cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of policy characteristics and justifications on acceptance of a gasoline tax increase

Abstract Many economists argue that increasing the gasoline tax is an effective way to reduce fuel consumption. Yet, public support for such a tax increase has been rather low among US residents. We performed eight survey experiments (total N approximately 3000) to examine how selected policy characteristics and persuasive messages influence support for a gasoline tax increase. Several policy characteristics significantly increased support for a gasoline tax increase. Having the increase phased in over five years modestly increased support. Compared with giving the extra revenue to the US Treasury’s General Fund, both refunding the extra revenue equally to all American families and having this revenue used for energy efficient transportation strongly increased support. Support for a gasoline tax increase was not affected by the nature of the mechanism to achieve revenue neutrality. Most people supported a 20 cent per gallon tax increase to repair roads and bridges. Explaining how the gasoline tax increase would reduce fuel consumption slightly increased support for a gasoline tax increase, but neither being informed of the high gasoline prices in other advanced industrial countries nor the actual pump price of gasoline at the time of the experiment influenced support for a gasoline tax increase.
Utilizing the media to help increase organ donation in the Hispanic American population.

Salim A, Berry C, Ley EJ, Schulman D, Navarro S, Chan LS. Utilizing the media to help increase organ donation in the Hispanic American population. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E622–E628. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Objective: As the shortage of suitable organs for transplantation is especially pronounced among Hispanic Americans (HA), our objective was to determine whether a focused media campaign including culturally sensitive educational material on organ donation would positively influence organ donation awareness, perceptions, and beliefs, and increase the likelihood of organ donation in the HA community. Methods: Cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted before and after a media campaign in four Southern California neighborhoods with a high percentage of HA. Respondents, age ≥18 yr, were drawn randomly from lists of Hispanic surnames. Awareness, perception, and belief regarding organ donation and intent-to-donate were measured. The differences between the Pre- and Post-media surveys were analyzed. Results: A total of 524 Pre-media and 528 Post-media subjects were evaluated. The Post-media surveys demonstrated improvements in: organ donation awareness (43% vs. 31%, p < 0.0001), the belief that donation is a social responsibility (54% vs. 45%, p = 0.008), and the belief that donation helps people (91% vs. 87%, p = 0.09). Conclusions: A media campaign emphasizing culturally sensitive educational material can significantly influence organ donation awareness and beliefs in HA.
A theory‐driven investigation of prospective applicants' intentions to submit video résumés

As a quickly growing trend among job seekers, video resumes represent an area where practice has outpaced research. This study investigated whether the theory of planned behavior (TpB) can be used to understand future job seekers (n = 154) video resume submission intentions and behaviors. Results supported the TpB model. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predicted intentions, which in turn predicted video resume creation behaviors. Compared with perceived behavioral control, attitudes and subjective norms were more important predictors. As one of the first empirical studies on video resumes, this research breaks important new ground. It also extends what is known about the TpB because it is the first study to use a relative importance analysis to statistically compare the influence of the theory's antecedent constructs.
“Who Knows the Power of His Bones”: Reburial Redux

: This paper discusses the repatriation of human remains to indigenous peoples in Australia and the United States and the role anthropologists play in the construction of past, present, and future identities for contemporary indigenous peoples. Using examples from both countries, I suggest that many of the participants at the reburials, and in the events leading up to them, were not only reburying their dead ancestors and addressing religious concerns, but were also redeeming past social injustices, renegotiating the status quo, and affirming their modern social and religious identity-all important issues for Fourth World peoples living in First World nation-states today. Reburials are powerful social dramas, testimony to the complex historical relationships between and among all concerned, living and dead, indigenous and non-indigenous. I also argue that as Fourth World peoples attempt to renegotiate the status quo by turning to the past and reburying their ancestors, the important role of anthropologists in this effort should be considered in terms of both practice and theory. Because of the combination of heritage/cultural resource management legislation, government regulations, a changing professional ethic in regards to issues of repatriation, anthropologists in all subdisciplines are increasingly involved in the witting and unwitting reproduction of indigenous social orders. The implications of this and its ethical dilemmas for anthropologists working in all the subdisciplines and in varied workplaces are explored. The necessity of working with indigenous communities is underscored and suggestions for working toward a common universal heritage are presented.
Microwave faraday rotation in semiconductor plasmas in the high magnetic field limit

Abstract Microwave Faraday rotation is investigated in pure n-type InSb at 78°K, at 35 Gc, in magnetic fields up to 150 kG. The effect, observed beyond the magnetoplasma edge, is very large, varies as B−1, and agrees well with the theoretical formulation.
Control of reversible intracellular transfer of reducing potential.

