cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burden of Comorbidities and Functional and Cognitive Impairments in Elderly Patients at the Initial Diagnosis of Heart Failure and Their Impact on Total Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant comorbidities and measures of physical and cognitive impairment in elderly persons with incident heart failure (HF). Background Comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments are common in the elderly and often associated with greater mortality risk. Methods We examined the prevalence of 9 comorbidities and 4 measures of functional and cognitive impairments in 558 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who developed incident HF between 1990 and 2002. Participants were followed prospectively until mid-2008 to determine their mortality risk. Results Mean age of participants was 79.2 ± 6.3 years with 52% being men. Sixty percent of participants had ≥3 comorbidities, and only 2.5% had none. Twenty-two percent and 44% of participants had ≥1 activity of daily living (ADL) and ≥1 instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) impaired respectively. Seventeen percent of participants had cognitive impairment (modified mini-mental state exam score Conclusions Elderly patients with incident HF have a high burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments. Some of these conditions are associated with greater mortality risk.
Multi-objective optimal design of a solar absorption cooling and heating system under life-cycle uncertainties

Abstract SACH systems, as a type of renewable energy systems, meet building cooling and heating demand through solar energy and therefore can reduce energy consumption and, in turn, mitigate the environmental impacts associated with building operation. Many researchers have evaluated and optimized the design of SACH systems under deterministic schemes; however, deterministic approach is subject to uncertain parameters in the evaluation or objective functions such as energy prices in the future and the results subsequently may not hold true. To enhance the design robustness and validate the use of deterministic approaches, a stochastic multi-objective optimization (SMOO) model is developed that incorporates these uncertainties. In this paper, a SACH system is optimized with respects to life-cycle energy, economic, and environment performance. The uncertain parameters considered include the life span of SACH systems and the fluctuations of energy markets and financial conditions. A case study follows to investigate the relationship among uncertainty and different designs. The comparison between deterministic and stochastic optimization shows that deterministic optimization can be used by designers who are moderate or not risk-averse at all.
Motivations for Punishing Someone Who Violates HIV Nondisclosure Laws: Basic Research and Policy Implications

Many U.S. states have HIV nondisclosure laws that require HIV-positive persons to disclose their HIV status to new sexual partners. Mandating HIV disclosure before sexual activity occurs is intended to deter unsafe sexual behavior and to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. HIV nondisclosure laws are also intended to punish HIV-positive persons who violate these laws. Vignettes were used to examine if participants are motivated to punish someone who violates these HIV nondisclosure laws. In three studies, we found that retribution but not general deterrence was used to recommend punishment, especially when HIV nondisclosure was associated with harm being done to sexual partners. We also found that preventing the law violator from reoffending played a role in recommending punishment, especially if the law violation was associated with considerable harm. On the other hand, the expression of an apology to sexual partners was associated with less severe punishment, based on the assessment that there was a relatively low risk of the HIV law violator repeating this crime and, therefore, lower importance for removing him from society. The findings suggest that persuading the general public and legislators to end the criminalization of HIV nondisclosure will be an uphill battle.
Effect of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) on human sperm motility, viability and motion parameters

Male genital tract infections and non-specific inflammatory conditions may be associated with unexplained infertility. Previous studies have shown the presence of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the semen of infertile men. However, the mechanism of effect of these cytokines on human sperm function is still controversial. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in-vitro effects of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma on human sperm motion, viability and the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST). Washed spermatozoa from normal volunteers (n = 9) were incubated in the presence/absence of TNF-alpha (1 microgram/mL) plus IFN-gamma (0.1 microgram/mL). Sperm motility, viability, HOST, and video sequences were recorded at different time intervals (0, 30, 60 and 180 min). Sperm motion parameters were analysed using computer-assisted semen analysis. There was a time-dependent negative effect of TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma on sperm motility, viability, HOST, and lateral-head displacement (ALH). The maximum decrease was observed between 60 and 180 min for sperm motility (50.8 +/- 5.6%), viability (52.8 +/- 4.0%), HOST (38 +/- 2%) and ALH (4.7 +/- 0.1 microns) compared to control samples (62.2 +/- 2.8, 62.4 +/- 2.9, 58 +/- 4, and 5.3 +/- 0.4, respectively; All p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on sperm straight-line velocity and mean linearity when compared to control. These data suggest that the common inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma have only partial detrimental effects on sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and lateral head displacement, which may contribute to the poor fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa during inflammatory conditions.
Fuzzy Partition Entropies and Entropy Constrained Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms

This article introduces three families of fuzzy partition entropies and investigates their relationship with Bezdek's partition entropy. Bezdek's partition entropy is interpreted as the limit of partition entropies of order a, partition entropies of order β, and R-norm partition entropies introduced in this study. The proposed partition entropies are used to formulate clustering as a constrained minimization problem. This formulation results in entropy constrained fuzzy clustering algorithms as the proposed partition entropies approach Bezdek's partition entropy. The algorithms resulting from the proposed formulation allow the transition from a maximally fuzzy to crisp partitions according to a procedure that resembles an “annealing” process. More-over, entropy constrained algorithms satisfy a basic requirement for clustering algorithms; they are invariant under uniform scaling of the feature vectors.
The relation of description rate and investment growth rate

We have shown that if one invests in the outcome of a random variable X, where investment consists of gambling at any odds, then every bit of description of X increases the doubling rate by one bit. However, if the provider of the information has access only to V, a random variable jointly distributed with X, then this maximal efficiency is not generally possible. We find the increase /spl Delta/(R) in doubling rate for a description of V at rate R for the jointly Gaussian and jointly binary cases. We investigate the extension to multivariate Gaussian random variables. We prove a general result for the derivative of /spl Delta/(R) at R=0. We then consider the problem in which there are k separate encoders and each observes a random variable V/sub i/ correlated with X. We find how efficiently these encoders, without cooperation, help the investor who is interested in X.
Wireless interconnects for inter-tier communication on 3D ICs

The feasibility of on-chip antennas for inter-tier communication on a 3D integrated circuit (IC) stack is shown for two different 3D integration processes. The on-chip antennas for inter-tier wireless interconnects are proposed to be used in conjunction with through silicon vias (TSVs) for global communication in 3D ICs. A 3D finite element method (FEM) based full wave electro-magnetic analysis of two different 3D IC models is presented: a fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) oxide-oxide bonding 3D circuit integration technology and a complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) silicon on insulator (SoI) Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer adhesive bonding 3D circuit integration technology. It is shown that the selected transmitting and receiving antennas provide a strong signal coupling at a radiation frequency of 10GHz for both 3D integration processes. In particular, the transmission gains between the antenna pair are −6.92 dB and −5.23 dB for communication between the first and the third IC tiers of a 3D IC for the oxide-oxide and the BCB polymer adhesive bonding techniques, respectively.
Nonparametric Statistical Models of Globular Cluster Dynamics

Observations only partially constrain dynamical models of globular clusters and similar systems, in large part because distances and velocities are seen only in projection, and only at a single (unknown) orbital phase. As a result, some dynamical assumptions are necessary if the cluster dynamics and mass distribution are to be inferred from kinematic data — typically that mass follows light, or that the stars observed are the sole source of the gravitational field in which they move, or that orbital energies are completely thermalized, or that orbital angular momenta are exponentially distributed — most often some combination of these is invoked. Such assumptions, reasonable as they may seem, are almost never justified by the data per se for the cluster in question, and thus diminish the credibility of resulting estimates of cluster dynamics and, especially, of the presence and extent of dark matter.
Leptin upregulates CRAC channel expression in T lymphocytes (IRC2P.444)

Obesity is a major health problem associated with systemic diseases whose pathogenesis has been linked to inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Leptin, an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, is known to augment the antigen-dependent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by T lymphocytes. Cytokine production is tightly regulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Cac ) which is under the control of ion channels (Kv1.3, KCa3.1, calcium release activated Ca2+channel [CRAC, formed by Orai1 and Stim1]). We tested the hypothesis that ion channels contribute to the pro-inflammatory effects of leptin. CD3+ T cells isolated from healthy human donors were treated with 100-250 ng/ml leptin and ion channels’ gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Leptin induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in Orai1 expression up to 1.53 ± 0.21 (100 ng/ml) and 2.04 ± 0.40 folds (250 ng/ml, n=3) at 12 h. There was no significant difference in Stim1, Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 expression. CRAC channels are important for activation-mediated Ca2+ influx in T cells. Thus, we investigated whether Orai1 regulation by leptin affects Cac using a protocol that bypasses the T cell receptor and allows assessment of ion channel-dependent changes in Cac. Incubation with leptin-depleted serum reduced Ca2+ fluxes, while addition of 250 ng/ml of leptin to the leptin-free serum augmented Ca2+ fluxes. These findings suggest that leptin may promote hyperactivity of T cells via upregulation of ion channels.
Duality in Resistance Switching Behavior of TiO2-Cu2ZnSnS4 Device

