cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic approaches in cancer biology

CONVENTIONAL MOLECULAR and genetic methods for studying cancer are restricted to analysis of one locus at a time, followed by exploration of structure and function for candidate genes. With completion of the human genome project, advances in highthroughput technology, and the emergence of computational biology, cancer research has dramatically changed. In the ‘‘genomics era,’’ studies are performed potentially on the entire genome of cancer cells or on the expressed gene profile (the ‘‘transcriptome’’ or ‘‘proteome’’), providing researchers with new avenues for discovery and methods to answer fundamental questions in cancer biology. This review emphasizes principles used in current practice of modern genomics and illustrates some of the analytic approaches in the field of genomic medicine. We will use breast cancer biology, studied at the genome level, to illustrate how modern genomics complements traditional single-gene approaches in extending our understanding of cancer. We divide our review into use of genomic approaches for cancer subclassification (class discovery), prediction of tumor behavior with or without treatment (class prediction), discovery of new genes or relevant pathways (gene discovery), and uncovering molecular steps in cancer stage progression (tumor progression).
Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986-1994).

Summary The objective of this retrospective study was to provide a detailed description of the characteristics of condylar fractures represented in a population of 135 horses who sustained 145 fractures. Records and radiographic studies were examined. Fifty-nine percent of the horses were male and the majority Thoroughbreds. The distribution of fractures was 37% incomplete-nondisplaced, 30% complete-nondisplaced and 32% complete-displaced. The right front was more likely to sustain a complete-displaced fracture, whereas the left front was more likely to sustain an incomplete-nondisplaced fracture. Forelimbs (81%) and lateral condyles (85%) were more likely to be involved. Contrary to previous studies, the right forelimb was slightly more often involved than the left Fractures tended to involve the middle portion of the condyle (59%). The mean length of all fractures was 75 ± 3.8 mm. Axial fractures and medial condyle fractures tended to be longer. Fifteen percent of the fractures had definitive articular comminution. Ninety-five percent of fractures with articular comminution were associated with complete fractures. When fractures entered the middle area of the condyle, 23% had articular comminution. Eight of the fractures spiralled, all involved forelimbs. Concurrent lesions included proximal phalanx chip fractures, sesamoid fractures, sesamoiditis, proximal phalanx fractures, ‘splint’ bone periostitis and ligamentous injuries. The complete description of the fractures in this group of horses allows us better to define the condylar fracture, compare these fractures to previous studies and establish new data for use in defining prognosis.
A mechanistic force model for combined axial–radial contour turning

Abstract In this paper, a mechanistic force model for combined axial–radial contour turning is presented. Analytical expressions are derived for the computation of the mechanistic parameters as a function of the axial and radial contour variations. The force model is experimentally validated for axial and radial contour turning processes. The effects of the combined axial–radial contour variations and the tool geometry parameters on the cutting forces are analyzed via additional simulations for combined contour turning.
THz medical imaging: Current status and future outlooks

THz medical imaging has made significant advances in the years since the first results were published in the late 1990s. The field has benefited significantly from advances in source/detector technology, room temperature component operation, and extensive spectroscopic studies of the THz properties of tissue. Additionally, clinical translation of THz medical imaging technology has been aided by the establishment of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) in December of 2000. This institute has shown interest in THz medical technology and been the funding source for a large portion of NIH sponsored THz projects.
A relax-type magnetometer using amorphous ribbon core

A magnetometer for digital analysis of a magnetic field is presented. The method of measuring is based on the detection of the coil relaxation time, after its excitation up to saturation by means of short current pulses. The time detection uses a voltage limiter, before an active comparation. An external magnetic field causes a width modulation of the relax-pulses, due to the total consumption of the supplied energy. The width of the relax-pulses is evaluated by counters and, after buffering, picked up to IBM/PC parallel I/O. The sensitivity of the present magnetometer is 10 nT from DC up to 500 Hz and 100 pT up to 5 Hz, in real time. Data analysis could be utilized for autonomical navigation systems, as well as for an industrial, environmental and medical use. >
Plumage evolution in relation to light environment in a novel clade of Neotropical tanagers

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have greatly changed Neotropical avian systematics in the past couple of decades. These new phylogenies provide the necessary framework to study the ecology and natural history of species in the region in an evolutionary context. This study addresses the systematics of Poospiza, Compsospiza, Hemispingus, Thlypopsis, and eight monotypic genera, which form a strongly supported and novel clade within the tanagers. We find Poospiza, Hemispingus, and Thlypopsis to be polyphyletic, confirm or reject relationships proposed based on morphology and life history, and describe novel relationships among these and the monotypic genera. The diversity of plumage, habitat, and geography throughout the clade allows us to test hypotheses of plumage evolution in relation to light environment. We find that overall plumage brightness best fits a model that includes selective regimes based on open versus closed habitats and foraging strata, while plumage measures describing color diversity and chroma best fit a model that only includes selective regimes based on open and closed habitats.
Mullins–Sekerka stability analysis for melting-freezing waves in helium

