cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BEING HUMAN: ANDROIDS, HUMANS, AND IDENTITY IN “RED DWARF”

One of the more popular transhumanist ideas is the belief that technology will allow for the transfer of human personality into a machine or cyborg body. Additionally, some transhumanists believe that this transfer could happen with few to no problems, and that such a transfer would result in a definite improvement of the human species. The episode “DNA” from the humorous British science-fiction television series Red Dwarf presents a story that challenges this idea of the easy transfer of personality. The story of the android who gets his wish to become human allows the writers to invert the common belief in Western thought that being human is inherently better than being an imitation of a human, and that technologically upgrading human bodies will produce “better” humans. By inversion, the program presents the idea that clearer and more ethical thinking is needed regarding technological enhancement, and not the utopian visions of many transhumanists.
Basic Scientific Techniques in Recording Cellular Data

Basic electrophysiological techniques have been used for years to address fundamental biological questions in the peripheral and central nervous system. Recently these have evolved to include optical as well as electrical recording methods. This chapter, describes some of these methods and their application to the study of neuronal organization in the neonatal mouse spinal cord.1,2
Story networks: the medium is the message; the content, your souvenir

Storytelling -- a fundamental mode of human communication -- has adapted in form, content, and technique as new expressive technologies have appeared and evolved. The past century has witnessed the growth of storytelling tools, electronic media channels, and the mass media one-to-many "broadcast" model. Today -- as we transition to digital media, ubiquitous networking, audience-sensing devices, and computer-aided content delivery-new models of media storytelling are emerging. These forms may be designed to find you (as opposed to your finding them); to be tradable (in a peer to peer fashion) and modifiable; to be highly distributed in the space/time; to interconnect and invite browsable exploration by crowds and/or to be aggregated over time by one or more participant authors. This talk considers the form, content and technologies associated with customizable, personalizable stories of the future.
Collating collagenous colitis cases.

Between 1980 and 1993, collagenous colitis was diagnosed in 56 patients at UCLA. These authors evaluated the histology of almost 300 biopsies from these patients to further clarify the relationship between diagnostic histology and site of biopsy. As expected, their patients were predominately women (71%), with a mean age at diagnosis of 59 yr. Chronicity of diarrheal symptoms ranged from 3 months to 15 yr. Diagnostic subepithelial collagen thickness was variable throughout the colon. The highest yield was in transverse colon (83%), right colon (70%), and lowest in rectosigmoid (66%). Diagnostic collagen thickness was >15 microm in most biopsies, but was detected most readily when >30 microm--a threshold the authors suggest increases the diagnostic com-fort level. They recommend flexible sigmoidoscopy as adequate for diagnosis of most patients with collagenous colitis, noting colonoscopy is often used to clarify diagnosis, i.e., when only mild or focal colitis is seen distally.
Making brain circuits listen.

Implant devices that electrically stimulate auditory nerves at their place of origin in the cochlea have helped certain deaf individuals to acquire at least some hearing capabilities. In his Perspective, Josef Rauschecker discusses new findings from a study in kittens deaf from birth that were surgically implanted with electrodes that stimulate the cochlea ( Klinke et al.). When implanted early enough, cochlear implants induced a reorganization of the brain9s auditory cortex, leading to the strengthening of synaptic connections or the formation of new synapses. The argument presented in the Perspective is that the auditory cortex is very plastic especially at a young age, and that providing deaf children with cochlear implants as early as possible may increase their chances of acquiring adequate speech understanding.
The current state of research in job shop scheduling

The state of the art of job shop research is investigated via the development of a framework within which problems and results may be described. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the development of the framework and the research which arises from it. Few explicit references are made to the large body of published research on the problem.
Effects of some rare earth and carbonate-based co-dopants on structural and electrical properties of samarium doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells

In the present study, samarium doped ceria (SDC) and SDC-based composite with the addition of K2CO3 were prepared by co-precipitation route and effects of pH of the solution and calcination temperature on microstructure of SDC and SDC-K2CO3, respectively, were investigated. Furthermore, experimentation was performed to investigate into the ionic conductivity of pure SDC by co-doping with yttrium i.e., YSDC, XRD and SEM studies show that the crystallite size and particle size of SDC increases with the increase in pH. The SEM images of all the samples of SDC synthesized at different pH values showed the irregular shaped and dispersed particles. SDC-K2CO3 was calcined at 600∘C, 700∘C and 800∘C for 4 h and XRD results showed that crystallite size increases while lattice strain, decreases with the increase in calcination temperature and no peaks were detected for K2CO3 as it is present in an amorphous form. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes increases with the increase in temperature and SDC-K2CO3 shows the highest value of ionic conductivity as compared to SDC and YSDC. Chemical compatibility tests were performed between the co-doped electrolyte and lithiated NiO cathode at high temperature. It revealed that the couple could be used up to the temperature of 700∘C.
The Reaction of Diazomethane and its Derivatives with Aldehydes and Ketones

