cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsidizing Hate: A Proposal to Reform the Internal Revenue Service's Methodology Test

Although a wide variety of organizations may qualify as tax-exempt public charities, reform is needed to ensure that hate groups masquerading as educational organizations do not receive preferential tax treatment. Since 1986, the Internal Revenue Service has utilized a methodology test to determine when advocacy of a particular viewpoint may be deemed educational so as to qualify the underlying organization as a public charity. Because the Service has been reluctant to apply the test rigorously, however, a number of hate groups have been able to obtain charitable status under the guise of operating as legitimate educational organizations. This article contends that application of the methodology test must be more robust to prevent hate groups from receiving federal subsidies in the form of certain tax advantages. Additionally, the article proposes reforms designed to limit hate groups’ ability to operate as public charities while ensuring that educational organizations advocating hate-neutral minority viewpoints may continue to receive the tax benefits associated with charitable status.
Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism: Terrorism’s Fifth Wave

Introduction Part 1: Theory 1. Terrorism and Religious Violence 2. Rapoport's Four Waves Theory Revisited 3. The Fifth Wave Part 2: Praxis 4. The Lord's Resistance Army 5. The Janjaweed in the Sudan 6. Conclusion-The Fifth Wave?
Chapter 17 – Colton blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Colton blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Colton blood group system are also reviewed. This blood group was named in 1967 for the first of the three original producers of anti-Coa. In red blood cells (RBCs), channel-forming integral protein (CHIP)-1 exists as a dimer and accounts for 2.4% of the total membrane protein. The function and disease association of the Colton blood group system is discussed. Aquaporin (AQP) 1 accounts for 80% of water re-absorption in kidneys and is a determinant of vascular permeability in the lung. Monosomy 7, weak expression associated with certain chromosome 7 rearrangements, and leukemia are some of the diseases associated with this blood group system. The chapter discusses the terminology, occurrence, antithetical antigen, and expression of various antigens like Coa, Cob and Co3.
Strategische Allianzen in der Informationstechnik-Industrie

In den Unternehmen, vor allem in der Industrie fur Informationstechnik (TT), erkennt man zwei wesentliche Trends: Dis-Integration oder Segmentierung und Allianzen in be-timmten Tatigkeitsfeldern mit Konkurrenten. Vor allem der zweite Trend, die Allianzen, werden in diesem Beitrag beleuchtet. Aktuelle Beispiele der IBM werden zur Veranschaulichung herangezogen. Allianzen nehmen heute einen beachtlichen Stellenwert in der Unternehmensstrategie ein und sind ein wesentliches Instrument zur Erhaltung/Wiedererlangung der Wettbewerbsfahigkeit.
Fundamentals of manufacturing-multimedia modules for contextual learning

This work describes the use of multimedia modules contained on compact disks to help the student learn fundamental concepts of transport phenomena. The modules also describe commercial processes to manufacture computer chips and synthetic fibers, so the student learns the engineering fundamentals within the context of real-life applications.
An Essay on Aggregation Theory and Practice

One perplexing problem in the design of econometric research that remains largely unsolved is how estimation is affected by aggregation. The main purpose of this paper will be to show not only that aggregation gains exist, but how to provide practical estimates of their extent.
Gonococcal transferrin-binding protein 2 facilitates but is not essential for transferrin utilization.

Pathogenic Neisseria species have been shown to scavenge iron from transferrin (Tf), although the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Two iron-repressible proteins that exhibit Tf-binding activity have been identified. This work describes the cloning and sequencing of tbpB, a 2.1-kb gene in N. gonorrhoeae that encodes Tbp2, an 85-kDa iron-repressible lipoprotein. Transcriptional interruption of tbpB had a strong polar effect on tbpA, the structural gene for Tbp1 that is located immediately downstream from tbpB. Such tbpB mutants did not express either Tbp2 or Tbp1, did not bind Tf to whole cells, did not grow on Tf plates, and did not take up iron from Tf. A mutant in which most of tbpB was deleted, presumably leaving tbpA under transcriptional control of the tbpB promoter, was constructed. This mutant did not express Tbp2 but expressed wild-type levels of Tbp1 and possessed the phenotype of reduced binding of Tf, decreased iron uptake from Tf, but normal growth on Tf plates. Mutants expressing Tbp2 and not Tbp1 bound less Tf, did not grow on Tf plates, and did not take up iron from Tf. These results suggest that tbpB and tbpA are polycistronic. Tbp2 apparently facilitates binding of Tf but is not essential for acquisition of iron from Tf under these in vitro conditions. Images
Tenax-GC Extraction Technique for Residual Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis in Biodegradation Assays

