cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of building energy modeling tools under idealized and realistic conditions

Abstract Building energy models provide valuable insight into energy use in commercial and residential buildings based on architecture, materials and thermal loads. They are used in the design of new buildings and retrofitting to increase the efficiency of older buildings. The accuracy of these models is crucial to reducing energy use in the US and building a sustainable energy future. In addition to the architecture and thermal loads, building energy models also must account for the effects of the building's occupants on energy use. Traditionally simple schedule based methods have been used to account for the effects of occupants. However, newer research has shown that these methods often result in large differences between the modeled and actual energy use of buildings. In this paper we discuss building energy models and their accuracy in predicting energy use. In particular we focus on the different types of validation methods which have been used to investigate the accuracy of building energy models and how they account for (or do not) the effects of occupants. We also review newer work on stochastic methods for estimating the effects of occupants on energy use and discuss the improvements necessary to increase the accuracy of building energy models.
Lessons For Providers And Hospitals From Philadelphia’s Obstetric Services Closures And Consolidations, 1997–2012

The Affordable Care Act is triggering an increase in hospital consolidation and mergers. How other hospitals respond to these disruptions in supply could influence patient outcomes. We examined the experience of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania (coterminous with the city of Philadelphia), where thirteen of nineteen hospital obstetric units closed between 1997 and 2012. Between October 2011 and January 2012 we interviewed twenty-three key informants from eleven hospitals (six urban and five suburban) whose obstetric units remained open, to understand how the large number of closures affected their operations. Informants reported having confronted numerous challenges as a result of the obstetric unit closures, including sharp surges in delivery volume and an increase in the proportion of patients with public insurance or no insurance. Informants reported adopting a number of strategies, such as innovative staffing models, to cope with the added demand brought about by the closure of nearby obstetric units....
Oxygenated fraction and mass of organic aerosol from direct emission and atmospheric processing measured on the R/V Ronald Brown during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006

Submicron particles collected on Teflon filters aboard the R/V Ronald Brown during the Texas Air Quality Study and Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (TexAQS/GoMACCS) 2006 in and around the port of Houston, Texas, were measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence for organic functional groups and elemental composition. Organic mass (OM) concentrations (1-25 mu g m(-3)) for ambient particle samples measured by FTIR showed good agreement with measurements made with an aerosol mass spectrometer. The fractions of organic mass identified as alkane and carboxylic acid groups were 47% and 32%, respectively. Three different types of air masses were identified on the basis of the air mass origin and the radon concentration, with significantly higher carboxylic acid group mass fractions in air masses from the north (35%) than the south (29%) or Gulf of Mexico (26%). Positive matrix factorization analysis attributed carboxylic acid fractions of 30-35% to factors with mild or strong correlations (r > 0.5) to elemental signatures of oil combustion and 9-24% to wood smoke, indicating that part of the carboxylic acid fraction of OM was formed by the same sources that controlled the metal emissions, namely the oil and wood combustion activities. The implication is that a substantial part of the measured carboxylic acid contribution was formed independently of traditionally "secondary" processes, which would be affected by atmospheric (both photochemical and meteorological) conditions and other emission sources. The carboxylic acid group fractions in the Gulf of Mexico and south air masses (GAM and SAM, respectively) were largely oil combustion emissions from ships as well as background marine sources, with only limited recent land influences (based on radon concentrations). Alcohol groups accounted for 14% of OM (mostly associated with oil combustion emissions and background sources), and amine groups accounted for 4% of OM in all air masses. Organosulfate groups were found in GAM and SAM, accounting for 1% and 3% of OM, respectively. Two thirds of the OM and oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) measured could be attributed to oil and wood combustion sources on the basis of mild or strong correlations to coemitted, nonvolatile trace metals, with the remaining one third being associated with atmospherically processed organic aerosol. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) fraction (normalized by total condensation nuclei) had weak correlations to the alcohol and amine group fractions and mild correlation with O/C, also varying inversely with alkane group fraction. The chemical components that influenced f(RH) were sulfate, organic, and nitrate fraction, but this contrast is consistent with the size-distribution dependence of CCN counters and nephelometers.
Adults' performance on a measure of visual closure.

