cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional fetal nigral grafts in a patient with Parkinson's disease: Chemoanatomic, ultrastructural, and metabolic studies

A patient with Parkinson's disease received bilateral fetal human nigral implants from six donors aged 6.5 to 9 weeks post-conception. Eighteen months following a post-operative clinical course characterized by marked improvement in clinical function, this patient died from events unrelated to the grafting procedure. Post-mortem histological analyses revealed the presence of viable grafts in all 12 implant sites, each containing a heterogeneous population of neurons and glia. Approximately 210,146 implanted tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons were found. A greater number of TH-ir grafted neurons were observed in the right (128,162) than the left (81,905) putamen. Grafted TH-ir neurons were organized in an organotypic fashion. These cells provided extensive TH-ir and dopamine transporter-ir innervation to the host striatum which occurred in a patch-matrix fashion. Quantitative evaluations revealed that fetal nigral grafts reinnervated 53% and 28% of the post-commissural putamen on the right and left side, respectively. Grafts on the left side innervated a lesser area of the striatum, but optical density measurements were similar on both sides. There was no evidence that the implants induced sprouting of host TH-ir systems. Electron microscopic analyses revealed axo-dendritic and occasional axo-axonic synapses between graft and host. In contrast, axo-somatic synapses were not observed. In situ hybridization for TH mRNA revealed intensely hybridized grafted neurons which far exceeded TH mRNA expression within residual host nigral cells. In addition, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons were observed within the graft that formed a dense local neuropil which was confined to the implant site. Serotonergic neurons were not observed within the graft. Cytochrome oxidase activity was increased bilaterally within the grafted post-commissural putamen, suggesting increased metabolic activity. In this regard, a doubling of cytochrome oxidase activity was observed within the grafted post-commissural putamen bilaterally relative to the non-grafted anterior putamen. The grafts were hypovascular relative to the surrounding striatum and host substantia nigra. Blood vessels within the graft stained intensely for GLUT-1, suggesting that this marker of blood-brain barrier function is present within human nigral allografts. Taken together, these data indicate that fetal nigral neurons can survive transplantation, functionally reinnervate the host putamen, establish synaptic contacts with host neurons, and sustain many of the morphological and functional characteristics of normal nigral neurons following grafting into a patient with PD. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observation of magnetic flux pinning in a thin Nb film with a square lattice of nickel dots

Abstract The pinning of magnetic flux by a square lattice of ferromagnetic Ni dots embedded in a superconducting Nb film was investigated. In the case of demagnetized Ni dots, both AC susceptibility and DC magnetization data exhibit clear anomalies at the first and second matching fields, H 1 ≈13 Oe and H 2 =2 H 1 , respectively. The second matching anomaly is clearly observed in both AC and DC data only when a remanent magnetization of Ni dots is induced along the external magnetic field, which is oriented perpendicular to the Nb film plane. The observed behavior supports theoretical predictions of a substantial contribution to the flux pinning energy by anisotropic interactions between the superconducting condensate of Nb and the Ni dot magnetization.
Enzymatic cleavage and HPLC peptide mapping of proteins

Detailed procedures are described for successfully digesting reasonably small quantities (i.e., usually >10 pmol) of proteins with a variety of proteases and for then isolating the resulting peptides by reversephase HPLC. Since sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide, gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) appears to be the current method of choice for final purification of proteins for structural analysis, special attention is given to carrying out in-gel proteolytic digests on SDS-PAGE-separated proteins that have usually been stained with Coomassie Blue. A compilation of data from nearly 200 “unknown” samples is used to help provide realistic expectations with respect to the results that are likely to be obtained from carrying out in-gel proteolytic digests on large numbers of proteins.
The injustices of others: Social reports and the integration of others' experiences in organizational justice judgments.

Abstract This research examines how people integrate social reports regarding another person's injustice experience into their own justice assessments. Specifically, we examine three variables—participant injustice experience, co-worker injustice severity, and prior contact with co-worker's supervisor—that influence the degree to which individuals express victim empathy (acceptance of the other's injustice report) and victim derogation (assigning at least some blame to the victim) when a co-worker reports an injustice experience. We hypothesized that personal experiences with injustice would facilitate victim empathy and that the severity of a co-worker's injustice report would simultaneously lead to victim empathy and victim derogation. We hypothesized that the effect of prior contact with co-worker supervisor on justice judgments would be moderated by personal experience and the severity of the co-worker's injustice experience. Results from the experiment confirm these predictions.
Schottky barriers on diamond (1 1 1)

Abstract We have measured Schottky barrier heights OB = 1.3 eV for Au and OB = 1.5 eV for Al on (p-type) diamond(1 1 1)−(1 × 1) using photoelectron spectroscopy with synchroton radiation. These barrier heights yield a barrier index of S = 0.2, which is closer to the values for Si and Ge (S ∼ 0.1) than to the value S = 0.4 calculated for jellium on an ideal diamond(1 1 1) surface. After reacting Al with the diamond surface by annealing to 800° C, we find that OB decreases by 0.24 to 1.25 eV.
Diminished oleic acid absorption in man by L-phenylalanine inhibition of an intestinal phosphohydrolase.

