cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fair Deal Universal Health Care Proposals: Historians’ Perspectives from 1970 to 2003

Throughout the Truman administration’s Fair Deal era, ideas for a national system of publicly financed universal health care were developed, debated, and even proposed in Congress. In spite of public support for health care reform, each legislative proposal that embodied these ideas failed, and the dream of truly universal health coverage has never been resurrected. Historians who have examined the failure of the Fair Deal proposals have generally agreed that opposition from within Truman’s own party and from congressional Republicans, combined with opposition from organized medicine, contributed to the ultimate failure of the proposals. But an examination of historical accounts of the Fair Deal health proposal failures written during a period beginning shortly after Medicare and Medicaid were enacted and ending amid President George W. Bush’s calls to privatize Medicare and Social Security shows that over time, historians’ interpretations of the failures shifted in two major ways. First, historians’ answers to the question of why the proposals failed changed. Over time, the roles played by politicians opposed to the programs and by organized medicine were viewed as less central to those failures. And second, historians began to ask a broader set of questions than simply “why did the proposals fail?” Later historians in this period asked about the ways in which the “universal” programs, had they been enacted, would have neglected many marginalized groups, and about the larger impacts of the proposals’ failures. This paper begins in Part I with a brief history of the Fair Deal proposals for a public, compulsory, universal system of health care coverage. In Part II, the accounts of five historians, written over a period of 34 years, are examined, with a focus on the factors to which each attributed the proposals’ failures, and on the broader implications — if any — that each historian addressed. And in Part III, I posit that two developments during the period in which these historians worked — the ascendency of a new conservative movement and the failure of the Clinton health care plan — partially account for the changes in their interpretations of the Fair Deal health proposals.
Risk of amputation with canagliflozin across categories of age and cardiovascular risk in three US nationwide databases: cohort study.

Abstract Objective To estimate the rate of lower limb amputation among adults newly prescribed canagliflozin according to age and cardiovascular disease. Design Population based, new user, cohort study. Data sources Two commercial and Medicare claims databases, 2013-17. Participants Patients newly prescribed canagliflozin were propensity score matched 1:1 with patients newly prescribed a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Hazard ratios and rate differences per 1000 person years were computed for the rate of lower limb amputation in the following four groups: group 1, patients aged less than 65 years without baseline cardiovascular disease; group 2, patients aged less than 65 with baseline cardiovascular disease; group 3, patients aged 65 or older without baseline cardiovascular disease; group 4, patients aged 65 or older with baseline cardiovascular disease. Within each group, pooled hazard ratio and rate difference per 1000 person years were calculated by meta-analysis. Intervention Canagliflozin versus a GLP-1 agonist. Main outcome measures Lower limb amputation requiring surgery. Results Across the three databases, 310 840 propensity score matched adults who started canagliflozin or a GLP-1 agonist were identified. The hazard ratio and rate difference per 1000 person years for amputation in adults receiving canagliflozin compared with a GLP-1 agonist for each group was: group 1, hazard ratio 1.09 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.43), rate difference 0.12 (−0.31 to 0.55); group 2, hazard ratio 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62), rate difference 1.06 (−1.77 to 3.89); group 3, hazard ratio 1.30 (0.52 to 3.26), rate difference 0.47 (−0.73 to 1.67); and group 4, hazard ratio 1.73 (1.30 to 2.29), rate difference 3.66 (1.74 to 5.59). Conclusions The increase in rate of amputation with canagliflozin was small and most apparent on an absolute scale for adults aged 65 or older with baseline cardiovascular disease, resulting in a number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome of 556 patients at six months (that is, 18 more amputations per 10 000 people who received canagliflozin). These results help to contextualize the risk of amputation with canagliflozin in routine care.
An NSF-Sponsored Summer Research Program for Undergraduates: Evolution and Refinement

This work is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF CCF-0851848). Professor W. Eric Wong is the faculty supervisor and the principal investigator of this research initiative. Mr. Vidroha Debroy is a student mentor. Abstract This paper reports the organization of an undergraduate research summer program in 2010 at the University of Texas at Dallas, which is the second iteration of a three-year project sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The primary research subject is “Verification and Validation for Software Safety.” A special focus is on the evolution and refinement using lessons learned from the previous program. In keeping with this trend, we also list our plans for future programs.
Rebranding place “to build community”: neighborhood branding in Buffalo, NY

Recent research on urban rebranding has emphasized the importance of looking within the city. However, many of these studies are in world cities. This paper examines the peripheral, shrinking city....
Empowered to Beach

