cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM CHEMISTRY.

Publisher Summary There are several complete compilations of the literature concerning zirconium and hafnium that take the reader up to about 1960. Since then several reviews of more limited scope have been published, one on the structural aspects of zirconium chemistry, and others on the separation of zirconium and hafnium aqueous chemistry , and ion-exchange properties of zirconium compounds. In general, the data in the present review are drawn from publications since 1960, although references to earlier work are included where necessary to complete the picture. The discovery that the thermal-neutron cross-section capture of zirconium containing the natural 2% hafnium content was largely due to the very high thermal-neutron cross section of the hafnium stimulated the present interest in the chemical and physical properties of these elements. The use of hafnium-free zirconium alloys for cladding nuclear fuels and the use of hafnium for control rods in nuclear reactors account for the fact that much of the recent literature deals with the reduction, purity, working properties, and alloy formation of these elements.
Quasi lumped parameter method for microwave measurements of dielectric dispersion in ferroelectric ceramics

A modified lumped parameter method is discussed which is judged to be especially suitable for microwave measurements of dielectric dispersion in high dielectric materials in a particular frequency region. The method combines some of the features of the lumped parameter method and the distributed parameter method. Dielectric dispersions for PbZr/sub 1-x/Ti/sub x/O/sub 3/, BaTiO/sub 3/, and Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/TiO/sub 3/ ceramics in the frequency domain from 1 MHz to 1 GHz are presented. The principle of the measurement and the accuracy of the experimental data which are retrieved are also discussed. >
An isolated bi-directional soft-switched DC-AC converter using wide-band-gap devices with novel carrier-based unipolar modulation technique under synchronous rectification

A novel carrier-based unipolar-SPWM-oriented modulation technique with synchronous rectification for isolated bi-directional soft-switched high-frequency-AC (HFAC) link DC-AC converter using SiC MOSFET is presented in this paper. The DC-AC converter is composed of a full-bridge (FB) inverter cascaded with a cycloconverter through a high-frequency transformer. In order to increase the efficiency and power density, we proposed to utilize SiC MOSFETs for the converter. A carrier-based unipolar-SPWM-oriented modulation technique is proposed to realize zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) for FB and zero-current or zero-voltage-switching (ZVS/ZCS) for cycloconverter in all load range, and to suppress the voltage spikes introduced by the transformer leakage inductance as well. Synchronous rectification is implemented to further increase the converter efficiency. With the novel modulation technique, 1/4 of the AC switches in the cycloconverter are always on which eliminates 1/4 of the switching loss. Simulation model and a 400 VDC to 240 VAC, 1.2 kW prototype have been developed to validate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed unipolar soft-switching modulation technique and SiC converter.
SOCIAL WORK IN END-OF-LIFE AND PALLIATIVE CARE By Margaret Reith and Malcolm Payne

Authors Reich and Payne bring extensive life-long experience in end of life and palliative care to their 2009 publication. Reich's work at St. Christopher's Hospice London reinforces his pioneering...
Elongation Factor 3 in Fungal Translation

Elongation factor 3 (EF-3) is uniquely required by the fungal translational apparatus. Understanding its function may provide new insights into the mechanistic aspect of translation for all systems. The information in turn may lead to the development of potential antifungal drugs. Keywords: protein synthesis; fungal protein; ribosome; ATP-binding protein; RNA-binding protein
A Place Called LIFE: Exploring the Advance Care Planning of African-American PACE Enrollees

ABSTRACT The goals of this exploratory study were (a) to describe, among African-American PACE (Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly) enrollees, verbalized preferences for end-of-life care as compared to preferences for care as documented in their medical record and (b) to explore the personal values that inform end-of-life decision making among these frail elders. Medical record review and semi-structured interviews generated descriptive and qualitative data for 18 African-American enrollees in a PACE program located in a large eastern city of the United States. Review of verbalized and documented preferences for end-of-life care among participants indicated that most preferred life-sustaining treatments. In addition, findings suggest that these PACE enrollees had limited information or understanding of the interventions and terminology associated with advance directives. Content analysis of interviews indicated that end-of-life decision making was influenced by the desire to maintain usual acti...
666. Conversion of βA- to βS-Globin by Small Fragment Homologous Replacement (SFHR) in Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPCs)

