cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoxaben dissipation in field soil as affected by application timing

Timing of preemergence (PRE) herbicide application is critical for effective weed management in turfgrass and ornamentals. Information on soil dissipation, as affected by application timing and rate, is needed when using preemergence herbicides for weed control. Field studies were established at Blacksburg, VA, to determine the effect of spring, fall, and a double (spring followed by fall) application on the dissipation of isoxaben applied at 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg a.i. ha -1 . The half-life of isoxaben was estimated to be 2.7 mo following spring application, 5.7 mo following fall application, and 6.1 mo following spring plus fall application. Application rate did not affect the degradation pattern of isoxaben following spring or fall application. Residues of isoxaben at 3 and 6 months after treatment (MAT) following fall application at 1.12 kg ha -1 were higher than that following spring application. A positive correlation (γ = 0.62) was determined between daily isoxaben breakdown rate and mean ambient daily temperatures following the two application timings. Degradation following fall application may be slower than that following spring application due to lower microbial activity during winter months. Negligible levels of the herbicide remained in the top 3.8 cm of soil 9 mo following spring or fall application. Double application of isoxaben resulted in higher mean levels of isoxaben residues than single spring or fall application at 0, 1, 6, and 9 MAT.
GaAs with very low acceptor impurity background grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We report very high purity, MBE grown, unintentionally doped, n-type GaAs with an extremely low acceptor background. The residual acceptor concentration is 2.4×10 -3 and the residual donor concentration is 1.5×10 14 cm -3 , yielding a compensation ratio of N a / N d = 0.160. The measured Hall mobility is 163,000 cm 2 /V · at 77 K with a peak value of 216,000 cm 2 /V · at 45.9 K. The photolumminescence spectrum shows that this material is only lightly compensated and exhibits the narrow linwidths that are characteristic of high purity GaAs. Hall measurements show excellent electrical uniformity across the wafer, even at these low background doping.
Psychological stress, immunity, and upper respiratory infections.

which are distributed throughout the organs of the body. Stress is thought to influence susceptibility to infectious disease by compro mising the effectiveness of the im mune system. Persons with sup pressed immune function are less able to fight off infectious agents and hence, given exposure to an agent, more likely to develop an infectious disease. A simplified view of how stress ful events in our lives might alter immunity is presented in Figure 1. When our demands are perceived to exceed our ability to cope, we label ourselves as stressed and ex perience a negative emotional re sponse (Lazarus & Folkman,
Quasi-Child Logics

Obviously, any attempt to infer relationships among the various logics on the basis of the present data is somewhat risky. It does not seem unreasonable, however, to appeal to extremes for a sketch of boundary conditions. If one can assume a reasonable extrapolation from the present sample to the adult population in general, it appears that:
Superior Oblique Tendon Damage Resulting from Eyelid Surgery

Purpose To describe the occurrence of superior oblique (SO) tendon damage resulting from upper eyelid surgery and to explain its cause and treatment. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods An institution-based retrospective observational case series of seven patients in whom damage to the SO tendon secondary to eyelid surgery developed. Results In four of the patients, ipsilateral SO palsy developed, and three patients, a Brown syndrome pattern developed. The causative eyelid procedures consisted of surgery to correct ptosis in four patients, tumor removal in two patients, and cosmetic blepharoplasty in one patient. Conclusions The SO tendon may be damaged as a result of eyelid surgery. The anatomy of the SO tendon should be kept in mind while performing surgery in the superomedial aspect of the upper eyelid.
Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Coaxially Coated Manganese Oxide on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays

Hybrid supercapacitor electrodes with remarkable specific capacitance have been fabricated by coaxially coating manganese oxide thin films on a vertically aligned carbon nanofiber array. Ultrathin manganese oxide layers are uniformly coated around each carbon nanofiber via cathodic electrochemical deposition, likely based on water electrolysis initiated electrochemical oxidation. This results in a unique core-shell nanostructure which uses the three-dimensional brush-like vertical carbon nanofiber array as the highly conductive and robust core to support a large effective surface area and provide reliable electrical connection to a thin redox active manganese oxide shell. The pseudo-capacitance of 313 F/g in addition to the electrical double layer capacitance of 36 F/g is achieved by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 50 mV/s and maintains at this level as the scan rate is increased up to 2000 mV/s. A maximum specific capacitance of 365 F/g has been achieved with chronopotentiometry in 0.10 M Na2SO4 aqu...
Opportunity for intense multi-100 MeV γ-ray beams for nuclear physics research

Abstract A source for γ-rays is proposed capable of producing photons in the multi-100 MeV range, at intensities many orders of magnitude higher than is available today. The generated γ-ray beam may be used in nuclear and other physics research.
An Acidogenic Carotenoid in a Bathypelagic Nemertean Worm

CERTAIN brightly coloured littoral nemerteans contain carotenoids, and it is likely that most deep-sea species of similar coloration likewise store this class of biochrome1.
INFINITE MULTIPLETS AND LOCAL FIELDS.

