cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the reformulation of inhibition in Hull's system.

Among the least satisfactory elements of Hull's behavior system is his formulation of inhibition. As a result, there have been several attempts in recent years to reformulate Hull's theory with respect to the inhibition variables in the equation for effective reaction potential (sEB). The present paper critically examines these reformulations in the light of relevant experimental evidence. The conclusions to which this examination leads are that these reformulations have not been an improvement over Hull and that this kind of reformulation itself is a futile approach to the problem of improving Hulliantype learning theory. In all versions of his theory Hull (1943, 1951, 1952) formulated "effective reaction potential" (sER) as being essentially a function of "drive" (D) and "habit strength" (sjff«), related multiplicatively (i.e., DXsHR), minus "reactive inhibition" (/#) and "conditioned inhibition" (sis), related additively (i.e., /B + S-^B). Thus:
MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; A LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP

Nineteen patients (12 female, 7 male) with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were followed from 6 months to 15 years. Twelve patients were followed longer than 5 years and 7 longer than 10. Sixteen patients had onset of disease before age 12 yrs. There was no relationship between age of onset of disease and type of clinical presentation (6 nephrotic, 5 nephritic, 8 nephrotic-nephritic). Initially all patients received daily prednisone therapy (2.2 mg/kg) followed by alternate day therapy for periods from 6 months to 4 years. Fourteen patients also concurrently received cytotoxic therapy for 6-18 months. in those patients with nephrotic syndrome, therapy controlled edema, proteinuria diminished but persisted. Serial biopsies in those patients on therapy revealed less cellularity, less basement membrane splitting, and less electron dense deposits in the unsclerosed glomeruli. The 2 patients with dense deposit disease showed progression of deposits. The number of completely sclerosed glomeruli increased with duration of disease regardless of therapy. All patients who were either still on therapy or had been treated more than 3 yrs. had a serum concentration creatinine (SCr) which was normal at both five (n=3) and ten (n=2) yrs. of disease activity. In those patients treated 4.1 mg/dl in 56% (n=9) and 80% (n=5) respectively. Serum compliment levels were not helpful in following disease activity. Younger age onset of disease (<8) was associated with a poorer prognosis at both 5 and 10 yr. follow-up.
Data and Workload Distribution in a Multithreaded Architecture

Matching data distribution to workload distribution is important in improving the performance of distributed-memory multiprocessors. While data and workload distribution can be tailored to fit a particular problem to a particular distributed-memory architecture, it is often difficult to do so for various reasons including complexity of address computation, runtime data movement, and irregular resource usage. This report presents our study on multithreading for distributed-memory multiprocessors. Specifically, we investigate the effects of multithreading ondatadistribution andworkloaddistribution withvariable, thread granularity. Various types of workload distribution strategies are defined along with thread granularity. Several types of data distribution strategies are investigated. These include row-wise cyclic,k-way partial-row cyclic, and blocked distribution. To investigate the performance of multithreading, two problems are selected: highly sequential Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting and highly parallel matrix multiplication. Execution results on the 80-processor EM-4 distributed-memory multiprocessor indicate that multithreading can off set the loss due to the mismatch between data distribution and workload distribution even for sequential and irregular problems while giving high absolute performance.
Movement of Signaling Receptors Inside Primary Cilia

The primary cilium is a signaling organelle with a distinct complement of membrane and soluble proteins. How specific proteins are concentrated within cilia while others remain excluded is a major unanswered question. Recent work has uncovered a diffusion barrier for membrane proteins at the base of the cilium that functionally separates the topologically continuous plasma and ciliary membranes. Using a newly develop in vitro system for trafficking to cilia, we now demonstrate the existence a size-dependent permeability barrier for soluble proteins that allows the passive entry of proteins smaller than 75 kDa and forces large proteins to utilize active transport for entry into cilia. Interestingly, the ciliary permeability barrier is mechanistically unique and does not share features with the nuclear pore complex or the axonal diffusion barrier. Beyond ciliary entry, our in vitro system has enabled a study of soluble diffusion inside cilia which reveals that diffusion alone is sufficient for a rapid exploration of the ciliary space in the absence of active transport.To further dissect the respective contributions of diffusion and active transport to the exploration of the ciliary space, we established a system for single molecule imaging of signaling receptors inside cilia. Here, we find that diffusion is the major driver of membrane proteins movement along primary cilia and that signaling receptors spend less than 25% of time undergoing motor-driven transport. Perturbation of either diffusion or active transport shows that cargo movements can be uncoupled from movements of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery, and that diffusion is sufficient for membrane proteins to explore the ciliary surface. Taken together, our results indicate that signaling within cilia need not be entirely reliant on active transport and poses the question of the role of active transport in transducing signals through the primary cilium.
A Binocular Pupil Model for Simulation of Relative Afferent Pupil Defects and the Swinging Flashlight Test

