cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration.

Significance: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a key role in fracture repair by differentiating to become bone-forming osteoblasts and cartilage-forming chondrocytes. Cartilage then serves as a template for additional bone formation through the process of endochondral ossification. Recent Advances: Endogenous MSCs that contribute to healing are primarily derived from the periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity, but also may be contributed from the overlying muscle or through systemic circulation, depending on the type of injury. A variety of growth factor signaling pathways, including BMP, Wnt, and Notch signaling, influence MSC proliferation and differentiation. These MSCs can be therapeutically manipulated to promote differentiation. Furthermore, MSCs can be harvested, cultivated, and delivered to promote bone healing. Critical Issues: Pharmacologically manipulating the number and differentiation capacity of endogenous MSCs is one potential therapeutic approach to improve healing; however, ideal agen...
Modulation of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Induced Epidermal Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity by Calcium and Verapamil in Mouse

Calcium has been suggested to be an intracellular second messenger for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induction caused by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In the present study, the effects of dietary calcium supplement and calcium and verapamil injections on TPA-induced ODC activity in skin was investigated in CD-1 and SENCAR mouse. Dietary calcium supplement did not influence ODC induction caused by TPA. However, calcium injections enhanced the TPA-induced ODC activity in CD-1 and SENCAR mouse skin. Verapamil injections resulted in a significant decrease in TPA-induced ODC activity in CD-1 and SENCAR mice. These results suggest that calcium and calcium antagonists may play a role in skin tumor promotion caused by TPA.
Beam dynamics experiments to study the suppression of transverse instabilities

(Received 21 October 2002; published 5 March 2003)Two-beam accelerators based upon relativistic klystron’s (RK’s) have been proposed as power sourcesfor future generation linear electron-positron colliders. These drivers are susceptible to several trans-verse beam breakup (BBU) instabilities. An experiment to study a particular technique (the ‘‘betatronnode scheme’’) for ameliorating the high-frequency BBU has been performed at LBNL on a 1 MeV,500 A induction accelerator beam. The results of this experiment are particularly important for RK, butapply to any system where the betatron phase advance between perturbing structures is an integralmultiple of 180 . This phase advance is beneﬁcial in linear accelerators as the instability growthchanges from exponential to linear. In the experiment described below, the beam is contained in asolenoidal focusing channel, rf cavities are spaced every 60 cm, and growth in the transverse motionwas measured as a function of phase advance. Details of the experiment and results are presented.
The Respiratory Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been implicated as causative agents in asthma and building-related illness. To determine whether a mixture of VOCs could impair lung function or cause airway inflammation among subjects without bronchial hyperresponsiveness, the authors conducted a randomized, crossover-design trial of controlled human exposures to filtered air for four hours, VOCs at 25 mg/m(3) for four hours, and VOCs at 50 mg/m(3) for four hours, using a VOC mixture based on sampling of indoor environments. VOC exposures caused dose-related increases in lower respiratory, upper respiratory, and non-respiratory symptoms, with no significant change in lung function (FEV(1);, FVC, or FEF(25-75), nasal lavage cellularity or differential cell counts, induced sputum cellularity or differential cell counts, or biomarkers of airway inflammation, including IL-8, LTB(4), or albumin in nasal lavage or induced sputum samples. Atopic individuals had significantly reduced FEE(25-75 following exposure to VOCs at 50 mg/m(3), suggesting that these individuals may be more sensitive to the health effects of VOCs. The authors conclude that reductions in levels of VOCs to substantially less than 25 mg/m(3) are required if a "non-irritating" work environment is desired.
Stimulation of liver dna synthesis by a factor from ascites tumor 6c3hed

C3H mice inoculated with 6C3HED ascites tumor show a gradual increase in the incorporation of 32P into liver DNA. Cell-free supernatant fluid from this tumor has the capacity to stimulate increased incorporation of 32P and 3H-labelled thymidine into liver DNA of mice not bearing the tumor. This liver-stimulating activity (LSA) was destroyed by heating to 60° C for 30 min and by pronase but not by RNase or DNase. The time of maximum stimulation of liver DNA synthesis was on the 4th day after injection of LSA. A 70-fold purification of LSA was accomplished using sephadex chromatography. It is suggested that LSA is the factor responsible for the increased liver DNA synthesis seen in tumor-bearing animals, but the mechanism of this action has yet to be explained. Stimulation de la Synthpse de L'adn Hepatique par un Facteur Provenant D'une Tumeur Ascitique 6C3HED L'auteur a observe chez des souris C3H inoculees avec une tumeur ascitique 6C3HED une augmentation progressive de l'incorporation de 32P a l'ADN hepatique. La surnageant fluide acellulaire provenant de cette tumeur est capable de stimuler l'incorporation de 32P et de thymidine marquee au tritium a l'ADN hepatique chez les souris non cancereuses. Cette activite de stimulation du foie (liver stimulating activity ou LSA) disparaǐt lorsque le surnageant est porte a 60° C pendant 30 minutes ou encore sous l'effet de la pronase, mais pas de la RNase ni de la DNase. La stimulation de la synthese de l'ADN hepatique atteint son maximum le quatrieme jour apres l'injection de surnageant. Le surnageant a ete purifie 70 fois par chromatographie sur Sephadex. l'auteur estime que la LSA est le facteur responsable de l'augmentation de la synthese de l'ADN hepatique observee chez les animaux porteurs de tumeurs, mais le mecanisme de cette action est encore inexplique.
The relation between mood, cognition and psychosocial functioning in psychiatric disorders

