cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentralized control of distributed energy resources in radial distribution systems

We consider the decentralized control of radial distribution systems with controllable photovoltaic inverters and storage devices. For such systems, we consider the problem of designing controllers that minimize the expected cost of meeting demand, while respecting distribution system and resource constraints. Employing a linear approximation of the branch flow model, we formulate this problem as the design of a decentralized disturbance-feedback controller that minimizes the expected value of a convex quadratic cost function, subject to convex quadratic constraints on the state and input. As such problems are, in general, computationally intractable, we derive an inner approximation to this decentralized control problem, which enables the efficient computation of an affine control policy via the solution of a conic program. As affine policies are, in general, suboptimal for the systems considered, we provide an efficient method to bound their suboptimality via the solution of another conic program. A case study of a 12 kV radial distribution feeder demonstrates that decentralized affine controllers can perform close to optimal.
Hurricane intensification along United States coast suppressed during active hurricane periods

In general, if there are fewer Atlantic hurricanes, those near the US coast are more likely to intensify, whereas if there are many hurricanes, then those near the coast are more likely to weaken because of high local wind shear and low sea surface temperatures. Hurricanes approaching land sometimes intensify and sometimes weaken, but why? James Kossin shows that when numerous Atlantic hurricanes are formed, their intensification near the US coast tends to be blocked by high wind shear and low sea surface temperatures. In general, when many hurricanes are formed, weaker intensification occurs near land, but when few hurricanes are formed, there is stronger intensification near land. At present, it remains unclear how these patterns might persist in a warming climate. The North Atlantic ocean/atmosphere environment exhibits pronounced interdecadal variability that is known to strongly modulate Atlantic hurricane activity1,2,3,4,5,6. Variability in sea surface temperature (SST) is correlated with hurricane variability through its relationship with the genesis and thermodynamic potential intensity of hurricanes7. Another key factor that governs the genesis and intensity of hurricanes is ambient environmental vertical wind shear8,9,10 (VWS). Warmer SSTs generally correlate with more frequent genesis and greater potential intensity, while VWS inhibits genesis and prevents any hurricanes that do form from reaching their potential intensity. When averaged over the main hurricane-development region in the Atlantic, SST and VWS co-vary inversely11,12, so that the two factors act in concert to either enhance or inhibit basin-wide hurricane activity. Here I show, however, that conditions conducive to greater basin-wide Atlantic hurricane activity occur together with conditions for more probable weakening of hurricanes near the United States coast. Thus, the VWS and SST form a protective barrier along the United States coast during periods of heightened basin-wide hurricane activity. Conversely, during the most-recent period of basin-wide quiescence, hurricanes (and particularly major hurricanes) near the United States coast, although substantially less frequent, exhibited much greater variability in their rate of intensification, and were much more likely to intensify rapidly. Such heightened variability poses greater challenges to operational forecasting and, consequently, greater coastal risk during hurricane events.
Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice

La Crosse Virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the USA and can result in severe clinical outcomes. Almost all cases of LACV encephalitis occur in children 16 years or younger, indicating an age-related susceptibility. This susceptibility is recapitulated in a mouse model where weanling (3 weeks old or younger) mice are susceptible to LACV-induced disease, and adults (greater than 6 weeks) are resistant. Disease in mice and humans is associated with infiltrating leukocytes to the CNS. However, what cell types are infiltrating into the brain during virus infection and how these cells influence pathogenesis remain unknown. In the current study, we analyzed lymphocytes recruited to the CNS during LACV-infection in clinical mice, using flow cytometry. We analyzed the contribution of these lymphocytes to LACV pathogenesis in weanling mice using knockout mice or antibody depletion. Additionally, we studied at the potential role of these lymphocytes in preventing LACV neurological disease in resistant adult mice. In susceptible weanling mice, disease was associated with infiltrating lymphocytes in the CNS, including NK cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, depletion of these cells did not impact neurological disease, suggesting these cells do not contribute to virus-mediated damage. In contrast, in disease-resistant adult animals, depletion of both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells or depletion of B cells increased neurological disease, with higher levels of virus in the brain. Our current results indicate that lymphocytes do not influence neurological disease in young mice, but they have a critical role protecting adult animals from LACV pathogenesis. Although LACV is an acute virus infection, these studies indicate that the innate immune response in adults is not sufficient for protection and that components of the adaptive immune response are necessary to prevent virus from invading the CNS.
Epistemic artefacts: on the uses of complexity in anthropology

