cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catecholaminergic system innervates galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the human diencephalon

Galanin released into the hypophysial portal circulation in the hypothalamus may function as a hypophysiotropic factor regulating the anterior pituitary function or it may function as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator acting at synaptic sites regulating neuronal activity of many neurons in the brain. Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine) primarily regulate anterior pituitary functions indirectly via innervating hypophysiotropic neurons. The aim of the present studies was to explore with double-label immunocytochemistry if, as in rodents, catecholamines interact with galanin in the human diencephalon. Due to the long post-mortem period and subsequent lack of optimal preservation of the cell membranes in the brain, electron microscopy could not be employed to show the presence of catecholaminergic-immunoreactive synapses on galanin-immunoreactive neurons. Therefore, we used light microscopic immunocytochemistry and high-magnification microscopy with oil immersion to identify putative juxtapositions between catecholamines and galanin-utilizing antisera against key enzymes of catecholamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), representing all three catecholamines; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), representing noradrenaline; and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), representing adrenaline) and galanin. Our studies show that among the three catecholamines, dopamine is the most abundant and the vast majority of catecholaminergic contacts on galanin-immunoreactive neurons is dopaminergic. The number of DBH-immunoreactive contacts is less and the number of PNMT-immunopositive contacts is negligible. Among the hypothalamic regions, the periventricular region above the infundibulum (infundibular or arcuate nucleus) contained the largest number of contacts. These en passant-type intimate associations between catecholamine- and galanin-immunoreactive neuronal elements may be functional synapses and may provide the morphological basis for the catecholamine-mediated galanin release.
A comparison of two theories of acoustoelasticity

Abstract The presence of a plane stress field causes small changes in the phase velocities of orthogonally polarized SH waves. The (small) difference in phase velocities (birefringence) can be used for non-destructive stress measurement. However, material anisotropy can affect phase velocity to the same extent as stress. Two theories have been developed which account for the effect of both stress and anisotropy. The theory of Iwashimizu and Kubomura assumes isotropy in the third-order elastic moduli and anisotropy in second-order moduli. A different approach was taken by Okada, who assumed the existence of a matrix analogous to the index of the refraction matrix in optics. In this paper, we generalize the theory of Iwashimizu and Kubomura by retaining anisotropy in third-order moduli. We show how Okada's theory can be made to agree with this more general theory. We also compare the predictions of the various theories with birefringence data obtained from uniaxial tension tests on 2024-T351 aluminium specimens. Both the Okada theory and the theory of Iwashimizu and Kubomura gave good agreement with experiment.
Strength Associated Motor Deficits following Stroke

Many of the motor deficits that accompany stroke can be attributed to normal behavior on a foundation of muscle weakness.
Split-radix fast Hartley transform in one and two dimensions

A simple matrix decomposition is provided as a derivation of the one-dimensional split-radix fast Hartley transform (FHT). The method is then extended, in a straightforward manner, to the two-dimensional FHT (2-D FHT) by implementing the vector-radix approach. As a result, the proposed algorithm requires many fewer computational operations than the nonsplit vector-radix 2-D FHT method. >
Remote sensing of surface hemispherical reflectance (albedo) using pointable multispectral imaging spectroradiometers

Remote techniques for determining albedo are examined in terms of the range of view angles required in the use of string techniques with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the High Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (HIRIS). Ground data are used to compute full and half strings out to 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees for various sun angles and ground cover types. A knowledge-based system is employed to evaluate both the visible and near-IR bands, and the results indicate errors of up to 7 percent for the MODIS data, HIRIS data, and the full-string +/- 60 degrees. In the cases of large extrapolations greater ranges of error are noted indicating that 60-deg systems are most effective. The error is increased in the case of sensor systems that only view in the fore or aft direction, and the MODIS full string for +/- 45 deg is also considered a good system.
Longitudinal momentum distribution of pionization products

We obtain, on the basis of general principles only, a quantitative formula for the distribution of pionization products in ultrahigh-energy scattering as a function of the longitudinal momentum. Field theory is then used as a model to show the existence of the pionization process, and it also serves as an example in which the formula is satisfied. A highly feasible storage-ring experiment is proposed to test this predicted distribution and hence the underlying principles.
Nitrogen Fixation by the Blue‐green Alga Anabaena flos‐aquae A‐37

Nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated in a bacteria-free culture of a semithermophilic blue-green alga, Anabaena flos aquae A-37, employing the criterion of an increase in cellular nitrogen as a basis for determining nitrogen fixation. This is apparently the first time that nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated in a pure culture of a blue-green alga which grows at 40 C and which produces abundant quantities of an extracellular heteropolysaccharide.
Glomerular filtration rate determinations in conscious type II diabetic mice

