cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Euler-Poincaré Equation Approach

Poincare (1901) wrote down the Euler equations for a rigid body on so(3) in a matrix commutator form (see also Holm (2008b), Volume 2, p. 46). Arnold (1966) showed that the equations for ideal, incompressible fluid dynamics could be derived from a variational principle in which the Lagrangian consists of the fluid kinetic energy, subject to an infinite Lie group (pseudo-Lie group) constraint, associated with the Lagrangian map (the constraint is that the Lagrangian map x = φ(x0, t) for fixed t, is a differentiable (smooth) and measure preserving diffeomorphism). The group G, is known as Sdiff(R3). The variational formulation showed that when the Lagrangian l is a metric on the tangent space TG, the resultant variational equations (the Euler-Poincare equations) are geodesic spray equations for geodesic motion on the group G with respect to the metric l. For the case of rigid body dynamics the group involved is the semi-direct product Lie group SE(3) = SO(3)ⓈR3. Euler-Poincare variational principles have been developed by a number of authors (e.g. Marsden et al. (1984), Holm and Kupershmidt (1983a,b), Holm et al. (1998),Cendra et al. (2003), Arnold and Khesin (1998)). The geodesic spray equations for MHD were obtained by Ono (1995a,b). These equations are sometimes referred to as the Euler-Arnold equations. Araki (2015, 2017) determine the geodesic spray equations for incompressible Hall plasmas, known as XMHD (i.e. extended MHD). The curvature associated with the geodesic metric is negative for unstable flows. Holm et al. (1985) describes the use of Casimirs in stability analyses.
Spitz nevus or malignant melanoma? Benign lesion often mistaken for deadly counterpart.

A 6-year-old girl was seen for a mole that had been present for 2 years on the extensor surface of her left knee. It had darkened in color and increased in size during the preceding 6 months. Physical examination revealeda symmetrical 4-mm brown-black nodule with slight variegation of color (figure I ) . The lesion was excised. Histopathologic examination showed an acanthotic epidermis with epithelioid melanocytes forming nests of various sizes and minor variation in nuclear size and chromatin pattern. Focal Kamino bodies, rare mitoses, telangiectasias, and scattered melanophages were also identified in the specimen (figures 2 and 3). The lesion appeared to be completely excised with a narrow lateral margin. Initially, both malignant melanoma and Spitz nevus were considered by the pathologist. After a second opinion was obtained, a diagnosis of pigmented Spitz nevus was made.
Getting the Public to Grasp the Purse Strings: An Experiment in Taxation and Transparency

A long-standing claim in political science is that taxation deepens|and revenue windfalls undermine|the willingness or ability of citizens to hold politicians accountable for their performance. Nonetheless, there is little micro-level evidence to support causal claims about how taxes and windfalls impact political preferences and behavior. This paper uses revenue and transparency experiments embedded in a budget awareness campaign to investigate whether taxes impact political engagement directly as well as indirectly by enhancing the impact of information. To identify the causal impact of taxes, the revenue experiment employs a novel exercise in which participants made a simulated tax payment to the district government. The campaign was conducted with 1860 randomly sampled and assigned participants in Blora, a resource rich district in Indonesia. The impact of the treatments on political behavior was measured through participation in a postcard campaign; results from an original survey are also presented. This paper is among the rst to provide micro-level causal evidence of the independent and interactive impact of taxes and transparency on political engagement and accountability.
Effects of cyclic AMP on expression of myelin genes in the N20.1 Oligodendroglial cell line

The N20.1 immortalized cell line has several characteristics of differentiating oligodendrocytes (OLs), including expression of the glycolipids galactocerebroside (GalC) and sulfatide, and the myelin proteins CNPase and myelin basic protein (MBP) (1,2). Addition of 1-100 microM forskolin to elevate cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels changed cell morphology from irregular and flattened to a more rounded birefringent cell with multiple branched processes. GalC and sulfatide were detected immunocytochemically after permeabilization in the untreated cells and levels appeared to increase slightly following exposure to forskolin. Further analysis showed that most of the glycolipid was internal, with virtually no detectable levels on the cell surface in untreated cells and a very slight change following treatment with forskolin. Synthesis of the two lipids as measured by [H3]galactose incorporation doubled within 24 hours of treatment with forskolin. Levels of message for UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyl transferase (CGT), a key enzyme in the synthesis of GalC and sulfatide, were compared with those of MBP and proteolipid protein (PLP), before and after elevation of cAMP. No changes were observed in levels of mRNA for CGT and PLP after 24 hours, with a possible increase by 48 hours. In contrast, levels of MBP message dropped precipitously by 24 hours; this was accompanied by an increase in levels of message for suppressed cAMP-inducible POU (SCIP). Thus CGT transcription is regulated independently of MBP and SCIP in N20.1 cells. Analysis of MBP levels by immunocytochemistry and Western blot showed little or no change in protein levels at 24 and 48 hours, in contrast to the sharp decrease in message levels by 24 hours, indicating a relatively long half life for MBP in this cell line. Thus, the N20.1 cells are an informative model for examining regulation of expression of myelinotypic proteins and GalC, as well as the transport of this lipid to the plasma membrane.
A Web-centric CAD System for Collaborative Design

