cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Care Transition for Youth Living With HIV/AIDS

There are ~1 million people in the United States living with HIV/AIDS, and >50,000 new infections occur each year. With an estimated 13% of all new infections occurring among young people aged 13 to 24 years and an increasing number of perinatally infected youth surviving to adulthood, there is now an increasing need to transition both perinatally and behaviorally infected youth to the adult health care setting. Recently, pediatric providers and professional societies have prioritized the development of transition programs for adolescents with chronic disease to address the many challenges these youth face in the process. Although multiple position papers have called for continuous, coordinated, culturally appropriate, compassionate, family-centered transition programs for youth with special health care needs and have recognized the need for evidence-based models, few data exist on what strategies are most effective. To date, published data on health care transition for HIV-positive youth are limited and include only 2 studies, which considered behaviorally infected youth. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss the unique transition challenges to consider for this population, including socioeconomic and health insurance status, the special role of the pediatric or adolescent provider as family, stigma and disclosure issues, cognitive development and mental health issues, medication adherence, and sexual, reproductive, and gender health concerns. Future research will need to include the experiences of transition in low-resource settings and examine clinical outcomes and factors that may predict success or failure of the transition process.
Probable Cause and the Sniff Factor Florida v. Harris and Florida v. Jardines

The U.S. Supreme Court has previously rendered only three opinions regarding the use of drug-detecting dogs in formulating probable cause leading to a search. Yet, in their 2012–2013 term, they published two decisions on the constitutionality of using drug detection dogs, establishing probable cause, and performing searches. This article provides an assessment of the Court’s decisions in Florida v. Harris (2013) and Florida v. Jardines (2013) and addresses the implications of these decisions.
Gold-indium Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) wafer bonding for MEMS vacuum packaging

This paper reports the first wafer-level vacuum packages created with gold-indium transient liquid phase (TLP) wafer bonding. The packages were bonded at 200degC for 1 hour under a vacuum environment in a commercially available wafer bonder. After bonding, the integrated getters were activated for 1 hour resulting in internal pressures as low as 200 mTorr. The pressures have been stable for over 6 months as measured by integrated Pirani gauges. Although no leak rate trend has been observed, the worst case leak rate that fits within the error of the pressure measurement is 16 mTorr/year (1ldr10-16 atm.cc.s-1).
Dark Matter Method for Correct Augmented Reality Occlusion Relationships

In augmented reality (AR), virtual objects are rendered to appear to co-exist with a real scene and real objects. Usually augmentations are simply drawn over top of the camera image, which does not work for cases where the virtual object should be partially or completely occluded by real objects in the scene. A solution is proposed where a virtual object that approximates the shape of the real object provides the correct occlusion relationship but is not drawn to the output image, an approach useful to both real time AR and off-line movie effects. This "dark matter" method is used in a "magic mirror" AR system
Optical Phase Conjugation for Tissue Turbidity Suppression

We will discuss our recent findings on the use of optical-phase-conjugation to undo optical tissue scatterings. Amongst other results, we discovered that light scattered hundreds of times still retains sufficient memory to enable path retracing.
Actin Stabilization by Jasplakinolide Enhances Apoptosis Induced by Cytokine Deprivation

Participation of the actin cytoskeleton in the transduction of proliferative signals has been established through the use of compounds that disrupt the cytoskeleton. To address the possibility that actin also participates in the transduction of an apoptotic signal, we have studied the response of the murine interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent T cell line CTLL-20 to treatment with the actin-binding compound jasplakinolide upon IL-2 deprivation. Like phalloidin, jasplakinolide stabilizes F-actin and promotes actin polymerization. Treatment of CTLL-20 cells with jasplakinolide, in the presence or absence of recombinant human IL-2, altered actin morphology as assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Jasplakinolide was not toxic to CTLL-20 cells, nor was apoptosis induced in the presence of exogenous recombinant human IL-2. However, actin stabilization at the time of IL-2 deprivation enhanced apoptosis by changing the time at which CTLL-20 cells committed to the apoptotic pathway. This effect of jasplakinolide correlated with its ability to stabilize polymerized actin, as treatment with a synthetic analog of jasplakinolide with a greatly reduced ability to bind actin, jasplakinolide B, did not enhance apoptosis. The enhancement occurred upstream of the induction of caspase-3-like activity and could be inhibited by the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. These data suggest that the actin cytoskeleton plays an active role in modulating lymphocyte apoptosis induced by cytokine deprivation.
Code Restrictedness and Opportunities for Change in Developing Countries

