cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nearfield observations of tones generated from supersonic jet flows

The physics of discrete tone generation (screech) from improperly expanded supersonic jets have been investigated experimentally. Both nearfield acoustic survey and phase-averaged schlieren flow visualization were conducted. The dominant mode of flow oscillation that occurred during intense screech and its coupling with the internal shock structure and external sound field were established. Deductions made from the observed coupling mechanism revealed the importance of Helmholtz number and shock cell spacing in the maintenance of screech. Measured amplitude variation of screech are compared with computed amplitude variation of the dominant instability. The results suggest that jet instability plays a direct role in the generation of screech.
Chimeric Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor/Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Receptors Define a Model System for Investigating the Role of Homomeric and Heteromeric Receptors in TGF-β Signaling

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) belongs to a family of ligands that regulate cell growth and differentiation. The most commonly observed receptors are referred to as the type I, type II, and type III (betaglycan) TGF-β receptors. Two receptor models have been presented to account for the various cellular responses to TGF-β. The first proposes that all TGF-β signaling results from the formation of a heteromeric type I/type II complex, while the second suggests that distinct type I or type II TGF-β receptor combinations mediate aspects of TGF-β signaling. We have addressed this general question relating to TGF-β signaling by constructing chimeric receptors consisting of the extracellular domain of the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) α or β receptor fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of the type I or type II TGF-β receptor. Since high affinity GM-CSF binding requires dimerization of the α and β ligand binding subunits, the response elicited by defined type I and/or type II TGF-β receptor cytoplasmic domain homomers or heteromers can be examined. We show in mesenchymal AKR-2B cells that while TGF-β-dependent transient luciferase activity, endogenous gene activity, and long-term biological responses are similarly induced by activating the chimeric heteromeric receptors with GM-CSF as the endogenous TGF-β receptor, chimeric homomeric type I/type I or type II/type II receptors are signaling-incompetent.
Gas chromatography for detection of citrus infestation by fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are serious economic pests worldwide. As larvae, they feed and develop within the pulp of host fruits, making infestation difficult to detect by visual inspection. At U.S. ports of entry, incoming produce shipments are checked for infestation by manually cutting open a small sample of fruit and searching for tephritid larvae. Consequently, there is a need for more sensitive, high-throughput screening methods. This study evaluated gas chromatography (GC) as a potential technology for improved detection of hidden infestation. Grapefruits ( Citrus × paradisi Macfad.) infested with immature stages of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine if infested fruit emitted a chemical profile distinct from that of non-infested fruit. Peaks identified by GC analysis were grouped into three classes. Chemicals detected in similar quantities in all samples, or slightly elevated in infested samples, were regarded as non-diagnostic background volatiles. Chemicals highly elevated after oviposition, during the last instar exit stage, and in experimentally-pierced fruit were interpreted to be indicators of citrus peel injury, and included d -limonene and β-ocimene. Chemicals elevated exclusively in the larval infestation stages were considered indicators of feeding damage and potentially diagnostic of infestation, and included hexyl butanoate and an unidentified compound. The peaks associated with injury and feeding were also detectable with a portable ultra-fast GC analyzer that required less than 80 s per sample. Further studies will investigate the potential application of these results for development of a rapid, non-destructive screening method for detection of tephritid infestation.
Developmental and evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of double fertilization and endosperm

The discovery of a second fertilization event that initiates endosperm in flowering plants, just over a century ago, stimulated intense interest in the evolutionary history and homology of endosperm, the genetically biparental embryo-nourishing tissue that is found only in angiosperms. Two alternative hypotheses for the origin of double fertilization and endosperm have been invoked to explain the origin of the angiosperm reproductive syndrome from a typical non-flowering seed plant reproductive syndrome. Endosperm may have arisen from a developmental transformation of a supernumerary embryo derived from a rudimentary second fertilization event that first evolved in the ancestors of angiosperms (endosperm homologous with an embryo). Conversely, endosperm may represent the developmental transformation of the cellular phase of non-flowering seed plant female gametophyte ontogeny that was later sexualized by the addition of a second fertilization event in a strongly progenetic female gametophyte (endosperm homologous with a female gametophyte). For the first time, explicit developmental and evolutionary transitions for both of these hypotheses are examined and compared. In addition, current data that may be congruent with either of these hypotheses are discussed. It is clear that much remains to be accomplished if the evolutionary significance of the process of double fertilization and the formation of endosperm is to be fully understood.
Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome has dramatically accelerated biomedical research. Here I explore its impact, in the decade since its publication, on our understanding of the biological functions encoded in the genome, on the biological basis of inherited diseases and cancer, and on the evolution and history of the human species. I also discuss the road ahead in fulfilling the promise of genomics for medicine.
Designing customizable reading modules for a high school literature classroom

