cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Management of Burn Patients and Fluid Resuscitation

Appropriate early management of burns will lead to better outcomes. Of the “ABCs” of initial management of burns, this chapter covers “circulation” (“C”) and its complications. The pathophysiology of burn shock results from a massive capillary leak that involves alterations in the junctions between vascular endothelial cells. In addition, the glycocalyx that lines endothelial cells has been found to be a major regulator of capillary leak. The concepts of burn resuscitation are relatively straight forward—one must use a formula to estimate the starting rate and then all further adjustments are based on the patient’s physiologic response. In the past, crystalloids were the resuscitation fluids of choice, but that philosophy is changing to the increasing use of colloids. Studies suggest that colloids may reduce total fluid volumes and therefore reduce the complications of excessive fluid resuscitation. Finally, the management of resuscitation complications such as compartment syndrome is covered.
Somatosensory Activation and Tissue Compartments in the Human Striatum

The overall organization of the cortical projections to the striatum has a complex structure that may reveal functional mechanisms of sensorimotor integration in the basal ganglia. Just as the thalamic afferents to the cortex delineate cortical columns, afferents to the striatum may define complex, or simply “patchy” functional units. To study the overall organization of the striatum, the relative simplicity of somatosensory stimuli compared to motor tasks makes the somatosensory system a good probe of the structure-function relationships in the striatum. Studies in subhuman primates, cats and rodents show that the cortical projections form long patchy strips in three dimensions: anteroposteriorly, mediolaterally, and dorsoventrally (Jones et al., 1977; Goldman and Nauta, 1977; Malach and Graybiel, 1986; Flaherty and Graybiel, 1991; Brown et al., 1998). In addition, the three-dimensional structure of the striosomes in cats has a similar overall pattern, and the investigators of this pattern called it lattice-like (Groves et al., 1988). Other studies have suggested a lattice or grid-like structure within the striatum of cell clusters that project out of the striatum to the globus pallidus (Gimenez-Amaya and Graybiel, 1991). A grid allows multiple combinations of diverse inputs, which is both redundant and efficient for a combinatorial map. The large body of knowledge about the somatosensory cortical representation and its inputs to the striatum make stimulation of this system and imaging techniques a good experimental paradigm for probing the complex organization and functional capacity of living human tissue in the basal ganglia.
Assessing patterns of variation in BV/TV in the calcaneus and C2 vertebra of Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and populations of Homo sapiens from the Pleistocene and Holocene that differ in physical activity levels.

Objectives Because trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) is influenced by variations in physical activity recent declines in BV/TV in humans are often attributed to modern sedentary lifestyles. This study tests the hypothesis that presumed variations in mechanical loading between groups can predict the observed BV/TV patterns in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas in two bones: the calcaneus which experiences high and well characterized impact forces, and the C2 vertebrae which experiences reduced locomotor forces. Materials and methods BV/TV and other structural variables were quantified from high-resolution microCT scans in gorillas, chimpanzees, and four Homo sapiens populations: Pleistocene, semi-sedentary Natufians; Holocene hunter-gatherers from Point Hope, Alaska; Holocene nomadic pastoralists from medieval Europe; and modern, sedentary Americans. Results In the calcaneal tuberosity, Natufian BV/TV was 36, 46, and 46% greater than Alaskans (p = .02), Europeans (p = .005) and modern Americans (p = .002), respectively, but not significantly different from apes. BV/TV was not significantly different between modern Americans and Alaskans or Europeans. In the C2, Natufian BV/TV was 53 and 25% greater than in the Alaskan (p = .0001) and European (p = .048) populations. Discussion These results suggest that phenomena other than or in addition to variations in physical activity are needed to explain BV/TV patterns observed in H. sapiens, and point to a systemic decline in H. sapiens BV/TV after the Pleistocene.
The Labouring-Class Bird

This chapter examines the ways in which eighteenth-century labouring-class poets adapt the bird-bard trope to portray the robin as a symbol of plebeian life and poetic sensitivity and to demonstrate a variety of patron-client relationships characterised by an admixture of dependence and independence. It argues that plebeian bird poetry is one literary strategy among many that foregrounds social position, exposes political relations, cooperates with and modifies generic conventions, and ventures class-specific aesthetic formulations. After situating this approach within extant critical accounts of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century labouring-class nature poetry and recent developments in animal studies, this chapter proceeds by analysing a variety of symbolic bird appropriations—by John Jones, Elizabeth Bentley, Robert Anderson, William Lane, Ann Yearsley, Edward Rushton, and John Clare—to show a continuum of attitudes towards author visibility and the conditions of literary reception for working-class authors.
Long Noncoding RNAs in Substance Use Disorders