It is plausible that certain observed similarities between individual orientations of peasants in developing countries and of the poor in developed nations may be traceable in part to their restricted utilization of language in organizing experience and communicating with others. Granting that there must be real opportunities in the environment (and assuming that there virtually always are), deficient encoding and decoding abilities may lessen the chances for both peasants and ghetto dwellers to respond effectively to such opportunities as a changing environment presents. Bernstein's hypothesis of code restrictedness may underlie problems of transforming traditional individuals by affecting the level of empathy which they exhibit when exposed to information about opportunities. Full utilization of language's potentials may be requisite to the perceptual flexibility and cognitive skill with hypotheticals; these in turn may be requisite to effective voluntary change. These considerations tie into more basic theories about the workings of the human mind. They hold promise of facilitating eventual unification of research on important aspects of communication in developing nations with important aspects of communication in the underdeveloped sectors of developed nations. Further, they promise synthesis with more general theories of communication and cognition.
Regulation of Hmg-Coa Reductase Degradation Requires the P-Type Atpase Cod1p/Spf1p

The integral ER membrane protein HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway from which sterols and other essential molecules are produced. HMGR degradation occurs in the ER and is regulated by mevalonate-derived signals. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for regulating HMGR degradation. The yeast Hmg2p isozyme of HMGR undergoes regulated degradation in a manner very similar to mammalian HMGR, allowing us to isolate mutants deficient in regulating Hmg2p stability. We call these mutants cod mutants for the control of HMG-CoA reductase degradation. With this screen, we have identified the first gene of this class, COD1, which encodes a P-type ATPase and is identical to SPF1. Our data suggested that Cod1p is a calcium transporter required for regulating Hmg2p degradation. This role for Cod1p is distinctly different from that of the well-characterized Ca2+ P-type ATPase Pmr1p which is neither required for Hmg2p degradation nor its control. The identification of Cod1p is especially intriguing in light of the role Ca2+ plays in the regulated degradation of mammalian HMGR.
An Analysis Of Student XBRL Project Teams: Value-Adding Educational Experiences Using Emerging Technology

Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is a new approach that offers great promise for a fundamental improvement to the way in which financial information is maintained and reported. With every innovation, comes the need to educate. Because of the overarching aspects of XBRL and its implications, a team learning approach is appropriate. This paper presents a case study of three student projects that resulted in the development of XBRL applications. An analysis is provided of the teams, the projects, and important lessons learned.
Marketing Theory: The Present Stage Of Development

Amidst controversies surrounding recent concepts and theory in the discipline, hov does marketing theory measure up in terms of maturity? Such an assessment is long overdue. A periodic appraisal of the state-of-the art in marketing theory is an essential, if not indispensable condition for the maturing of the discipline. Evaluated against four major stages of theory development, marketing theory appears to have accomplished no more or less than its sister disciplines in social sciences. A cramp in the progress of maturity has been contributed by some methodological and attitudinal problems which may be overcome by adopting some objective perspectives toward marketing theory in general, thus expediting its further development.
Realizing the American Dream: A Parent Education Program Designed to Increase Latino Family Engagement in Children’s Education

ABSTRACTGrounded in Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler’s parent involvement process model, the Realizing the American Dream (RAD) parent education program targets Latino parents’ involvement beliefs and knowledge to enhance their involvement behaviors. Comparison of more than 2,000 parents’ self-reported beliefs, knowledge, and behavior before and after RAD revealed large effect sizes for knowledge, moderate gains in involvement behaviors, and modest changes in beliefs. Postprogram behaviors were predicted by postprogram knowledge and beliefs, prior behaviors and beliefs, and family income. Observational data from 3 sites showed that RAD was implemented with fidelity. Implications for school practice and promoting Latino parent engagement are discussed.
Fliposomes: Stimuli-triggered conformational flip of novel amphiphiles causes an instant cargo release from liposomes

This review presents a new strategy for the design of stimuli-responsive liposomes for targeted delivery - the construction of a liposome membrane (lipid bilayer) using amphiphiles able to perform a stimuli-triggered conformational flip ('flipids'). When done simultaneously by a major or significant part of the bilayer molecules, this massive flip disrupts the liposome membrane and induces a rapid release of the liposome load specifically in response to the initial stimulus. The conformational switches incorporated into the amphiphilic molecules could potentially be controlled by various internal or external factors (pH, metal complexation, light, electric field, etc.). Using this concept, we designed a series of pH-triggerable flipids, and prepared and tested 'fliposomes' with extraordinary characteristics: high stability in storage and in serum combined with an instant release of their cargo in response to a weakly acidic medium.
FREE AMINO ACIDS OF DEVELOPING SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OF NORMAL AND GENETICALLY DYSTROPHIC CHICKENS.

