cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
αvβ integrins play an essential role in BMP-2 induction of osteoblast differentiation

Both integrins and BMP-2 exert similar effects on osteoblasts. We examined the relationship between the αv-containing integrins (αvβ) and BMP-2 in osteoblast function. BMP-2 stimulates αvβ expression. BMP-2 receptors co-localize/overlap with αvβ integrins, and the intact function of αvβ is essential in BMP-2 activity. Introduction: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 not only induces osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix mineralization, but also stimulates osteoblast migration on and adhesion to bone matrix proteins. The αvβ- and β1- (αβ1) containing integrins mediate osteoblast interaction with many bone matrix proteins and play important roles in osteoblast adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Because αvβ integrins and BMP-2 share common effects on osteoblasts, we analyzed their relationship in osteoblast function. Materials and Methods: The effects of BMP-2 on integrin expression were determined by surface labeling/immunoprecipitation and cell adhesion to matrix proteins. Confocal analysis of the immunostained cells and co-immunoprecipitation of cell extracts were used to study the spatial relationship between integrins and BMP-2 receptors. A function-blocking anti-αvβ integrin antibody (L230) was employed to investigate the roles of αvβ integrins in BMP-2 function. Results: Human osteoblasts (HOBs) express αβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, and αvβ8 integrins at focal adhesion sites. BMP-2 increases the levels of these integrins on osteoblast surface and enhances HOB adhesion to osteopontin and vitronectin. Immunoprecipitation and immunostaining analyses show that BMP-2 receptors co-localize or overlap with αvβ and αβ1 integrins. Incubation of HOBs with L230 abolishes the antiproliferative effect of BMP-2 and reduces the capacity of BMP-2 to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein. Furthermore, L230 prevents BMP-2 induction of matrix mineralization. Although BMP-2 retains its receptor-binding capability in the presence of L230, BMP-2 stimulation of Smad signaling is abolished by L230. Conclusion: BMP-2 upregulates the expression of αvβ integrins, and these integrins, in turn, play a critical role in BMP-2 function in osteoblasts.
Stochastic syntactic analysis for programmed grammars and syntactic pattern recognition

In this paper, some properties of stochastic context-free programmed grammars arepresented. By illustrative examples, the class of stochastic context-free programmed grammars is shown to be quite effective in characterizing the structures of some pictorial patterns. Two stochastic syntactic-analysis algorithms for stochastic context-free programmed grammars are introduced. It is shown that the stochastic analyzer with a fixed strategy would require the least average number of steps to recognize the language generated by a stochastic context-free programmed grammar, while the stochastic syntactic analyzer with a random strategy would be useful in the case where the probability information associated with the stochastic context-free programmed grammar is incomplete or inaccurately known. The performance of the stochastic syntactic analyzer with a random strategy would be better than that of the nondeterministic syntactic analyzer proposed earlier. The use of the proposed stochastic syntactic-analysis algorithm with a fixed strategy for syntactic pattern recognition is illustrated by a chromosome patternclassification experiment.
Changes in immunoCompetenCe and other physiologiCal measures during molt in Brown-headed CowBirds (Molothrus ater)

ABSTRACT. We tested one of the foundational hypotheses of the field of ecological immunology: that it is difficult for animals to simultaneously carry out two or more especially demanding physiological processes at optimal levels because of energy needs or other factors that cause tradeoffs among competing components of life history. We investigated possible effects of molt (a costly life-history stage that all birds share) on three physiological parameters in 32 male and female Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We measured hematocrit, corticosterone levels (CORT), and the bactericidal competence (BC) of blood plasma by drawing blood from the birds before, twice during, and twice after their molt from late July to early September 2009. In accordance with our predictions, BC dropped during molt for both males and females. Interestingly, BC recovered faster after molt ended in males, and female BC remained depressed for the rest of our sampling period. Hematocrit also dropped during the molt but retur...
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy that Includes HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

Since their introduction, hepatotoxicity has been associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). However, the complexity of the HIV-infected patient and the combinations of medications used to treat HIV complicate the understanding of the independent effects of PIs in the development of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). I discuss the current understanding of PI-associated hepatotoxicity. Of the PI regimens studied, the greatest risk of DILI has been observed among patients receiving full-dose ritonavir. Similarly, hepatitis B and/or C virus coinfection has been associated with a greater risk of DILI, compared with those with no hepatitis. Although the specific mechanism by which viral hepatitis increases this risk is not known, patients with cirrhosis may have decreased cytochrome P450 activity, leading to increased PI exposure. Clearly, further research is needed to define the interaction of PIs and chronic viral hepatitis in the development of DILI.
The corkscrew sign in hypothenar hammer syndrome.

