cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Droplet impact dynamics for two liquids impinging on anisotropic superhydrophobic surfaces

Droplet impingement experiments were performed on grooved hydrophobic surfaces with cavity fractions of 0, 80, and 93 % using droplets of water and a 50 %/50 % water/glycerol mixture. The influence of liquid viscosity, cavity fraction, and spreading direction, relative to the surface grooves, is explored qualitatively and quantitatively. The maximum droplet spread diameter, velocity of the rebounding jet, and the time delay between droplet impact and jet emission were characterized for Weber numbers, We, based on droplet impact speed and diameter, up to 500. The unequal shear stresses and contact angles influence the maximum spread diameters in the two primary spread directions. At We > 100, the ratio of the spread diameter along the direction of the grooves to the spread diameter perpendicular to the grooves increases above unity with increasing We. The maximum droplet spread diameter is compared to recent predictive models, and the data reveal differing behavior for the two fluids considered. The results also reveal the existence of very high relative jet velocities in the range 5 ≤ We ≤ 15 for water droplets, while such jets were not observed for the more viscous mixture. Further, in the range 115 ≤ We ≤ 265, the water/glycerol jet formation dynamics are radically different from the water behavior. Most evident is the existence of two-pronged jets, which arise from the anisotropy of the surface and the unequal shear stresses and contact angles that prevail on the surfaces. It is these influences that give rise to differences in the maximum spread diameters in the two primary spread directions. Similar two-pronged jet emission was observed for water over the very narrow range of We from 91 to 96. The issuing jet velocities were also observed to increase with increasing cavity fraction for both fluids and over the entire range of We explored. Lastly, the elapsed time between droplet impact and jet emission decreased with increasing cavity fraction.
Numerical simulations of the mitigation of unconfined explosions using water-mist

Abstract Mitigating the effects of explosive blasts has been an important concern for a long time. Water-mist presents an attractive option due to its easy availability, extensive use in the fire suppression area, and non-toxicity. However, its ability to mitigate the effects of blasts is unclear. This research uses multiphase numerical simulations to elucidate some of the issues associated with using water-mist to mitigate explosive blasts in unconfined spaces. Initial multidimensional simulations examine the effect of water-mist on the blast wave generated by a TNT explosive. Results show that the droplets are generally swept outward with the shock wave and in general do not penetrate into the secondary fireball. The water-mist does, however, mitigate the shock-front through vaporization and momentum extraction. Further simulations show that momentum extraction has the dominant role in mitigating the leading shock wave. Parametric studies indicate that droplet size and mass loading play a secondary role to the total amount of water between the observer and the explosive blast. This is a promising result for using water-mist for blast-mitigation, because it suggests that water-mist can be as effective as having a more dense “water wall” surrounding the explosive.
The role of nonlinear hardening/softening in probabilistic elasto‐plasticity

The elastic–plastic modelling and simulations have been studied extensively in the last century. However, one crucial area of material modelling has received very little attention. The uncertainties in material properties probably have the largest influence on many aspects of structural and solids behaviour. Despite its importance, effects of uncertainties of material properties on overall response of structures and solids have rarely been studied. Most of the small number of studies on effects of material variabilities have used repetitive deterministic models through Monte-Carlo-type simulations. While this approach might appear sound, it cannot be both computationally efficient and statistically accurate (have statistically appropriate number of data points). Recently, we have developed a methodology to solve the probabilistic elastic–plastic differential equations. The methodology is based on Eulerian–Lagrangian form of the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation and provides for full description of the probability density function (PDF) of stress response for a given strain. In this paper we describe our development in some details. In particular, we investigate the effects of nonlinear hardening/softening on predicted PDF of stress. As it will be shown, the nonlinear hardening/softening will create a discrepancy between the most likely stress solution and the deterministic solution. This discrepancy, in fact, means that the deterministic solution is not the most likely outcome of the corresponding probabilistic solution if material parameters are uncertain (and they always are, we just tend to simplify that fact and use, for example, mean values for deterministic simulations). A number of examples will be presented, illustrating methodology and main results, some of which are quite surprising as mentioned above. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on Knowledge Management Visualization of Deep Web

Deep Web information is heterogeneous and dynamic. How to make use of this information effectively is a challenging task. To handle this problem, an effective solution is knowledge visualization to management knowledge of Deep Web. So, we introduce the Semantic Web technology into the knowledge visualization process. And, we visualize the process of knowledge management in order to share the knowledge, reuse the knowledge and creative the knowledge. Finally, several ontology visualization examples are shown as the visualized process and knowledge management approach, and make a good effect.
Venous thrombosis in the elderly: more questions than answers.

