cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the effects of alpha- and beta-blockade in hypertensive patients who smoke cigarettes

Abstract A 24-week, crossover, comparison study was conducted to observe the effects of alpha-blockade with prazosin and beta-blockade with propranolol on blood pressure and plasma lipoprotein levels in 15 hypertensive cigarette smokers. Before treatment, mean sitting blood pressure was 140100 mm Hg and rose to 147105 mm Hg after the patients smoked two cigarettes. Treatment with prazosin and propranolol lowered sitting blood pressure to 12789 mm Hg and 12991 mm Hg, respectively (not significant), and did not alter the pressor response to smoking. The total cholesterol level at baseline was 207.3 ± 11.0 mg/dl. This increased to 210.5 ± 10.2 mg/dl with propranolol treatment and decreased to 201.0 ± 11.1 mg/dl with prazosin treatment. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 132.5 ± 8.1 mg/dl at baseline, 136.9 ± 8.3 mg/dl with propranolol treatment, and 129.4 ± 9.0 mg/dl with prazosin treatment (0.05
Strawman reference model for change management of objects

Abstract This article provides a strawman 1 reference model which can be used for comparing and reasoning about change management systems. It begins with a glossary of change management terms, providing common ground for people to communicate about change management. A descriptive reference model consisting of a collection of characteristics that can be used, again by people, for comparing existing and future change management systems is then described. Finally, based on the descriptive reference model, we define a functional reference model . The functional reference model provides a much more precise description of how machines can realize generic change management operations. While the glossary and descriptive reference model are steps on the path to forming standards, the more precise model is closer to what is needed to provide interoperability (standards) for machines. We hope that the step-wise refinement exposition used in this paper, from terms through a descriptive reference model to an operational reference model, will provide a good roadmap for OODBTG or similar groups to reach consensus leading to standards in the area of change management.
Family Orientation: Individual-Level Influences on Family Firm Outcomes

The premise of this article is that to understand how family affects business, the issue of how individual family members relate to the family must also be addressed. To that end, we propose family orientation (FO) to assess the extent to which individuals perceive and value family involvement. Drawing on the family therapy literature, including Bowen's family systems theory and contextual family therapy, we identify and develop five dimensions of FO—tradition, stability, loyalty, trust, and interdependency. We also discuss factors that might affect an individual's FO score, how FO might enhance understanding of other family business processes and practices, and future research directions.
Population biology of figs: Applications for conservation

The flowering phenology typical of at least monoecious figs-intra-tree synchrony and inter-tree asynchrony-poses problems for persistence of the pollinator population, and hence of the fig population itself, when fig population size is small. Establishment and maintenance of a population of the short-lived, species-specific wasp pollinator require that the fig population include a critical minimum number of trees (critical population size: CPS). Below CPS, temporal gaps between flowering trees occur that are unbridgeable by the pollinator, leading to its local extinction. This has implications for conservation in two contexts: human-aided invasions of introduced fig/wasp pairs, in which initial populations of figs and/or wasps may be small, and the persistence of figs and wasps in fragmented forest, in which initially large populations may be drastically reduced. Long-distance range extension by fig/wasp pairs is problematical for two reasons: 1) the fig species must first attain CPS, most likely through repeated seed dispersal events, before the wasp can establish; and 2) long-distance transit should be difficult for the tiny, short-lived wasp pollinators. I review the biology of natural and human-aided range extension by figs and fig wasps, and show that in human-aided range extensions these two difficult steps are circumvented. Once introduced into an area where hosts are abundant, fig wasps should readily establish from a small number of initial colonists, since they mate before dispersal and are highly tolerant of inbreeding. They are thus less subject than many insects to the genetic and demographic hazards of small population size. Of 5–6 fig/wasp pairs that have performed human-aided long-distance range extensions, one Asian pair,Ficus microcarpa and its pollinatorParapristina verticillata, is established in numerous areas in the northern neotropics, and the plant may become a serious weed. In tropical forests, figs may provide keystone resources for frugivores, providing fruit during seasons when other resources are scarce. Figs pose difficult problems for conservation biology, since minimum viable populations appear to be large, and since many species of tropical rainforests occur at low densities. This means that minimum areas required for persistence of a fig population- and for those of other species that would be affected were figs to be removed from the system-may often be large.
A DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGY OF ANTIMONY-BERYLLIUM PHOTONEUTRONS

The effective energy of Sb\char22{}Be photoneutrons has been measured by comparison of the transmission cross sections of five elements for the photoneutrons with previously measured cross-section values over a range of energies. The result placed the energy close to 25 kev.
On the existence of nonoscillatory phase functions for second order ordinary differential equations in the high-frequency regime

Abstract We observe that solutions of a large class of highly oscillatory second order linear ordinary differential equations can be approximated using nonoscillatory phase functions. In addition, we describe numerical experiments which illustrate several implications of this fact. For example, that many special functions of great interest — such as the Bessel functions J ν and Y ν — can be evaluated accurately using a number of operations which is O ( 1 ) in the order ν . The present paper is devoted to the development of an analytical apparatus. Numerical aspects of this work will be reported at a later date.
Saving the Best for Last? A Cross-Species Analysis of Choices between Reinforcer Sequences.

