cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Klein-Gordon Equation

Two solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation are found. The existence of a maximum relativistic correction of 2 is thus indicated. The normal relativistic correction is given by the usual solution. A certain Hilbert Space is used to find the solutions using a group theory taught at LSU and the Texas Method of Math also taught at LSU. The usefulness of group theoretical manipulations in Hilbert Space is indicated. A lemma is proved using this group theory that predicts a charge of +/-1 is the only values of charge possible. The usefulness of the second solution to the Klein-Gordon equation of a maximum of 2 for the relativistic correction is basic to the mass predictions in [3]. The fact that the energy reaches mc^2 indicates a dipole spinning at velocity c. The dipole is spinning in a magnetic field created by other particles so it creates charge.
The Role of the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team: How to Build One, Who to Include, Scenarios, Organization, and Algorithms.

Pulmonary embolism response teams (PERTs) are multidisciplinary response teams aimed at delivering a range of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to patients with pulmonary embolism. These teams have gained traction on a national scale. However, despite sharing a common goal, individual PERT programs are quite individualized—varying in their methods of operation, team structures, and practice patterns. The tendency of such response teams is to become intensely structured, algorithmic, and inflexible. However, in their current form, PERT programs are quite the opposite. They are being creatively customized to meet the needs of the individual institution based on available resources, skills, personnel, and institutional goals. After a review of the essential core elements needed to create and operate a PERT team in any form, this article will discuss the more flexible feature development of the nascent PERT team. These include team planning, member composition, operational structure, benchmarking, market analysis, and rudimentary financial operations.
Visual System of the Squirrel Monkey

A few minutes’ casual observation of the arboreal acrobatics of a group of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) will serve to convince one that, as for other primates, the visual system provides these animals an extraordinarily important access to the environment. This intuition is confirmed through formal studies, which show that (1) a large portion of the neocortex in the squirrel monkey receives some visual inputs, and (2) squirrel monkeys can make keen discriminations among many features of their visual environments. This chapter reviews the literature on vision and the visual system of the squirrel monkey. To accomplish this, I first provide a sketch of the organization of the visual system, and then examine several functional features of vision that have been subjected to experimental scrutiny. Particular attention is paid to those cases where vision can be related to the anatomy and physiology of the visual system.
The outcome of patients with non-chemosensitive relapsed and refractory DLBCL salvaged with radiation therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant.

e19507Background: For patients with relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who respond to salvage chemotherapy (CMT), autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the s...
Probiotics in Disease Prevention and Treatment

Few treatments for human diseases have received as much investigation in the past 20 years as probiotics. In 2017, English-language meta-analyses totaling 52 studies determined the effect of probiotics on conditions ranging from necrotizing enterocolitis and colic in infants to constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy in adults. The strongest evidence in favor of probiotics lies in the prevention or treatment of 5 disorders: necrotizing enterocolitis, acute infectious diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infections, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and infant colic. Probiotic mechanisms of action include the inhibition of bacterial adhesion; enhanced mucosal barrier function; modulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems (including induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells); secretion of bioactive metabolites; and regulation of the enteric and central nervous systems. Future research is needed to identify the optimal probiotic and dose for specific diseases, to address whether the addition of prebiotics (to form synbiotics) would enhance activity, and to determine if defined microbial communities would provide benefit exceeding that of single-species probiotics.
Reynolds-number power-law scaling of differential molecular diffusion in turbulent nonpremixed combustion

A statistical analysis is conducted to provide support to a theoretical power-law scaling of the effect of differential molecular diffusion with respect to the Reynolds number in turbulent non-premixed combustion by using previously published direct number simulation data.
Degradable redox-responsive disulfide-based nanogel drug carriers via dithiol oxidation polymerization

