cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen as Future Energy Carrier

The use of hydrogen has the potential of strongly reducing the impact of mobility on global warming and urban air pollution, overcoming the present dependence of transportation means on oil. Hydrogen is not a primary source but it is an energy carrier that can be produced starting from any primary sources, included fossil, renewable and nuclear. However criticalities related to production costs, absence of massive distribution networks and low capacity of existent on-board storage devices limit its diffusion, in particular in the transportation sector. The different methods for hydrogen production and storage are discussed in this chapter, together with the main infrastructure concerns. The analysis of production technologies takes into account the role of different primary resources, while the possible development of hydrogen distribution networks is discussed considering their correlation with the production methods. The potentialities and the barriers of different hydrogen storage approaches are detailed evidencing the need of matching the severe vehicle range requirements, today satisfied by liquid fuels.
An Improved Approximation Algorithm for the Metric Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem

We design a new approximation algorithm for the metric uncapacitated facility location problem. This algorithm is of LP rounding type and is based on a rounding technique developed in [5,6,7].
Crowding Out: How Big A Problem?

Although they use different methods, both David Cutler and Jonathan Gruber and Lisa Dubay and Genevieve Kenney find that the crowding out of private insurance is a serious issue for Medicaid expansions that cover children and pregnant women, particularly those that extend coverage to persons with incomes above the federal poverty line. Analyzing this issue is difficult because it is hard to control for the secular and business cycle–induced declines in employersponsored coverage. Thus, it is not surprising that the authors’ estimates differ. However, both studies seem to agree that the potential for crowding out is great, especially for the near-poor. Here, I comment on themeaning of these results. n Access to private coverage. Although at least 17 percent and possibly as much as 50 percent of the added coverage attributable to Medicaid expansions to cover low-income children and pregnant women might be offset by directly related reductions in private coverage, the rest of the expanded coverage would not be offset. For the most part, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, Medicaid extended coverage to persons who otherwise would be uninsured. By 1994 Medicaid covered 5.2 million children and pregnant women under poverty-related expansions. Based on the results by Cutler and Gruber and by Dubay and Kenney, 80 percent of the new enrollees, or four million Americans, would have been uninsured in the absence of the expansions. Cutler and Gruber’s results suggest a spillover effect in which persons not eligible for Medicaid would have dropped private coverage. If all of the Medicaid enrollment increases that occurred during this period, including growth in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and disabled populations, had not occurred, there would be even more uninsured low-income Americans. Between 1988 and 1993 nine million enrollees were added to Medicaid; most of them were below poverty and therefore were unlikely to have had access to private coverage. n Employer-sponsored coverage. Employer-sponsored coveragewas declining during this period for all groups, even persons with higher incomes. These declines likely were caused by factors other than crowding out, such as large increases in insurance premiums relative to the compensation increases that businesses could afford. Medicaid crowding out had a small effect on the decline in employer-sponsored coverage. Between 1988 and 1993 the percentage of nonelderly persons with employer-sponsored coverage fell from 67 percent to 61 percent. If the proportion with employer-sponsored coverage had stayed at 67 percent, 13.3 million more persons would have had coverage in 1993. If 50 percent of the increase in Medicaid enrollment during this period resulted in crowding out, then 4.5 million persons declined private coverage because of the availability of Medicaid. If only 20 percent of the increase in Medicaid resulted in crowding out, then 1.8 million low-income persons gave up private
Visitor attitudes and value orientations for a proposed national monument

Abstract Researchers developed this study to examine the attitudes and value orientations of those people visiting the area for outdoor recreation use (e.g., climbing, hiking, off-highway vehicle riding) for a proposed national monument in the Greater Canyonlands National Park (GCNP) area in southeastern Utah (UT), United States of America (USA). To do this, we surveyed 339 people recreating in a popular recreation destination within the boundary of the proposed national monument. We were interested in (1) people's support of the national monument designation, (2) perceived benefits and impacts of the national monument designation, and (3) what underlying factors drive people's attitudes and perceptions toward national monument designations. Environmental orientation was a strong predictor of attitudes. Researchers found more biocentric-oriented people were more likely to have favorable attitudes toward the monument and were more opposed to land uses such as mining and energy development. Management implications Overall, this study provides the following implications for management: • Decision-makers should consider visitors’ value orientations, support, perceptions and attitudes toward changes in land protection and subsequent management. • Management of protected areas must incorporate the values and concerns of various stakeholder groups involved with the landscape's natural and cultural resources. • Decision-makers designating national monuments should consider: (1) who is using the area (and how), (2) how the public feels about the area, and (3) perceived threats to the area and surrounding communities. • Those involved with national monument designation, policy and management should seek to minimize conflict and increase the acceptance among stakeholders. • To reduce public conflict, national monument designation should involve transparent, collaborative and democratic processes with Congress, rather than by executive order.
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Attenuates Hedonic Feeding Without Impacting Alcohol Drinking in Rats.

Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are the most commonly performed bariatric procedures. Whereas studies report new-onset alcohol misuse following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the impact of VSG on alcohol intake is less clear. Hedonic feeding, alcohol drinking, and hypothalamic obesity-related gene expression following VSG were evaluated. Methods Male Long-Evans rats underwent VSG or sham surgery. To evaluate hedonic feeding, rats received a high-fat diet following behavioral satiation on chow. Alcohol (5%-10% v/v) drinking was assessed in a two-bottle choice paradigm. Finally, polymerase chain reaction array evaluated gene expression. Results VSG induced moderate but significant weight loss. Sham rats significantly escalated high-fat diet intake following behavioral satiation, an effect significantly reduced in VSG rats. A moderate decrease in alcohol intake was observed in VSG rats at low (5%) alcohol concentration. However, overall, no significant between-group differences were evident. Key hypothalamic orexigenic transcripts linked to stimulation of food and alcohol intake were significantly decreased in VSG rats. Conclusions VSG attenuated hedonic feeding without impacting alcohol drinking, an effect potentially mediated by alterations in genetic information flow within the hypothalamus. Importantly, these data highlight VSG as an effective bariatric procedure with a potentially reduced risk of developing alcohol use disorder.
“Repeal and replace”: increased demand for intrauterine devices following the 2016 presidential election.

Abstract Objective To evaluate public's interest in contraceptive options following heightened focus on a repeal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) since the 2016 United States presidential election. Study design We monitored the fraction of Google searches emerging from the United States for the three most popular reversible contraceptive methods — oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs) and condoms — from January 1, 2004, through October 31, 2017 (1 year after the presidential election). Results IUD searches were cumulatively 15% (95% CI: 10 to 20) higher than expected the year following the 2016 election, reflecting 10 to 21 million excess searches. IUD searches were statistically significantly higher in all states, except NV, and were consistent across states won by Trump or Clinton (Welch t test=0.60, p=.548). Conversely, searches for oral contraceptives and condoms remained stable (0%; 95% CI: −2 to 1) or declined (−4%; 95% CI: −5 to −2), respectively, following the election. Conclusions The etiology of increased searches for IUDs is likely multifaceted. However, it may largely be because IUDs will confer continued protection even after an ACA repeal, thereby providing a medical hedge against a possible repeal. Regardless, these data suggest the heightened focus on an ACA repeal is a concern to the record number of Americans seeking out information about IUDs.
Evaluability assessment of “growing healthy communities,” a mini-grant program to improve access to healthy foods and places for physical activity

Mini-grants have been used to stimulate multisector collaboration in support of public health initiatives by funding non-traditional partners, such as economic development organizations. Such mini-grants have the potential to increase access to healthy foods and places for physical activity through built environment change, especially in small and rural towns in the United States. Although a promising practice, few mini-grant evaluations have been done. Therefore, our purpose was to conduct an Evaluability Assessment (EA), which is a process that can help promising programs that lack evidence advance toward full-scale evaluation. Specifically, we conducted an Evaluability Assessment of a statewide mini-grant program, called “Growing Healthy Communities” (GHC), to determine if this program was ready for evaluation and identify any changes needed for future implementation and evaluation that could also inform similar programs. Telephone interviews with directors of six past mini-grant recipient organizations were conducted to assess implementation and evaluability. The six interviews were split equally among agencies receiving funding for food-oriented projects and physical activity-oriented projects. Within- and cross-case thematic analyses of interview transcripts were conducted. Organizational capacity was a universal theme, reflecting other key themes (described in detail in the manuscript) that affected program implementation and evaluation, including collaboration, limited time and measurement integration. Conclusions. The EA process provided pilot data that suggest that other state, regional, and national funders should provide centralized assistance for data collection and evaluation from the outset of a mini-grant award program.
Systemic Candidiasis: Candidemia and Deep-Organ Infections

