cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices on intraoperative aberrometry.

Purpose To determine whether the presence of an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) in the anterior chamber influences intraoperative aberrometry and the suggested intraocular lens (IOL) power. Setting Advanced Vision Care, Los Angeles, and Specialty Surgery Center, Beverly Hills, California, USA. Design Prospective interventional case series. Method Eyes scheduled for routine phacoemulsification and were divided into 6 equal groups, with each having 1 of 6 OVDs. After cataract removal, carefully controlled aberrometry was performed with the anterior chamber filled with balanced salt solution (BSS). Immediately thereafter, the BSS was replaced by 1 of the OVDs and the aberrometry repeated. The IOL power was selected from the BSS reading, and clinical manifest refraction was performed 3 weeks after surgery. The mean absolute error (MAE) was determined and compared with the extrapolated refraction had the IOL power been selected from the aberrometry reading under OVD. Results The study comprised 120 eyes, 20 in each group. The IOL power determination was lower with OVD filling the chamber. For Discovisc and Amvisc Plus, the MAE determinations were statistically different because the suggested IOL power was approximately 0.50 diopter less than with a BSS fill. For the remaining OVDs (Amvisc, Healon, Healon GV, and Provisc), the MAE differences were insignificant. The strong correlation between differences in the index of refraction between BSS and specific OVDs appeared to be causal. Conclusion Surgeons should be aware of the influence of OVDs on the accuracy of intraoperative aberrometry because specific agents can alter the optical results and suggested IOL power. Financial Disclosure Dr. Masket is a consultant to Wavetec Vision Systems, Inc., and Alcon Laboratories, Inc., and has a research grant from Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Fram has a research grant from Wavetec Vision Systems, Inc. Dr. Holladay is a consultant to Wavetec Vision Systems, Inc.
Abstract A094: mPGES1 deletion increases tumor susceptibility to immune suppression

The pro-tumor contributions of prostaglandin (PG) E2 are established, as is the clinical efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of COX-2, the rate-limiting enzyme in PGE2 synthesis. In addition to the desired suppression of tumor PGE2, collateral loss of endothelial COX-2-derived PGI2 imposes a cardiovascular hazard that limits clinical use of COX-2 inhibitors. mPGES1, the terminal enzyme in the PGE2 synthesis pathway, is an alternative target to interrupt COX-2-driven events in tumors without elevating cardiovascular risk. We engineered mice transgenic for an activated HER2/neu oncogene to lack mPGES1 globally (mPGES1 KOgl) or only in mammary epithelial cells (mPGES1 KOepi). Abdominal mammary glands from wild type (WT), heterozygous (het), mPGES1 KOgl, and mPGES1 KOepi mice were harvested at 22 weeks of age, paraffin embedded, HE 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A094.
Results of the Hyper-CVAD Regimen in Elderly Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Abstract Background. Understanding the causes of failure in older patients with ALL may help improve treatment strategies for this age group. Study Aims. To define the causes of death in older (age ≥60 years) patients with ALL during induction and consolidation-maintenance with the dose intensive Hyper-CVAD regimen, and compare their outcome to those of older patients treated previously with less intensive regimens, and to those of younger patients treated with Hyper-CVAD. Study Groups. 122 older patients treated with Hyper-CVAD were compared with 34 older patients treated with less intensive regimens, and 409 younger patients treated with Hyper-CVAD. Results. The outcome in older patients on Hyper-CVAD, older patients on other regimens, and younger patients on Hyper-CVAD are shown in the Table. Conclusion. Intensifying the chemotherapy in older patients with ALL reduced the incidence of leukemia resistance but increased the incidence of death in CR from myelosuppression-associated infections. The overall benefit: risk was favorable. Identifying novel low-intensity agents/regimens for older patients with ALL may improve the results. Parameter Older; Hyper CVAD Older; Other Younger; Hyper CVAD P value Number 122 34 409 % CR 84 59 92 % Induction mortality 10 12 2 NS for older % Resistance 5 27 2 % Death in CR 34 15 7 % Relapse 40 80 48 0.004 % 5-year survival 20 9 48 Most deaths during induction and in CR were related to infections
Convergent cutting-plane and partial-sampling algorithm for multistage stochastic linear programs with recourse

We propose an algorithm for multistage stochastic linear programs with recourse where random quantities in different stages are independent. The algorithm approximates successively expected recourse functions by building up valid cutting planes to support these functions from below. In each iteration, for the expected recourse function in each stage, one cutting plane is generated using the dual extreme points of the next-stage problem that have been found so far. We prove that the algorithm is convergent with probability one.
The Major Halstead–Reitan Battery Norm Sets