Distinctions between the ‘simple’ and the ‘complex’ have enjoyed a long and varied career in anthropology. Simplicity was once part of a collective fantasy about what life was like elsewhere, tingeing studies of tribal life with human longing for simpler ways of being. With the reflexive turn and the rise of cultural critique, simplicity has been all but excommunicated in favour of widespread diagnoses of complexity. In this article, I tease out some transformations in the uses of complexity in anthropology, and weave in some critical responses to these uses, spanning many decades, from within the discipline. I pay special attention to recent critiques by anthropologists who are beginning to grow weary of complexity as both an end-in-itself for scholarship and an empirical diagnosis. For these critics, complexity is deeply entwined with anthropological methods and knowledge practices. Drawing on these critical views, I suggest that complexity may be an epistemological artefact, rather than something that can be diagnosed ‘out there’, and offer a way of reframing complexity as a ‘dominant problematic’ in anthropology and beyond.
Premiums, announcement returns and desperation in high tech mergers: A growth options analysis

Abstract We examine the announcements of high tech mergers using a relatively new proxy for growth options we call “growth to book.” We find this adds significantly to help explain the premiums paid and announcement period abnormal returns when acquiring tech targets. Higher synergies are expected by managers and investors when targets have low growth options and acquirers have high growth options, resulting in higher premiums paid and either less negative or more positive abnormal returns. However, we find significant variation in the results by the relative size of the target and when low growth to book ( GTB ) firms acquire. While high GTB acquirers tend to pay more in premiums, low GTB acquirers can pay higher premiums and receive some of the most negative returns at announcement. We find evidence some acquisitions are motivated by desperation as these acquirers have the lowest GTB and do a disproportionate number of the relatively largest deals, receiving the worst abnormal returns at announcement.
Synthesis of Polysulfone-Containing Poly(butylene terephthalate) Segmented Block Copolymers: Influence of Segment Length on Thermomechanical Performance

A facile synthesis of hydroxyethyl-functionalized poly(ether sulfone) (PESu) oligomers permitted subsequent melt transesterification into segmented block copolymers with poly(butylene terephthalate). The unique solubility of the PESu oligomers in the melt with 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl terephthalate enabled a systematic study of segment length on thermomechanical properties of the resulting block copolymers. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a compositional dependence on the average segment length of the PBT. Additionally, the concert of NMR spectroscopy, DSC, and DMA highlighted critical segment lengths for crystallization and phase separation. In agreement with a relatively constant Tm and phase separation observed with DSC and DMA, respectively, small-angle X-ray scattering identified a compositionally independent lamellar thickness, while the amorphous layer thickness increased with PESu incorporation. As a result, the complementary analytical techniques provided an understanding of the morphological inf...
Stress-dependence of kinetic transitions at atomistic defects

The full second-rank activation volume tensors associated with vacancy migration in FCC copper and HCP titanium as well as transition events in the Σ5 (2 1 0) grain boundary in copper are calculated and analyzed. The full tensorial results quantitatively illustrate how the conventional use of an activation volume scalar in atomistic studies of the kinetic processes of complex defects can miss important stress dependencies, in that neither hydrostatic pressure nor deviatoric stress dependencies can be considered alone as dominating the response. The results speak to the importance of anisotropies in the stress-dependence of atomistic kinetics, including crystal structure anisotropy, elastic anisotropy, and defect structure or migration-path anisotropies.
Novel methods for multidimensional image segmentation

Artificial vision is the problem of creating systems capable of processing visual information. A fundamental sub-problem of artificial vision is image segmentation, the problem of detecting a structure from a digital image. Examples of segmentation problems include the detection of a road from an aerial photograph or the determination of the boundaries of the brain's ventricles from medical imagery. The extraction of structures allows for subsequent higher-level cognitive tasks. One of them is shape comparison. For example, if the brain ventricles of a patient are segmented, can their shapes be used for diagnosis? That is to say, do the shapes of the extracted ventricles resemble more those of healthy patients or those of patients suffering from schizophrenia? This thesis deals with the problem of image segmentation and shape comparison in the mathematical framework of partial differential equations. The contribution of this thesis is threefold: (1) A technique for the segmentation of regions is proposed. A cost functional is defined for regions based on a non-parametric functional of the distribution of image intensities inside the region. This cost is constructed to favor regions that are homogeneous. Regions that are optimal with respect to that cost can be determined with limited user interaction. (2) The use of direction information is introduced for the segmentation of open curves and closed surfaces. A cost functional is defined for structures (curves or surfaces) by integrating a local, direction-dependent pattern detector along the structure. Optimal structures, corresponding to the best match with the pattern detector, can be determined using efficient algorithms. (3) A technique for shape comparison based on the Laplace equation is proposed. Given two surfaces, one-to-one correspondences are determined that allow for the characterization of local and global similarity measures. The local differences among shapes can be visualized for qualitative evaluation by a human expert. It can also be used for classifying shapes.
Open Information Extraction from Conjunctive Sentences

