cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context-specific abnormalities of the central executive network in first-episode psychosis: relationship with cognition.

Background Cognitive impairments, which contribute to the profound functional deficits observed in psychotic disorders, have found to be associated with abnormalities in trial-level cognitive control. However, neural tasks operate within the context of sustained cognitive states, which can be assessed with 'background connectivity' following the removal of task effects. To date, little is known about the integrity of brain processes supporting the maintenance of a cognitive state in individuals with psychotic disorders. Thus, here we examine background connectivity during executive processing in a cohort of participants with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods The following fMRI study examined background connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), during working memory engagement in a group of 43 patients with FEP, relative to 35 healthy controls (HC). Findings were also examined in relation to measures of executive function. Results The FEP group relative to HC showed significantly lower background DLPFC connectivity with bilateral superior parietal lobule (SPL) and left inferior parietal lobule. Background connectivity between DLPFC and SPL was also positively associated with overall cognition across all subjects and in our FEP group. In comparison, resting-state frontoparietal connectivity did not differ between groups and was not significantly associated with overall cognition, suggesting that psychosis-related alterations in executive networks only emerged during states of goal-oriented behavior. Conclusions These results provide novel evidence indicating while frontoparietal connectivity at rest appears intact in psychosis, when engaged during a cognitive state, it is impaired possibly undermining cognitive control capacities in FEP.
Unified Virtual Oscillator Control for Synchronization Under Ultra-Weak Grid Conditions

A unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) with fast power control response is proposed for enhanced synchro-nization under ultra-weak grid conditions. The recently proposed uVOC offers a unified analysis, design, and implementation framework for both grid-following and grid-forming converters; leveraging its superior synchronization capability, enhanced fault ride-through response is achieved without the need for a back-up controller during faults. In this work, we propose an improved uVOC design and implementation which enables fast power-flow control. Through analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed controller retains synchronization as long as a feasible equilibrium exists. Furthermore, using dynamic reactive power control the feasible power-flow range is extended under ultra-weak grid conditions. Systematic design guidelines for controller parameters are presented. The analysis and design are validated through hardware experiments.
Next Generation Geophysical Assessment System

Electromagnetic induction has been utilized in the past by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a method of detecting unexploded ordinance. Recently an EMI instrument was built that extended the traditional EMI frequency range from 100 kHz to 15 MHz to aid in the detection of nonmetallic ordinance, landmines, and improvised explosive devices. Extending that research, the iFROST mapper was built to use the same HFEMI technique to characterize arctic soil and subsurface permafrost deposits. This paper details the original iFROST mapper software and hardware systems as well as a new HFEMI device that improves on the original iFROST mapper design.
Charged-averaged elastic lepton-proton scattering cross section results from OLYMPUS.

Measurements of the proton's form factor ratio made with polarization transfer show a striking discrepancy relative to the ratio extracted from unpolarized elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections. One hypothesis is that the discrepancy is caused by hard two-photon exchange (TPE), a typically neglected radiative correction that may bias the two approaches differently. This hypothesis has been challenging to confirm. Theoretical estimates of TPE are model-dependent, and recent experimental determinations of TPE lacked the kinematic reach to be conclusive. The possible impact of TPE remains a cloud over our knowledge of the proton's form factors. Recently, the OLYMPUS experiment published new elastic scattering cross sections that are insensitive to the effects of TPE: specifically the average of electron-proton and positron-proton cross sections. The OLYMPUS experiment, conducted at DESY, Hamburg, measured elastic $e^-p$ and $e^+p$ scattering by detecting the scattered lepton and recoiling proton in coincidence in a large-acceptance, toroidal magnetic spectrometer. OLYMPUS was designed to measure the $e^+p/e^-p$ cross section raio to isolate the effects of TPE. By exploiting the over determined kinematics of the reaction, the absolute efficiency of spectrometer could be verified, allowing cross sections to be extracted from the data. These results can help refine our knowledge of the proton's form factors, especially in the squared momentum-transfer region of 1--2 GeV$^2$, where some previous measurements are in tension.
Fuzzy Lyapunov stability analysis of discrete type II TSK systems

We propose a new approach for the stability analysis of discrete Sugeno type II fuzzy systems. The new approach uses arguments similar to those of traditional Lyapunov stability theory with positive and negative definite functions replaced by fuzzy positive definite and fuzzy negative definite functions, respectively. We derive new conditions for stability, asymptotic stability, and exponential stability for this class of fuzzy systems. To demonstrate the new approach, we apply it to a numerical example.
Superconducting proximity effect for in situ and model layered systems