Medicine is gradually adapting to the challenges presented by a rapidly aging society. Although “aging” itself is not a disease, older people are more likely to have illnesses, and these are more likely to be chronic and debilitating. Geriatric medicine, the discipline responsive to the special
Effect of Antenatal Steroids (ANS) on Bronchial Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) of VLBW Infants. 1523

BPD in premature infants is associated with increase recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airway as well as with increased chemotactic activity of cytokines. Dexamethasone treatment for BPD has been shown to reduce chemotactic response of BALF PMNs in association with reduction of cytokines. ANS given to women at the risk of premature delivery has decreased mortality and morbidity of VLBW infants. We have examined the effect of ANS on BALF of VLBW infants with RDS requiring rescue surfactant treatment during the first week of life. Nine infants received ANS, seven did not. (*indicates P<0.05) Table
Ridentin-β: An eudesmanolide from Artemisia tripartita ssp. rupicola☆

Abstract Ridentin- B (I), a new eudesmanolide, has been isolated from Artemisia tripartite ssp. rupicola . It is biosynthetically closely allied with ridentin (IV), a germacronolide. The stereochemistry of ridentin is discussed.
Closed Multichain Product Form Queueing Networks with Large Population Sizes

We consider closed multichain product form queueing networks which have at least one infinite server service center. When modeling interactive computer systems an infinite server service center typically represents the collection of interactive terminals. We establish conditions under which performance measures for such a network converge, as the population sizes of the chains increase, to performance measures for a network in which the infinite server service center is replaced by a Poisson source. Then, for an important class of such networks, we obtain large population approximations for throughputs, mean queue sizes and mean response times which are based on the asymptotic result and on the equations of mean-value analysis. The approximations are typically several orders of magnitude less expensive to compute than are the exact values. Numerical results are presented which indicate that the approximations are useful for closed networks with 100 or more customers.
The States and the Differing Impetus for Divergent Paths on Same‐Sex Marriage, 1990–2001

Using a regression model of pooled time series data from the 50 states in the United States in the period 1990 to 2001, we look at the political, demographic, and social movement factors that provide the impetus for the enactment of state laws that proscribe the celebration of marriages involving lesbian and gay couples. In doing so, we consider the validity of existing indicators that have been previously associated with the introduction of policies concerning sexual orientation at the state and local level, as well as introduce new factors that might apply uniquely to the area of same-sex marriage laws.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 118

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 118 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before September 1973, with some later modifications. Experimental data concerning the nuclear structure of ten isotopes were compiled and used in the construction of the level schemes and J π -assignments.
Early Figures of the Remora

As remarked by Dr. Albert Gunther, in his article on the history of the Remora (“On the History of the Echeneis,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, ser. 3, vol v., p. 386), “there is scarcely a fish of the existence of which the ancients have been equally certain, and which has so much occupied their imagination as the Echeneis of the Greeks or Remora of the Latins.” Also, the same author continues, “there is scarcely a group of fishes which has been so little comparatively treated, and which has experienced a similar splitting up into nominal species.”
Agency theory and the House bank affair

Abstract In one of the worst political scandals of the 1990s, a large number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives wrote checks on nonexistent balances in what has become known as the House bank scandal. Agency theory tells us that the most entrenched members of the House should be more likely to consume excessive perquisites in the form of writing more bad checks. In this paper, we employ a Tobit model to test whether more entrenched members of the House engaged in excessive writing of bad checks. Our results support the agency-theoretic interpretation and confirm that entrenched members were more likely to write a greater number of bad checks.
Concentration of heating currents

The proximity effect, usually considered as undesirable and wasteful, may be used to concentrate heating currents in predetermined strips of conducting bodies. Both the current density and shape of the strip may be so controlled as to make this method valuable in a number of heating processes.
Protection of Corneal Endothelium during Intraocular Lens Implantation using Polymacon, a New Surgical Technique

Abstract A controlled series of intraocular lens implantations on paired cat eyes was performed to determine if a polymacon sheet (Bausch & Lomb plano-T soft contact lens) could protect the corneal endothelium from damage caused by contact with a methyl methacrylate intraocular lens. A new surgical technique has been developed that reduces the endothelial cell loss from 51% (standard implantation technique) to 97% (new polymacon-shield technique).
Serum anticholinergic activity, white matter hyperintensities, and cognitive performance

The authors investigated whether the cognitive impairments associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in normal elderly subjects are exacerbated by any anticholinergic medications being taken by the subjects. Results showed serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) and WMH volume to have a synergistic interaction such that the cognitive decrements associated with increasing WMH volume were greatest in those older individuals in the highest quartile of the SAA distribution.
Utilizing constructivism learning theory in collaborative testing as a creative strategy to promote essential nursing skills