An ultimate goal of gene therapy is development of efficient methods to correct mutant genomic sequences in pathologic cells. In this study SFHR; an oligonucleotide-based gene targeting strategy; was used to convert A|[srarr]| T in codon 6 of the |[beta]|-globin gene of CD34+ Lin- Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) isolated from full term umbilical cord blood. HSPCs were transfected with a defined number of a 559-bp small DNA fragment (SDF) using the AMAXA Nucleofection/Electroporation system. After growing the transfected cells in stem cell media containing EPO for different time intervals up to 32 days, RNA was extracted and DNase I-treated before further analysis. RFLP analysis of a 430-bp PCR product generated from mRNA-derived cDNA with the DdeI enzyme indicated |[beta]|A- to |[beta]|S-globin conversion. Sequencing of the 430-bp amplicon also showed the conversion A|[srarr]| T. These data are consistent with previous studies showing both conversion of |[beta]|S- to |[beta]|A-globin in SC1 cells and |[beta]|A- to |[beta]|S-globin in HSPCs after electroporation and microinjection of SDF, respectively. These studies represent a critical next step in developing SFHR as a therapy for sickle cell disease, in that , they demonstrate long-term SFHR-mediated modification of |[beta]|-globin following mass transfection by electroporation of HSPCs. This work is supported by an NIH Fellowship Training Grant DK007636 and the CPMC Research Foundation.
Student Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in the College Classroom

College student motivation is a persistent and persuasive problem for faculty and staff at all levels of postsecondary education. Faculty at community colleges, comprehensive universities, small liberal arts colleges, and private and public research universities all bemoan the lack of student motivation. The questions that college faculty and staff raise include: why don’t the students seem to care about their work, why don’t they seem more interested in the disciplinary content of the courses, why do they only care about their grades but not learning, why don’t they try very hard, why don’t they study very much, why do they procrastinate and try to study for an exam at the last minute, or try to write a paper the day before it is due, why can’t they be more organized and plan their work better, and why don’t they learn or perform very well. All of these issues can be partially explained by a motivation and self-regulation perspective on student learning in the college classroom. Of course, there are other models of college student cognition and learning that are relevant, but in this chapter we will focus on motivational and self-regulatory constructs. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of current research on college student motivation and self-regulated learning that should provide some insights into these general problems.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support Controversy: Where Do Antiarrhythmic Agents Fit In?

Approximately half of all cardiovascular fatalities are attributable to sudden cardiac death, and the majority of sudden cardiac deaths result from ventricular fibrillation (VF). Antiarrhythmic agents are needed to manage refractory VF and ventricular tachycardia (VT); the primary reason for their administration is to prevent recurrence of VF and to abolish VT. The American Heart Association recommends lidocaine hydrochloride as a first-line antiarrhythmic agent in the advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) setting, followed by bretylium tosylate. Although the newly approved intravenous antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone hydrochloride, may potentially be effective in ACLS, studies are needed to document its clinical benefit in this setting. Such studies are currently under way to document this potential use.
Physical performance scores as a function of experimenter sex and experimenter bias.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the main effects of the sex of the experimenter, the interaction effects of the sex of the experimenter and the sex of the S, and the experimenter bias effect upon 50-yd dash, shuttle run, and sit-up scores. The subjects were 48 male and 48 female junior high students. The experimenters were six male and six female upper-division college students. The subjects were randomly assigned for testing to sex of experimenter and experimenter bias effect. The experimenter bias condition resulted from the fact that the experimenters were led to believe that half of the Ss had particular characteristics that would cause them to score well on the tests while the other half had characteristics that should cause poor performance scores. The significant findings in the study were that male experimenters received much better scores from their Ss than did female experimenters on the sit-up test, that Ss scored better when tested by experimenters of the opposite sex on bo...
Resonantly enhanced Raman amplification of ultrashort pulses

We consider propagation of a pair of ultrashort coherent pulses in V-type medium. Both pulses are supposed to be resonant with corresponding atomic transitions and medium not prepared in a coherent state. It is shown that, in the system under consideration, lasing without inversion is impossible. However, the resonant character of the atom-field interaction yields several novel phenomena. If the strong pump pulse is taken in the form of a 2/spl pi/-soliton, and the medium is prepared in the ground state, then weak probe pulse propagates there without any absorption and dispersion. The system yields a pulse locking, in which the two pulses propagate with equal group velocities. The probe pulse evolves towards the locked state independently of its initial shape. If the medium is prepared in a state with small Raman inversion, then the probe pulse experiences high resonantly enhanced Raman gain, still accompanied by vanished linear absorption and dispersion. We demonstrate that, in the nonlinear stage of probe amplification, gain for the probe does not disappear or decrease, but considerably increases. Raman amplification of the probe pulse ends with complete vanishing of the pump, and all photons of the pump exchange on those of the drive one by one. Since the atom-field interaction is resonantly enhanced, this Raman scattering requires much weaker pump intensity in comparison with conventional Raman laser schemes working with far-detuned fields. We study various practical aspects of frequency up- and down-conversion utilizing resonant Raman scattering of ultrashort pulses. The physics behind the effect of pulse locking and resonant Raman amplification are also discussed. The proposed effect holds promise to yield coherent radiation in new frequency domains and improve performance of modern Raman lasers.
One-Dimensional Phase-Change Nanomaterials for Information Storage Applications

