cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lixisenatide, a Once-Daily Prandial Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Lixisenatide, a short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), has been available in Europe since 2013 and was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as an adjunct to diet and exercise. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of lixisenatide in patients with T2D. We conducted a search of the EMBASE database, limited to human studies with abstracts available in English. Published conference abstracts, limited to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes meetings in 2015, as well as abstracts presented at the ADA meeting in 2016, were also screened. The abstracts retrieved were assessed for relevance; review articles and meta-analyses focusing on GLP-1 RAs as a class were excluded. Lixisenatide induced mean reductions of 0.46–0.99% in glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1C), 55.86–143.43 mg/dl in 2-hour postprandial glucose (PPG) level, and 56.58–127.75 mg/dl in mealtime glucose level variations. Changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level and weight ranged from −21.98 to +5.41 mg/dl and from −2.96 to +0.3 kg, respectively, in patients with T2D enrolled in the GetGoal clinical program (a program of clinical trials that established the efficacy and safety profile of lixisenatide 20 μg once daily across patients with T2D with differing background therapies). Lixisenatide was well tolerated, demonstrating rates of symptomatic hypoglycemia of 0.8–42.9% and a very low rate of severe hypoglycemia (<1.5%) as well as no increased risk of cardiovascular events. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal in nature, mainly transient nausea and vomiting of mild-to-moderate severity. Lixisenatide effectively lowers A1C levels in patients with T2D through a mechanism of action complementary to that of agents that mainly target FPG, with the additional benefit of weight loss. Its once-daily administration schedule and effect on PPG levels make it an attractive option as add-on treatment to basal insulin therapy or oral antidiabetic agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
STUDIES ON NUCLEI. I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOPROTEIN FROM RAT THYMUS IN 1 M SODIUM CHLORIDE

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of dilute rat thymus breis with concentrated NaCl solutions produced viscous solutions that were permanently disrupted by shearing. Attempts to measure the viscosity of such extracts in ordinary capillary viscometers were unsuccessful; however, reproducible measurements of apparent relative viscosity (± 2–3 per cent) were obtained by timing the first passage of the extracts through a modified Cannon-Fenske viscometer. 2. 2. The viscosity of extracts prepared in 1 M NaCl reached a maximum and constant value only after 10–12 hours of extraction at room temperature (25–27 °C). 3. 3. The maximum apparent relative viscosity of the extracts varied logarithmically with homogenate concentration. 4. 4. The viscosity of the extracts was markedly affected by pH. From pH 6.4 to pH 8.5, the viscosity was relatively constant; below pH 6.4, it fell rapidly, and, at lower pH's, was the same as for the solvent. Above pH 8.5, the specific viscosity increased rapidly to a maximum of about pH 10 and then dropped to zero at pH 11.5. 5. 5. The viscosity of the extracts was low in 0.05 to 0.4 M NaCl concentrations but increased rapidly in concentrations of 0.6 to 0.9 M. The viscosity of the extracts continued to rise slowly as the NaCl concentration was raised to 2 M but then decreased when the concentration was raised above 2 M. 6. 6. Viscosity decreased when the extracts or the breis from which the extracts were prepared were frozen. 7. 7. The results indicate that at least two types of protein-DNA bonds exist. The first, which cross-links DNA-protein strands in the nuclear gelwork, is easily broken by 1 M NaCl. The second, which binds the DNA molecules end to end to form long strands, is not broken in the initial extract and accounts for the high viscosity. The strands are believed to be the fundamental units of chromosome structure.
The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease

Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host has attracted considerable attention owing to its involvement in diverse diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with hypertension and is characterized by immune dysregulation, metabolic disorder and sympathetic activation, which are all linked to gut dysbiosis and altered host–microbiota crosstalk. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between the brain, the gut, the microbiota and the kidney in CKD and hypertension and explain our brain–gut–kidney axis hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Consideration of the role of the brain–gut–kidney axis in the maintenance of normal homeostasis and of dysregulation of this axis in CKD and hypertension could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, the discovery of unique microbial communities and their associated metabolites and the elucidation of brain–gut–kidney signalling are likely to fill fundamental knowledge gaps leading to innovative research, clinical trials and treatments for CKD and hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests an important role of the gut microbiota in the development of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. In this Review, the authors explain their brain–gut–kidney axis hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Using Implementation Safety Indicators for CPOE Implementation