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. The current studies were performed to determine the later stages of the progression of renal disease in type II diabetic ...
Catastrophes, disturbances and density-dependence: population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse ( Heteromys desmarestianus ) in a neotropical lowland forest

Capture–mark–recapture methods were used to study the influence of density-dependent and density-independent factors on population dynamics of the spiny pocket mouse Heteromys desmarestianus in a lowland forest in Belize. Fourteen trapping sessions were conducted in six 0.5-ha grids at irregular intervals from July 2000 to March 2005. Responses by H. desmarestianus to four disturbance events depended on the type and magnitude of the events. Although fluctuations in density were strongly related to fruit availability, the disturbances tended to magnify direct and delayed density-dependent effects on reproduction and juvenile survival. A catastrophic flood in July 2000 eliminated the entire population, but by September 2001 population density had increased from 34.4 individuals ha −1 immediately pre-flood to 42.5 individuals ha −1 . Indirect effects from a hurricane in October 2001 had greater and longer lasting influences on demographic rates than direct effects from less severe floods in August 2002 and September 2003. Fruiting ceased for almost 2.5 y after the hurricane, resulting in extremely low juvenile survival and a decline in density from 46.8 individuals ha −1 in January 2002 to 23.0 individuals ha −1 in January 2004. Fruiting began again in January 2004, and after several subsequent pulses of reproduction and generally higher rates of juvenile survival the population reached a maximum of 77.3 individuals ha −1 in March 2005. Inferences from the study, especially on the duration of delayed-density-dependent effects, must be made cautiously because of the irregular trapping intervals resulting from the unplanned disturbances. However, the results indicate that population dynamics of many tropical small-mammal populations will be driven by direct and indirect effects from density-independent events that amplify density-dependent influences on demographic rates.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a novel translocation involving BCL6

Translocation of the BCL6 gene is one of the most common chromosomal changes seen in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primarily affecting the 5' regulatory region which is usually replaced with the sequences of the translocation partner. This translocation involves both immunoglobulin and nonimmunoglobulin gene partners, the former being the more common. Here we report a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with immunophenotypic features of a germinal center type, involving translocation of BCL6 to chromosome 11 and partnering with one or more nonimmunoglobulin genes. To our knowledge this novel translocation in the context of an activated B-cell type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has not been previously described in the literature. We speculate about the putative partner gene involved in the translocation and the pathophysiological significance of the translocation.
On-chip control flow integrity check for real time embedded systems

Modern industrial plants, vehicles and other cyber-physical systems are increasingly being built as an aggregation of embedded platforms. Together with the soaring number of such systems and the current trends of increased connectivity, new security concerns are emerging. Classic approaches to security are not often suitable for embedded platforms. In this paper we propose a hardware based approach for checking the integrity of code flow of real-time tasks whit precisely predictable overheads that do not affect the critical path. Specifically, we employ a hardware module to perform control flow graph (CFG) validation at run-time of real-time component. For this purpose, we developed a binary-based, CFG generation tool. In addition, we also present our implementation of a CFG integrity checking module. The proposed approach is aimed at improving real-time systems security.
Techniques for optical fabrication of a 2-mm-thick adaptive secondary mirror

We describe the development of techniques for the optical fabrication of the adaptive secondary mirror for the 6.5-m MMT Conversion Project. The f/15 secondary is 640 mm in diameter and consists of a 2-mm-thick convex mirror supported on 320 actuators. This mirror will be polished using the stressed lap method and measured using the holographic test plate system developed at the Mirror Lab, but it presents unique challenges because of its flexibility. During fabrication, the support of the thin mirror must be uniform and stiff enough to keep it from bending significantly under polishing forces which are 25 - 50 times the weight of the mirror. We plan to support the thin mirror by attaching it to a rigid glass substrate, and are pursuing two experimental approaches to the attachment: optical contact and blocking with pitch. The experiments are being performed by fabricating 200-mm concave prototypes of the secondary mirror.
Parotid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a parotid mass by studying such cases. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Identification of 24 previously reported cases of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the parotid gland in the English language literature and an analysis of a total of 25 patients including our case. Results Parotid metastasis was the initial presenting sign of the malignancy in the kidney in 14 of 25 (56%) cases; 11 of 25 (44%) cases presented with metachronous metastasis to the parotid. The most common presenting complaint was parotid mass. No case presented with facial paralysis. In three of six (50%) patients, fine-needle aspiration biopsy was diagnostic. Conclusions In the majority of cases, parotid metastases are the first clinical sign of the renal cell carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy can provide crucial information without parotidectomy as in our case. Parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation should be considered as a therapeutic option for solitary parotid metastasis.
The Q-wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: Differences and similarities

