cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Development: Structure, Function and Implications

There has been a substantial surge in interest in the contribution of hippocampal development to cognition in childhood. The reviewed evidence suggests that the hippocampus undergoes protracted functional and structural development after birth, and that this development is best understood in terms of cytoarchitectural and anterior–posterior functional subdivisions. The dentate gyrus may develop later than cornu ammonis 1 or the subiculum, and over development there may also be a shift towards recruiting the anterior hippocampus. Both of these changes promise new insights into the development of episodic memory and other cognitive functions, and indicate that the integration of the cytoarchitectural and anterior–posterior axes of development are necessary to address outstanding questions about the significance of hippocampal development from infancy into adulthood.
Rural and Appalachian Disparities in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Incidence and Access to Opioid Abuse Treatment

Objective Incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is increasing due to the rise in opioid use. Rural states like Kentucky have been disproportionally impacted by opioid abuse, and this study determines NAS burden nationally and in Kentucky while quantifying differences in access to care between Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties. Methods NAS rates were calculated using National (2013) and Kentucky (2008-2014) National Inpatient Sample discharge data. Births were identified using International Classification of Diseases v9 code 779.5 and live birth codes V30.x-V38.x. Counties were classified as rural, micropolitan, or metropolitan using census data. Proximity analysis was conducted via mapping from ZIP code centroid to nearest opioid treatment facility. Distance to treatment facilities was calculated and then compared using nonparametric testing for counties by rural and Appalachian status. Results NAS cases tripled from 2008 to 2014 in Kentucky counties, with a 2013 NAS rate more than double the national NAS rate. Rural and Appalachian counties experienced an NAS increase per 1,000 births that was 2-2.5 times higher than urban/non-Appalachian counties, with a greater number of NAS births overall in Appalachian counties. All opioid treatment facility types were further from rural patients than micropolitan/metropolitan patients (P < .001), as well as further for Appalachians versus non-Appalachians (P < .001, all facility types). Conclusions NAS burden disparately affects rural and Appalachian Kentucky counties, while treatment options are disproportionately further away for these residents. Policy efforts to increase NAS prevention and encourage opioid abuse treatment uptake in pregnant women should address rural and Appalachian disparities.
Ethical Application of Precision Medicine to Schizophrenia Management

A recent effort has been made to better characterize the genetic architecture of schizophrenia, and apply a precision medicine model to its treatment. In pursuing this approach, it is likely that ethical concerns regarding cost-benefit uncertainties, the duty to inform and confidentiality will arise. Due to the complexity of schizophrenia's genetic profile, research efforts must be weighed against the risk to human subjects and the required consumption of valuable healthcare resources. Genetic risk profiles must be judged in conjunction with actionability and must be fully explained to patients and others potentially affected. However, confidentiality should be of paramount importance due to the presence of a risk-state phenotype, meaning the associated presence of clinically detectable neurocognitive deficiencies in those with elevated schizophrenia risk profiles.
Affective associations as predictors of health behavior in urban minority youth.

Objective Affective associations are key predictors of health-relevant action that can mediate the relationships between cognitive variables and health behavior. Little data, however, has examined affective associations in high-risk groups, the individuals with the greatest need for intervention. Further, few studies have examined the unique predictive ability of positive and negative affective associations. Methods The present study assessed positive affective associations, negative affective associations, cognitive beliefs, subjective norms, and reports of 4 obesity-related behaviors (physical activity, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, and soft drink consumption) across a cross-sectional (n = 1,499) and a longitudinal sample (n = 104) of predominantly African American adolescents of low socioeconomic status from the inner city of urban Detroit. Results In both samples, positive (not negative) affective associations were the strongest and most consistent predictor of health behavior. Analyses also suggested that positive affective associations mediate the relationships between cognitive beliefs, subjective norms, and health behavior. Interaction tests revealed no evidence that the link between positive affective associations and health behavior is moderated by negative affective associations, cognitive beliefs, subjective norms, sex, or age. Conclusions The results are consistent with affective association research and support the development of health interventions for urban minority youth aimed at changing positive (rather than negative) affective associations. The consistency across behaviors and the lack of reliable interactive effects suggests that changing positive affective associations may benefit urban youth regardless of behavior domain, age, sex, negative affective associations, subjective norm, and cognitive beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record
Assuming Global Leadership

This chapter covers the evolution of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) AIDS program and its leadership in the global response. The program was renamed the Special Programme on AIDS (SPA), and would focus on prevention, reducing the personal and social impact of AIDS, and coordinating the national and global response. In order to have the necessary prominence and flexibility, the program was moved into the Director-General’s office and operated outside WHO’s traditional regional structure. The chapter explains why this move was necessary and how the SPA Director Jonathan Mann sought funds for a program whose budget was the largest in in WHO’s history. It further describes the development of Mann’s Global AIDS Strategy, and the establishment of country national AIDS programs. In January, 1987, WHO’s Executive Board renamed SPA to the Global Programme on AIDS.
The Lehman Panic — An Avoidable Crash

