cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Crystalline Germanium Thin Films by Electrodeposition and Solid-Phase Epitaxy

Single-crystal germanium films on silicon were prepared by electrodeposition and solid-phase epitaxy. The germanium films were amorphous as-deposited and crystallized into single crystals or polycrystals, depending on the cleanliness of the Si substrates. The low deposition temperature, the ease of thickness control, and the inherit advantage of spatial selectivity of the electrodeposition process make this method a promising way to selectively grow high-quality germanium for device applications.
Anisotropic crack growth in compressed LiF

Abstract THE relationship between crack growth and plastic deformation in ionic crystals has been elucidated recently by Stokes and Li (1962) and by Tattersall and Clarke (1962) who have demonstrated the anisotropic nature of crack growth from subcritical to critical Griffith size. Stokes and Li (1962) studied the extension of subcritical cracks in NaCl under tension and proved that surface microcracks extend anisotropically into the crystal, the direction of crack growth lying parallel to the zone axis of the active, orthogonal slip bands. They attributed the anisotropic growth pattern of the microcracks to the influence of slip bands, which resist crack propagation across the slip band, but aid propagation parallel to the band.
Unopposed appetite (orexigenic) mechanisms in the near-term ovine fetus: central leptin does not inhibit sucrose ingestion.

Objective: Leptin is produced in adipocytes and is present in the term fetus. In the adult, leptin acts centrally to inhibit neuropeptide Y-induced carbohydrate intake. We sought to examine if central leptin alters fetal ingestion of oral sucrose in the near-term ovine fetus.Methods: Five pregnant ewes and fetuses were prepared with fetal vascular, sublingual and intracerebroventricular (ICV) catheters and esophageal electromyogram electrodes, and studied at 132 ± 1 days' gestation (term 145–150 days). Following a 2-h baseline period, 10% sucrose was infused sublingually (0.25 ml/min) for the duration of the study. At time 4 h, leptin (0.075 mg/kg) was administered ICV and fetal swallowing was monitored for an additional 6 h.Results: During the basal period, fetal swallowing averaged 0.7 ± 0.1 swallows/min. Fetal swallowing increased significantly in response to 10% sucrose (1.2 ± 0.1 swallows/min; p < 0.05). In response to ICV leptin, fetal swallowing remained significantly elevated at 2, 4 and 6 h (1.3 ...
The Darboux coordinate system and Holstein-Primakoff representations on Kähler manifolds

The Kahler geometry of minimal coadjoint orbits of classical Lie groups is exploited to construct Darboux coordinates, a symplectic two-form and a Lie–Poisson structure on the dual of the Lie algebra. Canonical transformations cast the generators of the dual into Dyson or Holstein–Primakoff representations.PACS Nos.: 02.20.Sv, 02.30.Ik, 02.40.Tt
Project SACI-Brazil: An Integrated Educational System.

Abstract The SACI Project of the Institute of Space Research in Brazil is an effort to develop a completely integrated educational system using the latest cost‐benefit technology. The system includes the use of radio, television, a new and novel system of programmed instruction and computer management of student progress, a satellite system, and special TV receivers capable of receiving signals directly from the satellite. All of these components, working together in conjunction with a controlled set of variables in program format using parabolic learning, are being evaluated. The present experiment is being conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Norte with the expectation and built‐in capability of expansion to a national scale. The techniques of quantity and quality control used in the project may be useful in other mixed‐media teaching and training programs now in development.
Roentgenologic studies of the infant's gastrointestinal tract

Summary 1. Two hundred and eighty-one roentgenologic gastrointestinal examinations were made on 133 infants (sixty-three boys and seventy girls), aged from one week to six months. 2. Barium enemas were given to 100 of these infants. 3. The study of the films shows that marked variations may be found between individuals or in any one individual at different times. 4. These are illustrated by such findings as: (1) the variation in the emptying time of the stomach which is from one and one-half to more than eight hours; (2) the lack of any constant shape of the stomach; (3) the changing pattern presented by the globules of barium in the jejunum and ileum; or (4) the variation in the amount of redundancy of the sigmoid. 5. Thirty-four roentgenograms selected from the 1,686 films of these 133 infants have been reproduced to illustrate the individual variations noted.
The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma.