I T IS STANDARD medical practice to divide myocardial infarctions into two types: the “transmural” infarction and the “nontransmural” or “subendocardial” infarction. Clinically, this distinction is made on the basis of the occurrence of new Q waves on the ECG. Customarily, if only ST segment or T wave changes occur without the development of Q waves, the infarction is classified as subendocardial, whereas those infarcts accompanied by new Q waves are considered to be transmural. Recently, however, there has been a major reevaluation of the differentiation between transmural and subendocardial myocardial infarctions.‘-3 The prognosis of patients sustaining subendocardial infarcts has traditionally been regarded as better than patients with transmural infarcts”; however, several recent studies have not supported this view.8-‘2 Even the value of the ECG criteria has been questioned because of the lack of specificity of the Q wave in identifying the transmural extent of infarction.‘3,‘4 The traditional view has been based primarily on the concept that since a smaller amount of myocardium is involved in a subendocardial infarct, the overall effect on left ventricular function is less. In addition, the in-hospital mortality for subendocardial infarcts was thought to be less. However, it is now increasingly clear that the outer myocardial layers remain in jeopardy after a subendocardial infarction, exposing the patient to the risk of a subsequent event following hospital discharge. Similarly, the validity of the Q wave to estimate the transmural depth of infarction, and by inference, to predict the likely shortand long-term course of such patients has been reevaluated as well. Is there enough evidence to support the continued use of the terms subendocardial and transmural and what are the consequences for patient management?
Resets Do Not Appear to Increase the Rate of Adverse Events or Prolong Relapse in Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy

Voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) is an efficacious contingency management intervention for substance use disorders that provides escalating voucher values to reinforce continuous abstinence and typically resets escalated values to the initial low level upon detection of drug use. The objective of this study involving 130 methadone-maintained outpatients receiving VBRT was to investigate whether resets (a) increase risk for adverse events (AEs) and (b) delay return to abstinence in relation to magnitude of voucher reset. Weeks following resets were examined for increased likelihood of AEs using a Poisson regression. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine if higher resets increased the number of days until a negative urine specimen. Results showed that resets did not increase the likelihood of AEs nor were higher resets related to an increased delay to abstinence. Research involving larger samples is needed to produce sufficient data directly addressing safety concerns of various treatment stakeholders.
Adaptive mesh redistribution for a boundary element (panel) method

In this paper, we extend the concept of a grading function, as introduced by Carey and Dinh2 in a one-dimensional context, to curved contours. We then apply the idea to adaptive grid redistribution for a boundary element method to solve a model boundary value problem. Numerical results are included for a potential problem to demonstrate the effect of the redistribution scheme on the solution and the geometry of the domain.
Pseudo-Meig's syndrome with multiple synchronous benign and malignant pelvic tumors.

Background: Meig’s and Pseudo-Meig’s syndromes have been reported in association with several malignancies but the concomitant existence of multiple synchronous benign and malignant tumors in association with Pseudo-Meigs’ syndrome has not been reported in the published literature. Case: A 55-year old African American woman presented with mild asthma exercebation, right ovarian mass, hydrothorax and elevated CA-125 levels. Histological examination confirmed a right ovarian carcinoid tumor embedded within a mature cystic teratoma while the left ovary, fallopian tube and the uterus contained a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Conclusion: This is the first case report of Pseudo-Meig’s syndrome in association with ovarian carcinoid tumor and multiple synchronous benign and malignant pelvic tumors.
The relationship among perceptual similarity, sex, and performance ratings in manager-subordinate dyads.

The relationship of perceptual similarity and sex in both manager and subordinate performance appraisals within manager-subordinate dyads was investigated. Perceptual similarity accounted for a siz...
Adaptive generalized rake reception in DS-CDMA systems - [transactions papers]

Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DSCDMA) cellular systems, such as wideband CDMA (WCDMA), are limited in performance by interference. Linear equalization, such as generalized Rake (G-Rake) receivers and transversal chip equalizers, can theoretically provide significant gains in performance by suppressing interference. In this paper, an adaptive G-Rake receiver is developed, employing practical algorithms for finger placement and weight computation. Finger placement is determined by selecting delays from a candidate set using a "maximal-weight" criterion. Weight computation includes estimation of an impairment covariance matrix using a parametric approach. While described in the context of the downlink, these algorithms can be used in the uplink as well. Both single-antenna and dual-antenna receivers are considered. Link and system performance are evaluated for the downlink, showing significant gains in high-rate coverage.
Glass transition temperatures of poly/methyl methacrylate/ plasticized with low concentrations of monomer and diethyl phthalate.