Abstract Arteriography of an adult manual labourer presenting with numbness and cold intolerance in the middle and ring fingers of the right hand demonstrated filling defects in the digital arteries of these two fingers associated with a corkscrew-like configuration of the ulnar artery in Guyon's canal. This arterial segment was subsequently excised revealing intramural necrosis and fibrosis and non-occlusive intraluminal thrombosis. An arteriogram performed 2 years previously for an unrelated condition revealed a similar but less pronounced corkscrew configuration of the artery, suggesting that this finding could be a marker for arterial injury which may eventually lead to embolization or thrombosis with accompanying ischaemic symptoms.
The Bergman Kernel of Complex Ovals and Multivariable Hypergeometric Functions

Abstract We compute explicitly the Bergman and Szego kernels for a class of pseudoconvex domains. The kernels are expressed in terms of Appell's multivariable hypergeometric functions. These explicit formulas are applied to investigate the asymptotic behavior of the Bergman kernel near some weakly pseudoconvex boundary points.
Visual Discrimination in Sharks without Optic Tectum

After complete removal of the optic tectum, nurse sharks can learn to discriminate black versus white and horizontal versus vertical stripes. This finding is contrary to the traditional belief of exclusive tectal control over visuomotor behavior in lower vertebrates and suggests a role for the telencephalon in the vision of these primitive animals.
Cross-linking of lens crystallins in a photodynamic system: a process mediated by singlet oxygen

In a dye-sensitized photooxidation system, lens crystallin polypeptides become cross-linked, and a blue fluorescence that is associated with the proteins is produced. These changes are similar to those seen in vivo in the aging human lens. Evidence implicating singlet oxygen as the causative agent of the effects in vitro is presented, and the possibility that this species may play a role in aging and cataractogenesis in vivo is discussed.
Rethinking cardiac risk reduction after noncardiac surgery: the postoperative Carpe diem.

Patients undergoing noncardiac surgery frequently experience major adverse cardiac events. As a significant proportion of these patients develop cardiac complications despite optimal use of preoperative clinical risk-prediction algorithms, physicians have long searched for better methods of forecasting and ameliorating cardiac risk in this population. Recently, postoperative troponin levels have been found to be powerful and independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Importantly, the predictive properties of these markers outperform preoperative clinical risk-prediction algorithms. We thus posit that the assessment of postoperative troponin represents an as yet untapped “golden opportunity” for cardiac risk reduction. As cardiac troponin isolates an unusually high-risk subgroup, we outline a strategy that utilizes this marker to improve cardiac outcomes. Where pertinent, strengths and limitations of this approach are discussed and areas of uncertainty identified. As with all hypotheses, this proposition fuels many questions and calls for a research agenda dedicated to quantifying risk or benefit, and defining best practices. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Appropriate museology in theory and practice

Abstract Appropriate museology is an approach to museum development and training that adapts museum practices and strategies for cultural heritage preservation to local cultural contexts and socioeconomic conditions. It is a bottom-up, community-based approach that combines local knowledge and resources with those of professional museum work to better meet the needs and interests of a particular museum and its community. Appropriate museology advocates the exploration and use of indigenous museological traditions where suitable. Using the Museum Pusaka Nias in Genung Sitoli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, as a case study, this article examines the theoretical foundations and practical applications of appropriate museology. The aim is to stimulate critical thinking on the transfer and cross-cultural application of standard, professional museum models and methods.
Risk factors for aortic dissection: A necropsy study of 161 cases

Among 161 necropsy cases of aortic dissection, 87 (54%) were type I, 34 (21%) type II, and 40 (25%) type III, and an intimal tear was identified in each. Systemic hypertension had been present in 63 of 121 cases (52%) with type I or II dissection and in 30 of 40 (75%) with type III dissection. Aortic dissection involved 7 of 16 cases (44%) with the Marfan syndrome. In the 154 cases without the Marfan syndrome, grade 3 or 4 medial degeneration (cystic medial necrosis) was observed in the ascending aorta in only 27 (18%). The risk of aortic dissection in persons with congenitally bicuspid and unicommissural aortic valves, respectively, was 9 and 18 times that in subjects with tricuspid aortic valves. The mean age of those with aortic dissection and tricuspid, bicuspid and unicommissural aortic valves was 63, 55 and 40 years, respectively, and aortic dissection was more common in men than in women. Grade 3 or 4 atherosclerosis involved the intimal tear in only 11 of 121 type I or II dissections (9%) but 32 of 40 type III dissections (80%). Accordingly, the major risk factors for aortic dissection were systemic hypertension, the Marfan syndrome, and, for type I and II dissections, congenitally bicuspid or unicommissural aortic valves. Aortic medial degeneration was a less important risk factor. Rupture of ulcerocalcific aortic atheromas may have initiated the intimal tear in some type III dissections.
A high-pressure NMR investigation of reaction chemistries in a simple salt hydrate

