cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some interfaces of dendritic cell biology.

The field of dendritic cell (DC) biology is robust, with several new approaches to analyze their role in vivo and many newly recognized functions in the control of immunity and tolerance. There also is no shortage of mysteries and challenges. To introduce this volume, I would like to summarize four interfaces of DC research with other lines of investigation and highlight some current issues. One interface is with hematopoiesis. DCs constitute a distinct lineage of white blood cell development with some unique features, such as their origin from both lymphoid and myeloid progenitors, the existence of several distinct subsets, and an important final stage of differentiation termed “maturation,” which occurs in response to inflammation and infection, and is pivotal for determining the subsequent immune response. A second interface is with lymphocyte biology. DCs are now known to influence many different classes of lymphocytes (B, NK, NKT) and many types of T cell responses (Th1/Th2, regulatory T cells, peripheral T cell deletion), not just the initial priming or induction of T cell-mediated immunity, which was the first function to be uncovered. DCs are sentinels, controlling many of the afferent or inductive limbs of immune function, alerting the immune system and controlling its early decisions. A third interface is with cell biology. This is a critical discipline to understand at the subcellular and molecular levels the distinct capacities of DCs to handle antigens, to move about the body in a directed way, to bind and activate lymphocytes, and to exert many quality controls on the type of responses, for both tolerance and immunity. A fourth interface is with medicine. Here DCs are providing new approaches to disease pathogenesis and therapy. This interface is perhaps the most demanding, because it requires research with humans. Human research currently is being slowed by the need to deal with many challenges in the design of such studies, and the need to excite, attract and support the young scientists who are essential to move human investigation forward. Nonetheless, DCs are providing new opportunities to study patients and the many clinical conditions that involve the immune system.
Interface Shear Strength and Fracture Behavior of NiAl/Metal Laminates

Mechanical response of interfaces between intermetallic matrices and ductile reinforcements is of considerable interest in intermetallic matrix composite design. A new approach has been developed to study crack initiation at a planar bimaterial interface by loading one of the adjoining phases in compression. A primarily Mode II stress state with different degrees of superimposed tensile and compressive loading develops at the interface as predicted by FEM analysis. This test method has been used to study NiAl/Mo and NiAl/Cr interfaces in model laminates.
In their own voices: definitions and interpretations of physical activity.

Terms such as physical activity, exercise, and leisure are perceived and interpreted differently by people differing in gender, class, and sociocultural factors. We accessed multiple diverse data sources (including qualitative data recently collected in research and evaluation studies) to explore African-American and American Indian women's (age 40+) definitions, meanings, and interpretations of “physical activity”. These women reported that physical activity is typically considered to be structured “exercise” and not incidental activities of daily life. The term “leisure” was interpreted from a cultural perspective as being lazy. These women also had difficulty understanding the meaning of “intensity” (e.g., “moderate”, “vigorous”). Researchers must acknowledge and understand inconsistencies that arise and how these might influence design of, and responses to, self-report assessment of physical activity.
Junctional complexes in fetal rat small intestine during morphogenesis

Abstract During the 7 days prior to birth (Days 15–22), the small-intestinal epithelium of the fetal rat changes from primitive stratified to simple columnar epithelium which lines villi at 19 days. As seen in thin sections, this remodeling involves rapid formation of new junctional complexes and secondary lumens between epithelial cells deep in the stratified epithelium. We have examined the formation and reorganization of junctional complexes in proximal small intestine of 15- to 19-day fetal rats using freeze-fracture techniques. On Days 15 and 16 the epithelial cells surrounding the primary lumen are joined by conventional apical junctional complexes. Additionally, macular junctional complexes are located on deeper epithelial cells. These display no polarity and consist of tight-junction strands intermixed with gap junction-like arrays and desmosomes. On Days 17 and 18 nonluminal, macular junctional complexes enlarge and secondary lumens develop within their centers. As the secondary lumens expand, microvilli appear and the junctional complex polarizes about the secondary lumen; tight-junction strands become parallel to the luminal surface, desmosomes migrate basolaterally, and gap junction-like arrays disappear. By Day 19, secondary lumens have fused with the primary lumen; concomitant loss of apical cells results in formation of villi lined by simple columnar epithelium with polarized apical tight junctions. The observed pattern of junctional complex formation may play a role in maintaining barrier function and establishing epithelial cell polarity as the epithelium is remodeled.
Data science in the cloud: analysis of data from testing in production

As global demographic, workforce, and technological trends alter the landscape of how software services are delivered, a shift towards testing in production and data science is altering the way organizations can deliver high quality experiences. Data science is the ability to find relevant relationships in the data in order to make decisions regarding the quality or performance of the software. This paper presents the landscape of testing in a global company and advocate a more generalized use of data science for testing the Cloud. It describes the collection and analysis of data and investigates the crucial question of data scientists profile and management.
Effective donor lymphohematopoietic reconstitution after haploidentical CD34+-selected hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with refractory severe aplastic anemia.