EXPERIMENTS in our laboratory have shown that a change in the position and concentration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in the jejunal mucosa is induced by absorption of oleic acid. To determine whether alkaline phosphatase and fatty acid absorption are causally related, we investigated the effect of an inhibitor of IAP, L-phenylalanine, on the rate of absorption of oleic acid (C18) in man.
Sex-role stereotypes: Self-reports of behavior

The present study represents a self-reported behavioral approach to the study of sex differences and sex-role stereotypes. One hundred forty-eight undergraduate women and men responded anonymously in group testing sessions to two questionnaires. The first questionnaire asked them to report their own involvement in 45 masculine and feminine sex-typed behaviors; the second questionnaire asked for their perceptions of the involvement of men and women in the same behaviors. Major findings included (a) sex differences in reported ability, enjoyment, performance, and opportunity which mirrored traditional sex-role stereotypes and indicated greater competence at stereotypic behaviors (the majority of differences significant at p<.001); (b) perceptions of men and women's behavior also consistent with sex-role stereotypes; and (c) sex differences in the perceived appropriateness of behaviors (p<.05) which indicate greater sex-typing in men's (as compared with women's) perceptions of both sexes. The study focuses on the self-reported behavioral bases of gender-specific stereotypes and how these behaviors are influenced by aspects of the social environment (such as reinforcement contingencies) and by aspects of the the person (such as simple learning and performance deficits), and suggests ways in which sex differences might be changed to provide increased behavioral options for women and men.
Correlation between Polyakov loops oriented in two different directions in SU(N) gauge theory on a two-dimensional torus

We consider SU(N) gauge theories on a two-dimensional torus with finite area, $A$. Let ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(A)$ denote the Polyakov loop operator in the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ direction. Starting from the lattice gauge theory on the torus, we derive a formula for the continuum limit of $⟨{g}_{1}({T}_{1}(A)){g}_{2}({T}_{2}(A))⟩$ as a function of the area of the torus where ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2}$ are class functions. We show that there exists a class function ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$ for SU(2) such that $⟨{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}({T}_{1}(A)){\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}({T}_{2}(A))⟩g1$ for all finite area of the torus with the limit being unity as the area of the torus goes to infinity. Only the trivial representation contributes to ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$ as $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ whereas all representations become equally important as $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$.
A peptide-like inhibitor of N-methyltransferase in rabbit brain.

Abstract After pretreatment with pheniprazine, rabbits were administered C-14-tryptamine i.v. and the lung was assayed for the N-methylated derivatives. Unoxidized tryptamine was present, but no N-methyl or N, N-dimethyltryptamine was found in this tissue, which contains high levels of N-methyltransferase. It appears that the indolamine-N-methyltransfer reaction is inhibited in the intact tissue. Our investigation of the possible inhibitory mechanism has led to the purification and characterization of a dialysable factor which inhibits the enzyme in vitro . The factor, which is present in most tissues, was purified from newborn rabbit brain. It is present in two forms, one having approximate mol. wt. 1,500 and one mol. wt. 1,300. Both were inactivated by crystalline trypsin. The 1,300 form was digested by carboxypeptidase A to a smaller, but still active form. It is suggested that these peptides may control in vivo the activity of the non-specific N-methyltransferase against tryptamine and serotonin.
Life, death, and the hiddenness of God

Many philosophers have contended that (traditional) theism or supernaturalism suffers from what can properly be called the Problem of Divine Hiddenness (the PDH). [See Howard-Snyder and Moser 2002]. Moreover, it is the contention of many proponents of the PDH that this “problem,” if, indeed, not just a component of the “problem of evil,” bears a striking similarity to the latter. Specifically, at the heart of this ostensible difficulty for theism is that Divine “Hiddenness,” like pain and suffering—or at least pain and suffering in the amount that the world contains—is precisely the opposite of what one would expect if there existed a (maximally great) supernatural Person. Accordingly, it is maintained by proponents of the PDH that supernaturalism is disconfirmed by the relevant “problem.” The aim of this essay is to establish that there is more than ample metaphysical warrant (of a sort overlooked thus far) for maintaining that the “hiddenness” of God is exactly what should be expected if theism is true. Thus, the conclusion we hope to secure is that the PDH has considerably less to recommend it than its proponents have thought, and, accordingly, that it fails to constitute an effective threat to supernaturalism.
Accuracy of stream-flow records

