cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of coffee on exercise-induced angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease in habitual coffee drinkers

The acute effects of coffee on exercise-induced angina were studied in 17 men with coronary artery disease using a double-blind treadmill protocol. Ingestion of either 1 or 2 cups of caffeinated coffee increased the exercise duration until onset of angina (8 and 12%, respectively, p less than 0.05), whereas decaffeinated coffee had no effect. The extent of ST-segment depression and the heart rate-blood pressure product at angina were similar after drinking caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. Exercise duration until 0.1 mV of ST-segment depression, as well as the heart rate, blood pressure and double product at angina and at 0.1 mV of ST-segment depression were similar after drinking caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. The mean serum caffeine levels (+/- standard deviation) after ingestion of 1 and 2 cups of caffeinated coffee were 1.97 +/- 1.0 and 3.89 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. The acute ingestion of 1 to 2 cups of caffeinated coffee had no deleterious effect on exercise-induced angina pectoris in patients with coronary artery disease.
The relationship between Sm and RNP antigens.

Abstract The relationship between the antigenic proteins of Sm and RNP is not clear. To further clarify their relationship, we examined sera found monospecific by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) for anti-Sm or anti-RNP with the more sensitive techniques of immunoblotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The same eight unique problems were precipitated by both anti-Sm and anti-RNP in radioimmunoprecipitation. They had molecular weights (MWs) of 11, 13, 17, 18, 24, 26, 28, and 68 kDa. The 17, 18, and 28 kDa bands were more intense with anti-RNP. Immunoblotting with anti-Sm and anti-RNP also recognized similar proteins with MWs of 14, 17, 25, 28, 29, 30, 36, 38, and 68 kDa, Anti-Sm resulted in more intense 14, 28, 29, and 30 kDa bands, while anti-RNP gave maximum intensity of the 14, 36, 38, and 68 kDa bands. The band intensity pattern differences were more easily appreciated with immunoblotting than with radioimmunoprecipitation. RNase, heat, and urea caused a similar diminution of antigen reactivity with both anti-Sm and anti-RNP on immunoblotting, but eliminated immunoprecipitability only of RNP on immunodiffusion. The great similarities between Sm and RNP suggest several possibilities: (1) Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies coexist in the same patients; and the more sensitive techniques of immunoblotting and radioimmunoprecipitation detect both precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies while only precipitating antibodies are detected by immunodiffusion. (2) Sm and RNP may represent different determinants on the same macromolecular complex. (3) Sm and RNP may be cross-reacting determinants on distinct molecules.
An Overview of Freshwater Biodiversity: With Some Lessons from African Fishes

Abstract As the twentieth century draws to a close, arguments about the viability of continued population growth, agricultural development, industrialization, and exhaustive resource use are intensifying. In perhaps no scientific arena are these issues more urgent than in the management of freshwater usage and aquatic conservation. As human populations continue to burgeon, the limits of the Earth's freshwater resources are revealed more and more in the increasingly intense conflicts between human consumptive usage and the maintenance of aquatic health and biodiversity. Despite the fact that freshwater habitats comprise less than one-hundredth of a percent of the Earth's water, the rivers, lakes, and wetlands of the planet harbor exceptional concentrations of biodiversity. While globally the true degree of aquatic impoverishment is largely unknown, these losses are doubtless already great. Much attention has been focused on worldwide losses of terrestrial biodiversity, particularly in tropical ecosystems, ...
Down-regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors in spinal cord after transection as revealed by quantitative autoradiography.

The autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors was investigated in the rat spinal cord after transection at the level of T8–T9. The discrete distribution of [3H]-MeTRH binding was measured with a computerized image analyzer at the cervical (C6–C7) and lumbar (L2–L3) level, one week and three weeks after injury. The TRH receptor density was expressed in fmol/mg protein. There was no significant change in the density of TRH receptors below the injury site. In the cervical region, TRH receptor concentration in the dorsal gray matter did not differ from normal controls; in contrast we found a time-dependent change in lamina 10 and in the ventral gray, with a significant decrease (25% and 19%, respectively) of TRH receptor binding sites one week after transection and a return to control levels by three weeks. From these data and the known increase of TRH immunoreactivity above a spinal injury, a down-regulation of spinal cord TRH receptors in response to elevated levels of TRH is suggested.
Enzyme localization as a mechanism of apparent active transport

A model based on enzyme localization is developed which gives rise to an apparent active transport of a metabolite into or out of cells. The model is applied to three simple situations, using Fick's equation and the Rashevsky approximation. It is shown that the apparent efficiency can be made as large as desired if, for constant reaction, the outer cell region is made sufficiently small, or, for autocatalytic reaction, if the metabolite concentration in the outer region is sufficiently small. The physical limitations imposed by this mechanism are developed for all three situations.
Global climatic effects of atmospheric dust from an asteroid or comet impact on Earth

