cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ARMA method of approximating probability density functions

Abstract A new method of approximating probability density functions is considered. The method uses representing functions having the rational form of ARMA spectrum representations. The approximators are defined in terms of the en-transform, a numerical analysis tool useful for inducing sequences to converge more rapidly. Various conditions are given under which certain ARMA approximators have substantially smaller integtrated squared error than do truncated Fourier series approximators. Some empirical results point out how ARMA approximators act as smoothers by counteracting the leakage effect inherent in truncating a Fourier series.
The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam improves auditory gating in DBA/2 mice

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.2.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.2.].
Acrylic embedding of Stardust particles encased in aerogel

Ultramicrotomy of samples embedded in epoxy resin is a standard method for preparing ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. In this report we describe a new embedding technique that uses acrylic resin instead of epoxy. This method offers several important advantages for sectioning small extraterrestrial samples. One is that the acrylic resin is soluble and can be removed after ultramicrotomy to leave a sample that is free of the mounting media. This is important for studying carbon and insoluble organic components. A second major advantage of acrylic is that, when combined with pre-embedding compression, it provides a very effective method of mounting samples collected in silica aerogel. Acrylic embedding is currently being used to mount comet particles collected by NASA's Stardust mission. Combined with a flattening process, the acrylic embedding and sectioning preserves all pieces of collected samples in their collection matrix. In addition to Stardust, acrylic may be applied to other samples collected in aerogel such as those from the Russian Mir space station (Horz et al. 2000) and future missions such as Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) (Leshin 2003), a proposed mission to collect atmospheric dust particles from Mars.
Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Flow over Finite Isolated Topography

Abstract A quasigeostrophic two-layer model of flow over finite topography is developed. The topography is a right circular cylinder that extends through the lower layer and an order Rossby number amount into the upper layer (finite topography model). Thus, each layer depth remains constant to first order, and the quasigeostrophic approximation can be applied consistently. The model solutions axe compared to those found when the total topographic height is order Rossby number (small topography model). The steady solution for the finite topography model consists of two parts: one similar to the small topography solution and forced by the anticyclonic potential vorticity anomaly over the topography and the other similar to the solution of potential flow around a cylinder and forced by the matching conditions on the edge of the topography. The finite topography model breaks down when the interface goes above the topography. This occurs most easily when the stratification is weak. Closed streamlines occur mor...
Immunochemical comparison of angiotensin 1 converting enzymes from different rat organs.

Abstract 1. 1. Catalytic activity of angiotensin 1 converting enzyme from rat lung, serum, kidney, brain, testis, or epididymis was similarly inhibited by specific rabbit antisera to purified rat lung angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. 2. 2. However, on radioimmunoassay, the enzymes from testis and epididymis were considerably less potent inhibitors of radioimmune binding than those from lung, serum, brain, spleen and kidney. 3. 3. Ouchterlony diffusion studies with the antisera revealed a second precipitin band in extracts of testis and epididymis that exhibited partial identity with angiotensin 1 converting enzyme of lung. 4. 4. These data indicate the presence of at least two immunologically cross-reacting angiotensin 1 converting enzymes in the rat.
Avian Reproductive Disorders

Abstract Avian reproductive disorders are commonly diagnosed in pet birds, backyard flocks, and commercial aviaries. Birds that are diagnosed with reproductive disorders can present with a variety of clinical signs that range from benign disorders to life-threatening emergencies. In many cases there are underlying husbandry and management issues that need to be addressed. This article will address the presenting signs of common reproductive disorders in avian species and the best approaches to determine appropriate diagnostic and treatment plans.
Multiple-Choice versus Free-Response: A Simulation Study.

Responses to a 40-item test were simulated for 150 examinees under free-response and multiple-choice formats. The simulation was replicated three times for each of 30 variations reflecting format and the extent to which examinees were (a) misinformed, (b) successful in guessing free-response answers, and (c) able to recognize with assurance correct multiple-choice options that they could not produce under free-response testing. Internal consistency reliability (KR20) estimates were consistently higher for the free-response score sets, even when the free-response item difficulty indices were augmented to yield mean scores comparable to those from multiple-choice testing. In addition, all test score sets were correlated with four randomly generated sets of unit-normal measures, whose intercorrelations ranged from moderate to strong. These measures served as criteria because one of them had been used as the basic ability measure in the simulation of the test score sets. Again, the free-response score sets yielded superior results even when tests of equal difficulty were compared. The guessing and recognition factors had little or no effect on reliability estimates or correlations with the criteria. The extent of misinformation affected only multiple-choice score KR20′s (more misinformation—higher KR20′s). Although free-response tests were found to be generally superior, the extent of their advantage over multiple-choice was judged sufficiently small that other considerations might justifiably dictate format choice.
The metabolism of sorbitol

Studies on the metabolism of sorbitol (labeled with carbon 14) indicate that it is rapidly oxidized when administered by the intraperitoneal route. When sorbitol is given orally a slower rate of oxidation is obtained because of a delayed intestinal absorption. Although sorbitol is converted to glucose in its metabolism, the slow rate of intestinal absorption tends to prevent a high degree of hyperglycemia.
Kinetics of propagation of b-tropic murine leukemia virus on fv-1b cell lines. Requirement for multiple cycles of cell replication for transformation and viral antigen expression by radlv.