Peritransplant toxicity and a delay in effective immune reconstitution have limited the utility of alternate donor transplantation for children with refractory severe aplastic anemia. We have assessed the effectiveness of infusing large numbers of highly purified haploidentical CD34+ cells after immunoablative conditioning in three patients who had failed intensive immunosuppression, lacked unrelated donors, and had active or recent serious infections. One patient rejected the first infusion, but engrafted after a second infusion from the same donor. This patient died 4 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with no evidence of lymphoid reconstitution. Two patients experienced mixed chimerism requiring treatment with antibodies and/or donor lymphocyte infusion. Both currently survive more than 1 year after transplantation with normal blood counts, 100% donor engraftment, effective lymphoid reconstitution, and no chronic graft-versus-host disease. We observed functional thymopoiesis as measured by lymphocyte immunophenotyping, T cell receptor excision circles and T cell receptor Vβ spectratyping complexity analysis. Further study is required to validate the initial promise of these preliminary observations.
Purkinje cell simple spike discharge encodes error signals consistent with a forward internal model.

Processing motor errors is essential for online control of goal-directed movements and motor learning. Evidence from psychophysical and imaging studies supports the long-standing view that error processing is central to cerebellar function. The dominant view is that error-related signals are encoded in the complex spike discharge of Purkinje cells. However, the findings are inconsistent on whether complex spike activity correlates with motor errors. Recently, we examined if simple spike firing carries error signals in monkeys trained to manually track a randomly moving target. The task requires continuous processing of motor errors characterized by the relative movements between the hand-driven cursor and the target center. Linear regression models show that error parameters are robustly represented in the simple spike activity of most Purkinje cells. At the single cell level, the error signals are encoded independently and integrated with kinematic signals. In a large majority of Purkinje cells, correlation strengths between the simple spike discharge and an error parameter have bimodal profiles with respect to time, exhibiting a local maxima corresponding to firing leading the behavior and another one corresponding to firing lagging behavior. The bimodal temporal profiles suggest that individual error parameters are dually encoded as both an internal prediction used for feedback-independent, compensatory movements and the actual sensory feedback used to monitor performance. Approximately 75 % of the dual representations have opposing modulations of the simple spike activity, one increasing firing and the other depressing firing, as reflected by the reversed signs of the regression coefficients corresponding to the local maxima of the R 2 profile. These dual representations of individual parameters with opposing modulation of the simple spike firing are consistent with the signals needed to generate sensory prediction errors used to update an internal model.
High-Aspect-Ratio SOI Vibrating Micromechanical Resonators and Filters

This paper presents a review of single crystal silicon bulk acoustic wave resonators and filters. Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates are utilized to implement high quality factor (Q) integrated silicon resonators with capacitive and/or piezoelectric transducers. These resonators cover a wide range of frequencies including HF, VHF and UHF.
PS1-16: Effect of Insurance Plan Choice on Utilization in Kaiser Permanente Colorado

Background/Aims There has been a shift in recent years from traditional HMO-type insurance products to high deductible or co-insurance plans. Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO) has also added new service areas to the region that include Southern and Northern Colorado. In addition, the impending Affordable Care Act will be implemented in 2014 which may bring new and different members to KPCO. There is a need to describe socio-demographic and clinical characteristics by plan type in order to understand how members within these different plan types utilize KPCO resources and what data are available and identifiable within our source data systems. These answers will enable us to establish appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria for future research studies.
ASCORBIC ACID-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE OF A NORADRENALINE OXIDATION PRODUCT.

Abstract Ascorbic acid has been found to induce the fluorescence of an intermediate oxidation product of noradrenaline which is formed in a ferricyanide oxidation. The fluorescence of the product is a function of the ascorbic acid and noradrenaline concentration and at conditions at which the fluorescence of the noradrenaline product is optimal the fluorescence of adrenaline, tested similarly, in negligible. The reaction has a definite pH optimum (pH 6) and the fluorescence of the final product depends on the time of the oxidation. The stability and rate of formation of the noradrenaline product is dependent upon the concentration level of the ascorbic acid and ferricyanide. The reaction shows promise as the basis for a new noradrenaline assay.
Enhancing data exploration with a branching history of user operations

Backtracking and investigating alternative scenarios are integral parts of exploratory data analysis. Yet today's interfaces cannot represent alternative exploration paths as a branching history, forcing the user to recognize conceptual branch points in a linear history. Further, the interface can only show information from one state at a time, forcing users to rely on memory to compare scenarios. Our system includes a tree-structured visualization for navigating across time and scenarios. The visualization also allows browsing the history and selectively undoing/redoing events within a scenario or across scenarios. It uses the AI formalism of contexts to maintain multiple, possibly mutually inconsistent, knowledge base states. Cross-context formulas can be written for explicit scenario comparison, including visualizations of scenario differences.
The direct income redistributional effects of an irrigation project

