cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Killed the Worm and Other Fungal Pathogenesis Insights

Many pathogens depend on the same virulence factors to cause disease in mammals such as mice and in nonmammalian hosts, thus sharing a fundamental set of molecular mechanisms across a widely divergent array of hosts. This approach to evaluating virulence factors by seeking them among divergent model hosts, referred to as the “multi-host pathogenesis system” (Fig. 1), offers a number of benefits. For example, it reduces the number of mammals used in experiments, and thus minimizes suffering in rodents and similar species. It also helps investigators who want to run large-scale in vivo screens because experiments involving nonmammalian host species are easier and less expensive to do than studies involving mammals.
Quantum Dots and Their Ligand Passivation

Another major category of nanoparticles are quantum dots (QDs), which are semiconductor nanocrystals (~2–100 nm) with unique optical and electrical properties, and widely used in biomedical imaging and the electronics industries [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. These II–VI semiconductor nanostructures (II = Zn, Cd; VI = O, S, Se, Te) display outstanding properties distinct from their bulk counterparts like broad excitation bands, large extinction coefficient, tunable emission features, bright photoluminescence, nonlinear optical properties, and high stability against photobleaching and chemicals due to the quantum nano-confinement.
Percutaneous Biliary Intervention in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) provide adequate cholangiographic assessment in most patients to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and demonstrate dominant strictures. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is reserved for cases in which these other less invasive diagnostic modalities are equivocal or not technically possible. There must be no contraindication to more invasive intervention and its possible associated complications. For treatment, percutaneous transhepatic drainage (PTD) may be necessary to control severe symptoms of cholestasis or to treat refractory cholangitis when endoscopic therapy fails. Endoscopic drainage is preferred in most instances due to the lack of an externalized drainage catheter and a lower procedural complication rate. Drainage improves the biochemical pattern and symptoms of PSC patients and decreases the frequency of cholangitic episodes. Results of PTD are thought to mirror endoscopic results, although prior failed endoscopy selects patients with advanced disease, particularly those with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis; diffuse, severe intra- and extrahepatic strictures; or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In patients with cancer, drainage may be preoperative or palliative.
Lateral collateral ligament injuries of the elbow – chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI)

Chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) is the most common form of chronic elbow instability.PLRI usually occurs from a fall on the outstretched hand. On impact, the radial head and ulna rotate externally coupled with valgus displacement of the forearm. This leads to posterior displacement of the radial head relative to the capitellum, thus causing disruption of some or all of the lateral-sided stabilisers.PLRI is mainly a clinical diagnosis with a history of instability, clicking and lateral-sided pain, with a positive clinical examination including the pivot-shift test, push-up, chair and tabletop test.MRI can often help guide diagnosis but more commonly assists in surgical planning.Surgery is indicated in patients with persistent, symptomatic instability of the elbow causing pain or functional deficit. There are several surgical techniques to treat PLRI, often leading to good to excellent results.An open or arthroscopic technique has been successfully used in patients with symptomatic PLRI following one or more episodes of dislocation or subluxation. At the pre-operative examination under general anaesthesia, all of our patients had a positive pivot-shift test but not a frank dislocation. We prefer to perform a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) reconstruction with an allograft tendon.The outcomes after repair are good to excellent in the majority of patients. Results of acute repair are generally better compared with reconstruction. This is due to the fact that predictive factors for a poor outcome include the number of previous surgeries and the prevalence of degenerative changes at the elbow.Recurrent instability is not uncommon following repair or reconstruction and has been reported in up to 25% of patients after medium- to longer-term follow-up. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:461-468. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.160033.
FMECA-based analyses: A SMART foundation

The paper focuses on the current engineering practice on SMART (System Safety, Maintainability, Availability, Reliability, and Testability) engineering using Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) as the fundamental SMART knowledge base. The paper demonstrates General Atomics Aeronautical Systems' adaptation to the Department Of Defense's (DOD's) new Reliability and Maintainability (RAM) engineering trend, such as quantitative hazard analysis, Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) analysis, and fault coverage analysis, using the traditional RAM tool — FMECA.
Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier

Schlegels Abhandlung Uber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier ist ein Produkt seines Paris-Aufenthalts seit dem Sommer 1802 sowie der fortgesetzten Beschaftigung mit ›orientalischen‹ Gegenstanden nach seiner Ruckkehr nach Deutschland im Fruhjahr 1804.
Integrative whole-genome copy number analysis and mutation profiling of FFPE brain tumor specimens and potential in designing multi-arm clinical trials.

11098 Background: Multi-dimensional cancer genotyping has the potential to advance clinical diagnostics and improve results of clinical trials by identifying targetable genomic aberrations for glio...
Automated Tracking of Cell Migration with Rapid Data Analysis.

