cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal-chitosan Conjugates Effectively Deliver Active Chromophores to Retinal Photoreceptor Cells in Blind Mice and Dogs.

The retinoid (visual) cycle consists of a series of biochemical reactions needed to regenerate the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal and sustain vision. Genetic or environmental factors affecting chromophore production can lead to blindness. Using animal models that mimic human retinal diseases, we previously demonstrated that mechanism-based pharmacological interventions can maintain vision in otherwise incurable genetic diseases of the retina. Here, we report that after 9-cis-retinal administration to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-deficient (Lrat-/- ) mice, the drug was rapidly absorbed and then cleared within 1 to 2 hours. However, when conjugated to form chitosan-9-cis-retinal, this prodrug was slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in sustainable plasma levels of 9-cis-retinol and recovery of visual function without causing elevated levels, as occurs with unconjugated drug treatment. Administration of chitosan-9-cis-retinal conjugate intravitreally in retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 retinoid isomerase (RPE65)-deficient dogs improved photoreceptor function as assessed by electroretinography. Functional rescue was dose dependent and maintained for several weeks. Dosing via the gastrointestinal tract in canines was found ineffective, most likely due to peculiarities of vitamin A blood transport in canines. Use of the chitosan conjugate in combination with 11-cis-6-ring-retinal, a locked ring analog of 11-cis-retinal that selectively blocks rod opsin consumption of chromophore while largely sparing cone opsins, was found to prolong cone vision in Lrat-/- mice. Development of such combination low-dose regimens to selectively prolong useful cone vision could not only expand retinal disease treatments to include Leber congenital amaurosis but also the age-related decline in human dark adaptation from progressive retinoid cycle deficiency.
Searches for third generation squarks at the Tevatron

In the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the large mixing between the chiral states of the scalar partner particles of the standard model fermions might lead to small masses for sbottom and stop quarks. Dedicated searches are carried out in final states with large missing transverse energy and at least two jets, where at least one of the jets is required to be b-tagged (sbottom searches) or c-tagged (stop searches). Most recent results from several analysis performed by the CDF and D0 collaborations are presented.
The Metageography of the Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sui and Tang historians constructed a geographical conceptualization for the Northern and Southern Dynasties that depicted them as equal and complementary halves of one greater whole, now “unified” under the Sui-Tang empire. This spatial model has been the dominant way in which modern historians have thought about the fifth and sixth centuries. But literati of that time conceptualized their geopolitical landscape very differently. This article examines the varied ways in which literati of the Northern and Southern Dynasties conceptualized their own geopolitical landscape. In each of the models examined, the spatial relationship between north and south is described as hierarchical and adversarial, differing considerably from the equal and complementary model espoused by Tang historians. Les historiens des epoques Sui et Tang ont elabore une conceptualisation geographique des dynasties du Nord et du Sud qui les decrit comme les moities egales et complementaires d’un tout, unifie par les empires Sui et Tang. Ce modele spatial est devenu le principal mode d’apprehension de l’histoire des ve et vie siecles pour les historiens modernes. Les intellectuels de ces deux siecles cependant, avaient de toutes autres conceptions de leur paysage geopolitique. Cet article examine ces differentes conceptions; il identifie plusieurs modeles, dans lesquels les relations entre Nord et Sud sont toujours decrites comme hierarchiques et hostiles, au contraire du modele complementaire adopte ensuite par les historiens des Tang
On Local Index and the Cocycle Property for Lefschetz Numbers

Let T = (T1,…,T s ) be a commuting s-tuple of elements in the algebra of bounded operators on a complex Banach space. When the (2s –2)-dimensional Hausdorff measure of σ ess (T) is zero we introduce certain Lefschetz number ratios which give the transition functions for a holomorphic line bundle E T on ℂ S \ σ ess (T). The Lefschetz numbers themselves define a meromorphic section of E T whose divisor is a complex analytic cycle carried on the Taylor spectrum; its local degree at z has a natural interpretation as a maximal ideal index for (T – z). This index has jumps on the singular locus of the spectrum and sometimes determines the K 1-homology class of T. The correspondence T → E T has the property that E T⊕T′ = E T⊗E T′, and if s is even, \( E_{T^t } = - E \) where t denotes transpose. Furthermore, when M is a Hilbert space, σ ess (T) is smooth and K is compact, E T+K = E T . The present note details the construction of the map T → E T and its relationship to the fundamental trace form of crypto-integral algebras.
Resolving goal conflicts via negotiation

In non-cooperative multi-agent planning, resolution of multiple conflicting goals is the result of finding compromise solutions. Previous research has dealt with such multi-agent problems where planning goals are well-specified, subgoals can be enumerated, and the utilities associated with subgoals known. Our research extends the domain of problems to include non-cooperative multi-agent interactions where planning goals are ill-specified, subgoals cannot be enumerated, and the associated utilities are not precisely known. We provide a model of goal conflict resolution through negotiation implemented in the PERSUADER, a program that resolves labor disputes. Negotiation is performed through proposal and modification of goal relaxations. Case-Based Reasoning is integrated with the use of multi-attribute utilities to portray tradeoffs and propose novel goal relaxations and compromises. Persuasive arguments are generated and used as a mechanism to dynamically change the agents' utilities so that convergence to an acceptable compromise can be achieved.
Legal Rights and Moral Responsibilities in the Health Care Process

