cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taiwanese Rainfall Variability associated with Large-scale Climate Phenomena

Abstract Examining the physical mechanisms through which large scale climate indicators, e.g., El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole, affect hydroclimatic variables in the tropics and extratropics is a scientific challenge. In this study, climatic relationships between large-scale climate indices (CIs) and Taiwan rainfall variability were examined. Not only leading patterns of observed monthly total and extreme rainfall were estimated through an empirical orthogonal teleconnection method (EOT), but also correlation and regression analyses were performed for the leading rainfall patterns and various CIs based on atmospheric-ocean circulation dataset. From the spatial structure of the leading EOT patterns for total and extreme rainfall, the north-coast mode in the cold seasons and the middle-inland mode for the warm seasons were detected. The temporal cycle of the leading EOT patterns indicates decreasing trends in the cold seasons and oscillations mainly on decadal timescales in the warm seasons. The leading EOT patterns of total rainfall showed more widespread coherent patterns than those of extreme rainfall with more variance in rainfall variability. The findings from this study illustrate that tropical ENSO forcing has a coherent association with March and October–November rainfall patterns, while the Indian Ocean Dipole is identified as a driver for rainfall variability during spring and fall. The western North Pacific monsoon activity has a negative (positive) correlation with March (October and December) rainfall variabilities and tropical cyclone indices also exhibit significant positive correlation with October rainfalls. The leading patterns of the October and following-year March rainfall time series are predictable at up to nine-month lead time from the tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs).
Indications and outcomes of combined heart-liver transplant: A systematic review and met-analysis.

Abstract Background Combined heart-liver transplantation (CHLT) has become a viable option for treating concomitant heart and liver failure. However, data are lacking with respect to long-term outcomes. Methods An electronic search was performed to identify all studies on CHLT. Following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of seven studies consisting of 99 CHLT patients were included from the original 1864 articles. Results CHLT recipient mean age was 53.0 years (95% CI 48.0–58.0), 67.5% of which (95% CI 56.5–76.9) were male. 65.5% (95% CI 39.0–85.0) of patients developed heart failure due to amyloidosis whereas 21.6% (95% CI 12.3–35.2) developed heart failure due to congenital causes. The most common indication for liver transplant was amyloidosis [65.5% (95% CI 39.0–85.0)] followed by liver failure due to hepatitis C [13.8% (95% CI 2.1–54.4)]. The mean intensive care unit length of stay was 8 days (95% CI 5–11) with a mean length of stay of 24 days (95% CI 17–31). Cardiac allograft rejection within the first year was 24.7% (95% CI 9.5–50.7), including antibody mediated [5% (95% CI 1.7–15.2)] and T-cell mediated rejection [22.7% (95% CI 8.8–47.1)]. Overall survival was 87.5% (95% CI 78.6–93.0) at 1 year and 84.3% (95% CI 75.4–90.5) at 5 years. Conclusions CHLT in select patients with coexisting end-stage heart and liver failure appears to offer high survival and low rejection rates.
Retrofitting social learning theory with contemporary understandings of learning and memory derived from cognitive psychology and neuroscience

•Social learning theory has experienced numerous criticisms it has been unable to address in regard to its concept of differential reinforcement•These criticisms can be addressed by revising the theory with learning and memory concepts present within cognitive psychology and neuroscience•New research methodologies and technologies become available to criminologists as a result of revising the theory
Racial Equity and the Future of Work

Automation is changing the nature of work in ways that are profoundly impacting the social and built environments.1 One recent study estimates that 47% of US jobs are at near-future risk of becomin...
Emergency Response Times for Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes, 1975–2017:

Emergency response times are an important component of road safety outcomes. Research has shown that there are potential benefits from shortened response times in patient outcomes for motor vehicle...
New insights on the Par-Tee (35CLT20) site: Collections-based research of northern Oregon Coast fisheries

Museum-based archaeological research is multifaceted due to the diverse excavation histories, sampling strategies, curation practices, and available documentation for museum collections. Museum-bas...
Impact of isolation methods on the biophysical heterogeneity of single extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have raised high expectations as a novel class of diagnostics and therapeutics. However, variabilities in EV isolation methods and the unresolved structural complexity of these biological-nanoparticles (sub-100 nm) necessitate rigorous biophysical characterization of single EVs. Here, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), micro-fluidic resistive pore sizing (MRPS), and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) techniques, we compared the size, structure and unique surface properties of breast cancer cell-derived small EVs (sEV) obtained using four different isolation methods. AFM and dSTORM particle size distributions showed coherent unimodal and bimodal particle size populations isolated via centrifugation and immune-affinity methods respectively. More importantly, AFM imaging revealed striking differences in sEV nanoscale morphology, surface nano-roughness, and relative abundance of non-vesicles among different isolation methods. Precipitation-based isolation method exhibited the highest particle counts, yet nanoscale imaging revealed the additional presence of aggregates and polymeric residues. Together, our findings demonstrate the significance of orthogonal label-free surface characteristics of single sEVs, not discernable via conventional particle sizing and counts alone. Quantifying key nanoscale structural characteristics of sEVs, collectively termed ‘EV-nano-metrics’ enhances the understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of sEV isolates, with broad implications for EV-analyte based research and clinical use.
CSF Leaks due to Electric Scooter Injury

