cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous sinus or orbital hemangiomas.

OBJECTIVE: Hemangiomas are rare but highly vascular tumors that may develop in the cavernous sinus or orbit. These tumors pose diagnostic as well as therapeutic challenges to neurosurgeons during attempted removal. We analyzed our increasing experience using stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS: Eight symptomatic patients with hemangiomas underwent SRS between 1988 and 2007. The presenting symptoms included headache, orbital pain, diplopia, ptosis, proptosis and impaired visual acuity. The hemangiomas were located in either the cavernous sinus (7 patients) or the orbit (1 patient). Four patients underwent SRS as primary treatment modality based on clinical and imaging criteria. Four patients had previous microsurgical partial excision or biopsy. The median target volume was 6.8 mL (range, 2.5―18 mL). The median prescription dose delivered to the margin was 14.5 Gy (range, 12.5―19 Gy). The dose to the optic nerve in all patients was less than 9 Gy (range, 4.5―9 Gy). RESULTS: The median follow-up period after SRS was 80 months (range, 40―127 months). Six patients had symptomatic improvement; 2 patients reported persistent diplopia. Follow-up imaging revealed tumor regression in 7 patients and no change in tumor volume in 1 patient. All the patients improved after SRS. CONCLUSION: Our extended experience confirms that SRS is an effective management strategy for symptomatic intracavernous and intraorbital hemangiomas. Our study is the first long-term report on the safety and efficacy of SRS.
The crystallography of the bainite transformation in beta brass

Abstract The crystallography of low-temperature (plate) bainite formation in beta brass was studied in alloys containing 40–45 wt.% zinc. Habit plane of the bainite plates were determined using single surface trace analysis for plates formed between 200 and 400°C in these alloys. It was found that the mean position of the habit plane pole scatter region varied with temperature of formation and composition of the alloy. Except for the habit plane near (123)β, most of the variation is in a region near the sub-zero martensite habit plane, (2 11 12)β. The former is observed for the first time in plate bainite formation in beta brass. Application of the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography to the bainite formation using stacking fault shear as the lattice invariant shear shows that the variation of the habit plane could be due to the variation in tetragonality, c α a α and relative volume, ν of bainite produced at different temperatures in these alloys. The habit plane scatter near (2 11 12)β falls within the ranges 0.90 c α a α
Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry of oligodeoxythmidylic acids

Ferulic acid, sinapinic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) have been tested as matrix materials for matrix-assisted laser desorption of the pure oligonucleotide pd(T)12 and a mixture of oligonucleotides pd(T)12 through pd(T)18 using pulsed 337 nm radiation combined with reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The three matrix materials are compared with respect to obtainable mass resolution, degree of fragmentation, and adduct formation for these oligonucleotides. DHBA was found to produce the least fragmentation and adduct formation, as well as the highest mass resolution.
The alcohol use inventory as predictor of drinking by male heavy social drinkers

Abstract To investigate the utility of the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI) with heavy nonproblem drinkers, 36 male undergraduate heavy social drinkers kept daily records of their drinking and noods for 3 months and for 1 month at 6–7 months after completing several scales. Factor analysis of the AUI revealed five factors with this sample. Reporting adverse after-effects and other drug use was associated with greater daily drinking over the next 3 months and better moods, but not with intoxication per se. Reporting sustained daily drinking on the AUI was strongly predictive of a greater number of intoxicated days during the subsequent 2 months, and was also associated with more depression and anger over time. Reporting drinking in order to improve social, mental, and emotional functioning was unrelated to drinking rates, but was strongly related to anxiety, depression, and anger over time. The Daily Quantity of Alcohol scale was unrelated to actual daily alcohol intake. A small social desirability response bias was found for several scales, but it had little effect on the above relationships. Thus, the AUI shows promise for use with heavy social drinkers and should be investigated further.
Stepfamilies: Awareness and attitudes of preschool children

The study was designed to determine if a specific stepfamily curriculum would affect the stepfamily awareness and attitudes of preschool children. Forty‐nine children in randomly assigned experimental or control groups were pre‐ and post‐tested with the Stepfamily Awareness and Attitude Test. Although there was no change in the attitudes towards stepfamilies in either the control or experimental groups, there was a significant (p <.001) increase in the experimental group's awareness of stepfamilies following the Stepfamily Curriculum intervention.
The Need for A More Intensive Analysis of Union Organizing Campaigns

The article reports the author's opinions regarding the behavioral implications of labor organization. Activities associated with organizing campaigns are discussed in relation to the Taft-Hartley ...
Hampton Roads hurricane evacuation arterial routes preliminary study