Ionic liquids are currently being used in combination with supercritical fluids for catalytic reactions due to the ease of extraction of reaction products by fluids from such bi-phasic systems. In this investigation we report interesting chemistry involving a simple salt hydrate, tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate, [(CH{sub 3}){sub 4}N]F {center_dot} 4H{sub 2}O, as a neat melt and dissolved in methanol in contact with supercritical and subcritical CO{sub 2}. This hydrate is proposed as a simulant for more complex ionic liquids, to investigate any potential secondary reaction chemistry in these solvent systems with carbon dioxide. Evidence is presented for the formation of methylcarbonate, CH{sub 3}O(C=O)O{sup -}, and fluoromethane, CH{sub 3}F, in solution when the salt hydrate is in contact with methanol and CO{sub 2}.
Sensory decision theory describes evoked potentials in pain discrimination.

The relationship between two procedures for assessing laboratory pain. Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) psychophysics and quantification of evoked potentials, was explored to determine whether the two methods measure a common perceptual process. Evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded from vertex while subjects performed a conventional SDT discrimination task that required repetitive judgment of two painful electrical tooth stimuli delivered in random order over trials. Peak-to-peak amplitudes and peak latencies were obtained for summation-averaged waveforms between 50 and 500 msec routed to four categories corresponding to SDT response classifications: hits, false affirmatives, misses and correct rejections. EPs associated with hits and false affirmatives had significantly greater amplitudes at N157-P237 than those associated with misses and correct rejections. Peak latencies were not related to response categories. These results suggest that N157-P237 amplitudes associated with dental pain are appropriately described by the SDT psychophysical model, and they demonstrate that the two paradigms assess a single perceptual process associated with pain.
Cardiac reactivity during the ascending phase of acute intravenous alcohol exposure and association with subjective perceptions of intoxication in social drinkers.

Background The aim of this study was to characterize cardiac reactivity measures, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV), following acute intravenous (IV) alcohol administration and their association with subjective responses in social drinkers. Methods Twenty-four subjects (11 females) received IV alcohol infusions to attain and clamp the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) at 50 mg% or placebo in separate sessions. Serial 5-minute cardiac recordings at baseline and during the infusion were analyzed to obtain frequency and time domain cardiac measures. Self-reported subjective perceptions were also obtained at the same time points. Results HR showed significant decreases from baseline, while the HRV measure pNN50 showed steady increases during the ascending phase of alcohol infusion. HR was inversely correlated with pNN50 across time and treatment. There was a significant association of HR with subjective feelings of high, intoxication, feeling drug effects, and liking drug effects across time during the ascending phase. Conclusions Acute IV alcohol resulted in decreases in HR and increases in HRV consistent with autonomic parasympathetic activation. The association of these changes with subjective responses suggests that cardiac reactivity may serve as a physiological marker of subjective alcohol effects. This study broadens the understanding of acute cardiovascular effects of alcohol and clinically significant cardiac conditions such as arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy associated with chronic alcohol drinking.
Response of urinary hydroxyproline to dietary protein and fasting in white-tailed deer.

The effects of dietary protein, fasting, and refeeding on urinary hydroxyproline of nine captive female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were examined from 23 February to 3 May 1984 in northern Minnesota. In the fasted group, mean hydroxyproline: creatinine (OHP:C) was greater (P< 0.05) at week 4 compared to baseline at week 0. Between fasted deer and deer fed high protein-high energy (HPHE) and low protein-high energy (LPHE) diets, no difference in OHP:C ratios was detected during the initial 4 wk of the study. Urinary OHP:C ratios were significantly (P< 0.05) greater in the fasted group during refeeding, concomitant with greater feed consumption and weight gain. There was also a significant (P< 0.02) time effect in the fasted-refed group; OHP:C ratios increased during these two phases of the study. There was no difference between the HPHE and LPHE fed deer in renal OHP excretion. However, mean OHP:C ratios in yearlings (16.8 ± 2.2) were greater (P<0.001) than in the adults (7.5 ± 1.2) of those...
Informatization, globalization, and privatization in the new Millenium

Informatization is the process through which the new communication technologies are used as a means for furthering socioeconomic development as a nation becomes more and more an information society. The informatization strategy in very recent years has provided an alternative to previous strategies of development communication. India is an example of such a shift, as the New Economic Policy of 1991 opened the nation's borders to global competition and encouraged a change from state‐owned institutions to private businesses. Several high‐technology cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad helped India become a major player in the computer software industry. The privatization of Indian television promoted consumerism, capitalism, and other Western values. One result of informatization is a growing digital divide between the majority of India's population versus the 100 million urban, elite information workers. Comparisons are made with Singapore's road to informatization.
Parallel Compositional Reservoir Simulation on Clusters of PCs