This paper attempts to explore, by means of a simple model without internal symmetries, the qualitative features of "local" field theories of infinite multiplets, such as are encountered in relativistic $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ theory. A concept of nonderivative local interactions is defined, which leads to a generalization of conventional local field theory to include infinite representations of the spin group. Examples of these local interactions are examined in detail, and are found to have a number of attractive features. Section II of the paper is an investigation of locality in the sense of local commutation relations between the infinite-component fields. Although not conclusive, the study indicates that the conventional connection between spin and statistics gives the more physical theories, and that Fermi statistics are inconsistent with exact spin independence (invariance under the spin group).
Applying infinite state model checking and other analysis techniques to tabular requirements specifications of safety-critical systems

Although it is most often applied to finite state models, in recent years, symbolic model checking has been extended to infinite state models using symbolic representations that encode infinite sets. This paper investigates the application of an infinite state symbolic model checker called Action Language Verifier (ALV) to formal requirements specifications of safety-critical systems represented in the SCR (Software Cost Reduction) tabular notation. After reviewing the SCR method and tools, the Action Language for representing state machine models, and the ALV infinite state model checker, the paper presents experimental results of formally analyzing two SCR specifications using ALV. The application of ALV to verify or falsify (by generating counterexample behaviors) the state and transition invariants of SCR specifications and to check Disjointness and Coverage properties is described. The results of formal analysis with ALV are then compared with the results of formal analysis using techniques that have been integrated into the SCR toolset. Based on the experimental results, strengths and weaknesses of infinite state model checking with respect to other formal analysis approaches such as explicit and finite state model checking and theorem proving are discussed.
Analysis of moisture migration in two-dimensional unsaturated porous media with impermeable boundaries

Abstract The problem of the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a two-dimensional unsaturated medium is studied using analytical and numerical methods. The porous medium has impermeable boundaries and is subjected to two commonly encountered thermal boundary conditions. The conservation equation for the temperature field is solved using the Laplace transform technique to obtain a series solution. The steady-state moisture solution is obtained from the steady-state temperature field using a mathematical theorem derived earlier by the authors ( Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 31 , 2587–2589 (1988)). In order to obtain the moisture field at intermediate times, a numerical solution is obtained of both the temperature and the moisture fields. The results for the case of the application of a constant heat flux at the left wall show a more rapid migration of the moisture compared to the results of a step change in temperature at the left wall. An increase in the Luikov number causes a more rapid migration of the moisture in the porous medium, whereas, an increase in the aspect ratio reduces the moisture migration activity. Finally, the development of a dryout region within the porous medium is observed.
The language interaction intervention project

This paper describes a study which focused on improving the quality of language interactions between young, newly verbal, language handicapped children and their mothers. Aims and components of a current project are deliniated and data from the original study upon which the project is based are reported. Implications for the use of the described approach in conjunction with traditional speech therapy are discussed.
Observations of group introductions in lowland gorillas.

Data concerning group interactions subsequent to introductions of novel or familiar animals comes primarily from studies of a few cercopithecine species. This investigation attempted to supplement these data with descriptive observationd of gorillas during, and for a period following introductions. A unisexual group of females and a heterosexual group were formed. Departures from the cercopithecine pattern were observed in terms of the frequency of aggression, as well as the time course and the level of agonistic activity following group stabilization. Agonism remained high and in one case comprised 80% of the interactions six months after the introduction. The female group evidenced elevated levels of agonism as well as a possible means of appeasing such behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of the apparent absence of a status hierarchy in gorillas.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Inferior Gluteal Artery: An Unusual Complication After Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Cancer. Report of a Case

We report an unusual case of profuse, sporadic hemorrhage from a chronically infected perineal wound after an abdominoperineal resection. Surgical exploration and angiography on two occasions failed to identify the source of bleeding. A pseudoaneurysm of the internal iliac artery was eventually identified with a provocative angiogram using tissue plasminogen activator. This aneurysm was successfully treated with embolization with coils.
The Third Spectrum of Praseodymium (Pr iii) in the Vacuum Ultraviolet.

