cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-binding Sites of l-α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract l-α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated to be inhibited by a homologous series of N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides, ranging from the N1-methyl to the N1-dodecyl derivative, inclusive. The inhibition obtained was observed to be reversible and competitive with respect to the coenzyme NAD. The binding of N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides larger than the N1-pentyl derivative to glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was shown to be facilitated through nonpolar interactions with the enzyme. Adenosine, adenylic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine diphosphoribose were also shown to be coenzyme-competitive inhibitors of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The effectiveness of binding of these compounds increased with the size of the adenine derivative employed. Multiple inhibition analysis was used to demonstrate simultaneous binding of inhibitors that interact with different regions of the NAD-binding site of the enzyme. Inhibitors interacting with the same regions of the NAD-binding site were shown to mutually exclude one another from binding to the enzyme. It was suggested that the binding of NAD to glycerophosphate dehydrogenase occurs through interactions involving the adenosine moiety, the pyrophosphate grouping, and the positively charged nicotinamide ring system. The presence of a hydrophobic region near the NAD-binding site of the enzyme was indicated.
In the Eye of the Beholder: The Stratification of Taste in a Cultural Industry

Scholars argue that cultural intermediaries—that is, people that sell popular culture—accomplish their work through an affinity between their personal taste and that of their consumers. Yet, studie...
On the strength-differential phenomenon in hardened steel

A brief review is presented of the strength-differential phenomenon in martensitic steels, wherein such steels are notably stronger in compression than in tension. It is proposed that nonlinear-elastic interactions between dislocations and interstitial solute atoms can contribute significantly to the observed phenomenon. A simple-model calculation indicates that the proposed interaction can account for an appreciable part of the effect.
Kinetic Core Plasma Diagnostics

Kinetic diagnostics refers to measurement of the particle velocity distribution as used in plasma kinetic theory, while core plasma refers to the peak of the velocity distribution. The nomenclature used here signifies relaxation of the conventional assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, that once justified integral measurement of the bulk fluid properties of the core plasma electrons and ions. As we have learned to overcome the problems of spacecraft charging, we have gained access to the study of core plasmas in lower density regions that once'appeared to contain no core plasma whatsoever. Studies have confirmed that near-core hot tails, anisotropies, heat fluxes, beams, and ring-beams exist in the low density core plasmas, whereas such plasmas were previously thought to be thermal and thus fully described by their density, flow velocity, and temperature. Plasmas with such core features are neither cold nor thermal, nor are they necessarily low in energy by terrestrial standards. Energy analysis with full-sky angular coverage and mass analysis of ions have now become basic requirements for kinetic core plasma diagnostics. Delivery of kinetic information on ion time scales is the next challenge for such measurements. The objectives of and motivation for core plasma diagnostics are summarized. Applicable existing instrument techniques are reviewed under the broad headings of Directional, Energy, and Mass Analysis. Peculiar aspects of the analysis and interpretation of kinetic core plasma data, including spacecraft charging, are discussed. Some future instrument development directions are suggested.
Particularism and Multi-Cultural Education: Experience of Muslims in the United States

Copyright 1993, The Islamic Academy - Cambridge. This is a pre-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in the edited journal Muslim Education Quarterly following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available through the Islamic Academy - Cambridge. See also: http://www.eself-learning-arabic.cornell.edu/publications.htm#4
Exploring the longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in injured trauma survivors.

Objective: The goal of this study was to examine the longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of acutely injured hospitalized civilian trauma survivors who participated in a randomized clinical trial. Prior longitudinal descriptive research has shown that there are distinct trajectories of PTSD symptoms over time in trauma survivors. Limited clinical trial research exists that describes the patterns of the trajectories as well as the risk factors that influence the trajectories for seriously injured trauma-exposed patients. Method: Semiparametric, group-based approach trajectory modeling was used to examine four group trajectories of a subset of data obtained from a previous longitudinal clinical trial. Trajectories examined included resilience, recovery, relapsing/remitting, and chronic symptom patterns. One hundred and ninety-four patients who participated in the randomized clinical trial were assessed at baseline in the days and weeks after injury and then ...
Antioxidants and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.

Purpose of reviewGastrointestinal cancers account for 20% of all incident cancers in the United States. Much work has been done to understand the role dietary factors play in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancers, yet evidence regarding the potential preventive effect of antioxidants is conflic
A multi-type branching process with immigration and random environment

Abstract A population of several types of particles is considered where immigration of the particles into the population is allowed. This immigration causes “fragmentation” or branching of all the existing target particles in the population. An immigrating particle can also fragment into the different types. We will obtain results concerning the random vector Nm=[N(1, m),…,N(k,m)] whose r-th component is a random variable equal to the number of particles of type r in the m-th generation, where mϵ M ={0,1,2,…} . For the case where the particles develop in discrete random environment (R.E.), or random environment with immigration of the various types (I.R.E.), conditions for the almost sure convergence of N mþ −m , as m ar…, are given where ρ > 1 is the largest eigenvalue of a first moment matrix Λ. We make special note of the fact that this complements the author's previous work [2,3], for R.E. processes with ρ⩽1, and that this work also extends that of Kesten and Stigum [5] to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the almost sure convergence of the ordinary k-type process with immigration.
Influence of inhibitors on the resistance of polymeric corrosion-inhibiting coatings to cathodic delamination

