cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticlericalism, Politics, and Freemasonry in Mexico, 1920–1940

On 16 April 1938, the school teacher of the Mixtec village of San Andres Dinicuiti reported that the Easter week procession had taken place, despite government regulations prohibiting public displays of worship. During the event, the faithful had marched through the streets shouting “Long live religion, death to bad government, death to the state governor, death to the president of the republic.” When they arrived at the local school, they yelled “Death to the masons, long live religion” before denigrating the teacher's parentage. During the 1920s and 1930s, devout Catholic peasants throughout Mexico repeatedly denounced the presumed link between government, school teachers, anticlericalism, and the masons. The popular condemnation obviously emanated in part from the ecclesiastical hierarchy's frequent anti-masonic pronouncements. The Apostolic Delegate's charge that masons were “the cause of our persecution and almost all our national misfortunes” was reiterated in countless bulletins, manifestos, and pastoral letters throughout the country. In 1934, the Bishop of Huajuapam de Leon, which controlled the parish of San Andres Dinicuiti, reminded local priests that they were to refuse to accept masons and members of the government party as godparents for baptisms, confirmations, or marriages. A year later, Mexican Catholic Action argued that government policies of socialist education and agrarismo were the “impious work of anti-Christian masons.” However, despite this popular cross-class conviction, there is little historical work on the actual role of the masons in modern Mexico. By examining the archives of the Grand Lodge of Oaxaca, this article posits that Masonic lodges were key to the process of post-revolutionary state formation. As the state sought to assert control over a divided country, freemasonry's anticlericalism not only offered a model for cultural practice, masons also formed a vanguard of willing political emissaries. However, the institution's influence should not be overstressed. It was often curtailed by internecine disputes, political infighting, and an essentially conservative leadership.
IF YOU CANNOT TAKE THE HEAT, GET OUT OF THE CERRADO … RECOVERING THE EQUILIBRIUM AMENITY COST OF NONMARGINAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN BRAZIL*

This paper presents an empirical technique for valuing large changes in nonmarketed local attributes (e.g., climate amenities) without data describing prices of locally traded commodities like housing. A model of endogenous sorting is used to identify individuals' indirect utility functions, from which the value of the change in the local attribute is recovered while accounting for equilibrium impacts on markets for labor and locally traded commodities. Annual amenity costs of Brazilian climate change are estimated to be between $1.6 and $8.1 billion for a moderate climate change scenario, depending upon the role of migration costs.
California Lower Tertiary Foraminiferal Sequence.: ABSTRACT

A preliminary statement of the formal names proposed for the major divisions and subdivisions of a chronologic-biostratigraphic classification of the California Lower Tertiary, and a summary of the criteria on which each of these is based will be presented in this paper. Evaluation of the faunal changes found in a complete stratigraphic sequence of foraminiferal faunas in the California Province has shown that this sequence of faunas resolves itself into six distinct major units of Stage magnitude which are differentiable throughout the California Province, and several units of Zonal magnitude which subdivide the Stagial units based upon the joint occurrences of species of Foraminifera. The major subdivisions of the Paleocene are the Ynezian and Bulitan Stages constituting the oldest and next oldest Stages of the Tertiary. The Eocene subdivisions are the Juniperan Stage, Lower Eocene; the Middle Eocene Ulatisian Stage; and the two Upper Eocene Stages, the oldest, the Narizian, and the youngest, the Fresnian Stage. The Zonal subdivisions of these Lower Tertiary Stages of the California Province are the Silicosigmoilina californica and Bulimina excavata Zones of the Ynezian Stage; the Bulimina bradburyi and Valvulineria wilcoxensis Zones of the Bulitan Stage; the Plectofrondicularia kerni and Alabamina wilcoxensis Zones of the Juniperan Stage; the Ulatisian Stage with three distinct Zones, only one of which, the uppermost Zone, the Amphimorphina californica Zone is named; the Uvigerina churchi and Uvigerina garzaensis Zones of the Narizian Stage; at least two Zones exist within the Fresnian Stage, but these are not named at the present time. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2781------------
From the bench to bedside to babies: translational medicine made possible by funding multidisciplinary team science.

