cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Flight Testing of Intelligent Flight Control Laws for the WVU YF-22 Model Aircraft

The purpose of this paper is to present the design and the testing in flight of a neurally augmented control scheme based on non-linear dynamic inversion for the WVU YF-22 model aircraft. The adaptive flight controller is designed and tested through simulation using Matlab and Simulink. A single flight condition is considered and a neural network is used to compensate for inversion errors and changes in aircraft dynamics, including actuator failures. A minimal Real Time Application Interface Linux distribution was created using BusyBox. The Simulink Real Time Workshop environment was used to generate C code to be run on the WVU-YF22 customized on-board computer. Flight testing results performed at nominal flight conditions show the potential of the control scheme to achieve adequate stability and performance characteristics.
Comment on “Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami: Earthquake or Landslide?” by E. L. Geist

In a recent contribution, Geist (2000) examines several characteristics of the 1998 Papua New Guinea (PNG) earthquake and tsunami and suggests that they can be explained by a standard dislocation in an elastic Earth without the need to invoke a landslide or slump as the mechanism of generation of the locally catastrophic tsunami. We wish to emphasize that we agree with overwhelming evidence indicating that tsunamigenic events are never purely “tectonic” ( i.e., in the nature of an elastic dislocation) nor due to pure slumps. Most earthquakes trigger landslides; indeed aerial rockslides are well documented in the immediate vicinity of the USGS epicenter of the PNG earthquake west of the Serai lumber mill (Kawata et al., 1999). Conversely, most landslides are presumably triggered by seismic events, however small and difficult to detect. In several instances of recent tsunamis, small-scale underwater landslides or slumps have been documented or suggested to explain occurrences of very localized enhanced run-up amplitudes. This was the case at Riang-Kroko for the 1992 Flores event (Tsuji et al., 1995), and on the western coast of Okushiri in 1993 (Shuto and Matsutomi, 1995). What truly sets apart the PNG tsunami (and challenges the scientific community) is the large extent of the coastal segment with very high run-up (25 km as opposed to a scale of hundreds to thousands of meters for the above examples). On the other hand, the aspect ratio of the run-up (sustained at 10 m, with peak values of 16 m) to the length of devastated coastline (25 km) is much too large to be explained in the framework of the scaling laws known to control elastic dislocations in the appropriate range of seismic moments. These simple, albeit qualitative, observations, all made before and during the posttsunami survey, rule out both a purely (or mostly) elastic …
Speciation of Arsenic and Selenium via Anion-Exchange HPLC with Sequential Plasma Emission Detection

Description d'une methode de determination des etats d'oxydation de As et Se (AsIII, AsV, SeIV et SeVI). L'eluant sortant du chromatographe est transfere directement dans le detecteur. La detection sequentielle est realisee avec un systeme a monochromateur controle par ordinateur
Mechanism of action of amantadine on neuromuscular transmission.

The effect of amantadine on neuromuscular transmission was studied in frog sartorius and rat soleus and diaphragm muscle preparations. Amantadine blocked transmission reversibly, while having negligible presynaptic effects and inducing 10-20 mV depolarization of the muscle membrane that was tetrodotoxin insensitive. Its most pronounced effect was on the acetylcholine receptor-mediated postsynaptic conductances. Amantadine caused voltage-dependent attenuation of the peak endplate current amplitude and marked departure from linearity in the current voltage relationship. The drug altered the voltage-dependence of the falling phase of the endplate current, and reduced the slope of the relationship between endplate current half decay time and membrane potential with subsequent reversal of the slope such that the endplate current became faster with hyperpolarization. In addition, amantadine was found to inhibit the carbamylcholine-induced 22Na efflux from microsacs formed from Torpedo electric organ membranes, suggesting that amantadine had postsynaptic action. Amantadine did not inhibit binding of [3H]acetylcholine or [125I]α-bungarotoxin to the acetylcholine receptor but inhibited competitively the binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to the ionic channel of the acetylcholine receptor with Ki of 60 µM. These effects of amantadine on postsynaptic ionic current, coupled with its inability to protect against blockade of transmission by α-bungarotoxin and its inhibition of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding suggest that amantadine blocks neuromuscular transmission by reacting with the ionic channel of the acetylcholine receptor.
Pediatric pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease in newborns, infants, and children that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the majority of pediatric patients, PH is idiopathic or associated with congenital heart disease and rarely is associated with other conditions such as connective tissue or thromboembolic disease. Incidence data from the Netherlands has revealed an annual incidence and point prevalence of 0.7 and 4.4 for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and 2.2 and 15.6 for pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively, associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) cases per million children. The updated Nice classification for PH has been enhanced to include a greater depth of CHD and emphasizes persistent PH of the newborn and developmental lung diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The management of pediatric PH remains challenging because treatment decisions continue to depend largely on results from evidence-based adult studies and the clinical experience of pediatric experts. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:D117–26) a 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can present at any age from infancy to adulthood. The distribution of etiologies in children is quite different than that of adults, with a predominance of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and PAH associated with congenital heart disease (APAH-CHD) (1–5). In pediatric populations, IPAH is usually diagnosed in its later stages due to nonspecific symptoms. Without appropriate treatments, median survival rate after diagnosis of children with IPAH appears worse when compared with that of adults (6). Therapeutic strategies for adult PAH have not been sufficiently studied in children, especially regarding potential toxicities, formulation, or optimal dosing, and appropriate treatment targets for goal-oriented therapy in children are lacking. Nevertheless, children with PAH are currently treated with targeted PAH drugs and may benefit from these new therapies. This review provides an overview of recent information regarding the current approach and diagnostic classification of PAH in children as based on discussions and recommendations from the Pediatric Task Force of the 5th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) in Nice, France (2013).
China’s position on international intervention: A media and journalism critical discourse analysis of its case for “Sovereignty” versus “Responsibility to Protect” principles in Syria

