cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Structurally Perfect S = 1/2 Metal−Organic Hybrid Kagomé Antiferromagnet

We report the synthesis and magnetic characterization of Cu(1,3-bdc) (1,3-bdc = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate), a novel structurally perfect S = 1/2 metal−organic hybrid kagome antiferromagnet exhibiting properties consonant with spin frustration. In the kagome structure, each monodentate carboxylate ligand bridges two copper ions in the kagome plane, and the three-atom bridge allows for the shortest known metal−metal distance in any metal−organic hybrid kagome reported to date. The compound shows antiferromagnetic mean nearest-neighbor superexchange, as evidenced by ϑCW = −33 K. The compound orders ferromagnetically at 2 K and has a frustration parameter, f = 16.5, indicative of a spin-frustrated compound.
Modulated gap junctional intercellular communication as a biomarker of PAH epigenetic toxicity: structure-function relationship.

Cancer is a multistage multimechanism process involving gene and/or chromosomal mutations (genotoxic events), altered gene expression at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational l...
Synthesis of Calcineurin-Resistant Derivatives of FK506 and Selection of Compensatory Receptors

We used olefin metathesis to synthesize C40 derivatives of FK506 and measured their ability, when complexed to FKBP12, to inhibit calcineurin's phosphatase activity. We identified modular dimerization domains (CABs) containing segments of the calcineurin A and B polypeptides. These CABs respond to FK506 both when overexpressed in mammalian cells and in yeast or mammalian three-hybrid assays. Using chemical genetic selection, we identified compensatory mutant CABs that respond to a calcineurin-resistant FK506 derivative at concentrations well below the response threshold for CABs containing only wild-type calcineurin sequence. These reagents provide a small molecule-protein combination orthogonal to existing dimerizer systems and may be used with existing systems to increase the complexity of induced-proximity experiments. This new use of the "bump-hole" strategy protects target cells from complications arising from the inhibition of endogenous calcineurin.
Possible room-temperature ferromagnetism in hydrogenated carbon nanotubes

We find that ferromagnetism can be induced in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by introducing hydrogen. Multiwalled CNTs grown inside porous alumina templates contain a large density of defects resulting in significant hydrogen uptake when annealed at high temperatures. This hydrogen incorporation produces H-complex and adatom magnetism which generates a sizable ferromagnetic moment and a Curie temperature near ${T}_{C}=1000\text{ }\text{K}$. We studied the conditions for the incorporation of hydrogen, the temperature-dependent magnetic behavior, and the dependence of the ferromagnetism on the size of the nanotubes.
Recurrent Hepatitis C-Related Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis in a Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplant Recipient With Atypical Presentation and Clinical Course

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is known to be associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) with or without coexistent cryoglobulinemia. We report a patient with end-stage liver and renal disease caused by HCV infection (biopsy-proven liver cirrhosis and MPGN, respectively). Approximately 10 months after simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation, patient developed severe acute kidney injury (AKI) with tripling of the baseline serum creatinine level. Allograft biopsy showed recurrent HCV-related cryoglobulinemic MPGN. However, urinalysis done immediately prior to biopsy did not suggest MPGN (lack of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria). Subsequent clinical course was also atypical in that the severe AKI resolved spontaneously and completely over 2 weeks without any change in maintenance post-transplant immunosuppressive medications, or use of plasmapheresis or HCV-antiviral therapy. Three months after resolution of recurrent MPGN-related AKI, institution of interferon-free anti-HCV therapy (sofosbuvir + ribavirin) resulted in clearance of HCV viremia over 18 weeks while liver and kidney transplant function remained stable/good. This patient illustrates the following: HCV-related MPGN may recur in the kidney transplant without typical urinary findings, and the resultant (even severe) AKI may resolve spontaneously without specific treatment and the excellent outcome that can be achieved with the newer anti-HCV therapies. World J Nephrol Urol. 2014;3(4):157-161 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjnu185e
HST Detection of H2 Raman Scattering in the Jovian Atmosphere

Raman scattered features by molecular hydrogen have been detected in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) observations of Jupiter. The measurements were obtained with the G190H grating and red detector combination spanning 158.0–232.0 nm at about 0.3 nm resolution. The data were corrected for scattered light, and careful modeling of the line spread function (LSF) of the instrument was performed to accurately degrade the solar spectrum obtained by SOLSTICE (solar-stellar irradiance comparison experiment) to the spectral resolution of the FOS. A cross-correlation method was used to align features in the planetary spectra to those in the SOLSTICE solar spectrum. At all latitudes longward of 210.0 nm, the resulting I/F displayed discrete features up to 20% of the continuum level that anticorrelate with the solar spectrum. A radiative transfer code was developed to include the effect of rotational and vibrational multiple Raman scattering for the first few lowest energy rotational states of molecular hydrogen under the approximation that the Raman component of the scattering phase function is isotropic. Simulations show not only that the detected features are indeed due to Raman scattering by H2, but are sensitive to its ortho–para ratio as well. An analysis of the equatorial spectrum reveals that the features are consistent with an equilibrium or normal population of H2 at 130 K.
Acetylation in hormone signaling and the cell cycle

