cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radionuclides and Their Application in Oncology Research

The early detection of tumor, recurrence of tumor and the ability to correlate tumor response to therapy are important components of the Nuclear Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The benefit of a nuclear medicine procedure is derived from its potential to image functional processes in tissues and to monitor the response of these physiologic functions to pathologic processes and treatments. The majority of nuclear medicine methods in common practice today are qualitative in nature. The evolution of imaging equipment, the integrated computerized processing systems, and the specifically designed radiopharmaceutical compounds have the promise however, of greatly extending the assessment of physiologic processes. The potential now exists for an accurate estimate of quantitative biochemical processes both for normal and neoplastic tissues. Specific examples of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals applied to oncology are detailed.
Renal disease in tuberous sclerosis complex: pathogenesis and therapy

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by hamartomatous tumours of the brain, heart, skin, lung and kidney. Patients with TSC show a diverse range of neurological features (including seizures, cognitive disability and autism) and renal manifestations (including angiomyolipomas, epithelial cysts and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)). TSC is caused by inactivating mutations in TSC1 and TSC2, which encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively. These two proteins form a complex that negatively regulates mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cellular growth and metabolism. In clinical trials, allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1 decrease angiomyolipoma size, but the tumours regrow after treatment cessation. Therefore, the development of strategies to eliminate rather than suppress angiomyolipomas remains a high priority. This Review describes important advances in the TSC field and highlights several remaining critical knowledge gaps: the factors that promote aggressive behaviour by a subset of TSC-associated RCCs; the molecular mechanisms underlying early-onset cystogenesis in TSC2–PKD1 contiguous gene deletion syndrome; the effect of early, long-term mTORC1 inhibition on the development of TSC renal disease; and the identification of the cell or cells of origin of angiomyolipomas.
Startle during threat longitudinally predicts functional impairment independent of DSM diagnoses.

Abstract Heightened responsivity to unpredictable, and perhaps predictable, threat characterizes some internalizing disorders and may be vulnerability factors for psychopathology as well. However, few studies have directly tested whether individual differences in unpredictable and/or predictable threat responding longitudinally predict symptoms of psychopathology and functional outcomes. Examining functioning is particularly important given that functioning is separable from symptoms of psychopathology. The present study examined whether electromyography startle measures of predictable and/or unpredictable threat responding was associated with interviewer-assessed symptoms of internalizing psychopathology and functional impairment at baseline (n = 409) and one-year follow-up (n = 104). Elevated startle responding to unpredictable and predictable threat longitudinally predicted a worsening of functioning over time and this effect was independent of change of symptoms over time. Importantly, threat responding at baseline predicted functional impairment during the follow-up independent of the effects of DSM-defined fear-based (e.g., panic disorder) or distress-misery (e.g., major depressive disorder) internalizing disorders. These findings provide initial support for the incremental validity of neurobiological vulnerability markers of threat responding over and above DSM disorders and highlight the importance of distinguishing functional outcomes from symptom outcomes.
The evolution of eye size in response to increased fish predation in Daphnia

Variation in eye size is ubiquitous across taxa. Increased eye size is correlated with improved vision and increased fitness via shifts in behavior. Tests of the drivers of eye size evolution have focused on macroevolutionary studies evaluating the importance of light availability. Predator-induced mortality has recently been identified as a potential driver of eye size variation. Here, we tested the influence of increased predation by the fish predator, the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) on eye size evolution in waterfleas (Daphnia ambigua) from lakes in Connecticut. We quantified the relative eye size of Daphnia from lakes with and without alewife using wild-caught and third-generation laboratory reared specimens. This includes comparisons between lakes where alewife are present seasonally (anadromous) or permanently (landlocked). Wild-caught specimens did not differ in eye size across all lakes. However, third-generation lab reared Daphnia from lakes with alewife, irrespective of the form of alewife predation, exhibited significantly larger eyes than Daphnia from lakes without alewife. This genetically based increase in eye size may enhance the ability of Daphnia to detect predators. Alternatively, such shifts in eye size may be an indirect response to Daphnia aggregating at the bottom of lakes. To test these mechanisms, we collected Daphnia as a function of depth and found that eye size differed in Daphnia found at the surface versus the bottom of the water column between anadromous alewife and no alewife lakes. However, we found no evidence of Daphnia aggregating at the bottom of lakes. Such results indicate that the evolution of a larger eye may be explained by a connection between eyes and enhanced survival. We discuss the cause of the lack of concordance in eye size variation between our phenotypic and genetic specimens and the ultimate drivers of eye size.
Structural and Photoelectric Properties of Epitaxially Grown Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films on c-Plane Sapphire and Titanium Dioxide

