cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Dating Violence Victimization and Relationship Dissolution

We integrate literature on gender and adolescent friendships to examine the association between adolescent dating violence victimization (ADVV) and relationship dissolution. In particular, we test whether ADVV increases the hazard of relationship dissolution among adolescent romances, and whether a number of friendship dynamics alter the association between ADVV and relationship dissolution. Using discrete time event history models from 5,787 romantically involved youth from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), results indicated, on average, ADVV was not associated with the hazard of relationship dissolution for girls or boys. However, the positive effect of ADVV was stronger for girls who did not withdraw from their friendships over the course of their romantic relationships. This study highlights the importance of peer groups and gender in shaping youths’ decisions to exit abusive relationships.
Impact of biofuels on contrail warming

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (cooperative agreement NNX14AT22A)
Empirical Application of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior to Interventions for Children with Autism: A Review

Sundberg and Michael (2011) reviewed the contributions of Skinner's (1957) Verbal Behavior to the treatment of language delays in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and discussed several aspects of interventions, including mand training, intraverbal repertoire development, and the importance of using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior in the clinical context. In this article, we provide an update of Sundberg and Michael's review and expand on some discussion topics. We conducted a systematic review of studies that focused on Skinner's verbal operants in interventions for children with ASD that were published from 2001 to 2017 and discussed the findings in terms of journal source, frequency, and type of verbal operant studied.
Long-Term Trends in Ringed Sawback (Graptemys oculifera) Growth, Survivorship, Sex Ratios, and Population Sizes in the Pearl River, Mississippi

Effective management of long-lived species requires demographic and life-history data that are best acquired from long-term studies. The ringed sawback (Graptemys oculifera), endemic to the Pearl River watershed of Mississippi and Louisiana, is a species of management concern at both the state and federal levels. Population sizes, trapping success, basking counts, sex ratios, survivorship, and growth of this species were investigated at 5 sites on the Pearl River in Mississippi over a 25-yr period. Estimates of age at maturity were 4.6 yrs for males and 9.1 yrs for females. Mean annual survivorship estimates for males, females, and juveniles were 0.88, 0.93, and 0.69, respectively. Maximum longevity estimates were 48.8 yrs for males and 76.4 yrs for females. Average longevity estimates were 8.5 yrs for males and 13.9 yrs for females. The sex ratio of captured turtles was male-biased before 2000 but unbiased after 2000. Realized population growth estimates indicated that 4 populations were stable over the 25-yr period and 1 population had declined. Population estimates and basking counts trended downward through time at most sites. Trapping success after 2000 for all sites combined declined by 77%, 45%, and 25% for juveniles, males, and females, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that 1 population of G. oculifera has declined, 3 appear to be in the initial stages of decline, and 1 is relatively stable. Additional monitoring of these populations will be necessary to determine if these trends continue into the future.
Tax Consequences When a New Employer Bears the Cost of the Employee's Terminating a Prior Employment Relationship

In the past few months, several college basketball coaches have accepted jobs at different schools. Several of these coaches, who were still under contract at their former institution, had buyout provisions that allowed them to terminate their relationship for a set price. John Beilein, the former West Virginia University and new University of Michigan basketball coach, is a prominent example of this since his buyout price was so high. Prior to Beilein's hiring, there was speculation in the media that the University of Michigan would pay West Virginia University the amount owed under Beilein's contract (reported at the time to be approximately $2.5 million). The question then arose as to the tax consequences to Beilein that such a payment would engender. The determination of the tax consequences to an employee whose new employer makes the buyout payment owing to the employee's prior employer raises issues that can arise in numerous circumstances and so warrants consideration. While we focus on Beilein's facts in the article, that is merely for convenience; and the issue is of much wider significance. The tax treatment of buyout obligations is merely a subset of the broader question of how to tax a new employer's payment of personal obligations of the new employee that are connected to the commencement of the new employment. There were three possible methods for the University of Michigan to address Beilien's buyout provision: (1) the University of Michigan could pay, or reimburse Beilein for, the required buyout; (2) while the University of Michigan would neither pay the required buyout amount nor specifically reimburse Beilein, the university could pay Beilein a higher salary in order to offset or mitigate his buyout expense and (3) the University of Michigan could neither pay the buyout nor reimburse Beilein, and no additional compensation would be paid to Beilein to offset his expense. This article will examine the possible tax consequences for each of the three options.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Tryptophan and Social Behavior in Vervet Monkeys

