cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Neighbor Discovery and Time of Arrival Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks via OFDMA

This paper introduces joint neighbor discovery (ND) and coarse time-of-arrival (ToA) estimation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) via orthogonal frequency-division multiple access. In the proposed technique, each sensor node exploits at least one orthogonal sub-carrier as its allocated signature, to respond the ND and ToA estimation requests transmitted by target nodes. The target node utilizes the orthogonality across sub-carriers to detect the transmitted signatures and their corresponding delays. This technique is energy efficient as it avoids multiple transmissions and receptions inherent in traditional ND protocols and ToA estimation techniques in WSN. Moreover, in this technique, network initiation process does not require channel information or time synchronization across sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed method is studied by evaluating the probabilities of false alarm and miss detection of the ND. In addition, ToA estimation error is calculated theoretically and via simulations. Moreover, the impact of available bandwidth on the performance and energy efficiency of ND and ToA estimation are investigated. Simulation results confirm the energy efficiency and the feasibility of the proposed method even at low signal-to-noise ratio regimes and in multi-path and frequency selective channels.
Growth, Cell Division, and Fragmentation in a Species of Flexibacter

Abstract Flexibacter FS-1, a gram-negative gliding bacterium was grown in liquid culture as long (over 100-μm) filaments. The filaments possessed a triple-track wall which resembled that found in other gram-negative bacteria. Although phase-contrast microscopy indicated that the long filaments were nonseptate, electron microscopy revealed three or four septa along the length of each filament. The septa contained lysozyme-sensitive, electron-opaque material, presumed to be peptidoglycan, sandwiched between cell membranes. The outer triple track wall was not part of the septum. Mesosomes were seen in various areas of the cell and frequently were observed attached to septa in different stages of completion. Studies of the organism in slide culture revealed that individual filaments grew in an exponential fashion and divided in the middle despite the long length and multiseptate condition. When the temperature of a liquid culture growing exponentially with a generation time of 90 minutes was shifted from 30 to 35 C, the filaments fragmented into three or four shorter cells within 120 min. The short cells continued to grow exponentially at 35 C at approximately the same rate as at 30 C. When the culture was shifted back to 30 C, the cells immediately stopped dividing and began to elongate. After a period of 2 to 3 hr, cell division resumed. It is suggested that the shift-up in temperature induced the completion of the cross wall (centripetal growth of the triple-track wall) and cell separation at the sites of previously formed septa, whereas the shift-down in temperature caused a transient inhibition of cross-wall formation but not of growth. Fragmentation was inhibited by sodium azide but took place despite the inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol or the inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by mitomycin C.
Mapping forest damage in northern Nicaragua after Hurricane Felix (2007) using MODIS enhanced vegetation index data

This study employed a rapid assessment method for post-hurricane forest damage estimation following Hurricane Felix (4 September 2007) in Nicaragua, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) imagery. Post-hurricane forest damage was characterized using pre- and post-hurricane EVI data, assisted by post-hurricane aerial photographs. The agreement between the obtained EVI damage map and the reference data set ranged from 91% in high-damage locations to 85% in low-damage locations, with 86% overall agreement. Broadleaf forests comprised more than half of the study area and experienced larger damage (>75% trees blown down) than Pine forests. Results indicate that MODIS 250 m EVI products are adequate for post-hurricane damage assessment of tropical forests.
ASIRI: Air-Sea Interactions in Northern Indian Ocean (And it's Relation to Monsoonal Dynamics of the Bay of Bengal)

Abstract : The long term goal of this project is to help develop collaboration between two South East Asian Countries (Sri Lanka and India) and the US for tackling scientific problems related to air-sea interactions in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), especially in relation to Indian Ocean Monsoons (IOM) and their breaks. Monsoons are caused by large amplitude land-ocean temperature differentials resulting from the seasonal cycle of solar forcing on oceans and land. The IOMs are strongly modulated by air-sea interactions, particularly in the BOB, thus determining sub-seasonal variability of the region. The summer monsoons are southwesterly, the resulting BOB circulation is anticyclonic, and strong upwelling occurs along the western boundary of BOB. Modulations of air-sea interactions, among other factors, lead to recurring monsoon breaks sandwiched between active wind periods. In the autumn, the monsoon winds switch to northeasterly, leading to the reversal of ocean currents, which occurs through a set of dynamical adjustments. The broad goals of this project is to (i) undertake a comprehensive review of previous studies on air-sea interactions in BOB, (ii) identify critical science issues that underpin a future comprehensive oceanographic research program on BOB, (iii) identify and initiate collaboration with a group of regional (Indian and Sri Lankan) scientists, (iii) visits to key institutions in India and Sri Lanka to facilitate collaboration, (iv) initiate a scientific personnel exchange program with these countries and the USA to cross-pollinate scientific expertise, (v) identify and address key administrative and intergovernmental bottlenecks for future research partnerships, (vi) help organize scientific meetings in India and Sri Lanka to plan for future collaborative programs of mutual interest, (vii) initiative outreach and capacity building efforts, and (viii) help ONR in developing regional research initiatives.
The Means/Ends Dilemma in Contract Interpretation: A Response to Professors Kraus and Scott: How the Intractability of Express Language Affects Interpretive Authority and Legal Interventions in Contracts

