cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiology study findings among patients with frequent premature ventricular contractions

Summary Despite inclusion in the diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, this study of 87 consecutive patients with isolated frequent LBBBmorphology PVCs and high PVC burden (mean 19%) demonstrated only a rare association with CMR diagnostic criteria for ARVC, no cases of ARVC diagnosis, no association of minor wall motion abnormalities (hypokinesis) with markers of ARVC, and no cardiac events in follow-up. Interestingly, however, RV dilation was very common and paralleled LV dilation. Background Frequent premature ventricular contractractions (PVCs) is typically a benign disorder, but has become a common indication for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) due to inclusion in diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). A recent study also suggested a worse prognosis in these patients associated with findings on CMR. The purpose of this study was to correlate CMR data with electrophysiology study (EP) findings and clinical outcomes in patients with frequent PVCs. Methods We studied 87 consecutive patients referred for catheter ablation of isolated frequent left bundle branch block morphology PVCs. The 2010 ARVC Task Force criteria were used to define major and minor criteria for ARVC. The CMR exam included steady-state free precession imaging for wall motion and volume/function quantification and black blood imaging for fatty infiltration. Major RV wall motion abnormalities (WMA) were defined by akinesis, dyskinesis, or dyssynchrony, while minor wall motion abnormalities were defined by hypokinesis. The EP study included program stimulation for inducibility of VT and either activation or pace mapping for determination of PVC origin. Results The mean PVC burden was 19 + 13%, and no patients had a history of syncope or family history of early sudden death. 15 patients met a minor (10) or major (5) Task Force criterion for ARVC by EKG. Major WMAs by CMR were present in 2 (2%) of patients, but only 1 of these had RV dilation and the PVCs in this case mapped to the left ventricle. No patients met full diagnostic criteria for ARVC. Hypokinetic segments were present in 7 patients, but did not correlate with EKG criteria for ARVC (p=0.41), NSVT on 24-hour EKG (p=0.51), RV dilation (p=0.43), RV fatty infiltration (p=1.0), inducibility of VT (p=1.0), or RV versus LV site of origin of the PVC (p=0.67). RV dilation was present in 74 (84%) patients, and correlated with LV dilation (R 2 =0.69, see Figure). RV dysfunction was present in 34 (39%). During a median follow-up of 16 (range, 3 - 71) months, no syncope, VT, heart failure, or sudden death was documented. Conclusions Despite frequent RV dilation that paralleled LV dilation, other CMR findings diagnostic of ARVC in patients with isolated LBBB-morphology PVCs are rare. Hypokinetic segments do not correlate with EKG criteria for
Metallothionein I and II mitigate age-dependent secondary brain injury.

Both the immediate insult and delayed apoptosis contribute to functional deficits after brain injury. Secondary, delayed apoptotic death is more rapid in immature than in adult CNS neurons, suggesting the presence of age-dependent protective factors. To understand the molecular pathobiology of secondary injury in the context of brain development, we identified changes in expression of oxidative stress response genes during postnatal development and target deprivation-induced neurodegeneration. The antioxidants metallothionein I and II (MT I/II) were increased markedly in the thalamus of adult C57BL/6 mice compared to mice <15 days old. Target deprivation generates reactive oxygen species that mediate neuronal apoptosis in the central nervous system; thus the more rapid apoptosis observed in the immature brain might be due to lower levels of MT I/II. We tested this hypothesis by documenting neuronal loss after target-deprivation injury. MT I/II-deficient adult mice experienced greater thalamic neuron loss at 96 hr after cortical injury compared to that in controls (80 ± 2% vs. 57 ± 4%, P < 0.01), but not greater overall neuronal loss (84 ± 4% vs. 79 ± 3%, MT I/II-deficient vs. controls). Ten-day-old MT I/II-deficient mice, however, experienced both faster onset of secondary neuronal death (30 vs. 48 hr) and greater overall neuronal loss (88 ± 2% vs. 69 ± 4%, P = 0.02). MT I/II are thus inhibitors of age-dependent secondary brain injury, and the low levels of MT I/II in immature brains explains, in part, the enhanced susceptibility of the young brain to neuronal loss after injury. These findings have implications for the development of age-specific therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery after brain injury. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Whole-Genome Scan for Linkage to Bone Strength and Structure in Inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis Rats

