cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
May I Kill the Native Speaker

I read the September 1984 issue (Vol. 18, No. 3) of the TESOL Quarterly with special interest. I was attracted by Richard A. Spears's "Comments on Mary Temperley's 'The Articulatory Target for Final -s Clusters' " and Temperley's response. Especially interesting are the comments regarding native speakers as performance models for learners of English. As both writers have pointed out in various ways, there is no question that teaching has to be adapted to the individual needs of learners, taking into consideration personal, social, and sociolinguistic factors. After 20-odd years of designing dictionaries for native speakers and speakers of other languages in Canada and the United States, I also do not hesitate to agree with Temperley that "pronunciation texts and dictionaries are often unrealistic." I would even go a step further and point out that they are sometimes so academic in their orientation that using them is like forcing artificial feeding formulas on Third World infants when natural milk is readily available, which is not quite so farfetched a comparison if you look at the question dispassionately. The use of IPA, for instance. In the 1960s, when I was using it in Canadian dictionaries, my consultants and I were so taken up with vowel qualities and quantities (we used to debate topics like the insertion of a parenthetic t in -nce words and how native speakers pronounce a word such as tasks) that we decided, in one particular case, after some study involving the use of spectrograms and data supplied by naive and non-naive informants, that "the middle, open vowel of 'various' was relatively short [i] for native speakers of Canadian English in British Columbia but 'long' [i] in the speech of Saskatchewan and Ontario informants" (The Winston Dictionary of Canadian English-Elementary Edition 1975:v). We did not quite solve every problem, but we ended up indicating pronunciations in two styles for each entry word, using diacritics for the benefit of so-called native speakers and IPA for francophones and such "learners." We might as well have compiled separate dictionaries in
Predicting River Floodplain and Lateral Channel Migration for Salmon Habitat Conservation

In this article, we describe a method for predicting floodplain locations and potential lateral channel migration across 82,900 km (491km 2 by bankfull area) of streams in the Columbia River basin. Predictions are based on channel confinement, channel slope, bankfull width, and bankfull depth derived from digital elevation and precipitation data. Half of the 367 km 2 (47,900 km by length) of low-gradient channels (≤ 4% channel slope) were classified as floodplain channels with a high likelihood of lateral channel migration (182 km 2 , 50%). Classification agreement between modeled and field-measured floodplain confinement was 85% (K = 0.46, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of unconfined channels as confined (55% omission error). Classification agreement between predicted channel migration and lateral migration determined from aerial photographs was 76% (κ = 0.53, p < 0.001) with the largest source of error being the misclassification of laterally migrating channels as non-migrating (35% omission error). On average, more salmon populations were associated with laterally migrating channels and floodplains than with confined or nonmigrating channels. These data are useful for many river basin planning applications, including identification of land use impacts to floodplain habitats and locations with restoration potential for listed salmonids or other species of concern.
Maximal surplus from the pivotal mechanism: a closed form solution

The paper derives a closed form solution for the maximal surplus generated by the pivotal mechanism in the case of a binary public good. The formula may be used to compare the pivotal mechanism to other mechanisms. An illustration is provided to demonstrate how such a comparison may be made.
Delivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitectures.

BACKGROUND Electrospun drug-eluting fabrics have enormous potential for the delivery of physicochemically diverse drugs in combination by controlling the underlying material chemistry and fabric microarchitecture. However, the rationale for formulating drugs at high drug loading in the same or separate fibers is unknown but has important implications for product development and clinical applications. METHODS Using a production-scale free-surface electrospinning instrument, we produced electrospun nanofibers with different microscale geometries for the co-delivery of tenofovir (TFV) and levonorgestrel (LNG) - two lead drug candidates for multipurpose prevention of HIV acquisition and unintended pregnancy. We investigated the in vitro drug release of TFV and LNG combinations from composites that deliver the two drugs from the same fiber (combined fibers) or from separate fibers in a stacked or interwoven architecture. For stacked composites, we also examined the role that fabric thickness has on drug-release kinetics. We also measured the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of the drugs delivered alone and in combination. RESULTS Herein, we report on the solution and processing parameters for the free-surface electrospinning of medical fabrics with controlled microarchitecture and high drug loading (up to 20 wt%). We observed that in vitro release of the highly water-soluble TFV, but not the water-insoluble LNG, was affected by composite microarchitecture, fabric thickness, and drug content. Finally, we showed that the drug-loaded nanofibers are noncytotoxic and that the antiviral activity of TFV is preserved through the electrospinning process and when combined with LNG. CONCLUSION Electrospun fabrics with high drug loading create multicomponent systems that benefit from the independent control of the nanofibrous microarchitecture. Our findings are significant because they will inform the design and production of composite electrospun fabrics for the co-delivery of physicochemically diverse drugs that may be useful for multipurpose prevention.
Hop-Based Priority Scheduling to Improve Worst-Case Inter-core Communication Latency

