cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group Lattices and Homomorphisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses group lattices and homomorphism. A lattice of subgroups is a collection of chains of subgroups. At the top of the lattice is the head group to which every group in the lattice is a subgroup. At the bottom of the lattice is the tail group, which is a subgroup to all groups in the lattice. Associated with each Hamiltonian is a lattice of subgroups, the tail group of which commutes with the Hamiltonian and supplies exact quantum numbers. If in passing down a chain, each group commutes with a set of terms in the Hamiltonian of progressively lesser strength, the chain is said to be a physically significant one. The head group is the group of a zero-order Hamiltonian supplying a set of configurations and the quantum numbers for these configurations. The second group in the chain commutes with a portion of the Hamiltonian that is regarded as a perturbation on the zero-order term. If the perturbation is considerably weaker than the zero-order term, configuration interaction can be neglected and good eigen-values are obtained by diagonalizing the perturbation Hamiltonian inside each configuration. The diagonalization of a Hamiltonian within a configuration is simplified by symmetry adaptation of the basis of the configuration to the group of the Hamiltonian. The size of the secular equation to be solved is reduced and group-theoretical identification of the states of the Hamiltonian is made in advance.
Assured Runtime Monitoring and Planning: Toward Verification of Neural Networks for Safe Autonomous Operations

Autonomous systems operating in uncertain envi ronments under the effects of disturbances and noises can reach unsafe states even while using finetuned controllers and precise sensors and actuators. To provide safety guarantees on such systems during motion planning operations, reachability analysis (RA) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool. RA, however, suffers from computational complexity, especially when dealing with intricate systems characterized by high-order dynamics, making it hard to deploy for runtime monitoring.
Short-Term Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibition, Combined with Apoprotein A1 Overexpression, Promotes Atherosclerosis Inflammation Resolution in Mice

Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) mediates cellular cholesterol esterification. In atherosclerotic plaque macrophages, ACAT promotes cholesteryl ester accumulation, resulting in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression. Its complete inactivation in mice, however, showed toxic effects because of an excess of free cholesterol (FC) in macrophages, which can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress, cholesterol crystal formation, and inflammasome activation. Our previous studies showed that long-term partial ACAT inhibition, achieved by dietary supplementation with Fujirebio F1394, delays atherosclerosis progression in apoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice by reducing plaque foam cell formation without inflammatory or toxic effects. Here, we determined whether short-term partial inhibition of ACAT, in combination with an enhanced systemic FC acceptor capacity, has synergistic benefits. Thus, we crossbred Apoe -/- with human apoprotein A1-transgenic (APOA1 tg/tg) mice, which have elevated cholesterol-effluxing high-density lipoprotein particles, and subjected Apoe -/- and APOA1 tg/tg/Apoe -/- mice to an atherogenic diet to develop advanced plaques. Then mice were either euthanized (baseline) or fed purified standard diet with or without F1394 for 4 more weeks. Plaques of APOA1 tg/tg/Apoe -/- mice fed F1394 showed a 60% reduction of macrophages accompanied by multiple other benefits, such as reduced inflammation and favorable changes in extracellular composition, in comparison with Apoe -/- baseline mice. In addition, there was no accumulation of cholesterol crystals or signs of toxicity. Overall, these results show that short-term partial ACAT inhibition, coupled to increased cholesterol efflux capacity, favorably remodels atherosclerosis lesions, supporting the potential of these combined therapies in the treatment of advanced atherosclerosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Short-term pharmacological inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-mediated cholesterol esterification, in combination with increased free cholesterol efflux acceptors, has positive effects in mice by 1) reducing the inflammatory state of the plaque macrophages and 2) favoring compositional changes associated with plaque stabilization. These effects occur without toxicity, showing the potential of these combined therapies in the treatment of advanced atherosclerosis.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties of Fluoropyridyl-Functionalized Siloxanes of Diverse Polymeric Architectures

High-temperature linear fluoropyridyl silicone-based oils and network elastomers were prepared via hydrosilylation with multifunctional perfluoropyridine (PFP)-based monomers possessing terminally ...
Do forecasts of bankruptcy cause bankruptcy? A machine learning sensitivity analysis

It is widely speculated that auditors' public forecasts of bankruptcy are, at least in part, self-fulfilling prophecies in the sense that they might actually cause bankruptcies that would not have otherwise occurred. This conjecture is hard to prove, however, because the strong association between bankruptcies and bankruptcy forecasts could simply indicate that auditors are skillful forecasters with unique access to highly predictive covariates. In this paper, we investigate the causal effect of bankruptcy forecasts on bankruptcy using nonparametric sensitivity analysis. We contrast our analysis with two alternative approaches: a linear bivariate probit model with an endogenous regressor, and a recently developed bound on risk ratios called E-values. Additionally, our machine learning approach incorporates a monotonicity constraint corresponding to the assumption that bankruptcy forecasts do not make bankruptcies less likely. Finally, a tree-based posterior summary of the treatment effect estimates allows us to explore which observable firm characteristics moderate the inducement effect.
Population-based surveillance of medical tourism among US residents from 11 states and territories: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

