cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bin-Carver: Automatic recovery of binary executable files

File carving is the process of reassembling files from disk fragments based on the file content in the absence of file system metadata. By leveraging both file header and footer pairs, traditional file carving mainly focuses on document and image files such as PDF and JPEG. With the vast amount of malware code appearing in the wild daily, recovery of binary executable files becomes an important problem, especially for the case in which malware deletes itself after compromising a computer. However, unlike image files that usually have both a header and footer pair, executable files only have header information, which makes the carving much harder. In this paper, we present Bin-Carver, a first-of-its- kind system to automatically recover executable files with deleted or corrupted metadata. The key idea is to explore the road map information defined in executable file headers and the explicit control flow paths present in the binary code. Our experiment with thousands of binary code files has shown our Bin-Carver to be incredibly accurate, with an identification rate of 96.3% and recovery rate of 93.1% on average when handling file systems ranging from pristine to chaotic and highly fragmented.
Impact of artificial, ammonium-enriched rainwater on soils and young coniferous trees in a greenhouse. Part II--Effects on the trees.

A pot experiment was used to investigate whether ammonium sulphate, when applied in amounts comparable to those deposited in the Dutch forests, is detrimental to trees. Young coniferous trees were planted in pots and treated with artificial ammonium-enriched rainwater in a greenhouse. The deposition of ammonium resulted in a strong acidification of the soil solution, leaching of base cations and an increased solubility of aluminium, manganese and zinc. Ammonium accumulated in the soil solution, causing severe imbalances between plant nutrients. The effects of these chemical changes in the soil on tree performance are described in a second paper.
PVDF AND PZT PIEZOELECTRIC WAFER ACTIVE SENSORS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications are able to detect structural damage using Lamb waves. PWAS are small, lightweight, unobtrusive and inexpensive. PWAS achieve direct transduction between electric and elastic wave energies. PWAS are essential elements in the Lamb-wave SHM with pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased array system and electromechanical impedance methods. PWAS are charge mode sensors and they can be used as both transmitters and receivers. A model of PWAS is shown in this paper. In vibration, impact detections applications, the PWAS response is strong due to the large dynamic change of strain. In pitch-catch, pulse-echo and phased array applications, PWAS are used to generate and receive Lamb waves and the PWAS response is small. A charge amplifier for PWAS applications is introduced in this paper. PWAS are normally made of piezoceramic Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT). The structural integrity tests require attachment of PWAS to the material surface and there are critical applications where the rigid piezoceramic wafers cannot conform to curved surfaces. As alternative one can use flexible piezopolymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); such PVDF-PWAS have been studied in this paper. PVDF-PWAS were mounted on a cantilever beam for the free vibration test and on a long rod for the longitudinal impact test. The experimental results of the PZT-PWAS and PVDF-PWAS have been compared with the conventional strain gauge. The theoretical and experimental results in this study gave the basic demonstration of the piezoelectricity of PZT-PWAS and PVDF-PWAS.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The growing importance of mitochondrial calcium in health and disease

In Santulli et al. (1), RyR2-dependent Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is presented as a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction that contributes to heart failure (HF). The authors provide evidence in support of this provocative and important hypothesis. The strength of this paper comes primarily from the suggestions it provides that associate maladaptive changes of key physiological signaling pathways in the heart with the development of HF. A secondary benefit of the work is the array of questions related to the findings of the authors raised by them and provoked by other recent reports (discussed below). The thinking is that RyR2-based SR Ca2+ leak increases in HF and thereby produces a pathologically elevated mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) level along with excessive mitochondria reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (1). Together these elements form a causal chain in the development of HF following myocardial infarction (MI). With this argument, the paper throws down the gauntlet to the scientific community, challenging investigators to determine quantitatively how these elements interact to produce HF. Such investigations, armed with a growing arsenal of novel tools, hold an exciting potential for us to better understand cellular, organellar, and molecular dysfunctions that underlie the development of HF. Specifically, we need to understand how the transformation from healthy myocyte to dysfunctional myocyte occurs. The quantitative aspects of this process are critical because under normal conditions only modest increases in [Ca2+]m are required to regulate ATP production (2⇓–4). Similarly, small amounts of ROS generation are a normal part of ATP generation by the electron transport chain (ETC) (5 … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jlederer{at}umaryland.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Managerial characteristics and willingness to send employees on expatriate assignments