The topic of our discussion is extremely broad while the space to address it is rather limited. Consequently, any developed philosophical argument on some aspect of the topic would have to be so narrow that I have decided instead to offer some rather general remarks. In doing so, I shall say little that does not seem to me to be obvious, but I hope that at least it also has the merit of being true.
Nuclei-specific thalamic connectivity predicts seizure frequency in drug-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Background and objectives We assessed correlations between the resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of different thalamic nuclei and seizure frequency in patients with drug-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Methods Seventeen patients with mTLE and 17 sex-/age-/handedness-matched controls participated. A seed-based correlation method for the resting-state FMRI data was implemented to get RSFC maps of 70 thalamic nuclei seed masks. Group statistics for individual RSFC for subjects and seed masks were performed to obtain within-group characteristics and between-group differences with age covariates. A linear regression was applied to test whether seizure frequency correlated with thalamic nuclear RSFC with the whole brain in mTLE patients. Results RSFC of thalamic nuclei showed spatially distinguishable connectivity patterns that reflected principal inputs and outputs that were derived from priori anatomical knowledge. We found group differences between normal control and mTLE groups in RSFC for nuclei seeds located in various subdivisions of thalamus. The RSFCs in some of those nuclei were strongly correlated with seizure frequency. Conclusions Mediodorsal thalamic nuclei may play important roles in seizure activity or in the regulation of neuronal activity in the limbic system. The RSFC of motor- and sensory-relay nuclei may help elucidate sensory-motor deficits associated with chronic seizure activity. RSFC of the pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus could also be a key reflection of symptom-related functional deficits in mTLE.
Treatment of Deltoid Deficiency and Paralysis in Shoulder Arthroplasty

The deltoid is the powerhouse of the shoulder, and deltoid deficiency or paralysis can be devastating to shoulder function. Improvements in shoulder arthroplasty technology and deltoid reconstruction options have led to innovative options for patients with deltoid paralysis and glenohumeral pathology. Reconstruction options for deltoid function include axillary nerve reinnervation or muscle tendon transfer. Nerve reinnervation procedures are time-sensitive and require confirmation of return of muscle function prior to arthroplasty. Muscle tendon transfers, on the other hand, are not time-sensitive and offer the option of a one-stage procedure for deltoid reconstruction and shoulder arthroplasty. Both deltoid reconstruction options in conjunction with shoulder arthroplasty have shown postoperative improvements in range of motion, pain, and patient-reported outcome measures.
Formal constraint-based compilation for noisy intermediate-scale quantum systems

Abstract Noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) systems are expected to have a few hundred qubits, minimal or no error correction, limited connectivity and limits on the number of gates that can be performed within the short coherence window of the machine. The past decade’s research on quantum programming languages and compilers is directed towards large systems with thousands of qubits. For near term quantum systems, it is crucial to design tool flows which make efficient use of the hardware resources without sacrificing the ease and portability of a high-level programming environment. In this paper, we present a compiler for the Scaffold quantum programming language in which aggressive optimization specifically targets NISQ machines with hundreds of qubits. Our compiler extracts gates from a Scaffold program, and formulates a constrained optimization problem which considers both program characteristics and machine constraints. Using the Z3 SMT solver, the compiler maps program qubits to hardware qubits, schedules gates, and inserts CNOT routing operations while optimizing the overall execution time. The output of the optimization is used to produce target code in the OpenQASM language, which can be executed on existing quantum hardware such as the 16-qubit IBM machine. Using real and synthetic benchmarks, we show that it is feasible to synthesize near-optimal compiled code for current and small NISQ systems. For large programs and machine sizes, the SMT optimization approach can be used to synthesize compiled code that is guaranteed to finish within the coherence window of the machine.
Outcomes after cessation of therapy with alkylating agents (AA) for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs).

394Background: There are several therapies now available for panNETs, raising concern that treatment-related toxicity, namely myelosuppression, may preclude use of all treatments. AA are an effecti...
The Aging Brain

This chapter discusses the relationship between functional alterations and brain metabolism in aging animals and humans and in the pathological conditions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure of the copper sites in Cytochrome C Oxidase

The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique is discussed with relevance to the determination of details of the local structural environment of the copper active sites of beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. By studying the copper x-ray absorption edges and EXAFS of the resting state, fully reduced, and mixed valence-formate derivatives of the enzyme, most if not all of the oxidation state-sensitive sulfur ligands can be assigned to CuA, the epr-detectable copper. No evidence can be found for radiation induced oxidation state changes in these samples at -60 C under the flux conditions of these experiments.
Endovascular repair of delayed traumatic aortocaval fistula.

