cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical spectrum of Castleman disease–associated neuropathy

Objective: To define the peripheral neuropathy phenotypes associated with Castleman disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review for patients with biopsy-proven Castleman disease evaluated between January 2003 and December 2014. Patients with associated peripheral neuropathy were identified and divided into 2 groups: those with Castleman disease without POEMS syndrome (CD-PN) and those with Castleman disease with POEMS syndrome (CD-POEMS). We used a cohort of patients with POEMS as controls. Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and laboratory characteristics were collected and compared among patient subgroups. Results: There were 7 patients with CD-PN, 20 with CD-POEMS, and 122 with POEMS. Patients with CD-PN had the mildest neuropathy characterized by predominant sensory symptoms with no pain and mild distal sensory deficits (median Neuropathy Impairment Score of 7 points). Although both patients with CD-POEMS and patients with POEMS had a severe sensory and motor neuropathy, patients with CD-POEMS were less affected (median Neuropathy Impairment Score of 33 and 66 points, respectively). The degree of severity was also reflected on electrodiagnostic testing in which patients with CD-PN demonstrated a mild degree of axonal loss, followed by patients with CD-POEMS and then those with POEMS. Demyelinating features, defined by European Federation of Neurologic Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society criteria, were present in 43% of the CD-PN, 78% of the CD-POEMS, and 86% of the POEMS group. Conclusion: There is a spectrum of demyelinating peripheral neuropathies associated with Castleman disease. CD-PN is sensory predominant and is the mildest phenotype, whereas CD-POEMS is a more severe sensory and motor neuropathy. Compared to the POEMS cohort, those with CD-POEMS neuropathy have a similar but less severe phenotype. Whether these patients respond differently to treatment deserves further study.
Creating the innovation ecosystem for renewable energy via social entrepreneurship: Insights from India

Abstract This paper examines how social entrepreneurship, at both the firm and institutional levels, fosters innovation and economic development. It draws on concepts from national innovation systems (NIS), complexity, ecosystems, and social entrepreneurship research to develop a framework for forming innovation ecosystems via social entrepreneurship. The framework is especially relevant for new market creation in renewable energy for rural and bottom of the pyramid (BOP) populations. Case studies from the renewable energy sector in India support the framework. The paper suggests that creating a robust innovation ecosystem requires the following mechanisms at the national level to provide the supporting infrastructure: (1) creation of new institutions; (2) policies to generate demand; (3) institutional support for linkages to build capabilities. Key mechanisms at the micro-level include: (1) facilitating the entry of social entrepreneurs to serve the needs of rural populations; (2) use of new technology platforms to diffuse entrepreneurial skills and enhance community interactions; and (3) establishing linkages with external organizations to enable resource acquisition.
Preventing Reverse Engineering using threshold voltage defined multi-input camouflaged gates

Semiconductor devices are increasingly getting more vulnerable to counterfeiting due to Reverse Engineering (RE) of Intellectual Property (IP). Securing the IPs from counterfeiting is an important goal towards trustworthy computing. Camouflaging of logic gates is a well-known technique to prevent an adversary from de-layering the chip and stealing IP. Among other techniques, threshold voltage modulation has been proposed to realize 2-input camouflaging logic in both static and dynamic logic gate families. Since threshold voltages are asserted during fabrication and are difficult to identify during RE, the adversary will be forced to launch brute-force search. In this paper, we extend the concept of threshold-voltage defined logic to design 3-input static camouflaged gates capable of performing six Boolean functions (NAND, NOR, AOI, OAI, XOR, XNOR). Simulation results show an average of 3.03× delay overhead and 12.33× power overhead compared to standard CMOS gates. A methodology to design multi-input camouflaged gate is also proposed using a similar technique. Finally, we perform a threat analysis on the camouflaged gate to assess the security and integrity of the design by identifying temperature sensitivity and power signature as potential side channels.
Glycoamino Acid Analogues of the Thomsen–Friedenreich Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Antiproliferative Factor Glycopeptides

Glycoamino acid analogues of the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen disaccharide, where the 4′ and 4″ hydroxyl groups were substituted with fluorine or hydrogen, were synthesized and incorporated into the asialylated antiproliferative factor (as-APF), a biologically active form of APF, a glycopeptide found in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis. Various strategies were employed to incorporate the fluorine atom at the 4-positions of either the galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine unit of the disaccharide antigen, based on stereochemistry and reactivity. These glycopeptides were evaluated in antiproliferative assays on both primary normal bladder epithelial cells and T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Unlike many previously published substitutions to APF, mono-4′-fluorination of the GalNAc residue did not affect the activity, whereas fluoro-derivatives of the galactose 4″-position or both 4′ and 4″ hydroxyls showed a reduced potency relative to the monosubstituted GalNAc derivative. A fourth compound where t...
A Primer on the Measurement of Cross-Societal Cultural Differences

