cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lender deception as a response to moral hazard

The paper considers a principal–agent relationship between a borrower and lender based on a model from Bowles (Microeconomics: behavior, institutions, & evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003). It expands the model by incorporating borrower collateral as an exogenous variable to partly assuage lender concerns about excessive risk, and a theory of lender deception is then developed. Deception is posited as a costly activity that effectively makes fraud undetectable and extracts the borrower’s economic rent arising from moral hazard despite the presence of third-party enforcement and borrower collateral. We identify under what conditions a lender may have sufficient incentives for employing deception and to what extent they would employ it. The likelihood of, and outcomes from, deception are compared between monopoly lenders those in competitive markets. The model suggests that competitive lenders have more incentive to deceive than a monopoly lender facing the same borrower.
Electronic structure of the dipositive transition metal hydrides ScH2+, TiH2+, VH2+, CrH2+ and MnH2+

The electronic structure of the dipositive transition metal hydrides ScH2+, TiH2+, VH2+, CrH2+ and MnH2+ has been studied, using MCSCF and internally contracted MRCI techniques. All electronic states that correlate with the lowest term of the dipositive transition metal and H(2S) have been studied as a function of internuclear separation, and we find that ScH2+, TiH2+, VH2+, as well as several states of CrH2+, are thermodynamically stable. The potential energy curves of MnH2+ cross the relevant repulsive M+ + H+ curves at sufficiently large separations to ensure that the character of the molecule at equilibrium is well represented by Mn2+—H. The ordering of the electronic states, their bond lengths and dissociation energies are discussed. Most interesting is the nature of the bonding and its variation as one goes from ScH2+ to MnH2+. All of these molecules have a large electrostatic component to the bonding that arises from the cation polarizing the H atom. Additionally, they have a conventional sigma bon...
Some Effects of Artificial Light on Salmon Eggs and Larvae

Abstract Eggs and resulting larvae of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed continuously to several intensities of fluorescent light (wavelength 3350 to 6000 A. with mean of 5800 A.) for a period extending from 24 hours after fertilization through absorption of the yolk-sac. At an intensity of 157 foot-candles all eggs died before the eyed stage; at 116 foot-candles all eggs died before hatching; and at 88 foot-candles mortality from premature hatching was as much as 35 percent higher than for controls incubated in near-darkness and receiving 0.02 foot-candles. Not more than 37 percent of the eggs exposed to 88 foot-candles hatched, compared to 74 percent for the controls. Most of the larvae of the 88 foot-candle group died by the time the yolk-sac was absorbed compared to a mortality of 30 percent by the controls during a similar period. Chinook salmon eggs under artificial light hatched sooner than those in near-darkness and the larvae from the light-reared group, when compared to the c...
The doctor--third parties.

Whenever one assumes this position, the first and dominating concern becomes the presidential address. These presentations have covered a spectrum of interests including pure clinical science, historical review, and assessments of the role of the society in our professional lives. I have decided to speak to you about the dramatic changes which are occurring in our professional lives and offer some suggestions for the direction in which our thinking and activities should move. The subject to be discussed is entitled "The Doctor-Third Parties." (AM. J. OBSTET. GYNECOL. 149:624, 1984.) The phrase "third party" generally invokes an association with insurance payments for medical care. However, there are now a number of other third parties in the physician's life. These include committees which direct training and education, government, practice competitors and patterns, society and consumers, and the legal profession. I should like to comment upon all these elements or, as some might call them, "intruders." I am sure that one of the reasons that many of us were attracted to medicine as a career is because of the freedom and independence it seemed to offer.
A History and Theory of Informed Consent

This volume provides a historical and conceptual review of informed consent with particular attention to the special conditions under which such consent is obtained. Topics covered by the books 10 chapters are: foundations in moral theory foundations in legal theory pronouncement and practice in clinical medicine the emergence of legal doctrine the development of consent requirements in research ethics the evolution of federal policy governing human research in the US the concept of autonomy the concepts of informed consent and competence standards of understanding and coercion manipulation and persuasion. A distinction is made between 2 concepts of informed consent--informed consent defined in terms of the conditions of a particular kind of autonomous authorization and informed consent where the nature and acceptability of effective authorizations are established by operative informed consent rules in a particular policy system. Required is a complex balancing of policy objectives moral considerations and the interests of various parties in the setting of consent requirements.
Pediatric lymphangiectasia: an imaging spectrum