Abstract Aortocaval fistula (ACF) is an uncommon condition that can result in a number of adverse clinical sequelae. We describe a case of an ACF that occurred several years after open repair of a penetrating injury of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Whereas ACF can have sudden and catastrophic presentations, our patient had a subacute presentation of high-output heart failure. We were able to fully correct the vascular injury and heart failure physiology and symptoms with endovascular therapy.
Abstract WP410: Hemoglobin Levels and Poor Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Exploratory Analysis of Individual Patient Data Across Multiple Studies

Introduction: Observational evidence from single center studies indicates that lower admission hemoglobin (Hb) levels are associated with poor outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (IC...
Rethinking groundwater flow on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, USA: characterizing recharge sources and flow paths with environmental tracers

In the arid landscape south of the Grand Canyon, natural springs and seeps are a critical resource for endemic species and Native American tribes. Groundwater is potentially threatened by expanding populations, tourism, and mineral extraction activities. Environmental tracers, including noble gases, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water, tritium, and carbon-14, were used to characterize recharge sources and flow paths in South Rim aquifers. Results confirm the regional Redwall-Muav aquifer is the primary groundwater source to springs. However, a second local recharge source is required to explain the detection of tritium. Probable sources are: (1) low-elevation infiltration of surface run-off with warm recharge temperatures and high excess air determined from noble gas models, and relatively low fractions of winter recharge, and (2) high-elevation plateau recharge with cool recharge temperatures, low excess air, and fraction of winter recharge of approximately 1. Previous investigators have linked spring occurrence with regional faults and fractures. Such features also likely control the chemical mixing between the regional and local groundwater sources, the transport of deeply sourced and local recharge fluids, groundwater age, and thus the relative vulnerability of groundwater to depletion and contamination. The new conceptual model of groundwater sources and flow paths suggests that many South Rim springs may respond on the order of tens to hundreds of years to groundwater depletion and contamination, even though the majority of groundwater flow is along longer flow paths with longer lag times. The magnitude of response to short-term changes in the flow system remains unclear.
The Impact of Technology Factors Beyond School on Eighth-Grade Math Achievement

This study examined the relationship between technology factors students use beyond school and their standardized math assessment scores. Student frequency of seeking math help online, playing digital games involving math, and programming computers outside of school were studied. An analysis of data taken from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) dataset was done to compare student responses from survey data to mathematics achievement scores of 8 th -grade students. This secondary data analysis was completed using multiple t -tests to compare means and determine significance. Results found in this study showed that beyond school, frequent use (daily or almost) of websites for math homework help, playing digital games involving, and programming computers had negative effects on scores. Once/twice a year or month scored better than never for website use and digital games, while never programming scored higher than all other frequencies. Students may benefit from instructional guidance as to which websites are most beneficial for homework help with math. An effort to help students recognize math use in digital games may increase their awareness and intentional use outside of school. Early classroom instruction on computer programming may help provide a better understanding of its relationship with mathematics.
Modeling Storm Surge in a Small Tidal Two-Inlet System

Abstract Model simulations using a depth-averaged ocean circulation model (ADCIRC) two-way coupled with a wave model (STWAVE) through the Coastal Storm Modeling System Coupling Framework (CSTORM-MS...
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (Ezh2) is essential for patterning of multiple musculoskeletal tissues but dispensable for tendon differentiation

Abstract An efficient musculoskeletal system depends on the precise assembly and coordinated growth and function of muscles, skeleton and tendons. However, the mechanisms that drive integrated musculoskeletal development and coordinated growth and differentiation of each of these tissues are still being uncovered. Epigenetic modifiers have emerged as critical regulators of cell fate differentiation, but so far almost nothing is known about their roles in tendon biology. Previous studies have shown that epigenetic modifications driven by Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a major histone methyltransferase, have significant roles in vertebrate development including skeletal patterning and bone formation. We now find that targeting Ezh2 through the limb mesenchyme also has significant effects on tendon and muscle patterning, likely reflecting the essential roles of early mesenchymal cues mediated by Ezh2 for coordinated patterning and development of all tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Conversely, loss of Ezh2 in the tendon cells did not disrupt the tendon cell fate suggesting that tenocyte differentiation and tendon maturation are independent of Ezh2 signaling.
Unwilling and Unprepared: Collective Responsibility for Traumatic Wartime Motherhood:

What does it mean to mother children born of illicit wartime relations? This article examines the detrimental effects of motherhood as a patriarchal institution shaped by nationalism/ethnocentrism ...
Substrate-Dependent Effects on the Growth of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites via Close Space Vapor Transport

