cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Speech Variety on Teachers' Evaluation of Students with Comparable Academic Ability

This study considers teachers' evaluations of students who perform equivalently in written academic work but who have distinct speech varieties. Stimulus materials to which teachers were asked to react were collected from third and fourth graders in schools in the Southwest of the United States. The materials included speech samples (some of which exhibited Spanish-influenced English and some of which did not) and writing samples which exhibited no Spanish influence. Forty teachers evaluated paired speech and writing samples, assuming that each pair had been produced by one and the same student. In fact, the writing samples had been independently evaluated as equal before they were paired with the speech samples, half of which exhibited Spanish influence. In their evaluations, all teachers favored the non-Spanish-influenced speakers despite the evidence of comparable written work. Length of teaching experience and teacher ethnicity did not significantly affect the degree or directionality of differences in the teachers' ratings of the speech groups. However, in evaluating social status, the teachers who spoke Spanish as a first language showed significantly less difference between their ratings of the two groups than did the other teachers. This study offers evidence that, due to the stereotyped expectations of teachers, Spanish-influenced English speakers are at a disadvantage in schools in geographic areas of the United States where there are large Hispanic populations. This evidence is also of relevance to other parts of the world where linguistic prejudice may exist. The findings further suggest that a teacher's first language may affect that teacher's perception of students who speak distinct speech varieties.
The vertical structure and size distributions of suspended particles off Oregon during the upwelling season

Abstract A simple numerical model of the vertical distribution of two size classes of particles is developed for situations common during the coastal upwelling season off Oregon. The total particle concentration is assumed to be proportional to the phytoplankton population for the surface layer. The two size classes of particles are thus distinguished by their maximum specific growth rates, their half saturation constants for nitrate uptake, and their settling rates. The resulting vertical distributions and size distributions were similar in shape to the average profiles for regions inshore and offshore of a particle front during August 1974 but overestimated particle concentration by 40%. This was attributed to ignoring grazing by zooplankton. Sensitivity analyses showed the size preference was most responsive to the maximum specific growth rates and nutrient half-saturation constants. The vertical structure was highly dependent on the eddy diffusivity followed closely by the growth terms.
Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy. By Roger Pickenpaugh. (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2013. Pp. x, 303. $49.95.)

The author of this study has provided the most thorough coverage of the history of Civil War prisons in the Confederacy, a welcome companion to his Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Un...
Inciting Curiosity and Creating Meaning: Teaching Information Evaluation through the Lens of “Bad Science”

Ability to evaluate information is a critical component of information literacy. This article provides strategies for engaging students in learning about information evaluation in the contexts of the scientific publication cycle and communication in the digital age. Also included are recent findings regarding undergraduate student research behavior and ideas for integrating constructivist learning theory in order to develop effective learning activities that encourage curiosity and critical thinking.
Alleviation of buffet-induced vibration using piezoelectric actuators

The effectiveness of piezoelectric actuators in reducing vibratory response due to buffet loads on the F-16 ventral fin was investigated numerically. The study was initiated by tuning a finite element model of the ventral fin to existing ground vibration test data. Strain energy profiles were determined for the first five mode shapes. The modes most critical for active control were determined through a flutter analysis, in conjunction with existing flight test data, as well as a review of the structural detail of previous fin failures. Piezoelectric actuator patches were located within the regions of highest strain energy and aligned with the principal strain vectors in those regions.
Keizo Ushio's sculptures, split tori and Möbius bands

Keizo Ushio is a leading international stone sculptor whose work has introduced split tori and Mobius bands to the world on a grand scale. Starting with a simple circular torus or with more elaborate twisting bands, he drills a large number of closely spaced holes to form two strands, which may or may not be connected, depending on the overall rotation of the cutting void. In the case of a torus with a 360-degree rotation of the cut, he obtains two twisted, tangled loops, which can be re-arranged in an ingenious way to form a dramatic figure-of-eight configuration. Keizo's split loop sculptures are reviewed and classified by the topological and geometrical rules that govern how toroidal structures can be split in a regular way. The basic concepts related to these shapes are clarified and explained with computer-generated renderings and through stylized plastic maquettes built on a rapid prototyping machine. These models are also used to explore possible generalizations of the underlying splitting paradigm...
Detection of the small intracardiac shunt with the hydrogen electrode. A highly sensitive and simple technique

Abstract In 8 patients with small left-to-right shunts, at either atrial, ventricular, or pulmonary arterial levels, hydrogen curves established the presence of a shunt when serial blood oxygen contents were equivocal. The extreme sensitivity of the hydrogen technique, as well as its simplicity, low cost, and ease of application in the smallest catheterization laboratory, make it an excellent method for detection and localization of left-to-right shunts.
Antinuclear autoantibodies in women with silicone breast implants.

