cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Feature Evolution Accelerates Learning in Neural Networks.

Neural network (NN) training and generalization in the infinite-width limit are well-characterized by kernel methods with a neural tangent kernel (NTK) that is stationary in time. However, finite-width NNs consistently outperform corresponding kernel methods, suggesting the importance of feature learning, which manifests as the time evolution of NTKs. Here, we analyze the phenomenon of kernel alignment of the NTK with the target functions during gradient descent. We first provide a mechanistic explanation for why alignment between task and kernel occurs in deep linear networks. We then show that this behavior occurs more generally if one optimizes the feature map over time to accelerate learning while constraining how quickly the features evolve. Empirically, gradient descent undergoes a feature learning phase, during which top eigenfunctions of the NTK quickly align with the target function and the loss decreases faster than power law in time; it then enters a kernel gradient descent (KGD) phase where the alignment does not improve significantly and the training loss decreases in power law. We show that feature evolution is faster and more dramatic in deeper networks. We also found that networks with multiple output nodes develop separate, specialized kernels for each output channel, a phenomenon we termed kernel specialization. We show that this class-specific alignment is does not occur in linear networks.
Sparse-identification-based model predictive control of nonlinear two-time-scale processes

Abstract This paper focuses on the design of model predictive controllers for nonlinear two-time-scale processes using only process measurement data. By first identifying and isolating the slow and fast variables in a two-time-scale process, the model predictive controller is designed based on the reduced slow subsystem consisting of only the slow variables, since the fast states can deteriorate controller performance when directly included in the model used in the controller. In contrast to earlier works, in the present work, the reduced slow subsystem is constructed from process data using sparse identification, which identifies nonlinear dynamical systems as first-order ordinary differential equations using an efficient, convex algorithm that is highly optimized and scalable. Results from the mathematical framework of singular perturbations are combined with standard assumptions to derive sufficient conditions for closed-loop stability of the full singularly perturbed closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed controller design is illustrated via its application to a non-isothermal reactor with the concentration and temperature profiles evolving in different time-scales, where it is found that the controller based on the sparse identified slow subsystem can achieve superior closed-loop performance versus existing approaches for the same controller parameters.
Phenyl-Glutarimides: Alternative Cereblon Binders for the Design of PROTACs.

Targeting cereblon (CRBN) is currently one of the most frequently reported proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) approaches, owing to favorable drug-like properties of CRBN ligands, immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs). However, IMiDs are known to be inherently unstable, readily undergoing hydrolysis in body fluids. Here we show that IMiDs and IMiD-based PROTACs rapidly hydrolyze in commonly utilized cell media, which significantly affects their cell efficacy. We designed novel CRBN binders, phenyl glutarimide (PG) analogues, and showed that they retained affinity for CRBN with high ligand efficiency (LE >0.48) and displayed improved chemical stability. Our efforts led to the discovery of PG PROTAC 4 c (SJ995973), a uniquely potent degrader of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins that inhibited the viability of human acute myeloid leukemia MV4-11 cells at low picomolar concentrations (IC50 =3 pM; BRD4 DC50 =0.87 nM). These findings strongly support the utility of PG derivatives in the design of CRBN-directed PROTACs.
Waitlist mortality and post-liver transplant outcomes of pediatric patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma in the United States.

Background Liver transplantation (LT) is offered in cases of advanced disease for both pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma (HBL) and those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current United States organ allocation priorities differ between the two groups. Methods We retrospectively examined the waitlist and posttransplant outcomes of pediatric LT candidates with HBL and HCC using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry (February 2002 to September 2020). Results Six hundred sixty-eight children with HBL and 95 children with HCC listed for first LT were identified. Patients with HBL were younger (p Conclusion Waitlist mortality for pediatric LT candidates with HCC is significantly higher than for HBL, while posttransplant patient and graft survival are similar. This highlights an opportunity to improve equitable prioritization for children with HCC who may have reduced access to size-appropriate deceased donor organs and less effective bridge-to-transplant therapies.
Reciprocal self-disclosure and rejection strategies on Bumble:

Dating apps are an increasingly common element of modern dating, yet little research describes users’ experiences rejecting potential partners through these apps. This study examines how female Bum...
S100A9, Inflammation, and Regulation of Immune Suppression in Cancer

Chronic inflammation plays a major role in tumor initiation, promotion of tumor growth, and induction of immune suppression. While inflammation and antigen-specific immune responses can be initiated to target the tumor for eradication, inflammation can also promote cancer development either directly by inducing genetic instability within the cancer cell or indirectly by promoting immune suppression. Such inflammation-induced immune suppression allows tumor cells to avoid immune surveillance. The S100A9 protein is one of the major mediators of inflammation. It belongs to the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins and is produced primarily by myeloid cells. It has a pleiotropic effect on myeloid, endothelial, and tumor cells. In this chapter, we will discuss the contribution of myeloid cells as one of the main elements of the progression from inflammation to tumor and the role of S100A9 proteins in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses in cancer.
Fermi Glass State in Partially Doped Insulating Cuprates

