cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication: Direct observation of a hydrophobic bond in loop closure of a capped (-OCH2CH2-)n oligomer in water.

The small r variation of the probability density P(r) for end-to-end separations of a –CH2CH3 capped (–OCH2CH2–)n oligomer in water is computed to be closely similar to the CH4⋯ CH4 potential of mean force under the same circumstances. Since the aqueous solution CH4⋯ CH4 potential of mean force is the natural physical definition of a primitive hydrophobic bond, the present result identifies an experimentally accessible circumstance for direct observation of a hydrophobic bond which has not been observed previously because of the low solubility of CH4 in water. The physical picture is that the soluble chain molecules carry the capping groups into aqueous solution, and permits them to find one another with reasonable frequency. Comparison with the corresponding results without the solvent shows that hydration of the solute oxygen atoms swells the chain molecule globule. This supports the view that the chain molecule globule might have a secondary effect on the hydrophobic interaction that is of first intere...
61 Compliance rate in cervical cancer screening among women living with cervical cancer patient in Jose R. Reyes memorial medical center section of gynecologic oncology

Background Cervical cancer is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. Despite that it starts from a premalignant to invasive disease and can be prevented by HPV vaccine and monitored by cervical cytology study. This study aims to determine the compliance in cervical cancer screening in women companion of cervical cancer patients. Methods A descriptive patient survey was undertaken in 42 patients in Gynecologic Oncology Out Patient Department of a tertiary hospital. Women companions were interviewed using the pre-made questionnaire. Results 42 patients completed the survey. 62% had no cervical cancer screening test and Only 38% had cervical cancer screening test in the form of pap’s smear. 44% of which has irregular screening. Lack of time followed by lack of adequate knowledge about cervical cancer screening are the top 2 reasons of non-compliance. However, 83% expressed desire to undergo cervical screening after having a family member or a friend diagnosed with cervical cancer. Conclusions Being a relative or friend of a cervical cancer patient is not enough to increase the compliance in undergoing cervical cancer screening. It is important to include them in the counseling process and encourage them to undergo screening. This study also recommends a one-stop visit of screening and treatment for the companions of the cervical cancer patient, thus in return reduce the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer.
Learning health systems, embedded research, and data standards-recommendations for healthcare system leaders

Learning health systems that conduct embedded research require infrastructure for the seamless adoption of clinical interventions; this infrastructure should integrate with electronic health record (EHR) systems and enable the use of existing data. As purchasers of EHR systems, and as critical partners, sponsors, and consumers of embedded research, healthcare organizations should advocate for EHR system functionality and data standards that will increase the capacity for embedded research in clinical settings. As stakeholders and proponents for EHR data standards, healthcare leaders should support standards development and promote local adoption to support quality healthcare, continuous improvement, innovative data-driven interventions, and the generation of new knowledge. "Standards-enabled" health systems will be positioned to address emergent and critical research questions, including those related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and future public health threats. The role of a data standards officer or champion could enable health systems to realize this goal.
Sustaining the grassroots: How community organizations mitigate the downsides of collaborating with unions

Coalitions of community organizations and labor unions have played a central role in the recent expansion of municipal legislation regarding low-wage work. To date, most studies of community-labor ...
Understanding the Role of Social Media–Based Mental Health Support Among College Students: Survey and Semistructured Interviews

Background: Mental illness is a growing concern within many college campuses. Limited access to therapy resources, along with the fear of stigma, often prevents students from seeking help. Introducing supportive interventions, coping strategies, and mitigation programs might decrease the negative effects of mental illness among college students. Objective: Many college students find social support for a variety of needs through social media platforms. With the pervasive adoption of social media sites in college populations, in this study, we examine whether and how these platforms may help meet college students’ mental health needs. Methods: We first conducted a survey among 101 students, followed by semistructured interviews (n=11), of a large public university in the southeast region of the United States to understand whether, to what extent, and how students appropriate social media platforms to suit their struggle with mental health concerns. The interviews were intended to provide comprehensive information on students’ attitudes and their perceived benefits and limitations of social media as platforms for mental health support. Results: Our survey revealed that a large number of participating students (71/101, 70.3%) had recently experienced some form of stress, anxiety, or other mental health challenges related to college life. Half of them (52/101, 51.5%) also reported having appropriated some social media platforms for self-disclosure or help, indicating the pervasiveness of this practice. Through our interviews, we obtained deeper insights into these initial observations. We identified specific academic, personal, and social life stressors; motivations behind social media use for mental health needs; and specific platform affordances that helped or hindered this use. Conclusions: Students recognized the benefits of social media in helping connect with peers on campus and promoting informal and candid disclosures. However, they argued against complete anonymity in platforms for mental health help and advocated the need for privacy and boundary regulation mechanisms in social media platforms supporting this use. Our findings bear implications for informing campus counseling efforts and in designing social media–based mental health support tools for college students.
POVERTY IN AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE. Ed. Wylie Lenz. McFarland, 2020. 274 pp. including index. $55.00 paper.

