cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eight-Dimensional Methodology for Innovative Thinking about the Case and Ethics of the Mount Graham, Large Binocular Telescope Project

This paper introduces the Eight Dimensional Methodology for Innovative Thinking (the Eight Dimensional Methodology), for innovative problem solving, as a unified approach to case analysis that builds on comprehensive problem solving knowledge from industry, business, marketing, math, science, engineering, technology, arts, and daily life. It is designed to stimulate innovation by quickly generating unique "out of the box" unexpected and high quality solutions. It gives new insights and thinking strategies to solve everyday problems faced in the workplace, by helping decision makers to see otherwise obscure alternatives and solutions. Daniel Raviv, the engineer who developed the Eight Dimensional Methodology, and paper co-author, technology ethicist Rosalyn Berne, suggest that this tool can be especially useful in identifying solutions and alternatives for particular problems of engineering, and for the ethical challenges which arise with them. First, the Eight Dimensional Methodology helps to elucidate how what may appear to be a basic engineering problem also has ethical dimensions. In addition, it offers to the engineer a methodology for penetrating and seeing new dimensions of those problems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the Eight Dimensional Methodology as an analytical tool for thinking about ethical challenges to engineering, the paper presents the case of the construction of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) on Mount Graham in Arizona. Analysis of the case offers to decision makers the use of the Eight Dimensional Methodology in considering alternative solutions for how they can proceed in their goals of exploring space. It then follows that same process through the second stage of exploring the ethics of each of those different solutions. The LBT project pools resources from an international partnership of universities and research institutes for the construction and maintenance of a highly sophisticated, powerful new telescope. It will soon mark the erection of the world's largest and most powerful optical telescope, designed to see fine detail otherwise visible only from space. It also represents a controversial engineering project that is being undertaken on land considered to be sacred by the local, native Apache people. As presented, the case features the University of Virginia, and its challenges in consideration of whether and how to join the LBT project consortium.
Methodological considerations for conducting tumor surveys of fishes

The usefulness of tumor surveys in indicating the availability of carcinogenic contaminants in ecosystems hinges largely on decisions made during the planning process. Species used as indicator organisms for monitoring programs are best selected from those known to be susceptible to epizootics of neoplasms. Lesions which can be quickly located and preserved in the field and for which a data base exists to help interpretation include liver neoplasms and external neoplasms. Since tumor frequencies increase with age and may change from season to season, studies should hold these variables constant among locations. During the design of the study investigators should determine the number of fish they need to examine in order to achieve the degree of resolution desired. Finally the field crew must be familiar with fish anatomy and necropsy techniques as well as storage and handling of the chosen preservative.
"It's Been Hard to Be a Father": A Qualitative Exploration of Incarcerated Fatherhood

This study investigated the experiences of incarcerated fathers, their perceptions of fatherhood, and the nature of their involvement with their children. Fifty-one incarcerated fathers confined at two minimum security correctional facilities were interviewed approximately one month prior to their release from prison. A qualitative content analysis revealed detailed description pertaining to participants’ feelings of helplessness and the difficulties of being a “good father” while in prison. Incarceration represented a dormant period for men in terms of fatherhood, and reentry signified an opportunity to “start over” with their children. Finally, father involvement was profoundly constrained during incarceration, and men were entirely dependent on nonincarcerated mothers or caregivers for contact with children. Many fathers perceived mothers’ gatekeeping, or efforts to prevent contact, as evidence of their powerlessness. Recommendations for future research and intervention are discussed.
Counseling Theory: The Problem of Definition

It is proposed that (a) research in counseling and counseling practice do not generally make explicit their roots in counseling theory, (b) this lack of connectedness to theory may represent a weakness in our theories for failing to be useful, (c) this fault may be a function of our current definitions of theory, and (d) we should focus upon philosophical premises at this time. The philosophical premise of syntony is used to illustrate how many of the commonly accepted assumptions which set our standards are not necessarily so, and how the broadening of such assumptions may encourage more activity in theory development. Counseling approaches which do not qualify as theory must at least qualify in the realm of rationale by making explicit their philosophical or value premises.
Heat flow on the Hawaiian Swell and lithospheric reheating

Most oceanic volcanic centres caused by hotspot activity are surrounded by sea floor that is unusually shallow for its age1,2. There is increasing evidence that swells found on older sea floor, like the Hawaiian Swell, have formed from a broad-scale reheating and thinning of the lithosphere as it passes over a mantle hotspot3,4. If the formation and subsequent disappearance of these swells are controlled by thermal processes, they should have an above-normal heat flux. We present here the results from 95 new heat flow measurements on the Hawaiian Swell. Along the older part of the swell the heat flow is 20–25% higher than the normal heat flow for crust of this age. This anomaly is consistent with the observed swell uplift. The shape and amplitude of the heat flow anomaly require that the reheating be largely confined to the lower half of the lithosphere.
PAPER PROPHETS: AN AUTOCRITIQUE