A rapid Tenax-GC extraction technique has been evaluated for use in conjunction with aqueous biodegradation assays for polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. The method was quantitatively efficient and reproducible for phenanthrene, but variable and not quantitative for Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls). Aqueous sample volumes and varying concentrations of organic matter influenced polychlorinated biphenyl and polyaromatic hydrocarbon extraction efficiency. Phenanthrene recovery was decreased by soil extract but unaffected by spent bacteriological culture medium. Both types of organic matter caused significant reduction of Aroclor 1254 recovery. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl biodegradation assays, performed with reservoir samples, supported the laboratory evaluation. The study demonstrated the utility of the Tenax-GC extraction technique for phenanthrene analysis in biodegradation assessment; however, Tenax-GC extraction was not appropriate for Aroclor 1254 biodegradation studies.
Syskill & webert: Identifying interesting web sites

We describe Syskill & Webert, a software agent that learns to rate pages on the World Wide Web (WWW), deciding what pages might interest a user. The user rates explored pages on a three point scale, and Syskill & Webert learns a user profile by analyzing the information on each page. The user profile can be used in two ways. First, it can be used to suggest which links a user would be interested in exploring. Second, it can be used to construct a LYCOS query to find pages that would interest a user. We compare six different algorithms from machine learning and information retrieval on this task. We find that the naive Bayesian classifier offers several advantages over other learning algorithms on this task. Furthermore, we find that an initial portion of a web page is sufficient for making predictions on its interestingness substantially reducing the amount of network transmission required to make predictions.
A user-friendly approach to human authentication of messages

Users are often forced to trust potentially malicious terminals when trying to interact with a remote secure system. This paper presents an approach for ensuring the integrity and authenticity of messages sent through an untrusted terminal by a user to a remote trusted computing base and vice versa. The approach is both secure and easy to use. It leverages the difficulty computers have in addressing some artificial intelligence problems and therefore requires no complex computation on the part of the user. This paper describes the general form of the approach, analyzes its security and user-friendliness, and describes an example implementation based on rendering a 3-D scene.
Upper-Airway Obstruction and Perioperative Management of the Airway in Patients Managed with Posterior Operations on the Cervical Spine for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

We reviewed the records of 128 patients who had a total of 128 consecutive posterior operations on the cervical spine for problems related to rheumatoid arthritis. Our purpose was to examine perioperative complications related to the airway. The patients were divided into two groups for analysis on the basis of the technique of intubation that had been used. An upper-airway obstruction developed after extubation in eight (14 per cent) of the fifty-eight patients who had been intubated without fiberoptic assistance compared with one (1 per cent) of the seventy patients who had been intubated fiberoptically (p = 0.02). The two groups had similar characteristics with regard to age, sex, severity of the myelopathy, American Rheumatology Association classification, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, cigarette use, duration of the arthritis, use of preoperative traction, use of steroids (both preoperatively and intraoperatively), size of the endotracheal tube, duration of the operation, total duration of the anesthesia, intraoperative fluid balance, and type of immediate immobilization of the neck. The only significant difference between the groups was the time to extubation, which averaged 17.9 hours in the fiberoptic group and 10.6 hours in the non-fiberoptic group (p = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that non-fiberoptic intubation was the significant risk factor, even when allowance was made for the difference in the lengths of time to extubation. We concluded that this life-threatening complication can be minimized with fiberoptic management of the airway.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Hydrogen-Storage Materials

Both traditional and newly synthesized microporous materials, including activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, zeolites, inorganic nanotubes, and hybrid organic–inorganic materials have been investigated for their ability to adsorb hydrogen. Uptake by these materials is physisorptive, with relatively weak interactions between the material and the hydrogen molecule. Many are able to uptake 1–3 wt% hydrogen at 77 K and 1 atm, and several can adsorb up to 6 wt% under high pressure, but none are currently able to meet hydrogen-storage goals at near-ambient temperatures. This review examines the accomplishments, challenges, and future directions in this nascent field. Keywords: hydrogen; adsorption; physisorption; microporous materials; nanoporous materials; metal–organic framework; zeolite; activated carbon; carbon nanotubes; inorganic nanotubes
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus infections in children with Down syndrome

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus infections in the Down syndrome (DS) population have not been well characterized. This study determined clinical and molecular characteristics of S. aureus infections in children with DS followed at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), from 2001 to 2011. Patients were retrospectively identified from an ongoing S. aureus surveillance study. Medical records were reviewed. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and detection of PVL genes (pvl), mupA (high-level mupirocin resistance gene), smr (chlorhexidine resistance conferring gene), and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec (SCCmec) type. Twenty-six patients with DS had a total of 34 S. aureus infections (8 recurrent); 61% were MRSA. DS patients represented 16.8 per 10,000 community onset S. aureus infections seen at TCH. Among 26 initial infections 17 were skin and soft tissue (SSTI), 7 were outer or middle ear and 2 were invasive infections. Seventeen patients were hospitalized. Thirteen (65%) of 20 available isolates were USA300, 14 were pvl+, 5 were mupA+, and 8 were smr+. Five of 8 (63%) recurrent infections were ear infections. All 4 recurrent ear isolates available for study were smr+, ciprofloxacin non-susceptible and treated with ciprofloxacin otic drops. S. aureus infections among patients with DS were similar in presentation to other patient groups, except for a greater proportion being associated with ear infections. Seventy percent of ear fluid isolates carried antiseptic and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. A study of a greater number of DS patients is warranted to further explore these findings.
Calculating Barriers to Oxygen Penetration on Metal Oxides with the Effective-Medium Theory

