cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspergillus Lobar Pneumonia

Eight patients had lobar pneumonia caused by Aspergillus fumigatus . Dense lobar consolidation suggested a pneumonitis caused by specific bacterial agents. Hemorrhagic, necrotizing lobar pneumonia was characteristic of this type of aspergillosis, and 6 (75%) of the patients had pulmonary vascular invasion with resultant thrombosis, infarction, and hemorrhage. Clinical symptoms were consistent with pathological findings, and pleuritic chest pain, cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis often mimicked pulmonary embolism. Factors predisposing to fungal pneumonias are felt to be hematopoietic malignancy, leukopenia, chemotherapy, and therapy with antibiotics and corticosteroids.
Stress and temperature effects on the performance of polarization-maintaining fibers

Three stress effects on the state of polarization in high birefringent polarization-maintaining fibers are reviewed. The stresses induced in PM fibers by the different thermal expansion coefficients between the stress-applying parts and the surrounding glass make stress-induced-birefringent fibers very sensitive to temperature variations. Mechanical perturbations can change the polarization state of PM fibers. Temperature changes can enhance any random microbends in wound optical fiber and cause mode coupling. The effect of periodic bends, small-radius bends, and twist and fiber individual crossing in the presence of transverse pressures on the degradation of the state of polarization rotation is investigated. A procedure for evaluating the performance of wound PM fibers in low temperature environments is also discussed.
Comment on “Theory of Current-Driven Domain Wall Motion: Spin Transfer versus Momentum Transfer”

A Comment on the Letter by Gen Tatara and Hiroshi Kohno, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 086601 (2004). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Application of statistical methods for the determination of orientation relationships between austenite and martensite

Abstract Statistical methods have been applied to single crystal X-ray results to determine the orientation relationship between the austenite and martensite lattices. When reflections from both phases appear on the same film, as with the Laue back-reflection and transmission methods, a least squares fit to the hyperbolas or ellipses can be used for an accurate determination of the zone axes. A method is developed and applied to several sets of data. When large numbers of reflections are obtained per zone the internal consistency of the statistically derived zone axes is very high, and the orientation relationship can be determined to about 0.02 degree. Some alternative procedures are suggested for the determination of the film center and specimen-to-film distance.
Ocular manifestations of autism in ophthalmology.

AbstractPurpose: To highlight the ocular manifestations of autism spectrum disorders in a retrospective chart review of the Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC) among children in the pediatric ophthalmology practice setting.Design: Retrospective chart review. Forty-four patients diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between January 2007 and October 2011 were examined by an orthoptist, orthoptic student, and a pediatric ophthalmologist.Results: Fifty-two percent of patients with ASD at GBMC were found to have an ocular abnormality, with 41% having strabismus, 27% with significant refractive error, 7% with anisometropia, and 11% with amblyopia.Conclusion: The prevalence of strabismus, amblyopia, and anisometropia were found to be higher among patients with ASD seen at the GBMC pediatric ophthalmology practice than in the general population.
Association Between Adherence to Folic Acid Supplements and Serum Folate, and Plasma Homocysteine Among Hemodialysis Patients

Objective To examine the relationship between adherence to prescribed folic acid supplements and folic acid intake, serum folate and plasma homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. The effects of change in adherence patterns from enrollment to 1 year later on changes in these same measures were also assessed. Design Secondary data analysis. Participants Eighty-six hemodialysis patients who participated in the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study's Homocysteine ancillary study. Main Outcome Measures Folic acid supplement intake, serum folate, and plasma homocysteine. Results Eighty-eight percent of patients at enrollment and 91% 1 year later were adherent to prescribed folic acid supplements. Nonadherers had lower intakes of folic acid at both enrollment and 1 year later and lower serum folate levels at enrollment. Percent change was significantly different between the 3 adherence change groups for folic acid intake (P = .001) and plasma homocysteine (P Conclusions Hemodialysis patients who were nonadherent to folic acid supplement prescriptions had low folic acid intakes, low serum folates, and high homocysteine levels. When their adherence improved, folic acid intakes rose, serum folates increased, and plasma homocysteine levels decreased, although mild hyperhomocysteinemia persisted.
Occlusal reactive prosthodontics

I-he b asic design for complete dentures was established about 4,000 years ago when a Chinese medicine man carved a denture from a block of wood. This primitive prosthesis set an engineering principle which has persisted to modern prosthodontics. Both partial and complete dentures are unyielding units and may be best described as rigid prostheses (Fig. 1) . Natural teeth are rigid. However, the periodontal membrane serves to cushion impacting forces. The periodontal membrane is attached to the supporting bone which is covered with soft oral mucosa (Fig. 2). Natural teeth react as individual masticatory units; they move in function. However, in dentures the teeth present a rigid grouping. Resting on the soft 01x1 mucosa, the entire denture moves if only o’ne tooth is in function. The mechanical difference between a denture and a dentition precludes functional movement of individual or groups of teeth. This report proposes an experimental denture which permits occlu~~l reaction to impacting forces, The teeth in the denture yield to occlusal impact.
Measurement of the electronic spectra of physisorbed molecular layers

