cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodal transportation, logistics, and the environment: managing interactions in a global economy

Abstract As transportation and logistics systems continue to integrate, their impacts on the physical environment (air, water, and land resources) will become more complex. Economic globalization, agile manufacturing, speed-to-market delivery, and supply chain management are creating greater demand for intermodal transportation services and multimodal transportation infrastructure. Coping with the environmental impacts will require the transportation industry and its customers and stakeholders to move from strategies based on regulatory compliance to those emphasizing proactive environmental management. Proactive management of environmental issues requires corporations to identify: (1) the interactions among transportation activities that have negative environmental impacts, (2) the types of environmental impacts emanating from transportation operations and facilities, and (3) alternative means of controlling and preventing environmental pollution and natural resource degradation.
Cold Exposure and Exercise Metabolism

Research regarding the effect of cold exposure on metabolism and substrate utilisation during exercise has produced inconsistent results. Intensity of exercise and training status of subjects are known to impact metabolism and substrate utilisation regardless of environmental conditions. Duration and intensity of cold exposure during exercise also may exert impact. Thus, systematic manipulation of these variables (fitness, intensity of exercise, cold conditions) should provide a means to determine metabolic and substrate utilisation patterns when exercising in the cold. However, a number of variables have been introduced into research methodologies that may confound results. Duration and intensity of cold exposure prior to exercise, and acclimation and clothing status of subjects may confound or override the influence of other variables. Future research addressing the impact of cold exposure on metabolism and substrate utilisation during exercise must attempt to isolate and control each influential factor (prior to and during exercise), and must be alert to the interactive effects that can occur.
Applications of neurostimulation in urology

Electrical stimulation of nerves and muscle is a time honored approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence. The use of implantable neuroprosthetics in the field of urology remains a new frontier. This report presents a summary of seven years experience with neuroprosthetic devices in the treatment of symptomatic voiding dysfunction. The techniques devised to study and evaluate patients for treatment via neurostimulation are described. The majority of patients were not paraplegic and were significantly incapacitated by dysfunctional voiding patterns. The rationale in using neurostimulation were two: (1) most voiding dysfunctions result from, or are associated with hyperactive striated muscle behavior; (2) neurostimulation has an intrinsic inhibitory effect on this spastic behavior of striated muscle. Very favorable results were obtained. Neurostimulation would appear to be a valuable asset to the urologist from both an investigational as well as a therapeutic viewpoint.
Shock Wave and Flow Field Development in Hypersonic Re-Entry

A s t u d y is m a d e of w h e n a n d how a shock wave a n d c o n t i n u u m t y p e flow field develop in t h e nose region of a h igh ly cooled b l u n t body r e e n t e r i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r e a t hype r son ic speed a n d in a free m o l e c u l a r flow r e g i m e . T h e var ious types of flow reg imes e n c o u n t e r e d down to low a l t i t u d e cond i t i ons a re de l inea t ed , a n d t h e n a t u r e of t h e flow field a n d behavior of s o m e of t h e a e r o d y n a m i c cha rac t e r i s t i c s a re d iscussed . I t is shown t h a t for a h igh ly cooled body, free mo lecu l e flow cond i t i o n s occur a t a h i g h e r a l t i t u d e t h a n previously i nd i ca t ed . Based o n avai lable evidence, i t is sug ges ted t h a t k i n e t i c t heo ry so lu t ions , w h i c h a re essent ia l ly modified free mo lecu l e r e su l t s , a long w i t h t h e Navie r -S tokes e q u a t i o n s w i t h no surface sl ip, serve to define all of t h e flow reg imes except for a i a r row t r a n s i t i o n a l layer r e g i m e wh ich h a s a h e i g h t of less t h a n one factor of 10 in free s t r e a m dens i t y c h a n g e . I t is also sugges ted t h a t t h e a p p e a r a n c e of a definable shock wave occurs very ra icily in t e r m s of dens i ty c h a n g e n e a r t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e t r ans i t i ona l layer r eg ime , a n d t h a t i t s locati•>:•", as in c o n t i n u u m flow, is governed pr incipal ly by t h e body geomet ry , whereas i ts t h i ckness is d e t e r m i n e d by a local m e a n free p a t h .
Allosteric modulation of the glycine receptor activated by agonists differing in efficacy

