cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policing Public Protest in Central Asia

While Central Asia’s Soviet-era physical infrastructure crumbles, and the quality and availability of public healthcare and education decline, the police remain the one institution that controls the state’s most remote territories. This article argues that, over the past two decades, the functions of Central Asian police forces have become increasingly punitive. Their negative influence was particularly visible in the aftermath of public protests in the 2000–2010s that resulted in fatal clashes between police units and civilian population. These watershed events were followed by government decisions to overhaul their police forces to preempt a recurrence of public protest. Depending on how willing the incumbent regimes are to control political dissent and how capable the state is in performing these control functions, changes in the Interior Ministries follow. When political will is matched by the economic and administrative resource of the state, policing functions are distributed among additional state institutions. But when the regime lacks the resources to upgrade policing techniques to the desired level, it almost always requests international support to facilitate police reform.
Internet-based assessment of postoperative neurocognitive function in cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery patients.

Objective The primary purpose of this study was to determine the practicality of long-term, postoperative neurocognitive assessment via remote Internet-based testing in a cohort of patients who had undergone cardiac or thoracic aortic surgery within the previous 6 years. The secondary aim of this study was to examine the relationships among hypothermic circulatory arrest time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and selective cerebral perfusion time with long-term postoperative neurocognitive function, as assessed by this novel testing method. Methods Three hundred patients who had undergone cardiac and/or proximal aortic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 207), thoracic aortic surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 67), or thoracic aortic surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion (n = 26) within the previous 6 years underwent Internet-based neurocognitive assessment. Results The duration of hypothermic circulatory arrest was negatively associated with processing speed scores and memory scores; arrest duration greater than 21 to 24 minutes was negatively associated with response speed scores. These associations were independent of time since surgery, age at testing, and educational level. Neither cardiopulmonary bypass duration nor selective cerebral perfusion duration was associated with test score results. Conclusions This study demonstrated the practicality of long-term neurocognitive assessment of patients who have undergone cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery by means of Internet-based computerized testing. Furthermore, there was a negative association between the duration of intraoperative hypothermic circulatory arrest and long-term postoperative neurocognitive function that needs further examination in prospective studies.
Bio-Ceramics for the Next 25 Years: Challenges and Opportunities

This paper examines challenges and opportunities for the field of bio-ceramics to achieve innovative solutions in two important areas of healthcare; regenerative medicine and personalized versus statistical-based diagnosis and therapy of individual patients. These opportunities are based upon use of new minimally invasive bio-photonics technology that can produce patient specific cell-based data to minimize costs, time and use of animals in developing and testing new bioactive ceramics. Changing the research culture is necessary to achieve significant improvements in the cost/benefit ratio of healthcare for aging populations. The approaches advocated in this paper have potential to achieve this cultural change.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and ADHD: diagnostic implications and therapeutic consequences.

The first association between prenatal alcohol exposure and a teratogenic effect in the developing fetus was made in 1968 by pediatrician Paul Lemoine in France [1]. A few years later, Jones and Smith defined the fetal alcohol syndrome which combined dysmorphic facial, growth and CNS features [2]. The classic fetal alcohol syndrome has been recently reviewed. Current research is beginning to acknowledge that exposure to differing levels of prenatal alcohol cause a spectrum of clinical conditions which can be grouped under the umbrella term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder [3-5]. There are three subtypes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: full fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome (where there is only partial facial dysmorphology) and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (where there is no facial dysmorphology and often absence of growth features). The term alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder is gradually replacing the older term fetal alcohol effects. These subtypes were in...
Loaded hydroxylapatite-coated implants and uncoated titanium-threaded implants in distracted dog alveolar ridges.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the response of alveolar bone after it was augmented vertically with distraction osteogenesis, implanted with hydroxylapatite (HA)-coated implants and noncoated titanium-threaded implants, and subsequently loaded for 1 year. Methods. Eight dogs each had 4 implants placed horizontally into an edentulous mandibular quadrant. After integration, a distraction osteogenesis device was fabricated in the laboratory. An osteotomy was made to allow the crest of the alveolar ridge to be distracted vertically. After 10 mm of vertical distraction, the distraction devices were stabilized with light cured resin. After bone fill of the distraction gap was radiographically confirmed in all dogs at 10 weeks, 2 implants were placed into the ridges. Four dogs had threaded titanium implants placed, and 4 dogs had threaded HA-coated implants placed, with 1 implant in the distracted bone and 1 implant in adjacent nondistracted bone, for both groups. After 4 months for implant integration, bridges were fabricated and secured to the implants with screws. Crestal bone levels were evaluated by radiographs through 1 year of function. Animals were killed after 1 year of loading for histologic evaluation. Results. The vertical ridge augmentation averaged 8.8 ± 1.0 mm after 10 weeks of healing after distraction. Analysis of variance indicated a significantly greater change from baseline for HA-coated implants and for distracted bone sites. Histologic examination showed that bone had formed between the distracted segments creating an augmented ridge. The average thickness of the labial cortex in the distraction gap was significantly thinner than the lingual cortex in distracted bone or the lingual and labial nondistracted cortical bone. The presence of a dental implant did not significantly affect cortical bone thickness. Serial sections showed that implants remained integrated and functional without soft tissue inflammation. Conclusion. Dental implants placed into alveolar ridges augmented with the technique of distraction osteogenesis were functional or the length of this study.
How to evaluate disability.

