cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas von

German physician and anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sommerring (1755–1830) classified the cranial nerves into 12 pairs and also discovered the macula lutea in the retina of the human eye. His investigations on the brain and nervous system, sensory organs, embryo and its malformations, and other topics made him the most important German anatomist of his day. Sommerring was known for his accuracy in anatomic illustration, although many of his physiological interpretations were erroneous.
Overview, Strengths, and Limitations of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

While the main focus of this chapter will be meta-analysis, it cannot be completely isolated from several prerequisites assessed in the systematic review. For example, the studies must address a common question. The eligibility criteria of the underlying studies must be well established. Evaluation techniques for endpoints must be reasonably consistent across the studies. In the clinical setting, when making comparisons between a treatment and control, the underlying studies must be properly randomized. Exploratory meta-analyses and meta-regressions may examine associations between interventions, covariates, and secondary events.
The lifetime of the ÃΣu+2 state of the N3 radical

The lifetime of the AΣu+2 state of N3 has been determined from line broadening in the rotationally resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of the AΣu+2–XΠg2 transition. N3 radicals, produced by fluorine atom abstraction from HN3, were probed with an intracavity doubled ring laser operating near 272nm. Careful examination of the LIF spectrum indicates a significant Lorentzian component to the line shape due to a rapid predissociation in the AΣu+2 state. The predissociation lifetime is found to be 132±21ps for the 000 vibrational level and 64±10ps for the 010 level. The short lifetime is consistent with the low intensity of the LIF signal especially for the 010-010 hot band.
Residual stresses in particle-reinforced ceramic composites using synchrotron radiation

Residual stresses were determined in particle-reinforced ceramic composites using synchrotron based x-ray diffraction. The baseline Si3N4 and the Si3N4-TiN composites were processed by turbomilling, pressure casting, and isopressing. They were then continuously sintered to full density, under a pressureless, flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The flexural strength, fracture toughness, and residual stress were measured for as-machined samples and following quenching in water from 1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C. The residual stresses for both the baseline Si3N4 and the Si3N4-TiN composites were determined from the (441) and (531) reflections, by applying the 2Θ-sin2ψ method. The measured residual stresses were compared with the flexural strength and fracture toughness results to determine the effects of residual stress and thermal shocking on the mechanical properties of each material. In both the baseline Si3N4 and Si3N4-TiN composites, after thermal shocking, the compressive residual stresses were developed in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the sample surface. The residual compressive stresses for the Si3N4-TiN composites were much higher than the baseline Si3N4. As a result, both fracture toughness and flexural strength of the Si3N4-TiN composites were improved. In addition, the addition of the TiN appears to improve both the strength and toughness of the baseline Si3N4.
Staring at stars makes you see spots: verifying images of red supergiant stars

As some of the largest stars in diameter, red supergiants (RSGs) are ideal targets for interferometric imaging. In the past few years, studies have begun to shed light on the evolution of the surfaces and atmospheres of these stars, which deviate from centrosymmetry. In particular, RSGs have large granulation features which vary on timescales on the order of hundreds of days. In order to study these features and their evolution, we have undertaken a long-term imaging survey of RSGs using MIRC on the CHARA Array. We are seeking the highest resolution images of RSGs possible with CHARA, looking for variations of features less than half the size of the stellar surface. Here we present a method for determining the best method for reconstruction in order to minimize the impact of artifacts.
Fatal cardiac rupture among patients treated with thrombolytic agents and adjunctive thrombin antagonists: Observations from the Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction 9 Study

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and demographic characteristics of patients experiencing cardiac rupture after thrombolytic and adjunctive anticoagulant therapy and to identify possible associations between the mechanism of thrombin inhibition (indirect, direct) and the intensity of systemic anticoagulation with its occurrence. Background Cardiac rupture is responsible for nearly 15% of all in-hospital deaths among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) given thrombolytic agents. Little is known about specific patient- and treatment-related risk factors. Methods Patients (n = 3,759) with MI participating in the Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction 9A and B trials received intravenous thrombolytic therapy, aspirin and either heparin (5,000 U bolus, 1,000 to 1,300 U/h infusion) or hirudin (0.1 to 0.6 mg/kg bolus, 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/h infusion) for at least 96 h. A diagnosis of cardiac rupture was made clinically in patients with sudden electromechanical dissociation in the absence of preceding congestive heart failure, slowly progressive hemodynamic compromise or malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Results A total of 65 rupture events (1.7%) were reported—all were fatal, and a majority occurred within 48 h of treatment. Patients with cardiac rupture were older, of lower body weight and stature and more likely to be female than those without rupture (all p 70 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.06, 6.91), female gender (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.44, 5.73) and prior angina (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.05, 3.16) were independently associated with cardiac rupture. Independent predictors of nonrupture death included age >70 years (OR 3.68; 95% CI 2.53, 5.35) and prior MI (OR 2.14; 95%, CI 1.45, 3.17). There was no association between the type of thrombin inhibition, the intensity of anticoagulation and cardiac rapture. Conclusions Cardiac rupture following thrombolytic therapy tends to occur in older patients and may explain the disproportionately high mortality rate among women in prior clinical trials. Unlike major hemorrhagic complications, there is no evidence that the intensity of anticoagulation associated with heparin or hirudin administration influences the occurrence of rupture.
Profitability of online order fulfillment in multi-channel retailing

