cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-examining the silicon self-interstitial charge states and defect levels: A density functional theory and bounds analysis study

The self-interstitial atom (SIA) is one of two fundamental point defects in bulk Si. Isolated Si SIAs are extremely difficult to observe experimentally. Even at very low temperatures, they anneal before typical experiments can be performed. Given the challenges associated with experimental characterization, accurate theoretical calculations provide valuable information necessary to elucidate the properties of these defects. Previous studies have applied Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) to the Si SIA, using either the local density approximation or the generalized gradient approximation to the exchange-correlation (XC) energy. The consensus of these studies indicates that a Si SIA may exist in five charge states ranging from −2 to +2 with the defect structure being dependent on the charge state. This study aims to re-examine the existence of these charge states in light of recently derived “approximate bounds” on the defect levels obtained from finite-size supercell calculations and new DFT calculations using both semi-local and hybrid XC approximations. We conclude that only the neutral and +2 charge states are directly supported by DFT as localized charge states of the Si SIA. Within the current accuracy of DFT, our results indicate that the +1 charge state likely consists of an electron in a conduction-band-like state that is coulombically bound to a +2 SIA. Furthermore, the −1 and −2 charge states likely consist of a neutral SIA with one and two additional electrons in the conduction band, respectively.
Variable Impedance Control for pHRI: Impact on Stability, Agility, and Human Effort in Controlling a Wearable Ankle Robot

This letter introduces a variable impedance controller which dynamically modulates both its damping and stiffness to improve the trade-off between stability and agility in coupled human-robot systems and reduce the human user's effort. The controller applies a range of robotic damping from negative to positive values to either inject or dissipate energy based on the user's intent of motion. The controller also estimates the user's intent of direction and applies a variable stiffness torque to stabilize the user towards an estimated ideal trajectory. To evaluate the controller's ability to improve the stability/agility trade-off and reduce human effort, a study was designed for human subjects to perform a 2D target reaching task while coupled with a wearable ankle robot. A constant impedance condition was selected as a control with which to compare the variable impedance condition. The position, speed, and muscle activation responses were used to quantify the user's stability, agility, and effort, respectively. Stability was quantified spatially and temporally, with both overshoot and stabilization time showing no statistically significant difference between the two experimental conditions. Agility was quantified using mean and maximum speed, with both increasing from the constant impedance to variable impedance condition by 29.8% and 59.9%, respectively. Effort was quantified by the overall and maximum muscle activation data, both of which showed a ∼10% reduction in effort. Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the variable impedance controller.
Agency Accomplishments: Making a Difference on the Ground

G overnment land management agencies are not often provided adequate opportunities to mar- ket their successes because workloads and pri- orities often restrict time and budgets. At the request of an enlightened agency eld employee—Ryan Mar- tin, Rangeland Management Specialist, Dillon Field Of ce, Bureau of Land Management (BLM)—the BLM Liaison to the SRM organized a special session in concert with the 2011 SRM Annual Meeting and Trade Show to do just that. The session promoted opportunities for the agencies to demon- strate the often unique and well-fought efforts to accomplish laudable partner-based goals. The goal was to provide pre- sentations that re ected the successes of agency partnerships with researchers and ranchers, nongovernmental organiza- tions, and others. The presenters were encouraged to focus on projects that were ecoregional in nature and that dem- onstrated the variety of avenues to success. Presenters were asked to address the primary problem (the concern), discuss the collaborative process that brought the partners together, and highlight current accomplishments. The long-term in- tent of the session was to foster improved communication with the goal of developing more opportunities for successful partnerships and enhance management of the nation’s natural resources. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_c oates-markle
Cover Up This Face? The Principal Takes a Stand

This case was written for graduate students, specifically for individuals seeking school principal licensure. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced school organizations, particularly building and distri...
Patterns of Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing and Prostate Biopsies During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSEThis study examined changes in prostate disease screening (prostatic-specific antigen [PSA] testing), prostate biopsy testing, and prostate cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic thro...
Psychology Consult: When and Why

Psychologists can enhance communication – both verbal and nonverbal – to maximize efficiency when obtaining information from patients. Psychology consultation can identify and help correct patient nonadherence, differentiate unexplained symptoms of pain, and manage family dysfunction. From a practical standpoint, consultation can directly and immediately benefit physicians, who, short on time, may be overwhelmed by a patient’s emotional needs and/or disturbing behaviors. Not only can psychologists save physicians’ time, they can expand physician understanding of their patients' needs by stepping in to engage patients in psychosocial talk, particularly relevant to older patients and consistently correlated with patient satisfaction yet inadequately used in standard medical practice. Insights psychologists glean from such psychosocial talk with patients can then provide physicians with data crucial to customizing and delivering patient-centered care. As illustrated in this chapter, psychologists’ insights can include detection of acute, albeit hidden, emotional distress that, when unrecognized, can lead to dangerous outcomes.
LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS OF EMBANKMENT DAMS