Substance abuse (including illicit and prescription drugs) has become a significant public health and economic burden. Acute and chronic substance use often leads to a pathologic pattern of behaviors as well as physiologic manifestations, such as tolerance and withdrawal, collectively called substance use disorders (SUDs). Clinical and animal studies have demonstrated that SUDs are heritable in both humans and rodents. The exact molecular mechanism(s), however, is mostly unclear. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal epigenetic regulators of gene expression in various human diseases, including SUDs. This chapter summarizes current findings and thoughts on the dysregulation as well as the role of lncRNAs in the context of the use of substances, such as morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, etc. The potential applications of lncRNAs in SUDs will also be discussed in this chapter.
Process optimization for performance improvement in Mo/Si multilayers for EUV mask blanks

We investigate the impact of key ion-beam-deposition (IBD) process conditions on the properties of Mo/Si multilayers as reflective coatings for Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) mask blanks. Dark-field TEM measurements imply interfacial roughness values of 80-90 picometers. Bright-field TEM measurements indicate intermixed layer thicknesses of 0.5 – 1.9nm. We present reflectivity calculations including these two multilayer imperfections and reveal that roughness at this level has insignificant reflectivity impact. However, this level of intermixing could cause a reflectivity drop of ~ 4%. Ion bombardment simulations provide estimates of the atom energy distribution arriving at the mask blank surface during Mo and Si deposition, and of stopping depths of each atom into the underlying layer. Key parameters to modify the deposition energy, and potentially the intermixing depth, are summarized: beam voltage and deposition pressure. Lower ion beam voltage or higher pressure are both predicted to reduce the intermixing depth by 20-30%. Bright-field TEM measurements of multilayers deposited at various deposition conditions confirm the predictions.
Impact of routine mismatch repair screening on genetic counseling and surgical management in colorectal cancer patients.

Abstract Background Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in colorectal cancer (CRC) should prompt consideration of genetic counseling (GC) as a Lynch syndrome (LS) diagnosis may have several implications for the patient and family. The study aims were to examine how routine MMR testing influences the rate of GC and surgical resection extent. Methods A single-institution retrospective review was performed on CRC specimens (including colonoscopic biopsies) routinely screened for MMR deficiency from 2012 to 2018. MLH1-deficient cancers with mutated BRAF or MLH1-promoter hypermethylation were excluded. Results MMR deficiency was identified in 295 of 1139 CRC specimens. After exclusions, 57 patients remained. Forty-two patients (74%) were identified preoperatively, and 35 (83%) were referred to GC: 16 were seen preoperatively, 9 postoperatively. Eight patients were diagnosed with Lynch syndrome (LS) preoperatively: 2 had no resection, 2 underwent segmental resection and 4 underwent extended resection. Conclusions Most MMR–deficient patients were identified and referred to GC preoperatively, though not all were seen. Of the preoperatively diagnosed LS patients, half underwent extended resection. Barriers to GC and decision-making around resection extent bears further study.
Congenital Malformation Risk According to Hemoglobin A1c Values in a Contemporary Cohort with Pregestational Diabetes

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the association between hemoglobin A1c values and likelihood of fetal anomalies in women with pregestational diabetes. Study Design Women with pregestational diabetes who delivered at a single institution that serves a nonreferred population from May 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 were ascertained. Hemoglobin A1c values were obtained at the first prenatal visit. Women who delivered a singleton live- or stillborn infant with a major malformation as defined by European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies criteria were identified. In infants with multiple system anomalies, each malformation was considered separately. Hemoglobin A1c values were analyzed categorically by using Mantel–Haenszel method and continuously with linear regression for trend for fetal anomalies. Results A total of 1,676 deliveries to women with pregestational diabetes were delivered at our institution, and hemoglobin A1c was assessed in 1,573 deliveries (94%). There were 129 deliveries of an infant with at least one major malformation, an overall anomaly rate of approximately 8%. Mean hemoglobin A1c concentration was significantly higher in pregnancies with anomalous infants, 9.3 ± 2.1% versus 8.0 ± 2.1%, and p Conclusion In women with pregestational diabetes, hemoglobin A1c is strongly associated with fetal anomaly risk. Data from a contemporary cohort may facilitate counseling and also highlight the need for preconceptual care and glycemic optimization prior to entry to obstetric care. Key Points
Promoting Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Partnerships Through State-Funded Grant Programs

As hunter numbers decline nationally, state wildlife agencies look for new conservation funding avenues. With the assistance of conservation groups and engaged citizens, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MI DNR) was able to secure the passage of a restructured license package, which took effect in 2014. Included in the restructuring was a simplification of the available hunting licenses and a promise to give more back to state citizens for the resulting fee increases. Following up on this promise, the MI DNR Director directed the Wildlife Division to develop and initiate a grant program that would increase wildlife habitat through grant funds given to conservation partners. The Wildlife Habitat Grant Program awarded funds to the first round of successful applicants in spring of 2014, and this competitive grant program is now in its fourth cycle, with projects completed from Iron County in the western Upper Peninsula to Lenawee County in the southeastern Lower Peninsula. The Wildlife Habitat Grant Program has awarded >$4.6 million and has improved or restored wildlife habitat on approximately 3,235 hectares (8,000 acres). As young forests are of high priority, a number of these projects have been focused on American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) habitat, and are often associated with Grouse Enhanced Management Sites (GEMS). Project collaborators have included the Ruffed Grouse Society and American Woodcock Society, U.S. Forest Service, Beaver Island Wildlife Club, National Wild Turkey Federation, Wildlife Management Institute, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Michigan United Conservation Clubs (MUCC), and private landowners.
Phase-Space Nonlinear Control Toolbox: The Maglev Experience