An annular cut in a coating of given radius and width is used instead of a continuous circular cut for the assessment of the resistance to cathodic delamination. To compare the efficiency, we make both cuts on the same specimen, paste two transparent cylinders in line with the cuts, fill them with a 3% aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and set up platinum electrodes and connect them in parallel to one voltage source. We investigate two types of coatings: polyurethane–perchlorovinyl and organosilicon ones. It is established that, using annular cuts, more exact information on the resistance to cathodic delamination of the coatings can be obtained.
Treatment of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in rats with inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase has been suggested as a critical participant in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) intense osteoclastic bone resorption is principally responsible for the observed hypercalcemia. We therefore undertook to examine the effect of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide on the hypercalcemia induced by the H500 Leydig cell tumor in Fisher rats, a well-described model of HHM. Acetazolamide treatment for 10 h at 10 mg/h resulted in a significant fall in serum calcium in the five drug-treated animals (14.2 +/- 0.9 to 11.5 +/- 0.1 mg/dl, p less than 0.05). Conversely, the six animals infused with vehicle alone showed a significant rise in serum calcium (12.5 +/- 0.5 to 13.8 +/- 0.1 mg/dl, p less than 0.05). At the end of the infusion, the acetazolamide-treated animals had a significantly lower mean serum calcium than those receiving vehicle alone (11.5 +/- 0.1 versus 13.8 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05). There was no significant change in serum phosphorus, urine calcium, urine phosphorus, or nephrogenous cyclic AMP excretion between the two groups. Acetazaolamide and HTS 5-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-thiophenesulfonamide, another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, both significantly inhibited in vitro bone resorption induced by 5 X 10(-9) M 36Tyr(1-36)-PTHrP-amide (PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein). Acetazolamide also inhibited the resorption induced by 10(-8) M (1-141)-PTHrP and 2.5 X 10(-9) M (1-74)-PTHrP. We conclude that acetazolamide is effective in lowering the serum calcium in animals with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of action for this effect is direct inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
Aspects of Abuse: Abusive Head Trauma

Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) is a form of child physical abuse that involves inflicted injury to the brain and its associated structures. Abusive Head Trauma, colloquially called Shaken Baby Syndrome, is the most common cause of serious or fatal brain injuries in children aged 2 years and younger. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the term Abusive Head Trauma, as opposed to Shaken Baby Syndrome, as the former term encompasses multiple forms of inflicted head injury (inertial, contact, and hypoxic–ischemic) and a range of clinical presentations and radiologic findings and their sequelae. Children diagnosed with AHT are 5 times more likely to die compared with accidentally head-injured children, yet signs and symptoms are not always obvious, and therefore the diagnosis can be overlooked. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics has tasked pediatricians with knowing how and when to begin an evaluation of children with signs and symptoms that could possibly be due to AHT. Overall, a detailed history of present illness and medical history, recognition of physical and radiological findings, and careful interpretation of retinal pathology are important aspects of formulating the differential diagnoses and increasing or decreasing the index of suspicion for AHT.
Treatment of fuel oil and crude oil contaminated waters by ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract This study evaluates the effectiveness of ultrafiltration technology for treatment of fuel oil and crude oil contaminated waters. The experiments were conducted by using a laboratory scale continuous cross-flow membrane filtration system manufactured by Desalination Systems, Inc. (DSI). The unit has a maximum operating pressure of 200 psig (13.8 bar) and can be operated in parallel mode with two membranes, each with a 12 in2 area. The water samples were prepared by using either a light crude oil (Boney light) or a mixture of jet fuel, diesel and unleaded gasoline at contamination levels of 150 and 3,000 ppm. The G-50 thin-film composite (TFC) membrane, manufactured by Desalination Systems Inc., was used in the experiments. The G-50 membrane was selected after a series of membrane screening tests. The effectiveness of coagulation prior to ultrafiltration was also studied by using Cat-floc K-10, which was selected after a series of coagulant screening tests.
A supersonic turbulence origin of Larson's laws