The tween years for girls can be both an exciting and intimidating time in which significant body changes occur and appearance becomes more important. This makes attaining clothing that they feel confident in challenging as so much of girls’ clothing emphasizing these now developing sexualized body parts (Goodin, Van Denburg, Murnen, & Smolak, 2011; Wood, 1994). This can bring about attention from others that they are not emotionally ready to receive especially with swimwear. Empowered to Beach explores the needs and desire of tween girls swimwear through a user-centered design approach. Utilizing the previously identified five stages (Sanders, 2002; Watkins & Dunn, 2015) a swimsuit was developed that incorporated functional and aesthetic design to create an age-appropriate empowering swimsuit that fosters confidence and independence.
Functional and comparative genomics reveals conserved noncoding sequences in the nitrogen-fixing clade

Nitrogen is one of the most inaccessible plant nutrients, but certain species have overcome this limitation by establishing symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodule. This root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is restricted to species within a single clade of angiosperms, suggesting a critical evolutionary event at the base of this clade, which has not yet been determined. While genes implicated in the RNS are present in most plant species (nodulating or not), gene sequence conservation alone does not imply functional conservation - developmental or phenotypic differences can arise from variation in the regulation of transcription. To identify putative regulatory sequences implicated in the evolution of RNS, we aligned the genomes of 25 species capable of nodulation. We detected 3,091 conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) in the nitrogen-fixing clade that are absent from outgroup species. Functional analysis revealed that chromatin accessibility of 452 CNS significantly correlates with the differential regulation of genes responding to lipo-chitooligosaccharides in Medicago truncatula. These included 38 CNS in proximity to 19 known genes involved in RNS. Five such regions are upstream of MtCRE1, Cytokinin Response Element 1, required to activate a suite of downstream transcription factors necessary for nodulation in M. truncatula. Genetic complementation of a Mtcre1 mutant showed a significant association between nodulation and the presence of these CNS, when they are driving the expression of a functional copy of MtCRE1. Conserved noncoding sequences, therefore, may be required for the regulation of genes controlling the root nodule symbiosis in M. truncatula.
Rapid screening of high-throughput ground state predictions

Abstract High-throughput computational thermodynamic approaches are becoming an increasingly popular tool to uncover novel compounds. However, traditional methods tend to be limited to stability predictions of stoichiometric phases at absolute zero. Such methods thus carry the risk of identifying an excess of possible phases that do not survive to temperatures of practical relevance. We demonstrate how the Calphad formalism, informed by simple first-principles input can be simply used to overcome this problem at a low computational cost and deliver quantitatively useful phase diagram predictions at all temperatures. We illustrate the method by re-assessing prior compound formation predictions and reconcile these findings with long-standing experimental evidence to the contrary.
Thermal analysis of 9977 radioactive material package

AbstractThe 9977 package is a certified type B transportation packaging that was designed to transport radioactive materials with a decay heat load of up to 19 W. The packaging was recently modified to accommodate increased content heat load (up to 38 W) by employing an aluminium heat dissipating sleeve outside the containment vessel (CV), as well as an aluminium spacer inside the CV holding two 3013 containers. This paper provides highlights of thermal analyses of the modified 9977 package that were performed to evaluate its compliance with the 10 CFR 71 regulatory safety requirements. Parametric studies were also performed to examine effects of (i) surface properties, e.g. light absorptivity and emissivity, of the packaging; (ii) total decay heat loads, ranging from 18 to 38 W; and (iii) distribution of decay heat load inside the CV on the temperature of the Viton O-ring seal. The results of thermal analyses show that for the normal condition of transport with insolation, increasing absorptivity and dec...
Descartes on Human Freedom

In this paper, I explore Rene Descartes' conception of human freedom. I begin with the key interpretive challenges of Descartes' remarks and then turn to two foundational issues in the secondary literature: the philosophical backdrop of Descartes' remarks and the notions of freedom that commentators have used to characterize Descartes. The remainder of the paper is focused on the main current debate: Descartes' position on the relationship between freedom and determinism.
Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924)

Granville Stanley Hall's (1844–1924) lifetime intellectual accomplishment was the creation of the American discipline of psychology and the science of education out of the then broader study of philosophy. He developed these academic specializations through his long faculty and presidential career, numerous books, and more than 400 other publications, creation of several research journals, and extensive professional conference presentations. Accordingly, after earning the first American doctorate in psychology from Harvard in 1878, a brilliant academic career followed. Hall began as a lecturer in philosophy at the new Johns Hopkins University that led to his first appointed position there as professor of psychology and pedagogics in 1884. He established the American Journal of Psychology there in 1887. The following year, Hall became president of research-oriented Clark University where he continued his professional and scholarly activities. In 1892, Hall founded the American Psychological Association. He then furthered the scientific study of education through his lectures and became the national leader of the American child study movement. To promote such research, the president created the educational research journal, The Pedagogical Seminary. Through these and other activities, Hall played the initial pivotal and defining role in founding psychology and education as social and behavioral sciences in American higher education.
Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World

