cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered Antigen Presentation in Mice Lacking H2-O

Abstract HLA-DM catalyzes the release of MHC class II–associated invariant chain–derived peptides (CLIP) from class II molecules. Recent evidence has suggested that HLA-DO is a negative regulator of HLA-DM in B cells, but the physiological function of HLA-DO remains unclear. Analysis of antigen presentation by B cells from mice lacking H2-O (the mouse equivalent of HLA-DO), together with biochemical analysis using purified HLA-DO and HLA-DM molecules, suggests that HLA-DO/H2-O influences the peptide loading of class II molecules by limiting the pH range in which HLA-DM is active. This effect may serve to decrease the presentation of antigens internalized by fluid-phase endocytosis, thus concentrating the B cell–mediated antigen presentation to antigens internalized by membrane immunoglobulin.
How a language-based GUI generator can influence the teaching of object-oriented programming

A language-based direct-manipulation user-interface generator automatically creates a visualization of an object directly from its class, allows users to edit the visualization, and invokes methods in the object in response to these edits. Such a generator can change, and we argue, improve the lectures and assignments on programming conventions, methods, state, constructors, preconditions, MVC, polymorphism, graphics, structured objects, loops, concurrency, and annotations. We have built such a generator, which has several novel features for teaching such as interactive instantiation of a class, interactive invocation of methods and constructors that take arbitrary arguments, visualization of objects representing records, sequences, table and graphics, use of preconditions to disable/enable user-interface elements, and automatic generation of model threads. We have been working on and using such a generator for teaching CS 1 and CS 2 for about a decade.
Polymer Deposition from Supercritical Solutions for Sensing Applications

Polymer surfaces are important in many applications including chemical sensing, corrosion protection, lubrication, and medicine. The growing demand for surfaces with specific and improved properties has catalyzed the development of new methods of polymer synthesis and processing that provide control of surface properties at the micro- and nanometer scales. Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) is a technique that takes advantage of the enormous solubility change that occurs in a rapidly expanding supercritical solution in order to form precipitates with narrow and tunable size distributions. We have developed and tested a new RESS apparatus, incorporating a 340 cm3 extraction vessel and a capillary nozzle. The system provides the ability to independently control important expansion parameters including temperature, pressure, solute concentration, and nozzle geometry. Microspheres of high molecular weight poly(dimethylsiloxane) were deposited onto the sensing surface of a microfabricated transd...
Modulation of syllable period‐selective phonotaxis by prothoracic neurones in crickets (Acheta domesticus): juvenile hormone, picrotoxin and photoinactivation of the ON1 neurones

In response to model calling songs (CSs), the phonotaxis of female Acheta domesticus ranges from being very selective to unselective. Within 15 min of nanoinjecting juvenile hormone III (JHIII) or picrotoxin (PTX) into the prothoracic ganglion, females become more selective for syllable period (SP) than in pre-tests. Controls for JHIII experiments, including nanoinjection of acetone into the prothoracic ganglion or nanoinjection of JHIII into the metathoracic ganglion, do not influence selectivity. Similarly, nanoinjection of saline into the prothoracic ganglion and nanoinjection of PTX outside of the prothoracic ganglion does not change the overall selectivity of the female’s phonotaxis. These results indicate that circuits in the prothoracic ganglion modulate the SP-selectivity of phonotaxis. Photoinactivating both of the ON1 prothoracic auditory interneurones in old females that were previously unselective for SP also results in greater SP-selectivity during phonotaxis. Evidence suggesting that ON1 has this effect via its inhibitory input to L3 (another prothoracic auditory neurone) includes: photoinactivation of one ON1 neurone causes angular errors in the female’s orientation to CSs at 85 dB (above the threshold of the L3), stimulation with 60 dB CSs (above the threshold of ON1 but below the threshold of L3) does not induce errors in angular orientation, inactivation of ON1 in old crickets results in greater angular errors (85 dB stimulus) than it does when ON1 is inactivated in young females, and photoinactivation of ON1 increases the firing rate of the L3 neurone.
Time-dependent concentration depolarization: A Monte Carlo study

Abstract The phenomenon of time-dependent concentration depolarization is examined by a Monte Carlo procedure. The method described is general and versatile, and allows one to arbitrarily choose absorption and emission molecular polarizations, energy transfer mechanisms, and radial and orientational distribution functions. Comparison is made with recent theoretical results on time-dependent depolarization, and with experimental results on the “steady-state” depolarization of the phosphorescence of phenanthrene-d10. Good agreement is obtained for a wide range of concentrations.
The structure of an experimental infaunal community