Abstract The glycine receptor (GlyR) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the brainstem and spinal cord but is also found in higher brain regions. GlyR function is affected by a variety of allosteric modulators including drugs of abuse, such as ethanol and inhalants and the ubiquitous divalent cation zinc. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments were conducted on Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing wild-type α1 homomeric glycine receptors to compare the degree of enhancement produced by zinc on GlyR activated by two agonists (glycine vs. taurine) that vary markedly in their efficacies. Zinc potentiation of both glycine- and taurine-evoked currents was the same at the concentrations of agonists that produced the same currents, corresponding to 6% of the maximal effect of glycine compared to 23% of the maximal effect of taurine. Similar results were seen with 50 and 200 mM ethanol. A direct comparison of agonist concentration–response curves showed that zinc enhancement was greater, overall, for taurine-activated than glycine-activated receptors. In addition, zinc only enhanced taurine- but not glycine-activated GlyR when agonists were applied at saturating concentrations. These data suggest that zinc affects taurine affinity, as well as the probability of channel opening at sub-maximal taurine concentrations, and that the magnitude of allosteric modulation at the GlyR depends on the efficacy of the agonist tested. This has implications for mutagenesis studies in which changes in the degree of allosteric modulation observed may result from mutation-induced changes in agonist efficacy.
Equilibrium Shapes for Planar Crystals in an External Field

The equilibrium shape of a two-dimensional crystal in a convex background potential g(x) is analyzed. For g = 0 the shape of minimum energy may be deduced from surface tension via the Wulff construction, but if g is not constant, little is known beyond the case of a crystal sitting in a uniform field. Only an unpublished result of Okikiolu shows each connected component of the equilibrium crystal to be convex. Here it will be shown that any such component minimizes energy uniquely among convex sets of its area. If the Wulff shape and g(x) are symmetric under x ↔ −x, it follows that the equilibrium crystal is unique, convex and connected. This last result leads to a new proof that convex crystals away from equilibrium remain convex as they evolve by curvature-driven flow. Subsequent work with Felix Otto shows – without assuming symmetry –that no equilibrium crystal has more than two convex components.
Right to Privacy in the Federal District Courts: A Research Note

This study analyzes opinions published in the Federal Supplement between 1984 and 1995 which involve a right to privacy issue. Overall, only a slight majority of the opinions are supportive of the right to privacy claim raised in the case. However, opinions written by a Democratic judge are significantly more likely to support a right to privacy claim.
Fourier Transforms of Walsh Functio ns

The Z-transform of a discrete square-wave function simplifies the derivation of an expression for the Fourier transform of a continuous square-wave function defined over a finite interval. In particular, since the Z-transform of any Walsh function can be written in closed form by inspection of the G ray code representation of its index, the Fourier transform can be readily written down as a trigonometric product function.
Chitinase Dependent Control of Protozoan Cyst Burden in the Brain

Chronic infections represent a continuous battle between the host's immune system and pathogen replication. Many protozoan parasites have evolved a cyst lifecycle stage that provides it with increased protection from environmental degradation as well as endogenous host mechanisms of attack. In the case of Toxoplasma gondii, these cysts are predominantly found in the immune protected brain making clearance of the parasite more difficult and resulting in a lifelong infection. Currently, little is known about the nature of the immune response stimulated by the presence of these cysts or how they are able to propagate. Here we establish a novel chitinase-dependent mechanism of cyst control in the infected brain. Despite a dominant Th1 immune response during Toxoplasma infection there exists a population of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMO) in the infected CNS. These cells are capable of cyst lysis via the production of AMCase as revealed by live imaging, and this chitinase is necessary for protective immunity within the CNS. These data demonstrate chitinase activity in the brain in response to a protozoan pathogen and provide a novel mechanism to facilitate cyst clearance during chronic infections.
Survival and growth of hippocampal neurons in defined medium at low density: advantages of a sandwich culture technique or low oxygen

The study of development and plasticity of hippocampal circuitry would greatly benefit from methods which allow the long-term culture of neurons at low density under precisely defined culture conditions. We report that isolated hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 18 rats can be cultured for several weeks at low densities which permits the determination of individual connections. A serum-free medium was modified from the formulation of Romijn to include the biological anti-oxidants vitamin E, glutathione, pyruvate, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Neuronal survival of 80% and neuritogenesis greatly exceeded that seen in serum-based cultures. It appeared that vitamins E, A and linolenic acid promoted neuritogenesis. The beneficial effects of the antioxidants suggested a toxic role of oxygen. To directly test this, cultures were incubated in reduced oxygen (9%) and compared to those in the normal 19.7% oxygen (95% air). After 3 days in culture, neurons with processes in 9% oxygen were more than double those in normal oxygen. Neuronal survival and neurite growth could be improved if the cells were grown on a substrate-coated surface covered with a coverslip. Under this condition, cells show a ring of growth between the center and the edge of the coverslip. In 9% oxygen, this ring was closer to the edge of the coverslip than in normal oxygen. The coverslip did not serve as an additional substrate for attachment since it left the neurons attached to the original substrate. However, removal of the coverslip leads to cell death within 24 h, suggesting that the cells had been exposed to a toxic factor. Variations in glial cell content (less than 10%), pH, and pCO2 were demonstrated to be unlikely explanations of the higher survival. These results suggest that growth in a diffusion-limited space, reduction of oxygen concentration to physiological levels and control of toxic oxidation with physiological antioxidants can greatly improve the survival and neuritogenesis of isolated hippocampal neurons in primary culture.
On the temporal variation of DOM fluorescence on the southwest Florida continental shelf

