cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Interdependence in the Provision of a Local Public Good: An Empirical Examination

This study tests for fiscal interdependence in the provision of a local public good—libraries in Los Angeles County. The authors present evidence that the reaction of libraries to fiscal externalities is dependent on the level of government producing the good. The authors find that the city-run libraries respond to neighboring output but the county system largely does not.
Entrainment of Lemna CO2 Output Through Phytochrome

The entrainability of Lemna perpusilla CO(2) output by periodic 15 minute red (R) and far red (F) illuminations was tested in low nitrate medium. R every 8 hour, symbolized R/R/R, gives a flat output (no entrainment) as does F/F/F. However, R/-/- (R every 24 hour) entrains rapidly, and F/-/- does so as well, in a similar manner. The effects of R/R/- and F/F/- also resemble each other closely. Entrainment by R/F/F or R/R/F is rapid and indifferent to order of presentation, e.g., R/F/F and F/R/F lead to the same steady state. Typical phytochrome reversals occur, e.g., R,F/F/F holds output flat, while F,R/F/F entrains in the manner of R/F/F. Blue (B) light acts like R in schedules such as B/F/F but like F in schedules such as B/R/R. In all schedules studied, the zeitgeber (primary synchronizer) appears to be the sharpest transition from a low to a high level of far red-absorbing phytochrome that occurs with a 24-hr periodicity. Thus in entrainment, and by inference in photoperiodic timing, the level of far red-absorbing phytochrome at any time may be less significant than the succession of levels of which it is a part, a conclusion that implies the existence of a "scanning" mechanism that compares levels of far red-absorbing phytochrome at various times of day.
MEMS technology for biomedical applications

MEMS technology is enabling a wide variety of biomedical systems. This technology is now integrating microscale sensors, actuators, microfluidics, micro-optics, and structural elements with computation, communications, and controls for application to medicine for the improvement of human health. Derived from the microfabrication technology used to make integrated circuits, bioMEMS is expected to revolutionize the way medicine is practiced and delivered. This paper presents an introductory overview of three exciting new opportunity areas for bioMEMS in medicine. These are surgical microsystems (intelligent micro-invasive surgical tools), diagnostic microsystems (biochips and related micro-instrumentation), and therapeutic micro-systems (health care management systems). Some representative examples based on work carried out at the University of Minnesota (USA) are presented, including (1) MEMS in precision surgery-ophthalmology; (2) MEMS in biomolecular recognition; and (3) MEMS in autonomous therapy management systems-micro-pumps for drug delivery. Selected human clinical trials of the application of BioMEMS are presented.
Seismic damage to pipeline : case study

A case study of damage to a welded steel pipeline in Mexico City, caused by the 1985 Michoacan earthquake, is presented. Seismic damage to pipelines in past earthquakes is briefly reviewed. The damage has typically been due to seismic wave propagation or permanent ground deformations, such as faulting, landslides, or lateral spreads. Physical characteristics of the case study pipeline, pertinent soil conditions, recorded ground motion, and observed seismic damage in Mexico City are then presented. The recorded ground motion in the lake zone of Mexico City suggests a significant contribution from Rayleigh waves. A previously developed analysis procedure is used to estimate stress induced by seismic wave propagation in the case study pipeline. The pipeline stress is a function of the amplitude and wavelength of the ground strain, maximum friction forces at the soil-pipe interface, and the stress-strain characteristics of the pipeline material. It is shown that the estimated stress is only slightly less than the local compressional buckling stress for the case history pipeline.
Nitrogen Translocation to Fresh Litter in Northern Hardwood Forest

Nitrogen immobilization in fresh litter represents a significant N flux in forest ecosystems, and changes in this process resulting from atmospheric N deposition could have important implications for ecosystem responses. We conducted two leaf decay experiments, using 15N-labeled sugar maple leaf litter, to quantify N transport from old litter and soil to fresh litter during early stages of decomposition, and we examined the influence of litter N concentration and soil N availability on upward N transfer in a northern hardwood forest. After one year of decay, the average N transfer from soil to fresh litter (2.63 mg N g−1 litter) was much higher than the N transfer from older litter (1- to 2-years-old) to fresh litter (0.37 mg N g−1 litter). We calculated the ratio of annual N transfer per unit of excess 15N pool for these two N sources. The ratio was not significantly different between old litter and soil, suggesting that fungi utilize N in the old litter and mineral soil pools for transport to decaying fresh litter with similar efficiency. Initial litter N concentration had a significant effect on upward N flux into decaying leaf litter, whereas no effect of soil N fertilization was observed. Reduction in the flux from soil to fresh litter owing to anthropogenic N inputs probably contributes significantly to changing soil N dynamics. Future work is needed on fungal N acquisition and transport as well as the fungal taxa involved in this process and their responses to changing environments.
Glycemic responses in insulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of food composition.

