cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Concern About Post-Cessation Weight Gain a Barrier to Smoking Cessation Among Pregnant Women?

Women who quit smoking during pregnancy gain more weight than women who continue to smoke. Concern about weight gain is a barrier to smoking cessation in the general population, but whether attitudes about weight are associated with failure to stop smoking during pregnancy or to maintain abstinence postpartum is unknown. Thus, attitudes about weight were assessed in 412 pregnant smokers recruited from obstetric practices in Massachusetts for a smoking cessation intervention trial. Smoking cessation outcomes (7-day point-prevalence abstinence by self-report and by cotinine-validation) were assessed at end-of-pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. Bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed the relationship between attitudes about weight and smoking cessation. In bivariate analyses, a high level of concern about post-cessation weight gain was associated with older age (p = .01), smoking more cigarettes/day (p<.001), not making a quit attempt in pregnancy (p = .02), being less likely to self-report tobacco abstinence at end of pregnancy (p = .01) and postpartum (p = .02), and having less cotinine-validated abstinence at 3 months postpartum (p = .05). In multivariable analyses that adjusted for cigarettes/day, a low level of concern about post-cessation weight gain was associated with more self-reported abstinence at end-of-pregnancy (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.01-3.09) and postpartum (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.05-4.14), but not with cotinine-validated abstinence at end-of-pregnancy (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.63-2.68) or postpartum (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 0.93-5.10). In conclusion, women who are more concerned about post-cessation weight gain may be less likely to quit smoking during pregnancy or remain abstinent in the postpartum period.
Approach–avoidance actions or categorization? A matching account of reference valence effects in affective S–R compatibility

Abstract Theories from diverse areas of psychology assume a compatibility relation between affective stimuli and approach–avoidance actions and imply that the reference object (self vs. other) for the movement determines the direction of the compatibility effect. However, studies on the influence of reference valence are still sparse. We conducted three experiments to test a matching account of actions that move targets toward or away from a centrally located referent. When the referent was positive (Albert Einstein), participants were faster to move positive words toward and negative words away from the referent than to move negative words toward and positive words away from the referent. When the referent was negative (Adolf Hitler), these relations reversed. These results cannot be interpreted with current motivational or cognitive accounts but are in accord with the matching account.
Validating the value of industry-university collaborations in graduate engineering education

The Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISE) program within the Center for Productivity Innovations (CPI) in the Industrial and Systems Engineering department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville provides an opportunity for students to utilize industry as a laboratory for learning and developing research ideas. This paper presents an effective educational model being used in ISE-CPI to prepare a new generation of industrial engineering leaders. These young leaders’ educational experience is enhanced as they are equipped with the technical, organizational, and social skills necessary for them to tackle global challenges and create value for society. A survey was developed to assess the contribution of the ISE-CPI program (in comparison with other mechanisms of acquiring education) from the students’ perspective. The results validate the success of the ISE-CPI program model in combining formal education and career experiences to train effective leaders through industry-related projects.
SU-GG-T-592: Accuracy of the Collapsed Convolution Superposition Algorithm without a Flattening Filter

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy of the collapsed cone convolution superposition (CCCS) algorithm in modeling flattening filter free (FFF) beams. To date, there have been no studies which have explicitly validated the CCCS for FFF which was originally developed for flattened beams. Method and Materials: Prowess 4.7(Prowess Inc., Concord, Ca), a treatment planning system which utilizes the convolution superposition algorithm was used for this study. Beam data form the Siemens Artiste linear accelerator (Siemens Medical Solutions, Concord, Ca) equipped with 160 MLC™ and FFF mode was used to commission the treatment planning system. All measurements were carried out using the Blue phantom (Wellhofer Dosimetrie, Schwarzenbach, Germany) which is a 3 dimensional water phantom with positioning accuracy of ± 0.05 cm, using the CC13 thimble chamber (active volume of 0.13 cm3) Calculated profiles at various depths, depth doses, output factors for various field sizes were compared against measured data. Several IMRT patient plans with the FFF beams were generated and then recalculated and delivered on a homogeneous phantom at 5 cm depth. The phantom is equipped with film and ion chamber plates. Threedi mensionaldose dose distribution was compared with the calculated dose distribution using the RIT software (Ver. 5.2). Results: The profiles, depth doses and output factors calculated by the CCCS were within ± 2%/mm of measured data. The measurement of the phantom plans with a gamma of 3%/ 3mm were greater that 93%. Conclusion: The CCCS is capable of accurately calculating the dose distribution for an FFF beam.
The Humanities and Social Studies: Partners For the Future

Humanities-oriented instruc tion can form the basis for or become an enriching part of social studies classes. All that is required is planning and cooperation.
Hemispheric asymmetry of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening

ERP waveforms evoked by target-right and target-left stimuli in a directed-attention, dichotic-listening paradigm were examined using cross-correlation analysis. We analyzed data from two experiments involving linguistic processing. They involved listening for (1) a phonemic feature, and (2) a series of morpho-syntactic anomalies. The maximum correlation between target-right and target-left waveforms was achieved when the target-right waveform was delayed relative to the target-left waveform (the tau shift), reflecting the shorter latency of the target-right waveform. We interpret the direction of displacement as equivalent to a "right-ear advantage" in the dichotic listening paradigm. In both tasks, tau shifts were not uniformly distributed across the parietal electrode array. They were greatest on the extreme left side of the head and systematically declined as the electrode site moved rightward, indicating a temporal gradient in the relative latencies of the two waveforms. Results are interpreted in relation to both structural and attentional aspects of dichotic listening.
Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among postmenopausal women

Purpose Many dietary factors have either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties. We previously developed a dietary inflammatory index (DII) to assess the inflammatory potential of diet. In this study, we conducted a construct validation of the DII based on data from a food frequency questionnaire and three inflammatory biomarkers in a subsample of 2567 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Methods We used multiple linear and logistic regression models, controlling for potential confounders, to test whether baseline DII predicted concentrations of interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2, or an overall biomarker score combining all three inflammatory biomarkers. Results The DII was associated with the four biomarkers with beta estimates (95% confidence interval) comparing the highest with lowest DII quintiles as follows: interleukin-6: 1.26 (1.15–1.38), Ptrend < .0001; tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2: 81.43 (19.15–143.71), Ptrend = .004; dichotomized hs-CRP (odds ratio for higher vs. lower hs-CRP): 1.30 (0.97–1.67), Ptrend = .34; and the combined inflammatory biomarker score: 0.26 (0.12–0.40), Ptrend = .0001. Conclusions The DII was significantly associated with inflammatory biomarkers. Construct validity of the DII indicates its utility for assessing the inflammatory potential of diet and for expanding its use to include associations with common chronic diseases in future studies.
Underwriter Reputation and Initial Public Offers: The Detrimental Effects of Flippers

In this research, we examine the relationship between the reputation of investment banks and the investor clientele to whom they market initial public offers. We hypothesize that the most reputable investment banks have considerable distribution power but confine initial public offer sales to investors with long-term horizons in an effort to maintain prestige. Using the level of relative after-market trading volume to proxy for investor type, we find that as underwriter reputation increases investors with short-term trading horizons (“flippers”) tend to dominate the offerings over the lower prestige levels. For underwriters in the upper reputation tier, however, this dominance begins to decline with increasing reputation. In addition, we find a negative relation between the after-market price performance of the initial public offer firm and the first week's trading volume. The results suggest that flippers can be detrimental to the performance of initial public offer firms. While distributing power may be essential for the maintenance of the reputation of investment banks, the type of investor clientele also appears to be of major importance.
Increasing print awareness in preschoolers with language impairment using non-evocative print referencing.

Purpose This study examined the extent to which using non-evocative, explicit referencing of print concepts during shared storybook reading in the context of language therapy facilitated print conc...
Influence of diagenesis on the electrical resistivity and the formation factor of deep-sea carbonate sediments

Laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity on two DSDP pelagic carbonate sequences permitted the study of the effect of diagenesis on the electrical and other physical properties such as velocity and porosity. Electrical resistivity and formation factor increase with sediment depth. Changes in porosity with progressive diagenesis (that is, ooze-chalk-limestone) are observed, and changes in pore geometry are inferred. These changes are interpreted in terms of systematic variations in electrical and physical properties. Influence of silica on carbonate diagenesis may result in significant change in pore geometry. This effect inhibits electrical conduction leading to complicated but generally high resistivity values for siliceous and cherty limestones. Compressional velocity correlates well with resistivity for both sequences.
Mechanistic multidimensional analysis of horizontal two-phase flows

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of analysis of two-phase flow in horizontal tubes. Two flow situations have been considered: gas/liquid flow in a long straight pipe, and similar flow conditions in a pipe with 90° elbow. The theoretical approach utilizes a multifield modeling concept. A complete three-dimensional two-phase flow model has been implemented in a state-of-the-art computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) computer code, NPHASE. The overall model has been tested parametrically. Also, the results of NPHASE simulations have been compared against experimental data for a pipe with 90° elbow.
Sodium fluxes in fresh-water turtles†