This paper presents an analytical method to study free and forced longitudinal vibrations of embankment dams. Both shear and dilatational deformations are taken into account, and the dam is modeled as a linear homogeneous prism with a wedge-shape cross section, bounded by two vertical (abutment) and one horizontal (riverbed) planes. Numerical results demonstrate the effect of the length and height of the dam on its natural frequencies and its modal displacement and strain shapes. It is shown that shear deformations are more important in relatively long dams, whereas the opposite is true with dams built in narrow canyons. The method is evaluted through two case histories involving an earthfill and a rockfill dam. Close agreement exists between predicted and observed natural frequencies, but the distribution of peak accelerations within the dam is badly predicted.
Nonlinear Speed Control for Automotive Engines

Previous research has shown that high performance engine controllers could be used in conjunction with electronic controls on automatic transmissions to improve shift quality. Due to the highly nonlinear nature of automotive engines and the need for robustness of the design, sliding control is a likely choice. However, a standard sliding derivation for an automotive engine results in an unpractical control law. An alternate method of deriving sliding controls can be used that defines one of the states to be a synthetic control. A control law is derived assuming the synthetic control as the input. A second law must then be derived to control the synthetic state. For automotive engines, the two surface controller is be much simpler and more robust than the standard control law. By taking advantage of the fact that the engine only has one output, it is possible to develop a method of coordinating the spark and throttle inputs in such a way as to take advantage of their respective strengths. Experimental implementation of the two surface control law with combined spark/throttle control has verified the performance and robustness of this algorithm.
Proteins in nucleocytoplasmic interactions: VI. Is there an artefact responsible for the observed shuttling of proteins between cytoplasm and nucleus in Amoeba proteus?

Abstract Studies of the rate of exit of 3 H-protein molecules from a nucleus implanted into an unlabeled cell suggested that previous studies on the proteins that shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus in Amoeba proteus may have been based on observations of an artefact. Experiments were repeated using a novel sequence of nuclear transplantations designed to minimize the adverse effects of the nuclear transplantations. The experiments confirm that an artefact is created by the operation but also demonstrate that a class of proteins that shuttles non-randomly between nucleus and cytoplasm does indeed exist. Based on the characteristics of their migration observed in this study, 5 different classes of nuclear proteins may be recognized. About 40% of nuclear proteins do not leave the nucleus during interphase, approx. 25% are in a class caused to leave the nucleus by the operation and which remain in the cytoplasm, about 20% are in a class induced by the operation to leave the nucleus but which return to the nucleus soon thereafter, and about 15% of the nuclear proteins are in two classes that normally shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus. Although the proportions in the two shuttling classes is unknown, the larger class is probably present in the nucleus at substantially more than 100 times its concentration in the cytoplasm, and the other class appears to be present in the nucleus at less than 50 times the concentration in the cytoplasm. The rates of migration of some of the protein classes have been re-examined in the light of the new knowledge.
The Nutritive Value and Safety of D-Phenylalanine and D-Tyrosine in Mice

Growth studies in mice fed synthetic amino acid diets showed that: 1) the biological utilization of D-phenylalanine relative to its L-isomer ranged from 28-81%, depending on the respective concentrations of these amino acids in the diet; 2) L-tyrosine can replace about one-half of the L-phenylalanine needed to achieve maximum weight gain and 3) D-tyrosine has no similar sparing effect on L-phenylalanine. In fact, addition of D-tyrosine to amino acid or casein diets depressed weight gain to 10% that of the control. This inhibition was significantly reduced by increasing the L-phenylalanine content of the amino acid diets and the protein content of the casein diets. Growth inhibition, therefore, appears to be related to the ratio of D-tyrosine to L-phenylalanine and possibly other amino acids in the diet, rather than to the absolute levels of D-tyrosine. Mechanistic rationalizations are offered to account for the toxic or antinutritional manifestation of D-tyrosine.
Service Learning in a Small Groups Course

This paper describes a service learning program used in a Sociology of Small Groups course. Service learning programs attempt to apply knowledge learned in the classroom in a setting of community service. This paper advocates the use of service learning as a tool for applying social knowledge even in courses that are not traditionally linked with service learning. The usefulness of a service learning program in a group processes course is identified. Details on the content of the program, the methods of evaluation and the relevance to the course material are provided. Numerous examples of how service learning can lead to classroom enhancement activities are described.
Learning and Memory for Emotional Events