In their recent article on Contract Design and Intent, Professors Jody Kraus and Robert Scott offer a new justification for literal enforcement of the parties’ chosen terms and for ignoring the contract’s objectives. Their argument depends on a theory of how parties trade off front end and back end costs. Kraus and Scott posit that if parties use specific terms, and fail to use open-ended terms, they have chosen to exclude courts from broadly interpreting the contract or going beyond the chosen means. As such, courts should rigorously adhere to the parties’ explicit contractual means and spurn any judicial strategy that overrides those means in order to secure contractual objectives. Kraus and Scott believe this approach is beneficial because it provides certainty to the parties in how future disputes will be resolved, thereby allowing the parties to more efficiently trade-off between front and back end costs.This Article disputes that view of contract formation. It questions the conclusion that the parties’ chosen means should govern unless the parties have expressly signaled a desire for judicial intervention. An unwavering rule that focuses exclusively on the chosen means may generate negative welfare effects. Moreover, the certainty promised by such a strategy might prove mythical. This Article explores various examples of law-supplied default rules in Contracts that illustrate judicial departures from, or additions to, the parties’ chosen means. These counter examples seem to ignore Kraus and Scott’s injunction to courts to refuse to intervene in contracts unless explicitly requested to do so through an open-ended. The Article concludes by suggesting its own theory of contract interpretation.
The associations between daily spring pollen counts, over-the-counter allergy medication sales, and asthma syndrome emergency department visits in New York City, 2002-2012

Many types of tree pollen trigger seasonal allergic illness, but their population-level impacts on allergy and asthma morbidity are not well established, likely due to the paucity of long records of daily pollen data that allow analysis of multi-day effects. Our objective in this study was therefore to determine the impacts of individual spring tree pollen types on over-the-counter allergy medication sales and asthma emergency department (ED) visits. Nine clinically-relevant spring tree pollen genera (elm, poplar, maple, birch, beech, ash, sycamore/London planetree, oak, and hickory) measured in Armonk, NY, were analyzed for their associations with over-the-counter allergy medication sales and daily asthma syndrome ED visits from patients’ chief complaints or diagnosis codes in New York City during March 1st through June 10th, 2002-2012. Multi-day impacts of pollen on the outcomes (0-3 days and 0-7 days for the medication sales and ED visits, respectively) were estimated using a distributed lag Poisson time-series model adjusting for temporal trends, day-of-week, weather, and air pollution. For asthma syndrome ED visits, age groups were also analyzed. Year-to-year variation in the average peak dates and the 10th-to-90th percentile duration between pollen and the outcomes were also examined with Spearman’s rank correlation. Mid-spring pollen types (maple, birch, beech, ash, oak, and sycamore/London planetree) showed the strongest significant associations with both outcomes, with cumulative rate ratios up to 2.0 per 0-to-98th percentile pollen increase (e.g., 1.9 [95 % CI: 1.7, 2.1] and 1.7 [95 % CI: 1.5, 1.9] for the medication sales and ED visits, respectively, for ash). Lagged associations were longer for asthma syndrome ED visits than for the medication sales. Associations were strongest in children (ages 5-17; e.g., a cumulative rate ratio of 2.6 [95 % CI: 2.1, 3.1] per 0-to-98th percentile increase in ash). The average peak dates and durations of some of these mid-spring pollen types were also associated with those of the outcomes. Tree pollen peaking in mid-spring exhibit substantive impacts on allergy, and asthma exacerbations, particularly in children. Given the narrow time window of these pollen peak occurrences, public health and clinical approaches to anticipate and reduce allergy/asthma exacerbation should be developed.
The discipline of onco-cardiology

“Involvement of cardiologists in cancer patients’ care has changed from focusing on managing cardiovascular complications of therapy to an overall assistance in the care of these patients from the initial cancer diagnosis to survivorship.c”
Proadrenomedullin and copeptin in pediatric pneumonia: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study

Background Community-acquired-pneumonia is the leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Very few studies have explored the predictive value of Proadrenomedullin and Copeptin in pediatric severe pneumonia and bacteremia.
Controls on methanol and acetone in marine and continental atmospheres