The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings, the fourth largest US investment bank, in mid-September 2008 triggered the most severe financial panic and crash in a century. Lehman had been an aggressive buyer of mortgage-related securities; the firm used the money that it obtained from selling its own short term IOUs to buy long-term mortgages. Every investment bank is highly leveraged, but Lehman was at the extreme end of the spectrum in terms of its leverage; its assets were more than thirty times its capital. At times, Lehman’s leverage may have been as much as forty times its capital; at the end of each quarter, Lehman engaged in ‘window dressing’ so that its reported leverage appeared smaller than the leverage that it had had in the previous several months.
Halogens on and Within the Ocean Worlds of the Outer Solar System

Life as we know it requires liquid water, a suite of approximately fifty-four elements from the periodic table, and some form of light or chemical energy to power life. The search for liquid water in our solar system has revealed that several moons of the outer solar system harbor oceans beneath their icy shells. Halogen salts serve as a key indicator of whether or not these liquid water environments could satisfy the latter two requirements for life. The presence of salts within these oceans is, and can be, an indicator of water-rock interactions between liquid water and silicate, halogen-rich, seafloors. In some cases, seafloor cycling within these moons may be sufficient to drive low-, or possibly even high-temperature hydrothermalism. Here I review the current state of knowledge of these oceans beyond Earth and provide both empirical and modelling constraints on halogens within these environments. Past, present, and future spacecraft missions to these worlds are described, and the implications for future discoveries of astrobiological importance is discussed.
Update on the Surgical Management of Pediatric Cataracts

The treatment of pediatric cataracts is rapidly evolving, and the visual prognosis for infants and children with cataracts is improving, due in part to earlier surgery, increased frequency of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, more effective amblyopia therapy following surgery, and better forms of optical correction. A surgeon treating a child with a cataract is faced with An assortment of therapeutic dilemmas such as whether an IOL should be implanted, whether foldable lenses are appropriate, and whether the posterior capsule should be opened during surgery. Although the surgery can be technically difficult in small and unforgiving eyes, it is often the easy part as treatment decisions and results have lifelong implications. The visual system, which is immature at birth, has a latent period of approximately 6 weeks before it becomes sensitive to deprivation, and binocular vision first appears at approximately 3 months of age. It is therefore imperative that infants with visually significant congenital cataracts receive prompt treatment during the sensitive periods to decrease the risk of developing amblyopia or binocular abnormalities. An ideal time for early surgical intervention resulting in few complications and maximal visual outcome has not been identified with certainty. Perhaps the greatest overall change in the approach to the surgical treatment of pediatric cataracts has been the adaptation of techniques used in adult cataract surgery. This article focuses on the methods currently used in the management of pediatric cataracts.
Anti-Tamper Databases

A way to prevent, delay, limit, or contain the compromise of the protected data in a database is to encrypt the data and the database schema, and yet allow queries and transactions over the encrypted data. Clearly, there is a compromise between the degree of security provided by encryption and the efficient querying of the database. In this paper, we investigate the capabilities and limitations of encrypting the database in relational databases, and yet allowing, to the extent possible, efficient SQL querying of the encrypted database.
Neural Networks and Related Statistical Latent Variable Models

This article discusses the statistical features of artificial neural networks, as well as the related models of mixtures-of-experts and hidden Markov models. Artificial neural networks, such as the multi-layer perceptron, are examples of multiple-cause models, where each data item is a function of multiple hidden variables. Mixture models, such as mixtures-of-experts and hidden Markov models, are single-cause models, where it is assumed that each data item is generated by one component of the model. Methods of interference are presented for these models. Recent trends in the field, such as support vector machines and factorial hidden Markov models, are referenced.
Histopathology of Cutaneous Conducted Electrical Weapon Injuries

Published descriptions of the microscopic features of cutaneous injuries caused by CEW discharges are limited. Descriptions of CEW lesions sustained under controlled conditions are lacking. This chapter delineates the histopathological appearances of uncomplicated CEW cutaneous injuries consequent to single 5-second discharge of CEWs applied in drive stun (stun gun) and deployed electrodes modes. Skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers immediately, 1, 24, 48, and 72 h following CEW discharges.
Antibacterial analyse of perovskite

We mainly studied the antibacterial properties of perovskite. Its structure was evaluated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrometer etc. The antibacterial properties of perovskite to Candida albicans (ATCC10231), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) were investigated by the flask oscillation method. The results show that the perovskite has strong antibacterial ability, and continued antibacterial properties; its sterilization rates are 87.00%, 99.50%, 96.22% respectively to these three bacteria.
Sexual Misconduct by Health Care Providers

