cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete stages of human thymocyte activation and maturation in vitro: correlation between phenotype and function

Using light scatter, flow cytometric and functional analyses, three major stages in the in vitro activation of human thymocytes were defined. The earliest stage (day 0-2) was characterized by the induction of the interleukin 2 (IL2) and transferrin receptors, the T cell lineage specific Ta1 antigen, and increased reactivity with anti-T8 antibody. At this time, major changes in nuclear morphology but not cell size were observed. Early-stage thymocytes were immature with regard to T3 and cytotoxic capacities. The second stage (day 3-4) of in vitro culture was distinguished by loss of T6, maximal activation (both in cell size and nuclear morphology) and maximal expression of both transferrin and IL2 receptors. At this stage, nearly all thymocytes expressed T3, 30-70% of thymocytes were T4+T8+, and functionally, only small increases in cytotoxic capacities were observed. The third stage of maturation (day 5-7) represented thymocytes with reduced levels of activation as measured by forward and right angle light scatter analysis and declining IL2 and transferrin receptor expression. However, these thymocytes exhibited high levels of T3 antigen density, loss of T4, T8 coexpression and pronounced cytotoxic and detectable inducer function capabilities.
Hexavalent chromium removal by viable, granular anaerobic biomass.

Abstract Hexavalent chromium in industrial wastewater is a major concern due to its extreme toxicity. This study investigates the removal of Cr(VI) using viable anaerobic granular biomass as a biosorbent. The effect of Cr(VI) concentration on biogas content and COD removal using batch studies indicated that the phase II (methanogenic-rich) culture was more sensitive than the phase I (acidogenic-rich) culture. Toxicity indices for both cultures using COD removal were developed based on linear-log interpolation. The median inhibition Cr(VI) concentration (IC50), for phase II cultures was found to be 263 mg/L, while that for phase I cultures was 309 mg/L. A sorption study was conducted on viable and non-viable (dried) phase I-rich biomass: both followed the Langmuir model. In addition, the biosorption capacity for metabolically inhibited biomass was 25% less indicating some level of cellular uptake associated with Cr(VI) removal. This study demonstrated the potential for a two-phase anaerobic treatment system for a Cr(VI)-contaminated effluent.
Epitaxial growth of ErSi2 on (111) Si

The epitaxial growth of ErSi2 is described. In this study, erbium metal is evaporated onto Si(111) and annealed to form erbium silicide, where the pressure during all procedures is maintained below 5 × 10−10 Torr. The interdiffusion of erbium with silicon occurs as low as 300°C, as determined by in situ Auger electron spectroscopy. Low energy electron diffraction shows the 3×3 pattern of the hexagonal silicide, with evidence of surface faceting. Both X-ray and Rutherford backscattering analyses indicate single-crystal growth with a channeling minimum yield of 2%–3% for silicide films of 200–400-A thickness annealed to 800–900°C. The surface morphology of these films is smooth but pitted with an average pinhole size of less than 1 microm. These results support growth models based on nucleation reaction mechanisms and not those based on interfacial contamination effects. Electrical measurements show metallic conduction with a room temperature resistivity of 35micro ohm cm.
Interaction of α‐synuclein and synphilin‐1: effect of Parkinson's disease‐associated mutations

α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, a neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Two α-synuclein mutations, Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro, are associated with early onset, familial forms of the disease. Recently, synphilin-1, a protein found to interact with α-synuclein by yeast two hybrid techniques, was detected in Lewy bodies. In this study we report the interaction of α-synuclein and synphilin-1 in human neuroglioma cells using a sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. We demonstrate that the C-terminus of α-synuclein is closely associated with the C-terminus of synphilin-1. A weak interaction occurs between the N-terminus of α-synuclein and synphilin-1. The familial Parkinson's disease associated mutations of α-synuclein (Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro) also demonstrate a strong interaction between their C-terminal regions and synphilin-1. However, compared with wild-type α-synuclein, significantly less energy transfer occurs between the C-terminus of Ala53Thr α-synuclein and synphilin-1, suggesting that the Ala53Thr mutation alters the conformation of α-synuclein in relation to synphilin-1.
High rate of right ventricular infarction after ligation of mid left anterior descending artery in rats