The last decade has seen a substantial change in thinking about the role of acetylation in regulating diverse cellular processes. The correlation between histone acetylation and gene transcription has been known for many years. The cloning and biochemical characterization of the enzymes that regulate this post-translational modification has led to an understanding of the diverse role histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play in cellular function. Histone acetylases modify histones, transcription factors, co-activators, nuclear transport proteins, structural proteins and components of the cell cycle. This review focuses on the role of histone acetylases in coordinating hormone signaling and the cell cycle. Transition through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinase holoenzymes, the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their heterodimeric cyclin partners. Recent studies have identified important cross-talk between the cell cycle regulatory apparatus and proteins regulating histone acetylation. The evidence for a dynamic interplay between components regulating the cell cycle and acetylation of target substrates provides an important new level of complexity in the mechanisms governing hormone signaling.
Caregivers, cost, and complexity: understanding technology usage by individuals with cognitive disabilities

This research employs ethnographic and user-centered design methods in a multi-phase study designed to uncover usability issues and evolving user needs through the design and extended use of a handheld remote communication system for individuals with cognitive disabilities. This extended abstract focuses on the findings from the first phase of the research, an interview study exploring issues around adoption and usage of technology by individuals with cognitive disabilities.
Dimensional versus categorical classification of prototypic and nonprototypic cases of personality disorder.

This study examined interrater reliability and ratings of confidence and clinical utility (professional communication, case conceptualization, treatment planning) of categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosing prototypic and nonprototypic personality disorder cases. Two national samples of psychologists (n = 93, n = 92) participated. Interrater reliability was higher for prototypic cases than nonprototypic cases for the categorical system, but similar for prototypic and nonprototypic cases using dimensional ratings. Across cases, interrater reliability and confidence were highest for the categorical model, hybrid models, and the five-factor model. However, ratings of clinical utility were highest for the categorical and the hybrid models, even when interrater reliability was inadequate, suggesting clinician preference for a classification based on the existing categories. Mean ratings for the prototypic cases supported the theorized relationships between the dimensional models and the personality disorders. Reasons for these findings and implications for moving towards a dimensional model of personality disorder are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Knowledge sharing and cooperation in outsourcing projects - A game theoretic analysis

The popular notion of outsourcing is that it helps organizations cut down costs of operation. In reality, however, firms often outsource to organizations that possess complex, complementary skills. We model the interaction between employees of the ''host'' firm and the outsourcing firm, who have to share their knowledge and skill sets in order to work effectively as a team, but might be naturally antagonistic towards each other. The analysis shows that when the degree of complementarity of knowledge between the employees is high enough, better payoffs can be achieved if the top management enforces cooperation between the employees. In these situations, the involvement of the top management extends far beyond negotiating the contract to make the outsourcing successful.
Validation of Daily Growth Increment Formation in the Otoliths of Juvenile Cyprinid Fishes from the Brazos River, Texas

Abstract Age data are commonly used by fisheries biologists to assess a number of important population characteristics. For cyprinid fishes, there have been few attempts to assess the validity of age estimates, particularly those based on otolith microstructure. We assessed the periodicity of growth increment formation in the otoliths of three species of cyprinid from the Brazos River, Texas, two of which are of conservation concern. We immersed juvenile sharpnose shiners Notropis oxyrhynchus, smalleye shiners N. buccula, and plains minnow Hybognathus placitus in a 100-mg/L solution of alizarin complexone for 24 h and sampled fish at 5-d intervals for 30 d. Regression models indicated high correspondence between number of days posttreatment and number of growth increments between the alizarin mark and the edge of the otolith for all three species (sharpnose shiner: r2 = 0.99; smalleye shiner: r2 = 0.98; plains minnow: r2 = 0.97). Slopes of regression lines did not differ from 1.0 (t-test: P < 0.05), indic...
In vivo optical imaging of pleural space drainage to lymph nodes of prognostic significance.

