cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active Learning in Higher Education: A Model and Roadmap

In this chapter, we present lessons learned from 10 years’ instructional experience with active learning through our classes at Syracuse University. As reflective practitioners of active learning, we have refined our instruction over the years, in the process conceptually extending and augmenting extant theories of experiential learning and related approaches. Our model is built around four principles: client-centered work in natural settings, task design that is attentive to the motivational properties of the active learning stimulus, learning as social participation, and community service learning. Learning through prototyping, with its emphasis on design and the making of artifacts, functions as a background to the extended model and informs each of its principles. We then present a brief history of the Center for Active Learning and the Community and Information Technology Institute, both of which, in slightly different ways, implement our active learning method.
Congenital Absence of Lumbar Articular Facets

Three cases of congenital unilateral absence of the articular processes of the lumbosacral joint have been described. All three patients had lumbar pain precipitated by [See figure in the PDF file] trauma and the result of a ruptured disc at another level in one of them. A brief review of the embryology and pertinent literature concerning this rare anomaly is presented.
Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters

Failure to maintain a healthy body weight may reflect a long-term imbalance between the executive control and reward systems of the brain. The current study examined whether the anatomical connectivity between these two systems predicted individual variability in achieving a healthy body weight, particularly in chronic dieters. Thirty-six female chronic dieters completed a food-cue reactivity task in the scanner. Two regions-of-interest (ROIs) were defined from the reactivity task: the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which engages cognitive control and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which represents reward value. A white matter tract connecting these two ROIs was identified across participants using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography. Results showed a negative relationship between body fat percentage and white matter integrity within the identified tract. This suggests that reduced structural integrity between the OFC and IFG may be related to self-regulatory problems for those who chronically diet to control body weight.
Kenneth Burke’s Agonistic Theory of Knowledge

Commentators have questioned whether Kenneth Burke’s dramatism is ontological or epistemological and have provided various answers, at the same time overlooking his actual dramatistic epistemology....
Stroke and Intracranial Hemorrhage in HeartMate II and HeartWare Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Systematic Review

Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement are major causes of morbidity. The incidence and mortality associated with these events stratified by device type have not been systematically explored. A systematic review of PubMed was conducted from January 2007 through June 2016 for all English-language articles involving HeartMate II (HMII) and HeartWare LVAD patients. Ischemic stroke and/or ICH incidence (events per patient-year) and associated mortality rates were abstracted for each device type. Of 735 articles reviewed, 48 (11,310 patients) met inclusion criteria (33 HMII, six HeartWare, eight both devices, and one unspecified). The median duration of device support was 112 days (total 13,723 patient-years). Overall, ischemic stroke or ICH occurred in 9.8% (1110 persons and 0.08 events per patient year [EPPY]). Ischemic stroke occurred in a median of 6.0% or 0.06 EPPY (range 0–16% or 0–0.21 EPPY) of HMII patients versus 7.5% or 0.09 EPPY (range 4–17.1% or 0.01–0.94 EPPY) of HeartWare patients. ICH occurred in a median of 3.0% or 0.04 EPPY (range 0–13.5% or 0–0.13 EPPY) of HMII and 8.0% or 0.08 EPPY (range 3–23% or 0.01–0.56 EPPY) of HeartWare patients. The median mortality rate for LVAD-associated ischemic stroke was 31% (HMII: 33%, [range 2.4–75%] and HeartWare: 11.5% [range 3.9–40%]), and the median mortality rate following ICH was 71% (HMII: 75%, [range 3.9–100%] and HeartWare: 44%, [range 3.1–88%]). Ischemic stroke and ICH are common after LVAD placement, but heterogeneous event rates are reported in the literature. Given the high associated mortality, further prospective study is warranted.
Promoting Middle School Students’ Understanding of the Nature of Technology

Integration of “21st century skills” into all curricular areas has received much attention. The need for these 21st century skills is often linked to the changing nature of our society and economy due to new technologies. However, the 21st century skills construct is vague and unoriginal to the 21st century. That is, educators have typically sought critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, information literacy, and other common goals for students.
Persons, Stages, and Tensed Belief

Perdurantists hold that we persons—just like other ordinary objects—persist by perduring, by having temporal parts, or stages, located over time. Perdurantists also standardly endorse the B-theory of time. And, in light of this endorsement, they typically characterize our tensed beliefs as self-ascriptions of properties, made not by us but by our stages. For instance, for me to believe that Angela Merkel is currently the chancellor of Germany is for my now-located stage to self-ascribe the property of being simultaneous with Merkel’s chancellorship. The problem with this way of understanding tensed belief is that it undermines—if not outright contradicts—the perdurantist’s best options for resisting the Too Many Thinkers objection. In what follows, I show why this is. I then consider what I take to be the perdurantist’s most promising alternative account of tensed belief. I argue that this alternative either leaves perdurantists no better off with respect to the Too Many Thinkers objection or, instead, leaves them vulnerable to another objection, one that they would otherwise have no problem resisting.
Language and socialization.

