cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV Testing, Care Referral, and Linkage to Care Intervals Affect Time to Engagement in Care for Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Adolescents in 15 Adolescent Medicine Clinics in the United States.

Objective: To examine how the time from HIV testing to care referral and from referral to care linkage influenced time to care engagement for newly diagnosed HIV-infected adolescents. Methods: We evaluated the Care Initiative, a care linkage and engagement program for HIV-infected adolescents in 15 US clinics. We analyzed client-level factors, provider type, and intervals from HIV testing to care referral and from referral to care linkage as predictors of care engagement. Engagement was defined as a second HIV-related medical visit within 16 weeks of initial HIV-related medical visit (linkage). Results: At 32 months, 2143 youth had been referred. Of these, 866 were linked to care through the Care Initiative within 42 days and thus eligible for study inclusion. Of the linked youth, 90.8% were ultimately engaged in care. Time from HIV testing to referral (eg, =7 days versus >365 days) was associated with engagement [adjusted odds ratio = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43 to 5.94] and shorter time to engagement (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.79). Individuals with shorter care referral to linkage intervals (eg, =7 days versus 22–42 days) engaged in care faster (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.90; 95% CI: 2.34 to 3.60) and more successfully (adjusted odds ratio = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.89). Conclusions: These data address a critical piece of the care continuum and can offer suggestions of where and with whom to intervene to best achieve the care engagement goals outlined in the US National HIV/AIDS Strategy. These results may also inform programs and policies that set concrete milestones and strategies for optimal care linkage timing for newly diagnosed adolescents.
Larmor frequency selective model free analysis of protein NMR relaxation.

The Lipari-Szabo dynamical formalism is extended by setting the time constants of the Lorentzian terms to \( - 1/\omega _{\text{N}}\) and \(1/\omega _{\text{H}} + {\text{ }}\omega _{\text{N}}\). This analysis is compared to the earlier proposed three-parameter \(({\text{S}}_{\text{f}}^{\text{2}} ,{\text{S}}_{\text{s}}^{\text{2}} ,\tau _{\text{s}} )\) extended model free formalism with regard to the range of equivalence and the advantages of the simplified two-parameter (Sinffsup2,SinfHsup2) and (Sinffsup2,SinfNsup2) representations. Spectral density components are calculated and compared to those obtained from the spectral density analysis formalism. Protein relaxation data, commonly analyzed in terms of the two-parameter \(({\text{S}}^{\text{2}} ,\tau _{\text{e}} )\) representation, may correspond to a dynamically heterogeneous behaviour that is more appropriately represented in terms of a fast limit order parameter and a second, lower frequency order parameter.
Diagnostic Value of Eye Opening in Infantile Seizures

The significance of eye opening and closure during paroxysmal events in infants was examined by a retrospective review of video electroencephalograms of 91 seizures recorded in 69 infants at the Epilepsy Center, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL.
Value of hilar great arteries transverse view in prenatal diagnosis of conotruncal defects

Objective To evaluate the value of hilar great arteries transverse view in diagnosing fetal conotruncal defects. Methods Sonagrams of hilar great arteries transverse view in 28 fetuses with conotruncal defects were analyzed.Results Among 28 fetuses with conotruncal defects including 5 cases of complete transposition of great arteries, 2 cases of corrected transposition of great arteries, 7 cases of tetralogy of Fallot, 1 case of tetralogy of Fallot combing with absent pulmonary valve, 5 cases of persistent truncus arteriosus and 8 cases of double-outlet right ventricle, 24 of them showed an abnormal hilar great arteries transverse view that included abnormal vessel number,abnormal arrangement and abnormal vessel size.Conclution Hilar great arteries transverse view plays an important role in the prenatal diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of fetal conotruncal defects.
Implosion configurations for robust ignition using high- density carbon (diamond) ablator for indirect-drive ICF at the National Ignition Facility

We present five ignition scale capsule designs using high-density carbon ablators with fuel adiabat (α) ranging from 1.5 to 4. All five have 1D yield > 1 MJ. The sensitivities of these capsules to surface roughness and P2 radiation asymmetries were studied. The most robust configuration with respect to surface roughness depends on the amplitude of the surface spectrum. The most robust configuration with respect to P2 asymmetry is the α = 1.5 configuration which has the highest 1D margin. We find that α = 2 and 2.5 configurations have the highest overall robustness. Further analysis is needed to study the effects of more complicated 3D behaviors.
Elevation of a specific mRNA in longissimus muscle of steers fed ractopamine.

