cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRANIAL NERVE INJURIES FOLLOWING CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY : AN ANALYSIS OF 336 PROCEDURES

Cranial nerve injuries may result from carotid endarterectomy. From January 1984 to December 1987, a total of 336 carotid endarterectomies were performed at University Hospitals of Cleveland and Cleveland Veterans Administration Hospital. Forty-five cranial nerve injuries were documented (13.5%). Twenty patients (6%) had documented unilateral vocal cord paralysis, 16 (4.8%) had hypoglossal injuries, 8 (2.4%) had facial nerve paresis, and 1 (0.3%) had an injury to the spinal accessory nerve. Although most injuries were due to either retraction or edema of cranial nerves, long-term follow-up regarding recovery of function is very important. We feel that proper clinical evaluation of these patients should be routinely done preoperatively in order to document possible preexisting cranial nerve deficits. Postoperatively, if symptoms of possible cranial nerve abnormalities occur, these patients should have a thorough head and neck evaluation in order to identify possible lesions and institute further treatment to improve their quality of life.
Liquid crystal thermography in boiling heat transfer

The utilization of liquid crystal thermography to study heterogeneous boiling phenomena has gained popularity in recent years. In order not to disturb the nucleation process, which occurs in the microstructure of the heating surface, the crystals are applied to the backside of a thin heater. This work critically examines the ability of liquid crystal thermography to quantitatively capture the thermal field on the boiling surface. The thermal field identified experimentally through liquid crystal thermography is compared against that computed in the vicinity of a growing vapor bubble using a simulation which considers the simultaneous heat transfer between three phases: the solid heater, the liquid microlayer, and the growing vapor bubble. The temperature history beneath a growing vapor bubble elucidates the high frequency response required to capture the transient thermal fields commonly encountered in boiling experiments. Examination of the governing equations and numerical results reveal that due to the heater thermal inertia, the temperature variation on the bottom of the heater is significantly different than that on the boiling surface. In addition, the crystals themselves have a finite spatial resolution and frequency response which filter out much of the microscale phenomenon associated with boiling heat transfer. Analysis of existing pool and flow boiling liquid crystal thermographs indicate that the typical spacial resolution is on the order of 0.25 mm and the response time is on the order of 5 ms which are insufficient to resolve the fine spacial and temporal details of the hating surface thermal field. Thus the data obtained from liquid crystal thermography applied to boiling heat transfer must be cautiously interpreted.
"Glitch Logic" and Applications to Computing and Information Security

This paper introduces a new method of information processing in digital systems, and discusses its potential benefits to computing and information security. The new method exploits glitches caused by delays in logic circuits for carrying and processing information. Glitch processing is hidden to conventional logic analyses and undetectable by traditional reverse engineering techniques. It enables the creation of new logic design methods that allow for an additional controllable “glitch logic” processing layer embedded into a conventional synchronous digital circuits as a hidden/covert information flow channel. The combination of synchronous logic with specific glitch logic design acting as an additional computing channel reduces the number of equivalent logic designs resulting from synthesis, thus implicitly reducing the possibility of modification and/or tampering with the design. The hidden information channel produced by the glitch logic can be used: 1) for covert computing/communication, 2) to prevent reverse engineering, tampering, and alteration of design, and 3) to act as a channel for information infiltration/exfiltration and propagation of viruses/spyware/Trojan horses.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXIX. Gordon Allport on the Problem of Method in Psychology

It is argued that Gordon W. Allport's (1897-1967) eclectic and integrative proposal for the humanistic psychology which he helped to establish in the late 1960s, was an unique event in the history of Western psychology that clarifies the philosophical tension between the experimental-positivistic and experiential-phenomenological epistemological poles of psychological inquiry.
Effect of substrate temperature distribution on thermal plasma jet CVD of diamond

Abstract A technique based on a proper substrate holder design and a method for substrate attachment were developed for thermal plasma jet chemical vapor deposition of diamond over larger areas. Non-uniform cooling across the substrate was matched to the highly non-uniform heat flux in the impinging plasma jet, resulting in an almost uniform temperature distribution at the substrate surface (the ratio of the plasma jet diameter to the substrate diameter is about 0.2). The performance of optical pyrometers was evaluated under diamond deposition conditions, ensuring reliable measurements of the substrate temperature. Diamond films of 35 mm diameter were obtained with an average growth rate of 100 μm h−1. Free-standing films were semitransparent. Preliminary results indicated the importance of species and fluid boundary layers on the surface morphology and the film density for given deposition conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Certain 5-Alkoxydihydro-2(3H)-Furanones

Abstract It has been proposed that certain 5-alkoxydihydro-2(3H)-furanones should be present in wine1. In an effort to facilitate the isolation and identification of these materials, their synthesis and complete characterization was undertaken.
Tracking On-Chip Age Using Distributed, Embedded Sensors