With the development of commercial scale fabrication techniques for in situ composites [1], there now appears to be a good chance that these materials will be well suited for large scale magnets in the 8 to 14 tesla range. The critical currents are above 104 A/cm2 at 14 tesla [2, 3, 4] and the strain tolerance is very attractive [3, 5]. Even at the present stage of development, these composites appear to be a good choice for dc or slowly ramped magnets.
Analyzing the History of Women's Politics in the Shadow of the Millennium

Kristi Anderson, After Suffrage: Women and Partisan and Electoral Politics Before the New Deal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1996). Suzanne Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1996). Susan Marshall, Splintered Sisterhood, Gender and Class in the Campaign Against Woman Suffrage (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1997).
Between the Information Economy and Student Recruitment: Present Conjuncture and Future Prospects

In university programs and curricula, in general we react to the need to meet market needs. We respond to market stimulus, or at least try to do so. Consider now an inverted view. Consider our data and perspectives in university programs as reecting and indeed presaging economic trends. In this article I pursue this line of thinking. I show how various past events t very well into this new view. I provide explanation for why some technology trends happened as they did, and why some current developments are important now.
Classification of Solitary Wave Bifurcations in Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

Bifurcations of solitary waves are classified for the generalized nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equations with arbitrary nonlinearities and external potentials in arbitrary spatial dimensions. Analytical conditions are derived for three major types of solitary wave bifurcations, namely, saddle-node, pitchfork, and transcritical bifurcations. Shapes of power diagrams near these bifurcations are also obtained. It is shown that for pitchfork and transcritical bifurcations, their power diagrams look differently from their familiar solution-bifurcation diagrams. Numerical examples for these three types of bifurcations are given as well. Of these numerical examples, one shows a transcritical bifurcation, which is the first report of transcritical bifurcations in the generalized nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equations. Another shows a power loop phenomenon which contains several saddle-node bifurcations, and a third example shows double pitchfork bifurcations. These numerical examples are in good agreement with the analytical results.
The wide swath ocean altimeter: radar interferometry for global ocean mapping with centimetric accuracy

The recent Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) has demonstrated the capability for global interferometric topographic mapping with meter level accuracy and 30 meter spatial resolution. The next challenge in radar interferometry is the measurement of ocean topography: the global characterization of ocean mesoscale eddies requires global coverage every 10 days, with centimetric height accuracy, and a spatial resolution of 10-20 km. We have developed an instrument concept that combines a conventional nadir altimeter with a radar interferometer to meet the above requirements. In this paper, we describe the overall mission concept and the interferometric radar design. We also describe several new technology developments that facilitate the inclusion of this instrument on a small, inexpensive spacecraft bus. These include ultralight, deployable reflectarray antennas for the radar interferometer; a novel five frequency feed horn for the radiometer and altimeter; a lightweight, low power integrated three frequency radiometer; and a field programmable gate array-based onboard data processor. Finally, we discuss recent algorithm developments for the onboard date processing, and present the expected instrument performance improvements over previously reported results.
Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Produced by Cytochrome P450 2E1 in Hep G2 Cells

Two Hep G2 subclones overexpressing CYP2E1 were established with the use of transfection and limited dilution screening techniques. The Hep G2-CI2E1-43 and -47 (E47) cells (transduced Hep G2 subclones that overexpress CYP2E1) grew at a slower rate than parental Hep G2 cells or control subclones that do not express CYP2E1, but remained fully viable. When GSH synthesis was inhibited by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine, GSH levels rapidly declined in E47 cells but not control cells, which is most likely a reflection of CYP2E1-catalyzed formation of reactive oxygen species. Under these conditions of GSH depletion, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were found only with the E47 cells. Low levels of lipid peroxidation were found in the E47 cells, which became more pronounced after GSH depletion. The antioxidants vitamin E, vitamin C, or trolox prevented the lipid peroxidation as well as the cytotoxicity and apoptosis, as did transfection with plasmid containing antisense CYP2E1 or overexpression of Bcl-2. Levels of ATP were lower in E47 cells because of damage to mitochondrial complex I. When GSH was depleted, oxygen uptake was markedly decreased with all substrates in the E47 extracts. Vitamin E completely prevented the decrease in oxygen uptake. Under conditions of CYP2E1 overexpression, two modes of CYP2E1-dependent toxicity can be observed in Hep G2 cells: a slower growth rate when cellular GSH levels are maintained and a loss of cellular viability when cellular GSH levels are depleted. Elevated lipid peroxidation plays an important role in the CYP2E1-dependent toxicity and apoptosis. This direct toxicity of overexpressed CYP2E1 may reflect the ability of this enzyme to generate reactive oxygen species even in the absence of added metabolic substrate.
A set of three drivers for BOXMG: A black‐box multigrid solver