Abstract Clinical syndromes resembling autoimmune diseases have been reported in women who have had breast augmentation procedures. To see whether there is a humoral immune response in these diseases that is similar to the immune response in their idiopathic counterparts, we assessed the immunological specificity of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and certain epidemiological features in 24 patients, all of whom (with 1 exception) had received silicone gel breast implants. ANA specificities were identified by indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled intracellular proteins. Of 11 patients who had symptoms and signs that met criteria for defined autoimmune diseases, 7 had scleroderma or subsets of this disorder and the others had systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or overlapping autoimmune diseases. High ANA titres were present in 10 of these 11 patients and the ANA specificities were similar to those found in the idiopathic forms of the corresponding autoimmune diseases. Trauma, with resultant rupture of implants, accelerated onset of symptoms. 13 other patients had autoimmune disorders of a less clearly defined nature and low titres of ANAs whose specificities could not be identified. ANAs are associated with the development of autoimmune complications in women with silicone breast implants. Further studies are needed to see whether this relation is one of cause and effect and whether ANAs might be early serological markers preceding development of autoimmune symptoms.
Foraging, Food Choice, and Food Processing by Sympatric Ripe-Fruit Specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth

Studies of interspecific competition and niche separation have formed some of the seminal works of ecology. I conducted an 18-mo study comparing the feeding ecologies of 2 sympatric, closely-related ripe-fruit specialists, Humboldt's woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii), and the white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) in Amazonian Ecuador. Woolly monkeys in the terra firme forest live at roughly triple the density of spider monkeys (31 versus 11.5 animals/km2). Woolly monkeys spend 17% of their time foraging, while spider monkeys spend only 1% of their time foraging. Spider monkeys alone fed on soil and termitaria, which are rich in phosphorus. Woolly monkeys are not hard-fruit specialists. Their fruit diet is significantly more diverse than that of spider monkeys. Dietary overlap between the 2 species is high, yet each specializes to some degree on a different set of fruit resources. Woolly monkeys visit more food sources per unit of time, feed lower in the canopy, visit more small food patches, and prey on more seeds. Spider monkeys feed on fewer, richer food sources and are more than twice as likely to return to a particular fruit source than woolly monkeys are. Spider monkeys maximize fruit pulp intake, carrying more intact seeds in their guts, while woolly monkeys minimize seed bulk swallowed through more careful food processing. Surprisingly, several preferred spider monkey foods with high fat content and large seeds are avoided by woolly monkeys. I outline the different ecological dimensions involved in niche separation between the 2 species and discuss the possible impetus for their evolutionary divergence.
Farmer Participation in Market Authorities of Coffee Exporting Countries

Summary How has commodity market liberalization and the privatization of market regulatory institutions since the 1990s affected the political influence of farmers in directing policy? Examining the case of coffee exporting countries, this paper explores how farmer participation in the coffee authority affects market outcomes for farmers. Using the producer share of the world price for coffee, this analysis tests whether the farmer share of the world price is higher in countries where farmer groups participate in the country’s coffee authority. The results of a robust regression indicate that producer participation in the coffee authority has a positive impact in arabica-producing countries.
Political Issues and Liberal Support in the February 1974, British General Election

This article examines the motivations of voters who supported the Liberal Party in the February, 1974, General Election. The analysis consists of two major sections. In the first, the role of the Party in the election campaign is outlined with special emphasis on the part played by the polls and by Jeremy Thorpe in encouraging Liberal support. The second, and major section, analyses polling data to ascertain the motivations of Liberal supporters. It is argued that Liberal voters chose that party in order to express dissatisfaction with the policy stands and office performance of the major parties. Such voters are shown to have had specific policy disagreements with the major parties and were not simply voicing diffuse discontent in a period of serious crisis.
A large-scale multicast output buffered ATM switch

