cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Social Dimensions of Moral Psychology

Contemporary moral psychology has been enormously enriched by recent theoretical developments and empirical findings in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, and social psychology and psychopathology. Yet despite the fact that some theorists have developed specifically “social heuristic” (Gigerenzer, 2008) and “social intuitionist” (Haidt, 2007) theories of moral judgment and behavior, and despite regular appeals to the findings of experimental social psychology, contemporary moral psychology has largely neglected the social dimensions of moral judgment and behavior. I provide a brief sketch of these dimensions, and consider the implications for contemporary theory and research in moral psychology.
Cellular Membrane Permeability of Anthracyclines Does Not Correlate with Their Delivery in a Tissue-isolated Tumor

The clearance of anthracyclines from the vasculature was studied in perfused tissue-isolated tumors. Human tumor lines MCF-7, U87, and LS174T were implanted in the ovarian fat pad of immune-deficient mice and grown isolated from the surrounding tissue. The initial and continuous tissue uptakes of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and idarubicin were measured. The clearance of these anthracyclines from the perfused vasculature of the tissue-isolated tumor was calculated using BSA as an intravascular marker. The measured clearances ranged from 50-200 microl/min/g tumor tissue, and the fractional clearances were between 0.30 and 0.70. On the basis of the in vitro cellular uptake rates of the anthracyclines, we expected a higher clearance of idarubicin than of doxorubicin. No significant differences were found among the clearances of the anthracyclines or among the tumor lines. The observed similarities in clearance of the anthracyclines was largely explained by differences in their protein binding and tissue diffusion gradients.
Fast Scheduling of Weighted Unit Jobs with Release Times and Deadlines

We present a fast algorithm for the following classic scheduling problem: Determine a maximum-weight schedule for a collection of unit jobs, each of which has an associated release time, deadline, and weight. All previous algorithms for this problem have at least quadratic worst-case complexity. This job scheduling problem can also be viewed as a special case of weighted bipartite matching: each job represents a vertex on the left side of the bipartite graph; each time slot represents a vertex on the right side; each job is connected by an edge to all time slots between its release time and deadline; all of the edges adjacent to a given job have weight equal to the weight of the job. Letting Udenote the set of jobs and Vdenote the set of time slots, our algorithm runs in O(|U| + klog2k) time, where k≤ min {|U|,|V|} denotes the cardinality of a maximum-cardinality matching. Thus our algorithm runs in nearly linear time, a dramatic improvement over the previous quadratic bounds.
Performance modeling of an ATM multiplexer with heterogeneous speed links

This paper presents analyses to study the persession performance of an ATM multiplexer which finds application in call admission control (CAC). We consider a scenario where a switching node is non-blocking and output buffered, links are of different speeds and the traffic is bursty with correlated arrivals. We model the session of interest as a Markov modulated Bernoulli process (MMBP) and the interfering traffic as an MMBP with batch arrivals. We propose an efficient method to obtain the exact steady-state performance results of a session. An approximation technique is also presented. This method could also be used to analyze any Markov renewal traffic model such as discrete-batch Markovian arrival process (D-BMAP), and study the transient behavior of a session.
Transposons and Their Applications

This chapter focuses on the Enterococcus faecalis element Tn917, which is the most extensively used transposon in Bacillus subtilis. Numerous derivatives of Tn917 have been developed to facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of regulated genes identified by insertional mutations, and delivery vectors for obtaining Tn917 insertions function effectively in several other gram-positive species. This chapter also describes a new family of insertion elements based on derivatives of the Escherichia coli transposon Tn10 that were specifically engineered for use in B. subtilis. The insertional mutagenesis systems now available for Streptomyces spp. are discussed briefly, primarily as a model for the establishment of such systems in gram-positive species in which barriers to the use of nonindigenous elements exist. Of particular importance for understanding the origins and properties of most of the Tn917 derivatives is the fact that the interval between erm and the nearest terminal inverted repeat consists of nonessential DNA that may be modified without interfering with transposition. Although transposons indigenous to other gram-positive bacteria, such as Tn551 and Tn4001 of S. aureus, have been utilized effectively for insertional mutagenesis, only in the case of Streptomyce insertion elements have efforts been made to alter natural transposons to produce derivatives more useful for genetic analysis.
Debate: The Constitutionality of Stop-and-Frisk in New York City