We revisit the origin of Larson's scaling laws describing the structure and kinematics of molecular clouds. Our analysis is based on recent observational measurements and data from a suite of six simulations of the interstellar medium, including effects of self-gravity, turbulence, magnetic field, and multiphase thermodynamics. Simulations of isothermal supersonic turbulence reproduce observed slopes in linewidth-size and mass-size relations. Whether or not self-gravity is included, the linewidth-size relation remains the same. The mass-size relation, instead, substantially flattens below the sonic scale, as prestellar cores start to form. Our multiphase models with magnetic field and domain size 200 pc reproduce both scaling and normalization of the first Larson law. The simulations support a turbulent interpretation of Larson's relations. This interpretation implies that: (i) the slopes of linewidth-size and mass-size correlations are determined by the inertial cascade; (ii) none of the three Larson laws is fundamental; (iii) instead, if one is known, the other two follow from scale invariance of the kinetic energy transfer rate. It does not imply that gravity is dynamically unimportant. The self-similarity of structure established by the turbulence breaks in star-forming clouds due to the development of gravitational instability in the vicinity of the sonic scale. The instability leads to the formation of prestellar cores with the characteristic mass set by the sonic scale. The high-end slope of the core mass function predicted by the scaling relations is consistent with the Salpeter power-law index.
Pharmacologic modulation of TNF production by endotoxin stimulated macrophages:In vitro andin vivo effects of auranofin and other chrysotherapeutic compounds

The gold compounds, auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, and triethyl gold phosphine have been demonstrated to inhibit various effector functions associated with monocyte-macrophage populations. Incubation of human peripheral blood monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages with auranofin or triethyl gold phosphine inhibited TNF production in lipopolysaccharide [LPS] stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. The inhibitory effect of auranofin and triethyl gold phosphine on LPS stimulated monokine production was reversible when these compounds were incubated with macrophage cultures at concentrations between 0.1–0.5 μg/ml. These compounds also inhibited both TNF and IL-1 production by human peripheral blood monocytes. Sodium aurothiomalate at these concentrations had no inhibitory effect on TNF or IL-1 production. Auranofin and triethyl gold phosphine also inhibited TNF production in vivo when compounds were administered orally or intraperitoneally 2 hours prior to a lethal dose of endotoxin. Serum TNF levels from Balb/c mice were significantly reduced when animals were predosed with 1–25 mg/kg of auranofin. The data suggest that the inhibition of TNF production by activated macrophages may contribute to the therapeutic role of gold compounds in the management of chronic inflammatory disease.
THYMUS WEIGHT IN RELATION TO BODY WEIGHT IN CASTRATED AND IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS

IT HAS BEEN observed in many species, that after puberty animals which have been castrated, adrenalectomized, or fed dessicated thyroid have larger thymus glands than their controls. These findings led some of the investigators to designate the larger thymus in the experimental groups as “hyperplastic” glands. Others preferred to refer to failure or retardation of the physiological “age involution” under such conditions (Hammar, 1936). It will be shown in this paper that this is a misconception. The thymus in such animals is neither un-involuted nor hyperplastic, but fails to undergo “accidental involution.” This statement finds support in Selye's observation that the atrophy of the thymus in the “alarm reaction” does not occur in adrenalectomized animals (Selye, 1940). The data on thymus weights presented below were obtained from male albino rats of the Sherman strain. The animals were killed and the thymus weighed on a microtorsion balance.
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast

Three hundred and fifty-four patients with histologically proven infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast were seen at Memorial Hospital, New York City, between 1956 and 1970. This comprised 5.8% of all breast cancers seen during this interval. Infiltrating lobular breast cancer is found less frequently in the Negro female—3.7% vs. 5.8% for all breast cancer. Histologic differentiation from infiltrating duct carcinoma may be difficult. Clinical diagnosis is often complicated by its gross similiarty to “localized mastitis.” Bilaterality is more frequent with infiltrating lobular carcinoma—23% vs. 16% for infiltrating duct carcinoma. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is lethal in its behavior, 5- and 10-year salvage rates, after similar therapy, being slightly below those for infiltrating breast carcinoma generally. During its in-situ stage, lobular carcinoma can be cured consistently by total mastectomy. When definitive surgical therapy is delayed until infiltrating breast cancer has developed, the patient is exposed to a greater long-term risk because of the uncertain prognosis of infiltrating lobular carcinoma.
Valence fluctuation and electron spectroscopies in CeN: 4f-ligand versus 4f-conduction-band hybridization.

Valence mixing in CeN is attributed to two different hybridization processes, namely 4f-ligand and 4f--conduction-band hybridization. It is shown that the Ce 4f level mixes strongly with ligand N 2p orbitals and becomes nonmagnetic. This nonmagnetic state and the 4${f}^{1}$ local-moment state are nearly degenerate and hybridize weakly via 4f--5d-conduction-band hybridization, giving rise to the valence-fluctuation properties. Core-level, valence-band photoemission, and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectra are calculated with the use of a cluster model based on this picture, and good agreement with experiment is obtained.
Numerical solution of non‐premixed reactive flows in a swirl combustor model

