cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined Modality Treatment Using BID Radiation for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Background. From February 1988 to August 1991, 82 patients were treated on a Phase II trial of split-course multimodality treatment for locally advanced, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods. Treatment consisted of twice-daily radiation (150 cGy/fraction) delivered with concomitant infusional cisplatin, etoposide, and fluorouracil for 1 week every third week. Patients were classified before initial treatment as either potentially resectable (eligible for surgery [ES]) or ineligible for surgery (IES). The ES group consisted of 38 Stage IIIA and 7 Stage IIIB patients. The IES group had 5 patients staged as IIIA and 32 staged as IIIB. Most patients were staged clinically. ES patients received three cycles of treatment (39 Gy) before resection
Computational Chemistry Studies on the Carbene Hydroxymethylene.

A density functional theory computational chemistry exercise on the structure and vibrational spectrum of the carbene hydroxymethylene is presented. The potential energy curve for the decomposition reaction of the carbene to formaldehyde and the geometry of the transition state are explored. The results are in good agreement with recent experimental studies on the synthesis and trapping of hydroxymethylene in low-temperature, rare-gas matrices. The calculations are easy to perform and increase student understanding of a variety of important concepts in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum such as the octet rule, formal charge, VSEPR theory, bonding, vibrational spectroscopy, tunneling, transition states, and potential energy curves. The exercise nicely illustrates the power and versatility of computational chemistry methods.
Science, Vine and Wine in Modern France

Preface Part I. Reinventing the Vine for Quality Wine Production: 1. Death and Resurrection in the Phylloxeric Vineyard 2. Scientific Programs for the Spread of the Grafted Vine 3. Direct Production Hybrids: Quality Wines? 4. The Fall of the Hybrid Empire and the Victory of Vitis vinifera Part II. Laying the Foundations of Oenology: 5. Jean-Antoine Chaptal 6. Louis Pasteur Part III. Oenology in Champagne, Burgundy, and Languedoc: 7. Champagne: the Science of Bubbles 8. Burgundy: The Limits of Empirical Science 9. Languedoc-Roussillon: innovations in tradition Part IV. Oenology in Bordeaux: 10. The pastorian oenology of Ulysse Gayon 11. The Ionic Gospel of the New Oenology 12. The Production of Oenologists Conclusion: Mopping-up Operations or Contemporary Oenology as Normal Science Notes Bibliography Index.
Comparing the BDI-II and the PHQ-9 with Outpatient Substance Abusers.

Because of the high co-occurrence of Axis-I mood disorders with primary substance use disorders (SUD), it is important to routinely assess substance abusers for evidence of a mood disorder. The primary goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric characteristics of two widely used self-report measures of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II; Patient Health Questionnaire PRIME MD) with substance abusers (N=108) in an outpatient treatment setting. Using Cronbach's alpha, the reliabilities of the BDI-II and the PHQ-9 were 0.95 and 0.91, respectively. Principal component factor analyses of both measures were conducted to evaluate the relationship between a 3-factor solution (cognitive, affective, and somatic) for the BDI-II and a 1-factor solution for the PHQ-9 (depression). Both measures were correlated with severity levels of alcohol and drug use. Advantages and disadvantages of using both measures with substance abusers are discussed.
Effects of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides upon cyclic GMP levels, potassium transport, and receptor binding in rat astrocytes.

The ability of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) to alter cyclic GMP levels and NaKCl cotransport in rat neocortical astrocytes was determined. At concentrations of 10(-9)-10(-6) M, rat ANP99-126 (rANF), rat ANP102-126 (auriculin B), and rat ANP103-126 (atriopeptin III) stimulated 6- to 100-fold increases in cyclic GMP levels. Porcine BNP (pBNP) and rat BNP (rBNP) were 20%-90% as effective as rANF over most of this concentration range, although 10(-6) M pBNP produced a greater effect than rANF. NaKCl cotransport as measured by bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb+ influx was not altered by exposure of astrocytes to 10(-6)M rANF, pBNP, or rBNP. Both pBNP and rBNP, as well as rat ANP103-123 (atriopeptin I) and des[gl18, ser19, gly20, leu21, gly22] ANF4-23-NH2 (C-ANF4-23) strongly competed for specific 125I-rANF binding sites in astrocyte membranes with affinities ranging from 0.03 to 0.4 nM, suggesting that virtually all binding sites measured at subnanomolar concentrations of 125I-rANF were of the ANP-C (ANF-R2) receptor subtype. These receptors are thought to serve a clearance function (Maack et al.: Science 238:675-678, 1987) and may be linked to a guanylate cyclase activity that is chemically and pharmacologically distinct from that coupled to ANP-A (ANF-R1) receptors (Fethiere et al.: Mol Pharmacol 35:584-592, 1989). ANP receptors on astrocytes may function in limiting the access of ANP and BNP to neurons involved in body fluid and cardiovascular regulation.
Olfactory bulbectomy depresses ultrasound production and scent marking by female hamsters.

