cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model of complex travel behavior: Part I—Theoretical development

This paper presents a policy sensitive approach to modeling travel behavior based on activity pattern analysis. A theoretical model of complex travel behavior is formulated on a recognition of a wide range of interdependencies associated with an individual's travel decisions in a constrained environment. Travel is viewed as input to a more basic process involving activity decisions. A fundamental tenet of this approach is that travel decisions are driven by the collection of activities that form an agenda for participation; the utility of any specific travel decision can be determined only within the context of the entire agenda. Based on the theoretical model of complex travel behavior, an operational system of models, STARCHILD (Simulation of Travel/Activity Responses to Complex Household Interactive Logistic Decisions), has been developed to examine the formation of household travel/activity patterns, and is presented in a companion paper (Recker et al., 1986).
Inferring Public Transport Access Distance from Smart Card Registration and Transaction Data

Access distance to public transport is an important metric for planning, modeling, and evaluating public transport networks and is often used in policy goals and statements. However, accurately measuring access (and egress) distance can be difficult. Estimates often rely either on aggregate inferences based on census data or on small samples of disaggregate data from travel diary surveys. When smart cards used for fare payment are also registered with home address information, they represent a new data source that can be used to infer access distances for a large sample of users, at a disaggregate level and at low cost, compared with travel diary surveys. This paper demonstrates the inference of access distance from smart card fare and transaction data for a large sample of London public transport journeys and compares the inferred access distributions to data from the London Travel Demand Survey, a travel diary survey. Possible instances of false inferences are considered and measures to eliminate false ...
Effects of Mix Design and Fracture Energy on Transverse Cracking Performance of Asphalt Pavements in Minnesota

Asphalt pavements in colder climates encounter significantly shortened service lives because of excessive transverse cracking. This paper presents the results for 26 pavement sections in Minnesota that were studied to evaluate the effects of asphalt mix designs on pavement cracking performance. The field performance is presented with various cracking measures and compared with mix design aspects such as amount of asphalt binder, binder grade, and amount of recycling. The disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) fracture energies measured on the field cored samples are also compared with cracking performance. In this study, asphalt pavement sections from several locations were evaluated to encompass various types of asphalt mixtures and asphalt construction types that were commonly used in Minnesota. The amount of transverse cracking for each section was converted into a newly proposed cracking performance measure that accounted for the amount, rate, and timing of cracking. The comparisons between asphalt mixture...
PATIENT-SPECIFIC TKA: OPTIMISES OUTCOME – AFFIRMS

Historical studies in TKA suggest that 82–89% of patients are satisfied with TKA. Bourne et al. reviewed 1703 patients and reported that in newer designs that things have not improved much. Approximately one in five (19%) primary TKA patients were not satisfied with the outcome. Satisfaction with pain relief varied from 72–86% and with function from 70–84% for specific activities of daily living. The burden of OA is increasing in society and younger patients are undergoing TKA. A customised, individually made (CIM) knee arthroplasty (iTotal, ConforMIS Inc., Bedford, MA USA) has been introduced by individualising component geometry; exact sizing- medial – lateral and anterior–posterior, restoring medial and lateral joint lines, and restoring individual “J Curves” of the patients’ native femur as it was prior to the arthritic condition. This is done by preoperative CT scanning to include hip-knee-ankle and software to CAD-CAM manufacture of the individualised implants, with accompanying individualised cutting jigs. The hypothesis is to restore form and ultimately function. Will this lead to improved patient satisfaction? Cadaveric comparison on an “Off The Shelf ” (OTS) implant to CIM implant in 9 matched pair analyses before and after TKA demonstrated that the CIM implant motion was not different than their preoperative kinematics of the knee but the OTS implant was. In vivo comparisons performed fluoroscopically of CIM implants versus OTS implants further demonstrated a more normal knee in terms of kinematics and stability in the CIM knee. Follow up of 110 consecutive patients undergoing a CIM CR TKA revealed patient satisfaction of 98%. Patient average age was 56.1 years old, average follow up 20 months. Two patients required revision- (both dissatisfied)- one for tibial subsidence 18 months after TKA (osteoporosis and obesity) the other developed global laxity at 9 months postoperatively. Both revised with stabilised PS OTS implants. At this early average follow up of
Teacher Racial Composition and Exclusion Rates Among Black or African American Students

Expulsion and suspension rates among African American students are the highest of all racial groups across elementary, middle, and high schools. This study investigates whether a more racially dive...
Large-Scale Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 Cell-Cycle Knockouts Reveals the Diversity of p53-Dependent Responses to Cell-Cycle Defects

