cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of pharmacy manpower and services in West Virginia.

Abstract Background The shortage of pharmacists across the nation has been much publicized and has been identified as one of the reasons for new schools of pharmacy to open or for existing colleges and schools of pharmacy to increase their class sizes. This article represents the assessment of a new school of pharmacy's evaluation of staffing and practice in its geographic area. Objective This survey represents the first data point within the School of Pharmacy assessment plan and will be repeated at several intervals after the program opens to longitudinally evaluate its impact on pharmacy staffing and services within West Virginia. Methods Using a modified Dillman survey methodology a random sample of 548 pharmacists in West Virginia, approximately one-third the active roster, were surveyed regarding staffing and services in West Virginia. Results A response rate of 32.78% was achieved and findings indicated that there is a staffing shortage of pharmacists within West Virginia, that staffing impacts the services pharmacists provide, and that more pharmacists would be willing to offer disease management services if staffing levels were at appropriate levels. Conclusions A shortage of pharmacists does exist in West Virginia and it has implications on patient care. Longitudinal evaluation of the impact of a new pharmacy program will be conducted and the staffing and services within West Virginia should be continued to be studied.
Identification of a high molecular weight trans-membrane protein in mouse L cells

A new method is described here for the identification of “trans-membrane” proteins in cultured animal cells. The method involves labeling proteins exposed on the outer cell surface with 125I by the lactoperoxidase technique ( Phillips & Morrison, 1970 ) and then preparing “inside-out” membrane vesicles from the labeled cells using the polystyrene latex bead procedure ( Wetzel & Korn, 1969 ). These inside-out vesicles are then treated briefly with trypsin and analyzed for the presence of 125I-labeled protein species which were degraded by proteolytic attack. Such proteins must be exposed on both the outer and inner membrane surfaces and, therefore, they must pass through the lipid barrier. This method is then employed to show that a particular high molecular weight polypeptide chain spans the plasma membrane of mouse L cells. The trans-membrane protein identified in this way is similar in its iodinatability and molecular weight to a protein recently found on the surface of normal, but not virus-transformed fibroblasts.
Increased erythrocytic and neutrophilic progenitors in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

Abstract Nucleated blood or bone marrow cells obtained from patients suffering from myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavities of X-irradiated mice. The data obtained from MMM cell culture studies were compared with those obtained from normal or chronic myelocytic leukemia marrow cell cultures. The results indicate that MMM patients have increased numbers of erythrocytic and neutrophilic progenitors in their blood and marrow.
Switches in nutrient and inositol signaling.

Studies of signal transduction networks such as the inositol signaling pathway can provide important insights for our understanding of the regulation of various biological events, including growth and development, disease and stress responses. Recently, we have identified a myo-inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (5PTase13, At1g05630) that hydrolyzes the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and also interacts with the sucrose nonfermenting-1-related kinase (SnRK1.1) in the yeast two hybrid system and in vitro. Plant SnRK1 proteins coordinate nutrient and developmental signals to regulate plant survival under stress, darkness and sugar deprivation conditions. Using mutants defective in 5PTase13, we showed that 5PTase13 can act as a regulator of SnRK1 activity, and that regulation differs with nutrient availability. Specifically, we showed that 5PTase13 acts as a positive regulator of SnRK1 activity by preventing SnRK1.1 from proteasomal degradation in the presence of low nutrients ...
Mast Cell Tryptases and Chymases in Inflammation and Host Defense

Tryptases and chymases are the major proteins stored and secreted by mast cells. The types, amounts and properties of these serine peptidases vary by mast cell subtype, tissue, and mammal of origin. Membrane-anchored γ-tryptases are tryptic, prostasin-like, type I peptidases that remain membrane-attached upon release and act locally. Soluble tryptases, including their close relatives, mastins, form inhibitor-resistant oligomers that act more remotely. Befitting their greater destructive potential, chymases are quickly inhibited after release, although some gain protection by associating with proteoglycans. Most chymase-like enzymes, including mast cell cathepsin G, hydrolyze chymotryptic substrates, an uncommon capability in the proteome. Some rodent chymases, however, have mutations resulting in elastolytic activity. Secreted tryptases and chymases promote inflammation, matrix destruction, and tissue remodeling by several mechanisms, including destroying pro-coagulant, matrix, growth and differentiation factors, and activating proteinase-activated receptors, urokinase, metalloproteinases, and angiotensin. They also modulate immune responses by hydrolyzing chemokines and cytokines. At least one chymase protects mice from intestinal worms. Tryptases and chymases also can oppose inflammation by inactivating allergens and neuropeptides causing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Thus, like mast cells themselves, mast cell serine peptidases play multiple roles in host defense and any accounting of benefit versus harm is necessarily context-specific.
The effect of alternative product-label design on warning compliance