In this paper, we first propose a static analysis approach to estimate the maximum value of the worst-case latency of all possible communications in a Chip Multi-Processor (CMP) with a 2D-Mesh Network-on-Chip (NoC), which is called the Worst-case Inter-core Communication Latency (WICL). Then the Hop-based Priority scheduling approach is proposed for a 2D-Mesh NoC to improve its WICL. Our experimental results indicate that the Hop-based Priority (HP) scheduling can reduce the WICL by 50% in average for various network sizes compared with that of the FIFO scheduling.
Multi-Duct ER Dampers:

This paper describes the design, construction, testing and modeling of controllable damping devices utilizing electro-rheological (ER) materials. The rheological properties of ER materials (yield stress and viscoelasticity) are extremely sensitive to electric fields. Modulations of the electric field in an electrorheological damper results in a corresponding change in device forces. The key feature of the ER devices described in this paper is a set of multiple concentric annular ducts through which the ER material flows. The annular ducts are formed by a set of concentric metallic tubes, which may be electrically charged with a high voltage potential, or electrically grounded. Three designs targeting different force levels (2-6 kN), are designed, tested and modeled. The device analyses used in the design incorporate a simplified closed form relation for the flow behavior of ER materials. Evolutionary and algebraic device models are fit to the measured force response of the devices over a range of harmonic...
A Decade of Change for US Woman Managers

This paper is one of a series of studies they have done on the careers of women and men in management. The large alumni data base used for this paper has allowed this research team to study the multiple determinants of managerial salaries. In the future, the authors plan to do a seven‐year follow‐up study to see what changes occurred for women managers in the decade of the 1980s.
Glutathione-proline activation of feeding behavior in the zoanthid Palythoa psammophilia Walsh & Bowers

Abstract Palythoa psammophilia Walsh & Bowers has a well coordinated, stereotyped feeding response, the culminating step of which is ingestion; this may be elicited by the synergistic effect of the tripeptide glutathione and the α-imino acid, proline. Either activator acting separately causes responses only at high concentrations (above 10 −5 M for glutathione; above 10 −4 M for proline) in a reduced number of animals and at a low rate (5.00 ± 1.73 min in 5 × 10 −3 M solutions of glutathione; 11.10±3.74 min in 5 × 10 −3 M solutions of proline). Highest percentages of response were obtained in combinations where glutathione was at a concentration of 5 × 10 −3 M and proline at 5 × 10 −4 M or in combinations of glutathione at concentrations 5 × 10 −6 M and proline at 5 × 10 −5 M. The speed of ingestion is considerably enhanced when these activators are combined (1.17±1.18 min).
Lipopolysaccharide bilayer structure: effect of chemotype, core mutations, divalent cations, and temperature.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the primary lipid on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, is thought to act as a protective and permeability barrier. X-ray diffraction analysis of osmotically stressed LPS multilayers was used to determine the structure and interactive properties of LPSs from strains containing the minimum number of sugars necessary for bacterial survival (Re chemotype) to the maximum number of sugars found in rough bacteria (Ra chemotype). At 20 °C in the absence of divalent cations, LPS suspensions gave a sharp wide-angle reflection at 4.23 A and a broad low-angle band centered at 50−68 A depending on the chemotype, indicating the presence of gel phase bilayers separated by large fluid spaces. As osmotic pressure was applied, the apposing bilayers were squeezed together and lamellar diffraction at 6 A resolution was obtained. At low applied pressures (<106 dyn/cm2), the total repulsive pressure between bilayers could be explained by electrostatic double layer theory. At higher applied pressu...
Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Acetylides-New Evidence for Bending in the Structures of Heavy Alkaline Earth Metal Derivatives.

An unprecedented ligand bending mode is displayed by the acetylide ligands in the first structurally characterized σ-bound organometallic strontium and barium complexes [M([18]crown-6)(CCSiPh3 )2 ] (M=Sr, Ba). Furthermore, the observed decrease of the angle at the sp-hybridized C atom on descending Group 2 (see structures depicted) affords new information that will lead to a better understanding of the bonding in alkaline earth metal compounds.
Science in the twentieth century and beyond

Agar sets himself the laudable task of fashioning a synthetic history of scientific research and practice in the twentieth century. Abandoning the established disciplinary reference frame in favor ...
Immunological concepts and the eye: A review of the classical and ocular arthus reactions

Inflammatory processes can involve any tissue in the eye. Despite advances in therapy, the sequelae of inflammation continue to be a major cause of visual impairment. Knowledge of disease pathogenesis in clinical ocular inflammations remains imprecise, and defined models are crucial in developing this understanding and evolving rational approaches to treatment. This review analyzes the contributions that studies of the classical and Arthus ocular Arthus-type reactions have made as to how the eye functions as an immunological entity. The anticipated development of therapeutic agents that may modulate immune processes with remarkable specificity, gives a new impetus to such experimental studies.
Modeling and measurement of effects of atmospheric turbulence and platform jitter on free-space laser communication