BACKGROUND There has been a rapid increase in electric motorized scooter (e-scooter) usage after the introduction of dockless, shareable devices. METHODS Case series from three tertiary hospitals in Los Angeles between May-September 2019. RESULTS Five patients had skull base fractures and CSF leaks or pneumocephalus after e-scooter accident, none wore helmets. Two patients were treated with observation alone, two patients were treated with lumbar drain or external ventriculostomy placement, and one patient died of their injuries prior to definitive management. CONCLUSION Without appropriate safety policies in place, the number of such injuries may increase as the use of e-scooters increase. Laryngoscope, 131:E1035-E1037, 2021.
Performance analysis of nano-sat scale μCAT electric propulsion for 3U CubeSat attitude control

Abstract In recent years, the complexity of CubeSat missions has been increasing steadily as the platform capabilities have drastically improved. Missions involving high-accuracy pointing and interplanetary exploration are no longer out of the reach of CubeSat-class satellites. For fine-pointing, the currently available options are dominated by reaction-wheels. One promising alternative is the use of low-thrust propulsion systems for providing fine pointing capability. Electric propulsion systems will not have the high slew-rate of the reaction wheels or ΔV responsiveness of conventional thrusters. However, if the main objective of the mission is in providing high-accuracy pointing, long-term attitude stability, orbit maintenance, and long-term orbit maneuvers, then a multi-thruster electrical propulsion system can be substituted as the combined attitude control and propulsion system, resulting in volume and cost savings. This paper characterizes the performance of one such CubeSat attitude control system. First, the characterization results of a representative CubeSat-scale electric propulsion system, the μCAT vacuum arc thruster, are given. Using these performance parameters, the theoretical pointing accuracy and target dwell time are analyzed and discussed. The paper also highlights potential application of the electric propulsion system and provides comparison results of the system performance as compared to other commercially available units in terms of cost, volumetric efficiency, and resource consumption.
Improved training for the deep learning wavefront sensor

We have recently proposed the deep learning wavefront sensor, capable of directly estimating Zernike coefficients of aberrated wavefronts from a single intensity image by using a convolutional neural network. However, deep neural networks demand an intensive training stage, where more training examples allow to improve the accuracy and increase the amount of the estimated Zernike modes. Since low order aberrations such as tip and tilt only produce space-invariant motion of the PSF, we propose to treat tip and tilt estimation separately when training the deep learning wavefront sensor, decreasing the training efforts while keeping the wavefront sensor performance. In this paper, we also introduce and test simpler architectures for deep learning wavefront sensing, while exploring the impact of reducing the number of pixels to estimate a given amount of Zernike coefficients. Our preliminary results indicate that we can achieve a significant prediction speedup aiming for real time adaptive optics systems.
Utilizing the Fourth Dimension for Patient Education in Cardiovascular Surgery.

Abstract The complex three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the cardiovascular system presents a steep learning obstacle to patients in understanding cardiovascular diseases and surgical procedures. Although 3D printed models have become very popular in surgical education, 2D cross-sections remain standard in clinical practice due to costs and availability. In this report, we demonstrate how the free 3D modeling software Meshmixer can be used to add a fourth dimension to patient education by exploiting interactive 3D modeling. This report serves as proof of concept for the feasibility and potential utility of interactive 3D modeling as an inexpensive tool for cardiovascular surgery patient education.
The Invisible Hand of the Periodic Table: How Micronutrients Shape Ecology

Beyond the better-studied carbohydrates and the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, a remaining 20 or so elements are essential for life and have distinct geographical distributions, making the...
Interaction of acute transforming retroviruses with murine hematopoietic cells.

There is emerging evidence that several retroviral onc gene products possess functional, structural, and amino acid sequence homology. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), Abelson-murine leukemia virus (Abelson-MuLV), and Snyder-Thei1en feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV) code for related phosphoproteins that have associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity (Barbacid et al., 1 980; Witte et al., 1980; Reddy et al., 1983). BALB-, Harvey-, and Kirsten-murine sarcoma viruses (MSVs) are members of another family whose 21,000 dalton transforming proteins possess GDP binding and autophosphorylation activity (Shih et al., 1979; Andersen et al., 1981). Investigation of the diversity of hematopoietic target cells susceptible to neoplastic transformation by specific retroviruses might be expected to provide insights into the relationship of the differentiated state of a cell and its susceptibility to the action of a family of onc genes. As an approach to this question, we took advantage of We availability of hematopoietic cell transformation assay systems to analyze the array of cellular targets whose growth and differentiation could be altered by different retroviral onc genes.
The refurbished Z facility : capabilities and recent experiments.