A mathematical model has been developed to study turbulent, confined, swirling flows under reacting non‐premixed conditions. The model solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, species, and two additional equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent length scale. Combustion has been modelled by means of a one‐step overall chemical reaction. The numerical predictions based on the eddy‐break‐up model of turbulent combustion show a recirculation zone in the form of a one‐celled toroidal vortex at the combustor centreline. High levels of turbulence characterize the recirculation zone, whose diameter and velocity first decrease and then increase as the magnitude of the outer swirl number is first decreased from counter‐swirl to zero and then increased to co‐swirl flow conditions. Counter‐swirl produces steeper velocity gradients at the inter‐jet shear layer, promotes faster mixing and yields better combustion efficiency than co‐swirl. The numerical results are compared with those obtained under non‐reacting conditions in order to assess the influence of the heat release on the size of the recirculation zone.
Absolute calibration of streaked visible spectroscopy for pyrometry measurements on Z

Summary form only given. The goal of streaked visible pyrometry experiments on Z is to determine the temperature of dynamic material samples using the Plank equation dL/dλ = e 2hc2/λ5 (ehc/λkT-1) (1). The spectral irradiance dL/dl describes the amount of power emitted per unit area per unit solid angle per unit wavelength. Ideally, an absolute calibration is used to convert the measured signal such as CCD counts or film exposure to units of spectral irradiance (W/mm2/steradian/nm). Relative calibration, where measurements at different wavelengths are proportional to radiance by the same scaling factor can be useful for determining a “color” temperature. However, even at lower temperatures a relative measurement does not constrain the temperature as accurately as an absolute measurement. At higher temperature where there is little difference in the spectral irradiance at visible wavelengths, a relative calibration fails to constrain temperature at all. We have been unable to find a broadband calibration source that is bright enough to adequately expose our streaked pyrometer in a single step. Instead, this paper describes a multistage process for absolute calibration, taking care to link each stage into a complete calibration with minimum errors.
The caustic curve of an off-axis parabola

The caustic curve of an off-axis parabola was found by first finding the equation of the path of a reflected light ray and then finding the parametric equations of the envelope of the paths of the reflected rays. The caustic is a circular arc lying below the tilted axis of the reflecting mirror. The caustic is shown for a particular case, and the equation of the circle is given.
Metabolic abnormalities in BHE rats.

At age 50 days the “carbohydrate sensitive” BHE strain of rat showed hyperinsulinemia which gradually subsided toward normalcy at 10 months. Insulin resistance of adipose tissue and depletion of pancreatic insulin content were evident at age 5 months. The BHE rat showed a tendency to hyperlipemia which increased with age. Prior to the appearance of the hyperlipemia, the fasting sera contained pre-Β-lipoproteins. The conversion of glucose into lipidsin vivo was significantly higher in the hyperinsulinemic BHE rat than in the normoinsulinemic Wistar rat.
Government-initiated community resource management and local resource extraction from Nepal's forests

This paper considers the effect on local resource extraction of an ambitious, government initiated community forestry program in Nepal. Beginning in 1993, the government of Nepal began to transfer all accessible forestland from the national government to local communities by creating local groups of forest users. This study uses institutional details about the implementation of this program to evaluate its impact on the extraction of wood for fuel. Transferring forests to local groups of forest users is associated with a significant reduction in resource extraction in communities that receive new forest user groups.
Baryon Number Inhomogeneity Generation in the Cosmic Quark - Hadron Phase Transition

We have studied the generation of inhomogeneity in the baryon-number density during the cos- mic quark-hadron phase transition. We use a simple model with thin-wall phase boundaries and ideal-gas equations of state. The result depends on the unknown nucleation scale ${r}_{0}$. Large-amplitude inhomogeneities can be created if ${r}_{0}$ is small and ${T}_{c}$ is low. The distance scale of this inhomogeneity is then the bubble coalescence scale. It seems unlikely that the inhomogeneity could have significantly affected the light element abundances produced in the cosmic nucleosynthesis.
Genome scanning for resistance-gene analogs in rice, barley, and wheat by high-resolution electrophoresis.

Genes cloned from diverse plants for resistance to different pathogens have sequence similarities in domains presumably involved in pathogen recognition and signal transduction in triggering the defense response. Primers based on the conserved regions of resistance genes often amplify multiple fragments that may not be separable in an agarose gel. We used denaturing polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis to detect PCR products of plant genomic DNA amplified with primers based on conserved regions of resistance genes. Depending upon the primer pairs used, 30–130 bands were detected in wheat, rice, and barley. As high as 47%, 40%, and 27% of the polymorphic bands were detected in rice, barley, and wheat, respectively, and as high as 12.5% of the polymorphic bands were detected by certain primers in progeny from a cross of the wheat cultivars ‘Stephens’ and ‘Michigan Amber’. Using F6 recombinant inbred lines from the ‘Stephens’×‘Michigan Amber’ cross, we demonstrated that polymorphic bands amplified with primers based on leucine-rich repeats, nucleotide-binding sites and protein kinase genes, were inherited as single loci. Linkages between molecular markers and stripe rust resistance genes were detected. This technique provides a new way to develop molecular markers for assessing the genetic diversity of germplasm based upon potential candidate resistance genes in diverse species.
Cleopatra Patera on Venus: Venera 15/16 evidence for a volcanic origin