Recent works show bias temperature instability (BTI) is a detrimental hard-aging mechanism in CMOS circuit design. Negative BTI (NBTI) alone degrades circuit speed upwards of 20% over a 10 year life-span. Having the ability to track the actual aging process provides one method to reduce large design margins that are otherwise required to offset circuit aging. This work extends previous research by contributing a sensing scheme that employs on-chip sensors capable of accurately tracking NBTI pMOS current degradations across process, temperature, and varying activity factors. Results show that a 7600 μm2 sensing area achieves an overall system accuracy of 90% at a voltage threshold precision of 2 mV. We thoroughly describe the sensor design and the underlying statistics used to determine overall accuracy and precision. Furthermore, a novel sensor distribution method is presented that uses an existing scan-chain methodology to mask the overhead of adding the on-chip sensors.
Advancing understanding of learning in interaction: how ways of participating can influence joint performance and learning

An enduring issue for CSCL researchers involves developing methods of assessing collaborative interaction and tracing the quality of collaboration to learning outcomes. One critical question for research is whether we can identify relational and/or interactional resources that are important for generative collaboration. In this presentation, we will share research that examined the relationship between student interactions, group success, and subsequent individual performance on the same and a related problem solving measure.
High-power ns-pulse fiber laser sources for remote sensors

Abstract The development of fiber-based laser sources for space-borne remote sensors must meet many concurrent requirements including high pulse energy/peak power, excellent beam quality, narrow spectral linewidth, simple thermal management, small volume and mass, low power consumption, rugged packaging, and long-term reliability. To address these requirements, many aspects of pulse fiber laser technology must be advanced beyond the state of the art of traditional optical sources used in telecommunications and materials processing. In this article, we discuss component and solutions that enable pulsed fiber laser sources to support remote sensing from space. We also describe several examples of such sources and characterize their performance.
Conditional Reasoning and the Competence-Performance Issue: A Developmental Analysis of a Training Task.

Abstract Empirical investigations of conditional reasoning have generally found that both children and young adults perform poorly on tasks that require the selection or evaluation of those propositions that test the truth status of conditional statements (if p then q). Earlier work (D. O'Brien & W. F. Overton, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1980, 30, 44–60) suggested that poor performances with these tasks by young adults show improvement following the introduction of evidence that contradicts earlier faulty inferences, and this improvement generalizes to other conditional reasoning tasks. The effects of the contradiction training were not found with younger subjects. The present research is an extension of the contradiction training paradigm. Ten-, fourteen-, and eighteen-year-olds were tested to assess developmental differences in improvement with an evaluation and a conditional syllogism task. Significant improvement in performance was found for the twelfth grade students following the contradiction training, and this generalized across tasks. This effect was not found for the two younger groups. The usual poor performance of the oldest group is considered to be a false negative assessment of their conditional reasoning competency. Further, it is suggested that several correct performances of younger reasoners are false positive assessments of their conditional reasoning competency.
Partially coherent phonon transport in two-dimensionally rough nanowires

Rough surface nanowires exhibit a severely reduced thermal conductivity compared to the bulk. Their thermal conductivities are much below the value predicted from the diffuse scattering model. Such low thermal conductivities are particularly promising for thermoelectric applications. We extend our previous work on understanding this phenomenon using a model of partially coherent phonon transport. Considering both azimuthal and longitudinal roughness, we show that it is the latter that dominates thermal conductivity reduction. Our work advanced fundamental phonon boundary scattering that is key in applications ranging from semiconductor devices to thermoelectric materials.
Early postoperative small bowel obstruction: open vs laparoscopic

Abstract Background The window for safe reoperation in early postoperative ( Methods Review of patients who underwent re-exploration for ESBO from 2003 to 2009 was performed. Based on the initial operation, patients were classified as "open" or "laparoscopic." The Revised Accordion Severity Grading System was used to define complications as minor (1 to 2) or severe (3 to 6). Results There were 189 patients identified (age 55 years, 48% male): 130 open and 59 laparoscopic. Adhesive disease was more common (65% vs 42%, P P = .03), in the open group. The open group had a greater rate of malignancy, days to re-exploration, and severity of complications. There was no difference in the rates of minor complications, enterotomy, and mortality. ESBO after laparoscopic surgery was more commonly caused by a focal source (85% vs 63%). Eighty-three patients (64 open, 19 laparoscopic) underwent re-exploration at or beyond 14 days. Within this subgroup, there were more severe complications (25% vs 5%) after open procedures with equivalent mortality (4% vs 0%). Conclusions Laparoscopic approaches confer a lower rate of adhesive disease and severity of complications in early SBO as compared with open surgery even if performed after 2 weeks of index procedure.
Serum albumin polymorphism in North American Indians.