The Z Refurbishment Project was completed in September 2007. Prior to the shutdown of the Z facility in July 2006 to install the new hardware, it provided currents of {le} 20 MA to produce energetic, intense X-ray sources ({approx} 1.6 MJ, > 200 TW) for performing high energy density science experiments and to produce high magnetic fields and pressures for performing dynamic material property experiments. The refurbishment project doubled the stored energy within the existing tank structure and replaced older components with modern, conventional technology and systems that were designed to drive both short-pulse Z-pinch implosions and long-pulse dynamic material property experiments. The project goals were to increase the delivered current for additional performance capability, improve overall precision and pulse shape flexibility for better reproducibility and data quality, and provide the capacity to perform more shots. Experiments over the past year have been devoted to bringing the facility up to full operating capabilities and implementing a refurbished suite of diagnostics. In addition, we have enhanced our X-ray backlighting diagnostics through the addition of a two-frame capability to the Z-Beamlet system and the addition of a high power laser (Z-Petawatt). In this paper, we will summarize the changes made to themore » Z facility, highlight the new capabilities, and discuss the results of some of the early experiments.« less
Regulation of adenosine 3‘:5‘-monophosphate content of rous sarcoma virus-transformed human astrocytoma cells. Effects of cholera toxin on the responsiveness to catecholamines and prostaglandins.

Human astrocytoma cells (EH118MG) respond to catecholamines and prostaglandins with a marked increase in the rate of formation of cyclic AMP. Treatment of EH118MG cells with cholera toxin (10 to 100 ng/ml) for 45 to 60 min caused an increase in cellular cyclic AMP content (5- to 10-fold over basal). Cholera toxin also decreased the K0.5 for isoproterenol 10- to 50-fold and decreased the K0.5 for prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)30- to 100-fold, while increasing the maximal response to PGE1 by 1.5- to 3-fold. Treatment with cholera toxin did not change the K1 values for beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as propranolol, alprenolol, and sotalol. Direct binding studies using [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol indicated no significant changes in the number of beta-receptors or in the kinetics of the interaction of the radioligand with receptors after treatment of cells with the toxin. Competition binding studies with propranolol and sotalol revealed no toxin-induced change in Kd values for these antagonists. Treatment with cholera toxin caused only small decreases (2- to 3-fold) in the Kd values for binding of isoproterenol and norepinephrine. It is concluded that cholera toxin has little direct effect on the binding of agonists or antagonists to beta-receptors, but instead increases the efficiency of coupling of receptor and catalytic moieties of adenylate cyclase.
Chemical characteristics of the products of the complexation reaction between copper(II) and a tetra-aza macrocycle in the presence of chloride ions

The reaction of copper(II) perchlorate with the hydrochloride salt of 3,6,9,15-tetra-azabicyclo[9.3.1]penta-deca-1,11,13-triene (L1) in acetonitrile forms two macrocyclic complexes that can be characterized: [L1CuIICl][ClO4] (1) and [L1CuIICl]2[CuCl4] (2). The structural, electronic, and redox properties of these complexes were studied using spectroscopy (EPR and UV–visible) and electrochemistry. In addition, the solid-state structure of 1 was obtained using X-ray diffraction. The copper(II) is five-coordinate ligated by four N-atoms of the macrocycle and a chloride atom. EPR studies of 1 both in DMF and aqueous solution indicate the presence of a single copper(II) species. In contrast, EPR studies of 2 performed in frozen DMF and in the solid-state reveal the presence of two spectroscopically distinct copper(II) complexes assigned as [L1CuIICl]+ and [CuIICl4]2−. Lastly, electrochemical studies demonstrate that both [L1CuIICl]+ and [CuIICl4]2− are redox active. Specifically, the [L1CuIICl]+ undergoes a qu...
Experimental test on temperature rise of conductors in roof-mounted conduits

Conductors for most buildings in the United States are sized using the National Electrical Code (NEC). The 2014 NEC now requires that a value be added to the ambient temperature used to determine the ampacity of conductors installed on rooftops. This paper reports the results of a related experimental test (on both energized and non-energized cables) that is conducted on a rooftop of a building located in the desert southwest during the hottest period of the year. The recorded temperature rise of the conductors tested is compared to the temperature adders specified in the Code. The maximum recorded temperature of the energized conductors is also compared to the rated temperature of the conductor insulation.
Improvement of discrete band-limited signal extrapolation by iterative subspace modification

In this paper, we present a technique to improve the performance of discrete band-limited signal extrapolation by recursively changing the associate weighting function. During the process, the weighting is replaced iteratively by the amplitude of the spectral distribution of the previous estimate. This alters the sensitivity of the algorithm and results in considerable enhancement of the performance.
Challenges and opportunities for InP HBT mixed signal circuit technology