The collection of stream-flow data by the United States Geological Survey began in 1888 and has continued without interruption since that time. It has increased to the extent that more than 5,000 gaging-stations are now being operated throughout the United States and the Territory of Hawaii in cooperation with States, Federal bureaus, municipalities, and other agencies. Results of this work are published annually in United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.
A hybrid SAT-based decision procedure for separation logic with uninterpreted functions

SAT-based decision procedures for quantifier-free fragments of first-order logic have proved to be useful in formal verification. These decisions procedures are either based on encoding atomic subformulas with Boolean variables, or by encoding integer variables as bit-vectors. Based on evaluating these two encoding methods on a diverse set of hardware and software benchmarks, we conclude that neither method is robust to variations in formula characteristics. We therefore propose a new hybrid technique that combines the two methods. We give experimental results showing that the hybrid method can significantly outperform either approach as well as other decision procedures.
GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA AND LEVEL STRUCTURE OF $sup 44$Ca FROM THERMAL-NEUTRON CAPTURE IN $sup 43$Ca.

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray measurements have been made of the $^{43}\mathrm{Ca}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{44}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction at the Livermore pool-type reactor. Singles spectra were taken with Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) Compton-suppression and pair-coincidence spectrometers. A total of 280 observed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were attributed to capture in $^{43}\mathrm{Ca}$. Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence measurements using a three-parameter analyzer system (${E}_{1},{E}_{2},\ensuremath{\Delta}T$) were analyzed, resulting in the assignment of 129 of the observed transitions to 45 inferred levels in $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}$. Comparison of $l=1 (d,p)$ strengths $(2J+1){S}_{n}$ with ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) strengths $\frac{I}{{E}^{3}}$ leading to the same final states yields a positive correlation coefficient of 0.63. The neutron binding energy is determined to be 11 131.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7 keV.
Adherence to an (n-3) Fatty Acid/Fish Intake Pattern Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Puerto Rican Adults in the Greater Boston Area

Combinations of fatty acids may affect risk of metabolic syndrome. Puerto Ricans have a disproportionate number of chronic conditions compared with other Hispanic groups. We aimed to characterize fatty acid intake patterns of Puerto Rican adults aged 45–75 y and living in the Greater Boston area (n = 1207) and to examine associations between these patterns and metabolic syndrome. Dietary fatty acids, as a percentage of total fat, were entered into principle components analysis. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine associations between fatty acid intake patterns, nutrients, and food groups. Associations with metabolic syndrome were analyzed by using logistic regression and general linear models with quintiles of principal component scores. Four principal components (factors) emerged: factor 1, short- and medium-chain SFA/dairy; factor 2, (n-3) fatty acid/fish; factor 3, very long-chain (VLC) SFA and PUFA/oils; and factor 4, monounsaturated fatty acid/trans fat. The SFA/dairy factor was inversely associated with fasting serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.02) and the VLC SFA/oils factor was negatively related to waist circumference (P = 0.008). However, these associations were no longer significant after additional adjustment for BMI. The (n-3) fatty acid/fish factor was associated with a lower likelihood of metabolic syndrome (Q5 vs. Q1: odds ratio: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.86). In summary, principal components analysis of fatty acid intakes revealed 4 dietary fatty acid patterns in this population. Identifying optimal combinations of fatty acids may be beneficial for understanding relationships with health outcomes given their diverse effects on metabolism.
Robust synthesis for uncertain time-varying systems

We develop and present convex synthesis conditions for robust performance in linear time-varying systems, subject to time-varying perturbations. In particular these results are exact for sensitivity minimization in the presence of multiplicative perturbations. The methods apply to a number of additional robust performance problems, and are always both necessary and sufficient when the system plant is periodic. Otherwise the conditions provided are always sufficient, and a controller can be directly constructed when this condition holds.
Critical Care Nurses' Beliefs About and Reported Management of Anxiety

• BACKGROUND Anxiety is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Critical care nurses are uniquely positioned to reduce anxiety in their patients. Critical care nurses’ beliefs about and frequency of use of strategies to reduce anxiety have not been studied. • OBJECTIVES To explore critical care nurses’ beliefs about the importance of anxiety management and to describe nurses’ reported use of strategies to manage anxiety in their patients. • METHODS A random sample (N = 2500) of members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses was asked to complete the Critical Care Nurse Anxiety Identification and Management Survey. • RESULTS Respondents (n = 783) were primarily female (92%), white (88.5%) staff nurses (74.1%) who thought that anxiety is potentially harmful (mean, 4.1; SD, 0.8; range, 1 = no harm to 5 = lifethreatening harm), that anxiety management is important (mean, 4.8; SD, 0.6; range, 1 = not important to 5 = very important), and that effective anxiety management is beneficial (mean, 4.6; SD, 0.6; range, 1 = no benefit to 5 = profound benefit). A majority commonly used pharmacological management; most also used information and communication interventions. Fewer subjects used the presence of patients’ family members to alleviate patients’ anxiety; few reported using stress-reduction techniques. • CONCLUSION Most respondents thought that treating anxiety is important and beneficial. Commonly used strategies included pharmacological relief of anxiety and pain and information and communication interventions. Although these strategies are useful, they may not effectively reduce anxiety in all patients. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:19-27)
Extraction of nitric acid from aqueous media with Oϕ D(iB)CMPO–n‐dodecane

