cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation to Doppler Features From Wind Turbine Scattering

The near-field to far-field transformation (NFFFT) algorithm from Mensa and Vaccaro is applied to obtain the far-field Doppler signatures of wind turbines based on near-field measurement data. A set of angular window and sampling criteria are derived to aid in the data collection and processing. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the NFFFT and sampling criteria. Near-field measurements are made of a three-arm wire turbine model and a small commercial turbine. The NFFFT is applied to recover the far-field backscattering. The NFFFT is shown to effectively correct the Doppler features from the wind turbine scattering. The measurement results are corroborated with near-field and far-field simulations.
Check & Connect: The importance of relationships for promoting engagement with school

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether the closeness and quality of relationships between intervention staff and students involved in the Check & Connect program were associated with improved student engagement in school. Participants included 80 elementary and middle school students referred to the Check & Connect program for poor attendance, an early sign of disengagement, while in elementary school. After accounting for student risk and prior attendance, student and interventionist perceptions of the closeness and quality of their relationship were found to be associated with improved engagement in terms of school attendance, and interventionist perceptions of their relationships with students were associated with teacher-rated academic engagement (e.g., prepared for class, work completion, persistence). The importance of designing and evaluating relationship-based interventions for students at-risk for school failure is discussed.
Temperature Range and Conjugate Effects in Microencapsulated Phase-Change Suspensions

The melting process of some phase-change materials does not occur at a single temperature, but rather occurs over a temperature range. The effect of a phase-change temperature range for microencapsulated phase-change-material slurry was investigated numerically for a hydrodynamically fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube with a constant wall heat flux. The wall temperature and exit radial temperature were investigated for several phase-change temperature ranges, including a single phase-change temperature. The dominant dimensionless parameters: Stefan number, melt temperature range, and subcooling were varied and results presented. For code verification, results were compared with previous experimental and numerical data using eicosane as the phase-change material. Using heat flow measurements over the melt region from current literature, a curve fit for eicosane was made and used in the numerical model. The numerical results compared well with existing experimental and numerical findings and showed the phase-change region was the cause of temperature discrepancies cited in previous numerical work.
Presence of rheumatoid factor in ten children with isolated rheumatoid-like nodules.

Ten children with isolated rheumatoid-like nodules, without signs or symptoms of clinical rheumatoid disease, had serologically demonstrable rheumatoid factor 2 to 16 years after the appearance of nodules. The presence of rheumatoid factor was demonstrated by either sensitized sheep red cell agglutionation, latex fixation, euglobulin extraction and sheep red cell agglutination, or euglobulin inhibition of high-titer rheumatoid sera. These data suggest that these children with isolated rheumatoid-like nodules should be included in the spectrum of juvenile rheumatoid disease.
Negotiated Transfer Pricing and Divisional versus Firm-Wide Performance Evaluation

A firm with two divisions, each run by a risk-averse manager, contracts with the two managers to operate their divisions and possibly engage in interdivisional trade. Each division can increase the total surplus generated through interdivisional trade by making costly relationship-specific investments. The terms of trade are determined through negotiations between the two managers. Managerial compensation contracts are linear functions of divisional profit and firm-wide profit. If managers are compensated solely on the basis of their divisional profits, they invest less than the first-best amounts. While compensation contracts based on firm-wide profits alone can induce first-best investments, they impose extra risk on risk-averse managers. Therefore, we find that optimal linear compensation contracts will contain both divisional and firm-wide components. Our analysis also identifies a feature of negotiated transfer pricing, namely interdivisional risk-sharing, and characterizes its impact on the design of optimal contracts.
Hall Effect and Specific Resistance of Evaporated Films of Silver, Copper and Iron

Specific resistance and Hall coefficient of evaporated films, 20 to 200 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu} thick.---The specific resistances of films of silver, copper and iron were found to be from 15 to 57 times the values for the bulk metals, being respectively 24.3, 29.7 and 506 instead of 1.6, 1.8 and 8.8. The Hall coefficients of films of silver and copper, two diamagnetic metals, were respectively 41 and 11 per cent. less than the bulk values, while for the iron films the coefficient was +42.5 as compared with +6.6 for bulk iron, an increase of over 500 per cent. For the silver and copper films the Hall effect is proportional to the field throughout, but for iron films the proportionality extends only to 10,000 gausses, whereas the limit for bulk iron is 20,000 gausses. This indicates that the maximum intensity of magnetization in iron films is only half as great as that attainable in pure bulk iron.Structure of evaporated metal films.---X-ray analysis showed that films of silver and iron and probably other metals have the same crystal structure as the bulk metals, but the crystal grains are too fine to distinguish with a microscope.Effect of extreme fineness of crystal structure on certain physical properties of metals.---The increase of specific resistance is probably due to the multiplication of the number of contacts between grains. The Hall coefficient is practically independent of the structure except as it affects the magnetic condition of the crystals. The intensity of magnetization in iron crystals seems to be limited by the demagnetizing action of the poles of the crystals, which is greater the smaller the crystal grains.Method of producing uniform metallic films by evaporation.---This involves moving a heated filament uniformly over the surface to be coated, at a distance less than the mean free path in a high vacuum. The films are hard and bright and resist corrosion.
Enzymatic formation of glutamohydroxamic acid from glutamine in mammalian tissue.