This paper examines the characteristics of managers that influence their willingness to send employees on expatriate assignments. Data from 336 senior managers in a major U.S. professional services firm indicate that managers who are higher up in the organizational hierarchy are more willing to send employees on expatriate assignments. In addition, our findings show that managers who have more extensive international experience are more inclined to send employees on such assignments and that managers with expatriate experience themselves are much more willing to send their employees overseas, regardless of whether they currently work with international clients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A method for generating random cutting-tool requirement matrices for manufacturing systems simulation

The authors describe a two-stage procedure for generating random cutting-tool requirement matrices (part type vs. tool type 0-1 incidence matrices) on the basis of expert opinions about the characteristics of such data. In the first stage, row-sums and column-sums of the tool requirement matrix are sampled from two user-specified multivariate normal distributions subject to the feasibility condition that the row- and column-sums yield the same grand total. In the second stage, the binary values of the matrix elements are determined by means of a heuristic. The resultant matrix reflects the desired characteristics, such as part type similarities and tool usage dependencies. >
The HP 3000 computer system

The HP 3000 (1) is a 16-bit multiprogramming computer. Multiprogramming is facilitated through the use of a virtual memory scheme using code and data segmentation. The impetus for this machine was HP's growth in the time sharing market. The original offering in this area was the 2000A, a BASIC system using the HP 2116. This use and real-time demands from HP's other divisions led to the 3000's development. The 2100 (2), the 2116's successor and classical one-address machine, did not readily lend itself to multiprogramming, but the 3000 was designed with this in mind.From the beginning, the 3000 involved inputs from both hardware and software development teams. The end machine was designed with the operating system in mind and with a high level systems programming language (SPL) as the implementation tool for the operating system (MPE, multiprogramming executive) and all sub-systems. The Burroughs influence is evident in these choices.Separate code and data segmentation with segments of variable length is the heart of the hardware and software system. A program consists of one or more code segments and a data segment. The data segment, also known as the stack, is used for a program's global and temporary storage. It also contains a stack used for operations and procedure return addresses.
A Bayesian approach to paired comparison experimentation

SIUMMARY A Bayesian approach to the analysis of paired comparison experiments is presented. Two statistical models are considered: the multibinomial and the Bradley-Terry model. For each, the natural conjugate family of priors is used to represent prior beliefs, and the parameters of the prior are given meaningful interpretations. Two different estimators are suggested for the model parameters, the preference probabilities of the multibinomial model and the worth parameters of the Bradley-Terry model. For the Bradley-Terry model the estimated worth parameters can be used to rank the set of objects. When the posterior distribution satisfies a criterion of balance, the rankings determined by the two estimators are identical and are Bayes with respect to a large class of acceptable loss functions. Furthermore, the Bayes ranking can be easily obtained without explicitly evaluating the estimators of the worth parameters.
Generation System Impacts of Storage Heating and Storage Water Heating

Thermal energy stroge systems offer the electric utility a means to change customer energy use patterns. At present, however, the costs and benefits to both the customers and utility are uncertain. As part of a nationwide demonstration program Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G) installed storage space heating and water heating appliances in residential homes. Both the test homes and similar homes using conventional space and water heating appliances were monitored, allowing for detailed comparisons between the two systems. The purpose of the paper is to detail the methodology used and the results of studies completed on the generation system impacts of storage space and water heating systems. The paper is organized into three main sections. The first gives background data on PSE&G's load management philosophy, assessment methodology, and experience in a nationwide thermal storage demonstration project. The second section details results of the demonstration project and studies that have been performed on the impacts of thermal storage equipment. The last section reports on the conclusions arrived at concerning the impacts of thermal storage on generation.
Female condition : A predictor of hatching synchrony in the house wren?

Abstract The degree of hatching synchrony in clutches of passerine birds frequently varies among species and among individuals of the same species. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why some eggs hatch several days after others in a clutch. We tested one of these hypotheses, the energetic-constraints hypothesis, which proposes that females in poor physical condition postpone initiating incubation and hatch their clutches synchronously, whereas females in good condition begin incubation early and hatch their clutches asynchronously. We tested the hypothesis using the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) because recent studies have found little difference in productivity between synchronously and asynchronously hatching clutches in this species, suggesting that the degree of hatching synchrony varies for reasons unrelated to nestling growth and survival. We used logistic regression to test the dependence of the degree of hatching synchrony on each of two measures of female condition. We found no relat...
Bank Monitoring and Accounting Recognition: The case of aging-report requirements

