cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure to urban green space may both promote and harm mental health in socially vulnerable neighborhoods: A neighborhood-scale analysis in New York City.

Abstract Background There is growing evidence that exposure to green space can impact mental health, but these effects may be context dependent. We hypothesized that associations between residential green space and mental health can be modified by social vulnerability. Method We conducted an ecological cross-sectional analysis to evaluate the effects of green space exposure on mental disorder related emergency room (ER) visits in New York City at the level of census tract. To objectively represent green space exposure at the neighborhood scale, we calculated three green space exposure metrics, namely proximity to the nearest park, percentage of green space, and visibility of greenness. Using Bayesian hierarchical spatial Poisson regression models, we evaluated neighborhood social vulnerability as a potential modifier of greenness-mental disorder associations, while accounting for the spatially correlated structures. Results We found significant associations between green space exposure (involving both proximity and visibility) and total ER visits for mental disorders in neighborhoods with high social vulnerability, but no significant associations in neighborhoods with low social vulnerability. We also identified specific neighborhoods with particularly high ER utilization for mental disorders. Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to green space is associated with ER visits for mental disorders, but that neighborhood social vulnerability can modify this association. Future research is needed to confirm our finding with longitudinal designs at the level of individuals.
Enhancing Team Projects Using an Event-Triggered Knowledge Network

Across the disciplines and levels of education, team projects are becoming an increasingly important tool for assessment. However, it is often difficult to make sure that work is fairly distributed, that a reasonable schedule is formed which does not leave everything for the last minute, and that individual students are fairly rewarded/penalized for their respective contributions. To solve these problems, we can model a project using events, rules, and workflows. Depending on the nature of an event, an appropriate rule can be triggered, which can subsequently initiate a workflow that will assign specific tasks to specific roles within the team. Events that occur over the course of the project, fired from a variety of sources, can lead to the derivation of new knowledge, and potentially alter the flow of the team’s activities. An integration of mobile devices into the system can insure that students are always aware of the current state of the system and their roles within it. At the conclusion and at all prior points in the project lifecycle, a comprehensive log of each student’s activities will be available and will greatly simplify the task of assigning fair and accurate grades. The result will be a more educational, more equitable, and far more engaging learning experience. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2011.03.017
Calorimetric studies of ternary complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) nitrilotriacetic acid and N-acetyloligohistidines

Abstract The thermodynamics of Cu 2+ - and Ni 2+ -NTA binding to polypeptides containing 2–6 histidine residues in neutral buffered aqueous solutions were characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The apparent dissociation constants of ternary complexes of N-acetylhexahistidine-Ni 2+ -NTA and N-acetylhexahistidine-Cu 2+ -NTA were 69.5 μM and 27.1 μM, respectively. Decreased number of histidine residues in the oligohistidine fragment caused gradual decrease in the stability of the mixed metal complexes and a change in the binding stoichiometry from ∼1:1 for N-acetylhexahistidine and N-acetylpentahistidine to ∼0.5:1 for N-acetyltetrahistidine and ∼0.3:1 for N-acetyltrihistidine, N-acetyldihistidine and N-acetylhistidine ligands. In all cases, the binding interactions are shown to be enthalpically favored. Other metal cations formed less stable mixed metal complexes with stability constants in the order of Cu 2+ > Ni 2+ > Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ >> Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ . The significance of the data is discussed in terms of important practical applications.
Monitoring of Arctic Conditions from a Virtual Constellation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellites

Abstract : The long-term goal is to utilize a constellation of satellite radars to monitor the melting and freezing cycles of the Arctic Ocean north of 65o. Satellite data collections will support in-situ buoy clusters and ice camps as well as seagoing experiments with gliders and drifting buoys. From difference maps of time series of images deduce changes in ice extent, ice-type, and lead expansion/contraction with temporal resolutions from hours to days. Ultimately provide a routine Arctic coverage and generate products for operational purposes, and as validation, boundary conditions, and initialization to numerical ice-ocean forecast models.
Message from the outgoing President Steve White : pharmaceutical practitioner

As President of CPS, I wish to thank all members for the support they have given me before and during my three year term of office. It has been an enjoyable and challenging period in my life and one in which I have certainly learnt a lot both in terms of knowledge and in skills. It gave me the opportunity to travel both locally and internationally and meet pharmacists in all kinds of practice settings and appreciate the challenges that beset all pharmacists in their quest to provide effective healthcare through the correct use of medicine and medicine therapy management.
The Spectre of Kotlerism