There have been many attempts to norm the Halstead–Reitan Battery. Of these, five standout as being major. They used 200 or more subjects. Dodrill was included because he used almost 200 subjects and his methodology was exceptional. Two types of norms were investigated: (1) stratified batteries and (2) norms derived from linear regression. The linear-regression method and computerized scoring are defended. With stratified norms, so many subjects are required to fill all the cells that one demographic variable—age, sex, or education—was eliminated and the number of tests was restricted. The two batteries that used linear regression—the HRNES–R and the RCNEHRB—were more extensive and are discussed. The only norms in which the FSIQ was essentially normal were the HRNES–R and Dodrill norms. The rest had mean FSIQ scores that were almost 1SD above the population average.
Grave Robbers from outer space using 9P2000 under Linux

This paper describes the implementation and use of the Plan 9 distributed resource protocol 9P under the Linux 2.6 operating system. The use of the 9P protocol along with the recent addition of private name spaces to the 2.6 kernel creates a foundation for seamless distributed computing using Linux. We review the design principles and benefits of Plan 9 distributed systems, go over the basics of the 9P protocol, describe 9P extensions to better support UNIX® file systems, and show some example Linux distributed applications using 9P to provide system and application services. We conclude by providing a performance analysis of the protocol versus NFS for sharing a static file system.
A Qualitative Study of the Play of Dual Language Learners in an English-Speaking Preschool

Little research has been conducted on the play of children of very low English proficiency within English-speaking preschool classrooms. In the present investigation, we recorded and described the naturalistic free play of four dual language learners (DLLs) and compared their interactions to those of four English-speaking children. Units of interaction were identified, transcribed, named, and categorized. Illustrative transcriptions of individual interactions were selected and probed more deeply. The trustworthiness of the investigation was established by triangulating these qualitative findings with a quantitative measure of children’s social participation in play. Findings indicate that DLLs play and talk with peers less frequently, interact in less sustained and positive ways, and are more reliant on teachers to support their play than their English speaking peers. Implications for scaffolding DLLs’ play in classrooms and for future research are presented.
Experimental investigation of an impact-based, dual-mode vibration isolator/absorber system

Abstract This paper considers the novel use of a displacement-limited isolated secondary system for the protection of both an acceleration sensitive object and the primary system housing the object. The amplitude-dependent non-linear behavior is harnessed to operate in two modes – vibration isolator and vibration absorber – depending on the disturbance intensity. The model considered in this experimental study is a three-story shear-type steel frame with a displacement-limited isolation system on the second floor. In the experimental study the frame is tested on a shaking table under harmonic excitations with the isolation system under three configurations: locked, isolated without impacts, and isolated with impacts. It is found that the accelerations sustained by the isolated mass are effectively reduced while operating in the linear vibratory regime at small-to-moderate disturbance amplitudes, and then the primary structure drifts are reduced in the non-linear vibratory regime at large disturbance amplitudes through the initiation of impacts. Based on these findings, it is concluded that this impact-based, dual-mode vibration isolator/absorber system has the potential to become a practical and effective way to reduce potential damage over a range of hazard levels.
Vertical resistivity in nanocrystalline ZnO and amorphous InGaZnO

The goal is to gain additional insight into physical mechanisms and the role of microstructure on the formation of ohmic contacts and the reduction of contact resistance. We have measured a decreasing film resistivity in the vertical direction with increasing thickness of pulsed-laser deposited ZnO and IGZO. As the ZnO thickness increases from 122 nm to 441 nm, a reduction in resistivity from 3.29 Ω-cm to 0.364 Ω-cm occurred. The IGZO resistivity changes from 72.4 Ω-cm to 0.642 Ω-cm as the film is increased from 108nm to 219 nm. In the ZnO, the size of nanocolumnar grains increase with thickness resulting in fewer grain boundaries, and in the amorphous IGZO, the thicker region exhibits tunnel-like artifacts which may contribute to the reduced resistivity.
Neither Nullification nor Nationalism: The Battle for the States’ Rights Middle Ground during Prohibition

AbstractDuring and after passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, American governing officials struggled to balance the competing demands of state sovereignty and constitutional obligation. This articl...
Changes in small mammal communities throughout the late Quaternary across eastern environmental gradients of the United States

Abstract Distributions of biotas are predictably structured along environmental gradients. Vegetation is primarily restricted by precipitation and temperature, whereas, most mammals are limited by both climate and vegetation (i.e., habitats). Consequently, climate change in the late Quaternary has affected the composition of mammal communities along environmental gradients. To evaluate these impacts at the biome scale, 211 late Quaternary (20,000–500 cal yr BP) mammal faunas from two modern biome regions east of the Rocky Mountains were compared using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Communities came from temperate grassland deserts (TGD) and seasonal forests (TSF). Here, we focus on overall changes in community composition and diversity, and the broader impacts along longitudinally and latitudinally structured moisture and temperature gradients, respectively. Compositional turnover of Pleistocene communities follows a broad and gradual longitudinal gradient, with moisture decreasing to the west as it does today. However, Pleistocene TSF faunas are more diverse and compositionally distinct from those of the Holocene, while TGD communities are compositionally similar throughout the late Quaternary. Clear boundaries (narrow ecotones) marking the turnover along longitude between TGD and TSF are identified in the Holocene. Across latitude, we find greater spatial turnover in the late Pleistocene, indicating that Pleistocene temperature gradients were significantly stronger than in the Holocene. We interpret these faunal differences to be consistent with greater patchiness in the Pleistocene supported by more pronounced environmental heterogeneity. Non-analog faunas may be a manifestation of stronger Pleistocene gradients, patchiness, and greater spatial community turnover. The “flickering” of the Pleistocene climate in contrast to the stability of the Holocene may have been the primary driver of these differences.
Challenges in Developing Inhibitors Against Toxins