Article-at-a-Glance Background A computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system can decrease errors and improve quality but also may increase errors and harm. Yet, the current state of the literature on CPOE is particularly impoverished regarding implementation strategies and process measures. Veterans Health Administration (VHA) CPOE Implementation The VHA Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS), developed and implemented by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) at a national level, was designed to support physician order entry and electronic note entry. Implementation of CPRS was mandated for all clinical sites in the VA in a series of waves from 1997 through 2002. The study site, Salt Lake City Health Care System, is a 110-bed tertiary care university-affiliated facility. Local implementation was conducted in a staggered approach across clinical sites for a total implementation time of 24 months. Information theory is proposed as a basis for process assessment. Early in the process, the implementation team realized the need to create indicators to help monitor the process of change. Results The percent of orders entered by providers rose to 64% and leveled off. The percent of orders signed within four hours leveled off at 83%. The presence of inappropriate text orders (one-time review presented) was measured, and the percent of orders verified by nursing within two hours leveled off at 42%. Discussion Setting up an implementation monitoring process should start when the implementation process begins. Specific recommendations are as follows: (1) Start with the basic process measures, (2) set up reporting structures, and (3) start early with vendor negotiations. In conclusion, information theory provides an effective and efficient framework on which to base indicator development.
Design and characterization of a package-less hybrid PDMS-CMOS-FR4 contact-imaging system for microfluidic integration.

We demonstrate a hybrid “package-less” polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-FR4 system for contact imaging. The system embeds the CMOS image sensor directly in a PDMS layer instead of the standard chip package to support microfluidic structures much larger and more complex than those in prior art. The CMOS/PDMS layer is self-aligned to form a continuous, flat surface to provide structural support for upper microfluidic layers. The system consists of five layers of PDMS implementing fluid channels, valves, chambers, and inlets/outlets. A custom CMOS image sensor with integrated signal conditioning circuits directly captures light from sample fluid for high optical collection efficiency. Owing to the flexibility afforded by the integration process, the system demonstrates, for the first time, integrated valves in contact imaging. Moreover, we present the first direct comparison of the optical performance of a CMOS image sensor and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in identical contact-imaging conditions. Measurements show that our CMOS sensor achieves 17 dB better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with a commercial PMT across a broad range of integration times, with a maximum SNR of 47 dB. Chemiluminescent testing successfully shows signal detection for different analyte concentrations and integration times. The contact-imaging system demonstrates a detection limit of 25 μM of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene-based solution.
Urate and osteoarthritis: Evidence for a reciprocal relationship

Hyperuricemia is a common condition, and in a subset of patients leads to gout, the most common inflammatory arthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis overall, and gout and osteoarthritis frequently coexist in the same patient. However, the relationship between the two remains poorly defined. More particularly, the impact of osteoarthritis on the development of gout, and the impact of gout on the development of osteoarthritis, remain to be determined. Additionally, whether hyperuricemia mediates osteoarthritis in the absence of gout is uncertain. Here, we review the evidence linking gout and osteoarthritis, with a special focus on the role of hyperuricemia in the presence or absence of gout. Since disease modifying agents are currently available for hyperuricemia and gout but not for osteoarthritis, a contributory role for urate in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis could have important clinical implications.
Principal Component Analysis

We have seen that a blob of data can be translated so that it has zero mean, then rotated so the covariance matrix is diagonal. In this coordinate system, we can set some components to zero, and get a representation of the data that is still accurate. The rotation and translation can be undone, yielding a dataset that is in the same coordinates as the original, but lower dimensional. The new dataset is a good approximation to the old dataset. All this yields a really powerful idea: we can choose a small set of vectors, so that each item in the original dataset can be represented as the mean vector plus a weighted sum of this set. This representation means we can think of the dataset as lying on a low dimensional space inside the original space. It’s an experimental fact that this model of a dataset is usually accurate for real high dimensional data, and it is often an extremely convenient model. Furthermore, representing a dataset like this very often suppresses noise—if the original measurements in your vectors are noisy, the low dimensional representation may be closer to the true data than the measurements are.
Exploring the Future of Graduate Education in Pharmaceutical Fields.

To ensure graduate students remain at the forefront of healthcare, curricula must be aligned with current and emerging innovations likely to influence students’ ability to be successful. In this study, a modified Delphi technique was utilized to determine and prioritize the innovations and professional skills needed. For innovations, the top three areas experts identified were (1) personalized medicine, (2) big data, and (3) cell and gene therapy. For professional skills, the top three areas were (1) creative problem solving, (2) communication, and (3) data literacy. These results can be used to inform graduate curriculum development within various pharmaceutical fields.
A poroelastic master curve for time‐dependent and multiscale mechanics of hydrogels

