cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of soil compaction on organic carbon amounts and distribution, South-Central Iowa.

Soils on the Mormon Trail have been compacted for over 150 years. Bulk density, carbon, and nitrogen samples were taken in 5cm increments to 20 cm. Bulk density was determined using rings of known volume; total carbon and nitrogen with a LECO CHN600. Total above ground biomass (AGB) samples were collected by clipping vegetation within a 0.25 m 2 frame and were analyzed for carbon. Statistical comparisons were made using a t-test (� =0.05). Bulk density was higher in the on-trail soils from 5 to 20 cm; soil carbon and C/N ratios were higher in the off-trail soils from 10 to 20 cm. AGB and AGB carbon is significantly less on the trail. Results indicate the compacted layer on the trail alters the soil carbon pool by limiting additions of fresh organic matter to the soil, limiting vegetative production, and by ‘‘pooling’’ carbon additions in the upper 10 cm of the soil. # 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dynamics of Gamma Interferon, Interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-10, and Transforming Growth Factor β mRNA Expression in Primary Mycobacterium bovis BCG Infection in Guinea Pigs Measured by a Real-Time Fluorogenic Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay

The guinea pig has been utilized as a model for studying infectious diseases because its reactions closely resemble those of humans biologically and immunologically. However, the cytokine responses in this animal remain to be studied. Initially, we established a quantitative assay using a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to measure guinea pig gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA. By preparing primer-fluorogenic probe sets for these cytokines and standard RNA templates corresponding to the target sequence of each cytokine, we obtained linear standard curves essential for quantitative determination. In guinea pigs immunized by intradermal (i.d.) vaccination with the Tokyo strain of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (0.1 mg) or else hyperimmunized with the same vaccine (10 mg) given intravenously (i.v.), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at 4 weeks showed an increase in IFN-gamma mRNA expression in the latter but not the former animals. However, at week 10, IFN-gamma mRNA expression was markedly elevated in PBMCs, spleen cells, and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in both the i.d.- and the i.v.-immunized animals, the level of expression being 10 times higher in the latter. In contrast, the expression levels of IL-12 mRNA in PBMCs, spleen cells, and BAL cells were not enhanced in either group at 10 weeks postimmunization. The expression of IL-10 and TGF-beta increased slightly only in PBMCs. Regardless of differences in the levels of cytokine responses, the magnitudes of the purified protein derivative of tuberculin-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reactions for the two groups did not differ significantly at 8 weeks postvaccination. In this study, we quantitatively measured IL-10, IL-12, TGF-beta, and IFN-gamma mRNA in BCG-immunized guinea pigs and showed that the level of IFN-gamma mRNA expression does not necessarily reflect the magnitude of the DTH response, suggesting that there may be an intricate relationship between protective immunity, the level of IFN-gamma, and the DTH response. Thus, our quantitative assay would be of use for the development of vaccines using guinea pig models.
An Enhanced CAM Architecture to Accelerate LZW Compression Algorithm

This paper presents efficient hardware architecture for Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) data compression algorithm that can perform both encoding and decoding operations simultaneously using a CAM array. An enhanced CAM cell design has been proposed to achieve search and twofold store operations in single access during regular match operations. The proposed architecture utilizes these enhanced CAM cells to accelerate the implementation of the LZW algorithm. The performance of the proposed design is evaluated using the Corpus benchmarks, where on an average a performance improvement of 53times is achieved when compared to the software approach
Prehospital do-not-resuscitate orders: a survey of state policies in the United States.

Introduction Many states in the United States have developed policies that enable prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) providers to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the terminally ill. Several states also have policies that enable the implementation of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. Objectives 1) assess which states have statutes governing DNR orders for the prehospital setting; 2) determine which states authorize DNR orders in ways other than by specific state statue; and 3) define those states that had regional protocols which address prehospital DNR orders. Methods Survey of the state EMS directors in each of the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Results As of 1992, specific legislation authorizing the implementation of DNR orders was in place in 11 states. In addition, six others have a legal opinion or policy allowing the implementation of DNR orders. Fourteen additional states have either working groups or legislation pending that address prehospital DNR orders. In only five were there no existing regional protocols for implementation of DNR orders in the prehospital setting. Conclusions There exists great variation in legal authorization by states for implementation of DNR orders in the prehospital setting. Despite the existence of enabling legislation, many state, regional, or local EMS systems have implemented policies dealing with DNR orders.
A streamlined Western blot exercise: An efficient and greener approach in the laboratory classroom