Biological toxins, which are produced bymicroorganisms, plants, or animals, cause serious illnesses in humans. Some of these toxins, for example, botulinum neurotoxin, are potential agents of biological warfare and are also increasingly being used for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Despite the potential damage they could cause to human health, no drugs are currently available for post-intoxication therapy. Recent progress in drug discovery efforts for botulinum neurotoxins and unmet challenges are discussed. Aided with the crystal structures of apoand cognate substratebound catalytic domain, a number of peptide and small-molecule non-peptide inhibitors have been identified for various serotypes, and pharmacophore models are emerging. But there is limited success in translating these inhibitors into active compounds in cellular assays and in vivo models. Factors such as the unusually large surface area of the toxin-substrate interaction interface, the flexible loops lining the active site, involvement of a metal ion in the catalytic activity, and molten globule form of the enzyme at physiological temperature contribute to this challenge and are discussed.
MicroRNA-211 Loss Promotes Metabolic Vulnerability and BRAF Inhibitor Sensitivity in Melanoma

The clinical management of malignant melanoma remains a challenge because these tumors are intrinsically aggressive and prone to therapeutic resistance. MicroRNA (miR)-211 is an emerging melanoma oncogene. Melanoma metabolism adapts to promote survival, including in response to BRAFV600E inhibition, but how miR-211 participates in this process is unknown. Here, we generated miR-211 loss-of-function cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and show that miR-211 loss slowed growth and invasion in vitro, inhibited phosphoinositol-3-kinase signaling, and inhibited melanoma growth in vivo. miR-211 deficiency rendered melanoma cells metabolically vulnerable by attenuating mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid cycling. miR-211 was up-regulated by the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, with miR-211 loss rendering them more drug sensitive. miR-211 loss represents a "two-pronged" anticancer strategy by inhibiting both critical growth-promoting cell signaling pathways and rendering cells metabolically vulnerable, making it an extremely attractive and specific candidate combinatorial therapeutic target in melanoma.
Teaching in Graduate Distance Education: Perspectives on Evaluating Faculty Engagement Strategies.

To mitigate the effects of transactional distance, it is incumbent upon online instructors to intentionally and thoughtfully incorporate and implement strategies that will create a successful learning environment, keep learners motivated, and provide a rewarding learning experience where learners feel supported, valued and connected. The authors, both of whom are long-standing faculty coaches and instructors at Northcentral University, have developed a tool that can be used to evaluate faculty engagement and can be applied both as an assessment tool and a tool for faculty self-reflection. This report begins by introducing the current landscape of online learning and the critical need for students to remain engaged. The discussion then moves to a theoretical framework for the paper and an overview of current theoretical best practices about distance pedagogy. The final section of the report constitutes a practical overview with a specific focus on a tool developed by the authors to evaluate instruction and engagement strategies in online graduate/higher education. This tool is designed for general applicability to other online contexts, serving as a discussion point around critical areas in the evaluation of online faculty engagement strategies. Keywords: online learning, distance learning, higher education, graduate distance education, student learning, student engagement, faculty engagement strategies, multimodal engagement, teaching through engagement, evaluation of online teaching, evaluation of engagement strategies
The Impact of Physiological Factors on 30-day Unplanned Rehospitalization in Adults with Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) patients have high rates of 30-day unplanned rehospitalization. This study assessed the impact of physiological factors on 30-day HF unplanned rehospitalization. Methods: The cro...
The Role of Disjoining Pressure and Thermal Activation in the Invasion of Droplets into Nanopores

Multiphase transport at a nanoscale level plays a key role in applications including drying of nanoporous materials and gas/oil recovery from low permeability rocks. A frequently encountered scenar...
The past, present, and future of CRM1/XPO1 inhibitors

Therapies targeted at inhibiting nucleo-cytoplasmic transport have found broad applications in the field of oncology. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), better known as exportin 1 (XPO1), is the protein transporter responsible for the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of most of the tumor suppressor proteins (TSP) and growth regulatory factors. XPO1 is also upregulated in many malignancies and associated with a poor prognosis. Its inhibition has been a target of therapy, and hence, the selective inhibitors of nuclear transport (SINE) compounds were developed as a novel class of anti-cancer agents. The most well-known SINE agent is selinexor (KPT-330) and has been widely tested in phase I and II clinical trials in both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This review discusses how dysregulation of XPO1 promotes tumorigenesis, the historical considerations in the development of SINE compounds, and their role in current clinical therapies.
Necrotizing enterocolitis totalis: High mortality in the absence of an aggressive surgical approach.