Stimuli-responsive nanogels are important drug and gene carriers that mediate the controlled release of therapeutic molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis of fully degradable disulfide cross-linked nanogel drug carriers formed by oxidative radical polymerization of 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol (EDDET) as a monomer with different cross-linkers, including pentaerythritol tetramercaptoacetate (PETMA). Because the poly(EDDET) backbone repeat structure and cross-linking junctions are composed entirely of disulfide bonds, these nanogels specifically degrade to small molecule dithiols intracellularly in response to the reducing agent glutathione present inside of cells. Cross-linked nanogels were synthesized using controlled microfluidic mixing in the presence of a nonionic Pluronic surfactant PLU-127 to increase the nanogel stability. Adjusting the monomer to cross-linker ratio from 5 : 1 to 100 : 1 (mol/mol) tuned the cross-linking density, resulting in swelling ratios from 1.65 to >3. Increasing the amount of stabilizing Pluronic surfactant resulted in a decrease of nanogel diameter, as expected due to increased surface area of the resulting nanogels. The monomer to cross-linker ratio in the feed had no effect on the formed nanogel diameter, providing a way to control cross-linking density with constant nanogel size but tunable drug release kinetics. Nanogels exhibited an entrapment efficiency of up to 75% for loading of Rhodamine B dye. In vitro studies showed low cytotoxicity, quick uptake, and fast degradation kinetics. Due to the ease of synthesis, rapid gelation times, and tunable functionality, these non-toxic and fully degradable nanogels offer potential for use in a variety of drug delivery applications.
Colitis after checkpoint blockade: A retrospective cohort study of melanoma patients requiring admission for symptom control.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have revolutionized oncologic therapy but can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Corticosteroids are first-line treatment with escalation to biologic immunosuppression in refractory cases. CPI-related gastroenterocolitis (GEC) affects 20%-50% of patients receiving CPIs and can carry significant morbidity and mortality. Severe CPI-related GEC is not well-described. We present the clinical characterization of all CPI-related GEC requiring admission at a single institution. Methods Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic data were extracted from charts of all melanoma patients ≥18 years of age admitted to one institution for CPI-related GEC, from February 5, 2011 to December 13, 2016. Patients were followed until December 31, 2017 for further admissions. Survival, outcomes, and pharmaceutical-use analyses were performed. Results Median time-to-admission from initial CPI exposure was 73.5 days. Median length of stay was 4.5 days. About 50.0% required second-line immunosuppression. Readmission for recrudescence occurred in 33.3%. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade was not significantly associated with outcomes. Hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.005), relative lymphopenia (P = 0.027), and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.026) were associated with second-line immunosuppression. There was no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) or OS (P = 0.367, 0.400) for second-line immunosuppression. Subgroup analysis showed that early corticosteroid administration (P = 0.045) was associated with decreased PFS. Conclusions Severe CPI-related GEC typically manifests within 3 months of immunotherapy exposure. Rates of second-line immunosuppression and readmission for recrudescence were high. CTCAE grade did not capture the degree of severity in our cohort. Second-line immunosuppression was not associated with poorer oncologic outcomes; however, early corticosteroid exposure was associated with decreased PFS. Further investigation is warranted.
Impaired expression of ketone metabolizing enzymes in malignant gliomas: Implication for ketogenic diet therapy.

2056 Background: Malignant glial cells may have altered expression of mitochondrial enzymes that are key for deriving energy from ketones. The novel strategy of treating malignant gliomas with a ke...
85 The association between state minimum wage laws and fatal occupational injuries

Statement of Purpose Minimum wage laws (MWLs) have the potential to affect risk factors for occupational injury such as stress, job satisfaction, and health. A prior study found that increasing state MWLs was associated with an increase in non-fatal occupational injuries. This study evaluates the associations between state MWLs and fatal occupational injuries. Methods Fatal occupational injury data from 2003–2017 were obtained from the national Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. LawAtlas provided information about state MWLs. Fifty-state regressions were fitted, with state MWLs modeled as: 1) an indicator variable, when state law exceeded the federal minimum wage, in a comparative interrupted time series and 2) a continuous variable, representing the dollar value of the state minimum wage, in a Poisson regression. Model covariates included: measures of poverty, share of the state population in the riskiest industries, other laws that might affect fatal occupational injuries, and state demographic variables. Results State MWLs higher than the federal rate are associated with a nonsignificant 1.63% decrease (CI: -9.18% to +5.91%) in fatal occupational injury rates. Every one dollar increase in the state minimum wage is associated with a nonsignificant 3.43% decrease (CI: -7.80% to +1.12%) in fatal occupational injuries. Conclusion State MWLs are not associated with an increased risk of fatal occupational injuries. Concerns that raising the minimum wage will cause employers to cut back on workplace safety measures may be unfounded. Further research is needed to determine if the non-significance of the results is caused by a lack of statistical power. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science This work builds on previous literature calling low wages an occupational health hazard. It can inform discussions on whether social policy can be used to help protect workers from injuries.
A Sketching Method for Finding the Closest Point on a Convex Hull.

