cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual grouping and attention in a multi-agent world

This paper addresses two perceptual problems that arose when we deployed Soar-based helicopter agents in a dynamic, highly populated, multiagent world. The first problem was perceptual overload. The agent was unable to cope with a large number of entities in its field-of-view: it lacked a focus of attention. The second problem was that the outputs of the perceptual system did not provide the level of abstraction needed by the reasoning system. Percepts were resolved as individual entities, but some tasks involve understanding groups of others. We addressed the latter issue by introducing the concept of perceptual grouping, whereby the agent perceives groups of entities as a coherent whole rather than just as individuals. This provided the right level of detail to the reasoning system. By using perceptual groups as the focus of attention, we were also able to address the first problem. Attention can still be oriented toward individuals by relaxing filters, but groups are the primary focus.
Idiosyncratic Risk, Borrowing Constraints and Asset Prices

This paper joins the standard consumption-based asset-pricing model (Lucas 1978) with a Bewley-type model of self-insurance (Bewley 1983) in order to analyse the interaction of systemic and idiosyncratic risk in determining the structure of asset prices. The model suggests that idiosyncratic risk affects asset prices both through a direct price effect and an indirect portfolio composition effect which may offset the price effect. The quantitative importance of these two effects is shown to depend on parameters of the model which have not previously been the focus of simulation studies.
Relative importance of transformation temperatures and sulphur content on hot ductility of steels

Low (0·3%) and high manganese (1·4%) plain C – Mn steels with varying sulphur levels have had their hot ductility determined over the temperature range 700 – 1000°C, both after 'solution treatment'...
The use of biosynthetic mesh to enhance hiatal repair at the time of redo Nissen fundoplication

Abstract Objective There are a number of reports in the literature describing the need for a redo fundoplication in patients who have previously undergone open fundoplication. However, these data are not well characterized in our current era of laparoscopic surgery. The purpose of this report is to document the management of patients requiring a redo fundoplication who originally underwent a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Methods After internal review board approval, the senior surgeon performed a retrospective chart review on all patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication between January 2000 and April 2006. Data collected included the patient's age, sex, neurologic impairment, need for gastrostomy, time interval between the initial and redo fundoplication, operative approach for the redo fundoplication, use of a biologic patch for the redo procedure, and length of follow-up. Results Two hundred seventy-three patients underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication by the senior author during this time interval. Twenty-one patients have required a redo fundoplication and repair of the enlarged hiatus after laparoscopic fundoplication. No patient has undergone a redo procedure without the development of transmigration of the fundoplication wrap. A redo operation was performed without mesh in 13 patients, of which there were 4 recurrences (31%). The other 8 cases were repaired with Surgisis (Cook, Inc, Bloomington, Ind), and none of these have recurred, with a minimum of 11 months' follow-up and a mean follow-up of 26 months. In the 4 patients requiring a second redo procedure, the enlarged esophageal hiatus was reinforced with Surgisis, and none of these cases have recurred, with a minimum of 3 years' follow-up. Conclusions Our data support the use of a biosynthetic mesh to reinforce the crural closure during the repair of iatrogenic hiatal hernias in children.
Ultrafast Electron Transfer Dynamics in CdSe/CdTe Donor−Acceptor Nanorods

Photoinduced charge transfer dynamics in type-II CdSe/CdTe donor−acceptor nanorods were studied in real-time using femtosecond broadband pump−probe spectroscopy. Following photoexcitation of CdTe (λex = 620 nm), spectral bleaching from the state-filling signals of the band-edge optical transitions was measured using a femtosecond white light pulse (λprobe = 350−750 nm). Excitation of the lowest energy CdTe transition shows an ultrafast change in the bleaching signals of both the CdTe and CdSe lowest energy 1S transitions as well as the characteristic carrier transfer band. Our results indicate that interfacial interconduction band electron transfer CdTe to CdSe occurs on the 500 fs time scale in these heteromaterials.
Nuclear-Reaction Studies in the Nickel Isotopes: The Ni 58 (p,p')Ni 58 and Ni 58 (d,p)Ni 59 Reactions

The reactions ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}(d,p){\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$ have been studied at a bombarding energy of 7.0 MeV using the MIT-ONR Van de Graaff generator and both the single-gap and multiple-gap broad-range spectrographs. With an energy resolution of better than 10 keV, fourteen levels in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ were observed up to 4.2-MeV excitation; and in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$, 173 levels were observed up to an excitation energy of 7.5 MeV. $Q$ values and positions of energy levels for both reactions have been measured with accuracies between 5 and 10 keV using the single-gap spectrograph. In the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}(d,p){\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$ investigation, simultaneous proton spectra were obtained at 24 reaction angles with the multiple-gap spectrograph. The angular distribution of the proton groups showing stripping characteristics were analyzed by use of the distorted-wave Born approximation. Absolute differential cross sections for all levels have been measured, and the values of ${l}_{n}$, the orbital angular momentum of the transferred neutron, and the strength functions $(2J+1){S}_{{l}_{n},j}$ for the stripping levels have been obtained. A sum-rule analysis is made, and the results are compared with shell-model predictions.
Implications from factor analysis for central auditory processing disorders.