Diazomethane and its derivatives react with aldehdyes and ketones usually under very mild conditions to yield a variety of interesting and often useful products. The reaction is most often carried out by either allowing the carbonyl compound to react with an ethereal solution of the diazomethane derivative with or without the addition of a catalyst, or by treating a methanol solution of the carbonyl compound with a nitrosoalkylurethane in the presence of a base, Only the reactions of diazomethane and its alkyl and aryl derivatives are discussed in detail. Keywords: diazoemethane; derivatives; aldehydes; ketones; aliphatic diazo compounds; quinones; isolation of products; identification; safety considerations; experimental conditions
Using serial interfaces and the C language for real-time experiments

The use of the serial interface of the IBM PC for timing and stimulus-response signaling is discussed. C language example programs, including two small software utility modules that expedite the programming of real-time experiments using a serial interface, are presented that are compilable with Borland’s Turbo C.
A survey of nonaqueous conditions for the anodic oxidation of N-butyl alcohol

Abstract A survey of nonaqueous conditions for the oxidation of n-butyl alcohol is reported. Oxidation may be effected in the neat alcohol or in moderately dilute solution in acetonitrile. High current yields of butyraldehyde are obtained in the neat alcohol, but in dilute solution n-butyl butyrate is the major product. Lithium fluoborate is superior to lithium nitrate or perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte.
A New Method for the Convex Approximation of QFT Controller Bounds

This paper offers an enhancement to the method of automatic QFT loop shaping explored in the research of Chait et. al. [1] and Croulard et. al. [2]. An integral part of the method involves computing an appropriate convex approximation of a nonconvex 2-dimensional boundary. It is found in this paper that with some important limitations, the problem of finding the largest convex polygon that will fit inside a nonconvex polygon can be cast as a quadratic optimization problem. One limitation is that an origin must be selected within the nonconvex boundary to serve as a locus for the new convex shape, and hence the solution may not be unique. However, since the origin and a selected region around the origin will be guaranteed to be included in the new convex region, this method turns out to be even better suited for an automatic loop shaping method than an algorithm that solves the abstracted problem more rigorously.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Bringing Personality Theory Back to Home

Though Rychlak (1976) has presented a compelling analy sis, it is noted that currently available concepts do appear to be compatible with the kind of personality theory he envisions. Spe cifically, current constructivist concepts of memory do allow one to speak of choice and creativity.
Phospholipase activity during plant growth and development and in response to environmental stress

Abstract Phospholipid catabolism is essential to cell function and encompases a variety of processes including metabolic channeling of unusual fatty acids, membrane reorganization and degradation, and the production of secondary messengers. Phospholipases are grouped into classes depending upon their general site of cleavage, and multiple isoforms of two phospholipases have been identified. Recent advances have improved our understanding of these different activities and their physiological consequences in the context of plant development and in response to environmental stress.
A Review of Psychologically Oriented Interventions for Potential Dropouts.

Experimental studies of psychological interventions for potential dropouts (PDs) were comprehensively reviewed. They were loosely categorized according to type of intervention: counseling; counseling with other treatments; non-counseling psychological interventions; and multiple treatments in which the efficacy of counseling was compared with that of at least two other strategies. Conclusions were difficult to draw because of the serious technical flaws in many of the studies and lack of methodological uniformity among studies. However, it was clear that these treatments could have impact, and there was evidence that the effective treatment for PDs may actually be friendly attention. It was suggested that this hypothesis be explored in further studies. BY VIRTUE of their position, school coun selors are frequently called upon to design and implement treatment programs for potential
Oceanographic and meteorological observations during extreme events on the Louisiana inner shelf

The response of the Louisiana inner shelf to four different types of storms was recorded by current meters, wave gages, and water level gages mounted on bottom-resting instrument platforms; meteorological data were obtained on nearby oil production platforms. Data were obtained during Tropical Storm DEBRA, an extratropical cyclone, northers following polar front passages, and pre-frontal spring winds. Characteristics of each type of storm are described.
Rushed Decisions: Political Talk Radio and Vote Choice, 1994-1996

This paper examines the relationship between listening to conservative talk radio, as personified in the Rush Limbaugh Show, and voting for Republican candidates in the 1994-1996 congressional and presidential elections. I use a series of logistic regressions to test the relationship between listening and vote choice in House, Senate, and gubernatorial elections in 1994, relying on cross-sectional ANES data. I then capitalize on 1994-96 ANES panel data to explore the degree to which changes in vote choice between 1994 and 1996 can be accounted for by listening to Limbaugh. Results suggest that listening to Limbaugh may have substantially increased voter preference for Republican candidates. Exploration of this relationship serves to enhance understanding of the means by which political persuasion occurs, and the conditions under which mass media influence electoral behavior.
The Note Issue Paradox in the Free Banking Era

