cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ribosomal ribonucleic acids of cultured cells: a preliminary survey of differences among mammalian species detectable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA's) of cultured cells from various species were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic mobility of the 28 S RNA component varied according to species. Human cell 28 S rRNA was distinguishable from that of monkey cells. The mobility of chimpanzee 28 S rRNA was identical to that from human cells, but different from that of monkey cells. Cat, goat, and swine cell 28 S rRNA's were distinguishable from one another and from both human and monkey cell rRNA's. The mobilities of bovine, rabbit, rat, hamster, and mouse cell 28 S rRNA's were virtually identical to that from monkey cells. No apparent correlation existed between the mobility of 28 S rRNA and the currently accepted phylogenetic position of the donors. Normal cells, tumor cells, and virus-infected cells from the same species did not differ, but in some instances embryonic and adult cells were distinguishable. The 18 S rRNA components did not show variations comparable to those of the 28 S rRNA components.
Two-day length of stay following open Roux-En-Y gastric bypass: is it feasible, safe and reasonable?

Background: As our bariatric program matured, we noted that length of stay (LOS) steadily decreased. This led us to analyze our experience to identify factors contributing to this abbreviated LOS and to evaluate the safety of discharging patients with only a 2-day LOS. Methods: All patients undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) from March, 1998 to December 31, 2002 were evaluated. Contrast swallow study was performed on Day 1. Patient demographics, complications, and readmission rates were reported for all patients. Discharge criteria included adequate oral intake, pain control with oral analgesia, and an adequate understanding of the operation and its effects demonstrated by a written test before discharge. Results: 316 patients underwent open RYGBP with mean BMI 52.3. Operative time decreased from 241 minutes in 1998 to 156 minutes in 2002. No patient was discharged at 2 days during the first 2 years of the program. In 2000, 1 of 52 patients (2%) went home on the second day. In 2001, the year we fully enacted our multidisciplinary approach, 14 of 96 patients (15%) returned home on the second day. In 2002, 73 of 145 patients (50%) were discharged on the second postoperative day, with no increase in readmission rates. Three of the 73 patients (4.1%) required readmission within 30 days of discharge. No difference in co-morbid diseases or BMI was noted between groups. Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that patients undergoing open RYGBP can be discharged safely at Day 2, provided that aggressive preoperative education and screening are performed.
Estimation of the overlap between the approximate and exact wave function of the ground state from the connected-moments expansion.

A connected-moments expansion (CMX) is constructed for the overlap between the approximate and the exact (but unknown) wave function of the ground state. The CMX series provides approximations to the overlap that do not require the knowledge of the exact energy of either the ground or the first excited state. Moreover, the obtained approximate overlaps have a correct size extensivity. A numerical example is given, demonstrating the performance of the new method.
Electron spin relaxation in x-lithium phthalocyanine.

Continuous-wave linewidths and spin susceptibilities, spin−spin relaxation rates (1/T2), and spin−lattice relaxation rates (1/T1) for two sources of x-LiPc were measured at 9.5 GHz between 15 and 298 K. Relaxation rates at 34 GHz were measured between 80 and 298 K. Room-temperature relaxation rates also were measured at 250 MHz, 1.9 GHz, and 2.76 GHz. The temperature dependences of linewidths and spin susceptibilities are characteristic of 1-D organic conductors. The ratio of populations of localized and delocalized electrons varies with sample preparation. For a single needle between 15 and about 200 K, 1/T2 is higher for the parallel orientation, but 1/T1 is higher for the perpendicular orientation, consistent with predictions based on dipolar interactions. Between about 60 and 150 K, which is the temperature regime in which spin susceptibility is changing rapidly with temperature, 1/T1 exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on temperature and is lower at 34 GHz than at 9.5 GHz. In other organic conductors...
Modified two-fluid model for the two-group interfacial area transport equation

This paper presents a modified two-fluid model that is ready to be applied in the approach of the two-group interfacial area transport equation. The two-group interfacial area transport equation was developed to provide a mechanistic constitutive relation for the interfacial area concentration in the two-fluid model. In the two-group transport equation, bubbles are categorized into two groups: spherical/distorted bubbles as Group 1 while cap/slug/churn-turbulent bubbles as Group 2. Therefore, this transport equation can be employed in the flow regimes spanning from bubbly, cap bubbly, slug to churn-turbulent flows. However, the introduction of the two groups of bubbles requires two gas velocity fields. Yet it is not practical to solve two momentum equations for the gas phase alone. In the current modified two-fluid model, a simplified approach is proposed. The momentum equation for the averaged velocity of both Group-1 and Group-2 bubbles is retained. By doing so, the velocity difference between Group-1 and Group-2 bubbles needs to be determined. This may be made either based on simplified momentum equations for both Group-1 and Group-2 bubbles or by a modified drift-flux model.
Skeletal muscle overexpression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 increases glucose transport capacity