Central auditory processing disorders among school-age children have been challenging to identify and treat. Many issues remain that need to be resolved. Here, we compare and contrast findings on 3...
Causes and Controls of Freshwater Drum Mortality during Transportation

Abstract The freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens is an abundant and underutilized species in Lake Eric. Transportation of live fish from commercial shore seines to pay-fishing lakes causes high immediate and delayed mortality during warm summer months. Freshwater drums transported 6 hours had 4% immediate mortality and 94% delayed mortality (over 1–2 weeks). Salt (5 g/liter NaCl), low hauled-fish densities (60 g fish/liter water), and late-summer transport significantly (P < 0.05) reduced delayed mortality. Fish tagged after transportation had a significantly higher delayed mortality than those not tagged. Capture stress in seines was a more important cause of delayed mortality than transportation or stocking in ponds.
A REVIEW OF DESIGN PATTERN MINING TECHNIQUES

The quality of a software system highly depends on its architectural design. High quality software systems typically apply expert design experience which has been captured as design patterns. As demonstrated solutions to recurring problems, design patterns help to reuse expert experience in software system design. They have been extensively applied in the industry. Mining the instances of design patterns from the source code of software systems can assist in the understanding of the systems and the process of re-engineering them. More importantly, it also helps to trace back to the original design decisions, which are typically missing in legacy systems. This paper presents a review on current techniques and tools for mining design patterns from source code or design of software systems. We classify different approaches and analyze their results in a comparative study. We also examine the disparity of the discovery results of different approaches and analyze possible reasons with some insight.
State feedback e 1 -optimal controllers can be dynamic

Abstract This paper considers l 1 - optimal control problems given by discrete-time systems with full state feedback, scalar control and scalar disturbance. Motivation stems from the central role that this problem structure played in the development of the H 2 and H ∞ theories. First, systems with a scalar regulated output are studied (singular problems). Sufficient conditions are given, based on the non-minimum phase zeros of the transfer function from the control to the regulated output, for the existence of a static l 1 - optimal controller. A simple way to compute the static gain is provided, using pole placement ideas. It is shown, however, that having full state information does not prevent the l 1 - optimal controller from being dynamic in general, and that examples with arbitrarily high order optimal controllers can be easily constructed. Second, problems with two regulated outputs, one of them being the scalar control, are considered (non-singular problems). It is shown, by means of a class of fairly general examples for which exact l 1 - optimal solutions are constructed, that such problems may not have static controllers that are l 1 - optimal , thus concluding that a ‘separation structure’ does not occur in these problems in general.
Reconstruction of Genetic Regulatory Networks Based on the Posterior Probabilities of Gene Regulations

Recent advances in high throughput microarray data have enabled the learning of the structure and operation of gene regulatory networks. This paper proposes a novel approach for reconstruction of gene regulatory networks based on the posterior probabilities of gene regulations. Built within the framework of Bayesian statistics and exploiting efficient computational Monte Carlo techniques, the proposed approach prevents the dichotomy of classifying gene interactions as either being connected or disconnected, and thereby it reduces significantly the inference errors. Simulation results corroborate the superior performance of the proposed approach relative to the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
A new earthquake model may explain discrepancies in San Andreas fault slip

Investigating the earthquake hazards of the San Andreas fault system requires an accurate understanding of accumulating stresses and the history of past earthquakes. Faults tend to go through an “earthquake cycle”—locking and accumulating stress, rupturing in an earthquake, and locking again in a well-accepted process known as “elastic rebound.” One of the key factors in preparing for California's next “big one” is estimating the fault slip rate, the speed at which one side of the San Andreas fault is moving past the other.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection during hematopoietic stem cell infusion

To the editor: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare event.[1][1] Known risk factors include female gender, peripartum status, hypertension, cocaine, smoking, heavy exercise, collagen vascular disease,[2][2],[3][3] and cardiac catheterization.[4][4],[5][5] Clinical presentation
A Flight Control System Architecture for the NASA AirSTAR Flight Test Infrastructure