Defining the genes that are essential for cellular proliferation is critical for understanding organismal development and identifying high-value targets for disease therapies. However, the requirements for cell-cycle progression in human cells remain incompletely understood. To elucidate the consequences of acute and chronic elimination of cell-cycle proteins, we generated and characterized inducible CRISPR/Cas9 knockout human cell lines targeting 209 genes involved in diverse cell-cycle processes. We performed single-cell microscopic analyses to systematically establish the effects of the knockouts on subcellular architecture. To define variations in cell-cycle requirements between cultured cell lines, we generated knockouts across cell lines of diverse origins. We demonstrate that p53 modulates the phenotype of specific cell-cycle defects through distinct mechanisms, depending on the defect. This work provides a resource to broadly facilitate robust and long-term depletion of cell-cycle proteins and reveals insights into the requirements for cell-cycle progression.
Oncometabolites d- and l-2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibit the AlkB Family DNA Repair Enzymes under Physiological Conditions.

Cancer-associated mutations often lead to perturbed cellular energy metabolism and accumulation of potentially harmful oncometabolites. One example is the chiral molecule 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG); its two stereoisomers (d- and l-2HG) have been found at abnormally high concentrations in tumors featuring anomalous metabolic pathways. 2HG has been demonstrated to competitively inhibit several α-ketoglutarate (αKG)- and non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenases, including some of the AlkB family DNA repair enzymes, such as ALKBH2 and ALKBH3. However, previous studies have only provided the IC50 values of d-2HG on the enzymes, and the results have not been correlated to physiologically relevant concentrations of 2HG and αKG in cancer cells. In this work, we performed detailed kinetic analyses of DNA repair reactions catalyzed by ALKBH2, ALKBH3, and the bacterial AlkB in the presence of d- and l-2HG in both double- and single-stranded DNA contexts. We determined the kinetic parameters of inhibition, including kcat, ...
Explaining the Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Children's Behavioral Problems

Paternal incarceration has consistently been linked with aggression and acting-out in children, yet mechanisms underlying these behavioral problems remain unclear. Identifying these paths is essential for understanding how incarceration contributes to intergenerational disadvantage and determining how best to mitigate these collateral consequences for children. This article tests the extent to which changes incarceration imposes on childrenâs families after incarceration fill this important gap. Two key findings emerge from structural equation models using the longitudinal Fragile Families study. First, changes occurring within the childâs family account for nearly half of the total association between recent paternal incarceration and aggressive or externalizing behavior. Second, the father's disengagement from the family and increased material hardship are the strongest and most consistent mechanisms. These findings suggest that targeting these two co-occurring hardships that families face when an incarceration occurs may be valuable for addressing child behavior.
Transport in Metallic Multilayers with Both Specular and Diffuse Scattering at Interfaces

By using a rather simple model potential we calculate the influence of specular and diffuse scattering at interfaces on the resistance for currents perpendicular to the plane of the layers (CPP) in multilayered metallic structures. We find that if one maintains the same interfaces between layers, their contribution to the total resistance of the system depends on the thickness of the intervening layers. Their contribution is constant only if the distance between interface is larger than the electron mean free path in the bulk of the layers. The error incurred by neglecting the dependence of the interface resistance on layer thickness depends on the amount of diffuse scattering at interfaces and the height of the potential step at the interface. For a Fe-Cr or Co-Cu multilayer consisting of three or five layers with realistic interfaces where both specular and diffuse scattering may occur, the error reaches 15-20%; this exceeds the experimental error. We suggest systems where this effect may be observed.
Repetitive Disclosures in the MD & A

This study is the first to empirically analyze repetitive disclosures in the Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA this result is stronger for individual investors. Overall, my results suggest that repetitive disclosures are informative, and such disclosures may be effective tools for providing information to investors.
Building Support for Taxation in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Mexico

Abstract Drawing on insights from the literature on institutional design—how rules shape behavior to achieve desired outcomes—this article examines how certain design features of taxes—such as allowing for civil society oversight, earmark mechanisms that direct tax revenue for a specific purpose, and sunset provisions that make the duration of taxes finite—affect political support for tax reforms. It also evaluates how three important aspects of the fiscal exchange—trust in government, perceptions of the public good, and level of income—shape the effect of these design features. Based on an original survey experiment focusing on the provision of public safety in Mexico, I find that these design features increase political support for taxation, especially among those with low trust in government and low income. These findings have important implications not just for Mexico but also a number of other countries across Latin America that have both low levels of extraction and increased public spending imperatives.
A Method to Compute Flameout Limits of Scramjet-Powered Hypersonic Vehicles