The properties of the Fermi glass state in partially doped insulating cuprates are reviewed. The localized electronic states near the Fermi energy (E F) are characterized through dark transport and transient photodoping experiments. For insulating crystals close to the metal-insulator (M-I) transition, the density of localized states at the Fermi energy, N(E F), inferred from various experiments, is of the order of 1021cm−3eV−1. The experimental results suggest an Anderson-type M-I transition in the doped cuprates; i.e., the transition from metal to insulator is dominated by disorder-induced localization. Supporting evidence from angular- resolved photoemission, NQR and other experiments are also discussed. The Fermi glass state has also been studied spectroscopically. In partially doped YBa2Cu3O6.3, the optical absorption observed throughout the infrared has no counterpart in photoconductive response σph (ω); transitions below 2 eV do not create mobile carriers. The spectral gap in σph (ω) corresponds to the mobility gap in this material.
Erratum to: Is the derivative a function? If so, how do we teach it?

The original version of this article contained two errors in Section 4.1.2 (p. 243). The corrected version is given below. First, the instructors’ word use did not explicitly indicate the object on which the limit operated when illustrating the limit process for defining the derivative or determining where the derivative exists. They all used Bslope(s)^ with Bsecant line(s),^ but did not use Bslope^ with Btangent line^ in most cases. Alan’s explanation of Fig. 2b was:
Assembly and testing of a composite heat pipe thermal intercept for HTS current leads

We are building high temperature superconducting (HTS) current leads for a demonstration HTS high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) system cooled by a cryocooler. The current leads are entirely conductively cooled. A composite nitrogen heat pipe provides efficient thermal communication, and simultaneously electrical isolation, between the lead and an intermediate temperature heat sink. Data on the thermal and electrical performance of the heat pipe thermal intercept are presented. The electrical isolation of the heat pipe was measured as a function of applied voltage with and without a thermal load across the heat pipe. The results show the electrical isolation with evaporation, condensation and internal circulation taking place in the heat pipe.
The Enterprise at the Edge

Abstract There is a revolution in decision technology in the form of intelligent agent systems. Very soon, tools in the shape of distributed artificial intelligence will be available and be particularly applicable to the complexities of decision-making in the typical global enterprise. A number of issues will arise in the next few years as intelligent agents become the mainstream enablers of ‘real-time’ enterprise process, such as the need to ensure continuity in the transition phase by careful integration of intelligent agent systems into a firm's legacy systems. The authors discuss such issues and conclude with a look at the paradigm shift in enterprise philosophy made possible by a human–machine partnership.
A basis of safety design for cooperative human-machine system

Fundamental safety requirements for cooperative human-machine systems such as symbiosis robots are logically demonstrated in this paper. New protective measure for cooperative system should be proposed based on principle of safety design regulated by current safety standard. Such measure, however, needs to show good reasoning to vindicate its sufficiency for cooperative system. A theoretical analysis formed by algebra of sets is conducted in order to analyze the sufficiency. Safety requirements for the cooperative human-machine system are clarified based on the theoretical analysis.
Altered sleep composition after traumatic brain injury does not affect declarative sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often report sleep disturbances, which may be caused by changes in sleep architecture or reduced sleep quality (greater time awake after sleep onset, poorer sleep efficiency, and sleep stage proportion alterations). Sleep is beneficial for memory formation, and herein we examine whether altered sleep physiology following TBI has deleterious effects on sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation. Participants learned a list of word pairs in the morning or evening, and recall was assessed 12-hrs later, following an interval awake or with overnight sleep. Young adult participants (18-22 yrs) were assigned to one of four experimental groups: TBI Sleep (n=14), TBI Wake (n=12), non-TBI Sleep (n=15), non-TBI Wake (n=15). Each TBI participant was >1 yr post-injury. Sleep physiology was measured with polysomnography. Memory consolidation was assessed by comparing change in word-pair recall over 12-hr intersession intervals. The TBI group spent a significantly greater proportion of the night in SWS than the non-TBI group at the expense of NREM1. The TBI group also had marginally lower EEG delta power during SWS in the central region. Intersession changes in recall were greater for intervals with sleep than without sleep in both groups. However, despite abnormal sleep stage proportions for individuals with a TBI history, there was no difference in the intersession change in recall following sleep for the TBI and non-TBI groups. In both Sleep groups combined, there was a positive correlation between Intersession Change and the proportion of the night in NREM2 + SWS. Overall, sleep composition is altered following TBI but such deficits do not yield insufficiencies in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
Work Spouses: Defining and Understanding a "New" Relationship

