cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlations of optical and thermal charge transfer

Abstract The relationships between the observed charge transfer absorption maxima and the independently measured free energy parameters of the constituent donor–acceptor (D/A) couples are contrasted for systems in which the D/A coupling is weak (as in ion pairs) to those in which it is strong (as in metal-to-ligand charge transfer systems). The general relationship between the measured parameters can be expressed as, hν max = F Δ E 1/2 + χ reorg − RT ln K DA , where Δ E 1/2 is the difference between the half-wave potentials and χ reorg is the reorganizational free energy of the constituent D/A couples, and K DA is an equilibrium constant for the electron transfer process that relates the ground state, the excited state and the constituent D/A couples. For ion pair systems, Δ E 1/2 can be measured directly, χ reorg is often available from kinetic studies of electron transfer self-exchange reactions ( χ reorg ex =4Δ G ‡ ) and K DA can be replaced by the ratio of ground state and excited state ion pair association constants. For strongly coupled systems, RT ln K DA can be replaced by the difference of the ground state stabilization and excited state destabilization energies that result from configurational mixing between the ground and excited state. Values of χ reorg are not usually known in strongly coupled systems, but plausible estimates can be based on simpler electron transfer systems. For polypyridine ligands, symmetry issues and configurational mixing between ligand components, and between different polypyridine ligands can contribute to the spectroscopy, but do not appreciably complicate the absorption maximum/electrochemical correlations. The solvent reorganizational free energy contribution to hν max is expected to be small for the electrochemical correlations involving the strongly coupled systems, in part due to charge delocalization and in part due to the correction ( K DA ) for electrochemical measurements on the constituent redox couples. Experimental data indicate that reorganizational parameters are small and only very weakly solvent dependent for the strongly coupled systems: (1) metal-to-metal charge transfer transitions in CN-bridged Ru II /Ru III complexes; and (2) metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions in simple Ru II –polypyridine complexes.
Modeling of Oxygen Transport and Cellular Energetics Explains Observations on In Vivo Cardiac Energy Metabolism

Observations on the relationship between cardiac work rate and the levels of energy metabolites adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and phosphocreatine (CrP) have not been satisfactorily explained by theoretical models of cardiac energy metabolism. Specifically, the in vivo stability of ATP, ADP, and CrP levels in response to changes in work and respiratory rate has eluded explanation. Here a previously developed model of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which was developed based on data obtained from isolated cardiac mitochondria, is integrated with a spatially distributed model of oxygen transport in the myocardium to analyze data obtained from several laboratories over the past two decades. The model includes the components of the respiratory chain, the F0F1-ATPase, adenine nucleotide translocase, and the mitochondrial phosphate transporter at the mitochondrial level; adenylate kinase, creatine kinase, and ATP consumption in the cytoplasm; and oxygen transport between capillaries, interstitial fluid, and cardiomyocytes. The integrated model is able to reproduce experimental observations on ATP, ADP, CrP, and inorganic phosphate levels in canine hearts over a range of workload and during coronary hypoperfusion and predicts that cytoplasmic inorganic phosphate level is a key regulator of the rate of mitochondrial respiration at workloads for which the rate of cardiac oxygen consumption is less than or equal to approximately 12 mumol per minute per gram of tissue. At work rates corresponding to oxygen consumption higher than 12 mumol min(-1) g(-1), model predictions deviate from the experimental data, indicating that at high work rates, additional regulatory mechanisms that are not currently incorporated into the model may be important. Nevertheless, the integrated model explains metabolite levels observed at low to moderate workloads and the changes in metabolite levels and tissue oxygenation observed during graded hypoperfusion. These findings suggest that the observed stability of energy metabolites emerges as a property of a properly constructed model of cardiac substrate transport and mitochondrial metabolism. In addition, the validated model provides quantitative predictions of changes in phosphate metabolites during cardiac ischemia.
Synthesis of polystyrene‐supported dithiocarbamates and their complexation with metal ions

The derivatives of 2%-divinylbenzene (DVB)-crosslinked polystyrene resins with N-ethylaminodi- thiocarbamate, N-ethanolaminodithiocarbamate, and N-t- butylamino-dithiocarbamate groups were prepared. The amine functionality was introduced to the acetylated poly- styrene to give the imine-supported resins which were re- duced by using NaBH4 and then converted to the respective dithiocarbamates by reaction with carbon disulfide under alkaline conditions. The structure of the functionalized res- ins was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis. The ability of these polystyrene- dithiocarbamate resins to form complexes with Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions was found to be highest with Hg(II), followed by Pb(II), and then Cd(II). A general increase in the ability to complex with metal ions was observed from the dithiocarbamate resin derived from N-t-butylamino polystyrene to those derived from N-ethyl- amino polystyrene and N-ethanolamino polystyrene. The complexation level and preference among ions of these di- thiocarbamate resins depends on the structures of their func- tional groups. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 218 -225, 2004
Syntheses and applications of sucrose-based esters