Abstract Female hamsters were observed for rates of ultrasound production, vaginal marking and flank marking before and after bilateral olfactory bulbectomy, unilateral bulbectomy or sham operations. Unilaterally bulbectomized and sham-operated subjects maintained preoperative levels of each behavior. In contrast, females with bilateral olfactory bulbectomies showed consistent decreases in rates of vocalization and scent marking. These results emphasize the dependence on an intact olfactory system of several courtship or agonistic behaviors that affect hamster reproduction by functioning as noncontact communications. Together with the results of previous studies suggesting that lordosis by female hamsters is unaffected by olfactory bulbectomy, these data also suggest differences in the brain and sensory mechanisms that control distinct types of reproductive behavior.
Approaches for the generation of stress waves in concrete

This paper reviews several existing, as well as potential, stress-wave-generating techniques for concrete. The generating techniques under study include standard ultrasonic pulse generators, high-energy ultrasonic toneburst systems, and simple impact. In addition, the use of laser sources and ultrasonic lithotripters are proposed. The novelty of this review is that the methods are analyzed considering applications to existing concrete NDE methods. The strengths and weaknesses of each generation technique are discussed. Some of the methods are demonstrated through laboratory tests on a variety of specimen types. A description of each technique and conclusions concerning the appropriateness of each technique are also made.
STICK AND RAMSEY NUMBERS OF TORUS LINKS

An algorithm that produces polygonal cable links is described, and applications discussed. In particular, the stick numbers of Tp,q torus links are shown to be 4p for 2p < q ≤ 3p, and it is shown that, in general, . Further, it is shown that the Ramsey number of a link is at least the sum of its arc index and bridge number. Using these results, we relate the Ramsey, stick and crossing numbers of torus links, showing .
A Partial View of Contemporary Anthropology

This address considers ethnographically a range of sites and practices central to sustaining the intellectual, pedagogical, professional, and public life of anthropology and related disciplines: research funding, human subjects review, scholarly publishing, program and personnel assessment, and intellectual property among them. The talk points to current practices of knowledge production and circulation in the United States and to the increasingly complex intersections among scholarly knowledge, managerialist language and practice, and private capital, intellectual and otherwise. It is meant to encourage serious ethnographic examination of the contexts within which anthropologists work, consideration of the potential consequences of these contemporary changes, and creative thought about the kinds of collegial and collective action that might be pursued to help sustain what we find to be of real value in the discipline and in our professional practice.
Saints, Stalwarts, and Slackers: State Financial Contributions to Welfare Reform

Considerable literature finds that spending levels are important predictors of poverty rates, both in the American states and in western European nations. Those jurisdictions with the most generous support programs generally have lower poverty rates. This article examines state Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) spending levels in relation to national norms, the spending ability of the state as predicted by their total taxable revenue base, and the state's poverty rate. The analysis shows enormous variation in state per capita TANF spending, with many states spending far less than the national mean and their fiscal capacity. Most of the low-spending states have the fiscal ability to fund more vigorous programs but at optimal levels; some would still fall below the national mean. In return for improved funding, these states would be candidates for increased federal assistance. A few states with a high poverty rate and usually with large numbers of poor citizens are generous spenders, indicating that funding is one component of effective programs.
Current prospects for employee representation in the U.S.: Old wine in new bottles?

A major issue currently being debated in the U.S. is whether to allow employers to establish works councils, employee committees, or other representational systems not permitted under the current labor laws. I bring economic, political, and historical analysis to bear on this issue and recommend an experimental relaxation of current law proscribing employer assistance to labor organizations. This is likely to improve the quality of employee participation, although it is unlikely to raise the amount of it.
Evaluating quality in mother-infant interaction : situational effects

Abstract Although the quality of maternal interaction is widely assumed to influence children's development, attempts to relate measures of interaction quality to later developmental status have yielded inconclusive results. In the studies reported here, situational factors that may confound the measurement of mother-infant interaction quality were examined systematically. Results indicated that situational factors significantly influenced the quality of interaction as assessed by a rating scale incorporating an evaluation of emotional involvement as well as the nature and amount of stimulation provided the infant. Despite observed differences, however, some dimensions of interaction quality, particularly emotional involvement and verbal stimulation, were highly correlated across situations.
Ocular Syphilis in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract Background From October 2001 to October 2002, we have observed a surprisingly high incidence of ocular syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy at our clinic. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart and patient database review. Results From 1997 to 2002, 455 patients in our clinic were screened for syphilis; 320 were screened from 2001 to 2002; 7.3% of patients (33/455) were diagnosed with syphilis. During the past year, syphilis was diagnosed in 7.5% of patients (24/320), of whom 13% (3/24) had ocular syphilis. We estimate the prevalence of ocular syphilis in HIV+ patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy screened for syphilis to be 9% (3/33). Presenting symptoms included blurred vision, loss of vision, central scotomas, and bilateral ocular involvement. The most common ocular manifestation of syphilis was posterior chamber uveitis; one patient also had a retinal detachment. All patients demonstrated reactive rapid plasma reagin and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test results, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and elevated total protein. Each patient received a 21-day course of intravenous penicillin G (24 million units daily) with improvement of visual symptoms. Conclusion Our data demonstrate an unexpectedly high incidence of ocular syphilis in our HIV+ patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy during the past year. A diagnosis of ocular syphilis should be considered in any HIV+ patient who presents with visual symptoms, irrespective of the patient's CD 4 count.
The role of band III in calcium transport across the human erythrocyte membrane