Close space vapor transport is used to investigate PbI2 deposition and the reaction of PbI 2 with CH 3 NH 3 I to form CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPI) on nanocrystalline (CdS) or amorphous (SnO 2 ) electron transport layers (ETL). The crystallographic structure and surface morphology of PbI 2 thin films and the resultant MAPI films after reaction have strong dependence on ETL substrates. Smoother morphology, stronger crystallographic orientation - (001) for PbI 2 and (200) for MAPI films - and larger coherency length are observed for films grown on SnO 2 ETL as compared to CdS. Solar cells fabricated on both types of ETL exhibit better cell performance for the MAPI absorbers that contain a small amount of residual PbI 2 . Despite crystallographic differences, solar cells made on both ETLs performed similarly.
Truncation effects in the charge representation of the O(2) model

The O(2) model in Euclidean space-time is the zero-gauge-coupling limit of the compact scalar quantum electrodynamics. We obtain a dual representation of it called the charge representation. We study the quantum phase transition in the charge representation with a truncation to ``spin $S$,'' where the quantum numbers have an absolute value less than or equal to $S$. The charge representation preserves the gapless-to-gapped phase transition even for the smallest spin truncation $S=1$. The phase transition for $S=1$ is an infinite-order Gaussian transition with the same critical exponents $\ensuremath{\delta}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ as the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition, while there are true BKT transitions for $S\ensuremath{\ge}2$. The essential singularity in the correlation length for $S=1$ is different from that for $S\ensuremath{\ge}2$. The exponential convergence of the phase-transition point is studied in both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations. We discuss the effects of replacing the truncated ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{U}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}=exp(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}i\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\theta}})$ operators by the spin ladder operators ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{S}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ in the Hamiltonian. The marginal operators vanish at the Gaussian transition point for $S=1$, which allows us to extract the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ exponent with high accuracy.
J M Keynes’s Method in the A Treatise on Probability, Inexact Measurement and Approximation Using Non Additive Upper and Lower Probabilities, Is a Formal, Inductive Logic Built on G. Boole’s Original Boolean Algebra and Logic: It Has Nothing to Do With ‘…A Given List of Possible Behaviors.’

J.M. Keynes’s method in the A Treatise on Probability, inexact measurement and approximation using non additive upper and lower probabilities, is a formal, inductive logic built on G. Boole’s original Boolean Algebra and Logic. It has nothing to do with "…a given list of possible behaviors. ” (Almeida, no date). Keynes’s approach uses intuition, induction, pattern recognition and analogy as a foundation, using different degrees of similarity and dissimilarity connecting the past to the future, to analyze and solve existing problems with major future implications. The researcher, using Keynesian induction and intuition, is able to discover relevant connections from the past that may very likely play a deciding role in unsolved problems extending and dealing with the future. A researcher does not create a solution out of nothing based on his imagining things about the future whimsically when he is daydreaming or sleeping and having dreams.
Transcriptomic Profiles in Children With Septic Shock With or Without Immunoparalysis.

Background Severe innate immune suppression, termed immunoparalysis, is associated with increased risks of nosocomial infection and mortality in children with septic shock. Currently, immunoparalysis cannot be clinically diagnosed in children, and mechanisms remain unclear. Transcriptomic studies identify subsets of septic children with downregulation of genes within adaptive immune pathways, but assays of immune function have not been performed as part of these studies, and little is known about transcriptomic profiles of children with immunoparalysis. Methods We performed a nested case-control study to identify differences in RNA expression patterns between children with septic shock with immunoparalysis (defined as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α response < 200 pg/ml) vs those with normal LPS-induced TNFα response. Children were enrolled within 48 hours of the onset of septic shock and divided into two groups based on LPS-induced TNFα response. RNA was extracted from whole blood for RNAseq, differential expression analyses using DESeq2 software, and pathway analyses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results 32 children were included in analyses. Comparing those with immunoparalysis (n =19) to those with normal TNFα response (n = 13), 2,303 transcripts were differentially expressed with absolute value fold change ≥ 1.5 and false discovery rate ≤ 0.05. The majority of downregulated pathways in children with immunoparalysis were pathways that involved interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells necessary for cell-mediated immunity, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and natural killer cell signaling pathways. Upregulated pathways included those involved in humoral immunity (T helper cell type 2), corticotropin signaling, platelet activation (GP6 signaling), and leukocyte migration and extravasation. Conclusions Our study suggests that gene expression data might be useful to identify children with immunoparalysis and identifies several key differentially regulated pathways involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Our ongoing work in this area aims to dissect interactions between innate and adaptive immunity in septic children and to more fully elucidate patient-specific immunologic pathophysiology to guide individualized immunotherapeutic targets.
Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art

This book examines ancient figurines from several world areas to address recurring challenges in the interpretation of prehistoric art. Sometimes figurines from one context are perceived to resemble those from another. Richard G. Lesure asks whether such resemblances play a role in our interpretations. Early interpreters seized on the idea that figurines were recurringly female and constructed the fanciful myth of a primordial Neolithic Goddess. Contemporary practice instead rejects interpretive leaps across contexts. Dr Lesure offers a middle path: a new framework for assessing the relevance of particular comparisons. He develops the argument in case studies that consider figurines from Paleolithic Europe, the Neolithic Near East and Formative Mesoamerica.
Measuring Photoelastic and Elastic Constants of Transparent Materials by Application of Static Stress