This study examined the hypothesis that the glucose component offood and not the total carbohydrate is the major determinant of the glycemic response in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Patients were given glucose alone, fructose alone, glucose + fructose, lactose, and glucose + fat + protein. Fructose given alone increased the blood glucose almost as much as a similar amount of glucose (78% of the glucose-alone area, p < 0.05). However, the same amount of fructose given with glucose produced no greater gly- cemic response than did glucose alone (108%). Similarly, galactose contributed only slightly to the glycemic response when given as lactose (122%, p < 0.01) whereas protein and fat had no additional glycemic effect (101%). To test the above hypothesis in natural foods, patients were fed an amount of bread (high glycemic index) or apple (low glycemic index) that con- tamed 25 g glucose. Both challenges produced glycemic responses very similar to 25 g purified glucose. AmJClinNutr 1989;49:658-66.
Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells.

Despite the central role of the liver in glutamine homeostasis in health and disease, little is known about the mechanism by which this amino acid is transported into sinusoidal endothelial cells, ...
BELIEFS ABOUT THE NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL POWER

In two vignette studies we examined beliefs about the nonverbal behavior and communication skills associated with high and low social power. Power was defined as both a trait (personality dominance) and a role (rank within an organization). Seventy nonverbal behaviors and skills were examined. Both Study 1 (a within-participants design) and Study 2 (a between-participants design) yielded highly similar results. Significant differences emerged for 35 of the 70 behaviors. The gender of the target individuals did not moderate beliefs about the relation of nonverbal behavior and power.
Magnetic assembly of colloidal superstructures with multipole symmetry

The assembly of complex structures out of simple colloidal building blocks is of practical interest for building materials with unique optical properties (for example photonic crystals and DNA biosensors) and is of fundamental importance in improving our understanding of self-assembly processes occurring on molecular to macroscopic length scales. Here we demonstrate a self-assembly principle that is capable of organizing a diverse set of colloidal particles into highly reproducible, rotationally symmetric arrangements. The structures are assembled using the magnetostatic interaction between effectively diamagnetic and paramagnetic particles within a magnetized ferrofluid. The resulting multipolar geometries resemble electrostatic charge configurations such as axial quadrupoles ('Saturn rings'), axial octupoles ('flowers'), linear quadrupoles (poles) and mixed multipole arrangements ('two tone'), which represent just a few examples of the type of structure that can be built using this technique.
Semi-supervised Learning of Dependency Parsers using Generalized Expectation Criteria

In this paper, we propose a novel method for semi-supervised learning of non-projective log-linear dependency parsers using directly expressed linguistic prior knowledge (e.g. a noun's parent is often a verb). Model parameters are estimated using a generalized expectation (GE) objective function that penalizes the mismatch between model predictions and linguistic expectation constraints. In a comparison with two prominent "unsupervised" learning methods that require indirect biasing toward the correct syntactic structure, we show that GE can attain better accuracy with as few as 20 intuitive constraints. We also present positive experimental results on longer sentences in multiple languages.
Children and Youth in Neighborhood Contexts

Neighborhoods are increasingly studied as a context where children and youth develop; however, the extent of neighborhoods' impact remains debatable because it is difficult to disentangle this impact from that of the family context, in part because families have some choice as to where they live. Evidence from randomized experiments, studies using advanced statistical models, and longitudinal studies that control for family characteristics indicates that neighborhoods do matter. In nonexperimental studies, small to moderate associations were found, suggesting that children and adolescents living in high-income neighborhoods had higher cognitive ability and school achievement than those living in middle-income neighborhoods, and children and adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods had more mental and physical health problems than those living in middle-income neighborhoods. The home environment has been shown to be partly responsible for the link between neighborhood and children's development. For ...
Automatic registration of microarray images. II. Hexagonal grid.