Laser beam propagating through the atmosphere is distorted by atmospheric turbulence and platform vibrations, leading to the reduction of received signals, beam pointing error, and bit-error rate (BER) degradation. Mathematical models of atmosphere and platform vibrations were developed simultaneously to simulate the actual laser communication. A realistic wavefront distortion generated by the Kolmogorov spectrum and McGlamery algorithm was applied with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). A disturbance signal implemented by a two-dimensional piezoelectric steering mirror is applied to represent the platform jitter. Experimental results demonstrate how signal to noise ratio (SNR), BER and pointing error change with the increase of atmospheric turbulence strength and vibration spectrum bandwidth. This paper presents the modeling and measurement of effects of atmospheric turbulence and platform jitter. The distortion compensation and tracking techniques can be tested based on the system.
Psychological, social, and health impact of caregiving: A comparison of Black and White dementia family caregivers and noncaregivers.

Psychological, social, and health variables were compared in 175 Black and White family caregivers of patients with dementia and 175 Black and White noncaregivers. Caregivers and noncaregivers did not differ within race on demographic variables. Caregiving was associated with increased depression and decreased life satisfaction only in White families. However, caregiving appears to have similar social consequences for Black and White families, including restriction of social activity and increased visits and support by family from outside of the home. Race, but not caregiving, was associated with physical health variables. Methodological issues in comparing well-being in Black and White caregivers, in particular the importance of including noncaregiving comparison subjects are discussed.
Why Could Father Involvement Benefit Children? Theoretical Perspectives

Four theoretical perspectives about why father involvement could have positive consequences for child development are briefly reviewed: attachment theory, social capital theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, and "essential father" theory. Strengths and weaknesses of each perspective are discussed, and the prospects for an integrated ecological-parental capital theory of paternal influence on child development are considered.
What's Special about the Development of the Human Mind/Brain?

En reponse a tous les commentaires qu'a suscites leur article «The Cognizer's Innards», les AA. se proposent de delimiter et de preciser les themes majeurs du debat sur la redescription representationnelle, en se referant a Dennett
Single-Stage Neonatal Repair of Taussig-Bing Anomaly

Taussig-Bing is a form of double outlet right ventricle that is characterized by the presence of subpulmonary ventricular septal defect, double conus and side by side great arteries. Frequently, associated anomalies such as aortic coarctation, arch hypoplasia, subaortic obstruction, and atypical coronary artery anatomy are present; all increasing the complexity of the repair. Advances in perioperative care, perfusion and surgical techniques have allowed the performance of complete repair of Taussig-Bing anomaly with excellent results. Consequently, single stage repair has become the preferred treatment method in most pediatric cardiac centers. Reoperation for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction remains the most common late complication however aggressive resection of the right ventricular muscle bundles creating subaortic obstruction at time of initial repair and reconstruction of the neo pulmonary artery with a generous patch have mitigated that reoperation risk.
Role of Temperature and pH in Cu(OH)2 Solubility

The wide variation in reported cupric hydroxide solubility constants is attributed to the age of the solid, kinetic limitations in approaching equilibrium, and transient formation of basic copper nitrate solids. In situations similar to those where cupric hydroxide solubility constants were determined via precipitation in dilute nitrate solutions, copper nitrate solids (gerhadtite) form first followed by a rapid transition to cupric hydroxide and then a slower transition to tenorite. In solutions containing hydroxide and nitrate as the sole anionic constituents, fresh cupric hydroxide solids control soluble copper concentrations for minutes to days depending on pH and temperature. Thus, although a log K of 9.36 ± 0.02 was most consistent with the experimental data for Cu(OH)2 solubility, decreasing log K values from 9.36 [fresh Cu(OH)2] to 7.6 [CuO] can be expected with aging as controlled by temperature, pH, and other factors.
Adaptation In Biological Sensory-Motor Systems: A Model For Robotic Control.