Objectives. We examined the utility of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) universal screening program for military sexual violence.Methods. We analyzed VHA administrative data for 185 880 women and 4139888 men who were veteran outpatients and were treated in VHA health care settings nationwide during 2003.Results. Screening was completed for 70% of patients. Positive screens were associated with greater odds of virtually all categories of mental health comorbidities, including posttraumatic stress disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=8.83; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 8.34, 9.35 for women; AOR = 3.00; 99% CI = 2.89, 3.12 for men). Associations with medical comorbidities (e.g., chronic pulmonary disease, liver disease, and for women, weight conditions) were also observed. Significant gender differences emerged.Conclusions. The VHA policies regarding military sexual trauma represent a uniquely comprehensive health care response to sexual trauma. Results attest to the feasibility of universal screenin...
Electrochemical Studies of Ceria as Electrode Material for Sensing and Biosensing Applications

This work presents electrochemical studies of ceria as an electrode material and describes new possibilities of exploring the unique catalytic and redox properties of this material for the development of a simple enzymeless sensor for the determination of H 2 O 2 and for biosensor manufacturing. The investigation of the electrocatalytic activity of ceria toward the oxidation and reduction of hydrogen peroxide was first carried out using cyclic voltammetry in alkaline and neutral conditions. A possible reaction mechanism was suggested involving different cerium oxidation states and reactive species. The ceria-based sensor resulted in rapid, sensitive, and accurate measurement of H 2 O 2 , with a response time of less than 10 s, a detection limit of 98 nM, and a sensitivity of 0.24 μA μM -1 . This material provided a biocompatible matrix for the immobilization of glucose oxidase and facilitated direct electron transfer between its active center and the electrode surface, with an electron-transfer rate constant of 18.3 s -1 and a surface coverage of 1.4 × 10 -11 mol/cm 2 . This study introduces ceria as electrode material for sensing and biosensing applications.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES AND MUCOLIPIDOSES

Cardiac involvement in the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and mucolipidoses (ML) was assessed by echocardiography (E) in 32 patients (pts). Standard echocardiograms were examined for asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), mitral and aortic valve abnormalities, and left ventricular (LV) function. 25 pts had MPS and 7 pts had ML. The median age of the group was 7 years (range 15 months - 25 years). ASH (septal:posterior wall thickness ratio ≥ 1.3:1) was found in 20/32 pts (63%) of the total group.Mitral valve abnormalities included a diminished EF slope (<50mm/sec) in 11/32 (34%); decreased CE excursions (<1.5cm) in 23/32 (72%); abnormally thickened chordae in 22/32 (69%); marked flutter in 24/32 (75%) thickened valve in 16/32 (50%). Aortic valve thickening was noted in 9/25 (32%) of the pts with MPS and in none of the pts with ML. LV function as determined by ejection fraction, VCF, ΔP, and systolic time intervals vas normal in all but 2/32 (6.2%) pts. In summary, the spectrum of cardiac lesions in MPS and ML, was demonstrated by E. In addition to previously described valvular involvement, we have demonstrated gross septal hypertrophy, presumably a result of myocardial deposition. Surprisingly, LV function was not depressed in our series. However, serial studies are indicated for signs of progressive myocardial dysfunction.
Ulnar neuropathy after median sternotomy

Ulnar neuropathy is a known complication of median sternotomy surgery, and its precise cause is not clear. The authors hypothesize that a "double-crush" phenomenon caused by intraoperative compression of the brachial plexus occurs in a patient with preexisting, previously undiagnosed slowing of ulnar nerve conduction. Eighty-four arms in 42 patients scheduled for cardiac surgery were studied. Pre- and postoperative history and physical examinations were performed by separate blinded examiners; however, the nerve conduction studies were performed by a single examiner. Fifteen arms (18%) in 11 patients (26%) clinically demonstrated postoperative neuropathy. After surgery, all symptomatic patients had considerable slowing of their preoperative conduction studies. A direct correlation appears to exist between preoperative slowing of ulnar nerve conduction and postmedian sternotomy neuropathy. A careful preoperative evaluation including nerve conduction studies may detect the predisposed patient; the surgeon attempting postoperative cubital tunnel decompression is cautioned that the lesion may not be an isolated one.
Determining priorities for projects with uncertain benefits: an application to data management

Abstract It is increasingly imperative that the data resource be managed effectively. An important aspect of doing this is determination of priorities from among projects that impact or involve various facets of the data resource. Although such projects may clearly be beneficial, specification and quantitative evaluation of benefits may of necessity be highly judgmental. This paper presents a multi-stage procedure designed to accommodate the ambiguity inherent in assessing the benefits that would accrue from data management projects. At the first and last stages involvement of senior IS personnel is critical. An in-depth example is given to illustrate the several steps of the procedure.
Parents who Utilize Private Infant Adoption: An Ethnographic Analysis

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the feelings and perceptions of parents undergoing the process of private infant adoption in Western society. Ten individuals were interviewed and, through ethnographic analysis, categories and themes were derived. Participants moved sequentially through seven phases, from the choice to adopt to receiving the legal birth certificate. Adoptive parents described the phases as laden with fears and anxieties. The participants considered themselves to be risk-takers. Major themes that emerged from this study were uncertainty, unpreparedness, and commitment to an unguaranteed investment. Additional themes were isolation, competition, judgment, and ostracism from a variety of sources. Health professionals can support these parents by assisting them in establishing coping strategies and through educating them during each phase of the process.
On Some Practical Considerations Regarding Community-Based Participatory Research for Addressing Cancer Health Disparities