1. Just as in society in general, health care providers can engage in compulsive sexual behaviors that jeopardize their health, careers, and relationships, both personal and professional. 2. Sex addicts not only deny and rationalize their acts but also resist accepting any feedback about their sexually inappropriate behaviors. 3. To protect patients from sexual misconduct, health care providers who exhibit sexually inappropriate behaviors must be confronted, and consistent limits must be set, including terminating patient contact, if necessary. 4. Treatment for sexually compulsive behaviors is multifaceted, and signs that a person is cooperating with treatment are ceasing the compulsive behaviors, experiencing feelings of remorse, expressing regret, accepting personal responsibility, and abiding by guidelines for reinstatement.
Total Ankle Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Post-traumatic Arthritis

The use of total ankle replacement is a demanding procedure. Patient selection is important, and preoperative discussions should include a discussion of non-operative approaches and the use of other joint-sparing surgical approaches. Regardless of whether a two-component or three-component third-generation system is used equally, good outcomes can be expected. When the decision is made to use a TAR in patients with post-traumatic arthritis, patient positioning, surgical incision and dissection, tibial and talar preparation, positioning of the components, closure, and postoperative care are important points to consider in order to obtain good outcomes. With the use of good surgical techniques, current literature demonstrates good survivorship of TARs at 5 and 10 years.
(256) Peripherally-Restricted Dual-Acting Kappa/Delta Opioid Agonist (CA1001) Prevents Formalin-Induced Hyperalgesia

Peripheral mu-opioid receptors (MOR) are responsible for opioid-induced constipation, but in the uninjured state do not participate significantly in the pain pathway. On the other hand, kappa- (KOR) and delta-opioid (DOR) receptors are constitutively present in the periphery. However, the DOR only becomes active following the induction of the inflammatory response. The relative contribution of DOR agonism to KOR agonism was examined in the formalin model. Subcutaneous plantar injection of formalin causes a bi-phasic nocifensive behavioral response in rodents. The early phase (phase 1) lasts for about 5-10 minutes, following which an interphase occurs without any discernible nociceptive reactions, after which the late phase (phase 2) nociceptive reaction ensues continuing from about 20-60 minutes. Phase 2 of the formalin model is a model of continuously present persistent pain. The late phase (phase 2), in particular, is considered as a pharmacodynamic surrogate of central sensitization. A novel dual-acting, peripherally-restricted kappa-delta opioid agonist (CA1001) was compared to a peripherally-restricted kappa agonist (ICI204448) in the formalin model in the mouse. Following IACUC approval, mice were randomly pretreated with inert vehicle, ICI204448 1mg/kg, ICI204448 10mg/kg, CA1001 1mg/kg, or CA1001 10 mg/kg. Spontaneous nocifensive behaviors were blindly assessed (video recording). Neither agent was effective in reducing the acute (0-5 minutes) response to formalin injection (phase 1). CA1001 1 mg/kg was as effective as ICI204448 10 mg/kg in reducing formalin-induced responses at 20-35 minutes; CA1001 10 mg/kg was significantly more effective than ICI204448 10 mg/kg (phase 2; p
Cuphea lanceolata and Cuphea ignia Seed Increase Using Three Pollinators in Insect-Proof Cages in the Field

Oil from seed of many Cuphea (Lythraceae) species is abundant in medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C14). The fatty acids are valuable to industry and obtained from petrochemicals and tropical plants. Cuphea could provide a valuable temperate plant source of fatty acids, but there are agronomic limitations to commercial production. Many Cuphea spp. are entomophilous, so finding suitable pollinators will enhance development of the crop. In the study, the pollinating ability of three insects, honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; bumble bee, Bombus bimaculatus Cresson; and horned-face bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski), were tested on Cuphea lanceolata W.T. Aiton and Cuphea ignia A. DC in insect-proof cages in the field. Based on harvested seed weight, the honey bee was an efficient pollinator of C. lanceolata with significantly more seed produced (40.9 g) than the no-pollinator check (9.8 g). The honey bee was not significantly different than the bumble bee (20.7 g) or O. cornifrons (25.6 g). The honey bee also was an efficient pollinator of C. ignia, with significantly more seed produced than any other pollinator. Bombus spp. are excellent pollinators of Cuphea, but our results indicated B. bimaculatus was an inefficient pollinator of C. ignia in field cages.
Indications contributing to the decreasing cesarean delivery rate at an academic tertiary center.