A flight control system architecture for the NASA AirSTAR infrastructure has been designed to address the challenges associated with safe and efficient flight testing of research control laws in adverse flight conditions. The AirSTAR flight control system provides a flexible framework that enables NASA Aviation Safety Program research objectives, and includes the ability to rapidly integrate and test research control laws, emulate component or sensor failures, inject automated control surface perturbations, and provide a baseline control law for comparison to research control laws and to increase operational efficiency. The current baseline control law uses an angle of attack command augmentation system for the pitch axis and simple stability augmentation for the roll and yaw axes.
Buckling behaviour of single pile and pile bent in the Scotch Road Bridge

The buckling behaviour of the 360 × 152 steel H-piles supporting the integral abutments of the Scotch Road Bridge, located in Trenton, New Jersey, has been studied for the cases of single pile and pile bent. Three-dimensional finite-element models for single pile and pile bent have been developed to study the behaviour of these fully embedded piles under axial and lateral loading. An iterative analysis based on extracting the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (mode shapes) that correspond to the pile(s) critical buckling loads has been adopted. The pile(s) and the surrounding sand were modelled using solid continuum elements in the finite-element model. Material non-linearity is accounted for in both the piles and the soil in the base state of the model. A parametric study has been utilized to determine the effect of the geometric and material properties of the pile and the surrounding sand on the predicted critical buckling loads of the piles. The effects of four parameters have been studied: soil stiffness, ...
Kernel Regression When the Boundary Region is Large, with an Application to Testing the Adequacy of Polynomial Models

Abstract It is well known that kernel regression estimators are subject to so-called boundary or edge effects, a phenomenon in which the bias of an estimator increases near the endpoints of the estimation interval. When the regression curve is linear or nearly linear, the requisite amount of smoothing is so great that the boundary region is effectively the entire estimation interval. Special boundary kernels are proposed here to deal with such cases. It is shown that the proposed kernel estimator has a property also enjoyed by cubic smoothing splines; namely, as the estimator's smoothing parameter becomes large, the estimator tends to a straight line. The limiting straight line is essentially the least squares line when the design points are equally spaced. A simple generalization of ideas in the linear case leads to kernel estimates that are polynomials of any given degree for large bandwidths. Such estimates are an important component of a proposed test for the adequacy of a polynomial model. The test s...
An investigation of the applicability of expert systems to job shop scheduling

Although the job shop scheduling (JSS) problem is of eminent practical importance and has received considerable attention by both industry and academia, because of its complexity, it still remains an enigma. Artificial Intelligence holds the potential for providing solutions to complex problems, such as the JSS problem. However, due to the magnitude of the JSS problem, search techniques are not computationally feasible. Expert Systems, though, have been successfully applied to problems of this type. The development of an expert system, however, implies the availability of an expert. Regrettably, such experts are not readily available in the JSS environment. The approach presented in this paper involves the use of computer simulation models of a job shop to train subjects so that they are capable of effective scheduling, and then extracting the knowledge of these “experts” to develop an expert system.
Identification of the cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of N-nitrosodipropyl-, N-nitrosodibutyl- and N-nitroso-n-butyl-n-propylamine

The metabolism of N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) and N-nitroso-n-butyl-n-propylamine (NBPA) was investigated in vitro using liver microsomes and purified isoforms of cytochrome P450 in a reconstituted system. Liver microsomes were prepared from rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PB), pyridine (PYR), beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), clofibrate (CLO) or from untreated rats. The purified cytochrome P450s used in the reconstituted system were rat 1A1 and 2B1 and rabbit 2E1. The rates of metabolism and the product profiles for NDPA, NDBA and NBPA changed significantly depending on the pretreatment of the rats or the identity of the purified cytochrome P450 isoforms. Induction by PB dramatically increased cleavage of NDPA, NDBA and NBPA at C-N bonds, leading to substantial increases in formation of the respective aldehydes and the overall metabolic rates. Microsomes from PYR-pretreated rats exhibited increased activities for formation of formaldehyde and propionaldehyde from NDPA and NBPA. Microsomes from BHT-pretreated rats showed a slight increase in activity for N-dealkylation of NDBA and BNPA. Treatment with BHA decreased the overall metabolism of NDBA, but slightly increased N-dealkylation of NBPA. Microsomal metabolism of NDPA, NDBA and NBPA was decreased by pretreatment with BNF and CLO. Results from studies using the reconstituted system with purified cytochrome P450 isoforms demonstrated that cytochrome P450 2B1 specifically catalyzed alpha-hydroxylation of these three long chain nitrosamines with high activity. Cytochrome P450 2E1 catalyzed formation of formaldehyde and propionaldehyde from NDPA and NBPA, but did not catalyze formation of acetaldehyde or butyraldehyde. Cytochrome P450 1A1 exhibited no activity for metabolism of NDPA, NDBA and NBPA. The contributions of cytochrome P450 2B1 and 2E1 to N-dealkylation reactions were determined using inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAb). With microsomes from PB-pretreated rats, inhibition by mAb-2B1 indicated a 62% contribution by cytochrome P450 2B1 to debutylation of NDBA and 65% to depropylation of NDPA. In microsomes from PYR-pretreated rats inhibition by mAbs also showed a role for cytochrome P450 2E1 in depropylation of NDPA. These studies provide a better understanding of the role of various forms of cytochrome P450 in metabolic activation of these long chain N-nitrosodialkylamines to potentially toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic intermediates.
Dynamic characteristics of a 30-centimeter mercury ion thruster

