cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistics of Focused and Defocused Radar Maps

Coherent high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar systems achieve their range resolution by pulse compression and azimuth resolution by compression of naturally generated FM coding due to Doppler shifts as the aircraft flies by the target. If the data is left unprocessed, it is, in effect, a defocused map of the terrain. As such, it should exhibit less dynamic range than if the data is compressed. This paper describes an experimental study to verify the above conjecture. The results of this study indicate that if dynamic range of the data link is a problem, the radar data should be transmitted in its unprocessed form. This might very well be the case for planetary mapping by means of satellites.
Late acceleration of glomerular filtration rate decline is a risk for hemodialysis catheter use in patients with established nephrology chronic kidney disease care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with established nephrology care have a high rate of tunneled dialysis catheters (TDC) as first vascular access when transitioning to hemodialysis (HD). We sought to identify factors associated with this problem. Patients who started HD and had prior CKD care within our renal clinic were categorized according to access type at incident HD. Clinical factors, all estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR), renal clinic attendance records, hospital admissions in the 6 months preceding HD start, and patient participation in predialysis education course were analyzed. Three hundred thirty-eight patients initiated HD, 107 received pre-HD CKD care within our clinics. Seventy patients started with a TDC. All groups started HD at similar eGFR values. The trajectory of eGFR decline in the 6 months prior to HD start was significantly more rapid in the TDC group. Patients in the TDC group had more acute health events in the prior 6 months. Multivariate modeling showed that failure to attend a predialysis education course and having a more rapid rate of eGFR decline in the 6 months prior to dialysis initiation were both associated with TDC use. Patients with CKD nephrology care who initiated HD with a TDC as first vascular access had a more rapid rate of decline in eGFR in the months preceding dialysis start and were less likely to have attended our predialysis education course. This appears to correspond with the observed increased number of emergency and hospital visits in the 6 months prior to end-stage renal disease.
Redistribution To the Poor: an Overheard Conversation

Why do we distribute income to the poor through government programs? Spokespersons for the median voter/interdependent preferences and interest group approaches to public policy determination present simple competing models. Their listener observes that the two models, based on quite different premises about voter preferences and how collective choices are made, yield identical testable implications.
Effects of acute heat stress on lipid metabolism of bovine primary adipocytes

Heat stress (HS) affects numerous physiological processes including nutrient partitioning and lipid metabolism. Objectives of this study were to evaluate how acute HS affects lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue of dairy cattle. Adipose tissue biopsies were performed on Holstein cows for bovine primary adipocyte isolation and cultured at either 42°C (HS) or 37°C (thermal neutral, TN). Adipocytes were incubated with increasing isoproterenol (ISO), and with increasing concentrations of insulin in the presence of ISO to evaluate changes in lipolysis. Incorporation of radioactive acetate into lipids was measured as an indicator of lipogenesis. Abundance and phosphorylation of several lipolytic and lipogenic proteins were also measured. Adipocytes exposed to HS had an elevated maximal response to ISO and were more sensitive to lipolytic stimulation by ISO compared with cells cultured at TN. Thermal treatment did not affect the antilipolytic effects of insulin in the presence of ISO. Lipogenesis measured as acetate incorporation was not altered by HS, but a temperature by insulin interaction was observed for the regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase, such that the presence of insulin resulted in a reduction in phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase in adipocytes cultured at TN but not HS conditions. Results of this study demonstrate that acute HS has a direct effect on the regulation of lipolysis and the rate-limiting enzyme of lipogenesis in isolated bovine adipocytes.
Search in One’s Hand: How Users Search a Mobile Library Catalog

With the rapid growth of mobile devices, mobile websites become an important channel of library resources and services. The mobile catalog is often significantly different from its desktop version in interface and features, but few studies of library catalog search behavior have been focused on mobile catalog searches. We present a study on user search behavior with a mobile library catalog based on transaction log analysis. We compared mobile and desktop catalog search behaviors and highlighted the similarities and differences, which could provide important evidence for improving mobile library catalogs’ search performance and usability.
Why complex pelvic organ prolapse should be approached abdominally.