Many potentially hazardous products are packaged in small containers. Because of the limited amount of space available on these containers for warnings and other information, manufacturers often reduce the size and amount of printed material on the labels. This frequently impairs the message's legibility, noticeability and comprehensibility. Recently, several alternative label designs have been investigated using preference ratings, but whether the designs facilitate safer behaviour has not been determined. In the present experiment, two alternative designs (tag and wings) were compared with a conventional (control) design for their effect on behavioural compliance with a warning on a very small container of glue. Participants performed a parts-assembly task using the glue without being informed of the study's real purpose. Whether participants wore protective gloves as directed by the warning was measured. Results showed that the tag design produced significantly greater compliance than the other two designs. Measures of noticing, reading and recall of the warning mirrored the compliance results. While participants generally preferred the control label, they most preferred the tag warning. Overall, the results suggest that alternative designs like the tag can enhance warning communication and compliance in cases where surface area is limited.
Hodgkin's disease in elderly patients (≥60): Clinical outcome and treatment strategies

Abstract Purpose Older age is an adverse prognostic factor for survival for patients with Hodgkin's disease. This study assessed the outcome of elderly patients (≥60 years) with Hodgkin's disease treated with curative intent in an attempt to identify the optimal treatment strategies for this group of patients. Methods and materials Eighty-six patients, 60–93 years old at the time of diagnosis, were treated for Hodgkin's disease with radical intent between 1969 and 1995. All patients underwent radiographic staging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, and 17 patients underwent staging laparotomy. Fifty-two patients had early-stage disease (Stage IA–IIA) and 34 had Stage IIB–IV Hodgkin's disease. The median follow-up time was 75 months (range 24–267) for surviving patients. Results The 10-year actuarial freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) rate for all patients was 62%. The 10-year FFTF rate for patients with Stage IA–IIA and Stage IIB–IV disease was 71% and 49%, respectively ( p = 0.03). Patients with early-stage disease treated with chemoradiotherapy had a lower crude rate of treatment failure (20%) than patients treated with either chemotherapy alone (33%) or radiotherapy alone (46%). However, no statistically significant difference was found between the treatment groups in terms of actuarial FFTF or overall survival. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rate (all causes) for all patients was 48% and 30%, respectively. The 10-year survival rate for patients with Stage IA–IIA and Stage IIB–IV disease was 31% and 26%, respectively ( p = 0.07). On multiple regression analysis, including age, treatment, and stage in the Cox regression model with respect to overall survival, age was a marginally significant factor ( p = 0.08). For FFTF, age was not a significant factor in the model ( p = 0.11). We analyzed the subsequent outcome of patients who developed a first recurrence after initial treatment; the 5-year survival rate was only 20% after recurrence of Hodgkin's disease. Initial treatment was reasonably well tolerated. Conclusion Although more patients died of other causes than Hodgkin's disease, the recurrence of Hodgkin's disease had a significant impact on survival. Thus, we favor the use of chemoradiotherapy in early-stage patients >60 years to minimize the risk of relapse.
Effects of changes in airway pressure on the left ventricle and left atrium of dogs.

The effects of negative and positive airway pressure were examined in eight closed chest, chronically instrumented dogs to determine beat to beat changes in left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt, left ventricular dimensions, left atrial dimensions, and oesophageal pressure. As an index of afterload, systolic transmural pressure was calculated by subtracting oesophageal pressure from left ventricular pressure. With each change in airway pressure left ventricular end systolic minor axis diameter and left ventricular end diastolic minor axis diameter increased significantly. Left atrial end diastolic dimension increased significantly with negative airway pressure and did not change with positive airway pressure. Left ventricular dP/dt and left ventricular fractional shortening did not change. With the Mueller manoeuvre left ventricular systolic pressure decreased significantly from 106.0(4.2) mm Hg to 100.9(4.2) mm Hg and systolic transmural pressure increased significantly from 105.1(4.6) mm Hg to 110.4(4.3) mm Hg. With a transient increase in positive airway pressure of 30 mm Hg (4.0 kPa), left ventricular pressure increased significantly from 106.9(4.8) mm Hg to 113.9(5.9) mm Hg and systolic transmural pressure decreased significantly from 106.6(4.9) mm Hg to 99.8(4.6) mm Hg. The addition of positive end expiratory pressure of 10 cm H2O (0.98 kPa) or autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol did not alter these results. Thus manoeuvres which cause opposite effects on systolic transmural pressure produce similar increases in left heart dimensions, suggesting that increases in pulmonary venous return and not changes in afterload may be the important determinants of left ventricular dimensional changes during changes in airway pressure.
TESTS FOR SYSTEM COMPLEXITY