In recent years a number of papers have appeared offering explanations of the long-noted, long-unresolved note issue paradox in both the free and national banking eras. Some have argued that previous profit calculations overstate the true cost of note issue because they fail to account for risks and costs that are not easily modeled. Others have argued that profit calculations are reasonably accurate and demonstrate that the bankers acted irrationally in failing to reap easily gathered profits. Yet another approach radically modified the basis of the calculation and found potential profits to be quite small. This note offers an explanation overlooked by most previous studies: that although note issue was profitable, a more profitable avenue existed. Because of legal and institutional restrictions, banks found it more profitable at the margin to create deposits rather than issue notes in extending credit.
Physiological actions by hypertrehalosemic hormone and adipokinetic peptides in adult Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches

Abstract Members of the adipokinetic hormone/red pigment-concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family characteristically cause metabolite mobilization by the insect fat body. The present study identified several additional physiological actions in adult Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches that were influenced by synthetic Blaberus hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) and other AKH/RPCH family peptides. HTH elevated blood carbohydrate by 4-fold and cytochrome heme a + b synthesis of fat body mitochondria by 3-fold. Both carbohydrate and heme synthesis were dose-responsive to HTH. Carbohydrate synthesis was 10 times more sensitive to HTH than heme synthesis. Heme synthesis was also stimulated by Periplaneta cardioacceleratory hormones (CAH)-I and -II and RPCH but not by AKH-I or -II, at the doses tested. HTH showed strong cardioexcitatory activity. Long-term treatment of decapitated female B. discoidalis with juvenile hormone analog (JHA = methoprene) stimulated by 2.6-fold the rate of synthesis of secreted fat body proteins. HTH enhanced the JHA-dependent export protein synthesis by 42% above that observed with JHA alone. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that JHA determined the nature of the newly synthesized polypeptides; HTH enhanced their synthesis rate. Neither AKH-I nor HTH affected protein synthesis when added directly to isolated fat body. These results demonstrate that peptides of the AKH/RPCH family have multiple physiological actions related to fat body energy metabolism.
Ex vivo organotypic corneal model of acute epithelial herpes simplex virus type I infection.

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1). Herpes keratitis is currently the leading cause of both cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Typical presentation of herpes keratitis includes infection of the corneal epithelium and sometimes the deeper corneal stroma and endothelium, leading to such permanent corneal pathologies as scarring, thinning, and opacity 1. Corneal HSV-1 infection is traditionally studied in two types of experimental models. The in vitro model, in which cultured monolayers of corneal epithelial cells are infected in a Petri dish, offers simplicity, high level of replicability, fast experiments, and relatively low costs. On the other hand, the in vivo model, in which animals such as rabbits or mice are inoculated directly in the cornea, offers a highly sophisticated physiological system, but has higher costs, longer experiments, necessary animal care, and a greater degree of variability. In this video article, we provide a detailed demonstration of a new ex vivo model of corneal epithelial HSV-1 infection, which combines the strengths of both the in vitro and the in vivo models. The ex vivo model utilizes intact corneas organotypically maintained in culture and infected with HSV-1. The use of the ex vivo model allows for highly physiologically-based conclusions, yet it is rather inexpensive and requires time commitment comparable to that of the in vitro model.
Light responsivity in chick and duck embryos just prior to hatching.

Abstract Twenty-five chick embryos and twenty-five duck embryos were tested 12 to 40 hr prior to hatching for light responsivity as measured by changes in the rate of occurrence of an overt behavioural response (beak-clapping). The rate of beak-clapping increased significantly in both chicks and ducks during the 1 min of light stimulation when compared with the base rate of beak-clapping recorded in the dark.
Transfers in the Group of Multiplicative Units of the Classical Cohomology Ring and Stiefel-Whitney Classes

It is proved that G(X)-the group of multiplicativ e units of the classical cohomology ring !!#»(*; Z/2) of a C^-complex X admits a transfer map N™: G(X)-+G(Y) defined 12=0 for finite coverings n : X—>Y, such that total Stiefel-Whitney class w: K0( )—>G( ) is a transfer commuting natural transformation. It is also shown that N™ possesses all the properties of transfers in generalized cohomology theories and for double coverings can be expressed in terms of the Evens transfer ("Evens norm").
Elasto-plastic cracked plates in plane strain.

The plane strain behavior of an clasto-plastic cracked plate in tension is examined at two levels of work-hardening. The results are compared to similar data for the case of plane stress
AIDS, Stroke, and Cryptococcus Infection

Cerebrovascular disease in AIDS is rare. Ischemic infarcts are more common than intracerebral hemorrhages and are generally due to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis or concomitant opportunistic CNS infections.
Spectator effects and lifetimes of heavy hadrons