Abstract Background The left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies the left ventricle in humans. LAD ligation has been commonly used in rats to induce left ventricular (LV) infarction for research purposes. However, the myocardial supply territories of LAD are not well established in rats. We measured the infarction zone in rats after ligation of the mid-LAD. Methods Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 300–350 g were selected for LAD ligation for the induction of ischemic cardiomyopathy. The surgery was performed under full anesthesia. Left-sided thoracotomy was performed through cuts in the fifth and sixth ribs. Ligation of the LAD was performed 1 to 2 mm distal to a line between the left border of the pulmonary conus and the right border of the left atrial appendage. LAD was ligated after the first diagonal and septal branches. After 24 h, the hearts were removed and stained with Tetrazolium Tetrachloride (TTC) for the detection of infracted areas. Results Ligation of LAD induces 85% infarction of the right anterior free wall and anterior right ventricular septum and induces 100% infarction of the anterior free wall of the left ventricle and anterior septum. Infarction after LAD ligation extends all the way to the distal of the ligation site down to the apex of the heart. Conclusions Mid-LAD ligation after the first septal and diagonal branches causes substantial right ventricular infarction in addition to LV infarct in rats. Therefore, the hemodynamic effect of right ventricle infarct should be considered in research involving LAD ligation in rats.
A PdO(1 0 1) thin film grown on Pd(1 1 1) in ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract We present experimental results demonstrating that a high quality PdO(1 0 1) thin film can be grown on Pd(1 1 1) in ultrahigh vacuum by oxidizing the metal at 500 K using an oxygen atom beam, followed by annealing to 675 K. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) images show that the [0 1 0] direction of the PdO(1 0 1) thin film aligns with the [−1 1 0] direction of the Pd(1 1 1) substrate, and that the PdO film grows in three degenerate domains, rotated 120° relative to one another. Based on excellent agreement between the experimental and simulated LEED patterns, we conclude that the surface structure of the PdO thin film deviates minimally from bulk-terminated PdO(1 0 1). Recent temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments also provide evidence that the PdO(1 0 1) thin film on Pd(1 1 1) is terminated by the stoichiometric surface in which half of the Pd atoms are coordinatively unsaturated (cus), corresponding to a cus-Pd atom density equal to about 35% of the surface density of Pd(1 1 1). The ability to generate a well-defined PdO(1 0 1) surface in ultrahigh vacuum should provide new opportunities for conducting model surface science studies of PdO, particularly studies aimed at elucidating the reactivity of PdO(1 0 1) toward species important in commercial applications of Pd catalysis.
Erratum: ''Correction to stereotactic body radiation therapy: The report from the AAPM Task Group No. 101'' [Med. Phys. 37(8), 4078-4101 (2010)]

The table on page 4086, the last row entitled “Renal hilum/ vascular trunk” should have “18.6 (6.2 Gy/fx) shifted over one column to reside under the Three fraction schema.2. The table on page 4087 is “parallel” tissue only, and the total values for threshold dose (Gy) for lung and liver are correct but the per fraction doses within the parenthesis are not and should read as follows: Threshold dose (Gy)11.6 (3.87Gy)12.4 (4.13Gy)19.2 (6.4Gy).
Global Perspectives in Caldecott Award Books: An Analysis of Books from the 1970s and 2000s

Globalization has affected all parts of society, including education. Students today are expected to develop critical thinking skills as they gain a global awareness. Mansilla and Gardner (2007) de...
Unemployment insurance system at risk: Snapshot of a troubled partnership

Abstract The unemployment insurance (UI) system in the United States is in trouble. Millions in tax dollars are going to undeserving claimants due to fraud and, more often, mistakes or poor UI claims management. State administration of UI is suffering from a lack of both financial and human capital. At the same time, too many employers are overpaying unemployment taxes, not only because of fraud and abuse, but also because they have opted out of the system. Additionally, many employers are failing to respond to UI requests for documentation and are choosing not to contest claims, as they believe the system is hopelessly skewed against them.
Purification and partial characterization of a procaryotic glycoprotein from the plasma membrane of Thermoplasma acidophilum.

Abstract The obligate, thermophilic, acidophilic mycoplasma, Thermoplasma acidophilum, grows optimally at 56° C and pH 2.0. Its plasma membrane possessed 21–22 protein bands that were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major membrane protein, molecular weight 152 000, which stained for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, accounted for 32% (w/w) of the total membrane proteins. It was isolated and further purified by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The carbohydrate content amounted to less than 10% (w/w) compared to that of the entire glycoprotein. The carbohydrate moiety consisted mainly of mannose residues with branched α 1 → 2 linkages at the non-reducing ends of the glycopeptide as determined by permethylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The reducing end was an N-glycosidic linkage between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine. The amino acid composition of this glycoprotein showed 62 mol% hydrophobic residues, while the acidic amino acid content contributed 9 mol% more than that of the basic amino acids. The existence of membrane glycoproteins in the procaryotic, wall-less T. acidophilum may provide a protective coat for the plasma membrane. The stereochemistry and the conformation of the carbohydrate chains, in conjunction with water turgor, may contribute to the rigidity of the membrane and the cation binding.
Direct correlation of histochemical profile to the ultrastructure of single myofibers and their neuromuscular junctions from a mixed muscle.