Cell migration is essential for many biological processes including development, wound healing, and metastasis. However, studying cell migration often requires the time-consuming and labor-intensive task of manually tracking cells. To accelerate the task of obtaining coordinate positions of migrating cells, we have developed a graphical user interface (GUI) capable of automating the tracking of fluorescently labeled nuclei. This GUI provides an intuitive user interface that makes automated tracking accessible to researchers with no image-processing experience or familiarity with particle-tracking approaches. Using this GUI, users can interactively determine a minimum of four parameters to identify fluorescently labeled cells and automate acquisition of cell trajectories. Additional features allow for batch processing of numerous time-lapse images, curation of unwanted tracks, and subsequent statistical analysis of tracked cells. Statistical outputs allow users to evaluate migratory phenotypes, including cell speed, distance, displacement, and persistence, as well as measures of directional movement, such as forward migration index (FMI) and angular displacement. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: automated tracking; cell tracking; cell migration; time-lapse imaging
Children’s Developmental Needs During the Transition to Kindergarten: What Can Research on Social-Emotional, Motivational, Cognitive, and Self-Regulatory Development Tell Us?

The transition to Kindergarten is precisely aligned with a period of crucial individual development—a window of qualitative change so significant that it is sometimes referred to as “the five to seven year shift.” The goal of this chapter is to focus on that qualitative shift by drawing together the changes in social-emotional, motivational, cognitive, and self-regulatory development that normatively take place during this window and to highlight their implications for identifying children’s “developmental needs” during the transition to Kindergarten. The chapter is divided into four sections: one each on social-emotional, motivational, cognitive, and self-regulatory development. Within each domain, the primary normative developmental tasks during the 5–7-year shift are described, and the kinds of supports children typically need to negotiate these tasks successfully are summarized. These sections also consider differential development in each domain, describing the needs of children whose previous experiences at home or school did not prepare them to meet age-graded milestones. The conclusion section integrates information about these developments wholistically, based on the assumption that the success of students before, during, and after the transition to Kindergarten depends on whether educational programs and families come together to meet young children’s developmental needs.
Biomarkers of Traumatic Injury

Biomarkers are physiological indicators of a biological or disease state. While clinical measurements such as blood pressure and body temperature, and results from diagnostic imaging can be considered biomarkers, the term is generally reserved for the measure of biological molecules in samples taken from either the affected tissue or body fluids. These markers can be altered enzymatic activities, changes in gene or protein expression level, alterations in protein or lipid post-translational modifications, the appearance/disappearance of metabolites, or a combination of these changes. In this chapter, we discuss currently used and prospective biomarkers in the brain and other organs commonly subject to traumatic injury.
Apparent ELISA detection times for albuterol after administration with the torpex equine inhaler device

Single doses of one, three, and six actuations (120 micro g albuterol/actuation) and multiple daily doses (six actuations per dose four times daily) for 5 days of aerosol albuterol sulfate were sequentially administered to each of six horses using an equine inhaler device (Torpex, 3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN [corrected] and Boehringer Ingleheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, MO [corrected]). A 2-week washout period was allowed between each dose. ELISA testing revealed no evidence of albuterol in urine at 24 hours after any single-dose administration. Results indicated that 48 hours or longer should be allowed for albuterol to be cleared from urine after single doses. When given at the maximum recommended rate of six actuations per dose four times a day for 5 days, urine samples tested by ELISA showed no evidence of albuterol at 48 hours after the final dose. Testing of nasal swabs by ELISA demonstrated the presence of albuterol for 8 hours after each single dose, and some horses might have detectable levels of albuterol in nasal swabs for several days following administration of multiple doses. As a guideline for withdrawal time, 72 hours or longer should be allowed after administration of aerosol albuterol sulfate to horses before participation in equestrian competitions that are regulated for detection of certain performance-enhancing substances. However, these recommendations were based on a small sample of horses and the specific ELISA test used and interpreted as described. Factors specific to individual horses may influence these detection times.
A systematic review of the psychosocial impact of emotional numbing in US combat veterans.

CONTEXT Previous studies have linked posttraumatic emotional numbing symptoms in US combat veterans with an adverse impact in multiple important life domains. OBJECTIVES We updated and evaluated the evidence examining the psychosocial impact of combat-related emotional numbing, including ethnoracial and gender differences. METHOD We reviewed 1,209 articles published betwen January 2012 and 2018 and selected 24 studies for inclusion. We assessed the overall study quality as fair using a national quality assessment tool. RESULTS Studies found emotional numbing to wield adverse effects in the areas of symptom nonimprovement, mental health difficulties, increased service utilization, poor relationship functioning, reduced quality of life, substance use disorders, suicidality, and aggression/violence. We also found evidence of ethnoracial and gender differences in veterans' posttraumatic stress disorder-related emotional numbing symptoms. CONCLUSION Clinicians should incorporate findings on emotional numbing into assessment, treatment planning, and monitoring, to improve treatment retention and psychosocial outcomes. Implications for ethnoracial and gender differences require further exploration.
Noninteracting Multilayer Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multiwavelength Metaoptics

We report a multilayer dielectric metasurface platform that increases the design flexibility of metasurfaces. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate multiwavelength metaoptics using this platform. © 2019 The Author(s)
Quantitative in vivo imaging of neuronal glucose concentrations with a genetically encoded fluorescence lifetime sensor.