Purpose of review This review summarizes the recent clinical trials that address the abdominal approach for treatment of uterine or vaginal vault prolapse following hysterectomy. Recent findings Open abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) has improved anatomic and sexual functioning outcomes compared with the sacrospinous ligament suspension but this benefit comes with higher costs. Newer studies suggest that minimally invasive approaches to ASC that result in 1 day of hospitalization can be cost-effective. Although most studies demonstrate higher costs when using the robot during laparoscopic surgery, the costs of initial purchase and maintenance become insignificant when a single robot is used at least twice a day (500 procedures annually). Minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy appears to result in less small bowel obstruction and ileus however, intraoperative bowel injury rates are similar. During sacrocolpopexy, placing the sacral suture at the promontory may put the L5-S1 intervetebral disc at risk, while placing the suture 5 mm below the promontory would ensure the suture is at the level of S1 vertebrae. Lastly, the use of cadaveric fascia lata as an alternative to polypropylene mesh for sacrocolpopexy in patients who were followed for 5 years, results in decreased anatomic outcomes, similar subjective outcomes and surprisingly, similar mesh erosion rates. Summary One of the significant benefits of sacrocolpopexy is that it is not a procedure that has been developed for profit. As a result, the procedure has evolved based on modifications suggested by surgeons with no financial gain. Minimally invasive approaches to ASC allow for the benefits of ASC with significant reductions in patient hospitalization.
Confocal Raman Microscopy for in Situ Detection of Solid-Phase Extraction of Pyrene into Single C18–Silica Particles

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a well-known method for separating and preconcentrating analytes prior to ex situ detection and quantification. Despite advances in the miniaturization of solid-phase extraction, the technique has not evolved to meet the needs for detection in small-scale microfluidic devices. Although successful efforts have led to smaller-scale extractors that allow preconcentration from small volumes, detection within correspondingly small volumes has remained out of reach because of analyte dilution during a postextraction transfer or “wash-off” step prior to detection. In this work, successful extraction into subpicoliter collection volumes is accomplished by using a single chromatographic particle as an extractor; wash-off dilution is completely avoided by using confocal Raman microscopy for in situ detection within the single-particle collection phase. Specifically, micromolar concentrations of pyrene in methanol/water solution were equilibrated with an individual C18-functionalized ...
Astrometric and Photometric Data Fusion for Resident Space Object Orbit, Attitude, and Shape Determination Via Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation

This paper presents a new method, based on a multiple-model adaptive estimation approach, to determine the most probable shape of a spacecraft in orbit among a number of candidate shape models while simultaneously recovering the observed resident space object’s inertial orientation and trajectory. Multiple-model adaptive estimation uses a parallel bank of filters to provide multiple resident space object state estimates, where each filter is purposefully dependent on a mutually unique resident space object model. Estimates on the conditional probability of each model given the available measurements are provided from the multiple-model adaptive estimation approach. Each filter employs the Unscented (or Sigma-Point) estimation approach, reducing passively-collected electro-optical data to infer the unknown state vector comprised of the resident space object inertial-to-body orientation, position and their respective temporal rates. Each hypothesized model results in a different observed optical cross-sectional area. The effect of solar radiation pressure may be recovered from accurate angles-data alone, if the collected measurements span a sufficiently long period of time so as to make the non-conservative mismodeling effects noticeable. However, for relatively short data arcs, this effect is weak and thus the temporal brightness of the resident space object can be used in concert with the angles data to exploit the fused sensitivity to both resident space object characteristics and associated trajectory, the very same ones which drive the non-conservative dynamic effects. Recovering these characteristics and trajectories with sufficient accuracy i s shown in this paper, where the characteristics are inherent in unique resident space object models. The performance of this strategy is demonstrated via simulated scenarios.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE SPIRODIPHOSPHITE ESTER 3,9-DIMETHOXY-2,4,8,10-TETRAOXA-3,9-DIPHOSPHASPIRO[5.5]UNDECANE

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the strainless phosphite ester MeOP(OCH2)2C(CH2O)2POMe determined by x-ray means is reported. The methoxy groups are in axial positions on the chair-form-six-membered rings.
Guesstimating is Superior to Omitting: A Better Way of Addressing Sparse Data in Economic Freedom of the World

Economic Freedom of the World, an economic index published by the Fraser Institute, has seen wide use inside and outside academia. Certain data issues arise, however, when complete data are unavailable. This paper proposes to mitigate or eliminate many of these issues by filling in the missing values using estimates derived from four regression models.
The investigation and analysis of missed reporting of notifiable diseases in medical institutions in Qinghai Province between 2009 and 2011

Objective The study was conducted to fully assess the situation on the reporting of notifiable diseases by medical institutions in Qinghai Province, aiming to provide a scientific reference for improving the quality of reporting of notifiable diseases. Methods Statistical analysis was performed on the survey data on missed reporting of notifiable diseases by medical institutions in Qinghai Province during 2009 to 2011. Results A total of 533 medical institutions were surveyed, and the average missed reporting rate of infectious diseases by medical institutions province-wide during the three years was 3.82%, with an overall declining trend. Missed reporting rates of type B, C, and other categories of infectious diseases were 3.14%, 5.42%, and 8.74%, respectively; and the rate for natural-focal diseases reached 28.41%. Differences in missed reporting rate of infectious diseases were statistically significant between medical institutions of different levels. Conclusion Supervision and inspection of medical institutions of all levels should be reinforced, management of the reporting of infectious diseases should be emphasized, and the management, awareness of responsibilities, and quality of reports of infectious diseases should be improved, so to effectively reduce the missed reporting rate of infectious diseases.
Analysis of effects of quality study in drug samphing and testing for further evaluation