We present a regional analysis of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO in the New England continental and coastal marine atmospheres. Vegetative emissions over land comprise 60-80% of the daily peak-to-peak differences in the diurnal cycles of these oxygenated hydrocarbons. In the morning downward mixing of remnant boundary layer air over land provides an additional source equal to more than half of the vegetative emission strength. The ocean is both a sink and a source of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO, with dry depositional losses 2-fold greater than their source counterparts of 0.35 and 0.17 ppbv d -1 respectively. Anthropogenic emissions compensate for 59% and 52% of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO oceanic sink respectively, whereas over land this source is relatively small compared to substantial vegetative sources. Direct measurements of ocean- and land-air fluxes of CH 3 OH and (CH 3 ) 2 CO and boundary layer height are needed to better constrain their regional budgets.
Eyes on the Prize: Multicultural Validity and Evaluation Theory:

Examining evaluation theory in cultural context is an important component of evaluating theory; however, it is not the ultimate goal. The foundational element in good evaluation is validity, and ap...
Absence of an energy gap in measurements of Cu-O superconductors with high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

We report extensive measurements of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ (Bi 2:2:1:2) and ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (Y 1:2:3) single crystals with high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Both as-grown and oxygen-annealed Bi 2:2:1:2 samples were studied. In all cases, peaks due to surface optical phonons were observed at loss energies from 24 to 80 meV. We see no evidence for the weak feature near 60 meV which has been previously reported and attributed to the superconducting energy gap. Our results demonstrate that the optical conductivity of high-temperature superconductors deduced from HREELS, like that deduced from infrared spectroscopy, does not exhibit the gaplike structure expected for a BCS superconductor.
Reliability and validity of the functional outcome questionnaire for aphasia (FOQ-A)

Objective: To perform a psychometric evaluation of the Functional Outcome Questionnaire for Aphasia (FOQ-A), a 32-item instrument designed to assess the extent to which a person who has had a stroke performs several important functional communication behaviors. Research Design: The FOQ-A was administered to family caregivers of persons with a history of left hemisphere stroke (N = 91) undergoing a comprehensive screening assessment to determine their eligibility for participation in research trials for novel stroke rehabilitation interventions. Results: Statistical analyses provided strong support for the internal consistency reliability and the convergent and discriminant validity of the FOQ-A. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution, Basic Verbal Expression and Conversational Response Skills. Conclusions: The present findings build on earlier evidence indicating that the FOQ-A has good psychometric properties and considerable promise as a measure of functional communication in aphasia rehabilitation. Future research will focus on the test-retest reliability, criterion-oriented validity, and predictive validity of the instrument.
Density-Dependent Isotropic Raman Line Shapes in Compressed Room-Temperature Nitrogen†

Using the model developed previously by Everitt and Skinner [J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 8531], we calculate Raman line shapes of nitrogen at room temperature, from the dilute gas limit to over four times the critical density. At low density, it is necessary to use the full Kubo line shape formula, rather than its motionally narrowed limit. Our results for the average frequency shift from the gas phase, the peak frequency shift, and the line width are all in excellent agreement with experiment over the entire density range. The calculations shed some light on the competing physical mechanisms that are responsible for the interesting nonmonotonic density dependences of both the shift and width.
Advances in locally constrained k-space-based parallel MRI.

In this article, several theoretical and methodological developments regarding k-space-based, locally constrained parallel MRI (pMRI) reconstruction are presented. A connection between Parallel MRI with Adaptive Radius in k-Space (PARS) and GRAPPA methods is demonstrated. The analysis provides a basis for unified treatment of both methods. Additionally, a weighted PARS reconstruction is proposed, which may absorb different weighting strategies for improved image reconstruction. Next, a fast and efficient method for pMRI reconstruction of data sampled on non-Cartesian trajectories is described. In the new technique, the computational burden associated with the numerous matrix inversions in the original PARS method is drastically reduced by limiting direct calculation of reconstruction coefficients to only a few reference points. The rest of the coefficients are found by interpolating between the reference sets, which is possible due to the similar configuration of points participating in reconstruction for highly symmetric trajectories, such as radial and spirals. As a result, the time requirements are drastically reduced, which makes it practical to use pMRI with non-Cartesian trajectories in many applications. The new technique was demonstrated with simulated and actual data sampled on radial trajectories. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Lecture Style on Learning and Preferences for a Teacher.