Glass transition temperature of polymethyl methacrylate as affected by low concentrations of monomer and diethyl phthalate plasticizers
Ion Propulsion Development Projects in US: Space Electric Rocket Test I to Deep Space 1

The historical background and characteristics of the experimental flights of ion propulsion systems and the major ground-based technology demonstrations are reviewed. The results of the first successful ion engine flight in 1964, Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT) I, which demonstrated ion beam neutralization, are discussed along with the extended operation of SERT II starting in 1970. These results together with the technologies employed on the early cesium engine flights, the applications technology satellite series, and the ground-test demonstrations, have provided the evolutionary path for the development of xenon ion thruster component technologies, control systems, and power circuit implementations. In the 1997-1999 period, the communication satellite flights using ion engine systems and the Deep Space 1 flight confirmed that these auxiliary and primary propulsion systems have advanced to a high level of flight readiness.
Ammonoid taxonomic and morphologic recovery patterns after the Permian–Triassic

Taxonomic diversity is only one possible biodiversity metric. Studies of taxonomic and morphologic diversity indicate that the two need not be closely linked. Mass extinctions, and their associated recovery periods, can be viewed as natural experiments for testing the link. After the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (ca. 253 Ma), ammonoid taxonomic diversity rapidly recovered to preextinction levels. Morphologic diversity, measured as variance, was used to compare taxonomic and morphologic recovery patterns of ammonoids after the Permian–Triassic. Morphologic diversity decreased significantly between the first and second stages of the Triassic (Griesbachian and Dienerian, respectively), despite an increase in taxonomic diversity and a tripling of sample size. During the third stage (Smithian), morphologic diversity returned to Griesbachian levels. The loss of representatives from two morphologically distinctive lineages at the end of the Griesbachian, followed by the evolution of many morphologically convergent forms, explains this pattern. These findings strengthen the case that morphologic metrics are valuable complements to taxonomic metrics in characterizing evolutionary patterns.
Work for Hire for Nonacademic Creators

This article examines the Work for Hire Doctrine and its importance to technical communication instructors who prepare students to create intellectual products in workplace settings. The author explains how the Work for Hire Doctrine operates in practice, charts the progressive legal treatment of work for hire through case law, and calls attention to the developing trend in the courts to support a more protectionist stance regarding creative products.
Coherence, Contrasts, and Future Challenges for Inspectors General

Early advocates of inspector general initiatives envisioned powerful IGs who would build integrity through investigations and law enforcement. But the limitations of compliance-based models of integrity have become evident. Fighting corruption can erode the political and institutional support an IG requires. Findings of corruption may persuade many that the IG is failing. Most IGs find that the job is what they make of it; scholars and reform advocates can help by developing better measurements and strategies for citizen education.
Replication of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in insect cell lines grown in modified media

Abstract When certain ingredients were eliminated from a medium used to culture a cabbage looper cell line that can support replication of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, cells grew successfully and could be serially transferred a minimum of 44 times. Also, they maintained their ability to support replication of the Autographa californica virus, and the polyhedra produced were as infectious as those from cells grown on the original medium. The cost of the least expensive medium that would support cell growth was 2.8 times less than the cost of normal growth medium.
3D reconstruction based on single-particle cryo electron microscopy images as a random signal in noise problem

Instances of biological macromolecular complexes that have identical chemical constituents may not have the same geometry due to, for example, flexibility. Cryo electron microscopy provides one noisy projection image of each of many instances of a complex where the projection directions for the different instances are random. The noise is sufficient severe (SNR << 1) that the projection direction for a particular image cannot be easily estimated from the individual image. The goal is to determine the 3-D geometry of the complex (the 3-D distribution of electron scattering intensity) which requires fusing information from these many images of many complexes. In order to describe the geometric heterogeneity of the complexes, the complex is described as a weighted sum of basis functions where the weights are random. In order to get tractable algorithms, the weights are modeled as Gaussian random variables with unknown statistics and the noise is modeled as additive Gaussian random variables with unknown covariance. The statistics of the weights and the statistics of the noise are jointly estimated by maximum likelihood by a generalized expectation maximization algorithm. The method has been developed to the point where it appears able to solve problems of interest to the structural biology community.
Ultraviolet irradiation of potato virus X, its RNA, and a hybrid virus particle: photoreactivation, kinetic isotope effects, and quantum yield of inactivation.