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading case of gastrointestinal-related morbidity in premature infants. Necrotizing enterocolitis totalis is an aggressive form of necrotizing enterocolitis, which has traditionally been managed with comfort care. Recent advances in management of short bowel syndrome have resulted in some reported long-term survival. Methods Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, studies that reported outcomes in children with necrotizing enterocolitis totalis were identified. The definition of necrotizing enterocolitis totalis was captured along with length of follow-up, patient demographics, and outcomes. Results A total of 766 articles were screened, of which 166 were selected for full article review. Of these, 32 articles included data on 414 patients with necrotizing enterocolitis totalis. In the majority of studies (52%), necrotizing enterocolitis totalis was not defined. Aggressive surgical therapy (defined as bowel resection or fecal diversion) was undertaken in 32 patients (7.7%), with a mortality rate of 68.8%. In contrast, nonaggressive surgical therapy was undertaken in 382 patients (92.3%), and the mortality in these patients was 95%. Long-term outcomes for necrotizing enterocolitis totalis survivors, such as length of time on parenteral nutrition, progression to liver and/or small bowel transplant, and quality of life, were not reported. Conclusion We found that there is no accepted definition of necrotizing enterocolitis totalis. Aggressive surgical therapy is rarely pursued, which likely drives the overall high mortality rate. This study underscores the importance of standardizing the definition of necrotizing enterocolitis totalis and capturing short and long-term outcomes prospectively. With more aggressive surgical therapy, more infants are likely to survive this abdominal catastrophe, which was once thought to be uniformly fatal.
Water scarcity impacts on global food production

Abstract In this review paper we focus on the dilemma of whether or not current fresh water supply will meet the demand/needs of agricultural crops despite the continuing impact of water scarcity. In addition, we evaluate whether an increase in future population, change in water demand and supply patterns, due to climate change, will allow sustainable food production. With increased scarcity of freshwater, new water conservation technologies and biotechnology were developed, as well as newly developed water sources such as recycled wastewater, and various water institutions, which may help ease water scarcity. With new advancements in farming practices and crop innovations global food supply is still challenged by climate change effects on both water and land resources used for food production.
From Atoms to Nuclei: An Inward Journey

The modern scientific picture of atoms as having nuclei of protons and neutrons surrounded by clouds of orbiting electrons emerged between the late 1890s and the early 1930s. Once this understanding was in place, research began shifting toward exploring the internal structure of nuclei, and reactions that could happen with them: nuclear physics. During the 1930s, an immense amount of knowledge on nuclear reactions was accumulated, setting the stage for the discovery of nuclear fission in late 1938.
Change in opioid policies in New England emergency departments, 2014 vs 2018.

Abstract Objective The U.S. opioid epidemic persists, yet it is unclear if opioid-related emergency department (ED) policies have changed. We investigated: 1) the prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) prevention and treatment policies in New England EDs in 2018, and 2) how these policies have changed since 2014. Methods Using the National Emergency Department Inventory-USA, we identified and surveyed all New England EDs in 2015 and 2019 about opioid-related policies in 2014 and 2018, respectively. The surveys assessed OUD prevention policies (to use a screening tool, access the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program [PDMP], notify primary care providers, prescribe/dispense naloxone) and treatment policies (to refer to recovery resources, prescribe/dispense buprenorphine). Results Of 194 EDs open in 2018, 167 (86 %) completed the survey. Of 193 EDs open in 2018 and 2014, 147 (76 %) completed both surveys. In 2018, the most commonly-reported policy was accessing the PDMP (96 %); the least commonly-reported policy was prescribing/dispensing buprenorphine to at risk patients (37 %). EDs varied in prescribing/dispensing naloxone: 35 % of EDs offered naloxone to ≥80 % of patients at risk of opioid overdose versus 33 % of EDs to Conclusion Implementation of opioid-related ED policies increased between 2014 and 2018. Continued effort is needed to understand the extent to which policy implementation translates to clinical care, and to best translate evidence-based policies into clinical practice.
Dyadic Function of Couples with Cancer: A Review

This paper provides an in-depth literature review on the dyadic function of couples with cancer. Specifically, the literature review will explore: (a) the impact of cancer on romantic relationship ...
Deep gunk and deep junk