Abstract Impacts of comets and small ( ∼ 10 km) asteroids with Earth—frequent events over geologic time—would generate atmospheric dust in amounts orders of magnitude greater than historically large volcanic explosions. Three-dimensional atmospheric model simulations show that climatic effects of such impacts would include drastic cooling of land surfaces due to interception of sunlight by high-altitude dust. Unlike earlier one-dimensional calculations, the three-dimensional results indicate that large areas of the planet would escape freezing. They also suggest catastrophic changes in the hydrological cycle.
Multi-contrast diffusion tensor image registration with structural MRI

We present a diffeomorphic diffusion tensor image (DTI) registration technique with multi-contrast images extracted from DTI and conventional structural MRI data. DTI provides microstructure information in white matter. However due to the acquisition protocols used in many clinical studies, DTI has lower SNR and spatial resolution compared to structural MRI. Complementary information can be used to improve the registration of white and gray matter. The proposed registration framework is constructed by a vector-valued large deformation diffeomorphic demons approach. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and eigenvalues are included as DTI components. T1-weighted image serves as the structural MRI component. The performance of the proposed method is compared with DTI only multi-contrast and full tensor based registration methods. Incorporation of structural data reduces FA variance in white matter adjacent to cortical regions. Compared to tensor based registration, the multi-contrast methods generate smaller shape variance but less directional consistency. We also demonstrate that the proposed method reduces fiber tract variations across individuals and creates a denser fiber tract probability map compared to DTI based registrations.
Timeless and Timely Advice: A Commentary on “Consultation to Facilitate Planned Organizational Change in Schools,” an article by Joseph E. Zins and Robert J. Illback

This commentary on Zins and Illback's (1995) article, Consultation to Facilitate Planned Organizational Change in Schools, argues that the authors provided a solid foundation for well-planned, proactive, sustainable, internally-driven systemic change in schools that has yet to be widely realized. Their school organizational change model and more recent change models provide guidance for realizing a change from an individual, remedial focus to a population-based and preventative practice.
Real-Time Droplet DNA Amplification with a New Tablet Platform

We present a novel droplet-based tablet platform for temporal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in microliter droplets. The simple design of the device does not require extensive processing or extern...
Detection of complex cyber attacks

One significant drawback to currently available security products is their inabilty to correlate diverse sensor input. For instance, by only using network intrusion detection data, a root kit installed through a weak username-password combination may go unnoticed. Similarly, an administrator may never make the link between deteriorating response times from the database server and an attacker exfiltrating trusted data, if these facts aren't presented together. Current Security Information Management Systems (SIMS) can collect and represent diverse data but lack sufficient correlation algorithms. By using a Process Query System, we were able to quickly bring together data flowing from many sources, including NIDS, HIDS, server logs, CPU load and memory usage, etc. We constructed PQS models that describe dynamic behavior of complicated attacks and failures, allowing us to detect and differentiate simultaneous sophisticated attacks on a target network. In this paper, we discuss the benefits of implementing such a multistage cyber attack detection system using PQS. We focus on how data from multiple sources can be combined and used to detect and track comprehensive network security events that go unnoticed using conventional tools.
Acquisition of antibody plaque forming activity by normal mouse spleen cells treated in vitro with RNA extracted from immune donor spleens

Abstract RNA rich extracts prepared from spleen cells from NIH mice immunized with sheep RBCs were incubated in vitro with suspensions of normal NIH spleen cells. Subsequent incubation in agar containing sheep erythrocytes and complement resulted in appearance of a significant number of antibody plaques. RNA obtained from donor mouse spleens 4 days after primary immunization (at the peak of hemolysin formation) was most efficient. Treatment of immune RNA extracts with RNAase, but not DNAase, inhibited this effect. Actinomycin-D treatment of donor mice in vivo, but not of RNA extracts in vitro, was capable of suppressing plaque inducing activity.
Some properties of the bilevel programming problem

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the difficulties accompanying the development of efficient algorithms for solving the bilevel programming problem (BLPP). We begin with a pair of examples showing that, even under the best of circumstances, solutions may not exist. This is followed by a proof that the BLPP is NP-hard.
Spatial information content and reliability of hippocampal CA1 neurons: Effects of visual input