THE presence of enzymes which catalyse the exchange of the amide group of glutamine and asparagine with amines1–3 has been shown in cell-free extracts of micro-organisms. The enzymatically catalysed exchange can be easily detected and assayed with hydroxylamine as the acceptor amine, since the γ-glutamo and β-asparto hydroxamic acids produced give the colour reaction with ferric chloride characteristic for hydroxamic acids. The terms ‘glutamo-’ and ‘asparto-transferase’ activities were proposed for these enzymatic potencies, since the mechanism of the exchange can be visualized as a transfer of the amino-acid radical from one amine to another.
Skeletal unloading induces selective resistance to the anabolic actions of growth hormone on bone

Loss of skeletal weight bearing or physical unloading of bone in the growing animal inhibits bone formation and induces a bone mineral deficit. To determine whether the inhibition of bone formation induced by skeletal unloading in the growing animal is a consequence of diminished sensitivity to growth hormone (GH) we studied the effects of skeletal unloading in young hypophysectomized rats treated with GH (0, 50, 500 micrograms/100 g body weight/day). Skeletal unloading reduced serum osteocalcin, impaired uptake of 3H-proline into bone, decreased proximal tibial mass, and diminished periosteal bone formation at the tibiofibular junction. When compared with animals receiving excipient alone, GH administration increased bone mass in all animals. The responses in serum osteocalcin, uptake of 3H-proline and 45Ca into the proximal tibia, and proximal tibial mass in non-weight bearing animals were equal to those in weight bearing animals. The responses in trabecular bone volume in the proximal tibia and bone formation at the tibiofibular junction to GH, however, were reduced significantly by skeletal unloading. Bone unloading prevented completely the increase in metaphyseal trabecular bone normally induced by GH and severely dampened the stimulatory effect (158% vs. 313%, p < 0.002) of GH on periosteal bone formation. These results suggest that while GH can stimulate the overall accumulation of bone mineral in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing animals, skeletal unloading selectively impairs the response of trabecular bone and periosteal bone formation to the anabolic actions of GH.
Controlling applications by managing network characteristics

Edge network operators have limited tools to control activities on their networks. This paper examines network dissuasion, a new approach to edge network control, based on controlling the fundamental parameters of the network, such as loss rate, delay, and jitter, with the intention of making particular uses of a network intolerable, while providing acceptable services for approved network uses. We investigate using this technique to prevent use of Voice Over IP (VoIP), while allowing other services. We designed network controls to achieve this goal and performed experiments using both measurements and subjective testing with human beings. We report on the degree of success and discuss the general promise of network dissuasion.
Penile Length Alterations Following Penile Prosthesis Surgery

Abstract Objective Determine the impact of penile prosthetic surgery on penile length. Methods Stretched flaccid penile length was measured in men undergoing first-time penile implant surgery. Measurements were done before implantation and at 1 and 6 mo postoperatively. Patients were evaluated by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) preoperatively and the IIEF and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) at 6 mo postoperatively. Patients also provided subjective assessment of penile changes at 6 mo postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative IIEF and EDITS scores were compared as were the patients who complained of penile length loss with those who did not. Results Of the 56 patients, 50% were diabetic and 28.5% had previous radical prostatectomy; 78% of the implants were three-piece (Alpha-1, Mentor) and 22% were two-piece (Ambicor, American Medical Service). There were no statistically significant differences in penile length after the surgery compared to preoperative measurements. Forty of 56 patients (72%) reported a decrease in penile length, 10 of 50 (19%) reported no change, and 6 of 56 (9%) had a slight increase. Subjective penile length loss was more common in patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy before prosthesis implantation (32%). No statistical difference in EF domain scores occurred between patients who complained of penile length loss and those who did not; however, men complaining of length loss had lower IIEF satisfaction domain and EDITS scores. Conclusion Penile prostheses do not have a negative impact on measured stretched flaccid penile length. Treatment satisfaction scores do not depend on subjective penile length loss.
Preoperative intensive care unit consultations: accurate and effective.