Lymphangiectasia is a rarely encountered lymphatic dysplasia characterized by lymphatic dilation without proliferation. Although it can occur anywhere, the most common locations are the central conducting lymphatics and the pulmonary and intestinal lymphatic networks. Recent advances in lymphatic interventions have resulted in an increased reliance on imaging to characterize patterns of disease. To describe the patient populations, underlying conditions, and imaging features of lymphangiectasia encountered at a tertiary pediatric institution over a 10-year period and correlate these with pathology and patient outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the pathology database from 2002 to 2012 to identify patients with pathologically or surgically proven lymphangiectasia who had undergone cross-sectional imaging. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, underlying conditions, treatment and outcome. Thirteen children were identified, ranging in age from 1 month to 16 years. Five had pulmonary lymphangiectasia, four intestinal and four diffuse involvement. Pulmonary imaging findings include diffuse or segmental interlobular septal thickening, pleural effusions and dilated mediastinal lymphatics. Intestinal imaging findings include focal or diffuse bowel wall thickening with central lymphatic dilation. Diffuse involvement included dilation of the central lymphatics and involvement of more than one organ system. Children with infantile presentation and diffuse pulmonary, intestinal or diffuse lymphatic abnormalities had a high mortality rate. Children with later presentations and segmental involvement demonstrated clinical improvement with occasional regression of disease. Three children with dilated central lymphatics on imaging underwent successful lymphatic duct ligation procedures with improved clinical course. Lymphangiectasia is a complex disorder with a spectrum of presentations, imaging appearances, treatments and outcomes. Cross-sectional imaging techniques distinguish segmental involvement of a single system (pulmonary or intestinal) from diffuse disease and may show dilated central conducting lymphatics, which may benefit from interventions such as ligation or occlusion.
Acute Appendicitis in Latino Children: Do Health Disparities Exist?

Background Significant racial and socioeconomic disparities have been found in the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis in children. There has been little focus on the outcomes of Latino children with appendicitis. This study evaluates whether ethnicity or insurance status are associated with differences in presentation and outcomes of children with acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for all children between the ages of 2 and 18 y with acute appendicitis between July 1, 2005 and December 31, 2008 at the only teaching hospital in the region. χ2 and regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of ethnicity and insurance status on perforation rates and outcomes. Results A total of 410 children with acute appendicitis were identified, of whom 259 (63.2%) were Latino. Latino children were on public insurance in greater proportion (34.8% versus 19.9%) compared with non-Latino children (P = 0.001). The perforation rate for the entire sample was 29.6%. There were no significant differences in perforation rates with respect to ethnicity, insurance status (private, public, none), or age. Once within the medical system, there were no significant differences in radiologic studies performed, types of operations received, length of stay, or number of complications between ethnic groups. Conclusions There have been multiple reports showing disparities in the rates of perforated appendicitis in children. At our institution, we observed no differences in the presentation and care of children with acute appendicitis with respect to ethnicity and insurance status.
K-Band Land-Mobile Satellite Channel Characterization Using ACTS

K-band pilot tone data collected by the Advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) mobile terminal (AMT) during 1994 are used to characterize the K-band land-mobile satellite channel. The characterization is twofold: a probability density model is derived which shows that the fade exceedance levels at K-band are much higher than those at lower frequencies, particularly at L-band. Furthermore, the fade statistics are very dependent on the geometry of the surrounding environment. The difference between good and bad environments is much more pronounced at K-band than at L-band. A discrete time model is used to provide insight into the bursty nature of the errors induced by propagation effects on the channel. For a data rate of 9600 bps, the average fade duration for a fade threshold of 6dB is of the order of a few thousand bits, which corresponds to a fade duration of 2-5 ms. The fade durations are typical of those at L-band which suggests that whereas the K-band fades are more severe than those at L-band, the durations are approximately the same.
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and Cortical Blood Flow During Craniotomy for Vascular Disease

It has been demonstrated that central conduction time (CCT) is slowed and that attenuation of cortical potentials occurs with reduced cerebral perfusion. During 11 craniotomies for aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass, we continuously monitored somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and regional cortical blood flow (rCBF) as determined by a thermal flow probe. The CCT was calculated and correlated with the rCBF. In 8 of the 11 cases, the rCBF values varied within 1 SD of normal values derived from 25 measurements of nonischemic cerebral cortex. All initial CCT values were within 1 SD of normal, but 4 of 11 patients had a prolonged CCT intraoperatively. Three of these were associated with a low rCBF (14 to 31 ml/100 g/minute). One patient had postoperative confusion at the time of discharge. One patient who underwent AVM embolization had a permanent loss of SSEPs postoperatively, and his preexisting hemiparesis was more profound after operation. Finally, 1 patient's CCT improved after EC-IC bypass. This is a preliminary study that demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring CCT and rCBF during craniotomy. When rCBF values fall and the CCT slows, neurological deficit will probably occur.
ESTABLISHING A STEMI SYSTEM OF CARE FOR CHICAGO: COMPLEXITIES AND SOLUTIONS

Systems of care for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are recommended by practice guidelines. The City of Chicago deployed a STEMI system on May 15, 2012. The purpose of this study was to delineate the process by which a prehospital 12 lead ECG system was implemented
Denaturation of Cottage Cheese Whey Proteins by Heat