Amid America’s national reckoning on prejudice and inequality, there could hardly be a better time to examine where our ideas about poverty and “poor people” come from; how these ideas shape public...
Pinching and pushing: fold formation in the Drosophila dorsal epidermis

Abstract Epithelial folding is a fundamental morphogenetic process that shapes planar epithelial sheets into complex three-dimensional structures. Multiple mechanisms can generate epithelial folds, including apical constriction, which acts locally at the cellular level, differential growth on the tissue scale, or buckling because of compression from neighboring tissues. Here, we investigate the formation of dorsally located epithelial folds at segment boundaries during the late stages of Drosophila embryogenesis. We found that the fold formation at the segment boundaries occurs through the juxtaposition of two key morphogenetic processes: local apical constriction and tissue-level compressive forces from posterior segments. Further, we found that epidermal spreading and fold formation are accompanied by spatiotemporal pulses of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. A computational model that incorporates the local forces generated from the differential tensions of the apical, basal, and lateral sides of the cell and active forces generated within the whole tissue recapitulates the overall fold formation process in wild-type and Hh overexpression conditions. In sum, this work demonstrates how epithelial folding depends on multiple, separable physical mechanisms to generate the final morphology of the dorsal epidermis. This work illustrates the modularity of morphogenetic unit operations that occur during epithelial morphogenesis.
Another Moment in Time: A Follow-Up Survey on Speech-Language Pathologists' Experiences With the COVID-19 Pandemic During the Fall of 2020

Purpose Although the COVID-19 pandemic had been impacting K–12 education since spring 2020, educational professionals working in schools faced unique challenges at the beginning of the 2020–2021 sc...
Design of Phase Controlled Magnetron Using Gated Field Emission Arrays

Magnetrons can be phase-locked using external systems. PIC simulations1 have shown that phase-locking is possible using modulated electron in jection to control the spoke formation. An experimental setup using Gated Field Emission Arrays (GFEAs) for the modulated electron injection offers a potential solution to this problem by permitting the injection of electrons into the interaction space. The present work explores the feasibility of a GFEA-driven industrial magnetron operating at 907 MHz and low power (~1kW). This magnetron will operate at -9kV, 150 mA, and 900G. The design accomplishes the electron injection by arranging 30 GFEA die around a 10-sided (faceted) cathode stripline structure with four delay-line modulated phases. Facet plates provide protection for the GFEA die from ion back-bombardment. The GFEAs under test are high-density die each containing several million emitters based on a design shown to provide emission current exceeding 100 A/cm2 in prior experiments2, Recent efforts demonstrate proof of concept for the GFEA-driven magnetron system by testing these GFEA die in conditions parallel to those required for oscillation of the same magnetron. A phosphor screen at a potential of 300 V was used in a test chamber to study emission current density and uniformity of the GFEA. Both emission current and leakage current were measured, and it was experimentally determined that the requisite 6 mA per die required for oscillation should be achievable under pulsed (10 kHz) conditions with high frequency (905 MHz) GFEA experiments planned. Experimental and transmission line modeling results will be presented.
Future Issues in Philosophy

WHAT WE THINK ABOUT THE FUTURE OF PHILOSOPHY depends on how we understand philosophy. If we take it primarily as a social and cultural phenomenon and consider how it will look to the public at large in the years to come, how it will generally be taught in colleges and universities, what problems it will be addressing, and how it will be written about in journals, then we can confidently say about philosophy what was once said about the stock market: “It will fluctuate.” If, on the other hand, we take philosophy not so much in its public, exoteric form but as it is in itself, as it is expressed in its best instances, then our comment on its future will be quite different; the appropriate prediction then would be, “It will gravitate.” Both of these remarks deserve an explanation.
A 2 2/3-Approximation Algorithm for the Shortest Superstring Problem

Given a collection of strings S={s1, ..., sn} over an alphabet Σ, a superstring α of S is a string containing each si as a substring; that is, for each i, 1≤i≤n, α contains a block of ¦si¦ consecutive characters that match si exactly. The shortest superstring problem is the problem of finding a superstring α of minimum length.
Using population count data to assess the effects of changing river flow on an endangered Riparian plant.

