cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marijuana: Pharmacology and Interaction with the Endocannabinoid System

Marijuana is one of the most widely used illicit psychoactive substances in the U.S. Recently, negative perceptions of marijuana as an abused substance have been tempered somewhat by the idea that it may also have medicinal properties. Regardless of perception of marijuana, however, investigation of its active substituents and their mechanism of action led to the discovery of an endocannabinoid system that is activated by marijuana as well as by several endogenous cannabinoids, including anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. In this chapter, we review the pharmacology of marijuana and discuss how its interaction with the endocannabinoid system may have implications for understanding the physiology of this system. Keywords: anandamide; endocannabinoids; marijuana; pharmacology review
International Instructor Preparing Teachers for Multicultural Classrooms in the United States: Teaching Intercultural Communication Competence Online

Globalization and recent demographic changes in the United States contribute to an increasing number of nonnative speakers of English in our classrooms. Such multicultural classrooms present different dynamics and challenges. Most teachers don't receive training in college to work with students whose first language and culture are different from their own. Perceiving the need to be better prepared to meet the learning needs of their incoming student population, these teachers chose to pursue the English as a Second Language certification. This chapter explores teachers’ perceptions and experiences while learning content of a prerequisite intercultural course. The author, an international instructor, closes the chapter with her own reflections about the context.
Architects of the State: International Organizations and the Reconstruction of States in the Global South

Since the G-7 called for a new international financial architecture, international financial institutions have been designing templates for markets and the laws that govern them. Corporate bankruptcy regimes have been among the bundle of reform packages urged upon developing and transitional countries. While widely enacted and formally instituted, however, many bankruptcy reforms have failed to meet expectations. Among the reasons for failure is a fundamental threat with which international organizations confront states, namely, the restructuring of the state itself. Corporate reorganization regimes reformed in compliance with global norms conventionally demand state reorganization. This paper demonstrates how global designs of bankruptcy regimes fared in three Asian countries variously affected by the Asian Financial Crisis: China, Indonesia and Korea. It examines four aspects of state restructuring: shifting the boundary between the market and state; shifting power among government agencies; vesting powers in the state; and adapting state structure to political society. The paper argues that the efficacy of transnational pressures for state restructuring turns on the recursive interplay of (a) the situation in which global designs come to be placed on national policy agendas, (b) the clarity of the global norms, (c) the power of the international organizations, (d) the weakness of nation-states, (e) the magnitude of the shift in power required by a state to conform to global designs, (f) the continuity of exogenously encouraged reforms with domestic trajectories for change, and (g) the extent of local demand and mobilization.
Why People Cooperate: The Role of Social Motivations

List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Overview 1 Section One: Introduction 9 CHAPTER ONE: Why Do People Cooperate? 11 CHAPTER TWO: Motivational Models 27 Section Two: Empirical Findings 49 CHAPTER THREE: Cooperation with Managerial Authorities in Work Settings 51 CHAPTER FOUR: Cooperation with Legal Authorities in Local Communities 66 CHAPTER FIVE: Cooperation with Political Authorities 81 Section Three: Implications 91 CHAPTER SIX: The Psychology of Cooperation 93 CHAPTER SEVEN: Implications 108 CHAPTER EIGHT: Self-regulation as a General Model 146 Conclusion 167 Notes 169 References 187 Index 209
Single crystal and polycrystalline GaAs solar cells using AMOS technology

A description is given of current technology for fabricating single AMOS (antireflection-coated metal oxide semiconductor) solar cells, with attention given to thermal, plasma, and anodic oxidation, native oxide stripping, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. Some preliminary results are presented on the chemistry and electrical characterization of such cells, and the characteristics of cells fabricated on sliced polycrystalline GaAs wafers are examined. Consideration is also given to the recrystallization of evaporated Ge films for use as low-cost substrates for polycrystalline GaAs solar cells.
THROMBOXANE AND PROSTACYCLIN (EPOPROSTENOL) DURING EXERCISE IN DIFFUSE PULMONARY FIBROSIS

Abstract Plasma thromboxane A 2 , a vasoconstrictor, and plasma prostacyclin (epoprostenol), a vasodilator, were assessed by double-antibody radioimmunological assay of their respective stable circulating metabolites, thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α , in 9 patients with severe diffuse pulmonary fibrosis (DPF), who were known to become hypo-oxaemic during exercise, and in 9 healthy volunteers. In the 7 patients with the most severe DPF, mean arterial PO 2 fell from 68 mm Hg at rest to 51 mm Hg at peak aerobic exercise, and mean TxB 2 increased to twice the value at rest. The 9 controls remained oxygen saturated throughout exercise; their mean TxB 2 did not change during aerobic exercise, but during anaerobic exercise increased to twice the value at rest, and increased further during recovery. There were no significant changes in 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α in either group. The selective release of TxB 2 during aerobic exercise in hypo-oxaemic patients suggests that thromboxane A 2 mediates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Its release in normal man during anaerobic exercise may reflect a more general response to the metabolic changes of tissue hypoxia.
High-performance liquid chromatography of the antihistamine pyrilamine and its N-oxide using electrochemical detection.

