cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine projection increase the inhibitory effects of D1 and D2 dopamine agonists on caudate-putamen neurons and relieve D2 receptors from the necessity of D1 receptor stimulation.

Extracellular single unit recording and microiontophoretic techniques were used to determine the sensitivities and interactions of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors in the caudate putamen (CPu) of rats that were denervated of DA by intraventricular injections of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Seven to 10 d after the 6-OHDA injection, DA levels in the ipsilateral CPu were reduced to 11.8% of control. Current-response curves revealed that the inhibitory responses of CPu neurons to microiontophoretic administration of both the selective D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 and the selective D2 receptor agonist quinpirole were significantly increased in 6-OHDA-pretreated rats, suggesting up-regulation of both receptor subtypes. Although our previous studies have established that D1 receptor activation is normally required for (enables) the inhibitory effects of selective D2 agonists in the CPu, this requirement was no longer evident in 6-OHDA- denervated rats. Whereas acute DA depletion [produced by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT)] attenuated the inhibitory effects of quinpirole on CPu neurons, long-term DA denervation (produced by 6-OHDA) enhanced the inhibitory effects of the D2 agonist. The enhanced effects of quinpirole in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were not due to residual DA stimulating supersensitive D1 receptors (i.e., enabling) since further DA depletion (99.7%), produced by acute administration of AMPT in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, failed to diminish the inhibitory efficacy of quinpirole. In addition to relieving D2 receptors from the need for D1 receptor-mediated enabling, 6-OHDA lesions also abolished the normal synergistic relationship between the receptor subtypes since low (subinhibitory) currents of SKF-38393 (4 nA) failed to potentiate the inhibitory effects of quinpirole on CPu neurons in lesioned rats. Similar findings (i.e., supersensitivity and loss of synergistic effects) were obtained from rats that had received repeated pretreatment with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) for 4 d, indicating that these effects of 6-OHDA lesions were due to the depletion of synaptic DA rather than to the structural loss of DA terminals. Therefore, both the quantitative (potentiation) and the qualitative (enabling) synergistic effects between D1 and D2 receptors in the rat CPu were abolished when these receptors were functionally supersensitive. The present study provides electrophysiological support for previous behavioral studies indicating that the requirement of D1 receptor stimulation for D2 receptor-mediated functional effects (enabling) is not maintained in rats chronically depleted of DA by either 6-OHDA lesions or repeated reserpine.
Built-in self-test scheme for on-chip diagnosis, compliant with the IEEE 1149.4 mixed-signal test bus standard

This paper presents a testing scheme for analog and mixed-signal circuitry compatible with the IEEE 1149.4 mixed-signal test bus standard. An innovative self-diagnostic method called VDDQ is proposed. The proposed method performs a pass or fail function which sequentially senses quiescent voltage on several nodes of the circuit under test and compares them with their nominal value. The output is a digital flag that passes or fails the nodes accessed. Simulation results are provided for the flag and amplifier circuit used for the design of the testing circuit. Through simulations this test has performed testing one node every millisecond. This testing scheme is at least 12 times faster than currently used methods in industry, which average to 5000 nodes per minute. This will potentially allow a defect free IC to enter the market in significantly less time than with conventional testing methods.
Overview Of Photothermal Spectroscopy

Abstract : This article provides an overview of photothermal techniques to probe materials with the emphasis on the use of probe beam refraction techniques to detect photothermal refractive index gradients. Physical insights into the quantification of the photothermal signal for important cases are provided, significant application areas are reviewed, and recent literature is surveyed. Keywords: Photothermal, Spectroscopy, Review, Overview, Probe beam, Refraction, Refractive index, Photoacoustic, Nondestructive materials evaluation, Flow, Velocity, Flame diagnostics.
Component practice and exposure to a problem-solving context

Cette etude, en se basant sur l'hypothese de fluence de composant, propose 3 experiences de resolution de probleme qui confirment l'importance de l'exposition a une tâche
Optical hole burning and matrix effects in a phthalocyanine complex of ruthenium(II)

Abstract A doubling of the origin is observed in the low-temperature electronic absorption spectrum of the complex carbonyl(pyridine)-phthalocyaninatoruthenium(II) in glassy matrices. The effect is studied by optical hole burning and results suggest a non-degenerate singlet ground state of near C 2v symmetry to be invoked.
Auditory modulation of oscillatory activity in extra-striate visual cortex and its contribution to audio–visual multisensory integration: A human intracranial EEG study