Exogenous tryptophan induces a wide variety of behavioral effects in socially-living vervet monkeys. Tryptophan administration produces dosedependent increases in grooming, proximity to group members, and other affiliative behaviors (Raleigh et al., 1980). In stable social groups, tryptophan administration also reduces aggressive, submissive, and retaliatory aspects of agonistic behavior (McGuire and Raleigh, 1985). Pharmacological and physiological studies suggest that tryptophan’s effects are mediated by central serotonin (McGuire et al., 1982; Raleigh et al., 1985). The diversity of the behavioral effects, together with the diffuse distribution of central serotonergic projections and the heterogeneity of serotonergic receptors make it unlikely that each of these distinct behavioral effects is caused by the action of serotonin alone on some final common motor pathway. Rather, enhanced central serotonergic neurotransmission appears to promote both the mood and cognitive states that in turn facilitate the expression of quiescent, calm bahaviors (Raleigh et al., 1988).
Different Language-Games in Wittgenstein

Wittgenstein’s later philosophy has been almost uniformly misunderstood. We have argued for this claim in an earlier paper1 in which we also have tried to outline a more faithful overall picture of some of the most important aspects of Wittgenstein’s mature thought. To sum up our results briefly, the later Wittgenstein did not forget, or lose interest in, “vertical” connections between language and reality as compared with “horizontal” relations between different occasions of language use. One of the main purposes of Wittgenstein’s language-games was to constitute these very vertical relationships. The main reason why Wittgenstein does not say this in so many words is merely his consistent adherence to what we have called the view of language as the universal medium.
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Preschool Children with Conduct Problems

This chapter describes Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based treatment for preschool children with conduct-disordered behavior and their parents (Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008). Originally developed for children with severely disruptive behavior, PCIT has also been used for the treatment of behavior problems associated with children’s medical, developmental, and neurological disorders and internalizing disorders such as separation anxiety as well as the treatment of parental physical abuse and neglect (Bagner & Eyberg, 2007; Chaffin et al., 2004, Choate, Pincus, Eyberg, & Barlow, 2005). Although parent training for young children with conduct disorders has historically focused on either relationship enhancement (e.g., Guerney, 1964) or behavior change (e.g., Patterson, 1974), PCIT integrates these approaches by teaching parents to establish a nurturing relationship while increasing their child’s prosocial behavior and decreasing conduct-disordered behaviors. PCIT seeks to effect behavior change in both participants in the parent–child relationship, and it does so through assessment-based teaching and live coaching techniques, supplemented by targeted homework assignments and systematic skill generalization. Treatment completion is dependent on parenting skill mastery and normalization of child behavior. Parents progress through two phases of treatment, first learning a child-directed interaction (CDI) and then incorporating a parent-directed interaction (PDI). The CDI focuses on parent–child bonding, positive parenting skills, and child social skills enhancement, whereas the PDI focuses on parental discipline skills and reduction of child conduct problems.
Conformational Stability of Propenoyl Bromide from Temperature-Dependent Infrared Spectra of Krypton Solutions, Ab Initio Calculations, and r 0 Structural Parameters of the Propenoyl Halides (F, Cl, Br)

Variable temperature (−100 to −150°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm−1) of propenoyl bromide, CH2=CHCBrO, dissolved in liquid krypton, have been carried out. Utilizing six different conformer pairs, an enthalpy difference of 204 ± 20 cm−1 (2.44 ± 0.24 kJ/mol) was obtained, with the anti conformer (carbonyl bond trans to C=C bond) the more stable form. At ambient temperature, there is approximately 28 ± 2% of the syn conformer present. The anti conformer also remains in the infrared and Raman spectra of the polycrystalline solid. The optimal geometries, conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and vibrational frequencies, are reported for both conformers from MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. The potential function governing the conformational interchange has been obtained from the MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. The conformational stabilities were calculated from a variety of basis sets and at the highest level of calculations, MP2/6-311 + (2df,2pd), the anti conformer is predicted to be more stable by 178 cm−1, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The r0 adjusted structural parameters have been obtained for propenoyl fluoride and chloride from a combination of the previously reported microwave rotational constants and ab initio predicted parameters. Several of the parameters for the chloride are significantly different than those proposed from an electron diffraction investigation. The results of these spectroscopic, structural, and theoretical studies are discussed and compared to the corresponding results for some similar molecules.
A match not made in heaven—TAVR prosthesis‐patient mismatch with contemporary valves

Prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) in TAVR is relatively common Valve oversizing can potentially prevent both paravalvular leak and PPM PPM may be avoidable if the expected Effective Orifice Area/Body Surface Area ratio is considered in decision making pre-TAVR.
A New Proof of Menelauss Theorem of Hyperbolic Quadrilaterals in the Poincaré Model of Hyperbolic Geometry

In this study, we present a proof of the Menelaus theorem for quadrilaterals in hyperbolic geometry, and a proof for the transversal theorem for triangles.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Base Superalloy Brazed Joints Using a MPCA Filler