The shift of Twyman-Green and Fizeau fringes as a function of applied uniaxial and hydrostatic stress have been measured on transparent solids. These data permit us to calculate all the photo-elastic and elastic constants of a material. At the wavelength 10.6 μm, where fringe shifts are small, we have measured photo-elastic constants using a modified Twyman-Green interferometer, which is capable of detecting fringe shifts ~0.01 λ by electronic means. Data on polycrystalline ZnSe grown by chemical vapor deposition are presented.
Advanced Counting—Inclusion and Exclusion

There are many counting problems that can not be solved easily using the techniques that we have previously developed. For example, consider the number of non-negative integer solutions to
Direct effects of alcohol on the mucosal barrier and the implications on HIV transmission (MUC2P.935)

Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of HIV sexual transmission; however, the biological changes in the genital tract are unknown. The first line of defense is provided by the cervicovaginal epithelium acting as a physical barrier to infection. The epithelial cell innate properties are affected by various factors within the genital milieu. We hypothesize that alcohol abuse compromises cervicovaginal epithelial barrier function resulting in enhanced penetration of HIV to the underlying submucosa. Using a vaginal epithelial cell line grown at an air-liquid interface in a transwell, we modeled chronic alcohol exposure by supplementing the basolateral media with physiologically relevant levels of ethanol (50 mM). Epithelium barrier disruption was evident in the alcohol-treated cells by a significant decrease in TEER (p=0.001) and an increased permeability to 10kDa FITC-dextran (p=0.01) relative to control. Cell viability was unaffected by chronic alcohol exposure. Epithelial cells of the female genital tract exhibit significant changes in physical barrier integrity after exposure to intoxicating levels of alcohol. These changes in epithelial cell innate properties provide evidence for a biological mechanism of enhanced HIV penetration and infection in women who abuse alcohol. Future studies in alcohol-exposed cell culture models of both the upper and lower genital mucosa will identify specific mechanisms of HIV transmission.
IRREGULAR WAVE OVERTOPPING RATES

Methods for estimating wave overtopping of coastal structures are reviewed and compared with the very limited available data and with each other. The different methods yield results which can vary more than an order-of-magnitude. For vertical seawalls, the U. S. Army Engineer Shore Protection Manual method estimates more overtopping than Goda's method except in very shallow water. For sloped structures, the Shore Protection Manual method usually estimates less overtopping than Battjes' method and Owen's method. However, data for adequately evaluating how well these methods predict overtopping has not been published.
Neuropsychology of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia

Neuropsychological functioning is moderately to severely impaired in nearly all patients with schizophrenia. As cognitive function is highly independent of positive symptoms – the hallmark of treatmen
Properties of dipeptidyl arylamidase I of the pituitary. Chloride and sulfhydryl activation of seryltyrosyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis.

Dipeptidyl arylamidase I of bovine pituitary tissue and chloride and sulfhydryl activation of seryltyrosyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis
New Assay for Penicillinase and some Results on Penicillinase Induction.

Imsande, John (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). New assay for penicillinase and some results on penicillinase induction. J. Bacteriol. 89:1322–1327. 1965.—A rapid, sensitive, and reliable assay of penicillinase activity is described. Studies conducted on the induction of penicillinase, with use of the new assay, show that actinomycin D inhibits growth and the induced synthesis of penicillinase in Bacillus cereus 569. These inhibitory effects can be reversed to various degrees by deoxyguanosine, depending upon the time lapse between the addition of the antibiotic and the addition of the deoxynucleoside. Inhibition of growth is reversed more readily than inhibition of penicillinase induction, and it is suggested that actinomycin D may preferentially inhibit the induced synthesis of penicillinase. Studies conducted in an attempt to ascertain the role of penicillin in inducing penicillinase formation in B. cereus 569 suggest that the inducer, penicillin, enhances penicillinase synthesis in some manner in addition to its probable role of inducing the formation of a penicillinase-specific ribonucleic acid messenger.
Mutations that affect the efficiency of translation of mRNA for the cII gene of coliphage lambda.