Abstract Isolated rat liver mitochondria were incubated in the presence of a reconstituted malate-aspartate shuttle under carboxylating conditions in the presence of glutamate, octanoyl-carnitine and pyruvate, or a preset lactate/pyruvate ratio. The respiration and attendant energy state were varied with soluble F 1 -ATPase. Under these conditions reducing equivalents are exported due to pyruvate carboxylation. This was shown by lactate production from pyruvate and by a substantial increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. This led to a competition between malate export and energy-driven malate cycling via the malate-aspartate shuttle, resulting in a lowered redox segregation of the NAD systems between the mitochondrial and extramitochondrial spaces. If pyruvate carboxylation was blocked, this egress of reducing equivalents was also blocked, leading to an elevated value of redox segregation, Δ G redox (in kJ) = −5.7 log( NAD + NADH out )/( NAD + NADH in ) being then equal to approximately one-half of the membrane potential, in accordance with electrogenic glutamate/aspartate exchange. Reconstitution of malate-pyruvate cycling led to a further kinetic decrease in the original malate-aspartate shuttle-driven value of Δ G redox . Therefore, the value of segregation of reducing potential between mitochondria and cytosol caused by glutamate/aspartate exchange can be diminished kinetically by processes exporting reducing equivalents from mitochondria, such as pyruvate carboxylation and pyruvate cycling.
SOIL SLIPPAGE: AN INDICATOR OF SLOPE INSTABILITY ON CHAPARRAL WATERSHEDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(1969). SOIL SLIPPAGE: AN INDICATOR OF SLOPE INSTABILITY ON CHAPARRAL WATERSHEDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 172-177.
Neurometabolite abnormalities in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques with chronic morphine administration.

Opiate abuse increases the risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, while both opiates and HIV may impact the immune and nervous systems. To model potential interactions between opiate drugs and HIV on the brain, neurometabolite levels were evaluated in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques with or without chronic morphine administration. Over the course of the study, 58% of these SIV-infected animals progressed to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Brain extracts from four brain regions were evaluated with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Animals with AIDS had lower N-acetyl-aspartate in all four brain regions (p ≤ 0.05) as well as lower frontal gray matter total creatine (p = 0.03), lower frontal white matter (p = 0.003) and caudate (p = 0.002) glutamate, and higher frontal white matter myo-inositol (p = 0.05) than the healthier non-AIDS macaques. Morphine-dependent animals had higher levels of myo-inositol in the putamen (p = 0.003), especially those with AIDS. In the animals with AIDS, those with morphine dependence had higher total creatine in the frontal white matter (p = 0.04) than those treated with saline, which in turn had lower creatine than saline-injected animals without AIDS (p = 0.04), leading to an interaction between the effects of morphine and AIDS on total creatine in this brain region (ANOVA p = 0.02). The majority of these brain metabolites correlated with viral counts indicating more severe metabolite abnormalities in animals with higher viral loads or set points. Collectively, these findings suggest that chronic morphine may protect against the neurotoxic effect of AIDS and reinforce the importance of maintaining a low viral load in AIDS.
Embedded Librarians: Just-in-Time or Just-in-Case? A Research Study.

Embedded librarians in online courses provide a wealth of service and information to students. Though students indicate that these services are valuable, the librarians providing embedded services frequently note that these projects are very time consuming. This study examines the provision of a less time-intensive model of embedded librarianship and its impact on students’ performance on research-related assignments in their course. A librarian was embedded in four sections of a course for either two weeks or the full semester. Data indicated that there was no significant difference in student performance in any of the sections, which indicates that a limited-duration embedded librarian can be as successful as a full-semester embedded librarian.
A single domain of the ZP2 zona pellucida protein mediates gamete recognition in mice and humans

The extracellular zona pellucida surrounds ovulated eggs and mediates gamete recognition that is essential for mammalian fertilization. Zonae matrices contain three (mouse) or four (human) glycoproteins (ZP1–4), but which protein binds sperm remains controversial. A defining characteristic of an essential zona ligand is sterility after genetic ablation. We have established transgenic mice expressing human ZP4 that form zonae pellucidae in the absence of mouse or human ZP2. Neither mouse nor human sperm bound to these ovulated eggs, and these female mice were sterile after in vivo insemination or natural mating. The same phenotype was observed with truncated ZP2 that lacks a restricted domain within ZP251–149. Chimeric human/mouse ZP2 isoforms expressed in transgenic mice and recombinant peptide bead assays confirmed that this region accounts for the taxon specificity observed in human–mouse gamete recognition. These observations in transgenic mice document that the ZP251–149 sperm-binding domain is necessary for human and mouse gamete recognition and penetration through the zona pellucida.
Effect of prostate biopsy on the results of the PSA RT-PCR test

