cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foma: a Finite-State Compiler and Library

Foma is a compiler, programming language, and C library for constructing finite-state automata and transducers for various uses. It has specific support for many natural language processing applications such as producing morphological and phonological analyzers. Foma is largely compatible with the Xerox/PARC finite-state toolkit. It also embraces Unicode fully and supports various different formats for specifying regular expressions: the Xerox/PARC format, a Perl-like format, and a mathematical format that takes advantage of the 'Mathematical Operators' Unicode block.
Guildswomen in the City of York, 1560–1700

(1984). Guildswomen in the City of York, 1560‐1700. The Historian: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 204-218.
Library of Congress Rule Interpretations: Alphabetical Subject Index for Serials Catalogers (CSB No. 11–36)

(1987). Library of Congress Rule Interpretations: Alphabetical Subject Index for Serials Catalogers (CSB No. 11–36) Serials Review: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 85-93.
Self-reported anxiety and the risk of clinical events and atherosclerotic progression among patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts (CABG).

Background Symptoms of anxiety are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and potentially poor prognosis among patients with existing coronary artery disease, but whether symptoms of anxiety influence atherosclerotic progression among such patients is uncertain. Accordingly, we evaluated the hypotheses that symptoms of anxiety are associated with adverse clinical outcomes and progression of atherosclerosis among individuals with previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and saphenous vein grafts enrolled in the Post-CABG Trial. Methods The Post-CABG Trial randomized patients with a history of CABG surgery to either aggressive or moderate lipid lowering and to either warfarin or placebo. Patients were followed up for clinical end points and coronary angiography was conducted at enrollment and after a median follow-up of 4.3 years. Anxiety symptoms were assessed at enrollment using the state portion of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in 1317 patients. Results In models adjusting for age, sex, race, treatment assignment and years since CABG surgery, a STAI score ≥40 was positively associated with risk of death or myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01-2.36, P = .044). This association was attenuated slightly when depressive symptoms were included in the model, but lost statistical significance ( P = .11). There was a dose-response relationship between STAI score and risk of death or MI. There was no association between self-reported anxiety and atherosclerotic progression of grafts. Conclusions Anxiety symptoms are associated with increased risk of death or MI among patients with saphenous vein grafts, but this risk does not appear to be mediated by more extensive atherosclerotic progression.
Effects of D-Chiroinositol Added to a Meal on Plasma Glucose and Insulin in Hyperinsulinemic Rhesus Monkeys

We have previously demonstrated that D-chiroinositol, administered intravenously to insulin-resistant monkeys, increases the rate of disappearance of plasma glucose and insulin. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether orally administered D-chiroinositol might also similarly improve the postprandial plasma glucose profile of hyperinsulinemic insulin-resistant monkeys. A complete liquid diet meal (15 ml/kg body weight) was ingested by each of six monkeys on two occasions separated by 10 days, with conditions identical except D-chiroinositol (500 mg/kg body weight) was added to the second meal. At 110 minutes following each meal, the monkeys were anesthetized and blood samples obtained at 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 minutes. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. The mean plasma glucose concentration (120-300 minutes) was significantly lower after the meal containing D-chiroinositol compared to the control meal (7.1 +/- 1.2 vs. 7.8 +/- 1.2 mM) (p < 0.05). Plasma insulin concentrations tended to be lower after the meal containing D-chiroinositol compared to the control meal (3930 +/- 1068 vs. 4518 +/- 1200 pM) (p < 0.15, ns). We conclude that in hyperinsulinemic monkeys, D-chiroinositol added to a meal lowers postprandial plasma glucose without an increase in plasma insulin, and therefore may be a useful agent for reducing meal-induced hyperglycemia without inducing hyperinsulinemia.
Adhesion properties of catechol-based biodegradable amino acid-based poly(ester urea) copolymers inspired from mussel proteins.

Amino acid-based poly(ester urea) (PEU) copolymers functionalized with pendant catechol groups that address the need for strongly adhesive yet degradable biomaterials have been developed. Lap-shear tests with aluminum adherends demonstrated that these polymers have lap-shear adhesion strengths near 1 MPa. An increase in lap-shear adhesive strength to 2.4 MPa was achieved upon the addition of an oxidative cross-linker. The adhesive strength on porcine skin adherends was comparable with commercial fibrin glue. Interfacial energies of the polymeric materials were investigated via contact angle measurements and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) technique. The JKR work of adhesion was consistent with contact angle measurements. The chemical and physical properties of PEUs can be controlled using different diols and amino acids, making the polymers candidates for the development of biological glues for use in clinical applications.
A differential scanning calorimeter study of the crystal forms and polymerization kinetics of 2,4‐hexadiynyl‐1,6‐bis(p‐toluenesulfonate)