Glucose is an essential source of energy for the brain. Recently, the development of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors has allowed real time visualization of glucose dynamics from individual neurons and astrocytes. A major difficulty for this approach, even for ratiometric sensors, is the lack of a practical method to convert such measurements into actual concentrations in ex vivo brain tissue or in vivo. Fluorescence lifetime imaging provides a strategy to overcome this. In a previous study, we reported the lifetime glucose sensor iGlucoSnFR-TS (then called SweetieTS) for monitoring changes in neuronal glucose levels in response to stimulation. This genetically encoded sensor was generated by combining the Thermus thermophilus glucose-binding protein with a circularly permuted variant of the monomeric fluorescent protein T-Sapphire. Here, we provide more details on iGlucoSnFR-TS design and characterization, as well as pH and temperature sensitivities. For accurate estimation of glucose concentrations, the sensor must be calibrated at the same temperature as the experiments. We find that when the extracellular glucose concentration is in the range 2-10 mM, the intracellular glucose concentration in hippocampal neurons from acute brain slices is ~20% of the nominal external glucose concentration (~0.4-2 mM). We also measured the cytosolic neuronal glucose concentration in vivo, finding a range of ~0.7-2.5 mM in cortical neurons from awake mice.
The Heme Protein P-450 in Oxygen Activation: Carbon Monoxide Inhibition and Photochemical Action Spectroscopy as Tools to Study Its Catalytic Role

Complex membrane-bound multienzyme systems such as the ones located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver and other organs or those located predominantly in the inner membranes of the mitochondria of endocrine organs catalyze a variety of oxygenating processes which operate on many different endogenous (e.g. steroids, bile acids) as well as foreign compounds (e.g. drugs, pesticides, toxic chemicals, chemical carcinogens, and other xenobiotics). Atmospheric oxygen, O2, and reducing equivalents, provided by reduced pyridine nucleotides, are co-substrates in these reactions in which, in a formal sense, one or both of the atoms of the oxygen molecule are inserted into the reaction products (monooxygenation and dioxygenation, respectively).
Explicit descriptions of quadratic maps on $\mathbb{P}^1$ defined over a field $K$

We describe an explicit parameter space for the set of all quadratic rational maps on P 1 defined over a field K, up to conjugacy over K.
Projection Analysis of Mixed Methods

In this section, we will review some well-known (and some not so well-known) facts about the natural interpolation operator associated to the Raviart–Thomas space. Their original and very often quoted paper [109] contains a two-dimensional finite element for the \(\mathbf H(\mathrm {div},\varOmega )\) space, which is slightly different from the one that is now known as the RT space. The three-dimensional space is one of the many elements that appears in the first of the two big finite element papers by Nedelec [92, 93].
What Are You Afraid Of? Managing Staff Fear and Anxiety With Agitated Patients:

INTRODUCTION: Mental health workers frequently encounter situations in which patients display agitation and escalating behaviors, increasing the risk for assaults, injuries, time off, and possible ...
Gridless DOA Estimation and Root-MUSIC for Non-Uniform Linear Arrays

Gridless direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is addressed for a 1-D non-uniform array (NUA) of arbitrary geometry. Currently, gridless DOA estimation is solved via convex relaxation, and is applicable only to uniform linear arrays (ULA). The ULA sample covariance matrix has Toeplitz structure, and gridless DOA is based on the Vandermonde decomposition of this matrix. The Vandermonde decomposition breaks a Toeplitz matrix into its harmonic components, from which the DOAs are estimated. First, we present the irregular Toeplitz matrix and irregular Vandermonde decomposition (IVD), which generalizes the Vandermonde decomposition. It is shown that IVD is related to the MUSIC and root-MUSIC algorithms. Next, atomic norm minimization (ANM) for gridless DOA is generalized to NUA using the IVD. The resulting non-convex optimization is solved using alternating projections (AP). Simulations show the AP based solution for NUA/ULA has similar accuracy as convex relaxation of gridless DOA for ULA.
Case Scenario of Fluid Management for Thoracic Surgery

Perioperative fluid management for thoracic surgery is challenging and a subject of debate. Acute lung injury is not uncommon, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality after lung resections and esophagectomy. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and excessive perioperative fluid administration is considered a contributing factor. Restrictive and goal directed fluid therapy are described for thoracic surgery and it seems beneficial when applied with protective lung ventilation.
Is barium esophagram enough? Comparison of esophageal motility found on barium esophagram to high resolution manometry

