cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of methods for analyzing location specific observer performance data

ABSTRACT We examined the statistical powers of three methods for analyzing FROC mark-rating data, namely ROC, JAFROC and IDCA. Two classes of observers were simulated: a designer-level CAD algorithm and a human observer. A search-model based simulator was used with the average numbers of false positives per image ranging from 0.21 for the human observer to 10 for CAD. Model parameters were chosen to yield 80% and 85% areas under the predicted ROC curves for both classes of observers and inter-image and inter-moda lity correlations of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 were investigated. The area under the FROC curve up to abscissa D (ranging from 0.18 to 6.7) was used as the IDCA figure-of-merit; the other methods used their well-known figures of merit. For IDCA power increased with D so it should be chosen as large as possible consistent with the need for overlap of the two FROC curves in the x-direction. For CAD the IDCA method yielded the highest statistical power. Surprisingly, JAFROC yielded the highest statistical power for human observers, even greater than IDCA whic h, unlike JAFROC, uses all the marks. The largest difference occurred for conservative reporting styles and high data correlation: e.g., 0.3453 for JAFROC vs. 0.2672 for IDCA. One reason is that unlike IDCA, the JAFROC figure of merit is sensitive to unmarked normal images and unmarked le sions. In all cases the ROC method yielded the least statistical power and entailed a substantial statistical power penalty (e.g., 24% for ROC vs. 41% for JAFROC). For human observers JAFROC should be used and for designer-level CAD data IDCA should be used and use of the ROC method for localization studies is discouraged. Keywords: Observer performance; FROC analysis; CAD ev aluation, IDCA, search model, JAFROC, ROC
Natural convection from L-shaped corners with adiabatic and cold isothermal horizontal walls

A numerical study of two-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer by natural convection from L-shaped corners is reported. The vertical side is hot isothermal, and the horizontal side is either adiabatic or cold isothermal at the ambient temperature. The effect of changing the aspect ratio (length of the horizontal side/height of the vertical side) on the transport from the vertical side is studied in detail. When the length of the horizontal wall is of the order of the boundary layer thickness on the vertical side, the entrainment flow as well as the boundary layer flow are influenced significantly by a change in the length of the horizontal surface. The heat transfer rate from the vertical side also decreases with increasing length
Stratified flow over a bounded obstacle in a channel of finite height

The steady-state solution for the stratified flow over a bounded obstacle in a channel of finite height is obtained through the use of the inviscid unsteady Oseen equations; the body streamline encloses and is produced by a planar momentum sink. The calculations are compared with the experimental observations of Wei, Kao & Pao (1975) and Baines (1977). In a case where theoretical and experimental values match, good agreement was found. This suggests that the Oseen model with its columnar, wavelike and decaying solutions may provide a reasonable alternative to Long's model for subcritical flows.
Luminescence spectrum of the f-center in CaO☆

Abstract Measurements of the F-center luminescence spectrum in additively colored CaO show that previously reported bands at 1.8 and 2.5 eV are not related to transitions of this two-electron defect.
Electrochemical Characterization of Cobalt-Encapsulated Nickel as Cathodes for MCFC

Abstract The stability of the NiO cathodes in molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) has been improved through microencapsulation of the NiO cathode with nanostructured Co. Cobalt was deposited on the NiO cathode using an electroless deposition process. The electrochemical oxidation behavior of the Co-coated electrodes is similar to that of the bare NiO cathode. The cobalt-coated electrodes have a lower solubility in the molten carbonate melt when compared to bare nickel oxide electrodes in the presence of cathode gas. The solubility decreased more than 50% due to microencapsulation with cobalt. The thermal oxidation rate was also lower in case of the cobalt-encapsulated electrode. Impedance data from the modified electrode indicate that the oxygen reduction reaction depended inversely on the CO 2 and directly on the oxygen partial pressures respectively suggesting a similar reaction mechanism to that of nickel oxide. The results indicated that cobalt-encapsulated NiO is a viable solution in the development of alternate cathodes for MCFC applications.
Beiträge zur kenntnis der algenflora der abaligeter höhle

Obwohl die untersuchte Hohle in Ungarn gleich nach der Aggteleker die bekannteste ist, war bis zum heutigen Tage nichts von ihren Algen bekannt.
Values and strategies for infinite time linear quadratic games

For a class of infinite time linear quadratic games it is shown that an appropriate solution of an algebraic Riccati type equation determines the value of the game but not necessarily any equilibrium strategies. In the case of nonexistence of equilibrium strategies, e-optimal strategies are constructed through the solutions of a differential Riccati equation.
Structural Requirements for Binding and Fluorescence Enhancement of the Fluorescent Probe TNS with Peptides