Virginia's hurricane evacuation plan consists of two major components: an Abbreviated Transportation Model (ATM) and a Traffic Control Plan (TCP). The ATM contains the number of people and vehicles evacuating from each geographic zone, which is determined based on socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics combined with threat assessment. The ATM assigns vehicles to designated evacuation routes based on their origin zone. The traffic control plan provides detailed information on management of evacuation traffic. Measures in the traffic control plan include 2-phase evacuation, open/close ramps, ramp meters, lane reversal scheme, etc. In addition to I-64, Rt. 17, Rt. 460, Rt. 58, Rt. 60, and Rt. 100 are all designated evacuation routes. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) performed an evaluation study of the Hampton Roads evacuation routes to determine where severe traffic situations might occur during evacuation. Their study mainly focused on the interstate routes in the region and the operational characteristics of the arterial evacuation routes were not analyzed although the arterial routes carry a significant portion of evacuation traffic. In this preliminary study, we expanded the evacuation network by including a second major arterial evacuation route, i.e., US Route 58, because a significant portion of vehicles from Virginia Beach, Norfolk, and Chesapeake use Rt. 58 to escape. We then performed traffic analysis using the same ATM and TCP but with Rt. 58 included. It was found that traffic on Rt. 58 would have mild impact on the overall evacuation. Simulation results include traffic volume, clearance time, travel time, delay time, etc.
The Digestibility of Fish

(1888). The Digestibility of Fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 69-83.
Mechanisms conferring resistance of Western flower thrips to bendiocarb

Mechanisms associated with bendiocarb resistance were examined in two strains of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), that differed in their susceptibility to this carbamate by 13.6-fold. No appreciable differences between the two strains in [ 14 C]bendiocarb penetration and excretion were detected ; however, bendiocarb was metabolised substantially faster by the resistant KCM thrips than by the more susceptible UMC thrips. No appreciable difference between the two strains was found in the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase activity to inhibition by bendiocarb. It was concluded that bendiocarb resistance in KCM western flower thrips was due to enhanced metabolism that probably was mainly oxidative in nature.
Exaggerated splanchnic PGI2 release following acute hemorrhage is due to new protein synthesis.

Abstract The effect of cycloheximide on increased splanchnic prostacyclin release following acute hemorrhage was studied in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to acute hemorrhage to 30 mm Hg for 30 min (shock) or sham shock. The superior mesenteric artery was cannulated and removed with its end organ intestine (SV+SI preparation) and perfused in vitro with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Cycloheximide was infused in half of the sham and acute hemorrhage SV+SI preparations at 50 μg/ml. Venous effluent from all groups were analyzed for prostanoid release by radioimmunoassay. The SV+SI released 10-fold more 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F 1α than PGE 2 and thromboxane. Acute hemorrhage increased SV+SI release of 6-keto-PGF 1α 3-fold compared to sham. Cycloheximide abolished the increased 6-keto-PGF 1α following acute hemorrhage but not the basal release in the sham group. Indomethacin decreased PG synthesis in all groups by 90%. Sham PG release was dependent on a stable pool of cyclooxygenase with a long half-life and was not affected by cycloheximide treatment. Acute hemorrhage stimulated a rapid induction of enzymes (cyclooxygenase, prostacyclin synthase) responsible for prostacyclin synthesis and release which were dependent on de novo protein synthesis.
Techniques for following the movement of single RNAs in living cells

The ability to investigate gene expression has evolved from static approaches that analyze a population of cells to dynamic approaches that analyze individual living cells. During the last decade, a number of different fluorescent methods have been developed for monitoring the dynamics of single RNAs in living cells. Spatial-temporal analyses of single RNAs in living cells have provided novel insight into nuclear transport, RNA localization, and decay. Technical advances with these approaches allow for single molecule detection, providing an unprecedented view of RNA movement. In this article, we discuss the methods for observing single RNAs in living cells, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method.
Genes and environment in irritable bowel syndrome: one step forward

Both low birth weight and genetic factors may be integral to the aetiological pathway in irritable bowel syndrome The prototypic functional gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which affects approximately 10% of the population and causes considerable morbidity.1 Traditionally, the pathogenesis of IBS has been simplistically conceptualised by applying the biopsychosocial model; this focuses on the interaction, via the brain–gut axis, of psychosocial processes with pertubations of gut sensory and motor dysfunction.2 The model suggests that either genetic or environmental factors may alter central and peripheral physiology. However, how this occurs remains mysterious, few environmental factors have been linked to IBS and indeed whether or not genetics plays a part remains controversial. There are clues that IBS is an inherited condition.3–5 In a family cluster study of 643 subjects from Olmsted County, Minnesota, those who reported having first degree relatives with bowel problems were significantly more likely to report IBS, adjusting for age, sex and the reporting of non-gastrointestinal somatic symptoms.3 Those who reported having a spouse with bowel problems were no more likely to report IBS.3 A study that directly surveyed relatives confirmed that there was nearly a threefold increase in IBS among the relatives of patients with IBS compared with the relatives of spouses.4 However, these results could all reflect a common intrafamilial environment rather than genes. Two twin studies have suggested that there is a genetic component in IBS but clearly also indicate that the environment is key.6,7 Twins studies rely on the fact that monozygotic (identical) twins share 100% of their genes while dizygotic twins (like siblings) share only 50%. The first study to directly assess the potential role of genetics in IBS evaluated Australian twins.6 We found in this study that there was a …
Computer representation of coronary arterial trees.