OBJECTIVE To describe medical tourism among a subset of US residents; identify possible indicators for medical tourism. METHODS The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with 11 states and territories to ask 6 questions about medical tourism, using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data collected from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016, included whether respondents traveled internationally for preplanned care, travel reasons and destinations, procedures received, and occurrence and treatment of complications. A descriptive analysis of demographics, socioeconomic status and health access variables was performed, and a regression model with a log-link function and Poisson distribution was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for medical tourism. RESULTS Of 93,492 respondents, 517 (0.55%) traveled internationally during the previous year for care. Mexico was the most common destination (41% of trips). Dentistry accounted for 55% of treatments. Complications from care received abroad were reported by 5% of medical tourists; 67% sought care upon returning to the United States. The prevalence of medical tourism was 1.32% (95% CI, 1.00-1.64). The prevalence of medical tourism was higher in Hispanics and non-whites (PR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.48-6.32) and higher among those without current health insurance (PR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.69-4.34). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest collection of population-based surveillance data describing medical tourism among US residents from multiple states and territories. Understanding the demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with medical tourism can inform evidence-based recommendations for travelers and clinicians who may advise or care for these individuals before, during, or after travel.
Anxious feelings, anxious friends: on anxiety and friendship

Although anxiety is frequently seen as a predominantly negative phenomenon, some recent researchers have argued that it plays an important positive function, serving as an alert to warn agents of possible problems or threats. I argue that not only can one’s own, first-personal anxiety perform this function; because it is possible for others—in particular, one’s friends—to feel anxious on one’s behalf, their anxious feelings can sometimes play the same role in our functioning, and make similar contributions to our well-being. I distinguish between a number of kinds of cases in which what I call proxy anxiety serves a positive function, including Anxiety Avoidance (where there is good reason for an agent to avoid becoming anxious herself, but can benefit from a friend’s anxiety on her behalf), Anxiety Omission (where an agent fails to become anxious due to a malfunctioning anxiety-generating system), long-term commitments involving dispositions to feel other-directed proxy anxiety, and cases in which proxy anxiety can help reduce or relieve excessive anxiety. A person’s friends, it is argued, are particularly well positioned to help regulate deficient and/or excessive anxieties, precisely because friends are close enough to care for and identify with the agent, but at the same time distant enough to maintain a relatively objective perspective. I conclude by examining connections between proxy anxiety and theories of well-being.
Updated systematic review identifies substantial number of retention strategies: Using more strategies retains more study participants

Abstract Background and Objective The retention of participants in studies is important for the validity of research. We updated our prior systematic review (2005) to assess retention strategies for in-person follow-up in health care studies. Methods We searched PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Methodology Register, and Embase (August 2013) for English-language reports of studies that described retention strategies for in-person follow-up in health care studies. We abstracted each retention strategy, and two authors independently classified each retention strategy with one of the themes developed in our prior review. Results We identified 88 studies (67 newly identified studies), six of which were designed to compare retention strategies, whereas the remainder described retention strategies and retention rates. There were 985 strategies abstracted from the descriptive studies (617 from new studies), with a median (interquartile range) number of strategies per study of 10 (7 to 17) and a median (interquartile range) number of themes per study of 6 (4 to 7). Financial incentives were used in 47 (57%) of the descriptive studies. We classified 28% of the strategies under the theme of “contact and scheduling methods,” with 83% of the identified studies using at least one strategy within this theme. The number of strategies used was positively correlated with retention rate (P = 0.027), but the number of themes was not associated with retention rate (P = 0.469). Conclusion The number of studies describing retention strategies has substantially increased since our prior review. However, the lack of comparative studies and the heterogeneity in the types of strategies, participant population and study designs, prohibits synthesis to determine the types of cohort retention strategies that were most effective. However, using a larger number of retention strategies, across five or six different themes, appears to retain more study participants.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, or low-density lipoprotein particle: what should clinicians measure?

In the field of lipidology, there is a passionate debate regarding the clinical utility of advanced lipoprotein analysis. In the accompanying viewpoint, Jennifer Robinson presents the opinion that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of advanced lipid analysis (i.e., apolipoprotein B-
Towards Pluricultural States

Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy. Edited by Rachel Sieder. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Indigenous Movements, Self Representation, and the State in Latin America. Edited by Kay B. Warren and Jean E. Jackson. Austin, TX, University of Texas Press, 2002. The Struggle for Indigenous Rights in Latin America. Edited by Nancy Grey Postero and Leon Zamosc. Brighton, UK, Academic Press, 2004.
An Inquiry into the Professional Self Image of Real Estate Agents