THE fluorescent dye 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulphonate (TNS) and the related dye l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS), have been widely used as probes of protein and membrane structure and function1–3. These dyes are practically non-fluorescent in aqueous solution but undergo a large fluorescence enhancement in the presence of certain proteins or membranes and changes in protein conformation or membrane structure cause changes in fluorescence. Conformational changes in chymotrypsinogen upon conversion to chymotrypsin have been followed by the change in TNS fluorescence4 and ANS has been used to monitor energy-dependent changes in mitochondrial membrane fragments5. The physical basis of the enhancement of probe fluorescence is generally thought to be due to its presence at a site of low polarity on the target structure6,7 but other factors, such as increased rigidity of the probe molecule when bound8, may also be important.
Hippocampal potentials evoked by stimulation of olfactory basal forebrain and lateral septum in the rat

Electrophysiological characteristics of olfactory-hippocampal relations were examined because recent anatomical studies have described a substantial olfactory input to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex. Potentials evoked in the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats by stimulation of the prepyriform cortex, pyriform cortex, diagonal band, lateral olfactory tract, anterior commissure, olfactory tubercle and anterior olfactory nucleus had similar characteristics, although latencies differed. For example, latencies were twice as long after stimulation of the obliquely oriented portion of the diagonal band than after stimulation of the prepyriform cortex. A relatively low-amplitude, initially negative wave was recorded in the subiculum, CA1 and CA2, and a relatively high-amplitude, initially positive wave was recorded in CA4 and the dentate gyrus. In CA3 negative potentials were observed at dorsal recording sites and positive potentials were recorded at more ventral sites. Peak latencies were usually two to four msec shorter for the negative than for the positive wave. Laminar distributions of responses evoked in the hippocampus by stimulation of the prepyriform cortex and diagonal band were evaluated by driving eight electrodes mounted on one carrier through the brain and were found to be strikingly similar. Maximal amplitudes of the negative wave were recorded at the level of stratum moleculare of CA1 and the subiculum, and peak amplitudes of the positive wave were associated with the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Transition from negative to positive waveforms occurred approximately at the hippocampal fissure. Although the negative and positive waves were usually elicited together, they also were separable in that only negative waves were recorded along some tracks and only positive waves along others. Also, various stimulation sites in the prepyriform cortex elicited stable high-amplitude positive waves accompanied by negative waves of varying amplitude. It is suggested that branches of the perforant path are involved in generation of the two waves and that activity in a number of olfactory structures may influence the hippocampus, probably via the perforant pathway. Thus, hippocampal potentials following prepyriform or diagonal band stimulation were not abolished by transection of the fornix-fimbria. Dorsolateral septal stimulation evoked hippocampal responses with characteristics and distribution distinctly different from those evoked by stimulation of olfactory areas. The findings suggest that lateral septal stimulation may activate the hippocampus antidromically.
On reliability prediction and semi-renewal processes

We analyze the notion of ‘reliability prediction’ by studying in detail a key property that is tacitly assumed to make reliability prediction possible. The analysis leads in turn to a special type of point process for which the connection of future to past can be explicitly displayed. In this type of process, the semi-renewal process , all finite-dimensional distributions are completely determined by the distribution of the time to the first event in the process. The theory provides a heretofore unappreciated unification of the two most commonly used reliability prediction models for maintained systems, namely, the renewal and revival processes. We show that familiar results from renewal theory extend and generalize to semi-renewal processes.
Small increases in serum creatinine are associated with prolonged ICU stay and increased hospital mortality in critically ill patients with cancer

Purpose Declining kidney function has been associated with adverse hospital outcome in cancer patients. ICU literature suggests that small changes in serum creatinine are associated with poor outcome. We hypothesized that reductions in renal function previously considered trivial would predict a poor outcome in critically ill patients with malignant disease. We evaluated the effects on hospital mortality and ICU length of stay of small changes in creatinine following admission to the intensive care unit.
Radiative heat transfer and hemispherical total emittance of nickel

Abstract A hot-wire column instrument is employed to determine the hemispherical total emittance of nickel in the temperature range 500 to 1200 K within an estimated uncertainty of ± 5 percent. The nickel wire is used as a resistance thermometer and is calibrated by determining its resistivity at the triple point of water and the freezing points of tin, cadmium, zinc and aluminum. These resistivity data are synthesized with the measurements of other workers and the critically evaluated values are recommended over the temperature range of 0° to 1000°C. A check of these resistivity and emittance data of nickel is made by determining the thermal conductivity of neon in the same heat transfer column.
Formation of mutually exclusive Rab11 complexes with members of the family of Rab11-interacting proteins regulates Rab11 endocytic targeting and function.

