cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selected Odor Compounds in Soymilk As Affected by Chemical Composition and Lipoxygenases in Five Soybean Materials

Protein, fat content, and beany odor affect consumers' choice of soy foods. Our objective was to characterize protein, lipid, and lipoxygenase activities and fatty acid compositions in food soybeans and to determine how chemical composition and enzyme activities related to the generation of beany odor components, including hexanal, hexanol, trans-2-nonenal, 1-octen-3-ol, and trans-2,trans-4-decadienal in soymilk. Protein, lipid, and fatty acid compositions and lipoxygenase activities of five soybean materials, including Proto, IA2032, IA 2064, IA3017, and L-Star varieties, were analyzed. Soymilk was prepared by a traditional method involving soaking, grinding, and cooking processes. Selected odor compounds in raw and cooked soymilk were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Results showed that soybeans differed in crude protein and lipid content, lipoxygenase activities, and fatty acid compositions. L-Star had the highest and Proto the lowest lipid content among the five soybean cultivars. Protein content, lipoxygenases, and linoleic acid were positively correlated with beany odor content in soymilk made from the selected soybean materials. After boiling for 20 min, the soymilk made from L-Star and IA2032 retained the lowest odor profiles among the soymilk products made from the five selected materials.
Fleet management with automatic vehicle location

A dispatcher can improve a fleet's productivity by knowing where each vehicle in the fleet is located. This productivity gain is independent of whether reduced fleet costs, increased tonnage capacity, safe delivery of secure cargo or less down time due to distracted drivers is management's goal. This paper describes the portion of an automatic vehicle location system which has been designed to enhance fleet management depending on a variety of efficiency concerns. This subsystem, referred to as the Fixed End, is where the dispatcher manipulates the collected location information to make the decisions required to improve the fleet's performance. The Fixed End subsystem has three fundamental tasks it must perform: it must accept commands from the dispatcher then display and update the requested information, it must allow the dispatcher to control the communication rate between the Fixed End and the mobiles and it must allow the dispatcher to customize certain internal data structures to the desired use.
Rock quality assessment using the effect of mud-filtrate invasion on conflicting borehole resistivity measurements

ABSTRACTUnexpected borehole measurements are often inaccurately interpreted due to limited knowledge of the formation, particularly in tight-gas unconventional reservoirs. A novel method was applied to determine reservoir quality and the reliability of borehole array-induction resistivity measurements in a tight gas sandstone reservoir. Four exploration wells drilled with synthetic oil-based mud showed conflicting resistivity profiles. The discovery well showed a conductive invasion profile, but the appraisal wells showed resistive profiles. Simulation of oil-based mud-filtrate invasion was coupled with forward simulation and inversion of array-induction resistivity measurements to determine the difference in such resistivity profiles. Laboratory measurements on rock core and fluid samples were used to calibrate a log-based petrophysical model that was necessary to simulate the physics of fluid-flow mud-filtrate invasion. The dynamic process of invasion was simulated with a multicomponent formulation for ...
High-resolution protein-DNA contacts for the yeast RNA polymerase II general transcription machinery

We used site-specific protein-DNA photo-cross-linking to define contact points between Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and the general transcription factors TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIF on promoter DNA. We present three key findings: (i) the overall pattern of cross-link sites is remarkably similar between the yeast and the previously described human system, even though transcription initiates downstream of the DNA-TBP-TFIIB-RNAP II-TFIIF complex in the S. cerevisiae system; (ii) the yeast Rpb7 subunit of RNAP II forms strong and reproducible cross-links to both strands of promoter DNA; and (iii) a TFIIB arginine-78 to cysteine replacement (R78C), which shifts start site selection downstream of normal, does not affect TFIIB-DNA cross-links prior to promoter melting but instead affects downstream TFIIF-DNA interactions. These results support the premise that the overall structure of the RNAP II preinitiation complex is similar in all eukaryotes and imply that yeast RNAP II is able to scan template DNA downstream of the preinitiation complex for acceptable start sites. The novel Rpb7-DNA contact sites imply that either promoter DNA does not follow a straight path from TATA to the initiation site or the topology of Rpb7 within the DNA-TBP-TFIIB-RNAP II-TFIIF complex is different from that defined in the 12-subunit RNAP II X-ray structure. We discuss the implications of these results for the mechanism of preinitiation complex assembly and promoter melting.
Morphology of pseudophakic precipitates on intraocular lenses removed from human patients

Cellular precipitates on the surface of 52 intraocular lenses removed from human patients for various reasons from one week to five years following implantation were studied with cytologic techniques and scanning electron microscopy. A variety of cellular responses were characterized: mononuclear precipitates composed of lymphocytes and macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and a fibroblastic proliferation. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were encountered less frequently. Acellular membranous precipitates were also observed. Cellular response was related to clinical history to correlate temporal and possible etiopathogenic factors in the formulation of these precipitates and their possible relationship to implant failure.
Treatment of noncustodial fathers: Gender issues and clinical dilemmas

This article addresses issues involved in the treatment of fathers who do not have custody of their children. It reviews literature on demographic trends and discusses fathers' reactions to loss of child custody. Assessment and treatment guidelines are offered so that clinical practice may become more responsive to the needs of the population. Gender concerns, particularly as they relate to transference and countertransference, are also discussed.
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome health concerns, symptoms, and treatments.