SDS-PAGE and western blotting are two commonly taught protein detection techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology laboratory classrooms. A pitfall associated with incorporating these techniques into the laboratory is the significant wait times that do not allow students to obtain timely results. The waiting associated with SDS-PAGE comes from staining and destaining, whereas with western blotting it is the times required for antibody incubations and the numerous wash steps. This laboratory exercise incorporates 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) into the SDS-PAGE gel allowing for visualization of migrated proteins in a matter of minutes, saving both the time and chemical waste associated with traditional Coomassie staining. Additionally, TCE staining does not affect protein transfer eliminating the requirement for duplicated gels for total protein and western analyses. Protein transfer can be confirmed immediately without the use of Ponceau S staining. Lastly, this western blot procedure has been further shortened by using an HRP-conjugated primary antibody, which eliminates the secondary antibody incubation and washes, and uses a colorimetric detection to allow for visualization by students without the need for specialized equipment.
Simultaneous localization and mapping in dense environments

A hybrid Bayesian/ frequentist approach is presented for the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Problem (SLAM). A frequentist approach is proposed for mapping with time varying robotic poses and is generalized to the case when the robotic pose is both time varying and uncertain. The SLAM problem is then solved in two steps: 1) the robot is localized with respect to a sparse set of landmarks in the map using a Bayes filter and a belief on the robot pose is formed, and 2) this belief on the robot pose is used to map the rest of the map using the frequentist estimator. The hybrid methodology is shown to have complexity linear in the map components, is robust to the data association problem and is provably consistent.
Prostate cancer staging after radiation utilizing laparoscopic pelvic lymphaden ectomy

Abstract Objectives This report assesses the feasibility of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in irradiated patients with prostate cancer being considered for salvage therapy. Methods Six men, each with a prior history of external beam radiation therapy, and prostate-specific antigen or clinical failure, were selected as potential candidates for salvage therapy. Utilizing a standard diamond pattern trocar conformation, laparoscopy was performed to evaluate pelvic lymph node status. Results The procedure was successfully completed in all patients with a mean operating room time of 154 minutes. Blood loss averaged 55 cc. Serious intraoperative or postoperative complications were not encountered in the follow-up of 6 months. Metastatic disease was demonstrated in 1 patient. Conclusions Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection is technically feasible in patients who have received irradiation, and appears to confer no additional morbidity over standard laparoscopic lymphadenectomy.
A Low-Noise Oscillator based on a Multi-Membrane CMUT for High Sensitivity Resonant Chemical Sensors

We present 17.5-MHz and 42.7-MHz low-noise Colpitts oscillators employing capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs), each composed of a thousand resonator cells electrically connected in parallel. The massive parallelism lowers the motional impedance, and thus, reduces frequency noise and provides better matching to low-noise oscillator topologies. The 42.7-MHz oscillator achieved a phase noise of -105 dBc/Hz and -148 dBc/Hz at offset frequencies of 1 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively in air. The performance is comparable to MEMS oscillators based on resonators with high Q in vacuum. The lowest Allan deviation of the oscillator was measured to be 4.7 × 10-9 implying a mass resolution of 0.96 attogram per membrane. In addition, using the 17.5-MHz CMUT resonator, the performance of the Colpitts topology is compared to that of the amplifier based oscillator topology.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPOALBUMINEMIA : ITS EFFECT ON THE MORPHOLOGY, FUNCTION, AND PROTEIN AND WATER CONTENT OF THE LIVER.

1. Adult dogs maintained for 6 weeks upon a carrot-protein-deficient diet exhibited a progressive fall in the serum protein confined entirely to the albumin fraction. The degree of hypoalbuminemia was pronounced, i.e. a fall from 3.75 to 2.00 gm. per cent. 2. Parallel microscopic changes in the liver were observed which consisted of a gradual loss in the stainable cytoplasm producing extensive vacuolization. This vacuolization was not due to the accumulation of fat or of glycogen as shown by chemical analyses as well as by stained sections of the livers. 3. The histological changes in the livers were assumed to be due to a loss of protein inasmuch as there was a parallel fall in the protein content of the liver pari passu with the fall in the serum albumin of the blood. This assumption is made more probable by the fact that the water content of the liver increased as the protein content decreased. 4. Liver function, as measured by the excretion of iso-iodeikon, fell with the fall of the serum albumin thus indicating the production of hepatic insufficiency by the protein deficient diet. 5. These observations are discussed in relation to the question whether the liver is the site of formation or of storage of serum albumin. Certain other, particularly therapeutic, implications are also discussed, i.e. the importance of a high protein intake in patients with liver disease.
Effects of nickel thickness on metal-induced growth of silicon films for heterojunction solar cells

Microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si) thin films were epitaxially grown by the metal-induced growth process. The effects on the resulting grains of mc-Si were examined with respect to variation in nickel catalyst thickness. Results show that there is a minimum thickness (75 A) below which the deposited silicon film did not properly form microcrystalline grains. However, as the thickness was increased beyond this level, the grain size and uniformity increased with grains of 1–1.5 μm diameter for 170-A-Ni and 2 μm diameter for 300 A Ni. The current-voltage characteristics of Au Schottky photodiodes revealed potential as a solar cell device, having shortcircuit current density, J sc , of 2.53 mA/cm2 and open-circuit voltage, V oc , of 0.19 V. The possibility of fabricating heterojunction solar cells was also investigated by studying a hydrogenated amorphous silicon and nanocrystalline silicon (a-Si:H / nc-Si) tandem layer deposited by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD). The current-voltage and spectral response measurement demonstrated their viability as an emitter layer of a solar cell when deposited on a c-Si substrate. The J sc and V oc were 0.764 mA/cm2 and 0.33 V, respectively.
Comparison of 15N2 flux and acetylene inhibition denitrification methods in Atchafalaya River basin sediments

Flooded swamps in the Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana, USA, are thought to be a major mechanism for removing excess riverine nitrate that may be causing hypoxia in coastal Louisiana. Two denitrification methods, the 15N2 flux and acetylene inhibition technique, were compared and evaluated. Sediment samples were collected from three baldcypress swamp sites located within the Atchafalaya River basin. Highly 15N-labeled (61.7 at.%) and unlabeled nitrate (100 mg NO3–N L−1) were applied to the floodwater of separate sets of sediment cores. Denitrification potential was measured 2, 6, 10, and 16 days after nitrate addition. Two days after nitrate addition, no significant differences in denitrification rates were observed between methods. On days 6, 10, and 16, denitrification measured by the 15N2 method was higher compared to the acetylene inhibition procedure. When significance was observed, 15N2 denitrification was approximately 5.3 times greater.
Tetracycline, Aminoglycoside, Macrolide, and Miscellaneous Antibiotics

The identity, chemistry, biosynthesis, antimicrobial spectra, molecular mode of action, bacterial resistance mechanisms, side effects, and clinical uses of these important chemotherapeutic agents are discussed. Keywords: antibiotics; aminoglycoside; macrolide; miscellaneous; tetracycline
‘Pause and resume’ functionality for index operations

Online index functionality allows concurrent queries and updates during index maintenance tasks, e.g., creation of a new secondary index. Nonetheless, index operations can be both extremely resource-intensive and also extremely long-running. As such, necessary system activities such as adding a new secondary index or changing the primary index may introduce significant contention for resources such as CPUs, memory, and space and bandwidth in temporary storage, thus starving the primary database workload. Danger of an additional workload at inopportune times inhibits adoption of automatic index tuning. Whether initiated by a database administrator or by a software component, ‘pause and resume’ is a step towards self-managing database systems. However, realizing even this step in a commercial system is more difficult than many researchers may realize. This paper summarizes a design for ‘pause and resume’ functionality and explores the many issues that must be addressed in order to implement such designs in a commercial system. The design is deliberately kept general such that it applies to many software packages. One unique contribution is that in addition to the basic mechanisms, this paper also enumerates functional requirements and covers interaction with other functions commonly used in database management systems, server shutdown and restart, tables with multiple indexes, concurrent queries and updates, failures in the index builder or in concurrent transactions, log volume, and performance expectations Abstract - Online index functionality allows concurrent queries and updates during index maintenance tasks, e.g., creation of a new secondary index. Nonetheless, index operations can be both extremely resource-intensive and also extremely long-running. As such, necessary system activities such as adding a new secondary index or changing the primary index may introduce significant contention for resources such as CPUs, memory, and space and bandwidth in temporary storage, thus starving the primary database workload. Danger of an additional workload at inopportune times inhibits adoption of automatic index tuning. Whether initiated by a database administrator or by a software component, ‘pause and resume’ is a step towards self-managing database systems. However, realizing even this step in a commercial system is more difficult than many researchers may realize. This paper summarizes a design for ‘pause and resume’ functionality and explores the many issues that must be addressed in order to implement such designs in a commercial system. The design is deliberately kept general such that it applies to many software packages. One unique contribution is that in addition to the basic mechanisms, this paper also enumerates functional requirements and covers interaction with other functions commonly used in database management systems, server shutdown and restart, tables with multiple indexes, concurrent queries and updates, failures in the index builder or in concurrent transactions, log volume, and performance expectations
Reducing dose calculation time for accurate iterative IMRT planning.

