cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary petrographic description and geologic implications of the Apollo 17 Station 7 boulder consortium samples

Abstract Preliminary petrographic description and mineral composition of four hand samples (77135, 77115, 77075 and 77215) are presented. 77135, 77115, and 77075 all crystallized from fragment-laden melts; they are similar in textures but differ in grain size. 77135 and 77115 are pigeonite feldspathic basalts. On the basis of geologic and petrographic evidence, 77115 and 77075 are related; they formed, cooled, and consolidated before being engulfed in the vesicular 77135. The impact or igneous origin of the melts from which these rocks crystallized cannot be determined. 77215 is a shocked, strongly sheared and granulated microbreccia consisting of three major lithologies dominated by mineral clasts of orthopyroxene and calcic plagioclase. The orthopyroxene clasts contain coarse exsolved blebs of augite, suggesting a deep-seated origin. The major, minor, and trace element compositions of 77135, 77115, and 77075 are in general similar. They represent a major highland rock type, perhaps more important than anorthosites.
Interocular hue shifts and pressure blindness.

Abstract After an intense red bleach to one eye, the wavelengths necessary to produce the best subjective yellow in the contralateral eye are displaced toward the greens for a period of several minutes ( De Valois and Walraven , 1967 ). If pressure is applied to the bleached eye at the termination of the bleaching light, such that pressure blindness occurs, no displacement of wavelength settings is produced. The results show that the interocular hue effect depends on a continuing signal from the bleached retina.
Post-nucleation growth of water microdroplets in supersaturated gas mixtures: a molecular simulation study

Abstract Prediction of heat and mass transfer during post nucleation growth of liquid microdroplets in a supersaturated mixture of vapor and non-condensable gas is difficult because in the early stages of the process, the droplet size is usually comparable to the mean free path of the surrounding gas molecules. Transport then falls in the transition regime between free molecular flow and continuum transport. In the study reported here, a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) scheme was used to model the molecular transport during quasi-equilibrium condensation growth of water microdroplets in supersaturated mixtures of water vapor and a non-condensable gas. A new treatment of the boundary conditions at the droplet interface is proposed which properly accounts for the energy and mass balance at the interface as well as thermodynamic requirements that must be imposed there. This treatment makes it possible to predict the initially unknown droplet interface temperature as part of the simulation calculation. Predictions of this scheme for water-argon mixtures are shown to agree closely with measured droplet growth rate data. Simulation results are also presented for mixtures of water vapor and nitrogen. The effects of varying droplet size and ambient concentration on transport are explored in detail for microdroplet condensation in the transition regime.
An 8.2 to 20.1 GHz LC PLL with Sub-100 fs Jitter in 0.13 µm SiGe BICMOS

A dual-path PLL comprising two LC VCOs covers a tuning range from 8.2 to 20.1 GHz. Able to operate with a wide range of feedback-divider ratios (N), the PLL provides a total jitter of 65.3 fsrms when N=2 and 206.1 fsrms when N=16. In addition, the PLL achieves loop bandwidths up to 100 MHz which enables it to be used as a clean-up PLL at the receiver. In order to provide low jitter and low reference spurs for a wide range of reference frequencies, a novel architecture that uses switched multi-pole spur-reduction filters with dedicated phase detectors is introduced. The spur levels at the output are -55 dBc and -62 dBc when N=2 and N=16, respectively. Implemented in a 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS process, the 1.31 mm2 PLL dissipates a total of 302 mW from 1.2 V and 2.5 V supplies.
Serotonin and Antiserotonins II. Clinical Studies, Especially in Essential Hypertension with the Benzyl Analog of Serotonin (BAS)

Serotonin, a smooth-muscle constrictor, has been suggested as possibly important in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. The benzyl analog of serotonin (BAS) was developed as an antimetabolite of serotonin, and has certain demonstrable antiserotonin effects in man. Orally it has moderate antihypertensive and other clinical effects resembling those of reserpine, which also has a definite antiserotonin action. However, there is question whether the clinical effects of oral BAS or of reserpine in hypertension are due to "antiserotonin" or other pharmacologic actions. BAS is clinically useful in the therapy of some patients with essential hypertension.
On the Matrix Elements of the Spin-Orbit Interaction in the d 3 Configuration

As a first step in studying the intermediate coupling of the various configurations of $d$ nucleons outside a closed shell, we have calculated the matrix of the spin-orbit interaction in the ${d}^{3}$ configuration, following Jahn's classification of the terms.
Effect of Siloxane Segment Length on the Surface Composition of Poly(imidesiloxane) Copolymers and Its Role in Adhesion

A series of poly(imidesiloxane) (SIM) copolymers, based on α,ω-aminopropylpoly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), 2,2-bis(4-[4-aminophenoxyl]phenyl)propane (BAPP), and 4,4‘-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) was synthesized in our laboratories. We investigated the effect of siloxane segment length on the surface composition of the SIM copolymers and its role in adhesion. The aim is to elucidate the correlation between polymer structure, surface composition, and adhesion strength. Composition−depth profiles of the near surface region to approximately 100 A depth were calculated using an algorithm to numerically model and simulate the deconvolution of angle-dependent electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) experiments. The simulated composition−depth profiles show that the topmost surface of the air (free) surface of the 75 μm thick SIM copolymer film consists of a siloxane-rich layer, even with the shortest siloxane segment. For a given siloxane bulk content, a longer siloxane segment gives a surface richer ...
Identification of a scavenger receptor homologue on nonspecific cytotoxic cells and evidence for binding to oligodeoxyguanosine.