Individuals with mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS) symptoms seek help in emergency rooms, urgent care centers, and primary care offices. Little is known about the profile and effects of these symptoms on individuals’ role status and use of health care services. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to develop a profile of health concerns, symptoms, and treatments and to examine the relationships of symptoms to functional and role status and use of health care services for MVPS patients. A sample of 837 persons completed an MVPS symptom checklist and survey, Mishel Uncertainty Illness Scale, Short Form Health Survey, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support, and Food Frequency Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multiple-regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were used to answer the research questions. Findings suggest that older age, lack of social support, higher anxiety, and lack of regular exercise predict MVPS symptoms. There was limited suppor...
Glutathiyl radical as an intermediate in glutathione nitrosation

Abstract Nitrosation of thiols is thought to be mediated by dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 ) or by nitrogen dioxide radical ( NO 2 ). A kinetic study of glutathione (GSH) nitrosation by NO donors in aerated buffered solutions was undertaken. S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) formation was assessed spectrophotometrically and by chemiluminescence. The results suggest an increase in the rate of GSNO formation with an increase in GSH with a half-maximum constant EC 50 that depends on NO concentration. Our observed increase in EC 50 with NO concentration suggests a significant contribution of NO 2 -mediated nitrosation with the glutathiyl radical as an intermediate in the production of GSNO.
Predictability of north-east Brazil droughts

The droughts of north-east Brazil are unusually well defined in the departures of the quasi-permanent circulation systems in the tropical Atlantic sector. Anomaly patterns in the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic fields evolve in the course of the half-year preceding the March/April rainy season. Based on these diagnostic results, dynamically plausible predictor candidates are selected and entered into a stepwise multiple regression scheme. The circulation in the Atlantic sector proves to be essential for the prediction of rainfall anomalies, while predictor candidates from other parts of the globe are of subordinate importance. The regression equations derived from the 1921–56 record are used to produce rainfall forecasts for the years 1958–72. Forecast and observed values are strongly correlated. In particular, the severe 1958 drought was eminently predictable from this method.
Adsorption of chlorine on ZnO(0001)–Zn and coadsorption with HCOOH

Abstract The adsorption of Cl2 on the zinc-terminated ZnO(0001) surface at 300 K was studied with low-energy ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS), and work-function and band-bending measurements. The surface saturated with ∼0.30 chlorine adatoms [Cl(a)] per zinc site, sitting above the zinc layer in no apparent registry with the substrate. Combined work-function and band-bending measurements indicate anionic Cl(a). Using formic acid to produce surface formate, the effect of Cl(a) on formate decomposition was studied also. On the chlorine-free ZnO(0001) surface, formate decomposes through two different pathways: dehydration and dehydrogenation. Pre-adsorbed chlorine suppresses the amount of adsorbed formate produced, and enhances the selectivity for its dehydrogenation.
Hot climates, high sensitivity.

Climate sensitivity is the Holy Grail of climate science; because CO2 is one of the principal control knobs for climate, sensitivity to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration is of particular interest. This sensitivity is typically characterized by the change in global mean temperature per doubling of concentration. Because the determination of climate sensitivity is plagued by uncertainties about the operation of various feedbacks in the climate system—notably cloud feedback—it is natural to look to the past for clues about how well we can model those feedbacks. The chilly climate of the Last Glacial Maximum has been extensively exploited for this purpose (1), but the high CO2 hothouse climates such as the Pliocene (∼5 Mya) or Eocene (∼55 Mya) may be better analogs for where we are headed with our present adventure in turning fossil fuels into atmospheric CO2. In this issue, Caballero and Huber (2) throw some cold water on this hot topic by providing evidence that hothouse states may have different climate sensitivity per doubling of CO2 than the present state. None of this means that study of past hot climates is worthless in the Grail quest; it means only that the Parsifals of climate will have to work harder to extract the treasure. Better information about the past wouldn’t hurt either. As Caballero and Huber note, there have already been great strides in understanding the magnitude and pattern of warmth in hothouse climates, which have helped resolve some earlier modeling paradoxes, but much remains to be done. In particular, narrowing the broad error bars on past atmospheric CO2 is crucial to relating these climates to what is going on at present.
The Impact of Bootstrap Methods on Time Series Analysis