This chapter reviews the clinical characteristics and specific treatment recommendations for the various types of invasive candidiasis, beginning with candidemia. Systemic candidiasis refers to end-organ disease stemming from hematogenous seeding, since any blood-borne Candidainfection may infect the organs through which it circulates. The risk factors for candidemia are numerous and well described in the chapter, including neutropenia, receipt of immunosuppressive drugs and other conditions associated with suppressed immune function, receipt of broad-spectrum antibiotics, use of central venous catheters and total parenteral nutrition, gastrointestinal surgery, burn injuries, and hemo-dialysis and other forms of renal replacement therapy. The chapter also reviews empirical therapy and treatment of proven candidemia in both nonneutropenic and neutropenic hosts. Unlike the case with non-neutropenic hosts, the use of empirical antifungal therapy among febrile neutropenic hosts is well established and validated by outcome data in clinical trials. In considering the treatment of proven candidemia it is useful to divide management decisions into those made prior to the identification of Candida species and those made afterwards. Candidemia due to Candida parapsilosis is generally catheter related, favoring routine catheter removal. All patients with candidemia require an ophthalmologic examination to exclude Candida endophthalmitis. This examination is best undertaken after the initiation of therapy and sterilization of the bloodstream, in order to minimize the possibility of subsequently seeding the eye. Similarly, any findings suggestive of an infectious process in other end organs should be investigated to exclude invasive candidiasis.
A Sociotechnical Approach to Project Success for Multi-Stakeholder, Dynamic System Development Project Environments

In this paper the authors explore a novel quantitative approach for measuring conditions conducive for successful project performance by modeling and analyzing the complex relationships between stakeholders as a sociotechnical system. This approach combines a dynamic assessment of supplier/acquirer concurrence on issues of importance and measures both their commitment and the concurrence between the two parties. Key to the approach is the modeling of a project as a network of stakeholders who need to cooperate to successfully realize the envisioned outcome of the project. The authors leverage belief modeling introduced in previous conference proceedings by the authors. Alignment of beliefs between parties is modeled an assessed in areas critical to project success. Further the authors applied the concept of information entropy based upon belief trajectories over time to assess the stability of the project environment. Further, belief alignment provides a useful measure to perform postmortem, failure forensics and to predict and test future courses of action.To test this assertion, an algorithmic, computational model was created. The model was then tested using a multi-case study approach with case studies of projects with ranges of outcomes and project success belief trajectories.
A tutorial guide on new particle formation experiments using a laminar flow reactor

Abstract New particle formation (NPF) produces about 50% of the global cloud condensation nuclei in the troposphere. As such, NPF plays a crucial role in climate. Despite advancements in instrumentation capable of measuring freshly formed aerosol particles down to ~ 1 nm in diameter, the mechanisms behind NPF remain understudied due to the complex composition and chemistry of the atmosphere. Nucleation is the first step of NPF and involves gaseous precursors reacting to form stable clusters; consequently, it is essential to understand the reaction kinetics behind nucleation reactions. Controlled laboratory experiments have previously been used to examine these reactions, which can occur at extremely low reactant concentrations (i.e., parts per quadrillion level, 105 cm−3) or lower. Nucleation experiments require pristine conditions for the reactions to proceed without interference from unpredictable contaminants. Here, a low-cost flow reactor is presented that minimizes contamination and allows for nucleation kinetics to be observed. The layout and setup of an example reactor are presented with a brief discussion on how to operate the reactor to ensure cleanliness and repeatability. In addition, methods for quantifying nucleation reactants as well as analytical measurement techniques to adequately measure nucleation kinetics in this flow reactor system are described. This experimental protocol can be employed to characterize nucleation reactions that can ultimately be used to develop nucleation models important for predicting how aerosol particles influence climate.
The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus Rates and Office-Based Buprenorphine Access in Ohio.

Background The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. Methods We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. Results For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%). For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12% (95% CI: 7%, 17%) higher. For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%) higher. For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14% (95% CI: 7%, 20%) higher. Conclusions Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.
Determination of Exploitation in a Disruptive and Unjust Gig-Economy

The purpose of this report is an appraisal of the gig economy; educating and informing an academic audience of the faults that exist and how these faults lead to exploitation and unjustness in the gig economy. During the writing process, I researched the academic articles and books related to the gig economy and exploitation, enabling myself to form a solid foundation from which to conduct further research. In addition, work was conducted to synthesize the journal articles, online resources and books. The scope of this report examines the corpus of the text relating to the gig economy and exploitation and I emphasize some of the ways the writers manage to display the exploitation and the unjustness in the gig economy.
COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis (CAM): risk factors and mechanisms of disease.