To address the hypothesis that some classes of growth promoters stimulate muscle protein synthesis in growing cattle, 23 crossbred steers were fed diets containing the phenethanolamine growth promoter ractopamine in a 140-d feeding trial. Steers received either no ractopamine, .18 or .36 mg.kg BW-1.d-1 ractopamine for 140 d or .36 or .72 mg.kg BW-1.d-1 ractopamine for 56 d. Longissimus muscle was obtained at slaughter and frozen in liquid N2. RNA was extracted by homogenization of pulverized frozen muscle in guanidinium isothiocyanate and centrifugation through cesium chloride. Polyadenylated mRNA was extracted by capture on oligo-dT columns. Ractopamine had no effect on total RNA or mRNA concentrations (P greater than .25). Hybridization of the RNA to a putative myosin light chain-1/3 (MLC-1/3) cDNA clone in a Northern blot indicated one heavy band (approximately 1 kb) with no evidence of extensive destruction of the RNA. A second, minor band (approximately 3 kb) also was observed in some samples. The MLC-1/3 cDNA clone was hybridized to 1- or 5-micrograms samples of total RNA, and the intensity of the resultant autoradiographs was quantified by laser densitometry. There was a statistical correlation between MLC-1/3 mRNA-micrograms RNA-1 and longissimus cross-sectional area (P less than .05) and average daily gain (P less than .025). The results suggest that ractopamine either increased the transcription of the putative MLC-1/3 gene and(or) increased the stability of MLC-1/3 mRNA in bovine longissimus muscle, either of which could result in an increase in specific myofibrillar protein synthesis.
Culture and Ecology: Culture as the Master Variable

This chapter discusses culture and ecology where culture is the master variable. Cultural ecology is research in which culture becomes the starting point and also the objective, where the direction of information flow in feedback loop No. 3 is considered to be coming from the attitudinal and socio-cultural components up into the energy-transformation and producing functions, whose functioning can then be viewed as a cause, or reinforcement, of the socio-cultural. The presence of culture (or the cognitive-voluntaristic capacity of human behavior) in relations of humans with the physical environment has always caused many methodological difficulties as it is apparent that humans are not merely another organism along with others in environmental contexts of study. The ecology of humans has been conceived as a separate descriptive discipline and not as a tool for explaining other phenomena. Concepts like settlement pattern, or technoeconomic core, seems more suitable for prehistorians, who work only with material remains and, therefore, must infer choice and decision-making behaviors. In the absence of dynamic behavioral data, such concepts seem appropriate and may even have the advantage of filtering out the distracting minutiae, which often obscure adaptive systems in ethnologically-based studies of cultural ecology.
Thyroidectomy in patients with marked thyroid enlargement: Airway management, morbidity, and outcome

The medical records of 91 patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 1990 to 1993 were reviewed to evaluate airway management and operative morbidity in patients with marked thyroid enlargement. Twenty-nine patients with marked thyroid enlargement were identified: 13 unilateral, defined by a weight of > or = 40 g (mean 122 g, range 41-380 g), and 16 bilateral, defined by a weight of > or = 80 g (mean 160 g, range 82-404 g). Twenty-five patients had compressive symptomatology, 18 had tracheal narrowing and/or displacement, 19 had substernal extension, and one had superior vena cava syndrome. Unilateral vocal cord dysfunction was present in two of three patients with carcinoma and one of 26 patients with benign disease (P = 0.03). Pathology consisted of nodular goiter (11), adenoma (5), carcinoma (3), Grave's disease (5), and toxic multinodular goiter (5). All patients had an uncomplicated endotracheal intubation without the use of a fiberoptic bronchoscope as predicted on the basis of preoperative laryngoscopic findings. Ease of intubation was unrelated to the extent of abnormality seen on imaging studies of the neck. Thyroidectomy alone was effective in relieving compressive symptoms with no incidence of nerve injury, permanent hypoparathyroidism, or tracheomalacia. Six (21%) of 29 patients had temporary hypocalcemia compared to eight (13%) of 62 patients with lesser thyroid enlargement (P = 0.36). One patient with an unresectable follicular carcinoma died from aspiration pneumonia three weeks following tracheostomy placement. Marked thyroid enlargement and upper airway compression is predominantly caused by benign disease; however, when there is associated recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction, carcinoma is more common.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
From the Cover: Cadmium Exposure Differentially Alters Odorant-Driven Behaviors and Expression of Olfactory Receptors in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Salmon exposed to waterborne metals can experience olfactory impairment leading to disrupted chemosensation. In the current study, we investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd) on salmon olfactory function by modeling an exposure scenario where juvenile salmon transiently migrate through a polluted waterway. Coho were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of waterborne Cd (2 and 30 µg/L) for 48 h and (0.3 and 2 μg/L) for 16 days, followed by a 16-day depuration associated with outmigration. Cadmium exposures inhibited behavioral responses towards L-cysteine and conspecific odorants, with effects persisting following the depuration. Behavioral alterations following the 30 µg/L exposure were associated with increased olfactory epithelial gene expression of metallothionein (mt1a) and heme oxygenase (hmox1); reduced expression of olfactory signal transduction (OST) molecules; and reduced expression of mRNAs encoding major coho odorant receptors (ORs). Salmon OR array analysis indicated that Cd preferentially impacted expression of OST and OR markers for ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) relative to microvillus OSNs, suggesting a differential sensitivity of these two major OSN populations. Behavioral alterations on exposure to 0.3 and 2 µg/L Cd were associated with increased mt1a, but not with major histological or OR molecular changes, likely indicating disrupted OST as a major mechanism underlying the behavioral dysfunction at the low-level Cd exposures. Laser-ablation mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the OSN injury and behavioral dysfunction was associated with significant Cd bioaccumulation within the olfactory sensory epithelium. In summary, low-level Cd exposures associated with polluted waterways can induce differential and persistent olfactory dysfunction in juvenile coho salmon.
Colloidal and Physicochemical Properties of Maleic Anhydride Polymers

