cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjunction and Aggregation

This Article begins with the puzzle of why law does not embrace the “product rule”; a mathematically-inclined judge or jury that thought a defendant .6 likely to have been negligent and .7 likely to have caused plaintiff’s harm might conclude that plaintiff had failed to satisfy the preponderance of the evidence standard. Following some discussion of a number of reactions to this puzzle, the Article advances the idea that the process of aggregating multiple jurors’ assessments overlooks valuable information. First, following the Condorcet Jury Theorem, agreement among jurors might raise our level of confidence beyond what the jurors themselves report. Second, a supermajority’s mean or median voter is likely to have a different assessment from that gained from the marginal juror. As such, a supermajority (or unanimity) rule may take the place of the product rule where there are multiple requirements for liability or guilt. An attempt to extract this inframarginal information more directly would likely generate strategic behavior problems. The analysis is extended to panels of judges, for whom outcome voting may (somewhat similarly) substitute for the product rule.
Matching and Sorting in Online Dating

Using data on user attributes and interactions from an online dating site, we estimate mate preferences, and use the Gale-Shapley algorithm to predict sta ble matches. The predicted matches are similar to the actual matches achieved by the dating site, and the actual matches are approximately efficient. Outof-sample predictions of offline matches, i.e., marriages, exhibit assortative mating patterns similar to those observed in actual marriages. Thus, mate pref erences, without resort to search frictions, can generate sorting in marriages. However, we underpredict some of the correlation patterns; search frictions may play a role in explaining the discrepancy. (
A note on hybrid mortgages

We extend previous research on traditional one-year adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) by analyzing the performance of 3/27 hybrid instruments. Under this contract innovation, which first appeared in the mid-1990s, note rates are fixed for three years after which they convert to a traditional one-year adjustment schedule with periodic and lifetime caps. We find high rates of prepayment, particularly at time of initial rate adjustment, and relatively high rates of default, as would be consistent with the payment shock that often affects adjustable-rate loans.
Is Economics a Natural Science

Advocates of a more socially responsible discipline of economics often emphasize the purposive and unpredictable nature of human economic behavior, contrasting this to the presumably deterministic behavior of natural forces. This essay argues that such a distinction between “social” and “natural” sciences is in fact counterproductive, especially when issues of ecological sustainability are concerned. What is needed instead is a better notion of science—“science-with-wonder”—which grounds serious science in relational, non-Newtonian thinking.
The Role of Dissemination in Market Liquidity: Evidence from Firms' Use of Twitter™

ABSTRACT: Firm disclosures often reach only a portion of investors, which results in information asymmetry among investors and, therefore, lower market liquidity. This issue is particularly salient for firms that are not highly visible, as they tend not to receive broad news dissemination via traditional intermediaries, such as the press. This paper examines whether firms can reduce information asymmetry by more broadly disseminating their news. To isolate the impact of dissemination, we focus our analysis on firms' use of Twitter and exploit the 140-character message restriction. Specifically, using a sample of technology firms, we examine the impact of using Twitter to send market participants links to press releases that are provided via traditional disclosure methods. We find this additional dissemination of firm-initiated news via Twitter is associated with lower abnormal bid-ask spreads and greater abnormal depths, consistent with a reduction in information asymmetry. Moreover, this result holds mai...
Organizational Decision-Making and Information: Angel Investments by Venture Capital Partners

We study information aggregation in organizational decision-making for the financing of entrepreneurial ventures. We introduce a formal model of voting where agents face costly tacit information to...
Imperfect public monitoring with a fear of signal distortion

Abstract This paper proposes a model of signal distortion in a two-player game with imperfect public monitoring. We construct a tractable theoretical framework where each player has the opportunity to distort the true public signal and each player is uncertain about the distortion technologies available to the other player. We show that when players evaluate strategies according to their worst-case guarantees—i.e., are ambiguity averse over certain distributions in the environment—perceived continuation payoffs endogenously lie on a positively sloped line. We then provide examples showing that, counterintuitively, identifying deviators can be harmful in enforcing a strategy profile; moreover, we illustrate how the presence of such signal distortion can sustain cooperation when it is impossible in standard settings. We show that the main result and examples are robust to a number of natural modifications to our setting. Finally, we extend our model to a repeated game where our concept is a natural generalization of strongly symmetric equilibria. In this setting, we prove an anti-folk theorem, showing that payoffs under our equilibrium concept are under general conditions bounded away from efficiency.
George Will’s Statecraft as Soulcraft : Selected Passages

I select 46 passages from George Will’s Statecraft as Soulcraft: What Government Does (1983), because they deserve a fresh hearing.
A Review and Model of Auditor Judgments in Fraud-Related Planning Tasks