Several Rabs, including Rab11, regulate the traffic and sorting of proteins in the endosomal pathway. Recently, six novel Rab11 family interacting proteins (FIPs) were identified. Although they share little overall sequence homology, all FIPs contain a conserved Rab11-binding domain. Here we investigate the role of FIPs as Rab11-targeting proteins and show that the Rab11-binding domain assumes an α-helical structure, with the conserved residues forming a hydrophobic Rab11-binding patch. This hydrophobic patch mediates the formation of mutually exclusive complexes between Rab11 and various members of FIP protein family. Furthermore, the formation of Rab11/FIP complexes regulates Rab11 localization by recruiting it to distinct endocytic compartments. Thus, we propose that Rab11/FIP complexes serve as targeting patches, regulating Rab11 localization and recruitment of additional cellular factors to different endocytic compartments.
Nitrogen-free plasmalogen observed in infarcted myocardium of the dog.

Heart tissue from dogs in which myocardial infarction was induced experimentally was analyzed histochemically and chromatographically for plasmalogens. A new, nitrogen-free plasmalogen was observed that was confined to the infarcted area; marked histochemical alterations in the pattern of distribution of the plasmalogens occurred. The new plasmalogen is believed to be a polymer of phosphatidic acid plasmalogen.
Role of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and calcium in VEGF-induced venular hyperpermeability

We previously demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-elicited increase in the permeability of coronary venules was blocked by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitorN G-monome...
Immunoreactive beta-endorphin increases after IV glucose in obese human subjects

The plasma beta-endorphin of obese human subjects and non-obese controls was compared following the intravenous infusion of 25 grams of glucose. The plasma beta-endorphin of the obese subjects was significantly higher than controls one hour and four and one half hours after glucose infusion. The increased beta-endorphin of the obese subjects was associated with falling blood sugar.
Cultural Correlates of Parent-Nonparent Stereotypes: A Multivariate Analysis.

This study empirically examines the cultural meanings of parental and nonparental roles. A multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the influence of generational group, family size, and place of residence on ratings of personality traits for each role by 57 mother- daughter pairs. Respondents perceived the nonparental role very differently from the parental role with generational group emerging as the main driver variable. The findings of this study strongly suggest that parental role stereotyping does not occur in a simple bivariate manner but results from the interplay of several factors.
Sexual functioning following traumatic brain injury

In this study we investigated sexual functioning in 52 outpatients with a history of traumatic brain injury to determine: (1) the prevalence of reported sexual dysfunction; and (2) the relationship between sexual functioning and age, severity and locus of injury, time since injury, and physical and cognitive function. Reports of sexual functioning indicated a reduction below levels within non-injured populations, but only to statistically significant levels on two scales of the Derogatis Interview of Sexual Function (DISF): Orgasm and Drive/Desire. Location of injury was related to sexuality in that patients with frontal lobe lesions reported an overall higher level of sexual satisfaction and functioning than those individuals without frontal lobe lesions. Time since injury was inversely related to reports of levels of sexual arousal; that is, patients with more recent injuries reported greater levels of arousal than those not recently injured. Right hemisphere injuries also correlated with higher scores ...
Is Emotion Processing a Predictor of Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia

Deficits in the ability to perceive facial and vocal emotion expression are common in schizophrenia. However, relatively little is known about how such deficits might affect functional outcomes. This prospective study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between perception of emotion and aspects of psychosocial functioning, including family relationships, social relationships, work functioning, and independent living/self-care in 94 clinically stabilized schizophrenia outpatients from five community-based rehabilitation programs. Emotion perception (facial emotion, voice emotion, and affect perception) and psychosocial outcome (Strauss and Carpenter Outcome Scale and Role Functioning Scale) were assessed at baseline and after 12 months of psychosocial rehabilitation. Significant associations were found between perception of emotion and work functioning/independent living both cross-sectionally and prospectively over the 12 months. Causal explanatory models suggested that perception of emotion might cause work functioning/independent living outcome over 1 year. The results remained significant when conceptual disorganization was statistically controlled. We did not find differences between men and women in the correlations between emotion perception and work functioning/independent living. Associations between social functioning/family relationships and perception of emotion were not significant. These findings suggest that emotion processing is a key determinant of work functioning/independent living for individuals with serious mental illness.
Convergence with divergence: A sound change in Vernacular Black English

Some recent research proposes that changes observed in the morphology and syntax of Vernacular Black English (VBE), combined with the failure of VBE to participate in regional changes in the pronunciation of white speech, constitutes evidence for the divergence of VBE from white and standard varieties. The present article presents quantitative evidence for a change in VBE which appears to involve increasing similarity between VBE and other varieties: a marked tendency toward higher, fronter realizations of the final /i/ in words like happy in the speech of younger blacks. Evidence for the character of the change comes from English dialectology, historical phonology, and research conducted by the author on the speech of residents of East Palo Alto, California. It is proposed that whereas black and white varieties may remain distinct, undergoing some changes separately, this need not be regarded as absolute divergence. Distinct varieties in contact may, for complex sociological and linguistic reasons, be expected more realistically to appear to diverge and converge simultaneously.
Pharmacy Vision and Leadership: Revisiting the Fundamentals