The severe surge of COVID-19 cases in the Indian subcontinent in early 2021 was marked by an unusually high number of cases of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) reported during this period. This is significantly higher than predicted based on available data about prevalence or risk factors for this condition. This may be from an unusual alignment of multiple risk factors for this condition. There is high background prevalence of mucormycosis in India probably from high prevalence of risk factors, including undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes. COVID-19 induced immune dysregulation, and immune suppression from steroid therapy increase the risk. The role of environmental exposure is unclear. System factors like lack of access to healthcare during a pandemic may result in delayed diagnosis or suboptimal management with potentially poor outcomes. This is a review of currently identified risk factors and pathogenesis of CAM in a pandemic surge.
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Drainage Increases With Gravity and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Pulsations: Benchtop Model

Background There have been few improvements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt technology since John Holter introduced the silicon valve, with overdrainage remaining a major source of complications. Objective To better understand why valves are afflicted by supra-normal CSF flow rates. We present in Vitro benchtop analyses of flow through a differential pressure valve under simulated physiological conditions. Methods The pseudo-ventricle benchtop valve testing platform that comprises a rigid pseudo-ventricle, compliance chamber, pulsation generator, and pressure sensors was used to measure flow rates through a differential pressure shunt valve under the following simulated physiological conditions: orientation (horizontal/vertical), compliance (low/medium/high), and pulsation generator force (low/medium/high). Results Our data show that pulse pressures are faithfully transmitted from the ventricle to the valve, that lower compliance and higher pulse generator forces lead to higher pulse pressures in the pseudo-ventricle, and that both gravity and higher pulse pressure lead to higher flow rates. The presence of a valve mitigates but does not eliminate these higher flow rates. Conclusion Shunt valves are prone to gravity-dependent overdrainage, which has motivated the development of gravitational valves and antisiphon devices. This study shows that overdrainage is not limited to the vertical position but that pulse pressures that simulate rhythmic (eg, cardiac) and provoked (eg, Valsalva) physiological CSF pulsations increase outflow in both the horizontal and vertical positions and are dependent on compliance. A deeper understanding of the physiological parameters that affect intracranial pressure and flow through shunt systems is prerequisite to the development of novel valves.
Dcp2 C-terminal Cis-Binding Elements Control Selective Targeting of the Decapping Enzyme by Forming Distinct Decapping Complexes

SUMMARY A single Dcp1-Dcp2 decapping enzyme targets diverse classes of yeast mRNAs for decapping-dependent 5’ to 3’ decay, but the molecular mechanisms controlling selective mRNA targeting by the enzyme remain elusive. Through extensive genetic analyses we uncover cis-regulatory elements in the Dcp2 C-terminal domain that control selective targeting of the decapping enzyme by forming distinct decapping complexes. Two Upf1-binding motifs target the decapping enzyme to NMD substrates, and a single Edc3-binding motif targets both Edc3 and Dhh1 substrates. Pat1-binding leucine-rich motifs target Edc3 and Dhh1 substrates under selective conditions. Although it functions as a unique targeting component of specific complexes, Edc3 is a common component of multiple complexes. Xrn1 also has a specific Dcp2 binding site, allowing it to be directly recruited to decapping complexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Upf1, Edc3, and Pat1 function as regulatory subunits of the holo-decapping enzyme, controlling both its targeting specificity and enzymatic activation. Highlights Loss of Dcp2 cis-binding elements causes selective stabilization of distinct decapping substrates Dcp2 cis-binding elements promote the assembly of target-specific decapping complexes in vivo Xrn1 binds to Dcp2, and both Edc3 and Xrn1 are common components of multiple decapping complexes Upf1, Edc3, and Pat1 function as unique targeting subunits of the yeast holo-decapping enzyme
The NEURON Book: How to expand NEURON's library of mechanisms

Now, one of the peculiar characteristics of the savage in his domestic hours, is his wonderful patience of industry. An ancient Hawaiian war-club or spear-paddle, in its full multiplicity and elaboration of carving, is as great a trophy of human perseverance as a Latin lexicon. For, with but a bit of broken sea-shell or a shark's tooth, that miraculous intricacy of wooden network has been achieved; and it has cost steady years of steady application. Neuronal function involves the interaction of electrical and chemical signals that are distributed in time and space. The mechanisms that generate these signals and regulate their interactions are marked by a wide diversity of properties, differing across neuronal cell class, developmental stage, and species (e.g. Chapter 7 in (Johnston and Wu 1995); also see (McCormick 1998)). To be useful in research, a simulation environment must provide a flexible and powerful means for incorporating new biophysical mechanisms in models. It must also help the user remain focused on the model instead of programming. Such a means is provided to NEURON by NMODL, a high level language that was originally implemented for NEURON by Michael Hines and later extended by him and Upinder Bhalla to generate code suitable for linking with GENESIS (Wilson and Bower 1989).
Robust Measures of Location

Prior to the year 1960, the available tools for understanding the effects of nonnormality on conventional hypothesis testing methods were rather lim- ited. Studies prior to the year 1960 seemed to suggest that nonnormality is not an issue when the goal is to make inferences about population means. But starting in the year 1960, a series of insights made it clear that finding improved methods is critical to those trying to understand data. Many such methods have been developed. The more basic techniques are described in Part II of this book.
The Drama of International Business: Why Cross-Cultural Training Simulations Work.