A genome-wide genetic linkage analysis identified several chromosomal regions influencing bone strength and structure in F2 progeny of Fischer 344 x Lewis inbred rats. Introduction: Inbred Fischer 344 (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats are similar in body size, but the F344 rats have significantly lower BMD and biomechanical strength of the femur and spine compared with LEW rats. The goal of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to bone strength and structure in adult female F2 rats from F344 and LEW progenitors. Materials and Methods: The 595 F2 progeny from F344 x LEW rats were phenotyped for measures of bone strength (ultimate force {Fu}; energy to break {U}; stiffness {S}) of the femur and lumbar vertebra and structure (femur midshaft polar moment of inertia {Ip}; femur midshaft cortical area; vertebral area). A genome-wide scan was completed in the F2 rats using 118 microsatellite markers at an average interval of 20 cM. Multipoint quantitative linkage analysis was performed to identify chromosomal regions that harbor QTL for bone strength and structure phenotypes. Results: Evidence of linkage for femur and lumbar strength was observed on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 2, 5, 10, and 19. Significant linkage for femoral structure was detected on Chrs 2, 4, 5, 7, and 15. QTLs affecting femoral strength on Chrs 2 and 5 were also found to influence femur structure. Unique QTLs on Chrs 1, 10, and 19 were found that contributed to variability in bone strength but had no significant effect on structure. Also, unique QTLs were observed on Chrs 4, 7, and 15 that affected only bone structure without any effect on biomechanics. Conclusion: We showed multiple genetic loci influencing bone strength and structure in F344 x LEW F2 rats. Some of these loci are homologous to mouse and human chromosomes previously linked to related bone phenotypes.
The SHARE 2012 data campaign

A multi-modal (hyperspectral, multispectral, and LIDAR) imaging data collection campaign was conducted just south of Rochester New York in Avon, NY on September 20, 2012 by the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in conjunction with SpecTIR, LLC, the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL), the Naval Research Lab (NRL), United Technologies Aerospace Systems (UTAS) and MITRE. The campaign was a follow on from the SpecTIR Hyperspectral Airborne Rochester Experiment (SHARE) from 2010. Data was collected in support of the eleven simultaneous experiments described here. The airborne imagery was collected over four different sites with hyperspectral, multispectral, and LIDAR sensors. The sites for data collection included Avon, NY, Conesus Lake, Hemlock Lake and forest, and a nearby quarry. Experiments included topics such as target unmixing, subpixel detection, material identification, impacts of illumination on materials, forest health, and in-water target detection. An extensive ground truthing effort was conducted in addition to collection of the airborne imagery. The ultimate goal of the data collection campaign is to provide the remote sensing community with a shareable resource to support future research. This paper details the experiments conducted and the data that was collected during this campaign.
Nuclear fragmentation cross sections and cosmic-ray source abundances

Abstract Current experimental data provides constraints upon the nuclear excitation functions for 160 P + p → 14 N , 15 N , 13 C and their progenitors. These cross sections, combined with the elemental and isotopic ratios measured at Earth, are used in a complete model of cosmic ray propagation to study the source composition. The 14 N O ratio in the cosmic ray source matter is appreciably less than its value in the solar system, while the source 13 C C ratio is in agreement with solar system or local galactic material but not with matter near the galactic center.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS: A STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL

Environmental determinants of International Business Negotiations: A Strategic Planning Model Negotiation is a skill which can be learned. Most American and Western executives do not, however, devote sufficient time or effort to learn the art of negotiation or to understand the cultural differences among nations. The accelerating interdependency among global societies and the growing role of U.S. and Western countries in international trade, especially with Third World governments, strongly necessitate learning, experience, and training in this important task. True understanding of environmental determinants, styles, and tactics of international business negotiations is a must, if one is to achieve desirable outcomes. The old attitude of bargaining overseas and the John Wayne approach will not work anymore. “Go native” and “adaptibility” will be the key words for successful international business negotiations in the future.
Identification and Classification of P1 Variants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

With considerable interest we have read the article by Schwartz et al. ([2][1]), who describe a rapid real-time PCR high-resolution melt (HRM) procedure that allows the identification of variants of the P1 gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae . In that paper, evidence is presented showing that both major
Rare variants in neuronal excitability genes influence risk for bipolar disorder

We sequenced the genomes of 200 individuals from 41 families multiply affected with bipolar disorder (BD) to identify contributions of rare variants to genetic risk. We initially focused on 3,087 candidate genes with known synaptic functions or prior evidence from genome-wide association studies. BD pedigrees had an increased burden of rare variants in genes encoding neuronal ion channels, including subunits of GABAA receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels. Four uncommon coding and regulatory variants also showed significant association, including a missense variant in GABRA6. Targeted sequencing of 26 of these candidate genes in an additional 3,014 cases and 1,717 controls confirmed rare variant associations in ANK3, CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNG2, CAMK2A, and NGF. Variants in promoters and 5' and 3' UTRs contributed more strongly than coding variants to risk for BD, both in pedigrees and in the case-control cohort. The genes and pathways identified in this study regulate diverse aspects of neuronal excitability. We conclude that rare variants in neuronal excitability genes contribute to risk for BD.
A theoretical analysis of the multiple binding of palmitate by bovine serum albumin: The relationship to uptake of free fatty acids by tissues