The paper proposes a recursive modular architecture for implementing a large-scale multicast output buffered ATM switch (MOBAS). Many proposed multicast switch architectures have a size limitation problem because their switches use either (1) a centralized processing unit for cell replication and routing, (2) a shared medium for cell transmission and storage, or (3) an irregular interconnection network for switching. However, in the proposed architecture, the four major functions of designing a multicast switch: cell replication, cell routing, cell contention resolution, and cell addressing, are all performed distributedly so that a large switch size is achievable. Multicast knockout principle, an extension of generalized knockout principle, is applied in constructing the entire switch fabric in order to reduce the hardware complexity (e.g., the number of switch elements and interconnection wires) by almost one order of magnitude. The proposed MOBAS has a regular and uniform structure and, thus, has the advantages of: (1) easy expansion due to the modular structure, (2) high integration density for VLSI implementation, (3) related synchronization for data and clock signals, and (4) building the center switch fabric with a single type of chip. A two-stage structure of the multicast output buffered ATM switch (MOBAS) is described. The performance of the switch fabric in the cell loss probability is analyzed, and some numerical results are shown. A 16/spl times/16 ATM crosspoint switch chip based on the proposed architecture has been implemented using CMOS 2-/spl mu/m technology and tested to operate correctly. >
Perturbations of self-gravitating, ellipsoidal superfluid-normal fluid mixtures

We study the perturbation modes of rotating superfluid ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium in the framework of the two-fluid superfluid hydrodynamics and Newtonian gravity. Our calculations focus on linear perturbations of background equilibria in which the two fluids move together, the total density is uniform, and the densities of the two components are proportional to one another, with ratios that are independent of position. The motions of the two fluids are coupled by mutual friction, as formulated by Khalatnikov. We show that there are two general classes of modes for small perturbations: one class in which the two fluids move together and the other in which there is relative motion between them. The former are identical to the modes found for a single fluid, except that the rate of viscous dissipation, when computed in the secular (or ``low Reynolds number'') approximation under the assumption of a constant kinematic viscosity, is diminished by a factor ${f}_{N},$ the fraction of the total mass in the normal fluid. The relative modes are completely new, and are studied in detail for a range of values for the phenomenological mutual friction coefficients, relative densities of the superfluid and normal components, and, for Roche ellipsoids, binary mass ratios. We find that there are no new secular instabilities connected with the relative motions of the two fluid components. Moreover, although the new modes are subject to viscous dissipation (a consequence of viscosity of the normal matter), they do not emit gravitational radiation at all.
Correcting Power and p-Value Calculations for Bias in Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides quantitative parametric maps sensitive to tissue microarchitecture (e.g., fractional anisotropy, FA). These maps are estimated through computational processes and subject to random distortions including variance and bias. Traditional statistical procedures commonly used for study planning (including power analyses and p-value/alpha-rate thresholds) specifically model variability, but neglect potential impacts of bias. Herein, we quantitatively investigate the impacts of bias in DTI on hypothesis test properties (power and alpha-rate) using a two-sided hypothesis testing framework. We present theoretical evaluation of bias on hypothesis test properties, evaluate the bias estimation technique SIMEX for DTI hypothesis testing using simulated data, and evaluate the impacts of bias on spatially varying power and alpha rates in an empirical study of 21 subjects. Bias is shown to inflame alpha rates, distort the power curve, and cause significant power loss even in empirical settings where the expected difference in bias between groups is zero. These adverse effects can be attenuated by properly accounting for bias in the calculation of power and p-values.
A three-dimensional spherical mesh generator

SUMMARY A new spherical mesh generator is described. It represents an efficient, deterministic packing of tetrahedra into a solid sphere, a spherical shell, or both. The mesh can be used for finite-element solutions to a wide variety of global numerical modelling problems in the geosciences. The nodes within the mesh are distributed uniformly, and long, thin tetrahedra are avoided. The method proposed here offers several advantages over 3-D Delaunay algorithms for finite-element mesh generation. For the related problem of trivariate scattered data interpolation, which is not considered here, the 3-D Delaunay algorithms are the method of choice.
Intermediary Organizations in Charter School Policy Coalitions Evidence From New Orleans

This article develops a framework for investigating research use, using an “advocacy coalition framework” and the concepts of a “supply side” (mainly organizations) and “demand side” (policymakers)...
Tax Reform, Fiscal Revenues, and Farmers' Income Evidence from Two Waves of Chinese Agricultural Tax

This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers’ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers’ income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers’ income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers’ income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers’ income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments’ unauthorized extractions.
Two-Dimensional Predictive Redundancy in a Television Display

The two-dimensional predictive redundancy of a television picture element is calculated as a function of the preceding point correlation for both interlaced and noninterlaced scanning. The resulting curves level off rapidly when the number of previous points taken into account is increased. This seems to indicate that while appreciable improvement would accrue if preceding point redundancy were used, there would be little more to earn by including the redundancies due to more distant points, especially in view of the necessarily increased complexity of circuitry. An analysis of three-dimensional redundancy would probably result in similar conclusions.
A second-order boundary-fitted projection method for free-surface flow computations