In both Canada and the United States the economic decis ion-making c r i te r ion used in the evaluation of public investment in water development projects has typically been the efficiency cr i ter ion; that is the benefits of a project, to whomsoever they accrue must exceed the costs to whomsoever they accrue. However, it is now recognized that economic efficiency is not the only, nor even necessa r i ly the most important, objective of many such public investments. 2 Achieving desirable income redis t r ibut ive effects is frequently an objective. The purpose of this paper is f i r s t to look at the income redis t r ibut ional objective and at the problems ra ised by its incorporation into the economic decis ion-making c r i t e r i a for public investments ; and second to analyze the potential distr ibution of benefits from public investment in an i r r igat ion project.
Attainment of High-Resolution Gratings by Ruling under Interferometric Control*

Outstanding high-resolution gratings have now been obtained by ruling under interferometric control on the M.I.T. ruling engine, as a result of considerable improvements which have followed the application of two separate studies carried out for this purpose: (1) a general theory of the effects of grating errors on the distribution of light in the spectral images; and (2) a theory of the uncalled-for corrections introduced into an interferometric servomechanism by incorrect translation of the grating-blank motion into representative interferometric fringe signals. The errors found to be most detrimental to high-resolution grating, in that they affect the close neighborhood of the line centers, are rather extended small-amplitude deviations in the wave fronts. These can be caused in particular by errors of run in the ruling, as a result of inadequate temperature and servocontrol, by defects in flatness of the grating blanks and of the aluminum coatings, as well as by incorrect adjustments of the control interferometers. Reduction of these errors to less than λ/10 at 5461 A and corresponding improvements in the diamond-carriage adjustments have resulted in improvements on the order of 4 to 9 in the spectral quality of the high-angle gratings when compared to the 10-in. gratings previously described by G. R. Harrison and G. W. Stroke [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.50, 1153 ( 1960)]. Precision replicas of these gratings permit high-resolution studies in spectrometers as short as 1 m and in spectrographs with as few as 1012 atoms in the source. Considerable further gains in luminosity, compactness and resolution should result from the use of gratings and echelles blazed at 76° in autocollimation rather than at 64°, as has been customary so far.
A system for the automatic comparison of machine and human geocoded documents

This paper describes an initial experiment in testing a geocoding system by comparing geocoded documents to locations assigned by human indexers as part of the MeSH indexing process of the PUBMED abstracting system. Preliminary results indicate that this is a useful check on the geocoding system and provides useful feed-back to developers of geocoding systems.
Neurohormone signal transduction for dual regulation of metabolism and gene expression in insects: Hypertrehalosemic hormone as a model

The hypertrehalosemic hormone of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis (Bld-HTH), stimulates trehalose biosynthesis by the fat body and is a member of the adipokinetic hormone/red pigment-concentrating hormone family of arthropods. Bld-HTH also stimulates expression of the gene for cytochrome P4504C1 (CYP4C1) in the fat body. The present studies were undertaken to determine if simultaneous stimulation of trehalose biosynthesis and CYP4C1 expression by Bld-HTH occurs in response to independent signal transduction cascades or if they are sequential events of a common cascade. The Bld-HTH signal transduction cascade does not involve cyclic nucleotides but appears to employ inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) to release intracellular Ca2+ for activation of phosphorylase which increases trehalose biosynthesis and CYP4C1 expression. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase activity was also stimulated by Bld-HTH. Both phosphorylase activation and CYP4C1 expression appear regulated by a common, IP3/Ca2+-based signal transduction cascade. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Do the brains of wax moth larvae secrete an allatotropic hormone

Abstract The hypothesis that the brains of young, last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) initiate supernumerary larval apolyses by secreting an ‘allatotropic factor’ was reexamined. It was confirmed that following bilateral allatectomy the larvae lose their ability to produce supernumerary instars (superlarvae) in response to implanted brains. The JH analog Altosid caused the allatectomized larvae to undergo extra apolyses irrespective of whether or not brains had been implanted. Although the percentage of superlarvae obtained following Altosid treatment was not increased by the implanted brains, the onset of extra apolyses was accelerated. This suggests that the brain can promote larval-larval apolyses without acting first on the corpora allata (CA). Presumably, it does so by producing prothoracotropic hormone. The propensity to generate new larval structures was tested by injecting ecdysterone into larvae 48 and 65 hr after they had been allatectomized. Within 48 hr after both CA had been removed the precocious apolysis resulted in individuals with antennae that were partly larval and partly pupal, and by 65 hr the ability to reproduce larval parts had diminished further. Those that were hemi-allatectomized did not demonstrate this impairment. The results were consistent with the interpretation that allatectomy abolishes the capacity to produce superlarvae because the JH titer declines to a level insufficient to permit expression of the larval genetic program during the next moulting cycle. This is offered as an alternative to the hypothesis that allatectomy prevents implanted brains from producing superlarvae because the target organs of the ‘allatotropic factor’ have been removed. An attempt was made to confirm the observation that brains from young, last instar larvae are more effective initiators of supernumerary apolyses than those from donors in the process of pupating. There was no evidence for a different endocrine function by the brain during the two stages.
Role for rearranged variable gene segments in directing secondary T cell receptor α recombination