We develop CALM, a coordination analyzer that improves upon the conjuncts identified from dependency parses. It uses a language model based scoring and several linguistic constraints to search over hierarchical conjunct boundaries (for nested coordination). By splitting a conjunctive sentence around these conjuncts, CALM outputs several simple sentences. We demonstrate the value of our coordination analyzer in the end task of Open Information Extraction (Open IE). State-of-the-art Open IE systems lose substantial yield due to ineffective processing of conjunctive sentences. Our Open IE system, CALMIE, performs extraction over the simple sentences identified by CALM to obtain up to 1.8x yield with a moderate increase in precision compared to extractions from original sentences.
Virtualness and knowledge in teams: managing the love triangle of organizations, individuals, and information technology

Information technology can facilitate the dissemination of knowledge across the organization-even to the point of making virtual teams a viable alternative to face-to-face work. However, unless managed, the combination of information technology and virtual work may serve to change the distribution of different types of knowledge across individuals, teams, and the organization. Implications include the possibility that information technology plays the role of a jealous mistress when it comes to the development and ownership of valuable knowledge in organizations; that is, information technology may destabilize the relationship between organizations and their employees when it comes to the transfer of knowledge. The paper advances theory and informs practice by illustrating the dynamics of knowledge development and transfer in more and less virtual teams.
§ 9:9 Authenticating email, social media, web pages, text messages, instant messaging, electronic signatures

A particularly difficult evidentiary problem facing courts today is the proper standard for the authentication of electronic evidence or social media, such as emails, web pages, text messages, instant messaging and electronic signatures. This article analyzes the court decisions addressing these issues.
Gene Structure and Expression in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer provides a unique model for the study of molecular changes that are associated with tumorigenesis. The cancer evolves as an apparent ordered sequence from a benign to a malignant lesion in histopathological recognizable stages. Since it is relatively easy to isolate tissue representing each of these stages, studies of molecular events associated with tumor progression are feasible. Such studies have shown that multiple changes in gene structure, expression and activity occur during tumorigenesis.
Network Inference and its Application to the Estimation of Crowd Dynamics from IoT Sensors

In this paper, we explore the application of system identification techniques to the inference of a model that characterizes crowd dynamics, inspired by the social force model proposed by Helbing and Molnar. We focus then on sensor observations of pedestrians' actions considering that wearables, smart mobile phones and other IoT devices embedded in the environment give significant insights on their expected mobility patterns. Previous work using IoT sensors to uncover social interactions is not based on mathematical models, while most models used for tracking mobility ignore the strong coupling between the model-agents as well as their surroundings. Our aim is to bridge these approaches, by capturing in the data model the swarming behavior of the network, including social interactions
7-Bromo-1H-indole-2,3-dione

The title compound, C8H4BrNO2, has a single planar mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit with the non-H atoms possessing a mean deviation from planarity of 0.034 A. The mol­ecules dimerize in the solid state through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These dimers are further linked by inter­molecular Br⋯O close contacts of 3.085 (2) A to yield infinite chains along [20-1]. The nine-membered rings of the isatins stack along the a axis, with parallel slipped π–π inter­actions [inter­centroid distance = 3.8320 (7) A, inter­planar distance = 3.341 (2) A and slippage = 1.876 (4) A].
The Best Laid Plans: Postsecondary Educational Expectations and College Enrollment in Massachusetts.

ABSTRACTThis article explores how college expectations in 8th grade change by 10th grade, and if students realize the expectations for a given level of college from 8th and 10th grade, in light of ...
“Partisan Politics Was Making People Angry”: The Rise and Fall of Political Salafism in Kenya

The political fallout from the Arab spring and the growth of Salafism elsewhere have sparked a new debate about the merits of political Salafism. This article retraces the trajectory of political S...
Sulcus vocalis: Results of excision without reconstruction

Objective Sulcus is an epithelial invagination of the membranous vocal fold. Its phonatory effects are usually attributed to fibrosis, thinning, and/or the absence of the superficial lamina propria (SLP). Surgical treatment is typically focused on reconstruction of the SLP. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of excision without SLP reconstruction or replacement. Methods Records of patients who underwent surgical treatment of sulcus vocalis (Ford type 3) by excision without reconstruction were reviewed for demographic and historical information. Pre- and postoperative stroboscopic examinations were evaluated blindly by fellowship-trained laryngologists using a modified Voice-Vibratory Assessment with Laryngeal Imaging assessment. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and postoperative amplitude, mucosal wave, nonvibrating portion, regularity, erythema, and vascularity. Results Examinations of 16 vocal folds in 13 patients (8 females:5 males; mean age = 30 years, range 13 to 48 years) were evaluated by six raters each, yielding 168 sets of observations. Statistically significant improvement was seen in amplitude (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6,14.3), mucosal wave (95% CI 6.1, 17.9), nonvibrating portion (95% CI -19.6, -2.7), erythema (95% CI -19.9, -3.3), and vascularity (95% CI -19.0, -0.75). The parameter of regularity, although improved, did not prove to be significant. Conclusion Excision alone appears to be an adequate and generally successful treatment for sulcus vocalis (Ford type 3). In contrast to established paradigms, restoration of the SLP does not appear to be essential to meaningful clinical improvement. Significant pathologic effects of sulcus vocalis may result from epithelial abnormalities alone. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:2208-2212, 2020.
Racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer treatment utilization and phase-specific costs, 2000-2014.