There is a consensus about the benefits of community-based participatory research and the important role it can play in reducing cancer health disparities. Although every community-based participatory research project is unique in many ways, several fundamental issues deserve consideration. We discuss issues concerning community representation, possible tensions within community-based participatory research (CBPR) projects, and staffing CBPR projects. Flexibility, open-mindedness, transparency, and above all, caring, are characteristics that best ensure successful and rewarding outcomes.
The Problem of the Unity of Knowledge in Comte's Philosophy of Science*

Comte's philosophy of science is re-examined from the point of view of the rationalist problematic of the unity of knowledge. It is argued that Comte's attempt to answer this metaphysical problem is the single most important factor determining the final form of his system of positive philosophy, his hierarchy of the sciences, his conception of sociology, and ultimately his positive religion of Humanity. After rejecting the main solutions offered by modern rationalism, Comte provides a subjective unity for the sciences by establishing Humanity as the principle of organization for all knowledge. The article describes the various components of the positive synthesis, their background in the history of ideas, and the contemporary relevance of the problem of unity for logical empiricism and Husserl. Some have said that need for unity expresses the identity of the self; others, that it stands for economy of thought. Possibly, but this is interpretation, psychologically or sociologically tinged. The need for unity is a historical fact and, as such, unresolved. It is also a symbol of science, and its myth. Science is a finely defined and articulated system of symbols; but the ultimate symbol, that of unity, can have no referent. Rather one might say it stands for the totality of the knowable and the unknowable. A confusing situation for the scientific mind, but one it cannot escape. For the conflict at the heart of rationalism is the source of its strength, as long as it lasts. Once the faith is lost, something else has to be found. Under the relentless pressure of social change, with the growing operationalism of physical theory and the metaphysical devastations attendant on Darwinism, the myth of unity could no longer hold. It had to be replaced by unification. But with that the status of science is changed and also that of the scientist. The mirror of nature that reason had endeavored to build up through the ages is shattered, and we look for the first time straight out into an unknown world.
Probing Spatial Organization in Cell Membrane at the Immunological Synapse

The large-scale spatial arrangement of cell surface molecules has been gradually realized to regulate specific cellular outcomes in many cellular processes. This phenomenon is particularly striking in the antigen recognition by T cells. Signaling through discrete T cell receptors (TCRs) in the context of immunological synapse, involves the orchestrated movement and reorganization of TCRs on multi length scales. Microcluster movement is believed to be associated with centripetal actin flow, but the underlying physical mechanism remains unclear. By using the hybrid live T cells-supported membrane system, our study to probe the membrane spatial organization of T cells at their immunological synapse and its connection with TCRs movement will be discussed.
Electron Temperature Measurements in Petawatt Laser Experiments Based on 68 EV and 256 EV XUV Imaging

Summary form only given. The electron temperatures of various layered, cone-wire, and nail targets irradiated with the Vulcan petawatt laser (2 times1020 W cm-2) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory are determined through the analysis of extreme-ultraviolet XUV images. Two channels in the XUV system allow for time integrated, spectrally resolved images of XUV emission at photon energies of 68 eV and 256 eV. A comparison of the absolute intensities of these images with the radiation hydrodynamics code LASNEX facilitates a temperature map of the target.
Yugoslavia: The Final Showdown

After a half century of inaction, NATO intervened in Yugoslavia on behalf of Kosovar Albanians. Methodologically speaking, the action represents a new way of making war in the wake of the Cold War's conclusion. A dramatic increase in the politicisation of warfare, which has manifested itself through political campaigns to sell war to the people, is visible in how the US and key NATO allies justified action in 1999. The campaign to sell the war brought together both emotional appeals to alleviate humanitarian suffering and realist dilemmas aimed at preventing wider conflict. Learning from history, I argue that the war against Yugoslavia unfolded as it did because of the political events of the 1990s and, that by understanding that series of events, we can better predict what future conflicts might look like.
An Operand-Optimized Asynchronous IEEE 754 Double-Precision Floating-Point Adder

We present the design and implementation of an asynchronous high-performance IEEE 754 compliant double precision floating-point adder (FPA). We provide a detailed breakdown of the power consumption of the FPA datapath, and use it to motivate a number of different data-dependent optimizations for energy-efficiency. Our baseline asynchronous FPA has a throughput of 2.15 GHz while consuming 69.3 pJ per operation in a 65nm bulk process. For the same set of nonzero operands, our optimizations improve the FPA’s energy-efficiency to 30.2 pJ per operation while preserving average throughput, a 56.7% reduction in energy relative to the baseline design. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed design of a high-performance asynchronous double-precision floating-point adder.
Epididymocutaneous fistula in a patient with neurogenic bladder