Abstract It is forty years since Philip Kotler published his first academic paper. In that time, he has done more than anyone to disseminate the marketing message. Yet, despite Kotler’s powers of proselytization and persuasion, there have been very few studies of these powers. This article, therefore, takes a literary approach to the literary works of Philip Kotler. More specifically, it employs Marxian precepts to penetrate the surface appearance and expose the scholarly essence of Kotler’s corpus. Written in the extended essay format that characterizes works of literary appreciation, it argues that Philip Kotler and Karl Marx are indistinguishable in terms of both conceptual content and rhetorical form. This paper moreover, maintains that just as Marx aspired to the dictatorship of the proletariat, so too Kotler has pursued the goal of the dictatorship of the marketariat.
A Fast and Effective Algorithm for the Feedback Arc Set Problem

A divide-and-conquer approach for the feedback arc set is presented. The divide step is performed by solving a minimum bisection problem. Two strategies are used to solve minimum bisection problem: A heuristic based on the stochastic evolution methodology, and a heuristic based on dynamic clustering. Empirical results are presented to compare our method with other approaches. An algorithm to construct test cases for the feedback arc set problem with known optimal number of feedback arcs, is also presented.
PHLPP1 splice variants differentially regulate AKT and PKCα signaling in hippocampal neurons: characterization of PHLPP proteins in the adult hippocampus

Pleckstrin homology and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases (PHLPPs) are a novel class of potent protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitors that have been intensely investigated in relation to AKT activity in cancer. Currently, our understanding of the role of PHLPP1α in the central nervous system is limited. In this study, we characterized PHLPP protein expression and target kinases in the adult hippocampus. We directly verify PHLPP1α inhibits AKT in hippocampal neurons and demonstrate a novel role for PHLPP1β/SCOP, to promote AKT activation. PHLPP1α expression changes dramatically in the hippocampus during development, constituting the most abundant PHLPP protein in adult neurons. Further, while all PHLPP proteins could be observed in the cytosolic fraction, only PHLPP1α could be localized to the nucleus. The results provide unique evidence for a divergence in the function of PHLPP1α and PHLPP1β/SCOP, and suggest that PHLPP1α plays a major role in regulating AKT signaling in neurons.
Ionospheric Multi‐Point Measurements Using Tethered Satellite Sensors

Many scientific questions concerning the distribution of electromagnetic fields and plasma structures in the ionosphere require measurements over relatively small temporal and spatial scales with as little ambiguity as possible. It is also often necessary to differentiate several geophysical parameters between horizontal and vertical gradients unambiguously. The availability of multiple tethered satellites or sensors, so-called "pearls-on-a-string," may make the necessary measurements practical. In this report we provide two examples of scientific questions which could benefit from such measurements (1) high-latitude magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling; and, (2) plasma structure impact on large and small-scale electrodynamics. Space tether state-of-the-art and special technical considerations addressing mission lifetime, sensor pointing, and multi-stream telemetry are reviewed.
Interplanetary Scintillation Observations of the Solar Wind at High Latitudes

The ULYSSES spacecraft will provide the first direct measurements of the polar solar wind. Thus our present knowledge of this region is derived from various indirect methods. These include radio propagation observations, cometary observations and optical observations (such as doppler dimming of spectra — see Withbroe this report). The purpose of this paper is to review the radio propagation measurements, particularly their solar cycle dependence; and to discuss the analysis of these observations, the underlying assumptions in the models used, and their potential weaknesses.
Improving the environmental performance of heavy-duty vehicles and engines: particular technologies

Abstract: This chapter reviews various advanced technologies to improve the efficiency and environmental performance of heavy-duty engines, including design and operating characteristics of key subsystems such as fuel injection, conventional and advanced low-temperature combustion, turbocharging, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), variable valve actuation (VVA), cooling, aftertreatment, waste heat recovery (WHR), and electronic controls. Engine downsizing, down-speeding, down-breathing, turbocompounding, and air system capability performance are summarized by engine system theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for fuel consumption improvement.
Attitudes toward self in suicidal individuals.

ABSTRACT: Attitudes toward the self and other people were gathered from suicidal, psychosomatic, and normal hospitalized patients via semantic differential ratings. The data were analyzed by comparing the ratings of “Myself” and “Other People” (and their divergencies) made by the three groups of subjects on the Evaluative, Activity, and Potency factors of the semantic differential. It was found that the suicidal individuals had the (a) lowest self-appraisal, (b) highest other appraisal, and (c) greatest self-other divergency among the three groups. The effect was found to be greatest on the Potency factor giving rise to the speculations that feelings of impotency may be extremely critical for the production of suicidal activity.
Medium‐term CT evaluation of stent geometry, integrity, and valve function of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve in the pulmonary position