We present three drivers for the Fortran software packages BOXMG and BOXMGP. They both act as black-box matrix solvers for symmetric positive definite matrices using a multigrid method. There are two drivers BBMG and BBMGP, that simplify the interface to BOXMG and BOXMGP respectively. The other driver, DIVMG driver solves a two dimensional second order partial differental equation in divergence form on a rectangular domain with any combination of the folloving boundary conditions: Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin and periodic
Microcrack density and nanomechanical properties in the subchondral region of the immature piglet femoral head following ischemic osteonecrosis

Development of a subchondral fracture is one of the earliest signs of structural failure of the immature femoral head following ischemic osteonecrosis, and this eventually leads to a flattening deformity of the femoral head. The mechanical and mineralization changes in the femoral head preceding subchondral fracture have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that ischemic osteonecrosis leads to early material and mechanical alterations in the bone of the subchondral region. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the bone of the subchondral region for changes in the histology of bone cells, microcrack density, mineral content, and nanoindentation properties at an early stage of ischemic osteonecrosis in a piglet model. This large animal model has been shown to develop a subchondral fracture and femoral head deformity resembling juvenile femoral head osteonecrosis. The unoperated, left femoral head of each piglet (n=8) was used as a normal control, while the right side had a surgical ischemia induced by disrupting the femoral neck vessels with a ligature. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and TUNEL assay were performed on femoral heads from 3 piglets. Quantitative backscattered electron imaging, nanoindentation, and microcrack assessments were performed on the subchondral region of both control and ischemic femoral heads from 5 piglets. H&E staining and TUNEL assay showed extensive cell death and an absence of osteoblasts in the ischemic side compared to the normal control. Microcrack density in the ischemic side (3.2±0.79 cracks/mm(2)) was significantly higher compared to the normal side (0.27±0.27 cracks/mm(2)) in the subchondral region (p<0.05). The weighted mean of the weight percent distribution of calcium (CaMean) also was significantly higher in the ischemic subchondral region (p<0.05). Furthermore, the nanoindentation modulus within localized areas of subchondral bone was significantly increased in the ischemic side (16.8±2.7GPa) compared to the normal control (13.3±3.2GPa) (p<0.05). Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the nanoindentation modulus of the subchondral trabecular bone is increased in the early stage of ischemic osteonecrosis of the immature femoral head and makes it more susceptible to microcrack formation. We postulate that continued loading of the hip joint when there is a lack of bone cells to repair the microcracks due to ischemic osteonecrosis leads to microcrack accumulation and subsequent subchondral fracture.
Not So Permanent El Niño

Knowledge of the behavior of the tropical oceans under different climate conditions is important for understanding not only past climate change but also present and future global warming, especially given the recent finding that the cool state of the equatorial Pacific might be the cause of the current global warming hiatus ( 1 ). On page 84 of this issue, Zhang et al. evaluate the long-term evolution of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) since 12 million years ago ( 2 ). They conclude that the equatorial Pacific was warmer during the Pliocene (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago) and late Miocene (12.0 to 5.3 million years ago) than it is today and that the temperature difference between the eastern and western tropical Pacific that is a fundamental characteristic of today's ocean was present (although somewhat smaller than it is today) during these warmer time intervals.
An overview: Human polyomavirus JC virus and its associated disorders

JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus infecting greater than 80% of the human population early in life. Replication of this virus in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes results in the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised individuals, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Moreover, recent studies have pointed to the association of JCV with a variety of brain tumors, including medulloblastoma. The JCV genome encodes for viral early protein, including large and small T antigens and the newly discovered isoform T', at the early phase of infection and the structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 at the late stage of the lytic cycle. In addition, the late gene is responsible for the production of a small nonstructural protein, agnoprotein, whose function is not fully understood. Here, we have summarized some aspects of the JCV genome structure and function, and its associated diseases, including PML and brain tumors.
TagCleaner: Identification and removal of tag sequences from genomic and metagenomic datasets

Sequencing metagenomes that were pre-amplified with primer-based methods requires the removal of the additional tag sequences from the datasets. The sequenced reads can contain deletions or insertions due to sequencing limitations, and the primer sequence may contain ambiguous bases. Furthermore, the tag sequence may be unavailable or incorrectly reported. Because of the potential for downstream inaccuracies introduced by unwanted sequence contaminations, it is important to use reliable tools for pre-processing sequence data. TagCleaner is a web application developed to automatically identify and remove known or unknown tag sequences allowing insertions and deletions in the dataset. TagCleaner is designed to filter the trimmed reads for duplicates, short reads, and reads with high rates of ambiguous sequences. An additional screening for and splitting of fragment-to-fragment concatenations that gave rise to artificial concatenated sequences can increase the quality of the dataset. Users may modify the different filter parameters according to their own preferences. TagCleaner is a publicly available web application that is able to automatically detect and efficiently remove tag sequences from metagenomic datasets. It is easily configurable and provides a user-friendly interface. The interactive web interface facilitates export functionality for subsequent data processing, and is available at http://edwards.sdsu.edu/tagcleaner .
Retinal capillaries: proliferation of mural cells in vitro