The kinetics of intracellular viral antigen production in UC1-B, BALB3T3 and BL-5 cells (all Fv-1b) and of focus formation in UC1-B cells have been studied following infection with free RadLV∗, a naturally occurring, B-tropic murine leukemia virus adapted to continuous propagation in vitro, and with infective centers of BL-5(RadLV) cells chronically infected with RadLV∗. Whereas such infective centers induced focus formation in UC1-B cells with high efficiency within a single culture passage, the development of infective center activity in BL-5 cells freshly infected with RadLV∗ and the direct induction of focus formation in UC1-B cells infected with free RadLV∗ both required one or more subcultures and several rounds of cell replication. The end-point dilution titer was not detected until four to five subcultures and about 15 rounds of cell cycle replication had been completed. Viral antigen content, measured by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), followed a triphasic pattern with respect to time and viral input concentration. Yet, both the IF assay at 3 days and the focus formation assay at 7 days (one subculture) were characterized by single-hit kinetics, excluding the possibility that mutual complementation of defective RadLV∗ particles might account for the delayed expression of viral infection. When viral replication was related to the number of rounds of cell replication, rather than to elapsed time, no significant differences among the three cell lines were observed. As in previous studies with NB-tropic viruses, RadLV∗ failed to rescue a putative sarcoma virus from UC1-B cells. It is concluded that RadLV∗ is not defective and can replicate to high titer in several Fv-1b cell lines in the absence of a detectable murine sarcoma virus (MSV) genome. However, the kinetics of its replication suggest that certain expressions of infection may be dependent on the attainment of a threshold level of some viral product(s), the synthesis of which is dependent on sustained cell proliferation.
Model thinking: demographics and performance of mooc students unable to afford a formal education

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are seen as an opportunity for individuals to gain access to education, develop new skills to prepare for high-paying jobs, and achieve upward mobility without incurring the increasingly high debt that comes with a university degree. Despite this perception, few studies have examined whether populations with the most to gain do leverage these resources. We analyzed student demographic information from course surveys and performance data of MOOC participation in a single course. We targeted students who stated that they were motivated to take the course because they "cannot afford to pursue a formal education," and compared them to the group of all other students. Our three key findings are that 1) a higher percentage of non-traditional enrolled students are in this population than the comparison population, 2) in an independent t-test, a statistically significant portion (28%) of this group has less than a 4-year college degree versus 15% of the comparison group, and 3) the completion rate between both groups are relatively equal.
Five questions for addressing ethical dilemmas

Purpose – This paper aims to offer a framework of five questions for analyzing ethical dilemmas faced by managers and professionals. The framework's main purpose is to help individuals understand the nature of ethical issues and to avoid making ethical mistakes – decisions or actions that are unintentionally unethical that they would later regret and wish they could undo. Design/methodology/approach – The framework developed is based on traditional ethical theories reframed into a set of simple questions that have been applied in a variety of private‐ and public‐sector organizations to help managers identify and resolve ethical dilemmas and conflicts. Findings – The benefits of this framework are that the five questions cover the broad range of underlying factors that create ethical issues and dilemmas, are simple and easy for individuals to understand and remember and, considered together, help to identify conflicting ethical priorities. Practical implications – Most breaches of ethics are not intentional and most individuals want to behave ethically. Their breach of ethics is often the result of making decisions without adequately thinking through the implications and possible consequences. The application of this simple framework can help individuals and organizations avoid making such ethical mistakes. Originality/value – The framework has helped public‐ and private‐sector organizations evaluate and cope with ethical issues and value conflicts.
The inhibition of transport aTPase by chlorprothixene in brain

Abstract The effect of chlorprothixene on the Na + -K + stimulated Mg 2+ ATPase of the cellular particulate fractions in the brain has been studied in an attempt to determine if there is a relationship between the antipsychotic properties and inhibition of the ATPase system. Chlorprothixene in concentration of 0.1–0.3 mM was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of Na + -K + Mg 2+ ATPase of heavy and light ribosomal fractions. The significance of the greater inhibition of ATPase by chlorprothixene relative to chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine is discussed.
The Effect of Pitch, Rhythm, and Familiarity on Working Memory and Anxiety as Measured by Digit Recall Performance

