cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location of the neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the monkey hypothalamus by retrograde tracing and immunostaining*,**.

In order to localize neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the monkey hypothalamus, four juvenile cynomolgus macaques (one female, three males) were each given two or three microinjections (0.2 to 0.3 μl per site) of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-apoHorseradish peroxidase-10 nm colloidal gold into the superficial, median eminence region of the infundibular stalk. Five to 15 days following surgery, the brains were fixed by perfusion and vibratomed at 40 μm in the frontal plane. Every 12th section was immunostained with rabbit anti-GnRH using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Neuroendocrine GnRH neurons were easily identified in tissue sections as brown, immunostained cell bodies containing more than three distinct, dark blue, tracer-filled lysosomes. Neuronal counts from each complete series of sections were compiled by anatomical region, and the percentages of GnRH and neuroendocrine GnRH neurons determined. The highest proportion of neuroendocrine GnRH neurons (with projections to the median eminence) occurred in the ventral hypothalamic tract, especially in its medial third (71%), and in the supraoptic decussation just anterior to it. Proportions decreased moving laterally into the middle third (58%) and lateral third (25%) of the ventral hypothalamic tract. Further anterior and lateral, progressively smaller but significant neuroendocrine GnRH contributions were found in the supraoptic nucleus (57%) and lateral hypothalamus (33%), and in the medial preoptic area (26%). Although the medial preoptic area contained a greater percentage of the total GnRH-immunoreactive cell bodies (36%) than the ventral hypothalamic tract (27%), as a whole, the ventral hypothalamic tract contained 60% of the neuroendocrine GnRH neurons compared to only 25% from the medial preoptic area. Large numbers of GnRH cell bodies found in the diagonal band of Broca near the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis were not retrogradely labeled. GnRH neurons were not observed in the arcuate nucleus, the few in the paraventricular nucleus were not neuroendocrine, and the contribution from the periventricular zone was negligible. Our results here are the first to identify the neurons giving rise to the neuroendocrine GnRH system in juvenile monkeys. The data indicate that more GnRH neurons close to the infundibulum serve a neuroendocrine (perhaps hypophysiotropic) role than do those in more anterior areas. Furthermore, they suggest that the ventral hypothalamic tract is the most important, and perhaps most influential, neuroendocrine GnRH cell group in primates. The data substantiate the observed autonomy of the medial basal hypothalamus in controlling gonadotropin secretion and menstrual cyclicity in these animals. However, they also infer that perhaps 60% of the GnRH neurons do not project to the primate median eminence, and thus may serve other non-neuroendocrine functions.
Spectra of turbulence in a round jet

Turbulent energy spectra have been measured in a round air jet at high Reynolds numbers (Rλ = 710 to 780). The streamwise and cross-stream spectrum functions are well fitted by the () power law predicted by the Kolmogoroff theory for an inertial subrange. The data are shown to be consistent with the local isotropy hypothesis and the constant in the Kolmogoroff spectrum function in the inertial subrange is evaluated. Effects of length and non-linear response of the hot-wire are considered.
Will Pharmacogenomics Disrupt the U.S. Health Care System? No

There is a widely held view that the scientific breakthroughs represented by pharmacogenomics and other new biomarkers portend a new ‘personalized medicine’ that will disrupt and revolutionize the U.S
Discovery and Characterization of Novel Vascular and Hematopoietic Genes Downstream of Etsrp in Zebrafish

The transcription factor Etsrp is required for vasculogenesis and primitive myelopoiesis in zebrafish. When ectopically expressed, etsrp is sufficient to induce the expression of many vascular and myeloid genes in zebrafish. The mammalian homolog of etsrp, ER71/Etv2, is also essential for vascular and hematopoietic development. To identify genes downstream of etsrp, gain-of-function experiments were performed for etsrp in zebrafish embryos followed by transcription profile analysis by microarray. Subsequent in vivo expression studies resulted in the identification of fourteen genes with blood and/or vascular expression, six of these being completely novel. Regulation of these genes by etsrp was confirmed by ectopic induction in etsrp overexpressing embryos and decreased expression in etsrp deficient embryos. Additional functional analysis of two newly discovered genes, hapln1b and sh3gl3, demonstrates their importance in embryonic vascular development. The results described here identify a group of genes downstream of etsrp likely to be critical for vascular and/or myeloid development.
Application of invariant imbedding to the buckling of columns

Abstract The classical eigenvalue problem is transformed into an initial value problem by means of invariant imbedding. This initial value form is eminently suited for numerical integration. Several examples are presented to illustrate the technique and to demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical solution.
Syngeneic thyroglobulin is immunogenic in good responder mice

Mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) or thyroid extract (TE) was given repeatedly to good responder C3H/Anf (H-2k) and poor responder BALB/c (H-2d) mice in the absence of adjuvant. Anti-MTg antibodies reached high levels in good responder mice given high doses of thyroid antigen. To eliminate stimulation by alloantigenic determinants and reduce the chance of denaturation, TE from syngeneic mice was prepared freshly each week and injected into good and poor responder strains. Again, significant antibody titers were observed in good responder mice. The antibody was specific for MTg since (a) it was not inhibited by extracts of other organs and (b) it reacted strongly with the closely related rat Tg and weakly with Tg from other species. Histology revealed mononuclear cell infiltration of the thyroid of good responder, but not of poor responder mice, regardless of the strain used to provide the thyroid antigen. The data demonstrate the presence of both T and B cell populations reactive with this self antigen and their stimulation by repeated high doses of antigen, without the aid of adjuvant, to override the regulatory controls that normally prevent autoimmune responses.
Mechanisms for Quasi-Stationary Behavior in Simulated Heavy-Rain-Producing Convective Systems

Abstract In this study, idealized numerical simulations are used to identify the processes responsible for initiating, organizing, and maintaining quasi-stationary convective systems that produce locally extreme rainfall amounts. Of particular interest are those convective systems that have been observed to occur near mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) and other midlevel circulations. To simulate the lifting associated with such circulations, a low-level momentum forcing is applied to an initial state that is representative of observed extreme rain events. The initial vertical wind profile includes a sharp reversal of the vertical wind shear with height, indicative of observed low-level jets. Deep moist convection initiates within the region of mesoscale lifting, and the resulting convective system replicates many of the features of observed systems. The low-level thermodynamic environment is nearly saturated, which is not conducive to the production of a strong surface cold pool; yet the convection qui...
Mechanical and electrochemical performance of composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The feasibility of adding glass or inorganic binder to conventional SOFC cathode contact materials (CCM) in order to improve bonding to adjacent materials in the cell stack is assessed. Two glasses (SEM-COM SCZ-8 and Schott GM31107) and one inorganic binder (Aremco 644A) are mixed with LSM particles to produce composite CCM pastes. These are used to bond Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 -coated stainless steel mesh current collectors to anode-supported button cells. The cells are operated at 800 °C for about 1000 h. The cell with SCZ-8 addition to the CCM displays quite stable operation (3.9%/1000 h degradation), whereas the other additives lead to somewhat higher degradation rate. Bonding of the CCM to coated stainless steel coupons is also assessed. Interfacial fracture toughness is determined using a four-point bend test. The fracture toughness for LSM–Schott glass (12.3 N mm −1 ), LSM–SCZ-8 glass (6.8 N mm −1 ) and LSM–644A binder (5.4 N mm −1 ) are significantly improved relative to pure LSM (1.7 N mm −1 ). Indeed, addition of binder or glass is found to improve bonding of the CCM layer without sacrificing cell performance.
Mirror writing in right-handers and in left-handers

To determine whether normal left-handers were more adept than were normal right-handers at mirror writing, we tested right-handers and left-handers for their ability to mirror write. Independent of hand used, left-handers wrote mirror words (but not normal words) faster than did right-handers, which suggest that left-handers may be better able to reverse directions (left leads to right to right leads to left). Although when using their preferred hand, left-handers made fewer errors than did right-handers (using their preferred hand), the left hand both in right- and in left-handers was superior to the right hand. That the left hand was superior to the right is compatible with the hypothesis either that the right hemisphere contains mirror engrams or that movements away from the body are more accurate than movements toward the body or both.
Extended Dirac factorization: ‘multi-mass’ special cases in clifford form

The hypercomplex approach to Dirac physics is here summarized. The new mass term is shown to give a ψ wave, in the extension of Dirac’s Klein-Gordon factorization (when the usual Dirac mass part equals zero), that is completely within the ‘complexified’ Hamilton-Pauli sub-algebraE. This may help with the physical interpretation of this new mass, with its five possible parts. New, spin 1/2 quanta also seem possible. These are all variations on Dirac’s factorization, where mass is generalized to several parts (multi-parts) or, instead, each new mass part, of the five, can be taken one at a time in nature, for individual wave equations. Lorentz symmetry is also naturally extended from 6 parameters to 8 parameters, and this has sweeping metaphysical implications. Dirac algebra is doubled also in a natural way using quaternions.
Interplay between oxygen and Fe-S cluster biogenesis: insights from the Suf pathway.

Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster metalloproteins conduct essential functions in nearly all contemporary forms of life. The nearly ubiquitous presence of Fe–S clusters and the fundamental requirement for Fe–S clusters in both aerobic and anaerobic Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya suggest that these clusters were likely integrated into central metabolic pathways early in the evolution of life prior to the widespread oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere. Intriguingly, Fe–S cluster-dependent metabolism is sensitive to disruption by oxygen because of the decreased bioavailability of ferric iron as well as direct oxidation of sulfur trafficking intermediates and Fe–S clusters by reactive oxygen species. This fact, coupled with the ubiquity of Fe–S clusters in aerobic organisms, suggests that organisms evolved with mechanisms that facilitate the biogenesis and use of these essential cofactors in the presence of oxygen, which gradually began to accumulate around 2.5 billion years ago as oxygenic photosynthesis proliferated an...
Orthogonal series density estimation

Orthogonal series density estimation is a powerful nonparametric estimation methodology that allows one to analyze and present data at hand without any prior opinion about shape of an underlying density. The idea of construction of an adaptive orthogonal series density estimator is explained on the classical example of a direct sample from a univariate density. Data-driven estimators, which have been used for years, as well as recently proposed procedures, are reviewed. Orthogonal series estimation is also known for its sharp minimax properties which are explained. Furthermore, applications of the orthogonal series methodology to more complicated settings, including censored and biased data as well as estimation of the density of regression errors and the conditional density, are also presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neuroscience and Communication

Increasingly, communication scholars are probing the contributions of biology to communication processes. This special issue brought together articles providing substantive overviews of the use of state-of-the-art techniques for performing this type of research, including fMRI, EEG, galvanic skin response, and heart rate measurement. In this article, I review the major insights about the use of these methods, with special emphasis on potential threats to validity. I conclude by suggesting potential new directions for this type of research including evolutionary, epigenetic and ethological approaches.
Effect of iron additions on environmental embrittlement of NiTi-base alloys

Abstract The effect of Fe on the room-temperature environmental embrittlement of NiTi-base alloys was investigated and discussed in this paper. Tensile test data and scanning electron microscope fractography have been evaluated to show that there exists a critical Fe content in NiTi, i.e. about 9 at.%, below which no environmental embrittlement was observed and above which hydrogen from the moisture-containing test environments severely embrittled NiTi. Laser desorption mass spectrometric results indicate that the surface reaction to generate atomic hydrogen did not change much with Fe additions. Hydrogen charging experiments show that Fe additions actually reduced the hydrogen diffusivity in NiTi alloys from ∼2×10 −14 m 2 /s for Fe-free NiTi alloy to ∼6×10 −16 m 2 /s for NiTi alloy with 10 at.% Fe, implying that the observed ‘Fe effect’ is not due to hydrogen transport effects in the material. Careful examination of tensile properties suggests that strength level is the key factor in controlling the susceptibility to environmental embrittlement of NiTi alloys with Fe additions.
The Paradox of Nursing Regulation: Politics or Patient Safety?

When any provider fails to admit or understand—or simply ignores—the human condition of imperfection, no effort will be made to improve and to “do it better” the next time—and no progress or advanc...
The Electrical Measurement of Molecular Junctions

ABSTRACT: We present the investigation of the electrical transport of metal/(organic molecule or monolayer)/metal junctions. Utilizing a novel mechanically controllable break junction to form a statically stable system, we have self-assembled molecules of benzene- 1,4-dithiol onto two facing gold electrodes allowing for direct observation of charge transport through the molecules. Current-voltage I(V) measurements provides a quantitative measure of the conductance of a junction containing a single molecule. We have also created a technique to form well-defined, stable, and reproducible metallic contacts to a self-assembled monolayer of 4-thioacetylbiphenyl with nanoscale area. Electronic transport measurements show a prominent rectifying behavior arising from the asymmetry of the molecular heterostructure. Variable-temperature measurements reveal the dominant transport mechanisms, such as thermionic emission for the Ti-organic system. These techniques demonstrate the capability of electrically characterizing and engineering conductive molecular systems for future potential device applications.
Microvascular permeabilization and cardiomyocyte injury provoked by myocardial contrast echocardiography in a canine model.

Objectives The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential for myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) to provoke microscale bioeffects in a canine model. Background Myocardial contrast echocardiography induces bioeffects in rat hearts, but translation of such results to larger animal models is uncertain. Methods Dogs were anesthetized and prepared for open- (n = 22) or closed- (n = 6) chest MCE. Evans blue dye was injected intravenously as an indicator of microvascular leakage, and propidium iodide was used to stain for irreversibly injured myocytes in frozen sections. The contrast agent (Definity, Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging Inc., North Billerica, Massachusetts) was diluted in saline and infused intravenously at 2 μl/kg/min. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in a short-axis (open-chest) or modified four-chamber view (closed-chest) with 1:4 end systolic electrocardiogram triggering was performed at 1.5 MHz for 10 min in a single imaging plane. Results Petechiae and leakage of Evans blue were observed in the ultrasound scan plane within the anterior left ventricle. For 1.2 MPa and 2.2 MPa, open- or closed-chest MCE, Evans blue content in tissue within the scan plane was significantly greater than in tissue outside this plane. Counts of propidium-iodide-stained nuclei for 2.2 MPa open-chest MCE were also significantly greater inside than outside the scan plane. Conclusions In a canine model, MCE induces myocardial injury comparable to that seen in the rodent model.
Clutch identity and predator-induced hatching affect behavior and development in a leaf-breeding treefrog