Web-PHIDIAS is a hypermedia-based, intelligent CAD system that delivers both CAD functionality and design information to anyone with Web access. This system is above all designed to facilitate collaborative architectural design. It provides both private (individual) and collaborative (group) drawing and text authoring spaces, with a variety of types of authoring and viewing privileges for groups. This enables a single designer to work in privacy on one piece of a design and later “publish” it to a supervisor or a group. It also enables a group to work in privacy and later publish its work to a different or larger group. This notion of “levels of privacy/publication“ is a crucial but too-often missing component of collaborative design systems. With WebPHIDIAS, all drawings are stored in a central repository accessible from the group server. This means that they are accessible from anywhere in the world to any viewer who has the required viewing and/or authoring privileges. This enables designers to access and modify stored drawings while travelling or when out on the site, even if the site is in another country. It also enables them to create new drawings and store them in the central repository from anywhere in the world. Web-PHIDIAS consists of an interactive Web-based client that serves as an interface to the PHIDIAS hypermedia server. This client, which is implemented in Java, provides basic, 2D graphical editing functionality and as well as display of 3D views. It also provides access to multimedia information useful for whatever design task is at hand. This information includes text and graphical descriptions of design precedents as well as various issues in design of a particular type of building.
Computational Design of an Iron Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis

Olefin metathesis is a versatile reaction in synthetic chemistry. The use of iron compounds as olefin metathesis catalysts has attracted interest but has not succeeded because most Fe complexes catalyze cyclopropanation reactions preferentially to cycloreversion, which is a key step in the metathesis reaction cycle. In the present study, we performed density functional theory calculations to study the catalytic effect of ancillary pincer ligands in an Fe organometallic catalyst for olefin metathesis. We show here that the partial atomic charge on Fe in the metallocyclobutane intermediate is a descriptor for the tendency of the Fe complex to favor olefin metathesis over cyclopropanation. The results suggest that the pincer ligands can decrease the partial atomic charge on the Fe ion and that decreasing this charge can make the desired cycloreversion reaction more energetically favorable than the cyclopropanation side reaction. In this way, we found that the Fe carbene stabilized by N-heterocyclic dicarbene...
Abstract TMP41: Accuracy of Self-Reported Stroke Subtype and Functional Status Information Submitted by Patients Recruited Online: The Stroke Recovery Initiative

Introduction: An online process for eliciting and assessing information from stroke patients to prescreen for stroke recovery studies holds potential to accelerate enrollment, but the validity of u...
Recombination, variance in genetic relatedness, and selection against introgressed DNA

Abstract The genomic proportion that two relatives share identically by descent—their genetic relatedness—can vary depending on the patterns of recombination and segregation in their pedigree. Here, we calculate the precise connection between genome-wide genetic shuffling and variance in genetic relatedness. For the relationships of grandparent-grandoffspring and siblings, the variance in genetic relatedness is a simple decreasing function of , the average proportion of locus pairs that recombine in gametogenesis. These formulations explain several recent observations about variance in genetic relatedness. They further allow us to calculate the neutral variance of ancestry among F2s in a hybrid cross, enabling F2-based tests for various kinds of selection, such as Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities and hybrid vigor. Our calculations also allow us to characterize how recombination affects the rate at which selection eliminates deleterious introgressed DNA after hybridization—by modulating the variance of introgressed ancestry across individuals. Species with low aggregate recombination rates, like Drosophila, purge introgressed DNA more rapidly and more completely than species with high aggregate recombination rates, like humans. These conclusions also hold for different genomic regions. Within the genomes of several species, positive correlations have been observed between local recombination rate and introgressed ancestry. Our results imply that these correlations can be driven more by recombination’s effect on the purging of deleterious introgressed alleles than its effect in unlinking neutral introgressed alleles from deleterious alleles. In general, our results demonstrate that the aggregate recombination process—as quantified by and analogs—acts as a variable barrier to gene flow between species.
Bit Error Rate Testing across Multiple Ports using Optical Switching and Parametric Testing

