cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of novel degradable photocrosslinked poly(ether‐anhydride) networks

New degradable poly(ether-anhydride) networks were synthesized by UV photopolymerization. Dicarboxylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) was reacted with an excess of methacrylic anhydride to form dimethacrylated macromers containing anhydride linkages. The percent of conversion for the macromer formation was more than 80% at 60 °C after 24 h. 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies show the presence of anhydride linkages in the macromer. In vitro degradation studies were carried out at 37 °C in PBS with crosslinked polymer networks formed by UV irradiation. All PEG-based polymers degraded within 2 days, while PTMG-based polymers degraded by 50% of the initial weight after 14 days. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1277–1282, 2000
Lefschetz fixed point theorem for intersection homology

We show that both the graph of f and the diagonal carry fundamental classes in the intersection homology of X x X, and that the Lefschetz number IL(f) is the intersection number of these two classes. This is exactly the procedure originally used by Lefschetz to study fixed points in manifolds using ordinary homology ILl. So the results of this paper can be viewed as an addition to the series of theorems which show that the intersection homology of a singular space behaves like the ordinary homology of a smooth variety (see [CGM], [GM 4]). Let X be an n dimensional Witt space. (See w for the definition of a Witt space. Any complex analytic variety of pure dimension k is a 2k dimensional Witt space.) A self map f of X is called placid if X can be stratified so that the dimension of the inverse image of each stratum is at most the dimension of that stratum. For example, all maps of manifolds are placid and all fiat maps of algebraic varieties are placid. The induced map
Ion-beam mixing in micron-size widths

Abstract Experiments are described which are intended to lay the groundwork for producing ion-beam-mixed alloys as narrow lines, using a microbeam. Two methods have been examined: direct use of a 400 keV Ar microbeam on Sb and Ag films evaporated on Si wafers, and mixing of a layer of Sn on Si by a conventional 140 keV Kr beam through a 1000-mesh Cu grid. Results are presented as mappings of RBS spectrum regions, which presently show no diffusion outside the irradiated area. Suggestions for more quantitative measurements are included.
Acute coronary syndromes and diabetes: is intensive lipid lowering beneficial? Results of the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial

Aims The impact of intensive lipid lowering therapy with statins in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is not well characterized. Methods and results We explored this question in data from the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy (PROVE IT) TIMI 22 trial, which tested standard (pravastatin 40 mg) vs. intensive (atorvastatin 80 mg) statin therapy among patients treated early in the post-ACS period. We compared outcomes between patients with DM (identified by history, fasting plasma glucose � 126 mg/dL or haemoglobin A1C . 7%; n ¼ 978) against those without DM (n ¼ 3184). The rate of acute cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, and unstable angina requiring rehospitalization) was much higher in patients with DM, but was reduced with intensive vs. standard therapy similarly in diabetic (21.1 vs. 26.6%, HR ¼ 0.75, P ¼ 0.03) and non-diabetic patients (14.0 vs. 18.0%, HR ¼ 0.76, P ¼ 0.002); P-interaction ¼ 0.97. Despite intensive therapy, the majority of diabetics (62%) did not reach the dual goal of LDL-C , 70 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ,2 mg/L. Conclusion In ACS patients with DM, intensive statin therapy reduces acute cardiac events as it does in those without DM, with 55 vs. 40 events prevented per 1000 patients treated. However, our data highlight the need for additional strategies in this high-risk group.
Interleukin-17 and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) involves several overlapping pathological processes. Atherogenesis, the process by which atherosclerotic plaques develop in the arterial wall, involves inspissation of abnormal circulating lipoproteins into the vessel intima, resulting in inflammation, injury, and responses to injury.1 Mouse models of atherogenesis, involving impaired low-density lipoprotein clearance due to gene knockout of either apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or low-density lipoprotein receptor, are widely used to study this process. The presence of plaques in humans sets the stage for complications, such as plaque rupture or fissure that stimulate thrombosis; intraplaque hemorrhages that may rapidly cause luminal impingement; more gradual but progressive vascular stenoses due to inadequate outward remodeling that produce chronic ischemia; inflammatory aneurysms with the potential for catastrophic events, such as aortic rupture; or plaque embolization, leading to infarcts in tissues distal to the plaque site. Each of these complications arises from distinct but overlapping causes, of which inflammation is a significant component.2 Mouse models for the study of these complications have significant limitations. See accompanying article on page 1565 Inflammation in ASVD is best described as chronic active, involving acute exacerbations superimposed on a more persistent, indolent process. The initial trigger for inflammation in the vessel wall may be innate immunity, an inflammatory process that is activated by myeloid cells or some types of innate lymphocytes recognizing conserved motifs in microbe-derived molecules or of endogenous molecules that are released as a consequence of cell injury. Recognition …
Efficient communication in an ad-hoc network