Capillaries from bovine, monkey, and human retinas maintained in tissue culture produced a monolayer of cells. Autoradiographic and electron microscopic evidence indicated that the mural cells (intramural pericytes) were the cells that proliferated. Since intramural pericytes are damaged selectively in diabetes mellitus, their availability in culture will be useful in seeking means to control diabetic retinopathy.
Psychological management in chronic headache

Behavioral treatments programs for headache and the patient materials (manuals, audiotapes) used in these programs will be described. Various formats for administering behavioral treatments (home-based, phone-based) will be described. Modifications of behavioral management programs for chronic headache and for use in a multidisciplinary team approach rehabilitation of chronic headache will be addressed
The nature and prevalence of fears in developmentally disabled children and adolescents: A preliminary investigation

While there has been substantial research on fears in normal children, little is known about fears in developmentally disabled children and adolescents. The present study examined the prevalence and nature of fear among 28 developmentally disabled children and adolescents receiving inpatient or outpatient treatment services. Self-report data, obtained through spontaneous recall of fears and administration of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children, revealed that although fear prevalence was higher, the overall intensity of fear and the most prominent fears reported by the sample were similar to normative data derived from developmentally intact children and adolescents. Caretaker ratings of prevalence and overall intensity of fear were significantly lower than children's self-report. Results suggest that the nature of fear in developmentally disabled children and adolescents is relatively consistent with that of developmentally intact youth.
A respirometric technique for evaluating velopharyngeal closure in children.

Respirometric quotients, indices of velopharyngeal closure, were determined from oral and nasal air volumes measured separately but simultaneously. Ten children aged 6–10 years were the subjects. T...
Experience with Alemtuzumab, Fludarabine, and Melphalan Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Patients with Nonmalignant Diseases Reveals Good Outcomes and That the Risk of Mixed Chimerism Depends on Underlying Disease, Stem Cell Source, and Alemtuzumab Regimen.

Abstract Alemtuzumab, fludarabine, and melphalan reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens are increasingly used for the hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) of pediatric and young adult patients with nonmalignant diseases. Early experience suggests that these regimens are associated with good survival but a high incidence of mixed chimerism, which we have previously shown to be influenced by the alemtuzumab schedule. We hypothesized that the underlying diagnosis and donor graft source would also affect the development of mixed chimerism and that the majority of patients would survive RIC HCT without graft loss. To examine this, we conducted a retrospective study of 206 patients with metabolic diseases, non-Fanconi anemia marrow failure disorders, and primary immune deficiencies who underwent 210 consecutive RIC HCT procedures at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Ninety-seven percent of the patients engrafted. Mixed donor and recipient chimerism developed in 46% of patients. Patients with marrow failure had a low risk of mixed chimerism (hazard ratio [HR], .208; 95% confidence interval [CI], .061 to .709; P = .012). The risk of mixed chimerism was high in patients who received a cord blood graft (HR, 3.122; 95% CI, 1.236 to 7.888; P = .016). As expected, patients who received a proximal or higher dose per kilogram of alemtuzumab schedule also experienced higher rates of mixed chimerism (all HR > 2, all P
Coulomb-collision corrected ion-acoustic line profiles

Abstract Complete profiles of Coulomb-collision corrected ion-acoustic lines from near resonance to zero frequency shift have been computed. The results are compared with those predicted by collisionless plasma theory. The resonant frequency is found to be shifted to a higher frequency from the ion Doppler frequency whereas the width of the resonant peak is reduced by collisional effects. The intensity of the resonant peak is significantly enhanced and a dip is found to occur between resonance and zero frequency. These results are presented graphically as a function of normalized collision frequency. Possibilities of observing these collisional effects experimentally on spectra of Thomson-scattered light and using these results for plasma diagnostics are discussed.
Capsule Commentary on Tannenbaum et al., Nudging Physician Prescription Decisions by Partitioning the Order Set: Results of a Vignette-Based Study