This design case follows an ongoing collaboration between an instructional technologist and a high school literature teacher promoting reading comprehension through modules that provide visually interesting display of text on a computer screen along with cognitive tools. The modules were found to boost comprehension of specific content in even one use, and over time, overall reading skills were improved. Specific examples from the design and development process of this collaboration are shared here to illustrate decisions made in the face of common constraints—limited time, funding, and technical know-how—that emerged from theory and pilot studies. Teacher educators and their instructional-technology collaborators can use the information from this design and research process to harness the potential of ubiquitous software in affordable, replicable, and pedagogically sound ways.
Where is the Disintegration

A large literature within industrial geography suggests that contemporary production systems are characterized by vertical disintegration processes and the emergence of agglomerations of small manufacturing establishments. According to Allen Scott, one of the most influential contributors to this literature, centers of economic activity in California are especially susceptible to the processes of vertical disintegration and agglomeration. Our concern in this paper is that this “California thesis” has serious empirical difficulties that need to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper reexamines general indicators of vertical disintegration, comparing their temporal record in California to that of the nation as a whole. We examine changes to these indicators for a set of industries that, according to Scott, are characterized by vertical disintegration. Our findings indicate that the weight of evidence does not support the conclusions of Scott concerning vertical disintegration in California. Therefore, his explanation of recent economic growth in California and the utility of his theory as an economic development paradigm require reevaluation.
Diacylglycerol generation and phosphoinositide turnover in human neutrophils: Effects of particulate versus soluble stimuli

Abstract Serum-treated, or “opsonized” zymosan (OZ), a particulate material which can be phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, activates the superoxide-generating respiratory burst in these cells. The use of dual wavelength spectroscopy in the present studies has allowed accurate continuous monitoring of superoxide generation (cytochrome c reduction) upon cellular activation by this turbid material; activation occurs after a short lag period (about 20 s) which is similar to the lag seen after activation with the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Unlike the fMLP response which terminates after about 90 s, superoxide generation in response to OZ continues beyond 10 min, and is similar in this regard to the response seen with the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). OZ and fMLP, but not PMA, also activate receptor-linked phospholipase C mechanisms as judged by the appearance of inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) (as well as other inositol phosphates) and diacylglycerol (DAG), with the latter measured by a mass assay. The appearance of these potential mediators corresponded to the loss of phosphoinositides, in particular phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ). The magnitude of DAG and inositol sugar generation as well as the breakdown of PIP 2 was considerably greater using OZ than with fMLP. In addition, while fMLP resulted in a transient increase in IP 3 and DAG, OZ resulted in a sustained elevation of these molecules. With both agonists, the onset and duration of generation of putative mediators corresponded to the period of generation of O 2 − , consistent with a role for DAG and/or IP 3 in the activation of the respiratory burst.
Effect of site of pacing on dispersion of refractoriness.

Abstract The variation in dispersion of ventricular refractoriness with different sites of pacing was measured in 11 patients not taking antiarrhythmic drugs. Dispersion of refractoriness between 3 right ventricular sites was determined at constant paced cycle lengths (S 1 S 1 . Refractoriness to ventricular extrastimulation (S 2 using atrial pacing vs “clinical” pacing (drive or S 1 at the right ventricular apex) vs the conventional measurement of dispersion (S 1 at the site of S 2 was compared. Effective and functional refractory periods (ERP and FRP) were measured from electrograms at the site of application of S 2 . Dispersion of ERP was always wider using clinical pacing (65.4 ± 26 ms [± standard deviation]) than atrial pacing or traditional drive (20.4 ± 14 and 19.1 ± 10 ms, p 1 V 2 achieved conventionally (FRP was longer at nonapical sites than at the apex using clinical pacing, p
New supersymmetric CP-violating contribution to neutral meson mixing.

We study the contribution to flavor-changing neutral current processes from box diagrams with light Higgsinos and squarks. Starting with just the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) phase, we find contributions to the {ital K}{sup 0} and {ital B}{sup 0} meson mass matrices that are out of phase with the standard model contributions in the case of substantial mixing between the up-type squarks. This difference in phase could be large enough to be detected at the proposed {ital B} factories, with interesting implications for the unitarity triangle of CKM matrix elements. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
How Do Friendships Form

