cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of NF-κB in the regulation of cell stress responses

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is one of the key regulatory molecules in oxidative stress-induced cell activation. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm of nonstimulated cells and must translocate into the nucleus to regulate effector gene expression. A family of inhibitory proteins, IKBs, binds to NF-kappaB and masks its nuclear localization signal domain and therefore controls the translocation of NF-kappaB. Exposure of cells to extracellular stimuli that perturb redox balance results in rapid phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and proteolytic degradation of IkappaBs. This process frees NF-kappaB from the NF-KB/IKB complexes and enables NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. Many effector genes including those encoding cytokines and adhesion molecules are in turn regulated by NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is also an essential component of ionizing radiation (IR)-triggered signal transduction pathways that can lead to cell death or survival. The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the recent progress in the studies of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines and ionizing radiation in NF-kappaB activation.
Novel infrared vibron absorption in solid hydrogen at megabar pressures.

We report new phenomena associated with the infrared-active vibrons in hydrogen at megabar pressures. We find a striking 3 order of magnitude increase in vibron absorbance at the 150 GPa phase transition at 85 K. A discontinuity in the frequency of the infrared vibron is observed which is identical to that measured by Raman spectroscopy at the same temperature. The results indicate there is a significant change in electronic properties at the transition. In addition, the infrared measurements provide evidence for a phase transition at 110 GPa at low temperature.
Apelin and Its G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulate Cardiac Development as Well as Cardiac Function

The Apelin pathway has only recently emerged as an important regulator of cardiac and vascular function, mediating adaptation to physiological stress and disease. In this issue of Developmental Cell, experiments in zebrafish convincingly show a critical role for this pathway in myocardial cell specification and heart development.
Design principles for visual communication

How to identify, instantiate, and evaluate domain-specific design principles for creating more effective visualizations.
The skull of the lion marmoset Leontideus rosalia linneaus: a study in biomechanical adaptation.

The lion marmoset (Leontideus rosalia Linneaus) is unique among primates in that it has a pair of deep fossae on either side of the midiine near the middle of the underside of its cranium. The entire cranium is elongated, having the appearance of being stretched in its middle third as compared with all other marmosets. The muscles that arise in this region (medial and lateral pterygoids) are a part of this complex. The medial pterygoid is especially elaborated. It is composed of three heads, one of which arises in a pocket bulging the lateral pterygoid plate inward, high above the floor of the orbit on its medial side. Insight as to the meaning of these structures emerges when a carefully composed “natural experiment” is set up. Parallel series of skulls arranged in order of increase in size in primates more and more remotely related to marmosets show parallel sets of changes in Callithricidae (marmosets), Cebidae (New World monkeys), Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and Hominoidea (apes and man). Smaller skulls have orbits closely pressed together, separated only by a simple bony septum. As skulls increase in size the orbits move apart to be separated, first by slight hollows in the skull base, then progressing to increasingly complicated air or marrow spaces. The phenomenon thus seems to be a special problem of allometry. As the skull becomes larger viscerocranial increase outstrips neurocranial enlargement. These two elements are then bridged by stronger and more complex buttressing which seem clearly to be local biomechanical adaptations to the new spatial arrangement. The sinuses are simply the spaces between the braces.
Development of laser-induced fluorescence detection to assay DNA damage

The demand to measure high dynamic range isotope ratios on small samples with resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) continues to increase. This paper discusses high ionization efficiency methods which can be applied to continuous wave (cw) RIMS to potentially achieve several tens of percent ionization efficiencies for certain elements. The primary technique under development to achieve this is an external laser cavity which can generate very high circulating laser powers.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of adenosine on mitogenesis of ADA-deficient lymphocytes.