Motivation: In the first part of this paper the author presented an efficient, robust and completely automated algorithm for spot and block indexing in microarray images with rectangular grids. Although the rectangular grid is currently the most common type of grouping the probes on microarray slides, there is another microarray technology based on bundles of optical fibers where the probes are packed in hexagonal grids. The hexagonal grid provides both advantages and drawbacks over the standard rectangular packing and of course requires adaptation and/or modification of the algorithm of spot indexing presented in the first part of the paper. Results: In the second part of the paper the author presents a version of the spot indexing algorithm adapted for microarray images with spots packed in hexagonal structures. The algorithm is completely automated, works with hexagonal grids of different types and with different parameters of grid spacing and rotation as well as spot sizes. It can successfully trace the local and global distortions of the grid, including non-orthogonal transformations. Similar to the algorithm from part I, it scales linearly with the grid size, the time complexity is O(M), where M is total number of grid points in hexagonal grid. The algorithm has been tested both on CCD and scanned images with spot expression rates as low as 2%. The processing time of an image with about 50000 hex grid points was less than a second. For images with high expression rates (∼ 90%) the registration time is even smaller, around a quarter of a second.
Identity of mysterious CD4 + CD25 - Foxp3 + cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Various abnormalities in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include increased Foxp3+ cells that are CD25 negative. Barring methodological technical factors, these cells could be atypical Tregs or activated non-Treg CD4+ cells that express Foxp3. Two groups have reached opposite conclusions that could possibly reflect the subjects studied. One group studied untreated new-onset SLE and suggested that these T cells were mostly CD25-Foxp3+ non-Tregs. The other group studied patients with long-standing disease and suggested that these cells are mostly dysfunctional Tregs. A third group reported increased Foxp3+CD4+CD25dim rather than CD25- cells in active SLE and these were also non-Tregs. Thus, it is likely that not all Foxp3+ T cells in SLE have protective suppressive activity.
Inhibition of Aurora Kinase A enhances chemosensitivity of medulloblastoma cell lines

Background Medulloblastoma comprises approximately 20% of all primary pediatric brain tumors. Despite recent advances, the survival rate for high-risk patients and the morbidity associated with these treatments remains suboptimal. To improve outcomes and decrease morbidity, more targeted therapy is required. One possible target is the Aurora Kinase family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Aurora Kinase A inhibition in medulloblastoma cell lines. Procedure Cell proliferation was measured using an MTS assay after adding an Aurora Kinase inhibitor (C1368) at different concentrations. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by Flow Cytometry using propidium iodide (PI). RNAi experiments were performed using siRNA oligonucleotides. Luciferase experiments were carried out using the Cignal Finder 10 Pathway Reporter Arrays. Results Inhibition of Aurora Kinase A induces cell death in medulloblastoma cells and lowers the IC50 of other chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide and cisplatin) used in medulloblastoma treatment. Cell arrest at G2/M phase was significantly increased in medulloblastoma cell lines treated with C1368 Sigma at IC30 or transfected siRNA. Inhibition of Aurora Kinase A resulted in decreased activity of pro-proliferative signaling pathways including Wnt, Myc, and RB as measured by luciferase reporter assays. Conclusions These data indicate that inhibition of Aurora Kinase A inhibits cell growth in medulloblastoma through inhibition of pro-proliferative signaling pathways Wnt, Myc, and RB. Additionally, combining Aurora Kinase A inhibition with other chemotherapeutic agents significantly lowers their IC50, which make it a promising small molecule target for medulloblastoma therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:35–41. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Circadian rhythms in plants: a millennial view

Circadian rhythms are endogenous rhythms with periods of approximately 24 h. These rhythms are widespread both within any given organism and among diverse taxa. As genetic and molecular biological studies, primarily in a subset of model organisms, have begun to identify the components of circadian systems, there is optimism that we will soon achieve a detailed molecular understanding of circadian timing mechanisms. Although plants have provided many examples of rhythmic outputs, and our understanding of photoreceptors of circadian input pathways is well-advanced, plants have lagged behind other groups of organisms in the identification of components of the central circadian oscillator. However, there are now a number of promising candidates for components of plant circadian clocks, and it seems probable that we will soon know the details of a plant central oscillator. Moreover, there is also accumulating evidence that plants and other organisms house multiple circadian clocks, both in different tissues and, quite probably, within individual cells. This provides an unanticipated level of complexity with the potential for interaction among these multiple oscillators.
Assessing The Fit And Stability Of Alternative Measures Of Service Quality

Despite continued research, no single approach to assessing service quality has emerged as a standard, and reconciliation of the differences among these approaches remains quixotic. This paper focuses on the empirical assessment of different approaches to measuring service quality. Furthermore, this work examines the stability of these approaches by comparing the different measures among three companies within the same industry. Two of these approaches (difference scores and perceptions only) are discussed in the existing literature. The third approach (log of the ratio) is introduced in this work because of its potential quantitative advantage for assessing service quality while preserving the comparison between perceptions and expectations. A fourth approach (ratio) is included for completeness. Despite the proposed advantages of the log of the ratio approach, results suggest that the different score performs the best. Moreover, the five-factor solution originally posited by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988) provides a better fit than the one-factor solution advanced by Cronin and Taylor (1992). While these findings substantiate Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berrys approach, the strength of the model fit still suggests a need for continued development of measure to effectively assess service quality.
Ethnoecological knowledge of ticks and treatment of tick-borne diseases among Maasai people in Northern Tanzania