Many important intracranial neural pathways are involved in the control of the two muscles of the human pupil and the observation and analysis of pupil responses to light or other stimuli is of great interest in many clinical procedures. The binocular pupil model presented in this document has a topology encompassing much of the complexity of the pupil system neurophysiology. The dynamic parameters of the model were matched against pupil experiments under multiple conditions. It is employed here to simulate responses to the swinging flashlight test, a procedure which is routinely practiced in ophthalmology to diagnose different degrees of relative afferent pupil defects often a consequence of severe optic nerve diseases or retinal dysfunctions. Other, not light-dependent, pupil stimuli are briefly discussed
Finite amplitude and free vibrations of a body supported by incompressible, nonlinear viscoelastic shear mountings

Abstract A constitutive equation for an incompressible, isotropic, nonlinear viscoelastic solid of differential type, a class which includes the Voigt-Kelvin solid of classical linear viscoelasticity, is applied to study the quasi-static response of the material in a simple shearing deformation superimposed on a given static homogeneous strain. The Cauchy stress is determined and general relations that characterize creep and recovery phenomena are obtained. Specific equations are derived for a viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin model. Then the finite amplitude, damped, free vibration of a rigid body supported symmetrically by viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin shear mountings is examined, and solutions are given for heavily damped and lightly damped motions. The effects of the primary static deformation on creep and recovery phenomena of the shear blocks, and its effects on the frequency, damping, and logarithmic decrement characteristic of the motion are described analytically and illustrated graphically. Effects of the ultimate equilibrium shear induced by the load also are described. Universal frequency and damping relations for viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean models are noted. It is shown that the primary homogeneous deformation plays an important role in determination of all aspects of the mechanical response. General equations for the exact solution of the problem for free vibrations of a load on nonlinear, perfectly elastic shear mountings also are provided.
Post-Earthquake Dilatancy Recovery

Geodetic measurements of the 1964 Niigata, Japan earthquake and of three other examples are briefly examined. They show exponentially decaying subsidence for a year after the quakes. The observations confirm the dilatancy-fluid diffusion model of earthquake precursors and clarify the extent and properties of the dilatant zone. An analysis using one-dimensional consolidation theory is included which agrees well with this interpretation.
TM and TE scattering by a dielectric/ferrite cylinder in the presence of a half-plane

An integral equation solution to the problem of transverse magnetic (TM) or transverse electric (TE) scattering by an isotropic dielectric/ferrite material cylinder in the presence of a perfectly conducting half-plane is presented. The technique is termed a method of moments (MM)/Green's function solution since the method of moments is used to determine the electric and magnetic polarization currents representing the material cylinder, while the presence of the half-plane is accounted for by including the half-plane Green's function in the kernel of the integral equations. Numerical results are presented for the echo width, material cylinder interior fields, and the surface impedance of a material slab on the surface of a half-plane.
Spectral bandwidth in free-electron-laser oscillators.

The evolution of the spectral bandwidth in free-electron-laser (FEL) oscillators is studied and found to be different for different saturation characteristics: For weakly saturated FELs in storage rings, the limiting bandwidth is given by that derived in the supermode theory; for linac-based FELs, where the gain reduction due to the high-intensity effect is significant, it is determined by the Fourier transform of the electron pulse length; for the case of a dc beam, it is given by a Schawlow-Townes formula, but the approach to the limit is very slow.
Kinetic model for phototransduction and G-protein enzyme cascade: understanding quantal bumps during inhibition of CaM-KII or PP2B.

Abstract We utilize a computer model derived directly from the phototransductive enzyme cascade involving rhodopsin (R), G-proteins (G) and ultimately the membrane channels. In photoreceptors, single photons activate single rhodopsin molecules (R∗), resulting in the production of quantal bumps. A CaM-KII inhibitor may inhibit whereas calcineurin (PP2B) inhibitors may augment arrestin activity. Arrestin is known to inactivate R∗. We voltage-clamped and digitized quantal bumps for comparison with the kinetic model and simulations. Inhibitors of CaM-KII and PP2B produce results consistent with altering arrestin activity. In sum, we have succeeded in constructing a mathematical description of the phototransduction cascade that is biochemically derived and useful in interpreting results.
Symptomatic plantar fibroma with a unique sonographic appearance

We present a case of a solitary plantar fibroma with unique sonographic features with MRI and pathologic correlation. A 25-year-old woman presented with a left foot mass that interfered with her gait. Sonography demonstrated a well-circumscribed, 32 mm × 27 mm × 14 mm subcutaneous mass with heterogeneous echogenicity. Unique sonographic characteristics included posterior acoustic enhancement, cystic components, and mild intratumoral hypervascularity. MRI confirmed the sonographic findings. Surgical excision was performed without complication. A pathologic diagnosis of fibroma with myxoid degeneration and cyst formation was made.
Snyder v. Phelps: The Problem of Context