Socialization is usually defined as the process whereby an individual takes on the behaviors, beliefs, and values that are appropriate to a particular society. This includes fairly general beliefs and behaviors shared by all members of a society, such as the conviction that marrying one’s mother is wrong, as well as the more particularistic attributes of an individual’s role at a given time; in the United States, for instance, even very young children are socialized to accept certain cleanliness and eating rituals, to sleep in beds, to believe that biting others, and lying to them, is wrong, and so on. Little boys are socialized to commit acts of aggression against other males of their own age-grade, but not against girls or adults of either sex, and girls are socialized to believe that it is important to be pretty. It is obviously important to know how it is that individuals take on the characteristics deemed appropriate in a given society, and socialization is a topic that is much discussed in developmental psychology; almost any textbook in the field outlines at least three major ways of explaining the process of socialization: psychoanalytic, learning theory, and cognitive-developmental approaches.
Preinfarct angina and exercise: yet another reason to stay physically active.

In the past, angina has been considered something bad. Though I still maintain that any ischemia is something the heart should avoid if possible, several studies suggest that preinfarct angina paradoxically may have protective effects [(1–7)][1]. Our group observed this phenomenon in the
Ovarian Dysfunction in the Adolescent

The causes of ovarian dysfunction in the adolescent are fascinating and varied. They may range from the mild oligomenorrhea frequently encountered during the first 1–2 postmenarchal years to complete absence of pubertal development and menstrual function characteristic of the many forms of gonadal dysgenesis. Ovarian dysfunction in the adolescent encompasses the fairly common disorders leading to secondary amenorrhea as well as conditions, such as gonadal dysgenesis, structural anomalies of the female genital tract, and male pseudohermaphroditism, which lead to primary amenorrhea. A brief review of normal sexual differentiation and pubertal development is helpful before considering the numerous ways in which ovarian function may go awry.
Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants

Phytoremediation is a group of technologies that use plants to reduce, remove, degrade, or immobilize environmental toxins, primarily those of anthropogenic origin, with the aim of restoring area sites to a condition useable for private or public applications. Phytoremediation efforts have largely focused on the use of plants to accelerate degradation of organic contaminants, usually in concert with root rhizosphere microorganisms, or remove hazardous heavy metals from soils or water. Phytoremediation of contaminated sites is a relatively inexpensive and aesthetically pleasing to the public compared to alternate remediation strategies involving excavation/removal or chemical in situ stabilization/conversion. Many phytoremediation plans have multi-year timetables, but since most sites in need of remediatrion have been contaminated for more than ten years, as such a ten year remediation plan does not seem excessive. Seven aspects of phytoremediation are described in this chapter: phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizosphere degradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatization, and phytorestoration. Combining technologies offer the greatest potential to efficiently phytoremediate contaminated sites. The major focus of this chapter is phytoextraction of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc.
THE STUDY OF CHANGES IN SOIL QUALITY BY REMOTE SENSING METHODS

A general review article presents the results of Soviet and world developments in monitoring and mapping soil erosion and changes in soil physical and chemical properties by remote sensing methods. More specifically, methods are described for determining contents of humus, moisture, and iron oxide, and properties of ion exchange from spectral brightness curves; and for mapping of areas of wind and water erosion from remote sensing imagery. Diagrams showing autocorrelational and cross-correlational relationships among soil spectral brightness values recorded in 1973 and 1981, reflecting changes in humus content in 3 types of soils as a result of prolonged cultivation, are included. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 101-109.
A Novel Treadmill That Can Bilaterally Adjust the Vertical Surface Stiffness

Surface stiffness plays an important role in human locomotion mechanics and can affect both the energy expenditure and the gait of human. In order to be able to systematically analyze these effects, this paper presents the design and development of a novel treadmill with the ability to regulate stiffness of the surface. The novelty of the system is on its stiffness adjustment mechanism that can achieve: First, purely vertical displacement of the surface, second, wide range of stiffness regulation, third, bilateral stiffness regulation for the left and the right legs, independently, and fourth, consistent stiffness of the surface, independent of the location of the person on the treadmill. The presented system is a unique tool to systematically study the effect of surface compliance on the metabolic cost and the dynamics of human walking. This can also introduce new rehabilitation strategies for mobility impaired patients. In order to show the proof of concept, we also present preliminary experiments to show the effect of surface stiffness regulation on the metabolic cost and gait of a healthy subject.
Cell free fetal DNA to triage antenatal rhesus immune globulin: Is it really cost-effective in the United States?