ALBUMIN variants, migrating anodally to the usual type in starch gel, cellulose acetate and paper electrophoretic systems, have been reported in Algonkian-speaking and neighbouring North American Indian populations1 and in several Indian and non-Indian pedigrees2–5. Variation in the electrophoretic mobility of the Indian and one non-Indian, fast migrating variant has been established1. An additional albumin variant with a slow electrophoretic mobility occurs, with relatively high frequency, in Mexican Indian populations1, and has been observed in a Pima population of the south-western United States (our unpublished work).
Multigeneration life‐span tests of the nutritional adequacy of several diets and culture waters for Ceriodaphnia dubia

The effects of four diets [Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Selenastrum capricornutum yeast-trout chow-Cerophyl (YTC) and YTC plus S. capricornutum] and two reconstituted waters on the vitality and fecundity of five to six life-span generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia were determined. The foods and waters were tested with and without a selenium supplement. The results indicate that healthy populations of this species can be maintained in reconstituted waters containing only four salts so long as the food is nutritionally adequate and the reconstituted water is formulated from an ultrapure base water. The adequacy of the YTC diet varies according to the nutritional adequacy of the constituents. Some batches of trout chow and Cerophyl were nutritionally deficient, causing unacceptably high mortality and abortions in cultures. These deficiencies were corrected by adding selenium to the culture water and using Selenastrum in conjunction with the YTC. The alga C. reinhardtii, if cultured in medium enriched with vitamins and selenium, proved quite adequate for maintaining healthy cultures of C. dubia. Animals maintained on the other alga S. capricornutum, exhibited a delay in reproductive maturation and a reduction in brood sizes, and they were frequently trapped in the surface film of the culture water.
Low-Volume Diffuse-Transmittance Fiber-Optic Near-IR Spectrophotometer:

A simple, inexpensive near-IR spectrophotometer is described that employs single fiber-optic strands in a diffuse-transmission geometry. The instrument can examine unusually small sample volumes and offers sufficient throughput to perform multicomponent analyses on diffusely transmitting powdered samples. Control of the effective optical path-length is found to be critical in obtaining reproducible results when scattering samples are to be analyzed. A pseudo-double-beam arrangement is employed to reduce instrument noise and to set the optical pathlength independently for each sample. Sample sizes of only a few tens of milligrams are required for analysis. The resulting performance is nearly equivalent to that of a commercial reflectance instrument. An average standard error of prediction of 2.77% w/w was obtained for four-component mixtures of benzoic acid derivatives. The single-fiber transmission geometry is shown to be useful also in the near-IR analysis of microliter volumes of liquids. A standard error of cross-validation of 17 mM sodium chloride dissolved in water was achieved.
Ultrafast absolute ranging by coherent parametric comb

A new technique for fast, high-precision ranging is presented. The method utilized multi-tone heterodyning of dual phase-locked parametric combs. A 1.5-μm accuracy and 500ns capture time is demonstrated for the first time in LIDAR vibrometry.
A Revisionist Model of Suburbanization and Sprawl The Role of Political Fragmentation, Growth Control, and Spillovers

This article proposes a process-based conceptual model that explains sprawl in the United States since the 1970s. In contrast to traditional explanations that look to “natural,” or ecological, proc...
Student Perceptions of Satisfaction and Anxiety in an Online Doctoral Program

Eighty-four students in an online health education doctoral program taking the first course in the program over one year (four quarters) were surveyed in regards to their computer, Internet, and online course anxiety, and overall course satisfaction. An 18-item anxiety tool with domains in computer, Internet, and online learning was administered in the first and last weeks of an educational research course to assess for changes in student anxiety. A 24-item satisfaction tool with domains regarding the instructor, technology, setup, interaction, outcomes, and overall satisfaction was administered at the end of the course. Results show a significant negative correlation between anxiety and student satisfaction. Student anxiety levels were in the relatively moderate range; changes in anxiety levels over time were not significant. Participants who felt anxious when using computers or the Internet, or when taking online courses experienced anxiety with other domains.
Analysis of an innovative user threshold programmable photoreceiver monolithically integrated in a multitechnology field programmable gate array (MT-FPGA)

