cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of reactive nano-Fe/Pd bimetallic system-impregnated activated carbon for the simultaneous adsorption and dechlorination of PCBs

Synthesis and use of reactive metal particles have shown significant environmental implications for the remediation of groundwater and sediment contaminated with chlorinated compounds. Herein, we have developed an effective strategy, employing a series of innovative granular activated carbon (GAC) composites incorporated with iron/palladium (Fe/Pd) bimetallic nanoparticles. The physical adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to GAC and their electrochemical dechlorination by Fe/Pd bimetal on the GAC could be simultaneously achieved. The novel synthesis approaches and targets to achieve in this study are (i) introduction of mesoporous GAC for Fe/Pd bimetal placement, (ii) in situ formation and incorporation of Fe particles in the GAC pores, (iii) modification of Fe surface with a discontinuous layer of noble metal Pd, and (iv) nanoscaling of Fe and Pd particles. Fe was imbedded in 7−40 nm mesoporous GAC via an incipient wetness impregnation method employing Fe(NO3)3. Heat-treated GAC/Fe (as Fe2O3) ...
Simultaneous and extensive site-specific N- and O-glycosylation analysis in protein mixtures.

Extensive site-specific glycosylation analysis of individual glycoproteins is difficult due to the nature and complexity of glycosylation in proteins. In protein mixtures, these analyses are even more difficult. We present an approach combining nonspecific protease digestion, nanoflow liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) aimed at comprehensive site-specific glycosylation analysis in protein mixtures. The strategy described herein involves the analysis of a complex mixture of glycopeptides generated from immobilized-Pronase digestion of a cocktail of glycoproteins consisting of bovine lactoferrin, kappa casein, and bovine fetuin using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano-LC–Q-TOF MS). The resulting glycopeptides were chromatographically separated on a micro fluidic chip packed with porous graphitized carbon and analyzed via MS and MS/MS analyses. In all, 233 glycopeptides (identified based on composition and including isomers) ...
SU-E-T-134: Angular Dependence of the NanoDot Dosimeter

Purpose: Optically stimulated luminescencedetectors (OSLDs) are quickly gaining popularity as passive dosimeters, with applications in medicine for linac output calibration verification, brachytherapy source verification, treatment plan quality assurance, and clinical dose measurements. With such wide applications, these dosimeters must be characterized for numerous factors affecting their response. The purpose of this study was to examine the angular dependence of the nanoDotOSLdosimeter, which is part of the InLight series from Landauer, Inc. Methods: Relative dosimeter response data were taken at several angles in 6 and 18 MV photon beams, as well as in clinical proton beams. These measurements were done within a phantom at a depth beyond the build‐up region. Measurements were conducted over several sessions to provide confidence in the data. To examine the reasons for the observed angular dependence Monte Carlo simulations were performed with MCNPX. Results: In photon beams, the nanoDot had an angular dependence of 4% at 6 MV and 3% at 18 MV respectively, at angles where the dosimeter was parallel to the beam. Monte Carlo simulations at 6 MV showed similar results to the experimental values. In proton beams, no angular dependence was found. Conclusions: A significant angular response of this OSLD was observed in photon beams. This factor must be accounted for when evaluating doses from photon beams impinging from non‐normal directions.
The Middle Persian Inscription at Sar Mashhad

In 1924 Herzfeld discovered the largest (in size) Middle Persian inscription extant, near the village of Sar Mashhad in the province of Fārs. It was never published, and in the summer of 1948 when in Iran I made a trip to the site. The literary remains of Herzfeld, with which I had been occupied, gave scant detail about the location and condition of the inscription, but with the aid of local people, especially Muhammad Hani of the village of Balādeh, I was able to find and copy the inscription.
Detecting important categorical land changes while accounting for persistence

The cross-tabulation matrix is a fundamental starting point in the analysis of land change, but many scientists fail to analyze the matrix according to its various components and thus fail to gain as much insight as possible concerning the potential processes that determine a pattern of land change. This paper examines the cross-tabulation matrix to assess the total change of land categories according to two pairs of components: net change and swap, as well as gross gains and gross losses. Analysis of these components can distinguish between a clearly systematic landscape transition and a seemingly random landscape transition. Multiple resolution analysis provides additional information concerning the distances over which land change occurs. An example of change among four land categories in central Massachusetts illustrates the methods. These methods enable scientists to focus on the strongest signals of systematic landscape transitions, which is necessary ultimately to link pattern to process.
Studies using an airborne laser altimeter to measure landscape properties