Chemical weapons use was a red-line that Damascus-directed forces crossed in the current and ongoing Syrian civil conflict. Russia and the United States disagreed not only about whether the weapons...
Classical and quantum fluctuations in type-II harmonic generation in a triply resonant cavity

It is known1 that in type-I second-harmonic generation in a doubly resonant cavity where a subharmonic mode is coupled to a harmonio mode through a χ(2) process, self-pulsing may occur for high input fundamental power. Squeezing2 and QND measurements3 are possible near the self-pulsing threshold. For type-II harmonic generation, however, there are two sub-harmonic modes coupled to the harmonic mode through the same χ(2) process but with different arrangements of polarizations. The extra subharmonic mode will make the dynamics of the system totally different.
Augmenting Mathematical Education for Minority Students

The overall purpose of our research is to identify unique benefits and challenges in gamifying personalized augmented reality experiences in K -- 12 education for minority students. Gamification is applying game-like elements and principles in a non-gaming environment with the desired outcome of increasing engagement, motivation and learning. Augmented reality (AR) technologies project virtual objects onto the real world. Personalized AR potentially creates new levels of engagement for students while simultaneously accounting for their skill level, strengths, challenges and personal as well as cultural needs to increase learning. Using gamification in augmented or virtual environments is not a new phenomenon for researchers, however, the model presented in this work will leverage gamified AR experiences while incorporating cultural relevance to bring a new perspective for keeping minority students engaged and increasing learning outcomes.
Expectations Management and Stock Returns

We show that proxies for firms’ incentives to manage earnings expectations toward beatable levels contain strong predictive power for earnings announcement returns. Firms with stronger incentives to manage expectations predictably outperform firms with weaker incentives by approximately 1% in their expected announcement months. We validate our proxies by showing that firms with stronger incentives display several intuitive patterns; they are more likely to beat analysts’ forecasts even when earnings decline, more often narrowly beat expectations than narrowly miss, and issue low-ball earnings guidance. Collectively, our results suggest firms predictably influence investors’ expectations to manufacture positive “surprises” in high attention periods and thus that expectations management is important for understanding earnings announcement premia, return seasonalities, and the role of investor attention.
Geometry and Galois Theory

At the International Conference on Algebra and Geometry held at the Central University of Hyderabad in December 2001, I gave a survey talk on Nice Equations for Nice Groups. My talk was based on the fourteen lectures, now called sections, which I gave at Ohio-State University in March-April 1995. This material should serve as a good introduction for applying geometric group theory to the calculation of Galois groups. This is the material which I presented at the 60th birthday conference of my good friend Jose Luis Vicente in Seville in September 2001. It is based on the nine lectures, now called sections, which were given by me at Purdue in Spring 1997. This should provide a good calculational background for the Galois theory of vectorial (= additive) polynomials and their iterates.
An Information Systems Curriculum for Undergraduate Business Students

(1982). An Information Systems Curriculum for Undergraduate Business Students. The Journal of Data Education: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 27-30.
Lie groups underlying fault avoidance in dynamical control systems

The critical applications envisioned disallow changing the implementation, faulty as it might be. Production of the intended response is crucial and O L is the sole operator dedicated to tile task. An example of such an 0 i is a control system containing components that malfunction in some operating states; another is a computer simulation containing programming errors. The troublesome states might be unknown. If an event, consisting of a collection of such states, seemed imminent then steps might be taken to avoid its occurrence. In a faster than real time computer simulation in which an erroneous output did occur and were recognized as such, there might still be time to attempt an alternative procedure. These problems have been recognized in the area of computer software fault tolerance. (See Ammann and Knight,[1].) The approach developed here embeds the operator 0 i into an ambient control structure 0 a as indicated in Figure 2. (Temporarily ignore the subscript A , B whose explanation follows the next paragraph.)
Soldier Statues and Empty Pedestals: Public Memory in the Wake of the Confederacy