The electrically operated phase-change random access memory (PRAM) features faster write/read, improved endurance, and much simpler fabrication as compared with the traditional transistor-based nonvolatile semiconductor memories. Low-dimensional phase-change materials in nanoscale dimensions offer advantages over their bulk or thin-film counterparts in several aspects such as reduced programmable volume and reduced thermal energies in phase transition. These features contribute to low-power operation, excellent scalability, and fast write/erase time. In this chapter, we present a general bottom-up synthesis approach and systematic material analysis study of one-dimensional chalcogenide-based phase-change materials including germanium telluride (GeTe), and indium selenide (In2Se3) nanowires that are targeted for nonvolatile resistive switching data storage. The phase-change nanowires have been synthesized via thermal evaporation method under vaporliquid—solid (VLS) mechanism. The morphology, composition, and crystal structure of the synthesized nanowires were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The as-synthesized nanowires are structurally uniform with single crystalline structures. The one-dimensional phase-change chalcogenide nanowires exhibit significantly reduced melting points, low activation energy, and excellent morphology, making them promising nanomaterials for data storage devices with very low energy consumption and excellent scalability.
Storage and Detention Facilities

A storage and detention facility (pond or basin) is a low-lying area (natural or constructed), which is designed to hold a specific amount of runoff temporarily and used to attenuate peak flow rate. Stormwater runoff is released to downstream conveyances in a controlled manner such that downstream flooding and other adverse impacts are prevented or alleviated. Detention facilities can be surface and underground storage basins, and they can be classified as wet or dry ponds. Detention storage design need consider determination of the size of pond, site selection, design of outflow structure, construction of pond, maintenance cost, and estimates of service life. The most common outlet structures for detention ponds can be of orifice-type, weir-type, or a combination of the two. The pond should be located where the topography of the site allows for maximum storage at minimum construction cost. Multiple ponds may be necessary to achieve the detention requirement. Keywords: stormwater facilities; detention pond; retention pond; pond design; hydrograph routing; peak flow reduction; storage basin
Geoacoustic Physical Modeling: Volume-Roughness Interactions

Abstract : The long-term scientific objective of this research is to develop a geoacoustic model of the seafloor for better understanding the physics of interaction between sound and marine sediments. The emphasis is on phenomena encountered in the interaction of high-frequency acoustic signals with littoral ocean bottoms. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the physics of volume-roughness interactions in sea bed scattering using both theoretical modeling and controlled experiments in NRL tank facilities.
Slotted arrays for low profile mobile DBS antennas

We have developed a low profile antenna for United States (U.S.) DBS mobile market. The antenna utilizes slotted array elements that radiate either right-hand or left-hand circular polarization tilted by 45deg off-broadside. The structure with limited required scan can render relatively low profile mobile antennas
Interval polynomial positivity

It is shown that a univariate interval polynomial is globally positive if and only if two extreme polynomials are globally positive. It is shown that the global positivity property of a bivariate interval polynomial is completely determined by four extreme bivariate polynomials. The cardinality of the determining set for k-variate interval polynomials is 2/sup k/. One of many possible generalizations, where vertex implication for global positivity holds, is made by considering the parameter space to be the set dual of a boxed domain. >
The Construction of Subject Matter Knowledge in Primary Science Teaching.

Abstract An analysis was made of the subject matter knowledge and beliefs of 10 primary teachers in a summer program that focused upon conceptual change teaching in science. Interviews and videotapes of teaching showed that, before the program, substantive and pedagogical content knowledge about targeted science subject matter was limited, and beliefs about science teaching were predominantly didactic- or discovery-oriented. During the program, most teachers began to acquire targeted content knowledge and elements of a conceptual change orientation toward science teaching. Their initial attempts at implementation of this knowledge and orientation, in a summer science camp, revealed several ways in which orientations and/or various aspects of the subject matter influenced the form and content of their lessons. Results indicate the need to address both substantive and pedagogical content knowledge, as well as beliefs about teaching, in teacher training programs.
Modeling Differences in Driver Left-Turn Gap Acceptance Behavior Using Bayesian and Bootstrap Approaches

A Bayesian and Bootstrap logistic left-turn gap acceptance model is developed using 2,730 field observations. The variables that are considered in the model include the gap duration; the driver's wait time in search of an appropriate acceptable gap; the time traveled by a driver to clear the conflict point; and the rain intensity. The model demonstrates that the acceptable time gap decreases as a function of the driver's wait time and increases as the rain intensity increases. The Bayesian and Bootstrap approaches are demonstrated to estimate consistent model parameters. A procedure for modeling the Bayesian realizations that captures parameter correlations without the need to store all parameter combinations is developed. The proposed procedure is demonstrated to produce results that are consistent with the use of the Bayesian realizations. The study then demonstrates how the model produces stochastic realizations of opposed saturation flow rates using a Monte Carlo simulation example application. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Reading comprehension in the presence of unattended speech and music

