cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breaking free from the prison walls: penal reforms and prison life in revolutionary Russia

This article examines the attempts of early Soviet penal reformers and criminologists to turn prisons into institutions of discipline and rehabilitation for their inmates. Their proposed reforms championed a proletarian prisoner who with individual attention would become a full member of Soviet socialist society. However, the lack of resources and short sentences, alongside the upheaval of civil war, undermined these reforms with the result that early Soviet prisons became the mirror image of the humane, modern institutions that reformers had envisioned.
Improving the Interaction Between Sociological Research and Educational Policy

Sociologists have conducted numerous scholarly analyses of education and its impact on society. Many early studies, especially those by sociologists of education, are models of insight into the dynamics of social institutions. These researchers (e.g., Bidwell 1965; Coleman 1961, 1988, 1990; Dreeben 1968; Durkheim 1961; Kerckhoff 1976, 1993; Meyer 1977; Weber 1978) formulated powerful middle-range theories which laid the foundation for current analyses of schools. What was absent from this early research was rigorous empirical tests of these theories.
Different molecular complexes that mediate transcriptional induction and repression by FoxP3

FoxP3 conditions the transcriptional signature and functional facets of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Its mechanism of action, whether as an activator or a repressor, has remained unclear. Here, chromatin analysis showed that FoxP3 bound active enhancer elements, not repressed chromatin, around loci over- or under-expressed in Treg cells. We evaluated the impact of a panel of FoxP3 mutants on its transcriptional activity and interactions with DNA, transcriptional cofactors and chromatin. Computational integration, confirmed by biochemical interaction and size analyses, showed that FoxP3 existed in distinct multimolecular complexes. It was active and primarily an activator when complexed with the transcriptional factors RELA, IKZF2 and KAT5. In contrast, FoxP3 was inactive when complexed with the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and transcription factors YY1 and IKZF3. The latter complex partitioned to a peripheral region of the nucleus, as shown by super-resolution microscopy. Thus, FoxP3 acts in multimodal fashion to directly activate or repress transcription, in a context- and partner-dependent manner, to govern Treg cell phenotypes.
The Arakawa-Schubert Parameterization

This review paper begins with a brief statement of the cumulus parameterization problem, and a quick summary of the approach of Arakawa and Schubert (AS). This includes a discussion of the large-scale budget equations for dry static energy and water vapor, which include terms representing convective fluxes, and the condensation and evaporation that occur in convective clouds; and a summary of the simple cumulus cloud model proposed by AS, which features multiple “cloud types.” This is followed by a discussion of the interactions between the convective clouds and the planetary boundary layer. We then turn to three important topics on which AS had little or nothing to say, namely the effects of convective downdrafts, a parameterization of convection originating above the PBL top, and a theory of the interactions of convection with stratiform clouds. The quasi-equilibrium closure proposed by AS is briefly summarized here but is discussed in detail in a companion paper in this volume. Finally, we discuss some variants of the AS parameterization which have appeared in recent years.
Activity of macrolides against mycobacteria

The description of human disease caused by mycobacterial pathogens dates back to Biblical times. Presently, mycobacterial diseases account for a large proportion of all serious infectious disorders observed worldwide. Estimates of the numbers of leprosy cases exceed 20 million. Tuberculosis in all of its forms is believed to be the most common of the fatal infections, with total annual mortality figures of three million adult deaths of adults in developing countries (malaria may be numerically even more common but kills fewer patients) [1]. Tuberculosis is a re-emergent problem in many industrialized countries. In the modern world of global interdependency, rapid transportation, expanding trade, and migration, tuberculosis in any country is a threat to people of every country. The current global reemergence of tuberculosis can be attributed to several factors, among them, the HIVepidemic, social dislocation, poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate investment in public-health measures.
Reproductive Diapause in North American Populations of the Introduced Lady Beetle Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The Palearctic lady beetle species, Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), first collected in 1984 near Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is expanding its distribution into northeastern and north central portions of North America. Examination of responses to abiotic factors that influence the seasonal biology of H. variegata may provide insights into its potential range expansion in North America. The induction and duration of adult hibernal diapause in three North American populations of H. variegata, collected between 40°N and 44°N latitude, was determined at four constant photoperiods (L:D 16:8, 14:10, 12:12, and 10:14) at 22°C. Thirteen to twenty-one percent of females reared at L:D 16:8 entered diapause, whereas shorter photoperiods (L:D 12:12 and 10:14) induced diapause in 100% of females. Variation in the response to L:D 14:10 was observed among the three populations, 27-100% of females exhibited reproductive diapause. Pupae and young adults were sensitive to changes in constant photoperiods (L:D 16:8 ⇆ 10:14). Individuals reared at L:D 10:14 that were moved to L:D 16:8 on the day of pupation or the day of adult eclosion produced ovipositing females. Individuals reared at L:D 16:8 and transferred to L:D 10:14 on the day of pupation or the day of adult eclosion produced females that did not oviposit within 30 d of eclosion.
Interfacial stability of θ′/Al in Al-Cu alloys