Abstract Background The aim of the study is to determine if barium esophagram (BE) alone is sufficient to diagnose esophageal dysmotility when compared to the gold standard, high-resolution manometry (HRM). Methods This is a retrospective review of patients that underwent laparoscopic fundoplication by two surgeons at a single institution from 10/1/2015-6/29/2019. Patients with large paraesophageal hernias and patients without both BE and HRM were excluded. Results Forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. BE was found to be concordant with HRM for esophageal motility in only 21 patients (46%). Setting HRM as the gold standard, BE had a sensitivity of 14% (95% CI: 5%–35%), specificity of 72% (95% CI: 52%–86%), PPV of 30% (95% CI: 11%–60%), and NPV of 50% (95% CI: 35%–66%). The accuracy was 46%, while a McNemar test showed p = 0.028. Conclusion Traditional BE should not be used in place of HRM for assessing pre-operative motility in patients undergoing anti-reflux surgery.
Individuals’ marital instability mediates the association of their perceived childhood parental affection predicting adulthood depression across 18 years

Abstract Background: Parenting theories propose that lack of childhood parental affection confers increased vulnerability to heightened adulthood depression. However, only a few prospective studies have examined this topic, and no studies included mediators of the childhood parental affection–adulthood depression connection. Objective: This study examined parenting, and interpersonal theories by determining if participants’ (n= 2,825) mid-life marital instability mediated their perceived childhood parental affection predicting depressive symptoms in adulthood across 18 years. Methods: Childhood maternal and paternal affection (Parental Support Scale) was measured at Time 1 (T1). Depressive symptoms (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form) were measured at T1, Time 2 (T2), and Time 3 (T3), spaced approximately nine years apart. Marital instability (Marital Instability Index) was measured at T1 and T2. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to test whether perceived childhood parental affection would independently negatively predict T3 depressive symptoms, and if participants’ mid-life marital instability mediated those relations. All analyses adjusted for prior levels of mediator and outcome variables. Results: Lower perceived childhood maternal and paternal affection predicted higher T3 depressive symptoms. Lower childhood maternal and paternal affection predicted higher T2 marital instability. Greater marital instability in turn predicted elevated T3 depression. Individuals’ marital instability mediated those associations, by accounting for 17–20% of the total effects. Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of perceived childhood parental affection to nurture a strong marital bond to reduce the odds of developing major depressive disorder in middle-to-late adulthood.
Exploring an Opportunity to Support Local Food Systems through Online Food Delivery Services with Live-Streaming Farms in China

The use of online food delivery (OFD) services has skyrocketed despite lingering concerns about food safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has impacted most business sectors, including local farms and ranches whose channels to sell through local food markets have shut down. With the demand for food delivery is increasing while the local food market at risk, we saw an opportunity to connect these two complementary businesses through “live-streaming farms.” We conducted interviews to investigate the current challenges of using OFD services, designed and evaluated the concept of live-streaming farms in OFD services to promote sustainable local food systems. Our findings indicate that offering extra food-related information through live streaming could potentially reduce primary concerns about food safety for OFD users and build local food networks. We conclude by discussing the design considerations of live-streaming farms that can improve user experience with OFD and support the local food systems.
Pharmacologic Approaches to Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Few pharmacologic agents commonly used to manage pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been studied rigorously in pediatric populations. Although not the mainstay of prevention and risk reduction, pharmacologic agents have proven effective in treating acute sequelae of pediatric T2DM.
Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters

1. Introduction, 2. The perceived voter model 3. The policy roots of elite perceptions 4. Campaign perceptions quantified 5. The perceived partisan 6. The public code of racialized electioneering 7. Persuadable voters in the eyes of the persuaders 8. Voters perceived in social networks and consumer files 9. Conclusion 10. Appendices.
Fraternal twins: AQP1 and GlpF

The electron and X-ray crystallographic structures of AQP1 and GlpF, respectively, provide insights into the mechanisms of how water and small solutes such as glycerol selectively traverse lipid bilayers.
Professional Power and the Standard of Care in Medicine