Background Evaluating trends in indications may identify targets to safely reduce the primary cesarean delivery rate. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine physician-documented indications for cesarean delivery to identify specific factors that contribute to a decreasing cesarean delivery rate. Study Design We analyzed rates of primary and repeat cesarean deliveries, which included indications for the procedure, among 22,265 live births at an academic tertiary center from 2009–2013. Time trends for each indication were modeled to estimate the absolute and cumulative annualized relative risk of cesarean delivery by indication over time and the relative contribution of each indication to the overall decrease in primary cesarean delivery rate. Results From 2009–2013, the cesarean delivery rate decreased from 36.5–31.4%; 74% of the decrease was attributable to a decrease in primary cesarean deliveries, which decreased from 21.7–17.6%. Among documented indications for primary cesarean delivery, labor arrest, abnormal or indeterminate fetal heart rate, and preeclampsia decreased significantly over time (P .05). Labor arrest was responsible for the largest proportion of the decrease in the primary cesarean delivery rate (44%), followed by abnormal or indeterminate fetal heart rate (23%) and preeclampsia (13%). Conclusion Primary cesarean births accounted for 74% of the decreasing cesarean delivery rate. Reductions in the diagnosis of labor arrest and abnormal fetal heart rate led to a decreased cesarean delivery rate at a major academic institution. Contemporaneous changes in definitions of labor arrest and approaches to fetal monitoring that were adopted at our institution may have considerable effect on the cesarean delivery rate.
Linear parameter varying-based control of a riderless bicycle with linear actuators

Riderless bicycles, which belong to the class of narrow autonomous vehicles, offer numerous potentials to improve living conditions in the smart cities of the future. Various obstacles exist in achieving full autonomy for this class of autonomous vehicles. One of these significant challenges lie within the synthesis of automatic control algorithms that provide self-balancing and maneuvering capabilities for this class of autonomous vehicles. Indeed, the nonlinear, underactuated, and non-minimum phase dynamics of riderless bicycles offer rich challenges for automatic control of these autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we report on implementing linear parameter varying (LPV)-based controllers for balancing our constructed autonomous bicycle, which is equipped with linear electric actuators for automatic steering, in the upright position. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
An Intervention to Improve Caregiver Adherence to Oral Rehydration Therapy.

Objective To improve oral rehydration therapy (ORT) after discharge for children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Methods We designed and implemented a quality improvement initiative to improve caregiver adherence to ORT in children 6 months to 21 years old with AGE. The intervention consisted of ORT "kits" with rehydration supplies and caregiver instructions. In the preintervention period we monitored patient/caregiver adherence to ORT recommendations and additionally monitored ORT kit and educational material distribution during the intervention phase via a caregiver survey after discharge. We utilized statistical process control methodology to assess responses to the intervention. As a balancing measure, we monitored the ED length of stay for patients with AGE. Results Over the study period from November 2013 to April 2015, we included 174 encounters during the preintervention period and 256 encounters during the intervention period. More than 9 of 10 children received ORT kits in the intervention period. Self-reported adherence to ORT between the 2 time periods remained constant. The ED length of stay did not change between the preintervention and intervention period. Conclusions Despite successful distribution of novel ORT materials and education for caregivers of children with AGE in a pediatric ED, caregiver self-reported adherence to ORT postdischarge visit was unchanged. An unexpected high baseline adherence to ORT practices may have limited improvement.
Artificial incubation does not affect the post-hatch development, health, or survival of the Lance-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia lanceolata), a tropical passerine

Artificial incubation of avian eggs is used in scientific research, conservation, zoo husbandry, and the commercial poultry industry. However, whether artificial incubation negatively impacts post-hatch nestling phenotypes and survival compared to naturally incubated young has not been explicitly tested. Here, we assess whether nestlings artificially incubated as eggs and returned to their natal nest after hatching experienced negative impacts in development, health, and survival. From 2007 to 2017, we measured mass, mass growth rate, tarsus length, tarsus growth rate, external lesions, ejection from the nest, fledging success, and recruitment of Lance-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia lanceolata) nestlings from 209 nests where 1 of 2 eggs was artificially incubated, along with 230 unmanipulated nests. We found no statistically significant difference in the development, health, and survival among nestlings artificially incubated as eggs, their naturally incubated nestmates, and nestlings from unmanipulated nests. Our results indicate that artificial incubation can be a safe and effective tool in the study of free-living birds.
Current Neurologic Assessment and Neuroprotective Strategies in Cardiac Anesthesia: A Survey to the Membership of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.