Despite a spate of media attention in recent years and implications for both work and family relationships, communication scholars have yet to study work-spouse relationships. Since popular press sources have often focused on the nature of and propriety of such relationships, the purpose of this study was to empirically examine how work spouses characterized their relationships. We analyzed 269 participants’ open-ended responses to a survey, which yielded five categories: (a) characteristics of a work spouse, (b) conditions for the work-spouse relationship, (c) characteristics of the work-spouse relationship, (d) functions of work spouses, and (e) ways of managing the work-spouse relationship. From this analysis, we construct a definition of the relationship and chart a course of future research for communication scholars.
Global synthesis of vegetation control on evapotranspiration partitioning

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the global hydrological cycle. However, to what extent transpiration ratios (T/ET) are controlled by vegetation and the mechanisms of global-scale T/ET variations are not clear. We synthesized all the published papers that measured at least two of the three components (E, T, and ET) and leaf area index (LAI) simultaneously. Nonlinear relationships between T/ET and LAI were identified for both the overall data set and agricultural or natural data subsets. Large variations in T/ET occurred across all LAI ranges with wider variability at lower LAI. For a given LAI, higher T/ET was observed during later vegetation growing stage within a season. We developed a function relating T/ET to the growing stage relative to the timing of peak LAI. LAI and growing stage collectively explained 43% of the variations in the global T/ET data set, providing a new way to interpret and model global T/ET variability.
White noise disturbance and topological heterogeneity analysis for the hybrid consensus protocol

In this note, we extend the robustness analysis for the hybrid consensus protocol to a more general case: the white noise disturbance effect on the hybrid system, which is a significant measurement when considering the robustness of control protocols. The expectation and covariance of the states for the system are formulated, and the Lyapunov stability for the hybrid system is developed. Furthermore, considering attacks to the graph of the multi-agent system, the topology of the network might be unconnected, therefore, the study of the disconnectedness effect on the system is necessary. Hence, the unconnected topologies are investigated for the hybrid system, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for weak formation and consensus are provided, respectively. Moreover, simulations are provided to verify our theoretical analysis.
Nowcasting Storm Initiation and Growth Using GOES-8 and WSR-88D Data

The evolution of cumulus clouds over a variety of radar-detected, boundary layer convergence features in eastern Colorado has been examined using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery and Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data. While convective storms formed above horizontal rolls in the absence of any additional surface forcing, the most intense storms initiated in regions above: gust fronts, gust front interaction with horizontal rolls, and terrain-induced stationary convergence zones. The onset of vigorous cloud growth leading to storm development was characterized by cloud tops that reached subfreezing temperatures and exhibited large cooling rates at cloud top 15 min prior to the first detection of 10dBZ radar echoes aloft and 30 min before 35 dBZ. The rate of cloud-top temperature change was found to be important for discriminating between weakly precipitating storms (,35 dBZ) and vigorous convective storms (.35 dBZ). Results from this study have been used to increase the lead time of thunderstorm initiation nowcasts with the NCAR automated, convective storm nowcasting system. This improvement is demonstrated at two operational forecast offices in Virginia and New Mexico.
Listeners' perception of compensatory shortening.

English exhibits compensatory shortening, whereby a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable is measured to be shorter than the same stressed syllable alone. This anticipatory shortening is much greater than backward shortening, whereby an unstressed syllable is measured to shorten a following stressed syllable. We speculated that measured shortening reflects not true shortening, but coarticulatory hiding. Hence, we asked whether listeners are sensitive to parts of stressed syllables hidden by following or preceding unstressed syllables. In two experiments (Experiments 1A and 1B), we found the point of subjective equality—that is, the durational difference between a stressed syllable in isolation and one followed by an unstressed syllable—at which listeners cannot tell which is longer. In a third experiment (Experiment 2), we found the point of subjective equality for stressed monosyllables and disyllables with a weak-strong stress pattern. In all of the experiments, the points of subjective equality occurred when stressed syllables in disyllables were measured to be shorter than those in monosyllables, as if the listeners heard the coarticulatory onset or the continuation of a stressed syllable within unstressed syllables.
Sidetrack and Recompletion Risks in Oil Fields. VI. Decisions to Abandon based on Further Data Collection

Based upon the premise that an accurately targeted decision to proceed or not with a recompletion or sidetrack job in an oil field may not be possible without further information, this paper investigates what worth is brought to resolving such decision uncertainty by acquiring new data, and relates the cost of such data to changes the data bring about in the worth of going ahead with a development job. Limitations to the costs of such data, and of undertaking further studies should the acquired data not resolve the situation, are examined in relation to the estimated worth of the development project and also to the probability that a successful profitable outcome for the development project will prevail. Given the uncertainties on such future estimates, an investigation is also given of the dominance of individual uncertain factors in contributing to the uncertainty of turning a profit. Five examples are given, designed to illuminate how the costs and uncertainties influence, sometimes very seriously, pri...
Surgical management of complicated diverticulitis: a comparison of the laparoscopic and open approaches.

