cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disorders of speech

Summary The objective of this presentation has not been to answer all questions concerning disorders of speech in childhood but rather to orient the pediatrician to the subject. It is hoped that this orientation will provide the interest and motivation for further investigations by the pediatrician into the area of communication disorders. A final observation concerning the correctionof speech disorders in children is in order. Speech treatment for most types of problemsis quite lengthy and varies according to the nature of the difficulty. Usually the results of treatment are gradual rather than spectacular. The pediatrician can be of considerable help to the speech pathologist if he encourages parents to view the treatment program realistically and discourages their search for the spectacular or dramatic “cure.”
Electronic Identities Need Private Credentials

For transactions on the Internet, user authentication typically involves usernames and passwords. When creating an account, users often must provide additional personal information. Usually, this is a list of self-claimed attributes such as name, address, or birth date. Only a few attributes such as email address and credit card information have some mechanism to authenticate them. Solutions such as the Security Assertion Markup Language, OpenID, or X.509 certificates let users authenticate and transfer attributes, certified by an issuer, to a relying party in a more trusted way. However, these technologies still have considerable security and privacy concerns. Private credentials are a superior solution. With them, issuers don't have to be involved during authentication. Also, users disclose only those attributes required by the relying parties and can do so without being easily tracked across their transactions.
Lattice vibrational modes of poly(rU)-poly(rA). A coupled single-helical approach.

The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 11-fold double-helical poly(rU)·poly(rA) have been calculated. The vibrational potential energy of the double-helical structure is initially considered to be a sum of the vibrational potential energy of the single-helical structures poly(rU) and poly(rA). Coupling between the single helices is introduced by including a stretch force constant for each hydrogen bond between the uracil and adenine base residues. In addition, a model is presented for nonbonded interactions between nearest neighbor base pairs, which is consistent with a previous model for such interactions in the single helices. Because of the simple structural relationship between the uncoupled single helices and the double helix we are able to cast the secular equation for poly(rU)·poly(rA) in a form suitable for the use of perturbation theory using the previously calculated normal modes for the single helices as the unperturbed modes. Perturbation theory was found to be inapplicable for the region of the spectrum ≲450 cm−1. In this region an exact Green function technique is used to calculate the strongly coupled modes. We explicitly display one aspect of these double-helical normal modes. The stretching motions of the hydrogen bonds in the region of the spectrum <450 cm−1 have been plotted as bar graphs for each mode.
What Can Research on Teacher Education Tell Us about Improving Quality in Mathematics Education

Abstract In order to speculate about how teacher education can function to improve mathematics education, we need to specify what sort of mathematics learning we want schools to produce, what sort of teaching causes that learning, and how teachers might be educated to do that sort of teaching. Research on teaching and teacher education is reviewed here which helps to clarify these relationships, including work in the teacher effects tradition; studies of organizational change, undergraduate programs, and institutional socialization; and analyses of knowledge and skill development and use with experienced teachers.
Trophic effect of porcine Sertoli cells on rat and human ventral mesencephalic cells and hNT neurons in vitro

The poor survival of embryonic dopaminergic (DA) neurons transplanted into patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has encouraged researchers to search for new methods to affect the short- as well as long-term survival of these neurons after transplantation. In several previous rodent studies Sertoli cells increased survival of islet cells and chromaffin cells when cotransplanted in vivo. The aims of this study were to investigate whether porcine Sertoli cells had a positive effect on the survival and maturation of rat and human DA neurons, and whether the Sertoli cells had an effect on differentiation of neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line (hNT neurons). A significant increase of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons of both rat and human ventral mesencephalic tissue was found when cocultured with Sertoli cells. Furthermore, there was a significantly increased soma size and neurite outgrowth of neurons in the coculture treated group. The Sertoli cell and hNT coculture also revealed an increased number of TH-positive cells. These results demonstrate that the wide variety of proteins and factors secreted by porcine Sertoli cells benefit the survival and maturation of embryonic DA neurons and suggest that cotransplantation of Sertoli cells and embryonic DA neurons may be useful for a cell transplantation therapy in PD.
The osteocyte in CKD: New concepts regarding the role of FGF23 in mineral metabolism and systemic complications

The identification of elevated circulating levels of the osteocytic protein fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), along with recent data linking these values to the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and to systemic complications, has changed the approach to the pathophysiology and treatment of disordered bone and mineral metabolism in renal failure. It now appears that osteocyte biology is altered very early in the course of CKD and these changes have implications for bone biology, as well as for progressive cardiovascular and renal disease. Since circulating FGF23 values are influenced by therapies used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, the effects of different therapeutic paradigms on FGF23 have important implications for mineral metabolism as well as for morbidity and mortality. Further studies are critically needed to identify the initial trigger for abnormalities of skeletal mineralization and turnover as well as the potential effects that current therapeutic options may have on osteocyte biology.
Cytokine network in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: new probable targets for therapy.