A new multi-principal-component alloy (MPCA) filler metal with the composition Fe5Co20Ni20Mn35Cu20 was designed for brazing Ni-base Alloy 600 (Ni-Cr-Fe). Thermodynamic calculations, including atomic size difference, mixing entropy and enthalpy, valence electron concentration, and phase diagram calculations were used to optimize the composition of the MPCA filler material, targeting a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure and a melting point appropriate for brazing. An X-ray diffraction measurement confirmed the presence of an FCC structure in the as-cast MPCA, and differential thermal analysis (DTA) results demonstrated its melting range to be 1080-1150 °C. The MPCA also exhibited mechanical properties worthy of a brazing filler candidate, with a true compressive yield stress of 286 MPa, an ultimate compressive strength of 591 MPa, and a fracture strain of 106 pct. The optimum brazing temperature was determined to be 1200 °C through a wettability test on the Alloy 600 base material, at which the MPCA exhibited a low wetting angle of 14 deg and optimal spreading behavior. The MPCA plate was cold rolled into 300 μm foils for brazing. For the full range of brazing times studied (15 to 120 minutes), no microstructural defects were observed, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results showed equiaxed grains present in the solidification microstructure of the filler material. Using data from energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), a kinetic analysis was performed for the constituent elements in the MPCA. It was determined that although Mn was the fastest diffusing of the elements that diffused from the MPCA into the Alloy 600, the diffusion coefficients for all of these elements were on the same order of magnitude. This result was indicative of the sluggish diffusion theory associated with MPCAs. The effect of brazing time on the shear strength of the brazed joint was evaluated. A maximum shear strength of 530 MPa was achieved at a brazing time of 90 minutes. As brazing time increased up to 90 minutes, the increasing interdiffusion distance facilitated a stronger metallurgical bond. However, beyond 90 minutes, the formation of brittle Cr2Mn3 and CrMn3 intermetallic compounds at the grain boundaries within the filler foil led to a lower shear strength and brittle fracture in the joint.
Trend analysis on age of induced abortion women in north China, 2014-2018

Objective To analyze the trend on age of induced abortion women in north China, 2014-2018, and to provide the data for understanding of female reproductive health awareness. Method 6 750 induced abortion women in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2018 were selected, and the data was analyzed with SPSS16.0 for windows. Results The age of induced abortion women was increasing year by year. The average age of induced abortion women was increasing from 29.64 years old in 2014 to 30.84 years old in 2018. The younger rate of induced abortion was at low level, the proportion of induced abortion women below 20 years old was about 5%. The lowest age was down from 16 years old in 2014 to 13 years old in 2018. Conclusion The age of induced abortion women in north China is increasing year by year. The induced abortion women are younger in recent year. Key words: Induced abortion; Age; Trend
Dynamic Optical Coherence Elastography of the Anterior Eye: Understanding the Biomechanics of the Limbus.

Purpose Currently, the biomechanical properties of the corneo-scleral limbus when the eye-globe deforms are largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in elasticity of the cornea, sclera, and limbus when subjected to different intraocular pressures (IOP) using wave-based optical coherence elastography (OCE). Special attention was given to the elasticity changes of the limbal region with respect to the elasticity variations in the neighboring corneal and scleral regions. Methods Continuous harmonic elastic waves (800 Hz) were mechanically induced in the sclera near the corneo-sclera limbus of in situ porcine eye-globes (n = 8). Wave propagation was imaged using a phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography system (PhS-OCT). The eyes were subjected to five different IOP-levels (10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mm Hg), and spatially distributed propagation velocities were calculated along corneal, limbal, and scleral regions. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the same regions under the same excitation conditions were conducted for further validation of results. Results FEA demonstrated that the stiffness of the heterogeneous cornea-limbus-sclera transition can be characterized by phase velocity measurements of the elastic waves produced at 800 Hz in the anterior eye. Experimental results revealed that the wave speed in the limbus (cL = 6.5 m/s) is between the cornea (cc = 2.9 m/s) and sclera (cs = 10.0 m/s) at a physiological IOP level (15 mm Hg) and rapidly increases as the IOP level is increased, even surpassing the wave speed in the sclera. Finally, the change in elastic wave speed in the limbus (ΔcL∼18.5 m/s) was greater than in the cornea (Δcc ∼12.6 m/s) and sclera (Δcs∼8.1 m/s) for the same change in IOP. Conclusions We demonstrated that wave-based OCE can be utilized to assess limbus biomechanical properties. Moreover, experimental evidence showed that the corneo-scleral limbus is highly nonlinear compared to the cornea and sclera when the eye-globe is deformed by an increase of IOP. This may suggest that the limbus has enough structural flexibility to stabilize anterior eye shape during IOP changes.
Effects of Aluminization Via Thermo-Chemical Diffusion on the Wear Behavior of Structural Materials for High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors

We explore the effects of thermo-chemical aluminization on wear resistance of candidate alloys Incoloy 800HT and Inconel 617 for high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) components. Aluminized samples were conditioned for 22 days in a once-through helium loop to simulate oxidizing conditions of HTGRs. The tribological performance of unconditioned and conditioned samples was tested using pin-on-disk tribometer in an air environment at 750 °C for 800HT and 900 °C for 617. Aluminized 800HT exhibited superior wear resistance compared to that of the as-received 800HT due to harder Fe-Al intermetallic compounds that formed at the surface of the alloy. Aluminized 617 exhibited wear resistance superior to that of the as-received 617 at higher loads but inferior resistance at lower loads. Conditioned 800HT as well as aluminized and then conditioned 800HT exhibited negligible wear when the protective oxide remained intact during tribotesting. When the oxide wore through, aluminized and then conditioned 800HT exhibited superior wear resistance compared to that of conditioned 800HT due to the increased hardness of intermetallic zones. Aluminized and then conditioned 617 exhibited inferior wear resistance compared to that of conditioned 617 due to significant ceramic wear of the aluminum oxide. Connections between surface hardness, chemical composition, initial friction coefficients, and wear resistance are established.
Speech Language Pathologists and Teachers Perceptions of Bilingual Students

Prior research has focused on speech language pathologists (SLPs) and teachers and their ability to work with bilingual students. It has been found that both teachers and SLPs struggle to work with bilingual students as they do not have the prior knowledge necessary to work efficiently with these students (Teoh, Brebner, & McAllister, 2017). Additionally, speech therapy and other necessary resources for students to succeed may only be given in one language, potentially not their L1, making it difficult for students and teachers to work in the L2 language (Hammond, Mitchell, & Johnson, 2009). There has been a lack of research that has explored SLPs and the ways in which they treat and work with students who are bilingual and multilingual compared to those who are monolingual. Studying these groups simultaneously will provide information from different learning environments as well as give insight on the amount of or lack of one-on-one attention given to bilingual students in those respective environments. The purpose of this research is to understand how SLPs’ and teachers perceive and work with students who are bilingual versus how they work with and perceive students who are monolingual. Results have shown that there is a significant difference in the level of preparedness of and in the perceptions that teachers and SLPs hold when it comes to working with students who are bilingual and multilingual.
Nerve-sparing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: how I do it after 15.000 cases.

Introduction Over the years, since Binder and Kramer described the first Robotic-assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP) in 2000, different Nerve-sparing (NS) techniques have been proposed by several authors (1). However, even with the robotic surgery advantages, functional outcomes following RARP, especially erection recovery, still challenge surgeons and patients (2, 3). In this scenario, we have described different ways and grades of neurovascular bundle preservation (NVB) using the prostatic artery as a landmark until our most recent technique with lateral prostatic fascia preservation and modified apical dissection (4-6). In this video compilation, we have illustrated the anatomical and technical details of different grades of NVB preservation. Surgical technique After the anterior and posterior bladder neck dissection, we lift the prostate by the seminal vesicles to access the posterior aspect of the prostate. Then, we incise the Denonvilliers layers and work between an avascular plane to release the posterior NVB from 5 to 1 and 7 to 11 o'clock positions on the right and left sides, respectively6. In sequence, we access the prostate anteriorly by incising the endopelvic fascia bilaterally (close to the prostate) until communicating the anterior and posterior planes. Finally, we control the prostatic pedicles with Hem-o-lok clips and then proceed for the apical dissection preserving the maximum amount of urethra length and periurethral tissues. Considerations: Potency recovery following radical prostatectomy remains a challenge due to its multifactorial etiology. However, basic concepts for nerve-sparing are crucial to achieving optimal outcomes, such as minimizing the amount of traction used on dissection, avoiding excessive cautery, and neural preservation based on anatomical landmarks (arteries and planes of dissection).
Sexual compatibility between eight Nolana L.f. (Solanaceae) species from Peru and Chile