Aim The aim of this study was to understand traditional knowledge of tick ecology and remedies for tick-borne diseases (TBDs) among the Maasai people in northern Tanzania. Materials and methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted among specific groups likely to be knowledgeable about tick ecology and TBDs in livestock among the Maasai people. Results A total of 25 plant species belonging to 18 families were used to treat 8 different TBDs of livestock. Most of the plant species used were of Fabaceae and Burseraceae families. Aloe volkensii, Cissus grandifolia, and Terminalia brownii were the most commonly used plant species. The major plant growth form used was trees, while stems and bark were the main plant parts used. Most treatments were taken orally. Conclusion Maasai people have substantial knowledge on tick ecology exemplified by their ability to differentiate between different tick species and the range of remedies for each of the TBDs. Because traditional ethnoveterinary remedies are frequently utilized, their effectiveness should be further investigated.
Using Solo Drama to Make the Teaching of Social Studies Engaging for Students

Abstract Social studies is a major subject taught in schools in the United States. Research shows lack of interest in the subject by most school children. The author reflects on how he prepares teachers in a graduate drama course to use solo drama as another instructional option to address the problem. The paper also examines integrated solo drama projects by four students in their respective classrooms as case studies. The findings are synthesized to demonstrate the efficacy of this drama strategy for classroom teachers and teacher educators to adopt in making social studies meaningful and engaging for learners.
Abstract 315: Surgical Pen Dye Inhibits Cell Migration From Saphenous Vein Explants

Markers containing dyes such as crystal violet (CAS 548-62-9) are routinely used on the adventitia of vein bypass grafts to avoid twisting during placement. Since little is known about how these dyes affect vein graft healing and function, we determined the effect of crystal violet on cell migration, a primary response to injury after grafting. Human saphenous veins were split into adventitia and media after removal of endothelium. Cell migration from 2.5 square mm explants in DMEM with 20% fetal bovine serum was measured daily for 8 days as either 1) % migration positive explants (≥ 1 cell/explant), which only measures migration, or 2) the number of cells/explant, which measures a combination of migration and proliferation. Dye was extracted from explants with ethanol and quantified by spectrophotometry. Cell migration by both methods was significantly less from blue, compared to non-blue, adventitial explants (P<.05, mean±SEM, N=11 veins with 15-30 explants/condition; Figures A and B). No medial explants were visibly blue, and there was no significant difference in migration of cells from medial explants of blue and non-blue sections of vein (data not shown). Blue adventitial explants had 65.9±8.0 ng dye/explant compared to 2.1±1.3 for non-blue explants (mean±SEM, N=7-11 veins). Dye applied in vitro to either adventitial or medial explants dose-dependently inhibited migration (IC50=21.5 ng/explant). Conclusion: Crystal violet is toxic and inhibits venous adventitial cell migration; alternative methods should be considered for marking vein grafts. ![][1] ![][2] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/graphic-2.gif
Altered Body Weight Regulation in CK1ε Null and tau Mutant Mice on Regular Chow and High Fat Diets

Disruption of circadian rhythms results in metabolic dysfunction. Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1e) is a canonical circadian clock gene. Null and tau mutations in CK1e show distinct effects on circadian period. To investigate the role of CK1e in body weight regulation under both regular chow (RC) and high fat (HF) diet conditions, we examined body weight on both RC and HF diets in CK1 and CK1 mice on a standard 24 hr light-dark (LD) cycle. Given the abnormal entrainment of CK1 mice on a 24 hr LD cycle, a separate set of CK1 mice were tested under both diet conditions on a 20 hr LD cycle, which more closely matches their endogenous period length. On the RC diet, both CK1 and CK1 mutants on a 24 hr LD cycle and CK1 mice on a 20 hr LD cycle exhibited significantly lower body weights, despite similar overall food intake and activity levels. On the HF diet, CK1 mice on a 20 hr LD cycle were protected against the development of HF diet-induced excess weight gain. These results provide additional evidence supporting a link between circadian rhythms and energy regulation at the genetic level, particularly highlighting CK1e involved in the integration of circadian biology and metabolic physiology.
Status of Food Poisoning in Taian City during 1991—2008

[Objective]To understand the cause and features of food poisoning in Taian City so as to provide evidence for developing preventive measures.[Methods]Data from Taian food poisoning report and investigation report during 1991—2008 were comprehensively analyzed.[Results]A total of 178 cases of food poisoning were reported,1926 poisoning cases,1 death case,the poisoning mortality was 0.52‰;the major were bacterial and chemical poisoning,occupied 53.93% and 41.57% of total poisoning cases.The peak of poisoning appeared in most food poisoning occurred in collective canteens,occupied 55.06%;garden stuff and cooked food caused most food poisoning cases,occupied 35.39% and 31.46%.[Conclusion] In Taian City,most food poisoning cases are caused by bacterium and chemical substances in collective canteens.The key measures for food poisoning control are supervision strengthening and food hygiene knowledge training.
Pharmacodynamics of insulin following intravenous and enteral administrations of porcine-zinc insulin to rats