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is one of the most extensively studied materials in the strongly correlated electron family capable of sustaining an insulator-to-metal transition. Here we present our studies of high-quality thin films of epitaxially grown VO2 on c-Al2O3(0001) and TiO2(001) via reactive DC pulsed magnetron sputtering. We present the structural transition probed via Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) for the first time and we correlate the surface microstructure measurements with simulations before, during, and after the thermally induced transition. We also study the photoelectric conversion of VO2 on TiO2(001) and c-Al2O3(0001) under 405 nm light and demonstrate up to a 2000% increase in quantum efficiency as the power of the light is varied for VO2 on TiO2(001).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for a Young Woman of Asian Heritage

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders and is associated with significant impairments in academic, occupational, and social functioning. Cognitive behavioral...
Failure of vital sign normalization is more strongly associated than single measures with mortality and outcomes

Abstract Background Modified Early Warning Systems (MEWS) scores offer proxies for morbidity and mortality that are easily acquired, but there are limited data on what changing MEWS scores within the ED indicate. We examined the correlation of changing MEWS scores during resuscitation in the ED and in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis on medical ED patients with simplified MEWS scores (without urine output or mental status) admitted to a single academic tertiary care center over one year. Triage-to-Last delta MEWS score and Triage-to-Max delta MEWS scores were calculated and correlated to in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, length of stay (LOS) and diagnosis of sepsis. Results Our analysis included 8322 ED patients with an ICU admission rate of 17% and a mortality rate of 2%. Every point of worsened MEWS after triage was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.96–2.97) than triage MEWS alone (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.23–1.44; p Conclusions Dynamic vital signs in the emergency department, as categorized by delta MEWS, and failure to normalize abnormalities, were associated with increased mortality, ICU admission, LOS, and the diagnosis of sepsis. Our results suggest that MEWS scores that do not normalize, from triage onward, are more strongly associated with outcome than any single score.
Researching the Activists: Understanding Methods, Data, and Approaches

Much is written about terrorists and terrorism, but the vast majority of material comes from secondary sources which is typically not wholly accurate or lacks depth and understanding. In the case of al Muhajiroun, there are many inaccuracies. This chapter introduces al Muhajiroun and explains the methods used in this research to engage firsthand with the al Muhajiroun/Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah movement activists. A discussion on radicalism is also included so that the following chapters can be contextually understood in a normative sense rather than the limitations that come with pejorative labeling typically associated with such groups.
The Patient's Right to Clear Communications in Health and Mental Health Delivery Service.

ABSTRACT Persons from minority groups often are at a linguistic disadvantage in (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 22, 1975) the language and culture of the physician or psychoanalyst, who may be unaware of problems of understanding. Patients have certain language rights in medical care. (1) The right to human dignity in the medical relationship is jeopardized by, for example, a specialized professional vocabulary, the different cultural background of doctor and working-class patient, and the asymmetrical status of doctor and patient, where the doctor as the superior controls the conversation. During taped medical interviews with black, inner-city residents, the patients adopted their best English and tried to use medical terminology to avoid embarrassment. (2) The right to know what is wrong with their bodies involves the doctor's ability and desire to communicate and the patient's ability to understand. Even common medical terms may not be understood by ghetto residents. (3) The right to know why certain tests or treatments are given is important to the patient's peace of mind and dignity. (4) The patient's right to make decisions about alternative treatment must be maintained through clear explanation of test results and alternative treatments. It is suggested that medical schools include training in personal interviewing and minority languages and cultures and, if possible, that they recruit working-class doctors. (CHK)
A brief evaluation of vancomycin loading doses and nephrotoxicity in the elderly population

To the Editor,In a recent study in the present journal, nephrotoxicity induced by vancomycin in combination therapy was reported [1]. Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity was found to occur less fr...
Seizure outcome in patients with cavernous malformation after early surgery.

Abstract Objective To describe seizure outcome and complications in patients with cavernous malformations (CM) undergoing early versus late surgery. Methods A database was created for all CM patients who presented with seizure referred to the neurosurgical clinic at an academic center. A telephone survey and chart review were conducted to evaluate for preoperative and postoperative seizure frequency. Postoperative seizure-free outcome of patients who had ≤2 preoperative seizures versus those that had >2 preoperative seizures was compared. Results A total of 35 CM patients were included for analysis. Nineteen patients had ≤2 preoperative seizures and 16 patients had >2 preoperative seizures, six of them drug resistant for over two years. Among the ≤2 seizure group, 15 had only a single seizure before surgical resection. 94.7% of patients with ≤2 preoperative seizures and 62.5% of patients with >2 preoperative seizures were seizure free one year following surgical resection (p = 0.019). 78.9% of patients with ≤2 preoperative seizures and 25% of patients with >2 preoperative seizures were able to wean off AEDs (p Conclusions Early surgical resection for CM patients who present after a CM-related seizure is an effective, well tolerated treatment and has good chance to offer seizure freedom without the need for long-term antiepileptic medications. Outcome for patients operated with only one or two preoperative seizures may lead to better results than patients who delay the procedure.
Complete genome sequences of francisella marina strains e95-16 and e103-15, isolated from maricultured spotted rose snapper (lutjanus guttatus) on the pacific coast of central america