Abstract We have determined the effects of adenosine on intrinsically adenosine deaminase-deficient lymphocytes. These cells are circulating peripheral lymphocytes from a patient with T-cell immunodeficiency. The patient has been successfully treated with normal red cell transfusions. The lymphocytes contain about 8% of the normal adenosine deaminase level. Mitogen response is nearly normal but is inhibited by adenosine at one tenth the level required for inhibition of normal lymphocytes. Determination of the disappearance of exogenously added adenosine to lymphocytes cultured in horse serum suggest that (1) ADA-deficient cells are more sensitive to adenosine toxicity because of an impaired ability to deaminate adenosine and (2) that adenosine inhibits mitogenesis only if it is present during the first 24 hr of mitogen stimulation.
Baking soda misuse as a home remedy: case experience of the California Poison Control System.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Baking soda is a common household product promoted by the manufacturer as an antacid. It contains sodium bicarbonate and has the potential for significant toxicity when ingested in excessive amounts. Characterizing the patterns and outcomes from the misuse of baking soda as a home remedy can guide the clinical assessment and preventative counselling of patients at risk for use of this product. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all symptomatic cases involving ingestion and misuse of a baking soda powder product that were reported to the California Poison Control System between the years 2000 and 2012. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of the 192 cases we identified, 55·8% were female, ages ranged 2 months to 79 years, and the most common reasons for misuse included antacid (60·4%), 'beat a urine drug test' (11·5%) and treat a UTI (4·7%). Most cases (55·2%) had significant symptoms warranting a medical evaluation, whereas 12 patients required hospital admission developed either electrolyte imbalances, metabolic alkalosis or respiratory depression. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Misuse of baking soda can result in serious electrolyte and acid/base imbalances. Patients at highest risk of toxicity may include those who chronically use an antacid, those who use the method to 'beat' urine drug screens, pregnant women and young children. Self-treatment with baking soda as a home remedy may also mask or delay medical care thereby complicating or exacerbating an existing medical problem. We suggest that healthcare providers counsel high-risk patients about the potential complications of misuse of baking soda as a home remedy. Language: en
Development and validation of a multivariate predictor of mortality in very low birth weight

Abstract Accurate prognosis is critical to the design of all prospective research aimed at improving survival. Predictions based on birth weight, gestational age, or any other single variable, fail to take into account the potentially important contribution of other factors. In order to develop a practical and accurate multivariate model, we studied all singleton pregnancies resulting in viable liveborn infants who weighed ⩽ 1500 g at birth during 1984 and 1985 at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. When gestational age, birth weight, and/or crown-heel length were considered, no maternal characteristics were significant predictors of mortality. The model with the maximal predictive accuracy (84.5%) used birth weight and 5-minute Apgar score to calculate a probability of mortality. This prognostic model was then validated in a separate cohort of singletons born in 1986. We conclude that clinical trials should require stratification before randomization, using the calculated probability of mortality, rather than birth weight or gestational age alone. Given the ability of models, such as the one presented here, to generate reasonable estimates of mortality, this information might also be used in the clinical setting to assist parents and physicians in individualized decision-making processes for a given infant.
The Status of Metalinguistic Skills in Reading Development

Diane Sawyer (this issue) presents an account of reading development and its disabilities that stresses the contribution of a hierarchy of metalinguistic skills in the segmentation and manipulation of speech. Two of her central claims are discussed: (1) Failure to master the productive relationship between spelling and sound may often originate in difficulty in the prerequisite ability to carry out phonemic segmentation; the population so affected may include both "true" and "apparent" types of dyslexia, with rather different prognoses; and (2) a range of hierarchically and temporally organized sublexical metalinguistic speech skills govern the timecourse of reading development. Evidence from cognitive neuropsychological case reports is reviewed for its bearing on these claims and for its implications for the strong metalinguistic hypothesis, which contends that explicit, conscious mastery of the relationship between phonology and orthography is a necessary (and perhaps sufficient) precondition for the development of fluent reading.
IMAX Hubble 3D visualization excerpt: journey into the Orion Nebula

An excerpt from IMAX Hubble 3D takes viewers inside the Orion Nebula to witness the birth of stars and planets. This cinematic scientific visualization, based on data from the Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories, is the result of close collaboration between research astronomers, computer programmers, and visualization artists.This scientific visualization flies past nearby stars toward the Orion constellation. Descent into the colorful cloud of the Orion Nebula reveals a gaseous landscape that is both carved and illuminated by bright, massive stars. Sweeping by newborn stars uncovers the encircling dark-dust disks from which planets are made.
Aurora kinase A in gastrointestinal cancers: time to target

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a major cause of cancer-related deaths. During the last two decades, several studies have shown amplification and overexpression of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in several GI malignancies. These studies demonstrated that AURKA not only plays a role in regulating cell cycle and mitosis, but also regulates a number of key oncogenic signaling pathways. Although AURKA inhibitors have moved to phase III clinical trials in lymphomas, there has been slower progress in GI cancers and solid tumors. Ongoing clinical trials testing AURKA inhibitors as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapies are expected to provide important clinical information for targeting AURKA in GI cancers. It is, therefore, imperative to consider investigations of molecular determinants of response and resistance to this class of inhibitors. This will improve evaluation of the efficacy of these drugs and establish biomarker based strategies for enrollment into clinical trials, which hold the future direction for personalized cancer therapy. In this review, we will discuss the available data on AURKA in GI cancers. We will also summarize the major AURKA inhibitors that have been developed and tested in pre-clinical and clinical settings.
A technique to estimate the local multiaxial elastic–plastic behavior from a purely elastic solution