The resistive switching behavior of TiO2 based electronic devices have been extensively investigated the last two decades due to their low cost and potential applications in high speed electronic devices. However, the randomness in switching behavior and uncertainty in conducting filament formation often restricts their usage for long-term applications. A duality in current transport mechanism was observed when nano-architectural parameters of the TiO2 memory resistance device were altered. TiO2 nanotube-CZTS nanocrystals based devices exhibit Fowler-Nordheim quantum tunneling, whereas TiO2 nanocrystals-CZTS thin film based devices exhibit space charge limited conduction. Temperature dependent electrical studies indicate that polaronic transport is one of the phenomena assisting in electrical conduction. Electronic band information suggests that tunneling between CZTS and TiO2 is indirect. A unique interface state between two adjacent materials seems to be responsible for the negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior of TiO2-CZTS diodes. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0071508jss] All rights reserved.
Prion encephalopathies of animals and humans.

Abstract Studies over the past decade of the infectious prions causing scrapie and other transmissible neurodegenerative diseases support the hypothesis that these pathogens are novel. After convincing evidence was obtained showing that scrapie infectivity depends upon a protein component, the term "prion" was introduced to distinguish these infectious pathogens from others, including viroids and viruses. Enriching fractions from Syrian hamster (SHa) brain for scrapie prion infectivity led to the discovery of the prion protein (PrP). Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing both SHa and mouse (Mo) PrP genes were used to probe the molecular basis of the species barrier and the mechanism of scrapie prion replication. Bioassays of brain extracts from two scrapie-infected Tg lines showed that the prion inoculum dictates which prions are synthesized de novo, even though the cells express both PrP genes. Discovery of mutations in the PrP gene from humans with Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia established that prion diseases are unique among human illnesses--they are both genetic and infectious. Tg mice expressing MoPrP with the GSS point mutation spontaneously develop neurologic dysfunction, spongiform degeneration and astrocytic gliosis. Inoculation of brain extracts prepared from these Tg(GSSMoPrP) mice into Syrian hamsters and Tg mice expressing wild-type PrP transgenes has produced neurodegeneration in recipient animals after prolonged incubation times. If convincing data on serial passage of prions from the inoculated recipients can be obtained, then these results will argue that prions are devoid of foreign nucleic acid in accord with many other lines of evidence. Although it seems likely that transmissible prions are composed only of PrPSc molecules, a hypothetical second component such as a small polynucleotide remains a formal possibility. The conversion of PrPc into PrPSc is a post-translational process that probably occurs in the endocytic pathway. Studies on the structure of PrPSc and PrPC have been unsuccessful in defining a post-translational chemical modification that distinguishes one PrP isoform from the other. These findings suggest that the difference between PrPSc and PrPc may be conformational. The existence of distinct prion isolates or "strains" with different properties poses a conundrum. Distinct isolates produce the accumulation of PrPSc in particular sets of CNS neurons. Whether different conformers of or Asn-linked CHOs attached to PrPSc are produced in specific neurons and are responsible for the properties of distinct prion isolates is unknown. The study of prion diseases seems to be emerging as a new area of investigation at the interface of such disciplines as genetics, cell biology and virology.
Causal Refutations of Idealism Revisited

Causal refutations of external-world scepticism start from our ability to make justified judgements about the order of our own experiences, and end with the claim that there must be perceptible external objects, some of whose states can be causally correlated with that order. In a recent paper, I made a series of objections to this broadly Kantian anti-sceptical strategy. Georges Dicker has provided substantive replies on behalf of a version of the causal refutation of idealism. Here I offer a few final remarks about issues at the heart of our disagreement.
Long-term survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

EFFORTS to resuscitate the dead are as old as recorded history, and many techniques, including magic, ritual, and shamanism, have been employed.1 , 2 It is only in recent years that measures that r...
Radiation-induced specific locus mutations in human mammary epithelial cells.

A specific locus mutagenesis assay using primary cultures of human mammary epithelial cells has been developed. A mutation frequency at the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus of approximately 2 &#50 10 &#109 5 mutations per surviving cell per gray of ionizing radiation was estimated in these cells.
Internalization of cloned pancreatic polypeptide receptors is accelerated by all types of Y4 agonists.

