cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When and Why does a Model Fail? A Human-in-the-loop Error Detection Framework for Sentiment Analysis.

Although deep neural networks have been widely employed and proven effective in sentiment analysis tasks, it remains challenging for model developers to assess their models for erroneous predictions that might exist prior to deployment. Once deployed, emergent errors can be hard to identify in prediction run-time and impossible to trace back to their sources. To address such gaps, in this paper we propose an error detection framework for sentiment analysis based on explainable features. We perform global-level feature validation with human-in-the-loop assessment, followed by an integration of global and local-level feature contribution analysis. Experimental results show that, given limited human-in-the-loop intervention, our method is able to identify erroneous model predictions on unseen data with high precision.
Dignity in Old Age

This paper analyzes the extent to which, in contemporary society, the elderly are accorded dignity – both legally, culturally, ethically, and philosophically. Within various situational contexts for decision-making, dignity is seen as both a value and/or as a normative standard for acceptable conduct. Although definitional illusiveness of dignity raises issues of its very application, internationally, dignity is accorded the general status of a basic human right. Its recognition and enforcement, however, are less determinative and are often tied to the level of economic and social security of each member state within the transnational community. There is a growing acceptance of the “right” to be accorded dignity at the end stage of life – both domestically in the United States and internationally. It is this nascent “movement” toward recognition and enforcement of the notion of death with dignity as a fundamental right which is examined here.
Alternative chemoradiotherapy in anal carcinoma patients with mutations in thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genes

Background:5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC) with radiotherapy (RT) remain an established treatment for patients with anal cancer (AC). Genetic mutations in two major metabolizing enzymes...
Bidomain modeling of electrical and mechanical properties of cardiac tissue

Throughout the history of cardiac research, there has been a clear need to establish mathematical models to complement experimental studies. In an effort to create a more complete picture of cardiac phenomena, the bidomain model was established in the late 1970s to better understand pacing and defibrillation in the heart. This mathematical model has seen ongoing use in cardiac research, offering mechanistic insight that could not be obtained from experimental pursuits. Introduced from a historical perspective, the origins of the bidomain model are reviewed to provide a foundation for researchers new to the field and those conducting interdisciplinary research. The interplay of theory and experiment with the bidomain model is explored, and the contributions of this model to cardiac biophysics are critically evaluated. Also discussed is the mechanical bidomain model, which is employed to describe mechanotransduction. Current challenges and outstanding questions in the use of the bidomain model are addressed to give a forward-facing perspective of the model in future studies.
Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice

While overt prejudice is now much less prevalent than in decades past, subtle prejudice - prejudice that is inconspicuous, indirect, and often unconscious - continues to pervade our society. Laws do not protect against subtle prejudice and, because of its covert nature, it is difficult to observe and frequently goes undetected by both perpetrator and victim. Benign Bigotry uses a fresh format to examine subtle prejudice by addressing six commonly held cultural myths based on assumptions that appear harmless but actually foster discrimination: 'those people all look alike'; 'they must be guilty of something'; 'feminists are man-haters'; 'gays flaunt their sexuality'; 'I'm not a racist, I'm color-blind' and 'affirmative action is reverse racism'. Kristin J. Anderson skillfully relates each of these myths to real world events, emphasizes how errors in individual thinking can affect society at large, and suggests strategies for reducing prejudice in daily life.
The Stability Analysis of the Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions of the mKdV Equation

The stability of periodic solutions of partial differential equations has been an area of increasing interest in the last decade. In this paper, we derive all periodic traveling wave solutions of the focusing and defocusing mKdV equations. We show that in the defocusing case all such solutions are orbitally stable with respect to subharmonic perturbations: perturbations that are periodic with period equal to an integer multiple of the period of the underlying solution. We do this by explicitly computing the spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions associated with the linear stability problem. Next, we bring into play different members of the mKdV hierarchy. Combining this with the spectral stability results allows for the construction of a Lyapunov function for the periodic traveling waves. Using the seminal results of Grillakis, Shatah, and Strauss, we are able to conclude orbital stability. In the focusing case, we show how instabilities arise.
The Effects of Oxygen Concentration, Stress, Temperature, and Cold Work on the Constant-Load Stress-Rupture Behavior of INCOLOY Alloy 908

Constant load stress rupture tests were performed on INCOLOY ® alloy 908*. The test matrix varied O2 concentration, applied load, temperature, and percent cold work.
Study of the phenomenology of DDOS network attacks in phase space