This series of experiments investigated whether the detrimental effects of unattended speech that have been obtained in short-term memory tasks would be obtained in reading comprehension. Such effects would be expected if reading comprehension depends on the maintenance of phonological information in short-term memory. The first three experiments demonstrated that unattended speech but not music interfered with reading comprehension while unattended music had a greater interfering effect than speech on a music identification task. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that the detrimental effect of the speech backgrounds on reading was due to their semantic rather than their phonological properties. The failure to find a phonological interference effect argues against a role for phonological short-term memory in reading comprehension.
Origin of seaward-dipping reflectors in oceanic crust off the Norwegian margin by “subaerial sea-floor spreading”

A remarkable layered acoustic stratification is observed in the upper oceanic crust adjacent to the Norwegian continental margin. It comprises a seaward-dipping complex of reflectors in the form of a wedge. We suggest that it is a layered igneous sequence that results when crustal accretion occurs at a subaerial spreading axis and that this phenomenon may commonly occur during the earliest phase of ocean-basin genesis.
Some implications of the quantum nature of laser fields for quantum computations

The quantum nature of the laser fields used in many proposed schemes for the manipulation of quantum information may have important consequences for some very large scale quantum computations. Some of these consequences are explored here, focusing especially on phase errors and their effects on error-correction schemes. Depending on the way the logical gates are performed, constraints are found on either the required number of photons per coherence time put out by the laser source, or the source's power
EPOC and the energetics of brief locomotor activity in Mus domesticus

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is normally not considered in determinations of the metabolic cost of activity. This approach overlooks an important energetic cost that an animal incurs as a result of activity. To examine the importance of EPOC, we determined how the energetic cost of locomotion was affected by activity of short duration and high intensity. Mice were run at maximum speed on a treadmill while enclosed in an open-flow respirometry system. After sprinting for 5, 15, 30, or 60 sec, each mouse was allowed to recover while remaining enclosed in the respirometry chamber. Exercise oxygen consumption (EOC), the volume of oxygen consumed during the exercise, increased linearly with sprint duration. EPOC was determined as the volume of oxygen consumed after exercise ended until rest was reached. EPOC volumes were found to be constant following 5–60 sec of activity and accounted for≥90% of the total metabolic cost. The average EPOC volume of all treatments was 0.76 ± 0.456 ml O2 · gm–1. The net cost of activity (Cact), which considers both EOC and EPOC, decreased as sprint duration increased and varied between 500 ml O2 · g–1 · km–1 for 5 sec to 30 ml O2 · g–1 · km–1 for 60 sec of activity. The values for Cact were 15 to 250 times higher than traditional estimates of locomotor costs. From these data, it can be concluded that (1) EPOC is not affected by short exercise durations; (2) EPOC is an important energetic consideration when exercise durations are short; and (3) the metabolic costs of brief, vigorous locomotion may be much higher than previously estimated. J. Exp. Zool. 280:114–120, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A decrease in the plasma DHEA to cortisol ratio during smoking abstinence predicts relapse

A decrease in the plasma DHEA to cortisol ratio during smoking abstinence predicts relapse Ann M. Rasmusson , Ran Wu , Prashni Paliwal , George M. Anderson , Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin c a Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA b VA National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neuroscience Division, West Haven, CT, USA c Department of Psychiatry and Transdiscipliniary Tobacco Use Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA d Department of Psychiatry and Division of Women’s BehavioralHealth, YaleUniversity School ofMedicine, NewHaven, CT, USA e Child Study Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA E-mail address: ann.rasmusson@yale.edu (A.M.Rasmusson)
Phase maintenance in a rhythmic motor pattern during temperature changes in vivo

Central-pattern-generating neural circuits function reliably throughout an animal's life, despite constant molecular turnover and environmental perturbations. Fluctuations in temperature pose a problem to the nervous systems of poikilotherms because their body temperature follows the ambient temperature, thus affecting the temperature-dependent dynamics of various subcellular components that constitute neuronal circuits. In the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, the pyloric circuit produces a triphasic rhythm comprising the output of the pyloric dilator, lateral pyloric, and pyloric constrictor neurons. In vitro, the phase relationships of these neurons are maintained over a fourfold change in pyloric frequency as temperature increases from 7°C to 23°C. To determine whether these temperature effects are also found in intact crabs, in the presence of sensory feedback and neuromodulator-rich environments, we measured the temperature dependence of the pyloric frequency and phases in vivo by implanting extracellular electrodes into Cancer borealis and Cancer pagurus and shifting tank water temperature from 11°C to 26°C. Pyloric frequency in the intact crab increased significantly with temperature (Q10 = 2–2.5), while pyloric phases were generally conserved. For a subset of the C. borealis experiments, animals were subsequently dissected and the stomatogastric ganglion subjected to a similar temperature ramp in vitro. We found that the maximal frequency attained at high temperatures in vivo is lower than it is under in vitro conditions. Our results demonstrate that, over a wide temperature range, the phases of the pyloric rhythm in vivo are generally preserved, but that the frequency range is more restricted than it is in vitro.
Glia-derived growth regulator: Studies on its production and action