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of the over-the-counter antihistamine drug pyrilamine and its N-oxide analogue, have been studied by several voltammetric methods. Cyclic voltammograms of pyrilamine maleate in 0.1 M ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 indicated a quasi-reversible electrode process by observing a wave at +0.85 V and +1.30 V in the initial anodic sweep followed by a wave at -1.30 V versus Ag/AgCl. Differential pulse and hydrodynamic voltammetry of pyrilamine and the N-oxide were examined to determine oxidation potentials for use in high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). Differentiation between pyrilamine and its N-oxide was achieved in HPLC-ED analyses at a detection potential of +0.7 V and +0.9 V versus Ag/AgCl with tandem ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Utility of the HPLC-ED method was demonstrated by the analysis of pyrilamine and the N-oxide in microbial biotransformation samples.
Mariner 2 and Beyond: Planetary Exploration's First 25 Years

Mariner explorations of Venus and Mars are briefly described. Consideration is then given to the missions of Viking 1 and 2, Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and Pioneer Venus. Projected future missions are also briefly considered, including Magellan, Galileo, and Ulysses.
Evaluation of potential role of vitamin C in differential skeletal development between female and male mice using a mouse model

Background In humans, gender difference has been suggested by previous studies. Sex difference in vitamin C requirements have also been reported from animal models. Mouse spontaneous fracture model (sfx) lacks L-gulonolactone oxidase (LGO), an essential gene for the synthesis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). We have been using sfx model for the past eight years and we are the first group to identify the LGO mutation in this mouse model.
Anomalous and matched hyperspectral change detection applications for SHARE data collection

Various hyperspectral change detection methods exist in the literature. Here prediction-based methods, such as chronochrome and covariance equalization, are reviewed and compared with a more recently developed model-based approach. These methods are typically applied for anomalous change detection. Several methods for extending these algorithms to achieve matched change detection are discussed. The algorithms are then applied to airborne visible to near infrared hyperspectral data collected recently over Rochester, New York.
THE ICELANDIC COLONY IN GREENLAND

NOTE. There are three chief sources used in the following article: (i) the various Icelandic sagas, some of which deal largely with Greenland and Greenlanders, while others refer to Greenland events only incidentally; (2) the Icelandic Annals, for and including the years 1288 to 141II; and (3) Diplomatic Papers, mostly papal documents relating to church affairs, although some of them are records of ecclesiastical courts, and similar chronicles. These three sources have been included in a three-volume compilation, Granlands Historiske Mindesmarker, published in Copenhagen, 1838-45. The author of the present paper has relied chiefly on this authority so far as the Latin papers and the Annals are concerned; in the case of the sagas he has used the Icelandic editions of them in the library of Harvard College.
Front end support systems for the Advanced Photon Source

Abstract The support-system designs for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) front ends are complete and will be installed in 1994. These designs satisfy the positioning and alignment requirements of the front-end components to be installed inside the storage-ring tunnel, including the photon beam position monitors, fixed masks, photon and safety shutters, filters, windows, and differential pumps. Other components include beam transport pipes and ion pumps. The designs comprise 3-point kinematic mounts and single-axis supports to satisfy various multi-direction positioning requirements from coarse to ultra-precise. The confined space inside the storage-ring tunnel has posed engineering challenges in the design of these devices, in view of the fact that some components weigh as much as 500 kg. These challenges include designing for mobility during commissioning and initial alignment, mechanical and thermal stability, and precise low-profile vertical and horizontal positioning. As a result, novel stages and kinematic mounts have been constructed using modular and standard designs. This paper will discuss the diverse group of support systems, including specifications and performance data of the prototypes.
Reactivity of Cdc25 phosphatase at low pH and with thiophosphorylated protein substrate

Cdc25s, dual-specificity phosphatases that dephosphorylate and activate cyclin-dependent kinases, are important regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Herein, we probe the protonation state of the phosphate on the protein substrate of Cdc25 by pH-dependent studies and thiosubstitution. We have extended the useable range of pH for this enzyme substrate pair by using high concentrations of glycerol under acidic conditions. Using the protein substrate, we find a slope of 2 for the acidic side of the bell-shaped pH-rate profile, as found with other protein tyrosine phosphatases. Using thiophosphorylated protein substrate, we find no change in the basic side of the pH-rate profile, despite a large reduction in activity as measured by kcat/Km (0.18%) or kcat (0. 11%). In contrast, the acidic side of the profile changes shows a slope of 1, consistent with the 1.5 pH unit shift associated with thiosubstitution. Thus, Cdc25, like other protein phosphatases, uses a dianionic phosphorylated substrate.
Thresholds for DNA-Reactive (Genotoxic) Organic Carcinogens