Background: Understanding the spatial and temporal drainage patterns of the pleural space could have profound impact on the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma. The purpose of this study was to identify the in vivo pattern of drainage from the pleural space to prognostic lymph node stations.
The Ethiopian- Eritrean conflict: diasporic vs. hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991-2000

This article examines the new norms in bilateral, regional and international relations that evolved in the wake of the emergence of the Eritrean state which had successfully challenged the hegemonic claims of both the imperial and Afro-Marxist Ethiopian state. The analysis proceeds from a retelling of the events in 1998 which precipitated the break between the Ethiopian and Eritrean partners of the old alliance against the Mengistu regime, then examines the structural anomalies in the alliance and their consequences. The evidence examined here suggests that two inter-related phenomena help to shed light on the structural, historical and philosophical underpinnings of the 1998–2000 Ethio–Eritrean conflict: (1) the asymmetry of vision between diasporic and hegemonic states, leading to a clash of interests; (2) the failure of both post-war regimes to formalise their ‘understandings’ into formal treaties based on international law.As the two countries pursued different systems of economic and political governance, the cluster of informal understandings unravelled amidst conflicting interpretations of issues relating to sovereignty: territorial jurisdiction and citizenship. What emerges is a picture – seen from below rather than from above – of the norms and rules that govern the conduct of interstate relations between Africa's most recent and oldest sovereign states.
Bacterial RNA polymerases: the wholo story

Recent structural and biophysical results have provided unprecedented insights into the structure and function of the bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme as it goes through the steps of transcription initiation. Comparisons with structural analyses of evolutionarily unrelated RNA polymerases reveal unexpected general features of the initiation process.
Histological Postmortem Study of an Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Treated with the Neuroform Stent

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular treatment of wide-necked and fusiform aneurysms has been advanced by the introduction of the flexible intracranial Neuroform stent (Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA). It is recognized that these deployed intracranial stents are thrombogenic until endothelialization of the stent presumably takes place. We report here the first postmortem histological analysis of a patient with an internal carotid artery aneurysm treated with the Neuroform stent. METHODS: A 51-year-old man had a right-sided supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm. After discussions, he underwent elective stenting (Neuroform stent; 4.5 x 20 mm) across the neck of the aneurysm without complications. Repeat angiography at the 3-month follow-up examination revealed a decrease in size of the aneurysm. Attempted coiling at that time was unsuccessful. The patient died 1 month later of a left-sided intracranial hemorrhage (122 d after stent deployment), and, according to his wishes, his brain was donated for scientific study. On receipt, the right cavernous internal carotid artery was removed and sent for histological evaluation (Boston Scientific Laboratories, Fremont, CA). RESULTS: The parent artery demonstrated mild intimal thickening proximal to the stent. The stent itself was noted to be abutting the internal elastic lamina with moderate intimal hyperplasia, but this was not noted to cause significant stenosis. The aneurysm was filled with fibrocellular tissue in the periphery, which extended along the neck. However, the midportion of the neck was void of any fibrocellular tissue, with thrombus-like material noted inside the aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Cadaveric histological evaluation of the implanted Neuroform stent 4 months after stenting showed complete endothelialization of the stent and well as significant de novo fibroelastic tissue formation along the neck of the aneurysm. Longer follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the dynamics and delayed effects of endothelialization of the Neuroform stent.
Olanzapine causes a leptin-dependent increase in acetylcholine release in mouse prefrontal cortex.

Study objectives The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine is used effectively for treating symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Unwanted effects of olanzapine include slowing of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during wakefulness and increased circulating levels of leptin. The mechanisms underlying the desired and undesired effects of olanzapine are poorly understood. Sleep and wakefulness are modulated by acetylcholine (ACh) in the prefrontal cortex, and leptin alters cholinergic transmission. This study tested the hypothesis that olanzapine interacts with leptin to regulate ACh release in the prefrontal cortex. Design Within/between subjects. Setting University of Michigan. Patients or participants Adult male C57BL/6J (B6) mice (n = 33) and B6.V-Lep(ob) (leptin-deficient) mice (n = 31). Interventions Olanzapine was delivered to the prefrontal cortex by microdialysis. Leptin-replacement in leptin-deficient mice was achieved using subcutaneous micro-osmotic pumps. Measurements and results Olanzapine caused a concentration-dependent increase in ACh release in B6 and leptin-deficient mice. Olanzapine was 230-fold more potent in leptin-deficient than in B6 mice for increasing ACh release, yet olanzapine caused a 51% greater ACh increase in B6 than in leptin-deficient mice. Olanzapine had no effect on recovery time from general anesthesia. Olanzapine increased EEG power in the delta (0.5-4 Hz) range. Thus, olanzapine dissociated the normal coupling between increased cortical ACh release, increased behavioral arousal, and EEG activation. Leptin replacement significantly enhanced (75%) the olanzapine-induced increase in ACh release. Conclusion Replacing leptin by systemic administration restored the olanzapine-induced enhancement of ACh release in the prefrontal cortex of leptin-deficient mouse.
Romantic Relationship Dynamics of Urban African American Adolescents: Patterns of Monogamy, Commitment, and Trust