Measurements of the spectrum of doubly ionized praseodymium from 821 to 2103 A are given. One hundred fifty-three energy levels deduced from these wavelengths and an earlier line-list of longer wavelengths are presented. These levels are identified with the configurations 4f26s, 4f27s, 4f28s, 4f26p, 4f26d, 4f25f, 5d24f, and 4f5d6s and are given term designations. Radial energy integrals belonging to these configurations are parametrically deduced from the known levels. A value of 21.625 eV (174420 cm-1) for the ionization energy of Pr iii, with an estimated uncertainty of 0.016 eV (130 cm-1), is derived from the 4f2ns series (n = 6, 7, 8).
Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Excess Leads to Fetal Growth Retardation and Postnatal Catch-Up Growth in Sheep

Alterations in the maternal endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic environment disrupt the developmental trajectory of the fetus, leading to adult diseases. Female offspring of rats, subhuman primates, and sheep treated prenatally with testosterone (T) develop reproductive/metabolic defects during adult life similar to those that occur after intrauterine growth retardation. In the present study we determined whether prenatal T treatment produces growth-retarded offspring. Cottonseed oil or T propionate (100 mg, im) was administered twice weekly to pregnant sheep between 30-90 d gestation (term = 147 d; cottonseed oil, n = 16; prenatal T, n = 32). Newborn weight and body dimensions were measured the day after birth, and postnatal weight gain was monitored for 4 months in all females and in a subset of males. Consistent with its action, prenatal T treatment produced females and males with greater anogenital distances relative to controls. Prenatal T treatment reduced body weights and heights of newborns from both sexes and chest circumference of females. Prenatally T-treated females, but not males, exhibited catch-up growth during 2-4 months of postnatal life. Plasma IGF-binding protein-1 and IGF-binding protein-2, but not IGF-I, levels of prenatally T-treated females were elevated in the first month of life, a period when the prenatally T-treated females were not exhibiting catch-up growth. This is suggestive of reduced IGF availability and potential contribution to growth retardation. These findings support the concept that fetal growth retardation and postnatal catch-up growth, early markers of future adult diseases, can also be programmed by prenatal exposure to excess sex steroids.
The NASA modern technology rotors program

Existing data bases regarding helicopters are based on work conducted on 'old-technology' rotor systems. The Modern Technology Rotors (MTR) Program is to provide extensive data bases on rotor systems using present and emerging technology. The MTR is concerned with modern, four-bladed, rotor systems presently being manufactured or under development. Aspects of MTR philosophy are considered along with instrumentation, the MTR test program, the BV 360 Rotor, and the UH-60 Black Hawk. The program phases include computer modelling, shake test, model-scale test, minimally instrumented flight test, extensively pressure-instrumented-blade flight test, and full-scale wind tunnel test.
Incidence and clinical consequences of surface and polymerase gene mutations in liver transplant recipients on hepatitis B immunoglobulin

Mutations in the "a" determinant of the surface gene have been associated with failure of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) prophylaxis. We compared sequences from the surface and polymerase regions of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from 4 patients who failed high-dose HBIg therapy with two control groups: HBIg-treated patients who remained hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative (n = 4) and HBV-infected transplant recipients who never received HBIg (n = 4). Mutations within the surface and overlapping polymerase region were more common in patients failing HBIg than controls (P = .03), and mutations in the region of the "a" determinant were present only in patients failing HBIg. To examine the relationship between HBIg failure and duration of therapy, five additional treatment failures from a second transplantation center were sequenced (total with HBIg failure = 9). Mutations in the "a" determinant developed in 1 of 3 patients receiving HBIg for less than 6 months compared with 5 of 6 patients failing HBIg after 6 months of therapy (P = .23). The most frequently identified amino acid substitution was glycine to arginine at position 145 (present in 4 of 6 patients who failed HBIg after at least 6 months of treatment). A unique mutation within the YMDD motif (methionine to leucine) was present in 1 patient who failed HBIg treatment and who received a short course of ganciclovir. We conclude that the emergence of mutations in the "a" determinant accounts for some, but not all, treatment failures in patients receiving HBIg prophylaxis. Mutations in other regions of the S gene were more common in patients failing HBIg than controls, suggesting that domains other than the "a" determinant may be important.
Effect of menthone on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tamoxifen and skin reversibility.

The effect of penetration enhancer (i.e., 1, 2, 3 and 5% menthone in combination with 50% ethanol (EtOH)) was investigated on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tamoxifen, and post-recovery epidermal permeability after removal of the above enhancer. The flux of tamoxifen with menthone in combination with 50% EtOH was significantly greater (P<0.05) than the control (50% EtOH). The flux of tamoxifen increased with increasing concentrations of menthone. The post-recovery flux through enhancer exposed epidermis was significantly decreased (P<0.05) as compared to pre-recovery. However, post-recovery flux of tamoxifen through the enhancer-exposed epidermis did not completely recover to the baseline (i.e., post-recovery flux through phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 treated epidermis).
Embedded cluster models for electronic structure and energetics of complex oxides