The colloidal and physicochemical properties of maleic anhydride-based polymers are very interesting due to their dynamic conformational behavior. A significant portion of this chapter is dedicated to the topic of conformational behavior of dilute solutions of copolymers of maleic anhydride copolymers. There is a wealth of literature on this topic due to interest in elucidating the colloidal properties of polyacids. Great strides were made in this area utilizing a variety of wet chemistry and instrumental techniques, starting with potentiometric titration, which is a fundamental approach to gaining insight into the chain dynamics of polyacids. Studies based on sophisticated techniques, such as dynamic rheology and spectrofluorescence, helped to provide greater insight into conformational phenomena related to maleic anhydride-based polymers. In addition, the interactions of surfactants with maleic anhydride-based polymers are equally intriguing and provide researchers with insights into multicomponent systems, which are commonly found in commercial formulations.
T-cell immunity: strength out of quiescence?

In this issue of Blood, Alsuliman et al describe a CD161(1) T-cell population with selectively high toxin effluxing capacity through the MDR1 transporter that helps protect patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) during chemotherapy.
Hierarchical Temporal Memory on the Automata Processor

While modern machine learning has made significant strides toward achieving high aptitude in various cognitive tasks, it does not provide any of the general abilities of mammalian intelligence. With a fundamentally different approach, Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) is based on biological evidence that a common set of principles in the neocortex provides a diverse set of intelligent functions. Hierarchical temporal memories (HTMs) are biomimetic algorithms that can similarly be trained to perform inference and prediction on any temporal datastream. The Automata Processor (AP) is a configurable silicon implementation of nondeterministic finite automata, designed for massively parallel pattern matching. Key correspondences between counter-extended nondeterministic finite automata and the HTM activation model indicate use of the AP as an efficient hardware accelerator. In this article, the authors introduce a methodology for synthesizing HTMs on the Automata Processor, demonstrate three prediction applications on their model, and show its potential to achieve between 137 to 446 times speedup over the CPU.
Microscopic cordierite in fused Torridonian arkose

Progressive thermal metamorphism of Torridonian arkose by a picrite sill in Soay (Hebrides) has culminated in extensive fusion. Microlites of cordierite were precipitated from the liquid as colorless, six-sided prisms (maximum dimension 0.06 mm.) with abundant magnetite inclusions. Refractive indices of the cordierite lie between 1.529 and 1.541, and (-) 2V is small. The cordierite is frequently twinned on (110), and rare cruciform twins are also present. The latter have (021) or (101) as the probable twin plane. Only (110) and (130) have been reported previously as cordierite twin planes. The distortion index, Δ (degree of distortion from hexagonal symmetry, measured by x-ray powder diffraction), is 0.08. From independent evidence, the maximum P_(H2O) was 430 kg/cm^2, and the minimum temperature interval of cordierite crystallization was 1025° C. to 935° C. If P_(H2O) were less than 430 kg/cm^2, the estimated crystallization temperatures would be higher. A useful temperature scale may be established by: (1) correlation of the structural state of cordierite with estimated temperature and pressure of water vapor in buchites, and (2) extension of hydrothermal studies on synthetic cordierites. Both approaches are required because the crystallization history of cordierite may affect its structural state. It is probable that the crystallization histories of cordierites in most buchites followed similar patterns.
Methods of assessing antifouling and foul-release efficacy of non-toxic marine coatings

The ability to assess the performance of novel, non-toxic coatings is essential to developing environmentally benign solutions to control biofouling, which is the accumulation of organisms on man-made structures in aquatic environments. In the past decade, the methods for screening experimental coatings have increased and subsequently improved the ability to down-select the best candidate coatings rapidly. The standard approaches involve a series of assays that first examine the efficacy of non-toxic coatings as antifouling surfaces by quantifying the settlement of algal spores and invertebrate larval stages. Following settlement assays, coatings are often tested for their efficacy at limiting adhesion (i.e. ‘foul-release’ performance) by using a variety of techniques and marine organisms, including bacteria, algae and invertebrate larval and adult stages. This overview serves to describe the current techniques and technologies used in assessing marine coatings and acts as a gateway into the primary liter...
Coherence Between Coastal and River Flooding along the California Coast