Background Our study analyzed disparities in utilization and phase-specific costs of care among older colorectal cancer patients in the United States. We also estimated the phase-specific costs by cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and treatment modality. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database to identify patients aged 66 or older diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer between 2000–2013, with follow-up to death or December 31, 2014. We divided the patient’s experience into separate phases of care: staging or surgery, initial, continuing, and terminal. We calculated total, cancer-attributable, and patient-liability costs. We fit logistic regression models to determine predictors of treatment receipt and fit linear regression models to determine relative costs. All costs are reported in 2019 US dollars. Results Our cohort included 90,023 colon cancer patients and 25,581 rectal cancer patients. After controlling for patient and clinical characteristics, Non-Hispanic Blacks were less likely to receive treatment but were more likely to have higher cancer-attributable costs within different phases of care. Overall, in both the colon and rectal cancer cohorts, mean monthly cost estimates were highest in the terminal phase, next highest in the staging phase, decreased in the initial phase, and were lowest in the continuing phase. Conclusions Racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization and costs persist among colorectal cancer patients. Additionally, colorectal cancer costs are substantial and vary widely among stages and treatment modalities. This study provides information regarding cost and treatment disparities that can be used to guide clinical interventions and future resource allocation to reduce colorectal cancer burden.
Dysregulation of CO2-Driven Heart-Rate Chemoreflex Is Related Closely to Impaired CO2 Dynamic Vasomotor Reactivity in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients.

BACKGROUND Significant reduction of dynamic vasomotor reactivity (DVR) was recently reported in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) relative to age-matched controls. These results were obtained via a novel approach that utilizes data-based predictive dynamic models to quantify DVR. OBJECTIVE Using the same methodological approach, we seek to quantify the dynamic effects of the CO2-driven chemoreflex and baroreflex upon heart-rate in order to examine their possible correlation with the observed DVR impairment in each MCI patient. METHODS The employed approach utilizes time-series data to obtain subject-specific predictive input-output models of the dynamic effects of changes in arterial blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 (putative "inputs") upon cerebral blood flow velocity in large cerebral arteries, cortical tissue oxygenation, and heart-rate (putative "outputs"). RESULTS There was significant dysregulation of CO2-driven heart-rate chemoreflex (p = 0.0031), but not of baroreflex (p = 0.5061), in MCI patients relative to age-matched controls. The model-based index of CO2-driven heart-rate chemoreflex gain (CRG) correlated significantly with the DVR index in large cerebral arteries (p = 0.0146), but not with the DVR index in small/micro-cortical vessels (p = 0.1066). This suggests that DVR impairment in small/micro-cortical vessels is not mainly due to CO2-driven heart-rate chemoreflex dysregulation, but to other factors (possibly dysfunction of neurovascular coupling). CONCLUSION Improved delineation between MCI patients and controls is achieved by combining the DVR index for small/micro-cortical vessels with the CRG index (p = 2×10-5). There is significant correlation (p < 0.01) between neuropsychological test scores and model-based DVR indices. Combining neuropsychological scores with DVR indices reduces the composite diagnostic index p-value (p∼10-10).
People Do Not Just Plan,They Plan to Plan

Planning is useful. It lets people take actions that have desirable long-term consequences. But, planning is hard. It requires thinking about consequences, which consumes limited computational and cognitive resources. Thus, people should plan their actions, but they should also be smart about how they deploy resources used for planning their actions. Put another way, people should also “plan their plans”. Here, we formulate this aspect of planning as a meta-reasoning problem and formalize it in terms of a recursive Bellman objective that incorporates both task rewards and information-theoretic planning costs. Our account makes quantitative predictions about how people should plan and meta-plan as a function of the overall structure of a task, which we test in two experiments with human participants. We find that people's reaction times reflect a planned use of information processing, consistent with our account. This formulation of planning to plan provides new insight into the function of hierarchical planning, state abstraction, and cognitive control in both humans and machines.
Risk Factors and Indicators for Commercial Sexual Exploitation/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking of Adolescent Girls in the United States in the Context of School Nursing: An Integrative Review of the Literature