In nursing education, students participate in individual learner testing. This process follows the instructionist learning theory of a system model. However, in the practice of nursing, success depends upon collaboration with numerous people in different capacities, critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and the ability to communicate with others. Research has shown that collaborative testing, a constructivism learning activity and a form of collaborative learning, enhances students' abilities to master these areas. Collaborative testing is a clear, creative strategy which constructivists would say supports the socio-linguistic base of their learning theory. The test becomes an active implementation of peer-mediated learning where individual knowledge is enhanced through problem solving or defense of an individual position with the collaborative method. There is criticism for the testing method's potential of grade inflation and for students to receive grade benefits with little effort. After a review of various collaborative testing methods, this nursing faculty implemented a collaborative testing format that addresses both the positive and negative aspects of the process.
Tubule formation and elemental detection in developing opossum enamel.

Most marsupials and some placental mammals possess enamel characterized by the presence of tubules, and the cellular origin of these structures has been the subject of a number of previous studies (See, for example, Lester, 1970; Azevedo and Goldberg, 1987). In the present report, tooth germs of the American opossum were examined to determine the structure and composition of enamel tubules during development and to analyze the enamel matrix relative to that of placental mammals with atubular enamel. For this purpose, tissues prepared by aqueous (decalcified and undecalcified) and anhydrous (undecalcified) methods were investigated by conventional transmission (TEM) and high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), as well as by electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Results indicate that most enamel tubules in the opossum begin as cytoplasmic remnants of Tomes' processes of ameloblasts. During development of the matrix, some of the tubules do not appear to be continuous throughout the prismatic layer. Sulfur is detectable around the lumen of the tubule in decalcified sections by EPMA and in and around the tubule by ESI. Calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratios of the mineralizing matrix are generally higher than those found in enamel of other mammals and appear to decrease rather than increase with enamel maturation. The summary of data indicates the presence of sulfated glycoproteins or proteoglycans in this tissue, specifically around enamel tubules. Calcium and phosphorus are also present within the tubules, with the sulfated groups possibly binding calcium to prevent mineralization of the enamel tubules themselves. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronic Hematic Cyst of the Orbit: Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosis

Chronic hematic cysts of the orbit are rare causes of proptosis. They progressively enlarge causing expansion or erosion of the orbital bones and may give the appearance on computed tomography (CT) scan of a malignant orbital process. Hematic cysts have a characteristic appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which is virtually pathognomic. The authors present two cases in which MRI was used to establish the diagnosis.
Observations of aerosol and clouds with LITE

The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) is a three-wavelength backscatter lidar developed by NASA Langley Research Center to fly on the Space Shuttle. LITE flew on Discovery in September 1994 as part of the STS-64 mission. The LITE mission presented an opportunity to explore the applications of space lidar and to gain operational experience which will benefit the development of future systems on free-flying satellite platforms. The performance of the LITE instrument was excellent, resulting in the collection of over 40 Gbytes of data. These data present us with our first highly detailed global view of the vertical structure of cloud and aerosol, from the Earth's surface through the middle stratosphere. These preliminary results highlight the benefits to be obtained from long duration satellite lidars.
Adaptive aberration correction using a triode hyperbolic electron mirror.

A converging electron mirror can be used to compensate spherical and chromatic aberrations in an electron microscope. This paper presents an analytical solution to a novel triode (three electrode) hyperbolic mirror as an improvement to the well-known diode (two electrode) hyperbolic mirror for aberration correction. A weakness of the diode mirror is a lack of flexibility in changing the chromatic and spherical aberration coefficients independently without changes in the mirror geometry. In order to remove this limitation, a third electrode can be added. We calculate the optical properties of the resulting triode mirror analytically on the basis of a simple model field distribution. We present the optical properties—the object/image distance, z0, and the coefficients of spherical and chromatic aberration, Cs and Cc, of both mirror types from an analysis of electron trajectories in the mirror field. From this analysis, we demonstrate that while the properties of both designs are similar, the additional parameters in the triode mirror improve the range of aberration that can be corrected. The triode mirror is also able to provide a dynamic adjustment range of chromatic aberration for fixed spherical aberration and focal length, or any permutation of these three parameters. While the dynamic range depends on the values of aberration correction needed, a nominal 10% tuning range is possible for most configurations accompanied by less than 1% change in the other two properties.
Low-Power All-Optical Switching Using EIT and the Zeno Effect

We present theoretical results for an all-optical switch based on electromagnetically induced transparency and the Zeno effect in a microdisk resonator. We predict 20 dB of switching contrast with only 100 nW of control-beam power.
How Not To Be Eaten: The Biology and Chemistry of Arthropod Defenses

Eisner, Thomas, Maria Eisner, and Melody Siegler. 2005. Secret weapons: defenses of insects, spiders, scorpions, and other many-legged creatures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. x + 372 p. $29.95, ISBN: 0-674-01882-6.
The effect of cyclazocine on the cardiovascular responses to pressor and depressor amines in the rat.