cellular concentration (10-j M) [l-3]. Two models have been presented to explain the mechanism of Ca*+ translocation in erythrocyte plasma membranes. The first model [4,5] was developed from studies of Ca*+ transport into inside-out membrane vesicles (IOV), from which it was observed that the active transport of Ca*+ into IOV was stimulated by anions such as phosphate, chloride, acetate and sulfate, and that the stimulation of calcium transport by these anions was due to an active, calcium-dependent uptake of the anions into IOV. Since both Ca*+ and anion transport were blocked by agents that inhibit the membrane anion transport protein, band III, it was proposed that Ca*+ transport was electrogenic; i.e., the transport of Ca*+ into IOV was associated with the development of a positive membrane potential. This, in turn, drove the transport of anions into the IOV through band III. In later work, direct evidence was obtained for an increase in membrane potential as a consequence of the ATP-dependent transport of calcium [ 121. The second model of Recently Niggli et al. [7] presented evidence that band III inhibitors block the Ca*+ -ATPase directly. They call into question our previous results [4] and suggest that band III does not play a role in Ca* + transport. In order to define more precisely the role of anion transport in Ca2+ translocation, further investigation of the effects of band III inhibitors on calcium transport and Ca* + -ATPase activity were conducted.
Automatic wavefront error sensor.

The automatic wavefront error sensor has been developed for determining the wavefront error of an optical system. The instrument, which provides a null test for a parabola, measures the ray intercept error and automatically converts this to a wavefront error. Both the ray fan plot and the wavefront error curve are plotted simultaneously. Ray intercept errors smaller than 0.1 μm can be measured, providing wavefront error information with interferometric sensitivity.
Resistance of Clones of Wild Strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis , to Adult Otiorhynchus sulcatus and O. ovatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Several clones of the wild beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne, were compared with clones of commercial strawberries, F. × ananassa Duchesne (both species are octoploid), for resistance to feeding by adult black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), and strawberry root weevil, O. ovatus (L.). Weevils fed less and had lower fecundity on F. chiloensis leaves than on F. × ananassa leaves. The F. chiloensis clones CL-5 and GCL-8 also increased the preoviposition period of newly eclosed adults. Egg production correlated closely with the amount of feeding on a clone.
Feeding ecology and territoriality of the Cactus Finch Geospiza scandens on Isla Daphne Major, Galápagos.

In this study we investigated the relationship between food availability, feeding ecology and territoriality in a population of Cactus Finches, Geospiza scandens, on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos, between 1979 and 1981.
A new component of the Fraser complex.

In embryos, the Fraser complex (FC) mediates epithelial–connective tissue interactions. Loss of expression of FC components leads to Fraser syndrome (FS), in which cohesion of epithelial tissues and stroma is perturbed. Using zebrafish, Richardson et al. (this issue) identified the protein AMACO in the FC. We discuss the utility of zebrafish in determining FC functions and identifying FS targets.
Expose hidden failures to prevent cascading outages [in power systems]

Major blackouts are rare events, but their impact can be catastrophic. A study of significant disturbances reported by NERC in the period from 1984 through 1988 indicates that protective relays are involved in one way or another in 75 percent of major disturbances. A common scenario is that the relay has an undetected (hidden) defect that was exposed due to the conditions created by other disturbances. For example, nearby faults, overloads, or reverse power flows expose the defective relay and cause a false trip, which exacerbates the situation. Given the importance of hidden failure modes in traditional relaying systems, intervention by computer-based rational control schemes is proposed in this article. Relays with high-vulnerability indices can be identified, and their vulnerable functions and failure modes identified. Countermeasures to reduce or eliminate the likelihood of the hidden failure of key relays can be provided.
Implementation of sine condition test to measure optical system misalignments

Rather than measuring aberrations across the field to quantify the alignment of an optical system, we show how a single, on-axis measurement of the pupil mapping can be used to measure the off-axis performance of the system and determine the state of alignment. In this paper we show how the Abbe sine condition can be used to relate the mapping between the entrance and exit pupils to image aberrations that have linear field dependence. This mapping error then can be used to measure the linear astigmatism caused by the misalignment. Additionally, we present experimental results from the sine condition test on a simple system.
Esophageal atresia with proximal pouch tracheoesophageal fistula and noncommunicating esophageal duplication

This report describes a case of esophageal atresia with proximal-pouch tracheoesophageal fistula and a noncommunicating esophageal duplication. Until now this variation has not appeared in the literature.
A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and clinical correlates of congestive heart failure among incident US dialysis patients.