Abstract A technique for measuring the electronic spectra of physisorbed molecular layers in the presence of an ambient gas is described. To illustrate the technique, measurements of the UV spectra of dimethylcadmium physisorbed layers have been made for different values of gas pressure and substrate temperatures.
Synergistic treatment of textile dye wastes by irradiation and oxidation

Abstract Tests on representative textile dye solutions have been performed to compare decoloration effects by treatment with an oxidant, gamma radiation or both together. It was found that in most cases the combined treatment was much more effective than either alone. The radiation effect was found to be very rapid, with adequate dose rates of the order of 35–80 krad and 50–100 ppm NaOCl.
Everything you need to know about collaboration and collaboration software

Permission to make digitalhrd copies of all or part of this material for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title ofthe publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copyright is by permission of the ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires specific permission an&or fee ICSE 97 Boston MA USA Copyright 1997 ACM O-89791-914-9/97/05 ..%3.50 Collective memory and knowledge distillation, including information repositories, design rationale and argumentation systems, and organizational and group memories.
Nuclear Collisions with Friction

A theory of nuclear collisions where a frictional force is introduced explicitly from the beginning is worked out based on a macroscopic and leptodermous idealization. A solution of the problem is made by freezing all degrees of freedom but four: the distance between centres and the two angles measuring the spins of the nuclei. The conditions for capture as a function of energy and angular momentum is discussed in detail. Results on the kinetic energy and angular distributions of collision products are also obtained.
Scale dependence of reaction rates in porous media

Elemental turnover in porous media depends on substrate concentrations at the pore-scale. In this study, the effect of small scale variability in concentration fields on reaction rate estimates and the validity of the continuum approximation in reactive transport models are investigated via a pore-scale numerical model. Artificial porous media are generated using an identical overlapping sphere algorithm. By comparison between explicit pore-scale simulations and macroscopic continuum approximations, it is shown that inhomogeneous solute distribution within the pores can affect estimates of elemental turnover rates. The error associated with large scale rate estimates depends on the type of reaction, pore geometry, reaction kinetics and macroscopic concentration gradient. A correction term that involves a phenomenological parameter which can be evaluated numerically and macroscopic concentration gradients is introduced to improve the accuracy of upscaled homogeneous reaction rates. Implications for macroscopic descriptions of surface processes and surface attached microbial populations are discussed and it is shown that pore-scale heterogeneity can substantially affect estimates of heterogeneous reactions, while for homogeneous reactions, the error amounts to only a couple of percents.
MICROSCOPIC HIGH FIELD TRANSPORT IN GRADED HETEROSTRUCTURES

ABSTRACT A new transport formulation h a s been developed for hot electrons in graded and abrupt compound semiconductor heterostructures b a s e d on the ensemble Monte Carlo method. Semiclassical electron dynamics h a s been derived from the position dependent k.p Hamiltonian. The validity for this is established from perturbation theory and the correspondence principle. A new model for open thermodynamic boundaries is constructed. S p a c e charge effects on high energy electron injection across heterojunctions are discussed.
An efficient iteration strategy for the solution of the Euler equations

A line Gauss-Seidel (LGS) relaxation algorithm in conjunction with a two-parameter family of upwind discretizations of the Euler equations in two-dimensions is described. The basic algorithm has the property that convergence to the steady-state is quadratic for supersonic flows and linear for subsonic flows. This is in contrast to the central differenced block ADI methods, the upwind biased relaxation schemes, and also to the spatially split fully upwind methods, all of which converge linearly, independent of the flow regime. Moreover, the algorithm presented here is easily enhanced to detect regions of mixed supersonic/subsonic flow; marching by lines in the supersonic regions, converging each line quadratically, and iterating in the subsonic regions, thus yielding a very efficient iteration strategy. Numerical results are presented for two-dimensional supersonic and transonic flows containing both oblique and normal shock waves which confirm the efficiency of the iteration strategy.
Operation for anorexigen-associated valvular heart disease☆☆☆