Abstract Designing low-energy interface structures is crucial in growth and coarsening studies of Al2Cu (θ′) precipitates. Given new experimental insights into the θ′/Al system, we use Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the energetics of the coherent (001)θ′//(001)Al and semi-coherent (010)θ′//(010)Al interfaces. We find that the recently proposed occupancy of interstitial Cu atoms at the coherent interface by Bourgeois et al. increases interfacial energy, and hence, is likely due to kinetic effects. For the semi-coherent interface, the semi-coherent interfacial energy does not significantly depend on interfacial configurations or misfit strains up to 10-unit cells of Al.
The nutrient stress response in yeast

Nutrients such as glucose and glutamine provide yeast not only with substrates for energy production and mass accumulation but also with signals specifying the metabolic and transcriptional program appropriate for the condition in which the yeast cells find themselves. In nutrient replete conditions, nutrient signaling pathways activate growth programs promoting both continuous mass accumulation and the discontinuous process of the cell cycle. Under nutrient limiting conditions, these pathways activate a canonical stress response program and attenuate cell growth in proportion to the extent of nutrient limitation. In this review, we describe recent results elaborating the nature of these nutrient signaling pathways. In addition, we describe the short-term and long-term consequences of nutrient limitation on both the canonical stress response and the regulation of cell growth. We highlight the stochastic nature of the stress response, which permits genetically identical cells in a common environment to pursue distinct survival strategies, maximizing the potential for overall persistence of the clonal population regardless of subsequent environmental conditions. Finally, we examine the mechanistic connection between activation of the stress response and attenuation of cell growth. These recent results provide insight not only into the biology of yeast but also on homologous signaling pathways and stress responses of larger eukaryotes.
Geospatial cluster analyses of pneumonia-associated hospitalisations among adults in New York City, 2010-2014.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in New York City (NYC). We identified spatial clusters of pneumonia-associated hospitalisation for persons residing in NYC, aged ⩾18 years during 2010–2014. We detected pneumonia-associated hospitalisations using an all-payer inpatient dataset. Using geostatistical semivariogram modelling, local Moran's I cluster analyses and χ2 tests, we characterised differences between ‘hot spots’ and ‘cold spots’ for pneumonia-associated hospitalisations. During 2010–2014, there were 141 730 pneumonia-associated hospitalisations across 188 NYC neighbourhoods, of which 43.5% (N = 61 712) were sub-classified as severe. Hot spots of pneumonia-associated hospitalisation spanned 26 neighbourhoods in the Bronx, Manhattan and Staten Island, whereas cold spots were found in lower Manhattan and northeastern Queens. We identified hot spots of severe pneumonia-associated hospitalisation in the northern Bronx and the northern tip of Staten Island. For severe pneumonia-associated hospitalisations, hot-spot patients were of lower mean age and a greater proportion identified as non-Hispanic Black compared with cold spot patients; additionally, hot-spot patients had a longer hospital stay and a greater proportion experienced in-hospital death compared with cold-spot patients. Pneumonia prevention efforts within NYC should consider examining the reasons for higher rates in hot-spot neighbourhoods, and focus interventions towards the Bronx, northern Manhattan and Staten Island.
Autonomous and resilient infrastructure with cognitive and self-deployable load-bearing structural components

Abstract This paper explores concepts and pilot studies for realizing autonomous and disaster-resistant infrastructures through integrating cognitive and self-deployable load-bearing structural components. These components act as secondary, and independent structural systems, that allow civil construction to autonomously reconfigure their internal structure to adapt to severe loading conditions in real-time. As a result, an autonomous infrastructure can achieve higher levels of structural resilience under extreme events (i.e. fire, earthquake etc.). This improved performance mitigates premature failure (collapse), thus providing occupants with sufficient time to evacuate, and allowing first responders to tackle the adverse effects of disasters. The practicality of the proposed concepts is illustrated through a comprehensive case study that covers fundamental aspects of structural performance and human evacuation in a super-tall 80-storey high-rise building undergoing an extreme event.
Crystal Balls and Black Boxes: What Makes a Good Forecast?:

As a discipline that concerns itself with the future, planning relies on forecasts to inform and guide action. With this reliance comes a concern that the best possible forecasts be produced. This ...
Evaluating the ACS NSQIP Risk Calculator in Primary Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor: Results from the US Neuroendocrine Tumor Study Group