Abstract In most fatigue applications, the nominal structural behavior is dominated by elastic deformation, but the fatigue lifetime is significantly influenced by plasticity around stress concentrations and flaws. Although the elastic–plastic behavior can be modeled with finite element analysis (FEA), the computational expense may be prohibitive, especially for variable amplitude loading with multiaxial stress states. To overcome this complexity, a local elastic–plastic estimate is explored that utilizes the purely elastic solution. The method is conceptually similar to previous work, but is adapted to be consistent for variable amplitude multiaxial cyclic loading histories. This approach combines a magnitude criterion such as Nueber’s rule, the Masing character of the pseudo-material method, and has the generality to adopt any appropriate multiaxial plasticity model. The assumptions of the current approximation are developed in a general manner, with the potential to adjust the constraint (i.e. direction alignment), magnitude, and the plasticity character as necessary.
Inter-rater reliability of the Pediatric Transplant Rating Instrument (P-TRI): challenges to reliably identifying adherence risk factors during pediatric pre-transplant evaluations.

Fisher M, Storfer-Isser A, Shaw RJ, Bernard RS, Drury S, Ularntinon S, Horwitz SM. Inter-rater reliability of the Pediatric Transplant Rating Instrument (P-TRI): Challenges to reliably identifying adherence risk factors during pediatric pre-transplant evaluations. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:142–147. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability of the P-TRI, a 17-item instrument developed to identify risk factors associated with poor treatment adherence in pediatric solid organ transplant candidates. Because factors influencing treatment adherence may vary with age, the 89 subject samples were divided into pre-adolescent (0–11 yr) and adolescent (12–19 yr) groups. Each subject received two independent P-TRI ratings based on pretransplant psychosocial assessments separately conducted by a PSYC and a SWTC. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the delta statistic. Overall, agreement was higher in the pre-adolescent group, with delta >0.70 for five items and delta 0.70 and seven items had a delta <0.30. Overall, PSYC P-TRI ratings indicated fewer areas of concern on items assessing family dynamics compared with SWTC P-TRI ratings, whereas the reverse was true for items related to psychiatric history. Results highlight the challenges of conducting a reliable pretransplant assessment of adherence-related risk factors and suggest the need for revisions to the P-TRI prior to its use in clinical practice.
Pituitary/adrenal hormones do not influence bulbectomy-induced behavioural changes.

Abstract The possible causal role of increased adrenal/function in olfactory bulbectomy-induced irritability and hyperactivity was investigated. Bilateral olfactory bulbectomies or sham operations were performed on sixty male Mongolian gerbils. Five days later daily injections of dexamethasone phosphate (which suppresses ACTH and, indirectly, cortisol), metyrapone (which inhibits production of cortisol and indirectly increases ACTH) or saline were begun and continued throughout the period of testing. Bulbectomized animals were more active in an open field apparatus, more aggressive in grouped and paired social interaction tests, and initiated more non-aggressive contacts in paired social interaction tests. Both dexamethasone and metyrapone led to increased activity in the open field but did not significantly affect any other measure. Neither dexamethasone nor metyrapone significantly decreased any of the behavioral changes resulting from bulbectomy. These results are taken as evidence that physiological levels of the hormones of the pituitary/adrenal axis are not essential for bulbectomy-induced behavioral changes in the male gerbil.
Ophthalmic and Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disorder. Untreated OSA has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, sudden cardiac death, respiratory failure, cor pulmonale, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Less is discussed about the ocular complications of OSA. Ophthalmic complications of obstructive sleep apnoea can include floppy eyelid syndrome, glaucoma, central serous chorioretinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. Nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and idiopathic intracranial hypertension may be neuro-ophthalmic complications of OSA. Further research is required to evaluate whether treatment of OSA can improve or reverse these disorders.
Evidence that anticipated stigma predicts poorer depressive symptom trajectories among emerging adults living with concealable stigmatized identities

AbstractPeople living with concealable stigmatized identities are vulnerable to experiencing greater depressive symptoms as a result of occupying a lower social status. In the present research, we examine the effect of changes in enacted stigma and changes in anticipated stigma on trajectories of depressive symptoms over time. A sample of 192 college-aged emerging adults (81.0% female, 81.9% Caucasian, Mage = 18.82 years) living with a concealable stigmatized identity (e.g., mental illness and sexual minority status) completed measures of enacted stigma, anticipated stigma, and depressive symptoms at two time points across eight weeks. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicate that increases in anticipated stigma, but not enacted stigma, predicted poorer trajectories of depressive symptoms, controlling for the effect of baseline rumination and other identity-related variables. These data are among the first to demonstrate that worries about future devaluation predict poorer depressive symptom traject...
Clonality of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 Isolates from Pediatric Patients in the United States