Methods for using simple population count data to project extinction risk have been the focus of much recent theoretical work, but few researchers have used these approaches to address management questions. We analyzed 15 years of census data on the federally endangered endemic riparian plant Pityopsis ruthii (Small) with the diffusion approximation (DA). Our goals were to evaluate relative extinction risk among populations in two different watersheds (in Tennessee, U.S.A.) and potential effects of variation in managed river flow on population dynamics. Populations in both watersheds had high projected risks of extinction within 50 years, but the causes of this risk differed. Populations of P. ruthii on the Hiwassee River had higher initial population sizes but significantly lower average growth rates than those on the Ocoee River. The only populations with low predicted short-term extinction risk were on the Ocoee. Growth rates for populations on both rivers were significantly reduced during periods of lower river flow. We found only marginal evidence of a quadratic relationship between population performance and flow. These patterns are consistent with the idea that low flows affect P. ruthii due to growth of competing vegetation, but the degree to which very high flows may reduce population growth is still unclear. Simulations indicated that populations were most sensitive to growth rates in low-flow years, but small changes in the frequency of these periods did not strongly increase risk for most populations. Consistent with results of other studies, DA estimates of extinction risk had wide confidence limits. Still, our results yielded several valuable insights, including the need for greater monitoring of populations on the Hiwassee and the importance of low-flow years to population growth. Our work illustrates the potential value of simple methods for analyzing count data despite the challenges posed by uncertainty in estimates of extinction risk.
Discrepancies Between Doppler‐ and Catheter‐Derived Gradients in Aortic Prosthetic Valves:

Doppler- and catheter-derived gradients have correlated well in patients with native aortic valvular stenosis. This relationship, however, is less certain in the presence of prosthetic aortic valves. We report a case with prosthetic aortic valve in which the echocardiogram suggested significant mechanical valve stenosis. The patient had no evidence of prosthetic valve dysfunction during cardiac catheterization. We conclude that Doppler-derived gradients across prosthetic aortic valves should be correlated with the patient's clinical condition and supplemented by additional noninvasive and invasive data obtained during cardiac catheterization when warranted. prosthetic aortic valves, Doppler, cardiac catheterization
Reality Shock: A Problem among First-Year Teachers

(1978). Reality Shock: A Problem among First-Year Teachers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 405-409.
Abstract P5-04-10: Characterization of the immune infiltrate in HER2+ breast cancer

A subset of HER2+ breast cancer is characterized by high expression of lymphocyte-associated genes and the presence of a robust, histologically apparent, lymphocytic infiltrate. The presence of an immune signature and lymphocytic infiltration is associated with improved outcome, and may be a marker of improved response to trastuzumab-based therapy. The relationship of the immune signature in these cancers to the biology and functional status of the lymphocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. To better characterize the immune microenvironment of HER2+ cancers, we have analyzed paired RNA sequencing data and histologic image data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We have confirmed the presence of a strong immune signature in a subset of HER2+ breast cancers that is correlated with the presence of a robust lymphocytic infiltrate. Immuno-phenotyping of the lymphocytic infiltrate was performed on an independent set of HER2+ breast cancers from the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey. CD8+ T-cells and macrophages are a significant component of the immune infiltrate in these cancers. Interestingly, CD20+ B-cells were also present in the tumor stroma as large aggregates whose organization is suggestive of the presence of ectopic germinal centers. The relationship of lymphocyte subsets present in HER2+ breast cancer, immunoglobulin subtypes expressed and correlation with immune checkpoint protein expression will be presented. The composition of the immune infiltrate and its organization into ectopic germinal centers may give new insight into the role of the immune microenvironment in the development of HER2+ breast cancer and the response to trastuzumab. Citation Format: Shridar Ganesan, Gabriela Alexe, Kim M Hirshfield, Ming Yao, Gyan Bhanot, Toppmeyer Deborah. Characterization of the immune infiltrate in HER2+ breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-10.
The Abnormal Returns of Japanese Acquisition Bidders - Evidence in the 1990s

Feb 29, 2003 The author has benefited from comments by Don Herrmann, Obeau Persons, and Kathryn Wilkens, and participants at the 2002 Annual meeting of the American Accounting Association. The research assistance of Shruti Mandana is appreciated. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Thomson Financial for providing earnings per share forecast data, available through the Institutional Brokers Estimate System. These data have been provided as part of a broad academic program to encourage earnings expectation research.
Media and Religion in Brazil: The rise of TV Record and UCKG and their attempts at globalization

The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG), a neo-Pentecostal religious group originally from Brazil, has attracted a great deal of attention since it was founded by Pastor Edir Macedo in 1977. Part of that attention is due to the group’s and its leaders’non-traditional religious practices, which include syncretic versions of Christian Pentecostal, shamanistic, and Afro-Brazilian Umbandan rituals. A great deal of scrutiny, however, centers on the fact that since the UCKG purchased TV Record in the early 1990s, the group has become a major player in the very desirable and proﬁ table Brazilian broadcasting market. This paper examines the rise of UCKG as a major media player in Brazil, and also sheds some light into the Church’s attempts at globalizing (or at least expanding) its television and radio holdings to other countries and regions.
Potential implications of a monosynaptic pathway from mossy cells to adult-born granule cells of the dentate gyrus