Purpose In 2005, The National Institutes of Health (NIH) called upon the scientific community to identify the most intractable problems in science and medicine and describe how we would solve these problems using teams.
Investigations of materials and device structures for organic semiconductor solar cells

In our work with the phthalocyanines and perylenes, we have formulated a hierarchy of placement of dyes in p-n heterojunction de- vices to optimize the short-circuit current density. Computer modeling of Schottky barrier cells, with parameters fit to experimental results and incorporating field-dependent carrier generation, were used to optimize the power efficiency. The model predicts an optimum carrier concentra- tion density and suggests different hierarchies for utilization of Forster radiationless energy transfer. Synthesis and purification of materials is also discussed. In terms of purity, most materials used in the literature are shown to have been quite below solar grade. A newly devised pu- rification technique is introduced. A hydration mechanism is shown to exist for chloroaluminum phthalocyanine, previously thought immune to hydration. The latter mechanism had been mistaken before for a simple phase transformation and can be induced by various different treatments with organic nonsolvents for chloroaluminum phthalocyanine. Testing of p-n and Schottky barrier cells is also discussed. The different capaci- tance versus voltage (C-V) spectroscopies are compared, and the case for the small-signal method is argued over the triangular voltage sweep. Several cautions on the interpretation of the C-V curves are noted.
The mechanism of E. coli RNA polymerase regulation by ppGpp is suggested by the structure of their complex.

Summary Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is an alarmone that enables bacteria to adapt to their environment. It has been known for years that ppGpp acts directly on RNA polymerase (RNAP) to alter the rate of transcription, but its exact target site is still under debate. Here we report a crystal structure of Escherichia coli RNAP holoenzyme in complex with ppGpp at 4.5 A resolution. The structure reveals that ppGpp binds at an interface between the shelf and core modules on the outer surface of RNAP, away from the catalytic center and the nucleic acid binding path. Bound ppGpp connects these two pivotal modules that may restrain the opening of the RNAP cleft. A detailed mechanism of action of ppGpp is proposed in which ppGpp prevents the closure of the active center that is induced by the binding of NTP, which could slow down nucleotide addition cycles and destabilize the initial transcription complexes.
Anomaly in the NMR shifts of P and As in CeP and CeAs

Abstract The NMR frequency shifts for 31 P and 75 As in the compounds CeP and CeAs have been measured between the Neel point and 200°K. Between 10 and 60°K the ratio of resonance shift to bulk magnetic susceptibility, expected to be independent of temperature, was found to increase with increasing temperature by approximately a factor of two. Possible causes are temperature dependent or non-linear hyperfine couplings.
The conformation of acetylcholine.

Abstract The infrared absorption of the carbonyl peak of acetylcholine exhibits a shift toward the higher energy. 2-Dimethylamino ethyl acetate, 3-dimethylaminopropyl acetate, 4-dimethylaminobutyl acetate show the expected absorption spectra for the carbonyl peak in that they are precisely like ethyl acetate. 3-Dimethylaminopropyl acetate methiodide and 4-dimethylaminobutyl acetate methiodide do not exhibit absorption for the carbonyl peak like acetylcholine, but rather behave like the unquaternized esters. dl, cis 2-Dimethylamino-cyclohexanol acetate methiodide shows a similar shift in the infra-red absorption for the carbonyl peak of acetylcholine, the trans isomer does not. The above evidence was advanced in support of a cyclic conformation of acetylcholine which can explain the observed kinetic data for alkaline hydrolysis and acid catalysis of this substance, as well as explain the rates of acylation of hydroxylamine observed.
Electroencephalographic sleep in recently remitted, elderly depressed patients in double-blind placebo-maintenance therapy

The aim of this double-blind placebo-controlled study was to assess the effects of clinical state on electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep measures in elderly patients with recurrent major depression. We hypothesized that rapid-eye movement (REM) latency and delta sleep ratio would remain stable between actively depressed and remitted states (i.e., show state independence), and measures of sleep continuity would improve with remission (i.e., show state dependence). Fifteen elderly outpatients (mean age 65.3 years) had sleep evaluations while ill and after remission, an average of 38 weeks later. All patients were in a double-blind placebo-maintenance condition at the time of follow-up studies. The major findings were: 1) no significant change in either REM latency or delta sleep ratio; 2) reduction in early morning awakening; and 3) improvement in subjective sleep quality despite the stability of most polysomnographic measures. We conclude that REM latency and delta sleep ratio are state-independent in patients with late-life depression, and that early morning awakening and sleep quality improve with remission of symptoms. These findings suggest that EEG sleep changes may have significance for understanding the longitudinal course of depression in late life.
Metric-discontinuous zonal grid calculations using the Osher scheme

Computations on zonal grids - in particular, grids with metric discontinuities resulting from the interspersion of highly clustered regions with coarse regions - are possible using a fully conservative form of the Osher upwind scheme. These zonal grids can result from an abrupt clustering of points near solution discontinuities or near other flow features that require improved resolution. The zonal approach is shown to capture shocks with almost 'shock-fitting' quality but with minimal effort. Results for inviscid flow, including quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flow, supersonic flow over a cylinder, and blast-wave diffraction by a ramp, are presented. These calculations demonstrate the powerful capabilities of the Osher scheme used in conjunction with zonal grids in simulating flow fields with complex shock patterns.
Grouted shear stud connection for steel bridge substructures