By the analysis of the Quality Study Report of the Marketed Drugs Sampling and Testing For Further Quality evaluation in 2008,the importance of Quality Study in Marketed Drugs Quality evaluation is fully affirmed. All drug control institutes have conducted appropriate exploratory researches in addition with quality standard verification in accordance with the distributed Guidance on Quality Study Report,so much so that the effects of the Quality evaluation on the manufacturing,testing ,administration and standard revision of drugs is brought into full play.
44 DIFFERENTIAL PERISPINAL OXYGEN SATURATION DURING NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC AORTIC COARCTATION REPAIR.

Background We describe a critical observation during a novel use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for aortic coarctation repair in children. Although NIRS has been used in adults to assess tissue oxygen saturation changes in the perispinal microvasculature during repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms, its use has not been described in infants. The purpose of this study was to characterize tissue oxygen saturation at the T10 level in neonates and children undergoing repair of aortic coarctation. Methods Ten neonates (
The Role Of Music in the Lives of Homeless Young People: A Preliminary Report.

This paper is a preliminary report of findings in a n ongoing study of the role of music in the lives of ho meless young people which is taking place in Vancouver, British Columbia and Seattle, WA. One hundred homeless young people in Vancouver took part in online surveys, 20 of these young people participated in interviews and 6 4 completed design activities. Surveys included demographic and music questions. Interviews consisted o f questions about music listening and preferences. In the design activities, participants envisioned a music device and provided a drawing and a scenario. Since the st udy is on-going, findings are limited to descriptive analy sis of survey data supplemented with interview data. These findings provide initial insights into music listen ing behaviors, social aspects of shared music interests, and preferred music genres, bands and artists, and moods.
When is a Fetter Not a Fetter? Audit Commission v Ealing London Borough Council

(2005). When is a Fetter Not a Fetter? Audit Commission v Ealing London Borough Council. Judicial Review: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 216-219.
The Statin Trilogy (III): Welcome to the United ‘Statins’ of America

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction of atorvastatin and phenytoin. Atorvastatin is a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate and phenytoin is a paninducer of multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes including 3A4.
Cocaine and Heroin in Utero Effects

A study of 86 infants who were born to women with a history of cocaine and/or heroin use during pregnancy is reported from the Department of Pediatrics, Highland General Hospital, and the Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA.
Patterns of recurrence for advanced colon cancer modified by whole abdominal radiation and chemotherapy.

Abdominal failure for colonic carcinoma patients following curative resection has been high in patients with advanced disease stage, particularly when increased numbers of lymph nodes are involved. Surgeons desire curative treatment for their patients, but they interpret local and regional lymph node recurrence as a failure of surgical resection. The effect of current adjuvant treatment protocols on modifying patterns of relapse, particularly in the abdomen, has not been well studied and is of interest to surgeons. We analyzed reported patterns of failure of patients with Stage C2 colon cancer from two colon cancer adjuvant treatment studies ; 5-FU plus levamisole (SWOG 8591) and 5-FU, whole-abdominal radiation, and tumor boost. The total number of recurrences in SWOG 8591 at all sites was reduced. The percent of lung relapses was reduced from 34 per cent to 20 per cent in the treatment group, but the percentage of local relapse increased from 20 per cent in the observation group to 27 per cent in the 5-FU plus levamisole group. Similarly, the number of first relapses was fewer at a local site in the 5-FU plus levamisole group, but the percent of relapses at the local site was not reduced (18 vs. 22%). Advanced C2 patients who received regional treatment on 5FU and whole-abdominal radiation produced the lowest percent of local relapse (12%), suggesting a benefit for regional treatment. Further study of patterns of relapse after resection and adjuvant treatment in high risk C2 patients may lead to further progress in control of advanced, curative colon carcinoma.
Limited Post-observation Period in Pediatric Outpatient Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsies.