Abstract Electronic structures and energetics of complex oxide systems have been investigated using the self-consistent embedded cluster model in the framework of local density theory. Ground state charge and spin distributions and energy level diagrams are generated for perfect host lattices, and for vacancy and impurity environments. The polarization response of perfect and defect lattices is explored by performing self-consistent calculations in the presence of an external electric field. Electron density difference maps are used to display local changes in electron distributions induced by vacancies, cation substitution, and external electric fields. Local multipolar moments are determined for quantitative analysis of the response of the system to the induced disturbances. Cohesive energies are calculated for molecular fragments, and are used to study relative energetics of the perfect host lattices and various defect structures with and without external electric field. Results obtained from oxide systems with NaCl-type structure, as well as rare-earth and alkali-earth stabilized cubic zirconia and superconducting La 2 CuO 4 , will be presented and discussed.
Cocaine-stimulated endothelin-1 release is decreased by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cultured endothelial cells

Objective: The primary aim was to determine the action of pathophysiologically relevant cocaine concentrations (10−7–10−5 M) on endothelin-1 (ET-1) release from cultured endothelial cells under various cellular conditions. Further aims were to evaluate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on cocaine-treated endothelial cells, to assess their potential for inhibition of ET-1-stimulated release. Methods: Endothelin-1 release into the media was evaluated by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions and after 24 h treatment of endothelial cells with cocaine hydrochloride (HCl), or cocaine HCl and ACE inhibitors, captopril and lisinopril. The effect of serum and plasma under these conditions was also investigated. Results: Cocaine HCl stimulated ET-1 release in a dose response fashion that was independent of plasma or serum factors. Furthermore, cocaine-stimulated ET-1 release was inhibited by administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and lisinopril. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cocaine can directly stimulate endothelial cells to release ET-1 and that the observed increase is independent of serum or plasma factors. Furthermore, cocaine-stimulated endothelin-1 release appears to be mediated at least in part by the angiotensin system. These observations provide a framework for understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in cocaine-induced vasoconstriction.
Cardiovascular Effects of Isoxsuprine and Sotalol

Abstract: Isoxsuprine, a vasodilating agent, and sotalol, a β - adrenergic receptor blocking agent, were administered separately and in combination to normotensive rats and hypertensive dogs. In rats, sotalol produced a hypotensive response only in low doses whereas isoxsuprine produced a significant hypotension at all doses used. Administration of either agent was followed by a significant decrease in heart rate. The combination of isoxsuprine with sotalol decreased the heart rate more than either drug alone, but the hypotensive response did not follow this pattern. In hypertensive dogs, isoxsuprine and sotalol significantly decreased blood pressure. In contrast to the rat, the hypotensive response to isoxsuprine in the dog was accompanied by an increase in heart rate. The combination of isoxsuprine with sotalol produced a greater hypotensive response than either drug alone in medium and high doses but not in low doses. Sotalol prevented the increase in heart rate that accompanied the hypotensive response to isoxsuprine. The data suggest that the combination of isoxsuprine and sotalol may be useful in the treatment of hypertension.
Trophic diversity in two grassland ecosystems

The roles of consumers (top-down forces) versus resources (bottom-up forces) as determinants of alpha diversity in a community are not well studied. Numerous community ecology models and empirical studies have provided a framework for understanding how density at various trophic levels responds to variation in the relative strength of top-down and bottom-up forces. The resulting trophic theory can be applied to understanding variation in insect diversity at different trophic levels. The objective of this research was to elucidate the strengths of direct and indirect interactions between plants and entire arthropod communities to determine the effects of trophic interactions on arthropod diversity. Grassland plant and insect diversity was measured in July 2001 to document patterns of diversity at multiple trophic levels. The study site includes riparian grasslands in North-Central Colorado on the Carpenter Ranch, owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy. This pastureland consists of sites with different management regimes: unmanaged pasture intermixed along riparian forest, and cattle grazed pasture with flood irrigation. Plant abundance and richness were higher on the grazed-irrigated pasture versus the unmanaged field. Path analysis revealed strong effects of herbivore diversity on diversity of other trophic levels. For the managed fields, top-down forces were important, with increases in enemy diversity depressing herbivore diversity, which in turn depressed plant abundance. For the unmanaged fields, bottom-up forces dominated, with increases in plant diversity causing increased herbivore diversity, which in turn increased enemy diversity. These results support hypotheses from other empirical studies, demonstrating that changes in diversity of a single trophic level can cascade to effect diversity at other, nonadjacent trophic levels.
Genetic relatedness of human DNA polymerase β and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase

The Protein Identification Resource (PIR) protein sequence data bank was searched for sequence similarity between known proteins and human DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) or human terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT). Pol beta and TdT were found to exhibit amino acid sequence similarity only with each other and not with any other of the 4750 entries in release 12.0 of the PIR data bank. Optimal amino acid sequence alignment of the entire 39-kDa Pol beta polypeptide with the C-terminal two thirds of TdT revealed 24% identical aa residues and 21% conservative aa substitutions. The Monte Carlo score of 12.6 for the entire aligned sequences indicates highly significant aa sequence homology. The hydropathicity profiles of the aligned aa sequences were remarkably similar throughout, suggesting structural similarity of the polypeptides. The most significant regions of homology are aa residues 39-224 and 311-333 of Pol beta vs. aa residues 191-374 and 484-506 of TdT. In addition, weaker homology was seen between a large portion of the 'nonessential' N-terminal end of TdT (aa residues 33-130) and the first region of strong homology between the two proteins (aa residues 31-128 of Pol beta and aa residues 183-280 of TdT), suggestive of genetic duplication within the ancestral gene. On the basis of nucleotide differences between conserved regions of Pol beta and TdT genes (aligned according to optimally aligned aa sequences) it was estimated that Pol beta and TdT diverged on the order of 250 million years ago, corresponding roughly to a time before radiation of mammals and birds.
Women under Italian Fascism

Perhaps because the subject seemed so obvious, there has been little work done on women under fascism. This omission is unfortunate not only because Fascist policy was more complicated than the general impression of it but also because it offered an interesting example of the interaction between propaganda and reality in an authoritarian society. Women played an important role in several major propaganda campaigns of fascism, such as the ruralization policy and the battle to increase the birth rate. Concern for the role of women was at the heart of the conservative and stabilizing nature of fascism and, in so far as it meant the subjugation of the private lives of citizens to the demands of the State, policy towards women reflected the totalitarian and imperialistic side of fascism as well.
A study of the entropic and electrolyte effects in electron transfer reactions

The entropy of activation ΔS^‡ for electron transfer reactions occurring in concentrated electrolyte solutions is calculated, taking into account the electrostatic and electronic contributions. By applying the mean spherical and exponential approximations to treat a simple model of electrolytes (hard charged spheres in a dielectric continuum), the pair distribution function is calculated. These approximations are also used to calculate the electrolyte reorganization term, since both quantities contribute to the electrostatic part of ΔS^‡. Numerical application is made to the ferrous-ferric exchange reaction in 0.55 M HClO_4. Results of a preliminary electron tunneling calculation for the electron transfer are included. Reasonable agreement between observed and calculated ΔS^‡ is obtained.
Impaired respiratory function in mdx and mdx/utrn+/− mice

Introduction Muscle fibrosis is a prominent pathological feature that directly causes muscle dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The DMD mouse models, mdx mice and mdx mice with haploinsufficiency of the utrophin gene (mdx/utrn+/−), display progressive diaphragm fibrosis.
Positive correlation between salinity and n-alkane δ13C values in the mangrove Avicennia marina

Abstract Carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C) values of lipid biomarkers from plants can be used to assess water use efficiency and to reconstruct environmental conditions in the past. We assessed the effect of salinity on the δ 13 C values for leaf wax n -C 31 and n -C 33 alkanes, bulk leaf matter and leaf total lipid extracts from Avicennia marina (gray mangrove) trees growing along the Brisbane River estuary in Queensland, Australia. We observed an increase in 0.19 ± 0.053‰ ( R 2 0.61, p 0.008) and 0.16 ± 0.052‰ ( R 2 0.55, p 0.01) per salinity unit for the two n -alkanes, respectively, and of 0.087 ± 0.028‰ ( R 2 0.41, p 0.009) for whole leaves per salinity unit, indicating that water use efficiency of A. marina increased with the salt content of water. There was no correlation between δ 13 C values of total lipid extracts and salinity, perhaps because of a decrease in lipid concentration at higher salinity or because of varying contributions of different lipid classes to the extract. The robust relationship between salinity and δ 13 C values of leaf wax lipids provides a means of quantitatively reconstructing past salinity from carbon isotope ratios of mangrove lipid biomarkers in sediments. When paired with measurements of the hydrogen isotope ratio values of the same compounds, the approach should facilitate quantitative reconstruction of the hydrogen isotope composition of environmental water. In order for the method to successfully reconstruct past salinity and water isotopes, a mangrove source for leaf wax would need to be confirmed by palynological or other evidence, or the isotopic composition of a more source specific biomarker, such as taraxerol, would need to be measured.
An experimental study of pulsatile flow in a curved tube

Abstract Experimental measurements of axial velocity profiles at various cross-sections in a curved tube due to a pulsatile flow of uniform entry are reported. The curved tube with the radius of 1.5 cm and radius-radius of curvature ratio of 0.1 was mounted in a mock-circulatory system which simulates physiological pulsatile flow for a blood-analog fluid. The experiments were carried out for a time-averaged Reynolds number of 1019, a Dean number of 322 and a Womersley parameter of 21.89. Flow visualization was used to qualitatively investigate the nature of the flow, complementing the quantitative measurements made by hot-film anemometry. The fluid in the curved tube accelerated and moved downstream during the forward flow duration (systole) in the pulsatile flow cycle. However, during the remainder of the cycle (diastole), recirculation occurred, with fluid particles near the outer wall of the curved tube continuing their motion downstream, and fluid particles near the inner wall moving in a retrograde fashion back upstream. Immediately past entry into the curved tube, the maximum axial velocity was observed near the outer wall of the tube. The maximum velocity shifted towards the inner wall at the apex of the curve and shifted back towards the outer wall in the far downstream region. The velocity profiles for the pulsatile flow are compared with the corresponding results for steady flow at each cross-section for a Dean number of 569. The implications of the results with respect to the hemodynamic theories of atherogenesis are briefly discussed.
A life-cycle view of electricity futures contracts