We model the dynamics of an ad-hoc sensor network as a continuum percolation model, and prove that a simple local-flooding technique yields an efficient communication protocol in that setting.
Selective versus exclusive use of sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation in multivessel coronary artery disease

Sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs; Cypher) have demonstrated a significant reduction in restenosis rates when compared to bare metal stents (BMSs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strategy of exclusive use of two SESs versus the combination of one BMS and one SES for two-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). It was found that the selective use of one SES combined with one BMS in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention that requires more than one stent is safe, feasible, and associated with favorable procedural, 30-day, and 6-month clinical outcomes when compared to the exclusive use of SESs.
Social capital and home literacy engagement: case studies of low-SES single mothers' access to literacy resources

Drawing on the theory of social capital, this paper explores how difference in mothers' social networks might impact on low-SES' children's literacy development at home. A cross-case analysis of the influence of two low-SES single-mothers' social networks on their children's home literacy practices suggests that difference in mother's social capital has a disparate impact on their access to literacy resources, their home literacy engagement with their children, and their interaction/connection with school teachers and contributes to their children's differential school literacy achievement. The findings suggest that for low-SES children to achieve school success, parents must be able to access resources that support their ability to engage in literacy activities that align with those valued in the school. Therefore, there is a need for schools and teachers to provide not only services that allow more networking opportunities but also support to understand school-literacy practices and expectations for low-SES families, especially single-parents who might be more socially isolated.
Hempel's Raven paradox: A lacuna in the standard Bayesian solution

According to Hempel’s paradox, evidence (E) that an object is a nonblack nonraven confirms the hypothesis (H) that every raven is black. According to the standard Bayesian solution, E does confirm H but only to a minute degree. This solution relies on the almost never explicitly defended assumption that the probability of H should not be affected by evidence that an object is nonblack. I argue that this assumption is implausible, and I propose a way out for Bayesians.
Engineering Behavior of Lime-Treated Louisiana Subgrade Soil

Lime stabilization is often used to treat subgrade soils when they are soft and cohesive in nature. A study was conducted to investigate the engineering behavior, including the resilient and strength behaviors, of a lime-treated subgrade soil. The lime treatment procedure was adapted from the specifications of the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. Silty clay, a soil often found in Louisiana subgrades, is used as a base soil. A summary of various engineering properties of a lime-treated soil from resilient modulus, unconfined compression strength, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests conducted at five moisture content and dry density levels is provided. Tests were also performed on the raw soil without lime treatment, and these results were compared with those of tests with the lime-treated soil. The comparisons indicate that the present lime treatment method results in an increase in strength and resilient modulus properties and a decrease in plasticity characteristics and plastic strains. A regression model with three constants was used to analyze the resilient modulus test results. The model constants are presented as functions of soil properties. Resilient modulus correlations that use either CBR or unconfined compression strength, moisture content, dry density, degree of compaction, and stresses as dependent attributes are developed.
Toxicological assessments of Gulf War veterans

Concerns about unexplained illnesses among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War appeared soon after that conflict ended. Many environmental causes have been suggested, including possible exposure to depleted uranium munitions, vaccines and other drugs used to protect troops, deliberate or accidental exposure to chemical warfare agents and pesticides and smoke from oil-well fires. To help resolve these issues, US and UK governments have sought independent expert scientific advice from prestigious, independent scientific and public health experts, including the US National Academies of Science and the UK Royal Society and Medical Research Council. Their authoritative and independent scientific and medical reviews shed light on a wide range of Gulf War environmental hazards. However, they have added little to our understanding of Gulf War veterans' illnesses, because identified health effects have been previously well characterized, primarily in the occupational health literature. This effort has not identified any new health effects or unique syndromes associated with the evaluated environmental hazards. Nor do their findings provide an explanation for significant amounts of illnesses among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Nevertheless, these independent and highly credible scientific reviews have proven to be an effective means for evaluating potential health effects from deployment-related environmental hazards.
VISCOELASTIC AND HISTOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPE SKINS

Comparisons were made between the viscoelastic properties and the histology of the skins of two varieties of Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) and of Thompson Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera). Uniaxial tensile tests and puncture tests were performed using the Universal Testing Machine (Instron Model 1130) at three different, constant deformation rates. The grapes were prepared for sectioning by embedding in the low viscosity epoxy resin, Spurr. 1–2μ thick sections were taken and the average area of the cells of the skins calculated. The failure stress in puncture tests correlated well with average cell area (r = 0.99). The thickness of the skin was positively correlated with relaxation time determined from uniaxial tensile tests (r = 0.97).
PZT thin films for low voltage actuation: Fabrication and characterization of the transverse piezoelectric coefficient