In a changing health care environment where patient outcomes will be more closely scrutinized, the ability to predict surgical complications is becoming increasingly important. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) online risk calculator is a popular tool to predict surgical risk. This paper aims to assess the applicability of the ACS NSQIP calculator to patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Using the US Neuroendocrine Tumor Study Group (USNET-SG), 890 patients who underwent pancreatic procedures between 1/1/2000–12/31/2016 were evaluated. Predicted and actual outcomes were compared using C-statistics and Brier scores. The most commonly performed procedure was distal pancreatectomy, followed by standard and pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. For the entire group of patients studied, C-statistics were highest for discharge destination (0.79) and cardiac complications (0.71), and less than 0.7 for all other complications. The Brier scores for surgical site infection (0.1441) and discharge to nursing/rehabilitation facility (0.0279) were below the Brier score cut-off, while the rest were equal to or above and therefore not useful for interpretation. This work indicates that the ACS NSQIP risk calculator is a valuable tool that should be used with caution and in coordination with clinical assessment for PNET clinical decision-making.
Suspected and confirmed germline variants from tumor-only somatic sequencing of 864 gastrointestinal malignancies.

e13131Background: Targeted tumor-only somatic sequencing informs therapies and is becoming a routine part of cancer care. It also identifies patients with possible germline variants who require con...
Food Insecurity and Chronic Disease in US Young Adults: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Food insecurity, or the limited or uncertain access to food resulting from inadequate financial resources, is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic disease in adulthood. Little is known about these relationships specifically in young adulthood, an important time for the development of chronic disease. To determine the association between food insecurity and chronic disease including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and obstructive airway disease in a nationally representative sample of US young adults. Cross-sectional nationally representative data collected from Wave IV (2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health was analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. US young adults ages 24–32 years old Food insecurity and general health; self-reported diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, “very overweight,” and obstructive airway disease; measured obesity derived from body mass index; and inadequate disease control (hemoglobin A1c ≥ 7.0%, blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) among those with reported diabetes and hypertension. Of the 14,786 young adults in the sample, 11% were food insecure. Food-insecure young adults had greater odds of self-reported poor health (2.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–4.24), diabetes (1.67, 95% CI 1.18–2.37), hypertension (1.40, 95% CI 1.14–1.72), being “very overweight” (1.30, 95% CI 1.08–1.57), and obstructive airway disease (1.48, 95% CI 1.22–1.80) in adjusted models compared with young adults who were food secure. Food insecurity was not associated with inadequate disease control among those with diabetes or hypertension. Food insecurity is associated with several self-reported chronic diseases and obesity in young adulthood. Health care providers should screen for food insecurity in young adults and provide referrals when appropriate. Future research should evaluate the impact of early interventions to combat food insecurity on the prevention of downstream health effects in later adulthood.
Perturbing Circadian Oscillations in an In Vitro Suprachiasmatic Nucleus With Magnetic Stimulation.

Many neurological disorders are associated with abnormal oscillatory dynamics. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for the timing and synchronization of physiological processes. We performed experiments on PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE transgenic "knock-in" mice. In these mice, a gene that is expressed in a circadian pattern is fused to an inserted gene that codes for luciferase, which is a bioluminescent enzyme. A one-time 3 min magnetic stimulation (MS) was applied to excised slices of the SCN. The MS consisted of a 50-mT field that was turned on and off 4,500 times. The rise time and fall time of the field were 75 μs. A photon count that extended over the full 5 days that the slice remained viable, subsequently revealed how the MS affected the circadian cycle. The MS was applied at points in the circadian cycle that correspond to either maximal or minimal bioluminescence. It was found that both the amplitude and period of the endogenous circadian oscillation are affected by MS and that the effects strongly depend on where in the circadian cycle the stimulation was applied. Our MS dose is in the same range as clinically applied doses, and our findings imply that transcranial MS may be instrumental in remedying disorders that originate in circadian rhythm abnormalities. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:63-72 © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing Molecular Order in Live Cells

Molecular order underpins many directed functions performed by cells, but its measurement in live cells and dynamic systems, across spatial and temporal scales, remains challenging. We have developed an optical microscope and computational methods that reveal the molecular orientation of single molecules and their ensembles in live cells—with a temporal resolution of 20 Hz, localization accuracy of 50 nm and orientation accuracy of less than 5 degrees. The microscope has enabled the study of some outstanding biological questions that hinge on how nanoscale molecules come together to form dynamic micron-scale assemblies in cells.
Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals from municipal solid waste leachate using different grasses under hydroponic condition.