This paper reviews the evidence for thresholds for DNA-reactive carcinogens and presents dose response data for effects in rat liver of two DNA-reactive hepatocarcinogens, diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene, which is consistent with thresholds.
Coupling ocean models and satellite derived optical fields to estimate LIDAR penetration and detection performance

A global-scale climatological assessment of the temporal and spatial relationships between physical and optical ocean layers was previously performed to determine LIDAR efficiency for measuring the 3D Ocean. That effort provided estimates of laser sensor penetration depth (PD) in the global oceans and identified critical coupling between Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) and Optical Depth (OD) based on potential laser power and ensuing attenuation. We make use of a Bio-Physical ocean model configured for the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) along with remotely sensed satellite measurements to examine LIDAR performance in the Gulf of Mexico coastal regions. The 4Km GOM ocean model runs in near-realtime and produces physical and bio-optical fields which are coupled to in-house derived satellite bio-optical products such as the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490). PD and MLD are coupled to determine laser power efficiency rates across multiple attenuation lengths. The results illustrate the potential utilization of space-borne oceanographic LIDAR to penetrate through the water column, elucidating its applicability for a variety of scientific (characterization of the ocean subsurface layers) and applied (target detection) objectives.
Inflation Stationarity during Latin American Inflation: Insights from Unit Root and Structural Break Analysis

Inflation stationarity has important theoretical and policy implications, yet most of the literature has focused on low inflation countries. This article investigates inflation stationarity in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Bolivia during a hyperinflationary period from 1980 to 2004. We test for structural breaks in inflation, discuss the breaks in terms of changes in monetary regimes, and test if accounting for these structural breaks changes the nonstationarity results for those nations that ‘fail’ the traditional Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test for inflation. All five are found to have inflation rates that are I(0) once the structural breaks analysis is incorporated into our unit root tests.
Comprehension and memory of the literal and figurative meaning of proverbs

Proverbs were used to examine recognition memory for four types of sentence information (figurative meaning, literal meaning, lexical information, syntactic information) with two levels of comprehension. Forced-choice recognition tasks showed that subjects were successful in remembering all four types of information. Recognition scores for the figurative meaning of unfamiliar proverbs presented in isolation were above chance and were also significantly improved when procedures were employed which encouraged comprehension of this level of meaning. The results are most consistent with theories of comprehension which provide for different types of processing for figurative and literal language.
Antenna-coupled microbolometer arrays with aerogel thermal isolation

Abstract Uncooled bolometric detectors used in infrared imaging systems have slow response times (∼10 ms) which makes them impractical for fast-frame-rate applications. Antenna-coupled microbolometer arrays have been shown to have fast response times (∼130 ns) and can be used as picture elements in infrared imaging systems but lack sufficient responsivity. Thermal isolation of antenna-coupled microbolometer arrays will increase its responsivity but will also increase its response time. Thermal isolation can be achieved using silica aerogel as a substrate, and its porosity can be used to modify the thermal conductivity down to values lower than air. In this paper antenna-coupled microbolometer arrays were fabricated on a substrate coated with a thin film of aerogel, noise, response and radiation characteristics were measured and compared to similar devices fabricated on a SiO2 substrate. The measured signal-to-noise ratio of devices fabricated on aerogel were one order of magnitude higher than devices fabricated on SiO2 and had time constants around 5 μs.
Results of a SIMS round robin sponsored by ASTM committee E‐42 on surface analysis

The results of a round robin involving the quantitative depth profile analysis of ion-implanted boron in silicon by secondary ion mass spectrometry are reported. This study was a blind analysis; each participant was provided with three samples, a standard for which the implantation does was known and two other samples of unknown dose. The study compares the accuracy and precision of the quantitative analysis of boron in silicon, background signal levels, detection limits, dynamic range and sputter depth profile shapes obtained using fifteen SIMS instruments (fourteen commercial instruments manufactured by five different companies and one home-built system). The quantitative SIMS analysis of boron in silicon, using similar standards, was found to have a relative standard deviation of approximately 10–12%, which also turned out to be the variation in sample homogeneity over the implanted samples, and a relative error of <10%. Comparison of sputter profile shapes shows a good degree of precision extending over six decades of signal intensity. The highest dynamic range of 6.1 × 105 and the best detection limit of 3.7 × 1020 atoms m−3 were found for analyses using the ‘mini-chip’ method of v. Criegern and Weitzel. Results of a test concerning the lateral homogeneity of the depth distribution of the implanted species are presented and discussed.
Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of a series of C3?C6 aldehydes with OH and NO3 radicals