The thermal properties of 2,4-hexadiynyl-1,6-bis(p-toluenesulfonate) have been explored by program temperature and isothermal differential calorimetry. The heat of fusion for the rapidly heated pure solid was 8254 cal/mole (34,540 J/mole) at 367.1°K (93.8°C). This amounts to an entropy change of 22.5 cal/mole °K (94.1 J/mole °K). The energy of activation for the thermal polymerizations was 18.97 kcal/mole (79.37 kJ/mole). The thermal polymerization appears to follow a solid–solid phase transition which proceeds by random homogeneous nucleation throughout the process. The kinetics were simple first order over 70% of the reaction. Programmed temperature studies indicate that during the first 10% of the polymerization a new high temperature (mp 375.4°K) solid phase is formed which acts as the monomer form during the bulk of the reaction.
Direct evidence for thermal mechanism of plasma influence on shock wave propagation

Abstract Shock wave propagation through a glow discharge is studied by a double beam laser Schlieren method. A pulsed discharge is used to separate electron and other plasma related phenomena from thermal effects. The results prove the pure thermal nature of the influence of a plasma on a shock wave.
Consumer complicity with counterfeit products

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to guide marketing managers in their efforts to decrease consumer demand for counterfeits of their products by examining the consumer beliefs and attitudes that have been found to support consumer complicity across multiple products, in virtual and physical shopping environments, using several criteria of complicity for each product.Design/methodology/approach – A web‐based survey of 254 students explored two ethical ideologies (idealism and relativism), collectivism, and two attitudes toward counterfeits (ethical concern and perceived quality) with respect to two counterfeit products (movies and pharmaceuticals) and reported respondents' complicity in both a virtual and physical marketplace for each good.Findings – Consumer complicity – a consumer's willingness to obtain, share, or use counterfeit products – was predicted by the consumers' hedonic shopping experience and lack of ethical concern with two different counterfeit products. The effects of ethical ideologi...
Vertical temperature gradients on Uranus: Implications for layered convection

Analyses of Voyager IR spectroscopy and radio occultation measurements confirm ground-based observations that the deep lapse rate of Uranus exceeds that for an adiabat of H2 in thermodynamic equilibrium. However, in approximately the same region of the atmosphere, Voyager IR and ground-based observations also indicate that the ratio of ortho to para hydrogen is near the equilibrium value. These two sets of observations can be reconciled by postulating the existence of rapid convective overturning within layers which are thin in comparison to a pressure scale height. Two forms of layered convection are examined. In one case, deposition of kinetic energy results in thin, rapidly overturning layers. Possible kinetic energy sources include braking waves and local instabilities. In the second case considered, molecular-weight discontinuities due to CH4 stratification stabilize the interfaces of thin layers. It is argued that both forms may be important in the convective portion of the Uranus atmosphere.
Rise of Temperature on Fast Stretching of Synthetics and Natural Rubbers

Abstract This investigation covered more types of rubber and rubberlike synthetics than were studied by previous investigators. From the results it seems apparent that at least a part of the disagreement between previous workers on this subject is due to the different types of rubber employed. It is also important to note that the temperature changes observed were of the order predicted by sensory observation.
Revolutionary communications in Cuba: Ignoring new world orders

One of the changes brought by the 1959 Cuban Revolution (July 26th Movement) against the Batista dictatorship was the reorganization and reconstitution of the country's communication and information infrastructure. Facing an almost immediate siege from the efforts of the Eisenhower and Kennedy governments, the CIA and Cuban exiles to overthrow the new government, the revolution was propelled on the basis of a permanent threat from the United States. The threat perception helped legitimate a socialist, internationalist, and populist agenda, leading to a politics of command in the treatment of mass media and other communication functions. This analysis looks at current structures of Cuban communications in the context of the social programs attempted by the Castro regime and the historical and continuing legacies of American interventionism.
Influence of sex differences in leaders' behavior.

Sex differences in influence tactics were examined with a sample of 269 followers (67 men, 202 women) at a large midwestern national insurance company who rated the downward influence tactics used by their direct supervisors. Downward influence tactics are behaviors used by leaders to gain compliance from followers. One department within the organization was identified as a source for participants in the study. Participation was voluntary. The age range for the sample was 21 to 65 years, with the largest percentage falling in the 40–49 year range (M = 3.8, SD = .8). Hierarchical linear modeling procedures were utilized to analyze the multiple level data (leader and follower) and to examine variables within the organization at different levels of analysis. Leader participants were asked to solicit their followers to complete an influence tactic measure, which consisted of the most reliable subscales taken from the Influence Behavior Questionnaire, Schriesheim and Hinkin Influence Measure, and the Profiles ...
Yeast β-glucosidase: Comparison of the physical-chemical properties of purified constitutive and inducible enzyme☆