The present work reports on measurements of the fluctuations in the beam current, discharge current, neutralizer keeper current, and discharge voltage of a 30-cm ion thruster made with 60Hz laboratory-type power supplies. The intensities of the fluctuations (ratio of the root-mean-square magnitude to time-average quantity) were found to depend significantly on the beam and magnetic baffle currents. The shape of the frequency spectra of the discharge plasma fluctuations was related to the beam and magnetic baffle currents. The predominant peaks of the beam and discharge current spectra occurred at frequencies less than 30 kilohertz. This discharge chamber resonance could be attributable to ion-acoustic wave phenomena. Cross-correlations of the discharge and beam currents indicated that the dependence on the magnetic baffle current was strong. The measurements revealed that the discharge current fluctuations directly contribute to the beam current fluctuations and that the power supply characteristics can modify these fluctuations.
Correlations of the induction of microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity with phase II drug conjugating enzyme activities in rat liver

Abstract Within the selective induction of phase II enzymes following treatment with dipyridyls or N-hetcrocyclic analogs of phenanthrene, strong correlations (r ≥ 0.70) are observed between the increase of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) activity and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities towards 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and morphine. The present study investigates whether this correlation is maintained with inducing agents known to also increase phase I enzyme activities. Rats were treated with β-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, phenobarbital, ethanol, dexamethasone and clofibric acid regimens in which P450 isozyme induction could be confirmed. Comparisons between the responses of mEH, UGT and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were made. mEH activity was increased by β-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, phenobarbital and clofibric acid. The elevation in mEH activity by these agents showed modest but significant correlations with GST activities toward all the substrates monitored (r values range between 0.49 and 0.65) and a strong correlation with UGT activity towards only one substrate, morphine (r = 0.70). This study suggests that induction of mEH activity correlates with the increases in select phase II enzyme activities whether it is accompanied by P450 induction or not.
Mobile introns: Retrohoming by complete reverse splicing

A mobile bacterial group II intron can integrate into DNA by the reverse splicing into a target site of its RNA transcript, which then acts as a template for DNA synthesis by an encoded reverse transcriptase. Mobility does not require homologous recombination, which has important practical and evolutionary implications.
Physiological observations on cane cutters.

Oxygen consumption and output measurements were made to determine the mechanical efficiency of Australian and Rhodesian cane cutters. It was found that those Rhodesian cutters who had changed to a more upright stance and attained the maximum momentum of the cane knife, increased their output by 30%. The Australian cane cutters who use a better designed and sharper knife and a cutting technique in which they handle more stalks at a time, achieve an even greater degree of efficiency than the more efficient Rhodesian cutters. The study has also shown that a higher than average maximum oxygen consumption is an advantage when high output levels are required.
Myelin protein zero and membrane adhesion

Protein zero (P0) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily (IgCAM) that is expressed at high levels in myelinated vertebrates in central (fish and amphibia) and peripheral (all species) myelin. This glycoprotein is the major adhesive component of peripheral myelin, where it mediates self-adhesion of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. Although the expression of P0 is naturally limited to Schwann cells, the molecular mechanisms of P0-mediated adhesion can be considered general and "obligatory" because, when expressed in a variety of cell lines, P0 induces strong intercellular adhesion. Modeling studies, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and experimental site-directed mutagenesis have provided excellent working models for understanding how P0 mediates adhesion at the atomic level. These models remain to be experimentally tested. However, in humans, certain mutations in P0 produce dysmyelinating disease, possibly due to disruptions in the predicted P0 lattice.
Strain of foster mother determines long-term effects of early handling: Evidence for maternal mediation

Inbred A/J mice were raised from birth by foster mothers of either the A/J or C57B1/6J strain. Some litters of each maternal rearing condition were handled during the preweaning period, whereas others were not. In adulthood, the behavior of females in the open field as well as the plasma corticosterone levels of males following both no disturbance and placement in a novel environment were examined. Defecation in the open field was found to be greater in handled than in nonhandled subjects, but only for those that had been reared by a C57B1/6J foster mother. Conversely, plasma corticosterone levels were observed to be lower in handled than in nonhandled subjects, but only for those reared by an A/J foster mother. These results provide support for the hypothesis of maternal mediation of long-term effects of differential early stimulation.
Mobile Marketing: A Synthesis and Prognosis