We examine how people form social networks among their peers. We use a unique data set that tells us the volume of email between any two people in the sample. The data are from students and recent graduates of Dartmouth College. First-year students interact with peers in their immediate proximity and form long-term friendships with a subset of these people. This result is consistent with a model in which the expected value of interacting with an unknown person is low (making traveling solely to meet new people unlikely), while the benefits from interacting with the same person repeatedly are high. Geographic proximity and race are greater determinants of social interaction than are common interests, majors, or family background. Two randomly chosen White students interact three times more often than do a Black student and a White student. However, placing the Black and White student in the same freshman dorm increases their frequency of interaction by a factor of three. A traditional “linear in group means” model of peer ability is only a reasonable approximation to the ability of actual peers chosen when we form the groups around all key factors including distance, race and cohort.
AIDS and Confidentiality: Making Exemptions to Encourage Research

To the Editor. —The interplay between public policy and scientific research is highly visible in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)—related research. However, legislative mandates sometimes unintentionally interfere with the conduct of such research. While conducting a study of cause-specific mortality among a national cohort that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons, 1 we were recently refused cause-of-death information from Illinois death certificates for three cohort members. Illinois state law prohibits disclosure of cause of death related to AIDS and HIV infection for specified individuals and provides no exemption for scientific research, according to Steven Perry, Illinois deputy state registrar. 2 We have requested cause-of-death information for this study from 47 other states, the District of Columbia, New York, NY, and Puerto Rico; none has refused to provide such information based on AIDS confidentiality regulations. Protection of the confidentiality of persons with HIV infection is vitally important. However, legislators in all states
Louisiana Highway Construction Cost Trend after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

The objective of this study was to reveal the trend in highway construction costs following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in Louisiana. The means of measuring highway construction cost was the Louisiana Highway Construction Index, an index made up of the cost of labor, equipment, and six major materials used in highway construction. Data from projects let by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development from the second quarter of 2003 to the second quarter of 2007 were used to track the change in construction costs. Index values from hurricane-impacted areas (GO Zones) were compared with those in Non-GO Zones. The indices revealed that two quarters after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the highway construction cost jumped about 20% statewide and 51% in GO Zone. Two years after the hurricanes, the cost has stabilized to around 30% increase over the pre-Katrina and Rita period. This study provides valuable information for the state agency to estimate cost escalation in ongoing projects and to estima...
Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: 1-year outcomes of a prospective, double-masked randomised clinical trial

To report 1-year visual and anatomic outcomes of a prospective, double-masked randomised clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with ranibizumab for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Patients who met inclusion criteria were randomised 2 : 1 to bevacizumab or ranibizumab. All subjects and investigators (except for the pharmacist responsible for study assignments) were masked to treatment arms. Visual acuity was taken on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. Patients were given either bevacizumab or ranibizumab every month for the first 3 months, followed by an optical coherence tomography-guided, variable-dosing treatment schedule. Main outcomes measured included visual acuity, foveal thickness, and total number of injections over the 1-year treatment period. In total, 15 patients received bevacizumab and 7 patients received ranibizumab. The average pre-operative visual acuity was 34.9 letters in the bevacizumab group, and 32.7 letters in the ranibizumab group. At 1-year follow-up, mean vision was 42.5 letters in the bevacizumab group, and 39.0 letters in the ranibizumab group. Two-tailed t-test failed to showed statistical significance between the two groups (P=0.5). Patients in the bevacizumab group underwent an average of eight injections, whereas patients in the ranibizumab group underwent a mean of four injections (P=0.001). The 1-year outcomes of a prospective, double-masked, randomised clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with ranibizumab failed to show a difference in visual and anatomic outcomes between the two treatments for choroidal neovascularisation in AMD. Total injections given over the treatment period were significantly different between the two groups. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
T Lymphocyte Responses to Mycobacterial Antigen in AIDS Patients with Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare Infection

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who have Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) infection typically have widely disseminated disease, often fail to respond to multi-drug chemotherapeutic regimens, and show little or no inflammatory tissue response. To determine if this clinicopathologic state correlates with in vitro lymphocyte responses to specific antigen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 18 patients with AIDS who had MAI bacillemia were stimulated with either particulate (heat-killed bacille Calmette Guerin [BCG]) or soluble ( M intracellulare ) mycobacterial antigens. In comparison to reactive cells from healthy control subjects testing positive with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) or from MAI-colonized (non-AIDS) control subjects, cells from 16 (89 percent) patients with AIDS essentially failed to show any antigen-induced proliferative activity or secretion of γ-interferon; however, in two patients, antigen-stimulated proliferation or γ-interferon production was modest but within the range of responses of normal healthy control subjects. Thus, although an occasional patient with AIDS can develop disseminated MAI infection despite the presence of antigen-reactive cells in vitro , most MAI-infected patients with AIDS display a striking defect in responsiveness to both particulate and soluble mycobacterial antigens. Since treatment with γ-interferon activates the mononuclear phagocyte in vivo , these results suggest a rationale for a trial of γ-interferon therapy in patients with AIDS who have disseminated MAI infection.
Shortened bush fallow rotations with relay-cropped Inga edulis and Desmodium ovalifolium in wet central Amazonian Peru