We describe the Phase-Space Nonlinear Control Toolbox, a suite of computational tools for synthesizing and evaluating control laws for a broad class of nonlinear dynamical systems. The Toolbox comprises computational algorithms for identifying optimal control reference trajectories in the phase space of dynamical systems and experimental methods for evaluating performance of the control laws. These algorithms combine knowledge of the geometric theory of modern nonlinear dynamical systems with effcient computational methods for geometric reasoning and graph search; they define the properties of controllability and robustness in terms of phase-space geometric structures and exploit the phase-space neighborhood adjacencies to obtain computational efficiency. Compared to the traditional analytic control design methods, the phase-space based control synthesis and evaluation rely on high-performance computational techniques and are applicable to physical systems operating in large nonlinear regimes. Using a proof-of-concept physical experiment for stabilizing a nonlinear magnetic levitation system, we have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the phase-space control technology.
Labor Unemployment Risk and Tax Aggressiveness

This paper examines whether firms exhibit less tax aggressiveness in order to mitigate workers’ exposure to unemployment risk. We use unemployment insurance (UI) benefit laws as a proxy for unemployment risk and multiple measures of tax aggressiveness. Given that tax aggressiveness is risky and costly for the firm and its employees, we argue that high state UI benefits lower labor unemployment risk and, hence provide firms with an opportunity to exhibit more tax aggressiveness. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find a negative relation between firms’ tax aggressiveness and unemployment risk. In additional analysis, we also find that the negative relation is more pronounced for firms in industries that are more labor intensive. Our results are robust to the exclusion of industries with a dispersed labor force and an alternative proxy for unemployment risk. Overall, our findings suggest that labor market frictions have implications for corporate tax policy.
A MEDICAL POET LAUREATE, ROBERT BRIDGES, M.D., POET LAUREATE OF ENGLAND 1913 TO 1930

Excerpt The Poet Laureate of England holds an official position of peculiar dignity and honor, even though the duties are nominal and the salary somewhat remarkable—a barrel of wine and one hundred...
Importance of size, sulfation, and anticoagulant activity in the potentiation of acidic fibroblast growth factor by heparin.

Abstract Heparin was previously reported to potentiate the mitogenic activity of endothelial cell mitogens in a crude extract of bovine hypothalami (Thornton, S. C., Mueller, S. N., and Levine, E. M. (1983) Science 222, 623-625). We and others (Gospodarowicz, D., and Cheng, J. (1986) J. Cell. Physiol. 128, 475-484) have reported that the growth stimulatory effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) are potentiated in a similar manner. We have used these observations as the basis of an assay to characterize the importance of size, sulfation, and anticoagulant activity of heparin in mediating this effect. Partial nitrous acid depolymerization of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa resulted in a mixture of heparin fragments, containing oligosaccharides ranging from disaccharides to polysaccharides of about 40 monosaccharides in length. This mixture was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography to obtain size-homogeneous oligosaccharides with different degrees of sulfation. Assay of these heparin-derived saccharides in the presence of a suboptimal concentration of aFGF revealed that a minimum chain length and a certain degree of sulfation is required in order to potentiate the action of aFGF. Low sulfate oligosaccharides (4-16 units) were unable to potentiate aFGF, whereas medium sulfate fractions of octadecasaccharides and larger were able to moderately potentiate aFGF. The potentiation of aFGF by the high sulfate fraction correlated with the saccharide size: 12 or more monosaccharide units were necessary to achieve potentiation equivalent to whole heparin, octa- and decasaccharides were mildly stimulatory, and hexasaccharides were without effect. In the absence of aFGF, intact heparin as well as all the oligosaccharides examined, inhibited the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells to approximately the same degree, between 20 and 50% inhibition. When a tetradecasaccharide was separated into a binding and a nonbinding fraction on matrix-bound antithrombin III, no difference was seen for these fractions in the endothelial cell proliferation assay. These results indicate that both size and sulfation of a heparin-derived oligosaccharide contribute to its ability to interact with aFGF and/or endothelial cells and that this interaction is independent of anticoagulant activity. In addition, our findings suggest that the inhibitory and potentiating effects of heparin on capillary endothelial cells have different structural requirements.
Database middleware for distributed ontologies in state and federal family & social services