As trusted health care providers in the school setting, school nurses are positioned uniquely to identify children at risk for or victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Nevertheless, many victims go unrecognized and unaided due to inadequate provider education on victim identification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major risk factors for CSEC of girls aged 12-18, the largest group of CSEC victims in the United States. A search of four databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and PubMed) yielded 21 articles with domestic focus, published in English between January 2014 and May 2020. While childhood maltreatment trauma was found most relevant, a variety of other risk factors were identified. Future nursing research is called to address the numerous research gaps identified in this review that are crucial for the development of policies and procedures supporting school nurses in recognizing victims quickly and intervening appropriately.
A Recent History of Benchmark Revisions

On October 8, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) will release employment data for the month of September 2004. In addition to the release of regular monthly employment data, BLS will also release its preliminary estimate of the annual benchmark revision of the payroll survey. This preliminary estimate will help to provide some guidance as to whether or not the payroll survey has accurately reflected employment growth over the 12-month period ending in March 2004.
Experiments on the Control of a Satellite Manipulator

Automation is becoming increasingly important to the exploration and utilization of space. Space-based robotic systems will provide efficient and inexpensive means to work in space. The dynamic control of space robots presents unique challenges, partly due to the robot’s lack of a fixed base.
Tartaric acid metabolism. IV. Crystalline L-malic dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans

Abstract l-Malic dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans has been purified and crystallized. The enzyme requires DPN for the reversible oxidation of l-malate and mesotartrate to oxalacetate and oxaloglycolate, respectively. Equilibrium constants and constants for the general rate equation have been obtained for both reactions. The protein has a molecular weight of 43,000.
Si/SiGe CMOS: can it extend the lifetime of Si?

Modifications to the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of state-of-the art Si CMOS technology are presented. Measured circuit performance of n-type Si/SiGe FETs proves that a factor of 10 in power-delay is possible. Microwave performance of both n- and p-type FETs based on strained Si/SiGe also corroborate the above result. Simulated circuit performance of 0.1 /spl mu/m Si/SiGe CMOS based on the above experimental results is presented and compared to bulk Si CMOS and SOI. Also a process for Schottky source/drain self-aligned T-gate FET is demonstrated.
Direct Sums and Products

For each ring R we have derived several module categories—among these the category R M of left R-modules. This derivation is not entirely reversible for, in general, R M does not characterize R. However, as we shall see in Chapter 6 it does come close. Thus, we can expect to uncover substantial information about R by mining R M. So in this chapter we start to probe more deeply into the structure of the modules themselves. In so far as possible we propose to do this in the context of the category R M for in this way at any subsequent stage we shall be able to apply the general machinery of category theory.
NRG1 is required for glucose repression of the SUC2 and GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background: Glucose repression of transcription in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been shown to be controlled by several factors, including two repressors called Mig1 and Mig2. Past results suggest that other repressors may be involved in glucose repression. Results: By a screen for factors that control transcription of the glucose-repressible SUC2 gene of S. cerevisiae, the NRG1 gene was identified. Analysis of an nrg1∆ mutant has demonstrated that mRNA levels are elevated at both the SUC2 and of the GAL genes of S. cerevisiae when cells are grown under normally glucose-repressing conditions. In addition, genetic interactions have been detected between nrg1∆ and other factors that control SUC2 transcription. Conclusions: The analysis of nrg1∆ demonstrates that Nrg1 plays a role in glucose repression of the SUC2 and GAL genes of S. cerevisiae. Thus, three repressors, Nrg1, Mig1, and Mig2, are involved as the downstream targets of the glucose signaling in S. cerevisiae.
Inhibitory and Restorative Effects of Adenine Nucleotides on Rickettsial Adsorption and Hemolysis

The adenine nucleotides, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, (ATP), and the methylene-bridge analogues are inhibitors of rickettsial adsorption to and the hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Other nucleotides, adenosine monophosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cytosine triphosphate, and guanosine triphosphate, are without effect. Adsorption and hemolysis require the generation of energy by the rickettsiae which is usually derived from glutamate. When the generation of energy from the metabolism of glutamate is inhibited by arsenite or cyanide, the addition of ATP can supply the energy to restore hemolysis. However, in the presence of the uncouplers, ATP can not restore hemolysis. Even when functioning in a restorative role, ATP still has its inhibitory properties. These results suggest that a high-energy intermediate (X ∼ I), rather than ATP itself, is the energy source. The interactions of inhibitory nucleotides suggest that these compounds share a common transport system.
Eminence Rankings of Personality Psychologists as a Reflection of the Field

The eminence of scholars within a given field can reveal which conceptual work and scientific methods in the field are most prized and valued. The authors follow procedures employed in other disciplines to calculate the eminence of personality psychologists for the first time. The top 60 individuals are classified according to rank, years of productivity, and type of research. The authors found two distinct rankings of eminent individuals depending on the type of textbook surveyed and found that the ranking of eminence overlaps clinical psychology more than social psychology. These and other results are used to discuss the nature of personality psychology today.
A combined transient and brief steady-state technique for measuring hemispherical total emissivity of electrical conductors at high temperatures: Application to tantalum