In mammals scavenger receptors (SR) are expressed by monocytic-macrophage lineage cells and B-cells. Studies of various teleost species have indirectly demonstrated the presence of SR receptors on phagocytic or endothelial cells by showing the uptake of SR ligands (i.e. derivatised (acetylated) lipoproteins) by these cells. In the present study, nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) were examined for membrane expression of an SR-like protein. Approximately 15-25% of purified NCC expressed scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) demonstrated by binding by a monoclonal (2F8) specific for mouse SR-A (types I, II). Flow cytometric analysis determined that SR binding cells had the same size and 'side scatter' characteristics as NCC. Two colour flow analysis of NCC demonstrated that only a subset of NCC expressed the SR-A-like protein and non-NCC were SR-A negative. Membrane expression of SR on NCC was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of the tissue distribution of SR bearing cells demonstrated that in both catfish and tilapia, SR-A was expressed by NCC in the peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney. Experiments were also done to determine if the ligands known to bind mammalian SR-A had a similar specificity for the teleost receptor. Cold competition binding experiments determined that anti-SR-A antibody competed with and reduced biotinylated polyguanosine 20-mer binding to NCC by approximately 40%. Two other types of ligands known to bind (mammalian) SR-A (i.e. polyvinyl sulphate and dextran sulphate) likewise decreased anti-SR-A antibody binding to NCC by 40%. These studies for the first time demonstrated that NCC express the teleost orthologue of mammalian SR-A, suggesting that NCC may participate in physiologic regulation of lipid metabolism in addition to functions of innate immunity.
Thin aluminum nitride film resonators: miniaturized high sensitivity mass sensors

A miniaturized piezoelectric mass sensor has been developed that displays a very high mass sensitivity, S{sub m}. The sensor is based upon thin film resonator (TFR) technology, which is used to produce a gold-coated thin film (5.5 {mu}m) resonator (TFR) of piezoelectric aluminum nitride in the shape of 400-{mu}m squares. At this thickness, the TFRs support a standing bulk acoustic wave in a longitudinal mode at frequencies of {approximately} 1 GHz. Coatings of poly(methyl methacrylate) and spontaneously adsorbed monolayers from alkanethiols (CH{sub 3}-(CH{sub 2}){sub n}SH, n = 3,17) were used for the evaluation of S{sub m}. Results indicated that the S{sub m} ({approximately} -550 cm{sup 2}/g) of the TFRs rivals those of the most sensitive mass sensors currently available, while offering such performance in a markedly smaller device. Coatings were also used to sorb a gaseous analyte (i.e. methanol) at the TFRs to test their potential as gas-phase sensors. Tests conducted using monolayers formed by the chemisorption of a fluorinated thiol (CF{sub 3}(CF{sub 2}){sub 7}(CH{sub 2}){sub 2}-SH) and an acid-terminated thiol (HO{sub 2}C(CH{sub 2}){sub 15}SH) at the gold electrodes demonstrated both the performance of the TFRs and a primitive manipulation of the sorption selectivity of the interfacial structure. Possible applicationsmore » of the TFRs as mass sensors are examined based upon their high mass sensitivity and compatibility for device integration using semiconductor processing technology. 51 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Regulation of cpg15 Expression during Single Whisker Experience in the Barrel Cortex of Adult Mice

Regulation of gene transcription by neuronal activity is thought to be key to the translation of sensory experience into long-term changes in synaptic structure and function. Here we show that cpgI5, a gene encoding an extracellular signaling molecule that promotes dendritic and axonal growth and synaptic maturation, is regulated in the somatosensory cortex by sensory experience capable of inducing cortical plasticity. Using in situ hybridization, we monitored cpgI5 expression in 4-week-old mouse barrel cortex after trimming all whiskers except D1. We found that cpgI5 expression is depressed in the deprived barrels and enhanced in the barrel column corresponding to the spared D1 whisker. Changes in cpgI5 mRNA levels first appear in layer IV, peak 12 h after deprivation, and then decline rapidly. In layers II/III, changes in cpgI5 expression appear later, peak at 24 h, and persist for days. Induction of cpgI5 expression is significantly diminished in adolescent as well as adult CREB knockout mice. cpgI5's spatio-temporal expression pattern and its regulation by CREB are consistent with a role in experience-dependent plasticity of cortical circuits. Our results suggest that local structural and/or synaptic changes may be a mechanism by which the adult cortex can adapt to peripheral manipulations. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Unique Developmental Considerations of Youth-Related Work Injuries