Abstract Aims : Several immunological mechanisms seems to be similar in cancer and autoimmune disease. Studying interleukins production and proliferative response in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), it is possible to observe that manipulation of IL-10/IL-12 balance can have profound effect on the incidence of autoimmune diseases and this might be useful for the control of AIHA. Methods : Respective role of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-12 in non-cancer associated AIHA were investigated by examining the spontaneous and mitogen-induced (OKT3 or LPS) synthesis of these cytokines in PBMC cultures by ELISA methods. Results : Our results affirmed that AIHA is a disease which exhibited an increased basal synthesis of IL-4 and decreased levels of IFN-γ by AIHA PBMC compared with controls and then there is a basal increase of Th2 cytokines. Th1-type cytokine decrease in basal state occurred in parallel with an increase of constitutive IL-10 production and a IL-12 decrease. Conclusions : Decreased production of Th1-type cytokines and the production of autoantibodies in AIHA may be secondary to the imbalance between IL-10 and IL-12 and then the neutralisation of IL-10 may be efficacious in diminishing the clinical pathology associated with Th2 subset prevalence. In the same way, the treatment with IL-12 could offer a second and independent level of blockade against the consequences of the over B cell activation associated with AIHA and sometimes with cancer.
Approach to the interpretation of complex arrhythmias.

Summary The interpretation of complex arrhythmias depends upon thorough knowledge of the various mechanisms of disturbed formation and conduction of the cardiac impulse and its application to a systematic and complete analysis. Some of these factors and their role in clinical electrocardiography have been elucidated only recently. Representative examples are shown revealing the following mechanisms: o 1. The effect upon intraventricular and atrioventricular conduction of sudden change in rate of stimulation, demonstrating the dependence of the refractory period upon the duration of the ventricular and A-V junctional cycle. 2. Identification of Wenckebach periods under unusual circumstances, based upon the recognition of the specific arrangement of the conducted beats. 3. Concealed conduction in the A–V junction. manifested by its effects on conduction and or formation of a subsequent impulse. 4. Unidirectional block in the A–V junction and its clinical manifestation in: (a) reciproocal beating. (b) A–V block with V-A respose, (c) A–V block with conduction during the supernormal phase following an escaped beat.
Regulation of urokinase receptor mRNA stability by hnRNP C in lung epithelial cells.

Increased urokinase receptor (uPAR) expression as well as stabilisation of uPAR mRNA contribute to the pathogenesis of lung inflammation and neoplasia. Post-transcriptional regulation of uPAR mRNA involves interaction of both coding and 3′-UTR sequences with regulatory uPAR mRNA binding proteins (Bps). In order to identify novel regulatory interactions, we performed gel mobility shift and UV cross-linking assays and found two distinct uPAR mRNA-protein complexes. We identified a rapidly migrating 40 kDa uPAR mRNABp that selectively bound a 110 nucleotide (nt) fragment of the uPAR mRNA 3′UTR. Chimeric β-globin/uPAR mRNA containing the 110 nt 40 kDa protein binding fragment destabilised stable β-globin mRNA with a rate of decay identical to that of chimeric β-globin/uPAR containing the full uPAR 3′UTR. The 40 kDa uPAR 3′UTR Bp was purified using poly (U) sepharose and identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNPC). Finally, we confirmed its interaction with the uPAR mRNA 3′ UTR by gel mobility supershift assay using an anti-hnRNPC antibody. Direct in vivo interaction of hnRNPC with the uPAR mRNA 3′UTR was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and combined RT PCR-Southern blotting assay. Co-transfection of hnRNPC cDNA in Beas2B cells reversed destabilisation of chimeric β-globin/uPAR 3′UTR mRNA and its over-expression also induced uPAR protein and mRNA expression through stabilisation of uPAR mRNA. These observations indicate a novel mechanism of uPAR gene regulation in lung epithelial cells in which cis elements within a 110 nt uPAR mRNA 3′UTR sequence interact with hnRNPC to regulate uPAR mRNA stability.
Intra-individual comparison of lymphatic drainage patterns using subareolar and peritumoral isotope injection for breast cancer.

Background Controversy exists in the literature regarding the optimal site for lymphatic mapping in breast cancer. This study was designed to characterize lymphatic drainage patterns within the same patient after subareolar (SA) and peritumoral (PT) radiopharmaceutical injections and examine the impact of reader interpretation on reported drainage.
Isostasy and the ambient state of stress in the oceanic lithosphere

It is proposed that the ambient state of isostatic deviatoric stress in the ocean lithosphere is the minimum necessary for the support of the density and topographic anomalies associated with the elevation of the mid-ocean ridges. The principal evidence for this hypothesis is that it is in agreement with the observed oceanic intraplate earthquake mechanisms. The main deviatoric stresses are compressive perpendicular to the axis of the mid-ocean ridge, zero parallel to the ridge, and tensile vertically. At any given distance from the ridge the stress is maximum at the seafloor; it decreases with depth at about the same rate as the cooling of the lithosphere, so that the entire thermal boundary layer acts as a support to the global square root of age topography of the oceans.
Percutaneous treatment of obstructive uropathy in renal transplant recipients: outcomes of nephrostomy tube placement within and after 30 days of transplantation