Abstract The distribution of palmitate between the palmitate bound to serum albumin and the free form in plasma was calculated by use of a computer program and published association constants and binding capacities. The analysis was carried out for molar ratios of palmitate to albumin of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Over this range only 0.0051% to 0.049% of the palmitate would be in the unbound form. The program also provided computed values for the quantitative distribution of palmitate among the eight binding sites on the protein. Computations showed that at low molar ratios the high affinity sites would bind most of the fatty acid, but as the molar ratio increased the sites with intermediate association constants would assume a greater role in the binding. The relative role of each site in the transport of palmitate to tissues was found to differ markedly at low molar ratios compared with high molar ratios. At low molar ratios the high affinity sites would be the main contributors of the palmitate, however, at high molar ratios the sites with intermediate affinities would be the main contributors. The physiological and pharmacological implications of the results are discussed.
Carcass and Organ Composition of Rats Fed High Fat Total Parenteral Nutrition

Fat-based total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been shown to maintain the host nutritionally equivalent to carbohydrate-based TPN in a rat model; however, data on body composition have not been obtained. This study compared the effects of a lipid-based TPN regimen to those of an isocaloric glucose-based regimen and an oral diet on the composition of the carcass and organs of tumor- and nontumor-bearing rats. Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma were randomly assigned to either diet A, a glucose-based TPN regimen; B, a lipid-based TPN regimen; or C, a purified oral diet. Tumor-bearing rats infused with diet B had less protein and more fat in their carcasses than those in the other dietary groups. Organs of nontumor- and tumor-bearing rats fed diet B contained less protein and more fat and triglycerides than rats fed either diet A or C. Survival index and hematocrit values were lowest in rats infused with the parenteral lipid diet. These findings indicate an abnormal pathological response to a TPN diet formulated to deliver 67% of nonprotein kilocalories as lipid.
RIP Kinases, necroptosis and redundancy in neuronal cell death

Purpose Neuronal cell death is the major cause of vision loss in many eye diseases. The exact mechanism remains unknown. Apoptosis has been thought to be the major form of regulated cell death and the main modality of neuronal cell death in degenerative ailments. However, neuroprotective strategies based on apoptosis have failed to materialize. We wanted to investigate the presence of alternative cell death modalities in various models of degenerative eye diseases. Methods Neuronal cell death was studied in a variety of animal models, including retinal detachment, RD10 juvenile degeneration, Cx3Cr1/CCL2/rd8 triple mutant, optic nerve crush, and chemical toxicity models (NMDA, PolyI:C, Na-Iodate, Lipid peroxide, and chloroquine). Analysis of cell death was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TUNEL staining and standard molecular techniques. Results Caspase dependent apoptosis was the major cell death modality in most models of cell degeneration. However, RIP regulated necrosis accounted for a significant portion of cell death morphology. Under conditions of selective caspase inhibition, RIP regulated necrosis became the predominant cell death modality. Simultaneous caspase and RIPK inhibition lead to significant neuroprotection. Autophagy accounted for small portion of cell death in the models that it was examined. Conclusion RIP Kinase regulated necrosis (necroptosis) is a significant redundant cell death pathway in many animal models of ocular degenerative diseases. It becomes the predominant form of cell death under conditions of caspase inhibition. Combination treatments may be needed for successful neuroprotection. Commercial interest
Anharmonic contributions to vibrational properties of the Wigner electron lattice

Abstract Self-consistent methods for calculating the effects of anharmonicity on the vibrational properties of the Wigner electron lattice are described. First, the renormalized harmonic approximation (RHA) is derived from a variational principle for the free energy. The solution of a simplified set of equations resulting from the RHA is fully discussed; it shows large deviation from harmonic type behavior for rs
Role of echocardiography in detecting portopulmonary hypertension in liver transplant candidates

Portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) is a recognized complication of end-stage liver disease that adversely affects the outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). There are limited data on the role of Doppler echocardiography in assessing pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) in this population. The purpose of our study was to examine the accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in evaluating pulmonary artery pressures in liver transplant candidates. Clinical and demographic data were gathered retrospectively for 78 liver transplant candidates (48 men and 30 women, mean age 51 +/- 9.6 yr) who had PASP determined both by right heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography. Paired sample t-test was used to compare mean PASP by echocardiography and RHC. Correlation of PASP between echocardiography and RHC was determined using Pearson's linear correlation. Positive and negative predictive values for echocardiography for PASP > 50 mmHg are reported as compared with RHC. The mean PASP by echocardiography (43.2 +/- 12.3 mm Hg) was significantly higher than mean PASP by RHC (33.7 +/- 15.5 mm Hg; P 50 mm Hg) were 37.5% and 91.9%, respectively. Echocardiography is a useful tool in estimating PASP in liver transplant candidates. Patients with apparently elevated PASP by echocardiography should undergo invasive assessment by RHC before being excluded from liver transplant.
Monte Carlo simulations including energy from an entropic force