Abstract A constitutive β-glucosidase has been purified about 200-fold from the yeast hybrid Saccharomyces dobzhanskii X Saccharomyces fragilis. The purified enzyme was homogeneous to electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The physical-chemical properties of the enzyme are described and compared with those of an inducible β-glucosidase of Rhodotorula minute. The two enzymes were indistinguishable with the exception of their behavior toward natural β-glucosides. The affinity constants of these β-glucosides were ten times higher for the constitutive enzyme than for the inducible enzyme. At saturating substrate concentrations, the rates of hydrolysis were the same for both enzymes. The data suggest that the two enzymes differ in the nature of a group(s) in close proximity to the catalytic site.
Sildenafil-Induced Cervical Spinal Cord Infarction

SUMMARY: We present a patient with an acute cervical spinal cord infarction resulting from the use of sildenafil (Viagra) in combination with his hypertension medication. Symptoms were acute and rapidly progressive, and MR imaging with DWI was crucial in confirming the diagnosis.
Role of O6-methylation in the initiation of GGTase-positive foci

The ability of seven methylating agents to form 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine was compared to their ability to initiate carcinogenesis as measured by the initiation of GGTase-positive foci. The seven methylating agents studied were methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (diazald), dimethylhydrazine (DMH), dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), dimethylsulfate (DMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The DNA methylation and initiation of GGTase-positive foci was determined in partial hepatectomized rats. The formation of foci was promoted by 500 ppm sodium phenobarbital in the drinking water. While six of the seven compounds (DMH, DMN, DMS, MMS, MNNG and MNU) produced 7-methylguanine, only the four compounds (DMH, DMN, MNNG and MNU) that produced O6-methylguanine initiated GGTase-positive foci. The extent of O6-methylguanine produced by the methylating agents did not correspond with their potency to initiate GGTase-positive foci. Therefore, the initiation of GGTase-positive foci required the formation of O6-methylguanine. However, some sequential event altered the quantitative relationship of O6-methylguanine formation to the incidence of GGTase-positive foci.
Lactate depresses sarcolemmal permeability of Ca2+ in intact arterial smooth muscle

Abstract Elevation of ambient lactate concentration has been shown to alter contractile reactivity of vascular smooth muscle. We tested the hypothesis that lactate affects the disposition of intracellular free Ca 2+ . Porcine carotid artery strips were incubated in normal medium and in medium containing 10 mM sodium lactate or 10 mM sodium pyruvate. The rate and magnitude of contraction in response to K + -depolarization was depressed in lactate when compared to control. This was associated with a decrease in the onset and magnitude of the normal increase in free [Ca 2+ ] i , as reflected by fluorescence of fura-2. Pyruvate had no effect on these variables. Depression in [Ca 2+ ] i could not be attributed to a selective effect of lactate on pH i , membrane potential, or to enhanced superoxide production. Deletion of Ca 2+ from the incubation medium negated depression of contractile responsiveness produced by lactate when compared to control. Lactate had no effect on contraction induced by 100 μM norepinephrine, which releases intracellular stored Ca 2+ . Thus, lactate inhibits arterial smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting influx of Ca 2+ across the sarcolemma.
Oxygenation of intertidal estuarine sediments by benthic microalgal photosynthesis

Abstract A mathematical model was used to define the relative importance of microalgal photosynthesis and physical processes in the formation and maintenance of the oxygenated zone on the surface of intertidal estuarine sediments. Manometric measurements of sediment uptake and release showed that gross oxygen production usually exceeded aerobic community respiration. Polarometric microprobes measured vertical oxygen distributions in the sediment. Surface levels of oxygen ranged from 200% saturation in summer to 70% in winter. Profiles and flux measurements allowed calculation of sediment diffusion coefficients. Empirical evaluation of the terms of the model showed that epipelic diatom photosynthesis as a source of oxygen at low tide may exceed atmospheric diffusion by an order of magnitude. On a diurnal and seasonal basis, however, the diatoms may be less important to the oxygenation process than the physical forces of the tide.
Why Do Different Individuals Progress Along Different Life Trajectories

The core marker of progress in psychological science is the degree to which our work enhances the welfare of people. In order to effectively enhance human welfare, we must develop comprehensive models that explain why different individuals progress along different life trajectories. Exciting theoretical accounts that describe transitional processes from gene polymorphisms through moment-to-moment behavior are beginning to emerge. These early accounts highlight opportunities to investigate specific transitional steps along that long pathway, the need to understand the universal and the contextual aspects of psychological processes, and the need to define and measure psychological constructs with more precision and clarity. It is likely that creative new research in each of these areas will bring enormous progress over the coming decade.
Polyhomologation: Synthesis of Novel Polymethylene Architectures by a Living Polymerization of Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide.