Two experiments were conducted to compare choices between sequences of reinforcers in pigeon (Experiment 1) and human (Experiment 2) subjects, using functionally analogous procedures. The subjects made pairwise choices among 3 sequence types, all of which provided the same overall reinforcerment rate, but differed in their temporal patterning. Token reinforcement schedules were used in both experiments and the type of exchange schedule varied across blocks of sessions. Some conditions permitted immediate exchange of tokens for consumable reinforcers (food for pigeons, video access for humans); in other conditions, tokens accumulated and were exchanged for consumable reinforcers only at the end of the sequence. Choice patterns in the immediate-exchange conditions were generally similar across species, with both pigeons and humans preferring sequences with the shortest delay to the initial reinforcer in the series. The results are broadly consistent with models of temporal discounting expanded to include the impact of sequences of delayed reinforcers acting in parallel from the time of the choice. Preferences were less consistent with discounting models in the delayed exchange conditions. Questionnaire data gathered at the end of the experiment were consistent with prior results of questionnaire studies, but showed no straightforward relation to the observed choice patterns, urging caution in the extrapolation of results from one decision-making domain to the other.
Setting Effects on the Occurrence of Autistic Children's Immediate Echolalia.

This study was designed to assess the effects of setting familiarity on autistic children's immediate echolalia. Six autistic boys were presented with a receptive labeling task in several settings varying in familiarity of person, room, and task stimuli. The amount of immediate echolalia emitted during the task in each of the settings was recorded. The results indicated that the greatest amount of echolalia occurred in settings in which an unfamiliar person presented unfamiliar task stimuli. The second greatest amount of echolalia occurred when a familiar person presented the unfamiliar stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of previous literature, classroom design, and treatment procedures for autistic children.
A multiple subunit Mi-2 histone deacetylase from Xenopus laevis cofractionates with an associated Snf2 superfamily ATPase

Abstract Chromatin structure plays a crucial regulatory role in the control of gene expression. In eukaryotic nuclei, enzymatic complexes can alter this structure by both targeted covalent modification and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Modification of histone amino termini by acetyltransferases and deacetylases correlates with transcriptional activation and repression [1–3], cell growth [4], and tumorigenesis [5]. Chromatinremodeling enzymes of the Snf2 superfamily use ATP hydrolysis to restructure nucleosomes and chromatin, events which correlate with activation of transcription [6,7]. We purified a multi-subunit complex from Xenopus laevis eggs which contains six putative subunits including the known deacetylase subunits Rpd3 and RbAp48/p46 [8] as well as substoichiometric quantities of the deacetylase-associated protein Sin3 [9–13]. In addition, we identified one of the other components of the complex to be Mi-2, a Snf2 superfamily member previously identified as an autoantigen in the human connective tissue disease dermatomyositis [14,15]. We found that nucleosomestimulated ATPase activity precisely copurified with both histone deacetylase activity and the deacetylase enzyme complex. This association of a histone deacetylase with a Snf2 superfamily ATPase suggests a functional link between these two disparate classes of chromatin regulators.
Atomistic and multiscale modeling of CO-oxidation on Pd(1 0 0) and Rh(1 0 0): From nanoscale fluctuations to mesoscale reaction fronts

Abstract We describe recent developments in realistic multisite lattice-gas modeling of CO-oxidation on the unreconstructed (1 0 0) surfaces of Pd and Rh. Such models must incorporate the following features: multiple adsorption sites for CO; numerous short-ranged repulsive adspecies interactions; very high CO mobility and significant O mobility on the surface; and the appropriate Langmuir–Hinshelwood adsorption–desorption and reaction dynamics and energetics. The preferred binding site for CO depends on the substrate: bridge sites for Pd(1 0 0), and on-top sites for Rh(1 0 0). These models can address fundamental aspects of behavior for extended single-crystal surfaces: ordering and temperature-programmed-desorption for single-adspecies systems; mixed adlayer ordering and reactive steady-states as well as temperature-programmed-reaction for the two-adspecies reaction system. Such modeling is also effective in analyzing fluctuation effects for CO-oxidation in nanoscale systems, e.g., Field-Emitter-Tips or supported nanoclusters. A separate challenge is to incorporate this type of realistic atomistic-level description into a multiscale treatment of mesoscale spatial pattern formation and reaction front propagation where characteristic lengths are on the order of microns. This can be achieved within a heterogeneous coupled lattice-gas (HCLG) simulation approach which also requires as input a precise treatment of chemical diffusion in the mixed interacting adlayer.
Ultrafast time-resolved imaging of stress transient and cavitation from short-pulsed laser irradiated melanin particles