All parts of mereologically ‘gunky’ entities have proper parts. All parts relevant to mereologically ‘junky’ entities *are* proper parts. This essay explores the application of gunk and junk beyond the standard category of material object. One such application yields what is here dubbed ‘deep’ gunk and junk: a material entity x all of whose intrinsic elements from any fundamental ontological category C either (a) have proper parts from C that also are intrinsic elements of x (deep gunk), or (b) are proper parts of entities from C that also are intrinsic elements of x (deep junk). In addition to being independently interesting, these mereological structures pose a challenge to the bare particular ontology of substance. For bare particulars standardly are assumed to be mereologically simple, yet a deep gunky or junky entity requires any associated bare particulars to be complex. The essay closes by examining the bare particular theorist’s prospects for answering this challenge.
The Social Validity of Content Enriched Shared Book Reading Vocabulary Instruction and Preschool DLLs’ Language Outcomes

Research Findings: A social validity measure was used to examine 56 bilingual preschool teachers’ perceptions and acceptability of an interactive shared book reading vocabulary intervention impleme...
The effect of administration of preparations of growth hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary upon gestation and the weight of the newborn (albino rats)

Abstract 1. 1. Control groups have been compiled to show (1) the effect of the number of the pregnancy upon the maternal weight changes during pregnancy and upon the weight of the newborn, (2) the effect of age and suckling upon the weight of the newborn, (3) the effect of the number per litter upon the mean weight of the newborn, and, (4) the effect of the method of breeding upon the mean weight of the newborn. 2. 2. Preparations of the growth hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary have been administered daily to pregnant rats for varying periods and in amounts which caused an average daily increase of 1 per cent in nonpregnant rats. Some preparations prolonged gestation, interfered with normal parturition and resulted in stillborn young as reported by other workers. Other preparations did not exhibit these effects. It has been concluded that the growth hormone itself is not responsible for these effects. The increases in the maternal weight changes during gestation were significant. The weight of the newborn young delivered at term was greater in the injected groups than in the control group. These differences, considered statistically, are significant.
Extending continuous time Bayesian networks

Continuous-time Bayesian networks (CTBNs) (Nodelman, Shelton, & Koller 2002; 2003), are an elegant modeling language for structured stochastic processes that evolve over continuous time. The CTBN framework is based on homogeneous Markov processes, and defines two distributions with respect to each local variable in the system, given its parents: an exponential distribution over when the variable transitions, and a multinomial over what is the next value. In this paper, we present two extensions to the framework that make it more useful in modeling practical applications. The first extension models arbitrary transition time distributions using Erlang-Coxian approximations, while maintaining tractable learning. We show how the censored data problem arises in learning the distribution, and present a solution based on expectation-maximization initialized by the Kaplan-Meier estimate. The second extension is a general method for reasoning about negative evidence, by introducing updates that assert no observable events occur over an interval of time. Such updates were not defined in the original CTBN framework, and we show that their inclusion can significantly improve the accuracy of filtering and prediction. We illustrate and evaluate these extensions in two real-world domains, email use and GPS traces of a person traveling about a city.
Multivariable Control of a Twin Lift Helicopter System using the LQG/LTR Design Methodology

This paper presents guidelines for developing a multivariable centralized automatic flight control system (AFCS) for a twin lift helicopter system (TLHS). Singular value ideas are used to formulate performarce and stability robustness specifications. A Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian with Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) design is obtained and evaluated.
Absorption Spectra of the Samarium Ion in Solids. III. Absorption of S m ( B r O 3 ) 3 and a Partial Energy-Level Diagram for the Sm + + + Ion as It Exists in Crystalline S m ( B r O 3 ) 3 ·9 H 2 O

The absorption spectrum of ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{m}(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{3}$ \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been studied at four temperatures between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 298\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature variation in the absorption intensities is used to determine the location of excited lower levels situated at 39 and 68 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ above the basic one. Other levels from 100 to 230 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ above the normal state are probable. Between 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} many lines show a marked change, becoming double at the lower temperature. This is shown to be compatible with a splitting of the levels into new ones at 0, 37, 45, 67 and 82 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Selection rules are indicated which show two apparently independent sets of these levels; 0, 37, 82 and one group of high levels; and 0, 45, 67 and another group of upper levels. This low-temperature splitting may be due either (1) to actual removal of degeneracy or (2) to development of two types of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{+++}$ ion, differing in crystal environments. Either effect could presumably be caused by small changes in the crystal dimensions and symmetry. The hexagonal bromate shows less extension and complexity of upper multiplets and the excited lower levels are closer to the basic one than in the less symmetrical monoclinic chloride previously studied.
Enhancement-mode InP-based HEMT devices and applications