By using relative rate methods, rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH and NO3 radicals with propanal, butanal, pentanal, and hexanal have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. By using methyl vinyl ketone as the reference compound, the rate constants obtained for the OH radical reactions (in units of 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were propanal, 20.2 ± 1.4; butanal, 24.7 ± 1.5; pentanal, 29.9 ± 1.9; and hexanal, 31.7 ± 1.5. By using methacrolein and 1-butene as the reference compounds, the rate constants obtained for the NO3 radical reactions (in units of 10−15 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were propanal, 7.1 ± 0.4; butanal, 11.2 ± 1.5; pentanal, 14.1 ± 1.6; and hexanal, 14.9 ± 1.3. The dominant tropospheric loss process for the aldehydes studied here is calculated to be by reaction with the OH radical, with calculated lifetimes of a few hours during daytime. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 79–84, 2000
A formal description of discrete event dynamic systems including infinitesimal perturbation analysis

Abstract The behaviour of simulation outcomes of discrete event dynamic systems is in focus. This behaviour is characterized by several kinds of performance measures. A description of a wide class of discrete event dynamic systems is arrived at. Within this context a definition of infinitesimal perturbation analysis is given, which is a technique to quantify the dependence of simulation outcomes on changes in continuously varying parameter inputs.
Effect of vacuum packaging on the quality of red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, tail muscle during frozen storage.

This study compared vacuum packaging (VP) and air-permeable polyvinylchloride film wrap packaging (PVCP) for their influence on microbial survival, pH, protein physicochemical properties, cooking loss, and shear force of raw red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, tail muscle stored at −20 C for up to 12 mo. Overall, frozen storage did not have a detrimental effect on microbial survival; however, aerobic plate counts and total coliforms in 12-mo red claw samples in VP were, respectively, 1.5 and 3.1 log cycles less than those in PVCP (P < 0.05). Samples stored in both PV and PVCP exhibited a slight pH decline (0.3–0.5 U, P < 0.05) during storage. Similarly, the complex changes in muscle proteins over the course of frozen storage, for example, increases in hydrophobicity in the first 3 mo, reductions of Ca-ATPase activity from 3 to 12 mo, and loss of sulfhydryls from 6 to 12 mo (P < 0.05), differed only slightly between VP and PVCP. Muscle samples stored in PVCP experienced a significant cooking loss after 1 mo, and in VP, a major cooking loss occurred after 3 mo. No packaging effect was observed on cooked meat shear force except for samples stored for 12 mo.
Medications' impact on oral health.

ABSTRACT Background Over-the-counter and prescription drugs are used frequently, in large quantities and by many adults, particularly by those older than 65 years of age. A number of medications (prescription, over-the-counter, vitamins and minerals, herbal preparations) can affect oral health. With the population's aging, and as more drugs become available, dentists can expect to encounter medication-related oral side effects among their patients. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed studies that ranged from case reports to randomly controlled, double-blinded studies. However, in view of the subject matter, the majority of findings are based on case reports. Conclusions Since many patients regularly take medications, both prescribed and nonprescribed, dentists always must take a thorough medical history so that they can be aware of medication-related problems and the impact of medications on diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical Implications Dentists must be aware of the potential oral tissue complications that medications can create and develop appropriate treatment plans for their patients that consider the oral health impact of the medications they take.
The role of metabolism in the toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its degradation products to the aquatic amphipod Hyalella azteca

Toxicological data on the effects of the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and its degradation products suggests an unpredictable toxicological response in aquatic organisms. Several studies suggest TNT becomes more toxic as it degrades while others suggest TNT becomes less toxic. This study focused on the toxicity of TNT and several degradation products as well as the role of oxidative metabolism in the toxicity of TNT. The aquatic invertebrate Hyalella azteca was used to evaluate the toxicity of TNT and four of its degradation products. The most reduced degradation product, 2,4-diamino, 6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) was the most toxic to H. azteca. However, 2,4-DANT was only a minor metabolite in H. azteca. The influence of metabolism on the toxicokinetics of TNT was assessed indirectly through the use of a CYP450 inducer and inhibitor. Treatment of organisms with beta-napthoflavone (BNF), a CYP450 inducer, increased the toxicity of TNT and increased the rate of elimination and metabolism of TNT. Similar to BNF, organisms treated with clotrimazole (CTZ), a CYP450 inhibitor, resulted in increased toxicity and TNT metabolism. It is likely the ability to metabolize or bioactivate TNT to a more reactive intermediate plays a significant role in the sensitivity of organisms to TNT.
Narrative rationality and the logic of scientific discourse

This essay argues that scientific discourse is amenable to interpretation and assessment from the perspective of the narrative paradigm and its attendant logic, narrative rationality. It also contends that this logic entails a revised conception of knowledge, one that permits the possibility of wisdom. The text analyzed is James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick's proposal of the double helix model of DNA.
Hyoid osteoradionecrosis associated with carotid rupture: report of 2 cases.