For species with complex life cycles, transitions between life stages result in niche shifts that are often associated with evolutionary trade-offs. When conditions across life stages are unpredictable, plasticity in niche shift timing may be adaptive; however, factors associated with clutch identity (e.g., genetic or maternal) may influence the effects of such plasticity. The red-eyed treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas) is an ideal organism for investigating the effects of genetics and life stage switch point timing because embryos exhibit adaptive phenotypic plasticity in hatching time. In this study, we evaluated the effects of experimentally manipulated hatching time and clutch identity on antipredator behavior of tadpoles and on developmental traits of metamorphs, including larval period, mass, SVL, and jumping ability. We found that in the presence of dragonfly nymph predator cues at 21 days post-oviposition, tadpoles reduced both their activity level and height in the water column. Furthermore, early-hatched tadpoles were less active than late-hatched tadpoles of the same age. This difference in behavior patterns of early- and late-hatched tadpoles may represent an adaptive response due to a longer period of susceptibility to odonate predators for early-hatched tadpoles, or it may be a carry-over effect mediated by early exposure to an environmental stressor (i.e., induction of early hatching). We also found that hatching time affected both behavioral traits and developmental traits, but its effect on developmental traits varied significantly among clutches. This study shows that a single early-life event may influence a suite of factors during subsequent life stages and that some of these effects appear to be dependent on clutch identity. This interaction may represent an evolutionary response to a complex life cycle and unpredictable environments, regardless of whether the clutch differences are due to additive genetic variance or maternal effects.
Disruption of Forest Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Orientation to Baited Traps in Aspen Groves by Air Permeation with (5Z,7E)-5, 7-dodecadienal

Orientation of Malacosoma disstria males to traps baited with live female moths or a three-component lure (5Z,7E-12:aldehyde + 5Z,7Z-12:aldehyde + Z7-12:aldehyde) was disrupted when 5Z,7E-12:aldehyde was released from a varying number of releasers (rubber septa or Hercon plastic laminates) uniformly spaced in plots (9 by 9 m) in the field. Release rates higher than 300 µg per plot per 24 h effected >85% disruption. At these release rates, variation of the number of release points from 10 to 100 per plot had no significant effect on the percent disruption. Behavioral observations indicated that, at lower release rates per releaser (3 or 6 µg per 24 h), disruption was partly due to confusion and partly due to a reduction in search effort by the moths; at higher release rates, disruption was mainly due to reduction in searching effort. A 7-year blacklight trapping record suggests the M. disstria population was generated locally. Potential control of the population with synthetic pheromone is discussed.
Drawing Lines : from Kernberg and Haraway to Lacan and Beyond

This paper reviews the key concepts underlying the diagnosis of “borderline personality disorder” as exemplified in the work of Otto Kernberg. It looks both to history and philosophy (Rousseau), to social thought (Erving Goffman) and to psychoanalysis (Deutsch, Freud, Lacan) to show the limitations and problems with the diagnosis. It also looks at later cultural developments attacking the idea of limits and ‘borders’ (e.g, Haraway refusal of metaphoric distinctions among human-animal-machine) as having their own vexed psychoanalytic profile. The paper concludes with strong speculation about the reasons humans, and humans alone, draw lines.
Quantitative analysis of microvascular changes in diffuse astrocytic neoplasms with increasing grade of malignancy

Abstract Because glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) frequently shows striking, glomeruloid microvascular proliferation (MVP), this tumor has become a strong candidate for anti-angiogenic therapy. However, the efficacy of anti-angiogenic treatment may rather be determined by the extent of classic angiogenesis with the formation of delicate microvascular sprouts. Therefore, this study differentially quantifies the microvascular changes in supratentorial diffuse astrocytic neoplasms by computerized image analysis of histological sections in which the microvessels were highlighted by a combined anti-collagen IV/MIB-1 staining. Four microvascular parameters (number, area, perimeter, diameter), the cellularity of the glial tissue, and the MIB-1 labeling index were assessed in biopsies of astrocytoma (A, n = 13), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA, n = 14), and GBM (n = 20), and in normal cerebral cortex (n = 7) and white matter (n = 7). In As and AAs, the microvascular parameters were not significantly different from each other, and the microvascular changes were generally limited compared with WM and CX. In contrast, in GBMs the microvascular parameters were highly variable, and their overall mean value was significantly increased compared with As and AAs (ranging from 1.3× for vessel diameter to 3.3× for vessel area). Our study indicates that not only glomeruloid MVP, but also classic angiogenesis, occurs mainly and only locally in GBMs. Thus, this study provides evidence that As and AAs are not good candidates for anti-angiogenic therapy. The efficacy of such therapy for GBMs awaits further evaluation.
Expression of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1 and adiponectin in nipple aspirate fluid and plasma of pre and post-menopausal women.

Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) contains large amounts of protein thought to reflect the microenvironment of the breast, and is of interest in breast cancer prevention research. The correlation between specific NAF proteins to plasma concentrations have not been well studied in healthy women. We collected matched NAF and plasma from 43 healthy pre and postmenopausal women participating in an early phase clinical study to compare the levels of putative cancer protein biomarkers. We compared baseline NAF and plasma levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and adiponectin and evaluated menopausal status and body mass index (BMI) as potential modifying factors. NAF and plasma levels of EGF, TGF-β1 and adiponectin were not correlated. EGF and TGF-β1 levels in NAF of premenopausal women were significantly higher than postmenopausal women (P’s < 0.01). These differences by menopausal status were not observed in plasma. Both NAF and plasma adiponectin levels were non-significantly higher in postmenopausal women. NAF biomarker levels were not associated with BMI whereas plasma EGF, TGF-β1 and adiponectin levels in postmenopausal women were all inversely correlated with BMI (P’s < 0.05). Protein biomarkers differ significantly between NAF and plasma and are affected differently by both BMI and menopausal status. This study demonstrates important differences in biological information gained by characterizing biomarkers in NAF compared to plasma and suggests each sample source may independently inform on breast cancer risk.
The xanthophyll-cycling pigment dynamics of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) during light–dark transition

We investigated the photoresponses of diadinoxanthin (DD) and diatoxanthin (DT) using Isochrysis gal- bana cultures that had been acclimated to four different levels of photon flux density (PFD). DD can play a role as a photosynthetic light-harvesting pigment, whereas DT can play a role as a photoprotective pigment. The PFD ranged from limited light conditions (LL) to saturated light conditions (SL) for growth. The photoresponses of these pig- ments during light-dark transitions at each acclimation PFD were consistent. The photoresponses of these xantho- phyll pigments, as normalized to either cell density or chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, to light-dark transitions varied with acclimation PFD. The stoichiometric variations between the DD or DT : Chl a ratio observed at the two higher acclimation PFDs suggested that these xanthophyll dynamics are controlled by xanthophyll cycling processes in addition to de novo processes and interconversion between DD and fucoxnathin under SL conditions. Significant linear relationships were observed between the levels of DD and/or DT normalized to either the cell density or Chl a concentration. Based on the cellular pigment content and the xanthophyll : Chl a ratio, the slopes of the linear rela- tionships normalized to either the cell density or Chl a concentration were significantly related to the acclimation PFD linearly and sigmoidally, respectively. Similarly, the acclimation PFD at the interaction of the sigmoidal change and the transition point from the LL to SL condition suggests that these xanthophyll pigment dynamics can be char- acterized by acclimation to the light conditions. An examination of the slope may provide information leading to a better understanding of photoacclimation in the algal photosynthetic apparatus.
Selective repression of translation by the brome mosaic virus 1a RNA replication protein.

Differential expression of viral replication proteins is essential for successful infection. We report here that overexpression of the brome mosaic virus (BMV) 1a protein can repress viral RNA replication in a dosage-dependent manner. Using RNA replication-incompetent reporter constructs, repression of translation from BMV RNA1 and RNA2 was observed, suggesting that the effect on translation of the BMV RNA replication proteins is responsible for the decrease in RNA levels. Furthermore, repression of translation by 1a required the B box in the 5′-untranslated region (5′ UTR); BMV RNA3 that lacks a B box in its 5′ UTR is not subject to 1a-mediated translational inhibition. Mutations in either the methyltransferase or the helicase-like domains of 1a reduced the repression of replication and translation. These results suggest that in addition to its known functions in BMV RNA synthesis, 1a also regulates viral gene expression.
Effects of high-priority events on recall and recognition of other events

High-priority events (HPEs) were names of famous people inserted in lists of common words. Significant decrements in recall of items immediately preceding HPEs at input were observed at the 1-sec rate but not at the 0.5-sec rate of presentation. Recognition data at both rates indicated significant detrimental effects on items immediately preceding and immediately following HPEs. Recognition effects were obtained both with and without prior free recall, and occurred even in the absence of HPE instructions. The results suggest that the items just before and just after an HPE both suffer losses of effective presentation time at input.
Outcomes After Surgery in High-Risk Patients With Early Stage Lung Cancer.