American medicine has long fought to control the standard of care that physicians are expected to provide to their patients. It has waged battles on two fronts: against internal disagreements within the profession over what constitutes proper care, and against attempts to delineate the standard of care by forces outside the profession, such as private health insurers, the government, and the judicial system. In the early 1990s, forces within American medicine mounted an unprecedented attack on both fronts, pushing for laws permitting designated professional medical associations to articulate “medical practice guidelines” that would define the standard of care, and more importantly, that would serve as “safe harbors” so that physicians who demonstrated that they had complied with the guidelines would be protected from malpractice liability. The 1990s initiative was a failure, but the safe harbors notion has once again resurfaced, buoyed by expectations that new “evidence-based” medical practice guidelines will be able to overcome the obstacles that prevented earlier success. This article begins by describing the historical power struggle waged by medicine over control of the standard of care. It then describes the safe harbors concept and its historical background. Next, the article critically analyzes the safe harbors approach and explains its scientific weaknesses. The article then places the safe harbors concept in the context of medicine’s historic power struggles. The article concludes by defining the appropriate role for practice guidelines in malpractice disputes.
A randomized, placebo controlled, trial of preoperative sustained release Betamethasone plus non-controlled intraoperative Ketorolac or Fentanyl on pain after diagnostic laparoscopy or laparoscopic tubal ligation [ISRCTN52633712]

Gynecological laparoscopic surgery procedures are often complicated by postoperative pain resulting in an unpleasant experience for the patient, delayed discharge, and increased cost. Glucocorticosteroids have been suggested to reduce the severity and incidence of postoperative pain. This study examines the efficacy of a sustained release betamethasone preparation to reduce postoperative pain and the requirement for pain relief drugs after either diagnostic laparoscopy or tubal ligation. Patients were recruited, as presenting, after obtaining informed consent. Prior to surgery, patients were randomly selected by a computer generated table to receive either pharmacy-coded betamethasone (12 mg IM Celestone™) or an optically identical placebo injection of Intralipid™ and isotonic saline mixture. The effect of non-controlled prophylactic intraoperative treatment with either fentanyl or ketorolac per surgeon's orders was also noted in this study. Blood samples taken at recovery and at discharge times were extracted and analyzed for circulating betamethasone. Visual analog scale data on pain was gathered at six post-recovery time points in a triple blind fashion and statistically compared. The postoperative requirement for pain relief drugs was also examined. Although the injection achieved a sustained therapeutic concentration, no beneficial effect of IM betamethasone on postoperative pain or reduction in pain relief drugs was observed during the postoperative period. Indeed, the mean combined pain scores during the 2 hour postoperative period, adjusted for postoperative opioids as the major confounding factor, were higher approaching statistical significance (P = 0.056) in the treatment group. Higher pain scores were also observed for the tubal ligation patients relative to diagnostic laparoscopy. Intraoperative fentanyl treatment did not significantly lower the average pain score during the 2 hour postoperative period. Intraoperative ketorolac treatment significantly lowered (P = 0.027) pain scores and reduced the postoperative requirement for additional pain relief drugs. There was a lack of efficacy of preoperative sustained release betamethasone in reducing postoperative pain despite maintaining a therapeutic concentration during the postoperative period. Intraoperative Ketorolac did afford some short-term pain relief in the postoperative period and reduced the need for additional pain relief drugs.
Ddcde1, a Mutant Differentially Affecting Both Stage and Tissue Specific Expression of Dopa Decarboxylase in Drosophila

ABSTRACT The isolation and characterization of a unique Dopa decarboxylase ( Ddc ) mutant in Drosophila melanogaster is reported. This mutant, Ddc de1 , exhibits stage- and tissue-specific altered Ddc expression. Homozygous Ddc de1 embryos, central nervous systems (CNSs) at pupariation and newly eclosed adult epidermis all have approximately 5% as much specific dopa decarboxylase (DDC) activity as the pr control stock in which Ddc de1 was induced. In contrast, the Ddc de1 epidermis at pupariation has roughly 50% as much DDC activity as controls, a 10-fold increase over the relative activity detected in other tissues and stages. Although the adult cuticle lacks proper pigmentation as expected in flies with low DDC activity (?5%), the bristles unexpectedly have wild-type black pigmentation. This implies that the bristle forming cells have more DDC activity than the rest of the adult epidermis. This variegated phenotype, black bristles and pale cuticle, plus the fact that Ddc de1 was originally isolated in a reciprocal translocation between proximal X heterochromatin and the euchromatic left arm of the second chromosome, 42 bands from the Ddc locus, suggested that the mutant might be an example of position-effect variegation. All tests for position-effect variegation, including persistence of the mutant phenotype when Ddc de1 was removed from the translocation, were negative. At pupariation DDC cross-reacting material (CRM) levels are similar in Ddc de1 and wild-type controls, but in newly eclosed adults CRM levels are approximately 35% of wild-type controls. This suggests that DDC produced by Ddc de 1 adults has less activity per DDC molecule than the DDC produced at pupariation by Ddc de1 . If the DDC enzyme produced by Ddc de1 at adult eclosion had full DDC activity (35% DDC CRM = 35% DDC activity) then no mutant phenotype would be exhibited by Ddc de1 since flies with as little as 10% activity have a wild-type phenotype. DDC thermolability assays clearly demonstrate that DDC from Ddc de1 is more thermolabile than control DDC at both pupariation and adult eclosion. Furthermore, DDC from adults in both Ddc de1 and the pr control is more thermolabile than DDC from white prepupae. Mixing experiments indicate the difference in DDC thermolability between pr white prepupae and pr adults is not due to a difference in the white prepupal and adult supernatants. This suggests that in wild-type different isoforms of DDC are produced either by differences in post-translational modification or as a result of a different primary amino acid sequence. The lesion in Ddc de1 may be in a translated sequence which is more important for proper Ddc expression in embryos, CNSs at pupariation and adult epidermis than it is in white prepupal epidermis and the bristle-forming cells.
DEPT polarization transfer in 29Si-NMR investigations of organically modified alkoxysilanes