Abstract An algorithm for determining the three-dimensional geometric configuration of coronary arterial trees from biplane coronary arteriograms has been developed. Assuming the coronary arteries to be line segments, the algorithm combines two orthogonal representations of the tree into a single unambiguous three-dimensional representation. The procedure is interactive and requires the operator to describe the two-dimensional structure from each of two orthogonal film planes. The resulting three-dimensional structure is used to evaluate epicardial contraction patterns and as a descriptor for inclusion in the Duke Cardiovascular Data Bank.
Carcinoma of the soft palate treated with irradiation: analysis of results and complications.

Summary This is an analysis of 75 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and/or uvula treated with radical radiation therapy alone (64) or in conjunction with planned neck dissection (11) between October 1964 and September 1983. All patients have a minimum follow-up of 2 years and 60 (80%) have a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Patients were excluded from analysis of disease control at the primary site and/or neck if they died within 2 years of treatment with the site(s) continuously disease free. The initial local control rates and ultimate local control rates after surgical salvage of irradiation failures for patients treated with continuous-course irradiation were as follows: T 1 , 8/8 (100%) and 8/8 (100%); T 2 , 14/19 (74%) and 16/19 (84%); T 3 , 5/11 (45%) and 5/11 (45%); and T 4 , 1/4 (25%) and 1/4 (25%). Overal, 7/55 patients (13%) treated with continuous-course irradiation experienced irradiation-related bone or soft tissue complications; there was only one severe complication. The 5-year determinate survival rates by modified AJCC stage for patients treated with continuous-course irradiation are as follows: I, 83%; II, 78%; III, 38%; IVA, 0/2; and IVB, 25%.
An organizational learning approach to information systems development

Information generated from communications between uses and analysts forms the basis for information systems development and is therefore a major determinant of success. This research investigates the effectiveness of these user/analyst interactions. Tape recordings of user/analyst communications during systems development are used to analyze traditional interaction methods. An alternative "organizational learning" interation methodology is developed based on the Argyris and Schon organizational learning theory. Finally, this new methodology is used by a group of professionals involved in systems projects and again evaluated based on tape recordings of their user/analyst communications. Results show that traditional user/analyst interactions display primarily error-prone characteristics, and that the new interaction methodology successfully generated more valid information with increased detection of errors.
Parenthood and psychological well-being: Clarifying the role of child age and parent-child relationship quality

Abstract Although recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of examining the rewards of raising children in understanding variations in psychological consequences of parenthood, empirical research remains focused on the demands of parenthood. Using a sample of parents with children aged 0–22 in the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 6228), this paper examines the association between age of children and parental psychological well-being, focusing on a key element of rewards of parenthood, parental relationship satisfaction with their children, as a mediator of the link. Findings indicate that parents whose oldest child is under age five report higher satisfaction with the relationship with their children, higher self-esteem, higher self-efficacy, and less depression than do parents whose oldest child is school-age or adolescent. When parental satisfaction is taken into account, the differences in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and depression by age of children disappear.
Accelerated 3-D graphics in an XFree86 environment

Hardware accelerated PC graphics adapters costing less than three hundred dollars are now capable of rendering complex 3-D scenes in real-time. However, software support for these adapters has been slow to evolve in Linux. In this paper we describe an architecture that we have developed and used with success in providing accelerated rendering support for the Permedia 2.
Anion exchange studies of lead-EDTA complexes

Abstract This research with anion exchange resins demonstrates the possibility of removing chelated anionic complexes from water. The affinity of various commercially available polystyrene and acrylic resins for the Pb-EDTA complex was established. The effects of pH, competing ions, resin matrix, functionality, and porosity were studied.
Analog-modulated satellite laser crosslinks at 300 and 650 Mbps

This paper summarizes the design for a laboratory testbed currently under development to evaluate the performance of intersatellite laser crosslinks that directly impose a modulated waveform as an analog signal on the laser carrier. In our analog scheme we use a classical 'bent pipe' satellite implementation, where the RF uplink signal spectrum is frequency translated to directly modulate the laser as an analog waveform, and the received signal at the other end of the optical crosslink is frequency translated to directly modulate the RF downlink. This system design and hardware proof-of-concept addresses the optimum approach to such an analog optical crosslink to facilitate evaluation of its performance.
An analytical approach to the determination of planar surface orientation using active-passive image pairs