During the recombination of variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments at the T cell receptor α locus, a VαJα joint resulting from primary rearrangement can be replaced by subsequent rounds of secondary rearrangement that use progressively more 5′ Vα segments and progressively more 3′ Jα segments. To understand the mechanisms that target secondary T cell receptor α recombination, we studied the behavior of a T cell receptor α allele (HYα) engineered to mimic a natural primary rearrangement of TRAV17 to Jα57. The introduced VαJα segment was shown to provide chromatin accessibility to Jα segments situated within several kilobases downstream and to suppress germ-line Jα promoter activity and accessibility at greater distances. As a consequence, the VαJα segment directed secondary recombination events to a subset of Jα segments immediately downstream from the primary rearrangement. The data provide the mechanistic basis for a model of primary and secondary T cell receptor α recombination in which recombination events progress in multiple small steps down the Jα array.
Two Golgi integral membrane proteins (GIMPS) exhibit region- and cell type-specific distribution in the epididymis of the adult rat.

The epididymis participates in the post-testicular maturation and storage of spermatozoa by secreting proteins into the tubule lumen in a region-specific fashion. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to biogenesis of these region-specific differences, however, are not known, although components of the Golgi complex membrane container must undoubtedly be intimately involved. Two monoclonal antibodies raised against Golgi integral membrane proteins, recognizing either the cis (GIMPc) or trans Golgi (GIMPt) cisternae, were used as molecular probes of these regions to begin the characterization of the Golgi complex of in vivo and in vitro epididymal cells. Immunolocalization of GIMPs was performed on frozen sections and in cultured cells using biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase immunocytochmistry. In tissue sections, immunostaining of GIMPt was extremely robust in the supranuclear cytoplasm throughout the epididymis. In contrast, no GIMPc immunostaining was detected in the initial segment or in clear cells of the distal caput, corpus, and cauda. Immunodetection of GIMPc and GIMPt in epididymal cells in vitro revealed a reticular, perinuclear pattern, and NH4Cl treatment preferentially disrupted the GIMPt immunolocalization. These results characterizing the molecular components of the Golgi complex will form the basis of additional studies to gain further insight into mechanisms leading to generation of regional differences in epididymal function. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Formation and structure of Fe/Cu(001) interfaces, sandwiches, and superlattices.

We have used medium- and high-energy Auger-electron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction to probe the structure of the Fe/Cu(001) interface, the Cu/Fe/Cu(001) sandwich, and the Fe/Cu/Fe/Cu(001) superlattice. Metastable epitaxial fcc overlayers of Fe with good structural quality grow on room-temperature Cu(001) for coverages up to five monolayers (ML). Above 5 ML, the structural quality of the overlayer diminishes. The first monolayer of Fe does not adsorb uniformly, but rather forms two-layer deep clusters. Above 1 ML, the film coalesces into a well-ordered fcc overlayer. When the substrate temperature is held at 125 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C or higher during evaporation, Fe atoms in-diffuse and displace Cu atoms at lattice sites. The fcc Fe overlayer formed at room temperature also acts as an excellent template for subsequent Cu overlayer growth. We show that Cu depositions on 8-ML Fe/Cu(001) adsorb uniformly (no clustering) and form a fcc film with the same level of structural quality as the substrate. Further Fe depositions on the Cu overlayer maintain an fcc structure, illustrating the feasibility of generating Fe/Cu superlattices in which ultrathin layers of metastable fcc Fe can be sandwiched between Cu layers of any thickness.
Apoptosis in ultrasound-produced threshold lesions in the rabbit brain.