Abstract In anesthetized rats, cyclazocine potentiated the pressor responses to norepinephrine, epinephrine, tyramine and phenylephrine. Neither the depressor responses to isoproterenol nor the pressor resposes to angiotensin were potentiated by cyclazocine. In pithed and adrenalectomized rats, cyclazocine potentiated the pressor responses to norepinephrine. Chemical sympathectomy abolished the cyclazocine-induced potentiation of pressor responses to norepinephrine. In isolated rat atria, cyclazocine potentiated the chronotropic action of norepinephrine but did not alter the response to isoproterenol. It is suggested that cyclazocine causes potentiation of the agonistic properties of the various amines by interacting with the sympathetic nervous system, possibly by inhibiting the uptake of the amines into adrenergic nerve terminals.
Anomalous nuclear enhancement in deeply inelastic scattering and photoproduction.

We derive the anomalous nuclear dependence of jet cross sections in deeply inelastic scattering and photoproduction, in terms of twist-four parton distributions in nuclei. This paper presents details of the use of factorization at higher twist to describe multiple scattering in nuclei, and the methods described here are applicable to a variety of other high-${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{T}}$ cross sections.
Location and other correlates of campus crime

Abstract Crime and security are major issues on a number of college campuses in the United States, yet little criminology research has been aimed at the campus setting. This article explores whixh aspects of the campus profile seem to contribute, or at least relate, to high levels of campus crime. A regression of crime rates on dimensions of the campus profile uncovered a number of correlates (specifically, measures of campus size and scholastic quality) in our sample of 222 colleges and universities. Somewhat surprisingly, the location of a campus—be it in an urban or a rural setting—had no impact on the level of its crime problem, though a slight influence on crime mix (proportion of crimes that are violent) was found.
Gsα Mutations and Imprinting Defects in Human Disease

Gs is the ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric G protein that couples receptors to the effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is required for receptor-stimulated intracellular cAMP generation. Activated receptors promote the exchange of GTP for GDP on the Gs alpha-subunit (Gs(alpha)), resulting in Gs activation; an intrinsic GTPase activity of Gs(alpha) deactivates Gs by hydrolyzing bound GTP to GDP. Mutations of Gs(alpha) residues involved in the GTPase reaction that lead to constitutive activation are present in endocrine tumors, fibrous dysplasia of bone, and McCune-Albright syndrome. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations lead to Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), a disease characterized by short stature, obesity, and skeletal defects, and are sometimes associated with progressive osseous heteroplasia. Maternal transmission of Gs(alpha) mutations leads to AHO plus resistance to several hormones (e.g., parathyroid hormone) that activate Gs in their target tissues (pseudohypoparathyroidism type IA), while paternal transmission leads only to the AHO phenotype (pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism). Studies in both mice and humans demonstrate that Gs(alpha) is imprinted in a tissue-specific manner, being expressed primarily from the maternal allele in some tissues and biallelically expressed in most other tissues. This likely explains why multihormone resistance occurs only when Gs(alpha) mutations are inherited maternally. The Gs(alpha) gene GNAS1 has at least four alternative promoters and first exons, leading to the production of alternative gene products including Gs(alpha), XL alphas (a novel Gs(alpha) isoform expressed only from the paternal allele), and NESP55 (a chromogranin-like protein expressed only from the maternal allele). The fourth alternative promoter and first exon (exon 1A) located just upstream of the Gs(alpha) promoter is normally methylated on the maternal allele and is transcriptionally active on the paternal allele. In patients with parathyroid hormone resistance but without AHO (pseudohypoparathyroidism type IB), the exon 1A promoter region is unmethylated and transcriptionally active on both alleles. This GNAS1 imprinting defect is predicted to decrease Gs(alpha) expression in tissues where Gs(alpha) is normally imprinted and therefore to lead to renal parathyroid hormone resistance.
A neo-intuitive proposal for Kaluza-Klein unification

This paper addresses a central question of contemporary theoretical physics: Can a unified account be provided for the known forces of nature? The issue is brought into focus by considering the recently revived Kaluza-Klein approach to unification, a program entailing dimensional transformation through cosmogony. First it is demonstrated that, in a certain sence, revitalized Kaluza-Klein theory appears to undermine the intuitive foundations of mathematical physics, but that this implicit consequence has been repressed at a substantial cost. A fundamental reformulation of the Kaluza-Klein strategy is then undertaken, one that casts it within a new intuitive context. This is followed by a provisional application of the suggested approach to the specific problem of cosmological change. The paper concludes by exploring the far-reaching epistemological implications of the “neo-intuitive” proposal set forth.
Reconstruction of Service Load Histories With Time Series Models for Random Vibration Simulation Tests