Sparked by Efron's seminal paper, the decade of the 1980s was a period of active research on bootstrap methods for independent data--mainly i.i.d. or regression set-ups. By contrast, in the 1990s much research was directed towards resampling dependent data, for example, time series and random fields. Consequently, the availability of valid nonparametric inference procedures based on resampling and/or subsampling has freed practitioners from the necessity of resorting to simplifying assumptions such as normality or linearity that may be misleading.
Formal verification of systolic networks using theorem proving techniques (abstract only)

@The principal idea may also be applied to two or more dimensional systolic networks.A theorem (clause) can be proved automatically in a production system. Basically, the proof involves checking whether the empty clause is a logical consequence of a set of unsatisfiable clauses. Because the equality relation is important in solving large classes of problems of the symbolic manipulations. We use the technique of demodulation (ref.[K&W 85]).To recover the problem of the computation time of the reasoning process. We present a control strategy, namely predicate transformer which developed in the verification of program context, which will speed up the computation time significantly by avoiding generating most of the useless clauses during the reasoning process. Related works in the past showed that computational complexity may still prove to be a major hindrance. To progress in this type of effort, our work shows that combining different approaches from theorem proving and program verification holds process in both extending coverage to more complex problems and in controlling excessive computation.
Identifying the Ubiquitin Ligase Complex That Regulates the NF1 Tumor Suppressor and Ras

The NF1 tumor suppressor protein, neurofibromin, is a negative regulator of Ras. Neurofibromin is dynamically regulated by the proteasome and its degradation and re-expression are essential for maintaining appropriate levels of Ras-GTP. Like p53, NF1/neurofibromin can be inactivated in cancer by both mutations and excessive proteasomal destruction; however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie this latter process. Here we show that a Cullin 3 (Cul3)/KBTBD7 complex controls both the regulated proteasomal degradation of neurofibromin and the pathogenic destabilization of neurofibromin in glioblastomas. Importantly RNAi-mediated Cul3 ablation and a dominant-negative Cul3 directly stabilize neurofibromin, suppress Ras and ERK, and inhibit proliferation in an NF1-dependent manner. Moreover, in glioblastomas where neurofibromin is chronically destabilized, Cul3 inhibition re-stabilizes the protein and suppresses tumor development. Collectively these studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for Cul3 in regulating Ras and provide a molecular framework that can be exploited to develop potential cancer therapies.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxygen isotope exchange between analcime and water vapor and assessment of isotopic preservation of analcime in geological formations

The purpose of this study is to delineate the mechanism of isotopic exchange between zeolites and fluid. Two size fractions of analcime were exchanged with water vapor at 400°C and the isotopic change of framework oxygen with time was measured. The rate of exchange was faster for the smaller size fraction yet neither fraction reached equilibrium. SEM results indicate that dissolution plays no significant role in isotopic exchange between analcime and water vapor. The difference in rate with grain size indicates that isotopic exchange is limited by diffusion. The fact that equilibrium is not reached may be explained by structural changes upon dehydration which cause Na cations to migrate into former water sites. The isotopic exchange results for both size fractions can be fit by a diffusive-reactive model, which yields a diffusion coefficient of 2.8 ± .3 × 10−9 cm2/s and a combined rate/effective surface area constant of 0.011 ± .002 cm3/mol/s. The model predicts that the oxygen isotopic composition of most geologic analcime will have been changed since formation unless it is found in a young deposit (<10 MY) or has only been exposed to low temperatures (<30°C).
Band Structure and Electron Transport of GaAs

Existing experimental data on GaAs are reviewed and analyzed to yield the band structure in the vicinity of the band edges as well as the parameters characterizing the bands summarized in Fig. 1 of this paper. On the basis of presently existing experimental evidence, chiefly the behavior of the optical band gap in Ga(As, P) alloys and the deduced pressure shift and density of states effective mass, it is thought likely that the subsidiary conduction band minima lie along [100] directions. Analytical expressions including nonparabolic effects are given for the energy and density of states of the [000] conduction band and used to obtain a better value of the effective mass from optical reflectivity data. The experimentally observed structure in the Hall effect in $n$-type material at elevated temperatures is shown to result from excitation of carriers into the subsidiary conduction band. Changes of resistivity with pressure are explained on the basis of an increase of the [000] effective mass at low pressures and the transfer of carriers to the subsidiary minima at higher pressures. The scattering mechanisms, which are important in connection with transport phenomena, are shown to be polar lattice scattering and charged impurity scattering in the highest mobility samples. The transport calculations leading to the mobility and thermoelectric power as a function of temperature and impurity concentrations are performed using variational techniques, and shown to agree well with experiment. The apparently low mobility in the subsidiary minima is attributed at least in part to the large effective mass and relatively small anisotropy ratio. An estimate shows scattering between the two conduction bands probably to be unimportant.
Comparing Identification of Standardized and Regionally Valid Vowels

