cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maintaining global coherence in reading: The role of sentence boundaries

In four experiments, we examined the reinstatement of backgrounded information in locally coherent passages, investigating the influence of syntactic boundaries, such as periods, on the time course of this process. In Experiment 1, using a line-by-line reading paradigm, readers were delayed in noticing a contradiction on a target line when the sentence continued onto a posttarget line. Consistent with this, in Experiments 2A and 2B, the results of a recognition probe demonstrated that relevant concepts from long-term memory were not integrated immediately unless the contradiction was followed by a period. Experiment 3 demonstrated that sentence boundaries are sufficient to facilitate the integration of related background information but are not necessary; additional time served the same purpose. Consistent with a memory-based text-processing framework, it appears that the reactivation of related information is initiated automatically but that an integration stage is influenced by such factors as syntactic boundaries.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of photogenerated (η1-(tetrachloromethane) pentacarbonylmetal(O) complexes, (η1-(CCl4)M(CO)5; M = Mo, W) with 1-hexene: The initial steps in the creation of olefin methathesis catalysts

Abstract The initial steps in the formation of the heterogeneous olefin methathesis catalysts produced by photolysis of M(CO) 6 /CCl 4 solutions (M = Mo, W) have been studied by pulsed laser flash photolysis with infrared and visible detection. In both systems, (Cl 3 CCl)M(CO) 5 (datively bonded to M through a single Cl) is produced immediately after the flash. In the presence of the trapping nucleophile, 1-hexene (hex), this species affords (η 2 -hex)M(CO) 5 . For M = W, there is also a competitive unimolecular decay pathway which affords the solid catalyst. Infrared and rate data for (Cl 3 CCl)W(CO) 5 and related complexes suggest that CCl 4 bonds weakly to W and is a poor net donor of charge to the metal atom, which could promote fast oxidative addition of CCl 4 to [M(CO) 5 ]. The rate-determining step for the unimolecular pathway is envisioned to involve slow decomposition via CO loss of the possible oxidative addition product to afford the heterogeneous catalyst.
Cardiac hypertrophy of unknown cause

Abstract These cases appear to form a clinical group of which the chief features are: marked cardiac hypertrophy; symptoms of cardiac insufficiency; occurrence of various types of arrhythmia; frequent emboli to the pulmonary and systemic circulations; rapidly progressive course after the onset of symptoms; and death from gradual cardiac failure or in sudden fashion. The cause of the syndrome is unknown. The hearts, at autopsy, all show hypertrophy of the muscle fibers. In some cases, this is the only lesion. In others there is also fibrosis, which, in different instances, may be slight or extensive. There may be areas of necrosis, both old and recent. Intracardiac thrombi are often present. Whether these cases represent a single disase picture, observed at different stages of its development, or are to be regarded as of heterogeneous origin, cannot now be stated. Only a knowledge of the etiology can furnish an answer to this question.
Compartmental analysis of saquinavir (SQV) pharmacokinetics (PK)

Aims SQV is a PI used, in combinations, in patients with HIV. Because compartmental PK analyses are unavailable, to date, our aim is to develop & report a valid PK model & parameters for SQV. Methods Ten healthy HIV seronegative subjects were administered SQV 1600 mg PO q12h for 7 days (co-administered with amprenavir 600 mg PO q12h for 10 days for & efavirenz 600 mg q24h for 14days) as a part of AACTG A5043. Blood samples were obtained pre-dose, at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 & 12h post-dose. Samples were analyzed for SQV (LCMSMS) & fit to candidate models (ADAPT II). Data were weighted by the estimated inverse measurement variance & model discrimination was by Akaike's Information Criterion. Results SQV PK was best described by a linear two compartment model with: 1st order absorption (ka) following a lag time (TLag), central (Vc) & peripheral (Vp) volumes, distributional (CLd) & total (CLt) clearances. Mean (CV) parameter values were: Vc 0.595L/kg (0.67), Vp 7.95L/kg (0.53), CLd 1.57L/h/kg (0.39), CLt 6.35L/h/kg (0.27), & terminal half-life 9.82h (0.62). The goodness of fit was excellent with a median r2 of 0.997 (range 0.90–1). Conclusions This compartmental model for SQV PK will enable simulations, designs of studies, MAP Bayesian estimators & PK/PD individualization. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P79–P79; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.195
The Blood-Brain Barrier: Connecting the Gut and the Brain

The BBB prevents the unrestricted exchange of substances between the central nervous system (CNS) and the blood. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) also conveys information between the CNS and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through several mechanisms. Here, we review three of those mechanisms. First, the BBB selectively transports some peptides and regulatory proteins in the blood-to-brain or the brain-to-blood direction. The ability of GI hormones to affect functions of the BBB, as illustrated by the ability of insulin to alter the BBB transport of amino acids and drugs, represents a second mechanism. A third mechanism is the ability of GI hormones to affect the secretion by the BBB of substances that themselves affect feeding and appetite, such as nitric oxide and cytokines. By these and other mechanisms, the BBB regulates communications between the CNS and GI tract.
TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions from a beef cattle feedlot using the flux-gradient technique