We develop a sketching algorithm to find the point on the convex hull of a dataset, closest to a query point outside it. Studying the convex hull of datasets can provide useful information about their geometric structure and their distribution. Many machine learning datasets have large number of samples with large number of features, but exact algorithms in computational geometry are usually not designed for such setting. Alternatively, the problem can be formulated as a linear least-squares problem with linear constraints. However, solving the problem using standard optimization algorithms can be very expensive for large datasets. Our algorithm uses a sketching procedure to exploit the structure of the data and unburden the optimization process from irrelevant points. This involves breaking the data into pieces and gradually putting the pieces back together, while improving the optimal solution using a gradient project method that can rapidly change its active set of constraints. Our method eventually leads to the optimal solution of our convex problem faster than off-the-shelf algorithms.
PIM Kinase Inhibitor, PIM447, Decreases Cancer Cell Stemness And Exhibits Synergy With Cisplatin In Hepatoblastoma

Background: Current chemotherapy regimens for hepatoblastoma include platinum-based combinations that have remained virtually unchanged over the last twenty years. The overall survival for children with advanced stage or recurrent disease utilizing these regimens remains poor. We have previously shown that Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases act as oncoproteins promoting hepatoblastoma cell survival and the cancer stem cell phenotype, which may contribute to chemoresistance. We hypothesized that PIM inhibition utilizing …
Integrity or Deterrence? The Psychology of the Exclusionary Rule

Historically, the Supreme Court has offered two justifications for the Exclusionary Rule: one, it protects the integrity of the judicial system, and two, it deters illegal searches by the police. The former justification has mostly fallen out of favor; for the past four decades decisions have turned on whether or not applying the Rule in various situations would, in fact, deter. As such, most empirical studies about the Rule have focused on whether or not in practice aggressive use of it does or does not lead to fewer police searches (illegal or otherwise), or to fewer convictions. In this study, I take a different approach, assessing support for the two competing justifications for the Rule. In two experiments, I show that people endorse the integrity justification, and fail to find much support at all for the deterrence justification. This finding is important given that the Rule is not a constitutionally-mandated remedy for illegal searches. As such, it can be ignored to the extent that (a) it does not achieve its goals and (b) undermines the perceived legitimacy of the courts by the public. If this is so, then the Court needs to be right about what those goals are, and whether or not its current jurisprudence toward the Rule does in fact enhance legitimacy. I conclude by arguing that reinvigorating the integrity justification would serve the ends of the Rule better than current doctrine does.
Comparing the effect of distance to treatment facility on reconstruction and breast conservation therapy for early-stage invasive ductal carcinoma between the nation and the mountain region

Abstract Background Our objective is to evaluate the effect of distance to facility on the use of breast conservation therapy and reconstruction for early stage breast cancer. Methods Utilizing the National Cancer Database, we identified females, age Results Nationwide, there are decreasing odds of radiation, increasing odds of mastectomy, and increasing odds of reconstruction. Patients living farther were less likely to receive radiation, more likely to undergo mastectomy, with no effect on reconstruction. Within the MR, patients living farther from their facility were less likely to receive radiation, more likely to undergo mastectomy, however, they were less likely to undergo reconstruction. Conclusions Nationwide and within the MR, patients living farther from their facility are less likely to receive radiation and more likely to undergo mastectomy. There is a disparity between the MR and the nation in use of reconstruction for this population.
Game "Finding Easter Egg" Berbasis Augmented Reality Menggunakan Algoritma A-Star

Game merupakan hiburan yang bisa dimainkan oleh segala jenis umur. Selain digunakan sebagai hiburan, game juga dapat digunakan untuk media pembelajaran. Teknologi yang digunakan pada game saat ini tak lepas dari teknologi itu sendiri, salah satunya adalah augmented reality yang memberikan pengalaman baru bagi penggunanya karena memungkinkan pemain bermain game 3D di lingkungan dunia nyata. Algoritma A-Star adalah algoritma popular untuk pencarian rute terpendek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sebuah game a ugmented reality “Finding Easter Eggs” menggunakan metode A-Star sebagai salah satu alternative untuk tetap mengadakan perlombaan mencari telur paskah di masa pandemik Covid-19. Game ini berjenis simulasi karena memungkinkan pemain mencari telur paskah menggunakan augmented reality. Penerapan algoritma A-Star digunakan sebagai fitur pencarian rute tercepat menemukan telur paskah. Game ini diterapkan pada platform android versi 6.0 menggunakan bahasa pemrograman C#. Berdasarkan pengujian yang dilakukan pada game “Finding Easter Eggs”, menunjukkan bahwa hasil maksimal game dimainkan pada area datar dengan pencahayaan yang memadai dengan ukuran area permainan 10x10 meter. Pengujian algoritma A-Star menunjukkan hasil bahwa game dapat memberikan rute tercepat dengan adanya garis bantu pada area permainan. Kata kunci — Game, Augmented Reality, A-Star
New phylogenetic Markov models for inapplicable morphological characters

This paper describes new Markov models for phylogenetic inference with inapplicable (anatomically dependent) morphological characters. It shows that the new solutions fall into two categories depending on the type of character hierarchy and require use of different Markov models. A combination of the new models and previous solutions is capable to model all general types of dependencies that may exists between morphological traits. The performance of the new models is assessed using theory and simulations. Bayesian phylogenetic inference with the new models and their construction for a hierarchy of custom complexity is demonstrated using RevBayes and the R package rphenoscate respectively.
On Far-Infrared and Submm Circular Polarization