Fresh-water softshell turtles (Trionyx spinifer) showed net uptake of sodium from solutions as dilute as 5 mM. Chloride uptake could be accounted for by passive processes. There was no net uptake of potassium. Net sodium uptake was inhibited by low temperatures. Hibernation resulted in decreases in the sodium concentration and osmotic pressure of the plasma. Influx and efflux of sodium in the fresh-water turtle Pseudemys scripta varied from 0.04 to 10.1 mmoles/(100 g hour). In hatchling turtles, the exchangeable sodium pool was 96% of the total sodium. The exchangeable pool was subdivided into at least two compartments, one rapidly and the other slowly exchanging. The latter compartment was 19 times larger than the former. Pseudemys scripta, was found to have a system for active uptake of sodium. This involves the membranous lining of the pharynx, the cloacal bursae and the cloaca. Aside from the skin and the shell, these are the only tissues in contact with environmental water. The cloacal region accounted for 48 to 68% of the sodium influx rate.
Parental play styles and sibling interaction during a problem-solving task

Associations between parental play styles and sibling interaction were investigated in 30 same-sex preschool- and school-aged sibling dyads (first-borns were 4–9 years, M=6.6 years; second-borns were 2–7 years, M=4.2 years), divided into older and younger sibling groups. Participants completed puzzles under three conditions: (a) siblings alone, (b) together with mother, and (c) together with father. Prosocial and agonistic sibling-directed behaviors and positive and negative parent–child behaviors were coded. Siblings engaged in both more prosocial and agonistic interactions when alone than with either parent; there were no differences in sibling interactions in the mother versus father episodes. Paternal negative behavior was associated with sibling agonistic behavior when the children were alone, indicating second-order effects, however, mother–child and sibling interactions were not significantly associated. Nevertheless, reciprocity in positive and negative behaviors directed by children to parents and vice versa was evident, demonstrating synchrony in patterns of exchanges. The findings underscore the necessity of studying both parents in order to understand more fully the dynamics involved in family relationships. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of psychoactive and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of the adult male rat

The acute dose-response effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) on gonadotropin and testosterone (T) secretion and on hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) metabolism were tested in adult male rats. THC and CBN both produced an acute suppression of plasma-luteinizing hormone (LH) and T levels and median eminence NE turnover although a dose-response relationship could not be demonstrated. CBD had no significant effect on any of these parameters and none of these cannabinoids had any effect on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels or median eminence LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) content. Except for the highest dose of CBN, none of the in vivo cannabinoid treatments significantly altered in vitro LH secretion although there was a trend towards decreased LH secretion. These results suggest that the decrease in LH secretion in THC- or CBN-treated rats is due to reductions in NE stimulation of LHRH release rather than to changes in LHRH synthesis or pituitary LHRH response.
Etiology and treatment of social anxiety: A commentary

Substantial advances in our understanding of the etiology and treatment of performance anxiety have occurred during the past decade. It has become clear that the development of efficient and effective treatments cannot be divorced from knowledge of the specific form of psychopathology being treated and that treatments must be tailored to this psychopathology. After describing a current model of the etiology of performance anxiety and social phobia, this commentary notes the common factors present across the rich and diverse set of articles in this issue describing treatments from different approaches and different theoretical orientations. To the extent that these common factors are important mechanisms of action, it is possible that the future will introduce more unified and more effective, efficient, and theoretically informed treatment for performance anxiety as well as the potential for preventive techniques.
Geographic Expression of Social Values in Bioregional Planning: A Case Study of the Palouse

Support for landscape-level planning across the Palouse comes from non-profit organizations working with local policymakers to develop regional conservation ordinances. However, developing landscape-level conservation plans is limited by the lack of consensus on the region's boundaries. To address this issue, we conducted archival research and qualitative interviews with ninety stakeholders to determine their definitions of the Palouse. In this study, we reveal the range of reasons participants have for defining the Palouse and its boundaries. Most study participants perceived that geographic boundaries extend beyond political borders, suggesting a need for a bioregional planning approach.
Universal service in the information age

Abstract This article examines the telecommunications and socioeconomic trends in the USA that are forcing regulators and policy makers to re-examine the concept of universal service. It proposes criteria and guidelines for redefining universal service in this changing environment, and performance indicators that may be used to monitor compliance. The relevance of this approach for other countries is discussed, with examples of how these principles and guidelines could be adapted for specific country requirements.
Two Bayesian/frequentist challenges for categorical data analyses

We discuss two challenging scenarios for frequentist and/or Bayesian inference for categorical data. First, for parameter space regions described by order restrictions, frequentist methods are less straightforward than Bayesian methods, especially for interval estimation. Second, for marginal modeling, frequentist inference is currently feasible only in relatively simplistic settings and Bayesian solutions seem to be essentially non-existent. Both areas have substantial scope for future research.
Approach to acid-base problems in the critically III and injured