Objective To compare the efficacy and costs of three different strategies of antenatal rhesus immune globulin (RhIG) administration in a US population. Methods A decision tree analysis was undertaken for universal antenatal RhIG administration based on RhD serologic paternity testing, universal administration without paternity, and selective antenatal RhIG administration using cell free fetal DNA (cfDNA) for RHD fetal typing. Rates of alloimmunization were calculated. Charges were determined for laboratory testing and obstetrical and neonatal treatments for the first pregnancy and cases of alloimmunization in the following pregnancy. Results The largest number of new RhD alloimmunization cases resulted from a strategy of universal RhIG that included paternity. Fewer cases resulted from a selective strategy; the least number of cases were associated with a universal approach that discounted paternity. When the costs of first pregnancies and alloimmunized second pregnancies were combined, a universal strategy that excludes paternity had the least costs followed by a selective strategy followed by a universal strategy that included paternity. Conclusion The use of cfDNA to determine the selective use of antenatal RhIG would not be cost-effective in the United States. Universal antenatal RhIG without paternity is more effective in preventing new cases of alloimmunization than the current ACOG guideline.
美国对外古代汉语教学调查研究报告 (Survey research on teaching Classical Chinese as L2 in the U.S.)

抽象 本文是对美国 11 所高校 144 名古汉语课学生问卷调查的研究报告。调查内容包括学生的语言背景、学习动机、学习结果的自我评估，以及对古汉语教学中一些重要问题的看法，诸如教材的内容与形式、教学语言、教学法等。本研究是多年来首次对美国古汉语教学大规模的跨校际调查，从学生的角度、以量化的方式，为对外古汉语教学今后的发展提供了数据和参考意见。调查结果反映出美国古汉语课的学生组成跟 20 年前相比已经发生了很大的变化，师生在一些颇具争议性的问题上的看法有分歧也有一致。
Quality Control in Neurons: Mitophagy and Other Selective Autophagy Mechanisms

The cargo-specific removal of organelles via selective autophagy is important to maintain neuronal homeostasis. Genetic studies indicate that deficits in these pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we review our current understanding of the pathways that regulate mitochondrial quality control, and compare these mechanisms to those regulating turnover of the endoplasmic reticulum and the clearance of protein aggregates. Research suggests that there are multiple mechanisms regulating the degradation of specific cargos, such as dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. These mechanisms are critical for neuronal health, as neurons are uniquely vulnerable to impairment in organelle quality control pathways due to their morphology, size, polarity, and postmitotic nature. We highlight the consequences of dysregulation of selective autophagy in neurons and discuss current challenges in correlating noncongruent findings from in vitro and in vivo systems.
Efficacy of Platinum/Pemetrexed Combination Chemotherapy in ALK-Positive NSCLC Refractory to Second-Generation ALK Inhibitors

Abstract Introduction The current standard initial therapy for advanced ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK)–positive NSCLC is a second-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) such as alectinib. The optimal next-line therapy after failure of a second-generation ALK TKI remains to be established; however, standard options include the third-generation ALK TKI lorlatinib or platinum/pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. The efficacy of platinum/pemetrexed-based chemotherapy has not been evaluated in cases that are refractory to second-generation TKIs. Methods This was a retrospective study performed at three institutions. Patients were eligible if they had advanced ALK-positive NSCLC refractory to one or more second-generation ALK TKI(s) and had received platinum/pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. Results Among 58 patients eligible for this study, 37 had scans evaluable for response with measurable disease at baseline. The confirmed objective response rate to platinum/pemetrexed-based chemotherapy was 29.7% (11 of 37 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.9% – 47.0%), with median duration of response of 6.4 months (95% CI: 1.6 months – not reached). The median progression-free survival for the entire cohort was 4.3 months (95% CI: 2.9 – 5.8 months). Progression-free survival was longer in patients who received platinum/pemetrexed in combination with an ALK TKI compared to those who received platinum/pemetrexed alone (6.8 months vs. 3.2 months, respectively; hazard ratio = 0.33; p = 0.025). Conclusions Platinum/pemetrexed-based chemotherapy shows modest efficacy in ALK-positive NSCLC after failure of second-generation ALK TKIs. The activity may be higher if administered with an ALK TKI, suggesting a potential role for continued ALK inhibition.
Sympathetic Tone Differentially Regulates MHC-II Expression by Macrophages and Enteric Glia in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The sympathetic nervous system modulates essential gut functions including motility, blood flow, and gut immunity. Yet how sympathetic innervation regulates the function of specific immune cell typ...
Metal‐Templated, Tight Loop Conformation of a Cys‐X‐Cys Biomimetic Assembles a Dimanganese Complex

With the goal of generating anionic analogues to MN2 S2 ⋅Mn(CO)3 Br we introduced metallodithiolate ligands, MN2 S2 2- prepared from the Cys-X-Cys biomimetic, ema4- ligand (ema=N,N'-ethylenebis(mercaptoacetamide); M=NiII , [VIV ≡O]2+ and FeIII ) to Mn(CO)5 Br. An unexpected, remarkably stable dimanganese product, (H2 N2 (CH2 C=O(μ-S))2 )[Mn(CO)3 ]2 resulted from loss of M originally residing in the N2 S2 4- pocket, replaced by protonation at the amido nitrogens, generating H2 ema2- . Accordingly, the ema ligand has switched its coordination mode from an N2 S2 4- cavity holding a single metal, to a binucleating H2 ema2- with bridging sulfurs and carboxamide oxygens within Mn-μ-S-CH2 -C-O, 5-membered rings. In situ metal-templating by zinc ions gives quantitative yields of the Mn2 product. By computational studies we compared the conformations of "linear" ema4- to ema4- frozen in the "tight-loop" around single metals, and to the "looser" fold possible for H2 ema2- that is the optimal arrangement for binucleation. XRD molecular structures show extensive H-bonding at the amido-nitrogen protons in the solid state.
Primary anatomical site as a prognostic factor for pleomorphic liposarcoma