Tannenbaum et al.1 use vignettes to explore the effect of the order that information is provided in computerized provider order entry (CPOE) on policy-critical practices, such as use of antibiotics. With the proliferation of CPOE systems, a number of advantages associated with their use have been revealed: reducing errors caused by misreading handwriting, reducing duplicate or incorrect doses or tests, and alerting providers to potential medication interactions. In this value-focused environment, administrators have become much more highly capable and willing to make design and implementation decisions that may affect clinical practice. This process change is attractive in its relative ease of implementation and dissemination, given the difficulty in changing antibiotic prescribing behavior. However, success will depend on effective integration into existing workflow. Clinicians are known to alter quality and safety measures in order to expedite treatment or address patient concerns. These “workarounds” have been studied in the context of healthcare administration safeguards,2 and their effect on the subversion of medication safety measures illustrates likely challenges to EMR design changes motivated by this work. The problems of workarounds as well as shortcuts reflect underlying forces behind the change in the behavior studied. CPOE users employ a variety of “shortcuts” to increase efficiency and reduce search costs. The authors suggest that new ordering could be a shortcut for signaling which choices are “common or appropriate”.1 Future research on inappropriate use should grapple directly with when and why providers employ shortcuts. The shortcut may dictate that it is “safer” to prescribe, given uncertainty, that it is easier to quiet a demanding patient with a prescription, or that it is faster to write a script and move to the next appointment. Understanding how to increase the perceived “cost” of overprescribing such that risks are stark3 and framing guidelines as worthwhile investments of time is critical. If CPOE modifications are not matched with parallel alterations in underlying clinician knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, the effects may be temporary and may fall short of the goal of significant and long-lasting reductions in inappropriate antibiotic utilization. The inclusion of user input in CPOE design and the study of the impact on work practices of prescribing providers warrants more effort and attention.
Ultracentrifugation of hydrated egg lecithin in benzene solution

Estimations of molecular weights from sedimentation equilibrium experiments indicate that the degree of aggregation of egg lecithin in benzene solutions increases with increasing addition of water. The molecular weight rises monotopically from about 14,000 in the anhydrous state to about 57,000 at a water/lecithin ratio of 0.31. Sedimentation coefficients were shown to behave in the same manner. Frictional coefficients obtained from the combined results fail to indicate definite differences in asymmetry; however, they seem to indicate that the aggregates in all stages are compact in shape.
Le vaccin oral anti-polio CHAT n'est pas à l'origine de la contamination humaine par le HIV de type 1 groupe M

Resume Dans un livre publie en 1999, une hypothese a ete emise selon laquelle les chercheurs travaillant sur une souche attenuee du virus CHAT type 1 de la poliomyelite l'auraient testee au Congo Belge a la fin des annees 1950. Ils auraient secretement mis au point un vaccin a partir de cellules de parenchyme renal de chimpanze contaminees par le virus de l'immunodeficience du singe qui se serait transforme en virus de l'immunodeficience humaine de type 1 (groupe M). Le present article resume l'ensemble des donnees de l'enquete menee par l'auteur pour determiner le bien fonde de cette accusation. Les depositions de temoins oculaires, les documents disponibles de l'epoque ont ete pris en consideration, une analyse epidemiologique a ete menee. De meme, il a ete procede a l'analyse de donnees complementaires, phylogenetiques et virologiques. Les techniques d'amplification genique (PCR) ont ete aussi utilisees. Les resultats de l'ensemble de ces travaux invalident cette hypothese.
Modifications of the proton charge form factor in nuclear matter

Abstract The change of the proton charge form factor in nuclear matter is investigated in a two-phase model consisting of a quark core surrounded by a pion cloud. The enhancement of the charge radius caused by the polarization of the pion cloud mainly due to Δ 33 (1232)-hole excitations is found to be masked by a Pauli blocking effect.
Enhanced acetylcholine release from denervated atria: intrinsic neural supersensitivity.

Abstract Atrial tissue from denervated dog hearts was incubated with [ 3 H]choline. When compared with controls, nicotine released more acetylcholine (ACh) from denervated atria at 10 −5 and 2 × 10 −5 M, but not at 5 × 10 −5 M. In parallel contractility studies using tissue from these same atria, the negative inotropic response to nicotine was enhanced at 5 × 10 −6 and 10 −5 M, but not at 2 × 10 −5 or 5 × 10 −5 M nicotine. These results indicate that denervation (i.e. decentralization) supersensitivity of the intrinsic cardiac nerves of canine hearts is characterized by enhanced release of ACh.
Preoperative ultrasound is worthwhile for reoperative parathyroid surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis: High-resolution ultrasound and sestamibi scanning are regarded as the first-line methods for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. The utility of ultrasound in reoperative cases has been questioned because of concern that scarring will obscure normal tissue planes and vascularity that are critical to identification of an adenoma using this imaging modality. The purposes of the study were to evaluate the ability of high-resolution ultrasound to accurately localize parathyroid adenomas in the reoperative exploration and to identify any factors that influence its accuracy Study Design: Retrospective chart review at a tertiary care academic medical center. Methods: All patients seen in referral for parathyroid surgery between May 1994 and September 2002 underwent high-resolution ultrasound as their initial diagnostic test. Patients who subsequently underwent exploration were included in the study. Intraoperative and ultrasound findings were compared. Results: One hundred forty-two patients were included, 116 without and 26 with prior exploration. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasound were 86.9% and 89.1%, respectively. These data were not significantly different in patients without (88.2% and 90%) and in patients with (80% and 84.2%) prior thyroid or parathyroid surgery. The overall accuracy was 79% with a false-negative rate of 11.3%. Thyroid nodularity was significantly more common (81.8%) in patients who had a false-positive or false-negative finding on ultrasound than in the total population (61.3%). Conclusion: High-resolution ultrasound is an accurate method for localizing parathyroid adenomas even in patients who have previously undergone parathyroid exploration. However, the presence of thyroid nodules can interfere with its accuracy.
Establishment and characterization of a cell line (SS78) from a human renal cell carcinoma