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) is a transcriptional activator of nuclear genes that encode a range of mitochondrial proteins including cytochrome c, various other respiratory chain subunits, and δ-aminolevulinate synthase. Activation of NRF-1 in fibroblasts has been shown to induce increases in cytochrome c expression and mitochondrial respiratory capacity. To further evaluate the role of NRF-1 in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory capacity, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing NRF-1 in skeletal muscle. Cytochrome c expression was increased ∼twofold and δ-aminolevulinate synthase was increased ∼50% in NRF-1 transgenic muscle. The levels of some mitochondrial proteins were increased 50–60%, while others were unchanged. Muscle respiratory capacity was not increased in the NRF-1 transgenic mice. A finding that provides new insight regarding the role of NRF-1 was that expression of MEF2A and GLUT4 was increased in NRF-1 transgenic muscle. The increase in GLUT4 was associat...
CRT-121 ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Resulting from Stent Thrombosis in Contemporary Real-world Practice

Stent thrombosis is a most devastating event that occurs after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which can lead to large myocardial infarction and death. In randomized trial, newer generation drug-eluting stent and newer antiplatelet therapy have shown to lower the incidence of stent
Carbofuran disposition in the rat after aerosol inhalation

[14C-]Carbonyl carbofuran toxicity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics in male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied after 4.1 μm (50 min, 0.2 and 1.2 μg/L) and 1.5 μm (70 min, 0.2 μg/L) aerodynamic diameter monodisperse aerosol exposures. Regional carbofuran deposition for each particle size was similar to human and rodent models for insoluble aerosols. Total carbofuran deposition was greater than expected in the rodent model but similar to that in human models. 3-Hydroxycarbofuran/carbofuran ratios in gastrointestinal tract and liver (1.3, 3 × greater after 4.1 μm) provided additional deposition indices. Rapid in vitro solubility t1/2 (17 min) for 4.1 μm particles and minimal differences in plasma carbamate (% total 14C/animal) after varied particle size exposure indicated primary clearance by dissolution, irrespective of deposition site. Carbofuran (1.2 μg/L, 4.1μm) inhibited red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (55% at 10 min postexposure with recovery by 2 h). Eight-hour 14C metabolic fate in 14CO2 (31–38%), urine (9–12%), feces (2–5.5%) and carcass (44–58%) were similar for each particle size. Carbamate pharmacokinetics measured for 2 h postexposure to 4.1 μm particles described monoexponential elimination. Plasma half-lives for carbofuran (36 min) and 3-hydroxycarbofuran (62 min) were similar to those previously determined after oral and i.v. exposures.
Role of microtubules in attenuation of PepG-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by atrial natriuretic peptide☆

Apart from control of circulating fluid, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in the lung. However, molecular mechanisms of ANP anti-inflammatory effects are not well-understood. Peripheral microtubule (MT) dynamics is essential for agonist-induced regulation of vascular endothelial permeability. Here we studied the role of MT-dependent signaling in ANP protective effects against endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction and acute lung injury induced by Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglican-G (PepG). PepG-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction was accompanied by MT destabilization and disruption of MT network. ANP attenuated PepG-induced MT disassembly, NFκB signaling and activity of MT-associated Rho activator GEF-H1 leading to attenuation of EC inflammatory activation reflected by expression of adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. ANP-induced EC barrier preservation and MT stabilization were linked to phosphorylation and inactivation of MT-depolymerizing protein stathmin. Expression of stathmin phosphorylation-deficient mutant abolished ANP protective effects against PepG-induced inflammation and EC permeability. In contrast, siRNA-mediated stathmin knockdown prevented PepG-induced peripheral MT disassembly and endothelial barrier dysfunction. ANP protective effects in a murine model of PepG-induced lung injury were associated with increased phosphorylation of stathmin, while exacerbated lung injury in the ANP knockout mice was accompanied by decreased pool of stable MT. Stathmin knockdown in vivo reversed exacerbation of lung injury in the ANP knockout mice. These results show a novel MT-mediated mechanism of endothelial barrier protection by ANP in pulmonary EC and animal model of PepG-induced lung injury via stathmin-dependent control of MT assembly.
The relationship between the SV40 genome and viral mRNA