Abstract Vertical surface properties of the landscape were measured using a laser altimeter mounted in a small twin-engine aeroplane. The laser altimeter makes 4000 measurements per second with a vertical recording precision of 0.05 m for a single measurement. These airborne laser measurements were analysed to provide information on topography, vegetation canopy and stream and gully cross-sections. Laser altimeter data were used to measure small (less than 0.20 m deep) and large gullies and stream cross-sections. Vegetation canopy heights, cover, structure and distribution were determined in studies in Texas and Arizona. Laser measurements of vegetation cover and height were significantly correlated with ground measurements made with line-intercept methods. While conventional ground-based techniques may be used to make all these measurements, airborne laser altimeter techniques allow the data to be collected in a quick and efficient way over large and inaccessible areas. The airborne laser altimeter data ...
Decomposition of EMG patterns as combinations of time-varying muscle synergies

A key issue in the study of the neural control of movement is understanding how the CNS coordinates the large number degrees of freedom of the musculoskeletal system to achieve a variety of behavioral goals. The organization of muscle synergies, i.e. groups of muscles controlled as units, might simplify this problem by reducing the dimensionality of the control space. We propose a model for the generation of muscle patterns as linear combinations of synergies with a specific spatiotemporal structure. We introduce an algorithm to extract multiple instances of time-varying muscle synergies from EMG patterns of arbitrary length. Simulation shows that the algorithm is capable of recovering a set of synergies from the data constructed by their combinations. We use this algorithm to decompose the EMG patterns recorded during swimming in an intact, unrestrained frog as combinations of three synergies. The recruitment of different synergies over time and episodes appears to capture the characteristic of the corresponding behavior. These results suggest that this approach can provide new insight into the mechanism of biological motor control.
The utilization of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., for hydrilla control in Lake Baldwin, Florida*

Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, >300 mm t.l. were stocked in Lake Baldwin, Florida during 1978 (24 fish ha−1) to evaluate their effectiveness for hydrilla control. Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata, was nearly eradicated from Lake Baldwin 2 years after stocking. Control was effective with 130 kg grass carp ha−1 of hydrilla and control was definite when biomass exceeded 185 kg ha−1 of hydrilla. Grass carp growth was rapid during the first two years as fish reached 9.17 kg by June 1980. Grass carp >6 kg consumed 25–28% of their body weight of hydrilla per day. The use of grass carp for vegetation management is discussed.
Age-related differences in learning disabled and skilled readers’ working memory

Abstract This study determines whether age-related deficits in learning disabled (LD) readers’ working memory performance reflect delays in retrieval efficiency and/or storage capacity. The study compared LD and skilled readers’ working memory performance (N=226) across four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 20) for phonological, visual-spatial, and semantic information under initial (non-cued), gain (cues that bring performance to an asymptotic level), and maintenance conditions (asymptotic conditions without cues). The important results were that LD readers’ working memory performance was inferior to skilled readers on verbal and visual-spatial working memory tasks across all age groups and these differences increased on gain and maintenance conditions when compared to initial conditions. These reading group differences remained when age, reading, and mathematics were partialed from the analysis. The results support a general capacity explanation of reading group differences that is not totally dependent on reading skill. These differences in capacity reflect demands placed on both the accessing of new information and the maintenance of old information that extend beyond the phonological system.
Protoplasmic Organization of Hyphal Tips Among Fungi: Vesicles and Spitzenkörper

Hyphal tips of fungi representing Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with respect to their protoplasmic organization. In all fungi studied, there is a zone at the hyphal apex which is rich in cytoplasmic vesicles but nearly devoid of other cell components. Some vesicle profiles are continuous with the plasma membrane at the apices of these tip-growing cells. The subapical zones of hyphae contain an endomembrane system which includes smooth-surfaced cisternae associated with small clusters of vesicles. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that vesicles produced by the endomembrane system in the subapical region become concentrated in the apex where they are incorporated at the expanding surface. Septate fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes) have an apical body (Spitzenkorper) which is associated with growing hyphal tips. In electron micrographs of these fungi, an additional specialized region within the accumulation of apical vesicles is shown for the first time. This region corresponds on the bases of distribution among fungi, location in hyphae, size, shape and boundary characteristics to the Spitzenkorper seen by light microscopy. This structure is not universally associated with tip growth, whereas apical vesicles are widespread among tip-growing systems.
A 2-D Composite Medium Exhibiting Broadband Negative Permittivity and Permeability

In this paper, a 2-D composite medium that exhibits simultaneously negative values of permittivity and permeability over a broad frequency range is proposed. The broadband negative permeability is achieved by interconnecting split-ring resonators (capacitively loaded metallic rings) while the broadband negative permittivity is achieved in a standard manner using inductive wires. The composite medium exhibits a negative refractive index (NRI) for S-polarized (TE) waves. Its dispersion characteristics, obtained through fullwave analysis, show that the refractive index of the medium remains negative over a 60% bandwidth (from 1.64 GHz to 3.05 GHz).
The Utah High School Computing Institute