A time-consuming component of IMRToptimization is the dose computation required in each iteration for the evaluation of the objective function. Accurate superposition/convolution (SC) and Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculations are currently considered too time-consuming for iterative IMRT dose calculation. Thus, fast, but less accurate algorithms such as pencil beam (PB) algorithms are typically used in most current IMRT systems. This paper describes two hybrid methods that utilize the speed of fast PB algorithms yet achieve the accuracy of optimizing based upon SC algorithms via the application of dose correction matrices. In one method, the ratio method, an infrequently computed voxel-by-voxel dose ratio matrix (R=D SC /D PB ) is applied for each beam to the dose distributions calculated with the PB method during the optimization. That is, D PB ×R is used for the dose calculation during the optimization. The optimization proceeds until both the IMRT beam intensities and the dose correction ratio matrix converge. In the second method, the correction method, a periodically computed voxel-by-voxel correction matrix for each beam, defined to be the difference between the SC and PB dose computations, is used to correct PB dose distributions. To validate the methods, IMRT treatment plans developed with the hybrid methods are compared with those obtained when the SC algorithm is used for all optimizationiterations and with those obtained when PB-based optimization is followed by SC-based optimization. In the 12 patient cases studied, no clinically significant differences exist in the final treatment plans developed with each of the dose computation methodologies. However, the number of time-consuming SC iterations is reduced from 6-32 for pure SC optimization to four or less for the ratio matrix method and five or less for the correction method. Because the PB algorithm is faster at computing dose, this reduces the inverse planning optimization time for our implementation by a factor of 2 to 8 compared with pure SC optimization, without compromising the quality or accuracy of the final treatment plan.
Wavelet based scalable video system using bit-plane encoding

This paper presents a new wavelet/subband based scalable video coding scheme which is suitable for very low bitrate transmission. We consider a system for video with moderate motion such as the video phone. In our scheme, efficient scalable encoding/decoding is made possible by using uniform quantizers with varying thresholds (UQT). We also propose a bit-plane encoding scheme which exploits the sparse distribution of pixels with significant values in wavelet transformed prediction errors of the video sequence. Simulation results show that the coding performance of this scheme at very low bitrates is very good.
Design-for-Debug: A Vital Aspect in Education

We often assume that debugging is a skill that comes with common sense. However, we have observed that many students do not have an inherent aptitude for debugging. Hands-on projects teaching the engineering design process can become troublesome for some students who cannot complete their projects and consequently fail their courses. In this paper, we advocate the importance of teaching debugging skills throughout digital design courses, especially during the introductory courses. We present teaching techniques in developing the skills for debugging for both introductory and advanced digital design courses. These techniques include emphasis on incremental design stages, test stimuli and observation techniques, and debugging using critical (divergent and convergent) thinking.
The dynamic logic of permission

Intelligent legal information systems require the ability to represent two different notions of permission, one of which, free choice permission, cannot be adequately represented in standard modal logics. A logic that handles this modality by using ideas from dynamic logic is defined. The main result is the completeness of an axiomatization of the logic. >
Metabolic response to hypertonic glucose administration in Reye syndrome

Blood substrate and hormone concentration were determined in 16 children with Reye syndrome prior to and following administration of hypertonic glucose. Baseline concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, proline, hydroxyproline, lysine, and aspartate were elevated (p less than 0.01), whereas citrulline and arginine were low. All substrate concentrations were below or within the normal range following 36 hours of therapy except those of lactate, pyruvate, and aspartate. Urea nitrogen excretion was reduced (p less than 0.05) on the second day of therapy. Plasma concentrations of insulin and growth hormone increased and glucagon decreased during the first day. Cortisol remained elevated throughout the study period. We conclude that the high circulating concentrations of substrates are the result of both increased mobilization and decreased clearance and that hypertonic glucose infusion suppresses substrate mobilization. A primary abnormality of the mitochondria could explain the metabolic perturbations that occurred. A possible relationship between the encephalopathy in this disorder and an insult to both brain and brain capillary mitochondria is discussed.
The Mean and Near-Inertial Velocity Fields in a Warm-Core Ring

Abstract Velocity and temperature profiles collected in warm-core ring 82-I in January 1983 are used to describe the mean and fluctuating fields of the ring. The ring was relatively small, containing no Sargasso See water. Its signature vanished below 600 m and its velocity maximum was 50 cm s−1 at 35 km radius. The mean flow was in cyclogeostrophic balance and much of the core in solid body rotation with vorticity −0.5f. Potential vorticity was uniform along isopycnals below the depth of atmospheric influence. Horizontal Reynolds-stress forces did not contribute significantly to the mean momentum balance. Downward-propagating near-inertial waves account for the most energetic of the fluctuating velocities. Energy levels four times greater than typically observed were found inside the ring, consistent with the expectation of trapping and critical-layer amplification of near-inertial waves in regions of negative vorticity as a consequence of a depressed lower bound of the internal waveband, feff = f + ζ/2....
Field Tests of the Movement of Radioactive Cations

Study of underground disposal of radioactive wastes by Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory of University of California, Berkeley; underground movement of synthesized radioactive waste containing Sr\U89\N and Cs\U134\N was traced by radio assay of samples from monitoring wells; results correlated with field scale hydraulic flow tests and laboratory investigation of ion exchange properties of earth material taken from same formation.
Discrete spectra and dampes waves in quasilinear theory

Quasi-linear equations consequences in discrete spectra and damped electron plasma waves, discussing conservation laws relation to resonance approximation
Multiple Oscillatory States and Chaos in the Endogenous Activity of Excitable Cells: Pancreatic β-Cell as an Example

The behaviour of pancreatic β-cells may be described by a system of three nonlinear differential equations that shows multiple oscillatory and chaotic solutions. Bifurcation diagrams of this system are constructed using AUTO.
On the oxidation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and benzidine in crude cell-free fungal extracts.

2. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Publ. by the author, Washington, D.C. 53 pl., 43 p. 3. Talbot, P. H. B. 1965. Studies of "Pellicularia" and associated genera of Hymenomycetes. Persoonia 3: 371-406. 4. . 1970. Taxonomy and nomenclature of the perfect state. Pp. 20-31. In J. R. Parmeter, Jr., Ed., Rhizoctonia solani, biology and pathology. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. 5. Tu, C. C. 1974. Culture, development, and sexual states of Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, and some related fungi. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, 199 p. 6. , and J. W. Kimbrough. 1975. Morphology, development, and cytochemistry of the hyphae and sclerotia of species in the Rhizoctonia complex. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 2282-2296.
Relative importance of bird species as hosts for immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in a suburban residential landscape of southern New York State

Abundance of birds and their tick parasites were estimated in a residential community located in Westchester County, NY, where Lyme disease is endemic. In total, 36 bird species (416 captures) were collected, of which 25 species (69%) were parasitized by ticks. Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin composed 96.4% of the 1,067 ticks found on birds. The bird species most heavily parasitized was house wren, Troglodytes aedon Vieillot (11.1 Ixodes dammini per bird). Relative density estimates of birds, using fixed circle radius counts, revealed dominance by the American robin, Turdus migratorius L. (29.3%), followed by the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula (L.) (9.3%). Bird density estimates were combined with tick abundance data to calculate an importance value for each bird species as a host for immature I. dammini. The American robin was most important, accounting for 72.7% of all larval I. dammini found on birds, followed by the common grackle (8.2%) and the house wren (5.9%). Both the American robin and house wren are reservoir competent for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner and therefore may contribute to the risk of Lyme disease for humans. During August when larvae were most prevalent, 39% of the American robins and 70% of the common grackles were observed on lawns. These species are probable contributors to nymphal I. dammini populations found on lawns.
Epstein-Barr Virus Hijacks Cell-Cycle Machinery: EBV can perturb cellular pathways, contributing to the development of cancer

The viruses associated with human cancer include Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTVL-1), Kaposi sarcoma virus (KSHV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our understanding of how these viruses operate has come a long way since Epstein Barr virus, the first human tumor virus, was identified from the cells of a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma in 1964. Those studies provide a framework for understanding how EBV perturbs cellular pathways, contributing to the development of cancer.
Investigation of the thermal and photochemical reactions of ozone with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene.

The matrix isolation technique, combined with infrared spectroscopy and twin jet codeposition, has been used to characterize intermediates formed during the ozonolysis of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (DMB). Absorptions of early intermediates in the twin jet experiments grew up to 200% upon annealing to 35 K. A number of these absorptions have been assigned to the elusive Criegee intermediate (CI) and secondary ozonide (SOZ) of DMB, transient species not previously observed for this system. Also observed was the primary ozonide (POZ), in agreement with earlier studies. The wavelength dependence of the photodestruction of these product bands was explored with irradiation from λ ≥ 220 to ≥580 nm. Merged jet (flow reactor) experiments generated “late” stable oxidation products of DMB. A recently developed concentric jet method was also utilized to increase yields and monitor the concentration of intermediates and products formed at different times by varying the length of mixing distance (d = 0 to −11 cm) before rea...
Feeding Behavior of Chicks under Three Lighting Regimens

Abstract Individual eating patterns of broiler chicks from day 1 to 20 days of age were determined under three lighting regimens: 12 hr light and 12 hr dark (LD); constant lighting (LL); and constant darkness (DD). Growth rates were significantly higher under the LL and DD schedules. Feed efficiency was best for the LL group and poorest in the DD chicks. Average time spent eating at the end of 20 days was 12 to 15 min/hr for the LL and DD chicks and 25 min for the LD birds. Chicks under LD did not eat in the dark but learned to anticipate lights out, as indicated by significantly more time spent eating and longer meals 2 to 3 hr prior to lights out. Chicks under the LL and DD regimens ate every hour around the clock. Regardless of lighting regimen, significantly more time was spent eating when the caretaker was present from 0800 to 0900 hr daily. Within group variance was least for the LL chicks and greatest in the DD chicks, probably due to difficulty locating the feed containers and water bottles in total darkness. In addition to selecting chicks for efficiency of feed utilization, growth and egg production, behavioral criteria such as feed consumption per hour, and number of meals per day should be considered.
Numerical Simulation of the Base Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Four-Nozzle Clustered Rocket Engine