Objectives To determine if a structured preoperative ICU consultation would correctly assign patients to preoperative invasive monitoring, postoperative ICU care, or recovery room care, and to compare morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization among all groups. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting A university hospital. Patients A total of 475 patients who were referred preoperatively by surgeons for ICU consultation and were evaluated by ICU physicians. Interventions Patients assessed to have clinical evidence of cardiovascular compromise were admitted preoperatively to the ICU for invasive hemodynamic monitoring and optimization. Patients without such evidence, but who were to undergo major operations or had anticipated major fluid replacement were independently selected for invasive monitoring by anesthesiologists. Patients who developed physiologic instability or became unstable due to hemorrhage also underwent invasive monitoring. Nonmonitored patients who remained stable were given postoperative ICU care or went to the recovery room based on an assessment by the surgeon and anesthesiologist at the end of the operation. Measurements and main results Of 8,916 elective surgical cases, ICU physicians were consulted in 475 (5.3%) patients preoperatively. Sixty-seven patients were admitted preoperatively to the ICU for invasive hemodynamic monitoring and optimization; 60 patients had surgery (0.7% of elective cases, 12.6% of ICU consultations). Patients selected for ICU preoperative monitoring were older than non-monitored patients and had higher numbers of cardiovascular and total risk factors than any other group. They had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores, higher Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) points, a higher number of complications, and longer ICU stays than non-monitored postoperative ICU patients. In addition, they had a higher number of complications than nonmonitored recovery room patients. APACHE II scores, TISS points, number of complications, and ICU days in the preoperative ICU admission group were not increased when compared with all other monitored patients. Neither hospital days nor total hospital charges were increased when compared with the other elective ICU patients. Patients selected for ICU preoperative monitoring who underwent surgery had an 11.7% mortality rate and accounted for four of five cardiovascular-related deaths. Conclusions A small number of high-risk patients can be selected for preoperative monitoring on the basis of clinical assessment without increasing ICU stay or hospital bills. A structured preoperative consultation correctly identifies those patients who need monitoring and ICU care, but does not overutilize scarce and expensive ICU beds.
Reduction of High Soil Test Phosphorus by Corn and Soybean Varieties

Soils with high levels of P can contribute to excess P in runoff and subsequently pollute the surface water. Excess P in the soil can be removed from the system by harvesting crops. The objectives of this study were to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) P removal effects on soil P reduction, and to evaluate various corn hybrids and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] varieties for differences in grain P concentration and P removal. Soil with varying P levels as a result of annual or biennial beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure or compost application was cropped to corn for 4 yr without any P addition. In other studies under various water and N regimes, corn hybrids and soybean varieties were evaluated for grain P concentration and P removal. Four years of corn production without P addition lowered surface soil (0-15 cm) extractable P level (Bray and Kurtz no. 1) from 265 mg kg -1 to 171 mg kg -1 in the biennial N-based compost treatment. Based on a decay equation, it would have required 10 yr of corn P removal to lower the soil P level to the original 69 mg kg -1 that existed before treatment application. The rate of decrease in extractable soil P was greater when soil P was higher and reduced with decreasing soil P level. Most of the P in the plants was absorbed from the 0- to 15-cm soil depth since no significant reduction in soil P level was observed from 1996 to 1999 in the 15. to 30-cm soil depth. Across 2 yr, there was as much as 54% difference among corn hybrids for grain P removal. The differences in P concentrations among corn hybrids indicated that hybrids could be selected for low P uptake when lower P level in ethanol production by-product or in animal ration and subsequently in manure is desired. Soybean grain P concentration was nearly twice that for corn but grain P removal was less for soybean than for corn. Crop P removal can significantly reduce soil P level with time.
Effect of Recipient-donor Trephine Size Disparity on Refractive Error in Keratoconus

Abstract A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the effect of recipient-donor trephine disparity on refractive error and corneal curvature postsuture removal in keratoconus. A double running suture technique was used and donor corneas were trephined from the endothelial side. When keratoconus patients with 0.25-mm larger donor than recipient trephines were compared with keratoconus patients with the same size recipient and donor trephines, a statistically significant increase in the mean keratometer value (45.4 and 43.8 diopters [D], respectively; P = 0.03) and increase in myopic spherical equivalent (−3.5 and −1.8 D, respectively; P = 0.03) was found. When keratoconus patients were compared with phakic Fuchs' dystrophy patients (both groups had 0.25mm oversize donor trephines), the keratoconus group had a statistically significantly higher myopic spherical equivalent (−3.5 and −1.4 D, respectively; P = 0.03) despite only a 0.7-D difference in mean keratometer value which was not statistically significant (45.4 and 44.7 D, respectively). This study supports the hypothesis that the degree of post-penetrating keratoplasty myopia in patients with keratoconus can be decreased by reducing recipient-donor trephine disparity.
Phenanthroline Complexes Bearing Fused Dipyrrolylquinoxaline Anion Recognition Sites: Efficient Fluoride Anion Receptors.