Collecting benefits using current FSSA systems is time-consuming, frustrating, and complex for needy citizens and social workers. This requires citizens to visit several offices in and outside their hometowns to receive benefits they are entitled to. In many cases, dealing with this process prevents underprivileged citizens from devoting adequate time to enhancing their prospects for becoming self-supporting with a consequential harmful impact on their health and safety.
Interactions between dorsal root axons and their target motor neurons in developing mammalian spinal cord

We have utilized the lipid-soluble tracers Dil and DiA to investigate interactions between group la dorsal root afferent axons and their target motor neurons in developing rat spinal cord. We show here that la axons project toward motor pools in fascicles that exhibit a considerable degree of spatial order. A rough topography is present in that axons that innervate medially located axial motor neurons cross over others in the intermediate zone and follow a separate path along the midline toward their appropriate targets. Surprisingly, we have also found that motor neuron dendritic projections are well established in the transverse plane prior to the arrival of la afferents. Although dendrites from motor pools innervating limb muscles project directly in the path of incoming la afferents, they do not guide afferents to appropriate motor pools. The la afferents pass over the distal dendrites and grow all the way to the border between gray and developing white matter. A significant amount of terminal branching and bouton formation is in the vicinity of motor neuron somata and proximal regions of the dendritic arbors. Few boutons are found near dendrites that project dorsal to the motor pools, and virtually no boutons are found on dendrites in white matter. Our results show that la afferent axons are not guided to appropriate motor pools by random encounters with motor dendrites, and raise the possibility that mechanisms exist that promote an orderly projection of la afferents to particular regions of the ventral horn. The striking lack of innervation of white matter and dorsally directed dendrites by la afferents raises the question of whether descending and intersegmental systems have their initial interactions with these regions of the motor neuron dendritic arbor.
Shape from shading with variable albedo

Most traditional shape-from-shading algorithms assume that an image contains only a single object with Lambertian surface and uniform albedo values. These algorithms perform poorly on images with nonuniform albedo values. In this paper, we first discuss a linear shape- from-shading method that employs discrete approximations for the surface normal using finite differences of the depth and linearizes the reflectance function in depth directly. Next we present a simple method to cancel the effect of albedo variation. In our approach, we first estimate the albedo values for each pixel, and segment the scene into regions with uniform albedo values. However, the estimated albedo values are not accurate at the points near edges, so we apply a modified median filter to improve the result. Then we adjust the intensity value for each pixel by dividing by the corresponding albedo value before applying the linear shape-from-shading method. Experimental results are presented for several synthetic and actual images.
Social Categories in Russian Imperial History

Dans un premier temps, l’auteure rappelle que le travail accompli par les historiens sociaux depuis les annees 1960 permet de bien apprehender l’ordre social officiel de la Russie imperiale mais pas les aspirations et les comportements sociaux du peuple russe. Consciente des limites des sources officielles ou emanant des elites qui orientent habituellement l’historiographie, elle concentre son attention sur ce que les categories sociales identifiees par la loi revelent du developpement de la societe russe. L’auteure se refere a des affaires judiciaires liees a des cas de fausse identite, de servage illegal et de desobeissance populaire pour demontrer comment la definition des categories sociales a pu varier en fonction des cirsconstances et des objectifs poursuivis par les individus. Elle concoit les categories sociales russes comme une sorte de processus social qui permet d’approfondir l’analyse sur la facon dont les definitions sociales fluctuantes et imprecises ont favorise a la fois insecurite sociale et integration societale.
"Futility" Is a Failed Concept in Medical Decision Making: Its Use Should Be Abandoned.

The thesis of Dr. Geppert's target article (2015) is that “futility” in psychiatry is a concept whose time has not yet come. As Helft and colleagues (2000) observed in their essay on “The Rise and ...
FIFTEEN YEARS OF FEAR AROUSAL: RESEARCH ON THREAT APPEALS: 1953-1968

RESEARCH ON THREAT APPEALS HAS YIELDED CONFLICTING FINDINGS CONCERNING THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGH THREAT VERSUS LOW THREAT IN PERSUASION. STUDIES REVIEWED HERE HAVE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS ON PERSUASION OF VARIABLES IN EACH OF FIVE AREAS: (A) THE NATURE OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS, (B) PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECIPIENTS, (C) SOURCE CREDIBILITY, (D) LEARNING OF THE MESSAGE CONTENT, AND (E) THE INTEREST VALUE OF FEAR. FEW VARIABLES HAVE BEEN FOUND WHICH CONSISTENTLY INTERACT WITH VARIABLES HAVE BEEN FOUND WHICH CONSISTENTLY INTERACT WITH FEAR. ONE CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATION AND FOUR METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE SUGGESTED AS POSSIBLE SOURCES OF THE INCONSISTENCY IN THE FINDINGS. A POSTULATED CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEAR LEVEL AND PERSUASION MAY HELP RECONCILE SOME OF THE CONFLICTING FINDINGS ON HIGH- VERSUS LOW-THREAT APPEALS. /AUTHOR/
Toward an Action-Oriented Pedagogy: Buddhist Texts and Monastic Education in Contemporary Sri Lanka

