cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SULFUR ISOTOPE DYNAMICS IN A HIGH-ELEVATION CATCHMENT, WEST GLACIER LAKE, WYOMING

Stable isotopes of S are used in conjunction with dissolved SO 4 2- concentrations to evaluate the utility of δ 34S ratios in tracing contributions of bedrock-derived S to SO 4 2- in runoff. Water samples were collected over the annual hydrograph from two tributaries in the West Glacier Lake, Wyoming, catchment. Concentrations of SO 4 2- ranged from 12.6 to 43.0 μeq L-1; δ 34S ratios ranged from -1.8‰ to +4.9‰. The δ 34S value of atmospherically derived SO 4 2- is about +5.6‰; four samples of pyrite from the bedrock had δ 34S ratios that ranged from +0.7 to +4.1‰. Concentrations of SO4 2- were inversely related to δ 34S and discharge. The data for the tributary with the higher SO 4 2- concentrations were reasonably consistent with mixing between atmospheric S and S from a bedrock source with a δ 34S ratio of about -4.5‰. The difference from the measured bedrock values presumably indicates that S isotopes in the bedrock pyrite are heterogeneously distributed. The data from the tributary with lower SO 4 2- concentrations did not follow a two-component mixing line. Deviation from a two-component mixing line is most likely caused by preferential elution of SO 4 2- from the snowpack during the early stages of snowmelt, although microbially mediated fractionation of S isotopes in the soil zone also may cause the deviation from the mixing line. Sulfur isotopes are useful in identifying whether or not there is a substantial contribution of bedrock S to runoff, but quantifying that contribution is problematic.
The computation of vector magnetic anomalies: a comparison of techniques and errors

Abstract The greater costs and uncertainties associated with the experimental determination of vector magnetic anomalies have resulted in the development of techniques by which total field anomaly measurements can be used to calculate vector magnetic anomalies. Enhanced errors are encountered in all three of the techniques considered when calculating the eastward and downward vector magnetic anomalies in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. Analogous errors have been described from geomagnetic field models derived solely from total field data. The equivalent source inversion technique, although requiring the greatest computer resources, exhibits the smallest errors and is the most versatile. Errors can be minimized by: (1) using a technique such as singular value decomposition to stabilize the equivalent source solution; (2) using both total field anomaly data and suitably weighted vector anomaly data when available. The space-domain convolution and frequency-domain transformation techniques require comparable computer resources. More restrictive than the equivalent source technique, they both assume a constant geomagnetic field direction and total field anomaly data collected over a regular grid at constant altitude. These techniques are therefore most appropriate for aeromagnetic surveys covering small areas. Within this framework, the space-domain convolution is superior at most mid to high magnetic inclinations and at the magnetic equator. However, the frequency-domain transformation is superior at most other low magnetic inclinations.
Symptomatic and asymptomatic 1 -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinetreated primates: Biochemical changes in striatal regions

Abstract Administration of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, to primates produces an excellent behavioral model of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In the vervet monkey, regional biochemical differences in the striatum of two 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated groups were examined one to two months after treatment and compared with controls; one group displayed no observable gross motor abnormalities after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (asymptomatic), whereas the other group became markedly parkinsonian (symptomatic). In both 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated groups massive depletions of dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were observed in the striatum; generally, dopamine losses in the symptomatic group (> 95%) were greater than in the asymptomatic group (> 75%). However, in striatum, a marked heterogeneity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine susceptibility was found; certain striatal regions having 99% depletion of dopamine even in asymptomatic monkeys. Overall, in ventromedial regions of striatum the losses of dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were less than in dorsolateral regions at the same coronal level. There was a significant negative correlation between control homovanillic acid/dopamine ratios and susceptibility of examined regions to 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity. Unlike idiopathic, but similar to postencephalitic, Parkinson's disease, dopamine and homovanillic acid levels in caudate nucleus were not spared relative to putamen; in fact, in the asymptomatic group caudate nucleus dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were depleted to a greater extent than in putamen. The relatively small, but distinct, differences in dopamine and homovanillic acid depletions between asymptomatic and symptomatic monkeys in some regions indicates the potential of reversing parkinsonian motor abnormalities with intrastriatal grafts or implants that produce relatively low amounts of dopamine.
The Emerging Role of the Third‐Party Logistics Provider (3PL) as an Orchestrator

The connectivity and communication requirements of leading supply chains have created the emergence of a more advanced role for third-party logistics providers 3PLs. They have evolved from providing logistics capabilities to becoming orchestrators of supply chains that create and sustain a competitive advantage. This article uses a theoretical perspective based on resource-based theory, network theory and transaction cost economics, and a thorough literature review, to develop a model with seven propositions. Finally, using structured interviews of industry executives from a leading 3PL, we offer empirical support for the model and propositions that can be used to define the orchestrator role of a 3PL.
Impedance spectroscopy of the electrode-tissue interface of living heart with isoösmotic conductivity perturbation