Mixed signal circuits based on InP HBTs are being challenged for meeting DoD high bandwidth and dynamic range requirements by aggressively scaled SiGe bipolar technology. This paper presents the challenges that conventional mesa InP HBT technology must overcome (primarily scaling and integration complexity) to maintain its competitive advantage over the silicon alternative. Approaches to overcoming these challenges are identified.
Palynostratigraphy of the Zechstein in the North Sudetic Trough

Four spore-pollen assemblages representing the Lueckisporites virkkiae palynological zone were distinguished within the evaporitic deposits of the Zechstein in the North Sudetic Trough. It was the first attempt to apply biostratigraphy in a series which has been distinguished so far only according to lithological criteria. All the assemblages are strongly dominated by xerophytic elements.
Lessons in Social Action: Equipping and Inspiring Students to Improve Their World

ABSTRACT The authors of this article argue that it is the responsibility of teacher educators to provide preservice teacher candidates with the tools necessary to address issues of social justice and equity in their future classrooms. By incorporating a critical literacy approach, primary sources, role playing, and civic debates within the teaching strategies taught in their university courses, they can foster a sense of justice and social change in teacher candidates that will transfer to the teacher candidates' future students. The authors provide first-person accounts and detailed descriptions of the four strategies being used in real classroom situations.
The factor structure of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II in Trinidadian children and adolescents

Abstract Part of understanding normal and abnormal fear in children and adolescents is having knowledge of how they acquire fears and of how fears change across development. One way to examine the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the experience of fear is to study fear across cultures. The Fear Survey Schedule for Children—II [FSSC-II; Gullone, E., & King, N. J. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of a revised fear survey schedule for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33 , 987–998] is one measure that has some evidence for cross-cultural validity. The present analysis examined the factor structure of the FSSC-II scores of 884 Trinidadian children and adolescents. Factor consistency across age, sex, and nationality (Trinidadian and American) was examined by calculating the coefficients of congruence for each pair of conceptually similar factors. Results indicated a five-factor structure for the overall sample. Although the solution was conceptually similar to those reported in other studies that used versions of the FSSC, the obtained structure was not congruent across age, sex, or nationality.
Work performance, ability, and voluntary turnover among psychiatric aides.

No significant differences in work performance or verbal ability were found between psychiatric aides who stayed (n = 139) and those who voluntarily left (n = 41) during a 1-yr. follow-up of new hires The findings were important to the two hospitals involved in the study since voluntary leavers were not higher in performance or ability than those who stayed. While there were no differences between the two groups on age, sex, or education, lower turnover was found among black than among white aides. No consistent relation of performance to turnover was similar to that reported in recent literature. It is evident from the 1985 research of Wells and Muchinsky that a simple relation between performance and turnover may not exist but may be dependent upon specific organizational practices of rewarding performance and external market conditions.
Response surface studies that elucidate the role of infiltration conditions on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transgene expression in harvested switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression (agroinfiltration) experiments were performed in harvested switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) leaves to identify the effects of wounding by bead beating, surfactant concentration and vacuum application on in planta β-glucuronidase expression and leaf decay. Expression was scored based on a consistent pattern of visual observations of histochemical staining over the leaf surface as might be observed in stable gene expression in switchgrass leaves. Assays on extracts from leaves were also performed to measure expression levels; however, these assays showed low expression levels, which may have been due to low recombinant protein recovery and decomposition in the leaf. Bead beating was successful for wounding the plant surface, but did not improve the consistency of expression based on histochemical staining observations. Surfactant was necessary for improving contact between the leaf surface and Agrobacterium suspension and consistently improved expression when vacuum application level was low (25 kPa). Increasing vacuum application from 25 to 5 kPa improved expression only when surfactant concentration was low. When a suspension of A. tumefaciens containing 1000 ppm Break-Thru surfactant was added to harvested leaves and 25 kPa vacuum applied, a fairly uniform expression was visualized across the leaf surface within 2–3 days of incubation, suggesting that agroinfiltration is a rapid tool for examining expression of transgenes in switchgrass leaves.
Freud's Illusion: New Approaches to Intractable Issues

In his later theological work The Future of an Illusion, Freud (1927/1961) makes provocative suggestions about the psychological significance of religious ideas. Freud begins by analyzing their meaning in the lives of particular individuals. He then extrapolates to a critique of their effect on human civilization. Religion originally evolved in order to explain difficult concepts such as death and fate. It quickly outgrew its purely theological dimensions and became a social regulator by coercing compliance with a set of cultural norms. The purpose of this article is not to evaluate whether Freud was right, that is, if religion in fact is an illusion. Rather, using concepts derived from current work in analytical theology, it examines the internal logic of Freud's analysis and some of the assumptions he made to reach this conclusion. Despite his theoretical insights, much of Freud's reasoning is invalid and many of his premises are questionable. Freud adopts assertions without explaining them and does not...
RE: “USING HEAD-ON COLLISIONS TO COMPARE RISK OF DRIVER DEATH BY FRONTAL AIR BAG GENERATION: A MATCHED-PAIR COHORT STUDY”