SUMMARY: In this paper, I develop a model that describes auditor and fraud risk factor characteristics that I expect to affect auditor performance in fraud-related planning tasks (i.e., fraud hypot...
Does Agricultural Growth Cause Manufacturing Growth

The role of agricultural development for industrialization is central both to several theories of economic development and policy. However, empirically assessing the impact of agricultural growth on manufacturing growth is challenging because of endogeneity concerns. To address the identification challenge, I use random weather variations to instrument agricultural growth. The instrumental variable estimations show that agricultural growth has a significant positive impact on manufacturing growth, and the impact is larger than what is suggested by the OLS estimates. I discuss the empirical implications for agricultural policies, efficiency of the manufacturing sector, and the role of agriculture in Africa’s industrialization.
Excuse Doctrine: The Eisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Professor Mel Eisenberg argued in a recent paper for an expansion of the excuse doctrines. He argues that performance should be excused in those instances when parties tacitly assume that a given kind of circumstance will not occur during the contract time (the shared-assumption test). In addition, he argues that there should be a partial excuse when a change in prices would be sufficiently large to leave the promisor with a loss significantly greater than would have reasonably been expected (the bounded-risk test). This paper questions his first proposition by re-examining the Coronation cases and Taylor v Caldwell. His bounded-risk analysis is badly flawed, resting on a dubious proposition, inconsistent with the cases he relies on, and, most importantly, recognizing the wrong set of circumstances in which parties would choose to limit their exposure to large cost changes.
Inflation level and inflation volatility: A seigniorage argument

Abstract We use a standard dynamic general equilibrium model with flexible prices, money in the utility function, exogenous fiscal policy and accommodating monetary policy to analytically demonstrate the positive relationship between the steady state level of inflation and business cycle inflation volatility. This result holds in the presence of unique as well as multiple equilibria.
Teaching LLCs by Design

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 526II. Good Bedfellows: LLCs and Experiential Exercises 528A. Teaching Doctrine Through LLC Experiential Exercises 531B. Teaching Skills Through LLC Experiential Exercises 534III. Example of a Negotiated and Drafted Agreement Experiential Exercise: Letter of Intent to Form an LLC and Complete an Asset Purchase Agreement 536A. The Problem Set Up 5371. Opposing Counsel & Co-Counsel Groups 5372. Materials 538a. Client Packet 538b. Annotated Form Letter of Intent 539c. Research File 540B. Assignments 5411. Question Sets 5412. Issue Identification Grid 5413. Partial, Initial Drafts 543C. Classroom Support 544D. Assessment and Feedback 546IV. Facilitating Transactional Skill Acquisition Through Experiential Exercises 549A. Professionalism 550B. Negotiation 553C. Drafting 555D. Counseling 557E. Issue Analysis, Business Perspectives and Financial Literacy 559V. Modifications and Suggestions for Incorporation 560A. Survey Course 5611. Stand Alone Assignments 5612. Limited-Scope Drafting Exercises 561B. Upper-level course 5621. Deepening the Financial Issues 5622. Incorporating a Due Diligence Simulation.........5633. Expanding the Written Work Product 5634. Emphasizing Lawyering Skills 564C. Hybrid Entities 564VI. Reflections & Conclusions 564Appendix 1: Client Packets Excerpts 566Appendix 2: Excerpt from Research File 580Appendix 3: Excerpts from Annotated Form LOI 582Appendix 4: Issue Identification Grid 584Appendix 5: Question Sets 585Appendix 6: Grading Grid 586Appendix 7: LOI Evaluation 587I. IntroductionExperiential learning is intended to contextualize studying the law and equip students with lawyering skills required in practice. "Experiential education integrates theory and practice by combining academic inquiry with actual experience."1 From a pedagogical perspective, LLC-based experiential exercises provide an efficient vehicle to teach the traditional doctrinal foundation of LLCs such as the unique attributes of the entity i. …
"Freedom Comes Only from the Law": The Debate over Law's Capacity and the Making of Brown v. Board of Education

0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Brown v. Board of Education emerged from a constellation of assumptions about race and law, the contours of which have yet to be fully reconstructed. We are familiar with the efforts of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and their allies to attack the belief, infamously espoused in Plessy v. Ferguson , that segregation imposed no necessary badge of inferiority on African Americans. Familiar, too, is the growing recognition by the middle of the twentieth century of the importance of education to modern American society, a factor Chief Justice Earl Warren highlighted in the Brown opinion. And recently scholars have drawn attention to the critical role of Cold War foreign policy in creating pressure for civil rights reform. But there was another issue that permeated the intellectual landscape during the early post-World War II period in which Brown was born that has largely been overlooked in the scholarship: whether law even had the power to affect the racial prejudice that motivated the practices and customs of white supremacy in the Jim Crow era. Without a commitment to the belief that the guiding hand of the law had the capacity to weaken racial animosity, much of the nascent civil rights project threatened to dissolve. A critical factor in the emergence of civil rights as a viable national issue was the work of activists, lawyers, and scholars who pressed upon the nation their faith in the efficacy of civil rights reform.
New magnetic symmetries in (d + 2)-dimensional QED