Someone said, ‘There is something I have forgotten.’ There is one thing in the world that should not be forgotten. You may forget everything except that one thing, without there being any cause for concern. If you remember everything else but forget that one thing, you will have accomplished nothing. It would be as if a king sent you to a village on a specific mission. If you went and performed a hundred other tasks, but neglected to accomplish the task for which you were sent, it would be as though you had done nothing. The human being...has come into the world for a specific purpose and aim. If one does not fulfill that purpose, one has done nothing.
Stability of Constrained Markov-Modulated Diffusions

A family of constrained diffusions in a random environment is considered. Constraint set is a polyhedral cone and coefficients of the diffusion are governed by, in addition to the system state, a finite-state Markov process that is independent of the driving noise. Such models arise as limit objects in the heavy traffic analysis of generalized Jackson networks (GJN) with Markov-modulated arrival and processing rates. We give sufficient conditions (which, in particular, includes a requirement on the regularity of the underlying Skorohod map) for positive recurrence and geometric ergodicity. When the coefficients only depend on the modulating Markov process (i.e., they are independent of the system state), a complete characterization for stability and transience is provided. The case, where the pathwise Skorohod problem is not well posed but the underlying reflection matrix is completely-S, is treated as well. As consequences of geometric ergodicity various results, such as exponential integrability of invariant measures and central limit results (CLT) for fluctuations of long-time averages of process functionals about their stationary values, are obtained. Conditions for stability are formulated in terms of the averaged drift, where the average is taken with respect to the stationary distribution of the modulating Markov process. Finally, steady-state distributions of the underlying GJN are considered and it is shown that under suitable conditions, such distributions converge to the unique stationary distribution of the constrained random environment diffusion.
Highly ionized Ar plasma waveguides generated by a fast capillary discharge

Highly ionized Ar plasma channels were created by a fast capillary discharge and used to guide laser pulses with peak intensities up to 2.2/spl times/10/sup 17/ W/cm/sup 2/ over a 5.5-cm distance. These plasmas are of interest for the generation of efficient soft X-ray lasers by longitudinal laser excitation. The guides were characterized using plasma interferometry, modeling, and near field imaging.
Dinuclear Ir(III) Complex with an Unusual η1:η3-allylic Bridging Ligand from the Double C–H Activation of 2,5-Dimethylthiophene

The unique dinuclear Ir(III) complex (Cp*IrCl)(μ-H)[μ-(η1:η3-C6H6S)](IrCp*) (1) has been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C), elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. It is the first structurally determined complex in which an activated thiophene ligand displays an η3-allylic interaction. 1 appears to form from successive C-H bond activations of 2,5-dimethylthiophene, resulting in its bridging the two iridium centers. The η3-allylic interaction occurs with one of the Ir centers and has Ir–Cthio bond lengths ranging from 2.133(5)-2.207(5) A; the C–C double bond involved in the interaction has a bond length of 1.438(7) A compared to 1.348(8) A for the uncoordinated C–C double bond. The 3-carbon of the thiophene ring bridges both iridium centers with bond lengths of 2.036(5) A and 2.208(5) A. 1 crystallizes in space group P−1 with cell constants a = 8.6303(6) A, b = 9.0153(6) A, c = 18.1089(12) A, α = 84.728(1)°, β = 87.534(1)°, γ = 64.373(1)°, and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.0363 (F 2 > 2σ(F 2)) and wR = 0.0851 (F 2). The NMR data indicate the solution state structure is consistent with the solid state structure. The reaction of 2,5-dimethylthiophene with [Cp*IrHCl]2 leads to the formation of a unique double C–H activation product displaying a unique μ-η1:η3 coordination of the thiophene
The Influence of Organizational Demography on the External Networking Behavior of Teams

Drawing on embedded intergroup relations theory and social identity theory, I propose a multilevel model of external team networking. In light of the growing diversity of the U.S. workplace, the propositions outlined in this paper examine the joint effects of organizational demography and team composition on specific sociometric properties of a team's external networks. The proposed model provides the basis for identifying team networking strategies in multiple organizational contexts.
Target Concessions in the Shadow of Intervention

Why do targets sometimes make concessions when third parties offer assistance? Both the extended deterrence and alliance literatures point to unreliable third parties to explain deterrence failure ...
Letter From St Lucia

I became a physician because I wanted to do useful work, use my intellect, use my hands, interact with people, and serve a nobler cause than just making money. Coming from a medical family, I also saw from daily observation how satisfying a career it was. I became a dermatologist after overcoming 2 obstacles to that choice: (1) I had to admit to myself that “blood and guts” medicine with people’s lives on the line and middle-of-the-night crises were not for me and (2) I had to do what my father suggested.
Simultaneous Representation and Approximation Formulas and High-Order Sobolev Embedding Theorems on Stratified Groups