A disability assessment for non therapeutic reasons is the most common evaluation requested of treating psychiatrists. Mental disorders affect approximately 20 percent of Americans each year. People who are unable to work need some financial assistance. As part of the system, it’s our goal to assist them in this process. When a disability claim is filed, psychiatrists take into account the individual’s impairments and disabilities. A psychiatrist’s evaluation of disability involves knowledge and experience. There are many ethics related challenges, especially when performing disability evaluation of their own patients. Disability training should therefore be part of residency curriculum for training of psychiatry residents.
Sampling and analysis for Pu and Am in natural waters

Abstract Measurement of the concentrations and physico-chemical states of transuranic elements in natural waters is difficult because of the low levels and the lack of stable elements present for comparison. A sorption technique for sampling transuranic radionuclides from up to 4000 l of water in 3 h is discussed here. Particulate, soluble, and, what is believed to be, colloidal fractions are collected and analyzed separately. The technique has been tested in fresh and salt water for Pu and Am both in the field and in the laboratory and the results are reported. It is a reliable method for measuring the concentrations of Pu and Am in natural waters and simplifies the collection, transport and measurement of large-volume water samples.
Educational predictors of professional pay and performance

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study which examined the relationship between several educational indices, and the pay and performance of professional accountants. The findings indicated that there was little relationship between educational background and subsequent on-the-job performance. With respect to pay, the results indicated that, at the entry level, salary was primarily a function of the level of educational attainment and the quality of the institution attended. No relationship was found between academic performance and public accounting compensation.
1351 MEASUREMENT OF BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA) IN PREMATURE INFANTS (PT)

BSA is an important factor in caloric expenditure, fluid and drug management and assessment of GFR. Formulas designed for adults, children and infants have not been validated in PT. We performed 91 measurements of BSA in 70 PT of 3 gestational age (GA) groups (max I measurement per wk, per infant), using a geometric method (considering the body as a series of cylinders and the head as a sphere) that has been derived for older infants, children and adults (Haycock, et al., J. Ped. 93:62, 1978). We compared the geometria values to those obtained by 4 length-weight formulas based on BSA (m2)=a LbWc, where L is the body length (cm), W is the weight (kg) and a/b/c are respectively: for Haycock's: .024265/.3964/.5378, for Dubois1: .007184/.7258/.425 for Gehan's: .02350/.42246/.51456 and for Boyd's: .017827/.500/.4838. The mean differences (Geometric- a LbWc ± SE) between BSA obtained by geometric measurement and by each formula are shown: The mean BSA obtained by Gehan's and Boyd's formulas overestimate the measured BSA by 7% or more, whereas the 2 other formulas give an error less than 3%. Therefore, Dubois' or Haycock's formula may be used in PT. Since Dubois' substantially overestimates BSA in larger infants and children, Haycock's formula is recommended for use in the general pediatric population, including PT and very low birth weight infants.
Interaction between HSP70 homolog and filamentous virions of the beet yellows virus.

Abstract An HSP70 homolog (HSP70h), encoded by the Closterovirus Beet yellows virus (BYV), functions in viral movement from cell to cell. A previous study revealed that in infected cells, HSP70h colocalizes with the masses of BYV filamentous virions. Here we demonstrate that HSP70h forms a physical complex with BYV virions. This conclusion is based on both the comigration of HSP70h with BYV virions in sucrose density gradients and the coimmunoprecipitation of the HSP70h and BYV capsid protein using anti-HSP70h serum. The HSP70h–virion complex is stable at high concentrations of sodium chloride; its dissociation using sodium dodecyl sulfate, lithium chloride, or alkaline pH was accompanied by virion disassembly. However, the complex formation does not involve covalent bonds between HSP70h and virion components. Each BYV virion contains approximately 10 molecules of HSP70h. The possible role of HSP70h interaction with the virions in cell-to-cell movement of BYV is discussed.
The shapes of the motor domains of two oppositely directed microtubule motors, ncd and kinesin: a neutron scattering study