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a unique perspective on the new electricity futures contracts in an effort to understand the future development of this particular market. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the electricity futures market and focus on how to understand general arbitrage trading in the electricity futures market. After illustrating basis cost of carry and reverse cost of carry approaches to arbitrage, we compare the electricity futures pricing behavior with Eurodollar futures, copper, and gold. We find evidence that the electricity futures market is still trading as a virtually unarbitraged market. We expect this will change soon.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN THE PROBLEM OF THE TURQUOISE ALKALINE GLAZE1

The blueness of the glaze was found to be influenced by the biscuit of the body, the amount of copper used and the fire of the glaze. Indications of small tests were not always dependable. Encouraging experiments are being made to obtain a raw turquoise on body which will be impervious at cone 04.
Balancing sample accumulation and DNA degradation rates to optimize noninvasive genetic sampling of sympatric carnivores.

Noninvasive genetic sampling, or noninvasive DNA sampling (NDS), can be an effective monitoring approach for elusive, wide-ranging species at low densities. However, few studies have attempted to maximize sampling efficiency. We present a model for combining sample accumulation and DNA degradation to identify the most efficient (i.e. minimal cost per successful sample) NDS temporal design for capture–recapture analyses. We use scat accumulation and faecal DNA degradation rates for two sympatric carnivores, kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) and coyote (Canis latrans) across two seasons (summer and winter) in Utah, USA, to demonstrate implementation of this approach. We estimated scat accumulation rates by clearing and surveying transects for scats. We evaluated mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA) DNA amplification success for faecal DNA samples under natural field conditions for 20 fresh scats/species/season from <1–112 days. Mean accumulation rates were nearly three times greater for coyotes (0.076 scats/km/day) than foxes (0.029 scats/km/day) across seasons. Across species and seasons, mtDNA amplification success was ≥95% through day 21. Fox nDNA amplification success was ≥70% through day 21 across seasons. Coyote nDNA success was ≥70% through day 21 in winter, but declined to <50% by day 7 in summer. We identified a common temporal sampling frame of approximately 14 days that allowed species to be monitored simultaneously, further reducing time, survey effort and costs. Our results suggest that when conducting repeated surveys for capture–recapture analyses, overall cost-efficiency for NDS may be improved with a temporal design that balances field and laboratory costs along with deposition and degradation rates.
Factors Influencing the Use of Aqueous Two-Phase Partition for Protein Purification

Abstract Economic analyses show that purification is often the most important aspect of biomolecule production and processing. This is particularly true of protein processing which, because of the complexity of the starting material, often requires many steps to reach purity levels required for medical and food applications. The separation specialist's task is to develop safe, simple, yet effective processes to achieve high purity products.
Phase slip and the spatiotemporal response of charge-density waves in NbSe3.

We have performed spatially resolved measurements of the charge-density-wave (CDW) response to bipolar current pulses. These measurements directly yield the temporal evolution of the CDW elastic force profile and the distribution of CDW phase slip. The steady-state elastic force profile is strongly coupled to the phase-slip distribution. This coupling increases the CDW strain gradient near the current contacts, and reduces the size of the region in which significant phase slip occurs. We describe a model for CDW dynamics in the presence of phase slip that provides an excellent account of the complex spatiotemporal response.
Evaluating adherence to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' policy of mandatory, timely clinical trial registration