Abstract The DEPT heteronuclear polarization transfer pulse sequence was used to unambiguously assign the high-resolution 29Si-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) for the hydrolyzed monomer species in trimethylmethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane. The response of the DEPT sequence as a function of the interpulse delay time τ and the variable pulse angle θ were analyzed for spin systems with multiple heteronuclear J-couplings. These results allow the DEPT sequence to be optimized for sensitivity enhancement in addition to providing an editing method for 29Si-NMR of organically modified alkoxysilanes.
Adrenocortical and gonadal responses of female mice to increased population density.

SummaryNulliparous and parous albino, and nulliparous wild stock female mice were subjected to grouping. Weights of adrenals, thymus, spleen, ovaries, and uterus were obtained. Widths of the adrenocortical X- and fasciculata-reticularis zones were measured and number of cells in columns of fasciculata-reticularis determined. Weights of adrenals, thymus, and ovaries were not significantly affected by grouping. Increased adrenocortical activity with grouping was indicated by cellular hyperplasia of the zonae fasciculata-reticularis. Increased involution of the adrenal X-zone with grouping may be accounted for by increased adrenal androgens. Diminished uterine weight in grouped nulliparous females suggests suppression of gonadal function and gonadotrophin secretion. Based partly on prior evidence, it was concluded that an increase in splenic weight was associated with grouping. The observed responses account only in small part for the degree of adrenocortical activity and reproductive suppression in populati...
β-endorphin-induced hyperthermia in the cat

β-Endorphin was injected into the third cerebral ventricle (ICV) of conscious, unrestrained cats. Hyperthermic responses to 50 μg of this peptide were reduced by 20–100 μg naloxone given ICV 1 hr later. A dose of 40 μg β-endorphin increased body temperature at ambient temperatures of 4, 22 and 34°C, with the response being greater the warmer the environment. These results indicate that β-endorphin acts on a central naloxone-sensitive, receptor which is probably the ν2 receptor that is activated by low doses of D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide to evoke a similar pattern of change in body temperature over a comparable range of ambient temperatures.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of exchange-coupled pairs of Cr3+ ions in single crystals of CsMgCl3

Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of CsMgCl 3 doped with Cr 3+ shows the presence of antiferromagnetically coupled Cr 3+ pairs as well as several different types of “isolated” Cr 3+ ions. Interpretation of the pair spectrum requires an unusually large fourth order term in the spin Hamiltonian. The strong intensities of the pair resonances indicate that there is a much greater than statistical probability of forming these pairs. The pair appears to result from symmetrical grouping of two Cr 3+ ions about a Mg 2+ ion vacancy.
Photopolymerized low‐surface‐energy coatings based on a novel fluorinated ether acrylate

The synthesis, characterization, and polymerization of a perfluoroalkyl ether substituted methacrylic acid (C8F7) were investigated. C8F7 was photopolymerized at different temperatures, higher double-bond conversions being achieved at higher polymerization temperatures. The polymerization rates were fast in comparison with those of typical methacrylate esters. Thermogravimetric analysis of the obtained polymers showed thermal stabilities up to 270–290°C. The initial degradation at 200°C involved the loss of water and the partial loss of the perfluoroalcohol via the intramolecular formation of anhydride and lactone groups. The surface properties of coatings obtained with C8F7 coatings on various substrates were evaluated with water and hexadecane contact-angle measurements, which confirmed that low-surface-energy polymeric coatings were obtained. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3301–3314, 2004
Holocene fires in the northern Amazon basin

The ubiquitous occurrence of charcoal in the forest soils of the Upper Rio Negro region of Colombia and Venezuela indicates the presence of frequent and widespread fires in the Amazon Basin, possibly associated with extremely dry periods or human disturbances. Charcoal ranged from 3.12 to 24.76 mg/cm3 in the upper 50 cm of soil and was more abundant in Oxisols and Ultisols than in other soil types. Charcoal dates range from 6260 yr B.P. to the present. Several dates coincide with dry phases recorded during the Holocene. Ceramic shards were found at several sites, and thermoluminescence analysis indicates that their ages range from 3750 to 460 yr B.P. The age of charcoal and shards confirms that this region has been subjected to fire and human disturbances during the past 6000 yr.
A method to increase optical timing spectra measurement rates using a multi-hit TDC