Background Laparoscopy has become a commonly used method of performing colectomies, but the outcomes associated with laparoscopy in the emergency setting have not been well studied. Study Design The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for patients with diverticulitis without hemorrhage who underwent a colectomy. Patient data retrieved included demographics and preoperative comorbidities. Each member of the cohort received either a primary anastomosis (PA) or a colostomy. Open and laparoscopic procedures were compared within these subgroups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to compare the risk-adjusted odds of postoperative morbidity and mortality for laparoscopic and open procedures. The risk-adjusted impact of preoperative comorbidities was also assessed. Results A total of 11,981 patients in the database met the study criteria. The majority were female (53%) and Caucasian (82%), and the mean age was 58 (±13) years. Comorbidities of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal systems were present in 47%, 5%, and 1% of the cohort, respectively. On bivariate analysis, patients undergoing laparoscopy experienced lower rates of complications with both PA (14% vs 26%, p Conclusions The laparoscopic approach is associated with lower complication rates compared with the open approach for the surgical treatment of diverticulitis with a primary anastomosis.
Optic Disc Hemorrhage after Phacoemulsification in Patients with Glaucoma

Background. Optic disk hemorrhage is known to be a risk factor for glaucoma progression. Cataract surgery by phacoemulsification results in large intraocular pressure fluctuations. We aim to investigate whether phacoemulsification is associated with optic disc hemorrhage in patients with glaucoma. Methods. This is a retrospective review of consecutive university clinic based glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification alone, with at least 3 visits in the year before and at least 5 visits in the year following phacoemulsification. The presence of optic disk hemorrhage was evaluated with slit lamp biomicroscopy at each clinic visit prior to and following phacoemulsification. Results. We evaluated 158 eyes of 158 subjects; 15 (9.5%) had ODH noted at least once during the 2-year study period. Four eyes had ODH identified on postoperative day 1, for a cross-sectional prevalence of 2.5%. Fourteen ODH episodes were noted preoperatively versus 12 episodes postoperatively (P = 0.68). Aspirin use was associated with ODH (P = 0.015). Conclusions. Our cross-sectional study found a prevalence of ODH immediately after CE that was similar to other published rates, and our longitudinal study did not find an increase in ODH in the year after phacoemulsification when compared to the year prior to surgery.
Using evidence in central catheter care.

Objectives : To discuss a project that identified the causes of central venous catheter infections, implemented corrective interventions, and evaluated the effectiveness of interventions. Data Sources : Research studies, review articles, data collection, and personal experience. Conclusions : An educational intervention and individual demonstration improved sterile technique during catheter care, decreased infection rates, and decreased length of hospital stay. Implications for Nursing Practice : Education has a significant impact on patient care and outcomes. Nurses can provide optimal catheter care for lowering infection risks.
Kenaf phytoalexin : Toxicity of o-hibiscanone and its hydroquinone to the plant pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

o-Hibiscanone (HBQ) is a phytoalexin produced by kenaf in response to infection by the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. In several bioassays utilizing both conidia and mycelia of V. dahliae, HBQ...
A Fuzzy Statistical Rule Generation Method for Handwriting Recognition

This paper presents a statistical approach for rule-base generation of handwriting recognition. The proposed method integrates the heuristic feature selection with the statistical evaluation and thus improves the performance of the rule generation as well as of the fuzzy handwriting recognition system. Fuzzy statistical measures are employed to identify relevant features from a given large handwriting database. First an automatic rule-base mechanism is presented. To reduce the time needed for this generation mechanism an additional heuristic feature selection step is introduced. Tests show that this generated rule-base improved the recognition results over previous approaches.
Downwelling irradiance fluctuations in the small-angle approximation

Mean and rrns fluctuations of downwelling solar irradiance below a rough ocean surface have been modelled using the small-angle approximation for the in-water radiance distribution. For comparison, a ray-trace approach has also been used to calculate the fluctuation statistics in the limit of no scattering. The mean irradiance decays rapidly near the surface, and at a sufficiently large depth (determined by the water optical properties) is within a few percent of the irradiance for a flat ocean surface. Although rims fluctuations decay with depth as well, their magnitude relative to the mean irradiance reaches a nonzero asymptotic value which depends on the sun position, optical properties, and surface roughness.
The clinical evaluation and the preparation and standardization of suspensions of a new water-insoluble whole ragweed pollen complex