It has been demonstrated that there are significant differences in the ultrastructural morphology of the three mammalian myofiber types and their neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). The description of these ultrastructural differences was based primarily on samples taken from muscles that were composed of predominantly one fiber type. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine if previously described ultrastructural characteristics could distinguish between the three fiber types and the NMJ in a mixed muscle containing similar percentages of each fiber type and 2) to determine if there were significant differences in the morphology of like fiber types when compared between two histochemical regions in a muscle with a compartmentalized fiber-type distribution. The muscle used in this study was the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) of the cat. The objectives were achieved by a direct correlation of ultrastructure to histochemical profile on the same isolated myofibers. This study revealed a wide range of morpohological variation among fiber types in the FCR. Although many fibers from the FCR could be classified by using accepted ultrastructural criteria, most could not. Compartmental differences were present in several of the ultrastructural parameters measured. The slow-twitch oxidative (SO) and fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers in the oxidative compartment had a significantly larger myofiber core volume when compared to the fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers from both compartments. Also, the FG fibers in the glycolytic region had a significantly larger membrane volume (terminal cisternae, T tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum) when compared to the FOG fibers in the oxidative compartment and the SO fibers in both regions. This study has demonstrated that considerable variation exists in the most commonly accepted ultrastructural features used for distinguishing the three myofiber types when sampled from a mixed muscle that is not dominated by one fiber type. These results suggest the possibility of a greater functional range in the same type of histochemically identified motor units from mixed muscle than in those from muscles containing predominantly one fiber type.
Necessary Properties of Relevant Research: Lessons from Recent Criticisms of the Organizational Sciences

Recent criticisms of the practical relevance of organizational behavior, organization development, and organization theory research are surveyed for the purpose of identifying key components of research relevance. Five such components are identified, corresponding to dimensions of practitioner needs: descriptive relevance, goal relevance, operational validity, nonobviousness, and timeliness. General implications are discussed for the interaction between researcher and practitioner.
Effects of prior context upon the integration of lexical information during sentence processing

In three experiments it is shown that predictive context both facilitates the processing of unambiguous lexical items in sentences and makes their representation in the final conceptual representation of the sentence less salient. Facilitation is demonstrated in Experiments I and II using measures of sentence comprehension time and phoneme monitoring latency. The latter effect is demonstrated by showing in Experiment III that longer probe latencies are associated with words which were initially processed in a predictive, as opposed to non-predictive, context. An integration account of the effects of context on lexical processing is adduced to account for the reported findings.
Cancellous bone behavior in hindlimb immobilized rats during and after naproxen treatment

Abstract Temporary immobilization creates bone loss. The purpose of this investigation was to use an agent to protect the skeleton from bone loss bone during temporary immobilization. Eighty-nine 6-month-old retired breeder Sprague—Dawley female rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into six groups of equal numbers. Four groups were given drinking water from day 0, containing naproxen (100 or 200 mg/l). At day 7, half the animals in all groups had their right hindlimb immobilized. At day 49, half the immobilized rats and non-immobilized controls were sacrificed. The remaining rats were remobilized and the drug was stopped. At day 91, all remaining rats were sacrificed. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle weights were determined. Right tibiae were analyzed for cancellous bone mass, bone structural and bone dynamic variables. At the close of immobilization, bone mass was lower in the right (immobilized) hindlimb of the immobilized group than in the non-immobilized group. Immobilized rats drinking 100 mg/l naproxen water had significantly higher bone mass in their immobilized limbs than did untreated immobilized rats, but all rats drinking 200 mg/l naproxen water had lower bone mass than controls. After 6 weeks of recovery, bone mass in the immobilized limb of untreated formerly immobilized rats improved, but remained below untreated never-immobilized rats. Formerly immobilized rats that had been treated with 100 mg/1 naproxen water had normal bone mass after 6 weeks of recovery. Naproxen, an agent that mildly depresses activation frequency, prevents some of the transient bone mass and structural deterioration during temporary immobilization. Such treatment facilitates a more rapid return to normal bone mass, though not to normal structure. The more rapid recovery occurs because the difference from normal is less, not because of more rapid formation in recovering animals.
Effect of Monocot Grass Extract (MGE) on mood state and sleep patterns in moderately stress subjects

Background Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a stress-related phenomenon experienced by elite-level and recreational athletes alike. Athletes are subjected to stressors from physical, psychological, and biochemical sources that may lead to OTS and significant decrements in mental and physical performance. OTS may be characterized by elevated perceived stress, reduced mood quality, increased tension/anxiety, and disrupted sleep quality/ quantity; each of which can influence and compound the other, leading to a vicious cycle of increasingly poor performance, increased stress, and disrupted sleep patterns.
Seizure suppression via glycolysis inhibition with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG)