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the effect of prostate biopsy on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Methods. Ninety men who were scheduled to undergo prostate biopsy because of an elevated PSA or abnormal digital rectal examination, or both, were recruited to have PSA RT-PCR performed on peripheral blood samples drawn before and at 30 minutes, 1 week, and 1 month after undergoing prostate biopsy. PSA RT-PCR was performed and all PCR products were blotted and hybridized with phosphorus-32 ( 32 -P)-PSA cDNA probe (exon 3 to 5). Results. Of 90 patients, 77 had a negative prebiopsy PSA RT-PCR result. Of these 77, 2 (2.6%) had a positive PSA RT-PCR result at some point after the biopsy procedure. Both of these patients had no evidence of malignancy on biopsy. The PSA RT-PCR test was positive at 30 minutes for 1 patient, but was negative at 1 week; the other was positive at 1 week but the patient did not return for the 1-month sample. Conclusions. Our study indicates that 2.6% of patients with an initially negative PSA RT-PCR will have a positive PSA RT-PCR test after biopsy has been performed. Although this is uncommon, it may have profound implications for those patients in whom it occurs. On the basis of our results, it appears that one should wait longer than 1 week after prostate biopsy before obtaining blood for PSA RT-PCR testing to decrease the likelihood of a spurious PSA RT-PCR result.
Lymphopoiesis in the rat. II. The effect of thymectomy.

Lymphopoiesis with respect to recirculating and non-recirculating small lymphocytes was measured simultaneously in rats thymectomized as adults. Removal of the thymus at four to five weeks of age had a profound inhibitory effect upon the production of recirculating cells, whereas the formation of non-recirculating lymphocytes was only slightly depressed. Thymectomy had approximately the same impact of lymphopoiesis as thymectomy and exposure of the animal to a large dose of whole body X- and γ-irradiation. The latter finding, and the failure of a thoracic duct cell transfusion to augment lymphocyte production, accord with the view that the thymus is the principle intermediate source of recirculating small lymphocytes in the normal, unstimulated animal.
Staphylococcus aureus antigens in hypersensitivity reactions and experimental arterial sensitization

Abstract 1.1. The sensitizing properties of Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46 strain) were studied, utilizing soluble cell protoplasm obtained by exposing live bacterial cells to the disrupting effects of ultrasonic vibrations and pepsin-digested culture filtrate (toxoid) as antigens. 2.2. In rabbits passively sensitized with high-titer bacterial agglutinating antisera, fatal anaphylaxis could be uniformly elicited by subsequent intravenous challenge with a soluble preparation of bacterial cytoplasm. 3.3. When the previously determined critical anaphylactic dose of soluble bacterial cellular protoplasm was administered intravenously in fractional dosages over a sixty-minute time period to rabbits passively sensitized with the same high-titer bacterial agglutinating antiserum, lesions of pulmonary periarteritis and panarteritis were demonstrated twenty-four hours later. 4.4. Lesions of pulmonary panarteritis and periarteritis were also observed when similar techniques were employed in rabbits passively sensitized with high-titer bacterial agglutinating antiserum and challenged with toxoid and in rabbits passively sensitized with antitoxin and challenged with either toxoid or soluble bacterial cellular protoplasm. 5.5. Neither anaphylactoid reactions nor the development of lesions of pulmonary periarteritis or panarteritis were observed in normal rabbits receiving only the same bacterial agglutinating antisera, antitoxin, soluble bacterial protoplasm, or toxoid. 6.6. The intracutaneous injection of preparations of soluble bacterial cellular protoplasm in normal nonsensitized rabbits resulted in the development of cutaneous lesions of erythema, edema, infiltration, and necrosis. This resembled the dermonecrotizing action of Staphylococcus aureus toxin and may have been due to the antigenic exotoxin components previously demonstrated within Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cells. 7.7. The sensitizing properties of the cytoplasm and toxin of Staphylococcus aureus, their antigenic relationships, and their ability to participate in such in vivo reactions of hypersensitivity in the rabbit as anaphylaxis and the development of tissue manifestations of vascular sensitization have been demonstrated.
The medicinal flora of native North America: An analysis

This paper describes an analysis of the plants of North America which have been used medicinally by Native North Americans. A method using regression residuals is developed for analyzing large quantities of data, divided into subgroups of varying sorts and sizes. The analysis shows that the medicinal species utilized by Native North Americans are distributed in a highly non-random fashion across subclasses and families as well as across groups defined in terms of growth habit and life pattern. This distribution makes sense in terms of both the defensive chemistry and the "complexity" of plants.
Organ culture study of effect of vitamin-A-deficiency on rat third molar development.

Abstract A culture procedure for rat third molars suitable for nutritional-developmental studies is described. Urerupted third molars from 12-day-old rats were cultured in BGJ b media containing 20 per cent rat serum and supplemented with 25 mM HEPES buffer, 25 mg ascorbic acid, 20 mg L-glutamine, 12mg penicillin G and 10mg streptomycin sulphate per 100 ml of media. Molars were cultured at the liquid-gas interphase using a 50 per cent O 2 , 45 per cent N 2 , 5 per cent CO 2 gas mixture at 10 lb-psig (pounds per square inch guage). Molar cultures were maintained successfully for 9–14 days without evidence of necrosis, although they developed at a slower rate than in vivo . Molars cultured in 50 per cent O 2 compared to those cultured in 21 per cent O 2 for periods of 2, 4, 6 and 8 days had higher values for protein, alkaline phosphatase (AP), Ca, P and Ca/P. Vitamin- A -deficiency gave lower values for AP, Ca, P, Ca/P, 45 Ca, 35 S and [ 14 C]-proline uptake. Histologically, A -molars had atrophie ameloblasts, some foci of squamous metaplasia and abnormal keratin formation. Thus, deficiency of vitamin A imposed during in-vitro development of rat third molars retarded dentinogenesis and interfered with early mineralization of enamel and dentine.
Xanthomas and the Inherited Hyperlipoproteinemias in Children and Adolescents