Background Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the hyoid bone is a rare but reported complication of head and neck irradiation. Here we describe 2 cases in which carotid rupture was associated with hyoid ORN. Methods This study was conducted through a retrospective chart review and case reports of 2 patients. Results Both patients had a history of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer; 1 patient had undergone previous surgical resection. Both patients had a history of painful swelling in the neck preceding presentation with hemorrhage. Acute hemorrhage was controlled in all patients using a combination of techniques including embolization, stent grafting, and vessel ligation. Conclusion ORN of the hyoid can be associated with life-threatening carotid rupture. In patients with a history of head and neck irradiation who present with painful swelling in the region of the hyoid, this entity should be considered. Early intervention may prevent subsequent rupture of the carotid artery and hemorrhage. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Statistical characterization of handwriting characteristics using automated tools

We provide a statistical basis for reporting the results of handwriting examination by questioned document (QD) examiners. As a facet of Questioned Document (QD) examination, the analysis and reporting of handwriting examination suffers from the lack of statistical data concerning the frequency of occurrence of combinations of particular handwriting characteristics. QD examiners tend to assign probative values to specific handwriting characteristics and their combinations based entirely on the examiner's experience and power of recall. The research uses data bases of handwriting samples that are representative of the US population. Feature lists of characteristics provided by QD examiners, are used to determine as to what frequencies need to be evaluated. Algorithms are used to automatically extract those characteristics, e.g., a software tool for extracting most of the characteristics from the most common letter pair th, is functional. For each letter combination the marginal and conditional frequencies of their characteristics are evaluated. Based on statistical dependencies of the characteristics the probability of any given letter formation is computed. The resulting algorithms are incorporated into a system for writer verification known as CEDAR-FOX.
OA-519 (fatty acid synthase) as an independent predictor of pathologic stage in adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Abstract Objectives. To improve the prediction of pathologic stage beyond that provided by Gleason score. Methods. We investigated the tissue expression in prostate cancer of a relatively new marker, oncoantigen 519 (OA-519). Because Gleason score is one of the most powerful predictors in prostate cancer, we restricted our evaluation of 66 radical prostatectomy specimens of varying pathologic stages which were either Gleason score 6 or 7. Immunohistochemical staining f OA-519 was assessed with a combined staining score from 0 to 8, taking into account both the intensity and percentage of tissue staining. In addition, an intensity score was derived based on whether any intense staining was present in a case. Results. OA-519 staining of the primary prostate cancer was highly predictive in separating cases with organ-confined disease or capsular penetration versus cases with seminal vesicle invasion or lymph node metastases; Gleason score 6 or 7 was also predictive. In a logistic multivariate regression analysis, both OA-519 and Gleason score were strong independent predictors of pathologic stage ( P = 0.0004). Conclusions. OA-519 predicted pathologic stage well when analyzing primary prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens and is presently being investigated on preoperative biopsy material to assess its ultimate clinical applicability. OA-519 has significant promise as a prognostic marker for prostate cancer and is one of the few markers that provides additional predictive information beyond that of the Gleason score.
Making up History: False Memories of Fake News Stories

Previous research has shown that information that is repeated is more likely to be rated as true than information that has not been heard before. The current experiment examines whether familiarity with false news stories would increase rates of truthfulness and plausibility for these events. Further, the experiment tested whether false stories that were familiar would result in the creation of a false memory of having heard the story outside of the experiment. Participants were exposed to false new stories, each portrayed by the investigator as true news stories. After a five week delay, participants who had read the false experimental stories rated them as more truthful and more plausible than participants who had not been exposed to the stories. In addition, there was evidence of the creation of false memories for the source of the news story. Participants who had previously read about the stories were more likely to believe that they had heard the false stories from a source outside the experiment. These results suggest that repeating false claims will not only increase their believability but may also result in source monitoring errors.
Linewidth of the Radiation Emitted by a Josephson Junction

A quasiparticle-current-fluctuation contribution to the radiation emitted by Josephson tunnel junctions is calculated. The result is combined with Stephen's result for the pair-current-fluctuation contribution and compared with experimental linewidth data for Sn-I-Sn and Pb-I-Pb junctions.
A micromachined flat plasma spectrometer (FlaPS)