How people believe others perceive them often, at least partially, determines their behavior. This study analyzes how real estate agents, salespeople as well as brokers, perceive the opinions that ...
Binding of [3H]prostaglandin E1 to putative receptors linked to adenylate cyclase of cultured cell clones

A method for assessing the binding of 3H-labeled prostaglandin E1 ([3H]PGE1) to cell membranes has been developed and used to study the interaction of [3H]PGE1 with membranes from cultured mammalian cells. Receptor sites were identified by correlation of the potency of a series of compounds to compete for [3H]PGE1 binding sites and to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity, by correlation of rates of binding and change in enzyme activity, and by the correspondence of [3H]PGE1-binding activity with the presence or absence of PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase in several clones. In clone B82, a murine L-cell, [3H]PGE1 binds with an activation energy of 14 kcal/mol to a class of sites with an affinity of 0.5 X 10(8) M-1 and a capacity of 150 fmol/mg of protein. Concentration dependence of adenylate cyclase activation by PGE1 (KD =30 nM) and kinetic analysis of [3H]PGE1 binding (k1 = 4 X 10(6) liters/mol/min, k-1 0.15/min) verify this affinity. Concentration dependence and specificity of binding and activation of adenylate cyclases in neuroblastoma clone N4TG1 and N18TG2 substantiate the method. In several clones that lack PGE1-responsive adenylate cyclase, no specific [3H]PGE1 binding is detectable.
Architecture of Infection Thread Networks in Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules

During the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules, symbiotic bacteria are often delivered to the nodule interior by a network of tubes formed by the invagination of plant cell wall and plasma membrane. These tubes, called infection threads, are cooperatively constructed by both the plant host and its symbiotic bacteria. This chapter outlines how infection threads develop in root hairs and in root cortical cells, and how the three-dimensional architecture of infection thread networks in nodules change during the course of nodule development. Three-dimensional reconstructions of infection thread networks inside M. truncatulanodules infected with Sinorhizobium melilotishow that the infection threads form relatively simple, treelike networks that exhibit changes in growth orientation as nodules mature. Questions concerning possible mechanisms that determine the direction of infection thread development in nodule tissue, and whether or not the mechanisms of infection thread construction in nodule tissue differ from those in root hairs, are discussed.
Depression of human monocyte chemotaxis by herpes simplex and influenza viruses.

To determine the effect of virus infection on monocyte chemotaxis, we isolated mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from human peripheral blood on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and quantitated the chemotactic responsiveness in modified Boyden chambers. The MNL were exposed to herpes simplex (7 plaque-forming units/MNL) or influenza virus (103.0 hemagglutinin units/106.7 MNL) before quantification of chemotactic responsiveness of the cells to a chemotactic lymphokine. Incubation of these viruses with human MNL depressed monocyte chemotaxis by 62 to 85% (p <0.001) as compared to MNL incubated with non-infectious (UV-irradiated) viruses or a control tissue culture preparation. Similar amounts of vaccinia, polio, and reovirus were not inhibitory, and suggested that the inhibition was not a universal effect of viruses. Depressed chemotaxis was not caused by virus-induced cytotoxicity (as measured by trypan blue exclusion) since greater than 95% of the MNL were viable at the end of the assay period. The data suggest that one mechanism for the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen in certain viral infections can be due to the ability of viruses to inhibit monocyte chemotactic responsiveness.
Case Research and Writing: Professor Moore Can't Get There From Here

This article, written in the case format, is an extension of the article entitled “Case Research and Writing: Three Days in the Life of Professor Moore” published in The CASE Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1. It is intended to give the novice case writer insight into problems associated with obtaining the release for publication from companies where primary data had been collected. Related issues on case writing are also included.
A Revolution in the Making: Advances in Materials That May Transform Future Exploration Infrastructures and Missions

The NASA Strategic Plan identifies the long-term goal to provide safe and affordable space access, orbital transfer, and interplanetary transportation capabilities to enable research, human exploration, and the commercial development of space; and to conduct human and robotic missions to planets and other bodies in our solar system. Numerous scientific and engineering breakthroughs will be required to develop the technology necessary to achieve this goal. Critical technologies include advanced vehicle primary and secondary structure, radiation protection, propulsion and power systems, fuel storage, electronics and devices, sensors and science instruments, and medical diagnostics and treatment. Advanced materials with revolutionary new capabilities are an essential element of each of these technologies. This paper discusses those materials best suited for aerospace vehicle structure and highlights the enormous potential of one revolutionary new material, carbon nanotubes.
Arrhythmia surveillace by transtelephonic monitoring: Comparison with Holter monitoring in symptomatic ambulatory patients