Background Patients with early stage lung cancer considered high risk for surgery are increasingly being treated with nonsurgical therapies. However, consensus on the classification of high risk does not exist. We compared clinical outcomes of patients considered to be high risk with those of standard-risk patients, after lung cancer surgery. Methods A total of 490 patients from our institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeons data from 2009 to 2013 underwent resection for clinical stage I lung cancer. High-risk patients were identified by ACOSOG z4032/z4099 criteria: major: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) 50% or less or diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) 50% or less; and minor: (two of the following), age 75 years or more, FEV 1 51% to 60%, or Dlco 51% to 60%. Demographics, perioperative outcomes, and survival between high-risk and standard-risk patients undergoing lobectomy and sublobar resection were compared. Univariate analysis was performed using the χ 2 test/Fisher's exact test and the t test/Mann-Whitney U test. Survival was studied using a Cox regression model to calculate hazard ratios, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were drawn. Results In all, 180 patients (37%) were classified as high risk. These patients were older than standard-risk patients (70 years versus 65 years, respectively; p 1 (57% versus 85%, p p p p p = 0.001). Length of stay was longer in the high-risk group (5 versus 4 days, p p = 0.53). Nodal upstaging occurred in 20% of high-risk patients and 21% of standard-risk patients ( p = 0.79). Three-year survival was 59% for high-risk patients and 76% for standard-risk patients ( p Conclusions Good clinical outcomes after surgery for early stage lung cancer can be achieved in patients classified as high risk. In our study, surgery led to upstaging in 20% of patients and acceptable 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival as compared with historical rates for nonsurgical therapies. This study suggests that empiric selection criteria may deny patients optimal oncologic therapy.
Regional effects of orthopedic manual physical therapy in the successful management of chronic jaw pain

Objective and importance: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a variety of dysfunction of the maxillofacial region. A strong relationship between TMD and cervical spine pain exists, and widespread hyperalgesia is common in TMD. This case describes the management and reduction in regional hyperalgesia in a patient with chronic TMD.Clinical presentation: A 23-year-old female with a 10-year history of tinnitus and bilateral (B) jaw pain, and 5-year history of intermittent neck pain, presented with pain, which could reach 10/10 on the numeric pain rating scale, locking, tightness and restricted eating habits. Cervical motion testing did not reproduce her jaw pain. Her mouth opening (MO) and B temporomandibular joint (TMJ) accessory glides were limited and painful. Accessory glides at the upper cervical facet joints reproduced her jaw pain. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) at her B masseters and thenar eminences at the hand were diminished, indicating hyperalgesia.Intervention: Treatment included passive...
Use of preservative-free lidocaine for cataract surgery in a patient allergic to “caines”

Although many patients have been labeled allergic to local anesthetics (LAs), true allergic reactions to LAs are rare. An 81-year-old woman with a history of procaine (Novocaine) allergy presented for cataract surgery. Skin testing showed sensitivity to amide and ester LAs. Further testing with preservative-free lidocaine was negative, suggesting the patient was allergic to ester LAs and preservatives found in amide anesthetic preparations. Cataract extraction was subsequently and uneventfully performed in both eyes with topical anesthesia using preservative-free lidocaine.
Decoding V1 Neuronal Activity using Particle Filtering with Volterra Kernels

Decoding is a strategy that allows us to assess the amount of information neurons can provide about certain aspects of the visual scene. In this study, we develop a method based on Bayesian sequential updating and the particle filtering algorithm to decode the activity of V1 neurons in awake monkeys. A distinction in our method is the use of Volterra kernels to filter the particles, which live in a high dimensional space. This parametric Bayesian decoding scheme is compared to the optimal linear decoder and is shown to work consistently better than the linear optimal decoder. Interestingly, our results suggest that for decoding in real time, spike trains of as few as 10 independent but similar neurons would be sufficient for decoding a critical scene variable in a particular class of visual stimuli. The reconstructed variable can predict the neural activity about as well as the actual signal with respect to the Volterra kernels.
Preparation of Very Small Representative Samples of Raw Cotton

Since immature cotton fibers are colored green and mature fibers red in differential dyeing, this technique has been employed to show visually how well the fibers are mixed in the sampling of cotton. It has been shown by such dyeing that raw cotton usually con tains groups of immature fibers that tend to remain in groups that are not completely broken up and distributed, even in very small test specimens prepared for cross sectioning. The danger has also been shown of too much confidence in the mixing of fibers by me chanical blending, and of excessive loss of immature fibers, as at the combing stage of sampling. The representativeness of subsamples and of small test specimens was im proved, using differential dyeing of portions of subsamples at intermediate steps in sampling and of parts of final specimens as a guide. An extension of this type of study could well resutt in the improvement of standard procedures for the sampling of raw cotton.
Stability and mechanism of whey protein soluble aggregates thermally treated with salts

Abstract The formation of whey protein aggregates, often termed soluble aggregates, with specific physicochemical properties has been shown to result in improved functionality in gels, foams, emulsions, encapsulation, films and coatings. This work evaluated the potential of whey protein soluble aggregates to improve thermal stability in the presence of salts and determine the mechanism of improved thermal stability. Solutions of whey protein isolate (WPI) or β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) (7% w/w, pH 6.8) were heated for 10 min at 90 °C to form soluble aggregates. Native proteins and soluble aggregates were diluted to 3% w/w in solutions containing 0–108 mM NaCl and thermally treated (90 °C, 5 min). Turbidity, solubility, and viscosity were evaluated, in addition to ζ-potential and S o (surface hydrophobicity). Size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and dynamic light scattering were used to determine aggregate size and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate aggregate shape. Use of soluble aggregates improved thermal stability due to their altered aggregate shape and higher charge, and resulted in final aggregates that were smaller and less dense, leading to reduced viscosity and turbidity, and increased solubility compared to native proteins. It is concluded that soluble aggregates formed under the appropriate conditions to produce the desirable physicochemical properties can be used to improve whey protein thermal stability with a possible application in beverages.
Phosphorus responses of C3 and C4 species