Pleomorphic liposarcomas (PLS) is an aggressive, high-grade subtype of soft tissue sarcoma representing < 15% of liposarcomas. It most commonly arises in the retroperitoneum and proximal upper extremities. Current prognostic factors are centered around staging, which accounts for the grade, size, and location of the tumor in relation to the superficial fascia. 750 patients diagnosed with pleomorphic liposarcoma from the National Cancer Database were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier survival tables, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards analysis were utilized to compare survival between groups within variables. The most common primary anatomical site was the lower limb/hip. The head/neck primary anatomical site demonstrated the highest 10-year overall survival probability, while the retroperitoneum/abdomen had the lowest (50% and 18.4%). Compared to the thorax/lung site, the following sites demonstrated a decreased risk of death: lower limb/hip (HR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35–0.82, p = 0.004), pelvis (HR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.28–0.84, p = 0.010), and the retroperitoneum/abdomen (HR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.33–0.89, p = 0.015). Both adjuvant radiation (HR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.48–0.85, p = 0.002) and neoadjuvant radiation (HR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.49–1.00, p = 0.049) provided a survival benefit to patients. There was an increased risk of death for every 10-year increment in age (HR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.12–1.45, p < 0.001). Statistically significant prognostic factors for PLS include primary anatomical site, age, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index Scores and the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiation.
Ancient ice-sheet collapse

A revised age reconstruction suggests marine-based regions of the Eurasian Ice Sheet melted rapidly, contributing to a major sea-level rise some 14,600 years ago. Such a rapid collapse of massive ice hints at the vulnerability of Earth’s remaining ice sheets.
Rebecca Walton, Kristen R. Moore, and Natasha N. Jones

For technical communicators wanting to learn how to enact social justice, Technical Communication After the Social Justice Turn: Building Coalitions for Action by Rebecca Walton, Kristen R. Moore, and Natasha N. Jones is a useful and insightful guide. The book successfully achieves its purpose of introducing technical communicators to social justice scholarship and practice after the social justice turn within the field of technical communication. To successfully achieve its purpose, the book provides technical communicators with methods of understanding oppressive structures in their daily lives and then establishes a theoretical framework for understanding social justice. Using this information, Technical Communication After the Social Justice Turn directs technical communicators toward stances of activism, intersectional awareness, and coalitional action. The book’s contribution to the field is that it serves as a comprehensive introduction to social justice after the social justice turn in the field of technical communication and that it anticipates and addresses questions and criticisms that both readers and researchers may have. This book will be a great asset for anyone looking to understand technical communication after the social justice turn and ways to address social justice issues in various situations, including day-to-day interactions and the workplace.
Longitudinal relations between workplace mistreatment and engagement – The role of suicidal ideation among employees with mood disorders

Abstract Despite the fact that suicide deaths are on the rise in the United States and that prior research has implicated workplace factors as contributors to suicide, there is a dearth of management research specific to work and suicide. This study posited and found support for a mediated relationship between workplace mistreatment (i.e., incivility, social undermining, and ostracism) and work engagement via suicidal ideation among at-risk employees: those with depression and/or bipolar disorder. Next, we identify which individuals might be especially vulnerable to the effect of mistreatment on suicidal ideation: individuals not seeking treatment for their mood disorder. Our findings indicate that low-grade workplace mistreatment can have serious implications for employees’ mental health and work-related outcomes. We conclude by discussing additional workplace factors that might contribute to suicidal ideation as well as identifying ways organizations can use the reported findings to aid in suicide prevention.
The box assassin

Craig, a pizza delivery boy recalls the night he was making a delivery to a cold blooded gang boss and his goons. Unknowingly, Craig delivers not pizza, but the legendary Box Assassin. The assassin shows up and wreaks havoc among the gangsters. Craig attempts to escape but is taken hostage by the gang boss. At the mercy of a cold blooded gangster, Craig fears this might be the end.
CT characteristics of uterine and vaginal mesenchymal tumours in dogs.