Studies of SV40 DNA and mRNA sequences have revealed a surprising complexity in the biogenesis of SV40 RNA. SV40 late mRNA shows heterogeneity in 5′ ends, as well as internal splicing patterns. There may be coupling between different splices within the mRNA precursors and splicing is not strictly sequential. Translation may initiate at the second or third downstream AUG triplet, rather than at the first initiation codon of the mRNA. The possibility exists that translation may initiate on the same mRNA at more than one initiation codon. The DNA in proximity to the major 5′ ends of late mRNA is not essential for transcription. Deletion mutants removing DNA encoding the segments of the leader sequence of late SV40 mRNA show effects on preferred transcription initiation sites both upstream and downstream. This suggests that relatively long stretches of DNA may play a role in determining the sites of transcription initiation.
SECTION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES: APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS TO EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS*

Data acquisition and reduction using computer techniques are discussed. High-energy experimerts with computer components and systems that adjust themselves according to incoming information in such a way as to optimize the acquisition of desired information are discussed. (R.E.U.)
Reversible Diastolic Dysfunction After Successful Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Assessment by Transesophageal Doppler Echocardiography

To assess the potential effects of coronary artery bypass surgery on left ventricular diastolic filling, 12 patients, aged 65 ± 11 years, were studied by serial transesophageal Doppler echocardiograms. Doppler measures of mitral inflow velocity were made before, immediately after, 4 h after, and 20 h after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Left atrial pressure was directly measured and controlled at 10 ± 2 mm Hg for each study period. Mitral maximal early inflow velocity (E)/maximal atrial velocity (A) ratios and atrial filling fractions were calculated as indexes of diastolic function from maximal E and A velocities and their time velocity integrals, respectively. Data sets were available for serial comparison in 11 patients and were also compared with an age-matched control group of normal values. The results of E/A ratios were as follows: control group—1.4 ± 0.2; before CPB—1.7 ± 0.6; immediately after CPB—1.0 ± 0.2 (p
Valuing the Arts on Their Own Terms? (Ceci n'est pas une pipe)

Profound differences exist between the ways in which arts educators and artists personally value the arts and the rationales offered via arts advocacy campaigns for public arts support. The author argues that those discrepancies carry grave consequences for K-university arts education. The author describes means by which to better reconcile valuing the arts for their intrinsic qualities with intense political pressure to justify arts education in terms of its alleged ability to improve students' math and reading skills and to address concerns of social justice and economic development. This article was adapted from a keynote speech given by the author on 13 October 2006 for the 62nd annual meeting of The National Association of Schools of Art and Design.
A mutant T7 RNA polymerase that is defective in RNA binding and blocked in the early stages of transcription

We have identified a mutation (E148A) in T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) that results in an enzyme which aborts transcription primarily when the nascent RNA achieves a length of 5 nt. This phenomenon is observed at a consensus promoter, but is even more strongly observed at promoters that are altered in the initiation region. Although the abortive product is of a fixed length (5 nt), the positions of the base substitutions in the initiation region that enhance this effect do not appear to be fixed, and we have observed the effect with a variety of initiation-region promoter variants. The phenomenon is also observed during promoter-independent transcription when transcribing a homopolymeric template such as poly(dC). Under conditions where the active site of the RNAP cannot extend beyond the third nucleotide in the template strand and the maximum length of the RNA:DNA hybrid cannot exceed three base-pairs (i.e. when synthesizing oligoG products due to transcript slippage at a promoter that initiates with the sequence +1 GGG...) the mutant RNAP gives rise to a normal spectrum of products 2 to 14 nt in length with no evidence of a block at 5 nt. Neither promoter binding nor promoter melting appears to be involved in this phenotype, as the mutant RNAP binds normally to promoter sequences and the behavior of the enzyme is unaffected by removal of the non-template strand in the initiation region of the promoter or on a supercoiled template. Importantly, the mutant RNAP is defective in binding single strand oligomers of RNA. These results suggest that the affected region of the RNAP may form part of the RNA product binding site and may be involved in the transition from an unstable initiation complex to a stable elongation complex, perhaps by sensing the presence of a nascent RNA and/or RNA:DNA hybrid.
Synergistic effects of ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields.

Experiments designed to evaluate the synergistic production of clastogenic effects by ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields were performed using human lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Following exposure to ionizing radiation, cells were cultured in 60 Hz magnetic fields having field strengths up to 1.4 mT. Cells exposed to both ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields demonstrated an enhanced frequency of near tetraploid chromosome complements, a feature not observed following exposure to only ionizing radiation. The results are discussed in the context of a multiple-stage model of cellular transformation, employing both initiating and promoting agents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
Quantitative relationship between the octanol/water partition coefficient and the diffusion limitation of the exchange between adipose and blood