We study changes in borrower accounting recognition surrounding initiation of loans requiring the provision of aging schedules to the lender. Our purpose is to understand how scrutiny by lenders of underlying transactions affects financial reporting incentives. We find that allowance for doubtful accounts increases significantly after loan initiation controlling for current and future write-offs, receivable turnover, and the beginning allowance balance. This increase is more pronounced for loans with increased monitoring frequency. We also find that write-offs are less persistent following implementation of bank monitoring, consistent with increased timeliness. Further study of the customer base finds customer concentration declines and credit quality of largest customers improves after initiation of borrowing base loans. Lastly, we find borrowers increase the frequency of allowance-for-doubtful-accounts disclosure in their quarterly financial statements after loan initiation. Our results confirm two notions. Banks add to the oversight that already exists for public, audited companies and banks influence borrowers to adopt more conservative accounting policies. JEL: G14, G21, G24, G28
The Effects of Solvents on the Hydrogenation of Benzene and Pyridine with Supported Nickel Catalysts

The effects of solvents on the hydrogenation of benzene and pyridine have been studied with nickel catalysts supported by active carbon, alumina, and silica. In the case of benzene, the effects of solvents were almost independent of the nature of the carriers. The reaction proceeded most rapidly when benezene was hydrogenated in hydrocarbons or without solvents. The reaction was retarded by the solvents having oxygen atoms. In the case of pyridine, the effects of solvents were much different from those observed in the case of benzene. Many of the solvents having oxygen atoms accelerated the reaction. The extent of acceleration varied a little with the nature of supports. Methanol and water were exceptions; in the case of nickel-active carbon catalyst, the accelerating effects were hardly noticed, but in the cases of nickel-alumina and nickel-silica, the solvents strongly retarded the reaction.
Experimental studies on hematogenously induced renal damage in the rabbit due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

SummaryChronic systemic infections of rabbits were established by intravenous inoculation of 4 × 108P. aeruginosa cells in order to study the sequence of events leading to severe kidney damage. Renal lesions were detected by the fifth- to seventh-day postinfection, as were lesions in the liver and lungs. Progressive azotemia led to death by the 12th-16th day. Lesions in the kidneys, lungs and liver were characterized terminally by intense mononuclear cell infiltrates, hemorrhage, and microabscess formation. Mononuclear cells also appeared to be the predominant responsive cell early in infection. There appeared to be no difference in the susceptibility to infection or severity of renal lesions between rabbits with surgically induced unilateral ureteral obstruction and nonobstructed rabbits.This project was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N-00014-69-A-0235-0002 and by the Renal Fund of Children's Hospital of Michigan.
Current Emotion Research in Cultural Neuroscience

Classical theories of emotion have long debated the extent to which human emotion is a universal or culturally-constructed experience. Recent advances in emotion research in cultural neuroscience highlight several aspects of emotional generation and experience that are both phylogenetically conserved as well as constructed within human cultural contexts. This review highlights theories and methods from cultural neuroscience that examine how cultural and biological processes shape emotional generation, experience and regulation across multiple time scales. Recent advances in the neurobiological basis of culture-bound syndromes, such as Hwa-Byung (fire illness), provide further novel insights into emotion and mental health across cultures. Implications of emotion research in cultural neuroscience for population health disparities in psychopathology and global mental health will be discussed.
Shrinkwrap geometry defeaturing for finite element analysis for a wheel and hub model

ABSTRACTThis manuscript presents an automated approach to accurately estimate structural performance for component assemblies using a shrinkwrap geometry defeaturing process for a wheel and hub model. Defeaturing is a popular geometry simplification technique that suppresses features within the geometry to decrease computational resources and time. Shrinkwrap defeaturing is an automated modeling technique that represents the exterior shape of the original full-featured geometry with a collection of surfaces for an abstract representation. The shrinkwrap defeaturing can be used on full-featured computer aided design components that are parts of an assembly but are not undergoing structural analysis and are included to transmit loads within the assembly. Of interest is the automated finite element structural analysis of the assembly. The proposed shrinkwrap approach is reviewed and assessed with a full-featured geometry model as well as other geometry defeaturing methods. A numerical example of a wheel and ...
The differential absorption hard x-ray (DAHX) spectrometer at the Z facility

The Differential Absorption Hard X-ray (DAHX) spectrometer has been developed to diagnose photon energies above 80 keV and provides a time-resolved measurement of the x-ray spectrum from the plasma driven by Z. The DAHX spectrometer is a revitalization of the Hard X-Ray Spectrometer (HXRS) fielded on Z prior to refurbishment1. DAHX consists of an array of seven collimated silicon PIN diodes with varying filters in a 2 to 4 inch thick tungsten cylinder that shields the diodes from the surrounding radiation environment. Analyzed data from DAHX will be presented for several wire array experiments.
Gender bias in communal leadership: examining servant leadership