The number of defects or errors present while a system continues to operate is related to the complexity of a physical system or the organization of a human system. A maximum entropy model of the number of defects in a complex system has a truncated geometric distribution with a parameter that indicates system complexity. Likelihood ratio testing allows comparison of systems on the basis of their complexity, and maximum likelihood estimation can be used to estimate complexity and infer the level of the system at which the complexity is inherently determined. Further testing may determine, the validity of the maximum entropy hypothesis, and, particularly in human systems, it may be argued that ordinary activities are entropy increasing transformations so that the maximum entropy model is a reasonable approximation.
Mosaic Focal Plane For Star Sensors

The advent of charge transfer devices (CTD's) stimulated the development of a new generation of star sensors. The mosaic focal plane is a major componenet of the sensor. This overview describes beneficial characteristics of CTD's for star sensor applications and several mosaic focal plane configurations.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent Developments in Large-Scale Use of Electric Light Traps for Control of Field Crop Insects

The theory, construction, installation, and operation of electric insect traps which are used for experimental insect survey and control applications are described.
Metabolism of Carbaryl by Insecticide-Resistant and -Susceptible Western Corn Rootworm Populations (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract Metabolic and integumental mechanisms of carbaryl resistance were investigated using [ 14 C] carbaryl in three western corn rootworm populations from Nebraska (two resistant and one susceptible). In diagnostic concentration bioassays of carbaryl toxicity, mortality was 94% for the susceptible population, and 63 and 29% for the resistant populations; confirming the presence of resistance as previously characterized. Penetration of carbaryl through the integument of the three populations was not different, suggesting that there are no integumental barriers involved in the resistance. In vivo distribution studies did not identify any notable differences between populations except increased excretion rates in the resistant populations. In vivo metabolism studies identified more substantial increases in the disappearance of carbaryl and in naphthyl acetamide formation for the resistant populations. In vitro microsomal metabolism of carbaryl resulted in increased NADPH-dependent disappearance of carbaryl and in formation of naphthyl acetamide and naphthol for both resistant populations. In vitro metabolism of carbaryl by soluble proteins identified increased naphthol formation (via hydrolysis) in both resistant populations, and increased polar metabolites in the presence of reduced glutathione for one of the resistant populations. Based on their apparent lack of interaction with the parent compound carbaryl, glutathione S -transferases appear to have an exclusive role in conjugation of secondary metabolites. Although qualitative differences are apparent between the two resistant populations studied, results indicate the primary importance of both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases in carbaryl resistance.
Inositol phosphate formation and its relationship to calcium signaling.

The activation of a variety of cell surface receptors results in a biphasic increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration due to the release or mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and t...
Estimating the Timing of Rehabilitation and Replacement of Bridge Elements

The core component of infrastructure management systems is life-cycle costing, typically used to justify the appropriate actions to the infrastructure at the best times during service life. This paper presents the results of a study on the timing of such actions, with emphasis on statemaintained highway bridges in Florida. Using historical cost data of maintenance, repair, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridge elements, the authors present and discuss basic statistical summaries of the age of bridges when the actions were applied. From the concept of age replacement models, an estimate was computed for the optimal ages at which to rehabilitate or replace some bridge elements. Weibull-type distributions were obtained as the best-fitting probability distributions of the time until a failure. "Failure time" is a term borrowed from operations research, where it implies the end of service life of items or systems, but here it means when it is necessary to repair or replace a bridge element. Optimization wa...
Construction of a Haar measure on the projective limit group and random order values of non-atomic games

Abstract This paper constructs an increasing sequence of finite measurable subgroups of Lebesgue measure preserving (l.m.p.) automorphisms of the unit interval, and projective Borel homomorphisms of the subgroups. Then, by superimposing this group structure on the original Daniel-Kolmogorov model of stochastic processes it extends the Daniel-Kolmogorov consistency theorem which enables the construction of a separated measurable projective limit group and its representation as an uncountably large subgroup of l.m.p. automorphisms. Each such automorphism induces a distinct ordering of the players in the unit interval. With respect to this group of random orders, and again using the extended consistency theorem, a formula for the unique random order value operator, proposed by Raut, (Indian Statistical Institute discussion paper no. 8108, 1981) and Raut (Random order approach to Shapley-value of games and Haar measure (mimeo), 1993, University of California-San Diego), is derived for economically important classes of scalar and vector measure valued games in pNA. The formula is seen to be identical to the axiomatic value formual of Aumann and Shapley (values of non-atomic games, 1974, Princeton University Press).
Stimulation of Adrenal Cholesterol Uptake from Plasma by Adrenocorticotrophin