The effects of darkness on quantitative spatial firing characteristics of 235 hippocampal CA1 "complex spike" (CS) cells were studied in young and old Fischer-344 rats during food-motivated performance of a randomized, forced-choice task on an eight-arm radial maze. The room lights were turned on or off on alternate blocks of all eight arms. In the dark, a lower proportion of CS cells had "place fields," and the fields were less specific and less reliable than in the light. A small number of cells had place fields unique to the dark condition. Like CS cells, Theta cells showed a reduction in spatially related firing in the dark. The specificity and reliability of the place fields under both light and dark conditions were similar for both age groups. Increasing the salience of the environment, by increasing the light level and the number of visual cues in the light condition, did not affect the specificity or reliability of the place fields. Even though all rats had substantial prior experience with the environment, and were placed on the maze center under normal illumination before the first dark trial, the correlation between the firing pattern in the light and dark increased after the rat first traversed the maze in the light. Thus, even after considerable experience with the environment over days, experiencing the illuminated environment from different locations on a given day was a significant factor affecting subsequent location and reliability of place fields in darkness. While the task was simple and errors rare, rats that made fewer errors (i.e., re-entries into the previously visited arm) also had more reliable place cells, but no such correlation was found with place cell specificity. Thus, the reliability of spatial firing in the hippocampus may be more important for spatial navigation than the size of the place fields per se. Alternatively, both spatial memory and place field reliability may be modulated by a common variable, such as attention.
Effects of ionization gradients on inertial-confinement-fusion capsule hydrodynamic stability.

A linear perturbation analysis based on velocity potentials is adapted to include the regional, average-ion charge states (Z) in an imploding, inertial-confinement-fusion capsule and shown to lead to superclassical Rayleigh-Taylor growth following deceleration onset. The added instability is ascribed to an inverted ion-entropy gradient driven by the stepwise ionization mismatch {delta}Z across the fuel-pusher interface and is predicted to principally occur in low Atwood-number (<0.5) implosions associated with low-Z pushers. Similar instability enhancement may pertain to supernovae phenomena and ionization fronts in H II protostellar regions.
Perspectives on the AAA Code of Ethics

: “AAA's Relation to Its Own Code of Ethics,” by Terrence Turner Lisa Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.
Stabilization of continuous-time jump linear systems

We investigate almost-sure and moment stabilization of continuous time jump linear systems with a finite-state Markov jump form process. We first clarify the concepts of /spl delta/-moment stabilizability, exponential /spl delta/-moment stabilizability, and stochastic /spl delta/-moment stabilizability. We then present results on the relationships among these concepts. Coupled Riccati equations that provide necessary and sufficient conditions for mean-square stabilization are given in detail, and an algorithm for solving the coupled Riccati equations is proposed. Moreover, we show that individual mode controllability implies almost-sure stabilizability, which is not true for other types of stabilizability. Finally, we present some testable sufficient conditions for /spl delta/-moment stabilizability and almost-sure stabilizability.
Regional energy balance in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia

Phosphocreatine, ATP, and glucose were severely depleted, and the lactate levels were increased in the paramedian neocortex, dorsal-lateral striatum, and CA1 zone of hippocampus of rats exposed to 30 min of forebrain ischemia. Upon recirculation of the brain, phosphocreatine, ATP, and lactate concentrations recovered to control values in the paramedian neocortex and CA1 zone of hippocampus and to near-control values in the striatum. The phosphocreatine and ATP concentrations then fell and the lactate levels rose in the striatum after 6-24 h, and in the CA1 zone of hippocampus after 24-72 h. The initial recovery and subsequent delayed changes in the phosphocreatine, ATP, and lactate concentrations in the striatum and hippocampus coincided with the onset and progression of morphological injury in these brain regions. The results suggest that cells in these regions regain normal or near-normal mitochondrial function and are viable, in terms of energy production, for many hours before unknown mechanisms cause irreversible neuronal before unknown mechanisms cause irreversible neuronal injury.
CD4+ T-cell response against human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein is associated with a favorable clinical trend

The association between the CD8+ T-cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 protein and a favorable clinical trend has been demonstrated previously. The roles of human papillomavirus (HPV)-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) were examined. Subjects with a recent history of abnormal Papanicolaou smear were eligible, and colposcopy-guided biopsy was performed at enrollment. Interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay and fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis to measure the frequencies of Tregs were performed. Subjects with histological diagnoses of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1, 2, or 3 were considered to have short-term persistence of cervical abnormality and were called “persistors” (n = 51) while those of normal histology were designated to be “regressors” (n = 33). A significantly higher percentage CD4+ T-cell response was detected in the regressors (15/33 or 45.5%) compared with the persistors (10/51 or 19.6%) (P = .015) for the E6 peptides but not for the E7 peptides. The CD4+ responses to certain E6 regions [E6(16–40), E6(91–115), E6(106–130), and E6(136–158)] were also significantly higher in the regressors. Although there was no difference in the frequencies of Tregs between the two groups, low frequencies of Tregs were significantly associated with positive CD4+ T-cell responses within certain E6 regions [E6(16–40), E6(31–55), E6(76–100), E6(91–115), and E6(106–130)]. The CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to the HPV-16 E6 protein are associated with a favorable clinical trend. The HPV-16 E6 protein should be incorporated in the design of an HPV therapeutic vaccine.
Cardiac Surgery and Neurological Injury in Children