Objectives To describe the CT characteristics of uterine and vaginal mesenchymal tumours in dogs and to discuss imaging findings of the tumour types encountered. Materials and methods Retrospective study on female dogs with confirmed histological diagnosis of uterine and vaginal mesenchymal tumours and available CT images. Results 120 records obtained through a medical record search were manually evaluated for eligibility, and 11 dogs presenting masses associated with the genital tract were identified. Of these 11 dogs, 7 dogs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. A clear degree of overlap was present between measurements of maximal diameter of benign and malignant tumours; however, malignant neoplasms tended to occupy a larger portion of the pelvic canal. Objective measurements of length suggest that malignant tumours were longer than benign forms. Bone involvement was only observed with malignancy. Clinical significance Although CT is likely to play a limited role in the advanced workup of uterine and vaginal mesenchymal neoplasms, CT may represent a more accessible diagnostic tool than MRI and results of this study may help imagers familiarise themselves with their appearances.
Nurse Leaders Employ Contemplative Practices to Promote Healthcare Professional Well-being and Decrease Anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a daylong resilience retreat on healthcare professionals' anxiety levels, intention to engage in mindfulness practices, and self-efficacy around mindfulness. BACKGROUND: Caregiver burnout is a concern that needs to be addressed at the organizational level so that professionals can reduce their risk of psychological injury while providing high-quality care. The COVID-19 (novel coronavirus) pandemic has exacerbated symptoms of burnout among nurses nationally. METHODS: Ten sessions of daylong resilience retreats were delivered to independent groups of nurses, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals. Preretreat and postretreat assessments were completed using a 19-item survey developed by the research team to assess state anxiety, intention to engage in mindfulness practices, and self-efficacy around mindfulness. RESULTS: One hundred six healthcare professionals completed the resilience retreats. There was a statistically significant decrease in state anxiety scores following the retreat. The majority of the participants reported high intentions to engage in mindfulness practices and felt confident about incorporating mindfulness in their lives. CONCLUSIONS: Brief resilience retreats endorsed by nurse leadership can reduce perceived anxiety and facilitate engagement in contemplative practices, which are associated with a decrease in the risk of burnout.
Syllable-Counting Meter in Soqotri Poetry

Within the advance of generative metrical theory that is concerned with the linguistic study of versification, poetry investigation has been undeniably played a significant role in enhancing such progress. The research of linguistic scholars has been mainly focused on the exploration of English poetry with minor concentration on the examination of poetry in other languages, and that clearly implies the need of such research. Thus, the present study aims to examine the meter in Soqotri poetry under the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). It reveals that Soqotri poetry is regulated by poetic meter that constrains the size of the line with a fixed number of syllables with no systematic rhythm or alliteration. The OT analysis offered in this study derives the restrictions on the size of the line with minimality and maximality constraints. It shows the capability of OT in generating the well-formedness of non-rhythmic meter that constrains the phonological constituency in Soqotri poetry.
Committing to Interdependence: Implications from Game Theory for Human-Robot Trust

Human-robot interaction and game theory have developed distinct theories of trust for over three decades in relative isolation from one another. Human-robot interaction has focused on the underlying dimensions, layers, correlates, and antecedents of trust models, while game theory has concentrated on the psychology and strategies behind singular trust decisions. Both fields have grappled to understand over-trust and trust calibration, as well as how to measure trust expectations, risk, and vulnerability. This paper presents initial steps in closing the gap between these fields. Using insights and experimental findings from interdependence theory and social psychology, this work starts by analyzing a large game theory competition data set to demonstrate that the strongest predictors for a wide variety of human-human trust interactions are the interdependence-derived variables for commitment and trust that we have developed. It then presents a second study with human subject results for more realistic trust scenarios, involving both human-human and human-machine trust. In both the competition data and our experimental data, we demonstrate that the interdependence metrics better capture social `overtrust' than either rational or normative psychological reasoning, as proposed by game theory. This work further explores how interdependence theory--with its focus on commitment, coercion, and cooperation--addresses many of the proposed underlying constructs and antecedents within human-robot trust, shedding new light on key similarities and differences that arise when robots replace humans in trust interactions.
The baryonic assembly of dark matter haloes

We use a suite of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to systematically quantify the accretion rates of baryons into dark matter haloes and the resulting baryon mass fractions, as a function of halo mass, redshift and baryon type (including cold and hot gas). We find that the net baryonic accretion rates through the virial radius are sensitive to galactic outflows and explore a range of outflow parameters to illustrate the effects. We show that the cold gas accretion rate is in general not a simple universal factor of the dark matter accretion rate, and that galactic winds can cause star formation rates to deviate significantly from the external gas accretion rates, both via gas ejection and re-accretion. Furthermore, galactic winds can inject enough energy and momentum in the surrounding medium to slow down accretion altogether, especially in low-mass haloes and at low redshift, but the impact of outflows is suppressed with increasing halo mass. By resolving the accretion rates versus radius from the halo centres, we show how cold streams penetrate the hot atmospheres of massive haloes at z≥ 2, but gradually disappear at lower redshift. The total baryon mass fraction is also strongly suppressed by outflows in low-mass haloes, but is nearly universal in the absence of feedback in haloes above the UV background suppression scale, corresponding to circular velocities vc∼ 50 km s−1. The transition halo mass, at which the gas mass in haloes is equal for the cold and hot components, is roughly constant at ∼1011.5 M⊙ and does not depend sensitively on the wind prescription. We provide simple fitting formulae for the cold gas accretion rate and the corresponding efficiency with which dark matter channels cold gas into haloes in the no-wind case. Finally, we show that cold accretion is broadly consistent with driving the bulk of the highly star-forming galaxies observed at z∼ 2, but that the more intense star formers likely sample the high end of the accretion rate distribution, and may be additionally fuelled by a combination of gas recycling, gas re-accretion, hot mode cooling and mergers.
WAVE FORCES ON LARGE OBJECTS IN THE SEA