Stop-and-frisk, a crime prevention tactic that allows a police officer to stop a person based on “reasonable suspicion” of criminal activity and frisk based on reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous, has been a contentious police practice since first approved by the Supreme Court in 1968. In Floyd v. City of New York, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that New York City’s stop-and-frisk practices violate both the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Professors David Rudovsky and Lawrence Rosenthal debate the constitutionality of stop-and-frisk in New York City in light of Floyd and Judge Shira A. Scheindlin’s controversial removal from the case. Professor Rudovsky argues that Floyd shows the important role of data and statistical analysis in assessing the constitutionality of stop-and-frisk procedures. He contends that empirical evidence regarding both the factors for and outcomes of stops and frisks in New York demonstrates that either the legal standard is too permissive or police-stop documentation is not truthful. In response, Professor Rosenthal argues that Judge Scheindlin erred in failing to consider evidence of stop-and-frisk’s efficacy — evidence indicating that the NYPD’s stops are based on reasonable suspicion, a standard considerably less demanding than “preponderance of the evidence.” Additionally, Rosenthal argues that Judge Scheindlin should have considered differential offending by race or other potentially nondiscriminatory explanations for the higher stop rates of minorities.
The effect of Al replacement and heat treatment on magnetocaloric properties of Ni2Mn–Sn ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Abstract We made a series of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys by large replacement of Sn in Ni2Mn1.36Sn0.64 system with Al to get good magnetocaloric effects. We studied this effect as a function of increase in amount of Al. While magnetocaloric property increased initially, it fell with higher contents of Al. To increase the effect at this Al concentration, we did secondary heat treatments at temperatures below the first annealing temperature. It was found that heat treatment can be used to tune the magnetism of the system, to obtain larger change in magnetization across the phase transformation, thus enhancing the functional capabilities of these alloys.
The dual localization of β-glucuronidase in rat thyroid

After 20 days of treatment with propylthiouracil, a two-fold increase in the amount of β-glucuronidase per gram of rat thyroid was noted. This change was manifested cytochemically by both an increase in the number of β-glucuronidase containing granules and an enhancement of the generalized cytoplasmic activity. The results are discussed in relation to the dual localization of β-glucuronidase.
Studies in red blood cell preservation: 4. Plasma vesicle hemoglobin exceeds free hemoglobin

. Studies were designed to find out how much of the plasma hemoglobin (Hb) in whole blood was in microvesicles and how much was free Hb after 21 days of storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose anticoagulant and to determine the effect of the plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The total plasma Hb in polyolefin (PO) containers without DEHP was much higher than in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with the plasticizer (p=0.004). Less than 30% of the Hb was in free solution in either type of container. The addition of 300 μg/ml of DEHP to the plasma in the PO containers resulted in marked reduction in the microvesiculation (p<0.01) but did not affect the level of free Hb. RBC hypotonic fragility and morphology scores were significantly improved. It is concluded that microvesiculation contributes more to plasma Hb concentration than free Hb during storage. Some hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) is expected during blood bank storage. It has been shown that part of the hemoglobin (Hb) in the suspending medium is free and part is encapsulated in microvescicles shed by the RBC [1]. The amount of hemolysis and microvesiculation that occurs has been noted to be less when blood is stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers in which di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is used as the plasticizer [1]. The DEHP that leaches into the plasma has been shown to decrease hemolysis, microvesiculation, and the increase in osmotic fragility which RBC undergo during refrigerated storage [2–9]. The posttransfusion survival of RBC stored in DEHP-plasticized PVC has been found superior to RBC stored in PVC bags plasticized with tri-2-ethylhexyl-trimellitate (TEHTM) which is much less leachable. The protective effect of the DEHP is believed to be due to its insertion into the RBC membrane [6–9]. The present studies were done to quantify how much of the ‘hemolysis’ that has been observed during the storage of RBC is dissolved Hb and how much is Hb encapsulated in microvesicles.
A novel method for the two-dimensional analysis of proteins.

Abstract An apparatus is described which serves to incorporate a continuous flow of a protein solution from a chromatographic column or from a reaction vessel into a cylindrical agarose gel as the gel is being cast. The agarose gel is then placed in a horizontal position at the top of a polyacrylamide gel slab and the proteins are separated according to their molecular weights. This procedure permits chromatographic protein separation techniques to be combined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the two-dimensional analysis of proteins. The procedure can also be used to monitor changes in the molecular weights of proteins during the course of a reaction in a continuous fashion. Application of this method to the two-dimensional analysis of histones and to the kinetics of the digestion of bovine serum albumin with chymotrypsin is demonstrated.
1-Oxoindan-6-carboxylic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in an aromatic δ-keto acid

The title compound, C10H8O3, aggregates in the crystal structure as catemers, whose hydrogen bonding progresses from the carboxyl to the ketone of a neighboring screw-related mol­ecule along the b axis [O⋯O = 2.6481 (12) A and O—H⋯O = 169°]. Four hydrogen-bonding chains in centrosymmetric pairs pass through the cell in the b-axis direction. Two inter­molecular C—H⋯O=C close contacts are found, involving both the ketone and acid functions.
Mesozoic igneous provinces of New England and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean

Mesozoic igneous rocks in New England and adjacent areas can be divided into four provinces, on the basis of their ages, distribution, physical aspects, and petrology. These provinces represent intraplate magmatism that is correlated with successive stages in the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The Coastal New England province includes three alkalic complexes and possibly some olivine dolerite dikes, Late Permian to Early Triassic in age, that are located in southern Maine and coastal New Hampshire and that were formed during uplift and early rifting in the Gulf of Maine region. Early Jurassic dolerite dikes occur in most of New England and are part of the Eastern North America province that extends along the eastern Appalachians from Alabama to Newfoundland, correlated with maximum rift-basin formation and continental breakup. Plutons of the classic White Mountains Magma Series are mainly Early Jurassic syenitoids and granitoids in central and northern New Hampshire. This elongate north-south province may have formed along an ancient transform or rift fault in the New England basement crust. After a relatively nonmagmatic period during the Late Jurassic, the Early Cretaceous New England–Quebec province of alkalic syenite-gabbro plutons and lamprophyre dikes formed in a large area of northern New England and adjacent Quebec. Similar magmas created seamount chains southeast of the New England coast, possibly along an extension of transverse Appalachian fracture zones. The Mesozoic New England igneous intrusions and tectonic activity represent incipient rifting in the continental platform, related to mantle convection and plate motions in the North Atlantic basin.
UAV Assisted Disruption Tolerant Routing

In order to provide network connectivity in highly partitioned ad-hoc networks, we propose a routing strategy that incorporates an existing ad-hoc routing protocol, Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), with Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) a la store-carry-forward mechanisms using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as carriers. This paper focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of the routing strategy. The major contribution of this work is the implementation of our DTN aware routing protocol on top of existing and mostly unmodified AODV. We show the advantage of the DTN protocol through simulation using ns-2.
Intramural distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers innervating arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch.

Electron microscopic, autoradiographic and histochemical techniques were used to determine the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers within the walls of arterioles having a width of 35 to 60 μ in the hamster cheek pouch. Nerves were confined to the adventitia and their varicose regions were distributed so that 86% were located within 1 μ of the media. Arterioles exposed to 3H-norepinephrine and examined by light microscopic autoradiography exhibited several sites of silver grain accumulation, as a result of the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve fibers. In electron autoradiographs, approximately 70% of all adventitial nerve fibers exhibited silver grains and are therefore considered to be noradrenergic. The majority of all nerve-associated silver grains were located near the adventitial-medial junction. Smooth muscle cells sometimes possessed concentrations of silver grains above background levels, perhaps reflecting the capacity of these cells to take up norepinephrine. Acetylcholinesterase activity was demonstrated in 16 to 44% of the adventitial nerve fibers and they are presumed to be cholinergic. Acetylcholinesterase-stained fibers were distributed throughout the adventitia with 43% being located closer than 1 μ to the media. The morphological identification of a dual adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch indicates the probable presence of an active as opposed to a passive vasodilatory mechanism.
Time of day affects chemoreflex sensitivity and the carbon dioxide reserve during NREM sleep in participants with sleep apnea

Our investigation was designed to determine whether the time of day affects the carbon dioxide reserve and chemoreflex sensitivity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Ten healthy men with o...
Incidence of infections in treatment-experienced (TE) patients in the MOTIVATE studies of maraviroc (MVC) plus optimized background therapy (OBT)

Background Certain infections occur more frequently in HIV-infected patients some of which are classified as AIDS-defining events. Theoretical concerns have been raised that CCR5 antagonists may have an adverse effect on the immune system. A 4-week immunotoxicology study in cynomolgous monkeys did not demonstrate any adverse effects of MVC on the immune system. MOTIVATE 1 and MOTIVATE 2 are randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, Phase III studies assessing the safety and efficacy of MVC in TE patients with CCR5-tropic HIV1. In both studies, MVC+OBT demonstrated significantly greater virologic and immunologic efficacy and a similar safety profile compared with PBO+OBT at 48 weeks.
Gold Nanorods Coated with Multilayer Polyelectrolyte as Contrast Agents for Multimodal Imaging

Gold nanorods coated with multilayer polyelectrolyte is reported as a biocompatible optical probe with capability for dark-field imaging and for electron microscopy of cancer cells. Transferrin (Tf) was conjugated to the polyelectrolyte-coated nanorods for targeted in vitro delivery to cancer cells. Dark-field imaging was used to confirm the receptor-mediated uptake of nanorods into HeLa cells, which is known to overexpress the transferrin receptor (TfR). Minimal uptake was observed with untargeted nanorods. Electron microscopy was used to confirm that the intracellular uptake of the nanorods predominantly occurred via the Tf−TfR interaction and the nanorods localized in vesicular structures such as endosomes.
The 7th edition AJCC staging system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma accurately predicts risk of recurrence for heart and lung transplant recipients

Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common malignancy after solid organ transplantation, with an increased risk of recurrence and metastasis over the general population. The newly updated 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for cSCC is based on consensus expert opinion and requires validation in large cohort studies and in specific patient subpopulations. Objective Our objective was to evaluate the risk of cSCC recurrence in a high-risk population of heart and lung transplant recipients, based on the 7th edition AJCC staging system. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective cohort study of all primary cSCC diagnosed in heart and lung transplant recipients at a tertiary care academic dermatology center. Results The cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 4% for cSCC in situ and 19% for stage I cSCC at 5 years, and 54% for stage II cSCC at 3 years. Stage II tumors had a 10-fold greater risk of recurrence than stage I, and a 43-fold greater risk of recurrence than in situ tumors. Limitations This study is limited to a specific patient subgroup at a tertiary care center, and may not be generalizable to all populations. Conclusions Heart and lung transplant recipients are at high risk for local recurrence of cSCC. These data substantiate the prognostic accuracy of the newly updated 7th edition AJCC staging system for stage 0, I, and II cSCC in this population and demonstrate the aggressive behavior of this cancer in immunosuppressed patients.
A bounded statistical approach for model checking of unbounded until properties

We study the problem of statistical model checking of probabilistic systems for PCTL unbounded until property PJoinp(AE1UAE2) (where Join |X| {, e}) using the computation of P d 0(AE1UAE2). The approach is first proposed by Sen et al. in CAV'05 but their approach suffers from two drawbacks. Firstly, the computation of Pd0AE1UAE2) requires for its validity, a user-specified input parameter ´2 which the user is unlikely to correctly provide. Secondly, the validity of computation of Pd0AE1UAE2) is limited only to probabilistic models that do not contain loops. We present a new technique which addresses both problems described above. Essentially our technique transforms the hypothesis test for the unbounded until property in the original model into a new equivalent hypothesis test for bounded until property in our modified model. We empirically show the effectiveness of our technique and compare our results with those using the method proposed by Sen et al.
95. Effective Genetic Engineering of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells hold great promise for the study of human development and the generation of new therapeutic approaches to tissue regeneration and their genetic modification will play a key role in this development. While viral vectors have been readily used for gene transfer into human ES cells, only limited success has been achieved using non-viral vectors for this purpose. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system mediates gene insertion into chromosomes, providing a means of durable gene expression in target cells and tissues. To determine whether the SB transposon system can mediate stable gene expression in human ES cells, undifferentiated H9 human ES cells were nucleofected with an SB transposon encoding the firefly luciferase (luc) gene. The vector was designed to be transcriptionally regulated by promoters containing or depleted of CpG dinucleotides, and was delivered with or without a DNA or RNA source of transposase. Transfected human ES cells were maintained in culture, and luc expression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging. Only human ES cells cotransfected with transposon and transposase encoding sequences exhibited luc expression after 2 weeks. Importantly, we found that after 6 weeks, incorporation of a CpG-free promoter increased the average luc activity by 6- to 10-fold compared to a promoter containing CpG sequences. After 5 months, stable expression of luc was observed in human ES cells co-transfected with a transposon containing the CpG-free promoter along with transposase-encoding DNA or RNA. Human ES cells engineered with the CpG-free promoter demonstrated the ability to differentiate into hematopoietic cells in vitro and into teratomas in vivo and maintained luc expression with minimal incidence of epigenetic silencing. We conclude that the SB transposon system provides an effective approach for genetic manipulation of human ES cells and for durable expression using appropriately engineered transposon cargo. Proof-of-principal studies are currently in progress to test gain-of-function and loss-of-function outcomes using the SB system in human ES cells whereby any candidate gene can be evaluated for its role in the differentiation of human ES cells into committed lineages.
The Role of Morphological and Contextual Information in L2 Lexical Inference

This study investigated the role of morphological and contextual information in inferring the meaning of unknown L2 words during reading. Four groups of college-level ESL students, beginning ( n = 34), intermediate ( n = 27), high-intermediate ( n = 21), and advanced ( n = 25), chose the inferred meanings of 20 pseudo compounds (e.g., rainfime) from multiple choice options. The pseudo compounds were presented in a set of sentences. In the Morphology Reliable condition, the known word part in the pseudo compounds provided semantic information about the meaning of the compounds, which also matched the context of the sentences. In the Morphology Unreliable condition, the known word part did not provide any reliable semantic information nor did it match the context. The critical answer options were the meanings based on morphological information and the meanings based on contextual information. Results indicated significant differences in the choice of answers between the groups only in the Morphology Unreliable condition: The beginning-level learners relied more on morphological information even though the meanings based on morphology were incorrect. The study discusses the underlying processes in the choice of information used in lexical inference during reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Exploring photoproduction dynamics through polarization experiments