Summary.-The Mooney Closure Faces Test has been employed in several studies of right temporal-lobe function. However, the information provided by these studies is somewhat restricted because there has been no systematic attempt to determine what constitutes "normal" performance on this instrument. The present study attempts to rectify partially this situation by testing samples .of three distinct populations (college students, vocational-technical students, and relatives of indigent patients) of neurologically intact subjects who differed in age, IQ, educational level, sex, and handedness. Regression showed all of these variables to be significantly correlated with performance on the Mooney Closure Faces Test. The final linear regression model was correlated 0.718 with the Mooney scores and resulted in predictions which were approximately 30% more accurate than those made using the mean of the entire sample alone. Consistent findings in human neuropsychology suggest that the right cerebral hemisphere may be specialized for the analysis of spatial relationships (Milner, 1974; Luria, 1978). Specifically, damage to the right temporal-parietal area can result in a variety of behavioral impairments, e.g., prosopagnosia, constructional dyspraxia, visual agnosia, sensory neglect, etc. Ettlinger (1960) demonstrated that lesions in the right temporal-parietal area impair ability to interpret out-of-focus pictures. Such lesions affect an individual in a manner which suggests deterioration of ability to achieve visual closure. This deterioration has been shown to be independent of visual acuity. Furthermore the ability to achieve closure can be distinguished from the perceptual-analytic skills reflected in the Performance subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( Lansdell, 1970). Mooney's Closure Faces Test assesses ability to see faces in a series of degraded photographs (Mooney, 1960). The occurrence of visual closure--the sudden appearance of a meaningful organization in perception-involves some rapid ordering of visual input by the brain. Lansdell (1968) and Newcombe ( 1969) have shown that neurosurgical patients who had undergone left temporal lobeaomy showed no impairment in achieving closure, whereas patients with right temporal removals did. The test may hold promise for the detection of organic brain dysfunction, particularly when localized in the right cerebral hemisphere.
Natural Phosphoryl and Acyl Variants of Lipid A from Neisseria meningitidis Strain 89I Differentially Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Monocytes

The native lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from Neisseria meningitidis strain 89I was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry and the spectrum compared with that of the LOS after O-deacylation and hydrogen fluoride treatment. The data are consistent with the presence of natural variations in the LOS, which include a triphosphorylated lipid A (LA) with and without a phosphoethanolamine group, and both hexa- and pentaacylated LA molecules. Thin-layer chromatography was performed on 89I LA produced by hydrolysis of the LOS, and the purified LA molecules were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and tested for their relative ability to induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α by human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes. The potency of tumor necrosis factor-α induction varied by ∼2–10-fold, depending on the state of acylation and phosphorylation. The results highlight the significance of phosphorylation along with acylation of the LA component of LOS in stimulation of inflammatory signaling, and suggest that natural strain variation in these moieties may be a feature of meningococcal bacteria, which is of critical importance to the progression of the infection.
Two-dimensional parallel array technology as a new approach to automated combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis

An automated, 96-well parallel array synthesizer for solid-phase organic synthesis has been designed and constructed. The instrument employs a unique reagent array delivery format, in which each reagent utilized has a dedicated plumbing system. An inert atmosphere is maintained during all phases of a synthesis, and temperature can be controlled via a thermal transfer plate which holds the injection molded reaction block. The reaction plate assembly slides in the X-axis direction, while eight nozzle blocks holding the reagent lines slide in the Y-axis direction, allowing for the extremely rapid delivery of any of 64 reagents to 96 wells. In addition, there are six banks of fixed nozzle blocks, which deliver the same reagent or solvent to eight wells at once, for a total of 72 possible reagents. The instrument is controlled by software which allows the straightforward programming of the synthesis of a larger number of compounds. This is accomplished by supplying a general synthetic procedure in the form of a command file, which calls upon certain reagents to be added to specific wells via lookup in a sequence file. The bottle position, flow rate, and concentration of each reagent is stored in a separate reagent table file. To demonstrate the utility of the parallel array synthesizer, a small combinatorial library of hydroxamic acids was prepared in high throughput mode for biological screening. Approximately 1300 compounds were prepared on a 10 μmole scale (3–5 mg) in a few weeks. The resulting crude compounds were generally <80% pure, and were utilized directly for high throughput screening in antibacterial assays. Several active wells were found, and the activity was verified by solution-phase synthesis of analytically pure material, indicating that the system described herein is an efficient means for the parallel synthesis of compounds for lead discovery. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng (Comb Chem) 61:33–45, 1998.
The sibling center: a pilot program for siblings of children and adolescents with a serious medical condition.