Abstract Several experimental techniques have shown that the primary response of many materials comes from a heterogeneous distribution of independently relaxing nanoscale regions; but most Monte Carlo simulations have homogeneous correlations. Resolving this discrepancy may require including the energy needed to change the configurational entropy, which is often used in theoretical treatments of thermal fluctuations, but not in computer simulations. Here the local configurational entropy is shown to give a nonlinear correction to the Metropolis algorithm that restores conservation of energy, maintains maximum entropy, and yields heterogeneous correlations. The nonlinear correction also improves agreement between Monte Carlo simulations of the Ising model and measurements of specific heat and structural correlations from the Jahn–Teller distortion in LaMnO3.
Financial Adaptation Among College Students: Helping Students Cope with Financial Strain

This study examines the impact of the recent financial crisis on co-occurring patterns of change in financial strain and financial coping behaviors of college students ( N =748) using two-timed, longitudinal data collected prior to the 2008 financial crisis and again one year later. Using a stress and coping framework, we found that different measures of perceived change in financial strain acted as antecedents of change in types of financial coping behaviors. We discuss the importance of these findings in developing the financial decision-making skills that young adults need in an era of increasing responsibility for their financial future.
Envy and Exemplarity in The Book of Margery Kempe

AbstractThis essay reexamines Margery Kempe’s competitiveness as a facet of the emotion of envy. Long seen as a petty, nasty emotion, envy has recently been recuperated by Sianne Ngai as possessing critical agency in its capacity to address social inequality and negotiate one’s relationship to exemplary models. Kempe’s Book is suffused with portraits of Margery’s envy of her neighbors (and vice versa), her envy of holy women such as Mary Magdalene, and depictions of envy as a form of suffering that brings her closer to Christ. Kempe strategically structures her book via the logic of envy, depicting a holy woman navigating her relationships with her neighbors, clerical authorities, and female saints. She uses envy — with its simultaneous identifications and aggressions — to explore the construction of social categories and ideal femininity, as well as to portray herself as an exemplary, singular individual. Kempe shows envy to be an essential component of the practice of critical imitatio, positing new pos...
Interactions of 1,5-naphthyridine with Pd(en)Cl2 or [Pd(en)(H2O)2](NO3)2 in aqueous solution

The nature of the complexes formed in aqueous solution between either Pd(en)Cl2 or [Pd(en)(H2O)2](NO3)2 and 1,5-naphthyridine (1,5-NAP), where en is ethylenediamine, have been investigated by 1-D and 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. Above pH 5.0, two major complexes have been identified with the stoichiometries of 2:1 and 1:1 (M:L ratio) as well as small amounts of a 1:2 complex and/or oligomer. The 2:1 complex consisted of a Pd(en)2+ moiety symmetrically bonded to each of the nitrogen atoms of the 1,5-NAP, as indicated by the presence of just three 1H NMR resonances in the aromatic region. The 1:1 complex had six resonances as a result of only one 1,5-NAP nitrogen atom being bonded to a Pd(en)2+ group. At pH <5, the uncomplexed nitrogen of the 1:1 and other singly bonded 1,5-NAP species became protonated and resulted in the formation of a large number of complexes. Job's method plots at pH 6 showed that the 1:1 complex is stable over a large concentration range. Above pH ∼6 the 1:1 complex can dimerize via deprotonation of a water ligand on the Pd(en)2+ to form an hydoxo-bridged or oxo-bridged species. Evidence for this was observed in the upfield shifts of the resonances as the pH increased. The species distribution curve from potentiometric titrations and the NMR data were in good agreement at concentrations of 1–4 mM. NOESY data indicated that free 1,5-NAP ligand was exchanging with that in the 1:1 complex. In order to interpret the en region of the 1H NMR spectra, the spectra of [Pd(en)(H2O)2](NO3)2 in D2O at various pD were obtained.
Analysis of EMI Terminal Modeling of Switched Power Converters

A generalized terminal modeling technique was proposed earlier to predict conducted electromagnetic interference from a dc-dc boost converter. The predictions of these conducted emissions showed that there was a good agreement up to 50 MHz. This paper extends the generalized terminal modeling approach to converters with the buck-type input. Both dc and ac applications are discussed. The technique is developed for the electromagnetic interference modeling of switched power converters in aerospace applications where the requirements on electromagnetic pollution are very strict. The model is shown to successfully predict conducted emissions for a buck converter and a three-phase voltage source inverter up to 100 MHz with an error of 6 dB or less at most frequencies.
Mechanics of land subsidence due to groundwater pumping