Abstract Store-based retailers have been concerned about the high fulfillment costs and low gross margins of their online sales. This paper incorporates such issues in a non-linear mixed-integer profit maximization model of the online order fulfillment process for multi-channel retailers. A solution approach based on an iterative outer-approximation technique is developed. Using empirical data from a large U.S. retailer, the profitability of different options used by multi-channel retailers to fill online orders is evaluated. Managerial insights are developed through a factorial research design that highlights the effect of relevant logistics processes and fulfillment methods on the profitability of online sales for retailers.
Single-Frequency Material Characterization Using a Microwave Adaptive Reflect-Array

Personnel screening systems having reconfigurable reflect-arrays at microwave frequencies have been widely used in airports, government buildings, and other facilities to detect potential threats concealed under clothing. In order to reduce the false-alarm of such systems, a dielectric characterization algorithm using a single-frequency is needed. This paper presents a new algorithm, based on Physical Optics, which is capable of characterizing the complex dielectric constant of a security threat. The proposed method derive the geometric and constitutive properties of the threat by minimizing the variance of the modeled and measured fields at 24.16 GHz. Preliminary results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Resistance to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin in late pregnant rats

Key points Pregnancy increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), although the mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. We tested whether insulin or leptin, two sympathoexcitatory hormones increased during pregnancy, contribute to this. Transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier in some brain regions, and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), was increased, although brain insulin degradation was also increased. As a result, brain and CSF insulin levels were not different between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. The sympathoexcitatory responses to insulin and leptin were abolished in pregnant rats. Blockade of arcuate nucleus insulin receptors did not lower SNA in pregnant or non-pregnant rats. Collectively, these data suggest that pregnancy renders the brain resistant to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin, and that these hormones do not mediate pregnancy-induced sympathoexcitation. Increased muscle SNA stimulates glucose uptake. Therefore, during pregnancy, peripheral insulin resistance coupled with blunted insulin- and leptin-induced sympathoexcitation ensures adequate delivery of glucose to the fetus. Abstract Pregnancy increases basal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), although the mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. Insulin and leptin are two sympathoexcitatory hormones that increase during pregnancy, yet, pregnancy impairs central insulin- and leptin-induced signalling. Therefore, to test whether insulin or leptin contribute to basal sympathoexcitation or, instead, whether pregnancy induces resistance to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin, we investigated α-chloralose anaesthetized late pregnant rats, which exhibited increases in lumbar SNA (LSNA), splanchnic SNA and heart rate (HR) compared to non-pregnant animals. In pregnant rats, transport of insulin into cerebrospinal fluid and across the blood-brain barrier in some brain regions increased, although brain insulin degradation was also increased; brain and cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels were not different between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Although i.c.v. insulin increased LSNA and HR and baroreflex control of LSNA and HR in non-pregnant rats, these effects were abolished in pregnant rats. In parallel, pregnancy completely prevented the actions of leptin with respect to increasing lumbar, splanchnic and renal SNA, as well as baroreflex control of SNA. Blockade of insulin receptors (with S961) in the arcuate nucleus, the site of action of insulin, did not decrease LSNA in pregnant rats, despite blocking the effects of exogenous insulin. Thus, pregnancy is associated with central resistance to insulin and leptin, and these hormones are not responsible for the increased basal SNA of pregnancy. Because increases in LSNA to skeletal muscle stimulates glucose uptake, blunted insulin- and leptin-induced sympathoexcitation reinforces systemic insulin resistance, thereby increasing the delivery of glucose to the fetus.
Public Concern about Terrorism: Fear, Worry, and Support for Anti-Muslim Policies:

In the era of 9/11, terrorist attacks occur with sufficient frequency and lethality to constitute a realistic threat to the well-being of the American public. Sensing this concern, politicians emph...
Nonzero-temperature transport near quantum critical points

