cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiological investigation and analysis of hepatitis evirus infection among various groups of population in Fujian province

The sero-prevalence of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among various groups of population in Fujian province was investigated in which the general populations composed of healthy blood donors and individuals who were underwent physical examinations, and the occupational-risk population included farmers, handles, veterinarians, cookers who worked with pigs or chickens and the poultry wholesale suppliers. A total collection of 2209 serum specimens from general population and 1722 serum specimens from occupation-risk population was made to detect the anti-HEV antibodies by means of double antigen sandwitch ELISA assay.The SPSS software was used to compare the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies among these groups of population, It was found that the rates of prevalence of HEV in general and occupational-risk population were 23.3% and 33.3% respectively. A significantly higher prevalence rate for anti-HEV antibodies was found in the occupational-risk group of population in comparison with that in the general population. The positives rate for anti-HEV antibodies was significantly higher in group of population worked with chickens than those worked with pigs . Also, the increasing trend of HEV prevalence with age could be demonstrated. However, there was no significant difference on HEV prevalence between sex in general population, but the HEV prevalence was rather higher in occupational-risk population of males than that of females . It is concluded that the higher infection rate with HEV in general population suggests the existence of sub-clinical infection for HEV, and the higher infection rate with HEV among those contacting with chickens or pigs supports the hypothesis that HFV infection may be a zoometric disease.
Heat Problems in the Tennis Player

Any athlete, regardless of the sport or exercise, should allow an appropriate period to get in condition before exerting maximal effort. Athletes should be encouraged to observe environmental conditions and sharply curtail or postpone activity if the humidity reaches 95 per cent at any temperature. In addition, athletes should expose as much skin as possible to the air, and remain well hydrated before, during, and after exercise.
Associations between three-phase bone scan findings and surgical assessment for loosening of knee prostheses

2140 Objectives Using case series, we identify common findings consistent with both TPBS and surgical assessment of loosened knee prostheses. Our objective is to validate that three-phase bone scan (TPBS) is an effective tool in evaluating loosened components of knee prostheses as confirmed by surgical assessment. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all three-phase bone scans (TPBS) for knee prosthesis loosening performed at the Oklahoma City VA Hospital between July 2008 and September 2011. Positive scans were selected for further review of the surgical reports to assess correlations between surgical findings and the TPBS findings. Results Fifty-six knee prostheses were found positive on the TPBS; of these, 34 were not revised due to to patients’ medical conditions and preference for conservative management. The remaining 22 prosthetic knees were surgically revised. Seventeen of the twenty-two (77%) demonstrated true positive findings consistent with TPBS findings. Five of the 22 (23%) surgically revised cases were false positive as they revealed no loosened components in accordance with TPBS. Findings from TPBS showed the following location patterns of loosened components: tibial and femoral (32%), femoral alone (30%), generalized knee loosening (13%), tibial alone (7%), patella (5%), tibial and patella (5%), tibial plus femoral and patella (5%), and femoral plus patella (2%). Conclusions Three-phase bone scan findings of our patient population revealed a descending order of frequency for loosened components including tibial and femoral, femoral alone, and generalized knee loosening being the most commons. Given a high percentage of true positive TPBS findings confirmed by surgical assessment, TPBS remains an effective tool in evaluating knee prosthesis loosening to assist orthopedic surgeons in their decision for possible revision
Sensor Measurement Capability

Sensor accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility are some of the key metrics that govern the usefulness of the sensor and the associated metrology system used for measuring a physical parameter. Sensor measurement capability determines which application a given sensor can be used for. This chapter describes the definition of different terminologies associated with a sensor and metrology variability—accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, and stability. The chapter also describes the methodology of evaluating measurement system capability.
Cones, Projections, and More About Products

We start here with a hyperplane ℙ n-1 ⊂ ℙ n and a point p ∈ ℙ n not lying on ℙ n-1; if we like, we can take coordinates Z on ℙ n so that ℙ n-1 is given by Z n = 0 and the point p= [0,..., 0, 1]. Let X ⊂ ℙ n-1 be any variety.
Biologic Considerations in Targeting Brain tumors for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Malignant gliomas and metastatic brain tumors constitute a major group of neoplasms for which there is virtually no effective treatment at the present time. In the United States ~12,000 deaths are attributable to the former and ~ 80,000 – 100,000 to the latter, annually.1 The survival of a group of 1578 patients with primary brain tumors who had been entered into three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols between 1974 and 1989 has been carefully studied by Curran et al. by means of recursive partitioning analysis.’ Survival was related to the following parameters: 1. age at presentation ( 50 years) 2. pathologic diagnosis of either astrocytoma with anaplastic foci (AAF) or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 3. mental and physical performance status. Using recursive partitioning analysis with amalgamation for the different variables, a series of survival curves were generated that showed very clear differences between those patients who had favorable prognostic indicators i.e. 50 yrs, diagnosis of GBM, low performance status. The latter group had median survival times (MeSTs) ranging from 4.6 to 11.1 months and a 2 year survival rate of 9% for those patients with the worst prognostic indicators (classes IV-VI combined) compared to MeSTs of 17.9–58.6 mos and 2 yr survival rate of 55% for those patients who had favorable indicators (class I-III combined). If future clinical trials of BNCT focus on those patients who have the worst prognostic indicators (classes IV-VI), it should be possible to determine in a relatively short time (i.e. 2 years) and with a small group of patients (15–24) if there is therapeutic efficacy, as evidenced by prolongation of survival time (using a test for 2 independent proportions, power 95%, α = 0.05, M.L. Moeschberger, personal communication). The present review will focus on biologic considerations that may be important for targeting both primary and metastatic brain tumors for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT).
X-ray Studies of Thermotropic Aromatic Copolyesters