Abstract Internalization of cloned rat or human Y4 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells increased with concentration of all types of Y4 agonists, including human and rat pancreatic polypeptides, the Y1 receptor group co-agonists possessing C-terminal TRPRY.NH2 pentapeptide, and a C-terminally amidated dimeric nonapeptide related to neuropeptide Y, GR231118. These peptides also inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in Y4 receptor-expressing cells, and stimulated the binding of 35S-labeled GTP-γ-S to pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins in particulates from these cells. Peptide VD-11 (differing from GR231118 only by C-terminal oxymethylation) acted as a competitive antagonist in all of the above processes. Agonist-induced stimulation of the Y4 receptor internalization persisted in the presence of allosteric inhibitors of hPP binding, N5-substituted amilorides, which also were relatively little active in G-protein stimulation and cyclase inhibition by Y4 agonists. Acceleration of Y4 receptor internalization by agonists apparently is related to relaxation of allosteric constraints to ligand attachment and sequestration of the receptor–ligand complex.
Statistical Hair on Black Holes

The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy for certain BPS-saturated black holes in string theory has recently been derived by counting internal black hole microstates at weak coupling. We argue that the black hole microstate can be measured by interference experiments even in the strong coupling region where there is clearly an event horizon. Extracting information which is naively behind the event horizon is possible due to the existence of statistical quantum hair carried by the black hole. This quantum hair arises from the arbitrarily large number of discrete gauge symmetries present in string theory. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Biological imaging by Digital Holographic Adaptive Optics

The basic principles of DHAO have been presented and demonstrated in a recent paper [Opt. Lett. 36, 2710-2712(2011)]. In this paper, the application of DHAO in biological imaging is investigated.
Electron scattemng studies of 184W and 186W

Abstract Anomalous results obtained in recent electron-nucleus scattering experiments suggest that a dispersion correction may contribute significantly to elastic cross sections in the region of the first diffraction minimum. Such a dispersion correction describes the effect of possible virtual nuclear excitations neglected in the conventional phase-shift analyses of electron scattering data. To investigate these effects, the Yale University electron accelerator has been used to study the scattering from 184 W and 186 W at incident energies between 40 and 65 MeV and scattering angles between 70° and 150°. No evidence of a dispersion effect is seen in the nucleus 186 W. In the case of 184 W, a comparison of the measured cross sections with those expected on the basis of the results of muonic X-ray experiments indicates that any dispersive effect is limited to less than 10% in the region of the first diffraction minimum. A summary of the results of this laboratory's search for dispersion effects in Nd, Sm, and W is appended.
Sequential measurements of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in single sample aliquots.

Abstract Standard, pyridine nucleotide-linked fluorometric assays have been sequenced so that 14 glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates can be measured in only two sample aliquots. This multiple assay procedure, which is based on commercially available enzymes and reagents, allows analysis on small tissue samples in relatively short times.
A treatment of impurity diffusion in oxidizing ambients

Abstract The linear diffusion equation may be transformed to a moving reference frame which corresponds to a linear-parabolic or experimental oxide growth law. The resulting partial differential equation is separable and may be Laplace transformed. If the semiconductor is initially uniformly doped and semi-infinite, solutions in the Laplace transform domain are expressible as parabolic cylinder functions. Integration constants for constant interface concentration or deposition diffusions as well as leaching boundary conditions may be determined. A space-time solution for the deposition problem is derived. Leaching from a uniformly doped substrate is treated in some detail. Residue techniques are used to develop analytic expressions for the dominant solution term, which is compared to published results. The complete solution may be obtained by using approximate analytic inversion, which requires numerical computations. Results are compared with data from existing theories, which are special cases of the present model.
A preliminary investigation of the information carrying potential of voluntary eye movements.

Abstract This paper reports the preliminary findings of a study on the information carrying potential of voluntary eye movements. An ocular communication device, originally developed at the Denver Research Institute, was used to determine how fast information can be transmitted by voluntary eye movements. The tentative findings are that: (a) a maximum information throughput of roughly 10 bits/s is possible and (b) the DRI device merits further development. The primary relevance of this study is to the development of communication aids for the severely handicapped.
Policy analysis with a macroeconomic model of Korea

Abstract This paper reports on a macroeconomic model of Korea. The model consists of markets for output, prices and labour, the balance of payments and money, and emphasizes in its structure the openness of the economy. A complete listing of the model equations and statistics of its performance are presented. The paper then discusses both the external and internal policy impacts on main domestic economic conditions, on the basis of the multipliers obtained for changes in fiscal, monetary, exchange rate policy instruments and changes in foreign economic activity and interest rates.
Conflicting Social Paradigms of Human Freedom and the Problem of Justification