Purpose In perception studies, it is common to use vowel stimuli from standardized recordings or synthetic stimuli created using values from well-known published research. Although the use of stand...
Nephrostomy Tube Related Pyelonephritis in Patients with Cancer: Epidemiology, Infection Rate and Risk Factors

Purpose: Nephrostomy tube placement is often necessary to avert acute renal failure in patients with cancer with obstructive uropathy or in patients with ureteral leak. However, there have been limited published studies on the rate and risk of nephrostomy tube related pyelonephritis in patients with cancer. Therefore, in this study we determined rates of nephrostomy tube related pyelonephritis and predisposing risk factors in patients with cancer.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent nephrostomy tube placement between September 1, 2009 and September 16, 2010 at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Patients were followed for 90 days. The primary outcome assessed was the development of nephrostomy tube related pyelonephritis and the secondary outcome was the development of asymptomatic bacteriuria. We also determined risk factors associated with pyelonephritis.Results: Of the 200 patients analyzed 38 (19%) had pyelonephritis and 15 (7.5%) had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Of the nephro...
Ethanol induced cardiomyopathy — role of periodic fasting

Summary The periodic fasting in presence of continuous ethanol feeding produces pronounced morphological changes in the myocardium and its organelles of the rats. This effect of ethanol could be directly related to the sensitive state of myocardium to the former, specially when ethanol becomes an important source of energy. This is proved further by intraperitoneal injection of 40% ethanol, when profound mitochondrial morphological changes, even leading to formation of lysosome like structures, are evident in the myocardium. The study has stressed the pronounced direct effect of ethanol and its metabolites in the development of morphological changes of the myocardium.
Theoretical Study of Ionization of Air by Intense Laser Pulses

A detailed theoretical study of cascade ionization of air by rf fields and by laser beams is given. Experimental rate constants for energy loss, ionization, and attachment are used. The Boltzmann equation for the electrons is solved in both classical and quantum form. Provision is made for both single-photon and multiphoton ionization and detachment processes. The latter processes have been incorporated parametrically in our calculations owing to the lack of a quantitative description of multiphoton absorption. Possible anomalies in comparison with available experiments are noted for photons in the 1-2-eV range when the illuminated volume is large.
An Analysis of Measurement Derived Sea Clutter Simulations at Very Low Grazing Angles, in the Presence of Surface Based Ducting

Sea clutter can have significant performance impacts on shipboard radar systems, particularly against low flying targets. It is essential to the evaluation of shipboard radar system performance, for engineers to have available very accurate sea clutter simulation models, which include the effects of anomalous propagation, as well as rough surface scattering, on the clutter return. In at-sea-tests, sea clutter returns from long ranges have been measured which are larger than the current sea clutter models have predicted. Not only do such large undesirable returns interfere with detection performance, but the presence of strong surface based ducting can result in extended range clutter folding, which may limit the usefulness of clutter mitigation approaches. The importance of the key parameter, grazing angle, in the computation of sea clutter cannot be overstated. Within the horizon the grazing angle is well understood, beyond the horizon grazing angle is a topic of considerable discussion (D.E., Barrick, 1998). The sensitivity of the sea clutter reflectivity models to grazing angle, within the context of trans-horizon ducted propagation is the focus of the issue being raised by this paper. In addition to the trans-horizon grazing angle issue, the difficult decision of selecting the height at which the propagation factor is modeled, is also discussed.
Analytical study of cigarette smoke enriched in benzo[a]pyrene for use in model animal studies

Abstract Cigarette smoke has been significantly enriched in benzo[ a ]pyrene (BAP) by injecting 200 μl of a cyclohexane solution, containing a total of 40 μg of BAP, into a cigarette. After injection, the cigarette is conditioned and smoked according to standard protocol. When the cigarette smoke condensate is analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, liquid scintillation counting, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it is found that the level of BAP has increased by 1000 times with respect to levels reported for unenriched cigarette smoke. No chemical transformation of the BAP has been detected, and the BAP-enriched fraction does not appear to be perturbed to a detectable degree. Approximately 28% of the BAP is measured in the mainstream smoke, 46–48% in the sidestream smoke from the burning end of the cigarette, and 7% in the butt and ash. Correcting for analytical losses, about 10% appears to escape in the gaseous state. This material may prove suitable for model animal studies.
Conversion from bladder to enteric drainage after pancreaticoduodenal transplantations.