Novel anion recognition host molecules, tris-1,10-phenanthroline cobalt(III) and bis-2,2'-bipyridine mono-1,10-phenanthroline ruthenium(II) complexes bearing fused dipyrrolylquinoxaline moieties have been synthesized. As determined by UV-vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies, these metal complexes bind fluoride with high affinity in polar media both in absolute terms and relative to the metal-free phenanthroline dipyrrolylquinozaline precursor from which they are derived (fluoride is bound to the tris-1,10-phenanthroline cobalt(III) dipyrrolylquinoxaline system with a 1:1 binding constant of 54 000 M-1 in DMSO). The large observed binding constants are ascribed to two factors, (i) the presence of a phenanthroline-coordinated cationic charge that decreases the electron density on the pyrrole NH protons and (ii) pure electrostatic effects.
Characterization of an InGaAs/InP-based single-photon avalanche diode with gated-passive quenching with active reset circuit

An improved gated-mode passive quenching with active reset (gated-PQAR) circuit is utilized in conjunction with an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). Photon detection efficiency (PDE) and dark count probability (DCP) were measured at a gate repetition rate of 1 MHz. The reduced afterpulsing afforded by the gated-PQAR circuit enabled measurement of afterpulsing for hold-off times as short as 10 ns. The timing resolution (jitter) for different excess biases has also been investigated. At 230 K and an excess bias of 2.5 V, 0.3% afterpulse probability for a 10 ns hold-off time was achieved with 13% PDE, 2 × 10−6 DCP, 160 ps jitter, and 0.2 ns effective gate width. For the same hold-off time, at a higher excess bias of 3.5 V, 30% PDE, 1 × 10−5 DCP and 120 ps jitter were achieved with 7% afterpulse probability with an effective gate width of 0.7 ns.
Positional information and whorl morphogenesis in Polysphondylium.

Cellular slime molds of the genus Polysphondylium periodically release cell masses from the base of culminating fruiting bodies. These masses quickly undergo a change in symmetry from spherical to radial as they differentiate into distinctive arrays of secondary fruiting bodies arranged about a primary axis of stalk cells. Here we show that a major event in whorl morphogenesis is the activation of a prestalk-specific promoter early and globally in newly forming whorls. With time, transcript synthesis and amplification become restricted to the equator of the whorl and then to patches which define where secondary tip morphogenesis will occur. The localization of early prestalk message synthesis depends on positional information, in contrast to the establishment of early prestalk/prespore patterns in both Polysphondylium and Dictyostelium. q 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Communicative and psychological dimensions of the KiddyCAT.

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate the underlying constructs of the Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter (KiddyCAT; Vanryckeghem & Brutten, 2007), especially those related to awareness of stuttering and negative speech-associated attitudes.
Age-Related Differences in Shoulder Isometric Endurance, Fatigue, and Recovery:

Despite projections of a substantial increase of older adults in the working population, studies addressing the effects of age on muscular performance are still limited. The purpose of this study w...
Explaining Group Poor Performance: An Attributional Analysis

Group poor performance is a problem for organizations and has promise as an area for future research on supervisor attributions. The actor-observer error described by Heider (1958) and the concept of consensus information from Kelley's (1967) cube model provide the foundation for a discussion of supervisors' perceptions of the causes of group poor performance.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic orbital tumors.

Abstract A technique for obtaining cytological diagnosis of orbital tumors is described. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of secondary carcinomas of the orbit can obviate the need for more invasive surgery and confirm the diagnosis so that appropriate therapy can be planned.
Cyclic deformation of commercial-purity titanium☆

Abstract The response of polyorystalline, commercial-purity α-titanium to reversed cyclic deformation was examined and the macroscopic mechanical behavior correlated with the development of characteristic dislocation structures. Tests were conducted on samples having uniform grain sizes ranging from 7 to 80 μm, and at constant plastic strain amplitudes between ± 0.0000 and ± 0.01. While the influence of grain size on fatigue life at constant stress amplitude is known to be significant, the grain size dependence upon cyclic deformation behavior was found here to be slight. The magnitude of the applied plastic strain amplitude was shown to play a more significant role. Specifically, hardening to a saturation average peak stress occurred for amplitudes in excess of ±0.006, whereas softening to a stable stress level below the initial flow stress was characteristic of smaller applied plastic strain amplitudes. This behavior is rationalized in terms of the relative mobility of edge or screw dislocations in the low or high strain amplitude regimes.
GaN:Eu electroluminescent devices grown by interrupted growth epitaxy

In this paper we report on electroluminescent devices fabricated using Eu-doped GaN films grown by interrupted growth epitaxy (IGE). IGE is a combination of conventional molecular beam epitaxy and migration enhanced epitaxy. It consists of a sequence of ON/OFF cycles of the Ga and Eu beams, while the N2 plasma is kept constant during the entire growth time. IGE growth of GaN:Eu resulted in significant enhancement in the Eu emission intensity at 620.5 nm. The nitridation of the surface that occurs during the OFF cycle appears to be the dominant process producing the enhancement. Thick dielectric devices fabricated on glass substrates using IGE-grown GaN:Eu have resulted in luminance of ¨1000 cd/m 2
Building up virulence in phytophthora infestans