Abstract A model and corresponding method for planar surface orientation determination using projected elliptical patterns is presented. The technique does not rely on the explicit solution of point-by-point correspondences; rather the extraction of higher-level features of the projected patterns is used to infer surface orientation parameters. Experimental verification of the procedure confirms its validity.
Urban mobility in the developing world

Abstract Mobility and accessibility are declining rapidly in most of the developing world. The issues that affect levels of mobility and possibilities for its improvement are varied. They include the rapid pace of motorization, conditions of local demand that far exceed the capacity of facilities, the incompatibility of urban structure with increased motorization, a stronger transport–land use relationship than in developed cities, lack of adequate road maintenance and limited agreement among responsible officials as to appropriate forms of approach to the problem. The rapid rise of motorization presents the question: At what level will it begin to attenuate for given economic and regulatory conditions? Analysts have taken various approaches to this problem, but so far the results are not encouraging. Developing cities have shown significant leadership in vehicle use restrictions, new technologies, privatization, transit management, transit service innovation, transportation pricing and other actions. Only a few, however, have made important strides toward solving the problem. Developing cities have lessons to learn from developed cities as regards roles of new technologies, forms of institutional management and the long term consequences of different de facto policies toward the automobile. These experiences, however, especially in the last category, need to be interpreted very carefully in order to provide useful guidance to cities with, for he most part, entirely different historical experiences in transportation. Continued progress in meeting the needs of the mobility problem in developing cities will focus on: (a) highway building, hopefully used as an opportunity to rationalize access, (b) public transport management improvements, (c) pricing improvements, (d) traffic management, and (e) possibly an emphasis on rail rapid transit based on new revenue techniques.
Static and vibration analysis of laminated composite beams with an interlaminar shear stress continuity theory

A finite element method for stress and vibration analysis of laminated composite beams was investigated. The analysis was based on a multilayered theory presented by Lu and Liu. This theory accounts for the continuity of interlaminar shear stress. The principle of minimum potential energy was used in the finite element formulation. The interlaminar shear stress was obtained directly from the constitutive equations. It was verified that the present technique was able to give excellent results for displacements, stresses and vibration frequencies for both thin and thick composite beams. The effects of the number of layers and the number of elements on the convergence were also discussed.
Dense molecular shocks and accretion onto protostellar disks

We have examined the physical and chemical processes which accompany the propagation of a J-type shock through molecular astrophysical gas of density 10(exp 7.5) - 10(exp 12) H nuclei per cu cm. Our study is primarily relevant to the high-density accretion shocks which are associated with the supersonic infall of material during the collapse of a molecular cloud core to form a protostar. We have carried out a general parameter study to determine the characteristic infrared emission spectrum of dense molecular shocks and the extent of grain destruction within such shocks as a function of relevant shock parameters. Accretion shocks with mass accretion rates approximately greater than 10(exp -5) solar masses per y are plausible sources of the CO v = 2-0 vibrational band emission observed in many protostars, at least for sources of moderate CO v = 2-0 luminosity (approximately less than few x 10(exp 23) W). Rovibrational emissions from H2O and OH are also predicted to be luminous in dense molecular accretion shocks. Vaporization is the dominant mechanism of grain destruction within dense molecular shocks, leading to the efficient removal of those grains which are heated to their vaporization temperature by the combined effects of radiative heating, drag heating, and thermal heating by the hot postshock gas. The criteria for grain vaporization are obtained for grains composed of several different materials: metallic iron, silicate, troilite, refractory organic materials, volatile organic materials, and water ice.
Procedural interpolation with geometrically continuous cubic splines

A local interpolation method for curves in R2 or R3 offering G1 continuity is described. A curve is represented as a union of geometrically continuous cubic Bezier segments between each pair of adjacent vertices. At each interpolation point, the procedure determines a tangent direction and two derivative magnitudes on either side of the vertex. The method uses an intuitive geometric, rule-based approach to find a ‘good’ default solution that produces pleasing-looking results even for highly irregular sets of data Various spline properties and their relevance to the method are also discussed.
A comparison of incumbent security in the House and Senate

The safety of House incumbents has become legendary in the world of political science. With reelection rates climbing close to 100% in recent years, members of the House of Representatives seem virtually invulnerable to electoral challenge. The high reelection rates of incumbents led President Reagan to comment that the House of Representatives was more stable than the Soviet Politburo. In contrast, incumbent senators are seen as more vulnerable as they face stronger, better financed candidates and appear to lose more often. The belief that members of the House are more electoral secure has spread from the realm of political science and into the conventional wisdom.
Transcription initiation patterns indicate divergent strategies for gene regulation at the chromatin level.