Abstract Transverse piezoelectric coefficient d31 is a very important characteristic of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films, which have great significance for enabling MEMS applications. In this work, the d31 characteristics of PZT thin-films actuated at low voltages of less than 1 V are investigated. Square-shaped bending-type PZT thin film microactuators comprising 600 nm thick sol–gel derived 52/48 PZT thin film on SiO2/Ta/Pt layers are fabricated using thin film deposition techniques and experimentally characterized for their piezoelectric behavior. Specifically, the characteristic of the in-plane transverse piezoelectric coefficient d31 is studied as a function of the PZT poling electric fields as well as the applied actuation voltages both at low voltages (
Network software for picture archiving and communications systems

Realization of the full potential of picture archiving and communications system in radiology requires a well-designed, flexible software architecture. The architecture must be well designed to accommodate the high volume and short response times required of the system. It must be flexible to allow the software to be layered upon a variety of existing technologies and easily migrated onto emerging technology. A software architecture for a prototype network was designed. This software was originally intended to support communications across an ACR-NEMA standard interface. However, it has been designed according to ISO/OSI and most of the layers are completely independent of the physical communications media. This implementation has demonstrated the benefits of adhering to a well-accepted standard. The authors are planning to migrate the software onto Ethernet and are looking toward ISDN. >
The Amphibians and Reptiles of the 1962–1965 Yale University Prehistoric Expedition to Nubia

The Yale University Prehistoric Expedition to Nubia collected zoological specimens and archeological artifacts from Egypt and the surrounding region from 1962 to 1965. A total of 2486 herpetological specimens were collected during this time, representing 51 species and 13 families. Among the herpetological specimens is a series of 1232 Chalcides ocellatus and a recently described species of spitting cobra (Naja nubiae). Because most of the collection sites are now under Lake Nasser, most specimens represent extirpated populations. Some specimens are of taxa now considered endangered species in Egypt. Although the primary purpose of the YUPEN expedition was to preserve the rich anthropological history south of Aswan, the herpetological specimens that were preserved provide a valuable temporal snapshot into the historical ecosystems that were present in Lower Egypt.
Simulating the deformation of vesicle membranes under elastic bending energy in three dimensions

In this paper, we study the three-dimensional deformation of a vesicle membrane under the elastic bending energy, with prescribed bulk volume and surface area. Both static and dynamic deformations are considered. A newly developed energetic variational formulation is employed to give an effective Eulerian description. Efficient time and spatial discretizations are considered and implemented. Numerical experiments illustrate some fascinating phenomena that are of interests in real applications.
Feststellung der erregenden Kräfte

Bei samtlichen bis jetzt behandelten Erscheinungen sind wir, soweit erregende Krafte in Frage kamen, fast immer von einer sinusformigen oder, wie man auch zu sagen pflegt, harmonischen Kraft ausgegangen. In Wirklichkeit sind naturlich die Krafte, welche Schwingungen erzeugen, keineswegs von so einfachem Verlaufe. Die Biegungsschwingungen von Dampfturbinenfundamenten sind einer der seltenen Falle, wo tatsachlich mit genugender Annaherung als erregende Kraft fur Horizontalschwingungen die sinusformige Horizontalkomponente der Fliehkraft der rotierenden Welle und fur Vertikalschwingungen die ebenfalls harmonisch wechselnde Vertikalkomponente der Fliehkraft eingesetzt werden kann. In den meisten andern Fallen jedoch besitzen die erregenden Krafte einen sehr verwickelten zeitlichen Verlauf. Im Vorausgehenden wurde bereits gezeigt, das gefahrliche Schwingungen im allgemeinen nur entstehen konnen, wenn die erregenden Krafte dauernd auf das Massensystem einwirken, weil bei vorubergehender Einwirkung etwa entstandene Schwingungen durch die Dampfung rasch zum Erloschen kommen und keinerlei Anwachsen der Ausschlage wie etwa bei Resonanz eintreten kann. Statische Kraftwirkungen wollen wir aber, weil nicht in den Rahmen dieses Werkes fallend, ausdrucklich ausschliesen.
Fluoride and organic weak acids as modulators of microbial physiology.