This paper presents the formulation of the basic mechanics governing the changes in stress states from groundwater pumping and comparisons among predicted land subsidence from this mechanics with existing analyses and field data. Land subsidence is a growing, global problem caused by petroleum and groundwater withdrawal, mining operations, natural settlement, hydro-compaction, settlement of collapsible soils, settlement of organic soils and sinkholes. This paper is concerned with the land subsidence due to groundwater level decline by groundwater pumping. It is shown that the stress state consists of asymmetric stresses that are best simulated by a Cosserat rather than a Cauchy continuum. Land subsidence from groundwater level decline consists of vertical compression (consolidation), shear displacement and macro-rotation. The latter occurs when conditions are favorable (e.g. at a vertical interface) for the micro-rotation imposed by asymmetric stresses to become macro-rotation. When the length of the cone of depression is beyond √2 times the thickness of the aquifer, simple shear on vertical planes with rotation is the predominant deformation mode. Otherwise, simple shear on horizontal planes is present. The predicted subsidence using the mechanics developed in this paper compares well with data from satellite-borne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of a water environment on anomalous absorption behavior in graphite/epoxy composites

Abstract The effects of a water environment on moisture (H2O) absorption characteristics of a unidirectional T300/934 graphite/epoxy composite material have been investigated by the measurement and analysis of weight change, hygrothermal induced expansion, surface crack formation, and surface mass loss. Specimens were immersed in distilled water at 45, 60, 75, and 90 °C for more than 8000 h. Weight-change profiles for the composite exhibited divergence from the theoretical Fickian diffusion law. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dimension measurements revealed clear evidence of surface peeling and dissolution of the specimen. A crack/mass-loss model has been used in order to explain the behavior of the composite material during the water absorption process. The general characteristics of water-induced weight gain in graphite/epoxy composites are discussed with respect to the moisture diffusion phenomenon and deviations in the weight-change profiles.
On affine scaling algorithms for nonconvex quadratic programming

We investigate the use of interior algorithms, especially the affine-scaling algorithm, to solve nonconvex — indefinite or negative definite — quadratic programming (QP) problems. Although the nonconvex QP with a polytope constraint is a “hard” problem, we show that the problem with an ellipsoidal constraint is “easy”. When the “hard” QP is solved by successively solving the “easy” QP, the sequence of points monotonically converge to a feasible point satisfying both the first and the second order optimality conditions.
Unsupervised tattoo segmentation combining bottom-up and top-down cues

Tattoo segmentation is challenging due to the complexity and large variance in tattoo structures. We have developed a segmentation algorithm for finding tattoos in an image. Our basic idea is split-merge: split each tattoo image into clusters through a bottom-up process, learn to merge the clusters containing skin and then distinguish tattoo from the other skin via top-down prior in the image itself. Tattoo segmentation with unknown number of clusters is transferred to a figureground segmentation. We have applied our segmentation algorithm on a tattoo dataset and the results have shown that our tattoo segmentation system is efficient and suitable for further tattoo classification and retrieval purpose.
Effects of wind and electric fields on 218Po deposition from the atmosphere.

Purpose: To estimate, under atmospheric conditions, 218 Po deposition on a sphere representing the human head and compare with the effects of the maximum electric field to be found under a transmission line. Method: The effect of the wind in the absence of electric fields was calculated using the Reynolds Analogy between heat and mass transfer. The effect of the electric field was shown to be large compared with that of turbulence. A 'capture radius' due to the field was then estimated and charged 218 Po particles blown into this region were assumed to be captured. Results: The deposition ratio was proportional to gamma V 0.4 E 0.67, where gamma = charged fraction of 218 Po, V = velocity and E 0 = surface electric field. With the charged fraction ranging from 0.9% to 3.2%, a surface field on 280kVm -1 and a wind speed of 3ms -1, the deposition ratio ranged from 3.4 to 9.3. The surface field is several orders of magnitude higher than the average personal exposures that have been measured in epidemiological...
Computer Simulation of the Effect of Temperature on pH

The effect of temperature on solution pH was simulated by computer (program PHTEMP). We have determined that the change in pH due to shifts in acid-base equilibria [delta pH = pH(60 degrees C) - pH(25 degrees C)] can be substantial for compounds such as aliphatic amines that have high enthalpies for acid dissociation. This is of particular significance during elevated temperature experiments in which changes in the pKa values of formulation components, and hence the solution pH, can accelerate decomposition as compared to those formulations where sensitive functionality is absent. PHTEMP afforded the following results at initial pH = 7 (25 degrees C): (a) 0.1 M triethylamine (delta H zero = 10.4 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately -0.8; (b) 0.1 M acetic acid (delta H zero = -0.1 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately 0; (c) 0.1 M sulfuric acid (delta H zero 1 = -12 kcal/mol; delta H zero 2 = -5.4 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately -0.4. Solutions of general pharmaceutical interest were also studied and included a 12-component amino acid mixture, 0.1 M glycine, and 0.1 M triethylamine in either 0.02 M citric acid or 0.05 M TRIS buffer. In each case the pH change with temperature was dependent on the concentrations of components, the enthalpies for each acid dissociation, and the starting pH. At lower pH ( 9). These results are interpreted as the effect of a relative change in hydronium ion activity, delta H+/H+(initial), due to temperature-induced shifts in equilibria (acid dissociation, water autoprotolysis). This relative change must become larger as H+ decreases (pH increases). The output of PHTEMP was experimentally verified with 0.1 M glycine and with a multiple component amino acid solution. In both cases, agreement with prediction was excellent. The results of this investigation underscore the need to critically review formulation choices for both thermodynamic and traditional kinetic effects on the resulting product stability.
The importance of classroom management in early language immersion: A case study of a new French immersion kindergarten class