Abstract 1.1. A suspension of a new water-insoluble whole ragweed pollen complex, believed to be more representative of all the allergenic components as they appear in the pollen and in a form which lends itself to slow absorption, was prepared. 2.2. The suspension can be standardized by a weight method which takes into account all antigenic fractions present. 3.3. A direct correlation between the nitrogen value and weight of the alum-precipitated pyridine whole ragweed complex is obtained. 4.4. A series of seventy-eight adult patients, highly sensitive to ragweed pollen, were treated with the suspension. Ten patients of this group continued their treatment on a monthly basis after having completed a course of preseasonal injections. 5.5. A greater tolerance for the suspension was noted (often twice the amount attained with aqueous extract was given with safety and often with one-half the number of injections). 6.6. Constitutional reactions were mild, delayed, and infrequent. 7.7. Excellent clinical relief was obtained following treatment of extremely sensitive patients treated with the suspension. 8.8. There was a notable absence of itching of the eyes in the hay fever patients treated with the suspension. 9.9. The symptom of itching eyes may be caused by the oil fraction of pollen, and the observed absence of this symptom following treatment may have been the result of successful immunization with the whole pollen extract which also contained the oil fraction.
Determination of the Charge of Positive Thermions from Measurements of Shot Effect

Several new types of current fluctuations have been studied with special reference to the possible effects of both positive ions and electrons, and the influence of space charge. An emitter of positive potassium ions is described which has proven suitable for shot effect measurements. Results indicate that the discharge may be properly controlled and temperature limited currents obtained, giving a value for the ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ion equal in magnitude to the electron charge. Values resulting from an extensive series of electron charge determinations confirm the precision and expediency of several new methods which have been introduced into the experimental procedure. A detailed description is given of a simple and direct method of determining the shot circuit impedance.
Comparative Effects of Tobramycin and Gentamicin on Glomerular Ultrastructure

To examine and compare the effects of tobramycin and gentamicin and glomerular endothelium, these drugs were given to rats at dosages of 80, 40 or 4 mg/kg per day for 10 days, when detailed, quantitative scanning electron microscopic studies of glomerular architecture were performed. Gentamicin caused significant dose-related decreases in endogenous creatinine clearance, but tobramycin did not. Gentamicin administration resulted in a decrease in the diameter and density of endothelial fenestrae at all dosages tested. The changes were dose-dependent and accounted for a decrease in filtration area ranging from 75% at 4 mg/kg per day to 36% at 80 mg/kg per day. Tobramycin administration caused only minor alterations, even at the high dosages, which did not significantly reduce filtration area. Thus, the difference in effect of glomerular filtration rate caused by gentamicin and tobramycin corresponds closely to differences in their effects on glomerular ultrastructure.
Transforming growth factor-β in neural embryogenesis and neoplasia

Abstract The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of polypeptides includes three structurally and functionally related mammalian isoforms that influence cell proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. Recent identification of these isoforms in the embryonic murine central nervous system suggests that these factors may regulate proliferation and differentiation of meningeal and neuroepithelial cells during development. Predominant expression of TGF-β1 in the leptomeninges compared with the brain of the murine and human central nervous system implicates this isoform in regulation of that mesodermal tissue. Thus, defective TGF-β regulation may contribute to neoplastic transformation. Failure to activate latent TGF-βs may contribute to the loss of autocrine regulation seen in meningiomas. Expression of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 primarily in embryonic murine radial glia and adult human astrocytes suggests other roles for these isoforms, including glioblast differentiation and guidance of neuroblast migration. Although inhibitory to “normal” astrocyte proliferation, TGF-βs demonstrate autocrine growth stimulation in vitro among hyperdiploid malignant gliomas, medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and anaplastic ependymomas. Hence, synthesis and release of active TGF-βs by malignant brain tumors may create aberrant stimulatory autocrine loops. The mechanism of TGF-β-induced growth stimulation is poorly understood. Future studies with likely clarify and identify additional roles for the TGF-β isoforms in neuro-embryogenesis and neoplasia.
Differential conductance in three-dimensional resonant tunneling.

We report the results of precision numerical calculations of three-dimensional resonant tunneling. Simple fitting formulas are given which parametrize the dependence of the peak differential conductance ${G}_{\mathrm{res}}$ and the resonance broadening \ensuremath{\Gamma} on the tunnel barrier parameters. The maximum value attained by ${G}_{\mathrm{res}}$ is universally equal to ${e}^{2}$/h.
Application of Power Transistors to Residential and Intermediate Rating Photovoltaic Array Power Conditioners