Having stated a working definition of culture as the representation of a society’s shared habits, traditions, and collective learned beliefs, we introduce four direct/composite measures of culture, discuss their constructions, and present their respective component dimensions. Although definitions of culture vary, and while it likely is the case that no definition is perfect, having even a broad, yet succinct, definition in place allows us to focus our attention on the measurement of culture and, accordingly, on the extent to which culture varies across societies. We also consider how (dis)similar each composite measure is to our preferred metric, the Inglehart measure of cultural distance.
Wrestling with Big Data: How Nurse Leaders Can Engage

The opportunities arising in health systems from the emergence of large-scale clinical data repositories are immense. The application of data science approaches to “big data” is transformational and has the potential to dramatically improve the health and wellbeing of individuals on a national scale. However, although big data science offers great rewards, it has its challenges too. This is no more evident than in nursing where the sheer amount of data flowing through health systems can be overwhelming. Clinical documentation in electronic health records, publically reported quality measures and business intelligence reports are just a few of the many data requirements nurse leaders encounter daily. This chapter describes the challenges nurse leaders face today and discusses strategies that nurse leaders can use to leverage big data to meet the Triple Aim of improving quality, improving the patient experience while reducing cost.
The Physicochemical Basis of Clofazimine-Induced Skin Pigmentation

Clofazimine is a weakly basic, Food and Drug Administration-approved antibiotic recommended by the World Health Organization to treat leprosy and multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Upon prolonged treatment, clofazimine extensively bioaccumulates and precipitates throughout the organism, forming crystal-like drug inclusions (CLDIs). Due to the drug's red color, it is widely believed that clofazimine bioaccumulation results in skin pigmentation, its most common side effect. To test whether clofazimine-induced skin pigmentation is due to CLDI formation, we synthesized a closely related clofazimine analog that does not precipitate under physiological pH and chloride conditions that are required for CLDI formation. Despite the absence of detectable CLDIs in mice, administration of this analog still led to significant skin pigmentation. In clofazimine-treated mice, skin cryosections revealed no evidence of CLDIs when analyzed with a microscopic imaging system specifically designed for detecting clofazimine aggregates. Rather, the reflectance spectra of the skin revealed a signal corresponding to the soluble, free base form of the drug. Consistent with the low concentrations of clofazimine in the skin, these results suggest that clofazimine-induced skin pigmentation is not due to clofazimine precipitation and CLDI formation, but rather to the partitioning of the circulating, free base form of the drug into subcutaneous fat.
SMALL DNA ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUSES

This chapter discusses the structure and dimensions of small DNA icosahedral viruses. There is a large number of very small viruses, many of which have been shown to have icosahedral symmetry and contain DNA. They are classified under the generic name of Parovavirus and fall within a size range of about 20 nm to 30 nm across. However, the bacteriophage Φχ174 has received more attention than some of the other parovaviruses. The chapter describes its structural features are described. It presents the electron micrograph showing the appearance of ΦX174 particles prepared in the presence of potassium phosphotungstate negative stain. A number of intact virions are indicated in positions showing possible twofold rotational symmetry. The chapter highlights other particles that have been penetrated by the electron dense stain occupying the central or inner part of the virus normally containing the DNA. Several areas show small annulai-structures, which were interpreted as being isolated capsomeres and are of the same dimensions as the dense protein components arranged radially at the periphery of the empty capsids.
Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm Caused by an Osteochondroma of the Femur: A Case Report:

IntroductionThe osteochondroma is the most common benign tumor of bone. Typically asymptomatic bony protuberances are discovered in childhood or adolescence. Although vascular complications are rar...
Development of a new cloudlet content caching algorithm based on web mining

Cloud computing is a rapidly growing technology in recent years since it can provide users and enterprises with powerful computing capabilities to store and process data in its datacenters at low prices. However, as there are limited number of cloud datacenters across the world, accessing a distant cloud will cause long response latency and as a result the cloud computing performance will be adversely affected. Therefore, cloudlet has been proposed as a promising paradigm to solve this problem. Since a cloudlet is located at the edge of the Internet, it can be viewed as a small-scale cloud brought closer to users. Therefore, it can provide powerful computing resource to users with reduced response latency. However, since a cloudlet is a small-scale cloud, it is important to decide which content to be cached to its datacenter. In this paper, a new algorithm for cloudlet content caching based on web mining is developed. The new algorithm first exploits the k-means clustering to discover different accessing patterns and the most frequently accessed web objects to be cached. Then the association rule is utilized to prefetch web objects which will be potentially accessed. The algorithm also takes the sizes of web objects and cloudlet into consideration. The experiment implemented with the new algorithm was conducted and the result shows that compared to traditional caching algorithms, the proposed new algorithm will increase the cloudlet content cache hit ratio and reduce the response latency.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of biopsy strategies for endometrial cancer diagnosis in women with postmenopausal bleeding: Pipelle sampling curette versus dilatation & curettage