A study of the extraction characteristics of nitric acid with octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide [OϕD(iB)CMPO or, simply, CMPO] was conducted. In the experimental program, CMPO was dissolved in n-dodecane to produce the organic extracting medium. The objectives of the project were to infer extraction stoichiometry and to estimate equilibrium constants for the extraction of nitric acid with the CMPO extractant. Experiments were performed over a limited range of concentrations to avoid conditions favoring formation of a third phase. Aqueous nitric acid concentrations were limited to 0.30 M at 25°C, 1.0 M at 40°C, and 3.0 M at 50°C. The data indicate that CMPO extracts nitric acid with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The value of the equilibrium constant is estimated at 2.66 ± 0.09 at 25°C. The enthalpy of the extraction is estimated to be - 5.46 ± 0.46 kcal/mol.
Morphological modification of UHMPE fibers

UHMPE fibers can display several morphological features, including skin-core, microfibrillar and shish-kebab structures. In this work, an attempt was made to eliminate these morphologies by treating the UHMPE in a two-roll mill, at temperatures ranging from ambient to 145°C. Up to 130°C the tensile strength and modulus of the fiber were retained, and thermal analysis and crystallographic data showed that ordering in the fiber remained intact. The shish-kebab and microfibrillar morphologies were greatly reduced and the fiber cross-section was altered from circular to a flat ribbon.
Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by microbial communities in vadose soil

Perchlorate contamination is a concern because of the increasing frequency of its detection in soils and groundwater and its presumed inhibitory effect on human thyroid hormone production. Although significant perchlorate contamination occurs in the vadose (unsaturated) zone, little is known about perchlorate biodegradation potential by indigenous microorganisms in these soils. We measured the effects of electron donor (acetate and hydrogen) and nitrate addition on perchlorate reduction rates and microbial community composition in microcosm incubations of vadose soil. Acetate and hydrogen addition enhanced perchlorate reduction, and a longer lag period was observed for hydrogen (41 days) than for acetate (14 days). Initially, nitrate suppressed perchlorate reduction, but once perchlorate started to be degraded, the process was stimulated by nitrate. Changes in the bacterial community composition were observed in microcosms enriched with perchlorate and either acetate or hydrogen. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes recovered from these microcosms indicated that formerly reported perchlorate-reducing bacteria were present in the soil and that microbial community compositions were different between acetate- and hydrogen-amended microcosms. These results indicate that there is potential for perchlorate bioremediation by native microbial communities in vadose soil.
Captive-born cotton-top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) respond similarly to vocalizations of predators and sympatric nonpredators

What types of cues do callitrichid primates use to detect and respond to predators? Do they respond to predator-specific cues or to more general cues? The evidence for these questions remains conflicting. We presented captive-born and reared cotton-top tamarins with no previous exposure to predators (or predator cues) with vocalizations from three potential predators of cotton-top tamarin in the wild (white hawk, jaguar, and tayra) and with vocalizations from sympatric nonpredators (black-faced antthrush and red howler monkey). Vocalizations from predators and from nonpredator mammals elicited equivalent arousal, fear, and vocal responses. Howler monkey roars produced the strongest
Nonlinear systems identification and control using dynamic multi-time scales neural networks

An on-line identification algorithm via dynamic neural networks with different time-scales followed by controller design is proposed for the dynamic systems with nonlinearity and uncertainty in this paper. The main contribution of the paper is that the Lyapunov function analysis, singularly perturbed technique and sliding mode methodology are combined to develop the control laws for trajectory tracking with consideration of the modeling error and disturbance. Simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Investigating the origins of transverse spin asymmetries at BNL RHIC

We discuss possible origins of transverse spin asymmetries in hadron-hadron collisions and propose an explanation in terms of a chiral-odd T-odd distribution function with intrinsic transverse momentum dependence, which would signal a correlation between the transverse spin and the transverse momentum of quarks inside an unpolarized hadron. We will argue that despite its conceptual problems, it can account for single spin asymmetries, for example in pp dagger-->pi X, and at the same time for the large cos 2 phi asymmetry in the unpolarized Drell-Yan cross section, which still lacks understanding. We use the latter asymmetry to arrive at a crude model for this function and show explicitly how it relates unpolarized and polarized observables in the Drell-Yan process, as could be measured with the proton-proton collisions at BNL RHIC. Moreover, it would provide an alternative method of accessing the transversity distribution function h(1). For future reference we also list the complete set of azimuthal asymmetries in the unpolarized and polarized Drell-Yan process at leading order involving T-odd distribution functions with intrinsic transverse momentum dependence. [S0556-2821(99)04213-7].
Building Bridges to the Past: Personal Reflections on Understanding Audience, Welcoming Inquiry, and Establishing Contexts