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the nutrient and carbon cycling in the coastal-shelf-ocean boundary. It is a major reservoir of reduced carbon and carries important information on how sea and landscape have been modified. Due to the complexity of the biogeochemical processes in this boundary, its distribution is not well understood. This study evaluated the Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) fluorescence method combined with Parallel Factorial Analysis (PARAFAC) modeling to resolve DOM fluorescence components, and their distribution from near-shore to off-shore on the southwest (SW) Florida Shelf. The PARAFAC model derived identified five unique DOM components from 272 Excitation and Emission Matrix (EEM) samples measured across the shelf on May and October 2008, and January and April 2009 cruises. These five different fluorophores consisted of two humic-like components that were attributed to natural (component 1: HLC1) and anthropogenic (component 2: HLC2) sources; an unidentified component (component 3); two autochthonous protein components, identified as tryptophan-like (component 4:TLC4); and tyrosine-like (component 5:TLC5) fluorophores. The observed temporal variations of terrestrial and anthropogenic humic-like DOM fluorescent materials were not necessarily dependent on the timing of river runoffs and rainfall frequency on the shelf, but also on other factors (i.e., suspension of sediments in shallow water induced by wind-driven mixing, dilution, hypersalinity conditions). The areal distribution of the resolved terrestrial DOM fluorescence on the mid-shelf indicates evidence of offshore transport of land-derived materials. The evident terrestrial humic-like inputs into the shelf correspond to the increase in the protein-like fluorescence, which was attributed to autochthonous biological degradation. Results from this study demonstrated advances in several aspects of monitoring the temporal distribution of DOM on the continental shelf of Florida using EEM and PARAFAC methods. The methods employed were able to: (1) resolve sources of the individual DOM fluorescence components of the bulk DOM; (2) generate spatial and temporal distribution maps of each of the components on the shelf; and (3) provide insights into biological, chemical, and physical processes that control the DOM variability of each of the resolved DOM components.
Effect of attachment of anticandidal antibody to the surfaces of liposomes encapsulating amphotericin B in the treatment of murine candidiasis.

Abstract The effect produced by antibody specific to Candida albicans when attached to liposomes containing amphotericin B was studied in vivo. Liposomal amphotericin B bearing specific immunoglobulin (LAMB-Ab) was compared with the unencapsulated drug (fAMB) and other liposomal amphotericin B formulations in the short-term survival (21 days) of mice with disseminated candidiasis. Both the treatment and prophylaxis of the murine model of candidiasis were explored in these trials. LAMB-Ab increased survival rates in the model more than other liposomal preparations containing amphotericin B. Liposomal amphotericin B compounds as a group prolonged survival over fAMB. Liposomal preparations used for comparison included liposomes with attached nonspecific antibody (LAMB-Ab-), liposomes without antibody (LAMB), and liposomes with unattached specific antibody (LAMB+).
Chapter 8; Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias

SUMMARY The number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia is growing at a staggering rate. Thus, it is essential that social workers in geriatric settings are knowledgeable about this disorder and the appropriate interventions to use at all stages of the disease. The purpose of this article is to examine the types of non-pharmacological, psychosocial treatments that are used to manage the behavioral manifestations and changes in the mood of individuals with Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. While great strides have been made in pharmacological treatments of Alzheimer's disease, less attention has been given to the types of psychosocial interventions that are readily employed in community-based and long-term care settings to assist in the care of these individuals. This article provides an overview of psycho-social interventions, as well as identifies the direction for future evidence-based treatment studies, for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.
Interpreting interactions of ordinal or continuous variables in moderated regression using the zero slope comparison: tutorial, new extensions, and cancer symptom applications

Moderated multiple regression (MMR) can model behaviours as multiple interdependencies within a system. When MMR reveals a statistically significant interaction term composed of ordinal or continuous variables, a follow-up procedure is required to interpret its nature and strength across the primary predictor (x) range. A follow-up procedure should probe when interactions reveal magnifier (or aggravating) effects and/or buffering (or relieving) effects that qualify the x-y relationship, especially when interpreting multiple interactions, or a complex interaction involving curvilinearity or multiple co-moderator variables. After a tutorial on the zero slope comparison (ZSC), a rarely used, quick approach for interpreting linear interactions between two ordinal or continuous variables, I derive novel extensions to interpret curvilinear interactions between two variables and linear interactions among three variables. I apply these extensions to interpret how co-occurring cancer symptoms at different levels influence one another – based on their interaction – to predict feelings of sickness malaise.
Phase separation and nanostructuring in the thermoelectric material PbTe 1 − x S x studied using the atomic pair distribution function technique