Background Neurologic injury and cognitive disorder after cardiac surgery are associated with morbidity and mortality. Variability in the application of neuroprotective strategies likely exists during cardiac surgery. The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) conducted a survey among its members on common perioperative neuroprotective strategies: assessment of aortic atheromatous burden, management of intraoperative blood pressure, and use of cerebral oximetry. Methods A 15-item survey was developed by 3 members of the SCA Continuous Practice Improvement - Cerebral Protection Working Group. The questionnaire was then circulated among all working group members, adapted, and tested for face validity. On March 26, 2018, the survey was sent to members of the SCA via e-mail using the Research Electronic Data Capture system. Responses were recorded until April 16, 2018. Results Of the 3645 surveys e-mailed, 526 members responded (14.4%). Most responders worked in academic institutions (58.3%), followed by private practices (38.7%). Epiaortic ultrasound for the assessment of aortic atheromatous burden was most commonly utilized at the surgeon's request (46.5%). Cerebral oximetry was most commonly used in patients with increased perioperative risk of cerebral injury (41.4%). Epiaortic ultrasound (1.9%) and cerebral oximetry (5.2%) were rarely part of a standardized monitoring approach. A majority of respondents (52.0%) reported no standardized management strategies for neuroprotection during cardiac surgery at their institution. A total of 55.3% stated that no standardized institutional guidelines were in place for managing a patient's blood pressure intraoperatively or during cardiopulmonary bypass. When asked about patients at risk for postoperative cerebral injury, 41.3% targeted a blood pressure goal >65 mmHg during cardiopulmonary bypass. The majority of responders (60.4%) who had access to institutional rates of postoperative stroke/cerebral injury had standard neuroprotective strategies in place. Conclusions Our data indicate that approximately half of the respondents to this SCA survey do not use standardized guidelines/standard operating procedures for perioperative cerebral protection. The lack of standardized neuroprotective strategies during cardiac surgery may impact postoperative neurologic outcomes. Further investigations are warranted and should assess the association of standardized neuroprotective approaches and postoperative neurological outcomes.
Improving Pain Management in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Patients Admitted for Uncomplicated Vaso-Occlusive Episodes

Background & Hypothesis: Vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) are common and painful complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) that account for the majority of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Despite evidenced-based recommendations for management of VOEs, pain control is often delayed and suboptimal, in part due to concerns about potential side effects, provider discomfort with the doses and frequencies of opioids needed to control pain in this population, and insufficient …
Influence of improvement of pharmacy service quality on the doctor-patient relationship

Objective To study and explore the influence of pharmacy service quality improvement on the relationship between doctors and patients. Methods Our hospital began to implement the improvement measures of quality in pharmaceutical service since January 2016, 200 patients' families were randomly selected as the observation group by using cluster sampling method during 12 months of 2016.The other 200 cases' families in the 12 months of 2015 before the implementation of pharmacy services quality improvement measures were randomly selected as control group by using cluster sampling method.The waiting time to get the medicine, the incidence of pharmacy service satisfaction, error event, the quality of pharmaceutical service score, complaint rate, incidence of medical disputes (this should be clear and concise) of the two groups were compared by conducting a questionnaire survey. Results The waiting time to get the medicine of the observation group was (7.75±3.29)min, which was significantly shorter than (11.87±4.16)min of the control group (t=10.986, P<0.05). The satisfaction rates for pharmacy pharmacist environment, attitude, patients in the observation group were 97.50%, 96.00%, 94.50%, respectively, which were significantly higher than 84.50%, 82.50%, 82% in the control group (χ2=26.635, 18.996, 15.068, all P<0.05). The pharmacy service quality score of the observation group was (89.65±14.52)points, which was significantly higher than (74.93±10.24)points of the control group (t=11.716, P<0.05). The pharmacy service error event rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group(χ2=9.225, P<0.05), and the rate of complaints, the incidence rate of medical dispute cases in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (χ2=4.737, 4.592, all P<0.05). Conclusion Application of pharmacy quality improvement measures is effective in shortening the waiting time and improving the quality of pharmaceutical care, and it is helpful to improve the family members' evaluation to pharmacy environment, pharmacists' service attitude and their visits, thereby improving the relationship between doctors and patients and reducing the disputes between doctors and patients. Key words: Pharmacy service, hospital; Pharmaceutical service; Relationship between doctors and patients
In VivoMechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Follicle Loss in the Human Ovary: An Individual-Oocyte Transcriptomic Analysis from Human Ovarian Xenografts

Gonadotoxic chemotherapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide, cause early menopause and infertility in women. Earlier histological studies showed ovarian reserve depletion via severe DNA damage and apoptosis, but others suggested activation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway and follicle "burn-out" as a cause. Using a human ovarian xenograft model, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on laser-captured individual primordial follicle oocytes 12h after a single cyclophosphamide injection to determine the mechanisms of acute follicle loss after gonadotoxic chemotherapy. RNA-sequencing showed 190 differentially expressed genes between the cyclophosphamide- and vehicle-exposed oocytes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted a significant decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic pro-Akt PECAM1 (p=2.13E-09), IKBKE (p=0.0001), and ANGPT1 (p=0.003), and reduced activation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt after cyclophosphamide. The qRT-PCR and immunostaining confirmed that in primordial follicle oocytes, cyclophosphamide did not change the expressions of Akt (p=0.9), rpS6 (p=0.3), Foxo3a (p=0.12) and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 (p=0.17), nor affect their phosphorylation status. There was significantly increased DNA damage by γH2AX (p=0.0002) and apoptosis by active-caspase-3 (p=0.0001) staining in the primordial follicles and no change in the growing follicles 12h after chemotherapy. These data suggest that the mechanism of acute follicle loss by cyclophosphamide is via apoptosis, rather than growth activation of primordial follicle oocytes in the human ovary.
Design and Test of an Electromechanical Rover Tether for the Exploration of Vertical Lunar Pits