Abstract Background: Bladder drainage is the most common technique for managing the exocrine secretions of pancreaticoduodenal grafts. However, bladder drainage can cause urinary, pancreatic, and metabolic complications that may require conversion to enteric drainage. With enteric drainage, urinary amylase levels cannot be monitored as a marker for rejection. After enteric conversion, rejection is the major cause of graft loss. Timing the conversion to reduce immunologic graft loss would greatly improve patient and graft survival rates. Our study was designed to assess the incidence of, indications for, and complications of converting from bladder to enteric drainage after pancreaticoduodenal transplantations. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 80 recipients who underwent enteric conversion. We studied the recipient category, the interval from transplantation to conversion, the interval from the last rejection episode to conversion, the indications for conversion, the type of enteric drainage at conversion (loop versus Roux-en-Y), the results of the conversion, and postconversion complications. Results: The major indications for conversion were metabolic acidosis (n = 26, 33%), recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) (n = 16, 20%), reflux pancreatitis (n = 15, 19%), and hematuria (n = 12, 15%). For most recipients, their symptoms resolved after conversion (n = 76, 95%). The cumulative probability of undergoing conversion was 13% at 12 months, 21% at 36 months, and 25% at 60 months. Of the recipients with surgical complications after conversion (n = 12, 15%), one lost his graft as a result of pancreatitis. Overall, of the 80 recipients who underwent conversion, 12 (15%) lost their graft, most due to rejection (n = 8, 75%). Immunologic graft loss was highest for recipients of pancreas transplants alone who underwent conversion ≤6 months after transplantation or ≤1 year after their last rejection episode. Conclusions: Enteric conversion is safe and therapeutic in recipients with complications related to the exocrine secretions of bladder-drained pancreas grafts. After conversion, rejection accounted for 75% of the grafts lost. However, waiting at least 1 year after the last rejection episode significantly reduced immunologic graft loss. (Surgery 1998;124:883-93.)
College Students' Perceptions of Academic Success: An Examination of Motivational Orientation.

The development and w e of an instrument for assessing college students' perceptions of success in psychology courses are reported. Students' perceptions were ranked and analyzed for motivational orientation. This analysis revealed a predominantly intrinsic orientation for students' highest ranked perceptions and an extrinsic orientation for their lowest ranked perceptions. The implications for teachers are briefly discussed.
Fable and royal power: The origins of the Mercedarian foundation story

The tradition that the Mercedarians, a Catalan ransoming order dating from the reign of Jaume I, was established by the monarchy is traced to the fourteenth century and seen within the context of church–state relations. The royal legend was originated by Jaume II for purely fiscal reasons, and was not intended as a challenge to papal prerogatives. For very different reasons, the legend was taken up and elaborated by Pere III just after the Black Death. At first the king's intention was merely to prevent a Mercedarian merger with the Trinitarians, a redemptionist order with strong roots in France and Castile. Soon, however, the king argued that this royal foundation gave the monarchy a ius patronus, and on this basis the king began to seek the nomination of loyalists to offices within the Order. At the same time, the king assumed extraordinary powers over individual Mercedarians, who as chaplains and familiars served as royal agents. This royal appropriation of the Mercedarians was part of a broader strate...
Vapor-Liquid equilibria for five cryogenic mixtures

Phase equilibrium data have been obtained for the binary systems nitrogen-argon and nitrogen-carbon monoxide at 83.82°K. and for the systems nitrogen-methane, argon-methane, and carbon monoxide-methane at 9.67°K. Total pressures and compositions of both phases were measured. Parameters have been calculated for the Redlich-Kister and Wilson equations for the excess Gibbs energies of the mixtures. The data are thermodynamically consistent within experimental error.
European consumer image of farmed fish, wild fish, seabass and seabream

Increasing fish demand has made aquaculture a necessary complement of fisheries. Consumer acceptance is crucial for market success of aquaculture produce. The present study has investigated the image European consumers have in relation to farmed fish, wild fish, fish as a generic food category and seabass and seabream as the two main cultured species in the European Union (EU). The study aimed to improve current knowledge and bridge geographical gaps with respect to image studies in Europe. In a first exploratory phase, topic-related information was gathered through direct contacts with main stakeholders in different EU countries and through an electronic literature research. In a second phase quantitative descriptive data were collected through cross-sectional consumer surveys in eight EU countries. These were selected to cover the knowledge gaps identified in the exploratory phase, and to cover the different European geographical areas. The country selection was expanded to include the main producer of seabass and seabream, the main importer and some possible target markets. Total sample size was 3,213 respondents. Samples were representative of age and region. European consumers have a very positive image of fish products, especially with respect to its health benefits. Fish origin appeared to be of limited importance; however, wild fish were preferred when compared with farmed fish. Seabass and seabream received positive image scores. Combined with the positive health image of the Mediterranean diet, this could offer marketing opportunities for these fish species.
CADASIL Notch3 Mutant Proteins Localize to the Cell Surface and Bind Ligand

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a vascular dementia arising from abnormal arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells. CADASIL results from mutations in Notch3 that alter the number of cysteine residues in the extracellular epidermal growth factor–like repeats, important for ligand binding. It is not known whether CADASIL mutations lead to loss or gain of Notch3 receptor function. To examine the functional consequences of CADASIL mutations, we engineered 4 CADASIL-like mutations into rat Notch3 and have shown that the presence of an unpaired cysteine does not impair cell-surface expression or ligand binding.
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein is Required for Programmed Cell Death and Clearance of Developmentally-Transient Peptidergic Neurons