2014 The structure of spin-0 meson photoproduction from spin-1 /2 particles is given in several useful optimal frames Polarization experiments for this reaction are then discussed from the point of view of a) determining the reaction amplitudes, b) studying one-particle-exchange mechanisms, c) detecting patterns in the amplitude structure. The existing data are then analyzed in terms of the above considerations, and the need for future experiments is specified. J. Phys. France 51 (1990) 1139-1161 1er JUIN 1990,
Multiple Ipsilateral Breast Cancers: Current Strategies for Surgical Management

Based on historic, retrospective data, most surgeons recommend mastectomy for women with multiple ipsilateral breast cancers (MIBC) due to a perceived prohibitively high risk of local recurrence. More recent retrospective studies, however, have documented acceptable local recurrence rates in women with MIBC who have undergone breast conservation with lumpectomy and radiation therapy. The recent data suggest that earlier detection, improved margin analysis, and increased use and efficacy of targeted therapies all contribute to the decreased risk of local recurrence when compared to rates historically documented in this MIBC population. Appropriate surgical management for MIBC is of growing importance. Pre-operative identification of MIBC has increased in the past decade due to the increased use of MRI and improved mammographic and sonographic sensitivity. Review of the current literature supports the use breast conservation with one or more partial mastectomies and sentinel node biopsy in appropriately selected patients with MIBC.
Microstructural Constitutive Equation for Sprain Analysis

A new constitutive equation is presented to describe the damage evolution process in parallel fibered collagenous tissues such as ligaments and tendons. The model is formulated by accounting for the fibrous structure of the tissues. The tissue’s stress is defined as the average of the collagen fiber’s stresses. The fibers are assumed to be undulated and straighten out at different stretches that are defined by a Weibull probability density function. After becoming straight each fiber is assumed to be linear elastic. Its waviness is defined by a Weibull distribution. Tissue’s damage is assumed to occur at the fiber level and is defined as a reduction in the fiber’s stiffness. The proposed model is validated by using experimental data published in the biomechanics literature by Provenzano et al. [1].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Motion of myosin fragments during actin-activated ATPase: fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study.

The rates of the translational motion of myosin fragments, heavy meromyosin (HMM), and heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (HMM S-1) were measured during actin-activated ATPase reaction by the method of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. This technique monitors the random fluctuations in the concentration of fluorescent molecules in an open volume which result from the translational diffusion of the molecular species under observation. The statistical behavior of the fluctuations is represented in the form of the autocorrelation function, which is related to the translational diffusion coefficient of the fluorescent molecules. The translational motion of fluorescently labeled myosin fragments was progressively slowed down after additions of increasing amounts of actin in the presence of excess MgATP. When these results are interpreted according to a simple binding scheme, the extent of the retardation can be used to obtain the apparent association constant for binding of S-1 and HMM to actin in the presence of MgATP. In 0.1M KCl and at 23°C, the apparent association constants were determined as KappHMM = 2.2 × 104M−1 and KappS-1 = 8.8 × 103 for HMM and S-1, respectively.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for optical sensing in microfluidic microsystems

We describe the hybrid integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with a network of microfluidic channels to form a compact microfluidic microsystem. VCSEL dies, created by standard fabrication techniques, are integrated on a silicon substrate which is merged with a micro-fluidic network of PDMS channels to form an opto-fluidic microsystem. The fabrication and integration process of VCSEL dies, silicon host substrate, and microfluidic network are discussed. Absorption measurements of the laser output power using IR absorbing dyes indicate a detection limit of 13 μM of dye concentration. A future integration scheme using monolithically integrated VCSEL / PIN photodetector dies is proposed.
Bone Type V Collagen: Chain Composition and Location of a Trypsin Cleavage Site

The component α-chains of type V collagen from bovine bone were isolated and structurally characterized by gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid sequence analysis. Three distinct α-chains were identified. Two of these were the well described α1(V) and α2(V) chains; the third proved to be identical to the cartilage α1(XI) chain. In adult bone the ratio between the three chains was about 1:1:1. Native type V collagen was cleaved by trypsin at 33°C or 37°C into 3/5 fragments. Aminoterminal sequence analysis of the α1(V) and α1(XI) fragments showed they both resulted from trypsin cleavage between residue 434 and 435. Trypsin apparently cleaves the type V molecule within a relatively unstable domain of the triple helix which presumably may also be a natural site of initial cleavage by a protease in vivo.
[125I]Iodo-ASEM, a specific in vivo radioligand for α7-nAChR