Grasses have been used widely to remediate contaminants present in domestic wastewater, but leachate generated from municipal solid waste that usually contain some concentrations of heavy metals has never been reported to be treated with grasses, especially Rhodes grass. A series of experiments was performed to investigate the contaminant uptake from municipal solid waste leachate by Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) grown in combination with two commonly available grass varieties namely Vetiveria zizanioides (Vetiver grass) and Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass). Leachate used for the experiments had high values for chemical oxygen demand (5 g/L), pH (8.5), electrical conductivity (9.0 mS/cm), nitrates (182.1 mg/L), phosphates 6.4 mg/L along with heavy metals i.e. copper, zinc and manganese. Different dilutions of leachate ranging from 0 to 100% were applied in batches and their result showed that collectively all the grasses reduced overall contaminant concentrations. These were reported for chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, nitrates, and phosphates reduced up to 67, 94, 94, and 73%, respectively. Metals uptake by grasses also showed a significant decrease in applied dose i.e. zinc (97%), copper (89%), and manganese (89%). Plant analysis showed that all grasses showed preference to heavy metals uptake e.g. Rhodes grass favoured up taking zinc, Elephant grass for copper and Vetiver grass preferred manganese. Overall growth performance of Rhodes grass was better in dilute leachate, whereas in more concentrated leachate, Rhodes grass did not perform better and production of biomass decreased. In Vetiver grass, root and shoot lengths decreased with increasing leachate strength, but the biomass did not change significantly.
Not a metaphor: a comment on Evelyn Fox Keller’s ‘cognitive functions of metaphor in the natural sciences’

This article examines the strategies that Evelyn Fox Keller has employed to analyze the work of metaphor in the language and practice of science, particularly in biology. It offers that the rhetori...
Patient Experiences of Integrated Care in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations and Medicare Advantage Versus Traditional Fee-for-Service.

Background Health insurance design can influence the extent to which clinical care is well-coordinated. Through alternative payment models, Medicare Advantage (MA) and Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) have the potential to improve integration relative to traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare. Objective To characterize patient experiences of integrated care within Medicare and identify whether MA or ACO beneficiaries perceive greater integration than FFS beneficiaries. Design Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Subjects Nationally representative sample of 11,978 Medicare beneficiaries. Measures Main outcomes included 8 previously derived domains of patient-perceived integrated care (PPIC), measured on a scale of 1-4. Results The final sample was 55% female with a mean (SD) age of 71.1 (11.3). In unadjusted analyses, we observed considerable variation across PPIC domains in the full sample, but little variation across subsamples defined by coverage type within a given PPIC domain. In linear models adjusting for a rich set of patient characteristics, we observe no significant benefits of ACOs nor MA relative to FFS, a finding which is robust to alternative specifications and adjustment for multiple comparisons. We similarly observed no benefits in subgroup analyses restricted to states with relatively high market penetration of ACOs or MA. Conclusions Despite characteristics of ACOs and MA that theoretically promote integrated care, we find that PPIC is largely similar across coverage types in Medicare.
Misattributions of the source of health-related information in HIV disease.

Introduction: Growing access to both legitimate and dubious sources of health information makes accurate source memory increasingly important, yet it may be negatively impacted by conditions that i...
Psychiatry clerkship sites : factors that make a difference in student performance.

Using correlation ratios and analysis of variance, several potential variability factors in student clerkship performance were examined. Comparisons are made between clerkship clinical sites for scores on written work, clinical work, and examination scores, and for factors such as the amount of patient and faculty contact. A small amount of grade variance is due to clerkship site. Correlations between scores on clinical skills and examination scores were low, consistent with the idea that grades of clinical performance and performance on examinations measure different dimensions of student ability. The relevance for clerkship planning and grading equity is discussed.
Size effect on the bandgap change of quantum dots: Thermomechanical deformation