ABSTRACT Odigie, K.O. and Warrick, J.A., 2018. Coherence between coastal and river flooding along the California coast. Water levels around river mouths are intrinsically determined by sea level and river discharge. If storm-associated coastal water-level anomalies coincide with extreme river discharge, landscapes near river mouths will be flooded by the hydrodynamic interactions of these two water masses. Unfortunately, the temporal relationships between ocean and river water masses are not well understood. The coherence between extreme river discharge and coastal water levels at six California river mouths across different climatic and geographic regions was examined. Data from river gauges, wave buoys, and tide gauges from 2007 to 2014 were integrated to investigate the relationships between extreme river discharge and coastal water levels near the mouths of the Eel, Russian, San Lorenzo, Ventura, Arroyo Trabuco, and San Diego rivers. Results indicate that mean and extreme coastal water levels during e...
Trimethylsilyl-Protected Alkynes as Selective Cross-Coupling Partners in Titanium-Catalyzed [2+2+1] Pyrrole Synthesis.

Trimethylsilyl (TMS)-protected alkynes served as selective alkyne cross-coupling partners in titanium-catalyzed [2+2+1] pyrrole synthesis. Reactions of TMS-protected alkynes with internal alkynes and azobenzene under the catalysis of titanium imido complexes yielded pentasubstituted 2-TMS-pyrroles with greater than 90 % selectivity over the other nine possible pyrrole products. The steric and electronic effects of the TMS group were both identified to play key roles in this highly selective pyrrole synthesis. This strategy provides a convenient method to synthesize multisubstituted pyrroles as well as an entry point for further pyrrole diversification through facile modification of the resulting 2-silyl pyrrole products, as demonstrated through a short formal synthesis of the marine natural product lamellarin R.
Wave Propagation in Buildings as Periodic Structures: Timoshenko Beam with Rigid Floor Slabs Model

AbstractElastic wave propagation in high-rise buildings is studied using a Timoshenko beam model with rigid floor slabs, with the objective of gaining insight into the effects of their repeatable a...
Winter phytoplankton community structure in three shallow temperate lakes during ice cover

The general model of seasonal phytoplankton succession in temperate lakes suggests that winter phytoplankton growth is minimal under ice-cover. However, some studies have found diverse phytoplankton communities during winter. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the species composition and the changes in the winter phytoplankton community structure under the ice. For 2 consecutive winters, phytoplankton samples were collected under ice-cover at 4 sites on 3 lakes in Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), near Pingree, North Dakota. Ninety taxa were identified and enumerated. Densities of several of these taxa frequently exceeded 106 cells l−1. The winter phytoplankton communities in these lakes were dominated by flagellates, principally cryptomonads, a synurophyte (Synura uvella), small chrysophytes (Chrysococcus spp., Kephyrion spp.) and a dinoflagellate (Peridinium aciculiferum), as well as non-flagellate microchlorophytes (Monoraphidium spp., Ankistrodesmus spp., and Pseudodictyosphaerium sp.), a cyanobacterium (Gloeocapsa aeruginosa) and centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus minutulus, S. parvus and Cyclotella meneghiniana).
Who Participates? Local Community Participation and the Left Turn in Bolivia

Whereas studies of electoral participation abound, little attention has been paid to non-electoral and non-contentious participation. Latin American countries have recently promoted participatory institutions and become ideal contexts to probe participation questions. Since the mid 1990s, Bolivia has been at the forefront of institutional creation for participation. We analyze the determinants of local community participation through individual survey data spanning from 1998 to 2010. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we ask whether Bolivia’s new participatory regime reproduces the socioeconomic biases prevalent in developed societies. We find no evidence of a high social-class bias in Bolivia’s participatory regime. Second, we analyze whether Bolivia’s left turn has produced changes in the levels or predictors of participation, as expected in the “left turn” literature. Contrary to expectations, the levels of local community participation have not changed, albeit the participants are slightly younger, more indigenous, and rural than before the left turn.
The Roman Period

Compared to the Greeks, Roman science was applied and practical, with little interest in theory and speculation about the true nature of things. Great uncritical treatises were written by writers such as A. Cornelius Celsus and Pliny, consolidating current biological knowledge (and error). Lucretius speculated on the nature of life but substantial advances were made by Galen, particularly in anatomy and physiology. Galen’s physiological system of spirits was treated almost as dogma until its overthrow in the Renaissance.
Gesture-based user interfaces for public spaces

Gesture-based approaches are becoming an increasingly popular technique in Human Computer Interaction. Recent developments in the hardware field have made it more affordable and more reliable to use gesture-based interfaces and they are becoming more of a standard way for human users to interact with computers. Most of the research has been investigating the usage of gestures in personal and limited access situations. But gesture interfaces are promising great benefits to usage scenarios in public spaces or general access environments. This paper will summarize and evaluate the particular aspects of using gesture-based interfaces in application contexts in public and semipublic spaces.
MiR-486-5p Downregulation Marks an Early Event in Colorectal Carcinogenesis.