In recent work, Rawls, Nozick, and the ‘democratic‐socialist’ theory of Markovic and Gould, attempt to ground rival models of just economic relations on the basis of conflicting interpretations of human freedom. Beginning with a philosophical conception of humans as essentially free beings, each derives a different system of basic rights and freedoms: (1) the familiar democratic civil and political rights of citizenship in the West (Rawls); (2) the classical bourgeois market freedoms ‐ ‘life, liberty, and property’ (Nozick); and (3) democratic socialist rights of self‐management of the work‐place (Gould and Markovic). I argue that each of these theorists implicitly assumes a different but ungrounded ’social paradigm of human agency’ concerning the particular forms of human choice which are singled out as most important for a free, human life. None of these theories contains the methodological resources for showing why the forms of human agency it ‘emancipates’ are more important than the forms it suppress...
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized children

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 1285 in total, were isolated from hospitalized children in the period 1981-1984. Serotypes 011 and 06 and nontypable strains were the most frequently identified. 44.6% of serotype 011 strains and between 12.4 and 37.7% of other serotypes were resistant to gentamicin, or carbenicillin, or both agents. The aminoglycosides with the highest activity against P. aeruginosa isolates were amikacin and netilmicin. Among the seven beta-lactam antibiotics tested the most active were cefsulodin, piperacillin and azlocillin.
Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in differing wetland habitats.

The dynamics and role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been well described in terrestrial ecosystems; however, little is known about how the dynamics of AMF are related to the ecology of wetland ecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization within different wetland habitats were examined in this study to determine the factors that influence AM associations and to further assess the ecological role of AMF in wetlands. Fen and marsh habitats of four wetlands in west central Ohio were sampled monthly from March to September. AMF were found at all four sites for each month sampled and were present in all of the dominant plant species. A significant effect of month (P<0.001) on AM colonization did occur and was attributable to maximum colonization levels in the spring and minimum levels in late summer. This trend existed in all four wetlands in both fen and marsh habitats, regardless of variation in water levels, percent soil moisture, or available phosphorus levels. Because abiotic factors had minimal influence on AM colonization variation and the level of AM colonization paralleled plant growth patterns, we conclude that the AM seasonal dynamic was in response to plant phenology. Our data suggest that AM associations in temperate fen and marsh habitats are prevalent in the spring during new root and vegetative growth, even for plants experiencing flooded conditions. Evidence of an overriding AM seasonal trend indicates that future studies should include a seasonal component to better assess the role and distribution of AMF in wetland ecosystems.
Glucose-conditioned flavor preference learning requires co-activation of NMDA and dopamine D1-like receptors within the amygdala.

Abstract The role of amygdala (AMY) NMDA receptor signaling and its interaction with dopamine D1-like receptor signaling in glucose-mediated flavor preference learning was investigated. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with a flavor (CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) 8% glucose infusions and a different flavor (CS−) paired with IG water infusions. In the two-bottle tests (Expression), bilateral intra-AMY injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist, AP5 (0, 5 and 10 nmol/brain), did not block the CS+ preference. In Experiment 2, new rats received intra-AMY injections of either vehicle or AP5 (10 nmol), prior to training sessions with CS+/IG glucose and CS−/IG water. In the two-bottle tests without drug treatment, AP5 rats failed to prefer the CS+ flavor (50%). In Experiments 3, new rats were trained as in Experiment 2 except that, during training, half the rats received AP5 injections (5 nmol) in one side of the AMY and SCH23390 (D1-like receptor antagonist, 6 nmol), in the contralateral AMY (Drug/Drug group). The remaining rats received vehicle injections in one side of the AMY and either AP5 (5 nmol) or SCH23390 (6 nmol) in the contralateral AMY (Drug/Vehicle group). The two-bottle choice tests without drug treatment revealed that, unlike the Drug/Vehicle group (85%), the Drug/Drug group failed to prefer the CS+ flavor (50%). These results reveal an essential role for AMY NMDA receptor activation in the acquisition of flavor preference learning induced by the post-oral reinforcing properties of glucose and demonstrate that such learning is based on co-activation of NMDA and DA D1 receptors within this forebrain structure.
A combined hydrologic simulation and landscape design model to prioritize sites for wetlands restoration

Most landscape design models have been applied to the problem of maximizing species richness in a network of nature reserves. This paper describes a combined hydrologic simulation and landscape design model designed to prioritize sites for wetlands restoration, where the objective is to maximize the amount of nutrients in non-point-source runoff attenuated in the restored wetlands. Targeted site selection in four small watersheds in the Central Valley resulted in predicted levels of nitrogen attenuation two to eight times greater than that from maximizing wetland area without consideration of the location of the restoration sites.
Unit discharges in the mediodorsal nucleus of the squirrel monkey evoked by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb

Summary The thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the squirrel monkey was explored with microelectrodes for units responsive to electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb. All responsive units were localized throughout the magnocellular subdivision of MD, most (88%) ipsilateral to the stimulated bulb. Other parts of MD were unresponsive. Latencies to the first poststimulus spike ranged from 4 to 50 msec with a median value of 14 msec. In preparations with both frontal poles ablated eliminating the possibility of stimulus spread to orbitofrontal cortical neurons and subsequent anti- or orthodromic activation of Mc cells, the shortest response latency was 6 msec. Thus relatively direct and extensive connections exist between the olfactory bulb and one cytoarchitectonic subdivision of this prominent ‘association’ nucleus in a microsmatic primate.
Coordination of protein-DNA interactions in the promoters of human H4, H3, and H1 histone genes during the cell cycle, tumorigenesis, and development

Coordinate transcriptional control of replication-dependent human H4, H3, and H1 histone genes was studied by comparing levels of H3 and H1 histone promoter binding activities with those of H4 histone promoter factor HiNF-D during the cell cycle of both normal diploid and tumor-derived cells, as well as in fetal and adult mammalian tissues. Both H3 and H1 histone promoters interact with binding activities that, as with HiNF-D, are maximal during S-phase but at low levels in the G1-phase of normal diploid cells. However, these analogous DNA binding activities are constitutively maintained at high levels throughout the cell cycle in four different transformed and tumor-derived cells. Downregulation of the H3 and H1 histone promoter factors in conjunction with HiNF-D is observed in vivo at the onset of quiescence and differentiation during hepatic development. Hence, our results indicate a tight temporal coupling of three separate protein-DNA interactions in different histone promoters during the cell cycle, development, and tumorigenesis. This suggests that a key oscillatory, cell-growth-control mechanism modulates three analogous histone gene promoter protein-DNA interactions in concert. The derangement of this mechanism in four distinct tumor cells implies that concerted deregulation of these histone promoter factors is a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations in normal cell growth mechanisms during tumorigenesis. We postulate that this mechanism may be involved in the coordinate regulation of the human H4, H3, and H1 histone multigene families.
The Economics of an Efficient Reliance on Biomass, Carbon Capture and Carbon Sequestration in a Kyoto‐style Emissions Control Environment

This note employs the economics paradigm to sort through the complications of relying simultaneously on biomass fuels, carbon capture with active sequestration and passive carbon sequestration to meet Kyoto-style carbon emission limits. It does so by exploiting the structure of a tax cum repurchase scheme for carbon. Under such a scheme, the carbon content of fossil fuel should be taxed at the point of purchase at a price that matches the shadow price of the carbon emission limit, but carbon embedded in biomass fuel should go un-taxed. The price of biomass fuel would, though, have to reflect the marginal cost of any externalities it might cause and the opportunity cost of its land-use requirements. Captured carbon could be repurchased at a price equal to the shadow price of carbon, net of the cost of active sequestration, itself the sum of private and social marginal costs. Finally, the price of the passive sequestration of carbon should equal the shadow price of carbon, net of the opportunity cost of setting those resources aside. Since a marketable permit system would support direct estimates of the requisite shadow price of carbon, such a system would also provide direct information about base prices for the tax cum repurchase scheme. To support long-term investment in biomass supply and sequestration, though, changes over time in emission limits must be accomplished in a smooth and predictable manner.
Structure of the Amyloid-β (1−42) Monomer Absorbed To Model Phospholipid Bilayers: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, the 39 to 43 amino acid peptide that plays a substantial role in Alzheimer's disease, has been shown to interact strongly with lipids both in vitro and in vivo. Abeta-lipid interactions have been proposed as a considerable factor in accelerating Abeta aggregation through the templating role of membranes in aggregation disorders. Previous work has shown that anionic lipids are able to significantly increase Abeta aggregation rate and induce a structural conversion in Abeta from a random coil to a beta-structure that is similar to the monomer structure observed in mature fibrils. However, it is unclear if this structural change occurs with the Abeta monomer because of direct interactions with the lipids or if the structural change results from protein-protein interactions during oligomerization. We use extensive replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of an Abeta monomer bound to a homogeneous model zwitterionic or anionic lipid bilayer. From these simulations, we do not observe any significant beta-structure formation except for a small, unstable beta-hairpin formed on the anionic dioleylphosphatidylserine bilayer. Further, we see that the Asp23-Lys28 salt bridge that plays a role in beta-hairpin formation is not substantially formed on the bilayer surface and that Lys28 preferentially interacts with lipids when bound to the bilayer. These results suggest that the structural conversion seen in experiments are not due to the ordering of monomeric Abeta on the bilayer surface but are a result of protein-protein interactions enhanced by Abeta binding to the cell membrane.
Ionic and chain interdiffusion and interfacial strength development in ionomers of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid)