Comment on: Braver ER, Kufera JA, Alexander MT, et al. Using head-on collisions to compare risk of driver death by frontal air bag generation: a matched-pair cohort study. Am J Epidemiol (2008) 167(5):546-552. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm336) Braver et. al. reply -- doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn053 Language: en
Olfactory perception and bulbar electrical activity in several avian species

Abstract Our earlier work on the olfactory responses of pigeons has been extended to six other species of birds, viz., canary ( Serinus canaris ), bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus virginianus ), mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ), turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ), raven ( Corvus corax ), and blackvented shearwater ( Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas ). Heart rate and respiration were monitored in all of these forms during presentation of olfactory stimuli of pure air or bright light. In all but raven, canary and quail, the electrical activity of the olfactory bulb was also recorded through permanently implanted electrodes. Amyl acetate, pyridine, and trimethylpentane were used as olfactory stimuli with all species; the vulture and shearwaters were also tested with natural stimuli of decayed meat and ground fish, respectively. Olfactory bulb electrical activity showed characteristic vertebrate components such as inspiration-linked intrinsic spindles in the frequency range between 20 and 40 Hz, a large ac spike at the onset of odor stimulation that probably corresponds to the electro-bulbo-olfactogram of dc recording, and desynchronization as a result of visual stimulation during a period of relaxation. No consistent species differences were seen. Responses to amyl acetate and trimethylpentane were characteristically different across species. All forms but the raven showed significant somatic responses to some, but not all, of the odorous stimuli presented. Surprisingly, the raven failed to show such responses even to the visual stimulus. The somatic responses were more reliable in species with larger olfactory bulbs, such as the ducks and shear-waters, but were found in birds with extremely small bulbs as well. It seems fair to say that perceptual capacity for olfactory stimuli is likely to exist in all avian species but may differ widely in amount and significance.
Epitaxial CeO2 buffer layers and cross-overs for YBa2Cu3O7 thin films

Abstract We have grown epitaxial trilayer structures of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 /CeO 2 /YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 using pulsed laser deposition. The thin films were grown on a CeO 2 buffer layer deposited on R-plane sapphire. The crystal quality and orientation of the CeO 2 and the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 layers has been determined using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope cross-sections. All of the constituent films of the trilayer structure grow epitaxially and have sharp interfaces at an atomic level. The films have Tc above 88K, resistance ratioss between 2.5 and 3.0 and surface resistances at 31 GHz and 77K, which are lower than that of copper.
A Delphi toolkit for ecotourism research

The Delphi is considered a legitimate and valuable research technique in a range of research fields. Its value is based on its utility for forecasting, issue identification or prioritisation, and concept or framework development. However, systematic guidelines for designing and executing a Delphi are not widely available. Concomitantly, a plethora of methodological interpretations are proving a source of confusion for the Delphi architect. This paper explores the utility of a proposed generic Delphi toolkit (GDT) for designing and implementing a Delphi study. An ecotourism research example is introduced as a basis for testing the GDT and for a critical review of its benefits and challenges for ecotourism research.
Families of offshore oil workers: Adaptations to cyclical father absence/presence

In this article, we examine the familial structures that develop among offshore oil‐worker families. Data were collected from interviews with 147 families. Results indicate six permanent familial structures among these families: egalitarian, alternating authority, contingent authority, marginal father, replacement/kin, and conflict. The sixth type—conflict—was divided into two subgroups: terminal conflict, the temporary response among those families unable to cope with the problem associated with nonstandardized work schedule, and habitual conflict, the response of families who disagreed on what familial strategies they should use.
Control of cerebral blood velocity with furosemide-induced hypovolemia and upright tilt

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exacerbated reductions of cerebral blood velocity (CBV) during upright tilt with dehydration are associated with impaired cerebrovascular control. Nine healthy men were tilted head-up (HUT) to 70° for 10 min on two occasions separated by 7 days under euhydration (EUH) and dehydration (DEH; 40 mg of furosemide and water restriction) conditions. Beat-by-beat arterial pressures and CBV were measured during a 5-min supine baseline and during the first (T1) and last (T2) 5 min of HUT. Cerebral autoregulation and arterial baroreflex sensitivity were assessed in the frequency domain with cross-spectral techniques. DEH reduced plasma volume by 10% (P = 0.008) and supine mean CBV (CBV(mean)) by 11% (P = 0.002). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume, and baroreflex sensitivity decreased during HUT (P ≤ 0.002), but absolute reductions were similar between hydration conditions, with the exception of stroke volume, which was lower at T1 during DEH than EUH (P = 0.04). CBV(mean) during DEH was lower (7 cm/s) over the course of the entire 10 min of HUT (P ≤ 0.004) than during EUH. Low-frequency oscillations (0.07-0.2 Hz) of MAP and CBV(mean) and MAP-CBV(mean) coherence were higher during DEH than EUH at T1 (P ≤ 0.02), but not at T2. Our results suggest that increased coherence between arterial pressure and CBV with the combination of DEH and HUT are indicative of altered cerebrovascular control. Increased CBV oscillations with DEH may reflect acute protective mechanisms to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion under conditions of reduced central blood volume.
Overview: the centre for advanced studies

The Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS) was founded in 1990 to facilitate the transfer of research ideas into products. This essay describes the original goals of CAS, how they have been applied, and how they have evolved. CAS has successfully moved concepts into products, matched students with appropriate jobs, demonstrated IBM's commitment to leadership by integrating current research into products available to customers, and supported academic research by doctoral students and faculty from more than 30 universities. More than 150 professors have received CAS funds. As we move into our eighth year, CAS is poised to expand beyond North America and to involve additional IBM sites.
Enthalpy of Solution and Kovats Retention Indices for Nitroaromatic Compounds on Stationary Phases Using Gas Chromatography

Worldwide terrorism has recently resulted in increased efforts to detect and identify explosive residues. Availability of experimentally determined thermochemical data for explosive compounds and their degradation products is limited, however. Gas chromatography was used to determine the enthalpy of solution, ΔsolH, for a series of nitroaromatic explosives and explosive degradation products including nitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 3-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, 1,2-dinitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 1,4-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 3,4-dinitrotoluene, 3,5-dinitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Four polar stationary phases (by mass composition), namely, 80 % dimethyl + 20 % diphenyl polysiloxane, 14 % cyanopropylphenyl + 86 % dimethyl polysiloxane, 50 % phenyl + 50 % methyl polysiloxane, and 100 % polyethylene glycol, were evaluated with the 13 nitroaromatic compounds. Isothermal Kovats retention indices are also reported for the nitroaromatics as well...
The preparation of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor through a self-redox method

Preparation de YBCO a partir d'acetates et nitrates metalliques dans un rapport specifique, sechage par pulverisation, calcination et frittage
Semiconducting Cadmium Telluride

Both $n$-type and $p$-type conductivity can be obtained in cadmium telluride. The intrinsic band gap of cadmium telluride is 1.45 ev. Electron and hole mobilities are at least 30 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec. The activation energies of $p$-type impurities are much larger than those of $n$-type impurities in cadmium telluride, indicating an explanation for the failure to find $p$-type conductivity in cadmium sulfide or selenide.
FLAGELLAR MOVEMENT AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN SEA URCHIN SPERM EXTRACTED WITH TRITON X-100

Extraction with 0 04% (w/v) Triton X-100 removes the flagellar membrane from sea urchin sperm while leaving the motile apparatus apparently intact When reactivated in a suitable medium containing exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nearly 100% of the sperm are motile and they swim in a manner resembling that of live sperm. Under standard conditions, with 1 mM ATP at 25 degrees C, the reactivated sperm had an average frequency of 32 beats/sec and progressed forward a distance of 2.4 microm/beat; comparable figures for live sperm in seawater were 46 beats/sec and 3 9 microm/beat. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the reactivated sperm was measured with a pH-stat in the presence of oligomycin to inhibit residual mitochondrial ATPase. The motile sperm had an ATPase activity of 0.16 micromole P(i)/(min x mg protein), while sperm that had been rendered non-motile by homogenizing had an activity of 0 045 micromole P(i)/(min x mg protein). The difference between the ATPase activities of the motile and nonmotile sperm was tentatively interpreted as the amount of activity coupled to movement, and under optimal conditions it amounted to about 72% of the total ATPase activity Under some conditions the movement-coupled ATPase activity was proportional to the beat frequency, but it was possibly also affected by other wave parameters. The coupled ATPase activity decreased to almost zero when movement was prevented by raising the viscosity, or by changing the pH or salt concentration. The motility of reactivated sperm was wholly dependent on the presence of ATP; other nucleotides gave very low phosphatase activity and no movement. The requirement for a divalent cation was best satisfied with Mg(++), although some motility was also obtained with Mn(++) and Ca(++). The coupled ATPase activity had a Michaelis constant (K(m)) of 0.15 mM. The beat frequency of the reactivated sperm varied with the ATP concentration, with an effective "K(m)" of 0.2 mM.
Ensuring Success in the Music Classroom

The research results reported here are drawn from two studies. Each study offers the reader a new per spective on a problem or presents suggestions for more effective teach ing, learning, and evaluation at the secondary level.
In situ protamine release: a versatile sample preparation method for the electrophoretic analysis of nuclear proteins on acid/urea-based gels.