Publisher Summary This chapter considers how events that elicit emotional responses are learned and remembered. It examines three types of memory: implicit memory, explicit episodic memory, and working memory. Implicit memory also referred to as procedural memory in some schemes, is largely inaccessible to conscious awareness. Pavlovian fear conditioning figures prominently in research on emotion and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also referred to as declarative memory, is accessible to awareness and verbal report and is tested by recall and recognition. Explicit memory includes long-term memory for specific episodes as well as semantic memory for facts and information in the public domain. Working memory refers to the online maintenance and manipulation of a limited amount of information for a brief (several seconds) period of time. The relationship between emotion and working memory has been least well examined; however, recent work suggests that this form of emotional memory may play an important role in “feeling states,” emotional regulation, and decision making. The chapter reviews evidence pertaining to the recognition and recall of emotionally laden events and stimuli, as well as personal autobiographical memory.
Democracy and the Threat of Redistribution in Latin America

Recent work on the causes of democratic transition and duration highlights the obstacle inequality poses to democracy due to the redistributive threat from below. Yet inequality and democracy are much more compatible empirically than predicted by recent theory, and nowhere is this more pronounced than in Latin America. New data on land reform in Latin America from 1951-1990 demonstrates that autocracy, not democracy, is more likely to implement heavy redistribution. This finding has important theoretical implications. If elites out of government recognize that a powerful autocratic regime can at times pose a greater threat to their interests than democracy, democratization is more likely despite high inequality, particularly if these elites can use their power to win favorable policies under democracy.
A Remote Sensing Class Exercise To Study the Effects of "El Nino" in South America.

Satellite remote sensing techniques can be used for conducting environmental change detection studies following a natural disaster. Modern computer technology and free access to global satellite imagery allows educators to introduce undergraduate students to the fields of remote sensing and encourage their scientific participation through a research assignment that also serves as an educational exercise. The undergraduate physical science laboratory manuals used in higher education that contain printed remote sensing material often fail to effectively achieve these goals. This class exercise utilizes digital satellite imagery for studying the floods that resulted in the Parana River region in South America during El Nino 1997–98. In addition, it examines vegetation cover and spectral profiles from the study area in order to further understand and assess the changes that were caused by this recurrent climatic anomaly.
2′‐Hydroxy Protection of Ribonucleosides as 2‐Cyano‐2,2‐Dimethylethanimine‐N‐Oxymethyl Ethers in Solid‐Phase Synthesis of RNA Sequences

The reaction of 2'-O-aminooxymethylribonucleosides with 2-cyano-2-methyl propanal leads to the formation of stable and yet reversible 2'-O-(2-cyano-2,2-dimethylethanimine-N-oxymethyl)ribonucleosides in post-purification yields of 54% to 82%. Phenoxyacetylation of the exocyclic amino functions of these ribonucleosides proceeds in yields of 74% to 89%, and subsequent 5'-O-dimethoxytritylation and 3'-O-phosphitylation of the corresponding N-phenoxyacetylated ribonucleosides provide the fully protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidite monomers in isolated yields of 69% to 88%. These ribonucleoside phosphoramidites are employed in solid-phase synthesis of three chimeric RNA sequences, each differing in purine/pyrimidine content. The stepwise coupling efficiency of the ribonucleoside phosphoramidites (as 0.15 M solutions in acetonitrile) averages 99% over a coupling time of 180 s when 5-benzylthio-1H-tetrazole is used as an activator. Upon completion of RNA chain assembly, removal of the nucleobase- and phosphate-protecting groups and release of sequences from the solid support are carried out under standard basic conditions. Finally, the 2'-O-(2-cyano-2,2-dimethylethanimine-N-oxymethyl) protective groups are cleaved from the RNA sequences by treatment with 0.5 M tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in dry DMSO for 24 to 48 hr at 55°C without releasing RNA-alkylating side-products. Characterization of the fully deprotected RNA sequences by PAGE, enzymatic hydrolysis, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirms the identity and high quality of these sequences.
Fundamental aspects of soluble salt flotation

Abstract The sign of the surface charge for alkali halides in their saturated brines has been established from nonequilibrium electrokinetic measurements. These surface charge results for alkali halides are generally as expected from simplified lattice ion hydration theory. Based on this electrokinetic information, it has been demonstrated that the flotation of alkali halide salts is due to the adsorption of oppositely charged collector colloids by heterocoagulation. For example, the classic flotation separation of KCl from NaCl with alkyl amines is thus explained. Now, the surface charge.collector colloid adsorption hypothesis has been extended to successfully explain the flotation behavior of certain alkali oxyanions including nitrates and sulfates as well as double salts including schoenite (K 2 SO 4 ·MgSO 4 ·6H 2 O) and kainite (KCl·MgSO 4 ·3H 2 O). As was done previously for the alkali halides, the sign of the surface charge for these alkali oxyanion salts was established from nonequilibrium electrokinetic measurements by laser-doppler electrophoresis. These results together with the results from flotation/bubble attachment experiments indicate that the surface charge/collector colloid adsorption hypothesis accounts for the flotation response of many different soluble salt minerals when alkyl amines and carboxylates are used as collectors.
Prolonged repolarization: a historical perspective.