The shapes of the motor domains of kinesin and ncd, which move in opposite directions along microtubules, have been investigated. Using proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, it was found that at high salt (> 200 mM) Drosophila ncd motor domain (R335-K700) and human kinesin motor domain (M1-E349) were both sufficiently monomeric to allow an accurate determination of their radii of gyration (Rg) and their molecular weights. The measured Rg values of the ncd and kinesin motor domains in D2O were 2.06 +/- 0.06 and 2.05 +/- 0.04 nm, respectively, and the molecular weights were consistent with those computed from the amino acid compositions. Fitting of the scattering curves to approximately 3.5 nm resolution showed that the ncd and kinesin motor domains can be described adequately by triaxial ellipsoids having half-axes of 1.42 +/- 0.38, 2.24 +/- 0.44, and 3.65 +/- 0.22 nm, and half-axes of 1.52 +/- 0.23, 2.00 +/- 0.25, and 3.73 +/- 0.10 nm, respectively. Both motor domains are described adequately as somewhat flattened prolate ellipsoids with a maximum dimension of approximately 7.5 nm. Thus, it appears that the overall shapes of these motor domains are not the major determinants of the directionality of their movement along microtubules.
TIM2 gene deletion results in susceptibility to cisplatin induced kidney toxicity

T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain 2 (TIM2) belongs to the receptor family of cell surface molecules expressed on kidney, liver, and T cells. Previous studies have revealed that TIM2-deficient mice (TIM2(-/-)) are more susceptible to the Th2-mediated immune response in an airway inflammation model. Here, we investigated the phenotypic response of TIM2(-/-) mice to cisplatin-induced kidney toxicity. A lethality study in male BALB/c wild-type (TIM2(+/+)) and TIM2(-/-) mice, administered with 20 mg/kg cisplatin ip, resulted in 80% mortality of TIM2(-/-) mice as compared with 30% mortality in the TIM2(+/+) group by day 5. The TIM2(-/-) mice showed approximately fivefold higher injury as estimated by blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine at 48 h that was confirmed by significantly increased proximal tubular damage assessed histologically (H & E staining). A significantly higher expression of Th2-associated cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TGFβ, with a significant reduction of Th1-associated cytokines, RANTES and MCP-1, by 72 h was observed in the TIM2(-/-) mice as compared with TIM2(+/+) mice. A higher baseline protein expression of caspase-3 (approximately twofold) coupled with an early onset of p53 protein activation by 48 h resulted in an increased apoptosis by 48-72 h in TIM2(-/-) compared with TIM2(+/+). In conclusion, the increased expression of the proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes, with a higher number of apoptotic cells, and a pronounced increase in injury and mortality of the TIM2-deficient mice collectively suggest a protective role of TIM2 in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
The role of technical skill in perceptions of managerial performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether technical skill provides incremental value over managerial skill in managerial performance for first‐tier managers, and explore potential mediators of this relationship. Hypotheses: technical skill incrementally predicts managerial performance; referent and expert power mediate this relationship; and inspirational appeals and rational persuasion mediate the relationship between power and managerial performance.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 107 first‐tier supervisors from local petrochemical and engineering companies completed an online survey about their professional background and managerial skills; subordinates rated supervisors' technical skill, power, and influence tactic habits. Managerial performance was measured as: production output, subordinate job satisfaction, and subordinate ratings.Findings – Technical skill incrementally predicted subordinate perceptions of managerial performance over managerial skill. Referent power medi...
Endothelial Lipase Concentrations Are Increased in Metabolic Syndrome and Associated with Coronary Atherosclerosis