Investigations have traditionally focused on activity in the sensory cortices as a function of their respective sensory inputs. However, converging evidence from multisensory research has shown that neural activity in a given sensory region can be modulated by stimulation of other so-called ancillary sensory systems. Both electrophysiology and functional imaging support the occurrence of multisensory processing in human sensory cortex based on the latency of multisensory effects and their precise anatomical localization. Still, due to inherent methodological limitations, direct evidence of the precise mechanisms by which multisensory integration occurs within human sensory cortices is lacking. Using intracranial recordings in epileptic patients ( n = 5 ) undergoing presurgical evaluation, we investigated the neurophysiological basis of multisensory integration in visual cortex. Subdural electrical brain activity was recorded while patients performed a simple detection task of randomly ordered Auditory alone (A), Visual alone (V) and Audio–Visual stimuli (AV). We then performed time-frequency analysis: first we investigated each condition separately to evaluate responses compared to baseline, then we indexed multisensory integration using both the maximum criterion model (AV vs. V) and the additive model (AV vs. A+V). Our results show that auditory input significantly modulates neuronal activity in visual cortex by resetting the phase of ongoing oscillatory activity. This in turn leads to multisensory integration when auditory and visual stimuli are simultaneously presented.
Urethrographic appearance of extensive transitional cell carcinoma of the anterior urethra.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary tract is multicentric [1]. In men, extension of TCC is more commonly seen in the prostatic urethra [2] than the anterior urethra. Retrograde urethrogram may demonstrate the extent of tumor “vegetation” in the urethra in a patient presenting with obstructive and irritative uropathic symptoms.
On bounding the equivalent radius

The concept of the equivalent radius, first introduced by Hallen, has been useful in the solution of antenna and scattering problems that involve electrically thin wires of arbitrary cross section. Generally, the solution is first calculated for circular wires of an arbitrary radius, and this radius is then replaced by the equivalent radius of the noncircular wire. In this way the original problem is reduced to that of finding the equivalent radius. Here we bound the equivalent radius through the use of certain isoperimetric inequalities so that the bounds are completely described by knowledge of the wire's cross-sectional area and perimeter. For a given cross-sectional area it is shown that the circular wire possesses the smallest equivalent radius. Applications of these results to problems in shielding and scattering are suggested.
Skin manifestations in acromegaly

Cutaneous changes in acromegaly result from excess GH and IGF-1 action on skin cells and adnexae. Skin puffiness due to dermal glycosaminoglycan accumulation and edema are most prominent in the face, hands and feet. Oily skin with large pores, hypertrichosis, and excessive sweating are common features. Pigmented skin tags, acanthosis nigricans, and psoriasis are also encountered. Alteration in skin capillaries produce increased vasoconstriction. Discerning these changes contributes to early diagnosis and treatment of this high-morbidity disorder. Controlling GH and IGF-1 over-secretion alleviates most cutaneous manifestations of acromegaly; however, regression may be incomplete.
Are narcissists more accepting of others' narcissistic traits?

Narcissists, relative to non-narcissists, seem to regard their own narcissistic traits (e.g., rudeness and arrogance) more positively and are more motivated to cultivate such traits. That said, should we expect narcissists to regard others’ narcissistic traits more positively too? In this study, participants (N = 463) completed a survey in which they responded on a measure of trait narcissism, rated the likeability of people who possessed various narcissistic traits (e.g., arrogant, rude, self-centered), and then indicated the extent to which they possessed the same narcissistic traits. Interestingly, narcissists – who are generally disagreeable and harsh individuals – rated others who possessed narcissistic traits more positively than non-narcissists. Furthermore, a mediation analysis revealed that this effect of narcissism on ratings was mediated by narcissists’ self-reports of possessing the narcissistic traits. Thus, this study provides initial evidence that narcissists are more accepting of others’ narcissistic traits, and this study has implications for understanding the interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences of narcissism.
Pathways of metastasis suppression in bladder cancer

Despite the recent advances in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, recurrence after surgical intervention for muscle invasive disease is still problematic as nearly half of the patients harbor occult distant metastases and this, in turn, is associated with poor 5-year survival rate. We have recently identified Rho family GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) protein as functional metastasis suppressor and a prognostic marker in patients after cystectomy. In identifying the mechanisms underlying metastasis suppression by RhoGDI2, we found this protein to be associated with the c-Src kinase in human tumors, where the expression of both is diminished as a function of stage. Interestingly, c-Src bound to and phosphorylated RhoGDI2 resulting in enhanced metastasis suppressive potency. In this review, we will discuss the established roles of c-Src and RhoGDI2 in bladder cancer and speculate on their therapeutic relevance.
Experimental Characteristics of Dynamical Pseudo Goldstone Bosons