Abstract Mobile marketing refers to the two- or multi-way communication and promotion of an offer between a firm and its customers using a mobile medium, device, or technology. We present the conceptual underpinnings of mobile marketing and a synthesis of the relevant literature. We identify and discuss four key issues: drivers of mobile device/service adoption, the influence of mobile marketing on customer decision-making, formulation of a mobile marketing strategy, and mobile marketing in the global context. We outline research directions related to these issues and conclude by delineating the managerial implications of mobile marketing insights.
Unsteady mass transport from a sphere immersed in a porous medium at finite Peclet numbers

Abstract A singular perturbation method is employed in order to develop an analytical solution to the problem of the unsteady mass transfer from a sphere immersed in an unbounded saturated porous medium. At the inception of the process, the sphere is suddenly leaking a contaminant, which spreads in the porous medium by convection and diffusion. The boundary conditions at the surface of the sphere are either constant concentration or constant mass flux. Throughout the process the Peclet number is small but finite. The time and length domains of the problem are separated in four sub-domains, which result from the combinations of short and long times, and inner and outer regions. Based on the physical analysis of the problem, the governing equations in these regions are derived and solved in the time domain or the Laplace domain. A matching technique is used to derive the final expressions for the contaminant concentration field and the mass transfer coefficients. Hence, analytical asymptotic solutions for the concentration of the contaminant in the entire space and time domains are derived in terms of the Peclet numbers. The solutions are validated by comparison with known analytical results.
Structured Light Meets Structured Matter

Metamaterials and singular optics are two fascinating branches of modern optics that until recently were rapidly developing in parallel yet independently. The former considers “simple” linearly or circularly polarized light or Gaussian beam propagation in “complex” materials with properties not found in nature. However, light can be a more complex phenomenon; in addition to conventional polarization states (spin), light beams can be radially or azimuthally polarized and carry orbital angular momentum (OAM). Structured light beams, containing phase or polarization singularities, enable properties and applications such as diffraction-free and self-healing propagation, single-molecule spectroscopy, nanoscale focusing, and even particle acceleration. A fascinating example of a beam carrying OAM is the optical vortex—a donut-shaped beam with a helical phase front (see the figure, panel A) ( 1 – 3 ).
Pharmacologic differences between beta blockers

All of the beta blockers act by antagonizing the actions of the endogenous adrenergic agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine at the beta-adrenergic receptors. However, a number of pharmacologic differences exist between the various agents. Some drugs, such as atenolol and metoprolol, are relatively selective for the beta-1-adrenergic receptors, requiring higher concentrations to block beta-2-adrenergic receptors than are required to block beta-1 receptors. It should be noted, however, that these selective beta blockers all block beta-2 receptors when their concentrations are high enough. When patients with asthma must receive a beta blocker, low doses of a selective drug should be used. Recent studies, however, have suggested that the use of a nonselective beta blocker may be desirable to antagonize some beta-2-mediated metabolic effects, such as hypokalemia, induced by epinephrine. Pindolol is the only beta-receptor antagonist available in the United States with intrinsic sympathomimetic, or partial agonist, activity. Such drugs, because of their partial agonist activity, cause some sympathetic stimulation under conditions of low endogenous sympathetic tone, such as while subjects are at rest in the supine position. Under conditions of higher sympathetic tone, pindolol blocks the effects of the endogenous agonists, producing the characteristic effects of a beta blocker. Membrane-stabilizing activity was first recognized with propranolol, and the value of this property has been a source of controversy ever since, but recent studies suggest that propranolol may induce electrophysiologic effects by mechanisms other than beta blockade. Pharmacokinetic differences between the drugs are also of importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reward-based decision signals in parietal cortex are partially embodied.

Recordings in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) reveal that parietal cortex encodes variables related to spatial decision-making, the selection of desirable targets in space. It has been unclear whether parietal cortex is involved in spatial decision-making in general, or whether specific parietal compartments subserve decisions made using specific actions. To test this, we engaged monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a reward-based decision task in which they selected a target based on its desirability. The animals9 choice behavior in this task followed the molar matching law, and in each trial was governed by the desirability of the choice targets. Critically, animals were instructed to make the choice using one of two actions: eye movements (saccades) and arm movements (reaches). We recorded the discharge activity of neurons in area LIP and the parietal reach region (PRR) of the parietal cortex. In line with previous studies, we found that both LIP and PRR encode a reward-based decision variable, the target desirability. Crucially, the target desirability was encoded in LIP at least twice as strongly when choices were made using saccades compared with reaches. In contrast, PRR encoded target desirability only for reaches and not for saccades. These data suggest that decisions can evolve in dedicated parietal circuits in the context of specific actions. This finding supports the hypothesis of an intentional representation of developing decisions in parietal cortex. Furthermore, the close link between the cognitive (decision-related) and bodily (action-related) processes presents a neural contribution to the theories of embodied cognition.
On the Location of Supply Points to Minimize Transport Costs