Abstract Focused ultrasound (US) surgery has been used to induce high temperature elevations in tissue to coagulate the proteins and kill the tissue. The introduction of noninvasive online temperature monitoring has made it possible to induce well-controlled thermal exposures. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thermometry to monitor thermal exposures near the threshold of tissue damage, and then investigated if apoptosis was induced. Rabbit brains were sonicated with an eight-sector phased array to create a large region of uniform temperature elevation at the end of a 30-s sonication. Histological examination demonstrated that apoptosis was induced in some cells. At 4 h after the sonications, the apoptotic cells constituted 9 ± 7% of identifiable cells. By 48 h after the sonications, the number of apoptotic cells had increased up to 17 ± 9%. The impact of this finding for therapy needs to be explored further. (E-mail: kullervo@bwh.harvard.edu)
Thoracic cavity definition for 3D PET/CT analysis and visualization

X-ray computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) serve as the standard imaging modalities for lung-cancer management. CT gives anatomical details on diagnostic regions of interest (ROIs), while PET gives highly specific functional information. During the lung-cancer management process, a patient receives a co-registered whole-body PET/CT scan pair and a dedicated high-resolution chest CT scan. With these data, multimodal PET/CT ROI information can be gleaned to facilitate disease management. Effective image segmentation of the thoracic cavity, however, is needed to focus attention on the central chest. We present an automatic method for thoracic cavity segmentation from 3D CT scans. We then demonstrate how the method facilitates 3D ROI localization and visualization in patient multimodal imaging studies. Our segmentation method draws upon digital topological and morphological operations, active-contour analysis, and key organ landmarks. Using a large patient database, the method showed high agreement to ground-truth regions, with a mean coverage=99.2% and leakage=0.52%. Furthermore, it enabled extremely fast computation. For PET/CT lesion analysis, the segmentation method reduced ROI search space by 97.7% for a whole-body scan, or nearly 3 times greater than that achieved by a lung mask. Despite this reduction, we achieved 100% true-positive ROI detection, while also reducing the false-positive (FP) detection rate by 5 times over that achieved with a lung mask. Finally, the method greatly improved PET/CT visualization by eliminating false PET-avid obscurations arising from the heart, bones, and liver. In particular, PET MIP views and fused PET/CT renderings depicted unprecedented clarity of the lesions and neighboring anatomical structures truly relevant to lung-cancer assessment. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted
The reproducing placement problem with applications

We study a new placement problem: the reproducing placement problem (RPP). In each phase a module (or gate) is decomposed into two (or more) simpler modules. The goal is to find a “good” placement in each phase. The problem, being iterative in nature, requires an iterative algorithm. The problem finds applications in several gate-level placement problems, e.g., in layout-driven logic synthesis.We introduce the notion of minimum floating Steiner trees (MFST). We employ an MFST algorithm as a central step in solving the RPP. A Hanan-like theorem is established for the MFST problem and two approximation algorithms are proposed. Experiments on commonly employed benchmarks verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Diagnosis and Intervention for Occiput Posterior Malposition

Objectives To evaluate diagnostic methods used to detect occiput posterior and to describe the efficacy of posturing to enhance rotation from occiput posterior to occiput anterior. Data sources Keyword search using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Review, and Dissertation Abstracts International. Study selection Studies published from 1996 to 2006 (except one published in 1983) that focused on the use of ultrasonography versus digital vaginal examination to diagnose fetal position and maternal posturing to enhance rotation from occiput posterior to occiput anterior. Data extraction Eight prospective studies regarding malposition diagnosis were reviewed and analyzed for error rates and predictors affecting ability to detect fetal position; five randomized controlled trials were evaluated for effects of various maternal postures on fetal rotation from occiput posterior to occiput anterior. Data synthesis If fetal malposition is accurately diagnosed in early labor, subsequent nursing management can focus on rotation toward occiput anterior position, leading to a safer delivery for mother and baby. Conclusions Antepartum ultrasonography is more accurate than digital vaginal examination in diagnosing fetal malposition; however, its efficacy needs to be further explored using randomized controlled trials and cost‐benefit analyses before routine use is recommended. Furthermore, Sims' posture on the same side as the fetal spine is recommended during labor to enhance rotation from occiput posterior to occiput anterior.
A Collaborative Family Literacy Program: The Effects on Children's Motivation and Literacy Achievement∗

The purpose of the study was to bridge home and school literacy contexts by involving families in literacy activities with their children to enhance children's achievement and interest in reading and writing. The literature‐based school program included, literacy centers in classrooms, teacher modelled literature activities, and writing and reading appreciation periods called WRAP Time when children worked on literacy activities in a social context. The home program had similar features with parents and children engaging in storybook reading, recording very own words from the environment, writing journals, storytelling and the use of Highlights for Childrera magazine. Monthly meetings with parents and children allowed for, sharing ideas, finding out what parents and children wanted to learn, and the opportunity for families to work together. The program was carried out in an urban school district which included African‐American and Latino families of children in the first grade. Preand posttests were admi...
Neutron-activation potassium-argon dating of meteorites