The goal of physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is to predict drug kinetics from an understanding of the organ/blood exchange. The standard approach is to assume that the organ is "flow limited" which means that the venous blood leaving the organ equilibrates with the well-stirred tissue compartment. Although this assumption is valid for most solutes, it has been shown to be incorrect for several very highly fat soluble compounds which appear to be "diffusion limited". This paper describes the physical basis of this adipose diffusion limitation and its quantitative dependence on the blood/water (Kbld-wat) and octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficient. Experimental measurements of the time dependent rat blood and adipose concentration following either intravenous or oral input were used to estimate the "apparent" adipose perfusion rate (FA) assuming that the tissue is flow limited. It is shown that the ratio of FA to the anatomic perfusion rate (F) provides a measure of the diffusion limitation. A quantitative relationship between this diffusion limitation and Kbld-wat and Kow is derived. This analysis was applied to previously published data, including the Oberg et. al. measurements of the rat plasma and adipose tissue concentration following an oral dose of a mixture of 13 different polychlorinated biphenyls. Solutes become diffusion limited at values of log Kow greater than about 5.6, with the adipose-blood exchange rate reduced by a factor of about 30 for a solute with a log Kow of 7.36. Quantitatively, a plot of FA/F versus Kow is well described assuming an adipose permeability-surface area product (PS) of 750/min. This PS corresponds to a 0.14 micron aqueous layer separating the well-stirred blood from the adipose lipid. This is approximately equal to the thickness of the rat adipose capillary endothelium. These results can be used to quantitate the adipose-blood diffusion limitation as a function of Kow. This is especially important for the highly fat soluble persistent organic chemicals (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins) whose pharmacokinetics are primarily determined by the adipose-blood exchange kinetics.
Definitive hematopoiesis initiates through a committed erythromyeloid progenitor in the zebrafish embryo

Shifting sites of blood cell production during development is common across widely divergent phyla. In zebrafish, like other vertebrates, hematopoietic development has been roughly divided into two waves, termed primitive and definitive. Primitive hematopoiesis is characterized by the generation of embryonic erythrocytes in the intermediate cell mass and a distinct population of macrophages that arises from cephalic mesoderm. Based on previous gene expression studies, definitive hematopoiesis has been suggested to begin with the generation of presumptive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) along the dorsal aorta that express c-myb and runx1. Here we show, using a combination of gene expression analyses, prospective isolation approaches, transplantation, and in vivo lineage-tracing experiments, that definitive hematopoiesis initiates through committed erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) in the posterior blood island (PBI) that arise independently of HSCs. EMPs isolated by coexpression of fluorescent transgenes driven by the lmo2 and gata1 promoters exhibit an immature, blastic morphology and express only erythroid and myeloid genes. Transplanted EMPs home to the PBI, show limited proliferative potential, and do not seed subsequent hematopoietic sites such as the thymus or pronephros. In vivo fate-mapping studies similarly demonstrate that EMPs possess only transient proliferative potential, with differentiated progeny remaining largely within caudal hematopoietic tissue. Additional fate mapping of mesodermal derivatives in mid-somitogenesis embryos suggests that EMPs are born directly in the PBI. These studies provide phenotypic and functional analyses of the first hematopoietic progenitors in the zebrafish embryo and demonstrate that definitive hematopoiesis proceeds through two distinct waves during embryonic development.
IBD-associated TL1A gene (TNFSF15) haplotypes determine increased expression of TL1A protein.

Background The recently identified member of the TNF superfamily TL1A (TNFSF15) increases IFN-γ production by T cells in peripheral and mucosal CCR9+ T cells. TL1A and its receptor DR3 are up-regulated during chronic intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD). TL1A gene haplotypes increase CD susceptibility in Japanese, European, and US cohorts.
On the Connected k-Coverage Problem in Heterogeneous Sensor Nets: The Curse of Randomness and Heterogeneity

Coverage is an essential task in sensor deployment for the design of wireless sensor networks. While most existing studies on coverage consider homogeneous sensors, the deployment of heterogeneous sensors represents more accurately the network design for real-world applications. In this paper, we focus on the problem of connected k-coverage in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Precisely, we distinguish two deployment strategies, where heterogeneous sensors are either randomly or pseudo-randomly distributed in a field. While the first deployment approach considers a single layer of heterogeneous sensors, the second one proposes a multi-tier architecture of heterogeneous sensors to better address the problems introduced by pure randomness and heterogeneity.
Predicting and eliminating built-in test false alarms

Failures detected by built-in test equipment (BITE) occur because a BITE measurement noise or bias as well as actual hardware failures. A quantitative approach is proposed for setting built-in test (BIT) measurement limits and this method is applied to the specific case of a constant failure rate system whose BITE measurements are corrupted by Gaussian noise. Guidelines for setting BIT measurement limits are presented for a range of system MTBF (mean time between failures) times and BIT run times. The technique was applied to a BIT for an analog VLSI test system with excellent results, showing it to be a powerful tool for predicting tests with the potential for false alarms. It was discovered that, for this test case, false alarms are avoidable. >
Incisitermes nishimurai , a new drywood termite species (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from the highlands of Central America