Previous work from this laboratory showed site-dependent variations in the apparent permeability of insulin as measured using the everted rat gut sac technique, with the greatest permeability in the distal jejunum and the lowest in the duodenum (5). To quantify better the rate and extent of insulin absorption from the small intestine, closed-loop in situ experiments were performed in nondiabetic rats. Results correlated with the everted gut sac technique in that the absolute bioavailability determined in situ was higher for insulin solution administered to the more distal region of the intestine (0.133%) than that absorbed from an earlier portion of the intestine (0.059%). While the difference in regional bioavailabilities was not significant (P = 0.08), the blood glucose response showed highly significant differences (P = 0.0015), with severe and prolonged hy-poglycemia resulting from insulin delivered to the distal jejunum/ proximal ileum. Insulin administered iv followed a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Whole-body elimination rate constants were similar for both iv and enteral insulin. Although therapeutic quantities of insulin were absorbed from the distal small intestine, absorption enhancers would be necessary to decrease the dose of insulin required.
Abstract POSTER-BIOL-1333: TRIP6 regulates p27KIP1to promote ovarian tumorigenesis

Although the nuclear p27KIP1 functions as a negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle progression by binding to and inhibiting cyclin-CDK complexes, the cytosolic p27KIP1 has been shown to promote adhesion disassembly and tumor invasion. Loss of nuclear p27KIP1 and cytosolic mislocalization of p27KIP1 are frequently found during cancer progression, and these events correlate with poor clinical outcome in many types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying this dysregulation are not yet fully understood. TRIP6 is an adaptor protein that is highly expressed in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. It serves as a platform to recruit a number of molecules, such as NF-κB p65, c-Src, p130cas, Crk, LPA2 and Fas/CD95 receptors, to promote cell motility and antiapoptotic signaling. Using an ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model, we find that TRIP6 knockdown significantly reduces ovarian tumor proliferation. We determine that this effect is in part through the regulation of p27KIP1. Our data show that TRIP6 serves as a bridge to promote the recruitment of p27KIP1 to AKT in the cytosol. TRIP6 regulates the membrane translocation and activation of AKT, and facilitates AKT-mediated recognition and phosphorylation of p27KIP1 specifically at T157, thereby promoting the cytosolic mislocalization of p27KIP1. This is required for p27KIP1 to enhance LPA-induced ovarian cancer cell migration. TRIP6 also promotes serum-induced reduction of nuclear p27KIP1 expression through Skp2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Consequently, knockdown of TRIP6 in ovarian cancer xenografts restores nuclear p27KIP1 expression and impairs tumor proliferation. Since the expression of TRIP6 and the activity of AKT are significantly higher in ovarian cancer, restoring the expression of nuclear p27KIP1 and inhibiting the migratory effect of phospho-T157-p27KIP1 by targeting TRIP6 may prove to be an effective approach to reduce ovarian cancer progression. Citation Format: Fang-Tsyr Lin, Victor T. G. Lin, Vivian Y. Lin, Yun-Ju Lai, Chen-Shan Chen, Kang Liu, Weei-Chin Lin. TRIP6 regulates p27KIP1 to promote ovarian tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 8-9, 2014; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16 Suppl):Abstract nr POSTER-BIOL-1333.
Student pharmacist perceived benefit of a sequential training model for health testing.

Abstract Purpose This article describes the health testing training process used at Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy and evaluates perceptions of the sequential training model among students in their first, second, and third professional years. Educational Activity and Setting After observing student deficiencies in the knowledge and skills necessary for performing health tests, despite receiving didactic training within the core curriculum, faculty members searched for supplemental training programs used by other schools of pharmacy. No literature regarding structured programs was found. Consequently, faculty developed test-specific training modules for a variety of health screenings. Students who participated in the sequential self-learning followed by a live skills assessment were surveyed to determine their perceptions of the training. Findings During the 2014–2015 academic year, 78 students successfully completed health testing training modules. Of these students, 56 (72%) completed an attitudinal survey designed to assess their perceptions. Nearly 93% of respondents perceived improved confidence after completing the training. Regardless of the year in pharmacy school, 88% of respondents believe they would not have been adequately prepared to conduct the health test(s) without this training. Summary Student perception and acceptance of health testing training were positive. Using sequential training modules to teach and reinforce the skills necessary for performing health tests can improve student ability and confidence. Consequently, students have the opportunity to impact the health of the community while becoming practice ready in the area of health testing.
Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the emergency department: Continued need for more focused treatment for men, women and pregnant women