The nonconcentric nature, anomalous depth, and terraced morphology of the nested craters that compose Cleopatra Patera are more closely analogous to volcanic craters (calderas) than multiring impact structures. Associated deposits northeast and downslope of the Patera first recognized on Venera 15/16 radar images are interpreted as volcanic plains related to, and perhaps cogenetic with, Cleopatra. The plains lavas probably originated as effusions from a radial rift zone or ring fissures. Rim deposits surrounding Cleopatra are asymmetric along the structural fabric of the region, also indicating fissure-type eruptions. Finally, a volcanic origin not only is easily reconciled with the tectonic setting of the Patera, it is almost required by the correlation between the Patera and regional structural trend.
COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ACER PENSYLVANICUM AND A. SPICATUM (ACERACEAE)

Pollination mechanisms and floral features affecting reproduction were examined in two closely-related species, Acer pensylvanicum and A. spicatum. Intra-specific crossing experiments, studies of pollen stainability and ovule number, and observations of the flowers in the field revealed that neither species bears functionally hermaphroditic flowers. Three flower-types were found in each species: staminate, pistillate, and a third type that is morphologically hermaphroditic. The latter form sheds viable pollen, but the pistil does not contain ovules. Pollen-ovule ratios of both species are in the range of expectation for a facultatively xenogamous reproductive system. Outcrossing is accomplished by entomophily in both species. A variety of insects from several orders visit the flowers; however bees in the genus Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), especially A. milwaukeensis, are considered the most important pollinators of both maple species because of their fidelity to Acer, their intrafloral behavior, and their ability to carry pollen. However, flies are the most abundant visitors to A. pensylvanicum. Apomixis is an important means of reproduction in A. spicatum. Although floral phenology of these maple species overlaps within a geographical region they were never found blooming simultaneously when growing together. ACER PENSYLVANICUm L. (striped maple or moosewood) and A. spicatum Lam. (mountain maple) are closely related North American species with similar ranges. Acer pensylvanicum is found from the Gaspe Peninsula in Quebec west to Manitoba, southward through New England and the Atlantic States, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. Acer spicatum extends farther north and west in Canada to Newfoundland, Labrador, and Saskatchewan, but is otherwise sympatric with
Climate change: can we predict the impacts on plant pathology and pest management?

The science of climate change has matured considerably during the past decade, both relative to the strength of the evidence documenting the ongoing anthropogenic climate change and in terms of the quality of climate models projecting future changes in climate. Concomitantly, modeling studies to project the likely impacts of climate change on agricultural production also have become more sophisticated. Nonetheless, agricultural impact assessments still do not account for all important factors; for example, potential changes in yield losses due to altered dynamics and intensity of pests (insects, plant pathogens, and weeds) under climate change are generally ignored — an important omission, given the significant role of plant pests in constraining the production of food and fiber worldwide. This paper highlights selected challenges that must be overcome before we can hope to quantify the impacts of a changing climate on plant disease intensity and yield loss. They pertain both to retrospective analyses see...
Getting What You Ask For: Barriers to Proper Use of Service Monitoring Tools

This article provides a greater understanding of the contract monitoring process by identifying barriers that prevent contracted providers from using service monitoring tools properly. To evaluate ...
Jet-Surface Interaction Test: Far-Field Noise Results

Many configurations proposed for the next generation of aircraft rely on the wing or other aircraft surfaces to shield the engine noise from the observers on the ground. However, the ability to predict the shielding effect and any new noise sources that arise from the high-speed jet flow interacting with a hard surface is currently limited. Furthermore, quality experimental data from jets with surfaces nearby suitable for developing and validating noise prediction methods are usually tied to a particular vehicle concept and, therefore, very complicated. The Jet/Surface Interaction Test was intended to supply a high quality set of data covering a wide range of surface geometries and positions and jet flows to researchers developing aircraft noise prediction tools. During phase one, the goal was to measure the noise of a jet near a simple planar surface while varying the surface length and location in order to: (1) validate noise prediction schemes when the surface is acting only as a jet noise shield and when the jet/surface interaction is creating additional noise, and (2) determine regions of interest for more detailed tests in phase two. To meet these phase one objectives, a flat plate was mounted on a two-axis traverse in two distinct configurations: (1) as a shield between the jet and the observer (microphone array) and (2) as a reflecting surface on the opposite side of the jet from the observer. The surface was moved through axial positions 2 ≤ xTE/Dj ≤ 20 (measured at the surface trailing edge, xTE, and normalized by the jet diameter, Dj) and radial positions 1 ≤ h/Dj ≤ 20. Far-field and phased array noise data were acquired at each combination of axial and radial surface location using two nozzles and at 8 different jet exit conditions across several flow regimes (subsonic cold, subsonic hot, underexpanded, ideally expanded, and overexpanded supersonic cold). The far-field noise results, discussed here, show where the surface shields some of the jet noise and, depending on the location of the surface and the observer, where scrubbing and trailing edge noise sources are created as a surface extends downstream and approaches the jet plume.
Putting pragmatism to work in the Cold War: Science, technology, and politics in the writings of James B. Conant