Epidemiological characteristics of congestive heart failure (CHF) have not been well studied in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the prevalence and clinical correlates of CHF using data from Wave 2 of the US Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study, a national random sample of incident hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in 1996 and 1997 (n = 4,024). CHF was recorded as present in 36% of patients. In multivariate analysis, age, female sex, hypertension, diabetes, measures of atherosclerosis, and structural cardiac abnormalities were significantly associated with the presence of CHF. Elevated serum phosphate level >/= 6.8 mg/dL (versus /= 8.0 mg/dL (versus <8.0 mg/dL) were associated with significantly more CHF (odds ratios, 1.34 and 1.41, respectively), as were low serum albumin (odds ratio, 1.35 per 1-g/dL lower) and low serum cholesterol levels (odds ratio, 1.03 per 20-mg/dL lower). Of elements of pre-ESRD care, frequent visits to a nephrologist (odds ratio, 0.80) or dietitian (odds ratio, 0.84) were associated with significantly lower odds of CHF at the start of ESRD compared with less frequent visits. This national study shows the association of several measures of atherosclerosis and cardiac abnormalities with the presence of CHF at the start of dialysis therapy. It identifies serum albumin as a strong disease correlate and suggests that elevated serum calcium and phosphate levels may be potential risk factors for CHF. This study also suggests that frequent specialist care during this critical period may impact favorably on the prevalence of CHF at the start of ESRD. Future longitudinal studies are required to evaluate the impact of pre-ESRD care on cardiovascular and other clinical outcomes.
Gas chromatography in lipid investigations

Biological problems involving long chain compounds and steroids can now be studied more effectively than ever before through use of GLC techniques. When combined with TLC methods for the separation of classes of compounds, these procedures are the most valuable analytical methods now known for lipid investigations. The fact that both qualitative and quantitative data may be obtained at the same time, and that the methods may be used to study complex mixtures at the microgram and sub-microgram level, suggests that many new applications will be found in the fields of chemistry, biology and medicine. The procedures described in this paper are chiefly those developed over the last few years in the laboratories of the authors. Thin-film columns prepared with diatomaceous earth supports have been used since 1960 in many studies. A new procedure, utilizing a thin-film column, was developed for the separation and estimation of long chain fatty acid methyl esters. The method has been used in conjuction with TLC separations using silica gel and silica gel-silver nitrate plates. The relationship between retention time behavior and the structure of steroids has been studied, and the “steroid number” concept has been used to described GLC properties of steroids. Procedures have been found for the inactivation of supports, for the modification of liquid phase properties, for the preparation of a variety of special derivatives useful in GLC work and for the study of several groups of steroids important in human metabolism. A number of quantitative analytical separations were also developed.
Conditioned courtship in Drosophila and its mediation by association of chemical cues.

AlthoughDrosophila melanogaster males usually court virgin females vigorously, a male will perform very little courtship in response to a virgin female if he has previously been in the presence of a fertilized female. The normal courtship response is restored after approximately 3 h [Siegle, R. W., and Hall, J. C. (1979).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3430–3434]. Experiments designed to account for this phenomenon exclude the possibilities that the visible “rejection” behaviors performed by the fertilized female in response, to the male are either a necessary or a sufficient basis for the transitory decrement in courtship. A role for other visual, cues is also ruled out. However, mutant males with olfactory defects do court virgins after experiences with fertilized females. Also, males exposed to extracts from fertilized females while in the presence of a male or virgin female fly thereafter perform very little courtship with virgin females. Finally, we describe a new mutant strain whose males court and mate with wild-type, virgin females normally; but after such a mating, the wild-type female is readily courted by a wild-type male, and that male subsequently exhibits vigorous courtship of other females. Since both virgin and fertilized females can stimulate males to court them, these observations fuggest the following hypothesis. After fertilization by a wild-type male, a female becomes a source of an aversive chemical cue which is sensed by a courting male [cf. Tompkins, L., and Hall, J. C. (1981).J. Insect Physiol. 27:17–21]. The courting male associates that substance with the courtship-stimulating cues emanating from females which he subsequently encounters, and he therefore learns to avoid courting these females.
Williamson’s Woes

This is a reply to Timothy Williamson’s paper ‘Tennant’s Troubles’. It defends against Williamson’s objections the anti-realist’s knowability principle based on the author’s ‘local’ restriction strategy involving Cartesian propositions, set out in The Taming of the True. Williamson’s purported Fitchian reductio, involving the unknown number of books on his table, is analyzed in detail and shown to be fallacious. Williamson’s attempt to cause problems for the anti-realist by means of a supposed rigid designator generates a contradiction with arithmetic right away, upon instantiating the obviously relevant theorem that every natural number is provably odd or provably even. The paper also explains and formulates a globally restricted knowability principle, which likewise blocks the attempted reductio.
Control of Gas Turbines for Power Generation

THE DEVELOPMENT of the combustion gas turbine as a new type of prime mover for power generation has required the parallel development of suitable controls. The control being used at present on General Electric gas turbines provides for semiautomatic starting and stopping of the unit for speed and load control and for protection of the unit under abnormal conditions.
RNA metabolism in the goldfish retina during optic nerve regeneration.