Through the application of a new approach to energy analysis to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), the Flat Plasma Spectrometer (FlaPS) presented here provides a solution to the investigation of plasma distributions in space. It is capable of measuring the kinetic energy and angular distributions of ions/electrons in the space environment for energies ranging from a few eV to 50keV. A single pixel of a FlaPS instrument has been designed, built and tested to occupy a volume of approximately one cubic centimeter, and is characterized by a high throughput-to-volume ratio, making it an ideal component for small-scale satellites. The focus of this paper is on the design, fabrication, simulation, and testing of the instrument front end that consists of a collimator, parallel plate energy analyzer, and energy selector mask. Advanced micro-fabrication techniques enable fabrication of the miniature plasma spectrometer with geometric factor 4.9x10 -5 cm 2 -sr per pixel and an entrance aperture area of 0.01cm 2 . Arrays of narrow collimator channels with 4° angular divergence and high transmission allow energy analysis of ions/electrons without the need for focusing, the key feature that enables large mass reduction. It is also shown that the large plate factors achievable with this approach to energy analysis offers definite advantages in reducing the need for excessively high voltages.
Late Triassic paleogeography of the southern Cordillera: The problem of a source for voluminous volcanic detritus in the Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau region

The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau contains voluminous volcanic detritus evidently derived from a source to the south. Volcanic rocks exposed in southern Arizona and northern Sonora have been assumed to represent this source terrane, but U-Pb isotopic geochronology and regional stratigraphic correlations indicate that these volcanic rocks are distinctly younger than the Chinle, and thus not a source for the volcanic detritus in the Chinle. Igneous rocks of known or possible Late Triassic age in Nevada, California, or northeastern Mexico are possible sources, but a clearly defined source terrane for the volcanic detritus in the Chinle has not been identified. Tectonic removal of the source terrane by rifting or strike-slip offset, though not proven, is a possibility.
Radiometer-on-a-chip: a path toward super-compact submillimeter-wave imaging arrays

A novel approach for submillimeter-wave heterodyne imaging arrays is presented in this paper. By utilizing diverse technologies such as GaAs membrane based terahertz diodes, wafer bonding, bulk Si micromachining, micro-lens optics, and CMOS 3-D chip architectures, a super-compact low-mass submillimeter-wave imaging array is envisioned. A fourwafer based silicon block for a working W-band power amplifier MMIC is demonstrated. This module drastically reduces mass and volume associated with metal block implementations without sacrificing performance. A path towards super compact array receivers in the 500-600 GHz range is described in detail.
An Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Properties of the Healing Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments in the knee. Although it can heal spontaneously after rupture, laboratory studies have shown that the mechanical properties of the healing MCL remain inferior to normal for up to two years after injury (1). Additionally, the healing MCL has been shown to display increased amounts of stress relaxation and creep (2). In order to more completely describe the viscoelastic properties of healing ligaments, we propose to use the Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic (QLV) theory formulated by Fung (1972). This theory has been used to successfully describe the viscoelastic properties of many soft-tissues (3). Recently, our research center has developed an improved approach to determine the constants describing the QLV theory based on data collected from a stress relaxation experiment that utilizes a slow strain rate during loading. This approach allows for experimental errors that commonly result from fast strain rates to be avoided (ex. overshoot) (4). Therefore, the objective of this study were to use this new approach to determine the constants describing the quasi-linear viscoelastic behavior of the healing goat MCL at 12 weeks after injury.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
THE SPATIAL IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT DECISIONS ON POSTWAR ECONOMIC CHANGE IN NORTH NORWAY

ABSTRACT Recent government decisions to improve the economic health of North Norway have had significant spatial impact. This region is a continuing problem area because of the dearth of physical and human resources. Postwar capital investment, loans, and other schemes to encourage industry have emphasized urban growth and depopulated many rural farming and fishing areas. Variations in regional growth are largely a result of investment decisions favoring industrial development, and the resultant migration of labor to manufacturing areas. The trend toward urbanization and the concentration of economic activity has been slowed by a recent shift in national planning to favor more marginal communities and activities such as farming and fishing.
Stochastic Elastic-Plastic Finite Elements

Abstract A computational framework has been developed for simulations of the behavior of solids and structures made of stochastic elastic–plastic materials. Uncertain elastic–plastic material properties are modeled as random fields, which appear as the coefficient term in the governing partial differential equation of mechanics. A spectral stochastic elastic–plastic finite element method with Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation based probabilistic constitutive integrator is proposed for solution of this non-linear (elastic–plastic) partial differential equation with stochastic coefficient. To this end, the random field material properties are discretized, in both spatial and stochastic dimension, into finite numbers of independent basic random variables, using Karhunen–Loeve expansion. Those random variables are then propagated through the elastic–plastic constitutive rate equation using Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation approach, to obtain the evolutionary material properties, as the material plastifies. The unknown displacement (solution) random field is then assembled - using polynomial chaos - as a function of known basic random variables and unknown deterministic coefficients, which are obtained by minimizing the error of finite representation, by Galerkin technique.
Energy Efficient Hydraulic Rotary Drive: Analysis and Comparison of Two Different Displacement Controlled Solutions