Melanins are naturally occurring pigment particles which strongly absorb visible and near infrared radiation in many pigmented tissues including the eye and the skin. When irradiated by short laser pulses, stress transients and cavitation can be generated from these micrometer-sized particles. The photoacoustic effect is a potential mechanism for short pulse laser injury to the retina. We report here direct observations of the stress wave and cavitation from irradiated melanin particles using the technique of fast time-resolved imaging. Melanin granules were isolated from fresh bovine retina suspended in gels, and irradiated with 100 psec laser pulses at 1.064 micrometers . Stress transients were imaged under a microscope using a delayed visible strobe pulse. With incident laser fluences of about 1 J/cm 2 (near the threshold fluence for retinal injury), a spherical pressure wavefront and a cavitation bubble were observed around each irradiated melanin particle. By measuring the radius of the wavefront as a function of strobe delay time the propagation velocity of the stress wave was determined. We observed in initial supersonic shock front which rapidly decays to an acoustic wave within a few nanoseconds. Because the melanin granules are densely packed inside the 10 micrometers diameter RPE cells, the shock range of a few microns is potentially sufficient for creating injury in the retina.
Rectal gland secretion in the stingray, Dasyatis sabina.

Abstract 1. 1. Rectal gland function was examined in the stingray Dasyatis sabina and compared with that in the shark, Squalus acanthias. 2. 2. The gland weight in proportion to body weight is 0·00024 in Dasyatis vs. 0·0006 in Squalus. The maximum flow of rectal fluid is 0·6 ml/kg per hr in Dasyatis vs. 4 ml/kg per hr in Squalus. 3. 3. The chloride concentration of the rectal gland fluid is 770 mM in Dasyatis vs. 490 mM in Squalus. 4. 4. The rate of chloride secretion by the rectal gland is similar in the two species.
Impaired response to acute phosphorus (P) deprivation in familial hypophosphatemic rickets (HR)

Impaired response to acute phosphorus (P) deprivation in familial hypophosphatemic rickets (HR).
The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains: a North American perspective.

The Maudsley experiment involving bidirectional selection for differences in open-field defecation (OFD) is briefly reviewed. Attention is focused on the North American stocks of these strains since problems have been encountered with regard to the open-field behavior and continued viability of the British stocks. The open-field behavior of the colonies of the Maudsley strains at the National Institutes of Health and at the University of Northern Iowa closely resembles that originally exhibited by the British strains, provided they are compared under standard conditions. On more complex behaviors, such as escape-avoidance conditioning, serious discrepancies have emerged between British and North American findings. These may be resolved when attempts are made to replicate more closely the procedures used in the British studies. Particular emphasis has been placed on the potential of a second nonreactive strain, the MNRA/HAR strain, to serve as a replicate of selection for decreased emotionality. The value of the RXNRA group of recombinant-inbred strains, developed and maintained by the author, for examining the reliability of associations between traits is also stressed. A correlation between OFD and biochemical aspects of sympathetic function has been found in the Maudsley strains. This finding lends credibility to Hall's claim that the expression of emotionality is linked to autonomic arousal.
Plasmas observed with the Galileo spacecraft during its flyby over Io's northern polar region

[1] On 8 August 2001 the tape recorder on board the Galileo spacecraft provided high-resolution measurements of plasmas during a 1-hour interval centered on the closest approach to Io at an altitude of 200 km. During this period the spacecraft trajectory was positioned at a radial distance from Jupiter of 5.9 RJ (Jupiter radii) and approached Io from upstream in the torus plasma flow, then over the northern polar region of Io, and subsequently into the downstream wake in the torus. The upstream and downstream ion densities as calculated from the moments of the measured three-dimensional velocity distributions were about 1200/cm3. These plasmas were rigidly corotating with Jupiter at 57 km/s. The upstream ions were characterized by the sum of four Maxwellian distributions, and the downstream distributions exhibited a similar set of thermal distributions with half the density of that found upstream and the remainder as pickup heavy ions freshly injected by the interaction of the torus flow with Io's ionosphere/atmosphere. The boundary of the Hill (Lagrange) sphere for Io's neutral gases which were co-orbiting with this moon was about 5 RIo (Io radii) from its center as identified by the onset of decreasing number densities and bulk flow speed as the spacecraft approached Io. Closer to Io, and just before its entry and departure from magnetic field lines intercepting its northern polar surface, the diversion of incoming torus plasma by Io's face toward this flow and the subsequent downstream flow around Io were observed. Over Io's polar cap the torus plasma density was reduced by a factor of about 5 relative to that measured upstream and downstream from the Io interaction. The bulk flow speeds of the torus plasma were reduced to several km/s, an effect that is expected for the slow transport of magnetic flux in Io's conducting interior. A unique set of conditions allowed the detection of a cooler ion species with extremely high values of mass/charge in the range of 500 to 1000 amu. These ions are interpreted as clusters of SO2 molecules, or SO2 “snowflakes,” which briefly exist from the fresh injection and subsequent cooling of volcanic gases.
Overview of laser communications research at JPL