The dentate gyrus (DG) is important to many aspects of hippocampal function, but there are many aspects of the DG that are incompletely understood. One example is the role of mossy cells (MCs), a major DG cell type that is glutamatergic and innervates the primary output cells of the DG, the granule cells (GCs). MCs innervate the GCs as well as local circuit neurons that make GABAergic synapses on GCs, so the net effect of MCs on GCs - and therefore the output of the DG - is unclear. Here we first review fundamental information about MCs and the current hypotheses for their role in the normal DG and in diseases that involve the DG. Then we review previously published data which suggest that MCs are a source of input to a subset of GCs that are born in adulthood (adult-born GCs). In addition, we discuss the evidence that adult-born GCs may support the normal inhibitory 'gate' functions of the DG, where the GCs are a filter or gate for information from the entorhinal cortical input to area CA3. The implications are then discussed in the context of seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In TLE, it has been suggested that the DG inhibitory gate is weak or broken and MC loss leads to insufficient activation of inhibitory neurons, causing hyperexcitability. That idea was called the "dormant basket cell hypothesis." Recent data suggest that loss of normal adult-born GCs may also cause disinhibition, and seizure susceptibility. Therefore, we propose a reconsideration of the dormant basket cell hypothesis with an intervening adult-born GC between the MC and basket cell and call this hypothesis the "dormant immature granule cell hypothesis."
Communication satellite power amplifiers: current and future SSPA and TWTA technologies

Summary This study captures the state of current satellite transponder technology, specifically, solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs) and traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs), and describes expected future advances, including GaN SSPAs. The findings of five previous SSPA and TWTA studies, including the 1991 European Space and Technology Center study, the 1993 National Aeronautics and Space Administration study, and three Boeing studies conducted in 2005, 2008, and 2013, are tabulated and summarized. The results of these studies are then compared with new analyses of two validated sources of amplifier data: a commercially licensed database, Seradata's Spacetrak, and a publicly available database, Gunter's Space Page. The new analyses consider a total of 18,902 amplifiers (6428 TWTAs, 2158 SSPAs, and 10,316 unspecified amplifiers) onboard 565 communications satellites launched from 1982 to 2016. This new study contains the largest number of satellites and amplifiers to date and compares output power, redundancy, and bandwidth capabilities. We find an increase in output power from the 1993 study of >200% for Ku-band TWTAs and C-band SSPAs, and >1000% increase for C-band TWTAs. The ratio of operational to redundant amplifiers is 10 times higher for TWTAs than SSPAs, and the majority of amplifiers over the past 30 years operate with bandwidth less than 100 MHz. A second analysis is conducted using failure records and telemetry of 16 geostationary satellites equipped with 659 amplifiers: 535 SSPAs and 124 TWTAs. We find that <2% of TWTAs and 5% of SSPAs experience anomalies. Overall, this research was performed to update and clarify how the power and bandwidth needs and redundancy trends of the SatCom community have evolved over the past 30 years. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrodisintegration following β decay

I show that the disintegration of weakly-bound nuclei and the ionization of weakly-bound atomic electrons due to their interaction with leptons from \ensuremath{\beta} decay is a negligible effect.
Failure Mechanisms and Scaling Laws of Nanoporous Aluminum: A Computational Study

Recent nanomechanical experiments and simulations reveal a ligament size-dependent effect on the strength of nanowires, nanocolumns, and nanofoams. Here, we show the failure mechanism and scaling laws of nanoporous aluminum (np-Al) using a molecular dynamics case study. We develop scaling laws for Young's modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and toughness with respect to relative density and ligament diameter for np-Al. Our findings offer useful insights into the knowledge of nanoporous metals’ mechanical properties in order to support material scientists’ intention of developing fully comprehensive scaling laws for nanoporous metals.
An optical method for temperature measurement of silver clusters

Generating silver clusters by means of the gas aggregation technique, we have observed that in addition to larger clusters, a substantial amount of silver dimers is always present. This allows us to determine the vibrational population in the electronic ground state and, hence, the vibrational temperature of Ag2 optically. Temperatures between 70–300 K were measured in this experiment, dependent on cell parameters, e.g. evaporation rate, argon flow rate, length of the drift tube, etc. The high volume collisional rate of 1021 cm−3s−1 at the given pressures allows us to assume that the cluster temperature does not differ considerably from that of dimer.
COMPARISON OF WIRE CAGES AND NET CAGES FOR THE CULTURE OF BLACK DRUM (Pogonias cromis)

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) were cultured in 6.0 m3 net cages made of knotless nylon coated with vinyl containing antifouling compounds and in 1.08 m3 floating cylindrical wire cages made of plastic coated wire. The culture site was a cooling lake receiving from a power plant warm brackish effluent in which fouling organisms grow particularly well because of the high temperatures. Black drum grew slightly better in the net cages than in the wire cages. The coating on the net cages prevented fouling without inhibiting growth of the fish. Net cages are recommended for the culture of fish because they are cheaper, foul less, require less labor and better withstand bad weather compared to wire cages.
Alterations in dopamine receptor sensitivity by chronic ethanol treatment