Abstract This paper discusses the seismic performance of composite connections designed to capacity protect critical welded regions of steel bridge pier connections. Past research has shown that directly welding hollow circular steel pipes to a steel cap beam, regardless of weld configuration, does not mitigate the undesirable failure mode of brittle cracking in the welded region. Hence, capacity protection of the welds becomes an attractive option. A new detail proposed in this paper consists of a composite connection intended to relocate the plastic hinge away from the weld interface. Through full scale quasi-static testing, nonlinear FEA, and scaled shake table testing the connection was shown to perform well.
Use of electronic medical records to identify patients at risk for prostate cancer in an academic institution

One purported advantage of electronic medical records (EMRs) is to improve patient care. This study uses a search of EMR to identify patients at risk for prostate cancer who were not evaluated by an urologist. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW) has an institutional outpatient EMR that is used by all providers in all specialties. Since March 2009, all PSA tests were reported with specific interpretative comments including a recommendation for referral to urology for a PSA >2.5 ng ml−1. All PSA tests were performed on campus since institution of these recommendations were analyzed, and charts reviewed for all patients not seen in urology with a serum PSA >2.5 ng ml−1. Of the 2884 non-urology patients that had a serum PSA drawn between March 2009 and February 2010 at UTSW, 293 patients had a serum PSA >2.5 ng ml−1. Of these, 39 patients had known prostate cancer and were seeing an oncologist. There were 59 patients seeing urologists outside the institution. A total of 195 patients were not seen by an urologist and only 11 patients were recommended to see one but did not make an appointment. There were 151 patients with more than one PSA in the system, and of these 103 had a rise in PSA with a median rise of 0.53 ng ml−1 per year. EMR allows identification of patients at increased risk of prostate cancer who are not evaluated. Prospective studies are needed to identify ways to improve appropriate evaluation and detection of prostate cancer.
Characterization of thin film composite mixtures of Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-y/ and Y/sub 2/Ba/sub 1/Cu/sub 1/O/sub 5/

We have prepared thin film samples composed of Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−y («123») and Y 2 Ba 1 Cu 1 O 5 («211») by off-axis sputtering from separate targets of the « 123» and «211» material. X-ray diffraction on the films shows the presence of c-axis oriented «123», but no indication of ordered «211» lines. The c-axis lattice constant does not show any change compared to our pure «123» films. As the volume percentage of «211» material increases, we see a reduction in T c and J c , and an increase in the resistivity. The temperature and field dependence of the critical current are different for our composites compared to our pure «123» films
A five-coordinate phosphino/acetate iron(II) scaffold that binds N2, N2H2, N2H4, and NH3 in the sixth site.

A family of iron(II) complexes that coordinate dinitrogen, diazene, hydrazine, and ammonia are presented. This series of complexes is unusual in that the complexes within it feature a common auxiliary ligand set and differ only by virtue of the nitrogenous NxHy ligand that occupies the sixth binding site. The ability of an iron center to bind N2, N2H2, N2H4, and NH3 is important to establish in the context of evaluating catalytic N2 reduction schemes that invoke these nitrogenous species. Such a scenario has been proposed as an iron-mediated, alternating reduction scheme within the cofactor of nitrogenase enzymes.
Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective

Abstract Human's ability to consider the future, willingness to make sacrifices in the present to obtain something better in the future has been a significant part of our success as a species (Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs 123, 133–167.). Although the importance of thinking about the future is apparent to many educators it has only begun to gain prominence within educational research (Kauffman, D. & Husman, J. (2004). Effects of time perspective on student motivation: Introduction to a special issue. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 1–7.). So that educational researchers may continue to consider some of the many dimensions of “future thinking” more fully, this article discusses Future Time Perspective Theory and presents some evidence for the validity of four constructs within FTPT. Over the course of three studies four subscales consistently emerged: Extension, Speed, Connectedness, and Value.
Effects of visual cortex lesions following recovery from monocular deprivation in the cat.