Abstract This symposium will more fully discuss QT prolongation—an area of controversy—prolonged QT syndromes, and new groups of agents that prolong repolarization and the QT interval (calcium blockers and antiarrhythmic agents). This is an important evolving field with old biases confronting a new and more thorough understanding of the phenomenon of prolonged repolarization.
Art for Life: A community arts mentorship program for chronically ill children

Background: Art for Life is a community arts mentorship program, connecting 25 Kindergarten through high school student/patients within a large children's hospital to 25 volunteer artist-mentors for 5 months each year. The students attend a unique in-hospital academic program called the Medical Day Treatment (MDT) program, designed to help patients with many chronic medical conditions. The Art for Life program is structured and facilitated by creative arts therapists (art, music and dance/movement therapists) who recruit community artist-mentors, match them to the MDT students and then provide the therapeutic foundation for the one-on-one mentoring relationships. Methods: A qualitative program evaluation, using structured interviews with 21 individuals offering different perspectives, was designed to identify the impact of the Art for Life program on participating students and artist-mentors. Results: Common themes include the perceived importance of mentorship relationships, reported increase in students...
XIV. The charges on thermions produced in air and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure

(1912). XIV. The charges on thermions produced in air and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 23, No. 133, pp. 173-182.
Tolerance to composite tissue allografts across a major histocompatibility barrier in miniature swine

Background Tolerance to composite tissue allografts might allow the widespread clinical use of reconstructive allotransplantation if protocols to achieve this could be rendered sufficiently nontoxic. The authors investigated whether tolerance could be generated in miniature swine to composite tissue allografts across a major histocompatibility (MHC) barrier. A clinically relevant tolerance protocol involving hematopoietic cell transplantation without the need for irradiation or myelosuppressive drugs was tested. Methods Seven recipient animals were transiently T-cell depleted and a short course of cyclosporine was initiated. Twenty-four hours later, a donor hematopoietic cell transplant consisting of cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells or bone marrow cells and a heterotopic limb transplant were performed. In vitro anti-donor responsiveness was assessed by mixed-lymphocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis assays. Acceptance of the limb allografts was determined by gross and histologic appearance. Chimerism in the peripheral blood and lymphohematopoietic organs was assessed by flow cytometry. Results All seven experimental animals accepted the musculoskeletal elements but rejected the skin of the allografts. All but one of the animals displayed donor-specific unresponsiveness in vitro. The animals that received cytokine mobilized-peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed chimerism but had clinical evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). None of the animals that received bone marrow cells showed stable chimerism and none developed GVHD. Conclusions This protocol can achieve tolerance to the musculoskeletal elements of composite tissue allografts across an MHC barrier in miniature swine. Stable chimerism does not appear to be necessary for tolerance and may not be desirable because of the risk of GVHD.
Assessment of tumor cell sensitivity to mitomycin C by "B23 translocation" assay

Mouse leukemia cells (p388D1) were grown in medium containing various amounts of mitomycin C for 4 h. Cellular localization of protein B23 was detected using an immunofluorescence technique. Translocation of protein B23 from nucleoli to the nucleoplasm was observed with increasing dose of mitomycin C. To study the correlation of B23 translocation and drug resistance, three human colon carcinoma cell lines, HCT116, HCT116b (a line that is natively or intrinsically resistant to mitomycin C), and HCT116-44 (a line with an acquired resistance to mitomycin C), were employed. These cells were incubated with 1--150 micrograms/ml of mitomycin C. The drug concentration that caused 50% of the cells to have complete translocation (IC50) was determined for each cell line. The IC50 values of HCT116, HCT116b and HCT116-44 were 6, 10 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively. These IC50 values correlate well with the mitomycin C resistant phenotype of these tumor cells as determined by other in vivo and in vitro assays (Willson, et al. (1985) Cancer Res., 45, 5281-5286). These results identify an inverse relationship between the ease of protein B23 translocation and the degree of mitomycin C resistance in human colon carcinoma cells. This relationship applies to cells that have either acquired mitomycin C resistance or intrinsic resistance to the drug.
The hypothalamus and adrenal regulate modulation of corticosterone release in redpolls (Carduelis flammea--an arctic-breeding song bird).