This review describes chemical and enzymatic syntheses of nonionic, anionic, and amphoteric sugar-based surfactants with special focus on methods for the regioselective synthesisof these surfactants.
Regional significance of pre-Wisconsinan till from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts

Abstract A major pre-Wisconsinan glacial event is the only possible source of the lower till on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The till occurs near the late Wisconsinan drift border and below fossiliferous marine beds of oxygen-isotope stage 5 (Sangamonian) age. It is considered to be Illinoian in age, but the evidence is tenuous. The till is correlated with the lower till of New England, and its presence supports the view that the New England upper and lower tills represent two glaciations. The pre-Wisconsinan (lower) till in New England may correlate with older tills elsewhere in the northeastern United States and in southeastern Canada that are considered to be early Wisconsinan or older in age.
Is there a thing called dyslexia

A controversy whether developmental dyslexia is qualitatively different from other forms of reading disability has existed among reading specialists for many years because poor readers, regardless of the labels attached to them, resemble each other symptomatically (i.e., in reading achievement). For this reason, it is difficult to establish a priori criteria based on symptoms to identify dyslexia and compare it with other forms of reading disability. One possible solution to this impasse is to see if poor readers differ in the etiology of their reading disability and, if they do, then to see whether one group of poor readers fits the traditional definition of dyslexia. This strategy was adopted in the present study. In this paper, it was hypothesized that the etiology of dyslexia is different from that of other forms of reading disability because there is a difference in the components that malfunction in dyslexia and other forms of reading disability. Studies have shown that the two components that account for a large proportion of variance in reading are decoding and comprehension. Previous studies also indicate that dyslexic children are deficient in decoding skills but not necessarily in comprehension. In this study, reading-disabled children were divided into two groups on the basis of their listening comprehension. Children whose listening comprehension was at or above grade level were placed in one group; poor readers with below-grade-level listening comprehension were placed in the second group. Both groups, however, were matched for reading comprehension. The two groups and a control group of normal readers were administered a number of tasks that were designed to assess the efficiency of the components of reading. It was found that poor readers with normal listening comprehension were deficient in tasks that involved grapheme-phoneme conversion (Component I, decoding). When tested on tasks that minimized decoding requirements, their reading comprehension was comparable to that of normal readers. In contrast, the group with sub-average listening comprehension was poor in measures of reading comprehension, even when decoding requirements were minimal. With the exception of very few children, this group also had adequate decoding skills. Because poor readers with normal listening comprehension had average or above average IQ, they conform to the traditional definition of dyslexia. Poor readers with below average listening comprehension had below average IQ and could be considered as "general reading backward." It was, therefore, concluded that the etiology of developmental dyslexia is different from that of general reading backwardness.
Limitations to democracy in developing capitalist societies: The case of Venezuela

Abstract Data from Venezuela are used to show how participation is limited in a developing capitalist democracy. Focus on the policy-making process shows how institutional arrangements have prevented the current system from reflecting changing organizational strengths in civil society. With quantitative techniques the article shows how and why most Venezuelans are excluded from government decision making and how minority interests, such as private capital, are widely represented. Lessons regarding popular participation in political life are drawn from this case for currently democratizing countries. It is also argued that the evidence is applicable to debates in classic democratic theory and in the corporatism literature.
Characteristics of successful recruitment in prospective pediatric pharmacogenetic studies.

Abstract Background There is a need to explore feasible means of accruing an appropriate study cohort to help fill the knowledge gap between pharmacogenetic contributions to drug response and clinical application in the pediatric population. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting recruitment of eligible subjects in pharmacogenetic studies at a large Midwestern pediatric academic medical center. The objectives were to evaluate recruitment success of ongoing trials and ascertain contributors to differential recruitment rates. We hypothesized that studies with good recruitment of eligible subjects would share characteristics not present in studies with lower than anticipated recruitment. The goal was to better understand barriers to good recruitment in pharmacogenetic studies to help inform future trial and infrastructure design. Methods Investigators designed a survey with proposed elements of success, which was then completed by lead and/or site investigators of all pharmacogenetics studies at the institution. Results were evaluated using an investigator-developed likelihood of success scoring system. Results Two studies recruited >95% of the approached eligible patients; 4 studies were consistent with investigator-anticipated recruitment (>50%), and 1 study did not meet expected recruitment. A study's total score on the investigator-devised scoring tool correlated well with the proportion of approached patients recruited (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.82; P Conclusions A scoring system for study characteristics may be useful to calculate the risk of failure for successful recruitment, allow discrimination among characteristics contributing to the risk, and permit study design alterations to improve likelihood of successful recruitment in pediatric pharmacogenetic studies.
XII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CXLV

(1939). XII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CLXXV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 20, pp. 185-192.
The Conductivity and the Crystallization of Perovskite (CaTiO3) from Ti-bearing Blast Furnace Slag Studied by A. C. Impedance Method