Abstract With the hindsight of some 15 years scholarship, we can now discern some sizeable flaws in the flow of argument in Paper Prophets. On the face of it, the main problem is to do with a disjuncture between, on one hand, the series of cases studies presented at the outset and, on the other, the subsequent analysis of these cases. The problem is noteworthy because it has recurred on numerous occasions, in various literatures especially where case and ethnographic investigations have been involved. The problem is, in essence, about how researchers should ‘frame’ or construct case material in a manner that is both faithful to the case evidence (including the actor’s understanding of affairs) and the researcher’s own interests in the investigation. This problem pre-dates contemporary ethnographic, management, and accounting research; it is at the core of Marx’s revision of Hegel’s dialectical method. This paper redresses the deficiency with a four-stage approach to dialectical research that is derived from the works of Marx and Hegel. The first stage involves acknowledging the particular research interest of studies like Paper Prophets that focus on problems emanating from the instabilities of capitalism, and that these instabilities are embodied in commodity form itself. The second stage involves identifying the ‘self-activating mechanisms’ (or internal relations) that are integral to the empirical phenomena. The Third phase involves appropriating the evidence; an effort distinguished from other forms of empiricism by its pursuit of a ‘realism in process’. The final phase involves reconstructing evidence in a way that elucidates the political possibilities associated with the ‘self-activating’ mechanisms of material processes; that is, rendering these mechanisms political intelligible.
Amino acid nutrition of the young calf. Estimation of methionine and lysine requirements.

A semipurified diet containing 14 crystalline amino acids as the sole source of nitrogen was used qualitatively and quantitatively to determine dietary needs of the young calf for lysine and methionine. Body weight gain, nitrogen balance, and concentrations of free amino acids in plasma were the criteria to assess the response of young calves to the experimental diets containing graded amounts of lysine and methionine. By these methods the methionine requirement as D-L methionine in the absence of cystine ranged from .17 to .23 g/day/kg body weight (.65 g/kg weight.75).
Transient Turbocharger Shaft Speed Estimation with Steady State Stabilization in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine

Abstract This paper presents a method to predict the transient turbocharger shaft speed for turbocharged diesel engines based on a dynamic observer. The observer uses the turbocharger torque balance as a dynamic term and the static turbo map as a static term. The latter includes the intake and exhaust side together with turbine shaft speed. The experimental results show that this observer can provide an estimate of turbocharger shaft speed without introducing large delays in transient operation and provide a good match with the turbo map data in steady state. However, this method has to calculate the turbine and compressor torque with a high accuracy which makes it almost unrealizable because of the complexity of turbine and compressor torque calculation. A novel method was designed to solve this problem by using an integral term at steady state to eliminate the torque modelling error.
Globulin‐Enriched Protein Supplements Shorten the Pre‐Compaction Mitotic Interval and Promote Hatching of Murine Embryos

PROBLEM: To determine whether Synthetic Serum Substitute (SSS), which contains human globulins in addition to Human Serum Albumin (HSA), is superior to HSA alone as a protein supplement for embryo culture. METHOD: Development of mouse zygotes to eight-cell/compacting morulae and to hatching/hatched blastocysts was assessed in Human Tubal Fluid (HTF) medium containing either SSS or HSA. RESULTS: Although there was no difference in the overall blastocyst rate at 120 h in HTF+SSS versus HTF+HSA, significantly more embryos at 54 h were at the eight-cell/compacting morula stage in HTF+SSS. At 120 h, there were more hatching/hatched blastocysts in HTF+SSS, and hatching correlated with SSS concentration. Addition of isolated globulins to HSA significantly stimulated the number of hatching/hatched blastocysts. Hatching could be “rescued” by transfer of embryos grown in HTF+HSA to globulin-containing media and prevented by removal of globulins as late as the compacted morula stage (54 h). CONCLUSIONS: SSS is superior to HSA alone for embryo culture. The stimulatory effects on mitosis and hatching may be mediated directly by globulins or by other components in the globulin-enriched fraction.
Learning Styles of Registered Nurses Enrolled in an Online Nursing Program