(2012). Snyder v. Phelps: The Problem of Context. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Preoperative 5‐fluorouracil, low‐dose leucovorin, and concurrent radiation therapy for rectal cancer

Background. A Phase I trial was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of concurrent preoperative radiation therapy (5040 cGy) and 2 cycles (bolus daily times 5) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and low-dose leucovorin (LV) (20 mg/m2), followed by surgery and 10 cycles of postoperative 5-FU/LV in patients with primary or recurrent rectal cancer. Methods. Twenty-four patients were entered into the study. Preoperatively, the initial dose of 5-FU was 325 mg/m2. 5-FU was escalated 50 mg/m2, while the dose of LV and radiation therapy remained constant. Chemotherapy and radiation began concurrently on day 1. The postoperative chemotherapy was not dose escalated; 5-FU, 425 mg/m2, and LV, 20 mg/m2. The median follow-up was 10 months (range, 4–19 months). Results. The resectability rate with negative margins in the 23 patients who underwent surgery was 100%. One patient refused surgery. The pathologic complete response rate was 13% (3 of 23). An additional four patients had negative nodes and a microscopic foci of tumor in the bowel wall. Therefore, the total clinical complete response rate was 30% (7 of 23). The maximum tolerated dose of 5-FU for the preoperative combined modality segment was 375 mg/m2; therefore, the recommended Phase II dose level is 325 mg/m2. The incidence of Grade 3+ toxicity for the 22 patients treated at the recommended 5-FU dose level (325 mg/m2) during the preoperative combined modality segment was as follows: diarrhea, 14%; erythema, 5%; hematologic, 10%; and total, 18%. The median nadir counts were leukocyte count, 3.7 (range, 1.5–5.9); hemoglobin count, 12.2 (range, 10.2–14.3); and platelet count (times 1000), 165 (range, 92–237). Conclusions. With this regimen, the recommended doses of chemotherapy in the combined modality segment are slightly higher than those recommended in arm 2 of the Intergroup postoperative adjuvant rectal trial 0114. This regimen will serve both as the preoperative arm of the Intergroup randomized trial of preoperative versus postoperative combined modality therapy for resectable rectal cancer (INT R9401) as well as the basis for the combined modality segment of NSABP RO-3.
In vitro studies of skeletal muscle membranes characterization of a phosphorylated intermediate of sarcolemmal (Na+ + K+)ATPase

Abstract The sarcolemmal membranes isolated from rat skeletal muscle are capable of incorporating 32P from [γ−32P]ATP. The membrane protein phosphorylation requires Mg2+. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and their dibutyrul derivatives showed no marked effect on sarcolemmal phosphorylation. The Mg2+-dependent 32P labeling was significantly enhanced by Na+. The rate of Na+ -stimulated 32P incorporation was quite rapid reaching steady state levels within 5 s at 0 °C. K+ reduced the Na+ -stimulated 32P-incorporation but enhanced the 32Pi release. This inhibitory effect of K+ on Na+ -stimulated 32P incorporation was prevented by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. The Na+ -dependent 32P labeling showed substrate dependency and the Na+ site was saturable. The apparent K m for ATP was 2 · 10−5 M. The optimum pH for 32P labeling was between 7 and 8. Na+ -dependent membrane phosphorylation showed a direct relationship with the (Na+ + K+ATPase activity. The high turnover rate of 32P intermediate (12 000 min −1) suggested its functional significance in the overall transport ATPase reaction sequence. The predominate portion (> 90%) of the phosphorylated membrane complex was sensitive to acidified hydroxylamine and to alkaline pH suggesting an acylphosphate nature of the phosphoprotein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that 32P incorporation occurred predominately into a 108 000 dalton subunit which is a major protein component of sarcolemmal membranes. A very low level of 32P incorporation was also observed into a 25 000 dalton subunit and Ca2+ slightly enhanced the phosphorylation of this component. The size ( M r 108 000 ) and some properties of the sarcolemmal phosphoprotein are closely similar to other (Na+ + K+ATPase preparations reported so far.
Reincarnation and infinite punishment in hell

In the first part of the paper, I argue that Christians should incorporate the theory of reincarnation into their belief system. The problem of the apparent disproportion between finite human sin and infinite punishment in Hell becomes far more tractable against the background of reincarnation. In the second part of the paper, I address and answer three objections that may be raised against a Christian theory of reincarnation. The first objection is based on the role of memory in identity, the second points to the essential unity of body and soul, and the third revolves around the suggestion that living multiple lives may more easily lead to damnation than to salvation.
Framework for incorporating nondestructive evaluation (NDE) into pavement and bridge management systems