Objective Distortion of transcatheter heart valve (THV) stent shape and morphology has been shown to impact on THV function. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between geometrical CT follow-up data and consequent valve function in patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the Edwards SAPIEN THV. Methods All patients were enrolled in the COMPASSION trial. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was performed as part of the study protocol at 6 months and yearly thereafter following valve implantation. Prosthesis eccentricity indices, circularity ratios, and expansion ratios (ER) were calculated. Valve function and reintervention rates were correlated with MDCT findings. Results Twenty consecutive patients undergoing 58 CT scans were included. Maximum Doppler gradients across the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) were significantly reduced following valve implantation (P < 0.001). Geometrical indices and maximum RVOT gradients were compared between the reintervention group (n = 4) and the nonreintervention group (n = 16). Although there was no difference in eccentricity index between the groups, ER [6 months: 90 +/− 12% vs. 69 ± 9%; P = 0.014; at 12 months: 89 ± 14 vs. 69 ± 10%; P = 0.018; at 24 months: 87 ± 14% vs. 70 ± 11%; P = 0.056] and valve area [6 months: 3.98 ± 0.54 vs. 2.86 ± 0.38 P = 0.005; at 12 months: 3.93 ± 0.56 vs. 2.86 ± 0.39 P = 0.006; 24 months: 3.78 ± 0.50 vs. 2.90 ± 0.45 P = 0.019] were lower in the reintervention group compared with the nonreintervention group at all time periods. Conclusion Geometrical THV measurements as assessed by CT may predict the need for reintervention in patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the SAPIEN valve. Valve symmetry is maintained, however under-expansion and smaller valve area are strongly associated with the need for reintervention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delivering pharmacogenetic testing to the masses: an achievable goal?

Ten years following the completion of the draft sequence of the human genome, some have wondered if the effort was worth the cost and what happened to the promise of a medical revolution [101]. Admittedly, the exuberance and exhilaration of having a completely sequenced genome led to some overstretched visions of the future [1]. Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is one example of promising more than can be currently delivered with catchy slogans such as the ‘right drug at the right dose for the right patient’ [2,3] . Although pharmacogenetics may not be moving as quickly as anticipated or desired, primarily owing to the lack of evidence of clinical utility, the community has made great strides in understanding the genetic basis of long-observed differences in drug response [4] and PGx has become a pillar of the personalized medicine movement. However, PGx research has also confirmed that genetic variation does not typically account for the majority of variability observed in drug response and more work is needed to discover and identify the combinations of genetic and nongenetic factors to develop better predictors of drug response. Nonetheless, there is still value in some current PGx tests and great potential for its future use, and many institutions are developing or piloting programs to assess delivery strategies for PGx testing. Most of these delivery models are based on a prescription-driven model (testing ordered at time of prescription), and to a lesser extent, a pre-emptive model for patients anticipated to need therapeutic treatment in the near future (e.g., at the time of hospital admission). However, neither the prescriptiondriven model nor the pre-emptive model being explored now has considered strategies to deliver PGx to the larger population. Inevitably, everyone will require some type of pharmacological
"Two Nations": Class and Periphery in Late Victorian Britain, 1885-1910

Structural equation modeling techniques test a series of hypotheses on the mobilization of class voting in late Victorian Britain. The enfranchisement of the working class triggers an organizational proliferation as parties seek to mobilize the new citizenry as well as a countermobilization of religious and territorial cleavages which divide the working-class vote along pre-industrial cleavage lines. Class voting appeared as early as the 1895 election as the newly enfranchised voters of 1884 supported the Labour and Lib-Lab parties. During the period the Liberals became increasingly isolated with their middle class, Nonconformist base as organized labor in particular moved to Labour and the LibLabs. Conservative support appears stable among middle-class and Catholic voters. Models of regional politics show Central England to evolve quite differently, with class voting less important than in the remainder of the country. In the periphery the Liberals appealed to the Celticfringe, while Labour garnered the working class vote. The mobilization of the lower strata, which might have united class against class, generated a countermobilization, which divided the periphery against the center. Two nations, between whom there is no intercourse and no sympathy; who are as ignorant of each other's habits, thoughts and feelings as if they were dwellers in different planets; who are formed by different breeding, are fed by a different food, are ordered by different manners, and are not governed by the same laws . .. the rich and the poor. Benjamin Disraeli (Sybil, 1845) The latter half of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth witnessed a movement toward the full incorporation of Europe's working classes into political life. This development took place on two broad fronts: the gradual removal of institutional barriers to full citizenship, and the emergence of new organizational forms aimed at mobilizing the new citizenry. The politicization of the lower strata created the potential for extreme class polarization within
Comments on price/performance patterns of U. S. computer systems

Several errors are noted in the formulation of econometric models describing computer price/performance patterns. An alternative model is presented which shows the effects of technological advances and computer size on price reduction.
Effect of acetylation on specificity of pepsin.