Early recognition of the hyperlipoproteinemias is a crucial element in preventing premature coronary artery disease. Xanthomas provide a cutaneous marker of the silent, underlying pathology. Identifying them, and understanding their relation to the inherited hyperlipoproteinemias may facilitate early diagnosis of hyperlipoproteinemias in pediatric patients. The dermatologist plays an important role in identifying these lesions and in subsequently facilitating prompt referral and treatment.
1018-46 Influence of Randomized Trials on Clinical Practice: A Comparison of Directional Atherectomy and New Device Use Before and After the CAVEAT Trial at CAVEAT Sites

In order to evaluate the impact of the Coronary Angioplasty versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT-I) on practice patterns of coronary intervention, a week-long registry of the “universe” of all coronary interventions performed at 35 investigational sites between April 18 and 22, 1994 was compared with a similar registry obtained before the trial was initiated. A total of 97% of sites responded. Additional sites which took part in CAVEAT-II comparing DCA and PTCA in vein grafts were also audited for generalizability: Device CAVEAT-I sites CAVEAT-II sites pre-CAVEAT post-CAVEAT post-CAVEAT n % n % n % PTCA 539 83.8 44.3 68.5 307 78.1 DCA 69 10.7 91 14.1 39 9.9 Other 35 54 113 17.5 47 12 * P l 0.0001 * p value for comparison of CAVEAT-I sites pre vs. post CAVEAT There has been a significant decline in the proportion of procedures relying exclusively on balloon angioplasty and paradoxically, despite the negative findings of CAVEAT-I, a noteworthy trend towards an increase in use of DCA and other devices at CAVEAT sites. This paradoxic increase in trend was still evident when subgroup analysis of American and European CAVEAT-I sites was performed. These findings suggest that even among investigators in the trial, there is a lack of influence of CAVEAT-I data on clinical practice patterns.
Sexual pleasure and condom use.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether sexually-experienced individuals’ pleasure ratings for protected and unprotected vaginal intercourse would be related to actual condom use. College participants (80 women and 35 men, M age = 22.29 years) who reported engaging in vaginal intercourse in the past 3 months completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of the pleasurability of unprotected and condom-protected vaginal intercourse and their own sexual behaviors. Both women and men rated unprotected vaginal intercourse as more pleasurable than protected vaginal intercourse. However, men’s pleasure ratings for unprotected vaginal intercourse were higher than women’s. Furthermore, men and women’s pleasure ratings for condom-protected intercourse were correlated with their actual condom use behaviors. Men’s “pleasure decrement” scores indicated a significantly greater reduction in pleasure ratings between unprotected and protected intercourse than women’s scores. Men who perceived a larger decrease in pleasure between unprotected and protected intercourse were less likely to have used condoms in the past 3 months than those who perceived a smaller decrease in pleasure. The results provide evidence that many people believe that condoms reduce sexual pleasure and that men, in particular, who believe that condoms decrease pleasure are less likely to use them. Condom promotion campaigns should work to emphasize the pleasure-enhancing aspects of condom use.
Slip in a stress gradient: Multiple slip and cross slip in an alpha brass single crystal oriented for easy glide

Abstract Trapezohedron shaped specimens of α-brass, single crystals, oriented for single slip, were compressed in order to examine slip behavior in a stress gradient. Two dimensional finite element method calculations were carried out to determine expected elastic stress distributions. These calculations indicated that, at a given height above the base of the trapezohedron, the resolved shear stress for a particular slip system passed through a maximum along the specimen width. Also the height of the maximum varied with the slip system. From the resolved shear stresses and the observation that no slip occurred below a resolved shear stress of 7 MN/m2, it was anticipated that only five slip systems would operate. Six slip systems were found to act, and it was inferred that the additional stress required to operate the sixth slip system was created by the simultaneous functioning of two of the slip systems. Cross slip occurred when the calculated resolved shear stress on the cross slip system was equal to the resolved shear stress on the primary slip system, an observation which suggested that cross slip occurred, when a critical resolved shear stress was reached. The complex stresses which developed in the trapezohedron suggest that the interaction of anisotropy and grain shape has a significant effect on the complex stresses developed within grains of polycrystalline metals.
Show and tell: Student and instructor perceptions of screencast assessment