The use of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationships between bicarbonate levels and the pCO 2 or carbonic acid concentration in evaluating acid-base abnormalities are explained. The etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis and metabolic alkalosis and acidosis are discussed. The results of laboratory tests should be examined in relation to the patient's condition and consistency with other laboratory tests. Therapy is directed at correcting the underlying problems and, secondarily, at correcting the numbers. Patients respond primarily to rate of change and not absolute numbers. Therefore, problems should be corrected at approximately the rate they develop. Treatment should be guided by continued patient observation and serial laboratory studies.
Charge transport in films of amorphous arsenic triselenide

Abstract The transient photoconductivity measurements indicate that there is a distribution of arrival times in the charge transport and an apparent electric field dependence of the drift mobility. The steady state dark current data, however, indicates that the microscopic mobility is independent of the electric field. These results are discussed in light of several models.
Numerical considerations in simulating the global magnetosphere

Abstract. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of the global magnetosphere are very good research tools for investigating the topology and dynamics of the near-Earth space environment. While these models have obvious limitations in regions that are not well described by the MHD equations, they can typically be used (or are used) to investigate the majority of magnetosphere. Often, a secondary consideration is overlooked by researchers when utilizing global models – the effects of solving the MHD equations on a grid, instead of analytically. Any discretization unavoidably introduces numerical artifacts that affect the solution to various degrees. This paper investigates some of the consequences of the numerical schemes and grids that are used to solve the MHD equations in the global magnetosphere. Specifically, the University of Michigan's MHD code is used to investigate the role of grid resolution, numerical schemes, limiters, inner magnetospheric density boundary conditions, and the artificial lowering of the speed of light on the strength of the ionospheric cross polar cap potential and the build up of the ring current in the inner magnetosphere. It is concluded that even with a very good solver and the highest affordable grid resolution, the inner magnetosphere is not grid converged. Artificially reducing the speed of light reduces the numerical diffusion that helps to achieve better agreement with data. It is further concluded that many numerical effects work nonlinearly to complicate the interpretation of the physics within the magnetosphere, and so simulation results should be scrutinized very carefully before a physical interpretation of the results is made. Our conclusions are not limited to the Michigan MHD code, but apply to all MHD models due to the limitations of computational resources.
Preoperative Assessment of Older Adults

Caring for older patients who need surgery presents challenging medical situations. The clinical paradigm involves identifying coexisting disease, defining the urgency of the intervention, and predicting postoperative complications based on the type of surgery planned. The prime function of the medical consultant is searching for correctable medical conditions. The consultant must carefully identify coexisting and comorbid conditions. Emergency surgery should be avoided, if possible, by elective planning. The risk of surgery varies with the procedure. Non-body cavity surgery, with the exception of hip fracture repair, is usually tolerated well. Age is a risk factor for surgery, but coexisting disease is more important than age alone. The net effect of improvements in surgical outcome advances the age at which surgical risk becomes prohibitive.
High-flux, high-efficiency transparent-substrate AlGaInP/GaP light-emitting diodes

Data are presented demonstrating red-orange-yellow spectrum (Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/)/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P/GaP high-power light-emitting diode (LED) lamps which emit 10-20 lm of flux while simultaneously maintaining luminous efficiencies of /spl ges/20 lm/W. The flux emitted by these devices represents an improvement of about five times compared to conventional high-brightness transparent-substrate (Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/)/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P/GaP LED lamps.
Natural Products as Molecular Messengers

The chemistry of naturally occurring compounds has long been pursued in the search for medicines, dyes, pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. In addition, the deeper aim of understanding life itself as a chemical phenomenon has motivated generations of scientists. One consequence of such studies has been the realization that natural products often serve central roles as biological signaling agents. We consider natural products from the viewpoint of the organisms that produce and/or respond to them and suggest how a naturally occurring compound may acquire its role in chemical communication.
Some Generalizations of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equations☆☆☆

Abstract The question of globalization of solutions of the Cauchy problem for some generalizations of Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations of the form (ut + upux − Dαxux)x + ϵuyy = 0, where Dx = (−∂2x)1/2 and ϵ = ± 1 is examined. It is shown that for ϵ = −1 and α ≥ 2, a global estimate on solutions can be derived for large initial data provided that p 4α 4 + α . A consequence of this is that if α is large enough, the local solution in Hs( R 2) can be globally continued.
Health beliefs and adherence in chronic illness.

Nonadherence to recommended therapeutic regimens has been described as a major health problem for persons experiencing chronic illness. In this paper, the origins and concepts of the health belief model are described, and related methodological issues are discussed. Research into the relationship between health beliefs and adherence behavior in chronic illness is reviewed, and implications for nursing research and practice are suggested.
A fast and flexible statistical model for large-scale population genotype data: applications to inferring missing genotypes and haplotypic phase.