Some contemporary teachers of medieval studies have observed that, given the changing role of religious belief in our increasingly secular Western society, any widely shared body of knowledge among undergraduate students about Christian ethos and history is becoming less and less of a given and that, furthermore, this lack of familiarity with Christian tradition poses significant challenges to our work in the classroom to promote curiosity about and exploration of a medieval past deeply rooted in that tradition. The comments here, from a participant in a roundtable discussion entitled, “Teaching Medieval Studies in the Increasingly Secular Classroom,” that featured educators from range of types of institutions in the U.S., first offer his perspective on and assessment of these challenges, as professor in an English Department at a small liberal arts college, then note the possibilities for building new interest in the field, and lastly suggest approaches to these challenges based on pedagogy, practices, and teaching strategies that will enhance our understanding of the new audiences in our classrooms, welcome inquiry from them as new learners and curious ‘outsiders,’ and help them establish the rich contexts and matrices that will be of benefit as they delve more deeply into some of the more unfamiliar aspects of medieval studies.
The Galapagos Spreading Centre: Lithospheric Cooling and Hydrothermal Circulation

Summary The spatial pattern of cooling near a spreading ridge crest was investigated with a suite of 71 precisely-navigated heat-flow stations on the Galapagos spreading centre, East Pacific, near 86"W longitude. Stations are on crust less than 1.0 My old on which bathymetry and sediment distribution are well known. Values vary from near zero to greater than 30 HFU (10-6 cal cm-2 s-1). The average over the entire region is significantly less than that predicted by theoretical conduction models of a cooling lithosphere. We observe a regular variation of the heat-flow pattern with a wavelength of 6 & 1 km approximately normal to the ridge crest. Heat-flow maxima are characteristically located near faults and local topographic highs. The locations of fields of small sediment mounds, apparently hydrothermal vents, are also restricted to these faulted, elevated areas of high heat flow. Near-axis, bottom water temperature anomalies of several hundredths "C were detected. The low average, the low minima in the heat-flow pattern, and the water temperature anomalies suggest that hydrothermal circulation accounts for approximately 80 per cent of the geothermal heat released near the ridge crest. We conclude that the hydrothermal circulation pattern is controlled by one or more of the following physical properties of the system : highly developed cellular convection, discrete zones of high permeability, variation in the strength of heat sources near the base of the crust, or bottom topography. Our results imply that heat-flow studies near active oceanic ridges will be of most value if they are sufficiently detailed and well navigated to define the systematic small-scale variations that appear to be caused by hydrothermal circulation.
Sequestration of lay witnesses and experts

The rule on sequestration (exclusion) of witnesses is designed to avoid fabrication and collusion and has traditional roots in the Old Testament. Special rules apply regarding expert witnesses and "support persons." The contours of such special rules are explored within the Federal Rules of Evidence, state rules of evidence, state appellate and supreme court decisions, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions.
THE EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION AND GOAL DIFFICULTY ON PERFORMANCE

Abstract : Previous research comparing the effects of assigned versus participatively set goals on performance were essentially tests of the null hypothesis in that goal difficulty level was not systematically manipulated. The present laboratory study investigated the effects of assigned versus participatively set goals, and the effects of varying goal difficulty level on an arithmetic task. Eighty-six college students were assigned to either a participative goal condition or one of three assigned goal conditions. In two of the assigned goal conditions participants were assigned goals to those set in the participative condition, the difference being that individuals in one group were assigned goals at random and those in the other group were assigned goals on the basis of their premeasure scores. Participants in the third assigned goal condition were randomly assigned a goal in the top quartile of the goals set participatively. As hypothesized, individuals with hard assigned goals had higher performance than peers with lower goals set in a participative manner. Contrary to modern organizational theory, individuals with participatively set goals did not have higher performance than those with assigned goals of equal difficulty. Personality traits were not found to moderate the effects of goal setting on performance. (Author)
Stability of Uniformly Reinforced Slopes

A limit analysis approach is applied to determine the amount of reinforcement necessary to prevent collapse of slopes due to reinforcement rupture, pullout, or direct sliding. The reinforcement is uniformly distributed over the height of the slope, and each layer of the primary reinforcement has the same length. A rigorous lower bound to the required reinforcement strength is calculated. This formulation is equivalent to that where a strict upper bound to the slope failure height is sought. The length of reinforcement is also calculated; both reinforcement pullout and direct sliding are accounted for. Design charts are produced for both the required reinforcement strength and its length. Although the emphasis is on the analytical considerations, the way results can be practically utilized is shown.
Nuclear Strategy and Nuclear Winter