Abstract We describe the development of an epididymocutaneous fistula in a patient with a complicated genitourinary history, including recurrent epididymitis and neurogenic bladder.
Physicians Infrequently Adhere to Hepatitis Vaccination Guidelines for Chronic Liver Disease

Background and Goals Hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease is an accepted standard of care. We determined HAV and HBV vaccination rates in a tertiary care referral hepatology clinic and the impact of electronic health record (EHR)-based reminders on adherence to vaccination guidelines.
Computationally efficient kinematics for manipulators with spherical wrists base

Most manipulators in use today are kinematically simple, and closed-form symbolic equations are the most efficient means of expressing their kinematics. The analysis presented in this paper is base...
Resolving ethical dilemmas through international human resource management: a transaction cost economics perspective

Abstract This paper examines the interaction between cross-cultural variation in ethics and international human resource management. Literature is reviewed that suggests the ethical orientation of a culture can vary based upon whether the culture values collective outcomes or adherence to generally accepted rules, processes, and rights. Drawing on transaction cost economics and social contracts theory, it is suggested that differences in ethics between a multinational organization and its host culture(s) can damage the multinational's reputation, reduce its ethical decision-making capacity, raise its transaction costs, and reduce performance. Theory is developed suggesting the appropriate approach to international human resource management can attenuate these problems.
Analysis of human performance using physiological data streams

Advancement in technology has led to measure the human performance using sophisticated multiple systems such as motion capture and physiological data monitoring systems. These systems together, represent the human activity in various physiologic and motoric streams that forms a multi-dimensional framework. The immediate requirement that rises is, analyzing these data streams to quantify the human performance. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient, multi-dimensional factor analysis technique that quantifies the multiple observations of data streams across different participants. In our approach, we extract characteristic parameters from the streams and conduct a separate global analysis on the data sets of each stream. The individual data sets are then projected onto the respective global analysis to analyze the differences in the responses of the participants. Next, we integrate these global analysis spaces of all streams, to get a compromise structure that represents the aggregate effect of all streams on the performance of each participant.
Nonlinear Inferential Control of Reactor Effluent Concentration from Temperature and Flow Measurements

Nonlinear Inferential control (NLIC) has been developed as a method for improving control of nonlinear systems. The controller uses a nonlinear model, and allows for use of any available measurements. This paper presents an application of NLIC to a simulated reactor process. The results show a substantial improvement in control over that achieved with PI control.
Diffusion equations and hard collisions in multiple scattering of charged particles

The processes of angular-spatial evolution of multiple scattering of charged particles are described by the Lewis (special case of Boltzmann) integro-differential equation. The underlying stochastic process for this evolution is the compound Poisson process with transition densities satisfying the Lewis equation. In this paper we derive the Lewis equation from the compound Poisson process and show that the effective method of the solution of this equation can be based on the idea of decomposition of the compound Poisson process into processes of soft and hard collisions. Formulas for transition densities of soft and hard collision processes are provided in this paper together with the formula expressing the general solution of the Lewis equation in terms of those transition densities.
Alternative methods for membrane filtration of arsenic from drinking water

The Maximum Contaminate Level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water is to be lowered in the United States. Membrane treatment is a viable method to meet the reduced MCL. The suitability of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration as an arsenic treatment method is investigated. Treatment recommendations are made based upon the results of several pilot studies.
SELF-IMPROVEMENT AND INEXPENSIVE BOOKS FOR THE TEACHER OF GERMAN

Author's Summary.— The teacher of small means and little time to spare will find a well-selected collection of good, short inexpensive books the greatest help in his work of self-improvement.
Accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns: the effects of shifting the timing of sleep on training effectiveness.

Study Objective: This study evaluated the effect of accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns by altering the timing of the major sleep period of US Army recruits. Design: The quasi-experimental study compared recruits assigned to one of two training companies: one with a customary sleep regimen (20:30 to 04:30) while the other employed a phase-delayed sleep regimen (23:00 to 07:00), the latter aligning better with biologically driven sleep-wake patterns of adolescents. Setting: The study was conducted during Basic Combat Training (BCT) at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Trainees: The study included 392 trainees: 209 received the intervention, while 183 composed the Comparison group. Measurements and Results: Demographic and psychophysiological measures were collected on all trainees. Weekly assessments of subjective fatigue and mood, periodic physical fitness, marksmanship scores, and attrition rates from BCT were studied. Actigraphy was collected on approximately 24% of trainees. Based on actigraphy, trainees on the phase-delayed sleep schedule obtained 31 m more sleep/night than trainees on the customary sleep schedule. The Intervention group reported less total mood disturbance relative to baseline. Improvements in marksmanship correlated positively with average nightly sleep during the preceding week when basic marksmanship skills were taught. No differences were seen in physical fitness or attrition rates. In contrast to the Intervention group, the Comparison group was 2.3 times more likely to experience occupation ally significant fatigue and 5.5 times more likely to report poor sleep quality . Conclusions: Accommodating adolescent sleep patterns significantly improves mental health and performance in the training environment.
Depletion of vesicles from frog neuromuscular junctions by prolonged tetanic stimulation.