Background Technological advances assist in the proliferation of online nursing programs which meet the needs of the working nurse. Understanding online learning styles permits universities to adequately address the educational needs of the professional nurse returning for an advanced degree. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the learning styles of registered nurses (RNs) enrolled in an online master's nursing program or RN–bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) program. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. Kolb's learning style inventory (Version 3.1) was completed by 217 RNs enrolled in online courses at a Southeastern university. Descriptive statistical procedures were used for analysis. Discussion Thirty-one percent of the nurses were accommodators, 20% were assimilators, 19% were convergers, and 20% were divergers. Accommodators desire hand-on experiences, carrying out plans and tasks and using an intuitive trial-and-error approach to problem solving. Conclusions The learning styles of the RNs were similar to the BSN students in traditional classroom settings. Despite their learning style, nurses felt that the online program met their needs. Implementing the technological innovations in nursing education requires the understanding of the hands-on learning of the RN so that the development of the online courses will satisfactorily meet the needs of the nurses who have chosen an online program.
Coulomb effects in glasses

Abstract Numerical simulation techniques were used to study the vibrational properties of random networks. The networks, containing up to 1500 ions, were generated by the introduction of a large number of defects in regular crystals. Periodic boundary conditions were imposed. Long-range Coulomb effects were included for the first time. Our simulations reveal the existence of long-wavelength optic-type excitations which exhibit LO-TO splitting similar to crystalline solids. The LO-mode has a negative dispersion, whereas almost no dispersion is observed for the TO-mode. In the density of states, the TO-mode shows up as a peak, whereas the LO-mode defines the high frequency band edge.
Improve Your Verbal Questioning

(2005). Improve Your Verbal Questioning. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 98-103.
Competitive nonseparation electrochemical enzyme binding/immunoassay (NEEIA) for small molecule detection

Abstract A nonseparation electrochemical enzyme binding/immunoassay (NEEIA) for the detection of small molecules via a competitive format is described. The NEEIA concept is based on the use of a microporous gold electrode, which serves as both the working electrode, and solid phase for the immobilization of binding protein/antibody through a chemisorbed layer of thioctic acid. Competitive assays are performed by incubating the small molecule of interest and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) labeled analyte competitor (conjugate) with the modified electrode. Surface bound conjugate is spatially resolved from unbound conjugate by introducing the substrate (p-aminophenyl phosphate) through the backside of the microporous gold electrode. The substrate diffuses rapidly through the microporous gold electrode where it first encounters surface bound conjugate. The enzymatically generated product (p-aminophenol) is subsequently oxidized at the electrode (+190 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). Due to the competitive nature of the assay, the magnitude of the amperometric signal is inversely proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample. Detection of biotin, digoxin and digitoxin in buffer is demonstrated with detection limits of 1, 0.1 and 10 nM, respectively. In addition, it is shown that digoxin can be measured in undiluted sheep serum with a detection limit of 1 nM, demonstrating that the proposed competitive NEEIA format can be employed for the detection of small molecules directly in complex matrices without any discrete separation or washing steps.
Body vigilance in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples: structure, correlates, and prediction of health concerns.

Abstract The Body Vigilance Scale (BVS) is a measure developed to assess one’s conscious attendance to internal cues. The present report investigated the structure, correlates, and predictive utility of the BVS in nonclinical ( N = 442) and anxiety ( N = 135) disorder samples. The findings of Study 1 suggest that the BVS is 1-dimensional in a nonclinical sample, and Study 2 replicated the factor structure of the BVS in an anxiety disorder sample. Correlations between the BVS and related (i.e., anxiety sensitivity) and unrelated (i.e., social anxiety) variables were consistent with predictions in both studies. Study 2 also showed that body vigilance is primarily elevated in patients with panic disorder relative to other anxiety disorders. Relative elevations in body vigilance were also observed for patients with hypochondriasis and generalized anxiety disorder. The BVS also demonstrated a specific association with medical utilization and health-related safety-seeking behaviors after controlling for related variables in nonclinical and anxiety disorder samples. The implications of our findings for the nature and measurement of body vigilance as a predictor of health concerns in anxiety disorders are considered.
A study of learning and retroactive inhibition under unilateral cortical depression

With unilateral cortical depression induced by KCl, seven rats learned a complex maze-reversal as easily as they had the original maze with both cortices functional. Recall of the original maze, with a hemisphere not subjected to interference, was as good after six days as it was for controls after 4 hr.
Continuity of styles in the drawings of adolescent girls.