SummaryThe free amino acid patterns of leg and breast muscles were studied during the development of normal and dystrophic chickens from the 14-day-old embryo to the 2-week-old chick. Although these patterns changed with time little difference was found between muscles or strains until after hatching. An unidentified ninhydrin positive substance (CX) was present at high levels in the muscles of 18- to 20-day-old embryos and day-old chicks; CX rapidly declined in all but the dystrophic breast muscle by the time the chicks were 2 weeks of age. Its subsequent disappearance was accompanied by the appearance of serine ethanolamine phosphate, which occurs characteristically in dystrophic breast muscle. Taurine, also occurring at high levels in the embryo, remained high in dystrophic chick breast muscle. The results indicate that dystrophic chick muscle retains some embryonic properties and that this form of muscular dystrophy involves changes in muscle development.
Abstract 3898: NOSH-aspirin: A novel nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing hybrid for treatment of colon cancer

Introduction: In our search for a better non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) we have synthesized a series of nitric oxide-, and hydrogen sulfide-releasing hybrid compounds that have IC50s for cell growth inhibition in the low nano-molar range. We have termed these NOSH compounds. Our lead agent, NOSH-aspirin is in the order of 100,000 to 250,000-fold more potent than aspirin in inhibiting colon cancer cell growth over a 24-72h time period. NOSH-aspirin although highly potent, has very limited cyto-toxicity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release at 4 times its IC50 for cell growth inhibition was less than 10% at 24h. Here we report our results on the effects of NOSH-aspirin treatment on established tumors in a xenograft model of human colon cancer cells. Methods: Compound: NOSH-aspirin was synthesized and purified by us with 1H-NMR verification. Cell line: HT-29 human adenocarcimoma; Xenografts: Male athymic SKID mice were implanted s.c. in the right flank with HT-29 (2 x 106) cells suspended in 50% Matrigel, after 10 days the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (N = 7/group) and gavaged daily with NOSH-aspirin (25 or 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle. Tumor volume and animal weight were recorded every 3 days. After 3 weeks of treatment, mice were sacrificed, tumors excised, weighed, and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for immunohistochemical studies. Results: NOSH-aspirin had no effect on the weight of the mice even at the highest concentration used. There were no overt signs of toxicity. It dose-dependently reduced tumor mass by 50 ± 7%, 75 ± 5%, 90 ± 3 % at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Tumor volume was also dose-dependently reduced as a function of time. NOSH-aspirin inhibited growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells xenografts as a result of reduced proliferation (decreased PCNA expression), and induction apoptosis (increased number of TUNEL positive cells). NF-κB, activated in control xenografts was significantly inhibited by NOSH-aspirin. Conclusions: NOSH-aspirin has potent anti-cancer affects and merits further evaluation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3898. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3898
Patient set-up for proton radiotherapy using digital X-ray images of implanted fiducials

Efficient employment of the superior physical characteristics of protons (dose localization in depth as well as in the latteral direction [1]) for fractionated therapy requires high level of patient registration accuracy. For the localization required in proton beam therapy we routinely employ radiographic alignment, using a set of three orthogonal x-ray tubes. Orthogonal x-ray images of the patient are compared with the prescription geometry, which is usually recorded as Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs (DRR) generated by the treatment planning program for each set up. We align to either anatomic landmarks or, in a technique which we introduced [2], implanted fiducial markers. The anatomic landmarks technique has larger localization tolerance than the fiducial markers technique, but it has an advantage of being noninvasive and is a more generally applicable.
Montesquieu’s Conception of Liberty