Emissions data on air pollutants from large open-lot beef cattle feedlots are limited. This research was conducted to determine emissions of total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from a commercial beef cattle feedlot in Kansas (USA). Vertical particulate concentration profiles at the feedlot were measured using gravimetric samplers, and micrometeorological parameters were monitored with eddy covariance instrumentation during the nine 4- to 5-day intensive sampling campaigns from May 2010 through September 2011. Emission fluxes were determined from the measured concentration gradients and meteorological parameters using the flux-gradient technique. PM ratios based on calculated emission fluxes were 0.28 for PM2.5/PM10, 0.12 for PM2.5/TSP, and 0.24 for PM10/TSP, indicating that a large fraction of the PM emitted at the studied feedlot was in the coarse range of aerodynamic diameter, >10 μm. Median daily emission factors were 57, 21, and 11 kg 1000-head (hd)−1 d−1 for TSP (n = 20 days), PM10 (n = 19 days), and PM2.5 (n = 11 days), respectively. Cattle pen surface moisture contents of at least 20–30% significantly reduced both TSP and PM10 emissions, but moisture's effect on PM2.5 emissions was not established due to difficulty in measuring PM2.5 concentrations under low-PM conditions.
Hotel Compensation Strategies: Perceptions of Top Industry Executives

One of the key human resource decisions made by any organization is the design of its compensation strategy. When choosing a compensation strategy, hospitality executives must make a variety of complex decisions that will ultimately impact a company's recruitment and retention efforts, as well as the attainment of organizational goals. This exploratory study looks at the decision making patterns of hotel industry executives in terms of compensation.
Discrete element method simulation of cohesive particles mixing under magnetically assisted impaction

Abstract Mixing of cohesive micro and nano-powders is difficult because they form large agglomerates due to the high interparticle forces. In order to better understand the mixing of cohesive particles, discrete element method (DEM) based modeling was performed for the magnetic assisted impaction mixing (MAIM), which is a high shear mixer previously shown to be capable of mixing at the nanoparticle scale. The JKR cohesion force model was used to represent interparticle cohesion. Agglomerates were formed based on the surface energy of individual particles, thus better capturing the effect of cohesion on the initial state. The effects of magnet-to-sample mass ratio, magnet size and surface energy of non-magnet particles on the homogeneity of mixing (HoM) were investigated. Simulation results show that the mixing will be faster with smaller magnet sizes at fixed mass ratio, by increasing the mass ratio, or by decreasing the surface energy; the latter had a significant effect on the process of mixing. When non-magnetic particles had higher surface energy, homogeneous mixing required longer processing times since higher collision numbers and collision energies were necessary to deagglomerate the particles. Results show that when the collision energy between magnets and non-magnets exceeds the cohesive energy, the mixing would reach a steady state at shorter processing intervals. The results qualitatively agree with previously published results, suggesting that this system model, which involves the formation and utilization of agglomerates in simulations, is applicable to cohesive powder mixing.
Dolomite of the South Shevchenko deposit

Composition, proprietes physico-mecaniques et possibilites d'utilisation pour la production de refractaires
Sex chromosome evolution in the clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana.

Chromosomes that determine sex are predicted to evolve differently than autosomes: a lack of recombination on one of the two sex chromosomes is predicted to allow an accumulation of deleterious alleles that eventually leads to reduced functionality and potential physical degradation of the nonrecombining chromosome. Because these changes should occur at an elevated evolutionary rate, it is difﬁcult to ﬁnd appropriate species in which to test these evolutionary predictions. The unique genetic sex-determining mechanism of the crustacean Eulimnadia texana prevents major chromosome degeneration because of expression of both ‘proto-sex’ (i.e. early stage of development) chromosomes in homozygous form (ZZ and WW). Herein, we exploit this unique genetic system to examine the predicted accumulation of deleterious alleles by comparing both homogametic sexual types to their heterogametic counterpart. We report differences in crossing over in a sexlinked region in the ZW hermaphrodites (3%) relative to the ZZ males (21%), indicative of cross-over suppression in the ZW hermaphrodites. Additionally, we report that both ZZ and WW genotypes have reduced ﬁtness relative to ZW hermaphrodites, which is consistent with the prediction of harboured recessive mutations embedded on both the Z and the W chromosomes. These results suggest that the proto-sex chromosomes in E. texana accumulate recessive deleterious alleles. We hypothesize that recessive deleterious alleles of large effect cannot accumulate because of expression in both ZZ and WW individuals, keeping both chromosomes from losing signiﬁcant function.
Recombination of a eukaryotic DNA in bacteria.