Impairments in cognitive performance and inability to function in everyday life situations are present, in various degrees, in many severe mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Persistent mood symptoms (e.g., depression and mania) are associated with functional deficits in major depression and bipolar disorder, but also in conditions where mood symptoms are not the primary markers of the illness, such as in schizophrenia. While mood symptoms impact cognitive performance, both mood symptoms and cognitive deficits have a significant - and to some extent independent - impact on psychosocial functioning in psychiatric patients. Improved control of mood symptoms may represent an important strategy leading to improved functional outcomes. However, cognitive impairment may be an important independent dimension of many psychiatric disorders and such symptoms should also be considered a potential target of treatments aiming to reduce functional deficits.
Eager Haskell: resource-bounded execution yields efficient iteration

The advantages of the Haskell programming language are rooted in its clean equational semantics. Those advantages evaporate as soon as programmers try to write simple iterative computations and discover that their code must be annotated with calls to seq in order to overcome space leaks introduced by lazy evaluation. The Eager Haskell compiler executes Haskell programs eagerly by default, i.e., bindings and function arguments are evaluated before bodies. When resource bounds are exceeded, computation falls back and is restarted lazily. By using a hybrid of eager and lazy evaluation, we preserve the semantics of Haskell and yet permit efficient iteration.
New Cleft-Containing Heterosubstituted Cyclophosphazanes.

Skeletally stabilized cyclophosphazanes (I, E = MeP, PhP) and heterosubstituted derivatives [I, E = Me(H)Si] are efficiently prepared from reactions involving the new cyclotriphosphazane II. I and II are relatively rigid rings that contain a molecular cleft into which novel substrate coordination can be expected; I show clear through-space coupling between bowsprint atoms.
Agricultural Restructuring and the Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Women's Employment in the 1970s1

La reorganisation spatiale de l'emploi des femmes dans l'agriculture dans 380 regions est etudiee pendant la periode de transformations de l'agriculture dans les annees 1970 aux Etats-Unis. La carte du marche du travail de l'emploi feminin montre les declins et les accroissements regionaux selon les dynamiques de l'industrialisation agricole. Les etudes de cas selectionnees demontrent la specificite du sexe et du rural concernant les transformations de l'agriculture.
Biomarkers of toxicity during pregnancy.

Pregnancy brings a series of physiological and biochemical changes that transform a woman from a single functioning unit to an organism within an organism. During pregnancy, there are two sets of genomes interfacing through a unique organ called the placenta. Dynamic change is observed throughout pregnancy for the female of all mammalian species. When superimposed upon pregnancy, the exposure to a therapeutic or environmental agent produces multiple factors. These unique interactions are based upon alterations during pregnancy and the appearance of two functioning units. Function of maternal organs, not to mention the embryonic/fetal organs, may be substantially different at specific stages of gestation. Thus, the challenge to the clinician and scientist is to assess pregnancy/developmental status and the impact of such xenobiotic exposure upon the conceptus.
Energy Transfer-Based Biosensing of Protease Activity Measured Using an Electroluminescent Platform

We present a biosensing platform that uses spatial electroluminescent (EL) illumination combined with charge-coupled device (CCD)-based detection for fluorescence measurements. The resulting EL-CCD detector platform was used to monitor different protease activities with substrates labeled for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assays. The first uses a commercial FITC/DABCYL-SNAP-25 peptide substrate to monitor the activity of the light chain derivative (LcA) of botulinum neurotoxin A, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.25 nM (62 ng/ml). The second protease activity assay measured trypsin proteolysis using peptide substrates immobilized onto semiconductor quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles with a LOD of 6.2 nM trypsin (140 ng/ml). The specific ovomucoid inhibition of trypsin activity was also monitored. The highlighted studies clearly demonstrate the utility of the EL-CCD detector platform for monitoring fluorescent-based protease activity assays with potential healthcare applications, including point-of-care diagnostics.
A new twist to the emerging functions of ceramides in cancer: novel role for platelet acid sphingomyelinase in cancer metastasis

It is now appreciated that sphingolipids constitute a rich class of bioactive molecules that include ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate whose formation is controlled by a network of highly regulated enzymes (Hannun & Obeid, 2008). Notably, several stress stimuli induce the production of ceramide, which, as a single entity, has been traditionally associated with apoptotic and growth suppressive functions. However, recent data clearly suggest that this simplistic formulation is no longer tenable.
Local cardiac hypothermia for myocardial protection.