Abstract Objectives: Recently, valvular regurgitation has been observed in patients who have taken fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine with or without phentermine. This study describes the clinical, echocardiographic, and pathologic findings of anorexigen-associated valvular heart disease and the surgical interventions required to treat it. Methods: We reviewed clinical information on 14 patients with severe anorexigen-associated valvular disease who underwent cardiac operations. Results: Thirteen women (mean age 44.2 ± 5.3 years) received fenfluramine, 58.5 ± 22.3 mg/day, and phentermine, 32.1 ± 11.4 mg/day, for an average of 12.1 ± 7.3 months before presentation. One woman received dexfenfluramine, 30 mg/day for 13 months, and phentermine, 60 mg/day, concomitantly for 6 months. Presenting symptoms included dyspnea (12 cases), palpitations (3), and atypical chest pain (3). Six patients had heart failure, and 4 had a new murmur. Echocardiography demonstrated severe mitral valve regurgitation in all patients. Seven also had aortic regurgitation, and 4 had significant tricuspid regurgitation. Four patients had successful mitral valve repair, 1 with concomitant aortic valve repair. Ten additional patients eventually required mitral valve replacement, 5 with concomitant aortic valve replacement. Excised valves demonstrated a glistening white appearance with plaque-like encasement of leaflets and chordae. Focal surface proliferation and fibrosis with a "stuck-on" appearance was consistently found. Conclusions: Anorexigen use may lead to severe multivalvular regurgitation with characteristic echocardiographic and pathologic findings. Recognition of drug-induced valvulopathy is important because of widespread use of these medications and the uncertain natural history of the disease. Early surgical experience suggests that valve repair is possible in these young patients.
SPATIAL FREQUENCIES AS A MEDIUM FOR GUIDING ATTENTION : COMMENT ON LAMB, YUND, AND POND (1999)

M. R. Lamb, E. W. Yund, and H. M. Pond (1999) question L. C. Robertson's (1996) earlier arguments that attention can be guided by spatial frequencies when searching for a target in complex visual patterns. The 2 major findings they report to argue against Robertson's conclusions are discussed and found inadequate for the purposes of abandoning this hypothesis. Instead, findings reported in the accompanying article in combination with previous findings reported by 2 of the same authors (M. R. Lamb & E. W. Yund, 1996) provide converging evidence to support spatial frequency as a medium for guiding attention.
How Do You Choose a Second-Line Treatment Option for Depression?

A majority of patients with major depression do not remit or adequately respond to initial antidepressant therapy. When response is insufficient, a diagnosis of depression and any comorbidities should be confirmed, treatment adherence should be established, and antidepressant dosages should be optimized as tolerated. If response is still insufficient, then implementing second-line treatment strategies is warranted. Second-line strategies of switching to or combining/augmenting the initial agent with one of a variety of antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapies improves remission rates, although no single approach or agent has demonstrated clear superiority over any other. Second-line treatment selections should be driven by safety considerations, patients' symptom profiles, and patient preference. Comorbid medical conditions, especially cardiac and cerebrovascular complications, and potential drug-drug interactions should be considered when making treatment decisions.
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: a chemical explosive mode analysis

A chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) was developed as a new diagnostic to identify flame and ignition structure in complex flows. CEMA was then used to analyse the near-field structure of the stabilization region of a turbulent lifted hydrogen–air slot jet flame in a heated air coflow computed with three-dimensional direct numerical simulation. The simulation was performed with a detailed hydrogen–air mechanism and mixture-averaged transport properties at a jet Reynolds number of 11000 with over 900 million grid points. Explosive chemical modes and their characteristic time scales, as well as the species involved, were identified from the Jacobian matrix of the chemical source terms for species and temperature. An explosion index was defined for explosive modes, indicating the contribution of species and temperature in the explosion process. Radical and thermal runaway can consequently be distinguished. CEMA of the lifted flame shows the existence of two premixed flame fronts, which are difficult to detect with conventional methods. The upstream fork preceding the two flame fronts thereby identifies the stabilization point. A Damkohler number was defined based on the time scale of the chemical explosive mode and the local instantaneous scalar dissipation rate to highlight the role of auto-ignition in affecting the stabilization points in the lifted jet flame.
Crystallization of amino acids on self-assembled monolayers of rigid thiols on gold

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of rigid biphenyl thiols are employed as heterogeneous nucleants for the crystallization of l-alanine and dl-valine. Powder X-ray diffraction and interfacial angle ...
Influence of Heterogeneous Ammonium Availability on Bacterial Community Structure and the Expression of Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonium Transporter Genes during in Situ Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Groundwater

The influence of ammonium availability on bacterial community structure and the physiological status of Geobacter species during in situ bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater was evaluated. Ammonium concentrations varied by 2 orders of magnitude (<4 to 400 μM) across the study site. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences suggested that ammonium may have been one factor influencing the community composition prior to acetate amendment with Rhodoferax species predominating over Geobacter species with higher ammonium and Dechloromonas species dominating at the site with lowest ammonium. However, once acetate was added and dissimilatory metal reduction was stimulated, Geobacter species became the predominant organisms at all locations. Rates of U(VI) reduction appeared to be more related to acetate concentrations rather than ammonium levels. In situ mRNA transcript abundance of the nitrogen fixation gene, nifD, and the ammonium transporter gene, amtB, in Geobacter species indicated that ammonium was the p...
Finite energy and bounded attacks on control system sensor signals