We present a statistical model for patterns of genetic variation in samples of unrelated individuals from natural populations. This model is based on the idea that, over short regions, haplotypes in a population tend to cluster into groups of similar haplotypes. To capture the fact that, because of recombination, this clustering tends to be local in nature, our model allows cluster memberships to change continuously along the chromosome according to a hidden Markov model. This approach is flexible, allowing for both “block-like” patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and gradual decline in LD with distance. The resulting model is also fast and, as a result, is practicable for large data sets (e.g., thousands of individuals typed at hundreds of thousands of markers). We illustrate the utility of the model by applying it to dense single-nucleotide–polymorphism genotype data for the tasks of imputing missing genotypes and estimating haplotypic phase. For imputing missing genotypes, methods based on this model are as accurate or more accurate than existing methods. For haplotype estimation, the point estimates are slightly less accurate than those from the best existing methods (e.g., for unrelated Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain individuals from the HapMap project, switch error was 0.055 for our method vs. 0.051 for PHASE) but require a small fraction of the computational cost. In addition, we demonstrate that the model accurately reflects uncertainty in its estimates, in that probabilities computed using the model are approximately well calibrated. The methods described in this article are implemented in a software package, fastPHASE, which is available from the Stephens Lab Web site.
Acoustic Attenuation in a Nonuniform Gas Containing Droplets

A theoretical study of acoustic attenuation in a nonuniform gas-vapor-droplet mixture is presented. Condensation of vapor on the droplets causes temperature and density gradients along the direction of flow, and these gradients affect the attenuation in sound pressure Sevel experienced by a plane acoustic wave propagating parallel to the flow. The general equations for unsteady one-dimensional flow of an inviscid gas, which contain source terms to model the mass, momentum, and entropy changes due to the droplets, are reduced to ordinary differential equations for the acoustic pressure and velocity fluctuations and for the mean flow variables. These equations are solved numerically, using explicit expressions for the source terms derived from consideration of the interaction between the droplets and the gas-vapor mixture. The results show that the attenuation in sound pressure level in a gas-vapor-droplet mixture with temperature and density gradients may be significantly different from that in a spatially uniform mixture. a Cm c cf cp
The sequences of the reovirus serotype 1, 2, and 3 L1 genome segments and analysis of the mode of divergence of the reovirus serotypes

Abstract We report the sequence of the L1 genome segment of reovirus serotype 3 strain Dearing, which encodes the minor core component protein λ3. It is 3854 by long, with a long open reading frame starting at position 19 that is 1267 codons long. Protein λ3 is not detectably related to any other protein, nor does it appear to possess motifs indicative of recognized specialized functions. We have also sequenced the L1 genome segments of reovirus serotypes 1 and 2. The serotype 1 and 3 L1 genome segments are extremely closely related; there are only 154 mismatches (4.1%), 80% of which are in third base codon positions, so that these two λ3 proteins are 98.3% related (only 22 mismatches out of 1267). The serotype 2 L1 genome segment is only 75% related to the serotype 1 and 3 genome segments, and the serotype 2 λ3 protein is 92% related to the serotype 1 and 3 λ3 proteins. We have also analyzed the divergence patterns by which the various reovirus genome segments evolved into the three serotype forms. It appears that serotype 2 separated from the serotype 1 3 precursor long before serotypes 1 and 3 themselves diverged. In all cases the third base codon positions in the various genome segments have diverged about 80% toward randomness. The first and second base codon positions have diverged much less and to varying degree, depending, presumably, on each protein's ability to accept changes without significant loss of function. For the separation into the serotype 1 and 3 forms, the extent of divergence of the various genome varies over a very wide range. The S1 genome segments have again diverged most extensively, the extent of divergence in the first, second, and third base codon positions being about 50, 35 and 75%, respectively. For seven other genome segments that we examined the extent of third base codon position divergence is 56, 53, 48, 29, 22, 13, and 6%, whereas first and second base codon position divergence ranges from no more than 6 to 2 and 3 to less than 1 %, respectively. The most likely explanation of these patterns is that the separation of the various genome segments into the present-day serotype 1 and 3 associated forms occurred at different times during evolution, from progenitors that were genome segment reassortants with survival rates as high as or higher than those of homologous genome segment sets.
Creativity under constraints: the affect of problem space on design learning among engineering students