Biological sensory-motor systems have an extraordinary facility for adaptation. The accurate behavior demonstrated by such systems even under severe informational discrepancy has generated theories proposing altered internal models as the basis for such adaptation. Here we propose a similar perturbed parameter scheme for the low-level control of robotic manipulators. Thus, the dynamic and kinematic parameters in any suitable theoretical model can be perturbed from their true values in order to achieve enhanced performance in the vicinity of a given trajectory. Critical issues in this approach involve selection of parameters for identification and the estimation technique itself. A new approach is also highlighted which permits the self-calibration of the link inertias while executing any desired trajectory.
Valuing acid mine drainage remediation in West Virginia: a hedonic modeling approach

In this article, we use a spatial-econometric approach to estimate the willingness to pay for the cleanup of acid mine drainage-impaired waterways in the Cheat River Watershed of West Virginia. We derive economic values for housing relating to remediating the effects of acid mine drainage using 21 years of housing sales data, and use geographic information systems to link housing market sales data with stream water quality. The results indicate being located near an acid mine drainage-impaired stream has an implicit marginal cost of $4,783 on housing. If all the streams are restored in the Cheat River Watershed, those properties located near the restoration (within a 1/4 mile) would benefit by $1.7 million.
Study on Drilling Technology of Excavated Foundation for Transmission Lines

Excavated foundation is a basic type of foundation that has been widely applied in recent transmission line construction in China. Making full use of the bearing capacity of undisturbed soil and reducing the amount of excavation are its advantages. Rotary drilling rig is a piling machine that is widely used in fields such as civil engineering with high working efficiency. Using mechanized construction can significantly reduce the workload and safety risks of construction and produce better direct and indirect economic benefits. This paper considers introducing rotary drilling rig to the construction of transmission and focuses on the adaptability of rotary drilling rig in excavated foundation construction.
Occupational injuries to Oregon workers 24 years and younger: An analysis of workers' compensation claims, 2000-2007.

BACKGROUND: Occupational injuries to adolescents and young adults are a known public health problem. We sought to describe and estimate rates of occupational injuries to workers younger than 25 years of age in Oregon during an 8-year period. METHODS: Oregon workers' compensation disabling claims data (n = 23,325) and one commercial insurance carrier's non-disabling claims data (n = 16,153) were analyzed. Total employment from the Local Employment Dynamics of the U.S. Census Bureau and the Oregon Labor Market Information System was used as a denominator for rates. RESULTS: Injuries were more frequent among 22-24 year olds and among males, though females accounted for a higher proportion of claims in the youngest age group. The most common injury type was a sprain or strain, but lacerations and burns were more frequently reported in the 14-18 year olds. When non-disabling claims were included, the rate of injury for 14-18 year olds doubled. The overall rate of injury was 122.7/10,000 workers, but was higher in the construction, manufacturing, and transportation sectors, and in the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector for older teens and young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Young workers continue to be at risk for occupational injuries. Our results show that specific interventions may be needed for older teen and young adult workers to reduce their rate of injury. Language: en
A 5′-distal enhanceosome in the PDGF-A gene is activated in choriocarcinoma cells via ligand-independent binding of vitamin D receptor and constitutive jun kinase signaling

Overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain (PDGF-A) is clearly linked to autocrine and paracrine stimulation of malignant growth in many human cancers. We have shown previously that PDGF-A overexpression in choriocarcinoma, hepatoma and lung carcinoma cell lines is driven by the activity of a 66 bp enhancer element (ACE66) located approximately 7 kb upstream of the PDGF-A transcription start site. In this study, the ACE66 element is shown to be activated in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells through synergistic interactions between consensus DNA motifs for binding of vitamin D receptor, AP1 and ELK1. Binding of the vitamin D/retinoid-X receptor (VDR/RXRalpha) heterodimer to the ACE66 element was reconstituted in vitro with recombinant VDR/RXRalpha and with JEG-3 nuclear extract, and was verified in living JEG-3 cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Transcriptional activity of the ACE66 element, as well as occupancy of the element by VDR/RXRalpha, was shown to be independent of stimulation with the hormonal VDR ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The jun kinase pathway of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was shown to activate the ACE66 enhancer, most likely through activation of factors binding to the AP1 element. These results identify a novel mechanism of transcriptional enhancement involving ligand-independent activity of the VDR/RXR heterodimer and MAPK signaling pathways that appears to play an important role in the overexpression of PDGF in many different settings of human malignancy.
Facial emotion perception differs in young persons at genetic and clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Abstract A large body of literature has documented facial emotion perception impairments in schizophrenia. More recently, emotion perception has been investigated in persons at genetic and clinical high-risk for psychosis. This study compared emotion perception abilities in groups of young persons with schizophrenia, clinical high-risk, genetic risk and healthy controls. Groups, ages 13–25, included 24 persons at clinical high-risk, 52 first-degree relatives at genetic risk, 91 persons with schizophrenia and 90 low risk persons who completed computerized testing of emotion recognition and differentiation. Groups differed by overall emotion recognition abilities and recognition of happy, sad, anger and fear expressions. Pairwise comparisons revealed comparable impairments in recognition of happy, angry, and fearful expressions for persons at clinical high-risk and schizophrenia, while genetic risk participants were less impaired, showing reduced recognition of fearful expressions. Groups also differed for differentiation of happy and sad expressions, but differences were mainly between schizophrenia and control groups. Emotion perception impairments are observable in young persons at-risk for psychosis. Preliminary results with clinical high-risk participants, when considered along findings in genetic risk relatives, suggest social cognition abilities to reflect pathophysiological processes involved in risk of schizophrenia.
Interfacial polycondensation. XII. Variables affecting stirred polycondensation reactions