The virulence ofPhytophthora infestans has been increased by passage through resistant varieties to a point where a number of hybrids which give an immune reaction in comparison with standard varieties were blighted severely. A similar build-up of virulence occurred under wholly natural conditions. A gap exists which has not been bridged either naturally or artificially so that many hybrids still exist which give no reaction whatever when inoculated with cultures of any virulence. Some speculation is indulged in regarding the case of Champion, the potato-tomato situation in North America, and the occurrence of biological specialization.
Indexing hypertext documents in context

To generate intelligent indexing that allows context-sensitive information retrieval, a system must be able to acquire knowledge directly through interaction with users. In this paper, we present the architecture for CID (Computer Integrated Documentation), a system that enables integration of various technical documents in a hypertext framework and includes an intelligent browsing system that incorporates indexing in context. CID's knowledge-based indexing mechanism allows case-based knowledge acquisition by experimentation. It utilizes on-line user information requirements and suggestions either to reinforce current indexing in case of success or to generate new knowledge in case of failure. This allows CID's intelligent interface system to provide helpful responses, even when no a priori user model is available. Our system in fact learns how to exploit a user model based on experience (from user feedback). We describe CID's current capabilities and provide an overview of our plans for extending the system.
Serologic Survey for Canine Infectious Diseases among Sympatric Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) and Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Southeastern Colorado

Swift foxes (Vulpes velox) and coyotes (Canis latrans) are sympatric canids distributed throughout many regions of the Great Plains of North America. The prevalence of canid diseases among these two species where they occur sympatrically is presently unknown. From January 1997 to January 2001, we collected blood samples from 89 swift foxes and 122 coyotes on the US Army Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County, SE Colorado (USA). Seroprevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) was 71% for adult (>9 mo old) and 38% for juvenile (≤9 mo old) swift foxes. Adult (≥1 yr old) and juvenile (<1 yr old) coyotes had a seroprevalence for CPV of 96% and 78%, respectively. Presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) was 5% for adult foxes and 0% for juvenile foxes. Seroprevalence of CDV was 46% for adult coyotes and 18% for juvenile coyotes. No swift foxes had canine adenovirus (CAV) antibodies, whereas 81% and 63% of adult and juvenile coyotes, respectively, had antibodies for CAV. Se...
Triple-bond reactivity of an AsP complex intermediate: synthesis stemming from molecular arsenic, As(4).

While P4 is the stable molecular form of phosphorus, a recent study illustrated the possibility of P2 generation for reactions in organic media under mild conditions. The heavier group 15 element arsenic can exist as As4 molecules, but As4 cannot be stored as a pure substance because it is both light-sensitive and reverts thermally to its stable, metallic gray form. Herein we report As4 activation giving rise to a μ-As2 diniobium complex, serving in turn as precursor to a terminal arsenide anion complex of niobium. Functionalization of the latter provides the new AsPNMes* ligand, which when complexed with tungsten pentacarbonyl elicits extrusion of the (AsP)W(CO)5 molecule as a reactive intermediate. Trapping reactions of the latter with organic dienes are found to furnish double Diels-Alder adducts in which the AsP unit is embedded in a polycyclic organic framework. Thermal generation of (AsP)W(CO)5 in the presence of the neutral terminal phosphide complex P≡Mo(N[iPr]Ar)3 leads to the cyclo-AsP2 complex ...
THE FUNDAMENTAL READING COMPETENCIES TEST

Increasing numbers of school boards and state legislatures are mandating the mastery of minimum essential skills in reading, writing, and mathematics as a requirement for high school graduation. However, in order to effectively assess and improve student performance in these skills, appropriate assessment instruments are essential. While large numbers of achievement tests are available, few qualify as appropriate for use in minimum competency assessment programs. Such unsuitability may be most apparent in the area of reading. Recent use of the term "minimal competencies", as it relates to reading, frequently connotes the ability to perform functional reading tasks, that is, reading tasks which are necessary for day-to-day living and effective participation in society. The concept that functional reading directly relates to everyday, commonly occurring reading experiences is not typically reflected in the content or format of traditional tests of reading achievement. Further, the majority of these tests do not provide teachers with guidance for designing instruction to promote student mastery of the measured skills. The need for an instrument which would assess high school students' proficiency with respect to well-defined functional reading skills and provide teachers with guidelines for planning appropriate instructional activities motivated the development of the Fundamental Reading Competencies Test (FRCT). Description of the FRCT
Ancient Origins and Evolutionary Conservation of Intracellular and Neural Signaling Pathways Engaged by the Leptin Receptor