The freedom of children from vascular disease makes them an ideal population in which to study the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cerebral embolic injury arises intraoperatively from air in the cardiac chambers and monitoring lines, particularly those in the left atrium. Postoperative emboli are more common in patients with single ventricle physiology, especially following a bidirectional Glenn shunt or Fontan procedure. Poor cannula selection or placement during bypass can cause maldistribution of the perfusate and cerebral injury. Postoperative hyperthermia can cause brain damage. Results of prospective and retrospective studies of neurological and developmental outcome after paediatric cardiac surgery at the Children's Hospital, Boston, have led to the following inferences: the use of circulatory arrest should be minimised; the pH stat strategy is preferred for cardiopulmonary bypass over the alpha stat strategy. A higher haematocrit on bypass, for example 30%, may be preferable to 20%; postoperative fever should be strenuously avoided. Surgeons should be aware that cardiopulmonary bypass parameters can have subtle but important effects on late developmental outcome.
The distribution of sulfur among various components of the wheat grain

1. Radioactive sulfur (S35) was introduced into 3 sets of wheat plants grown hydroponically in the greenhouse. When mature, the grain was milled using micromilling procedures.
HIV quantitation in spiked vaginocervical secretions : lack of non-specific inhibitory factors

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of menstrual phase on the ability to quantitate HIV-1 in vaginocervical secretions (VCS) through reconstruction experiments with HIV seronegative VCS collected throughout the menstrual cycle. Measurement of HIV-1 inoculated into both fresh and frozen VCS was undertaken by quantitative micro co-culture, p24 antigen assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for both HIV-1 RNA and pro-viral DNA. Two laboratories carried out these assays over a range of viral concentrations. The study involved a randomized factorial design and the factors were: (1) diluents (phases of the menstrual cycle and controls); (2) laboratories; (3) stock concentrations; and (4) frozen versus fresh VCS samples. Each assay was assessed independently using a random effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. No statistical differences due to menstrual cycle were seen in the assay results of p24 antigen (P=0.08), PBMC culture (P=0.74), plasma culture (P=0.13), cell-free RNA (P=0.44), cell-associated RNA (P=0.58) and cell-associated DNA (P=0.43). Inter-laboratory differences were statistically significant for cell-free RNA (P<0.001), cell-associated DNA (P<0.001) and p24 (P<0.001). It is concluded that VCS obtained throughout the menstrual cycle from HIV-uninfected women lacks intrinsic inhibitory factors which could limit detection and quantification by antigen, culture or nucleic acid-based technologies for HIV-1 in VCS throughout the menstrual cycle. Using a standardized collection procedure, we suggest that variation in HIV quantity over time, when reported in VCS of infected women, should be attributed to HIV-associated biologic factors, rather than non-specific or other technical factors.
Comment on entropy production in nuclear collisions

A recent analysis of the data for particle production in central nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions finds an “enhancement” in particle multiplicities or entropy at the highest energies near 200A GeV (as compared to those at lower energies). This is interpreted within a relativistic photon gas model as an increase in the number of degrees of freedom, and the formation of the quark-gluon plasma between AGS and SPS energies is hypothesized. We find that particle multiplicities in $p$ A collisions also show an enhancement at large F, a nonlinear increase with the Fermi energy variable, $F$ . This suggests the possibility that the enhancement seen in AA collisions is also due to such a non-linearity in F.
Bacteria-Specific Antibody in the Urine of Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis and Cystitis

Urine specimens from 65 adult patients with symptomatic urinary tract infections that involved 91 episodes of well-defined acute pyelonephritis or cystitis were tested for antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) by a fluorescent antibody assay, unbound bacteria-specific antibody by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and levels of total protein and IgG. Acute pyelonephritis was associated with positive tests for ACB (22 [69%] of 32), elevated levels of unbound antibody (28 [88%] of 32), and a mean RIA binding ratio of 9.4. Cystitis was associated with negative tests for ACB (56 [95%] of 59), low levels of antibody in urine (38 [64%] of 59), and a mean RIA binding ratio of 3.2. The results showed that a negative test for ACB may occur with elevated levels of unbound antibody in the urine because, although elevated, levels were still too low to result in detectable antibody coating of the bacteria. There was often, but not always, a correlation between RIA binding ratios and levels of urinary protein and IgG.
Home use of rectal diazepam for cluster and prolonged seizures: Efficacy, adverse reactions, quality of life, and cost analysis

From 1982 through 1987, 128 families, who were instructed in the use of rectally administered diazepam (R-DZP) for the treatment of severe epileptic seizures, were surveyed. Sixty-seven families returned questionnaires and met inclusion/exclusion criteria; the results were used to analyze the medical, psychosocial, and economic impact of this program during the first year following instruction. Twenty-six families did not use R-DZP, primarily because of patient improvement. Among families using R-DZP, a total of 428 doses were administered to 41 children. R-DZP was effective in controlling seizures in 85% of patients. Adverse reactions usually were mild, consisting of drowsiness and/or behavioral changes. Compared to the year prior to instruction, emergency room visits decreased in both R-DZP-treated and -nontreated children; however, cost-savings were greater for the R-DZP group ($1,039.00 vs $420.00 per patient per year). Improvements in quality of life associated with the availability of R-DZP were observed by 58% of users and 27% of nonusers which included improved management of their children's seizures, increased flexibility in family activities, and greater peace of mind. R-DZP appears to be a practical method in the effective treatment of severe seizures at home.
SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE IN RURAL AREAS: A STUDY OF ARKANSAS