Abstract This study addresses students’ and instructors’ perceptions of screencast assessment and compares this feedback method to traditional paper or digital text-based comments. Screencast assessment allows for asynchronous audio and visual commenting on student papers using screencast software. A pilot study using surveys of 39 students enrolled in lower-level composition classes and surveys of five composition instructors have indicated that screencast assessment promotes detailed and effective feedback on student writing. This feedback method reveals instructor's thought process while grading, and this transparency fosters student–teacher communication about writing. Screencast assessment changes the detail and types of comments, fostering an increased use of macro-level comments over micro-level concerns. The method does not necessarily save time grading but allows for feedback in the same amount of time. Because of the suggestion that students and instructors value screencast assessment, this study warrants a larger scale project in order to investigate the student preference for this feedback and whether the method leads to improvement in student performance.
User-centered indexing

Two distinct approaches describe the process of indexing. The document-oriented approach claims that indexing summarizes or represents the content of a document. The user-oriented approach requires that indexing reflect the requests for which a document might be relevant. Most indexing, in practice as well as in theory, subscribe to both, but the document-oriented approach has enjoyed most visibility. While request-oriented indexing is a user-centered approach, it is very difficult to implement with human, a priori indexing. Automated indexing with its dynamic and flexible nature is most fit to tailor indexing to requirements of individual users and requests, yet most of current research in the area focuses on the development of global methods. Regardless of the method, user-centered indexing cannot be developed before searching behavior is understood better. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attainment and stability of sustained symptomatic remission and recovery among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects: a 16-year prospective follow-up study.

Objective:The purposes of this study were to determine time to attainment of symptom remission and to recovery lasting 2, 4, 6, or 8 years among patients with borderline personality disorder and comparison subjects with other personality disorders and to determine the stability of these outcomes. Method:A total of 290 inpatients with borderline personality disorder and 72 comparison subjects with other axis II disorders were assessed during their index admission using a series of semistructured interviews, which were administered again at eight successive 2-year follow-up sessions. For inclusion in the study, patients with borderline personality disorder had to meet criteria for both the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-III-R. Results:Borderline patients were significantly slower to achieve remission or recovery (which involved good social and vocational functioning as well as symptomatic remission) than axis II comparison subjects. However, by the time of the 16-year follow-up assessm...
The effect of connector design on cement retention in an implant and natural tooth-supported fixed partial denture

This study investigated the effect of connector design, rigid or nonrigid, on cement retention in a combined implant and natural tooth-supported fixed partial denture. A prepared natural tooth was placed in a Plexiglas block in a manner that it could move approximately the same as a healthy premolar. An endosseous implant was placed in the block so that it was immobile. Joining the prepared tooth and implant was a fixed partial denture that could be made rigid or nonrigid. The natural tooth retainer was cemented to the prepared tooth, and the implant retainer was affixed to the implant fixture with a gold screw. One year of stress was applied to the fixed partial denture by a force simulation machine. Twenty randomly ordered tests were completed, 10 of each connector design. Retentive values for the cemented retainers were recorded and statistically compared by use of Student's independent t test. No significant difference in cement retentive strength between designs was found (p less than 0.05).
No chemical evidence of hepatic lipid peroxidation in acute ethanol toxicity

Abstract The appearance of abnormal diene conjugation absorption in rat liver microsomal lipids peroxidized in vitro , and following acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning in vivo , as reported earlier from this laboratory, was confirmed. If peroxidative decomposition of liver lipids is also involved in acute ethanol hepatitis, then the characteristic diene conjugation absorption should be present in liver lipids after ethanol administration. With this method, we were unable to detect any evidence of lipid peroxidation in any subcellular fraction from 1 to 24 hours after ethanol feeding. Peroxidation of lipids also leads to the appearance of lipid peroxides. By use of a semimicro iodimetric procedure, we could readily detect small amounts of lipid peroxides in peroxidized oils and in rat liver microsomes peroxidized in vitro . However, we could not detect any peroxides in rat liver lipids from 1 to 18 hours after ethanol feeding. These negative findings greatly complicate the current situation with regard to the molecular pathobiology of acute ethanol hepatitis.
Outcomes of fundoplication in children with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Purpose Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). As GERD is associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and feeding problems, fundoplication is often performed in children with CF. Although the outcomes of fundoplication have been described across diverse pediatric groups, there is no published experience with CF. Methods The records of 25 children with CF who underwent fundoplication in our center were reviewed. Data on symptoms and diagnostic testing results as well as on complications related to fundoplication were collected. Nutritional parameters and pulmonary function were compared before and after fundoplication. Results There was no mortality associated with fundoplication, but 12% had complications that required a subsequent surgical procedure. Whereas 28% were able to discontinue their antireflux medications, 48% developed symptoms of recurrent GERD. Overall, there was no change in body mass index, body mass index percentile, or the slope of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) after fundoplication. Children who had an FEV 1 of less than 60% predicted at the time of fundoplication exhibited an improvement in FEV 1 slope compared to those with FEV 1 of 60% or more (+5.3% vs −8.6% per year, P = .004). Conclusion The complication rate of fundoplication is similar to what has been reported in large series in children without CF. There is a high rate of recurrent GERD and little apparent benefit for either nutritional or pulmonary outcomes. The observed difference on FEV 1 slope, in those with moderate-severe vs mild lung disease, highlights the need to thoroughly evaluate the role of fundoplication in children with CF.
Stigma, Discrimination, Treatment Effectiveness, and Policy: Public Views About Drug Addiction and Mental Illness