Abstract Argon analyses are presented for stepwise heating of nine specimens of seven neutron-irradiated meteorites, and potassium-argon ages calculated by the Ar40-Ar39 method. Within the limitations of the data, it is found that the chondrites Karoonda, St. Severin and Allegan, and the aubrites Pena Bianca Spring and Bishopville, all have identical potassium-argon gas retention ages, assumed to be 4.6 × 109 yr. In particular, Bishopville, for which conflicting age results have been reported, has the same K-Ar age as the chondrites and Pena Bianca Spring. For these five meteorites, there is no evidence for significant loss of radiogenic Ar40, such as has been observed in hypersthene chondrites. Gas released at low extraction temperatures indicates that a silicate inclusion from the hexahedrite El Taco experienced a heating event 3.4 × 109 yr ago. Gas released from El Taco silicate at higher extraction temperatures yields a K-Ar age identical to that of the chondrites, large amounts of trapped Ar38, and indicates a ratio ( Ar 40 Ar 36 ) $ 2 in the trapped argon. The results for separated chondrules and matrix of the unequilibrated chondrite Chainpur differ qualitively from those observed for other meteorites in a manner for which no tenable explanation is offered.
Close coupling test of classical and semiclassical cross sections for rotationally inelastic Ar-N2 collisions

Accurate quantum mechanical close coupling (CC) integral cross sections are reported for rotationally inelastic Ar–N2 collisions at room temperature using an empirical intermolecular potential. These cross sections are used to test the infinite order sudden (IOS) approximation and the results of several methods [classical trajectories (CT), full sudden (SA), generalized phase shift (GPS), and classical limit generalized phase shift (CGPS)] as reported in the preceding paper by Pattengill. The IOS approximation works very well for cross sections involving low rotational states. The CT method works well for all the cross sections examined, justifying the popular belief that the rotational motion of N2 is essentially classical at room temperature.
P02-568 - Prediabetes in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs

Background In 2010, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) proposed that individuals with fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dl (5.6-6.9 mmol/l) or glucose 140–199 mg/dl (7.8–11.0 mmol/l) 2 hours after a 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT) or hemoglobin A1c (A1c) 5.7–6.4% be classified as prediabetic to indicate a high risk for the development of diabetes. Objective To determine the prevalence of prediabetes in psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotics and to compare the clinical and metabolic features of patients with normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes and diabetes. Method The 2010 ADA criteria were applied to a large consecutive cohort of psychiatric patients treated at one institution in Belgium. All patients were evaluated with OGTT, A1c, insulin levels and lipid profiles. Results The study sample was restricted to the 783 adult patients (mean age 37.6) without known history of diabetes. 413 (52.8%) patients had normal glucose tolerance, 290 (37%) were prediabetic and 80 (10.2%) were diabetic. The 3 groups were similar with regard to psychiatric diagnoses, severity of mental illness and antipsychotic treatment. A statistically significant crescendo gradient from normal to prediabetes and from prediabetes to diabetes was observed for age, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting insulin, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglyceride levels. The intergroups differences for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were confirmed for treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and amilsulpride, but not for aripiprazole or first-generation antipsychotics. Conclusion Prediabetes is highly prevalent in adults treated with antipsychotic drugs and correlates with markers of intraabdominal adiposity and insulin resistance.
Lymphokine‐activated killer cell activity in patients with primary and metastatic malignant liver tumors

Lymphokine-activated killer cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 33 patients with liver tumors (benign, 6; primary malignant, 10; metastatic, 17) and 10 healthy individuals. Although peripheral blood mononuclear cell yield was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or with metastatic colorectal cancer, natural killer activity in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction was comparable in all groups tested. Optimal lymphokine-activated killer activity was demonstrated after 9 to 12 days of culture in recombinant interleukin 2. Lymphokine-activated killer activity, interleukin 2-induced lymphocyte proliferation and total lytic activity generated per culture in all patient groups studied were similar to those of normal control cells cultured under the same conditions. These in vitro data demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining lymphokine-activated killer cells from the blood of patients with liver tumors and provide a rationale for the future use of lymphokine-activated killer cells in adoptive immunotherapy of patients with primary and metastatic hepatic neoplasms.
Detection of the carrier state of Hurler's syndrome by assay of α-l-iduronidase in leukocytes

The mean specific activity of alph-L-iduronidase in leukocytes from six obligate heterozygotes for Hurler's syndrome was found to be slightly less than one-half of the mean in normal controls; no overlap of normal and known heterozygote values was encountered. The assay has been applied with success to six potential heterozygotes, siblings of a child with Hurler's syndrome. Thus heterozygote detection of Hurler's syndrome is clearly possible; this finding, as well as the ready availability of leukocytes for screening tests, recommends their use for examination of potential carrier status in this disorder.
Prevalence and Severity of Renal Disease in Familial Dysautonomia