As a hypersonic vehicle travels upward along an ascent trajectory, the static pressure (p3) in the scramjet combustor will decrease, which can lead to engine flameout. At low pressures the chemical reactions between the fuel and air become excessively slow. However, during the ascent the flight Mach number is increasing; this increases the stagnation temperature and the static temperature (T3) at the combustor entrance so it tends to prevent flameout. To investigate this tradeoff, a general method to understand how the flameout limit varies during ascent was developed. The method consists of two parts; first the static temperature and pressure at the entrance to the combustor (T3, p3) are computed as a function of the vehicle altitude; this is done using a reduced-order propulsion model called MASIV. In the second part the values of (T3, p3) are inserted into an empirical relation for the critical Damkohler number in order to determine if flameout occurs or not at each altitude. The empirical flameout relation is based on previous ground-based measurements made at AFRL and elsewhere.
On substitutability and complementarity in discrete choice models

Abstract In this paper, we propose the concepts of substitutability and complementarity in discrete choice models. These concepts concern whether the choice probability of one alternative in a choice model increases or decreases with the utility of another alternative, and they play important roles in capturing certain practical choice patterns, such as the halo effect. We study conditions on discrete choice models that will lead to substitutability and complementarity. We also present ways of constructing choice models that exhibit complementary property.
Femtoscopy in √SNN = 5.02 TeV p-Pb collisions with ATLAS

Bose-Einstein correlations between identified charged pions are measured for p +Pb collisions at √S NN = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector using a total integrated luminosity of 28 nb−1 . Pions are identified using ionisation energy loss measured in the pixel detector. Two-particle correlation functions and the extracted source radii are presented as a function of average transverse pair momentum (k T ) and rapidity (y ππ *) as well as collision centrality. Pairs are selected with a rapidity −2 ππ * T T . A correlation with the local single-particle multiplicity dN ch /dy * is demonstrated. The scaling of the extracted radii with the mean number of participants is also used to compare a selection of initial-geometry models. The cross term R o1 , which couples radial and longitudinal expansion, is measured as a function of rapidity, and a departure from zero is observed with 4.8 σ combined significance for y ππ * > −1 in the most central events.
Scientific Education and Innovation: From Technical Diplomas to University Stem Degrees

This paper studies the effects of university STEM education on innovation and labor market outcomes by exploiting a change in enrollment requirements in Italian STEM majors. University-level scientific education had two direct effects on the development of patents by students who had acquired a STEM degree. First, the policy changed the direction of their innovation. Second, it allowed these individuals to reach top positions within firms and be more involved in the innovation process. STEM degrees, however, also changed occupational sorting. Some higher-achieving individuals used STEM degrees to enter jobs that required university-level education, but did not focus on patenting.
Paleoecological and stratigraphic controls on eurypterid Lagerstätten: a model for preservation in the mid-Paleozoic

Abstract. Recent studies of eurypterid paleoecology suggest that formation of eurypterid Lagerstatten in the mid-Paleozoic of Laurentia was controlled by the presence of an ecological—taphonomic window that recurred predictably in nearshore, marginal environments during transgressions. We tested this hypothesis by performing a high-resolution taxonomic, environmental, and stratigraphic survey and quantitative analysis of all Silurian—Lower Devonian eurypterid-bearing intervals in the Appalachian basin, the most prolific region for eurypterid remains in the world. Canonical correspondence analysis of sedimentological and faunal associations revealed a strong lithologic gradient between groupings of eurypterid genera and associated taxa across the basin, and a significant association of eurypterids with microbialites (thrombolites, stromatolites) and evaporitic structures. Field observations confirmed that, stratigraphically, eurypterids in the basin frequently occur above the microbialite structures and be...
More analysis of double hashing

In [8], a deep and elegant analysis shows that double hashing is asymptotically equivalent to the ideal uniform hashing up to a load factor of about 0.319. In this paper we show how a randomization technique can be used to develop a surprisingly simple proof of the result that this equivalence holds for load factors arbitrarily close to 1.
Contribution of patient, physician, and environmental factors to demographic and health variation in colonoscopy follow-up for abnormal colorectal cancer screening test results.