An understanding of the factors that facilitate creativity in the design process is essential to construct and implement educational engineering design activities. While experts agree that it is necessary to include design constraints in learning environments, it is unclear exactly how the constraints contribute to the decision-making process and final design choice. This study examines the creative practices among college students engaging in an authentic engineering project situated within a design based learning environment, specifically investigating the role of design constraints on creative processes. The study compares the effects imposed by the design space at two different levels: (1) goal constraints, where the overall goal of the design is specified, and (2) task constraints, where the only the task is defined and the goal is not. One section of student design teams was required to create design solutions for a specific site utilizing renewable energy sources, implementing goal constraints; the second grouping of design teams created design solutions for a broader context only constrained by the utilization of a renewable energy source.
Single-Molecule Analysis of Translational Dynamics

Decades of extensive biochemical and biophysical research have outlined the mechanism of translation. Rich structural studies have provided detailed snapshots of the translational machinery at all phases of the translation cycle. However, the relationship between structural dynamics, composition, and function remains unknown. The multistep nature of each stage of the translation cycle results in rapid desynchronization of individual ribosomes, thus hindering elucidation of the underlying mechanisms by conventional bulk biophysical and biochemical methods. Single-molecule approaches unsusceptible to these complications have led to the first glances at both compositional and conformational dynamics on the ribosome and their impact on translational control. These experiments provide the necessary link between static structure and mechanism, often providing new perspectives. Here we review recent advances in the field and their relationship to structural and biochemical data.
CD4+ T cell-induced differentiation of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells is associated with diminished recognition by EBV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

EBV transformation of human B cells in vitro results in establishment of immortalized cell lines (lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL)) that express viral transformation-associated latent genes and exhibit a fixed, lymphoblastoid phenotype. In this report, we show that CD4 + T cells can modify the differentiation state of EBV-transformed LCL. Coculture of LCL with EBV-specific CD4 + T cells resulted in an altered phenotype, characterized by elevated CD38 expression and decreased proliferation rate. Relative to control LCL, the cocultured LCL were markedly less susceptible to lysis by EBV-specific CD8 + CTL. In contrast, CD4 + T cell-induced differentiation of LCL did not diminish sensitivity of LCL to lysis by CD8 + CTL specific for an exogenously loaded peptide Ag or lysis by alloreactive CD8 + CTL, suggesting that differentiation is not associated with intrinsic resistance to CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity and that evasion of lysis is confined to EBV-specific CTL responses. CD4 + T cell-induced differentiation of LCL and concomitant resistance of LCL to lysis by EBV-specific CD8 + CTL were associated with reduced expression of viral latent genes. Finally, transwell cocultures, in which direct LCL-CD4 + T cell contact was prevented, indicated a major role for CD4 + T cell cytokines in the differentiation of LCL.
Decoding muscle activity with local field potentials

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to restore movement to people with paralyzed limbs by controlling functional electrical stimulation (FES) of paralyzed muscles. This concept recently was put into practice in monkeys using spikes to control electrical stimulation of a set of wrist muscles. However, the viability of spike-based BMIs is limited by the inability to record spikes for more than a few years with current electrode technology. Therefore, field potentials, which may have better longevity, are being considered as an alternative. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to decode the arm movement direction, and kinematics with good accuracy using intracortical local field potentials (LFPs). Here we show that LFPs also can be used to decode the electrical activity of individual muscles with very high accuracy, similar to that obtained using spikes. This suggests that LFPs could be used in a BMI to control FES.
Copper chip technology

Recently, IBM announced the first silicon integrated circuit technology that incorporates copper on-chip wiring. This technology, which combines industry-leading CMOS ULSI devices with 6 levels of hierarchically-scaled Cu metallization, has reached the point of manufacturing, after passing the qualification tests required to prove feasability, yield, reliability, and manufacturability. The discussion of the change from Al to Cu interconnects for ULSI encompasses a wide variety of issues. This paper attempts to address these by way of example, from the broad range of detailed studies that have been performed in the course of developing these so-called copper chips. Motivational issues are covered by comparative modeling of performance aspects and cost. The technology parameters and features are shown, as well as data relating to the process integration, electrical yield and parametric behavior, early manufacturing data, high-frequency modeling and measurements, noise and clock skew. The viability of this technology is indicated by results from reliability stressing, as well as the first successful demonstrations of fully functional SRAM, DRAM, and microprocessor chips with Cu wiring. The advantages of integrated Cu wiring may be applied even more broadly in the future. An example shown here is the achievement of very high-quality integrated inductors; these may help prospects for complete integration of RF and wireless communications chips onto silicon.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Fan-Flow Deflectors for Noise Reduction Using Adjoint Method