Six monocularly deprived (MD) and four normal cats were trained monocularly on two-choice form and pattern discriminations. MD cats trained through the initially deprived eye were able to learn the discriminations; however, they required many more trials than normals. Retention tests showed that MD cats have nearly perfect retention of the discriminations over periods of up to 4 months. With retention intervals of 6 months or longer, there is a tendency for the MD cats to show an initial drop in performance, particularly on more difficult discriminations. However, criterion performance typically was attained with considerable savings, indicating good retention even over these extended intervals. Following the preoperative training and retention testing, the cats received one of three types of visual cortex lesions. Two MD cats received total visual cortex removal (areas 17, 18, and 19). This produced a complete postoperative loss of the discriminations with continued chance performance over 800–1000 trials. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of the monocular segment of area 17, with the central visual field projection region of area 17 and all of areas 18 and 19 remaining intact. This produced no loss of the discriminations in either normal or MD cats beyond what is expected on the basis of normal forgetting. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of areas 18, 19, and the central 5–10 deg. of the visual field projection in area 17. Postoperative retention was somewhat variable for both normal and MD cats. However, subsequent acquisition of the discriminations by both normal and MD cats was in sharp contrast to the prolonged deficits produced by total visual cortex lesions. These results indicate that one or more of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 are involved in the recovery of visual discrimination capacities in MD cats. However, the monocular segment of striate cortex does not appear to be specially involved in this ability, as has been suggested by previous investigations. Possible mechanisms for the recovered visual capacities in MD cats are considered.
A categorical approach to the theory of equations

Abstract We construct a small category whose objects are monic square-free polynomials with coefficients in a field F . For a monic, irreducible, and normal polynomial, Aut ( f ) is the usual Galois group of f . We prove that there exists a unique topological group G such that the category of finite discrete G -sets is equivalent to the opposite of our category. We then replace categories by commutative rings and define the Burnside ring of a field, which has Burnside rings of finite groups as its building blocks. We next extend scalars to the rationals and explicity determine the algebra that results. We find all valuations of this algebra and prove that an irreducible polynomial is completely determined by its values under these valuations.
Community-based Teaching about Health Disparities: Combining Education, Scholarship, and Community Service

The Institute of Medicine recommends that clinicians receive training to better understand and address disparities. While disparities in health status are primarily due to inequities in social determinants of health, current curricula largely focus on how to teach about disparities within the health care setting. Learners may more fully understand and appreciate how social contextual factors contribute to disparities through instruction about disparities in community settings. Community-based teaching about health disparities may be advantageous for learners, medical institutions, and participating communities. This manuscript aims to guide medical educators in teaching students and residents about health disparities through community-based activities, including service learning and research.
Antibodies to sea anemone nematocyst venom—I. Serological demonstration of specific antibodies produced in rabbits in response to nematocyst venom from the sea anemone, Aiptasia pallida

Abstract R. I. Grove and D. A. Hessinger . Antibodies to sea anemone nematocyst venom—I. Serological demonstration of specific antibodies produced in rabbits in response to nematocyst venom from the sea anemone, Aiptasia pallida. Toxicon 17, 99–108, 1979.—Sea anemone, Aiptasia pallida , nematocyst venom was attenuated by dialysis against dilute formaldehyde and in combination with complete Freund's adjuvant used to immunize laboratory rabbits. Subsequent immunizations (challenges) were administered using active venom with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The kinetics and strengths of the elicited humoral immune responses were monitored using double immunodiffusion in two dimensions (Ouchterlony technique) and microimmunoelectrophoresis. Subsequent immune challenges were administered only at optimal intervals after the previous immunization as determined by the loss of detectable precipitin reactions on Ouchterlony plates. The antisera of all challenges reacted identically with active and attenuated venoms indicating that the attenuated venom was antigenically equivalent to the active venom in in vitro immunodiffusion reactions and immunogenically equivalent in vivo in its ability to elicit humoral immune responses.
Bright Electron Beams For Free Electron Lasers

Bright Electron Beams for Free Electron LasersC. W. RobersonOffice of Naval ResearchArlington, VA 22217AbstractFree electron laser experiments and other high power radiation sources are verydemanding of beam quality for good efficiency at short wavelength. The approach toobtaining high current bright beams is examined. We conclude that very bright beamsrequire high current density cathodes and strong magnetic fields. A new definition ofbeam brightness for field immersed diodes is suggested by the data. We find thatperturbations on the electron beam are enhanced as a result of beam density.IntroductionThere has been considerable renewed interest in the generation of high powerradiation from free electrons in recent years. One of the most promising is the freeelectron laser. It is capable of high power and scales to short wavelengths. A primarylimiting factor is electron beam quality. The FEL requires a cold monoenergetic electronbeam of high current density. For high power operation one usually requires high currentas well. However, the effective temperature of the beam increases with current in r -fand induction linacs, which offsets the increase in gain and efficiency obtained by thehigher current. The increase in beam temperature is due, in part, to the increase intransverse emittance of the beam at the higher beam currents. A useful phenomenologicalrelation between the normalized transverse emittance and the current is the Lawson -Pennerrelation
A General Method for the Calculation of Pipe Cable Pulling Forces