The success of a random vibration simulation test heavily depends on how accurately service loads can be reproduced in a laboratory. Many sophisticated and expensive systems have been developed for these kinds of simulation tests. However, because of high cost and complexity, the usage of these systems is limited. In this paper, a new method that reconstructs service load histories using a time series model (autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model) is presented. This method was verified by using a road simulation test performed on a four-wheel vehicle. Comparisons between actual and reconstructed signals showed good agreement in statistical parameters, the cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) and the power spectral density (PSD). Accelerated testing with the ARMA model is also explained. The new method makes it possible to conduct highly accurate random vibration simulation tests at low cost and within a short time, which has great potential to benefit automobile and aerospace industries.
Parallel algorithms for mining large-scale rich-media data

The amount of online photos and videos is now at the scale of tens of billions. To organize, index, and retrieve these large-scale rich-media data, a system must employ scalable data management and mining algorithms. The research community needs to consider solving large scale problems rather than solving problems with small datasets that do not reflect real life scenarios. This tutorial introduces key challenges in large-scale rich-media data mining, and presents parallel algorithms for tackling such challenges. We present our parallel implementations of Spectral Clustering (PSC), FP-Growth (PFP), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (PLDA), and Support Vector Machines (PSVM).
Long-term immunity to poliovirus in children immunized with live attenuated and enhanced-potency inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccines

Eighty-six children who completed immunization with the two trivalent poliovirus vaccines, live attenuated (OPV) and enhanced potency inactivated (EIPV), in one of four schedules (OPV-OPV-OPV, EIPV-EIPV-EIPV, EIPV-OPV-OPV, and EIPV-EIPV-OPV) at 1 year of age were monitored serologically over the subsequent 4 years and challenged with OPV at 5 years of age. Each of the immunization groups exhibited an initial 10- to 100-fold decline in neutralizing antibody to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 during the first 2 years of follow-up; thereafter antibody titers stabilized. The EIPV-EIPV-OPV group maintained the highest antibody levels throughout the observation period, including the response to OPV challenge at 5 years of age. These data suggest that immunization with OPV, EIPV, and combinations of the two vaccines confers long-term immunity. Optimal systemic immunity was associated with two or more doses of EIPV.
Is the shoot a root with a view

Recently, it has been shown that the same sets of genes act in both root and shoot to regulate cell fate and patterning. One gene cassette regulates epidermal cell fate, another cassette regulates ground tissue derived cell fate and organization. Ectopic expression and laser ablation have been used to probe the mechanisms by which these genes perform their tissue and organ-specific functions.
Scaling of the Quasiparticle Spectrum for d-wave Superconductors

In finite magnetic field $H$, the excitation spectrum of the low energy quasiparticles in a two-dimensional $d$-wave superconductor exhibits a scaling with respect to ${H}^{1/2}$. This property can be used to calculate scaling relations for various physical quantities at low temperature $T$, such as the finite magnetic field specific heat, quasiparticle magnetic susceptibility, optical conductivity tensor, and thermal conductivity tensor. These predictions are compatible with existing experimental data. Most notably, the measured thermal Hall coefficient ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ in YBCO is found to scale as ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{2}F(\ensuremath{\alpha}T/{H}^{1/2})$ for $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}30\mathrm{K}$ in agreement with our predictions.
New experimental limit on the electron electric dipole moment

A search for the electron electric dipole moment ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{e}}$ is carried out with two counterpropagating beams of ground-state $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$. The experiment employs atomic-beam magnetic resonance with separated oscillatory fields combined with laser state selection and fluorescence detection. Extensive tests were made for possible systematic effects. The result for the atomic electric dipole moment is ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{a}}$=(1.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}24}$ e cm, where the uncertainty includes equal statistical and systematic contributions. This yields ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{e}}$=(-2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}27}$ e cm, assuming the ratio ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{a}}$/${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{e}}$=-600.
Studies of surface membranes of two mouse fibroblast cell lines

Abstract The proteins and glycoproteins of whole mouse fibroblast surface membranes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membranes derived from two mouse cell lines exhibiting different growth behavior and cells at different stages of growth were compared. A new method for isolation of intact whole surface membranes from small numbers of cultured cells was utilized. The distribution of membrane proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was determined by staining the gels or labeling the membranes with radioactive leucine and assaying sequential slices of the gel for radioactivity. No differences were seen between patterns derived from the membranes of the two cell lines, or between those of cells at different stages of growth. Membrane glycoproteins were labeled with radioactive glucosamine and their distribution determined. The glycoprotein patterns of the two cell lines were similar, but differed from the protein patterns significantly.
An Overview of the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss Randomized Controlled Trial in African American Families