In many test setups there are more channels to be tested than there are signal generating channels. The complexity of this test scenario increases when fiber optic cabling is introduced into the setup. Using a Pseudo-random Binary Sequence (PRBS) Pattern Generator/Receiver, a test can be constructed to help isolate faults, test for cable swaps, and to verify the system as a whole, including cabling or a UUT. Fiber optic cables are susceptible to dust, oil reside and other foreign fibers. Repetitive disconnecting and reconnecting cables can be damaging to a fiber optic cable, its fiber end, and the alignment of the light stream can be altered. The addition of an optical switching allows multiple ports to be tested without disconnecting any cables. The use of an optical switch allows for automatic test equipment testing at a ratio greater than 1: 1, more output ports can be tested than there are driving input ports. In addition to the data signal being received, parametric testing provides useful diagnostic data into the state of the system cables and each connection. Parametric data can also provide useful information when debugging to help determine if a fiber optic cable is dirty, broken or disconnected. For example, measuring the transmitting power level separate from the receiving power level can provide information into health of the test path. Knowing the expected loss budget in a test setup can provide a Go/No-Go test result. In a production test, if a No-Go result is received, a signal path can be rerouted through the fiber optic switch automatically and the signal can continue through the system or UUT without any user interaction need and without disassembling any cable bundles. Armed with this diagnostic data, the user is better equipped to test and maintain fiber optic matrixes and integrated fiber optic systems.
Mechanochemical symmetry breaking during morphogenesis of lateral-line sensory organs

Actively regulated symmetry breaking, which is ubiquitous in biological cells, underlies phenomena such as directed cellular movement and morphological polarization. Here we investigate how an organ-level polarity pattern emerges through symmetry breaking at the cellular level during the formation of a mechanosensory organ. Combining theory, genetic perturbations, and in vivo imaging, we study the development and regeneration of the fluid-motion sensors in the zebrafish's lateral line. We find that two interacting symmetry-breaking events - one mediated by biochemical signaling and the other by cellular mechanics - give rise to precise rotations of cell pairs, which produce a mirror-symmetric polarity pattern in the receptor organ.
The effect of premature discharge planning implementation in neonatal ward

Objective To explore the effect of premature discharge planning in neonatal ward.Methods Two hundred premature infants were selected and divided into traditional group and experimental group.In traditional group,100 cases were nursed by traditional education and health guidance.In experimental group,100 cases were nursed by premature discharge planning.The effects of the two groups were compared.Results Compared to traditional group,the hospital stays of experimental group was significant shorter (P ＜ 0.05 ),the degree of satisfaction and operating proficiency were higher ( P ＜0.05 ) and the degree of anxiety and the rate of rehospitalized were lower ( P ＜0.05 ).Conclusions The implementation of premature discharge planning can promote the cooperation of nurse and dependents effectively and insure the continuous nursing on premature infants. Key words: Premature infant; Discharge planning
H/ACA snoRNA levels are regulated during stem cell differentiation

H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) guide pseudouridylation as part of a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP). Disruption of H/ACA snoRNA levels in stem cells impairs pluripotency, yet it remains unclear how H/ACA snoRNAs contribute to differentiation. To determine if H/ACA snoRNA levels are dynamic during differentiation, we comprehensively profiled H/ACA snoRNA abundance in multiple murine cell types and during differentiation in three cellular models, including mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse myoblasts. We determined that the profiles of H/ACA snoRNA abundance are cell-type specific, and we identified a subset of snoRNAs that are specifically regulated during differentiation. Additionally, we demonstrated that a decrease in Snora27 abundance upon differentiation corresponds to a decrease in pseudouridylation of its target site within the E-site transfer RNA (tRNA) binding region of the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the large ribosomal subunit. Together, these data point toward a potential model in which H/ACA snoRNAs are specifically regulated during differentiation to alter pseudouridylation and fine tune ribosome function.
Botulinum Toxin for giant omphalocele abdominal wall reconstruction

Abstract Introduction The use of Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) has been shown to be safe and efficacious in neuromuscular blockade in both adult and pediatric patients. While BTA injections have been used safely in the pediatric population for a variety of medical conditions, its use in pediatric abdominal wall reconstruction has not been described. This report describes a unique surgical technique that will increase abdominal domain and allow for earlier closure of giant omphalocele defects. Case report A 33-week twin premie was born with a giant omphalocele. In an effort to achieve primary closure without the need for mesh, BTA injections were performed under ultrasound guidance two weeks prior to a planned closure. BTA injections included administration of 8 units at separate sites of the abdominal musculature bilaterally. After reduction, a component separation, and primary approximation of the fascial defect were achieved without signs of abdominal compartment syndrome. Conclusion BTA injection into the abdominal wall musculature provides a safe and effective mechanism to increase laxity of the abdominal wall musculature and decrease tension on the reconstruction for giant omphaloceles defects. The use of BTA may allow earlier repair in this subset of patients without the need for mesh.
Subsidized Households and Wildfire Hazards in California