Starting with the λ pRE- strain λctr1 cy3008, which forms clear plaques, we have isolated two mutant strains, λdya2 ctr1 cy3008 and λ dya3 ctr1 cy3008, that form plaques with very slightly turbid centers. The dya2 and dya3 mutations lie in the region of overlap between the PRE promoter and the ribosome recognition region of the cII gene, and have nucleotide alterations at positions -1 and +5 of pRE, and alterations of cII mRNA at -16 and -21 nucleotides before the initial AUG codon of the gene. Both mutations destabilize a stem structure that may be formed by cII mRNA, and dya2 also changes the sequence on cII mRNA that is complementary to the 3'-end of 16 S rRNA from 5'-UAAGGA-3' to 5'-UGAGGA-3'.—The dya2 and dya3 mutations, along with the ctr1 mutation, which destabilizes either of two alternate stem structures which may be formed by cII mRNA (these being more stable stem structures than the one affected by dya2 and dya3), were tested for their ability to reverse two cII- mutations that are characterized by inefficient translation of cII mRNA. These are cII3088, an A → G mutation four bases before the initial AUG codon, and cII3059 , a GUU → GAU (Val2 → Asp) second codon mutation. It was found that ctr1 completely reverses the translation defects of these two mutations, while dya2 partially reverses these translation defects. The dya3 mutation has no effect on translation efficiency under any condition tested. However neither the ctr1 mutation nor the dya2 mutation has much effect on translation efficiency in an otherwise cII+ background, indicating that other factors must limit the rate of translation of cII mRNA under these conditions.
Experiments on pool boiling of water from downward-facing hemispheres

Quenching experiments were conducted to investigate pool boiling of saturated water on downward-facing aluminum and 303e stainless steel hemispheres. Test sections had an outer diameter of 0.152 m and a wall thickness of 0.020 m. Destabilization of film boiling and wetting of the stainless steel surface occurred earlier than with aluminum (15 s versus 92 ), at 20 K higher wall superheat and ∼10% higher minimum film boiling heat flux q min . Wetting of the stainless steel surface occurred first near the edge of the test section and then gradually propagated azimuthally inward, followed by the maximum heat flux (MHF) front. Conversely, wetting of the aluminum surface occurred firs t at the lowermost position (θ = 0 deg) and then propagated azimuthally outward. The azimuthal propagation of the MHF front on the stainless steel surface (∼5 deg/s for 60 deg < θ < 90 deg decreasing to ∼1.8 deg/s for 10 deg < θ < 60 deg and then increasing slightly to ∼2 deg/s for 0 deg <θ< 60 deg) was much slower than on aluminum (--22.5 deg/s on average). The MHF front traversed the entire stainless steel boiling surface in ∼40 s versus only 4 s for aluminum. When MHF for the latter first occurred at 0 = 0 deg, the radial and near-boiling surface azimuthal temperature gradients were 4 K/mm and 0.6 K/ deg, respectively, compared to 12 to 15 K/mm and 1.5 K/ deg for stainless steel. For both surfaces, the MHF and q min values displayed parabolic dependencies on azimuthal angle. The local MHF at 0 = 0 deg was 0.81 and 0.40 MW/m 2 for aluminum and stainless steel, respectively, decreasing with increased azimuthal angle to minimums of 0.47 and 0.256 MW/m 2 at θ = 45 deg. Beyond 45 deg, the local MHF increased with increased azimuthal angle to 0. 76 and 0.47 MW/m 2 , respectively, near the edge of the surface (θ = 80 deg). However, the wall superheats corresponding to the MHF (30 K for aluminum and 80 K for stainless steel) and the q min (125 K for aluminum and 145 K for stainless steel) were independent of azimuthal angle.
RPL24: a potential therapeutic target whose depletion or acetylation inhibits polysome assembly and cancer cell growth

Partial loss of large ribosomal subunit protein 24 (RPL24) function is known to protect mice against Akt or Myc-driven cancers, in part via translational inhibition of a subset of cap(eIF4E)-dependently translated mRNAs. The role of RPL24 in human malignancies is unknown. By analyzing a public dataset of matched human breast cancers and normal mammary tissue, we found that breast cancers express significantly more RPL24 than matched normal breast samples. Depletion of RPL24 in breast cancer cells by >70% reduced cell viability by 80% and decreased protein expression of the eIF4E-dependently translated proteins cyclin D1 (75%), survivin (46%) and NBS1 (30%) without altering GAPDH or beta-tubulin levels. RPL24 knockdown also reduced 80S subunit levels relative to 40S and 60S levels. These effects on expression of eIF4E-dependent proteins and ribosome assembly were mimicked by 2-24 h treatment with the pan-HDACi, trichostatin A (TSA), which induced acetylation of 15 different polysome-associated proteins including RPL24. Furthermore, HDAC6-selective inhibition or HDAC6 knockdown induced ribosomal protein acetylation. Via mass spectrometry, we found that 60S-associated, but not, polysome-associated, RPL24 undergoes HDACi-induced acetylation on K27. Thus, RPL24 K27 acetylation may play a role in ribosome assembly. These findings point toward a novel acetylation-dependent polysome assembly mechanism regulating tumorigenesis.
The logical structure of computer-aided mathematical reasoning