In the Palcazu Valley alluvial Inceptisols are relay-cropped with maize-cassavaplantain in rotation with 2–5 years of tree fallow. These lands, of limited extent, yet important for Yanesha Indian subsistence production, are being cropped even more intensively as population increases and land is converted to other uses. The relay-planting of the tree-thicket combination Inga edulis with Desmodium ovalifolium into the on-farm crop sequence was evaluated as a means to accelerate fallow recovery and thereby shorten fallow rotations. Three experiments with Inga/Desmodium planted with cassava-plantain and one with rice under different weeding regimes after a Desmodium fallow were conducted. Inga and Desmodium were not chopped back or pruned during these experiments. Desmodium/Inga suppressed herbaceous weeds from one year after planting. Desmodium/Inga accumulated more woody biomass than natural fallows. Cassava yields were unaffected by the presence of Desmodium/Inga, while plantain yields were greater under Desmodium/Inga compared to natural weeds. Desmodium/Inga, while promising for shortening fallow rotations, demonstrated potential difficulties: increased labor for establishment, tendency of Desmodium to weediness in later crop cycles, and suppression of the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs.
The effects of electrostatic forces on the thermophoretic suppression of particle diffusional deposition onto hot surfaces

Abstract By raising the temperature of a surface above that of the ambient fluid, a temperature gradient that results in a thermophoretic force that repels particles from the surface is created. It has been recommended that this effect be used to reduce the contamination of product surfaces during manufacturing. It has been shown that even modest levels of electrostatic interactions between particles and surfaces can overwhelm the thermophoretic repulsion available by raising the temperature of the surface 10% above that of the ambient fluid. We present an analysis for axisymmetric, viscous stagnation-point flow, extending the work of Friedlander et al. (1988, J. Colloid Interface Sci.125, 351), and show the temperature differences that must be achieved to succeed in preventing particle deposition due to diffusion, gravitation, and electrostatic attraction. Simple algebraic relationships are established that allow for a ready determination of the temperature differences needed to suppress particle diffusional deposition onto surfaces under the action of uniform external forces, such as gravitational and coulombic forces, and a spatially dependent external force, which for this study we have chosen to be the electrostatic image force. These relationships are further verified through approximate analytical and “exact” numerical solutions also given here. Various results of practical interest are discussed. For example, for a flow intensity of 6.67 s−1 in air, an electric field as small as 100 V/cm makes it unlikely that particles with a minimal charge distribution (Boltzmann) will be kept from deposition on a surface by raising the surface temperature 10 or 20% above the ambient temperature. This emphasizes the importance of reducing the electric charge levels of product surfaces during manufacturing.
DNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli: evidence supporting a stoichiometric role for gene 32-product.

Abstract When amber-restrictive Escherichia coli cells were multiply infected with T4 bacteriophage carrying varying doses of am and am+ alleles of gene 32, the average burst size was found to vary with the am+ to am input ratio. As the am+ to am input ratio was decreased, the burst size decreased sharply from that observed in am+ -infected cells. This result was observed with four independently isolated gene 32 am mutants. The decrease in burst size appears to result directly from a decrease in the rate of phage DNA synthesis since the latter was found to decrease rapidly as the gene 32 am+ to am input ratio was decreased. These results suggest that gene 32 protein may play a structural role in phage DNA metabolism.
On the interpretation of streaming potential data in nonaqueous media

Abstract Electrophoresis and streaming potential measurements have been made on various nonaqueous systems characterized by large double layer thicknesses. Estimation of zeta potential from streaming potential data for such systems requires a correction of the classical Smoluchowski equation to account for double layer overlapping in the pores. The results indicate that the use of a correction based on equations for double layer overlapping in cylindrical capillaries leads to low estimates of zeta potential from streaming potential data on porous plugs. For systems characterized by Debye lengths of the order of the mean pore radius (κr⋍ 1), a correction based on experimentally measured pore liquid conductivity also yielded zeta potentials much lower than those from electrophoresis. However, the pore conductivity correction may be adequate at higher values of κr.
An integrated probabilistic approach for gene function prediction using multiple sources of high-throughput data.