Abstract Single, 824 bp repeating units of Xenopus laevis oocyte-type 5S DNA were inserted into the recombination vectors, λrva and λrvb. When the inserts had the same orientation with respect to the λ chromosomes, Spi-imm434 recombinants were recovered by selection on a P2, λ double lysogenic host. Because of the structure of the vectors, the crossover point in each recombinant must lie completely within the 5S DNA insert. The physical characteristics of these recombinants were determined by examination of restriction enzyme digests. By use of RecA mutant hosts and the Red- vector, λrvc, recombination frequencies were measured separately for the bacterial and phage systems. Some of the recombination events resulted in 5S DNA inserts of altered length due to unequal crossovers within repeated sequences in the 5S DNA spacer. The occurrence of just such events in frog 5S DNA had been predicted, based on the structure of 5S DNA and evolutionary considerations.
E-cadherin-negative primary small cell carcinoma of the breast: Report of a case and review of the literature

Primary small cell carcinoma of the breast is exceedingly rare, with fewer than 25 reported cases. The case presented herein is that of a 61-year-old woman with a 2.5-cm mass of the left breast. She underwent mastectomy with axillary node dissection. Histologic examination revealed sheets and nests of small, hyperchromatic, malignant cells with indistinct nucleoli and scant cytoplasm. High-grade solid and comedo ductal carcinoma in situ also was present. Two of 5 axillary lymph nodes contained metastatic disease. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated weak immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, and bcl-2. This histologic and immunohistochemical profile was consistent with that of a primary small cell carcinoma. Interestingly, this neoplasm lacked immunoreactivity for E-cadherin. E-cadherin expression has been documented in all 11 (100%) of 11 previously reported cases of primary small cell carcinoma of the breast, suggesting that this tumor is a form of ductal carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of E-cadherin-negative small cell carcinoma of the breast, which raises the question of a possible lobular histogenesis in some of these neoplasms.
184 EFFECT OF LIVE CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE IMAGING ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of fluorescent confocal imaging on embryo development. DNA damage, caspase activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also measured. In vitro-generated bovine 8-cell embryos and in vivo-produced mouse 2-cell embryos were stained with Mitotracker Red and individually imaged using a spinning-disc confocal module (CARV) attached to a Nikon TE2000-U microscope. The sample was excited with a 120 W metal halide lamp (X-Cite 120) using a fluorescent filter set (Excitation: 575 nm; Emission: 640 nm). A variety of number and durations of exposures were tested. Continuous variables were analyzed by t-test, whereas categorical data were analyzed using the homogeneity chi square test. Bovine embryos showed no differences in blastocyst development (Day 7.5; Day 0 = IVF) or hatched blastocysts (Day 11) between groups of imaged and non-imaged embryos (Table 1). Despite numerous attempts, we were unable to find a level of exposure that disturbed embryo development, indicating that bovine embryos have a high degree of tolerance to the imaging system. After exposure, mouse embryos were cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage and transferred into surrogate synchronized females. Embryos subjected to five exposures of 50 ms developed normally both in vitro and in vivo (Table 1). However, exposing the embryos 30 times significantly affected in vitro and in vivo development. Subsequently, we examined the effect of confocal imaging on DNA damage (Comet assay), ROS production (dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, DCF), and caspase 3 activation (PhiPhiLux®-G1D2). Bovine embryos were exposed to 60z–50 ms or 60z–500 ms, and mouse embryos to 5z–50 ms or 30z–50 ms after Mitotracker Red staining. We observed that caspase 3 was not activated when measured 1.5 h after imaging. Similarly, DNA damage was not different among embryos exposed at different levels of imaging. However, ROS production significantly increased in both bovine and mouse embryos after exposure to confocal imaging, and this increase correlated with fluorescence exposure level. We conclude that imaging bovine pre-implantation embryos with this system increased ROS production but did not disturb in vitro development (even at unnecessary high levels of exposure). In mouse embryos, in vitro development after imaging directly correlated with in vivo development. It remains to be determined whether the increase in ROS production and decreased developmental potential is due to the fluorescence exposure alone or the combined effect of fluorescence exposure and Mitotracker labeling. Table 1. Embryonic development after confocal fluorescence imaging
Fluctuations of Macrovariables in Nonlinear Systems: Langevin Equation Approach