We describe the nature of charge transport at non-zero temperatures (T ) above the two-dimensional (d) superuid-insulator quantum critical point. We argue that the transport is characterized by inelastic collisions among thermally excited carriers at a rate of order kBT=h. This implies that the transport at frequencies ! kBT=h is in the hydrodynamic, collision-dominated (or ‘incoherent’) regime, while ! kBT=h is the collisionless (or ‘phasecoherent’) regime. The conductivity is argued to be e 2 =h times a non-trivial universal scaling function ofh!=kBT , and not independent of h!=kBT ,a s has been previously claimed, or implicitly assumed. The experimentally measured d.c. conductivity is the hydrodynamic h!=kBT ! 0 limit of this function, and is a universal number times e 2 =h, even though the transport is incoherent. Previous work determined the conductivity by incorrectly assuming it was also equal to the collisionless h!=kBT !1limit of the scaling function, which actually describes phase-coherent transport with a conductivity given by a dierent universal number times e 2 =h. We provide the rst computation of the universal d.c. conductivity in a disorder-free boson model, along with explicit crossover functions, using a quantum Boltzmann equation and an expansion in =3 d. The case of spin transport near quantum critical points in antiferromagnets is also discussed. Similar ideas should apply to the transitions in quantum Hall systems and to metal-insulator transitions. We suggest experimental tests of our picture and speculate on a new route to self-duality at two-dimensional quantum critical points.
Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become the primary imaging modality for assessing peritoneal and retroperitoneal pathology in children, given its significant advantages over multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) including superior soft tissue contrast resolution and lack of ionizing radiation. This chapter details peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy relevant to cross-sectional imaging, as knowledge of these structures aids understanding of disease processes affecting these areas. MR imaging protocols and techniques for optimal imaging are discussed with emphasis on pediatric patients. MR imaging findings of various disease entities that involve the peritoneum and retroperitoneum are also reviewed and discussed with case examples.
Readmission With Major Abdominal Complications After Penetrating Abdominal Trauma.

Abstract Background Despite improvements in operative techniques, major abdominal complications (MACs) continue to occur after penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT). This study aimed to evaluate the burden of MAC after PAT. Methods The (2012-2015) National Readmission Database was queried for all adult (age ≥18 y) trauma patients with penetrating injuries who underwent exploratory laparotomy and were readmitted within 6 mo of index hospitalization discharge. Patients were stratified by firearm injuries (FIs) and stab injuries (SIs). Primary outcomes were rates of MAC: intra-abdominal abscesses (IAAs), superficial surgical site infection (SSI), and fascial dehiscence within 6 mo after discharge. Secondary outcomes were both nonabdominal complications and mortality, postdischarge, and 6-mo readmission. Regression analysis was performed. Results A total of 4473 patients (FI, 2326; SI, 2147) were included in the study; the mean age was 32 ± 14 y, the Injury Severity Score was 19 (15-25), and 23% underwent damage control laparotomy (DCL). The rate of MAC within 6 mo was 22% (IAA 19%, SSI 7%, and fascial dehiscence 4%). Patients with FIs had a higher rate of IAA (27% versus 10%; P Conclusions MAC developed in one in five patients after PAT. FIs have a higher potential for hollow viscus injury and peritoneal contamination, and are more predictive of MAC and nonabdominal complications, especially after DCL. Level of Evidence Level III Prognostic.
Metabolic Response in Patients With Post-treatment Lyme Disease Symptoms/Syndrome.

Background Post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms/syndrome (PTLDS) occurs in approximately 10% of patients with Lyme disease following antibiotic treatment. Biomarkers or specific clinical symptoms to identify patients with PTLDS do not currently exist and the PTLDS classification is based on the report of persistent, subjective symptoms for ≥6 months following antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease. Methods Untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics was used to determine longitudinal metabolic responses and biosignatures in PTLDS and clinically cured non-PTLDS Lyme patients. Evaluation of biosignatures included (1) defining altered classes of metabolites, (2) elastic net regularization to define metabolites that most strongly defined PTLDS and non-PTLDS patients at different time points, (3) changes in the longitudinal abundance of metabolites, and (4) linear discriminant analysis to evaluate robustness in a second patient cohort. Results This study determined that observable metabolic differences exist between PTLDS and non-PTLDS patients at multiple time points. The metabolites with differential abundance included those from glycerophospholipid, bile acid, and acylcarnitine metabolism. Distinct longitudinal patterns of metabolite abundance indicated a greater metabolic variability in PTLDS versus non-PTLDS patients. Small numbers of metabolites (6 to 40) could be used to define PTLDS versus non-PTLDS patients at defined time points, and the findings were validated in a second cohort of PTLDS and non-PTLDS patients. Conclusions These data provide evidence that an objective metabolite-based measurement can distinguish patients with PTLDS and help understand the underlying biochemistry of PTLDS.
Do we practice what we preach?: the association between Judgements of soft skills and performance evaluations over time