Purpose – Theory suggests gender bias in leadership occurs through a cognitive mismatch between thoughts of women and leaders. As leadership incorporates more feminine qualities, gender bias disadvantaging women should be reduced. The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical investigation of that argument by examining gender bias in servant leadership. Predictions made by role congruity theory were investigated with principles from leader categorization theory. Design/methodology/approach – In a survey design, 201 working college students from the Midwest USA were presented with either a female or male leader, each with identical servant leader attributes. Participants reported their expectations for the leader’s future behavior. Findings – Expectations for servant leader behavior were greater for the woman than man leader, and expectations for authoritarian behavior were greater for the man than woman leader. Expectations for servant leader behavior were greater from the woman than man participan...
Data Anonymization: The Challenge from Theory to Practice.

BIO Ting Yu is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science of North Carolina State University, and a senior scientist in the cyber security group of Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI). His main research areas are in data privacy and anonymization, trustworthy information in open systems and trust management. He obtained his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign in 2003. Ting Yu is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award in 2007 for trust and privacy management in social networks, and a recipient of the scholarship of K.C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong in 2010.
Orientation and Structure of Acetonitrile in Water at the Liquid–Vapor Interface: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

We report molecular dynamics simulations of acetonitrile–water binary solutions at concentrations of 0.032–0.59 mole fraction. We find that at low bulk concentration acetonitrile has an enhanced population near the liquid/vapor interface. The surface-bound acetonitrile molecules exhibit anisotropic orientations and lie nearly flat along the solution surface with their terminal methyl groups directed toward the vapor. Upon increasing the bulk concentration, the formation of acetonitrile domains is promoted by interactions between hydrophobic methyl moieties. Dipole–dipole interactions facilitate a pseudonematic, antiparallel pairing of near-neighbor molecules both in the bulk solution and near the liquid/vapor interface. Near the interface the preferred orientation of acetonitrile flattens further to accommodate antiparallel pairing of neighboring molecules such that the methyl group remains above the solution. This study paints a surprisingly complex picture of a binary organic–water solution that manifes...
Neurocritical Care Education During Residency: Opinions (NEURON) Study.

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) has established a core curriculum of topics for residency training in neurocritical care. At present there is limited data evaluating neurology residency education within the neurological intensive care unit. This study evaluates learner concerns with the neurological intensive care unit. The Communication Committee and Resident & Fellow Taskforce within the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) developed an online survey that consisted of 20 selection and free-text based questions. The survey was distributed to NCS members and then to neurology residency program directors. Statistical analysis of neurocritical care exposure were completed with t or Fisher exact test with p-value <0.05 considered significant. A total of 95 individuals from 32 different residency programs (36.5 % response rate) responded to the questionnaire. Most individuals train with neurocritical care attendings, fellows and advanced practitioners and have neurocritical care exposure during multiple years of residency training. 54 % of responders cite improvement in education as a means to improve neurocritical care training. Those that raised concern had no difference in time in the neurocritical care unit (9.4 weeks vs 8.8 weeks), exposure to trained neurointensivists, neurocritical care fellows or advanced providers (p value 0.53, 0.19, 0.83, respectively). There is significant learner concern regarding education within the neurointensive care unit. Although there are educational guidelines and focused neurocritical care educational materials, these alone do not satisfy residents’ educational needs. This study demonstrates the need for educational changes, but it does not assess best strategies nor curricular content.
Simulating attacker and defender strategies within a dynamic game on network topology

Successful military counterinsurgency operations increasingly rely upon an advanced understanding of relevant networks and their topologies. This paper evaluates, via simulations, various attacker ...
Women Researchers' Collaborative Culture in Interdisciplinary STEM in the US and South Korea

Women’s under-representation in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) is known to result from exclusionary practices based on professional socialization of masculine STEM culture. Despite the recent trend of women’s advancement and success in STEM, field-specific subcultures facilitate the differential inclusion of women across STEM subfields and even exacerbate the existing gender imbalance and segregation through various exclusionary practices in particular STEM subfields. As interdisciplinary research teams face cross-cultural conflicts, these women in advising relationships in interdisciplinary STEM fields illustrate that effective policies and programs are in great need for achieving the equal gender representation and inclusive climate in STEM. This study examines women’s research teams and their professional socialization as an important mechanism for women’s inclusion and success in interdisciplinary STEM fields. These women’s advising relationships operate as an integrating process in which advisors and advisees have synergistic opportunities to overcome conflicting subcultures for their professional success. Drawing on in-depth interviews with purposefully selected eight women advising pairs in biomedical engineering in public research universities in the US and South Korea, findings show both international similarities in the interdisciplinary culture of “synergistic collaboration” and cross-national variations in the extent to which an inclusive biology subculture wins over “engineering masculinity”. In both countries, biomedical engineering was found to have its professional culture of “synergistic collaboration”. In this interdisciplinary culture, norms of biology that supports more inclusive, interdependent research activities were found to override “engineering masculinities” of independent, competitive activities. Advising was found to offer women researchers daily opportunities to strategize with cultural conflicts in their research activities and to make use of these cross-cultural differences to their advantages of professional participation and success. Furthermore, advising relationships serve as a significant tool for these women researchers to access better positions and statuses in broader professional networks beyond their own field and university and, thus, to expand their inclusive culture to other STEM subfields and universities over time.
Introduction of the Signature Classification Development System