The hypothetical existence of new color interactions, which participate in the spontaneous breaking of the weak-interaction group, will in general lead to relatively light composite pseudo Goldstone bosons. Their production and decay characteristics are analyzed to be close to, yet actually distinguishable from, those of the elementary Higgs bosons of the Weinberg-Salam model.
Review: Privacy versus scalability in radio frequency identification systems

Embedding a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag into individual items enables the unique identification of such items over the wireless medium, without the need for a line-of-sight path. One of the main challenges for the successful commercialization of the RFID technology is the efficient, yet private, identification of low-cost tags in the presence of adversaries attempting to illegally track users via tags in their possession. An RFID system consists of two functional components, namely, the interactive protocol between RFID reader-tag pairs and the reader-database information retrieval mechanism. Because of the large number of tags in a typical RFID system, the private identification of tags can be a challenging problem. In this paper, we investigate privacy-preserving RFID systems and classify them based on the computational efficiency of tag identification. We show the close relation between the degree of privacy achieved by the reader-tag interaction and the reader-database information retrieval complexity.
Using desired culture analysis to manage decentralized operations

Abstract:The purpose of this article is to extract lessons and implications for managers in decentralized operations who seek to integrate their organizational culture across all operations. This is accomplished via a case study of the role of culture measurement and resultant action planning in a regional healthcare system in the midwest United States. The system's vision was to provide a seamless patient experience everywhere in the system. Managers in engineering and technical organizations having decentralized functions can learn from this system's experience in using culture measurement to support organizational system integration.
Isolation and chemical characterization of somatostatin-28 from rat hypothalamus.

Abstract A peptide with somatostatin-like immuno- and bioactivity has been isolated from an aqueous extract of 96 800 rat hypothalami by means of immunoaffinity chromatography, gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical characterization by amino acid analysis, tryptic peptide mapping and retention behavior in two HPLC systems showed that the peptide was indistinguishable from somatostatin-28 previously characterized from several species. This evidence suggests that rat hypothalamic somatostatin-28 is identical in structure to porcine and ovine somatostatin-28.
The librarian as change agent in the diffusion of technological innovation

Librarians face new roles in the computer dominated electronic information environment. As change agents responsible for diffusing the new technology, they must bridge the gap between technology and the end user in a manner that enables the end user to effectively and efficiently use available technology. In order to accomplish this proactive role, librarians must be conversant with the technology, provide bibliographic instructions, and assist users in addressing information needs and evaluating the relevance of information retrieved. To achieve these ends, librarians must again become educators and not merely custodians of the world's knowledge.
Effectiveness of a short-term social problem-solving program for popular, rejected, neglected, and average fourth-grade children

Abstract The present study examined the effects of a classroom-based 5-week social problem-solving program with popular, rejected, neglected, and average fourth-grade children. Assessments of children's social problem-solving abilities were made before and after the program and included: alternative thinking, means—ends thinking, consequential thinking, and problem identification. Compared to children in an attention placebo group, children participating in the program improved in generating Alternative Solutions and anticipating Alternative Consequences. The intervention, however, did not affect the social problem-solving skills of popular, rejected, neglected, and average children differentially. Compared to rejected, neglected, and average children, popular children had higher posttest Means—Ends thinking scores. At posttest, rejected children gave more Irrelevant Solution responses than the popular, neglected, and average children. Results also showed that girls had higher posttest scores than boys in both Feeling Identification and Alternative Consequences. Implications of the study and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
Impact of Curriculum Training on State-Funded Prekindergarten Teachers' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices

The number of state-funded prekindergarten programs continues to grow in the United States. The quality of these early childhood programs, however, often depends on the type of professional development provided. In this investigative study, an experimental pre-post causal-comparative research design was employed to evaluate the impact of an 8-week curriculum course on state-funded prekindergarten teachers' knowledge about developmentally appropriate curriculum, their beliefs about best practice, and their actual observed classroom instructional performance. The 8-week course focused on equipping teachers of 4-year-olds with the content knowledge and instructional strategies necessary to promote children's learning. Based on research about the critical role of interactions on learning, the nature and types of exchanges between teachers and children became the focus of the professional-development initiative. Nine teachers attended the course and were evaluated before and after the training. A control group...
Estimating spatial distributions of heterogeneous subsurface characteristics by regionalized classification of electrofacies