This paper considers the stability of melt-solid interfaces to eigenfunction perturbations for a system of equations which describe the melting and freezing of helium. The analysis is carried out in both planar and spherical geometries. The principal results are that when the melt is freezing, under certain far-field conditions, the interface is stable in the sense of Mullins and Sekerka. On the other hand, when the solid is melting (at least when the melting is sufficiently fast), the interface is unstable. In some circumstances these instabilities are oscillatory, with amplitude and growth rate increasing with surface tension and frequency. The last section considers the original problem of Mullins and Sekerka in the present notation.
Hypersurfaces of special configurations of serial manipulators and related concepts. part I: Theory and development of the hypersurfaces of special configurations

This article is the first of three companion papers which introduce some novel concepts useful in the kinetmatic design, analysis, motion planning, control, and performance evaluation of serial manipulators. Here an efficient methodology is developed to classify the special configurations of an N DOF manipulator. This classification yields hyper-surfaces in the joint space on each of which the manipulator loses a certain number of its degrees of freedom. The efficiency of the methodology is based on a theorem proved in Appendix B and the utilization of the minimal reference frames. These frames are obtained and tabulated for all possible types of manipulators. Furthermore the adaptability of a manipulator to a common control algorithm is quantified via an index. The numerical values of these indices are listed for all types of manipulators.
Adaptive Cellular Stress Pathways as Therapeutic Targets of Dietary Phytochemicals: Focus on the Nervous System

During the past 5 decades, it has been widely promulgated that the chemicals in plants that are good for health act as direct scavengers of free radicals. Here we review evidence that favors a different hypothesis for the health benefits of plant consumption, namely, that some phytochemicals exert disease-preventive and therapeutic actions by engaging one or more adaptive cellular response pathways in cells. The evolutionary basis for the latter mechanism is grounded in the fact that plants produce natural antifeedant/noxious chemicals that discourage insects and other organisms from eating them. However, in the amounts typically consumed by humans, the phytochemicals activate one or more conserved adaptive cellular stress response pathways and thereby enhance the ability of cells to resist injury and disease. Examplesof such pathways include those involving the transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, nuclear factor-κB, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and forkhead box subgroup O, as well as the production and action of trophic factors and hormones. Translational research to develop interventions that target these pathways may lead to new classes of therapeutic agents that act by stimulating adaptive stress response pathways to bolster endogenous defenses against tissue injury and disease. Because neurons are particularly sensitive to potentially noxious phytochemicals, we focus on the nervous system but also include findings from other cell types in which actions of phytochemicals on specific signal transduction pathways have been more thoroughly studied.
Effect of Otitis Media on Infrared Tympanic Thermometry

This study was designed to determine if temperature readings using a new tympanic thermometer are affected by otitis media. These readings were also compared to a rectal or oral temperature. Eighty-four children with unilateral suppurative or non-suppurative otitis media diagnosed clinically by their pediatricians were enrolled in the study. Temperatures were measured in both ears using the Thermoscan PRO-1 Instant Thermometer and rectally or orally by a glass or electronic predictive thermometer.For 67 children with unilateral suppurative otitis media the mean temperature in infected ears was 0.38 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in uninfected ears (p=.005). Neither temperatures measured in affected nor those from unaffected ears differed significantly from oral or rectal control readings. For 17 children with unilateral non-suppurative otitis media there was no statistically significant difference between temperatures in affected and unaffected ears or between the temperatures in either ear and the oral o...
Field matching in craniospinal irradiation

We read with interest the technical note of Cheng et al [1] on the dose in the junction between adjacent orthogonal fields in craniospinal irradiation. For the most part, their results support those reported previously by us [2], and we are pleased to see this independent validation. The modest differences between their dose profiles and ours may be explained by the fact that the composite distributions are sensitive to the behaviour of the dose in and near the penumbra, which may vary for different treatment machines.
THE CHROMATOPHORAL NEUROHUMORS OF THE DOGFISH.