Abstract The proteins in Cottage cheese whey were comparatively stable to heat; thirty minutes at 91C were required to denature 80% of the proteins, whereas 81C for 30min denatured the same amount of protein in skimmilk. The Harland-Ashworth test provided a reasonably accurate index to the extent of heat denaturation, if the pH of the whey was adjusted to 5.4-6.5 immediately prior to analysis. The observed whey protein stability did not result from the presence of lactate ion, but resulted from the low pH of the whey. No significant increase in heat denaturation rate was obtained by concentrating the whey prior to heating. Maximum heat stability was usually observed in whey concentrates containing 20% total solids. During heating, the buffering capacity of the Cottage cheese whey was reduced.
Evaluation of the patient for occupational immunologic lung disease.

Abstract Careful evaluation of the worker patient is essential to detect occupational immunologic disease (OILD) and to define the source of the illness. The history is essential, especially in view of the temporal relationships between symptoms and exposure; the presence of variable latent periods between exposure and symptoms must be considered. Once OILD is suspected, additional evaluation is of value. Physical examination may be normal or may detect features of asthma or interstitial disease, depending on the stage of the illness. Chest x-ray evaluation may also reflect the type and stage of illness. Serologic studies may detect precipitating antibodies against environmental antigens. Skin tests with common antigens are useful in detecting an atopic background. Environmental studies may reveal particular antigens in the form of fungi, thermophilic actinomycetes, or chemicals that are volatile, soluble, or could be aerosolized. Pulmonary function studies before and after the work shift or after a period of avoidance nay provide clues as to the environmental nature of the illness. Bronchopulmonary challenge with occupational environmental materials may be valuable in obtaining a definitive diagnosis. Therapy of OILD depends on the worker's response, degree of illness, and feasibility of avoidance of protection.
Visualizing complexity and uncertainty about climate change and sea level rise

In this paper, we discuss the use of visual representations to assist people in understanding complex information about sea level rise and climate change. We report on the results of a 2011 study in which we conducted plus-minus document usability evaluations of documents describing the mechanisms and consequences of sea-level rise in coastal areas. The protocol included 40 participant interviews and post interview quizzes. We tested with three documents, one that presented information for the U.S. southeastern coastal region and two that presented information "localized" for the two areas in which we conducted the research. Findings indicate that participants had difficulty with information presented in graphs and maps and that, while they indicated preferences for localized information, localized images did not improve understanding of complex information.
AAEM minimonograph #34: Polyneuropathy: Classification by nerve conduction studies and electromyography

Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected polyneuropathy is useful for detecting and documenting peripheral abnormalities, identifying the predominant pathophysiology, and determining the prognosis for certain disorders. The electrodiagnostic classification of polyneuropathy is associated with morphologic correlates and is based upon determining involvement of sensory and motor fibers and distinguishing between predominantly axon loss and demyelinating lesions. Accurate electrodiagnostic classification leads to a more focused and expedient identification of the etiology of polyneuropathy in clinical situations.
Drug Courts: An Interview With Dr. Michael Fendrich

The first drug court was launched in Dade County, Florida, in 1989, and there are now close to 2,500 such courts across the United States (Huddleston & Marlowe, 2011). A drug court is a specific co...
A general framework for generating convex yield surfaces for anisotropic metals

The aim of this paper is to develop a general procedure to create yield surfaces (both isotropic and anisotropic) for elastic plastic metals with particular reference to sheet metal forming operations. Due to the fact that the forming limit of sheet metals requires a very accurate prediction of the yield limits and their normals, it is desirable to create yield functions that offer independent control of the yield points and the normal to the yield surface at a particular stress state without affecting its global convexity properties and the yield points at other states of stress. We achieve this by creating a class of yield surfaces that are obtained by the intersection of a number of elementary convex surfaces (such as planes and cylinders); the edges and corners that are a result of the intersection are smoothened by aL p-norm smoothing technique to give rounded corners. The yield surfaces generated by this procedure are centrosymmetric in nature and are thus limited in their applicability. We show that many of the standard yield surfaces can be recast into this form. We obtain a new yield surface that fits the experiments obtained for the 6022-T4 aluminum alloy as reported by Barlat et al. [1]. The same yield surface is also used to fit the results of the Taylor-Bishop-Hill polycrystal theory applied to a material with copper texture. The data were obtained from Choi et al. [2].
Canonical restricted mixed-polarity exclusive-OR sums of products and the efficient algorithm for their minimisation