We compared Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 isolates causing disease among children in six geographic regions of the United States to determine genetic relatedness. Genomic fingerprints were determined by repetitive element polymorphism PCR (Rep-PCR). Multilocus sequence type characterization was performed on selected isolates. Four different genomic banding patterns were identified by Rep-PCR. One profile (clone 1) was predominant and matched sequence type 227.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SECRETING AND DRY MAMMARY GLAND TO MILK SECRETION

The results herein presented furnish exact critical evidence for one more stage in milk secretion. Cows producing up to 30 pounds of milk at one milking are shown to have the lactose equivalent of all this milk in the udder when milking commences. The average excess of lactose found in the udder after subtracting the amount necessary for the contained milk is equal to 2.1 pounds. This represents the milk retained in the udder when the cow is believed to be dry. These conclusions are further supported by the fact that no sugar is found in the udder in the quiescent state. The study of the total composition of the udder as fat, ash, nitrogen, and lactose, and of the contained milk shows that there is a large excess of fat, ash, and nitrogen in proportion to that necessary for milk formation. The excess of udder lactose over the milk lactose is much less. The lactose would therefore appear to be formed from some element in the blood, probably dextrose, only as needed for the formation of milk. The composition of the dry udder is quite different in certain respects from that of the actively secreting gland. It builds up a fat reserve of a quite different Reichert-Meissl number from that of butter-fat. It has no sugar, its ash content is reduced, and the nitrogen content is like that of the secreting gland.
Corporeal Plication for the Treatment of Congenital Penile Curvature

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the long-term outcome, effectiveness and patient satisfaction of corporeal plication for the correction of congenital penile curvature.Materials and Methods: A total of 25 patients with congenital penile curvature were included in the study. Mean age was 39 years (range 15 to 45). Patients with Peyronie’s disease, and/or chordee associated with hypospadias or evidence of erectile dysfunction were excluded from analysis. All procedures were done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. The technique of corporeal plication consists of placing longitudinal plication sutures of 2-zero braided polyester on the opposing side of curvature until it is corrected during artificially induced erection. A standardized questionnaire was then completed via telephone interview to assess results as well as the patient satisfaction rate.Results: A total of 22 patients were available for evaluation. Successful results at up to 3½ years (range 1 to 42 months, mean 18) of followup were achi...
Abstract T P25: Angiographic Predictors Of Hemorrhagic Transformation In Acute Endovascular Treatment Of Ischemic Stroke: A Retrospective Review

Background: Hemorrhagic transformation can follow endovascular recanalization in the setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). There are several case series and reports that have looked at CT based predictors of hemorrhage, none exist for conventional angiography. Herein, we present preliminary data on conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) predictors of hemorrhagic transformation. Objectives: To identify DSA predictors of hemorrhagic transformation in AIS patients undergoing endovascular treatment. Methods: We retrospectively identified 27 consecutive AIS patients who underwent endovascular treatment at two large tertiary urban hospitals. DSA images from endovascular intervention and post-procedure CTs were reviewed in these patients. DSA images were screened for time to recanalization, as well as presence of early venous shunting (VS) and early and persistent parenchymal contrast staining (CS). Results: There were 14 males and 13 females with a mean age of 59.5 ± 17.1 years and an average NIH ...
A Seasoned Instructor's New Look at Fixed-Income Securities: An Exercise Using Discounted Bonds.

Having returned to teaching the basics of pricing fixed-income securities after several years, the author recalls the difficulty students have in understanding the total return provided by fixed-income securities that are purchased at either a discount or premium from face value.This teaching note attempts to clarify the concept by suggesting that separation of the return provided by coupon payments from the return provided by periodic changes in the fair market value may aid in student understanding.The integration of financial calculators in the classroom improves and simplifies this process for seasoned instructors.
Activation of protein kinase C mediates altered pulmonary vasoreactivity induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

We postulated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) "primes" the lung for the development of pulmonary vasoconstriction and edema by activating protein kinase C (PKC). Guinea pigs were injected with TNF (1.6 x 10(5) U/kg i.p.), and the lungs were isolated 4 h later. Compared with controls, TNF pretreatment resulted in greater increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure and lung weight, in response to the thromboxane A2 mimetic, U-46619 (122 pmol/min). Treatment with TNF resulted in 1) pulmonary arterial endothelial PKC activation, 2) increased lung polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) sequestration, 3) increased levels of superoxide radical (O2.) in lung effluent, and 4) decreased nitrite levels (NO2-, oxidation product of nitric oxide) in lung effluent. Intraperitoneal treatment with calphostin C (3 microM, 15 min prior to treatment with TNF) prevented the effects of TNF on 1) PKC activation, 2) the hemodynamic responses to U-46619, and 3) the levels of NO2- and O2(.). PKC activation does not mediate TNF-induced lung sequestration of PMN, since calphostin C had no effect on lung myeloperoxidase activity. The data suggest that PKC activation mediates TNF-induced 1) increases in O2., 2) decreases in NO2-, and 3) increases in vasoreactivity and edema in response to U-46619.
'Remembering the Tradition.' Review of Brion Mcclanahan and Clyde Wilson's Forgotten Conservatives in American History (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 2012).