As deadly and destructive wildfires become increasingly common in the western United States due to climate change, low-income households face particular difficulties recovering from these disasters. Despite this threat, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists about the exposure and vulnerability to wildfire hazards of residents of subsidized housing. This study focuses on the subsidized housing population for several reasons: residents generally have less adaptive capacity to respond to wildfires; the locations of subsidized housing units reflect relatively stable locations of low-income households for decades; and policymakers can intervene to retrofit existing housing as well as shape future housing siting and design. The dataset created for this study includes all Census tracts in California with housing units by type, wildland-urban interface (WUI) coverage, and an index of social vulnerability. Using a combination of descriptive statistics and spatial regression models, the analysis focuses on the intersection of subsidized housing and wildfire hazards. Results show that subsidized housing is disproportionately located outside the WUI in California's metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. However, policy interventions are necessary because many vulnerable households-including those residing in the 140,000 subsidized units in the WUI-live in harm's way.
Antigenic Restimulation of Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells Requires Days of Lytic Protein Accumulation for Maximal Cytotoxic Capacity.

In various infections or vaccinations of mice or humans, reports of the persistence and the requirements for restimulation of the cytotoxic mediators granzyme B (GrB) and perforin (PRF) in CD8+ T cells have yielded disparate results. In this study, we examined the kinetics of PRF and GrB mRNA and protein expression after stimulation and associated changes in cytotoxic capacity in virus-specific memory cells in detail. In patients with controlled HIV or cleared respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infections, all virus-specific CD8+ T cells expressed low PRF levels without restimulation. Following stimulation, they displayed similarly delayed kinetics for lytic protein expression, with significant increases occurring by days 1 to 3 before peaking on days 4 to 6. These increases were strongly correlated with, but were not dependent upon, proliferation. Incremental changes in PRF and GrB percent expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were highly correlated with increases in HIV-specific cytotoxicity. mRNA levels in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells exhibited delayed kinetics after stimulation as with protein expression, peaking on day 5. In contrast to GrB, PRF mRNA transcripts were little changed over 5 days of stimulation (94-fold versus 2.8-fold, respectively), consistent with posttranscriptional regulation. Changes in expression of some microRNAs, including miR-17, miR-150, and miR-155, suggested that microRNAs might play a significant role in regulation of PRF expression. Therefore, under conditions of extremely low or absent antigen levels, memory virus-specific CD8+ T cells require prolonged stimulation over days to achieve maximal lytic protein expression and cytotoxic capacity.IMPORTANCE Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells play a major role in controlling most virus infections, primarily by perforin (PRF)- and granzyme B (GrB)-mediated apoptosis. There is considerable controversy regarding whether PRF is constitutively expressed, rapidly increased similarly to a cytokine, or delayed in its expression with more prolonged stimulation in virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, the degree of cytotoxic capacity of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells was directly proportional to the content of lytic molecules, which required antigenic stimulation over several days for maximal levels. This appeared to be modulated by increases in GrB transcription and microRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of PRF expression. Clarifying the requirements for maximal cytotoxic capacity is critical to understanding how viral clearance might be mediated by memory cells and what functions should be induced by vaccines and immunotherapies.
Erratum for Pandey et al., "Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Suppressors by Helicobacter pylori Enhances EBV-Induced Proliferation of Gastric Epithelial Cells".

Volume 9, no. 2, e00649-18, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00649-18][1]. In Fig. 4A, there was a duplicated image in the bright-field and GFP entries for the CagA mutant strain at 1 dpi. There are no corresponding changes to the text or figure legend. ![Figure][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/
Critical Care Documentation for the Dying Trauma Patient: Are We Recognizing Our Own Efforts?

BackgroundMissed documentation for critical care time (CCT) for dying patients may represent a missed opportunity for physicians to account for intensive care unit (ICU) services, including end-of-...
Dental Care Professionals: Regulation

This chapter deals with professional regulation of dental team members. It sets forth the different types of arrangements used for this purpose. More specifically, it focuses on different types of regulatory processes and structures utilized. It discusses governmental units, chamber structures, and the council model of regulatory instruments. Professional regulation is also related to continuing professional development (CPD); codes of ethics, usually, one of the last stages of professionalization; and patient empowerment.
Stress Fractures in Sport: Wrist

Stress fractures of the wrist are rare injuries which are most commonly seen in high performance athletes. Rigorous training and repetitive stress on the wrist leads to microfracture and structural failure of the osseous structures over time. The signs and symptoms of stress fractures within the wrist are subtle and can be easily mistaken for tendonitis or overuse injuries. Delayed diagnosis can lead to debilitating complications including nonunion, arthritis, and chronic wrist pain. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is critical to return the athlete to play as soon as possible and to minimize the impact of the injury on the athlete’s career. This chapter will cover the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of stress fractures in the wrist.
Towards a Digital Twin Approach for Vessel-Specific Fatigue Damage Monitoring and Prognosis