Fluctuations in nonlinear Markovian systems are studied by the Langevin equation method using system-size expansion. Langevin equations with different random sources are constructed for the description of fluctuations to varying degrees of accuracy in inverse powers of the system size ~. Evolution equations for the deterministic path, deviation of the mean from the deterministic path, and the variance are obtained in a nonstationary state in the lowest order of e. The power spectral density for fluctuations about a stable equilibrium is calculated correct to order ~2 and is compared to the exact expression for the Alkemade diode. The relaxation frequency for the decay of correlations in a critical equilibrium and the scaling law for the anomalous fluctuations are determined and compared to those obtained by Kubo et al.
Gallop Rhythm of the Heart II. Quadruple Rhythm and its Relation to Summation and Augmented Gallops

The 2 fundamental types of gallop are ventricular gallop and atrial gallop. Adequate cardiac acceleration modifies these gallops and may produce a summation gallop, an augmented ventricular gallop, or an augmented atrial gallop. The summation and augmented gallops were examined and their relation to the 2 fundamental gallops was quantitated. The cardiac rate at which summation and augmentation occur is unique. A graph and 2 corresponding equations were derived which relate the summation cardiac rate and corresponding cycle length to familiar electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic intervals.
Modelling the formation of polycentric chromosome aberrations.

Exchange-type chromosome aberrations produced by ionizing radiation or restriction enzymes are believed to result from pairwise interaction of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb). In addition to dicentrics, such aberrations may include higher-order polycentrics (tricentrics, tetracentrics, etc.). We have developed computer programs that calculate the probability of the various polycentrics for a given average number of pairwise interactions. Two models are used. Model I incorporates kinetic competition between restitution, complete exchanges (illegitimate recombination events), and incomplete exchanges. Model II allows unrestituted breaks even if there is no recombination. The models were applied to experimental observations of aberrations produced in G1 Chinese hamster ovary cells after electroporation with the restriction enzyme PvuII, which produces blunt-end dsb. We found, experimentally and theoretically, that there was a maximum in the number and multiplicity of polycentrics per cell: beyond a certain Pv...
Identity Exploration, Commitment, and Distress: A Cross National Investigation in China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States

This study tested cross cultural measurement equivalence of three identity constructs by testing the factor invariance among participants from four nations. Data from measures of identity exploration, commitment, and distress were collected from university students in Mainland China (n = 85), Taiwan (n = 117), Japan (n = 117), and the United States (n = 223) using the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) and the Identity Distress Scale (IDS). Invariance was not found for the Exploration subscale of the EIPQ, and only partial invariance was found for the Commitment subscale. The Identity Distress Scale did demonstrate invariance across all four samples. Differences varied by degree of Westernization (globalization) of the cultures under study. The results question the cross cultural validity of the EIPQ, particularly the identity exploration subscale. Results are discussed in terms of avenues for improving the cross cultural validity of assessments of identity constructs and implications for interventions that target identity processes to promote positive youth development.
Responding to Psychosocial Needs: Physician Perceptions of Their Referral Practices for Hospitalized Patients

Physicians play a critical gatekeeping function related to psychosocial problem identification and subsequent referral to appropriate hospital or community services. Thirty physicians on staff at a moderate-size, multiservice medical facility were interviewed to determine their perceptions regarding identification of and referral rates for psychosocial problems of their hospitalized patients. In addition to raising questions for further investigation, this article provides a useful structure for gathering data for use by hospital social work departments in developing strategies to enhance physicians' collaboration with hospital social workers.
CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge for systematic assessment of ionosphere/thermosphere models: Electron density, neutral density, NmF2, and hmF2 using space based observations

[1] In an effort to quantitatively assess the current capabilities of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) models, an IT model validation study using metrics was performed. This study is a main part of the CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge, which was initiated at the CEDAR workshop in 2009 to better comprehend strengths and weaknesses of models in predicting the IT system, and to trace improvements in ionospheric/thermospheric specification and forecast. For the challenge, two strong geomagnetic storms, four moderate storms, and three quiet time intervals were selected. For the selected events, we obtained four scores (i.e., RMS error, prediction efficiency, ratio of the maximum change in amplitudes, and ratio of the maximum amplitudes) to compare the performance of models in reproducing the selected physical parameters such as vertical drifts, electron and neutral densities, NmF2, and hmF2. In this paper, we present the results from comparing modeled values against space-based measurements including NmF2 and hmF2 from the CHAMP and COSMIC satellites, and electron and neutral densities at the CHAMP satellite locations. It is found that the accuracy of models varies with the metrics used, latitude and geomagnetic activity level.
Monosomy 21 in hematologic diseases