Adolescents and young adults experience higher risks of occupational injuries and fatalities compared to adult workers. Consequently, understanding the risk and protective factors for young workers through a developmental lens is all the more compelling. This study describes the developmental processes of adolescence using a bioecological framework. It describes how factors such as neuromaturation, pubertal development, physical growth, and social contexts may place youth at greater risk of injury and other negative outcomes in the work environment. While the emphasis of the paper is on the developmental processes specific to adolescence, this is discussed in the larger contexts of macro forces such as policies, schools, and families. Implications of developmental factors on work-based practices and policies are also discussed.
Dynamic response of fast-reactor core subassemblies☆

Abstract A program for predicting the behavior of the hexagonal fuel assembly duct when subjected to internally generated pressures in the LMFBR is described. To a large extent, studies have been made with two-dimensional models of the hexcan. In these problems, the loadings must be restricted to line loads of sufficient length so that axial effects can be neglected. The finite element models range from a single hexcan to models which include both the loaded hexcan, two adjacent rows of hexcans, the coolant layers between hexcans, and the fuel rod assemblies. A nonlinear, transient finite element program called STRAW is used for the analyses. The program accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearities, and has special features for treating the coolant layer between hexcans by a quasi-Eulerian description and vertical flow in the hexcans and layer so that motions of the coolant can be accurately analyzed. The model has been used with loadings ranging from 500 psi to the kilobar range, and has yielded significant results on damage in adjacent assemblies and the restraining effects of the coolant. For example, preliminary results have shown that deformations of the loaded hexcan are reduced by 25 to 50% when the role of the coolant is included and that corner ductility has very large effects on hexcan response.
Quality of patient-physician discussions about CKD in primary care: a cross-sectional study.

Background The quality of patient-physician discussions about chronic kidney disease (CKD) in primary care has not been studied previously. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Settings & Participants We audiotaped encounters between 236 patients with hypertension and their primary care physicians (n = 40). Predictors Patient, physician, and encounter characteristics. Outcomes & Measurements We described the occurrence and characteristics (content, use of technical terms, and physician assessment of patient comprehension of new concepts) of CKD discussions. We assessed patient and physician characteristics associated with CKD discussion occurrence. Results Many patients (mean age, 59 years) had uncontrolled hypertension (51%), diabetes (44%), and/or 3 or more comorbid conditions (51%). Most primary care physicians practiced (52%) fewer than 10 years. CKD discussions occurred in few (26%; n=61) encounters, with content focused on laboratory assessment (89%), risk-factor treatment (28%), and causes (26%) of CKD. In encounters that included a CKD discussion, physicians used technical terms (28%; n=17) and rarely assessed patients' comprehension (2%; n=1). CKD discussions were statistically significantly less common in visits of patients with some (vs no) college education (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.56), with 3 or more (vs fewer) comorbid conditions (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.96), and who saw physicians with more (vs fewer) than 10 years of practice experience (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21-0.80). CKD discussions were more common during longer encounters (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.65) and encounters in which diabetes was (vs was not) discussed (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.22-6.77). Limitations Generalizability of our findings may be limited. Conclusions Patient-physician discussions about CKD in high-risk primary care patients were infrequent. Physicians used technical terms and infrequently assessed patients' understanding of new CKD concepts. Efforts to improve the frequency and content of patient-physician CKD discussions in primary care could improve patients' clinical outcomes.
Imaging the Renal Mass: A Historical Review

A matter of months after Roentgen's landmark discovery in 1895, Roentgen's rays were focused on diseases and disorders of the urinary tract, specifically the kidney. At the dawn of the 20th century, urologists in the United States and around the world quickly recognized that by using a variety of metal stylets and radiopaque contrast agents, such as silver salts, the upper urinary tract, namely the ureter, pelvis, and calyces, could be depicted with radiography. Renal cysts and tumors were diagnosed on the basis of deformities in the kidney. Retrograde pyelography dominated the imaging evaluation of the kidney until the discovery of a safe intravenous method for urinary tract imaging (ie, intravenous pyelography). Pioneers and pathfinders in the field of contrast media development and radiologic procedures helped give radiologists the lead role in the work-up of renal masses, an area where urologists once held forth. The subspecialty of uroradiology was born in the middle of the 20th century. Intravenous urography, nephrotomography, and diagnostic angiography with pharmacologic manipulation followed by cyst or mass puncture and biopsy yielded unrivaled specificity for the diagnosis and staging of benign and malignant renal masses. The advent of cross-sectional and multiplanar imaging and the profound effects they had and continue to have on the discovery and characterization of renal masses has been detailed in the pages of Radiology since the 1920s. Ultrasonography, nuclear imaging, computed tomographic scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography each have made a claim to a part of the imaging algorithm of modern uroradiologic practice.
Acquisition of discrimination between rewards