Individual styles in girlS' drawings over a four-year period were discernible across six-month intervals but not when the interval spanned menarche, indicating a discontinuity in style related to maturation in other developmental domains.
Potential Savings From Redetermining Disability Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits

Abstract Objective To compare the costs of redetermining disability to potential savings in Supplemental Security Income payments associated with different strategies for implementing Continuing Disability Reviews (CDRs) among children potentially enrolled in SSI from 2012 to 2021. Methods We reviewed publicly available reports from the Social Security Administration and Government Accountability Office to estimate costs and savings. We considered CDRs for children ages 1–17 years, excluding mandated low-birth weight and age 18 redeterminations that SSA routinely has performed. Results If in 2012 the Social Security Administration performs the same number of CDRs for children as in 2010 (16,677, 1% of eligibles) at a cessation rate of 15%, the agency would experience net savings of approximately $145 million in benefit payments. If CDR numbers increased to the greatest level ever (183,211, 22% of eligibles, in 1999) at the same cessation rate, the agency would save approximately $1.6 billion in benefit payments. Discussion Increasing the numbers of CDRs for children represents a considerable opportunity for savings. Recognizing the dynamic nature of disability, the agency could reassess the persistence of disability systematically; doing so could free up resources from children who are no longer eligible and help the agency better direct its benefits to recipients with ongoing disability and whose families need support to meet the extra costs associated with raising a child with a major disability.
Motion of charged particles normal to an irregular magnetic field

The motion is analyzed of charged particles in a fluctuating magnetic field which varies only in directions normal to its mean direction, such as that which would be generated by an ensemble of magnetosonic waves propagating normal to an ambient magnetic field. The appropriate generalization of gradient-drift motion is derived in terms of the power spectrum of the magnetic fluctuations, and an effective spatial diffusion coefficient is obtained. Several special cases are considered, including a Gaussian power spectrum, a power-law spectrum with a cutoff, and a general power-law spectrum. A possible magnitude is calculated for the spatial diffusion coefficient of the solar wind.
Energetic Salts Based on Monoanions of N,N‐Bis(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine and 5,5′‐Bis(tetrazole)

High-density energetic salts that contain nitrogen-rich cations and the 5-(tetrazol-5-ylamino)tetrazolate (HBTA(-)) or the 5-(tetrazol-5-yl)tetrazolate (HBT(-)) anion were readily synthesized by the metathesis reactions of sulfate salts with barium compounds, such as bis[5-(tetrazol-5-ylamino)tetrazolate] (Ba(HBTA)(2)), barium iminobis(5-tetrazolate) (BaBTA), or barium 5,5'-bis(tetrazolate) (BaBT) in aqueous solution. All salts were fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, (15)N) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, density, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impact sensitivity. Ba(HBTA)(2) x 4 H(2)O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, with a density of 2.177 g cm(-3). The densities of the other organic energetic salts range between 1.55 and 1.75 g cm(-3) as measured by a gas pycnometer. The detonation pressure (P) values calculated for these salts range from 19.4 to 33.6 GPa, and the detonation velocities (nu(D)) range from 7677 to 9487 m s(-1), which make them competitive energetic materials. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy was used as an effective technique to determine the structure of the products that were obtained from the metathesis reactions of biguanidinium sulfate with barium iminobis(5-tetrazolate) (BaBTA). Thus, the structure was determined as an HBTA salt by the comparison of its solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy with those of ammonium 5-(tetrazol-5-ylamino)tetrazolate (AHBTA) and diammonium iminobis(5-tetrazolate) (A(2)BTA).
Photochemical cross-linking of type I collagen with hydrophobic and hydrophilic 1,8-naphthalimide dyes

This study extends our previous studies of the photochemical cross-linking of collagen and bonding of collagenous sheets of dura mater using the hydrophobic 1,8-naphthalimide N,N'- bis-(2-({hexylamino)-5-bromo-1H-benz [de]isoquinolin-1,3(2H)-dion-6- yl]amino}ethyl)hexanediamide. We have obtained hydrophilic forms of the bifunctional molecule introducing a spacer and ligands containing alternating carbon-oxygen bonds (polyethers) wherein the oxygen moieties form hydrogen bonds. Additional hydrophilicity is attained by incorporating of an amino group (positive charge) at the end of each ligand. Ongoing studies with these forms of the bifunctional 1,8 naphthalimides have demonstrated welding of meniscal cartilage, articular cartilage, and cornea. These results suggest that the hydrophilic form of the dyes is able to penetrate readily the anionically charged proteoglycan matrix of these tissues and cross-link collagen molecules and possibly the protein cores of the proteoglycans. Gel electrophoretic studies have been performed to assess the photochemical cross-linking of these connective tissue proteins with these new forms of the paththalimide dyes.
Impact of solution chemistry on viral removal by a single-walled carbon nanotube filter.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) filter for removal of viruses from water. MS2 bacteriophage viral removal was examined over a range of environmentally relevant solution chemistries, spanning various ionic strengths, monovalent and divalent salts, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations. Viral removal by the SWNT filter was governed by physicochemical (depth) filtration. The removal of viruses increased at higher ionic strengths (NaCl) due to suppression of repulsive electrostatic interactions between viruses and SWNTs. Addition of divalent salts, however, had varying impacts. While CaCl2 increased virus removal, likely due to complexation of calcium ions to viral surfaces, addition of MgCl2 reduced viral removal by the SWNT filter. Solution pH also had significant impact on viral removal as the interactions between viral particles and SWNTs changed from attractive below the virus isoelectric point (about pH 3.9) to repulsive at higher pH. Suwannee River NOM was shown to be detrimental to filter viral removal. Reduction of viral removal by NOM was attributed to adsorption of NOM macromolecules to viruses and SWNTs, thereby resulting in steric repulsive forces. Modifications of the filter to incorporate thicker SWNT layers mitigate the negative impacts of NOM on filter performance. This study has shown that while it is possible to attain high levels of viral removal over a broad range of solution chemistries, the extent of viral removal will be highly dependent on the specific solution chemistry of the treated water.
Left-right symmetric theories and vacuum domain walls and strings