This paper discusses, analyzes, and compares two different displacement controlled solutions for a rotary drive of a mobile machine. In particular, the first solution is a hydrostatic transmission based on a closed circuit structure while the second solution employs secondary controlled hydraulic drives. In detail, these alternatives are evaluated in the context of a machine with a huge mass that performs repetitive working cycles with frequent stops and goes that require a precise positioning. Consequently, the ability to recover energy via regenerative breaking becomes a key aspect in order to improve the global efficiency of the machine. Therefore, the paper will present a dynamic system model that was used to compare the two alternatives.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Partially Conserved Axial-Vector Current Restrictions on Pion Photoproduction and Electroproduction Amplitudes

We discuss numerically the restrictions imposed by the partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) on the pion photoproduction amplitude ${{V}_{1}}^{(+)}(0)$ and on the pion electroproduction amplitude ${{V}_{6}}^{(\ensuremath{-})}(0)$. We find that the magnetic-dipole dominance and the narrow-resonance approximations are unreliable. The nonresonant $s$ waves make an important contribution to ${{V}_{1}}^{(+)}(0)$, and we find that the PCAC prediction for this amplitude is reasonably well satisfied. The electric and longitudinal multipoles appear to make a much bigger contribution to ${{V}_{6}}^{(\ensuremath{-})}(0)$ than does the magnetic dipole ${M}_{1+}$, which is strongly suppressed by the kinematics.
Effects of excipients on protein conformation in lyophilized solids by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

Purpose Excipients are added to lyophilized protein drug formulations to protect the protein during processing and storage, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange with mass spectrometry was used to assess protein conformation and excipient interactions in lyophilized solids.
Studies of copulatory behaviour in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster)

Abstract Onychomys leucogaster display a copulatory pattern characterized by locking, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Ten pairs of mice received a total of 50 tests with females in hormone-induced oestrus. A mean of 3·8 locks with a mean duration of 69·4 s preceded attainment of a satiety criterion. In a second experiment, pregnancies were found in approximately 25 per cent of females tested to sexual satiety in natural oestrus, but no female mated for just one lock. There was a positive relationship between number of locks and probability of pregnancy. Supplementary observations on attempts to increase pregnancy rates and on effects of mode of oestrus induction on copulatory behaviour are reported.
The learning curve, demand growth, and market concentration

Abstract This paper explores the relationship among an industry's levels of learning, expected demand growth, and concentration. The analysis uses comparative statics and simulations to explain how the incentives associated with learning can result in a positive relationship between the industry's expected demand growth and its equilibrium level of concentration.
Hearing: An Introduction to Psychological and Physiological Acoustics

Physical Concepts Anatomy Conductive Mechanism Cochlear Mechanisms and Processes Auditory Pathways Psychoacoustic Methods Theory of Signal Detection Auditory Sensitivity Masking Loudness Pitch Binaural and Spatial Hearing Speech and Its Perception
Coordination and discrimination in contracting with externalities: divide and conquer?

Abstract The paper studies bilateral contracting between N agents and one principal, whose trade with each agent generates externalities on other agents. It examines the effects of prohibiting the principal from (i) coordinating agents on her preferred equilibrium, and (ii) making different contracts available to different agents. These effects depend on whether an agent is more or less eager to trade when others trade more. The prohibitions reduce the aggregate trade in the former case, and have little or no effect in the latter case. The inefficiencies under different contracting regimes are linked to the sign of the relevant externalities, and are shown to be typically reduced by both prohibitions.
On the interiors of production sets in infinite dimensional spaces

Abstract We show that ‘bounded marginal rates of substitution’ as formalized by Khan–Vohra imply that a closed, convex production set with ‘free disposal’ has a non-empty interior. This result is true for Banach spaces but false for more general locally convex spaces.
Carcinoma of the gastric remnant in a U.S. population

Ninety-three consecutive patients who had a partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease underwent endoscopy. Adenocarcinoma was found in four patients, adenomatous polyps in seven, and epithelial atypia in three. Gastroscopic screening every 10 years after surgery is recommended to identify those patients who should undergo regular surveillance because of findings of premafignant change.
From blatant to latent protest (and back again): on the politics of theatrical spectacle in Madonna’s ‘American Life’

This paper explores ambiguities of political resistance and anti-war protest in Madonna’s music video, ‘American Life’. We begin by tracing the history of the making, promotion and eventual withdrawal of the video in the context of the military build-up and media campaign that preceded the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In these opening sections, we focus in particular on the (perhaps deliberately generated) controversy surrounding the work, and its problematic relationship with contemporary corporate mass media. We then proceed to describe the visual contents of the video, and present three distinct readings of it: first, as a gesture of overt protest against the war; second, as a work that is unaware of the manner in which its signifying textures unwittingly and covertly celebrate the culture it would critique, thus nullifying its overt subversive gesture; and third, as a work that is in fact far more politically resistant than it knows, through an uncanny form of protest that is dependent upon this very complicity.
Cellular and paracellular pathway resistances in the "tight" Cl- -secreting epithelium of rabbit cornea.