ABSTRACT One ofthe major components ofan infrastructure management system is the condition assessment or deterioration modeling. With application to highway pavements and bridges, this paper presents conceptually how nondestructive evaluation (NDE) resultscan be utilized to provide a quantitative assessment ofthe infrastructure condition in a format usable for network-level pavementmanagement systems and bridge management systems. NDE techniques typically applied to pavements include Visual Rating,Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), Dynaflect, Seismic Pavement Analyzer (SPA), and the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).Bridges can also be evaluated using the GPR. NDE is particularly useful at the network level of infrastructure managementbecause ofthe mobility of conducting the tests. Detailed mechanistic methods have been suggested for NDE interpretation butthis method may not be practical at network level. Interpretation of NDE results, through knowledge-based systems andintelligent databases indicate the defects and residual capacity of infrastructures. Measured physical properties and defects inthe infrastructure component materials can be correlated to existing scales of condition assessment such as in the NBI andPONTIS formats for bridge management and also to an index or rating such as the PSI in highway pavements.Keywords: nondestructive evaluation, test segments, pavement management system. bridge management system.and condition rating.
The black death past and present. 1. Plague in the 1980s

This paper considers firstly the epidemiology of plague in the 1980s. The largest number of cases occurred in Tanzania. Most cases were in children and young adults; in the USA the male:female ratio was about 2:1. Plague had a seasonal distribution. Almost all cases arose from bites of infected rodent fleas, and Rattus spp. were the most important reservoir hosts. Virulence is linked with the presence of a 45 MDa plasmid. The predominant clinical form of plague is bubonic, followed by septicaemic, meningitic and pneumonic. For treatment, streptomycin is the antibiotic of choice, with tetracycline and chloramphenicol as alternatives. Treatment given on the first 1-2 d of illness is highly effective, and resistance is not a problem. Rodent control, insecticide application, and avoidance of contact with rodents and their fleas remain the prime means of control. Plague vaccine is not in general use.
Exploring new ways of assessing the effect of regulation on environmental management.

Abstract Studies indicate that while a variety of factors positively influence voluntary environmental management, regulatory pressures are among the most important. However, most research examines samples representing large manufacturers or single industries, essentially assuming a level of regulatory constraint. Using a sample of heterogeneous facilities, this study finds that facilities can be classified according to the level of regulatory constraint, and that group membership impacts the choice of environmental management strategy when assessed within a utility maximization framework. More extensively regulated facilities implement more individual environmental management practices, but participate in fewer formal voluntary environmental programs (VEPs), compared to other facilities.
Airborne scatterometer detection of winds and sea surface roughness changes across the gulf stream front

Abstract This article investigates the scatterometer radar cross-section distributions and wind stress spatial variability across a sea surface temperature (SST) front under different wind directions and synoptic scale atmospheric forcings. Shipboard meteorological measurements in concert with airborne K u -band (14.0 Ghz) rotating scatterometer data show evidence of mesoscale circulation near the front during low ambient winds (4 m/s) blowing from the cold side of the SST front to the warm side. The mesoscale signature is characterized by a 25–35° counterclockwise shift in the wind direction and a maximum of 4.9 dB increase in the backscattering cross section across the front. The mesoscale circulation is reduced when the wind direction reverses, and the ambient wind flow increases to 13.6 m/s. The maximum cross-section change across the front is reduced to 3.6 dB. The azimuthal characteristics of the scatterometer data are compared with the predictions of two scatterometer model functions. According to the models, the anisotropy of the short waves is inversely related to the wind speed, such that the short wave directional spreads tend to broaden as the wind speed increases. The scatterometer data, however, show greater short-wave anisotropy at the higher wind speeds. This measured difference could be caused by current velocity changes or by longwave directional changes across the front.
Compounding TPN admixtures: then and now

Compounding TPN admixtures has significantly developed since the first clinical reports by Dr. Dudrick and colleagues from the University of Pennsylvania approximately 35 years ago. Today, the responsibility for the compounding of sage parenteral nutrition admixtures for patients incapable of oral or enteral nutrition primarily rests with the pharmacy department. Although others may influence the desirable components to be contained therin, no one is more qualified to deal with the physicochemical issues and aseptic technique compounding requirements than a registered pharmacist. In fact, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) , the official drug compendium in the US since 1906, has published Chapter 797 entitled "Pharmaceutical Compounding--Sterile Preparations", enforceable by the FDA, and makes clear the role of the pharmacist in the compounding of safe parenteral admixtures. Ultimately, after careful pharmaceutical review of the final formulation, the composition of the final admixture for infusion will be determined based on the ability to safely compound the prescribed additives in the desired quantities of a specified volume of sterile fluid. There will always be instances, where, for example the patient's needs cannot be safely met through the TPN admixture, primarily because of stability, compatibility and/or sterility issues. When this occurs, suitable alternative methods of delivering the additives in question must be sought so as not to compromise the safety issues of the final TPN infusion. Although there have been many advances in the development of nutritional additives, compounding devices, and containers, significant safety issues continue to arise necessitating further modification of paretneral nutrition protocols. ASPEN, through periodic reviews of tis published guidelines, such as the 1998 Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition Formulations, is in a key position to keep nutrition support clinicians abreast of the central issues affecting the safety of TPN therapy.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Haldane's rule has multiple genetic causes