Denial of Service (DOS) network attacks continue to be a widespread problem throughout the internet. These attacks are designed not to steal data but to prevent regular users from accessing the systems. One particularly difficult attack type to detect is the distributed denial of service attack where the attacker commandeers multiple machines without the users' awareness and coordinates an attack using all of these machines. While the attacker may use many machines, it is believed that the underlying characteristics of the resultant network traffic are fundamentally different than normal traffic due to the fact that the underlying dynamics of sources of the data are different than for normal traffic. Chaos theory has been growing in popularity as a means for analyzing systems with complex dynamics in a host of applications. One key tool for detecting chaos in a signal is analyzing the trajectory of a system's dynamics in phase space. Chaotic systems have significantly different trajectories than non-chaotic systems where the trajectory of the chaotic system tends to have high fractal dimension due to its space filling nature, while non-chaotic systems have trajectories with much lower fractal dimensions. We investigate the fractal nature of network traffic in phase space and verify that indeed traffic from coordinated attacks have significantly lower fractal dimensions in phase space. We also show that tracking the signals in either number of ports or number of addresses provides superior detectability over tracking the number of bytes.
How to "Webby-ize" your Web site - factors in award-winning design

The Webby Awards/spl reg/ are the leading international awards honoring excellence in Web design, functionality and creativity (http://www.webbyawards.com). More than just a popularity contest, the Webbys recognize outstanding achievement in content, structure and navigation, visual design, functionality, interactivity, and overall experience. The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS), the organization that oversees the award process, has given the Webby judges a framework for evaluating a Web site that is comprehensive and independent of the personal preference issues that are ordinarily associated with Web site evaluation.
High Pressure Apparatus for Hydrogen Isotopes to Pressures of 345 MPa (50,000 psi) and Temperatures of 1200°C

A functional new high pressure, high temperature apparatus for hydrogen isotopes uses an internally heated pressure vessel within a larger pressure vessel. The pressure capability is 345 MPa (50 K psi) at 1200°C. The gas pressure inside the internal vessel is balanced with gas pressure in the external vessel. The internal vessel is attached to a closure and is also the sample container. Our design allows thin-walled internal vessel construction and keeps the sample from “seeing” the furnace or other extraneous environment. The sample container together with the closure can easily be removed and loaded under argon using standard glove-box procedures. The small volume of the inner vessel permits small volumes of gas to be used, thusly increasing the sensitivity during pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) work.
TOWARD AN ARTIFICIAL LIVER: IN VITRO REMOVAL OF UNBOUND AND PROTEIN-BOUND PLASMA COMPOUNDS RELATED TO HEPATIC FAILURE

We have examined in vitro some requirements for an artificial support system for use in hepatic failure. These experiments compared methods of removing from plasma (1) certain unbound substances implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma, and (2) some model protein-bound substances of variable toxic potential known to be extracted by the liver and excreted in the bile. A Craig thin film countercurrent dialyzer was used, and dialysis rates were related to protein binding by determining concentrations of unbound species by ultrafiltration. Compounds not bound to protein (methionine, glutamine, butyrate, ammonia, and urea) were readily dialyzed (>90%). Dialysis of protein-bound anions (unconjugated bilirubin, chenodeoxycholate, sulfobromophthalein, and methyl orange) was negligible and was enhanced little by addition of a competitive anion (salicylate) or an acceptor (plasma or a water-soluble polycation) to the dialysate. The major rate-limiting factor was the low concentration of unbound species, rather than the membrane. When plasma was passed over columns containing anion exchange or uncharged resins, protein-bound material was removed efficiently; anion exchange resins were superior to uncharged resins. Both hemoperfusion through anion exchange columns and hemodialysis may therefore be essential excretory components of an artificial liver.
A Bipartite Interaction between Hsp70 and CHIP Regulates Ubiquitination of Chaperoned Client Proteins

The ubiquitin ligase CHIP plays an important role in cytosolic protein quality control by ubiquitinating proteins chaperoned by Hsp70/Hsc70 and Hsp90 and targeting them for degradation. We present ...
Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task

We investigated how the CNS learns to control movements in different dynamical conditions, and how this learned behavior is represented. In particular, we considered the task of making reaching movements in the presence of externally imposed forces from a mechanical environment. This environment was a force field produced by a robot manipulandum, and the subjects made reaching movements while holding the end-effector of this manipulandum. Since the force field significantly changed the dynamics of the task, subjects' initial movements in the force field were grossly distorted compared to their movements in free space. However, with practice, hand trajectories in the force field converged to a path very similar to that observed in free space. This indicated that for reaching movements, there was a kinematic plan independent of dynamical conditions. The recovery of performance within the changed mechanical environment is motor adaptation. In order to investigate the mechanism underlying this adaptation, we considered the response to the sudden removal of the field after a training phase. The resulting trajectories, named aftereffects, were approximately mirror images of those that were observed when the subjects were initially exposed to the field. This suggested that the motor controller was gradually composing a model of the force field, a model that the nervous system used to predict and compensate for the forces imposed by the environment. In order to explore the structure of the model, we investigated whether adaptation to a force field, as presented in a small region, led to aftereffects in other regions of the workspace. We found that indeed there were aftereffects in workspace regions where no exposure to the field had taken place; that is, there was transfer beyond the boundary of the training data. This observation rules out the hypothesis that the subject's model of the force field was constructed as a narrow association between visited states and experienced forces; that is, adaptation was not via composition of a look-up table. In contrast, subjects modeled the force field by a combination of computational elements whose output was broadly tuned across the motor state space. These elements formed a model that extrapolated to outside the training region in a coordinate system similar to that of the joints and muscles rather than end-point forces. This geometric property suggests that the elements of the adaptive process represent dynamics of a motor task in terms of the intrinsic coordinate system of the sensors and actuators.
A new procedure to determine instantaneous cutting force coefficients for machining force prediction