Abstract Purpose To evaluate outcomes of percutaneous nephrostomies (PCN) in renal transplant recipients, and compare outcomes of PCN placement before and after 30 days from transplant. Material and methods A retrospective audit of 1041 transplants undergoing PCN was performed. PCN population was classified into early-PCN and late-PCN groups ( 30 days from transplant). Graft survival (GS) was compared between early/late groups and transplants with and without PCN. Results 79 (7.6%, n = 79/1041) transplants underwent 89 PCN procedures. 67 (75%, n = 67/89) underwent nephroureteral stent (NUS) placement and 12 (25%, n = 12/89) were simple PCN placements. Procedure-related complications in early-vs. late-PCN were 4.3%, (n = 1/23) and 3.0% (n = 2/66) p > 0.05. Catheter-related complications in early-PCN vs. late-PCN were 13%, (n = 3/23) and 11% (n = 7/66) p > 0.05. Graft survival at 12, 36, and 48 months after PCN placement for early-PCN vs. late-PCN was 86% ± 7, 81 ± 8, and 81 ± 10 vs. 93% ± 3, 75 ± 8, and 66 ± 9, respectively (p = 0.50). Graft survival at 1, 4, and 10 years after transplant in early-PCN vs. late-PCN was 86% ± 7, 86 ± 8, and 29% ± 17 vs. 96% ± 2, 81 ± 6, and 61 ± 13, respectively (p = 0.01). Graft survival for all PCN vs. no-PCN transplants at 1, 4, and 10 years were 94% ± 3, 83% ± 5, and 55% ± 11 vs. 92% ± 1, 80% ± 1, and 59% ± 3, respectively (p = 0.50). Conclusion PCN in renal transplantation is safe and effective with no effect on graft survival. Early PCN poses no additional risk to the graft; however, it is a poor prognostic indicator for long-term graft survival.
O Felix Culpa , Redemption, and the Greater-Good Defence

Common to Alvin Plantinga’s Free Will Defence, John Hick’s Soul-Growth Theodicy, and Keith Yandell’s Growth-to-Moral-Maturity Specification of his Greater-Good Defence, is a concept that almost gets lost in laberynthian discussions of possible-worlds ontology, epistemic distance, and justification patterns. The concept is redemption, and in the following I argue that the concept in question should be given a more central role in the formulation of a Christian theistic response to the problem of evil than the above defences might be thought to suggest. An effort is made to furnish a preliminary account of how this concept might be used to formulate a specification of the Greater-Good Defence. The defence runs roughly as follows.1
Ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia: development of chromosomal abnormalities and response to immunosuppressive therapy.

Severe aplastic anemia is a well-recognized complication of ticlopidine therapy that carries a high mortality. Therapy with colony-stimulating factors or corticosteroids has been largely ineffective in this disorder. We report a case of ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia that was successfully treated with cyclosporine and high-dose dexamethasone. The patient rapidly responded to immunosuppressive therapy and had a normal hemogram after cessation of immunosuppression. On long-term follow-up, the patient developed a progressive macrocytic anemia. Repeat bone marrow evaluation demonstrated myelodysplasia with erythroid hypoplasia. An associated chromosomal abnormality consisting of a t(3;16) (q21; p13.3) translocation was detected. This is the first report of a chromosomal abnormality associated with ticlopidine induced marrow aplastic anemia.
Angiogenesis and dynamic MR imaging gadolinium enhancement of malignant and benign breast lesions

Purpose. To determine whether dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imagingenhancement parameters are associated with vessel density of malignant andbenign breast lesions. Materials and methods. Forty-five patients with 48breast lesions underwent gadolinium-enhanced spoiled gradient-recalled echo(SPGR) MR imaging followed by excisional biopsy and Factor VIII staining andvessel density measurement in the lesions. Results. The vessel densitieswere not significantly different in 25 malignant breast lesions as comparedto 23 benign breast lesions. Among all 48 lesions, greater MR enhancementshowed an association with increased vessel density. Seventy-four percent ofall lesions with MRI enhancement amplitude greater or equal to three timespost-precontrast ratio had vessel densities greater than the median of 172as compared to 34% of lesions with enhancement amplitude less thanthree times, p = 0.02. The rate and washout of MR enhancement showedno significant association with vessel density. Conclusion. Although thereis an overall significant association between greater MRI enhancementamplitude and vessel density, MRI gadolinium enhancement of breast lesionsis not an accurate predictor of vessel density.
An Addendum: Probabilistic Failure Analysis of a Residual Heat Removal Heat Exchanger During Postulated Loss of Coolant Accident