The conductivities of a Ti-bearing blast furnace slag (with 23 % TiO2) and the synthetic slag consisting of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-MgO were measured accurately in the temperature range of 1 653-1 733 K by A. C. impedance method. The relationships between the conductivity and temperature were obtained as: lnκ=14.212-24 820/T for the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag and lnκ=8.557-15 860/T for the synthetic slag(unit of κ: Ω-1·cm-1) in the temperature range of 1 703-1 733 K. Perovskite phase (CaTiO3) could precipitate from these slags during slag cooling process. The temperature at which CaTiO3 started to crystallize was determined as 1 693 K. Rate constants and activation energy for the formation reaction of CaTiO3 were calculated based on the data of conductivity and the first order kinetic equation. Dissociation reactions of Al2O3 and TiO2 could take place due to the crystallization of perovskite phase and the variation of the basicity of the slag. The rate constants and the activation energy for the dissociation reactions were also calculated.
Oxygen isotope effects in yttrium-barium-copper oxides.

Superonducting yttrium-barium-copper oxide samples have been highly enriched with $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ (up to 91--96 at. %) by methods that ensure homogeneous distribution of the oxygen isotope throughout all lattice oxygen sites. The preparative routes used include the pyrolysis of nitrates, gas-phase exchange (which does not ensure homogeneous exchange of all sites), oxidation of amorphous ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$ alloy, and hydrolysis oxidation of Y-${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}$-Cu thin films. The ${T}_{c}$'s of $^{18}\mathrm{enriched}$ samples vary with some methods of preparation. Some $^{17}\mathrm{enriched}$ samples were also prepared for comparison. The composition and structure of materials derived from the various preparative routes were characteized, and their magnetic and electrical properties were measured.
Low-frequency antiferromagnetic resonance of RbMnF3 near the Néel temperature

Abstract Low-frequency, low-field magnetic resonance measurements made with a helical resonator based spectrometer for the temperature near the Neel temperature TN have revealed critical behavior of the sublattice magnetization of the cubic antiferromagnet RbMnF3 in the spin-flop regime. The shift in the resonance position has been determined for 0.020 K
SU-E-T-281: Quantitative Evaluation of the MRI Image Distortion in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

Purpose: To quantify the spatial distortion of the MRIimages in the Elekta Leksell GammaPlan version 9 planning system using different registration methods. Methods: The RPC SRS phantom was imaged using a GE Signa HDxt 1.5Tesla MR scanner and a GE LightSpeed VCT CTscanner. Both the T1 weighted MRIimages and the fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) MRIimages were acquired, along with the axial and helical CTimages. The skull shell and the target in the phantom were contoured in all the four series of images acquired. The MRIimages were registered in the planning system in three different ways: 1) using the fiduciary marks in the imaging box; 2) using a global co‐registration with FOV just covering skull shell; 3) using a local co‐registration to max 8.5cm FOV at image center. The target positions in all the four series of images were compared using the software tool in the planning system. Results: The target positions as obtained from the helical and the axial CTimages agree within 0.1mm. For the registration method the fiduciary marks, the T1 weighted MRIimages are shifted from the CTimages 0.9mm in the anterior‐posterior direction, and 0.5mm in both the superior‐inferior and the left‐right directions. The corresponding displacements for the FIESTA images are 0.6mm, 0.5mm and 0.5mm respectively. The shifts of the target positions are significantly reduced in the global co‐registration approach, and all less than 0.2mm in the local co‐registration approach. Conclusions: MRIimage distortion in GammaPlan version 9 is in the sub‐millimeter range for the central region of the MRIimage. The spatial distortion in the FIESTA images is smaller than that in the T1 weighted images. Co‐registration to the central region of images can reduce MRIimaging distortion effect significantly.
“Hotspots” and “Hot Moments” of Denitrification in Urban Brownfield Wetlands

The influence of hydrology and soil properties on disproportionately high (“hot”) rates of nitrate (NO3 −) removal via denitrification has been relatively well established. It is poorly understood, however, how the unique soil characteristics of brownfield wetlands contribute to or hinder denitrification. In this study, we examined drivers of “hot” denitrification rates over time (“hot moments”) and space (“hotspots”) in a watershed located on an unrestored brownfield in New Jersey, USA. We carried out measurements of denitrification over 9-day sequences during three seasons in sites with the same vegetation (Phragmites australis) but different soils (fill material, remnant marsh soils, flooded organic-rich soils). Denitrification rates above the 3rd quartile value of the data distribution were defined as “hot” and the most important drivers of these rates were determined using mixed models. Porosity and NO3 − availability were the strongest spatial and temporal predictors, respectively, of high denitrification rates, with coarse-textured, unflooded fill materials unexpectedly supporting the highest rates. These results suggest that pore-scale hydrology is a more complex controller of wetland denitrification than previously thought. Course-textured, unflooded soils have high fractions of air-filled pores relative to flooded soils, leading to more endogenous NO3 − production, and less diffusion constraints than fine-textured soils, leading to higher NO3 − availability to denitrifiers in suboxic pores. Laboratory studies confirmed denitrifiers were limited by NO3 − availability. However, denitrification rates in all soils matched or exceeded atmospheric NO3 − deposition and stormwater NO3 − loading at the site, suggesting that brownfields may play an important role in NO3 − removal from urban stormwater.
An inquiry into the sources of poetic vision--Part II: The artist's transformation by the rules of play.