BACKGROUND Patient, physician, and environmental factors were identified, and the authors examined the contribution of these factors to demographic and health variation in colonoscopy follow-up after a positive fecal occult blood test/fecal immunochemical test (FOBT/FIT) screening. METHODS In total, 76,243 FOBT/FIT-positive patients were identified from 120 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities between August 16, 2009 and March 20, 2011 and were followed for 6 months. Patient demographic (race/ethnicity, sex, age, marital status) and health characteristics (comorbidities), physician characteristics (training level, whether primary care provider) and behaviors (inappropriate FOBT/FIT screening), and environmental factors (geographic access, facility type) were identified from VHA administrative records. Patient behaviors (refusal, private sector colonoscopy use) were estimated with statistical text mining conducted on clinic notes, and follow-up predictors and adjusted rates were estimated using hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS Roughly 50% of individuals completed a colonoscopy at a VHA facility within 6 months. Age and comorbidity score were negatively associated with follow-up. Blacks were more likely to receive follow-up than whites. Environmental factors attenuated but did not fully account for these differences. Patient behaviors (refusal, private sector colonoscopy use) and physician behaviors (inappropriate screening) fully accounted for the small reverse race disparity and attenuated variation by age and comorbidity score. Patient behaviors (refusal and private sector colonoscopy use) contributed more to variation in follow-up rates than physician behaviors (inappropriate screening). CONCLUSIONS In the VHA, blacks are more likely to receive colonoscopy follow-up for positive FOBT/FIT results than whites, and follow-up rates markedly decline with advancing age and comorbidity burden. Patient and physician behaviors explain race variation in follow-up rates and contribute to variation by age and comorbidity burden. Cancer 2017. Published 2017. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The genomic health of ancient hominins

The genomes of ancient humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans contain many alleles that influence disease risks. Using genotypes at 3,180 disease-associated loci, we estimated the disease burden of 147 ancient genomes. After correcting for missing data, genetic risk scores (GRS) were generated for nine disease categories and the set of all combined diseases. We used these genetic risk scores to examine the effects of different types of subsistence, geography, and sample age on the number of risk alleles in each ancient genome. On a broad scale, hereditary disease risks are similar for ancient hominins and modern-day humans, and the GRS percentiles of ancient individuals span the full range of what is observed in present-day individuals. In addition, there is evidence that ancient pastoralists may have had healthier genomes than hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. We also observed a temporal trend whereby genomes from the recent past are more likely to be healthier than genomes from the deep past. This calls into question the idea that modern lifestyles have caused genetic load to increase over time. Focusing on individual genomes, we found that the overall genomic health of the Altai Neandertal is worse than 97% of present-day humans and that Otzi, the Tyrolean Iceman, had a genetic predisposition for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. As demonstrated by this work, ancient genomes afford us new opportunities to diagnose past human health, which has previously been limited by the quality and completeness of remains.
Same-Session Bilateral Ureteroscopy: Safety and Outcomes.

Objective To assess the complications and outcomes associated with same-session bilateral ureteroscopy in a tertiary referral center, as same-session bilateral ureteroscopy for stone disease has been critiqued for the theoretical risk of injury to both ureters with subsequent risk to renal function. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all cases of bilateral ureteroscopy performed for urolithiasis by a single surgeon at out institution between 2009 and 2014. These were compared to a prospective unilateral ureteroscopy database. Results There were 117 same-session bilateral ureteroscopic procedures performed in 113 patients totaling 234 ureteroscopies. A flexible ureteroscope was used in 228 ureters (97.4%), and 6 (2.6%) were semirigid only. Ureteral dilators were required in 8 (6.8%) cases. Pre-stenting was performed in 23 (19.6%) patients. Short-term complications were observed following 19 (16.2%) procedures, including 11 (9.4%) Clavien I, 4 (3.4%) Clavien II, and 4 (3.4%) Clavien III. Of the 84 (71.8%) patients who completed a 6-week follow-up, there were no long-term complications. Stone-free rates were 91.4% for patients imaged with abdominal x-ray and ultrasound, and 84.2% for those imaged with computed tomography scans. Neither complications nor re-admissions were significantly different in the unilateral group. Median length of follow-up for the entire cohort was 2.8 years (range 0-7 years). Conclusion Bilateral ureteroscopy can be performed safely with short-term complications, consistent with published literature. We found no long-term complications and high stone-free rates. Bilateral ureteroscopy in a single procedure represents a viable standard of care for patients with bilateral stone disease.
Gold-Associated Nephropathy

Renal biopsy specimens from 11 cases of gold-associated nephropathy were studied by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Seven biopsy specimens disclosed the typical glomerular lesions of membranous nephropathy. Four cases disclosed other patterns of glomerular injury, including minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Although a membranous pattern of immune complex deposition is the most frequent type seen in gold nephropathy, our data indicate that other patterns of immune complex deposition may occur in renal biopsy specimens of patients receiving gold therapy.
Retire on the House: The Possible Use of Reverse Mortgages to Enhance Retirement Security

This article focuses on the use of reverse mortgages or home equity conversion mortgages (HECMs) to enhance retirement security. If present trends continue, many American households working today will face a significant retirement funding gap, and this study asks whether reverse mortgages can be used to fill at least some of this gap. The author describes the features and history of reverse mortgages; reviews the existing literature on the motivations people have to use their houses to pay for retirement expenses, especially for long-term services and supports; and, in original empirical simulations, finds that only 12%–14% of all retired households are suitable for, and might sensibly use, an HECM. He concludes with some public policy proposals to lower costs and increase demand for reverse mortgages, as well as to encourage their use to enhance retirement security.
Primary Pulmonary Angiosarcoma Associated with Multiple Synchronous Neoplasms