Free-living redpolls (Carduelis flammea-a species that breeds in the Alaskan Arctic), modulate corticosterone release in response to capture and restraint depending upon the breeding site. We extended these findings to adults undergoing a prebasic molt (the energetically costly replacement of feathers) and to juveniles. Results indicate not only that the stress response is dramatically reduced at one breeding site, but that the stress response during molt and in juveniles is lower still. In fact, juveniles failed to secrete any corticosterone in response to capture and handling, suggesting a stress hyporesponsive period. We also examined possible mechanisms underlying stress modulation. Corticosterone binding protein capacity does not change, and the stress response is only correlated with the overall condition of the bird (assessed by fat storage) at one site, suggesting that neither can explain the different corticosterone responses. Adrenal insensitivity also does not appear to fully explain reduced maximal output since exogenous ACTH enhanced corticosterone release. Exogenous ACTH, however, cannot stimulate corticosterone to stress-induced levels at the high-response site, implying reduced adrenal capacity. Redpoll pituitaries responded to exogenous corticotrophin-releasing factor and arginine vasotocin, suggesting a mechanism upstream from the pituitary blunts corticosterone release. Taken together, these results indicate that corticosterone release in this species is modulated depending upon the ecological and physiological state of the animal, and that the maximal corticosterone response is controlled at multiple sites in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Genomic sequencing of single microbial cells from environmental samples

Recently developed techniques allow genomic DNA sequencing from single microbial cells [Lasken RS: Single-cell genomic sequencing using multiple displacement amplification. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007, 10:510-516]. Here, we focus on research strategies for putting these methods into practice in the laboratory setting. An immediate consequence of single-cell sequencing is that it provides an alternative to culturing organisms as a prerequisite for genomic sequencing. The microgram amounts of DNA required as template are amplified from a single bacterium by a method called multiple displacement amplification (MDA) avoiding the need to grow cells. The ability to sequence DNA from individual cells will likely have an immense impact on microbiology considering the vast numbers of novel organisms, which have been inaccessible unless culture-independent methods could be used. However, special approaches have been necessary to work with amplified DNA. MDA may not recover the entire genome from the single copy present in most bacteria. Also, some sequence rearrangements can occur during the DNA amplification reaction. Over the past two years many research groups have begun to use MDA, and some practical approaches to single-cell sequencing have been developed. We review the consensus that is emerging on optimum methods, reliability of amplified template, and the proper interpretation of 'composite' genomes which result from the necessity of combining data from several single-cell MDA reactions in order to complete the assembly. Preferred laboratory methods are considered on the basis of experience at several large sequencing centers where >70% of genomes are now often recovered from single cells. Methods are reviewed for preparation of bacterial fractions from environmental samples, single-cell isolation, DNA amplification by MDA, and DNA sequencing.
Measles Virus Recognizes Its Receptor, CD46, via Two Distinct Binding Domains within SCR1-2☆

Measles virus (MV) enters cells by attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the major cell surface receptor CD46 (membrane cofactor protein). CD46 is a transmembrane glycoprotein whose ectodomain is largely composed of four conserved modules called short consensus repeats (SCRs). We have previously shown that MV interacts with SCR1 and SCR2 of CD46. (M. Manchesteret al.(1995)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92, 2303–2307) Here we report mapping the MV interaction with SCR1 and SCR2 of CD46 using a combination of peptide inhibition and mutagenesis studies. By testing a series of overlapping peptides corresponding to the 126 amino acid SCR1-2 region for inhibition of MV infection, two domains were identified that interacted with MV. One domain was found within SCR1 (amino acids 37–56) and another within SCR2 (amino acids 85–104). These results were confirmed by constructing chimeras with complementary regions from structurally similar, but non-MV-binding, SCRs of decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55). These results indicate that MV contacts at least two distinct sites within SCR1-2.
Centrosome phosphorylation and the developmental expression of meiotic competence in mouse oocytes.

Abstract Previous studies suggested that the transition from an incompetent to a competent meiotic state during the course of oogenesis in the mouse involved a G 2 M - like cell cycle transition (Wickramasinghe et al., 1991. Dev. Biol. 143, 162). The present studies tested the hypothesis that centrosome phosphorylation, an event normally induced by MPF, is required for this developmental transition and the expression of meiotic competence in cultured growing mouse oocytes. Multiple fluorescence labeling techniques were used to evaluate centrosome number, phosphorylation status, and microtubule nucleating capacity in competent and incompetent oocytes. Experimental conditions were established for reversibly altering the phosphorylation status of the centrosomes and the effects of these treatments on meiotic resumption were examined. Phosphorylated centrosomes nucleating short microtubules were observed in competent oocytes, whereas nonphosphorylated centrosomes and interphase microtubule arrays were found in incompetent oocytes. Upon recovery from nocodazole-induced microtubule depolymerization, short microtubules formed from centrosomes in competent oocytes, whereas long microtubules reappear in the cytoplasm of incompetent oocytes. Perturbation of the phosphorylation state of oocytes with activators of protein kinase A or protein kinase C resulted in the formation of long interphase microtubules in competent oocytes while centrosome phosphorylation was maintained. Treatment of competent oocytes with the phosphorylation inhibitor 6-dimethylaminopurine also led to formation of long microtubules, although under these conditions centrosomes were dephosphorylated. When competent oocytes were treated simultaneously with puromycin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl methylxanthine (IBMX) for 6 hr, centrosomes became dephosphorylated; centrosomes were rephosphorylated when competent oocytes were further cultured in IBMX without puromycin. Conditions that induced centrosome dephosphorylation in competent oocytes resulted in the loss of the ability to express meiotic competence in culture, whereas maintenance of centrosome phosophorylation in these oocytes was correlated with the ability to resume meiosis. These results suggest that the G 2 M transition that occurs when mouse oocytes progress from an incompetent to a competent state in vivo involves the phosphorylation of centrosomes and that the maintenance of centrosome phosphorylation is required for the in vitro expression of meiotic competence.
Designing Cues for Recreational Parks to Support Wayfinding Behaviors