Not conventional polymerization of ethylene, but rather the title reaction has allowed access to the ω-functionalized tertiary polymethylene alcohols 1. The ylide CH2 SOMe2 is the methylene source in this living polymerization, and the chain length can be set by the initial ratio of ylide to organoborane.
Motives for suicide in suicide notes from completed and attempted suicides

Suicide notes from 20 completed suicides contained the theme of anger directed inward more than did the suicide notes from 20 attempted suicides, even when using controls for the age and sex of the writers.
The influence of duration of pantothenate deprivation upon natural resistance of rats to a Corynebacterium.

a concentration of 4 mg per 100 g of diet. The animals were divided into 4 groups, each group being composed of about equal numbers of the 2 strains. The 4 groups were injected with corynebacterium 197 (our strain 197, the same one used previously2) after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days on experiment. Injections were all intraperitoneal. Fifteen-hundredths cc of a 24-hour plain broth culture was administered. Survivors were autopsied 20 days after injection. Several of the circumstances in the
MODELLING THE UNSTEADY AXIAL FORCES ON A FINITE-LENGTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN CROSS-FLOW

Abstract A semi-empirical model for unsteady axial forces is developed to predict the spectral features of the force generated by the flow over the end-caps on a finite-length, right circular cylinder in cross-flow. In general, the model consists of two parts: the spatial variation of r.m.s. wall pressure on the cylinder end-caps, and the correlation lengths and areas, which describe the spatial extent of the correlation of the unsteady wall pressures. Experiments were conducted in a low-noise wind tunnel as a function of cylinder diameter Reynolds number (19 200
Seismicity, seismic reflection studies, gravity and geology of the central Virginia seismic zone: Part I. Seismicity

The central Virginia seismic zone is an area of persistent, low-level seismicity in the Piedmont province of that state. Its north-south dimension is ∼120 km, and it extends some 150 km in an east-west direction from Richmond to Lynchburg. The results of instrumental monitoring there by a seismic network during the past 5 yr are reported herein. To provide a useful constraint on geologic structural models, considerable care must be exercised in the location of earthquakes and in the specification of the accuracy of those locations. Our procedures for accomplishing those tasks were as follows. First, a velocity model, specific to the network locale, was developed from seismic-refraction and reflection data. Second, evaluation of the detection capability of the network indicated that the detection of seismic events should be virtually complete down to a magnitude of ∼1.5. Third, the locational capability of the network was assessed by locating blasts (originating from three different quarries operating within the network area) as if they were earthquakes of unknown location. The average calculated locations, when compared to the known blast sites, indicated average differences of ±2 km horizontally and ±4 km vertically, except for the northeastern portion. There, the location capability degrades to fair for epicenters (±4 km) and to poor for estimation of focal depths (±8 km). The resultant decrease in locational capability is probably due to the presence of low-velocity Coastal Plain sediments. Fourth, the location of all of the earthquakes, relative to each other, was tested by use of special, joint-hypocenter calculations. The recalculated locations differed from the original locations in a random manner. On the average, that difference was ∼3 km, and it indicates the absence of serious bias introduced by combining earthquake locations derived from different subnetworks of seismographs. Ninety-six pre-network (pre-1978) earthquakes (for the most part, felt events with noninstrumental locations) and 34 network-determined hypocenters (1978–1982) (for mostly smaller, not-felt shocks) form the basic data set of this study. The spatial distribution exhibited by the 130 hypocenters is diffuse, both vertically and horizontally. Such a pattern favors multiple, rather than singular, seismogenic structures. Seventy-five percent of the focal depths are in the upper one-third of the crust, at depths of 11 km or less. These multiple, shallow sources will be shown, in Part 4 of this sequence of papers, to be along and above a master detachment fault.
Multiple Determinants for Selective Inhibition of Apicomplexan Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CDPK1.

Diseases caused by the apicomplexan protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are a major health concern. The life cycle of these parasites is regulated by a family of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) that have no direct homologues in the human host. Fortuitously, CDPK1 from both parasites contains a rare glycine gatekeeper residue adjacent to the ATP-binding pocket. This has allowed creation of a series of C3-substituted pyrazolopyrimidine compounds that are potent inhibitors selective for CDPK1 over a panel of human kinases. Here we demonstrate that selectivity is further enhanced by modification of the scaffold at the C1 position. The explanation for this unexpected result is provided by crystal structures of the inhibitors bound to CDPK1 and the human kinase c-SRC. Furthermore, the insight gained from these studies was applied to transform an alternative ATP-competitive scaffold lacking potency and selectivity for CDPK1 into a low nanomolar inhibitor of this enzyme with no activ...
Knowledge, counterfactuals, and determinism