We retrospectively studied whether a limited 2 h post-biopsy observation period after a percutaneous outpatient ultrasound-guided liver biopsy is a sufficient monitoring period for children. This study is an IRB-approved retrospective cohort review of consecutive outpatient percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsies from June 01, 2014, to June 30, 2016. A total of 198 biopsies in 192 patients (85 females and 113 males) underwent an outpatient ultrasound-guided liver biopsy between June 01, 2014, and June 30, 2016 (age range 3 weeks–18 years, mean 11.6 years). Outpatient biopsies were performed with a limited patient observation time [median (IQR) observation 2.25 (0.83) h]. Adequate histopathology was obtained in 99% (197/198) of cases. Only one case was determined by a pathologist as not sufficient to render a diagnosis. 84% (166/198) of the biopsies were performed with a 16G needle, and 16% (32/198) were performed with an 18G needle. Overall, seven complications were detected (3.5% of all biopsies, 7/198) in seven patients. All complications detected were minor, 1.5% (3/198) were categorized as SIR A and 2% (4/198) as SIR B. The most common complication included pain after biopsy (4/198), followed by rash at the biopsy site (3/198). No major complications were detected in our sample. In a consecutive cohort of children, the use of a limited 2 h observation period after an ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy was a sufficient monitoring period for complications. Additionally, we did not observe a high proportion of patients returning for follow-up medical care after discharge due to complications.
Scintillation properties of a 2-inch diameter KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ single crystal

Abstract Inch-sized scintillating crystals are required for practical radiation detectors such as hand-held radio-isotope identification devices. In this work, a transparent and colorless 2-inch diameter KCa 0 . 8 Sr 0 . 2 I 3 : 0 . 5 mo % E u 2 + single crystal was grown by the vertical Bridgman method, and the scintillation properties of a ∅ 50 mm × 45 mm long sample were evaluated. The Eu 2 + 5 d 1 - 4 f emission under X-ray excitation is centered at 472 nm. Its scintillation decay time under 137 Cs source irradiation is 2 . 37 μ s , and the absolute light output is 51,000 ± 3000 photons/MeV. The energy resolution at 662 keV was evaluated for different orientations of the crystals with respect to the PMT, and the effect of 40 K background subtraction on energy resolution was evaluated. The performance of the packaged crystal was also investigated.
Ducted fuel injection: A new approach for lowering soot emissions from direct-injection engines

Abstract Designers of direct-injection compression-ignition engines use a variety of strategies to improve the fuel/charge-gas mixture within the combustion chamber for increased efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions. Strategies include the use of high fuel-injection pressures, multiple injections, small injector orifices, flow swirl, long-ignition-delay conditions, and oxygenated fuels. This is the first journal publication on a new mixing-enhancement strategy for emissions reduction: ducted fuel injection. The concept involves injecting fuel along the axis of a small cylindrical duct within the combustion chamber, to enhance the mixture in the autoignition zone relative to a conventional free-spray configuration (i.e., a fuel spray that is not surrounded by a duct). The results described herein, from initial proof-of-concept experiments conducted in a constant-volume combustion vessel, show dramatically lower soot incandescence from ducted fuel injection than from free sprays over a range of charge-gas conditions that are representative of those in modern direct-injection compression-ignition engines.
Potential energy surfaces for O + O2 collisions.

We present global potential energy surfaces for nine adiabatic electronic states of O3, namely, 1 1A′, 2 1A′, 1 1A″, 1 3A′, 2 3A′, 1 3A″, 1 5A′, 2 5A′, and 1 5A″. These are the states of O3 that are accessed in electronically adiabatic collisions of a ground-state triplet O2 molecule with a ground-state triplet O atom. The surfaces are based on XMS-CASPT2 electronic structure calculations with dynamically scaled external correlation. The active space has 12 active electrons distributed in the nine 2p orbitals. The adiabatic surfaces are fitted to analytic functions using a many-body expansion where the pairwise additive term is fitted to an accurate diatomic potential including a damped dispersion term, and the many-body part, without disconnected terms, is fitted with permutationally invariant polynomials in mixed exponential-Gaussians to the electronic structure data points. The selection and weighting of points for the fits are designed to produce surfaces suitable for describing energy transfer and di...
Taxonomy of the Fluorescent Pectolytic Pseudomonads

Natural taxonomic groups should reflect the entire genotype of a microbe, and if the genetics are in order and functioning, i.e., responding to a diverse environment, the taxonomy will appear to be in disorder. While working with fluorescent pectolytic pseudomonads, we found a complete continuum of phenotypes among isolates taken from soil and plant material. Given this situation, we were hardly encouraged to differentiate between Pseudomonas marginalis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. To us, it was just as interesting to find a continuum, as it was a group. In the Aristotelian sense, the essence of these organisms was their diversity.
How students invest their time outside of school: Effects on school-related outcomes

The purpose of this study is to examine the degree towhich various kinds of out-of-school activitiesadolescents participate in influence their schoolengagement, achievement, and perceptions of their lifechances. The conceptual framework outlined by theauthors suggests personal investments students makeoutside of school in meaningful, structured activitiesand with the help and guidance of adults serving asrole models have significant effects on variouseducational outcomes. To that end, the authors foundsome evidence suggesting that student participation instructured activities and religious activities andtime spent interacting with adults during tenth gradeappear to have positive and significant effects onvarious educational outcomes by Grade 12. Conversely,time spent hanging out with peers was consistentlynegatively associated with educational outcomes in thestudy, with few exceptions. The effects of time spentworking for pay and time spent alone were somewhatinconsistent throughout the analysis but this may bedue to methodological problems within the measures. The result of the analysis has implications forafter-school and summer school policies and programs. The authors discuss these implications and suggestfurther study of the effects of school context, familyinfluence, and the availability of community resourceson students' personal investments.
Disambiguation of prepositional phrases in automatically labelled technical text