Although older studies (e.g., Dublin & Bunzel, 1933) showed higher suicide rates in urban areas, more recent studies do not always yield such differences. For example, Schroeder and Beegle (1953) reported a higher suicide rate in rural Michigan. The present study compares the suicide and homicide rates in Arkansas counties which were classified by Bricton, et al. (1987) as farming-dependent (n = 29) , urban ( n = 8 ) and "other" ( n = 38) using deaths in 1980 from personal violence reported by the National Center for Health Statistics (1985). The suicide rate in farming-dependent counties (M = 7.9 , SD = 5.6) did not differ significantly from the suicide rate in urban counties (M = 11.7, SD = 5.7) or "other" counties (M = 9.1, SD = 6.2; F,,,, = 1.37). Similarly, the homicide rate in farming-dependent counties (M = 8.5, SD = 7.2) did not differ significantly from the homicide rate in the urban counties (M = 13.8, SD = 8.2) or in other counties (M = 8.5, SD = 7.2 , F,,,, = 1.84). This analysis does not show there were significantly different suicide and homicide rates in farming-dependent counties in Arkansas in 1980, and so no urban versus rural differences in rates of personal violence were noted.
The extracellular metalloprotease of Serratia marcescens: I. Purification and characterization.

An extracellular protease ofSerratia marcescens produced during growth on skim milk medium was isolated by ethanol precipitation. The protease was purified by salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on Agarose P-100. It has a broad optimum from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and a temperature optimum of 45°C for proteolytic activity on casein. It was classified as a metallo-protease by virtue of its inactivation by metal-ion chelators and reactivation by ferrous ions. Proteolytic activity was not affected by diiso-propylfluorophosphate, p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiothreitol.
Task-induced deactivation and the "resting" state

Task-induced decreases in blood flow and the widespread use of "resting" baselines produced unexpected and discrepant results in early cognitive imaging studies, especially in language comprehension experiments. Here I describe from a personal perspective some of the events and thought processes leading to the first hypothesis-driven fMRI study of the "resting" state.
Forced periodic control of an exothermic CSTR with multiple input oscillations

Interaction among various oscillating inputs may result in significant modifications in the behavior of a system under forced periodic control. Forced oscillations in the input flow rate and input concentrations of an exothermic continuous stirred tank reactor enable the stabilized operation of the CSTR in the unstable steady state region. Reactor temperature oscillations under forced periodic control are similar to the oscillations resulting from proportional-integral feedback or nonlinear (push-pull) feedback control, and under some operating conditions the oscillation amplitude is significantly lower. Theoretical and experimental studies illustrate the effects of forcing frequency and phase shift on reactor behavior.
THE USE OF STATISTICS IN EXPLANATION

THE idea of a pattern of argument called 'statistical explanation ' has been developed as the complement of the analysis of the logic of explanation variously known as the deductive model, the coveringlaw model, and the nomological model. As deductive explanations consist in subsuming what is explained under a general law, so statistical explanations are supposed to 'subsume' what they explain under a statistical generalisation. From this viewpoint, the 'logic of statistical explanation' proposes to clarify the structure and the conditions for the acceptability of such statistical explanatory arguments. I think this viewpoint is incorrect, and in this paper I show what is wrong with the preliminary thoughts on which the idea of a logic of statistical explanation is based, and I state briefly the kinds of relationships in which the information formulated in statistical sentences may be expected to be of help when something needs explaining. 'Explanation' will be used to cover only explanations of particular occurrences, in contrast with natural uses of' explanation ' that include coverage of explanations of laws, regularities and statistical correlations, and also explanations of such other sorts of things as mathematical proofs and obscure lines of poetry. I give only a brief exposition of the projected logic of statistical explanation and none at all of the deductive analysis from which it derives. For both, I rely on, without trying to summarise, the many detailed accounts in the works of Professor C. G. Hempel: or the logic of statistical explanation, 'Deductive Nomological v. Statistical Explanation,'1 and for the deductive model, the classic paper on which P. Oppenheim collaborated with Hempel, 'Studies in the Logic of Explanation '.2 It is important to emphasise that the roots of the concept of statistical explanation lie in the deductive or 'covering-law' model.
A Tracking Static State Estimator