An hypothesis was formulated that phosphorus (P) partitioning in tissues of C 4 leaves would permit C 4 plants to resist P deficiency better than C 3 plants. To test this hypothesis, 12 C 3 , C 4 , and C 3 -C 4 intermediate species were grown at adequate, deficient, and severely deficient P supply in a solid-phase-buffered sand culture system to characterize photosynthetic and growth responses. Species differed considerably in response to P stress. The growth of C 3 species was more sensitive to P supply than C 4 species, but C 3 and C 4 species had similar photosynthetic P use efficiency, and C 4 species did not have low leaf P content, contrary to our hypothesis. In fact, leaf photosynthetic rates were not correlated with growth responses. Moncots had lower leaf P content and better maintenance of leaf production under P stress than dicots, because of greater inhibition of branching (dicots) than of tillering (monocots). The most P efficient species in this survey was Brachiaria, a C 4 monocot that increased root biomass allocation under stress while maintaining P allocation to the shoot. It is concluded that C 4 species are not inherently more P efficient than C 3 species, but that monocots are more P efficient than dicots, because of contrasting P and biomass allocation under stress.
Effects of Precise FRF Measurements for Frequency Based Substructuring

Impedance modeling is often utilized to generate frequency response functions of an assembled system using modal characteristics of individual components. Sometimes slight inaccuracies are manifested in the characteristics of the components. Although those inaccuracies may seem minor in regards to the component for a traditional modal model, the inaccuracies can be amplified when impedance modeling is performed. Frequency based substructuring involves inversion of the frequency response functions and therefore requires considerable accuracy for the measurement, particularly in the area of anti-resonances.
Preparing for Emergencies

This chapter takes on the ambitious goal of bridging the gap between how prepared we are, how prepared we need to be, and how we prioritize efforts to close this gap. It highlights significant deficiencies, weaknesses, and inadequacies in planning for security emergency operations. Significant emphasis is given to response and recovery actions, which are by far the greatest weaknesses in the total chain of security preparedness. Actual case histories are offered throughout the narrative to illustrate the significance of the problem.
The Additions to Ben Sira and the Book’s Multiform Textual Witness

The Wisdom of Ben Sira contains numerous supplemental and interpretive additions present to varying degrees in the extant textual witnesses. Soon after the discovery of the Hebrew manuscripts of Ben Sira many scholars began to theorize that the additions witnessed in some Greek manuscripts and to a lesser extent Lat and Syr originated in a secondary form of the Hebrew text (HebII). The chapter outlines the features of GrII, since it is the best witness to an expanded recension of Ben Sira and then briefly introduces the Lat additions before considering the evidence for a revision of the Hebrew text underlying these additions. The Latin translation of Ben Sira is essentially the same in the Vetus Latina and Vulgate versions, except for the later addition of the grandsons Prologue and the Praise of the Fathers (chapters 4450). Keywords: Ben Sira; Greek manuscripts; GrI; Hebrew; Syr; textual witnesses
Evidence for Spin Glass Ordering Near the Weak to Strong Localization Transition in Hydrogenated Graphene

We provide evidence that magnetic moments formed when hydrogen atoms are covalently bound to graphene exhibit spin glass ordering. We observe logarithmic time-dependent relaxations in the remnant magnetoresistance following magnetic field sweeps, as well as strong variances in the remnant magnetoresistance following field-cooled and zero-field-cooled scenarios, which are hallmarks of canonical spin glasses and provide experimental evidence for the hydrogenated graphene spin glass state. Following magnetic field sweeps, and over a relaxation period of several minutes, we measure changes in the resistivity that are more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than what has previously been reported for a two-dimensional spin glass. Magnetotransport measurements at the Dirac point, and as a function of hydrogen concentration, demonstrate that the spin glass state is observable as the zero-field resistivity reaches a value close to the quantum unit h/2e2, corresponding to the point at which the system undergoes a tr...
Stability in Amorphous Silicon

The experimental phenomena associated with light-induced degradation and thermal recovery of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films are reviewed, with special emphasis on the limitations of each experimental technique. When several techniques are used in concert, a fuller picture emerges. Recent experiments suggest different positions in the band-gap of the paramagnetic-associated defect states (the dangling bonds) for doped and undopedfilms; this information can be combined with conductivity, sub-bandgap optical absorption and electron spin resonance data to yield a model for the density of gap states (DOS) in a- Si:H, including how the DOS changes upon illumination and annealing.
Are the SSRI antidepressants safe in pregnancy? Understanding the debate.