The Nucula proxima-Nepthys incisa community of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was successfully maintained for up to a year in large wooden tanks. Tank A, the control, received undiluted bay water (S 30–32‰), and tank B received bay water reduced to S 20‰ The structure of both communities in relation to their environment was measured over an annual cycle. In tank A the density of Nucula more than doubled over a twelve-month period, while in tank B the number decreased sharply during spring and then slowly increased to approximately the initial density by the end of the year. The abundance of both Nepthys incisa and Yoldia limatulashowed little change. Fourteen additional species colonized tank A; only four survived in tank B. Nucula grew 1.0–2.0 mm/yr in tank A and 0.5 mm/yr in tank B; Yoldia grew 10.0 mm/yr in A and 5.0 mm/yr in B. Nepthys also grew in both tanks, but the rates could not be measured.
On quantizer design for Distributed Source Coding of Gaussian vector data with packet loss

Distributed Source Coding (DSC) has been widely studied in applications such as video coding and distributed sensor networks. However, DSC has not been widely explored for low delay and low bit rate applications such as quantization of speech Line Spectral Frequencies (LSFs). This is due to the difficulty of modeling and analyzing the effects of imperfect side information resulting from the previous packet losses, quantization noise and decoding errors. In this paper, we present methods for modeling, analyzing and designing Wyner-Ziv(WZ) quantizers for jointly Gaussian vector data with imperfect side information. In particular, we show the decomposition of the quantizer design problem for the vector data into independent scalar design subproblems. Then we demonstrate the analytical techniques to compute the optimum step size and bit allocation for each scalar dimension to minimize the decoder expected Mean Squared Error(MSE). The simulation results verify the analytical results obtained in this paper.
The Formation of the Alexandria Archaeological Commission: Connecting Citizen Activism, Archaeology, and Local Government in Alexandria, Virginia

The city of Alexandria, Virginia, USA, has often been recognized as an innovator in public archaeology circles. But one major aspect of the city’s relationship with archaeology has never received sufficient attention. The 1975 formation of the Alexandria Archaeological Commission (AAC) created a model for combining archaeology with grassroots community activism. This article explores the political environment that facilitated the creation of the AAC, emphasizing the years between 1964 and 1980. It also explores how this collaborative arrangement has institutionalized citizen and community involvement in the process of developing archaeological information, and how this framework could be of use to other communities.
Ranolazine: new approach for the treatment of stable angina pectoris.

Myocardial ischemia is a metabolic problem involving reduced delivery of oxygen to cardiac mitochondria, resulting in less ATP formation, acceleration of glycolysis and production of lactate and H+ by the cell. Traditional therapies for ischemia aim at restoring the balance between mitochondrial ATP production and breakdown by reducing the need for ATP via suppression of heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac contractility, or by increasing oxygen delivery via increased myocardial blood flow. Despite optimal treatment with traditional hemodynamically oriented drugs (β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, Ca2+ channel antagonist and nitrates), many patients continue to suffer from angina. Thus, there is a need for anti-anginal drugs that act directly on cardiomyocytes to lessen the metabolic abnormalities induced by ischemia and reduce the symptoms (chest pain and exercise intolerance). Ranolazine has been demonstrated to improve exercise time to angina or 1 mm of ST-segment depression in a manner similar to cu...
Compressive response of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films gleaned from in situ flat-punch indentations

We report the mechanical behavior of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films, grown on Si substrates using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, subjected to in situ large displacement (up to 70 μm) flat-punch indentations. We observed three distinct regimes in their indentation stress–strain curves: (i) a short elastic regime, followed by (ii) a sudden instability, which resulted in a substantial rapid displacement burst manifested by an instantaneous vertical shearing of the material directly underneath the indenter tip by as much as 30 μm, and (iii) a positively sloped plateau for displacements between 10 and 70 μm. In situ nanomechanical indentation experiments revealed that the shear strain was accommodated by an array of coiled carbon nanotube “microrollers,” providing a low-friction path for the vertical displacement. Mechanical response and concurrent deformation morphologies are discussed in the foam-like deformation framework with a particular emphasis on boundary conditions.
Use of Data in Collections Work: An Exploratory Survey

As libraries seek to demonstrate the value of the services and collections they provide, gathering and using data assume a central role. Librarians on collections-related Listservs were invited to participate in a survey in order to identify data practices specifically related to collections. More than 200 librarians responded. The survey explored the ways collections data are being used as well as organizational practices and attitudes that might serve to either encourage or discourage the use of data, including training, librarian evaluations, and presence of data assessment components in job descriptions.
Using the Anger Response Inventory to Evaluate the Effect of Shame and Guilt on Interpersonal Communication Skills.