The purpose of this study was to isolate and quantitatively evaluate the effects of pitch and rhythm of unfamiliar and familiar melodies on working memory and anxiety as measured by sequential digit recall performance. Participants (N = 60) listened to 6 treatment conditions each consisting of 9 randomized monosyllabic digits. The digits were paired with (a) a familiar melody and pitch only, (b) a familiar melody and rhythm only, (c) a familiar melody with both pitch and rhythm, (d) an unfamiliar melody with pitch only, (e) an unfamiliar melody with rhythm only, and (f) an unfamiliar melody with both pitch and rhythm. The 6 different treatments were counterbalanced using a Latin square design in an attempt to control for order effects. Participants rated their state anxiety on a Likert-type scale before, midway through, and after the digits test. No statistically significant order, learning, or practice effects were found. A 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference in digit recall performance across musical element conditions and groups. Results indicated that music majors outperformed nonmusic majors on the digit recall task. Participants were able to recall digits from the rhythm condition most accurately while recalling digits from pitch only and both pitch and rhythm conditions the least accurately. Graphic analysis of treatment as a function of sequential position indicated digit recall was best during conditions of primacy and recency. No main effects were found for the familiarity condition. Additionally, no main effects or interactions were found for the anxiety variable. The results of this study are congruent with existing working memory and music literature suggesting that pairing information with rhythm can facilitate recall, music majors outperform non-music majors, and recall accuracy is best in positions of primacy and recency. Implications for practice in therapy and education are made as well as suggestions for future research.
A cognitive behavioral workshop for subclinical obsessions and compulsions

The present study investigates the effectiveness of a 3-h cognitive behavioral workshop for individuals, ages 18-22, with subclinical obsessions and compulsions. It was hypothesized that, compared to individuals in an assessment-only waitlist group (n = 42), individuals assigned to the workshop group (n = 43) would experience a significant decrease in obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptomatology, comorbidity, and thought action fusion endorsement at 1-month and 5-month follow-up assessments. An additional outcome of interest was the number of incident cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) over the course of the study. The results indicated that the workshop group reported a significantly fewer number of OC symptoms at 5-month follow-up and endorsed significantly less thought action fusion at both follow-up points. However, there were no differences between groups in severity of OC symptoms and number of comorbid diagnoses endorsed. Only one incident case of OCD was observed during the study, from a participant in the waitlist group. These results are discussed in reference to treatment of subclinical anxiety symptoms.
Forecast Evaluation Based on a Multiplicative Decomposition of Mean Square Errors

The evaluation of forecasts is frequently hampered by the heterogeneity of the underlying data. Suppose, for example, that three forecasters, X, Y, and Z, all predict the same variable one year ahead in a number of consecutive years. Suppose further that it is agreed to use the mean square error as the criterion of the forecasts. Then an ordinary estimated mean square is frequently an imperfect instrument for the evaluation because different years may correspond to different populations, some years being easy to predict and some very difficult. What is needed is a separation of effects (a “forecaster effect” and a “year effect” in this example), which is not unlike the separation procedure of classical variance analysis.
QUENCHING OF METHYLCYCLOHEXANE FLUORESCENCE BY METHANOL

— We measured the fluorescence emission spectrum and intensity decays of methylcyclohexane (MCH) when excited by simultaneous absorption of two photons at 298 nm. The steady-state intensities and lifetimes were both decreased by methanol, which was found to be an efficient quencher of MCH fluorescence. Methanol quenching of MCH is clearly dynamic, but the exact mechanism of quenching is unclear. Dynamic quenching of MCH was also observed by water and n-propanol. These results suggest that alkane fluorescence from biopolymers, if observable, will only occur from regions of the macromolecules that are not exposed to water.
DOUBLE-PHASE REPRESENTATION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

The double phase representation for the elastic scattering amplitude A(s,t,u) as a function of the covariant Mandelstam variables s, t, and u is discussed. Conditions for the existence of the double representation, and their implications, are examined. The asymptotic forms of this double phase representation when some of s, t, and u become infinite are derived in the case when the phase approaches the limit at infinity not too slowly. This is the case when the elastic scattering anrplitude exhibits asymptotically a power behavior in energy (usually called the Regge behavior). In particular, the case when the forward peak of high-energy elastic scattering does not shrink is examined closely. No-shrinkage is found to be the case when the phase in the crossed channel does not diverge logarithmically at infinity in its momentum-transfer plane. If the forward peak shrinks, the above phase diverges logarithmically at infinity ln the case of no-shrinkage, the asymptotic shape of the forward peak is determined solely by the phase in the crossed channel. Furthermore, the above shape assumes a pure exponential function of the covariant momentum-transfer squared when momentum-transfer is small, and approaches a power behavior in the same variable for large momentumtransfer. Some of themore » specific predictions of the phase representation approach to high-energy elastic scattering are listed. (auth)« less
Whole-Genome Analysis of Exserohilum rostratum from an Outbreak of Fungal Meningitis and Other Infections