Preceding papers have described the preparation of many polymers in high molecular weight by interfacial polycondensation under a wide variety of conditions. This paper reports an extended study of the optimum conditions for the stirred preparation of poly (hexamethylene sebacamide) and poly(sebacyl piperazine). The first is a polymer which precipitates from the reaction mixture while the latter may be retained in solution in the organic solvent. For each polymer-solvent system there are selected conditions which produce a maximum in the viscosity number of the product. The peaks arise from varying the reactant concentrations and the ratio of the water to organic solvent. Their position is influenced by such factors as the polymer-solvent interaction, the quality of the stirring, the presence of detergents, and the solubility characteristics of the diamine. The optimum conditions results from a balance of these various factors. Maximum molecular weight is achieved when equivalents of the two reactants are brought together in a narrow reaction zone near the interface and within the limited time in which the growing polymer is mobile. The high points in molecular weight often coincide with the highest yield of polymer. For 6-10 polyamide it was shown further that the number of acid and amine chain ends per unit weight of polymer are nearly equivalent and at a minimum. At the same time the moleculare weight-viscosity relation deviates least from that derived for polyamide made by melt polycondensation. Reaction rates are preferable high but successful polycondensations will result with slower reactions as long as there are no strongly competing side reactions and the growing polymer is kept mobile. The hydrolysis rates of short chain aliphatic diacid chlorides was found to be very high and yet this did not prevent the preparation of polyamides with hexamethylenediamine with ηinh above 0.5. Monofunctional impurities in the intermediates and solvents may limit molecular weight. Such materials were purposely tested with polyamides, polyesters, and polyurethanes. Their effectiveness depends not only on their relative reactivity and concentration but also on their distribution between the phases. Interfacial polycondensation is conveniently done in two phase liquid systems of which one phase is water. The use of other liquids as a replacement for water was demonstrated.
Laparoscopic procedures for small bowel disease.

Abstract Small bowel procedures such as placement of feeding jejunostomy, diagnosis of small bowel ischaemia and obstruction, bowel resection and lysis of adhesions can all be performed laparoscopically. Diagnostic laparoscopy can be performed with low complication rates, and can help avoid unnecessary laparotomy. The open method of trocar placement is preferred in patients with adhesions or distended bowel due to obstruction or ileus. Feeding jejunostomy can be placed by laparoscopically assisted methods, pulling the jejunum out or completely laparoscopically. The latter requires fixation of the jejunum to the abdominal wall by transabdominal sutures or T-fasteners. The T-fastener technique for feeding jejunostomy is simple to perform, safe and effective. Small bowel ischaemia can be difficult to diagnose laparoscopically. Fluorescein and ultrasound Doppler examination of the small bowel may be as useful as in laparotomy, but there is little clinical experience with these techniques. Laparoscopically assisted small bowel resection involves intraperitoneal division of the mesenteric vessels and exteriorization of the small bowel through a small abdominal incision, followed by resection and anastomosis. The causes of small bowel obstruction can be diagnosed laparoscopically, and adhesions can be lysed under laparoscopic guidance. The laparoscopic approach is replacing laparotomy for many small bowel procedures. Improvements in instruments and experience in laparoscopic procedures will continue to make these procedures easier and safer to perform.
Data visualization methods for the blind using force feedback and sonification

Research in the field of scientific visualization has begun to articulate systematic methods for mapping data to a perceivable form. Most work in this area has focused on the visual sense. For blind people in particular, systematic visualization methods which utilize other sense need further development. In this work we develop methods for adding aural feedback to an existing haptic force feedback interface to create a multimodal visualization system. We examine some fundamental components of a visualization system which include the following: characterization of the data, definition of user directives and interpretation aims, cataloging of sensual representations of information, and finally, matching the data and user interpretation aims with the appropriate sensual representations. We focus on the last two components as they relate to the aural and haptic sensor. Cataloging of sensual representations is drawn form current research in sonification and haptics. The matching procedure can be thought of as a type of encoding which should be the inverse of the decoding mechanism of our aural and haptic systems. Topics in human perception are discussed, and issues related to the interaction between the two sensor are addressed. We have implemented a visualization system in the from of a Windows NT application using a sound card and a 3 DOF point interaction haptic interface. The system present a 2D data set primarily as a polygonal haptic surface although other capabilities of the haptic sensor are utilized such as texture discernment. In addition, real time aural feedback is presented as the user explores the surface. Parameters of sound such as pitch and spectral content are used to convey information. Evaluation of the system's effectiveness as an assistive technology for the blind reveals that combining aural and haptic feedback improves visualization over using either of the two senses alone.
Anionic Syntheses of Chain-End and In-Chain Functionalized Polymers by Silyl Hydride Functionalization and Hydrosilylation Chemistry