This essay explores the effect of the “nuclear winter” thesis upon the strategic debate. Both “hawks” and “doves” responded to the nuclear winter thesis in an ideological manner, illustrating the theological nature of the debate on nuclear strategy. Hawks used the nuclear winter data to argue for limited nuclear options, strategic modernization, environmentally sensitive weapons, and strategic defense. Doves used the same information to argue for mutual assured destruction, arms control, and/or global disarmament. Another group of analysts, the “pragmatic Center,” exhibited a more flexible, subtle understanding of the nuclear dilemma.
Selection of spreading sequences for direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications over a doubly selective fading channel

Error probabilities are evaluated for direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications over channels with doubly selective fading. The error probability for such a system depends on the spreading sequence, the autocorrelation function of the fading process, and the receiver signal-to-noise ratio. The focus of this paper is on the effect of the spreading sequence on the performance of differentially coherent detection of binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals using a correlator receiver. It is shown that significant performance differences result from different choices of spreading sequence. It is also shown that, given a moderate range of delay and Doppler spreads, sequences can be found which yield low bit error probabilities over the entire range. These are found to be robust with respect to a variety of shapes for the channel autocorrelation function and the full range of signal-to-noise ratios. >
Dyebath Application of Flame Retardants for Flame-Resistant Wool1

Tetrabromophthalic anhydride and tetrabromophthalic acid can effectively flameproof a wide range of wool textile materials, e.g., hand-knitting yarn, carpet yarn, and airplane upholstery, when appl...
A Strategy for Designing an Optimal Characterization Study of the Premier Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Site in Wyoming

The strategy adapted by the WY-CUSP team to accomplish their primary goal involved the following steps:
Firm heterogeneity and acquisition incentives

This paper presents a tractable model of acquisitions with heterogeneous firms. Acquisitions improve aggregate productivity by transferring productive assets from the least efficient firms to more efficient firms. However, these acquiring firms are in a mid-range of productivity, whether acquiring at home or abroad. This result is a function of a variable-elasticity demand framework, and highlights the sensitivity of investment decisions to model preliminaries. In linking the model to a Q-Theory of investment, a corollary of this result is that a firm’s average-Q is a poor proxy for marginal-Q, especially for the highest productivity firms. The predictions of the model are tested using a 25-year sample of firms from the Compustat database. To account for productivity, a measure of average Q is constructed which controls for serial correlation in Q values. By accounting for serial correlation, average-Q is positively related to firm size (sales). Using this measure, and by harnessing nonparametric techniques, I find precise evidence that mid-productivity (mid-Q) firms are the most likely to acquire another firm.
The Power of Leader Attention: Leader Gaze Equalizes Hierarchies and Improves Team Performance

Status inequality based on race in racially diverse groups has long been a serious problem in society and organizations; yet very little research has investigated ways of diminishing this status in...
Analysis of the disinfection conditions of utensils in the catering industry in Baotou City between 2009 and 2011

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the disinfection of utensils in catering businesses in Baotou City and to analyze the effectiveness of disinfection of different types of utensils during different quarters of the year in catering businesses of different scales, so to provide a basis for the development of effective management measures. METHODS Disinfected utensils in catering businesses in Baotou City were inspected using the slip method in accordance with the Hygienic Standard for Disinfection of Utensils( GB14934-1994). The results were analyzed by using the SPSS 12.0 software. RESULTS Scale of the business and quarter of the year were the main influencing factors for the effectiveness of disinfection of utensils in the catering industry, among which hygienic compliance of utensils in large- and medium-sized catering businesses(70.96% and 62.50%, respectively) were higher than that in small catering businesses(59.0%), and compliance was the highest in the fourth quarter of the years(73.54%). A significant difference was observed in the compliance of different types of utensils(χ2= 1001.83, P﹤ 0.01). CONCLUSION Compliance of cleaning and disinfection of utensils in catering industry in Baotou City has been improving over the years, but further reinforcing the supervision of public health, especially increasing the frequency of regular health inspection of small catering businesses and emphasizing the training on health and hygiene knowledge for catering business operators, is required.
Declarative memory in infancy: lessons learned from typical and atypical development.

Publisher Summary A great deal has been learned about the typical course of development of declarative memory in infants and very young children. This chapter presents significant progress in the understanding of some of the factors and conditions that affect the development of this fundamental cognitive capacity. Now, it is apparent that the capacity is well preserved in the species. Although the performance of many of the groups tested in the research presented in the chapter was impaired relative to comparison groups, in all cases, the infants showed evidence of learning and of retention over brief delays. However, the fact that brief delays had pronounced negative effects on several of the groups speaks to the fragility of the capacity. More research is needed to identify the factors and conditions that facilitate and interfere with the development of declarative memory. Careful attention to prenatal and postnatal influences will aid in identification of the critical variables and limiting conditions, thereby allowing for construction of a model of declarative memory development that explains the atypical, as well as the typical.
Identification of Streamflow Changes across the Continental United States Using Variable Record Lengths