The effect of ACTH on adrenal cholesterol accumulation was examined in the rat. Hypophysectomized rats treated with ACTH demonstrated a greater in vivo uptake by adrenal tissue of 3H-cholesterol from plasma than did hypophysectomized control animals. Treatment with either amino-glutethimide or cycloheximide to inhibit the conversion of cholesterol to steroids increased the observed differences in adrenal 3H-cholesterol uptake between ACTH-treated and control groups. The effects seen could not be accounted for by differences between ACTH-treated and control animals in adrenal mass, in labeled cholesterol retained in the adrenal intravascular space, or in the plasma concentrations of labeled and unlabeled cholesterol perfusing the adrenal; nor was the effect of ACTH a result of the increase in glucocorticoid secretion occurring with ACTH stimulation. Inhibition of new protein synthesis to 1.5% of control values with cycloheximide did not prevent ACTH from causing an increase in adrenal uptake of cholesterol...
Maintaining ecological integrity and sustaining ecosystem function in urban areas

Urbanizing regions increasing challenge the ecosystem's capacity to deliver important ecological services to the human population and support human well-being. Scholars of urban ecology have hypothesized that the patterns of urbanization control ecosystem dynamics through complex interactions and feedback mechanisms linking urban activities and their spatial organization to land cover and environmental change. However, empirical studies of the underlying processes and mechanisms linking urbanization patterns and ecosystem dynamics are still extremely limited. In this paper, I present a framework linking urban patterns to ecosystem functions and discuss a set of hypotheses based on the empirical evidence established in the literature.
An extended multi-zone combustion model for PCI simulation

Novel combustion modes are becoming an important area of research with emission regulations more stringent than ever before, and with fuel economy being assigned greater importance every day. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Premixed Compression Ignition (PCI) modes in particular promise better fuel economy and lower emissions in internal combustion engines. Multi-zone combustion models have been popular in modelling HCCI combustion. In this work, an improved multi-zone model is suggested for PCI combustion modelling. A new zoning scheme is suggested based on incorporating the internal energy of formation into an earlier conventional HCCI multi-zone approach, which considers a two-dimensional reaction space defined by equivalence ratio and temperature. It is shown that the added dimension improves zoning by creating more representative zones, and thus reducing errors compared to the conventional zoning approach, when applied to PCI simulation.
Multilayers for X-Ray Optics: Production by Diode Sputtering and Characterization by Microcleavage Transmission Electron Microscopy

A multilayer with 99 bi-layers and a 2.5 nm period made of carbon and tungsten has been produced as a test sample for a diode sputtering apparatus and process. The process included Microcleavage Transmission Electron Microscopy as a rapid characterization method.
Is denosumab better than alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis

Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), the principal mediator of osteoclastic bone resorption. By binding to RANKL, denosumab reduces the differentiation, activity and survival of osteoclasts, and thereby slows the rate of bone resorption. These antiresorptive effects led to the development of this agent as a treatment for osteoporosis. In studies conducted so far, denosumab is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Oral bisphosphonates are currently favored as first-line therapy for most patients with this condition and, therefore, studies that directly compare the effects of these agents with denosumab are of clinical interest. Here, I discuss a study by Brown et al. that compares the effects of denosumab and alendronate in women who have not previously received antiosteoporosis therapy, and place the findings in the context of other clinically relevant studies of this RANKL inhibitor.
Specific cell types in cat retina express different forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase

We studied the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67, in cat retina by immunocytochemistry. About 10% of GABAergic amacrime cells express only GAD65 and 30% express only GAD67. Rougly 60% contain both forms of the enzyme, but GAD67 is present only at low levels in the majority of these double-labeled amacrine cells. The staining pattern in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) for the two GAD forms was also different. GAD65 was restricted to strata 1–4, and GAD67 was apparent throughout the IPL but was strongest in strata 1 and 5. This indicates that soams, as well as their processes, are differentially stained for the two forms of GAD. Cell types expressing only GAD65 include interplexiform cells, one type of cone bipolar cell, and at least one type of serotonin-accumulating amacrine cell. Cell types expressing only GAD67 include amacrine cells synthesizing dopamine, amacrine cells synthesizing nitric oxide (NO), and amacrine cells accumulating serotonin. Cholinergic amacrine cells express a low level of both GAD forms. Our findings in the retina are consistent with previous observations in the brain that GAD65 expression is greater in terminals than in somas. In addition, in retina most neurons expressing GAD67 also contain a second neurotransmitter as well as GABA, and they tend to be larger than neurons expressing GAD65. We propose that large cells have a greater demand for GABA than small cells, and thus require the constant, relatively unmodulated level of GABA that is provided by GAD67. © 1995 Willy-Liss, Inc.
Feedback reduction in MIMO broadcast channels with LMMSE receivers