Professor Cohen created the High School Institute over seven years ago with the goal of bringing students from outlying and mostly rural areas of Utah in contact with computer technologies integral to the future of design and manufacturing. 40-50 students a year spend five intensive weeks during the summer on campus at the University of Utah completing projects in computer aided design, artificial intelligence, and scientific visualization. The students also attend a special seminar on ethics and technology. Participants return throughout the year for additional activities, including a workshop on morphing. This paper discusses the cultural and logistical challenges of teaching high school students from many areas of the state of Utah, shows examples of student work, and outlines the process of refining the summer and year long lectures and activities.
Assessment of the effects of teaching germ theory on changes in hygiene behaviors, cleanliness, and diarrheal incidence in rural bangladesh

Germ theory was taught as part of a hygiene intervention in five villages in Bangladesh in which 87 percent of mothers were illiterate. Volunteer mothers taught other community mothers interactively in small groups using demonstration and teaching aids developed by a community working group. At final measurement 91 percent of mothers could explain five simple messages defining germ theory. Using germ theory in groups they identified forty high risk day-to-day practices and modified them to reduce diarrheal transmission. They adopted these new hygiene practices at rates ranging from 65 percent to 100 percent. Regression analysis suggests that understanding of germ theory was an important determinant of hygiene practices, cleanliness, and reduction in diarrheal incidence. Understanding of germ theory appeared to reduce diarrheal incidence not only through the interventions designed by the project but also changing perceptions of risk in the environment which led to spontaneous improvement in hygiene behaviors. We believe that accurate understanding of causes, transmission, and prevention of disease can 1) empower community and individual actions; and 2) contribute significantly to the impact of hygiene interventions. Therefore, it may be imperative to integrate teaching germ theory into community health education.
Preparing Students for Educated Living: Virtues of Problem-Based Learning Across the Higher Education Curriculum

The author argues that professors must engage students in problem-solving activities across all disciplines. To ignore students' problem-solving skills is to undermine the possibility of creating “educated individuals” through higher education.
Observations and Cure of Head-Tail Effect in the Argonne Rapid Cycling Synchrotron

Radial head-tail effects have been observed in the 500-MeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). The threshold intensity of accelerated beam to induce the instability was 4 × 1011 protons/pulse, and the mode numbers observed were m = 1 and m = 2. Detailed study showed that the radial chromaticity of the lattice at this particular time in the acceleration cycle was positive. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for a machine operating below the transition ?. In order to prevent the onset of this instability, a set of programmable sextupole magnets has been introduced that can be programmed to vary the chromaticity at any point during the acceleration period. With these sextupoles, the machine intensity has passed 2 × 1012 protons/pulse.
Digitally Driven Antenna for HF Transmission

An electrically small antenna connected directly to a complementary pair of switching transistors is driven with a pulsewidth modulated HF signal, eliminating the requirement for a frequency-dependent impedance-matching network. The intrinsic reactance of the transmit and receive antennas acts as a filter to recover the HF signal from the digital pulse train. This is defined here as the digitally driven antenna architecture. A circuit simulator with broadband equivalent-circuit models for the transmit and receive antennas is used to predict the received signal in the time domain, and the expected received spectrum is calculated using Maxwell's equations and the fast Fourier transform. The simulated circuit is realized using a highly capacitive electrically small dipole antenna driven at 1 MHz with a 10-MHz reference signal on the pulsewidth modulator as the transmitter and a highly inductive 470- μH ferrite-loaded loop as the receive antenna. The 1-MHz signal is clearly evident in the time-domain received signal on an oscilloscope, and also in the received spectrum, as observed on a spectrum analyzer. This demonstrates that indeed it may be possible to produce efficient radiation across a wide bandwidth from an electrically small antenna by driving the antenna directly with a digital pulse train.
Chronic passive exposure to aggression escalates aggressiveness of rat observers