This paper examines James Conant’s pragmatic theory of science – a theory that has been neglected by most commentators on the history of 20th-century philosophy of science – and it argues that this theory occupied an important place in Conant’s strategic thinking about the Cold War. Conant drew upon his wartime science policy work, the history of science, and Quine’s epistemological holism to argue that there is no strict distinction between science and technology, that there is no such thing as “the scientific method,” and that theories are better interpreted as policies rather than creeds. An important consequence that he drew from these arguments is that science is both a thoroughly value-laden, and an intrinsically social, enterprise. These results led him to develop novel proposals for reorganizing scientific and technological research – proposals that he believed could help to win the Cold War. Interestingly, the Cold War had a different impact upon Conant’s thinking than it did upon many other theorists of science in postwar America. Instead of leading him to “the icy slopes of logic,” it led him to develop a socially- and politically-engaged theory that was explicitly in the service of the American Cold War effort.
Quality Measures for Decompressed Medical Images: Statistics, Observers, and ROCs

The diagnostic value of a medical image after it has been decompressed is a very practical measure of the image quality and the compression method. A computational observer can be used to make decisions based on an image and thus can provide an assessment of diagnostic value. This paper provides a closed-form estimate of the channelized Hotelling observer's (CHO) output. In medical applications, CHO has been used successfully to predict human observer performance and to evaluate image quality for detection tasks in various backgrounds. To date, it has been used only empirically - i.e., on a set of images - to evaluate compressed image quality. Using a representation of compression noise this paper derives in closed-form the corresponding CHO test statistics and performance. The performance (as measured by the receiver operating characteristic [ROC]) is verified using decompressed JPEG lumpy-background images. The verification results show that the derived ROCs predict the estimated ROCs very well.
Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in vertically infected infants and children

We used a quantitative human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) culture method to determine whether there is a relationship between the amount of replicating virus in the blood of vertically infected children and the relatively short latency period before development of symptomatic disease in these children. HIV-1 titers were determined by end point dilution in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in the plasma of 30 infected (CDC class P1 and P2), 36 indeterminate (CDC class P0), and 19 uninfected (CDC class P3) infants and children born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers. HIV-1 was recovered from 35 (90%) of 39 PBMC cultures and 23 (60%) of 38 plasma cultures of infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mean HIV-1 fiters tended to be higher in patients with more advanced disease (P2, D, E, or F: 1760 TCID/10 6 PBMC, 460 TCID/ml plasma) than in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients (P1; P2, A or C: 90 TCID/10 6 PBMC; 60 TCID/ml plasma). A poor correlation between HIV-1fiters and serum p24 antigen levels was found. No correlation was observed between viral fiters and relative or absolute numbers of CD4 lymphocytes. Plasma virus fiters were lower in 9 patients receiving zidovudine (ZDV) therapy (mean 2 TCID/ml) than in untreated patients of similar clinical status. The viral fiters measured in the blood of vertically infected infants and children were on the same order of magnitude as the viral fiters measured in HIV-infected adults. We conclude that the relatively rapid progression to symptomatic disease of the majority of vertically infected patients is not due to a higher load of replicating virus in blood.
Longitudinal Instabilities of Long Gaussian Bunches

We present an overview of the longitudinal instabilities of Gaussian bunches subject to a harmonic RF potential. Our emphasis is on the behavior of long bunches having lengths greater than the wavelength of the perturbing electromagnetic fields. We exhibit the crossover between the dominance of the synchrotron modes and the coasting-beam-like distortions of the bunch distribution, which occurs as the real or imaginary part of the coherent oscillation frequency becomes large compared to the synchrotron oscillation frequency. For a narrow band impedance the growth rate of the coasting-beam-like modes is determined by the average beam current, and for a broad band impedance the growth rate is determined by the peak current. We discuss the transition between these two regimes by considering the growth rate as a function of the bandwidth of the impedance.
Reaction rates during mechanical alloying

Abstract This paper presents a simple kinetic model of the coalescence and fracturing events that occur during mechanical alloying (MA). The model is based on reaction kinetics based on times between powder particle collisions and particle specific probabilities of welding and fracture. The model is combined with experimental studies and previous models of the MA process to provide information relative to the welding and fracturing probabilities of the various particle species involved. We find that, during MA of CuNb alloys in an attritor, the probability of welding for copper particles is approximately one in 2000 for a ball-to-powder charge ratio of 50 to one. Decreasing the charge ratio decreases the probability of particle welding and lengthens the milling time necessary for alloying.
Functional one-dimensional lipid bilayers on carbon nanotube templates.