We give various integral representation formulas simultaneously for a function and its derivatives in terms of vector field gradients of the function of appropriately high order. When the function has compact support, simpler formulas can be derived. Many of the results proved here appear to be new even in the special case of classical Euclidean space. For instance, Theorem 2.2 below reduces to the following result in the usual Euclidean case: Let B be a ball in RN with radius r(B), let m be a positive integer, and let f\in Wm,1(B). Then there is a polynomial P=π_m(B,f) of degree m-1 such that for any integers i, j with 0 ≤ j < i ≤ m and a.e. x\in B, |\nablaj(f-P)(x)| ≤ C\int_{B}\frac{|\nablaif(y)|}{|x-y|N-(i-j)} dy +Cr(B)i-j-N\intB|\nablaif(y)| dy. Moreover, if 0 < i-j ≤ N, then for a.e. x \in B we have the more refined formula |\nablaj(f-P)(x)| ≤ C\intB\frac{|\nablaif(y)|}{|x-y|N-i+j} dy.
A Cultural-Organizational Perspective on Special Education and the Exclusion of Youth with Social Maladjustment Second Invited Reaction to the Maag and Howell Paper

The practice of excluding students with social maladjustments from special education has stimulated various professional opinions. Maag and Howell have speculated from a cultural-organizational perspective about why such a practice exists and bow best to address it. It was particularly interesting to note the similarities between their premise and that of William Rhodes, who wrote 20 years ago about social deviance from a sociological and ecological perspective. Maag and Howell have once again reminded us that we cannot prevent and treat emotional and behavioral problems in students by dealing only with the students (i.e., definitions, labels, diagnostic-prescriptive models); prevention and treatment must address system restructuring and a change of values. I agree. However, I also believe that system restructuring needs to include some coercive change techniques such as a revised, more inclusive, federal definition of emotional and behavioral disorders.
Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition

Increasingly, the neural mechanisms that support visual cognition are being conceptualized as a distributed but integrated system, as opposed to a set of individual, specialized regions that each subserve a particular visual behavior. Consequently, there is an emerging emphasis on characterizing the functional, structural, and computational properties of these broad networks. We present a novel theoretical perspective, which elucidates the developmental emergence, computational properties, and vulnerabilities of integrated circuits using face and word recognition as model domains. Additionally, we suggest that, rather than being disparate and independent, these neural circuits are overlapping and subject to the same computational constraints. Specifically, we argue that both word and face recognition rely on fine-grained visual representations but, by virtue of pressure to couple visual and language areas and to keep connection length short, the left hemisphere becomes more finely tuned for word recognition and, consequently, the right hemisphere becomes more finely tuned for face recognition. Thus, both hemispheres ultimately participate in both forms of visual recognition, but their respective contributions are asymmetrically weighted.
Recent developments and applications of quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays

Abstract One of the simplest device realizations of the classic particle-in-the-box problem of basic quantum mechanics is the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). In this paper we discuss the optimization of the detector design, material growth and processing that has culminated in realization of large format long-wavelength QWIP cameras, holding forth great promise for many applications in 6–25 μm wavelength range in science, medicine, defense and industry. In addition, we present the recent developments in long-wavelength/very long-wavelength dualband QWIP imaging camera for various applications.
Modulation of CD3-zeta as a marker of clinical response to IL-2 therapy in ovarian cancer patients

Abstract Objective. In women with advanced ovarian cancer, levels of CD3-zeta on peripheral blood lymphocytes have previously been demonstrated to correlate with responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-2 therapy. The aims of this study were to identify the circulating component that modulated zeta expression and to define whether this suppressive activity could serve as a marker of biotherapy responsiveness. Methods. Sera were obtained from 17 patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with intraperitoneal IL-2 in a phase I trial between 1987 and 1990. Nine of these patients exhibited a clinical response, while eight did not respond. Six additional sera from age-matched, noncancer-bearing women were used as controls. Jurkat E6-1 cells were used to assay modulation of CD3-zeta by sera and serum-derived components. Jurkat cells were exposed to serum or chromatographically fractionated serum components for 4 days and zeta expression was analyzed by Western immunoblots and quantitated by densitometry. Results. The effect of sera on zeta expression was compared between responders and nonresponders. Incubation of Jurkat cells with sera from responders suppressed CD3-zeta expression by 36.7% (vs. control treated), while treatment with sera from nonresponders produced an 83.7% reduction in zeta expression (difference between groups, P Conclusions. Thus, in patients with advanced ovarian cancer, a circulating component, which decreases zeta expression, can be identified as a marker for responsiveness to IL-2 therapy.
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Courses

In SIGGRAPH 2010 Courses, attendees learn from the experts in the field and gain inside knowledge that is critical to career advancement. Courses are short (1.5 hours) or half-day (3.25 hours) structured sessions that often include elements of interactive demonstration, performance, or other imaginative approaches to teaching. The spectrum of Courses ranges from an introduction to the foundations of computer graphics and interactive techniques for those new to the field to advanced instruction on the most current techniques and topics. Courses include core curricula taught by invited instructors as well as Courses selected from juried proposals.
Gender-specific compensation for the lack of NO in the mediation of flow-induced arteriolar dilation