Recent articles in the popular press stress the importance of soft skills in leader performance evaluations, noting a shift from organizations’ earlier focus on hard skills. Despite the popular belief that organizations have shifted to valuing soft skills over hard skills, it remains unclear if managers have shifted to rely on assessments of soft skills in their leader performance evaluations. This study drew from archival data from an extensive, non-for-profit healthcare organization’s feedback process for managers. We hypothesized that soft skills would predict leader performance above and beyond hard skills in recent years, but that this finding would not hold in earlier years. We used multiple regression analysis to test if soft skills significantly predicted leaders’ performance above and beyond hard skills in a dataset collected between 2009 and 2013 and in a dataset collected between 2014 and 2018. In support of our hypothesis, we found that evaluations of soft skills predicted performance evaluations above and beyond hard skills in the 2014–2018 cohort, but soft skills did not predict performance evaluations above and beyond hard skills in the 2009–2013 cohort. These findings suggest a successful bridge between research and practice, and demonstrate that the increasing emphasis on soft skills in popular press articles is reflected in leader performance evaluations.
Automated craniotomy with impedance-sensitive skull curvature profiling

Scattering in the skull limits spatial resolution in optical neuroimaging experiments in mice, so it is necessary to excise a portion of the skull. Such craniotomy procedures have traditionally been done manually, but automating the process provides greater control of the cutting path and depth. A computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine can perform craniotomies of arbitrary shape and position with high precision. Automating the procedure improves repeatability and consistency, poses fewer risks for damaging the brain, and makes the procedure easier to learn. We have developed an automated craniotomy procedure which utilizes a CNC machine to obtain a curvature profile of the skull with an impedance-sensitive probing circuit and to interpolate a cut path along this profile to remove a portion of a mouse’s skull. This procedure does not damage the underlying brain tissue and can be performed in under two hours.
Identifying Characteristics Predictive of Lost-to-Follow-Up Status in Amblyopia.

Purpose To identify demographic and disease-related characteristics predictive of Lost-to-Follow-Up (LTFU) status in amblyopia treatment and create a risk model for predicting LTFU status. Design Retrospective cohort study Methods Setting: Single-center, ophthalmology department at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH). Patients: 2037 patients treated for amblyopia at BCH between 2010 and 2014. Observation procedure: LTFU was defined as patients who did not return after initial visit, excluding those who came for second opinion. Multiple variables were tested for association with LTFU status. Outcome measure: Odds ratio of LTFU risk associated with each variable. Multivariate logistic regression was used to create a risk score for predicting LTFU status. Results A large proportion of patients (23%) were LTFU after first visit. Older age, nonwhite race, lack of insurance, previous glasses or atropine treatment, and longer requested follow-up intervals were independent predictors of LTFU status. A multivariable risk score was created to predict probability of LTFU (area under the curve 0.68). Conclusions Our comprehensive amblyopia database allows us to predict which patients are more likely to be LTFU after baseline visit and develop strategies to mitigate these effects. These findings may help with practice efficiency and improve patient outcomes in the future by transitioning these analyses to an electronic medical record that could be programmed to provide continually updated decision support for individual patients based on large data sets.
Analyses of the Effects of Arginine, Nicotine, Serotype and Collagen-Binding Proteins on Biofilm Development by 33 Strains of Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans serotype k strains comprise <3% of oral isolates of S. mutans but are prominent in diseased cardiovascular (CV) tissue. Collagen binding protein (CBP) genes, cbm and cnm, are prevalent in serotype k strains and are associated with endothelial cell invasion. Nicotine increases biofilm formation by serotype c strains of S. mutans, but its effects on serotype k strains and strains with CBP are unknown. Saliva contains arginine which alters certain properties of the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in S. mutans biofilm. We examined whether nicotine and arginine affect sucrose-induced biofilm of S. mutans serotypes k (n=23) and c (n=10) strains with and without CBP genes. Biofilm mass, metabolism, bacterial proliferation, and EPS production were assessed. Nicotine increased biomass and metabolic activity (p<0.0001); arginine alone had no effect. The presence of a CBP gene (either cbm or cnm) had a significant effect on biofilm production, but serotype did not. Nicotine increased bacterial proliferation and the effect was greater in CBP+ strains compared to strains lacking CBP genes. Addition of arginine with nicotine decreased both bacterial mass and EPS compared to biofilm grown in nicotine alone. EPS production was greater in cnm+ than cbm+ strains (p<0.0001). Given the findings of S. mutans in diseased CV tissue, a nicotine induced increase in biofilm production by CBP+ strains may be a key link between tobacco use and CV diseases.
SOLUTE REDISTRIBUTION AND PRECIPITATE STABILITY: POINT-DEFECT MEDIATED EFFECTS

Ion implantation or bombardment carried out to modify a surface will cause radiation damage. Point-defects are produced when atoms are displaced from their sites in a crystalline solid by energetic collisions, and the point defects can diffuse if the temperature is sufficiently high. Defect migration allows atomic diffusion. In this chapter the consequences of the atomic diffusion due to the migration of irradiation-produced point defects will be explored.
Recombinant tumor necrosis factor enhances macrophage destruction of trypanosoma cruzi in the presence of bacterial endotoxin