— Studies have been made of the inactivation of potato virus X (PVX), free PVX-RNA, and a phenotypically mixed virus particle composed of PVX-RNA and tobacco mosiac virus (U-1 strain) protein (PVXRNA: TMVPRO) by ultraviolet radiation of 254, 280 and 302 nm wavelengths. Rate constants and quantum yields of inactivation have been determined under conditions of photoreactivation and non-photoreactivation in H2O and D2O. The ratios of the rate constants in H2O to those in D2O obtained for PVX-RNA were greater than unity at the above three wavelengths, as was the case for PVX at 254 and 302 nm. The ratios of the rate constants were, within experimental error, equal to unity for PVXRNA:TMVPRO at all three wavelengths and for PVX at 280 nm. It is concluded that, in contrast to the situation observed with TMV and PVXRNA:TMVPRO, the behavior of the intact PVX viron upon irradiation closely approximates the behavior of free RNA in solution, on the basis of quantum yields of inactivation, photoreactivated sector, and the ratio of kinetic isotope effects in H2O and D2O.
Analysis of pumped heat electricity storage process using exponential matrix solutions

Abstract Pumped heat electricity storage (PHES) is a recently proposed competitive energy storage solution for large scale electrical energy storage (EES). It is especially valuable for regions where specific geological structures are not available. The performance of PHES depends on two factors: the operations of turbomachines and the thermal storage system. The former is characterized by pressure ratio, polytropic efficiency and gas heat capacity ratio. The latter contains the parameters of heat regenerators that can be summarized into two dimensionless numbers: length Λ and step time π. The overall process operation can be described by temperature difference representing the energy stored per unit heat capacity, the storage bed utilization ratio and the turn-around efficiency. Exponential matrix solutions are obtained for a discretized heat transfer model of a typical pumped heat electricity storage process. Using the cyclic steady state and transient state solutions, we are able to analyze how dimensionless length and step time affect the storage bed utilization ratio as well as the turn-around efficiency. This model provides basic guidance for further development of such processes.
Unintended anchors: Building rating systems and energy performance goals for U.S. buildings

Abstract In the U.S., where buildings account for 40% of energy use, commercial buildings use more energy per unit area than ever before. However, exemplary buildings demonstrate the feasibility of much better energy performance at no additional first cost. This research examines one possible explanation for this inconsistency. The aim is to investigate whether the anchoring bias, which refers to our tendency to gravitate towards a pre-defined standard regardless of its relevance, influences energy performance goals in building design. The scope examines professionals who help set energy performance goals for U.S. buildings. Prior to being asked to set an energy performance goal, these professionals were randomly directed to one of three series of questions. One series set an anchor of 90% energy reduction beyond standard practice, one set a 30% anchor, and one set no anchor. Respondents exposed to the 90% anchor, and respondents exposed to no anchor at all, set higher energy performance goals than respondents exposed to the 30% anchor. These results suggest that building rating systems that only reward incremental energy improvements may inadvertently create anchors, thereby discouraging more advanced energy performance goals and inhibiting energy performance that is technically and economically feasible.
Childhood burns in South Australia: a socio-economic and aetiological study

Summary A prospective study of the social circumstances surrounding burnt children and of the detailed causation of their accidents was carried out on 826 children admitted to the Adelaide Children's Hospital Burns Unit. The study has shown that certain groups of children have a higher risk of being burnt than the rest of the population. It highlights the areas in the environment where burns are likely to occur, such as scalds to toddlers in the kitchen and bathroom and flame burns to all age groups outside the house. The South Australian burns prevention programmes are outlined.
Development and endocrine effects on the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins in the fat body of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract The pattern of mitochondrial protein synthesis was observed in the fat body during postemergence maturation of adult male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches. The incorporation rate of [ 14 C]-leucine into mitochondrial proteins was high between days 0 and 4 of adult life then decreased by about 40% to a lower, stable rate between days 6 and 30. Cycloheximide-insensitive, intramitochondrial protein synthesis paralleled this pattern. The half life of [ 14 C-guanidino]-arginine was 36.2 days in mitochondrial proteins which suggests that the mitochondria are stable organelles in the fat body. Cervical ligation lowered the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis by 60%, but attempts to return the synthetic rate to normal by injections of corpora cardiaca extracts were inconclusive.
Amplitude of human head movements associated with horizontal saccades