Siblings of children with serious illness are at risk for long-term psychosocial difficulties; their needs are not routinely addressed in current medical practice. The pediatrician, by necessity, focuses on the ill patient, and it is difficult to expand that focus to include the needs of the sibling. Spinetta et al published guidelines that outlined general principles for helping siblings throughout various phases of cancer; yet sibling needs remain unaddressed in medical centers. Physicians face increasing pressure to see more patients in less time while simultaneously being asked to expand the scope of their responsibility to include family centered care, with little or no training to do so. The social worker provides an advocacy role for the patient and the parents but rarely has resources to provide support for the well sibling; the psychologist or psychiatrist is called on only on dire occasions. Family-centered care often translates to responding to parental needs and neglects sibling concerns. To support the emotional needs of siblings of children with various chronic/serious conditions, we recently established the Sibling Center at our medical center. This pilot program pioneers a psycho-educational model for siblings of children with serious medical illness.
ESTIMATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS FROM TEPHRA FALLOUT

The goal of probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment is to translate complex volcanological data and numerical models into practical hazard estimates for communities potentially affected by volcanic eruptions. Probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment quantifies volcanic hazards and illustrates uncertainties about the magnitude and consequences of volcanic activity. Planning based on probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment has the potential of mitigating the effects of volcanic eruptions when they occur. This paper presents an approach developed to estimate volcanic hazards related to tephra fallout and illustrates this approach with a tephra fallout hazard assessment for the city of Leon, Nicaragua, and the surrounding area. Tephra fallout from eruptions of Cerro Negro volcano has caused damage to property and adverse health effects and has disrupted life in this area. By summarizing the geologic and historical records of past eruptions of Cerro Negro on a probability tree, it is shown that the inhabitan...
DEATH POSTPONEMENT FOR VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS: THE HIDDEN COST OF MORTALITY REDUCTION IN THE POST-SURFACTANT ERA. ▴ 1691

Multiple clinical trials of surfactant have demonstrated reductions in neonatal mortality (M). With improved survival in an era of increased cost-containment, we questioned if M reduction would be offset by increasing lengths of stay (LOS). Methods: The records of all ICN admissions to UT with birth weight (BW) ≤ 1500 g in 1986-1989 (pre-surfactant era, n=403) and 1991-1995 (post-surfactant era, n=422) were retrospectively compared. M and LOS were computed for the BW classes: 251-500 g, 501-750 g, 751-1000 g, 1001-1250 g, 1251-1500 g, and 251-1500 g. Differences in M and LOS were calculated using the chi-square and t test, respectively.Results: Overall M, reduced by 28.7% in the post-surfactant period, was accompanied by a 7.5% increase in mean LOS for all patients(Figure 1), the increase primarily due to greater LOS in nonsurvivors. If only surviving infants were examined, no differences in LOS were found. When only nonsurviving infants were considered, although not statistically significant, the average LOS nearly doubled for all infants with birth weights ≤ 1000 g (Figure 2). For the nonsurviving 751-1000 gram infants, this equated to an average postponement in death of 3 weeks. The costs (monetary, psychological, physical, and emotional) of such extended deaths to the patients, families, medical team, and society are difficult to quantify, but appear to be one of the many prices of success for improved survival in the post-surfactant era.
Prostaglandin-Mediated Stimulation of Adenosine 3′,5′- Monophosphate Accumulation and Parathyroid Hormone Release in Dispersed Human Parathyroid Cells

Freshly dispersed cells were employed to study the effects of various prostaglandins (PGs) on cAMP accumulation and parathyroid hormone release in abnormal human parathyroid tissue. PGE1 and PGE2 effected dramatic increases in intracellular cAMP accumulation over a concentration range of 10−6–10−4 M; the relative effectiveness of these agents varied among different preparations. PGF2α caused a smaller stimulation of cAMP accumulation, and PGF1α was generally without effect. In contrast with the effect previously described in the bovine parathyroid cell system, PGF2α did not suppress agonist agoniststimulated cAMP accumulation. Both PGE1 and PGE2 enhanced cellular release of parathyroid hormone, with dose-response characteristics similar to those seen with cAMP. In addition, both agents led to a significant stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in a cellular homogenate preparation. Neither indomethacin (10−5 M) nor naproxen (10−4 M) altered the calcium suppressibility of the cells, suggesting that endo...
Partially phosphorylated Pho4 activates transcription of a subset of phosphate-responsive genes.