We have established an enhancement/depletion (E/D) InP high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) process. The fabrication and characterization of circuits employing a direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL) technology are demonstrated using this process. A 23-stage ring oscillator was fabricated and tested. A room temperature propagation delay time (/spl tau//sub pd/) of 16.72 ps/stage as well as a subfemtojoule power-delay product (PDP) of only 0.322 fJ/stage were obtained for the oscillator which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the lowest reported PDP in the InP material system. Also a divide-by-four prescaler was also fabricated and characterized; this demonstrated functionality up to 6 GHz, with a power dissipation of only 5.37 mW/stage. This marks the first time that a prescaler has been fabricated in the InP material system using DCFL technology.
Cutting Edge: Regulation of CD8+ T Cell Effector Population Size

Naive CD8 + T cells are activated on encounter with Ag presented on dendritic cells and proliferate rapidly. To investigate the regulation of naive CD8 + T cells proliferation, we adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic CD8 + T cells into intact mice together with Ag-pulsed dendritic cells. Regardless of the number of cells initially transferred, the expansion of activated Ag-specific CD8 + T cells was limited to a ceiling of effector cells. This limit was reached from a wide range of T cell doses, including a physiological number of precursor cells, and was not altered by changing the amount of Ag or APCs. The total Ag-specific response was composed of similar numbers of host and donor transgenic cells regardless of donor cell input, suggesting that these populations were independently regulated. Regulation of the transgenic donor cell population was TCR specific. We hypothesize that a clone-specific regulatory mechanism controls the extent of CD8 + T cell responses to Ag.
Nostalgia and La Jetée

This essay contemplates Chris Marker’s film La Jetee (1962) via Svetlana Boym’s conceptualization of “restorative” versus “reflective” nostalgia. It looks in part at the film’s presentation of the protagonist’s restorative nostalgia, but unlike previous examinations of nostalgia’s role in La Jetee, this essay foregrounds the viewer’s own experience of a reflective nostalgia for the film. The author considers her personal and subjective, and historically specific, encounters with La Jetee in relation to how the film may produce a similar nostalgia in others through its storytelling and unusual combination of photographic and cinematic form. Drawing also on Reda Bensmaia’s semiotic and psychoanalytic analysis of the film’s “pictogrammatic” quality, the essay further considers the possible roles of trauma and masochism in the film and for its viewers, and relates the experience of watching La Jetee to that of watching An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (also 1962). The essay therefore situates both films in the context of historically situated yet ever-changing lived experience.
The effect of short term exposures to 100 percent oxygen on the fine structure of proximal convoluted tubules

Des rats ont ete maintenus dans une athmosphere d'oxygene pur sous une pression de 600 mm de mercure durant des periodes de 3 et 7 jours. Les observations faites au microscope electronique sur les tissus preleves dans le rein ont montre qu'apres 7 jours de traitement les mitochondries et les particules de corps gras ont subi dans la cellule d'importantes modifications. Apres 3 jours seulement, on n'observait accun changement de l'ultrastructure.
4He Adsorption and Superfluid Transition on C60

We present adsorption isotherm data of 4He on C60 for 1.50 K < T < 1.68 K determined by measurements of the frequency of quartz crystal microbalances (QCM’s) coated with C60 films. We find a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition with a jump in the areal superfluid density close to predictions. By comparing the adsorbed 4He on two QCM’s we derive an upper limit for the amount of 4He intercalated into C60 at low temperature of 0.05 4He atoms per C60 molecule. The low coverage portion of the adsorption data shows an apparent excess adsorption of 4He onto the C60.
Quasistatic and dynamic crushability of polymeric foams in rigid confinement

Abstract An approach was developed for investigating the crushability behavior of epoxy-based, low-density structural polymeric foam (initial bulk density 0.81 g/cm 3 was used for test illustration) under quasistatic and high strain rate conditions in rigid confinement. Quasistatic crushability tests were conducted in a steel confinement cell using an MTS material testing system and the high strain rate (dynamic) crushability behavior was investigated by placing a foam specimen in a steel confinement tube and then loading the specimen using two different split Hopkinson pressure bar systems, namely, a magnesium bar and steel bar. The dynamic deformation characteristics were obtained using a multi-step incremental loading procedure. It was found that these foams exhibited large uniform inelastic deformation during the confined loading. It is verified that multi-step incremental loading can be used to construct the complete stress–strain response curve for the specimens under both quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. A phenomenological constitutive model was then applied to parametrically describe the crushability response and to determine the rate sensitivity of the foams. The rate sensitivity of yield stress was found to be around three under rigid confinement.
Oviposition behavior and progeny allocation of the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

Oviposition behavior was used to determine the primary clutch size and sex ratio of the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanumAshmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing Pseudoplusia includens(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The laying of a female egg was associated with a pause in abdominal contractions during oviposition, while the laying of a male egg was associated with uninterrupted abdominal contractions. Although unmated females produced only male broods, they also displayed male and female egg oviposition movements. Wasps always laid a primary clutch of one or two eggs. For mated females if only one egg was laid, the emerging secondary clutch was all male or female, but if two eggs were laid a mixed brood of males and females was almost always produced. The secondary clutch of single sex broods was usually between 1000 and 1200 individuals, but the secondary clutch of mixed broods averaged 1143 females and 49 males. Thus, the primary sex ratio for mixed broods was 0.5 (frequency males), but the secondary sex ratio was 0.042. Manipulation of the sequence of male and female egg oviposition or of the primary clutch did not produce major alterations in the secondary clutch size or sex ratio.
Urologic manifestations of nonurologic diseases gastrointestinal disorders.