Abstract Promoting the development of positive interpersonal communication skills has been identified as one of the National Health Education Standards. The propensity to feel shame has been linked to ineffective conflict resolution and is a key component in the development of certain destructive behavioral patterns. This study sought to determine the differences between shame proneness and guilt proneness on measures of constructive and maladaptive responses to anger among a population of students at two large universities. The results of this study indicated that shame proneness was positively correlated with anger arousal, whereas there was no correlation between guilt proneness and anger arousal. Additionally, shame prone individuals were more likely to select maladaptive, nonconstructive interpersonal responses to anger-eliciting scenarios, whereas guilt prone individuals were more likely to choose adaptive, constructive responses. Although shame proneness has been identified as a factor in several d...
SPIRITS OF NON-VIOLENCE

In the first few decades of the twentieth century there came into view two competing yet collaborative discourses of non-violence, one non-western and the other western. Where the former found its condition of possibility in the particular forms of anticolonial politics popularized by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, the latter emerged in more muted form out of the curious interchanges between English guild socialism and continental phenomenology. Did these culturally dissonant traditions ever converge or enter into productive dialogue? Do they designate a coherent form of postcolonial ethics, one we might draw upon to counter the epidemic of harmfulness in the present world? The answer to these questions requires that we carefully reconsider the cosmopolitan dimensions of what Jacques Derrida has described as an imaginary colloquium around the thematics of ‘spirit’ which also emerged in the period under consideration: ‘And this is indeed what they are all wondering, in...
Retrospective comparison of rat recovery weights using inhalation and injectable anaesthetics, nutritional and fluid supplementation for right unilateral neurosurgical lesioning

Current veterinary standards of biomedical research support include refinements in animal models that are targeted at enhancing humane care and decreasing inter-animal variability. This ultimately results in fewer numbers of animals being used and reduction in animal experimentation through mitigation of waste as well as faster research results. 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioning of the substantia nigra using a stereotactic frame device is a common procedure and is routinely performed under pentobarbital anaesthesia with monitoring by 8 h workforces. Our programme supports the humane care and use of several protocols involving the unilateral stereotactic-lesioning of rats for the purposes of creating research models of Parkinsonianism. Such procedures are commonly performed as unilateral in order to minimize aphagia and other untoward effects of the lesion. Generally, this procedure is considered minor because it involves a small incision, a cranial burrhole, and penetration of the dura. Inflammation and/or irritation of the ear canal can occur secondarily to the earbar placement procedure. Human patients undergoing similar procedures typically complain of headaches from loss of intracranial pressure; which is a transient outcome. Despite the perception of minor insult, we provided aggressive periprocedural care, and our veterinary staff documented weight loss that was often greater than 15% body weight during the first 3 days. The goal of this study was to evaluate refinements to improve this outcome. For humane concerns, and because of the need to begin experimental testing one week following surgery, a goal in the recent past has been to enhance outcome for researchers and animals by refining postoperative support modalities as well as by seeking the best anaesthetic regimen to shorten postoperative deviations from baseline. Analysis of three groups of rat patients lesioned by the same investigative group over the course of refinements made in our programme indicate that an early return of homeostasis was achieved by the use of inhalation anaesthetics as replacements for barbiturates in these models. Comparison with pentobarbital recipients also indicated that homeostasis is achieved earlier when barbiturates are utilized with fluid therapy and analgesics immediately after operative procedures rather than the next morning.
Effects of Cold Shock on Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Stages of Tropical Fishes: Potential Impacts of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean thermal energy conversion (0 TEC) facilities will bring large volumes of deep. cold water to the surface, where it will be mixed with warm surface water after the utilization of the thermal differential. Mixing of these two water types will result in exposure of larval andjuvenilefishes entrained in die warm water intake to lowered temperatures. A time course of coldshock from simulated entrainment was used to determine potential effects upon egg and larual mahimahi, Coryphaena hippurus, manini, Acanthurus triostegus, and juvenile striped mullet, Mugil cephalus. Experiments were designed to test varying exposure times and temperature changes upon different early life stages of tropical fishes. Earlier stage eggs were more sensitive to temperature shock, with mortality increasing with increasing delta T as compared to controls; exposure time, however, did not exert a significant effect. Significant excess mortality for all stages of eggs occurred at the range of times and temperatures used in the experiments, although in some cases these exceed values proposed in current OTEC engineering plans. For mahimahi larvae, excess mortality increased with age to values higher than for latest stage eggs, but we consider this to be caused by stress associated with yolk exhaustion. A single size range of juvenile mullet was exposed to the same experimentalprotocol as the eggs and larvae. Although exposure time was not significant, delta Thad a significant effect upon mortality, and there was a significant interaction between exposure time and delta T.
Masquerade Detection Using Command Prediction and Association Rules Mining

Masqueraders commonly impersonate legitimate user’s account to gain access to computer systems that they are not authorized to enter. Normally users exhibit some regularity in their behavior such as command usage. We propose a new approach to mine user command associations. Since each user may have different usage behavior, using the built behavior pattern to predict a masquerader’s next command will result in low success rate. We devise an algorithm to identify masqueraders by evaluating the accuracy of the predictions. Furthermore our detection method can be used in real-time without having to wait for a log of a large number of commands. Experimental results show that the association rules mining performs very well in detecting masqueraders.
Tris-borate is a poor counterion for RNA: a cautionary tale for RNA folding studies

Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a powerful approach for visualizing RNA folding states and folding intermediates. Tris-borate has a high-buffering capacity and is therefore widely used in electrophoresis-based investigations of RNA structure and folding. However, the effectiveness of Tris-borate as a counterion for RNA has not been systematically investigated. In a recirculated Hepes/KCl buffer, the catalytic core of the bI5 group I intron RNA undergoes a conformational collapse characterized by a bulk transition midpoint, or Mg1/2, of approximately 3 mM, consistent with extensive independent biochemical experiments. In contrast, in Tris-borate, RNA collapse has a much smaller apparent Mg1/2, equal to 0.1 mM, because in this buffer the RNA undergoes a different, large amplitude, folding transition at low Mg2+ concentrations. Analysis of structural neighbors using a short-lived, RNA-tethered, photocrosslinker indicates that the global RNA structure eventually converges in the two buffer systems, as the divalent ion concentration approaches approximately 1 mM Mg2+. The weak capacity of Tris-borate to stabilize RNA folding may reflect relatively unfavorable interactions between the bulky Tris-borate ion and RNA or partial coordination of RNA functional groups by borate. Under some conditions, Tris-borate is a poor counterion for RNA and its use merits careful evaluation in RNA folding studies.
Effect of injected human immunoglobulins on fetal rat development. Spinal, neural and osseous changes

Rabbit anti-rat-brain serum immunoglobulins injected into pregnant rats on the ninth, tenth, eleventh or twelfth day of gestation resulted in a fetal resorption rate 15 to 30 times higher than that found in normal untreated pregnant rats. Human serum immunoglobulins obtained from normal postpartum mothers produced a similar percentage of fetal resorption when injected by the same routes into pregnant rats of the same gestational age. In neither of the above experiments were malformations detected among the delivered 20-day fetuses. Injection of human serum immunoglobulins obtained from mothers of children with spina bifida manifesta into pregnant rats along similar routes and periods gave comparable fetal resorption rates. Injection of the above immuno-globulin into the lumen of the uterus adjacent to implantation sites gave a low fetal resorption rate and produced varying degrees of skeletal and soft tissue malformations among the viable survivors. The only difference which could be discerned between normal postpartum immunoglobulins and those obtained from mothers of spina bifida manifesta children was characterized in the latter by a two-fold increase in the IgG levels and the immunoelectrophoretic reactivity of its immunoglobulins with human spinal cord antigens. The developmental defects observed were: 1. Cranial-thinning and bleb formation of skull bones; widening of the foramen magnum; descent of the obex closer to the foramen magnum. 2. Skeletal-delayed or inhibited calcification of the bodies and spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; widening of the vertebral canal and central canal of the spinal cord.
Observation of One-Dimensional Flows in a DC Glow Discharge Dusty Plasma

Modifications have been made to the Auburn dusty plasma experiment to create 1-D flows. These include the addition of a new segmented electrode with two sections that can be biased independently. By varying the bias of one section, 1-D flows have been created in a dusty plasma. Particle image velocimetry techniques are used to measure the transport. A preliminary analysis shows that the particles in the flowing cloud increase their speed as they approach the boundary of the stationary cloud (within 2 mm). This suggests the presence of a sheathlike layer at the cloud-plasma interface
High pressure freezing and freeze substitution reveal new aspects of fine structure and maintain protein antigenicity in barley aleurone cells

Summary High pressure freezing and freeze substitution (HPF-FS) were used to prepare barley (Hordeum vulgareL. cv Himalaya) aleurone protoplasts for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We show that HPF-FS is superior to conventional chemical fixation and dehydration techniques for the preservation of cellular fine structure and antigenicity of proteins in barley aleurone protoplasts. HPF-FS extracted fewer proteins from the cytosol and organelles of aleurone protoplasts and maintained the details of cellular structure. The cortical cytoskeleton, made up of microtubules, was observed for the first time by TEM in barley aleurone protoplasts prepared by HPF-FS. Organelles such as protein storage vacuoles retained their proteinaceous contents, and other cellular organelles (including the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus and mitochondria) were also well preserved in protoplasts fixed by HPF-FS. Antibodies to the vacuolar enzyme nuclease I, the tonoplast aquaporin α-TIP and the glyoxysomal enzyme malate synthase showed that the antigenicity of organellar enzymes and membrane proteins was preserved in cells prepared by HPF-FS. We conclude that HPF-FS is superior to chemical fixation for the preparation of plant protoplasts for TEM and is the method of choice for the preservation of aleurone protoplasts for structural and immunochemical studies.
Guest family physician commentaries.