A cell's ability to generate different responses to different levels of stimulus is an important component of an adaptive environmental response. Transcriptional responses are frequently controlled by transcription factors regulated by phosphorylation. We demonstrate that differential phosphorylation of the budding yeast transcription factor Pho4 contributes to differential gene expression. When yeast cells are grown in high-phosphate growth medium, Pho4 is phosphorylated on four critical residues by the cyclin–CDK complex Pho80–Pho85 and is inactivated. When yeast cells are starved for phosphate, Pho4 is dephosphorylated and fully active. In intermediate-phosphate conditions, a form of Pho4 preferentially phosphorylated on one of the four sites accumulates and activates transcription of a subset of phosphate-responsive genes. This Pho4 phosphoform binds differentially to phosphate-responsive promoters and helps to trigger differential gene expression. Our results demonstrate that three transcriptional outputs can be generated by a pathway whose regulation is controlled by one kinase, Pho80–Pho85, and one transcription factor, Pho4. Differential phosphorylation of Pho4 by Pho80–Pho85 produces phosphorylated forms of Pho4 that differ in their ability to activate transcription, contributing to multiple outputs.
Comparison of the acoustic and mechanical signatures of two cellular crunchy cereal foods at various water activity levels

Cheese balls and croutons at various water activity levels (0·11–0·75) were compressed between parallel metal plates using a Universal testing machine and their acoustic emissions were recorded at compact disc quality (sampling rate of 44·1 kHz). The sound wave record (up to about 2 MB) had high intensity bursts at irregular intervals. These records were compressed after the background noise had been filtered out to produce files of less than 48 kB. The compressed signatures were characterised by their mean and peak amplitude, two measures of the sound emission intensity, and by the amplitude's standard deviation and the mean magnitude of the power spectrum, two measures of the acoustic signature complexity. All four parameters could be used to monitor the plasticisation effect of water. Although their magnitudes were correlated, they did not always change in unison upon moisture sorption. The standard deviation and mean magnitude of the power spectrum of the compressed acoustic signatures were only broadly correlated with their correspondents in the normalised mechanical signatures primarily because they were not determined from the same particles and because the latter, for technical reasons, were sampled at the low rate of 6 Hz.
Deriving a Model of the Necessity to Hospitalize Nursing Home Residents

Although often important to recover from acute medical problems and exacerbations of chronic illness, hospitalizations can be traumatic for nursing home residents and costly for payers. It is impor...
Clinical studies with cortisone by mouth, cortisone by injection and ACTH in the treatment of asthma.

Abstract Twnty-five patients with severe bronchial asthma were treated with ACTH or cortisone by injection and cortisone by mouth in the period from December 1949 to January 1951. Treatment of bronchial asthma with these agents appears to be effective and practical. Prolonged continuous treatment of severe chronic bronchial asthma with ACTH and cortisone holds promise but will require careful study.
Ice near 0°C: Radiolysis and absorbed dose calorimetry

Abstract The production of H 2 0 2 vs absorbed dose was measured for deaerated ice and H 2 -saturated ice at −23, −10 and −0.8°C. For the first time, the establishment of a steady state was demonstrated. The dose required to reach a steady state of 0.7–0.8 μmol·dm −3 H 2 O 2 was about 20 Gy in clear, annealed crystals at −0.8 and −10°C. The steady state concentration of H 2 O 2 was about 70% higher in annealed ice than in freshly-frozen ice. 200–400 Gy; was needed to reach a steady state concentration of 1.2 μmol·dm −3 H 2 0 2 in cracked crystals at −23°C. In H 2 -saturated ice at −23, −10 and −0.8°C, H 2 0 2 reached a steady state concentration of about 0.2 μmo·dm −3 at less than 8 Gy. Ice near 0°C, after pre-irradiation to a steady state, has a heat defect of zero which is a useful condition for ice calorimetry.
Drosophila PTEN Regulates Cell Growth and Proliferation through PI3K-Dependent and -Independent Pathways

The control of cell and organ growth is fundamental to the development of multicellular organisms. Here, we show that dPTEN, a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian PTEN tumor suppressor gene, plays an essential role in the control of cell size, cell number, and organ size. In mosaic animals, dPTEN(-) cells proliferate faster than their heterozygous siblings, show an autonomous increase in cell size, and form organs of increased size, whereas overexpression of dPTEN results in opposite phenotypes. The loss-of-function phenotypes of dPTEN are suppressed by mutations in the PI3K target Dakt1 and the translational initiation factor eif4A, suggesting that dPTEN acts through the PI3K signaling pathway to regulate translation. Although activation of PI3K and Akt has been reported to increase rates of cellular growth but not proliferation, loss of dPTEN stimulates both of these processes, suggesting that PTEN regulates overall growth through PI3K/Akt-dependent and -independent pathways. Furthermore, we show that dPTEN does not play a major role in cell survival during Drosophila development. Our results provide a potential explanation for the high frequency of PTEN mutation in human cancer.
The mastoid as a functional rate-limiter of middle ear pressure change.