Metabolic regulation of neuronal excitability is increasingly recognized as a factor in seizure pathogenesis and control. Inhibiting or bypassing glycolysis may be one way through which the ketogenic diet provides an anticonvulsant effect. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a nonmetabolizable glucose analog that partially inhibits glycolysis, was tested in several acute and chronic seizure models. Acutely, 2DG decreases the frequency of high-K(+)-, bicuculline- and 4-aminopyridine-induced interictal bursts in the CA3 region of hippocampal slices; 2DG also exerts anticonvulsant effects in vivo against perforant path kindling in rats. Chronically, 2DG has novel antiepileptic effects by retarding the progression of kindled seizures. Finally, 2DG has a favorable preliminary toxicity profile. These factors support the possibility that 2DG or other modifiers of glycolysis can be used as novel treatments for epilepsy.
Estimating the Lower Heating Values of Hazardous and Solid Wastes

A new equation is proposed to predict the lower heating value of hazardous and non-hazardous materials. The equation was developed by a statistical correlation of heating value and composition data for a variety of materials as reported in a number of sources. The model takes into account the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur content of the material being combusted.
SNAr iodination of 6-chloropurine nucleosides: aromatic Finkelstein reactions at temperatures below -40 degrees C.

Mesitoyl or toluoyl esters of inosine and 2‘-deoxyinosine were deoxychlorinated at C6 to give the crystalline 6-chloropurine nucleoside derivatives, which underwent quantitative conversion to the 6-iodo analogues with NaI/TFA/butanone at −50 to −40 °C. The 6-iodo compounds were efficient substrates for SNAr, Sonogashira, and Suzuki−Miyaura reactions, in contrast with the 6-chloro analogues, and gave good to high yields of C−N and C−C coupled products.
Broadening Female Participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: Experiences at Community Colleges.

This chapter presents findings from interviews with female community college students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields regarding their learning experiences, interaction with faculty, and educational and career aspirations.
Semantic System for Stakeholder-Conscious Infrastructure Project Planning and Design

There is an increasing recognition of the importance of incorporating social equity into transportation infrastructure system decision-making. This paper presents a semantic, ontology-based system for stakeholder-conscious infrastructure project planning and design. The ontology offers a semantic model for representing and reasoning about the stakeholders of transportation projects, the benefits generated by transportation projects, and the analysis of the social equity of transportation projects based on stakeholder input and expected benefits. The theoretical foundation of the proposed equity analysis is grounded in the area of social welfare theory. The ontology was verified and validated using automated consistency checking, automated redundancy checking, expert evaluation, and real-life case study evaluation. The proposed ontology-based system may support infrastructure system decision-making by assessing the social (group) welfare based on the economic, social, and environmental benefits of transportation project alternatives and taking stakeholder preferences into account, and may lead to better identification of the alternative(s) that offer the highest social welfare.
New method for reservoir mapping

The sequential indicator simulation (SIS) algorithm allows building alternative, equiprobable, numerical models of reservoir heterogeneities that reflect spatial-connectivity patterns of extreme values (e.g., permeability) and honor data values at their locations. This paper presents a case study of a sampled slab of Berea sandstone.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Binary Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs

We present analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of 82 nearby field late M and L dwarfs. We resolve 13 of these systems into double M/L dwarf systems and identify an additional possible binary. Combined with previous observations of 20 L dwarfs, we derive an observed binary fraction for ultracool dwarfs of 17(-3)(4)%, where the statistics included systems with separations in the range 1.6 - 16 AU. We argue that accounting for biases and incompleteness leads to an estimated binary fraction 15% +/- 5% in the range 1.6 - 16 AU. No systems wider than 16 AU are seen, implying that the wide companion frequency is less than 1.7%; the distribution of orbital separation is peaked at similar to2 - 4 AU and differs greatly from the G dwarf binary distribution. Indirect evidence suggests that the binary fraction is similar to 5% +/- 3% for separations less than 1.6 AU. We find no evidence for differences in the binary fraction between stellar late M and L dwarfs and substellar L dwarfs. We note, however, that the widest ( greater than 10 AU) systems in our sample are all of earlier (M8 - L0) spectral type; a larger sample is needed to determine if this is a real effect. One system with a spectral type of L7 has a secondary that is fainter in the HST F814W filter but brighter in F1042M; we argue that this secondary is an early T dwarf.
New developments in contraception for US women.

Despite the variety of contraceptive options today unintended pregnancy continues to be a major public health issue in the United States. Roughly half of all unintended pregnancies in the US occur among women who report using contraception during the month they become pregnant. Some unintended pregnancies among contraception users are due to inherent failure rates of specific methods but most of these unintended pregnancies result from inconsistent or incorrect use of methods that require some regular action by the user. User-dependent methods have high typical use failure rates when compared with long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) such as IUDs and implants. However the use of LARCs remains relatively low in the US particularly when compared with other developed countries. As new contraceptive methods may soon enter the US market providers should be aware of these new options because they will play a critical role in ensuring that women are appropriately counseled to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. This report is a brief summary of some of these new contraceptives including new hormone-releasing intrauterine systems contraceptives patches (i.e. Twirla®) the Population Council vaginal ring updated female condoms and diaphragm the return of the monthly injectable and different pill formulations. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
More than enviro-friendly: renewable energy is also good for the bottom line