This study examined the challenges and successes related to classroom management in a new French Immersion Elementary School (FIES). Framed by language immersion research and theories of culturally responsive classroom management (Weinstein, Curran, & Tomlinson-Clark, 2003), the study focuses on teachers’ decision-making processes in a one-way immersion setting. Using a case-study approach on one kindergarten classroom, qualitative data over one year included field notes from participant observation; transcripts of interviews and focus groups with teachers and administrators; classroom artifacts; and videotapes of classroom sessions. Results showed that classroom management was strongly shaped by several factors: the political context, lack of school-wide curricula and policies, built environment, and teachers’ prior experiences. The discussion examines how language educators and researchers must look beyond teachers’ beliefs and students’ cultures when devising solutions to social and behavioral challenges. Recommendations for new language immersion schools that deal with behavior management challenges are made.
Inverse kinetic isotope fractionation during bacterial nitrite oxidation.

Abstract Natural abundance stable isotopes in nitrate ( NO 3 - ), nitrite ( NO 2 - ), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have been used to better understand the cycling of nitrogen in marine and terrestrial environments. However, in order to extract the greatest information from the distributions of these isotopic species, the kinetic isotope effects for each of the relevant microbial reactions are needed. To date, kinetic isotope effects for nitrite oxidation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) have not been reported. In this study, the nitrogen isotope effect was measured for microbial nitrite oxidation to nitrate. Nitrite oxidation is the second step in the nitrification process, and it plays a key role in the regeneration of nitrate in the ocean. Surprisingly, nitrite oxidation occurred with an inverse kinetic isotope effect, such that the residual nitrite became progressively depleted in 15N as the reaction proceeded. Three potential explanations for this apparent inverse kinetic isotope effect were explored: (1) isotope exchange equilibrium between nitrite and nitrous acid prior to reaction, (2) reaction reversibility at the enzyme level, and (3) true inverse kinetic fractionation. Comparison of experimental data to ab initio calculations and theoretical predictions leads to the conclusion that the fractionation is most likely inverse at the enzyme level. Inverse kinetic isotope effects are rare, but the experimental observations reported here agree with kinetic isotope theory for this simple N–O bond-forming reaction. Nitrite oxidation is therefore fundamentally different from all other microbial processes in which N isotope fractionation has been studied. The unique kinetic isotope effect for nitrite oxidation should help to better identify its role in the cycling of nitrite in ocean suboxic zones, and other environments in which nitrite accumulates.
Analysis of Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling mutants reveals endodermal requirements for the growth but not dorsoventral patterning of jaw skeletal precursors

Abstract Development of the head skeleton involves reciprocal interactions between cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and the surrounding pharyngeal endoderm and ectoderm. Whereas elegant experiments in avians have shown a prominent role for the endoderm in facial skeleton development, the relative functions of the endoderm in growth versus regional identity of skeletal precursors have remained unclear. Here we describe novel craniofacial defects in zebrafish harboring mutations in the Sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P) type 2 receptor (s1pr2) or the S1P transporter Spinster 2 (spns2), and we show that S1P signaling functions in the endoderm for the proper growth and positioning of the jaw skeleton. Surprisingly, analysis of s1pr2 and spns2 mutants, as well as sox32 mutants that completely lack endoderm, reveals that the dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning of jaw skeletal precursors is largely unaffected even in the absence of endoderm. Instead, we observe reductions in the ectodermal expression of Fibroblast growth factor 8a (Fgf8a), and transgenic misexpression of Shha restores fgf8a expression and partially rescues the growth and differentiation of jaw skeletal precursors. Hence, we propose that the S1P-dependent anterior foregut endoderm functions primarily through Shh to regulate the growth but not DV patterning of zebrafish jaw precursors.
Terpenes and phenolics in response to nitrogen fertilization: A test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis

Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.
The Pacific zonal asymmetry and its influence on Southern Hemisphere sea ice variability