A tracking static state estimator is a digital feedback loop (a computer algorithm) which uses real time measurements of voltage magnitudes, watt flows, and var flows to track the static state (voltage at all buses) as it varies during the daily load cycle. The design and performance of simple gain matrices suitable for wide ranges of operating conditions are discussed.
Endocytosis and a Low-pH Step Are Required for Productive Entry of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

Recently, it has become evident that entry of some retroviruses into host cells is dependent upon a vesicle-localized, low-pH step. The entry mechanism of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has yet to be examined. Here, we demonstrate that wild-type strains of EIAV require a low-pH step for productive entry. Lysosomotropic agents that inhibit the acidification of internal vesicles inhibited productive entry of EIAV. The presence of ammonium chloride (30 mM), monensin (30 μM), or bafilomycin A (50 nM) in the medium dramatically decreased the number of EIAV antigen-positive cells. We found that a low-pH step was required for EIAV infection of tissue culture cell lines as well as primary cells, such as endothelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. The ammonium chloride treatment did not reduce virion stability, nor did the treatment prevent virion binding to cells. Consistent with a requirement for a low-pH step, virion infectivity was enhanced more than threefold by brief low-pH treatment following binding of viral particles to permissive cells. A superinfecting variant strain of EIAV, vMA-1c, did not require a low-pH step for productive infection of fibroblasts. However, lysosomotropic agents were inhibitory to vMA-1c infection in the other cell types that vMA-1c infected but did not superinfect, indicating that the entry pathway used by vMA-1c for superinfection abrogates the need for the low-pH step.
Genetically engineered synthesis of precorrin-6x and the complete corrinoid, hydrogenobyrinic acid, an advanced precursor of vitamin B12

Abstract Background: Genetically engineered synthesis, in which the gene products, cofactors, and substrates of a complete pathway are combined in vitro in a single flask to give the target, can be a viable alternative to conventional chemical construction of molecules of complex structure and stereochemistry. We chose to attempt to synthesize the metal-free corrinoid hydrogenobyrinic acid, an advanced precursor of vitamin B 12 . Results: Cloning and overexpression of the genes necessary for the S -adenosyl methionine dependent conversion of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to precorrin-3 and those required for the synthesis of hydrogenobyrinic acid from precorrin-3 completed the repertoire of the 12 biosynthetic enzymes involved in corrin synthesis. Using these enzymes and the necessary cofactors, the multi-enzyme synthesis of hydrogenobyrinic acid from ALA can be achieved in 20 % overall yield in a single reaction vessel, corresponding to an average of at least 90 % conversion for each of the 17 steps involved. Conclusions: By replacing the cell wall with glass, and by mixing the soluble biosynthetic enzymes and necessary cofactors, the major segment of the physiological synthesis of vitamin B 12 has been accomplished. Since only those enzymes necessary for the synthesis of hydrogenobyrinic acid from ALA are supplied, none of the intermediates is deflected from the direct pathway. This results in an efficiency which in fact surpasses that of nature.
Rabeprazole produces rapid, potent, and long-acting inhibition of gastric acid secretion in subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection.

Aim: To compare acid inhibiting activity and duration of action of different doses of rabeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole characterized as a highly potent and irreversible H+, K+-ATPase inhibitor, administered for 7 days to subjects infected with Helicobacter pylori. Methods: A total of 38 subjects (mean age 39.3 years) were enrolled in a single-centre, double-blind, randomized, crossover study. All subjects were confirmed positive for H. pylori by 14C urea breath test and ELISA serologies. Subjects were divided into two groups of 19 to receive two doses of rabeprazole, either 5 and 20 mg or 10 and 40 mg, and placebo, given in random order daily in the morning for 7 days. Peptone-stimulated acid, pH, and gastrin measurements were made for 24 h after the 1st dose and for 48 h after the 7th dose. Results: Peptone-stimulated acid secretion rates were decreased from 12.5 to 6.7, 4.0, 1.5, and 0.26 h after initial 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg doses, respectively; to 7.3, 4.3, 2.1, and 1.2 mmol/h 23 h after the initial dose; and to 2.4, 2.6, 0.6, and 0.8 mmol/h 23 h after the 7th dose. After 48 h, stimulated acid secretion had recovered less than 40% for all treatment groups compared to placebo. Median intragastric pH also increased from 2.0 with placebo to 4.9, 6.2, 6.6 and 6.9 during the 24-h period after the 7th dose of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg. The 20 mg dose of rabeprazole produced equivalent acid inhibition to the 40 mg dose with less increase in plasma gastrin. Conclusion: Rabeprazole in doses from 5 to 40 mg was a highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in subjects infected with H. pylori. The inhibition was rapid, dose-related, and long-acting, with less than 50% recovery of acid by 48 h after the 7th dose. The optimal acid inhibitory dose in these subjects appeared to be 20 mg daily, however 5 mg and 10 mg doses produced potent inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
Responses of rat striatal neurons during performance of a lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response task

