cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Effectiveness of Psychological Strategies on Physiologic Markers: Evidence-Based Suggestions for Holistic Care of the Athlete

Context: Current holistic rehabilitation blends both physical and psychological techniques. However, validation of the usefulness of psychological strategies is limited in the literature. Objective: To quantify the effects of psychological strategies on both physiologic (salivary cortisol) and subjective assessments of stress. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 97 college-aged students (age = 20.65 ± 4.38 years), most with little to no experience with psychological strategies. Intervention(s): A 15-minute script via an iPod led the participant through visual imagery (cognitive relaxation) or deep breathing exercises (somatic relaxation) cues. The control group listened to 15 minutes of ambient nature sounds. Main Outcome Measure(s): Two samples (pretest, posttest) of salivary cortisol were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay kit; the average was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and correlations were conducted ...
Effect of Storage Prior to Rendering on Quality of Fowl Leaf Fat

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of storage conditions prior to rendering on the chemical, microbial and flavor changes that occur in fowl leaf fat. Fresh fat obtained from a commercial processor on two different days was stored unrendered at −17.8°, −6.7°, −3.9°, −1.1° or 4.4° C. Periodically during storage samples were removed and assayed for total plate count and total lipolytic count, then rendered, and assayed for peroxide value (P.V.) and free fatty acids (F.F.A.). Storage was terminated when fat was judged unacceptable by published guidelines for P.V. and/or F.F.A. Flavor changes were evaluated by a sensory panel. Oxidative changes were also determined for fat stored in the rendered form. The rates of oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity and of microbial growth were temperature-dependent. Only for fat stored unrendered at 4.4° C. did the fat become unacceptable as judged by both parameters for acceptability (P.V. and F.F.A.). At lower storage temperatures fat became unacceptable due to P.V., with F.F.A., values still within acceptable limits. Fat stored in the rendered form was found to be more stable to oxidation as judged by P.V. Although P.V. for the fat stored unrendered at −17.8° C. did not increase during storage, a sensory panel was able to detect slight off-flavor after 24 weeks. A significant (P
Dose-Dependent Effects of Interleukin-1Alpha on Functional Degradation of Lateral and Medial Menisci

Despite a growing recognition that meniscal degeneration often precedes cartilage degeneration in the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA), little is known about the role of meniscal degeneration in the onset and progression of knee OA. Even a mild degenerative lesion increases meniscal extrusion, implying changes in biomechanical function. Understanding the mechanisms of meniscal degeneration may enable the diagnosis and disease-modifying treatment of early knee OA, potentially preventing or slowing the progression of the disease. The roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) in promoting cartilage matrix degradation and mediating inflammation in the progression of OA have been widely demonstrated [1,2]. Recent results from our group indicated that 20ng/ml hrIL-1α produced similar cell-mediated degradation and loss of mechanical properties in immature cartilage and meniscus, but progresses more rapidly in meniscus explants [3]. This study further explored the effects of IL-1α dosage and medial-lateral differences on the functional degradation of meniscal explants.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
SU‐GG‐T‐332: Dose to Contralateral Breast: A Comparison of Traditional Linac and Tomotherapy Techniques

Purpose: To characterize the dose and its distribution to the contralateral breast in patients undergoing whole‐breast radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy, and traditional linac with enhanced dynamic wedges or field‐in‐field techniques. Method and Materials: At the start of this IRB approved study, patients were selected and offered consent and enrollment. Dosimetry was performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) which were individually calibrated and tracked to generate a linear dose response curve for each. Positions for measurement were marked on the patient for reproducibility. The measurement positions were 5 cm superior, inferior, medial, and lateral to the breast center of the contralateral breast and 2 cm from center of sternum toward the contralateral breast. TLDs were placed in buildup caps to ensure buildup to electronic equilibrium. TLDs were placed daily for five consecutive treatments and then read 10 days after the last treatment.Calibration curves were applied to the TLD readings. Results: To date, three patients have been treated on Tomotherapy and five patients with traditional tangents. The contralateral breast doses, presented as a percentage of the prescription dose ± 1 standard deviation, are as follows: Tomotherapy; two cm from sternum 36 ± 8%, five cm medial 17 ± 6%, five cm superior 6 ± 1%, five cm lateral 6 ± 1%, five cm inferior 6 ± 1%. Traditional tangents; two cm from sternum 12 ± 5%, five cm medial 5 ± 2%, five cm superior 2 ± 1%, five cm lateral 2 ± 1%, five cm inferior 2 ± 1%. The average breast dose, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the doses five cm from the breast center, were 9 ± 6% for Tomotherapy and 3 ± 2% for traditional tangents. Conclusion: At our institution, helical tomotherapy produces doses in the contralateral breast that are approximately three times that of traditional tangents.
A numerical method for predicting natural convection in horizontal cylinders with asymmetric boundary conditions