Previous analyses of asymptotic symmetries in QED have shown that the subleading soft photon theorem implies a Ward identity corresponding to a charge generating divergent large gauge transformations on the asymptotic states at null infinity. In this work, we demonstrate that the subleading soft photon theorem is equivalent to a more general Ward identity. The charge corresponding to this Ward identity can be decomposed into an electric piece and a magnetic piece. The electric piece generates the Ward identity that was previously studied, but the magnetic piece is novel, and implies the existence of an additional asymptotic “magnetic” symmetry in QED.
Second-Order Regulation of Law Enforcement

This Article interrogates a critical, yet understudied, regulatory design choice the Supreme Court makes in each criminal case raising constitutional questions about law-enforcement conduct: not what the Constitution requires but how to implement its requirements. In particular, the Court must decide whether to address its decision directly to rank-and-file officers or instead to political policymakers, such as legislators and police administrators, who in turn will regulate officers on the street. In the former, dominant model, termed here first-order regulation, the Court tells officers precisely what they can and cannot do. In the latter model, second-order regulation, the principal objective instead is to enunciate constitutional values and create incentives for political policymakers to write the conduct rules. Framed differently, the Court, as principal, enlists political policymakers as its agents in the regulatory enterprise. Although first-order regulation predominates, a careful search uncovers bits of second-order regulation in spaces such as inventory searches and interrogation, and analogies in fields like employment and desegregation. The Article claims that second-order regulation should, in some domains, benefit suspects and criminal defendants in the aggregate by increasing the expected value of their constitutional protections. It should meanwhile facilitate efficient prosecution of the guilty. The benefits of agency, in other words, should in some cases outweigh the costs. Shifting rulemaking responsibility from the Court to political leaders harnesses certain comparative advantages of political institutions and permits experimentation in search of workable, well-tailored safeguards to protect constitutional rights. Even more important, social science research suggests that affording law-enforcement greater opportunity to participate in its own regulation encourages “buy in” that leads to improved compliance. The agency costs, in contrast, including “slippage” in the form of potentially underprotective rules, can often be reduced to tolerable levels. After making the general case for the second-order approach, the Article sketches where it should work especially well or poorly. It then reimagines several of the Court’s first-order decisions in a second-order model. Finally, it suggests a role in second-order regulation for other potential catalyst institutions, such as legislatures and state courts.
Engineering the Endgame

This Article explores what happens to longstanding remedies for past racial discrimination as conditions change. It shows that Con gress and the Supreme Court have responded quite differently to changed conditions when they evaluate such remedies. Congress has generally opted to stay the course, while the Court has been more inclined to view change as cause to terminate a remedy. The Article argues that these very different responses share a defining flaw, namely, they treat existing remedies as fixed until they are terminated. As a result, remedies are either scrapped prematurely or left stagnant despite dramatically changed conditions.
Claim-Suppressing Arbitration: The New Rules

Binding, pre-dispute arbitration imposed on the weaker party in an adhesion contract—so-called “mandatory arbitration”—should be recognized for what it truly is: claim-suppressing arbitration. Arguments that such arbitration processes promote access to dispute resolution have been refuted and should not continue to be made without credible empirical support. Drafters of such arbitration clauses are motivated to reduce their liability exposure and, in particular, to eliminate class claims against themselves. Furthermore, claim-suppressing arbitration violates two fundamental principles of due process: it allows one party to the dispute to make the disputing rules; and it gives the adjudicative role to a decision maker with a financial stake in the outcome of key jurisdictional decisions—that is to say, arbitrators have authority to decide their own power to decide the merits—a question in which they have a financial stake. The Supreme Court has facilitated this doctrine through a series of poorly reasoned decisions in which the Court’s liberal wing has been particularly inept at seeing the stakes for consumer and employee plaintiffs. Exploiting Justice Breyer’s incoherent line of majority opinions attempting to identify “gateway” issues, the conservative Court majority has recently insulated all questions of enforceability of arbitration clauses from judicial review and is on the verge of allowing corporate defendants to immunize themselves from class actions through the use of arbitration clauses.
Market Failure in the Marketplace of Ideas: Commercial Speech and the Problem that Won't Go Away