Environmental landmarks are required for effective wayfinding when using maps, but landmarks such as signs are not always designed on the basis of human factors principles. This study was designed to investigate map design guidelines, wayfinding behaviors, and environmental cues that affect wayfinding. Thirty-six participants hiked on a designated trail in an outdoor park using the think aloud method. Observational and interview data were collected to examine how the participants interacted with the environment when using maps. The results showed that man-made features such as signage were useful in aiding wayfinding, but other geographical features of the environment were also used to support wayfinding. Recommendations for sign design and placement are discussed.
DREAM4: Combining Genetic and Dynamic Information to Identify Biological Networks and Dynamical Models

Background Current technologies have lead to the availability of multiple genomic data types in sufficient quantity and quality to serve as a basis for automatic global network inference. Accordingly, there are currently a large variety of network inference methods that learn regulatory networks to varying degrees of detail. These methods have different strengths and weaknesses and thus can be complementary. However, combining different methods in a mutually reinforcing manner remains a challenge. Methodology We investigate how three scalable methods can be combined into a useful network inference pipeline. The first is a novel t-test–based method that relies on a comprehensive steady-state knock-out dataset to rank regulatory interactions. The remaining two are previously published mutual information and ordinary differential equation based methods (tlCLR and Inferelator 1.0, respectively) that use both time-series and steady-state data to rank regulatory interactions; the latter has the added advantage of also inferring dynamic models of gene regulation which can be used to predict the system's response to new perturbations. Conclusion/Significance Our t-test based method proved powerful at ranking regulatory interactions, tying for first out of methods in the DREAM4 100-gene in-silico network inference challenge. We demonstrate complementarity between this method and the two methods that take advantage of time-series data by combining the three into a pipeline whose ability to rank regulatory interactions is markedly improved compared to either method alone. Moreover, the pipeline is able to accurately predict the response of the system to new conditions (in this case new double knock-out genetic perturbations). Our evaluation of the performance of multiple methods for network inference suggests avenues for future methods development and provides simple considerations for genomic experimental design. Our code is publicly available at http://err.bio.nyu.edu/inferelator/.
Incorporation and metabolism of fatty acids by cultured dissociated cells from rat cerebrum.

Dissociated brain cells in culture incorporate a variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into their cellular lipids. Of the various fatty acids studied, uptake of radioactivity was greatest for stearic acid and decreased progressively with decreasing chain length. Incorporation of radioactivity from linoliec and linolenic acids was more extensive than from oleic acid. Cellular phospholipids and triacylglycerols were labeled preferentially from all fatty acid precursors, with the relative amount of label in phospholipids being greatest when cells were incubated with linolenic acid. Fatty acids underwent desaturation and chain elongation. Changes in the labeling pattern of phospholipid fatty acids in the course of incubation demonstrated precursor-product relationships for laurate (12∶0), myristate (14∶0), palmitate (16∶0), and stearate (18∶0) and for linolenate (18∶3), eicosapentaenoate (20∶5), docosapentaenoate (22∶5), and docosahexaenoate (22∶6). The appearance of label in 22∶5 and 22∶6 paralleled the entrance of label into the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fraction. Conversion of linoleate (18∶2 ω6) to arachidonate (20∶4 ω6) could be demonstrated but did not proceed via 18∶3 ω6.
Scalable isosurface visualization of massive datasets on commodity off-the-shelf clusters

Tomographic imaging and computer simulations are increasingly yielding massive datasets. Interactive and exploratory visualizations have rapidly become indispensable tools to study large volumetric imaging and simulation data. Our scalable isosurface visualization framework on commodity off-the-shelf clusters is an end-to-end parallel and progressive platform, from initial data access to the final display. Interactive browsing of extracted isosurfaces is made possible by using parallel isosurface extraction, and rendering in conjunction with a new specialized piece of image compositing hardware called Metabuffer. In this paper, we focus on the back end scalability by introducing a fully parallel and out-of-core isosurface extraction algorithm. It achieves scalability by using both parallel and out-of-core processing and parallel disks. It statically partitions the volume data to parallel disks with a balanced workload spectrum, and builds I/O-optimal external interval trees to minimize the number of I/O operations of loading large data from disk. We also describe an isosurface compression scheme that is efficient for progress extraction, transmission and storage of isosurfaces.
Prediction of the dispersion of particle clusters in the nano-scale—Part I: Steady shearing responses