Deterministic physical theories are not beyond the reach of scientific discovery. From this fact I show that David Lewis was mistaken to think that small counterfactual perturbations from deterministic worlds involve violations of those world’s laws.
The gene encoding the VP16-accessory protein HCF (HCFC1) resides in human Xq28 and is highly expressed in fetal tissues and the adult kidney

After herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the viral regulatory protein VP16 activates transcription of the HSV immediate-early promoters by directing complex formation with two cellular proteins, the POU-homeodomain transcription factor Oct-1 and the host cell factor HCF. The function of HCF in uninfected cells is unknown. Here we show by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid analysis that the gene encoding human HCF, HCFC1, maps to the q28 region of the X chromosome. Yeast artificial chromosome and cosmid mapping localizes the HCFC1 gene within 100 kb distal of the renal vasopressin type-2 receptor (V2R) gene and adjacent to the renin-binding protein gene (RENBP). The HCFC1 gene is apparently unique. HCF transcripts and protein are most abundant in fetal and placental tissues and cell lines, suggesting a role in cell proliferation. In adults, HCF protein is abundant in the kidney, but not in the brain, a site of latent HSV infection and where HCF levels may influence progression of HSV infection.
Optimal Design and Purposeful Sampling: Complementary Methodologies for Implementation Research

Optimal design has been an under-utilized methodology. However, it has significant real-world applications, particularly in mixed methods implementation research. We review the concept and demonstrate how it can be used to assess the sensitivity of design decisions and balance competing needs. For observational studies, this methodology enables selection of the most informative study units. For experimental studies, it entails selecting and assigning study units to intervention conditions in the most informative manner. We blend optimal design methods with purposeful sampling to show how these two concepts balance competing needs when there are multiple study aims, a common situation in implementation research.
Transformation of African green monkey kidney cells with the RF strain of human papovarivus BKVB

Abstract Infection of semipermissive African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells with human papovavirus RFV prodced a chronic infection with slow cytopathic effects. Prolonged maintenance of cell cultures in the presence of virus-neutralizing antibody resulted in the emergence of a stable cell line presently at the 100th generation intissue culture. The cell line MRF-325 has many of the properties of a tumor cell in culture, including increaed saturation density in monolayers, growth in soft agar and in suspension, and a decreased serum requirement for growth. Papovavirus T antigen and U antigen were detected in 100% of the MRF-325 nuclei by immunoperoxidase staining. No virion antigens were detected, and no infectious virions were isolated by cocultivation or fusion of MRF-325 with permissive human embryo kiney cells. Susceptibility of MRF-325 cells to SV40 infection was decreased compared to untransformed AGMK cells. MRF-325 cells supported high levels of replication of human adenovirus type 5 compared with nontransformed AGMK cells. Thus, RFV apparently provides a helper effect for adenovirus replication in AGMK cells similar to that observed for SV40.
An intrinsic kinetics-based, particle-population balance model for char oxidation during pulverized coal combustion

Experimental studies have shown that both char particle diameter and apparent density vary as burning progresses in combustion environments typical of pulverized coal combustors. Power-law expressions have been used to correlate D/D0 and p/p0 with m/m0, but these approaches fail to account for functional variations in mass, size, and apparent density as burning progresses. To overcome this limitation, an intrinsic kinetics-based particle population balance model has been developed. The model represents an improvement over apparent kinetics-based models that employ the power-law-controlled mode of burning, in that particle size and apparent density variations are dependent on the instantaneous physical and chemical characteristics of the char. The model also allows for char reactivity to be based on a char oxidation mechanism that takes into account (1) oxygen chemisorption at active and deactivated carbon sites, (2) the transition of active sites to deactivated sites due to thermal annealing during the combustion process, and (3) desorption of CO and CO2 as heterogeneous reaction products. In this paper, the intrinsic kinetics-based char oxidation model is described, and a particle population balance model for pulverized coal char combustion is presented. The model is shown to predict many characteristics experimentally observed during the combustion of pulverized coal chars, including variations in the mode of burning and reductions in char reactivity owing to thermal annealing while burning. Calculations indicate that char particles formed during devolatilization that have relatively high apparent densities contribute significantly to unburned carbon in ash.
RETENTION OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE BY SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RAT BRAIN HOMOGENATES.