The average and local structures of the ${(\text{PbTe})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{(\text{PbS})}_{x}$ system of thermoelectric materials has been studied using the Rietveld and atomic pair distribution function methods. Samples with $0.25\ensuremath{\le}x$ are macroscopically phase separated. Phase separation was suppressed in a quenched $x=0.5$ sample which, nonetheless, exhibited a partial spinodal decomposition. The promising thermoelectric material with $x=0.16$ showed intermediate behavior. Combining TEM and bulk scattering data suggests that the sample is a mixture of PbTe-rich material and a partially spinodally decomposed phase similar to the quenched 50% sample. This confirms that, in the bulk, this sample is inhomogeneous on a nanometer length scale, which may account for its enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit.
Dramatic Greatness and Content: A Quantitative Study of Eighty-One Athenian and Shakespearean Plays

Three hypotheses specified the possible direct and indirect determinants of a play's greatness and issue content. The sample consisted of eighty-one plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristo...
Fish consumption advisories: toward a unified, scientifically credible approach.

A model is proposed for fish consumption advisories based on consensus-derived risk assessment values for common contaminants in fish and the latest risk assessment methods. The model accounts in part for the expected toxicity to mixtures of chemicals, the underlying uncertainties in the health and exposure data, and the amount of contaminated fish consumed. Application of the model to a larger number of chemicals is possible. Noncancer toxicity is used as an example, but this model is applicable for risks from cancer as well. A second related model is proposed that is useful for comparing potential risks among sites (e.g., rivers and lakes).
Transcribed short tandem repeats occur in couples with strongly preferred registers.

Abstract Short tandem repeats (STRs) have been widely observed, but most STRs have no recognized organization or function. Here we show that for diverse mRNAs, 84% of (GC) n repeats were found unexpectedly coupled with another STR, (GU) n . These STR couples exhibited preferred polarity and register. In 3 ′ untranslated mRNA sequences (UTRs) 100% of (GC) n > 6 repeats were tightly coupled with (GU) n . For (GC) n , stem folding energy correlated with the length and number of neighboring, non-folding (GU) n partners ( p =0.014). Approximately 20% of (AU) n ⩾14 repeats were coupled with (GU) n . The STR couple (AC) n (AG) n also exhibited polarity and register preferences. The sequence arrangement at STR-couple joints was conserved rigorously, suggesting that these sequences were under selection pressure. Some STR couples may function as mRNA processing landmarks, based on alternative transcript comparisons. These observations suggest that some transcribed STRs may be functional UTR signals with predictable organization and usage patterns.
Gbu Glycine Betaine Porter and Carnitine Uptake in Osmotically Stressed Listeria monocytogenes Cells

The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes grows actively under high-salt conditions by accumulating compatible solutes such as glycine betaine and carnitine from the medium. We report here that the dominant transport system for glycine betaine uptake, the Gbu porter, may act as a secondary uptake system for carnitine, with a K(m) of 4 mM for carnitine uptake and measurable uptake at carnitine concentrations as low as 10 microM. This porter has a K(m) for glycine betaine uptake of about 6 micro M. The dedicated carnitine porter, OpuC, has a K(m) for carnitine uptake of 1 to 3 microM and a V(max) of approximately 15 nmol/min/mg of protein. Mutants lacking either opuC or gbu were used to study the effects of four carnitine analogs on growth and uptake of osmolytes. In strain DP-L1044, which had OpuC and the two glycine betaine porters Gbu and BetL, triethylglycine was most effective in inhibiting growth in the presence of glycine betaine, but trigonelline was best at inhibiting growth in the presence of carnitine. Carnitine uptake through OpuC was inhibited by gamma-butyrobetaine. Dimethylglycine inhibited both glycine betaine and carnitine uptake through the Gbu porter. Carnitine uptake through the Gbu porter was inhibited by triethylglycine. Glycine betaine uptake through the BetL porter was strongly inhibited by trigonelline and triethylglycine. These results suggest that it is possible to reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes under osmotically stressful conditions by inhibiting glycine betaine and carnitine uptake but that to do so, multiple uptake systems must be affected.
Culture conditions affect photoreactivating enzyme levels in human fibroblasts