Previous studies have documented that exposure to aggression increases aggressiveness of human witnesses. However, the question of whether passive exposure to aggression can exclusively cause a risk of aggressive inclination for observers through a learning process, rather than mimicry effect, has not been readily addressed in the clinical literature. This study aimed to investigate this question by using a simple animal model to test the behavioral effect of chronic passive exposure to aggression. Our results indicate that observer rats that had been passively exposed to aggression for 10 min per day for 23 consecutive days exhibited more aggressive behavior than controls or those groups undergoing a single exposure to passive aggression. Furthermore, aggression levels in the group of 23-day chronic exposure to aggression lasted 16 days after the recovery from exposure to aggression. These data suggest that the development of aggression in this model occurred through a learning process because only chronic exposure to aggression resulted in this behavioral outcome in the long run. Aggr. Behav. 36:54–66, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ROSAT Observations of a New X-ray Transient in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We describe ROSAT observations of a new X-ray transient and its probable optical companion in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The transient, designated RX J0117.6-7330, appeared at a position approximately 5 min southeast of the X-ray pulsar, SMC X-1, in 1992 October 1-2 PSPC observations centered on the pulsar. It was detected again in a similar observation 246 days later at a counting rate diminished by a factor of 270, which corresponds to an average epsilon-folding decay time of 44 days. No periodic pulsations have been detected. The average 1992 flux level would be produced by a source radiating isotropically with a luminosity of 1.6 X 10(exp 37)(D/50 kpc)(exp 2) ergs/s in the energy range 0.2-2.5 keV. The 5 sec radius positional error circle includes the probable optical counterpart in the form of a magnitude V = 14.2 star with the spectral characteristics of type Be.
Imaging P-to-S conversions with broad-band seismic arrays using multichannel time-domain deconvolution

SUMMARY This paper describes a series of innovations in the problem of deconvolving forward scattered P-to-S conversions. We introduce a theoretical foundation for a recently developed multichannel stacking technique and show that this process is equivalent to a spatial convolution of the incident wavefield with the discretely sampled set of station locations. We then show that deconvolution of the stacked data is a form of multichannel deconvolution with a spatially variable set of weights equal to those used in stacking. This result is independent of the particular deconvolution method that is used. A second innovation focuses on the design of deconvolution operators that correctly account for the loss of high frequency components of P-to-S conversions caused by differential attenuation of P and S waves. We describe two complimentary methods to implement this: (1) through the use of a regularization operator that penalizes high frequencies and increases with P-to-S lag time, or (2) through the use of a quelling operator. For the latter, we introduce the use of a t* operator that is applied to the deconvolution matrix operator. The t* operator progressively filters the vertical component seismogram with increasing P-to-S lag time and is based on an earth model of body wave attenuation. Both techniques produce progressively smoother solutions for increasing P-to-S lag times. The quelling approach has two advantages: (1) it is based on the physical principle that this solution is designed to address, and (2) it provides a unified inversion framework for the combination of stacking and deconvolution. This combination may be interpreted as a three-dimensional quelling (smoothing) operator that is applied to the full wavefield to stabilize the inversion. Application of this procedure to synthetic data shows that while the addition of a time dependent component to the deconvolution tends to decrease the frequency content of the solution, the amplitude of background ringing is reduced and the input model is reliably recovered. Further tests with data from the Lodore broad-band array in Colorado and Wyoming show significant improvement over conventional time domain methods. We image lateral variations in Moho continuity and reflectivity across the array, with significant improvement in resolution in the first 10 seconds of data.
Green‐lighting green fluorescent protein: Faster and more efficient folding by eliminating a cis–trans peptide isomerization event

Wild-type green fluorescent protein (GFP) folds on a time scale of minutes. The slow step in folding is a cis-trans peptide bond isomerization. The only conserved cis-peptide bond in the native GFP structure, at P89, was remodeled by the insertion of two residues, followed by iterative energy minimization and side chain design. The engineered GFP was synthesized and found to fold faster and more efficiently than its template protein, recovering 50% more of its fluorescence upon refolding. The slow phase of folding is faster and smaller in amplitude, and hysteresis in refolding has been eliminated. The elimination of a previously reported kinetically trapped state in refolding suggests that X-P89 is trans in the trapped state. A 2.55 A resolution crystal structure revealed that the new variant contains only trans-peptide bonds, as designed. This is the first instance of a computationally remodeled fluorescent protein that folds faster and more efficiently than wild type.
Cumulus expansion, chromatin configuration and meiotic competence in horse oocytes: A new hypothesis