Control system networks are increasingly being connected to enterprise level networks. These connections leave critical industrial controls systems vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Most of the effort in protecting these cyber-physical systems (CPS) from attacks has been in securing the networks using information security techniques. Effort has also been applied to increasing the protection and reliability of the control system against random hardware and software failures. However, the inability of information security techniques to protect against all intrusions means that the control system must be resilient to various signal attacks for which new analysis methods need to be developed. In this paper, sensor signal attacks are analyzed for observer-based controlled systems. The threat surface for sensor signal attacks is subdivided into denial of service, finite energy, and bounded attacks. In particular, the error signals between states of attack free systems and systems subject to these attacks are quantified. Optimal sensor and actuator signal attacks for the finite and infinite horizon linear quadratic (LQ) control in terms of maximizing the corresponding cost functions are computed. The closed-loop systems under optimal signal attacks are provided. Finally, an illustrative numerical example using a power generation network is provided together with distributed LQ controllers.
Measurement of surface dose with one, two or three layers of lightcast

Abstract Using the LIGHTCAST II tape (Merck, Sharp & Dohme Orthopedic Company, Division of Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania) to immobilize an anatomical area modifies the radiation beam with respect to surface dose. An important consideration is knowing how much variation in surface dose occurs with one, two or three layers of LIGHTCAST tape. Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) was chosen as the method to measure the surface dose to a plastic-embedded skull phantom. Two hundred rad were delivered on a 4 MeV Linear Accelerator to depth of maximum dose ( D max ). Measurements obtained from this study showed that the skin dose or surface dose increased approximately 25–30% for one layer and increased approximately 40–55% for two or three layers of LIGHTCAST. When LIGHTCAST tape is used to immobilize an anatomical area, evidence indicates increases in surface dose radiation. The enhancement varies with the number of layers used in making the shell. Awareness of this information alerts the therapist to make the appropriate adaptations when he irradiates the patient.
Integer programming models and codes in the urban environment

Abstract It is well known that many real world problems, in particular, many urban problems, can approximately be modelled as linear programs. The representations often become more precise when, in addition, some or all of the variables are integer constrained (e.g. a solution which indicates that 0.67 schools should be built is of little use to the practitioner). Hence, integer programming is of substantial importance in urban science. This article describes several general integer programming models for which efficient computer codes are available. In each case, applications in an urban environment are discussed. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to acquaint the urbanologist with the models, their possible uses, and the available computer packages.
Ice recrystallization inhibition proteins of perennial ryegrass enhance freezing tolerance

Ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) proteins are thought to play an important role in conferring freezing tolerance in plants. Two genes encoding IRI proteins, LpIRI-a and LpIRI-b, were isolated from a relatively cold-tolerant perennial ryegrass cv. Caddyshack. Amino acid alignments among the IRI proteins revealed the presence of conserved repetitive IRI-domain motifs (NxVxxG/NxVxG) in both proteins. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that LpIRI-a was up-regulated approximately 40-fold while LpIRI-b was up-regulated sevenfold after just 1 h of cold acclimation, and by 7 days of cold acclimation the transcripts had increased 8,000-fold for LpIRI-a and 1,000-fold for LpIRI-b. Overexpression of either LpIRI-a or LpIRI-b gene in Arabidopsis increased survival rates of the seedlings following a freezing test under both cold-acclimated and nonacclimated conditions. For example, without cold acclimation a −4°C treatment reduced the wild type’s survival rate to an average of 73%, but resulted in survival rates of 85–100% for four transgenic lines. With cold acclimation, a −12°C treatment reduced the wild type’s survival rate to an average of 38.7%, while it resulted in a survival rate of 51–78.5% for transgenic lines. After cold acclimation, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing either LpIRI-a or LpIRI-b gene exhibited a consistent reduction in freezing-induced ion leakage at −8, −9, and −10°C. Furthermore, the induced expression of the LpIRI-a and LpIRI-b proteins in transgenic E. coli enhanced the freezing tolerance in host cells. Our results suggest that IRI proteins play an important role in freezing tolerance in plants.
Scanning tunneling microscopy identification of surface species on the As-rich GaAs(001)-2×4:Br surface

Abstract The reaction of 0.89 eV Br2 with a 300 K As-rich GaAs(001)-2×4 surface at high coverage has been probed with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Although the surface topology is very heterogeneous, our STM images show that most reaction products are arranged along the original dimer rows of the clean surface. Height and lateral registry analysis of the reaction products show that, in some areas of the surface where basic surface bromide species are spatially well-resolved, STM can be used to identify the primary reaction products even at high coverage. These surface bromide species include gallium monobromide (GaBr), arsenic monobromide (AsBr) bridge-bonded to two Ga atoms or two As atoms, and arsenic dibromide (AsBr2) bonded to an As atom or a Ga atom. The characteristic heights and lateral registries associated with these surface bromides, as well as the persistence of the long-range row structure, indicate that the nearly tetrahedral sp3-hybridized bonding geometry still dominates at high coverage and no amorphous halogenation layer is formed.
Regulation of the insulin-like growth factor system by insulin in burn patients