We present a calculation of subleading $1/{m}_{b}$ corrections to spectator effects in the ratios of beauty hadron lifetimes in heavy-quark expansion. We find that these effects are sizable and should be taken into account in systematic analyses of heavy hadron lifetimes. In particular, the inclusion of $1/{m}_{b}$ corrections brings into agreement the theoretical predictions and experimental observations of the ratio of lifetimes of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}$ baryon and ${B}_{d}$ meson. We obtain $\ensuremath{\tau}({B}_{u})/\ensuremath{\tau}({B}_{d})=1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, $\ensuremath{\tau}({B}_{s})/\ensuremath{\tau}({B}_{d})=1.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, $\ensuremath{\tau}({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b})/\ensuremath{\tau}({B}_{d})=0.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$.
Hair of the Frog and other Empty Metaphors: The Play Element in Figurative Language

In this essay we discuss a class of apparently metaphorical idioms, exemplified by “fine as frog's hair,” that do not afford any obvious interpretation, and appear to have originated, at least in part, in language play. We review recent trends in both play theory and metaphor theory, and show that a playful approach to language is often an important element in the use and understanding of metaphors (and idioms generally), even when metaphors can be readily interpreted by means of a vehicle-to-topic mapping. Based on this evidence we call for a more deliberate inclusion of language play in metaphor theory and analysis.
Higher Than Normal Plasma Interleukin-6 Concentrations in Cancer Patients With Depression: Preliminary Findings

Objective: This study investigated whether cancer patients with and without major depression exhibit immune system abnormalities similar to those reported in medically healthy, depressed subjects without cancer. Method: The study subjects consisted of patients diagnosed with pancreatic, esophageal, or breast cancer. Other groups consisted of subjects with major depression (without cancer) and healthy comparison subjects. Subjects’ diagnoses were made with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Severity of depression was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and postdexamethasone cortisol were measured. Results: Cancer patients with depression had markedly higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 than healthy comparison subjects and cancer patients without depression. Although significant correlations were found between Hamilton depression scale scores and plasma concentrations of postdexamethasone cortisol, no significant correlations were found between plasma IL-6 and postdexamethasone cortisol concentrations. Conclusions: Higher than normal plasma IL-6 concentrations were associated with a diagnosis of major depression in cancer patients. IL-6 may contribute to sickness behavior that has overlapping symptoms with major depression. (Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1252–1257) Cancer patients, who experience marked physiologic, economic, and psychological stressors, have long been observed to have elevated prevalence rates of major depression, compared with the general population (1). Among cancer patients, the highest prevalence rates are exhibited by patients with either oropharyngeal cancer (2–4) or pancreatic cancer (5–7). Prospective or crosssectional studies of patients with pancreatic cancer have documented a remarkable point prevalence rate of depression of 50% (5–8). Although a number of neurochemical, neuroendocrine, neuroanatomical, and neuroimmune alterations have been associated with unipolar depression, few of these psychobiologic alterations have been systematically investigated in cancer patients with depression.
Direct Binding of Thymopentin to Surface Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex in Living Cells

The molecular analysis of thymopentin (TP5)/class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) complexes has been basically understood; however, the mechanism by which TP5-MHC II complexes are formed is largely unexplored. Compared with Epstein−Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells expressing human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), no fluorescent signal was observed on the DR-deficient cell line. This indicates that FITC labeled TP5 (FITC-TP5) is genuinely bound to HLA-DR. The binding specificity was confirmed by incubating FITC-TP5 with unlabeled TP5 and HA peptide as well as mAb for DR molecules. In addition, the binding appeared to be rapid in living antigen-presenting cell (APC), which implies that TP5 is demonstrated on APC surface and does not require processing before associating with DR. Additional support for this surface binding arises from the observation that pretreatment of cells with a variety of metabolic inhibitors failed to decrease the level of TP5/DR complexes. However, temperature has an e...
Renewable and low carbon hydrogen for California-Modeling the long term evolution of fuel infrastructure using a quasi-spatial TIMES model

This paper describes the development and use of a hydrogen infrastructure optimization model using the TIMES modeling framework, H2TIMES, to analyze hydrogen development in California to 2050. H2TIMES is a quasi-spatial model that develops the infrastructure to supply hydrogen fuel in order to meet demand in eight separate California regions in a least cost manner subject to various resource, technology and policy constraints. A Base case, with a suite of hydrogen policies now in effect or proposed in California (renewable hydrogen mandate, fuel carbon intensity constraint and prohibition on using coal without carbon capture and sequestration) leads to hydrogen fuel with significant reductions in carbon intensity (85% below gasoline on an efficiency-adjusted basis, 75% below on a raw energy basis) and competitive hydrogen costs (∼$4.00/kg in 2025–2050). A number of sensitivity scenarios investigate the cost and emissions implications of altering policy constraints, technology and resource availability, and modeling decisions. The availability of biomass for hydrogen production and carbon capture and sequestration are two critical factors for achieving low-cost and low-emission hydrogen.
Managing fairness and application performance with active queue management in docsis-based cable networks

We evaluate modern delay-based AQM algorithms in downstream DOCSIS 3.0 cable environments. Our focus is on fairness and application performance capabilities of two recently proposed delay-based AQM algorithms, CoDel and PIE. The evaluation involves scenarios that include tiered service levels and application workloads that include FTP, HTTP-based adaptive streaming, and VoIP traffic. Our results provide a snapshot of our current effort to evaluate AQM schemes that are likely to be deployed in emerging DOCSIS cable networks.
Heteronuclear two-dimensional 15N- and 13C-NMR studies of DNA oligomers and their netropsin complexes using indirect proton detection