Moon Diver is a proposed mission to land and deploy an extreme-terrain, tethered rover for the exploration of Tran-quillitatis Pit, a large vertical cave entrance into the subsurface of Earth's Moon. By leveraging a supportive tether, the Axel rover, developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, would perform a controlled descent into the pit and deploy instruments along the pit wall. The purpose of this mission concept is to study a volcanic secondary crust as a function of depth in order to determine formation processes and chemical makeup. The lifeline of the mission would be the tether, which provides power from, and communication to the top-side lander. Critically, the tether also serves as mechanical support between the suspended rover and the lander, which acts as an anchor. While space tethers have been deployed both in orbit and terrestrially, the use of the proposed tether is unlike any known in the literature; the tether must come into contact with the terrain while under load. With respect to the environment, the tether must also survive abrasion from glassy regolith and volcanic rocks, bending around sharp edges, thermal extremes, and exposure to full spectrum ultra-violet (UV) radiation, all while reliably transferring up to 100 W of power and 1 Mbps of data. Furthermore, since the Axel rover pays out tether from an internal spool, the tether's diameter must be minimized to increase spool capacity, allowing for up to a 300-m traverse while also meeting static and dynamic strength requirements. This paper covers several phases of the tether's initial development, including i) a trade study of structure and materials with consideration for space heritage, ii) selected design justification, and iii) results from tests on prototype tethers looking into mechanical, electrical, and environmental properties, including exposure to rock-regolith abrasion, load profiles at temperature, and degradation due to UV exposure while exposed to vacuum. Finally, we provide insights and lessons learned from lab and field tests, which inform our continued effort to design a tether capable of surviving rugged, lunar conditions.
Linking Hydrobiogeochemical Processes and Management Techniques to Close Nutrient Loops in an Arid River

In this study, we explore opportunities to optimize food-energy-water (FEW) resources by closing nutrient loops in arid-land rivers. Specifically, we evaluate source and sink behavior of nitrogen as nitrate (NO3-N) in three characteristic channels in the Middle Rio Grande Basin (Delivery and Drain channels associated with agriculture and the main channel of the Rio Grande). All three channels are located downstream of a large wastewater treatment plant that is the main contributor of nutrients to this reach of the Rio Grande. We used a mass balance approach paired with stable isotope analysis to determine sources and processing of NO3-N within the channels over time (a year) and through space (along ~15 to 50 km reaches). Results indicated the growing season was an important period of sink behavior for the Delivery channel and the Rio Grande, but the Drain channel was a year-round source. Stable isotope analysis of 15N and 18O found a distinct nitrate signature in the Drain associated with biological processing, as well as Rio Grande sites impacted by agricultural outflow, but no equivalent signature was present in the Delivery channel. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations to help close nutrient loops in the study system and analogous aridland irrigation networks by 1) minimizing loss during the transfer of nutrients from wastewater facilities to agricultural areas, and 2) minimizing enrichment to downstream aquatic ecosystems by sequestering nutrients that escape the nutrient loop.
The Effect of Cash Flow Problems and Resource Intermingling on Small Business Recovery and Resilience After a Natural Disaster