Flow-induced dilation of gracilis muscle arterioles was examined in both genders of control rats and rats chronically treated withN ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). After l-NAME treatment ...
Impunity and domination: A puzzle for republicanism

Republicans hold that freedom is non-domination rather than non-interference. This entails that any instance of interference that does not involve domination is not freedom-lessening. The case for ...
Design of Outsourcing Contract Considering the Risk Attitude of Both Sides with Asymmetric Information

The outsourcing contract design with both moral hazard and adverse selection was investigated under different risk attitude combination between the client and the provider. Based on the principal-agent theory,the contract was designed which was used by the client to motivate the provider's participation and screen its true private information. Furthermore,the impact of the asymmetric information and risk attitude combination on the corresponding optimal strategies and expected profit were analyzed. The analysis results showed that with dual asymmetric information,the optimal strategies and expected profit of both sides were depended on the risk attitude combination as well as the asymmetric information. The above results also implied the impact of the risk attitude on the decisions of both sides as well as the value of information,and provided the decision support for the outsourcing contract design.
Differentiation of Cryptococcus neoformans Serotypes by Isoenzyme Electrophoresis

Cryptococcus neoformans has been divided into four serotypes by specific agglutination in immune rabbit sera. Based on mating characteristics of the perfect state and epidemiologic and biochemical differences, the serotypes have been divided into two major pairs. In an attempt to characterize the serotypes further, the authors studied 22 strains of C. neoformans by the technic of horizontal starch-gel isoenzyme electrophoresis. The glucose-phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase of serotypes A, C, D, and a subset of the serotype B strains migrated to distinguishable locations in this system. The activities of the remainder of the serotype B strains co-migrated with the serotype C strains. Thus, this technic distinguishes all the serotypes of C. neoformans except for a subset of serotype B and should be a useful adjunct for further elucidation of the epidemiologic and bio-chemical differences among serotypes.
Rare case of stress cardiomyopathy due to intramuscular epinephrine administration

We report a case of a 37-year-old woman who presented to our hospital with retrosternal chest pain following intramuscular administration of epinephrine due to presumed anaphylaxis. On arrival, she was found to have ST segment depression in the anterolateral leads on ECG and elevated cardiac troponins. She was diagnosed with stress cardiomyopathy based on left ventricle dysfunction and angiographically normal coronary arteries on cardiac catheterisation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third reported case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy following appropriately dosed intramuscular administration of epinephrine for anaphylaxis. This case highlights the importance of considering stress cardiomyopathy in patients presenting with chest pain syndrome following systemic administration of epinephrine.
Regulatory autoantibody and cellular aging and removal.

Senescent cell antigen (SCA), an aging antigen, was discovered in 1975 (Kay, 1975). It is a protein that appears on old cells and marks them for death. It acts as a specific signal for cellular termination by initiating the binding of IgG autoantibody and subsequent removal by phagocytes (Kay, 1975, 1978,1981, 1984, 1983, 1986, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c, 1990; Kay et al., 1986, 1989, 1982, 1983a, 1988a, 1988b,1991, 1990a, 1990b, 1990c, 1990d; Kay and Lin, 1990; Bennett and Kay, 1981; Singer et al., 1986; Glass et al., 1983, 1985; Bartosz et al., 1982a, 1982b; Khansari et al., 1983; Khansari and Fedenberg, 1983; Walker et al., 1984; Lutz et al., 1984; Petz et al., 1984; Hebbel and Miller, 1984). This appears to be a general physiologic process for removing senescent and damaged cells in mammals and other vertebrates (Kay, 1981). Although the initial studies is done using human erythrocytes as a model, senescent cell antigen was discovered on cells besides erythrocytes in 1981 (Kay, 1981). It occurs on all cells examined (Kay, 1981). The aging antigen itself is generated by the degradation of an important structural and transport membrane molecule, protein band 3 (Kay, 1984). Besides its role in the removal of senescent and damaged cells, senescent cell antigen also appears to be involved in the removal of erythrocytes in clinical hemolytic anemias (Kay et al., 1989, 1990a), sickle cell anemia (Petz et al., 1984; Hebbel and Miller, 1984) and the removal of malaria-infected erythrocytes (Okoye and Bennett, 1985; Friedman et al., 1985). Oxidation generates senescent cell antigen in situ (Kay et al., 1986).
Evaluating Engagement Online