Male and female college students read a lecture transcript, then completed a multiple-choice test covering transcript material and evaluated the lecturer. The actual content of the lecture was always the same, but the material was presented either in a demanding, stereotypically masculine style or in a supportive, stereotypically feminine style, and attributed either to a female or male teacher. Students generally preferred the supportive style, and evaluated those using it as more competent, warmer, more sensitive to student needs, more interested in student learning, but less forceful. Students learned significantly less from a female using the demanding style than from a male using the supportive style, a male using the demanding style, or a female using the supportive style.
How social connectedness affects guilt and shame: Mediation by hope and differentiation of self

We tested a mediation model of social connectedness and guilt and shame. Social connectedness was hypothesized to be related to greater hope and differentiation of self. Hope and differentiation of self, in turn, were expected to be related to less shame and more prosocial guilt. The results found that hope mediated the relationship between social connectedness and guilt, and differentiation of self mediated the relationship between social connectedness and shame. Alternative explanatory models were explored and taken into consideration in the interpretation of the results.
Establishing normal values for lower extremity muscle length in college-age students

Abstract Objectives To establish a normative range of values for muscle length in the hamstrings, iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles of college-age students. Design Cross sectional descriptive study. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Seventy-two healthy college students participated in the study, forty-seven females and twenty-five males. Methods and outcome measures Bilateral muscle length measurements of the gastrocnemius, hamstring, rectus femoris and iliopsoas muscles were obtained using a standard goniometer. The assessment techniques included: the prone, figure four position with active dorsiflexion for the gastrocnemius, the active knee extension test (AKE) for hamstrings, the modified Thomas test for rectus femoris, and the Thomas test for iliopsoas. Results Normative resting muscle length values were calculated from the group mean for each muscle, using goniometric measurements. Inferential statistics revealed significant differences between right and left sides for hamstring, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscles ( p ⩽0.05). Between group comparisons revealed hamstring length for females being more flexible than males ( p ⩽0.05). Conclusion These data provide the clinician with a normative value for lower extremity flexibility in the college-age student. Normative values may be used to identify patients at risk for injury due to decreased flexibility and guide interventions to address these deficits.
457 HORMONAL RESPONSE OF THE NEONATAL THYROID TO CESAREAN SECTION (CS) DELIVERY

Perinatal stress may induce a surge of hormonal responses which includes the thyroid hormones. Information is inadequate with regard to the surge of thyroid hormones at the time of delivery as it relates to the type of CS. We studied 33 motherinfant pairs who had elective (E) or primary (P) CS. The infants studied had (x) gestational age of 38.0 wk. All thyroid hormone measurements made on venous cord blood obtained immediately after delivery on two CS groups follow (X±SEM): The following is comparative serum TSH concentrations (X±SEM) of subgroups of infants who underwent CS delivery with and without preceeding labor: The data suggest that labor may suppress TSH and the events surrounding the primary CS stimulates this surge at the time of delivery. The mechanism operative is not clear and needs further study.
Chronic toxicity of the azaarene quinoline, a synthetic fuel component, to the pond snail Physa gyrina

Abstract The azaarene quinoline was tested for chronic toxicity to embryos of the pulmonate snail Physa gyrina. Toxicity criteria were effects on embryogenesis, embryo survival, time to hatching, hatching success, and posthatching survival. Of the controls, 91% hatched, compared with 99, 78, and 5% exposed to 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L of quinoline, respectively. No eggs hatched at or above 100 mg/L. Concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L delayed embryo development. The lowest test concentration that affected snail embryogenesis was 25 mg/L.
A new rocketsonde for upper-air atmospheric measurements

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has developed a new rocket-launched rawinsonde system that measures traditional parameters including temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and GPS position. This new “rocketsonde” system was designed specifically for the purpose of deriving vertical profiles of modified refractivity and wind conditions within the lower several thousand meters of the atmosphere.
Src-dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates Dynamin Self-assembly and Ligand-induced Endocytosis of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Endocytosis of ligand-activated receptors requires dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis, which is regulated by dynamin self-assembly. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of dynamin I by c-Src induces its self-assembly and increases its GTPase activity. Electron microscopic analyses reveal that tyrosine-phosphorylated dynamin I spontaneously self-assembles into large stacks of rings. Tyrosine 597 was identified as being phosphorylated both in vitro and in cultured cells following epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation. The replacement of tyrosine 597 with phenylalanine impairs Src kinase-induced dynamin I self-assembly and GTPase activity in vitro. Expression of Y597F dynamin I in cells attenuates agonist-driven epidermal growth factor receptor internalization. Thus, c-Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the function of dynamin in ligand-induced signaling receptor internalization.
Pomor Polymath: The Upbringing of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, 1711-1730

The life story of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711–1765) opens a window onto Russian science, politics, language, and social advancement in the era of Peter the Great (1672–1725). We cover Lomonosov’s background and upbringing, from his birth in 1711 near Kholmogory until his departure for Moscow on foot in 1730. The special character of the Pomor region, in Russia’s north, where Lomonosov was born and raised, is important for understanding his character, upbringing, and subsequent career trajectory. This character sprang from four overlapping factors: the isolation of the region, the political and religious tolerance that mainly prevailed there, the trade that brought the region into contact with foreigners, and the hardy lifestyle.
Radiographic studies on skeletal parts of zinc deficient pullets.