The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether there is a net uptake of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) by the leg after burn injury and to elucidate the regulatory role of insulin exerted on this system under in vivo conditions in burn patients. Studies were performed on nine patients after burn injury (approximately 60% body surface area). Each patient was studied twice during a continuous infusion of a carbohydrate-rich enteral diet. Blood was collected simultaneously from the femoral artery and vein for the measurement of various elements of the IGF system after 7 days of enteral diet alone (basal period) and after 7 days of the enteral diet plus the infusion of insulin (insulin period). Data from these patients were compared to values in age-matched fed healthy volunteers. During the basal period, burn patients demonstrated a significant reduction in the venous concentration of IGF-I and an increase in both IGFBP-1 and -2 compared to control values...
Development of a variable stiffness external fixation system for stabilization of segmental defects of the tibia

The mechanical properties of a variable stiffness external fixation system were explored. Initial testing of a unilateral fixator configuration demonstrated that system rigidity could be increased by maximizing pin separation distance in the fracture component and the number of pins used while minimizing pin separation distance across the fracture site and the sidebar offset distance from bone. A triangulated system composed of half pin frames mounted anteriorly and medially on the tibial aspects and linked by crossbars was devised. Progressive disassembly of the frame was shown to result in progressive decreases in fixator rigidity in all planes.
Estimating crop biophysical properties from remote sensing data by inverting linked radiative transfer and ecophysiological models

article Remote sensing technology can rapidly provide spatial information on crop growth status, which ideally could be used to invert radiative transfer models or ecophysiological models for estimating a variety of crop biophysical properties. However, the outcome of the model inversion procedure will be influenced by the timing and availability of remote sensing data, the spectral resolution of the data, the types of models implemented, and the choice of parameters to adjust. Our objective was to investigate these issues by inverting linked radiative transfer and ecophysiological models to estimate leaf area index (LAI), canopy weight, plant nitrogen content, and yield for a durum wheat (Triticum durum) study conducted in central Arizona over the winter of 2010-2011. Observations of crop canopy spectral reflectance between 268 and 1095 nm were obtained weekly using a GER 1500 spectroradiometer. Other field measurements were regu- larly collected to describe plant growth characteristics and plant nitrogen content. Linkages were developed between the DSSAT Cropping System Model (CSM) and the PROSAIL radiative transfer model (CSM-PROSAIL) and between the DSSAT-CSM and an empirical model relating NDVI to LAI (CSM-Choudhury). The PEST parameter estimation algorithm was implemented to adjust the leaf area growth parameters of the CSM by minimizing error between measured and simulated NDVI or canopy spectral reflectance. A genetic algorithm was implemented to identify the optimum combination of remote sensing observations required to optimize simulations of LAI through model inversion. The relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) between mea- sured and simulated LAI was 24.1% for the CSM-PROSAIL model, whereas the stand-alone PROSAIL and CSM models simulated LAI with RRMSEs of 40.7% and 27.8%, respectively. Wheat yield was simulated with RRMSEs of 12.8% and 10.0% for the lone CSM model and the CSM-PROSAIL model, respectively. Optimized leaf area growth parameters for CSM-PROSAIL were different among cultivars (pb0.05), while those for CSM-Choudhury were not. Only two observations, one at mid-vegetative growth and one at maximum vegetative growth, were required to optimize LAI simulations for CSM-PROSAIL, whereas CSM-Choudhury required four observations. Inverting CSM-PROSAIL using hyperspectral data offered several advantages as compared to the CSM-Choudhury inversion using a simple vegetation index, including better estimates of crop biophysical properties, different leaf area growth parameter estimates among cultivars (pb0.05), and fewer required remote sensing observations for optimum LAI simulation.
Quantitative Analysis of Pac1/LIS1-mediated Dynein Targeting: Implications for Regulation of Dynein Activity in Budding Yeast