Human saccades may or may not be associated with head movements. To date, little attention has been devoted to the mechanisms determining head movement recruitment and scaling. Normal human subjects made horizontal, centrifugal saccades along an encircling array of light-emitting diodes. Measurements of gaze, head, and eye-in-head angle were made at the conclusion of the head movement (or at the end of the eye movement in eye-only saccades). We found that head movement amplitude (ΔH) related in a simple fashion to the eye eccentricity that would have resulted if the gaze shift had been performed without a head movement. Plots of ΔH vs this predicted eye eccentricity (E PRED) had a central flat region in which gaze shifts were unaccompanied by head movements (the eye-only range) and two flanking lobes in which ΔH was a linear function of E PRED (the eye-head ranges). ΔH correlated with E PRED better than with gaze shift amplitude, as would be expected if head movements were controlled so as to keep eye eccentricity within a particular range. Head movement tendencies were quantified by the width of the eye-only range, the slope of the eye-head range, and the width of the region within which the eye was likely to be found at the conclusion of the completed gaze-shifting behavior (the customary ocular motor range). The measures ranged widely in these normal subjects: 35.8±31.9° for the eye-only range (mean±SD), 0.77±0.16 for the slope of the eye-head range, and 44.0±23.8° for the customary ocular motor range. Yet for a given subject, the measurements were reproducible across experimental sessions, with the customary ocular motor range being the most consistent measure of the three. The form of the ΔH vs E PRED plots suggests that the neural circuitry underlying eye-head coordination carries out two distinct functions – gating the head movement and scaling the head movement. The reason for the large intersubject variability of head movement tendencies is unknown. It does not parallel intersubject differences in full-scale eye (in orbit) range or full-scale neck range.
Corrosion-protective chromate coatings on aluminum

Abstract Chromate conversion coatings on aluminum were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (in conjunction with ion beam sputtering for depth profiling) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy both before and after various exposures in a salt-tog chamber. The structure of coatings grown from a chromate-fluoride solution is described, and mechanisms for coating growth and corrosion are proposed. Results indicate that either HF or OH − must be present in the coating solution, in combination with the hexavalent chromium, in order for a corrosion- protective coating to form. These coatings consist of a layer of hydrated chromium oxide over a layer of mixed aluminum chromium oxide. The coating thickness did not increase after 30 s immersion in the solution, but the amount of aluminum detected in the solution continued to increase with longer immersion times. Chromium was found throughout the coating, and both trivalent and hexavalent chromium were detected on the surface at a ratio of about 2 : 1.
A Model that Accounts for Activity Prior to Sensory Inputs and Responses During Matching-to-Sample Tasks

Neural network models were examined during delayed matching-to-sample tasks (DMS), and neurons in a monkey's prefrontal cortex were studied during the performance of comparable tasks. In DMS, various input stimuli follow a sample stimulus, and an output should occur whenever the sample reappears. Our previous models have been restricted to certain kinds of inputs, outputs, and temporal patterns. Here, we generalized the models by training them on both spatial and nonspatial inputs, spatial and nonspatial outputs, and both fixed and variable interstimulus intervals. Two versions of DMS were presented to both the model and the monkey, both involving nonspatial samples: (1) Two stimuli simultaneously appeared at a variable interval after the sample; and (2) A series of single stimuli appeared at fixed intervals after the sample. Both versions required identical spatial responses, reflecting the direction (left or right) of the matching stimulus relative to a central origin. Thus, these two versions of DMS involved the same samples, memory, and responses, but established different response contexts. Our analysis focused on unit activity prior to stimuli, as well as that prior to responses, termed anticipatory and response-related activity, respectively. In both the model and the monkey, anticipatory activity occurred only for fixed interstimulus intervals. In the model, we could determine that anticipatory activity acted either like a filter to suppress inappropriate responses or it served to enhance the network's general readiness to respond. As for response-related activity, units in both the model and the monkey showed directional selectivity and had a strong dependence on response context. In the model, we could show that this activity contributed both to the suppression of inappropriate responses and to the generation of correct ones. None of the model's hidden units contributed exclusively to computing the direction of match output. Instead, their response-related activity contributed to the computation of both the match decision and the correct response direction.
Resolving the plasma profile via differential single inclusive suppression

The ability of experimental signatures to resolve the spatiotemporal profile of an expanding quark-gluon plasma is studied. In particular, the single inclusive suppression of high-momentum hadrons versus the centrality of a heavy-ion collision and with respect to the reaction plane in noncentral collisions is critically examined. Calculations are performed in the higher twist formalism for the modification of the fragmentation functions. Radically different nuclear geometries are used. The influence of different initial gluon distributions as well as different temporal evolution scenarios on the single inclusive suppression of high-momentum pions are outlined. It is demonstrated that the modification versus the reaction plane is quite sensitive to the initial spatial density. Such sensitivity remains even in the presence of a strong elliptic flow.
The effects of cooperative learning in a physical science course for elementary/middle level preservice teachers