Interstellar dust grains are often aligned. If the grain alignment direction varies along the line of sight, the thermal emission becomes circularly-polarized. In the diffuse interstellar medium, the circular polarization at far-infrared and submm wavelengths is predicted to be very small, and probably unmeasurable. However, circular polarization may reach detectable levels in infrared dark clouds and protoplanetary disks. Measurement of circular polarization could help constrain the structure of the magnetic field in infrared dark clouds, and may shed light on the mechanisms responsible for grain alignment in protoplanetary disks.
Long-term health and quality of life experiences of Vietnam veterans with combat-related limb loss.

Purpose This paper describes the long-term health and quality of life (QOL) outcomes of Vietnam veterans with combat-related limb loss.
Lotteries and the Close Shave Principle

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces importance of the lottery observation that has been exaggerated in the recent times. The lottery poses no special skeptical threat. While the lottery observation is quite correct as far as it goes, and illustrates something important about the concept of knowledge, the lottery phenomenon is also a fairly isolated one that fails to generalize in the way that has sometimes been claimed. It is the belief that the lottery observation readily generalizes that has impressed the lottery problem upon many contemporary epistemologists. Jonathan Vogel was one of the first to suggest that the phenomenon is a widespread one with potentially devastating skeptical consequences. This chapter provides various examples, but if the central thesis of this paper is correct, then it is precisely those details that are going to determine, in any particular case, whether the subject can be correctly said to know.
An Algebraic Construction of the Well-Founded Model

An algebraic method for the construction of the well-founded model of general deductive databases is presented. The method adopts paraconsistent relations as the semantic objects associated with the predicate symbols of the database. Paraconsistent relations are a generalization of ordinary relations in that they allow manipulation of incomplete as well as inconsistent information. Algebraic operators, such as union, join, selection, are defined for paraconsistent relations. The first step in the model construction method is to transform the database clauses into paraconsistent relation definitions involving these operators. The second step is to build the well-founded model iteratively. Algorithms for both steps along with arguments for their termination and correctness are presented.
The new productivity challenge.

"The single greatest challenge facing managers in the developed countries of the world is to raise the productivity of knowledge and service workers," writes Peter F. Drucker in "The New Productivity Challenge." Productivity, says Drucker, ultimately defeated Karl Marx; it gave common laborers the chance to earn the wages of skilled workers. Now five distinct steps will raise the productivity of knowledge and service workers--and not only stimulate new economic growth but also defuse rising social tensions.
Cluster‐Based Bounded Influence Regression

A regression methodology is introduced that obtains competitive, robust, efficient, high-breakdown regression parameter estimates as well as providing an informative summary regarding possible multiple outlier structure. The proposed method blends a cluster analysis phase with a controlled bounded influence (BI) regression phase, thereby referred to as cluster-based bounded influence regression, or CBI. Representing the data space via a special set of anchor points, a collection of point-addition OLS regression estimators forms the basis of a metric used in defining the similarity between any two observations. Cluster analysis then yields a main cluster ‘half-set’ of observations, with the remaining observations comprising one or more minor clusters. An initial regression estimator arises from the main cluster, with a group-additive DFFITS argument used to carefully activate the minor clusters through a BI regression frame work. CBI achieves a 50% breakdown point, is regression equivariant, scale and affine equivariant and distributionally is asymptotically normal. Case studies and Monte Carlo results demonstrate the performance advantage of CBI over other popular robust regression procedures regarding coefficient stability, scale estimation and standard errors. The dendrogram of the clustering process and the weight plot are graphical displays available for multivariate outlier detection. Overall, the proposed methodology represents advancement in the field of robust regression, offering a distinct philosophical view point towards data analysis and the marriage of estimation with diagnostic summary. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase-Variable Control of Multiple Phenotypes in Acinetobacter baumannii Strain AB5075

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075 produces colonies with two opacity phenotypes, designated opaque and translucent. These phenotypes were unstable and opaque and translucent colony variants were observed to interconvert at high frequency, suggesting that a phase-variable mechanism was responsible. The frequency of phase variation both within colonies and in broth cultures increased in a cell density-dependent manner and was mediated by the accumulation of an extracellular factor. This factor was distinct from the known A. baumannii signaling molecule 3-OH C 12 -homoserine lactone. Opaque and translucent colony variants exhibited a number of phenotypic differences, including cell morphology, surface motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence in a Galleria mellonella model. Additional clinical isolates exhibited a similar phase-variable control of colony opacity, suggesting that this may be a common feature of A. baumannii. IMPORTANCE A novel phase-variable mechanism has been identified in Acinetobacter baumannii that results in an interconversion between opaque and translucent colony phenotypes. This phase variation also coordinately regulates motility, cell shape, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. The frequency of phase variation is increased at high cell density via a diffusible extracellular signal. To our knowledge, this report presents the first example of phase variation in A. baumannii and also the first example of quorum sensing-mediated control of phase variation in a bacterium. The findings are important, as this phase-variable mechanism can be identified only via changes in colony opacity using oblique light; therefore, many researchers studying A. baumannii may unknowingly be working with different colony variants.
Capturing Implicit Policy from NCLB Test Type Assignments of Students with Disabilities