ABSTRACT In 2015 and 2016, a previously unrecognized Francisella sp. was isolated from disease outbreaks in maricultured spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) on the Pacific coast of Central America. Polyphasic analysis demonstrated these bacteria differed from any known Francisella spp. Here, the complete genomes from the recently described Francisella marina strains are released.
Abstract 053: Association Of Pre-pregnancy Cardiovascular Health With Adverse Maternal And Fetal Outcomes

Introduction: Individual pre-pregnancy risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes disproportionately affect minority women and are associated with adverse maternal and offspring outco...
Computation of Filament Winding Paths with Concavities and Friction

Abstract We introduce an efficient method to support generation of geometric winding paths on parametric shapes. Filament winding is a technology for producing composite materials by winding resin-infused fibers around the underlying model. While filament winding is a long-standing manufacturing method, only a few shapes, primarily cylinders, have been manufactured in practice. Extending this to a broader range of parametric surfaces is desirable. For convex objects without friction, generating a winding path over a model is equivalent to finding a locally geodesic path on the surface. We propose a physically-based method ideally suited for generating these geodesics, and show how it can be augmented to incorporate friction in the simulation process. For non-convex objects, it is important to correctly handle the bridging of filaments across local concavities. We therefore propose an efficient method for lifting a filament from and returning it to a surface, within the same simulation framework. We demonstrate how this method forms the basis for an end-to-end system that designers can use to create, visualize, and redesign winding paths for a variety of shapes.
Associations of SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG with occupation and demographics of military personnel.

Background Countries across the globe have mobilized their armed forces in response to COVID-19, placing them at increased risk for viral exposure. Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 among military personnel serve as biomarkers of infection and provide a basis for disease surveillance and recognition of work-related risk factors. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific IgG in serum obtained from N = 988 US National Guard soldiers between April-June 2020. Occupational information, e.g. military operating specialty (MOS) codes, and demographic data were obtained via questionnaire. Plaque assays with live SARS-CoV-2 were used to assess serum neutralizing capacity for limited subjects (N = 12). Results The SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity rate among the study population was 10.3% and significantly associated with occupation and demographics. Odds ratios were highest for those working in MOS 2T-Transportation (3.6; 95% CI 0.7-18) and 92F-Fuel specialist/ground and aircraft (6.8; 95% CI 1.5-30), as well as black race (2.2; 95% CI 1.2-4.1), household size ≥6 (2.5; 95% CI 1.3-4.6) and known COVID-19 exposure (2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Seropositivity tracked along major interstate highways and clustered near the international airport and the New York City border. SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG+ serum exhibited low to moderate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity with IC50s ranging from 1:15 to 1:280. In limited follow-up testing SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG levels remained elevated up to 7 months. Conclusions The data highlight increased SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among National Guard vs. the local civilian population in association with transportation-related occupations and specific demographics.
States Are A-Changing, Complex Spikes Proclaim

The cerebellum has been viewed historically as involved exclusively in motor control. However, understanding specific cerebellar processes has remained unsettled for a long time. Among the numerous hypotheses formulated to define cerebellar function one of the more successful has proved to be the forward internal model theory, which states that the cerebellum computes predictions of motor command consequences and compares them with sensory feedback to provide prediction errors (PEs).
The Loss of Renal Enzymes

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the mode of therapy (Coles, 1972; Blumenkrantz et al., 1976; Kopple, 1978; Bansal et al., 1980). The risk factors for malnutrition may be divided into two categories: (1) extrinsic factors, such as restricted diets prescribed by the physician (Berlyne et al., 1968; Sorenson and Kopple, 1968), catabolic illness (Nsouli et al., 1979; Dobkin et al., 1978), blood losses from the gastrointestinal tract (Linton et al., 1977) and during hemodialysis (Longnecker et al., 1974), and loss of protein (Blumenkrantz et al., 1981) and amino acids (Kopple et al., 1973) into the dialysate; and (2) intrinsic factors, such as hypophagia (Atkin-Thor et al., 1978), malabsorption of nutrients (Merrill and Tasch, 1976), abnormal metabolism of nutrients (Spannuth et al., 1977; Reiman, 1972), and loss of renal enzymes which catalyze the utilization or degradation of nutrients including their conversion to physiologically essential compounds.
Genetic Engineering of Rubisco