Background MicroRNAs are dysregulated in colorectal cancer and subsets correlated with advanced tumor stage and metastasis. Data are lacking on microRNA dysregulation from early to late-stage disease. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify a microRNA signature associated with the primary tumor and metastatic site in stage IV disease and to examine whether the signature is evident in earlier stages. Design A microRNA profile was generated and then explored in normal colon tissue (n = 5), early stage (stage I and II; n = 10), and late-stage (stage III and IV; n = 14) colorectal primary tumors via polymerase chain reaction to delineate molecular events that may promote colorectal carcinogenesis. Setting Genome-wide microRNA expression profiling was performed. Patients A total of 14 patient-matched stage IV primary colorectal cancer tumors and corresponding liver metastases were included. Main outcome measures MicroRNA array technology was used to identify microRNA expression-predictive metastatic potential in the primary tumor. Results A distinct 9-member signature group of microRNAs was concurrent in stage IV primary colorectal cancer and their corresponding liver metastases, when compared with surrounding unaffected colon and liver tissue (microRNA-18b, microRNA-93, microRNA-182, microRNA-183, microRNA21, microRNA-486-5p, microRNA-500a, microRNA-552, and microRNA-941). Of the microRNA panel, only microRNA486-5p was differentially expressed in early stage colorectal cancer samples compared with normal tissue (p = 0.001) and additionally differentially expressed between late-stage colorectal cancer samples and normal tissue (p Limitations Our microRNA profile was generated in a small subset of patients and will require validation in more samples. Conclusions We identified a distinct microRNA signature in primary colon and matched metastatic disease. On additional investigation, 1 microRNA was differentially expressed in both early and late-stage cancer patient samples, and it may herald an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis. This study warrants additional investigation with a larger patient cohort to better understand the effect of microRNAs in carcinogenesis. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A723.
Material design and processing of a new class of titanium boride cermets with tough metallic phases and mechanical properties

The design and the processing of a new class of titanium boride (TiB)-based bulk cermets containing a metallic phase (β-Ti phase) for toughening is presented. The general approach is rapid reaction and densification, using starting powders of Ti, TiB2, Fe, and Mo, by electric-field-activated sintering. The cermets consist of two-phase microstructures in which the boride phase formed as a networked structure of TiB whiskers that were created in situ upon the reaction between the powders. Hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness measurements of these materials revealed that they possess an interesting set of properties up to: hardness values of 1090 kg/mm2, flexural strength values of 953 MPa, and fracture toughness values of 18 MPa m1/2. A remarkable finding is that although the metallic phase fractured by microscopic cleavage, the cermets showed good fracture toughness values. The present study not only illustrates the process details and microstructure leading to these properties but also provides a broad powder metallurgical approach to design and synthesize cermets that may yield further improved properties.
ASSESSING FAMILY CAREGIVER PREPAREDNESS: COMPETENCIES FOR THE CAREGIVING ROLE

In early 2015, AARP conducted a national survey of family caregiving and identified that many family caregivers struggle with tasks that nurses typically perform, referred to as “medical/nursing tasks.” Many of these family caregivers report feeling ill-prepared for their role. We developed a set of family caregiver competencies based on the work of Archbold & Stewart (1995) in order to provide a framework to assess family caregiver preparedness for the caregiving role. The domains include: Household Management; Personal Care; Mobility; Surveillance; Emotional and Social Support; Health Care Coordination; Complex Nursing Care; Surrogacy; and Stress Management. These domains and associated tasks were subjected to a validation process using a modified Delphi approach. These competencies can be used to develop tools and resources to assess and support caregivers’ preparedness to provide culturally appropriate care that reflects the care recipient’s values, preferences and goals of care.
Community intervention in the societal inequity of women’s political participation: The development of efficacy and citizen participation in rural Nicaragua

Globally, limited opportunities for women’s political participation and decision-making reflect a widespread societal problem perpetuated through gender inequities that operate at numerous levels o...
Predicting Naphthenic Acid Migration Through the Foundation of Oil Sands Tailing Pond

In this paper, a conceptual model was developed to predict the seepage of oil sands process-affected water with capabilities of evaluating the transport and attenuation of naphthenic acids through the dykes and the foundations of oil sands tailings pond. The model incorporates naphthenic acid diffusion, adsorption, dispersion, advection, and biodegradation, and was modeled through the commercial software tools to predict naphthenic acid fate in both spatial and time scales. The tailing pond of the Muskeg River Mine in the Athabasca oil sands deposit was investigated in the case study. The comparison between the onsite monitoring data and the simulation results was in good agreement. In addition, limiting factors for migration of naphthenic acid were also discussed based on a parametric sensitivity study.
Engineering students visit a nano centre.