In the past decade, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) has significantly influenced the landscape of the electronic industry. In particular, in the areas of semiconductor manufacturing, CAD tool designs and a wide range of digital logic applications. Primarily, research efforts in the FPGA community have concentrated on improving the reconfigurability or programmability of present day architecture for digital applications. However, the digital nature of FPGA technologies limits their applicability to a wide range of applications that depend on analog circuitry, photonic and RF based technologies. As with any ASIC design, the turn-around time between design iterations may be several months which is prohibitively long for multi-technology test-bed systems where the system designer depends on a rapid prototyping/experimentation environment that allows for optimization of processing algorithms and system architecture. Therefore, we developed innovative FPGA architecture that merges conventional FPGA technology with mixed signal and other multi-technology device. In this paper we discuss the Multi-Technology-FPGA (MT-FPGA) architecture that allows the user to have flexible rapid prototyping environment and provides him or her with the benefits of a conventional FPGA in a mixed signal domain. We substantiate this concept by implementing this architecture in TSMC 0.35 μm process and discussing the results of a variable threshold optical receiver circuit suitable for photonic information processing.
Demographics, management, and outcome of peripartum cardiomyopathy in a community hospital.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome of peripartum cardiomyopathy in patients cared for in a community hospital. Study Design: The cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy treated at Central Baptist Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 1998, were reviewed. Results: Eleven patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy were identified. The patient population was 91% white and 9% African American. Seventy-two percent of patients were nulliparous, and the prevalence of chronic hypertension was 27%. All patients were examined with echocardiography and met diagnostic criteria for the disease when this modality was used. The mean ejection fraction was 32% ± 10%. Invasive techniques used to assist in diagnosis included left ventricular catheterization (63%), right ventricular catheterization (54%), and cardiac biopsy (54%). One patient required cardiac transplantation. This patient also had an embolic stroke from a confirmed mural thrombus. No study patient died of the disease, and no other major complications were observed. Conclusions: The patient profile of peripartum cardiomyopathy in this study differed remarkably from profiles in published reports. Nulliparous white women have better outcomes than indicated by previous reports, probably because of the low frequency of coexisting chronic disease and a younger age at diagnosis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1036-8.)
Microbial colonization, respiration, and breakdown of maple leaves along a stream-marsh continuum

Breakdown rates, macroinvertebrate and bacterial colonization, and microbial respiration were measured on decaying maple (Acer saccharum) leaves at three sites along a stream-marsh continuum. Breakdown rates (−k ±SE) were 0.0284±0.0045 d−1 for leaves in a high-gradient, non-tidal stream; 0.0112±0.0019 d−1 for leaves at the confluence of the stream with a tidal, freshwater marsh; and 0.0062±0.0009 d2−1 for leaves in the tidal, freshwater marsh. Breakdown rates were significantly faster (ANCOVA, F<0.008) at the high-gradient, non-tidal stream site and at the tidal stream site than in the tidal marsh. Macroinvertebrate density on decaying leaves was low at all sites (<7 organisms g−1 AFDM leaf mass) and was dominated by chironomids and amphipods. Bacterial density on decaying leaves ranged from 8.56 × 108 CFU g−1 AFDM leaf mass to 13.38 × 108 CFU g−1 AFDM. Cumulative microbial respiration, calculated as the product of mean respiration on a sampling date, days in the interval preceding the sampling date, and hours per day, accounted for 34.3±6.0%, 53.0±4.8%, and 51.5±7.9% of the leaf mass loss (as carbon) at these sites. Although the breakdown rate was fastest at the non-tidal stream site, significantly less leaf mass was lost through microbial respiration. Most mass loss from leaves at this site was probably due to physical processing associated with stream habitats.
Exocyclic Delocalization at the Expense of Aromaticity in 3,5-bis(π-Donor) Substituted Pyrazolium Ions and Corresponding Cyclic Bent Allenes†

Small ring allenes are usually highly strained and highly reactive species, and for a long time considered only as transient intermediates. The recent isolation of a five membered heterocyclic allene 1f has raised questions and debate regarding the factors responsible for its stability. Since 1f has been derived by deprotonation of a pyrazolium ion 2f, it has been suggested that the stability of 1f comes from its aromatic character. Here we report computational evidence, including HOMA and NICS aromaticity indices, that allenes derived from 3,5-bis(π-donor) substituted pyrazolium salts are weakly aromatic to nonaromatic, and that even their pyrazolium ion precursors have dramatically reduced aromaticity. Exocyclic delocalization, involving the π-donor substituents, occurs at the expense of aromaticity and increases with the strength of the donor. Experimental support for these conclusions is found in the crystallographically determined structure of 3,5-bis(dimethlamino)pyrazolium ion 2g, which exhibits hi...
Angular distributions of ions desorbing from TiO2

Abstract The dependence of the electron- and photon-stimulated desorption (ESD, PSD) O+-ion yield on surface preparation from TiO2 (110) and (001) surfaces has been studied. Angle-integrated electron-stimulated desorption yields have been measured versus annealing temperature from room temperature sputtered surfaces to 900°C annealed surfaces. Both the surface cation valence state and the surface geometry change as a function of annealing temperature, giving rise to a rich variety of ESD ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) patterns. These patterns are discussed in terms of possible models of local surface structure.
Long-term follow-up of patients with candiduria