Exserohilum rostratum was the cause of most cases of fungal meningitis and other infections associated with the injection of contaminated methylprednisolone acetate produced by the New England Compounding Center (NECC). Until this outbreak, very few human cases of Exserohilum infection had been reported, and very little was known about this dematiaceous fungus, which usually infects plants. Here, we report using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phylogenetic analysis to investigate the molecular origin of the outbreak using 22 isolates of E. rostratum retrieved from 19 case patients with meningitis or epidural/spinal abscesses, 6 isolates from contaminated NECC vials, and 7 isolates unrelated to the outbreak. Our analysis indicates that all 28 isolates associated with the outbreak had nearly identical genomes of 33.8 Mb. A total of 8 SNPs were detected among the outbreak genomes, with no more than 2 SNPs separating any 2 of the 28 genomes. The outbreak genomes were separated from the next most closely related control strain by ∼136,000 SNPs. We also observed significant genomic variability among strains unrelated to the outbreak, which may suggest the possibility of cryptic speciation in E. rostratum.
Temperature dependence of lower critical fields in Y-Ba-Cu-O crystals

The temperature dependence of the anisotropic lower critical fields ${H}_{c1}$ in single-crystal Y-Ba-Cu-O is determined from the onset of flux penetration in zero-field-cooled dc magnetization versus temperature from ${T}_{c}$ down to $0.5{T}_{c}$. An extended Bean-critical-state model is developed to define this onset consistently. The ${H}_{c1}'\mathrm{s}$ are linear in temperature near ${T}_{c}$ as in Ginzburg-Landau theory and consistent with a clean local-limit BCS form with extrapolated ${H}_{c1}(T=0)=180$ Oe for $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{^}{c}$ and 530 Oe for $\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{^}{c}$.
Structure-function relationships in the adipose cell. I. Ultrastructure of the isolated adipose cell

A method is described for preparing isolated rat adipose cells for electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of such cells and their production of 14CO2 from U-glucose-14C were studied simultaneously in the presence of insulin or epinephrine. Each adipose cell consists of a large lipid droplet surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. In addition to typical subcellular organelles, a variety of small lipid droplets and an extensive system of membranes characterize the cell's cytoplasm. A fenestrated envelope surrounds the large, central lipid droplet. Similar envelopes surround cytoplasmic lipid droplets occurring individually or as aggregates of very small, amorphous droplets. Groups of individual droplets of smaller size also occur without envelopes. The system of membranes consists of invaginations of the cell membrane, vesicles possibly of pinocytic origin, simple and vesiculated vacuoles, vesicles deeper in the cytoplasm, flattened and vesicular smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complexes. Neither insulin nor epinephrine produced detectable ultrastructural alterations even when cells were incubated under optimal conditions for the stimulation of 14CO2 evolution. Structural responses of the isolated adipose cell to hormones, if such occur, must, therefore, be dynamic rather than qualitative in nature; the extensive system of smooth surfaced membranes is suggestive of compartmentalized transport and metabolism.
Patient-reported sleep difficulty and cognitive function during the first year of dialysis

Background Research in the general population indicates that sleep fragmentation is detrimental for cognitive function, but little attention has been given to this issue in dialysis patients. We hypothesized that patients with self-reported persistent sleep difficulty would have an increased risk of scoring lower on a cognitive function measure at follow-up compared to their score at baseline. Methods Sleep difficulty and cognitive function were reported by a large national patient cohort near the start of dialysis and at a 9- to 12-month follow-up. Logistic regression was used to investigate the risk of scoring lower on a cognitive function measure at follow-up as a function of self-reported sleep difficulty, controlling for patients’ sociodemographic, clinical and treatment characteristics, including depressed mood. Results At follow-up, cognitive function scores were lower among 35.8% of the cohort. Patients with self-reported persistent sleep difficulty had the lowest average cognitive function score. Men with reported persistent sleep difficulty, regardless of presence of depressed mood, had a significantly increased risk of a lower cognitive function score at follow-up. Women with reported persistent sleep difficulty as well as depressed mood had significantly increased risk of a lower cognitive function score. Conclusion The potential impact of sleep difficulty and depressed mood on the cognitive function of dialysis patients emphasizes the importance of evaluating and treating these risks and highlights the value of continued research to improve our understanding and management of these issues.
Volume and surface area estimates of astrocytes in the sensorimotor cortex of the cat.