ObjectivePublic attitudes about drug addiction and mental illness were compared.MethodsA Web-based national survey (N=709) was conducted to compare attitudes about stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy support in regard to drug addiction and mental illness.ResultsRespondents held significantly more negative views toward persons with drug addiction. More respondents were unwilling to have a person with drug addiction marry into their family or work closely with them. Respondents were more willing to accept discriminatory practices against persons with drug addiction, more skeptical about the effectiveness of treatments, and more likely to oppose policies aimed at helping them.ConclusionsDrug addiction is often treated as a subcategory of mental illness, and insurance plans group them together under the rubric of “behavioral health.” Given starkly different public views about drug addiction and mental illness, advocates may need to adopt differing approaches to reducing stigma and adva...
Heuristics for Dealing with a Shrinking Pie in Agent Coalition Formation

In coalition formation, often the utility associated with completion of a task changes over time. One common class of environments discounts utility in each time. We develop a strategy for decision making in the so called shrinking pie environment. We focus on compromising techniques and explore three different acceptance policies. Through our testing, we determine that agents must be willing to compromise and consider the discount in order to maximize their own utility and the overall efficiency of the system.
Identification of genetic variation between strains of bluetongue virus serotype 11 using cDNA probes

Recombinant plasmids containing inserts representing genome segments 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 11, with tentative coding assignments for viral proteins P2, P5, NS1, NS2, and P6, respectively, have been used to study the genetic diversity within a BTV serotype using Northern blot hybridization. BTV 11 strains were isolated in California, Nevada, Oklahoma, and Mexico from elk, deer, and cattle. Diversity was indirectly indicated in the BTV 11 strains by comparisons of electropherotypes. Probes specific for segments 2, 6, 8, and 9 hybridized to all BTV 11 strains with only minor variation in hybridization signal. cDNA clones, representing 90 and 20% length copies of gene segment 5, detected a difference in the field isolates with hybridization signal correlating to mobility of this segment in SDS-PAGE. These two cDNA probes of genome segment 5 hybridized to BTV U.S. prototypic serotype 17 and not the remaining serotypes (BTV 2, 10, 13) or epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). These data suggest a close relationship between BTV-11 and 17 and/or alternatively are the result of genome segment reassortment between serotypes.
Effects of dietary vitamin D3 on concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in blood plasma and milk of dairy cows.

To determine the effect of supplemental dietary vitamin D3 on concentration of vitamin D and its metabolites in milk, 20 Holstein cows were assigned to four groups and fed either 0, 10,000, 50,000, or 250,000 IU of vitamin D3/d beginning approximately 2 wk prepartum and continuing through wk 12 of lactation. Samples of blood plasma and milk were assayed for concentrations of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Only the daily dosage of 250,000 IU caused significant increases of concentrations of vitamin D or 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma. Concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in milk were approximately equal and averaged .2 ng/ml. Little 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and no 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D could be detected in milk from any of the four treatment groups. Cows fed 250,000 IU of vitamin D3/d produced milk containing 54 IU of vitamin D activity per liter, whereas unsupplemented cows produced milk containing 17 IU/L. Oral supplementation with up to 250,000 IU of vitamin D3/d does not increase effectively vitamin D activity of milk.
PARETO OPTIMALITY AND THE CHURCH AS AN ECONOMIC ENTERPRISE

SUMMARY In order to test the general applicability of Paretian welfare principles and to explain intermittent changes in Church regulations, this paper explores the economic implication of Roman Catholic moral philosophy. As a first step, Catholic (or Scholastic) ethical norms are incorporated into the familiar form of individual and social welfare functions. Because Church behavior ought to promote the welfare of the membership, these functions become, in turn, building blocks for a theory of hierarchical decisionmaking. The analysis establishes an analogy between the Church and an oligopolistic business firm and supports two principal conclusions. First, conditions for Pareto optimality which are consistent with Scholastic welfare criteria do not coincide with those of ordinary welfare economics. This is because individual preference (utility) functions often rank material over spiritual good, something which Scholastic functions may never do. Second, treated as objective functions, Scholastic welfare indices afford valuable insight into the doctrinal history of the Church: into the process governing secular changes in the Church's interpretation of the current moral implications of Natural Law.
Of butterflies and terraces