Visiting a research centre specialized in nanoscience and nanotechnology can be an inspiration for students in other disciplines, as Chris Toumey explains.
Microscale Measurements of Flow Bounded by Air-Water Interfaces

The laminar flow velocity profile in a microscale fluid stream bounded by two physical walls and two hydrophobic/hydrophilic boundaries is investigated. The velocity profiles are found to be in agreement with predicted profiles for streams bounded by four physical walls.
Root herbivory and soil carbon cycling: Shedding “green” light onto a “brown” world

Abstract Roots play an important role in the formation and turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Biological processes in the rhizosphere have the capacity to regulate the input of root materials to soil and the fate of root-derived carbon (C) in soil. While some aspects of rhizosphere ecology have received considerable research attention, one potentially important biotic driver, root herbivory, has been largely overlooked. In this study, we first review the literature on root herbivory, revealing that belowground herbivores can have substantial effects on the quality, quantity, and timing of belowground plant inputs to soil. Next, we introduce a conceptual framework in which root herbivory presents a distinct conduit that transfers C from living plants (the “green” world) to soil (the “brown” world). We also argue that direct and indirect interactions between root herbivores and the rhizosphere microbiome and other soil fauna can have significant impacts on soil microbial activities and soil C cycling. Finally, we outline key questions and topics for future research that incorporate belowground plant-herbivore interactions into soil biogeochemistry in an effort to improve our understanding of C flow in the rhizosphere and sharpen future predictions of soil C storage under changing environments.
Coping strategy utilization among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and substance use co-occurrence typologies: A latent class analysis.

Objective There is a lack of research on primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance use among trauma-exposed populations. To guide the development of more effective prevention efforts, the current study sought to identify underlying coping mechanisms that impact PTSD-substance use co-occurrence. Method A person-centered analytic approach (latent class analysis) examined PTSD-substance use co-occurrence typologies (classes) and identified theoretically adaptive (e.g., active coping) and maladaptive (e.g., denial) coping strategies that differentiated between classes among a sample of 1,270 trauma-exposed participants (Mage = 20.71, 73.5% female, 45.7% White). Results Latent class analysis identified five distinct typologies, reflective of extant epidemiological and etiological work. Generally, behavioral disengagement and self-blame coping increased the likelihood of being in more severe PTSD-illicit substance use (e.g., cocaine) comorbidity classes. Positive reframing and planning differentiated between low and moderate illicit substance typologies with moderate PTSD severity. Venting, acceptance, and self-distraction differentiated between asymptomatic and moderate PTSD severity typologies with low illicit substance use. Conclusions Findings identify general coping strategies associated with increased likelihood of being in more severe comorbidity typologies, as well as several unique coping strategies associated with risk of transitioning between low/moderate PTSD and illicit substance use classes. Relevant interventions (e.g., trauma psychoeducation, guilt-reduction therapy, psychological first aid) that may be targets for future prevention-oriented work are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
High levels of Dorsal transcription factor downregulate, not promote, snail expression by regulating enhancer action

In Drosophila embryos, genes expressed along the dorsal-ventral axis are responsive to concentration of the Dorsal (Dl) transcription factor, which varies in space; however, levels of this morphogen also build over time. Since expression of high-threshold Dl target genes such as snail (sna) is supported before Dl levels peak, it is unclear what role increasing levels have if any. Here we investigated action of two enhancers that control sna expression in embryos, demonstrating using genome editing that Dl binding sites within one enhancer located promoter proximally, sna.prox, can limit the ability of the other distally-located enhancer, sna.dis, to increase sna levels. In addition, MS2-MCP live imaging was used to study sna transcription rate in wildtype, dl heterozygote, and a background in which a photo-sensitive degron is fused to Dl (dl-BLID). The results demonstrate that, when Dl levels are high, Dl acts through sna.prox to limit the activity of sna.dis and thereby influence sna transcription rate. In contrast, when Dl levels are kept low using dl-BLID, sna.prox positively influences sna transcription rate. Collectively, our data support the view that Dl9s effect on gene expression changes over time, switching from promoting sna expression at low concentration to dampening sna expression at high concentration by regulating enhancer interactions. We propose this differential action of the Dl morphogen is likely supported by occupancy of this factor first to high and then low affinity binding sites over time as Dl levels rise to coordinate action of these two co-acting enhancers.
A set of student activities for the simulation of ancient and medieval astronomical observations

A set of student activities is presented based on astronomical observations made by ancient and medieval astronomers. The activities are implemented using freeware planetarium software and can be accessed by astronomy educators or anyone with an interest in the history of astronomy. The use of planetarium software offers a unique possibility to reproduce landmark observations in a fun and interactive way.
Drospirenone Effects on the Plasminogen Activator System in Immortalized Human Endometrial Endothelial Cells