A new general anionic functionalization methodology is described based on (a) the quantitative silyl hydride functionalization of well-defined polymeric organolithium compounds with either dimethylchlorosilane (ω-chain end functionalization) or dichloromethylsilane (in-chain functionalization) and (b) reaction of the silyl hydride-functionalized polymer with a functionalized alkene using Karstedt's Pt(o) hydrosilylation catalyst.
Electrical/Dielectric Properties of Nanocrystalline Cerium Oxide

Electrical/dielectric properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxide have been studied using impedance spectroscopy, thermopower, and DC 4-point conductivity. The combined techniques identified the effect of poor electroding on impedance spectra. Incomplete contact between the specimen and the electrode induces an additional arc in the impedance spectra. The additional high resistance feature results from the geometric constriction of current flow at the specimen/electrode interface and can be misinterpreted as a grain boundary response. The defect chemistry, nonstoichiometry, and transport properties were investigated in nanoscale ceria and compared with those of microcrystalline material.
Mechanisms of resistance in Eucalyptus against larvae of the eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

First instars of the eucalyptus longhorned borer, Phoracantha semipunctata (F.), were not capable of colonizing bark of vigorous standing trees of two Eucalyptus species. The lack of a kino gum reaction after the introduction of larvae into the bark of E. grandis Hill ex Maiden and E. tereticornis Small strongly indicates that this gum does not play an important role in the initial defense against borer attack. Larvae were also not able to colonize the bark of logs that were maintained at high moisture content but were able to colonize the bark of dry logs and artificially water-stressed trees that had reduced bark moisture content. We propose that bark moisture content plays a critical role in the resistance of eucalyptus trees against colonization by eucalyptus longhorned borer larvae.
“The Love Games People Play” Survey: Using Research Methods to Examine Gendered Scripts and Stereotypes

Courses: Interpersonal Communication, Gender Communication, Research Methods Objectives: • To test gendered scripts and stereotypes associated with romantic relationships. • To use research methods to answer an intrinsically interesting research question.
Polarimetric SAR imaging for extended targets in clutter

This paper presents an analytic inversion scheme for polarimetric synthetic-aperture radar in the case of an extended target embedded in clutter and thermal noise. We developed a filtered-backprojection-type reconstruction method. We model targets and clutter as collections of dipoles, so that in each pixel we reconstruct a scattering matrix. In addition, we implement directional scattering assumptions for the curve-like extended target. For the inversion we choose to find the filter which minimizes the mean-square error between the reconstructed image and the actual target scattering matrix. Our work differs from standard polarimetric SAR imaging in that we do not perform channel-by-channel image reconstruction. We find that it is preferable to use a coupled reconstruction scheme in which we use all sets of collected data to form each element of the scattering matrix. We show in our numerical experiments that the coupled technique not only minimizes the mean-square error, but also increases the image signal-to-clutter ratio.
The Role of the Board in the Threshold Firm

Family companies changing from closely held to publicly held face critical difficulties. This article–adapted in part from the author's forthcoming book, Corporate Governance in America–discusses how outside directors can help companies to cross the threshold.
46-Year-Old Man With Fatigue and Brown Urine

A 46-year-old man presented for evaluation of a 3-day history of progressive fatigue, malaise, brown urine, and spontaneous ecchymosis of the right arm associated with anorexia and bilious emesis. He denied any traumatic injury, recent illness, fever, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal pain, or sick contacts.
High-resistivity GaSb bulk crystals grown by the vertical bridgman method

Heavily compensated GaSb (2-in.-diameter substrates) with resistivity as high as 7 × 103 Ω-cm, corresponding to a net donor concentration of 3.5×1013 cm−3 at 77 K, and 16.4 Ω-cm, corresponding to net donor concentration of 1.16×1016 cm−3 at 300 K, have been obtained by tellurium (Te) compensation in vertical-Bridgman-grown bulk crystals. Very interesting p- to n-type as well as n- to p-type changes have been observed as a function of temperature in these samples.
A new optimization technique for adaptive antenna arrays

An adaptive nulling algorithm for adjusting the array weights under the soft constraint of the weight norm being very much less than 1 or equal to 1, based on the measured correlations between the array and element outputs, is described. The algorithm can be regarded as an extension of the constrained least-mean-square algorithm. It is derived from the same concept of signal and noise subspaces defined in the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. One of the unique features of the present algorithm is that the number of the iterations required to adapt the array weights to form nulls is exactly equal to the number of interferers. >
BidAnalyzer: A Method for Estimation and Selection of Dynamic Bidding Models