Background Rates of antidepressant use during pregnancy are rising worldwide. It is, therefore, essential to determine the effects of these medications in pregnancy and on the developing fetus. Objective To review the two main explanatory models for understanding the effects of antidepressant use during pregnancy and compare the evidence to support them. Methods Review, synthesis, and discussion of the available literature. Results The preponderance of the basic science, animal data, and human studies supports the view that the Harmful Chemical Model is the best explanatory framework for understanding the effects of the SSRI antidepressants during pregnancy. They do not appear to be helpful medications that produce better outcomes for moms and babies. They are not like using insulin in pregnant diabetics. Their profile fits more with a harmful chemical exposure. Conclusions The totality of the scientific evidence convincingly suggests that the SSRI antidepressants are chemicals that do cause fetal harm and that the FDA should strongly consider changing the FDA Category from C to D for the entire class. This move would provide appropriate warning to the public while still allowing for use in selected cases.
Design of manipulator for grabing based on CAN bus interface control system

The development and production of manipulator is a new technology developed rapidly.To meet the needs of current large-scale automatic production lines with more manipulators,which must be coordinated and controlled,an intelligent,reliable and flexible network bus control system has to be applied.This design aims to control a manipulator for grasping objects by industrial CAN bus,which overall control process are expounded based CAN bus.Then the structure and working principle of the manipulator is introduced,based on which a manipulator for grasping objects of two degree of freedom controlled by motors is designed.Afterwards the characteristics and structure about CAN bus are presented,and a CAN bus interface is devised as well.Finally,the hardware connection scheme of the manipulator dominated by CAN bus is presented,and the software program for the control system is provided as well.This design possesses several advantages:good expansibility,flexible function,easily operation,steady performance and so on.
Bladder Neck Reconstruction for Total Urinary Incontinence: 10 Years of Experience

Of 75 patients with complete urinary incontinence (25 female and 50 male patients) 25 were managed by the posterior bladder tube (Leadbetter) technique and 50 were managed by the anterior tube reconstruction of Tanagho. The cases of 6 other patients who underwent the same anterior bladder tube reconstruction after retropubic prostatectomy also are analyzed. Post-prostatectomy incontinence constituted the major indication for operation (44 patients). Other indications were trauma, congenital anomalies including epispadias, urethrotomy and urethral excision. The success rate with the anterior repair was about 70 per cent. Analysis of each group, comparison to posterior reconstruction and indications are presented.
Leading change: a concept analysis

Aim To report an analysis of the concept of leading change. Background Nurses have been called to lead change to advance the health of individuals, populations, and systems. Conceptual clarity about leading change in the context of nursing and healthcare systems provides an empirical direction for future research and theory development that can advance the science of leadership studies in nursing. Design Concept analysis. Data sources CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Health Business Elite and Business Source Premier databases were searched using the terms: leading change, transformation, reform, leadership and change. Literature published in English from 2001 – 2015 in the fields of nursing, medicine, organizational studies, business, education, psychology or sociology were included. Methods Walker and Avant's method was used to identify descriptions, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents of the concept. Model, related and contrary cases were developed. Results Five defining attributes of leading change were identified: (a) individual and collective leadership; (b) operational support; (c) fostering relationships; (d) organizational learning; and (e) balance. Antecedents were external or internal driving forces and organizational readiness. The consequences of leading change included improved organizational performance and outcomes and new organizational culture and values. Conclusion A theoretical definition and conceptual model of leading change were developed. Future studies that use and test the model may contribute to the refinement of a middle-range theory to advance nursing leadership research and education. From this, empirically derived interventions that prepare and enable nurses to lead change to advance health may be realized.
Moving to the mines: Motivations of men and women for migration to artisanal and small-scale mining sites in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract Artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) sites in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) present livelihoods opportunities within an evolving security situation, thus offering the potential for economic and physical security. This paper presents survey data detailing reasons why men and women in eastern DRC migrate to ASM sites, with a specific focus on the extent to which insecurity wrought by the DRC's decades long conflict influences individuals’ migration decisions. It draws from research performed under a World Bank-Harvard Humanitarian Initiative research project. Following the literature review on decision-making related to ASM and migration and its applicability to the research context of eastern DRC, the article first presents basic demographics of the 998 men and women surveyed. It then details participants’ specific motivations for migration and groups them as push or pull factors. Finally, the article looks at the relationship between migration and the relevant migration and security variables separately before creating a multiple regression model to see how these variables inform migration decisions collectively. Participants largely migrated to ASM sites for the purpose of seeking money and/or employment. Security – specifically the presence of an armed group at one's reception site – also informed migration decision making, yet it did not negate the role of economic factors. This is the first paper the authors know of that examines gender-specific motivations for migration to ASM sites as well as how insecurity influences decisions to migrate to ASM sites.