We estimated surface penetration barriers for interstitial oxygen using a simple calculational scheme, the effective-medium theory for a single atom. In this theory the single parameter describing the host is the electron density. Since the electron density depends primarily on the interatomic distances, i.e. the structure of the host, we found that the barrier to oxygen penetration in oxides depends primarily on the structure of the oxide, the closest-packed isotropic oxides with the smallest lattice constants having the highest barriers.
Rattle-type silica colloidal particles prepared by a surface-protected etching process

This paper explores the capability of the “surface-protected etching” process for the creation of rattle-type SiO2@void@SiO2 colloidal structures featuring a mesoporous silica shell and a mesoporous movable silica core. The surface-protected etching process involves stabilization of the particle surface using a polymer ligand, and then selective etching of the interior to form hollow structures. In this paper, this strategy has been extended to the formation of rattle-like structures by etching SiO2@SiO2 core shell particles which are synthesized by a two-step sol gel process. The key is to introduce a protecting polymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to the surface of both core and shell in order to tailor their relative stability against chemical etching. Upon reacting with NaOH, the outer layer silica becomes a hollow shell as only the surface layer is protected by PVP and the interior is removed, while the core remains its original size thanks to the protection of PVP on its surface. This process can be carried out at room temperature without the need of additional templates or complicated heterogeneous coating procedures. The etching process also results in the rattle-type colloids having mesoscale pores with two distinct average sizes. In our demonstration of a model drug delivery process, such mesoporous structures show an interesting two-step elution profile which is believed to be related to the unique porous rattle structures.
Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task

A new experiential discounting task (EDT) is presented. Unlike existing question-based measures of delay discounting, which rely on imagined consequences during task completion, this EDT requires that participants experience choice consequences (i.e. delays and pseudo consumatory responses) during the measurement period. As a preliminary examination of this task's sensitivity to variability in discounting, 12 participants (six females) completed a timing test (production and reproduction), a question-based measure of delay discounting, and the EDT during non-sleep-deprived (awake 7 h) and sleep-deprived (awake 21 h) conditions. Based on evidence that sleep deprivation increases impulsive behavior, it was hypothesized that participants would underrepresent time intervals in both production and reproduction procedures and discount significantly more with the discounting procedures while sleep deprived. Unfortunately, data from the question-based discounting procedure could not be reported due to invalid task completion. However, as hypothesized, certain production and reproduction intervals were underrepresented on the timing test, and discounting was significantly steeper on the EDT when participants were sleep deprived. Also, rate of discounting on the EDT was better characterized by a hyperbolic function than by exponential function, which is consistent with previous delay-discounting research. These preliminary results suggest this EDT may be a useful measure for assessing state changes in discounting processes.
Coupled-mode theory of field enhancement in complex metal nanostructures

We describe a simple yet rigorous theoretical model capable of analytical estimation of plasmonic field enhancement in complex metal structures. We show that one can treat the complex structures as coupled multipole modes with highest enhancements obtained due to superposition of high-order modes in small particles. The model allows one to optimize the structures for the largest possible field enhancements, which depends on the quality factor $Q$ of the metal and can be as high as ${Q}^{2}$ for two spherical particles. The hot spot can occur either in the nanogaps between the particles or near the smaller particles. We trace the optimum field enhancement mechanism to the fact that the extended dipole modes of larger particles act as efficient antennas, while the modes in the gaps or near the smaller particles act as the compact subwavelength cavities. The present analytical approach can be conveniently extended to incorporate large numbers of particles in various intricate arrangements.
Preferential diffusion effects on the burning rate of interacting turbulent premixed hydrogen-air flames

Abstract The upstream interaction of twin premixed hydrogen-air flames in 2-D turbulence is studied using direct numerical simulations with detailed chemistry. The primary objective is to determine the effect of flame stretch on the overall burning rate during various stages of the interaction. Preferential diffusion effects are accounted for by varying the equivalence ratio from symmetric rich-rich to lean-lean interactions. The results show that the local flame front response to turbulence is consistent with previous understanding of laminar premixed flames, in that rich premixed flames become intensified in regions of negative strain or curvature, while the opposite response is found for lean premixed flames. The overall burning rate history with respect to the surface density variation is found to depend on the mixture condition; the consumption rate enhancement advances (follows) the surface enhancement for the rich-rich (lean-lean) case. For the lean-lean case, a self-turbulization mechanism results in a large positive skewness in the area-weighted mean tangential strain statistics. Because of the statistical dominance of positive stretch on the flame surface, the lean-lean case results in a significantly larger burning enhancement (over a twofold increase) in addition to the surface density production. For the case of rich-rich interaction, the abundance in hydrogen species results in an instantaneous overshoot of the radical pool in the post-flame region, resulting in an additional “burst” in the reactant consumption rate history, suggesting its potential impact on the pollutant formation process.
On the structure of manifolds with positive scalar curvature