SummaryRadiographs made of the long bones, joints and necks of pullets raised on varying levels of zinc supplementation show graphically how zinc availability affects the level of calcium deposition. These comparisons demonstrate the advantages of the roentgenographic method for portraying skeletal differences in poultry studies.
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cultured human cell lines: separation by isoelectric focusing.

Abstract Isoelectric focusing in acrylamide gel slabs has been used to separate glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human cell lines. The pattern of four to six bands has been found to vary both in band position (isoelectric point) and in relative intensity. These differences can be used to characterize and distinguish different cell lines, both from different donors and from different tissues from the same donor. The method should provide a much-needed supplement to the limited number of techniques currently available for monitoring changes in cell cultures.
RESPONSE OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM TO FUROSEMIDE AND ACUTE SALT LOADING IN THE FETAL LAMB

Furosemide (FU) stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn lamb. This study was designed to assess whether FU or acute salt loading influences the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the fetus. Twelve fetal lambs 102-131 days gestational age were studied (term-145 days). FU (2 mg/kg estimated fetal weight) was infused over 1-2 min. Blood samples were drawn at 8, 20, 35 and 65 min. post infusion. In a separate study hypertonic sodium chloride (2.5 mEq/ml) was infused at a rate of 10 mEq/kg over 2 min. Blood samples were drawn at 3, 7, 15 and 30 min. post infusion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) ng/ml/hr and plasma aldosterone (Aldo) ng/dl were measured by radioimmunoassay. Baseline PRA was 3.09±.37 (M and SEM) at 100-115 days and 8.37±.91 at 120-131 days gestation (p 120 days), Following FU infusion in all fetal lambs, PRA increased from a baseline of 5.37±.71 to 8.56±1.24 at 8 min. (p<.01) and 20,36±5.8 at 35 min. post infusion (p<.05). Aldo, however, did not increase. Salt loading increased plasma osmolallty from 297±1.8 to 318±5.6 mOsm/L at 3 min. post infusion (p<.001), with no change in PRA. Conclusions: between 102-131 days gestation in the lamb fetus, 1) baseline PRA increases progressively without a change in Aldo, 2) FU stimulates PRA but not Aldo, and 3) acute salt loading does not suppress PRA.
Common viral infections in transplant recipients, Part 2. Respiratory viruses, polyomaviruses, and erythroviruses

Abstract Transplant recipients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from viral infections. Common respiratory virus infections, including influenza, parainfluenza 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus, can cause significant disease and can be acquired through both nosocomial and community spread. In addition, reactivation of viruses, including non-respiratory tract adenoviruses and BK virus, has been associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and acute graft rejection, while reactivation or acute infection with human parvovirus B19 can cause red cell aplasia in transplant recipients. Clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion to properly diagnose and treat these common illnesses.
Complex interactions in the regulation of trypanosome mitochondrial gene expression

Trypanosomes undergo extreme physiological changes to adapt to different environments as they cycle between hosts. Adaptation to the different environments has evolved an energy metabolism involving a mitochondrion with an unusual genome. Recently, Aphasizhev and colleagues have identified two new protein complexes, a mitochondrial polyadenylation complex and a guide RNA stabilization complex, that provide novel insights into the coordinated expression of the mitochondrial genome.
A novel method of pulse shape discrimination for germanium spectrometers

A method for germanium detector pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) is presented which does not require a large library of well-characterized pulses. This method aims to separate detector events with few interaction loci in a germanium crystal from those with many. The usefulness of this method for improving 76Ge 0-ν ββ-decay experiments is considered.
Evolution of human growth prolongation