The application of deep sequencing to map 5′ capped transcripts has confirmed the existence of at least two distinct promoter classes in metazoans: “focused” promoters with transcription start sites (TSSs) that occur in a narrowly defined genomic span and “dispersed” promoters with TSSs that are spread over a larger window. Previous studies have explored the presence of genomic features, such as CpG islands and sequence motifs, in these promoter classes, but virtually no studies have directly investigated the relationship with chromatin features. Here, we show that promoter classes are significantly differentiated by nucleosome organization and chromatin structure. Dispersed promoters display higher associations with well-positioned nucleosomes downstream of the TSS and a more clearly defined nucleosome free region upstream, while focused promoters have a less organized nucleosome structure, yet higher presence of RNA polymerase II. These differences extend to histone variants (H2A.Z) and marks (H3K4 methylation), as well as insulator binding (such as CTCF), independent of the expression levels of affected genes. Notably, differences are conserved across mammals and flies, and they provide for a clearer separation of promoter architectures than the presence and absence of CpG islands or the occurrence of stalled RNA polymerase. Computational models support the stronger contribution of chromatin features to the definition of dispersed promoters compared to focused start sites. Our results show that promoter classes defined from 5′ capped transcripts not only reflect differences in the initiation process at the core promoter but also are indicative of divergent transcriptional programs established within gene-proximal nucleosome organization.
Establishment of an International Information Network for International Health Development: A Survey of Public Health Administration and Management Courses

The purpose of the present study was to examine the content emphasis of courses of public health administration and management (A & M) among member institutions of the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH), to determine comparability of curricula across campuses. A survey of course syllabi from APACPH schools was conducted by three separate reviewers to identify topical subject matter presented in general and specialty A & M courses delivered to graduate students at each campus. Based on this review, three synthetic general content A & M courses, and one specialty A & M course (i.e. Hospital Administration) were created as a basis for intercampus cross-institutional comparisons conducted by the author. Despite the number of courses provided by the different APACPH institutions, specific content areas consistently appeared across institutions, suggesting possible foundational A & M content for public health students. In general, there was much better coverage of similar topics at the introductory level of instruction, and much greater consistency was observed across institutions that provided course work addressing the administration of hospitals. Several recommendations are made for further studies of other content areas, and for the development of minimum training content areas as a basis for cross-institutional studies.
Association between apolipoproteins A-I and A-II as evidenced by immunochemical approach

Apolipoprotein A-I isolated from human plasma high density lipoproteins were studied for its possible association with125I-labeled A-II. Using immunoprecipitation technique, we found that A-II, but not C-II and C-III, associated with A-I. The association was completed within 30 min and was temperature dependent.
Molecular evolution of retinal and nonretinal opsins

Vision and the circadian rhythms of various biological functions are triggered by phototransduction. The retinal and nonretinal (pineal gland-specific) opsins are traced back to a single common ancestor. Evolutionary analyses of these opsins identify amino acid changes that are potentially important in the regulation of wavelength absorption of photosensitive molecules-visual pigments. Such theoretical predictions can now be tested experimentally using site-directed mutagenesis; expressing the mutagenized opsins in tissue culture cells, reconstituting with 11-cis retinal, and measuring the absorption spectra of the regenerated visual pigments.
Metalloproteinase-mediated Shedding of Integrin β2 Promotes Macrophage Efflux from Inflammatory Sites

Macrophage exiting from inflammatory sites is critical to limit the local innate immune response. With tissue insult, resident tissue macrophages rapidly efflux to lymph nodes where they modulate the adaptive immune response, and inflammatory macrophages attracted to the site of injury then exit during the resolution phase. However, the mechanisms that regulate macrophage efflux are poorly understood. This study has investigated soluble forms of integrin β2 whose levels are elevated in experimental peritonitis at times when macrophages are exiting the peritoneum, suggesting that its proteolytic shedding may be involved in macrophage efflux. Both constitutive and inducible metalloproteinase-dependent shedding of integrin β2 from mouse macrophages are demonstrated. Soluble integrin β2 is primarily released as a heterodimeric complex with αM that retains its ability to bind its ligands intracellular adhesion molecule-1, fibrin, and collagen and thus may serve as a soluble antagonist. In a model of accelerated exiting, administration of a metalloproteinase inhibitor prevents macrophage efflux by 50% and impedes loss of macrophage integrin β2 from the cell surface. Exiting of peritoneal macrophages in mice lacking integrin β2 is accelerated, and antibody disruption of integrin β2-substrate interactions can reverse 50% of the metalloprotease inhibitor blockade of macrophage exiting. Thus, our study demonstrates the ability of metalloproteinase-mediated shedding of integrin β2 to promote macrophage efflux from inflammatory sites, and the release of soluble integrin heterodimers may also limit local inflammation.
Updating conservation priorities over 111 years of species observations