Abstract Profound local cardiac hypothermia was used as the method of myocardial protection during cardiac anoxia in 190 patients, with an overall operative mortality of 4.7%. Local cardiac hypothermia avoids the complications and complexities of coronary perfusion, allows for a decreased operating time, and promotes satisfactory postoperative cardiac performance. The technique is recommended for cardiac operations in which cardiac anoxia is desirable or required.
Effect of binder addition on the properties of unsupported γ-Al2O3 membranes

Abstract Unsupported γ-Al2O3 membranes prepared by the sol–gel method were characterized to determine the effect of the addition of binders including polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The sol–gel method involved the peptization of a boehmite (AlOOH) sol prepared from aluminum sec-butoxide. The effect of the binder on surface area, pore size, and pore volume was studied, as well as the amount of crack formation during drying of the membranes.
The Erosion of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance: Declines Continue for the Seventh Year Running:

Employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) remains the most prominent form of health coverage in the United States, at 62.9 percent of the under-65 population; however, the rate of this coverage has fallen every year since 2000, when 68.3 percent had ESI. By 2007, this rate had fallen 5.4 percentage points, and 3 million fewer people under the age of 65 had ESI in 2007 than in 2000. Because of these large declines in ESI, workers and their families have become uninsured at alarming rates. Despite a small gain in overall coverage for workers from 2006 to 2007, there were over 4 million more uninsured workers in 2007 than in 2000. Uninsured workers are disproportionately young, nonwhite, less educated, and low wage; however, workers across the socioeconomic spectrum experienced losses in coverage over the 2000-2007 period. Even the most highly educated and highest-wage workers had lower rates of insurance coverage in 2007 than in 2000. As with workers, the downward trend in ESI coverage for children (through their parents' employers) continued into 2007: 3.4 million fewer children had ESI in 2007 than in 2000, cutting across all race and income groups. Even as employment-based coverage has declined, the share of Americans who receive coverage through private purchase (non-group market) has also declined. The safety net programs--Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program--have kept millions of families insured as employment-based coverage fell.
Biochemical studies on tobacco alkaloids—vii. Biosynthesis of alkaloids triply labeled with 14c, 3h, and 15n

Abstract Nicotiana rustica var. brasilli plants were grown inside a specially constructed chamber and supplied with 14 CO 2 , 3 H 2 O, and 15 N as nitrate. Despite the fact that the 14 CO 2 activity was only half that of HTO, the incorporation of 14 C into alkaloids was higher than 3 H. Generally, the highest specific activity in nicotine of 14 C and 3 H, as well as the highest excess 15 N, was found in the leaves of the middle part of a plant. In plants of this variety sampled at an actively growing stage, a considerably high percentage of activity was found in alkaloids other than the principal alkaloid (nicotine), including nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine. From the incorporation of 14 C and 3 H, a special role of anatabine in the nornicotine-nicotine conversion system is indicated. Generally, the ratios of 14 C/ 15 N, 3 H/ 15 N, and 14 C/ 3 H in nicotine was found to increase from root to top leaves; this is parallel to the distribution of the amount of nicotine found in these plants.
Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine on monolayer cell permeability of human coronary artery endothelial cells.

Background. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) is a product of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase A2, which is associated with atherosclerosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of LysoPC on monolayer permeability of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Methods. HCAECs were cultured with LysoPC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Monolayer permeability was studied by using a transwell system with a Texas-Red-labeled dextran tracer. The messenger RNA and protein levels of endothelial tight junction proteins were determined with the use of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. Superoxide anion levels were determined with the use of fluorescent dye dihydroethidium-based flow cytometry analysis. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases was determined by performing Bio-Plex immunoassay. Results. LysoPC (30 μmol/L) increased monolayer permeability by 53% and decreased the messenger RNA levels of zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-1, and junctional adhesion molecule by 44%, 53%, 50%, and 52%, respectively, compared with controls (P <.05). Western blot analysis showed reduced protein levels of these tight junction molecules. LysoPC (15 and 30 μmol/L) also increased superoxide anion production by 54% and 58%, respectively, compared with controls (P <.05). Antioxidant seleno-L-methionine (20 and 30 μmol/L) inhibited LysoPC (30 μmol/L)-induced permeability by 42% and 68%, respectively (P <.05). Furthermore, LysoPC (30 μmol/L) activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 phosphorylation, but not extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, within 5 to 10 minutes. Conclusions. LysoPC increases monolayer permeability and reduces the expression of tight junction molecules in HCAECs through oxidative stress and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The antioxidant can effectively block LysoPC-induced endothelial permeability.
Measurement of fluid viscosity at microliter volumes using quartz impedance analysis.