1. The common dogfish, Mustelus canis, as is well known, exhibits two temporary extremes of tint, one dark, the other light. The dark phase is induced by a secretion from the pituitary gland which is carried in the blood, hence a substance soluble in water (a hydroneurohumor). The light phase is under the control of nerves and cannot be excited by blood from a light fish. 2. When an olive oil or ether extract is made from the fins of a light dogfish and this extract is injected into a dark fish, large light spots may appear in from 1 to 2 days and persist for several days. These light spots, which may be called secondary spots, are not to be confused with certain small and very temporary light spots, the primary spots, which occur soon after the injection and which are believed to be purely operative in origin. 3. The secondary light spots are not due to the death of the integumentary tissue, for, after their formation, they can be made to disappear by the action of obstetrical pituitrin and will subsequently reappear. 4. They are produced by some substance extracted from the light fins by ether or by olive oil. They are not produced by sea water, ether, or olive oil alone. 5. The extracted substance, which can resist dry heat up to at least 110°C., owes its limited range of action in the dogfish to its inability to dissolve in water. It is soluble in oil (a liponeurohumor). 6. This liponeurohumor is believed to emanate from the nerve terminals concerned with the concentration of melanophore pigment and to spread through the fatty components of the integumentary cells.
A Performance Metric and Goal-Setting Procedure for Deadline-Oriented Processes

Aperformance metric and goal-setting procedure is defined for an order fulfillment operation. In this operation, order requests arrive continuously, and filled orders are shipped at a specific time each day. The metric links the continuous operation of order fulfillment to the scheduled shipment times. To prescribe goals against the metric, a performance model is developed that incorporates the motivational effect of a goal. Goal-Setting Theory is used to establish the performance goal and to show how to match arriving orders to deadlines based on their arrival times and expected processing times. Monte Carlo simulation on data from a large distribution center is used to demonstrate that setting these two parameters in the light of motivational research yields quite different results than doing so with an intuitive method. Moreover, a motivational goal leads to better operational performance; that is, correctly setting up the metric causes more customers to receive their orders sooner.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of 15-Lipoxygenase in Transplant Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonic and linoleic acids and has been implicated in the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). 15-LO mRNA and protein have previously been demonstrated in macrophages of rabbit and human atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 15-LO is also present in the accelerated form of coronary artery disease that can complicate cardiac transplantation (TCAD). Immunohistochemical analysis of coronary arteries with TCAD was carried out by using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against human recombinant 15-LO and an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase system. Normal coronary and pulmonary arteries showed no immunostaining for 15-LO. Two different types of TCAD were observed. One type consisted of concentric intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells, without lipid or calcium deposits. No immunoreactivity for 15-LO was present in these lesions. The second type of graft arteriosclerosis consisted of complex atheromatous lesions, containing myointimal cells, lipid-laden foam cells, fragmented internal elastic laminae, and calcifications. 15-LO immunostaining of myointimal cells, lipid-laden foam cells, and endothelial cells was consistently present in these atheromatous lesions. The majority of the myointimal and foam cells positive for 15-LO were recognized by antisera to α–smooth muscle actin; the others were identified as macrophages. The results indicate that 15-LO expression is present in endothelial, myointimal, and foam cells in complex atheromatous lesions of TCAD, and suggest that 15-LO may play a role in the pathogenesis of this form of the disease.
Parametric analysis of EMP induced overvoltages on power lines

Parametric results of EMP-induced overvoltages on overhead transmission lines are reported. The results have been obtained with an analytical model of an overhead transmission line that accounts for: (1) frequency-dependent characteristics of lines; (2) EMP coupling to the line conductors; (3) EMP coupling to tower structures; and (4) the grounding structures of the transmission towers. The results indicate that neutral conductors and transmission tower grounding drastically reduce the EMP-induced overvoltages on transmission towers. For distribution overhead circuits, the EMP induced overvoltages may be above the basic insulation level. For transmission circuits, it is possible to select design parameters such as to assure that EMP-induced overvoltages are below the insulation level of the line. >
An Active Learning Exercise for Introducing Agent-Based Modeling

Recent developments in agent-based modeling as a method of systems analysis and optimization indicate that students in business analytics need an introduction to the terminology, concepts, and framework of agent-based modeling. This article presents an active learning exercise for MBA students in business analytics that demonstrates agent-based modeling by solving a knapsack optimization problem. For the activity, students act as naive agents by using dice to randomly selecting items for a finite capacity knapsack to maximize the value of the knapsack. Students then design a greedy heuristic to skew the probability of selection item. These pencil-and-paper models are then implemented in a spreadsheet model to demonstrate the effects of altering the agents’ behavior. Finally, a binary integer programming model is examined to contrast agent-based modeling with traditional mathematical programming formulations. This exercise is innovative because it combines student engagement via active learning with an innovative, individual-based, modeling methodology.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Autonomous Helicopter Testbed: A platform for planetary exploration technology research and development