THE hypothermic effect of an acute dose of ethanol in animals is well established1, 2, and the development of functional tolerance to ethanol can be monitored by measuring decreased responsiveness to the hypothermia produced by ethanol3. Although the central neuronal systems mediating the ethanol-induced hypothermia are at present unknown, it has been found that hypothermia caused by apomorphine and piribedil in mice and rats4, 5 is mediated by the action of these drugs on the central dopamine receptors. Since single doses of ethanol can increase the synthesis6, 7 and/or release8 of dopamine in brain, the possibility exists that ethanol-induced hypothermia in rodents may be in part related to activation of dopaminergic systems. If this is the case, an altered sensitivity of dopamine receptors during chronic treatment with ethanol may be responsible for the resultant decreased sensitivity to the effects of ethanol which accompanies the development of tolerance. This paper presents evidence consistent with that possibility.
“The Idumaeans” in Josephus' The Jewish War

“The Idumaeans” constitute a single, although collective, character in Josephus' The Jewish War. This article discusses whom Josephus meant by “the Idumaeans,” and considers whether, in his mind, they were, as others have suggested, “Jews” from Idumaea or a separate nation or ethnic group. It argues that the character “the Idumaeans” is not in fact a representative picture of Idumaeans of Josephus' time, but may be understood in terms of modern ethnic stereotyping, and that Josephus' stereotype of “the Idumaeans” as bloodthirsty hooligans is ultimately drawn from a continuous Idumaean military tradition. The article concludes by re-reading the War stripped of Josephus' ethnic prejudice against Idumaeans to learn more about the role of Idumaean fighting men in the first war against Rome.
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) ligand, TCPOBOP, attenuates Fas-induced murine liver injury by altering Bcl-2 proteins

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) modulates xeno- and endobiotic hepatotoxicity by regulating detoxification pathways. Whether activation of CAR may also protect against liver injury by directly blocking apoptosis is unknown. To address this question, CAR wild-type (CAR+/+) and CAR knockout (CAR-/-) mice were treated with the CAR agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) and then with the Fas agonist Jo2 or with concanavalin A (ConA). Following the administration of Jo2, hepatocyte apoptosis, liver injury, and animal fatalities were abated in TCPOBOP-treated CAR+/+ but not in CAR-/- mice. Likewise, acute and chronic ConA-mediated liver injury and fibrosis were also reduced in wild-type versus CAR(-/-) TCPOBOP-treated mice. The proapoptotic proteins Bak (Bcl-2 antagonistic killer) and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were depleted in livers from TCPOBOP-treated CAR+/+ mice. In contrast, mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic effector myeloid cell leukemia factor-1 (Mcl-1) was increased fourfold. Mcl-1 promoter activity was increased by transfection with CAR and administration of TCPOBOP in hepatoma cells, consistent with a direct CAR effect on Mcl-1 transcription. Indeed, site-directed mutagenesis of a putative CAR consensus binding sequence on the Mcl-1 promoter decreased Mcl-1 promoter activity. Mcl-1 transgenic animals demonstrated little to no acute liver injury after administration of Jo2, signifying Mcl-1 cytoprotection. In conclusion, these observations support a prominent role for CAR cytoprotection against Fas-mediated hepatocyte injury via a mechanism involving upregulation of Mcl-1 and, likely, downregulation of Bax and Bak.
Power spectra of temperature and salinity fluctuations in the slope water off Cape Hatteras

Eleven STD stations by lowering and raising the sensor were occupied about 170 n. miles northeast of Cape Hatteras in June, 1968. The stations were located in the slope water region covered by the upper warm water from the Gulf Stream. Power spectra of temperature and salinity fluctuations at 1-meter depth intervals were computed versus vertical wave numbers for the upper layer (5–320 m) and lower layer (320–1000 m) at each station. The power law coefficients of the spectra about the vertical wave number are between −5/3 and −3. These coefficients indicate that the temperature and salinity fluctuations are influenced by stratification as well as by turbulence.
Convergence of reciprocal-lattice sums: Exact formulas for the Ewald method

Abstract While self-consistent linear-combination-of-atomic orbital energy band calculations are now routinely performed, quantitative results require very careful application of the method, and the novice must be aware of certain pitfalls. This paper discusses one of the difficulties encountered: convergence of lattice sums. These sums are sometimes extremely slow to converge, but may be obtained by the Ewald technique with a reasonable computational effort. This paper presents a set of exact formulas for application of the technique which are not readily available in the literature, and demonstrates the Ewald approach by applying them in a calculation for the LiF crystal.
GLIMMIX: Software for Estimating Mixtures and Mixtures of Generalized Linear Models