Abstract Electron micrographs of random sections through 133 astrocytes taken from the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri of adult cats were used to estimate average astrocyte cell volume. Average soma volume was derived by two methods: (1) assuming that each approximated the shape of a prolate spheroid, a value of 2.2 ± 0.1 × 10 −13 l. was calculated by substituting measurements of major (mean 10.4 ± 0.2 μm) and minor (mean 6.2 ± 0.1 μm) cell axes into the formula for volume; (2) applying Weibel's point-counting method of morphometry, a value of 1.9 ± 0.09 × 10 −13 l. was obtained based on ratios of volume density and nuclear volume, calculated from measurements of nuclear axes. Because of the use of random sections through the cells sampled, the axial measurements on which both methods depend represent possible underestimations by as much as 21%; the resulting average value for soma volume might be as much as 3.2 × 10 −13 l. Astrocyte somata from the deepest layer of the cortex had a significantly larger average volume than those from more superficial layers ( P −13 l. Point-counting morphometry revealed that 15.5% of the cortex consists of astrocytic cytoplasm. Average total cell surface area, estimated from intercepts of grid lines with cell membrane profiles of astrocytes within the sample, was 1.9 × 10 −5 cm 2 ; average surface area of astrocyte somata, based on axial measurements, amounted to 2.5 × 10 −6 cm 2 or 13% of the surface area of the whole cell. Only 18 gap junctions were identified in the random sections through 133 astrocytes; these and other considerations bearing on the possible relationship of the data presented to electrical measurements in living astrocytes are discussed.
Castleman’s disease and primary effusion lymphoma in a HIV-positive patient:

We present a case of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) occurring simultaneously with Castleman's disease in the same patient. Castleman's disease is distinct from PEL, although both are associated with HHV-8. Other cases have debated whether the coexistence of PEL and Castleman's disease is a recurrence of an original PEL tumour in an extracavitary site, or a secondary HHV-8-associated lymphoma distinct from primary PEL. Our case, along with those described previously, show that co-occurrence of PEL and Castleman's disease is possible and plausible. PEL needs to be included in the differential diagnosis in any HIV-positive patient who presents with a pleural effusion, and diagnosis requires only a simple thoracentesis and appropriate immunohistochemistry.
EFFECT OF NARCOTIC WITHDRAWAL ON NEONATAL SLEEP PATTERNS

It is known that morphine and related compounds suppress REM sleep in the adult. This study was undertaken to determine if infants of heroin and methadone-addicted mothers would exhibit altered sleep patterns in withdrawal. EOG, EMG, and respiration were recorded by multichannel polygraph on 10 infants (4 methadone, 6 heroin) for 2½-4 hr. periods prior to, during, and after chlorpromazine therapy (2.0 mg/kg/d). It was found that heroin and methadone obliterated REM sleep and that periods of quiet sleep were rare before treatment. After a minimum of 48 hrs. therapy, brief but identifiable periods of REM appeared, increasing in frequency as successful withdrawal occurred. However REM occupied a maximum of 5% of sleep time. Since this state is normally present in the newborn and is thought to be that period of sleep in which neuronal protein synthesis is most active, and since heroin and methadone suppress REM, it was concluded that suitable treatment of withdrawal is essential, not simply to relieve symptoms, but also to promote more normal and necessary sleep patterns during this critical time of brain development. This may, indeed, be especially valuable for those infants already demonstrating intrauterine growth retardation with maternal addiction.
Highway-Induced Development: Evidence from Sri Lanka

Summary When transport investments are made in relatively infrastructure poor newly industrializing regions, the consequences extend beyond growth effects to some transformational changes. This paper empirically estimates the direction and the magnitude of some of the consequent transformational changes induced via a highway project in Sri Lanka. These changes were estimated at the firm and household level via a series of production function and multivariate analyses. In light of the observed results it is likely that traditional impact studies, by failing to incorporate transformational shifts (i.e., working under the assumption of a non-changing economic structure) significantly underestimate project benefits and costs.
A kinetic study of metal ion binding by biomass immobilized in polymers

Abstract A kinetic study of metal binding by various types of nonliving, immobilized biomass was carried out. Biomaterial studied included lichens, water hyacinth root, and some marine algae. All of these organisms have previously been shown to be strong sorbers of metal ions. Biomass was immobilized in polymeric matrix such as polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers. The ability of nonliving biomass to sorb metal ions when immobilized in a polymeric matrix was evaluated. First-order rate constants indicate that copper and lead ion uptake on polysulfone-biomass systems are ten times larger than on the polysulfone only. The activation energy of copper ion sorption at pH 5.5 is lower than the activation energy at pH 4.7, an indication that copper is activated more easily and sorbs greater at pH 5.5. The activation energies of each metal-biomass interaction were calculated by using the Langmuir adsorption model; it was found that the activation energy is three times higher for copper sorption on the polysulfone matrix only without incorporation of algal biomass as compared to the sorption on polymer-biomass matrix. This shows that the sorption process is less efficient without algae. Kinetic plots for both copper and lead sorption demonstrate that single sorption sites are responsible for binding. The equilibrium constants for the sorptions at different temperatures were evaluated as well as the rate constants for metal binding processes. As temperature increases, the equilibrium constant decreases for all sorptions. The most suitable conditions for polymer-biomass matrix for the maximum sorption of each metal ion were evaluated. This study indicates that algal biomass can be immobilized in a polymer matrix and packed into columns for a very efficient use as an ion exchanger.
Reverse Outlining: A Method for Effective Revision of Document Structure