Abstract Background Endometrial sampling is widely used for accurate diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC), which is the most common gynecologic cancer in US women. The objective of this study was to explore the cost-effectiveness of two endometrial sampling procedures for diagnosing EC: (1) Pipelle endometrial sampling (Pipelle), and (2) dilatation & curettage (D&C), while accounting for sampling procedure failure rates and diagnostic accuracy in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). Method The decision analytic model was built to compare the cost-effectiveness of Pipelle and D&C strategies in a hypothetical cohort of PMB women. The analysis was performed from the perspective of a public healthcare payer (Medicare, US). We used 2017 Medicare reimbursement data for cost estimation. The effectiveness of these two diagnostic strategies was measured by analyzing the remaining life expectancy after EC diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Results The base case analysis suggested that Pipelle was not only equally effective (32.11 vs. 32.11 years of life), but also less costly ($1897.80 vs. $2999.11) based on Medicare reimbursement when compared to D&C. In one-way sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the Pipelle remained the more cost-effective sampling strategy even after accounting for sampling failure rate associated with each sampling strategy. Conclusion The Pipelle is the more cost-effective sampling strategy compared to D&C for EC diagnosis in women with PMB. From the cost-effectiveness perspective, the higher sampling failure rate of Pipelle should not be regarded as a limitation in its clinical application.
Controversial investments: trade and infrastructure in Ottoman–British relations in Iraq, 1861–1918

This article examines two sites of British investment in nineteenth-century Iraq, exploring the different interests and ideologies – both British and Ottoman – underlying each one, and using the fu...
Clinical Implications of Burkitt Lymphoma

Patients with Burkitt lymphoma present a unique challenge to clinicians because of the highly aggressive nature of this neoplasm. Three variants of Burkitt lymphoma are recognized: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-related [1]. While the epidemiology and some clinical characteristics differ among subtypes, the unifying features are rapid tumor cell growth and a propensity to involve extranodal sites. This chapter will focus on the clinical consequences of these biologic features, which frequently present as oncologic emergencies. These aspects of Burkitt lymphoma need to be readily recognized by physicians caring for these patients since delays in providing optimal therapy can result in poor outcome and early mortality.
Combinatorial associations of regulatory proteins and the control of cell type in yeast.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the combinatorial associations of regulatory proteins and the control of cell type in yeast. Combinatorial association of several proteins creates regulatory complexes with distinct DNA binding specificities: two complexes serve as transcription activators and two as transcription repressors. The sum of their activities is to generate three yeast cell types, each of which transcribes a unique set of genes. However, one of these yeast regulatory proteins is homologous to a transcription factor from mammalian species, suggesting that combinatorial association of proteins to give complexes of unique activity may be a general theme in eukaryotic gene regulation. The chapter also reviews the mechanisms by which the three yeast cell types are generated and maintained.
Use of a Comic Book to Assist Pharmacy Student Learning of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

Purpose: To assess the pedagogical effectiveness of a comic book in pharmacy student learning of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Methods: Comparative-group, matched pre-posttest survey design was used to measure pharmacy students’ comprehension of ACA. PharmD students (P-1year) from two sections of a Pharmacy and US Healthcare course participated in this study. Treatment group students received a comic book on ACA. The comparison group received the textual information, without pictures, from the book in a typed document. A posttest survey was administered later in the semester, before the instructor discussed ACA in class. Fourteen questions, developed from the information in the book and document, assessed pharmacy students’ comprehension of ACA. Response options included a visual analogue scale. Independent sample t-test was used to assess the differences in the mean pre-posttest scores between the two groups. Results: A total of 103 (n = 49 comparison vs. n = 54 treatment group) students completed the survey. No statistically significant differences were found in the pre-test mean scores between the groups. Differences in the pre-post test mean scores of treatment group were significantly higher than the differences in the mean scores of the comparison group. Students agreed that the comic book format gave them a better understanding of ACA and increased their interest in learning more about the Act. Conclusion: Comic books were found to be effective in student learning of the ACA. The positive response from students highlight the point that pharmacy faculty could use comic books as supplemental reading in pharmacy courses. Conflict of Interest This research was made possible through the faculty start-up funds awarded by the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University. Treatment of Human Subjects: IRB review/approval required and obtained Type: Original Research
Northeastern University Runs at the TREC13 Crowdsourcing Track.