Monosomy 21 mosaicism as a sole cytogenetic abnormality is very uncommon, with 47 cases described in the literature. We identified five cases of low-level monosomy 21 mosaicism since 1998, none of which were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis or follow-up cytogenetic studies. These five cases, and many of the previously reported cases, probably represent the random appearance of several monosomy 21 cells as artifacts of cell culture or microscope slide preparation. The most convincing reported cases of monosomy 21 mosaicism suggest a rare association of monosomy 21 with acute myelocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Future cases suggestive of monosomy 21 mosaicism should be confirmed by analysis of additional metaphase cells and by FISH analysis of interphase cells.
DETECTION OF TARGETS IN CONTINUOUS RANDOM MEDIA: A NUMERICAL STUDY USING THE ANGULAR CORRELATION FUNCTION

ever, when the lasing signal powers are higher than 2.5 dBm, the gain saturation at L band takes place, and hence the gain is reduced. This behavior is attributed to the low saturation power at L band. In order to obtain the high gain for a given EDF length, the optimal attenuation in the ring cavity is required to achieve the optimum lasing power. 4. CONCLUSION Improvement of L-band signal gain by employing the lasing wavelengths as the secondary pump source for the EDF has been demonstrated. A spontaneous emission spectrum up to a wavelength of 1635 nm is observed. The experimental results show that the gain depends on the absorption coefficient of the C band. This indicates the efficiency of the energy transfer between these two bands. The lasing signal powers and the lasing wavelengths also influence the L-band gain. This is ascribed to the interplay between the absorption and amplification of EDF. The experiments imply that the suggested EDFA configuration is applicable to any pump wavelength, because deploying 1480-nm pump laser diodes can provide better power conversion efficiency and generate stronger C-band lasing. Therefore, it is believed that this approach will play an important role in the development of L-band EDFAs for practical DWDM communication systems.
Pho85 and signaling environmental conditions

Through its association with a family of ten cyclins, the Pho85 cyclin-dependent kinase is involved in several signal transduction pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The responses mediated by Pho85 include cell-cycle progression and metabolism of nutrients such as phosphate and carbon sources. Although these responses require the phosphorylation of different substrates, and have different mechanistic consequences as a result of this phosphorylation, all appear to be involved in responses to changes in environmental conditions. Few of the activating signals or regulated targets have been unambiguously identified, but the kinase activity of Pho85 appears to inform the cell that the current environment is satisfactory.
Punishment as a factor in preventing alcohol‐related accidents

As a humanitarian and economic 'bad', infliction of punishment requires justification in terms of compensating achievements, as well as moral appropriateness. In the context of road accidents, there is evidence that increasing the certainty and swiftness of threatened punishment may deter risky behavior, although increasing the severity of the threat seems ineffective. These effects may be generalizable to other kinds of accidents, but empirical evidence is lacking. A further possibility for the justifiable use of punishment is in its application to negligent service of alcohol. Language: en
Model-based comparison of RF noise in oscillating diamond and SiC MESFETs

We report a simulation study of RF oscillator noise including 1/f noise and incomplete activation in diamond and silicon carbide MESFETs oscillating in resonant circuits that maximize power at the load. >
Graph accordance of next-generation sequence assemblies

Motivation: No individual assembly algorithm addresses all the known limitations of assembling short-length sequences. Overall reduced sequence contig length is the major problem that challenges the usage of these assemblies. We describe an algorithm to take advantages of different assembly algorithms or sequencing platforms to improve the quality of next-generation sequence (NGS) assemblies. Results: The algorithm is implemented as a graph accordance assembly (GAA) program. The algorithm constructs an accordance graph to capture the mapping information between the target and query assemblies. Based on the accordance graph, the contigs or scaffolds of the target assembly can be extended, merged or bridged together. Extra constraints, including gap sizes, mate pairs, scaffold order and orientation, are explored to enforce those accordance operations in the correct context. We applied GAA to various chicken NGS assemblies and the results demonstrate improved contiguity statistics and higher genome and gene coverage. Availability: GAA is implemented in OO perl and is available here: http://sourceforge.net/projects/gaa-wugi/. Contact: lye@genome.wustl.edu
Convolutional Reconstruction from Cone-Beam Projection Data

A convolutional formula is obtained for the direct reconstruction of a three-dimensional structure function from cone-beam projection measurements. The cone apex is assumed to move on a circle to generate the two-dimensional projected images. The derivation starts from the three-dimensional form of the Radon inversion formula. A transformation of variables is applied to adapt this formula to the cone-beam projection geometry.
Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Xylene Isomers on α-Cyclodextrin Bonded Phases

Mesoporous glass beads and silica were modified with α-cyclodextrin (CD) for the separation of xylene isomers by means of direct bonding, linking spacer group, and cross-linking agent. The separation efficiency of the (α-CD modified silica particles was tested by using simple column chromatography. A strong inclusion complex formation of p-xylene was observed from the column packed with α-CD bonded phases. Spacer group and crosslinking agent decreased the formation of the inclusion complex of p-xylene and increased selectivity between m-xylene and o-xylene. The inclusion complex formation of p-xylene was strongly diminished when the mobile phase was switched from methyl alcohol to toluene. The column packed with the cross-linked a-CD bonded silica showed the best performance in the separation of xylene isomers.
Explanatory models of overweight among African American, Euro-American, and Mexican American women.