Gastrointestinal diseases frequently involve the genitourinary system; knowledge of these overlapping conditions is essential to all urologists. This article explores the association between three main GI disorders and the genitourinary system, including colorectal carcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticular disease. The association between inflammatory bowel disease and nephrolithiasis will also be reviewed. Lastly, genitourinary complications after surgical treatment of gastrointestinal disorders will be discussed. The objective of this article is to provide urologists with an update about current evaluation and management of urological manifestations of GI disorders.
Responding to technical writing in an introductory engineering class: The role of genre and discipline

A case study of an experienced professor's comments on a design report in a first‐year engineering class was conducted over the period of an academic year. When compared with the commenting styles of technical writing teachers, the engineering professor's comments were found to be highly directive, and thus at odds with the preference for facilitative comments that prevails in composition studies. However, differences in genre conventions explain much of the discrepancy.
Value-based processes for COTS-based applications

Economic imperatives are changing the nature of software development processes to reflect both the opportunities and challenges of using COTS products. Processes are increasingly moving away from the time-consuming composition of custom software from lines of code (although these processes still apply for developing the COTS products themselves) toward assessment, tailoring, and integration of COTS or other reusable components. Two factors are driving this change: COTS or other reusable components can provide significant user capabilities within limited costs and development time, and more COTS products are becoming available to provide needed user functions.
Trinetra: Assistive Technologies for Grocery Shopping for the Blind

Trinetra aims for cost-effective, assistive technologies to provide an independent grocery-shopping experience for the blind by leveraging barcodes and networking diverse embedded COTS devices.
Tolerance and dependence in the planarian after continuous exposure to morphine.

MORPHINE addiction is a phenomenon thought to be limited to higher mammalian species1. Recent work, however, suggests that it may be possible to produce an addiction syndrome in organisms lower on the phylogenetic scale.
Fracture of a modular femoral neck after total hip arthroplasty: a case report.

The use of modularity in femoral stem designs for total hip arthroplasty has increased substantially over the past several years. The theoretical advantages of this design include the optimization of femoral anteversion, limb length, and offset of the femoral component. We report on a previously unreported fracture of a modular femoral neck device. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he consented. A forty-nine-year-old man underwent a primary total hip arthroplasty of the left hip, in June 2005, because of degenerative osteoarthritis and received a size-4 PROFEMUR Z femoral stem (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, Tennessee) and a 64-mm CONSERVE acetabular component (Wright Medical Technology). The patient was 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) tall and weighed 340 lb (154.2 kg). An anterolateral surgical approach was utilized, and the bearing surface chosen was metal on metal. This proximal femoral cementless component is a dual-tapered rectangular stem that has a modular neck. The modular neck has an oval taper distally that is inserted into the femoral stem at a fixed angle. This allows the surgeon to independently adjust the offset and length as it is available in six different neck geometries and two lengths. Five different head options, ranging from –3.5 mm to +10.5 mm, are also available with this design. The head and neck are connected by means of a standard 12/14 Morse taper. Both the femoral stem and the modular neck are manufactured from a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The patient had a 56-mm head with a –3.5-mm neck length. The neck geometry was a long varus anteverted neck (AR/VV2). The patient was otherwise healthy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and he was pain-free within three months after the procedure. In January 2009 (four years postoperatively), the patient slipped on ice and fell …
Generation of highly directional beams from a globally incoherent source

Abstract We have carried out a series of observations of the far field intensity distribution produced by a class of partially coherent planar sources. Our results confirm that, under the Collett-Wolf quasi-homogeneity conditions, highly directional beams can be produced even from a source which is globally incoherent. The far-zone pattern is shown to be largely independent of the intensity profile in the source plane and that the beam radius varies as predicted by Foley and Zubairy in the paraxial approximation. We show experimentally how the coherence length in the source plane can be measured directly from the far zone intensity distribution.
Acute exercises stress modulates immune function in unfit horses

Summary Since exercise stress is associated with multiple changes in immune parameters, we evaluated the effect of acute exercise on 3 indices of immune function in the horse. Six unconditioned thoroughbred horses were subjected to a tread- mill-based exercise challenge. Exerci se intensity was determined by monitoring each horse's heart rate, plasma lactate, and cortisol levels. Concurrently, peripheral blood mono- nuclear cells were used to assess pokeweed mitogen (PWM) -induced blastogenesis, influenza-specific proliferation, and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity. Heart rate peaked during the gallop on an incline while lactate was highest at the end of the stress test (To) with values of 200 bpm and 9 mM/L respectively. Average plasma cortisol was great- est at TO and T+2o with values 76% higher than unstressed horses. Significantly (P
Quantum mechanics, randomness, and deterministic reality☆