Abstract The size effect on the optoelectronic behavior of semiconductor crystals has attracted great interest for the applications of semiconductor nanocrystals in photonics, bioimaging, energy harvesting etc. In this work, we study the size effect on the bandgap change of spherical semiconductor nanocrystals under concurrent action of mechanical pressure and uniform temperature change and incorporate the theory of surface elasticity in the analysis. Using Taylor series expansion to the first order of approximation, we obtain an analytical relationship between the bandgap change of the spherical semiconductor nanocrystal, the volumetric strain, the maximum shear strain and the temperature change. The thermal expansion due to the temperature increase causes the decrease of bandgap. The effect of surface energy/elasticity on the bandgap change exhibits similar size dependence to the effect of the Coulomb interaction, and the effect of the volumetric strain on the bandgap change is equivalent to the pressure (hydrostatic stress) effect.
Model Coherent Structure Dynamics: Vortex Reconnection, Core Dynamics and Interaction with Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations for three idealized vortex interactions are analyzed to obtain insights into the dynamics of coherent structures in turbulent flows. We first study the vortex reconnection mechanism which presumably is important in cascade and mixing in turbulent flows. The dynamical significance of axial flow in coherent structures inferred from this interaction is explored further by studying the evolution of an axisymmetric laminar vortex tube with nonuniform core. Evolution of vorticity wavepackets in such a vortex tube is first explained as a coupling between swirl and meridional flow. We show how this evolution is better understood by the motion of polarized vorticity components, obtained via complex helical wave decomposition of the vorticity and velocity fields. Finally, by treating such a vortex tube as a prototypical segment of a coherent structure we study its interaction with background, fine-scale, isotropic turbulence. This study shows polarization and organization of small scales by the coherent structure, and subsequent feedback on the structure from the small scales, thus providing the mechanism for a direct coupling between large and fine scales in turbulent flows.
Factors and Strategies that Influence Faculty Involvement in Public Service

Fundamental questions about the role of public service as scholarly work persist among many faculty members. Institutional leaders feel challenged in their search for effective strategies to encourage faculty involvement in public service activities. In part, mysteries remain because much of the material on public service is experiential, and has been based on individual cases or individual institutional models. While individual experiences and campus reports can offer inspiration and good ideas for further experimentation, they often lack the compelling impact of more systematic, broad-scale research studies that may help us see patterns, or suggest answers to persistent questions. Faculty and administrators alike have res
Making Managerial Economics Relevant to the MBA

Managerial economics, which seeks to merge microeconomic theory with quantitative tools to solve managerial problems, have become firmly established in business curricula, particularly at the MBA level. This paper points out several problems in making theory accessible to business managers. The common limitation of managerial economics texts lies in their attempt to draw the business manager into the world of the empirical economist rather than the other way around. This paper makes recommendations for new directions in the curriculum.
Mycobacterium avium Possesses Extracellular DNA that Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics

Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is an opportunistic pathogen that is associated with biofilm-related infections of the respiratory tract and is difficult to treat. In recent years, extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been found to be a major component of bacterial biofilms, including many pathogens involved in biofilm-associated infections. To date, eDNA has not been described as a component of mycobacterial biofilms. In this study, we identified and characterized eDNA in a high biofilm-producing strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH). In addition, we surveyed for presence of eDNA in various MAH strains and other nontuberculous mycobacteria. Biofilms of MAH A5 (high biofilm-producing strain) and MAH 104 (reference strain) were established at 22°C and 37°C on abiotic surfaces. Acellular biofilm matrix and supernatant from MAH A5 7 day-old biofilms both possess abundant eDNA, however very little eDNA was found in MAH 104 biofilms. A survey of MAH clinical isolates and other clinically relevant nontuberculous mycobacterial species revealed many species and strains that also produce eDNA. RAPD analysis demonstrated that eDNA resembles genomic DNA. Treatment with DNase I reduced the biomass of MAH A5 biofilms when added upon biofilm formation or to an already established biofilm both on abiotic surfaces and on top of human pharyngeal epithelial cells. Furthermore, co-treatment of an established biofilm with DNase 1 and either moxifloxacin or clarithromycin significantly increased the susceptibility of the bacteria within the biofilm to these clinically used antimicrobials. Collectively, our results describe an additional matrix component of mycobacterial biofilms and a potential new target to help treat biofilm-associated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III–V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO2 films

A monolithically integrated device consisting of a tandem-junction GaAs/InGaP photoanode coated by an amorphous TiO2 stabilization layer, in conjunction with Ni-based, earth-abundant active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen-evolution and oxygen-evolution reactions, was used to effect unassisted, solar-driven water splitting in 1.0 M KOH(aq). When connected to a Ni–Mo-coated counterelectrode in a two-electrode cell configuration, the TiO2-protected III–V tandem device exhibited a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, ηSTH, of 10.5% under 1 sun illumination, with stable performance for >40 h of continuous operation at an efficiency of ηSTH > 10%. The protected tandem device also formed the basis for a monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe solar-hydrogen prototype system (1 cm2) driven by a NiMo/GaAs/InGaP/TiO2/Ni structure. The intrinsically safe system exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 0.81 μL s−1 and a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 8.6% under 1 sun illumination in 1.0 M KOH(aq), with minimal product gas crossover while allowing for beneficial collection of separate streams of H2(g) and O2(g).
Separate ion pathways in a Cl-/H+ exchanger