— In goldfish, regeneration of the optic nerve following axotomy is accompanied by changes in retinal RNA metabolism. Approximately 4 days after unilateral optic nerve crush, there is an increased uptake of 3H-labeled precursors of RNA into cells of the retina as well as an increase in labeling of total retinal RNA following incubation for 3–4 h in vitro. Subfractionation indicates that the resultant labeled free ribosomai RNA has a much higher specific activity than that from membrane-bound ribosomes in post-crush, as compared to normal retinas. Total retinal RNA content also increases, reaching a peak value about 8 days after axotomy, coincident with the time of observed maximum labeling of ribosomal RNA. No change in the total protein or DNA content of the retina is detected during this period as a result of the optic nerve crush. Saturating amounts of uridine or adenosine in the medium eliminate the general effects of enhanced uptake of the precursors on RNA labeling. Elevated labeling of poly(A)-containing RNA in retinal cytoplasm is nevertheless detected 10–14 days after optic nerve crush with no change in the labeling of the polyadenylate segment. A decrease in the labeling of poly(A)-containing nuclear RNA, from a significantly greater amount than that of normal retinas to a significantly lower one, occurs during the period of observed increased labeling of cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA. The results indicate that in addition to changes in RNA precursor metabolism, optic nerve regeneration is characterized by alterations in the labeling of free and membrane-bound retinal ribosomes as well as in the post-transcriptional processing of messenger RNA.
Anthocyanins of the Fouquieriaceae

Abstract Species of the Fouquieriaceae cluster into four groups on the basis of floral anthocyanin content. The four clusters agree with species groupings based on morphological characters. Floral anthocyanins support a close relationship between the Fouquieriaceae and the Solanales.
Geometrical and wave optics of aperture systems

Third generation synchrotron light sources present new challenges to x-ray optics calculations. Due to the high brilliance (thus small dimensions) of the source and the long optical paths, the transverse coherence lengths are quite nonnegligible, often of order of hundreds of microns. In such situation beam propagation calculations based on purely geometrical optics may yield large errors and a more complete wave treatment is needed. This is especially true for beam defining apertures. The purpose of this paper is to present a calculational approach which, utilizing a 'variance matrix' representation of the beam allows to evaluate the wave propagation along an optical system and through arbitrary apertures, in a straightforward manner. In addition the notoriously thorny problem of partial coherence is adequately dealt with and the transition from wave optics to ray optics obtains in a smooth and seamless fashion.
Synthesis, structure and ligand exchange reactions of Ru(TTP)(NO)(OMe)

Abstract A facile, novel preparation of the useful synthon Ru(TTP)(NO)(OMe) is reported and it has been characterized by a range of techniques, including single crystal X-ray diffraction. Subsequent methoxide substitution reactions led to the preparation in high yield and purity of a wide variety of new complexes including a mercaptide complex which is the first reported analogue of the diamagnetic nitrosyl adducts of the P-450 monooxygenases.
Pulsed spin-precession re-orientation method to study spin exchange of free ions

Abstract A scheme of consecutive square r.f. pulses was developed to study the electron spin re-orientation process of paramagnetic ions in spin exchange collisions with polarized atoms.
Liver and thymus lipid composition in AKR mice with and without lymphomas

Lipid composition of liver and thymus in controls, early stage lymphoma, and advanced stage lymphoma-bearing AKR mice was studied. There was a significant decrease in the liver total lipid content in mice with advanced lymphoma, whereas in the early stages, no quantitative change was seen. In livers of mice with advanced stage lymphoma, there was a significant decrease in the nonpolar fraction. The decrease was in triglyceride, whereas the cholesterol fractions were relatively increased though highly variable. There was an increase in the polar lipid/nonpolar lipid ratio in the advanced lymphoma livers and a very large increase in the polar lipid/triglyceride ratio, indicating that the decrease in total lipid in these livers was largely in the triglyceride fraction. Similar changes were seen in the thymus, in which the lipid composition reflected the transformation from normal to malignant cells.
Tear lipocalin: evidence for a scavenging function to remove lipids from the human corneal surface