A modeling approach to predict and enhance understanding of the dispersion phenomenon is presented. The discrete/distinct element method is adopted to study the behavior of single spherical agglomerates, immersed in a simple shear flow field, in response to shearing under steady or dynamic/oscillatory flow conditions. The effects of hydrodynamic forces, which result from both the straining and rotating components of the flow, and cohesive forces of interaction, comprised of short-range van der Waals attractive and Born repulsive forces, are considered. The results of simulated distortion and dispersion of nano-size silica agglomerates in response to steady shearing are used to demonstrate the functionality of the three-dimensional simulation. Simulated results are found to be in good agreement with reported experimental trends. The current model allows us to probe and predict the dispersion phenomenon as a function of processing conditions, agglomerate structure/morphology, and material properties and interaction forces.
Chronopotentiometric and controlled-potential electrolytic studies of the formation of intermetallic compounds in copper-zinc, platinum-zinc, and other amalgams

Abstract The behaviors of amalgams containing: copper and zinc; platinum and zinc; platinum and cadmium; silver and zinc; silver and cadmium; cadmium and copper; cadmium, copper and platinum; and silver, nickel and zinc were investigated by controlled-potential electrolysis and chronopotentiometry. Copper-zinc amalgams contain the compound CuZn, for which the solubility product at 25°C is equal to (3.8±0.6)×10−6 M2, and also a soluble but sparingly dissociated compound that is richer in zinc. Platinum-zinc amalgams contain PtZn2, PtZn3 and PtZn4 in metastable equilibrium. Gold-cadmium amalgams contain the compound AuCd, whose solubility product at 25°C is equal to (1.7±0.1)×10−5 M2. Compound formation could not be detected in silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, cadmium-copper, platinum-copper or cadmium-copper-platinum amalgams, but there was an uncertain indication that silver-nickel-zinc amalgams might contain the first ternary intermetallic compound found in amalgams.
On-line Measurement of Fiber Motion During Melt Blowing

A high-speed camera was used to record the motion of a fiber below both a melt-blowing slot die and a melt-blowing swirl die. These recorded images were processed to determine the frequency and amplitude of fiber motion during melt blowing. The operating variables investigated included polymer flow rate, air flow rate, polymer temperature, and air temperature. A crossover counting method was developed to determine the frequency of fiber motion. The frequencies determined from this counting method favorably compared with frequencies determined by taking fast Fourier transforms of the fiber displacement data. Experimental results for frequency and amplitude were compared to predictions from a three-dimensional mathematical model for the melt-blowing process.
Effect of value analysis discussions on students’ political attitudes and reading comprehension

Abstract This study investigated the effects of value analysis discussion and of reading controversial news articles on students' political attitudes and reading comprehension. Fifteen intact classes were selected randomly and assigned to one of three treatments; Value analysis of controversial issues, reading without analysis, and control, A cloze test and a political attitudes scale were used in a pretest/posttest design. Analysis of covariance demonstrated slight, but not statistically significant differences between groups on the reading test. Students in the group that regularly discussed controversial issues using a value analysis approach showed gains on the measures of Political Confidence, Political Interest, and Social Integration, but not on Political Trust.
The Effect of Temperature on the Energy Distribution of Photoelectrons. II. Total Energies

An experimental test of DuBridge's theory of the total energy distribution of photoelectrons. Photoelectrons were released from an outgassed Mo filament placed at the center of a large collecting sphere connected to an FP-54 amplifier and current-voltage curves obtained for filament temperatures from 300 to 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effect of temperature on the tail of these curves is quite pronounced, and when analyzed by DuBridge's method the curves show an excellent agreement with the theory. The derived energy distribution curves are also in general agreement with the theory and show, at room temperature, a most probable energy much closer to the maximum energy than obtained by other investigators. Further analysis of the theoretical curves has shown that fortunately they are of such a form that the temperature effect has probably not introduced appreciable errors in the determinations of $h$ by the photoelectric method.
Alpha-Aminobenzyl Penicillin—New Broad Spectrum Antibiotic: Preliminary Clinical and Laboratory Observations

A new derivative of penicillin, alphaaminobenzyl penicillin, was found to have in vitro activity against both gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria, thus broadening its antimicrobial spectrum beyond that of any previous penicillin compound. The drug was given both orally and intramuscularly and was essentially nontoxic. In a group of 47 infants and children with specific gastroenteritis who received the drug, the results were good in Shigella dysentery and pathogenic Escherichia coli enteritis. In Salmonella enteritis the results, albeit less predictably good, were regarded as comparable to those obtained with the present agents of choice.
Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline adenine; revised thermodynamic properties of aqueous adenine