Objective To determine whether two specific criteria in Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts (URM) created by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)—namely, including the trial ID registration within manuscripts and timely registration of trials, are being followed. Materials and methods Observational study using computerized analysis of publicly available Medline article data and clinical trial registry data. We analyzed a purposive set of five ICMJE founding journals looking at all trial articles published in those journals during 2010–2011, and data from the ClinicalTrials.gov (CTG) trial registry. We measured adherence to trial ID inclusion policy as the percentage of trial journal articles that contained a valid trial ID within the article (journal-based sample). Adherence to timely registration was measured as the percentage of trials that registered the trial before enrolling the first participant within a 60-day grace period. We also examined timely registration rates by year of all phase II and higher interventional trials in CTG (registry-based sample). Results To determine trial ID inclusion, we analyzed 698 clinical trial articles in five journals. A total of 95.8% (661/690) of trial journal articles included the trial ID. In 88.3% the trial-article link is stored within a structured Medline field. To evaluate timely registration, we analyzed trials referenced by 451 articles from the selected five journals. A total of 60% (272/451) of articles were registered in a timely manner with an improving trend for trials initiated in later years (eg, 89% of trials that began in 2008 were registered in a timely manner). In the registry-based sample, the timely registration rates ranged from 56% for trials registered in 2006 to 72% for trials registered in 2011. Discussion Adherence to URM requirements for registration and trial ID inclusion increases the utility of PubMed and links it in an important way to clinical trial repositories. This new integrated knowledge source can facilitate research prioritization, clinical guidelines creation, and precision medicine. Conclusions The five selected journals adhere well to the policy of mandatory trial registration and also outperform the registry in adherence to timely registration. ICMJE's URM policy represents a unique international mandate that may be providing a powerful incentive for sponsors and investigators to document clinical trials and trial result publications and thus fulfill important obligations to trial participants and society.
MKP-1 mRNA Stabilization and Translational Control by RNA-Binding Proteins HuR and NF90

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) plays a major role in dephosphorylating and thereby inactivating the MAP kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Here, we examine the posttranscriptional events underlying the robust MKP-1 induction by oxidants in HeLa cells. H2O2 treatment potently stabilized the MKP-1 mRNA and increased the association of MKP-1 mRNA with the translation machinery. Four RNA-binding proteins (RNA-BPs) that influence mRNA turnover and/or translation (HuR, NF90, TIAR, and TIA-1) were found to bind to biotinylated transcripts spanning the MKP-1 AU-rich 3′ untranslated region. By using ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis, we showed that H2O2 treatment increased the association of MKP-1 mRNA with HuR and NF90 and decreased its association with the translational repressors TIAR and TIA-1. HuR or NF90 silencing significantly diminished the H2O2-stimulated MKP-1 mRNA stability; HuR silencing also markedly decreased MKP-1 translation. In turn, lowering MKP-1 expression in HuR-silenced cultures resulted in substantially elevated phosphorylation of JNK and p38 after H2O2 treatment. Collectively, MKP-1 upregulation by oxidative stress is potently influenced by increased mRNA stability and translation, mediated at least in part by the RNA-BPs HuR and NF90.
The β-Lactams Strike Back: Ceftazidime-Avibactam.

Gram-negative resistance has reached a crucial point, with emergence of pathogens resistant to most or all available antibiotics. Ceftazidime-avibactam is a newly approved agent combining ceftazidime and a novel β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Avibactam has increased potency and expanded spectrum of inhibition of class A and C β-lactamases relative to available β-lactamase inhibitors, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases, AmpC, and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) enzymes. Avibactam expands ceftazidime's spectrum of activity to include many ceftazidime- and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Early clinical data indicate that ceftazidime-avibactam is effective and well tolerated in patients with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and complicated intraabdominal infections (cIAI). In a phase II trial of patients with cUTIs, ceftazidime-avibactam produced similar rates of clinical and microbiologic success compared with imipenem-cilastatin (70.5% and 71.4% microbiologic success rates, respectively). Likewise, patients receiving ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole in a phase II study of patients with cIAI had similar response rates to those receiving meropenem (91.2% and 93.4% clinical success rates, respectively). Based on available in vitro, in vivo, and phase II trial data, as well as preliminary phase III trial results in ceftazidime-resistant, gram-negative cUTI and cIAI, ceftazidime-avibactam received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment of cUTI, including pyelonephritis, and cIAI, in combination with metronidazole, in adult patients with limited or no alternative treatment options. The approved dosage, ceftazidime 2 g-avibactam 0.5 g administered as a 2-hour infusion every 8 hours, was selected based on pharmacodynamic analysis and available clinical data. This dosage is under further investigation in patients with cUTI, cIAI, and nosocomial or ventilator-associated pneumonia. The current body of evidence suggests that ceftazidime-avibactam is a promising addition to our therapeutic armamentarium with potential to answer an urgent unmet medical need. Further data in highly resistant gram-negative infections, particularly those caused by KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, are needed. As it is introduced into clinical use, careful stewardship and rational use are essential to preserve ceftazidime-avibactam's potential utility.
A cerebellar-model associative memory as a generalized random-access memory

A versatile neural-net model is explained in terms familiar to computer scientists and engineers. It is called the sparse distributed memory, and it is a random-access memory for very long words (for patterns with thousands of bits). Its potential utility is the result of several factors: (1) a large pattern representing an object or a scene or a moment can encode a large amount of information about what it represents; (2) this information can serve as an address to the memory, and it can also serve as data; (3) the memory is noise tolerant, i.e. the information need not be exact; (4) the memory can be made arbitrarily large and hence an arbitrary amount of information can be stored in it; (5) the architecture is inherently parallel, allowing large memories to be fast. Such memories can become important components of future computers. >
An integrated proteomics/transcriptomics approach points to oxygen as the main electron sink for methanol metabolism in Methylotenera mobilis