Heteronuclear multispin coherence proton-detected two-dimensional nmr spectroscopic experiments were used to obtain information on protonated carbons and nitrogens of the self-complementary d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) and d(G-G-A-A-T-T-C-C) duplexes, with and without the drug netropsin dissolved in aqueous solution. Many correlations of protons coupled to 13C nuclei on the base and sugar rings of the octanucleotides were detected, allowing the carbon resonances to be assigned based on previous homonuclear proton two-dimensional nmr studies. Imino nitrogen assignments can also be made using the proton assignments from previous one-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect experiments. Imino nitrogen shifts may be useful indicators of changes in local hydrogen-bonding interactions to base-pair edges.
The downtown department store as a social force

Abstract While the downtown department store was a commercial phenomenon it was also a social force. In particular, it reintegrated women into the downtown. Women shoppers used these stores to identify the public and secondary relationship orientations of urbanism.
Within-Class Variability in Student–Teacher Evaluations: Examples and Problems

Although student evaluation of instruction has been shown to produce reliable results over class averages, considerable within-class variability exists that has not been investigated. This study looked at examples of student evaluations in which students diametrically differed in their evaluation of the same instructor. Patterns were noted. A survey was conducted to determine the self-reported incident of students changing evaluations based on noninstructional factors. About 60% of students admitted that they had changed evaluations for reasons related to the instructor's personality, while 30% admitted to changing evaluations based on grades and rigor. Possible reasons and effects of such changes are discussed.
Signaling Organelles of the Innate Immune System

There are at least five families of microbe-detection receptors that function to detect and eradicate potentially infectious microorganisms that enter multicellular eukaryotes. While a multitude of proteins regulating innate immune signal transduction have already been defined, continuous genetic screening for regulators of innate immunity may not yield as significant insight into the operation of these pathways as was obtained in the past. This diminished return on experimental investment suggests that we are approaching the asymptote of genetics-only approaches to study innate immunity. In contrast, it remains unclear how known regulators of innate immunity interact within the infrastructure of mammalian cells to execute their signaling functions. In this Perspective, I first highlight the locations within mammalian cells that permit innate immune signal transduction and then offer a model whereby structurally distinct proteins can be grouped functionally through their ability to assemble platforms of regulators on the signaling organelles of the innate immune system.
Rate and mechanism of nonhomologous recombination during a single cycle of retroviral replication

Oncogenes discovered in retroviruses such as Rous sarcoma virus were generated by transduction of cellular proto-oncogenes into the viral genome. Several different kinds of junctions between the viral and proto-oncogene sequences have been found in different viruses. A system of retrovirus vectors and a protocol that mimicked this transduction during a single cycle of retrovirus replication was developed. The transduction involved the formation of a chimeric viral-cellular RNA, strand switching of the reverse transcription growing point from an infectious retrovirus to the chimeric RNA, and often a subsequent deletion during the rest of viral DNA synthesis. A short region of sequence identity was frequently used for the strand switching. The rate of this process was about 0.1 to 1 percent of the rate of homologous retroviral recombination.
An in vitro comparison of the ability of three commonly used pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass circuits to filter gaseous microemboli.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of three commonly used pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits to filter gaseous microemboli (GME) in an in vitro model. Methods: Devices were tested at different levels of two specific independent variables: volume of air injected (1, 3, 5ml) and percentage of each oxygenator’s rated flow (50%, 75%, 100%, 125%). The air-handling ability of each CPB circuit was determined by the Emboli Detection and Classification Quantifier (Luna Innovations Inc., Roanoke,VA). Results: At all tested conditions, the FX-05 allowed a higher percentage of GME when compared to either one or both of the other two CPB circuits. When comparing oxygenators at similar absolute flow rates, the KIDS D100/D130 CPB circuit performed worse compared to the other two CPB circuits. C onclusions: The combination of the Baby RX-05 oxygenator and Capiox AF02 arterial line filter provides the highest level of protection from air emboli in an in vitro investigation.
Stress Analysis of Clustered Hexagonal Prismatic Composite Cells