The goal of the TREC 2013 Crowdsourcing Track was to evaluate approaches to crowdsourcing high quality relevance judgments for web pages and search topics. This paper describes our submission to Crowdsourcing track. Participants of this track were required to assess documents judged on a six-point scale. Our approach is based on collecting a linear number of preference judgements, and combining these into nominal grades using a modified version of QuickSort algorithm.
It All Started with a Picture: Reflections on Existing as Women of Color in a PWI

The purpose of this paper was to examine reflections of women of color in a predominately White institution (PWI). Viewpoints were gathered from three faculty members and one graduate student of co...
Comparing electrical stimulation and tacrolimus (FK506) to enhance treating nerve injuries

Introduction Neuroenhancing therapies are desired because repair of nerve injuries can fail to achieve recovery. We compared two neuroenhancing therapies, electrical stimulation (ES) and systemic tacrolimus (FK506), for their capabilities to enhance regeneration in the context of a rat model. Methods Rats were randomized to four groups: ES 0.5 mA, ES 2.0 mA, FK506, and repair alone. All groups underwent tibial nerve transection and repair, and outcomes were assessed by using twice per week walking track analysis, cold allodynia response, relative muscle mass, and nerve histology. Results Electrical stimulation and FK506 groups demonstrated improved functional recovery and myelinated axon counts distal to the repair compared with repair alone. Electrical stimulation provided improvements in nerve regeneration that were not different from optimized FK506 systemic administration. Discussion Providing ES after nerve repair improved regeneration and recovery in rats, with minimal differences in therapeutic efficacy to FK506, further demonstrating its clinical potential to improve management of nerve injuries.
Comparison between Gradual Reduced Nicotine Content and Usual Nicotine Content Groups on Subjective Cigarette Ratings in a Randomized Double-Blind Trial

In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking to reduce nicotine in tobacco products to produce a minimally addictive or nonaddictive effect, but there was a research gap in the subjective responses of reduced-nicotine-content cigarettes. We compared the responses of the modified cigarette evaluation questionnaire (mCEQ) and cigarette-liking scale (CLS) between the gradually reduced nicotine content (RNC) group and the usual nicotine content (UNC) group. Linear mixed-effects models for repeated measures were used to analyze and compare the change over time for the mCEQ and CLS across the two treatment groups (RNC and UNC). We found that the change over time for the mCEQ and CLS was significant between the RNC and the UNC treatment groups at the beginning of visit 6 with 1.4 mg nicotine/cigarette. At visits 8 and 9, the RNC group reported significantly lower satisfaction scores compared to UNC. Subscale analysis showed that smoking satisfaction decreased in RNC while other measures, such as cigarette enjoyment, did not change. Understanding the impact of nicotine reduction on cigarette subjective responses through evaluation and liking scales would provide valuable information to the FDA on nicotine reduction policies for cigarettes.
Prediction of severe chest injury using natural language processing from the electronic health record.

Abstract Introduction Trauma injury severity scores are currently calculated retrospectively from the electronic health record (EHR) using manual annotation by certified trauma coders. Natural language processing (NLP) of clinical documents in the EHR may enable automated injury scoring. We hypothesize that NLP with machine learning can discriminate between cases of severe and non-severe injury to the thorax after trauma. Methods Clinical documents from a trauma center were examined between 2014 and 2018. Severe chest injury was defined as a thorax abbreviated injury score (AIS) >2 and served as the reference standard for supervised learning. Free text unigrams and concept unique identifiers (CUIs) from the Unified Medical Language Systems (UMLS) were extracted from clinical documents collected at one hour, four hours, and eight hours after patient arrival to the emergency department. Logistic regression models with elastic net regularization were tuned to maximize area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) using 10-fold cross-validation on the training dataset (80%) and tested on a hold-out 20% dataset. Results There were 6,891 traumas that met inclusion criteria. The complete data corpus consisted of 473,694 documents. Models trained using the first hour of data had a mean AUROC of 0.88 (95%CI [0.86, 0.89]); model discrimination and reclassification from the first hour significantly improved after eight hours with a mean AUROC of 0.94 (95%CI [0.93, 0.95]). Performance of models using CUIs were similar to unigrams (p>0.05). Models demonstrated excellent clinical face validity. Conclusions Both CUIs and unigrams demonstrated excellent discrimination in predicting severity of chest injury using the first eight hours of clinical documents. Our model demonstrates that automated anatomical injury scoring is feasible and may be used for aggregation of data for trauma research and quality programs.
Addressing Bias and Fairness in Search Systems