Candiduria is commonly encountered in hospitalized patients, particularly those with indwelling urinary catheters. While risk factors and therapy are well described in previous studies, little is known about long-term outcomes and recurrence rates of candiduria. We studied 188 patients with candiduria in a retrospective chart review at a single institution from January 1999 to December 2000. Data were collected regarding risk factors and underlying disease, therapy, follow-up cultures until December 2003, and mortality. Ninety-one patients with at least one follow-up culture >1 month after the initial culture (range 2–48) were available for further study. In this group, patients receiving antifungal therapy for asymptomatic candiduria were paradoxically more likely to have subsequent positive urine cultures than patients who never received antifungal therapy. Six patients developed candidemia during follow-up, although in none was this considered to represent a consequence of candiduria. Mortality rate at the end of the follow-up period (mean of 18 months) was 43%, including one death attributed to candidemia. Therapy for candiduria does not appear to reduce candiduria recurrence rates through 48 months of follow-up and little evidence of treatment benefit was identified.
Regular and Chaotic Transport in Asymmetric Periodic Potentials: Inertia Ratchets

Motivated by recent work on stochastic ratchets, we consider the effect of finite inertia onto the directed motion in a deterministically rocked, periodic potential lacking reflection symmetry. Characterizing the motion by cumulants of the contracted, time-dependent solution of the Liouville equation, we can distinguish regular from chaotic transport. The first cumulant describes a stationary current that exhibits multiple reversals versus increasing driving strength, whereas the second cumulant yields a measure for its variance. Chaotic transport exhibits universal (Gaussian) scaling behavior. [S0031-9007(96)00064-6]
An Ethnographic Meta-Synthesis of Three Southwestern Rural Studies.

Objective The objectives were to synthesize cumulative findings across three critical ethnographic, community-partnered studies in the southwestern United States and to describe the process of meta-ethnography for that analysis. Design and Sample The meta-ethnography followed the design of Noblit and Hare for constructing an analysis of composite data, informed by community-based participatory research and Stringer's ethnographic strategies of Look-Think-Act. The three studies occurred in rural settings of Colorado and New Mexico, engaging 129 total participants, along with community organizations and agencies as partners. Methods Methods consisted of detailed review of each original study, mapping of major concepts and themes, and general analysis, interpretation, and synthesis across the studies. Results Overall themes were: health is the capacity to care for oneself and do work, meaningful relationships are key in health care interactions, patterns of discrimination persist in rural settings, poor literacy and health literacy are barriers, and food insecurity is a growing concern for older rural adults. Conclusions Resolutions involve practice, policy, and research and must incorporate all stakeholder groups in rural settings; a participatory approach is critical to prioritize and impact existing inequities; and work is needed to extend education and understanding of multiple cultures, groups, customs, and rural contexts.
Enhanced lesion visualization in image-guided noninvasive surgery with ultrasound phased arrays

We describe dual-mode ultrasound phased arrays for noninvasive image-guided surgical applications. In particular, we address the problem of real-time visualization of thermal lesion formation in the target (e.g., tumor) tissue using the therapeutic arrays. Post beamforming filter bank image reconstruction with nonlinear compounding is utilized to improve the lesion contrast in the (typically) very low-contrast ultrasound images. It is shown that the new image reconstruction algorithm leads to measurable improvement in lesion contrast on the order of 6-15 dB. This leads to significant improvement in lesion detectability and size estimation by standard segmentation techniques for speckle imagery. Experimental results strongly suggest that 2/sup nd/ harmonic imaging could play an important role in the enhancement of real-time lesion visualization.
Optimized interface electronics and transduction mechanisms for high sensitivity photodiode structures

A low noise, high sensitivity resonant photodetector was realized using an interdigitated silicon photodiode and integrated oscillator circuitry. By placing the photodiode in a resonant loop and using an innovative transduction mechanism, an improvement in the noise performance of the device is observed. Specifically, an increase of 10% in signal to noise ratio is observed of the resonant device over the same device (photodiode) operated at DC.
Voluntary exercise during extinction of auditory fear conditioning reduces the relapse of fear associated with potentiated activity of striatal direct pathway neurons

Relapse of previously extinguished fear presents a significant, pervasive obstacle to the successful long-term treatment of anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Thus, identification of a novel means to enhance fear extinction to stand the passage of time and generalize across contexts is of the utmost importance. Acute bouts of exercise can be used as inexpensive, noninvasive treatment strategies to reduce anxiety, and have been shown to enhance memory for extinction when performed in close temporal proximity to the extinction session. However, it is unclear whether acute exercise can be used to prevent relapse of fear, and the neural mechanisms underlying this potential effect are unknown. The current study therefore examined whether acute exercise during extinction of auditory fear can protect against the later relapse of fear. Male F344 rats lacking an extended history of wheel running were conditioned to fear a tone CS and subsequently extinguished within either a freely mobile running wheel, a locked wheel, or a control context lacking a wheel. Rats exposed to fear extinction within a freely mobile wheel ran during fear extinction, and demonstrated reduced fear as well as attenuated corticosterone levels during re-exposure to the extinguished CS during the relapse test in a novel context 1week later. Examination of cfos mRNA patterns elicited by re-exposure to the extinguished CS during the relapse test revealed that acute exercise during extinction decreased activation of brain circuits classically involved in driving fear expression and interestingly, increased activity within neurons of the direct striatal pathway involved in reward signaling. These data suggest that exercise during extinction reduces relapse through a mechanism involving the direct pathway of the striatum. It is suggested that a positive affective state could become associated with the CS during exercise during extinction, thus resulting in a relapse-resistant extinction memory.
Evanescent field response to small features on a planar waveguide biosensor