Relationship dynamics develop early in life and are influenced by social environments. STI/HIV prevention programs need to consider romantic relationship dynamics that contribute to sexual health. The aim of this study was to examine monogamous patterns, commitment, and trust in African American adolescent romantic relationships. The authors also focused on the differences in these dynamics between and within gender. The way that such dynamics interplay in romantic relationships has the potential to influence STI/HIV acquisition risk. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 African American adolescents aged 14 to 21 living in San Francisco. Our results discuss data related to monogamous behaviors, expectations, and values; trust and respect in romantic relationships; commitment to romantic relationships; and outcomes of mismatched relationship expectations. Incorporating gender-specific romantic relationships dynamics can enhance the effectiveness of prevention programs.
Glutathione Metabolism and Parkinson’s Disease

It has been established that oxidative stress, defined as the condition in which the sum of free radicals in a cell exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cell, contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Glutathione is a ubiquitous thiol tripeptide that acts alone or in concert with enzymes within cells to reduce superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrites. In this review, we examine the synthesis, metabolism, and functional interactions of glutathione and discuss how these relate to the protection of dopaminergic neurons from oxidative damage and its therapeutic potential in Parkinson disease.
Relationship between brain interstitial fluid tumor necrosis factor-α and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has a crucial role in the onset of hemolysis-induced vascular injury and cerebral vasoconstriction. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha measured from brain interstitial fluid would correlate with the severity of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). From a consecutive series of 10 aSAH patients who underwent cerebral microdialysis (MD) and evaluation of vasospasm by CT angiogram (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA), TNF-alpha levels from MD were measured at 8-hour intervals from aSAH days 4-6 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An attending neuroradiologist blinded to the study independently evaluated each CTA and DSA and assigned a vasospasm index (VI). Five patients had a VI 2, where the median VI was 2 (range 0-13). The median log TNF-alpha area under the curve (AUC) was 1.64pg/mL *day (interquartile range 1.48-1.71) for the VI 2 group (p<0.01). Thus, in this small series of poor-grade aSAH patients, the AUC of TNF-alpha levels from aSAH days 4-6 correlates with the severity of radiographic vasospasm. Further analysis in a larger population is warranted based on our preliminary findings.
Simultaneous modelling of the Cholesky decomposition of several covariance matrices

A method for simultaneous modelling of the Cholesky decomposition of several covariance matrices is presented. We highlight the conceptual and computational advantages of the unconstrained parameterization of the Cholesky decomposition and compare the results with those obtained using the classical spectral (eigenvalue) and variance-correlation decompositions. All these methods amount to decomposing complicated covariance matrices into ''dependence'' and ''variance'' components, and then modelling them virtually separately using regression techniques. The entries of the ''dependence'' component of the Cholesky decomposition have the unique advantage of being unconstrained so that further reduction of the dimension of its parameter space is fairly simple. Normal theory maximum likelihood estimates for complete and incomplete data are presented using iterative methods such as the EM (Expectation-Maximization) algorithm and their improvements. These procedures are illustrated using a dataset from a growth hormone longitudinal clinical trial.
Microscopy: tip-top imaging.

Images of nanoscale structures can be constructed using the flow of electrons ejected from a metal probe tip by a fast laser pulse. The technique adds new dimensions to established methods of microscopy.
Patterns of Oligonucleotide Sequences in Viral and Host Cell RNA Identify Mediators of the Host Innate Immune System

The innate immune response provides a first line of defense against pathogens by targeting generic differential features that are present in foreign organisms but not in the host. These innate responses generate selection forces acting both in pathogens and hosts that further determine their co-evolution. Here we analyze the nucleic acid sequence fingerprints of these selection forces acting in parallel on both host innate immune genes and ssRNA viral genomes. We do this by identifying dinucleotide biases in the coding regions of innate immune response genes in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and then use this signal to identify other significant host innate immune genes. The persistence of these biases in the orthologous groups of genes in humans and chickens is also examined. We then compare the significant motifs in highly expressed genes of the innate immune system to those in ssRNA viruses and study the evolution of these motifs in the H1N1 influenza genome. We argue that the significant under-represented motif pattern of CpG in an AU context - which is found in both the ssRNA viruses and innate genes, and has decreased throughout the history of H1N1 influenza replication in humans - is immunostimulatory and has been selected against during the co-evolution of viruses and host innate immune genes. This shows how differences in host immune biology can drive the evolution of viruses that jump into species with different immune priorities than the original host.
RYNSORD: a novel decentralized algorithm for railway networks with "soft reservation"