This paper presents a new procedure to determine instantaneous cutting force coefficients which are required for process simulation by mechanistic modeling. This new procedure drastically reduces the number of experiments for calibration and improves the accuracy of dynamic cutting forces and force signatures by considering the size effects. Comparisons are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in determining the chip flow angle and those predicted by various existing analytical models. The importance of using instantaneous cutting force coefficients instead of conventional average coefficients is demonstrated through simulation based on the mechanistic models.
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in RSV bronchiolitis patients.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children (1–3). Prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), congenital heart disease and immune disorders are wellknown risk factors associated with significant morbidity and mortality (4–7). These children may need prolonged hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and even extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) fails (8–11). RSV-induced respiratory failure is most often due to obstructive lung disease, although acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to RSV infection has been described (3). High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may significantly improve oxygenation and outcome in pre-term infants with respiratory distress syndrome (12–16) and beyond the neonatal period in patients with a variety of diffuse alveolar diseases, such as ARDS and pneumonia (17–21). However, in small airway disease HFOV is considered potentially hazardous because of the risk of air trapping (17,22). Therefore, in clinical trials of HFOV, patients with small airway disease, including bronchiolitis, are generally excluded from study (18). We have found only one case report of HFOV to improve gas exchange and to avoid ECMO in a bronchiolitis patient (23). We report five patients with small airway disease caused by RSV bronchiolitis who were treated with HFOV as a rescue therapy after deterioration on CMV.
On the Generation of Equipartition-Strength Magnetic Fields by Turbulent Hydromagnetic Dynamos

The generation of a mean magnetic field by the action of small-scale turbulent fluid motions, the α-effect, is a fundamental ingredient of mean-field dynamo theory. However, recent mathematical models and numerical experiments are providing increasingly strong support to the notion that at high magnetic Reynolds numbers, the α-effect is strongly impeded long before the mean magnetic field has reached energy equipartition with the driving fluid motions. Taken at face value, this raises serious doubt as to whether the solar magnetic field is produced by a turbulent hydromagnetic dynamo after all, since it is an observed fact that the Sun does possess a structured, large-scale mean magnetic field of strength comparable to equipartition. In this Letter we demonstrate that the class of mean-field turbulent hydromagnetic models known as interface dynamos can produce equipartition-strength mean magnetic fields even in the presence of strong α-quenching.
Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of Long Bones: Analysis of Surgical Management

Background Treatment of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) often is complicated by local recurrence. Intralesional curettage is the standard of care for primary GCTs. However, there is controversy whether intralesional curettage should be preferred over wide resection in recurrent GCTs.
Comparative studies of high-throughput biological graphs

Background The exponential growth of biological data has given rise to new and difficult challenges. Because large data is often dealt with, it is inefficient to infer from each individual characteristics of a given dataset. Bioinformaticists are developing quantitative techniques to analyze and interpret key data properties. Graph algorithms can provide powerful and intuitive insight on such properties [1]. Using this approach, we collect biological data from transcriptomic and protein-protein interaction (PPI) sources. These data can be represented as a correlation matrix, where the rows are the vertices and the columns are the edges. We will analyze these graphs, and describe their differing structural characteristics.
Complaints and Disenrollment at a Health Maintenance Organization

Two options for dissatisfied customers are to voice their grievances or to stop doing business with the offending organization. The choice may be influenced by buyer loyalty. Data for a major Health Maintenance Organization are used to explore the empirical relationship among complaint (voice), disenrollment (exit), and time-in-plan (loyalty). Voice and exit are often used together. Compared to non-complainers, those who register medical complaints are four and one-half times more likely to leave the plan voluntarily. Time-in-plan reduces the likelihood of both voluntary and involuntary disenrollment.
Effect of Lateral Epicondylosis on Grip Force Development