(2006). Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 100-101.
Highly dependable electronic systems for automotive controls

There are an increasing number of systems for various applications that require highly dependable operation, often in safety critical applications. One of the latest areas to experience significant growth in this requirement is the automobile. As electronics continues to become a larger part of the design of a new vehicle, systems are performing many more functions under the control of microprocessors and consequently mechanical and hydraulic systems are being replaced by 'by-wire' configurations of sensors, microprocessors and actuators.
The Impact of Development on CO₂ Emissions: A Case Study for Bangladesh Until 2050

Bangladesh, a country with a population of 160 million, is currently contributing 0.14 percent to the world’s emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, mostly due to a growing population and economic growth (which both lead to an increase in energy consumption), Bangladesh’s share in CO₂ emissions is – despite the increasing use of alternative energy – expected to rise sharply. This study uses the example of Bangladesh to illustrate the impact of low-income countries’ energy neutral development on global CO₂ emissions in 2050 by using a set of alternative assumptions for population growth and GDP growth. It also shows how complex the determinants for (a) gains in energy efficiency and (b) changes in carbon intensity are in low-income countries.
Development of a parallel and distributed integration package - PART 1

We report on the status of a project involving the design, analysis and development of a set of coarse grain parallel and distributed algorithms for multivariate numerical integration. Important issues in parallel and distributed computations are addressed, with emphasis on loosely coupled systems where communication costs are rather high.
Cross Cultural Implications of the Technology Artifact

The influence of culture on work values has been studied in many ways (Gamble and Gibson 1999). Global information management studies have examined the implication of culture on the use of the technology in country settings. However, no studies have yet addressed the impact of culture on the technology artifact and how this influences the usage of the technology in work environments. As day-to-day work in global organizations become more intertwined with information systems the influence of technology on the worker and organization increases. It is important that we understand what this influence is and how it affects the global organization. Using enterprise resource planning systems as an example of global information systems, this paper will demonstrate that technology does have cultural elements that global organizations need to explore and understand.
DEFINED: deterministic execution for interactive control-plane debugging

Large-scale networks are among the most complex software infrastructures in existence. Unfortunately, the extreme complexity of their basis, the control-plane software, leads to a rich variety of nondeterministic failure modes and anomalies. Research on debugging modern control-plane software has focused on designing comprehensive record and replay systems, but the large volumes of recordings often hinder the scalability of these designs. Here, we argue for a different approach. Namely, we take the position that deterministic network execution would vastly simplify the control-plane debugging process. This paper presents the design and implementation of DEFINED, a user-space substrate for interactive debugging that provides deterministic execution of networks in highly distributed and dynamic environments. We demonstrate our system's advantages by reproducing discovery of known ordering and timing bugs in popular software routing platforms, XORP and Quagga. Using Rocketfuel topologies and routing data from a Tier-1 backbone, we show DEFINED is practical and scalable for interactive fault diagnosis in large networks.
In Vivo Measurement of GABA Transmission in Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenia Patients

Objective:Postmortem studies in schizophrenia reveal alterations in gene products that regulate the release and extracellular persistence of GABA. However, results of in vivo studies of schizophrenia measuring total tissue GABA with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been inconsistent. Neither the postmortem nor the MRS studies directly address the physiological properties of GABA neurotransmission. The present study addresses this question through an innovative positron emission tomography (PET) paradigm.Method:The binding of [11C]flumazenil, a benzodiazepine-specific PET radiotracer, was measured before and after administration of tiagabine (0.2 mg/kg of body weight), a GABA membrane transporter (GAT1) blocker, in 17 off-medication patients with schizophrenia and 22 healthy comparison subjects. Increased extracellular GABA, through GAT1 blockade, enhances the affinity of GABAA receptors for benzodiazepine ligands, detected as an increase in [11C]flumazenil tissue distribution volume (VT).Results...
A microprocessor control system and solid state interface for controlling electrophysiological studies of conditioning

This paper describes a microprocessor control system and solid state interface for controlling the apparatus in combined behavioral-electrophysiological studies of conditioning. The computer program, which is designed to control classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response, provides the flexibility to control all conditioning parameters (e.g., interstimulus and intertrial intervals, trial type, and sequence of trial types) with only minor modifications. The system is free from artifacts that can distort electrophysiological recordings and can easily be modified to accommodate other behavioral paradigms in which electrophysiological responses are recorded.
Mud redeposition and problems of assessing microfossil, isotopic and radiocarbon data in the Mediterranean