Discontinuities of various types and sizes may be introduced into a material during the manufacturing process and during the service life of the component. Discontinuities generated during the manufacturing process may include stress cracking, slag inclusions, lack of fusion, and gas or shrinkage porosity, whereas typical discontinuities generated during the service life may include fatigue cracks and corrosion [1]. Before the component can be accepted for inventory or continued service, an accurate nondestructive evaluation of the component must be performed.
Abstract 5102: Sex Hormones and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: The association of sex hormones (SH) with subclinical atherosclerosis is controversial. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with less coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression in some studies. HRT also raises estradiol (E2) levels. We evaluated the association of endogenous SH levels including E2 with CAC progression during followup in 1647 postmenopausal women not on HRT and 2698 men the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods: CAC was quantified by computed tomography, and Testosterone (T), E2, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and SH binding globulin (SHBG) were measured at baseline. Followup CAC was measured in half the cohort (randomly selected) at the second exam and the other half at third exam, after an average of 1.6 and 3.2 years, respectively. We used relative risk regression to determine the risk of developing prevalent CAC(>0 Agatston units) at followup for those without CAC at baseline and robust linear regression to study change in CAC score for those with prevalent baseline CAC. Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL-c, use of BP and cholesterol meds, smoking, alcohol, followup time, and other SH. Models were performed separately by sex. Results: See table. Among those without baseline CAC, only greater E2 in women was nearly associated with increased risk of developing CAC at followup. Among those with prevalent baseline CAC, greater T was associated with less CAC at followup in both men and women; while greater DHEA in women and greater SHBG in men were associated with increases in CAC. Conclusion: In women without baseline CAC, higher E2 levels may be nearly associated with increased risk of developing CAC. In those with prevalent CAC, higher T levels may be protective against progression in both sexes while higher DHEA (in women) and SHBG (in men) may worsen progression.
Dental fear among transgender individuals - a cross-sectional survey.

AIMS The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the level of dental fear among transgender individuals and (2) investigate specific predictors of dental fear in individuals who identify as transgender. METHOD AND RESULTS An anonymous survey among transgender adults was conducted using both a web-based and paper survey. The survey included the Dental Fear Survey (DFS), history of hormonal interventions, perceived gender roles, and demographic information. The bivariate analyses did not show a significant difference in DFS between sex assigned at birth (p = 0.628) or among gender identities (p = 0.109). A regression model analysis for the level of DFS by using participants' demographic information as independent variables indicated the fear and experience of discrimination/maltreatment were significant predictors of dental fear; standardized beta coefficients (p-value) were 0.35 (p = 0.017) and 0.28 (p = 0.041), respectively. CONCLUSION The fear and experiences of discrimination/maltreatment were significantly positively associated with their level of dental fear.
Fear of feces? Tradeoffs between disease risk and foraging drive animal activity around raccoon latrines

Fear of predation alters prey behavior, which can indirectly alter entire landscapes. A parasite‐induced ecology of fear might also exist if animals avoid parasite‐contaminated resources when infection costs outweigh foraging benefits. To investigate whether animals avoid parasite contaminated sites, and if such avoidance balances disease costs and foraging gains, we monitored animal behavior at raccoon latrines – sites that concentrate both seeds and pathogenic parasite eggs. Using wildlife cameras, we documented over 40 potentially susceptible vertebrate species in latrines and adjacent habitat. Latrine contact rates reflected background activity, diet preferences and disease risk. Disease‐tolerant raccoons and rats displayed significant site attraction, while susceptible birds and small mammals avoided these high‐risk sites. This suggests that parasites, like predators, might create a landscape of fear for vulnerable hosts. Such non‐consumptive parasite effects could alter disease transmission, population dynamics, and even ecosystem structure.
In situ grain fracture mechanics during uniaxial compaction of granular solids