Drospirenone (DRSP) is a fourth-generation progestin that interacts with the progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) in addition to uniquely interacting to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The known effects of DRSP via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) are limited. This study seeks to determine if DRSP alters plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in human immortalized endometrial endothelial cells (HEEC) and if such changes in the plasminogen activator system (PAS) are mediated through the MR or AR. The in vitro cell culture experiments utilizing an immortalized human endometrial endothelial cell line evaluated two concentrations of DRSP on PAI-1 and tPA levels in the culture media using specific enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA). Experiments adding DRSP with an androgen receptor blocker, flutamide, or a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist, aldosterone, were performed to elucidate which receptor(s) mediated the PAS effects. DRSP 10 μM significantly decreased both HEEC levels of PAI-1 and tPA to 0.75 ± 0.04 and 0.82 ± 0.05 of control, respectively. These direct effects were blunted by flutamide, an AR antagonist. PAI-1 and tPA were not changed by the MR agonist, aldosterone. DRSP significantly decreased both PAI-1 and tPA in the HEECs via the androgen receptor.
Quantifying fan engagement in sports using text analytics

The advent of digital communications has proliferated the engagements between customers and businesses of all varieties including university athletic programs. Interaction and engagement through social media content play a critical role in developing the relationship between fans and their favorite colligate teams. In this study, we reviewed the existing literature pertaining to the use of sentiment analysis and content categorization for fan engagement in the sports industry. Dozens of sources were examined, and their methodologies were explored. We present an analytic framework that can be used by sports organizations in their efforts to harness the power of AI and social media. The framework encompasses multiple stages related to textual data: data collection, data preparation, sentiment mining, and content categorization. In particular, this study demonstrates the use of text mining and sentiment analysis to provide athletic departments with more efficient and effective data understanding. In turn, this process will yield improved fan engagement to scale without increased expenditures. Using the textual data gathered from social media for a Basketball team at a major university in the United States, multiple analytical models were created using several different text mining packages, each one seeking to classify the polarity of the fan comments being examined. The study explored the possibility of classifying comments as positive or negative at the statement level. Statements were further categorized according to the subject matter of the comment. Inconsistencies were found between what the models identified and fan sentiment. Updating these models and the use of more effective text mining algorithms resulted in improved performance. Ultimately, it was determined that text mining and sentiment analysis models would be capable of performing the necessary analysis. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: Community Foundations and Community Well-being

The study of philanthropy’s impact on society has garnered much attention over the past few decades, largely due to the increasing call for accountability in the form of program outcomes and community impact. In this article, we suggest that to effectively impact the well-being of a community, philanthropic organizations must first identify, prioritize and align the community’s needs in order to make sound decisions. The decision-making process within community foundations can be complex and driven by multiple stakeholders, multiple sources of information, internal policies, leadership and governance, organizational culture and other factors. This mixed methods study examines how community foundations make decisions about how they support their communities, particularly their funding decisions. It uses Sirgy’s framework (2018) to align their actions with community well-being indicators. The findings have important implications for the effectiveness of community foundations, and their desire, potential and ability to impact the well-being of their communities.
Cre Recombinase Driver Mice Reveal Lineage-Dependent and -Independent Expression of Brs3 in the Mouse Brain.

Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3) is an orphan receptor that regulates energy homeostasis. We compared Brs3 driver mice with constitutive or inducible Cre recombinase activity. The constitutive BRS3-Cre mice show reporter signal (Cre-dependent tdTomato) in the adult brain due to lineage tracing in the dentate gyrus, striatal patches, and indusium griseum, in addition to sites previously identified in the inducible BRS3-Cre mice (including hypothalamic and amygdala subregions, and parabrachial nucleus). We detected Brs3 reporter expression in the dentate gyrus at day 23 but not at postnatal day one or five months of age. Hypothalamic sites expressed reporter at all three time points, and striatal patches expressed Brs3 reporter at one day but not five months. Parabrachial nucleus Brs3 neurons project to the preoptic area, hypothalamus, amygdala, and thalamus. Both Cre recombinase insertions reduced Brs3 mRNA levels and BRS3 function, causing obesity phenotypes of different severity. These results demonstrate that driver mice should be characterized phenotypically and illustrate the need for knock-in strategies with less effect on the endogenous gene. Significance Statement Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3) expression is a marker for selected neurons that regulate body temperature and energy metabolism, among other functions. BRS3-Cre recombinase driver mice allow investigation of these neurons, demonstrating discrete populations with stable (including hypothalamic and amygdala subregions, parabrachial nucleus) and with developmentally transient expression (dentate gyrus, striatal patches). These mice also illustrate the need for knock-in strategies having less effect proper expression of the endogenous gene.
BabyNet: A Lightweight Network for Infant Reaching Action Recognition in Unconstrained Environments to Support Future Pediatric Rehabilitation Applications