Fluoride is widely used as an anticaries agent in drinking water and a variety of other vehicles. This use has resulted in major health benefits. However, there are still open questions regarding the mechanisms of anticaries action and the importance of antimicrobial effects in caries reduction. Fluoride acts in multiple ways to affect the metabolism of cariogenic and other bacteria in the mouth. F−/HF can bind directly to many enzymes, for example, heme-containing enzymes or other metalloenzymes, to modulate metabolism. Fluoride is able also to form complexes with metals such as aluminum or beryllium, and the complexes, notably AlF4− and BeF3−·H2O, can mimic phosphate with either positive or negative effects on a variety of enzymes and regulatory phosphatases. The fluoride action that appears to be most important for glycolytic inhibition at low pH in dental plaque bacteria derives from its weak-acid properties (pKa=3.15) and the capacity of HF to act as a transmembrane proton conductor. Since many of the actions of fluoride are related to its weak-acid character, it is reasonable to compare fluoride action to those of organic weak acids, including metabolic acids, food preservatives, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and fatty acids, all of which act to de-energize the cell membrane by discharging ΔpH. Moreover, with the realization that the biofilm state is the common lifestyle for most microorganisms in nature, there is need to consider interactions of fluoride and organic weak acids with biofilm communities. Hopefully, this review will stimulate interest in the antimicrobial effects of fluoride or other weak acids and lead to more effective use of the agents for disease control and other applications.
Management of tunnel infections of dialysis polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.

Abstract Extensive tunnel infections of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis grafts have traditionally been managed by total excision, including venous and arterial anastomoses. This article describes an alternative vascular approach to excision of infected dialysis PTFE grafts; success occurred in 14 of 15 excised grafts in 12 patients. The surgical procedure consisted of a 2 to 3 mm oversewn cuff of PTFE left at the arterial anastomosis, with excision of the remaining graft including the venous anastomosis. The entire tunnel tract was opened, debrided, and irrigated extensively with cefazolin solution. Wounds were closed over drains. Fourteen PTFE graft excisions healed without sequelae. This small but successful series of excised, infected PTFE dialysis grafts supports the procedure to leave a small cuff of oversewn PTFE on the artery and to close the wounds primarily over drains. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:854-8.)
Bragg curve spectroscopy in a 4π geometry

Abstract Ionization counters employing Bragg curve spectroscopy have been constructed for use in a 4π geometry. These detectors compare very favorably in terms of both energy and charge resolution with small solid angle devices. These detectors have a large dynamic range because they are backed by scintillation detectors, and are thus capable of detecting and identifying particles with energies from 1 MeV/nucleon up to 200 MeV/nucleon.
PEDIATRIC RECTAL AND PERINEAL PROBLEMS

Physicians who see infants and children provide the first line of defense in diagnosing malformations and conditions that may require surgical care. In this article, most of the problems in the rectal and perineal area with which primary care pediatricians should be acquainted are discussed. Prompt diagnosis and referral to an appropriate surgeon usually ensures a good outcome.
Coherent Nanoprobes. STEM. Defects and Amorphous Materials

In this chapter we discuss the special effects and new kinds of information which can be obtained in the coherent nanoprobe mode. This is followed by a discussion of the interpretation of conventional CBED patterns from stacking faults, dislocations, and multilayers. The chapter therefore falls into two parts: In the first sections (8.1–8.4) we are concerned with the smallest possible probes and their use for extracting information on the atomic arrangement at the core of a defect. This subject has been reviewed by Brown et al. (1988), Cowley (1978, 1992), and Spence and Carpenter (1986). In Section 8.5 on conventional CBED the aim is to extract information on the long-range, slowly varying part of the strain field. We will frequently be discussing microdiffraction from defects, so it is important to bear in mind that an emission point within the effective source (corresponding to illumination of the sample by a plane wave) no longer gives rise to a point in the diffraction pattern (as for a perfect crystal), but rather will produce a diffuse streak of scattering. If the illumination is coherent, the streaks generated by adjacent source points must then be added coherently, and the resulting intensity then depends on the aberrations and focus setting of the probe-forming lens. If the sample is weakly scattering (or consists of a small particle on a very thin substrate), the microdiffraction pattern becomes an in-line Gabor electron hologram.
Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed germination and production varies by spikelet position on the spike

Integrated management techniques for several U.S. winter wheat production regions have been proposed for jointed goatgrass control. These strategies may be improved by a greater understanding of the genetic and environmental influences on seed production and germination. Plants from six jointed goatgrass collections were grown in common garden nurseries at two Oregon locations over two growing seasons. Unbroken spikes from each collection were used to evaluate seed dormancy and quantify seed production by inflorescence position. Germination tests were conducted over 14 d using spikelets of dormant and after-ripened samples in growth chambers set to 25/15 C day/night temperatures and a 12-h photoperiod. Spikelet position on the spike affected germination of the secondary seed in dormant samples of jointed goatgrass Collections D and G. In contrast, spikelet position did not affect secondary seed germination in dormant samples of Collection B. Spikelet position did not influence secondary seed germination in nondormant samples of all three collections. Spikelet position affected germination of the primary positioned seed in dormant samples of Collection B, and in nondormant samples of Collections B, E, and H. Unbroken spikes from jointed goatgrass Collections B and D were used to quantify seed production per spikelet position on the spike and per floret position within the spikelet. Seed production by floret position depended on spikelet position on the spike. This relationship varied for spikes of different lengths and for samples from the two collections. Efforts to model the life history of jointed goatgrass and predict germination should be adjusted to account for floret position within the spikelet, spikelet position within the spike, and source population. We suggest that future dormancy and germination research include sampling seed from several weed populations and efforts be made to standardize germination tests according to seed position on the inflorescence.
SQLEM: fast clustering in SQL using the EM algorithm