Background Endothelial lipase (EL), a new member of the lipase family, has been shown to modulate high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) metabolism and atherosclerosis in mouse models. We hypothesized that EL concentrations would be associated with decreased HDL-C and increased atherosclerosis in humans. Methods and Findings Healthy individuals with a family history of premature coronary heart disease (n ¼858) were recruited as part of the Study of the Inherited Risk of Atherosclerosis. Blood was drawn in the fasting state before and, in a subgroup (n ¼ 510), after administration of a single dose of intravenous heparin. Plasma lipids were measured enzymatically, lipoprotein subclasses were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was quantified by electron beam computed tomography. Plasma EL mass was measured using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Median EL mass in pre-heparin plasma was 442 (interquartile range ¼324–617) ng/ml. Median post-heparin mass was approximately 3-fold higher, 1,313 (888–1,927) ng/ml. The correlation between pre-heparin EL mass and postheparin EL mass was 0.46 (p , 0.001). EL mass concentrations in both pre- and post-heparin plasma significantly correlated with all NCEP ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome factors: waist circumference (r ¼0.28 and 0.22, respectively, p , 0.001 for each), blood pressure (r ¼0.18 and 0.24, p , 0.001 for each), triglycerides (r ¼0.22, p , 0.001; and 0.13, p ¼0.004), HDL cholesterol (r ¼� 0.11, p ¼0.002; and � 0.18, p , 0.001), and fasting glucose (r ¼0.11 and 0.16, p ¼0.001 for both). EL mass in both routine (odds ratio [OR] ¼1.67, p ¼0.01) and post-heparin (OR ¼2.42, p ¼ 0.003) plasma was associated with CAC as determined by ordinal regression after adjustment for age, gender, waist circumference, vasoactive medications, hormone replacement therapy (women), and established cardiovascular risk factors.
Starting a women in engineering program

The percentage of women in engineering programs nationally has plateaued at 20% for the past several years. In order to increase this number, many colleges have initiated women's programs. This paper outlines the requirements for such a program, including staffing, budget, assessment, and resources for best practices. The paper also addresses differences, based on the author's experiences, between women in engineering programs at a large, public institution and a small, private, technically-oriented institution.
Formal verification of PLC programs

This paper presents an approach to the verification of programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) using SMV, a software package for formal verification of state transition systems. Binary PLC programs are converted directly into SMV modules that retain the variable names and execution sequences of the original programs. The system being controlled is modeled by a C/E system block diagram which is also transformed into a set of SMV modules, retaining the structure of the block diagram model. SMV allows the engineer to verify the behavior of the control program over all possible operating conditions. Mechanisms are discussed for representing correctly the concurrent execution of the PLC programs and the plant model using SMV primitives. The SMV approach to PLC program verification is illustrated with an example.
The Nonconscious at Work

Despite longstanding interest in organizational psychology and organizational behavior (OP/OB), research that incorporates nonconscious (e.g., unconscious, subconscious) processes into their core arguments remains relatively scant. We argue that this is unfortunate (a) given the large role that nonconscious processes have been found to play in individual behavior; and (b) given its proposed importance to topics that are central to our field (e.g., motivation, judgment and decision making, leadership, ethical behavior). Our review maps a wide terrain across two foundational perspectives of nonconscious theorizing: psychodynamics and automaticity. In particular, we review those areas where these perspectives are beginning to influence research in OP/OB research. We then discuss some of the challenges scholars face in incorporating nonconscious-related theories and methods in our field, highlight specific domains where the influence of the nonconscious may be widened and deepened, and note some practical imp...
Visual exploration of genetic likelihood space

Linkage analysis is used to localize human disease genes on the genome and it can involve the exploration and interpretation of a seven-dimensional genetic likelihood space. Existing genetic likelihood exploration techniques are quite cumbersome and slow, and do not help provide insight into the shape and features of the high-dimensional likelihood surface. The objective of our visualization is to provide an efficient visual exploration of the complex genetic likelihood space so that researchers can assimilate more information in the least possible time. In this paper, we present new visualization tools for interactive and efficient exploration of the multi-dimensional likelihood space. Our tools provide interactive manipulation of active ranges of the six model parameters determining the dependent variable, scaled genetic likelihood, or HLOD. Using filtering, color, and an approach inspired by "worlds-within-worlds" [5, 6], researchers can quickly obtain a more informative and insightful visual interpretation of the space.
Minimum non-spherical implosion velocity for inertial confinement fusion

For a non-spherical ellipsoidal or conical implosion with an eccentricity of e≃10 the minimum implosion velocity is computed to be less than 100km sec −1 .
Enhancing Children's Reading Comprehension through Instruction in Narrative Structure

Twenty average and below average fourth grade readers identified as lacking a keen sense of narrative structure were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: special instruction designed to develop knowledge of story structure or instruction in dictionary usage and word study. There were two phases of instruc- tion, a short-term intensive phase and a long-term intermittent phase. The instruc- tion in narrative structure did enhance story structure knowledge and had a strong positive effect on reading comprehension when compared to the dictionary usage and word study group. The effects were realized by the end of phase one; they were maintained during phase two, but the group differences did not increase over time. Narrative text structure appears to be an important variable in individuals' cognitive processing of prose. Many adults and children appear to use knowledge of structural features of narratives to understand and remember stories (cf., Kintsch, 1977; Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Rumelhart, 1978; Stein, 1979; Stein, Note 1; Stein & Glenn, Note 2) and to anticipate forthcoming information (cf., Applebee, 1978; Trabasso, Stein, & Johnson, in press; Whaley, 1981). Knowledge of narrative structure, sometimes referred to as story schema, in- volves identification of narrative elements and their interrelationships (cf., Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Rumelhart, 1978; Stein & Glenn, 1979; Thorndyke, 1977). Indi- viduals' knowledge of narrative structure may be represented by a story grammar.
Binocular Interactions Underlying the Classic Optomotor Responses of Flying Flies