Curarized cutaneous pectoris nerve muscle preparations from frogs were subjected to prolonged indirect stimulation at 2/sec while recording from end plate regions. At the ends of the periods of stimulation, the curare was removed and the preparations were fixed for electron microscopy or treated with black widow spider venom to determine the degree to which their stores of transmitter had been depleted. After 6–8 hr of stimulation the nerve terminals were almost completely depleted of their stores of transmitter and of their population of vesicles. Most of the transmitter release occurred during the first 4 hr of stimulation, and after this time most (about 80%) of the fibers were depleted of about 80% of their transmitter. The organization of the nerve terminals in 4-hr preparations appeared normal and the terminals still contained many vesicles. When peroxidase was present in the bathing medium, terminals from stimulated preparations showed many vesicles that contained peroxidase, whereas the rested control preparations showed few such vesicles The fact that after 4 hr the total number of vesicles is not markedly changed while a large fraction (up to 45%) contained peroxidase suggests that in our experiments vesicles were continuously fusing with and reforming from the axolemma.
A ‘Green Button’ For Using Aggregate Patient Data At The Point Of Care

Randomized controlled trials have traditionally been the gold standard against which all other sources of clinical evidence are measured. However, the cost of conducting these trials can be prohibitive. In addition, evidence from the trials frequently rests on narrow patient-inclusion criteria and thus may not generalize well to real clinical situations. Given the increasing availability of comprehensive clinical data in electronic health records (EHRs), some health system leaders are now advocating for a shift away from traditional trials and toward large-scale retrospective studies, which can use practice-based evidence that is generated as a by-product of clinical processes. Other thought leaders in clinical research suggest that EHRs should be used to lower the cost of trials by integrating point-of-care randomization and data capture into clinical processes. We believe that a successful learning health care system will require both approaches, and we suggest a model that resolves this escalating tens...
Epidemiology of lateral and medial epicondylitis in a military population.

ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the epidemiology of lateral and medial epicondylitis in the U.S. military. Methods: The Defense Medical Epidemiology Database was queried for ICD-9 codes 726.32 (lateral epicondylitis) and 726.33 (medial epicondylitis) for the years 1998–2006. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rates (IR) and rate ratios (RR) among demographic groups. Results: The IRs for lateral and medial epicondylitis were 2.98 and 0.81 per 1,000 person-years. For lateral epicondylitis, women had a higher incidence (RR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.19–1.26). In both groups, analysis by age showed higher incidence in the ≥40-year-old group. White compared with black race was a risk factor for both lateral (RR = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.63–1.74) and medial epicondylitis (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.05–1.17). Conclusions: Female gender was a risk factor for lateral but not medial epicondylitis. Age greater than 40 and white race were significant risk factors for both conditions.
Heart donation and the Grinch effect.

It was with great interest that we read the recent article by Kransdorf and Stehlik. We commend the authors on their work and agree that optimization of the organ matching process with a more comprehensive incorporation of factors shown to influence outcomes would improve cardiac allocation. We have previously suggested that the size difference between donor and recipient hearts is such a factor. We showed that the donor—recipient weight differences that are currently used to limit organ allocation fail to predict outcomes. Consideration of differences in predicted cardiac mass, however, demonstrated worse survival associated with undersizing. We coined this the
Robust feedback design with optimized diagnostic performance

This paper is concerned with the design of reconfigurable control laws that also effectively facilitate the acquisition of information used for diagnostic purposes in fault tolerant control systems. A control performance index and a diagnostic performance index are chosen to indicate the overall performance. A simple relationship between the two indexes is established that elucidates the control/diagnostic tradeoff. A control design method is developed that first finds a set of controllers achieving a certain control performance level and then uses the remaining degrees of freedom in the controller set to achieve an optimized diagnostic performance level.
Automated modelling of signal transduction networks

Background Intracellular signal transduction is achieved by networks of proteins and small molecules that transmit information from the cell surface to the nucleus, where they ultimately effect transcriptional changes. Understanding the mechanisms cells use to accomplish this important process requires a detailed molecular description of the networks involved.
Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugs

Factors that modify onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be revealed by comparing environmental exposures in affected and unaffected members of discordant twin pairs or sibships. Among siblings at high risk of AD, sustained use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was associated with delayed onset and reduced risk of AD. After adjustment for use of NSAIDs, there was minimal effect on onset with reported history of any of three common illnesses (arthritis, diabetes, or acid-peptic disease). However, independent of exposure to NSAIDs, onset was unexpectedly delayed in those reporting extended use of histamine H2 blocking drugs. Randomized clinical trials will be needed to affirm the utility of these drugs for prevention, but the present findings may have implications for pathogenesis: because NSAIDs block the calcium-dependent postsynaptic cascade that induces excitotoxic cell death in NMDA-reactive neurons, and because histamine potentiates such events, excitotoxicity may deserve additional investigation in AD.
Feasible Method to Restrain the Bullwhip Effect on the Supply Deficiency Condition

The bullwhip effect which brought by supplier implementing the linear assignment mechanism in the condition of supply deficiency was analyzed, and then two reasonable allocation measures to restrain the bullwhip effect were offered. One is based on historical data; the other is based on retailers' retractile ratio, which includes the production assignment with terminable contract and interminable contract. At last useful conclusion for the research of supply chain was got.
The prognosis for improvement in comfort and function after the ream-and-run arthroplasty for glenohumeral arthritis: an analysis of 176 consecutive cases.

Background: Knowledge of the factors affecting the prognosis for improvement in function and comfort with time after shoulder arthroplasty is important to clinical decision-making. This study sought to identify some of these factors in 176 consecutive patients undergoing the ream-and-run procedure. Methods: The time course for improvement in patient function and comfort was determined for the entire group as well as for subsets by sex, age, diagnosis, preoperative function, and surgery date. Patients having repeat surgery were analyzed in detail. Results: Shoulder comfort and function increased progressively after the ream-and-run procedure, reaching a steady state by approximately twenty months. The shoulders in 124 patients with at least two years of follow-up were improved by a minimal clinically important difference. The shoulders in sixteen patients with at least two years of follow-up were not improved by the minimal clinically important difference. Twenty-two patients had repeat procedures, but only seven had revision to a total shoulder arthroplasty. Fourteen patients did not have either a known revision arthroplasty or two years of follow-up. The best prognosis was for male patients over the age of sixty years, with primary osteoarthritis, no prior surgical procedures, a preoperative score on the Simple Shoulder Test of ≥5 points, and surgery after 2004. Repeat surgical procedures were more common in patients who had a greater number of surgical procedures before the ream-and-run surgery. Conclusions: This study is unique in that it characterizes the factors affecting the time course for improvement in shoulder comfort and function after a ream-and-run procedure. Improvement occurs after this procedure for at least 1.5 years. This procedure appears to be best suited for an older male patient with reasonable preoperative shoulder function without prior shoulder surgery. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Narrowing terminates for encryption

Many techniques for protocol analysis use term replacement rules to express the reduction properties of symbolic encryption operations. Some approaches must solve equations in those operators, using sequences of narrowing steps. It is shown that every infinite sequence of narrowing steps for popular abstract encryption operators has a loop, and hence there is a terminating algorithm to solve such equations by searching all sequences of narrowing steps.
Complementary approaches to understanding the role of proteases and their natural inhibitors in neoplastic development: retrospect and prospect

A great deal of evidence has accumulated in recent years for an important but complex role for proteases in tumor development. However, attempts to treat cancer in humans with anti-proteases have been disappointing, and it has been suggested that more basic groundwork is needed before anti-proteases can be effectively applied. Considerable basic information comes from the recognition that earlier results on transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus (B-RSV) can be explained in terms of proteases and their inhibitors. In particular, the full but reversible normalization of discrete transformed foci by appropriate concentrations of fetal bovine or of calf serum implies a causal role for multiple proteases in transformation, and the efficacy of treatment with a physiological balance of their natural inhibitors. Addition of certain proteases to contact-inhibited normal cultures was then found to stimulate their proliferation. The toxicity of medium produced by CEF heavily transformed with B-RSV suggests that cachexia and other systemic effects of human cancer may result from vascular dissemination of peptides from pericellular proteolysis within tumors. Comprehensive studies revealed significant increases of plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after infection of CEF with other strains of RSV, and correlation of the proteases with aspects of transformation. A similar role for proteases is indicated in the transformation of mammalian cells by chemical and physical agents. The information gained from functional experiments on cell transformation in culture is complementary to that obtained from the molecular identification of proteases and their inhibitors in all stages of tumor development. The speed, quantification and easy manipulation of the RSV-CEF transformation assay can be combined with current methods of characterizing proteases and anti-proteases to further enrich our basic knowledge of neoplastic development in cells, and facilitate its application to the treatment of cancer.
Accuracy of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the evaluation of malignancy in patients presenting with new lung abnormalities: a retrospective review.