Some images live an unpredictable life. They stand or hang quietly for a long while, inviting inattention to the point that they waver on the cusp of invisibility. Think of the virtually anonymous ...
Place, Not Race: Affirmative Action and the Geography of Educational Opportunity

The discourse in America about segregation is dishonest. On the surface, we pretend that the values of Brown v. Board of Education have been met, although most of us know in our hearts that the current system of public education betrays those values. In this essay, I reflect on how residual, de facto segregation and the stratified architecture of opportunity in our nation contribute to the achievement gap that has made race-based affirmative action necessary. Despite the Supreme Court’s compromise decision in Fisher v. Texas,1 affirmative action is on life support. As this essay goes to print, the Supreme Court has heard argument, but has not issued a decision in the case of Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, which challenges the ability of Michigan voters to ban affirmative action.2 At oral argument, conservative justices seemed
Physics of Heavy Ions Collisions: The Summary of Moriond-97

CERN dilepton experiments have provided the most exciting data. Strong enhancement at low masses observed by CERES and HELIOS3 indicate strong modification in the vector channel in matter compared to vacuum properties. NA50 data on $J/\psi$ suppression in PbPb collisions show surprising deviation from the previous trend. The question is whether it is the expected early-time signal of QGP, or due to late-time hadronic interactions. Theoretical and experimental suggestions have been made to resolve this issue. BNL and SPS experiments have also provided rather complete data with heavy beams (Au and Pb, respectively). Very strong collective flow effects have been observed at both energies, which allow for the first time to restrict the EOS of the hadronic matter. Several observables (flow, Coulomb effects and HBT) suggest rather long evolution of systems created in heavy ion collisions and very low freeze-out densities relative to previous studies. Theory of jet stopping in QGP is becoming quantitative.
A Novel Approach to Median Arcuate Ligament Release Using Robot-Assisted Surgical Techniques and Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Angiography

Abstract Introduction: Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS), sometimes called Dunbar syndrome, is an extremely rare condition caused by external compression of the celiac trunk and/or ganglion b...
People Tend to Wind Down, Not Up, When They Browse Social Media

Researchers have focused intensively on the emotional effects of browsing social media, with many emphasizing possible negative effects and others suggesting the positive emotions in status updates are contagious. Despite this focus, however, very few studies have investigated the actual emotional experience of browsing social media in the moment, and none with more than a few emotions, making it difficult to understand the effects research should endeavor to explain. To address this gap, I use experience sampling with diverse samples of Facebook (N = 362) and Twitter (N = 416) users, assessing the browsing experience across a wide range of emotions. Surprisingly, results provide little evidence of robust positive or negative effects, suggesting instead that the primary effect of browsing social media is a lessening of arousal. That is, contrary to stereotype, people tend to wind down - feel more relaxed, sleepy, bored and so on - not wind up.
Cost calculator for mass vaccination response to a US college campus outbreak of serogroup B meningococcal disease.

Serogroup B (MenB) is the leading cause of meningococcal disease among 16- to 23-year-olds in the United States and has been responsible for all 10 college outbreaks between 2011 and 2017. Outbreak...
A Kinetic Study of the Thermal Decarboxylation of alpha,alpha-Difluoro beta-Lactones.

The rates of thermolysis of α,α-difluoro β-lactones 1, leading to CO2 and 1,1-difluoro olefins, have been obtained in the gas phase and in solution, and the activation parameters are reported. Ab initio calculations on the fluoro and nonfluorinated β-lactone systems are also reported. The gas-phase kinetic and theoretical results are discussed in terms of a probable concerted, asynchronous, nonpolar mechanism, whereas the solution kinetics, which include extensive solvent effect studies, are discussed in terms of a polar mechanism which probably involves formation of a zwitterionic intermediate.
Evaluation of the Headache Patient in the Computer Age

This chapter provides a practical approach to evaluating a headache patient by taking a meaningful clinical history, guided examination, and testing to differentiate primary from secondary headaches. It includes discussion of key elements that will determine treatment strategies, using structured versus open interrogation; the advantages and disadvantages of self-reporting, on paper and with computer technology; and special challenges when interrogating a headache sufferer. Commonly confused terms are explained, with the intention of improving the understanding of what might become misunderstood symptoms. Emphasis is placed on exploring the impact of headaches on the patient’s quality of life, and how the headache problem may adversely affect comorbid conditions. Comorbidity is approached in detail, including understanding behavioral as well as physical disorders, including anxiety, depression, insomnia, fibromyalgia, and other conditions.
High-Protein Nutritious Flatbreads and an Option for Gluten-Sensitive Individuals