Ethnographic interviewing methods were used to explore women's explanatory models (EMs) of overweight and the congruence of these models with professional models and professionally recommended trea...
NERRS Research and Monitoring Initiatives

Abstract The National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), consisting of a network of 26 protected estuarine reserves in the conterminous US, Alaska, and Puerto Rico, generates comprehensive research and monitoring databases in support of coastal resource-management programs. Integrated water-quality, nutrient, and biological monitoring protocols conducted by the NERRS program have been valuable for identifying and tracking short-term variability and long-term changes in the integrity and biodiversity of estuarine systems nationwide. Four areas of biological monitoring in the NERRS program form the foundation for detailed research initiatives; these include (1) submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and emergent vegetation (marsh plants), (2) benthos (benthic invertebrates and benthic algae), (3) plankton (specifically larvae), and (4) nekton (fish, decapod crustaceans, and other swimming animals). Watershed and land-use/land-cover characterizations, benthic habitat mapping, and benthic community survey...
Endometrial stem cell transplantation in MPTP‐ exposed primates: an alternative cell source for treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Cell-replacement therapies have emerged as a promising strategy to slow down or replace neuronal loss. Compared to other stem cell types, endometrium-derived stem cells (EDSCs) are an attractive source of stem cells for cellular therapies because of their ease of collection and vast differentiation potential. Here we demonstrate that endometrium-derived stem cells may be transplanted into an MPTP exposed monkey model of PD. After injection into the striatum, endometrium-derived stem cells engrafted, exhibited neuron-like morphology, expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increased the numbers of TH positive cells on the transplanted side and dopamine metabolite concentrations in vivo. Our results suggest that endometrium-derived stem cells may provide a therapeutic benefit in the primate model of PD and may be used in stem cell based therapies.
Bariatric Surgery: Risks and Rewards

Context: Over 23 million Americans are afflicted with severe obesity, i.e. their body mass index (in kilograms per square meter) values exceed 35. Of even greater concern is the association of the adiposity with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiopulmonary failure, asthma, pseudotumor cerebri, infertility, and crippling arthritis. Objective: Diets, exercise, behavioral modification, and drugs are not effective in these individuals. This article examines the effect of surgery on the control of the weight and the comorbidities, as well as the safety of these operations. Interventions: Although the article focuses on the outcomes of the three most commonly performed operations, i.e. adjustable gastric banding, the gastric bypass, and the biliopancreatic bypass with duodenal switch, it aims for perspective with the inclusion of abandoned and current investigational procedures, a review of the complications, and an emphasis on the appropriate selection of patients. Positions: Ample evidence, i...
Commentary: Medical Subspecialty Enforcement?

From its inception, the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL) has decided not to investigate and adjudicate complaints of unethical conduct of its members or others, but rather refers the complainant to other organizations, such as the "local district branch of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the state licensing board, and/or the appropriate national psychiatric organization of foreign members" (AAPL Ethics Guidelines). Loss of APA membership, however, terminates one's AAPL membership upon AAPL notification. Further, the AAPL Ethics Committee "may issue opinions on general or hypothetical questions but will not issue opinions on the ethical conduct of specific forensic psychiatrists or about actual cases" (AAPL Ethics Guidelines). This referral policy has been criticized at times with various proposals for change. Candilis and colleagues have thoughtfully considered several alternative courses of action. Extending those considerations, this Commentary considers the practices of other health care professional organizations and some implications of the proposal offered by Candilis et al.
A New Paradigm for Developing Intelligent Decision-making Support Systems (i-DMSS): A Case Study on the Development of Comparison-Shopping Agents

There are well-documented approaches and methodologies for information system development (ISD). These approaches and methodologies can all be related to software development life cycle (SDLC), a paradigm focusing on ISD in organization and other closed-domain systems. Recent developments in agentoriented software engineering, like Gaia, extend this paradigm to cover intelligent agents and multiagent systems. However, evidence from Web-based i-DMSS like comparison-shopping agents shows distinctive patterns of development. Since there are few studies that cover the ISD paradigm for agents in an open-domain system, through three mini case studies in this chapter, we provide relatively comprehensive cases for future theory formulation.
Long-range electron transport to Fe(III) oxide via pili with metallic-like conductivity.