By examining the role that texts play in the early training of Buddhist novices, this article supplements a growing collection of literature examining the role of "canon" in the Theravada tradition. Drawing on fieldwork recently conducted in Sri Lanka, this article maintains that the majority of young newcomers to the monastic community or sarigha learn about monastic behavior and practices less through learning the content of particular texts and more through doing, performing, and speaking. In the process of exploring the meaning and role of an action-oriented pedagogy in the monastic training of young novices, this article considers how engaging in such activities as eating, walking, chanting, and sweeping creates ritualized monastic agents who are imbued with an understanding of what it means to be a monk and how a monk should act.
Effect of catheter size on urodynamic assessment of bladder outlet obstruction.

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of cross-sectional catheter diameter on urodynamic measurement of bladder outlet obstruction as predicted by the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram. Methods Thirty-one patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia underwent free flow measurements followed by pressure-flow urodynamic evaluation using 5F and 10F urethral catheters in randomly assigned order. The measurements of voided volume, maximal flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual volume, and detrusor pressure at maximal flow (PdetQmax) were compared. Data points were then plotted on the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram, and categorization of bladder outlet obstruction was assigned for each catheter size. Results The use of 10F catheters resulted in both a significant decrease in Qmax and increase in PdetQmax compared with the use of 5F catheters. Of 31 patients, 10 (32%) were incorrectly categorized as obstructed according to the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram when the larger sized catheter was used, and 17 (55%) experienced migration from a less obstructed to a more obstructed category. Conclusions The use of 5F catheters allows for more accurate diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. In urodynamic evaluations, the larger size 10F catheters should be avoided, especially in patients with borderline symptoms.
Incidence of residual intracranial AVMs after surgical resection and efficacy of immediate surgical re-exploration.

Background. The true incidence of residual lesions after surgical resection of AVMs is not well documented in the literature. Partial surgical resection is thought to not confer any improvement over the natural history risk of hemorrhage of AVMs, and in certain cases may actually increase the risk of hemorrhage. Over the past 11 years, we have adopted a policy of immediate postoperative angiography with immediate surgical re-exploration if a residual lesion is seen. The purpose of the present study was to review our experience to determine the incidence of residual lesions and subsequent outcome.
Effects of Heating on the Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearings. II: Verification of Theory

The energy dissipated per cycle and the characteristic strength of lead-rubber bearings reduce with increasing number of cycles as a result of heating of the lead core. A theory which is capable of predicting the histories of temperature rise in the core, of the energy dissipated and of the characteristic strength of lead-rubber bearings has been presented in a companion paper. This paper presents a comparison of predictions of this theory to experimental results obtained in the testing of six lead-rubber bearings. The analytical predictions are found to be sufficiently accurate. Moreover, finite-element analyses results are presented that provide insight into the distribution of temperature in the lead core and end and shim plates of the bearings. These distributions confirm the assumptions made in the development of the theoretical solution.
Development changes in the distribution of carbohydrates in the maize root apex

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative analyses of glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch were made on the first ten serial 1 mm segments of 3-, 4- and 5-day-old primary roots of Zea mays . On both a per segment basis and a per microgram dry weight basis glucose and fructose increase up to the fifth or sixth segment. Increased concentration of glucose and fructose are concomitant with cell elongation. They accompany not only the period of marked cell elongation, but also the cell enlargement that proceeds in that part of the root in which cell division is the dominant activity. In this region the increase of glucose and fructose is, however, at a much lower rate than in the so-called elongation region. In the second segment the concentration per dry weight of sucrose is at its peak and it exceeds that of glucose or fructose. Basipetal to the second segment, in the region of cell elongation, glucose and fructose are present in increasingly larger quantities than sucrose. On a quantity per segment basis starch is at its peak in the second segment, but the data expressed as concentration on a dry weight basis show, and electron micrographs confirm (unpublished data from this laboratory), that starch is more prevalent in the root cap and in certain cells basipetal to the apical region than in the cells of the division zone of the root.
Evaluation of Dual Injection of LHRHa and the Dopamine Receptor Antagonist Pimozide in Cage Spawning of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