The accurate prediction of cable pulling forces is essential for the design of pipe cable systems. This knowledge makes it possible to avoid overconservative design practices and to achieve substantial capital savings during construction. Calculation procedures used previously have only a limited ability to account for complex pulling path geometry. This paper develops a general tension model and a solution algorithm suitable for use with a programmable calculator. The model has been used on the design of actual cable installations. Comparisons are made between calculated and measured lengths and tensions for a wide variety of path conditions
Temperature dependent behavior of the SPV for n-type GaN

N-type GaN exhibits upward, near-surface band bending that can be decreased by generating a surface photovoltage (SPV). Fitting SPV measurements with a thermionic model based on the emission of charge carriers over the nearsurface barrier provides information about the band bending in dark. We have studied the temperature dependent SPV behavior from a Si-doped, n-type GaN sample grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy in order to determine how the magnitude of band bending changes at higher temperatures. We have measured the effect of temperature and oxygen on the steady-state SPV behavior, where oxygen is photo-adsorbed on the surface under band-to-band illumination in an air/oxygen ambient more efficiently at higher temperatures. As predicted, the intensity-dependent SPV measurements performed at temperatures between 295 and 500 K exhibit a decrease in the maximum SPV with increasing temperature. When illumination ceases, the band bending then begins to restore to its dark value with a rate proportional to the sample temperature, which also fits a thermionic model.
Complex regulation and multiple developmental functions of misfire, the Drosophila melanogaster ferlin gene

Background Ferlins are membrane proteins with multiple C2 domains and proposed functions in Ca2+ mediated membrane-membrane interactions in animals. Caenorhabditis elegans has two ferlin genes, one of which is required for sperm function. Mammals have several ferlin genes and mutations in the human dysferlin (DYSF) and otoferlin (OTOF) genes result in muscular dystrophy and hearing loss, respectively. Drosophila melanogaster has a single ferlin gene called misfire (mfr). A previous study showed that a mfr mutation caused male sterility because of defects in fertilization. Here we analyze the expression and structure of the mfr gene and the consequences of multiple mutations to better understand the developmental function of ferlins.
Efficient, deterministic and deadlock-free concurrency

Concurrent programming languages are growing in importance with the advent of multicore systems. Two major concerns in any concurrent program are data races and deadlocks. Each are potentially subtle bugs that can be caused by nondeterministic scheduling choices in most concurrent formalisms. Unfortunately, traditional race and deadlock detection techniques fail on both large programs, and small programs with complex behaviors. We believe the solution is model-based design, where the programmer is presented with a constrained higher-level language that prevents certain unwanted behavior. We present the SHIM model that guarantees the absence of data races by eschewing shared memory. This dissertation provides SHIM based techniques that aid determinism—models that guarantee determinism, compilers that generate deterministic code and libraries that provide deterministic constructs. Additionally, we avoid deadlocks, a consequence of improper synchronization. A SHIM program may deadlock if it violates a communication protocol. We provide efficient techniques for detecting and deterministically breaking deadlocks in programs that use the SHIM model. We evaluate the efficiency of our techniques with a set of benchmarks. We have also extended our ideas to other languages. The ultimate goal is to provide deterministic deadlock-free concurrency along with efficiency. Our hope is that these ideas will be used in the future while designing complex concurrent systems.
Population-Based Surveillance of Neisseria meningitidis Antimicrobial Resistance in the United States.

Background. Antimicrobial treatment and chemoprophylaxis of patients and their close contacts is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality and prevent secondary cases of meningococcal disease. Through the 1990's, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antimicrobials among Neisseria meningitidis was low in the United States. Susceptibility testing was performed to ascertain whether the proportions of isolates with reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used for N meningitidis have increased since 2004 in the United States. Methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution on 466 isolates of N meningitidis collected in 2004, 2008, 2010, and 2011 from an active, population-based surveillance system for susceptibility to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, rifampin, and azithromycin. The molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility was investigated for isolates with intermediate or resistant phenotypes. Results. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, 10.3% were penicillin G intermediate (range, 8% in 2008-16.7% in 2010), and <1% were ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or penicillin G resistant. Of the penicillin G intermediate or resistant isolates, 63% contained mutations in the penA gene associated with reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates contained mutations in the gyrA gene associated with reduced susceptibility. Conclusions. Resistance of N meningitidis to antimicrobials used for empirical treatment of meningitis in the United States has not been detected, and resistance to penicillin G and chemoprophylaxis agents remains uncommon. Therapeutic agent recommendations remain valid. Although periodic surveillance is warranted to monitor trends in susceptibility, routine clinical testing may be of little use.
Ytterbium-doped glass waveguide laser fabricated by ion exchange

A ytterbium-doped, glass, channel waveguide laser, fabricated by ion exchange, is reported. The 2.2 cm long device, using broad-band 4% output couplers, lased in the vicinity from 1020 to 1030 nm when pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser operating at 910 nm. A lasing threshold of 50 mW (launched pump) and a slope efficiency of 5% were measured. Device parameters, including fluorescence lifetimes, emission and absorption cross sections, propagation losses, and mode profiles were experimentally determined and laser performance was analytically modeled using this data.
Parent-Adolescent Conflict: A Developmental Approach.

