cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety during the Pandemic: Racial and ethnic differences in the trajectory of fear.

Abstract Background In addition to the threat of serious illness, COVID-19 brought abrupt changes in lifestyle resulting in widespread fear among many Americans. This study examines the evolution of anxiety over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, testing for differential experiences among vulnerable populations. Methods Phase 1 of the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey details the frequency of anxiety among a nationally representative sample of adults from April 23, 2020 through July 21, 2020. Negative binomial regression assessed differences in the frequency of anxiety among demographic, income, health and employment status cohorts. Propensity score matching to the 2019 National Health Interview Survey allowed previous anxiety and health status to be included in the model. Results Anxiety frequency for 944,719 individuals was observed over three months. Whites, blacks and Hispanics showed increasing frequency of anxiety over the time period, particularly blacks. Prior to COVID-19, 13% of respondents reported regular or semiregular anxiety, compared to 25–35% during the pandemic. Regression analysis suggests that frequent anxiety was highly and positively correlated with COVID-19 case fatality rate and higher levels of frequency were observed among those with poor health, incomes below $25,000, and without paid employment. Limitations Causal inference was not able to be investigated due to the cross-sectional study design. Conclusions While blacks showed lower levels of anxiety initially, the proportion of the population experiencing regular anxiety increased nearly 20% over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. This rapid increase in anxiety could be due to inequity in health and economic outcomes among blacks.
Technical Debt in Hardware Systems and Elements

This paper explores the application of the technical debt metaphor to hardware-centric systems. We specifically evaluate how technical debt impacts hardware development and how it can best be handled. Technical debt management can help make better decisions by tracking the debt that is building up in hardware elements and objectively assessing when correcting technical debt items is more cost-effective than allowing them to continue to charge interest in the form of lower productivity and higher risk. Technical debt management has shown great value in the software development field, and recent applications show that the concept can be applied to other engineering disciplines, including systems engineering. There has been less research into technical debt in hardware systems, but many of the same concerns - dependencies, complexity, patterns and conventions, integration, and non-functional requirements – apply. In this paper, we will describe applications of known technical debt types, such as architectural debt, implementation debt, configuration debt, modeling and simulation debt, quality debt, integration debt and testing debt, to hardware centric environments. Then, we will analyze a set of hardware-centric programs for concrete examples of technical debt and their impact. Based on this information, we will expand the definition of System Technical Debt and recommend approaches for identifying, managing, and eliminating technical debt in hardware-centric systems.
A Cost Analysis of Trauma and Well-being Screening for Children in Custody

According to SAMHSA (2014), 1 of the 10 domains of a trauma-informed approach to child welfare relates to universal screening; however, costs of installation and implementation models are often unc...
Health Insurance Coverage Among Veterans Receiving Care From VA Health Care Facilities.

Reasons for acquiring insurance outside Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care coverage among VA enrollees are incompletely understood. To assess Veterans' decision-making and acquisition of non-VA health care insurance in the Affordable Care Act era, we used mailed questionnaires and semistructured interviews in a stratified random sample of VA enrollees $50,000 vs. <$10,000, odds ratio [OR] = 5.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.45-10.3, p < .001). As financial barriers exist for acquisition of non-VA insurance and hence community care, it is critically important that VA enrollees' health care needs are met through VA or community providers financed through VA.
Two experiments comparing reading with listening for human processing of conversational telephone speech.

We report on results of two experiments designed to compare subjects’ ability to extract information from audio recordings of conversational telephone speech (CTS) with their ability to extract information from text transcripts of these conversations, with and without the ability to hear the audio recordings. Although progress in machine processing of CTS speech is well documented, human processing of these materials has not been as well studied. These experiments compare subject’s processing time and comprehension of widely-available CTS data in audio and written formats – one experiment involves careful reading and one involves visual scanning for information. We observed a very modest improvement using transcripts compared with the audio-only condition for the careful reading task (speed-up by a factor of 1.2) and a much more dramatic improvement using transcripts in the visual scanning task (speed-up by a factor of 2.9). The implications of the experiments are twofold: (1) we expect to see similar gains in human productivity for comparable applications outside the laboratory environment and (2) the gains can vary widely, depending on the specific tasks involved.
Phil Gibson--A Remembrance