Abstract The activity of the growth inhibitor elaborated by spinal cord glial cells increased in the medium after 2 days in culture, without detectable presence in the cytosol of producer cells. The cytosol did not interfere with inhibitor action in mixing experiments, nor did it generate inhibitor from the nutrient medium. This suggests that the growth inhibitor was produced and transported extracellularly without intracellular storage or concentration. Production of inhibitor diminished in long-term cultures after the second to third week and disappeared after the fifth to sixth week, without morphologic change evident in the predominantly glial cultures. Embryonic muscle cells of the chick were sensitive to the inhibitor at all ages tested. In addition, cells derived from three other avian species (turkey, quail, duck), as well as three mammals (rabbit, rat, guinea pig) were similarly sensitive. This suggests that the chick-derived inhibitor may have a broad range of sensitive target cells. The biochemical site of inhibitor action is not known. Synthesis of protein and RNA were similarly affected on day 1, with slightly less effect on RNA on day 2. Synthesis of DNA was less affected suggesting that the site of inhibitor action may be closer to mechanisms affecting protein than nucleic acid synthesis. Insulin and epinephrine, which stimulate myogenic protein synthesis and myoblast fusion respectively, did not protect target cultures from inhibitor action.
Impact testing of concrete

Abstract Three test methods were developed to determine the resistance of concrete subjected to low velocity single- and repeated-impact to failure, and to higher velocity small projectiles. These performance tests were used to evaluate the effects of reinforcing concrete with one or more of the following reinforcement types: steel fibers, rebars, or expanded metal. Concretes with and without latex were included. With all three test methods, the results indicate that, in general, increases in the impact resistance were obtained with increases in the compressive strength. For the single- and repeated-impact to failure tests, the type of reinforcement used also affected the impact resistance.
Science education for rural Latino/a students: Course placement and success in science

This study investigated the effects of one rural high school's science course placement practices on Latino/a student success in science, as measured by performance in a required science course and enrollment in subsequent science courses. The high school involved in this study has experienced a rapid increase in language minority students and placed students considered to be “limited English proficient” into a science course intended for those with learning disabilities. The results indicate that track placement was inappropriate, as Latino/a students with demonstrated success on standardized tests written in English, and with high grade point averages, were placed in the lower-level science course. Students placed in the lower-level science course, regardless of academic ability, were unlikely to take subsequent courses required for college admission despite the fact that most had college aspirations. Conversely, low-achieving non-Latino/a White students were disproportionately placed in upper-level science classes, a track associated with greater success in science for all. Thus, despite this rural school's attempt to provide for the needs of all the students, the result in this case was decreased success in science for Latino/a students, regardless of their English fluency. Implications for inclusive rural science education are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 376–402, 2005
Effects of increased cardiac work on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in hearts from diabetic animals.

Abstract The effects of increased cardiac work and availability of pyruvate on the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) was studied in hearts isolated from diabetic rats. Diabetes resulted in complete inactivation of myocardial PDH. At low levels of cardiac work, PDH in hearts perfused with glucose or glucose plus insulin as substrate remained in the inactive form even after 25 min of in vitro perfusion indicating that the factors causing inactivation in the diabetic animal were not easily reversed in vitro. Raising the level of ventricular pressure development from 60 to 180 mmHg caused only a small increase in the percent of active PDH (from 0.3 to 16%). Comparable values in control hearts were 61 and 96% active PDH. Addition of high levels of perfusate pyruvate along with glucose increased the percent active PDH from 0.3 to 45 at 60 mmHg ventricular pressure. Although pyruvate increased active PDH the effect was much less than in normal hearts (85% active under comparable conditions). Increased ventricular pressure development (180 mmHg) in diabetic hearts receiving pyruvate caused a further activation of PDH to 66% but again this effect was much less than occurred in normal hearts (96% active). Inactivation of PDH in hearts from diabetic animals could not be accounted for by high mitochondrial levels of known effectors such as NADH NAD , acetyl CoA CoA and ATP ADP . Increasing cardiac work resulted in decreased mitochondrial levels of NADH, acetyl CoA and ATP, but these changes had little effect on PDH activity. The data indicate that PDH in hearts of diabetic animals is resistant to activation by increased cardiac work and high tissue levels of pyruvate.
The time of genesis, embryonic origin and differentiation of the brain stem monoamine neurons in the rhesus monkey