At monthly and annual timescales, the zonally asymmetric circulation over the Southern Ocean is dominated by two quasi-stationary anticyclones: a western anticyclone approximately located south of New Zealand, and an eastern anticyclone located over the Drake Passage region. In this research their influence on late 20th century Antarctic sea ice is explored. During early winter, sea ice in the Weddell, Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas is influenced by the location of the east anticyclone. During late winter, the strength and location of the west anticyclone influences sea ice primarily in the Ross and Amundsen seas. The anticyclones have some effect on wind-driven sea ice motion, but the primary mechanism explaining their link to sea ice appears to be meridional atmospheric thermal advection. A western shift in the west anticyclone may be partly responsible for observed increases in ice cover in the Ross Sea over the late 20th century, but there is little evidence in existing data to support a link between the east anticyclone and observed sea ice trends.
PROLONGED EXISTENCE OF SULFIDE MELT IN THE BROKEN HILL OREBODY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

The Broken Hill orebody, in Australia, is hosted in pelitic and psammitic gneisses that underwent metamorphism in the granulite facies. Peak metamorphism in the area occurred around 1600 Ma and exceeded temperatures of 850°C at pressures of 5–7 kilobars. The orebody is located in an area of intense deformation that occurred 5 to 15 million years after the peak metamorphism. Highly foliated pelitic schist directly adjacent to the Broken Hill orebody contains assemblages ranging from quartz –K-feldspar – biotite – garnet – sillimanite to quartz – muscovite – biotite – staurolite – garnet – chlorite. The latter assemblage equilibrated at temperatures as low as 600°C. Silicates in the low-temperature assemblages are intimately associated with galena that, in places contains clusters rich in Ag and Sb alloys, sulfides, and sulfosalts. One-bar experiments in the system Ag–Sb–S indicate that the assemblages seen in these rocks would have been molten at 500°C. These relations suggest that a polymetallic melt persisted at Broken Hill for up to twenty million years after peak metamorphism.
The pathology of head and neck tumors: Neoplasms of cartilage, bone, and the notochord, part 7

Neoplasms of the supporting tissues in the head and neck are outnumbered by their histologic counterparts in the trunk and extremities. This is especially true for tumors of bone, cartilage, and the remnants of the notochord. Malignancies occurring in all three tissues, however, are just as lethal as those sited elsewhere. Chondrosarcomas and osteogenic sarcomas of the facial bones are resistant to all conventional modes of therapy, manifest many recurrences, and have an often protracted morbidity. The craniocervical chordoma manifests a similar biologic course. For the tumors of cartilaginous origin and the osteogenic sarcomas, the initial surgical attempt at removal is of key importance. Neoplasms present at the margins of resection have a poor prognosis. Chorodomas are not likely to be cured by any modality.
Foucault Meets South New Guinea: Knowledge, Power, Sexuality

Foucault's move to critique and historicize knowledge-as-power has been highly influential in cultural anthropology. So, too, his assessment that power and resistance entail one another; that master plans of resistance reinstate the epistemic premises they seem to oppose; and that the envelope of the unthought and the unsaid is best expanded at the epistemic, political, and sexual margins. Like the influence of French predecessors such as Durkheim and Levi-Strauss in earlier eras, Foucault's impact in American anthropology of the 1990s is diffuse enough to be almost taken for granted. That some of the more recent turns in postcultural anthropology have backgrounded an explicit sense of their intellectual history increases the tacitness of this influence. Foucault's work leaves a large question of application: How are analyses geared for a critique of Western knowledge-power to be applied in third- and fourth-world contexts, in postcolonial and postindustrial circumstances, and across the global range of cultural and epistemic variation? The dominant trend in anthropology has probably been to invoke Foucault as a dependable and general-purpose critic of Western epistemic hegemony. For instance, Foucault informs anthropological critiques of colonial or neocolonial knowledge-as-power and our own complicity as social
Interferometry at mid-infrared wavelengths: the ISI system

The ISI (Infrared Spatial Interferometer) involves three movable telescopes of Pfund design, each in trailers, each with a radiation collecting mirror 65 inches in diameter. The telescopes can be moved, and then set down on concrete pads for stability. They are located on Mt. Wilson, where pads have been arranged to give baselines varying from 4 to approximately 75 meters and oriented in various directions. Initial work, between 1988 and 2002, was done with two telescopes; the third telescope was added in 2003.
Condemning the public: Design and New York's new 42nd Street

This paper examines the redevelopment of Times Square in New York City and brings together two discourses, the discourse of design and the discourse of eminent domain case law. I argue that both were inextricable parts of the Times Square redevelopment process and served similar functions: defining a public for The New Times Square. By determining what was `in the public interest', eminent domain case law set out two opposing publics: the criminal Times Square public and an idealized general public. By selectively editing the Times Square public's desires and behaviors, design helped define and represent new moral norms.
Chemical volatilization as a technique for the detection of extraterrestrial biopolymers and possible metabolic products.