Summary Introduction The physiological function of the mastoid air cell system (MACS) with respect to middle ear (ME) pressure-regulation remains controversial because predictive mathematical models and experimental data to formulate and test hypotheses are lacking. Objective A mathematical description of MACS volume effects on the rate of ME pressure change is presented; the agreement between published data and model prediction is examined for consistency with the hypothesis that the MACS acts as a functional rate-limiter of ME pressure change, and an explanation for the relationship between MACS volume and otitis media is discussed. Methods The mathematical description shows that the value of a single, free parameter, termed the “MACS buffering efficiency” (M) determines if MACS volume affects the rate of ME pressure change caused by diffusive gas exchange. The MACS serves no rate-limiting function for M = 0, acts as a gas sink for M > 1 and acts as a gas reserve (rate-limiter) for M Results Fitting the model equation to published adult human data yielded an estimate for M of 0.2. This implies that larger MACS volumes are associated with lesser rates of change in ME pressure caused by diffusive gas exchange and lesser required frequencies of effective Eustachian tube openings to maintain near ambient ME pressures. Conclusion If well-controlled studies confirm M
Effects of Soil Drying on Soil pH and Nutrient Extractability

A sample set from a field experiment conducted at two sites, a commercial organic potato farm and a conventionally managed experiment station farm, was used to compare the extractability of nutrients in field-moist and air-dried soils. Standard soil characterization methods of the Maine Soil Testing Service were used to determine soil pH and extractable nutrient content. The data were analyzed with Systat using paired t-tests. Air drying decreased soil pH and increased extractability of calcium, micronutrients, and metals. Many of the observed changes were probably a result of increasing surface acidity with drying. Drying increased the extractability of inorganic phosphorus, probably because of disruption of aluminophosphate complexes, particularly in conventionally managed soils, which had received high amounts of inorganic phosphorus fertilizer. Drying also increased the extractability of complexed phosphorus, probably both organically and inorganically complexed phosphorus, and decreased the extractab...
Gene replacement in parasitic protozoa

Trypanosomatid protozoa frequently cause severe diseases in humans. Many molecules likely to have a role during the infectious cycle have been identified, yet proof of their function is often lacking. We describe studies in Leishmania major of homologous gene targeting, a powerful method for testing gene function in other organisms. Following introduction of a construct containing dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) flanking sequences fused to neomycin phosphotransferase, 45% of the colonies contained the planned homologous replacement; this frequency rose to nearly 100% in transfections using low amounts of DNA. Integrative transfection in Leishmania thus resembles that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in giving predominantly homologous events. To facilitate studies of folate metabolism and chemotherapy the sole dhfr-ts copy in a heterozygous deletion line was replaced, yielding lines that were functionally DHFR-TS-. Although most genes are diploid in trypanosomatids, methods exploiting the high frequency of homologous recombination should permit complete replacement of any parasite gene.
Solid-state phase gate for two photons

We propose a solid-state quantum phase gate for photon pairs, which is implemented in a coupled system of quantum dot, optical microspheres, and fibers. The polarization states of photons represent the qubits
Parametric blind deconvolution: a robust method for the simultaneous estimation of image and blur.

Blind-deconvolution microscopy, the simultaneous estimation of the specimen function and the point-spread function (PSF) of the microscope, is an underdetermined problem with nonunique solutions that are usually avoided by enforcing constraints on the specimen function and the PSF. We derived a maximum-likelihood-based method for blind deconvolution in which we assume a mathematical model for the PSF that depends on a small number of parameters (e.g., less than 20). The algorithm then estimates the unknown parameters together with the specimen function. The mathematical model ensures that all the constraints of the PSF are satisfied, and the maximum-likelihood approach ensures that the specimen is nonnegative. The method successfully estimates the PSF and removes out-of-focus blur. The PSF estimation is robust to aberrations in the PSF and to noise in the image.
Updates in the management of the overactive bladder in patients with myelomeningocele

Overactive bladder secondary to myelomeningocele provides a unique management problem to the health care provider. A randomized prospective trial has called into question the standard postnatal treatment closure of myelomeningocele, with antenatal closure acting as an acceptable alternative, although caution for maternal and fetal risks must be further delineated. While traditional techniques such as the Mitrofanoff procedure have become standard of care in allowing patient independence from care providers, modifications of the technique in addition to assimilation of minimally invasive approaches have further improved quality-of-life measurements for this patient population. Intravesical botulinum-toxin injection therapy has provided acceptable outcomes, albeit transiently, in terms of improving bladder compliance and decreasing bladder pressures. Bladder neck revision, both endoscopically and surgically, have shown promise with minimal upper tract deterioration. Nerve rerouting for neurogenic bladder is a novel, albeit unproven, approach, its use remaining experimental at this point. Utilization of the multitude of emerging techniques will serve to optimize treatment in this otherwise complicated patient population, although consideration of the long-term consequence of each therapy has yet to be elucidated.
Analysis of Occupational Injuries and Fatalities in Electrical Contracting Industry

The purpose of this paper was twofold: (1) to determine jobs/tasks associated with current injury, illness, and fatality trends in the electrical contracting sector of the construction industry; and (2) to identify current safety practices associated with the prevention of these injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. To achieve the project objectives, a survey was designed and sent to Michigan electrical contractors. To design an adequate survey, the research team first collected background information using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics online database, published research, and contractor interviews. This paper presents and discusses the results of this study.
Expressive writing in patients receiving palliative care: a feasibility study.