Clustering is one of the most important tasks performed in Data Mining applications. This paper presents an efficient SQL implementation of the EM algorithm to perform clustering in very large databases. Our version can effectively handle high dimensional data, a high number of clusters and more importantly, a very large number of data records. We present three strategies to implement EM in SQL: horizontal, vertical and a hybrid one. We expect this work to be useful for data mining programmers and users who want to cluster large data sets inside a relational DBMS.
Energy-Band Structure of Germanium and Silicon: The k·p Method

The energy bands of germanium and silicon, throughout the entire Brillouin zone, have been obtained by diagonalizing a k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p Hamiltonian referred to 15 basis states at k=0. The basis states of the k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p Hamiltonian correspond to plane-wave states of wave vector (in units of $\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{a}$) [000], [111], and [200]. For matrix elements and energy gaps we have used, when available, experimental data from cyclotron resonance and optical measurements. The parameters not available from experimental information have been adjusted until the calculated energy bands agree with ultraviolet reflection data. The energies of the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{1}$ transition for germanium and the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}$ transition for germanium and silicon, which were not explicitly fitted, are in good agreement with experimental data. The eigenvectors of the k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p matrix provide an expansion of the wave function for any value of k in terms of the k=0 basis states. These eigenvectors have been used (1) to calculate effective masses of the lowest conduction bands in germanium (${L}_{1}$) and silicon (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$), which are in good agreement with experiment, and (2) to calculate the effects of the spin-orbit interaction on the band structure of germanium. The extension of the k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p method to calculate the band structure of zinc-blende-and wurtzite-type materials from that of the isoelectronic group IV material is discussed briefly.
Calcium sources utilized by cholecystokinin and acetylcholine in the cat gallbladder muscle

The calcium sources responsible for gallbladder contraction in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) and acetylcholine were studied in vitro in the cat. Sudden replacement of normal physiological salt solution (PSS) with calcium-free PSS blocked the contraction induced by KCl (60 mM) but did not affect the response to CCK (10(-7) M) or acetylcholine (3 x 10(-3) M). Thirty-minute incubation in PSS in which strontium (2.5 mM) was substituted for calcium blocked completely CCK (10(-10) - 10(-6) M)-induced contraction without impairing the response to acetylcholine (10(-7) - 10(-3) M) or KCl (20-80 mM). The contraction induced by acetylcholine (10(-7) - 10(-3) M) was partially blocked by hydroxyverapamil (D-600) (10(-5) M) in normal PSS (Ca 2.5 mm) and was completely blocked by D-600 in strontium (2.5 mm)-containing solution. It is concluded that CCK contracts the gallbladder muscle by mobilizing calcium from intracellular stores, whereas acetylcholine can utilize calcium both from intracellular or extracellular sources.
Exploring Lawyer Misconduct: An Examination of the Self-Regulation Process

ABSTRACTAlthough white-collar professionals are often held in high esteem, sometimes persons in privileged positions engage in misconduct. Unfortunately, very little is known about the correlates associated with professional misconduct and even less is known about the sanctioning process among lawyers who are licensed by state bar associations and therefore subject to the bar rules regulating their professional conduct. We examine 213 complaints filed in one fiscal year with the Florida Bar, alleging attorney misconduct and evaluate the factors that influence whether the complaint continued through, or was discarded at, each stage of the self-regulated grievance process. Using selection models that examine both the staff’s decision to send a case forward to the grievance committee as well as the grievance committee’s recommendation about sanctioning the lawyer, results show that both legal and extra-legal variables are related to these two processes.
Determination of total cyanide in water by flow injection

Objective:To establish a method for detection of total cyanide in water by flow injection.Methods: In this study,FSIV+ Flow Injection was selected.The sample was decomposed in an acidic medium by UV-blight.The hydrogen cyanide was separated by on-line distillation at 160℃.Then the HCN reacted with chloramine T trihydrate while pH≤8 to produce hydrogen chloride,which reacted with pyridine-barbituric acid to give a red complex for detection at wavelength of 570 nm.Results: This method had a good correlation(r0.9990,n=6),the RSD% of standards and samples were both less than 5%.The spike recovery rate in samples was between 87% and 105% and the method detection limit was 0.97 μg/L.Conclusion: The method is rapid,accurate and highly sensitive.The results are satisfactory.
Modulated Alignment Dual-Axis (MAD) Confocal Microscopy for Deep Optical Sectioining in Tissues