Action recognition is an important component to improve autonomy of physical rehabilitation devices, such as wearable robotic exoskeletons. Existing human action recognition algorithms focus on adult applications rather than pediatric ones. In this paper, we introduce BabyNet, a light-weight (in terms of trainable parameters) network structure to recognize infant reaching action from off-body stationary cameras. We develop an annotated dataset that includes diverse reaches performed while in a sitting posture by different infants in unconstrained environments (e.g., in home settings, etc.). Our approach uses the spatial and temporal connection of annotated bounding boxes to interpret onset and offset of reaching, and to detect a complete reaching action. We evaluate the efficiency of our proposed approach and compare its performance against other learning-based network structures in terms of capability of capturing temporal inter-dependencies and accuracy of detection of reaching onset and offset. Results indicate our BabyNet can attain solid performance in terms of (average) testing accuracy that exceeds that of other larger networks, and can hence serve as a light-weight data-driven framework for video-based infant reaching action recognition.
Suprachoroidal Delivery of Subretinal Gene and Cell Therapy

Clinical investigation of gene- and stem cell-based therapies has greatly expanded in recent years with treatment aimed at a diverse array of inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) (Garafalo et al. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019:100827; Takahashi et al. Ophthalmic Genet, 2018;39:560–568) and non-hereditary retinal degenerations. Access to the subretinal and/or suprachoroidal space (SCS) is of particular interest for targeted delivery of retinal genetic or cellular therapeutics. Surgical approaches for suprachoroidal and suprachoroidal-to-subretinal gene and cell therapy delivery continue to be refined as new treatment modalities are developed. The safety, efficacy and durability of emerging therapies will also need to be validated in the context of their delivery method. This chapter will explore the potential advantages of therapeutic delivery via the SCS and compare with other approaches. More research is warranted to improve technique-related safety, ease of use, and reproducibility of the current methodologies.
A case of inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy after ischemic stroke - a potential risk factor related to blood-brain barrier disruption

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebrovascular disease prevalent in elderly patients and strongly associated with cognitive decline and intracranial hemorrhage. Inflammatory forms of CAA (CAA-Related Inflammation i.e. CAA-ri and Amyloid-Beta Related Angiitis i.e. ABRA) are responsible for rapid neurocognitive decline, but are highly responsive to corticosteroid treatment. We present a patient with history of CAA who developed probable CAA-ri/ABRA three months after an acute ischemic stroke. We review the literature and imaging criteria for CAA-ri/ABRA, and propose further research for any association between these entities and blood-brain barrier disruption in the setting of ischemia.
An Infinite Dimensional Variational Problem Arising in Estimation Theory

In this paper we derive the existence of and a parameterization for the local and global minima for the (total) least squares estimation of linear models describing an infinite sequence X of data in a (separable) Hilbert space. By definition, this problem is an infinite-dimensional nonlinear variational problem; e.g. for line fitting this is the problem of finding the minima of the (least squares) distance function $$ {f_X}:\mathbb{C}{\mathbb{P}^{\infty }} \to \mathbb{R} $$ (*) on infinite projective space.
The Past is Ever-Present: Civil War as a Dynamic Process

Social and Behavioral Sciences; Social Work; Law: 3rd Place (The Ohio State University Edward F. Hayes Graduate Research Forum)
Application of a Computer Simulation Model to Migrating White-Fronted Geese in the Klamath Basin

The Pacific greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) population has declined precipitously over the past 20 years. Loss of wetland habitat in California wintering areas has had a significant effect on the population, so recovery of the population may depend on innovative management of the few remaining wetlands. A computer simulation model, REFMOD, was applied to greater white-fronted geese in the Klamath Basin, northern California, to investigate the importance of food availability and hunting disturbance to migrating and wintering populations. Time spent flying and feeding was simulated during fall and early winter, and the resulting energy expenditure was compared with energy consumed to calculate an overall energy balance. This energy balance and the ease with which waterfowl acquired needed food affected emigration rate, and thus, the waterfowl population level was directly tied to availability and distribution of food. The model validly described distances moved by geese from their Tule Lake Refuge roosting site (core) to feeding sites within the surrounding Klamath Basin arena, and exhibited a capability to simulate observed time spent feeding. Based on 25 stochastic simulations, greater white-fronted goose population dynamics were validly simulated over the fall and early-winter (P≥0.8). When food was removed from the Tule Lake Refuge, simulated geese had to fly farther ( 0.05). The elimination did cause an increase in the distance traveled to feed (P 0.05) on the distance traveled to feed or on goose numbers. A 10-fold increase in disturbance hastened emigration and reduced population levels (P<0.0001) during the season by about 30%; a 100-fold increase in disturbance reduced population levels (P003C;0.000l) by 85%. When goose immigration was increased to simulate an average peak population of approximately 500 000 geese, population levels remained high throughout the fall, indicating the Klamath Basin can sustain a population much larger than currently exists. This suggests food availability and disturbance levels in the Klamath Basin are not responsible for observed population declines during the last 2 decades. REFMOD can easily be used to evaluate the effects of other scenarios related to hunting regimes and food distribution and availability.