Artificial hybridizations (self- intra- and interspecific) were performed within and between eight species of Nolana (N. adansonii, N. aticoana, N. elegans, N. humifusa, N. ivaniana, N. laxa, N. plicata and N. rupicola). Plant material originated from three fog oases (“lomas”) locations in the Peruvian desert in Peru and two “lomas” locations in the Atacama desert in Chile. Self-pollinations and all possible crosses, including reciprocals, were made between three and five accessions of each species. Crosses were made in replicates of five (or ten in self-pollinations), totaling 310 self-pollinations, 480 intraspecific pollinations, and 2535 interspecific pollinations. Species were generally self-incompatible, with only one accession of N. adansonii and one accession of N. ivaniana exhibiting limited self-fertility as measured by fruit set. Intraspecific compatibility appears to be high with most crosses resulting in greater than 80 % fruit set. Success of interspecific hybridization was initially analyzed based on fruit set, mericarps per fruit and mericarp size, and confirmed by seed counts through X-ray analyses of mericarps, and seed germination. Differences in all these factors were found within seed parent species in response to hybridization with different pollen parent species. Reduction in interspecific fertility was generally seen as lower fruiting success and smaller mericarp size when compared to intraspecific hybridization, while the number of mericarps per fruit remained constant. Seed set was estimated by X-ray analysis of mericarps, revealing differences in seed counts between crosses. Mericarps were sown producing hybrid seedlings from 22 unidirectional species pairs. Previous to these studies, sexual compatibility was known to exist only between N. paradoxa and four other species. The results of these studies are a significant contribution to the current knowledge of sexual compatibility within Nolana and are important for future breeding efforts.
Numeric Benchmark Study of Plate Vibration Experiments in Air and Water

Abstract Numerous power generation technologies rely on plate geometry for the purpose of transporting heat through and across mediums. In the case of nuclear technology, this is relevant to that of plate-type-fuel and compact heat-exchangers; these components have high surface area to volume ratio provide ideal capacity for heat transfer to and through their respective parts. However, under highly advective conditions these plate-type geometries are susceptible to buckling and vibration which have possible safety-related implications associated with them. These complex phenomena occurring through fluid-structure-interactions have traditionally been quite difficult to predict using computational tools given their stiffly coupled nature. While recent efforts have demonstrated well aligned agreement with the use of advanced computational tools to predict flutter and buckling of unique mechanical geometries these tools have been found to consume significant computational resources not available to many within the community. This study investigates an industry tool's ability to compute the natural frequency of plates under various boundary conditions for the purpose of demonstrating relevance and limitations of its computing capacity when compared against experimental data to develop an objective basis for the use of such a tool in design and safety related predictions of components which comprise plate-type geometries. The goal of this study is to demonstrate a new method using an off-the-shelf software tool which is capable of operating on a standard desktop workstation and can readily predict the dynamic response of a mechanical structure in a fluid environment – a capability not previously demonstrated or otherwise shown to be successful in literature. A set of experimental plates were characterized to understand their dynamic response in both air and water. In an attempt to gain further insight into the vibration of the experimental test plates, a numeric benchmark study was performed to calculate their fundamental frequencies in both air and water, employing a novel modeling method to simulate submersion; one which allowed both the plate and the fluid domain to be modeled exclusively in a computational structural mechanics software package. Results show that the air simulation compares well with the analytic solutions; however comparison against experimental data is challenging, with no obvious trends present. Given the available experimental data, select air simulations are quite accurate, and careful selection of numeric boundary conditions yields representative results for alternative experimental boundary conditions. For simulations of plates submerged underwater, larger data sets for both experimental and numeric will be required to establish trends with a high degree of confidence; however preliminary results suggest the method can be accurate to a first order of magnitude approximation, requiring minimal computational resources.
A 2D human body model dressed in eigen clothing

Detection, tracking, segmentation and pose estimation of people in monocular images are widely studied. Two-dimensional models of the human body are extensively used, however, they are typically fairly crude, representing the body either as a rough outline or in terms of articulated geometric primitives. We describe a new 2D model of the human body contour that combines an underlying naked body with a low-dimensional clothing model. The naked body is represented as a Contour Person that can take on a wide variety of poses and body shapes. Clothing is represented as a deformation from the underlying body contour. This deformation is learned from training examples using principal component analysis to produce eigen clothing. We find that the statistics of clothing deformations are skewed and we model the a priori probability of these deformations using a Beta distribution. The resulting generative model captures realistic human forms in monocular images and is used to infer 2D body shape and pose under clothing. We also use the coefficients of the eigen clothing to recognize different categories of clothing on dressed people. The method is evaluated quantitatively on synthetic and real images and achieves better accuracy than previous methods for estimating body shape under clothing.
The Completely Decomposed Topology on Schemes and Associated Descent Spectral Sequences in Algebraic K-Theory

Let X be a noetherian scheme of finite Krull dimension. A new Grothendieck topology on X, called the completely decomposed topology, is introduced, and the formalism of the corresponding cohomology and homotopy theories is developed. This formalism is applied to construct certain descent (or local-to-global) spectral sequences convergent to various algebraic K-groups of X, or to the homotopy groups of more general spectra. They refine the well-known Brown-Gersten spectral sequences.
Dealing with a modern-day epidemic