A system is described for semi-automatically tagging a large body of technical English with domain-specific syntactic/semantic labels. These labels have been used to disambiguate prepositional phrase attachments for a 10,000-word body of text containing more than 1,000 prepositions, and to provide case role information for about half of the phrases.
Historical Issues and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders

As shown in the above quotation from Jean-Martin Charcot’s teaching of the late 19th century, the concept of atypical Parkinsonian disorders and formes frustes of the classic disease emerged in parallel with the definition of Parkinson’s disease itself. In 1817, James Parkinson, a London general practitioner, described resting tremor and gait impairment in the small sample of subjects whose symptoms would later be coalesced into a disorder that would bear his name (2). Nearly 50 yr later, Charcot returned to this early description and used his large patient population to study Parkinson’s disease in full detail. With access to thousands of elderly patients who lived in the sprawling hospital-city of the Hopital de la Salpetriere in central Paris, Charcot studied the evolution of signs from very early disease through the most advanced stages (3,4). Charcot used specialized recording equipment to distinguish the rest tremor of typical Parkinson’s disease from the tremors typical of multiple sclerosis and other conditions where posture- or action-induced exacerbation occurred (5). He was particularly adept in distinguishing bradykinesia as a cardinal feature of the illness and separating it from weakness. These studies led him to discourage the original designation of paralysis agitans, because patients did not develop clinically significant loss of muscle power until very late. Charcot further emphasized the distinctive elements of rigidity and delineated its distinction from spasticity or other forms of hypertonicity. Finally, he succinctly described the stance and gait of the subject with Parkinson’s disease:
Financial Statements’ Audit

The examination of an entity’s financial statements and related disclosures is the essence of a financial audit. The auditor shall examine the assertions made by the management and performed audit procedures to provide credibility to the users of these financial statements.
Orbital Metastasis From Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Purpose To review the clinical features of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract among cases reported in the literature, and to describe a case of orbital metastasis from bladder cancer presenting as apparent internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Methods Case reports of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas published in the literature from 1965 to 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, cancer stage and primary site, time to onset of ocular symptoms, length of presenting ocular symptoms, types of primary ocular symptoms, diagnostic imaging, histology, systemic and ocular treatments, and survival time. Results Twenty-eight cases of urothelial carcinoma with metastasis to the orbit or choroid were reviewed. Men were significantly more likely to suffer from this condition than women (p = 0.011). The average age of presentation with orbital symptoms was 63 years, with an average time of 19 months between primary cancer diagnosis and onset of orbital symptoms. Twenty-two patients had metastasis to the orbit and 6 to the choroid. In 4 cases, ocular deficits secondary to orbital and/or choroidal metastases were the initial presenting symptoms in patients with previously undiagnosed urothelial carcinoma. The most commonly noted primary ocular symptoms and signs consisted of decreased visual acuity, decreased ocular motility, proptosis, and diplopia. Average survival from onset of ocular symptoms was 4.67 months. Conclusions Urothelial carcinoma may metastasize to the orbit or choroid; furthermore, its presentation may mimic internuclear ophthalmoplegia. It is recommended that any patient with visual symptoms and known urothelial cancer should undergo expedited workup for metastatic disease.
Tensor triangular geometry of filtered modules

We compute the tensor triangular spectrum of perfect complexes of filtered modules over a commutative ring and deduce a classification of the thick tensor ideals. We give two proofs: one by reducing to perfect complexes of graded modules which have already been studied in the literature by Dell’Ambrogio and Stevenson (2013, 2014) and one more direct for which we develop some useful tools.
Nanocomposite and nanostructured ion-exchange membrane in salinity gradient power generation using reverse electrodialysis

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) as a technique to harvest salinity gradient power has drawn increasing attention in the past decades. The key component of the RED stack, the ion exchange membrane (IEM), is limiting the development of salinity gradient power generation because of its suboptimal properties. These properties include electrical area resistance, permselectivity, and ion exchange capacity. IEMs specifically designed for RED applications with enhanced physical and electrochemical characteristics would achieve better energy output efficiency and enable wider application of the technique. Many researchers have found that composite membranes created by introducing inorganic nanomaterials into an organic polymer matrix showed enhanced electrical conductivity and permselectivity, as well as other improved membrane properties for RED. Moreover, specifically designed nanostructures, such as nanopores and nanochannels, significantly improved the ion transport efficiency and therefore herald an even brighter future for salinity gradient power generation.
CRRT in a Sick Child