A cylindrical composite cell is typically used as the micro-mechanics model for analyzing stress distributions in fiber reinforced unidirectional composite materials. The composite cell consists of the fiber in the axis of a cylindrical matrix. Analytical solutions have used two types of boundary conditions on the external cylindrical surface of the composite cell to simulate a composite material. In the present study, a realistic micro-mechanics composite model consisting of hexagonally arranged fibers embedded in the matrix was investigated. Each of the fibers is embedded in a hexagonal matrix prism. A cluster of these prisms was modeled in which a central prism is surrounded by one layer of similar hexagonal prisms. I-DEAS finite element modeling was used to solve the displacements and stresses at the central prismatic boundaries which are compared with the results obtained by applying either Type-I or Type-II boundary conditions to the heretofore typical cylindrical composite cell. Simulation results show that radial displacement and stress at the matrix-matrix interface between the central and adjacent hexagonal prismatic cell for the clustered hexagonal prisms composite material model are not zero for most conditions when varying the fiber volume fraction. However, the radial stress at the interface approaches zero only when the fiber volume fraction is very low. Therefore, both Type-I and Type-II boundary conditions may not be valid when used in the analysis of micro-mechanics model to represent a realistic composite material. Based on the present study, parabolic relationships between the fiber volume fraction and (1) radial stress, and the (2) displacement at the central prism boundaries were obtained. It is suggested that these relationships be used as a Type-III boundary condition in a single cylindrical composite cell models.
Gresham's Law, Asset Preferences, and the Demand for International Reserves

Introduction, 628. — I. The demand for international reserves under the gold exchange system, 630; adjustment to asset preferences, 630; crisis in the gold exchange standard, 631. — II. The demand for reserves in the IMF system, 631; attributes of reserve assets, 632; ranking of reserve assets, 633 adjustment to asset preferences, 634; changes in asset attributes, 636. — III. Conclusion, 638.
Biology of Orgilus elasmopalpi [Hym.: Braconidae] with Elasmopalpus lignosellus [Lep.: Pyralidae] as Host

The biology of Orgilus elasmopalpi Muesebeck was investigated in the laboratory with Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) as a host. The developmental time of O. elasmopalpi ranged in days from 44.92 ± 0.5 (at 18.3° C) to 14.12 ± 0.12 (at 32.2°C). The calculated developmental threshold for egg-larval development was 17°C and 14.8°C for the prepupal-adult stage. Orgilus elasmopalpi parasitized and completed development in E. lignosellus 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars. Development time of the parasite was the same regardless of host stage parasitized. Adult longevity was inversely related to temperature, greatly increased when honey water was provided as a food source, and unaffected by the presence of hosts. Each life-stage showed a different temperature-developmental-rate relationship. This finding suggests a single control enzyme does not control development in O. elasmopalpi . Rather different enzymes may become sequentially rate-limiting during specific developmental stages.
Changing electrical constants of the Fundulus egg plasma membrane.

Electrical constants of the plasma membrane of the Fundulus egg have been measured with microelectrodes by the transient method. No consistent and significant membrane potential was measured. Membrane capacity averages 0.63 µF/cm.2 for both unactivated and activated eggs. Membrane resistance averages 3450 ohm-cm.2 in the unactivated eggs, but increases 2 to 7 times to an average of 13,290 ohm-cm.2 in the fully activated state. In a hypertonic sucrose solution, the swelling of the egg proper is accompanied by a rapid fall of membrane resistance towards that in the unactivated state. The changes of the membrane resistance are interpreted as probably caused by alterations in the effective pore size in the plasma membrane.
Influence of zinc deficiency on synthesis and cross-linking of rat skin collagen

Abstract 1. (1) The yield of salt-soluble collagen was significantly reduced in zinc-deficient rats, while the acid-soluble fraction was increased by approximately 20%. 2. (2) The incorporation of [2-14C]glycine into the α1 and α2 chains and of L -[U-14C]proline into the salt-soluble collagen fractions was reduced 30–50% in the zinc-deficient animals. 3. (3) The incorporation of [Me-3H]thymidine into skin DNA was 60–80% lower than that from zinc-supplemented animals. 4. (4) Muscle collagen synthesis per mg polyribosomal RNA was approximately the same in both groups. The polysome yield and consequently total muscle collagen synthetic activity per 100 g muscle was, however, 30% lower in the animals on a zinc-deficient diet. 5. (5) The content of β-dimers in the salt-soluble collagen from zinc-deficient skins was 1 3 higher than that from the control. No difference in β-subunits from the acid-soluble fraction was apparent. 6. (6) The aldehyde content of the salt-soluble collagen was markedly higher and that from insoluble collagen lower in the zinc-deficient group.
Restorative Practices and Child Welfare: Toward an Inclusive Civil Society

Child welfare systems in the United States are failing to include families in making plans, and this reduces their success in stabilizing children's placements and promoting children's well-being. A North Carolina study demonstrates how one restorative practice—family group conferencing (FGC)—advances family participation in child welfare planning. A sample of 27 conferences showed that the 221 family group members outnumbered the 115 service providers at the meetings. Family group members were usually satisfied with the conference process and decision and saw the plans as primarily reached through consensus, following a trusted leader, and bargaining. Satisfaction with the decision was reduced when bargaining was employed. Manipulation was more likely to occur when conference preparations were inadequate.
Adult Attachment as a Predictor of Posttraumatic Stress and Dissociation

This study examined whether K. Bartholomew's (1990) self-report dimensions of adult attachment (secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and fearful) mediate or moderate links from victimization/abuse to posttraumatic stress and dissociation. Participants were 199 college women with and without a history of childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual victimization, and adolescent/adult sexual victimization. Path analysis revealed no significant mediation effects for attachment; however, hierarchical multiple linear regression indicated that dismissing attachment moderated the link between victimization/abuse and posttraumatic stress (i.e., the relationship was strongest for women with high dismissing scores). All 4 attachment dimensions uniquely predicted posttraumatic stress, whereas only fearful attachment uniquely predicted dissociation.
Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and interleukin-1 secretion by cord blood monocytes from premature and term neonates.