Finance Director and I served as Executive Secretary to the Governor. Through our work, and our respective admiration for the lofty and uncompromising ideals of Governor Olson, we became personal friends as well as associates. Indeed at one time he invited me to accept appointment as Assistant Finance Director-which would have meant in those days a munificent increase in salary from my $5,000 per year to $7,500. I declined the offer because I found the legal work in the Governor's office to be challenging and I never was proficient in finance and math. Perhaps if they had computers in those days . We took slightly different professional paths-he directly to the appellate scene, I to a trial court and to the office of Attorney General-before going on to the supreme court, but our close friendship continued. In our salad days, after some staid bar association functions, we closed many a North Beach bar while happily musing about law, politics, and life generally. Theodore Roosevelt could have had a Phil Gibson in mind when he once wrote that lawyers are more fun to work with, fight with, and play with than anyone else. For every one of these succeeding forty-five years my respect and admiration for Phil Gibson as a sensitive human being, public servant, and scholar in the law has grown. These feelings not only remain undiminished now that he has been taken from our midst, but will be enhanced by the perspective of history. After submitting and obtaining passage of the first Olson budget by a hostile legislature in 1939, Gibson was appointed to the supreme court as an associate justice in August of that year. Ten months later he succeeded Chief Justice Waste, who died in June 1940. As Chief Justice, Gibson is properly credited with bringing the archaic administrative system of justice in California into the twentieth century. The chaotic and overlapping jurisdictions of police courts, city courts, justice courts, and municipal courts were eliminated and our present two-tier trial court system was firmly established, over the vehement objections of entrenched incumbents and powerful local political interests. Regardless of their influence they were no match for
Modeling of detailed internal electric field in a Trench Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor using variational thermodynamic methodology

The Trench Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (TIGBT) has become of central importance in high power high switching speed applications. Breakdown in these devices is strongly influenced, among other factors, by subtle details of trench geometry, especially at the bottom edge. Here, we apply the variational thermodynamic methodology to develop quantitative models for the electric potential relaxation distance into N−-Si region adjacent to the trench gate oxide and the SiO 2 /N−-Si interface potential. From this we extract electric field in the gate oxide and at the SiO 2 /N−-Si interface for different sections of the trench as function of gate voltage.
Structural Studies of DNA–Cationic Lipid Complexes Confined in Lithographically Patterned Microchannel Arrays

We have used lithographically patterned microchannel arrays with channel widths ranging from 1 to 20 μm, fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching, in structural studies of DNA–cationic lipid complexes in confinement. Various techniques have been developed for loading these DNA–membrane complexes into the microchannels or to form the complexes in situ by sequentially depositing DNA and lipid solutions into the microchannels. Optical microscopy studies indicate that such complex formation is strongly influenced by the periodic channel structure even at channel widths much larger than the persistent length of the DNA molecules. Preliminary x-ray diffraction experiments conducted at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) yielded only a weak signal from the lipid bilayers in the complexes. The use of a microfocused x-ray beam produced by the newly developed Bragg–Fresnel optics at a third-generation synchrotron facility may dramatically increase the signal-to-noise ratio and allow observation of orientational as well as positional ordering of DNA molecules induced by the microchannels. Structural control of the DNA–membrane complexes has a broad range of potential applications in gene probe technology and as mesoscopic biomolecular composites.
Correlation between retinal and pelvic vascular status: a determinant factor in patients undergoing pelvic irradiation for gynecologic malignancy.

Abstract The degree of arteriolar sclerosis in pelvic vessels has previously been shown to be related to the incidence of radiation-related enteric and genitourinary injury. Retinal vessel changes were compared to pelvic vascular changes in 48 patients, half of whom were either diabetic or hyptertensive. There was an absolute correlation between retinal vessel changes and bowel or cervicovaginal vessel changes in 74% of the cases, and only one patient had a marked (more than one grade) discrepancy between retinal and pelvic vascular status. The findings of this investigation suggest that funduscopic examination of the retina can provide useful information concerning the extent of vascular disease in structures normally present in the field of pelvic irradiation.
Inositol Phospholipids: Biosynthesis and Biological Functions

Phosphatidylinositol phosphates are cellular signaling molecules that came to prominence in the mid-1980s, after inositol trisphosphate was discovered as a key intracellular second messenger generated from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in response to stimulation of a wide range of extra-cellular receptors. Since then, many novel inositol phosphates and phospholipids have been discovered, and their cellular functions have been studied. The roles of these molecules encompass regulation of many processes indispensable to organism homeostasis. On the cellular level, the processes include regulation of cell growth and differentiation, cell motility and invasiveness, vesicular trafficking, protein targeting to specific cell compartments. This review focuses on biosynthesis and biological roles of phosphatidylinositol phospholipids.
Pediatric reduction mammaplasty: A retrospective analysis of the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID).