The purpose of this work was to measure viscosity of fluids at low microliter volumes by means of quartz crystal impedance analysis. To achieve this, a novel setup was designed that allowed for measurement of viscosity at volumes of 8 to 10 μL. The technique was based on the principle of electromechanical coupling of piezoelectric quartz crystals. The arrangement was simple with measurement times ranging from 2 to 3 minutes. The crystal setup assembly did not impose any unwanted initial stress on the unloaded quartz crystal. Quartz crystals of 5- and 10-MHz fundamental frequency were calibrated with glycerol-water mixtures of known density and viscosity prior to viscosity measurements. True frequency shifts, for the purpose of this work, were determined followed by viscosity measurement of aqueous solutions of sucrose, urea, PEG-400, glucose, and ethylene glycol at 25°C±0.5°C. The measured viscosities were found to be reproducible and consistent with the values reported in the literature. Minor inconsistencies in the measured resistance and frequency shifts did not affect the results significantly, and were found to be experimental in origin rather than due to electrode surface roughness. Besides, as expected for a viscoelastic fluid, PEG 8000 solutions, the calculated viscosities were found to be less than the reported values due to frequency dependence of storage and loss modulus components of complex viscosity. From the results, it can be concluded that the present setup can provide accurate assessment of viscosity of Newtonian fluids and also shows potential for analyzing non-Newtonian fluids at low microliter volumes.
Quantifying private events: A functional measurement analysis of equisection

Functional measurement theory was applied to bisection, trisection, and quadrisection of grayness. Theoretically, these judgments should obey an averaging model. But the overt responses are not a valid measure of subjective magnitude (since they are made on the physical stimulus continuum), and so they cannot be used directly to test the model. However, scaling and model testing can both be accomplished simultaneously using functional measurement theory. If the subject is indeed averaging, then there exists a monotone transformation that makes the data additive; and this transformation can be computed with FUNPOT, Weiss’s (1973a) computer program which finds polynomial transformations that reduce selected effects. Further, determination of this transformation also reveals the psychophysical function, because it gives the relation between subjective magnitude and overt response. For bisection, the averaging model was successful; it was possible to find a monotone transformation that made the data additive. This psychophysical function differed somewhat in form from the Munsell scale. It gained cross-task validity from its agreement with a grayness scale obtained from rating data (Weiss, 1972). For trisection and quadrisection, the averaging model was not accepted; it was not possible consistently to find transformations which induced additivity.
Electrolyte modified photoelectrochemical solar cells

Abstract Rationale electrolyte modification of photoelectrochemical systems can be used to (i) enhance facile charge transfer, (ii) suppress competing reactions and suppress both (iii) electrode and (iv) electrolyte decomposition products, as well as (v) substantially effect the open-circuit photovoltage. Studies on polysulfide, ferrocyanide, polyselenide and polyiodide electrolyte modification of photoelectrochemical solar cells are discussed. Electrolyte modification of semiconductor/electrolyte systems entails investigation of the primary photo-re-dox species, the nature of the counter ion, the distribution of species in solution, and related competing reactions. The examples presented emphasize the fundamental and practical importance of probing the active electrolytic constituents pertinent to overall photoelectrochemical energy conversion.
Restricted cross sections

Abstract Multiparticle processes with only neutral final state particles are shown to be useful to study multiperipheral dynamics without the presence of recently introduced corrections due to diffraction, clusterings, multi-Pomeranchukon contribution, etc.
Simulations of a LINAC-based photoneutron source

Abstract MCNPX simulation studies have been performed to model and optimize the photoneutron target design and support the mini-MIPS experiments being conducted at ANL. Three target geometries and two materials (DU and Ta) were simulated with MCNPX at 35 MeV electron energy to optimize photoneutron production. The results indicated that at 20 kW beam power, the total energy integrated neutron fluxes of 8×10 11 n/cm 2 s is achievable, which makes a number of photoneutron-based applications feasible including mini-MIPS.
Use of Risperidone as Augmentation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder

ObjectiveTo review the efficacy and safety of risperidone for augmentation treatment In patients with major depressive disorder who fail to achieve adequate response to antidepressant monotherapy.Data Sources:A search of MEDLINE (1966-August 2010) and EMBASE (1980-August 2010) was conducted, using the terms risperidone and major depressive disorder. In addition, a manual search of the references cited in each publication identified from the database search was conducted to identify relevant articles.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All English-language, peer-reviewed publications identified from the data sources were evaluated. Four clinical trials and 1 subanalysis of a clinical trial were included for analysis.Data Synthesis:Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that displays antidepressant properties due to its activity at various serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors. Studies have demonstrated that risperidone augmentation may be effective and safe when used at low doses. Although several of t...
Effect of donor age on success of spermatogenesis in feline testis xenografts