Background The Families Improving Together (FIT) randomized controlled trial tests the efficacy of integrating cultural tailoring, positive parenting, and motivational strategies into a comprehensive curriculum for weight loss in African American adolescents. The overall goal of the FIT trial is to test the effects of an integrated intervention curriculum and the added effects of a tailored web-based intervention on reducing z-BMI in overweight African American adolescents.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 191

Abstract This evaluation presents spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reactions for nuclei with mass number A=191. A salient topic includes the recent experimental results on superdeformed bands observed in 191 Au, 191 Hg, and 191 Tl.
Treatment of Methimazole-Induced Agranulocytosis with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

We report a 17-year-old female patient who developed a severe agranulocytosis at 12 months of treatment with methimazole (MMI) for hyperthyroidism. White blood cell (WBC) count was 1200/μL with 48/μL of granulocytes at the onset of a high fever and sore throat due to necrotizing laryngitis and ulcerative pharyngitis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was administered intravenously on a daily basis at a dosage of 50μg/M2 of body surface for 9 days. The count of WBC and granulocytes revealed a rapid increase followed by an improvement in the clinical symptoms. As a decrease of granulocytes was seen after ceasing G-CSF, additional G-CSF therapy was carried out for 11 days. Total thyroidectomy was performed on the 5th day of the second G-CSF therapy. The patient has been doing well and is euthyroid after replacement therapy with thyroxine. In this case, G-CSF was found to be a potent agent for the management of MMI-induced agranulocytosis.
A Nonidentifiability Aspect of the Two‐Stage Model of Carcinogenesis

This paper discusses identifiability of the two-stage birth-death-mutation model of carcinogenesis. It is shown that the homogeneous version of the model is nonidentifiable; the same is all the more evident for its nonhomogeneous versions. This result implies that the model parameters cannot be uniquely estimated from time-to-tumor observations.
Protective effect of nonspecific immunostimulation in postsplenectomy sepsis

Abstract The enhanced risk of severe sepsis following splenectomy is now well recognized in both adult and pediatric patients. Prophylactic antibiotics and bacterial vaccines have been utilized with limited success to inhibit the high morbidity and mortality. This study reports the use of glucan, a β-1,3-polyglucose, as a nonspecific immunostimulant for postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis. ICR mice were treated with glucan or glucose (5% w/v) following splenectomy or sham operation. Mice were then challenged with 1 × 10 9 Streptococcus pneumoniae intranasally. Glucan significantly increased survival in the splenectomy group (75%) compared to controls (27%). Phagocytic function, as measured by the clearance of 131 I-triolein-labeled reticuloendothelial test lipid emulsion, was increased in the glucan group when compared to control glucose animals, both in the presence and absence of pneumococcal infection. Splenectomy alone did not significantly decrease phagocytic function. An increased leukocytosis in response to pneumococcal infection was observed in splenectomized glucan-treated animals. Nonspecific immunostimulation appears to have significant potential as a treatment strategy against postsplenectomy infection.
Unique features in the C-terminal domain provide caltractin with target specificity

Abstract Caltractin (centrin) is a member of the calmodulin (CaM) superfamily of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. It is an essential component of the centrosomal structures in a wide range of organisms. Caltractin and calmodulin apparently function in distinct calcium signaling pathways despite substantial sequence similarity. In an effort to understand the structural basis for such differences, the high-resolution three-dimensional solution structure of the complex between the Ca2+-activated C-terminal domain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii caltractin (CRC-C) and a 19 residue peptide fragment comprising the putative cdc31p-binding region of Kar1p (K19) has been determined by multi-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Formation of the complex is calcium-dependent and is stabilized by extensive interactions between CRC-C and three key hydrophobic anchors (Trp10, Leu13 and Leu14) in the peptide as well as favorable electrostatic interactions at the protein–peptide interface. In-depth comparisons have been made to the structure of the complex of Ca2+-activated calmodulin and R20, the CaM-binding domain of smooth muscle myosin light-chain kinase. Although the overall structures of CRC and CaM domains in their respective complexes are very similar, differences in critical regions in the sequences of these proteins and their targets lead to clear differences in the complementarity of their respective binding surfaces. These subtle differences reveal the structural basis for the Ca2+-dependent regulation of distinct cellular signaling events by CRC and CaM.
Expression of erbAα and β mRNAs in regions of adult rat brain