In this essay submitted to the Loyola Los Angeles Law Review in honor of Professor Steve Shiffrin, Professor Piety discusses the proposals for more First Amendment protection for commercial speech in light of one of the persistent problems in the commercial speech area: preventing fraud. Decades ago prominent economists initiated a deregulatory revolution in part premised on the argument that this sort of hands off approach was thought best in the marketplace of ideas, so why not the market itself? This argument from the outset dismissed too quickly the reality that in fact only a fairly limited area of speech received this heightened degree of protection. But in recent years many have taken the parallelism further and have argued that the heightened protection given to those limited areas of speech should also be extended to commercial speech. Extending the metaphor of the market, Professor Piety argues that there is sufficient evidence of market failure with respect to commercial speech to conclude that heightened protection is unwarranted.
Overcoming sparseness of biomedical networks to identify drug repositioning candidates

Modeling complex biological systems is necessary to understand biochemical interactions behind pharmacological effects of drugs. Successful in silico drug repurposing relies on exploration of diverse biochemical concepts and their relationships, including drug's adverse reactions, drug targets, disease symptoms, as well as disease associated genes and their pathways, to name a few. We present a computational method for inferring drug-disease associations from complex but incomplete and biased biological networks. Our method employs matrix completion to overcome the sparseness of biomedical data and to enrich the set of relationships between different biomedical entities. We present a strategy for identifying network paths supportive of drug efficacy as well as a computational procedure capable of combining different network patterns to better distinguish treatments from non-treatments. The algorithms is available at http://bioinfo.cs.uni.edu/AEONET.html.
Distribution of hydrous minerals in the subduction system beneath Mexico

Abstract Teleseismic converted phases are used to probe the composition of the downgoing oceanic crust as a function of depth along the Cocos slab in central and southern Mexico. Previously, modeling of the receiver function (RF) conversion amplitude of the flat Cocos slab beneath central Mexico at 45 km depth revealed a thin low-velocity upper oceanic crust of a thickness of 4±1 km, which has much lower seismic velocities ( ∼ 20 – 30 % reduction in shear wave velocities) than (normal) lower crust. High Vp/Vs ratio ( ∼ 2.0 ) also suggested a large concentration of hydrous minerals such as talc in combination of high pore-fluid pressure in the horizontal segment. We extend this previous effort to examine seismic properties of both the steeply subducting Cocos oceanic crust beneath the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) in central Mexico and the shallowly dipping crust beneath southern Mexico. Inverted seismic velocities using the converted amplitudes at the top and bottom of the dipping oceanic crust are compared with experimentally constrained seismic velocities of candidate mineral phases in a range of likely pressures and temperatures. The composition of the oceanic crust downdip in the steep part of slab beneath the TMVB includes the minerals such as lawsonite and zoisite at 60–100 km depth, and the eclogitization occurs around 100 km depth. This is related to arc volcanism in the TMVB directly above the slab as well as the slab rollback. In contrast, the dominant mineral phase in the upper oceanic crust of southern Mexico beneath the Isthmus of Tehauntepec is amphibole on top of unaltered gabbroic oceanic crust. The difference in mineral assemblages of the subducted oceanic crust may help explain the difference in slab geometries between central and southern Mexico.
The Institutional Foundations of Religious Freedom

How did religious freedom emerge? I address this question by building on the framework of Johnson and Koyama’s Persecution & Toleration: The Long Road to Religious Freedom (2019). First, I establis...
Insider trading and the legal expertise of corporate executives

Abstract We investigate if prior professional legal education either restrains or increases the extent to which the insider trades of company executives and directors are informed. We show that executives and directors with legal expertise (lawyer-insiders) earn significantly lower abnormal returns than non-lawyer-insiders when they purchase their own company's shares. Purchases by lawyer-insiders are associated with lower future earnings surprises and firm profitability than those made by non-lawyer-insiders, and are more muted following months with high levels of SEC enforcement activity. Our results suggest that insiders with legal education may be more conservative in exploiting private information when making insider trades.
Cyclical Patterns of Systemic Risk Metrics: Cross-Country Analysis

We analyze a range of macrofinancial indicators to extract signals about cyclical systemic risk across 107 economies over 1995-2020. We construct composite indices of underlying liquidity, solvency and mispricing risks and analyze their patterns over the financial cycle. We find that liquidity and solvency risk indicators tend to be counter-cyclical, whereas mispricing risk ones are procyclical, and they all lead the credit cycle. Our results lend support to high-level accounts that risks were underestimated by stress indicators in the run-up to the 2008 global financial crisis. The policy implications of conflicting risk signals would depend on the phase of the credit cycle.
Do You Swear To Tell the Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing But the Truth Against Your Child?