A 60-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of shortness of breath. He was found to have a right thoracic mass involving the right middle and lower lobes, pulmonary hilum, and mediastinum. Diagnosis could not be established by pleural fluid cytology, pleural biopsies, bronchoscopy, and ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. A diagnostic exploratory thoracotomy was performed. Massive hemorrhage was encountered upon opening the pleura, and bleeding was controlled by performing a radical pneumonectomy. Histology revealed angiosarcoma, pulmonary primary. The patient survived for 68 days. At autopsy, he was found to have adenocarcinoma of the prostate, adenocarcinoma of the rectum, carcinoid of the ileum, and leiomyoblastoma of the stomach as well as diffuse metastases from the angiosarcoma. This represents the fourth reported case of primary pulmonary angiosarcoma.
Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Role and Limitations in Surgical Decision Making

A total of 464 fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens in 450 patients was studied. The majority of these aspirates were performed by the pathologist. The technic was 95% sensitive, 99.5% specific, and 97.0% accurate when correlated with histopathology or long-term follow-up. The complication rate was 0.9% and occurred only when needles larger than #22 were used to aspirate lung lesions resulting in pneumothorax. A flow chart for the role of needle biopsy in investigating masses of various organs is presented, together with some illustrative examples. In the current atmosphere of cost-containment, this inexpensive yet fast and accurate technic should play an important role in surgical decision making. However, pathologists and clinicians should be aware of the limitations and should not hesitate in obtaining an open biopsy when necessary, particularly when clinical suspicion for malignancy is not confirmed by the aspiration, in view of the small but significant (4.9%) false-negative rate.
Defect improvement by optimizing electroplating in BEOL sub-50nm pitch

Electroplating for the sub-50 nm pitch back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnect metallization has become increasingly challenging mostly because of marginal seed coverage, inadequate plating process and/or chemistry, the limitation of scaling the barrier-liner and seed thickness. In this study we show how inadequate plating due to the marginal seed caused degraded via open yield along the perimeter of wafers from the 9:00 to 3:00 o'clock position which we termed as a “crown”. The analysis of a failed die by transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that a systematic embedded via void had caused such open yield degradation at the “crown” area. Plating waveforms were used to mitigate via voids through enhanced conformal copper nucleation and void free fill. The optimal plating waveform repeatedly demonstrated virtually equivalent via open yield between crown and non-crown (remaining area of the wafer) areas without any yield degradation at crown. We have shown that the overall via open yield was improved by ∼ 25% over the base-line best known method (BKM).
Chapter 13, Biomass

Publisher Summary Biomass is defined as all non-fossil material of biological origin. Any biomass-based energy process begins with the capture of sunlight and production of a chemical compound. This complicated step, called photosynthesis, leads to glucose. Subsequent biochemical transformations result in the creation of a very large number of compounds, some of very great commercial value. A plant can be considered as a structure that supports specialized organs. The structure consists of wood, and the specialized organs include the leaves that perform photosynthesis and the roots that collect water and nutrients. Materials are transported from one site to another by sap. Fruits perform the function of sexual reproduction. Energy in a plant is stored in roots and tubers, in the sap, and in the fruit. Structural parts of the plant also represent an accumulation of energy. Leaves contain, among other substances, proteins and much of the minerals taken up. Good plantation management frequently involves returning leaves to the ground as mulch and fertilizer. Leaves can be transformed into biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) by anaerobic digestion, leaving a residue of sludge, which is valuable as fertilizer because it retains most of the minerals used by the plant.
Enriched duality in double categories: V-categories and V-cocategories

Abstract In this work, we explore a double categorical framework for categories of enriched graphs, categories and the newly introduced notion of cocategories. A fundamental goal is to establish an enrichment of V -categories in V -cocategories, which generalizes the so-called Sweedler theory relative to an enrichment of algebras in coalgebras. The language employed is that of V -matrices, and an interplay between the double categorical and bicategorical perspective provides a high-level flexibility for demonstrating essential features of these dual structures. Furthermore, we investigate an enriched fibration structure involving categories of monads and comonads in fibrant double categories a.k.a. proarrow equipments, which leads to natural applications for their materialization as categories and cocategories in the enriched matrices setting.
Welfare analysis in a two-stage inverse demand model: an application to harvest changes in the Chesapeake Bay