Abstract Grain fracture and crushing are known to influence the macroscopic mechanical behavior of granular materials and be influenced by factors such as grain composition, morphology, and microstructure. In this paper, we investigate grain fracture and crushing by combining synchrotron x-ray computed tomography and three-dimensional x-ray diffraction to study two granular samples undergoing uniaxial compaction. Our measurements provide details of grain kinematics, contacts, average intra-granular stresses, inter-particle forces, and intra-grain crystal and fracture plane orientations. Our analyses elucidate the complex nature of fracture and crushing, showing that: (1) the average stress states of grains prior to fracture vary widely in their relation to global and local trends; (2) fractured grains experience inter-particle forces and stored energies that are statistically higher than intact grains prior to fracture; (3) fracture plane orientations are primarily controlled by average intra-granular stress and contact fabric rather than the orientation of the crystal lattice; (4) the creation of new surfaces during fracture accounts for a very small portion of the energy dissipated during compaction; (5) mixing brittle and ductile grain materials alters the grain-scale fracture response. The results highlight an application of combined x-ray measurements for non-destructive in situ analysis of granular solids and provide details about grain fracture that have important implications for theory and modeling.
YidC: Evaluating the Importance of the Native Environment

In this issue of Structure, Baker et al. (2018) take advantage of recent technological breakthroughs in solid-state NMR spectroscopy and electron cryogenic tomography to characterize structural and functional differences between reconstituted YidC in E. coli lipids and YidC as overexpressed in the E. coli inner cellular membrane.
Leadership Across Generations

Leadership across generations at work includes considerations of individual and organizational dynamics and processes, employee motivation and engagement, and related issues for and by workers from varying generational cohorts. Research suggests that explicit attention to the generations at work and to the challenges and opportunities of multigenerational workplaces and recognition of best practices in management and development of these employees lead to more effective organizations. While generational differences do not account comprehensively for the opportunities and challenges of leadership in today’s workplace, understanding trends, capacities, and inclinations of generational cohorts can help employees at all stages of their careers work more cohesively and productively. Introduction
Biomineralization and Biomimicry of Tooth Enamel

Abstract: This critical review sommarizes the basics of biomineralization of tooth enamel and scrutinizes attempts to replicate this intricate biological process in vitro. Special emphasis is given to the author’s results, obtained during studies on the formation of enamel by biomimetic means. Fundamental insights found regarding the latter process are presented. Some paradigmatically accepted aspects of the mechanism of amelogenesis, that is, biomineralization of enamel, are challenged. Amelogenin, the major protein of the developing enamel matrix, is thus claimed to be a mineralization inductor, rather than an inhibitor, presumably acting as a channel between the ionic growth units in the protein matrix and the uniaxially growing crystals of apatite. The role of water and other minor constituents of enamel is questioned, as well as the biologically active morphology of amelogenin aggregates and the reliability of recombinant proteins in studying amelogenesis in vitro. Appropriate crystal growth rates, the Ostwald–Lussac law, Tomes’ process and mineralization of dentin present other aspects of amelogenesis discussed here. It is also claimed that three fundamental facets of amelogenesis ought to be coordinated in parallel for successful biomimetic replication of the given process in the laboratory: protein assembly, proteolytic digestion and crystal growth.
A New Family of Ionic Liquids 1-Amino-3-Alkyl-1,2,3-Triazolium Nitrates

A new class of ionic liquids based upon 1-amino-3-alkyl-1,2,3-triazolium nitrates (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propeny1, and n-butyl) have been synthesized and characterized by vibrational spectra, multinuclear NMR, elemental analysis, and DSC studies. A single crystal x-ray study was carried out for 1-amino-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium nitrate and the details will be presented.
Wheel-well and cargo compartment temperatures of large aircraft in flight: implications for stowaways.