X-ray diffraction has been used to investigate the solid state structure of aromatic copolyesters that can be spun as high strength fibers from thermotropic melts. Copolymers of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and terephthalic acid give fiber diagrams that indicate a high degree of axial orientation. Much of the structure has disordered lateral packing but there is some three-dimensional order. The meridional maxima are aperiodic and shift in position with changes in the monomer composition. The positions of these maxima can be reproduced by a model for chains of random monomer sequence, in which the residues are represented by points separated from their neighbors by the appropriate monomer lengths. Extension of these calculations to an atomic model for the chains allows for comparison of the observed and calculated X-ray intensities. We find that refinement of the model by tilting the monomer residues with respect to the chain axis leads to good agreement between the observed intensities and those calculated for a completely random monomer sequence. An indication of the chain packing in the ordered regions comes from study of a second set of copolymers prepared by modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by incorporation of HBA. The latter copolymers are found to contain ordered regions with a structure similar to that for the high temperature hexagonal form of homopoly(HBA).
Placement and Format of Risk Information on Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Websites

We investigated whether the location and format of risk information on branded prescription drug websites influence consumers’ knowledge and perceptions of the drug’s risks. Participants (Internet panelists with high cholesterol [n = 2,609] or seasonal allergies [n = 2,637]) were randomly assigned to view a website promoting a fictitious prescription drug for their condition. The website presented risk information at the bottom of the homepage, or at the bottom of the homepage with a signal above indicating that the risk information was located below, or on a linked secondary page. We also varied the format of risk information (paragraph, checklist, bulleted list, highlighted box). Participants then answered questions on risk recall and perceptions. Participants recalled fewer drug risks when the risks were placed on a secondary page. The signal had little effect, and risk information format did not affect outcomes. The location of risk information on prescription drug websites can affect consumer knowled...
Twenty-Year Experience with Aorto-Enteric Fistula Repair: Gastrointestinal Complications Predict Mortality

Background Aorto-enteric fistulas (AEF) represent a lethal subset of aortic graft infections. The optimal management of AEF remains unclear. We aimed to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality. Study Design We performed a single-center retrospective review of consecutive AEF repairs. Demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative variables were obtained. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, Kruskall-Wallis, and Cox proportional-hazards modeling were used where appropriate. Results Between June 1995 and October 2014, 50 patients (30 male; 60%) presented with AEF, with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range [IQR] 61 to 75 years). Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 14 months (IQR 5 to 27 months). Thirty-four (68%) subjects underwent aortic reconstruction with femoral vein; 12 (24%) with extra-anatomic bypass and aortic ligation; 3 (6%) with rifampin-soaked Dacron graft; and 1 (2%) with cryopreserved aortic allograft. The duodenum was the most common location of the enteric defect (n = 40, 80%). Duodenal leak complicated 6 (12%) of the primary enteric repairs, but none of the complex enteric repairs performed with resection and/or bypass. Twenty-three patients (46%) died by 60 days. Advanced age, chronic renal insufficiency, any complications, and gastrointestinal (GI) complications (n = 13, 26%) were all associated with an increase in overall mortality on univariate analysis (p Conclusions Over 20 years, approximately 50% of patients with AEF repairs died within 60 days. Gastrointestinal complications increase the risk of mortality more than 3-fold, representing an attractive surgically modifiable risk factor. Future multicenter studies are required to clarify optimal methods of arterial and GI reconstruction in AEF.
Safety and Effectiveness of a Longer Focal Beam and Burst Duration in Ultrasonic Propulsion for Repositioning Urinary Stones and Fragments