This investigation evaluates hypotheses that seek to explain temporal retardation or prolongation of human ontogeny. Current hypotheses that address this issue are poorly defined and conflate several distinct theoretical positions. A model that predicts homogeneity in the extension of human growth periods is evaluated. This model is contrasted with two alternatives. The first alternative predicts heterogeneity in the extension of human growth periods. The second anticipates that human growth prolongation is the result of the uniquely derived "insertion" of a human childhood period into an ancestral ontogenetic trajectory. Allometric analyses of body mass growth data from 21 species of anthropoid primates suggest that human female and male ontogenies often depart from patterns established by other primates, but these departures are not uniformly exceptional. Comparisons imply that derived changes in human growth are heterogeneous. Relative to interspecific expectations, early growth periods are much prolonged, but later growth periods are actually reduced. Moreover, the attributes of early growth periods, including growth rates, timing of growth events, and size-for-age, are highly variable across primates. Low correlations among growth periods suggest independence among growth phases. These analyses highlight minimal distinctions between competing models (heterogeneous extension and insertion hypotheses) that attempt to explain human growth prolongation. More important, the present study facilitates refinements of causal models that have been proposed to explain human growth prolongation. Specifically, human growth prolongation may be related to derived changes in patterns of brain development. Alternatively, metabolic factors may have exerted influences on human ontogeny. However, models that predict long growth periods as a byproduct of metabolic factors do not adequately explain temporal retardation of human ontogeny.
Interpretation of totally irreversible chronopotentiometric waves

Abstract Methods for obtaining transition times and rate parameters from totally irreversible chronopotentiometric waves are compared and applied to data for the reduction of iodate on mercury in alkaline solution. Several new methods are presented and the results are compared, with a least-squares analysis by digital computer. Rate data are given.
The transmission of learned behavior: An observational study of father-child interactions during fishing

Abstract Mechanisms of transmission of learned behavior were described in terms of the behavioral interactions between fathers and their children as they fished from a pier on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Verbal and nonverbal behaviors and the patterns of association in the behavioral repertoire were described in detail. Groupings of associated behaviors ranged from clusters suggestive of modeling or simple showing to complex combinations of behaviors involved in teaching. There were indications that the transmission behaviors varied with the content of the transmitted information and the role of the performer. Role differentiation in the transmission behaviors suggested the occurrence of two distinct patterns in the ontogeny of complex behaviors.
On the advantage of haplotype analysis in the presence of multiple disease susceptibility alleles

We investigated the effect of multiple susceptibility alleles at a single disease locus on the statistical power of a likelihood ratio test to detect association between alleles at a marker locus and a disease phenotype in a case-control design. Using simplifying assumptions to obtain the joint frequency distribution of marker and disease locus alleles, we present numerical results that illustrate the impact of historical variation of initial associations between marker alleles and susceptibility alleles on the power of a likelihood ratio test for association. Our results show that an increase in the number of susceptibility alleles produces a decrease in power of the likelihood ratio test. The decrease in power in the presence of multiple susceptibility alleles, however, is less for markers with multiple alleles than for markers with two alleles. We investigate the implications of this observation for tests of association based on haplotypes made up of tightly linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our results suggest that an analysis based on haplotypes can be advantageous over an analysis based on individual SNPs in the presence of multiple susceptibility alleles, particularly when linkage disequilibria between SNPs is weak. The results provide motivation for further development of statistical methods based on haplotypes for assessing the potential for association methods to identify and locate complex disease genes.
The Association of Certain Permanent and Floodwater Mosquitoes with Selected Plant Species in Louisiana Coastal Marshes

A study was conducted to determine the oviposition preferences of certain permanent and floodwater mosquitoes relative to selected Louisiana marsh plants. Culex salinarius Coquillett showed a significant ( P < 0.01) preference for Distichlis spicata (L) Greene habitats in both the intermediate and brackish marsh impoundments (2.07 and 1.15 larvae/dip, respectively). Anopheles bradleyi King was collected in association with Spartina patens (Ait) Buhl. habitats in significantly ( P < 0.01) higher numbers (0.12 from the intermediate and 0.21 larvae/dip from the brackish marsh impoundment) than in association with other plant species. Culiseta inornata (Williston) was collected only in the intermediate marsh impoundment in association with D. spicata (0.13 larvae/dip). Soil samples from D. spicata habitats contained significantly ( P < 0.01) more Aedes sollicitans (Walker) eggs than S. patens or Bacopa monnieri (L) Wettst., yielding 52% of the eggs collected.
Changes in RNA and protein metabolism preceding onset of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured Friend leukemia cells.

Abstract We have studied the hematopoietic process which is induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) in the Ostertag FSD-1 line of Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells and have observed several changes that precede the onset of hemoglobin synthesis at 48 hr. Although cellular viability, mitotic rate, and deoxyribonucleic acid content are unaffected by our induction procedure, the induced cells become progressively smaller, and by 96 hr contain only 55% as much ribonucleic acid and 60–70% as much protein as control cells. The decline in ribonucleic acid content is significant by 24 hr and affects 4S and ribosomal ribonucleic acids in a noncoordinated manner throughout the hematopoietic process. Furthermore, incorporation of radioactive uridine into the 45S precursor of ribosomal ribonucleic acid is specifically inhibited by 1–2 hr after first treating FL cultures with 1% Me2SO. This earliest known effect of Me2SO on FL cells is followed by a decline in synthesis of protein. The basic sequence of macromolecular and cell size changes are similar to those that occur during normal erythropoiesis.
Grafted cerebellar cells in a mouse model of hereditary ataxia express IGF–I system genes and partially restore behavioral function