Abstract We have evaluated a patient-actuated transtelephonic monitoring system (TTM) in order to determine its ability to document the cardiac rhythm at the time of symptoms; results have been compared to a simultaneously recorded 24-hour Holter Monitor (HM). Forty patients submitted an average of 15.6 TTM recordings/patient over a 7-day recording period. Twenty-six patients reported significant symptoms during the period of study: 11 had demonstrated arrhythmias, and these were documented by HM alone in one, by TTM alone in four, and by both HM and TTM in six. In 15 patients, no arrhythmia was seen during symptoms. HM alone was useful in excluding arrhythmia as a cause for the symptoms in two patients, TTM alone in six patients, and both in the remaining seven patients. Cumulative diagnostic usefulness in evaluating the significance of symptoms potentially attributable to arrhythmia is summarized: HM alone useful in three patients, TTM alone useful in 10 patients, and both HM and TTM useful in 13; TTM was significantly more useful than HM ( χ 2 = 3.69; P Of note is that six patients had significant arrhythmias during asymptomatic periods, including VPC's (four), severe sinus bradycardia (one), and rapid atrial fibrillation (one). In these few patients, both techniques appeared equally able to document asymptomatic arrhythmias. These observations demonstrate that TTM carried out over a 7-day period is superior to a 24-hour Holter monitor recording in its ability to establish the significance of symptoms potentially attributable to arrhythmia, and appeared equally sensitive to HM in demonstrating periods of asymptomatic arrhythmia. TTM can therefore be considered a simple, accurate, and useful technique for arrhythmia surveillance in the symptomatic patient.
Inhibition of elastolysis by proteinase inhibitors from chick plasma and aorta.

Abstract Chick plasma contains inhibitor(s) against trypsin and elastase which also appear to retard the degradation of tropoelastin by arterial tissue Chick aorta extracts also contain similar inhibitors against elastase and trypsin. Both levels of the plasma inhibitor(s) and inhibitor(s) extracted from thoracic aorta increase during early stages of growth and maturation. There is a three- to four-fold increase in the levels of the inhibitor(s) in chick plasma and aorta between one to four weeks after hatching. Of particular interest are the observations that the presence of the inhibitor(s) retards the conversion of soluble elastin (tropoelastin) to smaller elastin peptides. Subsequently, it is speculated that in addition to other vital roles, such proteinase inhibitors may also act in regulating elastogenesis and elastin fiber formation.
Measure of Proportional Non-Chance Clustering in Free Recall:

Summary.-A new ratio of category clustering (CLT) is presented which, unlike earlier measures, uses an unconfounded estimate of the number of nonchance repetitions occurring in free recall sequences. The measure permits the assessment of clustering of individual categories independently of clustering of the orher categories and yields additional statistics which cannot be accurately measured by existing methods. Computer-generated data scored according to CLr and five other clustering measures indicate that the various measures are not equivalent. In addition, the five other measures are shown to be confounded by extraneous characteristics of the set of items recalled. Consequently, the validity of conclusions based on clustering measures other than CLr is questioned. Current interest in the organization of memory has generated considerable discussion of measures of category clustering in free recall (Colle, 1972; Dalrymple-Alford, 1970, 1971; Frankel & Cole, 1971; Frender & Doubilet, 1974; Hudson, 1972; Roenker, Thompson, & Brown, 1971; Shuell, 1969). This discussion has focused on the problem of confounding of the measures with such variables as the number of categories and the [oral number of items recalled. A valid clustering measure should vary only with rhe extent to which subjects cluster the items on the basis of the experimenter-defined categories. If a measure can be shown to be confounded by any other characteristic of the set of recalled items, then the interpretation of experimental results remains dubious. The current paper describes an attempt to develop a measure free of the confounding which affects existing measures of clustering. The confounding which affects measures of clustering stems from at least two sources. First, a certain number of repetitions, i.e., the contiguous occurrence
Coping with textbook controversies: From policy development to implementation

This article focuses on how schools can cope with today’s increasing number of textbook controversies. Educators should understand the concerns generated by textbook controversies, the importance of sound and useful policies in dealing with them, how effective policies are developed, and the responsibilities of superintendents, principals, teachers, librarians, and publishers in addressing controversies and implementing policies.
Effects of short-term exercise training on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract Background No randomized controlled trial has investigated exercise training effects on signs and symptoms that characterize patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Objectives To quantify and compare the effects of six weeks of resistance (RET) and aerobic exercise training (AET) on signs and symptoms associated with GAD. Methods Thirty sedentary women, aged 18–37 years, diagnosed by blinded clinicians with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD, who were not engaged in treatment other than pharmacotherapy, were randomized to six weeks of RET, AET, or wait list (WL). RET involved two weekly sessions of lower-body weightlifting. AET involved two weekly sessions of leg cycling matched with RET on body region, positive work, exercise time, and load progression. Outcomes included concentration difficulty, trait anxiety, symptoms of depression, tension, low vigor, fatigue and confusion, irritability, muscle tension, and pain location and intensity. Hedges’ d effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated at weeks two, four, and six for each exercise condition compared to WL. Results RET significantly reduced feelings of anxiety-tension and the frequency and intensity of irritability. RET also resulted in six-week Hedges’ d effect sizes ≥0.36 for trait anxiety, concentration, symptoms of depression, fatigue and vigor, and pain intensity. AET resulted in comparable improvements in trait anxiety, concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and symptoms of fatigue and vigor. Effects for 9 of 12 outcomes were non-significantly larger for RET compared to AET. Conclusions Short-term RET and AET provoke comparable improvements in signs and symptoms associated with GAD, particularly irritability, anxiety, low vigor and pain. Findings warrant further investigation. Clinical trial registration ( ClinicalTrials.gov ) Identifier: NCT00953654.
Estimating the impact of maritime security: financial tradeoffs between security and efficiency