When recovered from the follicle, horse oocytes may be categorised as having either a compact or an expanded cumulus. Cumulus expansion is strongly associated with follicle atresia. Oocytes with expanded and compact cumuli have similar proportions in the germinal vesicle stage when recovered from the follicle. However, during in vitro culture, a higher proportion of oocytes with expanded cumuli mature, and they do so more quickly, than do oocytes with compact cumuli. Using Hoechst 33258 to label chromatin, in the germinal-vesicle stage horse oocytes can be divided into those in which the nucleus fluoresces diffusely (FN), and those in which the chromatin is condensed as a mass within the germinal vesicle (condensed chromatin; CC). The CC configuration is more common in oocytes with expanded rather than compact cumuli. The occurrence of the condensed chromatin configuration in oocytes with compact cumuli rises with increasing follicle size to the point that, in follicles >20 mm diameter, almost 80% of oocytes with compact cumuli have condensed chromatin. This suggests that the chromatin of fully grown oocytes condenses prior to the gonadotrophin stimulation that induces ovulation. The number of oocytes maturing in vitro correlates strongly with the presence of the condensed chromatin configuration at the beginning of culture for both cumulus types. This suggests that the condensed chromatin configuration represents the meiotically competent oocyte. In contrast, FN oocytes appear to be meiotically incompetent, although 61% of oocytes from small, apparently viable follicles, have the FN configuration. This leads to the hypothesis that the FN configuration represents viable germinal vesicle stage oocytes that have yet to acquire meiotic competence. As oocytes achieve meiotic competence, the chromatin appears to condense to the CC configuration. This change occurs during growth of the preovulatory follicle but it can also occur during follicular atresia. Information about the inherent meiotic competence of different populations of oocytes will assist in the selection of oocytes for experiments involving in vitro maturation and fertilisation in equids.
Causality trick and the analytical signal formulation of the time domain periodic Green's function

The formulation presented in this paper starts with the transient Weyl's identity to decompose the analytic elemental Green's function into a series of transient analytic plane waves. Then the periodic Green's function can be represented as a series of analytic Floquet modes using the Poisson summation formulae. Every single Floquet mode can be expressed as a singular integral, and it can be expressed as a Bessel function by deforming the path of integration. The analytic periodic Green's function is obtained by summing all the Floquet modes together, and the physically observable signal can be obtained by taking the real part of the corresponding analytic signal.
A clear example using multiples to enhance and improve imaging: Comparison of two imaging conditions relevant to this analysis

Abstract A one-dimensional (1D) prestack example is used to examine the use of multiples to obtain an approximate image of an unrecorded primary by using the space-and-time coincidence of upgoing and downgoing waves (Claerbout's imaging condition II). The result shows that the image of an unrecorded primary (extracted from a recorded multiple) can be used to augment and enhance subsurface imaging from recorded primaries when there is inadequate or insufficient acquisition of primaries. Imaging results are examined and analyzed from two different and classic imaging conditions: (1) the predicted coincident-source-and-receiver experiment at depth, at time equals zero (Claerbout's imaging condition III), and (2) Claerbout's imaging condition II. The result of that comparison represents the advantages of Claerbout's imaging condition III over Claerbout's imaging condition II in terms of image definitiveness and amplitude analysis. However, an adaptation that is motivated and inspired by Claerbout's imaging co...
A phase II trial of denileukin diftitox to treat refractory advanced-stage ovarian cancer

2506 Background: Denileukin diftitox is a fusion toxin consisting of interleukin-2 genetically fused to diphtheria toxin. It is approved to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Our recent Phase I trial...
Fabrication of Nanoscale Hydrophobic Regions on Anodic Alumina for Selective Adhesion of Biologic Molecules

Studies of selective adhesion of biological molecules provide a path for understanding fundamental cellular properties. A useful technique is to use patterned substrates, where the pattern of interest has the same length scale as the molecular bonding sites of a cell, in the tens of nanometer range. We employ electrochemical methods to grow anodic alumina, which has a naturally ordered pore structure (interpore spacing of 40 to 400 nm) controlled by the anodization potential. We have also developed methods to selectively fill the alumina pores with materials with contrasting properties. Gold, for example, is electrochemically plated into the pores, and the excess material is removed by backsputter etching. The result is a patterned surface with closely separated islands of Au, surrounded by hydrophilic alumina. The pore spacing, which is determined by fabrication parameters, is hypothesized to have a direct effect on the spatial density of adhesion sites. By attaching adhesive molecules to the Au islands, we are able to observe and study cell rolling and adhesion phenomena. Through the measurements it is possible to estimate the length scale of receptor clusters on the cell surface. This information is useful in understanding mechanisms of leukocytes adhesion to endothelial cells as well as the effect of adhesion molecules adaptation on transmission of extracellular forces. The method also has applications in tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, cell signaling and biocompatibility design.
The Differential Effects of Parental Involvement on High School Completion and Postsecondary Attendance.