Abstract Having explored the conditions under which an artist achieves an altered state of consciousness while composing in Part I, it remains to explain in detail how the artist's vision is altered during composition and what distinguishes a process resulting in extraordinary vision from more mundane acts of creation. Crucial is the artist's ability to maintain freedom in the presence of three poles of influence: self, subject, and audience. In addition an artist's satisfaction of the rules of play at the basic level of technique accomplishes a further release of psychic energy used to accomplish wider and more difficult maneuvers. At the same time the artist's absorption with technique provides a necessary distraction allowing the unconscious wider sway. The process is dynamic, affecting all levels of composition. Extraordinary vision results from the psychic freedom the artist achieves, the skill with which the artist treats his or her subject, and the artist's interaction with his or her audience.
Quantitative electroencephalographic differences associated with alcohol, cocaine, heroin and dual-substance dependence

Resting electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was evaluated in 88 drug-dependent inpatients, abstinent 1-6 months, and 14 non-drug-dependent controls. The patients were assigned to one of four groups using DSM-III-R criteria: alcohol-dependent (n = 12), cocaine-dependent (n = 21), heroin-dependent (n = 19), or dual alcohol- and cocaine-dependent (n = 36). The analysis revealed significant differences between the five subject groups in high- and low-frequency beta power, but not in other frequency bands. Beta power was significantly greater in the alcohol-dependent and cocaine-dependent groups relative to non-drug-dependent controls. These group differences did not correlate with quantity/frequency measures of alcohol or cocaine use, family history, personality, mood, or demographic characteristics. The similar increases in EEG beta found in alcohol- and cocaine-dependent patients do not suggest a direct drug effect. Rather, they suggest the existence of a common premorbid variable or a complex interaction between alcohol/drug use and other variables.
That hazardous eminence, the colostomy spur

Abstract Serious and sometimes fatal complications may follow crushing of a colostomy spur. These complications may manifest themselves shortly after the application of the enterotome, at any time while it is in position, or not until a variable time after it has come off. The occurrence of complications can be kept at a minimum by care in formation of the spur at the time of the original operation, by care in the application of the crushing device, and by proper management of the patient during convalescence. The clamp should be protected from traumatizing influences while it is in place and the activity of the patient should be limited. Confinement to bed is unnecessary but reasonably close surveillance is essential. Hasty tightening or premature removal of the enterotome is to be avoided. The surgeon should bear in mind the complications which may occur whenever unusual reactions follow the application of clamps or whenever he finds himself regarding the procedure as trivial or performing it thoughtlessly or hastily.
A Study of the Mechanism of Iron Carbonyl-Catalyzed Isomerization of 1-Pentene in the Gas Phase Using Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

After generation of Fe(CO)3 by 308-nm gas-phase photolysis of Fe(CO)5, 1-pentene adds to Fe(CO)3 to form Fe(CO)3(η2-1-pentene) with a bimolecular rate constant of ka = (4 ± 1) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Rapid β-hydrogen transfer, by way of intramolecular C−H bond insertion to form HFe(CO)3(η3-C5H9), follows rate-limiting addition of 1-pentene to Fe(CO)3 and proceeds with a lower bound of k1 ≥ 109 s-1. Under experimental conditions, HFe(CO)3(η3-C5H9) decays on a millisecond time scale with concurrent formation of Fe(CO)3(η2-pentene)2 by addition of 1-pentene to an Fe(CO)3(η2-pentene) intermediate. It is Fe(CO)3(η2-pentene) that is in equilibrium with HFe(CO)3(η3-C5H9) that adds 1-pentene to form Fe(CO)3(η2-pentene)2, which may contain an isomerized olefin. CO may add to Fe(CO)3(η2-pentene) that is in equilibrium with HFe(CO)3(η3-C5H9) to form Fe(CO)4(η2-pentene). Fe(CO)4(η2-pentene) remains stable on the time scale of catalytic turnover and its formation serves as a termination pathway for thermal catalys...
MUELLER CALCULUS SPECTROMETRIC SIMULATIONS OF THERMAL LENSING

A commercially available microcomputer-based simulation program, augmented with more than 130 custom-programmed component blocks, has been shown to allow the seamless integration of both optical and signal processing components on a computer screen worksheet. The libraries of custom component blocks allow scientific block diagrams, representing a variety of spectrometric techniques, to be "brought to life" as functional technique simulations. The libraries of blocks are applied to the qualitative and quantitative modeling of several published thermal lensing instruments, with the achievement of excellent results.
Interferometric Null Method for Measuring Stress-induced Birefringence.