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by loss of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene function, is the most common heritable cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. The FMR1 product (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein best established to function in activity-dependent modulation of synaptic connections. In the Drosophila FXS disease model, loss of functionally-conserved dFMRP causes synaptic overgrowth and overelaboration in pigment dispersing factor (PDF) peptidergic neurons in the adult brain. Here, we identify a very different component of PDF neuron misregulation in dfmr1 mutants: the aberrant retention of normally developmentally-transient PDF tritocerebral (PDF-TRI) neurons. In wild-type animals, PDF-TRI neurons in the central brain undergo programmed cell death and complete, processive clearance within days of eclosion. In the absence of dFMRP, a defective apoptotic program leads to constitutive maintenance of these peptidergic neurons. We tested whether this apoptotic defect is circuit-specific by examining crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) and bursicon circuits, which are similarly developmentally-transient and normally eliminated immediately post-eclosion. In dfmr1 null mutants, CCAP/bursicon neurons also exhibit significantly delayed clearance dynamics, but are subsequently eliminated from the nervous system, in contrast to the fully persistent PDF-TRI neurons. Thus, the requirement of dFMRP for the retention of transitory peptidergic neurons shows evident circuit specificity. The novel defect of impaired apoptosis and aberrant neuron persistence in the Drosophila FXS model suggests an entirely new level of “pruning” dysfunction may contribute to the FXS disease state.
Orthostatic hypotension syndrome. A case report.

Abstract Physiologic and pharmacologic studies of a patient with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension syndrome suggested that the site of the lesion was in the afferent limb or at the synapse between the afferent and efferent limbs of the reflex arc. Relief of symptoms of postural hypotension was accomplished with a Jobst counterpressure garment. Postmortem examination including brain, spinal cord, thoracic sympathetic chain, and peripheral nerve revealed no significant abnormalities except cerebral edema. The lack of significant anatomic lesions of the central nervous system in this patient and in 2 other reported cases suggests the possibility of a metabolic or biochemical defect.
A new class of modular adaptive controllers, Part II: Neural network extension for non-LP systems

The development in this (Part II) paper augments the result developed in Part I by considering uncertain dynamic systems that are not necessarily linear-in-the-parameters (LP), and have additive non-LP bounded disturbances. For non-LP uncertainties, a model-based adaptive feedforward formulation cannot be used. Therefore, in this paper, a multilayer neural network (NN) structure is used as a feedforward element (that learns and compensates for the non-LP dynamics) in conjunction with the Robust Integral of the Sign of the Error (RISE) feedback term. Similar to the result in Part I, a NN- based controller is developed in this paper with modularity in NN weight tuning laws and control law. Specifically, the results in this paper allow the NN weight tuning laws to be determined from a developed generic update law (rather than be restricted to a gradient update law).
Analysis of the role of PrrA, PpsR, and FnrL in intracytoplasmic membrane differentiation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 using transmission electron microscopy

Oxygen dictates the catabolic “lifestyle” of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. When it is present, the bacteria are fully equipped for aerobic respiration. When it is absent, the cells outfit themselves to make use of energy-gathering options that do not require oxygen. Thus, while respiring on alternate electron acceptors in the absence of oxygen even in the dark, the cells are fully enabled for phototrophy. PrrA, PpsR, and FnrL are global regulatory proteins mediating oxygen control of gene expression in this organism. For each of these, regulon members include a subset of a cluster of genes known as the photosynthesis genes, which encode the structural proteins and enzymes catalyzing biosynthesis of the pigments of the light-harvesting and reaction center complexes. The complexes are housed in a specialized structure called the intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM). Although details are emerging as to the differentiation process leading to fully formed ICM, little is known of necessary regulatory events beyond changes in photosynthesis gene transcription. This study used transmission electron microscopy toward gaining additional insights into potential roles of PrrA, PpsR, and FnrL in the formation of ICM. The major findings were (1) the absence of either PrrA or FnrL negatively affects ICM formation, (2) the lack of ICM in the absence of PrrA is partially, but not fully reversed by removing PpsR from the cell, (3) unlike R. sphaeroides, ICM formation in Rhodobacter capsulatus does not require FnrL. New avenues these findings provide toward identifying additional genes involved in ICM formation are discussed.
Factors influencing T-cell turnover in HIV-1–seropositive patients