The mechanisms for Fe(III) oxide reduction by Geobacter species are of interest because Geobacter species have been shown to play an important role in Fe(III) oxide reduction in a diversity of environments in which Fe(III) reduction is a geochemically significant process. Geobacter species specifically express pili during growth on Fe(III) oxide compared with growth on soluble chelated Fe(III), and mutants that cannot produce pili are unable to effectively reduce Fe(III) oxide. The pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens are electrically conductive along their length under physiologically relevant conditions and exhibit a metallic-like conductivity similar to that observed previously in synthetic organic metals. Metallic-like conductivity in a biological protein filament is a previously unrecognized mechanism for electron transport that differs significantly from the more well-known biological strategy of electron hopping/tunnelling between closely spaced redox-active proteins. The multihaem c -type cytochrome OmcS is specifically associated with pili and is necessary for Fe(III) oxide reduction. However, multiple lines of evidence, including the metallic-like conductivity of the pili and the fact that OmcS molecules are spaced too far apart for electron hopping/tunnelling, indicate that OmcS is not responsible for long-range electron conduction along the pili. The role of OmcS may be to facilitate electron transfer from the pili to Fe(III) oxide. Long-range electron transport via pili with metallic-like conductivity is a paradigm shift that has important implications not only for Fe(III) oxide reduction, but also for interspecies electron exchange in syntrophic microbial communities as well as microbe–electrode interactions and the emerging field of bioelectronics.
Experimental Study of Water Vapor Absorption Into Lithium Bromide (LiBr) Solution Constrained by Superhydrophobic Porous Membranes

An experimental study on absorption characteristics of water vapor into a thin lithium-bromide (LiBr) solution flow is presented. The LiBr solution flow is constrained between a superhydrophobic vapor-permeable wall and a solid surface that removes the heat of absorption. As opposed to conventional falling film absorbers, in this configuration, the solution film thickness and velocity can be controlled independently to enhance the absorption rate. The effects of water vapor pressure and cooling surface temperature on the absorption rate are studied. An absorption rate of approximately 0.005 kg/m2s was measured at a LiBr solution channel thickness and flow velocity of 160 μm and 4 mm/s, respectively. The absorption rate increased linearly with the water vapor driving potential at the tested solution channel thickness. The high absorption rate and the inherently compact form of the proposed absorber promise compact small-scale waste heat or solar-thermal driven cooling systems.© 2013 ASME
Nanoscale Skyrmions in a Nonchiral Metallic Multiferroic: Ni2MnGa.

Magnetic skyrmions belong to a set of topologically nontrivial spin textures at the nanoscale that have received increased attention due to their emergent behavior and novel potential spintronic applications. Discovering materials systems that can host skyrmions at room temperature in the absence of external magnetic field is of crucial importance not only from a fundamental aspect, but also from a technological point of view. So far, the observations of skyrmions in bulk metallic ferromagnets have been limited to low temperatures and to materials that exhibit strong chiral interactions. Here we show the formation of nanoscale skyrmions in a nonchiral multiferroic material, which is ferromagnetic and ferroelastic, Ni2MnGa at room temperature without the presence of external magnetic fields. By using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy in combination with micromagnetic simulations, we elucidate their formation, behavior, and stability under applied magnetic fields at room temperature. The formation of...
Practical reformulations with table constraints

The constraint programming practioners are often facing the same modeling questions. In this paper, we start with several such recurring questions on the use of table constraints, and we present efficient reformulations.
Guest Editorial for Information Complexity and Applications

This special issue grew out of a workshop at the Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) conference in 2013 where the basics of information theory and information complexity were presented, followed by applications of this framework. Information complexity is a finer notion than communication and attempts to quantify how much information about the inputs to players in a communication protocol must be revealed. There are a number of applications such as data stream and data structure lower bounds, lower bounds in compressed sensing, sketching, and distributed computation, as well as establishing tradeoffs between privacy, efficiency, and accuracy in various settings. The study of interactive information complexity is connected to the study of coding for interactive communication— where the goal is to understand the limits of communication in the settings where block length does not tend to infinity. The aim of this special issue is to highlight the recent advances in the theory of information complexity as well as to showcase several representative applications of this theory. The issue consists of 9 papers that are briefly discussed as follows: In “Common Information andUniqueDisjointness” the authors introduce the notion of common information for lower bounding non-negative rank of unique disjointness, and apply them to give new lower bounds for extended formulations.
THE MUSCULAR VERSUS THE NERVOUS ORIGIN OF THE RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS OF THE GUT

In Magnus's later papers, he reported that the muscle that he had every reason to believe did not contain ganglion cells contracted rhythmically and this observation was later confirmed by several workers in several parts of the world. Although all experimenters presently agree that mechanically denervated segments of intestinal muscle contract rhythmically, those who cling to the neurogenic idea point out that within the muscle there is a network of tiny nerve fibrils. Because the amnion of the chick contains no nerve cells, and individual muscle fibers derived from this structure can be seen contracting rhythmically in tissue cultures, it is obvious that some smooth muscle fibers possess the power of rhythmic contraction. In embryos, the heart contracts rhythmically before nerves grow into it, and in tissue cultures, heart muscle cells contract rhythmically. The primitive nerveless heart of the embryo chick contracts peristaltically much as does the bowel.
Applications to Simple Reactions