Ectopic xenografting of 'donor' feline testicular tissue into a 'recipient' immunodeficient mouse is a promising tool to preserve the male genome from genetically valuable felids. To define parameters under which the technique can succeed, we compared the effect of donor age on xenograft spermatogenesis among four age groups of domestic cats (Felis catus; age range 8 weeks to 15 months). In all cases, fresh tissue was grafted into castrated mice and collected 10, 30 and 50 weeks later. The percentage of xenografts recovered decreased as donor age increased. Mature testicular spermatozoa were observed in xenografts from the 8 and 9-16 week age groups; only a single 7-month-old donor produced elongating spermatids and xenografts from donors >/= 8 months of age degenerated. Seminal vesicle weight, an indicator of bioactive testosterone, was not significantly different between donors aged 8 weeks to 7 months and controls, suggesting that xenograft Leydig cells were ultimately functional even in the 5-7 month age group. Regardless of donor age, production of mature spermatozoa from xenografts was markedly delayed compared with controls. Comparison of xenografts that produced sperm with normal controls revealed a decrease in tubule cross-sections having post-meiotic germ cells. Together, these results indicate that the maximum practical donor age was just before the onset of puberty and that even successful xenografts had abnormalities in spermatogenesis.
Wireless communications for vehicle safety: Radio link performance and wireless connectivity methods

Many accidents occur today when distant objects or roadway impediments are not quickly detected. To help avoid these accidents, longer-range safety systems are needed with real-time detection capability and without requiring a line-of-sight (LOS) view by the driver or sensor. Early detection at intersections is required for obstacle location around blind corners and dynamic awareness of approaching vehicles on intersecting roadways
Gerald J. Lieberman

Gerald J. Lieberman was born on December 31, 1925, in Brooklyn, New York, after a hectic New Year's Eve trip to the hospital. His father, Joseph, spelled his last name Liberman, but his mother, Ida, preferred Lieberman, the spelling that she and some of Joseph's siblings used. Joseph and Ida had come to this country from Lithuania. Joseph worked for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and they lived in an “historic” section of Flatbush. The much wanted baby boy was the center of the family, which included two doting older sisters, Shirley and Rosalind. He grew fast — one of the tallest boys in nearby Public School 197 — and achieved his adult height at about the age of 13. As a boy, he was described as towheaded and gawky. Jerry did not realize that he had a middle initial until he was 15 and needed a birth certificate to get a work permit. Jerry asked his parents if they had given him a middle initial, but they did not remember. In any case, since the J does not stand for anything, Jerry likes to quip that his middle name is Jinitial.
Relationship Banking, Fragility, and the Asset-Liability Matching Problem

We address a fundamental question in relationship banking: why do banks that make relationship loans finance themselves primarily with core deposits and when would it be optimal to finance such loans with purchased money? We show that not only are relationship loans informationally opaque and illiquid, but they also require the relationship between the bank and the borrower to endure in order for the bank to add value. However, the informational opacity of relationship loans gives rise to endogenous withdrawal risk that makes the bank fragile. Core deposits are an attractive funding source for such loans because the bank provides liquidity services to core depositors and this diminishes the likelihood of premature deposit withdrawal, thereby facilitating the continuity of relationship loans. That is, we show that banks will wish to match the highest value-added liabilities with the highest value-added loans and that doing so simultaneously minimizes the bank's fragility owing to withdrawal risk and maximizes the value the bank adds in relationship lending. We also examine the impact of interbank competition on the bank's asset-liability matching and extract numerous testable predictions.
Impact Of The BBA On Medicare HMO Payments For Rural Areas

ABSTRACT: The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 radically changed the way Medicare risk plans are paid, replacing the adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC) system with one in which county payment rates are set as the highest of (1) a local/national blended rate; (2) a national payment floor; or (3) a 2 percent minimum update from the prior year's rate. This DataWatch presents results of simulations of the likely impact of these changes throughout the BBA implementation period ending in 2003. The assessment considers urban/rural differences in payment levels, year-to-year rate volatility, the types of rates paid, and budget-neutrality issues.
Nanoscale Graphene Oxide (nGO) as Artificial Receptors: Implications for Biomolecular Interactions and Sensing