The utility of wet chemical reaction sequences, suitable for automation and telemetered control, as a means of detecting biopolymers is explored and its potential assessed with respect to extraterrestrial life detection. A variety of depolymerisation reagents and derivatisation are examined. Additionally, the importance of detecting carbon-either inorganic or organic — is discussed and the relevance of this approach to the detection and indentificaton or inorganic carbon via reactor head space analysis is discussed.
Regulation of ganglion cell production by Notch signaling during retinal development.

Although progenitor cells in developing vertebrate retina are capable of producing all retinal cell types, they are competent to produce only certain cell types at a given time, and this competence changes as development progresses. We asked whether a change in progenitor cell competence is primarily responsible for ending production of a specific cell type, the retinal ganglion cell. Reducing Notch expression using an antisense oligonucleotide in vitro or in vivo increased ganglion cell genesis. The antisense treatment could reinitiate ganglion cell genesis after it had terminated in a region of the retina, but only for a brief period. The failure of the Notch antisense treatment to reinitiate ganglion cell production after this period was not due to the lack of receptor or ligand expression, as both Notch-1 and Delta-1 were still expressed. The failure of the Notch antisense treatment to reinitiate ganglion cell production is consistent with the suggestion that the intrinsic competence of progenitor cells changes as development progresses. Because reducing Notch signaling can reinitiate ganglion cell production for a brief period after ganglion cell production has normally ceased, it appears that ganglion cell production initially ends in a region of the retina because of cell-cell interactions and not because progenitor cells lose the competence to make ganglion cells. Notch signaling appears to temporarily prevent production of ganglion cells in a region, while some other signal must initiate a change in progenitor cell competence, thus permanently ending the possibility of further ganglion cell production.
SUITABILITY OF THE WARNER-BRATZLER SHEAR FOR TEXTURAL MEASUREMENTS OF FISH PROTEIN GELS

Protein gels were prepared without added NaCl, from the minced, washed, dewatered flesh of red hake and flounder. Similar gels were prepared from red hake with added NaCl. Gel strength was measured by means of the Warner-Bratzler shear, Fold Test, and Instron UTM. Flounder gels had the highest moduli of deformability values while red hake (with NaCl) had the lowest. Instron percent recovery values were inversely related to these results. The red hake (with NaCl) gel was the most elastic (greatest percent recovery) and the flounder gel was the least elastic. The highest Warner-Bratzler shear force values were recorded for flounder gels while the lowest were recorded for red hake (with NaCl) gels. Fold Test scores were 4.6 – 4.7) for both red hake gels, and low (2.7) for flounder gels. The Warner-Bratzler shear was very highly correlated with Instron deformability measurements and highly correlated with percent recovery. It was not significantly correlated with Fold Test scores. Fold Test scores correlated very highly with both Instron values.
Isometry-Invariant Valuations on Hyperbolic Space

Hyperbolic area is characterized as the unique continuous isometry-invariant simple valuation on convex polygons in ${\Bbb H}^2.$ We then show that continuous isometry-invariant simple valuations on polytopes in ${\Bbb H}^{2n+1}$ for $n \geq 1$ are determined uniquely by their values at ideal simplices. The proofs exploit a connection between valuation theory in hyperbolic space and an analogous theory on the Euclidean sphere. These results lead to characterizations of continuous isometry-invariant valuations on convex polytopes and convex bodies in the hyperbolic plane ${\Bbb H}^2,$ a partial characterization in ${\Bbb H}^3,$ and a mechanism for deriving many fundamental theorems of hyperbolic integral geometry, including kinematic formulas, containment theorems, and isoperimetric and Bonnesen-type inequalities.
Dynamic adaptation for fault tolerance and power management in embedded real-time systems

Safety-critical embedded systems often operate in harsh environmental conditions that necessitate fault-tolerant computing techniques. In addition, many safety-critical systems execute real-time applications that require strict adherence to task deadlines. These embedded systems are also energy-constrained, since system lifetime is determined largely by the battery lifetime. In this paper, we investigate dynamic adaptation techniques based on checkpointing and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) for fault tolerance and power management. We first present schedulability tests that provide the criteria under which checkpointing can provide fault tolerance and real-time guarantees. We then present an adaptive checkpointing scheme in which the checkpointing interval for a task is dynamically adjusted during execution, and checkpoints are inserted based not only on the available slack, but also on the occurrences of faults. Next, we combine adaptive checkpointing with DVS to achieve power reduction. Finally, we develop an adaptive checkpointing scheme for a set of multiple tasks in real-time systems. An offline preprocessing based on linear programming is used to determine the parameters that are provided as inputs to the online adaptive checkpointing procedure. Simulation results show that compared to previous methods, the proposed adaptive checkpointing approach increases the likelihood of timely task completion in the presence of faults. When combined with DVS, adaptive checkpointing also leads to considerable energy savings.