The base pressure and heating characteristics of a four-nozzle clustered rocket configuration is studied numerically with the aid of OVERFLOW Navier-Stokes code. A pressure ratio (chamber pressure to freestream static pressure) of 990, a freestream Mach number of 2.5, and a freestream Reynolds number of 0.5245x10 are considered. The flowfield features such as the plume interaction, reversed jet flow, wall jet flow, recirculation, and corner expansion are evidenced. The predictions for base pressure and base heat flux show deviations from the wind tunnel data. The differences in absolute values between the computation and the data are attributed to factors such as perfect gas (thermally and calorically perfect) assumption, turbulence model inaccuracies, and lack of grid adaptation.
Object stability during human precision fingertip manipulation

Fingertip-based manipulation is one of the hallmarks of human hand function. However, there are clear limitations to the stability of these grasps, whether it is due to digit lengths or the friction between the object and the finger pad. The present work focuses on the stability of point-contact grasps during rotational movements of objects 50 mm and 80 mm in diameter over the range of the workspace. The mean angle achieved during all the trials for each digit ranged from 2° to 76°, with the thumb generally having larger mean angles. During the trials the object would often lose contact with individual digits, and we suspect that it is due to the angle that the object made with each of the digits. Object size had little significance predicting this angle, while the number of digits used, which digit, and axis of rotation were significant. Angles 0.125 s and 0.025 s prior to loss of contact between digit and object were regarded as unstable. Unstable angles in the negative elevation direction (angles that are often achieved when the digit is extended) occurred in 64% of the trials and in the positive elevation direction in 23% of the trials. In 57% of the trials unstable angles lied in the positive azimuthal direction and in 29% of the trials lied in the negative azimuthal direction. The four fingers, disregarding the thumb, were found to have very similar instability regions when manipulating the object about the X-axis (ulnar-radial) and the Y-axis (distal-proximal), where most of the trials, 72%, have had the majority of their unstable angles occurring in the negative elevation direction and 62% occurring in the positive azimuthal direction.
Design Trend of Seal in Automobile

The applications of seal in automobile were investigated,and the future development of automotive seal through aspects of composite materials and design was analyzed. The result showed that low cost,light weight and high reliability is the trend for seal development.
A comparative study on pathogen detection methods of viral diarrhea

Objective To compare two methods that the gold test strip and real-time quantitative PCR for rapid detection of viral diarrhea, to provide scientific methods for viral diarrhea pathogen detection. Methods The sporadic cases or outbreaks suspected viral diarrhea were collected from 2010 to 2013. All samples were screened by real-time PCR and the randomly selected positive samples were detected by gold test strip for detection of rotavirus, norovirus type 1, norovirus type 2 and intestinal adenovirus. And paired chi-square test(Mc Nemar Test) was used for comparison of two methods, P0.05 as statistically significant difference.Results Random sampling of 100 samples were detected as positive by quantitative PCR, including 38 cases of rotavirus, 15 cases of norovirus type 1, 32 cases of norovirus type 2, and 15 cases of enteric adenovirus. There were 88 positive cases detected by gold standard method, including 37 cases of rotavirus, 11 cases of norovirus type 1, 27 cases of norovirus type 2, and 12 cases of enteric adenovirus. By paired chi-square test comparing, there was no statistical difference between the two methods on detection of rotavirus(P=1.000), norovirus type 1(P=0.375), enteric adenovirus(P=0.25) and norovirus type 2(P=0.063), respectively.Conclusion The gold test strip and quantitative PCR are both suit for viral diarrhea pathogen detection. Take into account the detection rate and ease of use, we believe that quantitative PCR is suitable for laboratory testing, and the gold test strip is suitable for field outbreaks quick test and bedside clinical test.
Study on hypolipidemic effects of Notoginseng-Broadleaf holly leaf tea

Objective To study the value of Notoginseng-Broadleaf holly leaf tea( NBT) in blood lipid reduction.Methods The method of preventive fat metabolism disorder model was employed in this study. According to the serum total cholesterol(TC) levels,rats were divided into basal feed control group,hyperlipidemia control group and NBT 3 000 mg /kg BW group,NBT 1 500 mg /kg BW group,NBT 750 mg /kg BW group. In addition to basal feed group,other groups were given high-fat diet,and the three NBT dose groups were also orally given NBT daily for 30 days. Then the contents of TC,triglyceride(TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) in serum of these rats were determined to evaluate the blood lipid regulation effect of NBT. Results There were no significant differences in weight,weight gain and HDL-C between all NBT dose groups and hyperlipemia control group(P 0. 05). While the contents of TC and TG in rats of high-dose NBT group decreased significantly compared to hyperlipidemia group(P 0. 05). Conclusion NBT has the effect on lowering blood lipids.
A Survey of the Microbial Population and Ethanol Content of Bagged Salad