Purpose – To explain why cross‐cultural negotiations simulations are an excellent, active, and dramatic means of training employees to be culturally adaptable and literate.Design/methodology/approach – Through a discussion of how drama plays an important role in creating learning that lasts, and by comparing passive, traditional classroom training with active, hands‐on, experiential learning. The paper discusses the high value cross‐cultural simulations in training employees to be culturally adaptable and literate.Findings – Provides an explanation of how and why the dramatic elements of international business can and should be incorporated into cross‐cultural simulations and how those elements can dramatically enhance learning.Research limitations/implications – It is not a detailed step‐by‐step discussion of how each of the author's simulations has been researched and written. It does, however, discuss the overall role that drama plays in creating and designing simulations that work well.Practical impli...
Power efficient instruction caches for embedded systems

Instruction caches typically consume 27% of the total power in modern high-end embedded systems. We propose a compiler-managed instruction store architecture (K-store) that places the computation intensive loops in a scratch-pad like SRAM memory and allocates the remaining instructions to a regular instruction cache. At runtime, execution is switched dynamically between the instructions in the traditional instruction cache and the ones in the K-store, by inserting jump instructions. The necessary jump instructions add 0.038% on an average to the total dynamic instruction count. We compare the performance and energy consumption of our K-store with that of a conventional instruction cache of equal size. When used in lieu of a 8KB, 4-way associative instruction cache, K-store provides 32% reduction in energy and 7% reduction in execution time. Unlike loop caches, K-store maps the frequent code in a reserved address space and hence, it can switch between the kernel memory and the instruction cache without any noticeable performance penalty.
Temporal and spatial pattern of thermokarst lake area changes at Yukon Flats, Alaska

To better understand the linkage between lake area change, permafrost conditions and intra-annual and inter-annual variability in climate, we explored the temporal and spatial patterns of lake area changes for a 422 382-ha study area within Yukon Flats, Alaska using Landsat images of 17 dates between 1984 and 2009. Only closed basin lakes were used in this study. Among the 3529 lakes greater than 1 ha, closed basin lakes accounted for 65% by number and 50% by area. A multiple linear regression model was built to quantify the temporal change in total lake area with consideration of its intra-annual and inter-annual variability. The results showed that 80.7% of lake area variability was attributed to intra-annual and inter-annual variability in local water balance and mean temperature since snowmelt (interpreted as a proxy for seasonal thaw depth). Another 14.3% was associated with long-term change. Among 2280 lakes, 350 lakes shrank, and 103 lakes expanded. The lakes with similar change trends formed distinct clusters, so did the lakes with similar short term intra-annual and inter-annual variability. By analysing potential factors driving lake area changes including evaporation, precipitation, indicators for regional permafrost change, and flooding, we found that ice-jam flooding events were the most likely explanation for the observed temporal pattern. In addition to changes in the frequency of ice jam flooding events, the observed changes of individual lakes may be influenced by local variability in permafrost distributions and/or degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral, formal, and nonlinear stability in a layered quasigeostrophic model with application to the Atlantic North Equatorial Current

Abstract The stability properties of a baroclinic zonal current on the β plane are studied using a three-layer quasigeostrophic model. The model is Lie-Poisson Hamiltonian as neither forcing nor dissipation are considered. The associated integrals of motion (energy, zonal momentum, and vorticity-related Casimirs) are used in Arnold's method to evaluate formal and nonlinear (or Lyapunov) stability conditions. Six parameters entirely determine the solutions of the stability problem. The latter including: one nondimensional wavenumber of the perturbation; one stratification parameter; two Charney numbers, one planetary and one topographic (due to the geostrophic slope of the lower interface in the basic state); and two aspect ratio parameters which relate to the thicknesses of the layers in the reference state. Hydrographic data are employed to evaluate numerically the inferred stability properties in order to study the significance of baroclinic instability in a region mainly influenced by the Atlantic North Equatorial Current (NEC). The data suggest that the NEC is spectrally unstable, reflecting that the current is far too wide for a Hamiltonian (pseudo energy-momentum integral) to be negative definite. The nature of the instability is studied by virtue of the resonant interplay of vorticity-related and Rossby-like elementary modes. Growth rates and wavelengths of the most destabilizing perturbations compare well within reasonable bounds with the few in situ observations reported in the literature. A reduced-gravity two-layer model is shown to be incapable of accounting for the instability, suggesting that ocean interior effects are important in the stability properties of the NEC.
A Evolução da Linguagem Musical de Bartók