Abstract Theories in which a discrete left-right symmetry is spontaneously broken are expected to lead to the formation of vacuum domain walls. Although the existence of such walls at the present epoch is observationally excluded, we show that such theories are allowed if the discrete symmetry is embedded in a larger continuous symmetry, e.g., SO(10), spontaneously broken at higher temperatures. In this case vacuum strings are formed when the larger symmetry is broken, and these become connected by domain walls when the discrete symmetry is broken. The bounded domain walls tend to shrink, and the system of strings and domain walls decays before its energy density becomes comparable to that of matter. In particular, our arguments allow the symmetry breaking pattern SO(10) → … S[O(6)×O(4)] → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) which has been proposed by others.
NANOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED CIRCULAR POLARIZATION OF FLUORESCENCE : STUDY OF NADH BOUND TO HORSE LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE

Abstract Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy provides information on the excited-state chirality of a lumiphore analogous but complementary to information regarding the ground-state chirality derived from circular dichroism. The sensitivity of CPL spectra to molecular conformation makes this technique uniquely suited for the study of biomolecular structure, as extensively demonstrated in earlier studies. Unfortunately, the CPL spectra of many biomolecules often contain significantly overlapping contributions from emitting species either because multiple lumiphores are present (e.g., tryptophan residues in a protein) or because multiple conformations of the biomolecule simultaneously exist, each with a unique CPL spectrum. Increased resolution between individual contributions to the CPL may be achieved by time-resolving this signal, thus taking advantage of the fact that, as a rule, each of the emitting species also has a characteristic decay time associated with its electronically excited state. In addition, the time resolution provides information regarding dynamics associated with the different chiral states of the system. The present study describes an instrument for the determination of time-resolved CPL (TR-CPL) with subnanosecond resolution and its application to several chiral systems. The technique was first demonstrated on a model system with a strong time-dependent CPL signal. Subsequently, the circularly polarized component in the fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) bound to liver alcohol dehydrogenase was time-resolved. The CPL of NADH in the binary enzyme-coenzyme complex is time-dependent, reflecting structural differences around the reduced nicotinamide possibly due to a dynamic restructuring. In contrast, the CPL of the coenzyme in the ternary complex formed with enzyme and the substrate analog isobutyramide is essentially time-independent, likely reflecting a more rigid binding domain. Since the linear polarization of the fluorescence of the two complexes did not show any local flexibility of the NADH chromophore, the excited-state conformational rearrangement of the binary complex indicates a subtle change in its interactions with group(s) in direct contact with it.
Brain cholecystokinin as a satiety peptide.

Abstract Injection of 0.08 μg/kg of CCK-8 into the anterior cerebral ventricles of the rat produced a significant depression in the rat's motivation for food for at least one-half hour, as measured by running speed to food rewards in a runway and by food intake in a test-meal in the rat's home cage. Doses of 0.04 μg/kg were ineffective and doses of 0.06 μg/kg intermediate. There was no effect of 0.08 μg/kg on running speed to water rewards. Intraperitoneal doses of 8.0 μg/kg also suppressed running speed and eating.
Drug use in India: Historical traditions and current problems

By all accounts, drug abuse in India — as elsewhere around the world — is reaching near epidemic proportions. Although India has been a world producer of legal drugs for pharmaceutical markets, it also has an ancient tradition of using drugs in daily activities and ceremonial rituals. Only in recent years has this historically drug‐rich country developed a drug abuse problem. Because of its history of tolerance of drug use in culturally sanctioned activities, India offers a rich site for investigating the conditions that foster responsible and irresponsible use of drugs. Global efforts at crop reduction, interdiction, and criminal sanctions continue to be disappointing at best. A more realistic approach may be to identify factors that make drugs particularly alluring to some segments of the population and not to others. This approach emphasized responsible conduct in drug‐rich environments rather than depending on the increasingly unlikely eradication of the supply.
Depressed Gut Absorptive Capacity Early After Trauma-Hemorrhagic Shock G. SINGH, K. I. CHAUDRY, L. C. CHUDLER, AND I. H. CHAUDRY Annals of Surgery 214:712-718, 1991