Regionalized classification of electrofacies utilizes the statistical relationships between laboratory determined hydrologic properties and field-measured geophysical properties to estimate spatial distributions of porosity, permeability, and diagenetic characteristics. The method, illustrated with an application to the St. Peter Sandstone in the Michigan basin, combines techniques for multivariate analysis and spatial estimation. Core plug and borehole geophysical data are clustered into electrofacies that reflect the hydrologic properties and diagenetic characteristics of the formation. Electrofacies characteristics then are used to assign a class membership probability at locations where only geophysical data are available. Three-dimensional estimation of electrofacies occurrence is done by kriging datasets containing the probability of electrofacies membership at borehole locations. The discretization and kriging geometry allow three-dimensional estimation of hydrologic parameters for a large region that incorporates meter-scale heterogeneity. Finally, permeability and porosity are estimated at each grid location by probability-weighting. Because the electrofacies carry information about both the hydrologic and lithologic properties, the resulting spatial distributions provide an understanding of both the present-day flow characteristics and the extent of processes that control them.
Approximate quantum error correction can lead to better codes

We present relaxed criteria for quantum error correction that are useful when the specific dominant quantum noise process is known. As an example, we provide a four-bit code that corrects for a single amplitude damping error. This code violates the usual Hamming bound calculated for a Pauli description of the error process and has no simple explanation in terms of the usual Pauli basis GF(4) codes. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
An Abstract Model for Digital System Fault Diagnosis

An abstract model applicable to the use of both diagnostic programs and hardware diagnostic aids in digital systems is presented. The model is capable of dealing with replaceable units having a variety of complexity and is shown in a mathematically rigorous fashion to encompass existing models for diagnosis. A three-level structure for representing faults and a two-level structure for representing tests are employed. Faults, multiple faults, tests, and test results are represented by sets. Relationships between these entities are represented by binary relations and functions.
Production of Strange Particles in p-p Collisions at 2.85 Bev

From a sample of 98 hyperon production events observed in a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber the partial cross sections for various final states are found to be: ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}{K}^{+}n\ensuremath{-}0.047$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}{K}^{0}p\ensuremath{-}0.030$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}{K}^{+}p\ensuremath{-}0.013$, ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{K}^{+}p\ensuremath{-}0.051$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}0.003$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\mathrm{KN}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}0.004$, $({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}){K}^{+}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}0.011$, $({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}){K}^{0}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}0.014$, $({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}){K}^{+}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}0.002$, all in millibarns. For the first four processes the values are in general agreement with those calculated by Ferrari using a one-pion-exchange model. Only one example of $K$-pair production was observed, indicating a cross section less than 0.01 mb.
The effect of phytates on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed purified diets containing varying quantities of calcium and magnesium

Abstract Rainbow trout were fed for 150 days on four purified diets containing 0 and 0.5% phytic acid. These diets contained increasing increments of Ca (0.92–1.30%) and Mg (0.054–0.085%). The fish fed the diets containing phytic acid had 10% reduced growth and feed conversion. Increasing Ca and Mg content of the diet in the presence of phytic acid did not affect growth and feed conversion. Fish fed diets containing over 1% Ca without phytic acid had a 5% reduction in growth and feed conversion. The zinc and iron levels in the blood of the fish fed the diets containing phytic acid were not significantly different from the controls. The copper levels in the blood decreased in the fish diets with increasing increments of Ca ang Mg, but phytic acid did not influence this change. Increasing increments of Ca and Mg reduced the mean copper levels in the liver from 60 to 37 ppm. Similar reductions were found when phytic acid was included in the diet. Mean liver zinc levels did not significantly vary regardless of the diet fed. In vitro tests confirmed that phytic acid/protein (casein) complexes are only partially hydrolyzed by pepsin. In vivo tests with rainbow trout in which a casein/phytate complex was substituted for casein showed a 6.6% reduction in diet digestibility. It was concluded that the reduced growth in fish fed diets containing phytic acid was related to a reduction in protein availability rather than to an alteration in the bioavailability of Zn, Fe, or Cu.
Partially observed bipartite network analysis to identify predictive connections in transcriptional regulatory networks

Background: Messenger RNA expression is regulated by a complex interplay of different regulatory proteins. Unfortunately, directly measuring the individual activity of these regulatory proteins is difficult, leaving us with only the resulting gene expression pattern as a marker for the underlying regulatory network or regulator-gene associations. Furthermore, traditional methods to predict these regulator-gene associations do not define the relative importance of each association, leading to a large number of connections in the global regulatory network that, although true, are not useful. Results: Here we present a Bayesian method that identifies which known transcriptional relationships in a regulatory network are consistent with a given body of static gene expression data by eliminating the non-relevant ones. The Partially Observed Bipartite Network (POBN) approach developed here is tested using E. coli expression data and a transcriptional regulatory network derived from RegulonDB. When the regulatory network for E. coli was integrated with 266 E. coli gene chip observations, POBN identified 93 out of 570 connections that were either inconsistent or not adequately supported by the expression data. Conclusion: POBN provides a systematic way to integrate known transcriptional networks with observed gene expression data to better identify which transcriptional pathways are likely responsible for the observed gene expression pattern.
Audiogenic seizure susceptibility of rats X-irradiated in Utero late in pregnancy.