HIV-1 disease is associated with pathological effects on T-cell production, destruction, and distribution. Using the deuterated (2H) glucose method for endogenous labeling, we have analyzed host factors that influence T-cell turnover in HIV-1–uninfected and –infected humans. In untreated HIV-1 disease, the average half life of circulating T cells was diminished without compensatory increases in cell production. Within 12 weeks of the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the absolute production rates of circulating T cells increased, and normal half-lives and production rates were restored by 12–36 months. Interpatient heterogeneity in the absolute degree of turnover correlated with the relative proportion of naive- and memory/effector-phenotype T cells in each of the CD4+ and CD8+ populations. The half-lives of naive-phenotype T cells ranged from 116–365 days (fractional replacement rates of 0.19–0.60% per day), whereas memory/effector-phenotype T cells persisted with half-lives from 22–79 days (fractional replacement rates of 0.87–3.14% per day). Naive-phenotype T cells were more abundant, and the half-life of total T cells was prolonged in individuals with abundant thymic tissue, as assessed by computed tomography. Such interpatient variation in T-cell kinetics may be reflective of differences in functional immune reconstitution after treatment for HIV-1 disease. This article may have been published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org. J. Clin. Invest. 105:R1–R8 (2000).
Progressive Constitutionalism, Originalism, and the Significance of Landmark Decisions in Evaluating Constitutional Theory

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Reynolds v. Sims are among the most renowned cases in American history. Although controversial when decided, these cases are now considered part of the essential fabric of American constitutional law. Like the Constitution itself, these decisions have iconic stature in our political culture. And like the Constitution itself, they are celebrated as hallmarks of American liberty by both the left and the right. Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds, however, share another trait. They are products of progressive constitutionalism. They could not have been decided the way they were had the Court in those cases adhered to conservative theories of constitutional interpretation such as originalism or judicial restraint. Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds therefore raise potential challenges to the viability of conservative constitutional theory. Generally, the validity of an interpretive theory should rest on its internal merits, not its external results. But if a particular theory cannot explain decisions that are universally considered to be both correct and integral to the American system of justice, the question necessarily arises as to whether there is something lacking in that theoretical account. This Article explores the significance of Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds as a basis for evaluating theories of progressive and conservative constitutionalism as methods of constitutional interpretation, focusing most specifically on the relationship between these decisions and originalism. Does the universal acceptance of these cases as hallmarks of American liberty suggest that a method of constitutional interpretation, such as originalism, that rejects these decisions is thereby inherently flawed?
Launching a Laboratory Testing Process Quality Improvement Toolkit: From the Shared Networks of Colorado Ambulatory Practices and Partners (SNOCAP)

Introduction: Family medicine and internal medicine physicians order diagnostic laboratory tests for nearly one-third of patient encounters in an average week, yet among medical errors in primary care, an estimated 15% to 54% are attributed to laboratory testing processes. From a practice improvement perspective, we (1) describe the need for laboratory testing process quality improvements from the perspective of primary care practices, and (2) describe the approaches and resources needed to implement laboratory testing process quality improvements in practice. Methods: We applied practice observations, process mapping, and interviews with primary care practices in the Shared Networks of Colorado Ambulatory Practices and Partners (SNOCAP)–affiliated practice-based research networks that field-tested in 2013 a laboratory testing process improvement toolkit. Results: From the data collected in each of the 22 participating practices, common testing quality issues included, but were not limited to, 3 main testing process steps: laboratory test preparation, test tracking, and patient notification. Three overarching qualitative themes emerged: practices readily acknowledge multiple laboratory testing process problems; practices know that they need help addressing the issues; and practices face challenges with finding patient-centered solutions compatible with practice priorities and available resources. Conclusion: While practices were able to get started with guidance and a toolkit to improve laboratory testing processes, most did not seem able to achieve their quality improvement aims unassisted. Providing specific guidance tools with practice facilitation or other rapid-cycle quality improvement support may be an effective approach to improve common laboratory testing issues in primary care.
Reduction of circulating PCSK9 and LDL-C levels by liver-specific knockdown of HNF1α in normolipidemic mice

The transcription factors hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)1α and HNF1β can bind to the HNF1 site on the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promoter to activate transcription in HepG2 cells. However, it is unknown whether one or both HNF1 factors are obligatory for transactivating hepatic PCSK9 gene expression in vivo. We developed shRNA adenoviral constructs (Ad-shHNF1α and Ad-shHNF1β) to examine the effects of knockdown of HNF1α or HNF1β on PCSK9 expression and its consequent impact on LDL receptor (LDLR) protein levels in cultured hepatic cells and liver tissue. We demonstrated that infection with Ad-shHNF1α, but not Ad-shHNF1β, markedly reduced PCSK9 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells with a concomitant increase in LDLR protein abundance. Injecting Ad-shHNF1α in mice fed a normal diet significantly (∼50%) reduced liver mRNA expression and serum concentration of PCSK9 with a concomitant increase (∼1.9-fold) in hepatic LDLR protein abundance. Furthermore, we observed a modest but significant reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol after knockdown of HNF1α in these normolipidemic mice. Consistent with the observation that knockdown of HNF1β did not affect PCSK9 mRNA or protein expression in cultured hepatic cells, Ad-shHNF1β infection in mice resulted in no change in the hepatic mRNA expression or serum content of PCSK9. Altogether, our study demonstrates that HNF1α, but not HNF1β, is the primary positive regulator of PCSK9 transcription in mouse liver.
Prolapsed cord after external cephalic version in a patient with premature rupture of membranes and transverse lie.