Mechanical properties of hydrogels are of considerable interest for applications including tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, mechanical characterization of hydrogels is inherently challenging due to their multiphasic construction. Under mechanical loading, internal fluid redistribution affects the gel response, leading to a time‐ and length‐scale‐dependent material behavior, known as poroelasticity. Traditional mechanical tests are effective for determining instantaneous flow‐independent gel response, and they are limited in characterizing poroelastic behavior as a function of loading time‐ and length‐scales. Here, micro‐ and nanoindentation experiments are combined to characterize the full range of poroelastic behavior of a hydrogel. A master curve is presented to demonstrate that the relative competition of poroelastic relaxation time with ramp loading time determines gel response across different time‐ and length‐scales. The master curve provides a novel mechanism to establish the instantaneous and equilibrium limits on the elastic modulus for a material, useful for designing hydrogel biomaterials.
So Have I Been a Good Stepmother

In this memoir, the author spends a day with the stepmother she hasn't seen in many years. The memoir takes the reader through the day, describing what she sees and learns. The stepmother tells her what happened the night the narrator's father decided to kill himself.
Clinical Phenogroups in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for more than one-half of patients with heart failure. Effective treatment of HFpEF has not been established, largely because of the complexities and heterogeneity in the phenotypes of HFpEF. Categorizing patients based on clinical and pathophysiologic phenotype may provide more targeted and efficacious therapies. Despite this clinical need, there is no consensus on how to categorize patients with HFpEF into phenogroups. Possible metrics include the presence or absence of specific comorbidities that influence pathophysiology, imaging, hemodynamics, or other biomarkers. This article describes currently recognized phenotypes of HFpEF and potential treatment strategies.
Spaces of occupation: Colonial enclosure and confinement in British Malaya

Abstract This article examines how the geography of foreign occupation changed in British Malaya between 1895 and 1960. In particular, the article reveals how notions related to enclosure and confinement influenced the introduction of new territorial and spatial categories in British Malaya that enclosed the region's landscape and natural environment while simultaneously concentrating the region's diverse population into racially and economically segregated communities in the Malay interior. This geography, crafted during the early colonial period, came to have particular significance in the period following World War Two. At that time, during the so-called Malayan Emergency, the British administration forcibly resettled hundreds of thousands of Malaya's rural inhabitants into highly regulated and repressive state spaces, known as New Villages, White and Black Areas, and Regrouping Areas. Utilizing a mixture of secondary sources, archival materials, and digital mapping technologies, this article shows how the creation of these new Emergency spaces were not novel but were a continuation of longstanding patterns of land control in the colony that remade Malaya's natural environment on a vast scale.
Aiolos regulates eosinophil migration into tissues.

Expression of Ikaros family transcription factor IKZF3 (Aiolos) increases during murine eosinophil lineage commitment and maturation. Herein, we investigated Aiolos expression and function in mature human and murine eosinophils. Murine eosinophils deficient in Aiolos demonstrated gene expression changes in pathways associated with granulocyte-mediated immunity, chemotaxis, degranulation, ERK/MAPK signaling, and extracellular matrix organization; these genes had ATAC peaks within 1 kB of the TSS that were enriched for Aiolos-binding motifs. Global Aiolos deficiency reduced eosinophil frequency within peripheral tissues during homeostasis; a chimeric mouse model demonstrated dependence on intrinsic Aiolos expression by eosinophils. Aiolos deficiency reduced eosinophil CCR3 surface expression, intracellular ERK1/2 signaling, and CCL11-induced actin polymerization, emphasizing an impaired functional response. Aiolos-deficient eosinophils had reduced tissue accumulation in chemokine-, antigen-, and IL-13-driven inflammatory experimental models, all of which at least partially depend on CCR3 signaling. Human Aiolos expression was associated with active chromatin marks enriched for IKZF3, PU.1, and GATA-1-binding motifs within eosinophil-specific histone ChIP-seq peaks. Furthermore, treating the EOL-1 human eosinophilic cell line with lenalidomide yielded a dose-dependent decrease in Aiolos. These collective data indicate that eosinophil homing during homeostatic and inflammatory allergic states is Aiolos-dependent, identifying Aiolos as a potential therapeutic target for eosinophilic disease.
The association between stellar bars and enhanced activity in the central kiloparsec of spiral galaxies

A total of 156 objects have now been observed in the course of a survey of 10 µm emission from the central 6″ of spiral galaxies. The larger data base substantiates the differences between barred and unbarred spirals first discussed at the 1986 IRAS conference. New 2.2 µm observations have permitted a determination of the central 2.2 µm luminosity. Preliminary results are discussed in the context of the different bar-central 10 µm luminosity association for early- and late-type spirals.
The Physics and Modeling of Biofunctionalized Nanoelectromechanical Systems

The sections in this article are Introduction The Stochastic Dynamics of Micro- and Nanoscale Oscillators in Fluid Fluid Dynamics at Small Scales An Exact Approach to Determine the Stochastic Dynamics of Arrays of Cantilevers of Arbitrary Geometry in Fluid An Approximate Model for Long and Slender Cantilevers in Fluid The Stochastic Dynamics of a Fluid-coupled Array of (BIO)NEMS Cantilevers The Physics Describing the Kinetics of Target Analyte Capture on the Oscillator Detecting Noise in Noise: Signal-processing Challenges Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments
Ideological influence in U.S. health policy: catalysts or impediments?