The high transverse resistance of the isolated rabbit cornea (6–12 kΩ·cm2) is associated with the corneal epithelium, a Cl−-secreting tissue which is modulated by β-adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Three methods were employed to determine the resistances for the apical membrane, basolateral membrane, and paracellular conductive pathways in the epithelium. In the first method, the specific resistance of the apical membrane was selectively and reversibly changed. Epinephrine was used to increase apical Cl− conductance and Ag+ was used to increase apical cation permeability. The second method utilized a direct measure of the spontaneous cellular ionic current. The third method obtained estimates of shunt resistance using transepithelial electrophysiological responses to changes in apical membrane resistance. The results of the first method were largely independent of the agent used. In addition, the three methods were in general agreement, and the ranges of mean values for apical membrane, basolateral membrane, and shunt resistances were 23–33, 3–4, and 12–16 kΩ·cm2, respectively, for the normal cornea. The apical membrane was the major, physiologically-modulated barrier to ion permeation. The shunt resistance of the corneal epithelium was comparable to that found previously for other “tight” epithelia. Experiments using Ag+ in tissues that were bathed in Cl− and HCO3-free solutions indicated that under resting conditions the apical membrane is anion-selective.
Open-Heart Experience in Infants Using Normothermia and Deep Hypothermia

During the 9-year period from 1967 through 1975, 124 open-heart operations were performed on infants less than 1 year of age with 35 operative deaths (28%). Ninety-seven of these procedures used continuous cardiopulmonary bypass with normothermia or mild hypothermia, and 27 were done under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Mortality and morbidity were similar regardless of the operative technique, although deep hypothermia facilitated the repair of complex lesions. The highest mortality occurred in infants less than 3 months of age. Respiratory insufficiency, usually requiring prolonged ventilatory support, occurred only among infants who had pulmonary overcirculation or congestion prior to operation. Adequacy of intraoperative repair and postoperative care were the major determinants of survival.
Excited Excitonic States in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy on individual SWNTs reveals not only the longitudinal and transverse E11, E22, and E12 ground-state excitons but also excited excitonic states including the continuum. When heated, SWNTs are known to undergo a bandgap shift transition (BST), which effectively changes the nanotube dielectric environment. Here, we show that the entire spectrum of excitonic resonances blue shifts under this transition, with excited states showing larger shifts, approaching 100 meV for a 1 nm diameter nanotube. The excitonic binding energy, Coulomb self-energy correction, and dielectric shift under the BST are estimated. Analysis of this blue shift reveals the dominant effect of dielectric screening on SWNT excitonic states.
Mechanical unloading increases caveolin expression in the failing human heart

Objective: Implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in the failing human heart initiates structural and functional changes termed reverse remodeling. Mechanical unloading improves cardiac adrenergic responsiveness and lipid metabolism, processes regulated by caveolar function. We tested the hypothesis that mechanical unloading alters the expression of caveolins and these changes are linked to altered expression of markers of reverse remodeling. Methods: Paired human myocardial samples were obtained from patients who received an LVAD as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Transcript levels were measured using real-time Q-RT-PCR in RNA prepared from 34 pairs of formalin-fixed myocardial tissue blocks. Caveolin-1 and -3 protein levels were determined from frozen tissue ( n = 5) by Western blots. Caveolin-3 localization was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Caveolin-1 protein levels were upregulated in all LVAD-patients after mechanical unloading ( P = 0.002). Caveolin-1 mRNA was increased in 76% of the patients ( n = 34, P <0.001). Larger induction of caveolin-1 was associated with greater suppression of ANF. Caveolin-3 transcript levels increased in 82% of the cohort, along with a 2.5-fold induction of caveolin-2. Sarcolemmal caveolin-3 staining was increased after LVAD-support, although no change in total caveolin-3 protein was detected. The mRNA levels of the caveolin-associated CD36 also increased with unloading. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy showed greater induction of CD36 ( P <0.05) than non-ischemic cases, as well as highly correlated changes in the expression of caveolin isoforms. Conclusion: Mechanical unloading induces the expression of caveolins and CD36. The induction of caveolin-1 and the reciprocal suppression of ANF suggest that the changes in the expression of both genes are linked to decreased hemodynamic load. Enhanced caveolin expression during mechanical unloading of failing human hearts may be a part of the reverse remodeling of lipid metabolism, nitric oxide production and adrenergic signaling.