Diffusion coefficients of sodium and zinc ions have been measured in bilayers of commercial, partially neutralized poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid). The diffusion behavior shows a break at the melting temperature of the resin, suggesting that chain backbone motion is intimately related to ionic transport. The ionic diffusion coefficients are orders of magnitude greater than those of the chain backbone, which suggests that metal ion pairs are transported along the contour of the polymer network via exchange with protons of neighboring acid groups. Interfacial strength development in welded films of ionomers is primarily determined by the melting behavior of the bulk resin. Ionic diffusion rates do not correlate with the strength development behavior. This observation, along with melting and chain center of mass diffusion information, suggests that strength development is dependent on chain interdiffusion like that of many other thermoplastics.
“Sorting Out” collective leadership: How Q-methodology can be used to evaluate leadership development

Abstract Q-methodology has proven to be an effective way to solicit participants' perceptions of outcomes. In this article, Q-methodology is described as a data collection tool that can be used to better evaluate the development of collective leadership. Additionally, this methodology provided a valuable tool for participants themselves (leadership development) and evaluators (evaluation development). In writing this article, we drew upon data from a longitudinal study of the Kellogg Leadership for Community Change (KLCC) initiative at six sites from 2002 through 2007 where multiple data collection strategies were employed, including Q-methodology.
Experimental Measurements in Controlled Fusion Research

A general review is given of the experimental techniques used to measure physical properties of the high-temperature ionized gases encountered in controlled fusion research. Particular attention is given to the measurement of electron and ion kinetic temperatures by optical spectroscopy, electron density by microwave interferometry, and ionic composition by mass spectroscopy.
A Comparison of the Scientific Paper and the Problem/Solution Speech

The purpose of this paper is to afford the speech instructor with a knowledge of the scientific paper format and to compare that format with the problem/solution speech pattern used in speech courses.
An experimental investigation of reducing advanced turboprop cabin noise by wing shielding

An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine if wing shielding could reduce the noise impacting the fuselage of an advanced turboprop airplane. Four wings were tested behind two eight-bladed propeller models. Significant shielding of the propeller noise was observed and a particular wing-propeller geometry was identified to provide the most shielding. Specifically, an up-inboard rotation would be needed for a low-wing airplane and a down-inboard rotation for a high-wing airplane. As the axial Mach number was increased, the position where the shielding starts moved farther downstream. This shift in the start of shielding was roughly a straight line with respect to Mach number between M = 0.7 and M = 0.8. At M = 0.85 the start of shielding does not shift any farther downstream. A simple barrier noise-reduction model gave the same trends with transducer positions as did the data, and, if corrected for Mach number shift, the model might be used to provide estimates of the wing shielding. Besides providing a barrier to the noise reaching the shielded area, the wing also reflects some of the noise back onto the unshielded area. This can make the noise difference between the unshielded and shielded areas of the fuselage larger than would be expected by simple wind shielding.
Activity Patterns of Several Trunk Muscles during an Asymmetric, Non-Isokinetic Lifting Motion

The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle recruitment patterns for a task routinely performed in industry, under conditions which might be encountered in industry rather than in a controlled laboratory setting. Subjects encountered two asymmetric loading conditions (minimal and substantial) and two trunk motion speed conditions (normal and fast) and performed several repetitions of each condition. Electromyographic (EMG) voltage data pertaining to four pairs of trunk muscles were collected for analysis. The timing of certain events in each signal (start, peak, and end times of elevated activity) were determined. From these events, networks were constructed which portrayed average muscle recruitment order results which were found to occur under all loading and velocity conditions encountered by the subjects. Only two event-pairs were found to occur consistently for all subjects. Event-pairs which were related to changes in resistance or velocity were found for each subject. Some subjects shared e...
Clinical, functional, and neurophysiologic assessment of dysplastic cortical networks: Implications for cortical functioning and surgical management

Cortical malformations are highly epileptogenic lesions associated with complex, unanticipated, and often aberrant electrophysiologic and functional relationships. These relationships are inextricably linked to widespread cortical networks subserving eloquent functions, particularly language and motor ability. Cytomegalic neurons but not balloon cells in Palmini type 2 dysplastic cortex are intrinsically hyperexcitable and contribute to local epileptogenesis and functional responsiveness. However, there is much evidence that focal cortical dysplasia is rarely a localized or even regional process, and is a functionally, electrophysiologically, and ultimately clinically integrated neural network disorder. Not surprisingly, malformed cortex is implicated in cognitive dysfunction, particularly disturbances of linguistic processing. An understanding of these relationships is critical for successful epilepsy surgery. Gains in surgical prognosis rely on multiple diagnostic modalities to delineate complex anatomic, electrophysiologic, and functional relationships in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative patients with rates of seizure-freedom roughly comparable to lesional patients.
Regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Acidovorax delafieldii.