A 30 kg child with leukemia develops septic shock with multi-organ system failure including the need for intubation, vasopressor support for hemodynamic compromise, as well as progressive oliguria with both solute and fluid retention. Current ventilator settings include a FIO2 delivery of 70%, a PEEP of 10. Blood pressure is currently 98/45 with 1 mic/kg/min of norepinephrine adjustment to keep at systolic >110 mmHg. The child is febrile with a temperature of 39 °C. Fluid overload calculations reveal that the child is 15% above dry weight with insufficient urine output to allow for adequate room for medications, nutrition, and overall medical care. Labs reveal a BUN of 69 mg/dL, a cr of 2.3 mg/dL, and a K of 5.9 meq/dL.
Revealing Degas’s process and material choices in a late pastel on tracing paper with visible-to-near-infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy

Visible-to-near-infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy (417–2500 nm), the collection of hundreds of images in contiguous narrow spectral bands calibrated to reflectance, was employed to characte...
Convenient methods for the hydrolysis of oxazolidinones to vicinal aminoalcohols

Abstract We have developed two convenient methods for hydrolysis of 2-oxazolidinones to the corresponding vicinal aminoalcohols. N-Substituted oxazolidinones can be readily hydrolyzed using Dowex 1×8-100 resin. N-Unsubstituted oxazolidinones cannot be hydrolyzed using Dowex resins but are effectively hydrolyzed using polymer supported ethylenediamine.
Classes of uniformly most reliable graphs for all-terminal reliability

Abstract The all-terminal reliability polynomial of a graph G is the probability that G remains connected if each edge is independently included with fixed probability p . Among all graphs with a fixed number of n vertices and m edges, a graph is uniformly most reliable if its reliability polynomial is greater than or equal to all other graphs on the same number of vertices and edges for every value of p ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . We find a new class of graphs that are uniformly most reliable. Specifically, we show that when n ≥ 5 is odd and m is either n 2 − n + 1 2 or n 2 − n + 3 2 , there exists a unique uniformly most reliable graph, and we give its construction.
Effects of Caregiver-Focused Programs on Psychosocial Outcomes in Caregivers of Individuals with ASD: A Meta-analysis.

The current meta-analysis comprehensively reviewed group-design studies of interventions designed to improve ASD caregiver psychosocial outcomes and explored potential moderators of effectiveness. Forty-one unique studies targeting 1771 caregivers met inclusion criteria. Overall, the interventions had a small positive effect in improving psychosocial outcomes in caregivers of individuals with ASD (within-subjects: Hedges’ g = .44; between-subjects: Hedges’ g = .28). Most intervention approaches demonstrated some evidence of effectiveness. Acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and cognitive behavioral treatments demonstrated the strongest impact in improving caregiver psychosocial outcomes in pre-post comparisons. Although the results provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of caregiver-focused interventions, more studies with larger sample sizes, rigorous research designs, and long-term follow-up assessments are needed.
In-situ measurements of turbulent flow over intertidal natural and degraded oyster reefs in an estuarine lagoon

Abstract Oysters are ecosystem engineers that form reefs with rough surfaces. The complex surface of a reference-condition reef contains clusters of live oysters that protrude into and interact with flows. A degraded oyster reef contains fewer live oyster clusters and subsequently has different bed roughness. Such morphological differences may translate to varied hydrodynamic function, with influence to local and larger-scale flow fields and sediment transport, as well as larval recruitment and long-term reef sustainability. The objective of this study is to compare a degraded and a reference-condition intertidal oyster reef, and assess how differences in structure (reef morphology and roughness) influence near-bed hydrodynamic function within the roughness sublayer defined by oysters. Sediment entrainment and bed deformation were observed only on the reference oyster reef, despite that mean velocities were lower than those at the degraded reef. This was attributed to slightly finer bed material and higher turbulent kinetic energy, k, at the reference reef (k = 29.2 ± 4.5 cm2/s2 with mean velocity 11.5 ± 0.6 cm/s at 1 cm above the bed) compared to the degraded reef (k = 22.6 ± 4.2 cm2/s2 with mean velocity 16.1 ± 1.7 cm/s at 1 cm above the bed). At 1 cm above the bed, shear turbulence production at the degraded reef was significantly larger than turbulence dissipation rate, while at the reference reef this pattern was observed only for time periods with low turbulent kinetic energy. For measurements 5 cm above the bed at the reference reef, shear turbulence production and turbulence dissipation rates exhibited a relatively balanced pattern, with dissipation exceeding shear production for the time period with elevated turbulence. Four bed shear stress calculation methodologies converged over the degraded oyster reef but deviated considerably at the reference oyster reef. The drag coefficient associated with bed shear stress at the reference reef was almost two times greater than that at the degraded reef and almost an order of magnitude greater than those observed at sand and mud beds.
Predictive Coding for Boosting Deep Reinforcement Learning with Sparse Rewards