This paper presents a novel decentralized algorithm with soft reservation for efficient scheduling and congestion mitigation in railway networks (RYNSORD), wherein every train utilizes lookahead to dynamically replan its route. Thus, a train, currently at position N and headed for the ultimate destination Y, first requests and reserves N tracks, i.e., the lookahead, ahead of its current position for use at appropriate future times. The train moves through the N tracks and, upon completion, it again requests and reserves N subsequent tracks ahead of itself. The process continues until the train reaches its destination. The reservation process is characterized as "soft", i.e., less abrupt and more flexible in negotiation between the trains and stations, in contrast to the traditional rigid "hard" reservations, RYNSORD is modeled and implemented on a network of SUN sparc workstations, configured as a loosely coupled parallel processor. Experimental results, obtained from simulating realistic example train networks and utilizing stochastic input train traffic data, reveal that: (1) soft reservation is superior to hard reservations in achieving both fast train travel times and higher quality of routing; and (2) while trains under low lookahead experience higher average hop count and high probability of doublebacks, relative to large lookahead values, they also have lower travel times.
Mediation of children's television viewing: Working toward conceptual clarity and common understanding.

Despite decades of research on parents’ or other adults’ mediation of children’s television viewing, we still have a rather limited understanding of its potential to promote positive effects and prevent negative outcomes. One reason for this is that a consensus regarding the proper conceptualization of mediation has not yet been reached. As a result, the term has been used inconsistently and produced a body of literature that is difficult to synthesize. The purpose of this paper is to review how mediation has been regarded in past work and to develop a clear conceptualization of this construct. In addition, previous research on the effects of mediation is synthesized to provide a summary of its potential to affect children’s reactions to television. Common themes, especially those relevant to explaining how mediation influences children, are identified and discussed.
Performance simulations of p-i-n and MSM detectors

We propose a model for III-V compound PIN and MSM detectors which is both physically realistic and easily modifiable. The complete model consists of two components: the physical and circuit model. In the physical model an intrinsic device is simulated by solving Poisson's equation, the current continuity equations, and a rate equation for charged traps using MATHEMATICA. Carrier injection, charge-storage effects and fringing electric fields are also taken into account. The results can be presented either in the time or the frequency domain. These results are used to determine the parameters of a circuit model for an intrinsic device. Our circuit model was specifically designed to include all the above mentioned effects. The model was tested by simulating the performance of PIN detectors with various geometries in both SPICE and MDS. Agreement between the measured data and the simulated results was remarkable good.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An hydrothermal experimental study of the cobalt–cobalt oxide redox buffer

Abstract Equilibrium aqueous hydrogen concentration and corresponding energies of reaction, Δ G rxn o ( T , P ), for the reaction Co (s) + H 2 O (l) = CoO (s) + H 2(aq) have been determined at temperatures between 256 and 355 °C and at 400 bar. Steady-state concentrations of hydrogen were approached in experiments under conditions of both H 2 excess and deficiency containing the solids Co, CoO and liquid water. All experiments were carried out in flexible gold and titanium reactors with the capability of on-line fluid sampling. Measured equilibrium molal concentrations of H 2(aq) at 256, 274, 300, 324 and 355 °C are 0.81(± 0.01) · 10 – 3 1.11(± 0.01) · 10 – 3 , 1.92(± 0.01) · 10 – 3 , 3.71(± 0.06) · 10 – 3 , 7.54(± 0.12) · 10 – 3 , respectively, and corresponding values of Δ G rxn o ( T , P ) in units kJ · mol − 1 are 31.4(± 0.1), 31.0(± 0.1), 29.8(± 0.1), 27.7(± 0.5) and 25.5(± 0.9), respectively. Using published heat capacity data for Co (s) and CoO (s) and − 79.6 J · mol − 1 · K − 1 for the entropy of formation of CoO we calculated for this study a value for Δ G CoO ,T r ,P r o = − 214.5(± 0.9) kJ · mol − 1 and Δ H CoO,T r ,P r o = − 238.3(± 0.9) kJ · mol − 1 at 25 °C and 1 bar. The value of Δ H CoO,T r ,P r o determined in this study compares well with the reported calorimetric value of − 238.9(± 1.2) kJ · mol − 1 [Boyle, B.J., King, E.G., Conway, K.C., 1954. Heats of formation of nickel and cobalt oxides (NiO and CoO) by combustion calorimetry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 76, 3835–3837].
Pluralistic Ignorance in Virtually Assembled Peers The Case of World of Warcraft

This article presents a study of pluralistic ignorance situated within the virtual community of guilds in World of Warcraft (WoW). Pluralistic ignorance is a mistaken perception of social norms tha...
Effects of exercise and anemia on coronary arteries of small animals as revealed by the corrosion-cast technique.