CLC-ec1 is a prokaryotic CLC-type Cl−/H+ exchange transporter. Little is known about the mechanism of H+ coupling to Cl−. A critical glutamate residue, E148, was previously shown to be required for Cl−/H+ exchange by mediating proton transfer between the protein and the extracellular solution. To test whether an analogous H+ acceptor exists near the intracellular side of the protein, we performed a mutagenesis scan of inward-facing carboxyl-bearing residues and identified E203 as the unique residue whose neutralization abolishes H+ coupling to Cl− transport. Glutamate at this position is strictly conserved in all known CLCs of the transporter subclass, while valine is always found here in CLC channels. The x-ray crystal structure of the E203Q mutant is similar to that of the wild-type protein. Cl− transport rate in E203Q is inhibited at neutral pH, and the double mutant, E148A/E203Q, shows maximal Cl− transport, independent of pH, as does the single mutant E148A. The results argue that substrate exchange by CLC-ec1 involves two separate but partially overlapping permeation pathways, one for Cl− and one for H+. These pathways are congruent from the protein's extracellular surface to E148, and they diverge beyond this point toward the intracellular side. This picture demands a transport mechanism fundamentally different from familiar alternating-access schemes.
Effectiveness of Inhaled Steroids in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Evidence indicates that there is a substantial inflammatory component associated with COPD and that this inflammation is increased during the acute exacerbation. The role of inhaled steroids in COPD has been established through a variety of studies. Inhaled steroids are most effective when given in conjunction with long-acting beta agonists. In those circumstances, patients have an improvement in quality of life, lessening of dyspnea, reduced use of rescue medications, and, in some studies, fewer exacerbations. The side effects associated with inhaled steroid use include an increase in the incidence of pneumonia and cataracts. National recommendations are for the use of inhaled steroids only in conjunction with a long-acting beta agonist.
Step training with body weight support: effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on poststroke locomotor recovery.

Sullivan KJ, Knowlton BJ, Dobkin BH. Step training with body weight support:effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on poststroke locomotor recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:683-91. Objective: To investigate the effect of practice paradigms that varied treadmill speed during step training with body weight support in subjects with chronic hemiparesis after stroke. Design: Randomized, repeated-measures pilot study with 1- and 3-month follow-ups. Setting: Outpatient locomotor laboratory. Participants: Twenty-four individuals with hemiparetic gait deficits whose walking speeds were at least 50% below normal. Intervention: Participants were stratified by locomotor se- verity based on initial walking velocity and randomly assigned to treadmill training at slow (0.5mph), fast (2.0mph), or vari- able (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0mph) speeds. Participants received 20 minutes of training per session for 12 sessions over 4 weeks. Main Outcome Measure: Self-selected overground walk- ing velocity (SSV) was assessed at the onset, middle, and end of training, and 1 and 3 months later. Results: SSV improved in all groups compared with base- line (P.001). All groups increased SSV in the 1-month fol- low-up (P.01) and maintained these gains at the 3-month follow-up (P.77). The greatest improvement in SSV across training occurred with fast training speeds compared with the slow and variable groups combined (P.04). Effect size (ES) was large between fast compared with slow (ES.75) and variable groups (ES.73). Conclusions: Training at speeds comparable with normal walking velocity was more effective in improving SSV than training at speeds at or below the patient's typical overground walking velocity.
Burn-related physical impairments and disabilities in Ghanaian children: Prevalence and risk factors

The prevalence, and risk factors for childhood burn-related physical impairments and disabilities in Ghana were determined with data from mothers of burned children. Of 650 identified burns 113 (174%) resulted in physical impairments, 5 (1%) resulted in physical disabilities. After multivariate adjustment, the odds of developing burn-related physical impairments were increased by burns with protracted healing (odds ratio [OR] = 5.80), burns to the head/neck (OR = 344), burns involving skin removal (OR = 3.04), and wound infection (OR = 2.03) and decreased by first aid (OR = 0.51) and maternal education (OR = 0.54). Education on the proper care of burns may prevent burn-related physical impairments. The results also underscore the link between maternal education and child morbidity.
Electromechanical dissociation in the human skeletal muscle

It is not clear whether electromechanical dissociation can be a significant cause of clinical weakness in the human skeletal muscle. One type of muscle disorder suggests that this may occur. The condition results from the use of large doses of corticosteroids in conjunction with a neuromuscular blocking agent. In this situation, the thick myosin filaments of the sarcomere are preferentially disrupted. This may selectively compromise the contractile properties of the skeletal muscle fiber, without necessarily implicating the integrity of the muscle membrane. Thus, a muscle fiber might still be able to depolarize electrically, producing a membrane action potential, without necessarily generating an appropriate mechanical response.
The influence of age, sex and race on salivary kallikrein levels in human mixed saliva.