LIS1 is a critical regulator of dynein function during mitosis and organelle transport. Here, we investigated how Pac1, the budding yeast LIS1 homologue, regulates dynein targeting and activity during nuclear migration. We show that Pac1 and Dyn1 (dynein heavy chain) are dependent upon each other and upon Bik1 (budding yeast CLIP-170 homologue) for plus end localization, whereas Bik1 is independent of either. Dyn1, Pac1 and Bik1 interact in vivo at the plus ends, where an excess amount of Bik1 recruits approximately equal amounts of Pac1 and Dyn1. Overexpression of Pac1 enhanced plus end targeting of Dyn1 and vice versa, while affinity-purification of Dyn1 revealed that it exists in a complex with Pac1 in the absence of Bik1, leading us to conclude that the Pac1-Dyn1 complex preassembles in the cytoplasm prior to loading onto Bik1-decorated plus ends. Strikingly, we found that Pac1-overexpression augments cortical dynein activity through a mechanism distinct from loss of She1, a negative regulator of dynein-dynactin association. While Pac1-overexpression enhances the frequency of cortical targeting for dynein and dynactin, the stoichiometry of these complexes remains relatively unchanged at the plus ends compared to that in wild-type cells (∼3 dynein to 1 dynactin). Loss of She1, however, enhances dynein-dynactin association at the plus ends and the cell cortex, resulting in an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry. Our results reveal differential regulation of cortical dynein activity by She1 and Pac1, and provide a potentially new regulatory step in the off-loading model for dynein function. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cancer: An essential passenger with p53.

Deletion of the TP53 gene, an event seen in colorectal cancers, often occurs with co-deletion of a gene that encodes an enzyme subunit governing gene transcription. This creates a vulnerability ripe for therapeutic development. See Letter p.697
Defect gallery and bump defect reduction in the self Aligned Double Patterning module

The self-aligned double patterning (SADP) module is a scheme to form 32 nm or 22 nm line structures that extend the useful range of either dry scanner or immersion scanner photolithography tools. Once reliable baseline processes for SADP flow have been developed, defect data collection, understanding, characterization, and reduction become increasingly important. Knowledge on defect characterization and reduction thus obtained reduces tool ramp-up time at manufacturing sites and provides new directions to improve wafer fabrication processes. In this paper, the types of defects in each step of the process to ultimately form 32 nm or 22 nm structures using the SADP flow are discussed, including an in-depth study of the impact of bump defects on the SADP flow, and proposed mechanisms of bump defect formation. Potential solutions involving an improved film deposition process for the SADP process module are also presented.
The genogram as process

Abstract The wide acceptance of family-of-origin treatment concepts has brought with it frequent haphazard application of its techniques. Encouraged by Bowen's stimulating ideas, the family-of-origin family movement has seen an increasing emphasis upon intensive family analysis through data collection, specifically via the construction of the genogram. This paper examines the tendency to construct genograms in an affective vacuum—a phenomenon consistent with Bowen theory, yet potentially problematic in the ongoing process of treatment. It offers alternatives to nonprocess-oriented genogram construction in an effort to enhance the experience for the client and to broaden the therapist's diagnostic understanding.
Déjà vu All Over Again: Agency, Uncertainty, Leverage and the Panic of 1857*

The panic of 1857 is revisited with the benefit of hindsight provided by the panic of 2007-08, where a number of parallels are identified between the two panics. We present new evidence on causes of the failure of the financial institution that triggered the panic of 1857 and conduct a detailed analysis of railroad financial and accounting practices. New financial innovations are also studied—the railroad farm mortgage and farm mortgage-backed security—which had similarities to the modern sub-prime mortgage loan and MBS. Neglected risks and Knightian uncertainty appear to be fundamental reasons why investors continued to participate in a boom market that was also extremely fragile.
Maize Genetics 2000—And Beyond

Representing the interests of maize genetics, grass genomics, and plant biology, over 400 scientists attended the 42nd annual maize genetics conference this year in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho (March 16–19, 2000). During the meeting, data from all areas of maize biological research, and discussions of
Dynamically adapting registration areas to user mobility and call patterns for efficient location management in PCS networks

In this paper, we propose an extension to the personal communication services (PCS) location management protocol which uses dynamically overlapped registration areas. The scheme is based on monitoring the aggregate mobility and call pattern of the users during each reconfiguration period and adapting to the mobility and call patterns by either expanding or shrinking registration areas at the end of each reconfiguration period. We analytically characterize the trade-off resulting from the inclusion or exclusion of a cell in a registration area in terms of expected change in aggregate database access cost and signaling overhead. This characterization is used to guide the registration area adaption in a manner in which the signaling and database access load on any given location register (LR) does not exceed a specified limit. Our simulation results show that it is useful to dynamically adapt the registration areas to the aggregate mobility and call patterns of the mobile units when the mobility pattern exhibits locality. For such mobility and call patterns, the proposed scheme can greatly reduce the average signaling and database access load on LRs. Further, the cost of adapting the registration areas is shown to be low in terms of memory and communication requirements.
IGF1 dependence of dietary energy balance effects on murine Met1 mammary tumor progression, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and chemokine expression