A new method for measuring hemispherical total emissivity of electrically conducting materials at high temperatures (above 1500 K) using a feedback-controlled pulse-heating technique has been developed. The technique is based on rapid resistive self-heating of a solid cylindrical specimen in vacuum up to a preset high temperature in a short time (about 200 ms) and then keeping the specimen at that temperature under steady-state conditions for a brief period (about 500 ms) before switching off the current through the specimen. The specimen is maintained at constant temperature with a feedback control system which controls the current through the specimen. The computer-controlled feedback system operates a solid-state switch (composed of field-effect transistors). The sensing signal for the feedback is provided by a high-speed optical pyrometer. Hemispherical total emissivity is determined at the temperature plateau from the data on current through the specimen, the voltage drop across the middle portion of the specimen, and the specimen temperature using the steady-state heat balance equation based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The true temperature of the specimen is determined from the measured radiance temperature and the normal spectral emissivity: the latter is obtained from laser polarimetric measurements. The experimental quantities are measured and recorded every 0.2 ms with a 12-bit digital oscilloscope. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, experiments were conducted on a tantalum specimen in the temperature range 2000 to 2800 K. The results on hemispherical total emissivity are presented and are compared with the data given in the literature.
Phosphorylation of the hepatic EGF receptor with cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The 170000 dalton hepatic epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine residues. The evidence indicates that distinct protein kinases are involved. Since EGF and agents that elevate cAMP are believed to participate in the regulation of liver regeneration, we tested whether or not the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (catalytic subunit), a known serine kinase, would utilize the EGF receptor as a substrate. The catalytic subunit increased phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in purified rat liver plasma membranes. The serine specificity of the catalytic subunit was established by phosphoamino acid analysis of electrophoretically purified EGF receptor. The result was confirmed by catalytic subunit phosphorylation of affinity purified preparations of the EGF receptor. The rates of dephosphorylation of the membrane-associated EGF receptor phosphorylated on different residues were compared. Dephosphorylation of serine residues (after catalytic subunit phosphorylation) was considerably slower ( t 1 2 > 120 sec ) than the removal of phosphotyrosine after stimulation with EGF ( t 1 2 ).
The Preparation of Substituted Hydroxyphenyl-pyridyl-ethanols and α-Hydroxyphenyl-α-methylpyridineethanols by the Condensation of 2-, 3-, or 4-Picolyllithium with Select Hydroxy-benzaldehydes and 4-Hydroxyacetophenone

Abstract 2-, 3-, or 4-Picolyllithium was prepared in excess lithium diiso-propylamide and condensed with several hydroxy-benzaldehydes and 4-hydroxy-acetophenone to afford substituted hydroxyphenyl-pyridyl-ethanols and α-hydroxyphenyl-α-methylpyridineethanols. In two instances. 3-picolyllithium condensed with aldehydes to presumably form the hydroxyphenyl-pyridyl-ethanol, which underwent linear dehydration to the substituted pyridyl-ethylenyl-phenol.
66 DEVELOPMENT OF A SOFTWARE PROGRAM PROVIDING A DATA BASE AND ENABLING MATHEMATICAL HANDLING AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF GROWTH DATA

A computer software program was developed aimed at three goals; to enable a retrospective or prospective analysis over one or more centers of the data proceeding from the diagnostic work-up and clinical follow-up of children with growth disturbances; 2: to transform the most common growth parameters as a function of the references for age and bone age; 3: to enable graphical representation of raw and transformed growth data. The database enables the storage and retrieval of administrative, clinical and laboratory data. Patients can be grouped into various study groups which all have their own specific data entry screens. In case of growth hormone therapy the weekly dosage per kg body weight and m2 body surface are calculated. The mathematical part expresses height, sitting height and subischial leg length as SDS for age and bone age. Weight is expressed as a percentage of the median for height. From bone age readings height predictions are calculated with the TW-2 and Greulich-Pyle method. Height velocities are calculated between chosen dates of observation and expressed as cm/year, SDS for age or bone age and as the change of height SDS per year. The transformed growth data can be further used in reference to various periods of growth hormone treatment. All raw and transformed growth data can be shown graphically. The software program works on a microcomputer with multicolor screen and a mathematical coprocessor, using dbase III+/Clipper.
Contrasting Sources For Upper and Lower Continental Crust: the Greenstone Connection