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some recent results by Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau on the structure of manifolds with positive scalar curvature. The chapter presents theorems which are felt to provide a more complete picture of manifolds with positive scalar curvature: (1) let M be a compact four-dimensional manifold with positive scalar curvature. Then there exists no continuous map with non-zero degree onto a compact K(π,1). (2) Let M be n-dimensional complete manifold with non-negative scalar curvature. Then any conformed immersion of M into Sn is one to one. In particular, any complete conformally flat manifold with non-negative scalar curvature is the quotient of a domain in Sn by a discrete subgroup of the conformal group. (3.) Let M be a compact manifold whose fundamental group is not of exponential growth. Then unless M is covered by Sn, Sn–1 x S1 or the torus, M admits no conformally flat structure.
Enhanced oncolytic virotherapy through oxidative stress inhibition.

Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is the manipulation of replication-competent virus to selectively infect and lyse malignant cells while leaving normal cells untouched. Effective therapy depends on successfully reaching tumor deposits, possessing the correct tropism for infection, and then disseminating throughout the tumor. Major limiting factors include evading host antiviral immunity while reaching the tumor at titers high enough to infect as well as producing enough progeny to spread intratumorally and mediate significant lysis. Carrier cells provide a clever means of overcoming these obstacles. Rather than systemically or intratumorally inoculating with free virus and leaving the virus exposed to antibody- or complement-mediated neutralization, a cell carrier with appropriate tropism can migrate to tumor deposits while shielding the virus from antiviral immunity and acting as a host for replication to boost viral titers. However, infection of carriers is complicated by toxicity from innate cellular antiviral immunity.
HMC research translation: speculations about making it real and going to scale.

OBJECTIVES To discuss cross-cutting issues that emerge from this special issue on health behavior maintenance and to present recommendations from an "implementation and dissemination" perspective. METHODS Reviews collective implementation strengths and limitations of the HMC articles and provides recommendations for dissemination. RESULTS Strategies for dissemination include actions-related study planning, analysis, promotion, and distribution of research results. Alternatives, which should be tailored to setting, intervention, and patient factors, include analyses of generalization, use of narratives, networks, and innovative partnerships. CONCLUSIONS Dissemination strategies can be used to enhance the chances that results will be translated into policy and practice.
In vivo application of photocleavable protein interaction reporter technology.

In vivo protein structures and protein–protein interactions are critical to the function of proteins in biological systems. As a complementary approach to traditional protein interaction identification methods, cross-linking strategies are beginning to provide additional data on protein and protein complex topological features. Previously, photocleavable protein interaction reporter (pcPIR) technology was demonstrated by cross-linking pure proteins and protein complexes and the use of ultraviolet light to cleave or release cross-linked peptides to enable identification. In the present report, the pcPIR strategy is applied to Escherichia coli cells, and in vivo protein interactions and topologies are measured. More than 1600 labeled peptides from E. coli were identified, indicating that many protein sites react with pcPIR in vivo. From those labeled sites, 53 in vivo intercross-linked peptide pairs were identified and manually validated. Approximately half of the interactions have been reported using other...
Pseudo Goldstone spectrum of 2-color QCD at finite density

We examine the spectrum of two-color lattice QCD with one staggered quark field (four flavors) at a finite chemical potential $(\ensuremath{\mu})$ for quark number, on a ${12}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}24$ lattice. First we present evidence that the system undergoes a transition to a state with a diquark condensate, which spontaneously breaks quark number at $\ensuremath{\mu}{=m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}/2,$ and that this transition is mean field in nature. We then examine the three states that would be Goldstone bosons at $\ensuremath{\mu}=0$ for zero Dirac and Majorana quark masses. The predictions of chiral effective Lagrangians give a good description of the behavior of these masses for $\ensuremath{\mu}l{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}/2.$ Except for the heaviest of these states, these predictions diverge from our measurements, once $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is significantly greater than ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}/2.$ However, the qualitative behavior of these masses indicates that the physics is very similar to that predicted by these effective Lagrangians, and there is some indication that at least part of these discrepancies is due to saturation, a lattice artifact.
Isolation and characterization of antigens of Aspergillus fischeri.