GLIMMIX is a commercial WINDOWS-based computer program that implements the EM algorithm (Dempster, Laird and Rubin 1977) for the estimation of finite mixtures and mixtures of generalized linear models. The program allows for the specification of a number of distributions in the exponential family, including the normal, gamma, binomial, Poisson, and multinomial distributions. For each of those distributions, a variety of link functions can be specified to relate the expectation of the dependent variable to a linear predictor. Several statistics, including AIC, CAlC and BIC are computed to aid in model selection (cf. Akaike 1974; Bozdogan 1987), missing values are accommodated, and posterior membership probabilities are computed for cases, included or not included in the analysis. Simple discriminant type models dealing with concomitant variables to describe the classes are supported, and a random responder class can be added to the model. Various graphs are provided. A demonstration version ofthe program can be obtained from http://www/ganuna.rug.nl. Before providing some details on the GLIMMIX software, a brief review of a few relevant issues in Mixture modelling are provided.
Pioneer 6 observations of a steady-state magnetosheath.

Pioneer 6 observations of steady state magnetosheath during transit of magnetopause under quiet solar wind-geomagnetic field interaction conditions
Patterns of cardiac marker surveillance after elective percutaneous coronary intervention and implications for the use of periprocedural myocardial infarction as a quality metric: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR).

With recent advances in catheter technology and adjunctive pharmacotherapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has achieved high procedural success rates and is a widely used means of myocardial revascularization among patients with coronary artery disease. Outcomes after PCI vary depending on
Optimal design for antireflective tapered two-dimensional subwavelength grating structures

Techniques for the design of continuously tapered two-dimensional (2D) subwavelength surface-relief grating structures for broadband antireflection surfaces are investigated. It has been determined that the Klopfenstein taper [ Proc. IRE44, 31 ( 1956)] produces the optimum graded-index profile with the smallest depth for any specified minimum reflectance. A technique is developed to design the equivalent tapered subwavelength surface-relief grating structure by use of 2D effective-medium theory. An optimal Klopfenstein tapered 2D subwavelength grating is designed to reduce the Fresnel reflections by 20 dB over a broad band from an air–substrate (ns = 3.0) interface. The performance is verified by use of both a 2D effective-medium-theory simulation algorithm and rigorous coupled-wave analysis. These structures are also shown to achieve this low reflectance over a wide field of view (θFOV > 110°). The pyramidal spatial profile, which has generally been assumed to produce the optimal broadband antireflection grating structure, is shown to require a significantly larger depth to achieve the same performance as a Klopfenstein-designed tapered antireflection grating structure.
The Impact of Radar Data on Short-Term Forecasts of Surface Temperature, Dewpoint Depression, and Wind Speed

Abstract A statistical system that uses surface observations and radar data to provide 1-, 3-, and 6-h forecasts of temperature, dewpoint depression, and wind speed is developed. Application of the system to independent data demonstrates that the radar data result in a 3%–6% reduction in the mean-squared error (MSE) of the temperature forecasts when compared with that when only surface observations are used as predictors. The addition of the radar data similarly provides a 2%–4% reduction in MSE of the dewpoint depression forecasts. However, there is no difference in skill when the radar data are included in forecasts of wind speed. The majority of the radar-data predictors selected by the stepwise regression algorithm for inclusion in the forecast system are from areas that are poorly sampled by surface observations. This result supports the argument that more uniform sampling (better coverage) of the environment is playing a role in the improvement of the forecasts. Moreover, analysis of individual even...
Laser beam deflection by frequency shifting

Abstract A new type of beam scanner has been developed which utilizes frequency shifting of a laser beam followed by deflection of the beam in a dispersive element. Theoretical considerations involve the maximization of the frequency shift and number of resolvable spots. An experimental deflector has been constructed which employs a mode-locked 0.633 μm He-Ne laser, lithium-niobate frequency shifter, and a Fabry-Perot dispersion element. Scans of 15 resolvable spots have been obtained with a theoretical access time of 18.5 ns.
Footshock treatment activates catecholamine synthesis in slices of mouse brain regions

Synthesis of catecholamines was measured in slices of frontal cortex, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and brainstem by the accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) and [3H]dopamine (DA) following incubation with [3H]tyrosine. Following acute footshock (60 shocks, 0.3 mA 30 min), consistent increases in [3H]DA accumulation were seen in frontal cortex slices, but no significant effect was seen in striatal slices. The accumulation of [3H]NE was not altered consistently in frontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus or brainstem. Brain slices from mice adrenalectomized 24-48 h before footshock showed similar results. However, in hypophysectomized mice, footshock did not increase the [3H]DA accumulation in slices of frontal cortex. Administration of dexamethasone before footshock prevented the footshock-induced increase in frontal cortex [3H]DA accumulation, but footshock then significantly increased [3H]NE accumulation in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Chronic footshock (5 days) had little effect on frontal cortex [3H]catecholamine accumulation but produced a consistent elevation of [3H]NE accumulation in slices from the hypothalamus. In confirmation that the slice data reflected in vivo metabolism, both dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid were significantly elevated in the frontal cortex but not the striatum of mice receiving acute footshock. Since previous studies have shown that ACTH administered intracerebroventricularly also accelerated [3H]DA accumulation in frontal cortex slices, these results are consistent with the involvement of ACTH in the effects of footshock on frontal cortex DA. The effects of chronic footshock are consistent with the activation of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase by corticosterone.
Controversy enlivens planning of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program: One point of view