Although pronouncements of the ?health care crisis? have been made for thirty years, in many ways the fundamental underpinnings of the U.S. health care system have changed very little. However, calls for health care reform have progressed through four distinct phases. From before the 1965 passage of the Medicare and Medicaid programs until about 1972, the primary issue was expanding access to care. From 1972 through 1976, health care reform proposals experienced a transition period. From 1976 until about 1992, cost containment became the dominant theme. Since 1992 there has been a renewed emphasis on improving access to care. But Americans have mixed feelings about health care reform. On the one hand, Americans want improved access to care, increased efficiency, and high quality care. On the other hand, Americans are leery of higher taxes and expanding the government's role in health care decision-making. In the final analysis, it is ultimately politics which governs the form of health care reform by effecting compromises between what is ideologically desirable and what is economically plausible.
The Importance of Community in a Feminist Analysis of Domestic Violence among American Indians

There are over 500 native communities in the United States alone. Although popular conceptions in the majority culture commonly refer to these as a single American Indian group, native communities are in fact extremely diverse and heterogeneous. Issues of gender, class, and power are discussed from a feminist perspective with an emphasis on the diversity among native communities. Available evidence, while sketchy, suggests that male authority, male restrictiveness, and socioeconomic stress are associated with violence, but that the levels of these factors vary widely across native groups. For example, some native tribes practice matrilineal descent while others are patrilineal. This diversity has far-reaching implications for the community context in which domestic violence occurs. An approach that integrates both feminist and community approaches seems best suited to address the problem of domestic violence in native North America.
Hereditary kidney cancer models for understanding the cancer genome (95.2)

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome manifests primarily as hereditary kidney cancer. The syndrome is caused by single loss of function alleles in the VHL tumor suppressor that act in an autosomal dominant p...
The interactive effects of nocturnal sleep and daytime naps in relation to serum C-reactive protein

Abstract Background and aim C-reactive protein (CRP) is a general marker of inflammation that has been differentially linked with sleep. Elevated CRP (ie, high inflammation) has been associated with either short/insufficient sleep duration or long sleep duration, both, or neither. Daytime napping has also been tied to increased and decreased inflammation. We attempted to unify these findings by examining the relationship between CRP and sleep duration in conjunction with napping in a healthy young adult cohort. Participants Participants were young adults (mean age = 29.05 years, n = 2147) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) cohort, a nationally representative longitudinal sample. Methods/Results Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests examined whether self-reported sleep duration (short, medium, or long) and nap frequency (none-few days/week; most days/week; every day) interacted in relation to CRP. Standard covariates (ie, age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, physical activity, depression, snoring, systolic blood pressure, clinical symptoms, and household income) were used. There was a linear increase in CRP with increased napping [contrast estimate = 0.265, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.045–0.485), P = 0.018]. There was also an interaction between sleep duration and napping frequency in relation to CRP ( F 4,2128 = 2.90, P = 0.021). Inflammation differed between nap groups within the long and short sleep groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that increased napping is an independent predictor of inflammation in young adults. These results also provide evidence for interactive effects of inflammation, nocturnal sleep, and daytime naps. Our findings confirm that excess sleep, insufficient sleep, frequent napping, and infrequent napping can all be linked with elevated CRP, but these relationships depend on both nocturnal and daytime sleep patterns. These analyses will guide future work to more specifically examine sleep-inflammation processes and directionality.
Influencing Controlled Substance Prescribing: Attending and Resident Physician Use of a State Prescription Monitoring Program

Objective. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of attending physician awareness and utilization of a state prescription monitoring program on resident physician behavior. Design. Twenty-five attending physicians and 70 residents in Emergency Medicine, Internal Medicine, Neurology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry completed an 11-item questionnaire assessing awareness and utilization of a state prescription drug monitoring program. Results. Residents who used the system had, on average, a higher proportion of supervising attendings using the system; residents required to utilize the system had the highest proportion of attendings using the system. Overall, almost 90% of the physicians who utilized the system did so due to concerns surrounding prescription drug abuse. Over one third of attending physicians reported increasing the quantity or amount of medication prescribed after utilizing the system, while no residents reported similar outcomes. Conclusions. Through the behavioral influence of supervising attending physicians, residents were significantly more likely to utilize the system. If system utilization is desired, attendings should use the system and require resident participation.
Mechanisms whereby rapid RV pacing causes LV dysfunction: perfusion-contraction matching and NO