Abstract This paper proposes a Digital Twin approach for the monitoring and prognosis of vessel-specific fatigue damage. During design, fatigue damage estimates are based on conservative assumptions regarding operational conditions and structural response. However, variability in the vessel-specific operations from those assumed during design needs to be considered when supporting engineering-based decisions for maintenance deferrals and service life extensions. The use of Digital Twins is proposed to provide this necessary vessel-specific decision support. Digital Twins typically rely on sensor-based data to update their models, however structural health sensors for fatigue monitoring can be prohibitively expensive to install and maintain in ship structures, so the proposed method addresses this by instead combining publicly available vessel-specific operational data (global vessel position data coupled with metocean hindcast data) with computational models to monitor the environmental exposure and track the vessel fatigue accumulation over time. This approach is demonstrated through a case study of a containership that has been in operation for seven years. The results of proposed approach are compared against the fatigue estimate obtained using the design reference wave conditions. The Digital Twin is then used to forecast the remaining fatigue life, in order to support inspection and maintenance scheduling and operational decision-making.
Caging the Beast: A theory of sensory consciousness

A major obstacle for materialist theories of the mind is the problem of sensory consciousness. How could a physical brain produce conscious sensory states that exhibit the rich and luxurious qualities of red velvet, a Mozart concerto or fresh-brewed coffee? Caging the Beast: A Theory of Sensory Consciousness offers to explain what these conscious sensory states have in common, by virtue of being conscious as opposed to unconscious states. After arguing against accounts of consciousness in terms of higher-order representation of mental states, the theory claims that sensory consciousness is a special way we have of representing the world. The book also introduces a way of thinking about subjectivity as separate and more fundamental than consciousness, and considers how this foundational notion can be developed into more elaborate varieties. An appendix reviews the connection between consciousness and attention with an eye toward providing a neuropsychological instantiation of the proposed theory. (Series A)
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients

Cryptococcosis is one of the most significant opportunistic fungal infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Disease presentation and principles of management of cryptococcosis in other hosts are relevant in transplant recipients. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge and topical developments in the epidemiologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cryptococcosis in transplant recipients. Cryptococcosis is the third most commonly occurring invasive fungal disease in SOT recipients. Most cryptococcal disease in SOT recipients is due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), which has no particular geographic predilection. Calcineurin inhibitors are currently the mainstay of immunosuppression in SOT recipients. Cutaneous cryptococcosis can present as papular, nodular, or ulcerative lesions; cellulitis; or necrotizing fasciitis. While cutaneous lesions largely represent hematogenous dissemination, skin has also been identified as a portal of entry of Cryptococcus and a potential source of subsequent disseminated disease in SOT recipients. Rapid reduction of immunosuppressive therapy in conjunction with initiation of antifungal therapy in SOT recipients may lead to the development of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS), the clinical manifestations of which mimic worsening disease due to cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis occurs rarely in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are recommended in lieu of amphotericin B deoxycholate owing to the risk of nephrotoxicity when concurrently administered with a calcineurin inhibitor and owing to the significant number of transplant patients with underlying renal dysfunction at the time of diagnosis. Reduction in immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in transplant recipients diagnosed with cryptococcosis.
Typhoid fever in an infant complicated by typhoid meningitis; therapeutic failure with chloromycetin; but response to aureomycin.

Summary A case of typhoid fever in a 13-month-old Negro female infant, complicated by the development of typhoid meningitis, and failing to subside with Chloromycetin, but responding promptly upon the addition of aureomycin, is reported.
Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future, by Greg Elmer and Andy Opel

Expanding from a traditional biopolitical critique of governance, Greg Elmer and Andy Opel write a brief, accessible volume on how the ostensible fight against the “War on Terror” supplies a new lo...
Effects of Prisoner Location on Visitation Patterns

Homelessness among college students is a growing trend, yet the problem is difficult to document due to the stigma associated with the circumstance. Flaws in policies related to jobs and wages, affordable housing, and affordable education interact to increase the risks faced by economically vulnerable students who enter college without secure housing, or who lose it during the course of their studies. A concerted institutional response is needed to mitigate both the risks and the consequences of homelessness, and to reduce the numbers of U.S. college students whose educational attainment is compromised by housing insecurity.
Open Source Drug Discovery: Finding a Niche (or Maybe Several)

Despite their novelty and importance, open source methods have been largely been limited to software. However, scholars have long suggested that it would be logical to organize at least one other field - drug discovery - using open source principles. This paper reviews today's relatively tentative attempts to organize open source biology collaborations and argues that more ambitious projects are feasible. Five specific projects are proposed and analyzed in detail. The article concludes by examining the special legal problems of writing open source licenses in the patent-dominated field of biology.
Quantal transmission at mossy fibre targets in the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus.