Abstract. Past experimental research has shown that women are penalized with harsh evaluations when they violate gender prescriptions to be nurturing and helpful. Instructor participation in an asynchronous online discussion forum and end-of-class evaluation data from 360 courses was used to test the hypothesis that students would penalize female, but not male, online instructors based on their classroom engagement. Results showed a penalties effect in student ratings for low-participating female, but not male, instructors in gender-balanced courses. The results demonstrate the differential impact of instructor engagement on male and female evaluations, shedding light on when and why gender bias is found in student evaluations. Implications for the use of student evaluations of faculty are discussed.
Do Jurors Discriminate? Evidence from State Juror Selection Procedures

It is commonly argued that racial discrimination in the judicial system contributes significantly to the observed discrepancy in incarceration rates for whites and African Americans. This paper uses a series of changes in state laws governing the compilation of lists of eligible jurors to attempt to identify the impact of increasing the participation of African Americans and other minorities in jury service on the racial composition of admissions to prison. Between 1976 and 1999, 12 states passed laws requiring that lists of eligible jurors for state trials be created by selecting at random from publicly available lists such as lists of registered voters and drivers, harmonizing state laws with the 1968 Federal Jury Selection and Service Act. These laws limited the discretion of jury commissioners to select lists that were not representative of the general population and often wholly excluded African Americans from jury service. Evidence exploiting the variation in timing of these law changes suggests that the reforms resulted in a 5 to 6 percentage point drop in the share of new admissions to prison accounted for by non-whites. This finding is consistent with the existence of racial discrimination in the deliberation of criminal cases.
Literature in Variance Component Estimations, Large-Scale Assessments, and Missing Data

Despite the efforts made in measurement research to deal with the limitations encountered when analyzing unbalanced data via G theory, the research in this area suffers from major restrictions. In this chapter, I introduce the applications of G theory in norm-referenced and criterion—referenced testing. Next, I review the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods for handling large and unbalanced data sets. Last, I summarize studies that provide a foundation for the proposed subdividing method.
Digital Mayhem, Optical Decimation: The Technopoetics of Special Effects

Abstract:In a screen climate where “graphic violence” (once commonly excoriated in its social effects) is increasingly a matter of violent computer graphics (CGI), this article returns to Christian Metz's landmark essay on trucage (trick effects) to rethink its terms for the post-filmic mode of “digitage” rather than traditional montage.
Negative-order KdV equations in (3+1) dimensions by using the KdV recursion operator

We develop a variety of negative-order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations in (3+1)-dimensions. The recursion operator of the KdV equation is used to derive these higher dimensional models. The new equations give distinct solitons structures and distinct dispersion relations as well. We also determine multiple soliton solutions for each derived model.
Table 3: [Conversation] Class Technology Policies: To Bring or Ban Devices?

*No special preparation required* Welcome to ITL and this table! Join your fellow Mason instructors to informally discuss this table's topic. At the table, you will find desk copies of related resources (digital versions are available below), and an experienced Mason colleague who has experience and strategies related to this topic. Not sure what to talk about? Here are some conversation starters: Share a little about yourselves: Department Years at Mason Courses you are teaching What excites you about teaching? What brought you to this table? Why might someone want to ban technology devices from class? How can you leverage the ubiquitous presence of devices to enhance learning? What type of activities productively involve students using their devices to engage in learning? Can you think of a legitimate, non-class related reason students would need to check/have access to their device during class? How is your class better than the internet? Have an example or resource to share? Submit through this link and we'll upload it after the conference: http://library.gmu.edu/publishing/submit Still have questions? Leave a post it note on the table sign at the end of the Share-a-thon or email your questions to stearns@gmu.edu ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
International Legal Limits on the Ability of States to Lawfully Impose International Economic/Financial Sanctions

This chapter addresses the subject of the legal limitations which international law places on the imposition of international economic/financial sanctions, with particular reference to sanctions with counter-proliferation aims. It argues that there are at least three sources of international legal obligations which impose limits on the application of coercive international economic/financial sanctions: (1) the general international principle of noncoercion; (2) the law of countermeasures; and (3) human rights law. The totality of these obligations limiting the lawfulness of both unilateral and multilateral coercive sanctions purposed in counter-proliferation leaves a vanishingly small window for the lawful application of such sanctions.
Familial Effects on Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood.

Research suggests violence in the family-of-origin is a consistent predictor of later intimate partner violence (IPV). However, prior empirical studies have also demonstrated that exposure to viole...
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) at short source-detector separations (Conference Presentation)

Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a recently introduced time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved sensing method for quantifying optical and dynamical properties of turbid media non-invasively. iNIRS measures the interference spectrum of light traversing a turbid medium using a rapidly tunable, or frequency swept, light source. While the modality was successfully demonstrated in vivo in the nude mouse brain for monitoring absorption, reduced scattering, and blood flow index, translation towards human measurements requires improving light collection efficiency. Particularly, interrogating cortical tissue beneath the adult human scalp and skull remains challenging due to the limited core size and throughput of the single mode fiber currently used for detection. To tackle this problem, we implement a short to null source-detector separation geometry setup to significantly improve the number of detected diffuse photons. We discuss both hardware and post-processing improvements to isolate the desired diffuse signal from the large, non-diffuse and specular signals. Furthermore, key improvements in the iNIRS optical system, including higher TOF resolution (22-60 ps), optimized dynamic range (36-47 dB), faster sweep rate (50-500 kHz), and a technique for combining the forward and backward sweeps to double the effective optical field autocorrelation sampling rate, are presented. These allow for more precise and quantitative extraction of in vivo optical properties and TOF-resolved dynamics at long path lengths. Collectively, these key advances in the technology pave the way for translating iNIRS towards non-invasive, real-time, and quantitative measurements of oxygen metabolism and blood perfusion in deep human tissues.
Perspective—The Deep Historical Roots of Organization and Strategy: Traumatic Shocks, Culture, and Institutions

We argue that organizations have deep roots in traumatic societal shocks that long preceded their founding. Drawing from the strategic management and social science literatures, we explain how trau...
The Dual Promise of Green Jobs: Sustainability and Economic Equity

Since a green economy is emerging, its structure, nature, and scope are malleable, offering an opportunity to improve the nature of work while also improving sustainability. This chapter reports on a case study of two green jobs training programs, one in Vermont and one in Pacific Northwest, to determine their effects on job creation and labor market functioning. The study showed that green jobs can both improve the environment and close the equity gap if policy makers leverage market dynamics and public investments to move green employers to adopt a work system based on high quality and skill standards. Results highlighted the need to bring efforts to scale, respect local conditions and relationships, be responsive to industry and worker needs, and develop new methods to synchronize labor market supply and demand.
Effects of consuming a high-protein diet with or without soy protein during weight loss and maintenance: a non-inferiority, randomized clinical efficacy trial.

Objective This 12-month randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial sought to determine the impact of consuming soy protein as part of an energy-restricted, high-protein diet on weight loss, body composition and cardiometabolic health. Methods Seventy-one adults (58 female) with overweight or obesity (body mass index: 32.9 ± 3.6 kg m-2) were randomly assigned to consume three servings of soy (S) or non-soy (NS) protein foods per day for 12 months. All participants completed a group-based behavioural weight loss program lasting 4 months (M4), and follow-up assessments were completed at month 12 (M12). Results Body weight was reduced in both groups at M4 (S: -7.0% ± 5.2%, NS: -7.1% ± 5.7%) and M12 (S: 3.6% ± 5.1%, NS: -4.8% ± 7.3%). Body weight reductions (mean difference [90% confidence interval]) were not different between S and NS at either time point (M4: -0.16% [-1.4, 3.6], P = 0.90; M12: 1.1% [-1.4, 3.6], P = 0.44). Differences in body fat mass loss were not different between S and NS at M4 (0.29 ± 0.84 kg, P = 0.73) or M12 (0.78 ± 1.5 kg, P = 0.59). Weight loss-induced improvements in cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure did not differ between S and NS. Conclusion These results indicate that soy-based protein foods can be effectively incorporated into an energy-restricted, high-protein diet for improving body weight, body composition and cardiometabolic health.
Anatomy of a Privacy-Safe Large-Scale Information Extraction System Over Email

Extracting structured data from emails can enable several assistive experiences, such as reminding the user when a bill payment is due, answering queries about the departure time of a booked flight, or proactively surfacing an emailed discount coupon while the user is at that store. This paper presents Juicer, a system for extracting information from email that is serving over a billion Gmail users daily. We describe how the design of the system was informed by three key principles: scaling to a planet-wide email service, isolating the complexity to provide a simple experience for the developer, and safeguarding the privacy of users (our team and the developers we support are not allowed to view any single email). We describe the design tradeoffs made in building this system, the challenges faced and the approaches used to tackle them. We present case studies of three extraction tasks implemented on this platform---bill reminders, commercial offers, and hotel reservations---to illustrate the effectiveness of the platform despite challenges unique to each task. Finally, we outline several areas of ongoing research in large-scale machine-learned information extraction from email.
Intranuclear structures in pyrimethamine-resistant isolates of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract The ultrastructure of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is well known, both from natural infections and from culture material ( Aikawa, 1977 , Langreth et al., 1978 ). It is noteworthy that all of these studies were done with pyrimethamine-sensitive strains, e.g. FCR-3/Gambia. Except for spindle microtubules during schizogony, no intranuclear structures have been described in any of the asexual erythrocytic stages. In the course of isolating clones from the pyrimethamineresistant strain Honduras I/CDC (V.K. Bhasin and W. Trager, in print) and checking by electron microscopy for the presence or absence of knobs, we noticed intranuclear structures that might be correlated with pyrimethamine resistance. For comparison, we then examined the multi-drug-resistant strain Indochina 1. We present here a first report on these structures as a basis for further studies.