Abstract Sherman strain rats exposed in utero to a maternal whole-body dose of 250 r of X-radiation, on Day 17, 18, or 19 of pregnancy, were tested for their susceptibility to sound-induced seizures at a median age of either 256, 266, or 322 days. There was no significant difference among the three prenatally X-irradiated groups or among the control groups, or between any X-irradiated group and its comparably aged control series, or between all X-irradiated animals grouped together and all control animals, in the number of rats displaying running attacks, or seizures, or both. Nor did the latency times (intervals between onset of bell and running attack) of prenatally X-irradiated reactors differ significantly from those of control reactors. No sex difference in susceptibility to sound-induced running attacks or seizures was found among the irradiated or control animals, or between them. The present findings are in line with and, indeed, complement those derived earlier from similarly treated animals tested for seizure susceptibility at a median age of 21 1 2 months. Apparently, the central neural changes produced in the rat by exposure in utero to maternal X-ray irradiation late in pregnancy (described by us and by others), do not collectively predispose or significantly affect the susceptibility of survivors to sound-induced seizures, at least at the ages when this was studied. Data supporting the reliability of some earlier reported age-seizure susceptibility relationships in the normal (Sherman) rat were also noted.
Depression screening attitudes and practices among obstetrician–gynecologists

OBJECTIVETo assess obstetrician–gynecologists' attitudes and practices related to depression screening.METHODSA total of 282 obstetrician–gynecologists completed a 36-question mail survey that assessed attitudes regarding depression screening, training to treat depression, psychosocial concern, prof
Microstructured optical fiber monitor for cryogenic applications

Monitoring intracellular ice formation (IIF) as well as understanding the cellular freezing process at temperatures of nearly -40°C is beneficial to the study of cryopreservation. This paper discusses the use of optical absorption spectroscopy to examine the thermal changes occurring in water contained in cells as they reach cryogenic temperatures. The presented arrangement employs a 0.59 m all-silica steering-wheel photonic crystal fiber (SW-PCF) filled with <20uL of de-ionized water that is fusion spliced with a 1.13 m single mode fiber (SMF). The fluid filled SW-PCF is placed on a two-stage thermoelectric cooler (TEC). One end of the SW-PCF is coupled to an optical spectrum analyzer, while the SMF couples broadband light with emission peaks at 1350nm, 1450nm, 1550nm and 1650nm to the SW-PCF. Unlike our previous cryogenic freezing arrangement, a water circulating cooling system consisting of a cold plate with an attached radiator promotes operation temperatures of nearly – 40 °C. Styrofoam insulates the fiber/TEC configuration to provide thermal stability and prevent undesired ice condensation on the thermal system. A resistance temperature detector (RTD) monitored the thermal changes occurring over a range of temperatures between 5°C to -38 °C in 5 degree increments. The measured absorption spectra of the < 20μL de-ionized water sample filled PCF show absorption characteristics consistent with standard spectra for water vapor at cryogenic temperatures.
The system performance of a modified atmosphere treatment for arthropod pest control

Low oxygen conditions (< 1%) have been demonstrated to be an effective fumigation treatment for five different greenhouse pests. The modified atmosphere treatment was tested on fungus gnat larvae (Bradysia sp.), green peach aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia sp.), twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) at different life stages. The initial studies were conducted in Petri dishes with the insects on leaf discs. The objective of the present research is to scale up the test apparatus for experiments using infested whole plants under low oxygen conditions. Before the new set of experiments begin, a redesigned test set-up needed to be assembled and the system’s performance verified. A total of 12 10-L vessels will be used for the control and hypoxia treatments with six vessels per group. Humidified compressed air will be fed to the control group, while humidified nitrogen gas will be given to the hypoxia treatment group. Future testing may include mixed N2 and CO2 gases. The testing will be conducted in a controlled environment with a set temperature of 25oC. The temperature and relative humidity levels within the vessels will be monitored, as well as the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents. The system performance characteristics will be presented.
What is the cardioprotective role of hormone replacement therapy

A very large body of literature has yielded strong biologic and mechanistic plausibility for the consistent observational findings that estrogen is cardioprotective. Recently completed randomized, controlled trials have been interpreted as challenging the doctrine that hormone replacement is cardioprotective for postmenopausal women. However, other than the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial, none of the currently completed (and no ongoing) randomized, controlled trials have appropriately tested the hypothesis generated from observational data that estrogen replacement is cardioprotective. This mainly results from the fact that randomized, controlled trials have not tested the same pattern and type of hormone use in the same population of women observed in the epidemiologic studies. On the other hand, recently completed randomized, controlled trials provide important but limited information concerning the clinical use of a specific regimen of hormone replacement for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in a particular population of postmenopausal women. Observations made from epidemiologic studies will have to be appropriately tested in randomized, controlled trials before any real conclusions can be drawn as to whether hormone replacement is cardioprotective.
Effect of adrenal cortical extract and of X-radiation on serum proteins of mice.