Five nationally and regionally distributed brands of ready-to-eat salads in sealed bags were sampled from major supermarket chains. At time of purchase, product temperature was 4 to 7°C; the mean mesophilic microbial population was 1.0 × 107 CFU/g; the yeast population was 210 CFU/g; the mean headspace O2 and CO2 concentrations were 1.2 and 12%, respectively; and the ethanol content was 700 ppm. For samples analyzed on the expiration date (14 to 16 days after packaging) the mean mesophilic microbial population was 6 × 107 CFU/g; ethanol content was 1,500 ppm; and the headspace gas had not markedly changed from time of purchase.
Validation of a Model for the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition with Melt Convection

Predicting the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in the grain structure of metal castings is still an important challenge in the field of solidification. One of the most important open questions is the role played by melt convection. A three-phase Eulerian volume-averaged model of the CET in the presence of melt convection is developed. The model is validated by performing simulations of a recent benchmark solidification experiment involving a Sn - 3 wt. pct. Pb alloy. The predicted cooling curves are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental measurements. After some adjustments to the grain nucleation parameters, the measured boundary between columnar and equiaxed grains is also well predicted.
The Challenges of Building Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Teams

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have been useful for individual instruction and training, but have not been widely created for teams, despite the widespread use of team training and learning in groups...
Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: Constitutional Design and Intraparty Leadership Accountability

In Chapter 3 we showed that careful selection of agents – the power to hire – can mitigate adverse selection problems. Yet perhaps the most important ex ante sanction that a principal can write into an implicit contract about an agent's ex post behavior is the power to dismiss that agent – the power to fire that agent if he or she does not perform up to certain standards. Principals who possess dismissal power can keep an agent in line and minimize the problem of moral hazard, which occurs when an agent violates the spirit of a contract after it has been signed. In contrast, principals who lack the ability to rid themselves of a wayward agent have good reason to fear the problem of moral hazard. All democracies possess ways to remove and replace national leaders against their will. However, important differences exist across democratic regimes in terms of parties ' ability to remove and replace their leaders against their will while those leaders are serving as incumbent heads of government. For example, once in office, parliamentary prime ministers remain subject to ongoing partisan as well as legislative confidence. This sets a relatively low bar for their removal. And indeed, as we detail below, parties in parliamentary systems regularly remove their own prime ministers between elections. Direct partisan control over the premiership minimizes the danger of moral hazard.
How to Teach Medical Students in an Ambulatory Clinic

It is essential for medical students to become competent in ambulatory medicine. But time constraints can make clinical teaching in an active outpatient clinic seem challenging. There are several strategies that can facilitate effective student education uniquely applicable to outpatient clinics. With thoughtful preparation and implementation, a preceptor can create an atmosphere that fosters medical student education in a way which is rewarding for the educator, enhances patient care, and is realistic in the current medical environment.
Triggered Copolypeptide Hydrogel Degradation Using Photolabile Lysine Protecting Groups

We have prepared a new l-lysine-based N-carboxyanhydride monomer containing a photolabile o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl protecting group. This monomer was used to prepare poly(l-lysine)-block-poly(oNB-l-lysine) block copolypeptides that formed hydrogels with tunable physical properties and the capability to be degraded by UV irradiation. In these materials, the oNB-lysine residues were found to be excellent surrogates for the hydrophobic residues typically used to form block copolypeptide hydrogels, thus adding functionality without adversely altering self-assembly characteristics. Upon irradiation, full cleavage of the o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl groups was observed, resulting in dissolution of the product, poly(l-lysine), and complete hydrogel disruption. When dye molecules were entrapped in the hydrogels, photolysis resulted in release and mixing of these molecules with the surrounding media.
When Pundits Fail: “We Are All Khalid Said” and the Challenge of Democratizing Egypt