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Autonomous Helicopter Testbed (AHT), an aerial robot based upon a radio-controlled model helicopter, provides a small low-cost platform for developing and field testing new technologies needed for future space missions. The AHT helps cover the test space in a complementary fashion to other methods, such as rocket sleds or parachute drops. The AHT design and implementation is presented as well as experimental results and milestones achieved since its creation in 2001. In addition, technologies we are developing and testing are described. These include image-based hazard detection and avoidance algorithms for safe landing in dangerous terrain and an extended Kalman filter that augments inertial navigation with image-based motion estimates to enable pin-point landing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic Pesticides in Woody Plants: Metabolism

When a foreign molecule is introduced into a biological system, the fate of that molecule depends to a large extent on degradation by various enzyme systems or on excretion by an excretory system. In most animals detoxication followed by efficient and rapid excretion of the detoxified material is one of the major methods of handling foreign molecules. With plants, however, excretion of most foreign molecules is not efficient and usually the molecule is stored and degraded to compounds which can be incorporated into the normal biochemical compounds of the plant. Metabolism of systemic insecticides in plants includes oxidation, hydrolysis, and conjugation.
Intracellular pH regulation in rabbit S3 proximal tubule: basolateral Cl-HCO3 exchange and Na-HCO3 cotransport

We studied the role of basolateral HCO3- transport in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in the isolated perfused S3 segment of the rabbit proximal tubule. pHi was calculated from absorbance spectra of the pH-sensitive dye dimethylcarboxyfluorescein. Solutions were normally buffered to pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C with 25 mM HCO3- 5% CO2. pHi fell by approximately 0.17 when luminal [HCO3-] was lowered to 5 mM at fixed PCO2 (i.e., reducing pH to 6.8) but by approximately 0.42 when [HCO3-] in the bath (i.e., basolateral solution) was lowered to 5 mM. The pHi decrease elicited by reducing bath [HCO3-] was substantially reduced by removal of Cl- or Na+, suggesting that components of basolateral HCO3- transport are Cl- and/or Na+ dependent. We tested for the presence of basolateral Cl-HCO3 exchange by removing bath Cl-. This caused pHi to increase by approximately 0.23, with an initial rate of approximately 100 X 10(-4) pH/s. Although the initial rate of this pHi increase was not reduced by removing Na+ bilate...
Influenza surveillance in Quanzhou in 2009

Objective To analyze the prevalent characteristics of influenza in Quanzhou city. Methods Epidemiology and etiology surveillance were applied to analyze the epidemic of influenza in Quanzhou.MDCK cell was used for the cultivation of influenza virus and the subtype identification..Results The percentage of influenza-like illness from the outpatients was 0.26%-2.34%.The positive rate of influenza virus infection was 22.34%(311/1392)by RT-PCR.134 virus strains were isolated.The percentage of seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 was 60.45% and 11.19%,respectively.The percentage of influenza A and B was 21.64% and 6.7%,respectively..Conclusions H3N2 was the major subtype circulating in the Quanzhou city between spring and summer in 2009.In contrast,influenza A (H1N1) was the major strain found in autumn and winter. Strengthening of the flu surveillance and research on the antigen variation of influenza viruses are required.
298 KAPOSI'S SARCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE THERAPY FOR POLYMYOSITIS

Background and Objective Kaposi9s sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular tumor associated with infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). KS, the most common tumor among HIV positive patients also afflicts organ transplant patients. Prior to the AIDS epidemic, KS presented as an indolent cutaneous tumor in elderly men of Mediterranean descent. We report the case of a 77-year-old male previously diagnosed with myositis that developed KS while on immunosuppressive therapy. Methods and Results Case records were reviewed dating from February 2003 until June 2004. Our patient, a 77-year-old male with DM II, CAD post MI and angioplasty, chronic prostatitis, presented to our facility one year after diagnosis with myositis. The clinical suspicion of polymyositis was confirmed by creatinine kinase (CPK) of 1999 units and open biopsy of the deltoid muscle demonstrating an inflammatory infiltrate of B cells, perifasicular atrophy and fibrosis microinfarct of the muscle tissue. At time of initial presentation, therapy with high dose prednisone and azathioprine was initiated with moderate improvement in symptomatology. In the interval between his initial presentation and the second encounter, the patient9s primary care physician attempted to taper his prednisone without success. Two months prior to admission the patient developed multitudinous purple tumors on his lower extremities associated with moderate swelling of bilateral lower extremities. A biopsy of the lower extremity lesion revealed KS, which is an extremely rare complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with rheumatologic disease. Therapy consisted of discontinuing azathioprine and prednisone taper. Conclusion KS occurs in patients that are immunocompromized for other reasons than HIV. KS also strikes rheumatologic patients in addition to patients with solid organ transplant (especially renal) and lymphoproliferative disorders. In vitro, steroids stimulate the growth of KS cell lines derived from AIDS patients. Among rheumatologic patients treated with prednisone, the interval between the initiation of steroid therapy ranged from 3 months to more than 36 months, the average being 13.7 months. Corticosteroid withdrawal or reduction results in clinical regression of KS. When the tumor does not regress, antitumor therapy including chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be needed. Most of the current literature derives from experience from patients with AIDS.
Effect of mechanical finishing on fabric hand