This paper aims to determine whether renewable energy technologies are ready for mainstream power business and how they can help mitigate the increasing concern of global warming by providing emission-free, environmentally-friendly sources of energy. This paper also presents the various government policies and some development trends to evaluate the state of the technology development and market share of renewable energy technologies.
Relationships among bilingualism, critical thinking ability, and critical thinking disposition *

Evidence exists supporting relationships between bilingualism and many cognitive factors. Research, however, has not been conducted to specifically examine the relationships among bilingualism, critical thinking ability, and critical thinking disposition of baccalaureate nursing students. This cross-sectional study used a pooled, within-bilingual, correlational design to examine such relationships. Specific research questions posed were: (1) is there a statistically significant curvilinear relationship between bilingualism and critical thinking ability, (2) is there a statistically significant curvilinear relationship between bilingualism and critical thinking disposition, and (3) is there a statistically significant relationship between critical thinking disposition and critical thinking ability? A convenience sample of nursing students (N = 111) was administered a French language Cloze Test (C-Test), an English language C-Test, as well as the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, and the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings failed to provide sufficient evidence to support the existence of a relationship between either bilingualism and critical thinking ability, or between critical thinking disposition and critical thinking ability. However, there was sufficient evidence to support the existence of a curvilinear relationship between bilingualism and critical thinking disposition. Implications for nursing education are presented.
Duodenal mucosal response to the pungent principle of hot pepper (capsaicin) in the rat: Light and electron microscopic study

Abstract Light and electron microscopic investigations were undertaken on adult rats in order to clarify the immediate effect of capsaicin on duodenal absorptive cells following intraduodenal and intragastric administration. Both natural and synthetic capsaicin administered by the same route for the same length of time produced identical morphologic alterations. Injury increased with duration of exposure, and within 2 min mitochondria were swollen with rarefied matrix and disorganized cristae. Increased numbers of free ribosomes and lysosomes and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes were evident. Nuclei were shrunken and chromatin was clumped and marginated at the nuclear envelope. The consequences of these cellular alterations, as they relate to the function and physiology of the absorptive cell, are under investigation.
Fractionation and Segregation of Suspended Particles Using Acoustic and Flow Fields

The exploratory research of applying an acoustic standing wave to a sediment flow stream to fractionate and segregate particles was investigated. Using fundamental physics of particles in an acoustic field, a mathematical model was developed to calculate trajectories of deflected particles due to the application of acoustic standing waves. Then at the bench scale, the above technology was implemented by building a flow chamber with two transducers at opposite ends to generate an acoustic standing wave. The technology was evaluated using uniform size silicon dioxide and silicon carbide particle suspensions in de-ionized water. Due to the acoustic force field, SiO 2 particles migrated toward the pressure nodes at half wavelength intervals at an optimum frequency of 333 kHz and 40 W power. Dark lines representing particle columns were formed after the application of the acoustic field, which was recorded in videotape. However, due to the small particle size of SiO2 , particle trajectories could not be recorded, hence the slightly larger sized SiC was used to track particle trajectories. The displacements of SiC particles due to an acoustic force were compared with the mathematical model predictions. For input power level between 3.0 and 5.0 W, the experimental data were comparable to mathematical model predictions. Also, from the experimental data it was possible to develop a relationship between input power and acoustic energy in the resonance chamber. Hence based on preliminary results it can be concluded that the acoustic field can be used either to segregate or fractionate fine particles.
A CONVENIENT AND PRACTICAL CIMETIDINE PROTOCOL FOR ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR). † 1659

A CONVENIENT AND PRACTICAL CIMETIDINE PROTOCOL FOR ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR). † 1659
STEREOSPECIFIC, STEREOSELECTIVE REARRANGEMENT OF HEXAHYDRO-1,3 -DIAZEPIN-2-ONES TO TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDIN-2-ONES AND IMIDAZOLIDIN-2-ONES, A USEFUL ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS

We have discovered that hexahydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-diazepin-2-ones can undergo a stereospecific, stereoselective-rearrangement, ring-contraction reaction to give the corresponding tetrahydro-5-hyd...
The chalcone derivative (E)-1-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-3-(4-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one monohydrate.