The study focused on investigating the presence of change patterns in 600 unimpaired streamflow stations across the continental U.S. at different time intervals to understand the change patterns that can provide significant insight regarding climate variability and change. Each station had continuous streamflow data of at least 30 years (the entire dataset covered a range of 109 years). Presence of trends and shifts were detected in water year and the four seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer) analyzing the water year and seasonal mean flows. Two non-parametric tests, namely, the Mann-Kendall test and the Pettitt’s test were used to identify the trends and the shifts, respectively. The results showed an increasing trend in the northeast and upper-mid regions, whereas southeast and northwest regions underwent a decrease. Shifts followed similar patterns as trends with higher number of stations with significant change. Fall and spring showed the highest number of stations with increasing and decreasing change, respectively, in the seasonal analyses. Results of this study may assist water managers to understand the streamflow change patterns across the continental U.S., especially at the regional scale since this study covers a long range of years with a large number of stations in each region.
Raising forward osmosis brine concentration efficiency through flow rate optimization

Abstract An exergetic efficiency is defined in order to compare brine concentration processes including forward osmosis (FO) across a wide range of salinities. We find that existing FO pilot plants have lower efficiency than reverse osmosis plants in the brackish and seawater salinity ranges. High salinity FO, in its current form, is still less efficient than mechanical vapor compression. We show that efficiency is the product of FO exchanger and draw regenerator efficiencies, and therefore FO system energy efficiency benefits from improvements to both. The mass flow rate ratio (between draw and feed flow rates) is identified as a crucial parameter in the design of efficient FO systems because of its effect on exchanger efficiency. We demonstrate a method of thermodynamically balancing an FO system by choosing flow rates that lead to equal osmotic pressure differences at both ends of the exchanger, and show the method's potential to increase the efficiency of current systems by 3–21%.
Starting Strong in Legal Writing: Summer Prep

This essay explores the need for new law students to fill gaps in their writing skills before they begin law school. It suggests a first step a law school can take to help students improve their writing during the summer before they enter law school.
Saving and Changes in National and Sectoral Balance Sheets

In a more detailed paper (see text for reference) the main conceptual and technical problems of the construction of national balance sheets are discussed and balance sheet ratios derived from the balance sheets of seventeen countries are compared for a number of benchmark dates varying from a decade to nearly three centuries. The chapter included in this volume deals with the share of saving in the increase in tangible and total national assets, and its determinants, in thirteen countries in the post-war period and eight countries in the period 1851–1913.
Parallel OR Processes

An OR process is an independent interpreter created to solve a goal statement of exactly one literal. An OR process created to solve an n-ary literal p(X1 ... Xn.) is expected to return every tuple in the set Dl(p), i.e. it must construct bindings for the variables of the literal through a proof of a goal containing only this literal.
6.7-nm Emission from Gd and Tb Plasmas over a Broad Range of Irradiation Parameters Using a Single Laser

As we follow Moore's Law and pack more and more components onto each computer chip, we must extend the limits of manufacturing. Looking ahead, efficient sources of light at a wavelength around 6.7 nm are needed for beyond-extreme-ultraviolet (BEUV) lithography, to create integrated circuits beyond the 7-nm logic node. This study measures and models plasmas of Gd and Tb, prepared using a single laser tuned over a broad range of parameters. These plasmas do emit at the desired wavelength, and calculations indicate that a conversion efficiency of 6% could ultimately be realized.
Epilepsy with Occipital Calcifications

Four patients, aged 13-22 yrs, with focal epilepsy, and bilateral occipital corticosubcortical calcifications without facial cutaneous angioma were followed at the Neurological Institute, University of Bologna Medical School, Via Ugo Foscolo, Bologna, Italy, and were found to develop a severe encephalopathy with progressive mental impairment.
Is the Privacy of Network Data an Oxymoron

While social networks are now a part of everyday life for the vast majority of people using computers, smartphones, and tablets, privacy is but an afterthought. Google+ has in excess of 100 million users a month while Facebook has topped 1 billion. Other more specialized networks such as Linked-in add to the fray. But from a privacy perspective the biggest concern for users should be the efforts to integrate the networking apps into all other forms of online activity as well as the constant effort to link additional data to network information, in addition to the network owners’ efforts to market that information to third party vendors. Further, Facebook and other networking sites have already begun to build search capabilities and other facilities into their systems that extend the information they collect from users even further. What protections do users really have?
Metasurface perfect absorber based on guided resonance of a photonic hypercrystal