Publisher Summary Mechanical finishing is defined as the use of mechanical devices to manipulate fabrics to enhance their functional and aesthetic properties. Mechanical finishing has been referred to as yesterday's finishing techniques applied to today's fabrics. Mechanical finishing is not an exact practice, but an art. It takes skilled operators to control the operating parameters to compensate for equipment wear to produce finished goods with consistent quality. This chapter describes the mechanical devices, what they do, and how the tactile properties and appearance are altered. The basic principles of mechanical finishing are quite old and have been known for a long time. Modern machines utilize the same principles; however, they incorporate the latest technology for monitoring and controlling the operating parameters. These controls improve the overall quality of the finish by accurately measuring the speed, pressure, and temperature of the various components working on the fabric. This trend would continue in the future as newer, more reliable instrumentation is developed. As the trend of producing textiles in low wage countries continues, the need to generate novel fabrics should take into account the qualities that can be generated by mechanical finishing, either as a single process or in combination. It would be up to the imagination of the designers as to how to incorporate these qualities into their designs.
Robust estimation and variable selection in sufficient dimension reduction

Dimension reduction and variable selection play important roles in high dimensional data analysis. Minimum Average Variance Estimation (MAVE) is an efficient approach among many others. However, because of the use of least squares criterion, MAVE is not robust to outliers in the dependent variable or errors with heavy tailed distributions. A robust extension of MAVE through modal regression is proposed. This new approach can adapt to different error distributions and thus brings robustness to the contamination in the response variable. The estimator is shown to have the same convergence rate as the original MAVE. Furthermore, the proposed method is combined with adaptive LASSO to select informative variables. The efficacy of this new solution is illustrated through simulation studies and a data analysis on Hong Kong air quality.
Vertebral Artery Disease

The vertebral arteries constitute the proximal segment of the cerebral posterior circulation and are often divided into two segments (extra- or intracranial) based on their relationship with the dural space. Diseases affecting these arteries can be asymptomatic or can lead to a variety of well-described stroke syndromes, such as the lateral medullary syndrome. Atherosclerotic plaque formation with subsequent occlusion is the most common stroke mechanism, although atheroembolic phenomena from proximal vessels or the heart and arterial dissection with distal embolization are frequent. Diagnosis is mainly through noninvasive studies such as brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT angiography/MR angiography, but cerebral angiography remains the gold standard for the evaluation of cerebral arteries. Treatment varies according to the portion of the vessel affected but is mainly focused on maximizing cerebrovascular risk factors and the initiation of antiplatelet therapy. Prospective randomized trials studying the different treatment modalities for individuals with vertebral artery disease are needed to improve our understanding of this potentially devastating entity.
Extracellular vesicle isolation: present and future

In recent years, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarker discovery has received significant interest amongst scientist studying diverse disease conditions. Extracellular vesicles are released by variety of cells into the cellular microenvironment and have the natural ability of delivering different cargos and carry bioactive molecules such as non-codding RNA, genomic DNA, lipids, growth factors, and signaling molecules. EVs have been isolated from most biofluids including serum, plasma, serum, and saliva. It has been shown that EVs play substantial roles not only in the regulation of normal physiological processes but also in disease pathogenesis and their cargo reflects the status of parental cells at the time of secretion (1,2). Multiple studies found EVs enriched in lipid raft molecules (Flotillin) (3), membrane trafficking molecules (Annexins) and heat-shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90) (3,4). Based on mode of biogenesis, EVs can be divided into exosomes (30−100 nm), microvesicles (100−1,000 nm) and apoptotic bodies (>1,000 nm). The biogenesis and cellular pathways for generation of these different vesicle types, as well as their cargo, membrane composition and surface molecules are distinct with some overlapping features (5,6).
The survival of monocytes infected by human cytomegalovirus is dependent on a unique signalsome induced during entry.