Fetal grafts of normal cerebellar tissue were implanted into the cerebellum of Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice (pcd/pcd), a model of adult-onset recessively inherited cerebello-olivary atrophy, in an attempt at correcting their cellular and motor impairment. Donor cerebellar cells engrafted in the appropriate sites, as evidenced by the pattern of expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system genes. Bilateral cerebellar grafts led to an improvement of motor behaviors in balance rod tests and in the open field, providing evidence for functional integration into the atrophic mouse cerebellum and underscoring the potential of neural transplantation for counteracting the human cerebellar ataxias.
Salmonella's long-term relationship with its host

Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase and are often associated with HIV infection. Chronically infected hosts are often asymptomatic and transmit disease to naive hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical reservoir for disease. Salmonella utilizes multiple ways to evade and modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses in order to persist in the presence of a robust immune response. Survival in macrophages and modulation of immune cells migration allow Salmonella to evade various immune responses. The ability of Salmonella to persist depends on a balance between immune responses that lead to the clearance of the pathogen and avoidance of damage to host tissues.
Perceptions of the purpose and value of the school improvement plan process

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine how teachers and administrators in a successful North Carolina district perceived the purpose and value of a school improvement plan (SIP) and the planning process. The SIP is the accepted best practice for school-wide improvement, and the perceptions of the purpose and value of the process significantly affect its success. This study revealed that the principals and teachers possessed very divergent perceptions regarding all phases of the SIP process. This study underscores the practical importance of developing organizational coherence on basic aims and values before engaging in organization-wide school improvement.
Chemical modulation of memory formation in larval zebrafish

Whole organism–based small-molecule screens have proven powerful in identifying novel therapeutic chemicals, yet this approach has not been exploited to identify new cognitive enhancers. Here we present an automated high-throughput system for measuring nonassociative learning behaviors in larval zebrafish. Using this system, we report that spaced training blocks of repetitive visual stimuli elicit protein synthesis–dependent long-term habituation in larval zebrafish, lasting up to 24 h. Moreover, repetitive acoustic stimulation induces robust short-term habituation that can be modulated by stimulation frequency and instantaneously dishabituated through cross-modal stimulation. To characterize the neurochemical pathways underlying short-term habituation, we screened 1,760 bioactive compounds with known targets. Although we found extensive functional conservation of short-term learning between larval zebrafish and mammalian models, we also discovered several compounds with previously unknown roles in learning. These compounds included a myristic acid analog known to interact with Src family kinases and an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinase 2, demonstrating that high-throughput chemical screens combined with high-resolution behavioral assays provide a powerful approach for the discovery of novel cognitive modulators.
An empirical analysis of some factors affecting student performance

Abstract Many colleges and universities use instructor and course evaluation forms. Overall, however, contradictory evidence exists concerning the usefulness of these forms as measures of teacher performance. Among the business school disciplines, few studies on the effects or usefulness of the forms have been undertaken. Responses to a 34-item questionnaire (instructor evaluation form) were factor analyzed to identify salient dimensions of the classroom/ learning environment and then the factors were correlated with student performance. The results indicate that responses related to teacher factors in the principles area may not be related to student performance. However, in the taxation and cost accounting areas the responses might be somewhat useful in gaging instructor performance.
Effects of race on albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease

The literature describing the relationship between urinary protein excretion and risk of cardiovascular disease and renal disease is rapidly proliferating. Several studies have demonstrated racial differences in the relationship between albuminuria and associated disorders. The purpose of this article is to summarize the effects of race on the relationship between albuminuria and renal and cardiovascular disease risk, propose explanatory hypotheses, and suggest directions for future investigation.
Uncertainty Mitigation for Trustworthiness-Oriented Applications in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Link and node trustworthiness are important metrics in wireless ad hoc networks. Many existing wireless ad hoc network routing algorithms assume the availability of precise trustworthiness information. This, however, is an unrealistic assumption given the dynamics of wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, a realistic method is needed to evaluate trustworthiness by mitigating uncertainty in the estimation process. In this paper, we propose a novel trustworthiness estimation model that accounts for uncertainty as well as two uncertainty mitigation schemes. We then illustrate the effectiveness of our schemes using a utility-oriented routing algorithm as a sample application. An extensive simulation study shows that these two uncertainty mitigation schemes significantly increase path stability and the long-term total benefit of the wireless ad hoc network.
Validation of the quench factor technique in predicting hardness in heat treatable aluminum alloys