Abstract [125I]Iodo-ASEM, a new radioligand with high affinity and selectivity for α7-nAChRs (Ki = 0.5 nM; α7/α4β2 = 3414), has been synthesized in radiochemical yield of 33 ± 6% from the corresponding di-butyltriazene derivative and at high specific radioactivity (1600 Ci/mmol; 59.2 MBq/μmol). [125I]Iodo-ASEM readily entered the brains of normal CD-1 mice and specifically and selectively labeled cerebral α7-nAChRs. [125I]iodo-ASEM is a new useful tool for studying α7-nAChR.
The decade of the brain: 1990 to 2000.

THIS ESSAY REVIEWS areas of accomplishment and challenges in neuroscience research during the Decade of the Brain: 1990 to 2000. Scientific progress, cultural and social change, and their respective impact on neurosurgery and neurosurgeons are considered, along with prospects for further advances in the 21st century.
Experimental production of thyroid tumors by alternating hyperplasia and involution.

THE genesis of the thyroid nodule and its relation, if any, to tumors of the thyroid gland continues to be a challenging aspect of the thyroid problem. Perhaps the most widely accepted explanation for the origin of nodules in the thyroid gland is the concept that they are the result of repeated cycles of hyperplasia and involution. Certainly, most of the statistical data concerning such aspects as the frequency, distribution or age incidence are in accord with this view. Nevertheless, there has been no actual proof of this hypothesis and, to the best of our knowledge, no one has experimentally produced a nodular goiter by making the gland go through successive cycles of hyperplasia and involution a sufficiently large number of times. Many years ago when goiter was an important and prevalent condition, one of us (L. Z.) attempted this experiment in the dog; but at that time (before the goitrogens had been discovered) reliable methods of producing thyroid hyperplasia were not available. Moreover, the labora...
Study of Metastable Fe-W Films

Xenon irradiation of Fe-W multilayers at room temperature (R.T.) can produce two types of metastable states: low doses ( 1 × 1016 Xe/cm2) and in the vicinity of the composition Fe70W30, amorphization can occur. In comparison, RF sputter-deposited FexW1−x films were amorphous over the whole range (0.35< × < 0.79) investigated. The recrystallization temperatures of these amorphous layers exceed 600°C for 15 min vacuum annealing. Whereas Fe-W compounds always form during thermal annealing, these compounds are normally not found after Xe-irradiation of multilayers.
Pressure Shift and Broadening of Spectral Lines

The pressure shift of spectral lines, unexplained by the usual theories of pressure broadening, can be adequately treated on the basis of a theory which considers the perturbations produced by neighboring atoms on the two states between which transitions occur. The analysis presented in the paper is directly applicable only to absorption lines, but its consequences are qualitatively correct for emission lines as well. The forces acting on the unexcited atom are the usual van der Waals forces; the perturbations of the excited state are produced by interactions of the same character (dispersion forces) but of different magnitude. The energy increments for both cases can be roughly computed by means of spectroscopic data, which renders possible the evaluations of the mean energies of transitions and hence of pressure shifts. Details are worked out mainly for the shift of $\ensuremath{\lambda}2537$ (Hg) in foreign gases, and are compared with the experimental data of F\"uchtbauer, Joos, and Dinkelacker. In this case, the energy increments are negative both for the excited and for the normal state of Hg, but larger for the former. Hence there results a red shift, whose magnitude agrees well with observations. The line width produced by the perturbations here considered is an appreciable portion of the total experimental half-width. It is no longer necessary, therefore, to explain the total broadening effect of foreign gases by an appeal to Lorentz collisions. Main results of the theory are: the shift is proportional to the density of the perturbing gas; it is usually to the red, but may, under conditions discussed in the paper, be to shorter wave-lengths; a dependence of the shift on the temperature exists, but is slight at ordinary temperatures; the "standard deviation" of frequencies within the broadened line is proportional to the square root of the density of the perturbing gas.
Dry Processes for Surface Modification of a Biopolymer: Chitosan