Vinyl acetate corrosion casts were prepared of the coronary arterial trees of chronically exercised rats and of suitable control animals. In four experiments, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean coronary-cast weight of the exercised animals over that of controls. In two experiments, the coronary- cast/heart-weight ratios were significantly increased. In three-week-old ducklings rendered anemic by an iron-deficient diet, corrosion casts of the coronary vessels showed marked increases in cast weight, increase in size of homologous vessels, and generally more luxuriant arborization of the tree. No differences were found when coronary casts of thyroxin-injected or of pentaerythritol tetranitrate-injected rats were compared with those of control animals. Right-to-left-side coronary anastomoses were demonstrated in 75 per cent of guinea-pig hearts studied by the corrosion-cast technique. In five experiments, retrograde filling of a ligated anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was demonstrated when the vinyl acetate solution was injected into the aorta.
Looking Through a Community Lens: Innovative Ways to Integrate Community Health Nursing Competencies into All Settings of Care

Community nursing is not a new. In fact, nursing practice in the home and community is the oldest form of nursing care. Yet, nursing education's move to the university from hospital-based programs coupled with advances in health care technology located in hospitals has contributed to community nursing being overshadowed by the perceived need for nursing students to spend more clinical time in an acute-care setting. In the 1980s, the introduction of Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs) in the acute care setting resulted in community nursing being viewed as a vital part of the healthcare continuum. Nonetheless, in today's schools of nursing, community health nursing is viewed by some faculty members as a practice that takes place solely outside the walls of the hospital and one that requires less nursing skill and knowledge—or at least less than a student needs to be successful on the National Council Licensure (NCLEX) licensure examination. Nursing students will occasionally say community health nursing is a waste of time since “it is not even on the Boards.” This viewpoint fails to recognize the competencies of nursing practice in the community and sets the stage for a us-versus-them attitude between nursing faculty who teach in medical-surgical hospital settings and those who teach in community settings.
Protecting an organization's digital public relations assets

This review examines new legal and practical problems confronting organizations that arise out of misdeeds by Internet users outside or inside the organization. Five major culprits are identified: attackers, hackers, lurkers, rogues, and thieves. Implications for effective online public relations are discussed.
Growth Factor Signaling Induces Metastasis Genes in Transformed Cells: Molecular Connection between Akt Kinase and Osteopontin in Breast Cancer

Malignant tumors are characterized by excessive growth, immortalization, and metastatic spread, whereas benign tumors do not express gene products that mediate invasion. The molecular basis for this difference is incompletely understood. We have screened signal transduction molecules associated with the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and have identified constitutive phosphorylation, indicative of activation, of Akt kinase in MT2994 breast cancer cells. In contrast, cells of the benign breast epithelial cell lines Comma-D and FSK-7 are immortalized through pathways that are independent of the EGF-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt kinase cascade, but this is not associated with invasiveness. Transfection of constitutively active Akt kinase causes accelerated cell division and osteopontin expression. Conversely, dominant-negative Akt kinase slows cell cycle progression and suppresses osteopontin expression. The manipulation of osteopontin expression in this setting by transfection of the gene or its antisense does not affect the growth rate of the cells but alters cell motility and anchorage independence. Therefore, Akt kinase activates two distinct genetic programs: the program of growth and survival, which is independent of osteopontin expression, and the program of invasiveness and anchorage independence, which is mediated by osteopontin. These studies define Akt kinase as a molecular bridge between cell cycle progression and dissemination.
Physically-based deformable image registration with material property and boundary condition estimation

We propose a new deformable medical image registration method that uses a physically-based simulator and an iterative optimizer to estimate the simulation parameters determining the deformation field between the two images. Although a simulation-based registration method can enforce physical constraints exactly and considers different material properties, it requires hand adjustment of material properties, and boundary conditions cannot be acquired directly from the images. We treat the material properties and boundary conditions as parameters for the optimizer, and integrate the physically-based simulation into the optimization loop to generate a physically accurate deformation automatically.
Global Food security

Food security refers not only to an adequate aggregate supply of food, but also means that "all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food". Population growth is probably the single most important global factor influencing food secutiy because of its rapid rate of increase. This paper aims to review the concept of global food security and investigate its relationship among different factors that must be taken into consideration for a nation to be food secure. The theoretical foundation of this paper was formed by conducting a comprehensive literature review on global food security. A new model was presented to illustrate the relationship between global food security and four specific factors that are essential for a nation to attain the level of global food security. The proposed model clearly shows how government and individuals must collaborate to attain the level of food security desired taking into consideration the many factors discussed. The paper demonstrates that global food security is a unique and complicated concept which requires the utilization of a specialized cross-functional team to tackle the various obstacles along the way.
Progress in Monolithic Photonic Integration Using Quantum Well Shape Modification Enhanced by Ion Implantation