Review of Brion McClanahan and Clyde Wilson’s Forgotten Conservatives in American History (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 2012).
Implementation of a teaching assistant program in graduate nursing education

Identifying and educating students who have an interest and talent to be future educators is a challenge throughout academia, including nursing. The ideal scenario is to identify students early in their education and construct or scaffold a unique relationship between professor and student. The authors discuss a teaching assistant model, implemented in a nursing graduate program, which augments the education process while developing potential future nursing educators.
Pedogenic carbonate stable isotope record of environmental change during the Neogene in the southern Great Plains, southwest Kansas, USA: Carbon isotopes and the evolution of C4-dominated grasslands

Fossiliferous strata in the Meade Basin (southwest Kansas) preserve numerous superposed mammalian faunas and calcareous paleosols that range in age from the Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA; 12.0–9.0 Ma, early late Miocene) to the early Irvingtonian NALMA (ca. 2.5–ca. 1.0 Ma, early Pleistocene). Faunas from these sections document the evolution of the small mammal community of the modern grassland ecosystem of the region, and the stable isotope composition of paleosol carbonates provides a means by which the environmental context of the evolution of the modern ecosystem may be documented. We used the stable carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C relative to Vienna Peedee belemnite [VPDB]) of 194 pedogenic carbonates from 19 measured sections to reconstruct the history of C 4 grass abundance in the Meade Basin. Paleosol carbonate δ 13 C values reflect the proportion of C 3 (trees, shrubs, cool-climate grasses) and C 4 (warm-climate grasses) plants that grew in an ancient soil and provide a means with which to reconstruct past mammalian habitats. Paleosol carbonate δ 13 C values record a three-phase increase in the abundance of C 4 biomass during the Neogene in the Meade Basin. Late Miocene sections have mean δ 13 C values of −7.6‰ ± 0.90‰ (Clarendonian) and −6.5‰ ± 0.31‰ (Hemphillian NALMA, 9.0–4.9 Ma), consistent with 17% and 26% C 4 biomass, respectively. Miocene δ 13 C values from Meade are statistically identical to published δ 13 C values for Miocene paleosol carbonates elsewhere in the southern Great Plains, supporting the widespread presence of ∼20% C 4 biomass on average in the region throughout the Miocene. The abundance of C 4 biomass increased between the end of the Hemphillian section and the beginning of the early Blancan NALMA (5.0–3.0 Ma). Early and middle Blancan (3.0–2.5 Ma) carbonates have statistically identical δ 13 C values (−4.9‰ ± 0.90‰ and −5.0‰ ± 1.10‰, respectively), suggesting a stable ecosystem during the early Pliocene, although high δ 13 C variability in densely sampled intervals suggests a high degree of landscape-scale variation in C 4 abundance. The final phase, geochronologically controlled by two well-characterized ashes (Huckleberry Ridge, 2.10 Ma; Cerro Toledo B, 1.47–1.23 Ma) and magnetostratigraphy, is a trend to higher δ 13 C values from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian (ca. 2.5–ca 1.0 Ma) from −4‰ at the base of the section to ∼1‰ at the top, corresponding to an increase from almost 50% to 65% C 4 biomass. The abundance of C 4 biomass first reaches modern levels for the region (78% ± 10.9%) around the level of the Cerro Toledo B ash, indicating that a modern-like grassland ecosystem first appeared in the region ca. 1.3 Ma, although δ 13 C values do not remain consistently high through the rest of the section.
Combined Optimization Model for Maintenance Scheduling and Service Restoration of Distribution System

A combined optimization model is developed to get the best maintenance schedule and service restoration strategy via interaction and repeated iteration of the repair order and load restoring path.The non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)is applied to solve the model,and the basic circuit matrix is introduced to modify the infeasible solutions which form loops in the process of distribution system reconfiguration.Numerical examples have proved that the reliability of distribution system differs under different maintenance schedules and service restoration strategies,showing that the model is correct and effective.
High-accuracy biodistribution analysis of adeno-associated virus variants by double barcode sequencing

Biodistribution analysis is a key step in the evaluation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid variants, whether natural isolates or produced by rational design or directed evolution. Indeed, when screening candidate vectors, accurate knowledge about which tissues are infected and how efficiently is essential. We describe the design, validation, and application of a new vector, pTR-UF50-BC, encoding a bioluminescent protein, a fluorescent protein and a DNA barcode, which can be used to visualize localization of transduction at the organism, organ, tissue, or cellular levels. In addition, by linking capsid variants to different barcoded versions of the vector and amplifying the barcode region from various tissue samples using barcoded primers, biodistribution of viral genomes can be analyzed with high accuracy and efficiency.
Dental Visits by Age One: General Dentist Availability for Privately Insured Children in a Rural State.