In response to imposed course deviations, the fast optomotor reactions of animals reduce motion blur and facilitate the maintenance of stable body posture. In flies, the monocular front-to-back (progressive) and back-to-front (regressive) visual motion components generated by horizontal rotation are selectively encoded, respectively, by homo and heterolateral motion sensitive circuits in the third optic ganglion, the lobula plate. To investigate the strength of such inter-ocular interactions and their role in compensatory sensory-motor transformations, we utilize a virtual reality flight simulator to record optomotor reactions by tethered flying flies in response to imposed binocular and monocular visual rotation. With stimulus parameters generating large contrast insensitive optomotor responses to binocular rotation, we find that responses to monocular progressive motion are larger than those to panoramic rotation but contrast sensitive. Conversely, responses to monocular regressive motion are slower than those to rotation and peak at the lowest tested contrast. Together our results suggest that contrast insensitive optomotor responses to binocular rotation result from the dynamic interplay of contralateral inhibitory as well as excitatory circuit interactions and serve to maintain a stable optomotor equilibrium across a range of visual contrasts.
Orbital Propellant Depots Enabling Lunar Architectures Without Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicles

Many human lunar exploration architectures, both flown and conceptual, use at least one heavy-lift launch vehicle to deliver flight hardware to low Earth orbit. There exists a technology, however, that allows these large exploration missions to be performed without the use of a heavy-lift launch vehicle: propellant transfer. This study presents a methodology to incorporate propellant transfer into conceptual design of lunar architectures through the use of a low-Earth-orbit propellant depot. This technology is then applied to a two-launch human lunar architecture without a heavy-lift launch vehicle. The results show that not only is a lunar architecture without a heavy-lift launch vehicle feasible with a propellant depot, but it can also improve the capability to deliver payload to the surface over an architecture that includes a heavy-lift launch vehicle without a propellant depot. The optimal lunar lander for this architecture is a hypergolic lander with a deck height of only 1.53meters that performs only a portion of the descent burn, while the trans-lunar injection stage performs the other portion. The hypergolic propellant allows for a simpler, less expensive propulsion system, a volumetrically smaller lander, and enables the use of the existing hypergolic propellant transfer technology.
School Choice Evidence and its Significance

ABSTRACT Pressing questions about the merits of full-fledged market accountability in K–12 education, and more limited choice programs, have spawned a large scholarly literature. This article assesses what we know from the most prominent studies and the importance of those findings to school system reform discussions. The studies most widely cited in the United States based their findings on small-scale, restriction-laden U.S. programs, and a handful of larger, but still restriction-laden, foreign school choice programs. The extensive restrictions and small size of those programs make them virtually irrelevant to the widely acknowledged transformational change imperative. Because the most intensely studied programs lack most, and sometimes all, of the key elements of market systems, such as profit, price change, market entry, and product differentiation, they don't help us determine whether unleashing market forces will produce more desired than undesired effects. However, absence of the key elements of m...
Form-Colour Aftereffects: Selectivity to Local Luminance Contrast

For long periods observers fixated low spatial frequency coloured gratings. Black and white test gratings of the same spatial frequency and orientation as the adapting gratings appeared coloured with the hue complementary to the adapting patterns when the dark test stripes fell on retinal areas previously occupied by the dark adapting stripes; no colour or very weak colour was seen when the test gratings were reversed in phase (contrast reversed). No colour aftereffects were produced with coloured gratings that lacked luminance contrast. This selectivity to the polarity of local luminance contrast can be explained by mechanisms that respond conjointly to colour and luminance contrast. The aftereffects are selective to spatial phase.
A simple quantitative approach to analyzing the generation of the dysnatremias.