This study investigated the implications that cash flow problems and resource intermingling between the family and the business had on small business recovery and resilience after a natural disaster. This study contributed to the literature by studying the impact of cash flow problems and resource intermingling on small businesses in two separate periods: right after the natural disaster (period 1) and eight years after the disaster (period 2). Period 1 determined whether the business was in operation directly following Hurricane Katrina. Period 2 investigated success of the small business after Katrina (compared to pre-Katrina success). Results showed that cash flow problems and resource intermingling did not affect operational status directly following Katrina, but did play a role in business resilience in the long run.
RAD51 Inhibitor Reverses Etoposide-Induced Genomic Toxicity and Instability in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Aim In normal cells, homologous recombination (HR) is strictly regulated and precise and plays an important role in preserving genomic integrity by accurately repairing DNA damage. RAD51 is the recombinase which mediates homologous base pairing and strand exchange during DNA repair by HR. We have previously reported that HR is spontaneously elevated (or dysregulated) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and contributes to ongoing genomic changes and instability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of RAD51 inhibitor on genomic toxicity caused by etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent. Methods EAC cell lines (FLO-1 and OE19) were cultured in the presence of RAD51 inhibitor and/or etoposide, and impact on cell viability, apoptosis and genomic integrity/stability investigated. Genomic integrity/stability was monitored by evaluating cells for γ-H2AX (a marker for DNA breaks), phosphorylated RPA32 (a marker of DNA end resection which is a distinct step in the initiation of HR) and micronuclei (a marker of genomic instability). Results Treatment with etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent, was associated with marked genomic toxicity (as evident from increase in DNA breaks) and genomic instability in both EAC cell lines. Consistently, the treatment was also associated with apoptotic cell death. A small molecule inhibitor of RAD51 increased cytotoxicity while reducing genomic toxicity and instability caused by etoposide, in both EAC cell lines. Conclusion RAD51 inhibitors have potential to increase cytotoxicity while reducing harmful genomic impact of chemotherapy.
Characteristics Associated with Participation in ENGAGED 2 - A Web-based Breast Cancer Risk Communication and Decision Support Trial.

Purpose We evaluated demographic and clinical characteristics associated with participation in a clinical trial testing the efficacy of an online tool to support breast cancer risk communication and decision support for risk mitigation to determine the generalizability of trial results. Methods Eligible women were members of Kaiser Permanente Washington aged 40-69 years with a recent normal screening mammogram, heterogeneously or extremely dense breasts and a calculated risk of > 1.67% based on the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium 5-year breast cancer risk model. Trial outcomes were chemoprevention and breast magnetic resonance imaging by 12-months post-baseline. Women were recruited via mail with phone follow-up using plain language materials notifying them of their density status and higher than average breast cancer risk. Multivariable logistic regression calculated independent odds ratios (ORs) for associations between demographic and clinical characteristics with trial participation. Results Of 2,569 eligible women contacted, 995 (38.7%) participated. Women with some college (OR = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-2.96) or college degree (OR = 3.35, 95% CI 2.29-4.90) were more likely to participate than high school-educated women. Race/ethnicity also was associated with participation (African-American OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.87; Asian OR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.12-0.41). Multivariate adjusted ORs for family history of breast/ovarian cancer were not associated with trial participation. Discussion Use of plain language and potential access to a website providing personal breast cancer risk information and education were insufficient in achieving representative participation in a breast cancer prevention trial. Additional methods of targeting and tailoring, potentially facilitated by clinical and community outreach, are needed to facilitate equitable engagement for all women.
Particle in Cell Finite Element Validation and Verification Methods

Particle in cell codes are used extensively to understand plasma physics and to design devices that exploit these physics. More recent needs (say novel table top accelerators) have given impetus to development of the next generation plasma physics codes that have better fidelity. But despite this need, it is difficult to validate any code. For fully three dimensional simulations, there are no analytical solutions. One typically reduces the problem to the simplest 1-D problem and draw conclusions. Furthermore, the literature is sparse with respect to detail so as to be reproducible. This paper seeks present a set of problems (with multiple points of comparison) that can serve as a benchmark for all PIC codes.
Acute effect of inhaled iloprost on exercise dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patients: A randomized crossover study.

Abstract Background and objective We tested whether the prostacyclin analog inhaled iloprost modulates dead space, dynamic hyperinflation (DH), and systemic inflammation/oxidative stress during maximal exercise in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were not selected based on pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods Twenty-four COPD patients with moderate-severe obstruction (age 59 ± 7 years, FEV1 53 ± 13% predicted) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Each subject received a single nebulized dose of 5.0 μg iloprost or placebo on non-consecutive days followed by maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests. The primary outcome was DH quantified by end-expiratory lung volume/total lung capacity ratio (EELV/TLC) at metabolic isotime. Results Inhaled iloprost was well-tolerated and reduced submaximal alveolar dead-space fraction but did not significantly reduce DH (0.70 ± 0.09 vs 0.69 ± 0.07 following placebo and iloprost, respectively, p = 0.38). Maximal exercise time (9.1 ± 2.3 vs 9.3 ± 2.2 min, p = 0.31) and peak oxygen uptake (17.4 ± 6.3 vs 17.9 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min, p = 0.30) were not significantly different following placebo versus iloprost. Conclusions A single dose of inhaled iloprost was safe and reduced alveolar dead space fraction; however, it was not efficacious in modulating DH or improving exercise capacity in COPD patients who were not selected for the presence of PH.
Noticing Multilingual and Non-dominant Students’ Strengths for Learning Mathematics and Science