Like many agricultural commodities, fish and shellfish are highly perishable and producers cannot easily adjust supply in the short run to respond to changes in demand. In these cases it is more appropriate to conduct welfare analysis using inverse demand models that take quantities as given and allow prices to adjust to clear the market. One challenge faced by economists conducting demand analysis is how to limit the number of commodities in the analysis while accounting for the relevant substitutability and complementarity among goods. A common approach in direct demand modeling is to assume weak separability of the utility function and apply a multi-stage budgeting approach. This approach has not, however, been applied to an inverse demand system or the associated welfare analysis. This paper develops a two-stage inverse demand model and derives the total quantity flexibilities which describe how market clearing prices respond to supply changes in other commodity groups. The model provides the means to estimate consumer welfare impacts of an increase in finfish and shellfish harvest from the Chesapeake Bay while recognizing that harvests from other regions are potential substitutes. Comparing the two-stage results with single-stage analysis of the same data shows that ignoring differentiation of harvests from different regions, or the availability of substitutes not affected by a supply shock, can bias welfare estimates.
Some Sequential Algorithms are Almost Always Parallel

Over the years many interesting and efficient parallel algorithms have been developed to solve a wide variety of problems, but not much attention has been paid to studying the inherent parallelism in sequential algorithms---i.e., understanding the depth of their dependence structure, and how shallow dependence structures might beused to develop efficient parallel implementations. In this talk I will describe recent work on analyzing the dependence depth of iterative sequential algorithms---ones that loop over a collection of elements. Many of these algorithms have deep dependence chains in the worst case, but shallow chains (polylog w.h.p.) if the elements are randomly ordered. Examples include many fundamental algorithms: the Knuth shuffle for random permutations, sorting by insertion into a binary search tree, greedy maximal independent set (MIS), greedy maximal matching, greedy graph-coloring, counting cycles in a permutation, incremental k-dimensional linear programming, and incremental 2d Delaunay triangulation. An advantage of the approach is that it can lead to very simple and efficient parallel algorithms. Our MIS algorithm, for example can be coded in a dozen or so lines, and is significantly faster than Luby's algorithm on modern multicore machines. Also the approach encourages snapping the view that sequential and parallel algorithms are distinct, and instead thinking of algorithms, in general, as collections of instructions with dependences among them.
2-Complexes with Large 2-Girth

The 2-girth of a 2-dimensional simplicial complex X is the minimum size of a non-zero 2-cycle in $$H_2(X, {\mathbb {Z}}/2)$$ . We consider the maximum possible girth of a complex with n vertices and m 2-faces. If $$m = n^{2 + \alpha }$$ for $$\alpha < 1/2$$ , then we show that the 2-girth is at most $$4 n^{2 - 2 \alpha }$$ and we prove the existence of complexes with 2-girth at least $$c_{\alpha , \epsilon } n^{2 - 2 \alpha - \epsilon }$$ . On the other hand, if $$\alpha > 1/2$$ , the 2-girth is at most $$C_{\alpha }$$ . So there is a phase transition as $$\alpha $$ passes 1 / 2. Our results depend on a new upper bound for the number of combinatorial types of triangulated surfaces with v vertices and f faces.
Curvature Effect in Shear Flow: Slowdown of Turbulent Flame Speeds with Markstein Number

It is well-known in the combustion community that curvature effect in general slows down flame propagation speeds because it smooths out wrinkled flames. However, such a folklore has never been justified rigorously. In this paper, as the first theoretical result in this direction, we prove that the turbulent flame speed (an effective burning velocity) is decreasing with respect to the curvature diffusivity (Markstein number) for shear flows in the well-known G-equation model. Our proof involves several novel and rather sophisticated inequalities arising from the nonlinear structure of the equation. On a related fundamental issue, we solve the selection problem of weak solutions or find the “physical fluctuations” when the Markstein number goes to zero and solutions approach those of the inviscid G-equation model. The limiting solution is given by a closed form analytical formula.
Soil Physical and Chemical Barriers to More Efficient Water Use by Crops

ABSTRACT Reuss, J. O. and Danielson, R. E., 1974. Soil physical and chemical barriers to more efficient water use by crops. Agric. Meteorol., 14: 129–152. The potential exists for significant gains in crop production through plant modification, for improved adaptation to soil physical and chemical conditions. Increased water-use efficiency would be attained largely by higher average production rather than by decreases in seasonal water-use by the plant systems. Modifications involving the root system may be of major importance. Possible beneficial alterations include decreased respiration rates, increased adsorption area for water and nutrients, and higher adsorptive rates per unit area. The efficiency of uptake and utilization of plant nutrients may very likely be improved by genetic manipulation, particularly in the case of micronutrients where harvest removals are very low. Modification of the ability of plants to tolerate high aluminum and manganese concentrations often found in acid soil systems appears feasible and may offer significant potential for improved production.
Predictive quantile regressions under persistence and conditional heteroskedasticity