Background: Patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care often experience severe physical and psychosocial symptoms. However, there are limited resources for psychological and emotional support. Expressive writing has shown decreased anxiety level in young and healthy people suffering from a number of stressors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of expressive writing in patients receiving palliative care and the most suitable outcomes of expressive writing in this patient population. Design: In this pilot study, patients were randomly assigned to either the expressive writing group (EW) or the neutral writing group (NW). Anxiety level before and after the writing session was compared between the two groups. Writing materials were content analyzed using standard qualitative research methods. Results: A total of 24 patients (12 in EW and 12 in NW) were enrolled in the study between October 2006 and January 2007. Although the majority of patients (83%–100%) were...
The sector-wide approach in health: What is it? Where is it leading?

This paper describes early experience with the Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp), an emerging trend in development practice in low-income countries. The paper describes what a SWAp is, and why it is now being pursued. The SWAp is characterized as a sustained government-led partnership with donor agencies and other groups. By applying sector-wide policies to an expenditure framework and national implementation systems, explicit health sector reforms are undertaken to meet sectoral and national development objectives. The approach has changed the dynamic between governments and donor agencies, requiring systemic changes in policy-making and management in both governments and donor agencies. With the SWAp, ongoing joint assessment and negotiations around sectoral plans and review of performance replaces the old way of preparing and supervising projects. Early experiences in countries undergoing SWAps are discussed, including the problem of reconciling priority programs and old practices with broader health sector reforms and new ways of managing development assistance. The paper concludes by identifying some of the key challenges for the future of SWAps. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asbestos-derived reactive oxygen species activate TGF-beta1

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a potent peptide that inhibits epithelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation and stimulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. This cytokine is produced in a biologically latent complex bound to a latent-associated peptide (LAP), and it is the disassociation of this complex that regulates TGF-beta activity. A number of mechanisms have been shown to activate TGF-beta1. We show here that reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by the iron in chrysotile or crocidolite asbestos, mediate the biological activity of TGF-beta1. Recombinant human latent TGF-beta1 was activated in a cell free system in the presence of asbestos and ascorbic acid. Latent TGF-beta1 was overexpressed in both A549 and mink lung epithelial cell lines through an adenovirus vector containing the full-length construct for porcine TGF-beta1. This latent TGF-beta1 was activated in a concentration-dependant fashion by introducing asbestos into the cell cultures. This activation was reduced significantly through the use of superoxide dismutase, catalase or deferoxamine. Amino-acid constituents of the LAP were oxidized as demonstrated by the appearance of carbonyls detected by Western analysis. The oxidized LAP could no longer form a complex with TGF-beta1. Our data support the postulate that ROS derived from asbestos provide a mechanism for activating TGF-beta1 in the alveolar environment by oxidizing amino acids in LAP.
Adjustments to the treatment total when inter-row and inter-column information is recovered

Adjustments to a treatment average needed to obtain the combined intra and inter estimator are given for a general incomplete two-way design. The relationship of these adjustments to the adjust¬ed row or column sums of squares is also given. The structure of the analysis of variance in light of these adjustments is included
Environmentally adaptive acoustic transmission loss prediction with neural networks

Prediction of acoustic transmission loss (TL), or the attenuation of sound pressure level (SPL) is a complex problem dependent on a variety of physical parameters. Prediction of the TL using a numeric parabolic equation (PE) method is often accepted as a method of providing accurate TL prediction, but the large computational time is a hinderance in applications requiring real-time situation awareness. In order to overcome these extreme computational requirements a neural network-based environmentally adaptive TL prediction method is proposed and developed in this paper. This method uses multiple back-propagation neural network (BPNN) predictors, each trained on specific environmental conditions, and then probabilistically combines the outputs of these predictors in a fusion center to obtain a final TL estimate. This method is implemented on a data set generated using a PE model for a wide range of geometric and environmental parameters. The results are then benchmarked against a single neural network-based prediction scheme.
Symbolic Communication between Two Simulated Pigeons (Columba Livia Simulata)

Through the use of learned symbols, a computer-simulated pigeon accurately communicated information about hidden colors to another simulated pigeon. Each verbal exchange was initiated with a spontaneous request for information. The two simulants engaged in a sustained and natural conversation without human intervention, demonstrating that symbolic communication, previously shown by primates and nonprimates, can be performed by adaptive systems generally.
The social construction of unreality: A case study of a family's attribution of competence to a severely retarded child.