The human tear film lubricates and moistens the ocular surface. The corneal surface is protected from drying by several anatomic barriers. The epithelium produces glycoproteins (mucins) that span the corneal epithelial membrane to extend into the tear film.1,2 Soluble mucins are mixed with the aqueous layer of tears. Goblet cells, mainly in the conjunctiva, secrete abundant gel-forming mucins into the tear film. Lipids produced by meibomian glands spread on the tear film surface. Normally, the membrane-anchored mucins form a glycocalyx that protects the apical epithelium and presumably prevents lipid binding to the surface of the cornea.1 However, the natural processes of apical epithelial shedding and ectoshedding of membrane-associated mucins and the loss of corneal epithelium from minor trauma leave a portion of the corneal surface vulnerable to lipids.2 Lipids that contaminate the mucin layer or areas devoid of mucins render the corneal surface unwettable and eventually result in desiccation of the corneal epithelium.3,4 A mechanism to remove meibomian lipids contaminating corneal epithelium is necessary to prevent drying of the ocular surface. There is evidence that the barriers to prevent lipid contamination are impaired in dry eye diseases.5,6 The mucin covering the cornea may be compromised in dry eye disease, as is suggested by the Rose Bengal staining of epithelial cells.7 Membrane-associated mucins and secreted mucins are altered by a host of dry eye diseases.8–10 Epithelial erosions are common in dry eye diseases.11 Indeed, one of the objective criteria used widely for the diagnosis of dry eye is the presence of fluorescein staining of the cornea in areas in which the epithelium has been disrupted.12,13 In addition, the low volume of tears in dry eye disease results in thinning of the tear film, abnormal tear breakup time, and vulnerability to lipid contamination.6 A plausible mechanism to remove contaminating lipids from the cornea involves tear lipocalin (TL), the major lipid-binding protein in tears. By mass, TL is the third most abundant protein in human tears, with a concentration of approximately 70 μM.14 TL binds cholesterol and lipids with long alkyl chains, such as stearic acid, which would normally be insoluble in aqueous solution.15,16 TL has been shown to remove lipids from a variety of surfaces, including glass, quartz, and nonstick resin (Teflon; Dupont, Wilmington, DE).17 TL is promiscuous and well suited for these insoluble lipids. The solution and crystal structure of TL have been published from separate laboratories, and they show remarkable concordance in the assignment of βstrands to form a calyx with a capacious mouth and amino acid residues that sterically permit relatively large lipids to enter the binding cavity.18,19 Here the hypothesis that TL can scavenge lipids from the corneal surface is tested.
MECHANISMS OF OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF CARBOHYDRATES DURING OXYGEN DELIGNIFICATION. II. REACTION OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY GENERATED HYDROXYL RADICALS WITH METHYL β-CELLOBIOSIDE

Reactions involving methyl β-cellobioside and several oxygen species were used to investigate cleavage of glycosidic linkages in cellulose by reaction with photochemical hydroxyl radicals. The intent is not to reproduce delignification conditions, but rather to study the specific behavior of carbohydrate models toward hydroxyl radical. Experiments show that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the degradation of glycosidic linkages in methyl β-cellobioside by substitution reactions displacing cellobiose, D-glucose, methyl β-D-glucoside, and methanol. Once the glycosidic linkages are broken, the reducing carbohydrates undergo a series of reactions forming aldonic acids and lower order aldoses in the same manner as described previously.[1]
Elucidation of Dose—effect Relationships for Different Opiate Effects Using Alfentanil in the Spontaneously Ventilating Rat

In addition to producing antinociception and mild sedation, opiates diminish spontaneous movement and produce muscle rigidity. Examination of the relationship between different opiate effects may lead to a better understanding of the mechanism and sites of action of opiate anesthesia. Previous studies have compared the dose-effect relationships for morphine and fentanyl between antinociception and loss of righting reflex. However, neither muscle rigidity nor lack of spontaneous movement (as measured by catalepsy) has been fully examined or directly compared with either antinociception or loss of righting reflex. This study, therefore, compared five clinically relevant opiate endpoints (antinociception, muscle rigidity, catalepsy, loss of righting reflex, and respiratory depression) using the mu-selective agonist alfentanil in the spontaneously ventilating rat. Rats were randomized to receive alfentanil (0-500 micrograms/kg) subcutaneously. For muscle rigidity, 59 rats had electromyographic activity measured with percutaneous hindlimb electrodes. After alfentanil injection, electromyographic data were recorded for 60 min. For antinociception and catalepsy, 49 rats were studied for 120 min after alfentanil. Catalepsy was measured from the time the rat's forelimbs were placed on a 10-cm-high bar until either limb was removed. Antinociception was studied by measuring tail-flick response to hot (55 degrees C) water. For righting reflex, 40 rats were studied for 120 min. Alfentanil-induced respiratory depression was assessed in 40 rats with indwelling tail arterial catheters. Alfentanil was administered after baseline arterial blood gas measurements, and then additional samples were obtained for 45 min. For each effect, data were converted into quantal responses and were then transformed to probit-log dose-response curves for analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microradiography of the rabbit's hepatic microcirculation. The similarity of the hepatic portal and pulmonary arterial circulations