While recent progress in deep reinforcement learning has enabled robots to learn complex behaviors, tasks with long horizons and sparse rewards remain an ongoing challenge. In this work, we propose an effective reward shaping method through predictive coding to tackle sparse reward problems. By learning predictive representations offline and using these representations for reward shaping, we gain access to reward signals that understand the structure and dynamics of the environment. In particular, our method achieves better learning by providing reward signals that 1) understand environment dynamics 2) emphasize on features most useful for learning 3) resist noise in learned representations through reward accumulation. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach in different domains ranging from robotic manipulation to navigation, and we show that reward signals produced through predictive coding are as effective for learning as hand-crafted rewards.
A Domain Adaptation Technique for Deep Learning in Cybersecurity

In this paper we discuss an algorithm for transfer learning in cybersecurity. In particular, we develop a new image-based representation for the feature set in the source domain and train a convolutional neural network (CNN) using the training data. The CNN model is then augmented with one dense layer in the target domain before applying on the target dataset. The data we have used for our experimental results are taken from the Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity. The results show that transfer learning is feasible in cybersecurity which offers many potential applications including resource-constrained environments such as edge computing.
Coupled fuel performance calculations in VERA and demonstration on Watts Bar unit 1, cycle 1

Abstract As the core simulator capabilities in the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) have become more mature and stable, increased attention has been focused on coupling Bison to provide fuel performance simulations. This technique has been a very important driver for the pellet-clad interaction challenge problem being addressed by the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL). In this article, two coupling approaches are demonstrated on quarter core problems based on Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Unit 1, Cycle 1: (1) an inline approach in which a one-way coupling is used between neutronics/thermal hydraulics (through MPACT/CTF) and fuel performance (through Bison) but no fuel temperature information is passed back to MPACT/CTF, and (2) a two-way approach (coupled) in which the fuel temperature is passed from Bison to MPACT/CTF. In both approaches, power and temperature distributions from MPACT/CTF are used to inform the Bison simulations for each rod in the core. The demonstrations presented here are the first integrated fuel performance simulations in VERA, which opens many possibilities for future work, including applications to accident-tolerant fuel efforts and transient simulations, which are of critical importance to CASL. These demonstrations also highlight the potential to move away from the current Bison-informed fuel temperature lookup table approach, which is the default in MPACT/CTF simulations, if performance improvements are made in the near future.
Reversible Formation of Alkyl Radicals at [Fe4S4] Clusters and Its Implications for Selectivity in Radical SAM Enzymes

All kingdoms of life use the transient 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dAdo•) to initiate a wide range of difficult chemical reactions. Because of its high reactivity, the 5'-dAdo• must be generated in a controlled manner to abstract a specific H atom and avoid unproductive reactions. In radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes, the 5'-dAdo• is formed upon reduction of SAM by an [Fe4S4] cluster. An organometallic precursor featuring an Fe-C bond between the [Fe4S4] cluster and the 5'-dAdo group was recently characterized and shown to be competent for substrate radical generation, presumably via Fe-C bond homolysis. Such reactivity is without precedent for Fe-S clusters. Here, we show that synthetic [Fe4S4]-alkyl clusters undergo Fe-C bond homolysis when the alkylated Fe site has a suitable coordination number, thereby providing support for the intermediacy of organometallic species in radical SAM enzymes. Addition of pyridine donors to [(IMes)3Fe4S4-R]+ clusters (R = alkyl or benzyl; IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene) generates R•, ultimately forming R-R coupled hydrocarbons. This process is facile at room temperature and allows for the generation of highly reactive radicals including primary carbon radicals. Mechanistic studies, including use of the 5-hexenyl radical clock, demonstrate that Fe-C bond homolysis occurs reversibly. Using these experimental insights and kinetic simulations, we evaluate the circumstances in which an organometallic intermediate can direct the 5'-dAdo• toward productive H-atom abstraction. Our findings demonstrate that reversible homolysis of even weak M-C bonds is a feasible protective mechanism for the 5'-dAdo• that can allow selective X-H bond activation in both radical SAM and adenosylcobalamin enzymes.
Analysis of CIGS-based thin film tandem solar cell with ZnS buffer layers