Background. Although the dysnatremias are the most common electrolyte disorders in hospitalized patients, the complexity of the parameters normally used to explain their generation mechanistically is often bewildering to medical students and experts alike. A number of methods have been utilized clinically to analyze retrospectively and predict prospectively the pathogenesis of these disorders. These approaches include the measurements of plasma and urine osmolality, free water clearance, electrolyte free water clearance, and tonicity balance. Methods. All previous analyses are problematic in that they fail to incorporate mathematically in a single equation the known factors that account quantitatively for changes in the plasma water sodium concentration. In this paper, we have derived a simple formula for use at the bedside based on all known factors that can generate the dysnatremias. The formula incorporates (1) the known empirical relationship between the plasma water Na+ concentration, total body water (TBW), and exchangeable Na+ (Na+ e) and K+ (K+ e); (2) changes in mass balance of H2O (VMB) and Na+ + K+ (EMB); and (3) the effect of hyperglycemia. Results. This new equation, unlike all previous qualitative and quantitative approaches, can account mathematically for the simultaneous effects of TBW, Nae, Ke, EMB, VMB, and the plasma glucose on the plasma water sodium concentration. Clinical examples are provided that demonstrate the utility of this new equation in analyzing the pathogenesis of the dysnatremias. Conclusion. The conceptual simplification resulting from the use of this formula should significantly improve the current approaches used in analyzing the generation of the dysnatremias.
An S = 12 semiquinoid radical-bridged Mn6 wheel complex assembled from an asymmetric redox-active bridging ligand

The asymmetric redox-active ligand 4,5-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)-1,2-catechol (N,OLH4) is prepared and metalated to afford the hexanuclear complex [Mn6(N,OL)6]6−. Structural analysis and magnetic measurements reveal this complex to feature MnII ions bridged by N,OL3−˙ radicals, which are antiferromagnetically coupled to give an S = 12 ground state.
Lessons we most enjoy learning.

PIP: In the mid-1970s, the Philippine Commission on Population (POPCOM) began to use entertainment programs for reaching people with messages on population and development issues. 2 major motion pictures contained family planning (FP) messages. Radio dramas, print media, and theater also were used to convey FP messages. The early experiments were continued in the late 1980s through the work of the Philippine Center for Population and Development (PCPD). PCPD, with the assistance of the Johns Hopkins University/Population Communication Services (JHU/PCS) project, embarked on a program which used popular music to encourage young people to become sexually responsible adults. In 1990, the Philippine Non-Governmental Organization Council (PNGOC), the Department of Health (DOH) and JHU/PCS began an effort funded by USAID to form a coalition with the entertainment community for social development causes. DOH, JHU/PCS, and USAID wanted to promote FP and health through the Enter-Educate concept. PNGOC and JHU/PCS contacted over 20 entertainment organizations and held more than 75 conferences, work shops, and meetings which attended by more than 300 people. The movement of Entertainment for Social Change was launched in October 1991 with the creation of the Enter-Educate Foundation, Inc. (EEF). The aims of EEF include rewards, professional approach, and establishment of a network of dedicated entertainment and social development professionals. In 1993, a television comedy series will focus on FP as well as on maternal and child health. Further plans at the local level include: tree planting; discussions on migration; talks about FP; meetings on community population and environment activities; and networking of organizations involved with youth, the environment, and population. JHU/PCS provides technical assistance for the production, monitoring, and evaluation of the project. With these efforts, the EEF is attempting to focus on the country's biggest problems: population and the environment.
Non-Traditional and Traditional Social Work Students: Perceptions of Field Instructors

ABSTRACT Drawing on a sample of undergraduate social work students from four mid-western social work programs, this study compared perceptions of field instructors regarding non-traditional and traditional students. Field instructors rated their perceptions of the successful fulfillment of the demands of field practicum and the impact of several life characteristics for traditional and non-traditional students. Non-traditional students were rated significantly higher on a variety of measures as assessed by field instructors. This study has implications for social work education that involves differential recruitment, retention, and support of traditional and non-traditional students.
Open Issues in Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the primary infrastructure component of the Internet as it translates easy-to-remember Internet destination (web pages, mail servers) addresses (called URLs) into actual network addresses (IP addresses). Being the foundational technology for the Global economy, the DNS needs protection using state of practice security measures. A set of security specifications called DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) specification has been proposed by IETF and has been demonstrated to provide the needed protection. However ubiquitous DNSSEC deployment throughout the DNS infrastructure calls for certain critical security operations. There are some unresolved issues with respect to the rollout of these operations in terms of specification gaps, consensus security procedures and operational challenges. This article discusses those issues and provides some directions for resolving them.
Defining Chronic Pain.