Abstract After their incubation with 14C-labeled amine, microsomal fractions of rat brain homogenates in vitro retained up to 12 times the concentration of 5-HT-14C (on the basis of their protein content) found in the corresponding mitochondrial fractions. This difference was maintained over the range of concentrations, 100–4,000 mμg of 5-HT-14C per ml of medium. No clear evidence of saturation was seen even when the highest concentration of amine was used. While lowering the temperature of a 30-min incubation to 4° significantly reduced the retention when compared with that at 37°, similar treatment, when the duration of incubation was 10 min, failed to alter the magnitude of retention. Retention was increased (at 37°) when the duration of incubation was 30 or 60 min; however, significant retention took place even when the time of incubation was zero (i.e. when the microsomal fractions were mixed briefly with the labeled amine and immediately subjected to analysis). Microsomal fractions retained up to 12.7 times the concentration of 5-HT-14C in the medium; the corresponding figure for 5-HTP-14C was 3.3. It was found that microsomal as well as mitochondrial fractions of both rat and guinea pig brains contained significant amounts of endogenous 5-HT; in the case of guinea pig brains, the concentration of amine (in terms of the wet weight of fractions) in the microsomal was always higher than in the mitochondrial fractions. The physiological significance of retention of 5-HT by microsomal particles is not clear but may represent, in vitro, the process of binding of 5-HT synthesized in the brain, without the limitations on the process normally set in vivo by the presence of the cell membrane.
An exploratory study on the satisfaction and barriers of online trip planning to China: american college students¿experience

ABSTRACT The Internet is one of the major information sources for trip planning. However, sometimes it can be difficult to use, especially for planning a trip to a novel destination with a different culture. Using mixed methods which comprise process tracing, think-aloud protocol, and clickstream analysis, this research explores the usability problems and barriers when American college students are planning trips to China online. The results illustrate that American students had a frustrating planning experience. While some of the problems are technical or functional in nature, more than half of the problems encountered were due to cultural barriers. As the dominant information portal most American students used, Google.com induces bias in travel information space and is not a suitable tool for trip planning to China.
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Dysfunction and Selective Attention Deficits in Schizophrenia: [15O]H2O PET Study During Single-Trial Stroop Task Performance

OBJECTIVE: Attentional deficits are a prominent aspect of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The anterior cingulate gyrus is proposed to be an important component of frontal attentional control systems. Structural and functional abnormalities have been reported in this region in schizophrenia, but their relationship to attentional deficits is unknown. The authors investigated the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus and the related neural systems that are associated with selective attention in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: While subjects performed multiple blocks of a single-trial Stroop task, [15O]H2O positron emission tomography scans were obtained. Fourteen patients with schizophrenia were compared with 15 normal subjects matched for age, gender, and parental education. RESULTS: The patients with schizophrenia responded at the same rate but made more errors in color naming during the color-incongruent condition. Consistent with the authors' hypothesis, patients with schizophrenia showed...
A parameter adaptive simulated annealing algorithm for frequency estimation

A simulated annealing scheme based on a parameter adaptive coding schedule is proposed. In the existing annealing schemes, the temperature parameter is predetermined for every iteration step and is independent of the unknown parameter values. In the proposed scheme, the cooling temperature is made proportional to the deviation of each individual parameter at the earlier iteration step. The other key difference in the proposed scheme is that it never accepts a higher energy level and remains at the present lower energy position. Instead, the Boltzmann distribution is used to accept a larger cooling temperature, i.e. a broader parameter search space. The algorithm is then applied to the well-known nonlinear optimization problem of frequency/angles of arrival estimation of multiple sources. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme converges to the minimum energy level in fewer iteration steps when compared to an existing fast annealing algorithm. >
Work in progress - real-time remote Internet-based communication laboratory

Over the past decade, with the continued development of information technology the Internet has become a tremendously important part in modern education. Today's graduating electrical engineers need marketable skills which are typically developed in the classroom by experimenting for hands-on experience. Because of overloaded work days and restrictive laboratory hours students generally cannot physically attend labs. Therefore Internet based virtual laboratories can be viable alternatives to the traditional hands-on laboratories. Virtual laboratories have been successfully used by several universities for a few years now. This article describes an on-going program at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), where remote desktop technologies were used for the hardware based communication laboratory creation.
Coinfection with HIV and Tropical Infectious Diseases. II. Helminthic, Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Pathogens

The morbidity, mortality, and social disruption caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continue to weigh disproportionately on resource-poor regions of the tropics. As a result, the potential for significant epidemiological, biological, and clinical interactions between HIV and other tropical pathogens is great. An overview of the available data on tropical helminths, fungi, bacteria, and viruses is provided here; interactions between HIV and tropical protozoa are covered in a related mini-review in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases. Special attention is given to evidence relevant to the hypothesis that helminth coinfection plays a particularly important role in accelerating the pace of HIV pathogenesis in the tropics.
Generalized imitation: The effects of experimenter absence, differential reinforcement, and stimulus complexity☆