Incisitermes nishimurai is described from soldiers and winged imagos collected in the highlands of Honduras. It is distinguished from all other Incisitermes species by the dark rugosity of the soldier frons and by the rather large, uniformly very dark, imago.
Reference Values for Physical Performance Measures in the Aging Working Population

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine reference physical performance values in older aging workers.Background:Cross-sectional physical performance measures were collected for 736 manufacturing workers to assess effects of work and nonwork factors on age-related changes in musculoskeletal function and health.Method:Participants underwent surveys and physical testing that included bioelectrical impedance analysis, range-of-motion measures, exercise testing, and dynamic assessment.Results:Physical characteristics, such as blood pressure and body fat percentage, were comparable to published values. Dynamic and range-of-motion measurements differed from published normative results. Women had age-related decreases in cervical extension and lateral rotation. Older men had better spinal flexion than expected. Predicted age-related decline in lower-extremity strength and shoulder strength in women was not seen. Men declined in handgrip, lower-extremity strength, and knee extension strength, but not trun...
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Laboratory: Assessment of a NSF‐CCLI Supported Project. What Did the Students Learn and What Did We Learn?

Abstract In traditional chemistry curricula, students may encounter a particular instrument only once in their undergraduate career. We have developed an approach that exposes students multiple times to selected instruments, with early encounters focusing on fundamental aspects of the techniques and later encounters building in complexity and sophistication. We recently finished the assessment phase of a curricular project centered on the incorporation of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy throughout the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Our assessment indicates that this approach is successful and our initial goals were largely achieved.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MYCOBACTERIUM SPECIES CAPABLE OF DEGRADING THREE-AND FOUR-RING AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Mycobacterium sp. strain CH1 was isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated freshwater sediments and identified by analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. Strain CH1 was capable of mineralizing three- and four-ring PAHs including phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene. In addition, strain CH1 could utilize phenanthrene or pyrene as a sole carbon and energy source. A lag phase of at least 3 days was observed during pyrene mineralization. This lag phase decreased to less than 1 day when strain CH1 was grown in the presence of phenanthrene or fluoranthene. Strain CH1 also was capable of using a wide range of alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources. No DNA hybridization was detected with the nahAc gene probe, indicating that enzymes involved in PAH metabolism are not related to the well-characterized naphthalene dioxygenase gene. DNA hybridization was not detected when the alkB gene from Pseudomonas oleovorans was used under high-stringency conditions. However, there was slight but detectable hybridization under low-stringency conditions. This suggests a distant relationship between genes involved in alkane oxidation.
Compression independent object encryption for ensuring privacy in video surveillance

One of the main concerns of the wide use of video surveillance is the loss of individual privacy. Individuals who are not suspects need not be identified on camera recordings. Mechanisms that protect the identity while ensuring legitimate security needs are necessary. Selectively encrypting objects that reveal identity (e.g., faces or vehicle tags) is necessary to preserve individualspsila right to privacy. This paper presents a compression algorithm independent solution that provides privacy in video surveillance applications. The proposed approach is based on the use of permutation based encryption to hide identity revealing features. The permutation based encryption tolerates lossy compression and allows decryption at a later time. The use of permutation based encryption makes the proposed solution independent of the compression algorithms used. The paper presents the performance of the system when using H.264 video encoding.
How Brazil outpaced the United States when it came to AIDS: the politics of civic infiltration, reputation, and strategic internationalization.

Using a temporal approach dividing the reform process into two periods this article explains how both Brazil and the United States were slow to respond to AIDS. However Brazil eventually outpaced the United States in its response due to international rather than democratic pressures. Since the early 1990s Brazils success has been attributed to "strategic internationalization": the concomitant acceptance and rejection of global pressure for institutional change and antiretroviral treatment respectively. The formation of tripartite partnerships among donors AIDS officials and nongovernmental organizations has allowed Brazil to avoid foreign aid dependency while generating ongoing incentives for influential AIDS officials to incessantly pressure Congress for additional funding. Given the heightened international media attention concern about Brazils reputation has contributed to a high level of political commitment. By contrast the United States more isolationist relationship with the international community its focus on leading the global financing of AIDS efforts and the absence of tripartite partnerships have prevented political leaders from adequately responding to the ongoing urban AIDS crisis. Thus Brazil shows that strategically working with the international health community for domestic rather than international influence is vital for a sustained and effective response to AIDS.
Decentralized agent-based underfrequency load shedding