Progress in the development of ion implantation enhanced quantum well shape modification as a technique for monolithically integrating optoelectronic devices of varying functionalities is reviewed. Fundamental issues related to the physics of the technique, both material issues and device issues, are considered and the performance of both discrete and integrated devices is discussed. The main conclusion of this review is that there are no inherent drawbacks to the utilization of this technique and some serendipitous advantages but that more work on reproducibility and reliability is required to ensure commercial viability.
Behçet's disease: comparing 3 decades of treatment response at the National Eye Institute

Abstract Background: The goal of the present study was to analyze differences in response to the treatment of ocular Behcet's disease (BD) in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s. Methods: Medical records of 120 patients with uveitis due to BD followed at the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, from 1962 to 2004, were reviewed. Results: The patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the time of follow-up: the first group was followed from 1962 until 1972, the second group from 1983 until 1992, and the third group from 1992 through 2004. Snellen visual acuity was converted to logMAR values. The range of values for inflammation was 0.5 (trace), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe). There were 45 patients (89 affected eyes) in the 1960s group, 26 patients (52 eyes) in the 1980s group, and 49 patients (94 eyes) in the most recent group. Statistical analysis showed that the mean logMAR score decreased with each decade. Mean visual acuity in the 1990s group was significantly better than in the previous decades ( p p Interpretation: BD is a severe, blinding disorder. There was a definitive trend toward improvement in clinical outcome from the 1960s to 1990s. We attribute this trend to the introduction of newer, more potent corticosteroid-sparing agents and targeted therapy.
HYPER- AND HYPO-OSMOLALITY SYNDROMES.

Abstract Hypernatremia and hyperosmolality of serum result from loss of water without sodium. Clinically, the important causes are continued insensible loss of water in the unconscious patient and urinary loss of water in the patient with classic or traumatic diabetes insipidus. Hyponatremia with hypo-osmolality of serum is produced by retention of water, by loss of sodium or both. It is always maintained by a defect in excretion of free water. In Addison's disease, loss of sodium and retention of water occur pari passu ; in cardiac failure and cirrhosis, therapeutic loss of salt and water followed by ingestion of water leads to hyponatremia; in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, retention of water is followed by loss of sodium: in the postoperative state, hyponatremia may result from retention of administered water alone. The defect in excretion of free water may result both from excessive proximal reabsorption of salt and water, with defective formation of free water, and from the action of antidiuretic hormone, with excessive distal reabsorption of free water. Whereas treatment of the underlying cause is clearly indicated, hypernatremia responds to administration of water and hyponatremia to withdrawal of water.
Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: From Fly Development to Human Disease

Most, if not all, cell types and tissues display several aspects of polarization. In addition to the ubiquitous epithelial cell polarity along the apical-basolateral axis, many epithelial tissues and organs are also polarized within the plane of the epithelium. This is generally referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP; or historically, tissue polarity). Genetic screens in Drosophila pioneered the discovery of core PCP factors, and subsequent work in vertebrates has established that the respective pathways are evolutionarily conserved. PCP is not restricted only to epithelial tissues but is also found in mesenchymal cells, where it can regulate cell migration and cell intercalation. Moreover, particularly in vertebrates, the conserved core PCP signaling factors have recently been found to be associated with the orientation or formation of cilia. This review discusses new developments in the molecular understanding of PCP establishment in Drosophila and vertebrates; these developments are integrated with new evidence that links PCP signaling to human disease.
Effectiveness of cross-platform optimizations for a java just-in-time compiler

This paper describes the system overview of our Java Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which is the basis for the latest production version of IBM Java JIT compiler that supports a diversity of processor architectures including both 32-bit and 64-bit modes, CISC, RISC, and VLIW architectures. In particular, we focus on the design and evaluation of the cross-platform optimizations that are common across different architectures. We studied the effectiveness of each optimization by selectively disabling it in our JIT compiler on three different platforms: IA-32, IA-64, and PowerPC. Our detailed measurements allowed us to rank the optimizations in terms of the greatest performance improvements with the smallest compilation times. The identified set includes method inlining only for tiny methods, exception check eliminations using forward dataflow analysis and partial redundancy elimination, scalar replacement for instance and class fields using dataflow analysis, optimizations for type inclusion checks, and the elimination of merge points in the control flow graphs. These optimizations can achieve 90% of the peak performance for two industry-standard benchmark programs on these platforms with only 34% of the compilation time compared to the case for using all of the optimizations.
An Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in an Orthogonally Rotating Channel Roughened With 45 Degree Criss-Cross Ribs on Two Opposite Walls