Because of its pivotal role in photosynthetic CO2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) has become a focus for genetic engineering. An increase in carboxylase activity or a decrease in the O2 inhibition of carboxylase activity would directly improve plant productivity. Much is known about the Rubisco catalytic mechanisms, a number of X-ray crystal structures have been solved, and directed mutagenesis of prokaryotic enzymes has probed the importance of individual amino-acid residues. However, as in most cases of enzyme engineering, it is difficult to deduce which changes are needed to make Rubisco better. The eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii offers other approaches to this problem. Classical genetic methods, which are difficult to apply in prokaryotes or higher plants, have been used to recover mutations at random, identify interactions between amino-acid residues, and discover other genes that influence the ultimate expression of Rubisco function. Several regions outside the active site have now been identified that control catalytic efficiency. Molecular genetic methods have also become well established for Chlamydomonas. Directed mutagenesis and gene transformation can be used to investigate the nucleus- and chloroplast-encoded Rubisco subunits, which likely serve as the best models for ultimately engineering the Rubisco of crop plants.
Transition metal complexes as ligands: Heavy metal salts of hexaisothiocyanatochromium(III)

Abstract The heavy metal [Cu(I), Ag(I), Cd(II), Hg(II), Tl(I), and Pb(II)] salts of Cr(NCS)63− have been prepared and studied spectroscopically. Infra-red data (4000-230 cm−) supports the formulation of the heavy metal salts as polymers with bridging thiocyanate groups S-bonded to the heavy metal ion. The values of the Racah parameters, B, the ligand field parameters, Dq, and the spectroscopic splitting factors, g, were determined from the optical and ESR spectra. They indicate that the effect of heavy metal salt formation of the Cr(NCS)63− anion is to decrease the covalency of the metal-ligand σ-bonding but to increase the metal to ligand π-back-bonding.
Primary Myeloma Cells Growing in SCID-hu Mice: A Model for Studying the Biology and Treatment of Myeloma and Its Manifestations

Progress in unraveling the biology of myeloma has suffered from lack of an in vitro or in vivo system for reproducible growth of myeloma cells and development of disease manifestations. The SCID-hu mouse harbors a human microenvironment in the form of human fetal bone. Myeloma cells from the bone marrow of 80% of patients readily grew in the human environment of SCID-hu mice. Engraftment of myeloma cells was followed by detectable human Ig levels in the murine blood. Myeloma-bearing mice had high levels of monotypic human Igs, high blood calcium levels, increased osteoclast activity, and severe resorption of the human bones. The human microenvironment was infiltrated with Epstein-Barr virus-negative monoclonal myeloma cells of the same clonality as the original myeloma cells. Active angiogenesis was apparent in areas of myeloma cell infiltration; the new endothelial cells were of human origin. We conclude that the SCID-hu mouse is a favorable host for studying the biology and therapy of myeloma and that a normal bone marrow environment can support the growth of myeloma cells.
Social navigation support in a course recommendation system

The volume of course-related information available to students is rapidly increasing. This abundance of information has created the need to help students find, organize, and use resources that match their individual goals, interests, and current knowledge. Our system, CourseAgent, presented in this paper, is an adaptive community-based hypermedia system, which provides social navigation course recommendations based on students’ assessment of course relevance to their career goals. CourseAgent obtains students’ explicit feedback as part of their natural interactivity with the system. This work presents our approach to eliciting explicit student feedback and then evaluates this approach.
A Decomposition of Conditional Correlations in Us Equities

This paper extends the Forbes and Rigobon (2002) adjustment to account for heteroscedasticity and time-varying market volatility biases in conditional correlations for U.S. size and industry portfolios. After the adjustments, it is possible to compare correlations across conditioning sets. While some of the portfolios exhibit downside asymmetric conditional correlations, others show no evidence of correlation asymmetry and some exhibit upside correlation asymmetry. In addition and more importantly, the adjusted conditional correlations during extreme market moves are never statistically above their corresponding unconditional correlation. Thus, any asymmetric conditional correlation pattern is the result of correlations on one side of the distribution falling by more than the correlations on the other. The largest conditional correlations tend to occur when the market experiences average returns. These findings have important implications for asset pricing, market microstructure, and risk management and are generally robust to longer return horizons and conditioning upon prior market performance.
Increased plant productivity in Alaskan tundra as a result of experimental warming of soil and permafrost