Abstract This paper provides an improved inference for predictive quantile regressions with persistent predictors and conditionally heteroskedastic errors. The confidence intervals based on conventional quantile regression techniques are not valid when predictors are highly persistent. Moreover, the conditional heteroskedasticity introduces rather complicated nuisance parameters in the limit theory, whose estimation errors can be another source of distortion. We propose a size-corrected bootstrap inference thereby avoiding the nuisance parameter estimation. The bootstrap consistency is shown even with the nonstationary predictors and conditionally heteroskedastic innovations. Monte Carlo simulation confirms the significantly better test size performances of the new methods. The empirical exercises on stock return quantile predictability are revisited.
Survivorship after treatment of pancreatic cancer: insights via an Internet-based survivorship care plan tool

Pancreatic cancer survivors face a unique set of challenges in survivorship, yet structured survivorship care planning is lacking in practice. Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are an essential part of quality cancer care and can facilitate the transition following active treatment; the use of SCPs in pancreatic cancer survivors, however, has not been explored. With a convenience sample of 117 pancreatic cancer survivors and proxies who used an Internet-based SCP tool, we examined treatment details, patient-reported outcomes, and survivorship practices. Thirty-one percent of survivors were 2 years or greater from diagnosis with a median current age of 62 years. Most patients had received multimodality therapy (67%): 68%, 86%, and 43% reported surgical intervention, intravenous chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for their pancreatic cancer, respectively. Survivors commonly reported fatigue, cognitive change, neuropathy, pancreatic insufficiency, and chronic radiation dermatitis related to treatment. Most survivors are managed (47%) or co-managed (35%) by an oncology specialist; however, this percentage decreases over time with consequent increase in management by primary care providers alone. Only 5% had previously been offered an SCP. Of the 24 users who responded to a follow-up satisfaction survey, 83% indicated they would share the SCP with their healthcare team although half of respondents felt it should include more information. In all, our results demonstrate that there is a population of pancreatic cancer survivors who exist and seek survivorship support although structured survivorship care planning is lacking in practice. SCPs have a potentially valuable role for these survivors via communication of treatment-related effects and coordination across multidisciplinary healthcare teams. Further development and evaluation of SCPs is needed for this underserved survivor population.
Why Pay Our Fair Share? How Perceived Influence over Laws Affects Tax Evasion

ABSTRACT We examine how the relation between taxpayers and their government affects tax evasion. Specifically, we examine how perceived influence over government policymaking affects firms' decisio...
Spatial compartmentalization at the nuclear periphery characterized by genome-wide mapping

How gene positioning to the nuclear periphery regulates transcription remains largely unclear. By cell imaging, we have previously observed the differential compartmentalization of transcription factors and histone modifications at the nuclear periphery in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Here, we aim to identify DNA sequences associated with the nuclear lamina (NL) and examine this compartmentalization at the genome-wide level. We have integrated high throughput DNA sequencing into the DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) assay, and have identified ~15, 000 sequencing-based Lamina-Associated Domains (sLADs) in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts. These genomic regions range from a few kb to over 1 Mb and cover ~30% of the genome, and are spatially proximal to the NL. Active histone modifications such as H3K4me2/3, H3K9Ac and H3K36me3 are distributed predominantly out of sLADs, consistent with observations from cell imaging that they are localized away from the nuclear periphery. Genomic regions around transcription start sites of expressed sLAD genes display reduced association with the NL; additionally, expressed sLAD genes possess lower levels of active histone modifications than expressed non-sLAD genes. Our work has shown that genomic regions associated with the NL are characterized by the paucity of active histone modifications in mammalian cells, and has revealed novel connections between subnuclear gene positioning, histone modifications and gene expression.
Who benefits from an oil boom? Evidence from a unique Alaskan data set

Abstract Oil booms have been shown to increase local employment and wages. But these effects reflect the aggregated experience of residents, commuters, and recent migrants alike. This paper takes advantage of a unique data set that identifies a rich set of labor market outcomes by place of residence, rather than by place of work. Exploiting this feature of the data, we examine the effect of a major oil boom on employment and wage outcomes in the North Slope Borough of Alaska. This analysis is juxtaposed with a more conventional one that uses place-of-work data collected from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Using the Synthetic Control Method, we find that the oil boom of the late 2000s significantly increased non-residential employment. While the boom caused residential employment to shift from the public to the private sector, total residential employment was unaffected. There is weak evidence that residential wages increased in response to the boom. These results are important as drilling decisions are often negotiated locally by interest groups that might be less concerned with general equilibrium effects.
The efficient markets hypothesis: The demise of the demon of chance?