The role of conventional graphene-oxide in biosensing has been limited to that of a quenching substrate or signal transducer due to size inconsistencies and poor supramolecular response. We overcame these issues by using nanoscale GOs (nGO) as artificial receptors. Unlike conventional GO, nGOs are sheets with near uniform lateral dimension of 20 nm. Due to its nanoscale architecture, its supramolecular response was enhanced, with demonstrated improvements in biomacromolecular affinities. This rendered their surface capable of detecting unknown proteins with cognizance not seen with conventional GOs. Different proteins at 100 and 10 nM concentrations revealed consistent patterns that are quantitatively differentiable by linear discriminant analysis. Identification of 48 unknowns in both concentrations demonstrated a >95% success rate. The 10 nM detection represents a 10-fold improvement over analogous arrays. This demonstrates for the first time that the supramolecular chemistry of GO is highly size depend...
Effects of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Coronavirus Survival on Surfaces

Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Two potential surrogates were evaluated in this study; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. At 4°C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. Inactivation was more rapid at 20°C than at 4°C at all humidity levels; the viruses persisted for 5 to 28 days, and the slowest inactivation occurred at low RH. Both viruses were inactivated more rapidly at 40°C than at 20°C. The relationship between inactivation and RH was not monotonic, and there was greater survival or a greater protective effect at low RH (20%) and high RH (80%) than at moderate RH (50%). There was also evidence of an interaction between AT and RH. The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces.
PRIMARY PETROLEUM MIGRATION FROM SHALES WITH OXYGEN-RICH ORGANIC MATTER

The mechanism of primary petroleum migration (PPM) is no better understood today than 20 years ago. Serious unanswered problems exist with the popular model of monophasic or "bulk-phase" PPM from shales with oxygen-rich organic matter (OM). Among these problems are: (1) How are molecularly dispersed hydrocarbons (HCs) gathered and concentrated into microdroplets and/or filaments for migration? (2) How are astronomical capillary-displacement pressures overcome at the low burial temperatures (50° to 60°C) over which bulk-phase migration mechanisms have been proposed to operate? (3) What accounts for the significant compositional differences between crude oils and shale bitumen?
Where diversity comes from and why it matters

In this essay, I describe some of the benefits of cognitive diversity in a complex world as well as the origins of that diversity. The essay has two main parts sandwiched between a brief description of what I mean by diversity and complexity, as well as a brief discussion of whether social systems produce sufficient diversity. In the first part, I describe models that provide insight into why we see the levels of diversity that we do. These models rest on social psychological foundations but borrow ideas from economics as well as population genetics. In the second part, I describe the functional benefits of diversity. I show how diverse predictive models can make a collection of people better able to make accurate predictions, how diverse perspectives and heuristics can enable groups of problem solvers to find innovative new solutions to problems, and how diverse behaviors and representations of the world can make a society more robust. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized study of the effect of 5-year and lifetime hip fracture risk information on physician recommendations for management of low bone density.

Abstract Although risk prediction tools providing absolute fracture risk information are currently under development, little is known about US physicians' current thresholds for osteoporosis treatment or the potential effect of fracture risk information on treatment decisions. To investigate this, a random sample of US primary care physicians was surveyed. Treatment recommendations for 4 patient scenarios depicting postmenopausal women of varying ages, weights, and bone mineral density (BMD) were elicited. Physicians were randomly assigned to receive all scenarios with either a basic BMD report or an augmented BMD report containing 5-yr and lifetime absolute hip fracture risk estimates. Over 95% of physicians recommended prescription pharmacologic treatment of a 70-yr-old patient with osteoporosis. For 3 scenarios depicting women with T-scores of −1.01, treatment recommendations ranged from 30% to 44%. There were no statistically significant differences between physicians who received augmented and basic BMD reports, although those with augmented BMD reports were less likely to recommend prescription treatments. Physician specialty had inconsistent and small effects on recommendations. We conclude that nearly all of a random sample of US primary care physicians recommend pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis, but a substantial minority also recommend treatment for patients who would not fit current guidelines. A BMD report including absolute hip fracture risk estimates did not change treatment recommendations.
Pulmonary Retention of Inhaled Anatase (Tio2) Aerosols and Lung Tumor Induction in Rats Simulated by a Physiology-Oriented Model

AbstractA physiology-oriented compartmental kinetics (POCK) model of alveolar retention of respirable, insoluble particles in rats was used to simulate the results of two subchronic inhalation tests with male Fischer rats exposed to submicron anatase TiO2 particles of either 250 or 20 nm average size (Oberdorster et al., 1994). Earlier, the ultrafine variety had been used in a lifetime study with female Wistar rats (Heinrich & Fuhst, 1992) and the results were also subjected to POCK simulations. The database on anatase was not as extensive as in case of previous studies that used submicrometer carbonaceous aerosols. However, besides the usual results for the patterns of total lung burden and lymph node load, the new subchronic tests provided, for the first time, some data on anatase burdens of both the macrophage pool and the interstitium. Due to the scarcity of the data, the POCK simulation was not entirely unique, but good data representation was achieved with plausible model parameters. The substantial...
Serum concentration of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is sensitive to physiological cyclic loading in healthy adults