Recent anatomical evidence that inhibitory interneurones receive approximately 10 times more synapses from mossy fibres than do principal neurones (Acsady et al. 1998) has led to the re-examination of the extent to which interneurones are involved in CA3 network excitability. Although many of the anatomical and physiological properties of mossy fibre–CA3 interneurone synapses have been previously described (Acsady et al. 1998; Toth et al. 2000), an investigation into the quantal nature of transmission at this synapse has not yet been conducted. Here, we employed variance–mean (VM) analysis to compare the release probability, quantal size (q) and number of release sites (n) at mossy fibre target neurones in CA3. At six of seven interneurone synapses in which a high concentration of Ca2+ was experimentally imposed, the variance–mean relationship could be approximated by a parabola. Estimates of n were 1–2, and the weighted release probability in normal Ca2+ conditions ranged from 0.34 to 0.51. At pyramidal cell synapses, the variance–mean relationship approximated a linear relationship, suggesting that release probability was significantly lower. The weighted quantal amplitude was similar at interneurone synapses and pyramidal cell synapses, although the variability in quantal amplitude was larger at interneurone synapses. Mossy fibre transmission at CA3 interneurone synapses can be explained by a lower number of release sites, a broader range of release probabilities, and larger range of quantal amplitudes than at CA3 pyramidal synapses. Finally, quantal events on to interneurones elicited spike transmission, owing in part to the more depolarized membrane potential than pyramidal cells. These results suggest that although mossy fibre synapses on to pyramidal cells are associated with a larger number of release sites per synapse, the higher connectivity, higher initial release probability, and larger relative impact per quantum on to CA3 interneurones generate strong feedforward inhibition at physiological firing frequencies of dentate granule cells. Given the central role of CA3 interneurones in mossy fibre synaptic transmission, these details of mossy fibre synaptic transmission should provide insight into CA3 network dynamics under both physiological and pathophysiological circumstances.
Stochastic Dynamic Causal Modeling of Working Memory Connections in Cocaine Dependence

Although reduced working memory brain activation has been reported in several brain regions of cocaine-dependent subjects compared with controls, very little is known about whether there is altered connectivity of working memory pathways in cocaine dependence. This study addresses this issue by using functional magnetic resonance imaging-based stochastic dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis to study the effective connectivity of 19 cocaine-dependent subjects and 14 healthy controls while performing a working memory task. Stochastic DCM is an advanced method that has recently been implemented in SPM8 that can obtain improved estimates, relative to deterministic DCM, of hidden neuronal causes before convolution with the hemodynamic response. Thus, stochastic DCM may be less influenced by the confounding effects of variations in blood oxygen level-dependent response caused by disease or drugs. Based on the significant regional activation common to both groups and consistent with previous working memory activation studies, seven regions of interest were chosen as nodes for DCM analyses. Bayesian family level inference, Bayesian model selection analyses, and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) were conducted. BMA showed that the cocaine-dependent subjects had large differences compared with the control subjects in the strengths of prefrontal-striatal modulatory (B matrix) DCM parameters. These findings are consistent with altered cortical-striatal networks that may be related to reduced dopamine function in cocaine dependence. As far as we are aware, this is the first between-group DCM study using stochastic methodology.
Overload Protection in Digitally Controlled DC-DC Converters

This paper presents an approach to overload protection based on a predictive average current-mode control technique for digitally controlled DC-DC switched-mode power supplies. The proposed approach can be applied in voltage-mode or current-mode control architectures. The current limit, the converter actions upon detecting an overload, and the shape of the overload characteristic can be fully programmable. Static and dynamic operation are discussed and the results are verified on a digitally controlled 6V to 1.8 V, 10 A, 200 KHz synchronous buck prototype.
Regeneration of colon mucosa in large lesions: A morphological and histochemical study

Summary 1. The colon mucosa of the dog regenerates after large and circumferential excisional lesions superficial to the muscularis mucosae. 2. Histochemical parameters in the regenerated mucosa are essentially those found in normal mucosa.
Hemagglutination of human type O erythrocytes, hemolysin production, and serogrouping of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritis, cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study potential virulence factors associated with Escherichia coli urinary pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. These factors were compared with characteristics of normal-flora E. coli isolated from stool specimens of healthy individuals without a history of urinary tract infection. The potential virulence factor focused on in this study was hemagglutination (HA) of human type O erythrocytes by E. coli urinary pathogens. A total of 265 strains of E. coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections were tested for their ability to hemagglutinate human type O erythrocytes; of these, 148 (56%) were HA positive. Only 6 of 36 fecal E. coli strains (17%) isolated from healthy controls were HA positive. This significant association of the presence of hemagglutinin on E. coli that causes urinary tract infections indicates the likelihood that HA is a marker of virulence. Only 12% (5 of 43) of Proteus mirabilis and 3% (3 of 104) of Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary isolates were HA positive. There was a trend for HA-positive E. coli to be isolated from patients with kidney infections and positive tests for antibody-coated bacteria rather than bladder infections and negative tests for antibody-coated bacteria, although the difference was not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.025) between hemolysin production and HA; 67% (69 of 103) of the isolates that produced hemolysin also hemagglutinated human type O erythrocytes. There was no significant correlation between HA and motility, although there was a trend for flagellated organisms to be non-hemagglutinators. There was a marked correlation between the presence of hemagglutinin and the serogroup of the E. coli isolate; serogroups O4, O7, and O50 were almost always HA positive (57 of 63; 90%). In contrast, serogroups O8 and O25 were rarely HA positive (2 of 30; 7%).
Rethinking the study of juveniles’ attitudes toward the police