Summary 1. The response of northern tundra plant communities to warming temperatures is of critical concern because permafrost ecosystems play a key role in global carbon (C) storage, and climate-induced ecological shifts in the plant community will affect the transfer of carbon-dioxide between biological and atmospheric pools. 2. This study, which focuses on the response of tundra plant growth and phenology to experimental warming, was conducted at the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, located in the northern foothills of the Alaska Range. We used snow fences coupled with spring snow removal to increase deep-soil temperatures and thaw depth (winter warming), and open-top chambers to increase summer air temperatures (summer warming). 3. Winter warming increased wintertime soil temperature (5–40 cm) by 2.3 °C, resulting in a 10% increase in growing season thaw depth. Summer warming significantly increased growing season air temperature; peak temperature differences occurred near midday when summer warming plots were approximately 1.0 °C warmer than ambient plots. 4. Changes in the soil environment as a result of winter warming treatment resulted in a 20% increase in above-ground biomass and net primary productivity (ANPP), while there was no detected summer warming effect on ecosystem-level ANPP or biomass. Both summer and winter warming extended the growing season through earlier bud break and delayed senescence, despite equivalent snow-free days across treatments. As with ANPP, winter warming increased canopy N mass by 20%, while there was no summer warming effect on canopy N. 5. The warming-mediated increase in N availability, coupled with phenological shifts, may have driven higher rates of ANPP in the winter warming plots, and the lack of ecosystem-level N and ANPP response to summer warming suggest continued N limitation in the summer warming plots. 6. Synthesis: These results highlight the role of soil and permafrost dynamics in regulating plant response to climate change and provide evidence that warming may promote greater C accumulation in tundra plant biomass. While warming temperatures are expected to enhance microbial decomposition of the large pool of organic matter stored in tundra soils and permafrost, these respiratory losses may be offset, at least in part, by warming-mediated increases in plant growth.
Reinventing Reference: How Libraries Deliver Value in the Age of Google

A review of the edited volume, Reinventing Reference: How Libraries Deliver Value in the Age of Google , edited by Katie Elson Anderson and Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic.
Chemotaxis control by linear recurrent networks

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an excellent opportunity to study biological computation. This is mainly because it has a very simple neuromuscular system, consisting of only 302 neurons and 95 muscle cells. Anatomical studies have revealed the morphology of every neuron and the location of nearly every electrical and chemical synapse[1], and it has recently become possible to make electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in C. elegans[2].
Governmental Domestic Violence Policies: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis

Current domestic violence policies developed over past decades at the behest of women's advocacy groups and other interest groups. Through their efforts, perceived norms of behavior have been established and government power has been exerted to enforce those norms. Now, government policies and procedures regarding domestic violence are being questioned based on their impact on both alleged abusers and their alleged victims. Feminist law professors question domestic violence policies including mandatory arrest laws, mandatory no-contact orders, and no-drop prosecution (against the victims' wishes) policies. These policies many times ignore alleged victims' rights and wishes and decrease alleged abusers' perceptions of procedural justice related to domestic violence cases. Consequently, current policies may make victims less, rather than more safe. Under current policies, people can easily file questionable domestic violence claims for almost any reason, including circumventing normal court procedures for family divorce and custody decisions. This study uses data from West Virginia as an example. Over time, investigations and arrests for domestic violence increased dramatically overall while investigations related to aggravated assault and homicide declined. Less than twenty percent of domestic violence petitions filed in West Virginia lead to the issuance of a protective order. Estimated identifiable governmental costs associated with denied or dismissed domestic violence petitions exceed $18 million annually in West Virginia. Any benefits of increasingly proactive domestic violence policies must be compared to their costs. A new social norm that creates a high cost for false domestic violence claims is needed.
Modelling the unmodellable: algorithmic fault diagnosis

In its most basic form, algorithmic fault diagnosis consists of using a fault model to predict the behavior of faulty circuits, comparing these predictions to the actual observed behavior of defective chips, and identifying the predicted behavior(s) which most closely match the observations. The goal of the process is to enable failure analysis by identifying promising locations for further study. The process is successful if the actual defect is contained in the list of possible locations, and if that list is sufficiently small to permit a failure analysis engineer to investigate them. In short, advances continue in both fault models and matching algorithms, which together continue to improve the effectiveness of algorithmic fault diagnosis, in spite of the fact that duplicating the exact behavior of defects remains elusive.
The MATLAB bioinformatics toolbox

MATLAB® (The MathWorks, Inc.) is a general-purpose technical computing language and development environment that is widely used in scientific and engineering applications. The Bioinformatics Toolbox for MATLAB is a library of functions that adds bioinformatics capabilities to the MATLAB environment. This article describes the functions in the Bioinformatics Toolbox and gives an example of how these can be used for phylogenetic analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) sequence data. Keywords: MATLAB; sequence alignment; phylogenetic trees; clustering; visualization; algorithm; data analysis
The role of women in dental education: monitoring the pipeline to leadership.