This study examined the learner characteristics and performance scores of students in the 2009 alternate assessment-modified achievement standard for one Midwestern state. Comparing performance differences by disability category for each content area from the students' 2008 test type assignments and performance scores facilitated examining the appropriateness of the 2009 test type assignment. The results raise concerns because some students with disabilities seemed to have been inappropriately assigned to test type. Students with intellectual disabilities had the lowest performances across grade level and subject area. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Controlled Nitrogen Doping and Film Colorimetrics in Porous TiO2 Materials Using Plasma Processing

Nitrogen doping of TiO2 films (N:TiO2) has been shown to improve the visible-light sensitivity of TiO2, thereby increasing the performance of both photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Inductively coupled rf plasmas containing a wide range of nitrogen precursors were used to create nitrogen-doped TiO2 films. These treatments resulted in anatase-phased materials with as high as 34% nitrogen content. As monitored with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, the nitrogen binding environments within the films were controlled by varying the plasma processing conditions. XPS peak assignments for multiple N 1s binding environments were made based on high resolution Ti 2p and O 1s XPS spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, and literature N 1s XPS peak assignments. The N:TiO2 films produced via plasma treatments displayed colors ranging from gray to brown to blue to black, paralleling the N/Ti ratios of the films. Three possible mechanisms to explain the color changes in...
Low-Temperature Rate Coefficients for Reactions of Ethynyl Radical (C2H) with Propane, Isobutane, n-Butane, and Neopentane

Low-temperature rate coefficients for the reactions of C2H + RH → products (RH = C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, and neo-C5H12) have been measured over the temperature range 154−361 K. Measurements were ma...
ORGANIZATIONAL MAINTENANCE AND THE RETENTION DECISION IN GROUPS

Understanding why members leave or remain in groups has received little attention despite its fundamental importance for organizational maintenance. In this analysis, a theory of experiential search is proposed and applied to Common Cause. Group participation is conceptualized as a process by which imperfectly informed decision makers learn about the organizations they join. This framework makes quitting understandable and provides a link between the initial membership choice and follow-up decisions.
Gelation behavior of 2H-chromene N-acylamino acid conjugates.

2H-Chromene-based conjugates of N-acyl-1,ω-amino acids (5, 9a−f, 14a−f) of natural amino acids (10a,b) and of dipeptide (10c) are prepared (60−97%) by N-acylbenzotriazole methodology in aqueous media at 20 °C. Gelation properties of the corresponding sodium salts in DMF and DMSO are generalized with respect to an increase or decrease in the chain length of the spacer.
Position-space renormalization-group approach for driven diffusive systems applied to the asymmetric exclusion model.

This paper introduces a position-space renormalization-group approach for nonequilibrium systems and applies the method to a driven stochastic one-dimensional gas with open boundaries. The dynamics are characterized by three parameters: the probability $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ that a particle will flow into the chain to the leftmost site, the probability $\ensuremath{\beta}$ that a particle will flow out from the rightmost site, and the probability p that a particle will jump to the right if the site to the right is empty. The renormalization-group procedure is conducted within the space of these transition probabilities, which are relevant to the system's dynamics. The method yields a critical point at ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}={\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}=1/2,$ in agreement with the exact values, and the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.71,$ as compared with the exact value $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.00.$
Reference Sources Describing and Summarizing the Federal Budget

Federal budget problems have been significant national issues throughout the 1980s. One can hardly read a newspaper or listen to the broadcast media without reference to budget‐related topics. Public opinion supports this concern. Seventy‐six percent of those responding to a Gallup Poll taken prior to the 1988 presidential election indicated they consider reduction of the budget deficit the new administration's top priority. An additional 21 percent believed it should be a medium priority. A second poll taken in late January 1989 found that 59 percent of the respondents favored a constitutional amendment that would require Washington to balance the budget. In 1985, the figure was only 49 percent.
Theoretical and Experimental Profiles of Fiber Fineness and Maturity Using the Shirley Micromat and the Zellweger Uster Advanced Fiber Information System Module