A sensitive apparatus utilizing a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer excited by circularly polarized laser radiation is developed for measuring birefringence. A birefringent sample within the interferometer produces a difference in the resonance length for radiation polarized in two orthogonal directions. A Kerr cell properly oriented within the interferometer is used to cancel sample birefringence by adjusting the cell voltage. This adjustment is made by using the scanning interferometer as a spectrum analyzer and observing the displacement between the resonance curves associated with each polarization. The Kerr cell is calibrated in terms of the voltage required to produce a relative path retardation of λ/2. The stress-induced birefringence in YAG, sapphire, and fused silica in the 26–75°C temperature range is measured, and the accuracy and sensitivity of the instrument are assessed.
The Northridge earthquake: community-based approaches to unmet recovery needs

The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake has proven to be one of the most costly disasters in United States history. Federal and state assistance programmes received some 681,000 applications from victims for various forms of relief. In spite of the flow of US$11 billion in federal assistance into Los Angeles and Ventura counties, many victims have failed to obtain adequate relief. These unmet needs relate to the vulnerability of particular class and ethnic groups. In response to unmet needs, a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become involved in the recovery process. This paper, based on evidence collected from hundreds of in-depth interviews with the people involved, examines the activities of several community-based organisations (CBOs) and other NGOs as they have attempted to assist vulnerable people with unmet post-disaster needs. We discuss two small ethnically diverse communities in Ventura County, on the periphery of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The earthquake and resultant disaster declaration provided an opportunity for local government and NGOs to acquire federal resources not normally available for economic development. At the same time the earthquake created political openings in which longer-term issues of community development could be addressed by various local stakeholders. A key issue in recovery has been the availability of affordable housing for those on low incomes, particularly Latinos, the elderly and farm workers. We discuss the successes and limitations of CBOs and NGOs as mechanisms for dealing with vulnerable populations, unmet needs and recovery issues in the two communities.
CONTINUOUS SERIES OF METASTABLE HEXAGONAL CLOSE‐PACKED SOLID SOLUTIONS IN THE ERBIUM‐ZIRCONIUM SYSTEM

The complete mutual solid solubility of hexagonal close‐packed forms of erbium and zirconium has been observed by x‐ray diffraction for specimens rapidly quenched from the liquid state to room temperature. The lattice parameter measurements show negative deviations from the linearity as expressed by Vegard's law, with maximum deviations ΔV/V of ≲ 2% at approximately 41 at. % Zr and 2.3% at 70 at. % Zr. The axial ratio c/a remains as a linear relationship between those of two elements. The formation of the metastable solid solutions can be explained by classical rules.
Prospect Development Systems: Empowering Artful Fundraising.

This chapter gives an overview of systems used in support of the art of fundraising through strategic development of prospective donors into donors.
Methacholine challenge test: diagnostic characteristics in asthmatic patients receiving controller medications.

Background The methacholine challenge test (MCT) is commonly used to assess airway hyperresponsiveness, but the diagnostic characteristics have not been well studied in asthmatic patients receiving controller medications after the use of high-potency inhaled corticosteroids became common. Objectives We investigated the ability of the MCT to differentiate participants with a physician's diagnosis of asthma from nonasthmatic participants. Methods We conducted a cohort-control study in asthmatic participants (n = 126) who were receiving regular controller medications and nonasthmatic control participants (n = 93) to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the MCT. Results The overall sensitivity was 77% and the specificity was 96% with a threshold PC 20 (the provocative concentration of methacholine that results in a 20% drop in FEV 1 ) of 8 mg/mL. The sensitivity was significantly lower in white than in African American participants (69% vs 95%, P = .015) and higher in atopic compared with nonatopic (82% vs 52%, P = .005). Increasing the PC 20 threshold from 8 to 16 mg/mL did not noticeably improve the performance characteristics of the test. African American race, presence of atopy, and lower percent predicted FEV 1 were associated with a positive test result. Conclusions The utility of the MCT to rule out a diagnosis of asthma depends on racial and atopic characteristics. Clinicians should take into account the reduced sensitivity of the MCT in white and nonatopic asthmatic patients when using this test for the diagnosis of asthma.
Vibrational Assignment of theS1Fluorescence Excitation Spectrum of Formyl Fluoride

Abstract The S 1 fluorescence excitation spectrum of jet-cooled formyl fluoride, HFCO and DFCO, was recorded from 37 500 to 40 250 cm −1 at 0.20 cm −1 resolution. Vibrational bands were assigned primarily to progressions in the Franck–Condon active modes ν 2 , ν 5 , and ν 6 . Tunneling splittings were observed in the ν 6 progression and fit to a model double-well potential Hamiltonian. Vibrational energies were fit to a Dunham expansion modified to account for the inversion doubling in the ν 6 progression. Best fit spectroscopic constants are reported including harmonic frequencies and anharmonic constants. S 0 → S 1 Franck–Condon factors were calculated with the Duschinsky rotation included and support the vibrational assignment. The S 1 geometry and vibrational potential inferred from the present analysis are compared to ab initio results.
The war on poverty: A new grassroots history, 1964–1980