Impedance spectroscopy was used to solve the Pt electrode interface with metabolically active perfused living heart. Three impedance spectra were observed: the Warburg impedance (ZW∞), a single high angle constant-phase-element, and a thin-film impedance (ZD). When characterized again after cyclic change of ionic strength (and hence conductivity κ) each interface had one of only two spectra, with exclusion of ZW∞. The in vivo interfacial impedance spectrum is thus neither single-valued nor stable in time. Because metal|living tissue interfaces are obligatory circuit elements in biosensors and electrodes in heart and brain, the multiple-valued and thin-film character of its impedance are significant.
T11-P-08 Shifting sexual boundaries: comparing Brazilian and American men

Objective Recent studies have discussed the negotiable aspects of sexual behaviors. These studies generally argue that the context in which sex takes place could influence the type of sexual behaviors in which a person would engage. The meaning a person attaches to specific sex acts would also affect whether they would enact it. The objective of this study is to examine how men interpret different sex acts in relationship to their sexual identity, and whether these interpretations differ between Brazilian and American men. Design and Method This study is based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2002-2006 with American and Brazilian men. Participants were solicited via a snowball sampling approach. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data. Results The results indicate that certain sex acts are stigmatized and are to be avoided as they are regarded as indicative of a homosexual orientation. However, the stigma associated with these sex acts is partly dependent on cultural context and local sexual systems. Being the passive person in anal intercourse is considered the final line drawn between being straight and being gay for Brazilian men, whereas this sex act is not necessary the boundary between the two sexual identities for American men in my sample. Conclusion Definitional criteria of sexual identification and of the sex act boundaries are situational. Sexual identities are fluid in part because the criteria used to determine them are also fluid.
Ligand Substitution Chemistry of the Diphosphine Ligand endo,endo-2,3-Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-5-norbornene (dpmn): Syntheses and X-ray Diffraction Structures of PtCl2(dmn) and PtMe2(dpmn)

The reaction of phosphine ligand endo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-5-norbornene (dpmn) with PtCl2(cod) and PtMe2(cod) yields PtCl2(dpmn) (2) and PtMe2(dpmn) (4), respectively. Treatment of 2 with excess MeLi or MeMgCl also furnishes 4 in good yield. Both new platinum compounds have been isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 31P), elemental analyses, and X-ray crystallography. 2 Crystallizes, as the CH2Cl2 solvate, in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, a = 18.062(3) A, b = 16.602(3) A, c = 11.088(2) A, V = 3,324.7(9) A3, Z = 4, D cacl = 1.681 mg/m3; R = 0.0432, R w = 0.0759 for 3,755 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). 4 Crystallizes, as the CH2Cl2 solvate, in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, a = 17.969(3) A, b = 16.689(3) A, c = 11.237(2) A, V = 3,370(1) A3, Z = 4, D cacl = 1.610 mg/m3; R = 0.0268, R w = 0.0665 for 4,098 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The solid-state structures of 2 and 4 confirm the coordination of the platinum(II) center by the seven-membered chelating dpmn ligand; 2 and 4 represent the first structurally characterized examples of organometallic compounds based on the endo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-5-norbornene ligand. The new platinum(II) compounds PtCl2(dpmn) (2) and PtMe2(dpmn) (4) have been synthesized, and their structures established by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 31P) and X-ray crystallography. Compounds 2 and 4 are the first structurally characterized examples of organometallic compounds containing the endo,endo-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-5-norbornene (dpmn) ligand.
An improvement in decomposed reachability analysis for symbolic model checking

Even though BDD-based reachability analysis can handle many large designs, the BDD sizes still often explode, and its performance is hard to predict. To address this problem, several decomposed approaches are presented in [6] to perform approximate state space traversal on a partitioned design. These approaches use reachable states as invariants to constrain the inputs of each partition to reduce unreachable states. This paper presents an improvement such that the input behavior of each partition is constrained by the state transitions allowed by the source partitions where the inputs are defined. Experimental results show that this type of input constraints helps to produce tighter state space for each partition. Furthermore, the effect of design partitioning on the performance is also discussed.
Retention of parallel-sided titanium posts cemented with six luting agents: An in vitro study

Abstract Purpose. This in vitro study compared the effectiveness of 6 luting systems on the retention of prefabricated titanium posts. Material and methods. A total of 120 single-rooted teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction and treated endodontically. Roots were mounted in copper cylinders, and prefabricated, parallel-sided titanium posts were cemented according to the manufacturer's instructions. Two resin-ionomer hybrid cements and 2 resin cements were tested with corresponding dentin bonding agents. A glass ionomer cement was also tested, and zinc-phosphate cement served as the control. Samples were tested in an Instron universal testing machine to catastrophic tensile failure. Results. Advance cement with Prime and Bond systems was found to be statistically more retentive than all other groups tested ( P P
Synthesis of selected 14C‐labeled carcinogenic aromatic amines