Standard dry surface modification reactions have been applied to partially deacetylated chitosan without affecting its bulk properties. Chitin, extracted from shells of Penaeus vannamei, yielded chitosan with a degree of acetylation of 70% and molecular weight of 250 000 D. The copolymer consists of (β-(1-4)-2-2-acetamido-D-glucose) units linked to (β-(1-4)-2-amino-D-glucose) units. Since the main interest of this work was to study the surface properties of films on substrates, a method to cast this material onto Al-coated silicon wafers had to be developed. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the surface composition of the unmodified films and to follow modification changes. The films were treated in either an oxygen plasma environment or under UV/ozone irradiation. Water advancing contact angle measurements and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to complement XPS measurements. The films appeared to orient on the silicon wafer surface in the type II chitin structure. The rates of oxidation are faster for the plasma process but they result in similar changes to those induced by UV/ozone treatment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) clearly shows the advantage of the milder modification reaction without much change in surface morphology. The oxidation processes, as detected by XPS, proceed without much alteration of the amine nitrogen atoms but carbonyl containing moieties are formed as a function of treatment time. Specific reactions with a fluorosilane to measure the activity of hydroxyl groups indicate that at short treatment times, these groups are essentially inactive. The resulting surfaces can also serve as a potential way to induce silica-like domains that can function as diffusion barriers. Irradiation of chitosan solutions shows that UV/ozone induces depolymerization. In both cases, i.e., plasma and UV/ozone reactions, the main active component to surface modification appears to be UV irradiation with a wavelength below 360 nm.
Constructing safety: System designs, system effects, and the play of heterogeneous interests in a behavioral health care setting

Abstract Objective This paper considers the utility of actor-network theory as a basis for uncovering the mutual interdependencies between system design and system impact in an evolving project, and for exploring the implications that these interdependencies hold for the production of safety in behavioral health care. Methods Drawing on a field study of a systems project in a human-services firm, the paper applies key concepts from actor-network theory in the analysis of a design crisis that emerged during the course of the project. Results Actor-network theory provides a compelling framework in this situation for identifying the diverse interests involved, revealing their complex interactions, and illuminating the importance of the emerging system as an organizational actor in its own right. Conclusion Actor-network theory shows promise for use in other analyses concerned with the role of information technology in the construction of safety in health care settings.
Impacts on Groundwater due to Land Application of Sewage Sludge

The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.
Understanding Glycemic Control in the Critically Ill: 2011 Update

AbstractIntensive monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in critically ill patients has become a standard of care in intensive care units over the past 10 years, following the publication of a single-center randomized trial targeting euglycemia in postoperative patients. This article summarizes the literature describing the relationship between hyperglycemia and mortality in the critically ill, the main findings of the major interventional trials of intensive insulin therapy, the association between hypoglycemia and increased glycemic variability with adverse outcomes, and the impact of a preexisting diagnosis of diabetes. A framework for understanding dysglycemia in the critically ill, an approach that recognizes disturbances in the “3 domains” of glycemic control—hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and increased glycemic variability—is presented. Finally, practical considerations relating to the implementation of glycemic management protocols are discussed.
Regulated Interaction of Tegument Proteins UL16 and UL11 from Herpes Simplex Virus

It is well known that proteins in the tegument (located between the viral capsid and envelope proteins) play critical roles in the assembly and budding of herpesviruses. Tegument proteins UL16 and UL11 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are conserved among all the Herpesviridae. Although these proteins directly interact in vitro, UL16 was found to colocalize poorly with UL11 in cotransfected cells. To explain this discrepancy, we hypothesized that UL16 is initially made in an inactive form and is artificially transformed to the binding-competent state when cells are disrupted. Consistent with a regulated interaction, UL16 was able to fully colocalize with UL11 when a large C-terminal segment of UL16 was removed, creating mutant UL16(1-155). Moreover, membrane flotation assays revealed a massive movement of this mutant to the top of sucrose gradients in the presence of UL11, whereas both the full-length UL16 and the C-terminal fragment (residues 156 to 373) remained at the bottom. Further evidence for the presence of a C-terminal regulatory domain was provided by single-amino-acid substitutions at conserved cysteines (C269S, C271S, and C357S), which enabled the efficient interaction of full-length UL16 with UL11. Lastly, the binding site for UL11 was further mapped to residues 81 to 155, and to our surprise, the 5 Cys residues within UL16(1-155) are not required, even though the modification of free cysteines in UL16 with N-ethylmaleimide does in fact prevent binding. Collectively, these results reveal a regulatory function within the C-terminal region of UL16 that controls an N-terminal UL11-binding activity.
Old right or new right? The ideological positioning of parties of the far right

. Since the 1980s, parties of the far right have increased their share of votes in many Western European nations, and some have even participated in governing coalitions. The ascendancy of far right parties has been met with various hypotheses attempting to rationalize their role in the politics of these nations: Are far right parties a manifestation of protest politics, brought about by hard economic times (old right model), or are they representative of the continued political development of Western industrialized nations (new right model)? Most analyses have focused on the voters for these parties; this work focuses on the election manifestos of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO), National Front of France (FN), Italian National Alliance (MSI-AN), Lega Nord (LN) and the Germany Republikaner (Reps) in order to reconstruct the dimensions of party competition in each nation and determine where each of these parties fall within the dimensions of party competition. Support is shown for a new right axis of party competition, suggesting that parties of the far right may in fact be part of the political development of Western European nations.
Regeneration of transformed shoots from electroporated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) protoplasts