Three experiments tested the generality of Clayton’s (1964) model for describing and predicting the rate of acquiring discrimination between rewards. With massed training, (Experiments I and II), the data could be adequately described by the model. However, when trials were spaced (Experiment III), trapping occurred; and results were inconsistent with the assumptions underlying the model.
Diffraction in deep inelastic scattering at HERA

Abstract Recent results on diffraction from the ZEUS and H1 collaborations at HERA are reviewed. Inclusive diffraction, exclusive vector meson production and diffractive jet and charm production are discussed.
Rotation apparatus for shell-freezing

Summary A shell-freezing apparatus consisting of eight double-headed, clutch-activated, rotator stations was designed, constructed and successfully tested. Although the apparatus was designed to facilitate gas hydrate formation, other obvious applications include shell-freezing as a prelude to freeze-drying, and freezing and thawing at accurately controlled rates.
The play as novel: Reappropriating Brecht's Drums in the Night

The alienation value of Brecht's early play Drums in the Night has been ignored, dismissed, and co‐opted. By reciprocally engaging Drums in the Night and Bakhtin's theory of the novel, however, we can see its radically dialogic structure, appreciate its alienation value, and reappropriate its prerevolutionary dimensions for contemporary use. We can, moreover, project directions for developing a rhetoric of performed narrative consistent with both Brecht's and Bakhtin's dialogic ideal.
Detection of intergalactic gas in distant, rich clusters

WE have detected a reduction in intensity or ‘cooling’ of the cosmic microwave background as this radiation passes through several rich clusters of galaxies. These observations imply the presence of substantial quantities of hot intergalactic gas in the clusters observed. The ‘cooling’ effect, due to inverse Compton scattering of the microwave photons by hot intergalactic gas in the clusters, was predicted earlier by Sunyaev and Zel'dovich1. The fractional change in the intensity of the microwave background is given by where x is related to the observing frequency by x = hv/kTr, with Tr the temperature of the microwave background, taken to be 2.7 K; τ is the total optical depth for Thomson scattering through a cluster; and me and Te are the electron mass and electron temperature of the hot gas. Gull and Northover2, observing at λ = 3 cm, have recently reported evidence for this effect in several clusters. We have tried to confirm their work at somewhat higher sensitivity, and at a shorter wavelength. A shorter wavelength was chosen to lessen interference and confusion by radio sources in or near the clusters observed. Our results on eight clusters which are Uhuru X-ray sources will be reported elsewhere3. In general, we were able to set 2σ limits of ≲4 × 10−4 K on the reduction in temperature of the cosmic background; in some cases these limits lie below the results reported by Gull and Northover. We do see statistically significant evidence for the ‘cooling’ effect in three clusters, however—all of which are in Abell4 richness class 4. In the case of one of the three, Abell 2218, our results confirm the measurement of ΔT = − 1.94 ± 0.54 mK by Gull and Northover2. Here we call attention to the apparent strong correlation between the richness class and the detectability of the inverse Compton ‘cooling’. These results may be of interest to those constructing models for the intergalactic plasma in clusters5–11, especially when the results are combined with the more sensitive X-ray observations we can expect if the new HEAO satellites are successful.
Plumbing Accretionary Prisms: Effects of Permeability Variations

Fault zones focus fluid expulsion in the muddy northern Barbados Ridge accretionary prism with fault-parallel permeabilities about 1000 times greater than intergranular permeabilities in the adjacent sediment. In the Oregon prism the low bedding-perpendicular permeability (due to mudstones) inhibits intergranular dewatering; however, intergranular flow is concentrated where submarine erosion breaches high permeability sandy layers. Even so, faults can capture fluid flow from these exposed sandy layers suggesting the faults have a still higher permeability. Such observations coupled with laboratory measurements permeabilities suggest that faults off Oregon may have fault-parallel permeabilities at least 10-10000 times greater than the adjacent sediments. Results from Barbados and Oregon suggest fluid flow is concentrated along the most active faults. At the toe of prisms the fault zones are being progressively loaded by the thickening wedge and are undergoing compaction. Preliminary experiments show that permeability decreases relative to the surrounding wall rocks along faults within this compactive deformation regime; we believe that these faults must undergo dilation, perhaps linked to transient increases in pore pressure if they are to be preferential fluid conduits. Farther upslope erosion exposes rocks that are more consolidated, commonly more cemented, and generally of lower intergranular permeability than rocks of equivalent burial further seaward. Because of their lithification and overconsolidation these rocks dilate during faulting, locally enhancing fracture permeability. In such dilative regimes, faults become evermore focused zones of fluid expulsion relative to occluded intergranular pathways.
Circadian tracking of nicotinamide cofactor levels in an immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus cell line

Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides can exhibit a daily rhythm in plants and regulate the activity of mammalian clock-like transcription factors in vitro . Because one such redox-sensitive transcription factor is present in the master circadian clock of the brain (the suprachiasmatic nuclei, SCN) and the SCN exhibits a characteristic daily rhythm in glucose usage, nicotinamide cofactors might be expected to influence, exhibit, and/or reflect biological rhythms in SCN cells. Therefore, cofactors were extracted from a model SCN cell line at 3 h intervals over 1–2 day periods and samples were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with multiphoton excitation of fluorescence. Natively fluorescent reduced cofactors (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, and its phosphorylated form, NADPH) were assayed directly, and nonfluorescent oxidized cofactors (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD, and its phosphorylated form, NADP) were enzymatically reduced to their fluorescent counterparts before analysis. In the first day after a synchronizing pulse of fetal bovine serum, a dramatic upregulation in cellular NADH content was observed, consistent with a response to serum insulin; this was accompanied by a smaller decrease in NADPH redox state, which may indicate scavenging of reactive oxygen species generated by increased cellular metabolism. However, when cells were investigated after these early phenomena had recovered or stabilized, no circadian NAD(P)(H) rhythms were observed. During these studies, the NADH/NAD(H) concentration ratio in SCN2.2 cells (0.13±0.03) was not high enough to activate clock-like transcription factors. Although the NADPH/NADP(H) concentration ratio was more appropriate (0.8±0.1), the intracellular NADPH concentration was ≤0.7 mM, far too low for half-maximal DNA binding of clock-like transcription factors in vitro . Moreover, these concentration and ratio values represent cellular averages, and free cofactors should be much lower in the cell nucleus. Our data show that SCN2.2 cells maintain nearly constant circadian NAD(P)(H) levels, and that the previously reported in vitro relationship between clock-like transcription factors and NAD(P)(H) does not appear to be biologically relevant.
Full potential solution of transonic quasi-three-dimensional flow through a cascade using artificial compressibility

A reliable method is presented for calculating the flowfield about a cascade of arbitrary two-dimensional airfoils. The method approximates the three-dimensional flow in a turbomachinery blade row by correcting for streamtube convergence and radius change in the throughflow direction. 12 refs.
Variability in the interpretation of mammograms: Do similar decisions entail similar visual sampling strategies?

Eye position tracking has shown that, both in searching for lung nodules and in searching for breast cancer, most malignant lesions that are not reported do in fact attract the radiologists' visual attention, often for as long as cancers that are reported. Hence, detection is not the main problem for most radiologists; rather, image interpretation is the underlying reason why detected findings go unreported. According with models of image perception, the decision to report or to dismiss a perceived finding is made based upon not only on the conspicuity of the local elements but also on the selection of certain areas of the background parenchyma, which the radiologist uses to compare the finding against and thus determine its uniqueness. This sampling of the background corresponds to a visual search strategy. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that the final pattern observed in visual search is particular for each observer, and that even when the same observer searches the same image the pattern is likely to be different the second time around. This has led to the assumption that visual search is random. In this study we compare the visual sampling strategy of experienced mammographers as they search a case set of mammograms looking for benign and malignant masses. We determine whether similar decisions, that is, decisions to report the same findings, entail the sampling of similar areas of the background, regardless of in which order these areas were sampled.
Conditioning temperature and harvest maturity influence induction of ripening capacity in ‘d’Anjou’ pear fruit

Abstract The relationship between ‘d’Anjou’ pear fruit maturity at harvest and the postharvest conditioning duration necessary to induce ripening capacity at −0.5, 5, or 10 °C was studied at two locations in Oregon. Fruit were harvested weekly for five weeks beginning at the onset of fruit maturity, and conditioned for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 d at each temperature. After 7 d ripening time at 20 °C, fruit firmness was measured and the duration of conditioning corresponding to fruit softening to ≤17.8 N was calculated. At −0.5 °C, approximately 60 d were required to induce ripening capacity in fruit harvested at initial maturity. This decreased over the series of harvest timings to a minimum of approximately 22 d when pears were harvested 28 d after initial maturity. At 5 °C, fruit harvested at initial maturity required approximately 30 d to achieve ripening capacity, while those harvested 28 d after initial maturity needed only 2 d. At 10 °C, fruit harvested at initial maturity required approximately 18 d to achieve ripening capacity; pears harvested 21 and 28 d after initial maturity ripened in less than 10 d at 10 °C, and most of the fruit from these harvest timings were deteriorated at all durations ≥10 d at 10 °C. The relationship between harvest timing and the conditioning duration necessary to induce ripening at each temperature was well-described by second-order polynomial regression. Using this relationship, the duration of conditioning necessary to induce ripening capacity in ‘d’Anjou’ pears at −0.5, 5, or 10 °C corresponding to specific harvest timings can be calculated from the regression equations.
The effect of storage on adhesion and aggregation of platelets.