Abstract The proto-oncogenes erbAa and erbAβ together encode three functional thyroid hormone receptors (erbAol, β1, and β2), as well as two proteins (erbAσ 2 and α3) that do not bind T3. The erbAα2 protein has been shown to inhibit the T3 inductive effects of functional receptors, and α2 mRNA is expressed at high levels in adult rat brain. Thus, expression of erbAα2 may explain the observation that adult rat brain is not a T3 responsive organ, despite the presence of T3 receptors. However, expression of the different erbA mRNAs has not been studied within distinct regions of rat brain. To gain further insight into the roles of these molecules, we have used polymerase chain reaction to investigate the expression of all five erbA mRNAs within discrete regions of adult rat brain. The results indicate that all three erbAa mRNAs are expressed in all regions studied (brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, pituitary, quadrigeminal plate, striatum, and thalamus). All regions contained less erbAα3 RNA than either α1 or α2. Expression of α2 exceeded that of αl in all regions except striatum. ErbAβl was expressed in all brain regions, whereas erbAβ2 was confined to the pituitary.
Advanced Social Role-Taking and Cognitive Development in Gifted Adults

Examined the possible parallelism between social role-taking and cognition in forty-four gifted adults. The men and women, aged twenty-one to fifty-five were white and middle class. They were administered measured of advanced role-taking levels formulated for this study and measures of formal operations and of post-formal operational development based on category theory. The three hypotheses were: (1) role-taking levels termed "interactive effect" and "interactive empathy" would form and invariant sequence; (2) measures of formal operations and of post-formal operational levels would form an invariant sequence; and (3) the formal operations and post-formal operational levels would provide the necessary cognitive prerequisites for role-taking levels of interactive effect and interactive empathy, respectively. The findings supported all three hypotheses. Age was correlated significantly with role-taking behavior. In the discussion, category theory was suggested as one way to define post-formal operational thinking.
Evidence-based techniques to assess the performance of dental implants.

The clinical use of evidence-based medicine has been regarded as one of the most significant medical advancements of the last century. As the costs of medical care escalate, clinical decisions have...
Note---Optimal Portfolio Revision with Proportional Transaction Costs: Extension to Hara Utility Functions and Exogenous Deterministic Income

Kamin's theorem [Kamin, Jules H. 1975. Optimal portfolio revision with a proportional transaction cost. Management Sci.21 11, July.] on portfolio revision with proportional transaction costs is extended to allow for hyperbolic absolute risk averse investors and for the possibility of exogenous deterministic income, assuming that one of the two investment opportunities is riskless.
Age-related changes in adenosine metabolic enzymes in sleep/wake regulatory areas of the brain

The impact of age on the enzymatic activities of adenosine metabolic enzymes, i.e., adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase, cytosolic- and ecto-5'-nucleotidase have been assessed in the brain sleep/wake regulatory areas of young, intermediate and old rats (2, 12 and 24 months, respectively). There were significant spatial differences in the distribution of enzymes of adenosine metabolism in the brain. Age did not impact on the enzymatic activity of adenosine deaminase. Adenosine kinase activity increased significantly in the cerebral cortex of old animals. However, there were no differences in the activity of adenosine kinase between young and intermediate aged rats. The largest age-related changes were in the activity of cytosolic- and ecto-5'-nucleotidase and there was a significant age-related increase in the activity of these enzymes in the sleep/wake regulatory areas. In addition, the activity of cytosolic- and ecto-5'-nucleotidase increased in the cerebral cortex of old and intermediate age rats when compared to young animals. An increase in the enzymatic activities in the cerebral cortex of adenosine kinase and 5'-nucleotideases was accompanied by an increase in the level of their mRNA. An increase in the activity of 5'-nucleotideases with age likely leads to an increase in adenosine levels in the brain.
Structure of SL4 RNA from the HIV-1 packaging signal.

The NMR-based structure is described for an RNA model of stem−loop 4 (SL4) from the HIV-1 major packaging domain. The GAGA tetraloop adopts a conformation similar to the classic GNRA form, although there are differences in the details. The type II tandem G·U pairs have a combination of wobble and bifurcated hydrogen bonds where the uracil 2-carbonyl oxygen is hydrogen-bonded to both G,H1 and G,H2. There is the likelihood of a Na+ ion coordinated to the four carbonyl oxygens in the major groove for these G·U pairs and perhaps to the N7 lone pairs of the G bases as well. A continuous stack of five bases extends over nearly the whole length of the stem to the base of the loop in the RNA 16mer: C15|U14|G13|G5|C6. There is no evidence for a terminal G·A pair; instead, G1 appears quite unrestrained, and A16 stacks on both C15 and G2. Residues G2 through G5 exhibit broadened resonances, especially G3 and U4, suggesting enhanced mobility for the 5‘-side of the stem. The structure shows G2|G3|U4 stacking along th...
Ongoing clinical trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with preserved left ventricular function