We examined in this work whether rTNF inhibits the capacity of Trypanosoma cruzi to multiply within murine macrophages or enhances the ability of the phagocytic host cells to destroy internalized parasites. We found that rTNF would not alter the fate of the trypanosomes within macrophages over a 48-h incubation period unless the latter cells were also treated with 1 ng/ml bacterial endotoxin (LPS). Treatment of macrophages with rTNF plus LPS, but not separate treatment with either rTNF or LPS, resulted in a significant decrease in the number of organisms per 100 macrophages with respect to values obtained with mock-treated macrophages. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of infected macrophages over the 48-h incubation period, indicating parasite clearance by the host cells. The combined effects of rTNF and LPS were seen when macrophages from CBA/J were used but not with LPS-insensitive macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice. Increased trypanosome killing by CBA/J macrophages treated with rTNF plus LPS was not seen when catalase was present in the culture medium, indicating a role for hydrogen peroxide in the cytotoxic effect. These results show that rTNF can affect the fate of T. cruzi within macrophages if LPS is present and point to destruction of internalized organisms rather than inhibition of parasite multiplication as the most likely explanation.
Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein activates transcription from HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat via the classical NF-κB pathway and functionally cooperates with Tat

The nuclear transcription factor NF-κB binds to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and is a key regulator of HIV-1 gene expression in cells latently infected with this virus. In this report, we have analyzed the ability of Kaposi's sarcoma associate herpes virus (KSHV, also known as Human Herpes virus 8)-encoded viral FLIP (Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein) K13 to activate the HIV-1 LTR. We present evidence that vFLIP K13 activates HIV-1 LTR via the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway involving c-Rel, p65 and p50 subunits. K13-induced HIV-1 LTR transcriptional activation requires the cooperative interaction of all three components of the IKK complex and can be effectively blocked by inhibitors of the classical NF-κB pathway. K13 mutants that lacked the ability to activate the NF-κB pathway also failed to activate the HIV-1 LTR. K13 could effectively activate a HIV-1 LTR reporter construct lacking the Tat binding site but failed to activate a construct lacking the NF-κB binding sites. However, coexpression of HIV-1 Tat with K13 led to synergistic activation of HIV-1 LTR. Finally, K13 differentially activated HIV-1 LTRs derived from different strains of HIV-1, which correlated with their responsiveness to NF-κB pathway. Our results suggest that concomitant infection with KSHV/HHV8 may stimulate HIV-1 LTR via vFLIP K13-induced classical NF-κB pathway which cooperates with HIV-1 Tat protein.
Valuing Swiss default-free callable bonds

Abstract A model to price the call features embedded in Swiss riskless callable bonds is developed. The model accounts for the time-dependent variance of bond returns, the specific exercise conditions of this long term non-traded call option and the incompleteness of the Swiss bond market. Empirical results show that the call feature's price is particularly sensitive to the riskless rate and variance specifications. Illiquidity explains some cross sectional call pricing ‘biases’ found in this study but the underpricing of ordinary versus callable bonds cannot be excluded.
Groundwater flow patterns in extensive shallow aquifers with gentle relief: Theory and application to the Galena/Locust Grove region of eastern Maryland

[1] The Delmarva Peninsula between the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean comprises an irregular sequence of almost horizontal sand and silt or clay layers [Shedlock et al., 1999; Bohlke and Denver, 1995] whose connectivity and detailed geometry are not well known. A mosaic of groundwater basins with areas generally less than 30 km2 provide the water supply for the region. The concentration of dissolved nitrate has increased greatly since 1950 [Shedlock et al., 1999], and a series of test wells, drilled in the Locust Grove area for chemical analyses of the groundwater, provide useful data on water table levels at various locations. A new depth-integrated hydraulic model of the aquifer flow is developed to handle the complex and poorly known structure of the region. It requires as inputs (1) historical rainfall data, (2) the elevation profiles along potential discharge streambeds, and (3) the depth-integrated hydraulic conductivity, inferred from a few individual well water levels. The analysis predicts quantitatively and without arbitrary parameters, the distribution of groundwater heights above mean sea level and the patterns of total groundwater flow throughout the study region. Throughout the test area the predicted and measured groundwater levels generally agree to within 1 meter. The groundwater flow patterns show two distinctive types of domain with little intermingling, one type originating near the groundwater divide and discharging into the semipermanent streams and the other kind arising between the lower stream sections and discharging directly along the estuary shoreline. The measured distribution of water age with depth [Bohlke and Denver, 1995] agrees well with a simple formula provided by the theory.
Gastrointestinal polyposis and nonpolyposis syndromes.