. Aggregation and adhesion of stored platelets were studied by a modified Wright technique. Comparisons of platelet rich plasma collected in ACD solution were made with and without aggregating agents, and at storage temperatures of 5°C, 24°C and 37°C. Platelets showed a loss of response to 0.5 μg ADP/ml, collagen and agar after storage for 4–6 h at the three temperatures with the greatest loss at 37°C and the least change at 5°C. The response to 5μg ADP/ml also was best maintained at 5°C. After 6–8 h of storage at 5°C. there was some decrease in free (single) platelets after rotation in the absence of aggregating agents, with a marked decrease after 48 hours storage. With storage at 24°C and 37°C, decrease in single platelets after rotation was not demonstrated during the first 24 h. A response to 5 μg ADP/ml was maintained for more than a week with the 5°C preparations. Acidification diminished the response to ADP for the first few days of storage and also depressed platelet aggregation and adhesion in the absence of aggregating agents on prolonged storage. The results of this in vitro study would appear to correlate with the loss of hemostatic effect of stored platelets on transfusion. The sustained response to 5 μg ADP/ml at 5°C suggests that this may be the best temperature for short term storage, although there is less spontaneous aggregation of platelets at the end of 24 h with 24°C storage. Also the ‘storage lesion’ appears to include loss of ADP or inability to release this substance from platelets.
Finite element analysis of the three-point bending of sheet metals

Abstract Cyclic three-point bending tests on two types of sheet metals, mild steel and high strength steel, are reported. The bending process tends to a steady cycle upon applying repeated cycles of displacements. Strain hardening and Bauschinger effects for both materials were detected. Three finite element models are presented to simulate the three-point bending numerically. Different hardening laws are used with the simplified non-contact finite element model. The isotropic hardening law over-estimates the hardening component by missing the Bauschinger effect and the plastic shakedown. The kinematic hardening rule under-estimates the hardening component and exaggerates the Bauschinger effect. The combination of isotropic and non-linear kinematic hardening predicts accurately both the Bauschinger effect and the plastic shakedown. The hardening parameters in the combined model are identified inversely by using a micro-genetic algorithm. Cyclic stress–strain curves are generated based on the identified material parameters.
Maintenance therapy in acute leukemia of childhood. Comparison of cyclic vs. sequential methods.

A comparison of five drugs used either sequentially or cyclically in maintenance therapy of acute leukemia of childhood is reported. The median length of maintenance for cyclic therapy was 17.8 months and for the sequential was 17.5 months. There is no significant difference in the length of maintenance with the two methods of drug usage.
High temperature oxidation of chromium containing Y2O3

Abstract Chromium containing 5 o/v Y2O3 was oxidized in air for periods of 100 h at temperatures ranging from 1150–1370°C. It was observed that the oxidation rate was considerably less than parabolic following an initial parabolic law period which lasted about 3–4 h. Evidence is presented that a double oxide, YCrO3, is formed at the scale-alloy interface, and it is suggested that the formation of this oxide may constitute an increasingly effective blocking layer to continued chromium ion diffusion through the growing Cr2O3 layer.
TU-A-218-03: Effect of the Flow Diverter Resistance on the Aneurysm Angiographic Time Density Curves

Purpose:Flow diverters (FD) are new stent like devices used for selected intracranial aneurysms treatment. The devices are in their initial clinical use and the relation between device parameters, physiological implications and treatment outcome needs to be further investigated. Flow resistance is a parameter which could be used to characterize the device flow induced modifications. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between FD flow resistance and physiological aneurysmal blood flow modification using time density curves (TDC's) derived from high speed angiograms. Material and Methods: Six bifurcation aneurysm phantoms were treated with stainless steel wire meshes to simulate various FD's. The FD resistance was calculated using a semi‐empirical model dependent on the device porosity, flow conditions and device strut diameter. Contrast time density curves (TDC's) were measured in a region‐of‐interest which included the entire aneurysm volume, using high‐speed x‐ray angiographic imagesequences. In each TDC we measured bolus peak, input flow slope (IFS), the mean transit time (MTT), and time to peak (TTP). The treated aneurysm TDC's parameters were normalized to the untreated case. The flow model assumes that the ratio of the pressure drop and velocity square is proportional with the resistance. The model validity was demonstrated by verifying the linear dependence of TDC parameters of the inverse square root of the device flow resistance. Results: The observed flow changes correlated linearly with the FD flow resistance. For flow resistances larger than 20 the contrast entering the aneurysm was negligible. The linear fit results yielded R2 values of 0.99 for the peak, 0.93 for the IFS, 0.93 for TTP and 0.94 for the MTT. Conclusions: The FD flow resistance correlates strongly with all TDC parameters, indicating that it could be used to predict blood flow physiological changes in aneurysms treated with FD's. NIH Grants R01‐EB008425, R01‐EB002873 and an equipment grant from Toshiba Medical Systems Corp.
Insights From Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Into the Mechanism of Functional Mitral Regurgitation Direct In Vivo Demonstration of Altered Leaflet Tethering Geometry