The previous work analyzed Residual Heat Removal System (RHRS) heat exchanger pressure tube failure probabilities, which were calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. In the analysis, Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics (PFM) was used along with a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to estimate the failure probability of the pressurized tubes within the heat exchanger. The Monte Carlo simulation was first conducted in MATLAB. It has been rewritten in FORTRAN, now calculating the flow rate for each failed tube out of one million trials and outputs the flow rates with their respective initial flaw dimensions. But more importantly, this program calculates the probability of a single tube failure in the RHR heat exchanger. The results from FORTRAN are consistent with those of the earlier analysis in MATLAB, validating the previous findings. While the earlier study found that tube failure was expected to be improbable for straight tubes, questions remained regarding the model’s applicability to curved sections of tubing. This additional analysis addressed those questions. The analysis focused on comparing the stress and displacement developed between the curved section of flawed a U-tube and a flawed straight tube using SolidWorks. The results from this analysis are beneficial for further understanding of the stress distribution in RHR heat exchanger tubing.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Transmission of Alfvén waves through the rotational discontinuity at magnetopause

Abstract The reflection and refraction of MHD waves through an “open” magnetopause (rotational discontinuity) is studied. It is found that most of the incident wave energy can be transmitted through the open magnetopause. A transverse Alfven wave (or a compressional magnetosonic wave) from the solar wind incident upon the open magnetopause would generally lead to the generation of both the transverse Alfven and compressional magnetosonic waves in the magnetosphere. Transmission of Alfven waves in the coplanar rotational discontinuity is studied in detail. The integral power of the Alfven-wave transfer is found to be proportional to the open magnetic flux of the magnetosphere and is typically ∼ 1% of the power of the total electromagnetic energy transfer through the open magnetopause. The transmitted wave power may contribute significantly to the geomagnetic pulsations observed on the ground, especially in the open-field-line region.
Development and Evaluation of a Borohydride- palladium System for Selective Reduction of the C=C Bond of α,β-unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Selective reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is most commonly and reliably effected using a palladium metal catalyst together with molecular hydrogen from a pressurized tank. Sodium borohydride, like other hydrides, is ordinarily associated with reduction of the more polarized carbonyl of such compounds. However, we have developed an alternative means of employing sodium borohydride in combination with palladium metal to selectively reduce the carbon-carbon double bonds of these compounds. In this survey study, we introduce sodium borohydride as an alternative hydrogen source for such selective, palladium-catalyzed reductions. We also compare the results of this new, heterogeneous borohydride-palladium method with that of traditional palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation. A third method using only sodium borohydride with no palladium is included for comparison.
Abnormal axoglial junctions in the myelin-deficient rat mutant.

Although the myelin-deficient rat displays a gross deficiency of myelin in the CNS, occasional myelin segments of moderate thickness can be found. The typical lamellar pattern, consisting of alternating major dense and intermediate lines, is present in some regions of such segments, but the pattern is abnormal elsewhere. Redundant folds are common, and astrocyte processes occur frequently between the myelin sheath and axolemma or within the sheath. In the paranodal region, myelin lamellae occasionally form a palisade of ‘terminal loops’ against the axolemma, but discrete transverse bands occur only rarely and regular arrays of transverse bands over an extended length have not been seen. ‘Reversed’ paranodal junctions occur more often. Here the outermost layer of myelin, instead of being closest to the node, is furthest from it, and successive layers form terminal loops that approach the node progressively. These loops face away from the axon and do not contact it. At paranodal junctions of this kind only the innermost loop, or a small number of inner loops, adjoins the axolemma and, as a result, the size of the paranodal axoglial junction is markedly restricted. These defects in the paranodal junction may underlie the intrusion of astrocyte processes from either end of a myelin segment into the internodal periaxonal space and between myelin lamellae. Thus, one of the normal functions of the paranodal junction may be to restrict extension of astrocyte processes into and beneath myelin segments. The myelin-deficient rat also exhibits node-like specializations of the axolemma in association with glial cell processes.
Stresses in Area Array Assemblies Subjected to Thermal Cycling