The purpose of this study was to analyze data collected by the American Dental Association and the American Dental Education Association over the past two decades relating to changes in the number of women active in dental education and dental practice. The concept of a pipeline of women in dentistry was explored by analyzing predoctoral, postdoctoral, dental practice, and dental education domains for the inclusion of women. Statistical analyses show that there has been a consistent and progressive increase in the number of women in all stages of the pipeline. Over the past two decades, the number of female students attending and graduating from dental school has steadily increased. In 1984–85, 23.7 percent of all predoctoral students were women; in 2009–10, 45.1 percent were women. Similarly, in 1999, the graduating class was 35.3 percent women; in 2009, it was 46.1 percent women. In the postdoctoral domain, in 1996, 29.9 percent of all residents were women; in 2010, this had increased to 39.0 percent. In dental practice, the number of actively licensed women dentists in 1999 was 15.3 percent of the workforce; in 2010, this percentage had grown to 24.0 percent. In dental education, the number of women clinical faculty members has gradually increased from 669 in 1997–98 to 902 in 2007–08. Until 2000, there had been only two women deans and very few associate/assistant deans, with only sixteen in 1990. In 2000, major changes began with three women deans and seventy-two women associate/assistant deans. In 2009–10, there were 111 associate/assistant women deans and twelve women deans. These data show a progressive increase in the presence of women in all domains of dentistry, especially in leadership positions in dental education.
GRASP-BSMA: A fast algorithm for delay constrained multicast routing

Constrained minimum Steiner tree (CMST) problem is a key issue in multicast routing with quality of service (QoS) support. Many heuristics have been developed to solve this NP-complete problem. In recent years, some interesting work has been done to use the greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to solve this problem. While it helps to achieve very high success ratios of finding optimal solutions on networks of small or medium sizes (less than 100 nodes), a high computation time is also required, usually in the range of tens of seconds. Considering a normal call admission time is expected to be in the range of tens or hundreds of milliseconds and network sizes may become much larger, it is worth developing algorithms that can run faster while keeping the tree cost at an acceptable level. In this paper, an algorithm called GRASP-BSMA is proposed for such purpose. By using an efficient procedure to construct the initial feasible solution, together with the best implementation of the bounded shortest multicast algorithm (BSMA), the proposed algorithm well meets the expectations.
Unification of effective field theories

Abstract We consider the renormalization of the coupling constants in theories with extended gauge hierarchies. An effective field theory approach is used to include an interesting class of higher-order effects in the renormalization group formulas. We calculate these corrections for all possible breakdowns of O(10) to SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1).
A study in Urdu corpus construction

We are interested in contributing a small, publicly available Urdu corpus of written text to the natural language processing community. The Urdu text is stored in the Unicode character set, in its native Arabic script, and marked up according to the Corpus Encoding Standard (CES) XML Document Type Definition (DTD). All the tags and metadata are in English. To date, the corpus is made entirely of data from British Broadcasting Company's (BBC) Urdu Web site, although we plan to add data from other Urdu newspapers. Upon completion, the corpus will consist mostly of raw Urdu text marked up only to the paragraph level so it can be used as input for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In addition, it will be hand-tagged for parts of speech so the data can be used to train and test NLP tools.
Glutamate decarboxylase localization in neurons of the olfactory bulb

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been localized in the rat olfactory bulb by immunocytochemical methods with both light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic results demonstrated GAD-positive puncta concentrated in the external plexiform layer and in the glomeruli of the glomerular layer. In addition, GAD-positive reaction product stained the dentrites and somata of granule and periglomerular cells. The electron microscopic observations confirmed the presence of GAD-positive reaction product within granule and periglomerular somata and dendrites. In electron micrographs of the external plexiform layer, the gemmules which arise from the distal dentrites of granule cells were also observed to be filled with reaction product, and these structures corresponded in size and location to the puncta observed in light microscopic preparations. The gemmules were observed to form reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic junctions with mitral cell dentrites which lacked reaction product. In the glomeruli, GAD-positive reaction product was observed in the dentritic shafts and gemmules of periglomerular cells which also formed reciprocal dendrodentritic synaptic contacts with mitral/tufted cell dentrites. The localization of GAD in known inhibitory neurons of the olfactory bulb supports the case that these local circuit neurons use GABA as their neurotransmitter. The present study demonstrates that GAD molecules located within certain neuronal somata and dentrites can be visualized with antisera prepared against GAD that was purified from synaptosomal fractions of mouse brains. This finding suggests that the lack of GAD staining within somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons noted in previous studies of the cerebellum and spinal cord was probably due to low GAD concentrations, rather than to antigenic differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking differences among GAD molecules located in different portions of the neuron. A striking difference between the granule and periglomerular neurons of the olfactory bulb and the neurons of the cerebellum and spinal cord is that the former have presynaptic dentrites while the latter do not. Since GAD-positive reaction product can be detected in the somata and dentrites of GABA-ergic neurons which have presynaptic dentrites, it is suggested that these neurons may differ from other GABA-ergic neurons with respect to either transport or metabolism of GAD.
Systems of correlations in rule and category learning: Use of structured input in learning syntactic categories