Relying on developmental theories, this study predicted patterns of parent‐adolescent conflict across early, middle, and late adolescence. The predictions were supported for 32 of 36 cells in a 3 (adolescent phases) by 3 (conflict strategies) by 4 (traditional role relationships) matrix. Overall, the current findings strengthen the proposition that phases of adolescence represent successive and progressive differences in adolescent development which alter and eventually improve interaction during parent‐adolescent conflict. As predicted, these changes fluxuated somewhat across the parent‐child role relationships (mother‐son, mother‐daughters, father‐sons, and father‐daughter).
An Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Variant Superinfects Cells through Novel Receptor Interactions

Wild-type strains of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) prevent superinfection of previously infected cells. A variant strain of virus that spontaneously arose during passage, EIAVvMA-1c, can circumvent this mechanism in some cells, such as equine dermis (ED) cells, but not in others, such as equine endothelial cells. EIAVvMA-1c superinfection of ED cells results in a buildup of unintegrated viral DNA and rapid killing of the cell monolayer. Here, we examined the mechanism of resistance that is used by EIAV to prevent superinfection and explored the means by which EIAVvMA-1c overcomes this restriction. We found that the cellular receptor used by EIAV, equine lentivirus receptor 1 (ELR1), remains on the surface of cells chronically infected with EIAV, suggesting that wild-type EIAV interferes with superinfection by masking ELR1. The addition of soluble wild-type SU protein to the medium during infection blocked infection by wild-type strains of virus, implicating SU as the viral protein responsible for interfering with virion entry into previously infected cells. Additionally, interference of wild-type EIAV binding to ELR1 by the addition of either anti-ELR1 antibodies or the ELR1 ectodomain prevented entry of the wild-type strains of EIAV into two permissive cell populations. Many of these same interference treatments prevented EIAVvMA-1c infection of endothelial cells but only modestly affected the ability of EIAVvMA-1c to enter and kill previously infected ED cells. These findings indicate that EIAVvMA-1c retains the ability to use ELR1 for entry and suggest that this virus can interact with an additional, unidentified receptor to superinfect ED cells.
Alterations in platelet-derived growth factor expression in the pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) involves impaired ileal blood flow due to alterations in vascular tone control and intestinal angiogenesis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mediator of normal angiogenesis in intestinal epithelium. We hypothesized that gene dysregulation during experimental NEC results in altered PDGF expression. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to groups by litter. Controls were delivered vaginally and dam-fed. NEC groups were delivered prematurely by cesarean section and subjected to an established NEC protocol. Ileum was obtained at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of life from all animals ( N = 108 animals). Western blot analysis was carried out for every time point, and samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against PDGF-A, PDGF-B, and their receptors, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, were used. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance with a priori P Results Ileal PDGF-A concentration was higher in controls versus NEC from 24–96 h of life. Its receptor, PDGFR-α, was low in concentration in both groups at all time points. PDGF-B concentration was increased in controls at 24 and 72 h of life but decreased at the 48-h mark. Its receptor, PDGFR-β, was also low in both groups at 12 and 24 h but increased in controls at 48 and 72 h. Conclusions These data support our hypothesis that PDGF and PDGF receptor expression are altered in experimental NEC. Dysregulation of PDGF during intestinal maturation could contribute to the development of NEC. Further investigation into this pathway could yield new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering

A model of women’s responses to battering was constructed based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit and on empirical and clinical observations. The model proposed that the age, educational level, and cultural influences as basic conditioning factors would all be directly related to relational conflict, which would be negatively related to self-care agency (as a mediator) and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. Using simultaneous structural equation modeling with specification searching, a modified model was derived that eliminated the mediation path but supported direct effects of both abuse and self-care agency on health. The derived model was found to be only a borderline fit with the data, probably due to measurement problems, lack of inclusion of important variables, and small sample size (N = 117). However, there was support for several of the relationships deduced from and/or congruent with Orem’s theory.
Unusual non-crystalline solids from gels in 2004

Abstract The advantages and uniqueness of the sol-gel method for the preparation of unusual non-crystalline solids are discussed. Some known examples of such unusual materials are described. From these examples and what is presently known of the nature of the gel techniques, projections are made for the numbers and types of unusual non-crystalline solids which can be expected by the year 2004.
The Effects of Behavioural Contracting and Preferred Reinforcement on Appointment Keeping