The concept of canonical restricted mixed polarity (CRMP) exclusive-OR sum of products forms is introduced. The CRMP forms include the inconsistent canonical Reed-Muller forms and the fixed-polarity Reed-Muller (FPRM) forms as special cases. The set of CRMP forms is included in the set of exclusive-OR sum-of-product (ESOP) expressions. An attempt to characterise minimal CRMP forms for completely specified Boolean functions is presented as well as an insight into the complexity of computation needed to find such a form. Some fundamental properties unique to CRMPs are proven. It is also proven that the upper bound on the number of terms in the CRMP form is smaller than that in the conventional normal forms and equal to that of the ESOPs. A theorem providing a lower bound on the number of CRMP terms is given. Finally, based on these theoretical results, a heuristic algorithm and its implementation to obtain a quasiminimal CRMP form for a multioutput function are presented.
Role of Inelastic Electron-Phonon Scattering in Ultra-Scaled Phase Change Material Nanostructures

The electron transport properties of ultra-scaled amorphous phase change material (PCM) GeTe are studied using non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF). The inelastic electron-phonon scattering is included using Born approximation. It is shown that, in ultra-scaled PCM device with 6 nm channel length, less than 4% of the energy carried by the incident electrons from the source is transferred to the atomic lattice before reaching the drain, indicating that the electron transport is largely elastic. Our simulation results show that the inelastic electron-phonon scattering, which plays an important role to excite trapped electrons in bulk PCM devices, exerts very limited influence on the current density value and the shape of current-voltage curve of ultra-scaled PCM devices. The analysis reveals that the Poole-Frenkel law and the Ohm’s law, which are the governing physical mechanisms of the bulk PCM devices, cease to be valid in the ultra-scaled PCM devices.
UNTANGLED: A Game Environment for Discovery of Creative Mapping Strategies

The problem of creating efficient mappings of dataflow graphs onto specific architectures (i.e., solving the place and route problem) is incredibly challenging. The difficulty is especially acute in the area of Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) to the extent that solving the mapping problem may remove a significant bottleneck to adoption. We believe that the next generation of mapping algorithms will exhibit pattern recognition, the ability to learn from experience, and identification of creative solutions, all of which are human characteristics. This manuscript describes our game UNTANGLED, developed and fine-tuned over the course of a year to allow us to capture and analyze human mapping strategies. It also describes our results to date. We find that the mapping problem can be crowdsourced very effectively, that players can outperform existing algorithms, and that successful player strategies share many elements in common. Based on our observations and analysis, we make concrete recommendations for future research directions for mapping onto CGRAs.
Spatially-resolved heat transfer and flow structure in a rectangular channel with pin fins

Abstract Spatially-resolved Nusselt numbers and flow structural characteristics are presented for a stationary channel with an aspect ratio of 8 and a staggered array of pin fins between two of the surfaces. Local Nusselt numbers, measured on one endwall, are highest beneath primary and secondary horseshoe vortices located just upstream of individual pins, beneath pin wakes, and downstream of the pins, in regions where shear layers are positioned between the wakes behind the pins and the higher speed flow away from an individual pin. Also important are intense, highly unsteady secondary flows and vortex pairs (evident in flow visualizations and time-averaged surveys), which increase secondary advection and turbulent transport over the entire channel cross-section.
Chemical and dynamical speciation of mobile ions in the glassy fast ionic conductor Ag2S+B2S3+SiS2: A 109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance study

${}^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$ NMR in the highly conductive glass ${0.525\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}+0.475(0.5\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}{+0.5\mathrm{SiS}}_{2})$ was investigated from 230 to 433 K. The ${}^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$ NMR spectra reveal for the first time three well resolved lines corresponding to three kinds of chemically speciated Ag ions in sites with different chemical shifts in a macroscopically homogeneous glass. This chemical speciation of Ag ions is discussed in relation to the microstructure of the glass. As the temperature is increased, the three lines that originate from three different species of ions are narrowed, but these lines exist independently up to 433 K, the highest temperature measured. Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates (NSLR's), ${1/T}_{1},$ were also measured. Two relaxation processes were found; one is associated with two of the chemically speciated Ag ions and the other is associated with the other Ag ions. The two different NSLR's gradually approach a common value as the temperature is increased, and finally exhibit a common relaxation rate at and above 373 K. From the results of the NMR spectra and of the NSLR's, which observe the ion dynamics on different time scales, it is concluded that the silver ions move fast within separate clusters of similar chemical environments (\ensuremath{\gg}kHz), but exchange among the three different clusters at relatively slow rates (\ensuremath{\leqslant}100 Hz) above 373 K. From the time the ions reside at any one site, the mean free path of the ions is estimated.
Suspension Mechanism Synthesis for Linear Toe Curves

We present an algorithm for synthesizing the attachment point locations of the tie-rod of an automotive suspension, to achieve linear toe change characteristics with jounce and rebound of the wheel. This behavior is considered desirable for achieving good ride and handling. The algorithm reduces the synthesis problem to the computation of the center and normal of a circle, given the coordinates of 3 points on the circle. This procedure is significant because it eliminates numerous cycles of design iterations in traditional analysis-based design methods. Furthermore, the locus of acceptable solutions allows the designer to comply with suspension packaging constraints.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility loci in a large Chinese family.