ABSTRACT Greenstones may be useful in tracking the role of oceanic plateaus in the growth of continents. Lithologic proportions, Th/Ta ratios, and Ni concentrations in greenstone basalts of all ages show that arc‐related greenstones greatly exceed oceanic plateau and MORB‐related greenstones in abundance. This distribution may be accounted for by the preferential obduction of arcs formed on top of oceanic plateaus during collision of plateaus with continents. Because thick oceanic plateaus resist subduction, a significant volume may be accreted to continental margins during collisions; and over time, these plateaus may evolve into lower continental crust. This idea has important implications for continental development in that the lower continental crust may come chiefly from accreted oceanic plateaus, while upper continental crust forms by subduction‐related processes. Consistent with this model are high seismic wave velocity layers in the lower crust of Proterozoic cratons similar to high‐velocity layer...
Effects of pentobarbital and meperidine on canine cerebral and total oxygen consumption rates.

The individual effects of two premedicant drugs, pentobarbital and meperidine, on both total-body oxygen consumption ( Vo2 ) and cerebral oxygen consumption ( CMRo2 ) rates were studied in dogs during light halothane anaesthesia. Vo2 was measured by means of a modified closed-circuit spirometry apparatus. CMRo2 was calculated from the difference between arterial and sagittal-sinus oxygen content and from the directly measured cerebral blood flow. Pentobarbital decreased Vo2 by 7 per cent and CMRo2 by 10 per cent. Meperidine had no effect on Vo2, but decreased CMR02 by 13 per cent. These findings are discussed in relation to previous reports of the effects of preanaesthetic medication on Vo2 in man and current concepts of the relationship between cerebral metabolism and function.
Reimagining literate programming

In this paper we describe Ginger, a new language with first class support for literate programming. Literate programming is a philosophy that argues computer programs should be written as literature with human readability and understanding of paramount importance. While the intent of literate programming is to make understanding computer programs simpler, most literate programming systems are quite complex and consist of three different languages corresponding to 1) an implementation language, 2) a documentation language, and 3) a literate programming glue language. In Knuth's original implementation these were Pascal, TeX, and WEB respectively. Antithetical to the goals that literate programming espouses, this three language paradigm creates a truly challenging environment for new programmers. In this paper we reimagine literate programming as a core programming language feature and describe a novel system for literate programming based on G-expression transformations. We show that Ginger code can be used to naturally represent code, prose, and literate connections, which in turn unifies, simplifies and significantly extends the literate programming experience.
Interpreting the Significance of Drinking by Alcohol-Dependent Liver Transplant Patients: Fostering Candor Is the Key to Recovery

Abstract Few studies have examined the value of treating alcohol addiction either before or after liver transplantation. Nevertheless, most liver transplant programs and many insurance companies require 6 months to 1 year of abstinence from alcohol as a condition of eligibility for liver transplantation (the 6-month rule). We believe there are potentially harsh clinical consequences to the implementation of this rule. For example, the natural history of alcohol use disorders often involves brief fallbacks to drinking (“slips”), but when alcoholic liver transplant candidates slip, most are removed from consideration for transplantation or are required to accrue another 6 months of sobriety. Because there is no alternative treatment to liver transplantation for most patients with end-stage liver disease, the 6-month rule could be lethal in some circumstances. In this review, we survey the literature concerning the ability of the 6-month rule to predict drinking by alcoholic patients who undergo liver transplantation and examine its impact on the health consequences of drinking before and after liver transplantation. We believe that fostering candor between the alcoholic patient and the transplant team is the key to recovery from alcoholism. We conclude that it is unethical to force alcoholic liver patients who have resumed alcohol use while waiting for or after transplantation to choose between hiding their drinking to remain suitable candidates for transplantation or risk death by asking for treatment of alcoholism. Consequently, we advocate a flexible approach to clinical decision making for the transplant professional caring for an alcoholic patient who has resumed drinking and provide specific guidelines for patient management. (Liver Transpl 2000;6:769-776.)
Sex differences in how heterosexuals think about lesbians and gay men: Evidence from survey context effects

Two experiments were embedded in a 1997 telephone survey of U.S. households to assess possible differences in how heterosexuals think about lesbians versus gay men. In each experiment, one half of the sample first responded to one or more attitude items about lesbians, followed by comparable items about gay men. The other half received the gay male item(s) first. Results are reported separately for White (N = 976) and Black (N = 479) heterosexuals. For White and Black men alike, self‐reported attitudes toward lesbians tended to be more favorable when they were assessed without reference to gay men (i.e., lesbian items presented first). White men's reactions to gay men tended to be less negative when assessed after the questions about lesbians were presented, but Black men's responses did not consistently show this pattern. For some items, women gave more favorable ratings of lesbians and less favorable ratings of gay men when the lesbian items were presented first. The findings suggest possible gender dif...
Buying time for wild animals with zoos