This paper describes a new approach to the high-fidelity simulation of axisymmetric free-surface flows. A boundary-fitted grid is coupled with a new projection method for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations with second-order accuracy in space and time. Two variants of this new method are developed by adapting two existing algorithms, suitable for prescribed velocity boundary conditions, to the case of prescribed normal and tangential stresses at the free boundary. A normal-mode analysis for a fixed-boundary problem confirms the second-order accuracy of the algorithms. The approach is validated by comparison with a Rayleigh-Plesset solution for an oscillating spherical bubble, with an analysis of shape oscillations, and with existing results for the buoyant rise of a deforming bubble for Reynolds numbers up to 200 and Weber numbers up to 12. In addition to the simulation of axisymmetric free-surface flows of intrinsic interest, the present approach is suitable for the validation of genuinely three-dimensional calculations.
The effects of ambient winds on valley drainage flows

The interaction of katabatic winds with ambient winds has been investigated for an idealized valley using Clark's nonhydrostatic model. Ambient ridgetop wind speeds ranged from 0.5 to 6 m/s, and made angles with the valley axis ranging from 0 ° to 90 °: cooling of the valley was based on measured values of sensible heat fluxes taken from observations in Colorado's Brush Creek Valley. The depth and strength of the down-valley winds decreased with increasing ambient wind speeds but showed relatively little sensitivity to wind directions in the range of 10 ° to 60 ° from the valley axis. An observed inverse linear decrease of drainage depth with wind speed in a 100 m thick layer above the ridgetops was also found in the simulations for parts of the valley but not near the valley mouth. Vertical motions over the valley showed marked patchiness, and implications of this structure on valley flow dynamics are discussed.
Reconstitution of Pterin-free Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase

Abstract Inducible nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) was expressed and purified in the absence of 6(R)-tetrahydro-l-biopterin (H4B). Pterin-free NOS exhibits a Soret band (416–420 nm) characteristic of predominantly low spin heme and does not catalyze the formation of nitric oxide (·NO) (Rusche, K. M., Spiering, M. M., and Marletta, M. A. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 15503–15512). Reconstitution of pterin-free NOS with H4B was monitored by a shift in the Soret band to 396–400 nm, the recovery of ·NO-forming activity, and the measurement of H4B bound to the enzyme. As assessed by these properties, H4B binding was not rapid and required the presence of a reduced thiol. Spectral changes and recovery of activity were incomplete in the absence of reduced thiol. Full reconstitution of holoenzyme activity and stoichiometric H4B binding was achieved in the presence of 5 mm glutathione (GSH). Preincubation with GSH before the addition of H4B decreased, whereas lower concentrations of GSH extended, the time required for reconstitution. Six protected cysteine residues in pterin-free NOS were identified by labeling of NOS with cysteine-directed reagents before and after reduction with GSH. Heme and metal content of pterin-free and H4B-reconstituted NOS were also measured and were found to be independent of H4B content. Additionally, pterin-free NOS was reconstituted with 6-methylpterin analogs, including redox-stable deazapterins. Reconstitution with the redox-stable pterin analogs was neither time- nor thiol-dependent. Apparent binding constants were determined for the 6-methyl- (50 μm) and 6-ethoxymethyl (200 μm) deazapterins. The redox-stable pterin analogs appear to bind to NOS in a different manner than H4B.
Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries

Anaemia affects a quarter of the global population, including 293 million (47%) children younger than 5 years and 468 million (30%) non-pregnant women. In addition to anaemia's adverse health consequences, the economic effect of anaemia on human capital results in the loss of billions of dollars annually. In this paper, we review the epidemiology, clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and consequences of anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Our analysis shows that anaemia is disproportionately concentrated in low socioeconomic groups, and that maternal anaemia is strongly associated with child anaemia. Anaemia has multifactorial causes involving complex interaction between nutrition, infectious diseases, and other factors, and this complexity presents a challenge to effectively address the population determinants of anaemia. Reduction of knowledge gaps in research and policy and improvement of the implementation of effective population-level strategies will help to alleviate the anaemia burden in low-resource settings.
An assessment of the readiness of hospice organizations to accept technological innovation