Abstract A literature review of Mediterranean margin and basin stratigraphy indicates that most sampling for microfossil, isotopic and radiocarbon age data is performed on finegrained sediments. Comprehensive petrologic analyses of suites of cores collected in different Mediterranean slope—basin plain systems indicate that at least two-thirds of the muds of Pliocene and Quaternary age were emplaced by downslope-directed mass flow and related sediment gravity flows, such as mud-carrying turbidity currents, rather than by suspension settling (hemipelagic “rain”) mechanisms. Not surprisingly microfossil and isotopic studies undertaken without detailed petrologic examination of sampled mud sections have led to some spurious interpretations. Sedimentological surveys in most of the Mediterranean sectors indicate that episodic redepositional events have disturbed the sedimentary record sufficiently to produce discontinuity of strata, complicate regional litho- and biostratigraphic correlations and seriously confuse paleoecological assessment. Radiocarbon dates also remain suspect unless it is demonstrated that the dated organic matter, usually microfossils, is not of downslope displaced origin but, rather, primarily by suspension settling to the seafloor. It is essential, therefore, to test for the reworking factor as a consequence of important local influences, such as physiographic configuration and accessibility to sediment sources and dispersal paths, as well as transport mechanisms. Reliability of interpretations is enhanced by closely coupling biostratigraphic with sedimentological analyses.
Introduction to the Special Section on the 2014 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium

The articles in this special section were presented at the 2014 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium.
The Anomalous Excited-State Temperature Behavior of trans-4,4‘-Diaminostilbene and trans-4,4‘-Di(phenyl-ureanyl)-stilbene

Photoisomerization of trans-stilbene and its derivatives is known to proceed via an activation step from the S1 (and in some cases also T1) state. Accordingly, the activation energy of this process...
An Investigation of Rigid p-Methylterphenyl Thiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111) Using Reflection−Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

We have prepared and characterized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of rigid p-methylterphenyl thiol (MTPT) on Au(111). According to ellipsometry and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), MTPT forms densely packed monolayers on gold with the molecular axes slightly tilted away from the surface normal (∼17°). At room temperature, monatomically high islands are observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) instead of the typical monatomically deep holes characteristic of alkanethiol films. Molecular resolution images of the MTPT monolayer reveal a (√3×√3)R30°-like packing with slightly larger lattice vectors (a = 5.3 ± 0.3 A, b = 5.3 ± 0.4 A, γ = 60° ± 2°) than those of typical alkanethiol monolayers. This is probably due to the mismatch between the lowest energy packing configuration of the terphenyl monolayer (similar to that of crystalline terphenyl solid) and that of the underlying (√3×√3)R30° structure of the sulfur headgroups. As a result, small domains of order and a high density of ...
War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks

This paper seeks to bridge the divisive split between advocates of trauma-focused and psychosocial approaches to understanding and addressing mental health needs in conflict and post-conflict settings by emphasizing the role that daily stressors play in mediating direct war exposure and mental health outcomes. The authors argue that trauma-focused advocates tend to overemphasize the impact of direct war exposure on mental health, and fail to consider the contribution of stressful social and material conditions (daily stressors). Drawing on the findings of recent studies that have examined the relationship of both war exposure and daily stressors to mental health status, a model is proposed in which daily stressors partially mediate the relationship of war exposure to mental health. Based on that model, and on the growing body of research that supports it, an integrative, sequenced approach to intervention is proposed in which daily stressors are first addressed, and specialized interventions are then provided for individuals whose distress does not abate with the repair of the social ecology.
Computational and Mutational Analysis of Human Glutaredoxin (Thioltransferase): Probing the Molecular Basis of the Low pKa of Cysteine 22 and Its Role in Catalysis†,‡,§

Human glutaredoxin (GRx), also known as thioltransferase, is a 12 kDa thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that is highly selective for reduction of glutathione-containing mixed disulfides. The apparent pK(a) for the active site Cys22 residue is approximately 3.5. Previously we observed that the catalytic enhancement by glutaredoxin could be ascribed fully to the difference between the pK(a) of its Cys22 thiol moiety and the pK(a) of the product thiol, each acting as a leaving group in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, respectively [Srinivasan et al. (1997), Biochemistry 36, 3199-3206]. Continuum electrostatic calculations suggest that the low pK(a) of Cys22 results primarily from stabilization of the thiolate anion by a specific ion-pairing with the positively charged Lys19 residue, although hydrogen bonding interactions with Thr21 also appear to contribute. Variants of Lys19 were considered to further assess the predicted role of Lys19 on the pK(a) of Cys22. The variants K19Q and K19L were generated by molecular modeling, and the pK(a) value for Cys22 was calculated for each variant. For K19Q, the predicted Cys22 pK(a) is 7.3, while the predicted value is 8.3 for K19L. The effects of the mutations on the interaction energy between the adducted glutathionyl moiety and GRx were roughly estimated from the van der Waals and electrostatic energies between the glutathionyl moiety and proximal protein residues in a mixed disulfide adduct of GRx and glutathione, i.e., the GRx-SSG intermediate. The values for the K19 mutants differed by only a small amount compared to those for the wild type enzyme intermediate. Together, the computational analysis predicted that the mutant enzymes would have markedly reduced catalytic rates while retaining the glutathionyl specificity displayed by the wild type enzyme. Accordingly, we constructed and characterized the K19L and K19Q mutants of two forms of the GRx enzyme. Each of the mutants retained glutathionyl specificity as predicted and displayed diminution in activity, but the decreases in activity were not to the extent predicted by the theoretical calculations. Changes in the respective Cys22-thiol pK(a) values of the mutant enzymes, as shown by pH profiles for iodoacetamide inactivation of the respective enzymes, clearly revealed that the K19-C22 ion pair cannot fully account for the low pK(a) of the Cys22 thiol. Additional contributions to stabilization of the Cys22 thiolate are likely donated by Thr21 and the N-terminal partial positive charge of the neighboring alpha-helix.
Dextro-amphetamine, ethanol and dextro-amphetamine-ethanol combinations on performance of human subjects stressed with delayed audiotry feedback (DAF).