This article presents application of an adjoint method to the aerodynamic shape optimization of deflector vanes installed in the fan nozzle of a turbofan engine. The purpose of the vanes is to reduce jet noise radiated towards the community, and the specific application of this study is for a supersonic turbofan engines with bypass ratio 2.7. The cost function used in the optimization includes entropy generation and a penalty for deviating from a target deflection angle. The initial vane airfoil is the NACA0012. The vane airfoil arising from the optimization produces flat distributions of pressure coefficient over the surface of the vane thus preventing the formation of sonic bubble and strong shocks. For a fixed flow deflection angle, the optimal airfoil is up to 22.5% more efficient in terms of specific thrust loss compared to the NACA0012. Importantly, the optimization leads to a thicker airfoil with 15% thickness which may be advantageous for structural reasons.
Localization and Adaptation in Online Learning

We introduce a formalism of localization for online learning problems, which, similarly to statistical learning theory, can be used to obtain fast rates. In particular, we introduce local sequential Rademacher complexities and other local measures. Based on the idea of relaxations for deriving algorithms, we provide a template method that takes advantage of localization. Furthermore, we build a general adaptive method that can take advantage of the suboptimality of the observed sequence. We illustrate the utility of the introduced concepts on several problems. Among them is a novel upper bound on regret in terms of classical Rademacher complexity when the data are i.i.d.
Cottonseed meals as the primary protein supplement in concentrate feeds for young calves.

Summary Responses of calves to starters containing cottonseed meals produced by different methods and containing different concentrations of free gossypol were investigated. Starters containing hydraulic-pressed cottonseed meal at levels of 40 and 60% were compared with similar starters containing a special screw-pressed cottonseed meal. Concentrations of free gossypol in the starters were 0.107, 0.071, 0.035, and 0.0215%, respectively. Corresponding mortality rates among calves consuming these starters ad libitum were 100, 50, 75, and 0%. There was a positive correlation between free-gossypol intake by the calves up to 48 days of age and subsequent mortality. The maximum safe intake of free gossypol during this period was approximately 140 mg. per cwt. per day. Comparisons of calf starters containing 40 and 60% of degossypolized (0.029% free gossypol) cottonseed meal with starters containing corresponding levels of solvent-extracted soybean oil meal and with a starter having a blend, 40% of the former and 20% of the latter, revealed no significant difference in weight gains of calves during a 120-day period. Weight increases in these comparisons were similar to those from the starter containing the special screw-pressed cottonseed meal. The observations substantiate the prevalent view that young calves are highly sensitive to gossypol toxicity, hut the free-gossypol content of the cottonseed meals produced by improved processes was sufficiently low to permit the use of these meals as the primary source of protein in practical calf starters.
Aristotle Revisited: The Case of Recovered Memories

The experimental manipulations of the scientific enterprise, which has identified the myriad and intriguing ways memory can fail, has been too easily translated to mean that memory regularly does fail. This commentray attempts to reverse that perception by bringing background data to the forefront: a review of the data across all studies reveals that memory is consistently accurate and more accurate than not. In addition, the remarkable accuracy and the occasional inaccuracies of memory are unified under the perspective that memory, like other cognitive functions, is an active component in the processes of successful adaptation to the environment. The implications of this perspective are directed towards clinicians who, in addition to considering the scholarship, are confronted with the immediate reality of reports of recovered memories and the need to respond compassionately and ethically to their patients.
Satellite remote sensing of biomass burning with optical and thermal sensors

A major goal in satellite remote sensing of fire is to derive globally accurate measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of burning. To date, the main sensor employed in fire and fire-...
Five-dimensional crystallography

A method for determining a comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism in macromolecular reactions is presented. The method is based on five-dimensional crystallography, where, in addition to space and time, temperature is also taken into consideration and an analysis based on singular value decomposition is applied. First results of such a time-resolved crystallographic study are presented. Temperature-dependent time-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted on the newly upgraded BioCARS 14-ID-B beamline at the Advanced Photon Source and aimed at elucidating a comprehensive kinetic mechanism of the photoactive yellow protein photocycle. Extensive time series of crystallographic data were collected at two temperatures, 293 K and 303 K. Relaxation times of the reaction extracted from these time series exhibit measurable differences for the two temperatures, hence demonstrating that five-dimensional crystallography is feasible.
Murine NK Cell Intrinsic Cytokine-Induced Memory-like Responses Are Maintained following Homeostatic Proliferation