Some families develop unusual or extreme versions of reality and sustain them in the face of a torrent of ostensibly discrediting and disconfirming information. Although the psychological dynamics and functions of such shared constructions have been amply considered, little is known about the routine transactions through which these unusual versions of reality are created and maintained. This paper examines the "reality work" of a family that attributed high levels of performance and competence to the severely retarded youngest child. Observation of videotaped interaction between family members and the child revealed practices that presupposed, "documented," and sustained the family's version of the child's competence. The practices are similar to those characteristic of interaction between adults and preverbal children. The implications of this similarity for the analysis of cases of folie a famille are discussed.
EFFECT OF CIMETIDINE ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE LUNGS OF PREMATURE NEWBORN INFANTS. † 1956

EFFECT OF CIMETIDINE ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE LUNGS OF PREMATURE NEWBORN INFANTS. † 1956
Multilevel empirical Bayes modeling for improved estimation of toxicant formulations to suppress parasitic sea lamprey in the upper Great Lakes

Estimation of extreme quantal-response statistics, such as the concentration required to kill 99.9% of test subjects (LC99.9), remains a challenge in the presence of multiple covariates and complex study designs. Accurate and precise estimates of the LC99.9 for mixtures of toxicants is critical to ongoing control of a parasitic invasive species, the sea lamprey, in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The toxicity of those chemicals is affected by local and temporal variations in water chemistry, which must be incorporated into the modeling. We develop multilevel empirical Bayes models for data from multiple laboratory studies. Our approach yields more accurate and precise estimation of the LC99.9 compared to alternative models considered. This study demonstrates that properly incorporating hierarchical structure in laboratory data yields better estimates of LC99.9 stream treatment values that are critical to larvae control in the field. In addition, out-of-sample prediction of the results of in situ tests reveals the presence of a latent seasonal effect not manifest in the laboratory studies, suggesting avenues for future study and illustrating the importance of dual consideration of both experimental and observational data.
REACH: A program for coarse-grained biomolecular simulation

Abstract REACH ( R ealistic E xtension A lgorithm via C ovariance H essian) is a program package for residue-scale coarse-grained biomolecular simulation. The program calculates the force constants of a residue-scale elastic network model in single-domain proteins using the variance–covariance matrix obtained from atomistic molecular dynamics simulation. Secondary-structure dependence of the force constants is integrated. The method involves self-consistent, direct mapping of atomistic simulation results onto a coarse-grained force field in an efficient automated procedure without requiring iterative fits and avoiding system dependence. Program summary Program title: REACH Catalogue identifier: AEDA_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEDA_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 42 244 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3 682 118 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: FORTRAN 77 Computer: x86 PC Operating system: GNU/Linux, SUSE and Red Hat RAM: Depends on the system size to be calculated Word size: 32 or 64 bits Classification: 3 External routines: LAPACK, BLAS Nature of problem: A direct calculation of force field for residue-scale coarse-grained biomolecular simulation derived from atomistic molecular dynamics trajectory. Solution method: A variance–covariance matrix and the associated Hessian (second-derivative) matrix are calculated from an atomistic molecular dynamics trajectory of single-domain protein internal motion and the off-diagonal Hessian matrix is fitted to that of a residue-scale elastic network model. The resulting force constants for the residue pair interactions are expressed as model functions as a function of pairwise distance. Running time: Depends on the system size and the number of MD trajectory frames used. The test run provided with the distribution takes only a few seconds to execute.
CORRELATES OF FEMALES' SEXUAL FANTASIES

The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.
Theory of the distribution of response times in nerve fibers

On the basis of Rashevsky's nerve excitation equations, an expression is derived for the distribution of response times attributing the variation to the fluctuations in threshold. The resulting equation is compared with available data and agreement is found.
History and Illusion in Politics

Preface Introduction Part I. The State: 1.1 Political associations 1.2 Violence, coercion, and power 1.3 The concept of the state 1.4 The concept of legitimacy 1.5 Authority 1.6 Weber's 'modern' state 1.7 History and the concept of the state 1.8 Anarchy and the state 1.9 The legitimacy of the state Part II. Liberalism: 2.1 The context 2.2 Toleration 2.3 Freedom 2.4 Individualism 2.5 Limited, unlimited, and discretionary power Part III. Democracy and Rights: 3.1 Democracy: description and interpretation 3.2 Democracy: evaluation 3.3 Popular control and the state 3.4 Legal rights 3.5 Human rights 3.6 Rights and politics 4. Conclusion Index.
Atmospheric validation of high accuracy CO2 absorption coefficients for the OCO-2 mission