4, 4′-(Methylene-14C)bis[N, N-dimethylbenzenamine] (2), 2, 4-14C, 6-trimethylbenzenamine hydrochloride (7), and 4-chloro-2-(methyl-14C)benzenamine hydrochloride (18) were synthesized for an investigation of the metabolism of carcinogenic compounds. Evaluations of synthetic routes led to the following preferred methods: the LiAlH4-AlCl3 reduction of carbonyl-labeled Michler's ketone for 2, the Hofmann-Martius rearrangement of the salt formed from 2, 6-dimethyl-benzenamine and iodomethane-14C for 7, and the nitration of (methyl-14C)benzene followed by reduction with stannous chloride in hydrochloric acid for 18. The free bases of 7 and 18 were isolated from complex product mixtures by preparative thin-layer chromatography, but the free base of 7 was not completely separated from a tetramethylbenzenamine.
The development of sex-role inversion and homosexuality.

Summary The importance of differentiating between sex-role inversion and homosexuality is emphasized. Inversion refers to the adoption of the sex role and introjection of the psychological identity of the opposite sex. Homosexuality refers to sexual desire and activity between two members of the same sex. Thus, while certain forms of homosexuality (passive male and active female) are expressions of personality inversion, other forms of homosexuality have nothing to do with inversion. Failure to observe this basic distinction results in confusion, both in theory and research. It is hypothesized that inversion has its roots in the earliest years of life when the child forms, at first involuntarily and later consciously, an identification-attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and thereby introjects the sex role of the opposite sex. The invert, then, is a psychosomatic misfit, having the body of one sex and the personality of the other sex. Though more girls than boys express a preference for the role of the opposite sex, the possibility that inversion, as well as homosexuality, is more common in males than in females is discussed in terms of developmental personality theory. Also discussed is the basic difference between the sexes in relation to the meaning of expressed preference for the sex role of the opposite sex. In this connection it is necessary to distinguish between sex-role identification and sex-role preference.
Safety and efficacy of short- and long-term verapamil therapy in children with tachycardia.

Abstract Six children aged 3 months to 11 years were treated with verapamil because of resistant symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia or complications of conventional therapy. Two of the three patients with congenital heart disease were in the postoperative state. The other three had no gross cardiac anomalies. Two patients had supraventricular tachycardia with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, three had ectopic supraventricular tachycardia and one had atrial flutter. Intravenous verapamil was given in a dose of 0.15 to 0.25 mg/kg body weight to four patients, three of whom had successful conversion to sinus rhythm. One patient was given oral verapamil only. Treatment failed in the patient with atrial flutter. Five patients were maintained on oral verapamil therapy. Of these, one patient died of postoperative complications while receiving verapamil, and the remaining four have continued oral verapamil therapy for 1 to 3 1 2 years . The dose is 80 mg every 6 or 8 hours depending on response. Two of the latter four patients have ectopic supraventricular tachycardia that recurs when therapy is stopped. Of the two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, one has had no recurrence of supraventricular tachycardia and the other has had a decrease in both the duration of attacks and their number (from one to two per week to one to two per month). There have been no adverse effects with long-term drug administration. None of the five patients who received intravenous verapamil showed any untoward effects during its administration. This experience indicates that verapamil, which has not been used extensively in children, is an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug capable of controlling both ectopic and reentrant supraventricular tachycardia when conventional methods fail. The presence of underlying congenital heart disease should not be a contraindication to its use.
Brain synaptosomal Ca2+ uptake: comparison of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract 1. 1. K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake by synaptosomes was measured with respect to the strain differences between Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 2. 2. 45Ca2+ uptake by synaptosomes isolated from cerebral cortex of SD, WKY and SHR was measured at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 sec time periods. 3. 3. The sequence of both the magnitude and rate of resting and depolarization-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake was SHR > WKY > SD. 4. 4. The fastest rates of resting and depolarization-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake occurred in each rat during the first 15 sec and uptake rates dropped off quickly in both resting and depolarization states. 5. 5. At 15 sec, there were significant differences between SHR and WKY, while there were no significant differences between WKY and SD. 6. 6. The results suggest that an important alteration in Ca2+ channel characteristics may occur in SHR brain synaptosomes.
Fatty acid acylation of mucin by gastric mucosa: effects of sofalcone and sucralfate.