Luminal breast tumors with little or no estrogen receptor a expression confer poor prognosis. Using the Met1 murine model of luminal breast cancer, we characterized the IGF1-dependency of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and calorie restriction (CR) effects on tumor growth, growth factor signaling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemokine expression. Liver-specific IGF1-deficient (LID) and littermate control (LC) mice were administered control, DIO, or 30% CR diets for 3 months before orthotopic injection of Met1 cells. Tumors grew for 1 month and then were assessed for Akt pathway activation and mRNA expression of chemokine and EMT constituents. LID mice, regardless of diet, displayed reduced Met1 tumor growth and downregulated Akt, EMT, and chemokine pathways. CR, relative to control, reduced serum IGF1 and Met1 tumor growth in LC (but not LID) mice. DIO, relative to control, increased Met1 tumor growth and chemokine expression in LID mice, and had no effect on serum IGF1 or pAkt or cyclin D1 expression in either genotype. Thus, circulating IGF1 (in association with Akt, EMT, and chemokines) regulated Met1 tumor growth. While the anticancer effects of CR were largely IGF1-dependent, the procancer effects of DIO manifested only when circulating IGF1 levels were low. Thus, in a murine model of luminal breast cancer, IGF1 and its downstream signaling pathway, EMT, and chemokines present possible mechanistic regulatory targets. Transplanted MMTV1 Wnt1 mammary tumor growth was also reduced in LID mice, relative to LC mice, suggesting that the IGF1 effects on mammary tumor growth are not limited to Met1 tumors.
Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors by Pediatricians: Comparing Attitudes of Primary Care Pediatricians and Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists

To compare attitudes regarding a pediatrician's role in prescribing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for children and adolescents, surveys were mailed to 338 primary care pediatricians and 75 child and adolescent psychiatrists; half responded. Child and adolescent psychiatrists were significantly more likely than primary care pediatricians to agree that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are safe and effective when used for children and adolescents. Primary care pediatricians were significantly more likely than child and adolescent psychiatrists to agree that black box warnings have changed their prescribing practices. Both had similar beliefs about whether antidepressants should be prescribed only by psychiatrists and whether pediatricians should initiate selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy, without or after consulting a psychiatrist. These data suggest that among child and adolescent psychiatrists and primary care pediatricians, agreement about the pediatrician's role in using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors therapy is lacking. Strategies that enhance communication and endorse support for defined roles of primary care pediatricians and child and adolescent psychiatrists will ensure that children with mental health needs are treated safely and appropriately.
A STICKY, LEVERAGING, AND SCALABLE STRATEGY FOR HIGH-QUALITY CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE AND SCIENCE

In this article the author comments on the article “The Very Separate Worlds of Academic and Practitioner Periodicals in Human Resource Management: Implications for Evidence-Based Management,” by S...
Transgenic Strategy for Identifying Synaptic Connections in Mice by Fluorescence Complementation (GRASP)

In the "GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners" (GRASP) method, non-fluorescent fragments of GFP are expressed in two different neurons; the fragments self-assemble at synapses between the two to form a fluorophore. GRASP has proven useful for light microscopic identification of synapses in two invertebrate species, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, but has not yet been applied to vertebrates. Here, we describe GRASP constructs that function in mammalian cells and implement a transgenic strategy in which a Cre-dependent gene switch leads to expression of the two fragments in mutually exclusive neuronal subsets in mice. Using a transgenic line that expresses Cre selectively in rod photoreceptors, we demonstrate labeling of synapses in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Labeling is specific, in that synapses made by rods remain labeled for at least 6 months whereas nearby synapses made by intercalated cone photoreceptors on many of the same interneurons remain unlabeled. We also generated antisera that label reconstituted GFP but neither fragment in order to amplify the GRASP signal and thereby increase the sensitivity of the method.
Patient-specific dosing of IIb/IIIa antagonists during acute coronary syndromes: Rationale and design of the PARAGON B study

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndromes, the leading cause of hospitalizations among adults, are frequently the sequelae of atherothrombotic events associated with coronary arterial plaque rupture. Beyond the usual antithrombotic therapies (aspirin and heparin), potent antiplatelet agents, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, have been shown to improve patient outcome. Lamifiban is a short-acting, renally excreted IIb/IIIa antagonist that was found in post hoc analyses of the Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the Reduction of Acute Coronary Syndrome Events in a Global Organization Network (PARAGON A) study to reduce the 30-day incidence of death or myocardial infarction by 40% when plasma concentrations of 18 to 42 ng/mL were achieved. Methods and Results To determine if lamifiban, dosed according to creatinine clearance, could decrease the rates of death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken. In 26 countries, 5228 patients seen within 12 hours of symptom onset of a non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome were randomly assigned to placebo or lamifiban bolus and infusion. Conclusion The plasma concentration of small-molecule IIb/IIIa inhibitors is strongly influenced by renal function, and renal-specific dosing of these agents may improve outcome among patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PARAGON B trial is testing this hypothesis.
Evaluation and applications of optical cell density probes in mammalian cell bioreactors