The war on poverty: A new grassroots history, 1964–1980, edited by Annelise Orleck and Lisa Gayle Hazirjian, Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 2011, 501 pp., US$26.95 (paperback), ISBN-978-0...
An improved gaussian model for long-term average air concentration estimates

Abstract A long-term sector average Gaussian dispersion model that incorporates temporal vertical stability variations, estimated wind speed at release height, a method to account for calm winds, and day-night mixing depths, is tested against 2 years of weekly average 85Kr air concentrations collected at 13 locations from 30 to 150 km from a quasi-continuous source. The root mean square error (RMSE) of ratios of observed to calculated concentrations was determined for the weekly to annual average values with the RMSE decreasing from 5 down to 2, respectively. A sensitivity study of these four improvements indicated that the first three were the most significant.
Identification and characterization of plasmid-borne erm(T) macrolide resistance in group B and group A Streptococcus

Abstract One hundred and seven group B Streptococcus (GBS) isolates and 344 group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolates were collected between 2005 and 2009 from 2 area hospitals and studied for resistance to erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) and the presence of the erm (T) macrolide resistance gene. The erm (T) gene was found in 5 (8%) of 61 erythromycin nonsusceptible GBS isolates and in 22 (55%) of 40 erythromycin nonsusceptible GAS isolates. The erm (T) gene in all 27 GBS/GAS erm (T) gene–positive isolates was located on a plasmid. Three erm (T) gene–positive plasmids were DNA sequenced. Two plasmids (1 each from GBS and GAS isolates) were both 4967 bp in size, contained the erm (T) gene, and differed by only 2 base pairs, suggesting interspecies horizontal transfer of the erm (T) gene containing plasmid. The third (GBS) plasmid was 6825 bp in size and contained GBSi1, a group II bacterial intron, as well as the erm (T) gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all 27 erm (T) gene containing isolates and a selection of erm (T) gene–negative isolates indicated possible clonal expansion among erm (T) gene containing GAS isolates, but not among the 5 erm (T) gene–positive GBS isolates.
Retrieving and Integrating Data from Multiple Information Sources

With the current explosion of data, retrieving and integrating information from various sources is a critical problem. Work in multidatabase systems has begun to address this problem, but it has primarily focused on methods for communicating between databases and requires significant effort for each new database added to the system. This paper describes a more general approach that exploits a semantic model of a problem domain to integrate the information from various information sources. The information sources handled include both databases and knowledge bases, and other information sources (e.g. programs) could potentially be incorporated into the system. This paper describes how both the domain and the information sources are modeled, shows how a query at the domain level is mapped into a set of queries to individual information sources, and presents algorithms for automatically improving the efficiency of queries using knowledge about both the domain and the information sources. This work is implemented in a system called SIMS and has been tested in a transportation planning domain using nine Oracle databases and a Loom knowledge base.
Cutaneous vasculitis: Relationship to systemic disease and therapy

Abstract Cutaneous vasculitis is a marker of systemic disease. It may represent the sole manifestation of the disease process or may be considered merely a minor feature of a life-threatening vasculitic syndrome. Some of the confusion in the classification of vasculitis exists because of the features that are shared by so-called specific syndromes. For example, when one considers patients with paraproteinemia, it is evident that a variety of the vasculitic syndromes can occur in these patients and that the paraprotein may be a manifestation of an associated collagen-vascular disease. Similarly, the patient with hypersensitivity vasculitis may manifest the full gamut of a systemic vasculitis including gastrointestinal bleeding and nephritis. Therefore, when approaching the patient in whom cutaneous disease is a feature, one should consider the full array of vasculitic syndromes, and all organ systems that are potentially affected should be thoroughly evaluated. It appears that the syndrome with which each patient has been diagnosed remains stable. In other words, the patient with chronic cutaneous (small-vessel) vasculitis seems to have involvement of only the skin, even with long-term follow-up. The pathogenesis of cutaneous vasculitis, at least in part, has been linked to the presence of immune complexes in the circulation, which can become deposited in the tissues. However, additional factors including endothelial abnormalities, cytokines, and direct effects of inflammatory cells can also be involved in this complex cascade of events. Although corticosteroids seem to be effective in most vasculitic syndromes, the doses required often result in steroid-related side effects. Thus, it has been a goal in each vasculitic syndrome to find agents that are effective and potentially less toxic than corticosteroids. Immunosuppressive or cytotoxic agents have also demonstrated their effectiveness, but long-term use may result in a greater potential for a secondary malignancy. Other agents to be considered for patients with vasculitis are antihistamines, antimalarials, dapsone and sulfonamides, and colchicine.
Geometric confinement effects on the metal-insulator transition temperature and stress relaxation in VO2 thin films grown on silicon