By exploiting the guided resonance of a photonic hypercrystal---a periodic structure that combines the properties of hyperbolic materials and photonic crystals---we numerically demonstrate a perfect absorber consisting of a photonic hypercrystal slab, a dielectric spacer, and a back reflector. The guided resonance of the photonic hypercrystal slab creates a field enhancement and confinement within a deep subwavelength thickness; therefore, the ultrathin photonic hypercrystal slab serves as a two-dimensional resonator that can be treated accurately as a metasurface. We show that the perfect absorber is equivalent to a metasurface Salisbury screen, where the metasurface formed by the photonic hypercrystal slab provides the appropriate electric sheet conductivity required for critical coupling. We also present examples of combining the perfect absorber with graphene to make optical modulators and to improve the absorption in graphene photodetectors.
Localized MRI and histological image correlation in a canine model of duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked disorder. Therapeutic assessments currently require muscle biopsy to ascertain information about the status of disease progression. MRI shows potential to be used in place of muscle biopsy for therapeutic assessments. In this work, localized histological data and various MRI parameters were correlated in a canine model of DMD. The results indicate several MRI parameters may be useful as biomarkers of disease progression.
On Suggesting Phrases vs. Predicting Words for Mobile Text Composition

A system capable of suggesting multi-word phrases while someone is writing could supply ideas about content and phrasing and allow those ideas to be inserted efficiently. Meanwhile, statistical language modeling has provided various approaches to predicting phrases that users type. We introduce a simple extension to the familiar mobile keyboard suggestion interface that presents phrase suggestions that can be accepted by a repeated-tap gesture. In an extended composition task, we found that phrases were interpreted as suggestions that affected the content of what participants wrote more than conventional single-word suggestions, which were interpreted as predictions. We highlight a design challenge: how can a phrase suggestion system make valuable suggestions rather than just accurate predictions'
Building a socio-technical theory of coordination: why and how (outstanding research award)

Research aimed at understanding and addressing coordination breakdowns experienced in global software development (GSD) projects at Lucent Technologies took a path from open-ended qualitative exploratory studies to quantitative studies with a tight focus on a key problem – delay – and its causes. Rather than being directly associated with delay, multi-site work items involved more people than comparable same-site work items, and the number of people was a powerful predictor of delay. To counteract this, we developed and deployed tools and practices to support more effective communication and expertise location. After conducting two case studies of open source development, an extreme form of GSD, we realized that many tools and practices could be effective for multi-site work, but none seemed to work under all conditions. To achieve deeper insight, we developed and tested our Socio-Technical Theory of Coordination (STTC) in which the dependencies among engineering decisions are seen as defining a constraint satisfaction problem that the organization can solve in a variety of ways. I conclude by explaining how we applied these ideas to transparent development environments, then sketch important open research questions.
Biomechanical Comparison of Fixation Devices for First Metatarsocuneiform Joint Arthrodesis.

Common surgical treatment of first tarsal-metatarsal arthritis is by first metatarsocuneiform joint arthrodesis. While crossed-screw and locking plate fixation are the most widely used methods, a n...
Spectrally arbitrary zero–nonzero patterns and field extensions

Abstract An n × n matrix pattern is said to be spectrally arbitrary over a field F provided for every monic polynomial p ( t ) of degree n, with coefficients from F , there exists a matrix with entries from F , in the given pattern, that has characteristic polynomial p ( t ) . Let E ⊆ F ⊆ K be an extension of fields. It is natural to ask whether a pattern that is spectrally arbitrary over F must also be spectrally arbitrary over E or K . In this article it is shown that if F is dense in K and K is a complete metric space, then any spectrally arbitrary or relaxed spectrally arbitrary pattern over F is relaxed spectrally arbitrary over K . It is also established that if E is an algebraically closed subfield of a field F , then any spectrally arbitrary pattern over F is spectrally arbitrary over E . The 2n Conjecture and the Superpattern Conjecture are explored over fields other than the real numbers. In particular, examples are provided to show that the Superpattern Conjecture is false over the field with 3 elements.
Biosimilars: Imitation Games

Biopharmaceutical sales were at $160 billion in 2016. With many top revenue biopharmaceuticals coming off patent in the next 4 years, there is a tremendous rush by leading biopharmaceutical companies worldwide to launch biosimilar versions of innovator products. However, these protein drugs are extremely difficult to copy. In this viewpoint, we will discuss the various drugs slated to lose patent protection and the challenges in manufacturing these drugs using current technologies. The Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory role and definitions of similarity will be discussed, and finally, the scientific challenges in mimicking a protein drug in the current patent- and innovation-driven research field will be considered.
Doctors in the executive suite: should the U.S. and U.K. be putting M.D. licensure at risk for shortfalls in institutional quality of care?

As our healthcare system becomes further managed, delivery organizations are reincreasingly relying upon physician executives to administer the delivery of care by other individual providers. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, this has led to instances in which physician disciplinary procedures have been invoked with respect to physicians who are perceived to be responsible for institutional defiiciencies. The author examines and analyzes the contrasting approaches taken in the two countries, and recommends an activist approach for disciplinary agencies faced with these circumstances.