Although many studies have shown the effectiveness of cooperative learning in a variety of settings in grades K–12, relatively few have focused on higher education. This study compared two physical science laboratory sections in a course for elementary/middle level preservice teachers. One section was taught in the traditional method, and the other was instructed using the Learning Together technique of cooperative learning. Comparisons between the two laboratory sections assessed any differences in student achievement and collaborative skills. In addition, the cooperative learning group completed a questionnaire that assessed their perception of the effectiveness of cooperative learning compared to more traditional methods of instruction, and their attitudes toward the laboratory section. Although no significant differences were observed in achievement, the cooperative learning group exhibited significant gains in collaborative skills. By the end of the course, cooperative learning students indicated a high comfort level for the laboratory.
The Restructuring of Large Firms in the Slovak Republic

This paper examines case study evidence of large Slovak firms chosen to represent a wide range of initial conditions, privatization techniques and success with restructuring. We document the ownership changes and restructuring actions of firms. We then re-examine several hypotheses about firm restructuring in the light of this new evidence. In particular, we show that the majority of large Slovak firms have successfully restructured in the absence of foreign investors and government-led restructuring programmes. The study also generates some new queries on the effectiveness of different privatization methods in enhancing corporate governance and improving access to skills and capital. We find that privatization to insiders through management-employee buy-outs did not hamper firm restructuring, at least in the initial years after privatization, as the new owners (old managers) invested heavily in new technology, laid off a substantial part of their workforce, sought foreign partnerships, and were prepared to sell controlling stakes to outsiders in return for fresh financial resources. The evidence also suggests that the mass privatization programme in the Slovak Republic did not result in weak corporate governance since it was followed by a rapid consolidation of outsider ownership. This is in contrast to the anecdotal evidence for Georgia, Russia and Ukraine which opted for mass privatization to insiders (managers and employees)
On the oceanic communication between the Western Subarctic Gyre and the deep Bering Sea

Sparse information is available on the communication between the northern North Pacific and the southern Bering Sea. We present results from a multi-decadal simulation of a high-resolution, pan-Arctic ice-ocean model to address the long-term mean and variability and synthesize limited observations in the Alaskan Stream, Western Subarctic Gyre, and southern Bering Sea. While the mean circulation in the Bering Sea basin is cyclonic, during the 26-year simulation meanders and eddies are continuously present throughout the region, which is consistent with observations from Cokelet and Stabeno (1997). Prediction (instead of prescription) of the Alaskan Stream and Aleutian throughflow allows reproduction of meanders and eddies in the Alaskan Stream and Kamchatka Current similar to those that have been observed previously (e.g. Crawford et al., 2000; Rogachev and Carmack, 2002; Rogachev and Gorin, 2004). Interannual variability in mass transport and property fluxes is particularly strong across the western Aleutian Island Passes, including Buldir Pass, Near Strait, and Kamchatka Strait. Much of this variability can be attributed to the presence of meanders and eddies found both north and south of the passes, which are found to directly cause periodic flow reversals and maxima in the western passes. Given that modeled flow reversals and maxima last for time periods ranging between three months and two years, short-term observations (months to few years) may not be representative of the actual mean flow. These extremes in the communication across the Aleutian Island Passes have a large impact on the oceanic environmental conditions in the southern Bering Sea and could directly impact biological species there and further downstream. Therefore, we identify a need for continuous monitoring of the flow through Buldir Pass, Near, and Kamchatka straits. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Conformational Preconditioning by Electrophoresis of DNA through a Finite Obstacle Array

We investigate the effectiveness of DNA conformational preconditioning by electrophoresis through an obstacle array on the later stretching of molecules in a microchannel contraction. The control, reproducibility, and ability to compare with the well-studied single postcollision problem make this a model system for conformational preconditioning studies. We find that the obstacle array increases the average deformation applied to the DNA in the contraction through elimination of slower stretching DNA conformations. In the current device, a dramatic change in the resulting polymer behavior occurs at a predeformation in the obstacle array of about 20% relative extension. We show that the hooking probability in the array is geometrically limited at large electric fields and that modification of the geometrical parameters shows promise for optimization of a second-generation device.
Imaging point defects in a liquid environment: A model AFM study