Maritime transportation accounts for over seventy percent (70 %) of global transport, thus exceeding by far the carriage of goods by air and land. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the International Maritime Organization under the umbrella of the United Nations, established the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code); this is a mandatory set of security measures that aim to enhance the security of ships and port facilities. The enforcement of ISPS is one of the most promising and effective measures for alleviating security threats, both in terms of terrorist attacks, and sea piracy. The implementation of these measures requires large sums of investment in purchase, maintenance, and amortization of capital equipment both at ports and onboard ships; this includes X-Ray scanning, Gamma Ray, neutron scanning, biometrics; employing armed guards with ballistic vests; using computer software to identify security vulnerabilities (i.e. MSRAM Analysis Model (Burns 2013)); sharing sensitive information at a global diplomatic level, carrying out extensive training and security drills, etc. While these measures are effective and resulted in a decrease of 35 % of security threats from 2012 to 2013, at the same time the industry is concerned about the commercial and financial consequences entailed, such as delays in transportation, route deviations, and high implementation costs. Aim of this work is to evaluate this opinion dichotomy, i.e. proactive security vs. commercial and financial efficiency. To achieve this, the extended “Simon Kuznet’s Theorem” will test the Supply Chain Value and Security Risk. Econometric models will assess the security threat and the asset value pertaining to the supply chain security. The findings of this original study will assist transportation professionals in assessing the benefits of proactive security measures, and also help them verify the security-associated risks and consequences, while forecasting possible threats.
ZnS Nanomaterial Characterization by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

We present a methodology for mass and size dispersity analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of lyothermally grown 2.5-3.7 nm ZnS nanocrystals having a Zn blende crystal structure. These results correlate with information obtained by TEM and absorption spectroscopy. The use of MS methods to probe size and size dispersity provides a convenient method to rapidly analyze II-VI materials at the nanoscale. We believe these results represent the first mass spectrometric analysis of size and size dispersities on II-VI nanocrystals.
Can Easy-to-Read Immunization Information Increase Knowledge in Urban Low-Income Mothers?

This article describes a pilot study that (1) assessed the self-report of highest grade completed in school and the actual reading and comprehension skills of low-income mothers whose children receive immunizations in urban public clinics and (2) tested the effectiveness of a nursing intervention on immunization knowledge using revised easy-to-read written education materials. Thirty-seven mothers were randomized either to a control group (asked to read the standard vaccine information sheets) or to an experimental group (asked to read the revised immunization pamphlets). Although there was a modest increase in immunization knowledge for both groups, it was not significant. Thus, simplifying information alone may not increase parental knowledge.
All quantum observables in a hidden-variable model must commute simultaneously

Under a standard set of assumptions for a hidden-variable model for quantum events we show that all observables must commute simultaneously. This seems to be an ultimate statement about the inapplicability of the usual hidden-variable model for quantum events. And, despite Bell's complaint that a key condition of von Neumann's was quite unrealistic, we show that these conditions, under which von Neumann produced the first no-go proof, are entirely equivalent to those introduced by Bell and Kochen and Specker. As these conditions are also equivalent to those under which the Bell-Clauster-Horne inequalities are derived, we see that the experimental violations of the inequalities demonstrate only that quantum observables do not commute.
Rearing Codling Moth Larvae Throughout the Year (Carpocapsa Pomonella)

It has been found possible to rear large numbers of codling moth larvae at any time during the year when larvae may be desired for laboratory tests. Larvae are collected from orchard trees by the usual banding methods. These are transferred to Mason jars containing a number of corrugated paper strips one-half inch wide and four to five inches in length. After the larvae have sought shelter in these strips they are placed in refrigeration or held outdoors at winter temperatures until spring and then placed in refrigeration at 50°F. and kept until needed. When newly hatched larvae are desired, the corrugated strips are placed in black emergence jars in an incubator held at a temperature of 80-82°F. and humidity of approximately 70°. The adults after emergence are transferred to special stone oviposition jars with moist sand in the bottom and lined with waxed paper and an apple is placed on the sand. These jars are covered with cheese cloth and held at the above temperatures and humidity in a light approximating that of summer twilight. The adults readily oviposit on the paper on the sides and bottoms of these jars, or on apples placed in the jars, and have averaged about thirty eggs per female moth. After the papers are well covered with eggs they are cut into strips, placed in light proof tubes with a shell vial inserted in the side of the tube and held at ordinary room temperatures. The young larvae on hatching crawl into the vials and can then be readily transferred direct to the fruit. By following these methods it has been found possible to secure large numbers of codling moth larvae at any time during the year when they are desired.
Therapeutic Risk Management Interventions: Feasibility and Effectiveness