Abstract The level of imitative behavior displayed by four preschool children was assessed during experimenter presence, experimenter absence, and under a differential reinforcement condition where only two of four responses were reinforced. Imitations were frequently performed during experimenter presence but were seldom observed when the experimenter was absent. Three of the four subjects imitated differentially under the reinforcement condition. However, the presence of the experimenter served to abolish this performance in two subjects. An attempt to add to the complexity of the stimulus situation by increasing the number and type of behaviors demonstrated to these two subjects, was not successful in maintaining nonreinforced imitations. The study indicates the need for a more precise definition of “generalized imitation” and emphasizes the importance of antecedent and setting conditions as factors in the multiple control of imitation.
Investigation of probabilistic optimization for tomotherapy

This work builds on a suite of studies related to the 'interplay', or lack thereof, for respiratory motion with helical tomotherapy (HT). It helps explain why HT treatments without active motion management had clinical outcomes that matched positive expectations. An analytical calculation is performed to illuminate the frequency range for which interplay-type dose errors could occur. Then, an experiment is performed which completes a suite of tests. The experiment shows the potential for a stable motion probability distribution function (PDF) with HT and respiratory motion. This PDF enables one to use a motion-robust or probabilistic optimization to intrinsically include respiratory motion into the treatment planning. The reason why HT is robust to respiratory motion is related to the beam modulation sampling of the tumor motion. Because active tracking-based motion management is more complicated for a variety of reasons, HT optimization that is robust to motion is a useful alternative for those many patients that cannot benefit from active motion management.
The effect of mixing methods on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes during the solvent‐free processing of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites

Several solvent-free processing methods to disperse multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in bisphenol F-based epoxy resin were investigated, including the use of a microfluidizer (MF), planetary shear mixer (PSM), ultrasonication (US) and combinations. The processed mixture was cured with diethyl toluene diamine. Three complimentary techniques were used to characterize the dispersion of the MWCNTs in cured composite samples: optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For sample MF + PSM, optical micrographs and Raman images showed reduced agglomeration and a homogeneous distribution of MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix. SEM analysis of fractured specimen after tensile testing revealed breakage of nanotubes along the fracture surface of the composite. A comparison of the MWCNT dispersion in the epoxy samples processed using different methods showed that a combination of MF and PSM processing yields a more homogeneous sample than the PSM or US + PSM processed samples. Mechanical testing of the composites showed about 15% improvement in the tensile strength of samples processed by the MF + PSM method over other methods. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed a small decrease in the onset degradation temperature for poorly dispersed samples produced by PSM compared with the well-mixed samples (MF + PSM). These results strongly suggest that the MF + PSM processing method yield better-dispersed and stronger MWCNT/epoxy composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Large-scale RNAi screen of G protein-coupled receptors involved in larval growth, molting and metamorphosis in the red flour beetle.

The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest superfamily of integral cell membrane proteins and play crucial roles in physiological processes including behavior, development and reproduction. Because of their broad and diverse roles in cellular signaling, GPCRs are the therapeutic targets for many prescription drugs. However, there is no commercial pesticide targeting insect GPCRs. In this study, we employed functional genomics methods and used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model system to study the physiological roles of GPCRs during the larval growth, molting and metamorphosis.
Nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging

Nanoparticles have been designed and applied as contrast enhancers in various optical imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, fluorescence imaging, and optical reflectance microscopy. As an emerging hybrid imaging modality, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has also benefited from the application of these nanoparticle-based contrast agents. We review this rapidly growing field and describe the applications of nanoparticles in PAI. Particular focus is given to nanoparticles whose absorption mechanism is based on surface plasmon resonance, including gold nanoshells, nanorods, and nanocages. Dye-embedded nanoparticles are also reviewed. Specifically, the design and application of each nanoparticle-based contrast agent in relation to the field of PAI are detailed.
Criminal typology of veterans entering substance abuse treatment.

Abstract Criminal justice involvement among veterans is a critical and timely concern, yet little is known about criminal histories and clinical characteristics among veterans seeking treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). The present study examined criminal typology, clinical characteristics, treatment utilization, and 12-step mutual-help group (MHG) participation among veterans ( N =332) at intake to SUD treatment at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and 6months and 1year post-intake. Cluster analysis yielded three types of criminal histories mild—(78.9%), moderate (13.6%), and severe (7.5%)—distinguished by type of offense, number of convictions, and number of months incarcerated. At intake, participants with mild criminal histories reported more alcohol problems and fewer legal and employment problems than participants with moderate and severe criminal histories. Participants with severe criminal histories were most likely to attend a 12-step MHG meeting in the year post-intake, but all groups had high attendance. When only participants who had attended at least one meeting in the year post-intake were compared, participants with mild criminal histories worked more steps and were more involved in 12-step practices. All groups improved between baseline and follow-up and did not differ at follow-ups on substance use or other clinical outcomes. Multiple regressions identified treatment utilization and MHG attendance, but not baseline criminal history, as significant predictors of improved substance use problem severity at follow-up. Outpatient treatment and 12-step MHG attendance appear to be important components of recovery for veterans with varying criminal histories. Clinicians in SUD treatment programs should screen for criminal histories at treatment intake to ensure appropriate treatment planning.
Regional meta-analysis of published data supports linkage of autism with markers on chromosome 7