Stable transformation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) protoplasts isolated from immature cotyledons was achieved following electroporation with plasmid DNA carrying chimeric genes encoding s-glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Transformed colonies were stringently selected by growing 15-day-old protoplast-derived cells in the presence of 40 μg/ml of hygromycin-B for 6 weeks. Over 93% of the resistant cells and colonies exhibited GUS activity, indicating that the two marker genes borne on a single plasmid were co-introduced and co-expressed at a very high freguency. This transformation procedure reproducibly yields transformants at frequencies of 2.9–6.8 × 10−4 (based on the number of protoplasts electroporated) or 23.0% (based on the number of control microcalli formed) counted after 6 weeks of selection. After repeated subculturing on regeneration medium, shoots were induced from 8.0% of the transformed calli. Southern hybridization confirmed the presence of both the GUS and hygromycin genes in the transformed calli and shoots.
Effect of vacancies on nucleation of oxide precipitates in silicon

Abstract The use of installed, tailored vacancy concentration profiles (MDZ ® ) to control oxygen precipitation behavior in silicon wafers has become an important technology for the 300 mm era. This paper presents a new model of one of the central physical processes important to the MDZ ® system: of the role played by vacancies to control the nucleation of oxygen precipitates. Steady-state nucleation of oxide precipitates is described as a random walk in a 2D space of the two basic size variables of an oxygen cluster: the number n of agglomerated oxygen atoms, and the number m of consumed vacancies. The model can account well for the basic experimental results: a high sensitivity of the nucleation rate to the vacancy concentration and a low sensitivity to the oxygen content.
Spectrum and Energy Levels of Cr II Based On FT Spectra from the VUV to mid-IR

We are preparing a precise line list and re-optimized energy levels for the astrophysically important spectrum of singly-ionized chromium (Cr II) based principally on Fourier transform spectra spanning the region 1552 A to 5.5 μm.
The relationship between a commutative Banach algebra and its maximal ideal space

Our main result is an extension of a theorem due to Novodvorskii and Taylor; we give some special cases. Let A be a commutative Banach algebra with identity, and let Δ be its maximal ideal space. Let B be a Banach algebra with identity; let B−1 denote the invertible group in B and id B denote the set of idempotents in B. Let [(A \bo B)−1] denote the set of path components of (A \bo B)−1, and [Δ, B−1] denote the set of homotopy classes of continuous maps of Δ into B−1. We prove that the Gelfand transform on A induces a bijection of [(A \bo B)−1] onto [Δ, B−1], and extend this result to prove a theorem of Davie. We show that the Gelfand transform induces a bijection of [id(A \bo B)] onto [Δ, id B], and investigate consequences of this result for specific examples of the Banach algebra B.
Human embryonic stem cell-derived CD34+ cells function as MSC progenitor cells

Abstract Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been isolated from various tissues and utilized for an expanding number of therapies. The developmental pathways involved in producing MSCs and the phenotypic precursor/progenitor cells that give rise to human MSCs remain poorly defined. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the capability to generate functional hemato-endothelial cells and other mesoderm lineage cells. hESC-derived CD73+ cells have been isolated and found to have similar phenotypic and functional characteristics as adult MSCs. Here we demonstrate hESC-derived CD34+CD73− cells can serve as MSC progenitor cells with the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Additionally, gene array analysis of hESC-derived MSCs show substantially different gene expression compared to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs, especially with increased expression of pluripotent and multipotent stem cell and endothelial cell-associated genes. The isolation of functional MSCs from hESC-derived CD34+CD73− cells provides improved understanding of MSC development and utilization of pluripotent stem cells to produce MSCs suited for novel regenerative therapies.
Direct simulation of condensation in a one-dimensional unsteady expansion: Microscopic mechanisms

We apply a molecular dynamics (MD) technique to the simulation of a quasi-one-dimensional unsteady free expansion to determine the dominant microscopic mechanisms of condensation in supersonic flows. In this way, it is possible to reproduce the basic physics of the coupled condensation flow with a moderate computational effort. The MD results confirm that the fundamental mechanism for the initiation of condensation is through dimer formation in two-stage ternary collisions of monomers.
Training teachers to use a naturalistic communication intervention may increase communicative interactions in young children with ASD

Harjusola-Webb, S., & Robbins, S. H. (2012). The effects of teacher-implemented naturalistic intervention on the communication of preschoolers with autism. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 32(2), 99–110. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: The authors stated that no financial support was received for this study. Original authors reported that there were no conflicts of interest.