Abstract Photoreactivation of pyrimidine dimers in mammalian cells occurs under our experimental conditions but has not been observed under conditions used by others. We have tested three possible differences in experimental procedures including dimer separation and analysis methods, illumination conditions and cell culture techniques. We show that our methods of dimer separation and analysis indeed measure cis-syn pyrimidine dimers and give results in quantitative agreement with the methods of others. We find that white light pre-illumination of fibroblasts from the xeroderma pigmentosum line XP12BE or of normal cells does not affect the cellular capacity for dimer photoreactivation. However, we show that cell culture conditions can affect photoreactivating enzyme levels and thus, cellular dimer photoreactivation capacity. Cells grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium (supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum) contain very low levels of photoreactivating enzyme and cannot photoreactivate dimers in their DNA; however, companion cultures maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal medium do contain photoreactivating enzyme and can photoreactivate cellular dimers.
“A Lab of Our Own” Environmental Causation of Breast Cancer and Challenges to the Dominant Epidemiological Paradigm

There are challenges to the dominant research paradigm in breast cancer science. In the United States, science and social activism create paradigmatic shifts. Using interviews, ethnographic observations, and an extensive review of the literature, we create a three-dimensional model to situate changes in scientific controversy concerning environmental causes of breast cancer. We identify three paradigm challenges posed by activists and some scientists: (1) to move debates about causation upstream to address causes; (2) to shift emphasis from individual to modifiable societal-level factors beyond an individual’s control; and (3) to allow direct lay involvement in research, which may raise new questions and change how questions are approached, the methods used, and the standards of proof. We use our model to examine controversies about doing scientific research, interpreting scientific results, and acting on science. Ultimately, we aim to understand what impedes construction of new methodologies and knowledg...
On asymmetric stochastic bang-bang control†

Three stochastic bang-bang control problems, the predicted miss, the linear regulator, and a complete observation model, are shown to have formally similar solutions under an asymmetric boundedness condition on the control u(t), 0<t<T.
Occupational stress factors and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators.

BACKGROUND: If alcohol consumption mitigates psychological and physiological aspects of the response to stressors, then alcohol consumption might be elevated for individuals exposed to high occupational stressors. Frequency of work stressors and reaction to those stressors were studied in relation to several alcohol-related outcomes. METHODS: During the period 1993-1995, 1979 transit operators underwent medical examinations for commercial driver's license renewal. Questionnaire and interview data concerning occupational stress factors and alcohol-related outcomes were available for 1386 (70.2%) of the operators. RESULTS: A positive association was found between the two job stressor-related measures and each of six alcohol-related outcomes. Of these 12 associations, ten were statistically significant. Individuals experiencing high self-reported frequency of job stressors and a higher perceived severity of those job stressors were more likely to drink and more likely to be heavy drinkers. They reported more consequences of alcohol consumption, reported increased consumption since beginning work as transit drivers, and were more likely to report drinking to deal with work stress. They also drank more, but this effect was not significant for either job stress measure. There was virtually no association between either stressor-related measure and alcohol dependency (CAGE). CONCLUSIONS: Together with other published findings, these results suggest increased alcohol-related outcomes in the presence of work stressors. This conclusion has potential implications for worksite health promotion and job design. Because our findings are cross-sectional, further research is needed to clarify the causal nature of the work stressor-alcohol association. Further research also is needed to clarify the role of individual differences and context.
The United States: Decline or Renewal?

In 1988 the United States reached the zenith (or, perhaps more appropriately, ‘nadir’) of its fifth major wave of declinism since the 1950s. The roots of this declinism lie in the political economy literature of the early 1980s which analysed the fading American economic hegemony and attempted to identify the consequences of its disappearance. In time, these themes were picked up in more popular and policy-oriented writings, and the combination of the budget and trade deficits plus the October 1987 stock market crash produced the environment for the spectacular success of Paul Kennedy’s scholarly historical analysis in early 1988. Decline has been on everyone’s mind, and the arguments of the declinists have stimulated lively public debate.2
PROMOTING EFFECTIVE SCIENCE TEACHER EDUCATION AND SCIENCE TEACHING: A FRAMEWORK FOR TEACHER DECISION-MAKING

Learning and effective teaching are both complicated acts. However, many administrators, teachers, parents, and policymakers appear not to recognize those complexities and their significance for practice. Fueling this perception, recommendations from isolated research findings often neglect the complexities in learning and teaching, and when implemented in classrooms often fall well short of the advertised effect. Consequently, education research is generally ignored, and the resulting research-practice gap raises concerns regarding the utility of university-based teacher education, and education research more generally. However, the strength of education research resides in the synergy resulting from its integration into a unifying system that guides, but does not determine, decision-making. Dewey (1929) argued for teacher decision-making guided by education research, but recently several writers have justly criticized education researchers for not providing comprehensible assistance to educators and policymakers (Good, 2007; Shymansky, 2006; Windschitl, 2005). This paper proposes a decision-making framework for teaching to help beginning and experienced teachers make sense of education research, come to understand crucial teacher decisions, and how those decisions interact to affect student learning. The proposed decision-making framework for teaching has significant utility in the design of science methods courses, science teacher education programs, effective student teacher supervision experiences, and professional development workshops.
Surface reconstruction of Fe3O4(001)