An algorithm applicable to the problem of locating supply points optimally with respect to transport costs is given.Although the algorithm may fail to converge to an optimal solution, repeated appl...
Recent research on the central Andes

This paper reviews the rapidly changing archaeology conducted in the central Andes over the last 5–7 years. Descriptive work remains at the core of much research. At a theoretical level, foreign archaeologists are more fully using historical concepts particular to the Andes, while Andean archaeologists are drawing selectively from processual and post-processual approaches. Advances in understanding cultural historical developments are reviewed chronologically, with an emphasis on politics, social formation, ideology, settlement patterns, and economics. The article concludes by examining environment and subsistence, technology and society, and gender.
Hollywood Portrayals of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Treatment: Implications for Clinical Practice

This article examines the portrayals and myths of child and adolescent psychiatry relevant to the current practitioner. Although behavioral and emotional problems abound onscreen, the formal diagnosis of youth mental illness is uneven and rare. Common myths of brainwashing, incarceration, parent blame, parent supplantation, violence, and evil are explored, with current commercial examples of each. The impact of these portrayals on young patients, peers, parents, and the public at large are examined through the prevalence of different stereotypes across different genres more likely viewed by different ages. Positive and negative depictions of illness and treatment are identified for education and awareness, and the authors provide advice for using Hollywood films successfully as a helpful intervention in the mental health treatment of children and adolescents.
Exercise as an Adjunct Treatment for Opiate Agonist Treatment: Review of the Current Research and Implementation Strategies

Opiate dependence is a significant public health concern linked to poor quality of life, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and high costs to society. Current opiate agonist treatments are an effective but limited intervention. Adjunctive interventions could improve and augment opiate agonist treatment outcomes, including drug abstinence, quality of life, and physical health. This article reviews exercise as an adjunctive intervention for opiate agonist treatment, especially in regards to improving mood and overall quality of life, while reducing other substance use. Poor adherence and dropout frequently prevent many individuals from garnering the many physical and mental health benefits of exercise. Strategies for implementing an exercise intervention, including safety considerations, are discussed.
Standard test targets for automatic target recognizers

This paper briefly reviews current methods intended to test automatic target recognition systems (ATRS) and the databases needed to support these methods. A new approach to field testing ofATRS is described.1 This approach can also provide means ofgenerating needed realistic, closely documented imagery for ATRS development and testing.
1003 OUTBREAK OF ECHOVIRUS 11 MENINGITIS

Sporadic cases of Echovirus 11 (E) illness have been described. During an epidemic in Phila. (4/80-10/80), E was recovered from 22/419 cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) submitted for culture. Features of these 22 cases follow: ages were 2 wk. to 9 yr. with 80% 500 and 4 80% vs. only 1/7 with symptoms >1 day. CSF glucose was >40 mg/dl in all pts.; CSF protein was >40mg/dl in 9/21. 20/22 pts. were hospitalized and 19 received antibiotic therapy. Symptoms resolved within 2 days in 18/21 pts. 15/20 were discharged within 5 days. There were no complications and no sequelae at the time of discharge. E was recovered from non-CSF sources in 8 pts.: respiratory in 4 with E+CSF, stool in 1 with presumed viral meningitis, WBC's in 1 with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, respiratory in 1 with cystic fibrosis. Primary monkey kidney cells proved most sensitive for recovery of E. Cytopathogenic effect was noted in 2-9 days.
Coupling for drifted Brownian motion on an interval with redistribution from the boundary

We answer a question by Kolb and Wubker on the threshold drift for Brownian motion on an interval with redistribution from the boundary. We do that by constructing an efficient coupling.
The value of information in a sealed bidding experiment