This week, the General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) will consider the proposal for an International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). The main goal of IGBP would be to describe and understand the interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate the global earth system, the unique environment for life, the changes that are occurring in this system, and the manner in which they are influenced by human actions (Eos, April 1, 1986, p. 157). Pertinent research initiatives will be presented by the Ad Hoc Planning Group on Global Change, established by ICSU at its 1984 General Assembly.
Tuberculous bronchoesophageal fistulae in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: A case report and review

B ronchoesophageal fistulae are classified as congenital or acquired; most of those seen in adults are acquired. The incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection has increased dramatically in the United States as a result of the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (H/V) infection. 1 In patients who are not infected with H/V, esophageal tuberculosis (TB) has rarely been described as a manifestation of MTB infection. 2 An MTB infection in patients infected with HIV may present atypically and may have a more virulent course.l,3 Tuberculous bronchoesophageal fistula (TBEF) in patients infected with HIV was first reported by Allen et al. 4 in 1991, and only six addit ional patients have been described in the literature. 5-a We present a patient with TBEF who is unique because she was not born in and did not travel to a developing country.
The Aboriginal Use and Domestication of Touchardia latifolia Gaud. (Urticaceae) in Hawaii

fibre plants, the literature on early Hawaiian life notes the presence in the biota of a wide variety of herbs, shrubs, and trees that were harvested from casually available sources for their fibres. These easily obtainable materials were apparently collected on an immediate need basis, i.e., the house or canoe builders simply gathered the components for a particular project. Thirty-five to 40 indigenous fibre plants are known to have been used in this way (Funk 1978). Early migrants to Hawaii probably had prior knowledge about the usefulness of many of these taxa. A few, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, were discovered later. Probably through trial and error it was found that tapa could be made from Pipturus, Neraudia, and Boehmeria; that a variety of other plants would yield fibre for string, rope, or mats; and that exceptional fibres could be extracted from Touchardia bark by retting. Some of these endemics, Touchardia, Urera, and Boehmeria proved to be such fine sources of fibre that they would later be cultivated along with the small group of cultigens the Hawaiians had carried with them to their new home. Broussonetia papyrifera was grown for tapa; Cocos nucifera L. for food, fibre, fronds, and wood; Musa spp. for fibre and food; and Cordyline terminalis (L.) (Kunth for food, food wrappers, thatch, and secondarily for fibres.
Wellhead protection area delineation using a coupled GIS and groundwater model

Abstract The 1986 Amendments to the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) made wellhead protection an important issue for water suppliers in the US. These Amendments mandate that each State develop a wellhead protection program (WHPP) to protect the wellhead areas of all public water systems from contaminants that may have adverse human health effects. Data requirements to support a WHPP can become unwieldy without the benefit of a system that can handle large databases involving spatial relationships. Geographic information systems (GIS) store, analyse, map and illustrate data sets of complex spatial information, and can therefore be used to integrate and analyse various types of spatial data needed to delineate wellhead protection areas. The Cheyenne-Arapaho tribe has initiated a study of the groundwater resources on the Concho Reserve in Canadian County, Oklahoma, US. Groundwater within the Concho Researve is vulnerable to contamination because of the high permeability of the alluvial aquifer associated with the North Canadian River. Pollutants of concern are associated with industrial agricultural and domestic sources in the recharge area. This paper describes the development of an interface allowing the Cheyenne-Arapaho tribe to delineate and manage wellhead protection areas (WHPAs). The system described herein provides for two modes of operation. The first, in which a well site is selected and possible sources of contamination are identified, is termed the forward problem. The second, where the ensemble area of possible well sites for which no known sources of contamination exist, is termed the backward problem. The system developed provides efficient management and protection of tribal drinking-water resources. 1998 Academic Press
Rat urinary metabolites of [9,10-methylene-14C]sterculic acid

1. The metabolism of [9,10-methylene-14C] sterculic acid was studied in corn oil and Stercula foetida oil fed rats. The majority of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine as short chain dicarboxylic acids. The main urinary metabolites were cis-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene suberic acid, trans-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene pimelic acid, and cis-3,4-methylene azelic acid. 2. Formation of these urinary metabolites requires alpha-, beta-, and omega-oxidation plus reduction of the cyclopropene ring to a cyclopropane ring. Sterculic acid must be transported through both mitochondrial and microsomal systems. 3. Other non-radioactive urinary compounds were also identified. A proposed pathway for the metabolism of sterculic acid and possible detrimental effects caused by these metabolites is discussed.
Greenhouse gas emissions along the rural-urban gradient