Abstract Purpose: In the first-in-human trial of ultrasonic propulsion, subjects passed collections of residual stone fragments repositioned with a C5-2 probe. Here, effectiveness and safety in moving multiple fragments are compared between the C5-2 and a custom (SC-50) probe that produces a longer focal beam and burst duration. Materials and Methods: Effectiveness was quantified by the number of stones expelled from a calyx phantom consisting of a 30-mm deep, water-filled well in a block of tissue mimicking material. Each probe was positioned below the phantom to move stones against gravity. Single propulsion bursts of 50 ms or 3 s duration were applied to three separate targets: 10 fragments of 2 different sizes (1–2 and 2–3 mm) and a single 4 × 7 mm human stone. Safety studies consisted of porcine kidneys exposed to an extreme dose of 10-minute burst duration, including a 7-day survival study and acute studies with surgically implanted stones. Results: Although successful in the clinical trial, the sho...
Impacts of Foundations on Embodied Carbon

While a structural engineer plays an important role in the design and construction of a building, initiatives such as the Paris Agreement are increasing the importance of the structural engineer interest in sustainability with it being pushed to the forefront of the design field as a major concern and priority. Given this, the structural engineer needs to initiate sustainable practices in their design outside of testing new materials, as this takes time to research and incorporate into codes, standards, and everyday practice. The additional cost to construct with a new building material is also a factor and may value engineer itself out of the design. What considerations can a structural engineer take while designing a structure to reduce the embodied carbon in a building without increasing the cost? Concrete contains more embodied carbon than other structural materials, and it is also used as a primary material for foundations. Analyzing different framing methods of the structure can greatly impact the amount of concrete needed for the foundation. By reducing the amount of substructure needed a structural engineer can decrease the amount of embodied carbon and cost. This study evaluates how three different framing methods, two conventionally framed (moment resisting and concentric braced) and one less conventional (diagrid), effect the amount of concrete needed in the foundation and the impact of this in the embodied carbon of the overall structure.
A low dose lipid infusion is sufficient to induce insulin resistance and a pro-inflammatory response in human subjects.

Objective The root cause behind the low-grade inflammatory state seen in insulin resistant (obesity and type 2 diabetes) states is unclear. Insulin resistant subjects have elevations in plasma free fatty acids (FFA), which are ligands for the pro-inflammatory toll-like receptor (TLR)4 pathway. We tested the hypothesis that an experimental elevation in plasma FFA (within physiological levels) in lean individuals would upregulate TLR4 and activate downstream pathways (e.g., MAPK) in circulating monocytes. Research design and methods Twelve lean, normal glucose-tolerant subjects received a low dose (30 ml/h) 48 h lipid or saline infusion on two different occasions. Monocyte TLR4 protein level, MAPK phosphorylation, and expression of genes in the TLR pathway were determined before and after each infusion. Results The lipid infusion significantly increased monocyte TLR4 protein and phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. Lipid-mediated increases in TLR4 and p38 phosphorylation directly correlated with reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity (M value). Lipid increased levels of multiple genes linked to inflammation, including several TLRs, CD180, MAP3K7, and CXCL10. Monocytes exposed in vivo to lipid infusion exhibited enhanced in vitro basal and LPS-stimulated IL-1β secretion. Conclusions In lean subjects, a small increase in plasma FFA (as seen in insulin resistant subjects) is sufficient to upregulate TLR4 and stimulate inflammatory pathways (MAPK) in monocytes. Moreover, lipids prime monocytes to endotoxin. We provide proof-of-concept data in humans indicating that the low-grade inflammatory state characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes could be caused (at least partially) by pro-inflammatory monocytes activated by excess lipids present in these individuals.
Marital Rape: A Distinct Syndrome?:

Violent marriages in which wives were raped by their husbands are compared with other such marriages that did not include sexual assaults. Data from in-depth interviews with 146 women suggest consi...
The Institutions In Children's Lives

This chapter is a reflection on 15 years of work focused on children in institutional environments, including schools, psychiatric facilities, and day-care centers.* We have attempted to understand the relationships between the stated goals of a particular place; the administrative, educational, and therapeutic programs developed to attain these goals; the physical, social, economic, and political environments in which these programs were implemented; and the eventual impact on the lives of the children housed within them. On the basis of our work, we have tried to extract generalizations concerning the child-environment relationship. In doing so, it has been impossible to ignore the powerful developmental implications of such places, especially their socializing power for children.
Effects of UVB on Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases remain serious public health problems in the tropics and semi-tropics, which are exposed to high levels of UVB in sunlight. The UVB flux at the equator is one to four watts per square meter, so that even the highest experimentally effective doses can be acquired in several hours’ exposure to midday sun. UVB is a potent suppressor of cell-mediated immunity. Many infectious diseases are acquired via the cutaneous route and protection is mediated by cellular immunity in immunocompetent individuals. In animal models for several such infectious diseases, UVB irradiation alters pathogenesis and immunity. In a murine model for cutaneous leishmaniasis, UVB irradiation applied during the first exposure to Leishmania altered the pathology of primary skin lesions, abrogated the induction of protective immunity, and may have predisposed the mice to fatal systemic leishmaniasis. UVB irradiation of mouse skin causes a spectrum of immunological and fine structural alterations also seen in human skin. Therefore, it is likely that exposure to high levels of solar UVB may enhance severity and adversely affect protective immune responses in naturally acquired infectious diseases of humans.
Economics of NFL Attendance