A delayed audiofeedback (DAF) system has been used to induce a stressful situation in eight human subjects and their performance in verbal and arithmetical tests was quantified under the influence of d-amphetamine and/or ethanol. Ethanol decreased performance. Dextroamphetamine had relatively no effect and when given in combination with ethanol no clear evidence of antagonism of ethanol was demonstrable.
Key Endothelial Signals Required for Hematopoietic Recovery

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Hooper et al. (2009) use a combination of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry to characterize the bone marrow vasculature both before and after injury. The authors demonstrate that recovery of normal hematopoiesis after myelosuppressive insult is dependent upon endothelial VEGFR2.
β-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling

Abstract Once thought to function only in the desensitization of seven membrane spanning receptors (7MSRs), the ubiquitous β-arrestin molecules are increasingly appreciated to play important roles in the endocytosis and signaling of these receptors. These functions reflect the ability of the β-arrestins to bind an ever-growing list of signaling and endocytic elements, often in an agonist-dependent fashion. One heavily studied system is that leading to MAP kinase activation via β-arrestin-mediated scaffolding of these pathways in a receptor-dependent fashion. The β-arrestins are also found to be involved in the regulation of novel receptor systems, such as Frizzled and TGFβ receptors.
Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies

Studies on social animals often seek to identify dominance hierarchies, in which individuals are ranked according to competitive abilities based on counts of wins and losses in pairwise encounters. I illustrate Bayesian approaches, based on the method of paired comparisons, for determining ranks and for estimating relationships between dominance ability and other attributes. Bayesian inference combines prior probability distributions for each unknown parameter with likelihood functions to produce the joint posterior probability distribution for the quantities of interest. In contrast to nonparametric techniques for inferring ranks, Bayesian models yield measures of certainty for each inference and allow rigorous estimates of correlations between ranks and covariates even when there is considerable uncertainty as to the ranks themselves. A possible objection to the Bayesian approach is that it appears to entail more restrictive assumptions than do simpler methods. However, simulations show that Bayesian inferences are more robust to deviations from these assumptions than are the results of nonparametric methods.
Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Composites with In and In-Ga Alloy

Samples of composites of graphene with indium or indium-gallium alloy as the matrix were prepared by a process of spreading exfoliated graphene oxide on the foils, repeatedly folding and rolling. The foils were intermittently annealed and the process repeated by addition of more graphene oxide. Indium flux was used to remove any indium or gallium oxide. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, and optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) were measured using a four-probe method in the temperature range of 260 K to 340 K, and the results were used to determine the volume fraction of graphene from effective mean-field analysis. The volume fraction of graphene remained between 0.11 and 0.14 in samples of In with graphene and between 0.12 and 0.13 in samples of In-Ga with graphene. The results indicate that the electrical resistivity and the TCR of the composite were reduced by the addition of graphene. The resistivity of graphene remained between 1.19 × 10−6 ohm cm and 1.87 × 10−6 ohm cm in all samples and was thus almost independent of the matrix composition. The electrical resistivity of graphene was found to be an order of magnitude smaller than that of indium or the indium-gallium alloy.
The bereavement process of tissue donors' family members: responses of grief, posttraumatic stress, personal growth, and ongoing attachment.

ContextDonated tissues can save lives of critically burned patients and those needing a heart valve replacement. Tissues enhance the lives of a million recipients annually through transplants of corneas, bones, tendons, and vein grafts. Unfortunately, the need for some tissues exceeds their availability.ObjectiveThe goal of the quantitative component of this mixed methods study was to identify the grief, posttraumatic stress, personal growth, and ongoing attachment response of tissue donors' family members during a 2-year period.DesignSimultaneous mixed methods design.ParticipantsThe sample for this study consisted of 52 tissue donors' family members, mostly widows (83%).Data Collection and AnalysisData were collected for 2 years to test changes in grief, posttraumatic stress, panic behavior, personal growth, and ongoing attachment. The bereaved participants experienced significantly fewer grief reactions, less posttraumatic stress, and greater personal growth. There was no significant difference in the o...
Spongistatin synthetic studies. evolution of a scalable synthesis for the EF fragment of (+)-Spongistatin 1 exploiting a Petasis-Ferrier union/rearrangement tactic.