In mammals, leptin acts on leptin receptor (LepR) –expressing neurons in the brain to suppress food intake and stimulate whole-body metabolism. A similar action of leptin on food intake has been reported in the frog Xenopus laevis and in several bony fishes. However, the intracellular signaling and neural pathways by which leptin regulates energy balance have not been investigated outside of mammals. Using reporter assays and site-directed mutagenesis we show that the frog LepR signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and STAT5 through evolutionarily conserved tyrosine residues in the LepR cytoplasmic domain. In situ hybridization histochemistry for LepR mRNA in brain and pituitary showed strong expression in the magno- and parvocellular divisions of the anterior preoptic area (homologous to the mammalian paraventricular nucleus), the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral hypothalamus, and pars intermedia and pars distalis of the anterior pituitary. Leptin injection increased phosp...
Growth hormone therapy-established uses in short children.

Since the first reported efficacious use of human growth hormone in 1958, numerous children have been treated with this hormone. This review discusses the five indications for use of human growth hormone in children that have been approved to date by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Conclusion: Further, long-term studies will be needed to address the optimal use of this hormone in each of these conditions.
Quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of lysophosphatidic acid induced chemotaxis applying dual-step (18)O labeling coupled with immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography.

Reversible protein phosphorylation is a central cellular regulatory mechanism in modulating protein activity and propagating signals within cellular pathways and networks. Development of more effective methods for the simultaneous identification of phosphorylation sites and quantification of temporal changes in protein phosphorylation could provide important insights into molecular signaling mechanisms in various cellular processes. Here we present an integrated quantitative phosphoproteomics approach and its application for comparative analysis of Cos-7 cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) gradient stimulation. The approach combines trypsin-catalyzed 16O/18O labeling plus 16O/18O-methanol esterification for quantitation, a macro-immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography trap for phosphopeptide enrichment, and LC−MS/MS analysis. LC separation and MS/MS are followed by neutral loss-dependent MS/MS/MS for phosphopeptide identification using a linear ion trap (LTQ)-FT mass spectrometer. A var...
Effects of scratch damage on progressive failure of laminated carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Abstract Composite structures in practice can be subjected to various types of damage such as abrasion with sharp objects. This damage can result in gouges or damage resembling deep scratches that can impact one or more plies. In this study, the effects of scratch geometry on the delamination of a laminated composite under tensile loading are investigated using experimental and numerical analysis techniques. A numerical approach based cohesive zone models is used to simulate the progressive failure of the composite specimen containing scratches. Scratches at different depths in carbon fiber-epoxy laminates are modeled to study the influence of the scratch tip and its interaction with the stacking sequence. Experimental results show the interlaminar crack propagation has good correlation with the proposed modeling approach for initiation and propagation load levels. These deformation modes are validated with a full-field digital image correlation assessment. The results indicate that the scratch tip location within the stacking sequence is a dominant factor for tension load capacity associated with the scratch depth and geometry and can result in undesirable bending and torsional deformations, further driving the delamination response.
Non‐empirical calculation of structural properties and valence force fields: Application to Se and Te

A local orbital method is used to describe the electronic structure and the static and lattice dynamical properties of a covalent solid on an equal footing, with present application to trigonal Se and Te. Special point sampling is utilised to provide accurate values for the total energy as a function of atomic positions. With the introduction of a single parameter to describe the van der Waals interaction between non-bonded atoms good agreement is obtained with the observed crystal structures and with empirical valence force fields. Die elektronische Struktur, die statischen und die gitterdynamischen Eigenschaften von trigonalem Se und Te werden mittels einer Methode fur lokale Orbitale berechnet. Eine spezielle Punktauswahl liefert genaue Werte fur die Gesamtenergie als Funktion der Atomlagen. Zur Beschreibung der van der Waals-Wechselwirkung zwischen Nicht-Nachbaratomen wird nur ein Parameter eingefuhrt. Gute Ubereinstimmung mit gemessenen Kristallstrnkturen und mit empirischen Valenzkraften wird erhalten.
Effect of Polymer Processing on the Performance of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/ZnO Nanorod Photovoltaic Devices

Effective infiltration of the polymer into the nanostructured oxide is critical for optimizing the performance of hybrid π-conjugated polymer/nanostructured metal oxide semiconductor photovoltaic devices. We investigated the effect of polymer processing parameters, solvent selection, and thermal annealing on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/ZnO nanorod photovoltaic devices and found that these play an important role in the degree of polymer infiltration and the subsequent device performance. We demonstrate that using dichlorobenzene as a solvent produced better performance devices than using chloroform. In addition, the infiltration of P3HT into the ZnO nanorod array has been improved through annealing and subsequent slow cooling. Time-resolved microwave conductivity studies reveal an increase in the photoconductivity of the composite devices with annealing, resulting from changes in both the polymer and ZnO. The device performance was shown to increase with enhanced infiltration, and the devices that had be...
An experimental study of critical heat flux (CHF) in microgravity forced-convection boiling