In this paper we analyze the performance of random beamforming schemes in a multi-user Gaussian broadcast channel. Each user will have N ≫ 1 receive antennas allowing optimal combining to be performed. To notify the transmitter of its current channel state, each user feeds back their SINR after LMMSE combining. Two feedback schemes are analyzed. The first scheme allows each user to feedback the post-processed SINR for each of the random transmit beams. To analyze this scheme, the distribution of the post-processed SINR is found. The second scheme attempts to limit feedback by allowing each user to feedback only the largest observed post-processed SINR and the index of the associated transmit beam. Using the Frechet bounds, the throughput of the reduce feedback scheme is bounded and shown to have the same asymptotic scaling properties as the first scheme. Empirically, it is observed that as the number of users in the system increases, the reduced feedback scheme approaches the throughput of the scheme without thresholding.
The Timing of Peace Initiatives:Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments

While most studies on peaceful settlement of disputes see the substance of the proposals for a solution as the key to a successful resolution of conflict, a growing focus of attention shows that a second and equally necessary key lies in the timing of efforts for resolution.1 Parties resolve their conflict only when they are ready to do so – when alternative, usually unilateral, means of achieving a satisfactory result are blocked and the parties feel that they are in an uncomfortable and costly predicament. At that ripe moment, they are more likely to grab on to proposals that usually have been in the air for a long time and that appear attractive only now.
Disparate requirements for the Walker A and B ATPase motifs of human RAD51D in homologous recombination

In vertebrates, homologous recombinational repair (HRR) requires RAD51 and five RAD51 paralogs (XRCC2, XRCC3, RAD51B, RAD51C and RAD51D) that all contain conserved Walker A and B ATPase motifs. In human RAD51D we examined the requirement for these motifs in interactions with XRCC2 and RAD51C, and for survival of cells in response to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Ectopic expression of wild-type human RAD51D or mutants having a non-functional A or B motif was used to test for complementation of a rad51d knockout hamster CHO cell line. Although A-motif mutants complement very efficiently, B-motif mutants do not. Consistent with these results, experiments using the yeast two- and three-hybrid systems show that the interactions between RAD51D and its XRCC2 and RAD51C partners also require a functional RAD51D B motif, but not motif A. Similarly, hamster Xrcc2 is unable to bind to the non-complementing human RAD51D B-motif mutants in co-immunoprecipitation assays. We conclude that a functional Walker B motif, but not A motif, is necessary for RAD51D's interactions with other paralogs and for efficient HRR. We present a model in which ATPase sites are formed in a bipartite manner between RAD51D and other RAD51 paralogs.
Histidine-rich protein as a model malaria vaccine

Ducklings were successfully immunized against Plasmodium lophurae with a purified and characterized histidine-rich protein as antigen. The use of adjuvant is not required for this protective effect, and immunity can be passively transferred with serum.
Biogeochemistry of Framvaren, A permanently Anoxic Fjord

Recently (May 28–30, 1986), a workshop was held in Farsund, Norway, to discuss the biogeochemistry of an anoxic fjord called Framvaren. In the last 7 years a group of marine scientists from Norway, Sweden, Canada, and the United States has been studying this fjord. The workshop was held to discuss the recent findings of this international effort. A new expedition is planned in February 1987 (provided that the ice is thick enough) and in June 1988. Marine chemists, microbiologists, or geologists interested in participating in this study should contact Jens Skei (Norwegian Institute of Water Research, PB Box 333, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway), who is coordinating the investigations.
Are Targeted Therapies a Consideration in Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors

I appreciated the very thorough and insightful article, “Targeted therapies in neuroendocrine tumors (NET): Clinical trial challenges and lessons learned” by Yao et al. [1]. Among the challenges not discussed was the treatment of poorly differentiated NETs (PDNETs). The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for NETs recommend following the NCCN guidelines for small cell lung cancer, based largely on reports of the responsiveness to platinum-based therapy when this entity was first described by Hainsworth et al. in 1988 [2, 3]. The close relationship between PDNETs and well or intermediately differentiated NETs is evidenced by the World Health Organization criteria for distinguishing these groups [4] and by recognition by the NCCN that octreotide therapy should be considered in some PDNETs [1]. Catena et al. also demonstrated that these tumors express mammalian target of rapamycin at “similar levels” regardless of “tumor site or proliferation rate” [5]. In fact, the RADIANT-2 study, which included only well and intermediately differentiated NETs, led to the approval of everolimus for pancreatic NETs, perhaps again recognition of this close relationship [6]. A single small phase II study of everolimus use in patients previously treated for small cell lung cancer appears to show no obvious benefit, and the responsiveness to platinum-based chemotherapy for PDNETs might be similar to that of small cell lung cancer, but perhaps these extrapulmonary PDNETs are more closely related to their well and intermediately differentiated relatives. Based on the possible derivation from similar normal cells and the somewhat arbitrary World Health Organization distinction, particularly between intermediate and poorly differentiated NETs, it seems reasonable that future studies of targeted agents in the treatment of NETs should evaluate patients with PDNETs as well.
THE AC/TC BACTERIAL RATIO: A TOOL FOR WATERSHED QUALITY MANAGEMENT