NASA is currently building a 1-m R&D telescope laboratory at its Table Mountain Facility in southern California to answer key implementation questions of this technology. The telescope is designed with fast tracking capability and will act as a testbed for development of ground acquisition, tracking and communication strategies applicable to future operational stations. Establishment of requirements and analysis to predict the performance of large diameter `photon bucket' telescope is continuing. These and other programs currently under development are described below.
The symbolics of blood: Mestizaje in the Americas

Mestizaje, a significant process of identity formation in Latin America based on presumed race mixture, rests on certain sustaining ideologies about race, class, gender, and sexuality that are specific to Latin America. This essay attempts a preliminary discussion of how mestizaje has affected marriage and gender relations in several Latin American regions as the marital/kinship pattern, together with its sustaining ideologies, changed over time. Questions are asked about differences in beliefs held by different kinds of individuals (mestizos and “whites,” lower classes and elites, women and men) about mestizaje and the sexual and/or kinship relations appropriate between different races and classes. Examination of a few well documented historical cases suggests that what lower‐class mestizos believe about race, class, gender, and sexuality involves resistance to as well as acceptance of elite beliefs about them. It appears that there are also significant differences in beliefs held by mestizo women and me...
Ischemic Colitis Preceding Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm— A Case Report

Ischemic colitis following repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is a well-known and invariably fatal complication. Sometimes, obvious colon is chemia can be recognized at the end of the operation. Frequently, the diagnosis becomes obvious within the first week after the operation. The author treated a patient in whom colon ischemia preceded the rupture of aortic aneurysm. To his knowledge this has not been previously reported.
Discrete-ordinate transport simulations of light propagation in highly forward scattering heterogenous media

We implemented a delta-Eddington scheme in conjunction with a finite-difference, discrete-ordinate, radiative- transport code to accurately and efficiently simulate light propagation in highly-forward-scattering media. It is demonstrated that light propagation does only weakly depend on the anisotropy factor, g, as long as the reduced scattering coefficient, |US', is much larger than the absorption coefficient, jna. When |ia ~ ps', the fluence rate decays faster in media with high g-values compared to isotropically scattering (g = 0) media. In heterogeneous media that contain void-like spaces, such as the cerebrospinal-fluid-filled ventricles in the brain, the choice of g barely affects the predicted light propagation. However, the diffusion approximation does not yield an accurate description of the light transport in these cases.
Schumpeter and reconciling divisive responses to the Bishops' Letter

Idealogically motivated responses to the Bishops' Letter have heightened the divisiveness of subsequent dialogue at the expense of its rigor. Schumpeter's metaphor of “creative destruction” provides a vehicle for reconciliation between advocates of politics and markets. His most distinguishing characteristic of capitalism extols its productive and dynamic properties. It underscores its relentless and unmanageable side that transforms institutional structures as well. The capitalist engine is driven by a “perennial gale” that creates and destroys at the same time; thus there is a necessary role for both entrepreneurs and planners in a mixed economy. The bishops' call for collaboration is also subject to the Schumpeterian metaphor. Major process changes without new institutional forms are inconsistent with the historical experience of U.S. pluralist society.
Food safety: An application of the health belief model

Abstract The safety of the food supply is a growing health concern in the United States. This makes it important to determine what food safety actions people usually take and what factors predict these actions. The present analysis examines the application of the health belief model to food safety. Randomly selected adults in a midwestern state responded to a mailed questionnaire asking their attitudes and behaviors concerning food safety. The findings provided evidence that actions were being taken to assure the safety of food. These actions centered on information seeking, food preparation, and food purchase. Factors that predicted food safety actions were derived from the health belief model. These included the perception that unsafe food is a personal health threat, the perception that one could do something about the threat (self-efficacy), and the motivation to maintain good health. Interaction effects of self-efficacy with perceived threat were examined. Those who feel a personal threat and believe they can do something about it are more likely to engage in food safety behavior. In addition, the sociodemographic factors of age, gender and household size are related to food safety behavior.
Fuel composition and secondary organic aerosol formation: Gas-turbine exhaust and alternative aviation fuels

A series of smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the effects of fuel composition on secondary particulate matter (PM) formation from dilute exhaust from a T63 gas-turbine engine. Tests were performed at idle and cruise loads with the engine fueled on conventional military jet fuel (JP-8), Fischer–Tropsch synthetic jet fuel (FT), and a 50/50 blend of the two fuels. Emissions were sampled into a portable smog chamber and exposed to sunlight or artificial UV light to initiate photo-oxidation. Similar to previous studies, neat FT fuel and a 50/50 FT/JP-8 blend reduced the primary particulate matter emissions compared to neat JP-8. After only one hour of photo-oxidation at typical atmospheric OH levels, the secondary PM production in dilute exhaust exceeded primary PM emissions, except when operating the engine at high load on FT fuel. Therefore, accounting for secondary PM production should be considered when assessing the contribution of gas-turbine engine emissions to ambient PM levels. FT...
Production of a Shiga-like cytotoxin by Campylobacter