Whole grain quinoa and wheat, high-protein vegetable flatbreads were evaluated by tasters and a physical analysis was conducted. The objective was to produce nutritious, tasty gluten-free (quinoa) as well as gluten-containing (wheat) flatbreads. Flatbreads were Quinoa Peanut Oilcake Broccoli (QPCBROC), Wheat Peanut Oilcake Broccoli (WPCBROC), Quinoa Peanut Oilcake Beets (QPCBEET) and Wheat Peanut Oilcake Beets (WPCBEET). Peanut Oilcake would increase protein and add value to this farm byproduct. Bile acid binding broccoli and beets with cholesterol-lowering potential were used. Tasters preferred QPCBROC flatbreads for all sensory parameters. Acceptance of flatbreads was QPCBROC (83%), WPCBROC (70%), QPCBEET (78%) and WPCBEET (69%); these values were statistically similar. The objective of ≥25% protein content was exceeded by 5–8% and that of ≥70% acceptance was adequately achieved. These flatbreads were low in fat (5–6%) and contained essential minerals (4%) with only ≤1% added salt. Porosity and expansion data suggest that these flatbreads would take up relatively little shelf space. These flatbreads require only three ingredients and can be made in a household kitchen or by commercial production. These flatbreads offer a nutritious, tasty choice for all, and quinoa flatbreads offer an option for gluten-sensitive individuals.
Left-invariant geometries on SU(2) are uniformly doubling

A classical aspect of Riemannian geometry is the study of estimates that hold uniformly over some class of metrics. The best known examples are eigenvalue bounds under curvature assumptions. In this paper, we study the family of all left-invariant geometries on SU(2). We show that left-invariant geometries on SU(2) are uniformly doubling and give a detailed estimate of the volume of balls that is valid for any of these geometries and any radius. We discuss a number of consequences concerning the spectrum of the associated Laplacians and the corresponding heat kernels.
Designing and Implementing a Novel Virtual Rounds Curriculum for Medical Students' Internal Medicine Clerkship During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, third-year medical students were temporarily unable to participate in onsite clinical activities. We identified the curricular components of an internal m...
Long-term kidney function and survival in recipients of allografts from living kidney donors with hypertension: a national cohort study.

Allografts from living kidney donors with hypertension may carry subclinical kidney disease from the donor to the recipient and, thus, lead to adverse recipient outcomes. We examined eGFR trajectories and all-cause allograft failure in recipients from donors with versus without hypertension, using mixed-linear and Cox regression models stratified by donor age. We studied a US cohort from 1/1/2005 to 6/30/2017; 49 990 recipients of allografts from younger (<50 years old) donors including 597 with donor hypertension and 21 130 recipients of allografts from older (≥50 years old) donors including 1441 with donor hypertension. Donor hypertension was defined as documented predonation use of antihypertensive therapy. Among recipients from younger donors with versus without hypertension, the annual eGFR decline was -1.03 versus -0.53 ml/min/m2 (P = 0.002); 13-year allograft survival was 49.7% vs. 59.0% (adjusted allograft failure hazard ratio [aHR] 1.23; 95% CI 1.05-1.43; P = 0.009). Among recipients from older donors with versus without hypertension, the annual eGFR decline was -0.67 versus -0.66 ml/min/m2 (P = 0.9); 13-year allograft survival was 48.6% versus 52.6% (aHR 1.05; 95% CI 0.94-1.17; P = 0.4). In secondary analyses, our inferences remained similar for risk of death-censored allograft failure and mortality. Hypertension in younger, but not older, living kidney donors is associated with worse recipient outcomes.
Listening to Whiteness

Since the late 1990s, Mary Bucholtz has been a leading analyst of linguistic styling, gender, and race and their place in American youth identity construction. She has a terrific ear for the telling details of young people’s talk. Bucholtz has now brought together the many threads of her influential work in a much-anticipated monograph based on her ethnographic research in a multiracial Northern California high school, pseudonymously dubbed Bay City High School (BCHS), in the mid-1990s. White Kids examines how European American youth used the tools of language to construct a range of identities in a school that was experiencing racial turmoil. Bucholtz argues that these multiple styles of whiteness are all founded on calibrations of alignment with black and white youth cultures. She examines three emblematic local white styles: preppy mainstream, white hip-hop fans, and nerds. The analysis relies centrally on recorded interviews of 26 white students, along with maps of the schoolyard that she asked them to draw, a rewarding technique. Contextualizing the interviews in ethnographic observation, Bucholtz analyzes extracts from the transcripts in fine-grained interactional detail to unpack the identities and social worlds that these students negotiate. Limited quantitative analysis of a set of sociolinguistic variables rounds out the study. A central goal of the book is to demonstrate that the conceptual and methodological tools of sociocultural linguistics can enrich the study of identity across all the disciplines, showing in detail how language serves ongoing identity projects and is implicated in larger sociopolitical structures (p. 3). The book is intended to reach readers well beyond linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and the presentation is well geared for such a broad audience. Bucholtz focuses on different features of linguistic display for each of the three white styles. The preppy, or “popular,” group appears to arbitrate white students’ exclusive social
A Review of “Understanding Addiction as Self Medication: Finding Hope Behind the Pain”

Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian novelist and 1988 Nobel Laureate in Literature, once said, “You can tell if a man is clever by his answers. You can tell whether a man is wise by his questions.” Every rese...
Effect of Oxidation on Wear in C/C Aircraft Disk Brakes

Carbon-carbon (C/C) composites are extensively used in aircraft disk brake because of their low weight, excellent thermal and mechanical properties, chemical inertness and self-lubricating capability. They retain their mechanical strength in inert atmosphere up to 20000 C. However, in oxidizing environments, C/C composites rapidly react with oxygen forming gaseous carbon oxides around 4500 C. Oxidation and coefficient of friction are important factors, which result in wear and controls life of the C/C composite. Previously work has been done to study the life of C/C composite considering only coefficient of friction in the wear simulation method. In thiswork,the effect of both oxidation and coefficient of friction is considered in the numerical simulation method to investigate the behaviour of a C/C composite disk brake.
DNA sequence and translational product of a new nodulation-regulatory locus: syrM has sequence similarity to NodD proteins.

Abstract Rhizobium meliloti nodulation (nod) genes are expressed when activated by trans-acting proteins in the NodD family. The nodD1 and nodD2 gene products activate nod promoters when cells are exposed to plant-synthesized signal molecules. Alternatively, the same nod promoters are activated by the nodD3 gene when nodD3 is carried in trans along with a closely linked global regulatory locus, syrM (symbiotic regulator) (J. T. Mulligan and S. R. Long, Genetics 122:7-18, 1989). In this article we report the nucleotide sequence of a 2.6-kilobase SphI fragment from R. meliloti SU47 containing syrM. Expression from this locus was confirmed by using in vitro transcription-translation assays. The open reading frame encoded a protein of either 33 or 36 kilodaltons whose sequence shows similarity to NodD regulatory proteins.
Cell Counts of Platform Samples of Herd Milk

Summary The leucocyte counts of 1,707 platform samples of milk from 39 herds were determined for an 11.5-month period. This period was divided into 23 2-week intervals, and the logarithmetic average count of the herd milk for each period was calculated. The geometric mean cell count of the herd milk was approximately 500,000 cells per milliliter for the entire period. A polynomial function of logarithmic mean cell count on biweekly intervals was fitted to depict the leucocyte counts of herd milk over an 11.5-month period. In this study, although there was considerable variation from month to month in the leucocyte counts of herd milk, the cell counts were generally highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. The mean percentage of mastitis animals was at its highest during the late summer and lowest during the spring and early summer. The results suggest that factors other than the number of mastitis animals within a herd may affect the leucocyte counts of herd milk during the midwinter months.
The Relationship between Communication Attitudes, Voicing Methods, and Speaking Proficiency of Laryngectomees

Laryngectomees' attitudes and feelings regarding circumstances surrounding their surgeries have been explored. However, to date, only one investigation has been reported that studied the attitudes/apprehensions that laryngectomees have regarding communication in particular (Byles, Forner & Stemple, 1985). It is possible that communication attitudes held by laryngectomees affect their eventual outcome in voice rehabilitation. Although Byles et al. found that speaking proficiency was not significantly correlated with level of communication apprehension in esophageal and tracheoesophageal speakers, it is possible that other components of communication attitudes (e.g. cognitive, behavioral and/or affective) might be related. In addition, the inclusion of electrolarynx speakers in a study examining communication attitudes and voicing proficiency would seem to be important since electrolarynges are a commonly used method of voicing post-laryngectomy.This study examined communication attitudes and their relation...
Luther and Suleyman

This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat posed by the Ottoman Empire between the mid-15th century and the early-17th century. Various historical accounts have suggested that the Ottomans’ rise helped the Protestant Reform movement as well as its various offshoots, such as Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism, survive their infancy and mature. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset on violent conflicts for the period between 1451 and 1650, I find strong empirical support for the idea that Ottoman military engagements in continental Europe lowered the number and extent of violent conflicts among and within the European states. Ottomans’ influence in Europe extended to the feud between the Protestant Reformers and the Catholic establishment: during the time between the birth of Lutheranism and the end of the Thirty-Years War, the likelihood and timing of military engagements between the Protestant Reformers and the Counter-Reformation forces depended negatively and statistically significantly on Ottomans’ military activities in Europe.
Mars Exploration Rovers Propulsive Maneuver Design

The Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity successfully landed respectively at Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum in January 2004. The rovers are essentially robotic geologists, sent on a mission to search for evidence in the rocks and soil pertaining to the historical presence of water and the ability to possibly sustain life. In order to conduct NASA's 'follow the water' strategy on opposite sides of the planet Mars, an interplanetary journey of over 300 million miles culminated with historic navigation precision. Rigorous trajectory targeting and control was necessary to achieve the atmospheric entry requirements for the selected landing sites. The propulsive maneuver design challenge was to meet or exceed these requirements while preserving the necessary design margin to accommodate additional project concerns. Landing site flexibility was maintained for both missions after launch, and even after the first trajectory correction maneuver for Spirit. The final targeting strategy was modified to improve delivery performance and reduce risk after revealing constraining trajectory control characteristics. Flight results are examined and summarized for the six trajectory correction maneuvers that were planned for each mission.
Increasing the effective barrier height of Schottky contacts to n-InxGa1-xAs

In this letter it is shown that thin interfacial oxide layers may be used to increase the effective barrier height of Au/InP and Au/InGaAs Schottky barriers. These results confirm earlier studies on InP and extend the technique to InGaAs.
Continental scale variability in vegetation reflectance and its relationship to canopy morphology

The spectral canopy reflectance, biomass, and projected leaf-area index (LAI) of widely dispersed plots of a North American coastal plant were measured in order to study potential impacts of continental-scale environmental variability on the assumptions underlying remote vegetation analysis. Systematic changes in the canopy geometry and resultant near-infrared reflectance of this plant were noted. Mean infrared canopy reflectances of canopies in the northern half of the range were shown to nearly double those of the southern half. It is suggested that the difference results from divergent canopy morphologies, with the northern canopies presenting greater horizontally projected LAIs per unit biomass than southern canopies.
Chlorophyll synthesis in tobacco callus: Interaction of sugar and kinetin

Kinetin ist fur die Chlorophyllsynthese von wachsendem Tabak-Kallusgewebe notwendig. Nicht wachsendes Kallusgewebe ergrunt auch ohne Kinetin, sofern dem Medium Saccharose als Energiequelle zugesetzt wird. Hier stehen moglicherweise endogene Cytokinine fur die Chlorophyllsynthese zur Verfugung.
Chemical-Mechanical Polishing of Tungsten with Hologen-Based Slurries

Halogen-based slurries have been investigated for chemical-mechanical polishing of tungsten. Among these slurries, Bromine-methanol-water slurry gives the best results. Depending on the polishing parameters and slurry concentration, polishing rate of the slurry for W varies from 100 nm/min to 300 nm/min, while the chemical etch rate of the slurry for W and SiO2 is near zero. The W and SiO2 films after polishing with the slurry show very smooth surfaces (featureless under a high quality optical microscope). The selectivity of larger than 15 has been achieved between W and PECVD TEOS oxide. Tungsten stud formation through CMP with this slurry has been demonstrated with no significant dishing in the metal.
Sticking together: building a biofilm the Bacillus subtilis way

Biofilms are ubiquitous communities of tightly associated bacteria encased in an extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis has long served as a robust model organism to examine the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation, and a number of studies have revealed that this process is regulated by several integrated pathways. In this Review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that control B. subtilis biofilm assembly, and then briefly summarize the current state of knowledge regarding biofilm disassembly. We also discuss recent progress that has expanded our understanding of B. subtilis biofilm formation on plant roots, which are a natural habitat for this soil bacterium.
Hyperfinite models of adapted probability logic

The purpose of this paper is to show that certain models for adapted probability logic, the hyperfinite models, have homogeneity properties which enable them to play a role analogous to the saturated models for classical first order logic. A model for adapted probability logic is an adapted probability space with a family of continuous time stochastic processes. A hyperfinite adapted space is an adapted probability space built from the set of all internal paths mapping a hyperfinite time line into a hyperfinite set, with the Loeb counting measure. Two models are weakly equivalent if they satisfy the same formulas of adapted probability logic for almost all real times, and are strongly equivalent if they satisfy the same formulas for all real times. It was shown in Hoover and Keisler [9] that every hyperfinite adapted space U is universal in the sense that every model is strongly equivalent to a model over U. In this paper we shall show that every hyperfinite adapted space U is homogeneous in the sense that for any two models M and R and U which are strongly equivalent, there is an automorpism of U which sends M onto R for almost all elements of U and all times. We shall also show that these notions of universality and homogeneity are equivalent to analogous notions involving weak elementary equivalence. The homogeneity result will be applied to obtain two reshuffling theorems for sequences of finite discrete stochastic processes. These theorems are finite combinatorial results which are expressible in first-order arithmetic.
Perceived criticism only matters when it comes from those you live with

Perceived criticism (PC) is the amount of criticism that a respondent perceives from another individual, typically a relative with whom the respondent lives. Measured in this way, PC has been shown to predict symptom fluctuation, treatment outcome, and relapse rates across many disorders. Three recent studies failed to replicate these results, but in all three studies, investigators did not require patients to rate people with whom they lived on the measure of PC, which may have changed the overall meaning of the construct. To address this possibility, the current study examined change in depressive symptoms in relation to ratings of PC from multiple individuals who did and did not live with respondents. Only PC from family members or romantic partners who lived with participants predicted change in depressive symptoms. Perceived criticism from friends and PC from individuals ranked as most influential did not. These findings suggest that PC is most meaningful and informative when viewed in its original conceptual form, as a reflection of the family home environment.
Juvenile elastoma and osteopoikilosis (the Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome).