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Taylor, et al , “Is Chronic Pain a Disease in Its Own Right? Discussions from a Pre-OMERACT 2014 Workshop on Chronic Pain,” published in The Journal of Rheumatology 1. First, we are quite amazed to see how widespread the attendees’ responses were regarding the definition of chronic pain (CP) after a few presentations were given, including 1 proposing that CP should no longer be seen as a symptom. Out of the 5 choices given for the definition of CP, 9% selected “disease,” 26% selected “condition,” 11% selected “syndrome,” 23% selected “symptom complex,” and 31% selected “none of the above.” It is somewhat difficult to accept that only 9% of attendees chose “disease” during the pre-work survey at the workshop, where “Is chronic pain a disease in its own right?” was supposed to be the main objective of this meeting. … Address correspondence to Associate Professor X. Ruan, Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. E-mail: drxruan88{at}gmail.com
Chronic granulocytic leukemia without the Philadelphia chromosome

Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow were performed in 230 consecutive cases of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) admitted to the National Cancer Institute since 1961. Twenty patients lacked the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. All were previously untreated. When compared with Ph1-positive patients, CGL patients with Ph1-negative disease had a higher median age (60 compared with 42 years) and were diagnosed at lower median leukocyte (75,000) and platelet counts (170,000). Their response to chemotherapy was generally poor, with a median survival of 15 months compared with 44 months for the Ph1-positive group. Four patients survived more than 5 years and two, more than 10 years. Thirty-five per cent of the Ph1-negative patients had aneuploid cell lines of various percentages. Absence of the Ph1 chromosome in patients with the hematologic characteristics of CGL is a bad prognostic sign.
Introduction to Near Surface Geophysical Letters

This issue of the Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics ( JEEG ) introduces a new category of articles, Near Surface Geophysical Letters (NSGL), announced in conjunction with the 2013 SAGEEP meeting in Denver, Colorado. These concise articles (usually less than five printed pages) present important scientific advances likely to have immediate influence on near surface geophysical applications and research. Scientists in other fields (for …
Damage by European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Popcorn Kernels Compared with Damage to Kernels of Dent Corn and Sweet Corn

A study was conducted to compare direct feeding by European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), to popcorn kernels with direct feeding on sweet and dent corn kernels to determine the damage potential of the ECB to popcorn kernels. To maximize kernel damage, ears were artificially infested by pinning ECB egg masses to the husks as soon as fresh silks appeared. Most damaged or consumed kernels were at the tip of the ear. The greatest amount of damage occurred in sweet corn. Damage to popcorn kernels was much lower than to those of sweet corn and similar to those of dent corn.
Observation on the effect of behavioral meddle for control of diarrheal diseases among primary school students

Objective To observe the diarrheal diseases control effect among primary school students after behavior meddle. [Methods] Observation group and control group were set up. During the observation period lectures, video, and material were given to modify the nonhygienic behavior of the pupils in the observation group. The number of diarrhea cases and result of meddle measure were recorded to evaluate the control effect of diarrheal diseases. [Results] The attack rate of diarrheal diseases was 6.95/1000 in observation group, which was significantly lower as compared with 11.28/1000 in control group. The difference of attack rate of diarrheal diseases was significant before and after behavior meddle in observation group. [Conclusion] Measure of health education to modify nonhygienic behavior may control diarrheal diseases.
Violent Peers and Street Efficacy in Legally Cynical Neighborhoods

Neighborhood scholars increasingly focus on legal cynicism—a frame through which the law and its enforcement agents are viewed as illegitimate and ineffective. We investigate how legal cynicism wit...
Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum Complexes of Redox-Active Pyridyl Nitroxide Ligands.

The aluminum complexes (RpyNO–)2AlCl (RpyNO– = N-tert-butyl-N-(2-pyridyl)nitroxyl; R = H (1), CH3 (2), CF3 (3)) were prepared in 80–98% yield through the protonolysis reaction between the pyridyl hydroxylamine ligand precursors RpyNOH and dimethylaluminum chloride. Complex 1 was also prepared using a salt metathesis route in 92% yield. Complexes 1–3 were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the complexes revealed that 1–3 are isostructural, with the AlIII cation in all cases being five coordinate with distorted square pyramidal geometries. The geometry of complex 1 was studied using DFT, which showed primarily ligand-based frontier molecular orbitals. Reaction of 1 with NaOt-Bu gave (pyNO–)2AlOt-Bu (4), while reaction of 1 with AgBPh4 gave [(pyNO–)2Al(THF)2][BPh4] (5) in 54% and 87% yields, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 were both characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and compound 5 by X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1–5 were also charac...
The Use of a Political Framework in International Marketing

This paper addresses the need for American Multinationals to develop a political decision framework for situations such as South Africa. It recommends several variables that should be used in such a framework.
Concordance of adolescent human papillomavirus vaccination parental report with provider report in the National Immunization Survey-Teen (2008-2013).