Abstract Cell lysates and culture supernatants of 36 Campylobacter isolates from patients with enteritis were tested for cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. Cytotoxic activity was considered Shiga-like if neutralized by monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I of Escherichia coli and rabbit anti-Shiga toxin. Fifteen of the Campylobacter isolates produced no detectable cytotoxin, 10 produced a non-neutralizable cytotoxin, and 11 produced low levels of a cell-associated SLT. However, under low stringency conditions no hybridization was observed between a DNA fragment containing cloned SLT-I genes and restriction enzymedigested total DNA from a Campylobacter strain that produced low levels of a Shiga-like toxin I. The Shiga-like toxin neutralizing titers in sera from 15 patients with C. jejuni infections, 5 patients infected with S. sonnei , and 20 healthy persons were then determined. No rise in neutralizing titer between acute and convalescent sera of patients with C. jejuni infection or S. sonnei infection was observed, although 27% of C. jejuni -infected patients, 40% of S. sonnei -infected patients, and 30% of the healthy controls had neutralizing activity in their sera. These data indicate that low levels of Shiga-like toxin are produced by some Campylobacter isolates but that SLT is genetically distinct from the SLT-I toxin produced at high levels by certain E. coli . The findings also suggest that exposure to SLTs is common in the adult population but not as a consequence of infection with C. jejuni or S. sonnei .
Effects of paediatric limb loss on healthcare utilisation, schooling and parental labour supply.

Purpose. To explore the impact of childhood limb loss on families in terms of healthcare utilisation, schooling and parental labour supply.Methods. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, retrospective pilot survey of 123 parents or caregivers of children with limb loss selected randomly after stratification by aetiology (i.e. trauma, malignancy and congenital limb deficiency) from among eligible families identified by the Amputee Coalition of America. Healthcare utilisation, school (child) and labour market (parents) participation were examined.Results. Children with limb loss use health services frequently and miss school for limb loss-related concerns. Over half of all parents adjusted their work participation in response to their child's limb loss. The use of prostheses may increase direct and indirect costs of limb loss. Children with acquired limb loss (amputation following trauma or cancer) were more likely than those with a congenital limb deficiency to use a prosthesis.Conclusions. Our data su...
Auditory and visual interaction in immediate memory

MUCH of our understanding of immediate or short-term memory has come from studies based on a general method of presenting information to subjects (Ss) who are then asked to recall, reproduce or recognize as much of that material as they can. The digit span experiment is a well known example of this type of approach.(l) MILLER(~) has indicated that the immediate memory span is about seven items and appears to be limited by number of items rather than amount of c‘information.” In recent years some new methods have been developed to extend the study of immediate memory beyond the limitations of the classical methods. AVERBACH and SPERLING’&~) use of sampling techniques which require recall of only (randomly selected) portions of material presented indicates that considerably more items are available to a S than the four or five he can report after tachistosco$c exposure of many more. Other methods have been developed to study short-term memoryin-process, so that the availability of information in a storage to which more new items have been added may be estimated.@-12) SHEPARD and ~GHTSOONIAN(~~) recently demonstrated that correct recognition of repetitions of numbers is inversely proportional to the number of intervening items between first presentation and repetition. These developments lead to the following general method for investigation of immediate memory-in-process. If a series of random displays (for example, random numbers) is presented sequentially to a S, who is instructed to indicate only that he notes the repetition of any display (number) previously presented, then correct identification of random repetitions will provide an estimate of the amount registered for short-term retention. It may be inferred that under these circumstances preceding displays were retained, each new display being compared with those still retained in order to correctly identify a repetition. Thus this is a sampling procedure which utilizes the repetition of any display as the indicator for the S’s responses. Since the signal acts as its own indicator for the type of response required it is not necessary to introduce extraneous, possibly distracting, auditory or visual indicators. Because such a sampling technique demands a minimal subject response to estimate the amount (and character) of information registered and retained it provides a greater estimate of immediate memory storage than can be obtained by the use of classical recall or reproduction techniques. Together with classical recall or reproduction methods, this provides independent estimates of information registered in and information retrieved from the im*This study was supported by a Senior Post-Doctoral Fellowship under USPHS Grant 2M-6418 from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Narcotic antagonist potentiation of apomorphine drug effect: a stereospecific, centrally mediated drug action.