Summary Objective To test the hypothesis that physiological cyclic loading during a 30-min walking exercise causes an increase in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentration in a healthy population. Methods Blood samples (5ml) were drawn from 10 physically active adults immediately before and after, and 0.5h, 1.5h, 3.5h and 5.5h after a 30-min walking exercise on a level outdoor walking track at self-selected normal speed. On a separate day, blood samples were drawn from the same 10 subjects during 6h while they were resting in a chair. Serum COMP concentrations were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (COMP ® ELISA). An activity monitor was used to record basic time–distance measurements of gait. Serum COMP concentrations within the exercise protocol and within the resting protocol were compared using separate repeated measures analyses of variance ( α =0.05). Results In the exercise protocol, a first increase (9.7%; P =0.003) occurred immediately after the walking exercise. A second increase in serum COMP concentration (7.0%; P =0.024) occurred 5.5h after the walking exercise. In the resting protocol, the concentration at baseline was significantly higher than at all subsequent time points (8.2%; P P =0.012). Conclusions Even a moderate walking activity can significantly influence serum COMP concentration. The immediate response points to a diffusion time of COMP fragments from cartilage to the blood of 30min or less. The response at 5.5h indicates a metabolic delay for COMP in the range of 5h to 6h.
Developing holistic leaders: Four domains for leadership development and practice

Leadership development and practice have traditionally been quite narrow, with a decided focus on the analytical realm of leadership. However, the contemporary climate of corporate scandal and resultant loss of societal confidence, coupled with the evolving demands, needs, and expectations of employees, point to the potential need for a more holistic approach to leadership. Thus, this article proposes how management education and leadership development programs can develop holistic leaders that are adept at operating in the analytical, conceptual, emotional, and spiritual domains of leadership practice. An integrated model for holistic leadership development and practice that addresses all four of these domains is proposed, and grounded in both established and emerging leadership development theory. Additionally, a leadership development classification scheme is proposed based on classroom, job, and organizational contexts.
Stealthy Wealth The Untold Story of Welfare Privatization

A decade ago, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) ended welfare as we knew it. Since 1996, national media reports of the consequences of welfare reform have been decidedly positive. Yet a handful of journalists for metropolitan newspapers and the nonmainstream press have drawn attention to welfare-related scandals. These scandals have revolved around welfare privatization, an option PRWORA gave to the states. What could the public have known about privatization prior to reform? To answer this question, the authors investigate the elite debate over privatization and how the network news characterized this debate. They analyze the content of congressional testimony and news coverage by ABC, CBS, and NBC and conclude that the networks paid scant attention to privatization, and the coverage they did provide failed to accurately convey to viewers what postreform welfare administration might look like
The Elastic Modulus and Fracture of Boron Carbide

Young's modulus at room temperature and the fracture surface energy, up to 1200°C, were determined for boron carbide specimens with 0 to 15% porosity. Sonic modulus measurements indicated that the Young's modulus decreased as porosity increased in a manner characteristic of the cylindrical pore model. The fracture surface energy appeared to be independent of porosity but was inversely related to temperature. Fractography supported the low values of fracture surface energy that were obtained.
Simulation devices in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

The subspecialty of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia is becoming increasingly complex. Trainees must learn to manage difficult cases and be skilled in performing a variety of procedures. With work hour limitations and societal pressures working to reduce learning and practice opportunities for trainees, new training modalities must be utilized. Simulation is currently being used to increase training efficiency. It allows trainees to experience uncommon clinical situations and complications, repetitive practice opportunities, and can be done on a flexible schedule—all without risk to the patient. Additionally, feedback after a simulation can provide trainees with an assessment of their training progress. Many of the procedures and cases in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia can be simulated. Current devices can simulate bronchoscopy, vessel cannulation, complex case management, and cardiopulmonary bypass. They vary from the simple to the complex and from inexpensive homemade wooden devices to hig...
Gripper point contacts for part alignment

The initial resting pose of many industrial parts differs from the orientation desired for assembly. We show that it is possible to align parts during grasping using a standard parallel-jaw gripper. A solution is an arrangement of four gripper point contacts that will align the part in the vertical plane as the jaws close. Given a n-sided polygonal part and k uniformly distributed sample points on each side, we present an O(n/sup 4/k/sup 4/) numerical algorithm to compute a set of solutions or a report that no solution exists. The algorithm combines toppling, accessibility, and form-closure analysis. We have implemented the algorithm and report sensitivity data from physical experiments.
Ambrosiophilus peregrinus Smith and Cognato, New Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an Exotic Ambrosia Beetle Discovered in Georgia, USA