Three methods of finding waves forces on large, rigid axisymmetric stationary objects in the sea are examined. The problem is formulated in terms of an integral equation and the three methods are successive approximations, direct calculations by means of simultaneous algebraic equations, and use of M.D. Haskind's relations. The latter method is included as it offers a large saving of computational efforts for axisymmetric bodies. The applicability of the methods is studied from both the theoretical and applied points of view. Numerical results are given for submerged and floating spheres and for shapes comprising a vertical surface-piercing cylinder atop a sphere.
Development of Chloroplasts Biosynthetic Pathways and Regulation

Development of the chloroplast involves an intricate interplay between both the chloroplast and the nuclear-cytoplasmic synthetic systems. The lipids of the membranes, including chlorophyll, are made within the organelle. However, the genetic information for the synthesis of most, if not all, of the enzymes involved in these processes and also of most of the membrane proteins is contained in nuclear DNA. Moreover, these chloroplast-confined proteins are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Although active chloroplast ribosomes are required for maximal rates of chlorophyll synthesis and for full development of photosynthetic activity, only fragmentary knowledge is available on which of the proteins are synthesized within the organelle. In Section II–IV, synthesis of the major components of thylakoid membranes will be described. Subsequently, the regulation of these synthetic processes will be discussed.
A recursive approach to stochastic optimization via infinitesimal perturbation analysis

We present a general recursive framework for analyzing gradient optimization algorithms driven by infinitesimal perturbation analysis estimates. We give sufficient conditions that guarantee convergence of the algorithm to the optimizing point. We illustrate our results via examples from queueing systems. >
Enhancing visual aids through the use of animation

Partial support for this work was provided by the Lyon College Professional Development program.
Simple plant DNA isolation procedures.

A key step in the analysis of plant DNA restriction fragments is the purification of sufficient quantities of good-quality DNA from plant tissues. High DNA yields are often needed for studies that require analysis of several Southern blots, and the purified DNA must be free of contaminants that interfere with restriction endonuclease digestion or electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments. Contaminants, such as polysaccharides, can cause shifts in mobility during electrophoresis resulting in misinterpretation of fragment differences among genotypes. This may not be a problem when analyzing a population that is segregating for a few expected restriction fragments. However, it can be a serious problem when analyzing many unique genotypes for fragment length polymorphisms.
Tumor Cell Survival

The development of assays for measuring the survival of individual tumor cells revolutionized the study of experimental cancer therapy by enabling researchers to move from assessing the gross responses of tumors to measuring the survival of cells in the critical, clonogenic tumor-cell populations (1). The development and use of these assays formed the basis for many of our modern concepts of tumor biology, from the concept of logarithmic cell kill to considerations of cell-proliferation kinetics. The first major step in this revolution in cancer biology was made by Puck and Marcus, who developed a cell-culture assay for cloning individual HeLa cells, derived from a human carcinoma of the cervix, and then used this assay to determine the changes in cell survival in cultures given graded doses of radiation (2,3). Assays for measuring the viability of cells suspended from tumors in vivo followed rapidly. The first cell-survival curve for tumors treated in vivo was obtained in 1959 Hewitt and Wilson, using a quantitative tumor transplantation assay (the TD50 assay) to measure the survival of cells harvested from leukemia infiltrates in the livers of mice after treatment with graded doses of radiation (4). Over the next few years, Hewitt’s TD50 assay was extended and used to study the quantitative transplantation and radiation responses of a wide variety of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors (5,6). The techniques were also refined and extended to produce true clonogenic assays for tumor-cell survival, in which the clonogenicity of individual tumor cells was tested by preparing tumor-cell suspensions, counting the tumor cells, and determining the ability of individual tumor cells to proliferate to form macroscopic clones (6). For some tumors, this can be done by injecting known numbers of tumor cells intravenously into recipient mice, allowing the cells to lodge in the spleen (7) or the lung (8), waiting for the individual cells to grow into macroscopic tumors, and counting the number of tumors. In a few tumor systems, the suspended cells can be plated at low densities in cell culture, so that individual tumor cells will grow into macroscopic colonies, allowing the measurement of cell survival by colony-formation assays analogous developed by Puck and Marcus (9,10). The final step in this revolution in cancer biology came in 1961, when Till and McCulloch (11) described their spleen-colony assay for measuring the survival of bone-marrow stem cells. Clonogenic assays for other normal cell populations followed (12), allowing the toxicities of antineoplastic agents to be evaluated in terms of the responses of the critical clonogenic stem-cell populations within the dose-limiting normal tissues.
Optical stimulation of neural tissue