Background Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography allow us to address uniquely 3D scientific questions, such as the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and its relation to the 3D geometry of mitral leaflet attachments. Competing hypotheses include global LV dysfunction with inadequate leaflet closing force versus geometric distortion of the mitral apparatus by LV dilatation, which increases leaflet tethering and restricts closure. Because geometric changes generally accompany dysfunction, these possibilities have been difficult to separate. Methods and Results We created a model of global LV dysfunction by esmolol and phenylephrine infusion in six dogs, initially with LV expansion limited by increasing pericardial restraint and then with the pericardium opened. The mid-systolic 3D relations of the papillary muscle (PM) tips and mitral valve were reconstructed. Despite severe LV dysfunction (ejection fraction, 18±6%), only...
Molecular packing in virus crystals: geometry, chemistry, and biology

An automated procedure was developed to determine the geometrical and chemical interactions of crystalline virus particles using the crystal parameters, particle position, orientation, and atomic coordinates for an icosahedral asymmetric unit. Two applications of the program are reported: (1) An analysis of a novel pseudo-rhombohedral (R32) symmetry present in the monoclinic crystal lattices of both Nodamura Virus (NOV) and Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). The study shows that in both cases the interactions between particles is substantially increased by minor deviations from exact R32 symmetry and that only particles with the proper ratio of dimensions along twofold and fivefold symmetry axes (such as southern bean mosaic virus) can achieve comparable buried surface area in the true R32 space group. (2) An attempt was made to correlate biological function with remarkably conserved interparticle contact regions found in different crystal forms of three members of the nodavirus family, NOV, Flock House Virus (FHV), and Black Beetle Virus (BBV). Mutational evidence implicates the quasi-threefold region on the viral surface in receptor binding in nodaviruses and this region is dominant in particle contacts in all three virus crystals. Examination of particle contacts in numerous crystal structures of viruses in the picornavirus super-family showed that portions of the capsid surface known to interact with a receptor or serve as an epitope for monoclonal antibodies frequently stabilize crystal contacts.
Superoxide dismutase in the prostate lobes of aging brown Norway rats

BACKGROUND Spontaneous age-dependent epithelial cell hyperplasia occurs in the lateral and dorsal, but not the ventral, lobes of aging Brown Norway (BN) rats. Diminished antioxidant enzyme activities and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote the pathology of many aging disorders. We investigated the hypothesis that prostatic epithelial cell hyperplasia in the BN rat was related to age-dependent and/or lobe-specific changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Western blots, immunohistochemistry and enzyme activity assays we determined the levels of protein expression, subcellular localization, and activities, respectively, of the three SOD isoforms, cytoplasmic SOD1, mitochondrial SOD2, and extracellular SOD3 in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate lobes of 4-month-old rats with normal prostate morphology, in 24-month-old rats with lobe-specific hyperplasia and in older 30-month-old rats. RESULTS We observed little change in SOD activities as a function of age, although expression of SOD3 increased in the prostatic lobes of older rats. SOD2 levels were higher in the lateral lobe of 4- and 24-month-old rats, but declined by 30 months of age to levels in the ventral and dorsal lobes. SOD1 was localized by immunohistochemistry to the nuclei of epithelial cells in all lobes, but the number of immunopositive nuclei increased in the lateral and dorsal lobes of 24-month-old animals. The concentration of zinc was highest in the prostate lobes of 24-month-old animals. CONCLUSION Based upon our data, superoxide dismutase is not significantly altered in the rat prostate during aging and thus is unlikely to be an important factor in the evolution of epithelial cell hyperplasia. Prostate © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Filling Carbon Nanotubes with Co9S8 Nanowires through in Situ Catalyst Transition and Extrusion

We describe the synthesis of novel Co9S8-nanowire-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a simple method involving the pyrolysis of thiophene on cobalt catalyst in a conventional chemical vapor decomposition system. The encapsulated Co9S8 nanowires are single-crystalline, and their lengths are about 10 μm with their [110] direction parallel to the axis of the CNTs. Detailed investigation suggests that the filling of the Co9S8 nanowires results from the volume increase induced by a phase transition from cobalt to cobalt sulfide together with the in situ extruding action of CNTs as nanomolds. A new filling mechanism is thus found and proposed.
Extant forest plantations as a potential bridge between social needs and ecological management: A comparative case study analysis

In the face of global deforestation, there is a challenge to balance the management of areas of high conservation concern and social interests. As a response to the growing human–environment interface and the use of forests for subsistence, plantations became a management tool to provide for wood harvesting during the 1970s. Some plantations were subsequently protected from harvest as conservation of all forests increased. Plantations that are now illegal to harvest can cause local animosities toward forest protection to increase and may also result in concentrated harvesting impacts on surrounding natural forests. In this article, we analyzed case studies of plantations from El Salvador and Niger. By utilizing distinctly disparate case studies, commonalities between the two can illuminate possible management lessons. In the comparison of El Salvador and Niger forest plantations we found the following commonalities: utilizing plantations for sustainable harvest has the to potential to reduce animosity between managers and stakeholders; plantations can serve as a risk-averse testing ground for novel managerial practices; and the sustainable harvest of plantations can reduce deforestation and impacts on biodiversity in natural remnant forests. We argue that extant plantations currently under illegal harvesting legislation could become the epicenters of social and ecological conservation through a management shift to sustainable harvesting. By focusing on these relics, managers could work with stakeholders to change unduly burdening restrictions and promote cooperation between conservationists and local populations.
Bending deflections and moments in a notched beam

Simplified one-dimensional field equations describing the dynamic deflections of a notched beam are developed using an elastodynamic variational principle, and solved approximately by the normal mode technique. The assumptions involved in the approximate solution are investigated in detail, and are shown to be justified with the aid of some recently obtained results concerning the stability of notched columns.
An enteral therapy containing medium-chain triglycerides and hydrolyzed peptides reduces postprandial pain associated with chronic pancreatitis.