Abstract The effects of antiulcer drugs, sofalcone and sucralfate, on the activity of gastric mucosal mucus glycoprotein fatty acyltransferase were investigated. The acyltransferase enzyme, contained in the detergent extracts of the microsomal fraction of rat gastric mucosa, was incubated with the deacylated gastric mucin and palmitoyl-CoA substrates in the presence and absence of drugs, and the formed fatty acid acylated glycoprotein product was quantitated. In the absence of drugs, the enzymatic activity increased proportionally with increased concentrations of both substrates and of enzyme, and gave an apparent Km value of 5.6 × 10−7 M. Introduction of sofalcone to the reaction mixtures led to an enhancement in the rate of mucus glycoprotein acylation. The rate of enhancement was proportional to sofalcone concentration up to 1.0 × 10−5 M, with an apparant Km value of 3.7 × 10−7 M. In contrast to sofalcone, the acyltransferase activity was inhibited by sucralfate. The rate of inhibition of mucus glycoprotein acylation by sucralfate was of the competitive type and at 1.0 × 10−4 M reached a value of 25%. The apparent KI value calculated from the double-reciprocal plots for sucralfate was 9.1 × 10−7 M. As the acylation of mucin with fatty acids plays an important role in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity, the results suggest that stimulation of the fatty acyltransferase enzyme by sofalcone may be one of the beneficial effects of this drug towards ulcer healing.
What Is the Optimum Number of CD34+ Peripheral Blood Stem Cells for an Autologous Transplant?

There is a wide variation in the number of CD34+ cells infused for an autologous transplantation. While the minimum number of hematopoietic stem cells for a successful transplantation has been established, there is no definite information on the optimum number or the maximum number of stem cells. It is generally agreed that a minimum dose of 2.5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells is necessary for successful engraftment. Although engraftment of neutrophils and platelets is achieved at that dose, it is delayed and is also negatively influenced by other factors. Reinfusion of 5.0 x 10(6) CD34+ cells results in prompt engraftment of all three cell lines and should be the preferred target. At least one study indicated that a very large number of cells (>15 x 10(6) CD34+ cells) resulted in further improvement in engraftment, decreased packed red blood cell and platelet transfusion, shorter hospitalization, and overall decreased costs. In contrast, a few studies showed that reinfusion of a large number of CD34+ cells causes fever and engraftment syndrome and may result in prolongation of the inpatient stay. Marrow culture assays performed post-transplant have shown decreased hematopoietic reserve as well as changes in the stromal cells. These changes persist for several years after the transplant. Generally, salvage chemotherapy is poorly tolerated post-transplant due to impaired marrow reserve. This hypothesis has not been validated by systematic clinical studies. It is undetermined if larger doses of stem cells improves the marrow reserve.
Imaging Membrane Protein Helical Wheels

Resonance patterns have been observed in 2D solid-state NMR spectra of the transmembrane segment of M2 protein from Influenza A virus in oriented samples reflecting the helical wheel of this alpha-helix. The center of this pattern uniquely defines the helical tilt with respect to the bilayer normal without a need for resonance assignments. The distribution of resonances from amino acid specific labels around the "PISA wheel" defines the rotational orientation of the helix and yields preliminary site-specific assignments. With assignments high-resolution structural detail, such as differences in tilt and rotational orientation along the helical axis leading to an assessment of helical coiling, can be obtained.
Comparability of the WISC and the WISC-R in Normal Children of Divergent Socioeconomic Backgrounds.

WISC and WISC-R IQs of two groups of normal ten-year-old children from divergent socioeconomic backgrounds (N = 36) were compared in a counterbalanced research design. Generally, all WISC mean IQs were higher than the WISC-R mean IQs for both groups of children. Significantly higher WISC IQs were obtained on the Verbal and Full Scales of the low socioeconomic group and on the Performance and Full Scales of the high socioeconomic group. Correlations between tests for Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were.95,.79, and.91 for the low socioeconomic group, and.84,.57, and.87 for the high socioeconomic group. Although practice effects did not appear to significantly affect IQs of the low socioeconomic group, various practice effects were observed in the high socioeconomic group. Negative effects were observed for both WISC and WISC-R on the Verbal Scale, whereas positive effects were observed on both Performance and Full Scales in this group. Analysis of simple effects reveals that WISC and WISC-R IQs did not differ significantly upon first administration, but were significantly different upon second administration. Conclusions were drawn that while WISC-R yields a lower IQ estimate than WISC for children of lower ability, results were not so clear for the children of higher ability, due to practice effects which disproportionately favor increases on WISC IQs upon second administration. The greater practice effects found on the WISC have implications for comparisons of the two tests in counterbalanced research designs. Simple randomized or treatment-by-levels design may be more useful in comparisons of the WISC and the WISC-R because of the bias introduced by counterbalanced designs.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: XI. Trialkyl silane‐activated copper catalysts

Addition of triethyl silane to copper stearate resulted in an active heterogenous catalyst for the hydrogenation of soybean oil. The linolenate selectivity of this catalyst (KLe/KLo=2.4 to 3.9) was much lower than that obtained with copper chromite (8.4). Unlike copper-chromite catalyst, triethyl silane-activated copper formed stearate during hydrogenation. Both silica and alumina increased catalyst activity. Linolenate selectivity improved slightly in the presence of alumina.
Protein Binding of Endogenous Digoxin-Immunoactive Factors in Human Serum and Its Variation with Clinical Condition