The NFL started as an in-person spectator sport. Football teams played in baseball stadiums and around the MLB schedule. That is no longer the case. In 2010 the average attendance at an NFL game has grown to 516,238 spectators at home games. At least 150 million people watched part of an NFL game during the first 4 weeks of the 2010 season. On average 18.9 million people watched an NFL game on TV in 2010. The NFL was the most profitable US professional sports league, with a staggering $7.8 billion in revenues in 2009. While game day ticket sales are still an important part of NFL revenues they are second to the revenues from the NFL television broadcasting contracts. According to Forbes, in 2008 NFL revenues added up to $7.6 billion. $3.7 billion came from television contracts including DirecTV. Thus, the average team made $237 million in total revenue. A typical team made $59 million from ticketing and concessions. Therefore ticketing and concessions were about 25% of revenues, whereas television revenues comprised about 50% of the total revenues. Does attendance at games still matter? Yes it most definitely does. The NFL will not allow games that are not sold out to be televised locally. No one wants to watch a game at a partially filled stadium even if they are at home. It is for this reason that a chapter on NFL attendance deserves our attention.
On the geometric dependence of the molecular dipole polarizability in water: A benchmark study of higher-order electron correlation, basis set incompleteness error, core electron effects, and zero-point vibrational contributions.

In this work, we investigate how geometric changes influence the static dipole polarizability (α) of a water molecule by explicitly computing the corresponding dipole polarizability surface (DPS) across 3125 total (1625 symmetry-unique) geometries using linear response coupled cluster theory including single, double, and triple excitations (LR-CCSDT) and the doubly augmented triple-ζ basis set (d-aug-cc-pVTZ). Analytical formulae based on power series expansions of this ab initio surface are generated using linear least-squares analysis and provide highly accurate estimates of this quantity as a function of molecular geometry (i.e., bond and angle variations) in a computationally tractable manner. An additional database, which consists of 25 representative molecular geometries and incorporates a more thorough treatment of both basis sets and core electron effects, is provided as a current benchmark for this quantity and the corresponding leading-order C6 dispersion coefficient. This database has been utilized to assess the importance of these effects as well as the relative accuracy that can be obtained using several quantum chemical methods and a library of density functional approximations. In addition to high-level electron correlation methods (like CCSD) and our analytical least-squares formulae, we find that the SCAN0, PBE0, MN15, and B97-2 hybrid functionals yield the most accurate descriptions of the molecular polarizability tensor in H2O. Using first-order perturbation theory, we compute the zero-point vibrational correction to α at the CCSDT/d-aug-cc-pVTZ level and find that this correction contributes approximately 3% to the isotropic (αiso) and nearly 50% to the anisotropic (αaniso) polarizability values. In doing so, we find that αiso = 9.8307 bohr3, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 9.83 ± 0.02 bohr3 provided by Russell and Spackman. The DPS reported herein provides a benchmark-quality quantum mechanical estimate of this fundamental quantity of interest and should find extensive use in the development (and assessment) of next-generation force fields and machine-learning based approaches for modeling water in complex condensed-phase environments.
Children are Losing Maryland's

What seems like Maryland's version of the Hundred Years War continues to be fought in the Maryland General Assembly regarding the "tender years exception," a limited hearsay exception for statements made by children under twelve years old regarding physical or sexual abuse against them. Maryland's statute is much more restrictive than those of other states. Yet, year after year, attempts to liberalize it have been defeated in the Maryland House of Delegates Judiciary Committee, leaving Maryland's children significantly less protected from physical and sexual abuse than children living in other states. This Article first discusses the rationale for the tender years hearsay exception and the constitutional limits on admitting tender years hearsay. Next, it sets forth the history of Maryland's tender years statute. This Article then addresses each of the arguments that have been made over the years by opponents of liberalizing the statute and compares Maryland's tender years statute to those of other states. Finally, this Article recommends specific amendments to Maryland's tender years statute and proposes its incorporation into the Maryland Rules of Evidence.
Predictive Value of First Posttreatment Imaging Using Standardized Reporting in Head and Neck Cancer

ObjectiveThe Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) is a standardized numerical reporting template for surveillance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our aim was to analyz...
Syrian Refugee Integration in Turkey: Evidence from Call Detail Records