Abstract Protamine sulfate is used to release histones and other basic proteins from the DNA of chromatin. This phenomenon becomes the basis of a versatile method for analysis of the nucleic acid and protein composition of nucleoprotein samples, which is termed here in situ protamine release. When protamine is added to a nucleoprotein sample in 5% acetic acid and 8 m urea, at a concentration of 1.0%, ≥94% of the histones are released from the DNA of chromatin, comparable to the release of histones using sodium dodecyl sulfate. This makes in situ protamine release the method of choice for the analysis of acid-soluble proteins on acid/urea-based gels, where the DNA must be removed from the protein prior to electrophoresis. Compared to DNase I release or acid extraction, protamine release is found to be the simplest, most reliable, and most effective method for removing the acid-soluble proteins from DNA. Protamine is either added to the sample (very much like the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate), or electrophoresed through a gel containing nucleoprotein, thus displacing proteins in its path. A serendipitous advantage of protamine is that it can also serve as a carrier for the precipitation of dilute nucleoprotein samples with ethanol, and 3 m m Mg 2+ , to concentrate the nucleoprotein in preparation for analysis. A unique feature of the in situ protamine-release method is that the DNA is not lost or destroyed and can therefore be used for subsequent analysis.
Pseudodyssynergia (Contraction of the External Sphincter During Voiding) Misdiagnosed as Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis and the Role of Biofeedback as a Therapeutic Option

AbstractPurpose: Chronic lower urinary tract symptoms in young men are often attributed to misdiagnosed chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. We analyzed contraction of the external urinary sphincter during voiding (pseudodyssynergia) as an etiology of voiding dysfunction in men with misdiagnosed chronic prostatitis.Materials and Methods: The video urodynamic studies of 43 men 23 to 50 years old with chronic voiding dysfunction secondary to pseudodyssynergia performed between January 1990 and June 1996 were retrospectively analyzed. Pseudodyssynergia was diagnosed based on several criteria, including electrical activity of the external sphincter during voiding in the absence of abdominal straining, and brief and intermittent closing of the membranous urethra during voiding detected by electromyography and fluoroscopy. Patients with bacterial infection or excessive leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretions were excluded from the study.Results: Of the patients 39 (91%) were firstborn men. Duration of symptom...
Minimal Memetics and the Evolution of Patented Technology

The nature and status of cultural evolution and its connection with biological evolution are controversial in part because of Richard Dawkin’s suggestion that the scientific study of culture should include “memetics,” an analog of genetics in which genes are replaced by “memes”—the hypothetical units of cultural evolution. Memetics takes different forms; I focus on its minimal form, which claims merely that natural selection shapes to some extent the evolution of some aspects of culture. Advocates and critics of memetics disagree about the scientific status of memetics, but they agree that memetics must face the following fundamental problems. Problem 1: Cultural evolution differs too much from biological evolution. Problem 2: Culture is too complex. Problem 3: Memes are too difficult to identify and track. Problem 4: Memetics produces only trivial results. This paper examines these problems in the context of a minimal memetic analysis in one specific context: patented inventions. Technology is a special subset of culture, and patented inventions are a special subset of technology—not least because there is a detailed written record of every patent. I describe four recent empirical results on technological innovation derived from memetic analysis of the patent record. Result 1: Inkjet printing, PCR, and stents are key drivers of technological innovation. Result 2: Patent genealogies are tangled and incestuous. Result 3: Door-opening innovations drive the evolution of technology. Result 4: The evolving content of the drivers of innovation confirms the importance of inkjet printing, PCR, and stents, among other inventions. These results show that minimal memetics can provide a novel and illuminating analysis the evolution of patented technology. Furthermore, this memetic analysis can answer all of the main problems with memetics. Problem 1 can be dismissed because culture and biology can be quite disanalogous, provided that natural selection still operates in both. Problem 2 is a mirage, because memetic analysis of the patented inventions is consistent with the full richness and complexity of the evolution of technology. Problem 3 is easy to solve, because the patent record makes it trivial to identify and track patents and their key traits through lineages. Problem 4 can be fully answered only after memetic analysis becomes widespread, but the results reviewed here shows that minimal memetics does yield scientific results that are nontrivial and interesting.
Analysis of wavefront errors introduced by encoding computer-generated holograms

The fabrication of computer-generated holograms (CGH) by e-beam or laser-writing machine specifically requires using polygon segments to approximate the continuously smooth fringe pattern of an ideal CGH. Wavefront phase errors introduced in this process depend on the size of the polygon segments and the shape of the fringes. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the wavefront error and its spatial frequency, allowing optimization of the polygon sizes for required measurement accuracy. This method is validated with computer simulation and direct measurements from an interferometer.
Accounting for stoichiometry changes on compound semiconductor surfaces