Zoos and aquariums exhibit many rare species, but sustain few for long periods. Demanding genetic, demographic, and behavioral requirements are a part of the sustainability challenge, and historical zoo goals and limiting animal management objectives are another, but they have been overtaken by worldwide wildlife population contraction and endangerment. New policies are essential for zoo continuance and, if vanishing species are to be helped by zoo propagation, they must be given priority. However, zoos have little animal carrying capacity and propagation must be much more sharply focused. In addition, it is becoming urgent that zoos help to support parks and reserves and, where possible, manage some especially endangered species mutually with parks.
On the political use of disgust in Gujarat

In the context of mobilization for Hindu nationalism, processes of stereotyping a familiar other, the neighbourhood Muslim, play a significant role in fomenting experiences that confirm stigmatizations. These experiences concern the figure of the Muslim that arouses a phantasmagoria of fear, disgust and anger. Fear surrounds the ‘Muslim’ as she invokes the possibility of terrorism and calls for heightened security measures. Disgust is the register of a radical identification with a new form of hyperbolic vegetarianism. Anger, however, is what allegedly fuels the violence of the masses. This article investigates enunciations and representations that relate directly to consumption and production of meat in concrete quotidian practices: vegetarianism and rejection of animal sacrifice. It argues that the affect of disgust for meat has become an important cultural relay in the vegetarian politics of the state. By insisting on an identity formulated in the language of non-violence, it simultaneously renders per...
The impact of striping artifacts on compression

Despite tremendous efforts to avoid them, stripes are a re-occurring problem for many remote imaging sensors. Much work has focused on suppressing or eliminating them in order to recover accurate observed radiances. Beyond the obvious need to eliminate stripes to obtain accurate scientific measurements, stripes can also significantly impact the performance of compression algorithms. Many compression algorithms are based on linear representations of image space or assume the data to be relatively smooth. In contrast stripes produce nonlinearities in the data as well as sharp discontinuities which make it seem necessary to describe the images with many parameters. Yet the sources and nature of the stripes are often not well known, they could come from specific irregularities with the sensors. If the a priori construction of the sensor is accounted for, and the stripe statistically modeled, it is possible to transmit the stripe parameters separately along with de-striped images. The de-striped images have image statistics whose assumptions are much closer to those for which standard compression algorithms are optimized. As an example, we show this yields a significant boost in the performance of these algorithms when applied to the de-striped MODIS images.
Use of low-temperature extrusion for reducing phytohemagglutinin activity (PHA) and oligosaccharides in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Navy and Pinto

Abstract Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lectins and oligosaccharides are the anti-nutrients that limit dry bean consumption. The objective of this study was to study the effects of low temperature (85 °C) extrusion and steam-cooking (82 °C) on the fate of lectin, analysed as phytohemagglutinin activity (PHA), and the oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose. Both extrusion processing and steam-cooking significantly ( p ⩽ 0.05) reduced the lectin in bean flour by 85–95% over raw bean flours (control). The stachyose content in extruded navy bean flours was comparable to that in raw and steam-cooked flours while extruded pinto bean flour had significantly lower stachyose content than that found in raw and steam-cooked flour. The raffinose content of both navy and pinto extruded flours, though lower than raw bean flours, was significantly higher than that in steam-cooked flours. The results of this study demonstrated that extrusion processing at relatively lower temperature can be effective in eliminating lectins and reducing oligosaccharides.
Seismic response of torsionally coupled base isolated structures

An analytical study of the seismic response of typical base isolated structures mounted on rubber bearings is presented. Isolated buildings are liable to have closely spaced lower modes of vibration with small eccentricity between centres of mass and rigidity. The isolated structure is modelled as a rigid deck with lumped masses supported on axially inextensible elastomeric rubber bearings. This simplified system has three degrees of freedom (dof), two translations and one rotation in the horizontal plane. The Green's functions for the displacement response of the 3 dof system are derived for both undamped and damped cases with small and large eccentricities. The small eccentricity case is taken from a specific isolated building, while the large eccentricity case arises from the 5 per cent accidental eccentricity which is required by various seismic codes. An interaction equation for normalized displacements is established for an idealized flat velocity spectrum or hyperbolic acceleration spectrum. An isolated building on rubber bearings would have its fundamental period fall into this range of a design spectrum. Numerical results for the specific building subjected to the El Centro earthquake of 1940 are presented. Both the time history and the response spectrum modal superposition analysis were performed. In the response spectrum analysis, the Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) showed superiority over the Square Root of the Sum of Squares (SRSS) in estimating maximum responses. It is concluded that the effect of torsional coupling on the transient response of base isolated structures is insignificant, due to the combined effect of the time lag between the maximum translational and torsional responses and the influence of damping in the isolation system which for elastomeric bearings can be as high as 8 to 10 per cent.