Abstract Three studies with artificial grammars investigated one property of natural language and one learning procedure which capitalises on this property to aid learning. Learning syntax is difficult because the rules and categories of syntax form a mutually defining system. Structural analogies to other systems (e.g. semantics, interaction) are limited and unreliable. On the other hand, treating syntax as a formal system and applying distributional analysis poses an extremely difficult learning problem. The property investigated is systematicity, coherence among multiple interpredictive features marking syntactic categories. The learning procedure is a method for directing attention to predictive features. This procedure predicts that an individual correlational rule or pattern will be learned more easily when it is part of a system of rules among intercorrelated features than when the identical rule occurs in isolation—complexity facilitates learning. The artificial grammar experiments varied the stru...
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Evaluation of controlled PTSD research

The completed controlled PTSD research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is placed within the context of other methods used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. A number of studies are presented that support EMDR as an empirically validated method. However, in several studies, clinical standards have not always been integrated with rigorous scientific methodology. The suggested standards include fidelity checks for the method being tested, the use of appropriate psychometrics, and assessment of co-morbidity factors. At the same time, because of common misconceptions about the method, a variety of problematic issues are discussed.
Optically pumped submillimeter gas lasers and the prospects for constructing space-qualifiable LO systems

An optically pumped, submillimeter laser operating in the 500 micron (600 GHz) to 100 micron (3 THz) spectral range is the primary and, at present, the only available local oscillator (LO) source for laboratory and astronomical heterodyne applications for this wavelength region. A short review of the state-of-the-art of submillimeter lasers as LO sources, with an emphasis given to receiver systems designed for airborne heterodyne observations, is presented. The characteristics and prospects for constructing a space-qualifiable laser LO system will also be given.
Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment

Pediatricians and other medical providers caring for children need to be aware of the dynamics in the significant relationship between substance abuse and child maltreatment. A caregiver's use and abuse of alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and other drugs place the child at risk in multiple ways. Members of the medical community need to understand these risks because the medical community plays a unique and important role in identifying and caring for these children. Substance abuse includes the abuse of legal drugs as well as the use of illegal drugs. The abuse of legal substances may be just as detrimental to parental functioning as abuse of illicit substances. Many substance abusers are also polysubstance users and the compounded effect of the abuse of multiple substances may be difficult to measure. Often other interrelated social features, such as untreated mental illness, trauma history, and domestic violence, affect these families.
Sortase: the surface protein anchoring transpeptidase and the LPXTG motif.

Although it is clear that the correct gene has been isolated, an attempt to repair the thermosensitivity of the sortase mutant by complementation has met with minimal success, suggesting that sortase might not be essential after all and that the temperature sensitivity was owing to a coincidental mutation in a second, essential gene. This has recently been corroborated by the finding that a sortase knockout is viable (O. Schneewind, pers. commun.). Although widely predicted on the presumption of essentiality to be an attractive target for the identification of novel antimicrobials, the non-essential nature of sortase has required some rethinking – presently, virulence tests of the sortase knockout are underway, with the idea that an anti-sortase agent could block virulence in a wide spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, even if it did not block growth.Interestingly, in the sortase mutant, as with protein mutants lacking the LPXTG motif, the proteins that would normally be attached to the cell wall peptidoglycan do not associate with the cell wall, confirming that the carboxy- terminal membrane anchor is not sufficient, nor do they accumulate, either extra- or intracellularly (O. Schneewind, pers. commun.). Perhaps the accumulation of membrane-bound surface protein intermediates that cannot be sorted or secreted is toxic to the cell – as was originally found for Escherichia coli β galactosidase fused to a secretion signal17xSuppressor mutations that restore export of a protein with a defective signal sequence. Emr, S.D. et al. Cell. 1981; 23: 79–88Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (154)See all References, 18xE. coli mutant pleiotropically defective in the export of secreted proteins. Oliver, D.B. and Beckwith, J. Cell. 1981; 25: 765–772Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (203)See all References. Accordingly, there is probably an auto-regulatory system governing the synthesis and fate of the surface proteins, preventing their accumulation when sorting is defective.In conclusion, the elegant recent work of Schneewind and co- workers has provided final confirmation for the idea that surface proteins in Gram-positive bacteria are covalently anchored to the cell wall. Although this has been quite clear for nearly 30 years, nagging doubts remained and these must finally be laid to rest by the isolation and analysis of sortase.
Hyperfine-structure measurements in the first excited D levels of potassium, rubidium, and cesium by cascade-fluorescence spectroscopy