Search systems have unprecedented influence on how and what information people access. These gateways to information on the one hand create an easy and universal access to online information, and on the other hand create biases that have shown to cause knowledge disparity and ill-decisions for information seekers. Most of the algorithms for indexing, retrieval, and ranking are heavily driven by the underlying data that itself is biased. In addition, orderings of the search results create position bias and exposure bias due to their considerable focus on relevance and user satisfaction. These and other forms of biases that are implicitly and sometimes explicitly woven in search systems are becoming increasing threats to information seeking and sense-making processes. In this tutorial, we will introduce the issues of biases in data, in algorithms, and overall in search processes and show how we could think about and create systems that are fairer, with increasing diversity and transparency. Specifically, the tutorial will present several fundamental concepts such as relevance, novelty, diversity, bias, and fairness using socio-technical terminologies taken from various communities, and dive deeper into metrics and frameworks that allow us to understand, extract, and materialize them. The tutorial will cover some of the most recent works in this area and show how this interdisciplinary research has opened up new challenges and opportunities for communities such as SIGIR.
Hemifacial spasm

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a peripheral movement disorder caused by direct or indirect compression or distortion of the root exit zone of the seventh cranial nerve, which is most commonly compressed by an arterial loop, but also may be compressed by a tumor, cyst, or aneurysm. All patients with HFS should undergo magnetic resonance imaging, with particular attention to the seventh cranial nerve. For patients with HFS who want treatment, there are three options. Oral medications, particularly anticonvulsants, may be useful, but the response rate is low and evidence is almost exclusively anecdotal. Local injection of botulinum toxin into the overactive muscles has a very high rate of success and virtually no serious side effects. Backed by controlled clinical trials, the authors consider it the treatment of choice. Microvascular surgical decompression has the advantage of being potentially curative, and obviates the need for chronic injections with botulinum toxin. However, surgery carries much greater risk than botulinum toxin and the spasm may recur. It is important that surgery is carried out by an experienced neurosurgeon to reduce the risk.
Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Violations of the positivity assumption in the causal analysis of observational data: Consequences and statistical approaches

In the causal analysis of observational data, the positivity assumption requires that all treatments of interest be observed in every patient subgroup. Violations of this assumption are indicated by nonoverlap in the data in the sense that patients with certain covariate combinations are not observed to receive a treatment of interest, which may arise from contraindications to treatment or small sample size. In this paper, we emphasize the importance and implications of this often-overlooked assumption. Further, we elaborate on the challenges nonoverlap poses to estimation and inference and discuss previously proposed methods. We distinguish between structural and practical violations and provide insight into which methods are appropriate for each. To demonstrate alternative approaches and relevant considerations (including how overlap is defined and the target population to which results may be generalized) when addressing positivity violations, we employ an electronic health record-derived data set to assess the effects of metformin on colon cancer recurrence among diabetic patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Reciprocal plasticity and the diversification of communication systems

Abstract The origin of novel communication systems has long been an evolutionary puzzle because communication requires interdependent signals and responses. Either component is not useful in isolation. Previous work has shown that novel communication systems may arise when pre-existing traits are co-opted for a novel function. However, research on developmental plasticity suggests we may benefit from considering how plasticity facilitates the origin and diversification of communication systems. In particular, plasticity can stabilize novel traits that are the first step towards signals or receiver responses (precursors) because plasticity allows individuals to rapidly adjust their phenotype based on their partner's phenotype, termed ‘reciprocal plasticity’. For example, exposure to a new sender precursor (e.g. new song) can produce a rapid, reciprocal change in receiver responses (e.g. preference for the new song). Reciprocal plasticity may facilitate the origin of new communication systems because precursors that influence conspecifics are more likely to become established signalling systems than precursors that are ignored by conspecifics. We review evidence that plasticity is important in the development and expression of a range of signals and preferences, the implications for divergence in signalling systems and its potential impacts on speciation and diversification. We outline areas of exciting future research, from incorporating more developmental realism into evolutionary models of signalling systems to using experimental evolution and novel anthropogenic environments to study genetic assimilation of plastic signals and preferences.
Restoring activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus improves sleep architecture and reduces Aβ accumulation in mice.

Sleep disruptions promote increases of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau in the brain and increase Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk, but the precise mechanisms that give rise to sleep disturbances have yet to be...
Not Always Buried Deep: A Second Course in Elementary Number Theory

Number theory is one of the few areas of mathematics where problems of substantial interest can be fully described to someone with minimal mathematical background. Solving such problems sometimes requires difficult and deep methods. But this is not a universal phenomenon; many engaging problems can be successfully attacked with little more than one's mathematical bare hands. In this case one says that the problem can be solved in an elementary way. Such elementary methods and the problems to which they apply are the subject of this book. ""Not Always Buried Deep"" is designed to be read and enjoyed by those who wish to explore elementary methods in modern number theory. The heart of the book is a thorough introduction to elementary prime number theory, including Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions, the Brun sieve, and the Erdos-Selberg proof of the prime number theorem. Rather than trying to present a comprehensive treatise, Pollack focuses on topics that are particularly attractive and accessible. Other topics covered include Gauss' theory of cyclotomy and its applications to rational reciprocity laws, Hilbert's solution to Waring's problem, and modern work on perfect numbers. The nature of the material means that little is required in terms of prerequisites: the reader is expected to have prior familiarity with number theory at the level of an undergraduate course and a first course in modern algebra (covering groups, rings, and fields). The exposition is complemented by over 200 exercises and 400 references.
Functional and Histological Measures of Retinal Damage in Chronic Light Exposure