Incessant tachycardia induces dilated cardiomyopathy in humans and experimental models; mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that excessive chronotropic demands require compensat...
On moisture flux across the sea surface

Available data on the water-vapor flux across the air-sea interface are processed to determine its coefficient. The results are found to be clearly divided into two regions; as the wind velocity increases the neutral transfer coefficient decreases at low winds, and increases at intermediate winds. The characteristics of aerodynamically smooth flows are demonstrated at low winds; the neutral transfer coefficient at intermediate winds increases linearly with the wind velocity, at nearly the same rate as the wind-stress coefficient. For various atmospheric conditions, the transfer coefficient varies systematically with the product between the wind velocity and the difference in humidities at the sea surface and at 10-m elevation. Readily applicable formulae are proposed for both low and intermediate winds.
Effects of Differing Item Parameters on Closed-Interval DIF Statistics

The closed-interval signed area (CSA) and closed- moderate to large differences between the groups than interval unsigned area (CUA) statistics were studied by the CUA. However, the effect of the pseudo-guessing monte carlo simulation to detect differential item func- parameter varied depending on item discriminations. tioning when the reference and focal groups had differ- Index terms: closed-interval measures, differential item ent parameter distributions. When the-pseudo-guessing functioning, item response theory, monte carlo simula- parameter was varied, the CSA was better able to detect tion, signed area measures, unsigned area measures.
Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the highly polymorphic strawberry poison-dart frog and some of its congeners

Members of the poison-dart frog genus Oophaga, including the strawberry poison-dart frog (O. pumilio) display among the most striking examples of color polymorphism of any amphibians. We developed twelve novel microsatellite markers with di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats for this genus. These loci are highly polymorphic with between 2 and 29 alleles (average = 14.7) and high heterozygosity (H O = 0.704). These highly polymorphic markers should be useful for resolving fine-scale genetic differences between the different color morphs of these highly variable species, for investigations into the ecological importance of this variation, and for determining the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population persistence in these species.
Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 1990: Pediatric Research—Integrated Evaluations to Achieve Insights into Organ Function

Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 1990: Pediatric Research—Integrated Evaluations to Achieve Insights into Organ Function
Growth hormone rapidly activates insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription in vivo.

Many of the growth-promoting properties of GH are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a highly conserved circulating 70-amino acid peptide. Recent studies have shown that multiple mechanisms influence IGF-I gene expression, including transcription from two promoters, alternative RNA splicing, and variable polyadenylation. In order to determine how GH regulates IGF-I gene expression we have analyzed the response of hypophysectomized rats to a single ip injection of recombinant GH. A rise in hepatic IGF-I mRNA was detected within 2 h of GH treatment, with peak values of more than 15-fold above untreated animals by 4 h, and a decline by 16 h. A coordinate increase was seen in all IGF-I mRNA splicing and polyadenylation variants, indicating that neither alternative RNA processing nor differential poly A addition were altered by GH. Transcription run-on experiments using isolated hepatic nuclei and direct analysis of nuclear RNA demonstrated a rise in nascent IGF-I mRNA within 30 min of GH treatm...
Localization and protection of kidneys in radiation treatment planning using computed tomography

Irradiation treatment portals of the upper abdomen must limit the dose to the kidneys. Sparing one-third of the parenchyma of each kidney will prevent late clinical sequelae. One hundred CT scans of the abdomen were studied to evaluate using the vertebrae as landmark for treatment planning. In lateral fields, using the anterior border of the vertebral column as a landmark for the posterior high isodose line will limit treatment to less than 60% (mean 22%) of a single kidney. Placing the edge of an anterior/posterior field 2 cm lateral to the vertebral column will limit the dose to less than 44% of a single kidney (mean 11%).
Broadband calibration of R/V Ewing seismic sources

[1] The effects of anthropogenic sound sources on marine mammals are of increasing interest and controversy [e.g., Malakoff, 2001]. To understand and mitigate better the possible impacts of specific sound sources, well-calibrated broadband measurements of acoustic received levels must be made in a variety of environments. In late spring 2003 an acoustic calibration study was conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico to obtain broad frequency band measurements of seismic sources used by the R/V MauriceEwing. Received levels in deep water were lower than anticipated based on modeling, and in shallow water they were higher. For the marine mammals of greatest concern (beaked whales) the 1–20 kHz frequency range is considered particularly significant [National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and U. S. Navy, 2001; Frantzis et al., 2002]. 1/3-octave measurements show received levels at 1 kHz are ∼20–33 dB (re: 1 μPa) lower than peak levels at 5–100 Hz, and decrease an additional ∼20–33 dB in the 10–20 kHz range.
Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in human cells induced by H2O2 and other photoproducts generated in fluorescent light-exposed medium.