At present there is considerable activity in the area of prevention of atherosclerosis-related events using angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Large trials have demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with long-term use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or acute myocardial infarction. Reductions in acute ischemic events (e.g., myocardial infarction, unstable angina and need for early revascularization) were independent of ejection fraction and were greater than would be expected from the small reduction in blood pressure that occurred, suggesting that other patients with coronary artery disease may benefit from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. This hypothesis is being tested in multiple double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials with durations of follow-up of 3 to 5 years that will involve approximately 30,000 patients. The trials vary with respect to patient population (e.g., normotensive vs. hypertensive, normolipidemic vs. hyperlipidemic, with vs. without diabetes mellitus), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used and outcome measures. When available, the results of these clinical trials could have very important implications for the role of long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy for preventing or delaying the development of atherosclerosis-related ischemic events.
Antiparasitic Drugs and Lactation: Focus on Anthelmintics, Scabicides, and Pediculicides:

Infections involving helminths or parasitic worms affect more than 25% of the population worldwide. Because lactating women and their infants are often affected by the complications of these infections such as iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition, they benefit the most from drug therapy. However, scientific literature offers little information regarding transfer of anthelmintics in breast milk and its effects in lactating infants. Scabies and pediculosis, or lice, are common skin infections affecting school-aged children. Close contacts of infected children, which often include lactating mothers, need treatment with one of the several topical products available in the market. This article will review the physicochemical properties and use of anthelmintics, pediculicides, and scabicides while breastfeeding.
Transplantation in the Marmoset (Callithricidae) A Technique for Orthotopic, Fitted Skin Grafts

SummaryThe marmoset, a small New World primate, Callithricidae, is known to be naturally endowed with blood-cell chimerism. The high frequency of fraternal twinning with placental vascular anastomosis between young in this family explains this consistent mosaicism. This unique feature suggests hematopoietic tolerance. In anticipation of skin allograft studies to demonstrate immunologic tolerance between twin marmosets, skin autografts were attempted. A successful technique for fitted skin grafts to the chest emerged from the consideration of hair-growth phase, graft size and site, surgical anesthesia, control of infection, and mechanical protection. Of a series of 50 consecutive autografts reported, 48 survived.
Instability in the transition from manorialism: A classical analysis

Abstract A classical economic analysis of productivity and population growth is used to explain the rise in well being during the expansion of feudalism, the emergence of class conflict, the demise of the manorial system and the establishment of precapitalism. These event are given a new interpretation which involves a specific sequence of endogenously generated economic pressures. An indeterminacy remains, however, which allows for alternative histories in particular settings of time and place through the interplay of political and other institutional forces.
A Technique for the Design of Multiplexers Having Contiguous Channels

A general procedure for the design of multiplexer having contiguous channel frequency bands is presented. Using this procedure, the individual channel band-pass filters are designed from low-pass prototype filters having a resistive termination at one end only. The use of parallel-connected band-pass filters designed in this fashion, along with a susceptance-annulling network, is shown to be capable of giving a nearly constant input conductance across the operating band of a multiplexer. A three-channel design example using comb-line band-pass filters was worked out and its input admittance and attenuation characteristics were computed. This design was also constructed and tested. The computer and experimental results demonstrated the validity of the theory.
Does language about similarity play a role in fostering similarity comparison in children

a b s t r a c t Commenting on perceptual similarities between objects stands out as an important lin- guistic achievement, one that may pave the way towards noticing and commenting on more abstract relational commonalities between objects. To explore whether having a con- ventional linguistic system is necessary for children to comment on different types of sim- ilarity comparisons, we observed four children who had not been exposed to usable linguistic input - deaf children whose hearing losses prevented them from learning spoken language and whose hearing parents had not exposed them to sign language. These chil- dren developed gesture systems that have language-like structure at many different levels. Here we ask whether the deaf children used their gestures to comment on similarity rela- tions and, if so, which types of relations they expressed. We found that all four deaf chil- dren were able to use their gestures to express similarity comparisons (point to cat + point to tiger) resembling those conveyed by 40 hearing children in early ges- ture + speech combinations (cat+ point to tiger). However, the two groups diverged at later ages. Hearing children, after acquiring the wordlike, shifted from primarily expressing glo- bal similarity (as incat/tiger) to primarily expressing single-property similarity (as in crayon is brown like my hair). In contrast, the deaf children, lacking an explicit term for sim- ilarity, continued to primarily express global similarity. The findings underscore the robustness of similarity comparisons in human communication, but also highlight the importance of conventional terms for comparison as likely contributors to routinely expressing more focused similarity relations.