Abstract Study Design Case-Control. Introduction Although it is well known that grip strength is adversely affected by lateral epicondylosis (LE), the effect of LE on rapid grip force generation is unclear. Purpose of the Study To evaluate the effect of LE on the ability to rapidly generate grip force. Methods Twenty-eight participants with LE (13 unilateral and 15 bilateral LE) and 13 healthy controls participated in this study. A multiaxis profile dynamometer was used to evaluate grip strength and rapid grip force generation. The ability to rapidly produce force is composed of the electromechanical delay and rate of force development. Electromechanical delay is defined as the time between the onset of electrical activity and the onset of muscle force production. The Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire was used to assess pain and functional disability. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate tendon degeneration. Results LE-injured upper extremities had lower rate of force development (50 lb/sec, confidence interval [CI]: 17, 84) and less grip strength (7.8 lb, CI: 3.3, 12.4) than nonnjured extremities. Participants in the LE group had a longer electromechanical delay (− 59% , CI: 29, 97) than controls. Peak rate of force development had a higher correlation (r = 0.56; p 0.05) for participants with LE. In addition to a reduction in grip strength, those with LE had a reduction in rate of force development and an increase in electromechanical delay. Conclusions Collectively, these changes may contribute to an increase in reaction time, which may affect risk for recurrent symptoms. These findings suggest that therapists may need to address both strength and rapid force development deficits in patients with LE. Level of Evidence 3B.
Complex refolding history of the Pelona, Orocopia, and Rand Schists, southern California

Previous workers studying the structural geology of the Pelona and related schists of southern California and southwestern Arizona have generally reported two important sets of folds, an early group of isoclinal folds and a set of later, more open folds. Field and petrographic evidence presented here indicates the existence of additional isoclinal folds predating the ones already described. All folds are thought to have formed during underthrusting of the Pelona Schist in a subduction zone.
Bayesian statistics: a guided tour.

An overview of Bayesian statistical decision theory is presented in the tutorial spirit. A section on fundamental principles is followed by selected applications of the Bayesian approach to parameter estimation, pattern recognition,image processing, computer‐aided medical diagnosis, optimal diagnostic test selection, and radiotherapytreatment planning.
Lingual Nerve Injury Resulting from Oral Airway Compression During a Myomectomy

Summary Objective Lingual nerve injury is an uncommon complication of anesthesia. We report a case of isolated unilateral lingual nerve injury following endotracheal tube anesthesia. Case Report A 36-year-old woman with primary infertility for 4 years presented with severe dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. A myomectomy was performed under endotracheal tube anesthesia. Postoperatively, the patient complained of numbness at the tip of the right side of the tongue. One month later, the numbness had completely reversed with no motor or sensory nerve complications. Conclusion Physicians should be aware of this rare complication, especially when a patient complains of numbness of the tongue.
Teaching Research and Writing to Dance Artists and Educators (2009)

According to results of a national survey on graduate dance programs in the USA, questions about research and how best to incorporate it into graduate education are timely. The co-authors describe a model for teaching research and writing to graduate students in dance which they began implementing and refining over a 5-year period beginning in 2004. The model entwines scholarship, teaching, and artistry. Dils and Stinson reflect on two issues that arise from their teaching: embodiment as it relates to dance research and to online learning, and maintaining high expectations for critical and reflective thinking in light of the developmental levels of students.
Preparation and properties of glassy films in the V2O5ZnO system

Abstract Rapidly quenched films in a given system were prepared using a twin-roller type apparatus. It was found that glassy films were obtained in a wide range of 0–75 mol% ZnO content, except for the vicinity of 60ZnO·40V 2 O 5 composition. Of four binary compounds, glassy films of ZnV 2 O 6 and Zn 2 V 2 O 7 crystallized directly without changing the composition. The other glassy films showed a complicated process. The first crystallization temperature rose with an increase in ZnO content. In addition, the IR-spectral and electrical properties of quenched films were investigated. On the basis of the data, the structural aspect of Zn-vanadate glasses was discussed.
Graphical Models and Computerized Adaptive Testing

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) based on item response theory (IRT) is viewed from the perspective of graphical modeling (GM). GM provides methods for making inferences about multifaceted skills and knowledge, and for extracting data from complex performances. However, simply incorporating variables for all sources of variation is rarely successful. Thus, researchers must closely analyze the substance and structure of the problem to create more effective models. Researchers regularly employ sophisticated strategies to handle many sources of variability outside the IRT model. Relevant variables can play many roles without appearing in the operational IRT model per se, e.g., in validity studies, assembling tests, and constructing and modeling tasks. Some of these techniques are described from a GM perspective, as well as how to extend them to more complex assessment situations. Issues are illustrated in the context of language testing.
Breast self-examination, relationship to stage of breast cancer at diagnosis