The authors investigated the effect of the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem on gut absorptive capacity after hemorrhage in rats. Carotid and femoral arterial catheters, portal and jugular venous catheters, and nasogastric tubes were placed in 12 anesthetized animals. After recovery from the anesthetic, eight animals (groups 2 and 3) were bled via the femoral catheter to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg. This level of hypotension was maintained by continued bleeding to the maximal bleedout volume (approximately 60% of the animal's circulating blood volume), followed by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution until 40% of the maximal bleedout volume had been returned. The animals were then resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution. Four rats (group 1) were not hemorrhaged and served as sham controls. During resuscitation the animals in group 2 received an additional 1 mL of saline, whereas those in group 3 were treated with diltiazem 400 μg/kg body weight in 1 mL of saline. MAP was measured ...
Redesigning clinic workflows for electronic medical record integration

Electronic medical records (EMR) play a critical role in modern healthcare infrastructure, serving as the fundamental source of patient medical data. These medical records can function variously as a comprehensive record of past visits, a tool to aid physicians' diagnoses, a system to manage operational details during a patient visit, and an effective and accurate billing mechanism for insurance plans. In 2010, the University of Virginia (U.Va.) Medical Center adopted EpicCare EMR across its hospital and one-hundred and seventy-two ambulatory clinics to deliver higher quality patient care. With a focus on three U.Va. Orthopedics division clinics, this project seeks to characterize the current workflows involving EpicCare, identify opportunities for improvement, and evaluate and recommend a strategy for improving clinic operations. The iterative approach encompassed observations in each target clinic, discussions with employees and administration, and visualizations of the workflows for each clinic. Observation results were synthesized into findings, and related back to defined core objectives. Workflow variance, both within and among clinics, was analyzed to ultimately determine the best method to complete tasks common to all clinics. These tasks were further examined to determine if variability could be changed, whether this change could be beneficial, and the root cause of the variability. Alternatives for mitigating variability and improving the employee workflow across all clinics within U.Va. Orthopedics were generated, addressing each task with specific, tailored solutions. These alternatives can be evaluated according to identified metrics, based on feasibility and projected benefit.
The canonical limits of Durkheim's first classic

A classic text is not always canonized. Canonical texts are frequently anything but classics. Durkheim's Division of Labor in Societyis an instance of the former; his Rules of Sociological Methodof the latter. Both books are based on errors of fact and method. Division of Laborwas so intentionally the classical theory of modern divided societies that Durkheim, son of generations of rabbis, totally misrepresented the facts of Ancient Israel. In Rules,Durkheim was so intent on writing the canonical text of sociology's methods that he stipulated rules that even he (in Suicide) could not use. Durkheim was thus a giant of the sociological past because,not in spite of, his errors. He erred because he dared to think seriously about the moral issues of his time. Hence, the ironic fate of Durkheim's sociology—it led in two different directions. From Rulesand Suicidecame modern empirical sociology. From Elementary Formscame all the antimodernists—beginning with Levi-Strauss, and from him, Derrida and the others—who became, among other things, the most articulate critics of the sociology Durkheim helped invent. Such is the genius of classic, if not canonical, authors like Durkheim.
Dissecting the Molecular Basis of the Mechanics of Living Cells

Cells establish and modulate their morphology and mechanics through the use of structural networks whose components range in size from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. Over the past two decades, an exciting suite of sophisticated micro- and nanoscale technologies has emerged that permits investigators to directly probe structural and functional contributions of these components in living cells. Here we review underlying principles and recent applications of four such approaches: atomic force microscopy, subcellular laser ablation, micropatterning, and microfluidics. Together, these new tools are offering valuable insight into the molecular basis of cell structure and mechanics and revealing the remarkably broad influence of the mechanical microenvironment on many aspects of cell biology.
Rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila by flow cytometry.