OBJECTIVES The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) comprising Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are complex genetic diseases, which result from an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental triggers. The aim of our study was to dissect the genetic predisposition to GD and HT in one large Chinese family with multiple members affected with AITD. PATIENTS We completed a whole genome screen of a large multiplex Chinese-American family. We enrolled 27 family members from three generations. Eight members were affected with AITD, six had GD and two had HT. DESIGN We determined the information limits of the family. Power calculations indicated that the maximum attainable LOD scores were 5.1 assuming dominant inheritance, and 3.4 assuming recessive inheritance. These estimates both assumed 100% penetrance and one gene. Whole genome screening was performed using 400 highly polymorphic and densely spaced microsatellite markers spanning the entire human genome (intermarker distance < 10 cM). Linkage analysis was performed using two-point and multipoint parametric and nonparametric methods. RESULTS Initial whole genome screening performed with 400 microsatellite markers identified two markers that showed evidence for linkage to AITD in this family, D11S4191 and D9S175, with two-point LOD scores of 2.31 and 2.05, respectively. Multipoint linkage analysis focusing on the regions containing these markers revealed a maximum multipoint LOD score (MLS) of 2.13 and a nonparametric linkage score (NPL) of 6.1 for D11S4191 and an MLS of 2.01 and NPL of 7.5 for D9S175. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that this Chinese family harboured susceptibility loci for AITD which were distinct from those previously found in the Caucasian population. This suggests that different susceptibility loci exist between different ethnic groups. Furthermore, even within a single family from a genetically homogenous population, more than one gene was involved in the genetic susceptibility to AITD, supporting the notion that AITDs are caused by multiple genes of varying influences.
The Use of Rated Blood Flow to Describe the Oxygenating Capability of Membrane Lungs

Abstract The oxygenating efficiency of the 1.0 m. 2 General Electric-Peirce and the 1.5 m. 2 Travenol membrane lungs was studied using a venoarterial bypass circuit in dogs. Oxygen transfer (o 2 ) and Sa o 2 values were compared at consecutive increases in blood flow (). Each lung demonstrated, within limits, a direct relationship between and o 2 . An inverse relationship between and Sa o 2 occurred at flows between 0.75 to 1.0 L./min./m. 2 and 0.835 to 1.0 L./min./m. 2 in the 1.0 m. 2 (General Electric-Peirce) and the 1.5 m. 2 (Travenol) lungs, respectively. These data reflect the inappropriateness of using o 2 in describing the performance of an oxygenating device. Rated flow, which is the maximum flow at which an oxygenating device will maintain an Sa o 2 of ≥ 95% when presented with blood having an Sv o 2 of 60 to 75% and a hematocrit of 40 to 42%, more completely reflects the capability of an oxygenating device.
BLUNT CAROTID ARTERY TRAUMA: A CASE REPORT

Blunt carotid artery trauma represents only 3% of all carotid artery injuries, but 42% of reported cases have been associated with severe neurologic deficits. We present a case of blunt injury to the right internal carotid artery with subsequent thrombosis and neurologic deficit. Computed tomography (CT) of the head without contrast was normal, a finding that emphasizes the importance of obtaining carotid arteriograms in any patient with a focal neurologic deficit but a normal CT of the head. We review the incidence, mechanism, presentation, and treatment of blunt carotid injuries. We also stress the importance of observing for blunt carotid injuries in the patient with blunt cervical trauma in order to allow earlier intervention, since patient outcome is dependent on that early recognition and intervention.
THE NATURE OF THE ANEMIA OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT1

Although the anemia of pregnancy in the rat was once thought to be attributed to nutritional deficiencies, some experiments (Mitchell and Miller, 1931; Beard and Myers, 1933; Van Donk, Feldmen and Steenbock, 1934) demonstrated the inadequacy of dietary supplements in the prevention of this condition. The importance of the placenta in the development and maintenance of pregnancy anemia in the rat was demonstrated and the possibility of an endocrine basis for the anemia was suggested (Newcomer, 1947). In none of these experiments was the exact nature of the anemia described, although hemodilution was suggested because erythrocyte changes paralleled hemoglobin changes. In this investigation the nature of absolute and relative changes in some of the blood constituents during pregnancy in the rat was determined. Studies were made on the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, whole blood and plasma specific gravities, and blood volume at three stages of pregnancy in rats.
Beyond the manual: The insider's guide to panic control treatment

On the basis of our combined clinical experience in treating patients with panic disorder (PD) using the Mastery of Anxiety and Panic therapist guide Barlow and Craske, 2000 , Craske, et al, 2000 and in supervising others in its use, we felt that there were additional issues to consider that could assist therapists conducting CBT for PD. We divide the paper into 6 sections: general principles, psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure, situational exposure, and consolidating treatment gains/termination. We hope that these clinically practical strategies facilitate the dissemination of this effective treatment.
Restricted Set Addition in Groups I: The Classical Setting