PURPOSE To evaluate the availability of general dentists who treat very young children with private insurance in the context of recommendations for age one dental visit. METHODS Administrative data from Delta Dental of Iowa were analyzed to identify general dentists providing care to children younger than 18 years old in 2005 and 2012. Characteristics of dentists providing care to children younger than two years old were compared, examining changes over time. Geographical distribution of dentists who treated children younger than two years old was examined. RESULTS The proportion of dentists treating children younger than two years old increased from six percent in 2005 to 18 percent in 2012. Younger dentists, females, graduates of The University of Iowa College of Dentistry, and those in metropolitan locations were significantly more likely to treat children younger than two years old. Fifty-one of 99 counties lacked any dentists who had provided care to privately insured children younger than two years old. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of dentists in Iowa treating privately insured children younger than two years old has increased since 2005. However, relatively few general dentists provided care to very young children when compared to previous survey-based figures. Geographic distribution of providers supports the hypothesis that provider availability may pose a barrier to early dental visits.
Mechanisms of coronary artery depolarization by uridine triphosphate

We sought to define the basic mechanisms by which pyrimidine nucleotides constrict rat coronary resistance arteries. Uridine triphosphate (UTP) caused a dose-dependent constriction in coronary arte...
[An investigation on a case of hand-foot-mouth disease caused by coxsackie-virus A6 associated with a vaccine-derived poliovirus co-infection].

Objective To identify the pathogen and characteristics on a case of hand-footmouth disease (HFMD) caused by coxsackie-virus A6 (CA6) associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) co-infection.Methods Field epidemiological study at the epidemic area was conducted and 16 stool samples including from the patient and close contacts were collected for isolation and identification of the enterovirus (EV).21 stool samples from patients diagnosed as HFMD were collected in the same hospital at the same month to detect CA 16,EV71,CA6 and PV by real-time RT-PCR or RT-PCR.The VP1 gene of the CA6 was amplified by RT-PCR and PCR products were sequenced and analyzed.Results The patient showed only HFMD symptoms,but no symptoms related to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP).No EVs were isolated from 16 samples collected from the patient and close contacts.And no AFP cases were found by an active search.A total of 21samples from patients diagnosed as HFMD were collected in the same hospital at the same month and 4 were found to be EV71,2 were CA16 and 15 (include the patient) were CA6.Only this patient was found to have had VDPV Ⅱ infection.The CA6 VP1 gene was amplified from the HFMD patient and 9 other cases from the same hospital at the same month.Nucleotide sequences of the VP 1 gene among the 9 strains shared 98.9％-100.0％ in homology and 96.0％-100.0％ in the deduced amino acid sequences.Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences categorized the 9 strains into the same branch.There were 6 nucleotides changes including U2909A between the VP1 region of the VDPV strain of the case and Sabin Ⅱ.Results from phylogenetic analysis on the VP1 sequences indicated that the VDPV strain of the case was different from other VDPVs strains isolated in the world.Conclusion This case was a HFMD which caused by CA6 co-infection with VDPV Ⅱ and the VDPV was newly discovered.HFMD symptoms of the case were caused by CA6.The reason why this case did not have AFP symptoms was probably due the protective effect of IPV vaccine.No AFP cases were found by the active search for AFP cases conducted in the area,which indicated that VDPV did not cause virus circulation in this area. Key words: Hand-foot-mouth disease; Coxsackievirus A6; Vaccine-derived poliovirus
Geomyid evolution: the historical, selective, and random basis for divergence patterns within and among species

Patterns of variation in life history, ecological distribution, genetic and morphological differentiation, and speciation of pocket gophers, family Geomyidae, have been examined in the context of the genetic demography of local populations. Emphasis has been placed on the structure of local breeding populations, dispersal potential leading to effective gene flow, and the influence of patchy distributions due to the availability of suitable soils. The focus of this paper is on those factors contributing to differentiation among geographic segments of species, or among different species--that is, to those processes responsible for converting phenotypically expressed variation within populations to that differentiating among them.
Venöse Thrombektomie: Indikation, Technik und Ergebnisse

Die venose Thrombektomie ist eine der Lyse vergleichbare Therapiemodalitat der Iliofemoralvenenthrombose. Sie hat indikatorische Prioritat wahrend Graviditat, post-partum, nach Trauma und Operation. Die Ergebnisse hangen vom Thrombosealter, einer gewebeschonenden Praparationstechnik und intra-operativer, endoskopischer Lumenkontrolle ab. Eine av-Fistelanlage ist der beste Schutz vor Reokklu-sionen. Die Nachbeobachtung beinhaltet die Angiographie vor av-Fistelverschlus. Reinterventionen sind moglich. Die Ergebnisse sollten standardisiert und apparativ objektiviert werden.
Variability in strength of red yeast rice supplements purchased from mainstream retailers