Several recent studies have demonstrated that innate immune NK cells exhibit memory-like properties with enhanced nonspecific and specific recall responses. Cytokine activation alone of murine NK cells induces the differentiation of memory-like cells that are more likely to produce IFN-γ, a key NK cell cytokine important for activation of the immune response. Using an adoptive cotransfer system, we first show that cytokine-induced memory-like responses are NK intrinsic. However, engraftment of donor NK cells in NK-competent hosts is poor because of homeostatic control mechanisms. Therefore, we used alymphoid Rag- and common γ-chain-deficient mice as recipients and observed homeostatic expansion of cotransferred cytokine-activated and control donor NK cells. Despite proliferation of all cells, NK cells derived from those cells originally activated by cytokines retained an intrinsic enhanced capacity to produce IFN-γ when restimulated in vitro with cytokines or target cells. These NK cell memory-like responses persisted for at least 4 wk in alymphoid hosts and 12 wk in NK-competent hosts. These findings indicate that memory-like NK cells can readily self-renew and maintain enhanced function in a lymphopenic host for at least a month.
Tree leaf out response to temperature: comparing field observations, remote sensing, and a warming experiment

Leaf out time is a widely used indicator of climate change and represents a critical transition point of annual seasonality in most temperate ecosystems. We compared three sources of data to determine the effect of spring temperature on tree leaf out: field observations, remotely sensed satellite data, and experimental warming. All three methods recorded earlier leaf out with warmer spring temperatures. However, leaf out timing was more than twice as sensitive to temperature in the field study (advancing at a rate of 6.1 days/°C), as under experimental warming (2.1 days/°C), with remote sensing intermediate (3.7 days/°C). Researchers need to be aware of the currently unexplained differences among methodologies when using phenological data to parameterize or benchmark models that represent ecosystem processes. The mechanisms behind these discrepancies must be better understood if we are to confidently predict responses of leaf out timing to future climates.
F1 hybrid weakness in the common bean

The geographic origin of cultivars involved in F. hybrid weakness was established using phaseolin type, as determined by one-dimensional SDS/PAGE. In all cases investigated, F. weakness arose in crosses between an 'S' phaseolin, small-seeded parent of Middle American origin and a 'T' or a 'C' phaseolin, large-seeded parent of Andean origin. The appearance of F, hybrid weakness reflects the geographical isolation of common bean cultivars of the two regions and points to the existence of two separate gene pools in cultivated common bean germplasm. ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), revealed a wide range of variability for this protein among wild-growing genotypes 9 . In Middle America, wild beans exhibited the 'S' phaseolin type- previously described among cultivated beans-as well as the highly diverse 'M' pha- seolin class. Colombian wild beans exhibited both the diverse 'CH' phaseolin class and the 'B' phaseolin type. In Peru and Argentina, wild beans exhibited only the 'T' phaseolin pattern. Six phaseolin patterns were found among cultivated common bean genotypes: 'A', 'B', 'C', 'H', 'S', and 'T' 3 9 ' ' . There was a correspondence between the geographi- cal distribution of phaseolin types in wild and cultivated genotypes. In addition, 'S' and 'B' phaseolin cultivars tended to have smaller seed than 'A', 'C', 'H', and 'T' phaseolin cul- tivars 9 . These findings have led to the hypothesis of multiple domestications of cultivated common beans along the distribution area of its wild relative. In Middle America, domestication gave rise to small-seeded, 'S' phaseolin cultivars; in Colombia to small-seeded, 'B' phaseolin cultivars; and in the southern Andes (Peru and Argentina) to large-seeded, 'T' (and possibly 'A', 'C', and 'H') cultivars 9 . World- wide dissemination patterns of common bean cultivars were determined using phaseolin type as a marker 9 .
Dynamics of belief theoretic agent opinions under bounded confidence

Soft evidence sources play a critical role in social networks and similar settings, where subjective evidence and opinions are the norm. Study of opinion dynamics (including consensus and cluster formation) in these scenarios requires agent models that can capture the types of uncertainties and nuances characteristic of soft evidence (human-generated input, subjective evidence, etc.). To address the corresponding challenges, we employ a Dempster-Shafer (DS) belief theoretic agent model to explore opinion dynamics under bounded confidence. The proposed model further captures the notions of global affinity and the nature of persuasion of agents in social judgement theory. The paper develops several new results and these results regarding formation of clusters and consensus of agent opinions are verified with the aid of several numerical studies accompanied by bifurcation diagrams.
‘The Next Wave of Italians Has Come to America’: Italian Investments and Business in the United States, 1980-2013

AbstractThis article examines the economic and socio-cultural impact of Italian investments and business in the United Stated from the 1980s onwards. It investigates flows, networks and ideas that have cut national boundaries and politically-defined spaces. The article argues that the last three decades of Italian investments and business in the USA have re-defined the symbolic space held by Italy and Italians in the American imagination. It also argues that the distinctive Italian contribution to the American business environment lies in the so-called ‘fourth capitalism’ and in the family business aspects of Italian Capitalism.