An inexpensive tool for indicating microbial quality in watersheds is presented that utilizes the conventional total coliform test, comparing the relative concentrations of different colonies that form on a membrane filter fed by m-Endo media. These bacterial colonies can be classified into 3 types; typical (TC), atypical (AC), and background. The ratio of the concentrations of AC colonies to those of TC is related to water quality, fecal loadings, and fecal age. The AC/TC ratio relies upon shifts in populations between indigenous and introduced bacteria, with the indigenous bacteria providing a baseline against which the concentrations of the introduced are evaluated. When the AC/TC ratio is low ( 20) and can be related to healthier water quality conditions. Different types of runoff have different AC/TC values with human sewage at the lowest end of the spectrum with a value of 1.5 under normal conditions.
AN EXACT FORMULATION OF BRADFORD'S LAW

An exact, discrete formulation of Bradford's law describing the distribution of articles in journals is derived by showing that Bradford's law is a special case of the Zipf‐Mandelbrot ‘rank frequency’ law. A relatively simple method is presented for fitting the model to empirical data and estimating the number of journals and articles in a subject collection. This method is demonstrated with an example application.
Synaptic Density in the Inner Molecular Layer of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in Alzheimer Disease

We examined the inner molecular layer (IML) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus for possible changes in synaptic density. Material was obtained from 9 individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) and compared to samples obtained from 10 age-matched, postmortem-matched neurologically normal controls, employing standard ultrastructural techniques. Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant decline in synaptic numbers between controls and AD subjects. This decline was accompanied by a significant increase in apposition length and resulted in a significant correlation with the synaptic density. As the number of synapses declined, the apposition length increased. Assessment was also made of the granule cells density and the analyses showed a significant decline in the synapse to granule cell ratio in the AD group. This decline in the density of synaptic contacts in the IML reflects a more widespread decline in plasticity in AD and may be related to the memory problems associated with the disease.
Thiamine requirement in relation to cytokinin in "normal" and "mutant" strains of tobacco callus.

High concentrations of kinetin (400-2,000 μg/l) permit continuous growth of tobacco callus cultures (Nicotiana tabacum, var. Wisconsin No. 38) in the absence of exogenous thiamine. On the optimum concentration (1,000 μg/l) the tissue has been maintained through 21 bimonthly passages without change in vigor or other growth characteristics.The effect of kinetin is general, not "mutagenic", because tissue returned to low-kinetin, thiamine-free medium failed to grow.Kinetin-thiamine interactions in "cytokinin mutant" strains which were grown without cytokinin in light and darkness suggest that the endogenous content of cytokinins may markedly affect the requirement for thiamine and possibly the tissue content of this vitamin and other growth factors.The viability of tissue on low-kinetin media in enhanced by thiamine, but the addition of this vitamin does not eliminate the requirement for a cytokinin.The great divergence in minimum kinetin concentrations required for growth of the tissue in the presence and absence of thiamine indicates that the growth promoting action of cytokinin must be different in the two cases.
Pain as a learned response: a review of behavioral factors in chronic pain

This review of the literature on pain behavior suggests that learning factors may have a critical role in shaping an individual's response to pain. Understanding these pain behaviors becomes especially helpful in diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic pain.
Using particle swarm optimization with a policy optimization approach to stabilize the supply chain

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a new methodology to stabilize systems with complex dynamics like the supply chain. This method is based on the Accumulated Deviations from Equilibrium (ADE). It is most beneficial for controlling system dynamic models characterized by multiple types of delays, many interacting variables, and feedback processes. We employ Particle Swarm Optimization as the optimization approach due to its performance in multi-dimensional space, stochastic properties, and global reach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using a manufacturing-supply-chain case study.
Ether Sensitivity of the Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus

Abstract Current evidence supports the classification of the virus causing dermal sarcoma on walleyes Stizostedion vitreum as a member of the family Retroviridae. One of the characteristics of this group of viruses is the presence of a lipid envelope. In this report we document studies conducted that demonstrate the presence of a lipid envelope on the walleye dermal sarcoma virus.
Ventricular arrhythmias in trials of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUNDAlthough thrombolytic therapy reduces long-term mortality in acute myocardial infarction, many clinicians remain concerned about an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias associated with the use of these agents.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine whether thrombolytic therapy increases the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and whether an increase in arrhythmias could be responsible for the increased mortality seen in the first 24 hours after lytic therapy, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in which the odds of developing in-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients receiving thrombolysis was compared with that of patients receiving placebo. For trials that reported the incidence of VF during the first 6 hours after thrombolysis, the summary odds ratio for developing VF in the thrombolytic group was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 1.6; P = .94). For trials that reported the inci...
EXPANDING MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES WITH PRE‐NEED SERVICES

The general orientation of services marketing literature with regard to consumer or buyer behavior has been with “at‐need” purchases, those purchases made only when current consumption needs are felt. This standard approach has overlooked purchase behavior that has a time lag to consumption. “Pre‐need” services are purchased in anticipation of their future use. The characteristics of “pre‐need” services are identified and a model or framework is developed for integrating the pre‐need dimension with the marketing mix variables. The model leads to important managerial and research implications in the pre‐need marketing of services.
Teachers matter: Measures of teacher effectiveness in low-income minority schools

Teachers make a difference in student academic growth. Students from low-income, minority communities attend schools with less resources and less qualified teachers than students in wealthier communities. The Race to the Top (RTTT) policy by the U.S. Department of Education has attempted to address the achievement gap based on SES and the disparity in the quality of teachers between communities. The policy stipulates that teacher effectiveness be determined, in significant part, by student growth measures and supplemented with multiple observation-based assessments. The emphasis placed on student outcomes to indicate teacher effects has served to link teacher evaluations with teacher effectiveness. This review article examines the reported benefits and critical responses to the use of a prominent student growth measure, the Education Value-Added Assessment System (EVAAS), in terms of its implementation as an evaluation tool of teacher effectiveness in low-income, minority schools. Models of observational teacher evaluations, taking into consideration common attributes of effective teachers in low-income schools, are presented as supplemental measures to provide more in-depth information to interpret value-added analyses and to minimize possible misinterpretation of student growth data or the misclassification of teachers’ effectiveness for teachers in low-income schools. Information obtained from a combination of evaluation measures can be used to identify both effective and ineffective teachers, to target areas in need of improvement to increase teacher effectiveness, and to make decisions concerning the equitable distribution of effective teachers, especially for students who are most in need.
History, the White House and the Kremlin : statesmen as historians

United States policy and the Palestine problem - historical dimensions and the creation of an "alternative narrative", Rashid Khalidi the boundaries of rational calculation in Soviet policy towards Japan, Jonathan Haslam the Cuban missile crisis 25 years later - the learning continues, Dwain Mefford the Soviet General Staff - an institution's history of response to changes in its environment, Condoleeza Rice British and American hegemony compared - lessons for the current era of decline, David Lake being a borrower - the re-emergence of the United States as a debtor nation, Diane Kunz the United States and inter-war money and finance - lessons for Japan's future from America's past, Jeffrey Frieden the politics of empire - a theory with an application to the Soviet case, Jack Snyder the power of historical analogies - Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe and US interventions in Central america, Dwain Mefford learning and reasoning by analogy, Alex Hybel conclusion, Alan Henrikson.
Learning Models in Dynamic Manufacturing

In a dynamic environment, continuous update of the operational knowledge is neces sary. A computer learning technology is needed to capture and update that knowledge. When the relevant knowledge of the production process and equipment is available and remains relatively stable, the expert system technology can be applied to develop an intelligent support system for monitoring, diagnosis, and recovery processes. However, many existent learning algorithms are in applicable to this case because of their slow learning rates. To improve the performance, appropriate incorporation of a human expert is required. This paper proposes such a computer learning model and describes how an expert should play the role in assisting the computer. Simulation studies using data from an actual paper making factory are carried out to compare performances of two learning strategies employing different levels of the expert's assistance.
Evaluation of embolic protection devices for fat emboli prevention.