When discussing effects of toxic agents on the retina one must not exclude the most common physical agent to which the eye is exposed, light.
Dionysiac Language (1802–1804 and After)

After studying Holderlin’s retrieval and adaption of Dionysiac language, Chap. 11 proceeds to the poet’s articulation of the linguistic spirit that lurks within (Sophoclean) tragedy as well as his final invocation of this language to resist the (visualised) words of money-tyrants in the present. On the one hand, the “[c]horus-leader of stars and guardian/Of secret speech” now struggles against the perverse, distorted language of ancient money-tyrants who, like modern individuals preoccupied with infinity of images (that harmonise with their profit-driven unconscious), declare the unlimited spirit of their intentions to “scan every word”. On the other hand, Holderlin’s elaborates this linguistic technique to resist monetised and visualised languages in the poet’s imagination of a future voyage to “the pure word”, das reine Wort, of Dionysian Greece.
Stealth Preemption: The I.R.S.'s Nonprofit Corporate Governance Initiative

The Internal Revenue Service, the primary federal regulator of charities, has initiated a corporate governance initiative. The intervention by the Internal Revenue Service into an area traditionally the preserve of state nonprofit corporate law has little relationship to issues of tax compliance. This corporate governance initiative has been accomplished in the face of IRS acknowledgement that it has no statutory authority relating to these issues. Yet, the power of the Service to recognize tax exempt status and the method it has used to ensure it vision of correct corporate governance practices through a series of questions when an organization applies for recognition of tax exempt status and on the annual information return, the latter available on the Internet for public scrutiny, has resulted in substantial compliance. This article casts a skeptical eye on the IRS’s corporate governance initiative from the perspective of federalism. Its thesis is that the Service’s regulation of nonprofit corporate governance is a kind of stealth preemption, which undermines the principles of our federal system. The issues of preemption described herein relating to the IRS’s corporate governance initiative are at least one degree separated from traditional constitutional analysis. There is no question of an agency regulation, pursuant to direct or indirect Congressional authorization to supersede state legislation. Essentially, the Service has interpreted the scope of its own jurisdiction, expanding its authority at the expense of the states. The article argues the corporate governance initiative is inefficient from a cost/benefit basis, and diverts nonprofit organizations from their charitable mission. At a time when many charities are struggling to survive and maintain their level of activity, when there are pressures to reduce administrative expenses, the corporate governance initiative is an unwelcome, unnecessary distraction. It increases administrative costs, diverts boards and staff from the focus on the charity’s mission, and has no empirically verified relationship to tax compliance.
La Economía social y solidaria de la comunidad de Taquile

The work approaches the relationships that the Quechua populations of the community of Taquile settle down with the tourist market, through an economic social and solidary organizational model of community type, gestated from halffilled of the years seventy, and actually it represents a conspicuous and grateful experience of social and solidary economy. Besides of presenting their antecedents and the beginning of the experience, it shows their conflicts, challenges and future perspectives.
Bacteriocin-Mediated Competitive Interactions of Bacterial Populations and Communities

Explaining the coexistence of competing species is a major challenge in community ecology. In bacterial systems, competition is often driven by the production of bacteriocins; narrow spectrum proteinaceous toxins that serve to kill closely related species providing the producer better access to limited resources. Bacteriocin producers have been shown to competitively exclude sensitive, nonproducing strains. However, the interaction dynamics between bacteriocin producers, each lethal to its competitor, are largely unknown. Several recent studies have revealed some of the complexity of these interactions, employing a suite of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico bacterial model systems. This chapter describes the current state of knowledge regarding the population and community ecology of this potent family of toxins.
The Fermi Surface of CeSb

A central issue of f-electron metals is the importance and description of hybridization between the f and conduction electrons. The strength of the hybridization controls the general nature of the behavior:1,2 strong hybridization leads to purely itinerant behavior with properties similar to those of the transition metals, weak hybridization leads to narrow band behavior which is manifested in mixed valence, heavy fermion and Kondo lattice behavior as the hybridization decreases, and in the limit of zero hybridization the f-electron localizes leading to a well defined moment and magnetic order at low temperature. Although band theory provides a full description of hybridization for the itinerant3 and, to a certain extent, mixed valence4 and heavy fermion5,6 metals, the precise nature and description of hybridization near the local end of the spectrum is not well understood.
Intrauterine growth restriction, human placental development and trophoblast cell death