We believe that the description of Turcot's syndrome by Rustgi maintains the confusion that has existed in the literature since the original description of the association between polyposis and central nervous system tumors. We think that there are two distinct conditions: autosomal dominant familial adenomatous polyposis with central nervous system tumors as extracolonic features and autosomal recessive Turcot's syndrome with central nervous system tumors as primary features.
Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in various concentrations of dextrose injection

The stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in plastic syringes containing high concentrations of dextrose injection after storage for 24 hours in a refrigerator followed by storage for two hours at room temperature was studied. Vancomycin hydrochloride was reconstituted with sterile water for injection to a concentration of 50 mg/mL. One-milliliter samples were added to 9 mL of various concentrations of dextrose injection (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) in 10-mL plastic syringes. Ten syringes of each concentration were stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. At various storage times, samples were assayed in triplicate for vancomycin using high-performance liquid chromatography. After 24 hours, the syringes were removed from the refrigerator, and the vancomycin concentration was determined after storage for two hours at room temperature. Percent change in vancomycin concentration during storage for 24 hours was less than 6% in all cases except for 5% dextrose injection at 4 and 24 hours. Vancomycin concentration did not change (percent change 0.7-5%) during storage for two hours at room temperature. Vancomycin hydrochloride is stable in various concentrations of dextrose injection when stored in plastic syringes for 24 hours in the refrigerator followed by two hours at room temperature.
Calcium Buffering and Free Ca2+ in Rat Brain Synaptosomes

: The effects of K+ depolarization and of stimulation by veratridine on apparent cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) and net Ca2+ accumulation were measured in isolated rat brain presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes). [Ca2+]cyt was determined with fura-2, and Ca2+ accumulation was measured with tracer 45Ca. [Ca2+]cyt was ∼ 325 nM in synaptosomes incubated in the normal physiological salt solution under resting conditions. When [K+]0, was increased from the normal 5 mM to 30 or 50 mM, 45Ca uptake and [Ca2+]cyt both increased within 1 s. Both increases were directly related to [Ca2+]0 for [Ca2+]0= 0.02–1.2 mM; however, the increase in 45Ca uptake greatly exceeded the increase in [Ca2+]cyt. With small Ca2+ loads ≤100 μmol/L of cell water, equivalent to the Ca2+ entry during a train of ≤60 impulses), the 45Ca uptake exceeded the increase in [Ca2+]cyt by a factor of nearly 1,000. This indicates that ∼99.9% of the entering Ca2+ was buffered and/or sequestered within ∼ 1 s. With larger Ca2+ loads, a larger fraction of the entering Ca2+ was buffered; ∼99.97% of the load was buffered with loads of 250–425 μmol/L of cell water. The ratio between the total Ca2+ entry and the increase in [Ca2+]cyt, the “calcium buffer ratio”β, was therefore ∼ 3,500:1. This ratio was somewhat lower than the ratio of total intraterminal calcium: [Ca2+]cyt, which ranged between ∼7,300:1 and 12,800:1. When the synaptosomes were activated with 10 μM veratridine ([Ca2+]0= 0.2–0.6 mM), 45Ca influx and [Ca2+]cyt increased progressively for ∼10 s (β= 2,700:13,050:1) and then leveled off. Application of 10 μM tetrodotoxin before the introduction of veratridine prevented the increases in 45Ca influx and [Ca2+]cyt. Application of 10 μM tetrodotoxin after 5–10 s of exposure to veratridine caused both the [Ca2+]cyt and the veratridine-stimulated 45Ca within the terminals to decline, thereby demonstrating that the Ca2+ loading is reversible in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. These data show that synaptosomes are capable of buffering and metabolizing Ca2+ in a manner expected for intact neurons.
Computational Verification of Network Programs in Coq

We report on the design of the first fully automatic, machine-checked tool suite for verification of high-level network programs. The tool suite targets programs written in NetCore, a new declarative network programming language. Our work builds on a recent effort by Guha, Reitblatt, and Foster to build a machine-verified compiler from NetCore to OpenFlow, a new protocol for software-defined networking.
Compliance of child care programs with health and safety standards: impact of program evaluation and advocate training.