An investigation into power conditioners that interface with photovoltaic arrays and utilities has been recently completed. The ratings for this investigation include residential systems (5-30 kW) that interface with a 240-V single-phase utility connection and intermediate systems (30-200 kW) that interface with a 480-V three- phase utility connection. Both systems mandated that an isolation transformer be provided between the array and the utility interface. A trade-off study was performed for many transistor and thyristor circuits and configurations. The weighting criteria included full- and part-load efficiency, size, weight, reliability, ease of control, injected harmonics, reactive power requirements, and parts cost. As the result of this study, a 10-kW high-frequency PWM transistor inverter feeding a high-frequency isolation transformer with a sinusoidally shaped current wave was selected. The output of the transformer is rectified with a diode bridge rectifier. Four thyristors, used as 60-Hz switches, reverse the polarity of the rectified current on every other half-cycle of the utility voltage. This reversal is accomplished slightly before the natural zero crossing of the voltage, thereby providing commutation for the thyristors. The results in the intermediate rating study targeted on a 100-kW design using power transistors in a full-bridge circuit connected to a 60-Hz three-phase transformer. Three bridge circuits are provided to interface with the polyphase utility. The switching strategy for the power transistors is based on a sine wave shape of current with a controlled deadband.
Effect of hammer length and nonlinear paper-ribbon characteristics on impact printing

An analysis of the impact process in a particular type of high-speed printer was undertaken to determine the effect of hammer length on the contact time. The hammer is modeled as a one dimensional wave propagation medium and the paper-ribbon combination as a dissipative, nonlinear medium with hysteresis. The integrated macroscopic viscoelastic parameters for a particular impact geometry and hammer momentum were determined from a combination of the analytical model and the experiments run on an instrumented printer robot. Permanent deformation of the paper-ribbon caused by character penetration was also determined in this manner. The simulated model was then used to predict the change in dynamic behavior of such a system due to variations of the hammer length. The hammer length is shown to have only a tertiary effect on contact time in such a dissipative deformable nonlinear system. This result demonstrates that the widely discussed use of hammer length as a design parameter to control contact time in impact printing is invalid for such a dissipative system.
Closing the Gap Between Researchers and Policymakers: Lessons from the History of Fisheries Management in the United States

Increases in sea surface temperature have led to distributional changes in many commercially exploited fish species. These changes have already led to conflict over mackerel fisheries, arising from demand for fair resource apportionment and desire to manage the fishery sustainably. In order to develop adaptable management strategies for complex ocean fishery systems, policymakers and researchers must move beyond a reactive producer–consumer relationship to develop proactive, supportive collaborations. The history of U.S. national fisheries management is presented as an example of this transition. Building cooperative capacity over the last two centuries has lead to a more systematic understanding of the oceans, and has led to success in reducing the number of overfished stocks. Similar development of cooperation between policymakers and researchers on an international scale may be the surest way to develop management strategies adaptable enough to withstand challenges posed by future climate change.
Response to constant angular accelerations of neurons in the monkey superior vestibular nucleus.

The response to constant angular acceleration of type I neurons in the superior vestibular nucleus was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized, cerebellectomized squirrel monkeys. Some so-called intact animals had six active semicircular canals. In other animals, the three canals on one side were rendered non-responsive by plugging, and data were obtained from the plugged and unplugged sides. There is no significant difference between the mean resting activities of units from the plugged and unplugged sides and from intact animals. Two observations appear to reflect a synergy of inputs to individual units from parallel canals. First, units on the unplugged side have roughly linear excitatory input-output relationships. Some plugged-side units exhibit an excitatory saturation. The nonlinear excitatory input-output relation of units from intact animals may result from addition of ipsilateral linear and contralateral nonlinear inputs. Second, the mean sensitivity to angular acceleration of units on the plugged and unplugged sides is significantly smaller than that of units from intact animals. Units responsive to stimulation in either of two canal planes showed response summation with simultaneous activation of the two inputs. Type III and type IV responses can result from such summation.
Supersonic STOVL ejector aircraft from a propulsion point of view

A baseline supersonic STOVL ejector aircraft, its propulsion and typical operating modes is described, and important propulsion parameters are identified. Then a number of propulsion system changes are evaluated for improvement of the lift-off performance aft deflection of the ejector jet and heating of the ejector primary air either by burning or using the hot engine core flow. The possibility for cooling the footprint is illustrated for mixing or interchanging the fan and core flows, and in use of a core flow ejector. The application of a new engine concept the turbine bypass engine plus a turbocompressor to supply the ejector primary air, and thrust during takeoff combat are presented.
Optimized structures and relative stabilities of the isomers of (CO2)2n+1 (1 ⩽ n ⩽6) from AM1 calculations

Abstract Optimized structures for (CO2)2n+1 (1 ⩽ n ⩽ 6), including some which are stabilized by six-membered rings and potential covalently bound higher polymers, and their relative stabilities of the isomers have been calculated by the AM1 semi-empirical molecular orbital method. The results indicate that both crystalline trimer or polymeric CO2 are thermodynamically feasible.
Trade Impacts of China's World Trade Organization Accession