We present one-dimensional (1-D) lipid bilayer structures that integrate carbon nanotubes with a key biological environment-phospholipid membrane. Our structures consist of lipid bilayers wrapped around carbon nanotubes modified with a hydrophilic polymer cushion layer. Despite high bilayer curvature, the lipid membrane maintains its fluidity and can sustain repeated damage-recovery cycles. We also present the first evidence of spontaneous insertion of pore-forming proteins into 1-D lipid bilayers. These structures could lead to the development of new classes of biosensors and bioelectronic devices.
Cyclic Tetranuclear and Hexanuclear Palladium(II) Complexes and Their Host-Guest Chemistry

Cyclic tetrameric complexes have been prepared by the reaction of Pd(en)Cl2 or Pd(dapol)Cl2, or their nitrato analogues, with Na2(5'GMP) in aqueous solution, where en=1,2-diaminoethane, dapol=1,3-diamino-2-propanol, and 5'GMP=guanosine 5'-monophosphate. Addition of certain small molecules containing hydrophobic groups resulted in the expansion of the tetramer to a cyclic hexamer with strong bonding of one guest per hexameric host. At pH 5-6, the guest molecule can be a cation, anion, or neutral, and those species containing trimetylsilyl and t-butyl groups bonded the most strongly. The size of the central cavity of the [Pd(en)(5'GMP)]6 host has been estimated to be 5.2 A. Formation of the host-guest complex caused a large upfield shift (Deltadelta) of 2.5-2.9 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of the most highly affected guest protons, which were those in closest proximity to the guanine nucleobases. NOESY spectra were used to determine the interaction sites between the host and the guest. Apparent association constants determined at 26 degrees C and pD 5.4 for the [Pd(en)(5'GMP)]6-DSS and [Pd(en)(5'GMP)]6-t-butanol systems, where DSS is 3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propanesulfonate anion, were 1.36+/-0.11x10(4) and 2.74+/-0.95x10(4) M(-3/2), respectively. The Pd(dapol)-5'GMP system forms hexameric host-guest complexes, similar in nature to those of the Pd(en)-5'GMP system. The molecular and crystal structures of Pd(dapol)Cl2 are also reported.
Antisymmetry and the lexicon

Introduction. In this paper, I will try to show that what we think of as the noun-verb distinction can be understood as a consequence of antisymmetry, in the sense of Kayne (1994). (I will also make some remarks (in the first two sections) concerning counterparts of the human language faculty in other species.1) Properties of nouns will, from this perspective, lead me to suggest that sentential complements (and derived nominals) involve relative clause structures.
Existential psychotherapy with chronic illness couples

An existential approach to the treatment of chronic illness couples is presented along with a case illustration and a descriptive clinical study that reviews changes made by 25 chronic illness couples in existential psychotherapy between 1986 and 1990. A review is presented of qualitative themes given to the marital therapist by the research subjects describing the factors they believed to be important in marital therapy with chronic illness couples.
Glass-containing composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The feasibility of adding glass to conventional SOFC cathode contact materials in order to improve bonding to adjacent materials in the cell stack is assessed. A variety of candidate glass compositions are added to LSM and SSC. The important properties of the resulting composites, including conductivity, sintering behavior, coefficient of thermal expansion, and adhesion to LSCF and Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 -coated 441 stainless steel are used as screening parameters. Adhesion of LSM to LSCF improved from 3.9 to 5.3 MPa upon addition of SCZ-8 glass. Adhesion of LSM to coated stainless steel improved from 1.8 to 3.9 MPa upon addition of Schott GM31107 glass. The most promising cathode contact material/glass composites are coated onto Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 -coated 441 stainless steel substrates and subjected to area-specific resistance testing at 800 °C. In all cases, area-specific resistance is found to be in the range 2.5–7.5 mOhm cm 2 and therefore acceptable. Indeed, addition of glass is found to improve bonding of the cathode contact material layer without sacrificing acceptable conductivity.
Low operative mortality with implantation of a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device and impact of concurrent cardiac procedures

Background— The objective of this study was to determine the impact of concurrent cardiac procedures (CCP) on patient outcomes after HeartMate II (HMII) left ventricular assist device implantation. Methods and Results— Two hundred eighty-one patients underwent implantation of a HMII as a bridge to transplantation from March 2005 to March 2007. One hundred seventy patients had an HMII implanted only, and 81 patients underwent concurrent cardiac procedures in conjunction with HMII implantation (HMII+CCP). Of these, 47 patients had concurrent valvular procedures, 15 patients had simultaneous closure of patent foramen ovale, and 19 patients had other various cardiac procedures. Patients requiring right ventricular assist device support or noncardiac procedures were excluded. Preoperative characteristics were similar for patients with and without concurrent cardiac procedures. Overall 30-day mortality was 5.8% for the HMII group and 11.3% for the HMII+CCP group. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that simultaneous patent foramen ovale closure was not associated with an increased 30-day mortality rate, but concurrent valvular procedures increased the risk to 8.5%. Patients who underwent an aortic valve procedure had a 30-day mortality rate of 25%, higher than for isolated concurrent mitral (0%) or tricuspid repair (3.3%). Survival at 180 days was 87% for HMII alone and 80% for HMII+CCP. The hazard ratio for concurrent cardiac procedures adjusted for baseline parameters was 1.82 (95% CI, 1.07 to 3.10, P =0.026). Conclusions— There is a low 5.8% operative mortality rate for patients requiring uncomplicated HMII implantation, with no apparent increased risk for concurrent patent foramen ovale closure or mitral or tricuspid repair. However, concurrent aortic valve and other cardiac procedures are associated with significantly decreased perioperative and long-term survival.
Fast Mapping Semantic Features: Performance of Adults with Normal Language, History of Disorders of Spoken and Written Language, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on a Word-Learning Task.