Research on juveniles’ attitudes toward the police has been instrumental in finding that youths generally hold less favorable opinions of the police than do adults. However, a concern is that often the exact identity of ‘the police’ is never made explicitly known to juveniles. We argue in this paper that presuming a global definition of the police is problematic because of the increased use of both school resource officers and private security personnel in recent decades. The implication is that drawing firm conclusions or generalizations about juveniles’ attitudes toward the police is difficult, if not impossible, if researchers do not explicitly define what they mean by the police (e.g. patrol or beat officers on the street). Until researchers precisely identify the source of juvenile respondents’ attitudes toward the police, it will remain difficult to draw strong inferences from research on the topic.
Necessary Conditions for the Predictive Validity of Strategic Groups: Analysis Without Reliance on Clustering Techniques

To investigate necessary conditions for the predictive validity of strategic groups, we grouped firms from five industries, previously studied in strategic groups research, longitudinally by perfor...
Trans-nuclear action of the nit-2 regulatory gene product and study of two additional nitrogen control genes in Neurospora crassa.

The nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa is a major regulatory gene for control of nitrogen metabolism. Synthesis of the enzyme L-amino acid oxidase requires a functional nit-2 gene product and is also controlled by amino acid induction and nitrogen catabolite repression. Electrophoretic variants of L-amino acid oxidase have been employed to demonstrate that in heterokaryons, a nit-2 + gene product can turn on the expression of this enzyme in its own nucleus and also in nuclei that possess a nit-2 mutant. This trans-nuclear effect is only partial since the variant coded for in the nucleus containing the nit-2 mutant allele is always present in lower amounts than the alternative form. Two additional putative nitrogen control genes, MS5 and en(am)1, have been found to have clear effects upon the expression of L-amino acid oxidase. The en(am)1 mutant appears to result in an unusual case of reversal of the control present in wild-type: the enzyme is expressed in a constitutive fashion and inducers, required for enzyme synthesis in wild-type, actually reduce the level of L-amino acid oxidase in en(am)1. The MS5 mutant shows a substantial release from the usual nitrogen catabolite repression exerted by glutamine in wild-type.
Taylor-Aris dispersion in high aspect ratio columns of nearly rectangular cross section

We consider Taylor-Aris dispersion in columns of nearly rectangular cross section of large aspect ratio. We generalize the results of [P.C. Chatwin, P.J. Sullivan, The effect of aspect ratio on longitudinal diffusivity in rectangular channels, J. Fluid Mech. 120 (1982) 347-358] and [M.R. Doshi, P.M. Daiyai, W.N. Gill, Three dimensional laminar dispersion in open and closed rectangular conduits, Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 (1978) 795-804] who showed that the effective diffusion rate for perfectly rectangular cross sections is remarkably different than the diffusion rate between two parallel plates - as the aspect ratio goes to infinity, the effective diffusion rate does not approach the effective diffusion rate for two parallel plates. In particular, we examine columns of nearly rectangular cross section having both non-parallel walls and asymmetric ends of arbitrary shape. In particular, this includes geometries common to microfabricated gas chromatography columns. We develop an expression for the effective diffusivity showing the contributions from the walls and the ends, and the relative importance of each. We also discuss the large effect that a small nonuniformity in the middle of the cross section can have on the effective diffusion rate, and how the ends of the cross section can be modified to control the effective diffusion rate.
Ethanol Production from Soybean Fiber, a Co-product of Aqueous Oil Extraction, Using a Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia Pretreatment

The effectiveness of soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) as a pretreatment method for the conversion of soybean fiber to ethanol via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was investigated. Insoluble fiber is a co-product from oil and protein extraction using two-stage, countercurrent, enzyme-assisted, aqueous extraction processing of full-fat soybean flakes (FFSF) and extruded FFSF. The fiber fractions were soaked in 15 wt% aqueous ammonia at 1:10 solid-to-liquid ratio. The effects of operating variables, including treatment times (6, 12, and 24 h), treatment temperatures (60 and 80 °C), and cellulase loadings (15 and 60 FPU/g-glucan) on the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. The best SAA conditions were 80 °C for 12 h followed by an enzyme loading of 15 FPU/g-glucan, which produced a 152-mg/g glucose yield after 48 h of hydrolysis. This was 8.7 times the amount produced from the same fiber not pretreated with SAA. The glucose yield increased to 381 mg/g when fiber obtained from extruded FFSF was submitted to SAA. SAA (80 °C, 12 h) on extruded fiber subjected to SSF increased ethanol yield from 0.06 g of ethanol/g [40% of theoretical yield] (for non SAA pretreated fiber) to 0.25 g of ethanol/g [92% of theoretical yield]. The combination of extrusion and SAA was an efficient means for converting the fiber-rich soybean fraction into ethanol.
Where does the control theorist fit into the transportation picture