Abstract A method is presented for using a modern time to digital converter (TDC) to increase the data collection rate for optical timing measurements such as scintillator decay times. It extends the conventional delayed coincidence method, where a synchronization signal “starts” a TDC and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) sampling the optical signal “stops” the TDC. Data acquisition rates are low with the conventional method because e, the light collection efficiency of the “stop” PMT, is artificially limited to e ≈ 0.01 photons per “start” signal to reduce the probability of detecting more than one photon during the sampling period. With conventional TDCs, these multiple photon events bias the time spectrum since only the first “stop” pulse is digitized. The new method uses a modern TDC to detect whether additional “stop” signals occur during the sampling period, and actively reject these multiple photon events. This allows e to be increased to almost 1 photon per “start” signal, which maximizes the data acquisition rate at a value nearly 20 times higher. Multi-hit TDCs can digitize the arrival times of n “stop” signals per “start” signal, which allows e to be increased to ≈ 3n 4 . While overlap of the “stop” signals prevents the full gain in data collection rate to be realized, significant improvements are possible for most applications.
It Doesn't Matter If You Said That Or Not, Receivers Still Have Rights: Unraveling the Constitutional Tangle of Wasson

(2002). It Doesn't Matter If You Said That Or Not, Receivers Still Have Rights: Unraveling the Constitutional Tangle of Wasson. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Dump truck operator vibration control in high-impact shovel loading operations

The shovel-truck system is used in surface mines due to its flexibility, low-cost operations, maintainability and multi-face operating capability. Technological advances have resulted in large shovels and trucks for bulk, economic operations causing high-impact shovel loading operations (HISLO). The resulting HISLO impact forces cause significant vibrations, which are transmitted through the truck frame into an operator's cabin. Long-term exposure to these vibrations could cause lower back injuries, spine injuries and other musculoskeletal diseases. Previous research has focused on truck dynamic simulation using multi-body dynamics and finite element method within the haulage segment of the production chain. This article focuses on truck vibrations in the dumping process. Mathematical models are developed to capture the vibration response of an integrated operator–machine–material system. Virtual prototype models are developed to simulate the response of the integrated system suspension to vibrations in M...
Interspecific incompatibility due to stylar barriers in tuber-bearing and closely related non-tuber-bearing Solanums

The phenomenon of interspecific incompatibility between various wild tuber-bearing and closely related non-tuber-bearing Solanum species was studied. One area of investigation included an examination of possible protein interactions in the incompatibility reaction using SDS electrophoresis. Pollen tube inhibition and morphology were examined in conjunction with biochemical analysis. Two sets of crosses were examined: interspecific tuber-bearing species crosses and interspecific tuber-bearing × non-tuber-bearing species crosses. These crosses had consistent pollen tube inhibition in the upper one-third of the style. The upper third of the styles of incompatibly pollinated, compatibly pollinated, and unpollinated styles was studied under fluorescence microscopy to observe pollen tube growth and morphology. Interspecific tuber-bearing × non-tuber-bearing species crosses demonstrated consistent pollen tube inhibition just below the stigma with frequent pollen tube swelling and bursting and extensive callose deposition along the pollen tube wall. Interspecific tuber-bearing species crosses had pollen tube inhibition further down the style with pollen tube tip tapering and extensive callose deposition. Stylar proteins of the lower two-thirds of the styles were analyzed with SDS electrophoresis. No unique protein differences were found to be specifically associated with the interspecific incompatibility reaction in this portion of the style.
Kinematically correct optical potentials

Abstract The Watson multiple scattering formalism for the optical potential describing elastic nucleon-nucleus scattering is developed while paying careful attention to the kinematics. No approximations are made in handling the recoil of the target nucleus so that internal and external energies can be uniquely separated. The resultant formalism allows a careful examination of the impulse, form-factor, and closure approximations without the confusion of the admixture of recoil energies; it also allows an explicit display of the nuclear correlations due to target recoil. With the many necessary (but incompletely understood) approximations explicity displayed, it appears that their confluence makes it unlikely that meaningful information about dynamical correlations in light nuclei can be obtained from elastic double-scattering experiments.
Science Knowledge and Efficacy Beliefs Among Preservice Elementary Teachers: A Follow-Up Study

Slightly over two years ago aspects of knowledge and efficacy beliefs among preservice elementary teachers regarding science education were examined. Those results indicated a low level of science knowledge and a marked lack of confidence toward teaching science among prospective teachers. In the interim suggestions from that study have resulted in an increase in the number of required science courses that have been implemented in the teacher education program. The current, follow-up, study, found no increase in science content knowledge but did identify positive changes in efficacy beliefs. The results are discussed relative to Locus of Control theory.
“All Those Truly Acquainted with the History of Those Times”: John Adams and the Opposition Politics of Revolutionary England, ca. 1640–41