HCMV infection of immunocompromised individuals often leads to multi-system organ failure. The development of multi-system organ failure is dependent on the ability of HCMV to spread to peripheral organs, which is mediated by blood monocytes. We have previously shown HCMV to extend the short 48hr lifespan of monocytes. Mechanistically, HCMV upregulated cellular myeloid leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), to block the proteolytic cleavages necessary for the formation of active caspase 3. We now show that, compared to other myeloid survival factors, HCMV infection more efficiently upregulates Mcl-1 and the only survival factor to rapidly induce HSP27. These observations, suggest a unique virus specific mechanism of induction; thus, we examined receptor: ligand signaling events, since viral anti-apoptotic proteins are not expressed until differentiation into macrophages is complete. We determined that HCMV-induced EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling increased the transcription of both Mcl-1 and HSP27. Yet, protein expression of Mcl-1 and HSP27 is increased via the gH/aVb3/src and the gB/EGFR pathways, respectively. To address this discrepancy between transcripts and protein we evaluated the effects of HCMV on the translation of Mcl-1 and HSP27. Indeed, we found, in contrast to myeloid survival factors, HCMV stimulated the translation of Mcl-1 and HSP27. Overall, these data indicate that inhibition of apoptosis by HCMV is through the unique signaling regulation of Mcl-1 and HSP27; ensuring short-lived monocyte survival past the normal 48hr viability checkpoint, a key event necessary for viral dissemination.
HPLC-CUPRAC Post-Column Derivatization Method for the Determination of Antioxidants: A Performance Comparison Between Porous Silica and Core-Shell Column Packing

An HPLC method employing a post-column derivatization strategy using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity reagent (CUPRAC reagent) for the determining antioxidants in plant-based materials leverages the separation capability of regular HPLC approaches while allowing for detection specificity for antioxidants. Three different column types, namely core-shell and porous silica including two chemically different core-shell materials (namely phenyl-hexyl and C18), were evaluated to assess potential improvements that could be attained by changing from a porous silica matrix to a core-shell matrix. Tea extracts were used as sample matrices for the evaluation specifically looking at catechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Both the C18 and phenyl-hexyl core-shell columns showed better performance compared to the C18 porous silica one in terms of separation, peak shape, and retention time. Among the two core-shell materials, the phenyl-hexyl column showed better resolving power compared to the C18 column. The CUPRAC post-column derivatization method can be improved using core-shell columns and suitable for quantifying antioxidants, exemplified by catechin and EGCG, in tea samples.
The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions)

To the language of Chapter I, we add the “□”-operator (to express the English sentential adverb “necessarily”) and names of (and variables ranging over) propositions. By allowing the superscripts on the primitive relation terms to reach zero, we obtain names and variables for propositions. For convenience, we use P0,Q0,R0,…and F0,G0,H0,…as names and variables, respectively, for propositions.
Leveraging unencumbered full body control of animated virtual characters for game-based rehabilitation

The use of commercial video games as rehabilitation tools, such as the Nintendo® Wii Fit™, has recently gained much interest in the physical therapy arena. However, physical rehabilitation requires accurate and appropriate tracking and feedback of performance, often not provided by existing commercial console devices or games. This paper describes the development of an application that leverages recent advances in commercial video game technology to provide fullbody control of animated virtual characters with low cost markerless tracking. The aim of this research is to develop and evaluate an interactive game-based rehabilitation tool for balance training of adults with neurological injury. This paper outlines the development and evaluation of a game-based rehabilitation tool using the PrimeSense depth sensing technology, designed to elicit specific therapeutic motions when controlling a virtual avatar in pursuit of in-game goals. A sample of nine adults participated in the initial user testing, providing feedback on the hardware and software prototype.
Lattice algebra approach to neural computation

As a field of study, brain theory deals with abstractions of neural cells and cell systems, in order to understand the development, capabilities, and functions of biological neural networks. In neural computation, the focus is on the technologies that implement systems of artificial neurons designed as variations of the abstractions from brain theory. The goal is thus to enable a machine to address complex problems of recognition and control in an attempt of mimicking the intelligent behavior of biological neural systems. This dissertation presents a new model of artificial neural networks as an approach to neural computation that is based on lattice algebraic abstractions. The elementary operations in these artificial neural networks occur within the dendritic structures of neurons and the computations are defined in the framework of lattice algebra. The new model provides for the construction of various neural architectures based on lattice algebra, referred to as morphological neural networks. The lattice algebraic operations employed in morphological neural networks are based on dilation and erosion, the two fundamental operations from the field of mathematical morphology. In these neural networks, the strength of the electric potential of the signal traveling along an axon is an additive process and the firing mechanism of the postsynaptic neuron accepts signals of maximum (or minimum) strength. The same processes in traditional models involve multiplication (rather than addition) and summation (instead of maximum/minimum), respectively. The emphasis in this work is on morphological perceptrons with dendritic structures, a model supported by recent results and which can be applied in solving problems of pattern classification and association. The proposed model exhibits several advantages when compared to classical models such as multilayer perceptrons, which include (1) High speed in both training (convergence in a single epoch) and runtime execution; (2) Rigorously established learning of arbitrary sets (noncontiguous, nonconvex) within any desired degree of accuracy; (3) Drawing of closed separation surfaces in feature space; A guaranteed 100% correct recognition for the training set; (4) Efficient hardware implementation (using no multiplication operations); (5) A better symbol grounding (the role of the processing elements is fully understood). These characteristics of morphological perceptrons are obtained with no hidden layers, but with dendrites, which mimic more faithfully the biological reference and are currently believed by some researchers to be the main processing elements of the neurons. A morphological perceptron with dendritic structures is, therefore, a good candidate in solving problems of pattern recognition and association, especially when one of the aspects mentioned above (such as speed) is a concern.
On the existence and unicity of solutions of stochastic integral equations