ABSTRACT Objective To review the effectiveness and feasibility of risk management strategies implemented for drugs with significant known risks. Data Sources Published medical literature and regulatory archives, including proceedings of Food and Drug Administration advisory committee meetings. Iterative searches of the medical literature, the Internet, and Web-based government information sources were conducted throughout 2002-2003. Search terms were related to risk management, drug safety, and the names of specific medications known to be subject to risk management programs. Study Selection Key studies that illustrated examples of risk management and evaluated risk management programs were selected by the authors. Data Extraction Performed manually by the authors. Data Synthesis Much of the information regarding the effectiveness of risk management interventions in reducing risk is anecdotal; little information has been published. Given the demand for evidence-based clinical decision making, pharmaceutical manufacturers and the health care community must understand whether these programs are achieving their ultimate goals of reducing risks to patients, while making needed therapies available. This paucity of evidence points to new opportunities for researchers across disciplines to better understand the feasibility and effectiveness of these interventions and the impact of the interventions at the patient, practitioner, and public health levels. Such research needs to be published so that future programs and policy can be informed by these early examples. Conclusion For interventions to be effective in reducing risk, they must effect change in physician prescribing, pharmacist dispensing, and patient adherence. Risk intervention programs that are overly burdensome to physicians, pharmacists, or patients are unlikely to succeed in achieving the desired outcome of reducing individual risk. In addition, risk management programs should be scaleable and implemented in a systematic fashion to accommodate multiple simultaneous programs that can effectively manage the risk, rather than through a piecemeal approach.
The utilization of organic matter in shallow marine sediments by an epibenthic deposit-feeding holothurian

Abstract The utilization of organic matter and constituent food items in shallow marine sediments by Parastichopus parvimensis (Clark), an epibenthic deposit-feeding holothurian, has been investigated. Organic matter ingested from sediments of varying organic content was used by P. parvimensis with 22 % efficiency. In experiments with 14 C labelled food all microorganisms associated with both plant detritus and decomposed matter of animal origin were used with over 40 % efficiency. Species of fresh brown, red, green, and blue-green algae were not assimilated. Detritus derived from the brown alga Dictyopteris zonarioides (Farlow) was used with a low efficiency while detritus from red and green algae was not assimilated. These results indicate that P. parvimensis does not utilize the large energy reserve available as plant detritus in near shore bottom habitats off Santa Catalina Island before to its decomposition by bacteria and fungi.
Adenine and guanine 8CH exchange in nucleic acids: resolution and measurement by Raman optical multichannel analysis.

Deuterium exchange of 8C protons of adenine and guanine in nucleic acids is conveniently monitored by laser Raman spectrophotometry, and the average exchange rate so determined (〈kA + kG〉) can be exploited as a dynamic probe of the secondary structure of DNA or RNA [J. M. Benevides and G. J. Thomas, Jr. (1985) Biopolymers24, 667–682]. The present work describes a rapid Raman procedure, based upon optical multichannel analysis, which permits discrimination of the different 8CH exchange rates, kA of adenine and kG of guanine, in a single experimental protocol. For this procedure, simultaneous measurements are made of the intensity decay or frequency shift in separately resolved Raman bands of adenine and guanine, each of which is sensitive only to 8C deuteration of its respective purine. Resolution of the rates kA and kG is demonstrated for the mononucleotide mixtures, 5′-rAMP + 5′-rGMP and 5′-dAMP + 5′-dGMP, for the polynucleotides poly (dA-dT) . poly (dA-dT) and poly (dG-dC)·poly (dG-dC), for calf thymus DNA, and for the 17 base-pair operator OR3. We show that the different exchange rates of adenine and guanine, in nucleotide mixtures and in DNA, may also be calculated independently from intensity decay of the composite 1481-cm−1 band, comprising overlapped adenine and guanine components, over a time domain that encompasses two distinct regimes: (1) a relatively more rapid exchange of guanine, and (2) a concurrent slower exchange of adenine. Both methods developed here yield consistent results. We find, first, that exchange of guanine is approximately twofold more rapid than that of adenine when both purines are present in the same structure and solvent environment, presumably a consequence of the greater basicity of the 7N site of guanine. Second, we find that adenine suffers greater retardation of exchange than guanine when both purines are incorporated into a “classical” B-DNA secondary structure, such as that of calf thymus DNA. This finding suggests different microenvironments at the 7N-8C loci of adenine and guanine in aqueous B-DNA. We also confirm that adenine residues of B-form poly (dA-dT)·poly (dA-dT) exchange much more slowly than those of other B-DNA sequences, implying a secondary structure for the alternating-AT sequence with unusual stereochemistry in the major groove. The greater resistance of adenine than guanine to 8CH exchange in the B-DNA secondary structure is more evident in high molecular weight calf thymus DNA and in the alternating AT and GC copolymer duplexes than in the smaller 17 base-pair operator OR3. The present results provide direct experimental evidence for structural heterogeneity of B-DNA in aqueous solution, involving the purine 7N-8C imidazole network. The methods developed here establish an experimental basis for future study of purine-specific interactions that may be important in gene regulatory complexes and in nucleic acid condensation and packaging processes.
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Devices Do Not Maintain the Set Pressure Dynamically When Tested Under Simulated Clinical Conditions