We describe atmospheric validation of View the MathML source and View the MathML source CO_2 absorption coefficient databases for use by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2). The OCO-2 mission will collect the measurements needed to estimate column-averaged CO_2 dry air mole fraction within 1 ppm accuracy without the region- or airmass-dependent biases that would significantly degrade efforts to understand carbon sources and sinks on a global scale. To accomplish this, the forward radiative transfer model used to generate synthetic atmospheric spectra for retrievals must achieve unprecedented spectroscopic fidelity within the short wave infrared CO_2 bands sampled by the sensors. The failure of Voigt line shapes and conventional line mixing formulations for such objectives has motivated significant revisions to line shape models used to generate the gas absorption cross sections for the OCO-2 forward model. In this paper, we test line mixing and speed dependent line shapes combined with improved experimental line parameters. We evaluate pre-computed absorption coefficients in the two spectral regions of CO_2 absorbtion using high resolution FT-IR laboratory spectra, atmospheric spectra from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and medium resolution soundings from the space-based Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT).
Pre-equilibrium nuclear reactions: The overlapping-doorway model for multi-step compound processes

Abstract Griffin's simple exciton model, designed to describe the spectra of pre-equilibrium particles emitted in compound-nuclear reactions, has recently been developed into a full-fledged doorway theory of multi-step compound reactions by three separate groups: Feshbach et al., Agassi et al., and Friedman et al. All three groups employ a time-independent scattering formalism, but since the time-sequence in which probability diffuses through the system of N doorway classes (e.g., 2p-1h, 3p-2h, etc. in the exciton model) is essential to a full understanding of the process, we have re-analyzed the problem in a time-dependent formalism. This shows explicitly how the statistical assumptions of the theory produce an irreversible flow of probability through the classes, described by a master equation. The solution of this equation demonstrates that the occupation probability of the compound system decays in time like a superposition of exponentials, with decay rates equal to the energy autocorrelation widths of the N “eigenclasses” of the system. Althrough intercomparison of the three theoretical approaches is also given, indicating which ones can be derived from the others and pointing out the differences in their basic statistical assumptions.
Complex-coordinate calculation of 1 , 3 P resonances in Ps − using Hylleraas functions

An accurate calculation for (1,3)P autodetaching resonances in Ps(-) has been carried out using the complex-rotation method, which has the advantage of giving resonance position and width at the same time. The wave function is of the Hylleraas type with an available number of terms up to 1140. One 1P and two 3P resonances below the n = 2 threshold and two 1P and two 3P resonances below the n = 3 threshold of the positronium atom. Resonance parameters are compared with those obtained from scattering and adiabatic calculations where available.
Segmented ionization chambers for high intensity beam measurements

We have constructed and operated a set of two parallel plate, segmented ionization chambers, to monitor the secondary charged particle flux in the narrow band neutrino beam at the AGS. These chambers were operated successfully in a high instantaneous flux (∼5 × 1014cm−2s−1) environment, with linear response to beam intensity. They have been used to monitor the targeting of the primary proton beam, and provide measurements of the secondary beam profile as well as the absolute beam intensity in the tunnel.
Why does the Cognitive Reflection Test (sometimes) predict utilitarian moral judgment (and other things)

Abstract The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is thought to correlate with measures of utilitarian moral judgment because it measures system-2 correction of an initial intuitive response. And some theories of moral judgment hold that the same thing often happens when people arrive a utilitarian judgments. We find, however, that CRT-type items (using logic as well as arithmetic) can work just as well when they do not have obvious intuitive answers at predicting utilitarian moral judgment, assessed with self-report questionnaires as well as with hypothetical scenarios, and also at predicting a measure of actively open-minded thinking (AOT). Moreover, long response times, as well as high accuracy, also predict moral judgment and other outcomes. The CRT might thus be considered a test of reflection-impulsivity (RI). However, RI is only part of AOT, because RI is concerned only with the amount of thinking, not its direction. Tests of AOT also predict utilitarian moral judgments. Individual differences in AOT and moral judgments are both strongly (negatively) associated with belief that morality comes from God and cannot be understood through thought. The correlation of CRT and utilitarian judgment, when found, is thus likely due to the (imperfect) correlation of AOT and CRT. Intuition in these domains is thus not necessarily something that people overcome through additional thinking, but rather what they rely on when they do not think very much.