Abstract A new species of exotic ambrosia beetle, Ambrosiophilus peregrinus Smith and Cognato, likely native to Asia, is described after its establishment in the United States. This species was first detected in Cherokee County, Georgia in June 2013. Since its initial discovery, the species has been found in two neighboring counties in northern Georgia. A key is presented to the species of Ambrosiophilus Hulcr and Cognato occurring in North America.
The Librarian’s Copyright Companion, Second Edition

The transition from print to digital continues. The Copyright Act has changed a little, but not for the better. This book begins with the premise that copyright exists to promote the dissemination of information, and while creators have certain rights, so do users. This new edition updates every chapter and adds a new chapter on the library as a publisher. Also included is information on recent developments such as Creative Common licences and the use of digital video (e.g. YouTube) in the classroom.
Trade-Offs in Improving Biofuel Tolerance Using Combinations of Efflux Pumps

Microbes can be engineered to produce next-generation biofuels; however, the accumulation of toxic biofuels can limit yields. Previous studies have shown that efflux pumps can increase biofuel tolerance and improve production. Here, we asked whether expressing multiple pumps in combination could further increase biofuel tolerance. Pump overexpression inhibits cell growth, suggesting a trade-off between biofuel and pump toxicity. With multiple pumps, it is unclear how the fitness landscape is impacted. To address this, we measured tolerance of Escherichia coli to the biojet fuel precursor α-pinene in one-pump and two-pump strains. To support our experiments, we developed a mathematical model describing toxicity due to biofuel and overexpression of pumps. We found that data from one-pump strains can accurately predict the performance of two-pump strains. This result suggests that it may be possible to dramatically reduce the number of experiments required for characterizing the effects of combined biofuel tolerance mechanisms.
The Benighted Hand Mechanism

This paper designs a mechanism that generalizes Judge Learned Hand’s negligence liability tests from his classic opinions in T. J. HOOPER (1932) and CARROLL TOWING (1947). The “Benighted Hand” mechanism incentivizes truthful reporting of the agents’ private costs of bilateral caretaking when agents also face different effectiveness of care and shares of injury costs. In “The Problem of Social Cost” (1960), Ronald Coase noted that Judges may not have the requisite knowledge of the costs of caretaking to determine the optimal level of care, but he and much of the subsequent literature simply treat this problem as a source of exogenous transaction costs. The mechanism design framework treats costs of obtaining private information endogenously, by incentivizing strategic agents to truthfully reveal their private information. The resulting liability schedule is efficient, but not generally compensatory. It allocates the full costs of accidents (including the costs of precaution) equally among the parties.
Opportunities for plant-site 3D coarse particle characterization with automated high-speed X-ray tomography

The use of 3D X-ray tomography analysis for plant-site characterization of coarse particles at a sampling rate of about 3 kg/min for particles ranging in size from 150 mm to 1 mm at a voxel resolution of about 150 µm is now possible. This is quite a significant advance in X-ray tomography technology and promises to be useful for plant-site coarse particle characterization—size, shape, composition, density, texture, grain exposure and mineral liberation—with a response time of minutes after receiving the sample. This paper discusses applications in the mineral industries, including the coal industry, aggregates industry, metal mining and the processing of industrial minerals.
Thermal inactivation studies of normal and variant human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases by using a sulphonamide-binding assay

Heat-inactivation studies were carried out on the two primary erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes, CA I and CA II, and the secondary isoenzyme of CA I, CA I (+1). In addition, two genetic variants of human isoenzyme CA I, CA Id Michigan (100 Thr-->Lys) and CA If London (102 Glu-->Lys), and one variant of isoenzyme CA II, CA IIh (251 Asn-->Asp), were similarly analysed. The first-order rate constants and Arrhenius plots for these six enzyme forms showed that (1) isoenzyme CA II is more heat-stable than CA I, (2) isoenzyme CA I (+1) is less heat-stable than CA I, (3) the variants CA IIh and CA If London are less heat-stable than the normal enzymes, and (4) isoenzyme CA Id Michigan is more heat-stable than normal CA I. From the values of the slopes of the Arrhenius plots, the energy of activation (E(a)) for each isoenzyme and isoenzyme variant was determined, and the following thermodynamic activation parameters were calculated at 55 degrees C: the free energy of activation (DeltaG(double dagger)), the activation enthalpy (DeltaH(double dagger)) and the activation entropy (DeltaS(double dagger)). The DeltaG(double dagger) for the enzymes shows a relative constancy with compensating variation in DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger). When the values for DeltaH(double dagger) are plotted against DeltaS(double dagger), an increase in DeltaH(double dagger) involves a concomitant increase in DeltaS(double dagger).