Background Patients with acutely treated femoral shaft fractures with reamed intramedullary nailing are at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to liberation of bone marrow fat particles that travel to the lung and cause damage to the parenchyma. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate: (1) the ability of clinically applicable embolic protection devices to capture such particles; (2) how such a device affects cardiopulmonary function after reamed intramedullary nailing; and (3) evaluation of lung pathology to determine whether filtration affects pulmonary embolic load. Methods A total of 12 canines were anesthetized, and hemodynamic monitoring was established. Carotid embolic protection devices were introduced into the iliac vein, and ipsilateral intramedullary reaming and nailing was performed. Cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded at timed intervals up to 60 minutes after the procedure. The control group (n = 4) was compared with groups treated with Accunet (n = 4) and Spider (n = 4) filters. A blinded histopathological review was performed on lung specimens to determine the average number of emboli per section and to measure the area (mm 2 ) of embolic load by digital image analysis. Results Gross inspection of the embolic protection devices showed the presence of bone marrow debris. A significant change was observed in pH levels (control = −0.052, filters = +0.005; P P =.01 and .0004, respectively). Pulmonary measurements for pO 2 and oxygen saturation were analogous to the serum parameters with decreases in the control group in comparison with the filter groups. The mean numbers of emboli and area measurements of embolic load were significantly reduced in the filter group (all P Conclusions Embolic protection devices were effective in capturing embolic debris from reamed intramedullary nailing of lower extremity long bones and demonstrated a protective effect on pulmonary function and significantly decreased the number and size of emboli in the lung. Based on these findings, patients with long bone fractures at risk for pulmonary complications and acute respiratory distress syndrome could benefit from the placement of embolic protection devices prior to intramedullary fixation. While this study utilized filtration devices designed for carotid embolic protection, further study is warranted to determine optimal filter design in this setting.
Identification of Stocked Muskellunge and Potential for Distinguishing Hatchery-Origin and Wild Fish Using Pelvic Fin Ray Microchemistry

The effectiveness of pelvic fin ray microchemistry of muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, to identify stocked individuals along with the potential to identify naturally reproduced fish were evaluated. Fish and water samples were obtained from one hatchery and seven lakes with natural differences in water Sr:Ca to determine whether location-specific environmental signatures were recorded in sectioned muskellunge pelvic fin rays, including fish of known environmental history. Water and fin ray Sr:Ca were strongly correlated. Six lakes in Illinois possessed Sr:Ca signatures that were distinct from the hatchery where muskellunge were raised, resulting in pronounced shifts in Sr:Ca across sectioned fin rays of stocked fish. Hatchery and lake-specific Sr:Ca signatures were stable across years. Sixteen of 19 individual fish known to have been stocked based on PIT tags implanted at stocking were correctly identified as hatchery-origin fish using fin ray core Sr:Ca. Results also indicated that the hatchery Sr:Ca signal can be retained for at least 7 years in fin rays of stocked fish. Fin ray microchemistry is a non-lethal approach for determining environmental history of muskellunge that could be used to assess movement patterns in lake and river systems and the degree to which muskellunge populations are supported by natural reproduction and stocking.
Pluton emplacement by sheeting and vertical ballooning in part of the southeast Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia

Batholiths of the Coast Plutonic Complex, in the area of Harrison Lake, British Columbia, are interpreted to have formed by horizontal sheeting and vertical inflation. Zoned ovoid batholiths exhibit sheeted margins as thick as 3 km. Shallow floors are indicated by moderately to gently inward dipping magmatic foliations, the observed trace of floor contacts across topography, and a published deep seismic reflection transect. Mineralogic aureoles under the floors preserve a paragenetic record of increasing pressure during aureole crystallization. Initial pressures of
Infrared Fourier spectrometer for laboratory use and for astronomical studies from aircraft and ground-based telescopes

A portable, versatile, IR Fourier spectrometer is described that provides 0.5 per cm spectral resolution in the 0.87-5.6-micron region. This spectrometer is employed in a varied program of astronomical observations from ground-based telescopes and from the NASA 91.5-cm airborne IR telescope. A number of spectral results are presented to illustrate the performance of this spectrometer in astronomical applications.
Model tests on unsteady rotor wake effects.

A qualitative model of unsteady asymmetric wake effects is considered, taking into account a progressing blade flapping mode in which each blade flaps in a rotating frame of reference. The rotor model used for the tests is two bladed. The experimental data are compared with an analytical flapping response. It is found that the steady wake effects are largest at zero advance ratio and low collective pitch. The effects remain significant at higher advance ratios and collective pitch settings.
Prevalence Estimates for Latent Neurodegenerative Disease

Diseases that commonly cause dementia in the general population are Alzheimer’s disease, microvascular brain injury, and Lewy body disease. Each of these is a chronic disease with latent, prodromal, and dementia stages. Here I present outcomes from validated neuropathologic assessments and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to estimate the prevalence of the latent stage of diseases that commonly contribute to the dementia syndrome. The latent stage of diseases that commonly cause dementia is highly prevalent in the adult population, highlighting the need for prevention strategies and longitudinal studies.