Problem: One of the biggest problems with student and novice writing is that it often lacks clear organization and a coherent structure. However, it is difficult for newer writers to conceptualize a clear structure prior to writing a first draft. Thus, there is a need for an effective process to help writers revise early drafts with a particular focus on organizational clarity. Key concepts: Two concepts underlie this issue. The first is revision, which is the process of changing text to better achieve the writer's goals and serve the reader's needs. Two general categories of revision exist: a comprehensive edit (a thorough review of content, organization, visual design, style, illustrations, accessibility, and reuse to best serve readers) and a copyedit (a review of proper adherence to accepted language standards, which includes attention to grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure). The second is organizational structure (the arrangement and relationship of ideas), which is critical to help readers understand and use the information in the document. Key lessons: A reverse outline-a process that helps improve document structure and organization from an early draft-was developed to help writers make the organizational structure of an existing document to assess and improve the structure in a subsequent revision explicit. Reverse outlining has four steps: (1) identifying and listing discourse topics from a written draft, (2) arranging the discourse topics into an outline, (3) assessing the structure for appropriateness to audience and purpose, and (4) creating the new structure, modifying content where necessary, and adding headings, bullets, overview statements, and other advanced organizers. The reverse outlining process has been used extensively in the classroom and in the workplace.
High-Bandwidth Low-Insertion Loss Solenoid Transformers Using FeCoB Multilayers

High-bandwidth low-insertion loss solenoid transformers using a multilayered FeCoB magnetic core have been designed, modeled, fabricated, and characterized for high-frequency power conversion. Various transformer designs are compared in terms of inductance, resistance, quality factor, mutual coupling, and insertion loss. A mutual coupling coefficient of 0.9 up to 50 MHz is achieved for intertwined solenoid transformers with a patterned magnetic core.
Effect of hemodialysis and renal failure on serum and urine concentrations of cephapirin sodium.

Abstract Six patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and 10 patients with chronic renal insufficiency hospitalized for nondialytic therapy received 1.0 g of cephapirin sodium by the intravenous route. The concentrations of cephapirin in arterial and venous plasma, dialysate, venous blood, and urine were measured during the ensuing 6 hr. The serum half-life of cephapirin was 105 to 108 min for the dialyzed patients and 95.9 min for the nondialyzed patients. Dialysis removed 22.8% of the administered dose. Nondialyzed patients excreted 19.5% of the administered dose in the urine. The concentration of cephapirin in the urine of all nondialyzed patients exceeded 50 μg/ml. The recovery of cephapirin in the urine collected for 6 hr after injection was from 34 to 770 mg (mean 195 mg). To maintain a concentration of cephapirin in the blood and urine which exceeds the minimal inhibitory concentration for most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, nondialyzed patients should receive 15 to 18 mg of cephapirin per kg every 12 hr. Dialyzed patients should receive the same dose just prior to dialysis and every 12 hr thereafter.
Coronary angiographic findings in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain

Patients who present to the Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain associated with cocaine use are a common problem. The incidence and predictors of underlying significant coronary disease in patients with and without myocardial infarction (MI) has not been well described. Patients who underwent coronary angiography within 5 weeks of an ED evaluation for cocaine-associated chest pain were studied. Significant disease was defined as ≥ 50% stenosis of a coronary artery or major branches or bypass graft. A total of 90 patients underwent coronary angiography. Significant disease was present in 45 (50%), with 1-vessel disease in 32%, 2-vessel disease in 10%, 3-vessel disease in 6%, with significant graft stenosis in 3%. Significant disease was present in 77% of patients with MI or troponin I elevations, compared to only 35% of patients without myonecrosis. Predictors of significant coronary disease included MI or troponin I elevations, prior MI, known coronary disease (prior MI or revascularization), and elevated cholesterol. Only 7 of the 39 patients (18%) without myonecrosis or a history of coronary disease had significant disease on angiography. In conclusion, significant disease is found in the majority of patients with cocaine-associated MI or troponin elevations. In contrast, only a minority of those without myonecrosis have significant coronary disease.
Parasite Images General Considerations And Design Precepts