ABSTRACT: Blood monocytes produce two well-defined cytokines, tumor necrosis factor/cachenterin (TNF) and 11-1, that have multiple immunologic and inflammatory functions. This study examined the secretion of these cytokines by cord blood monocytes from preterm and term neonates stimulated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Seventeen samples (eight preterm, nine term) were collected. Supernatant of monocytes were assayed for activities of IL-1 (mitogenesis for mouse thymocytes) and TNF (cytotoxicity for L929 cells). IL-1 and TNF activities were not significant in supernatants of unstimulated monocytes from either preterm or term infants. IL-1 secretion by LPSstimulated monocytes from term and preterm neonates was comparable to IL-1 activity by monocytes from adults, but TNF activity by LPS-stimulated monocytes from preterm neonates was significantly less than that from monocytes of either term or adult groups (p<0.05). TNF activity in supernatants of LPS-stimulated monocytes was neutralized 100% by monoclonal antibody to TNF-a; IL-1 activity was neutralized 80% by polyclonal antiserum to IL-1-/β. Given the multifactorial biologic activities of TNF, the decreased secretion of TNF by monocytes from preterm neonates may be significant in describing mechanisms for the increased susceptibility of the preterm neonate to infection.
The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): construction, reliability, and validity.

Racial microaggressions are subtle statements and behaviors that unconsciously communicate denigrat-ing messages to people of color. In recent years, a theoretical taxonomy and subsequent qualitativestudies have introduced the types of microaggressions that people of color experience. In the presentstudy, college- and Internet-based samples of African Americans, Latina/os, Asian Americans, andmultiracial participants ( N 661) were used to develop and validate the Racial and Ethnic Microag-gression Scale (REMS). In Study 1, an exploratory principal-components analyses ( n 443) yielded a6-factormodel:(a)AssumptionsofInferiority,(b)Second-ClassCitizenandAssumptionsofCriminality,(c) Microinvalidations, (d) Exoticization/Assumptions of Similarity, (e) Environmental Microaggres-sions, and (f) Workplace and School Microaggressions, with a Cronbachs alpha of .912 for the overallmodel and subscales ranging from .783 to .873. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis ( n 218)supported the 6-factor model with a Cronbachs alpha of .892. Further analyses indicate that the REMSis a valid measure of racial microaggressions, as evidenced by high correlations with existing measuresof racism and participants feedback. Future research directions and implications for practice arediscussed.Keywords: microaggressions, racism, discrimination, scale construction
Germination Requirements of a Perennial Alysicarpus vaginalis Accession

(...) Freshly harvested seed failed to germinate regardless of seed treatment. Seed that had been stored for 3 to 8 yr produced rapid, essentially complete germination when scarified with sandpaper. A storage period of approximately 16 wk was sufficient for rapid germination regardless of storage temperature. At 4 wk of storage, a storage temperature of 7 o C resulted in higher germination than storage at 24 o C. (...)
Visual Factors in Microscopy

In work with the microscope, maximum returns in the way of crisp imagery, in detail and in visual comfort, as well, are obtained only when the conditions of illumination are carefully adjusted. Since the eye is a physiological mechanism, special conditions beyond those basic to good photomicrography are necessary for high visual efficiency. The problem of vision through a microscope is discussed and the literature relative to visual acuity is reviewed. Conditions for high visual acuity and visual comfort are outlined.
Self-conscious Emotions, Psychology of

Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride are ‘self-conscious emotions,’ evoked by self-reflection and self-evaluation. A growing empirical literature indicates that shame and guilt are distinct emotions with very different implications for psychological adjustment and interpersonal behavior. In brief, shame involves a negative evaluation of the global self, whereas guilt involves a negative evaluation of a specific behavior. On balance, guilt appears to be the more adaptive emotion, benefiting relationships in a variety of ways. Shame has been associated with a variety of negative outcomes – evasion, denial, anger, and vulnerability to a range of psychological symptoms. Recent research, however, has begun to explore the conditions under which shame may be adaptive – fostering meaningful change. Embarrassment is not simply a mild form of shame, but is marked by more humor, more obvious physiological changes (e.g., blushing), and a greater sense of exposure. The diversity of situations that cause embarrassment makes a comprehensive ‘account’ of embarrassment difficult. There is greater consensus about its adaptive significance. Embarrassment signals appeasement to others, thus diffusing negative social evaluations and the likelihood of retaliation. In recent years, pride has received long overdue attention. Paralleling the self versus behavior distinction central to shame and guilt, there are two types of pride. The propensity to experience pride about behavior (‘authentic’ or ‘behavioral’ pride) appears to be similarly more adaptive than the propensity to experience pride in self (‘hubristic’ pride).
Measurement and Prediction of Heat Transfer Distributions on an Aft Loaded Vane Subjected to the Influence of Catalytic and Dry Low NOx Combustor Turbulence