Abstract The present study assesses directly the value of perfect information from two different data sources to a decision maker confronted with the sealed bidding task. Predictions about the value of information that eliminates uncertainty and the subsequent bid are derived following Howard's ( IEEE Transactions of Systems Science and Cybernetics , 1966 , SSC-2 , 22–26) analysis of the value of information. A 2 × 4 × 2 factorial design varied (i) the distributions of the data sources, (ii) the kind of information purchasable, and (iii) the order of presentation for blocks of trials where information could or could not be purchased. Each of 80 subjects performed the sealed bidding task for a series of 72 trials. The results show an almost linear relationship between the observed maximum price offered for information and the prescribed value of the information. Furthermore, subjects consistently underbid in all information conditions. Deviations from optimality are interpreted in terms of the subjects' limited information processing capacities and the nature of the decision task.
The development of neurotrophin receptor Trk immunoreactivity in the retina of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the cellular distribution of the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors in the retina and optic nerve of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) during embryonic development. Semithin sections from zebrafish retinae were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of Trk polypeptides using commercially available antisera that cross-react with the fish. Cross-reactivity was confirmed by Western blot. Trk polypeptides were detected at about 1 day of age on the surface of retinal neuroblasts and faint Trk immunoreactivity was observed in the primordial optic nerve at 1.5 days. By 2 days the optic nerve was clearly positive for Trk and at 2.5 days Trk immunoreactivity was found in the outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers, as well as in the optic nerve. At 3 days and 4 days the location of Trk immunoreactivity was unchanged but by 4 days it had diminished in intensity. In the adult zebrafish retina Trk immunoreactivity was found in the same locations as in the embryonic fish, as well as in a population of cells in the middle of the inner nuclear layer and in photoreceptors. We conclude that Trk neurotrophin receptors are present in the zebrafish eye during development and that their persistence in the adult may support the continuous neural reorganization that accompanies the growth of the eye in the fish.
A Sufficient Condition for Passive Virtual Walls With Quantization Effects

The “virtual wall” is the most common building block used in constructing haptic virtual environments. A virtual wall is typically based on a simple spring model, with unilateral constraints that allow the user to make and break contact with a surface. There are a number of factors (sample-and-hold, device dynamics, sensor quantization, etc.) that cause virtual walls to demonstrate energetic behavior, destroying the illusion of reality. Passive objects are incapable of generating energy, so in this paper, we find an explicit upper bound on virtual wall stiffness that is a sufficient condition for virtual wall passivity. We consider a haptic display that can be modeled as a mass with Coulomb and viscous friction, being acted upon by two external forces — an actuator and a human user. The system is equipped with only one sensor — an optical encoder measuring the position of the mass. We explicitly consider the effects of position resolution, which has not been done in previous work. We make no assumptions about the human user, and we consider arbitrary constant sampling rates. The main result of our analysis is a sufficient condition for passivity that relies on the Coulomb friction in the haptic device.© 2004 ASME
Stent reconstruction of wide-necked aneurysms across the circle of Willis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel technique for single stent reconstruction of wide-necked aneurysms arising from the circle of Willis. METHODS: Neuroform stents (Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA) were placed across the basilar apex (right P1 to left P1) via the posterior communicating artery in two patients, across the left carotid terminus (left A1 to left M1) via the anterior communicating artery in two patients, and across the anterior communicating artery (left A1 to right A1) in one patient for stent-supported coil embolization. RESULTS: Five women underwent successful deployment of the Neuroform stent across the circle of Willis to support subsequent coil embolization of a wide-necked cerebral aneurysm. In two patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, initial dome coiling was performed for short-term protection, and stents were applied across the circle of Willis to support completion of coil embolization during a second session. None of the patients experienced any periprocedural or delayed neurological complications. CONCLUSION: Stenting across the circle of Willis represents a novel adjuvant technique to support the coiling of selected wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. This technique is particularly useful for wide-necked terminal aneurysms that incorporate both branches of a bifurcation in a configuration unfavorable forY-stent reconstruction.
Big data in multiple sclerosis: development of a web-based longitudinal study viewer in an imaging informatics-based eFolder system for complex data analysis and management

In the past, we have developed and displayed a multiple sclerosis eFolder system for patient data storage, image viewing, and automatic lesion quantification results stored in DICOM-SR format. The web-based system aims to be integrated in DICOM-compliant clinical and research environments to aid clinicians in patient treatments and disease tracking. This year, we have further developed the eFolder system to handle big data analysis and data mining in today’s medical imaging field. The database has been updated to allow data mining and data look-up from DICOM-SR lesion analysis contents. Longitudinal studies are tracked, and any changes in lesion volumes and brain parenchyma volumes are calculated and shown on the webbased user interface as graphical representations. Longitudinal lesion characteristic changes are compared with patients’ disease history, including treatments, symptom progressions, and any other changes in the disease profile. The image viewer is updated such that imaging studies can be viewed side-by-side to allow visual comparisons. We aim to use the web-based medical imaging informatics eFolder system to demonstrate big data analysis in medical imaging, and use the analysis results to predict MS disease trends and patterns in Hispanic and Caucasian populations in our pilot study. The discovery of disease patterns among the two ethnicities is a big data analysis result that will help lead to personalized patient care and treatment planning.
Functional analysis of sperm from c-mos(-/-) mice.