Background/Purpose Pediatric breast reduction mammaplasty is a procedure commonly performed in children suffering from excess breast tissue, back pain, and social anxiety. Minimal information exists regarding demographics, epidemiology, and complications in adolescents. As health care reform progresses, investigating the socioeconomic and patient-related factors affecting cost and operative outcomes is essential. Methods The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was used from 2000 to 2009. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code of macromastia and procedure code of reduction mammaplasty 20 and less were included. Demographic data, including age, sex, payer mix, and location, were collected. Significant independent variables associated with complications and duration of stay were identified with bivariate and multiple regression analysis. Results A total of 1,345 patients between the ages 12 and 20 were evaluated. The majority of patients were white (64%), from a zip code with greatest income (36%), and had private insurance (75%). Overall comorbidity and complication rates were 30% and 3.2%, respectively. Duration of stay was associated with race, income quartile, insurance type, having complications, and hospital type. African-American race, Medicaid, lower income, and private-investor owned hospitals were predictive of greater hospital charges. Conclusion In this large retrospective database analysis, pediatric reduction mammaplasty had a relatively low early complication rate and short duration of stay. Complications, total charges, and duration of stay discrepancies were associated with race, location, and socioeconomic status. Although demonstrably safe, this is the first study demonstrating the negative effect of race and socioeconomic status on a completely elective procedure involving children. These results demonstrate the intricate association between socioeconomic and patient-related factors influencing overall outcomes in the pediatric population.
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE UPON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION

Henneman, Dorothy H. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), and W. W. Umbreit. Influence of the physical state of the bacterial cell membrane upon the rate of respiration. J. Bacteriol. 87:1274-1280. 1964.-NaCl and KCl in concentrations of the order of 0.2 to 0.5 m inhibit the respiration of Escherichia coli B and other gram-negative organisms. Cell-free enzymes concerned in respiration and prepared from the same organisms are not inhibited by these salts, whereas these same enzymes tested in intact cells are. The physical state of the cell membrane appears to be a factor controlling its respiratory activity.
Comparing IAT and TAT measures of power versus intimacy motivation

We assessed implicit orientations towards power versus intimacy using the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Implicit Associations Test (IAT). In addition, we assessed explicit orientations u...
Effect of mannitol on ICP and CBF and correlation with pressure autoregulation in severely head-injured patients

✓ In a previous paper, the authors showed that mannitol causes cerebral vasoconstriction in response to blood viscosity decreases in cats. The present paper describes the changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) after mannitol administration in a group of severely head-injured patients with intact or defective autoregulation. The xenon-133 inhalation method was used to measure CBF. Autoregulation was tested by slowly increasing or decreasing the blood pressure by 30% and measuring CBF again. Mannitol was administered intravenously in a dose of 0.66 gm/kg; 25 minutes later, CBF and ICP were measured once again. In the group with intact autoregulation, mannitol had decreased ICP by 27.2%, but CBF remained unchanged. In the group with defective autoregulation, ICP had decreased by only 4.7%, but CBF increased 17.9%. One of the possible explanations for these findings is based on strong indications that autoregulation is mediated through alterations in the level of adenosine in res...
Measurement of Circuit Impedance of Periodically Loaded Structures by Frequency Perturbation

A method is described for determining the circuit impedance of a slow-wave structure from experimental measurements of the perturbation in the resonant frequencies caused by passing small beads through the interaction region. From these measurements the gain parameter C of such a structure, when used as a traveling-wave tube, can be determined. The results agree with measured experimental gains as well as with theoretical calculations. The method is limited to periodic structures which can be short-circuited and hence made resonant. The principles involved are not new, but their adaptation to traveling-wave tubes is not generally known.
An all-purpose antimalarial drug target.

The recent re-emphasis on malaria eradication has made developing drugs that block transmission and terminate latent disease critical. Most drugs do not affect the liver stages—an ability that is crucial to the latter goal. Addressing this problem, Hoepfner et al. (2012) uncover the parasite's lysyl-tRNA synthetase as a druggable target.
Folding funnels: The key to robust protein structure prediction

Natural proteins fold because their free energy landscapes are funneled to their native states. The degree to which a model energy function for protein structure prediction can avoid the multiple minima problem and reliably yield at least low-resolution predictions is also dependent on the topography of the energy landscape. We show that the degree of funneling can be quantitatively expressed in terms of a few averaged properties of the landscape. This allows us to optimize simplified energy functions for protein structure prediction even in the absence of homology information. Here we outline the optimization procedure in the context of associative memory energy functions originally introduced for tertiary structure recognition and demonstrate that even partially funneled landscapes lead to qualitatively correct, low-resolution predictions.
Exposure tool for 32-nm lithography: requirements and development progress