Hyperfine structures in the first excited $D$ levels of $^{39}\mathrm{K}$, $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ have been measured by cascade-fluorescence spectroscopy. We find that the magnetic-dipole coupling constants $A$ (in MHz) are $|A(^{39}\mathrm{K},3^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})|l1.8$, $|A(^{39}\mathrm{K},3^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})|l2.2$, $A(^{85}\mathrm{Rb},4^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=+7.3(5)$, $A(^{85}\mathrm{Rb},4^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}5.2(3)$, $A(^{87}\mathrm{Rb},4^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=+25.1(9)$, $A(^{87}\mathrm{Rb},4^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}16.9(6)$, and $A(^{133}\mathrm{Cs},5^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=\ensuremath{-}22.1(5)$.
High speed ultra short pulse fiber ring laser using photonic crystal fiber nonlinear optical loop mirror

Abstract A scheme to generate high speed optical pulse train with ultra short pulse width is proposed and experimentally studied. Two-step compression is used in the scheme: 20 GHz and 40 GHz pulse trains generated from a rational harmonic actively mode-locked fiber ring laser is compressed to a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ~ 1.5 ps using adiabatic soliton compression with dispersion shifted fibers (DSF). The pulse trains then undergo a pedestal removal process by transmission through a cascaded two photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLM) realized using a double-ring structure. The shortest output pulse width obtained was ~ 610 fs for 20 GHz pulse train and ~ 570 fs for 40 GHz pulse train. The signal to noise ratio of the RF spectrum of the output pulse train is larger than 30 dB. Theoretical simulation of the NOLM transmission is conducted using split-step Fourier method. The results show that two cascaded NOLMs can improve the compression result compared to that for a single NOLM transmission.
Effect of alcohol and dietary deprivation on absorption of xylose from the rat small intestine

The xylose absorptive capacity of rats on four experimental diets were studied by a modification of the Cori technic. Diet I was nutritionally adequate; Diet II, nutritionally inadequate; Diet III, like Diet I but containing less protein and more carbohydrate; Diet IV, like Diet III, but containing still less protein and still more carbohydrates. Each group of experimental animals was given one of these diets plus water, 20% alcohol, water plus congeners of whiskey, or 20% alcohol plus congeners. Four groups of animals were treated for 3 wk., four others for 4 mo., and the last four groups for 1 yr. A deficient diet alone, alcohol alone, and a combination of the two resulted in a reduction in xylose absorption in the youngest animals. Animals fed a 10% protein diet and alcohol, as well as animals fed a control diet and alcohol with congeners, exhibited a decrease in xylose absorption.
Cornerstones and Capstones: A Case Study on the Value of a Holistic Core in the Discipline of Communication Studies

The assay uses a case study of the Department of Communication Studies at UNCW to argue for a holistic core that balances the dialectic tensions between social science and humanities, scholarly discipline and craft/praxis, and common and special topics within the discipline. The essay also offers rationales for two other unique features of the UNCW curriculum: research methods at the front end of the curriculum and a multi-faceted senior capstone experience.
Dispersive and reflected tsunami signals from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami observed on hydrophones and seismic stations

[1] The tsunami caused by the Great Sumatra Earthquake on 26 December 2004 generated dispersive signals recorded on hydrophones near Diego Garcia and Cape Leeuwin, Australia and on seismographs in coastal locations around the Indian Ocean. The onset of these signals was coincident with predicted tsunami arrival times, signal durations were from 12 to more than 36 hours, and signal frequencies ranged from less than 1 mHz at onset to 25 mHz. Signal onset times and dispersion are consistent with propagation from the earthquake rupture zone to the receivers as tsunami waves. Signal arrival azimuths were estimated from coherent processing of groups of sensors. The azimuth and dispersion of the signal are consistent with the direct tsunami wave, and secondary signals are consistent with reflections of the tsunami from the Mascarene Plateau and other bathymetric features in the Indian Ocean.