Study objective To evaluate the accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET) in determining the presence of malignancy in patients presenting with new lung findings, either as an incidental finding or after treatment of a primary carcinoma. Design A retrospective review of the PET database of our hospital from April 29, 1997, to March 20, 1999, identified 196 patients referred for the evaluation of new lung findings, either as an incidental finding or following definitive treatment of a primary carcinoma. The diagnosis of either malignancy or a benign condition was established in 71 patients. This was determined by either histopathology from biopsy, or by subsequent imaging demonstrating disease progression, resolution, or stability of the initial lung findings. Results In patients presenting with new lung findings without a history of carcinoma (n = 37), the sensitivity and specificity of PET was 95% and 82%, respectively. In this population, the negative predictive value was 93% and the positive predictive value was 86%. PET was less sensitive and specific for evaluating metastatic or recurrent disease in patients previously treated for carcinoma. In patients presenting with a previously treated primary lung cancer (n = 13), the sensitivity of PET was 70%, with a specificity of 67%. The negative predictive value was only 40% and the positive predictive value was 88% in this subset of patients. In patients with an extrapulmonary primary carcinoma presenting with new lung nodules (n = 21), the sensitivity and specificity of PET was 92% and 63%, respectively. In this population, the negative predictive value was 83% while the positive predictive value was 80%. Of the 71 total cases for which follow-up data were available, there were 5 false-negative cases and 7 false-positive cases, for an overall sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 75%, negative predictive value of 81%, and positive predictive value of 84%. Conclusions The sensitivity of PET is highest for the evaluation of new malignancy in patients without a known primary carcinoma. PET is less sensitive for evaluating metastatic or recurrent disease.
Issues in the dynamics and control of flexible robot manipulators

Issues associated with modeling and control of robots with elastic arms are considered. An approach similar to substructure synthesis is used to model the system, where each link is first modeled independently of the others. The joint displacements are then used as constraints to synthesize the equations of motion. It is shown that the centrifugal stiffening effect is the dominating factor for the overall system behavior. Different approaches are discussed for the control design. The effects of flexibility on the response and on the closed-loop control are examined within the context of an example. N important issue of concern in the control of robots is the difference between the total mass of the manipulator and the mass of the payload. If a robot is compared with the human body, it is easily concluded that the manipulator is very inefficient. An inefficient robot implies low productivity and higher costs. A robot can be made more efficient by reducing the thickness of its arms. The resulting increased flexibility, unless considered properly, reduces pointing accuracies and affects the stability of the payload. Another source of inaccuracy is flexibility of the joints. There is considerable debate in the literature as to which source causes more inaccuracies. This paper is concerned with the modeling and control of manipulators with substantial flexibility in the arms. An approach similar to substructure synthesis is used to model the manipulator, and different control strategies are discussed. The mathematical formulation is applicable to robots with revolute or spherical joints. Several methods of modeling manipulators with elastic joints or with flexible arms exist in the literature.1"11 Each of the approaches uses a variety of assumptions. For example, Refs. 1-4 consider only the static deflections of the links; Ref. 1 treats the connecting links as massless, and Ref. 4 considers only one flexible bending mode for each link. Refer
Cladistic analysis reveals brainless urbilateria.

sister groups by any stretch of the imagination. In a very elegant paper, Moroz [2009] reviews the literature, subjects the data to a correct cladistic analysis, and concludes that centralized nervous systems have evolved independently, perhaps as many as seven times. In a particularly striking example, he demonstrates that complex brains have evolved at least three times in molluscans alone. His analysis indicates that Urbilateria did not possess a tripartite brain, or any brain at all. Instead, these animals probably possessed an uncentralized nerve net. It is possible, however, that parts of this nerve net were already concentrated into dorsal, lateral and ventral elements, related to sensory, feeding and locomotory functions, respectively. Moroz appears to pose an evolutionary paradox, however. How can there be homologous genes and molecular mechanisms determining brains that are not homologous? He suggests that modular type molecular mechanisms arose early in metazoan evolution and may be involved in determining many different, complex cellular phenotypes. Hemichordates appear to be a clear example, where many evolutionarily conserved homeodomainrelated transcription factors and morphogens determine the main body axes system Both insects and mammals possess homologous genes and molecular mechanisms that are involved in global body patterning, including the patterning of the central nervous system [reviewed in Hirth and Reichert, 2007]. This has led to the hypothesis that the common ancestor of arthropods and chordates (Urbilateria) possessed a tripartite brain, in which Otx was expressed in the anterior part of the developing brain, and Hox genes in the posterior part, with a Pax -expressing domain positioned between them [Hirth and Reichert, 2007]. Although this hypothesis has been widely cited and has entered textbooks as dogma, it has never been credible, as it is based on an erroneous two-taxon paradigm, in which arthropods and mammals are interpreted as immediate sister groups. Although some strict cladists insist that two-taxon analyses are never valid, this is clearly not the case. When highly similar features are recognized in two immediate sister groups, a cladistic analysis does dictate that these features be interpreted as homologous. Exceptions must certainly exist (due to parallelism, for example), but at present there is no cladistic methodology for recognizing them. In any case, the important point here is not that arthropods and mammals comprise only two taxa, it is that they are not immediate Published online: September 30, 2010
Normocaloric versus hypocaloric feeding in ICU patients: response to comments by Bitzani