Currently in the United States there is no federally recognized parent-child privilege. The U.S. Supreme Court has never granted certiorari in a case involving the recognition of a parent-child privilege. For many, it is a revelation to learn that the government can compel testimony about communications and observations between parents and their children. Scholars have written about the social policy implications caused by the lack of a parent-child privilege. In spite of these thoughtful policy-based arguments, neither Congress nor forty-six state legislatures have responded by recognizing even a limited form of a parent-child privilege. This Article singles out one specific context - the prosecution of juveniles - and argues that such a privilege is essential in order to ensure children the due process protections guaranteed to them under law. In an effort to contextualize the socio-legal problem and the solution, this Article provides a historical overview of privilege law in the United States and compares the parent-child relationship to relationships that are protected by an evidentiary privilege. It singles out the importance of parent-child communications in light of the biological and psycho-social differences between adolescents and adults and links these findings to the argument that a juvenile’s right against self-incrimination requires the recognition of a parent-child privilege. An exploration of antecedents in comparative law traditions reveals that the United States lags behind other developed nations when it comes to rules that shield family members from acting as witnesses against one another.
Contexts in Convex and Sequential Effect Algebras

A convex sequential effect algebra (COSEA) is an algebraic system with three physically motivated operations, an orthogonal sum, a scalar product and a sequential product. The elements of a COSEA correspond to yes-no measurements and are called effects. In this work we stress the importance of contexts in a COSEA. A context is a finest sharp measurement and an effect will act differently according to the underlying context with which it is measured. Under a change of context, the possible values of an effect do not change but the way these values are obtained may be different. In this paper we discuss direct sums and the center of a COSEA. We also consider conditional probabilities and the spectra of effects. Finally, we characterize COSEA's that are isomorphic to COSEA's of positive operators on a complex Hilbert space. These result in the traditional quantum formalism. All of this work depends heavily on the concept of a context.
Reduced coercive field in epitaxial thin film of ferroelectric wurtzite Al0.7Sc0.3N

Epitaxial ferroelectric wurtzite films exhibiting clear polarization-electric field hysteresis behavior are presented. The coercive field of this epitaxial Al0.7Sc0.3N film on the W/c-sapphire substrate is 0.4 ± 0.3 MV cm−1 (8%) smaller than that of a conventional fiber textured film on a Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrate, attributed to the 0.01 ± 0.007 A smaller c-axis lattice parameter in the epitaxial film. The strain and decrease in the coercive field most likely originate from epitaxial strain rather than the mismatch in the thermal coefficient of expansion. These results provide insight for further coercive field reduction of wurtzite ferroelectrics using epitaxial mismatch strain.
In praise of evil thoughts

Freedom of thought means freedom from social tyranny, the capacity to think for oneself, to encounter even shocking ideas without shrinking away from them. That aspiration is a core concern of the free speech tradition. It is not specifically concerned with law, but it explains some familiar aspects of the First Amendment law we actually have—aspects that the most prevalent theories of free speech fail to capture. It explains the prohibition of compelled speech, and can clarify the perennial puzzle of why freedom of speech extends to art and literature. It also tells us something about the limits of legal regulation, and about the ethical obligations of private actors.
Auditing E-Commerce Platforms for Algorithmically Curated Vaccine Misinformation

There is a growing concern that e-commerce platforms are amplifying vaccine-misinformation. To investigate, we conduct two-sets of algorithmic audits for vaccine misinformation on the search and recommendation algorithms of Amazon—world’s leading e-retailer. First, we systematically audit search-results belonging to vaccine-related search-queries without logging into the platform—unpersonalized audits. We find 10.47% of search-results promote misinformative health products. We also observe ranking-bias, with Amazon ranking misinformative search-results higher than debunking search-results. Next, we analyze the effects of personalization due to account-history, where history is built progressively by performing various real-world user-actions, such as clicking a product. We find evidence of filter-bubble effect in Amazon’s recommendations; accounts performing actions on misinformative products are presented with more misinformation compared to accounts performing actions on neutral and debunking products. Interestingly, once user clicks on a misinformative product, homepage recommendations become more contaminated compared to when user shows an intention to buy that product.
Recovery of Surfaces and Functions in High Dimensions: Sampling Theory and Links to Neural Networks

Several imaging algorithms including patch-based image denoising, image time series recovery, and convolutional neural networks can be thought of as methods that exploit the manifold structure of s...
Instrumentation Bias for Dynamic Data Race Detection