Previous studies have shown the impact of parental involvement on a number of student achievement, motivation, and engagement outcomes, but the extent to which parental involvement influences high school completion and postsecondary attendance has received less attention in the literature. Filling that gap, this study replicates and extends previous research (Fan & Williams, 2010) by examining the influence of various dimensions of parental involvement on high school completion and postsecondary attendance (with particular interest in dropouts who later earned GEDs and went on to college). Results show that parents’ educational expectations for their children play a significant role in whether students from all backgrounds persist toward completion of high school and whether they attend a postsecondary institution. This study also finds parent participation in school functions to be a significant positive predictor of both high school completion and postsecondary enrollment, while communication between parent and school about children’s school problems is negatively associated with both outcomes. The implications for expanding developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive policies for family and school engagement are discussed.
Foreign student emigration to the United States: Pathways of entry, demographic antecedents, and origin-country contexts

This study uses data from various sources to examine the determinants of trends in international student migration to the United States. Our results highlight the differential contributions to these trends made by various entry pathways. For example, we find that the overall growth was driven by students using visas that offered the least possibility of US employment following the completion of their studies. We also find that overall student migration trends were significantly affected by global demographic changes. For example, student emigration from Europe was negatively affected by declining fertility trends, percentage of youths, and youth population size. In Asia and Africa, contrasting demographic trends explained the substantial student migration increases observed from these regions. Increases in youth population size had a particularly positive effect on student migration in contexts of economic growth. Finally, the analysis finds a declining significance of English language contexts for fueling overall student migration trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Forced Retirement Goes Out of Style

![Figure][1] AAU President Hunter Rawlings III CREDIT: ROBERT BARKER/UNIVERSITY PHOTOGRAPHY In the interview with J. Mervis (“On teaching, tuition, and talent,” News Focus, 16 March, p. [1299][1]), Association of American Universities (AAU) President Hunter Rawlings III puts forth the position that older faculty members should retire to make way for “the next generation to step forward.” His advocacy of “forced” retirement is out of step with reality. The socioeconomic model of retirement at 65 is no longer economically sustainable, and a substantial fraction of the “baby boom” generation have repeatedly indicated that they do not wish to retire. The scientific community should lead by example, demonstrating that people can and do make substantial contributions to their field and to society even at an advanced age. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), AAU, and others should be concerned solely with funding the most promising projects. If there is a preponderance of support going to older researchers, it is hopefully because their projects appear to hold the most promise of significant achievement and not simply because of the past track record of those applicants. NIH might also consider the possibility that the increasing average age of grant recipients simply reflects the changing demographics of the United States in general. Simply forcing older investigators to retire will not ensure that younger investigators of greater or at least equal talent will replace them. NIH, AAU, and their partners should be focused on locating and promoting the most talented scientists, regardless of age or academic standing. [1]: pending:yes
Plasma Amino Acids in Patients with Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia Receiving Parenteral Nutrition

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of parenteral amino acid solutions on plasma amino acid concentrations in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) receiving parenteral nutrition (PN).DesignTen patients were studied at diagnosis, on the morning PN was started, and three times during PN therapy coinciding with the sequential administration of three different amino acid solutions (Aminosyn, FreAmine HBC, and TrophAmine). The order of amino acid solution administration in each patient was by a randomized, block design.ResultsThe patients were undergoing identical intensive induction therapy. There was no significant difference in the number of days they received PN or the amount of protein or calories received during the three PN study periods. At diagnosis, phenylalanine and glutamic acid concentrations were elevated compared with previously published normal values and remained elevated at all observation times. During PN, asparagine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine concentrations were significantly lowe...
Impact of the healing relationship on nursing practice

This article, a continuation of an article previously published by ROL (Issue 29:7-8), is fundamentally based on the work by the author and other professionals involved in the Samueli Institute for Biological Information (SIIB) National Project (Quinn et al, 2003). Quinn and others were invited to serve as a consensus group to develop the investigation guidelines to be used to evaluate the impact of the healing relationship on nursing practices in clinical situations. In essence, this article centers on the use of a theoretical framework for philosophical, ontological, epistemological and ethical care anchored to a healing and relationship-based model. This model hopes to maintain humaneness and care as the center of professional practice.
SY11-3SUMOYLATION REGULATES CYTOCHROME P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) EXPRESSION IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

Background. Ethanol-inducible CYP2E1 contributes to increased oxidative stress and steatosis in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Ubiquitin-conjugation enzyme 9 (Ubc9), the sole E2-conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, is induced in the livers of ethanol-fed mice. Our aim was to examine whether the dysregulated sumoylation could regulate the ethanol-induced CYP2E1 expression in …
Pathogenic histone modifications in schizophrenia are targets for therapy