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a failure to achieve the growth potential of a fetus that is promised by the genetic constitution and environmental influences endogenous to the pregnancy. Optimal placental development and the ability of the placenta to compensate for stimulus-induced injury are central in promotion of normal fetal growth. In this review, we will overview placental development with a focus on how villous structure relates to function. We will also describe the differentiation and turnover of villous trophoblast while highlighting selected features of microscopic placental injury. Histopathological studies of the placenta in IUGR indicate that abnormalities of the maternal spiral arterioles, dysregulated villous vasculogenesis, and abundant fibrin deposition are characteristic of the injuries associated with this condition. We identify selected insults, including oxidative stress and complement activation, and key pathways that regulate apoptosis in villous trophoblast, including increased p53 activity, altered translation of AKT and mTOR proteins, and the stress response of the endoplasmic reticulum. We surmise that trophoblast dysregulation at a subcellular level and loss of functional mass of villous trophoblast via cell death pathways are key contributors to the suboptimal placental performance that yields IUGR. We predict that a better understanding of placental dysfunction in IUGR will lead to targeted therapeutic options for this important clinical condition.
Nonzero-order joint transform correlation by use of double ports Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique

The implementation of a nonzero-order joint transform correlator using double ports Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique is proposed and demonstrated. This approach can directly remove the zero-order joint power spectrum in one step and perform the nonzero-order optical correlation. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
Portable MEMS power sources

Two devices are described that realize MEMS-based power sources as alternatives to batteries. The first is thermoelectric which utilizes a SiGe thermopile on a silicon nitride membrane. The device generates power at 500/spl deg/C. The second device is an engine that consists of a high-speed rotating silicon turbine.
A resolution threshold for multidimensional parameter estimates

This paper presents a metric useful in analyzing the resolution of multidimensional parameter estimators which produce normal, unbiased estimates. The metric is based on the distance between ellipsoidal level curves of the individual estimates' densities. The resolution threshold is deemed to be the lowest SNR at which ellipsoids enclosing a given amount of probability mass have disjoint interiors. This paper develops an algorithm which computes the threshold by studying the problem of finding the distance between two ellipsoids. >
Addressing Racial Awareness and Color‐Blindness in Higher Education

Racial awareness is a critical foundation to racial sensitivity, and it is a necessity for future professionals who want to be prepared to succeed in an increasingly diverse society. Several factors have been shown to influence racial awareness in professionals including their own race, their personal experience with racism, and the amount/quality of training they receive on the topic of race. Institutions of higher education that pride themselves on preparing students to work in a global and diverse market should make a purposeful effort to teach students how to address issues related to race and racism. This chapter offers recommendations for how to transform traditional programs into programs with a focus on antiracism using a Critical Race Theory paradigm. For example, curricula should be designed to challenge students to focus on their personal experiences of racism and racial identity rather than simply studying others’. Student resistance can be minimized by recruiting faculty and students with not only racial diversity, but with diversity of experiences with racism. Finally, by purposefully engaging in interdisciplinary work on campus, smaller departments or more homogeneous departments can provide racial minority students with much needed opportunities for racial identity development and cross-racial interactions.
Physiological Competition of Brain Phenylalanine Accretion: Initial Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Aminoisobutyric and Methylaminoisobutyric Acids in Pah enu2-/- Mice

Abstract Objective Initial studies on the use of non-physiological amino acids (NPAAs) to block the accretion of Phe in the brain of Pahenu2 −/− mice revealed that 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) and N-methyl-2-aminoisobutyrate (MAIB) were promising lead compounds whose pharmacokinetic parameters warranted investigation. Methods Control and Pahenu2 −/− mice received intraperitoneal NPAA treatments as test compounds (150, 300 and 500 mg/kg, 1 or 7 days) followed by collection of sera, liver and brain. LC–MS analysis was developed to quantify both AIB and MAIB in all matrices, and pharmacokinetic parameters for distribution, partitioning, accumulation and MAIB demethylation were determined. Results MAIB was partially converted to AIB in vivo. AIB and MAIB partitioned similarly from sera to the brain and liver, with an approximate 10-fold higher accumulation in the liver compared to the brain. In comparison to MAIB, AIB accumulated to approximately 3 to 7-fold higher concentration in the brain. Analysis of the brain and liver revealed a trend toward decreased Phe with increased MAIB serum concentration. Conclusions Our data support further pharmacokinetic characterization of MAIB and AIB in preparation for additional preclinical safety, toxicity and tolerability studies of both AIB and MAIB.
Towards the next generation user interface: the VIU model using a universe paradigm and the globe metaphor for enterprise information visualization