We surveyed seven of the 62 certified hospice programmes in the state of Missouri. The survey consisted of 19 questions that covered demographic information, how employees received new information, the current use of various forms of technology, employees' comfort with technology and their perceptions of the use of video-phones. A total of 124 surveys were returned. Respondents were categorized within the following disciplines: nurses (48%), administrators and nurse supervisors (6%), social workers (9%), physicians (3%), home health aids (18%), chaplains (5%) and other staff (e.g. clerical and bereavement staff) (12%). Staff reported using several types of technological device at work but not a video-phone or a Web camera. There were significant differences between hospices in the degree of use of computers at work, the number of devices used at work and the perceived benefits of video-phone technology. There were significant differences between disciplines in the degree of use of computers at work and at home, the number of devices used at work, and their comfort both with the use of new technology and with the idea of introducing new technology to patients and their families. Because there were variations in the perceived usefulness of video-phones for hospice care, the introduction of such equipment would require substantial involvement of the users.
The role of emotion in advertising

This paper addresses the reemergence of attention to the role of emotion in advertising. Conceptual clarity requires that emotions be distinguished from other motivational and affective constructs. Having thus narrowed our focus, we present a model of the emotional process and a typology of emotional content. We then address some related managerial issues in advertising strategy and methodological problems in measuring emotions. Finally, the preceding considerations suggest directions for future research on the role of emotion in advertising.
Progress On Electro-Optic Integrated Optic Devices

Experimental and theoretical data are presented describing progress in the areas of fiber-to-channel waveguide coupling, integrated optic circuit losses, optimization of the electrode generated electric field-optical mode overlap and polarization independent device design and demonstration.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses to a C4/V3 Construct following DNA Vaccination of Rabbits via the Peyer's Patch

A plasmid encoding T1-SP10MN(A), a peptide derived from immunodominant regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120, was delivered to rabbit Peyer’s patches using a helium- driven gene gun. Six weeks thereafter, 2 of 5 animals were given an intradermal booster immunization. Blood, feces, and vaginal washes were collected weekly and assayed by ELISA. High titer T1SP10MN(A) ‐ specific fecal and vaginal secretory IgA responses were observed, and the response appeared to be augmented following dermal booster immunizations. Specific serum IgG was also detected within 1 week of immunization and remained elevated through week 20 in the 2 animals receiving dermal boosts (titers ⁄6400). This study establishes the Peyer’s patch as a promising target tissue for DNA vaccination and demonstrates the efficacy of gene gun ‐ mediated delivery of foreign DNA to a mucosal tissue for the induction of an immune response. A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ‐ specific secretory Materials and Methods IgA (sIgA) response may reduce virus transmission at mucosal Animals. Specific pathogen‐free female New Zealand White surfaces through immune exclusion and other mechanisms [1]. rabbits (2.2‐2.5 kg) were purchased from Milbrook Farms (AmSeveral in vitro studies using mucosal immunizations have herst, MA). shown that HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies can be induced Plasmid vaccine construction. The nucleotide sequence encoding T1-SP10MN(A) was derived from the protein sequence
Planning for effective technical recruiting

The recruiting of technical people is a vital matter in today's technologically advancing world. The author indicates that present methods of recruiting are ineffective, costly, and time-consuming. Two basic changes in the field of technical recruiting are suggested: 1) the use of technical personnel in the recruiting process and 2) an overall reduction in the amount of time spent on the cycle. Their combined effect would be to provide the technical applicant with a feeling of the company's personal and prompt interest. The recruiting cycle in general should include three features : 1) a complete analysis of the manpower and technical requirements of the job opening, 2) the establishment of a precise recruiting plan, and 3) an analysis of the results with a view toward the modification and improvement of the recruiting plan. All three plans should be carried on continually.
Spin polarization in GaAs/Al0.24Ga0.76As heterostructures

The spontaneous spin polarization of a quantum point contact (QPC) formed by the lateral confinement of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs split gate heterostructure is investigated. Self consistent calculations of the electronic structure of the QPC are performed using the spin-polarized density functional formalism of Kohn and Sham. Spin polarization occurs at low electron densities and exchange interaction is found to be the dominant mechanism driving the local spin polarization within the QPC. The cascading scattering matrix approach is utilized to compute the conductance and a conductance anomaly at ∼0.5 (2e 2 /h) has been observed. In addition to this, the sheet density dependence of the 0.7 conduction anomaly is investigated.
Cholinergic mechanisms in the cerebral circulation of the newborn piglet: effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism.

