mania in bipolar disorder

Identifying predictors of functional recovery in bipolar disorder is critical to treatment efforts to help patients re-establish premorbid levels of role adjustment following an acute manic episode. The current study examined the role of stressful life events as potential obstacles to recovery of functioning in various roles. 65 patients with bipolar I disorder participated in a longitudinal study of functional recovery following clinical recovery from a manic episode. Stressful life events were assessed as predictors of concurrent vs. delayed recovery of role functioning in 4 domains (friends, family, home duties, work/school). Despite clinical recovery, a subset of patients experienced delayed functional recovery in various role domains. Moreover, delayed functional recovery was significantly associated with presence of one or more stressors in the prior 3 months, even after controlling for mood symptoms. Presence of a stressor predicted longer time to functional recovery in life domains, up to 112 days in work/school. Interventions that provide monitoring, support, and problem-solving may be needed to help prevent or mitigate the effects of stress on functional recovery.
Demonstration of the importance of the oxide breakup in polysilicon-contacted-emitter modeling

The authors demonstrate theoretically a very rapid increase in the ideal base current of poly-contacted-emitter bipolar transistors with the fraction of the interface which has realigned with the single-crystalline substrate. Polysilicon contacts have played an integral role in reducing device dimensions and increasing the gain of bipolar transistors for some time. However, the mechanism by which the gain ( beta ) enhancement occurs is still not fully understood. Simulations were performed for a device with a transparent emitter using the simulation tool DAP2D (device analysis program in two dimensions) to model the effect on the base current of the breaking up of the oxide layer between the poly contact and the emitter. The simulations show that for poly contacts typical of VLSI applications, the modeled dependence of the base current on the percentage of the oxide interface which is broken up correlates well with experimental results. >
Different forms of obesity as a function of diet composition

To characterize the phenotype of obesity on a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) as compared to a high-fat diet (HFD) or moderate-fat diet (MFD). In four experiments, adult Sprague–Dawley rats (275–300 g) were maintained for several weeks on a: (1) HFD with 50% fat; (2) balanced MFD with 25% fat; or (3) HCD with 10% fat/65% carbohydrate. Then, based on the amount of body fat accumulated in four dissected fat pads, the animals were subgrouped as lean (lowest tertile) or obese (highest tertile) and characterized with multiple measures. The obese rats of these diet groups, with 70–80% greater body fat than the lean animals, exhibited elevated levels of leptin and insulin and increased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue (aLPL), with no change in muscle LPL. Characteristics common to the obese rats on the HFD or MFD, but not seen on the HCD, were hyperphagia, elevated circulating levels of triglycerides (TG), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose, and a significant increase in β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activity in muscle, reflecting its greater capacity to metabolize fat. This was accompanied by a significant increase in expression of the peptide, galanin (GAL), in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as measured by in situ hybridization and real-time quantitative PCR, and also in GAL peptide immunoreactivity. These measures of GAL were consistently, positively correlated with circulating TG levels and also with HADH activity in muscle. In contrast to these fat-associated changes, rats that became obese on an HCD maintained normal caloric intake and levels of TG, NEFA, and glucose. They also showed no change in PVN GAL mRNA or peptide. Instead, they exhibited a significant reduction in HADH activity compared to the lean animals, along with increased activity of phosphofructokinase in muscle, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Specific characteristics of obesity, including expression of hypothalamic peptides, are dependent upon diet composition. Whereas obesity on an HFD is associated with hyperphagia and elevated lipids, fat metabolism in muscle, and fat-stimulated peptides such as GAL, obesity on an HCD with a similar increase in body fat shows none of these characteristics and instead exhibits a metabolic pattern in muscle that favors carbohydrate over fat oxidation. These results suggest the existence of multiple forms of obesity with different underlying mechanisms that are diet dependent.
Theoretical Explanation of Pt Trimers Observed by Z-Contrast STEM

First-principles quantum-mechanical calculations on γ-alumina have revealed a fascinating “reactive sponge” phenomenon. γ-alumina can store and release water, but in a unique, “reactive” way. This “reactive sponge process” facilitates the creation of aluminum and oxygen vacancies in the alumina surface. Earlier atomic-resolution Z-contrast STEM images of ultradispersed Pt atoms on a γ-alumina support showed the individual atoms to form dimers and trimers with preferred spacings and orientations that are apparently dictated by the underlying support[1]. In turn, the reactive sponge property of γ-alumina is the key to understanding the Pt clusters. Our calculations demonstrate that if three Pt atoms fill three vacancies created during the reactive sponge process, the resulting geometry precisely matches that of the Pt trimers observed in the Z-STEM images. Understanding the initial nucleation of small clusters on the complex gamma alumina surface is an essential first step in determining the origins of catalytic activity.
Evolution and Creationism: One Long Argument