A novel method of stimulation of the neural tissue using pulsed, low-energy laser light is presented. Optical stimulation elicits compound nerve and muscle action potentials, with resultant muscle contraction, similar to responses obtained with conventional bipolar, electrical stimulation of the nerve. IR pulsed laser in the range 3-7 /spl mu/m was explored for nerve stimulation in vivo using both frog and rat models. Our observations of conduction velocity, blocking of neuromuscular transmission and cessation of nerve conduction by severing the nerve show that optical stimulation 1) produces action potentials conducted in A-type nerve fibers, 2) results in neuromuscular transmission, and 3) is conducted within the nerve. Within the studied range, wavelengths around 4 /spl mu/m yielded the least energy required for threshold stimulation which also had higher threshold for ablation. These wavelengths correspond to a minimum in the water absorption spectrum. Threshold stimulation to produce action potentials was 0.7 J/cm/sup 2/ at 4.6 /spl mu/m. Histological study of the irradiated nerves reveal undetectable damage to the irradiated nerve. Several possible mechanisms exist by which low-energy, pulsed laser light stimulation generate action potentials. These can include, but are not limited to, microscopic photothermal effects, photomechanical micro-stress waves, or photochemical modulation of membrane channels. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, optical stimulation has the potential advantage as a precise tool for basic science studies as well as clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
Test quality: required stuck-at fault coverage with the use of I/sub DDQ/ testing

Users of integrated circuits requiring very high quality are forced to generate specifications that contain quality metrics that are universally understood and applied by all the suppliers of integrated circuits. Stuck-at fault coverage has been classically used as such a metric. However, innumerable reports question the validity of the SAF model as the best metric for insuring CMOS circuit quality. Papers from each of the last four ITC's have detailed the fallacy of relying solely on high SAF coverage. Several other fault models (delay, bridging, weak0/1, pseudo stuck-at, etc.) have been introduced and their results evaluated. The conclusion seems to be that each method adds some amount to the total test coverage, while no method by itself is sufficient. The optimum test strategy should contain several types of tests targeted to the failure and defect mechanisms that apply to the circuit design and manufacturing technology in question. The problem here, especially from the user perspective, is that defining a 'universal' quality metric becomes very difficult or impossible. The AEC has proposed, in our most recent Fault Simulation and Test Grading specification (AEC-Q100-007), that the inclusion of an I/sub DDQ/ test in the test flow is desired and that the resulting improvement in total fault coverage is sufficient to allow the use of a test program with SAF coverage >95% in production. Overall test coverage and incoming product quality is expected to improve.
What We Know and What We Need to Learn About the Treatment of Dissociative Disorders

In this editorial, I briefly review research design issues and the current treatment research for dissociative disorders (DD), discuss the limitations and challenges of conducting treatment studies for patients with DD, and conclude by describing what I see as the first wave and second wave in the field of dissociation. Insurers and federally funded programs are increasingly requiring that treatment be empirically supported in order for treatment to be reimbursed. For example, psychoanalysis will no longer be reimbursed in The Netherlands because of what is perceived as a lack of empirical support. Other countries have also established standards about the treatments that have sufficient empirical support to merit government payment. I believe it is only a matter of time before it is common for patients with DD to be required to seek out empirically supported treatment if they want treatment to be reimbursed. We need to financially support treatment studies in order to develop a more solid empirical basis for the treatment of DD.
Morphological notation for interactive electroacoustic music

Interactive electroacoustic music that alters or extends instrumental timbre, samples it, or generates sound based upon data generated in real time by the performer presents a new set of challenges for the performing musician. Unlike tape music, interactive music can continuously vary its response and, frequently, performers are unable are to predict how the computer will react. Many, if not most, scores include no visual representation of how the computer may affect the sound of the instrument. Providing performers with a readily accessible visual representation of the sonic possibilities of interactive computer music will provide a conceptual framework within which performers can understand a piece of music. Interpretation of this type of notation by the performer will provide a perspective on how his or her acoustic instrument relates to the digital instrument. This can be especially useful when improvised or aleatoric methods are called for. This paper outlines a system of interactive computer-music descriptive notation that links pictographic representations to the system of spectromorphologies suggested by Dennis Smalley. The morphological notation (MN) uses these morphologies and adds a z-plane to the well-established time-vs-pitch schema. Ideally, MN will not only represent the sound data of the moment, but also will be an intuitive picture of the musical possibilities of a composition's electronic component.
STEINER TREES, STEINER CIRCUITS AND THE INTERFERENCE PROBLEM IN BUILDING DESIGN