Characterising gene function is one of the major challenging tasks in the post-genomic era. Various approaches have been developed to integrate multiple sources of high-throughput data to predict gene function. Most of those approaches are just used for research purpose and have not been implemented as publicly available tools. Even for those implemented applications, almost all of them are still web-based 'prediction servers' that have to be managed by specialists. This paper introduces a systematic method for integrating various sources of high-throughput data to predict gene function and analyse our prediction results and evaluates its performances based on the competition for mouse gene function prediction (MouseFunc). A stand-alone Java-based software package 'GeneFAS' is freely available at http://digbio.missouri.edu/genefas.
Revised Sequence and Annotation of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 Genome

The DNA sequences of chromosomes I and II of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 have been revised, and the annotation of the entire genomic sequence, including both chromosomes and the five plasmids, has been updated. Errors in the originally published sequence have been corrected, and ~11% of the coding regions in the original sequence have been affected by the revised annotation.
A quantitative method for measuring nanocomposite dispersion

Abstract The materials science community has identified nanoparticle dispersion as a primary challenge area for the advancement of polymer nanocomposites technology. Although nanoparticle dispersion can significantly impact important engineering properties, it is not itself a quantifiable property; qualitative TEM image assessments remain as the ‘gold standard’ for dispersion characterization. While numerous quantitative dispersion analyses have been proposed, they have often proven cumbersome, system specific and unreflective of the proposed benefits of nanoparticle reinforcement. No single quantitative method has been adopted by the community to date and inferences about processing and dispersion effects generally require subjective analysis. This paper presents a quantitative dispersion characterization method which 1) makes use of standard TEM dispersion images; 2) directly reflects proposed nanoscale reinforcement mechanisms; 3) outputs a single performance metric. By quantitatively isolating dispersion effects, this technique may help to link disparate studies in the literature while providing defensible quantitative insights into nanoscale reinforcement mechanisms.
Magnetic hardeninf of SmFe/sub 10/V/sub 2/ by melt-spinning

Intrinsic coercivities as large as H/sub ci/=7.8 kOe were obtained in Sm-Fe-V alloys magnetically hardened by melt-spinning. As-quenched Sm/sub 0.87/Fe/sub 10/V/sub 2/ ribbons melt-spun at a substrate velocity of 20 m/s have an intrinsic coercivity H/sub ci/=6.9 kOe and remanence B/sub r/=5.1 kG. The Curie temperature of this material is 585 K. The highest coercivity, H/sub ci/=7.8 kOe, was obtained by overquenching an Sm/sub 0.95/Fe/sub 10/V/sub 2/ alloy and subsequently annealing it at 850 degrees C. All peaks except two in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern can be indexed to the ThMn/sub 12/ structure with lattice constants a=8.506 AA and c=4.779 AA, confirming that the ribbons are principally comprised of the SmFe/sub 10/V/sub 2/ phase. The two extra peaks are due to a cubic (Fe,V) compound. Bulk magnets made by hot pressing overquenched Sm/sub 0.89/Fe/sub 10/V/sub 2/ ribbons reached 98% of the theoretical X-ray density of 7.79 g/cm/sup 3/, with bulk magnetic properties H/sub ci/=5.6 kOe, B/sub r/=5.4 kG, and (BH)/sub max/=4.0 MGOe. >
Hippocampal theta rhythm used in predicting feline behavior

Abstract Cats were trained to discriminate between two auditory signals, responding to one by running down a short alleyway to food, and to the other by remaining in the start box. After training, the telemetered hippocampal electroencephalogram was recorded during the conditioned signals for 100 trials in each animal. The presence of theta rhythm (4–7 c/s) was taken to indicate that the animal would run. It was possible to predict the animal's subsequent behavior with a high degree of accuracy.
A residual based eddy viscosity model for the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows

Abstract A new eddy viscosity model for the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows is developed. The eddy viscosity is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the fine scale velocity and the grid size. The residual based variational multiscale formulation is used to obtain a computationally inexpensive approximation for the fine scale velocity field. It is noted that the fine scale velocity field, and hence the eddy viscosity, are proportional to the residual of the resolved scale solution. As a result the eddy viscosity automatically vanishes whenever or wherever the coarse scale solution is accurate. In that regard this model is inherently dynamic and does not require the application of a dynamic procedure. The performance of this model is tested in predicting the decay of incompressible and compressible homogeneous turbulence. In both cases it is found that it is more accurate than the dynamic version of the Smagorinsky-type eddy viscosity model. In addition, it is easier to implement as it does not require a dynamic procedure in order to determine model parameters.
Preparative electrophoretic separation of rabbit serum proteins and antibodies

Abstract The application of a medium-free, continous flow electrophoretic separation was evaluated for the characterization and purificaiton of rabbit serum proteins and antibody. Electrophoretic separations of large volumes of whole antiserum, serum or fractions which corresponded well to the distribution of serum proteins in agar-gel or other types of electrophoresis, was obtained. Considerable electrophoretic heterogeneity was observed for the antibody of two pooled sera. It was concluded that the electrophoretic method described is a useful additional method for the preliminary physicochemical purification of antibody.
Intentional Replantation of Teeth in Dogs and Monkeys