Data from 996 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients indicated a highly significant association (P less than 0.001) between periodic breast self-examination (BSE) and pathologic stage of disease. Among women reporting periodic BSE, only small differences were noted between those who practiced monthly and those who practiced several times annually. Average maximum tumor diameter and frequency of tumors 4 cm or large were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) among women who rarely or never practiced BSE. The relationship between the periodic practice of BSE and the diagnosis of breast cancer before nodal involvement was present even after controlling for a wide variety of variables. The regular practice of BSE was associated with a one-third reduction in the likelihood of diagnosis of disease with positive nodes. This difference translated to a 10% decline in five-year mortality for whites and a 17% decline for nonwhites.
Characterization of heterotopic cell clusters in the hippocampus of rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol in utero

Cortical disorganization represents one of the major clinical findings in many children with medically intractable epilepsy. To study the relationship between seizure propensity and abnormal cortical structure, we have begun to characterize an animal model exhibiting aberrant neuronal clusters (heterotopia) and disruption of cortical lamination. In this model, exposing rats in utero to the DNA methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM; embryonic day 15) disrupts the sequence of normal brain development. In MAM-exposed rats, cells in hippocampal heterotopia exhibit neuronal morphology and do not stain with immunohistochemical markers for glia. In hippocampal slices from MAM-exposed animals, extracellular field recordings within heterotopia suggest that these dysplastic cell clusters make synaptic connections locally (i.e. within the CA1 hippocampal subregion) and also make aberrant synaptic contact with neocortical cells. Slice perfusion with bicuculline or 4-aminopyridine leads to epileptiform activity in dysplastic cell clusters that can occur independent of input from CA3. Taken together, our findings suggest that neurons within regions of abnormal hippocampal organization are capable of independent epileptiform activity generation, and can project abnormal discharge to a broad area of neocortex, as well as hippocampus.
Energy analysis of crack interaction with an elastic inclusion

This paper gives an energy analysis of an elastic solid with a crack which penetrates an elastic inclusion. The purpose of our work is to evaluate the energy release rates (ERR) associated with crack tip extension while the inclusion is stationary, and to evaluate the ERR due to inclusion translation, rotation and expansion with respect to the crack tip. Reduction and increase in the crack ERR caused by an inclusion (shielding and amplification effects of the inclusion) are expressed in terms of the inclusion elastic properties normalized by Young's modulus of the bulk material. The variation in ERR as a crack approaches and passes through a circular inclusion is also examined.
An Overview of Embedding Problems of Quasi-Residual Designs

The notion of residual and derived design of a symmetric design was introduced in a classic paper by R.C. Bose (1939). A quasi-residual design is a 2-design which has the parameters of a residual design. The embedding problem of quasi-residual design into a symmetric design is an old and natural question. In this survey paper, we discuss various techniques for constructing quasi-residual designs, as well as different types of non-embeddability conditions. We include results for families of non-embeddable quasi-residual designs. Proofs are provided for new results and we give some tables of possible parameter sets of non-embeddable quasi-residual designs.
Walsh functions for spectral analysis

Walsh analysis has several nice properties aside from allowing the experimenter to work with discrete parameter spaces. There is a Fast Walsh Transform (FWT) which is analogous to the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) used in more traditional spectral computations. The FWT is like the FFT in that it requires n log2n operations to evaluate, where n is the number of observations available. However, in the case of the FWT those operations are additions or subtractions, which are substantially faster for digital computers than the complex multiplications required by the FFT. Furthermore, addition and subtraction are computationally stable operations for finite bit arithmetic, while multiplication and division are not.We will show in the oral presentation that if the error term of a stochastic system is additive discrete white noise then the Walsh spectral estimator has a x2 distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. This enables the experimenter to perform statistical tests to accept or reject the hypothesis that a spike in the spectrum is due to random fluctuation.
Neutrino bremsstrahlung from quarks and the cooling of neutron stars

The energy flux from degenerate quark matter due to bremsstrahlung of neutrino pairs is computed. The polarization corrections to the gluon propagator are treated correctly. It is shown that the resultant emissivity is similar to that from pion-condensed neutron matter.
The benefits of external wires in single row routing

Since numerous aspects of PCB and VLSI routing have been shown to be NP-complete, research has focussed on the effects of placing various restrictions on the routing problem. One common approach is to severely constrain the topological structure of the wires that interconnect common signal points. Unfortunately, it is generally the case that the size of a. routing is inversely proportional to the restrictiveness of these constraints. For instance, it has been shown for two-row routings that the use of less restrictive wire topologies (e.g. external wires) can allow significantly more compact routines. In contrast, we establish that for single row routing, the use of external wires provides only a trivial improvement (in compactness of the routing) over more constrained (and traditional) types of routings.
Inverting the Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation series: Application to atomic stabilization by intense light.