Over the past 7 years, the needs of the three and a half million Syrian refugees have shifted from emergency response to programs focused on their integration. Using D4R call detail records (CDRs), this chapter focuses on questions derived from the relevant academic literature and explores whether and how local context and service provision affect refugee integration. Unlike existing studies, we address multiple factors in a single analysis, accounting for potential confoundedness between different factors that might otherwise bias results. Our analysis supplements D4R with an array of original data sources related to refugee integration and service provision and employs linear regression and regularization techniques. We find that social integration is affected by multiple socioeconomic, welfare, and geography-related factors such as economic activity, availability of health facilities and charity foundations, network centrality, and district location. In terms of mobility, long-term over-time movement of refugees appears to be motivated by the availability of scarce welfare resources such as health clinics, as well as economic activity and the availability of religious facilities in a district. Our results suggest that policy-makers concerned with social integration of refugees must readily take into account the role of service provision in that process.
Switching a Plasmon-Driven Reaction Mechanism from Charge Transfer to Adsorbate Electronic Excitation Using Surface Ligands

Understanding a photocatalytic reaction conditions that selectively leads to a desired product on metal surfaces is a longstanding research problem in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, using plasmon e...
Chemometrics-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy Characterization of Tunable Polymer-Peptide Hybrids for Dental Tissue Repair

The interfaces that biological tissues form with biomaterials are invariably defective and frequently the location where failure initiates. Characterizing the phenomena that lead to failure is confounded by several factors including heterogeneous material/tissue interfaces. To seamlessly analyze across these diverse structures presents a wealth of analytical challenges. This study aims to develop a molecular-level understanding of a peptide-functionalized adhesive/collagen hybrid biomaterial using Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics approach. An engineered hydroxyapatite-binding peptide (HABP) was copolymerized in dentin adhesive and dentin was demineralized to provide collagen matrices that were partially infiltrated with the peptide-functionalized adhesive. Partial infiltration led to pockets of exposed collagen-a condition that simulates defects in adhesive/dentin interfaces. The spectroscopic results indicate that co-polymerizable HABP tethered to the adhesive promoted remineralization of the defects. The spatial distribution of collagen, adhesive, and mineral as well as crystallinity of the mineral across this heterogeneous material/tissue interface was determined using micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics approach. The success of this combined approach in the characterization of material/tissue interfaces stems from its ability to extract quality parameters that are related to the essential and relevant portions of the spectral data, after filtering out noise and non-relevant information. This ability is critical when it is not possible to separate components for analysis such as investigations focused on, in situ chemical characterization of interfaces. Extracting essential information from complex bio/material interfaces using data driven approaches will improve our understanding of heterogeneous material/tissue interfaces. This understanding will allow us to identify key parameters within the interfacial micro-environment that should be harnessed to develop durable biomaterials.
Data Mountain: Self-Monitoring, Goal Setting, and Positive Attributions to Enhance the Oral Reading Fluency of Elementary Students With or At-Risk for Reading Disabilities.

Data Mountain is a self-determination program that has shown early promise in enhancing the oral reading fluency (ORF) of students with or at-risk for reading disabilities (RD). This program supports self-determined learning behaviors through explicit teaching of self-monitoring, goal setting, and positive attributions. The present study tested the effects of Data Mountain on the ORF of 81 students with or at-risk for RD in second through fifth grades, randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Data Mountain delivered in small groups, Data Mountain delivered individually, or a comparison condition. Results from hierarchical linear modeling indicated that treatment students read an average of 31 more words per minute with a growth rate twice that of comparison students (p < .01). The transferable possibilities of Data Mountain to provide students with an opportunity to learn self-determination skills and support ORF is significant to the field of special education.
The importance of avian physiology

Abstract The 20th century saw many revolutionary advances in the biological sciences. In 100 years, biology progressed from cataloging and describing species to sequencing the human genome. Along the way, astounding advances were made in cell and molecular biology, biomechanics, physiology, theoretical ecology, genetics, behavioral neurobiology, etc. These and other areas of the biological sciences continue to develop with Aves an important model group for links between environment and gene expression. Environmental change including degradation, population, public health, food and energy production, education, and especially the public's understanding of science and technology are some of the most critical issues facing science and society. All of these pertain to biology. Technology and basic research in biological sciences have the potential to address the above issues, but they cannot be understood along traditional disciplinary lines. One enormous hurdle awaits 21st century biological research: how to integrate our knowledge of biology at all levels so we can pave the way for a deeper and broader understanding of how life on this planet works? This will also entail how to feed a still burgeoning population and educate future generations of undergraduates while conserving as much of the natural world as possible? If this were not enough, we must also deal with potentially catastrophic environmental problems resulting from climate change.
Unit Graphs for Nonuniform Rainfall Distribution

Correlation between Snyder's basin constants Ct and 640 Cp and basin physical characteristics of drainage area, total length, average slope length to the center of area, and elongation is established using synthetic data. Actual data are used to compensate for discrepancies introduced through initial use of synthetic data. Effects of nonuniform rainfall distribution on the basin runoff hydrograph is represented by a unit graph, selected from three computed for each basin. Computation formulas are presented to define each of the three basin unit graphs. A dimensionless unit graph is introduced for a more accurate definition of the rising and falling links of each unit graph.
Experiments on the Unsteady Ground Vortex