Past research has demonstrated that the fundamental properties of wall thickness and perimeter, computed from the fmt (Micromat model) readings, produce better correlations with the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) near-infrared high volume instrumentation (nir hvi) than similar property data from the afis fineness and maturity module. (The nir hvi analyzes about 3,000,000 fibers or 30 g, the Micromat 400,000 fibers or 4 g, and the afis 5000 fibers or 0.05 g, a single fiber at a time.) To help understand these differences in correlation, we probe the random and systematic variations in the Micromat and afis data using appropriate data analysis techniques. We present descriptive statistics and an internal correlation of paired means from replicate measurements, and we compare the fit of wall thickness versus perimeter with the expected theoretical fit. Preliminary results suggest that the Micromat is more robust in representing changes in mean wall thickness and perimeter values. Direct comparison ...
Reproduction in mice: behavioral changes induced in female mice by mating

Mated C57BL/6J females experienced in food-motivated maze running were found to make more choices and choose more correctly than virgins. The differences correlated with the receipt of spermatozoa and prior pseudopregnancy. Pregnancy, active pseudopregnancy, and male-female social interactions did not appear to be required determinants. The biologic ramifications of mating in mice may extend beyond the fusion of sperm and egg and the induction of hormonal changes that regulate the earliest stages of pregnancy.
Valproic acid-mediated Hsp70 induction and anti-apoptotic neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y cells

Valproic acid (VPA), an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, has been reported to exert neuroprotection against a variety of insults. We now show that VPA attenuates rotenone (a potent complex I inhibitor)-induced apoptosis through the induction of heat shock protein 70, which may interact with apoptotic-protease-activating factor 1. Activation of p-Akt, p-Bcl-2, as well as p-Erk1/2 by VPA may be co-contributors to the protection.
PACKAGING PRINCIPLE : HOW DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION CONTROL THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CHROMATIN

Chromatin contains DNA, the transcriptional machinery, and structural proteins such as histones. All these components together are necessary for the physiologic control of transcription. A consideration of recent advances leads to a packaging principle for gene regulation. This packaging principle states that the transcriptional activity of a gene is largely controlled by the packaging of the template within chromatin. This assumption follows from experiments that establish the covalent modification of chromatin as a major causal influence on gene activity. DNA methylation and histone acetylation alter the nucleosomal infrastructure to repress or activate transcription. These covalent modifications can have roles in both promoter-specific events and the global control of chromosomal activity. These regulatory functions are essential for vertebrate development.
Why McNemar's Procedure Needs to be Included in the Business Statistics Curriculum

In business research situations it is often of interest to examine the differences in the responses in repeated measurements of the same subjects or from among matched or paired subjects. A simple and useful procedure for comparing differences between proportions in two related samples was devised by McNemar (1947) nearly 60 years ago. Although the technique has enjoyed widespread usage in both behavioral and medical research, it has unfortunately not received proper attention in marketing, advertising, consumer research, public relations, operations management, or organizational behavior endeavors—disciplines wherein it is particularly desirable to evaluate the significance of changes in attitudes, opinions, or beliefs regarding some campaign or strategy. Perhaps the major reason for this obscurity is simply a general lack of awareness as to its value and practical power. The McNemar test is generally not currently being taught to business statistics students. It is the purpose of this article to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the McNemar procedure to these aforementioned disciplines so that it may be more appropriately employed as an important confirmatory data analysis tool within the basic business statistics curriculum.
Hemoglobin equilibrium analysis by the multiangle laser light-scattering method.

Abstract Dimer–tetramer and monomer–dimer–tetramer equilibria of tetrameric hemoglobins and their single chains in the CO form, respectively, were evaluated using the microbatch multiangle light-scattering (MALS) analysis system. The molecular weights of human Hb A and Hb F in the CO form were dependent on concentration. The dissociation constants to dimers of Hb A and Hb F were 2.58 × 10 −6 and 0.66 × 10 −6 , respectively. Equilibration of single globin chains, including α, β, and γ chains, was also evaluated by the same method. The dissociation constants of α-chain dimers to monomers, of β-chain tetramers to monomers, and of γ-chain tetramers to dimers were 14 × 10 −6 , 25 × 10 −17 , and 6.86 × 10 −6 M, respectively. These results indicate that the MALS analysis system can not only determine molecular weight but also characterize protein–protein interactions of multi-subunit proteins.
Three Empowering Curricular Innovations for Service-Learning in ESL Programs.