Este artigo demonstra como a linguagem musical de Bartok foi moldada por dois procedimentos distintos, todavia convergentes: o emprestimo de fontes musicais folcloricas da Europa Oriental, por um lado, que se imbricam progressivamente com as estruturacoes abstratas da musica pos-tonal, por outro. Essa evolucao implicou em um novo tipo de sistema tonal e em novos meios de progressao harmonica. Demonstra-se como a transformacao de sua linguagem musical parte do arranjo de cancoes folcloricas, passa pela composicao com melodias folcloricas, e atinge finalmente a abstracao com a fusao de colecoes simetricas a elementos modais da musica folclorica. Sao analisadas pecas representativas das etapas desse processo: a Primeira das Oito Cancoes Folcloricas Hungaras , e tres das Oito Improvisacoes sobre Cancoes Camponesas Hungaras para piano op. 20. Destaque especial e dado ao tetracorde chamado de “celula Z”. O artigo conclui que a evolucao do estilo de Bartok, na direcao de um idioma musical pessoal, baseou-se na utilizacao as doze notas do total cromatico, mas de uma maneira diferente da de Schoenberg.
Objective framework for early-stage comparison of software development project types

This paper proposes to establish a framework for use in the earliest stages of a software project for comparing the various types of software development, thus allowing this information to be part of the project selection process. The possible types of software development projects are classified into three categories: new development, reuse-based without modification, and reuse-based with modification. We propose to utilize a decision tree framework that includes quantitative risk management related to project cost and possible project success. The quantitative risk analysis consists of cost estimation, possibility (success rate), Net Present Value (NPV), and Expected Monetary Value (EMV). Probabilistic schedule estimation based on the International Function Point User Group (IFPUG) function point analysis and the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) regression equations (on which we previously conducted research) is also fundamental to the project cost estimation of each decision node. The use of the proposed framework provides more accurate and objective comparisons among the types of software development in the early stages of the software project life cycle.
Heat Regenerators: Direct-Contact Heat Storing Exchangers Using a Batch of Solids

Because solids, on a volume basis, have a very large heat capacity compared to gases, they can effectively be used as an intermediary in the transfer of heat from one gas to another. This requires a two-step operation. In the first step hot gas gives up its heat to cold solids. The solids heat up, and then in the second step the solids release this heat to a second cold gas. For continuous operations regenerators are used in pairs, as shown in Fig. 15.1.
TVA's Regenesys energy storage project

Multi-megawatt energy storage facilities can offer a number of benefits to a utility. Some of these are improved power reliability, transmission stability, frequency regulation, energy arbitrage, and deferral of transmission upgrades. TVA is constructing a Regenesys energy storage facility at Columbus, Mississippi, which will provide several benefits to TVA and will provide a base of experience for future use of energy storage. This presentation gives an overview of TVA's Columbus Regenesys project and its expected benefits.
Caring for Elder Parents: A Comparative Evaluation of Family Leave Laws

As the baby boomer generation ages, the need for laws to enhance quality of life for the elderly and meet the increasing demand for family caregivers will continue to grow. This paper reviews the national family leave laws of nine major OECD countries (Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and provides a state-by-state analysis within the U.S. We find that the U.S. has the least generous family leave laws among the nine OECD countries. With the exception of two states (California and New Jersey), the U.S. federal Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 provides no right to paid family leave for eldercare. We survey the current evidence from the literature on how paid leave can impact family caregivers' employment and health outcomes, gender equality, and economic arguments for and against such laws. We argue that a generous and flexible family leave law, financed through social insurance, would not only be equitable, but also financially sustainable.
Strong solution of boundary value problems in cylindrical domains for a fourth-order equation of composite type

We use the method of energy inequalities and averaging operators with variable step to prove the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution of boundary value problems for a fourth-order equation of composite type.
A high-level data manipulation language for hierarchical data structures