Methylotenera species, unlike their close relatives in the genera Methylophilus, Methylobacillus, and Methylovorus, neither exhibit the activity of methanol dehydrogenase nor possess mxaFI genes encoding this enzyme, yet they are able to grow on methanol. In this work, we integrated a genome-wide proteomics approach, shotgun proteomics, and a genome-wide transcriptomics approach, shotgun transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), of Methylotenera mobilis JLW8 to identify genes and enzymes potentially involved in methanol oxidation, with special attention to alternative nitrogen sources, to address the question of whether nitrate could play a role as an electron acceptor in place of oxygen. Both proteomics and transcriptomics identified a limited number of genes and enzymes specifically responding to methanol. This set includes genes involved in oxidative stress response systems, a number of oxidoreductases, including XoxF-type alcohol dehydrogenases, a type II secretion system, and proteins without a predicted function. Nitrate stimulated expression of some genes in assimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification pathways, while ammonium downregulated some of the nitrogen metabolism genes. However, none of these genes appeared to respond to methanol, which suggests that oxygen may be the main electron sink during growth on methanol. This study identifies initial targets for future focused physiological studies, including mutant analysis, which will provide further details into this novel process.
Estimation of genotype error rate using samples with pedigree information—an application on the GeneChip Mapping 10K array

Abstract Currently, most analytical methods assume all observed genotypes are correct; however, it is clear that errors may reduce statistical power or bias inference in genetic studies. We propose procedures for estimating error rate in genetic analysis and apply them to study the GeneChip Mapping 10K array, which is a technology that has recently become available and allows researchers to survey over 10,000 SNPs in a single assay. We employed a strategy to estimate the genotype error rate in pedigree data. First, the “dose–response” reference curve between error rate and the observable error number were derived by simulation, conditional on given pedigree structures and genotypes. Second, the error rate was estimated by calibrating the number of observed errors in real data to the reference curve. We evaluated the performance of this method by simulation study and applied it to a data set of 30 pedigrees genotyped using the GeneChip Mapping 10K array. This method performed favorably in all scenarios we surveyed. The dose–response reference curve was monotone and almost linear with a large slope. The method was able to estimate accurately the error rate under various pedigree structures and error models and under heterogeneous error rates. Using this method, we found that the average genotyping error rate of the GeneChip Mapping 10K array was about 0.1%. Our method provides a quick and unbiased solution to address the genotype error rate in pedigree data. It behaves well in a wide range of settings and can be easily applied in other genetic projects. The robust estimation of genotyping error rate allows us to estimate power and sample size and conduct unbiased genetic tests. The GeneChip Mapping 10K array has a low overall error rate, which is consistent with the results obtained from alternative genotyping assays.
Emerging Infections: Getting Ahead of the Curve

The early history of infectious diseases was characterized by sudden, unpredictable outbreaks, frequently of epidemic proportion. Scientific advances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in the prevention and control of many infectious diseases, particularly in industrialized nations. Despite these improvements in health, outbreaks of infectious disease continue to occur, and new infections emerge. Since 1987, the National Academy of Science’s Institute of Medicine (IOM) has published three reports that have identified erosion of the public health infrastructure among the factors contributing to new and reemerging infectious diseases. In partnership with many public and private organizations in the United States and abroad, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a strategic plan that addresses the priorities set forth in the IOM reports and serves as a guide for CDC and its partners to combat emerging microbial threats to health. Laboratory-based surveillance, better communication networks, and improvements in the public health infrastructure are the cornerstones of the strategy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, a new periodical produced by CDC, will serve as a forum for exchange of information about incipient trends in infectious diseases, analysis of factors contributing to disease emergence, and development and implementation of prevention measures. “Nothing in the world of living things is permanently fixed.” Hans Zinnser—Rats, Lice and History, 1935
Interactive Graphic Novels: A Hybrid Advertising Technique

As web-based technologies continue to advance, marketers and advertisers are pairing up traditional advertising with new web-based techniques to create innovative ways to communicate messages. This study analyzed Interactive Graphic Novels (IGNs)-- animated, graphically illustrated or hybrid real life animation stories typically in video game format in which users are given some level of interaction with events or control over the outcome of a story. This study sought to find out if IGNs were an effective tactic for marketers and advertisers to use today. This study found that IGNs are an effective tactic for advertising and marketing professionals with the means to create them. If anything, IGNs’ ability to appeal to multiple human senses makes these productions a powerful tool to communicate messages. IGNs are also able to harness the power of persuading through storytelling. At the present time, IGNs are a rather new concept, so online users have repeatedly favored them.