Almost four decades ago an altered chromatin structure was detected in the neutrophils of patients with schizophrenia (SZ). More recent studies reported an increased level of histone 3-(methyl)arginine 17 associated with decreased expression of several metabolic genes in the prefrontal cortex of SZ patients. Transcriptome analyses also uncovered aberrant expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in the temporal cortex and dysregulation of many histone-related genes (e.g., HIST1H2B/C/D/H/G, HIST1H4K, HIST2H2BE) in the blood of SZ patients. Whilst there are reports of increased expression of HDAC1 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of SZ patients and an inverse correlation between the expression of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67, or GAD1) and the expression of HDAC1, HDAC3, and HDAC4, studies with transgenic mice expressing HDAC1 in the prefrontal cortex uncovered deficits in working memory and downregulation of several genes linked to SZ. Conversely, valproate was shown to increase H3 acetylation in lymphocytes of SZ patients as well as H3K9,K14 acetylation of the GAD67 promoter region. Additionally, clozapine and sulpiride could facilitate valproate-induced chromatin remodeling. In other studies, an increased baseline level of H3K9me2 (a repressive chromatin mark) was also observed in lymphocytes and in postmortem brain tissues of SZ patients, coupled with a younger age of disease onset. Although there is an age-dependent increase in H3K4me at the GAD1 promoter, a decrease of GAD1 promoter H3K4me associated with reduced GAD1 expression has been reported in the prefrontal cortex of SZ patients that was due to mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) dysfunction acting as a histone methyltransferase in neurons. The higher-order chromatin structures that delineate chromosomal looping and modulate physical contact of promoter regions to cis-acting enhancers/silencers are also altered at the GAD1 promoter region associated with GAD1 expression changes in the frontal cortex of SZ patients. More recent studies also report aberrant ubiquitination, ufmylation, SUMOylation, and NEDD8ylation in the superior temporal gyrus of SZ patients. In this chapter, we suggest that commonly used drugs in psychiatry, as well as electroconvulsive therapy, could minimize pathogenic histone modifications in SZ.
Science, Politics, and Evolution

1. The nature of Darwin's support for the theory of natural selection 2. A semantic approach to the structure of population genetics 3. Confirmation of evolutionary and ecological models 4. Species selections on variability 5. An open letter to Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson, regarding their book, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior 6. Problems with pluralism 7. Normality and variation: the human genome project and the ideal human type 8. Evolutionary psychology: the burdens of proof 9. Objectivity and the double standard for feminist epistemologies 10. Science and anti-science: objectivity and its real enemies 11. Pre-theoretical assumptions in evolutionary explanations of female sexuality.
Eudaimonic orientation: The pursuit of the best self

Eudaimonia is an ancient Greek concept that focuses on becoming the best one can be. The purpose of this theoretical paper is to integrate the concept of eudaimonia into management literature to en...
Treatment Options for Leishmaniasis

This is an overview of the treatments currently available for leishmaniasis. A variety of treatments exist for these diseases and therapy choices are driven by local practices and the particular leishmanial syndrome. The treatments for leishmaniasis have largely remained the same in the last several decades. The most significant advance in therapy has been the approval by the US FDA of oral miltefosine for multiple forms of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by infection with the vector-borne protozoan parasite Leishmania. Multiple species of the parasite exist in diverse locations throughout the world where they predominantly infect poor populations in endemic areas. The recognition and treatment of these infections is often limited due to lack of medical infrastructure in endemic areas. Further research is needed for the development of less toxic and more effective treatments for leishmaniasis.
That Fascinating Nonclassical Ion Problem

In science it is rare that a concept, once it has been fully accepted and incorporated into both current theory and textbooks, is successfully challenged. For fifteen years the author and his students have been engaged in a research program directed to testing the validity of the proposal that σ-bridges play a major role in the structures and chemistry of the 2-norbornyl1 and the cyclopropylcarbinyl2 cations, as well as numerous other σ-bridged, so-called “nonclassical ions.”3
Climate Adaptation and the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution: A Takings Analysis of Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Development with Application to Connecticut's Coastal Management Regime

As climate change impacts are realized at the governance level, states and local governments are moving towards adaptation strategies that include increasing restrictions on how land is used in coastal zones. The purpose of this article is to review state regulatory strategies that are attempting to adapt to climate change in light of limits placed on those strategies by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution: the prohibition against the taking of private property by government action without a public purpose and just compensation. This article highlights the importance in identifying the roles governments can take beyond the role of “regulator” as a means of mitigating regulatory takings challenges. The analysis presented is then applied generally to Connecticut’s coastal management regime.
Flexible Data Management on Mobile Systems

In this work, we propose a flexible data management solution for modern mobile platforms like Android. To increase flexibility, our system uses a pluggable solution which lets the data management mechanisms and policies to be developed independently of the core app logic. Our system simplifies app development and gives end-users a higher control over their personal data.
Regulating Nanomaterials: A Case for Hybrid Governance