SummaryNormal mice, or mice bearing a transplantable lymphosarcoma, were given single injection s of adrenal cortical extract or exposed to a single radiation dose of 200 r (total body radiation). Examination of the serum protein patterns of these mice at 3 and at 6 hours after hormone injection, or at 6 hours after exposure to X-rays, revealed a striking increase in total serum protein levels. However, electrophoretic examination did not reveal significant alterations in the relative distribution of the serum proteins.
Health status among internally displaced persons in Louisiana and Mississippi travel trailer parks.

Study objective We used a global humanitarian aid perspective to assess basic needs, women's health, mental health, and opinions about the status of internally displaced persons living in travel trailer parks to inform recovery efforts for this population. Methods This was a systematic randomized survey of 366 internally displaced persons, conducted with structured questionnaires. The study setting was commercial and group travel trailer parks in Louisiana and Mississippi. Information was gathered about respondent demographics, food security, basic needs, domestic and sexual violence, security concerns, reproductive health, mental health, morbidity, mortality, health care assessment, substance use, and opinions about internally displaced persons and social status. Results Respondents were 45.9 (standard deviation 0.8) years of age on average and were mostly white (62%) in Mississippi and mostly black (65%) in Louisiana. Shelter, transportation, security, and lack of financial means were listed as the worst problems since displacement. Sixteen percent of respondents reported not having enough drinking water, and only 13% of those living in counties and parishes under boil orders were doing so. More than half of households reported an ill adult or child in the previous 2 months. The number of parents reporting problems getting children to school more than tripled after displacement. Intimate partner violence rates postdisplacement were 3 times higher than US baseline rates. Fifty percent of respondents met criteria for major depression. Suicide completion rates after displacement were more than 14 times the baseline rates, and attempt rates were more than 78 times baseline. Conclusion The health burdens identified present a formidable challenge for the health infrastructures in Louisiana and Mississippi without outside assistance. Those planning and leading recovery efforts must understand internally displaced persons in a more global context and tailor programming that follows well-developed international models of rights-based care.
A cross-cultural validation of self-control theory

Several core propositions of self-control theory were tested utilizing self-reported data gathered from university students in Malta, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United States. The results provide some support for the claim that ineffective parenting decreases self-control and strong support for the proposition that self-control increases deviant behavior. Additionally, tests of slope differences for key theoretical variables across samples generated findings that are largely consistent with the theory's cultural invariance thesis. Implications of the findings from this multinational test are discussed.
Women munitions makers, war and citizenship

In this century women in many nations have moved from being completely excluded from the armed forces (apart from a few military nursing units) to being included, if not equally, in the military. While technical issues remain about women's exact participation in combat, women have essentially gone from noncombatants to warriors. For many who believed that women were more inclined than men toward pacifism, and that this would help secure the peace, women's inclusion in armed forces has been a disturbing historical development. As democratic states have linked citizenship to war participation, women have embraced that participation to show their patriotism and to promote their bids for citizenship.
Monte Carlo simulations of complete phase diagrams for binary Lennard-Jones mixtures

Abstract Vapor–liquid, vapor–solid, liquid–liquid, and liquid–solid coexistence lines are calculated for binary mixtures of Lennard–Jones spheres with diameter ratio σ11/σ22=0.85, well-depth ratio ϵ11/ϵ22=0.45, and binary interaction parameters δ12=1.0, 0.9, and 0.75, using Monte Carlo simulation and the Gibbs–Duhem integration technique. These calculations allow us to construct complete phase diagrams, i.e. showing equilibrium between vapor, liquid, and solid phases. For the mixture with δ12=1, we find a completely miscible vapor–liquid coexistence region with a eutectic solid–liquid coexistence region. These two regions are separated by a completely miscible liquid phase. For the mixtures with δ12
An approach to robust Kalman filtering

We consider the problem of robustifying the Kalman filter. First, we review some known approaches to the problem. Then we establish the equivalence between the Kalman filter and a particular least squares regression problem. We suggest that the regression problem be solved robustly. Some well known approaches for doing this are discussed. Finally, the possibility of gleaning more information from past data is discussed.
Population studies of three aquatic gastropods in an intermittent backwater