This chapter examines the strengths multilingual and non-dominant learners bring to school for learning mathematics or science. We connect research on learners’ strengths from two sets of literature: research in mathematics education and in science education. The examples illustrate how research in mathematics and science education can inform policy and teaching in multilingual classrooms. This research assumes that learners from multilingual communities bring strengths, not deficits, to classrooms. We provide and illustrate three recommendations for effective policies and teaching: (1) noticing learners’ strengths, (2) recognizing mathematics and science practices, and (3) expanding what counts as practices in STEM disciplines. We use examples from previously published research in United States classrooms to illustrate how to notice the strengths multilingual learners bring to learning math and science, recognize practices associated with STEM disciplines in student contributions, and expand what we include in such practices. Although the examples are drawn from classroom-based research in the United States, those findings have important implications that extend to other settings (communities, nations, or learning environments).
Shared Aperture Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Architecture for Reflectarray Antennas

A reflectarray aperture is a planar surface that mimics the parabolic reflector by using a doubly periodic array of carefully designed scatterers. Reflectarray antennas are rapidly becoming an attractive alternative to the traditional parabolic reflector systems due to the primarily application driven requirements and advantages such as size, weight, deployment mechanism, and cost. The major issue with reflectarrays is; however, their narrowband performance and therefore reduced throughput when used for RF communication purposes. To overcome this drawback, Simultaneous Transmit And Receive (STAR) configurations can be deployed. STAR is a technology that allows reuse of the channel bandwidth in a full duplex communication mode, therefore theoretically doubling the channel throughput and improving the spectral efficiency of the system [1] . Reflectarray STAR configuration is particularly useful is commercial applications like satellite communications, repeaters/signal boosters, and 5G, where high gain antenna is required and the available bandwidth is low because of immense congestion of the electromagnetic spectrum [2] .
Prediction of synergistic drug combinations using PCA-initialized deep learning.

Background Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Combination drug therapy has been a mainstay of cancer treatment for decades and has been shown to reduce host toxicity and prevent the development of acquired drug resistance. However, the immense number of possible drug combinations and large synergistic space makes it infeasible to screen all effective drug pairs experimentally. Therefore, it is crucial to develop computational approaches to predict drug synergy and guide experimental design for the discovery of rational combinations for therapy. Results We present a new deep learning approach to predict synergistic drug combinations by integrating gene expression profiles from cell lines and chemical structure data. Specifically, we use principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the chemical descriptor data and gene expression data. We then propagate the low-dimensional data through a neural network to predict drug synergy values. We apply our method to O'Neil's high-throughput drug combination screening data as well as a dataset from the AstraZeneca-Sanger Drug Combination Prediction DREAM Challenge. We compare the neural network approach with and without dimension reduction. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our deep learning approach and compare its performance with three state-of-the-art machine learning methods: Random Forests, XGBoost, and elastic net, with and without PCA-based dimensionality reduction. Conclusions Our developed approach outperforms other machine learning methods, and the use of dimension reduction dramatically decreases the computation time without sacrificing accuracy.
Mutational fingerprints reconstruct human cell genealogies.

Four new reports uncover the lineage relationships between cells throughout the body using mutations in the genome as cellular barcodes. The mutational composition of different tissues provides insights into both developmental processes and organ homeostasis, and may have important implications for our understanding of hereditary diseases such as polycystic kidney disease.
Analysis of a Semi-Automatic System for the Ultrasonic Measurement of Texture

The texture (preferred grain orientation) of rolled metal plates influences a number of important properties. Included are their form-ability into complex shapes such as beverage cans, vehicle bodies, or airframe skins, and their response to static or dynamic loading when the resulting components are placed into service [1–3]. Considerable benefit would be gained from the development of instrumentation which could measure texture in real time for process control applications or which could easily establish the texture of incoming materials or finished components so that their elastic or plastic mechanical properties could be estimated. As an example of the economic benefits of such a device, it has been estimated that $40 million could be saved by the aluminum can industry through adequate texture monitoring [4].
Endothelin receptor antagonists: status and learning 20 years on.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the current biology and clinical status of endothelin receptor antagonists and reviews the array of different antagonist series. The field of endothelin receptor antagonists represents one of the most researched areas in medicinal chemistry. The vast array of important biological effects that are influenced by the endothelin family of peptides and the plethora of different chemical classes that have subsequently arisen provide a great opportunity to study the targeting of two difficult peptidic types—both belong to class 1 of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The endothelin, ET A and ET B , receptors fall into the peptidic GPCR family, and the analyses support the hypothesis that this receptor family generally represents a challenging drug target. Structural biology application to antagonist design strategy, in terms of ET-1 mimicking, or pharmacophore models are highlighted in the various chemical classes of antagonist that have emerged. Te challenge of achieving a suitable therapeutic index may prove a key factor in defining the potential of endothelin receptor antagonists.