Exposure of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's tissue culture medium to visible fluorescent light generated photoproducts toxic to human cells in culture. Toxicity manifested at the chromosome level was increased chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in cells exposed to the photoproducts. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major photoproduct, induced SCE but failed to increase chromosome aberrations. Pure H2O2, or the H2O2 generated in light-exposed medium, was necessary and sufficient for inducing all the increase in SCE. However, H2O2 was necessary but insufficient to cause most of the chromosome aberrations. Only when acting synergistically with other photoproducts did H2O, induce extensive chromosome aberrations. The relatively high cell densities at near confluence levels used in these experiments were less sensitive to light-induced effects, nevertheless the entire light exposure dosage range effected photoproduct production adequate for inducing SCE and chromosome aberrations. Thus, mammalian tissue and cell culture media can receive sufficient dosage from fluorescent lights illuminating rooms and culture hoods for generation of photoproducts causing gross and insidious SCE and chromosome alterations.
Preparation of [β-32P]ribonucleoside-5′-triphosphates using permeable cells of Escherichia coli

Abstract A rapid method for the preparation of [β-32P]ribonucleoside-5′-triphosphates is described. The method involves the incubation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate with 32Pi and E. coli cells made permeable to nucleotides. The labeled triphosphates can be isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography on poly(ethylene)imine cellulose plates. Labeled GTP, CTP, and UTP obtained by this method are more than 99% pure [β-32P]compounds. Labeled ATP contains about equal amounts of label in the β- and γ-phosphate position. Pure [β-32P]ATP can be obtained from this preparation by exchanging the γ-32P against unlabeled Pi and reisolating the labeled ATP by charcoal adsorption and elution.
Vibration and Stability of Frictional Sliding of Two Elastic Bodies With a Wavy Contact Interface

The stability of steady sliding, with Amontons-Coulomb friction. of two elaxtic bodies with a rough contact interface is analysed. The bodies are modeled as elastic half-spaces, one of which has a periodic wavy surface. The steady-slate solution yields a periodic set of contact and separation zones, but the stability analysis requires consideration of dynamic effects. By considering a spatial Fourier decomposition of the vibration modes, the dynamic problem is reduced to a singular integral equation for determining the eigenvectors (modes) and eigenvalues (frequencies). A pure imaginary root for an eigenvalue corresponds to a standing wave confined to the interface, while a positive/negative real part of the eigenvalue indicates instability/dissipation. A complex eigenvector indicates a complex mode of vibration. Two types of modes are considered-periodic symmetric modes with period equal to the surface waviness period and periodic antisymmetric triodes with the period equal to twice the surface waviness. The singular integral equation is solved by reducing it to a system of linear algebraic equations using a Jacobi polynomial series and a collocation method. For the limit of zero friction it can be demonstrated analytically that the problem is self-adjoint and the eigenvalues, if they exist, are pure imaginary (no energy dissipation). These roots are found for a wide range of material properties and ratios of separation to contact zones lengths. For the limiting case of complete contact. the solution found corresponds to a superposition of two slip waves (generalized Rayleigh waves) traveling in opposite directions and forming a standing wave. With increasing separation zone length, the vibration frequency decreases from the slip wave frequency to the smaller surface wave frequency of the two bodies. With a nonzero separation zone, solutions can exist for material combinations which do not allow slip waves. For nonzero friction and sliding velocities, unstable solutions are found. The degree of instability is proportional to the product of the friction coefficient and the sliding velocity. These instabilities may contribute to the formation of friction-induced vibrations at high sliding speeds.
Simple two-dimensional kinematic framework designed to test warm rain microphysical models

Abstract This paper describes a two-dimensional kinematic framework designed to test warm rain microphysical models. The idealized flow field is based on a case study from the Hawaiian Rainband Project (1990). Analyses of radar and aircraft data collected in convective cells embedded in Hawaiian rainbands are included for model validation. A Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) activation spectrum, a condensational growth equation including the CCN chemical composition, collection efficiencies, and terminal velocities of the growing drops, are all provided. A sample set of figures from the test run with bulk microphysical parameterization illustrates the desired format for comparisons between the detailed model results and for validation of the model output with observations. This simple yet realistic test formulation includes vertical and horizontal advection, and can be used to evaluate microphysical model performance without complexities resulting from dynamical–microphysical interactions in dynamic cloud models. Without such interactions, scientists can focus on key physical processes involved in the formation of warm rain. The accurate representation of these processes in detailed models is essential to successfully simulate the observed evolution of warm precipitating clouds.
DIFFERENTIAL COLONIZATION SUCCESS AND ASYMMETRICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO LIZARD SPECIES