Legionella pneumophila labeled with specific fluorescent antibody was detected in a suspension of organisms by means of flow cytometry. The presence of other microorganisms in the suspension did not interfere with the recognition of Legionella when present at concentrations of 104 to 105 cells per ml. These data suggest that flow cytometry may be useful for the detection of Legionella in environmental samples.
From trans to cis: transcriptional regulatory networks in neocortical development

Transcriptional mechanisms mediated by the binding of transcription factors (TFs) to cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) in DNA play crucial roles in directing gene expression. While TFs have been extensively studied, less effort has gone towards the identification and functional characterization of CREs and associated epigenetic modulation. However, owing to methodological and analytical advances, more comprehensive studies of regulatory elements and mechanisms are now possible. We summarize recent progress in integrative analyses of these regulatory components in the development of the cerebral neocortex, the part of the brain involved in cognition and complex behavior. These studies are uncovering not only the underlying transcriptional regulatory networks, but also how these networks are altered across species and in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Strategies for reconfiguring hypercubes under faults

The design of two reconfiguration strategies for hypercube multicomputer architectures under failures is discussed. The first scheme uses spare processors attached to certain processors in the hypercube by means of a novel embedding technique. The second approach places spare processors between specific links in the hypercube. Both schemes involve the mapping of logical links of a virtual hypercube onto a set of physical links in the final reconfigured hypercube and hence suffer some performance degradation. >
Criminal Careers of Serious Delinquents in Two Cities

Because different methods for studying criminal behavior all suffer from important limitations, it is useful to apply different methodologies to the same population whenever possible. In this analysis, we examine the relationships between self-report and official record-based measures of offending activity using populations of adolescent serious offenders in Phoenix, Arizona, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation:

Recent explorations of the human gut microbiota suggest that perturbations of microbial communities may increase predisposition to different disease phenotypes. Dietary nutrients may be converted into metabolites by intestinal microbes that serve as biologically active molecules affecting regulatory functions in the host. Probiotics may restore the composition of the gut microbiome and introduce beneficial functions to gut microbial communities, resulting in amelioration or prevention of gut inflammation and other intestinal or systemic disease phenotypes. This review describes how diet and intestinal luminal conversion by gut microbes play a role in shaping the structure and function of intestinal microbial communities. Proposed mechanisms of probiosis include alterations of composition and function of the human gut microbiome, and corresponding effects on immunity and neurobiology.
Chemical Reactions of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Supercritical Water

Utilization of biomass and waste products for the production of synthesis gas is an important step towards generating useful fuels from renewable resources. Cellulose and glycerin are two such products that can either be decomposed into useful chemicals or completely gasified. One technique that is used is the decomposition of these compounds in a supercritical water medium. To use this process effectively, a complete and comprehensive understanding of the reaction pathway and the kinetics of decomposition is required. Two of the intermediate compounds produced during the decomposition of cellulose and glycerin in supercritical water are formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. This study was performed to elucidate the various reactions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in supercritical water. Experiments were conducted non-catalytically in a continuous, 0.1 L Haynes 282 alloy reactor at 24.2 MPa with a residence time of 30 s. Temperatures of 500 to 700 °C were investigated at water-to-carbon molar feed ratios of 5:1 and 3.8:1 for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde respectively. By using the analysis results for the gas and liquid effluents, reaction schemes were constructed that described the reaction behavior of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in supercritical water under gasification conditions.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling Regulates the Expression of Caveolin 3 and β1 Integrin, Genes Essential for Normal Myoblast Fusion

An essential phase of skeletal myogenesis is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myotubes. Many cell adhesion proteins, including integrins, have been shown to be important...
ESTIMATES OF CRUSTAL AND LITHOSPHERIC THICKNESS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM S-WAVE RECEIVER FUNCTIONS

Estimates of crustal and lithospheric thickness beneath ten permanent seismic stations in southern, central, and eastern Africa have been obtained from modeling S-wave receiver functions (SRFs). For eight of the examined stations, the Moho depth estimates agree well with estimates from previous studies using P-wave receiver functions (PRFs). For two stations, TSUM and BGCA, previous PRF estimates are not available, and our results provide new constraints on the Moho depth, indicating crustal thicknesses of 35 and 40 km, respectively. SRFs from four stations, BOSA, SUR, FURI, and ATD, display clear S-to-P (Sp) conversions from the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), corresponding to lithospheric thicknesses of 155, 140, 80, and 34 km, respectively. As expected, thicker lithosphere is observed beneath the Precambrian Kaapvaal Craton (station BOSA) and the Namaqua-Natal mobile belt (station SUR) and thinner lithosphere is observed beneath the edge of the Ethiopian rift (station FURI) and the Afar Depression (station ATD). The thinner lithosphere beneath the two latter stations is consistent with the transition from continental to oceanic rifting at the Afar triple junction. For the remaining stations, bootstrap error estimates indicate that the Sp conversion from the LAB cannot be well resolved, calling into question interpretations of lithospheric structure in previous SRF studies using data from these same stations.
Nonsmooth Coordination and Geometric Optimization via Distributed Dynamical Systems