We present a strategy to preserve contrast over a deeper range of imaging depths in the context of confocal microscopy using low-power (0.5 mW) diode laser illumination. While the dual-axis confocal microscope architecture's intersecting illumination and collection beams significantly improves the spatial-filtering and optical-sectioning performance of confocal microscopy, we propose that modulating the spatial alignment of the dual-axis beams at a frequency f will generate a focal volume signal modulated at 2f, which further provides nearly an order-of-magnitude improvement in optical-sectioning contrast. Lock-in detection is used to remove the unmodulated background light, thereby enhancing our ability to image deeply within highly scattering tissues.
Adrenal Insufficiency: A Common Finding in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

Abstract Inflammation is believed to play a major role during vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in SCD patients (pts) and brief courses of high dose steroid therapy have been shown to shorten the duration of these events. However, rapid relapse after steroid withdrawal has limited this therapeutic approach. Even less well understood are the chronic pain syndromes experienced by many adult SCD pts. It is of interest then that chronic adrenal insufficiency may cause musculoskeletal pain; that impairment of the pituitary-adrenal axis has been described in association with opioid use as well as in some pts with chronic pain syndromes (e.g. fibromyalgia) or psychiatric disorders (e.g. anxiety and post-traumatic stress); and that hypocortisolism has been linked to increased pain sensitivity in some settings. Thus, a retrospective review was performed of measures of pituitary-adrenal function determined during the course of inpatient treatment of severe VOC in 12 adult SCD pts during a 2 month period from March thru April 2008. Pts were 22–54 yrs old and 7 were men. The SS genotype was present in 10 pts and 2 pts were S-β-thalassemia. Adrenal insufficiency was present in 9 pts (75%). Eight pts had serum cortisol values 500/mm3)in 6 pts (67%) including 3 of the 6 pts without evidence of cocaine use (50%). Serum ACTH was measured in 4 of these pts and was normal in all of them with values of 6–15 pg/ml (including 2 pts with values of 15 pg/ml) (normal = 5–27 pg/ml). Administration of 250 μg of cosyntropin intravenously resulted in increases in serum cortisol >20 μg/dl in 5 of the 7 pts tested (71%). In the 3 pts with “normal” basal serum cortisols, values were all in the low-normal range (7, 8, and 9 μg/dl) despite the presence of active infection in 2 of them and cocaine use in the third. Serum total CO2 was low in 2 of these 3 pts and eosinophilia was present in 1 of them. Moreover, one of these 3 pts had a low serum cortisol value of 4 μg/dl on a second admission 4 months later despite an active infection with an hsCRP value of 24.8 ng/ml and evidence of cocaine use. In conclusion: hypocortisolism is a common finding in adult SCD pts during severe VOC despite the frequent presence of factors usually associated with stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (i.e. acute pain, infection, inflammation and cocaine use); and the presence of metabolic acidosis and eosinophilia suggest that hypocortisolism in this setting may be functionally significant. Further studies are needed to define the mechanism and metabolic significance of hypocortisolism and to establish its role in both pain sensitivity and the chronic pain syndromes in adult SCD pts.
Characteristics of Real-Time, Non-Critical Incident Debriefing Practices in the Emergency Department

Introduction Benefits of post-simulation debriefings as an educational and feedback tool have been widely accepted for nearly a decade. Real-time, non-critical incident debriefing is similar to post-simulation debriefing, however, data on its practice is limited. Although tools such as TeamSTEPPS® (Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety) suggest debriefing after complicated medical situations, they do not teach debriefing skills suited to this purpose. Anecdotal evidence suggests that real-time debriefings (or non-critical incident debriefings) do in fact occur in emergency departments, however, limited research has been performed on this subject. The objective of this study is to characterize real-time, non-critical incident debriefing practices in Emergency Medicine (EM). Methods This was a multicenter cross sectional study of EM attendings and residents conducted at 4 large, high volume, academic EM residency programs in New York City. Questionnaire design was based on a Delphi panel and pilot testing with expert panel. A convenience sample was obtained from a potential pool of approximately 300 physicians across the 4 sites with the goal of obtaining >100 responses. The survey was sent electronically to the 4 residency list-serves with a total of 6 monthly completion reminder emails. All data was collected electronically and anonymously using surveymonkey.com and was entered and analyzed Microsoft Excel. Results The data elucidates various characteristics of current real-time debriefing trends in EM, including its definition, perceived benefits and barriers, as well as the variety of formats of debriefings currently being conducted. Conclusion This survey regarding the practice of real-time, non-critical incident debriefings in four major academic emergency programs within New York City sheds light on three major, pertinent points: 1) Real-time, non-critical incident debriefing definitely occurs in clinical emergency practice; 2) In general, real-time debriefing is perceived to be of some value with respect to education, systems and performance improvement; 3) Although being practiced by clinicians, most report no formal training in actual debriefing techniques. Further study is needed to clarify actual benefits of real-time/non-critical incident debriefing as well as details on potential pitfalls of this practice and recommendations for best practices for use.
Enzymes at work are enzymes in motion