Abstract Ten years ago at a modest spallation-neutron source at Argonne National Laboratory, a “gizmo” was installed which was later christened a reflectometer. The popularity of the “gizmo” spread like wildfire: now virtually all neutron sources possess at least one of them. Some are graced by splendid names: CRISP and SURF at Rutherford, TOREMA at Jiilich, DESIR in Saclay and EVA in Grenoble. With the exception of SPEAR of Los Alamos, that touch is not followed in the United States; the beautiful data of Majkrzak and Satija at NIST (and Larry Passel1 at Brookhaven) come from “beam hole #8” or something of that sort. Why such a popularity? Because its function, the determination of the depth profile in thin films and at surfaces, turns out to be useful in a number of scientific fields. The notion itself is easy to understand. On top of that, the instrument is relatively cheap and friendly to the users. Perhaps the time has come to make an assessment of the success of reflectometry. Did this come out to b...
The Effects of Class Size on Student Grades at a Public University

Abstract We model how class size affects the grade higher education students earn and we test the model using an ordinal logit with and without fixed effects on over 760,000 undergraduate observations from a northeastern public university. We find that class size negatively affects grades for a variety of specifications and subsets of the data, as well as for the whole data set from this school. The specifications tested hold constant for academic department, peer effects (relative ability in class), student ability, level of student, level of course, gender, minority status, and other factors. Average grade point declines as class size increases, precipitously up to class sizes of twenty, and more gradually but monotonically through larger class sizes. The evidence is that this is not exclusively a small class effect. We conclude that there are diseconomies of scale associated with a deterioration of student outcomes as class sizes grow larger. The cost of this deterioration is not quantifiable with our data, as much of the costs are non-market costs and unobservable. Future studies of economies of scale in higher education need to address the traditional assumption of constant product quality.
A hybrid Lagrangian dispersion model for elevated sources in the convective boundary layer

Abstract A hybrid Lagrangian dispersion model is presented for predicting the mean (C) and root-mean-square fluctuating (σc) concentrations from elevated sources in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The model is based on Gifford's (1959, Adv. Geophys. 6, 117–138) meandering plume concept and includes: (1) a Lagrangian stochastic model for treating the plume meander caused by the large-scale convective turbulence, and (2) an entrainment model to determine the plume rise and growth relative to the meander. The hybrid model is currently limited to weakly-to-moderately buoyant plumes as defined by F ∗ ⪅0.1 , where F ∗ is the dimensions buoyancy flux: F ∗ = F b /U w ∗ 2 h , where Fb is the stack buoyancy flux, U is the mean wind speed, w ∗ is the convective velocity scale, and h is the CBL depth. The modeled crosswind-integrated concentration (Cy) and σc/C fields showed fair agreement with the laboratory convection tank measurements of Deardorff and Willis (1984, Atmospheric Environment 18, 1297–1309; 1988, Lectures on Air Pollution Modeling, pp. 357–384). The Cy fields were modeled both with and without relative dispersion (σr). The Cy fields with σr included showed better agreement with the measurements in the lower half of the CBL than those without σr, and they demonstrated the importance of including entrainment due to ambient turbulence in the inertial subrange. Plume rise and buoyancy effects were most significant for dimensionsless distances X = w ∗ x/Uh⪅2–3 , where the near-surface σc/C ranged from 1 to 7; x is the downwind distance. For the same X range, measurements in power plant plumes showed that σc/C⪅2 and hence smaller than the values in the laboratory. A possible reason for the difference is the small Reynolds number in the convection tank.
Using BEopt (EnergyPlus) with energy audits and surveys to predict actual residential energy usage

Abstract Simulations of building energy use can give insights into how energy efficiency retrofits and operational changes can influence a building's total and temporal energy use. However, before those models are used to generate recommendations, it is important to understand how accurately the simulations predict actual energy use. This paper seeks to determine model accuracy by considering 54 homes in Austin, TX that are part of a smart grid demonstration project. Data about the homes were collected with energy audits then converted into energy models using BEopt (version 2.0), a residential building-focused graphical user interface (GUI) front-end for EnergyPlus developed by NREL. Actual meter reads (kW h) were compared to simulation results for four cases: (1) energy model output with typical meteorological year (TMY) weather data, (2) output with an actual meteorological year weather (AMY) file created using real weather data from a year during which actual energy use measurements were made, (3) model output with thermostat user behavior data, and (4) output using a simplified home geometry. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate how well this model, as it is, could be expected to predict energy usage using varying levels of inputs that might be included on an energy audit and survey. Results indicate that the modeling software was able to estimate aggregate annual electrical energy usage within 1% (for groups of homes) but might vary up to 28% (absolute) for an individual home. Using AMY weather data (Case 2) yielded results within 2.4% of measured (aggregate) energy use, while using a TMY3 weather file for Austin yielded results within 9% of (aggregate) actual usage. Using a simplified home geometry did not appreciably change the results of the model or its ability to simulate real usage. Results show that while the model does a reasonable job predicting usage for homes with average usage, the model has trouble predicting usage of homes with low or high consumption, particularly homes below 5 kW h/ft2/year (0.47 kW h/m2/year) of average energy use or above 10 kW h/ft2/year (0.93 kW h/m2/year), likely due to unknowns about the home when BEopt defaults were used.
"I wonder how this little seed can have so much potential": Critical Exploration Supports Preservice Teachers' Development as Science Researchers and Teachers