Intentional replantation was performed using 25 incisors in three dogs and two monkeys. More extensive root resorption and bony ankylosis were observed on the 13 incisors replanted using Gelfoam as a periodontal ligament substitute. Fluorescent vital staining dye depicted the amount and time of deposition of new cementum and alveolar bone after replantation.
The pharmaceutical industry's use of gifts and educational events to influence prescription practices: Ethical dilemmas and implications for psychologists

Psychologists are increasingly facing exposure to the marketing strategies of the pharmaceutical industry, such as gifts, perks, and educational programs. Psychiatry has demonstrated some of the pitfalls associated with the powerful influence and financial resources of pharmaceutical marketing. The literature suggests that prescribing behavior is influenced by exposure to such marketing practices, even by small and seemingly insignificant gifts. Psychology has an opportunity to develop effective safeguards against the potential undue influence of pharmaceutical marketing on the way they practice and now, for some, on the way they prescribe. The authors describe ways in which psychologists may be affected by these marketing practices, and they offer several strategies for dealing with ethical dilemmas that arise from the competing interests of patient care and the pharmaceutical industry's profit motive.
Enhanced Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in the Pineal Gland of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

We studied the phosphoinositide (PI) turnover in the pineal gland of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared it to that in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar rats. Both basal and norepinephrine-stimulated PI turnover were significantly higher in the SHR than in the other strains. Prazosin (1 mumol/L) completely blocked the norepinephrine-induced PI hydrolysis in all groups. However, prazosin failed to lower the enhanced basal PI turnover in SHR. Pineal response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol was similar in all groups. These results suggest enhanced membrane phospholipid turnover in the pineal gland of SHR. Moreover, signaling via the alpha 1-adrenoceptor might be sensitized in the SHR.
Subaerial gutter marks. Raindrop impressions, scour marks and other sedimentary structures, Silurian tymochtee dolomite, Waterville, Ohio

Field work was carried out on a four meter thick sequence of unfossiliferous Silurian Tymochtee Dolomite along the southeastern margin of the Silurian Michigan basin. Bedding plane exposures are common. The studied section contains a swale, gutter marks, scour marks, anhydrite molds, raindrop impressions, flat-pebble conglomerate, and ripple marks. Rocks with raindrop impressions formed in a subaerial environment. Many of the gutter marks form linear arrays. They originated as independent rivulets in a subaerial environment during a rain storm. No evidence of sheet flow has been found. The raindrop impressions associated with the gutter marks formed contemporaneously with the formation of the latter or shortly after. The present report documents the only known presence of gutter marks and raindrop impressions found in any Silurian strata anywhere within Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. Gutter marks formed in a subaerial environment may be more common than realized previously. Lastly, this paper argues that the size, shape, patterns, and presence of raindrop impressions has environmental significance beyond that of indicating subaerial exposure of a sediment.
An In Vitro and Clinical Comparison of Corneal Storage with Chondroitin Sulfate Corneal Storage Medium with and without Dextran

Abstract The safety and efficacy of 1 % dextran in Chondroitin Sulfate Corneal Storage Medium (CSM) in reducing corneal swelling after 4°C storage was assessed in a corneal endothelial cell culture system. No difference was found in 3 H-thymidine incorporation by cells incubated in either CSM-dextran medium or CSM medium alone. Subsequently, 21 pairs of corneas, stored in either CSM or CSM-dextran from 30 to 112 hours, were transplanted into 42 eyes of 42 patients, paired by diagnostic group and procedure. All CSM grafts and 19 of 21 CSM-dextran grafts were clear at 4 months with no primary donor failures in either group. Intraoperative corneal thickness was significantly greater in the CSM group (0.82 ± 0.07 mm) than the CSM-dextran group (0.76 ± 0.06 mm); however, the two groups did not differ thereafter. No differences in all endothelial morphometric parameters were noted between the two groups pre- and postoperatively. Average endothelial cell loss by 4 months was 13.0 ± 16.4% for the CSM group and 16.4 ± 15.5% for the CSM-dextran group. The addition of dextran to CSM medium results in significant intraoperative corneal thinning without adversely affecting endothelial DNA synthesis in vitro and endothelial survival in vivo.
Dependence of the U.V. Survival of transforming DNA on the amount of DNA uptake per cell