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has introduced manufacturing standards for dietary supplements, including red yeast rice, to assure their identity, purity, strength, and compos...
Implementation of surface impedance boundary conditions in the quasi three-dimensional finite-difference simulations of generator end regions

Predicting the distribution of the eddy currents circulating in the press plate or other end metallic components and the impacts of eddy current on the magnetic field in the end region is crucial for the design of large synchronous generators. Compared to the accurate but extremely time-consuming full three-dimensional (3D) finite-element analysis (FEA) that may take several days to complete, a new quasi-3D simulation with finite difference equations can provide acceptable solutions of the magnetic field and eddy current distributions in the generator end region within a few minutes and is thus an appropriate tool at the initial design stage. This paper proposes an approach to estimate the distribution of eddy currents in the end metallic components by implementing the surface impedance boundary conditions (SIBCs) in a quasi-3D finite-difference (FD) scheme. The effects of nonlinear material properties and a compensation method for the near corner effects are incorporated in the proposed formulation of SIBCs to improve the accuracy. The corresponding full 3D FEAs, which are validated by the agreement between their results and the data obtained from physical measurements, are used as the benchmark for this study. The proposed method is validated by the agreement between the results generated by the new quasi-3D simulations and the full 3D FEAs.
Language Underperformance in Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing: Are the Expectations Too Low?

: (1) To examine language performance in the context of cognitive abilities in young children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and (2) to identify factors associated with having a language underperformance, defined as a gap between the language standard score and the nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) standard score. Children 6 to 82 months of age with bilateral hearing loss were enrolled. Language performance was defined as a ratio of language skills relative to cognitive abilities with language underperformance defined as a ratio of language scores to NVIQ <0.85. Among 149 children, approximately half had hearing loss that was clinically classified as mild or moderate, and over one-third received a cochlear implant. Participants had a mean NVIQ in the average range (95.4 [20.3]). Receptive language scores were significantly lower than their NVIQ by 10.6 points (p 100, 21.1% had receptive scores <85 with 42% having a language underperformance. Children with language underperformance (n = 61, 41.5%) were more likely to have more severe levels of hearing loss, lower socioeconomic status, and be nonwhite. Many children early identified with hearing loss continue to demonstrate language underperformance, defined using their cognitive potential. Language deficits have a cascading effect on social functioning in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. This study highlights the need to understand a child's cognitive potential to adequately address language needs in existing intervention models.
Draft Genome Sequences of the Avirulent Coxiella burnetii Dugway 7D77-80 and Dugway 7E65-68 Strains Isolated from Rodents in Dugway, Utah.

ABSTRACT Here, we present the draft genome sequences of the Coxiella burnetii Dugway 7D77-80 and Dugway 7E65-68 strains, which were isolated from rodents in Dugway, UT, in the 1950s. The strains reside in a distinct genomic group of C. burnetii and are considered avirulent despite having the largest genomes of the Coxiella genus.
Unplanned readmission following transoral robotic surgery

Abstract Objectives To determine the rate of unplanned readmission after transoral robotic surgery (TORS), and to determine which patient or surgical factors increase the likelihood of readmission. Materials and methods Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent TORS for squamous cell carcinoma at our institution from March 2010 through July 2016. Primary outcome was unplanned readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for unplanned readmission. Results 297 patients met eligibility criteria. 23 patients (7.7%) had unplanned readmissions within 30 days. Most common reasons for readmission were oropharyngeal bleed (n = 13) and pain/dehydration (n = 10). Average time to unplanned readmission was 6.52 days (range 0–25 days). Discharge on clopidogrel was the only variable independently associated with an increased risk of 30-day unplanned readmission on multivariable analysis with an OR = 6.85 (95% CI 1.59–26.36). Unplanned return to the operating room during initial hospitalization (OR = 7.55, 95% CI 1.26–38.50) and discharge on clopidogrel (OR = 10.45, 95% CI 1.06–82.69) were associated with increased risk of postoperative bleeding. Bilateral neck dissection (OR = 5.17, 95% CI 1.15–23.08) was associated with significantly increased odds of unplanned readmission secondary to pain and dehydration. Conclusion Unplanned readmission following TORS occurs in a small but significant number of patients. Oropharyngeal bleeding and dehydration were the most common reasons for unplanned readmission following TORS.
Unveiling magnetic and chiral nanoscale properties using structured light and nanoantennas