SummaryAcetylation of the free amino groups of pepsin does not affect the hydrolysis of the peptide carbobenzoxy 1-glutamyl 1-tyrosine. Further acetylation decreases the activity towards this substrate. Acid hydrolysis of 0-acetyl, leaving N-acetyl groups intact, restores the activity of the enzyme to its former value.
Preparation of SiO2 nanoparticles in a non-ionic reverse micellar system

Abstract The preparation of nanosize, monodisperse silica particles by controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in a non-ionic surfactant/ammonium hydroxide/cyclohexane reverse micellar system is described. Particles in the range of 50 to 70 nm are produced with standard deviations around the mean diameter below 8.5%. As the water to surfactant molar ratio increases, the particle size decreases and the size distribution becomes narrower. Spectrofluorometric techniques are used to evaluate the surfactant aggregation numbers and the nature (i.e., free or bound) of water solubilized in the aggregates. The effects of the water content on the particle size and size distribution are discussed in terms of the concentration and structure of the aggregates, as well as in terms of the relative proportion of bound (i.e., bound to the oxyethylene groups of the surfactant molecule) and free water. Possible mechanisms leading to the formation of the particles in this system are discussed.
Paradigm for Expert Display Systems in Nuclear Plant and Elsewhere

L. Beltracchi has recently published work on a Rankine cycle display of operation for a nuclear power station. Discovery of the display was lengthy and difficult. This paper discusses similar CRT displays of plant operation from the point of view of knowledge representation and presents an abstraction describing a wide class of such displays. It is suggested that this abstraction is a useful tool for discovery of good safety displays. An example for an idealized, very simple plant is given to explain the concept.
Analysis of Lognormally Distributed Exposure Data with Repeated Measures and Values below the Limit of Detection Using SAS

Studies of determinants of occupational exposure frequently involve left-censored lognormally distributed data, often with repeated measures. Left censoring occurs when observations are below the analytical limit of detection (LOD); repeated measures data results from taking multiple measurements on the same worker. A common method of dealing with this type of data has been to substitute a value (such as LOD/2) for the censored data followed by statistical analysis using the 'usual' methods. Recently, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) methods have been employed to reduce bias associated with the substitution method. We compared substitution and MLE methods using simulated lognormally distributed exposure data subjected to varying amounts of censoring using two procedures available in SAS: LIFEREG and NLMIXED. In these simulations, the MLE method resulted in less bias and performed well even for censoring up to 80%, whereas the substitution method resulted in considerable bias. We illustrate the NLMIXED procedure using a dataset of chlorpyrifos air measurements collected from termiticide applicators on consecutive days over a 5-day workweek. We provide sample SAS code for several situations including one and two groups, with and without repeated measures, random slopes, and nested random effects.
A random walk approach for quantifying uncertainty in group sequential survival trials

The development of group sequential methods has produced multiple criteria that are used to guide the decision of whether a clinical trial should be stopped early given the data observed at the time of an interim analysis. However, the potential for time-varying treatment effects should be considered when monitoring survival endpoints. In order to quantify uncertainty in future treatment effects it is necessary to consider future alternatives which might reasonably be observed conditional upon data collected up to the time of an interim analysis. A method of imputation of future alternatives using a random walk approach that incorporates a Bayesian conditional hazards model and splits the prior distribution for model parameters across regions of sampled and unsampled support is proposed. By providing this flexibility, noninformative priors can be used over regions of sampled data while providing structure to model parameters over future time intervals. The result is that inference over areas of sampled support remains consistent with commonly used frequentist statistics while a rich class of predictive distributions of treatment effect over the maximal duration of a trial are generated to assess potential treatment effects which may be plausibly observed if the trial were to continue. Selected operating characteristics of the proposed method are investigated via simulation and the approach is applied to survival data stemming from trial 002 of the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) study.
Hidden anti-Rhesus saline antibodies.

A Rhesus antibody of any given specificity, for example, anti-D, occurs in two common forms or states : as a ‘saline antibody’ that will agglutinate red cells suspended in saline, and as an ‘albumin antibody’ that will agglutinate red cells only if they are suspended in a colloid medium or if they are first treated with a proteolytic enzyme. The blood of a sensitized woman may contain either or both, but only the albumin antibody is demonstrable by standard methods in the blood of her newborn baby. Recently, we found saline anti-Rhesus antibodies in the blood of three such babies, following replacement transfusion in two and simple transfusion in one. Albumin antibody but no saline antibody was demonstrable in the blood of each of the three prior to transfusion. None of the donors' bloods contained anti-Rhesus saline antibodies or irregular agglutinins of any other type.
Theory Of Dispersive Birefringent Filters

Polarization interference filters that employ crystals with a strong dispersion of birefringence as the wave plates can provide a very narrow band pass width by using very thin crystal plates. If in addition, the birefringence is small, this filter can accommodate a very wide field-of-view. It is noted, in particular, that CdS exhibits a strong dispersion in the spectral regime between 5200 A and 5400 A, with a rate of dispersion that could provide a passband of only 1 A with a filter structure of several millimeters thick. This paper investigates the properties of these filters. The results are presented and discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two types of presynaptic configurations in insect central synapses: an ultrastructural analysis.