Abstract A 29-year-old G6 P3023 woman presented at 37 weeks’ gestation with rupture of membranes and oligohydramnios. After informed consent was obtained, a successful external cephalic version (ECV) was performed. The patient went into spontaneous labor, but about 2 h after the ECV, the umbilical cord prolapsed, necessitating cesarean section. Umbilical cord prolapse is a possible complication of ECV in patients with rupture of membranes and oligohydramnios.
Protective Roles of CNS Mitochondria

Mitochondria benefit their host cells by generating ATP, detoxifying oxygen, maintaining cellular redox potential, and detoxifying reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics. These beneficial roles are in stark contrast to mitochondrial participation in both necrotic and apoptotic degenerative pathways. However, cellular stresses do not always result in deleterious mitochondrial changes. Decreases in the calcium sensitivity of the permeability transition may be initial mitochondrial responses to stress that act to preserve mitochondrial function and prolong normal functioning of the host cell.
Systematic prediction of new ferroelectrics in space group R3. I

The current release of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database contains a total of 57 entries under space group P3 that correspond to 50 different materials. There are 21 structures reported with this space group that satisfy the criteria for ferroelectricity, at a confidence level that depends on the reliability of the underlying structural determination. One ferroelectric discovered earlier is also listed. In addition, the database contains 19 entries that probably should be assigned to a centrosymmetric space group, seven that are polar but probably not ferroelectric and two that are without atomic coordinates. Seven entries are either duplicates or present additional structural studies of the same material. Structures in space group P3 identified as potentially new ferroelectrics include LiAsCu0.93, Na2UF6, BiTeI, BaGe4O9, α-UMo2O8, Cu2SiS3, Co(IO3)2, Sr7Al12O25, KSn2F5, YbIn2S4, Na5CrF2(PO4)2, Sn(ClO2)2(ClO4)6, Eu3BWO9, Li(H2O)4­B(OH)4·2H2O, Mn3V1/2(SiO4)O(OH)2, Ca6(Si2O7)(OH)6, Na6.9(2)[Al5.6(1)Si6.4(1)O24](S2O3)1.0(1)·2H2O, BaCa2In6O12, Ni(H2O)6[Sb(OH)6]2, Sr4Cr3O9 and Cu5O2(VO4)2·CuCl2.
Emerging trends in antibiotic use in US hospitals: quality, quantification and stewardship

Three major trends in antibiotic use in US hospitals have emerged over the last few years: antibiotics as quality metrics, persistent use of different measures of antibiotic consumption and the emergence of antibiotic stewardship programs. Compared with Europe, where approaches are heterogeneous but generally consistent, the USA currently lacks the infrastructure to monitor antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption locally. Both have implemented programmatic strategies for prudent antibiotic use. The USA appears to have implemented processes more systematically to measure the quality of antibiotic use.
Health Literacy as Controversy An Online Community’s Discussion of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Acetaminophen Recommendations

Adults in the United States increasingly use the Internet for health information, and online discussions can provide insights into public perceptions of health issues. The purpose of this project was to investigate public perceptions of issues related to health literacy, within the context of a conversation about recommendations to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, driven by concerns about acetaminophen-related liver injuries due in part to health literacy issues. The discussion took place July 2-8, 2009, on a technology/science blog and included 625 comments. Participants debated the risks and benefits of acetaminophen, and most believed responsibility for taking medication safely falls on consumers. Some were implicitly aware of issues related to health literacy and its relationship to patient outcomes; most felt improved education is all that is needed, whereas others acknowledged that health information is confusing--particularly for the elderly and sick. Recommendations for future research into public perceptions of health literacy are discussed.
Toward a new standard in autogenous bone graft?: commentary on an article by H. Claude Sagi, MD, et al.: "qualitative and quantitative differences between bone graft obtained from the medullary canal (with a Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator) and the iliac crest of the same patient".

In their study, Sagi et al. harvested autograft from the iliac crest (ICBG) and the medullary canal of the same patient for comparison by molecular techniques and histology. This is a timely study, as the use of reamed autograft tissue is gaining recognition as a source of autologous bone and cells1. This technique allows a relatively large volume of bone to be harvested during the same operative setting, and in some cases from the same limb being treated. As a result, the use of reamed autograft may reduce the number of operative sites, operative time, and potential complications. These are all compelling arguments to consider the use of reamed autograft; however, the potential impact of this technique, of this paper, and of work in this field may be far greater. At the most basic level, bone formation is the coordinated result …