We survey the existing and prove several new results for the cardinality of the restricted doubling 2 A = {a′+a′′ : a, a ∈ A, a 6= a′′}, where A ⊆ G is a subset of the set of elements of an (additively written) group G. In particular, we improve known estimates for G = Z and G = Z/pZ and give a first-of-a-kind general estimate valid for arbitrary G. 1. Background, motivation and summary of results Let G be an arbitrary group. We use additive notation for the group operation in G, as all particular groups that appear in this paper (excluding the Appendix) are Abelian; however, no commutativity is assumed in general, unless indicated explicitly. Let A ⊆ G and B ⊆ G be finite non-empty subsets of the set of all elements of G. How small can be the set A+B = {a+ b : a ∈ A, b ∈ B} of all elements representable as a sum of an element of A and an element of B? Though this and related problems are studied in numerous papers, almost nothing is known about the cardinality of the set A +B = {a+ b : a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a 6= b} of all sums with distinct summands. We are primarily interested in B = A and we abbreviate 2A = A + A and 2 A = A +A. The first case one might think of is G = Z, the group of integers. Here we can shift A to make its minimum element 0 and then divide through all the shifted elements by their greatest common divisor — this normalization, clearly, does not affect the cardinalities of 2A and 2 A. We denote then by l the maximum element of, and by n the cardinality of A. Thus, there is no loss of generality in writing A ⊆ [0, l], 0, l ∈ A, gcd(A) = 1, |A| = n. It was proved by G. Freiman over 30 years ago (see [5]) that under this notation |2A| ≥ min{l, 2n− 3}+ n = { l + n, if l ≤ 2n− 3, 3n− 3 if l ≥ 2n− 2, 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 11B75; Secondary: 05D99, 20F99. 1
Cosmic-ray generation by pulsars

Electromagnetic and particle energy fluxes are equipartitioned in a superrelativistic plasma wave. The consequences for cosmic-ray acceleration by pulsars are investigated.
My Sibling's but Not My Friend's Keeper: Reasoning about Responses to Aggressive Acts:

This research examined early adolescents' social cognitions about the role a peer plays as a bystander when an aggressor is either a sibling or a friend. One-hundred eleven subjects from 4th, 6th, and 8th grades were posed questions about whether a bystander of an aggressive act would intervene and, if yes, how; whether it would be wrong not to intervene; and in which bystander relationships (sibling or friend) would it be more wrong to ignore the aggressive act. With increasing age, fewer participants indicated that a bystander would intervene and should intervene. Female participants expected their same gender peers to intervene. The results also indicated that a bystander was expected to respond to a sibling, as compared to a friend, and that it would be more wrong not to intervene when an aggressor was a sibling than when an aggressor was a friend. There were grade differences in bystander's expected behavior
Coronavirus-induced membrane fusion requires the cysteine-rich domain in the spike protein.

The spike glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 mediates the early events leading to infection of cells, including fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The spike is a type I membrane glycoprotein that possesses a conserved transmembrane anchor and an unusual cysteine-rich (cys) domain that bridges the putative junction of the anchor and the cytoplasmic tail. In this study, we examined the role of these carboxyl-terminal domains in spike-mediated membrane fusion. We show that the cytoplasmic tail is not required for fusion but has the capacity to enhance membrane fusion activity. Chimeric spike protein mutants containing substitutions of the entire transmembrane anchor and cys domain with the herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (gD-1) anchor demonstrated that fusion activity requires the presence of the A59 membrane-spanning domain and the portion of the cys domain that lies upstream of the cytoplasmic tail. The cys domain is a required element since its deletion from the wild-type spike protein abrogates fusion activity. However, addition of the cys domain to fusion-defective chimeric proteins was unable to restore fusion activity. Thus, the cys domain is necessary but is not sufficient to complement the gD-1 anchor and allow for membrane fusion. Site-specific mutations of conserved cysteine residues in the cys domain markedly reduce membrane fusion, which further supports the conclusion that this region is crucial for spike function. The results indicate that the carboxyl-terminus of the spike transmembrane anchor contains at least two distinct domains, both of which are necessary for full membrane fusion.
Aging and otitis media as sources of variance in the rat auditory brainstem response.