This paper investigates how land use relates to greenhouse gas emissions, using data sources that are readily available to municipal planners. It presents a causal framework linking settlement patterns to greenhouse gas emissions via landscape impacts (deforestation, carbon sequestration by soils and plants, urban heat island), infrastructure impacts (transportation-related emissions, waste management-related emissions, electric transmission and distribution losses) and buildings (residential, commercial). This is not a full accounting because it does not include impacts from industrial activities, agriculture and consumer behavior not related to land use, such as food consumption and air travel. Exploratory case studies of municipalities lying along a gradient of increasing population density suggest that per-capita carbon dioxide emissions vary widely, following an inverted ‘U’ shape, with post-war suburbs riding the pinnacle. Reflecting their central regional roles, municipalities with good jobs-to-hou...
Self-monitoring as an aggregate construct: Relationships with personality and values

Abstract In this study we explore the conceptualization of self-monitoring as an aggregate construct and expand its nomological net by considering its relationships with values. Self-monitoring (SM) is typically considered to be a personality trait, though it does not fit neatly within the Five Factor Model (FFM). We argue that this is because self-monitoring is an aggregate construct that represents a combination of skill and motivation to adjust behavior, and that these different components of self-monitoring have different relationships with other individual difference constructs. Specifically, we propose that Extraversion relates to SM-Skill, and Power values relate to SM-Motivation. Evidence from two samples (74 employees; 419 students) supports our hypotheses.
Synthesis of an EPDM graft terpolymer

An EPDM graft terpolymer was prepared using the macromer poly-α-methylstyryldicyclopentadiene (P-αMSt-DCp) as the diene with ethylene and propylene. The new material was characterized by GPC, osmometry, nmr spectrometry, and TGA measurements. Number average molecular weights are in the 24,000–29,000 range, and the polymer carries two branches per chain.
A spaceborne microwave radar system for looking inside clouds

CloudSat is a NASA ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder Mission) that provides from a space the first global survey of cloud profiles and cloud physical properties, with seasonal and geographical variations. The data obtained will allow for clouds and cloud processes to be more accurately represented in global atmospheric models leading to improved climate change predictions, and eventually, weather forecasting. To achieve this ambitious goal, JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) in collaboration with CSA (Canadian Space Agency) designed, developed, and tested a 94.05 GHz, W-band, microwave cloud profiling radar system derived from current ground-based and airborne systems. The CloudSat Project team is witnessing how well the instrument performs during in-flight operations with the recent successful launch. Although Level 1 (i.e. radiometric-corrected and geo-located) and Level 2 (i.e. retrieved geophysical parameters) science data products will not be released until the January 2007 timeframe, the yet uncalibrated and unvalidated "quick look" products, available to the general public on the CloudSat Data Processing Center website, provide every indication that the mission objectives will be met.
The application of models for high solids content suspensions to pastes

Abstract Pastes are a combination of two phases: a solid phase raw material carried by a fluid phase composed of solvent, binder, and additives. Capillary rheometry of the fluid phase followed by capillary rheometry of a paste composition permits calculation of the relative paste bulk shear stress under most circumstances. Non-linear optimization is then used to determine the intrinsic viscosity, [η], and maximum solids content, φmax, that best satisfy the chosen high solids content suspension model equation. Three criteria were developed that a candidate paste model equation must meet: it must model the experimental data with low error, it must be relatively insensitive to changes in [η] and φmax, and it must arrive at sensible values for [η] and φmax. In this investigation, the Mooney, Chong, and Dougherty-Krieger equations were tested. The Dougherty–Krieger equation best met the candidate paste model criteria and was used effectively to model paste properties.
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIODISM ON RESTING, TREEHOLE, MOSQUITO LARVAE

During the past few years several workers in culicid biology have made studies of the rest period that accompanies the hibernation of certain temperate and subtropical treehole mosquitoes. Incidental to these studies several attempts have been made to bring on prematurely the phase of active development by artificial agents. Roubaud (2, p. 1126) has shown that young, first stage, Aedes geniculatus larvae can be Induced to hatch from the egg and to begin active development by means of certain enzymatic ferments. As far as the writer knows, no one has yet reported any successful attempts to activate resting larvae in the more advanced stages.
Chemical and Biochemical Studies with Dithioate DNA

Abstract Dithioate DNA was synthesized and used for various biochemical studies. Results from these studies indicate that dithioate DNA is a potent inhibitor of HIV Reverse Transcriptase, activates endogenous RNase H in Hela cell nuclear extracts, and is a useful probe for studying protein-DNA interactions.