PERRY G. Wheel-well temperatures of large aircraft in flight: implications for stowaways. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73:673-6. Background: Desperate people sometimes risk journeys as stowaways in aircraft wheel-wells. Some of them survive, despite the risks of being crushed by retracting landing gear, falling when the gear deploys for landing, or experiencing severe hypoxia and hypobaria in-flight. This study evaluates the level of hypothermia to which stowaways in aircraft may be exposed. Methods: Miniature dataloggers were used to record in-flight temperatures in aircraft wheel-wells and cargo compartments. Temperatures were measured for front and side wheel-wells (FW and SW, respectively) on 36 flights by C-130 aircraft (mean duration 3.3 h, mean cruise altitude 5588 m (18,333 ft)) and 11 flights by C-141 aircraft (6.7 h and 10,744 m (35,250 ft)). Results: Mean minimum temperatures for the C-130 remained above freezing and averaged 5.1°C for FW and 11.9°C for SW. The higher, longer C-141 flights produced temperatures below freezing with mean minimum temperatures of -18.0°C for FW and -12.4°C for SW. In general, temperatures in wheel-wells remained about 20°C above outside air temperature (OAT) at all altitudes. This increase reflects the fact that wheel-wells are closed spaces within the aircraft body, in addition to which they contain sources of heat such as hydraulic lines and electrical equipment. Cargo compartment minimum temperature was relatively high (mean = 18.6°C for commercial airline). A search of the medical literature and lay press produced information on 46 incidents of people found in wheel-wells after landing where there was no evidence of trauma. The 15 survivors had stowed away on relatively short flights (mean = 4.8 h, maximum = 10 h) compared with fatalities (mean = 7.5 h, range = 3-12 h). Conclusions: Temperatures in wheel-wells during short flights may sustain life. Long flights add severe hypothermia to acute hypoxia and hypobaria as potentially fatal environmental factors faced by wheel-well stowaways.
Enantioselective Palladium-Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Trimethylenemethane and Fluorinated Ketones.

A nitrile-substituted trimethylenemethane (TMM) donor undergoes palladium-catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions with fluorinated ketones to generate tetrasubstituted trifluoromethylated centers in high enantioselectivity under mild conditions. The generation of the palladium-TMM complex was achieved by a self-deprotonation strategy, which shows remarkable improvements in regiocontrol, efficiency, and atom economy of asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions. Moreover, the versatility of the nitrile group provides direct access to a variety of synthetically useful intermediates, including amides, aldehydes, and esters. The developed reaction conditions allow for the synthesis of a wide variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic fluorinated dihydrofurans in excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
DMOF-1 as a Representative MOF for SO2 Adsorption in Both Humid and Dry Conditions

The mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) DMOF-1 has been successfully synthesized via ligand: 2,3,5,6-tetramethylterephthalic acid (TM), 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), 1,4-naphthalen...
Ethanol and cannabinoids interact to alter behavior in a zebrafish fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model

Background Recent work suggests that endocannabinoids (eCBs) may signal through the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. We therefore hypothesized that combined ethanol and eCB exposure during defined stages of zebrafish embryogenesis will produce deficits comparable to human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Methods Zebrafish embryos were exposed to ethanol or cannabinoid agonists alone or in combination at defined developmental stages and assessed for changes in brain morphology or expression of marker genes such as pax6a. Juvenile fish were then assessed for risk-taking/anxiety-like behavior using the novel tank dive test. Results Either chronic or acute exposure to high doses of the CB1R agonist ACEA resulted in FASD phenotypes. However, acute subthreshold doses of CB1R agonist alone, or combined with 0.5% ethanol, did not induce morphological phenotypes, but did induce dysmorphogenesis when combined with acute 1% ethanol. Phenotypes were rescued using the CB1R antagonist SR141716A. In addition, JZL195, a dual inhibitor of FAAH and MAGL, two degradative enzymes for eCBs, induced FASD phenotypes in the presence of subthreshold ethanol, confirming the activation of common signaling pathways by ethanol and eCBs. We next analyzed the effects of ethanol and CB1R agonist on juvenile zebrafish behavior and show that ACEA or ethanol alone did not alter behavior, but combined ACEA and ethanol increased risk-taking behavior. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that pathological and behavioral phenotypes associated with FASD are induced by exposure to CB1R agonists and suggest that combined exposure to lower levels of alcohol and marijuana may be capable of inducing FASD-like morphological and behavioral impairments.
First confirmed hybrid pairing between a Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) and a Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens)

Hybridization events have long interested biologists because of their implications for species concepts and taxonomy. Documenting hybridization events is important because hybridization rates are commonly used as support for accepted taxonomic divisions. In July 2017, we observed a nest where a male Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) and a female Blackthroated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) were feeding nestlings. The Cerulean Warbler and Blackthroated Blue Warbler communicated with each other using song (male) and calls (female), similar to a nonhybrid pair of either parent species, and the pair was not observed to engage in aggressive behaviors toward each other. Interestingly, the Black-throated Blue Warbler is not known to breed in Indiana, although it is a regular migrant in the spring and fall. We describe the behaviors of the hybrid pair at the nest, provide photographs and audio recordings for documentation, and hypothesize that this instance of hybrid pairing may have occurred due to mate scarcity.
High Peak Power Mamyshev Oscillators