Background: One of the less well-defined complications of familial dysautonomia (FD) is chronic kidney disease (CKD). The goal of this report is to better define the prevalence and severity of kidney disease in this population and identify associated risk factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the database of the Dysautonomia Treatment and Evaluation Center at New York University School of Medicine for patients with FD who were seen at ages 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 years. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was compared with that of the general population. Changes in mean blood pressure from supine to erect at ages 15 and 20 years were analyzed for patients who eventually required dialysis therapy and compared with those of the other patients with FD. Percentage of patients requiring dialysis and duration of treatment also were analyzed. Results: Mean estimated GFR of each predefined age group was considerably less than that of the general population starting at age 15 years ( P P P Conclusion: Patients with FD are far more likely than the general population to develop CKD. Patients with FD who eventually required dialysis showed a greater degree of orthostatic hypotension and were significantly less likely to have had a feeding gastrostomy tube placed for hydration before the age of 15 years. Dialysis therapy is not well tolerated in this population.
Water balance of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, during cold exposure.

Abstract 1. 1. The urine parameters of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami , were measured during exposure to temperatures of 10 and 25°C. 2. 2. Daily urine output at 10°C was nearly nine times the output at 25°C. 3. 3.|Both urine osmotic pressure and urea N concentrations at 10°C were 50 per cent of the levels at 25°C. 4. 4. At 10°C, 70 per cent of the total water loss was attributable to urine output while only 30 per cent of the total loss at 25°C was through the urine; pulmocutaneous evaporation accounted for a larger percentage of the water loss at 25°C than at 10°C. 5. 5. The increased total water loss at 10°C is balanced by increased water intake through increased food intake. 6. 6. Thus kangaroo rats can stay in water balance at low temperatures on a diet of dry seed even though their total water losses are higher than the water losses at room temperatures.
Increasing Student Empathy Toward Older Adults Using the Virtual Dementia Tour

Educators know too well the challenges of teaching BSW students about social work practice with older adults. Students hesitate to work with older adults due to personal fears about aging, lack of experiences with this population, or stereotypical misconceptions about older adults and nursing homes. It is apparent that many students have difficulty empathizing with older adults because they have never experienced what it is like to be an older adult with dementia. A solution to this problem is incorporating an immersive experiential learning simulation called the Virtual Dementia Tour (VDT) into BSW course content. The findings indicate that the VDT was an effective evidence-based learning tool for increasing student knowledge about aging and improving their empathy and sensitivity toward older adults with dementia.
Crawler-Friendly Web Servers

In this paper we study how to make web servers (e.g., Apache) more crawler friendly. Current web servers offer the same interface to crawlers and regular web surfers, even though crawlers and surfers have very different performance requirements. We evaluate simple and easy-to-incorporate modifications to web servers so that there are significant bandwidth savings. Specifically, we propose that web servers export meta-data archives decribing their content.
An Overview of Drug Combination Analysis with Isobolograms

Drugs given in combination may produce effects that are greater than or less than the effect predicted from their individual potencies. The historical basis for predicting the effect of a combination is based on the concept of dose equivalence; i.e., an equally effective dose (a) of one will add to the dose (b) of the other in the combination situation. For drugs with a constant relative potency, this leads to linear additive isoboles (a-b curves of constant effect), whereas a varying potency ratio produces nonlinear additive isoboles. Determination of the additive isobole is a necessary procedure for assessing both synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the combination. This review discusses both variable and constant relative potency situations and provides the mathematical formulas needed to distinguish these cases.
Mechanism of corona treatment on polyolefin films

This paper reviews recent studies on the mechanism of corona treatment of polyolefin films, specifically the chemical and physical changes of this process and the self-adhesion mechanism. Corona discharge of polymeric films introduces polar groups into the surfaces, which increases the surface energy and, as a consequence, improves substrate wettability and adhesion. The main chemical mechanism of corona treatment is oxidation. In addition, corona treatment can crosslink surface regions and increase the film cohesive strength.
Roughness and near-surface density of Mars from SHARAD radar echoes

[1] We present a technique for estimating Mars topographic roughness on horizontal scales from about 10 m to 100 m using Shallow Radar (SHARAD) sounding data. Our results offer a view of surface properties complementary to Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) pulse-width or baseline roughness maps and can be compared to SHARAD peak-echo properties to infer deviations from the average near-surface density. Latitudinal averaging of SHARAD-derived roughness over Arabia and Noachis Terrae shows good agreement with MOLA-derived roughness and provides clear evidence for latitude-dependent mantling deposits previously inferred from image data. In northwestern Gordii Dorsum, we find that bulk density in at least the upper few meters is significantly lower than in other units of the Medusae Fossae Formation. We observe the same behavior indicative of low near-surface density in wind-eroded crater fill in the southern highlands. Combining surface-properties analysis, subsurface sounding, and high-resolution optical images, we show that the Pavonis Mons fan-shaped deposit differs significantly from lobate debris aprons which SHARAD has shown to be ice-cored. There are no internal radar reflections from the smooth-facies portion of the Pavonis Mons fan-shaped deposit, and we suggest that these deposits are either quite thin or have little dielectric (i.e., density) contrast with the underlying terrain. Future application of these techniques can identify other low-density units across Mars, assist in the mapping of regional volatile-rich mantling units, and provide new constraints on the physical properties of the polar layered terrain.
Motivational and performance deficits in interpersonal settings: The effect of attributional style.