Abstract Dilute acid extraction of Aspergillus fischeri mycelia contained two distinct antigens that were purified and separated by ethanol fractionation, concanavalin A precipitation, and chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column. One antigen which emerges from the column among the early fractions contained 66% hexose determined as galactose and mannose but no demonstrable protein. The second antigen contained mannose as the sole hexose, was inactivated by pronase, and had a molecular weight of approximately 8000. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are ubiquitous saprophytes capable of causing debilitating disease under certain conditions. Although aspergilli can attack any part of the body, they are most often encountered as respiratory pathogens. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most frequently responsible for infection. Aspergillus fischeri is an ascosporic species within the aspergilli group, closely related to A. fumigatus This organism grows on Czapek's agar at 25 and 37°C and at 37°C it produces a...
A Calibration Technique for Size Exclusion Chromatography

Abstract A modified Weibull distribution function is shown to be useful in calibrating the molecular size separation capabilities of both rigid and swellable gel packing materials. Two parameters are used in this function which are related to a packing material's micropore volume distribution. The calibration curves of a set of different packing materials connected in series were predicted from the Weibull calibration functions obtained for each individual packing material.
The Transmission of Xanthophylls in Feeds to the Yolk of the Hen’s Egg

Abstract IT IS recognized by investigators in egg quality that yolk color in the hen’s egg is determined largely by the amount of pigment in the feed consumed by the hen. Furthermore, in a review of the literature on the coloring matter in egg yolk, Mattikow (1932) points out that the pigment in egg yolk is derived largely from the xanthophylls of plants and is closely related to these compounds. This information makes it possible for the producer to control the egg yolk color by his feeding practice. There are, however, other factors which must be considered in attempting to control egg yolk color. Among these are the effect of the relative quantity of xanthophylls consumed on the increased color in the egg yolk and the time factors involved in the gain and loss of color of the egg yolk. It is the purpose of this report to attempt to clarify . . .
Discussion: Severe mental retardation and cancer among atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero

When I was in medical school, Douglas Power Murphy, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, told us of his inexpensive, simple study of microcephaly and mental retardation in newborn infants whose mothers had received therapeutic radiation early in pregnancy. His review of the literature and mail inquiry of other obstetrics centers in the United States revealed 14 published cases (Murphy, '28) and 16 unpublished (Goldstein and Murphy, '29). Here am I, 52 years later, still updating his findings.
Low noise analog front-end circuit for high-speed high resolution digitizer for time-domain applications

An analog front-end circuit of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is one of critical parts, which defines a performance of high-speed signal acquisition boards/systems. It directly influences following characteristics of system: frequency response, noise floor, transient response, over drive recovery. The analog front-end circuit for 500 MSPS 12-bit ADC has been developed, and it features best-in-class combination of signal bandwidth, noise, and transient response suitable for time domain applications. The developed circuit does not saturate in defined input signal range, delivers high performance characteristics, demonstrates low power consumption, and occupies small area on PCB. The reactance of FR-4 PCB traces and that of active components' are accounted in circuit design. The circuit allows a practical utilization of full ADC dynamic range. The paper includes: requirements for analog front-end circuit, an overview of circuit architecture alternatives and their simulation results, an overview of circuit implementation, an explanation of circuit operation, description of circuit evaluation problems and way they have been solved, laboratory measurement results and serial production statistics.
Electro-mechanical impedance method for crack detection in metallic plates

As a nondestructive evaluation technology, the EM impedance method allows us to identify the structural dynamics directly through in-situ active piezoelectric sensors. Previous work performed on 1-D steel beams structures shown through both theoretical analysis and experimental results that E/M impedance (or admittance) spectrum is a direct identifier of structural dynamics. The scope of presented work was to extend the positive results obtained for 1-D structure onto 2-D structures. Experiment analysis of 1-D and2-D structures has shown that E/M impedance (or admittance) spectrum accurately identifies the natural frequency spectrum of the specimens. Theoretical analysis was performed for particular boundary conditions to model the experimental set-up. Experiments were conducted on simple specimens in support of the theoretical investigation, and on thin-gauge aluminum plates to illustrate the method's potential. The number of specimens was sufficient to form a statistical data set. The aging aircraft panel was instrumented with piezoelectric active sensors and the spectrum of natural frequencies was measured at high frequency range. The changing of the spectrum due to presence of local small crack was noticed.
When Attention Wanders

Everyone, from a child in a classroom to a driver on the road, has had the experience of having their thoughts meander far from the task at hand. Our minds wander when we rest ( 1 – 3 ) and about half the time we are engaged in an activity ( 4 ). A goal of my postdoctoral work with John Maunsell at Harvard Medical School was to understand how these internal fluctuations affect behavior. This knowledge is useful for determining the neural basis of internal mental states.
Functional Characterization of Pactolus, a β-Integrin-like Protein Preferentially Expressed by Neutrophils