The cerebrovascular response to cholinergic stimulation and the effect of inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways on the response to acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated in newborn piglets. Responsiveness of pial arterioles to ACh, methacholine, and nicotine was studied using a closed cranial window. Pial arteriolar diameter was measured using intravital microscopy. Pial arteriolar responses to ACh, 10(-8)-10(-4)M, applied to the cortical surface, were variable and dose-dependent. At low concentration, 10(-7)M, 45% of the arterioles increased diameter by 9 +/- 1%, 19% responded by decreasing diameter by 9 +/- 1%, and 35% did not respond. The response to high concentration, 10(-4)M, was a profound decrease in diameter, 28 +/- 3%, in 78% of the arterioles studied. These effects were abolished by atropine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.). Muscarinic agonist, methacholine, 10(-5)-10(-3)M, also resulted in a decrease in cerebral vascular diameter, while nicotine, 10(-6)-10(-4)M, had no effect. In six animals, administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.), blocked the response to 10(-4)M ACh but did not affect the response to 10(-7)M ACh. In five animals, administration of lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (2 mg/kg i.v.) augmented the vasoconstrictor response at both ACh concentrations. The data suggest that, in the newborn piglet, vasoactive prostanoids released following cholinergic activation of a muscarinic-type receptor mediate vasoconstriction in cerebral arterioles.
Energetics of burrowing by the cirratulid polychaete Cirriformia moorei

Burrowing through marine sediments has been considered to be much more energetically expensive than other forms of locomotion, but previous studies were based solely on external work calculations and lacked an understanding of the mechanical responses of sediments to forces applied by burrowers. Muddy sediments are elastic solids through which worms extend crack-shaped burrows by fracture. Here we present data on energetics of burrowing by Cirriformia moorei. We calculated the external energy per distance traveled from the sum of the work to extend the burrow by fracture and the elastic work done to displace sediment as a worm moves into the newly formed burrow to be 9.7 J kg(-1) m(-1) in gelatin and 64 J kg(-1) m(-1) in sediment, much higher than for running or walking. However, because burrowing worms travel at slow speeds, the increase in metabolic rate due to burrowing is predicted to be small. We tested this prediction by measuring aerobic metabolism (oxygen consumption rates) and anaerobic metabolism (concentrations of the anaerobic metabolite tauropine and the energy-storage molecule phosphocreatine) of C. moorei. None of these components was significantly different between burrowing and resting worms, and the low increases in oxygen consumption rates or tauropine concentrations predicted from external work calculations were within the variability observed across individuals. This result suggests that the energy to burrow, which could come from aerobic or anaerobic sources, is not a substantial component of the total metabolic energy of a worm. Burrowing incurs a low cost per unit of time.
Clinical Research: Nonfluoroscopic, Postpyloric Feeding Tube Placement: Number and Cost of Plain Films for Determining Position

After nonfluoroscopic placement (NFP) of a feeding tube, a conventional radiograph is obtained to determine the location of the catheter tip. At our institution, ideal position for enteral feeding is the distal duodenum or beyond, and multiple radiographs may be needed to confirm migration to this location. Acquiring the number of films needed to achieve this goal may be time consuming and costly. The aim of this project was to determine the relative charge of NFP, on the basis of successful placement confirmed radiographically, to that of fluoroscopic placement. We determined the number of films needed and the relative charge of NFP in 257 patients (157 men, 100 women; mean age, 60. years) over a 4-month period. At our institution, the relative charge factor of a single abdominal film us. fluoroscopic feeding tube placement was 0.54. Results showed that on the first radiograph, the tip of the feeding tube was in the duodenum or jejunum in 95 (37%) of 257 patients and in the stomach or esophagus in the re...
Use of Clustering Methods to Understand More about the Case

During the past seventy years, the field of cluster analysis has emerged, accompanied by a plethora of methods, algorithms, concepts, and terminology that are used in cluster-related research. We refer to cluster analysis (CA) as a general approach composed of several multivariate methods for delineating natural groups or clusters in data sets. In this paper, we describe the ability of CA to provide rich information about the individual case and highlight potential underlying social processes. First, we discuss the theory behind CA as well as differentiate between more and less familiar clustering approaches. Second, we illustrate the value of less familiar clustering techniques by comparing the results of a four wave growth mixture model of family variables versus clustering the same data with a more familiar two-step approach. The growth mixture modelling approach suggested a one-class cluster solution where all families shared similar growth trajectories in parenting practices and family relationship characteristics. However the two-step clustering approach suggested a four-class solution. Finally, we describe ways that CA allows researchers to model processes whose outcomes are the results of a combination of multiple factors and additional benefits of less familiar clustering methods.
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of soybean primary root under varying water-deficit conditions