An attributional model of motivation and performance following failure was tested. College students were preselected on the basis of their attributional styles for interpersonal failures, as measured by the Attributional Style Assessment Test (Anderson, Horowitz, & French,1983). Subjects in the two preselected groups (characterstyle versus behavioral-style attributors) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental manipulations of attributions for failure at an interpersonal persuasion task: (a) no manipulation, (b) ability/trait manipulation (which parallels the character style), or (c) strategy/effort manipulation (which parallels the behavior style). Subsequently, subjects engaged in a blood drive task over the telephone, trying to persuade other students to donate blood. Success expectancies, motivation, and actual performance were assessed. As predicted, subjects who made strategy-/efforttype attributions, whether by experimental manipulation or by preselection, expected more success, expected more improvement with practice, displayed higher levels of motivation, and performed better at the task than did subjects who made ability/trait-type attributions. Implications for the treatment of clinical symptoms such as loneliness and depression are discussed.
Fabrication and Response of Laser-Printed Cavity-Sealing Membranes

Freestanding micrometer-scale Ag membranes were laser printed via the laser decal transfer process without the use of sacrificial layers. Cross-sectional focused ion beam milling revealed uniform membrane thickness. Material and structural properties, including Young's modulus E ≈ 40 GPa, residual stress σ0 ≈ 61 MPa, and yield stress σy ≈ 110 MPa, were extracted via a coupled nanoindentation/flnite-element simulation approach. Dynamic characterization of membranes via laser vibrometry confirmed resonant frequencies in the megahertz regime with quality factors comparable to fully dense structures fabricated via traditional lithography.
Predicting Fitness Effects of Beneficial Mutations in Digital Organisms

Evolutionary adaptation can be viewed as two separate processes. The first process is the origin of new beneficial mutations. The second process is the fixation of some of those beneficial mutations by natural selection. Instead of statistical descriptions of adaptive changes, evolutionary theory is now focusing on predicting fitness effects of beneficial mutations in response to selection. While population genetics has provided an extensive body of theory to predict evolutionary changes, it is often difficult to predict evolution since many factors interact to affect the selective coefficients necessary for prediction. Here, we provide experimental data to study the ability of predicting evolutionary changes by using digital organisms (ALife program). We are concerned with how the dynamics of adaptation and diversification are determined by sequential fixation of beneficial mutations. More specifically, we are interested in the rates of fitness changes in populations and the distribution of fitness effects of beneficial mutations. Our results confirm the diminishing return of the rates of fitness increase. A step model provides a best fit to fitness trajectory of populations. The diminution in the rates of fitness increase is due to both a decrease in step sizes and an increase in waiting times. The distribution of fitness effects among beneficial mutations is nearly exponential except for some small fitness changes of beneficial mutations
Using the two-hybrid screen in the classroom laboratory.

The National Science Foundation and others have made compelling arguments that research be incorporated into the learning of undergraduates. In response to these arguments, a two-hybrid research pr...
The fast Fourier transform for experimentalists, part IV: autoregressive spectral analysis

We consider two additional kinds of spectrum estimates: autoregressive (AR) estimates and the maximum entropy (ME) method. In the first approach, we assume that an AR process generates the time series, which means we can compute the PSD of the time series from estimates of the AR parameters. The second approach is a special case of the first, but it uses a different method for estimating the AR parameters. Specifically, it chooses them to make the PSD's inverse transform compatible with the measured time series, while remaining maximally noncommittal about the data outside the observational window.
A unified model for bargaining and conflict

A new model of decision making is introduced. It can be applied to two person systems, at the level of the group, as well as at the level of the organization, the society, and the supranational system. It is determinate when bargainers' information is complete, incomplete, or erroeous. The paper includes a determinate treatment of the outguessing regress, wherein each negotiator chooses his bargaining strategy (in part) based upon his expectations concerning the other's strategy, while expecting that the other chooses his strategy based upon corresponding expectations. The conditions under which negotiations break down or result in agreements which are less than Pareto optimal are also specified. The paper concludes with an application of the proposed model to manipulative bargaining, where negotiators employ manipulative tactics that alter their own or the other's expectations, utility functions, or alternatives, as well as to metabargaining, i.e., bargaining concerning which manipulative tactics will occur.