The next generation user interface for information systems, and indeed for all significant computer environments, will feature model-assisted visualization as its definitive element. This visualization goes beyond the straightforward drawing and rendering of imagery for physically visual objects or phenomena and extends to creating visual interpretation of logical subjects, such as enterprise information, using information and decision models and other profound contextual knowledge of the application. Dynamic animation in continual and interactive environments based on application models is the hallmark of this visualization. A universe paradigm is conceptualized for visualizing the enterprise information and is referred to as the visual information universe (VIU) model. The globe model is developed as the universe paradigm's basic metaphor, which features both the interior and the surface in an integrated cognitive design. The metadatabase model for enterprise information integration is exploited to afford an experimental environment. >
High-risk obstetrics

A control series of 20 normal obstetric patients and 133 high-risk patients, exhibiting diabetes, chronic hypertension, and/or a history of repeated premature births were evaluated with serial determinations of estriol, pregnanediol, and quantitative chorionic gonadotropin excretion as well as vaginal hormonocytology as measured by the karyopyknotic index. The cytohormonal profile of these vulnerable patients who experienced normal outcome of pregnancy, in addition to those who experienced fetal death, premature labor, or gave birth to an underweight infant, was presented and the predictive reliability for each assessment singly and in combination was determined. Estriol was the most sensitive reflector of fetal status in states of both chronic and acute stress and the predictive reliability of tests in combination was not significantly greater than that of estriol alone. The finding of depressed estriol excretion among complicated pregnancies eventuating in apparently normal perinatal outcome suggests that subtle degrees of fetal jeopardy may occur which escape notice in the usual clinical evaluations. Our experience indicates that it is unlikely that fetal mortality can be dramatically reduced by the use of cytohormonal tests; however, by detecting patients who can be safely allowed to continue in pregnancy without early obstetric interference, some of the well-known hazards associated with prematurity may be avoided.
Allergic epididymo-orchitis in guinea pigs and bulls.

Guinea pigs were isoimmunized with ammonium-sulphate-precipitated testicular material (ASPM) in Freund's complete adjuvant and killed 5, 10, 15, 20. or 60 days later. Bulls were isoimmunized once o...
HIGH RESOLUTION SCANNING ION PROBES: APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY

Abstract High resolution ( A ) ion probes are shown to be feasible using either hydrogen ions from field ionization or heavy ions from an electro-hydrodynamic ion source. Low energy (∼ 25 keV) hydrogen ions are compared with electrons for use in microscopy, and the two are shown to entail similar amounts of radiation damage for thin (∼ 1 μm/cm 2 ) light targets. The use of heavy ion beams in microanalysis is discussed, and the limitations on the spatial resolution are shown to be inherent in the method, rather than due to instrumental resolution. Recent investigations made with the University of Chicago scanning transmission ion microscope of the interaction of molecular ions (H 2 + ) with thin foils of carbon and polyethylene are discussed.
A bifurcation analysis of the nonlinear parametric programming problem

The structure of solutions to the nonlinear parametric programming problem with a one dimensional parameter is analyzed in terms of the bifurcation behavior of the curves of critical points and the persistence of minima along these curves. Changes in the structure of the solution occur at singularities of a nonlinear system of equations motivated by the Fritz John first-order necessary conditions. It has been shown that these singularities may be completely partitioned into seven distinct classes based upon the violation of one or more of the following: a complementarity condition, a constraint qualification, and the nonsingularity of the Hessian of the Lagrangian on a tangent space. To apply classical bifurcation techniques to these singularities, a further subdivision of each case is necessary. The structure of curves of critical points near singularities of lowest (zero) codimension within each case is analyzed, as well as the persistence of minima along curves emanating from these singularities. Bifurcation behavior is also investigated or discussed for many of the subcases giving rise to a codimension one singularity.
Off-shell model of the pion-nucleon T matrix

In the study of pion interactions with the nucleus one requires an off-shell model of the pion-nucleon scattering amplitude. It is desirable to have an amplitude that is not only correct on shell, but also has reasonable off-shell properties. In this work we introduce an off-shell model of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ $T$ matrix that is composed of two parts. The first part has the correct $s$ and $u$ channel nucleon poles and the second part is represented by a separable form. The model provides a good fit to the on-shell data up to $\ensuremath{\surd}s\ensuremath{\simeq}1300$ MeV and provides a satisfactory representation of the off-shell behavior in the region ${{M}_{N}}^{2}lsl{({M}_{N}+3{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{2}$. This range includes a subthreshold region which is important for the description of low-energy pion-nucleus scattering.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pion-nucleon scattering amplitude, off-shell models.