Examination of microradiographs of liver indicate that the hepatic arteries supply the richly anastomosing arterial plexus around the biliary ducts. This arterial plexus supplies the portal veins directly and the peripheral hepatic sinusoids. Arterial “boosters” penetrating deep within the lobule were not seen. Hepatic veins receive sinusoids at irregular angles and frequent intervals, whereas portal veins distribute flow through short right angle inlet venules spaced at greater intervals. Pulmonary arteries also distribute flow to capillaries through short right angle precapillaries and pulmonary veins receive capillary drainage at irregular angles and frequent intervals. The location of capillary beds of both liver and lung only 10 to 30 μ from inflow channels appears “ideally” suited for circulations of low vascular resistance. The analogy of liver and lung relates biliary system to airway, hepatic artery to bronchial artery, portal vein to pulmonary artery, hepatic vein to pulmonary vein and ductus venosus to ductus arteriosus. In particular, should the pulmonary artery be considered a “pulmonary portal vein”.
The effect of ballooning following carotid stent deployment on hemodynamic stability

Objective While patient eligibility for carotid artery stenting (CAS) is well established, the intraoperative technique remains widely varied. The decision to perform poststent ballooning (PSB) is operator-dependent and often influenced by the interpretation of poststent angiography. While visually creating a greater luminal diameter, it is unclear whether PSB has immediate risks or long-term benefits. The purpose of this report is to determine whether PSB has any effects on periprocedural hemodynamic stability. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients that underwent CAS between 2005 and 2012 at a tertiary care center was performed. The primary end point was hemodynamic instability, defined as bradycardia (a heart rate of Results A total of 103 (51 men and 52 women) patients underwent placement of a unilateral carotid stent between 2005 and 2012 at our institution. All patients underwent prestent dilatation. However, 70% (n = 72) underwent PSB whereas 30% (n = 31) did not. PSB was a significant predictor of hemodynamic depression (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11; P P P P = .04, and OR, 9.3; P Conclusions PSB increases the risk of intra- or postoperative hemodynamic depression in CAS and might increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Given the added complications and the lack of evidence supporting long term patency, PSB should be only selectively used.
Resolution of multiple green fluorescent protein color variants and dyes using two-photon microscopy and imaging spectroscopy.

The imaging of living cells and tissues using laser-scanning microscopy is offering dramatic insights into the spatial and temporal controls of biological processes. The availability of genetically en- coded labels such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) offers unique opportunities by which to trace cell movements, cell signaling or gene expression dynamically in developing embryos. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is ideally suited to imaging cells in vivo due to its deeper tissue penetration and reduced phototoxicity; how- ever, in TPLSM the excitation and emission spectra of GFP and its color variants (e.g., CyanFP (CFP); yellowFP (YFP)) are insufficiently distinct to be uniquely imaged by conventional means. To surmount such difficulties, we have combined the technologies of TPLSM and imaging spectroscopy to unambiguously identify CFP, GFP, YFP, and redFP (RFP) as well as conventional dyes, and have tested the ap- proach in cell lines. In our approach, a liquid crystal tunable filter was used to collect the emission spectrum of each pixel within the TPLSM image. Based on the fluorescent emission spectra, supervised classifi- cation and linear unmixing analysis algorithms were used to identify the nature and relative amounts of the fluorescent proteins expressed in the cells. In a most extreme case, we have used the approach to separate GFP and fluorescein, separated by only 7 nm, and appear somewhat indistinguishable by conventional techniques. This ap- proach offers the needed ability to concurrently image multiple col- ored, spectrally overlapping marker proteins within living cells.
Explaining Enron Communication and Responsible Leadership

Although a variety of explanations are available for the recent collapse of the nation's seventh largest corporation, this analysis employs principles of communication-based leader responsibilities...
Yield and growth characteristics for cotton under various irrigation regimes on sandy soil