The ground vortex formed by a jet impinging on the ground in the presence of a cross flow has been studied experimentally. High speed motion pictures and spectral measurements were obtained to study the unsteady features of this flowfield. A very low frequency 'puffing' action was observed. Since this unsteadiness could not be correlated with any other oscillations in the flowfield, the low frequency oscillations must come from the gross features of the ground vortex itself. Namely, jet fluid accumulates in the ground vortex until the vortex is so large that the flowfield breaks up, the ground vortex is swept away, a new smaller vortex forms, and the process repeats itself.
A Note on Erb and Harvey (2005)

This note is a response to a recent paper by Erb and Harvey (2005). We show that diversification returns are mathematical properties of geometric averages of index returns, and not due to rebalancing. We also show how rebalancing affects the performance of the equal-weighted commodity futures index constructed by Gorton and Rouwenhorst (2005). Because rebalancing is an embedded trading strategy, it can be a source of return. Less frequent rebalancing would have increased, rather than lowered the performance of the equally-weighted commodity index.
The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: A RELATIONAL THEORY: ETHNICITY IS ABOUT UNCERTAINTY, WHEREAS ETHNIC POLITICS IS ABOUT INTERESTS

The second core argument of this book is that ethnicity is primarily about uncertainty while ethnic politics is mainly about interests. That is, we must begin by distinguishing what drives ethnicity itself as a phenomenon from what drives actual ethnic behavior. This helps us see that the human drive explaining ethnicity itself is uncertainty reduction, which is shown to be distinct from utility maximization – it is not simply a value inserted into the utility equation that people then pursue or maximize. In fact, uncertainty reduction must occur before utility-maximizing behavior is possible. Uncertainty reduction thus ushers us into the realm of actual political behavior, the domain of ethnic politics, which is utility-maximizing behavior. This leads us to several conclusions. For one thing, because reducing uncertainty says nothing about how any resulting certainty will be used, we find new ground for the argument that there are no values inherent in ethnicity at all. But we also find that ethnicity is not epiphenomenal, not a secondary phenomenon. Instead, ethnicity is primary in that it precedes the politics of interest, helping make the pursuit of interest possible. All this is dubbed a “relational theory” of ethnicity for reasons that will become clear later. This chapter proceeds by recognizing the crucial separation between the motives explaining ethnic identification and the motives explaining the group and individual behavior based on this identification. It begins by examining the former and then turns to the latter before discussing important implications.
Changing Sovereignty Games and International Migration

In this article, Professor Zolberg argues that today's immigration issues should be analyzed within their historical bases. He follows the formation of the modern State, with particular focus on the legal and political meaning of "sovereignty" as understood in pre-colonial times down to the World War II period. He next identifies several late twentieth century phenomena in Europe and elsewhere, many of which pose serious challenges to long-standing notions of nationhood and citizenship. The author concludes that despite the recent development of borderless markets and communication infrastructures, much remains to be done to build a truly global community.
An Empirical Study of the Impact of CEO Characteristics on New Firms' Time to IPO*

An initial public offering (IPO) is one of the most critical events in the life of a firm. As the IPO market continues to attract attention from both entrepreneurs and investors, research examining...
Filamin A Regulates Neuronal Migration through Brefeldin A-Inhibited Guanine Exchange Factor 2-Dependent Arf1 Activation

Periventricular heterotopias is a malformation of cortical development, characterized by ectopic neuronal nodules around ventricle lining and caused by an initial migration defect during early brain development. Human mutations in the Filamin A (FLNA) and ADP-ribosylation factor guanine exchange factor 2 [ARFGEF2; encoding brefeldin-A-inhibited guanine exchange factor-2 (BIG2)] genes give rise to this disorder. Previously, we have reported that Big2 inhibition impairs neuronal migration and binds to FlnA, and its loss promotes FlnA phosphorylation. FlnA phosphorylation dictates FlnA–actin binding affinity and consequently alters focal adhesion size and number to effect neuronal migration. Here we show that FlnA loss similarly impairs migration, reciprocally enhances Big2 expression, but also alters Big2 subcellular localization in both null and conditional FlnA mice. FlnA phosphorylation promotes relocalization of Big2 from the Golgi toward the lipid ruffles, thereby activating Big2-dependent Arf1 at the cell membrane. Loss of FlnA phosphorylation or Big2 function impairs Arf1-dependent vesicle trafficking at the periphery, and Arf1 is required for maintenance of cell–cell junction connectivity and focal adhesion assembly. Loss of Arf1 activity disrupts neuronal migration and cell adhesion. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a potential mechanism whereby coordinated interactions between actin (through FlnA) and vesicle trafficking (through Big2-Arf) direct the assembly and disassembly of membrane protein complexes required for neuronal migration and neuroependymal integrity.
Lost Science: Protecting Data Through Improved Archiving