Double patterning is recognized as the best candidate for 32 nm half-pitch lithography. Currently pitch splitting processes are being considered for logic processes and spacer processes are being considered for memory. In pitch splitting, errors in overlay between the first and second exposure become CD errors on the final pattern. For this reason, overlay requirements are severe for pitch splitting double patterning. Revised CD and overlay budgets are presented, as well as technical requirements to satisfy these budgets. Spacer processes do not have similar restrictions on overlay, so they can be achieved using current immersion tools. Exposure tool requirements for double patterning are discussed and modifications to current platforms are described.
Glass viscosity as a function of temperature and composition : A model based on Adam-Gibbs equation

Abstract This paper shows that a generalized Adam–Gibbs relationship reasonably approximates the real behavior of glasses with four temperature-independent parameters of which two are linear functions of the composition vector. The equation is subjected to two constraints, one requiring that the viscosity–temperature relationship approaches the Arrhenius function at high temperatures with a composition-independent pre-exponential factor and the other that the viscosity value is independent of composition at the glass-transition temperature. Several sets of constant coefficients were obtained by fitting the generalized Adam–Gibbs equation to data of two glass families: float glass and Hanford waste glass. Other equations (the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation, original and modified, the Avramov equation, and the Douglass–Doremus equation) were fitted to a float-glass data series and compared with the Adam–Gibbs equation, showing that Adam–Gibbs glass appears an excellent approximation of real glasses even as compared with other candidate constitutive relations.
Effective teaching and feedback skills for international emergency medicine "train the trainers" programs.

Abstract Background As the specialty of Emergency Medicine (EM) develops around the world, it has become common for practitioners from countries with mature EM systems to assist those in regions with developing systems. One effective and frequently used model is “train the trainers,” in which a group of consultant teachers instructs a cadre of clinicians in the host region to then become the future teachers of EM in that area. This model has the advantage of overcoming cultural barriers to instruction and can lead to providing a lasting training infrastructure in the region. A key to a successful program is the use of effective and culturally appropriate teaching and feedback skills. Objectives The goal of this article is to bring together experts in adult education with experts in training in the international setting to present teaching and feedback skills and how they can be applied in different settings and cultures. Discussion Cutting edge instruction and evaluation techniques that can be employed in intercultural “train the trainers” programs will be presented. The characteristics of successful programs, using specifics from actual programs, will also be shared. Conclusion Applying the described teaching and evaluation skills with modifications based on local culture will help empower newly trained teachers who will contribute in turn to the longevity of EM in the region and set a high teaching standard that will benefit generations of future colleagues.
Dopamine Receptor Activation Increases HIV Entry into Primary Human Macrophages

Macrophages are the primary cell type infected with HIV in the central nervous system, and infection of these cells is a major component in the development of neuropathogenesis and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Within the brains of drug abusers, macrophages are exposed to increased levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that mediates the addictive and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse such as cocaine and methamphetamine. In this study we examined the effects of dopamine on HIV entry into primary human macrophages. Exposure to dopamine during infection increased the entry of R5 tropic HIV into macrophages, irrespective of the concentration of the viral inoculum. The entry pathway affected was CCR5 dependent, as antagonizing CCR5 with the small molecule inhibitor TAK779 completely blocked entry. The effect was dose-dependent and had a steep threshold, only occurring above 108 M dopamine. The dopamine-mediated increase in entry required dopamine receptor activation, as it was abrogated by the pan-dopamine receptor antagonist flupenthixol, and could be mediated through both subtypes of dopamine receptors. These findings indicate that the effects of dopamine on macrophages may have a significant impact on HIV pathogenesis. They also suggest that drug-induced increases in CNS dopamine may be a common mechanism by which drugs of abuse with distinct modes of action exacerbate neuroinflammation and contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in infected drug abusers.
Effect of response effort requirement on relative frequency of short interresponse times: CRF and FR-5 reinforcement schedules

Higher levels of required response effort in an operant task resulted in a greater relative frequency of short (less than 1 sec) interresponse times for both continuous reinforcement and fixed-ratio 5 (FR-5) groups, with the effect being accentuated for the FR-5 condition.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Diagnosing Acute Bacterial Pneumonia

The utility of gram stain and semiquantitative culture of the fluid retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in identifying the causative agent in acute bacterial pneumonia was initially assessed in 92 patients. Fifteen of these patients presented with clinically active bacterial pneumonia; the remaining patients underwent bronchoscopy to evaluate other processes in the lung. Thirteen of the 15 patients with clinically active bacterial pneumonia had a BAL culture greater than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter of BAL fluid, whereas none of the other groups had a positive culture (chi 2 = 70.7, P less than .001). Gram stain of cytocentrifuged BAL fluid was positive (one or more organisms seen per 1,000 X field) only in those patients with an active bacterial pneumonia. Applying this technique, we studied 59 immunocompromised patients presenting with pulmonary infiltrates. Eight (21%) of the 39 patients presenting with microbial-related infiltrates proved to have acute bacterial pneumonia by BAL culture; the pneumonia resolved with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Gastrointestinal bleeding and cine-scintigraphy