This article describes three service-learning projects implemented in three different ESL programs in the United States. Each description includes typical course goals, service-learning assignments, reflection activities, student learning outcomes, and pedagogical challenges. The first project was developing digital literacy through service-learning projects in southeast Michigan. In this ESL program, two groups of ESL students created two types of written publications about their service and civic engagement learning experiences. The documents were subsequently posted to the Internet. The second project involved international students at the University of Richmond. Students completed weekly service-learning by tutoring underserved children in a low-income urban neighborhood in Virginia. The third project at the University of Denver involved observing how students' attitudes changed throughout the quarter during the process of learning about and serving the homeless community using a series of five written reflections. The three service-learning projects presented in this article demonstrate how community engagement can promote a sense of empowerment in ESL students. This is accomplished by making them feel part of their community, allowing them to work cooperatively to develop authorial voice, increasing their audience awareness in writing, and fostering critical reflection that leads to a better understanding of social problems and civic responsibility.
Phenobarbital‐induced dyskinesia in a neurologically impaired child

A 2-year-old child with known neurologic impairment developed a dyskinesia soon after starting phenobarbital therapy for seizures. Known causes of movement disorders were eliminated after evaluation. On repeat challenge with phenobarbital, the dyskinesia recurred. Phenobarbital should be added to the list of anticonvulsant drugs that can cause movement disorders.
Long-Term Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Plant Community Structure on a Coastal Barrier Island Dune Chronosequence

Abstract Nitrogen limitation typically has considerable influence on plant community composition and structure on coastal barrier island dune ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to quantify plant community responses of different age dunes on a coastal barrier island in Virginia, USA to nitrogen addition. We hypothesized that nitrogen addition would increase density and cover, but with differential effects among species as a result of increased interspecific competition, and decrease species diversity. Density, cover and species diversity were monitored along a dune chronosequence on Hog Island (Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Site) over a seven year period. There were few significant changes in species dominance in control plots between 1992 and 1998; however, in fertilized plots, Ammophila breviligulata cover increased (except on the oldest dune) and Spartina patens cover decreased (except on the youngest dune). After seven growing seasons, results suggested more intense negati...
1230 PROLACTIN AND HUMAN LUNG MATURATION

We have recently shown that administration of prolactin ( 1 mg per fetus) to rabbit fetuses leads to an increase in the concentration of lung dipalmitoyllecithin (Hamosh, J. Clin. Invest. 59: 1002,1977) In the present study we have tested the relationship between serum prolactin and cortisol levels and lung maturity in premature infants. Prolactin and cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 40 premature infants between 26 and 37 weeks of gestation. Mixed cord blood was collected at delivery, centrifuged and the sera kept at -20°C until analysis. Prolactin levels ranged from 20 to 600 ng/ml; cortisol levels measured 25 to 350 ng/ml. Cord prolactin levels less than 140 ng/ml were associated with a high incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); of 18 infants with prolactin levels less than 140 ng/ml 16 (89%) had RDS. Only 27% of the infants with RDS had prolactin levels above 140 ng/ml. Two of the highest levels in this group were from infants with diabetic mothers. There was no correlation between cord serum prolactin and cortisol levels or between cortisol levels and the incidence of RSD. The data suggest that prolactin might be a trigger of lung maturation in the human fetus. (Supported by grant HD 11353 from the NIH)
Rectal mucosa stripping with abdominoperineal pull-through procedure: an anatomic and physiologic study.

Abstract The use of the seromuscular cuff of the rectum, denuded of submucosa and mucosa, as a conduit for abdominoperineal pull-through procedure has merit. The procedure is not technically difficult. Postoperative complications are minimized by careful dissection, adequate hemostasis, and appropriate postoperative drainage. The technical problems of pelvic dissection and its complications are avoided. The results of this procedure are excellent, as judged by clinical observation and functional studies, up to 2 years following surgery. Microscopically there is significant muscular atrophy and fibrosis in the muscular cuff and in the wall of the colon within the cuff. Frequently definite evidence of a double muscular wall is lacking in the distal portion of the pull through. The significance of these changes cannot be determined by this study. There was no correlation between the histologic abnormalities and functional behavior which was observed over a 2-year period. More detailed anatomic studies and a longer period of followup should clarify this apparent contradiction.
Charge states of 15-140 MeV bromine ions and 15-162 MeV iodine ions in solid and gaseous media

Graphs are presented for use in estimating equilibrium charge distributions in Br and I ion beams as they penetrate various gases and solids. Tables of the basic data are included. Additional graphs show nonequilibrium charge distributions as functions of target thickness for several Br and I ion energies for H/sub 2/, He, and Ar targets. (auth)
Characterization of metallized ceramic interfaces

Using a variety of surface analytical tools, the interfaces of several metal-ceramic composites have been characterized. Three processes that lead to the bonding of a metallizing to a ceramic substrate are illustrated. When a pure refractory metallizing is deposited onto a 94% Al2O3, bonding is achieved by glass migrating from the ceramic into the metallizing during firing. During cooling, the glass forms a mechanical-chemical bond between the ceramic and metallizing. In order to achieve bonding to a 99+% Al2O3 or 99+% BeO, the metallizing itself must contain a sufficient quantity of glass for wetting the ceramic, or be capable of forming a direct chemical bond to the ceramic.
Double cantilever shear beam model of dynamic fracture in unidirectional fibre composites