Recent progress in scaling the peak power of femtosecond-pulse fiber oscillators will be reviewed. So-called Mamysehv oscillators achieve peak powers an order of magnitude higher than those of prior fiber lasers.
"Iraq war framing in South Korea": the relationship between ideology and news coverage framing

The purpose of this study is to analyze how South Korea newspapers framed the Iraq war through a content analysis according to the principles of war and peace journalism developed by Johan Galtung. This study examines the content analysis of 196 stories of the two newspapers that have different ideological characteristic, Hankyoreh and Chosun-ilbo, from January 20, 2003 to May 1, 2003. Result of this study showed that there were difference between Hankyoreh and Chosun-ilbo. More specifically, the results of analysis suggest that Hankyoreh has a strong peace-journalism frame, on the other hand, Chosun-ilbo has a strong war-journalism frame. And Hankyoreh emphasized the role of South Korea in the world as a peace make while Chosun-ilbo focused on military affairs. Also, Hankyoreh did not support the war while the Chosun-ilbo was neutral of the protagonists. Finally, both Hankyoreh and Chosun-ilbo are neutral in supporting of the protagonists, the United States and the government of Saddam Hussein.
Shared-Use Decisions Among Administrators of Physical Activity Facilities in Pasadena, TX:

Background and Purpose. The American Heart Association recommends community-based research on shared use of physical activity (PA) spaces. Pasadena, a community in southeast Houston, Texas with lower socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic diversity, was the setting for our study. Efforts to increase access to PA in Pasadena include building the evidence on PA resources. The purpose of this research was to utilize survey data in a community setting to inform and target efforts around sharing PA spaces. Method. An online survey was administered to K-12 school (n = 25) and park (n = 30) administrators, church leaders (n = 10), community organizations (n = 2), a health care center, and a local business. Results. Park facilities in Pasadena shared by agreement with two high schools and three baseball/softball leagues were ballfields, tennis courts, and jogging paths. No park facilities were shared with faith-based organizations. Four parks communicated daily, and five schools communicated with parks quarterly about providing opportunities for PA. Key facilitators to sharing facilities were building relationships and collaboration, service to the community, and improving health. Key barriers were cost, maintenance, staffing, and prioritizing use with limited time, facilities, and resources. Conclusions. This study is the first of its kind to address shared use at the community level and suggests opportunities to improve communication and partnerships between parks, schools, and churches. This research will inform ongoing efforts to promote access by identifying barriers and motivators among stakeholder groups to help facilitate shared use agreements.
Biaryl monophosphine ligands in palladium-catalyzed C–N coupling: An updated User's guide

Over the past three decades, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have become a mainstay of organic synthesis. In particular, catalysts derived from biaryl monophosphines have shown wide utility in forming C-N bonds under mild reaction conditions. This work summarizes a variety of C-N cross-coupling reactions using biaryl monophosphines as supporting ligands, with the goal of directing synthetic chemists towards the ligands and conditions best suited for a particular coupling.
Robust Peer-Monitoring on Graphs with an Application to Suicide Prevention in Social Networks

We consider the problem of selecting a subset of nodes (individuals) in a (social) network that can act as monitors capable of "watching-out" for their neighbors (friends) when the availability or performance of the chosen monitors is uncertain. Such problems arise for example in the context of "Gatekeeper Trainings" for suicide prevention. We formulate this problem as a two-stage robust optimization problem that aims to maximize the worst-case number of covered nodes. Our model is capable of incorporating domain specific constraints, e.g., fairness constraints. We propose a practically tractable approximation scheme and we provide empirical results that demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Optimizing Performance and Energy Overheads Due to Fanout in In-Memory Computing Systems

For NOR-NOT based memristor crossbar architectures, we propose a novel approach to address the fanout overhead problem. Instead of copying the logic value as inputs to the driven memristors, we propose that the controller reads the logic value and then applies it in parallel to the driven memristors. We consider two different cases based on the initialization of the memristors to logic-1 at the locations where we want keep the first input memristor of the driven gates. If the memristors are initialized, it falls under case 1, otherwise case 2. In comparison to recently published works, experimental evaluation on ISCAS’85 benchmarks resulted in average performance improvements of 51.08%, 38.66%, and 63.18% for case 1 and 50.94%, 42.08%, and 60.65% for case 2 considering three different mapping scenarios (average, best, and worst). In regards to energy dissipation, we have also obtained average improvements of 91.30%, 88.53%, and 74.04% for case 1 and 86.03%, 78.97%, and 51.89% for case 2 considering the aforementioned scenarios.