On-line optical cell density probes were implemented to continuously monitor the cell densities in mammalian cell bioreactor and to achieve advanced bioreactor controls. We tested cell density probes from six manufacturers in high cell density bioreactors. When externally calibrated, Aquasant and Ingold backscattering probes produced the most linear probe responses (PR) versus cell density (CD), followed by the ASR and Cerex laser probes. Monitek and Wedgewood transmission probes had lower resolutions. All probes were tested in two murine hybridoma fermentations. Cell densities varied between 1 × 106 cells/mL to 20 × 106 cells/mL and the bioreactors were operated for 5 to 7 weeks. For our bioreactors, Aquasant, Ingold, ASR, Wedgewood, and Monitek probes gave satisfactory responses. Little fouling was observed with any probe at the end of 2 weeks. Fouling was a possibility after 3 weeks in one bioreactor but its effect can be easily corrected. Cell density control and specific perfusion control of bioreactors based on the Aquasant probe were achieved. Implementation of cell density probe based perfusion control, instead of “step perfusion adjustments” based on manual hemacytometer control, will result in smoother operation, healthier cultures, increased medium delivery efficiency, and reduced operational excursions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kansas Water Assurance Districts

Like many western states, Kansas has a number of large, federally constructed reservoirs, which are managed by state and federal agencies for various purposes, including water for municipal and industrial (M & I) use. Having given assurance to repay the federal government under the Water Supply Act of 1958, Kansas has attempted to market this water through long-term, take-or-pay contracts, with mixed results. The Kansas Legislature has provided for a new type of special water district--the Water Assurance District (WAD)--as a mechanism that would accommodate both the need of the State to fulfill its repayment obligations to the federal government, and the need of cities and industries to have sure water supplies during drought conditions. This article analyzes such districts.
Addicted to Food, Hungry for Drugs

There is a growing consensus among neuroscientists that people can become addicted to food, and that at least some cases of obesity have addiction as their cause. By contrast, the rest of the world continues to see obesity as either a disease of the metabolism, or as a reckless case of self-harm. Among obesity researchers, there has been a lively debate on the issue of whether obesity ought to be considered a disease. Few researchers, however, have suggested that obesity is a disease in the same sense as addiction is usually claimed to be a disease—that is, a disease of behaviour with a neurological cause. In this piece, I review what is now a compelling body of evidence for food addiction, to establish that many or most cases of obesity have addiction at their foundation. I then argue that in spite of this, obesity ought not to be considered a neurobehavioural disease in the sense usually attributed to drug addiction. Given the link between addiction and obesity, this implies that the disease conception of addiction must be abandoned. I conclude by assessing some of the implications this move has for policy and ethics, with regard to both obesity and drug addiction.
Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea cardiac complications and sleepiness in children with Down syndrome.

Abstract Objective/Background Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high rate of pulmonary hypertension and sleepiness. They also have a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We hypothesized that OSAS was associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and sleepiness in children with DS, and that this dysfunction was partly reversible. Patients/Methods A total of 23 children with DS, aged 8–19 years, were evaluated with polysomnography, echocardiography, and measurement of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Children having OSAS were randomized to four months of actual or sham continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in a double-blinded fashion. Results Of the total participants, 20 (87%) had OSAS. On echocardiography, no participant was found to have pulmonary hypertension, and all participants had a BNP r = 0.42, p = 0.043) and apnea hypopnea index (AHI; r = 0.61, p = 0.002) and inversely with the SpO 2 nadir ( r = −0.61, p = 0.002). Participants with OSAS had a high pediatric Epworth score [median interquartile range (IQR) = 8(4,9)],correlating with the arousal index ( r = 0.49, p = 0.016). At four months, there were no changes in cardiovascular outcomes or sleepiness between those on actual versus sham CPAP. Hours of actual CPAP use was associated with improved E/e' mitral lateral ( r = −0.48, p = 0.044), but surprisingly also correlated with LV mass z -score ( r = 0.54, p = 0.018). Conclusions In children with DS, LV diastolic function correlated with OSAS severity, with improvement with CPAP use. There was a tendency towards increased sleepiness in those with OSAS, which correlated with the arousal index. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Tribal Memory

As the code written today becomes part of tomorrow's inexorably growing pile of legacy, preserving these stories becomes increasingly important. It's costly to rely on informal storytelling to preserve and communicate important decisions; it's incredibly costly to try to recreate those decisions and their rationale when the storytellers themselves are gone. Insofar as a software development organization can codify its tribal memory and keep its decisions alive, it can make evolving that system materially easier.
Interdependency, Contracting, and Relational Behavior in Marketing Channels:

The dependency structure between wholesale-distributors and their major suppliers is posited to influence the type of contract—explicit and normative—used. In turn, dependency structure and type of...