Abstract Auditory brainstem response (ABR) latencies were examined in normal female Sprague-Dawley rats at 6 months of age and in 10–12 month old animals which tested positive for Mycoplasma pulmonis, a frequently implicated pathogen in otitis media. Significant differences in the peak latencies of Waves I, II and IIIn were found between the two age groups. A significant age by intensity interaction effect was also identified for Waves II and IIIn. Since the age-related effects observed in Wave I were similarly reflected in Waves II and IIIn, it was concluded that the group differences were due to alterations of the auditory periphery and not to changes in the central auditory system.
Saving, Spending, and Self-Control: Cognition versus Consumer Culture

Recent economic literature puts forth “behavioral” perspectives on self-control as a means of understanding oddities of consumer behavior: spending too much, saving too little, borrowing too much on costly credit cards. This article argues that the behavioral emphasis on cognition overlooks the extent to which issues of self-control are framed, elaborated, and sustained as problematics of contemporary consumer culture. As such, they are rooted as much in the social, cultural, and economic dynamics of capitalism as they are in the human mind.
Heavy ion excitation and photon decay of giant resonances

Results are presented for excitation of giant multipole resonances by inelastic scattering of 350 and 500 MeV /sup 16/O projectiles from /sup 90/Zr and /sup 208/Pb. The giant quadrupole resonance is excited with large cross sections and a very large resonance peak to continuum ratio is obtained. Extracted cross sections agree with DWBA calculations which use standard collective model form factors. Using 380 MeV 170 to excite the giant resonances, the ..gamma..-ray decay has been measured for the giant quadrupole resonance region of /sup 208/Pb. 10 references.
Comparative effects of chlorpromazine, methylprednisolone, and allopurinol during small bowel preservation.

Summary A model for small bowel preservation and transplantation was established, consisting of thirty minutes of warm ischemia and twenty-four hours of hypothermic pulsatile perfusion with cryoprecipitated plasma. Unless allopurinol was added to the perfusate, all recipient dogs died within a few days after transplantation. Chlorpromazine and methylprednisolone had no protective effect in the concentrations utilized.
The CSCE's (im)possibilities for preventive diplomacy in the context of ethnic conflict

This article examines the CSCE response to ethnic conflict in the post-Cold War in terms of the High Commissioner on National Minorities' early warning and conflict prevention capabilities in the broader context of the CSCE's potentialities in this area. First, the special challenges of ethnic strife for conflict prevention are examined. Second, the implementation of the CSCE mechanisms and of the High Commissioner mandate is analyzed in terms of the different levels of CSCE involvement as conflict moves from the early warning to the crisis management phase. The role of the High Commissioner in the Baltic States, and the various functions served by the CSCE missions deployed to different conflict and potential conflict zones are highlighted. The conclusions reflect in preliminary fashion on the (im)possibilities of the CSCE approaches for contributing to regional peace and security in the post-Cold War period, and the ways in which CSCE cooperation with other international institutions and non-governmental actors may enhance its capacity to accomplish its objectives.
Analysis of Hydroperoxides in Solid Polyethylene by MAS (13)C NMR and EPR

{sup 13}C-enriched polyethylene was subjected to {gamma}-irradiation in the presence of air at 25 and 80 C for total doses ranging from 71 to 355 kGy. Significant quantities of hydroperoxides were detected in the 25 C irradiated sample by {sup 13}C magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. This method of detection was performed on the solid polymer and required no chemical derivatization or addition of solvent. The chemical stability and subsequent products of the hydroperoxide species were studied by annealing the irradiated samples in air at temperatures ranging from 22 to 110 C. A time-temperature superposition analysis provided an activation energy of 108 kJ/mol for the hydroperoxide decomposition process. The primary products of hydroperoxide decomposition were ketones and secondary alcohols with lesser amounts of acids and esters. EPR measurements suggest that the reactive hydroperoxide species reside in the amorphous phase of polyethylene, consistent with degradation occurring in the amorphous phase.
Natural Environment and Human Culture: Defining Terms and Understanding Worldviews

The terms nature and natural each have several different meanings, which can lead to confusion in communications about environmental issues. One approach to clarifying discussion, frequently used in the sciences, is to develop precise, operational definitions of terminology. We argue that this approach can be ineffective when applied to multifaceted conceptual terms such as nature, natural, and culture. We think the range of legitimate meanings for these terms may be better communicated by historical accounts of use that describe the assumptions, contexts, and worldviews associated with different interpretations. These accounts do not resolve disagreement but can help clarify the basis for it, and open up new avenues of inquiry. In this paper, we examine the terms nature, natural environment, environmental change, and environmental degradation. A recent article in this journal offered precise definitions of the last three of these terms that were based on the idea that natural is that which is relatively uninfluenced by human culture. Although this is a commonly accepted meaning of natural, we contend that this meaning needs to be carefully scrutinized. We identify specific problems with this usage and offer an account of use of the term nature, which we think provides a more thorough understanding of how nature and natural have been used and understood in different contexts. Since the term natural can be understood several different ways, communication of any particular meaning requires careful articulation of the intended meaning in light of several alternative interpretations.
Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Accelerometer-Derived Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in the General Population

Objective To determine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behavior, independent of exercise activity.
Chiral CE Separation of Dopamine-Derived Neurotoxins