Small islands in the Bahamas often do not contain Anolis lizards. We took an experimental approach to investigate whether absence of A. carolinensis and A. sagrei from these islands results from the inability of populations to become established and whether the presence of the other species has a negative effect on population density and probability of successful colonization. We introduced propagules of five lizards of each species, either in allopatry or sympatry, on five blocks of three islands each. Populations were censused yearly using mark–recapture methods. Anolis sagrei populations thrived on almost all islands, whereas within three years, many A. carolinensis populations had gone extinct, and most others were very small. We conclude that an inability to successfully establish populations on small islands might explain the absence of A. carolinensis from these islands, but not the absence of A. sagrei. Anolis carolinensis was not more likely to become extinct on islands containing A. sagrei, but population densities of A. carolinensis were lower on islands with both species (“sympatric islands”) compared to “allopatric islands.” In addition, A. carolinensis tended to perch higher, relative to available vegetation, on sympatric islands than they did on allopatric islands. Conversely, the presence of A. carolinensis had little impact on A. sagrei populations. However, inspection of population changes through time suggest that A. carolinensis may have initially had an effect on A. sagrei, but this effect decreased as A. carolinensis populations declined. The observed absence of A. sagrei from these islands may indicate that its dispersal abilities are limited relative to the frequency of devastating hurricanes.
Abstract 4407: Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to periostin (PN) inhibits ovarian tumor metastatic growth in animal models

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Periostin (PN), an extracellular matrix protein, is reported to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and its functions appear to be linked to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Our previous results show that engineered PN overexpression promotes ovarian tumor growth and dissemination in vivo. In the present study, we developed a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to PN, named MZ-1, and have investigated its effects on human ovarian tumor cell metastasis and progression. MZ-1 markedly reduced tumor metastatic growth in orthotopic ovarian tumor models derived from two PN-expressing ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and TOV-112D. These in vivo antitumor effects of MZ-1 were attributed to its specific inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and survival of PN-expressing cells, as well as its neutralization on PN-induced migration. The data suggests that blocking PN expression may be a novel approach for treatment of ovarian cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4407.
Mother's Milk: An Existential Perspective on Negative Reactions to Breast-Feeding

Drawing from an existential perspective rooted in terror management theory, four studies examined the hypothesis that breast-feeding women serve as reminders of the physical, animal nature of humanity and that such recognition is threatening in the face of one's unalterable mortality. Study 1 demonstrated that mortality salience (MS) led to more negative reactions toward a scenario depicting a woman breast-feeding her infant in public, and in Study 2, MS decreased liking and increased physical avoidance of a potential task partner described as breast-feeding in another room. Further supporting the hypothesis that such reactions are rooted in threats associated with human creatureliness, MS in conjunction with a breast-feeding prime led to an increase in the accessibility of creaturely related cognitions (Study 3) and priming human/animal similarities (i.e., creatureliness) led to increased negativity toward a magazine cover depicting a woman breast-feeding her child (Study 4). Implications of this research are discussed.
The evaluation of erectile dysfunction.

The evaluation of erectile dysfunction, using current technology, is not an exact science. No one testalone should be considered diagnostic of whether a patient can maintain a satisfactory erectile response when properly stimulated in a private setting. The algorithm in Figure 8 outlines a method of evaluation to identify either the presence of an erectile dysfunction or its cause. Papaverine injection is included, but not recommended, as a solitary test for diagnosis.
Minimality and Completions of PA