Corporate outsourcing and a sluggish economy have made it increasingly difficult for our patients to earn a living and provide for their families. Rejected Papanicolaou smears create a source of stress for the patient and her family, but it also means that, in some cases, she has to miss work and
Effects of Nb doping and segregation on the grain boundary plane distribution in TiO2

Orientation imaging microscopy has been used to investigate the effects of Nb doping on the grain boundary plane distributions in TiO2 (rutile). By comparing the grain boundary plane distribution of the undoped material with theoretical estimates of grain boundary energy anisotropy of pure rutile, it is possible to show that the frequency of grain boundary planes is inversely correlated with grain boundary energy. In the case of Nb-doped material, this inverse correlation can also be demonstrated by a comparison of grain boundary plane frequency with measurements of surface energy anisotropy. In addition, by comparing the grain boundary plane distribution of doped and undoped materials with previous measurements of Nb grain boundary segregation in TiO2 as a function of grain boundary plane orientation, it is possible to explain the changes in grain boundary plane distribution which result from doping.
Singles in Society and in Science

We suggest that single adults in contemporary American society are targets of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, a phenomenon we will call singlism. Singlism is an outgrowth of a largely uncontested set of beliefs, the Ideology of Marriage and Family. Its premises include the assumptions that the sexual partnership is the one truly important peer relationship and that people who have such partnerships are happier and more fulfilled than those who do not. We use published claims about the greater happiness of married people to illustrate how the scientific enterprise seems to be influenced by the ideology. We propose that people who are single—particularly women who have always been single—fare better than the ideology would predict because they do have positive, enduring, and important interpersonal relationships. The persistence of singlism is especially puzzling considering that actual differences based on civil (marital) status seemtobequalifiedandsmall, thenumberof singles isgrowing,andsensitivity to other varieties of prejudice is acute. By way of explanation, we consider arguments from evolutionary psychology, attachment theory, a social problems perspective, thegrowthof thecultof thecouple,and theappealofan ideology thatoffersasimpleand compelling worldview.
Changes of Vitamin A Distribution in Choline Deficiency

SummaryRats on a choline-poor diet containing liberal supplements of carotene develop fatty livers poor in vitamin A. The kidneys of these animals are extremely rich in vitamin A.
Al2Ti precipitation in Al64Fe8Ti28 alloy

Precipitates of Al2Ti with three different stacking sequences have been observed in Fe-modified Ll2-type ordered Al3Ti specimens. Two of the stacking sequences have been observed previously. The third type of Al2Ti, Al2TiIII, is identified in this study using conventional and highresolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Al2Ti precipitates form as plates along {100} planes and compression tests performed at liquid N temperature show microcracks occurring along those {100} planes. The Al2Ti phase is believed to be responsible for the low cleavage strength that is observed.
The Biotic Effect of Insecticides on Populations of Aphids and Mites of Pecans

Research was performed to determine the factors which contribute to increases in aphid and mite populations on pecans following the use of certain insecticides. Aphid and mite predators had little inhibiting influence, since they were present in equal numbers on both sprayed and unspayed trees. Tests were performed to determine whether DDT increased the reproductive rate of the black-margined aphid, Monellia costalis (Fitch), and the black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis). No aphids survived on treated leaves until the residue diminished. After this period, populations were comparable in sprayed and unsprayed leaves, indicating that stimulation by DDT was not a significant factor. Mechanical factors, such as leaf pubescence and surface residues, appeared to be significant influences on the development of aphid and mite (Tetranychus hicoriae McGregor) infestations following the use of certain insecticides on pecan trees.
Influence of "Yin-Enriching and Fire-Draining Decoction" on Gonad Axis Relevant Genes in Adolescent Rats

To investigate the mechanism of "Yin-Enriching and Fire-Draining Decoction" in the treatment of childhood sexual precocity,105 SD female rats of 4 weeks of age were evenly classified into five groups:group A in which 2ml/d of normal saline was given by gastric perfusion,group B in which 1mg/kg of dafeilin was given three times and once every 3 weeks,groups C,D and E in which 10ml/kg·d -1,20ml/kg·d -1 and 30ml/kg·d -1 of the Decoction were given by gastric perfusion respectively for 8 weeks.At the 4th and 8th weeks during treatment and 4 weeks after treatment,the rats were sacrificed in three.The GnRH expression in hypothalamus,GnRH expression in hypophysis and E 2 expression in ovary were detected and compared.Results:GnRH expression and E 2 expression reduced obviously in groups B,D and E than in group A;no change happened in group A;when treatments were suspended,no changes took place. Conclusion:The Decoction may reversibly inhibit GnRH expression and E 2 expression to treat sexual precocity.
Preventive maintenance for large turbine generators

The long range scheduling of periodic maintenance on large turbine generators is of increasing importance with units of larger generating capacities, and the corresponding higher penalty for forced outage time. With larger machine sizes go increased magnetic and mechanical forces, more complex equipment, and more auxiliary equipment, as well as more automation of the entire system. Planned maintenance can reduce or minimize forced outages on these powermakers occurring during peak load periods.
Effects of ram preexposure and ram breed on fertility of ewes in summer breeding.