In this paper we assert that the hierarchical view of data will continue to be popular for a broad class of applications and users. In particular, some of these applications require complex data manipulation which, heretofore, has been dealt with procedurally. In this light, a nonprocedural language, CONVERT, is proposed as a high-level DBMS interface. CONVERT is meant to provide users with a tool for performing complex data manipulation and query of hierarchical data abstractions, called “Forms”. Included in the paper are a description of the Form data abstraction and the CONVERT language, as well as a complete illustrative sample application.
Prevalence and management of headache in a university undergraduate population.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the incidence, morbidity, and management of headaches in university undergraduate students. The authors also explored choice of reliever medications for headaches in an effort to assess potential needs for patient education concerning effective headache management. Data sources: Data were collected from a convenience sample of 104 students. The Headache Assessment Quiz was used to measure type and severity of headache and to collect data on symptom management. Conclusions: A majority of students surveyed reported experiencing headaches of moderate to severe intensity. Sixty percent of respondents indicated that headaches interfered with their usual activities while 92.5% reported use of nonprescription relievers only for headache management. Knowledge of headache prevention and treatment is lacking in this age group. Implications for practice: Headaches are a common symptom in the college age population. Further research is needed to determine the incidence of specific types of headaches. Primary care providers are challenged to address patient education in this population as well as to assist patients in properly diagnosing headache types.
Commentary: Eliminating unnecessary radiographs after spine fusion surgery: understanding the clinical and economic implications

COMMENTARY ON Molinari RW, Hunter JG, McAssey RW. In-hospital postoperative radiographs for instrumented single-level degenerative spinal fusions: utility after intraoperative fluoroscopy. Spine J 2012;12:559–67 ( in this issue ).
Vectors, viscin, and Viscaceae: mistletoes as parasites, mutualists, and resources

Mistletoes are aerial, hemiparasitic plants found on trees throughout the world. They have unique ecological arrangements with the host plants they parasitize and the birds that disperse their seeds. Similar in many respects to vector-borne macroparasites, mistletoes are often detrimental to their hosts, and can even kill them. Coevolution has led to resistance mechanisms in hosts and specialization by mistletoes. Birds act as “disease vectors” for the mistletoe host in a mutualistic relationship. To disperse their seeds, mistletoes attract and manipulate their avian vectors in ways that are typical of both plants (offering a fruit reward) and parasites (changing vector behavior once they have been ingested). Mistletoes are important elements of the landscape that influence the spatial distribution of ecosystem resources. Their patchy distribution and complex interactions make their biology intriguing and their management and conservation challenging.
Mechanical property evaluation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by finite element modeling

Abstract Computational simulation for predicting mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been adopted as a powerful tool relative to the experimental difficulty. Based on molecular mechanics, an improved 3D finite element (FE) model for armchair, zigzag and chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been developed. The bending stiffness of the graphene layer has been considered. The potentials associated with the atomic interactions within a SWNT were evaluated by the strain energies of beam elements which serve as structural substitutions of covalent bonds. The out-of-plane deformation of the bonds was distinguished from the in-plane deformation by considering an elliptical cross-section for the beam elements. The elastic stiffness of graphene has been studied and the rolling energy per atom has been calculated through the analysis of rolling a graphene sheet into a SWNT to validate the proposed FE model. The effects of diameters and helicity on Young’s modulus and the shear modulus of SWNTs were investigated. The simulation results from this work are comparable to both experimental tests and theoretical studies from the literatures.
Chiral nonsteroidal affinity ligands for the androgen receptor. 1. Bicalutamide analogues bearing electrophilic groups in the B aromatic ring.

A series of chiral analogues of bicalutamide bearing electrophilic groups (isothiocyanate, N-chloroacetyl, and N-bromoacetyl) on aromatic ring B of the parent molecule were synthesized. These compounds were designed as affinity ligands for the androgen receptor (AR). We prepared the (R)- and (S)-optical isomers of these compounds as pure enantiomers. The AR binding affinities of these compounds were measured in a competitive binding assay with the radiolabeled high-affinity AR ligand, [3H]mibolerone. In accordance with our previous results for the enantiomers of bicalutamide, we found that all (R)-isomers demonstrated much higher binding affinity to the AR as compared to their corresponding (S)-isomers. The para-substituted affinity ligands in ring B bound the AR with higher affinities than the corresponding meta-substituted analogues. Oxidation of thioester affinity ligands to their sulfonyl analogues for the para-substituted compounds decreased AR binding affinities and similar modification increased bi...
Comparison of the dissemination and implementation of standardized public health nursing competencies in academic and practice settings.