The results in this paper say that natural upper bounds for sets of degrees associated with theories and models of arithmetic cannot be minimal. The basic new result says that for any completion T of PA, there is another completion S such that S<TT and Rep(S) = Rep(T). This immediately implies that deg(T) is not minimal over {deg(X): X ∈ Rep(T)}. As an application of the basic result, we obtain the fact that if is a non-standard model of TA (true arithmetic), then deg () cannot be minimal over {deg(X): X is arithmetical}. More generally, if is a non-standard model of an arbitrary completion T of PA, then deg() cannot be minimal over {deg(): X ∈ Rep(T)}. We vary the basic result, making S′ ≡TT′. As an application of the variant, we obtain the fact that if is a non-standard model of PA, then {deg(): ≅ } has no minimal element.The remainder of the present section gives a brief account of the background needed for the basic new result and the variant. These two results are proved in Section 2. The applications are given in Section 3, along with further background needed for the applications. One important source of ideas used in the present paper is a paper of Scott [9]. In addition, there are ideas taken from Tennenbaum [12], Feferman [3], Marker [6], [7], and Solovay. Chapter 19 of [1] gathers together most of this material. In fact, it contains all that is really essential. In one application, we appeal to Solovay's result on degrees of models of an arbitrary completion of PA, a result which is not completely proved in [1]. However, for the best application, which implies all the others, we use only some ideas from the proof of Solovay's theorem. These are given in lemmas that are proved in Section 3, where they are needed, or taken from [1], While the proof of Solovay's result requires an infinitely nested priority construction, our best application rests on nothing more than finite-injury constructions.
Twice daily irradiation increases locoregional control in patients with medically inoperable or surgically unresectable stage II-IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of q.d. or b.i.d. radiotherapy (RT) on the outcome of patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 261 patients with medically inoperable or surgically unresectable Stage II-IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer, who were treated with combined modality cisplatin-based chemotherapy and RT. Chemotherapy was administered either sequentially or concurrently with thoracic RT. The median follow-up was 18 months (range 2–92). Treatment groups included sequential chemotherapy and q.d. RT ( n = 109), concurrent chemotherapy and q.d. RT ( n = 48), and concurrent chemotherapy and b.i.d. RT ( n = 104). Of the 261 patients, 97% had a Karnofsky performance score ≥80, and 86.2% had ≤5% weight loss in the 3 months before diagnosis; 66.7% had nonsquamous cell histologic features. All but 8 patients had Stage IIIA-B disease. Results: The 2- and 5-year locoregional control rate was 42.4% and 25.7% for the q.d. group and 70.6% and 45.8% for the b.i.d. group, respectively ( p = 0.0001). The 2- and 5-year disease-free survival rate was 26.7% and 6.5% for the q.d. group and 39.6% and 27.3% for the b.i.d. group, respectively ( p = 0.0114). The corresponding overall survival rates were 35.9% and 9.4% for the q.d. group and 38.7% and 26.1% for the b.i.d. group. No difference was found in the rate of distant metastasis between the 2 groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that b.i.d. RT was a favorable prognostic factor for locoregional control and disease-free survival. Conclusion: RT b.i.d. significantly improved locoregional control and disease-free survival compared with RT q.d. in patients with Stage IIIA-B non-small-cell lung cancer.
SIGNAL, RECOMBINATION EFFECTS AND NOISE IN AMORPHOUS SILICON DETECTORS

Abstract Some properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon diodes are described. Back biased diodes of the Schottky, p-i-n type, in thicknesses ranging from 5–15 μm, have been tested with 6 MeV alpha particles and with 1 and 2 MeV protons. Large signal saturation, due to electron-hole recombination, occurs for high LET particles. Diodes have been exposed to fast neutron fluences up to 10 13 cm −2 and shown to have better radiation resistance than similarly exposed crystalline silicon detectors. From our measurements we extrapolate that minimum ionizing particles can be detected with stacked layers 100–120 μm thick, with adequate signal/noise levels.
Further studies on factors determining tissue levels of sulfamerazine in trout

Abstract There is considerable variation in the tissue level of sulfamerazine among individual trout in a treated population. This fact may be the reason why prolonged sulfonamide therapy sometimes fails to free all trout from Bacterium salmonicida. The quantity of food given with a standard dosage of sulfamerazine has a pronounced effect on the tissue concentration of sulfamerazine; the concentration increased when the quantity of food decreased. It appears therefore, that trout should be fed at a rate very closely adjusted to their optimum feeding requirements for the best practical results. The start of treatment with high initial doses of sulfamerazine had no effect on the tissue concentration sustained by the maintenance dosage. The relative distribution of sulfamerazine in various organs and tissues of rainbow trout was about the same as in brown and brook trout. The only difference noticed was the lack of peak levels of short duration between the 8 and 10 days of treatment, which is characteristic ...
Probability and foundationalism: Another look at the Lewis-Reichenbach debate

The renewed interest in the question of whether empirical knowledge rests on a foundation of certainty has been accompanied by a resurgence of interest 1 in the celebrated 1951 American Philosophical Association Symposium which has become known as the Lewis-Reichenbach debate.2 C. I. Lewis armed with the principle 'nothing is probable unless something is certain' and with the intuitively plausible assumption that a statement is justified only if it is probable, argued that no one is ever justified in believing any empirical statement unless some statement is certain, i.e., that empirical knowledge must rest on a foundation of certainty. As coherence theories of justification deny that any empirical statements are certain,3 Lewis concluded that foundationalism is the only tenable theory of knowledge. Until recently it was generally held that Reichenbach had emerged the victor from this debate, i.e., that Reichenbach had shown that Lewis failed to establish the truth of the principle that nothing is probable unless something is certain, and hence that Lewis's argument for foundationalism is defective. In a recent paper, James Van Cleve proposes that Reichenbach's objection to Lewis's argument fails and that Lewis's argument is sound. In what follows I will examine Lewis's defense of the principle 'nothing is probable unless something is certain' in light of Reichenbach's and Van Cleve's claims. My hope is to resolve the Lewis-Reichenbach debate by arguing that although Van Cleve's defense of Lewis from Reichenbach's objection fails there is a gambit which Lewis seemed to employ in his own defense which is successful.