The title compound, C16H13FO3·H2O, has a cis disposition of the carbonyl and olefin bonds about the enone single bond. The arene rings are inclined to one another by 10.05 (6) A. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecules, forming loops which are, in turn, linked via O—H.·O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (103). These networks are linked via π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.641 (1) A] involving inversion-related 4-fluoro­phenyl and 4-hy­droxy-3-meth­oxy­phenyl rings.
Non-Synonymous and Synonymous Coding SNPs Show Similar Likelihood and Effect Size of Human Disease Association

Many DNA variants have been identified on more than 300 diseases and traits using Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs). Some have been validated using deep sequencing, but many fewer have been validated functionally, primarily focused on non-synonymous coding SNPs (nsSNPs). It is an open question whether synonymous coding SNPs (sSNPs) and other non-coding SNPs can lead to as high odds ratios as nsSNPs. We conducted a broad survey across 21,429 disease-SNP associations curated from 2,113 publications studying human genetic association, and found that nsSNPs and sSNPs shared similar likelihood and effect size for disease association. The enrichment of disease-associated SNPs around the 80(th) base in the first introns might provide an effective way to prioritize intronic SNPs for functional studies. We further found that the likelihood of disease association was positively associated with the effect size across different types of SNPs, and SNPs in the 3' untranslated regions, such as the microRNA binding sites, might be under-investigated. Our results suggest that sSNPs are just as likely to be involved in disease mechanisms, so we recommend that sSNPs discovered from GWAS should also be examined with functional studies.
Force Distribution in Walking Machines Over Rough Terrain

This paper presents a computationally efficient technique for the solution of the force distribution problem in walking machines. It differs from previous techniques in two important respects. First, the formulation of the problem allows for arbitrarily oriented surface normals at the point of contact between the feet and the ground. This is an important extension since the primary purpose of legged vehicles is locomotion on rough terrain. Second, the solution technique allows for the introduction of nonlinear constraints which can be tailored to achieve secondary goals in system performance. An example is presented which is based on the geometry of the Ohio State University Adaptive Suspension Vehicle which indicates that the technique performs favorably when compared to pseudo-inverse and computationally intensive optimization methods.
On the strength of fiber reinforced ceramic composites containing an elliptic hole

Abstract This paper studies the tensile strength of a fiber reinforced ceramic composite containing a hole. The strength is determined on the basis of a full analysis of matrix cracking in the presence of the hole and the failure of crack bridging fibers. The crack bridging fibers are assumed to undergo large amounts of slipping relative to the matrix and are modeled as an array of springs. The dependence of the composite tensile strength on fiber tensile strength, orthotropic parameters, hole size and shape parameters, and frictional shear stress at the fiber-matrix interface is determined and described in terms of a universal set of nondimensional parameters. The effects of compressive residual stress in the fibers upon the strength are also discussed.
Comparative metabolism of linamarin and amygdalin in hamsters

Rates of cyanide liberation resulting from hydrolysis of the cyanogenic glycosides linamarin, amygdalin and prunasin by a crude beta-glucosidase prepared from hamster caecum were studied in vitro. In addition, hamster blood cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations were determined at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after an oral dose of 0.44 mmol linamarin or amygdalin/kg body weight. Plots of cyanide liberated v. time for linamarin and prunasin yielded straight lines. A similar plot for amygdalin was curvilinear, with the rate of cyanide release increasing with time. At 10(-3) M substrate concentrations, the average rates of hydrolysis of prunasin, amygdalin and linamarin were 1.39, 0.57 and 0.13 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots yielded apparent Km and Vmax values of 3.63 X 10(-5) M and 0.35 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for amygdalin, and 7.33 X 10(-3) M and 1.04 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for linamarin. Blood cyanide concentrations following amygdalin treatment reached their highest level (130 nmol/ml) 1 hr after dosing and remained elevated until 3 hr after treatment. Blood cyanide concentrations following linamarin treatment reached their highest level (116 nmol/ml) after 3 hr and then declined immediately. Area under the blood cyanide concentration-time curve was 395 nmol-hr/ml for amygdalin and 318 nmol-hr/ml for linamarin. The results suggest a faster rate of enzymatic hydrolysis and cyanide absorption for amygdalin than for linamarin.
Portugal na visão unamuniana da Ibéria como unidade dialética

Embora as relacoes do intelectual espanhol Miguel de Unamuno com Portugal tenham recebido bastante atencao critica, o enfoque dessa tem sido a afirmacao do interesse, mantido por decadas, de Unamuno pela terra e pela literatura portuguesa, e a confirmacao de relacoes de influencia entre Unamuno e escritores portugueses destacados. Longe disso, neste trabalho consideraremos como Unamuno incorpora Portugal numa concepcao geral da Iberia como unidade dialetica, e demonstraremos como seu uso de um vocabulario corporal, de carne y hueso, contribui para dar sentido pleno a sua visao de tal Iberia dialetica, na qual Portugal desempenha um papel integral.
Interpretations of the Meaning of Care Creating Caring Relationships in Urban Middle School Classrooms