The response of a novel waveguide biosensor to 30 nm thick, ~1 mm diameter organic features is evaluated using near-field scanning optical microscopy and compared with numerical simulations.
Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink in Delay-Tolerant Applications

This paper proposes a framework to maximize the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by using a mobile sink when the underlying applications tolerate delayed information delivery to the sink. Within a prescribed delay tolerance level, each node does not need to send the data immediately as it becomes available. Instead, the node can store the data temporarily and transmit it when the mobile sink is at the most favorable location for achieving the longest WSN lifetime. To find the best solution within the proposed framework, we formulate optimization problems that maximize the lifetime of the WSN subject to the delay bound constraints, node energy constraints, and flow conservation constraints. We conduct extensive computational experiments on the optimization problems and find that the lifetime can be increased significantly as compared to not only the stationary sink model but also more traditional mobile sink models. We also show that the delay tolerance level does not affect the maximum lifetime of the WSN.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lactic Acidosis in HIV Disease

Mitochondria differ from other subcellular organelles in that they contain their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). In mitochondrial disorders, not only does energy failure in tissues and organs result, with a variety of clinical symptoms, but the metabolic block at the end of the anaerobic glycolysis can also lead to excessive pyruvate and lactate accumulation. Lactic acidosis, therefore, can be a manifestation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Symptomatic hyperlactatemia associated with antiretroviral therapy is linked to the mitochondrial respiratory-chain impairment in HIV disease. The recent availability of antiretroviral drugs has substantially reduced HIV-associated mortality and morbidity through decreased viral burden and immune restoration. Mitochondria are the site of generation of most of the cellular ATP pool. The conversion of one molecule of glucose to pyruvate or lactate is associated with the net formation of two molecules of ATP. Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)-related mitochondrial toxicity appears to be the major factor responsible for hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis in patients with HIV disease. All metabolic acidoses have profound effects on the respiratory, cardiac, and nervous system. It seems essential to discontinue all antiretroviral drugs at the time of NRTI-associated lactic acidosis (NALA) diagnosis; however, surviving patients often need to continue antiretroviral therapy.
Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues

The most commonly used measures of competitive balance in sports leagues do not cap- ture season-to-season changes in relative standings. This article describes an alternative measure of competitive balance, the Competitive Balance Ratio (CBR), that reflects team- specific variation in winning percentage over time and league-specific variation. Based on estimation of a model of the determination of annual attendance in professional base- ball during the past 100 years, variation in the CBR explains more of the observed varia- tion in attendance than other alternatives measures of competitive balance, suggesting that CBR is a useful metric. Competitive balance is thought to be an important determinant of demand for sporting events. Competitive balance reflects uncertainty about the outcomes of professional sporting events. The conventional wisdom holds that to induce fans to purchase tickets to a game or tune in to a broadcast, there must be some uncertainty regarding the outcome. Neale (1964) called this the League Standing Effect. If a league lacks competitive balance, fan interest in the weaker teams will fall and, eventually, fan interest in the stronger teams will also decline. Thus, greater com- petitive balance should lead to greater demand, other things held equal. Quirk and Fort (1997) attribute the demise of the All American Football Conference, which started play in 1946 and merged with the National Football Conference in late 1949, to a lack of competitive balance. One commonly used measure of competitive balance is the dispersion of win- ning percentage within sports leagues. This measure of competitive balance has been used extensively by Scully (1989), Quirk and Fort (1997), and others to assess the performance of teams in sports leagues. Formally, this measure of competitive balance uses the standard deviation of winning percentage (WPCT), defined as the ratio of wins to total games played, as a measure of competitive balance. Consider a
Dressing Poultry and Wild Fowl

There are numerous ways of killing, plucking, and drawing poultry and wild fowl, but it is important to have an attractive carcass when the work is completed. The appearance and condition of dressed birds depend greatly on the care used in applying these dressing processes and in cooling the carcass.
A historical examination of small business management and entrepreneurship pedagogy