Thermal cycling accelerated life testing is often used to qualify area array packages (e.g. Ball Grid Arrays and Flip Chip) for various applications. Finite element life predictions for thermal cycling configurations are challenging due to the complicated temperature/time dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria needed for solders and encapsulants and their interfaces, aging/evolving material behavior (e.g. solders), difficulties in modeling plating finishes, the complicated geometries of typical electronic assemblies, etc. In addition, in-situ measurements of stresses and strains in assemblies subjected to temperature cycling is difficult because of the extreme environmental conditions and the fact that the primary materials/interfaces of interest (e.g. solder joints, die device surface, wire bonds, etc.) are embedded within the assembly (not at the surface). For these reasons, we really know quite little about the evolution of the stresses, strains, and deformations occurring within sophisticated electronic packaging geometries during thermal cycling. In our research, we are using test chips containing piezoresistive stress sensors to continuously characterize the in-situ die surface stress during long-term thermal cycling of several different area array packaging technologies including plastic ball grid array (PBGA) components, ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) components, and flip chip on laminate assemblies. The utilized (111) silicon test chips are able to measure the complete three-dimensional stress state (all 6 stress components) at each sensor site being monitored by the data acquisition hardware. The die stresses are initially measured at room temperature after packaging. The assemblies are then subjected to thermal cycling over various temperature ranges including 0 to 100 °C, −40 to 125 °C, and −55 to 125 °C, for up to 3000 thermal cycles. During the thermal cycling, sensor resistances at critical locations on the die device surface (e.g. the die center and die corners) are recorded. From the resistance data, the stresses at each site can be calculated and plotted versus time. The experimental observations show significant cycle-to-cycle evolution in the stress magnitudes due to material aging effects, stress relaxation and creep phenomena, and development of interfacial damage. The observed stress variations as a function of thermal cycling duration are also being correlated with the observed delaminations at the die surface (as measured using scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM)) and finite element simulations that include material constitutive models that incorporate thermal aging effects.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Phosphorodithioates: synthesis and evaluation of new haptens for the generation of antibody acyl transferases

Abstract An extension of the transition state analogue (TSA) hapten approach for the elicitation of catalytic antibodies for acyl-transfer reactions is described. It is based on the enlistment of phosphorodithioate 1 as a stable mimic of the putative tetrahedral intermediate (TI − ) formed during the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of bisaryl carbonate 2 . Six members of a library of 25 monoclonal antibodies elicited to 1 catalyze the hydrolysis of 2 . The most efficient catalyst, 48F10, exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics [ K m (2)=686 μ M, k cat (2)=2.7 min −1 , k cat (2) k uncat (2) =3×10 4 ] and is one of the most active carbonate hydrolyzing antibodies yet reported. This report highlights the utility of haptens that incorporate substitution of the non-bridging phosphorus(V) oxygen atoms present in the more classical TSA approaches with sulfur, to elicit efficient catalysts for acyl-transfer processes.
Responding to Global Shifts: Meta-Practice as a Relevant Social Work Practice Paradigm

In response to increasing global changes, this article proposes that social work education add meta-practice to traditional micro-, mezzo-, and macro-practice curriculum areas. Drawing on pertinent literature, the authors conceptualize meta-practice as a necessary paradigm shift for competent and relevant social work practice. Further, the authors offer an initial articulation of how meta-practice uniquely addresses interdependent global concerns, particularly in the framework of sustainability. The article provides an example of how this integrative practice dimension is implemented in a MSW curriculum and concludes with critical consideration of the Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards competencies.
Essentially compact foliations that are not compact

We study smooth foliations of compact manifolds where the set of noncom- pact leaves has zero Lebesgue measure (and is nonempty). We review a simple example due to Reeb and provide two new examples that show more complicated behavior that may occur.
Method of effective counts for combining experimental results

Abstract The usual way of combining experimental data by the method of least squares gives a biased result when the errors from the individual experiments are based on Poisson fluctuations. Instead, one would like to combine the data into one large experiment. This is usually impossible because most experimenters do not publish likelihood functions. The suggested method of effective counts provides a way to treat data from several experiments as though they came from an effective single experiment when only the physical quantity and its standard deviation are published.
A Markov chain approach to simulate Atomic Layer Deposition chemistry and transport inside nanostructured substrates

In this work, we present a new theoretical framework to model the transport and surface chemistry under molecular (Knudsen) flow. Our approach is based on casting the transport inside nanostructures as a single-particle discrete Markov chain process. One of the advantages of this approach is that it allows us to decouple the complexity of the surface chemistry from the transport model, thus allowing its application under general surface chemistry conditions, including atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Our model also allows us to determine statistical information of the trajectory of individual molecules, such as the average interaction time or the number of wall collisions for molecules entering the nanostructures as well as to track the relative contributions to thin-film growth of different independent reaction pathways at each point of the feature. This offers a straightforward way of incorporating into ALD simulations non-ideal surface processes, such as parasitic CVD or surface recombination. By studying the asymptotic behavior of the Markov chain process, we were also able to establish a direct link between ballistic models, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and continuous models based on the use of the diffusion equation under Knudsen conditions. Finally, we show that, under certain approximations, the coverage profile inside a nanostructure under ALD conditions is controlled by the total exposure, and not by the details of the surface flux dependence with time during the exposure, as long as the reaction probabilities are pressure independent.
Thermal behavior of co[poly(ethylene terephthalate)-p-oxybenzoate]