July 7, 1992. It was now a year since resident in internal medicine, Nicole Saarinen, had begun her research studies in the Department of Medical Biochemistry at the Ž . University of Oulu Cardiovasc Res 1997;33:533 . Drawing on the pioneering work of Leila and Juha Ristelli, her project focused on serologic markers of collagen turnover to address extracellular matrix accumulation in diseased organs. Today, she eagerly looked forward to medical grand rounds and what would prove a standing-room-only session. Pekka Puska, Department of Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute in Helsinki, would review data gathered in North Karelia over the past 20 years. This work represented the first communitybased prevention study of heart disease—a modern-day epidemic of worldwide proportions and a major cause of death and disability in this eastern province of Finland. Nicole arrived at the auditorium and carefully selected an aisle seat near the front so as to fully gather in Puska’s presentation and every detail of audience discussion. Perhaps she too would pose her own questions. Her plans would not go unrewarded. Puska began with a historical accounting. The Project had its beginnings in 1971 and arose after the results of a WHO-sponsored study were announced. The study suggested middle-aged men in North Karelia had the world’s highest mortality from cardiovascular disease. Representatives of this rural community petitioned the Finnish government for assistance with its public health problem. Approval followed. A baseline survey of 12 500 people living in North Karelia was carried out in the spring of 1972. It demonstrated that among young and middle-aged men: 54% smoked; mean cholesterol was 269 mgrdl; Ž . blood pressure BP 147r90; and incidence of myocardial Ž . infarction MI 13.8r1000 population. A federally spon-
The Carboxyl Terminus of the Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase is Required for Holoenzyme Complex Formation

To further elucidate the mechanism and dynamics of bacteriophage T4 holoenzyme formation, a mutant polymerase in which the last six carboxyl-terminal amino acids are deleted, was constructed, overexpressed, and purified to homogeneity. The mutant polymerase, designated ΔC6 exo−, is identical to wild-type exo− polymerase with respect to kcat, kpol, and dissociation constants for nucleotide and DNA substrate. However, unlike wild-type exo− polymerase, the ΔC6 exo− polymerase is unable to interact with the 45 protein to form the stable holoenzyme. A synthetic polypeptide corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of the wild-type exo− polymerase was tested as an in vitro inhibitor of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication. Surprisingly, the peptide does not directly inhibit holoenzyme complex formation by disrupting the interaction of the polymerase with the 45 protein. On the contrary, the peptide appears to disrupt the interaction of the 44/62 protein with the 45 protein, suggesting that the 44/62 protein and the polymerase use the same site on the 45 protein for functional interactions. Data presented are discussed in terms of a model correlating the functionality of the carboxyl terminus of the polymerase for productive interactions with the 45 protein as well as in terms of the 45 protein concomitantly interacting with the 44/62 protein and polymerase.
Geological Time-Distance Rates: The Bubnoff Unit

The Bubnoff unit (B), defined as 1micron/year = 1 mm/thousand years = 1m/million years, is proposed as a standard measure for geologic movements and increments.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN-DEFICIENCY ON ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE CRYSTALS.

Abstract Single crystals of various substoichiometric tungsten trioxide crystals have been prepared by vapor phase transport and annealed under varying conditions. Electric resistivity, Hall voltage and Seebeck coefficient have been investigated as functions of temperature in the range 100–500°K and as functions of composition down to the compound WO 2.90 . For stoichiometric WO 3 , the results are in general agreement with previous reports. The jump in resistivity at the monoclinic-triclinic transition is due mainly to a decrease in electron mobility. The change at the triclinic-(low temperature) transition is almost entirely the result of a large decrease in the carrier concentration. Changes in thermoelectric power cannot be explained on the basis of the ordinary electronic component; a lattice contribution must be present. Removal of oxygen pushes the transitions to lower temperatures, increases the carrier concentration, decreases the Hall mobility, and changes the sign of its temperature dependence. Segregation of oxygen defects apparently occurs even for x 3− x , and it is believed that the basic defect unit is not the oxygen vacancy but the Anderson-Hyde disk of shear. The upper bound for this type of defect structure appears to be at x = 0.013. The increase of mobility with increasing temperature is attributed to hopping of charge carriers in place of band processes in the defect regions. Decreases in the optical phonon drag and transport energy terms are needed to fit the thermoelectric power behavior of the monoclinic phase. X-ray studies show essentially no change in the cell parameters for the reduced crystals. There is strong optical absorption in the red and near infrared associated with the oxygen deficiency, but only negligible paramagnetism. DTA studies show that the monoclinic-triclinic and triclinic-(low temperature) phase transitions are of the first-order and displacive type as in BaTiO 3 ; they are accompanied by transition heats of about 20 and 39 cal/mole, respectively. Measurements of resistivity and Seebeck coefficient on a W 20 O 58 crystal suggest metallic-like behavior.
The impact of 3-dimensional integration on the design of arithmetic units