Abstract The standard molar heat capacity C ∘ p,m of adenine(cr) has been measured using adiabatic calorimetry over the range 6 T /K) T =298.15 K, C ∘ p,m =(142.67±0.29) J · K −1 · mol −1 and the third law entropy S ∘ m =(145.62±0.29) J · K −1 · mol −1 . The standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation Δ f G ∘ m at T =298.15 K for crystalline adenine was calculated, using the standard molar enthalpy of formation for the compound and entropies of the elements from the literature, and found to be Δ f G ∘ m =(301.4±1.0) kJ · mol −1 . The results were combined with solution calorimetry and solubility measurements from the literature to yield revised values for the standard molar thermodynamic properties of aqueous adenine at T =298.15 K: Δ f G ∘ m =(313.4±1.0) kJ · mol −1 , Δ f H ∘ m =(129.5±1.4) kJ · mol −1 , and S m ∘ =(217.68±0.44) J · K −1 · mol −1 .
Severe scarring secondary to chickenpox a case report

Abstract A case of severe facial disfigurement secondary to chickenpox and its subsequent management is presented.
The βII isotype of tubulin is present in the cell nuclei of a variety of cancers

Tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, has generally been thought to be exclusively a cytoplasmic protein in higher eukaryotes. We have previously shown that cultured rat kidney mesangial cells contain the betaII isotype of tubulin in their nuclei in the form of an alphabetaII dimer [Walss et al., 1999: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 42:274-284, 1999]. More recently, we examined a variety of cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines and found betaII in the nuclei of all of the former and only a few of the latter (Walss-Bass et al., 2002: Cell Tissue Res. 308:215-223]. In order to determine if betaII-tubulin occurs in the nuclei of actual cancers as well as in cancer cell lines, we used the immunoperoxidase method to look for nuclear betaII in a variety of tumors excised from 201 patients. We found that 75% of these tumors contain betaII in their nuclei. Distribution of nuclear betaII was highly dependent on the type of cancer, with 100% of the colon and prostate cancers, but only 19% of the skin tumors, having nuclear betaII. Nuclear betaII was particularly marked in tumors of epithelial origin, of which 83% showed nuclear betaII, in contrast to 54% in tumors of non-epithelial origin. In many cases, betaII staining occurred very strongly in the nuclei and not in the cytoplasm; in other cases, betaII was present in both. In many cases, particularly metastases, otherwise normal cells adjacent to the tumor also showed nuclear betaII, suggesting that cancer cells may influence nearby cells to synthesize betaII and localize it to their nuclei. Our results have implications for the diagnosis, biology, and chemotherapy of cancer.
Mechanisms of immune evasion in fungal pathogens.

The incidence of life-threatening fungal infections has continued to increase in recent years, predominantly in patients debilitated by iatrogenic interventions or immunological dysfunctions. While the picture of the immunology of fungal infections grows increasingly complex, it is clear that the phagocyte–pathogen interaction is a critical determinant of establishing an infection. About 10 years ago, genome-scale approaches began to elucidate the intricate and extensive fungal response to phagocytosis and in the last few years it has become clear that some of this response actively modulates immune cell function. Fungal pathogens avoid detection by masking pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as cell wall carbohydrates, and by downregulating the complement cascade. Once detected, various species interfere with phagocytosis and intracellular trafficking, and can repress production of antimicrobials like nitric oxide (NO). For the most part, the molecular mechanisms behind these behaviors are not yet known. This review discusses recent discoveries and insights into how fungi manipulate the host–pathogen interaction.
Predation risk and the importance of cover for juvenile rainbow trout in lentic systems

Abstract Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked in midelevation reservoirs in Utah inhabit shallow nearshore areas and are vulnerable to predation from piscivorous fish and birds. We determined the use and importance of nearshore habitats by (1) measuring habitat selection by, prey availability to, and feeding of juvenile rainbow trout in two reservoirs with populations of predators, and (2) measuring survival and growth rates in the presence and absence of cover in a pond experiment where adult brown trout Salmo trutta were predators. In the reservoirs juvenile rainbow trout (60–120 mm standard length) were abundant in complex inshore habitats but avoided simple habitats such as sand and gravel during the day. At night, however, juvenile rainbow trout in both reservoirs were observed in more exposed areas, and they rested on the bottom. Measurements of gut fullness indicated that juvenile rainbow trout fed actively on large Daphnia spp. during the day but little at night. Because large daphni...
The correlation of phrases and feelings with disability

Background Patient expressions reflect disability and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to list common phrases and feelings in hand surgery practice and to prospectively study the correlation of these phrases and to correlate them with possible associated feelings and disability.
The effect of diazepam upon the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The Effect of Diazepam Upon the Development of Hypertension in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Outer-shell excitation of the rare gases by 30 MeV oxygen ions

Abstract Intense discrete optical transitions have been observed in Ne, Ar and Kr excited by 30 MeV oxygen ions. Coincidence measurements show that the transitions are not correlated with inner-shell Auger transitions.