Two recent advances have significantly improved the ability of labeled red cell imaging to localize and to detect sites of active gastrointestinal bleeding. The first is the use of continuous dynamic imaging. The second is the commercial availability of an in vitro red cell labeling method that significantly improves image quality. The computer equipment required for dynamic imaging is available in most nuclear medicine laboratories. Because cinematic display of the dynamic images increases the accuracy and ease of interpretation it should be considered the method of choice for performing gastrointestinal bleeding studies. High-risk patients can be identified if very active bleeding is noted early. However, a study with negative results, after monitoring the patient over 1 to 2 hours, suggests that conservative medical management may be adequate. Therefore, with proper use scintigraphy can provide both diagnostic and prognostic information to aid in the management of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
Social validation of an objective measure of dominance in captive monkeys

The validity of a primate dominance hierarchy was examined in terms of its relationship to social interactions. Twelve social behaviors associated with dominance and aggression were recorded during 61 h of observation of six pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Of the 1,462 interactions recorded, 94.7% were oriented in the water dominance hierarchy in the direction that would be predicted on the basis of their ascribed functions.
Prior residence has a gradual influence on dominance in captive white-throated sparrows

Abstract Abstract. To investigate the influence of prior residence on dominance in captive white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis , 28 groups of six birds each were studied in outdoor aviaries during winter. After periods of prior residence ranging from 2 to 45 days, the three highest-ranking birds in each of two aviaries were placed together in one of the aviaries and the three lowest-ranking birds from each aviary were placed together in the other aviary. The influence of prior residence increased gradually over at least 2 weeks to an asymptote at which individuals with the advantage of prior residence dominated newcomers in approximately 90% of the cases. In the initial groupings of unfamiliar birds, when only intrinsic features of individuals influenced dominance, only size (as indicated by wing length) correlated with dominance. The gradual increase in dominance of residents over newcomers suggests that prior residence is not used for conventional settlement of disputes. This influence of prior residence on dominance provides a mechanism for the tendency of an individual white-throated sparrow in the field to dominate more opponents at the centre of its range than at the edge.
Evaluation of methods to integrate analysis into a large-scale shock shock physics code

Exascale supercomputing will embody many revolutionary changes in the hardware and software of high-performance computing. For example, projected limitations in power and I/O-system performance will fundamentally change visualization and analysis workflows. A traditional post-processing workflow involves storing simulation results to disk and later retrieving them for visualization and data analysis; however, at Exascale, post-processing approaches will not be able to capture the volume or granularity of data necessary for analysis of these extreme-scale simulations. As an alternative, researchers are exploring ways to integrate analysis and simulation without using the storage system. In situ and in transit are two options, but there has not been an adequate evaluation of these approaches to identify strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs at large scale. This paper provides a detailed performance and scaling analysis of a large-scale shock physics code using traditional post-processsing, in situ, and in transit analysis to detect material fragments from a simulated explosion.
Evidence for Decavanadate Clusters in the Lamellar Surfactant Ion Phase

Single-crystal X-ray analysis shows the lamellar phase of the vanadium oxide surfactant contains discrete decavanadate clusters and not a continuous vanadium oxide sheet. The clusters are hydrogen bonded together through water molecules forming layers. Between these layers long-chain surfactant chains of dodecyltrimethylammonium lay in parallel with their headgroups stacked in opposite directions. Water and small alcohols can be reversibly inserted into this structure expanding the interlayer spacing.
Relation of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake Sequence to Seismic Scattering

Measurements of crustal scattering for the area surrounding the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence obtained from regional array recordings of teleseismic events for the 10-year period before the sequence showed that the slip distribution on faults could be deducible from the preshock elastic structure. Scattering intensity correlated strongly with the distribution of aftershocks and slip of the moment magnitude (Mw) 7.3 Landers main shock, Mw 6.1 Joshua Tree, and Mw 6.2 Big Bear events, which implies that aftershocks and slip are structurally controlled and broadly predictable. Scattering within the fault zones was directional and consistent with variable along-strike alignment of stress-induced cracks.
Potential health impacts of burning coal beds and waste banks