Suffolk x Rambouillet ewes were used in two consecutive years to test the ability of Dorset and Suffolk yearling rams to stimulate ovulation and estrus in early summer (late June and July) breeding. After spring weaning about June 1, ewes were randomly divided into three groups and for 2 wk either were isolated from rams or were preexposed to either yearling Dorset or Suffolk rams by penning of rams in proximity to ewes. Ewes then were rerandomized into two groups for joining with either yearling Dorset or Suffolk rams fitted with marking harnesses. Serum progesterone profiles and crayon marks were used as indicators of ovulation and estrus. Overall lambing rate was not different among preexposure treatments for the 2 yr. However, early lambing rate (in the first 14 d of lambing season) was significantly affected by preexposure group (24% for Dorset vs 9% for Suffolk and 10% for isolation), especially in the 2nd yr (31% for Dorset vs 8% for both Suffolk and isolation). Ewes preexposed to Dorsets also lambed 10 d earlier (P less than .05) than ewes preexposed to Suffolks in yr 2, but the groups did not differ in yr 1. Ewes exposed to Dorset rams for breeding had higher overall lambing rates than ewes bred to Suffolks (75% vs 54%), especially in the 1st yr (77% vs 48%). Lambs sired by Dorset rams were born 6 d earlier in yr 1 (P less than .05) but only 1 d earlier in yr 2. Data from both years indicate that Dorsets are superior to Suffolks in ability to sire lambs in fall lambing systems.
A Different Kind of Discipline: Social Reproduction and the Transmission of Non‐cognitive Skills at an Urban Charter School

A key component of recent school reform policies has been the authorization of public charter schools. A subset of public charter schools, often termed “no excuses” schools, have received national attention for their students’ academic success; however, scholars have recently begun to question the role of the schools’ authoritarian discipline systems in the process of social reproduction. This study examines the extent to which authoritarian discipline systems are necessary for success at “no excuses” schools, drawing upon qualitative research at a strategic site: a school that adopts many of the practices of “no excuses” schools while also pursuing a relational approach to discipline. Qualitative analysis of classroom observation and interview data finds that a relational approach to discipline cultivates non-cognitive skills more closely aligned with the evaluative standards of middle-class institutions, such as skills in self-expression, self-regulation, problem-solving, and conflict resolution. A comparison of academic achievement data also suggests that “no excuses” schools may be able to implement relational discipline approaches without sacrificing academic success on a key predictor of future academic performance.
A Defensive Kicking Behavior in Response to Mechanical Stimuli Mediated by Drosophila Wing Margin Bristles.

Mechanosensation, one of the fastest sensory modalities, mediates diverse behaviors including those pertinent for survival. It is important to understand how mechanical stimuli trigger defensive behaviors. Here, we report that Drosophila melanogaster adult flies exhibit a kicking response against invading parasitic mites over their wing margin with ultrafast speed and high spatial precision. Mechanical stimuli that mimic the mites9 movement evoke a similar kicking behavior. Further, we identified a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle that forms an array along the wing margin as being essential sensory components for this behavior. Our electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the mechanosensitivity of recurved bristles requires Nanchung and Nanchung-expressing neurons. Together, our results reveal a novel neural mechanism for innate defensive behavior through mechanosensation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We discovered a previously unknown function for recurved bristles on the Drosophila melanogaster wing. We found that when a mite (a parasitic pest for Drosophila) touches the wing margin, the fly initiates a swift and accurate kick to remove the mite. The fly head is dispensable for this behavior. Furthermore, we found that a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle are essential for its mechanosensitivity and the kicking behavior. In addition, touching different regions of the wing margin elicits kicking directed precisely at the stimulated region. Our experiments suggest that recurved bristles allow the fly to sense the presence of objects by touch to initiate a defensive behavior (perhaps analogous to touch-evoked scratching; Akiyama et al., 2012).
The Study of GPIb-VWF Mediated Early-Stage Platelet Activation Triggering On a Single Cell