In the aftermath of the Stamp Act crisis, John Adams encountered a volume of English revolutionary pamphlets from the early 1640s. By examining that volume within the context of Adams's evolving political and historical thought, this article illustrates how the puritan experience of tyranny helped to justify opposition to British imperial authority.
Molecular simulation of protein-surface interactions: Benefits, problems, solutions, and future directions (Review)

While the importance of protein adsorption to materials surfaces is widely recognized, little is understood at this time regarding how to design surfaces to control protein adsorption behavior. All-atom empirical force field molecular simulation methods have enormous potential to address this problem by providing an approach to directly investigate the adsorption behavior of peptides and proteins at the atomic level. As with any type of technology, however, these methods must be appropriately developed and applied if they are to provide realistic and useful results. Three issues that are particularly important for the accurate simulation of protein adsorption behavior are the selection of a valid force field to represent the atomic-level interactions involved, the accurate representation of solvation effects, and system sampling. In this article, each of these areas is addressed and future directions for continued development are presented.
Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage

Utilizing equity theory, this study extends previous research on maintenance strategies. The manner in which relational maintenance strategies are reported and perceived is examined. It was hypothesized that maintenance strategies are used more in equitable relationships than in relationships characterized by underbenefitedness. Further, the use of maintenance efforts by individuals in overbenefited relationships was explored. In addition, this study examined the relative contribution of self‐reported maintenance strategies, perception of partners’ maintenance strategies, and equity in predicting the relational characteristics. Overall, the level of felt equity was found to be related to individuals’ use of, and perceptions of partners’ use of, maintenance strategies in a pattern consistent with equity theory. However, the findings varied somewhat when relying on wives’ versus husbands’ equity judgments. Moreover, self‐reported maintenance strategies as well as perceptions of partners’ maintenance strateg...
A rolling horizon approach to distribution feeder reconfiguration with switching costs

We consider the feeder reconfiguration problem in distribution systems for the purpose of reducing system losses. Prior work to address this problem has primarily focused on minimizing the electricity losses at a given operating time and ignores the cost of switching operations. In our problem formulation, we have included a cost term to penalize frequent switching actions and focused on minimizing the operation cost over a specified planning horizon rather than at a fixed operating point. A rolling horizon framework is applied on top of the Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm to search for the best combination of the hourly switching actions. The resulting solutions optimize the system performance while keeping the number of switching operations at a minimum level.
Is selective preservation of nitrogenous organic matter reflected in the δ13C signal of lacustrine sediments

Abstract The δ 13 C and C/N ratios of organic matter in core from a lake near Kalamazoo, SW Michigan, representing ∼12 k years were measured. The δ 13 C values of two fractions, one obtained by demineralization using dilute hydrochloric acid ( δ 13 C HCl ) and the other a fraction obtained by HF–HCl digestion ( δ 13 C HF–HCl ), ranged from −24 to −12‰ with the δ 13 C HF–HCl being generally more negative. Both fractions showed a similar pattern of variation with depth. The δ 13 C values are less negative when compared to sediment organic δ 13 C values from other Midwestern lakes, but are consistent with a dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) source. The C/N ratios of the HCl fraction ranged from 11 to 12, typical of organic carbon in midwestern lakes. However, the C/N ratios of the HF–HCl residue varied from 13 to 25 suggesting that this fraction had lost components enriched in nitrogen. Because compounds such as proteins and amino acids (hereafter referred to as NC for `nitrogenous compounds') in sediments are more labile, enriched in δ 13 C and lower in C/N ratios, compared to more stable lignin and cellulose, it is interpreted that the HF–HCl digestion removed these compounds. A Δ 13 C parameter defined as: Δ 13 C =δ 13 C HCl −δ 13 C HF–HCl should, in principle, be controlled by fluctuations in the preservation of NC in the water column. Previous studies have linked preservation of nitrogenous compounds in sediments to existing climate. This hypothesis is supported by a good correlation between the Δ 13 C parameter and the previously demonstrated climate-sensitive organic δ D record in this lake core. Moreover, the δ 13 C correlated strongly with percentage organic carbon content in this core. This behavior is consistent with a process where increased organic carbon production and burial depletes the DIC in 12 C , thereby reducing the fractionation between the organic and inorganic reservoirs.
Localization of α-methylnorepinephrine in sympathetic nerve fibers of the pineal body

Abstract The depletion of granular vesicles in sympathetic nerve fibers of rat pineal body was reversed by α-methylnorepinephrine. The latter, being intensely osmiophilic, was localized electron microscopically in the nerve fibers in the ∼ 200-A granules of granular vesicles, which normally are associated with the storage of norepinephrine. This is the first direct visualization of a “false neurochemical transmitter.”