The c-mos protooncogene, which is expressed predominantly in male and female germ cells, is crucial for normal oocyte meiosis and female fertility in mice. Inactivation of c-mos results in abnormal oocyte development and leads to ovarian cysts and tumors in vivo. In contrast to the severe effects of c-mos ablation in females, targeted inactivation of c-mos has not been reported to affect spermatogenesis in male mice. However, previously reported studies of male c-mos−/− mice have been limited to histological analyses of testes and in vivo matings, both of which are relatively insensitive indicators of sperm production and function. Therefore, we assayed sperm function of c-mos−/− males under in vitro conditions to determine whether the absence of Mos during development affected sperm production or fertilizing ability. We found no significant differences between the number of sperm collected from c-mos−/− and wild type mice. Additionally, sperm from c-mos−/− and c-mos+/+ males performed equally well in assays of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and fertilization-associated events including zona pellucida (ZP) penetration, sperm/egg plasma membrane fusion, and sperm chromatin remodeling. Therefore, we suggest that the function of Mos in spermatogenesis is either not related to the ultimate fertilizing potential of the sperm, or else the absence of Mos is masked by a redundant kinase. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:519–524, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy savings and speedups from partitioning critical software loops to hardware in embedded systems

We present results of extensive hardware/software partitioning experiments on numerous benchmarks. We describe our loop-oriented partitioning methodology for moving critical code from hardware to software. Our benchmarks included programs from PowerStone, MediaBench, and NetBench. Our experiments included estimated results for partitioning using an 8051 8-bit microcontroller or a 32-bit MIPS microprocessor for the software, and using on-chip configurable logic or custom application-specific integrated circuit hardware for the hardware. Additional experiments involved actual measurements taken from several physical implementations of hardware/software partitionings on real single-chip microprocessor/configurable-logic devices. We also estimated results assuming voltage scalable processors. We provide performance, energy, and size data for all of the experiments. We found that the benchmarks spent an average of 80p of their execution time in only 3p of their code, amounting to only about 200 bytes of critical code. For various experiments, we found that moving critical code to hardware resulted in average speedups of 3 to 5 and average energy savings of 35p to 70p, with average hardware requirements of only 5000 to 10,000 gates. To our knowledge, these experiments represent the most comprehensive hardware/software partitioning study published to date.
Place Politics: Material Transformation and Community Identity at the National Civil Rights Museum

In 1991, the Lorraine Motel—infamous site of Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination—reopened to the public under a refurbished name and identity: the National Civil Rights Museum (NCRM). This essay...
Growth factors in reproduction

The changes that occur in the female reproductive tract during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy, in preparation for embryo implantation and subsequent placental and fetal development, have long attracted the interest of reproductive biologists. The early embryo expresses growth factors and growth factor receptors that are, in general, temporally expressed. In addition, the oviduct and uterine endometrium also synthesize growth factors and cytokines, and the developing embryo finds itself in a growth-factor-rich milieu during early development. The autocrine, juxtracrine, and paracrine actions of these factors in the development of the early embryo and of the maternal reproductive tract are just beginning to be appreciated, as are their potential roles in cellular proliferation and cell-cell communication within the developing embryo, in the reproductive tract, and at the maternal-trophoblast interface. When detailed mechanisms underlying these interactions are fully understood, it is anticipated that therapies will be rationally designed to treat reproductive disorders associated with abnormal embryonic development and poor placentation.
Relationships between impulsivity and subjective response in an IV ethanol paradigm.

Impulsivity and individual differences in subjective response to alcohol are risk factors for alcohol problems and possibly endophenotypes for alcohol dependence. Few prior studies have addressed relationships between the two constructs. To predict subjective responses to ethanol, we tested self-reported impulsiveness, ethanol dose condition (high dose, low dose, or placebo), and time (seven time points) along with interactions among these variables. The present study is a secondary analysis of data from a within-subject, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging ethanol administration study using IV infusion with a clamping technique to maintain steady-state breath alcohol concentration. The sample consisted of healthy, non-alcohol dependent social alcohol drinkers between the ages of 21 and 30 (N = 105). Participants at varying levels of impulsivity were compared with regard to stimulant and subjective responses to three ethanol dose conditions over time. Individuals with higher impulsivity reported elavated stimulant and dampened sedative response to alcohol, particularly at the higher dose. Higher impulsivity was associated with a steeper increase in stimulant effects during the first half of clamped ethanol infusion with the higher dose. These results suggest that impulsive individuals may experience enhanced reinforcing, stimulant effects, and relatively muted aversive sedative effects from alcohol. These subjective responses may relate to enhanced risk of alcohol problems among more impulsive individuals.