A teacher educator and student of Duckworth's critical exploration approach to teaching shares three episodes taken from science methods courses she teaches for preservice teachers in graduate and undergraduate programs in elementary education. The episodes reveal the pedagogy of critical exploration to be particularly well suited to the preparation of teachers. Classroom episodes are reconstructed using data extracted from student journals and field notes made during and following teaching. Consistent with the pedagogy, the students explore a phenomenon the teacher presents to them: the development of a seed, the swinging of an object on a length of line, the path of the moon in the sky, etc. The teacher, in turn, explores what students respond to, notice, and question; curriculum grows from these mutually reciprocal explorations. The teacher's exploration of what students are seeing, feeling, and thinking, and the connections they are making, creates an environment that supports further development in w...
Stress-tolerant corals of Florida Bay are vulnerable to ocean acidification

In situ calcification measurements tested the hypothesis that corals from environments (Florida Bay, USA) that naturally experience large swings in pCO2 and pH will be tolerant or less sensitive to ocean acidification than species from laboratory experiments with less variable carbonate chemistry. The pCO2 in Florida Bay varies from summer to winter by several hundred ppm roughly comparable to the increase predicted by the end of the century. Rates of net photosynthesis and calcification of two stress-tolerant coral species, Siderastrea radians and Solenastrea hyades, were measured under the prevailing ambient chemical conditions and under conditions amended to simulate a pH drop of 0.1–0.2 units at bimonthly intervals over a 2-yr period. Net photosynthesis was not changed by the elevation in pCO2 and drop in pH; however, calcification declined by 52 and 50 % per unit decrease in saturation state, respectively. These results indicate that the calcification rates of S. radians and S. hyades are just as sensitive to a reduction in saturation state as coral species that have been previously studied. In other words, stress tolerance to temperature and salinity extremes as well as regular exposure to large swings in pCO2 and pH did not make them any less sensitive to ocean acidification. These two species likely survive in Florida Bay in part because they devote proportionately less energy to calcification than most other species and the average saturation state is elevated relative to that of nearby offshore water due to high rates of primary production by seagrasses.
Settlement and habitat selection in the larvae of Echinoecus pentagonus (A. Milne Edwards), a brachyuran crab symbiotic with sea urchins

Abstract Habitat selection by the settling larval stage of Echinoecus pentagonus (A. Milne Edwards), a crab inhabiting the rectum and peristome of sea urchins, was investigated by analysing orientation to the host and the factors eliciting metamorphosis in laboratory-reared larvae. Time-lapse pictures were taken of megalopae, the settling stage, under various conditions. These included orientation to fresh spines and tube feet from the normal host in Hawaii, Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas), compared with the same type of material from a similar sea urchin ( E. diadema L.), as well as from various blank subjects. Results suggest that a positive orientation to gravity and a negative response to light coupled with a chemical attraction to host material provide the behavioral mechanism which enables the megalopa to find a host and thereby establish the association.
ANAESTHETIC AGENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RENAL HOMOTRANSPLANTS.

1 A compilation of the anaesthetic agents and procedures chosen for patients accepting renal homografts is presented. 2 The effect of artificial renal dialysis on the concentration ot cholinesterase is emphasized. 3 Careful application of any agent or procedure is of more importance than is the choice of any particular anaesthetic.
Mots et mondes de surveillance : contrôle et contre-contrôle à l’ère informatique

On a jusqu’ici peu etudie la surveillance en tant que phenomene sociologique, c’est-a-dire en portant attention aux dynamiques d’action et de reaction dans lesquelles s’engagent ses acteurs. On a egalement beaucoup trop simplifie les categories conventionnelles des objectifs, des cibles, des acteurs et des methodes de surveillance. Ce texte offre un certain nombre de solutions visant a eliminer ces problemes. L’auteur y montre egalement a quel point les pronostics alarmistes denoncant la surveillance excessive, aussi bien que l’insuffisance de surveillance, sont depourvus des assises empiriques necessaires.
Wall conditioning in TCSU and its effect on plasma performance

Abstract Translation, Confinement, and Sustainment Upgrade (TCSU) is a large Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) experiment in which the plasma is created and sustained in quasi-steady state by a transverse rotating magnetic field. It was built to ultra-high vacuum (UHV) standards and employs baking, H 2 and glow discharge cleaning (He-GDC) to clean the first wall. In addition, both siliconization and titanium evaporation have been used to further condition the wall. In order to better understand the interaction between plasma and first wall, the TCSU surface analysis system was developed. An overview of the surface-analysis studies is given in the present study, along with some highlights from the experimental results. The correlation of wall conditioning techniques with TCSU plasma performance is also discussed.