An efficient, stereocontrolled, and scalable second-generation synthesis of (+)-3, an advanced EF subtarget for the total synthesis of (+)-spongistatin 1, has been achieved. Highlights of the strategy include preparation of the F-ring pyran via a Petasis−Ferrier union/rearrangement sequence and installation of the chlorodiene side chain employing a cyanohydrin alkylation. The longest linear sequence, 26 steps, proceeds in 8.3% overall yield.
Strategic alignment and foreign entry performance: a holistic approach of the impact of entry timing, mode and location

Current research on foreign market entry and performance has generally partitioned into three separate research areas: entry timing, location and mode. Following a holistic system approach, this study builds a network-based foreign-market entry and performance model to examine simultaneously the joint impact of all these three dimensions (timing, location and mode) on foreign market entry survival. It is argued that these three dimensions are interdependent within an integrated strategic system of foreign market entry. The entry strategies that can achieve the systematic alignment internally among the three strategy dimensions and externally with the business environment will enhance foreign subsidiary’s survival chances. Support is found for the arguments in an empirical analysis of a sample of Japanese MNEs’ more than 10,000 FDI market entries in 57 countries.
Bismuth Nanocrystal-Seeded III-V Semiconductor Nanowire Synthesis

Bismuth (Bi) nanocrystals are used for solution−liquid−solid (SLS) synthesis of crystalline InAs, GaP, GaAs, and InP nanowires at temperatures between 300 and 340 °C in trioctylphosphine (TOP) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), and trioctylamine (TOA). Bi nanocrystals are observed at the nanowire tips, confirming their role as crystallization seeds. The nanowires are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Laterality in syrinx muscle morphology of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Abstract In the Japanese quail, normally only males crow, but treatment of adult females with testosterone (T) facilitates the behavior. The sternotrachealis muscles are thought to adjust the length of the trachea during inspiration and/or expiration and control rigidity of the cartilages of the vocal organ (syrinx) during phonation. These muscles are heavier in males than females, and T increases their mass in females [Balthazart J, Schumacher M, Otttinger MA. Sexual differences in the japanese quail: Behavior, morphology, and intracellular metabolism of testosterone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 51:191–207., Schumacher M, Balthazart J. The effects of testosterone and its metabolites on sexual behavior and morphology in male and female Japanese quail. Physiol Behav 1983; 30:335–339.]. To investigate sex differences in morphology and potential effects of T in more detail, we examined several components of male, female, and T-treated female quail syrinx. No group effects were detected on overall tracheal size, size of the tracheal lumen, quantity of cartilage, overall muscle volume, or cross-sectional muscle area. However, the area and estimated volume of the muscles were greater on the right than left, due to increased fiber number. The similarity across groups suggests that if the sternotrachealis muscles are critical for crowing, morphology in females is sufficient, and the sex difference in behavior has another source. In contrast, these muscles may not play as large a role as previously hypothesized. If the increased number of fibers on the right has a functional consequence, it likely reflects one similar in the two sexes, for example a common role in the vocalizations they each produce — the male's crow and the female's cricket call.
Is obesity a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? A population-based cohort study.

Abstract Background & aims: Our aim was to determine whether increased body mass index (BMI) in the general population is associated with cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization. Methods: Participants included 11,465 persons aged 25–74 years without evidence of cirrhosis at entry into the study, or during the first 5 years of follow-up, who subsequently were followed-up for a mean of 12.9 years. The BMI was used to categorize participants into normal-weight (BMI 2 , N=5752), overweight (BMI 25 to 2 , N=3774), and obese categories (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , N=1939). Results: Cirrhosis resulted in death or hospitalization of 89 participants during 150,233 person-years of follow-up (0.59/1000 person-years). Cirrhosis-related deaths or hospitalizations were more common in obese persons (0.81/1000 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–3.0) and in overweight persons (0.71/1000 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 1.16, 95% CI 0.7–1.9) compared with normal-weight persons (0.45/1000 person-years). Among persons who did not consume alcohol, there was a strong association between obesity (adjusted hazard ratio 4.1, 95% CI 1.4–11.4) or being overweight (adjusted hazard ratio 1.93, 95% CI 0.7–5.3) and cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization. In contrast, this association was weaker among persons who consumed up to 0.3 alcoholic drinks/day (adjusted hazard ratio 2.48, 95% CI 0.7–8.4 for obesity; adjusted hazard ratio 1.31, 95% CI 0.4–4.2 for overweight) and no association was identified among those who consumed more than 0.3 alcoholic drinks/day. Conclusions: Obesity appears to be a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization among persons who consume little or no alcohol.
The design of antenna arrays with tapered sidelobe heights