Abstract We describe and analyze a new formulation of Bohmian mechanics — the deterministic theory of particles in motion that emerges from Schrodinger's equation for a system of particles when we merely insist that “particles” means particles. This mechanics resolves all paradoxes associated with the measurement problem in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. It accounts for quantum randomness, absolute uncertainty, the meaning of the wave function of a system, collapse of the wave function, and familiar (macroscopic) reality.
R1ρ Relaxation outside of the Fast-Exchange Limit

Chemical-exchange effects in NMR spectroscopy enable kinetic processes to be characterized at equilibrium in solution. Beginning with the Bloch-McConnell equations, new expressions are derived for the spin relaxation rate constant in the rotating frame, R1rho, for chemical exchange between two sites that have distinct magnetic environments and Larmor frequencies. The results are accurate provided that the spin relaxation decay is dominated by a single exponential damping constant and are applicable to a wider range of conditions than existing theoretical descriptions. The new expressions for R1rho will be particularly useful in analyzing experimental data when exchange is not fast and site populations are unequal.
Health and youth employment

The employment of 64% of United States teenagers and young adults is limited by their health. These young people are less likely to have jobs tahn youths without health problems. Also, they work fewer hours per week than the youth average, although they earn as much per hour as youths without health limitations. The differences in satisfication and prestige that youths enjoy from their jobs are not related to the presence of health conditions. Youth who reported health conditions lasting their entire lives are more likely to have jobs than young people recently acquiring their conditions. These relationships are derived from analyses of responses of 11 412 civilian noninstitutionalized youths to the 1979 Youth Survey of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Force Behavior.
Axon Guidance in the Spinal Cord: Choosin' by Exclusion

A critical step in the formation of correct patterns of sensory inputs to the spinal cord is the guidance of specific subsets of sensory axons to their appropriate target regions. Yoshida et al. demonstrate in this issue of Neuron that a repulsive interaction between plexinA1 and sema6C/6D prevents the growth of proprioceptive sensory axons into the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn where cutaneous sensory axons terminate.
Quantum dots: One atom at a time

Moving individual atoms on a surface with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope now enables the production of artificial atoms and molecules with precisely engineered molecular orbital energy-level diagrams.
White matter diffusivity and microarchitecture among schizophrenia subjects and first-degree relatives.

Background Impairments in structural and functional connections are demonstrated in schizophrenia. Certain disconnectional patterns may be biomarkers of elevated risk for schizophrenia. Convergent examination of multiple diffusion parameters and cognitive performance better illustrates pathophysiological significance of such disconnectional patterns.
Activity of a tamoxifen-raloxifene hybrid ligand for estrogen receptors at an AP-1 site.

To test the effect of ligand flexibility on the selective transcriptional activities of ERα and ERβ from an AP-1 site, an analogue of raloxifene was made that removed the ketone functionality and made the ligand more planar and conformationally more similar to 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Desketoraloxifene was found to be a much stronger activator at an AP-1 site with ERα than with ERβ, mimicking 4-hydroxytamoxifen more than raloxifene.
Recent progress in breast cancer management. Combined modality (adjuvant) therapy.

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of death due to cancer in women. A woman living in the United States currently has a lifetime risk of one chance in 11 that breast cancer will develop. In 1980 alone, there will be more than 100,000 new cases in this country. Despite the fact that the majority of patients initially have "operable" lesions, almost half of the patients who experience tumor recurrences will relapse. Although therapy for advanced disease is successful in prolonging survival, virtually all of these women will eventually die of their disease. During the past several years, basic research has provided new insights into the biology of breast cancer that have resulted in new therapeutic approaches to this disease. In addition, the development of effective and relatively safe combination chemotherapy for metastatic disease has encouraged the earlier use of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of breast cancer. New hope
Pulsed photothermal radiometry for noncontact spectroscopy, material testing and inspection measurements

Abstract Photothermal radiometry (PTR) is a sensitive technique for noncontact spectroscopy and inspection. Its principle is the following: a modulated beam of photons (or other particles) produces temperature transients in a sample; the corresponding transients in the IR thermal radiation emitted from the sample are analyzed. This can provide absolute absorption coefficients, as well as information on thermal diffusivity, layered structure and dimensions. Variations of PTR are possible with continuously-modulated or pulsed excitation, and with transmission or back-scattering detection. These variations are reviewed. The recent technique of pulsed PTR with back-scattering detection is described in more detail, and some important single-ended remote-sensing applications are discussed.