Variation in the level of salivary kallikrein in human saliva has been reported as a function of systemic conditions such as reduced salt intake and during the menstrual cycle. Higher levels of salivary kallikrein have been observed in subjects with tumors distant from the oral cavity when compared to control subjects. These studies have not evaluated factors, such as age, which might influence the concentration of glandular kallikrein in saliva. The purpose of the preseut study was to determine the variation of salivary kallikrein concentration as a function of age. Differences attributable to sex or race were also evaluated. Mixed saliva was collected from 114 subjects, ages 5–91, by paraffin stimulation. Samples were centrifuged and stored at −20°C for subsequent analysis. Glandular kallikrein activity was assayed usingd-ValylLeucylArginine-p-nitroanilide as the substrate. In a linear regression model which included sex, race, and age, levels only the factor of age had a significant effect on kallikrein levels. Thep-value for the reduced model including only the factor of age was 0.0406 and the R-square was 0.038. Further analysis revealed that females did exhibit significantly higher kallikrein in individuals 40 years or older and that the effect of age appeared to be limited to females. It is concluded that both gender and age must be considered when evaluating salivary kallikrein changes in relationship to systemic disease.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Athletes: Morphologic Features and Clinical Correlates

The athlete's heart is a constellation of cardiac morphologic changes, including increased left ventricular volume, increased left ventricular mass, increased left atrial volume, and right ventricular structural changes as a physiologic response to exercise training. These structural changes fall within the normal reference ranges of appropriately matched control subjects for most trained individuals; however, there are significant numbers of athletes who have "abnormal" measurements. The ability to distinguish between physiologic changes associated with the athlete's heart and structural abnormalities that may represent underlying cardiac disease is of paramount importance. Structural heart disease significantly increases risk for morbidity, mortality, and sudden death, especially during exercise or physical stress. This article reviews the morphologic changes associated with the athlete's heart.
Dynamic fracture criteria for crack growth along bimaterial interfaces

Dynamic fracture criteria based on experimental observations are proposed for subsonic crack growth along bimaterial interfaces. These criteria are based on the premise that the crack-face displacements at a point behind the crack tip increase exponentially with the instantaneous crack-tip velocity. This assumption establishes a generalized relationship between the dynamic energy release rate and the instantaneous crack-tip velocity. Experiments are performed on PSM-I/aluminum bimaterial systems for both shear dominated and opening-mode dominated crack growth to verify the proposed criteria. Two different bimaterial specimen geometries are employed to obtain the complete range of crack-tip speeds in the subsonic regime. The dynamic loading is achieved either by detonating two explosive charges on the specimen or by impacting the specimen in one-point bend configuration. Dynamic photoelasticity in conjunction with high-speed photography is used to analyze the fracture event. Explosive loading of the interface crack results in crack propagation speeds on the order of 65 percent of the shear wave speed of PSM-1 and the crack growth is observed to be stable and opening-mode dominated. In contrast, the impact loading results in very high crack propagation speeds on the order of shear wave speed of PSM-1 and the crack growth is observed to be shear dominated.
Generalized Bloch theorem for complex periodic potentials: A powerful application to quantum transport calculations

Band-theoretic methods with periodically repeated supercells have been a powerful approach for ground-state electronic structure calculations but have not so far been adapted for quantum transport problems with open boundary conditions. Here, we introduce a generalized Bloch theorem for complex periodic potentials and use a transfer-matrix formulation to cast the transmission probability in a scattering problem with open boundary conditions in terms of the complex wave vectors of a periodic system with absorbing layers, allowing a band technique for quantum transport calculations. The accuracy and utility of the method are demonstrated by the model problems of the transmission of an electron over a square barrier and the scattering of a phonon in an inhomogeneous nanowire. Application to the resistance of a twin boundary in nanocrystalline copper yields excellent agreement with recent experimental data.
Equity in transport: The distribution of transit access and connectivity among affordable housing units

In the United States, federal agencies are required to work towards providing equal access to resources for minority and low-income populations. Access to quality public transportation is critical for mobility to many of these populations. Determining how transit service is distributed among vulnerable groups has the potential to significantly enhance policy analysis. While many measures of accessibility exist, due to the complexity of transit networks and the scale of the urban areas, limited research has been conducted on developing a tool to measure how equitable the distribution of transit access is in a region. This paper develops a comprehensive method to quantify the quality of service and accessibility at each transit node in a network, combined with an index to measure the inequity (concentration of quality service) at the micro scale. These measures are applied to the distribution of all residential housing units, a random sampling of units and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development subsidized units in Baltimore, Maryland; to determine if the subsidized housing programs are achieving major policy objectives of providing equitable transit access to vulnerable groups. The results show that transit connectivity and accessibility is distributed among some types of subsidized housing units more equitably than can be achieved by random sampling in the general population, but for other types, the distribution is less equitable; indicating some policies to enhance transit access among these units have not been effective. Evidence from this study suggests that developers of affordable housing and transportation planners should work together to find development locations that place more emphasis on transit locations with high connectivity rather than simply reducing distance to any transit.
‘To the adornment and honour of the city’: the mathematics course of the Flemish Jesuits in the seventeenth century