This paper explores the relationship between the heat transfer mechanisms and metallurgical transformations associated with spray quenching in the heat treating of aluminum alloys. A method known as the quench factor technique is presented as a means for predicting the hardness and strength of aluminum alloys following a procedure of solution heat treatment with spray quenching and artificial age-hardening. It is shown that the only input parameter for predicting hardness of a particular alloy is its temperature-- time history during quenching. Temperature-time quench data measured both in small specimens and a relatively large L-shaped specimen are combined with metallurgical transformation data for aluminum alloy 2024-'1"6 to predict Rockwell B hardness. The predicted hardness compares well with the values measured for both types of specimens. These results both demonstrate the validity of the quench factor technique and emphasize the need for tools which would facilitate accurate prediction of the temperature- time history during spray quenching. Such tools could ultimately enable the aluminum industry to produce parts with both large and uniform hardness and strength by careful manipulation of the sprays.
Rapid Estimation of Regurgitant Volume by the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Method in Mitral Regurgitation: Can Continuous-Wave Doppler Echocardiography Be Omitted?

The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method is accurate for quantitating mitral regurgitation but requires recording both mitral maximal and integrated jet velocities using the same continuous-wave Doppler jet signal. In 272 consecutive patients with isolated mitral regurgitation, the mean ratio of maximal to integral of velocity had a narrow range of variation (mean +/- SD, 3.25 +/- 0.47). The estimated regurgitant volume, calculated as regurgitant flow/3.25, showed an excellent correlation with reference regurgitant volumes (r = 0.96 and r = 0.97; standard error of the estimate, 11 ml; both p < 0.0001), with limited overestimation and high sensitivity and specificity for severe mitral regurgitation. The estimated regurgitant volume is a useful measurement in patients in whom the continuous-wave Doppler signal of mitral regurgitation cannot be obtained.
Behavioral management of agitation in the traumatically brain-injured person

This paper outlines general management strategies used to prevent and control agitation throughout the continuum of recovery from traumatic brain injury. These include environmental management, alterations in the behavior of staff and family, use of physical and chemical restraints, redirection and substitution, time out, operant procedures, self monitoring and relaxation training. The need for both flexibility in choice of strategies and consistency in application is emphasized, along with the importance of staff training and patient and family participation.
Converged conversations A case study of journalism and digital commentary in the public sphere

This exploratory study examined a news episode in a single market as a case study aimed at teasing out elements associated with journalism and audience convergence. This study found four conditions...
A NOTE ON THE GIRO TRANSFER SYSTEM

PAYMENT BY CHECK, THE usual means of transferring funds in the Anglo-Saxon world, plays a much smaller role in the countries of Continental western Europe. These countries (as well as some nonEuropean ones) have developed a form of payment known as the "giro transfer," which has virtually no counterpart in Anglo-Saxon banking operations. American and British banking literature contains only a few scattered discussions of this particular topic, and these generally relate only to individual countries or to individual giro institutions.1 The present note is an attempt partially to fill this gap.
Mechanical Characterization and Modeling of Corrugated Metal Foams for SOFC Applications

Planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are made up of repeating sequences of thin layers of cermet electrodes, ceramic electrolytes, seals, and current-collectors. For electro-chemical reasons it is best to keep the electrolyte layers as thin as possible. However, for electrolyte-supported cells, the thin electrolytes are more susceptible to damage during production, assembly, and operation. The latest-generation electrolyte-supported SOFCs feature metallic foam current-collectors which relay current between the energy-producing materials and the rest of the circuit. These foams are stamped into a corrugated shape which is intended to reduce the compressive loads which are transferred through the stack onto the brittle electrolyte, but the mechanical behavior of the foams remain to be fully understood. Characterization of the corrugated metal foams consists of comparison of load-vs.-displacement behavior between experimentally measured compression data and a single-component finite element model which isolates the foam from the rest of the stack. Mechanical properties of the foam are found using an iterative approach, in which the material properties used as inputs to the model are changed until the load-displacement data best agrees with experiments. The model explores the influence of elastic and plastic properties in combination with and without friction. Thus obtained, the properties can then be used in a stack model to determine which parameters can best reduce the demands on the electrolyte without sacrificing electrochemical performance.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Double label indices.

Abstract The theoretical values of the double label indices are obtained for the situation where a steady-state renewal cell population is subjected to a double label. The stochastic model used to describe this situation allows for a duration of availability of label at each labeling. Explicit forms for the indices are presented for the case where the durations of the phases of the cell cycle are independently distributed in accordance with gamma distributions. The effect of the duration of availability of label and the elapsed time between labeling on the theoretical value of the estimate of the mean duration of the DNA-synthesis phase is demonstrated.