We previously identified endogenous digoxinlike immunoactivity in serum from pregnant women, newborn infants, and patients in renal failure. This activity is due to an endogenous factor(s) that cross-reacts with antibodies raised against digoxin. Using serum from the above sources as well as serum and urine from normal individuals, we further characterized these immunoreactive factors. The factors are water soluble, heat stable, and neutral in molecular charge. That isolated from serum has an apparent mol wt of 200 daltons, as estimated by membrane partitioning. The factor from urine has twice this apparent mol wt, an apparent higher affinity for the digoxin antisera, and is less resistant to acid hydrolysis. It may represent a conjugated metabolite of the factor from serum. The immunoactive factor in serum is noncovalently bound to serum protein, and we describe methods for estimating total, weakly protein- bound (i.e. heat-dissociable), tightly protein-bound (i.e. not heat-dissociable), and unbound (fre...
Leveraging social media to support collaborative e-learning

The advent of social media has spawned a surge of open-source, user-created intelligence available through online media such as blogs, wikis and social networks. This session will outline reflections on and work towards harnessing the power of social media for instructional purposes by incorporating empirically-derived instructional design principles to scaffold their use. It specifically addresses the current and potential uses of social media in a variety of formal and informal learning contexts. The session will include examples for applying “traditional” best practices for implementing instructionally-enhanced social media applications for collaborative e-Learning.
Liposome-mediated transfection of mature taste cells.

The introduction and expression of exogenous DNA in neurons is valuable for analyzing a range of cellular and molecular processes in the periphery, e.g., the roles of transduction-related proteins, the impact of growth factors on development and differentiation, and the function of promoters specific to cell type. However, sensory receptor cells, particularly chemosensory cells, have been difficult to transfect. We have successfully introduced plasmids expressing green and Discosoma Red fluorescent proteins (GFP and DsRed) into rat taste buds in primary culture. Transfection efficiency increased when delaminated taste epithelium was redigested with fresh protease, suggesting that a protective barrier of extracellular matrix surrounding taste cells may normally be present. Because taste buds are heterogeneous aggregates of cells, we used α-gustducin, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and neuronal ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP9.5), markers for defined subsets of mature taste cells, to demonstrate that liposome-mediated transfection targets multiple taste cell types. After testing eight commercially available lipids, we identified one, Transfast, that is most effective on taste cells. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of two common “promiscuous” promoters and one promoter that taste cells use endogenously. These studies should permit ex vivo strategies for studying development and cellular function in taste cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Neurobiol, 2005
Method Development and Validation for Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distributions of Ellagic Acid Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)

Ellagic acid is a dietary polyphenol found in numerous fruits and vegetables, possessing several health benefits such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-atherosclerotic biological properties. The purpose of this study was to explore the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ellagic acid in rats. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine the ellagic acid in plasma and tissue samples was developed and validated. The separation was achieved using reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and the mass spectrometric detection was achieved using heated electrospray ionization (negative mode) and multiple ion monitoring (m/z 301/229). A sample cleanup with a solid phase extraction (SPE) step prior to the UPLC-MS/MS analysis was also developed. The SPE and UPLC-MS/MS method established here was successfully applied to reveal the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of ellagic acid. After oral administration dosing at 50 mg/kg, plasma levels of ellagic acid peaked at about 0.5 h, with Cmax value of 93.6 ng/mL, and the results showed that the ellagic acid was poorly absorbed after oral administration. The pharmacokinetic profile of ellagic acid fitted to a two-compartment model with t1/2α 0.25 h and t1/2β 6.86 h, respectively. Following oral administration, ellagic acid was detected in all examined tissues including kidney, liver, heart, lung and brain et al., and the highest levels were found in kidney and liver.
Modeling of coupled spin torque oscillators for applications in associative memories

This paper presents micromagnetic and circuit-level models describing the behavior of spin-torque oscillators (STOs). We demonstrate micromagnetic models that are in good agreement with experimental models for both individual and interconnected STOs and show that one can construct compact models based on the macrospin-approximation that match well with a full micromagnetic description. We study synchronization phenomena in various STOs, which are interconnected electrically or magnetically. The presented models can be used for studying complex networks of interconnected STOs. These networks may serve as hardware for oscillatory associative memories.
Animal models of stroke: translational potential at present and in 2050