Abstract Introduction Delay in current nucleic acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis has led to recommendations for presumptive treatment in patients with concern for infection and unreliable follow-up. In the urban setting, it is assumed that many patients have unreliable follow-up, therefore presumptive therapy is thought to be used frequently. We sought to measure the frequency of disease and accuracy of presumptive treatment for these infections. Methods This was an observational cohort study performed at an urban academic Level 1 trauma center ED with an annual census of 95,000 visits per year. Testing was performed using the APTIMA Unisex swab assay (Gen-Probe Incorporated, San Diego, CA). Presumptive therapy was defined as receiving treatment for both infections during the initial encounter without confirmation of diagnosis. Results A total of 1162 patients enrolled. Infection was present in 26% of men, 14% of all women and 11% of pregnant women. Despite high frequency of presumptive treatment, >4% of infected patients in each category went untreated. Conclusion Inaccuracy of presumptive treatment was common for these sexually transmitted infections. There is an opportunity to improve diagnostic accuracy for treatment.
Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman, and Cowardly Lion: The three-factor model of virtue

Recent research has identified three virtues from the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification of Strengths and Virtues, labeled caring, inquisitiveness, and self-control. This article explored this ...
Mitochondrial ClpX activates an essential metabolic enzyme through partial unfolding

Mitochondria can control the activity, quality, and lifetime of their proteins with their autonomous system of chaperones, but the signals that direct substrate-chaperone interaction and outcome are poorly understood. We previously discovered that the mitochondrial AAA+ protein unfoldase ClpX (mtClpX) activates the initiating enzyme for heme biosynthesis, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), by promoting incorporation of cofactor. Here we ask how unfolding by mtClpX directs activation. We identified sequence and structural features in ALAS that position mtClpX and provide a grip for acting on ALAS. Observation of ALAS undergoing remodeling by mtClpX revealed that unfolding was limited to a subdomain extending from the mtClpX-binding site to the active site. Unfolding along this path was required for mtClpX to gate cofactor access to the ALAS active site. This targeted unfolding contrasts with the global unfolding canonically executed by ClpX homologs and suggests how substrate-chaperone interactions can direct the outcome of remodeling.
ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NEYMAN-PEARSON PROBLEM AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses parallel structure between duality relationships for the linear functional version of the generalized Neyman–Pearson problem. The duality relationships are developed by establishing the equivalence of the dual problem to a Lagrangian dual problem, which is related to the generalized Neyman–Pearson problem in a known manner. The duality theory of linear programming as it applies to the bounded variable linear programming problem is applicable, with appropriate modifications, to the fundamental generalized Neyman–Pearson problem of statistics. The adoption of a linear programming point of view permits insights that would perhaps not be obtained otherwise into the generalized Neyman–Pearson problem.
Neuronal and Glial Surface Antigens on Cells in Culture

This review will emphasize cell surface antigenic markers and practically ignore work with most of the described cytoplasmic antigens, simply because this field is growing so fast that it is impractical to try to cover all the new antigens. The emphasis here is on antigens that have been used with success in cultures of the nervous system.
Structure and Function of Human Endogenous Type C Retroviral DNAs

A unique feature of infection with retroviruses is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome, a reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase. The newly synthesized retroviral DNA is subsequently integrated into the chromosome of the infected cell and is the template that is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to generate viral genomic and mRNAs. When mammalian reproductive tissues are infected with retroviruses, copies of viral DNA may become incorporated into and become “endogenous” to the germline. Some endogenous retroviral DNA sequences (proviruses) may be spontaneously expressed as complete, infectious virions such as the ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) (1–3) or the baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) (4). Other endogenous proviruses may be involved in the generation of novel recombinant retroviruses with altered biological and disease-causing properties such as the leukemogenic murine mink cell focus-forming (MCF) viruses. The latter represent the product of a recombinational event involving ecotropic MuLVs and endogenous MuLV sequences (5,6). Incomplete retroviral DNA segments may also be expressed at the mRNA and protein levels (7–10). Such retroviral gene products may be abundant constituents of a variety of mammalian cells and, in some instances, be detected in the serum (e.g., the MuLV envelope [env] glycoprotein identified in several strains of inbred mice) (7,11). In some mice an incomplete MuLV provirus containing polymerase (pol) and env sequences is expressed in the form of gp70 related polypeptide that apparently confers resistance to exogenous infection by competing for cellular binding sites.
Role of ethnicity in thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms.

e18555Background: Philadelphia-chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of hematologic malignancies with known complications of hemorrhage and thrombosis. Age and a previo...
Planning for climate change through additions to a national protected area network: implications for cost and configuration