.— Control of reproduction in cultured fishes has been improved by the use of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH's) and, in many fishes, the use of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists. However, little successful use of these treatments has been reported for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of treatment with a gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) and a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist to improve cage spawning success in channel catfish. Two and 3-yr-old catfish were selected from ponds. All males were injected with des-Gly10, [D-Ala6]-Leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LHRHa, 50 μg/kg body weight). Females were randomly assigned to the various injection treatments, control (vehicle injected, C), LHRHa only (L), DA receptor antagonist (pimozide) only (P), and LHRHa and pimozide (LP). After injections, one male and one female were paired and placed into 1 m wide × 1.5 m long × 1.2 m deep spawning cages with a metal spawning can. Spawning cans were checked from 1 to 10 d after injection and successful spawning events were recorded. Five trials were conducted between 13 May and 5 June 1998. The LP treatment yielded significantly more spawns than any other treatment (LP, N = 24, 83% > L, N = 25, 44% > C, N = 23, 43 % > P, N= 11, 36%). The greatest promotion of spawning with LP treatment was in the first two induction trials. In the subsequent three trials, differences between treatments were not significant, although LP tre.ated females tended to spawn more frequently. Percent hatch (60.5 ± 3.4%) did not differ between treatments. Treatment of females with LHRHa + pimozide is a potentially useful method for increasing spawning success, particularly early in the spawning season.
Pre-surgery Disability Compensation Predicts Long-Term Disability among Workers with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Background We sought to identify early risk factors for work disability compensation prior to and after carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) surgery, and to determine whether pre-surgery disability compensation is associated with long-term disability. Methods Washington State workers' compensation administrative data and data from interviews with workers 18 days (median) after submitting new workers' compensation claims for CTS were examined. Baseline risk factors for pre-surgery disability compensation and for long-term disability (>365 days of work disability compensation prior to 2 years after claim filing) were evaluated for workers who underwent CTS surgery and had at least 1 day of disability compensation (N = 670). Results After adjustment for baseline long-term disability risk factors, workers with pre-surgery disability compensation had over five times the odds of long-term disability. Baseline factors in multiple domains, including job, psychosocial, clinical, and worker pain and function, were associated with both pre-surgery disability compensation and long-term disability. Conclusions Risk factors for work disability prior to and after CTS surgery are similar, and early work disability is a risk factor for long-term CTS-related disability. An integrated approach to CTS-related disability prevention could include identifying and addressing combined risk factors soon after claim filing, more efficient use of conservative treatments and appropriate work modifications to minimize early work loss, and, when indicated, timely surgical intervention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:816–832, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutrition and Inflammation Insights on Dietary Pattern, Obesity, and Asthma

Evidence indicates that chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and asthma are part of a group of conditions linked by inflammatory dysregulation. One explanation for these assoc...
Vulnerability in an excitable medium: analytical and numerical studies of initiating unidirectional propagation

Cardiac tissue can display unusual responses to certain stimulation protocols. In the wake of a conditioning wave of excitation, spiral waves can be initiated by applying stimuli timed to occur during a period of vulnerability (VP). Although vulnerability is well known in cardiac and chemical media, the determinants of the VP and its boundaries have received little theoretical and analytical study. From numerical and analytical studies of reaction-diffusion equations, we have found that 1) vulnerability is an inherent property of Beeler-Reuter and FitzHugh-Nagumo models of excitable media; 2) the duration of the vulnerable window (VW) the one-dimensional analog of the VP, is sensitive to the medium properties and the size of the stimulus field; and 3) the amplitudes of the excitatory and recovery processes modulate the duration of the VW. The analytical results reveal macroscopic behavior (vulnerability) derived from the diffusion of excitation that is not observable at the level of isolated cells or single reaction units.
Elevated ultraviolet-B radiation induces cross-protection to cold in leaves of Rhododendron under field conditions.

Abstract Previously, we have shown a cold-hardening response in Rhododendron ‘English Roseum’ exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) under growth chamber conditions. We have conducted the present study under field conditions to provide for a higher ratio of photosynthetically active radiation to UV-B (PAR:UV-B) than is possible in the laboratory and to more accurately reflect natural conditions of solar irradiance. Leaf disks taken after 3 months from UV-B–exposed plants exhibited a greater tolerance to freezing temperatures than those from control plants that received no supplemental UV-B exposure during this time. Leaf disks taken from UV-B–irradiated plants survived temperatures below −8°C, whereas control disks were killed at −6°C. Cold hardiness did not significantly increase until September, when environmental cues such as decreasing day length and night temperatures also may have enhanced hardening. Our field findings confirm our previous laboratory study, demonstrating that...
A Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning and Retention

(1962). A Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning and Retention. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 213-224.
A comparison of clinical efficacy of two delivery systems of salicylic acid in corn removal plasters

Abstract 102 patients with a dorsal corn were each assigned to one of two treatment groups to receive commercially available corn removal plasters containing salicylic acid in either a waxy matrix or an adhesive matrix. The plasters were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Clinical assessments were made at short and regular intervals until complete delamination occurred. No significant difference was found in the percentage of corns delaminated between the two groups. There was, however, a significant difference in the maceration levels between the two groups, the waxy matrix type having the greater incidence of severe local maceration together with maceration spreading to the surrounding healthy tissues. The results indicate that while maintaining comparable efficacy, corn removal plasters with an adhesive matrix cause less extensive maceration than those with a waxy matrix.
Heart transplantation in children with markedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance: impact of right ventricular failure on outcome.