VO2 undergoes a sharp metal-insulator transition at ∼67 °C with several orders of change in conductivity and optical transmittance. Understanding and control of the properties of vanadium oxide layers grown on technologically relevant substrates such as Si (100) single crystals is therefore of great interest. In this work, we show tunability of metal-insulator transition temperature as well as recoverable stress in VO2 thin films grown on Si substrate by introducing nanoscale atomic layer deposited HfO2 interfacial layers with no degradation in the resistance ratio. For a confined VO2 film, the metal-insulator transition temperature is suppressed by ∼16 °C and the recoverable stress is 150 MPa, compared to 400 MPa for a bare film. These observations are further correlated with in situ variable temperature measurement of stress changes occurring during the phase transition. Structural and microstructural studies on the various samples have been carried out by x ray diffraction and cross-sectional transmiss...
A critical-realist response to the postmodern agenda in instructional design and technology: a way forward

Although providing an invigorating foundation for instructional design and technology theory and research, the postmodern agenda would benefit from clearer articulation and further refinement of ontological, epistemological, and methodological positions. Consequently, we reveal possible weaknesses in the radically constructivist-inspired position and, in the spirit of scholarly dialogue, counter with a critical-realist perspective that presents a potentially more innovative and defensible approach to the discovery of scientific knowledge about teaching and learning infused with technology. Without doubt, we concur with postmodernists that issues of agency, identity, race, gender and ethnicity must be addressed and given a central position in instructional design and technology research and practice. Under the critical-realist designator, case study, ethnographic, arts-based, and phenomenological methodologies are appropriate and can co-exist. Our point of distinction is that as a scientific venture, instructional design and technology as a discipline must be more public and transparent in warrants, claims and discourse for proposed change to take place. We conclude by indicating future lines of inquiry inspired by the critical-realist perspective, detailing topics in technology integration and digital games.
Polarization-Sensitive Multimodal Imaging for Detecting Breast Cancer

This study describes a novel noninvasive imaging method that allows for rapid and accurate intraoperative detection of breast cancer margins.
Glutathione export during apoptosis requires functional multidrug resistance-associated proteins.

GSH is released in cells undergoing apoptosis, and the present study indicates that the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCC) are responsible for this GSH release. Jurkat cells released ∼75-80% of their total intracellular GSH during both Fas antibody- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis. In contrast, Raji cells, a lymphocyte cell line that is deficient in phosphatidylserine externalization, did not release GSH during apoptosis, and other apoptotic features appeared more slowly in these cells. Jurkat and Raji cell lines expressed comparable MRP and OATP/SLCO (organic anion-transporting polypeptide) mRNA levels, and MRP1 protein levels; however, differences existed in MRP1 localization and function. In Jurkat cells, MRP1 was largely localized to the plasma membrane, and these cells exported the MRP substrate calcein. Calcein release was enhanced during apoptosis. In contrast, Raji cells had little MRP1 at the plasma membrane and did not export calcein under basal or apoptotic conditions, indicating that these cells lack functional MRPs at the plasma membrane. GSH release in Jurkat cells undergoing apoptosis was inhibited by the organic anion transport inhibitors MK571, sulfinpyrazone, and probenecid, supporting a role for the MRP transporters in this process. Furthermore, when MRP1 expression was decreased with RNA interference, GSH release was lower under both basal and apoptotic conditions, providing direct evidence that MRP1 is involved in GSH export.
Water-proton nuclear magnetic relaxation in heterogeneous systems: hydrated lysozyme results.

Spin-lattice relaxation rates of water protons in hydrated immobilized lysozyme are measured as a function of magnetic field strength. The dependence of water relaxation versus hydration is presented from 35 to 55% by weight water content. The water-proton relaxation is directly coupled to that of the protein and the coupling exists in the absence of chemical exchange. A model is applied where relaxation within the two proton phases is coupled through a dipolar cross-relaxation mechanism as well as chemical exchange. The observed amplitudes of the water-proton relaxation profiles scale with the ratio of protein to water protons as well as the protein-proton relaxation rate. The field dependence of the protein-proton spin-lattice relaxation is presented in the presence of D2O where a cross-relaxation coupling is absent. The coupled relaxation model accounts well for the NMR relaxation data as a function of magnetic field strength which is similar to measurements on other heterogeneous systems such as tissues. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Jet Flap Diffuser: A New Thrust Amplifying Device