This paper documents heat transfer rates on an aft loaded vane subject to turbulence generated by mock combustion configurations representative of recently developed catalytic and dry low NOx (DLN) combustors. New combustion systems developed for low emissions have produced substantial changes to the characteristics of inlet turbulence entering nozzle guide vanes. Aft loaded vane designs can have an impact on surface heat transfer distributions by accelerating boundary layers for a greater portion of the suction surface. Four different inlet turbulence conditions with intensities ranging up to 21 percent are documented in this study and vane heat transfer rates are acquired at vane exit chord Reynolds numbers ranging from 500,000 to 2,000,000. Heat transfer distributions show the influence of the turbulence conditions on heat transfer augmentation and transition. Cascade aerodynamics are well documented and match pressure distributions predicted by a commercial CFD code for this large scale low speed facility. The aft loaded vane pressure distribution exhibits a minimum value at about 50 percent arc on the suction surface. Laminar heat transfer augmentation in the stagnation region and on the pressure surface have scaled well on theoretical parameters based on turbulence intensity, Reynolds number, and energy scale. Predictive comparisons are shown based on a two-dimensional boundary layer code using an algebraic turbulence model for augmentation as well as a transition model. This comprehensive vane heat transfer data set is expected to represent an excellent test case for vane heat transfer predictive methods.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Harmony and Compensation for Oocyte Providers

The law, science, and ethics surrounding the practice of compensating women who provide oocytes for research and reproductive purposes have incorporated the belief that ovulation induction posed th...
Comparative effects of metribuzin and its ethylthio analog on the ultrastructure of developing chloroplasts in seedlings of Triticum aestivum and Bromus tectorum

Abstract Greening etioplasts in leaf tips of seedlings treated with varying, sublethal concentrations of metribuzin or its ethylthio analog for 12, 24, or 72 hr were examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine differential effects of these closely related herbicides in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Daws”) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.). In general, herbicide effects within a species were similar, but varied in terms of concentration required to induce the changes. In wheat, a loss of plastid invagination and overall plasticity of shape was followed, with increasing herbicide concentrations, first by a reduction in stroma lamellae and then by swelling and separation of grana thylakoids. Effects were similar in downy brome, with the distinction that at no time or concentration was any thylakoid swelling observed. After 72 hr, nontreated downy brome chloroplasts had accumuated starch, and all herbicide concentrations tested, except the 5 μM ethylthio analog, inhibited these deposits completely. In both species, the ethylthio analog generally altered chloroplast ultrastructure earlier and more dramatically than did metribuzin, especially at concentrations of ≤50 μM. In wheat, herbicide influence first became discernible at 24 hr, at ≥250 μM metribuzin and at ≥50 μM ethylthio analog. At 72 hr, damage was slight at 20, 50, and 250 μM metribuzin, and severe at 20 and 50 μM ethylthio analog. Downy brome chloroplast envelopes appeared wrinkled after treatment with both herbicides, but remained intact. No macroscopically discernible symptoms of tissue breakdown were evident in either species.
Agricultural pesticides and selected degradation products in five tidal regions and the main stem of Chesapeake Bay, USA

Nutrients, sediment, and toxics from water sources and the surrounding airshed are major problems contributing to poor water quality in many regions of the Chesapeake Bay, an important estuary located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. During the early spring of 2000, surface water samples were collected for pesticide analysis from 18 stations spanning the Chesapeake Bay. In a separate effort from July to September of 2004, 61 stations within several tidal regions were characterized with respect to 21 pesticides and 11 of their degradation products. Three regions were located on the agricultural Delmarva Peninsula: The Chester, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke Rivers. Two regions were located on the more urban western shore: The Rhode and South Rivers and the Lower Mobjack Bay, including the Back and Poquoson Rivers. In both studies, herbicides and their degradation products were the most frequently detected chemicals. In 2000, atrazine and metolachlor were found at all 18 stations. In 2004, the highest parent herbicide concentrations were found in the upstream region of Chester River. The highest concentration for any analyte in these studies was for the ethane sulfonic acid of metolachlor (MESA) at 2,900 ng/L in the Nanticoke River. The degradation product MESA also had the greatest concentration of any analyte in the Pocomoke River (2,100 ng/L) and in the Chester River (1,200 ng/L). In the agricultural tributaries, herbicide degradation product concentrations were more strongly correlated with salinity than the parent herbicides. In the two nonagricultural watersheds on the western shore, no gradient in herbicide concentrations was observed, indicating the pesticide source to these areas was water from the Bay main stem.