Background Pulmonary hypertension causes increased morbidity and mortality in adults after heart transplantation. The effect of markedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) on post-transplant outcomes in children has not been well described. Methods Outcomes were compared in a retrospective study between 58 children with an elevated PVR index (PVRI) ≥ 6 U/m 2 and 205 children with a PVRI 2 . Patients who did and did not respond to acute vasodilator testing and patients who underwent transplant before (pre-1995) and after (post-1995) the availability of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) were compared. Results The pre-transplant diagnoses, and cardiopulmonary bypass and donor ischemic times were similar between the high and low PVRI groups. High PVRI patients were older at transplant (12 ± 6.2 vs 8 ± 7.1 years, p = 0.002 ). The post-transplant inotrope score was higher in the high PVRI group (12 ± 12 vs 2 ± 2, p = 0.0001) and 1-year survival was worse (76% vs 81%, p = 0.03). The PVRI fell to 2 with acute vasodilator testing in 21 of 49 (42%) high PVRI patients. RV failure occurred in 4 (19%) of the responders and in 14 (50%) of the non-responders ( p = 0.037). One responder (5%) and 4 non-responders (14%) died of RV failure. In the period after 1995, the year iNO became clinically available, the select group of high PVRI patients who received iNO preemptively had a lower incidence of post-transplant RV failure than the group that did not receive preemptive iNO (13% vs 54%, p = 0.04). Conclusions Pre-transplant vasodilator testing identified patients at higher risk for RV failure. Patients who did not respond to vasodilator testing had an increased incidence of RV failure and death from RV failure. Preemptive use of iNO was associated with a decreased incidence of RV failure.
Sir William Osler and the anatomical tubercle.

Tuberculosis of the skin resulting from direct inoculation of a tuberculinsensitive individual (tuberculosis verrucosa cutis) is a rare disease first describes by Laennec. Various terms, including prosector's wart and the anatomical tubercle, have been used to describe these lesions, which were often acquired in the autopsy room. The disease usually remains local in those patients with acquired immunity from previous infection with tuberculosis. Sir Williarr Osler possessed an abiding interest in pathology throughout his career and performed nearly 1,000 postmortem examinations. He describes the acquisitior of numerous prosector's warts and their evolution and treatment. It is postulated that Osler was a tuberculin-sensitive individual at the time he acquired his anatomical tubercles. His contributions to dermatology are discussed. (J Am Acad Dermatol 19$7;16:1071-4.)
AXAF VETA-I mirror x-ray test results cross-check with the HDOS metrology data

The AXAF VETA-I mirror x-ray test results have been cross checked with predictions based upon the HDOS metrology measurements and calculations of the effects of imperfect test system geometry and mirror mount induced distortions. The cross check was done by comparing the VETA-I x-ray test results with a VETA-I model, which is a computer simulation of the VETA-I mirror performance during the x-ray test. The HDOS (Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc., Danbury, Conn.) metrology measurements (with CIDS, PMS, and WYKO) were performed after the VETA-I x-ray test in order to determine the surface figure errors of the mirror pair, including the overall surface map and the surface roughness. Mirror performance was predicted based on the measured surface figure errors and x-ray scattering theory. All the VETA-I x-ray test data (FWHM, encircled energy, effective area, wing scan, and ring focus) were cross checked with the HDOS metrology measurements. The results of this study show reasonably good agreement between the x-ray test data and the metrology data. Similar analysis should be performed for the HRMA mirrors, which is an important step in securing a scientifically successful AXAF mission.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Infrared and Visible Satellite Rain Estimation. Part I: A Grid Cell Approach

Abstract The relationships between satellite-viewed cloudy (or partly cloudy) grid cells and the variability of the precipitation contained therein are explored. Using a 32 km grid and 30 min interval visible, infrared and radar data, 5 days of the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment are examined. Cloud is delineated from no-cloud by an infrared threshold of 253 K. While high rainrates are always associated with low temperatures, the reverse is not true: low temperatures do not always imply high rainrates. For partly cloudy cells, the percent-explained variance of rainrate by infrared parameters is low, with none of the parameters explaining more than 14% of the variance. The mean visible count explains slightly more variance, but it is not apparent that higher visible values are indicative of higher rainrates, because the higher resolution of those data introduces ground pixels into the average. When only completely cloudy cells are considered, the infrared parameters still explained about 14% of the varianc...
Taurine in hippocampus: localization and postsynaptic action.