In this paper, a thin film tandem solar cell based on CGS/CIGS structure incorporating ZnS buffer layers has been designed and its performance characteristics were obtained using Silvaco-Atlas 2D numerical simulator. A tandem cell with CdS buffer layers was also modeled and simulated with the same method for reference. Our results show that the tandem solar cell with ZnS buffer layers has a maximum conversion efficiency of 28.34% compared to a maximum conversion efficiency of 26.85% obtained for CdS-based tandem solar cell used as a reference. The maximum conversion efficiency for theoretically studied CdS-based tandem solar cell found in literature is 26.21%. Thus, ZnS can be used as a potential replacement for CdS that is notoriously known as a highly toxic compound. Optimum values of doping concentration and thickness are obtained for all layers of the solar cell. In addition, the effect of temperature on ZnS-based CGS/CIGS tandem cell was studied.
Latency of Waveform Data Delivery from the Southern California Seismic Network during the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence and Its Effect on ShakeAlert

The occurrence of the 4–6 July 2019 M_w 6.4 and M_w 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence provided the first full‐scale test of the network and telemetry readiness of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), to support the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning (EEW) system in California. ShakeAlert is a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)‐led collaboration to detect earthquakes and, when possible, to alert the public before the arrival of the strongest shaking. The SCSN performed well in its regional monitoring role for both the 4 July M_w 6.4 and the 6 July M_w 7.1 earthquakes. In the EEW role, it provided timely delivery of 5 s of P‐wave data to ShakeAlert, which issued its first alert 6.9 s after origin time. Data delivery at peak data volumes for many stations exhibited some latency, and, as a consequence, some data arrived too late for analysis by one of the EEW algorithms. We find that the average link bandwidth for each station was sufficient, because all waveform data were delivered automatically to the archive, but link capacity for many stations was insufficient for peak demand. We describe the performance of the data telemetry for the sequence, including cellular, radio, hybrid, and backhaul systems. Cellular‐based telemetry systems maintained low latency throughout strong shaking and after, but some stations, even at great distances, experienced subsequent brief increases in latency. Performance of radio links depended mostly on the signal strength of the link, with short‐distance direct shots to high‐bandwidth backhaul systems showing no latency impact, whereas stations on some long distance or marginal quality links suffered latencies of tens or hundreds of seconds. Improvements are being implemented to move telemetry links onto USGS and partner high‐bandwidth microwave systems, and to reduce dependency on less robust long‐distance radio shots.
The Unequal Burden of COVID-19 Deaths in Counties With High Proportions of Black and Hispanic Residents.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the current burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths in vulnerable populations will help inform efforts by policymakers to address disparities in COVID-19 outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the association between COVID-19 deaths and the county-level proportions of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic residents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study using COVID-19 mortality data from USA Facts linked to data from the US Census Bureau, the Health Resources & Services Administration Area Health Resources file, and the US Census Bureau. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the association between the total county COVID-19 deaths during consecutive 30-day intervals and the proportion of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic residents after adjusting for resident demographics, comorbidity burden, rurality, social determinants of health, and health care resources. RESULTS: In April, counties (n=179) with >40% Blacks had 6-fold higher death rates than counties (n=1521) with 40% Hispanic residents were similar to death rates in counties with 15% uninsurance rates had up to 2-fold higher mortality rates (IRR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.19-3.27, P<0.001) than counties with <5% uninsurance rates. CONCLUSION: Counties with high concentrations of non-Hispanic Blacks were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 throughout most of the pandemic, but other social determinants of health such as health insurance are now playing a more prominent role than race and ethnicity.
Cognitive Dysfunction and Gait Abnormalities in CKD

Background and objectives Cognitive impairment is a major cause of morbidity in CKD. We hypothesized that gait abnormalities share a common pathogenesis with cognitive dysfunction in CKD, and therefore would be associated with impaired cognitive function in older adults with CKD, and focused on a recently defined gait phenotype linked with CKD. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Gait assessments and neuropsychological testing were performed in 312 nondisabled, community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥65 years). A subset (n=115) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The primary cognitive outcome was the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) total scale score. Associations with cognitive function were tested using multivariable linear regression and nearest-neighbor matching. The risk of developing mild cognitive impairment syndrome was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Lower eGFR was associated with lower RBANS score only among participants with the gait phenotype (P for interaction =0.04). Compared with participants with neither CKD nor the gait phenotype, adjusted RBANS scores were 5.4 points (95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 9.1) lower among participants with both, who demonstrated poorer immediate memory, visuospatial ability, delayed memory, and executive function. In a matched analysis limited to participants with CKD, the gait phenotype was similarly associated with lower RBANS scores (−6.9; 95% confidence interval, −12.2 to −1.5). Neuroimaging identified a pattern of gray matter atrophy common to both CKD and the gait phenotype involving brain regions linked with cognition. The gait phenotype was associated with higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (hazard ratio, 3.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.46 to 10.44) independent of eGFR. Conclusions The gait phenotype was associated with poorer function in a number of cognitive domains among older adults with CKD, and was associated with incident mild cognitive impairment independent of eGFR. CKD and the gait phenotype were associated with a shared pattern of gray matter atrophy.