In a previous investigation of a co[poly(ethylene terephthalate)-p-oxybenzoate] containing 30 mole % oxybenzoate units (referred to as T2/30), Krigbaum and Salaris identified the endotherm at tIII = 244°C as a nematic → isotropic transition. Subsequent investigation revealed that the tIII endotherm disappeared if the polymer is heated to the isotropic melt or dissolved and reprecipitated. The loss of the tIII transition might be due to molecular weight reduction, sequence randomization, or erroneous identification of the transition. Viscosity and high-field NMR data eliminate the first two explanations. Annealing studies at temperatures higher than those of the earlier work demonstrate that the tIII transition, in fact, represents the melting of crystallites formed during a high-temperature annealing operation. Moreover, we cannot determine the thermodynamic melting temperature of the copolymer from solid-state annealing studies. Hence, the principal objective of the study of Krigbaum and Salaris, to compare the enthalpies and entropies of the nematic → isotropic and crystal → isotropic transitions, must be fulfilled in future work.
Repeating Seismic Events in China

About 10% of seismic events in and near China from 1985 to 2000 were repeating events not more than about 1 kilometer from each other. We cross-correlated seismograms from ∼14,000 earthquakes and explosions and measured relative arrival times to ∼0.01 second, enabling lateral location precision of about 100 to 300 meters. Such precision is important for seismic hazard studies, earthquake physics, and nuclear test ban verification. Recognition and measurement of repeating signals in archived data and the resulting improvement in location specificity quantifies the inaccuracy of current procedures for picking onset times and locating events.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LOW RISK OBSTETRIC PATIENTS

Specific interventional procedures have enjoyed widespread popularity in the United States in the routine management of low risk obstetric patients without the benefit of clinical studies attesting to their utility. A review of the literature was conducted to survey obstetric practice with regard to amniotomy, intravenous fluids, third stage administration of oxytocics, episiotomy and continuous fetal monitoring.
Limitations of submicron holographic lithography

Hologram recording geometry using total internal reflection (TIR) from a photo sensitive material surface was used to achieve 0.5 micron resolution at (lambda) equals 457 nm with a readout of reconstructed image on photoresist. Such a geometry has demonstrated stability to parallel displacement within the illuminated area, and a rotation of +/- 2 degrees. The TIR recording system provided double fringe sets for each plane component inside the volume hologram. Therefore, diffraction efficiency as high as 80% was observed. The result is applicable to high volume submicron lithography and can be expanded for an eight-inch semiconductor submicron pattern. The use of a large aperture, well collimated laser beam provides us with much higher throughput than existing lightography machines have.
The role of drug treatment in children with strabismus and amblyopia.

Strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, is a common ophthalmic problem in childhood, affecting 2 to 5% of the preschool population. Amblyopia is an important cause of visual morbidity frequently associated with strabismus, and both conditions should be treated simultaneously. Pharmacological means for treating strabismus and amblyopia can be divided into 3 categories: paralytic agents (botulinum toxin) used directly on the extraocular muscles to affect eye movements; autonomic agents (atropine, miotics) used topically to manipulate the refractive status of the eye and thereby affect alignment, focus and amblyopia; and centrally acting agents, including levodopa and citicoline, which affect the central visual system abnormalities in amblyopia.
A Theory For Efficient Second Harmonic Generation And The Formation Of Hill Gratings In Germanosilicate Fibers

Since the discovery by Osterberg and Margulis of efficient second harmonic generation in germanosilicate fibers^1 '2), there have been several explanations put forth for this effect. Theoretical models which are based on either 1) structural changes in the glass^, 2) the orienting of "defects" by x^ generated dc fields^4'5 ), 3) the orientation of enclathrated GeO^6), and 4) core cladding interface effects^ have emerged. With the exception of the last proposal, all of the theoretical models assume that a macroscopic composite x^(2w) results due to optical excitation.Recently, it has been reported that the application of only dc fields results in a permanent x^(2w) and X^(0) in germanosilicate fibers^8'9). These results have also been interpreted in terms of a dc field induced material transformation leading to a permanent macroscopic x^. The same arguments have also been put forth to explain the physical origin of Hill gratings(10).In this paper we present a theoretical model for SHG in fibers which does not rely on a material change but is instead based on the evolution of semipermanent electric fields within the fiber core. These fields, along with the x^ of the glass serve to produce an effective x^ behavior in the glass fiber. Such fields, once present would be expected to decay on time scales comparable to the dielectric relaxation time of glass. Using conductivities in the range of 10~17mhos, we arrive at shelf lifetimes of the order of months at room temperature conditions. In the section that follows, we will discuss the conditions under which such fields may evolve and how they relate to the observed fiber phenomena.
An upper limit on the EUV flux from HD192273