Enzymes provide the necessary impetus for chemical reactions to occur at a rate that can support biological life. They do so by forming a unique enzyme-substrate complex and thus lowering the energy required for a substrate to convert to a product. Numerous approaches have been used for more than 50 years to unravel the mechanisms of enzyme-mediated catalysis ( 1 ). Initial kinetic experiments helped to ascertain substrate specificity. Spectroscopic data have shown that enzymes are not static, and more recently, atomic-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data have revealed the extent and duration of the structural fluctuations ( 2 – 4 ). On page 262 of this issue, Kim et al. ( 5 ) use structural and computational methods to provide evidence for the crucial roles of protein dynamics and water in enzyme catalysis.
Objectively measured sedentary behavior and quality of life among survivors of early stage breast cancer.

This study examined relationships between sedentary behavior accumulated in different bout durations and quality of life (QoL) among breast cancer survivors. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors completed the Short Form Health Survey to assess QoL and wore an accelerometer to measure sedentary behavior and physical activity between August 2011 and May 2013. Participants (n = 134) averaged 509.7 min/day in sedentary time with 285.2 min/day in short bouts (<20 min) and 224.5 min/day long bouts (≥20 min). Linear regression models indicated that greater total sedentary time was significantly associated with worse physical QoL (b = −0.70, p = 0.02) but not mental QoL (p = 0.92). Models that examined the accumulation of sedentary time in short bouts and long bouts together showed that time in long sedentary bouts was significantly related to physical QoL (b = −0.72, p = 0.02), while time in short bouts was not (p = 0.63). Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was a significant effect modifier of the relation between time spent in long sedentary bouts and physical QoL (p = 0.028) such that greater time in long bouts was associated with worse physical QoL only among women with lower levels of MVPA. Findings indicate that time spent in long sedentary bouts is associated with worse physical QoL among breast cancer survivors who do not engage in high levels of MVPA. Future research should examine reducing sedentary time as a potential strategy to improve physical QoL.
Understanding physical activity in cancer patients and survivors: new methodology, new challenges, and new opportunities

Since the early 1990s, accumulating evidence has suggested that regular, sustained participation in physical activity may help prevent the onset and development of certain types of cancer. Given the worldwide incidence and prevalence of cancer, there is increasing interest in physical activity as a nonpharmacological intervention and prevention method. Moreover, the effectiveness of new and improved cancer therapies has also increased interest in the potential health benefits of physical activity during and after treatment. The development of wearable device technology (e.g., accelerometers) to monitor physical activity has created unprecedented opportunities to better understand the potential health benefits of physical activity in cancer patients and survivors by allowing researchers to observe, quantify, and define physical activity in real-world settings. This granular, detailed level of measurement provides the opportunity for researchers and clinicians to obtain a greater understanding of the health benefits of daily physical activity beyond the well-established benefits of "moderate-to-vigorous" physical activity and to tailor recommendations to a feasible level of activity for older and/or sicker patients and survivors. This article provides an overview of accelerometers, the potential benefits-and challenges-of using these devices in the research and clinical settings, and recommendations for future applications.
A Strategic Racial Equity Framework.

Despite the achievement of key civil rights milestones as well as growing public awareness and concern, educational inequities for students of color and other historically marginalized students con...
Multi-level Analysis of the Functioning of the Neurobiological Threat System in Adolescents: Implications for Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Purpose of Review Advancement in knowledge of the neurobiological underpinnings of suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) will require multi-level approaches to understand the typical and atypical developmental processes in systems that are relevant to these aberrant behaviors. Here we focus on the threat system as a prototype, with the goal of integrating research investigating both the central and peripheral arms of this system, as well as the interplay between the brain and the body, during adolescence.
SPATIAL ADJUSTMENTS IN GRAIN PRODUCTION IN LATE TSARIST RUSSIA

The late nineteenth century world grain market expanded as prices declined and trade increased. As competition increased, Russian producers adapted to market conditions. Russian grain output increa...
Abstract 17531: Importance of Programmed Stimulation Under Conscious Sedation for Patients Referred for Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation

Background: Many non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICMP) patients referred for catheter ablation undergo an up-front epicardial approach under general anesthesia (GA). However, GA may suppress inducibi...
Elucidating the atomistic mechanisms underpinning plasticity in Li-Si nanostructures