Many commentators have suggested that economists in general and financial economists in particular have some responsibility for the recent global financial crisis. They were blinded by an irrational faith in a discredited Efficient Markets Hypothesis and failed to see the bubble in asset prices and to give due warning of its collapse. There is considerable confusion as to what this hypothesis is and what it says. The irony is that the strong implication of this hypothesis is that nobody, no practitioner, no academic and no regulator had the ability to foresee the collapse of this most recent bubble. While few economists believe it is literally true, this hypothesis is considered a useful benchmark with some important practical implications. Indeed, a case can be made that it was the failure to believe in the essential truth of this idea, which was a leading factor responsible for the global financial crisis.
Chemotherapeutic Medications and Their Emergent Complications

Patients with complications of chemotherapy, either acute or chronic, are frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED). Some patients present with complaints immediately after chemotherapy administration, whereas others may show subtle, secondary signs or may have no signs or symptoms of chemotoxicity. An increased index of suspicion prompts early recognition, diagnosis, and prevention of further iatrogenic injury. This article reviews characteristic hypersensitivity reactions, typical organ system dysfunction, and treatment strategies for adult patients who present to the ED with complications after chemotherapy.
Controllable molecular motors engineered from myosin and RNA.

Engineering biomolecular motors can provide direct tests of structure-function relationships and customized components for controlling molecular transport in artificial systems 1 or in living cells 2 . Previously, synthetic nucleic acid motors 3-5 and modified natural protein motors 6-10 have been developed in separate complementary strategies to achieve tunable and controllable motor function. Integrating protein and nucleic-acid components to form engineered nucleoprotein motors may enable additional sophisticated functionalities. However, this potential has only begun to be explored in pioneering work harnessing DNA scaffolds to dictate the spacing, number and composition of tethered protein motors 11-15 . Here, we describe myosin motors that incorporate RNA lever arms, forming hybrid assemblies in which conformational changes in the protein motor domain are amplified and redirected by nucleic acid structures. The RNA lever arm geometry determines the speed and direction of motor transport and can be dynamically controlled using programmed transitions in the lever arm structure 7,9 . We have characterized the hybrid motors using in vitro motility assays, single-molecule tracking, cryo-electron microscopy and structural probing 16 . Our designs include nucleoprotein motors that reversibly change direction in response to oligonucleotides that drive strand-displacement 17 reactions. In multimeric assemblies, the controllable motors walk processively along actin filaments at speeds of 10-20 nm s-1. Finally, to illustrate the potential for multiplexed addressable control, we demonstrate sequence-specific responses of RNA variants to oligonucleotide signals.
Social Attention: Modeling Attention in Human Crowds

Robots that navigate through human crowds need to be able to plan safe, efficient, and human predictable trajectories. This is a particularly challenging problem as it requires the robot to predict future human trajectories within a crowd where everyone implicitly cooperates with each other to avoid collisions. Previous approaches to human trajectory prediction have modeled the interactions between humans as a function of proximity. However, that is not necessarily true as some people in our immediate vicinity moving in the same direction might not be as important as other people that are further away, but that might collide with us in the future. In this work, we propose Social Attention, a novel trajectory prediction model that captures the relative importance of each person when navigating in the crowd, irrespective of their proximity. We demonstrate the performance of our method against a state-of-the-art approach on two publicly available crowd datasets and analyze the trained attention model to gain a better understanding of which surrounding agents humans attend to, when navigating in a crowd.
Wetland restoration and hydrologic reconnection result in enhanced watershed nitrogen retention and removal

Restoration of freshwater wetlands presents a potential water quality benefit via removal of nutrients, but complex and unresolved changes in nutrient cycling can occur following restoration. In this study, we evaluated N removal and release in a deltaic wetland under scenarios of hydrologic reconnection and sediment dredging, and we modeled potential downstream impacts of these restoration activities in a Bayesian framework. Denitrification, N2O production, and anammox were measured via the isotope pairing technique in intact sediment cores. Anammox was not detected. Denitrification rates in the control scenario (78.2–87.2 μmol N m−2 h−1) were significantly higher than those under hydrologic reconnection and dredging scenarios (14.7–56.0 μmol N m−2 h−1). N2O production rates were typical of wetland environments. Denitrification and N2O production were stimulated shortly following simulated dredging, indicating a short-term response to sediment disturbance. Under hydrologic reconnection, NH4 + availability was decreased, inhibiting coupled nitrification-denitrification. Despite a decrease in denitrification activity, the wetland has the capacity to remove up to 10% of stream NO3 − following hydrologic reconnection. Restoration is predicted to fully mitigate NH4 + delivery to a downstream eutrophic lake, yet permanent N removal may be reduced due to the decoupling of nitrification and denitrification.