Abstract Purpose This study was designed to test the word learning abilities of adults with typical language abilities, those with a history of disorders of spoken or written language (hDSWL), and hDSWL plus attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (+ADHD). Methods Sixty-eight adults were required to associate a novel object with a novel label, and then recognize semantic features of the object and phonological features of the label. Participants were tested for overt ability (accuracy) and covert processing (reaction time). Results The +ADHD group was less accurate at mapping semantic features and slower to respond to lexical labels than both other groups. Different factors correlated with word learning performance for each group. Conclusions Adults with language and attention deficits are more impaired at word learning than adults with language deficits only. Despite behavioral profiles like typical peers, adults with hDSWL may use different processing strategies than their peers. Learning Outcomes: Readers will be able to: (1) recognize the influence of a dual disability (hDSWL and ADHD) on word learning outcomes; (2) identify factors that may contribute to word learning in adults in terms of (a) the nature of the words to be learned and (b) the language processing of the learner.
Temperature and Orientation Dependence of Electron-Spin Relaxation Rates for Bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper(II)

Abstract Spin–lattice relaxation rates were measured by saturation recovery for bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper(II), Cu(dtc)2, dissolved in glassy 2:1 toluene:chloroform between 25 and 140 K and doped into Ni(dtc)2between 25 and 298 K. The temperature dependence is consistent with that expected for a two-phonon Raman process. For Cu(dtc)2in glassy solution and doped into Ni(dtc)2, 1/T1at 50 or 100 K is greater when the magnetic field is in the molecular plane than when it is perpendicular to the molecular plane, which is attributed to orientation dependence of intramolecular vibrations. The smaller orientation dependence of 1/T1for Cu(dtc)2doped into Zn(dtc)2than into Ni(dtc)2is attributed to the lower symmetry of the Cu(II) center in the Zn(dtc)2host. The phase-memory relaxation rate, 1/Tm, measured by electron spin echoes, exhibits a temperature dependence near 100 K that is characteristic of a dynamic process. This is attributed to rotation of the ligand methyl groups. The orientation dependence of 1/Tmat 50 K in glassy solution is that expected for low-amplitude molecular motion. Faster relaxation is observed for orientations at which the resonance field is more strongly dependent on small changes in molecular orientation.
Rotational Raman spectra of HCl, DCl, and HBr in solution

Abstract The low frequency Raman spectra of dilute solutions of HCl, DCl, and HBr dissolved in liquid SF 6 and C 2 F 6 consist of partially resolved features corresponding to the gas phase rotational lines. Transitions from J = 1 for HBr and J = 2 for HCl were identified. These results and those from far infrared spectra are examined in terms of existing theories.
Influence of spray atomization and deposition processing on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of an aluminium alloy metal-matrix composite

An aluminium alloy metal matrix discontinuously reinforced with silicon carbide particulates, was synthesized using the spray atomization and co-deposition technique. Microstructural characterization studies were performed to provide an understanding of the intrinsic effects of carbide particulate co-injection into the aluminium alloy metal matrix. Results reveal the ageing kinetics to be altered by the reinforcing ceramic particulates. Ambient temperature tensile tests revealed that the presence of particulate reinforcement in the aluminium alloy metal matrix degrades both strength and ductility. The results obtained are discussed in relation to thermal conditions during spray co-deposition and contributions from reinforcement to intrinsic microstructural effects and mechanical response.
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF EXCHANGE-TRANSFUSION THERAPY IN FULMINANT HEPATITIS

Abstract A controlled trial of exchange-transfusion therapy for fulminant hepatic failure is reported. The majority of patients with fulminant hepatitis and deep coma do not survive. Treatment with exchange transfusion has been advocated. Since mortality is less than 100%, a study randomly allocating patients to exchange-transfusion treatment was undertaken. The survival of patients with fulminant hepatitis and stage-IV coma who were randomly selected to receive whole-blood exchange transfusion was not increased when compared to those patients who were not exchanged. The majority of the patients were young adults, and the two treatment groups appeared comparable in terms of age, hepatic function, renal function, and depth of coma. The eight patients who had exchange transfusions all died. Four of the thirteen patients who did not have exchange transfusion survived.