Turbine blade cooling is imperative in advanced aircraft engines. The extremely hot gases that operate within the turbine section require turbine blades to be cooled by a complex cooling circuit. This cooling arrangement increases engine efficiency and ensures blade materials a longer creep life. One principle aspect of the circuit involves serpentine internal cooling passes throughout the core of the blade. Roughening the inside surfaces of these cooling passages with turbulence promoters provides enhanced heat transfer rates from the surface. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of rotation, aspect ratio, and turbulator roughness on heat transfer in these rib-roughened passages. The investigation was performed in an orthogonally rotating setup to simulate the actual rotation of the cooling passages. Single-pass channels, roughened on two opposite walls, with turbulators positioned at 45 deg angle to the flow, in a criss-cross arrangement, were studied throughout this experiment. The ribs were arranged such that their pitch-to-height ratio remained at a constant value of 10. An aspect ratio of unity was investigated under three different rib blockage ratios (turbulator height/channel hydraulic diameter) of 0.1333, 0.25, and 0.3333. A channel with an aspect ratio of 2 was also investigated for a blockage ratio of 0.25. Air was flown radially outward over a Reynolds number range of 15,000 to 50,000. The rotation number was varied from 0 to 0.3. Stationary and rotating cases of identical geometries were compared. Results indicated that rotational effects are more pronounced in turbulated passages of high aspect and low blockage ratios for which a steady increase in heat transfer coefficient is observed on the trailing side as rotation number increases while the heat transfer coefficient on the leading side shows a steady decrease with rotation number. However, the all-smooth-wall classical pattern of heat transfer coefficient variation on the leading and trailing sides is not followed for smaller aspect ratios and high blockage ratios when the relative artificial roughness is high.
Hypoadiponectinemia, dyslipidemia, and impaired growth in children with HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy.

OBJECTIVE To compare growth, lipids and adipocytokines in HIV-positive children with and without lipoatrophy. PATIENTS Eleven HIV-positive children with facial lipoatrophy, and 22 age- and sex-matched HIV-positive controls without signs of fat abnormality. METHODS Clinical data including height, physical examination findings, medications, markers of viral control, cholesterol, and triglycerides were retrieved from the medical charts. Serum samples were analyzed for adiponectin, inflammatory markers, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). RESULTS Lipoatrophy was associated with higher triglycerides (330 vs 133 mg/dl, p = 0.0003), lower HDL (33 vs 48 mg/dl, p = 0.02), and a greater frequency of hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl; 64% vs 23%, p < 0.03). Adiponectin was 53% lower in patients with lipodystrophy (6.9 microg/ml vs 14.8 microg/ml, p = 0.005), however there was no difference in the inflammatory markers soluble TNFa receptor 2 or interleukin 6. Strikingly, despite similar BMI z-scores and virological control, lipoatrophic patients were shorter by 1 standard deviation score (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The presence of facial lipoatrophy in a child with HIV infection is a marker for significant metabolic derangements including dyslipidemia and hypoadiponectinemia, and suggests the need for careful growth evaluation.
Twenty Years with WNORC

(1949). Twenty Years with WNORC. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 170-210.
Brillouin Linewidths in C O 2 Near the Critical Point

We have measured the linewidth of light Brillouin scattered from C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ for $0.015l~T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}l~15$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. As ${T}_{c}$ is approached from high temperature, the linewidth increases rapidly but then saturates at $T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}1$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and remains roughly constant to $T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{C}=0.015$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. These results are discussed in the light of the dynamic scaling laws.
Syntheses of Alkylated Aromatic Model Compounds To Facilitate Mass Spectral Characterization of Heavy Oils, Resids, and Bitumens

This study summarizes the synthesis of model compounds. Long-chain alkyl multi-ring heteroaromatics are the synthetic targets. These compounds are considered analogues of similar compounds that are present at abundant levels in petroleum crude oils, resids, heavy oils, deasphalted oils, asphaltenes, and bitumens, and they are responsible for coke formation and other processing problems. Model compounds are not readily available. Some models have been synthesized to approximate the physical and chemical behavior of real asphaltenes, but the structures are not completely consistent with the current structural understanding. The composition of petroleum crudes, resids, heavy oils, and bitumens has been a subject of intense research for years. The structure of these coke-forming molecules is generally thought to be an aromatic core of critical molecular weight and number of fused aromatic rings. This critical ring number is around 4–5 fused aromatic rings, which bear alkyl side chains and heteroatoms. This ge...
Mud Brick Metaphysics and the Preservation of Earthen Ruins

In the conservation of built heritage, earthen ruins rank as one of, if not the most, intractable of problems to be confronted. Lacking the very architectural devices originally in place to combat and control weathering, earthen ruins face rapid deterioration without constant remedial and preventive conservation. Often it is the enormous mass of many ancient earthen ruins that explain their persistence; however, even these will collapse over time from differential erosion, or eventually stabilize as formless lumps. The impossible demands of simultaneously preserving architectural form and fabric (materiality) challenge the archaeologist and conservation professional who attempt to manage both for temporary and permanent display.