Three snail populations of an intermittent backwater were studied over a 20-month period, and estimates were made of rate of population change, mean biomass, annual and summer net production, and survival under conditions of little standing water. Lymnaea palustris and Physa integra populations were essentially univoltine, while G. parvus appeared to produce several generations during the year. L. palustris formed a protective epiphragm and was apparently better suited to recurrent dry periods than either G. parvus or P. integra, the latter population being maintained through immigration from the stream population. The population density of G. parvus was usually well below, and more aggregated, than the other two species, and there was considerable sampling error associated with its estimated population parameters. The estimated annual production rates for L. palustris and P. integra were 2.18 g/m2 and 1.59 g/m2, respectively, and these two species accounted for about 98% of the total gastropod production. About 75.9% and 66.5% of the L. palustris and P. integra production, respectively, occurred between June and November. Summer turnover ratios (ratio of production to mean standing crop) in 1969 were 4.69 for L. palustris and 2.94 for P. integra. An extended dry period early in the summer of 1970 reduced total snail production to about 18–24% that of the previous season, although summer turnover ratios were fairly consistent.
Perceived competence and reading enjoyment as contributors to information skills and digital technology knowledge

This article reports on the contributions of perceived competence in information and digital skills, perceived competence in reading, and the disposition to read for enjoyment to actual performance in an information and digital literacy knowledge and skills test among 1272 eighth grade students in 20 states who participated in the study. The data support the importance of affective correlates to information sikills and digital technology knowledge, including the disposition to read for enjoyment, which is emphasized in the new American Association for School Librarian's (AASL) Standards for the 21st Century Learner. The study is grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and is part of a larger investigation on digital and information literacy and 21st Century dispositions for learning. Implications for curriculum design are discussed.
Fluxional main group IV organometallic compounds The Implications for Orbital Symmetry Rules

Abstract In the mid 60's, R.B. Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, among others, advanced a set of rules based on molecular orbital symmetry, to predict the direction of molecular rearrangements. The difficulty in providing strong support for these rules arises from the difficulty in proving, or even adequately defining the prerequisite condition of concertedness. This review offers the chemical behavior of main group IV substituted cyclic polyenes as evidence for the operation of symmetry predictions, with a regard for concertedness. In particular, the author's observations with triphenyl cycloheptatrienyl stannane are offered to reject the previous use of “Least Motion” predictions in favor of symmetry arguments.
Reproductive failure of landlocked Atlantic salmon from New York's finger lakes: investigations into the etiology and epidemiology of the Cayuga syndrome

Abstract We describe a disease syndrome that afflicts larval, landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from Cayuga Lake, one of central New York's Finger Lakes. Mortality associated with the “Cayuga syndrome” is 98–100%. Death usually occurs between 650 and 850 centigrade degreedays after fertilization, approximately 2–4 weeks before yolk resorption is complete. Although there is minor temporal variation in the onset of the Cayuga syndrome in progeny from individual females, all sac fry eventually succumb. Incubation of embryos and sac fry under constant, ambient, or reduced temperature regimens slightly alters the degree-day timing of syndrome onset, but does not improve survival. Based on mortality rate, manifestation of the Cayuga syndrome has not changed in the past 10 years, even though incubation waters of varying chemistry and temperature have been used. Mortality of the negative control stocks used for these studies never exceeded 10% from hatching to first feeding. Findings from reciprocal crossbre...
Leadership: emotional intelligence, passion and … what else?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the outcome of a business and management cohort's contemplations on leadership qualities that can be considered applicable under practically all circumstances.Design/methodology/approach – The subject scope was organizational leadership. The methods used were written interviews. The topic was approached by: explaining the general disconformities of leadership qualities, depending on situations and followers; examining leadership students' perceptions on generally applicable leadership qualities; clustering the listed qualities; and presenting a model.Findings – There are some leadership attributes that are generally applicable, regardless of situation and followers. The findings listed in this paper are not exhaustive but should rather be used as a pragmatic tool for further research on the topic.Research limitations/implications – The population used for data was limited, as it consisted of business and management students with a leadership emphasis. The ...
Nitric Oxide Binding to Human Ferrihemoglobins Cross-Linked between Either α or β Subunits