3-dimensional integration technology stacks multiple die on top of each other with a dense die-to-die interface. This enables a circuit designer to replace long wires with short vertical interconnects, thus reducing wire-related delay and power consumption. In this research, we evaluate the impact of a 3D fabrication technology on the latency and power of arithmetic functional units. Specifically, we study integer adders and shifters as they have very different delay characteristics. An adder's critical path latency is dominated by logic/gate delays, while a shifter's latency is more greatly affected by wire delay. We demonstrate that the potential benefits of a 3D technology are the greatest when applied to wire-bound circuits. In particular, a barrel shifter implemented in 3D exhibits a 9% reduction in latency with a simultaneous 8% reduction in energy.
A method for rating sentence completion test responses.

(1961). A Method for Rating Sentence Completion Test Responses. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 312-314.
Criticality and avalanches in neural networks

Abstract Experimental work, both in vitro and in vivo, reveals the occurrence of neural avalanches with an inverse power law distribution in size and time duration. These properties are interpreted as an evident manifestation of criticality, thereby suggesting that the brain is an operating near criticality complex system: an attractive theoretical perspective that according to Gerhard Werner may help to shed light on the origin of consciousness. However, a recent experimental observation shows no clear evidence for power-law scaling in awake and sleeping brain of mammals, casting doubts on the assumption that the brain works at criticality. This article rests on a model proposed by our group in earlier publications to generate neural avalanches with the time duration and size distribution matching the experimental results on neural networks. We now refine the analysis of the time distance between consecutive firing bursts and observe the deviation of the corresponding distribution from the Poisson statistics, as the system moves from the non-cooperative to the cooperative regime. In other words, we make the assumption that the genuine signature of criticality may emerge from temporal complexity rather than from the size and time duration of avalanches. We argue that the Mittag–Leffler (ML) exponential function is a satisfactory indicator of temporal complexity, namely of the occurrence of non-Poisson and renewal events. The assumption that the onset of criticality corresponds to the birth of renewal non-Poisson events establishes a neat distinction between the ML function and the power law avalanches generating regime. We find that temporal complexity uncontaminated by periodicity occurs in a narrow range of values of the control parameter, in correspondence of which the information transfer from one network to another becomes maximal. We argue that if this enhancement of information transport is interpreted as a signature of criticality, then the power law avalanches are a manifestation of supercriticality rather than criticality. This leads us to conclude that the recent experiment showing no evidence of power-law avalanches in the brain of mammals would not conflict with the hypothesis that the brain works at criticality.
Identification of specific functional subdomains within the linker histone H10 C-terminal domain.

Linker histone binding to nucleosomal arrays in vitro causes linker DNA to form an apposed stem motif, stabilizes extensively folded secondary chromatin structures, and promotes self-association of individual nucleosomal arrays into oligomeric tertiary chromatin structures. To determine the involvement of the linker histone C-terminal domain (CTD) in each of these functions, and to test the hypothesis that the functions of this highly basic domain are mediated by neutralization of linker DNA negative charge, four truncation mutants were created that incrementally removed stretches of 24 amino acids beginning at the extreme C terminus of the mouse H10 linker histone. Native and truncated H10 proteins were assembled onto biochemically defined nucleosomal arrays and characterized in the absence and presence of salts to probe primary, secondary, and tertiary chromatin structure. Results indicate that the ability of H10 to alter linker DNA conformation and stabilize condensed chromatin structures is localized to specific C-terminal subdomains, rather than being equally distributed throughout the entire CTD. We propose that the functions of the linker histone CTD in chromatin are linked to the characteristic intrinsic disorder of this domain.
The luminati of Leiden: from Bontius to Boerhaave.