As part of the transition to a smart grid efforts are being made to decentralize control of electric power systems and modernize protection schemes that are currently in use. One specific application of distributed control is underfrequency load shedding (UFLS), which is used to restore the load/generation balance in a power system following unusual disturbances e.g., loss of a generator. UFLS is currently performed automatically shedding preset amounts of load without situational awareness. The use of intelligent agents located at each transmission bus in the power system allows for an adaptive response to emergency loading conditions. The agents detect the onset of disturbances similarly to underfrequency relays currently used but dynamically determine the amount, location, and timing of load shedding based on the speed deviation of the synchronous generators and each machine's parameters. This approach maintains the speed of response associated with local control and incorporates intelligence into the process to tailor the response to the specific situation. The developed agent-based UFLS scheme is demonstrated in the IEEE 14 Bus System with a sudden loss of generation output following removal of key transmission lines. The amount of load shed is reduced considerably compared to a traditional UFLS scheme.
Synthesis of Condensed Benzo[N,N]-Heterocycles by Microwave-Assisted Solid Acid Catalysis

The synthesis of several types of condensed benzo[N,N]-heterocycles such as benzimidazoles, benzodiazepines, quinoxalinones by a microwave-assisted solvent-free solid acid catalyzed method is described. The commercially available, inexpensive K-10 montmorillonite is an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of the target compounds. Our approach is based on the reactions of a wide variety of o-phenylenediamines, with ketones, aldehydes and bifunctional reagents, respectively. The cyclization reactions were initiated by microwave irradiation. The products, in most cases, were obtained in very high yields (up to 98%) and excellent selectivities in very short reaction times. The effective combination of solid acid catalysis, solvent-free conditions and microwave irradiation provides an attractive and highly ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of these important heterocycles.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TUMOR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY : V. THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY UPON THE INCIDENCE OF LUNG TUMORS IN MICE.

A male mouse from a strain with a high incidence of spontaneous lung tumors was crossed with several females derived from a low tumor strain. The first generation of offspring were then backcrossed to individuals of the original strains. The resulting two groups of offspring differed significantly in the incidence of spontaneous tumors of the lung. These facts are discussed in relation to others previously discovered. It seems clear from the evidence presented that there are among mice constitutional types which differ in incidence of tumors of the lung and that the differences are inherited. The number of genetic factors involved has not been determined. No influence of sex was apparent. The possibility of there being genetic factors which affect tumor age will be dealt with later.
Spectrum sensing for OFDM systems employing pilot tones

OFDM spectrum sensing algorithms are presented in this paper. The proposed spectrum sensing algorithms are based on Time-Domain Symbol Cross-Correlation (TDSC-MRC and TDSC-NP methods) and can be applied to all existing wireless OFDM systems. The statistical behaviors of the TDSCbased spectrum sensors are explicitly analyzed. The sensing performances of the TDSC-based spectrum sensors in terms of misdetection probability are derived in detail. In addition, the spectrum sensing method employing the Cyclic Prefix of the OFDM modulated signals (CP method) is described for comparison purposes. The DVB-T Standard [5] is adopted as an application example to illustrate the proposed spectrum sensing algorithms. Simulation results show that the TDSC-MRC method outperforms the CP method for all values of CP ratio considered. The TDSC methods have the advantage that the detection performances are the same for different CP ratios, while the detection performance of the CP method degrades dramatically when the CP ratio becomes small. From simulation results, for a sensing time of 50 ms, the TDSC-MRC method can achieve misdetection probabilities of 0.1 and 0.01 with respect to a false alarm probability of 0.01 for SNR values of -20.5 dB and -19.5 dB, respectively.
Topography-mediated controls on local vegetation phenology estimated from MODIS vegetation index

Forest canopy phenology is an important constraint on annual water and carbon budgets, and responds to regional interannual climate variation. In steep terrain, there are complex spatial variations in phenology due to topographic influences on microclimate, community composition, and available soil moisture. In this study, we investigate spatial patterns of phenology in humid temperate forest as a function of topography. Moderate-resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices are used to derive local patterns of topography-mediated vegetation phenology using a simple post-processing analysis and a non-linear model fitting. Elevation has the most explanatory power for all phenological variables with a strong linear relationship with mid-day of greenup period, following temperatures lapse rates. However, all other phenological variables show quadratic associations with elevation, reflecting an interaction between topoclimatic patterns of temperature and water availability. Radiation proxies also have significant explanatory power for all phenological variables. Though hillslope position cannot be adequately resolved at the MODIS spatial resolution (250 m) to discern impacts of local drainage conditions, extended periods of greenup/senescence are found to occur in wet years. These findings are strongly supported by previous field measurements at different topographic positions within the study area. The capability of detecting topography-mediated local phenology offers the potential to detect vegetation responses to climate change in mountainous terrain. In addition, the large, local variability of meteorological and edaphic conditions in steep terrain provides a unique opportunity to develop an understanding of canopy response to the interaction of climate and landscape conditions.
The effect of surface treatment on graphite nanoplatelets used in fiber reinforced composites