Abstract A numerical technique is developed to predict the two-dimensional transient natural convection heat transfer within a horizontal cylinder. Finite difference analogs of the Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations are solved in the stream function-vorticity framework. The solution method, which is a modification of an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) scheme wherein the convective terms are evaluated explicitly, is found to be computationally more efficient than either an ADI or an explicit method. Unlike previous work, the present technique will accommodate completely arbitrary temperature boundary conditions. Thus, rather than considering an annular space or half of a symmetric cylinder, the solutions are determined for a full cylinder. A Cartesian form of the governing equations is employed at the point r= 0 where the polar coordinate equations become singular. The computed results are found to be in good agreement with previously published experimental data.
Developments and Application of Geomorphology

This book is a collection of papers that discuss some of the practical developments and uses of geomorphology during the past decade. In the words of the editors, “The papers constitute an interesting and important sample of applied geomorphology.” In the opinionof this reviewer, this statement is indeed true. The book consists of 11 papers that average 33 pages in length. The papers are well illustrated, and the citations from the literature on most of the subjects discussed are abundant and enhance the value of the book. Three of the papers deal primarily with source materials and their uses. Seven papers discuss various kinds of landscapes and geomorphic phenomena that may cause severe problems and how they can be managed or avoided. The last paper is a welcome addition that deals with the use and misuse of regression equations related to streams and stream systems.
Device failure analysis in VLSI circuits due to missing flashes in mask fabrication process—A case study☆

Abstract Problems related to device failure in VLSI circuits have been studied from the design of an nMOS multi-circuit IC chip passing through the complete design-fabrication-evaluation sequence: computer aided design, PG tape generation, mask preparation, the fabrication process and evaluation. From critical analysis of the design-fabrication-evaluation sequence at every stage of the process, it has been noticed that there is another significant factor contributing to device failure, unusual missing exposures randomly distributed during the mask preparation which normally go unnoticed. This problem is apart from parametric processing problems, circuit design problems and random point defects associated with the normal causes of less than perfect yield.
Effects of composition and calcination temperature on morphology and structure of barium modified zirconia nanoparticles

Abstract Co-precipitation of zirconyl chloride and barium chloride followed by supercritical ethanol drying was used to synthesize the barium modified zirconia nanoparticles. BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were employed for structural and morphological characterization. Crystallite particles of ∼10 to 50 nm in size with cross-linking boundaries were formed during heat treatment. Results show that the uniform crystallite nanoparticles are generated and stabilized when Ba content is in a intermediate range whereas higher content of barium results in the growth of the nanoparticles into larger micro-scale grains with smeared boundaries at elevated temperature.
The effect of chemical exposure on the EMI shielding of conductive plastics

The electrical properties of a number of filled plastics were examined after subjecting the materials to exposure to isopropyl alcohol, a 25°C detergent/water solution, an 80°C detergent/water solution, and at various chemical plant sites. Compositions which contained metal fillers maintained their conductivity only when a high temperature thermally stable polymer was used as the polymer matrix, while compositions which are made conductive through a carbon filler network maintained their conductivity under most of the exposure conditions examined even when low temperature polymers were used as matrices.
Cloning and Expression of Sialidase L, a NeuAcα2→3Gal-specific Sialidase from the Leech, Macrobdella decora

Abstract Sialidase L is a NeuAcα2→3Gal linkage-specific sialidase that releases 2,7-anhydro-NeuAc instead of NeuAc from sialoglycoconjugates (Chou, M.-Y., Li, S.-C., Kiso, M., Hasegawa, A., and Li, Y.-T. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18821-18826). A 2.5-kilobase cDNA of sialidase L was cloned by a combination of methods based on polymerase chain reactions. The composite cDNA sequence reveals an open reading frame coding for 762 amino acids, including a putative 28-residue signal peptide at the N terminus that is similar to the signal sequence of the Clostridium septicum sialidase. The result suggests that sialidase L is a secretory enzyme. The coding sequence excluding the putative signal peptide of sialidase L was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme was characterized to be as active as the enzyme isolated from the leech. It also possessed the strict NeuAcα2→3Gal linkage specificity and released the unique cleavage product, 2,7-anhydro-NeuAc from sialoglycoconjugates. The deduced amino acid sequence of sialidase L exhibits little similarity with other reported sialidases. However, sialidase L contains a conserved “FRIP region” and four repeating “Asp box” motifs that align well with the corresponding positions of bacterial sialidases. The predicted β-strand structures near the conserved motifs of sialidase L are similar to those of Salmonella typhimurium sialidase. Several conserved single amino acid residues of bacterial sialidases, including those known to be involved in the active site of Salmonella enzyme, are conserved in the deduced amino acid sequence of sialidase L. This observation suggests that part of the catalytic mechanism of sialidase L may be similar to the ordinary sialidase.
Implementing Arbitrary Phase Gates with Ising Anyons