Translation from basic science bench research in ischemic stroke to bedside treatment of patients suffering ischemic stroke remains a difficult challenge. Despite literally hundreds of compounds and interventions that provide benefit in experimental models of cerebral ischemia, efficacy in humans remains to be demonstrated. The reasons for failure to translate the extensive positive basic science findings to successful clinical trials have been the focus of discussion for years. Some attribute the failure to flaws in clinical trial design, others question the predictive value of current animal models and some question the quality of preclinical data. It is likely that a combination of all these shortcomings have ultimately led to the failure. The purpose of this review is to analyze the commonly used animal models used in the field today, provide a framework for understanding the current state of basic science research in the ischemic stroke field and discuss a path forward.
Signal Detection Analysis and Advertising Recognition: An Introduction to Measurement and Interpretation Issues

Recently the theory of signal detection has been introduced as a method for improving ad recognition testing. The authors expand upon this presentation, elaborate the various data collection and an...
How Do Myosin VI and Myosin Va Navigate Intersections And Cooperate On Actin Tracks While Transporting Cargo In Vitro

Myosin Va (myoVa) and myosin VI (myoVI) are processive molecular motors that transport cargo on actin tracks in opposite directions. We have shown that myoVa can effectively maneuver through an in vitro cytoskeletal model system composed of actin filament intersections and Arp2/3 branches (Ali et al. 2007). Here we challenge Quantum dot (Qdot)-labeled expressed myoVI with actin filament intersections and observed that myoVI maneuvers through intersections with the following statistics: 38% turned left or right with equal probability; 28% crossed over the intersecting actin filament; 34% terminated their run. The myoVI cross over probability is twice that of myoVa suggesting that the range of the myoVI leading head's diffusional search may be longer than myoVa. Similar to myoVa, myoVI has significant flexibility allowing it to turn at intersection angles up to 155°. When multiple myoVI were attached a Qdot, the turning probability increased to 53% whereas the cross over probability decreased to 15%. MyoVa and myoVI may be colocalized to the same cargo in vivo and to determine how these oppositely directed motors might interact during cargo transport, we attached both motors in a 1:1 ratio to a Qdot. We observed two types of movement associated with these myoVa/myoVI-labeled Qdots. A given Qdot would move in both the plus- or minus-end direction for periods of time at velocities appropriate for the specific motor, suggesting that myoVa and myoVI take turns transporting the Qdot. Other Qdots moved continuously but at velocities suggesting that both motors are simultaneous interacting with actin and undergoing an effective “tug of war.” These studies may help characterize how actin-based motors deliver their cargo through the complex actin network.
A Rapid FORTRAN Subroutine for the Fisher Exact Probability Test

Presented in the paper are a technical description, a recursion algorithm, and a FORTRAN computer subroutine to compute the one-and two-sided probability values for the Fisher exact probability test. The probability values are calculated recursively, without recourse to factorial expressions; consequently, a vast improvement in computational speed is achieved over previously published algorithms.
Alternative trade strategies and employment in the Argentine manufacturing sector

Abstract The paper analyses the employment effects of alternative trade strategies within the manufacturing sector. Estimates of effective protection rates show that Argentinian import substitution (I-S) policies have severely discriminated against exportable manufacturing industries. In turn these industries are shown to be at least 15% more labour-intensive than import-competing industries. Export promotion (EP) policies are characterized by low and relatively uniform protection to domestic and export sales together with the maintenance over time of a realistic exchange rate. The adoption of this strategy would imply a radical departure from I-S policies of escalated incentives and overvalued exchange rates which, as shown in the paper, have on average favoured capital-intensive industries.
THE ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE OF SHRUB CANOPIES: LEAF DISPLAY AND BIOMASS ALLOCATION IN RELATION TO LIGHT ENVIRONMENT

SUMMARY Leaf display features and biomass allocation were investigated in four dominant shrubs of forest and old-field habitats in central New Jersey, USA, to determine whether differences exist between species which reach optimum development in different successional environments. Late-successional shrubs were found to possess larger leaves, greater leaf area expansion (ratio of leaf area to leaf weight), and increased allocation of total energy to leaves versus wood, compared to early-successional shrubs. The shrubs appeared to deviate from patterns of biomass allocation expected in trees, possibly as a result of relative ease of horizontal exploitation of space through cloning. In addition, there appears to be a great deal of flexibility in features of leaf display which may play an important role in shrub adaptation to particular light regimes.
The utility of care: Behavioral decision analysis and the development of depression

The development of vulnerability to depression is examined from the point of view of one area of cognitive and affective functioning, the processing of information about the future. Drawing on research into how people make choices in an uncertain world, this article reviews how depression affects people's judgments about the relative utility, or subjective value, of different outcomes, and about the relative probability of those outcomes. A developmental model is proposed which suggests that children learn that some people are willing to incorporate into their own utility ordering for different outcomes the utility structure of the child–that is, to care about the child. The role of lack of perceived care in the development of depression is reviewed, and suggestions are made for applications of decision analytic methods to some critical questions concerning the role played by judgments about the future in the development of vulnerability to depression.
Correlates of Reasons for Not Reporting Rape to Police: Results From a National Telephone Household Probability Sample of Women With Forcible or Drug-or-Alcohol Facilitated/Incapacitated Rape