1. NEW MATH. Over the past decade or so, the professional mathematician has changed from being a person who sits at a desk working with a paper and pencil to a person who spends a lot of time sitting in front of a computer terminal. The paper and pencil are still there, but a lot of the mathematician's activities now involve use of the computer. In particular, powerful computer packages like Mathematica and Maple advertise themselves as systems for "doing math on a computer." This rapid transformation of mode of working has changed the nature of doing mathematics in a fundamental way. Mathematics done with the aid of a computer is qualitatively different from mathematics done with paper and pencil alone. The computer does not simply 'assist' the mathematician in doing business as usual; rather, it changes the nature of what is done. In particular, the logical structure of mathematical reasoning carried out with the aid of an interactive computer system is different from the structure of the more traditional form of mathematical reasoning. This paper, in part survey, in part a presentation of some new ideas (for none of which the author claims priority or unique observation), compares the old and the new from a logician's standpoint. Strictly speaking, many of the points raised about computer-aided mathematics are not restricted to mathematics done on a computer. Most of the points apply, to some extent, to mathematics done in the fashion familiar to the ancient Greeks. However, the introduction of computer-aided techniques in mathematics has made those points far more salient, indeed unavoidable.
Atom interferometry using Kapitza-Dirac scattering in a magnetic trap

We demonstrate two atom interferometric schemes based on Kapitza-Dirac scattering in a magnetic trap. In the first method, two Kapitza-Dirac scattering pulses are applied with a small time delay between them. High contrast interference is observed both using a thermal cloud and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). In the second method, two Kapitza-Dirac scattering pulses are applied to a BEC with a time separation sufficiently large that the interfering orders complete half an oscillation in the magnetic trap; this enables interferometry between spatially separated paths.
Multiple forms of cerebral peptides with steroidogenic functions in pupal and adult brains of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

In the adult mosquito, Aedes aegypti, the cerebral egg development neurosecretory hormone (EDNH) regulates reproduction by activating the ovaries to synthesize the steroid hormone ecdysone, while during postembryonic development the cerebral prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) activates the prothoracic glands to synthesize ecdysone. In each case, ecdysone than drives stage-specific physiological processes. Since EDNH and PTTH share a common steroidogenic function, it is conceivable that they are similar, if not the same, peptide(s). This investigation has begun to address this possibility by determining structural and functional relationships between these two families of neuropeptides. The peptides having EDNH activity in adult and pupal heads of Aedes aegypti were characterized on the basis of their molecular weights and their biological properties in in vitro and in vivo bioassays for EDNH. Gel filtration chromatography of extracts revealed fractions with EDNH activity having molecular weights of approximately 11 kDa and approximately 24 kDa. The similarities in the functional dynamics of these two activities in the different bioassays suggested that comparable moieties existed in pupal and adult brains. The sensitivity of these moieties to proteolytic hydrolysis indicated that they were proteins. Thus at least two EDNH-like peptides appear to be present in pupal and adult heads of Aedes aegypti. The apparent existence of more than one molecular weight form of EDNH has not been reported previously. Since these moieties are present in both pupal and adult heads, it is possible that they have the same steroidogenic function in the two different stages, i.e., to activate ecdysone synthesis, by prothoracic glands in larvae and pupae and by the ovaries in adults.
Impact of Flue Gas Conditions on Mercury Uptake by Sulfur-Impregnated Activated Carbon

Novel sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs) have shown excellent mercury uptake capacity when pure nitrogen was used as a carrier gas. This study investigated the impact of various gas const...
Affinity of horse anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies for some pneumococcal polysaccharides. Contribution of the polysaccharide backbone

Abstract Antibodies to phosphorylcholine, present in the antibody pool of a horse immunized with S. pneumoniae VII, show much higher affinities with species specific pneumococcal C-teichoic acid than with phosphorylcholine, or an unrelated phosphorylcholine-containing antigen. Thus, the polysaccharide in the C-teichoic acid is also capable of binding to the combining area.
Control of colloids with gravity, temperature gradients, and electric fields

We have used a variety of different applied fields to control the density, growth, and structure of colloidal crystals. Gravity exerts a body force proportional to the buoyant mass and in equilibrium produces a height-dependent concentration profile. A similar body force can be obtained with electric fields on charged particles (electrophoresis), a temperature gradient on all particles, or an electric field gradient on uncharged particles (dielectrophoresis). The last is particularly interesting since its magnitude and sign can be changed by tuning the applied frequency. We study these effects in bulk (making 'dielectrophoretic bottles' or traps), to control concentration profiles during nucleation and growth and near surfaces. We also study control of non-spherical and optically anisotropic particles with the light field from laser tweezers.
The splicing of U12-type introns can be a rate-limiting step in gene expression.

Some protein-coding genes in metazoan genomes contain a minor class of introns that are excised by a distinct, low-abundance spliceosome. We have developed a quantitative RT–PCR assay that allows comparison of the relative rates of intron removal from the transcripts present in a pre-mRNA population. We show that the U12-type introns are more slowly spliced than the major-class (U2-type) introns from three endogenous pre-mRNAs in human tissue culture cells. In Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, using minigene constructs designed to produce nearly identical mRNAs, we observe increased expression of fluorescent protein and mature mRNA upon mutation of a U12-type to a U2-type intron. These results provide evidence that the level of gene expression in vivo is lowered by the presence of a U12-type intron and implicate the U12-type spliceosome as a target in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
Mechanisms underlying the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in vivo and in vitro.

Recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in vivo and in vitro are reviewed. The use of assays specific for immunoreactive intact parathyroid hormone has greatly improved our capacity to study parathyroid hormone dynamics in vivo. Such studies have empha
A High-Performance Control and Power Supply for Thermoelectric Heat-Pumping Air-Conditioning Systems

The control and power supply described is completely static, automatically reversible, and has proportional output with rate compensation. SCR's(silicon-controlled rectifiers), transistors, diodes, thermistors, and magnetic cores are used to perform the control functions. A silent, accurate, and compact air-conditioning system can be achieved when this control and power supply is used with a thermoelectric heat pump.
Results of adrenal surgery for cushing's syndrome: 10 Years' experience

Eighty-nine patients underwent adrenal exploration for Cushing's syndrome at our institution during the period 1970–1979. On the basis of clinical and histological findings related to the initial adrenal operation, patients were divided into 6 major subgroups: (a) adrenocortical adenoma; (b) adrenocortical carcinoma; (c) proven ectopic ACTH adrenocortical hyperplasia; (d) Cushing's disease; (e) uncertain diagnostic group (probably ectopic ACTH syndrome—site unknown); and (f) “non-ACTH-dependent” hypercortisolism due to micronodular hyperplasia.
Applications of large deviations to optimal experimental designs

We give a large deviations principle for the least-squares estimator in a linear model. Next, we apply the large deviations result to find optimal experimental designs.
Inactivation‐Rate Studies on a Radiation‐Resistant Spoilage Microorganism III. Thermal Inactivation Rates in Beefa,b

Micrococcus radiodurans, a nonsporing spoilage bacterium highly resistant to ionizing radiation and to ultraviolet light, can be isolated from spoiled meats that had been irradiated to 2 or 3 megarep. The extreme resistance to radiation of this microorganism makes commercial sterility by irradiation difficult to obtain without adverse effects on flavor. Survival curves for cultures of this organism exhibiting the highest radiation resistance were determined at several temperatures in a beef substrate, and a thermal resistance curve was constructed. A modified thermal-death-time tube was used, with cells uniformly suspended in a raw meat puree reconstituted from freeze-dried and powdered beef that had been screened to remove pipette-plugging fibers and irradiated to eliminate viable organisms before use. Thermal death rate, unlike the radiation death rate, approximated an exponential form, as indicated by survival curves. Heat treatment reduced the resistance of this organism to subsequent irradiation, and it was also shown that irradiation at higher temperatures (40 and 50°C) is more effective in inactivating this organism than irradiation at temperatures below 40°C. It may be of some advantage, then, to use radiation and heat treatment concomitantly in attempting to limit spoilage due to this organism.
Separation Versus Connection, The Gender Controversy: Implications for Counseling Women

Traditional developmental theories hold that separation is the primary goal of human emotional development. Numerous current theorists question this notion. They propose that a girl's development of self is dependent on mutually empathic relationships with primary caretakers. This revision of developmental theory has implications for counseling. The counseling relationship with a woman should provide validation for her relational skill and opportunity to practice relational competence within the counseling relationship. Boys and men may also have the need to develop relational competence to secure a strong sense of self. If so, a relational model of counseling would apply to them as well.
264 HINDLIMB METABOLISM IN A CHRONIC FETAL SHEEP PREPARATION: FETAL AUTOREGULATION OF ALANINE UPTAKE

Fetal energy requirements can be met partially by protein catabolism during maternal substrate deprivation in sheep. The mechanism of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Hindlimb metabolism was studied in 7 chronically catheterized sheep pregnancies in the fed state. Catheters were placed in the fetal aorta and femoral vein in order to measure arteriovenous differences for substrate across the hindlimb. The hindlimb took up 2.9>5.8 10.8<17.3 μM/min of lactate (95% conf. limits). Neither acetoacetate nor β-hydroxybutyrate were taken up but arterial levels of these substrates correlated with maternal arterial levels. Fructose was neither taken up nor released by the fetal hindlimb. Uptake of alanine was correlated with fetal arterial levels of alanine [y=0.190x -0.015 (mM/L)] and glucose (both p<.001) but was not correlated with levels of arterial ketone bodies. At low levels of arterial alanine and glucose, alanine was released by the hindlimb. The ovine fetus can autoregulate its alanine supply. This may provide a mechanism for the shift in fetal fuel sources during maternal fasting in the sheep.
Stem Cell in the Adult Drosophila Hindgut: Just a Sleeping Beauty

The Drosophila hindgut was suggested to harbor constitutively active stem cells. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Fox and Spradling (2009) demonstrate that this organ contains only dormant stem cells capable of proliferating and producing differentiated cells in response to injury.