Cash et al.1 reported the possible detection off an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source in the constellation Pavo. They suggested HD192273 as a possible candidate and cited a TD-1 satellite observation indicating that this star is also unexpectedly bright at 1,565 A. Wegner2 reported visual photometric and spectroscopic data for HD192273 and concluded that it is apparently a normal B-type star. Shipman and Wegner3 have reviewed the available data on HD192273 and suggested that all of the observations could be explained if this object were an analogue of HZ22, an evolved, mass-exchange, binary. We report here a recent observation with the UV spectrometer (UVS) aboard the Voyager 1 spacecraft. An upper limit (2σ) of 8 × 10−3 photon cm−2 s−1 A−1 is placed on the 534–776 A flux from HD192273 at the time of observation. This is ∼10% of the 500–780 A flux reported from Pavo by Cash et al. The 1,565 A flux observed by TD-1 is confirmed and is consistent with the stellar parameters determined by Wegner. Discounting the possibility that HD192273 is an EUV variable, it is probably not the potential source reported by Cash et al.
Speed limitation of hybrid optical/digital sequential image processing

A hybrid optical/digital processor usually involves an input discrete display, an optical transformation module, and an output frame-grabbing module. The overall operation speed for sequential image processing is limited not only by the input/output interfaces but also by the different frame formats. This is modeled in terms of indented-interframe crosstalk, reiterative discrete display scheme and skipped frame-grabbing. The result shows that the overall operation speed varies inversely as the number of reiterative frames when the input supply and output reception are matched properly. In particular, the overall speed is lower than the display frame rate, and the maximum speed is limited to half the display frame rate when input display is doubly reiterated and the output grabbing is alternatively frame skipped.
Mass spectrometric quantification of glycogen to assess primary substrate accumulation in the Pompe mouse

Glycogen storage in the α-glucosidase knockout((6neo/6neo)) mouse recapitulates the biochemical defect that occurs in the human condition; as such, this mouse serves as a model for the inherited metabolic deficiency of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase known as Pompe disease. Although this model has been widely used for the assessment of therapies, the time course of glycogen accumulation that occurs as untreated Pompe mice age has not been reported. To address this, we developed a quantitative method involving amyloglucosidase digestion of glycogen and quantification of the resulting free glucose by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sensitive enough to measure as little as 0.1 μg of glycogen in tissue extracts with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of less than 12%. Quantification of glycogen in tissues from Pompe mice from birth to 26 weeks of age showed that, in addition to the accumulation of glycogen in the heart and skeletal muscle, glycogen also progressively accumulated in the brain, diaphragm, and skin. Glycogen storage was also evident at birth in these tissues. This method may be particularly useful for longitudinal assessment of glycogen reduction in response to experimental therapies being trialed in this model.
Electromigration in thin silver, copper, gold, indium, tin, lead and magnesium films

Abstract An experimental study of electromigration in thin films of silver, copper, gold, magnesium, indium, tin and lead has been carried out. Various experimental methods have been employed, including resistance measurements, observations with the scanning electron microscope, determination of stress with X-rays and the measurement of the displacement of inert markers under the influence of the electric field. It was found that the migration of ions is directed towards the cathode in films of silver, copper and gold, and towards the anode in magnesium, indium, tin and lead films. The direction of electrotransport in small-grained and large-grained silver films was found to be alike. Electrotransport in single-crystalline silver films appears to be small. Evidence is given that under the experimental conditions used here grain boundary electrotransport predominates in silver films over surface and volume electrotransport.
A modified method for management of prosthetic graft infections involving an anastomosis to the common femoral artery

Abstract In the last 10 years we have treated 28 patients with 33 groin infections involving a common femoral artery anastomosis of prosthetic arterial grafts (2 aortic Dacron grafts, 31 peripheral polytetrafluoroethylene grafts). Management included complete graft preservation for patent infected grafts (11 cases), subtotal excision of occluded infected grafts leaving an oversewn 2 to 3 mm graft remnant attached to a patent artery critical for limb survival (16 cases), and total graft excision with arterial oversewing or ligation for anastomotic bleeding (6 cases). Essential treatment adjuncts included (1) radical operative wound debridement, and (2) secondary revascularization by means of bypasses tunneled via lateral uninfected routes, and unusual approaches to uninvolved patent outflow arteries (i.e., the distal superficial or deep femoral or popliteal arteries) after isolation of the infected wound. Follow-up averaged 3 years (1 to 10 years). This plan of treatment resulted in an 11% (3/28) hospital mortality and an amputation rate of 13% (4/30 threatened limbs). Of the 25 survivors with 30 infected groin grafts, 87% (26) of the wounds healed uneventfully by secondary intention within 1 to 8 weeks (mean, 4 weeks) and have remained healed. One infected groin wound did not heal and required delayed total graft excision. Three patients had late anastomotic disruption with hemorrhage at 8 months, 2 years, and 4 years after initial treatment. This selected use of complete or partial graft preservation and other essential treatment adjuncts are proposed as a safer, easier method for managing infected prosthetic arterial grafts in the groin. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:485-92.)
A study of the development of the cochlea and cochlearis in the fetal albino rat