Expanding the network of protected areas is a core strategy for conserving biodiversity in the face of climate change. Here, we explore the impacts on reserve network cost and configuration associated with planning for climate change in the USA using networks that prioritize areas projected to be climatically suitable for 1460 species both today and into the future, climatic refugia and areas likely to facilitate climate-driven species movements. For 14% of the species, networks of sites selected solely to protect areas currently climatically suitable failed to provide climatically suitable habitat in the future. Protecting sites climatically suitable for species today and in the future significantly changed the distribution of priority sites across the USA-increasing relative protection in the northeast, northwest and central USA. Protecting areas projected to retain their climatic suitability for species cost 59% more than solely protecting currently suitable areas. Including all climatic refugia and 20% of areas that facilitate climate-driven movements increased the cost by another 18%. Our results indicate that protecting some types of climatic refugia may be a relatively inexpensive adaptation strategy. Moreover, although addressing climate change in conservation plans will have significant implications for the configuration of networks, the increased cost of doing so may be relatively modest. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
On the topological characterization of gestures in a convenient category of spaces

In this paper, we reconsider the topological characterization of gestures in a convenient category of spaces mentioned by Mazzola in 2009, recovering Arias's 2018 result that the relevant equivalen...
Microbiota–modulated enteric neuron translational profiling uncovers a CART+ glucoregulatory subset

Abstract Microbial density and diversity increase towards the distal intestine, affecting tissue physiology, metabolism, and function of both immune and nervous systems. Intrinsic enteric–associated neurons (iEAN) continuously monitor and modulate intestinal functions, including nutrient absorption and motility. Through molecular, anatomic and functional approaches, we characterized the influence of the microbiota on iEAN. We found that iEAN are functionally adapted to the intestinal segment they occupy, with a stronger microbiota influence on distal intestine neurons. Chemogenetic characterization of microbiota-influenced iEAN identified a subset of viscerofugal CART+ neurons, enriched in the distal intestine, able to modulate feeding through insulin-glucose levels. Retro- and anterograde tracing revealed that CART+ viscerofugal neurons send axons to the gut sympathetic ganglion and are synaptically connected to the liver and pancreas. Our results demonstrate a region-specific adaptation of enteric neurons and indicate that specific iEAN subsets are capable of regulating host physiology independently from the central nervous system. One Sentence Summary Microbes impact regionally defined intrinsic enteric neuron translatomes, including a novel CART+ glucoregulatory viscerofugal population.
Open Right Hemicolectomy

This chapter describes the technical aspects of open right hemicolectomy, including patient positioning, instrumentation, type of incision, and approach. Steps of dissection and resection and steps of reconstruction are discussed in Chap. 15.
Application of Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1, Internal Transcribed Spacer 2, and Large-Subunit D1–D2 Regions as the Genetic Markers to Identify Fungi Isolated from Different Environmental Samples: A Molecular Surveillance Study of Public Health Importance

BACKGROUND In September 2012, a multistate fungal meningitis outbreak started across 20 states in the United States. It affected 753 individuals and caused 64 deaths who received contaminated spinal injections. In a previous study, we analyzed 26 environmental samples collected from the manufacturing premises of a compounding company to determine the possible cause of an outbreak and identified 14 distinct fungal species. OBJECTIVES In this follow-up study, we have analyzed 198 environmental samples collected from three additional compounding company premises located in the United States for the presence of pathogenic fungi. METHODS Environmental swab samples were initially examined by standard microbiological methods. Subsequently, DNA sequencing was performed on all of the 25 recovered fungal isolates at the D1-D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. RESULTS Sequence analysis of the ITS1, ITS2, and LSU rRNA regions confirmed the presence of the following fungal species in the environmental samples analyzed: (i) Pestalotiopsis cocculi from the region Ia; (ii) Epicoccum nigrum and Trichaptum biforme from the region Ib; (iii) Nigrospora sphaerica and Fusarium sp. from the region II; and (iv) Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., and Preussia sp. from the region III. Species identification of 25 recovered fungal isolates matched, in most cases, at 3 sequenced loci (ITS1, ITS2, and LSU). HIGHLIGHTS DNA sequencing of ITS1, ITS2, and LSU D1-D2 regions can be used to perform fungal typing and in implementing effective environmental monitoring programs of public health importance.
High-Risk Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: Identification, Management, and Reconstruction.

High-risk nonmelanoma skin cancers of the head and neck may be identified through a variety of tumor risk factors, including location on the lips or ears, size > 2 cm, recurrence, patient immunocompromised status, poor tumor differentiation, > 6 mm thickness, Clark level V depth of invasion, and presence of perineural spread. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment, with Mohs' micrographic surgery typically preferred to standard surgical excision. When reconstructing these defects, ensuring negative margins is of utmost importance and delaying reconstruction until confirmation of margins is recommended. Attention to the impact of immunosuppression and adjunct radiation therapy on wound healing is important for an optimal cosmetic outcome. As with all high-risk cancer patients, close follow-up and surveillance of these patients is imperative.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation (from the REGARDS Study).