Ever since Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, creationists have argued against the scientific theory of evolution. Creationists do not want God's hand to be removed from the creation of species and they see Darwin's dangerous idea (Dennett, 1995) doing just that. In The Creationists, Numbers (1993) provides an excellent history of the creationist movement, with emphasis on the so-called "scientific creationists" in the United States. A more recent book by Alters and Alters (2001) also examines the creation-evolution controversy, with more emphasis on ideas for biology teachers. Many other books, including those by Dawkins (1987,1996), Eldridge (2000), Futuyma (1995), Gould (1989, 1999), Kitcher (1982), National Academy of Sciences (1998), Moore (2000), Numbers (1992), Pennock (1999), and Ruse (1982, 1989) document the creation-evolution controversy. The links between racism and the anti-evolution campaign have been documented recently by Moore (2001). Related to the evolution-creationism struggle in Louisiana, the Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) decision of the U.S. Supreme Court held unconstitutional the "Creationism Act" of the Louisiana legislature. This law prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools except when it was accompanied by instruction in "creation science." The law would have required the development of creationist teaching materials, curriculum committees, and related educational support. A decade after this decision, Don Aguillard, the biology teacher named in the Edwards v. Aguillard case, researched the factors influencing the teaching of biological evolution in Louisiana public schools, as part of his doctoral degree requirements at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. As his major professor I encouraged Don to follow his earlier activities as a science teacher and central figure in the legal case, with a careful analysis of the state of evolution education in Louisiana. Among his findings are the following (Aguillard, 1998):
Theories of causal ordering

Abstract This paper is a response to Iwasaki and Simon [14] which criticizes de Kleer and Brown [8]. We argue that many of their criticisms, particularly concerning causality, modeling and stability, originate from the difference of concerns between engineering and economics. Our notion of causality arises from considering the interconnections of components, not equations. When no feedback is present, the ordering produced by our qualitative physics is similar to theirs. However, when feedback is present, our qualitative physics determines a causal ordering around feedback loops as well. Causal ordering is a general technique not only applicable to qualitative reasoning. Therefore we also explore the relationship between causal ordering and propagation of constraints upon which the methods of qualitative physics are based.
STODER: a robust and efficient algorithm for handling spurious retransmit timeouts in TCP

TCP frequently experiences spurious timeouts in wireless wide-area networks (WWAN), because of the large delay variance in wireless links. Due to the retransmission ambiguity, the conventional TCP sender fails to identify spurious timeouts and therefore unnecessarily decreases the throughput. Several schemes have been proposed to detect the spurious timeouts, but they have downsides like: 1) undesirable overhead; 2) fail to detect in certain situations; and 3) may bring new security concerns. In this paper, we present a novel spurious timeout detection algorithm, named STODER. STODER exploits TCP repacketization to detect spurious timeouts without any additional overhead in data packets. Since STODER relies only on the basic TCP reliable semantics, unlike existing works, it does not bring new attacks from misbehaving receivers. Our simulations show it yields improved performance comparing to existing schemes in general situations
Cross-Generational Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and its Impact on Women's Opportunities for Leadership in the Workplace

This qualitative study focuses on how women of three different generations, Generation Y, Generation X and Baby Boomers, view the concept of work-life balance and what relationship these views have to their attainment of workplace leadership positions. Work-life balance was defined differently across the three generations, but the generational lines faded as most women reported struggling with finding a balance. Some women conveyed choosing not to pursue high-level leadership positions as the personal cost was too high. Those who had obtained high-level leadership positions shared what types of support were most effective in helping them juggle personal and professional obligations. A general theory became apparent; the answer for women may not be balancing, but rather integrating work-life commitments.
Avoiding an Odyssey - The EU's Accession to the ECHR

Since 4 July 2013 the draft agreement for the EU’s accession to the ECHR has been under scrutiny by the ECJ. In this context, Daniel Thym opened up a debate, concerning whether the EU’s accession to the ECHR might be a “Trojan Horse” within the walls of EU law endangering its primacy. This article takes a different view: It argues that the ECJ can live up to its responsibility for the integrity of the EU legal order by asking for safeguards in EU law and by clarifying that the obligation to launch preliminary reference procedures remains unaffected.
640 Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Associated Maternal and Neonatal Complications in a Fast Developing Community: Global Comparisons