Neural activity was recorded from 218 sites in the striatum (caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens) of rats trained on a lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) task, in which an auditory signal elicits a short-latency, forelimb withdrawal. > 80% of these recording sites showed task-related activity, including neurons that responded to the auditory stimulus (signal-related cells), the lever-release (response-related cells), or both of these events (signal/response-related cells). Histological analysis revealed a predominance of signal-related neurons in medial striatum, whereas lateral recording sites mainly showed response-related activity. Haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg s.c.), a widely used neuroleptic that impairs CAR performance, significantly attenuated task-related neural activity without altering the latency of the neural response or spontaneous firing rate. Collectively, these results, which demonstrate the usefulness of the lever-release CAR paradigm for assessing striatal function, suggest that the sensory and motor aspects of the CAR task are processed by different striatal regions. Moreover, haloperidol appears to disrupt the striatal processing of both sensory and motor information.
Representation, Presentation and the Epistemic Role of Perceptual Experience

Abstract In this paper I argue that the representational theory of perception, on which the world is represented as being a certain way in perceptual experience, cannot explain how there can be a genuinely epistemic connection between experience and belief. I try to show that we are positively required to deny that perceptual consciousness is contentful if we want to make its fitness for epistemic duties intelligible. (So versions of the representational theory on which experience has a merely causal purchase on belief are not considered.) But my aim is not just negative. I try to defeat representationalism in such a way as to motivate a robustly presentational theory of perception. According to such a theory, perceptions are relations not between a subject and a content but between a subject and an ordinary object (such that if the relation holds at t, an appropriate subject and object must exist at t, and the object must be presented to the subject). I end by sketching an account of perceptual experienc...
Translating third-order data analysis methods to chemical batch processes

Abstract Measurements collected from batch processes naturally produce a third-order or three-dimensional data form. The same structure also results when multiple samples are measured using hyphenated analysis techniques such as liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Analysis of third-order data by principal components analysis (PCA) is achieved by a nonunique rearrangement that produces a two-dimensional array. This preferentially models only one of the three orders present. In contrast, methods such as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) apply a particular decomposition that accounts for all three orders explicitly. The results from either approach should be related if data are to be interpreted reliably for applications to batch processes such as on-line monitoring and control. This work compares these two approaches from an applied point of view. To accomplish this objective, exemplary methods are selected from each type of analysis, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multiway principal components analysis (MPCA). These are employed to analyze data obtained during the manufacture of a condensation polymer in an industrial batch reactor.
Metabolism of permethrin isomers in American cockroach adults, house fly adults, and cabbage looper larvae

Abstract Forty-two insect metabolites of [1 RS,trans ]-and [1 RS,cis ]-permethrin are tentatively identified in studies with Periplaneta americana adults, Musca domestica adults, and Trichoplusia ni larvae involving administration of 14 C preparations labeled in either the alcohol or acid moieties. The less-insecticidal trans isomer is generally metabolized more rapidly than the more-insecticidal cis isomer, particularly in cabbage looper larvae, and metabolites retaining the ester linkage appear in larger amount with cis -permethrin. Although the dichlorovinyl group effectively blocks oxidation in the acid side chain, the permethrin isomers are metabolized by hydrolysis and hydroxylation at the geminal-dimethyl group (either trans - or cis -methyl substituent) and the phenoxybenzyl group (predominantly at the 4′-position in all species but also at the 6-position in house flies). The alcoholic and phenolic metabolites are excreted as glucosides, and the carboxylic acids are excreted as glucosides and amino conjugates (glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, and serine) with considerable species variation in the preferred conjugating moiety.
MagnoTricorder: what you need to do before leaving home

In this paper we present the design and the evaluation of a framework MagnoTricorder, a system that utilizes the magnetic sensor in smartphones to detect the running devices at home thru a singlepoint sensing. MagnoTricorder leverages the effect of Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) generated by the AC current in the main power-line at home. This EMI induces a magnetic field that highly fluctuates the reading of the magnetic sensor in smartphones. In this paper, we utilize this characteristic for detecting and identifying the running devices at home thru the Circuit Breaker Panel. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of the developed framework. Results show that MangoTricorder can detect and identify individual devices with 93%-98% accuracy.
Sociodemographic analysis of hunters’ preferences: a Greek Hunting Club perspective

Knowledge of hunters’ behaviour is critical for the proper management of hunting. The preferences and sociodemographic characteristics of a Greek hunting community, the Megara Hunting Club, were therefore investigated through a questionnaire survey. Club members were mostly less than 50 years old with a family, mainly self-employed, farmers or private employees of secondary education and mostly having medium or higher income. All income classes preferred local over national licences, although the lower class did so in higher proportions. Megara hunters pursued the local small game, for which they also searched elsewhere. They were strongly attached to hunting as a sport, except for the poorest who hunted for subsistence. Furthermore, local hunters spent annually on average 58.3 days and € 1764.6, with the middle-aged, highly educated or wealthier hunters being the most dedicated to hunting in terms of both time and money. Considering the ongoing Greek debt crisis, an increase in the demand of local game a...
Broadband Control of Flexible Structures Using Statistical Energy Analysis Concepts