This study examines China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession commitments and assesses their implications for China and the world using a model reflecting the importance of duty-free intermediate inputs in China's exports. The WTO agreement built on earlier reforms that introduced competition into the trade regime, eliminated nontariff barriers and exchange rate overvaluation, and reduced tariffs. The reforms associated with accession were conservatively estimated to increase global real incomes by $74 billion per year, with $29 billion accruing to China and the remainder primarily to those countries trading directly with China. Some lower-income developing countries faced greater competition from China in third markets.
Horizontal structure of the electric field in the stratiform region of an Oklahoma mesoscale convective system

[1] This analysis combines vertical electric field components Ez observed by two research aircraft flying horizontally at two levels, with vertical soundings of thermodynamic parameters and Ez made by five balloons, to produce a quasi-three-dimensional view of the space charge distribution in the trailing stratiform cloud region behind a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that developed in central Oklahoma late in the afternoon of 2 June 1991. The balloons were launched serially at one-hour intervals from two sites separated by 80 km along a north-south line as the MCS moved eastward, yielding two east-west time-height cross-sections of the Ez structure within the quasi-steady state trailing stratiform region behind the MCS. The balloon measurements are consistent with a vertical stack of five rearward- and downward-sloping horizontal sheets of charge of alternating polarity, beginning at the bottom with a negative charge layer below the 0°C level and a positive layer near the 0°C level. This structure persisted for more than 2 hours. The two aircraft flew back and forth along a north-south line through the balloon launch sites during the balloon launch period. Aircraft measurements demonstrated that the vertical electric field (Ez) at constant altitude varied in the north-south direction. The peak magnitudes of Ez deduced from the airborne instrument systems agreed with the magnitudes deduced from the balloon measurements at the aircraft altitudes of 4.5 km and 5.8 km AGL. Rapid reversals in polarity of Ez with peak magnitude >50 kV m−1 observed by the aircraft at 4.5 km, just above the 0°C level, confirms the thin concentrated positive charge layer observed there by balloons and suggests that this charge layer is undulating above and below 4.5 km altitude, at least in the north-south direction. Microphysically, this layer contained large aggregates and pockets of low cloud liquid water concentration. At the 5.8 km level, the polarity of Ez was always positive but the magnitude varied from zero to 25 kV m−1. Aircraft-observed Ez at both altitudes varied on horizontal scales of ∼10 km or greater at both levels, suggesting that the charge density derived using the one-dimensional infinite-layer Gauss's law approximation applied to the balloon soundings of Ez is valid in this study. These observations show that layers of charge can persist for hours as they advect rearward in a storm-relative sense, possibly due to continuing in situ charge separation, and/or due to weak dispersion, slow recombination and slow settling of charge attached to low mobility low terminal velocity ice hydrometeors.
Structure of p-tert-butylcalix[5]arene·ethyl acetate. A polymeric array of neighbor-included calixarenes

p-tert-Butylcalix[5]arene crystallizes from ethyl acetate in the monoclinic space groupC2/c witha=34.793(9),b=13.637(3),c=25.577(7)A, β=114.28(2)°, andD c =1.08 g cm−3 forZ=8 (C59H78O7). Refinement based on 2789 observed reflections led toR=0.071. The complex crystallizes with one molecule of ethyl acetate per calixarene molecule, with the solvent residing between calixarene units instead of within the cavity. The calixarene units neighbor-include to form a polymeric array: a t-butyl group of one calixarene is housed in the cavity of an adjacent calixarene. The packing arrangement of the calixarene molecules bears a remarkable resemblance to a zeolitic array.
Some bounds for coefficients of schlicht pseudo-conformal mappings

The author considers a schlicht pseudo-conformal mapping of a domainB in the (z1, z2)-space onto the Reinhardt circular domainC in the (ξ1, ξ2)-space by a pair of functions (see (1)§ 1). The domainB is assumed to include the bicylinder ((2)§ 2) and to omit four planes zk=ak, zk=bk, k=1, 2. Upper bounds for a sequence of the coefficientsμv(k) of the developments (1) are given, see p. 304. The upper bounds depend only on ak, bk, k=1, 2, and on the radii rk of the bicylinder ((2)§ 2). The bounds are obtained by using the method of the kernel function. The result can be considered as an analogue to the inequalities of Grunsky in the theory of functions of one complex variable.
Role of Hydrogen Ions in TiO2-Based Memory Devices

Field-programmable rectification (FPR) and resistive switching in TiO 2 are under investigation as bases for nonvolatile memory devices. It has been suggested that FPR results from the field-induced drift of mobile dopants, particularly oxygen vacancies. In this article, it is shown that hydrogen ions, not oxygen vacancies, are the mobile dopant responsible for FPR in the Pt/TiO 2 /Pt system. In addition, it is shown that resistive switching and FPR are observable in the same device, with FPR existing prior to an electroforming step and resistive switching observed afterwards. This suggests that hydrogen might be a source of resistive switching as well.
Distributed schedule management in the Tiger video fileserver