The association between objectively measured physical activity and atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been examined. Therefore, we examined the association between moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with incident AF in 5,147 participants who completed accelerometer assessment for 4 to 7 consecutive days in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. MVPA was defined as >1,065 counts/minute, and daily mean time spent in MVPA was computed. Incident AF was identified during follow-up by a study-scheduled electrocardiogram and also from self-reported medical history of a physician diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to assess the relation between daily time in MVPA and incident AF. A total of 429 (8.3%) incident AF cases were detected after a median follow-up of 3.5 years following accelerometer assessment. Participants with higher daily time spent in MVPA were less likely to develop AF than those with lower MVPA achievement (Quartile 1 = 12.4%; Quartile 2 = 8.3%; Quartile 3 = 7.1%; Quartile 4 = 5.4%; p-trend
MeSHProbeNet-P: Improving Large-scale MeSH Indexing with Personalizable MeSH Probes

Indexing biomedical research articles with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) can greatly facilitate biomedical research and information retrieval. Currently MeSH indexing is performed by human experts. To alleviate the time consumption and monetary cost caused by manual indexing, many automatic MeSH indexing models have been developed, such as MeSHProbeNet, DeepMeSH, and NLM’s official model Medical Text Indexer. In this article, we propose an end-to-end framework, MeSHProbeNet-P, which extends MeSHProbeNet with personalizable MeSH probes. In MeSHProbeNet-P, each MeSH probe carries certain aspects of biomedical knowledge and extracts related information from input articles. MeSHProbeNet-P is able to automatically personalize its MeSH probes for different input articles to ensure that the current MeSH probes best fit the current input article and the most informative features can be extracted from the article. We demonstrate the effectiveness of MeSHProbeNet-P in a real-world large-scale MeSH indexing challenge. MeSHProbeNet-P won the first place in the first batch of Task A in the 2019 BioASQ challenge. The result on the first test set of the challenge is reported in this article. We also provide ablation studies to show the advantages of personalizable MeSH probes.
The Effectiveness of a Teacher-Delivered Mindfulness-Based Curriculum on Adolescent Social-Emotional and Executive Functioning

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a manualized mindfulness-based program for adolescents, Learning to Breathe (L2B), on indicators of adolescent social-emotional well-being, mental health, substance use, and executive function. Participants included 251 high school students attending an urban school district who were randomly assigned to required health education classes that offered L2B or the business-as-usual health curriculum. No direct effects on self-report measures were found. Students exposed to L2B demonstrated significant improvements on executive functioning measures related to susceptibility to cognitive interference and working memory. Subsequent tests of moderation revealed beneficial program effects within the treatment group were dependent on rates of practice, and those that used L2B strategies regularly showed small-to-moderate improvements on indices of emotional awareness, emotional clarity, impulse control, social connectedness, mind-wandering, substance use, perceived stress, and self-compassion relative to controls. This study provides mixed support regarding the potential effectiveness of a universal mindfulness program for high school students. The absence of direct effects on self-report measures implies that simply exposing adolescents to a mindfulness curriculum within the context of typical instruction, in the absence of supports for implementation, is unlikely to impact youth socio-emotional well-being or behavior. However, changes in EF favoring the intervention group suggest that possible benefits on tasks related to susceptibility, cognitive interference, and selective attention are possible. Tests of moderation revealed dosage effects, and students who adopt mindfulness practices can indeed benefit on multiple fronts.
Norwegian midwives’ experiences with screening for violence in antenatal care – A qualitative study

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to gain a better insight into and understanding of Norwegian midwives’ experiences of screening for violence during antenatal care. Methods We conducted a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews including midwives working in ten Norwegian municipalities. The interviews were analysed using systematic text condensation. Results Four main themes can be drawn from the analysis. First, midwives found it difficult to raise the subject of violence, especially in the early phases of the screening programme. Second, the midwives were often provided with information about past experiences of violence, but little on ongoing violence. Third, according to the midwives, building trust was key to initiating direct questions about violence. Finally, more experience and collaboration reduced the barriers for raising the subject of violence. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that screening for violence entails more than just asking a question. Furthermore, ongoing violence is difficult to identify, and women are more likely to relate stories of past violence. To overcome this issue, the midwives underlined the necessity to ask questions and have the capacity to listen to the potentially challenging answers. Findings from this study show that the training received by the midwives in relation to violence varied considerably. Hence, the study demonstrates the need for reinforced and standardised training in how to address violence in antenatal care.