A 72-hour training program for workers in child care programs (day care and Head Start) on advocacy for health and safety was designed, implemented, and evaluated in the Southeast Region of Pennsylvania. From 142 day care sites that were involved in the study, 117 trainees were enrolled in groups of approximately 20 trainees over a two-year period. Overall attendance averaged 88%. Trainee satisfaction with individual sessions varied from 96% to 76%. Ninety-two percent of enrolled trainees completed the course. Most completed four out of the five course assignments. A pretest and posttest of health knowledge showed significant gain in all areas covered by the training; this knowledge was retained in a follow-up test seven months after the completion of training. Changes in desired opinions related to health advocacy were limited to an increase in the number who agreed that health issues can be grasped by individuals who are not health professionals. Pretraining assessment of program compliance with accepted health and safety standards revealed widespread need for improvement. Participation in the evaluation aspect of the study alone was associated with improved compliance of programs with health and safety standards, but in a number of health and safety aspects of the program, participation in training was associated with greater improvements in compliance than evaluation alone. This finding suggests a benefit to be derived from both monitoring and training provided for health and safety aspects of child care programs. Changes in compliance by programs were associated with increased involvement of the trained advocate in health and safety activities in the program. This greater involvement was manifested by the advocates as an increase in the combination of advocating and performing of activities and a decrease in only performing.
Recurrent Selection in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract RECURRENT selection in animal breeding refers to Hull’s (1945) method of selection for specific combining ability with a tester stock. Bell et al. (1952) pointed out that this breeding method was based on the performance of the crossbred progeny from an inbred tester line and a non-inbred or segregating population. Selection was based on the performance of the test cross progenies and made only in the segregating population. Little advantage for recurrent selection, in comparison to selection based on individual and family merit, was found by Bowman (1962) when selecting for large litter size in the mouse or low bristle number in Drosophila, or by Bell et al. (1955) who were selecting for egg numbers and egg size in Drosophila. The animal breeder has been interested in finding new and more efficient breeding procedures to take advantage of nonadditive gene action if it is present. One of these more recent. . .
Influence of support properties on the sound radiated from the vibrations of rectangular plates

Abstract The control of the forced vibration response of structures through the optimal tuning of its supports is desirable in many applications. Tuning may enhance the dissipation of vibration energy within the supports, thereby reducing fatigue and structure-borne noise. Two different models were developed to calculate the optimal support stiffness that minimizes the velocity response of homogeneous plates. The first model, based on the wave propagation at the edge, yields a good first cut approximation of the optimal properties. The optimal viscous and viscoelastic support stiffness for minimal reflection at the edge was calculated. Maximum absorption of the incident waves occurs when the viscous support stiffness matches the characteristic mechanical impedances of the plate. The second model, based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, yields more accurate estimates of the optimal support stiffness required to minimize the forced velocity response of the finite rectangular plate. The optimal support properties calculated from the two different methods were in good agreement. This suggested that the modal response of the plate is strongly influenced by the wave reflections at the edges. Finally, the effects of support properties on the sound radiated from the plate were investigated. The optimal support stiffness that minimizes the radiated sound power was found to be smaller than the value that minimizes the velocity response. The results show that both the velocity response and sound radiation are strongly influenced by dissipation of vibration energy at the edges, and demonstrate that support tuning can yield significant noise and vibration reduction.
RESEARCH OUTPUT IN AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS DEPARTMENTS, 1974–83*

The move towards greater public-sector efficiency has meant considerable changes in resource allocation to higher education. An efficient and equitable restructuring of the sector will be greatly assisted by the sensible use of appropriate performance indicators. This article extends previous work, which looked at the quantity of refereed publications, by developing research performance indicators based on citations, research grants, and peer review. While there is a moderately strong positive relationship between the quantity of publications and citations indicators, research funding seems to be of quite limited importance to economics departments, and peer reviews need to be checked against more objective measures. Copyright 1988 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
A Long Academic Journey

In this case study, an early-career electrical engineer interviews an established translational biomedical engineer. The discussion covered topics such as challenges associated with the merging of fundamental engineering science with the pursuit of clinically informed research, how best to train engineering students for future innovation, and how to establish international partnerships.
An SIS mixer for 90 120 GHz with gain and wide bandwidth

An SIS mixer for the 3 mm wavelength band has been developed. It has sufficient RF bandwidth to allow double-sideband operation at an IE of 1.4 GHz. Available gain of around 3 dB has been measured, along with mixer temperatures of 20 to 40K (both double sideband). The junctions were fabricated using a lead-alloy technology (Pb−In−Au/oxide/-Pb−Bi). Coupling and tuning structures were integrated onto a quartz substrate along with the junctions. The measurements were made at physical temperatures around 3.1K, achieved with a closed-cycle refrigerator.
Novel Fiber Optic Sensors and Their Application on Cutting Temperature Measurement in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Titanium

Fiber optic temperature sensors offer unique advantages when used to measure cutting temperature in machining processes. This paper presents novel miniature fiber optic temperature sensors and their application in cutting temperature measurement in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining (RUM) of titanium. The sensors were based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometeric principle. The endface of the fiber was wet etched. A piece of borosilicate glass was thermally deposited into the cavity on the etched endface to form an FP cavity. Temperature calibration experiments were performed. During RUM, the sensor was embedded in the titanium workpiece to monitor the temperature change using different ultrasonic power. The results demonstrate the advantages of fiber optic sensors including high accuracy and resolution, superior stability and repeatability, and good durability against harsh environment.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Quantitative Analysis Of Lung Texture For Computer-Aided Diagnosis Of Interstitial Disease In Digital Chest Radiographs