Reactions as First-Passage Processes In this last chapter, we investigate simple particle reactions whose kinetics can be understood in terms of first-passage phenomena. These are typically diffusion-controlled reactions, in which diffusing particles are immediately converted to a product whenever a pair of them meets. The term diffusion controlled refers to the fact that the reaction itself is fast and the overall kinetics is controlled by the transport mechanism that brings reactive pairs together. Because the reaction occurs when particles first meet, first-passage processes provide a useful perspective for understanding the kinetics. We begin by treating the trapping reaction, in which diffusing particles are permanently captured whenever they meet immobile trap particles. For a finite density of randomly distributed static traps, the asymptotic survival probability S ( t ) is controlled by rare, but large trap-free regions.We obtain this survival probability exactly in one dimension and by a Lifshitz tail argument in higher dimensions that focuses on these rare configurations [Lifshitz, Gredeskul, & Pastur (1988)]. At long times, we find that S ( t ) exp(− At d / d +2 ), where A is a constant and d is the spatial dimension. This peculiar form for the survival probability was the focus of considerable theoretical effort that ultimately elucidated the role of extreme fluctuations on asymptotic behavior [see, e.g., Rosenstock (1969), Balagurov & Vaks (1974), Donsker & Varadhan (1975, 1979), Bixon & Zwanzig (1981), Grassberger & Procaccia (1982a), Kayser & Hubbard (1983), Havlin et al. (1984), and Agmon & Glasser (1986)]. We next discuss diffusion-controlled reactions in one dimension.
Cerebellar Ataxia and Multiple Sclerosis

Clinical manifestations and MRI findings in four Japanese children with multiple sclerosis are reported from the Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University, Japan.
Microbiological Aspects of Poultry and Poultry Products - An Update1,2

This update summarizes recent research related to incidence and control of microorganisms contaminating poultry and poultry products. Several reports are cited on numbers and kinds of bacteria likely to be present on poultry carcasses. Discussion includes both pathogenic and spoilage organisms. Studies on lesser known pathogenic bacteria are included. Numerous techniques are described that could disinfect the poultry carcass and extend the shelf life of products. Some of these techniques are not used commercially, but some of the methods discussed could show considerable promise. Further-processed poultry items have been studied less than the refrigerated, ready-to-cook carcass; however, several studies deal with the problems of microbial contamination of cooked, canned, dried or frozen products.
A Healthy Lifestyle Program for the Treatment of Obesity in Minority Men

Historically, minority males have had limited success in programs designed to reduce weight. Twenty-five obese minority males participated in a healthy lifestyle program designed to treat essential hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism. Coined the LE 3 AN Lifestyle Program (emphasizing healthy lifestyles, realistic exercise, reasonable expectations and emotions, attitudes, and nutrition), the program offered a treatment model that involved reasonable low-intensity short exercise regimens, instruction, and extensive practice in making healthy food choices, behavior modification, and self-monitoring techniques coupled with guidance on realistic weight loss and exercise expectations. The participants were able to lose 13 Ib during the inpatient plus day treatment phases of the program and continued to maintain a 19-lb weight loss at 12 months. A program overview, case examples, and suggestions to improve outcome efficacy with difficult to manage obese, minority, male patients are provided.
Respiratory syncytial virus: prospects for new and emerging therapeutics.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Although the development of a RSV vaccine has been a priority for >50 years, there is still no vaccine available. Treatment of RSV LRTI has remained mostly supportive, i.e. hydration and oxygenation. Palivizumab and ribavirin are the only options currently available for prevention and treatment of RSV infection, but evidence suggests that they are not fully effective. This creates a significant unmet medical need for new therapeutics for prevention and treatment of RSV worldwide.Areas covered: This article reviews the antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for RSV that are in different stages of clinical development.Expert commentary: Over the last 10 years, new antiviral drugs and mAb have shown clinical promise against RSV, and may become available in the coming years. Although the RSV fusion protein has been the most popular...
Management of Delayed Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage after Glaucoma Surgery.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To review the most current treatment recommendations and outcomes for delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhages. Methods: Article review of management and outcomes of suprachoroidal hemorrhages, with emphasis on delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhages in the setting of glaucoma surgery. Conclusion: Time of drainage of suprachoroidal hemorrhages remains controversial. Earlier drainage should be considered with high intraocular pressure, expulsion of intraocular content, or retinal detachment. In clinically stable eyes with suprachoroidal hemorrhage, recommendations range from observation to immediate drainage. Clot lysis occurs at roughly 14 days.