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how caring relationships are created and maintained between middle school students and their teachers. Through conducting interviews, holding focus group sessions, and making class-room observations, urban students’ perceptions of caring relationships with teachers are revealed. Open and axial coding of transcribed tapes and field notes led to findings suggesting that teachers are seen as caring when they know their students well, provide personalized leadership for their students, teach to understanding and are academically helpful, and hold high expectations for behavior and achievement. Clearly, these urban students felt it was important for teachers to care. Questions are raised for further investigation on the issues of power and control in the urban classroom.
Temporary Atrial Pacing for Cardiac Output After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Pediatric cardiothoracic surgery is often associated with low cardiac output in the postoperative period. This study sought to determine whether increasing heart rate via temporary atrial pacing is beneficial in augmenting cardiac output. Patients younger than 18 years who underwent cardiothoracic surgery and had no perioperative arrhythmias were eligible for the study. Patients not paced postoperatively were atrial paced at a rate of 15 % above the intrinsic sinus rate (not to exceed 170 beats per minute, less for older patients) for 15 min. Patients paced for cardiac output postoperatively had their pacemakers paused for 15 min. Markers of cardiac output were measured before and after the intervention. Of the 60 patients who consented to participate, 30 completed the study. Failure to complete the study was due to tachycardia (n = 13), lack of pacing wires (n = 7), junctional rhythm (n = 4), advanced atrioventricular block (n = 3), and other cause (n = 3). Three patients were paced at baseline. There was no change in arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference, mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, toe temperature, or lactate with atrial pacing. Atrial pacing was associated with a decrease in head and flank near-infrared spectroscopy (p = 0.01 and <0.01 respectively). Secondary analysis found an inverse relationship between mean arterial pressure response to pacing and bypass time. Temporary atrial pacing does not improve cardiac output after pediatric cardiac surgery and may be deleterious. Future research may identify subsets of patients who benefit from this strategy. Practitioners considering this strategy should carefully evaluate each patient’s response to atrial pacing before its implementation.
Effect of Fe promotion on the surface reaction parameters of Pt/γ-Al2O3 for the selective oxidation of CO

Selective oxidation of CO in hydrogen is an important reaction for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons suitable for use in fuel cells. Pt has been shown to be very active for this reaction. This article reports on the results of an investigation into the impact of Fe promotion on Pt/γ-Al2O3 using isotopic transient kinetic analysis (ITKA). In this study, Fe promotion was found to have an impact on activity, selectivity, and also time-on-stream behavior of surface reaction parameters. It increased activity and selectivity, as has been also noted by others. ITKA revealed that the higher activity of PtFe is due mainly to an increase in intrinsic site activity when compared with nonpromoted Pt. Fe promotion did not affect significantly the total concentration of active surface intermediates. In a previous study, Pt/γ-Al2O3 was found to exhibit steady activity for selective CO oxidation after an initial rapid partial deactivation. The PtFe catalyst also showed rapid initial partial deactivation similar to Pt. The activities of both catalysts decreased with time-on-stream about the same degree in reaching a pseudo-steady state. Unlike for Pt where initial partial deactivation was due primarily to a decrease in active intermediates, the initial rapid partial deactivation for PtFe was the result of both a decrease in the concentration of surface intermediates and a decrease in the average intrinsic site activity, but was due mainly to the decrease in the intrinsic site activity. The intrinsic site activity of PtFe approached that of Pt with time-on-stream. It would appear that carbon deposition causes the initial partial deactivation on Pt and may partially do so on PtFe. However, evidence suggests that reoxidation of Fe is likely a significant cause of the loss of activity of PtFe. As partial deactivation proceeds, the effect of Fe promotion of the Pt sites decreases.
Social structural inquiries, Part 1, qualitative and quantitative theories

A tightened linkage between theory and data would enhance cumulative sociological knowledge. Toward that end this article selectivity reviews and develops social structural theories – theories that explain data. To reestablish that qualitative as well as quantitative theories can be structural, it presents examples that are organized by the qualitative versus quantitative division and the level of analysis – micro, meso, macro, and the world. Boudon’s structural schematics cover all of the examples, suggesting a basic perspective that can refocus much of the diversity of current sociology.
Determination of the incidence of sensitization after penicillin skin testing

Background Concerns for sensitization after penicillin skin testing are a factor in limiting the timing and population for whom this testing is offered. The sensitizing potential of the penicillin skin test has never been studied directly. Methods A total of 329 volunteers underwent prick and intradermal skin testing with penicillin G, benzylpenicilloyl-polylysine, and a minor determinant mixture. Those with negative skin testing had repeat testing 4 weeks later. Medical history and antibiotic use were determined by interview, questionnaire, and electronic pharmacy records. Results Seventy-two of the 329 subjects (22%) reported a history of previous β-lactam reaction, of which 10 (14%) had a positive initial skin test. Overall, the initial skin test was positive in 23 of 329 (7%). Of the subjects with a negative initial skin test, 239 completed the second test 4 weeks later. Of these, 6 subjects (2.5%, 95% confidence interval 0.5% to 4.5%) converted to a positive skin test. None had taken a β-lactam antibiotic between the two tests, and none had any previous history of β-lactam reaction. One subject reported having never taken a β-lactam antibiotic before. In comparison to the 233 subjects who did not convert their skin test, the statistically significant factors favoring sensitization were: female sex (odds ratio [OR] 6.53, P = 0.05), atopy (OR 5.31, P = 0.04), and history of food allergy (OR 6.35, P = 0.02). There was a trend toward more recent penicillin use in the newly sensitized subjects, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Penicillin skin testing may sensitize a small number of individuals to penicillin.
Comparison of methods for isolation of dematiaceous fungi from nature