Amorphous lithium-silicon (a-Li-Si), especially in nanostructure form, is an attractive high-capacity anode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries. During cycles of charging and discharging, a-Li-Si undergoes substantive inelastic deformation and exhibits microcracking. The mechanical response to repeated lithiation-delithiation eventually results in the loss of electrical contact and consequent decrease of capacity, thus underscoring the importance of studying the plasticity of a-Li-Si nanostructures. In recent years, a variety of phenomenological continuum theories have been introduced that purport to model plasticity and the electro-chemo-mechanical behavior of a-Li-Si. Unfortunately, the micromechanisms and atomistic considerations underlying plasticity in Li-Si material are not yet fully understood and this impedes the development of physics-based constitutive models. Conventional molecular dynamics, although extensively used to study this material, is grossly inadequate to resolve this matter. As is well known, conventional molecular dynamics simulations can only address phenomena with characteristic time scales of (at most) a microsecond. Accordingly, in such simulations, the mechanical behavior is deduced under conditions of very high strain rates (usually, ${10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or even higher). This limitation severely impacts a realistic assessment of rate-dependent effects. In this work, we attempt to circumvent the time-scale bottleneck of conventional molecular dynamics and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underpinning plastic deformation of Li-Si nanostructures. We utilize an approach that allows imposition of slow strain rates and involves the employment of a new and recently developed potential energy surface sampling method---the so-called autonomous basin climbing---to identify the local minima in the potential energy surface. Combined with other techniques, such as nudged elastic band, kinetic Monte Carlo and transition state theory, we assess the behavior of a-Li-Si nanostructures under tensile strain rates ranging from ${10}^{3}$ to ${10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. We find significant differences in the deformation behavior across the strain rates and discover that the well-known shear transformation zones (widely discussed in the context of amorphous materials) are formed by a ``diffusionlike'' process. We identify the rotation of the shear transformation zone as a key dissipation mechanism.
The diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases

Physical semeiotics, the laboratory, radiology and histology represent the diagnostic tools for metabolic bone diseases. Past medical history and a full objective examination form the basis for every type of diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Familial patterns, the range of drugs used by the patient, the concomitance of diseases affecting mineral metabolism, and the presence of deformities or typical characteristics of some clinical conditions allow the clinician to orientate his diagnosis. Some laboratory tests (serum calcium and phosphate, calciuria) are useful for screening, whereas others (parathyroid hormone and other calciotrophic hormones, biochemical parameters of bone remodeling) must be carried out only for precise diagnostic purposes. In addition to highlighting and characterizing fractures, plane radiology is indicated for the differential diagnosis of focal bone diseases. In the latter diagnosis is facilitated by bone scintigraphy which reveals areas of accelerated bone remodelling. The quantitative evaluation of bone mass using non-invasive methods is of fundamental importance in osteopenic syndromes. Of all the techniques evolved in the past, only quantitative computerized tomography and X-ray computerized mineralometry are used today in the diagnosis and management of osteoporotic patients. The choice of one or other technique should be based on the clinical necessity and on their respective accuracy and reproducibility. Histomorphometric bone biopsy is indicated only in cases of rapid bone loss with uncertain biochemical conditions and for the diagnosis of mineralization disorders.
Evaluación de las universidades privadas de América Latina : perspectiva comparativa de la República Dominicana

Se evaluan las experiencias de universidades privadas en America Latina, presentando su crecimiento, sus diferentes metas y los intereses y grupos a que sirven. Este trabajo analiza en que sentidos, dentro de que contextos, con que reservaciones, y para quien, el sector privado ha sido un exito o no.
Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Associated With Unexplained Infertility

Context Unexplained infertility (UI), defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse with no diagnosed cause, affects 10% to 30% of infertile couples. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying UI could lead to less invasive and less costly treatment strategies. Abnormalities in thyroid function and hyperprolactinemia are well-known causes of infertility, but whether thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin levels within the normal range are associated with UI is unknown. Objective To compare TSH and prolactin levels in women with UI and women with a normal fertility evaluation except for an azoospermic or severely oligospermic male partner. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study including women evaluated at a large academic health system between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012 with normal TSH (levels within the normal range of the assay and ≤5 mIU/L) and normal prolactin levels (≤20 ng/mL) and either UI (n = 187) or no other cause of infertility other than an azoospermic or severely oligospermic partner (n = 52). Main Outcome Measures TSH and prolactin. Results Women with UI had significantly higher TSH levels than controls [UI: TSH 1.95 mIU/L, interquartile range: (1.54, 2.61); severe male factor: TSH 1.66 mIU/L, interquartile range: (1.25, 2.17); P = 0.003]. This finding remained significant after we controlled for age, body mass index, and smoking status. Nearly twice as many women with UI (26.9%) had a TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L compared with controls (13.5%; P < 0.05). Prolactin levels did not differ between the groups. Conclusions Women with UI have higher TSH levels compared with a control population. More studies are necessary to determine whether treatment of high-normal TSH levels decreases time to conception in couples with UI.