Abstract Pool and forced-convection boiling of FC-72 was conducted in earth gravity and microgravity. A platinum wire heater was used to generate bubbles and provide simultaneous measurement of the heater surface mean temperature. An electrical circuit was built to control the temperature of heater surface. Boiling curves of FC-72 for different flow rates were obtained in the experiment. By using photographic visualization, it was observed that the microgravity environment decreased the critical heat flux (CHF) significantly and force the boiling to switch to transition or film regime. With an increase of the flow rate, the CHF increased and the boiling curves moved upward in both terrestrial gravity and microgravity. In this study, it was also found that the forced convection tends to offset the microgravity effect on CHF when the flow rate was sufficiently high.
A head-neck-eye system that learns fault-tolerant saccades to 3-D targets using a self-organizing neural model

This paper describes a head-neck-eye camera system that is capable of learning to saccade to 3-D targets in a self-organized fashion. The self-organized learning process is based on action perception cycles where the camera system performs micro saccades about a given head-neck-eye camera position and learns to map these micro saccades to changes in position of a 3-D target currently in view of the stereo camera. This motor babbling phase provides self-generated movement commands that activate correlated visual, spatial and motor information that are used to learn an internal coordinate transformation between vision and motor systems. The learned transform is used by resulting head-neck-eye camera system to accurately saccade to 3-D targets using many different combinations of head, neck, and eye positions. The interesting aspect of the learned transform is that it is robust to a wide variety of disturbances including reduced degrees of freedom of movement for the head, neck, one eye, or any combination of two of the three, movement of head and neck as a function of eye movements, changes in the stereo camera separation distance and changes in focal lengths of the cameras. These disturbances were not encountered during motor babbling phase. This feature points to general nature of the learned transform in its ability to control autonomous systems with redundant degrees of freedom in a very robust and fault-tolerant fashion.
Genotypic differences in space use and movement patterns in Drosophila melanogaster

We used five Drosophila melanogaster recurrent F1s to investigate genotypic differences in space use and movement patterns, focusing on the behaviour of teneral females and individually marked young adults that were allowed free access to large, structurally complex environments. Teneral females from the five F1s differed in their propensity to hide after emergence and in the height at which they perched above the substrate. During the first 2 weeks of adult life, F1s of both sexes showed consistent differences in site fidelity, the proportion of time spent in areas located far from food items, and their choice of substrate when perching near food items. As larvae, these same five F1s differed with respect to the distances travelled while foraging, distances moved after disturbance at natal fruits, and pupation distance from natal fruits. The results of this study may help to shed light on related questions involving this species, including the effects of natal experience on habitat preference, and the effect of structural features near pupation sites on the ability of teneral females to avoid predators or forced copulations.
The distribution of β-lactamase genes on plasmids found in Pseudomonas

Abstract Seven types of β-lactamases distinguished by analytic isoelectric focusing have been found on 24 Pseudomonas plasmids belonging to at least eight incompatibility groups. TEM-1- and TEM-2-type enzymes that are determined by transposable genetic elements are distributed among five different incompatibility groups. The other β-lactamase types are found on plasmids in single incompatibility groups. β-Lactamases unique to Pseudomonas plasmids occur on plasmids not transmissible to enterobacteria by conjugation.
Low-Energy Interband Transitions and Band Structure in Nickel

Thermal modulation experiments in the low-energy region favor a reordering of the bands at the $L$ point in the Brillouin zone in nickel.
Contexts of antonymous adjectives

The method of sorting is used to compare sets of adjectival contexts. Contexts of directly antonymous adjectives are found to be highly discriminable, both with sentential and phrasal contexts. These results are used to argue that words with different meanings normally appear in discriminably different contexts, and that the cue for learning to associate direct antonyms is not their substitutability, but rather their relatively frequent co-occurrence in the same sentence.
On the prime factor decomposition algorithm for the discrete sine transform

Presents a fast algorithm for computing the discrete sine transform (DST) when the transform size N is decomposable into mutually prime factors. Based on the Lee algorithm for the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and from the relations obtained between DST and DCT, a new set of input and output index mappings for DST is presented. >
A Personal and Historical Perspective on Drug Metabolism

Drug metabolism, evolved over the past 150 years, has become a unique scientific discipline to elucidate the mechanism of oxygen activation, the structure and function of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the chemical mechanisms for reactions catalyzed by these enzymes, and for understanding the roles these reactions play in a drug's bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and toxicokinetics. This evolving knowledge has been adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, transforming drug metabolism mainly to characterize the number and structure of metabolites and confirming drug exposure in toxicology studies into a vital part of drug design. This article highlights significant historical development of drug metabolism that shaped the current research and best practices in pharmaceutical companies. The authors also recount their personal experiences, spanning over 50 years, which are the base of their perspectives on the utility and future value of drug metabolism. Keywords: drug metabolism; historical perspective; reactions; cytochrome P450
DoseSim: a tool for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis and dose reconstruction.