Abstract Both immunocytochemical and electrophysiological methods have been employed to determine whether the localization of the taurine synthetic enzyme, cysteine sulfinic acid decar☐ylase, (CSAD) and the postsynaptic action of taurine in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus are consistent with the hypothesis that taurine may be used as a neurotransmitter by some hippocampal neurons. At the light microscopic level, CSAD-immunoreactivity (CSAD-IR) was found in the pyramidal basket cells, and around pyramidal cells in stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum. At the electron microscopic level, CSAD-IR was seen most often in the soma and the dendrites and was rather infrequent in the axon or the nerve terminals. Electrophysiological observations on the in vitro hippocampal slice demonstrated that pyramidal neurons respond to artifically applied taurine with inhibition that depended in large part upon an increased chloride conductance. Although electrophysiological observations are consistent with a neurotransmitter role for taurine, results from immunocytochemical studies suggest a minor role for taurine as a neurotransmitter. In fact, immunocytochemical observations suggested that taurine may be used as a neurotransmitter only by a small number of pyramidal basket interneurons, the vast majority of CSAD-positive neurons may use taurine for other functions.
Revisiting The Body in Pain: The Rhetoric of Modern Masochism

A common-sense definition of pain would state first of all that pain is bad: pain is by definition what all living creatures most fundamentally seek to avoid. And yet, anyone with an average range of experience knows that much of what is ordinarily termed pain—from stretching to massage to exercise to childbirth—is not necessarily aversive. Self-proclaimed masochists are one group who embrace and embody the complex human relationship with pain as both an undeniably material experience, but also a practice deeply embedded in culture and rhetoric. Reading through Elaine Scarry and Deleuze and Guattari, this article seeks to engage the apparent paradox that makes pain both an irresistible weapon of torture and a mechanism towards an ecstatic restructuring of subjectivity. The article posits that it is precisely the complex discourse and rhetoric of pain which allows the material experience of it to be so radically contextually determined.
Persistent Leukocytosis: A Persistent Problem for Stroke Patients (P06.229)

Objective: To determine the clinical significance of persistent versus transient leukocytosis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Background Transient but significant elevation in white cell counts have been described after status epilepticus, head trauma, and spinal cord injury, independent of steroid administration or infection.Leukocytosis may be secondary to alpha adrenergic stimuli, endogenous corticosteroid increase, or a combination of the two. Design/Methods: Patients who presented with AIS to our center within 48hrs of symptom onset between 7/2008 and 6/2010 were retrospectively identified by chart review. Patients were included if they had leukocytosis on admission (defined as WBC count >11,000/μl based on laboratory reference range). Demographics, NIHSS scores, leukocyte counts, length of stay (LOS), disposition, and good functional outcome (mRS 0-2) were compared in patients with persistent (still elevated 48hrs after admission) vs. transient (resolved Results: Of the 438 patients screened, 49 had leukocytosis on admission; (mean age 61.5, median admission NIHSS 9, mean LOS 8.5 days, and median discharge mRS 3). 24 (49%) had persistent leukocytosis. When compared to patients with transient leukocytosis, baseline NIHSS was significantly higher in the persistent leukocytosis group (p=0.0476), and the mean LOS was significantly longer (p=0.044). More people with transient leukocytosis had a good functional outcome (44% vs 16%, p=0.006). After adjusting for NIHSS, persistent leukocytosis was not an independent predictor of good functional outcome (OR=2.5, 95%CI 0.562-10.7, p=0.2322). NIHSS correlated significantly with persistence of leukocytosis (r=0.306, p=0.0044). Conclusions: Persistent leukocytosis, present in half of patients with AIS, is associated with higher baseline NIHSS scores, longer LOS, and poorer functional outcomes. Persistent leukocytosis is tightly linked with baseline stroke severity and may serve as a predictor of poor patient outcomes the setting of AIS. Disclosure: Dr. Boehme has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gillette has received research support from the Infectious Disease Society of America. Dr. Siegler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albright has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martin-Schild has nothing to disclose.
Vault nanocapsule dissociation into halves triggered at low pH

Vaults are self-assembled ribonucleoprotein nanocapsules that consist of multiple copies of three proteins (major vault protein, VPARP, and TEP1) and an untranslated RNA. Although their function has not been determined, vaults are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. This study describes the use of fluorescence spectroscopy, multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS), and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as tools in investigating recombinant vault conformational change in response to a varied solution pH. Identification of conditions for reversible vault disassembly and reassembly could enable application of these nanocapsules in drug delivery and in nanomaterials synthesis. Initial monitoring of changes in the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of vaults showed a 60% increase at pH 3.4 compared to that at pH 6.5, suggesting vaults exhibit a more open conformation at low pH. Fluorescence quenching studies provided further evidence of a vault structural change at low pH. MALLS data suggested a decrease in molecular mass accompanied by a clear increase in the radius of gyration as the solution pH was shifted from 6.5 to 3.4. This result prompted the hypothesis that vaults dissociate at least partially at low pH. Using the QCM to study adsorption of the vault onto self-assembled monolayers, data that suggest vault dissociation at low pH, even when the vault is in an adsorbed state, were also obtained. Finally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of negatively stained vaults at pH 6.5 and 3.4 confirmed the fluorescence spectroscopy, MALLS, and QCM findings by providing visual evidence that vaults disassemble into halves as the solution pH is lowered from 6.5 to 3.4.