Haldane's rule states that "When in the F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous [heterogametic or XY] sex". This rule represents one of the few patterns characterizing animal speciation. Traditional explanations of Haldane's rule claim that heterogametic hybrids are unfit because they lack an X chromosome that is 'compatible' with the autosomes of one species. Recent work shows that this explanation is incorrect for hybrid sterility: contrary to prediction, homogametic hybrids carrying both X chromosomes from the same species remain fertile. Until now, similar tests have not been performed for hybrid inviability. Here I show that homogametic hybrids who carry both X chromosomes from the same species are inviable. These results show tht the genetic causes of Haldane's rule differ for hybrid sterility versus inviability. Haldane's rule does not, therefore, have a single genetic basis.
Can continuum extensions to multiphase flow models describe preferential flow

Gravity-driven preferential flow paths (fingers) have been shown to be the result of nonmonotonic saturation profiles observed during constant-flux, one-dimensional infiltration. These nonmonotonic profiles, also known as saturation overshoot , cannot be described by traditional unsaturated continuum flow models, such as the Richards equation. Instead, continuum models require additional extensions, higher order in either time or space, which are still open to much question. In this study, an extensive data set was obtained on preferential flow and overshoot behavior in well-sorted sands. The overshoot behavior is the strongest evidence of dynamic effects in porous media because other reported experimental evidence can be the result of varying measuring volumes or media heterogeneities. Thus the extensive overshoot data set provides the best testing ground for the various proposed extensions, and the data set was compared with recently proposed continuum extensions to unsaturated flow models.
The Frank Vectorcardiogram and the Electrocardiogram in Duchenne Progressive Muscular Dystrophy

Electrocardiograms and Frank vectorcardiograms from 44 patients with classical childhood progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) were analyzed. Seventy-seven per cent had definite electrocardiographic abnormalities. All had one and usually several vectorcardiographic abnormalities. Abnormalities in orientation, magnitude, or both, of the planar and spatial ventricular gradients were the most consistent of the vectorcardiographic abnormalities and were observed in 95% of the patients. This finding is of significance if this vector theoretically reflects diffuse myocardial disease at the cellular level. QRS changes, in general, reflected the relatively greater loss of posterior ventricular force with consequent exaggeration of anterior ventricular force. There was no demonstrable relationship between the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities with the age of the patient and the severity and rapidity of clinical progression of the disease in patients less than 16 years of age. This...
Dry coating polymer powder particles with deagglomerated carbon nanotubes to improve their dispersion in nanocomposites

Abstract Deagglomerated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dry coated onto the surfaces of polyethylene oxide powder particles by magnetic assisted impact coater (MAIC). The deagglomeration of the tightly agglomerated MWCNTs was carried out using two procedures: rapid expansion of supercritical suspension (RESS) of MWCNTs and CO 2 , and high-intensity ultrasonic agitation of a suspension of MWCNTs in acetone, using an ultrasonic probe. FESEM images show that the high-intensity ultrasonic probe was more effective in deagglomerating the agglomerated MWCNTs than the RESS method. Furthermore, it was found that the extent of PEO particle surface coverage by MWCNTs greatly depends on the extent of deagglomeration.
Social interactions and cortisol treatment increase the production of aggressive electrocommunication signals in male electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus.

Brown ghost knife fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, continually emit a weakly electric discharge that serves as a communication signal and is sensitive to sex steroids. Males modulate this signal during bouts of aggression by briefly ( 15 ms) increasing the discharge frequency in signals termed “chirps.” The present study examined the effects of short-term (1‐7 days) and longterm (6 ‐35 days) male‐male interaction on the continuous electric organ discharge (EOD), chirping behavior, and plasma levels of cortisol and two androgens, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and testosterone. Males housed in isolation or in pairs were tested for short-term and long-term changes in their EOD frequency and chirping rate to standardized sinusoidal electrical stimuli. Within 1 week, chirp rate was significantly higher in paired fish than in isolated fish, but EOD frequency was equivalent in these two groups of fish. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in paired fish than in isolated fish, but there was no difference between groups in plasma 11KT levels. Among paired fish, cortisol levels correlated positively with chirp rate. To determine whether elevated cortisol can cause changes in chirping behavior, isolated fish were implanted with cortisol-filled or empty Silastic tubes and tested for shortterm and long-term changes in electrocommunication signals and steroid levels. After 2 weeks, fish that received cortisol implants showed higher chirp rates than blank-implanted fish; there were no difference between groups in EOD frequency. Cortisol implants significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels compared to blank implants but had no effect on plasma 11KT levels. These results suggest that male‐male interaction increases chirp rate by elevating levels of plasma cortisol, which,
New substitution reactions on indole promoted by the Cr(CO)3 unit

Abstract Indole derivatives form complexes with the Cr(CO) 3 unit at the 6-membered ring. Addition of reactive carbon nucleophiles occurs at the coordinated ring with strong preference for C-4 and, in a few cases, for C-7. Oxidation of the intermediate cyclohexadienyl anionic complexes produces substituted indoles in good yield. Complexes of N -methylindoline and benzofuran also undergo the addition/oxidation sequence preferentially at C-4. Changes in the substituents at C-3 and the nitrogen atom in the indole complexes influences the regioselectivity so that either C-4 or C-7 substitution can be observed. The selectivity is correlated with EHT calculations on free indole and complexes indole.
Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers.

The subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a widely prescribed and abused prescription opioid, oxycodone, have not been studied in a population of non-drug-abusing people. To characterize the effects of oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Eighteen volunteers participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind study in which they received, all p.o., placebo, 10 mg oxycodone, 20 mg oxycodone, 30 mg oxycodone, 40 mg morphine, and 2 mg lorazepam. Measures were assessed before and for 300 min after drug administration. End-of-session and 24-h post-session measures were taken to assess residual drug effects and overall subjects' assessments of the drug effects. Subjective effects of oxycodone were dose related, with the majority of statistically significant effects limited to the two higher doses tested. Oxycodone produced a profile of subjective effects that included both pleasant and unpleasant effects. Morphine in general produced effects similar in magnitude to those of 10 mg and 20 mg oxycodone. Peak liking and drug-wanting ratings were increased by all doses of oxycodone and by morphine, and trough ratings of liking (dislike) were lower in the 20-mg and 30-mg oxycodone conditions, relative to the placebo condition. Post-session ratings of overall liking and drug wanting were not statistically significant, either at the end of the session or 24 h later. Cognitive and psychomotor impairment were obtained with the higher doses of oxycodone, but to a much lesser degree than that of lorazepam. Miosis and exophoria were increased in a dose-related manner by oxycodone. Oxycodone produced effects similar to those of other mu opioid agonists. Although oxycodone produced abuse liability-related subjective effects, it also produced unpleasant effects, a phenomenon we have observed in other opioid studies in non-drug-abusing volunteers.
Planetary Solids Older than Earth

David Stevenson in his Pathways of Discovery Essay “Planetary science: A space odyssey” (11 Feb., p. 997) surveys the role that planetary science has played and is playing in the evolution of the world views held by modern humankind, but he does not include one new window of wide philosophic interest that is so stunning as to contribute to the immense sweep of his canvas. Pieces of small planets fall to the ground (meteorites) containing within them small, solid particles that are themselves older than Earth and older than our entire planetary system. These presolar solids (mostly SiC and graphite) floated amid the interstellar dust and gas that collapsed with the solar cloud in the event that gave birth to our solar system, and they were incorporated intact into the surface debris of the small planets from which meteorites arise. They are recognized by laboratory experiments to contain bulk isotopic compositions of C, Si, Mg, Ti, N, and O and heavy trace elements that are wildly different from the mean composition shared by all of our planetary bodies. Presolar solids came from long ago and far away, and they contain precise new information on the origin of the elements of which our solar system would later be born. Humankind thereby holds in its hands and studies in its laboratories solid samples that substantially predate the birth of our planetary system, but it is, ironically, our planetary system that delivers them to Earth. Stones from a time before there was an Earth, they speak not only of other systems in our universe but of times before our world existed. Their very existence shattered the belief that studying objects of such antiquity on Earth is impossible.
Finite forms of de Finetti's theorem on exchangeability

A geometrical interpretation of independence and exchangeability leads to understanding the failure of de Finetti's theorem for a finite exchangeable sequence. In particular an exchangeable sequence of length r which can be extended to an exchangeable sequence of length k is almost a mixture of independent experiments, the error going to zero like 1/k.
Comparison of media and diluents for enumeration of aerobic bacteria from Bermuda grass golf course putting greens

To increase our knowledge of soil and rhizosphere bacteria associated with bermuda grass grown on golf courses, a standardized procedure has been developed. Seven aerobic bacterial groups were selected for enumeration. For each group selected, appropriate media were compared to determine which one was best for enumeration of that group. Six diluents were evaluated across all media for the seven bacterial groups. The best diluent was sodium pyrophosphate with glycerol. The following media were best for enumeration: solidified 10% tryptic soy broth for total culturable aerobic bacteria and heat tolerant bacteria; reduced arginine soluble salts medium for actinomycetes; S1 medium for fluorescent pseudomonads; XMSM for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Bacto azide blood agar base for gram-positive bacteria; crystal violet agar for gram-negative bacteria.
On the joint distribution of pearson's X2 statistics