Tiger is a scalable, fault-tolerant video file server constructed from a collection of computers connected by a switched network. All content files are striped across all of the computers and disks in a Tiger system. In order to prevent conflicts for a particular resource between two viewers, Tiger schedules viewers so that they do not require access to the same resource at the same time. In the abstract, there is a single, global schedule that describes all of the viewers in the system. In practice, the schedule is distributed among all of the computers in the system, each of which has a possibly partially inconsistent view of a subset of the schedule. By using such a relaxed consistency model for the schedule, Tiger achieves scalability and fault tolerance while still providing the consistent, coordinated service required by viewers.
Some notes on the algal ecology of a Michigan Lake

1. Few lakes in southern Michigan have been studied limnologically, and there are few publications on the algal ecology of the state. 2. The general physical and chemical characteristics of a typical eutrophic lake in southern Michigan are presented. 3. Relationships between the quantity and quality of the phytoplankton and certain factors of water chemistry are discussed. 4. A systematic list of the algae of Jordan Lake is presented.
Effective intraverbal training of children with autism to mand for questions to answers via the “I don’t know please tell me” response

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Ingvarsson, E. T., & Hollobaugh, T. (2010). Acquisition of intraverbal behavior: Teaching children with autism to mand for answers to questions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 1–17. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
An extension of hölder’s theorem on the gamma function

The Gamma function is differentially transcendental over certain differential domains of real-valued functions defined on fixed subintervals of (0, ∞).
Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. II. Distribution and packing of terminal methyl groups

We continue in this paper the presentation of theoretical and experimental methods for the joint refinement of neutron and x-ray lamellar diffraction data for the analysis of fluid (L alpha phase) bilayer structure (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White. 1991 a, b, c. Biophys. J. 59:162–173 and 174–185; Biochemistry. 30:6997–7008; Wiener, M. C., G. I. King, and S. H. White. Biophys. J. 60: 568–576). We show how to obtain the distribution and packing of the terminal methyls in the interior of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer (66% RH) by combining x-ray and neutron scattering-length transbilayer profiles with no a priori assumptions about the functional form of the distribution. We find that the methyls can be represented by a Gaussian function with 1/e-halfwidth of 2.95 +/- 0.28 A situated at the bilayer center. There is substantial mixing of the methyls and methylenes in the bilayer center. The Gaussian representation of the methyl distribution is narrower and has a different shape than predicted by several simulations of fluid bilayers (Gruen, D. W. R., and E. H. B. de Lacey. 1984. Surfactants in Solution, Vol. 1. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York. 279–306; de Loof, H., et al. 1991. Biochemistry. 30:2099–2133) but this may be due to the smaller area/lipid of our experiments and the presence of the double-bonds. Determination of the absolute specific volume of DOPC and an analysis of bulk alkane volumetric data over a range of hydrostatic pressures lead to estimates of methylene and methyl volumes at the bilayer center of 27 +/- 1 A3 and 57.2 +/- 3.6 A3, respectively. This result provides direct confirmation of the common assumption that the molecular packing of methyl and methylene groups in bilayers is the same as in bulk liquid alkanes.
Pregnancy and liver disease

Although liver disease does not occur frequently during pregnancy, when it does, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality for both fetus and mother. Recent advances in molecular genetics have provided some insight into the pathogenesis of diseases such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Newer studies linking serum bile acid levels with fetal outcome support the importance of this marker in IHCP. Randomized trials with ursodeoxycholic acid have shown promising results in reducing maternal symptoms and serum bile acid levels in IHCP. Although further studies must be performed, early strategies aimed at reducing viral loads in mothers may reduce perinatal transmission of hepatitis B.
Eimeria indianensis sp. n. and an Isospora sp. from the opossum Didelphis virginiana (Kerr).

SYNOPSIS Two of 15 road-killed opossums examined for coccidia were found to be infected with a hitherto undescribed species of Eimeria, herein named Eimeria indianensis. The oocysts were spherical (63%) or slightly subspherical (37%) with a double-layered wall. The outer layer was ∼1.5 μm thick, yellowish, striated, and appeared rough and pitted on the surface. A micropyle was absent. The spherical oocysts were 16.3 (13–18) μm in diameter; the subspherical ones, 17.6 (15–18) × 16.4 (14–17) μm. The sporocysts measured 9.1 (8–10) × 6.2 (6–7) μm and contained a granular residuum. The sporozoites were elongate, measuring 13.4 (13–15) × 1.8 (1.6-2.0) μm; no refractile globules were seen. The prepatent period was 10 days and the patent period ranged from 9–15 days. A few oocysts of an Isospora sp. were present in one opossum. It was not possible to confirm whether they were specifically of the opossum or of spurious origin.