Uncontrolled release of pollutants from burning coal beds and waste banks presents potential environmental and human health hazards. On a global scale, the emissions of large volumes of greenhouse gases from burning coal beds may contribute to climate change that alters ecosystems and patterns of disease occurrence. On regional and local scales, the emissions from burning coal beds and waste banks of acidic gases, particulates, organic compounds, and trace elements can contribute to a range of respiratory and other human health problems. Although there are few published reports of health problems caused by these emissions, the potential for problems can be significant. In India, large numbers of people have been displaced from their homes because of health problems caused by emissions from burning coal beds. Volatile elements such as arsenic, fluorine, mercury, and selenium are commonly enriched in coal deposits. Burning coal beds can volatilize these elements, which then can be inhaled, or adsorbed on crops and foods, taken up by livestock or bioaccumulated in birds and fish. Some of these elements can condense on dust particles that can be inhaled or ingested. In addition, selenium, arsenic, lead, tin, bismuth, fluorine, and other elements condense where the hot gaseous emissions come in contact with ambient air, forming mats of concentrated efflorescent minerals on the surface of the ground. These mats can be leached by rainwater and washed into local water bodies providing other potential routes of exposure. Although there are little data linking burning coal beds and waste banks to known health problems, a possibly analogous situation exists in rural China where mineralized coal burned in a residential environment has caused widespread and severe health problems such as fluorosis and arseniasis.
Isolation and Characterization of a Compound from the Urine of Schizophrenics

THE systematic screening of schizophrenic and normal urine in this laboratory has led to the identification of a biologically active compound in urine of schizophrenics. This compound is of particular interest since it does not have the usual sympathomimetic actions of the closely related catecholamines, but does have a depressant effect on the central nervous system1.
Financial and Ethical Considerations for Professionals in Psychology

The profession of psychology is one of many entities affected by the current economic recession. The question of what to do when clients cannot pay agreed-upon charges will need to be answered. Ethical issues related to setting the fee for psychotherapy, insurance coverage, abandonment, pro bono psychotherapy, and lack of resources are addressed in light of the 2002 American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct and other relevant literature. The impact of the Mental Health Parity Act on the financial complexities that professionals in psychology now face is also discussed. Several recommendations are made for psychologists, calling them to be proactive in their communities, to be advocates for their clients, and to critically evaluate their financial practices.
Evaluating Computer Technology Innovation in the Schools: The Need for a New Framework

Abstract The authors call for and describe a new framework for evaluating computer technology innovation in the schools. The framework draws on theory and research about student learning correlates, research on innovations, technology research, and new evaluation approaches. Features of a new formative evaluation framework are identified, and an application of the framework is described—one used to evaluate a technology innovation in two K-8 schools largely serving disadvantaged, minority youngsters. Examples of framework features are descriptive designs with longer time frames, analyses of subgroups, inclusion of critical contextual variables, use of multiple data sources and methods, and attention to ethical issues.
The HIPAA authorization form and effects on survey response rates, nonresponse bias, and data quality: a randomized community study.

BACKGROUND There has been speculation that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has muted participation in research but little direct evidence to substantiate those claims exists. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of including a HIPAA authorization form (HAF) on multiple measures of survey performance. RESEARCH DESIGN, SUBJECTS: A community survey of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents conducted between September 2005 and April 2006. A total of 6939 cases were randomly assigned to 2 experimental conditions where half of the subjects received a 1-page HAF (n = 3469) and the other half did not (n = 3470). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Response rate, nonresponse bias, and data quality. RESULTS At the end of data collection, a response rate of 39.8% was observed in the HAF condition and 55.0% in the No HAF condition (P < 0.0001). There was a negligible but statistically significant (P < or = 0.001) over-representation of males in the No HAF condition but no difference in the amount of missing data between the 2 groups. However, reports of general health and the percentage of respondents indicating that they were nonsmokers were both significantly (P < or = 0.01) lower in the No HAF condition than in the HAF condition. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of a minimally burdensome version of the HAF reduced survey response rates by up to 15 percentage points. This could have implications for a study's statistical power. There was little evidence that the form affected nonresponse bias or data quality.
The antagonism of adrenergic blockade by dichloroisoproterenol (DCI)

Mit Dibenzylin vorbehandelte anasthetisierte Hunde reagierten nach Dichloroisoproterenol(DCI)-Verabreichung sofort mit «Pressor response» auf Epinephrin und Norepinephrin. Ahnliche Befunde ergaben sich auch bei adrenergischer Blockade mittels Dihydroergotamin oder Benzodioxan.
Identification of potential areas for the use of expert systems in power system planning