Objective To determine the prevalence of Gestational diabetes, compare the maternal-neonatal complications among women with GDM and non-GDM pregnant women and investigate the risk factors associated with GDM. Design Cohort study. Setting Women’s Hospital. Subjects and methods A representative sample of 1,608 women expressed their consent to study. Questionnaire covered variables related to socio-demographic factors, family history, medical history, maternal complications and neonatal outcome. Results The prevalence of GDM in Qatar was 16.3%. Women with GDM were significantly higher in the age group of 35–45 years (45%; p=0.001). Family history of DM (31.7%; p Conclusion The GD was higher in women and they were at increased risk of developing maternal and neonatal complications. The advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, macrosomia, obesity and caesarean delivery were the main significant associated risk factors for GDM.
Pentafluorophenyl Alkyl and Vinyl Ethers.

The synthesis of various derivatives of pentafluorophenetole of the type C6F5OCH2CH2R is described. The R group was chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, pentafluorophenoxy, acetoxy, and trifluoroacetoxy. 2-Pentafluorophenoxy-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and 1,1-bis(pentafluorophenoxy)ethane were similarly synthesized. A study was made of the behavior of these ethers toward pyrolysis, acids, and bases. In general, those ethers containing β-hydrogen atoms give pentafluorophenol on pyrolysis. Some compounds, such as 2-pentafluorophenoxyethyl bromide, give rearranged products as well. Under basic conditions, cleavage to pentafluorophenol was observed with aqueous potassium hydroxide, whereas the use of solid potassium hydroxide pellets gives dehydrohalogenated products. Concentrated sulfuric acid causes cleavage of most of the ethers employed. 2-Pentafluorophenoxy-1,1,1-trifluoroethane resists attack both by acids and bases. The synthesis and polymerization of two new vinyl monomers, pentafluorophenyl vinyl ether and 1,2-difluorovinyl pentafluorophenyl ether, are also presented.
Pressure-dependent magnetism and electrical resistivity of UFe4P

${\mathrm{UFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ is the first reported uranium-based ferromagnetic semiconductor. The Curie temperature ${T}_{C}$ is 3.15 K, and the spontaneous magnetic moment ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ which at T=1.14 K was found to be \ensuremath{\simeq}1.0 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/(U atom), is associated entirely with the uranium ions. The electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T) increases by nearly 7 orders of magnitude as temperature is decreased from room temperature to 4.2 K. The behavior of the ferromagnetic and electrical properties of ${\mathrm{UFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ in hydrostatic pressures up to 16 kbar is reported. Quasihydrostatic-pressure effects on \ensuremath{\rho}(T) to 100 kbar are also reported. Although ${T}_{C}$ increases sharply with increasing pressure at the rate ${\mathrm{dT}}_{C}$/dP=0.26 K/kbar (in contrast to similar data on the isomorphic ferromagnet ${\mathrm{NdFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$, where ${\mathrm{dT}}_{C}$/dP=0.03 K/kbar), ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$ decreases, (1/${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$)(d${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$/dp)=-0.007 ${\mathrm{kbar}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Hydrostatic and quasihydrostatic pressure have little effect on \ensuremath{\rho}(T).
A CASE OF RECURRENT HYPOTENSION AFTER LIFE-SAVING PERICARDIOCENTESIS FOR CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Worsening of left ventricular (LV) systolic function after large-volume pericardiocentesis for cardiac tamponade is a rare and unexpected clinical scenario with an incidence less than 5%. A 30 years old male was admitted after resection of a cervical spinal tumor. Seven days post-op, he became
Maintenance of Aero-Derived Industrial Gas Turbines

The aero derived industrial gas generator has for many years been the source of power for pumping and electrical generation both onshore and offshore in many parts of the world. These lightweight units are operating in every conceivable climate and geographical location and as such have proved themselves particularly suitable for use in the harsh environment of the North Sea. The advantages of this type of unit for offshore operation are: compact size, high power to weight ratio lightweight modular construction, rapid black start capability, fast load change response, low onsite routine inspection/maintenance downtime, fast turn round heavy maintenance and speedy unit change out.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Effect of increased whole blood viscosity on regional blood flows in chronically hypoxemic lambs