Atmospheric plasma treatment (APT) was used to surface-activate graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) as well as highly graphitic P100 fibers used to manufacture composites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase in the O/C ratio of the treated surfaces when using either CO or O2 as the active gas, whereas CO exhibited less damage to the treated reinforcement carbon material. APT of P100 fibers resulted in a 75% increase in composite tensile strength when compared to composites using untreated fibers. Surface treatment of GnPs also resulted in GnP/epoxy composites with significantly higher glass transition temperatures (Tg's) and 50% higher flexural strengths than those with no surface treatment because of stronger particle-to-resin coupling, which was also evidenced by the fracture surfaces. The effect of GnP loading concentration and plasma treatment duration was also evaluated on the tensile strength of fiber-reinforced composites. The addition of untreated GnP filler resulted in a decrease in strength up to the 1% loading. However, higher loading conditions resulted in a 20% improvement because of GnP orientation effects. Fracture surfaces suggest that the fibers provided a mechanism for the GnPs to orient themselves parallel to the fiber axis, developing an oriented matrix microstructure that contributes to added crack deflection. Incorporating surface-treated GnPs in these composites resulted in tensile strengths that were as high as 50% stronger than the untreated systems for all loading conditions. Increased GnP-to-matrix bonding as well as enhanced orientation of the GnPs resulted in multifunctional composites with improved mechanical performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39994.
Upper Limb Asymmetries in the Matching of Proprioceptive Versus Visual Targets

The purpose of the current study was to determine the extent to which “sensory dominance” exists in right-handers with respect to the utilization of proprioceptive versus visual feedback. Thirteen ...
Reconfiguration-Based VLSI Design for Security

Reconfigurable computing is a critical technology for achieving nanoelectronic systems of yield and reliability. In this paper, we present that reconfigurable computing is further a critical technology for achieving hardware security in the presence of supply chain adversaries. Specifically, reconfigurable implementation of a given logic function achieves design obfuscation, while reconfiguration for difference logic functions further achieves moving target defense. We further present reconfigurable reversible computing-based cryptography, and a generic reconfiguration-based VLSI design-for-security methodology. In our case studies based on a SPARC V8 LEON2 processor, we prevent software- or hardware-based code injection attacks at cost of 0.72% area increase, negligible power consumption increase and no performance degradation; we further prevent a hardware Trojan from gaining unauthorized memory access at cost of 4.42% area increase, negligible power consumption increase, and 11.30% critical path delay increase.
Women, Gender, and the Study of Christian History

Anglo-Saxonist Allen Frantzen, addressing fellow medievalists in 1993, dismissed fears expressed by female colleaguesthat adopting the designation “gender studies” would signal a reinstatement of “familiar male canons while crowding hard-won courses on women writers out of the curriculum.” Such a regression, Frantzen retorted, was “inconceivable,” since “a return to a prefeminist curriculum is as likely in most universities as a resurgence of the electric typewriter.”
Differential regulation of renal sodium-phosphate transporter by glucocorticoids during rat ontogeny

The effects of chronic administration of methylprednisolone (MP) were studied on the ontogeny of the renal type II Na-Pi transporter (NaPi-2). Immunoblot analysis showed that MP did not alter the e...
System and architecture level characterization of big data applications on big and little core server architectures

Emerging Big Data applications require a significant amount of server computational power. Big data analytics applications rely heavily on specific deep machine learning and data mining algorithms, and exhibit high computational intensity, memory intensity, I/O intensity and control intensity. Big data applications require computing resources that can efficiently scale to manage massive amounts of diverse data. However, the rapid growth in the data yields challenges to process data efficiently using current server architectures such as big Xeon cores. Furthermore, physical design constraints, such as power and density, have become the dominant limiting factor for scaling out servers. Therefore recent work advocates the use of low-power embedded cores in servers such as little Atom to address these challenges. In this work, through methodical investigation of power and performance measurements, and comprehensive system level and micro-architectural analysis, we characterize emerging big data applications on big Xeon and little Atom-based server architecture. The characterization results across a wide range of real-world big data applications and various software stacks demonstrate how the choice of big vs little core-based server for energy-efficiency is significantly influenced by the size of data, performance constraints, and presence of accelerator. Furthermore, the microarchitecture-level analysis highlights where improvement is needed in big and little cores microarchitecture.
Short-term variability in labile soil phosphorus is positively related to soil moisture in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico

Primary productivity in tropical forests is often considered limited by phosphorus (P) availability. Microbial activity is a key regulator of available P through organic matter decomposition (supply) as well as microbial immobilization (depletion). Environmental conditions, such as soil moisture and temperature can fluctuate significantly on hourly to daily time-scales in tropical forested ecosystems. Given the ability of microbes to respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions we would expect concomitant changes in the available soil P pool. Despite the potential for soil P availability to vary on short time-scales, research that investigates hourly to daily changes in the available soil P pool in tropical forests is extremely rare. We quantified diurnal fluctuations in labile soil P and the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in driving these patterns in a wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico. Hourly measurements of Bray-extractable P were made from sunrise to sunset on five separate days along with measurements of soil temperature, moisture, pH, soil respiration, and solar radiation. While we found no significant diurnal variation in labile P, it did, however, vary significantly across the five sample days (2.8–3.8 µg/g). The day-to-day variation in labile P was positively related to soil moisture (R2 = 0.42, p = 0.009). These findings illustrate the potential for rapid change in the available P pool in response to variable soil moisture status as well as the importance of considering soil moisture conditions when estimating P availability in the humid tropics.
Problems concerning collisional vs noncollisional deformation at continental-margin orogens, with an example from the Mesozoic Cordilleran orogen

The relative importance of collisional vs noncollisional orogenesis at continental-margin orogens is an unresolved problem in tectonics. The fundamental problem is that contraction of continental lithosphere in a subduction hanging wall could be due to subcontinental subduction (noncollisional orogenesis) or to arccontinent collision preceding subcontinental subduction initiated by subduction flip (collisional orogenesis). A secondary problem arises in proving that sutures representing ocean-basin closure and arc collision exist in the complex oceanic terranes that typically constitute the internal parts of continental-margin orogens. This problem exists in part because “tectonic flaking” results in replacing the pre-collision subduction-zone fault with a new fault during collision. Tectonic flaking and subsequent thrust imbrication, folding, normal faulting, and strike-slip faulting make arc-continent sutures in collisional orogens difficult to distinguish from deformed marginal arcs in noncollisional orogens. Phanerozoic continental-margin orogens contain evidence for early orogenic arc accretion, and the Mesozoic cordilleran orogen of the western United States, a classic example of a noncollisional, “Andean-style” orogen, fits a collisional model in detail. Tectonic models for contractional deformation in Archean and Proterozoic continental-margin orogens should consider both collisional and noncollisional processes.
Using VESAP 2 as a Trainee-Directed Independent and Faculty-Directed Structured Teaching and Assessment Learning Tool

The Fate of EVAR After 5 Years Followed Up With Duplex Ultrasound Emilia Krol, Danielle M. Pineda, Keith D. Calligaro, Zachary Phillips, M. Salman Sheikh, Matthew J. Dougherty, Douglas A. Troutman, Alan Dietzek. Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Conn; Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa; Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Western Connecticut Health Network, Danbury, Conn; Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Pennsylvania Vascular Associates, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa
Geographers of Mars: cartographic inscription and exploration narrative in late Victorian representations of the red planet.

Abstract Over two decades spanning the turn of the twentieth century, astronomers’ claims about the landscape and climate of Mars spurred widespread scientific and popular interest in the possibility that the red planet might be inhabited. This essay offers a new explanation for the power with which the notion of an inhabited Mars gripped noted scholars and everyday citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. Rather than pointing to a rekindling of age‐old philosophical interest in the plurality of worlds, it argues that turn‐of‐the‐century scientific narratives about Mars derived much of their power and popularity from ties with the newly established discipline of geography. From mapmaking to travelogue‐style writing, astronomers borrowed powerful representational strategies from the discipline of geography to legitimize their claims about the red planet. In making the link between geographical and astronomical science more explicit, the essay further suggests that turn‐of‐the‐century representations of Mars...
Incidental Thyroid Nodules at Non–FDG PET Nuclear Medicine Imaging: Evaluation of Prevalence and Malignancy Rate

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of thyroid nodules detected incidentally on non–FDG PET nuclear medicine imaging studies, the malignancy rate, and predictors of malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of more than 10 years of patient records at an academic medical center identified the cases of 31 patients with incidental focal radiotracer-avid thyroid findings on non–FDG PET nuclear medicine studies who underwent biopsy or surgical excision. Statistical analysis of patient and imaging features was performed to identify features predictive of malignancy. Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and American Thyroid Association biopsy criteria were applied to patients who had ultrasound images for review. RESULTS. Thirty-one patients had incidental thyroid findings on 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scans (80.6%), 111In-pentetreotide scans (16.1%), and 99mTc-tetrofosmin cardiac scans (3.2%). These three types of scans accounted for 21,402 total examinations in...