This paper presents Fast Instrumentation Bias (FIB), a sound and complete dynamic data race detection algorithm that improves performance by reducing or eliminating the costs of enforcing analysis atomicity. In addition to checking for errors in target programs, dynamic data race detectors must introduce synchronization to guard against \emph{metadata races} that may corrupt analysis state and compromise soundness or completeness. Pessimistic analysis synchronization can account for non-trivial parts of a data-race detector's performance overhead. The core contribution of FIB is a novel cooperative ownership-based synchronization protocol whose states and transitions are derived purely from preexisting analysis metadata and logic in a standard data race detection algorithm. By exploiting work already done by the analysis or target program, FIB ensures atomicity of dynamic analysis actions with zero additional time or space cost in the common case. Analysis of temporally thread-local or read-shared accesses completes safely with no synchronization. Uncommon write-sharing transitions require synchronous cross-thread coordination to ensure common cases may proceed synchronization-free. We implemented FIB in the Jikes RVM Java virtual machine. Experimental evaluation shows that FIB eliminates nearly all instrumentation atomicity costs on benchmarks where data often experience windows of (even temporary) thread-local access. Adaptive extensions to the ownership policy effectively eliminate high coordination costs of the core ownership protocol on benchmarks with high rates of serialized sharing. FIB outperforms a naive pessimistic synchronization scheme by 21% on average. Compared to a tuned optimistic metadata synchronization scheme based on conventional fine-grained atomic compare-and-swap operations, FIB is competitive overall, and up to 9% faster on some benchmarks. Overall, FIB effectively exploits latent analysis and program invariants to bring strong integrity guarantees to an otherwise unsynchronized data race detection algorithm at minimal cost.
Nonsense Suppression Position Effect Implicates Poly(A)-Binding Protein in the Regulation of Translation Termination

Readthrough of translation termination codons, also known as nonsense suppression, is a relatively inefficient process mediated by ribosomal A site recognition and insertion of near-cognate tRNAs. Multiple factors influence readthrough efficiency, including nonsense codon specificity and context. To determine whether nonsense codon position in a gene influences the extent of readthrough, we generated a series of LUC nonsense alleles and quantitated both readthrough and termination efficiencies at each nonsense codon in yeast cells lacking nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) activity. Readthrough efficiency for premature termination codons (PTCs) manifested a marked dependence on PTC proximity to the mRNA 3’-end, decreasing progressively across the LUC ORF but increasing with 3’-UTR lengthening. These effects were eliminated, and translation termination efficiency decreased considerably, in cells harboring pab1 mutations. Our results support a critical role for poly(A)-binding protein in the regulation of translation termination and suggest that inefficient termination is the trigger for NMD.
Local Accumulation of Axonal Mitochondria in the Optic Nerve Glial Lamina Precedes Myelination

Mitochondria are essential for neurons and must be optimally distributed along their axon to fulfill local functions. A high density of mitochondria has been observed in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons of an unmyelinated region of the optic nerve, called the glial lamina (GL) in mouse (lamina cribrosa in human). In glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness, the GL is the epicenter of RGC degeneration and is connected to mitochondrial dysfunction. It is generally accepted that the local accumulation of mitochondria in the GL is established due to the higher energy requirement of unmyelinated axons. Here we revisit the connection between mitochondrial positioning and myelin in RGC axons. We show that the high density of mitochondria in the GL is restricted to larger axons and is established before myelination. Thus, contrary to a longstanding belief in the field, the myelination pattern is not responsible for the establishment of the local accumulation of mitochondria in GL axons. Our findings open new research avenues likely critical to understanding the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
A Factorization Theorem for Harmonic Maps

Let f be a harmonic map from a Riemann surface to a Riemannian n-manifold. We prove that if there is a holomorphic diffeomorphism h between open subsets of the surface such that $$f\circ h = f$$ , then f factors through a holomorphic map onto another Riemann surface. If such h is anti-holomorphic, we obtain an analogous statement. For minimal maps, this result is well known and is a consequence of the theory of branched immersions of surfaces due to Gulliver–Osserman–Royden. Our proof relies on various geometric properties of the Hopf differential.
Litigation-Disclosure Modifications in the 10-K: Large-Sample Evidence:

This study is the first to examine the litigation-disclosure modifications of legal proceedings (i.e., Item 103) and contingency-note disclosures (i.e., Accounting Standards Codification [ASC] 450)...
Machine Unlearning for Random Forests