Abstract 1. Systemic pretreatment with naloxone but not its (+)-enantiomer significantly potentiated apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing activity in mice. 2. Systemic or central pretreatment with naltrexone also significantly potentiated the apomorphine drug effect. 3. The N-methyl derivative of naltrexone had no influence when administered systemically but significantly potentiated the apomorphine drug effect when administered centrally. 4. These findings suggest that narcotic antagonist potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing in mice is a stereospecific phenomenon that originates in the central nervous system.
Companion apps for long arc TV series: supporting new viewers in complex storyworlds with tightly synchronized context-sensitive annotations

As television merges with digital technology, storytelling is becoming increasingly complex. Use of a second screen has become common, but academic research has focused on social applications and commercial applications have stressed community-building and trivia questions. Our survey of viewers reveals an unmet need for tightly synchronized second screen applications that can help them to enter and keep track of dramatic series with multiple recurring characters and multi-episode story arcs. We employed an iterative design process to create a second screen companion application for the critically acclaimed series Justified that was tightly synchronized, context-sensitive, and character-focused. Our usability testing indicated that use of the companion app enhanced comprehension for first-time viewers of a late season episode, and was especially effective in supporting understanding of character relationships, while also surfacing design considerations for future applications.
PREDICTIVE MEDICINE. IX. DIET

A unique feature in a predictive medicine program is the role of diet in the prediction of classical disease. Examples are given of the relationships between diet and the clinical state, the electrocardiographic P1 wave, and the biochemical state. Countless dietary interrelationships are based on the link-ages between nutritional substances, metabolic reactions, and hormones.
Bifurcation behavior of a catalytic reaction due to a slowly varying parameter

Bifurcation problems with slowly varying control parameters are of interest in several research areas, including catalyst deactivation, combustion, and lasers and other nonlinear optical devices. Significant theoretical work has been devoted to the study of these dynamic phenomena, but very little directly relevant experimental information is currently available. Results are presented here from an experimental study of the dynamic behavior of a catalytic reaction system due to a deliberately slowly varied control parameter. Attention is focused on the dynamics due to slow passage through simple limit and Hopf points.
Quantum phase slips in a confined geometry

We consider tunneling of vortices across a superconducting film that is both narrow and short (and connected to bulk superconducting leads at the ends). We find that in the superconducting state the resistance, at low values of the temperature $(T)$ and current, does not follow the power-law dependence on $T$ characteristic of longer samples but is exponential in $1∕T$. The coefficient of $1∕T$ in the exponent depends on the length or, equivalently, the total normal-state resistance of the sample. These conclusions persist in the one-dimensional limit, which is similar to the problem of quantum phase slips in an ultranarrow short wire.
Skin Color and Latinos in the United States

The authors review the social and psychological consequences of Latino phenotypes, skin color and physical appearance, through empirical and ethnographic studies in the United States. They begin by analyzing the historical accounts of the caste system in colonial Mexico to understand the source of Mexican Americans' mestizo and non-racial approach to acculturation in America. Review of empirical studies with Mexican Americans indicated that phenotype was associated with life chances, acculturation and psychological well-being in individuals, but varied by gender and immigrant and non-immigrant status. The results were compared with the adaptive experience of Puerto Ricans, who with African-Spanish heritage accommodated to segregated America by separating into three communities based on phenotype. Reasons for these differences are discussed. Directions for future research in this neglected area are presented.
THE REAL AND ILLUSORY VIRTUES OF ENTROPY‐BASED MEASURES FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The entropy measure H=−σpi log pi is being used with increasing frequency in the analysis of business and economic data. It is, however, simply another measure of dispersion which can be related to the moments of the probability function. Its virtues stem from its decomposition and interpretative properties. This paper surveys the uses to which the measure has been put in the literature, and discusses whether its use has been appropriate and innovative.
Epinephrine promotes pulmonary angiitis: evidence for a β1-adrenoreceptor-mediated mechanism

Epinephrine (Epi) increases lymphocyte traffic to lung. We investigated whether Epi also modulates pulmonary cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with hen-egg lysozym...
Helitron mediated amplification of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in maize.

The mass movement of gene sequences by Helitrons has significantly contributed to the lack of gene collinearity reported between different maize inbred lines. However, Helitron captured-genes reported to date represent truncated versions of their progenitor genes. In this report, we provide evidence that maize CYP72A27-Zm gene represents a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) gene recently captured by a Helitron and transposed into an Opie-2 retroposon. The four exons of the CYP72A27 gene contained within the element contain a putative open reading frame (ORF) for 428 amino acid residues. We provide evidence that Helitron captured CYP72A27-Zm is transcribed. To identify the progenitor gene and the evolutionary time of capture, we searched the plant genome database and discovered other closely related CYP72A27-Zm genes in maize and grasses. Our analysis indicates that CYP72A27-Zm represents an almost complete copy of maize CYP72A26-Zm gene captured by a Helitron about 3.1 million years ago (mya). The Helitron-captured gene then duplicated twice, approximately 1.5–1.6 mya giving rise to CYP72A36-Zm and CYP72A37-Zm. These data provide evidence that Helitrons can capture and mobilize intact genes that are transcribed and potentially encode biologically relevant proteins.
Climate change confers a potential advantage to fleshy Antarctic crustose macroalgae over calcified species.