The current study demonstrates the efficacy of using a behavioural contingency contract in conjunction with family-selected reinforcers to increase appointment keeping among low income families in a child and family therapy clinic. Three families with similar presenting problems participated. A multiple baseline across-subjects design with the addition of a reversal component was utilised. Upon treatment implementation, contracts were signed by family members stating that they would receive coupons valuing $30.00 after attending four consecutive clinic appointments. These coupons were selected by the family from a diverse menu. Results indicated increases in appointment keeping following implementation of the behavioural contract. The cost effectiveness of using a behavioural contract in conjunction with economic incentives with low-income families is discussed, and suggestions for future research on appointment keeping are made.
Prevalence and Genotypic Characteristics of Clostridium difficile in a Closed and Integrated Human and Swine Population

Recently, an apparent rise in the number of cases attributed to community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection has led researchers to explore additional sources of infection. The finding of C. difficile in food animals and retail meat has raised concern about potential food-borne and occupational exposures. The objective of this study was to compare C. difficile isolated from a closed population of healthy individuals consisting of both humans and swine in order to investigate possible food safety and occupational risks for exposure. Using a multistep enrichment isolation technique, we identified 11.8% of the human wastewater samples and 8.6% of the swine samples that were positive for C. difficile. The prevalences of C. difficile in swine production groups differed significantly (P < 0.05); however, the prevalences in the two human occupational group cohorts did not differ significantly (P = 0.81). The majority of the human and swine isolates were similar based on multiple typing methods. The similarity in C. difficile prevalence in the human group cohorts suggests a low occupational hazard, while a greatly decreased prevalence of C. difficile in later-stage swine production groups suggests a diminished risk for food-borne exposure. The similarity of strains in the two host species suggests the possibility of a common environmental source for healthy individuals in a community setting.
Kentucky Bourbon History: An American Heritage. By Michael R. Veach. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2013. Pp. xi, 141. $24.95.)

In nine short chapters designed for a popular audience, this author tells the story of Kentucky bourbon whiskey from beginning to present. A curator at the Filson Historical Society in Louisville w...
Performance directed energy management for main memory and disks

Much research has been conducted on energy management for memory and disks. Most studies use control algorithms that dynamically transition devices to low power modes after they are idle for a certain threshold period of time. The control algorithms used in the past have two major limitations. First, they require painstaking, application-dependent manual tuning of their thresholds to achieve energy savings without significantly degrading performance. Second, they do not provide performance guarantees. In one case, they slowed down an application by 835.This paper addresses these two limitations for both memory and disks, making memory/disk energy-saving schemes practical enough to use in real systems. Specifically, we make three contributions: (1) We propose a technique that provides a performance guarantee for control algorithms. We show that our method works well for all tested cases, even with previously proposed algorithms that are not performance-aware. (2) We propose a new control algorithm, Performance-directed Dynamic (PD), that dynamically adjusts its thresholds periodically, based on available slack and recent workload characteristics. For memory, PD consumes the least energy, when compared to previous hand-tuned algorithms combined with a performance guarantee. However, for disks, PD is too complex and its self-tuning is unable to beat previous hand-tuned algorithms. (3) To improve on PD, we propose a simple, optimization-based, threshold-free control algorithm, Performance-directed Static (PS). PS periodically assigns a static configuration by solving an optimization problem that incorporates information about the available slack and recent traffic variability to different chips/disks. We find that PS is the best or close to the best across all performanceguaranteed disk algorithms, including hand-tuned versions.
Hydroxyl radicals are generated by hepatic microsomes during NADPH oxidation: relationship to ethanol metabolism.

Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by hepatic microsomes in a reaction that requires cytochrome P-450, and a role for hydroxyl radicals has been implicated in this process. However, previous spin trapping experiments have failed to demonstrate the production of hydroxyl radicals by liver microsomes unless iron or other metal catalysts have been added. The spin trapping experiments described in this report provide unambiguous evidence that liver microsomes form hydroxyl radicals during oxidation of NADPH, that the addition of exogenous iron is unnecessary for this process, and that hydroxyl radicals participate in the metabolism of ethanol. Liver microsomes are known to metabolize ethanol to the 1-hydroxyethyl radical, and our experimental data support the conclusion that a significant part of the production of the 1-hydroxethyl radical occurs as a consequence of hydroxyl radical attack on ethanol. Lack of previous observation of microsomal hydroxyl radical production in spin trapping experiments is sh...
Ovarian reserve in women with Type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study.