UV irradiation of transforming DNA from Haemophilus influenzae, carrying a streptomycin resistance marker (Sr), results in decreased transforming activity. At high DNA concentration the “marker survival” is lower than it is at low concentration. The transition from high to low survival occurs at concentrations ranging from 2.5×10-3 to 2.5×10-2 μg/ml; in this range the probability that transformed cells take up DNA fragments in addition to the marked one increases rapidly. A similar effect of DNA concentration on the percentage of transformants is observed for a mixture of unirradiated and irradiated DNA, where virtually all of the transformants originate from the unirradiated component. This eliminates the possible explanation that the concentration dependence of UV survival of a marker reflects increasing competition for a cellular repair system.
Anatomy and physiology of substantia nigra and retrorubral neurons studied by extra- and intracellular recording and by horseradish peroxidase labeling

Abstract The question of origin of the excitatory and inhibitory responses that occur in neostriatal neurons following electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra is complicated by the possible spread of stimulus currents to numerous unspecifiable systems of neuronal elements. The present work begins to address this problem through the study of conduction properties of specific nigral and perinigral neurons in the cat. Neurons of pars compacta of substantia nigra and of the retrorubral area were found to have similar latencies for antidromic activation, whether from caudate nucleus stimuli (6.8–8 ms) or medial forebrain bundle stimulation (2.4–6.4 ms). The soma-dendritic features of both pars compacta and retrorubral neurons (revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase) resembled the sparsely-branched, medium-sized substantia nigra neurons known from Golgi studies to have long dendrites with scattered and mainly distally-located spine-like appendages. Two types of pars compacta neurons were found; one with an ascending axon lacking collateral branches, and another with a descending axon that issued collaterals which terminated in the compacta, in pars reticulata, and possibly in retrorubral areas. Despite failure to detect as ascending axonal trajectory for this latter neuron, both types of pars compacta cells responded antidromically to stimulation of the caudate nucleus or medial forebrain bundle. The conduction time for impulse propagation in axons of pars compacta or retrorubral neurons suggests that either may mediate at least some of the excitatory responses that are known to occur in neostriatal neurons following stimulation of the substantia nigra in the cat. However, these conduction times are not compatible with the production of other excitatory responses which are commonly observed in the cat striatum at latencies shorter than 6 to 7 ms following stimulation of the substantia nigra.
Metabolic syndrome in small fiber sensory neuropathy.

OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with small fiber sensory neuropathy (SFSN). METHODS We searched our skin biopsy database and identified 194 subjects for this retrospective study. Of these 194 subjects, 43 had normal skin biopsies and 151 had mild, moderate, or severe length-dependent SFSN with no large fiber involvement. Fifty-four subjects had diabetic or prediabetic SFSN and 97 had idiopathic SFSN. RESULTS The mean age of the neuropathy group was older (54.1 ± 11.9 years) than the normal biopsy group (44.8 ± 13.0, P < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the neuropathy group (27.8%) than in the normal biopsy group (2.3%, P < 0.001). Age was not different among three neuropathy subgroups. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the severe (38.1%) than in the moderate (26.0%) and mild (14.7%) neuropathy groups (P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; P < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (OR, 3.20; P < 0.001), hypertension (OR, 1.88; P = 0.04), and obesity (OR, 1.93; P = 0.004) were independent risk factors for SFSN. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with SFSN and it correlates with the severity of SFSN. Metabolic syndrome may represent an independent risk factor for SFSN.
An oscillatory circuit underlying the detection of disruptions in temporally-periodic patterns

Neurons in diverse brain areas can respond to the interruption of a regular stimulus pattern by firing bursts of spikes. Here we describe a simple model, which permits such responses to periodic stimuli over a substantial frequency range. Focusing on the omitted stimulus response (OSR) in isolated retinas subjected to periodic patterns of dark flashes, we develop a biophysically-realistic model which accounts for resonances in ON bipolar cells. The bipolar cell terminal contains an LRC oscillator whose inductance is modulated by a transient calcium concentration, thus adjusting its resonant frequency to approximately match that of the stimulus. The model reproduces ganglion cell outputs, which sum the ON and OFF bipolar pathways, and it responds to omitted flashes with approximately constant latencies, as observed experimentally.
Polarization distribution and stability in nonlinear optical polymers

The distribution of the NLO polarization induced in amorphous polymers by poling is generally nonuniform, especially in those with a high glass transition temperature desirable for stability of the polarization. At high temperature and high poling fields, space-charge effects come into play and make the internal field and polarization nonuniform. As the polarization distribution may affect phase matching, knowledge and control of this distribution is desirable for efficient SHG. We have used a laser-induced-thermal-pulse method to obtain polarization- versus-depth profiles over a wide range of poling variables for the amorphous, strongly coupled paraelectric copolymer of vinylidene cyanide and vinyl acetate with superior intrinsic SHG properties and high glass-transition temperature. The stability of the polarization in the glassy state is also documented.
Role of anticausal inverses in multirate filter-banks .I. System-theoretic fundamentals