Arrays for many radar and sonar applications have customarily been designed for equal sidelobe levels. This is, perhaps, as much due to the convenience of the analytical Dolph-Chebyshev technique as to any specific requirement. Using a simple adaptation of a previously reported numerical technique for symmetrical arrays, designs can be obtained whose directional response has a specified taper on the envelope containing the sidelobes. The method is applicable to both sum and difference patterns for both line and planar arrays. However, there seems to be little to be gained by this procedure except in the case when the outer sideiobes are to be more severely controlled.
Male victims of sexual abuse: An analysis of adolescent psychiatric inpatients

All too often it has been assumed that male victims of sexual abuse are simply similar to their female counterparts. The present study compares the psychological and substance use statuses of sexually abused adolescent male psychiatric inpatients with nonsexually abused adolescent male psychiatric inpatients. Data were collected from 166 male patients consecutively admitted to a 24-bed adolescent psychiatric unit. Abused adolescent males showed significant differences in several domains: they used drugs more frequently, were more depressed, had lower self-esteem, were more hopeless about the future, had more difficulty controlling sexual feelings, and were more concerned about their appearance than their nonabused counterparts. Implications for investigation, treatment, and training are discussed.
Influence of sputter oxygen partial pressure on photoelectrochemical performance of tungsten oxide films

Abstract Polycrystalline tungsten oxide films of 1–1.2μm thickness were prepared by reactive sputtering at elevated substrate temperature (270 °C) and under different oxygen partial pressures in the range from 0.8 to 2.1 mTorr. At the lowest partial pressure the films were substoichiometric, showed increased disorder, and exhibited photocurrents of 0.6 mA/cm 2 at 1.8 V vs SCE in 0.33 M H 3 PO 4 . At partial pressures of 1.4 mTorr and greater, stoichiometric WO 3 films were produced which exhibited photocurrents of 2.4 mA/cm 2 at 1.8 V vs SCE. It has been determined that the photoelectrochemical performance of slightly substoichiometric films is adversely affected by changes in optical properties, while the photocurrents of severely substoichiometric films suffer additionally from poor carrier collection.
List context fosters semantic processing: parallels between semantic and morphological facilitation when primes are forward masked.

The authors examined patterns of facilitation under forward-masked priming conditions across 3 list contexts (Experiments 1–3) that varied with respect to properties of filler trials—(a) mixed (morphological, orthographic, semantic), (b) identity, and (c) semantic—but held the relatedness proportion constant (75%). Facilitation for targets that were related morphologically to their prime occurred regardless of filler context, but facilitation for semantically related pairs occurred only in the context of identity and semantic fillers. Facilitation was absent for orthographically similar prime–target pairs in all 3 filler contexts when matching numbers of orthographically similar word–word and word–nonword prime–target pairs rendered orthographic similarity uninformative with respect to lexicality of the target. Enhanced semantic and morphological facilitation in the context of identity and semantic relative to mixed fillers support a semantically attuned, as contrasted with a purely form-based, account of early morphological processing.
EFFECTS OF AIR AND INERT ENVIRONMENTS ON THE NEAR THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY 718

The near threshold fatigue crack growth behavior of alloy 718 was studied in air and helium environments at room temperature and at 538°C. Tests were performed at 100 Hz and at load ratios of 0.1 and 0.5. At room temperature and at 538°C, the ΔKth values in helium were lower than in air. The ΔKth values in air decreased with increasing load ratio. These results can be explained with a model that involves the accumulation of oxide in the crack which enhances crack closure. In the air tests, the oxide build-up on the fatigue fracture surfaces at ΔKth was of the order of magnitude as the crack tip opening displacement. In the helium tests, no significant build-up of oxide on the fracture surface at threshold was found.
The assignment of benzyl methylene carbon resonances of per-O-benzylated methyl furanosides: Correlation of assigned chemical shifts with furanosyl-ring structure

Abstract Benzyl methylene carbon resonances in perbenzylated methyl furanosides have been assigned by using a combination of INADEQUATE and 13 C- 1 H shift-correlation n.m.r. spectroscopies. We find that one-bond carbon-carbon coupling constants between furanosyl-ring carbon atoms and the shifts of benzyl methylene carbon resonances are related to the relative orientation of substituents on the furanosyl rings. Re-examination of shift data for perbenzylated methyl pyranosides suggests that the same underlying phenomena similarly influence the shielding of pyranosyl-ring carbon atoms and their benzyl methylene carbon substituents.
Development and testing of an HIV-risk screening instrument for use in health care settings.