Online reverse auctions generate real-time bidding data that could be used via appropriate statistical estimation to assist the corporate buyer’s procurement decision. To this end, we develop a method, called BidAnalyzer, which estimates dynamic bidding models and selects the most appropriate of them. Specifically, we enable model estimation by addressing the problem of partial observability; i.e., only one of N suppliers’ bids is realized, and the other (N − 1) bids remain unobserved. To address partial observability, BidAnalyzer estimates the latent price distributions of bidders by applying the Kalman filtering theory. In addition, BidAnalyzer conducts model selection by applying multiple information criteria. Using empirical data from an automotive parts auction, we illustrate the application of BidAnalyzer by estimating several dynamic bidding models to obtain empirical insights, retaining a model for forecasting, and assessing its predictive performance in out-ofsample. The resulting one-step-ahead price forecast is accurate up to 2.95% median absolute percentage error. Finally, we suggest how BidAnalyzer can serve as a device for price discovery in online reverse auctions.
Remagnetization in the Tennessee salient, Southern Appalachians, USA: Constraints on the timing of deformation

article i nfo The Appalachian fold-thrust belt is characterized by a sinuous trace in map-view, creating a series of salients and recesses. The kinematic evolution of these arcuate features remains a controversial topic in orogenesis. Primary magnetizations from clastic red beds in the Pennsylvania salient show Pennsylvanian rotations that account for about half of the curvature, while Kiaman-aged (Permian) remagnetizations display no relative rotation between the limbs. The more southern Tennessee salient shows a maximum change in regional strike from ~65° in Virginia to ~10° in northern Georgia. Paleomagnetic results from thirty-two sites in the Middle to Upper Ordovician Chickamauga Group limestones and twenty sites from the Middle Cambrian Rome Formation red beds were analyzed to constrain the relative age of magnetization as well as the nature of curvature in the Tennessee salient. Results from three sites of the Silurian Red Mountain Formation were added to an existing dataset in order to determine whether the southern limb had rotated. After thermal demagnetization, all three sample suites display a down and southeasterly direction, albeit carried by different magnetic minerals. The syn-tilting direction of the Chickamauga limestones lies on the Pennsylvanian segment of the North American apparent polar wander path (APWP), indicating that deformation was about half completed by the Late Pennsylvanian. The Rome and Red Mountain Formations were also remagnetized during the Pennsylvanian. Both the Chickamauga limestones and Rome red beds fail to show a correlation between strike and declination along the salient, suggesting either that the salient was a primary, non-rotational feature or that secondary curvature occurred prior to remagnetization, as it did in Pennsylvania. Moreover, remagnetized directions from the Red Mountain sites show no statistical difference between the southern limb of the salient and the more northeasterly trending portion of the fold-thrust belt in Alabama. Thus, all of the studied units in the Tennessee salient are remagnetized and show no evidence for rotation. This confirms that remagnetization was widespread in the southern Appalachians and that any
Major Depressive Disorder in the African American Population: Meeting the Challenges of Stigma, Misdiagnosis, and Treatment Disparities

This article examines major depressive disorder (MDD) in the African American population. As prevalence rates and severity of depression in African Americans are investigated, the findings indicate many blacks are underdiagnosed. Further, African Americans seem to have more severe episodes of depression compared to Caucasians. Explanations for this difference are that African Americans with MDD often present with somatic symptoms, leading physicians to miss a MDD diagnosis. Depression is often stigmatized in the African American population, seen as a "personal weakness." Educating the community about depression and educating physicians to make cultural competent diagnoses are necessary. Treatment disparities emerge as African Americans are more likely uninsured, and many are nonresponsive to traditional pharmacological interventions for depression. African American and other ethnic groups differ in the way they metabolize selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, leading physicians to have less of an understanding of how to treat the African American patients. The lack of minorities in research trials limits the number of effective medication to treat this population of patients.
Randomized Greedy Hot-Potato Routing on the Multi-Dimensional Torus

We present extensive simulation and analysis on a traditional, simple, efficient dynamic hot potato routing algorithm on a multi-dimensional torus network. These simulations are performed under a more recent network model than previous, more limited studies, with dynamic (rather than batch) models, no flow-control, and extended high dimensional scenarios. We collect more comprehensive statistics on system performance, and empirically show that the system can recover from worst-case scenarios to quickly re-achieve its standard steady-state delivery rates, with expected delivery time for a packet of O(n), where n is the initial packet distance from its destination. Experiments also show that for our model, the constant multiplier hidden in the O() notation decreases with higher dimensions.
Improving position precision of a servo-controlled elastic cable driven surgical robot using Unscented Kalman Filter