A new cell line, SS78, was established from a primary renal cell carcinoma of a Caucasian male. The tissue was dispersed with collagenase, and viable cells were separated by flotation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. In culture, the SS78 cells retained a distinct epithelial morphology, and no fibroblastlike cells were seen. The cultured cells were aneuploid with a modal chromosome number of 80 and had several marker chromosomes. Inoculation of the cultured cells into athymic nude mice caused tumors at the sites of inoculation.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP): an alternative and preferable measurement to systolic blood pressure (SBP) in patients for hypotension detection during hemapheresis.

Current protocols utilize systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 80 mmHg as objective evidence of hypotension during hemapheresis. However, tissue hypoperfusion is the pathophysiologic endpoint of low blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), rather than SBP, is the physiologic driving force behind blood flow to organs and tissues. It is thus hypothesized that MAP is more appropriate than SBP in the assessment of hypotension and that a threshold MAP can be utilized as a sensitive indicator of hypotension during hemapheresis. Thirty-one patients who experienced hypotension during hemapheresis over a 4.5 year period reflecting forty-four hypotensive episodes were selected. The initial phase of each hemapheresis procedure provided baseline MAP and blood pressure (BP) measurements as control values. BP and MAP were then determined at the onset of subjective hypotension and compared to one another by using regression and sensitivity analyses. Correlation coefficients between SBP and MAP were found to be 0.8097 in baseline normotensive patients and 0.7725 in hypotensive patients. Sensitivity in the detection of hypotension was 0.09% for SBP equal to 80 mmHg and 56.81% for MAP equal to 70 mmHg. An SBP of 80 mmHg or less was therefore concluded to be a less sensitive and physiologically less appropriate measurement of hypotension than MAP. As a single value less than 70 mmHg or a series of successive measurements trending downward toward 70 mmHg, MAP provides an objective assessment of hypotension that may precede hemodynamic decompensation.
Antemortem Diagnosis of an Endomyocardial Breast Cancer Metastasis by Transvenous Endomyocardial Biopsy

Endomyocardial breast cancer metastases are extremely rare and have previously been diagnosed antemortem only through median sternotomy and cardiotomy. We report a case of endomyocardial breast cancer metastasis which was diagnosed antemortem by transvenous endomyocardial biopsy.
THE ASYMMETRIC MAGNETS PROBLEM

There are many controversial theses about intrinsicness and duplication. The first aim of this paper is to introduce a puzzle that shows that two of the uncontroversial sounding ones can’t both be true. The second aim is to suggest that the best way out of the puzzle requires sharpening some distinctions that are too frequently blurred, and adopting a fairly radical reconception of the ways things are.
Langmuir waves associated with collisionless shocks; a review

Abstract Progress in understanding the Langmuir waves which accompany collisionless shocks everywhere in the solar system is briefly reviewed, with some emphasis on the discovery papers, and with discussion and illustrative examples of the most recent progress.
Dose-related effect of trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate on renal tumorigenesis initiated with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethyl-nitrosamine in rats

The development of renal tumors was examined in rats given 1000 p.p.m. N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (NEELA) and then 30 000, 10 000 or 3000 p.p.m. of trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate (Na3 X NTA X H2O) in their food. The incidences of renal tumors in rats treated with NEELA for 2 weeks and then 30 000, 10 000 and 3000 p.p.m. Na3 X NTA X H2O for 30 weeks were 100, 86 and 22%, respectively, while they were 16 and 0% in rats treated with NEELA or 30 000 p.p.m. Na3 X NTA X H2O alone. Na3 X NTA X H2O at 30 000 or 10 000, but not 3000 p.p.m., also increased the size and number of renal tumors in rats treated with NEELA, and Na3 X NTA X H2O at 30 000 p.p.m., but not 10 000 or 3000 p.p.m., also induced hydronephrosis in rats irrespective of whether they were treated with NEELA. Thus, Na3 X NTA X H2O has a dose-related effect on the kidney.
The effects of employment among adolescents at-risk for future substance use.