An enantiomeric separation of dopamine-derived neurotoxins by capillary electrophoresis has been developed. Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), dopamine (DA), (R/S)-1-benzyl-TIQ (BTIQ), (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl-TIQ (salsolinol, Sal), and (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1, 2-dimethyl-TIQ (N-methyl-salsolinol, NMSal) were studied as model compounds. The CE running buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 3.0) contained 1.5 M urea and 12 mM β-CD as a chiral selector. During separation, the (R)-enantiomers formed more stable inclusion complexes with β-CD, and thus had a longer migration time than their optical antipodes. It was noticed that the recovery rates of these TIQ derivatives were very poor (< 15%) during protein precipitation, a procedure widely used for cleaning up biological samples. The recovery was significantly improved by pre-mixing the sample with a surfactant (e.g., sodium hexanesulfonate or Triton X-100) to reduce the co-precipitation. The present method in combination with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was applied to study samples obtained from in vitro incubation of two catecholamines, dopamine and epinine, with aldehydes forming neurotoxins including (S)- and (R)-NMSal enantiomers. The later is known to induce Parkinsonism in rats.
Modelling mixing problems with differential equations gives rise to interesting questions

We discuss a variation of a routine salt mixing problem offered in a differential equations course. We further discuss problems which arise in the approach and solution, both professorial and student problems.
Cultural policy and the dynamics of stadium development

Cities across the United States increasingly turn to culture industries as a way to revitalize their urban cores and re-image themselves to both residents and prospective visitors. It is expected t...
Structures and phase transitions in colloidal dispersions from theory and simulation

Equilibrium properties of uncharged colloidal dispersions with particles interacting via harsh short-ranged repulsive forces and strong short-ranged attractive forces are determined by means of an approach in which colloids are treated as supramolecular versions of simple fluids. The interparticle interactions are represented by short-ranged square-well potentials. Structure factors and phase diagrams for the dispersions are determined analytically by mapping the square-well potential onto the adhesive-hard-sphere model by equating the respective second virial coefficients. Theoretical predictions are compared with molecular simulation results for the conditions relevant to real colloidal dispersions, Our results show that the ad lies adhesive-hard-sphere model can describe accurately structure factors and phase diagrams of nonionic microemulsions and inverted micellar systems containing .AOT surfactant dispersed in oil. Both upper-critical and lower-critical consolute points in colloidal dispersions dominated by short-ranged attractive forces can be described using the same formalism.
Reafferent thalamo-“cortical” loops in the song system of oscine songbirds

Songbirds have a complex vocal repertoire, much of which is learned by imitation. The vocal motor system of songbirds includes a set of telencephalic pathways dedicated to the acquisition and production of learned song. The main vocal motor pathway goes from the high vocal center (HVC) to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), which in turn innervates mesencephalic and medullary nuclei involved in vocalization. We used neural tract tracers (biotinylated dextran amines, fluorescein- and rhodamine-linked dextran amines, and Fluorogold) to show that RA of adult male canaries (Serinus canaria) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) sends an ipsilateral projection to the posterior portion of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (DMP). DMP projects to the medial portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (mMAN), which is known to project to HVC, forming a feedback circuit. We also observed that the projection from DMP to mMAN is bilateral. Extracellular multi-unit recordings from awake restrained subjects have demonstrated that mMAN has auditory responses that are selective for the bird's own song. These auditory responses are similar to responses recorded simultaneously in HVC, but with a longer latency, suggesting that mMAN receives auditory information from HVC through the circuit we have described. We also saw a weaker projection from RA to the medial part of the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus (DLM), which is known to project to the lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN). lMAN is known to project to RA, completing yet another feedback circuit; lMAN is also part of the anterior forebrain pathway, which plays an essential role in song learning. These thalamo-telencephalic circuits are similar to thalamo-cortical circuits found in mammalian motor systems, and we suggest that the signals carried by these loops may be important for song perception, song learning, song production, and/or the bilateral coordination of vocal motor commands. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:275–290, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of school inputs on labor market returns that account for selective migration

Abstract In this paper, I estimate the effect of state school inputs on labor market returns to schooling. The method follows Card and Krueger (1992) and Heckman et al. (1996) , but I extend their analysis in two ways. First, I correct state-level returns to schooling for selective migration, adapting a method from Dahl (2002) . Second, I use more recent data and assess the degree to which the 1999 labor market capitalized school inputs (with 2000 Census data). Higher state-level school inputs are associated with higher returns to schooling after correcting for selective migration. These positive effects are present in all Census years I study.
Erratum to “A meso measure? Examination of the levels of analysis of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)” [The Leadership Quarterly 20 (2009) 604–616]

The statement made in Schriesheim, Wu, and Scandura (2009) that the MLQ is available free of charge from the publisher is incorrect. It is available for scientific research purposes for a nominal fee. Please contact the publisher at www.mindgarden.com for further information concerning availability of the MLQ and its related documentation. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused by their misstatement and appreciate the opportunity to correct it.