Abstract Objectives To examine the accuracy of parental report of HPV vaccination through examination of concordance, with healthcare provider vaccination report as the comparison. Methods The 2008–2013 National Immunization Survey (NIS)-Teen was used to examine accuracy of parent reports of HPV vaccination for their female daughters aged 13–17 years, as compared with provider report of initiation and number of doses. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations related to concordance of parent and provider report. Results Of 51,746 adolescents, 84% concordance for HPV vaccine initiation and 70% concordance for number of doses was observed. Accuracy varied by race/ethnicity, region, time, and income. The parent report of number of doses was more likely to be accurate among parents of 13 and 14 year old females than 17 year olds. Accuracy of initiation and number of doses were lower among Hispanic and black adolescents compared to white parents. The odds of over-report was higher among minorities compared to whites, but the odds of underreport was also markedly higher in these groups compared to parents of white teens. Accuracy of parental vaccine report decreased across time. Conclusions These findings are important for healthcare providers who need to ascertain the vaccination status of young adults. Strengthening existing immunization registries to improve data sharing capabilities and record completeness could improve vaccination rates, while avoiding costs associated with over-vaccination.
Joseph von Eichendorff

Aus schlesischem Adel; 1805–1806 Jurastudium in Halle, 1807–1808 in Heidelberg, Vorlesungen bei Gorres; 1808 Reise nach Paris und Wien, Ruckkehr nach Schloss Lubowitz; Winter 1809/10 in Berlin, Vorlesungen bei J.G. Fichte, Kontakt u.a. zu C. Brentano und A. v. Arnim; 1812 Studienabschluss in Wien, Bekanntschaft mit F. Schlegel; 1813–1815 Teilnahme an Befreiungskriegen; ab 1816 Jurist im preusischen Staatsdienst in Breslau, 1821 in Danzig; 1831 Versetzung nach Berlin auf eigenen Wunsch, Freundschaft u.a. mit W. Alexis; 1841–1844 Geheimer Regierungsrat; 1845 erneut in Wien, Bekanntschaft mit F. Grillparzer und A. Stifter; Lyriker, Erzahler, Dramatiker, Literaturhistoriker und Ubersetzer.
Observations of false mating behavior in entocytherid ostracods from the northwestern United States

Five male entocytherid ostracods of four different species recovered from signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus were observed exhibiting false mating behaviors with either another adult male, an A1 sub-adult male, or an A3 juvenile of indeterminate species and sex. In all five instances, the ostracod being mated was not sclerotized, indicating recent molt. In one case, a male of Uncinocythere thektura was observed in false copulation with an A1 male of a different species, U. occidentalis, suggesting that taxonomic designations of females in mixed populations of Uncinocythere can be problematic. Possible reasons for false mating behavior include stress of being confined post-collection, lack of available females, or possibly males mistaking non-sclerotized partners for A1 females.
The Lived Experience of Growing

Growth is a fundamental biological process of life. For more than a century, scientific ideas about how growth occurs put it into the category of background noise to daily life: an invisible aspect of getting bigger day-by-day that occurs unless a child becomes ill and can not grow. Careful measurement of individuals, however, documents that growth is not a backdrop, but a discrete time-specific event. These events impinge on individual well-being, alter sensory perceptions and influence behavior. Understanding fluctuations in behavior, particularly among infants, is challenging at best, limited by their developing communicative skills. Parents try to get into the head of their small children and understand the subjective experiences that drive their sometimes erratic behavior: the child who seemed perfectly content yesterday is suddenly a distraught individual for whom no action can make things right. Measurement has identified the existence of specific biological sources for such inexplicable outbursts: the child is growing. The subjective experience of growing is one of hunger, sleep changes, agitation and irritation. It looks like a child with a behavior problem, prompting parents to become concerned that their child needs to be disciplined. The objective reality of a growth spurt is a time of biological variation characterized by fluctuations in hormones and the chemistry of tissue alterations. Knowing that a child is growing brings concordance between behavior and biology and is empowering to both parents and children in coping with a fundamental experience in life. Growth is a lived experience
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor-Associated Risk of Bleeding: An Evaluation of Reported Adverse Events.

Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors improve glycemic control, and sitagliptin has been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events. In vivo data suggest reduced platelet activation, and aggregation may play a role, and therefore, increased bleeding risk is possible. Objective: Comparatively assess bleeding risks associated with DPP-4 inhibitors against standard treatment. Methods: Exploratory analyses of adverse event reports (AERs) from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database (2004-2012 periods) were conducted. DPP-4 inhibitor–related bleeding was assessed with metformin as negative control, and aspirin, clopidogrel, and prasugrel illustrated positive comparators. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% CIs were calculated as a measure of disproportionality of reporting, and RORs were compared across drugs with the Breslow-Day statistics. Results: From 2004 to 2012, 36 298, 4288, and 1202 AERs were found for sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and...