Over-watering cotton wastes a valuable and scarce resource; it can also lead to rank growth, nutrient leaching, and contaminated groundwater. Since under-watering can decrease yields, the question becomes one of finding the optimum application regime. An irrigation experiment was set up to apply water at six different application rates, ranging from 33% to 144% of normal, with hopes of identifying the regime that produces maximum yield. Two cultivars, Acala Maxxa and Acala PhytoGen-72 (Gossypium hirsutum L.), were planted on sandy soil and irrigated daily with a highly efficient subsurface drip irrigation system for four seasons. The results showed that on the average there was no significant difference in the yield of the two cultivars and there was no significant difference in the yield for the three wettest treatments. The driest of the three wettest treatments, treatment 4, was a critical point on the water production function curve. It represented the least amount of water applied that still produced essentially maximum yield, and it had the highest water use efficiency. This critical level of water application during mid-season was found to be, on the average, 95% of Class A pan evaporation; it corresponded to a total seasonal application of 654 mm of water. Any application less than this critical level decreased yields. Reducing the water application by 5% below the critical level caused about a 4.6% reduction in yield. The critical level produced a soil moisture level that remained nearly constant throughout the season. The final plant height was closely related to the depth of water applied, with the wettest treatment producing plant heights of 2.0 m, and the driest treatment producing plant heights of 0.6 m. At the extremes of the water application rates there were some small differences in the early-season growth rate of the plants, but the main cause of differences in final plant height was the date of cutout (cessation of main stem node production). The length of season for the driest treatment was about 4 weeks shorter than for the wettest treatment on both cultivars. Results showed that deficit irrigation of cotton on sandy soil can greatly reduce yield, and the practice should probably be avoided.
Invisible Coatings for Wheat Kernels

ABSTRACT It is occasionally necessary to tag wheat kernels without altering their appearance. Coatings have potential applications to tag wheat of a particular color or protein class, diseased wheat such as Karnal bunt, or genetically modified wheat. This methodology will aid in development of calibrations for sorting instruments. Procedures were developed to coat wheat kernels with invisible ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent and near-infrared (NIR) absorbing noncarcinogenic dyes. Wheat coated with UV-fluorescent compounds were identified under black light. The NIR-absorbing coating required lower concentrations of dye than the UV dyes and wheat coated with NIR-absorbing dye were identified from their NIR spectrum.
Collection efficiency of a single optical fiber in turbid media for reflectance spectroscopy

The effect of optical properties on the optical fiber collection efficiency in turbid media was studied experimentally and modeled by Monte Carlo simulations. An analytic expression was
Strategies for recontacting a lost pheromone plume: casting and upwind flight in the male gypsy moth

. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L., Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) males flying upwind to high concentration pheromone sources had lower ground speeds, shorter crosswind reversal distances and higher turn rates than males flying upwind to low pheromone doses. Casting flight, crosswind flight with no net upwind movement after loss of pheromone contact, developed gradually and was similar in fashion for males initially flying to the three pheromone doses tested; after plume loss, males' flight in the upwind direction decreased from 6 cm turn-1 to nearly 0 cm turn-1 by their fifth turn (crosswind reversal). After plume loss, upwind displacement decreased, crosswind distances and inter-turn duration increased. Ground speeds tended to increase after plume loss, but airspeeds decreased following loss of 10 and 100 ng plumes and remained constant after loss of 1 ng plumes. Latency to casting was c. 1 s as measured by cessation of upwind progress and by timing the first reversal leg that was down or crosswind after plume loss. Though these measures of casting were independent of pheromone concentration, they are means that mask the fact that about 40% of males, rather than cast crosswind after loss of the plume, continued to move upwind, with wider and temporally less regular crosswind reversals. Such continued movement upwind is in sharp contrast to previous descriptions of casting flight after loss of odour-plume contact. In addition, some males engaged in ‘regressive’ casting, moving downwind after bouts of ‘typical’ casting. The value of casting and of the continued upwind flight after plume loss, both possible strategies for recontacting a pheromone plume, are discussed.
The Frequency of Jaundice in Neonatal Bacterial Infections Observations on 16 Newborns without Hemolytic Disease

Of 274 newborns with bacterial infections, only 16 were jaundiced, and in only six of the 16 was jaundice the initial single sign of the infection.
Genetic mosaic analysis based on Cre recombinase and navigated laser capture microdissection

Defining molecular interactions that occur at the interface between “normal” and “abnormal” cell populations represents an important but often underexplored aspect of the pathogenesis of diseases with focal origins. Here, we illustrate an approach for conducting such analyses based on mosaic patterns of Cre recombinase expression in the adult mouse intestinal epithelium. Transgenic mice were generated that express Cre in the stem cell niche of crypts located in specified regions of their intestine. Some of these mice were engineered to allow for doxycycline-inducible Cre expression. Recombination in all pedigrees was mosaic: Cre-expressing crypts that supported recombination in all of their active multipotent stem cells were located adjacent to “control” crypts that did not express Cre at detectable levels. Cre-mediated recombination of a floxed LacZ reporter provided direct evidence that adult small-intestinal crypts contain more than one active multipotent stem cell, and that these cells can be retained in both small-intestinal and colonic crypts for at least 80 d. A method was developed to recover epithelial cells from crypts with or without recombination for subsequent gene expression profiling. Stained sections of intestine were used to create electronic image templates to guide laser capture microdissection (LCM) of adjacent frozen sections. This navigated form of LCM overcomes problems with mRNA degradation encountered when cells are marked directly by immunohistochemical methods. Combining Cre-engineered genetic mosaic mice with navigated-LCM will allow biology and pathobiology to be explored at the junction between normal and perturbed cellular cohorts.