Summary Observations of species occurrences are often used to inform spatial prioritizations for the effective use of limited conservation resources. Additional species observations have the potential to change where a conservation group plans to invest. But by how much? How different would conservation priorities be if planners updated current observations with the information they will have next year? We sought to address these questions using a 111-year data set that reflects commonly used collection and prioritization practices. We quantify changes in the ranking of Tennessee watersheds brought on by annual additions of species observations made between 1900 and 2010. We ranked watersheds by their complementary contribution to overall species richness. We examine the sensitivity of our results to the number of watersheds prioritized. We expected the effect of new observations to diminish as the data set grew, and we found this to be the case. Importantly, however, additional observations may continue to significantly change conservation priorities in the future if current data collection trends continue. We found that, overall, additional observations can greatly affect priorities and that this result is sensitive to the number of watersheds ranked. Thus, the extent of planning activities moderates the effect of including additional data. Synthesis and applications. Long-term, opportunistically collected data of species locations are commonly used in conservation planning. We find that when using such data, additional species observations significantly affect subsequent priorities. This effect is most pronounced when data are sparse. As such, data collection should be a focus of very early conservation actions in new areas. Even in well-studied areas, however, additional observations may continue to change spatial priorities into the future, and so while data collection can decrease in well-studied areas, it should continue at a lower intensity. Our methods could also be used to determine the balance of data collection and conservation action in a new location.
Dietary Glutamate Is Almost Entirely Removed in Its First Pass Through the Splanchnic Bed in Premature Infants

Breast milk glutamate is a potential gluconeogenic substrate. However, in piglets, most dietary glutamate undergoes first pass extraction by the gut, limiting its contribution to glucose formation. The objectives of the study were to determine in preterm infants, whether dietary glutamate increases plasma [glutamate] in a dose-dependent fashion and whether glutamate carbon appears in plasma glucose to an appreciable extent. Five enterally fed infants (31 +/- 0 wk; 1555 +/- 131 g) (mean +/- SE) were studied twice (postnatal age 10 +/- 1 d and 17 +/- 1 d, respectively), while receiving an intragastric infusion of glutamate (labeled to 4% +/- by [U-13C] glutamate) at 2.4 (study 1) and 4.8 micromol/kg/min (study 2) for 1.5 h (n=2) or 5 h (n=3). Plasma [glutamate] was 82 +/- 8 microM at baseline, and 84 +/- 11 and 90 +/- 13 microM after glutamate supplementation at 2.4 and 4.8 micromol/kg/min, respectively, values not different from baseline. Plasma [glutamate] was not affected by the duration of the glutamate infusion (1.5 versus 5 h). Plasma 13C glucose enrichment was only 0.3% (after 5 h ingestion of glutamate labeled to 4%) indicating insignificant contribution of dietary glutamate carbon to glucose. Thus, in premature infants, splanchnic extraction is the major fate of dietary glutamate, which is not a significant gluconeogenic substrate in these infants.
Compliance Under Threat of Severe Punishment

This study examines the role-related conditions which generate a target's compliance with a source when threatened with genuine, severe punishment. Given the ethical restrictions of laboratory experimentation, cases of robbery are used as a data base. Compliance is affected by the source's capacity to punish, intent as to the use of force, and the target's capacity to oppose and ability to comply with the source's command. If the source is perceived as capable of inflicting threatened punishment and as making punishment contingent on opposition, and if the target perceives self as incapable of effective opposition and able to comply, the target will comply. Some implications of this research are discussed.
A new, chiral aminoanthracene for the Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder sequence in lactam and butenolide synthesis

Abstract 9-(2-Phenylethyl)aminoanthracene has been prepared and used as a template in the Diels–Alder/retro-Diels–Alder sequence to produce α,β-butenolides and α,β-unsaturated lactams. In this sequence the aminoanthracene serves as a stereo- and regiocontrolling chaperone in guiding maleic anhydride or N -alkylmaleimides through transformations to the butenolide or lactam targets.
Environmental fate and toxicology of fipronil