Ising-type non-Abelian anyons are likely to occur in a number of physical systems, including quantum Hall systems, where recent experiments support their existence. In general, non-Abelian anyons may be utilized to provide a topologically error-protected medium for quantum information processing. However, the topologically protected operations that may be obtained by braiding and measuring topological charge of Ising anyons are precisely the Clifford gates, which are not computationally universal. The Clifford gate set can be made universal by supplementing it with single-qubit $\ensuremath{\pi}/8$-phase gates. We propose a method of implementing arbitrary single-qubit phase gates for Ising anyons by running a current of anyons with interfering paths around computational anyons.
Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl salicylic acid), an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses expression of nuclear factor-κB–regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and inflammation through inhibition of the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-κBα kinase, leading to potentiation of apoptosis

Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) is derived from traditional medicinal plants, such as cashew nuts, and has been linked to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and radiosensitization activities through a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. Because of the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in these cellular responses, we postulated that anacardic acid might interfere with this pathway. We found that this salicylic acid potentiated the apoptosis induced by cytokine and chemotherapeutic agents, which correlated with the down-regulation of various gene products that mediate proliferation (cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2), survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, cIAP-1, and survivin), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), all known to be regulated by the NF-κB. We found that anacardic acid inhibited both inducible and constitutive NF-κB activation; suppressed the activation of IκBα kinase that led to abrogation of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα; inhibited acetylation and nuclear translocation of p65; and suppressed NF-κB–dependent reporter gene expression. Down-regulation of the p300 histone acetyltransferase gene by RNA interference abrogated the effect of anacardic acid on NF-κB suppression, suggesting the critical role of this enzyme. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel role for anacardic acid in potentially preventing or treating cancer through modulation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Sequence stratigraphy of lacustrine deposits: A Quaternary example from the Bonneville basin, Utah

The late Quaternary lacustrine sedimentary record in the Bonneville lake basin in the eastern Great Basin provides an excellent example of sequence stratigraphy. Two sequences, referred to as the Little Valley and Bonneville Alloformations, are exposed in the bluffs of the Sevier River where it has entrenched its Pleistocene delta between Leamington and Delta, Utah. Both alloformations contain offshore marl units and fine-grained deltaic or underflow-fan deposits. They can be identified and mapped by tracing the unconformity separating them and employing a number of geochronometric tools, including amino acid epimerization in fossil gastropods, radiocarbon and thorium-230 ages, and basaltic tephrochronology. Thin transgressive sand of the Little Valley Alloformation is overlain by deeper-water marl and down-lapping regressive-phase deltaic silt. The Bonneville Alloformation lies unconformably above the Little Valley deposits. Fine-grained deltaic sediments deposited during the transgressive phase of Lake Bonneville fill the entrenched Sevier River valley that was eroded subsequent to the Little Valley lake cycle. Marl deposited during the deep-water phase is overlain by down-lapping deposits of the regressive phase below the Provo shoreline but is the uppermost unit in the altitudinal range where the lake was lowered catastrophically during the Bonneville Flood. The sequence stratigraphic interpretation leads to the conclusion that the Sevier River delta as a whole is probably made up of a number of sediment sequences, each composed of several facies. Recognition of this complexity could be important in potential applications of the stratigraphic model.
Effects of smoking and radiotherapy on lung carcinoma in breast carcinoma survivors

BACKGROUND The combined effects of thoracic radiotherapy (XRT) and cigarette smoking are not known with certainty, but they have important implications for lung carcinogenesis after cancer therapy in some patients. The authors analyzed smoking, radiation, and both exposures on lung carcinoma development in women who were treated previously for breast carcinoma. METHODS Case patients (n = 280) were female residents of the United States, ages 30–89 years, with breast carcinoma prior to primary lung carcinoma diagnosed between 1960 and 1997. Control patients (n = 300) were selected randomly from 37,000 patients with breast carcinoma who were treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and frequency matched with women in the case group based on age at diagnosis (5-year strata), ethnicity, year of breast carcinoma diagnosis (5-year strata), and survival from breast carcinoma diagnosis to lung carcinoma diagnosis. Using stratified analysis and unconditional logistic regression, the authors evaluated the main and combined effects of smoking and XRT on lung carcinoma risk. RESULTS At the time of breast carcinoma diagnosis, 84% of case patients had ever smoked cigarettes, compared with 37% of control patients, whereas 45% of case patients and control patients received XRT for breast carcinoma. Smoking increased the odds of lung carcinoma in women without XRT (odds ratio [OR], 6.0; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.6–10.1), but XRT did not increase lung carcinoma risk in nonsmoking women (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–1.1). Overall, the OR for both XRT and smoking, compared with no XRT or smoking, was 9.0 (95% CI, 5.1–15.9). Logistic regression modeling yielded an adjusted OR of 5.6 for the smoking main effect (95% CI, 2.9–10.5), 0.6 for the XRT main effect (95% CI, 0.3–1.4), and 8.6 (P = 0.08) for the combined effect. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was a significant independent risk factor for lung carcinoma after breast carcinoma, but XRT alone was not. Smoking and XRT combined enhanced the effect of either alone, with marked increased risks of lung carcinoma after XRT for breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:1457–64. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11669
Contraceptive testing of vaginal agents in rabbits

Development of new vaginal products, such as microbiocides and contraceptives, requires in vivo testing of their effect on fertility. Rabbits, unlike smaller laboratory animals such as rats and mice, which inseminate in the uterus, inseminate vaginally and thus are valuable as animal models for testing vaginal agents for contraceptive effects. Rabbits are inexpensive and easy to handle compared to nonhuman primates, and have frequently been used for testing the effects of vaginal agents on fertility. We review the pertinent literature and report findings that provide guidance for effectively using and improving the rabbit contraceptive model in testing new vaginal products.
Depletion of renal glutathione content and nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in rabbits, rats, and mice.