Buildings contain enormously complex configurations of corridors, pipes, ducts, conduits and related building system components. In many cases, the configuration and analysis of these component systems can be Formulated as the Steiner tree problem with and without obstacles. Certain building systems can be represented with a Euclidean metric while others are best defined with a rectilinear (Manhattan) metric. The paper describes heuristic algorithms for the interactive development of minimal Steiner trees and circuits. The interactive approach enables architects and engineers to design these systems in ways consistent with the designed arrangement of building activities in two and three dimensions.
Zur Umsetzung von Phosphor‐Tetrachlorkohlenstoff‐Suspensionen mit Sauerstoff

Farbloser Phosphor ist mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff dampffluchtig. Mit Sauerstoff erfolgt in Gegenwart von Tetrachlorkohlenstoffdampf nur eine unwesentliche Oxydation des Phosphordampfes. Beim Abschrecken des Dampfgemisches bilden sich Konglomerate von farblosem Phosphor entsprechend mittleren Teilchengewichten bis zu 8200. Solche Konglomerate werden durch Sauerstoff oxydiert, Die Oxydationsprodukte zeigen ein Phosphor-Sauerstoffverhaltnis von ca. 2 : 3. Sie sind nicht, wie BLASER annahm, Polymere des Phosphor(III)-oxid, P4O6, sondern stellen wahrscheinlich polymere, vernetzte Mischoxide mit statistischer Sauerstoffverteilung dar.
292 EFFECTS OF ACUTE SALT LOADING ON BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION IN THE NEWBORN LAMB

The normal newborn has an impaired conservation of sodium; high renin-angiotensin system (RAS) levels; and a decreased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin 11(A-11). The purpose of this study was to determine whether increasing the newborn salt intake would suppress the high RAS levels and alter blood pressure(BP) responsiveness. In Exper 1, 8 newborn lambs were infused with NaCl 10 mEq/kg in 20 ml/kg 5%D/W over 60 min, followed by serial doses of A-11 (0.025, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.25 ug/kg/min), each for 15 min. Mean aortic BP was monitored continuously. In Exper 2 (0.25 ug/kg/min) was infused into 5 newborn lambs after a similar NaCl loading. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured before and at 5, 15, and 30 min of the A-11 infusion. In Exper 1, A-11 (0.025 ug/kg/min) increased BP 30 mm Hg in the ewe, caused no change in the control newborn, and increased BP 15 mm Hg in the volume expanded newborn; (0.25 ug/kg/min) increased BP 30 mm Hg in the control newborn and 40 mm Hg in the volume expanded newborn. In Exper 2, PRA decreased from 22.1 ± 2.1 ng/ml/hr (M and SEM) to 10.8 ± 2.1 (p<.05) after the volume expansion alone, and to 5.2 ± 1.0 (p<.05) after 30 min of the A-11 infusion. BP decreased 10 mm Hg after the salt loading alone. In conclusion: Acute salt loading, 1) increases the pressor responsiveness to A-11; 2) suppresses the renin-angiotensin system; and 3) decreases basal BP in the newborn lamb. Therefore, the reninangiotensin system control of BP and A-11 responsiveness may be related to the newborn sodium state.
Gray-scale photolithography using microfluidic photomasks

The ability to produce three-dimensional (3D) microstructures is of increasing importance in the miniaturization of mechanical or fluidic devices, optical elements, self-assembling components, and tissue-engineering scaffolds, among others. Traditional photolithography, the most widely used process for microdevice fabrication, is ill-suited for 3D fabrication, because it is based on the illumination of a photosensitive layer through a “photomask” (a transparent plate that contains opaque, unalterable solid-state features), which inevitably results in features of uniform height. We have devised photomasks in which the light-absorbing features are made of fluids. Unlike in conventional photomasks, the opacity of the photomask features can be tailored to an arbitrary number of gray-scale levels, and their spatial pattern can be reconfigured in the time scale of seconds. Here we demonstrate the inexpensive fabrication of photoresist patterns that contain features of multiple and/or smoothly varying heights. For a given microfluidic photomask, the developed photoresist pattern can be predicted as a function of the dye concentrations and photomask dimensions. For selected applications, microfluidic photomasks offer a low-cost alternative to present gray-scale photolithography approaches.
152 Order from disorder: defining structure in disordered proteins

Intrinsically disordered proteins are involved in a range of functional roles in the cell, as well as being associated with a number of diverse diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiac myopathies. We use single-molecule fluorescence approaches to characterize disordered proteins implicated in the progression of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Our goal is to understand, how disease-associated modifications to these proteins alter their conformational and dynamic properties and to relate these changes to disease pathology.
Phenylketonuria: A balanced polymorphism in Europe?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a highly deleterious recessive pathology of amino acid metabolism in which estimated allele frequencies may reach as high as 1·0 to 1·5% in some populations. The high incidence of the allele and the deleterious condition of the homozygote suggest that there may be, heterozygote advantage. If European samples are divided into Celtic and non-Celtic continental European, the estimated heterozygote incidence correlates significantly with available midwinter sunlight (Celtic r=−0·80; p