Abstract We have investigated the surface termination, structure, morphology and composition of Fe 3 O 4 (001) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), low-energy He + -ion scattering (LEIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The samples consisted of ∼5000 A thick epitaxial films of Fe 3 O 4 (001) grown by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (OPA-MBE) on MgO(001) substrates. The ( 2 × 2 ) R45° surface reconstruction that is present on the as-grown surface is recovered by heating the sample in oxygen (10 −6 –10 −7 mbar) at temperatures between 420 and 770 K after a through-air transfer from the MBE chamber. STM results are best interpreted by assuming an autocompensated B-layer termination, which consists of a layer of octahedrally coordinated iron and tetrahedrally coordinated oxygen, along with one oxygen vacancy per unit cell. Evidence for a vacancy-induced lateral relaxation of the adjacent octahedral iron ions is presented. Further annealing in ultrahigh vacuum causes a transformation to either a (1× n ) or a (2 2 × 2 ) R45° structure. These surfaces can be reproducibly transformed back to the ( 2 × 2 ) R45° reconstruction by annealing in oxygen. Interestingly, at no time do we observe the other autocompensated termination, which consists of one-half of a monolayer of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe(III), despite its observation on the as-grown surface. Thus, it appears that the surface termination is critically dependent on the method of surface preparation.
On nice equivalence relations on λ2

Let E be an equivalence relation on the powerset of an uncountable set, which is reasonably definable. We assume that any two subsets with symmetric difference of size exactly 1 are not equivalent. We investigate whether for E there are many pairwise non equivalent sets.
Computer-aided roll pass design in rolling of airfoil shapes

This paper describes two computer-aided design (CAD) programs developed for modeling the shape rolling process for airfoil sections. The first program, SHPROL, uses a modular upper-bound method of analysis and predicts the lateral spread, elongation, and roll torque. The second program, ROLPAS, predicts the stresses, roll separating force, the roll torque and the details of metal flow by simulating the rolling process, using the slab method of analysis. ROLPAS is an interactive program; it offers graphic display capabilities and allows the user to interact with the computer via a keyboard, CRT, and a light pen. The accuracy of the computerized models was evaluated by (a) rolling a selected airfoil shape at room temperature from 1018 steel and isothermally at high temperature from Ti-6A1-4V, and (b) comparing the experimental results with computer predictions. The comparisons indicated that the CAD systems, described here, are useful for practical engineering purposes and can be utilized in roll pass design and analysis for airfoil and similar shapes.
Prospective evaluation of nighttime hot flashes during pregnancy and postpartum

Objective To determine the prevalence, course, and risk factors for nighttime hot flashes during the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Design Clinical interview, physical measurements, and questionnaires administered at weeks 20, 30, and 36 of pregnancy and weeks 2, 12, 26, and 52 after delivery. Setting Academic medical setting. Patient(s) 429 women. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Nighttime hot flashes. Result(s) Thirty-five percent of women reported nighttime hot flashes during pregnancy and 29% after delivery. In multivariable binomial mixed effects models, women who were younger (per year: odds ratio [OR] 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.99), had a higher prepregnancy body mass index (per unit increase: OR 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.10), and had less than a college education (OR 2.58; 95% CI, 1.19–5.60; vs. ≥college) were more likely to report nighttime hot flashes during pregnancy. Higher depressive symptoms were associated with nighttime hot flashes during pregnancy (per unit increase: OR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04–1.13) and the postpartum period (OR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14–1.25, multivariable models). Conclusion(s) Hot flashes, typically considered a menopausal symptom, were reported by over a third of women during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period. The predictors of these hot flashes, including depressive symptoms, low education, and higher body mass index are similar to those experienced during menopause. Future work should investigate the role of hormonal and affective factors in hot flashes during pregnancy and postpartum.
Luminescence Modulation with Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Photochromic Ligands

We have attached a photochromic spiropyran to the surface of CdSe–ZnS core–shell quantum dots, relying on a dithiolane anchoring group. In the resulting assembly, the reversible interconversion of the photochromic component activates and suppresses an energy transfer pathway from the excited quantum dots to the coloured state of the ligand. As a result, the luminescence intensity decreases by 45% with the photoinduced colouration of the spiropyran and returns to the original value after the thermal reisomerization of the ligand.
The effects of induced elation and depression on interpersonal problem solving