Mike Carr wrote recently of the wonderful planetary geology accomplished by NASA over the past 50 years of space exploration, with images and descriptions from the early Venus, Mars, and lunar missions as well as more recent missions, which evoked good memories (M. H. Carr, Geologic exploration of the planets: The first 50 years, Eos, 94(3), 29–30, doi:10.1029/2013EO030001, 2013). Unfortunately, memories are not science data, and those 50 years have not been as kind to the scientific information collected by these pioneering missions.
The differential heat of adsorption of CO2 on small-port sodium mordenite: A one-dimensional, quasi-equilibrium adsorption model

Abstract The adsorption isotherm and the differential heat of adsorption of CO 2 on small-port sodium mordenite have been measured at 30°C over the range 0.02 torr ⩽ p ⩽ 1 atm by a simultaneous DTA/TG technique. Quite uncharacteristic of other zeolites, the isotherm is sigmoidal in shape and the differential heat curve displays several pronounced maxima. The results are discussed in terms of a one-dimensional, quasi-equilibrium model which has been developed with the aid of C-13 NMR. The model assumes that both the high and low energy adsorption sites are periodically spaced in the mordenite channel system and adsorption on the low energy sites effectively restricts the translation of the molecules along the one-dimensional array the other more energetic sites. The model explains many of the unusual adsorption features of the differential heat curve.
Who puts the tubercle in tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), an illness that mainly affects the respiratory system, is one of the world's most pernicious diseases. TB currently infects one-third of the world's population and kills approximately 1.7 million people each year. Most infected individuals fail to progress to full-blown disease because the TB bacilli are 'walled off' by the immune system inside a tissue nodule known as a granuloma. The granuloma's primary function is one of containment and it prevents the dissemination of the mycobacteria. But what is the role of the TB bacillus in the progression of the granuloma? This Review explores how Mycobacterium tuberculosis influences granuloma formation and maintenance, and ensures the spread of the disease.
Growth-dependent expression of a cell surface glycoprotein

The expression of the hepatocellular membrane receptor for desialylated galactose-termining glycoproteins was studied during different proliferative stages of a human hepatoma cell line. Rapidly growing cells exhibited a reduced endocytotic rate of desialylated orsomucoid as compared to non-growing cells. This reduction was shown to be the consequence of a lower concentration of active cell-surface associated receptor protein in the dividing cells.
PyGASP: Python-based GPU-accelerated signal processing

Computational science is the application of computing technology to evaluate mathematical models in order to solve problems in the scientific disciplines. Many scientific fields are experiencing an explosion of data, with signal processing being a crucial technique for aiding interpretation and for distinguishing meaningful information from noise. This process requires tools that can be easily used by researchers from all branches of science and which are fast enough to manage the enormous amount of data being generated. This paper presents such a toolkit: an intuitive, high-performance Python library for facilitating large-scale signal analysis. Of particular interest is a novel PyCUDA implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), several applications of which are demonstrated in this paper.
Polymerization reaction dynamics of ethylene glycol methacrylates and dimethacrylates by calorimetry

Abstract Profiles of reaction rate as a function of time were obtained for free radical crosslinking polymerizations of ethylene glycol methacrylates and dimethacrylates using differential scanning calorimetry. Copolymerizations of ethylene glycol monomethacrylates with small amounts of dimethacrylate crosslinking agents were studied in addition to homopolymerizations of dimethacrylates. In the former case, the effects of the crosslinking agent, initiator, solvent, and the pendent ethylene glycol chain length were investigated. Typically, a sharp increase in the reaction rate was observed which was attributed to autoacceleration. The time period before the onset of autoacceleration increased and the maximum reaction rate decreased as the solvent concentration or the pendent chain length were increased or the crosslinking agent concentration was decreased. These results were explained by an increase in the mobility of the growing polymer leading to a decrease in the magnitude of the gel effect. Studies of dimethacrylates yielded similar results for the effect of solvent. However, the maximum reaction rate increased when the number of repeating units between the methacrylate functionalities was increased from one to four, but decreased when the number of repeating units was increased from four to nine. Photopolymerization experiments indicated that radicals with significantly different lifetimes might be present in dimethacrylate homopolymerizations.
The roentgenologic identification of pulmonary metastases: evaluation of an operatively-proved series.