In chronic hypoxemia blood flow and oxygen supply to vital organs are maintained, but to nonvital organs they are decreased. We measured organ blood flows (microspheres) and whole blood viscosity in 10 chronically hypoxemic lambs, with an atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis, and in 8 control lambs. Vascular hindrance (resistance/viscosity) was calculated to determine to what extent the effect of increased blood viscosity on organ blood flow was compensated for by a decrease in vascular tone. Arterial oxygen saturation was decreased (68 +/- 10 vs. 91 +/- 3%, P < 0.001), and both hemoglobin concentration (145 +/- 10 vs. 109 +/- 9 g/l, P < 0.05) and blood viscosity (4.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.6 mPa.s, P < 0.05) were increased in hypoxemic lambs. Systemic blood flow, oxygen supply, oxygen uptake, and blood pressures were not significantly different between hypoxemic and control lambs. Myocardial and cerebral blood flow was maintained in hypoxemic lambs, whereas renal, gastrointestinal, splenic, and thyroidal blood flows were at least 30% lower. Vascular hindrance was significantly decreased in the myocardium and tended to be lower in the brain of hypoxemic lambs, but in all other organs it was similar to that in control lambs. It is concluded that blood flow is redistributed in chronic hypoxemia in lambs; myocardial and cerebral blood flow is maintained, whereas blood flow to splanchnic organs, the kidneys, and the thyroids is decreased. The decreased blood flow to organs is a consequence of the increased whole blood viscosity.
Disinfection and management of Class IIHospital Ambient Air in Puyang City

[Objective]To understand the disinfection effect of Class Ⅱ hospital ambient air disinfection in Puyang City so as to reduce and control the nosocomial infection induced by air pollution.[Methods]Class Ⅱ ambient air of 15 municipal hospitals,16 county level hospitals,21 township level hospitals were sampled and monitored.[Results] Qualified rate of air disinfection in hospital during 2006—2008 was 34.21%,59.09%,85.71% respectively of municipal level;32.43%,50.00%,48.72% respectively of district level,31.42%,45.16%,39.39% respectively of township level.[Conclusion]Air disinfection effect of municipal hospital is significantly better than the county level and township-level hospitals,laminar flow clean air technologies greatly improve the qualified rate of disinfection,it is necessary to further enhance the air dynamic sterilizer use and management.
A Framework for Parameterized Design of Rule Systems Applied to Algebra

Creating a domain model expert behavior is a key component of every tutoring system. Whether the process is manual or semi-automatic, the construction of the rules of expert behavior requires substantial effort. Once finished, the domain model is treated as a fixed entity that does not change based on scope, sequence modifications, or student learning parameters. In this paper, we propose a framework for automatic learning and optimization of the domain model expressed as condition-action rules based on designer-provided learning criteria that include aspects of scope, progression sequence, efficiency of learned solutions, and working memory capacity. We present a proof-of-concept implementation based on program synthesis for the domain of linear algebra, and we evaluate this framework through preliminary illustrative scenarios of objective learning criteria.
From Right to Education to Rights in Education

Understanding development aid is complex and always a two-edged sword, because the donors and recipients often hold different motives and interests based on their ideological backgrounds and schools of thought and are driven by economic, political, social, and cultural considerations. Previously, the money-centric conceptualization had been the norm to guide development aid. Even when rights in education is advocated, aid is predominately allocated for meeting the need for right to education – the purpose of increasing access to and quantity of education. The core puzzle of quality education remains unsolved, and the effectiveness of development continues to be criticized.
The Social Psychology of Critical Theory

This chapter suggests that, while not easily discerned and indeed denied, Marx did have an implicit notion of “human nature” and elements of an implied social psychology of (thwarted) desire that informed the 1844 manuscripts. Why was alienation onerous? People felt pain! More specifically, the class relationships of market society, based on private property, depended on alienated wage labor to produce surplus value, which, together with the dominant ideologies that sustained capitalism, frustrated the basic fundamental human. One of the fundamental innovations of the Frankfurt School (FS) following this was the incorporation of the newly emerging psychoanalytic depth psychology into a critical, emancipatory social psychology of domination. As this chapter explains, not only were such concerns absolutely central for the early FS, but also their perspectives continue to provide major insights into the contemporary world fraught with the dangers from unprecedented inequality fostering resurgent fascism and nihilistic terror.
Clinical Effect of Rebound Hyperthermia After Cooling Postcardiac Arrest: A Meta-Analysis.

Rebound hyperthermia (RH) is frequently seen after completion of targeted temperature management (TTM) in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. However, its clinical significance is not well unders...
Diversity in Children's Literature: Not Just a Black and White Issue

Diverse characters in children's literature have been used for many years to introduce children to a variety of cultures and ethnic peoples. Using characters in literature is also a strategy that is available to educators who wish to introduce children in a classroom to their peers who have disabilities. The article explores both how books can be analyzed and what educators should look for if they are using books that contain characters with disabilities.