Let M be a local martingale, A be an adapted process with finite variation on each finite interval and H be an adapted cadlag process (i.e. H is continuous on the right and has finite left limits). We shall prove that the equation $$X_t = H_t + \int\limits_0^t {f(s,X_{s - } )dM_s + } \int\limits_0^t {g(s,X_{s - } )dA_s }$$ (1) has one and only one solution, provided the random functions f and g satisfy the properties (L) given below, i.e. a Lipschitz condition $$|g(s,\omega ,x) - g(s,\omega ,y)| + |f(s,\omega ,x) - f(s,\omega ,y)|\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \leqslant } K|x - y|,$$ and two less stringent properties.
Vertically transmitted diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a mathematical analysis on vertically transmitted diseases. Infectious disease agents are generally passed from one organism to another by some form of close contact. Infections can also be carried from one animal to another by a vector or intermediate host such as a mosquito or tick. In addition, infection is often also inherited. In rinderpest, a disease of cattle and other animals, there is placental transmission to the embryo. In some insects, a virus may be passed through the eggs of an infected parent to its offspring; this is called transovarial or transovum transmission. A few plant diseases such as bean and lettuce mosaic are transmitted through the seed. Certain microorganisms found in the cytoplasm of single cells are inherited by the daughter cells. All these modes of transmission are known as vertical transmission. By this is meant the direct transfer of infection from a parent organism to its progeny. The chapter presents the example of Keystone virus. It also highlights an age-dependent model for the transmission of infection, similar to the McKendrick or von Foerster model of population growth.
The Priority of Injustice: Locating Democracy in Critical Theory

Clive Barnett. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2017. xii and 360 pp., notes, bibliography, index. $28.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-8203-5152-0); $89.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8203-5151-3).The Priority ...
Legal, Ethical, Customizable Artificial Intelligence

To be effective, useful, safe, and legal, AI must obey the laws of its users' societies and (where legal) its users' ethical intuitions. But laws and ethics can be difficult for people to express. My research involves ethical and legal instruction by example: synthesizing cases, applying synthesized principles, and explaining those applications.
Exploring the landscape of focal amplifications in cancer using AmpliconArchitect

Focal oncogene amplification and rearrangements drive tumor growth and evolution in multiple cancer types. We present AmpliconArchitect (AA), a tool to reconstruct the fine structure of focally amplified regions using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and validate it extensively on multiple simulated and real datasets, across a wide range of coverage and copy numbers. Analysis of AA-reconstructed amplicons in a pan-cancer dataset reveals many novel properties of copy number amplifications in cancer. These findings support a model in which focal amplifications arise due to the formation and replication of extrachromosomal DNA. Applying AA to 68 viral-mediated cancer samples, we identify a large fraction of amplicons with specific structural signatures suggestive of hybrid, human-viral extrachromosomal DNA. AA reconstruction, integrated with metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PacBio sequencing on the cell-line UPCI:SCC090 confirm the extrachromosomal origin and fine structure of a Forkhead box E1 (FOXE1)-containing hybrid amplicon.
The literary roles of Reuben and Judah in Genesis narratives: A ‘reflection complex’

Scholars have long perceived a relationship among Genesis narratives involving Reuben and Judah. Most treatments, historical in orientation, focus on the authorial and editorial processes that prod...
Further Aspects of Fracture Resistance Measurement on Thin Sheet Material: Yield Stress and Crack Length

The fracture resistance value, K c , has been determined for a number of alloys of aluminum, titanium, and steel and found to depend inversely upon the material yield stress. During this investigation various initial cracklengths, 2a o , were employed. Analysis of the data has disclosed that the amount of crack extension, that is, final crack length, 2a c , appears to be influenced by the initial crack length. Plotted on a log-log scale of (a o /a c ) versus β=[1 B(K c σ Y S ) 2 ], statistical analysis justifies a relationship conforming to the equation In 10 (a o /a c )=A-B ln 10 β which can be transformed to (a o a o ) = A β B The development of these relationships can be of real assistance in the design of a standard initial screening test for K c .
Charge carrier mobility of alkali silicate glasses calculated by molecular dynamics