The position of the inner ear and its relation to surrounding structures in the fetal head is ascertained. The growth and shape change of the cochlea is followed and measured. The change in size and appearance of the ductus cochlearis has been followed througout the various fetal stages. The growth and development of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani have been noted. The size and shape of the cells of the organs of Corti and the development and attachments of the tectorial membrane have been measured. The growth and developmental relationships of the tunnel of Corti have been followed. The growth and time of appearance of the organs with their relationship to hearing have been treated. The type of cell structure and the various structural changes throughout the development have been noted and correlated with the growth and size of the structure as a whole. The repidity of growth of all separate parts has been correlated and united to show the extent of development of the newborn rat inner ear.
TGFβ superfamily signals are required for morphogenesis of the kidney mesenchyme progenitor population

The TGFbeta superfamily plays diverse and essential roles in kidney development. Gdf11 and Bmp4 are essential for outgrowth and positioning of the ureteric bud, the inducer of metanephric mesenchyme. During nephrogenesis, Bmp7 is required for renewal of the mesenchyme progenitor population. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrate inhibitory effects of BMPs and TGFbetas on collecting duct branching and growth. Here, we explore the predicted models of TGFbeta superfamily function by cell-specific inactivation of Smad4, a key mediator of TGFbeta signaling. Using a HoxB7cre transgene expressed in ureteric bud and collecting duct, we find that development of the collecting duct is Smad4 independent. By contrast, removal of Smad4 in nephrogenic mesenchyme using the Bmp7(cre/+) allele leads to disorganization of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and impairment of mesenchyme induction. Smad4-deficient metanephric mesenchyme does not display defects in inducibility in LiCl or spinal cord induction assays. However, in situ hybridization and lineage analysis of Smad4 null mesenchyme cells at E11.5 show that the nephrogenic mesenchyme does not aggregate tightly around the ureteric bud tips, but remains loosely associated, embedded within a population of cells expressing markers of both nephrogenic mesenchyme and peripheral stroma. We conclude that the failure of recruitment of nephrogenic mesenchyme leaves a primitive population of mesenchyme at the periphery of the kidney. This population is gradually depleted, and by E16.5 the periphery is composed of cells of stromal phenotype. This study uncovers a novel role for TGFbeta superfamily signaling in the recruitment and/or organization of the nephrogenic mesenchyme at early time-points of kidney development. Additionally, we present conclusive genetic lineage mapping of the collecting duct and nephrogenic mesenchyme.
Domestic consumer expenditures for consumer books : 1984-1994

Between 1984 and 1994, the U.S. consumer marketplace was transformed with the introduction or wide acceptance of personal computers, CD-ROMs, VCRs, video-cassettes, the Internet, E-mail, cable television, etc. U.S. Department of Commerce data indicated conclusively that these products and services competed directly for media usage and media expenditures with all other media formats, including consumer books. Many media economics scholars who investigated media usage and expenditures came to believe that consumer allocations for various media products and services remained at a “constant” percent of Domestic Consumer Expenditures (DCE), which they termed the “Principle of Relative Constancy.”
A Note on Blade Wake Interaction Influence on Compressor Stator Row Aerodynamic Performance

Attention is given to the effect of blade wake interactions on the performance of an axial flow compressor's stator row, for the case of compressor and fan stator flows without shocks. The measured midspan loss of total pressure can be related to stator surface boundary layers, the chopped rotor wakes passing through the stator row, and the interaction between these flows. The interaction between rotor blade wake segments and stator blade surface boundary layers generates much higher losses than expected in both the stator wake and in the region of flow between stator boundary layers/wakes, if interaction effects are ignored.
Ammonia volatilization from tropical legume mulches and green manures on unlimed and limed soils

In the humid tropics, legumes are harvested and surface applied as mulch or incorporated as green manure. Studies on N dynamics and budgets from these systems report unaccounted losses of N. Ammonia volatilization may account for a significant percentage of these unexplained N deficits. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the rate and amount of ammonia volatilization from organic amendments, both incorporated (green manure) and unincorporated (mulch), 2) compare ammonia volatilization of organic amendments on both acid (unlimed) and limed soils, and 3) correlate quality, i.e. polyphenolic and lignin concentration and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, of the organic amendments with ammonia volatilization and net N mineralization. In an incubation experiment, ammonia volatilization losses and net N mineralization were measured from fresh leaflets of 10 legumes over a three-week period. Ammonia volatilization losses for the 10 species ranged from 3.4 to 11.8% of the total N applied in the organic amendment. Lignin content was negatively correlated to ammonia volatilization. Ammonia volatilized from mulches but not green manures, on both unlimed and limed soils, suggesting that ammonia volatilization is a surface phenomenon and not affected by soil pH. Net N mineralization was affected by species and soil pH, but was unaffected by placement (green manure or mulch). For the farmer in low-input agriculture where N tends to be limiting, volatilization losses of N from legume mulch systems could be on the same order of magnitude as crop removal.