Abstract Objective This paper explores the association between work intensity, alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) use, and related risk factors and consequences among an at-risk youth sample that has received a first-time AOD offense. This study extends previous research focused primarily on school-based samples. Method We examined the association between work intensity, AOD use, AOD-related consequences, and social environment among adolescents referred to a diversion program called Teen Court (N = 193). Participants were surveyed prior to the start of the Teen Court program. Mean age was 17 (SD = 1.1), 67% of the sample was male; 45% Hispanic or Latino/a; 45.1% White; 10% Other. Results Greater work intensity among these youth was related to greater alcohol-related negative consequences and greater contact with co-workers who engaged in risky behaviors, but it was not significantly associated with past month AOD use. Conclusions Understanding the relationship between work intensity and AOD use among youth who are at-risk is critical to informing clinicians and public officials about the potential effects of employment in this population. Findings suggest that work intensity may be associated with negative consequences from alcohol use and increased contact with risky co-workers, all of which could contribute to the development of problems in the future.
Histopathology of Barrett's esophagus: A review for the practicing gastroenterologist

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the replacement of the normal squamous lining of the distal esophagus by columnar mucosa. It is the recognized precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma, with tumors arising through an inflammation–metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence. Effective communication between the gastroenterologist and pathologist is crucial to the diagnosis, risk assessment, and management of BE. This review will focus on the histopathologic aspects of BE especially relevant to the practicing gastroenterologist, including discussion of normal anatomy and histology of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction, varying definitions of BE used around the world, histology of nondysplastic BE, significance of goblet cells, grading of Barrett neoplasia, natural history of BE, biomarkers of progression, and pathology of postablation BE and endoscopic mucosal resection.
Using community power against targets beyond the neighborhood

Much community organizing is targeted at local power‐holders—landlords, business owners, city officials. For this reason, many believe that community organizing cannot make significant social change—but sometimes community organizations are able to transcend their local focus and force policy changes at the municipal, state or national level. The Northwest Bronx Community Coalition's campaign against the overfinancing of neighborhood buildings by Freddie Mac is a successful example of a community organization transcending these limits. This article focuses on how the Coalition solved two strategic problems particular to this campaign: the difficulty of mobilizing tenants against a distant target whose impact on their daily lives was indirect and complicated; and the difficulty of exerting influence on a far‐off, national target. These are difficulties more and more community organizations will face, as the increasing chain‐store saturation of neighborhoods and globalization of our economy brings the influ...
Possible behaviours for the Mitchell ordering

Abstract We use mixture of forcing and inner models techniques to get some results on the possible behaviours of the Mitchell ordering at a measurable к.
Auroral recombination of N and O: A possible source for emission in the γ and δ bands of NO

Radiative recombination of N and O provides a significant source for auroral emission in the γ and δ bands of NO with selective population of vibrational levels in the A2Σ+ and C2Π states. This mechanism may account for emissions detected near 2150 A. Models are derived for the auroral ionosphere and include estimates for the concentrations of N and NO. The concentration of NO is estimated to have a value of about 108 cm−1 near 140 km in an IBC III aurora. The corresponding density for N is about 5 × 107cm−3 and the concentration ratio NO+O2+ has a value of about 5.5.
Permeability of geotextile-included railroad bed under repeated load

Abstract This paper reports some experiments which were used to evaluate the change in permeability of a simulated railroad system with two variables—time and number of load applications. The change in permeability is due to clogging of soil fines in and around the geotextile. Test results have shown that the coefficient of permeability of the simulated railroad system decreases with the increase in time and decreases with the increase in the number of cycle of repeated load. Efforts were also made to unclog the geotextile by flushing water from the top, and the increase in permeability after flushing was evaluated. Reasons for the pumping action are discussed, and the sequence of the processes for clogging for the simulated railroad system is proposed.
The effect of deep hypothermia on retention and motivation in the rat

Eleven hooded rats were trained to traverse a complex maze to a pre-determined criterion. Ss were then exposed to deep hypothermia and reintroduced to the complex maze. Error and running speed measures were not detrimentally affected by exposure to deep hypothermia.
Limited Volume Resuscitation in Penetrating Thoracoabdominal Trauma