Background/Aim: Pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis is difficult to manage. We examined if an enteral formulation containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and hydrolyzed p
Automatic red tide detection from MODIS satellite images

Red tides pose a significant environmental and economic threat in the Gulf of Mexico. Timely detection of red tides is important for understanding this phenomenon. In this paper, learning approaches based on k-nearest neighbors, random forests and support vector machines have been evaluated for red tide detection from MODIS satellite images. Detection results from our algorithms were compared with ground truth red tide data collected in situ. Our results show that red tide identification methods based on machine learning approaches outperform baseline algorithms based on bio-optical characterization.
An RF Multiple Beam-Forming Technique

An RF beam-forming matrix is described which forms ``n'' simultaneous beams from an ``n'' element array in a passive and theoretically lossless manner. The principle of operation is explained using some simple matrix configuration. A general expression for the far-field pattern of any beam is derived and then used to study the positions of beam peaks, the position of beam nulls, the crossover level between beams and the frequency sensitivity of beam positions. This matrix provides a uniform illumination of the array aperture; however, simple beam combining techniques will yield tapered illuminations. An experimental 16-element beam-forming matrix which operates at 900 Mcps is described, and results of RF and antenna measurements on the matrix are presented.
Report of the Immunohistochemistry Steering Committee of the Biological Stain Commission. "Proposed format: package insert for immunohistochemistry products".

(1992). Report of the Immunohistochemistry Steering Committee of the Biological Stain Commission. “Proposed Format: Package Insert for Immunohistochemistry Products”. Biotechnic & Histochemistry: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 323-338.
Ion resonance and scattering techniques for measuring surface and subsurface topography, and the shape of microscopic objects

Abstract Non-focussed ion beams may be employed to investigate the surface profile and volume structure of small solid objects, or periodic surfaces by using the known stopping power of the ions in the solid. The moments of surfaces of random asperity may also be determined. The energy spectra of the scattered or reaction ions are recorded as a function of the angle of the object and detector to the beam, and of the energy of the incident ions. From these results it is possible, in general, to determine the shape parameters using computer codes we have developed. The problems in ambiguity which arise will be discussed, together with typical experimental results. Objects in the range of size from 100 A to several microns prove most useful.
Cost-Sensitive Boosting

A novel framework is proposed for the design of cost-sensitive boosting algorithms. The framework is based on the identification of two necessary conditions for optimal cost-sensitive learning that 1) expected losses must be minimized by optimal cost-sensitive decision rules and 2) empirical loss minimization must emphasize the neighborhood of the target cost-sensitive boundary. It is shown that these conditions enable the derivation of cost-sensitive losses that can be minimized by gradient descent, in the functional space of convex combinations of weak learners, to produce novel boosting algorithms. The proposed framework is applied to the derivation of cost-sensitive extensions of AdaBoost, RealBoost, and LogitBoost. Experimental evidence, with a synthetic problem, standard data sets, and the computer vision problems of face and car detection, is presented in support of the cost-sensitive optimality of the new algorithms. Their performance is also compared to those of various previous cost-sensitive boosting proposals, as well as the popular combination of large-margin classifiers and probability calibration. Cost-sensitive boosting is shown to consistently outperform all other methods.
IMPACT OF JOINING THE WTO ON CHINA's ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

. This essay applies a historical–institutional approach to assess the impact of WTO membership on China's economic, legal and political institutions. In each case historical and institutional trends are described, and the effects of WTO membership on these trends are examined. The topics include changes in economic structure and the rate of growth of GDP, formal legal institutions and the legal behavior of the Chinese people, and the forces contributing to the development of democratic political institutions in China.
Measurement of the hybrid content of heavy quarkonia using lattice nonrelativistic QCD

Using lowest-order lattice nonrelativistic QCD to create heavy meson propagators and applying the spin-dependent interaction, ${c}_{B}(\ensuremath{-}{g/2m}_{q})\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}\ensuremath{\cdot}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B},$ at varying intermediate time slices, we compute the off-diagonal matrix element of the Hamiltonian for the quarkonium-hybrid two-state system. Thus far, we have results for one set of quenched lattices with an interpolation in quark mass to match the bottomonium spectrum. After diagonalization of the two-state Hamiltonian, we find the ground state of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ to show a ${0.0035(1)c}_{B}^{2}$ (with ${c}_{B}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}1.5--3.1)$ probability admixture of hybrid, $|b\overline{b}g〉.$