Climate change impacts were investigated in two species of crustose Antarctic macroalgae that may be natural competitors in their habitat. The seawater parameters oceanic pH and temperature were modified to near future projections for the western Antarctic Peninsula in microcosm experiments. Experiments included two crustose algae, the calcified coralline alga Clathromorphum obtectulum and the fleshy encrusting rhodophyte Hildenbrandia sp., and were run for six weeks. Treatments reflected near future ocean conditions under climate change predictions: increased temperature (3.5 °C × pH 8.1), increased pCO2 (1.5 °C × pH 7.8), combined factors (3.5 °C × pH 7.8), and ambient conditions (1.5 °C × pH 8.1). The physiological responses of the algae were evaluated through photosynthetic parameters (slope to saturation of photo centers (α), saturating irradiance (Ek), maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm)), growth, chlorophyll a concentration, and for C. obtectulum calcium carbonate content and Mg/Ca ratio. No negative impacts of elevated temperature or increased pCO2 were observed in either species. The fleshy alga decreased in size in low pH and high temperature treatments alone, but increased growth significantly when these factors were combined. Photosynthetic parameters were depressed by increased temperature in the calcified species and pH in the fleshy species but no significant differences were observed in other parameters in either species. This indicates that Hildenbrandia sp. may have a competitive advantage for space in the subtidal environment in near future oceanic conditions. However because benthic ecology in this geographic region is not well understood it is uncertain how these results will ultimately impact the community.
A NEW APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION AND REGULARIZATION OF ILL-POSED OPERATOR EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a classification of ill-posed problems in Banach spaces according to the type of regularizing families that they admit. In the case of Hilbert spaces, this classification will particularly distinguish the set of all compact operators with infinite-dimensional range within the set of all bounded operators with a non-closed range. Many of the operator-theoretic aspects of ill-posed linear equations, including regularization and stabilization methods, are problems in operator ranges and operator factorizations. The ranges of outer inverses play several roles. First, it should be noted that often, the constructed approximate solution is in the range of some outer inverse or an approximate outer inverse. Second, the problem of finding an optimal outer inverse with a prescribed rank can be solved for several classes of operators. Third, outer inverses with a prescribed finite-dimensional range can be easily constructed; this cannot always be done in case the prescribed range is infinite dimensional and the outer inverse is required to be bounded. Fourth, outer inverses have desirable stability/continuous dependence properties that inner inverses or the generalized inverse lack. The chapter presents the notions of regularizers in the form of bounded outer inverses with infinite-dimensional range, approximate outer inverses, and approximate right inverses in scales of norms.
Teaching mixed-signal integrated circuit design to undergraduates

A two-course sequence that teaches the basic concepts associated with digital, analog, and mixed-signal integrated circuit design for senior-level undergraduate students has been developed. The use of hands-on experiences using custom integrated circuits is employed to help teach these complex topics. This sequence has been taught for three years, and the affective learning has been assessed through precourse and postcourse surveys, focus groups, and in-class surveys.
Interest Group Adaptations to Campaign Finance Reform in Canada and the United States

Abstract. The United States and Canada enacted similar campaign finance reforms in the early 2000s. This article draws upon interviews with leaders of the major Canadian interest groups to explore similarities and differences in the responses of Canadian and American interest groups to reform. While groups in both countries shared an increased emphasis on mobilization and communication with members, the Canadian reforms were more effective at removing many groups from political campaigns entirely. This difference is primarily a result of differences in the two nations' party systems and the historical development of interest groups in the two countries.Resume. Au debut des annees 2000, les Etats-Unis et le Canada ont promulgue des lois similaires visant la reforme du financement des campagnes electorales. Cet article est base sur des entretiens avec les chefs des principaux groupes d'interet canadiens. Il etudie les ressemblances et les differences entre leurs reponses a ces reformes et celles des groupes d'interet americains. Meme si les groupes des deux pays ont tous insiste sur la communication et la mobilisation de leurs membres, les reformes canadiennes ont mieux reussi a eliminer entierement plusieurs groupes des campagnes electorales. Cette difference s'explique surtout par la structure differente des deux systemes de partis politiques et par l'evolution historique des groupes d'interet dans ces deux pays.
Polyclonal Napsin A Expression: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall in Distinguishing Primary From Metastatic Mucinous Tumors in the Lung