Although the concept of meta-analysis of multiple linkage scans of a genetic trait is not new, it can be difficult to apply to published data given the lack of consistency in the presentation of linkage results. In complex inheritance common diseases, there are many instances where one or two studies meet genome-wide criteria for significant or suggestive linkage but several other studies do not show even nominally significant results with the same region. One possibility for resolving differences between study results would be to combine an available result parameter of several studies. We describe here a method of regional meta-analysis, the multiple-scan probability (MSP), which can be used on published results. It combines the reported P-values of individual studies, after correcting each value for the size of the region containing a minimum P-value. Analyses of the power of MSP and of its type I error rates are presented. The type I error rate is at least as low as that for a single genome scan and thus genome-wide significance criteria may be applied. We also demonstrate appropriate criteria for this type of meta-analysis when the most significant study is included, and when that study is used to define a region of interest and then excluded. In our simulations, meta-analysis is at least as powerful as pooling data. Finally, we apply this method of meta-analysis to the evidence for linkage of autism susceptibility loci and demonstrate evidence for a susceptibility locus at 7q.
Providing culturally competent pediatric care: integrating pediatricians, institutions, families, and communities into the process.

Rapid growth in the diversity of our nation and recent research indicate the importance of providing culturally competent pediatric care. By 2040, nonwhite children will outnumber white non-Latino children in the United States. The 2000 Census revealed that ;45 million people in the United States speak a language other than English at home, and ;19 million are limited in English proficiency (LEP). Over the past two decades, there has been an 85% increase in the number of LEP school-aged US children. The number of foreign-born Americans more than tripled during the last three decades, reaching 28.4 million in 2000. Cultural and linguistic issues affect multiple aspects of pediatric care, including outcomes, quality, costs, and satisfaction with care. Failure to appreciate the role of culture in pediatrics can result in a variety of adverse consequences, including difficulties with informed consent, miscommunication, inadequate understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans by families, dissatisfaction with care, preventable morbidity and mortality, unnecessary child abuse evaluations, and disparities in prescriptions, analgesia, and diagnostic evaluations. Cultural competency is the ability to identify and appropriately respond to cultural issues that affect the health care of patients and their families. The purpose of this article is to examine how academic departments of pediatrics, hospitals, health centers and other healthcare institutions can ensure that culturally competent health care is being delivered to children and their families. The approach presented attempts to integrate clinicians, institutions, families, and communities into a collaborative process. How can we ensure that clinicians and trainees deliver culturally competent pediatric care? In my experience as an educator and researcher, the critical first step is to achieve buy-
On-board analysis of uncalibrated data for a spacecraft at mars

Analyzing data on-board a spacecraft as it is collected enables several advanced spacecraft capabilities, such as prioritizing observations to make the best use of limited bandwidth and reacting to dynamic events as they happen. In this paper, we describe how we addressed the unique challenges associated with on-board mining of data as it is collected: uncalibrated data, noisy observations, and severe limitations on computational and memory resources. The goal of this effort, which falls into the emerging application area of spacecraft-based data mining, was to study three specific science phenomena on Mars. Following previous work that used a linear support vector machine (SVM) on-board the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1)spacecraft, we developed three data mining techniques for use on-board the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. These methods range from simple thresholding to state-of-the-art reduced-set SVM technology. We tested these algorithms on archived data in a flight software testbed. We also describe a significant, serendipitous science discovery of this data mining effort: the confirmation of a water ice annulus around the north polar cap of Mars. We conclude with a discussion on lessons learned in developing algorithms for use on-board a spacecraft.
Transient scattering from three-dimensional arbitrarily shaped dielectric bodies

A surface integral equation approach is utilized to calculate the transient scattering from arbitrarily shaped, three-dimensional dielectric bodies illuminated by an incident electromagnetic pulse. The surface of the dielectric body is discretized with triangular patches so that fairly arbitrarily shaped objects may be modeled. The Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu [ R. Mittra , Computer Techniques for Electromagnetics ( Pergamon, Oxford, 1973)] formulation, in conjunction with the marching-on-in-time method, is used to derive explicit expressions for the present-time currents as a function of the incident field and the past history. The late-time instabilities are suppressed by use of a simple averaging scheme. Finally, sample results showing various geometries are presented and are compared with other numerical techniques.