Retrospective evalution of 42 operatively-proved cases of metastatic pulmonary malignancy utilizing standard radiographic techniques demonstrated that the number and location of pulmonary metastases could be accurately detected in 66 per cent of the cases. Radiographic evidence of multiplicity of metastases or the presence of extrapulmonary metastases was a grave prognostic omen. The composite five-year survival rate of 27 individuals with this distribution of metastases was seven per cent (two survivors). The five-year survival of 18 individuals with a solitary metastasis confined to the pulmonary parenchyma was 39 per cent (seven survivors). It is proposed that roentgenologic examination utilizing special techniques to carefully evaluate the pulmonary parenchyma and mediastinum will materially aid in selection of those patients with pulmonary metastases to whom thoracotomy offers the greatest benefit.
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Scoring Multiple-Choice Tests in the Misinformation Model

Abstract This article develops multiple-choice test scoring rules, concentrating on Bayes rules and their frequency theory analogs, empirical Bayes rules. Conditions are given for empirical Bayes estimates to lie in the probability simplex. The misinformation model is considered in detail. It is shown that ranking by raw scores is equivalent to ranking by Bayes scores when the loss function increases with error and the sampling distribution has the monotone likelihood ratio property. Application of the techniques is made to data from a multiple-choice test given to students of an elementary statistics course.
Parental craniofacial morphology in cleft lip with or without cleft palate as determined by cephalometry: a meta-analysis.

Structured Abstract Authors – Weinberg SM, Maher BS, Marazita ML Objective – To integrate findings from previous cephalometric studies comparing the craniofacial complex of unaffected parents with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) children to controls with no history of the disease. Design – Meta-analysis of case-control cephalometric data. Inclusion criteria – Studies were selected if the unaffected parents of children with CL/P were included and were not combined with parents of children with isolated CP; quantitative data were obtained through cephalometry; the cephalometric variables used were not unique to a study; a case-control design was used; and the means and standard deviations for all variables were reported or could be calculated for both the experimental and the control group. Outcome measure – Using raw data obtained from nine studies, mean weighted effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 28 cephalometric variables (mothers and fathers combined) or 18 variables (mothers and fathers separately). Heterogeneity statistics for the effect sizes were also calculated. Results – In general, unaffected parents of children with CL/P possessed significantly wider interorbital, nasal cavity and upper facial dimensions, narrower cranial vaults, longer cranial bases, longer and more protrusive mandibles, shorter upper faces and longer lower faces compared with controls. Increased width of the nasal cavity was the most robust finding. Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed in roughly half of the variables examined. Conclusion – Unaffected parents of children with CL/P are characterized by a suite of consistent, yet subtle, craniofacial differences, which could indicate an underlying genetic liability.
Reconstitution of the NF1 GAP-related domain in NF1-deficient human Schwann cells

Schwann cells derived from peripheral nerve sheath tumors from individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) are deficient for the protein neurofibromin, which contains a GAP-related domain (NF1-GRD). Neurofibromin-deficient Schwann cells have increased Ras activation, increased proliferation in response to certain growth stimuli, increased angiogenic potential, and altered cell morphology. This study examined whether expression of functional NF1-GRD can reverse the transformed phenotype of neurofibromin-deficient Schwann cells from both benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. We reconstituted the NF1-GRD using retroviral transduction and examined the effects on cell morphology, growth potential, and angiogenic potential. NF1-GRD reconstitution resulted in morphologic changes, a 16-33% reduction in Ras activation, and a 53% decrease in proliferation in neurofibromin-deficient Schwann cells. However, NF1-GRD reconstitution was not sufficient to decrease the in vitro angiogenic potential of the cells. This study demonstrates that reconstitution of the NF1-GRD can at least partially reverse the transformation of human NF1 tumor-derived Schwann cells.
Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius).

Abstract 1. One-day old American kestrel (Faico sparverius) nestlings were orally dosed daily with 5 μl/g of corn oil (controls), 25, 125 or 625 mg/kg of metallic lead in corn oil for 10 days. 2. Forty per cent of the nestlings receiving 625 mg/kg of lead died after 6 days and growth rates were significantly depressed in the two highest lead dosed groups. At 10 days hematocrit values were significantly lower in the two highest lead treated groups, and hemoglobin content and red blood cell (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was depressed in all lead treated groups. Plasma creatine phosphokinase decreased in the two highest treatment groups. 3. Brain, liver and kidney ALAD activities, brain RNA to protein ratio and liver protein concentration decreased after lead exposure whereas liver DNA, DNA to RNA ratio and DNA to protein ratio increased. Brain monoamine oxidase and ATPase were not significantly altered. 4. Measurements of the ontogeny of hematological variants and enzymes in normal development, using additional untreated nestlings, revealed decreases in red blood cell ALAD, plasma aspartate amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, brain DNA and RNA and liver DNA, whereas hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase, brain monoamine oxidase, brain ALAD and liver ALAD increased during the first 10 days of posthatching development. 5. Biochemical and hematological alterations were more severe than those reported in adult kestrels or precocial young birds exposed to lead. Alterations may be due in part to delayed development.