SUMMARY Sixteen patients from seven different families with the Buschke-OUendorff syndrome have been studied. Osteopoikilosis was found in two-thirds of the patients radiologically examined and all but two had skin involvement. The predominant clinical pattern consisted of grouped skin coloured papules and discs that were distributed asymmetrically and which usually had presented at an early age. The skin lesions showed the characteristic histological changes of juvenile elastoma which, it is suggested, is the specific dermatological abnormality of the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome.
Yaf2 Inhibits Caspase 8-mediated Apoptosis and Regulates Cell Survival during Zebrafish Embryogenesis

Rybp (DEDAF) is a member of the Rybp/Yaf2 protein family and has been shown to encode pro-apoptotic functions and to be essential for mouse embryogenesis. The related Yaf2 protein has not been studied extensively at the cellular or organismal levels. Here we describe zebrafish yaf2 (zyaf2) and show that it is widely expressed during early embryogenesis, with subsequent enrichment of transcripts in the anterior head region. Depletion of zYaf2 during embryogenesis using specific morpholinos activates a wide-spread program of apoptosis and causes developmental arrest before the one somite stage. Partial depletion of Yaf2, achieved by injecting lower dosages of morpholino, circumvents the early arrest but leads to CNS degeneration associated with excessive apoptosis. These phenotypes can be rescued by co-injection of human YAF2 mRNA with the morpholinos or by treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor or a caspase 8-specific inhibitor. Finally, the observed activation of caspase 8 in the morphants is in accord with the ability of Yaf2 to inhibit caspase 8-mediated apoptosis in cultured cells. Our findings implicate Yaf2 as a survival factor during early zebrafish development and organogenesis. This may suggest that Yaf2 and Rybp can encode opposing functions in the regulation of apoptosis.
Transshipments and inventories in the Takayama-Judge model

Abstract This paper shows that the Takayama-Judge model to solve interregional and intertemporal market equilibrium conditions faces difficulties when transshipments take place and that the difficulties relating to inventories, pointed out by Guise and others in this Journal, are special cases relating to transshipments. These difficulties can be overcome, simply by relaxing the non-negativity condition imposed on xii(t) terms in the material balance conditions.
Foldoplasty: A New and Simplified Technique for Mitral Valve Repair That Produces Excellent Medium-Term Outcomes

Background Quadrangular resection with sliding valvuloplasty is the most common technique used to repair the posterior leaflet of the prolapsed mitral valve. Folding valvuloplasty is a simplified repair that does not involve resection and reduces the effective height of the posterior leaflet. We describe medium-term outcomes of patients who underwent folding valvuloplasty at our institution. Methods From 2002 to 2010, 161 patients underwent folding valvuloplasty at our institution. The primary endpoints in our study of these patients' medium-term outcomes included survival, freedom from reoperation, and echocardiographic evidence of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR). Results The patients' median age was 61 ± 14 years, 68 of the patients (42%) were male, and 146 of the patients (90%) had more than moderate to severe MR. Cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times were 117 ± 40 minutes and 83 ± 29 minutes, respectively. In addition to folding valvuloplasty, mitral rings with a median size of 38 mm (interquartile range, 34 mm to 38 mm) were used in 155 (96%) of the patients. One patient died during surgery. Medium-term follow-up data were available for all of the patients at a mean of 3.0 ± 1.9 years after folding valvuloplasty. The patients' mean New York Heart Association class decreased significantly, from 2.0 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 0.4 (p Conclusions Folding valvuloplasty is durable and provides excellent structural and symptomatic results in patients with mitral prolapse. Given the ease and reproducibility of this technique, it should be offered as a suitable alternative to quadrangular resection for repair of the posterior leaflet in mitral prolapse.
Ultrastructural evidence for foetal liver injury induced by in utero exposure to small doses of methylmercury.