In the glittering canopy of the history of great medical centers of Europe, none was more viviscent than Leiden. Although wealthy nations nurtured great medical establishments in Padua, Salerno, Montpellier, and Paris, it was from a diminutive market town in The Netherlands that a group of medical cognoscenti arose whose intellectual prowess blazed across the intellectual firmament of seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe. The tradition of medical excellence established by Bontius was amplified by the surgeon Peter Paaw, whose stewardship of the Anatomical Theater guided it to heights comparable to those achieved at Padua. At the same time, Clusius established a botanical garden that would have no rival for two centuries. The multitalented Sylvius educated some of the greatest minds of the generation, accepted the Harveian theories of circulation, and succeeded in fostering an intellectual environment characterized by novel ideas and tolerance of thought. van Horne defined and chartered the existence of lymphatic circulation, and Bartholin destroyed the myth of the liver as a source of blood. Exalting in the freedom of thought, the cabal of Ruysch, Steensen, de Graaf, and Swammerdam banded together under Sylvius and van Horne and made significant advances in pancreatic, lymphatic, reproductive, and respiratory physiology. There is little doubt, however, that of all the great names linked with Leiden, it is Boerhaave's that is universally held to be synonymous with that of the city. As a clinician, scientist, and teacher, the aura of his knowledge and fame spread to the farthest corners of Europe. Without doubt, the great medical schools of Edinburgh, Vienna, and Gottingen owe their subsequent potency to him. Thus the legacy of Leiden provides the richest of all earthly concepts—an appreciation of the unique spiritual power and intellectual wealth that devolves from the pursuit of the life of the mind.
The Two-Stage Decline in U.S. Nonfinancial Corporate Profitability, 1948-1986:

The decline in the rate of return on nonfinancial corporate capital from 1948-1986 can be usefully divided into two distinct periods. From 1948-1972, a decline in the profit share accounts for most of the decline in the profit rate. From 1972-86, the profit share rose, and a decline in capital productivity accounts for the continued decline in the profit rate. Regression analysis of the trend structure and a decomposition of the factors accounting for the profit rate are used to support this thesis.
On the Wigner-Weisskopf approximation in quantum optics

Abstract In this paper, we derive the Wigner-Weisskopf approximation by the perturbation theory of Lindstedt and Poincare, and show that the approximation actually corresponds to the lowest perturbative term.
Embedded sensors results from the Winooski One Hydroelectric Dam

Fiber optic sensors were embedded into a 7.5 MW hydroelectric dam during its construction phase. Power generation began at the facility during the spring of 1993 as did initial verification of the on-line use of certain key embedded sensors. Reliability information, as well as structural vibration signatures for the dam, has been obtained under various operational regimes. This information as well as the initial perspectives from builders, owners, users, and regulatory officials regarding embedded sensors is presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DUPLICATION OF THE CHEST LAG IN REM SLEEP BY INSPIRATORY FLOW-RESISTIVE LOADING IN NREM SLEEP

DUPLICATION OF THE CHEST LAG IN REM SLEEP BY INSPIRATORY FLOW-RESISTIVE LOADING IN NREM SLEEP
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex temperature-programmed desorption data by multivariate curve resolution

Abstract The substantial amount of information carried in temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments is often difficult to mine due to the occurrence of competing reaction pathways that produce compounds with similar mass spectrometric features. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) is introduced as a tool capable of overcoming this problem by mathematically detecting spectral variations and correlations between several m/z traces, which is later translated into the extraction of the cracking pattern and the desorption profile for each desorbate. Different from the elegant (though complex) methods currently available to analyze TPD data, MCR analysis is applicable even when no information regarding the specific surface reaction/desorption process or the nature of the desorbing species is available. However, when available, any information can be used as constraints that guide the outcome, increasing the accuracy of the resolution. This approach is especially valuable when the compounds desorbing are different from what would be expected based on a chemical intuition, when the cracking pattern of the model test compound is difficult or impossible to obtain (because it could be unstable or very rare), and when knowing major components desorbing from the surface could in more traditional methods actually bias the quantification of minor components. The enhanced level of understanding of thermal processes achieved through MCR analysis is demonstrated by analyzing three phenomena: i) the cryogenic desorption of vinyltrimethylsilane from silicon, an introductory system where the known multilayer and monolayer components are resolved; ii) acrolein hydrogenation on a bimetallic Pt–Ni–Pt catalyst, where a rapid identification of hydrogenated products as well as other desorbing species is achieved, and iii) the thermal reaction of Ti[N(CH3)2]4 on Si(100), where the products of surface decomposition are identified and an estimation of the surface composition after the thermal reaction is afforded. Since this work constitutes, to the best of our knowledge, the first effort to introduce multivariate analysis to TPD data, the procedures, algorithms and strategies employed are described in full detail.
The effects of chemical insecticides and insecticidal adjuvants of a Heliothis nuclear-polyhedrosis virus☆

Abstract Of 12 insecticides or insecticidal adjuvants tested (endrin, DDT, methylparathion, toxaphene, toxaphene-DDT, carbaryl, Triton B-1956, Triton X-100, Triton X-152, Triton X-172, Multifilm Buffer-X, xylene, and carbonated water), only methylparathion adversely affected the infectivity associated with polyhedral inclusion bodies of the nuclear polyhedrosis of Heliothis spp. A 30% reduction in larval mortality was also detected in carbonated water-virus mixtures, but this reduction was not statistically significant at the 5% level.