Abstract Objective: To develop and test a brief, reliable, and valid HIV-risk screening instrument for use in primary health care settings. Design: A two-phase study: (1) developing a self-administered HIV-risk screening instrument, and (2) testing it with a primary care population, including testing the effect of confidentiality on disclosure of HIV-risk behaviors. Setting: Phase 1: 3 types of sites (a blood donor center, a methadone clinic, and 2 STD clinics) representing low and high HIV-seroprevalence rates. Phase 2: 4 primary care sites. Participants: Phase 1: 293 consecutively recruited participants. Phase 2: 459 randomly recruited primary care patients. Main Outcome Measure: Phase 1: comparison of the responses of participants from low and high HIV-seroprevalence sites. Phase 2: primary care patients’ rates of disclosure of HIV-risk behaviors and ratings of acceptability. Results: Phase 1: through examining item-confirmation rates, item-total correlations, and comparison of responses from low and high HIV-seroprevalence sites, we developed a final 10-item HIV-risk Screening Instrument (HSI) with an internal consistency coefficient of .73. Phase 2: 76% of primary care patients disclosed at least 1 risky behavior and 52% disclosed 2 or more risky behaviors. Patients were willing to disclose HIV-risk behaviors even knowing that their physician would see this information. Ninety-five percent of our patient participants were comfortable with the questions on the HSI, 78% felt it was important that their doctor know their answers, and 52% wished to discuss their answers with their physician. Conclusion: Our brief, self-administered HSI is a reliable and valid measure. The HSI can be used in health care settings to identify individuals at risk for HIV and to initiate HIV testing, early care, and risk-reduction counseling, necessary goals for effective HIV prevention efforts.
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular depression produced by prolonged exposure to Polymyxin B.

It has been reported previously that in cats pre-treatment for 24 to 48 hours with neomycin sulphate resulted in a change in the pattern of neuromuscular block subsequently produced with this antibiotic. The unique characteristics of neomycin-induced neuromuscular block observed during acute exposure gave way to a pattern of block usually observed with tubocurarine. In a similar experiment on six cats we have demonstrated that with polymyxin B prolonged exposure did not result in a comparable timedependent change in the nature of the neuromuscular block it produced, in terms of train-offour, tetanic, and post-tetanic behaviour of the neurally-elicited muscle response. The differing characteristics of neuromuscular block seen with various antibiotics, e.g. the aminoglycoside neomycin as opposed to the polypeptide polymyxin B, during acute and sub-chronic exposure is stressed. Previously observed ability of 4 aminopyridine 0.6 mg/kg to reverse the neuromuscular and cardiovascular depression during acute exposure to polymyxin B persisted in prolonged exposure.
Spectrophotometric determination of bromopyruvate by reaction with 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid.

Abstract A spectrophotometric method for determination of bromopyruvate, based on the reaction with 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid, is described. The reaction is complete in 30 min at room temperature in 0.1 m Tris-MES, 1 m m EDTA, pH 8.0. The method is sensitive to at least 1 × 10 −5 m bromopyruvate. Reagents are stable, easy to prepare, and specific for β-halopyruvate. Bromopyruvate solutions must be prepared fresh daily. Solutions of bromopyruvate at pH 8.0 and 23°C have a half-life of 3 hr.
Simulation of nitrous oxide emissions and estimation of global warming potential in turfgrass systems using the daycent model

Nitrous oxide (NO) emissions are an important component of the greenhouse gas budget for turfgrasses. To estimate NO emissions and global warming potential, the DAYCENT ecosystem model was parameterized and applied to turfgrass ecosystems. The annual cumulative NO emissions predicted by the DAYCENT model were close to the measured emission rates of Kentucky bluegrass ( L.) sites in Colorado (within 16% of the observed values). For the perennial ryegrass ( L.) site in Kansas, the DAYCENT model initially overestimated the NO emissions for all treatments (urea and ammonium sulfate at 250 kg N ha yr and urea at 50 kg N ha yr) by about 200%. After including the effect of biological nitrification inhibition in the root exudate of perennial ryegrass, the DAYCENT model correctly simulated the NO emissions for all treatments (within 8% of the observed values). After calibration and validation, the DAYCENT model was used to simulate NO emissions and carbon sequestration of a Kentucky bluegrass lawn under a series of management regimes. The model simulation suggested that gradually reducing fertilization as the lawn ages from 0 to 50 yr would significantly reduce long-term NO emissions by approximately 40% when compared with applying N at a constant rate of 150 kg N ha yr. Our simulation indicates that a Kentucky bluegrass lawn in Colorado could change from a sink to a weak source of greenhouse gas emissions 20 to 30 yr after establishment.