Abstract A homogeneous orthotropic double cantilever shear beam model is analysed to study Mode I dynamic fracture in unidirectional fibre composites. The analysis follows that by Freund 1 who studied dynamic fracture in homogeneous isotropic specimens. The analysed situation is the dynamic growth of a sharp crack from a blunt pre-crack with the ends of the specimen arms held at a fixed separation distance. The analysis uses an energy balance dynamic fracture criterion. Expressions for the dynamic crack extension force, the composite dynamic fracture toughness, the crack-tip speed, the crack arrest length, the crack arrest time, and the instantaneous potential and kinetic energies are derived. A dominant quantity in these results is the crack-tip bluntness parameter which is a measure of the actual pre-propagation energy in excess of the minimum pre-propagation energy for a sharp crack. The applicability of the bluntness parameter to composites as well as the general appropriateness of the shear beam model require experimental verification.
Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim's Febronius : A Censored Bishop and His Ecclesiology

In the second half of the eighteenth century, the greatest enemy of the Roman Curia was no longer French Gallicanism but German Febronianism, since it challenged papal primacy. It gained its name from the pseudonymous author of the book, De statu Ecclesiae (1763). The author, auxiliary Bishop Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, was immediately censored and later forced to sign a retraction. This essay will provide the first English synthesis and overview of the publishing history of this important work and its ecclesiology, as well as show how the Curia dealt with this dissident theologian.
Theories of Atomic Structure

IN a letter to NATURE (March 11, p. 41) S. C. Bradford stated: “The great objection to Langmuir's theory of atomic structure is the difficulty of accepting his hypothesis of stationary eletrons.” The cases cited are all discussed in G. N. Lewis's paper, “The Atom and the Molecule” (Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc, xxxviii., p. 762, April, 1916), so it is scarcely fair to Lewis to refer to the theory as “Langmuir's theory.”
The crystallographic information in localised characteristic loss electron images and diffraction patterns

Abstract The intensity distribution of energy-filtered intermediate and large energy loss images and diffraction patterns has been calculated. It is concluded that satisfactory interpretation of experimentally obtained images and diffraction patterns can only be achieved by matching with the calculated ones and that, in favourable cases, the local projected symmetry of coordination polyhedra may be determined from the observed symmetry of characteristic loss energy-filtered diffraction patterns.
Visible-light-enhanced catalytic oxidation reactions on plasmonic silver nanostructures

Catalysis plays a critical role in chemical conversion, energy production and pollution mitigation. High activation barriers associated with rate-limiting elementary steps require most commercial heterogeneous catalytic reactions to be run at relatively high temperatures, which compromises energy efficiency and the long-term stability of the catalyst. Here we show that plasmonic nanostructures of silver can concurrently use low-intensity visible light (on the order of solar intensity) and thermal energy to drive catalytic oxidation reactions--such as ethylene epoxidation, CO oxidation, and NH₃ oxidation--at lower temperatures than their conventional counterparts that use only thermal stimulus. Based on kinetic isotope experiments and density functional calculations, we postulate that excited plasmons on the silver surface act to populate O₂ antibonding orbitals and so form a transient negative-ion state, which thereby facilitates the rate-limiting O₂-dissociation reaction. The results could assist the design of catalytic processes that are more energy efficient and robust than current processes.
Confined Compression of a Tissue-Equivalent: Collagen Fibril and Cell Alignment in Response to Anisotropic Strain

A method to impose and measure a one dimensional strain field via confined compression of a tissue-equivalent and measure the resulting cell and collagen fibril alignment was developed Strain was determined locally by the displacement of polystyrene beads dispersed and entrapped within the network of collagen fibrils along with the cells, and it was correlated to the spatial variation of collagen network birefringence and concentration. Alignment of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells was determined based on the long axis of elongated cells. Cell and collagen network alignment were observed normal to the direction of compression after a step strain and increased monotonically up to 50% strain. These results were independent of time after straining over 24 hr despite continued cell motility after responding instantly to the step strain with a change in alignment by deforming/convecting with the strained network. Since the time course of cell alignment followed that of strain and not stress which, due to the viscoelastic fluid-like nature of the network relaxes completely within the observation period, these results imply cell alignment in a compacting tissue-equivalent is due to fibril alignment associated with anisotropic network strain. Estimation of a contact guidance sensitivity parameter indicates that both cell types align to a greater extent than the surrounding fibrils.