Summary Two structurally distinct types of synapses have been identified in the cockroach metathoracic ganglion. The two synaptic types are distinguished on the basis of (a) the shape and position of the presynaptic density seen by serial thin sectioning and (b) the arrangement and location of vesicle attachment sites (VAS) on the presynaptic membrane obtained from replicas of aldehyde-fixed, freeze-fractures neuropile. Bar-type synapses in thin sections possess a long presynaptic density located in a trough or groove opposite the extracellular space between two contiguous postsynaptic processes. In freeze-fracture, this trough is flanked by two rows of vesicle attachment sites. The second synaptic conformation consists of rows of discrete dense projections located on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane, i.e., directly opposite a single postsynaptic process. This conformation has been correlated with groups of VAS linearly arranged also on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane. These structurally different synapses may represent functionally different contacts within the insect ganglion.
Considerations for the impact of personal genome information: a study of genomic profiling among genetics and genomics professionals.

With the expansion of genomic-based clinical applications, it is important to consider the potential impact of this information particularly in terms of how it may be interpreted and applied to personal perceptions of health. As an initial step to exploring this question, we conducted a study to gain insight into potential psychosocial and health motivations for, as well as impact associated with, undergoing testing and disclosure of individual “variomes” (catalogue of genetic variations). To enable the collection of fully informed opinions, 14 participants with advanced training in genetics underwent whole-genome profiling and received individual reports of estimated genomic ancestry, genotype data and reported disease associations. Emotional, cognitive and health behavioral impact was assessed through one-on-one interviews and questionnaires administered pre-testing and 1-week and 3-months post-testing. Notwithstanding the educational and professional bias of our study population, the results identify several areas of research for consideration within additional populations. With the development of new and less costly approaches to genome risk profiling, now available for purchase direct-to-consumers, it is essential that genome science research be conducted in parallel with studies assessing the societal and policy implications of genome information for personal use.
Depth-related patterns in benthic community condition along an estuarine gradient in Chesapeake Bay, USA

Abstract We tested whether macrobenthic community condition varies significantly with water depth in a variety of regions of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Benthic community condition was characterized using the Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) previously developed for the Bay. We applied two water depth thresholds intended to emphasize the ecological importance and/or anthropogenic impacts upon shallow-water regions. The first threshold of 2 m emphasizes restoring and supporting submerged aquatic vegetation while the second threshold of 4 m emphasizes the zone of maximum anthropogenic impact upon natural ecosystem functions. An a priori expectation is that benthic community condition may worsen with increasing depth, specifically in regions (1) where water column stratification at depth results in prolonged low dissolved oxygen levels or (2) where net deposition at depth results in higher levels of hydrophobic, sediment-bound contaminants. Samples collected from a major tributary of Chesapeake Bay, the York River estuary, spanned the entire salinity range from tidal freshwater to polyhaline. We also tested the shallow-water depth thresholds using data from the Virginia Mainstem of Chesapeake Bay and the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River. These two polyhaline regions are characterized as having the best and worst benthic community condition in Chesapeake Bay. At the scale of the entire tidal York River system, there were no significant differences in benthic community condition with water depth. However, two salinity regions, low mesohaline and polyhaline, had significant depth effects with the shallowest water depth zone significantly different from the other two depth regions. For the low mesohaline region benthic community condition was worse at the shallowest depth and for the polyhaline region the shallowest depth was better comparing the three depth regions. No depth-related differences in the B-IBI were found for the two additional Chesapeake Bay strata, the Virginia Mainstem characterized with the lowest levels of benthic community degradation and for the Southern branch of the Elizabeth River, characterized by the highest levels of benthic community degradation. We conclude that the ecological state of Chesapeake Bay subtidal benthic communities is adequately characterized by randomly sampling all depths without further stratification into shallow and deeper regions.
Determinants of RNA Hairpin Loop-Loop Complex Stability

Complexes formed by RNA hairpin loops with complementary loop sequences derived from Escherichia coli RNA I and RNA II, which are involved in the control of DNA replication of plasmid ColE1, have been analyzed to determine the sequence and structural elements required to achieve full affinity. Of particular interest is the origin of the enhanced stability of the complex formed by hairpin loops whose loop sequences have been inverted 5' to 3' with respect to wild-type sequences. Full complementarity of the two interacting loops is required to achieve full or enhanced affinity, while the stems of the two hairpins can differ. The major determinant of enhanced affinity lies in the base-pairs formed at positions 1 and 7 of the loops, together with the two base-pairs of each stem which are closest to the loop. Sequence variation in the middle of the loops, or further down the stem away from the loops, exerts only a modest influence on complex stability. We incorporate these results into a model for the loop-loop interaction which accounts for the importance of positions one and seven and the first two nucleotides of the stem, while providing potentially unique structures for recognition by the RNA one modulator protein.
Estimation of plastic anisotropy in Ni–5% Al coatings via spherical indentation