Fipronil is a relatively new insecticide that controls a broad spectrum of insects at low field application rates. It is a “new generation” insecticide because its mode of action, interference with the normal function of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated channels, differs from the classical insecticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates, to which some insects have developed resistance. Fipronil is extensively used throughout the world and numerous studies have evaluated its toxicity and environmental fate. However, a concise review summarizing and combining the recent scientific findings available in the scientific literature is lacking even though the pesticide has been found to be highly toxic to some aquatic organisms. Thus, this document evaluates, summarizes, and combines important toxicological and environmental fate information from recent scientific articles and other literature to produce a detailed review of fipronil.
In vivo three-dimensional high-resolution imaging of rodent retina with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To demonstrate the application of high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for three-dimensional (3D) retinal imaging of small animals and quantitative retinal information extraction using 3D segmentation of the OCT images. Methods A high-resolution SD-OCT system was built for in vivo imaging of rodent retina. OCT fundus images similar to those acquired with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) were constructed from the measured OCT data, which provided precise spatial registration of the OCT cross-sectional images on the fundus. A 3D segmentation algorithm was developed for calculation of the retinal thickness map. OCT images were compared by histologic examination. Results High-quality OCT images of the retinas of mice (B6/SJLF2 for normal retina, rhodopsin-deficient Rho(-/-) for photoreceptor degeneration, and LH(BETA)T(AG) for retinoblastoma) and rat (Wistar) were acquired. The OCT images compared well with histology. Not only was a 3D image of the tumor in a retinoblastoma mouse model successfully imaged in vivo but the tumor volume was extracted from the 3D image. Retinal thickness maps were calculated that enabled successful quantitative comparison of the retinal thickness distribution between the normal (202.3 +/- 9.3 microm) and the degenerative (102.7 +/- 12.6 microm) mouse retina. Conclusions High-resolution spectral-domain OCT provides unprecedented high-quality 2D and 3D in vivo visualization of retinal structures of mouse and rat models of retinal diseases. With the capability of 3D quantitative information extraction and precise spatial registration, the OCT system made possible longitudinal study of ocular diseases that has been impossible to conduct.
A model for the formation of annealing twins in F.C.C. metals and alloys

Abstract A model for the formation of annealing twins in f.c.c. metals and alloys is proposed. According to it, annealing twin formation proceeds in two stages: initiation and propagation. Initiation takes place at grain boundary ledges. After ‘popping out’ of the grain boundary, the twin grows into the grain by the migration of the noncoherent twin boundary, that can be represented by an array of partial Shockley dislocations with total Burgers vector equal to zero. Since the twin ‘pops out’ of the bondary and grows into the grain, the model does not require associated migration of the existing grain boundaries. The twinned region is separated from the grain by means of two parallel coherent twin boundaries. There are two relative orientations of adjacent grains for which the model can operate: 1. (a) when they are at twin orientation (but the boundary is not a coherent twin boundary) and 2. (b) when they are amenable to forming a ‘special’ boundary. Experimental evidence supporting the model is presented.
Nurse case management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary heart disease: results of a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Background Despite the large body of evidence confirming the effectiveness of lipid lowering for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) events, undertreatment of hyperlipidemia is common. This study tested the effectiveness of a nurse case management program to lower blood lipids in patients with CHD. Methods A total of 228 consecutive, eligible adults with hypercholesterolemia and CHD were recruited during hospitalization after coronary revascularization. Patients were randomized to receive lipid management, including individualized lifestyle modification and pharmacologic intervention, from a nurse practitioner for 1 year after discharge in addition to their usual care (NURS), or to usual care enhanced with feedback on lipids to their primary provider and/or cardiologist (EUC). Results Significantly more patients in the NURS group than in the EUC group achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels
Results of radiation therapy given after radical hysterectomy

Two hundred twelve patients with carcinoma of the cervix, Stage I (193 patients) and Stage II (19 patients), were treated by radical hysterectomy at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania during the period from 1955-1977. Pathology reports were evaluated for the presence of the following factors thought to indicate an unfavorable prognosis: (1) positive pelvic lymph nodes (31 patients); (2) parametrial extension (22 patients); and (3) infiltration of the margin of resection (14 patients). Fifty-one high risk patients (HR) with one or more of these pathologic findings have five and ten year survivals of 55% and 30%, respectively. This compares with five- and ten-year survivals of 87% and 85%, respectively, for patients without these findings. Local recurrences were noted in 20/50 (40%) HR patients versus 23/159 (13.2%) non-HR patients (P less than .001). A retrospective analysis revealed that 21 of 50 evaluable HR patients received adjunctive postoperative pelvic irradiation (HR-XRT). Although the reduction in local recurrence in the treated group approached statistical significance, 5/21 versus 15/29 (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05), the five- and ten-year survival did not differ significantly. Twenty-four patients initially treated with surgery received definitive radiation therapy for local recurrence. The five- and ten-year survivals for the time of recurrence were 22% and 15%. Our findings suggest that postoperative irradiation may be beneficial in controlling local disease in a subgroup of radical hysterectomy patients who are at high risk for recurrence. Since the ultimate incidence of extra pelvic metastasis for the high risk and the recurrent group is 32% and 67%, respectively, however, it appears that improved survival awaits the development of effective systemic adjuvant therapy.
A novel hybrid design of a memory cell using a memristor and ambipolar transistors