Four national surveys on course offerings and pedagogies in entrepreneurship and small business management were conducted by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in 1979, 1982, 1986, and 1992. The data are summarized, providing historical information in terms of the number of responses received and the major teaching pedagogies used by both 4-year colleges and universities and 2-year community and junior colleges. Tables are provided that reflect a definite growth pattern in small business management and entrepreneurship course offerings at both 4-year and 2-year schools. Tables also are provided that indicate the extent and use of various teaching and evaluation pedagogies used by these academic institutions.
Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof

a b s t r a c t Green roofs have the potential to function as islands of biodiversity within urban and suburban environments. However, plant diversity is constrained by the harsh environment of a green roof, especially summertime water deficit and heat stress. We hypothesized that Sedum species, which are highly tolerant of the roof-top environment, would reduce peak soil temperature and increase performance of neighboring plants during summer water deficit. To test these hypotheses, we grew focal plant species with and without Sedum on a green roof. We then monitored growth during wet periods and drought tolerance during dry periods. During a three-year experiment, S. album reduced maximum growth of neighbor plants, Agastache rupestris and Asclepias verticillata, during favorable growth conditions, but increased performance of neighbors during summer water deficit. In a second experiment, four species of Sedum were each found to decrease peak soil temperature by 5–7 ◦C. All species decreased total growth of neighboring Agastache ‘Black Adder’ during favorable growth conditions, but again increased performance during summer water deficit. These results suggest that the palette of green roof plants can be expanded by using Sedum species as nurse plants.
Enhancing conservation of large-river biodiversity by accounting for tributaries

Alteration of rivers for human use has resulted in substantial biodiversity declines, particularly for species restricted to the largest rivers. Conservation and restoration efforts on large rivers often focus on the mainstem, but societal reliance on benefits derived from these alterations generally prevents complete restoration of the river. We propose that certain tributaries, by virtue of their lower degree of alteration, offer underappreciated opportunities for conserving large-river biota. Using the distribution patterns of large-river specialist fishes from the Mississippi River Basin, we identify a threshold discharge (166 cubic meters per second) beyond which tributaries support all or most of these species. We merge our macroecological analysis of assemblage structure with data on dam locations to identify tributaries where restoration efforts offer the highest potential conservation gains for 60 of the 68 large-river specialist fish species that are of state, federal, or international conservat...
Kiva Microloans in a Learning Community: An Assignment for Interdisciplinary Synthesis

Learning communities can strengthen early undergraduates’ learning, but planning them can be daunting for instructors. Learning communities usually rely on integrative assignments that encourage interdisciplinary analysis. This article reports on our experiences using microloans as an interdisciplinary assignment in a learning community that united algebra with world literature. Students used the microfinance website www.kiva.org to make small loans of real money to entrepreneurs in low-income countries. Four themes emerged from student reaction to the assignment: awareness of Africa, community impact, mathematical consciousness, and productive collaboration among students. Our reflections suggest that microfinance assignments may support integrative learning across many other disciplines.
O-Desmethylangolensin: The Importance of Equol’s Lesser Known Cousin to Human Health

The objective for this paper was to review human studies of O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) concentrations and of O-DMA producers compared with nonproducers in the context of results from in vitro studies. O-DMA is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of daidzein, an isoflavone compound observed to have phytoestrogenic properties. Not all individuals harbor bacteria capable of metabolizing daidzein to O-DMA, and individuals can be classified as O-DMA producers and nonproducers. O-DMA is less structurally similar to 17β-estradiol than its parent compound, daidzein; thus, it may exhibit different biological actions than daidzein. Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that O-DMA has several cancer-related biological actions. However, results from human metabolic studies and observational studies of disease risk suggest that these actions may not be physiologically relevant in vivo due to the amount and form (primarily glucuronide) of circulating O-DMA. Apart from circulating O-DMA concentrations, the underlying bacteria may have a distinct physiological role. Urinary excretion of O-DMA in humans is a marker of harboring intestinal bacteria capable of C-ring cleavage. Bacterial C-ring cleavage reactions are relevant to other phytochemicals that may exert biological actions in vivo that are stronger than the actions of O-DMA; thus, the role of the phenotype may extend beyond daidzein metabolism. There are a limited number of studies that have evaluated disease risk factors in relation to being an O-DMA producer, with mixed results. Further research evaluating disease risk in relation to the O-DMA-producer phenotype from the perspective of intestinal microbial composition is recommended.
Virology, molecular biology, and serology of hepatitis C virus.

HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) has reeently heen cloned and completely or partialIy sequenced by several different laboratories. I HCV is the major eause of parenteralIy transmitted nonA, non-B hepatitis (PT-NANBH) worldwide. ,5 Although transfusions alone aecount for a smalI proportion of aIl cases of welI-documented HCV, it is a virus of immense interest beeause it is assoeiated with a high frequency of chronie infection and later-occurring morbidity in a significant number of infeeted individuals. For example, studies condueted at the United States Centers for Disease ControI (M. Alter, personal communieation, July 1989) indicate that there are an estimated 170,000 HCV infections per year, of which 127,000 are asymptomatic. However, at least 50% of alI HCV infections lead to persistent disease, including 17,000 eases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) with or without concurrent eirrhosis. Approximately 45% to 50% of alI cases of HCV have risk factors that involve overt or potential parenteral exposure to blood, such as transfusions (3%), intravenous (IV) drug abuse (approximately 38%), hemodialysis, or employment in a health care profession. However, nearly 45% of aIl eases of PTNANBH in the US have no obvious risk factors for aequiring HCV infection (including parenteral exposure), leaving unanswered the question of virus transmission via as yet unidentified routes of exposure. Worldwide, the prevalence of antibodies to HCV (anti-CI00-3/NS4) ranges between 0.2% to 1.7% (about 0.5% in the US), which suggests that HCV is a readily transmitted virus with a re1atively low frequency of clinicalIy apparent disease, as previously noted. HCV has been implieated as one of the major causative agents of primary hepatocelIular earcinoma in Japan and has also been shown to be strongly associated with eases of "eryptogenie" cirrhosis. Although HCV has yet to be visualized by electron microscopy (EM) or immune EM (lEM), physicochemical characterization of the virus1O and moleeular analysis of the viral genorne strongly indicate that it is an enveloped pestilike/ f1avilike virus with a diameter of less than 50 nm. Isopycnic banding studies of HCV in suerose gradients have also shown that it has a buoyant den-
The Reaction of Titanium Tetrachloride with acetic acid and 1–4 dioxane

A procedure for the preparation of anhydrous titanium acetate is given. The yellow colored product has the formula Ti(C2H3O2)4 · 2 (CH3COOH. The reaction between TiCl4 and 1–4 dioxane resulted in the formation of titanium (IV) tetrachloro monodioxanate. This yellow compound was found to decompose at about 190°C. Partial hydrolysis of this compound resulted in the formation of titanium (IV) dichloro dihydroxy monodioxanate, a white compound. The latter complex was soluble in acetone, ethyl ether, water, and decomposed when heated above 300°C.
Zero-Coma Condition For Decentered And Tilted Secondary Mirror In Cassegrain/Nasmyth Configuration

The tolerance on decentering and tilt of the secondary mirror of a Cassegrain/Nasmyth telescope is considerably broadened when the zero-coma condition is applied, the limit being set by the allowable residual coma and tilt of the focal surface. The dependency of field tilt on decollimation is defined. A simple set of steps for effective collimation of a telescope is outlined, along with practical engineering recommendations concerning the Ritchey-Chretien (R-C) astigmatism corrector and focal surface subsystem. It is shown that when the proper engineering degrees of freedom are provided, essentially ideal R-C imagery can be obtained over the original optical design field, even in the presence of relatively large angular errors in the optical axes of the primary and secondary mirrors. The specific example given is the case of the proposed University of Texas 7.6 m telescope.
High-dimensional data fusion via joint manifold learning

The emergence of low-cost sensing architectures for diverse modalities has made it possible to deploy sensor networks that acquire large amounts of very high-dimensional data. To cope with such a data deluge, manifold models are often developed that provide a powerful theoretical and algorithmic framework for capturing the intrinsic structure of data governed by a low-dimensional set of parameters. However, these models do not typically take into account dependencies among multiple sensors. We thus propose a new joint manifold framework for data ensembles that exploits such dependencies. We show that joint manifold structure can lead to improved performance for manifold learning. Additionally, we leverage recent results concerning random projections of manifolds to formulate a universal, network-scalable dimensionality reduction scheme that efficiently fuses the data from all sensors.
Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment of soybean: Influence of crop variety on residue decomposition

Elevated atmospheric CO 2 can result in larger plants returning greater amounts of residue to the soil. However, the effects of elevated CO 2 on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling for different soybean varieties have not been examined. Aboveground residue of eight soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties was collected from a field study where crops had been grown under two different atmospheric CO 2 levels [370 μmol mol -1 (ambient) and 550 μmol mol -1 (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment, FACE)]. Senesced residue material was used in a 60-d laboratory incubation study to evaluate potential C and N mineralization. In addition to assessing the overall effects of CO 2 level and variety, a few specific variety comparisons were also made. Across varieties, overall residue N concentration was increased by FACE, but residue C concentration was only slightly increased. Overall residue C to N ratio was lower under FACE and total mineralized N was increased by FACE, suggesting that increased N 2 fixation impacted residue decomposition; total mineralized C was also slightly increased by FACE. Across CO 2 levels, varietal differences were also observed with the oldest variety having the lowest residue N concentration and highest residue C to N ratio; mineralized N was lowest in the oldest variety, illustrating the influence of high residue C to N ratio. It appears (based on our few specific varietal comparisons) that the breeding selection process may have resulted in some varietal differences in residue quality which can result in increased N or C mineralization under elevated CO 2 conditions. This limited number of varietal comparisons indicated that more work investigating varietal influences on soil C and N cycling under elevated CO 2 conditions is required.