Microscopy enables an unprecedented methodology to interrogate matter characteristics which revolutionizes the development of modern science. However, not all information about matters can be obtained by simply seeing their shape and dimensions. Consequently complex light-matter interaction is often required to reveal the hidden perspectives of light. Among the many unseen optical properties of matters, magnetism and chirality are typically weak and therefore difficult to detect especially with nanoscale resolution. Here we propose a photoinduced magnetic and chiral force microscopy system to unveil these hidden perspectives of light by measuring the respective photoinduced forces. First, we design, fabricate and indirectly characterize nano-structures as magnetic nanoprobe under incident azimuthally polarized beam (APB). Then, we explore possibilities of probe-sample interaction at nanoscale using a two-particle model to study the distinguished force between the particles induced by either chiral particle or chiral light.
The Routledge International handbook of walking

Interest in walking and walkability studies has grown exponentially over the last decade. Most of the published research has covered such areas as urban morphology, land use, transportation, traffi...
Baseline choroidal thickness as a short-term predictor of visual acuity improvement following antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy in branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose To evaluate the association between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) eyes treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Methods Retrospective cohort study of treatment naive BRVO eyes treated with 3 monthly anti-VEGF injections. All patients received enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans to determine SFCT and central macular thickness (CMT). Baseline predictors (particularly SFCT) for functional response (best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) gain ≥2 lines) were assessed at 3 months using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Forty eyes from 39 patients were included. Mean baseline SFCT was higher in functional responders (240.4±73.1 µm), compared with both non-responders (193.3±63.6 µm; p=0.036) and their corresponding fellow eye (202.2±67.1 µm; p=0.022). A higher baseline SFCT (for every 100 µm increase in SFCT) was found to be a positive predictor for functional response (regression coefficient: 1.1; p=0.03) on univariate analysis but not multivariate analysis. A worse baseline BCVA (for every 0.1 logMAR increase) was a positive predictor for visual improvement with an adjusted OR of 1.30 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.63; p=0.0009) on multivariate analysis. Conclusions Patients with BRVO with a worse initial BCVA are most likely to achieve visual improvement following anti-VEGF therapy. Additionally, baseline SFCT may also help predict which patients with BRVO have favourable visual outcomes. Patients with an initial choroidal thickness thicker than their fellow eye are more likely to have short-term visual improvement following treatment.
Melatonin and Pigment Cell Rhythmicity

ABSTRACT The synthesis of melatonin is a very regular and reliable nocturnal event, which may provide a template, to other physiological systems, of the scotophase length. Such a melatonin template has been hypothesized to provide timing information for the maintenance entrained daily, circadian and circannual cycles. The action of melatonin in cueing these rhythmic phenomena may either directly or indirectly influence various biological rhythms. The evidence concerning melatonin's direct involvement in entraining melanosome migration cycles in the dermal melanophores of fishes and within the vertebrate retinal pigmented-epithelium is reviewed. The state of melanosome dispersal or aggregation in the dermal melanophore of fishes may be under oMSH control from the pituitary gland, may be under neural control, may be affected by melatonin, or any combination of these three depending upon the species being examined. Melatonin does not affect the dermal melanophores in all fishes. The available data suggests that melatonin's affect on fish coloration is more pronounced in larval and juvenile fishes with the affect either disappearing, or being masked in adult animals. In those fishes which are sensitive to melatonin, a pallor is noted at night, with pinealectomy abolishing the nightlypallor rhythm. Circulating melatonin undergoes an increase in titer at night when compared to day time values in the trout. It is therefore possible that circulating melatonin may directly induce nightly palloring in larval trout. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that circulating melatonin is not involved in the maintenance of body coloration in adult trout nor is it involved in background coloration adaptation. The melanosomes within the retinal pigmented-epithelium undergo daily cycles of aggregation and dispersion in many vertebrates. Melatonin has been shown to affect the aggregation of melanosomes in both the trout and guinea pig pigmented-epithelium. Pinealectomy alters the state of pigment aggregation within the trout pigmented-epithelium. Evidence is reviewed concerning whether retinal or pineal gland melatonin is involved in the retinal melanosome aggregation-dispersion cycle. Finally data which demonstrates the presence of a melatonin-binding protein within the ocular tissue is presented and discussed.
Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

The proper diagnosis of ischemia and necrosis of bone is of primary practical importance because of the primacy of early diagnosis and the outcome of treatment, whatever it may be. Many authors, supporting core decompression, electrical stimulation, bone grafting or osteotomy have linked success to the stage at which the diagnosis is made (Steinberg et al., 1984; Hungerford et al., 1990). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the issues and diagnosis, some of the obstacles and disputes, and finally to present our diagnostic algorithm as currently practiced in trying to arrive at the proper diagnosis for the patient presenting with a painful hip for evaluation.