We discuss how to self-consistently account for stoichiometry changes on surfaces with complex reconstructions, e.g. polar compound semiconductor surfaces. The key aspect of the methodology is that surface steps are allowed to act as a reservoir where atoms may be added or removed. The method is specifically applied to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) results for GaAs(100) surfaces. The method easily demonstrates why only ∼ 12 monolayer (ML) of As is needed to convert from the Ga-rich surface to the (2 × 4) As-rich surface (as observed experimentally), even though the latter surface has an As coverage of 34 ML in the top layer. We also demonstrate how to convert from a more complex reconstruction, having two incomplete layers, to a simpler reconstruction having only one incomplete layer. The methodology also shows that ideal ALE of GaAs(100) cannot occur by cycling between the known adsorbate-free Ga-rich and As-rich surface reconstructions, because any such transition would not yield the observed 1 ML per cycle growth rate. We briefly discuss how adsorbates may stabilize ideally terminated (i.e. vacancy free) III–V surfaces. For example, methyl groups adsorbed on GaAs(100) exhibit a (1 × 2) LEED pattern, which is not seen for the clean GaAs(100) surface reconstructions. By using the electron counting model we interpret this structure as 12 ML CH3 adsorbed on a complete layer (1 ML) of dimerized Ga atoms. The ideal termination of the Ga-rich GaAs(100)-(1 × 2)-CH3 surface now allows for a plausible ALE mechanism which yields 1 ML deposition per cycle.
Thermal effects of condensation on absorption of gases in growing droplets

Abstract Absorption of gases by a stationary droplet growing in a stagnant supersaturated medium is analyzed by solving the coupled unsteady state mass and energy balance equations for the gas and droplet phases. By means of a parametric study the effects of droplet surface temperature, growth, heat of condensation and solubility-temperature relationship on absorption are elucidated. The results indicate that for low heats of condensation the absorption rate can increase significantly due to growth. For high heats of condensation, the rapid increase in surface temperature, induced by high growth rates, can significantly lower absorption rates.
Formation of phenylalanylserine and cyclo-phenylalanylseryl by protoplasts of Gliocladium virens☆☆☆

Abstract Protoplasts of Gliocladium virens, when incubated with the amino acids, phenylalanine and serine, synthesized the dipeptide, phenylalanylserine and the diketopiperazine, cyclo-phenylalanylseryl.
Ontology and service oriented programming

Development and integration are the two important issues in software engineering. With the new techniques' upgrading, researchers have to face two problems in the new computing environments. In the 1990's, one of the major progresses in information technology was the emergence of the Internet. In the domain of e-business or e-commerce, the Internet is the key technology that must be applied. Therefore, many difficulties appear, such as how to rapidly develop internet based applications and how to automatically integrate heterogenous legacy systems. This thesis is focused on the issues of distributed applications development and integration based on the computing environment, the Internet or Web. At present, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the major communication protocol and XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is the uniform data description format and exchanging technology for the Internet. The invention of Web services is based on the above two techniques. Software researchers anticipate that this technique supports not only legacy system reuse but also semantic system descriptions. There is no doubt that the technique of Web services provides a portable interface over the Internet for heterogeneous systems so that it is convenient to reuse them without specific implementation issues. However, it is difficult to achieve the second goal, i.e., semantic descriptions for heterogeneous applications, because the technique of Web services is only a standard interface description approach. If the goal is reached, it is possible to discover and select required services from a registry server to integrate a new business process. My research provides a novel approach to develop and integrate Web services. First, a semantic description is proposed so that Web services based distributed applications are implemented according to the specification. Second, it is also feasible to integrate existing Web services according to the same semantic description. In my research, the description is called, Ontology and Service Oriented (OSO) code. Correspondingly, my solution is called Ontology and Service Oriented programming. A few advantages are available when using OSO to develop and integrate distributed applications over the Internet. First, specific implementation details are handled by an interpreter and a code generator. Those techniques are transparent to developers so that the efforts to develop and integrate are minimized. Second, since distributed applications are generated according to their semantic descriptions, there is no need to append additional semantic descriptions for legacy systems when subscribing or integrating them, which also reduces the efforts of the developer. Third, OSO code is the representation of comparable business logic on the condition that an ontology standard library is available. It is convenient to integrate legacy systems based on understanding business logic in the format of OSO.
The effect of subcooled liquid on film boiling about a vertical heated surface in a porous medium

Abstract The problem of steady natural convection film boiling about a heated isothermal vertical plate in a porous medium filled with a subcooled liquid is considered. With the boundary layer approximations, similarity solutions are obtained for the buoyancy-induced flow in the vapor and subcooled liquid layers with a distinct interface. At a given vapor Rayleigh number, the Nusselt number is found to be uniquely dependent on the vapor film's dimensionless thickness, which in turn depends on three dimensionless parameters related to the degree of superheating of the wall, the extent of the subcooling of the surrounding liquid, and a property ratio of the vapor and the liquid phases. It is found that the effect of the increase of the subcooling of the surrounding fluid tends to decrease the vapor boundary layer thickness, increase the liquid boundary layer thickness and increase the surface heat flux. On the other hand, the increase of the wall superheating tends to increase the vapor layer thickness, decrease the liquid layer thickness and increase the surface heat flux. Application to boiling heat transfer about a dike intruded into an aquifer is discussed.