Study objectives Nasal continuous positive airwaypressure (CPAP) is standard therapy for obstructive sleep apneasyndrome. The effective nasal mask pressure may be adversely affectedby factors that increase system resistance ( eg , longtubing and/or water condensation) and by dynamic variables (breathingfrequency [ f ] and tidal volume [Vt]).The present study was conducted in order to assess the performance ofCPAP machines throughout a range of simulated clinical conditions. Design Four currently used CPAP machines were testedat settings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H 2 O using a pulmonarywaveform generator to produce Vts of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 L atfrequencies of 10, 20, and 30 breaths/min. Machines were tested underfive conditions: 6-foot and 12-foot tubing, with and without an in-linehumidifier, and 12-foot tubing with humidifier and watercondensation. Measurements Maximum and minimum maskpressure measurements were obtained during five respiratory cycles foreach dynamic variable under each of the five conditions and CPAPsettings (180 experiments on each of four CPAP models). Results Using typical clinical parameters (Vt,0.4 L and 0.8 L; f , 10 breaths/min and 20 breaths/min;and CPAP, 5 to 15 cm H 2 O), mask pressure consistentlyvaried above and below the set point when additional tubing and/or ahumidifier were added to the system (0.7 to 2.9 cm H 2 Obelow and 0.5 to 1.0 cm H 2 O above the set pressure). Watercondensation caused large pressure deviations (inspiratory pressureranged from 3.5 to 5.6 cm H 2 O below set pressure, andexpiratory pressure ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm H 2 O above setpressure). Conclusions Therapy and compliance couldbe adversely affected because some CPAP machines in current use do notmaintain constant continuous mask pressure when tested using simulatedconditions, especially when water condenses in thetubing.
Sustained reduction in valvular regurgitation and atrial volumes with tailored vasodilator therapy in advanced congestive heart failure secondary to dilated (ischemic or idiopathic) cardiomyopathy.

Afterload reduction therapy can acutely improve hemodynamic function in patients with advanced heart failure; however, it is unknown if initial reductions in mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and atrial volumes can be sustained with oral therapy. Atrial volumes and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were measured using 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography with color-flow imaging in 14 patients with dilated heart failure (ejection fraction 17 ± 4%) before and after 3 ± 1 days of intensive vasodilator and diuretic therapy tailored to hemodynamic goals. Echocardiography was repeated again after 6 ± 2 months on oral vasodilators and a flexible diuretic regimen. Acute therapy reduced systemic vascular resistance from 1,760 ± 460 to 1,010 ± 310 dynes·s·cm−5, pulmonary artery wedge pressure from 30 ± 5 to 17 ± 4 mm Hg, and right atrial pressure from 13 ± 5 to 7 ± 3 mm Hg, and led to a 61% increase in stroke volume (from 36 ± 10 to 58 ± 14 ml) (p < 0.01). Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, determined by color-flow fraction, initially decreased from 0.34 ± 0.17 to 0.20 ± 0.20 and from 0.33 ± 0.15 to 0.13 ± 0.13, respectively (p < 0.001). This reduction was sustained at 6 months. Significant decreases occurred with acute therapy, with further reductions at 6 months in both mean left atrial volume (from 100 ± 25 to 80 ± 19 to 65 ± 15 cm3) and right atrial volume (from 85 ± 23 to 64 ± 23 to 52 ± 14 cm3) (p < 0.001). Echocardiographic estimate of mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased acutely (from 42 ± 5 to 30 ± 7 mm Hg, p < 0.001), then remained unchanged at follow-up. Congestive symptoms and signs were also markedly improved at 6 months (p < 0.05). In conjunction with clinical improvement in 6-month survivors with advanced heart failure, acute reductions in atrial volumes and atrioventricular valve regurgitation can be sustained on longterm oral vasodilators and diuretics.
Effect of absorbable membranes on sandwich bone augmentation.