Direct plating and animal inoculation techniques were compared for effectiveness in isolating dematiaceous fungi from nature. The direct plating technique involved comparison of aqueous and mineral oil extraction of the samples with subsequent plating on Mycobiotic and Sabhi agar. Twenty four different organisms were recovered from 19 samples using both extraction procedures and both media. Dematiaceous fungi isolated by direct plating were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium spp., Exophiala jeanselmei, Wangiella dermatitidis and 6 unidentified organisms. Direct plating resulted in more isolations of dematiaceous fungi partly because of the frequent isolations of A. alternata and W. dermatitidis. Both more and a larger variety of organisms were recovered on Mycobiotic than on Sabhi agar. The aqueous extraction of samples resulted in more direct plating isolations of fungi than oil extraction.
Characteristics of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin I-Induced Lectin-Like Activity and Inhibitor(s) in Rabbit Serum

In adult rabbits intravenously injected with toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B, serum lectin-like activity (detectable by cation-dependent agglutination of bacteria) developed. This activity was sensitive to heat, trypsin, and formaldehyde but resistant to neuraminidase or galactose oxidase. Formaldehyde-fixed Propionibacterium acnes or Escherichia coli cells reactive with plant lectins provided sensitive targets for titration of serum agglutination activity that was competitively blocked with D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-L-fucose. The lectin-like activity, partially purified by affinity chromatography, was a protein of approximately 76,000 Da with an isoelectric point of 5.4. Both lectin-positive and normal serum contained agglutination inhibitors that were absorbed by protein A-producing staphylococci. S protein may be the origin of this lectin-like activity. In vitro exposure of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells to TSST-1 (1.0 micrograms/mL) and to lectin-positive serum induced rapid cell clumping and subsequent "activation" to a larger blast form expressing receptors for buccal epithelial cells. The interaction of toxin/lymphokine-activated mononuclear cells with glycoproteins and/or other antigens selectively expressed by tissues in various organ systems may play a role in target cell pathology in rabbits dying with toxic shock syndrome.
Archaeological implications of a bald eagle nesting site at Ferrelo Point, San Miguel Island, California

Numerous animals transport marine or other aquatic food remains to terrestrial landforms, where they may be commingled and confused with cultural constituents in archaeological sites. To help understand such processes, we studied an historic bald eagle nest located on California's San Miguel Island. Excavation of the nest and surface collection of the surrounding area produced nearly 10,000 faunal elements, 98% of them from vertebrates (birds, fish, reptiles and mammals) and 2% from mollusks and other invertebrates. The remains of over 90 taxa were identified, including at least 45 types of birds, 29 marine mollusks and other invertebrates, 13 marine fishes, 4 land mammals, 3 marine mammals, and 1 reptile. Among the faunal elements recovered were those of domestic sheep, three types of pinnipeds, thousands of fish and sea bird bones, and several large abalone shells. Many of the marine species identified are common constituents of Channel Island shell middens and the location of the eagle nest on the margins of an archaeological site suggests that cultural and biological accumulations could be confused. Our analysis demonstrates that archaeologists working on sites in coastal, riverine, or lacustrine settings should carefully consider the possibility of non-cultural origins of marine or aquatic faunal remains and their potential association with archaeological materials. Comparison of archaeological assemblages with the taxonomic and element data provided in this study may help researchers differentiate natural from cultural accumulations of faunal remains.
A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants.

Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most prevalent human pathogens, and consist of 101 serotypes that are classified into groups A and B according to sequence variations. HRV infections cause a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory symptoms. Defining the role of specific strains in various HRV illnesses has been difficult because traditional serology, which requires viral culture and neutralization tests using 101 serotype-specific antisera, is insensitive and laborious.
The urban transportation planning process

Abstract The goal of urban transportation planning is to develop a plan for an efficient, balanced transportation system for an urban area—one which will promote a desirable pattern of human activities. While the process has been standardized to some extent, each study must nevertheless acquire and manage a massive amount of information about the specific region with which it is concerned. This information, together with computer representations of transportation networks and travel patterns, is used to produce estimates of future travel demand and utilization of facilities. Thus computers play an important role in providing transportation planners with the capability for evaluating a variety of proposed transportation systems in order to recommend allocation of government resources and to guide transportation policy. This paper describes specific computer applications to the process of urban transportation planning.