Abstract Abstract 1069 Binding of GPIbα to VWF tethers platelets to disrupted vascular surface during the haemostatic process. The GPIbα –VWF interaction can also trigger outside-in signaling cascade, resulting in platelet activation, characterized by morphological transformation from discoid to a more spiky shape as well as activation of integrin α IIbβ3. Using the adhesion frequency assay with a biomembrane force probe (BFP), we studied signal initiation by repeated brief contacts of a single platelet with a glass bead coated with VWF-A1 domain and/or fibronectin III 7–10 domain (FNIII7–10) in a precisely controlled fashion ( Fig. A ). Contacting platelets with beads coated VWF-A1 only resulted in adhesion kinetics mediated by GPIbα –VWF interaction kinetics independent of the activation stage of the platelet. Contacting platelets with beads coated FNIII7–10 only resulted in adhesion kinetics that correlated with the activation stage of the platelet. Discoid-shaped platelets yielded low level adhesions mediated by FN interaction with inactive α IIbβ3 ( Fig. B , blue). By comparison, spiky-shaped platelets produced high level adhesions mediated by FN interaction with activated α IIbβ3 ( Fig. B , red)that was four times stronger than the interaction with inactive α IIbβ3. Contacting platelets with beads coated both VWF-A1 and FNIII7–10 resulted in two-stage adhesion kinetics. The first stage was mediated by GPIbα –VWF binding, which triggered a second stage consisting of an increase in adhesion after a sub-second delay. The second-stage binding coincided with morphological changes characteristic of platelet activation and matched that mediated by FN interaction with activated α IIbβ3. On the other hand, the concurrent calcium imaging showed as the platelet target was brought to the A1 bead in a repeating manner, the recorded calcium fluorescence intensity climbed up as the repeated touches continue ( Fig. C ). The peak temporally correlates with the morphological change. Our data indicates that binding of VWF-A1 to platelet GPIbα initiates outside-in signaling, leading to rapid irreversible platelet shape changes and calcium mobilization within a few seconds. Download : Download high-res image (43KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A discontinuous Galerkin method with Hancock-type time integration for hyperbolic systems with stiff relaxation source terms

A new discretization method for hyperbolic systems with stiff relaxation source terms (hyperbolic-relaxation equations) is introduced. The method is based on Huynh’s “upwind moment scheme” for hyperbolic conservation laws with implicit treatment of the source term. A Von Neumann analysis shows superiority in both stability and accuracy of the resulting fully discrete scheme over the method-of-line based semi-discrete schemes, and numerical experiments confirm the analysis. Our goal is developing a unified numerical method for simulating a continuum and transitional flow.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Contact Lens Care Solutions Against Neutrophil-Enhanced Bacterial Biofilms.

Purpose Neutrophil-derived extracellular debris has been shown to accelerate bacterial biofilm formation on hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lens surfaces compared to lenses inoculated with bacteria alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of four standard commercial contact lens cleaning regimens against neutrophil-enhanced bacterial biofilms formed on silicone hydrogel contact lenses.
Wheat breeding for quality: A historical review

Wheat (Triticum spp. L.) is a leading cereal contributing to the nourishment of humankind. Since its domestication ca. 12 000 years ago, humans have profoundly influenced its evolution. In the more recent past, breeding via cross-hybridization and the selection of progeny with superior end-use quality have moved from solely phenotyping (for example, bread baking quality), to a more detailed genetic approach of selecting genes, alleles and whole genome structure for desirable traits. The present review provides a brief historical summary of wheat improvement for end-use quality. In the last ~150 years, wheat improvement has benefited from advances in genetics, chemistry and biotechnology. In the past couple decades, rapid advances in DNA and next-generation sequencing technology have promised a revolution in wheat improvement. The various technologies are reviewed here. The ‘future’ of wheat improvement may involve the whole-genome-based analysis, ‘genomic selection’. However, to date, the plethora of QTL ...
Investigation of rotating modes in high power gyrotrons

An investigation of coupling to the two rotations of the TE16,2,1 mode of a gyrotron oscillator was made. Experiments were performed on a megawatt power level, 3ps pulsed gyrotron operating at 146 GHz. Single rotation operation was observed with the electron beam centered in the cavity. The influence of tube misalignment on rotation mix was studied. The experimental results were in good agreement with predictions of linear coupling theory for an off axis electron beam. Both experiment and theory showed that significant misalignments of the beam are possible before a switch in rotation direction occurs.
Abstract 20801: Coxsackievirus Infection During the First Trimester of Pregnancy Leads to Ventricular Septal Defect

Purpose: Coxsackievirus B (CVB), known to be the most common cause of myocarditis, target cardiomyocytes through Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor, which is highly expressed in the fetal heart. We ...
Gender and Emotion

In this chapter we consider the relation between gender and emotion, particularly as that connection is expressed in stereotyping, power relations, and sexuality. As we review pertinent research we strive to move beyond the conventional “gender differences” model that has tended to dominate the study of gender and emotion. We propose two useful theoretical frameworks for investigating the gender-emotion link. The first, expectation states theory (Berger et al. 1977; Ridgeway and Correll 2004), is useful in explaining the relation of gender-emotion beliefs to social roles and other social structural variables. The second, doing emotion as doing gender (Shields 1995,2002), can be used to explain connections among beliefs about emotion, emotional experience, and a gendered sense of self.
Who Am I, Who Are We? Erikson and a Transactional Approach to Identity Research