In 1980 Omer van de Vyver drew attention to the existence of a Jesuit ‘school of mathematics’ in the Flemish province. However, in recent years historians of science have constructed a more refined picture of Jesuit science and Jesuit scientific teaching in the different colleges scattered around Europe. A reappraisal of the specific conditions and underlying motives of the inauguration of the mathematics course in the Flemish province shows that this course cannot be reduced to a mere copy of Clavius's Academy in Rome. Nor can the course be considered to be a straightforward implementation of the Ratio studiorum. Rather, the foundation and organization of the Flemish course of mathematics responded to characteristic contextual impulses.1 1 This work was done with the support of a scholarship from the Vlaams-Nederlands Comite voor Nederlanse Taal en Cultuur (VNC). This is a revised version of the paper I read to a colloquium in Antwerp, organized by the Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal-...
Effects of misalignment on turbulent flow hybrid thrust bearings

An extended computational bulk-flow analysis for prediction of performance in angled injection, orifice-compensated hydrostatic/hydrodynamic thrust bearings is presented. The fluid motion within the thin film lands is governed by mass conservation and momentum transport equations. Mass flow conservation and a simple model for momentum transport within the hydrostatic bearing recesses are also accounted for. A perturbation analysis for small amplitude shaft axial motions and angulations leads to zeroth and first-order equations describing the equilibrium and perturbed fluid flows. The computational procedure predicts the bearing flow rate, thrust load and restoring moments, drag torque, and 27 force and moment coefficients. The effects of misalignment on the dynamic performance of a refrigerant fluid-hybrid thrust bearing are evaluated at an optimal operating condition. The axial force/displacement stiffness coefficient and the direct moment/angle stiffness coefficients show a maximum for a certain recess pressure ratio, while the damping coefficient steadily increases with the applied load. As the misalignment angle increases, both moment and force coefficients also increase. Most operating conditions show a whirl frequency ratio equal to 0.50. Thus, thrust hybrid bearings offer the same limited stability characteristics as hydrodynamic thrust bearings when undergoing self-excited shaft angular motions.
Parent behavioral training for problem children: an examination of studies using multiple outcome measures.

The purpose of the present paper was to review parent training studies that have used multiple outcome measures to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Twentyfour studies were identified which used at least two of the following three measures: independent observercollected data, parentcollected data, and parentcompleted questionnaire data. A description of the instruments and procedures used with each assessment technique was presented. The results indicated that all three outcome measures have yielded positive results;however, parentcollected data and parent questionnaire data were associated with more positive outcome results than data collected by independent observers. Limitations of each assessment procedure were discussed and recommendations about which measures to use were made.
Operation of Accelerators Directly off the Utility System

The operation of accelerators directly off the utility line is primarily restricted by the voltage fluctuation it causes on the utility system. To limit the voltage fluctuation, it will be necessary to design equipment and circuitry to reduce the MVARs during flat-topping and at the beginning of inversion. The advantages gained with the elimination of motor generator (M-G) sets will outweigh any disadvantages of more complicated equipment and possible operating restrictions. Based on a one second acceleration time, restricted MVAR during flat-topping and a range of 0.5%-1% voltage fluctuation, the stored energy in the ring magnet in MJ may be between 0.25% and 0.5% of the short circuit capacity (SCC) of the system at the point the accelerator is interconnected. Action of the generator voltage regulators will reduce the calculated voltage flicker or the required SCC. There are many systems that are large enough to permit direct operation of medium sized accelerators or standby operation of large accelerators at reduced capacity. Large accelerators will require large utility systems.
The informatics core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

The Alzheimer's Diseases Neuroimaging Initiative project has brought together geographically distributed investigators, each collecting data on the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The quantity and diversity of the imaging, clinical, cognitive, biochemical, and genetic data acquired and generated throughout the study necessitated sophisticated informatics systems to organize, manage, and disseminate data and results. We describe, here, a successful and comprehensive system that provides powerful mechanisms for processing, integrating, and disseminating these data not only to support the research needs of the investigators who make up the Alzheimer's Diseases Neuroimaging Initiative cores, but also to provide widespread data access to the greater scientific community for the study of Alzheimer's Disease.