We develop a method for calculating the (quasi)energy eigenvalue E(F) of a hydrogen atom in a nonperturbative ac field of strength F starting from a knowledge of the coefficients ${\mathit{E}}^{(2\mathit{m})}$ of the Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation series E(F)=${\mathit{tsum}}_{\mathit{m}=0}^{\mathit{M}}$${\mathit{E}}^{(2\mathit{m})}$${\mathit{F}}^{2\mathit{m}}$. We first use the coefficients ${\mathit{E}}^{(2\mathit{m})}$ (the unperturbed energy is ${\mathit{E}}^{(0)}$) to construct the inverse series ${\mathit{F}}^{2}$(E)=${\mathit{tsum}}_{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{M}}$${\mathit{F}}^{(\mathit{m})}$(E-${\mathit{E}}^{(0)}$${)}^{\mathit{m}}$. We resum the latter series using the Pad\'e method, and solve the implicit equation ${\mathit{F}}^{2}$(E)=F${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}^{2}$ for E(F\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}). The reconstructed function E(F) has the singularity structure appropriate to the true E(F). We are able to obtain good results for the lifetime of a hydrogen atom in a high-frequency field up to very high intensities, well into the (highly nonperturbative) stabilization regime.
Polymerization of A2 with B3 Monomers: A Facile Approach to Hyperbranched Poly(aryl ester)s

Hyperbranched polymers have received significant attention due to their unique combination of low viscosity, excellent solubility, and facile synthesis. This paper describes an efficient approach t...
Gene Therapy for Hemoglobinopathies: Progress and Challenges

Hemoglobinopathies are genetic inherited conditions that originate from the lack or malfunction of the hemoglobin (Hb) protein. Sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia are the most common forms of these conditions. The severe anemia combined with complications that arise in the most affected patients raises the necessity for a cure to restore hemoglobin function. The current routine therapies for these conditions, namely transfusion and iron chelation, have significantly improved the quality of life in patients over the years, but still fail to address the underlying cause of the diseases. A curative option, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is available, but limited by the availability of suitable donors and graft-vs-host disease. Gene therapy offers an alternative approach to cure patients with hemoglobinopathies and aims at the direct recovery of the hemoglobin function via globin gene transfer. In the last 2 decades, gene transfer tools based on lentiviral vector development have been significantly improved and proven curative in several animal models for SCD and thalassemia. As a result, clinical trials are in progress and 1 patient has been successfully treated with this approach. However, there are still frontiers to explore that might improve this approach: the stoichiometry between the transgenic hemoglobin and endogenous hemoglobin with respect to the different globin genetic mutations; donor cell sourcing, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); and the use of safer gene insertion methods to prevent oncogenesis. With this review we will provide insights about (1) the different lentiviral gene therapy approaches in mouse models and human cells; (2) current and planned clinical trials; (3) hurdles to overcome for clinical trials, such as myeloablation toxicity, insertional oncogenesis, and high vector expression; and (4) future perspectives for gene therapy, including safe harbors and iPSCs technology.
Inhibitors of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis and Their Effect upon Bacillus thuringiensisδ-Endotoxin Response in Cultured Insect Cells and Developing Larvae

Twelve inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis were examined for their ability to affect the response of insect cells in vitro and developing larvae to δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. The response of cultured insect cells from Manduca sexta, Choristoneura fumiferana, and Plodia interpunctella to CryIA(c) and CryIC protein from Bacillus thuringiensis was measured while exposed to various concentrations of specific cyclooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase inhibitors. Five of the inhibitors (curcumin, baicalein, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, and eicosatetraynoic acid) were toxic to the cells at high concentrations (>20 μM). Surprisingly, the same inhibitors had no significant effect upon normal larval development, except for nordihydroguaiaretic acid. No true, consistent difference was detected with either lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase inhibitors for cells or larvae treated with δ-endotoxin. However, the δ-endotoxin response of insect cells in vitro and developing larvae in the presence of nordihydroguaiaretic acid was strong evidence of an involvement with P450 cytochromes in the B. thuringiensis toxic response.
Electron microscope study of the structures of cold-rolled and annealed (100)[001] crystals of high-purity silicon-iron

Abstract (100) [001]-oriented crystals of 3% silicon iron, when rolled and recrystallized, produce textures that are similar to the initial orientation of the single crystal. It has been suggested that minor components of the deformation texture act as nuclei for recrystallization grains. Crystals of high-purity silicon iron with (100)[001] orientations were rolled 70 per cent, thinned and studied by transmission electron microscopy to determine if nuclei could be identioed in the deformed crystal. The crystals reorient during rolling to form texture components related to the initial single crystal orientation by rotations about the pole of the rolling plane. These components are contained within deformation bands. The regions between the deformation bands (transition bands) consist of sub-bands, 2000 A wide, separated by 2° low-angle boundaries. When annealed, new grains originate within the transition bands. The driving force for growth of the grains derives from differences in energy density between more perfect sub-bands and less perfect sub-bands. Nucleation does not occur within the polygonized deformation bands but the new grains grow into the deformation bands until impingement occurs. These observations agree with light microscope observations of the surfaces of rolled and annealed crystals.
Recent development in a high-speed silicon optical modulator based on reverse-biased pn diode in a silicon waveguide