Emerging applications for networked and cooperative robots motivate the study of motion coordination for groups of agents. For example, it is envisioned that groups of agents will perform a variety of useful tasks including surveillance, exploration, and environmental monitoring. This paper deals with basic interactions among mobile agents such as “move away from the closest other agent” or “move toward the furthest vertex of your own Voronoi polygon.” These simple interactions amount to distributed dynamical systems because their implementation requires only minimal information about neighboring agents. We characterize the close relationship between these distributed dynamical systems and the disk-covering and sphere-packing cost functions from geometric optimization. Our main results are as follows: (i) we characterize the smoothness properties of these geometric cost functions, (ii) we show that the interaction laws are variations of the nonsmooth gradient of the cost functions, and (iii) we establish various asymptotic convergence properties of the laws. The technical approach relies on concepts from computational geometry, nonsmooth analysis, and nonsmooth stability theory.
An eigenvalue problem for elastic contact with finite friction

The two-dimensional indentation of an elastic half space by a rigid punch under a slowly applied normal load is considered, for the case in which there is a finite coefficient of friction μ between the surfaces. The contact area is then divided into an inner adhesive region −c 0, gives the adhesive boundary c in terms of μ and Poisson's ratio ν. A similarity transformation shows that c has the same value for both flat-faced and power law punches.
Markerless Multiple-Gene-Deletion System for Streptococcus mutans

Inactivation or selective modification is essential to elucidate the putative function of a gene. The present study describes an improved Cre-loxP-based method for markerless multiple gene deletion in Streptococcus mutans, the principal etiological agent of dental caries. This modified method uses two mutant loxP sites, which after recombination creates a double-mutant loxP site that is poorly recognized by Cre recombinase, facilitating multiple gene deletions in a single genetic background. The effectiveness of this modified strategy was demonstrated by the construction of both single and double gene deletions at the htrA and clpP loci on the chromosome of Streptococcus mutans. HtrA and ClpP play key roles in the processing and maturation of several important proteins, including many virulence factors. Deletion of these genes resulted in reducing the organism's ability to withstand exposure to low pH and oxidative agents. The method described here is simple and efficient and can be easily implemented for multiple gene deletions with S. mutans and other streptococci.
‘This is Your Class’: Theorizing What Syllabi Say about Relationships between Instructors and Students in Early Childhood Teacher Education Classrooms

In this article the authors discuss the relationships in college classrooms from the perspective of feminist teaching. With attention to power dynamics, they analyzed 17 early childhood course syllabi in order to elucidate those relationships. The authors present examples from the syllabi of course content, class experiences, and syllabus language that demonstrate how students presumably will acquire knowledge of early childhood education, of themselves and others, and of the professor. The authors found that the way in which professors write about their teaching in their syllabi serves to build relationships between themselves and their students. Yet tensions remain to be continually negotiated, tensions between the roles of gatekeeper and coach, between challenge and comfort, and between the social expectations that professors and students hold of themselves and each other. 'This is your class' writes an instructor in a syllabus, but to what degree can that be the case, and what do syllabi such as that one communicate about relationships and positions in college classes? This article theorizes about what syllabi convey about relationships between professors and students, with the understanding that any syllabus provides only that instructor's perspective on the starting point for such relationships. The syllabi excerpts included in the article offer early childhood teacher educators an opportunity to peer into each other's classes, a rare opportunity given the solitary nature of college teaching in contrast to research and other academic activities.
Pseudohistory and pseudoscience

The dangers of pseudoscience – parapsychology, astrology,creationism, etc. – are widely criticized. Lessons in the history of science are oftenviewed as an educational remedy by conveying the nature of science. But such histories canbe flawed. In particular, many stories romanticize scientists, inflate the drama of their discoveries,and oversimplify the process of science. They are, literally and rhetorically, myths.While based on real historical events, they distort the basis of scientific authority and fosterunwarranted stereotypes. Such stories are pseudohistory. Like pseudoscience, they promotefalse ideas about science – in this case, about how science works. Paradoxically, perhaps,the history of pseudosciences may offer an excellent vehicle for remedying such impressions.
The RegiStar Machine: from conception to installation

The authors have developed a machine to perform the task of automatic registration of color separation films, a process manually performed by skilled professionals in the graphics arts printing industry. The development of such a machine requires overcoming significant challenges: designing a sound computer vision methodology while respecting hard timing constraints, transferring software across platforms and languages, validating the software, building the actual machine around the algorithms, testing the conformity to tolerances, educating operators on the use of such a machine, and having a system robust enough to operate around the clock with no technical supervision. The authors present a brief overview of the problem, followed by the answers they provided to the challenges above. >