Abstract We have examined the interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and oxidized human hemoglobin, comparing the behavior of unmodified HbA 0 with that of two chemically modified hemoglobins. The latter are promising red cell substitute candidates due to their lower oxygen affinity and greater stability as tetramers. The modified forms examined were HbA-DBBF, cross-linked between the α chains with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate, and HbA-FMDA, modified between the β chains with fumaryl monodibromoaspirin. NO binding to the oxidized forms of these hemoglobins is biphasic, due to the differing reactivities of α and β chains. The structural modifications result in altered rate constants for NO binding to both α and β chains. The affinity of the ferric hemes for NO is not correlated with their oxygen affinities in the ferrous state. In a much slower first-order process, the ferric hemes of HbA become reduced. Faster and more heterogeneous kinetics are observed for reduction of the modified hemoglobins. These results may have physiological relevance, since endogenously produced NO is now recognized to play an important role in the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles. If present in vivo , cell-free hemoglobins exposed to NO become rapidly oxidized. Our results show that subsequent interactions of NO with ferrihemoglobin can result in redox cycling. This has the potential of depleting NO and further altering vascular tone with rates dependent on structural parameters of the ferrihemoglobin that are not determined by oxygen affinity.
Boiling oxygen experimental studies in an electrically heated tube

An experimental study was made of subcooled flow boiling with LOX; data were obtained with thermocouples attached to the walls of an electrically heated tube through which the LOX flowed. Pressure levels in the tube ranged from 200 psia to supercritical values, and the cooling level varied from the saturated condition to 50 F. Reynolds numbers ranged from 1.5 x 10 to 3.5 x 10 to the 5th. Results show that an increase in either pressure, subcooling level, or Reynolds number produces an increase in the film boiling heat transfer coefficient. Data for this range of parameters were found to correlate in terms of the Stanton number vs (T sub w - T sub s)/(T sub s - T sub b), where T is temperature, w is the wall, s is the saturated condition, and b is the bulk.
The Effect of Practitioner Recommendations on the Tax Judgments of Small Business Owners and Managers

This study addresses conflicting results between prior research documenting a client demand for aggressive practitioner-prepared returns and research establishing taxpayer preferences for accurate returns and cautious reporting behavior. Rather than rely on practitioner reports of client aggressiveness, the tax reporting preferences of clients are examined in afield experiment mailed to small businesses across the country. After subjects had indicated ex ante beliefs about the likelihood of independent contractor status, they significantly altered their behavioral intentions in the direction of a preparer's recommendation. This implies that prior results with practitioner samples may have been biased by the practitioners' personal views. Nonetheless, some aggressive subjects were not as willing to follow the preparer's advice as were the conservative subjects. Evidence is presented on variables that correlate with aggressive tax decision making.
Prevention, Detection and Recovery from Cyber-Attacks Using a Multilevel Agent Architecture

Intelligent software agents offer great potential for improving the operation and response of power grids. These agents are networked applications that could be vulnerable to cyber attacks. The goal of this research is to prevent known attacks, and to reduce or eliminate the consequences of successful attacks. A multilevel security architecture is presented that contains small, verifiable agents at each level with a well defined duty. Layers are designed to intercept dangerous or malformed information before it has a chance to damage the computational agents. Cross-monitoring ensures that any malfunctioning agent in the multilayer system is detected and the consequences of the attack are prevented or corrected. At the lowest level of the architecture are the computational agents. These agents are replicated to provide redundancy. Each replicate is mutated using a novel technique to prevent an attack from succeeding. Our mutation engine alters the program without changing the functionality.
Physiological ecology of the Bromeliaceae

The physiological ecology of members of the Bromeliaceae is reviewed with an emphasis on photosynthesis and water relations. Terrestrial and epiphytic species are, for the most part, treated separately. Water relations, photosynthetic pathways, and photosynthetic responses to light, temperature, drought, atmospheric moisture, elemental nutrients, and pollutants are considered from an ecological perspective. In addition, appendices provide values of numerous ecophysiological parameters for all species studied thus far. Results of this review include the following: (1) the ecophysiology of terrestrial and epiphytic species is surprisingly similar; (2) approximately two-thirds of bromeliads are CAM plants and occupy arid sites or are epiphytic; (3) many species are adapted to full or partial shade, yet can grow in full sunlight; (4) photosynthesis is optimal when day temperatures are warm and night temperatures are cool; (5) species with heavy trichome indumenta on their leaf surfaces are capable of absorbing atmospheric water vapor, yet improvement of tissue water relations is unlikely; (6) heavy trichome covers also suppress CO2 exchange when leaf surfaces are wetted; (7) high levels of recycling of respiratory CO2 via CAM occur in many species, especially under stress; and (8) tissue osmotic and water potentials of nearly all bromeliads investigated are seldom more negative than -1.0 MPa. A potential explanation of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of high tissue water potentials despite large water losses during droughts is discussed. In summary, the diversity of physiological adaptations to the environment in the few bromeliads studied thus far is impressive, but likely will be surpassed with investigation of more species in the Bromeliaceae.