Abstract An electric utility industry survey was conducted to identify topics in power system planning that are suitable for the application of expert systems (ES). Results of 14 interviews with 13 electric utilities in Alabama, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Massachussetts, Missouri, Oregon, Texas, and Artificial Intelligence Washington are summarized. The overall reaction from the survey was that expert systems and other (AI) tools have a role in power system planning—both short term and long term. Current applications and perceived needs, however, vary from company to company. While there are some companies who are working on several multiyear expert system projects, there are others who have no formal expert system or AI application activities. There is, however, a consensus on a few broad areas, and a set preferences, a part of which any one of these 13 utilities can identify with. The most prominent consensus item is that expert systems should be introduced slowly so that the user is comfortable with it. As the utility planner gets comfortable with using such systems, and begins to have faith in their results, they will find better and more comprehensive applications. Other consensus items for the application of expert systems in planning include: (a) training engineers moving into new jobs, (b) filtering input data—data sanity checking, (c) checking documentations for completeness, (d) providing documented explanation to those unfamiliar with the process, and (e) performing scenario analysis in a complex and interdependent environment.
Deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) worsens alcohol-induced microencephaly and neuronal loss in developing mice.

Abstract Previous work conducted in vitro suggests that nitric oxide (NO) protects developing neurons against the toxic effects of alcohol. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal mice carrying a null mutation for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), the enzyme which synthesizes NO in neurons, have increased vulnerability to alcohol-induced microencephaly and neuronal loss. Wild-type mice and mutant (nNOS−/−) mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (0.0, 2.2, 3.3, or 4.4 g/kg) daily over postnatal days (PD) 4–9 and were sacrificed on PD10. Peak blood alcohol concentrations were approximately 170, 280, and 385 mg/dl for the 2.2, 3.3 and 4.4 g/kg/day treatment groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly between wild-type and nNOS−/− strains. Exposure to alcohol induced dose-dependent reductions in total brain weight, forebrain weight and cerebellum weight in both strains of mice. However, the reductions in brain weight were significantly more severe in the nNOS−/− mice than in wild type. Quantification of cerebellar neurons revealed that alcohol-induced losses of Purkinje cells and granule cells were both significantly greater in the nNOS−/− mice than in wild type. The increased vulnerability of nNOS-deficient neurons to alcohol-induced cell death was confirmed in vitro. Cerebellar granule cell cultures derived from nNOS−/− and wild-type mice were exposed for 24 h to 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/dl ethanol. At each alcohol concentration, the nNOS−/− neurons had a significantly greater cell loss than did the wild-type neurons. The results demonstrate that deficiency of nNOS decreases the ability of developing neurons to survive the toxic effects of alcohol. Because NO upregulates intracellular cGMP, which can activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), we hypothesize that the NO–cGMP–PKG pathway has a neuroprotective role against alcohol toxicity within the developing brain.
Mesoscale Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Episodes from SoWMEX/TiMREX

AbstractThe authors analyze the mesoscale structure accompanying two multiday periods of heavy rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment and the Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Rainfall Experiment conducted over and near Taiwan during May and June 2008. Each period is about 5–6 days long with episodic heavy rainfall events within. These events are shown to correspond primarily to periods when well-defined frontal boundaries are established near the coast. The boundaries are typically 1 km deep or less and feature contrasts of virtual temperature of only 2°–3°C. Yet, owing to the extremely moist condition of the upstream conditionally unstable air, these boundaries appear to exert a profound influence on convection initiation or intensification near the coast. Furthermore, the boundaries, once established, are long lived, possibly reinforced through cool downdrafts and prolonged by the absence of diurnal heating over land in generally cloudy conditions. These boundaries are linked phenomenologically with ...
Diffusion of water in silica glass

The diffusion of water into silica glass is modeled to result from the diffusion of molecular water into the glass and its reaction with the silicon-oxygen network to form SiOH groups. Equations for this diffusion-reaction mechanism are presented and compared with experimental diffusion profiles. At temperatures above about 500 °C the reaction goes to equilibrium, but at lower temperatures it does not, leading to a time dependence of the concentration of surface-reacted OH groups and of their apparent diffusion coefficient. At higher temperatures, the OH groups are nearly immobile, but diffuse far enough to sample neighboring OH groups, leading to a bimolecular reverse reaction. At lower temperatures only OH pairs react, giving a first-order reaction. When water tagged with O18 diffuses into silica, the O18 exchanges with O16 in the silicon-oxygen network of the glass. This process is also controlled by the rate of diffusion of molecular water into the glass, and the rate of O18-O16 exchange. This diffusion-reaction mechanism gives a unified description of the diffusion of water in silica glass from 160 °C to 1200 °C at least.
The preparation of serum lipoproteins labeled with radioactive cholesterol.