In a maximally decimated filter bank with identical decimation ratios for all channels, the perfect reconstructibility property and the nature of reconstruction filters (causality, stability, FIR property, and so on) depend on the properties of the polyphase matrix. Various properties and capabilities of the filter bank depend on the properties of the polyphase matrix as well as the nature of its inverse. In this paper we undertake a study of the types of inverses and characterize them according to their system theoretic properties (i.e., properties of state-space descriptions, McMillan degree, degree of determinant, and so forth). We find in particular that causal polyphase matrices with anticausal inverses have an important role in filter bank theory. We study their properties both for the FIR and IIR cases. Techniques for implementing anticausal IIR inverses based on state space descriptions are outlined. It is found that causal FIR matrices with anticausal FIR inverses (cafacafi) have a key role in the characterization of FIR filter banks. >
Pesticide exposure assessment

Unintended, accidental, or unavoidable human exposures may result from pesticide use. Risk Characterization provides registrants, regulators, and the public a means to assess relative risks of pesticide use. Exposure Assessments are less standardized. Potential Dermal Exposure (PDE; mg/kg) is the amount of contact with the potential for dermal absorption (DA). Mixer/loader/applicator data developed using passive dosimetry and skin washing forms a Tier 1 Generic Database. If disqualifying estimates are obtained a more accurate estimate (Tier 2) may be developed from measurements of DA, clothing protection, and PDE under use conditions. Direct estimates of absorbed dose (Tier 3) require metabolic and kinetic data and biological monitoring. Harvesters and other persons who contact treated surfaces need reentry intervals to minimize acute and chronic exposure. Work tasks, dislodgeable foliar residue, and duration of exposure are the foundations for exposure-based, generic estimates of harvester PDE.
The effect of temperature on the respiratory electron transport system in marine plankton

Abstract The effect of temperature on the respiratory electron transport system in plankton was studied in plankton populations between 10 and 45°N lat in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The results yielded Arrhenius activation energies of 15·8 ± 2·8 kcal mole−1 for microplankton, 16 kcal mole−1 for epipelagic zooplankton and 13·2 kcal mole−1 for bathypelagic zooplankton. The differences among these values were not statistically significant. The respiratory electron transport activity and the Arrhenius activation energy in the microplankton from the euphotic zone ranged from 0·12 to 0·16 μl O2 1−1 and from 11·7 to 21·9 kcal mole−1, respectively. Neither parameter varied systematically with temperature.
The Politicalization of Black Students: Northwestern University

The mid-sixties saw a rapid increase in the number of blacks attending college, much of it occurring at predominantly white campuses. Part of the increase reflects historical trends in formal education among American blacks, but much of it reflects the encouragement of black enrollment by interested white institutions, governmental and private. Significantly, by 1968 large numbers of black students were involved in organizations and demonstrations on both predominantly black and white campuses, a development which few policy makers or ordinary citizens had expected. This paper looks at a particular group of blacks, those who became a politicalized mass at Northwestern University between 1966 and 1969. The objectives of this analysis are twofold: (1) to explain fluctuations in black student political activity as influenced by the organization of the campus and competition between racial norms among blacks; and (2) to describe different orientations to middle-class status which are apparent among those who have recently graduated. The discussion is organized in the following manner: (1) an analysis of the past and current political context of black
Deletion Mapping of Four Loci Defined by N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Postimplantation-Lethal Mutations Within the pid-Hbb Region of Mouse Chromosome 7

As part of a long-term effort to refine the physical and functional maps of the Fes-Hbb region of mouse chromosome 7, four loci [l(7)1Rn, l(7)2Rn, l(7)3Rn, l(7)4Rn] defined by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced, prenatally lethal mutations were mapped by means of trans complementation crosses to mice carrying lethal deletions of the mouse chromosome-7 albino (c) locus. Each locus was assigned to a defined subregion of the deletion map at the distal end of the Fes-Hbb interval. Of particular use for this mapping were preimplantation-lethal deletions having distal breakpoints localized between pid and Omp. Hemizygosity or homozygosity for each of the ENU-induced lethals was found to arrest development after uterine implantation; the specific time of postimplantation death varied, and depended on both the mutation itself and on whether it was hemizygous or homozygous. Based on their map positions outside of and distal to deletions that cause death at preimplantation stages, these ENU-induced mutations identify loci, necessary for postimplantation development, that could not have been discovered by phenotypic analyses of mice homozygous for any albino deletion. The mapping of these loci to specific genetic intervals defined by deletion breakpoints suggests a number of positional-cloning strategies for the molecular isolation of these genes. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of these mutations should provide useful information on the functional composition of the corresponding segment of the human genome (perhaps human 11q13.5).