This paper presents a novel memory cell consisting of a memristor and ambipolar transistors. Macroscopic models are utilized to characterize the operations of this memory cell. A detailed treatment of the two basic memory operations (write and read) with respect to memristor features is provided; particular, emphasis is devoted to the threshold characterization of the memristance and the on/off states. Extensive simulation results are provided to assess performance in terms of the write/read times, transistor scaling and power dissipation. The simulation results show that the proposed memory cell achieves superior performance compared with other memristor-based cells found in the technical literature.
Hoof growth and wear of semi-feral ponies during an annual summer 'self-trimming' period.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Despite growing interest in application natural models of hoof-maintenance in domestic horses, little data is available to describe natural conformation and proposed mechanisms of self-maintenance. Objectives: Quantitatively describe hoof growth and wear during a period of ‘self-trimming’ within a herd of semi-feral ponies. Methods: Hoof length, growth and wear were measured for a sample of 40 animals during a period of ‘self-trimming’ from June through September, 2005. Results: For front hooves, mean toe lengths in July, August and September were significantly less than in June. For the hind, mean toe length in August was significantly less than in June, July and September. Increased rate of wear, as opposed to decreased growth rate, was the major contributor to overall shorter hoof lengths. Cumulative wear expressed as a percentage of the June baseline toe length ranged from 21–57% (mean 38%) for the front and 12–46% (mean 32%) for the hind. Conclusions: Significant cracking, tearing and increased wear, known as ‘self-trimming’ is a measurable herd-wise phenomenon in horses maintained under natural social and environmental conditions. Potential relevance: Although just one example herd, these data provide quantitative support of anecdotal reports of ‘self-trimming’ as a mechanism contributing to natural self-maintenance of the equine hoof.
Central projections and trigeminal ganglion location of corneal afferent neurons in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis

The method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) was used to determine the location within the monkey trigeminal ganglion of the primary afferent neurons that innervate the cornea, and the brainstem and spinal cord termination sites of these cells. In each of four animals. Gelfoam pledgets were saturated with 2% HRP-WGA in saline and applied to the scratched surface of the central cornea for 30 minutes. Postmortem examination of the corneal whole mounts revealed that the tracer solution remained confined to approximately the central one-fourth of the cornea with no spread into the peripheral cornea or limbus. Seventy-two to 96 hours after tracer application, 126-242 labeled cell bodies were observed in the medial region of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. The majority of neurons were concentrated in an area of the ganglion that lay directly caudal to the entering fibers of the ophthalmic nerve, but smaller numbers of cells lay somewhat more laterally, near the region where the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves come together. A very small number of neurons in one animal innervated the cornea by sending their fibers into the maxillary nerve. HRP-WGA-labeled terminal fields were present to some extent in all four major rostrocaudal subdivisions of the ipsilateral trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC), but the size of the terminal fields and the intensity of labeling differed markedly from one level of the TBNC to the next. Labeled fibers projected heavily to the transitional zone between caudal pars interpolaris and rostral pars caudalis (i.e., the "periobex" region of the TBNC) and moderately to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and caudal pars caudalis at the level of the pyramidal decussation. Remaining areas of the TBNC, including rostral pars interpolaris and the midlevel of pars caudalis, received few, if any, corneal afferent projections. Occasional labeled fibers were observed in the dorsal horn of C1 and in the rostral half of C2. It is hoped that data generated in the current investigation of nonhuman primates will contribute to a better understanding of the neural substrates that subserve corneal sensation and the blink reflex in humans.
The Legacy of the Journal of Accounting Case Research (1992–2007)/L'HÉRITAGE DE LA JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING CASE RESEARCH (1992–2007)

This paper studies the output of the Journal of Accounting Case Research (JACR) from its inception in 1992 through its amalgamation into the CAAA's journal Accounting Perspectives in 2007. JACR had the important distinction of being the only periodical devoted solely to publishing accounting cases. This paper summarizes JACR's output by topic, specific accounting field of study, and targeted audience, as well as information on authors and their academic institutions. These analyses suggest that JACR promoted diversity in the scholarship of accounting education, produced valuable learning aids, and provided important publication opportunities for scholars with an interest in the development of instructional cases. RESUME L'auteur se penche sur l'heritage de la publication Journal of Accounting Case Research (JACR), depuis sa creation en 1992 jusqu'a sa fusion avec la publication de l'ACPC Perspectives comptables, en 2007. Fait important, le JACR se caracterisait par son statut de seul periodique consacre exclusivement a la publication d'etudes de cas en comptabilite (Weinstein, 2005). L'auteur presente sommairement le patrimoine du JACR selon les sujets, les domaines d'etudes precis de la comptabilite et les publics vises, de meme que les donnees relatives aux auteurs et aux etablissements universitaires auxquels ils sont attaches. Ces analyses semblent indiquer que le JACR a fait la promotion de la diversite dans la recherche en comptabilite, a produit de precieux outils d'apprentissage et a largement ouvert ses pages aux chercheurs interesses a l'elaboration d'etudes de cas destinees a l'enseignement.