Markers of ovarian reserve such as anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) are used in the management of fertility and prediction of menopause. Although women with type 1 diabetes have a high prevalence of reproductive disorders, no studies have examined whether markers of ovarian reserve are associated with randomization to intensive insulin therapy and subsequent markers of glycemic control. Using data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study, we found that the strongest predictor of AMH was chronologic age, and that diabetes-specific variables such as randomization to intensive therapy, insulin dose, and glycemic control were not associated with AMH concentrations.
Retirement Planning and Saving Among Women: Results From the 1999 Women's Retirement Confidence Survey

The results from the 1999 Women's Retirement Confidence Survey (WRCS) provide encouraging news on the retirement prospects of working-age women, while at the same time demonstrating some areas of concern. Working men and women are preparing similarly for retirement, but some of their attitudes differ on the topic of financial planning. Major findings from the 1999 WRCS include: 20 percent of working-age women are very confident they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years, 49 percent are somewhat confident, and 31 percent are not confident. Based on the Retirement Readiness Rating, 7 percent of working-age women seem to be doing a very good job of preparing for retirement, and 28 percent seem to be doing a good job. Thirty-five percent appear to be doing an adequate job preparing, and the remainder (30 percent) are doing a poor or very poor job. Forty-four percent of women expect that a major source of their retirement income will be money they have saved through a retirement plan at work, and 40 percent expect a major source to be money provided by an employer. Twenty-eight percent expect other personal savings to be a major source, and 25 percent expect Social Security to be a major source of income in retirement. Forty-four percent of working-age women have attempted to figure out how much money they will need to save for retirement, while 53 percent have not.
Rubber-Lined Equipment. Fundamental Principles of Design

Abstract IN 1924 a process known as Vulca-lock, discovered by chemists of The B. F. Goodrich Company, made possible the first successful steel tank car for hydrochloric acid service. The tank was lined with acid-resisting vulcanized rubber bonded to the steel shell with adhesion exceeding 500 pounds per square inch. A new material of chemical construction was thus made available in practical form. The resulting widespread and rapidly increasing use of rubber-lined equipment in the processing industries is well known. Basically, the value of such construction lies in properly combining the unique corrosion- and abrasion-resistant properties of rubber with the rigidity, strength, and adaptability of steel or other structural materials. It is essential, therefore, that chemical engineers be familiar with certain principles of design, upon which the successful use of rubber-lined equipment depends. No attempt will be made in this paper to define the broad field of usefulness or the limitations of rubber linin...
Human dimensions information needs of fishery managers in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract Fishery management is increasingly moving towards ecosystem-based approaches that integrate ecological and human dimensions of fisheries. Studies on the human dimensions (HD) of fisheries have increased in recent years. A gap, however, remains between the nature of available information and the information needed by fishery managers. Our paper addresses this gap for the Great Lakes fisheries. We explicitly explored information needs of fishery managers to better reconcile the supply and demand of HD information. Our study finds that managers need HD information in particular to demonstrate the achievements of management goals and to address management issues. In addition, understanding the purpose and timing of information is important in order to provide timely and relevant information as fishery managers identify distinct information needs for planning, decision-making, and evaluation of management. Fishery managers in our study were particularly interested in direct and indirect economic values of the fisheries as well as values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of users. Interviewed managers were not only interested in the status quo of these factors but also wanted to understand what influences and shapes them. In addition, fishery managers would like to understand the contribution of fisheries to ecosystem services in the basin including cultural values. Our interviews did not detect interest in information on long-term HD trends or the explicit need for interdisciplinary studies. Such information, however, would be critical to understand and predict changes in the human dimensions of the fisheries and to develop management strategies to cope with these changes.
Surgical Morbidity of Neck Dissection after Chemoradiotherapy in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

The use of chemotherapy and irradiation for organ preservation attempts to eliminate the need for extensive surgery in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We sought to characterize the morbidity of surgery in patients who needed surgery after treatment with induction chemotherapy followed by simultaneous chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). The surgical morbidity within the first 30 postoperative days of 17 patients treated in an organ preservation approach between July 1991 and December 1994 was compared with a control group of patients undergoing similar surgical procedures during the same period. The organ preservation study patients underwent surgical procedures consisting of 18 neck dissections and 5 resections of the primary site. Six patients in the organ preservation study group experienced 8 surgical complications within the first 30 postoperative days, and most complications were minor. There was no significant difference in the duration of surgery or length of hospitalization between study patients and matched controls. Our surgical complication rate (35.3%) was higher but not statistically different from that of the control group, and compared favorably to reports of surgical morbidity (44% to 61%) in the literature on patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. The lower complication rate seen in this study may be a reflection of early surgical intervention as part of our organ preservation study scheme, the preponderance of neck dissections performed, and the limited number of pharyngeal procedures performed.