Murine Pactolus is a β-integrin-like molecule expressed exclusively on the surface of granulocytes. Cell surface expression of Pactolus is dramatically increased following activation of bone marrow neutrophils with known agonists, and cross-linking of cell surface Pactolus, suggesting the bulk of the protein is in intracellular stores. The mature protein is found in two forms depending upon the extent of N-linked glycosylation. There is no evidence to suggest that Pactolus requires an associated α chain for expression. In some mouse strains, a truncated form of the protein is predicted based upon alternative splicing: this form, however, is unstable and rapidly degraded after synthesis. Differences in the quantities of these Pactolus mRNA isoforms have defined two alleles. BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice possess allele B and preferentially express the truncated, unstable product, whereas C57BL/6 mice possess allele A and only produce the membrane-bound form. Sequence analysis has shown the difference between these two alleles is due to a single base pair difference at the splice acceptor site for the truncated product. The increased expression of the membrane form of Pactolus by granulocytes of C57BL/6 mice suggests a compensatory adhesion function that is reduced in cells from the low producing strains.
Diffusion of Long-Chain Sulphonic Acids

The straight paraffin chain sulphonic acids are of extraordinary interest on account of their simple chemical nature combined with the whole manifold of soap-like behaviour which their solutions exhibit. They are like saturated fatty acids in which the carboxy group at the end has been replaced by the true sulphonic acid group SOsH. Being free acids already, they cannot hydrolyse. They are typical colloidal electrolytes like all soaps and many modern detergents. There are at present two chief conflicting interpretations of the behaviour of colloidal electrolytes, that of McBain et al. and that of Hartley et al. McBain and Salmon (1920), in defining the class of colloidal electrolytes and reviewing the osmotic as well as the electrical behaviour together with E.M.F. data, migration, and ultrafiltration, found it necessary to postulate the existence of two kinds of colloidal particles which he names neutral micelle and ionic micelle. Hartley (1936 a, b ) and many others assume only one kind of colloidal particle with properties intermediate between McBain’s neutral and ionic micelles. However, their interpretation has been based almost solely upon conductivity data neglecting thermodynamic data. The diffusion data here to be presented cannot be explained on the basis of one kind of colloidal particle.
Zeolitic basanite from southeastern California

In a belt of Quaternary volcanism within the Mojave Desert, California, lavas of alkali-olivine basalt have been extruded from many centers. Also three small volcanoes erupted alkaline lavas similar to basanite, except that the zeolites phillipsite and chabazite crystallized in the groundmass instead of the usual feldspathoid. These zeolite-bearing lavas, more alkaline than the olivine basalts, brought many peridotitic nodules to the surface. Two of the volcanoes built cones 500 to 600 feet high and extruded several short lava flows. The third volcano is smaller and mostly covered by younger alluvium. All three cones are composed of cinders, bombs and blocks, and lava spatter. The lava spatter strengthened the cones, making it possible for one or two flows to pour over the rims. Short flows also issued from fissures cutting the flanks of the cones. The two larger volcanoes each concluded with a flow that began issuing from a fissure that enlarged until one side of the cone was rafted away. Even these final flows are small. The basanitic lavas have an average composition ofSiO 2>=44.5;TiO 2=3.4;Al 2 O 3=14.5;Fe 2 O 3=5.0;FeO=7.3;MnO=0.2;MgO=7.4;CaO=9.0;Na 2 O=4.1;K 2 O=2.3;P 2 O 3=1.1;CO 2=0.1; andH 2 O=1.0. The lavas are very fine-grained and hypocrystalline with microphenocrysts of olivine (Fo 85). The groundmass consists of olivine (Fo 70), plagioclase (An 4:), titanaugite, titanmagnetite, ilmenite, glass (less than 10%), and the zeolites-phillipsite and chabazite. The zeolites occur in small irregular patches only in the nearly holocrystalline centers of the flows. The basanites contain abundant peridotitic nodules, xenoliths of partially fused granite, and xenocrysts (possibly cognate) of titanaugite and kaersutite. The minerals in the inclusions, except for olivine and clinopyroxene, have all reacted with the alkaline melt. In several flows the nodule enstatite has been partially replaced by titaniferous clinopyroxene; this reaction drew so much lime and silica from the surrounding melt that zeolite formed a halo around the reaction rim. Three chemical analyses show about 15% normative nepheline, even though there is no modal nepheline. The feldspathoid is represented instead by the undersaturated zeolites phillipsite and chabazite. A high water content in the magma probably accounts for the occurrence of zeolite. The peridotite nodules do not occur in the nearby, less alkaline lavas, and they appear to be cognate. The separation of olivine and enstatite under high pressures can produce the basanite liquid from the same magma that yields the alkali-olivine basalt liquids by olivine crystallization under low pressures.
Improvement in power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices by using excimer ultraviolet-radiation induced mesoporous silica anti-reflection coating