Abstract Cephaloridine produces necrosis of renal proximal tubular cells in humans and experimental animals. The mechanism responsible for this nephrotoxicity still remains unclear. In the present study, cephaloridine toxicity and concomitant changes in tissue glutathione content were determined in rabbits, rats, and mice. Kidney toxicity was evaluated as alterations in kidney-to-body weight ratio, blood urea nitrogen, and kidney slice accumulation of p -aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium. The results demonstrate that cephaloridine is most nephrotoxic to rabbits, intermediate in toxicity to rats, and least toxic to mice, confirming previous histopathological findings. Furthermore, cephaloridine produced a dose-related depletion of glutathione in the renal cortex but not in the medulla shortly after the injection. The relative susceptibility of these three species to glutathione depletion paralleled species differences in nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine. In addition, pretreatment of animals with diethyl maleate potentiated cephaloridine nephrotoxicity, strongly suggesting a relationship between glutathione depletion and cephaloridine toxicity.
Chiral effective-field theory in the Delta(1232) region: I. Pion electroproduction on the nucleon

We develop an extension of chiral perturbation theory to the $\Delta$(1232)-resonance energy region and apply it to investigate the pion electroproduction off the nucleon ($e^- N \to e^- N\pi$). We present a complete calculation of this process, in the $\Delta$-resonance region, up to next-to-leading order in the {\it $\delta$-expansion}. At this order, the only free parameters are the three low-energy constants corresponding to the magnetic (M1), electric (E2), and Coulomb (C2) $\gamma N \to \Delta $ transition strength. After fitting these parameters to a few well-known data, our calculation provides a prediction for observables and multipole amplitudes of pion electroproduction. These results compare favorably with the phenomenological multipole solutions and recent experimental results from MIT-Bates and MAMI. Our prediction for the pion-mass dependence of the $\gamma N\Delta$ form factors offers an explanation for the discrepancy between the recent lattice-QCD results and the experimental value for the "C2/M1 ratio" at low $Q^2$.
Herniograms and hypospadias.

Abstract Herniograms were done in 47 patients with hypospadias; 24 patients (51 per cent) had radiographically demonstrable hernias, and 15 patients (62.5 per cent) in this group had bilateral hernias. Communicating hydroceles were demonstrated in 5 additional patients. Only 5 patients had clinically evident hernias or hydroceles. Herniograms are recommended in the preoperative evaluation of patients with any degree of hypospadias.
Hybrid-modulation scheme for dc-link-capacitor-less high-frequency-link inverters

High-frequency-link (HFL) inverters, owing to rapid advancements in semiconductor devices and magnetics, are gaining momentum in power electronics with applications encompassing solar, wind, and fuel-cell energy systems, energy storage, electric/hybrid-electric vehicles, and power quality to name a few. HFL inverters promise the potential for simultaneous improvements in power density, reliability, cost, and efficiency, which pose R&D challenges. In that regard, one class of HFL inverters, which do not employ dc-link capacitors that are often prone to long-term reliability issues, show great promise. This paper captures the essence of our work over the last several years on a new class of modulation strategy - referred to in this paper as “hybrid-modulation (HM) scheme” - for the pulsating-dc-link HFL (PDCL-HFL) inverters.
Effects of Anger Management Training on Aggressive Behavior in Adolescent Boys

Abstract The increase in aggressive behavior by teenagers is of current concern to society. An area of particular concern is the rise in court-referred placements to residential treatment centers for adolescent males who commit violent acts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Anger Management Training on reducing aggressive behavior in court-referred adolescent males in a residential treatment facility. Adolescent males (N = 20) were pre-tested on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Spielberger, 1996) and the Provocarion Inventory (Novaco, 1995). They then participated in 12 anger management training sessions after which they were re-tested. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences (p < .01) in post-test scores. Anger management training may be an effective treatment strategy for reducing aggressiveness among adolescent offenders.
Hydrogen detection at thin film—silicon interfaces

The resonance depth profiling with 15N beams was used to measure the hydrogen content and diffusion at the aluminum/silicon interface and the near-interface region of silicon. The formation of a subsurface hydrogen barrier in silicon has been directly observed. The hydrogen barrier formation appears to be a general effect and a property of the near-surface of silicon, and probably other semiconductors. The observed hydrogen profiles indicate that hydrogen can be easily and inadvertently introduced into the aluminum/silicon interface region and produces a large build-up of hydrogen concentration in the near-interface region of silicon.
Semantic discrimination in nonspeaking youngsters with moderate or severe retardation: Electrophysiological correlates

Abstract Recent studies have used auditory evoked response (AER) procedures to study word meaning in young infants. The present study represents an initial application of these procedures to nonspeaking subjects with moderate or severe mental retardation. AERs were recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp over frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of the left and right hemispheres. As six symbol-experienced subjects viewed visual-graphic symbols (lexigrams), a series of probe tones were presented to elicit the AERs. Half of the symbols were meaningful to the subjects. AER activity recorded from the left hemisphere frontal and temporal electrode sites discriminated between the meaningful and meaningless symbols. Discriminant function analyses indicated that the waveforms could be correctly classified in terms of the evoking stimulus with greater than 80% accuracy. These findings support the usefulness of AERs for studying the neurolinguistic processes underlying behavioral measures of language performance of difficult-to-assess populations.
A discussion of fundamental solar photovoltaic cell physics

Abstract A discussion of the germane descriptions of open circuit voltage, photon absorption and emission rate, joint density of states, generation and recombination, and solar photovoltaic cell operation is presented in order to explain and demonstrate why the hypothetical quantum coherent solar photovoltaic cell discussed in this article does not offer improvement in efficiency beyond the detailed balance limit.
Exhaled carbon monoxide in childhood asthma.

Abstract Objectives: Oxidative stress and inflammation induce the expression of heme oxygenase-1, which produces carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide synthase, which produces nitric oxide (NO). Exhaled CO and NO levels are elevated in asthmatic patients and are decreased after corticosteroid treatment, suggesting that they may be useful as noninvasive markers of airway inflammation. Study design: We measured forced expiratory volume in the first second, PC 20 , and exhaled CO and NO levels in 29 children (18 boys, mean age 11.5 ± 0.53 years) with asthma of different severity and 40 nonsmoking children without asthma (21 boys, mean age 8.1 ± 0.35 years). We also studied whether upper respiratory tract infections were associated with elevated exhaled CO. Results: Exhaled CO levels (ppm) were significantly higher (2.17 ± 0.21) in children with persistent asthma compared with those in children with infrequent episodic asthma (1.39 ± 0.18, P P P P 20 . Conclusions: Noninvasive measurement of exhaled CO may provide complementary data for assessment of asthma control in children. However, elevated CO levels are nonspecific and may be found in association with an acute viral illness. (J Pediatr 1999;135:569-74)
The importance of plants in heraldry

European heraldry as sueh was born in the first half of the 12th Century, although men had used distinctive symbols earlier to identify the person, property or followers of a particular individual. At this time, a new type of helmet which covered the entire face replaced the older styles that protected only the top of the head and the nose (such as those pictured on the Bayeux Tapestry). A knight found it impossible to distinguish his best friend fromi his mortal enemy in the confusion of battle. To prevent accidents, the warrior painted an identifying pattern on his shield. He covered his mail with a cloth coat of arms bearing the same design and placed a distinctive crest on top of his helmiiet. Forms of flowers, leaves, fruit and trees, as well as other natural objects, were incorporated into these designs.
Effects of substrate temperature, pressure, and high evaporation rates on nucleation, epitaxy, and structure of palladium thin films

Abstract Using transmission and selected-area diffraction electron microscopy, investigations of vapor deposited Pd thin films on (001) NaCl substrates revealed that the degree of epitaxy (based on 100% for a continuous, single-crystal film) increases with substrate temperature, vacuum, and evaporation rate. At 10-5 torr and an evaporation rate of approximately 1000 A/sec, Pd film volume epitaxially oriented ranged from 0–60% in the substrate temperature range 50°–400°C. At 10-8 torr for this same evaporation rate, the epitaxial volume ranged from 20–100% (single-crystalline) in the temperature range 100°–350°C. At an evaporation rate of roughly 3000 A/sec, the epitaxial volume ranged from 25–100% in the temperature range 80°–200°C at 10-8 torr. The grain size was observed to increase regularly with substrate temperature and vacuum at 1000 A/sec evaporation rate, but to vary only slightly between 100°C and 200°C substrate temperature at 3000 A/sec, with the films becoming single crystalline above 200°C at 10-8 torr. The nucleation appeared to be homogeneous at the 1000 A/sec rate while that for the higher rate (3000 A/sec) appeared generally more heterogenous, suggesting a possible vapor-phase contribution to the nucleation process. Films could be prepared at the higher evaporation rate which were essentially continuous and single crystalline at approximately 200 A in thickness. The distributions of dislocations and microtwins were observed to correspond to the size and distribution of converging nuclei in discontinuous thin films rather than having a misfit association. The misfit appears to have been accommodated by the close-packing of atoms composing the initial nucleation sites.
An Experimental Study on the Importance of the Choice of the Ensemble Members in Fuzzy Combination Methods

In the context of ensembles or multi-classifier systems, many combination methods and algorithms have been developed in the literature, including methods based on fuzzy sets. This paper presents an evaluation of how the choice of the components (classifiers) can affect the accuracy of some fuzzy combination methods. The main aim of this analysis is to investigate whether or not fuzzy combination methods are less affected by the choice of the ensemble members than the non-fuzzy methods.
Shape-preserving interpolation by fair discrete G 3 space curves

We present a new method for interpolation by a shape-preserving space curve with third-order geometric continuity. The curve is represented by a discrete sequence of vertices along with first, second, and third derivative vectors at each vertex, where derivatives are with respect to arc length. A user need only specify the number of vertices and a single tension factor in addition to the control points to be interpolated. The method consists of minimizing the total variation of curvature subject to the interpolation and shape-preservation constraints. The method is global but relatively efficient, and it consistently produces curves with pleasing graphical behavior.
Laser-based Gamma-rays and the Emergence of Nuclear Photonics

Abstract (35 Word Limit) The optimized interaction of laser light with relativistic electrons can produce mono-energetic gammarays(MEGa-rays) of unprecedented peak brightness. MEGa-ray sources enable a wide range of nuclear applications with photons, i.e. nuclear photonics.
Computer-assisted diagnosis for lung nodule detection using a neural network technique

The potential advantages of using digital techniques instead of film-based radiology have been discussed very extensively for the past ten years. These advantages are found mainly in the computer management of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). On the other hand, the computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) could potentially enhance radiological services in the future. Lung nodule detection has been a clinically difficult subject for many years. Most of the literature has indicated that the finding rate for lung nodules (size range from 3 mm to 15 mm) is only about 65%, and 30% of the missing nodule can be found retrospectively. In the recent research, imaging processing techniques, such as thresholding and morphological analysis, have been employed to enhance the true-positive detection. However, these methods still produce many false-positive detections. We have used neural networks to distinguish true-positives from the suspected areas-of-interest which are generated from signal enhanced image. The initial results show that the trained neural networks program can increase true-positive detections and drastically reduce the number of false-positive detections. This program can perform three modes of lung nodule detection: (1) thresholding, (2) profile matching analysis, and (3) neural network. This program is fully automatic and has been implemented in a DEC 5000/200 workstation. The total processing time for all three methods is less than 35 seconds. We are planning to link this workstation to our PACS for further clinical evaluation. In this paper, we report our neural network and fast algorithms for various image processing techniques for the lung nodule detection and show the results of the initial studies.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Divorce, Patriarchal Authority, and Masculinity: A Case from Early National Vermont

In 1976, in a pathbreaking article on divorce in eighteenth-century Massachu? setts, Nancy Cott argued that the growing willingness of late eighteenth-century women to seek divorce implied that these wives were increasingly "asserting con? trol over the direction of their lives" and that wives who sought divorce in the Revolutionary era were, in part, responding to an "enhanced sense of citizenship and legal rights." The fact that the success rate of women's divorce petitions also had improved suggested to Cott that wives' "status within the family had risen in the eyes of authorities." Other scholars, such as Merril Smith, Glenda Riley, Steven Mintz, and Susan Kellogg, have portrayed the growing numbers of divorces and the increasingly liberal divorce laws ofthe late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as indicative of a gradual cultural shift away from tradi? tional notions of patriarchal authority within marriage, toward more egalitarian and companionate marital ideals. More liberal divorce laws and proceedings implicitly allowed wives to judge their husbands and to appeal to the courts to end their marriages when the women believed that their husbands had behaved inappropriately. Such laws provided married women with a way to challenge and possibly dissolve their husbands' authority over them. When viewed in this context, liberal divorce laws appear to have mounted a sustained challenge to marital patriarchy. However, not all historians have agreed with this assess? ment of late eighteenthand early nineteenth-century divorce law and practice. Michael Grossberg, in particular, has argued persuasively that increasingly lib? eral divorce laws did not truly undermine male authority within marriage, but rather substituted the authority ofa male judiciary for that of husbands. Other scholars who share this view also maintain that instead of challenging patri? archy, more liberal divorce laws merely provided a "safety valve," a remedy for the worst abuses of patriarchal marriage, while upholding an ideal of benevolent patriarchal authority within marriage.1 The debate over the relationship between divorce and patriarchy has been invaluable to our understanding of the opportunities available for eighteenthand nineteenth-century husbands and wives to shape their marriages, as well as to our understanding of the larger cultural implications of individual marital conflicts. However, the debate has focused on divorce law and practice primarily from the point of view of legislators, jurists, and legal commentators. Very few scholars have attempted to assess the effects of divorce on patriarchal author? ity from the points of view of those husbands and wives who appeared before the courts to resolve their marital difficulties. To a certain degree, this lack of scholarship reflects the lack of sources detail ing the personal experiences and perceptions of couples who divorced. On occasion, however, the participants in
Two-step activation of valproic acid (VPA) by hepatic cytochrome P-450.

Abstract There is now considerable evidence that the unsaturated metabolite of VPA, Δ 4 -VPA, may be responsible for VPA-induced hepatic injury. It is proposed that VPA is activated to a hepatotoxic species by a two-step cytochrome P-450-mediated mechanism consisting of 1) desaturation and 2) unknown activation, possibly by epoxide formation, involving one or more P-450 isozymes with subsequent covalent binding to cellular macromolecules. In vivo and in vitro experimental protocols are indicated for testing the proposed hypothesis.
On free will, responsibility and indeterminism: Responses to Clarke, Haji, and Mele

Abstract This paper responds to three critical essays on my book, The Significance of Free Will(Oxford, 1996) by Randolph Clarke, Istiyaque Haji and Alfred Mele (which essays appear in this issue and an earlier issue of this journal). This response first explains crucial features of the theory of free will of the book, including the notion of ultimate responsibility.The paper then answers objections of Haji and Mele that the occurrence of undetermined choices would be matters of luck or chance, and so could not be responsible actions. It then responds to concerns of Clarke that indeterminism provides no greater degree of control for defenders of incompatibilist free will and to concerns Clarke has about the notions of “effort” and “willing” in the book. Finally, the paper addresses objections of Haji concerning Frankfurt type‐examples and the relation of moral responsibility to the power to act otherwise, and it addresses a concern of Mele's about why we should want a free will that is incompatible with d...
Association of Physical Activity and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Older Women and Men

Objective: Physical inactivity, abdominal fat, and age are known risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Previous evidence supports an inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and abdominal fat estimated by waist circumference. However, few investigations used computed tomography (CAT) scanning for precise measures of abdominal fat. Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty-five female and 106 male (age, 64.5 ± 5.2 years) participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial underwent a cross-sectional L4–L5 CAT scan to differentiate visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Subjects were also interviewed by phone to determine PA and physical difficulties (PD). Results: Women had lower VAT (170 ± 84 vs. 205 ± 95 cm2, p = 0.014), lower VAT/total fat (29.9 ± 7.2% vs. 42.6 ± 10.2%, p < 0.001), and higher total fat (596 ± 385 vs. 482 ± 183 cm2, p = 0.010) than men. PA was inversely correlated to VAT (r = −0.164, p = 0.034) and total fat (r = −0.231, p = 0.003) in men and women. Those who reported a PD had higher VAT (249 vs. 180 cm2, p < 0.001) and total fat (652 vs. 500 cm2, p = 0.008). Multiple regression analysis indicated total PA and PD were independently associated to VAT and total fat. Discussion: This investigation suggests a beneficial effect of PA and a negative influence of PD on abdominal fat accumulation. Although the cross-sectional design limits cause-effect designations, these results are consistent with other studies showing PA/abdominal fat relation.
Comparison of structural and stereoisomers of apomorphine on stereotyped sniffing behavior of the rat

N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) is 35 times more potent than apomorphine (APO) in producing stereotyped behavior in rats. The effect of NPA is blocked by perphenazine but unaltered by alpha-methyltyrosine pretreatment and is accompanied by a decrease in central dopamine turnover. The activity of APO and NPA appears to be primarily in the (-)-isomer, and is diminished but not lost by removal of either hydroxyl group from the catechol ring system.
Growth habit and systematics of the upper triassic plant Pelourdea poleoensis, Southwestern U.S.A.

Abstract Stems bearing the leaf Pelourdea poleoensis (Daugherty) Arnold have recently been collected from a new locality in the upper part of the Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic of Utah, U.S.A. The fossils show that the Pelourdea poleoensis plant was short, had a narrow stem with little wood and that the leaves had a broad clasping base. This last feature allows the fossil to be distinguished from the somewhat similar late Palaeozoic leaf Cordaites , which has a narrow, sessile and non-clasping base. Leaves similar to P. poleoensis occur at several localities in the Upper Triassic rocks of the southwestern United States and at one locality in the eastern United States.
Influence of soybean phosphatide on blood coagulation and its use in the thromboplastin generation test.

SummaryBy its use in a variety of blood clotting systems, soybean phosphatide has been shown to act as a partial thromboplastin in blood coagulation. In vitro, this substance displayed anti-heparin activity in human and dog blood and anti-protamine activity in human plasma. A simplified thromboplastin generation test is described for the study of hemorrhagic disorders. Soybean phosphatide serves as a complete substitute for platelets in this test.
Pregnancy‐associated alpha2 glycoprotein (α2PAG) synthesis by human breast cancer tissue and cultured cell lines

Elevated α2PAG serum levels are found in pregnant women and patients with diverse types of neoplasms including breast cancer. Primary human breast cancer tissue, MCF-7 and BT-20 human breast cancer cultured cell lines were shown to synthesize α2PAG in vitro. BT-20 breast cancer cells also released this pregnancy-associated protein. Synthesis was demonstrated by l-[14C]-leucine incorporation into immunochemically isolated protein and confirmed by radioimmunodiffusion and radioimmuno-electrophoresis. These data (1) provide direct evidence for α2PAG synthesis by well-characterized human breast cancer cells per se;(2) strongly suggest that at least part of the α22PAG synthesis observed in primary human breast cancer tissue in vitro was due specifically to breast cancer cells rather than exclusively to monocytes/mac-rophages known to infiltrate neoplastic tissues and to produce this protein during pregnancy; and (3) are consistent with the conclusion that serum α2PAG is a definite breast cancer “marker protein” which originates from and reflects breast cancer status. On the basis of the association of elevated serum α2PAG levels in breast cancer patients, its known immunosuppressive activity in vitro, and the direct evidence for α2PAG synthesis by human breast cancer cells perse, we postulate that this protein plays an important immunoregulatory role in vivo to prevent immune rejection and/or destruction of breast cancer cells.
Photoenzyme Probes of Photodamage to Cells and Cellular DNA

Development of photoenzyme probes for detection of ultraviolet damage to cells and DNA is reviewed with special emphasis on a process using polyethylene glycol to induce cell fusion. Polyethylene glycol is easy to obtain and handle, is gentle to the cells and does not induce latent or productive virus infection; therefore, it may be a general method for insertion of exogenous enzymes into mammalian cells. (PCS)
Fluorescent Compounds for Plastic Scintillation Applications

Several 2-(2{prime}-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole, -benzoxazole, and -benzimidazole derivatives have been prepared. Transmittance, fluorescence, light yield, and decay time characteristics of these compounds have been studied in a polystyrene matrix and evaluated for use in plastic scintillation detectors. Radiation damage studies utilizing a {sup 60}C source have also been performed.
The flagellar motility of Chlamydomonas pf25 mutant lacking an AKAP-binding protein is overtly sensitive to medium conditions.

Radial spokes are a conserved axonemal structural complex postulated to regulate the motility of 9 + 2 cilia and flagella via a network of phosphoenzymes and regulatory proteins. Consistently, a Chlamydomonas radial spoke protein, RSP3, has been identified by RII overlays as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) that localizes the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) holoenzyme by binding to the RIIa domain of PKA RII subunit. However, the highly conserved docking domain of PKA is also found in the N termini of several AKAP-binding proteins unrelated to PKA as well as a 24-kDa novel spoke protein, RSP11. Here, we report that RSP11 binds to RSP3 directly in vitro and colocalizes with RSP3 toward the spoke base near outer doublets and dynein motors in axonemes. Importantly, RSP11 mutant pf25 displays a spectrum of motility, from paralysis with flaccid or twitching flagella as other spoke mutants to wild-typelike swimming. The wide range of motility changes reversibly depending on the condition of liquid media without replacing defective proteins. We postulate that radial spokes use the RIIa/AKAP module to regulate ciliary and flagellar beating; absence of the spoke RIIa protein exposes a medium-sensitive regulatory mechanism that is not obvious in wild-type Chlamydomonas.
SUPPRESSION OF LACTATION BY STILBŒSTROL

Abstract Stilboestrol has been said to be ineffective and unnecessary in the suppression of lactation. A double-blind trial of stilboestrol, a diuretic, and a placebo gave results strongly in favour of the continued use of stilboestrol.
Inertial electrostatic confinement for fusion applications

Summary form only given, as follows. Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) devices have demonstrated significant neutron yields (as high as 2/spl times/10/sup 10/ neutrons/second, steady state) in a compact and inexpensive scale. Recent technological progress in plasma sources, vacuum technology and high voltage materials indicates that an order of magnitude increase in neutron yield may be achievable within a few years.
Regulation of GluR1 by the A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 79 (AKAP79) Signaling Complex Shares Properties with Long-Term Depression

Second messengers regulate synaptic plasticity by influencing the balance between kinase and phosphatase activity. One target of this balance is the phosphorylation state of the AMPA receptor glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) subunit. Hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) is a calcium-dependent downregulation of synaptic AMPA receptor currents associated with dephosphorylation of Ser845, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) site on GluR1. Recruitment of kinases and phosphatases to the AMPA receptor might enable modulation of AMPA receptor function. The neuronal A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP79/150 interacts with PKA and the calcium-dependent protein phosphatase PP2B and is linked to the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit by synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), a membrane-associated guanylate kinase family protein. Here we demonstrate that AKAP79 not only promotes basal phosphorylation of Ser845 but also confers a calcium- and PP2B-mediated downregulation to GluR1 receptor currents. This AKAP79-dependent downregulation is contingent on the local presence of PKA, Ser845 of GluR1, and a PDZ (postsynaptic density 95/Discs large/zona occludens 1)-domain interaction between GluR1 and SAP97, all of which support basal phosphorylation of the receptor. These findings suggest that the AKAP79 signaling complex is sufficient to couple intracellular calcium levels to the PKA phosphorylation state of GluR1. Thus, the integration of intracellular signals relevant for LTD may be transduced to GluR1 by the AKAP79 signaling complex.