Rape tactics, rape incident characteristics, and mental health problems (lifetime depression, PTSD, and substance abuse) were investigated as correlates of eight different reasons for not reporting a rape to police among women who had experienced but did not report a rape to police (n = 441) within a national telephone household probability sample. Rape tactics (nonmutually exclusive) included drug or alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated rape (DAFR/IR; n = 119) and forcible rape (FR; n = 376). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was conducted to extract a dominant set of patterns among the eight reasons for not reporting, and to reduce the set of dependent variables. PCA results indicated three unique factors: Not Wanting Others to Know, Nonacknowledgment of Rape, and Criminal Justice Concerns. Hierarchical regression analyses showed DAFR/IR and FR were both positively and significantly associated with Criminal Justice Concerns, whereas DAFR/IR, but not FR, was associated with Nonacknowledgment as a reason for not reporting to police. Neither DAFR/IR nor FR emerged as significant predictors of Others Knowing after controlling for fear of death or injury at the time of the incident. Correlations among variables showed that the Criminal Justice Concerns factor was positively related to lifetime depression and PTSD and the Nonacknowledgement factor was negatively related to lifetime PTSD. Findings suggest prevention programs should educate women about the definition of rape, which may include incapacitation due to alcohol or drugs, to increase acknowledgement and decrease barriers to police reporting.
PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICAL SPECIES DURING EIMERIA MAXIMA INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS

Abstract Five experiments were conducted to investigate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2-) during infections of chickens with the coccidial parasite, Eimeria maxima, in order to assess the importance of these free radical species in the pathogenesis of the infections. Nitric oxide production was estimated by analyzing NO2(-)+NO3-, stable metabolites of NO, in the plasma and intestinal mucosa. The potential for O2- production was estimated from activities of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in mucosal homogenates. Levels of NO2(-)+NO3- reached maximum values at about 6 d postinoculation, a time when mucosal damage was high and oocysts were being shed. The activity of NADPH oxidase in infected mucosa was also increased. Thus, at that time, there was a potential for oxidative destruction of mucosal tissue from these free radicals and their reaction products. Levels of NO2(-)+NO3- did not increase in a stepwise manner with increasing infective dose, suggesting that production of NO may be regulated post-transcriptionally by other factors elaborated by the immune response to infection, or may be controlled by substrate limitations. A comparison of two E. maxima strains indicated that the virulence of a strain was not directly related to NO production. Increased production of O2- due to increased NADPH oxidase activity during infection may cause a reduction in levels of carotenoid pigments that is unrelated to malabsorption.
CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM: NOW IN PAKISTANI PUNJAB

Abstract To investigate the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Pakistani Punjab, in-vivo and in-vitro drug susceptibility was tested in 3 villages. Of 66 patients followed for up to 14 days after chloroquine treatment, 53 (80%) had parasites sensitive to chloroquine, 10 (15%) had parasites with early RI resistance, and 3(5%) had parasites with RII resistance. Of 42 falciparum isolates investigated in vitro, 12 were sensitive, 8 intermediate, and 22 resistant to chloroquine. The degree of in-vivo resistance correlated with the degree of in-vitro resistance. It is concluded that chloroquine resistance is common among falciparum parasites in Pakistan and that this chloroquine resistance could explain the recent increase in the prevalence of falciparum malaria in the Punjab. Alternative antimalarials should therefore be investigated for both treatment and chemoprophylaxis against falciparum parasites in Pakistan.
Ubiquitin–proteasome degradation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) is mediated by the chaperone-dependent E3 ligase CHIP

SGK-1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1) is a stress-induced serine/threonine kinase that is phosphorylated and activated downstream of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase). SGK-1 plays a critical role in insulin signalling, cation transport and cell survival. SGK-1 mRNA expression is transiently induced following cellular stress, and SGK-1 protein levels are tightly regulated by rapid proteasomal degradation. In the present study we report that SGK-1 forms a complex with the stress-associated E3 ligase CHIP [C-terminus of Hsc (heat-shock cognate protein) 70-interacting protein]; CHIP is required for both the ubiquitin modification and rapid proteasomal degradation of SGK-1. We also show that CHIP co-localizes with SGK-1 at or near the endoplasmic reticulum. CHIP-mediated regulation of SGK-1 steady-state levels alters SGK-1 kinase activity. These data suggest a model that integrates CHIP function with regulation of the PI3K/SGK-1 pathway in the stress response.
Nano-aperture array based optical imaging system on a microfluidic chip

We report the implementation of a novel nano-aperture array based imaging technique in a microfluidic network, termed ldquooptofluidic microscopy (OFM)rdquo. The OFM prototype features high resolution, compact volume and capable of high-throughput sample imaging.
Combinatorial PCA and SVM methods for feature selection in learning classifications (applications to text categorization)