Effects of the liquid on atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging are examined for a model system consisting of a hexagonal flake of seven Lennard-Jones (LJ) atoms as a multiatom tip, a monolayer of LJ crystal containing a single point defect as a substrate, and three-site model water as the liquid. A previous simulation [Koutsos et al., Europhys. Lett. 26, 103 (1994)] has shown that the true atomic resolution of a point defect cannot be achieved in vacuum by use of the multiatom tip. Here we examine the feasibility of such atomic resolution when both the tip and substrate are immersed in a liquid. The liquid-induced interaction between the tip and the substrate is evaluated in the framework of the integral equation theory of molecular fluids extended for the system consisting of an infinitely large crystal. It is found that the potential of mean force indeed manifests the point defect even when the tip and the substrate are a few Angstroms apart. This implies that in the liquid environment the point defect could be discerned in the constant-height mode of AFM measurement. For the constant-load mode of AFM, a characteristic potential can be used to determine the stable, metastable, and unstable vertical position (height) of the tip at any lateral position. The contour surface of the stable heights reveals periodic features of the underlying lattice of the substrate except in the vicinity of the defect, provided certain load is applied.
Self-organized coherence in fiber lasers

We have combined multiple 100 W fiber lasers in a self organized manner so that they produce a coherent, high brightness output beam. We use lasers designed to avoid SBS, SRS and FWM limitations and use proper coupling between fibers to ensure in-phase output.
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Miniaturized Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

Two types of miniaturized PEM fuel cells are designed and characterized in comparison with a compact commercial fuel cell device in this paper. One has Nafion® membrane electrolyte sandwiched by two brass bipolar plates with micromachined meander-like gas channels. The cross-sectional area of the gas flow channel is approximately 250 by 250 (μm). The other uses the same Nafion® membrane and anode structure, but in stead of the brass plate, a thin stainless steel plate with perforated round holes is used at cathode side. The new cathode structure is expected to allow oxygen (air) being supplied by free-convection mass transfer. The characteristic curves of the fuel cell devices are measured. The activation loss and ohmic loss of the fuel cells have been estimated using empirical equations. Critical issues such as flow arrangement, water removing and air feeding modes concerning the fuel cell performance are investigated in this research. The experimental results demonstrate that the miniaturized fuel cell with free air convection mode is a simple and reliable way for fuel cell operation that could be employed in potential applications although the maximum achievable current density is less favorable due to limited mass transfer of oxygen (air). The relation between the fuel cell dimensions and the maximum achievable current density is also discussed with respect to free-convection mode of air feeding.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Judging Inflation and Unemployment: The Origins of Retrospective Evaluations

In recent years, a great deal of evidence has been generated regarding the impact of retrospective evaluations of the economy on vote choice. Yet little attention has been focused on the actual process whereby such evaluations are formed. This paper employs panel data to test a model of retrospective evaluations of inflation and unemployment. Our findings suggest, first, that retrospective evaluations are influenced by personal economic circumstances and knowledge about national economic conditions. And second, our findings indicate that the lag times in the public's learning of economic trends differs significantly for inflation and unemployment, with the public reacting more quickly to changes in unemployment. The reasons for such findings and their political implications are discussed.
A direct approach to time domain fluorescence tomography based on asymptotic lifetime analysis

A theoretical framework is presented that allows a lifetime based analysis of the entire temporal diffuse fluorescence response curve from a turbid medium. Optimization studies using singular value decomposition analysis show that direct time domain fluorescence reconstructions are optimally performed using a few points near the peak and rise portions of the temporal response. It is also shown that the initial portion of the fluorescent response curve offers superior contrast-to-noise performance, while the late decay portions offer minimal cross-talk between multiple lifetime components.
Antibody-Mediated Rejection of the Heart in the Setting of Autoimmune Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background. Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is caused by the production of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) which lead to allograft injury in part via complement activation. The inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies (IDP) are inflammatory disorders of the nervous system, involving both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms directed against myelin. Case Report. A 58-year-old man five years after heart transplant presented with progressive dyspnea, imbalance, dysphagia, and weakness. Nerve conduction studies and electromyogram were consistent with IDP. Plasmapheresis and high-dose steroids resulted in improvement in neurologic symptoms. Within two weeks, he was readmitted with anasarca and acute renal failure, requiring intravenous furosemide and inotropic support. Echocardiogram and right heart catheterization revealed reduced cardiac function and elevated filling pressures. DSA was positive against HLA DR53, and endomyocardial biopsy revealed grade 1R chronic inflammation, with strong capillary endothelial immunostaining for C4d. Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) were initiated. His anasarca and renal failure subsequently resolved, echocardiogram showed improved function off inotropes, and anti-DR53 MFI was reduced by 57%. Conclusions. This is an example of a single immune-mediated process causing concurrent IDP and AMR. The improvement in cardiac function and neurologic symptoms with plasmapheresis, IVIG, and high-dose steroids argues for a unifying antibody-mediated mechanism.