Abstract Computational models were performed to simulate spherical indentation on the free edge of a material exhibiting anisotropy in plastic behavior. Anisotropy was correlated with out of plane sub-surface deformation fields that persisted after unloading. It was further shown that some aspects of the fields were sensitive only to this anisotropy, and insensitive to yield strain, hardening behavior, elastic anisotropy, or in-plane residual stresses, suggesting an indentation-based method of property measurement. Results from the simulations were compared with Brinell indents on bonded interface specimens of Ni–5% Al coatings deposited by various spray techniques. The coatings applied via air plasma spray, high velocity oxy-fuel and cold spray were found to have normal to in-plane yield ratios of 1.15, 1.30 and 0.60, respectively. Micromechanical arguments are provided for the differences in anisotropy.
Characterization of rat serum insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: identification of a potentially novel form

The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in rat serum were analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western ligand or immunoblotting. A ligand blot of adult female rat serum revealed at least 20 proteins that bound labeled IGF-I specifically. They ranged in size from about 24-50K, and their pI values ranged from approximately 5.5-8.0. Immuno- and ligand blots showed that IGFBP-3 appeared as a broad band composed of numerous individual spots of about 40-45K, with pI values ranging from about 5.5-7.7. Immunoblots showed that IGFBP-4 resolved into at least three spots of approximately 29K, with pI values of about 6.3-6.7 and an approximately 24K nonglycosylated form that usually appeared as a single spot with a pI of about 7, but occasionally it resolved into a doublet. Immunoblots of neonatal rat serum using antiserum to IGFBP-2 resulted in immunoreactivity of two sets of proteins: approximately 33K forms composed of two proteins and a...
Interactions of 4', 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole with synthetic polynucleotides

4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole forms fluorescent complexes with synthetic DNA duplexes containing AT, AU and IC base pairs; no fluorescent complexes were observed with duplexes containing GC base pairs or with duplexes containing a single AT base pair sandwiched between GC pairs. The binding site size is one molecule of dye per 3 base pairs. The intrinsic binding constants are higher for alternating sequence duplexes than for the corresponding homopolymer pairs. With the exception of the four-stranded helical poly rI which exhibits considerable fluorescence enhancement upon binding of the ligand, none of the single- or multi- stranded polyribonucleotides and ribo-deoxyribonucleotide hybrid structures form fluorescent complexes with the dye. Poly rI is the only RNA which forms a DNA B-like structure (Arnott et al. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 537). The B conformation of the helix and the absence of guanine appear to be the major determinants of the specificity of the fluorescent binding mode of the dye. Nonfluorescent interactions of the dye with polynucleotides are nonspecific; UV absorption and circular dichroic spectra demonstrate binding to synthetic single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA analogs, including those containing GC base pairs.
The Role of Phosphate in a Multistep Enzymatic Reaction: Reactions of the Substrate and Intermediate in Pieces

Several mechanistically unrelated enzymes utilize the binding energy of their substrate’s nonreacting phosphoryl group to accelerate catalysis. Evidence for the involvement of the phosphodianion in transition state formation has come from reactions of the substrate in pieces, in which reaction of a truncated substrate lacking its phosphorylmethyl group is activated by inorganic phosphite. What has remained unknown until now is how the phosphodianion group influences the reaction energetics at different points along the reaction coordinate. 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) reductoisomerase (DXR), which catalyzes the isomerization of DXP to 2-C-methyl-d-erythrose 4-phosphate (MEsP) and subsequent NADPH-dependent reduction, presents a unique opportunity to address this concern. Previously, we have reported the effect of covalently linked phosphate on the energetics of DXP turnover. Through the use of chemically synthesized MEsP and its phosphate-truncated analogue, 2-C-methyl-d-glyceraldehyde, the curren...
An Empowerment-Oriented Mental Health Intervention with Elderly Appalachian Women: The Women's Club

ABSTRACT This article describes the application of an empowerment-oriented intervention to a home-based mental health program serving older women in the Appalachian region of Eastern Kentucky. The approach is designed to overcome the traditional transportation, social, and cultural barriers many older Appalachian women face in obtaining services. Through intervention on individual, group, and community levels the women learn the skills to empower themselves and others in their community to regain power over their lives. The article concludes with the implications of an empowerment approach to mental health and social service provision in rural areas.
Comparison of insulin glargine and NPH insulin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review of clinical studies