We review the recent development of a high-speed silicon optical modulator based on electric-field-induced carrier depletion effect in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide containing a reverse-biased p–n junction. The device design, fabrication and characterization are presented. To obtain efficient optical modulation, we design a sub-micrometer size silicon waveguide phase shifter based on both semiconductor device modeling and photonic circuit modeling. By employing traveling-wave drive that allows co-propagation of electrical and optical signals along the waveguide, we demonstrate a high-frequency modulator with 3 dB optical response bandwidth of 30 GHz and data transmission up to 40 Gb s−1. Such a high-speed silicon modulator will be a key component for silicon-photonic-integrated circuits for future computing I/O applications.
Oxidation Prevention and Electrical Property Enhancement of Copper-Filled Isotropically Conductive Adhesives

This paper describes the development and characterization of isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs) incorporating copper (Cu) powders as electrically conductive fillers, along with a silane coupling agent for oxidation protection of copper powders, for environmentally friendly, low cost and high thermal reliability applications in microelectronics packaging. The effect of silane coupling agent materials and concentration on the electrical conductivity, thermal stability and reliability of Cu-filled ICAs was investigated for potential alternatives of conventional silver-filled ICAs. The surface characteristics of silane thin films on copper surfaces, such as their hydrophobicity and thermal stability, were also evaluated to compare the performance of antioxidant behaviors of different silane coupling agents for Cu-filled ICAs. The low contact resistance and high thermal stability of the contact resistance of Cufilled ICAs were achieved by addition of an optimized silane coupling agent. Greater thermal stability and improved reliability of Cu-filled ICAs under high temperature and humidity conditions were achieved with a silane coupling agent of high molecular weight and hydrophobicity. The bulk resistivity of ~10 -4 Xcm of Cu-filled ICAs was achieved with bimodal filler loading.
Design and Synthesis of a Library of Molecule-Based Magnets: The Charge-Transfer Salt Approach

Abstract The rules governing magnetic coupling in molecule-based materials are still being defined. Until they are clear, synthetic efforts should ideally yield many new candidate magnets for a minimal investment of time and effort. One approach that satisfies this requirement is the synthesis of magnetic charge-transfer salts from metallocenes and easily identifiable organic acceptors. This strategy offers the possibility of synthesizing a library of structurally related compounds utilizing tunable building blocks and has yielded examples exhibiting interesting magnetic phenomena including ferromagnetism, metamagnetism, canted (weak) ferromagnetism, and spin glass behavior. In principle, this work should permit a systematic examination of structure–property relationships, leading to a better understanding of intermolecular magnetic coupling.
Ligamentous reconstruction for chronic intercarpal instability

Twenty-one patients with chronic intercarpal instability were operated on an average of 13.2 months after injury or onset of symptoms. Fourteen had reconstruction via dorsal approaches by use of radial wrist extensor or other tendon graft. Seven patients were approached dorsally and palmarly, three had ligament repair, and four had reconstructions. The average follow-up was 25.4 months. Pain decreased in 85.7% of patients, although only two were pain free. Range of motion (ROM) generally decreased, and grip strength increased slightly. Radiologically, there was significant improvement on the initial postoperative roentgenograms, much of which was lost by the time the final roentgenograms were obtained. A clinical and radiologic grading system was devised to evaluate results. The average clinical grade improved from poor (26.5%) preoperatively to fair (44.4%) postoperatively. The radiologic grade remained in the poor range postoperatively, although there was some improvement from 40.4% to 45.6%.
Erratum to: Stress response signaling and virulence: insights from entomopathogenic fungi.

The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s00294-014-0439-9 .
Automated benchmark generation based upon a specification language

The problem of validating and verifying digital flight control system (DFCS) software is addressed in this paper. A new specification language DIVERS is proposed, and is the keystone of the approach. This language consists of keywords where each keyword represents an element in the block diagram of a DFCS. DIVERS has a dictionary which contains all the keywords a DFCS designer might need. Translator programs convert the system specifications into an executable, high-level language program. The features of translators are discussed and are elucidated by examples. This language is used to describe a typical flight software module.
Maximizing Campus Responsibility for the Writing Assessment Process.