Abstract Cholesterol-4-C14 in a Tween 20 dispersion was found to exchange readily with the cholesterol of plasma lipoproteins. This proved to be a rapid and simple method for preparing lipoprotein which contains radioactive cholesterol. On the basis of electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and immunochemical evidence presented, it is concluded that this is a true isotope exchange and that the physical properties of the lipoproteins studied are not altered.
Some magnetic properties of σ-phase CrMn3

Abstract The low-field magnetic susceptibility and the thermal expansion were measured from room temperature to 4.2 K, as well as the magnetization up to 50 kOe from about 100 to 4.2 K on a polycrystalline sample of σ-phase CrMn3. The susceptibility results showed the existence of a weak ferromagnetic transition at Tc = (86.2±0.3)K. The spontaneous magnetization at 4.2 K has a value of 0.256 emu/g and a high-field susceptibility of 17.2×10−6 emu/g Oe. The average moment per atom is about 0.01μB, while if all of the moments resided on the Mn atoms, it would be 0.013μB. Since most of the average moments per atom cited for CrMn alloys are about 0.85μB, it appears that the weak ferromagnetism in these alloys must be due to the canting of the moments.
Vitamin-D-dependent rickets type 2

Vitamin-D-dependent rickets type 2 results from autosomal recessive mutations of the vitamin D receptor gene. With congenital total body alopecia and onset of rickets during the second half of the first year of life, patients display rapidly progressing rachitic bone changes, hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This article describes extensive personal experience with about one third of the world's reported cases, their clinical course, the physiological consequences, diagnostic steps, molecular findings and therapeutic approach, as they developed over the course of the last 25 years.
Optic flow drives human visuo-locomotor adaptation.

Summary Two strategies can guide walking to a stationary goal: (1) the optic-flow strategy, in which one aligns the direction of locomotion or "heading" specified by optic flow with the visual goal [1, 2]; and (2) the egocentric-direction strategy, in which one aligns the locomotor axis with the perceived egocentric direction of the goal [3, 4] and in which error results in optical target drift [5]. Optic flow appears to dominate steering control in richly structured visual environments [2, 6–8], whereas the egocentric- direction strategy prevails in visually sparse environments [2, 3, 9]. Here we determine whether optic flow also drives visuo-locomotor adaptation in visually structured environments. Participants adapted to walking with the virtual-heading direction displaced 10° to the right of the actual walking direction and were then tested with a normally aligned heading. Two environments, one visually structured and one visually sparse, were crossed in adaptation and test phases. Adaptation of the walking path was more rapid and complete in the structured environment; the negative aftereffect on path deviation was twice that in the sparse environment, indicating that optic flow contributes over and above target drift alone. Optic flow thus plays a central role in both online control of walking and adaptation of the visuo-locomotor mapping.
The Search for a Large Meteorite Near Prince George, British Columbia

A meteoritic event was observed from the vicinity of Prince George, British Columbia, at 5h 58m U.T., August 21, 1969, and an associated ground impact wave was recorded by several seismograph stations. An analysis of the visual and seismic data indicates that a mass of several tons must have reached the ground about 20 km southeast of Prince George. A helicopter search of the area and a study of aerial photographs have failed to locate the impact site
Coexistence of acid phosphatase and acid mucosubstance in the nucleoid of human blood platelet granules.

Fine structural localization of acid phosphatase and acid mucosubstance in the human blood platelet has shown that these two components coexist in the platelet α granules. Within the α granules acid phosphatase activity and acid mucosubstance both appear confined to the nucleoid region. Additionally, heavy acid phosphatase activity filled occasional small cytoplasmic bodies as well as elongated irregular cell organelles which latter appeared to correspond with atypical granules in morphologic preparations. A complex of mucosubstance with nonenzymatic protein, sequestering the lysosomal enzyme, or a complex of mucosubstance with the enzyme reversibly inactivating it, might explain the cytochemical latency of acid phosphatase in certain lysosomes and the masked dialyzed iron affinity in these sites after glutaraldehyde fixation.
Major Change at Babson College: Curricular and Administrative, Planned and Otherwise

The problem and the solution.Making meaningful change in academic institutions is hard enough, but it often stops completely at radical curriculum reform. Babson College had external feedback that suggested change was needed. Three major initiatives at Babson—strategic planning including radical curriculum change, total quality, and reengineering—never formally utilized organization development (OD) but followed many of the practices and principles. Not only did the change processes lead to a transformation in the academic programs, but other major administrative changes were implemented. As a result, Babson was able to change tiers. Lessons about OD in academia are drawn including the need to manage the degree of participation rather than assume it is lacking. OD must be adapted to any organization, and in academia, that is especially true. Even the names of tools become critical. Sustaining change is always a challenge, as is the need to recruit people with the skills and attitudes that match the organi...