Abstract An anti-reflection thin film with a mesoporous structure is demonstrated to improve the light-collection and photocurrent-generation abilities of organic photovoltaic cells. The mesoporous film was prepared by sol–gel-derived silica with an excimer ultraviolet-radiation removable self-assembling triblock copolymer as the nanostructured template. The method for fabricating this film was much easier than conventional processes used to prepare anti-reflection materials as they involve vacuum or high-temperature conditions. By using this mesoporous film as an anti-reflection coating on the glass side of an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate, an enhancement of about 6% in the photocurrent generation could be achieved in a device with a poly(3-hexylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester bulk-heterojunction layer. A glass substrate with a coating of the mesoporous anti-reflection film showed an obvious improvement in transmittance for wavelengths extending from the visible-light region to the near-infrared region. The result also indicates that the prepared anti-reflection material is not only compatible with the photoactive materials with wide band gaps but works very well with semiconductors with small band gaps as well, e.g. thieno(3,4-b)-thiophene/benzodithiophene copolymer (PTB7). In this work, ~ 3.6% photocurrent enhancement can also be obtained in PTB7-based solar cells, indicating the wide compatibility of thus-prepared mesoporous film.
The mating system of the White‐throated Magpie‐jay Calocitta formosa and Greenwood's hypothesis for sex‐biased dispersal

Greenwood explained the different sex bias in dispersal of birds (usually female biased) and mammals (usually male biased) by a difference in mating systems: male birds primarily defend resources while male mammals primarily defend females. The White-throated Magpie-jay Calocitta formosa is unusual among birds in that females are philopatric and jointly defend permanent resource territories while males disperse before they are 2 years of age. One female in a group is the primary breeder. One male joins the group permanently as her mate. Males that do not have a permanent breeding position circulate among groups and attempt to mate with both the primary breeding female and other group females. Other females feed the primary breeder and her offspring and also pursue other reproductive behaviour, including secondary nesting in the territory and egg dumping into the primary breeder's nest. I argue that the unusual dispersal pattern in this species is a result of the alternative reproductive strategies that can be pursued by males and females excluded from being primary breeders. The White-throated Magpie-jay conforms to Greenwood's predictions: males pursue a mate defence rather than resource defence mating system and they are the dispersing sex. The primary factor influencing alternative reproductive tactics may be asynchronous reproduction among groups during the long breeding season arising from frequent renesting in an area of high nest predation.
FINDING PHASE SEPARATION IN THE t–J MODEL NUMERICALLY

Abstract We investigate the phase diagram of the two-dimensional t – J model using two numerical techniques: Green's Function Monte Carlo to calculate the ground-state energy of the model on large lattices, and exact diagonalization on small lattices. We find that phase separation occurs at significantly smaller interaction strengths and larger hole dopings than is indicated by previous studies. This region includes the underdoped cuprate superconductors. At low hole doping, the model phase separates at all interaction strengths.
Spatial distribution of surface rock fragments along catenas in Semiarid Arizona and Nevada, USA

Improved techniques for estimating soil erosion by water have shown that soil surface cover is a major component in the estimate of soil loss. Erosion prediction models require the user to input slope gradient and soil profile descriptions. If equations expressing the relations between slope gradient, soil profile rock fragment content, and surface rock fragment cover were embedded in these models, then direct user input could be reduced. Field measurements of slope gradient, soil profile rock fragment content, surface rock fragment cover, and vegetation type and cover were made on 12 soil-slope complexes on catenas in southeastern Arizona, USA. Correlation analysis showed that both slope gradient and soil profile rock fragment content were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated to surface rock fragment cover. Additional analysis indicated that the combined effects of slope gradient and soil profile rock content were better defined by a soil-slope factor (SSF). Two equations were developed to estimate surface rock fragment cover; a logarithmic relation using slope gradient as the independent variable and a hyperbolic equation using the SSF as the independent variable. These equations were used to estimate surface rock fragment cover from a soil-slope complex in southern Nevada. The SSFRFc equation gave better estimates of the measured surface rock fragment cover. These relations developed for catenas in southeastern Arizona may be site specific but they do show that a relation exists for this semiarid area and suggest that similar relations may exist in areas with similar geology and climate such as parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America. Development of simple relations describing important erosion processes will improve erosion estimates while simultaneously decreasing time and costs associated with using erosion prediction models.
Subcortical dopamine and serotonin turnover during acute and subchronic administration of typical and atypical neuroleptics

The effects of acute (1 day) and subchronic (28 days) treatment with three atypical antipsychotic drugs [clozapine, (±)-sulpiride and (−)-3-PPP] on dopamine and serotonin turnover in both the nucleus accumbens (NA) and corpus striatum (CS) of rodents was compared to haloperidol and saline treatment. The equivalent doses of all drugs were determined based upon their ability to compete in vivo for3H-spiperone binding in the NA and CS. All three atypical drugs, compared to haloperidol, produced preferential elevations of dopamine turnover in the NA. Further, the development of tolerance to this effect was more apparent for the three atypical drugs than for haloperidol. Surprisingly, all three atypical drugs, but not haloperidol, produced changes in serotonin turnover, despite the fact that (±)-sulpiride and (−)-3-PPP have no known direct effects on brain serotonin systems. All three atypical drugs produced acute increases in serotonin turnover in both the NA and CS, followed by later decreases.
Biomechanical evaluation of a biodegradable composite as an adjunct to internal fixation of proximal femur fractures.

Summary: Internal fixation of comminuted unstable fractures of the severely osteoporotic proximal femur is sometimes supplemented with polymethyl­ methacrylate (PMMA). We here report an in vitro biomechanical evaluation of a biodegradable particulate composite that might be used for similar purposes. The composite includes a matrix phase consisting of a hydrolyzable prepoly­ mer [polypropylene fumarate (PPF)] cross-linked with methacrylate monomer, and a particulate phase consisting of tricalcium phosphate and calcium car­ bonate. We implanted dynamic hip screws in 22 cadaveric proximal femora and measured the yield load for an oblique force applied to the femoral head. The hip screws were then reinforced with either PMMA or the PPF composite and tested again. On the basis of analysis of variance, the average increases in yield load for PMMA and PPF reinforcement of 1,750 and 1,130 N were statistically significant (p < 0.00005), suggesting that both materials enhance congruence between implant and bone and thereby increase the projected load-bearing area of the implant. The increase in yield force with PMMA was slightly higher than the increase with PPF (p < 0.05). but both values after reinforcement were close (3,790 :!:: 561 N for PMMA vs. 3,240 :!:: 669 N for PPF). If we can demonstrate that appropriate rates of degradation, bony ingrowth, and static and fatigue properties can be achieved in vivo with this system. our data suggest that this PPF composite may have potential as an adjunct to the inter­ nal fixation of unstable fractures of the osteoporotic hip, Key Words: Hip fracture-Osteoporosis-Internal fixation-Biomaterials.
Uniqueness of the QCD corrections to the Drell-Yan process

Abstract We examine the calculation of O ( α S ) corrections to Drell-Yan pair production and find that off-shell and on-shell methods for regulating infrared divergences, when properly applied, lead to the same cross section. We show further that the on-shell quark-antiquark cross section is the relevant quantity for the calculation of corrections to the Drell-Yan process, in spite of the fact that hadrons contain off-shell constituents.
Nonlinear couplings of R-modes: Energy transfer and saturation amplitudes at realistic timescales

Nonlinear interactions among the inertial modes of a rotating fluid can be described by a network of coupled oscillators. We use such a description for an incompressible fluid to study the development of the r-mode instability of rotating neutron stars. A previous hydrodynamical simulation of the r-mode reported the catastrophic decay of large amplitude r-modes. We explain the dynamics and timescale of this decay analytically by means of a single three mode coupling. We argue that at realistic driving and damping rates such large amplitudes will never actually be reached. By numerically integrating a network of nearly 5000 coupled modes, we find that the linear growth of the r-mode ceases before it reaches an amplitude of around ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The lowest parametric instability thresholds for the r-mode are calculated and it is found that the r-mode becomes unstable to modes with $13lnl15$ if modes up to $n=30$ are included. Using the network of coupled oscillators, integration times of ${10}^{6}$ rotational periods are attainable for realistic values of driving and damping rates. Complicated dynamics of the modal amplitudes are observed. The initial development is governed by the three mode coupling with the lowest parametric instability. Subsequently, a large number of modes are excited, which greatly decreases the linear growth rate of the r-mode.
Towards a Multiple-Lookahead-Levels agent reinforcement-learning technique and its implementation in integrated circuits

Reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have contributed and continue to tremendously contribute to the advancement of machine learning and its many related recent applications. As it is well known, some of the main limitations of existing RL techniques are, in general, their slow convergence and their computational complexity. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: (1) First, it introduces a technique for reinforcement learning using multiple lookahead levels that grants an autonomous agent more visibility in its environment and helps it learn faster. This technique extends the Watkins's Q-Learning algorithm by using the Multiple-Lookahead-Levels (MLL) model equation that we develop and present here. An analysis of the convergence of the MLL equation and proof of its effectiveness are performed. A method to compute the improvement rate of the agent's learning speed between different look-ahead levels is also proposed and implemented. Here, both the time and space complexities are examined. Results show that the number of steps, required to achieve the goal, per learning path exponentially decreases with the learning path number (time). Results also show that the number of steps per learning path, to some degree, is less at any time when the number of look-ahead levels is higher (space). Furthermore, we perform the analysis of the MLL system in the time domain and prove its temporal stability using Lyapunov theory. (2) Second, based on this Lyapunov stability analysis, we subsequently, and for the first time, propose a circuit architecture for the MLL technique's software configurable hardware system design for real-time applications.