Despite their growing usage in commercial and industrial applications, nanomaterials have yet to be been thoroughly researched as to their potential health, safety, and environmental risk to human life after incorporation into new product improvement, development, design, and manufacturing processes. Identifying the appropriate governance framework for effective risk assessment analysis of toxicological risk to human beings—specifically manufacturing employees and consumers—and other living organisms, resulting from the development and application of these nanotechnology-based products, has yet to be scientifically determined. With major regulatory gaps in the public regulation framework at national and international levels of governance, a proposed private governance framework is needed to assist the existing public regulatory framework with the proliferation of products and manufacturing processes utilizing nanomaterials. There are three distinct (yet complimentary) approaches available to develop a pri...
Erlotinib, dasatinib, erlotinib-dasatinib versus placebo: A randomized, double-blind window study in operable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

6033 Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src family kinases are upregulated in HNSCC. EGFR interacts with cSrc to activate oncogenic STAT3 signaling; dual targeting is syner...
Exposure to intrauterine inflammation alters metabolomic profiles in the amniotic fluid, fetal and neonatal brain in the mouse.

Introduction Exposure to prenatal inflammation is associated with diverse adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in exposed offspring. The mechanism by which inflammation negatively impacts the developing brain is poorly understood. Metabolomic profiling provides an opportunity to identify specific metabolites, and novel pathways, which may reveal mechanisms by which exposure to intrauterine inflammation promotes fetal and neonatal brain injury. Therefore, we investigated whether exposure to intrauterine inflammation altered the metabolome of the amniotic fluid, fetal and neonatal brain. Additionally, we explored whether changes in the metabolomic profile from exposure to prenatal inflammation occurs in a sex-specific manner in the neonatal brain. Methods CD-1, timed pregnant mice received an intrauterine injection of lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/dam) or saline on embryonic day 15. Six and 48 hours later mice were sacrificed and amniotic fluid, and fetal brains were collected (n = 8/group). Postnatal brains were collected on day of life 1 (n = 6/group/sex). Global biochemical profiles were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (Metabolon Inc.). Statistical analyses were performed by comparing samples from lipopolysaccharide and saline treated animals at each time point. For the P1 brains, analyses were stratified by sex. Results/conclusions Exposure to intrauterine inflammation induced unique, temporally regulated changes in the metabolic profiles of amniotic fluid, fetal brain and postnatal brain. Six hours after exposure to intrauterine inflammation, the amniotic fluid and the fetal brain metabolomes were dramatically altered with significant enhancements of amino acid and purine metabolites. The amniotic fluid had enhanced levels of several members of the (hypo) xanthine pathway and this compound was validated as a potential biomarker. By 48 hours, the number of altered biochemicals in both the fetal brain and the amniotic fluid had declined, yet unique profiles existed. Neonatal pups exposed to intrauterine inflammation have significant alterations in their lipid metabolites, in particular, fatty acids. These sex-specific metabolic changes within the newborn brain offer an explanation regarding the sexual dimorphism of certain psychiatric and neurobehavioral disorders associated with exposure to prenatal inflammation.
A method for obtaing fully polarimetric scattering data from single-polarization ground penetrating radars (GPR)

It is useful to classify buried targets based on fully polarimetric scattering signatures. However, most conventional GPR systems have single polarization. We developed a novel survey and processing method for obtaining a fully polarimetric target scattering matrix from single-polarization GPR radars. The proposed method was verified by experimental data taken from free space measurements as well as GPR measurements of polarized targets. This paper presents theory of the proposed methodology and measurement examples.
Visualization of Lines of Best Fit

Humans possess a remarkable ability to recognize both simple patterns such as shapes and handwriting and very complex patterns such as faces and landscapes. To investigate one small aspect of human pattern recognition, in this study participants position lines of "best fit" to two-dimensional scatter plots of data. The study investigates the variation in participants' fits and whether there is some consistent metric being used in fitting the lines. For example, is there a natural tendency toward fitting lines similarly to one of the standard regression lines: vertical, horizontal, or orthogonal. This study also investigates the effect of outliers on the line a participant fits to a scatter plot with a strong linear trend and provides guidance for future inquiries.
Ionic Transport in Thin Films

A charged defect — impurity, vacancy, or interstitial — in a thin film can drift under the influence of an electric field. As the defect moves through the material, in addition to the imposed electric field, it is subject to some sort of an oscillatory potential as a result of its interaction with the constituents of the material. Assuming that this potential is periodic allows it to be sketched as shown in Fig. 1. Here the externally applied field E has been superimposed. For the masses, or effective masses, and for the energies under consideration the wavelengths of the mobile defects are such that they are much smaller than the characteritic distance over which the potential sketched in Fig. 1 varies. Thus the motion of these defects may be treated classically.
"Every man his own physician': dietetic fads, 1890-1914.

Le regime alimentaire est une preoccupation populaire du XX e siecle, qui emergea en 1890, et ou chacun joue le role de son propre medecin