Erik Erikson introduced identity as a universal developmental task that provides the foundation for an individual’s general sense of well-being. Erikson’s (1968) theorizing about the self, however,...
Pesticide Encapsulation at the Nanoscale Drives Changes to the Hydrophobic Partitioning and Toxicity of an Active Ingredient

Given the costs associated with designing novel active ingredients, new formulations focus on the use of other ingredients to modify existing formulations. Nanosized encapsulated pesticides offer a variety of enhanced features including controlled release and improved efficacy. Despite the presence of nanosized capsules in current-use pesticide formulations, the analytical and toxicological implications of encapsulation are uncertain. To explore this issue quantitatively, we fractionated the capsules of a commercially available encapsulated insecticide formulation (γ-cyhalothrin active ingredient) into two size ranges: a large fraction (LF), with an average hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of 758 nm, and a small fraction (SF), with an average HDD of 449 nm. We developed a novel extraction method demonstrating a time-dependent inhibition of γ-cyhalothrin from capsules for up to 48 h. An acute immobilization test with a freshwater macroinvertebrate (Ceriodaphnia dubia) revealed that the SF was significantly more toxic than both the LF and the free γ-cyhalothrin treatment (EC50 = 0.18 µg/L, 0.57 µg/L, and 0.65 µg/L, respectively). These findings highlight that encapsulation of γ-cyhalothrin mitigates hydrophobic partitioning in a time-dependent manner and influences toxicity in a size-dependent manner. Recognizing the analytical and toxicological nuances of various nanosized capsules can contribute to innovation in pesticide formulations and may lead to more comprehensive pesticide regulation.
Risk of death due to heart disease after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: A SEER study.

4025 Background: Radiation therapy (RT) improves local control as well as overall survival when combined with chemotherapy for patients with esophageal cancer (EC). Significant doses of RT are deli...
A Case Study in Belief Surveillance, Sentiment Analysis, and Identification of Informational Targets for E-Cigarettes Interventions

To illuminate understanding of how social media can be leveraged to glean insights into public health issues such as e-cigarette use, we use a social media analytics and research testbed (SMART) dashboard to observe Twitter messages and follow content about e-cigarettes in different cities across the U.S. Our case studies indicate that the majority of e-cigarette tweets are positive (68%), which represents a potential problem for public health. Stigma plays the most important roles in both confirmed and rejected messages for e-cigarettes. We also noticed that some advocates of e-cigarettes might be hybrid human-bot accounts (or multiple users using one account). Our key findings demonstrate the use of the SMART dashboard as a means of public health-related belief surveillance, and identification of campaign targets and informational needs of different communities in real-time. Future uses of this tool include monitoring social messages about e-cigarettes for combating the spread of tobacco-related misinformation and disinformation, and detecting and targeting informational needs of communities for intervention.
Uses and Gratifications as Media Choice

The uses and gratifications tradition has been used as a framework for studying audiences’ motives for media use for over 60 years (Rubin, 1981). Unlike other mass communication paradigms that emphasize either media content or media effects, uses and gratifications researchers focus on media use and assume users to be active, purposeful, and selective in their media choices. Understanding why we use media or why we are motivated to choose particular types of content may offer some insight into understanding how we process media and, ultimately, how it affects us. Specifically, the now classic uses and gratifications precis seeks to understandthe social and psychological origins of needs which generate expectations of the mass media and other sources which lead to differential patterns of media exposure (or engagement in other activities) resulting in needs gratifications and other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones.
Discrimination Between Individual Body Odors Is Unaffected by Perfume.

Body odor conveys personal information and is important in social evaluations and bonding. As most body odor research uses samples devoid of exogenous fragrances, we asked whether fragrances intera...
Delay-Sensitive Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensors: Optimal Scheduling, Structural Properties, and Approximation Analysis

We consider an energy harvesting sensor transmitting latency-sensitive data over a fading channel. We aim to find the optimal transmission scheduling policy that minimizes the packet queuing delay given the available harvested energy. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) over a state-space spanned by the transmitter’s buffer, battery, and channel states, and analyze the structural properties of the resulting optimal value function, which quantifies the long-run performance of the optimal scheduling policy. We show that the optimal value function (i) is non-decreasing and has increasing differences in the queue backlog; (ii) is non-increasing and has increasing differences in the battery state; and (iii) is submodular in the buffer and battery states. Taking advantage of these structural properties, we derive an approximate value iteration algorithm that provides a controllable tradeoff between approximation accuracy, computational complexity, and memory, and we prove that it converges to a near-optimal value function and policy. Our numerical results confirm these properties and demonstrate that the resulting scheduling policies outperform a greedy policy in terms of queuing delay, buffer overflows, energy efficiency, and sensor outages.