Responding to user data deletion requests, removing noisy examples, or deleting corrupted training data are just a few reasons for wanting to delete instances from a machine learning (ML) model. However, efficiently removing this data from an ML model is generally difficult. In this paper, we introduce data removal-enabled (DaRE) forests, a variant of random forests that enables the removal of training data with minimal retraining. Model updates for each DaRE tree in the forest are exact, meaning that removing instances from a DaRE model yields exactly the same model as retraining from scratch on updated data. DaRE trees use randomness and caching to make data deletion efficient. The upper levels of DaRE trees use random nodes, which choose split attributes and thresholds uniformly at random. These nodes rarely require updates because they only minimally depend on the data. At the lower levels, splits are chosen to greedily optimize a split criterion such as Gini index or mutual information. DaRE trees cache statistics at each node and training data at each leaf, so that only the necessary subtrees are updated as data is removed. For numerical attributes, greedy nodes optimize over a random subset of thresholds, so that they can maintain statistics while approximating the optimal threshold. By adjusting the number of thresholds considered for greedy nodes, and the number of random nodes, DaRE trees can trade off between more accurate predictions and more efficient updates. In experiments on 13 real-world datasets and one synthetic dataset, we find DaRE forests delete data orders of magnitude faster than retraining from scratch while sacrificing little to no predictive power.
Adaptable Hamiltonian neural networks

This paper develops a class of Hamiltonian Neural Networks that are capable of adaptable prediction of nonlinear physical systems
Projected Stochastic Gradient Langevin Algorithms for Constrained Sampling and Non-Convex Learning

Langevin algorithms are gradient descent methods with additive noise. They have been used for decades in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, optimization, and learning. Their convergence properties for unconstrained non-convex optimization and learning problems have been studied widely in the last few years. Other work has examined projected Langevin algorithms for sampling from log-concave distributions restricted to convex compact sets. For learning and optimization, log-concave distributions correspond to convex losses. In this paper, we analyze the case of non-convex losses with compact convex constraint sets and IID external data variables. We term the resulting method the projected stochastic gradient Langevin algorithm (PSGLA). We show the algorithm achieves a deviation of $O(T^{−1/4} (log T )^{1/2} ) from its target distribution in 1-Wasserstein distance. For optimization and learning, we show that the algorithm achieves $\epsilon$-suboptimal solutions, on average, provided that it is run for a time that is polynomial in $\epsilon$ and slightly super-exponential in the problem dimension.
Systolic inequalities for K3 surfaces via stability conditions

We introduce the notions of categorical systoles and categorical volumes of Bridgeland stability conditions on triangulated categories. We prove that for any projective K3 surface X, there exists a constant C depending only on the rank and discriminant of NS(X), such that $$\begin{aligned} \mathrm {sys}(\sigma )^2\le C\cdot \mathrm {vol}(\sigma ) \end{aligned}$$ holds for any stability condition on $$\mathcal {D}^b\mathrm {Coh}(X)$$ . This is an algebro-geometric generalization of a classical systolic inequality on two-tori. We also discuss applications of this inequality in symplectic geometry.
Pay Me Later: Savings Constraints and the Demand for Deferred Payments

We study a simple savings scheme that allows workers to defer receipt of part of their wages for three months at zero interest. The scheme significantly increases savings during the deferral period, leading to higher postdisbursement spending on lumpy goods. Two years later, after two additional rounds of the savings scheme, we find that treated workers have made permanent improvements to their homes. The popularity of the scheme implies a lack of good alternative savings options. The results of a follow-up experiment suggest that demand for the scheme is partly due to its ability to address self-control issues.
Exploring Long-Period Comets from Multiple Staging Orbits

Objects that have retained pieces of information about the early Solar System are key to our understanding of its formation and evolutionary history. However, the high delta-V required to reach these objects, such as long-period comets or interstellar objects, makes designing an intercept mission at the time of detection impractical. In this paper, we explore multiple heliocentric staging orbits around Lagrange points to serve as departure positions for future missions, prior to objects’ detections. By utilizing more than one staging orbit concurrently, we expand the set of objects that are reachable, therefore increasing mission feasibility. Delta-V maps are generated and superimposed; two-impulse burn trajectories are simulated and compared between the different staging orbits.
The origin of rest-mass energy

Today we have a solid, if incomplete, physical picture of how inertia is created in the standard model. We know that most of the visible baryonic ‘mass’ in the Universe is due to gluonic back-reaction on accelerated quarks, the latter of which attribute their own inertia to a coupling with the Higgs field – a process that elegantly and self-consistently also assigns inertia to several other particles. But we have never had a physically viable explanation for the origin of rest-mass energy, in spite of many attempts at understanding it towards the end of the nineteenth century, culminating with Einstein’s own landmark contribution in his Annus Mirabilis. Here, we introduce to this discussion some of the insights we have garnered from the latest cosmological observations and theoretical modeling to calculate our gravitational binding energy with that portion of the Universe to which we are causally connected, and demonstrate that this energy is indeed equal to $$mc^2$$ when the inertia m is viewed as a surrogate for gravitational mass.
Cybonto: Towards Human Cognitive Digital Twins for Cybersecurity