The subject of ghost images, glare spots, false light, parasites and veiling glare has been summarized in photographic manuals (Ref 1) and has received wide attention in artistic, commercial and technical photography. In astronomical photography the matter depends entirely upon the astronomer's demands and the problem can be either crucial or trivial..© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Our NHS: A celebration of 50 years

Ed Gordon Macpherson BMJ Books, £25, pp 227 ISBN 0 7279 1279 8 As an interested and largely admiring observer of the NHS, I have been perplexed by two aspects of its history. First, why are there so many audits, commissions, committees, green papers, inquiries, plans, reorganisations, reports, and white papers? Second, why is this national treasure enveloped in what Enoch Powell described in the 1960s as a “continual, deafening chorus of complaint which rises day and night from every part”? Our NHS: A celebration of 50 years , an engrossing collection of …
Knowledge Acquisition For Autonomous Navigation

The design of a robotic vehicle requires a unique knowledge of the world in which the vehicle is to operate. This paper investigates the potential of a knowledge acquisition system for such a vehicle, based on a scanning laser radar sensor system that can provide 3-D surface descriptions of the surveyed terrain simultaneously with an active reflectance image of the scene. The advantages and disadvantages of this sensor are explored along with algorithms for efficiently extracting the type of knowledge required to control a robotic vehicle. Specifically the output of this knowledge acquisition system must consist of the location and extent of the road, the presence, size and location of any obstacles, and the location of road intersections, all in real time. Based on this knowledge of the scene, a desired local path can be planned for the robotic vehicle.
Coupling of continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods for transport problems

In this paper, we formulate a coupled discontinuous/continuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of convection–diffusion (transport) equations, where convection may be dominant. One motivation for this approach is to use a discontinuous method where the solution is rough, e.g., in regions of high gradients, and use a continuous method where the solution is smooth. In this approach, the domain is decomposed into two regions, and appropriate transmission conditions are applied at the interface between regions. In one region, a local discontinuous Galerkin method is applied, and in the other region a standard continuous Galerkin method is employed. Stability and a priori error estimates for the coupled method are derived, and numerical results in one space dimension are given for smooth problems and problems with sharp fronts. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The impact of a dedicated single-ventricle home-monitoring program on interstage somatic growth, interstage attrition, and 1-year survival.

Objective There has been considerable improvement in survival after the first stage of palliation for single-ventricle heart disease. Yet, interstage mortality continues to plague this population. Home monitoring has been proposed to reduce interstage mortality. We review our experience after creation of a Single Ventricle Program. Methods All infants with a single ventricle heart defect who were admitted to Texas Children's Hospital from the inception of the Single Ventricle Program on September 1, 2007, to January 1, 2010, were included in the Single Ventricle Program cohort. Infants with a single ventricle presenting between January 1, 2002, and August 31, 2007, comprised the pre-Single Ventricle Program group. Anatomic, operative, and postoperative details were noted for all patients. End points included in-hospital death after the first stage of palliation, interstage death (defined as after discharge from the first stage of palliation and before the second stage of palliation), and death or heart transplantation by 1 year of age. Interstage weight gain was also compared. Results A total of 137 infants with a single ventricle were included in the pre-Single Ventricle Program cohort, and 93 infants were included in the Single Ventricle Program cohort. Anatomic subtypes were similar between groups. There was significant improvement in rate of interstage weight gain, whereas age at the second stage of palliation was significantly reduced in the Single Ventricle Program group. In-house mortality decreased during the Single Ventricle Program era ( P = .021). Interstage mortality did not significantly decrease in the Single Ventricle Program group. However, 1-year transplant-free survival improved during the Single Ventricle Program era ( P = .002). Conclusions The Single Ventricle Program improved interstage weight gain, thereby allowing for early second-stage palliation at an equivalent patient weight. Interstage mortality was not significantly reduced by our program. However, 1-year transplant-free survival was significantly improved in patients in the Single Ventricle Program.
The Size of Serum Hepatitis Virus.

Summary1. Known icterogenic (SH) serum (J.W. strain), undiluted and diluted 10% in normal saline, was filtered through gradocol membranes of various average pore diameters down to 52 mμ, and tested in human volunteers. 2. Evidence has been presented that the strain of serum hepatitis virus used is small enough to pass through a 52 mμ A.P.D. membrane, thus indicating a size of 26 mμ or less. The limitations of the application of this method for determining the size of this virus are mentioned.The author is indebted to Dr. John R. Paul for valuable advice and criticism.
Extensive Intracranial Xanthoma Associated with Type II Hyperlipidemia

Xanthomas are associated with a spectrum of medical conditions, most commonly disorders of lipid storage and lipid metabolism. They occur primarily in the subcutaneous tissues, especially along the Achilles tendon and the extensor tendons of the hands. Intracranial xanthomas are extremely rare. We present a case of an extensive xanthoma of the temporal bone in a patient with hyperlipidemia.
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults

The following CDC staff members prepared this report: National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of HIV/AIDS Kenneth G. Castro, M.D. John W. Ward, M.D. Laurence Slutsker, M.D., M.P.H. James W. Buehler, M.D. Harold W. Jaffe, M.D. Ruth L. Berkelman, M.D. Office of the Director Associate Director for HIV/AIDS James W. Curran, M.D., M.P.H. 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults Summary CDC has revised the classification system for HIV infection to emphasize the clinical importance of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in the categorization of HIV-related clinical conditions. This classification system replaces the system published by CDC in 1986 (1) and is primarily intended for use in public health practice. Consistent with the 1993 revised classification system, CDC has also expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to include all HIV-infected persons who have less than 200 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/uL, or a CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14. This expansion includes the addition of three clinical conditions
Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth

This paper uses new statistical techniques and two new databases to reassess the relationship between ,, , , , () ' −= − + + +
Accelerated Telomere Shortening Precedes Development of Therapy-Related Myelodysplasia or Acute Myelogenous Leukemia After Autologous Transplantation for Lymphoma

Purpose Therapy-related myelodysplasia or acute myelogenous leukemia (t-MDS/AML) is a lethal complication of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (aHCT) for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Here, we investigated the hypothesis that accelerated telomere shortening after aHCT could contribute to the development of t-MDS/AML. Patients and Methods A prospective longitudinal cohort was constructed to investigate the sequence of cellular and molecular abnormalities leading to development of t-MDS/AML after aHCT for HL/NHL. This cohort formed the sampling frame for a nested case-control study to compare changes in telomere length in serial blood samples from patients who developed t-MDS/AML with matched controls who did not develop t-MDS/AML. Results An initial increase in telomere length at day 100 after aHCT was followed by an accelerated telomere shortening in t-MDS/AML patients when compared with controls. These telomere alterations preceded the onset of t-MDS and were ...
DETECTION OF SIGN-LANGUAGE CONTENT IN VIDEO THROUGH POLAR MOTION PROFILES

Locating sign language (SL) videos on video sharing sites (e.g., YouTube) is challenging because search engines generally do not use the visual content of videos for indexing. Instead, indexing is done solely based on textual content (e.g., title, description, metadata). As a result, untagged SL videos do not appear in the search results. In this paper, we present and evaluate a classification approach to detect SL videos based on their visual content. The approach uses an ensemble of Haar-based face detectors to define regions of interest (ROI), and a background model to segment movements in the ROI. The two-dimensional (2D) distribution of foreground pixels in the ROI is then reduced to two 1D polar motion profiles by means of a polar-coordinate transformation, and then classified by means of an SVM. When evaluated on a dataset of user-contributed YouTube videos, the approach achieves 81% precision and 94% recall.
Production-Comprehension Interface

Many features of spoken language, from the nature of child-directed speech to audience design effects, reflect a sensitivity in language production to the needs and strategies of language comprehension. These adjustments, sometimes deliberate, sometimes automatic, ensure successful communication. Keywords: language production; speech registers; cooperativity; audience design; common ground
Jesus in America and Other Stories from the Field

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Claudia Gould Year: 2009 Pages: 124 Details: with a foreword by Lee Haring Publisher: Utah State University Press ISBN: 978-0-87421-759-9 (soft cover).
CRISPR-based self-cleaving mechanism for controllable gene delivery in human cells

Controllable gene delivery via vector-based systems remains a formidable challenge in mammalian synthetic biology and a desirable asset in gene therapy applications. Here, we introduce a methodology to control the copies and residence time of a gene product delivered in host human cells but also selectively disrupt fragments of the delivery vehicle. A crucial element of the proposed system is the CRISPR protein Cas9. Upon delivery, Cas9 guided by a custom RNA sequence cleaves the delivery vector at strategically placed targets thereby inactivating a co-expressed gene of interest. Importantly, using experiments in human embryonic kidney cells, we show that specific parameters of the system can be adjusted to fine-tune the delivery properties. We envision future applications in complex synthetic biology architectures, gene therapy and trace-free delivery.
Consider surgery for elderly patients

See related research article by Page and colleagues, page [1415][1] Among the comorbidities associated with age, cardiovascular disease is the most deadly, ranking first among causes of death among the elderly in both developed and developing countries around the world. [1][2],[2][3] The timely
Optimizing decoupling capacitor placement to reduce effective inductance

Optimizing decoupling capacitor placement to insure rapid charge delivery is discussed in this paper. Placing additional decoupling capacitors in close proximity may reduce effective inductance but this inductance is only reduced under certain conditions.