Abstract Let {X 2 N1, ..., X 2 Nr} be statistics of the type X 2 = Σ({O} − E)2/ E for testing mUltiple hypotheses in a categorical array of N objects. This study is concerned with the large-sample properties of the joint distribution of {X 2 N1, ..., X 2 Nr} when these cannot be assumed to be independent. The limiting form of the joint distribution is given explicitly under quite general conditions for a large class of joint distributions involving Pearson's statistics. In the case of tests for goodness of fit of simple hypotheses, the rate of convergence to this limiting form is given precisely in terms of multidimensional Esseen type bounds.
X-ray mass absorption coefficient measurements for aluminium in the range 1.9 to 9.9 Å

X-ray mass absorption coefficients for aluminium have been measured for nine wavelengths in the range 1.9 to 9.9 A. The values obtained disagree with many published compendia of mass absorption coefficients, but agree well with some published experimental values.
CFD simulations of the Andersen cascade impactor: Model development and effects of aerosol charge

Abstract Cascade impactors are commonly used to assess the size characteristics of aerosols in toxicology and pharmaceutical applications. These aerosol instruments have been developed and refined over decades. However, a number of questions remain related to impactor performance, including the influence of electrostatic charge on measured size distributions. The objective of this study was to develop a validated CFD model of the Mark II Andersen cascade impactor (ACI) and apply this model to evaluate the effects of particle charge on deposition. The flow field was simulated using a commercial CFD code for incompressible laminar and transitional flows. Particle trajectories and deposition were evaluated using a well tested Lagrangian tracking approach that accounts for impaction, sedimentation, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction. Particle charge levels typical of dry powder inhaler (DPI) and metered dose inhaler (MDI) aerosols were considered for a particle size range of 0.3–12 μm. As a model validation, computational predictions of cutoff d50 diameters for each of the eight ACI stages were found to be within 10% difference of existing experimental and manufacturer data. Results indicated that charges consistent with DPI and MDI aerosols increased deposition fraction in Stages 0–3 by up to 30% and increased deposition fraction in Stages 4–7 by up to an order of magnitude. For Stages 0–3, both DPI and MDI charges reduced the d50 value by approximately 10% or less. In contrast, charged aerosols reduced the d50 values in Stages 4 and 5 by 200% and 60%, respectively. All charged submicrometer aerosols considered deposited in Stages 6 and 7. Increasing the particle charge by an order of magnitude from DPI to MDI values had a relatively small effect on further decreasing the cutoff size of each stage. In conclusion, these results can be used to approximate the actual aerodynamic diameter of a charged pharmaceutical aerosol based on measurements in a standard ACI. Future applications of the developed ACI model include evaluating the influence of space charge on deposition and quantifying the effects of aerosol condensation and evaporation on size assessment.
Single photon detection module for multi-channel detection of weak fluorescence signals

Single photon counting is the most sensitive method for detection of weak signals. However, it has rarely been used in DNA sequencing applications because of its complexity. We present a fiberized 16-channel single photon detection (SPD) module based on avalanche photo diodes (APD). The diodes are cooled at -20 °C and the average dark count is 700 c/s with APD operating at 10V over-voltage. The proposed system uses active quenching based on basic NAND gates and delay integrated circuits (ICs) and is compact in size, robust, easily portable and requires only 120Vac supply for its operation. The fiberization of the diodes using standard components allows the connection of this system to any other system using fibers with FC connectors with up to 400μm core diameters. Comparative performance with superior commercially available photon counting modules has been obtained. The SPD module has been successfully used for fluorescence detection of weak signals in a DNA sequencing instrument and hence the suitability of large active area APD model for DNA sequencing has been verified experimentally.
Work-preserving emulations of fixed-connection networks

In this paper, we study the problem of emulating TG steps of an NG-node guest network on an NH-node host network. We call an emulation work-preserving if the time required by the host, TH, is O(TGNG/NH) because then both the guest and host networks perform the same total work, T(TGNG), to within a constant factor. We say that an emulation is real-time if TH = O(TG), because then the host emulates the guest with constant delay. Although many isolated emulation results have been proved for specific networks in the past, and measures such as dilation and congestion were known to be important, the field has lacked a model within which general results and meaningful lower bounds can be proved. We attempt to provide such a model, along with corresponding general techniques and specific results in this paper. Some of the more interesting and diverse consequences of this work include: a proof that a linear array can emulate a (much larger) butterfly in a work-preserving fashion, but that a butterfly cannot emulate an expander (of any size) in a work-preserving fashion.a proof that a mesh can be emulated in real time in a work-preserving fashion on a butterfly, even though any O(1)-to-1 embedding of a mesh in a butterfly has dilation O(log N),a proof that an N log N-node butterfly can be emulated in a work-preserving fashion on an N-node shuffle-exchange graph, and vice-versa,simple O(N2/log2N)-area and O(N3/2/log3/2N)-volume layouts for the N-node shuffle-exchange graph, andan algorithm for sorting N-numbers in O(log N) steps with high probability on an N-node shuffle-exchange graph with constant size queues.
Antithrombotic agents stimulate the synthesis and modify the sulfation pattern of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan from endothelial cells.