UNLABELLED: Assessing and improving the safety of chemicals and the efficacy of drugs depends on an understanding of the biodistribution, clearance and biological effects of the chemical(s) of interest. A promising methodology for the prediction of these phenomena is physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, which centers on the prediction of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (pharmacokinetics) and the biological effects (pharmacodynamics) of the chemical on the organism. Strengths of this methodology include modeling across multiple scales of biological organization and facilitate the extrapolation of results across routes of exposure, dosing levels and species. It is also useful as the foundation for tools to (i) predict biomarker levels (concentrations of chemical species found in the body that indicate exposure to a foreign chemical), given a chemical dose or exposure; (ii) reconstruct a dose, given the levels of relevant biomarkers; and (iii) estimate population variability. Despite the importance and promise of physiologically based pharmacokinetic /pharmacodynamics-based approaches to forward and reverse dosimetry, there is currently a lack of user-friendly, freely available implementations that are accessible and useful to a broad range of users. DoseSim was developed to begin to fill this gap. AVAILABILITY: The application is available under the GNU General Public License from http://scb.colostate.edu/dosesim.html.
Simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and transit time with turbo dynamic arterial spin labeling (Turbo‐DASL): Application to functional studies

A turbo dynamic arterial spin labeling method (Turbo-DASL) was developed to simultaneously measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood transit time with high temporal resolution. With Turbo-DASL, images were repeatedly acquired with a spiral readout after small-angle excitations during pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling and control periods. Turbo-DASL experiments at 9.4 T without and with diffusion gradients were performed on rats anesthetized with isoflurane or α-chloralose. We determined blood transit times from carotid arteries to cortical arterial vessels (TT(a) ) from data obtained without diffusion gradients and to capillaries (TT(c) ) from data obtained with diffusion gradients. Cerebral arterial blood volume (CBV(a) ) was also calculated. At the baseline condition, both CBF and CBV(a) in the somatosensory cortical area were 40-50% less in rats with α-chloralose than in rats with isoflurane, while TT(a) and TT(c) were similar for both anesthetics. Absolute CBF and CBV(a) were positively correlated, while CBF and TT(c) were slightly negatively correlated. During forepaw stimulation, CBF increase was 15 ± 3% (n = 7) vs. 60 ± 7% (n = 5), and CBV(a) increase was 19 ± 9% vs. 46 ± 17% under isoflurane vs. α-chloralose anesthesia, respectively; CBF vs. CBV(a) changes were highly correlated. However, TT(a) and TT(c) were not significantly changed during stimulation. Our results support that arterial CBV increase plays a major role in functional CBF changes.
Remodeling the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Poliovirus Infection and by Individual Viral Proteins: an Autophagy-Like Origin for Virus-Induced Vesicles

All positive-strand RNA viruses of eukaryotes studied assemble RNA replication complexes on the surfaces of cytoplasmic membranes. Infection of mammalian cells with poliovirus and other picornaviruses results in the accumulation of dramatically rearranged and vesiculated membranes. Poliovirus-induced membranes did not cofractionate with endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, mitochondria, or the majority of Golgi-derived or endosomal membranes in buoyant density gradients, although changes in ionic strength affected ER and virus-induced vesicles, but not other cellular organelles, similarly. When expressed in isolation, two viral proteins of the poliovirus RNA replication complex, 3A and 2C, cofractionated with ER membranes. However, in cells that expressed 2BC, a proteolytic precursor of the 2B and 2C proteins, membranes identical in buoyant density to those observed during poliovirus infection were formed. When coexpressed with 2BC, viral protein 3A was quantitatively incorporated into these fractions, and the membranes formed were ultrastructurally similar to those in poliovirus-infected cells. These data argue that poliovirus-induced vesicles derive from the ER by the action of viral proteins 2BC and 3A by a mechanism that excludes resident host proteins. The double-membraned morphology, cytosolic content, and apparent ER origin of poliovirus-induced membranes are all consistent with an autophagic origin for these membranes.
Large scale genotype–phenotype correlation analysis based on phylogenetic trees

We provide two methods for identifying changes in genotype that are correlated with changes in a phenotype implied by phylogenetic trees. The first method, VENN, works when the number of branches over which the change occurred are modest. VENN looks for genetic changes that are completely penetrant with phenotype changes on a tree. The second method, CCTSWEEP, allows for a partial matching between changes in phenotypes and genotypes and provides a score for each change using Maddison's concentrated changes test. The mutations that are highly correlated with phenotypic change can be ranked by score. We use these methods to find SNPs correlated with resistance to Bacillus anthracis in inbred mouse strains. Our findings are consistent with the current biological literature, and also suggest potential novel candidate genes. Contact:farhat@pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu for software requests.