Dear Editor, We thank Dr. Bitzani for her thoughtful letter [1] regarding our initial article [2]. We agree completely that “the issue of optimal nutrition delivery in this patient group is still largely unclear” and therefore believe that it is inappropriate to make strong recommendations regarding the provision of calories and protein in this heterogenous group of patients [3]. It is noteworthy that the mean amount of calories delivered in the “normocaloric” arm of the trophic and permissive underfeeding groups was 1359 and 1246 kcal/day, respectively. It is therefore most unlikely that these patients were overfed, as suggested by Dr. Bitzani. Indeed, some experts have suggested that the failure of these trials to demonstrate a benefit of normocaloric feeding is because the patients in the “normocaloric” arms were underfed. Critical illness is associated with the severe loss of muscle mass which is associated with serious long-term disability [4, 5]. The excess provision of protein has been directly correlated with the degree of muscle loss [4]. Multiple experimental models and real-life clinical observations have clearly demonstrated that the continuous provision of high doses of amino acids compromise muscle protein synthesis [6]. The recommendation in the current guidelines that “protein requirements are expected to be in the range of 1.2–2.0 g/kg/day” [3] is likely to be harmful in critically ill patients (when given as a continuous infusion) [6]. It is important to emphasize that there is no high-quality evidence in critically ill or injured patients that one particular nutritional strategy is associated with better patient outcomes than another. Our approach is quite simple; use the gut, do it slowly, do it intermittently, and use a high-quality formula.
Effects of Surface Charge on the Anomalous Light Extinction From Metallic Nanoparticles

Abstract The effects of extraneous surface charges on the anomalous extinction from metallic nanoparticles are studied via an application of the extended Mie theory by Bohren and Hunt. Due to the sensitivity of the higher multipolar resonance on the surface charges, it is found that quenching of the anomalous resonance can be observed with presence of only a modest amount of charges on these particles. The observed effects thus provide a rather sensitive mechanism for the monitoring of the neutrality of these nanoparticles using far field scattering approaches.
Predicting Selectivity in Oxidative Addition of C–S Bonds of Substituted Thiophenes to a Platinum(0) Fragment: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Exchange reactions of 2- and 3-cyanothiophene, 2- and 3-methylthiophene, and 2- and 3-methoxythiophene, either with thiophene in the thiaplatinacycle Pt(dippe)(κ2-C,S-C4H4S) or with norbornene in Pt(dippe)(nor)2, were performed to probe the kinetic and thermodynamic selectivity of the C–S bond activation reactions. Kinetic data were collected by following these reactions by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The ground-state energies of the two possible products and the transition-state energies leading to the formation of these products were calculated using density functional theory. The comparison of the predicted selectivities from calculations with the experimentally observed selectivities showed good agreement for thermodynamic selectivity, but only moderate agreement for kinetic selectivity. The reactions with 2-cyanothiophene, 3-cyanothiophene, and 3-methoxythiophene gave kinetic products that were less favored thermodynamically. All of the other substituted thiophenes gave kinetic products that were also ...
Epidemiology Characteristics of Tuberculosis in Wulong County,1002-2011

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis(TB) in Wulong county and thus to provide policy basis for effective control of TB.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was adopted for data analysis.Results Totally 6372 TB cases were reported between 2002 and 2011,with 10 died.The rates of annual average incidence,fatality and mortality were respectively 157.21/10~5,0.16%,and 0.25/10~5.Cases of smear positive,negative and those with no smear test accounted for 39.4%,27.2%and 33.4%of the total respectively.The highest incidence appeared in 2007(200.0/10~5) and the lowest was in 2011(121.5/10~5).The annual incidence was significantly imbalanced,ranging from 225.1/10~5 to 57.66/10~5.TB cases were mainly young farmers and accounted for 71%of the total cases.Incidence in male was 193.4/10~5 and in female was 110.9/10~5,with the gender ratio of man to woman as 1.93.The incidence rate increased with age in people over 60,summiting at 201.3/10~5.Conclusion Farmers,students and the aged were the vulnerable population for TB control.