Neurogenesis of the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigra (SN) and raphe nuclei (RN) was analyzed in autoradiograms prepared from postnatal rhesus monkeys that had been exposed to a pulse of [3H]thymidine on selected embryonic (E) days of the 165-day gestational period. Heavily labeled monoamine (MA) neurons were present only in monkeys exposed to the isotope between E27 and E36 with the peak around E30-E33. The majority of neurons generated on E30 eventually become situated in the medial part of the LC, whereas most cells of the lateral portion are generated on E32 and E33, indicating the existence of a mediolateral spatiotemporal gradient. Proliferation of neurons destined for the compact portion of the LC peaks around E32, whereas production of subcoeruleus cells proceeds more evenly throughout the E30-E33 period. SN neurons are generated between E36 and E43, with peak labeling around E38-E40, and no appreciable spatiotemporal gradients. Neurons of the ventral tegmental area are also generated between E38 and E43. Neurogenesis of the RN occurs between E28 and E43 with only a moderate rostrocaudal spatiotemporal gradient. Neurons of raphe dorsalis and centralis superior undergo final mitosis between E28 and E35, with the peak on E30, whereas cells of raphe magnus, pontis, obscurus and pallidus are produced between E35 and E43, with the peak between E38 and E40. In general, MA neurons that project to different targets may be produced simultaneously within each nucleus irrespective of any spatiotemporal gradients. Examination of another series of fetuses sacrificed at various short intervals after exposure to [3H]TdR revealed that all MA neurons arise in the ventricular zone with each MA nucleus being generated at a specific level of the brain stem. Postmitotic MA cells migrate to their final location along specific pathways, and settle in patterns corresponding to the sequence of their genesis. Morphometric analysis indicated that after reaching their final destinations, the somas and nuclei of all MA neurons grow according to the same tempo and sequence irrespective of the developmental schedules of their synaptic targets.
FEEL: frequent EDA and event logging -- a mobile social interaction stress monitoring system

This work proposes a system for the automatic annotation and monitoring of cell phone activity and stress responses of users. While mobile phone applications (e.g., e mail, voice, calendar) are used to non-intrusively extract the context of social interactions, a non-intrusive and comfortable biosensor is used to measure the electrodermal activity (EDA). Then, custom stress recognition software analyses the streams of data in real-time and associates stress levels to each event. Both contextual data and stress levels are aggregated in a searchable journal where the user can reflect on his/her physiological responses.
Gastric Preneoplastic Lesions and Epithelial Dysplasia

The incidence of gastric cancer is declining; however, it remains the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This article describes gastric preneoplastic lesions and epithelial dysplasia. The possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection is emphasized.
Maternal depression and developmental disability: Research critique

Maternal depression in families having a child with a disability has been the subject of considerable research over the past 25 years. This review was designed to describe the literature on maternal depression, critique its research methodology, identify consensus findings across studies, and make recommendations for future research. A particular emphasis is on the distinction between exhibiting depressive symptoms and meeting clinical criteria for a depressive disorder, how or whether research studies made this distinction, and implications for our understanding of maternal adaptation to disability in a family member. Of the 42 articles reviewed, only eight were clinically diagnosed depression; most of them used a scale rating depressive symptoms. Across the studies, mothers of children with disabilities generally exhibited a higher than average rate of depressive symptoms and are more at risk for clinical depression, but the incidence may be lower than reported in previous literature. Child behavior problems, maternal stress, coping style, and support were consistently associated with depressive symptoms. We conclude that we know relatively little about clinical depression in mothers of children with disabilities. The distinction between clinical depression and depressive symptoms may be important in conceptualizing how a child with a disability can influence family members and the nature of support that may need to be provided. Future research should incorporate gold standard diagnostic tools and assess history, severity, and type of depression. Research is also needed to study treatments to reduce the occurrence of both depressive symptoms and clinical depression.
Temperature Regime and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Alter Cotton Boll Development and Fiber Properties

Temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO{sub 2}] affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and development, but the interaction of these two factors on bill and fiber properties has not been studied. An experiment was conducted in naturally lit plant growth chambers to determine the influence of temperature and atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] on cotton (cv. DPL-51) boll and fiber growth parameters. Five temperature regimes were evaluated: the 1995 temperature at Mississippi State, MS; the 1995 temperature minus 2 C; and the 1995 temperature plus 2, 5, and 7 C. Daily and seasonal variation and amplitudes were maintained. Atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] treatments were 360 (ambient) and 720 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1}. Boll number, boll growth, and fiber properties were measured. Boll size and maturation periods decreased as temperature increased. Boll growth increased with temperature to 25 C and then declined at the highest temperature. Boll maturation period, size, and growth rates were not affected by atmospheric [CO{sub 2}]. The most temperature-sensitive aspect of cotton development is boll retention. Almost no bolls were retained to maturity at 1995 plus 5 or 7 C, but squares and bolls were continuously produced even at those high temperatures. Therefore, the upper limit for cotton boll survivalmore » is 32 C, or 5 C warmer than the 1995 US Mid-South ambient temperatures. The 720 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1} atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] had about 40% more squares and bolls across temperatures than the 360 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1} [CO{sub 2}]. Fibers were longer when bolls grew at less than optimal temperatures (25 C) for boll growth. As temperature increased, fiber length distributions were more uniform. Fiber fineness and maturity increased linearly with the increase in temperature up to 26 C, but decreased at 32 C. Short-fiber content declined linearly from 17 to 26 C, but was higher at higher temperature. As for boll growth and developmental parameters, elevated atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] did not affect any of the fiber parameters. Changes in temperature, however, had a dramatic effect on boll set and fiber properties. The relationships between temperature and boll growth and developmental rate functions and fiber properties provide the necessary functional parameters to build fiber models under optimum water and nutrient conditions.« less
The Role of Emotions in Discriminatory Ethno-Religious Politics: An Experimental Study of Anti-Muslim Politics in the United States

AbstractThere is consensus among scholars of ethno-religious conflict that elites play a pivotal role in either starting or exacerbating intergroup conflicts by evoking negative emotions such as fear, resentment, anger, and rage in the masses. However, scholars have long based these assertions on evidence from elite actions alone. Moreover, despite insights from research on nationalism about the role that positive emotions play in the process of mobilization, current research on ethno-religious conflict has focused exclusively on negative emotions. The current study addresses these gaps. Building upon symbolic politics theory and psychological theories of transformational leadership, I posit that to gain support for aggressive policies against rival groups, leaders must simultaneously evoke negative emotions associated with dislike for the rival group and positive emotions such as confidence, pride, optimism, and feeling energized. I tested this theory with an experiment that randomly exposed participants...
Posttraumatic human cerebral myiasis

Objective Only eight cases of cerebral myiasis in humans have been reported worldwide and only one in the United States. Presented here is a case of cerebral myiasis in the setting of head trauma in suburban Los Angeles. Methods The article includes chart review and description of a clinical case presentation. Results A 42-year-old HIV-positive man was found in a ditch after 2 weeks, the victim of apparent assault. He had multiple facial fractures along with open depressed bifrontal sinus fractures with necrotic bone, eroded dura, exposed cortex, and extensive maggot infestation of the left frontal lobe. The patient was taken urgently to the operating room, where the maggots where evacuated by irrigation and suction. Debridement of necrotic bone, dura, and brain was performed, the frontal sinuses were exenterated, and skull defects plated with titanium mesh. Intraoperative cultures revealed a polymicrobial meningitis/encephalitis, which was treated postoperatively with antibiotics. The patient's neurologic exam stabilized and the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation facility for further care, ultimately achieving functionality and holding a job. Conclusion This is the first published case of cerebral myiasis secondary to trauma, and to our knowledge, the first documented long-term survivor of extensive cerebral myiasis. Wide debridement to normal brain followed by 6 weeks of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment is effective in managing this condition. A well-functioning outcome can be expected with prompt recognition and treatment of the disease. Larval infestation may have a protective effect against bacterial infection and may allow for greater tolerance of treatment delay.
Evolution as an entropy driven process: An economic model

Evolutionists and economists employ similar methods of optimization and resource allocation to describe and predict natural and social phenomena. In this paper, entropy production is postulated as the maximand in biological processes and analogs are derived in evolutionary theory to the Stolper—Samuelson theorem, Rybczynski theorem, and Jones Magnification Effect of economic theory. The proposed thermodynamic model of evolution explains diversity, extinction, the five agents of microevolution, Gause's Competitive Exclusionary Principle, gradualism, increasing biological complexity, the Law of Extinction, Lotka's Principle, the Minimum Dissipation Principle, neutralism, punctuated equilibrium, r-k selection, and sex in terms of free energy allocation to increase entropy production. Preliminary hypotheses are generated and the model is compared to its alternatives. Finally, implications for exobiology and a synthetic theory of natural and social phenomena are discussed.
Failed Descemet-Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Grafts: A Clinicopathologic Analysis