The authors have ported a fully implicit equation-of-state (EOS) compositional parallel reservoir simulator to run on clusters of PCs. They report on the performance of the code on two clusters, both in terms of scalability and in absolute performance relative to an IBM SP. The simulator scales well through 16 processors on the clusters and is comparable in execution time with the SP.
Epidemiological study of respiratory responses to indoor/outdoor air quality

Abstract Exposures to outdoor-type pollutants have been linked to indoor sources and exposures to indoor-specific pollutants also occur. The recognition of indoor air quality as a major component of total human exposure to air pollutants has raised serious questions about the adequacy of exposure assessment in previous air pollution health effects studies. Not only do outdoor pollutants penetrate indoors in the workplace or school and in the home, but these locations may also contain sources of air pollutants (i.e., nitrogen dioxide, suspended particulate matter, and formaldehyde). Thus, a study has been designed to evaluate respiratory responses to pollutant exposures from indoor and outdoor sources. Evaluation of interactions of measured pollutants and their effects on health is designed to be a major component of this study.
Cognitive mapping of educational systems for future generations

Abstract Following a definition of “cognitive mapping” a distinction is made between descriptive cognitive mapping and normative mapping. The significance of cognitive mapping is highlighted in the context of many societal service systems that have failed to coevolve with the rapidly and massively changing society of the postindustrial knowledge era. The application of normative cognitive mapping is demonstrated in the context of designing educational systems for future generations.
Melanoma Genetics: An Update on Risk-Associated Genes

The past 15 years have seen rapid advances in both our understanding of hereditary melanoma genetics and the technologies that enable scientists to make discoveries. Despite great efforts by many groups worldwide, other high-risk melanoma loci besides CDKN2A still remain elusive. A panel of polymorphisms that appears to confer low-to-moderate risk for melanoma has been assembled through functional and genome-wide association studies. The goal of personalized melanoma risk prediction is within our reach, although true clinical use has yet to be established.
Refractive Indices and Verdet Constants of Inert Gases at Ultraviolet Wavelengths

Recently measured photoabsorption cross sections for argon, krypton, and xenon are used to calculate the refractive indices and Verdet constants of these gases at ultraviolet wavelengths. The results for the refractive index of argon are in quite good agreement with experimental measurements. For krypton and xenon the calculations suggest that experimental values of the refractive index at 1216 A are too high.
Molecular divergence between two sympatric species of Dondice (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with distinct feeding specializations

Analysis of mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (H3) gene data using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches has revealed some genetic differences between two putative species of western Atlantic Dondice opisthobranchs that feed differentially on hydroids or on up-side-down jellies of the genus Cassiopeia. These results partially support the validity of the species Dondice parguerensis, which was described for the jelly-eating Dondice. However, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the hydroid-feeding species Dondice occidentalis and D. parguerensis are not reciprocally monophyletic and they are identical for the nuclear H3 gene. Although there are morphological and developmental differences between these two nominal species, the molecular data are inconclusive. A possible explanation is that the two putative species are in the process of speciation due to different feeding habits, resulting in the presence of genetic synapomorphies in D. parguerensis, but only in the more variable 16S gene. Because the ranges D. occidentalis and D. parguerensis overlap and there are no obvious barriers to gene flow between the two putative species, this may constitute a possible example of incipient sympatric speciation in benthic marine organisms.
Extemporaneous preparation of misoprostol gel for cervical ripening: a randomized trial.

Abstract Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol gel with that of tablets for ripening the cervix and inducing labor in women with unfavorable cervices. Methods: Four hundred sixty-seven gravidas were randomized to receive misoprostol tablets (n = 234) or misoprostol gel (n = 233). The gel was prepared in the antepartum unit immediately before use by dissolving the tablet in 1 mL normal saline and mixing with 4 mL hydroxyethylcellulose gel. In both groups, a 50-μg dose was applied intravaginally every 8 hours for two doses, then increased to 100-μg for a total of six applications or 500 μg. Results: The mean interval in hours from drug administration to start induction or labor (13.8 versus 18.2) and delivery (22.4 versus 29.0) was significantly less in the tablet group than in the gel group (P Conclusion: Intravaginal misoprostol gel is associated with fewer uterine contractile abnormalities than the tablet form of the drug but results in a slower time to labor or delivery.
Design of low noise active integrated antenna

Active integrated antenna (AIA) is a new technology that integrates microstrip antennas with active solid state devices so that a number of interesting functions can be realized at low cost, simplicity of design and small size. In this paper, we are presenting a low noise active integrated antenna (LNAIA) that integrates active integrated antenna with low noise amplifier. This paper is designed to investigate the characteristics of patch antenna with direct integration of low noise amplifier at the design frequency of 2.5GHz. Design is analyzed with WIMAX standard and that ensured a capability of broad bandwidth and fast internet access. The LNA has the gain of 12dB and low noise figure of 2.4dB against the WIMAX design goal of > 10dB gain and > 7dB noise figure. The Antenna is designed and it has 44dB return loss and 6.3dB gain at 2.5GHz. While the LNAIA shows a better return loss of 49.66dB is 2.5GHz. This LNAIA has been designed and simulated by using CAD tool - Agilent ADS2002C-EM simulation software.
A nonlinear electroelastic model of the auditory outer hair cell

Abstract Mechanically linear and electrically nonlinear constitutive relations for the auditory outer hair cell membrane (wall) are proposed. These relationships are derived on the basis of dual thermodynamic potentials. The active forces and active strains generated by the cell, important characteristics of the cell’s behavior under physiological conditions, are associated with the mixed (piezoelectric) terms in the dual thermodynamic potentials. By using experimental information from four independent experiments, where the cell is loaded mechanically or electrically, the free parameters of the model are estimated. In addition, the model is extended to a composite representation of the cell membrane. In that representation, the outer layer is considered active (electroelastic) and the inner layer is considered passive (purely elastic). The layers are connected by elastic springs. The graphs for the elastic energy stored in the passive layer versus the cell wall potential are presented.
Locked modes in DIII-D and a method for prevention of the low density mode

Locked n = 1 tearing modes are observed over a wide range of parameter space in DIII-D and other tokamaks. Much of the difficulty with low density operation is attributed to locked modes and they are also observed as precursors of density limit disruptions. From observations of a consistent locked mode toroidal phase, it appears that the modes are locking to a small field perturbation caused by slight irregularities in the location of one or more of the vertical field coils with respect to the toroidal field coil. By intentionally producing an n = 1 field with an external coil, it was possible to influence the onset of locked modes in low q, low density plasmas. The result is a significantly expanded or reduced stable operating parameter space, depending on the polarity and magnitude of the external perturbation applied and whether or not intrinsic field errors are reduced or increased. A simple theoretical model of the non-linear stability of a tearing mode under the effect of externally applied resonant field perturbations yields a critical island width for the onset of a locked mode. The island widths, computed by field line tracing, for combinations of intrinsic field errors and 'n = 1 coil' fields are in qualitative agreement with the critical island width for instability.
Genipin crosslinking elevates the strength of electrochemically aligned collagen to the level of tendons

Collagen-based tissue mimics are important in clinical research because collagen is the main structural element in tendons. The current study aimed to improve the mechanical strength of Electronically Aligned Collagen (ELAC) threads by optimizing several crosslinking parameters. The results indicated that elevating the concentration of genipin to 2% and the solvent to 90% ethanol significantly enhanced the wet ultimate tensile stress of ELAC threads to 109 MPa with a crosslinking degree of 65%. Furthermore, significantly higher adhesion and proliferation of hMSCs was observed in ELAC threads crosslinked with 2% genipin in 90% ethanol compared to 0.625% genipin in 1X PBS. In conclusion, ELAC threads with mechanical strength on par with native tendon have significant potential to be used as scaffolds in tendon tissue engineering applications.
Fluorescence probe techniques (FPT) for measuring the relative efficiencies of free-radical photoinitiators

A new method for determining the relative efficiencies of free-radical photoinitiators is reported. Called the fluorescence probe technique (FPT), the method has been used to determine the relative initiation efficiencies of several commercial photoinitiators and new phenyl glyoxylate derivatives in the photopolymerization of a model monomer, triethylene glycol diacrylate. The reactivity of each initiator was measured in reference to that of a standard commercial initiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, Irgacure 651. Efficiencies differ widely among the acetophenone derivatives studied, and the phenylglyoxylate initiators are somewhat less reactive than the standard.
Conductivity of reduced solid solutions in the system Na2OAl2O3TiO2

Abstract Solid solutions of the “titanium bronze” phase found in the system Na 2 OAl 2 O 3 TiO 2 were made conductive either by H 2 reduction or the use of metallic Ti. Conductivity measurements by pulse and D.C. methods (blocking electrodes) show semiconducting behavior with activation energies decreasing with the extent of reduction, from 101 kJ/mole in “unreduced” samples to 39.8 kJ/mole in samples reduced with Ti metal. At about 600°C, all samples have conductivities about 7×10 −3 ohm −1 cm −1 , indicating that reduction occurs by oxygen loss in the Ar atmosphere. The occurrence of semiconductivity rather than metallic conductivity is explained by the blocking of conduction paths by the Al ions. Absorption spectra show no discrete spectrum for Ti 3+ , but a broad absorption band indicates the presence of delocalized electrons.
Workplace Bullying: Examining Self‐Monitoring and Organizational Culture

Workplace bullying is both prevalent and underresearched. Bullying includes such dysfunctional behavior as sexual harassment, social exclusion, name-calling, slandering, and physical assaults. Bullying results in negative outcomes for both individual employees and organizations. Individuals experience stress and other physiological and psychological outcomes, and organizations register detrimental effects on productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. This research examined whether employees low in self-monitoring and working in chaotic organizational cultures were more likely to be victimized by bullies. Results indicated that employees working in chaotic organizations (i.e., lacking transparency, accountability, and appropriate rewards and guidelines) experienced more bullying. Results are discussed with regard to establishing appropriate cultural cues to minimize organizational bullying. Language: en
Mixing ionic liquids – “simple mixtures” or “double salts”?

In the third issue of the then new journal Green Chemistry (2001, 3, 156–164), we published our first paper describing the physical properties of a few hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) representing one of the first such studies to be published. To help celebrate the 15th anniversary of the Journal, we revisit the ‘design’ aspect of ILs by reviewing the growing area of what most are calling ‘ionic liquid mixtures’. In 2001, designing IL properties meant essentially independent variation or synthesis of the cations and anions and determining what physical or chemical properties these liquid salts possessed. Recently, however, the mixing of ILs has been proposed and investigated as a way to add increased scope to the accessible properties of IL media. In this review, we question whether the same thinking and approach used for organic solvent mixtures should be applied to ILs simply because of the way they were made. Unlike organic solvent mixtures, IL compositions of varied ions, do not retain their individual nature, need not be made by simple mixing of two-ion salts, and preferential interactions of a given cation for a given anion are possible in these 3-ion, 4-ion, or higher order liquids. When two ILs are mixed together, one can't identify which ion is from which IL, and the chemistry is simply not based on the identity of the individual ILs, but on the ions comprising them and the interactions of each individual ion, independently of the counterion. Thus, we ask if it would not be better to consider these as unique ion combinations whose solvent properties are derived from the specific choice and abundance of each ion in the system. Through this review of the available literature, we support the concept of Double Salt Ionic Liquids (DSILs) and discuss the interactions involved in these systems, by examining their physicochemical properties and the novel applications they offer.
Reflector antenna distortion compensation by array feeds: an experimental verification

Reflector antennas are subject to surface distortions which may result from thermal or gravitational effects. Surface distortions degrade antenna performance by reducing gain and introducing high sidelobe levels. In the letter, results of an experimental study are presented to demonstrate how effectively a properly excited array feed in the focal plane of the reflector antenna can compensate for the undesirable effects of slowly varying surface distortions. The application of the array compensation concept could prove to be very useful for future large space or ground antennas.
Source identification for the heat equation

Abstract The problem of determining an unknown heat source in a homogeneous, semi-infinite slab from measured temperature and flux data is examined. When the source is separable into a product of temporal and spatial components, a functional relationship is derived that relates the Laplace transforms of these components. Examples considered include a point source with oscillating intensity and a spatial layer undergoing exponential decay. A source of non-separable type in the form of a moving front is alsotreated.
A family of discrete Haar transforms

Abstract A new class of discrete orthogonal transforms called generalized Haar transforms, (GHT) r is defined and developed. The base functions of (GHT) r are linear combinations of Haar functions. Pertinent properties of (GHT) r such as, linearity, uniqueness, dyadic autocorrelation, and dyadic shift invariance are developed. By factoring the transform matrices into a number of sparse matrices, efficient algorithms for fast computation of (GHT) r and its inverse are developed. By subjecting these algorithms to successive bit-reversal operations, a single processor such as the Cooley-Tukey type can be used for implementing all the transforms. Specific examples illustrating the (GHT) r its properties and the fast algorithms are included. The (GHT) r is applied in digital information processing. Its utility and performance is compared with those of other discrete transforms such as Walsh-Hadamard, Haar, slant, Fourier, Karhunen-Loeve etc. Digital computer programs for fast implementation of (GHT) r and for evaluating some of the performance criteria, such as variance and mean-square error are developed.
Assessment of early diastolic strain-velocity temporal relationships using spatial modulation of magnetization with polarity alternating velocity encoding (SPAMM-PAV).

A novel MR imaging technique, spatial modulation of magnetization with polarity alternating velocity encoding (SPAMM-PAV), is presented to simultaneously examine the left ventricular early diastolic temporal relationships between myocardial deformation and intra-cavity hemodynamics with a high temporal resolution of 14 ms. This approach is initially evaluated in a dynamic flow and tissue mimicking phantom. A comparison of regional longitudinal strains and intra-cavity pressure differences (integration of computed in-plane pressure gradients within a selected region) in relation to mitral valve inflow velocities is performed in eight normal volunteers. Our results demonstrate that apical regions have higher strain rates (0.145 ± 0.005 %/ms) during the acceleration period of rapid filling compared to mid-ventricular (0.114 ± 0.007 %/ms) and basal regions (0.088 ± 0.009 %/ms), and apical strain curves plateau at peak mitral inflow velocity. This pattern is reversed during the deceleration period, when the strain-rates in the basal regions are the highest (0.027 ± 0.003 %/ms) due to ongoing basal stretching. A positive base-to-apex gradient in peak pressure difference is observed during acceleration, followed by a negative base-to-apex gradient during deceleration. These studies shed insight into the regional volumetric and pressure difference changes in the left ventricle during early diastolic filling. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two medians using a two‐sample lognormal model in environmental contexts

A test procedure is derived for comparing medians in a lognormal two-sample context where some data may be left-censored owing to non-detects. This procedure is an extension of the method introduced by Harris (1991). It is assumed that two independent samples of sizes n1 and n2 are available from two lognormal populations LN(μ1,σ1) and LN(μ2,σ2). The EM algorithm is used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in four cases: H1(μ1 = μ2,σ1 = σ2),H2(μ1 ≠ μ2,σ1 = σ2),H3(μ1 = μ2,σ1 ≠ σ2), and H4(μ1 ≠ μ2,σ1 ≠ σ2). A protocol is described for testing the equality of the two medians (H0: μ1 = μ2 versus Hr: μ1 ≠ μ2). Two procedures are recommended for this test, depending on whether the population skewness parameters are equal: (H0: σ1 = σ2) or not (Hr: σ1 ≠ σ2). Asymptotic chi-square tests are used in the recommended protocol. Similarities and differences between these lognormal methods and their two-sample normal symmetric counterparts are discussed with particular reference to the role of the assumption σ1 = σ2 in both contexts. A detailed case study example of the method is provided using data contained in Millard and Deverel (1988). Comparisons are made between the lognormal methodology introduced here and the non-parametric methods used by Milard and Deverel (1988) in the analysis of these data.
Contribution of frequency-augmented inward Ca2+ current to myocardial contractility.

The sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ pump (SERCA) is thought to be the primary determinant of heart rate-dependent increases in myocardial contractile [Ca2+]i and force (force–frequency relationship (FFR)), an important mechanism to increase cardiac output. This report demonstrates a rate-dependent role for inward Ca2+ current (ICa) in the human and rat FFR. Human action potential plateau height increased linearly with contractility when heart rate increased in vivo, as measured by monophasic action potential catheter and echocardiography. Rat rate-dependent developed force and cytosolic [Ca2+]i transients were quantified in isolated left ventricular papillary muscles, and ICa and action potential duration in cardiomyocytes. ICa and SERCA measurements better reflected [Ca2+]i and force transients than SERCA activity alone. These data support a direct and (or) indirect contribution to myocardial contractility by ICa at heart rates from approximately 1 to 3–4 Hz (60 to 180–240 bpm) in tandem with SERCA to sustai...
Micro/Nanoscale Structure Fabrication by Direct Nanoimprinting of Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles

In this paper, we present our recent development of direct nanoimprinting of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles for a simple but high-throughput fabrication of micro/nanoscale structures. Nanoparticle suspension with self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) protected-nanoparticles (Au, Ag, and CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots) suspended in alpha-terpineol carrier solvent are used as solutions for direct nanoimprinting. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based soft imprinting molds with micro/nanoscale features are used. Process and material flexibility enable a very low temperature (80°C) and low pressure (5psi) nanoimprinting process and results in superfine features from micrometers down to ∼100nm resolutions. We will show the geometrical and electrical characterization of nanoimprinted structures and demonstrate working electronic components such as resistors or organic field effect transistors (OFET).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
System simulation to test environmental policy: DDT

An example has been given showing how system simulation can be used to arrive at conclusions of use to policymakers about the future consequences of current actions even in the case where complete information about the system is not available. The particular example studied is the general movement of DDT in the global eco‐system. The results suggest that, even if DDT usage were stabilized or decreased in 1972, the concentration of DDT in fish would continue to rise for another 2–50 years depending on the specific form of the DDT abatement policy.
Forecast information and traditional retailer performance in a dual-channel competitive market

Abstract Independent firms in a dual-channel competitive market are expected to have their own information about the nature of the market. In this research, we develop a game-theoretic model to examine the value of forecast information about consumers' willingness to pay. The model is based on a simultaneously played Bertrand game. Our results indicate that the profits of online as well as traditional retailers always increase with forecast accuracy, and that forecast accuracy has a greater effect on the performance of the traditional retailer than on that of the online retailer. Our results also show that the difference in profit between that of the traditional retailer and the online retailer increases with forecast accuracy. In addition we find that forecast accuracy is much more valuable to the traditional retailer when there is an increasing volatility in the market, an increasing level of consumer valuation of the product, and an increasing intensity in market competition. Based on our results, we derive optimal market strategies and identify directions of future research.
Novel developments on cervical length screening and progesterone for preventing preterm birth.