Abstract Low molecular weight heparins, namely CY 216 and CY 222 (Sanofi/Choay); OP 622 and OP 386 (Opocrin); PK 10169 (Pharmuka); an oligosaccharide prepared from heparin by heparitinase II digestion; chemically sulfated glycosaminoglycans and polysaccharide namely Suleparoid (Syntex), Aprosulate (Luitpold-Werk); chemically modified glycosaminoglycans GAGPS and MPS (Luitpold-Werk) as well as unmodified heparin stimulate two to three fold the synthesis of a heparan sulfate with antithrombotic activity secreted by endothelial cells in culture. The stimulation is concentration dependent and specific for the endothelial cell. The [35S]-heparan sulfate synthesized in the presence of heparin and/ or the tested antithrombotic agents has shown a high degree of sulfation of the iduronic acid residues as revealed by the analyses of the disaccharide products formed from the heparan sulfate by the action of bacterial heparitinases. The features of the above compounds in common with heparin are their polymeric nature and a high charge density, as well as their pharmacological activities as potent antithrombotic agents “in vivo”. These combined observations reinforce the proposition that the antithrombotic activity of heparin, low molecular weight heparins and the chemically modified polysaccharides could be related to the increased production of this peculiar heparan sulfate by endothelial cells.
A Discrete-Time Direct Torque Control for Direct-Drive PMSG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems

This paper proposes a novel flux-space-vector-based direct torque control (DTC) scheme for permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) used in variable-speed direct-drive wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). The discrete-time control law, which is derived from the perspective of flux space vectors and load angle, predicts the desired stator flux vector for the next time-step with the torque and stator flux information only. The space vector modulation (SVM) is then employed to generate the reference voltage vector, leading to a fixed switching frequency, as well as lower flux and torque ripples, when compared to the conventional DTC. Compared with other SVM-based DTC methods in the literature, the proposed DTC scheme eliminates the use of proportional–integral regulators and is less dependent on machine parameters, e.g., stator inductances and permanent-magnet flux linkage, while the main advantages of the DTC, e.g., fast dynamic response and no need of coordinate transform, are preserved. The proposed DTC scheme is applicable for both nonsalient-pole and salient-pole PMSGs. The overall control scheme is simple to implement and is robust to parameter uncertainties and variations of the PMSGs. The effectiveness of the proposed discrete-time DTC scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results on a 180-W salient-pole PMSG and a 2.4-kW nonsalient-pole PMSG used in variable-speed direct-drive WECSs.
Internal Carotid Pseudoaneurysm Associated with Tortuosity after Tonsillectomy: A Case Report

We present a patient who was found to have an internal carotid pseudoaneurysm 3 years after tonsillectomy and chemoradiation for tonsillar cancer. Ha also had severe tortuosity of both internal carotid arteries. The lesion was in an anatomically challenging location, but an endoluminal approach was not feasible because of the extreme tortuosity. He underwent open repair with resection of the pseudoaneurysm and direct anastomosis with good results.
Application of a Flexible, Clinically Driven Approach for Anger Reduction in the Case of Mr. P

Abstract We treat maladaptive anger in adults with a program based on traditional behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. To these, we add client-centered motivational interviewing techniques. With the goal of modifying maladaptive stimulus-response relationships, our specific aim is to reduce anger reactivity to aversive triggers. Thus, in daily clinical work we have found it useful to focus on individual episodes of anger rather than underlying personality dimensions. Episodes include the trigger, the appraisal, the private experience, the public expression, and the outcome. This episode model is taught psychoeducationally. The treatment program itself has four stages: engagement and preparation, use of specific change strategies, learning to accept difficult life situations, and maintaining change and enhancing happiness. Since Mr. P had difficulties with his previous therapist, we would delay using specific interventions and would spend more time in the engagement phase so as to build the therapeutic bond and enhance awareness of his own reasons for change. We would also administer a standardized anger test and would provide feedback to help him see where he stands as compared to others. Although this would be done in the spirit of exploration, without evaluative judgments, verbalizations that favor better anger control would be encouraged. Once engaged, we would use strategies that allow for the repeated examination of solutions to individual anger episodes. Use of avoidance and escape, imaginal and in-vivo barb exposure, limited cognitive restructuring, and techniques to enhance happiness would be considered. Decision guidelines, roadblocks to success, and potential solutions are also discussed.
Magnetism in medicine

The authors have developed prostheses and methods whereby energy stored in magnetic fields and/or thermal energy can be utilized to restore function to organs which depend on movement of smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle, and whose function has failed because of failure of muscle movement. Such organs include the bladder, urinary sphincter, colostomy or ileostomy stoma, and levator palpebrae of the lid and heart. For additional details see Digests of the 1972 Intermag Conference (available from IEEE Headquarters).