The regulation of denovo pyrimidine biosynthesis in the nutritionally versatile bacterium Acidovoraxdelafieldii ATCC 17505T was influenced by carbon source and pyrimidine supplementation. Uracil supplementation of succinate-grown A. delafieldii ATCC 17505T cells produced a greater decrease in the denovo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities than did orotic acid supplementation. The presence of orotic acid or uracil in the medium of the glucose-grown wild type cells generally increased the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme activities. After the pyrimidine limitation of an A. delafieldii orotate phosphoribosyltransferase mutant strain, the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities in the glucose-grown mutant cells were more highly derepressed than in the succinate-grown mutant cells. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Two Novel Techniques for Eliminating Liquid Chromatography Gradient Ghost Peaks

Abstract Distilled water to organic gradients in reversed phase liquid chromatography are often plagued with UV-detectable “ghost” peaks that can obscure sample peaks and complicate interpretation of results.3,4 These contaminants usually come from the distilled water3 although it is possible for them to originate in the organic eluent4. The ghost-peak problem can be eliminated by using specially prepared “LC-grade” water, although this is expensive. In addition water can be cleaned with the Milli-Q ion-exchange system, containing a carbon absorption column5 but not where these systems contain buffers or organic amine eluting agents such as triethylamine phosphate. Gurkin and Ripphahn have shown that a C-8 silica column can be used off-line in a low- pressure mode to clean water6.
Using Graphs to Evaluate the Impact of Work Shifts: An Experimental Investigation

When scheduling work times, detailed information is often not considered regarding the shiftwork history of a worker. Instead, available workers may be chosen according to factors such as seniority and/or work hours over the previous day or two. This can be a dangerous practice, as it may result in irregular, erratic, and unpredictable shift schedules that can lead to serious health and safety consequences for the worker and the public. The current research addressed these concerns by asking judges to consider both the acute and chronic impact of work schedules. Individuals evaluated graphical representations of 30 days of freight train engineer schedules for their impact on worker well-being. While judges' evaluations were in agreement with each other, their judgments were not related to engineer mood estimates of their own well-being. It is, of course, possible that predictions of well-being would be more accurate if the judges were provided with additional specific information about each worker.
Copulatory Behavior as Courtship Communication

In the copulatory behavior of many species of rodents, mounting patterns with ejaculation are preceded by mounts with nonejaculatory intromissions. Although not directly related to insemination, these intromissions have generally been treated as “copulatory” behavior. If we treat these nonejaculatory intromissions as courtship communication in the tactile modality, new relationships become apparent. Within the context of classical ethology, intromissions can be considered in relation to both proximate dynamics and ultimate effects. Within the sociobiological/behavioral-ecological context, intromissions can be viewed in relation to manipulation, female assessment and choice, and honesty of communication. The intromissions synchronize, persuade, and orient at the same time as they manipulate the partner.
Chromaffin cell mitogenesis by neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Abstract Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are novel mitogens for normal adult rat chromaffin cells in vitro . These neurotrophic factors differ from the previously described adult chromaffin cell mitogens, nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, in that their effects are potentiated by depolarization and activation of protein kinase C. Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signal via the receptor tyrosine kinase, ret , but may also act independently of ret . Both depolarization and phorbol esters act synergistically with neurturin to up-regulate ret protein expression in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting a mechanism for potentiation of mitogenesis. However, a direct role for ret in mitogenesis has not been established. Stimulation by neurturin causes increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 in cultured chromaffin cells, and mitogenesis is prevented by inhibitors of their phosphorylation. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also prevent mitogenesis. The present findings suggest the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors and neurally derived signals might cooperatively regulate chromaffin cell proliferation in vivo in the rat. In addition, trans-synaptic stimulation might provide a route by which epigenetic factors could influence the development of adrenal medullary hyperplasia in humans with hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 2A and 2B by affecting expression and/or activation of ret .