Cable driven power transmission is popular in many manipulator applications including medical arms. In spite of advantages obtained by removing motors from the mechanism, cable transmission introduces higher non-linearity and more uncertainties such as cable stretch and cable coupling. In order to improve the control precision and robustness of the Raven-II surgical robot, particularly for automation applications, the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) was adopted for state estimation. The UKF estimated state variables of the Raven-II dynamic model from sensor data. The dual UKF was used offline to estimate cable coupling parameters. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved joint position estimation precision and the estimation consistency, especially on the more elastic links. The improvements for links 2 and 3 of the Raven were 36.76%, and 62.99%, respectively. For link 1 the improvement was 1.43% because the transmission is very stiff.
Differential energy requirements for platelet responses. A simultaneous study of aggregation, three secretory processes, arachidonate liberation, phosphatidylinositol breakdown and phosphatidate production

Previous studies have indicated different energy requirements for some platelet responses; these differences could, however, be due to inadequate methodology and differences in platelet preparation. The present study describes the effect of decreasing ATP availability on seven platelet responses measured in gel-filtered human platelets. The cells, prelabelled with 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine, [(3)H]- or [(14)C]adenine, [(32)P]P(i) or [(3)H]arachidonate, were incubated with antimycin A and 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Platelet responses induced by thrombin and collagen (secretion only), level of metabolic ATP and the adenylate energy charge (AEC) were determined at various times during incubation. Platelet aggregation was rapidly inhibited after a lag of 5-15 min and with 50% inhibition at AEC = 0.55-0.60. Secretion of 5-hydroxy[(14)C]tryptamine and ATP + ADP from dense granules and of fibrinogen and beta-thromboglobin from alpha-granules were inhibited in parallel, without a lag and with 50% inhibition at AEC = 0.65-0.70. The inhibition of secretion of platelet factor 4 from the alpha-granules followed another pattern with 50% inhibition at AEC = 0.70-0.80. Breakdown of [(3)H]-phosphatidylinositol, formation of [(3)H]- and [(32)P]-phosphatidate, liberation of [(3)H]arachidonate and secretion of acid hydrolases were inhibited in parallel and inhibition was present at the start of incubation with 50% inhibition at AEC = 0.80-0.87. These results suggest that the responses have different energy requirements, increasing in the order: aggregation < dense granule and alpha-granule secretion < acid hydrolase secretion, phosphatidylinositol breakdown, phosphatidate formation and arachidonate liberation. The powerful inhibition of phosphatidylinositol breakdown by metabolic inhibitors suggests that energy-requiring steps are involved in the activation of phospholipase C.
Contagium vivum and the development of water filtration: the beginning of the sanitary movement.

Abstract The relationship between the idea of a “contagium vivum” (germ theory) and the development of municipal water filtration is explored. The concept o
Rising Energetic Cost of Walking Predicts Gait Speed Decline With Aging

Background Slow gait is a robust biomarker of health and a predictor of functional decline and death in older adults, yet factors contributing to the decline in gait speed with aging are not well understood. Previous research suggests that the energetic cost of walking at preferred speed is inversely associated with gait speed, but whether individuals with a rising energetic cost of walking experience a steeper rate of gait speed decline has not been investigated. Methods In participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the energetic cost of overground walking at preferred speed (mL/kg/m) was assessed between 2007 and 2014 using a portable indirect calorimeter. The longitudinal association between the energetic cost of walking and usual gait speed over 6 meters (m/s) was assessed with multivariate linear regression models, and the risk of slow gait ( Results The study population consisted of 457 participants aged 40 and older who contributed 1,121 person-visits to the analysis. In fully adjusted models, increases in the energetic cost of walking predicted the rate of gait speed decline in those older than 65 years (β = -0.008 m/s, p 0.17mL/kg/m) had a 57% greater risk of developing slow gait compared with a normal energetic cost of walking (≤0.17mL/kg/m; adjusted hazard ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.46). Conclusions These findings suggest that strategies to maintain walking efficiency hold significant implications for maintaining mobility in late life. Efforts to curb threats to walking efficiency should focus on therapies to treat gait and balance impairments, and reduce clinical disease burden.
Controlling the Structure of Reactive Intermediates via Incipient Covalent Bonding with the Counterions: Coexistence of Two Distinct Forms of the C6F6 Cation Radical in a Single Crystal

A number of highly reactive charged intermediates have been stabilized by crystallization with appropriate counterions and cocrystallization partners. Here, we computationally address a recent unexplained observation of the two Jahn–Teller forms of the otherwise unstable C6F6 cation radical in a single crystal with supposedly noncoordinating Sb2F11– counteranions. However, our density functional calculations and the natural bond orbital based analysis techniques clearly demonstrate that the specific charge-transfer interactions with close-contact fluorine atoms of the Sb2F11– counteranions are responsible for the selective stabilization of the bisallyl and quinoidal forms of the C6F6+• cation radical in different counteranion environments. Similar donor–acceptor interactions are also responsible for the much debated stabilization of the crystalline Et3Si+/toluene complex. This paradigm of charge-transfer control of the chemical nature of the crystallized molecules may hold potential for design of the next...