We describe a purely combinatorial approach of obtaining meaningful representations of text data. More precisely, we describe two different methods that materialize this approach: we call them combinatorial principal component analysis (cPCA) and combinatorial support vector machines (cSVM). These names emphasise mathematical analogies between the well known PCA and SVM, on one hand, and our respective methods. For evaluating the selected spaces of features, we used the environment set for TREC 2002 and used a very common classifier: 1-nearest neighbour (1-NN). We compared the results obtained on the feature sets calculated by the procedures we described (cPCA and cSVM) with the results obtained on the original feature space. We showed that by selecting a feature space on average 50 times smaller than the original space, the performance of the classifier does not decrease by more than 2%.
In vitro reconstitution of human kidney structures for renal failure

Introduction and Objectives: End stage renal disease is currently being treated effectively by transplantation. Recent advances in cell-based therapies have provided potential opportunities to alleviate the current challenges of donor shortage. We previously have demonstrated that single renal cells expanded in culture are able to form renal structures when implanted in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether human kidney structures could be pre-formed in vitro for subsequent implantation in vivo to maximize tissue forming efficiency.
Inferential Justification and the Transparency of Belief

This paper critically examines currently influential transparency accounts of our knowledge of our own beliefs that say that self-ascriptions of belief typically are arrived at by “looking outward” onto the world. For example, one version of the transparency account says that one self-ascribes beliefs via an inference from a premise to the conclusion that one believes that premise. This rule of inference reliably yields accurate self-ascriptions because you cannot infer a conclusion from a premise without believing the premise, and so you cannot infer from a premise that you believe the premise unless you do believe it. I argue that this procedure cannot be a source of justification, however, because one can be justified in inferring from p that q only if p amounts to strong evidence that q is true. This is incompatible with the transparency account because p often is not very strong evidence that you believe that p. For example, unless you are a weather expert, the fact that it will rain is not very strong evidence that you believe it will rain. After showing how this intuitive problem can be made precise, I conclude with a broader lesson about the nature of inferential justification: that beliefs, when justified, must be underwritten by beliefs, when justified, must be underwritten by evidential relationships between the facts or propositions which those beliefs represent.
Observation of rapid Auger recombination in optically excited semiconducting carbon nanotubes

Time-resolved fluorescence measurements of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) reveal rapid electron-hole pair annihilation when multiple electron-hole pairs are present in a nanotube. The process can be understood as Auger recombination with a rate of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for just two electron-hole pairs in a 380-nm long SWNT. This efficient nonradiative recombination reflects the strong carrier-carrier interactions in the quasi-one-dimensional SWNTs. In addition to affecting nanotube fluorescence, Auger recombination imposes limitations on the sustained electron-hole density achievable within a SWNT.
Influence of Fiber Ends on the Adhesion of Bare Tire Cords

1. Comparison of results on 100% cotton and 100% rayon-staple cords, neither being coated with an adhesive dip, indicates that the former have about 25% better adhesion. Since the advantage cannot be due to the presence of fiber ends protruding from the cord in one case and not the other, it is concluded that the superior adhesion of the bare cotton cord is in part due to a surface chemical or geometric property of the cotton fiber.2. Comparison of results on 100% rayon-staple and continuous-filament cords, obtained from the same supplier, show that the staple-fiber product has about 60% better adhesion than the continuous-filament cord. This result indicates that, as has been frequently claimed in the litera ture, the presence of fiber ends in a tire cord does contribute toward improving adhesion. A 100% improvement in adhesion would be required, however, to show that only the lack of fiber ends curtails the adhesion of bare, conventional rayon cords.
In vitro activity of tigecycline against multiple strains of Borrelia burgdorferi

Objectives: To compare the antimicrobial activity of tigecycline and doxycycline against multiple isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi. Methods: In vitro antimicrobial assays were carried out using a microdilution assay. The time needed to inhibit, immobilize and kill the B31 strain of B. burgdorferi was determined. The MIC, MBC and concentration needed to immobilize the organism were determined for each antimicrobial for various strains of B. burgdorferi. Results: Tigecycline inhibited the growth of and killed the organism more rapidly than doxycycline. Tigecycline was able to kill B. burgdorferi within 24 h at clinically achievable concentrations (<1 mg/L). In contrast, doxycycline was bacteriostatic and required 48-72 h to achieve its maximal inhibitory effect. The anti-Borrelia activity of the antibiotics was tested against 20 different isolates from three species. Tigecycline was 16- to 1000-fold more active than doxycycline at immobilizing Borrelia for the 20 isolates tested. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the in vitro activity of tigecycline against B. burgdorferi is superior to that of doxycycline. Tigecycline acted more rapidly and was bactericidal, whereas doxycycline was bacteriostatic and required a more prolonged co-incubation to achieve its maximal inhibitory effect.