THE ability of organomercury compounds, particularly methylmercury, to concentrate in tissues of fish and other animals at levels which are toxic for human consumption, is of increasing environmental concern1–3. The propensity for mercury compounds to induce morphological, biochemical and enzymatic alterations in the kidneys and the central nervous system is well known4–8. Because the liver has been shown to accumulate a large fraction of mercury after administration of methylmercury, it should also be considered a target organ of methylmercury toxicity9. Hepatic injury and changes in several hepatic enzyme systems have been reported10.
Ionization effects in self-interstitial migration and implant damage annealing in silicon

We have attempted to induce the charge-state-dependent migration of the silicon self-interstitials (Sii) presumably produced in a shallow ion implant-damaged Si layer (160 keV O+, 1 x 1013/cm2, 300 K) by subsequently applying intense ionization from more deeply penetrating but nondamaging electron irradiations (5-20 keV e-, 7.5 x 1018/cm2 260-280 K). The samples used had been bulk doped with substitutional aluminum (Als). EPR of the aluminum interstitials (Ali++), which are believed to be produced by replacement of Als by Sii, was monitored to detect Sii migration into the bulk of the sample. We find no evidence that intense ionization following implantation causes significant enhancement of Sii migration. This result suggests a conflict between the concept of isolated Sii thermally stable at 3OO K and the hypothesis of an athermal, charge-state-dependent mechanism for Sii migration. We have also looked for ionization-stimulated annealing of the vacancy-associated lattice damage resulting from O+ implantation. Our EPR measurements show that intense ionization at 3OO K causes negligible annealing of this damage, despite the fact that significant thermal annealing does occur slightly above 3OO K. Our results suggest that ionization is not the only factor involved in implant damage annealing or in the puzzling migration of the Sii.
Decision processes in verifying category membership statements: Implications for models of semantic memory.

Abstract Current models of semantic memory assume that natural categories are well-defined. Specific predictions of two such models, the Smith, Shoben, and Rips (1974a) two-stage feature comparison model and the Glass and Holyoak (1974/75) ordered search model, were tested and disconfirmed in Experiment I. We propose an alternative model postulating fuzzy categories represented as sets of characteristic properties. This model, combined with a Bayesian decision process, accounts for the results of three additional experiments, as well as for the major findings in the semantic memory literature. We argue that people verify category membership statements by assessing similarity relations between concepts rather than by using information which logically specifies the truth value of the sentence. Our data also imply that natural categories are fuzzy rather than well-defined.
Making the most of the assessment process

As part of Knox College's most recent accreditation visit by the North Central Association's Higher Learning Commission in 2010, the College was encouraged to increase its assessment activities across all departments on campus. The Department of Computer Science has been working on these assessment activities for the past two years, has created learning goals and worked with the Director of Assessment to create data gathering and evaluation plans and to begin to implement those plans. This poster is a report on those ongoing activities, what we have learned about ourselves, our students, and our graduates to date, and our overall opinion of assessment activities.
Subnanosecond (Er,Yb) Glass $Q$ -Switched Microlasers: 3-D Transient Modeling and Experiments

We present a new 3-D transient model and new experimental data for Q-switched eyesafe microlasers based on (Er,Yb) glass with a Co2+ :spinel saturable absorber. Subnanosecond pulses have been achieved for the first time using shorter, more highly doped laser glass. The model gives reasonable agreement with data for different Er 3+ concentrations and cavity lengths, using only published or measured input parameters
Software for optimal integrated water resources management

To best integrate management of available water one should coordinate the use of groundwater and surface water in time and space. This requires: data distributed in space and time; the ability to predict system response to stimuli; clearly formulated management goals, constraints, and optimization problem scenarios; the ability to compute optimal management strategies; and ways of implementing the strategies. A strategy is a set of controllable water flows, such as groundwater extraction and injection rates, surface water diversions, and reservoir releases. Simulation/optimization (S/O) models link simulators and optimizers to compute optimal strategies for user-specified management problems. S/O models are increasingly used for policy development, reconnaissance studies, planning, design, and management. S/O models can help determine the policies, plans, systems, and management that can yield the best consequences. ‘Best’ is defined by the manager/modeler via the formulated optimization problem to be solved. Best is usually defined in terms of water availability, sustainability, crop production, economic, social, or environmental criteria, or combinations. Developing optimal multi-objective solutions and tradeoff surfaces is simple with a powerful S/O model such as SOMOS. Examples demonstrate S/O model power for integrated water resources management. Capabilities of Simulation Optimization MOdeling System (SOMOS) are discussed.
Diet, nutrition and telomere length

The ends of human chromosomes are protected by DNA–protein complexes termed telomeres, which prevent the chromosomes from fusing with each other and from being recognized as a double-strand break by DNA repair proteins. Due to the incomplete replication of linear chromosomes by DNA polymerase, telomeric DNA shortens with repeated cell divisions until the telomeres reach a critical length, at which point the cells enter senescence. Telomere length is an indicator of biological aging, and dysfunction of telomeres is linked to age-related pathologies like cardiovascular disease, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and cancer. Telomere length has been shown to be positively associated with nutritional status in human and animal studies. Various nutrients influence telomere length potentially through mechanisms that reflect their role in cellular functions including inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA integrity, DNA methylation and activity of telomerase, the enzyme that adds the telomeric repeats to the ends of the newly synthesized DNA.