The possible role of the control theorist in the development of innovative new transportation systems is discussed. In particular, it is noted that the most promising of the new systems are very dependent on automatic control and/or efficient routing and scheduling for their success. Thus, the control theorist can play a vital role in the design of new systems. It is further noted that the system theorist is well suited to help develop better techniques for analyzing the usage of potential new systems and forecasting their regional impact.
Throughput Limits and Multiuser Diversity of Multiantenna Spectrum Sharing Networks

This paper investigates the secondary multiuser diversity in spectrum sharing networks. We show that by exploiting the fading nature of interference links, the secondary system to efficiently utilize the spectrum while complying with constraints imposed by the primary system. More precisely, as the number of secondary users increases, the throughput grows logarithmically in a secondary multiple-access channel (MAC) and double-logarithmically in a secondary broadcast channel (BC). The multiuser diversity may also reduce the interference on the primary asymptotically to zero; the tradeoff between throughput enhancement and interference reduction is characterized. Finally, we results show that for the secondary MAC the growth rate of throughput decreases linearly with the number of primary users (constraints), while for the secondary BC the growth rate is unaffected by the number of primary constraints.
Discipline and deviance: Physical punishment of children and violence and other crime in adulthood

This paper presents a theoretical model of the antecedents and consequences of the use of physical punishment by parents and teachers and preliminary tests of that theory using data from a variety of sources, most notably the 3,300 children and 6,000 couples in the National Family Violence Survey. Over 90 percent of American parents use physical punishment to correct misbehavior. The findings support the theory that although physical punishment may produce conformity in the immediate situation, in the longer run it tends to increase the probability of deviance, including delinquency in adolescence and violent crime inside and outside the family as an adult. However, since the findings are based on cross sectional studies, experimental studies are needed to test the causal nature of the relationships. If the results of such experiments support the theory, important implications emerge for both individual parents and national policy. For individual parents, the theory suggests that parents who use no physical punishment will, on the average, have better behaved children. At the national policy level, the theory suggests that one of the steps needed to achieve a society with a minimum of crime and violence is for parents to avoid all use of physical punishment.
Pretreatment dropout as a function of treatment delay and client variables

Utilizing a retrospective analysis we examined factors correlated with preintake dropout in patients phoning to make intake appointments for cocaine treatment. Inquiries of 235 individuals calling our outpatient cocaine treatment program over a 7-month period were analyzed for relationships between patient age and gender; residence in the city where the program is located; marital status; referral source; reported problems with alcohol, marijuana, and heroin; reported last use of cocaine or other illicit stimulants; assigned counselor gender; person who made the appointment; days to the intake appointment; and attending the scheduled intake session. Only days to appointment was significantly (Wald = 12.4587, df = 1, p < .05 and chi 2 = 17.7, df = 8, p < .05) correlated with attending the scheduled intake session. Appointments scheduled the same day differed significantly (chi 2 = 4.3, n = 235, df = 1, p < .05) from appointments scheduled later. This suggests that client and situational variables are not significantly related to initial attendance and enhances the significance of systemic variables that are under a clinic's control, such as appointment delay. The results indicate that the longer the delay between the initial phone contact and the scheduled appointment, the less likely a client is to attend an appointment. Further, they suggest that the greatest decrease in initial attendance occurs in the first 24 hours following the phone inquiry. Taking a "microscopic" look at the appointment delay variable is valuable in understanding and addressing preintake dropout.
Construction and Characterization of a cheA Mutant of Treponema denticola

The Treponema denticola cheA gene, encoding the central kinase of the general chemotaxis pathway, was analyzed for its role in chemotaxis and tissue penetration. The cheA gene was interrupted by insertion of an ermF-ermAM gene cassette. Reverse transcription-PCR confirmed that the other downstream chemotaxis genes within the same operon (cheW, cheX, and cheY) were still expressed in the cheA mutant strain. Lack of cheA resulted in decreased swarming on soft-agar swarm plates and failure to respond chemotactically to a mixture of nutrients. Behavioral analyses using video microscopy revealed that the cheA mutant exhibited coordinated cell movement. The cellular reversal frequency, however, was severely reduced, indicating that CheA in T. denticola mainly controls cellular reversal and that active chemotaxis signaling input is not required for coordination of flagellar rotation at both cell poles.