Cyber defense is reactive and slow. On average, the time-to-remedy is hundreds of times larger than the time-to-compromise. In response to the expanding ever-more-complex threat landscape, Digital Twins (DTs) and particularly Human Digital Twins (HDTs) offer the capability of running massive simulations across multiple knowledge domains. Simulated results may offer insights into adversaries' behaviors and tactics, resulting in better proactive cyber-defense strategies. For the first time, this paper solidifies the vision of DTs and HDTs for cybersecurity via the Cybonto conceptual framework proposal. The paper also contributes the Cybonto ontology, formally documenting 108 constructs and thousands of cognitive-related paths based on 20 time-tested psychology theories. Finally, the paper applied 20 network centrality algorithms in analyzing the 108 constructs. The identified top 10 constructs call for extensions of current digital cognitive architectures in preparation for the DT future.
Graph-Based Modeling and Decomposition of Energy Infrastructures

Abstract Nonlinear optimization problems are found at the heart of real-time operations of critical infrastructures. These problems are computationally challenging because they embed complex physical models that exhibit space-time dynamics. We propose modeling these problems as graph-structured optimization problems, and illustrate how their structure can be exploited at the modeling level (for parallelizing function/derivative computations) and at the solver level (for parallelizing linear algebra operations). Specifically, we present a restricted additive Schwarz scheme that enables flexible decomposition of complex graph structures within an interior-point algorithm. The proposed approach is implemented as a general-purpose nonlinear programming solver that we call MadNLP.jl; this Julia-based solver is interfaced to the graph-based modeling package Plasmo.jl. The efficiency of this framework is demonstrated via problems arising in transient gas network optimization and multi-period AC optimal power flow. We show that our framework accelerates the solution (compared to off-the-shelf tools) by over 300%; specifically, solution times are reduced from 72.36 sec to 23.84 sec for the gas problem and from 515.81 sec to 149.45 sec for the power flow problem.
An Expectation Maximization Algorithm for High-Dimensional Model Selection for the Ising Model with Misclassified States

We propose the misclassified Ising Model: a framework for analyzing dependent binary data where the binary state is susceptible to error. We extend previous theoretical results of a model selection...
Toward quantifying trust dynamics: How people adjust their trust after moment-to-moment interaction with automation

ObjectiveWe examine how human operators adjust their trust in automation as a result of their moment-to-moment interaction with automation.BackgroundMost existing studies measured trust by administ...
Refined, regionally-specific data standards reveal heterogeneity in Hispanic death records

Hispanic ethnicity can be captured with differing levels of granularity using various data standards, including those from the Office of Management and Budget, Health and Human Services and National Academy of Medicine. Previous research identified seven subgroups of Hispanics in New Mexico using open-ended interviews and information about the culture/history of the state. We examined age and manner of death to determine whether differences among subgroups are hidden by less-refined categorization. Significant differences in the mean age at death were found between some groups, including Spanish and Mexican Americans. We found an association between specific manners of death codes and subgroups. However, significance disappeared when manners of death were grouped (e.g. accident, homicide, etc.). This indicates that while certain manners of death are associated with group membership, overall types of death are not. Data descriptors for Hispanics should reflect more refined, regionally relevant groups, in order to unmask heterogeneity.
A graph TQFT for hat Heegaard Floer homology

We construct maps on hat Heegaard Floer homology for cobordisms decorated with graphs. The graph TQFT allows for cobordisms with disconnected ends. Our construction uses Juh\'{a}sz's sutured Floer TQFT. We compute the maps for several elementary graph cobordisms. As an application, we compute the action of the fundamental group on hat Heegaard Floer homology.
Managing automation in teams

In this paper, we study a principal's decision to introduce automation into a production process governed by a team of employees. When introduced, automation displaces an employee with a machine. This displacement increases efficiency as the machine carries out the tasks of the employee at a lower cost, and reduces the scope of moral hazard as the machine does not make unobserved effort choices. We show that, despite the direct benefits, a principal may prefer not to adopt automation due to its indirect costs. Before automation is introduced, the principal is able to take advantage of her ability to shape the interactions between the team members to manage the agency problem. Automation eliminates this ability and removes an incentive device at the principal's discretion, resulting in an indirect cost. On the one hand, adopting automation is always optimal when the principal incentivizes employees independently, abstaining from creating a team interaction. On the other hand, automation may be suboptimal when the principal incentivizes employees by encouraging them to compete via a 'relative performance evaluation' contract or to cooperate via a 'joint performance evaluation' contract. We offer two extensions to test the robustness of these findings qualitatively. First, the findings carry through if we consider alternative effects of automation, where it impacts employees symmetrically without displacing any employee. Second, the findings also remain consistent when there are synergies between the efforts of team members.