An approach is described for designing optimal broadband controllers for flexible structures with collocated sensors and actuators. The statistical energy analysis assumptions of equipartition and incoherence, together with conservation of energy, are used to express the average value of a global 3^ performance metric in terms of the power dissipation of the compensator. This power dissipation can be represented using a dereverberated model, which is an experimentally determined local structural model that ignores the effect of the reverberant field. Minimizing the resulting cost yields controllers with good performance that are guaranteed to be stabilizing. The approach is demonstrated experimentally on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Space Engineering Research Center interferometer testbed. This approach achieved a performance reduction that was approximately 30% greater than that obtained with a constant gain "rate feedback" approach.
From Cataloging to Metadata: Dublin Core Records for the Library Catalog

SUMMARY The Dublin Core is an international standard for describing and cataloging all kinds of information resources: books, articles, videos, and World Wide Web (web) resources. Sixteen Dublin Core (DC) elements and the steps for cataloging web resources using these elements and minimal controlled values are discussed, general guidelines for metadata creation are highlighted, a worksheet is provided to create the DC metadata records for the library catalog, and sample resource descriptions in DC are included.
Renal bladder ultrasound evaluation in monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis: is it really necessary?

Background Published guidelines regarding radiographic imaging in the evaluation of monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis (MPNE) are not followed. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of urological abnormalities on renal/bladder ultrasound (RBUS) in children with MPNE and to compare the RBUS findings in children with and without MPNE.
Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR).

SUMMARY A recently discovered locomotor behavior, wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), allows fully volant animals to `run9 up vertical obstacles. Such a task would appear to be especially formidable for bipeds, yet WAIR is used preferentially by ground-dwelling birds, specifically chukar partridge Alectoris chukar , to reach refugia. The basic locomotor mechanics that enable this behavior are not fully understood. For instance, are there functional differences at the level of the wing during WAIR and free flight, and do the hindlimbs actively participate in propulsion during WAIR? To investigate wing function during these activities we used accelerometry to compare the instantaneous whole-body acceleration during WAIR and ascending free flights at a similar climb angle. Throughout a substantial portion of the wingbeat cycle, chukars engaged in WAIR experienced an acceleration oriented towards the substrate, whereas during ascending free flights the acceleration of the center of mass was parallel to the direction of travel. We investigated whether the animals were using their hindlimbs for propulsion, rather than for some other function (e.g. to maintain balance), by measuring ground reaction forces (GRF) during bouts of WAIR. Estimates of the contribution of the hindlimbs towards the vertical external work done by the bird were 98±8% of the total at an incline of 60° (the steepest angle that birds were able to negotiate without the use of their forelimbs). During vertical (90°) bouts of WAIR the hindlimb contribution was 37±5% of the total external work. Yet, the magnitude of the peak GRF at 90° was 175% of the value generated during level walking, revealing that birds engaged in WAIR do generate sizeable hindlimb forces even during vertical ascents. These data support the hypothesis that forelimbs are enabling hindlimb function, and we argue that this represents a locomotor strategy which may have been used by proto-birds during the evolution of flight.
Cytokine imbalance in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: the role of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.

Abstract Objectives: To summarize the role of cytokine imbalance in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The literature on cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis from American and European medical journals was reviewed. Results: An important role of interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the mediation of tissue damage in the rheumatoid joint has been well established over the past 10 years. The IL-1 family consists of 2 agonists, IL-1α and IL-1β, and a specific naturally occurring receptor antagonist, IL-1Ra. Both forms of IL-1 induce intracellular responses through binding to the type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) on target cells. IL-1Ra binds to IL-1R with an avidity equal to that of IL-1 but fails to stimulate the cells, thus functioning as an inhibitor of IL-1 binding. Endogenous production of IL-1Ra is an important anti-inflammatory mechanism both in animal models of disease and in human disease. In the rheumatoid synovium, an imbalance exists in this system, because the relative levels of production of IL-1Ra are not adequate to effectively block the proinflammatory effects of IL-1. Studies in different animal models of inflammatory arthritis indicate that a deficiency of IL-1Ra relative to IL-1 leads to more severe disease and even to the spontaneous development of arthritis as observed in IL-1Ra knockout mice. A restoration of the balance between IL-1Ra and IL-1 in human disease can theoretically be achieved through the administration of recombinant IL-1ra protein, gene therapy with the IL-1Ra complementary DNA, or stimulation of production of endogenous IL-1Ra. Conclusions: An imbalance between proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists or inhibitors may be one factor predisposing to initiation or perpetuation of rheumatoid synovitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30:1-6 (Suppl 2). Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company