Context.—Napsin A is a useful marker for distinguishing primary from metastatic lung tumors. Mucinous lung tumors may be difficult to distinguish from metastatic mucinous tumors. Objectives.—To evaluate napsin A expression in lung and extrapulmonary mucinous tumors on both histology and cytology specimens and to determine napsin A's utility in differentiating primary from metastatic mucinous tumors. Design.—Napsin A immunohistochemistry was performed using a rabbit polyclonal antibody on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical and fine-needle aspiration biopsy–derived, paraffin-embedded cell block specimens. Positive expression was defined as coarse, granular, cytoplasmic staining in 10% or more of tumor cells. Results.—Sixteen of 32 mucinous lung tumors (50%) and 16 of 33 extrapulmonary mucinous tumors (48%), including 15 of 18 of gastrointestinal origin (83%), expressed napsin A. Positivity was concordant between surgical and cell block specimens in 5 of 9 cases (56%). In 3 of 4 discordant cases, nap...
Reactions and Significance of Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes"

complex has a characteristic absorption maximum (Soret band) near 450 nm due to axial ligation with a cysteine thiolate of the protein (with or without substrate present). This cysteine residue is present in a relatively well conserved region, -80% into the protein from the N terminus. Collectively there are thousands of potential substrates for the P-450s; each of the P-450s may have a rather strict limitation of catalytic specificity
Megapixel CMOS image sensor fabricated in three-dimensional integrated circuit technology

A 1024/spl times/1024 integrated image sensor with 8 /spl mu/m pixels, is developed with 3D fabrication in 150 mm wafer technology. Each pixel contains a 2 /spl mu/m/spl times/2 /spl mu/m/spl times/7.5 /spl mu/m 3D via to connect a deep depletion, 100% fill-factor photodiode layer to a fully depleted SOI CMOS readout circuit layer. Pixel operability exceeds 99.9%, and the detector has a dark current of <3 nA/cm/sup 2/ and pixel responsivity of /spl sim/9 /spl mu/V/e at room temperature.
Strain distribution pattern of immune nephritis--a follow-up study.

Previous studies have indicated that the NZW, DBA/1, 129/sv and BUB strains are particularly sensitive to experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)-induced immune nephritis. The present study extends previous observations by examining eight additional inbred mouse strains for their susceptibility to immune nephritis. Unlike the ALR/Lt, CAST/Ei, DDY/JclSidSeyFrk, FVB/NJ, PERA/Ei, SB/Le and BALB/c strains, the C58 mouse strain was observed to be particularly susceptible to experimental immune nephritis, with CBA mice being a close second. In contrast to the other strains, C58 mice uniformly developed heavy proteinuria, azotemia and severe glomerulonephritis with prominent crescent formation and tubulointerstitial nephritis following challenge with anti-GBM sera. These differences were associated with increased murine Ig deposition, leukocyte infiltration and IFN-g production within the kidneys of C58 mice. Studies aimed at elucidating the genetic factors and molecular pathways responsible for the enhanced renal disease in C58 mice are warranted.
Quorum sensing in group A Streptococcus

Quorum sensing (QS) is a widespread phenomenon in the microbial world that has important implications in the coordination of population-wide responses in several bacterial pathogens. In Group A Streptococcus (GAS), many questions surrounding QS systems remain to be solved pertaining to their function and their contribution to the GAS lifestyle in the host. The QS systems of GAS described to date can be categorized into four groups: regulator gene of glucosyltransferase (Rgg), Sil, lantibiotic systems, and LuxS/AI-2. The Rgg family of proteins, a conserved group of transcription factors that modify their activity in response to signaling peptides, has been shown to regulate genes involved in virulence, biofilm formation and competence. The sil locus, whose expression is regulated by the activity of signaling peptides and a putative two-component system (TCS), has been implicated on regulating genes involved with invasive disease in GAS isolates. Lantibiotic regulatory systems are involved in the production of bacteriocins and their autoregulation, and some of these genes have been shown to target both bacterial organisms as well as processes of survival inside the infected host. Finally AI-2 (dihydroxy pentanedione, DPD), synthesized by the LuxS enzyme in several bacteria including GAS, has been proposed to be a universal bacterial communication molecule. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of these four systems, the putative functions of their targets, and pose critical questions for future studies.
Competitive intelligence supporting team management of 2nd generation ARI

This paper describes efforts of the University of Toledo Accelerated Radical Innovation research team (ARI Team) in support of accelerated breakthrough or radical innovation projects by application of the competitive intelligence framework in the center of the 2nd Generation ARI Methodology. This competitive intelligence framework is an essential component of the ARI Methodology, first in Steps 1–6 leading to the establishment of a business plan, and then in Steps 7–10 that implements the commercialization strategy. This paper briefly reviews the history of Competitive Intelligence, focusing on extensions to Prescott's Historical Stages of Competitive Intelligence. The paper then examines the techniques and activities, and the practitioners and systems for engaging in Competitive Intelligence in the context of Open Innovation and Accelerated Radical Innovation. The paper wraps up by examining the phases and steps in conducting Competitive Intelligence in the context of the entire 2nd Generation ARI Methodology.