Ionic conductivity is a property of rapidly increasing interest. Various models attempting to explain ionic conductivity of glass systems have shown limited agreement with experimental results; however, none have been comprehensive. By using molecular dynamics simulations, the diffusion of ion species through a network can be directly observed, providing insights into the mechanisms and their relation to ionic conductivity models. In this report, a method of utilizing molecular dynamics simulations is proposed for the study of the ionic mobility of Na, Li, and K ions in binary silicate glasses. Values found for glasses with x = 0.1, x = 0.2, and x = 0.3 alkali content are between 10-5 and 10-4 cm2·s-1·V-1 and did not change significantly with composition or temperature. This is in agreement with the interstitial pair and weak-electrolyte models used to explain ionic conductivity in glasses.
Trends in Mortality From Extrahepatic Complications in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease, From 2007 Through 2017

Background & Aims Trends of mortality associated with extrahepatic complications of chronic liver disease might be changing. We studied trends in mortality from extrahepatic complications of viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States. Methods We performed a population-based study using US Census and the National Center for Health Statistics mortality records from 2007 through 2017. We identified trends in age-standardized mortality using Joinpoint trend analysis with estimates of annual percent change. Results The liver-related mortality among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increased from 2007 through 2013 and then decreased once patients began receiving treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents, from 2014 through 2017. Among patients with HCV infection, the age-standardized mortality for extrahepatic cancers was 2.6%, for cardiovascular disease was 1.9%, and for diabetes was 3.3%. Among individuals with hepatitis B virus infection, liver-related mortality decreased steadily from 2007 through 2017. During the study, age-standardized mortality from hepatitis B virus–related extrahepatic complications increased by an average of 2.0% each year. Although liver-related mortality from ALD continued to increase, mortality from extrahepatic complications of ALD did not change significantly during the 11-year study. Among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the cause of death was most frequently cardiovascular disease, which increased gradually over the study period, whereas liver-related mortality increased rapidly. Conclusions In an analysis of US Census and the National Center for Health Statistics mortality records, we found that after widespread use of DAA agents for treatment of viral hepatitis, cause-specific mortality from extrahepatic cancers increased, whereas mortality from cardiovascular disease or diabetes increased only among patients with HCV infection. These findings indicate the need to reassess risk and risk factors for extrahepatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in individuals successfully treated for HCV infection with DAA agents.
Is Wikipedia a complete and accurate source for musculoskeletal anatomy

Wikipedia is a popular online encyclopedia generating over 5.4 billion visits per month, and it is also a common resource for the general public and professionals for medical information. The goal of this study is to determine the accuracy and completeness of Wikipedia as a resource for musculoskeletal anatomy. The origin, insertion, innervation, and function of all muscles of the upper and lower extremities as detailed on Wikipedia was compared to the available corresponding information in Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy (14th edition). Entries were scored for both accuracy and completeness. Descriptive statistics were calculated and associations between and within entries for accuracy and completeness were assessed by McNemar’s tests. Information on Wikipedia’s references was also collected. Overall, data on Wikipedia was 97.6% complete and 98.8% accurate when compared to Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy. 78.6% of all entries were fully complete and accurate, with 15.3% of entries containing one error and 6.1% containing two errors. There were no associations between or within entries’ accuracy and completeness. Only 62% of references from Wikipedia included were from academic sources. Musculoskeletal anatomy entries on Wikipedia are imperfect; they have inaccurate and missing information. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of references cited in entries are from poorly identified sources. While Wikipedia is an easily accessible resource for a large number of people and much of the anatomic information is appropriate, it cannot be considered to be an equivalent resource when compared to anatomic texts.
Monitoring coffee roasting cracks and predicting with in situ near‐infrared spectroscopy

The prediction of start and end times of the first and second crack events in roasting coffee is feasible with in situ near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Roasting samples analyzed herein consist of eight varieties of arabica coffee with different origins and processing methods, roasted with four temperature–time profiles. Real‐time analysis of recorded audio from coffee bean popping sounds provides a basis for determining the start and end times of each major event. A custom in situ diffuse reflectance probe improved NIR output, and partial least squares (PLS) regression generated a separate model for each crack event. The resulting PLS models show strong potential for process control implementation. A newly developed roast degree scale based on the progression through crack events is arguably more meaningful than common color cues to connect and correlate the complex chemistries and consumer qualities in roasted coffee. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The first and second cracks are two sets of popping sounds that occur during coffee roasting. These events are commonly used as indicators of roast degree for determining the endpoint of the roast, but this judgment can be subjective. This work explores the use of NIR spectroscopy to predict the start and end of the two cracking events to provide a more robust method for controlling the roast based on the cracks. The predictions are used to generate a numerical roast degree scale, which provides a consistent method of comparing the roast degree of coffees from different origins or roasters.