The Facebook page named “We Are All Khalid Said” (WaaKS) was an important driver of the Egyptian uprising that in 2011 toppled Hosni Mubarak, the nation’s president of 30 years. When the revolution happened, US media elevated the founder of this page to the status of Egyptian national hero. At the same time, they ascribed to the revolution that the page had helped spawn the desire to for freedom and democracy. This chapter analyzes just how the page worked and managed to politicize previously apathetic youth, drawing on a memoir written by its administrator, as well as a detailed reading of the Facebook page itself. It then explains in what ways the ascriptions that American pundits imposed on the uprising were deeply flawed, making revolutionary success appear much likelier than it actually was.
Morphometric Analysis of the Orbital Process of the Palatine Bone and its Relationship to Endoscopic Orbital Apex Surgery.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic approaches to the orbit improve the ability to directly access apical lesions while minimizing manipulation of normal structures. Inferomedial orbital access is limited by the orbital process of the palatine bone (OPPB) which prevents dissection and retraction in the inferolateral vector. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the morphometric characteristics of the OPPB and quantify the benefit of complete resection to surgical access. METHODS Morphometric osteologic measurements of the OPPB were performed in 59 human skulls. A radius subtended by the OPPB was calculated to generate a hemispheric dissection corridor achievable by complete resection of the OPPB. Cadaveric and live surgical dissections were then performed on 15 orbits to develop discreet endoscopic surgical landmarks which could be used to both identify the OPPB and verify complete resection. RESULTS The mean(± SD) radius of the OPPB was 0.47 ± 0.28 cm. Complete OPPB resection provided an additional 0.36 ± 0.42 cm of surgical exposure within the inferomedial apex. Relative to the Caucasian (n = 27) skulls, the radii in the Asian (n = 27) and African (n = 5) skulls were significantly smaller (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION The OPPB significantly limits surgical access to the inferomedial orbital apex during endoscopic approaches. Complete surgical resection of the OPPB improves surgical exposure facilitating retraction of the inferior rectus muscle and circumferential dissection of lesions within this space. Knowledge of the morphology and clinical relevance of this structure provides an opportunity to improve surgical exposure for relevant pathologic assessment and optimize endoscopic surgical outcomes.
The Physical Effects of Contact and Close‐Distance Gunfire on Sweatshirt Fleece

Powder stippling caused by the impact of propellant particles during close-distance gunfire has been previously described on skin and solid objects only. Additionally, radial tearing has been described as clear evidence of a contact-distance shot, requiring no further testing. Patterns of discrete perforating holes (referred to here as “stippling perforations”) and other physical damage on sweatshirt fleece fabrics were prepared. Using the firearm and ammunition in this study, stippling perforations were observed to a maximum muzzle-to-target distance of 35 cm (10 inches). In addition, radial tearing and disintegration were present (and often more extensive) at greater than contact distance. The presence of stippling perforations could augment muzzle-to-target distance estimates generated using the Griess test, or allow distance estimates when the Griess test is not feasible. Unlike what has been previously reported, testing on the original evidence (or similar substitute) is warranted when physical damage is used to estimate shooting distance.
Jug Factories and Fictions: A Mixed Methods Analysis of African-American Stoneware Traditions in Antebellum South Carolina

ABSTRACTDuring the antebellum period, incipient ceramic industries scattered across South Carolina’s agricultural landscape. In the Edgefield district, a number of family-owned kilns contracted enslaved laborers from nearby plantations to mass-produce new stoneware forms for sale throughout the Southeast. Drawing from archival and archaeological findings from the Pottersville site, this article examines these regional potteries at various scales, moving from a panoramic exploration of the manufacturing landscape to microscopic fluctuations in ceramic style. Combining morphometric ceramic analyses with architectural, ecological, and contextual data, I illustrate the how industry and artistry convened in the ordinary aesthetics of African-American life. At various frequencies, material engagements with stoneware created a shifting spectrum of embodied experiences. The ubiquity of stoneware became a plastic medium for potters and their wares to express a kaleidoscope of dissonant feelings, desires, and aspir...
Natural deep space satellite constellation in the Earth-Moon elliptic system

Abstract In this paper, natural deep space satellite constellations designs in the Earth-Moon system are presented, where the underlying dynamics model is the Elliptic Restricted Three-Body Problem (ERTBP) model. The ERTBP has taken into account the eccentricity of the Earth-Moon system. Therefore, the generated motion will be more realistic than that in the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CRTBP) due to the relatively large eccentricity of the Earth-Moon system (about 0.0554). First, a type of strictly periodic orbit, Multi-revolution Elliptic Halo (ME-Halo) orbit, around the L 2 libration point in the Earth-Moon ERTBP is presented, generated through the continuation method starting from the conventional Halo orbits in the CRTBP. It is discovered that there are only a limited number of ME-Halo orbits that are practically useful, which restricts the mission design of a natural satellite constellation. Next, four different types of constellations consisting of the ME-Halo orbit, which are the focus on this paper, are presented and discussed. These configurations exist in the ERTBP and are nonautonomous. At last, the nominal ME-Halo orbit is analyzed with respect to the high-fidelity ephemeris model, which preliminarily validates that the nominal ME-Halo orbit is suitable for deep space constellation design, as it approximates the real Earth-Moon system with good accuracy. The results in this paper provide new natural satellite constellation options in the Earth-Moon system, which have different features through combining various ME-Halo orbits.
Regional Plans and Regional Plants: Jens Jensen’s Vernacular Landscape and Metropolitan Planning in Chicago, 1904-1920:

This article traces the origins of regional planning in Chicago through the work of landscape designer Jens Jensen. It argues that the city’s first regional planning efforts, led by Jensen, develop...