The Writing Across the Curriculum movement sensitized institutions to the need for institutionwide commitment to improving student writing. At the University of South Florida, a widely used rubric has offered a powerful method for moving from spoken commitment to real change.
Modeling the inhalation enhancement factor in prospective radiological risk assessment

Inhalation of suspended particulates originating from contaminated soil is an important exposure pathway that may result from disposal of long-lived solid radioactive waste. A hypothetical scenario was evaluated involving long-term irrigation of agricultural land with contaminated water and ensuing accumulation of radionuclides in surface soil. One of the factors affecting the dose from inhalation of suspended soil particulates is the radionuclide enhancement (enrichment) in airborne soil particles relative to that of the underlying soil. The enhancement factor (enrichment factor) is defined as a ratio of airborne particle activity concentration (Bq kg-1 ) to surface soil activity concentration (Bq kg-1 ). The values of this parameter and its effect on inhalation dose were evaluated for different soil types and inhalation exposure conditions.
Phase-Transfer Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Cyanide Displacement on Benzyl Chloride

This work reports the first studies designed to examine the detailed mechanism of a phase-transfer catalyzed reaction between a supercritical CO2 phase and a solid salt phase. The nucleophilic displacement of benzyl chloride with potassium cyanide to form phenylacetonitrile and potassium chloride was carried out with a tetraheptylammonium salt as the phase-transfer catalyst. The effects of various reaction variables on the kinetics were investigated, including the amount of catalyst, the amount of potassium cyanide, the presence of acetone cosolvent, and temperature. The kinetic data, along with catalyst solubility measurements, indicate that the operating reaction mechanism is a three-phase system consisting of a supercritical CO2 phase, a catalyst-rich phase, and a solid salt phase and that the reaction actually occurs in the catalyst-rich phase. Further, the reaction mechanism was investigated with two additional phase-transfer catalysts, 18-crown-6 and poly(ethylene glycol), and these results are cons...
A note on the effects of debt buybacks in the MM world

This study notes that in the world of Modigliani and Miller (MM), a debt buyback program will maximize the share price as well as cash flows to the stockholders. Also, holding period returns for investors that buy into the company before the debt buyback are higher than a similar MM firm that does not repurchase its debt.
The Upper Pennsylvanian Duquesne Coal of Ohio (USA): Evidence for a dynamic peat-accumulating swamp community

Abstract An outcrop of the Duquesne Coal (Conemaugh Cyclothem) has the only significant occurrence of coal balls in Upper Pennsylvanian (Stephanian B equivalent) sediments of the Appalachian Basin. Excellent preservation of plant debris within autochthonous peat has permitted a more refined reconstruction of the source plant community than reported in published studies of other coals. Coal balls were quantitatively sampled for whole-plant species and mineralogical content. Shoot-root ratios were extremely high compared with values reported for other coals. The samples were analyzed using cluster analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) in order to differentiate microhabitats and stages of ecological succession within the general flora. Cluster analysis produced 5 stable clusters, which agreed with the sequence of ecological succession as determined in a previous study, and with microhabitat differentiation in contemporaneous seral stages. Three dimensions of the MDS analysis provided the best fit to the data. The dimensions are interpreted as representing: (1) ecological time or succession; (2) increasing dominance of Psaronius tree ferns in the plant community; and (3) an increase in microtopological variation (probably hummock formation). The initial stages of succession (oldest layers of permineralized peat) are characterized by aerial debris from Mesoxylon, Sigillaria and Calamites, followed by an assemblage dominated by Chaloneria. This was succeeded by more species diverse assemblage, dominated by Neuropteris seed ferns and Psaronius tree ferns, with numerous subcanopy plants, including lianas, epiphytes and ground herbs. Late seral stages (youngest layers of permineralized peat) were dominated by Psaronius tree ferns.
The physiological availability of some essential amino acids present in zein, in the acid and in the enzymatic hydrolyzate of zein.

Abstract Analysis of an enzymatic digest of zein by paper chromatography indicates the absence of proline and threonine. The chromatograms show the presence of three spots, probably peptides, which disappear upon acid hydrolysis of the mentioned digest. Simultaneously, proline and threonine appear in the chromatogram. Analysis of the feces of zein-fed rats indicates that considerable quantities of valine are excreted.
Chemical scalp burns after hair highlights

Hair highlighting using chemical solutions to alter the pigmentation of hair is a popular procedure. Given their chemical properties, these solutions also are potentially caustic to the scalp. However, the actual incidence and range of injuries is not well reported in the American literature. We report a representative case from the severe end of the injury spectrum, that of a full-thickness chemical burn as a result of direct contact from hair-lightening solution. We review the composition and potential side effects of the chemicals used. Meticulous attention to the instructions of use is recommended to prevent these injuries. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a full-thickness chemical scalp burn as a result of highlighting in the American literature, and we hope that it will serve as an educational resource with respect to the potential risks of this very common procedure.