Depressed persons have been shown to score lower than normals on interpersonal problem-solving tests. This study examined the effects of induced elation and depression on the interpersonal problem-solving efficiency of normal college students. Subjects randomly assigned to elation, neutral, or depression mood induction procedures completed an interpersonal problemsolving task. Depressed subjects performed significantly worse than elated subjects on several measures of the problem-solving task. These results are interpreted as supporting the position that mood affects interpersonal problem-solving performance and are discussed in relation to theories of depression.
The perceived importance of sales managers’ rewards: a career stage perspective

The primary intent of this research was to determine whether the perceived importance of various rewards is influenced by the career stage of sales managers. This study found that sales managers in different career stages have distinct intrinsic and extrinsic reward preferences that may ultimately affect motivation and productivity. Although several statistically significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic reward preferences were discerned, some reward perceptions were found to be uniform regardless of sales manager career stage. Sales management implications, limitations, and directions for future research are offered.
Religiosity and Sexual Concerns

Abstract The study examined the relationships between three types of religiosity (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest) and sexual concerns in two diverse samples. Three hundred sixty-five participants were drawn from a Washington, DC area community college and a historically Black state university in North Carolina. Participants completed measures of religiosity along with the Attitudes Related to Sexual Concerns Scale (ASC; Koch & Cowden, 1990). The ASC was developed to measure attitudes that have been identified as associated with sexual concerns, such as performance anxiety and guilt. Intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity were associated with higher sexual concerns in general as well as higher levels of sex guilt and masturbation discomfort. In contrast, religion as quest, an open-ended pursuit of existential questions, was associated with lower levels of sex guilt and masturbation discomfort. Correlations were also found between sexual concerns and age, ethnicity, gender, and religious affiliati...
Seizure thresholds in kindled animals are reduced by the pesticides lindane and endosulfan.

Abstract Lindane and endosulfan are chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides that bind to the gamma-aminobutyric-acidA (GABAA) receptor ionophore complex. We have previously demonstrated development of a persistent predisposition to the seizure-inducing properties of these pesticides following repeated administration of initially subconvulsive doses. A subsequent facilitation of electrical kindling development indicated that a chemical kindling mechanism may contribute to this enhanced sensitivity. We tested the bidirectionality of kindling transfer induced by chemical and electrical means by comparing the convulsive thresholds of lindane and endosulfan in electrically kindled and nonkindled animals. Amygdala kindled, implanted/nonstimulated, and nonimplanted controls were administered 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of lindane or endosulfan in corn oil by gavage, and each animal's behavior was scored for the presence of myoclonic jerks (MCJ) and clonic seizures. Dose-related increases in the number of animals displaying convulsions in response to both of these pesticides were observed. The dose of lindane (4.5 mg/kg) and endosulfan (4.3 mg/kg) producing MCJs in 50% of the animals (ED50) was reduced by more than 60% in kindled animals relative to controls. A second experiment evaluated the generalized seizure threshold in previously kindled animals treated with low doses of endosulfan (0, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg, po by gavage). Endosulfan reduced the intensity of electrical stimulation required to evoke seizures in amygdala kindled animals. These data indicate that these chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides reduce seizure thresholds in amygdala-kindled animals with acute administration, and together with previous findings (see ref. 20) demonstrate bidirectional transfer between chemical and electrical kindling. A reduction in afterdischarge threshold in limbic structures may be one mechanism whereby repeated dosing with lindane and endosulfan promotes the development of chemical kindling.
Synthesis of stable-isotope enriched 5-methylpyrimidines and their use as probes of base reactivity in DNA

A specific and efficient method is presented for the conversion of 2′-deoxyuridine to thymidine via formation and reduction of the intermediate 5-hydroxymethyl derivative. The method has been used to generate both thymidine and 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine containing the stable isotopes 2H, 13C and 15N. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides have been constructed with these mass-tagged bases to investigate sequence-selectivity in hydroxyl radical reactions of pyrimidine methyl groups monitored by mass spectrometry. Studying the reactivity of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is difficult as the reaction products can deaminate to the corresponding thymine derivatives, making the origin of the reaction products ambiguous. The method reported here can distinguish products derived from 5mC and thymine as well as investigate differences in reactivity for either base in different sequence contexts. The efficiency of formation of 5-hydroxymethyluracil from thymine is observed to be similar in magnitude in two different sequence contexts and when present in a mispair with guanine. The oxidation of 5mC proceeds slightly more efficiently than that of thymine and generates both 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine but not the deaminated products. Thymine glycol is generated by both thymine and 5mC, although with reduced efficiency for 5mC. The method presented here should be widely applicable, enabling the examination of the reactivity of selected bases in DNA.
Gene Targeting in Mice: Functional Analysis of the Mammalian Genome for the Twenty-First Century

Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells has become the 'gold standard' for determining gene function in mammals. Since its inception, this technology has revolutionized the study of mammalian biology and human medicine. Here I provide a personal account of the work that led to the generation of gene targeting which now lies at the centre of functional genomic analysis.
MO TZU AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF MORALITY

Etude du debat opposant D. Ahren et D. Vorenkamp concernant les fondements utilitaristes ou providentiels de la morale de Mo tseu. Mesurant le role du principe d'utilite et du principe de la volonte divine, l'A. montre que Mo tseu considere le Ciel comme la norme du bien et du mal et comme le commandement du Superieur auquel chacun doit se plier. Sans analyser le bien en termes de production de benefices, l'A. fait place a une dimension utilitariste chez Mo tseu qui trouve sa justification dans l'idee selon laquelle le ciel doit vouloir le benefice du monde. Examinant l'argument teleologique, de la justice divine et des textes anciens, l'A. opere un renversement de la hierarchie des propositions de Ahren.
SIM-Lite narrow-angle modeling and processing

This paper examines how narrow-angle (NA) processing of data from the SIM Lite optical interferometry mission can be undertaken when realistic spacecraft and mission operational constraints are taken into account. Using end-to-end mission simulations we show that the goal of 1 μas single measurement accuracy (SMA) is obtainable, and hence the detection of earth-like planets is achievable with the SIM Lite mission.
Does Olfactory Marker Protein Participate in Olfactory Neurogenesis?a

Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a phylogenetically conserved, 19-kDa, acidic, soluble protein found abundantly in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Its function has been enigmatic although recent evidence from studies on OMP null mice suggests that neurons lacking OMP exhibit altered physiological activity, including prolonged onset and recovery kinetics following stimulation. We have reported increased expression of OMP in individual surviving sensory neurons that have been deprived of their target, the olfactory bulb. Because olfactory epithelia deprived of their target also exhibit an increased rate of cell division we investigated the effect of recombinant OMP on cell division in organotypic cultures of fetal rat (embryonic day 19) epithelium grown for 3 days in vitro. After 3 days, cultures were given a 1-hr pulse of a mitotic marker, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), fixed and prepared for immunohistochemistry to determine the number of proliferating cells. We found a dose-dependent increase in the number of BrdU-positive cells/100-mm length of epithelium. The number of labeled cells increased incrementally, reached a plateau at 25 pM OMP/ml culture medium, 50% higher than in cultures with no OMP added, and remained at that level at 50 and 100 pM doses. Controls included trypsinized OMP and addition of equivalent volumes of TRIS buffer lacking OMP. These results, taken together with previous studies on several growth factors indicate that regulation of neurogenesis in olfactory tissue is a multifactorial process and that OMP may play a role.
The theory of economic regulation and public choice and the determinants of public sector bargaining legislation

In this study we used the theory of economic regulation and public choice to derive a model to explain the pattern of public sector bargaining laws among the states. We find this type of legislation is influenced by the following demand factors: (1) the extent of public sector union membership, which represents the interest group hypothesis, has a positive influence on pro-union legislation; (2) the extent of employer opposition to unions, as measured by unfair labor practice charges against employers in representation elections, has a negative effect on bargaining laws; (3) two taste variables — the salaries of public employees and the percent of nonwhite employment in the state — have a positive influence on these laws. A result which will be surprising to many people is that the extent of private sector union membership has no significant influence on the passage of public sector bargaining legislation.
The Aerosol Modeling Testbed: A Community Tool to Objectively Evaluate Aerosol Process Modules

Abstract The current paradigm of developing and testing new aerosol process modules is haphazard and slow. Aerosol modules are often tested for short simulation periods using limited data so that their overall performance over a wide range of meteorological conditions is not thoroughly evaluated. Although several model intercomparison studies quantify the differences among aerosol modules, the range of answers provides little insight on how to best improve aerosol predictions. Understanding the true impact of an aerosol process module is also complicated by the fact that other processes—such as emissions, meteorology, and chemistry—are often treated differently. To address this issue, the authors have developed an Aerosol Modeling Testbed (AMT) with the objective of providing a new approach to test and evaluate new aerosol process modules. The AMT consists of a more modular version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and a suite of tools to evaluate the performance of aerosol process modul...
Pointwise localized error estimates for parabolic finite element equations

We derive pointwise weighted error estimates for a semidiscrete finite element method applied to parabolic equations. The results extend those obtained by A.H. Schatz for stationary elliptic problems. In particular, they show that the error is more localized for higher order elements.