Soybean is a major crop that provides an important source of protein and oil to humans and animals, but its production can be dramatically decreased by the occurrence of drought stress. Soybeans can survive drought stress if there is a robust and deep root system at the early vegetative growth stage. However, little is known about the genome-wide molecular mechanisms contributing to soybean root system architecture. This study was performed to gain knowledge on transcriptome changes and related molecular mechanisms contributing to soybean root development under water limited conditions. The soybean Williams 82 genotype was subjected to very mild stress (VMS), mild stress (MS) and severe stress (SS) conditions, as well as recovery from the severe stress after re-watering (SR). In total, 6,609 genes in the roots showed differential expression patterns in response to different water-deficit stress levels. Genes involved in hormone (Auxin/Ethylene), carbohydrate, and cell wall-related metabolism (XTH/lipid/flavonoids/lignin) pathways were differentially regulated in the soybean root system. Several transcription factors (TFs) regulating root growth and responses under varying water-deficit conditions were identified and the expression patterns of six TFs were found to be common across the stress levels. Further analysis on the whole plant level led to the finding of tissue-specific or water-deficit levels specific regulation of transcription factors. Analysis of the over-represented motif of different gene groups revealed several new cis-elements associated with different levels of water deficit. The expression patterns of 18 genes were confirmed byquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method and demonstrated the accuracy and effectiveness of RNA-Seq. The primary root specific transcriptome in soybean can enable a better understanding of the root response to water deficit conditions. The genes detected in root tissues that were associated with key hormones, carbohydrates, and cell wall-related metabolism could play a vital role in achieving drought tolerance and could be promising candidates for future functional characterization. TFs involved in the soybean root and at the whole plant level could be used for future network analysis between TFs and cis-elements. All of these findings will be helpful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with water stress responses in soybean roots.
A wider seismogenic zone at Cascadia due to fluid circulation in subducting oceanic crust

In the Cascadia subduction zone, the extent of the seismogenic portion of the plate interface is poorly resolved by seismicity due to the lack of a large megathrust event during the instrumental record. Therefore, fault zone temperatures (∼150 to 350 °C) are used to estimate the limits of the seismogenic zone. Previous thermal models for the Cascadia margin estimated that 350 °C on the plate boundary occurs ∼40–70 km offshore. In contrast, models of interseismic deformation have been interpreted to indicate a seismogenic zone extending landward of the coastline to the updip edge of a region of episodic tremor and slip (ETS). We examined Cascadia subduction zone temperatures with thermal models that include the effects of fluid circulation in an ocean crust aquifer. Fluid circulation cools the subduction zone and widens the thermally defined seismogenic zone by shifting the 350 °C isotherm at the plate boundary ∼30–55 km landward relative to results from simulations without fluid flow. Our thermal models indicate a 60–80-km-wide transition zone between 350 °C on the fault and the updip edge of ETS. Under British Columbia (Canada), Washington, and Oregon (United States), ETS occurs at ∼410–550 °C. The location of the basalt-to-eclogite transition in the subducting crust provides an important constraint on the thermal models because hydrothermal circulation in the ocean crust aquifer produces only small surface heat flux anomalies on this margin with thick sediment in the trench and on the incoming plate.
Pooled ChIP-Seq Links Variation in Transcription Factor Binding to Complex Disease Risk

Cis-regulatory elements such as transcription factor (TF) binding sites can be identified genome-wide, but it remains far more challenging to pinpoint genetic variants affecting TF binding. Here, we introduce a pooling-based approach to mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for molecular-level traits. Applying this to five TFs and a histone modification, we mapped thousands of cis-acting QTLs, with over 25-fold lower cost compared to standard QTL mapping. We found that single genetic variants frequently affect binding of multiple TFs, and CTCF can recruit all five TFs to its binding sites. These QTLs often affect local chromatin and transcription but can also influence long-range chromosomal contacts, demonstrating a role for natural genetic variation in chromosomal architecture. Thousands of these QTLs have been implicated in genome-wide association studies, providing candidate molecular mechanisms for many disease risk loci and suggesting that TF binding variation may underlie a large fraction of human phenotypic variation.
Chinese traditional medicine:the status in USA and FDA regulations

Chinese traditional medicine(CTM) has been enjoyed for centuries throughout the world. Its increasing use in recent years is evidence of a public interest in having alternatives to conventional medicine.In order to meet the special properties of CTM,provide the incentive to the research on the CTM-based drug development,and benefit the public health,FDA released a new guidance on botanical drug and approved the first botanical drug recently. The significant impact in drug industry by this change is far reaching.CTM will certainly play a more important role and make greater contributions to healthcare of human being. This paper overviewed the history of CTM acceptance process in western mainstream,the current status of CTM in USA,and successful cases of CTM,explained the FDA's old regulations on drug,analyzed the limitations of the regulations to CTM,and elucidated the new guidance on botanical drugs.
Pleural ascites without abdominal fluid: Surgical considerations