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of barrier membranes on sandwich bone augmentation (SBA) for the treatment of implant dehiscence defects. Material and methods: Twenty-six implant-associated buccal dehiscence defects in 22 patients were treated according to the SBA concept – mineralized human cancellous allograft (inner layer), mineralized human cortical allograft (outer layer) and coverage with barrier membrane. The defects were randomly assigned to the bovine collagen membrane (BME) group; acellular dermal matrix (ADM) group; and no membrane group. Measurements at baseline and 6 months re-entry included defect height (DH: from smooth–rough junction to the most apical part of the defect), defect width (DW: at the widest part of the defect), and horizontal defect depth (HDD: at three locations – smooth–rough junction, middle, and most apical portion of the defect). All measurements were taken from a reference stent. Statistical analyses were performed for comparison of intra- and inter-group comparisons. Results: All implants placed were successfully osseointegrated. DH at baseline for three groups were not significantly different (P=0.858). Mean % DH reductions for ADM, BME, and control groups at 6 months were 73.9±17.6%, 68.1±30.1%, and 63.6±23.9%, respectively, with no significant difference among the groups (P=0.686). Mean horizontal bone gain, however, was significantly greater for membrane groups (1.7 mm for ADM, 1.6 mm for BME) compared with control group (1 mm) (P=0.044). Implant exposure resulted in significant reduction in total height gain (79.1±14.3% vs. 57±23.5%, P=0.021). Conclusions: Within the limit of this study, it is concluded that SBA technique achieved predictable clinical outcomes. The addition of absorbable membranes enhanced bone gain in thickness compared with membrane-treated sites.
New table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole moments

A new Table of Recommended Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moments has been prepared and published by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA, Vienna Stone (2013). The main feature of the new Table is the adoption, wherever possible, of the best available calculation of the electric field gradient (efg), required to extract the moment from the measured quantity in most measurement methods. All original results have been normalized to take account of differences between the efg used in the original publication and the adopted value. The aim of the new table is to provide a standard reference in which the value given for each moment is the best available and for which full provenance is given.
Intense personal experiences : subjective effects, interpretations, and after-effects

Following leads by Maslow (1964, 1968) and others who described peak experiences, this study was designed to learn more about the (1) subjective effects; (2) after-effects; and (3) interpretations of intense positive and negative experiences. Comparisons were made between respondents' "most positive" and "most negative" experiences and between these positive experiences and those of members of a yoga ashram. It was found that except for the differences in affect, positive and negative experiences were similar in subjective effects and impact on later life. The most positive experience of most respondents fell short of peak experience as described by Maslow. On the other hand, the most positive experience of ashram respondents showed evidence of a genuine alternation of consciousness and lasting life change afterward. The results suggest that only in rare instances is therapeutic change or self-actualization initiated by peak experiences. Implications are discussed.
In vitro effects of Acridine intercalation on RNA polymerase interactions with supercoiled DNA

Abstract 1. 1. In vitro transcription of supercoiled DNA by purified E. coli RNA polymerase was inhibited by Acridine Orange in a bimodal manner while N-10 benzyl substituted Acridine Orange is about one-third as inhibitory and effects monophasic inhibition. 2. 2. The inhibition correlates with the supercoil unwinding abilities of these two intercalators with Acridine Orange unwinding supercoiled DNA at 1 3 the concentration required for the substituted acridine orange. 3. 3. Direct visualization of DNA-RNA polymerase complex on agarose gels showed that these intercalators directly interfere with this association and the more effective the drug is in unwinding DNA supercoils the more effective it is in interfering with the DNA-enzyme complex. 4. 4. In addition, specific intercalators differentially affect the stability of DNA-RNA polymerase-RNA ternary complexes.
Nordheim-Gorter like behavior and one carrier conduction in a quasi-one-dimensional system

A linear correlation has been observed between the thermopower and the conductivity in the high-temperature state (T greater than 220 K) of the TTF halide and pseudohalide salts. It is suggested that this correlation indicates conduction by a single type of carrier under two types of scattering and represents the first reported extension of the Nordheim-Gorter behavior to any quasi-one-dimensional conductor.
Impact of tethered cord release on symptoms of Chiari II malformation in children born with a myelomeningocele

Purpose The role of distal traction in the form of a tethered spinal cord in exacerbating anatomical findings or symptoms of Chiari II malformation (CIIM) has been debated for decades. Despite the association of Chiari II malformation with myelomeningocele, the impact of tethered cord release on CIIM symptoms in patients has not been explored.
Familiarity and difficulty of author-title materials for use in studies of long-term memory

Familiarity ratings were collected for 48 relatively well-known authors and for three representative titles by each author. Relative difficulty was determined by asking subjects to write an author’s surname, given the set of three titles; independent groups were tested for unaided recall, for recall cued by the author’s first and middle name, or for recognition. Correlations indicated that mean familiarity does predict difficulty scores. Overall recall levels were low, but were markedly improved by cuing or recognition testing. Thus, these materials should be useful in attempts to experimentally enhance retrieval from long-term memory.