We have employed physical measures of lung texture in an automated method of detecting and characterizing interstitial lung disease in digital chest radiographs. In addition, by using an analysis of these measures relative to an accumulated data base, we have devised an automated classification method for distinguishing between normal lungs and abnormal lungs with interstitial disease. Our results suggest that this computerized method can be a valuable aid to radiologists in their assessment of interstitial lung infiltrates.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Voice recognition dictation: An adjunct to medical student radiology education

The field of academic radiology has historically integrated new technologies in innovative ways to educate more efficiently and effectively. To date, the majority of articles discussing technology and radiologic education focus on information transmission, interactive computer-aided instruction, or facilitation of testing (1–8). Impediments of medical student education in the field of radiology have been recounted in numerous articles. Some cite increasing clinical workload for academic radiologists and the lack of incentives to make education a priority (9–12). Others describe precedents set by medical school curricula that marginalize radiology during the preclinical and clinical years (10,13). Despite this, radiologists and nonradiologists alike believe radiology needs to play an increasing role in medical education (12–15). Gunderman et al (16) explored different aspects of technology facilitating medical student education. They divided radiology content into information, knowledge, and understanding. While effective use of technology becomes increasingly more difficult with higher forms of learning, they explained that understanding represents the highest and most desirable educational objective. Simulation of the radiology resident experience offers active participation for students, which enhances understanding (17–19). Traditional medical student education in radiology involves passive learning through observing staff and resident readouts. Applying the constructivist theory of education in radiology, simulation provides “understanding through practice in realistic situations” (20).
Age-related changes in conditioned flavor preference in rats

Age-related changes have been documented in regions of the brain shown to process reward information. However, few studies have examined the effects of aging on associative memory for reward. The present study tested 7- and 24-month-old rats on a conditioned flavor preference task. Half of the rats in each age group received an unsweetened grape-flavored solution (CS-) on odd-numbered days and a sweetened cherry-flavored solution (CS+) on even-numbered days. The remaining rats in each age group received a sweetened grape-flavored solution (CS+) on odd-numbered days and an unsweetened cherry-flavored solution (CS-) on even-numbered days. During the acquisition phase of testing, the designated solution (CS+ or CS-) was presented to each rat for 15 min daily across six consecutive days. On the preference phase, each rat received unsweetened cherry and unsweetened grape-flavored solutions simultaneously for 15 min daily across four consecutive days. The 7-month-old rats showed a significant preference for the flavor that was previously sweetened during the acquisition phase (CS+) compared to the previously unsweetened solution (CS-) when the two unsweetened solutions were presented simultaneously during the preference phase of testing. In contrast, the 24-month-old rats did not show a preference and consumed roughly equal amounts of the previously sweetened (CS+) and unsweetened (CS-) solutions. Thus, the data suggest that the ability to form flavor-reward associations declines with increasing age, resulting in impaired conditioned flavor preference.
Ionic Conductivity of Solid and Liquid LiAlCl4

The electrical conductivity of lithium chloroaluminate has been investigated in the temperature range between room temperature and 180°C. It is molten above 145°C. The conduction is practically purely ionic and is attributed to the transport of lithium ions. The experiments show high values for ionic conductivity in the solid state, only exceeded by Li‐β‐alumina and some LiI‐based materials. At 25°C the conductivity was found to be , with an activation enthalpy for of 0.47 eV. A‐C conductivity measurements were influenced by sample preparation and cell arrangement. The ionic conductivities of this and several other newly found lithium ionic conductors, as well as those previously known, are compared in the temperature range between 20° and 250°C.
On the decay of 148 Pm

TheΒ-γ directional correlation between the 1,930 keVΒ-group and the 511 keV cascadeγ-ray in the 5.4 d148Pm decay has been measured at 14 differentγ-energy points. The anisotropy is found to be positive and is (4.4±0.4)% at 1,210 keV. The energies of theγ-rays depopulating the levels in148Sm have been measured using a Ge(Li) spectrometer with an accuracy of better than 1 keV. Theγ-ray intensities have been determined within 15%.
Tubal ligation does not affect hormonal changes during the early menopausal transition.

Abstract Background To determine if women with a bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) were more likely to experience hormonal changes indicative of the transition to menopause or an increase in menopausal symptoms compared to women without a BTL. Methods Menopausal symptoms and hormone profiles of 134 women reporting a BTL were compared throughout the course of a 4-year follow-up study to 172 women without a BTL. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to estimate the independent effect of BTL on menopausal symptoms and hormonal levels adjusted for covariates. Results Forty-four percent of women reported a BTL and over one-half of women with a BTL experienced hot flashes. Women with a BTL had similar hormonal levels over the study period compared to women without a BTL. In addition, no relationship was found between BTL and any of the menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, decreased libido or increased anxiety adjusting for age, race, body mass index (BMI), education, menopausal status and parity. Conclusion These findings document that women with a BTL have similar changes in sex hormone levels over the perimenopausal period compared to women without a BTL independent of other covariates. In addition, the reporting of menopausal symptoms was similar between the groups.