A jet sheet is proposed as an alternative to a rigid diffuser for a momentum propulsor. This appears attractive technically since the diffuser shape can be tailored by modulating jet momentum and angle and can be switched off in forward flight, its main function being to increase thrust-power ratio at static speeds. Theoretical global analysis for a steady inviscid incompressible flow predicts impressive thrust amplifications, showing effects of blowing coefficient, angle and jet thickness. Taking into account the energy required to feed the jet sheet, the propulsor thrust/power ratio is generally increased. The device can be applied to ducted fans, jet engines and seems particularly attractive for ejector thrust systems. To determine flow details, a linearized solution of the planar problem is given. A mapping transforms it into a half-plane boundary value problem of the Riemann-Hilbert-Poincare type. It is solved by combining Hilbert Transforms, asymptotic expansion, and a digital computer program.
The Role of Covalent Dimerization on the Physical and Chemical Stability of the EC1 Domain of Human E-Cadherin

The objective of this work was to evaluate the solution stability of the EC1 domain of E-cadherin under various conditions. The EC1 domain was incubated at various temperatures (4, 37, and 70°C) and pH values (3.0, 7.0, and 9.0). At pH 9.0 and 37 or 70°C, a significant loss of EC1 was observed due to precipitation and a hydrolysis reaction. The degradation was suppressed upon addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), suggesting that the formation of EC1 dimer facilitated the EC1 degradation. At 4°C and various pH values, the EC1 secondary and tertiary showed changes upon incubation up to 28 days, and DTT prevented any structural changes upon 28 days of incubation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the dimer of EC1 has higher mobility than does the monomer; this higher mobility of the EC1 dimer may contribute to instability of the EC1 domain. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3562–3574, 2009
Lack of functional benefits following infrainguinal bypass in peripheral arterial occlusive disease patients.

This study aimed to determine whether peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia experienced functional benefits following lower extremity revascularization. Twenty ambulatory patients (aged 68 ∠ 7 years) underwent infraing- uinal revascularization to alleviate their symptoms. Peripheral hemodynamic and functional measures were obtained on each patient 1 week prior to and 3-4 months following revasculariz- ation. Critical limb-threatening ischemia was alleviated by surgery in all patients because the ankle/brachial index (ABI) increased 133% (p , 0.001) from 0.33 6 0.06 to 0.77 6 0.09. Despite the marked peripheral hemodynamic improvement following revascularization, little gains were noted in functional measures. The 6-min walking distance was unchanged (p = 0.739) from 85 6 9 m to 101 6 11 m. Additionally, the free-living daily physical activity, measured by an accelerometer worn over a 2-day period, was unchanged (p = 0.996) from 214 6 46 kcal/day to 215 6 83 kcal/day. In contrast, self-perceived ambulatory function improved by 142% to 271% (p , 0.001), and self-perceived physical activity increased 134% to 156% (p , 0.001). In con- clusion, limb salvage following infrainguinal bypass does not translate into improvements in measured ambulation or in measured physical activity in PAOD patients, even though the patients perceive these measures to be better.
DOES ELECTRICITY RESTRUCTURING WORK? EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. NUCLEAR ENERGY INDUSTRY*

This paper examines whether electricity restructuring improves the efficiency of U.S. nuclear power generation. Using a panel dataset consisting of the full sample of 73 investor-owned nuclear plants in the United States from 1992 to 1998, I estimate the plant-level cross-sectional and longitudinal efficiency changes associated with restructuring. Special attention is given to the potential policy endogeneity bias and different modeling strategies are presented to cope with the issue. Overall, I find a striking positive relationship between restructuring and cost reduction, and increased plant utilization.
Equilibrium pH of Home Canned Foods Comprising Combinations of Low Acid and High Acid Ingredients

A recipe data bank and method of data processing were developed to classify tomato-based combinations of low and high acid ingredients according to product pH. Information describing the composition and preparation of more than 400 products were entered into the data bank. The extent of variation in ingredient proportions for different product categories was estimated. The ratio of low acid to high acid ingredients specified by the recipe was used as a criterion for selecting representative recipes for preparation and pH determination. High correlations were obtained between this index and product pH. The acidity of 24 common categories of combination products was characterized by the testing of representative recipes.
Measurement and Monitoring of Barrier Island Forest Sensitivity to Ecohydrological Change Using LIDAR Remote Sensing

Abstract O'Connell, M.J.; Shugart, H.H., and Okin, G.S., 2012. Measurement and monitoring of barrier island forest sensitivity to ecohydrological change using LIDAR remote sensing. Both sea-level rise and the attendant changes in wave overwash events can greatly modify or destroy coastal terrestrial ecosystems; thus, it is essential to have a priori identification of particularly sensitive forests (and other ecosystems). This article reports an application of airborne LIDAR (light detection and ranging) to study vulnerable coastal forests—the important case of natural mid-Atlantic maritime pine forests. We investigate the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research LIDAR (EAARL) for its accuracy in making detailed forest structural measurements, producing inferential statistics for remote monitoring, and detecting changes in barrier island forest ecohydrology. Results show that EAARL can be deployed with high confidence in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) ecosystems for baseline biophysical descriptions. EAARL m...