Trauma is the leading cause of death in young adults. Development of trauma centers in urban settings including emergency medical services has contributed greatly to the improved quality of trauma patient care. Based on animal experiments performed 3 decades ago, the traditional management of hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock includes adequate circulatory volume with aggressive initial infusion of crystalloid solution. However, in several recent animal studies, investigators have found that aggressive treatment with fluids before control of bleeding results in a higher mortality rate, especially if blood pressure is elevated. This notion has been supported by findings in a recent prospective, randomized study involving patients with penetrating injuries to the torso. This article discusses briefly the pathophysiology of shock and hemostasis and the current literature on fluid resuscitation, with emphasis on limited volume resuscitation in patients with penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries.
Experience with the Rex shunt (mesenterico-left portal bypass) in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EPVT) in children can lead to severe bleeding from gastrointestinal varices, ascites, thrombocytopenia from hypersplenism, and other coagulation disorders. The authors have used the superior mesenteric vein to intrahepatic left portal vein (Rex) shunt in 5 children with symptomatic EPVT and report their results with this novel technique. Methods: Children with symptomatic portal hypertension were screened for the underlying cause. All children with essentially normal livers and obstruction of the extrahepatic portal vein were considered for the Rex shunt. Evaluation included liver function tests, liver biopsy, and radiological evaluation of the intrahepatic vascular anatomy. Results: Five patients between the ages of 2.8 and 10.5 years underwent evaluation for portal hypertension secondary to extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Three patients had idiopathic extra hepatic portal vein thrombosis with cavernous transformation, 1 had thrombosis after a living-related liver transplant, and 1 had compression and obstruction of the main portal vein from enlarged lymph nodes after treatment of systemic histoplasmosis. All patients were symptomatic. Three patients had intermittent bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices, and all 5 had relative degrees of hypersplenism with enlarged spleens and thrombocytopenia (11,000 to 77,000). Three patients had significant leukopenia. Results of imaging studies suggested that 3 patients had inadequate intrahepatic portal veins for shunting, but all patients at exploration underwent successful shunting. There were no serious intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included ascites in 2 patients that resolved within 1 month. There were no early shunt thromboses. The median postoperative length of stay was 7 days. Clinical follow-up ranged from 7 to 21 months. Gastrointestinal bleeding did not recur in any patient, and ascites resolved in all. Spleen size decreased significantly ( P P P =.06), respectively. All shunts were studied at 1 and 7 days, and 3 and 6 months after the procedure. Shunt patency was documented in all cases. Subsequently, shunt blockage occurred in 2 patients. Conclusions: The Rex shunt has proven to be an effective method of resolving portal hypertension caused by EPVT including thrombosis after living donor transplantation. This shunt is preferable to other surgical procedures because it eliminates portal hypertension and its sequelae by restoring normal portal flow to the liver. J Pediatr Surg 35:13-19. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Evaluation Of The Resolution Limit For Radiological Procedures

The measured equivalent x-ray tube focal spot size can be evaluated by either pinhole camera images or star resolution test object measurements. By a rather simple calculation using the measured equivalent focal spot size and the focal spot-to-screen film and object-to-screen film distances, the geometric resolution limit can be determined. This resolution limit can be used to indicate the needed focal spot size and focal spot-to-object distance for each diagnostic procedure to utilize properly the resolution capability of the screen-film system. This calculation is also important when screen-film systems of different reso-lution are considered for a particular diagnostic procedure. Data are presented for upper gastrointestinal, chest, breast, abdominal and extremity radiography.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1076 Phase II study of topotecan in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung previously untreated with chemotherapy

Topotecan is a hydrosoluble semisynthetic analog of camptothecin. In a previously reported Phase II study of Topotecan in patients with non-small cell lung cancer untreated with chemotherapy, most responses were seen in patients with the squamous histology. This study is being expanded to include a total of 34 patients with squamous carcinoma of the lung. Topotecan is given as a 30 min i.v. daily infusion for five consecutive days at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2/day. To date 21 patients have been registered, of which 17 are evaluable for toxicity and response. Five patients (29%) have achieved a partial remission, two patients have had stable disease after two cycles, and 10 patients progressive disease. Grade 3 – 4 granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia ofshort duration have occurred after about 75% and 10% ofcourses administered. Other toxicities have been limited to grade ≤ 2 nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and alopecia. No withdrawals due to toxicity or toxic deaths have occurred. The results indicate that Topotecan has significant activity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
(+)-Jaborol, an unusual phenolic withanolide from jaborosa magellanica

Abstract The B-secowithanolide (+)-jaborol ( 1 ) was obtained from Chilean Jaborosa maciellanica (Solanaceae). It is probably the result of in vivo oxidative cleavage of the C-9(10) bond of a more classical withanolide precursor.
Gibsonian representations and connectionist symbol processing: Prospects for unification

Not long ago the standard view in cognitive science was that representations are symbols in an internal representational system or “language of thought” and that psychological processes are computations defined over such representations. This orthodoxy has been challenged by adherents of functional analysis and by connectionists. Functional analysis as practiced by Marr is consistent with an analysis of representation that grants primacy to a “stands for” conception of representation. Connectionism is also compatible with this notion of representation; when conjoined with functional analysis, it provides a means of analyzing psychological systems in term of rules and representations without becoming committed to symbolism. Direct theorists, who rejected the orthodox symbolist conception of representation because it violated their strictures against cognitive mediational mechanisms, should find it possible to accept rules-and-representations and information-processing analyses of the mechanisms of information pickup couched in terms of functional analysis.