Despite the evidence-based approach to management of Type 2 diabetes outlined in current diabetes practice guidelines, a large proportion of patients are achieving suboptimal glycemic control. A substantial amount of data exists comparing insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin for long-acting basal insulin coverage. The objective of this systematic review was to provide a balanced appraisal of existing clinical evidence and to determine the appropriate step in therapy for insulin glargine or NPH insulin. Relevant English language articles from 1996 to 2005 were identified through searches of the National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed database. Search terms included neutral protamine Hagedorn, NPH, insulin glargine, insulin therapy, Type 2 diabetes, insulin analogs, HOE901, and HOE-901. Studies were compared regarding designs, primary and secondary efficacy parameters, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (A1C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), incidence of hypoglycemia, and other safety assessments. Six original multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trials conducted in Europe or the United States, ranging in duration from 4 to 52 weeks, met the inclusion criteria. Two additional analyses represented a subanalysis and a study extension. All of the studies compared insulin glargine with NPH insulin given once or twice daily as monotherapy or in conjunction with oral antidiabetic agents in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Based on available evidence, insulin glargine has shown equal clinical efficacy to that of NPH insulin and similar reductions in A1C and is associated with similar or lower FPG levels. Recent studies also have demonstrated that less frequent nocturnal hypoglycemia incidence is associated with insulin glargine compared with NPH insulin. The known pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes and the need for basal insulin treatment are presented as rationale for comparison of these insulins.
Repeatable procedures and maps in open quantum dynamics

Examples of repeatable procedures and maps are found in the open quantum dynamics of one qubit that interacts with another qubit. They show that a mathematical map that is repeatable can be made by a physical procedure that is not.
A study of adriamycin-reduced wound breaking strength in rats. An evaluation by light and electron microscopy, induction of collagen maturation, and hydroxyproline content

The cause of the reduced wound breaking strength (WBS) in adriamycin-treated animals is unknown. Differential staining of histologic sections, collagen fiber diameter measurements by electron microscopy (EM), induction of maturation, and hydroxyproline content analysis were used to examine this defect. Differential staining and formaldehyde induction of maturation revealed no differences between mature and immature collagen content in scars of adriamycin-treated and control animals. Mean collagen fiber diameters in control rats were 76 +/- 27 nm and, in adriamycin treated rats, 62 +/- 10 nm (mean +/- SD) at 21 days. There was no difference in total hydroxyproline content between ADR and C animals. However, significant differences existed between the specific activity of new or 3H-hydroxyproline (scar collagen) at 14 days (controls, 372 +/- 9 cpm; adriamycin-treated, 129 +/- 5 cpm) and at 21 days (controls, 365 +/- 11 cpm; adriamycin treated, 172 +/- 14 cpm; mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.001). It appears that the defect contributing to reduced WBS in adriamycin treated animals is not due to a collagen maturation defect but rather to a reduction in scar collagen accumulation as measured by new hydroxyproline content and reduced fiber diameter as determined by EM measurements.
Homogeneous and inhomogeneous nuclear spin echoes in solids

Abstract The “magic echoes” described by Waugh are shown to have a number of useful applications in the nuclear magnetic resonance of solids. These include lineshape analysis of free induction decays and high-resolution NMR in solids. The relevance of cycle symmetry in pulsed experiments is discussed briefly. In addition, it is demonstrated that the more familial echoes, namely, inhomogeneous spin echoes, may also manifest themselves in solid. Examples are given from the field of solid state 13 C and 19 F spectroscopy.
The long‐term horizon: Patients who will remain untreated in the era of triple therapy

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Preference Enhancement for Alcohol by Passive Exposure

A large and lasting enhancement of alcohol consumption over control levels is reported after direct infusion of 10 percent alcohol into the stomach of rats for 6 days.
Finding the Third Way: Bill Clinton, the DLC, and the Democratic Platform of 1992

For those who subscribe to the theory of ldquo;responsible parties,” party platforms should offer voters a basis for choosing between the parties and give politicians the basis for a mandate. As Krehbiel points out, U.S. platforms are routinely dismissed as “amorphous” and “hardly ever … (serving) effectively as constraints during the campaign or after the election.” Yet, for better or worse, party platforms are the only authoritative statement of national party positions available, so political scientists have frequently used them as a basis for studies of party policymaking. Contrary to expectations based on the stereotype of “irresponsible” U.S. parties, studies by Gerald Pomper, Jeff Fishel, and others show that U.S. parties make fairly specific policy promises and are able to carry most of them out, even under the adverse condition of divided government. Cross-national studies show that although U.S. parties are not as successful as parties in parliamentary regimes, they look surprisingly good in international comparisons.
Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood

ABSTRACT The concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, 17β-estradiol, and estrone were measured in peripheral and ovarian vein sera obtained at the time of surgery from 10 postmenopausal women undergoing bilateral oophorectomy. A higher ovarian than peripheral vein concentration was found for all hormones studied. The differences between ovarian and peripheral vein concentrations were 15-fold for testosterone (3033 ± 1046 pg/ml vs 198 ± 27 pg/ml, p <0.01); 4-fold for androstenedione (3455 ± 1330 pg/ml vs 754 ± 174 pg/ml, NS) and 2-fold for both 17β-estradiol (31.1 ± 6.3 pg/ml vs 14.6 ± 2.9 pg/ml, p < 0.05); and estrone (71.5 ± 13.3 pg/ml vs 30.3 ± 3.4 pg/ml, p < 0.05). It is concluded that the postmenopausal ovary continues to secrete a large amount of testosterone and a moderate amount of androstenedione. The small magnitude of the peripheral and ovarian vein estrogen differences could account for only minimal ovarian estrogen secretion.
Neuromodulation Approaches for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Stimulating the Brain Following Exposure-based Therapy

Exposure-based therapies, medications, or device-based brain stimulation techniques are now current therapies that are offered to individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the refinement and evolution of these different interventions, some individuals still remain symptomatic. Neuroscience-based knowledge suggests that fear conditioning and extinction paradigms are a good experimental model to mimic exposure-based therapy. The field has recently put considerable efforts to test various pharmacological compounds that could be used as adjuncts to therapy by increasing the consolidation of the memory that is being formed during the therapy session. In this review, we propose to use device-based brain stimulation techniques to augment the efficacy of exposure-based therapy in individuals suffering from PTSD. Rather than using it as a therapeutic tool on its own, we describe how device-based brain stimulation techniques could be used to target regions known to be dysregulated when learning and/or recalling safety memory traces in PTSD patients.
Cue-induced craving in patients with cocaine use disorder predicts cognitive control deficits toward cocaine cues

Abstract Introduction Cue-induced craving is a clinically important aspect of cocaine addiction influencing ongoing use and sobriety. However, little is known about the relationship between cue-induced craving and cognitive control toward cocaine cues. While studies suggest that cocaine users have an attentional bias toward cocaine cues, the present study extends this research by testing if cocaine use disorder patients (CDPs) can control their eye movements toward cocaine cues and whether their response varied by cue-induced craving intensity. Methods Thirty CDPs underwent a cue exposure procedure to dichotomize them into high and low craving groups followed by a modified antisaccade task in which subjects were asked to control their eye movements toward either a cocaine or neutral drug cue by looking away from the suddenly presented cue. The relationship between breakdowns in cognitive control (as measured by eye errors) and cue-induced craving (changes in self-reported craving following cocaine cue exposure) was investigated. Results CDPs overall made significantly more errors toward cocaine cues compared to neutral cues, with higher cravers making significantly more errors than lower cravers even though they did not differ significantly in addiction severity, impulsivity, anxiety, or depression levels. Cue-induced craving was the only specific and significant predictor of subsequent errors toward cocaine cues. Conclusion Cue-induced craving directly and specifically relates to breakdowns of cognitive control toward cocaine cues in CDPs, with higher cravers being more susceptible. Hence, it may be useful identifying high cravers and target treatment toward curbing craving to decrease the likelihood of a subsequent breakdown in control.
Cardiac Tamponade Due to Primary Pericardial Lymphoma in a Patient With AIDS

Cardiac tamponade due to lymphomatous involvement of the heart is a dramatic and unusual complication. Because of their nonspecific clinical presentation, these tumors are seldom diagnosed antemortem. We report the case of a patient with AIDS who presented with signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. Emergency pericardiocentesis followed by staging studies revealed large cell B-lymphocyte lymphoma confined to the pericardial space. With combination chemotherapy, a durable complete response was obtained. This case illustrates the potential benefit of aggressive treatment of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with AIDS. The case is of particular interest because of the unusual development of isolated pericardial involvement as the sentinel sign of lymphoma.
Postural Sway Measurements: A Potential Safety Monitoring Technique for Workers Wearing Personal Protective Equipment

This study investigated the use of postural sway measurements as a potential safety monitoring technique. Sixteen healthy male volunteers (age: 41.8 9.3 years) participated in this study. The level of neurophysiological strain and the ability to maintain upright balance for workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) were investigated. Three levels of PPE, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-defined levels A, B, and C, were worn in random order while performing two randomly ordered tasks, resting and a workload. After the workload task, the perceived exertion and discomfort were recorded. Postural sway, measured using a microprocessor-based force platform system, was assessed after each task. The variables of sway area and sway length were calculated from stabilograms. These measurements were taken for three sway tests: 1) Eyes open (EO), 2) Eyes closed on a four-inch foam (FC), and 3) a dynamic test with the subject reaching for a weight placed in front, lifting it to his or...