The presence of ascitic fluid in the pleural cavity in the absence of peritoneal fluid is rare. We have recently encountered two patients who presented with red-sided pleural effusions and no abdominal ascites. Both patients had diaphragmatic defects: One was an old traumatic diaphragmatic tear and the other a pinpoint spontaneous perforation. These cases are unique because the diagnosis of total ascitic fluid movement across the diaphragm was made during life, and the condition was surgically corrected. The literature concerning transdiaphragmatic movement of fluid is reviewed, and an operative approach is outlined.
Administration of Antiadhesion Molecules: A Feasible Approach?

Trauma is the leading cause of death in individuals between the ages of 1 and 44 years and constitutes a major health problem worldwide. In 1980 there were 160000 trauma deaths in the United States [1]. Of these deaths 50% occurred at the scene of the injury, 25% within the first 24 h as a result of their initial injuries, and the final 25% between 2 days and several weeks after injury. The usual cause of late death in these multiply injured patients is the multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). The cause of MOFS is unknown, but affected organs include the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, and coagulation system [2]. Patients suffering from MOF appear to have massive activation of the inflammatory system due to tissue trauma and/or subsequent sepsis, although generalized inflammation results from a nonseptic cause in 50%-60% of MOFS cases [3]. If the underlying cause of MOFS can be determined, late deaths in trauma patients may be preventable.
‘Yonadab’: Variations on a Favourite Theme

After the enormous international success of Amadeus six years earlier, interest in Peter Shaffer’s next play, Yonadab, ran high. It received its premiere in 1985 at the National Theatre, London, where it played in repertory for a year and proved controversial yet moderately popular. Eager to match its success with Shaffer’s previous play, the National assembled a strong team. The director (Peter Hall) and scene-designer (John Bury) were the same as for Amadeus. Alan Bates was cast in the challenging role of Yonadab, and respected performers such as Leigh Lawson, Anthony Head, Patrick Stewart and Wendy Morgan took other major parts. Yet critical reaction to the play was only lukewarm.1
Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960: Lyndon Johnson and the Fair Housing Act

President Lyndon Johnson promised Americans nothing less than a Great Society, and fair housing was part of his vision. Even though John F. Kennedy made a limited attempt to promote fair housing through an executive order, the critical breakthrough emerged during the Great Society. Johnson played an influential role in placing housing discrimination on the national agenda and garnering legislative support for Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, more commonly known as the Fair Housing Act. After inheriting the act, Richard Nixon significantly helped to define its meaning and application for decades to come. Johnson made efforts to combat housing segregation through the Fair Housing Act, but Nixon's politics would nourish the segregation that already existed in the suburbs. HOUSING SEGREGATION IN JOHNSON'S AMERICA The need for a federal fair housing statute was apparent from the pervasiveness of black-white housing segregation during President Johnson's lifetime. Vast decaying ghettos, so prevalent during Johnson's presidency, were nonexistent before the twentieth century. Following World Wars I and II, housing segregation became pronounced, growing deep roots in northern metropolitan areas after the large-scale migration of African Americans from the South. This so-called Great Migration, occurring between 1910 and 1970, constituted the greatest movement of people in the United States during the twentieth century. It was stimulated not only by repressive political and social conditions in the South but also by unprecedented economic and technological developments in both the North and the South.
Assessment of Behavior Problems and the Use of Functional Behavioral Assessment During Early Childhood

Assessing behavior problems in early childhood is important, given how common challenging behavior is among preschool-aged children. While some children seemingly outgrow these difficulties, a significant number go on to exhibit severe behavior disorders or mental health problems, suggesting a high level of continuity of behaviors. In addition, research with preschoolers has found connections between social or behavioral problems and poor learning or academic outcomes. Given that young children might exhibit a number of behavior problems making them at risk for later academic adjustment issues, early assessment and prevention-focused intervention is crucial. The use of functional behavioral assessments (FBAs) is a promising form of assessment that considers information from a variety of sources in an effort to determine the purpose of the behavior and develop a function-behavior support plan. This chapter reviews the applications of FBA with young children and describes specific methods, including indirect, direct, and functional analysis. Implications for clinicians are discussed, including specific steps for conducting an FBA with young children.