Purpose To describe the clinicopathologic findings in failed Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) grafts. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods setting: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. study population: Twenty-one patients with 22 failed DSAEK grafts treated between March 1, 2006 and February 1, 2008. intervention: Repeat DSAEK or penetrating keratoplasty were performed in the eyes with failed grafts. All failed grafts were examined histopathologically. main outcome measures: Histopathologic parameters studied in failed DSAEK grafts included endothelial cell count, interface characteristics, retrocorneal membrane formation, inflammation, and immunoreactivity for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) antigen. Results DSAEK failure was strongly associated with postoperative lenticle dislocation. Graft failure was primary in 19 DSAEKs and secondary to rejection, eccentric trephination with epithelial ingrowth, or bacterial infection in the remaining 3. All failed grafts demonstrated endothelial hypocellularity and stromal edema. Additional findings included stromal inflammation (68%), interface fibrosis (50%), retrocorneal membrane (36%), unplanned retention of Descemet membrane (14%), immunoreactivity for HSV-1 (14%), paucicellular stroma (14%), and uneven trephination with epithelial ingrowth (5%). Conclusions Most DSAEK failures are secondary to endothelial cell loss. Other contributing factors include interface fibrosis, retrocorneal membrane formation, retained host Descemet membrane, uneven trephination, epithelial ingrowth, graft rejection, and infection.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome and pulmonary hypertension in the same patient: A pathophysiological paradox and therapeutic dilemma

Summary Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portapulmonary hypertension are two distinct and not commonly encountered lung diseases occurring in patients with portal hypertension. These disorders are characterized by opposite pathophysiologic pictures and have been considered mutually exclusive. Although the sequential development of these syndromes in the same patient has been described, the simultaneous presence of features of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portapulmonary hypertension is very rare. In this report, we discuss the pathophysiological paradox and therapeutic dilemma associated with such coexistence.
Uniform constant-depth threshold circuits for division and iterated multiplication

It has been known since the mid-1980s (SIAM J. Comput. 15 (1986) 994; SIAM J. Comput. 21 (1992) 896) that integer division can be performed by poly-time uniform constant-depth circuits of MAJORITY gates; equivalently, the division problem lies in P-uniform TC0. Recently, this was improved to L-uniform TC0 (RAIRO Theoret. Inform. Appl. 35 (2001) 259), but it remained unknown whether division can be performed by DLOGTIME-uniform TC0 circuits. The DLOGTIME uniformity condition is regarded by many as being the most natural notion of uniformity to apply to small circuit complexity classes such as TC0; DLOGTIME-uniform TC0 is also known as FOM, because it corresponds to first-order logic with MAJORITY quantifiers, in the setting of finite model theory. Integer division has been the outstanding example of a natural problem known to be in a P-uniform circuit complexity class, but not known to be in its DLOGTIME-uniform version.We show that indeed division is in DLOGTIME-uniform TC0. First we show that division lies in the complexity class FOM + POW obtained by augmenting FOM with a predicate for powering modulo small primes. Then we show that the predicate POW itself lies in FOM. (In fact, it lies in FO, or DLOGTIME-uniform AC0.)The essential idea in the fast parallel computation of division and related problems is that of Chinese remainder representation (CRR)--storing a number in the form of its residues modulo many small primes. The fact that CRR operations can be carried out in log space has interesting implications for small space classes. We define two versions of s(n) space for s(n) = o(log n): dspace(s(n)) as the traditional version where the worktape begins blank, and DSPACE(s(n)) where the space bound is established by endmarkers before the computation starts. We present a new translational lemma characterizing the unary languages in the DSPACE classes. It is known (Theoret. Comput. Sci. 3 (1976) 213) that {0n : n is prime} ∉ dspace(log logn). We show that if this can be improved to {0n:n is prime} ∉ DSPACE(log log n), it follows that L ≠ NP.
Preventing growth in amphetamine use: long-term effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) from early adolescence to early adulthood.

Aim The aim of the current study was to examine the long-term effect of an early adolescent substance abuse prevention program on trajectories and initiation of amphetamine use into early adulthood. Design Eight middle schools were assigned randomly to a program or control condition. The randomized controlled trial followed participants through 15 waves of data, from ages 11-28 years. This longitudinal study design includes four separate periods of development from early adolescence to early adulthood. Setting The intervention took place in middle schools. Participants A total of 1002 adolescents from one large mid-western US city were the participants in the study. Intervention The intervention was a multi-component community-based program delivered in early adolescence with a primary emphasis on tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use. Measures At each wave of data collection participants completed a self-report survey that included questions about life-time amphetamine use. Findings Compared to a control group, participants in the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) intervention condition had reduced growth (slope) in amphetamine use in emerging adulthood, a lower amphetamine use intercept at the commencement of the early adulthood and delayed amphetamine use initiation. Conclusions The pattern of results suggests that the program worked first to prevent amphetamine use, and then to maintain the preventive effect into adulthood. Study findings suggest that early adolescent substance use prevention programs that focus initially on the 'gateway' drugs have utility for long-term prevention of amphetamine use.
Plasma renin activity and the response to sodium depletion in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Plasma Renin Activity and the Response to Sodium Depletion in Salt-Losing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia