cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modal testing as a means of quantitative monitoring of damage progression in a model FRP rehabilitated bridge deck system

Although substantial research has been conducted on the application of externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials as a means of strengthening deficient and deteriorating concrete components most studies, and even field monitoring, have been at the component level. There is lack of data regarding the systems level response of strengthening. This paper reports on the results of an investigation of the effect of progressive strengthening of a slab-girder system through initial flexural strengthening of the decks followed by shear strengthening of the central girder. The progression of damage after each phase of loading was assessed through a process of forced vibration based modal testing. The paper focuses on modal testing and model updating procedures as a means of structural health monitoring and indicates that the process can be used effectively to accurately show changes in both local and global response through the different stages of loading. The procedures not only provide an assessme...
Postjunctional α2-adrenoceptors in the rat tail artery: effect of sex and castration

Abstract To investigate sex-related differences in vasoconstrictor responses to postjunctional α 2 -adrenoceptor activation, isolated ring segments of tail arteries from Fischer-344 rats were studied. Addition of the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, UK-14304 [5-bromo-6-(2-imidazoline-2yl)-aminol-quinoxaline], enhanced vasoconstriction to the selective α 1 -adrenoceptor agonist, methoxamine, in arteries from both males and females. The response to UK-14304 was significantly greater in arteries from males as compared to female arteries. Addition of α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan or rauwolscine, shifted norepinephrine concentration response curves to the right. Antagonist effects also tended to be greater in arteries from males as compared to females. After gonadectomy, male–female differences persisted; thus, removal of sex hormones in either males or females did not alter responses to either agonists or antagonists of α 2 -adrenoceptors. These findings suggest that sex differences in α 2 -adrenoceptor function are not maintained by either male or female gonadal steroid hormones but may be developmentally regulated.
IARC Monographs, Industry lnfluence, and upgrading, Downgrading, and Under-grading Chemicals: A Personal Point of View

Abstract The first IARC Monographs Volume was distributed in 1972, and over the 23 years through 1993, under the leadership of Dr Lorenzo Tomatis, 59 IARC Monographs were completed. During 1977-1979 the author was privileged to lead the program for Volumes 15-22, and participated in the pioneering development of the LARC Preamble and Categories of Evidence. During this era other Chiefs of the IARC Monographs included Claus Agthe, Harri Vainio, Antero Aitio, and Julian Wilbourn. Since then (starting with Volume 62: 1995), a new attitude seems to have pervaded the IARC Monographs program, resulting in an increasing influence of or partiality for industry and a diminishing dedication to public and occupational health and safety concerns, and for primary prevention. Some of this attitude comes from an apparent misguided scientific zest prematurely to endorse purported or hypothetical mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis or modes of action of chemicals causing cancer in experimental animals. These speculations are in turn used cavalierly to discount the value of experimental evidence for predicting probable carcinogenicity to humans. Most often this is accomplished by opining that the mechanism(s) of carcinogenicity in animals would not be operative in humans. End of explanation. Examples whereby the IARC has recently "down-graded" or "under-graded" the available evidence of carcinogenicity include: acrylonitrile; atrazine; benzidine-based dyes; 1,3-butadiene, dichloromethane (methylene chloride); di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; glass wool insulation; MtBE [methyl tertiary butyl ether]; ochratoxin A; saccharin; sunlamps and sunbeds (use of); trichloroethylene; sulfamethazine; and others more inclusively mentioned in the text and tables. Further impeding or compromising public health, chemicals causing site-specific cancers in animals attendant with calculi/precipitate in the urinary bladder, goiter and thyroid gland, kidney and alpha-2mu globulin, peroxisome proliferation and liver tumors, and cell proliferation in general have led the IARC to discount these car- cinogenic effects. To stem this tide at the IARC, new leadership, with more objectivity and public health perspective, is needed.
In situ measurement of the Preyssler polyoxometalate morphology upon electrochemical reduction: A redox system with Born electrostatic ion solvation behavior

Abstract SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) and controlled-potential bulk electrolysis were combined to probe the radius of gyration ( R g ) of the molecular polyoxometalate (POM) cluster known as the Preyssler anion, [YP 5 W 30 O 110 ] n− dissolved in an aqueous mineral acid electrolyte, as a function of its charge, n− . The experimentally-determined R g for the oxidized anion ( n = 12) and its 2-, 4- and 10-electron reduced forms following the course of exhaustive electrolyses with a reticulated vitreous carbon electrode polarized at −0.145, −0.255, and −0.555 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, is independent of reduction (and charge) under the solution conditions employed here. Within the limits of resolution and precision of our in situ measurements and analyses, ±0.2 A, we have found that the R g is 5.8–6.0 A, which is in agreement with R g s calculated from the atomic coordinates of previously reported crystallographic structures for the solid-state salts of the fully-oxidized cluster, [Y 3+ P 5 W 30 O 110 ] 12− (abbreviated [YPA] 12− ). The equivalence indicates that any modification of the P-W-O structure that may arise upon reduction of the Preyssler anion is too small to affect the R g . Moreover, the identical, experimentally-determined R g s (5.9 ± 0.1 A) for the oxidized solution anions of [La 3+ PA] 12− , [Ca 2+ PA] 13− , [Sr 2+ PA] 13− , and [Na + PA] 14− further demonstrate that the size of metal-ion-exchanged Preyssler anions, [M n+ PA] n −15 , is independent of the charge, n, on M and, hence, the overall cluster charge, n −15. This provides an ideal scenario with which to test the Born model of electrostatic ion solvation, wherein the electrochemical potential difference, Δ E 1 o , between the first reduction couples of [M n+ PA] n −15 anions that differ by a unit charge (for M n+ Na + , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Y 3+ , La 3+ , Th 4+ ) was used in a derivation of the original Born equation to calculate their Born radius, r . The result, 6.0(2) A, is equivalent to the effective radius calculated for a charged ellipsoid in a dielectric medium ( r eff = 5.9 A), thereby providing validation of the Born model.
In vitro Caries-inhibitory Properties of a Silver Cermet

Recurrent caries is one of the primary causes of failure of dental restorations. One method for reducing the frequency and severity of this problem is the use of fluoride-releasing restorative materials.The glass-ionomer cements are a type of fluoride-releasing material. They have been used extensively in recent years for a variety of clinical applications. However, in comparison with other restorative materials such as amalgam and composite resins, glass ionomers have relatively poor physical properties. Sintering of silver particles to glass-ionomer powder is a means of improving these physical properties. The sintered material is called a silver-glass ionomer or silver cermet.This study examined the in vitro caries-inhibitory potential of a silver cermet by means of two methods. First, long-term fluoride release was measured. Second, an artificial caries system was used for evaluation of caries inhibition by cermet restorations in extracted teeth.In comparison with a standard glass-ionomer restorative ...
Paragone: What's next in block I/O trace modeling

Designers of storage and file systems use I/O traces to emulate application workloads while designing new algorithms and for testing bug fixes. However, since traces are large, they are hard to store and moreover inflexible to manipulate. Thus, researchers have proposed techniques to create trace models in order to alleviate these concerns. However, the prior trace modeling approaches are limited with respect to 1) number of trace parameters they can model, and hence, the accuracy of the model and 2) with respect to manipulating the trace model in both temporal and spatial domains (that is, changing the burstiness of a workload, or scaling the size of the data supporting the workload). In this paper we present a new algorithm/tool called Paragone that addresses the above mentioned problems by fundamentally re-thinking how traces should be modeled and replayed.
Research Article: Twenty Years of Forest Service National Environmental Policy Act Litigation

The USDA Forest Service is sued more often than any other federal agency under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). This analysis examines Forest Service land management cases init...
Roles of Amino Acid Residues in Woolly Mammoth Hemoglobin on the Temperature Effect of Oxygen Binding

The O2 affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) is affected by allosteric effectors (e.g. H+, chloride, and organic phosphate) and temperature. Hb oxygenation is exothermic, i.e., the oxygen-binding affinity increases significantly with decreasing temperature. This makes it difficult for the Hb molecule in blood to deliver oxygen to the tissues under conditions of hypothermia during major surgical operations. We constructed plasmids to express recombinant woolly mammoth Hb (rHb WM) and Asian elephant Hb (rHb AE). Our biochemical-biophysical studies show that the apparent heat of oxygenation (ΔH) of rHb WM is less negative than that of rHb AE and human normal adult Hb (Hb A), suggesting that the O2 affinity of rHb WM is much less dependent on temperature. In order to investigate the key residues of the Hb molecule responsible for the temperature effect on O2 affinity, mutants with β/δ101 substitutions (β/δ101Gln→Glu, Lys, and Asp) in rHb WM have been expressed.Compared to rHb WM,these mutants exhibit a higher affinity for oxygen, and a more negative ΔH value under various conditions of pH, temperature, and salt concentration, with and without organic phosphates. Titrations for the O2 affinity of those mutant rHbs as a function of chloride concentrations indicate a lower heterotropic effect of this anion due to the replacement of β/δ101Gln, suggesting that the β/δ101Gln residue in rHb WM is important for its stronger response to chloride ions, and also responsible for its lower temperature effect of O2 affinity. NMR measurements for rHb WM and its mutants have been used to correlate their structural and functional properties. These findings could provide new insights into designing hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) for treating patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (e.g. cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, stroke, etc.).
Early Attention Problems and Children’s Reading Achievement: A Longitudinal Investigation

Objectives To determine whether attention problems predict the development of reading difficulties and examine whether screening for attention problems could be of practical value in identifying children at risk for reading underachievement.
Team Tenure and Member Performance: The Roles of Psychological Safety Climate and Climate Strength

Current understanding of the effect of team tenure on team processes suggests that psychological safety climate and climate strength increase as team tenure increases. However, theoretical and empi...
Design Techniques for a Mixed-Signal I/Q 32-Coefficient Rx-Feedforward Equalizer, 100-Coefficient Decision Feedback Equalizer in an 8 Gb/s 60 GHz 65 nm LP CMOS Receiver

This paper describes a mixed-signal I/Q 32-coefficient receive-side feedforward equalizer (RX-FFE) and 100-coefficient decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for a 60 GHz baseband. Integrated in 65 nm LP CMOS with variable gain amplifiers (VGA), analog phase rotator (PR), and clock generation and phase adjustment circuits, the I/Q equalizer supports 60 GHz WiGig non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channels with > 12 ns of delay spread while consuming 66 mW from a 1.2 V supply at 8 Gb/s. Energy-efficient equalization is achieved by the RX-FFE using a proposed switching matrix architecture, and by implementing the multi-coefficient FFE-DFE summing with cascoded current integration.
Working women: The potential of unionization and collective action in the United States

Abstract In the United States in recent years, there have been many instances of successful direct action by working women, including the Willmar Eight organizing effort, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (A.F.C.S.M.E.) strike over comparable worth, the J.P. Stevens boycott, the Oneita Knitting Mills strike, and the formation of Local 925 of the Service Employees' International Union. 1 The author is generally optimistic about the prospects of organizing women workers in the future, based on the success of these cases and the formation of groups such as the Coalition of Labor Union Women. The author argues that strikes are generally effective and that consumer boycotts are also effective when used selectively.
Optical tools to produce and study small strokes in animal models

Clinical evidence shows that ischemic and hemorrhagic microvascular lesions in the brain play an important role in elderly dementia [1–4], but few effective treatment or preventative strategies exist. This deficit is due, in part, to a lack of good animal models of these microvascular lesions that would allow the progression of disease to be studied and would provide a platform for the evaluation of therapeutics. Here, we discuss recent advances in optical techniques that allow both the targeted production of single-vessel occlusions and hemorrhages in the cortex of anesthetized rodents, as well as the quantitative analysis of the impact of these lesions on blood flow in the adjacent vascular network and on the health and function of nearby brain cells. These new optical tools offer a comprehensive animal model of small-scale stroke that will enable the progression of neural damage after a microvascular insult as well as the interaction of small strokes with other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, to be studied.
Body density estimates from upper-body skinfold thicknesses compared to air-displacement plethysmography☆

summary Background & aims: Determine the accuracy of body density (Db) estimated with upper-body skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements compared to air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) and ascertain whether body mass index (BMI) impacts the accuracy of SFT to assess Db. Methods: We estimated Db with SFT and ADP in 131 healthy men and women with normal (N; 18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (OW; 25–29.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese (OB; 30–39.9 kg/m 2 ) BMI. Results: Compared with ADP, SFT overestimated (p < 0.05) Db in OW and OB females and in OB males (� 0.0047, � 0.0164 and � 0.0119 g/cc, respectively), and underestimated (p < 0.05) Db in N females and males (0.0050 and 0.0068 g/cc, respectively) but did not differently estimate Db in OW males. The gender by BMI group interaction was not significant. SFT underestimated (p < 0.05; 0.0058 g/cc) Db in the N and overestimated (p < 0.05; 0.0113 g/cc) Db in the OB BMI groups. The error in predicting Db did not change significantly over the range of Db within the N (r ¼ 0.239, p ¼ 0.06) and OB (r ¼ 0.160, p ¼ 0.934) BMI groups. Limits of agreement were � 0.0165 to 0.0284 g/cc and � 0.0365 to 0.0085 g/cc for the N and OB BMI groups, respectively. The error of estimating Db with SFT was correlated with mean Db in the aggregate sample (r ¼ 0.495, p < 0.0001) and the OW group (r ¼ 0.394, p < 0.009). The regression-based limits of agreement were � 0.0226 g/cc in the total group and � 0.0168 g/cc in the OW group. Conclusions: Although SFT offer practical advantages, the validity of SFT to estimate Db among individuals with N and OB BMI is adversely affected. 2009 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.
Temporal variation in childhood injury from common recreational activities

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To investigate the month and day of the week of injury in common childhood activities using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. METHODS: All emergency department visits 2002-2006 from bicycles/tricycles, scooters, playground equipment, swimming/water activities, skiing/snowboarding, trampolines, and skating were analysed. The NEISS weighted and stratified data set was analysed using SUDAAN software. Weekday and month of injury, gender, race, anatomical location of the injury, geographical location of injury, and disposition were tabulated. Simple variation by month or weekday was analysed using cosinor analysis; combined variation for both month and weekday was analysed by topographical analysis. RESULTS: There were an estimated 4.61 million emergency department visits for injuries from these activities in children in the United States. The average age was 9.5 years; there were 1.65 million girls (35.9%) and 2.97 boys (64.1%). Cosinor analysis demonstrated significant single peaks for month of injury for snow activities (January 27), trampolines (June 10), scooters (June 24), cycling (July 6), and water (July 12) activities. Double cosinor peaks were noted for skating (April 13 and September 12) and playground (April 22 and September 21) activities. Cosinor analyses demonstrated that the peak week days of injury were Monday for trampoline and snow activities, Saturday/Sunday for skating activities, Sunday for cycling, and Wednesday for playground equipment. There was no peak injury day for scooter or water activities. Topographical representation of paediatric injuries demonstrated that injuries from slides most frequently occurred April-May on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and those on swings April-May all days except Tuesday. Monkeybar injuries were bimodal, with the spring peak on Wednesday-Thursday in April/May and the fall peak Tuesday-Friday in September. Rollerblade injuries occurred Saturday-Sunday from March/April; rollerskates on Saturday-Sunday in January-April, and skateboards Saturday-Monday in August-October and Sundays in April. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be used to further guide childhood injury prevention programmes/campaigns and especially track improvements after targeted prevention programmes. Public parks and schools should check/correct the status of playground landing surfaces just before the bimodal peaks. Education campaigns reinforcing the need for bicycle helmets could be concentrated immediately before the increase in cycling activity - March on weekends and April/May for weekdays. Language: en
EFFECT OF PVA AND GELATIN ADDITIVES ON BARIUM SULFATE PRECIPITATION IN AN MSMPR REACTOR

Abstract The effect of high molecular weight additives (PVA and gelatin) on barium sulfate precipitation in an MSMPR reactor is investigated. The impeller speed is varied from 0 to 1200 rpm and the additive concentration in the bulk solution is increased up to 5.0 g/1. As the additive concentration is increased, the particle growth rate decreases and the nucleation rate increases. However, the particle morphology is not changed by the additives. The experimental results are explained qualitatively by supposing that the additive is adsorbed on the particle surface and inhibits the mass transfer to the surface. To explain the additive effect quantitatively a diffusion limitation model is developed. The diffusion limitation model predicts the effects of additives over the entire range of additive concentrations and impeller speeds set in the experiments. The model predicts very high supersaturation levels in the reactor which is consistent with a mass transfer controlled particle growth. Furthermore, the mod...
Medicare Maximization by State Medicaid Programs: Effects on Medicare Home Care Utilization

Medicaid programs in some states have attempted to shift home health care costs to Medicare by using retrospective billing practices. The authors explored whether retrospective billing practices increase Medicare utilization for dual eligibles by analyzing primary data on the existence of retrospective billing practices collected from 47 state Medicaid offices complemented with individual-level secondary data from the 1992-1997 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. An individual-level random effects model was used to estimate the increase in the probability and amount of Medicare home care visits from state retrospective billing practices. Retrospective billing practices were found not to affect either the probability or the amount of Medicare home care visits in these data, but the significant inverse relationship found between Medicaid and Medicare visits shows that states with high Medicaid utilization have opportunity to shift some of these visits to Medicare.
Distributed Channel Probing for Efficient Transmission Scheduling in Wireless Networks

It is energy-consuming and operationally cumbersome for all users to continuously estimate the channel quality before each transmission decision in opportunistic scheduling over wireless fading channels. This observation motivates us to understand whether and how opportunistic gains can still be achieved with significant reductions in channel probing requirements and without centralized coordination amongst the competing users. To that end, we first study a simple scenario that motivates us to consider the general setup and develop probing and transmission schemes that are amenable to distributed implementation. After characterizing the maximum achievable throughput region under the probing constraints, we provide an optimal probing algorithm. Noting the difficulties in the implementation of the centralized solution, we develop a novel Sequential Greedy Probing (SGP) algorithm, which is naturally well-suited for physical implementation and distributed operation. We show that the SGP algorithm is optimal in the important scenario of symmetric and independent ON-OFF fading channels. Then, we study a variant of the SGP algorithm in general fading channels to obtain its efficiency ratio as an explicit function of the channel statistics and rates, and note its tightness in the symmetric and independent ON-OFF fading scenario. We further discuss the distributed implementation of these greedy solutions by using the Fast-CSMA technique.
Spark-Source Mass Spectroscopy

This paper is a review presenting a description of the instrument and method, a brief summary of the early work, and a more detailed look at the development since 1960. Studies on the properties of photographic emulsions as ion detectors and the optimum conditions for their use are reported. Various methods are reported for quantitative data treatment, which include plate calibration, photometry, and corrections. Investigations of the spark source are reviewed, covering the causes and effects of the varying energy spectra and some corrections for the relative volatility and diffusion rates. The contribution of the sample itself to the analytical error is discussed, and the results obtained with rigorous standardization are presented.
Ethnic enclave residence, employment, and commuting of Latino workers

This paper examines the impact of living in ethnic enclaves in different parts of a metropolitan area on low-skilled Latino immigrants' employment accessibility. It does so by comparing the employment status and commuting times of Latinos living in and out of ethnic neighborhoods in central city, inner-ring suburbs, and outer-ring suburbs in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. Using the 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), this paper finds that central-city residents tend to have both lower employment probability and longer commutes. The enclave effect is much muted and a spatial mismatch effect evident in these areas. But in the suburban areas, while as likely to work as non-enclave counterparts, enclave residents tend to commute longer to jobs, suggesting the importance of ethnic networks in these enclave neighborhoods. Further distinguishing Latino immigrants by gender shows that women are more enclave-disadvantaged than men. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Nucleus raphe dorsalis in parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam

Recently, morphometric analysis has shown that the nucleus raphe dorsalis, which is presumed to project diffuse serotonergic fibers to the telencephalon, is affected in Alzheimer's disease. A similar study was conducted in this report in two patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam and a Guamanian control. It demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of large neurons, and the presence of abundant Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in this nucleus.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Effect on Coagulopathy

Polytraumatic injury results in tissue factor (TF) release from damaged cells. The acute coagulopathy of trauma (ACT) occurs early and results from significant tissue injury and tissue hypoperfusion. ACT is augmented by therapies resulting in acidemia, hypothermia, and hemodilution contributing to trauma-induced coagulopathy. Coagulopathy associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from the interplay of numerous variables. Because of the high concentration of TF in brain tissue, TBI has been believed to be associated with a greater degree of coagulopathy compared with injury in other body systems. TBI has also recently been shown to cause platelet dysfunction. Platelet receptor inhibition prevents cellular initiation and amplification of the clotting cascade, limiting thrombin incorporation, and stabilization of clot to stop hemorrhage. Therefore, head injury in the presence of polytrauma does appear to augment ACT and warrants close monitoring and appropriate intervention.
Transradial cardiac catheterization in liver transplant candidates.

Transradial (TR) cardiac catheterization is effective and offers lower rates of vascular complications and bleeding compared with transfemoral cardiac catheterization. We sought to describe the safety and feasibility of TR cardiac catheterization in liver transplant candidates (LTCs). We retrospectively reviewed 1,071 consecutive cases of TR cardiac catheterization in 1,045 patients from May 2008 to December 2011 at a single institution. The primary end point was radial approach failure. Ten percent of TR cases (n = 107) were performed in LTCs and 90% (n = 964) were performed in non-LTCs. The LTC group had lower rates of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. The LTC group had a significantly lower platelet count (75,000 vs 237,000/mm 3 , p
Buffers of Racial Discrimination: Links With Depression Among Rural African American Mothers

The current study examines racial discrimination as a predictor of depression in a sample of 414 rural, low-income African American mothers of young children. The potential moderating role of optimism and church-based social support was also examined. Mothers completed questionnaires when their child was 24-months-old. Hierarchical regression revealed that mothers' perception of racism was a significant predictor of depression even after controlling for a variety of distal demographic characteristics and environmental stressors. Significant interactions suggested the importance of psychological and social characteristics in understanding maternal depression. Specifically, high levels of optimism and church-based social support buffered mothers from increased depressive symptomology due to perceived racism.
Adiabatic-impulse approximation for avoided level crossings: From phase-transition dynamics to Landau-Zener evolutions and back again

We show that a simple approximation based on concepts underlying the Kibble-Zurek theory of second order phase-transition dynamics can be used to treat avoided level crossing problems. The approach discussed in this paper provides an intuitive insight into quantum dynamics of two-level systems, and may serve as a link between the theory of dynamics of classical and quantum phase transitions. To illustrate these ideas we analyze dynamics of a paramagnet-ferromagnet quantum phase transition in the Ising model. We also present exact unpublished solutions of the Landau-Zener-like problems.
Sexual Fantasy and Attitudes as Functions of Sex of Subject and Content of Erotica

The effects of erotic content and subject sex on sexual fantasy were mediated by general sexual attitudes. When erotic content consisted of mild erotica showing males rather than females, male subj...
Effect of hydrolysis and drying on the siloxane bonds of a silane coupling agent deposited on E‐glass fibers

Molecular structural changes of a vinyl functional silane coupling agent on E-glass fibers, induced during the immersion test in hot water, have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The amount of the coupling agent on the glass fibers is reduced by hydrolytic degradation. Silanol groups formed by the hydrolysis of the siloxane groups have been detected in the FT-IR difference spectrum in the range 930–840 cm−1 due to the SiO stretching mode of the SiOH groups. Heat treatment produces partial reformation of the siloxane bonds.
TX-0, a transistor computer with a 256 by 256 memory

Synopsis: TX-0 is a high-speed digital computer which was built at Lincoln Laboratory to demonstrate and operationally test 5-megapulse transistor circuitry and a 65,536-word magnetic-core memory. The word length is 19 bits; 1 bit is a parity check bit for memory, 16 bits are assigned to memory addressing, and the 2 remaining bits are used to select among three memory-reference instructions and one microprogramming instruction. The logic is performed by standardized packages using surface barrier transistors. Fig. 1 shows TX-0 with the arithmetic element just beyond the console and the memory on the far left. Part I of this paper covers the TX-0 memory, and Part II the TX-0 circuitry.
Group Process as Metaphor

Six models of group process as described by Theodore Mills are discussed in terms of the metaphors they employ. The possible development of another model is suggested, one which may meet the needs Mills sees as left unmet by those he explicates; namely, the existential model. This model, based on the metaphor of encounter, appears to be appropriate for the study of communication in groups, providing as it does humanistic rather than mechanistic or organismic metaphors for the investigator. Certain fundamental concepts of existentialism are described, and an example is given from current literature of the employment, even if not explicitly existential, of these concepts. Better understanding on the part of investigators of the philosophical origins and bases of such ideas as that of encounter is urged.
Adolescent Patient Preferences Surrounding Partner Notification and Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections

Objectives Important barriers to addressing the sexually transmitted infection (STI) epidemic among adolescents are the inadequate partner notification of positive STI results and insufficient rates of partner testing and treatment. However, adolescent attitudes regarding partner notification and treatment are not well understood. The aim was to qualitatively explore the barriers to and preferences for partner notification and treatment among adolescent males and females tested for STIs in an emergency department (ED) setting and to explore the acceptability of ED personnel notifying their sexual partners. Methods This was a descriptive, qualitative study in which a convenience sample of 40 adolescents (18 females, 22 males) 14 to 21 years of age who presented to either adult or pediatric EDs with STI-related complaints participated. Individualized, semistructured, confidential interviews were administered to each participant. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim by an independent transcriptionist. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results Barriers to partner notification included fear of retaliation or loss of the relationship, lack of understanding of or concern for the consequences associated with an STI, and social stigma and embarrassment. Participants reported two primary barriers to their partners obtaining STI testing and treatment: lack of transportation to the health care site and the partner's fear of STI positive test results. Most participants preferred to notify their main sexual partners of an STI exposure via a face-to-face interaction or a phone call. Most participants were agreeable with a health care provider (HCP) notifying their main sexual partners of STI exposure and preferred that the HCP notify the partner by phone call. Conclusions There are several adolescent preferences and barriers for partner notification and treatment. To be most effective, future interventions to prevent adolescent STIs should incorporate these preferences and address the barriers to partner notification. In an ED setting, using HCPs to provide partner notification of STI exposures is acceptable to adolescent patients; however, the feasibility of this type of program needs further exploration.
The effect of beef spleen cathepsin D on pig heart lactate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Pig heart lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27; H 4 isoenzyme) has been subjected to the action of beef spleen cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) at pH 3.9. No proteolytic effect on the tetrameric form of the dehydrogenase could be detected. On the other hand, the acid proteinase appears to act on the dissociated monomers in such a manner that they are unable to reassociate into functional tetramers. This finding could be correlated with proteolytic modification of the monomers. The extent of proteolysis depends on the temperature and duration of the incubation.
Vinylmetallics as ligands III. Synthesis and characterization of potassium trichloro(trimethylvinylsilane)platinate(II)

Abstract The preparation and some reactions of the compound potassium trichloro(trimethylvinylsilane)platinate(II) are reported.
Greenhouse gas mitigation supply curve for the United States for transport versus other sectors

Abstract To compare transportation greenhouse gas mitigation options with other sectors, we construct greenhouse gas mitigation supply curves of near-term technologies for all the major sectors of the US economy. Our findings indicate that motor vehicles and fuels are attractive candidates for reducing GHGs in the near and medium term. Transport technologies and fuels represent about half of the GHG mitigation options that have net-positive benefits – so-called “no regrets” strategies – and about 20% of the most cost-effective options to reduce GHGs to 10% below 1990 levels by 2030.
Muscle-like Arrays in a Fibroblast Line

SEVERAL investigators have speculated that the basis for all cellular contractile activity resides in a common molecular mechanism involving an interaction between actin and myosin1–4. Thin filaments resembling the actin filaments of muscle have indeed been widely observed3–5 and the recent demonstrations of heavy meromyosin binding to thin filaments4–6 suggest that these ubiquitous filaments are, in fact, actin. Although muscle-like thick filaments have not been observed in non-muscle cells, myosin thick filaments have been reconstituted from blood platelet preparations1. To our knowledge, however, no one has presented evidence for the natural occurrence of ordered arrays of thick and thin filaments in non-muscle cells.
Water-induced relaxation of a degenerate vibration of guanidinium using 2D IR echo spectroscopy.

The nearly degenerate asymmetric stretch vibrations near 1600 cm−1 of the guanidinium cation in D-glycerol/D2O mixtures having different viscosity were studied by 2D IR photon echo spectroscopy. The polarization-dependent photon echo signal shows two separate frequency distributions in the 2D spectrum in D2O, even though only one band is evident from inspection of the linear FTIR spectrum. The split components are more clearly seen at higher viscosity where the distortion of the molecule from 3-fold symmetry is even more evident. The interactions with solvent induce energy transfer between the degenerate component modes on the time scale of 0.5 ps. The energy transfer between modes is directly observed in 2D IR and distinguished by the waiting time dependence of the cross peaks from the transfers between configurations of the distorted ion and solvent. The 2D IR analysis carried out for various polarization conditions gave frequency−frequency auto- and cross-correlation functions for the degenerate compon...
Variability in adult group compositions of a prosimian primate

Many species fall into specific mating-system categories, and that category is usually associated with a suite of behavioral and morphological characteristics. Several lemur species, including Propithecus diadema edwardsi, have been labeled "idiosyncratic" because variation in socionomic sex ratios among groups is consistent with wide variation in social structure. We used several hypotheses founded in behavioral ecology to assess variability in P. d. edwardsi. First we examined 46 group-mating seasons to quantify variability. We then tested predictions that the number of males per group would increase as the number of adult females increased, and the number of males would increase as female mating synchrony increased. Examining variation in offspring survival relative to the number of adult males in a group may tell us which composition is likely to persist into the future, so we also hypothesized that as the number of males in a group increased, fertility and offspring survival would increase. We found an equal distribution of polygynous, polygynandrous, pairs, and polyandrous groups. Furthermore, female distribution and mating synchrony did not predict the number of males, and offspring survival was not correlated with the number of males. Since infants survived equally well in groups of all compositions, sifakas experienced no pressure to maintain a particular number of adult males per adult female. The small number of adults per group (mean=3.2) may result from balancing feeding competition against predator detection. Augmenting the mate pool available from the group with mates from neighboring groups may promote the notable variability seen in the adult group compositions of sifakas.
Culture and agency in a colonial public sphere: religion and the anti-colonial imagination in 1940s Eritrea

Ever since the late eighteenth century, empires and nations have represented two of the most common forms through which people have imagined their relationship to each other and to the constitution...
A formal methodology for information model level integration in CIM systems

Manufacturing systems are complex and involve multiple software applications, each containing an internal representation of the manufacturing system in the form of a database or data files. Each database is an instantiation of a data model which is developed as an abstract representation of the environment of the tool. The model therefore, defines an application's database and is influenced by how the users of an application view the system. These views are be influenced by where in the product or manufacturing system life cycle the software is used, what functional areas use the software, and the detail at which the system is modeled. Early attempts at integration focused of overcoming the communications difficulties between computers. This paper presents a framework for integrating CIM software applications by developing a unified system view. In effect developing a common language into which each tool can map it's representation. Finding the common data becomes a function then of identifying which data overlaps. This view identifies software applications which contain duplicate and possibly inconsistent data. These overlaps of data are then characterized by formal properties which can be used to maintain consistency. These formal properties establish precedence and whether data is a constraint, an exact value or an estimated value. Duplicate data can be used to establish constraints that one software system places on other systems. Duplicate data can also be shared between systems.
In situ characterization of Grade 92 steel during tensile deformation using concurrent high energy X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering

Abstract The tensile deformation in Grade 92 steel was studied in situ using simultaneous high energy X-ray diffraction (HE-XRD), radiography, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at room temperature (RT), 400, and 650 °C. Temperature-dependent elastic properties, i.e. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, were measured for α-Fe matrix, M 23 C 6 and Nb(C,N) phases in various crystallographic orientation. Significant differences in the evolution of lattice strain, peak broadening/sharpening, and void development in the α-Fe matrix, M 23 C 6 and Nb(C,N) precipitates revealed markedly different deformation and damage mechanisms at low and high temperature in the alloy. The strengthening effect of each type of precipitates measured by lattice strain agrees with the dislocation pile-up model at room temperature, while a different dislocation behavior was observed at 650 °C. Void volume fraction as a function of strain measured by SAXS can be described by a classic void nucleation and growth model at room temperature but not at 650 °C, implying a different damage process at high temperature.
Lethal interactions between parasites and prey increase niche diversity in a tropical community.

Why are there so many species in the tropics? Niche partitioning by highly specialized plant species seems to be the main generator of high diversity. Condon et al. (p. [1240][1]; see the Perspective by [Godfray][2] ) show that niche partitioning can also be generated by interactions between plant resources and parasites, resulting in hyperdiverse communities. The cryptic diversity of 14 neotropical fly pollinators and 18 of their highly specific wasp parasites induced mortality partitions between multiple narrow niches. The extreme specificity of the wasp-fly relationships was initially only revealed by molecular analysis. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1245007 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1251275
The Effects of Convulsive and Anesthetic Agents on Steady Cortical Potential

SUMMARY Cortical potential changes — too slow to be recorded by ordinary capacity coupled amplifiers and called SP changes — were studied incident to i.v. injection of convulsive and anesthetic agents. Investigation of these slowly shifting potential phenomena required the use of very stable non-polarizable calomel electrodes and some monitoring potential of fast time course, such as the spike discharge, or a succession of dendritic responses. 1. Strychnine, caffeine and metrazol effects were recorded simultaneously from cerebral and cerebellar cortex of the rabbit. Each of the agents occasioned characteristic SP shifts. With strychnine a negative SP shift precedes the appearance of rhythmic discharge in the cerebellum. Positive SP shifts develop in both cerebrum and cerebellum following caffeine, ushering in seizure discharge, which appears first in the cerebellum, later in the cerebrum. Divergent SP shifts (cerebral, positive; cerebellar, negative) occur during the development of seizure discharge with metrazol. 2. The effect of nembutal (i.v.) was studied in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Given in sufficient amounts (30–50 g) to elicit barbiturate spindles it produced a positive (300–500 μV) SP shift. Injection of additional nembutal (50–100 mg) caused flattening of the record and further development of the positive shift. However with enough nembutal to produce death the shift reversed to become strongly negative. 3. The effect of deepening nembutal anesthesia was tested upon serially evoked dendritic responses and their accompanying negative SP shift. With moderately deep nembutal anesthesia the individual dendritic potentials disappeared from the tracing while the negative shift underlying them showed a striking increase in amplitude and duration. Such an SP change outlasted the stimulus period by 2–3 sec. 4. Finally, capacity coupled and DC records of metrazol and nembutal induced changes are compared, emphasizing that important slow changes are missed by capacity coupled recording.
Immunocytochemical studies of the distribution of acetylcholine in the crayfish brain.

A number of studies indicate that acetylcholine is an important transmitter in most crustacean primary afferents and in at least several central pathways. Little is known, however, regarding the structure or distribution of cholinergio pathways in the central nervous system. The recent introduction of antibodies to choline-protein conjugates provides a potentially powerful means for localizing putative cholinergic neurons and pathways in the nervous system. Acetylcholine was localized with immunocytochemical procedures in the axons and terminals of cephalic primary afferents and in interneurons of the crayfish brain. The most intensely reactive loci were the primary sensory neuropiles, which contain the terminals of the statocyst afferents (parolfactory lobes) and antennal afferents (antennal lobe). These results are generally in accord with previous findings based upon choline uptake and enzyme assay in lobster cephalic nerves. We also found evidence consistent with the presence of acetylcholine in the globular interneurons of the accessory lobe and in descending interneurons which originate in the dorsal medial and anterior clusters of the protocerebrum. The axons of several neurons in the circumesophageal connective (descending interneurons and primary afferents) are also reactive to the choline antibody.
An assessment of a urinary biomarker for total human environmental exposure to benzo[a]pyrene.

Urinary banzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolite levels were compared to human environmental exposure to BaP through inhalation and dietary ingestion to assess the predictive validity of the exposure biomarker. These measurements were made for 14 adult volunteers over 14 consecutive days, once during summer/fall, again during winter periods. Based on personal air monitoring, median potential inhalation doses of 11.0 and 2.3 ng/day were estimated for the winter and summer/fall studies, respectively. A median potential ingested dose of 176 ng/day, estimated from “duplicate plate” sampling, exceeded inhalation by 6-and 122-fold for the winter and summer/fall studies, respectively. “Total” urinary BaP metabolites were measured using a published “reverse metabolism” (BaP) method of analysis. Median rates of urinary BaP metabolite elimination for the winter and summer/fall studies were 121 and 129 ng/day, respectively. The changes in inhaled and ingested potential doses were regressed on the change in urinary metabolite elimination from week 1 to week 2 to test the predictive validity of the biomarker measurement. The regression was statistically significant (r = 0.620, p = 0.015, n = 25) when body weight was included and two extreme values were removed. Consistent with the exposure measurements showing diet as the dominant route of exposure, most of the variation in urinary metabolite elimination was explained by the ingested dose. It is concluded that the measurement of urinary BaP by “reverse metabolism” is qualitative and of marginal predictive validity as an exposure biomarker due to the method's low recoveries and the large unexplained variance.