Cervical length (CL) measured by transvaginal ultrasound is an effective screening test for the prevention of preterm birth (PTB). The criteria for an effective screening test are all met by CL. It studies an important condition (PTB); it is safe and acceptable by >99% of women; it recognises an early asymptomatic phase that precedes PTB by many weeks; it has a well-described technique, is reproducible, is predictive of PTB in all populations studies so far; and, perhaps most importantly, it has been shown that ‘early’ treatment is effective in prevention. These two interventions, effective only in specific populations, are ultrasound-indicated cerclage and vaginal progesterone.
Aspects of shock wave-induced vortex breakdown

Abstract In this article, we discuss supersonic vortex breakdown when sufficiently strong streamwise vortices encounter otherwise planar, normal and oblique shock fronts as well as solid surfaces placed in their passages. The dramatic destruction of a streamwise vortex during supersonic vortex interactions reveals a vortex breakdown similar in many ways to the well-documented incompressible vortex bursting. The main features of supersonic vortex breakdown include formation of a spherically blunt-nosed conical shock, and a vortex core, which upon crossing the apex of the conical shock expands into a subsonic turbulent conical region. A notable characteristic of the supersonic vortex breakdown is the formation of an entropy-shear layer separating an inner subsonic zone containing the burst structure from the surrounding supersonic flow. Numerical, experimental, and analytical studies of shock wave/vortex interactions are discussed and results from wind tunnel studies involving head-on collision of supersonic vortices with solid surfaces are presented.
Age and sex patterns of drug prescribing in a defined American population.

Abstract Objective To describe the age and sex patterns of drug prescribing in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Patients and Methods Population-based drug prescription records for the Olmsted County population in 2009 were obtained using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system (n=142,377). Drug prescriptions were classified using RxNorm codes and were grouped using the National Drug File–Reference Terminology. Results Overall, 68.1% of the population (n=96,953) received a prescription from at least 1 drug group, 51.6% (n=73,501) received prescriptions from 2 or more groups, and 21.2% (n=30,218) received prescriptions from 5 or more groups. The most commonly prescribed drug groups in the entire population were penicillins and β-lactam antimicrobials (17%; n=23,734), antidepressants (13%; n=18,028), opioid analgesics (12%; n=16,954), antilipemic agents (11%; n=16,082), and vaccines/toxoids (11%; n=15,918). However, prescribing patterns differed by age and sex. Vaccines/toxoids, penicillins and β-lactam antimicrobials, and antiasthmatic drugs were most commonly prescribed in persons younger than 19 years. Antidepressants and opioid analgesics were most commonly prescribed in young and middle-aged adults. Cardiovascular drugs were most commonly prescribed in older adults. Women received more prescriptions than men for several drug groups, in particular for antidepressants. For several drug groups, use increased with advancing age. Conclusion This study provides valuable baseline information for future studies of drug utilization and drug-related outcomes in this population.
Protein kinases modulate the sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to nitric oxide toxicity and anoxia

Multiple processes lead to neuronal death after ischemia, but the generation of nitric oxide (NO) is a key component in this cascade of events. The mechanisms that regulate the extent of neuronal degeneration during anoxia and NO toxicity are multifactorial. Neuronal death may be modulated by the activity of signal transduction systems that influence the toxicity of NO or its metabolic products such as cGMP. The enzyme responsible for the production of NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-II). We examined in primary cultured hippocampal neurons whether the protein kinases PKC, PKA, CaM-II, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase modified the toxic effects of anoxia and NO. Down-regulation of PKC activity with PMA (1 microM) increased hippocampal neuronal survival during anoxia and NO exposure from approximately 22% to 88%. Inhibitors of PKC activity (H-7, H-8, sphingosine, and staurosporine) also were neuroprotective. Down-regulation of PKC activity increased survival during anoxia even in the presence of the NOS inhibitor, N omega-methyl-L-arginine. Thus, although down-regulation of PKC activity may increase neuronal survival by decreasing NOS activity, it also is likely that PKC contributes to ischemic neuronal death by mechanisms that are independent of NOS. Inhibition of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity, but not the activity of the CaM-II also was neuroprotective during NO administration. In contrast to the protective effects of inhibition of PKC and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, activation rather than inhibition of PKA increased hippocampal neuronal survival during NO exposure. These results indicate that neuronal survival during anoxia and NO exposure is linked to the modulation of PKC, PKA, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity but is not dependent on the CaM-II pathway. Understanding the involvement of PKC, PKA, and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase in modulating the effect of neuronal death during ischemia and NO toxicity may help in directing future therapeutic modalities for cerebrovascular disease.