Objectives: To assess the use of the “Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals” standards in practice and academic work settings by public health nurses (PHNs), and to determine differences between practitioners and faculty. Design: Nonexperimental, descriptive study using a cross-sectional survey. Sample: Three public health nursing (PHN) organizations sent invitations to all members. A total of 334 (18.7%) from an estimated 1,786 members completed the survey. Measurements: The investigators developed a 17-item web-based survey with open- and closed-ended responses, using Rogers' diffusion of innovations as a theoretical framework. Results: Respondents are equally familiar with the competencies for public health professionals disseminated by the Council on Linkages and for PHNs by the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations (Quad Council). Two thirds of PHNs are aware of the competencies after only 2 years, primarily from professional PHN organizations. Faculty are adopting and using the competencies at a significantly faster rate than practitioners. Conclusions: Faculty and practitioners who use the competencies value them, and rarely discontinued their use after adoption. Efforts to promote diffusion among faculty and especially practitioners need to continue. Professional organizations can actively provide and share examples of useable formats and best practices associated with the competencies.
Chemical shifts and coupling interactions for the bonding vibrational modes for CO/Cu(111) and (100) surfaces

Low-frequency infrared reflection absorption spectra have been measured for isotopic mixtures of CO and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ on Cu(100) and (111) surfaces. Although the integrated intensities are only 1/100 of those for the intramolecular modes, both the carbon-metal and the dipole-forbidden hindered rotational modes can clearly be seen in the spectral range 250--350 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for both isotopes in the admixtures. The data thus allow chemical shifts to be distinguished from coupling effects for these two bonding modes. For the two surfaces, the normalized chemical frequency shifts for the C-O stretch are very similar. However, dramatic differences are observed for the modes directly related to the bonding, i.e., the C-metal stretch and the hindered rotation. The dominant coupling mechanism for the perpendicular modes is shown to be dipole-dipole coupling as confirmed by a comparison to coherent potential approximation calculations. For the parallel modes the data cannot be explained in terms of dipole-dipole coupling, and we postulate that the surface state present on the (111) surface is largely responsible for the observed behavior. When the data are interpreted using a model assuming point dipoles, then the vibrational polarizability can be determined for these modes. A more stringent test of the theory is also provided through estimates of the polarizability obtained from intensities of the carbon-metal stretch mode.
Family homework and school-based sex education: delaying early adolescents' sexual behavior.

BACKGROUND Early sexual activity can undermine adolescents' future school success and health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of a family homework component of a comprehensive sex education intervention in delaying sexual initiation for early adolescents and to explore what social and contextual factors prevent adolescents from completing these family homework activities. METHODS This mixed methods study included 6th- and 7th-grade survey responses from 706 students at 11 middle school schools receiving a sex education intervention, as well as interviews from a subset of 33, 7th-grade students from the larger sample. RESULTS Adolescents who completed more family homework assignments were less likely to have vaginal intercourse in 7th grade than those who completed fewer assignments, after controlling for self-reports of having had vaginal intercourse in 6th grade and demographic variables. Participants' explanations for not completing assignments included personal, curriculum, and family-based reasons. CONCLUSIONS Family homework activities designed to increase family communication about sexual issues can delay sex among early adolescents and contribute to school-based sex education programs. Successful sex education programs must identify and address barriers to family homework completion.
Effect of dense vegetation on colloid transport and removal in surface runoff

Summary Widely distributed in aquatic environment, colloids can pose risks to water quality, particularly when loaded in surface runoff, which can facilitate fast distribution of contaminants. It is unclear whether densely vegetated areas, which are known to be effective to reduce solutes and sediment from runoff, can be used to remove colloidal contaminants. In this paper, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate effects of dense vegetation on colloid transport and removal in surface runoff. First, batch experiments were conducted to obtain the sorption isotherms of colloids (fluorescent microspheres) onto different vegetation parts (grass leaf, stem, and root). Then, a laboratory rainfall/runoff system was used to compare the transport behaviors of a tracer (bromide) and colloids in overland and drainage flows during a simulated rainfall event (64 mm/h). The system was equipped with Bahia grass growing on sandy soil containers with one surface flow and four vertical drainage sampling outlets. We found that all grass parts can sorb aqueous colloids with the Langmuir maximum sorption capacity between 455.3 and 1188.3 mg kg−1. Runoff experimental results demonstrated that both the surface vegetation and the soil (including plant root) underneath can effectively remove colloids from surface and subsurface flows. Only about 33% of the applied colloids were recovered from the outflows, with about 29% and 4% from overland flow and drainages, respectively. Our results suggest that well designed and maintained areas of dense vegetation, like vegetative filter strips, can be used as an effective best management practice to reduce colloidal contaminants in surface runoff.