Montesquieu’s conception of libertyl reflected both the strong influence of English history and England’s constitutional settlement of 1688.2 This confirmed his belief that the people’s only share in government should be through representatives, and never directly, as in most ancient republics.3 Montesquieu followed Sidney in asserting that representatives should serve the nation as a whole (not local interests), but added that the poor must have no vote, because they have no will of their own.4 This required broadening the definition of “republican government” to include states in which a small part of the people (“seulement une partie du peuple”) have seized sovereign power for themselves.5 Montesquieu cited Harrington’ s Oceana as the ultimate example of public liberty (“liberte”), but thought that Harrington departed too much from England’s existing constitution6 and excessively favored republican government.7 Montesquieu criticized Machiavelli as too much of a partisan of the people.8
Engaging with diversity: Framing multiculturalism as a learning opportunity reduces prejudice among high White American identifiers

Multiculturalism (i.e., acknowledgment and appreciation of diversity), despite its positive consequences, is often met with resistance among majority group members, particularly those whose race/ethnicity is central to their self-concept. Building upon findings that multiculturalism lowers White Americans' prejudice when presented as an abstract relative to concrete concept, we tested whether and when even concrete forms of multiculturalism can improve intergroup attitudes. Across two experiments, highly identified White Americans exhibited less racial prejudice when induced to view multiculturalism as a concrete learning opportunity than as a concrete set of policies (Study 1) or a concrete ideology more generally (Study 2). This effect was mediated by high identifiers' increased perceptions that diversity benefits themselves and society as a whole. Implications for prejudice reduction and fostering majority group members' active involvement in diversity-relevant issues, as well as the applicability of our studies to other cultural contexts, are discussed.
What Makes for Successful Registry Implementation: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Purpose Registry implementation is an important component of successfully achieving patient-centered medical home designation and an important part of population-based health. The purpose of this study was to examine what factors are evident in the successful implementation of a registry in a selection of Colorado practices involved in quality-improvement activities. Methods In-depth, small-group interviews occurred at 13 practices. The data were recorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed to identify key themes regarding elements of successful registry implementation. Key elements were described as conditions, then calibrated and analyzed using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Results The QCA revealed several formulas to successful registry implementation. Key conditions included the importance of Resources and Leadership along with either a Quality Improvement Mindset or a Key Person driving efforts (or both). Health System membership affected the specific formula. Discussion This study is innovative in that it examines which factors and in what combination are necessary for successful implementation of a registry. The findings have implications for primary care quality-improvement efforts.
Catálogo revisado y anotado de las Orchidaceae de Costa Rica

A c o m p l e t e c o m p i l a t i o n o f a l l c u r r e n t l y r e c o g n i z e d s p e c i e s o f o r c h i d s ( O r c h i d a c e a e ) k n o w n f r o m Costa Rica, and documented by a voucher specimen cited in the text, is presented. Species are listed in alphabeti- cal order. For each especies the accepted synonyms and species names used in older treatments are included, together with bibliographical references. For some of the critical taxa brief taxonomic observations are given. The synopsis includes 1360 species in 180 genera, of which 287 species are recently described or were not reported in earlier studies. The species endemic to Costa Rica represent 26% of the reported species. The new combination Echinella vittata and the new name Stelis megachlamys are proposed.
Fast communication: Complex robust whitening with application to blind identification of same DoA multipath

In this work, we generalize the robust whitening SOBI algorithm to the complex case by using the real PC theorem. Using this generalization, we create a variant of the SOBI algorithm called Complex Robust whitening sOBI, or CROBI. We illustrate that CROBI offers improved performance over other existing algorithms like SOBI, JADE, eJADE, and BIRTH, when blindly identifying complex (or real) signals in a context where the directions of arrival of multipath of the input signal are the same.
A Review of Green Business

This chapter critically examines the role of business in fostering a more sustainable society. It offers a short historical review of the wider institutional role of business within the framework of global environmental governance and underlines the factors that have encouraged businesses in taking into account sustainability in their business model. It surveys some practices and tools that businesses utilise in this venture. It outlines the role of sustainable production by discussing tools such as eco-efficiency, biomimicry and life-cycle analysis. It also offers insights into the role of environmental management systems and environmental certification. A discussion on the significance of corporate social responsibility is included, along with an inspection of the emerging role of benefit corporations. Finally, some remarks are offered on the wider institutional changes needed for businesses to be aided in their drive to become more sustainable.
Fdtd Simulation of Transcranial Focusing Using Ultrasonic Phase-Conjugate Arrays

Focusing ultrasonic fields onto selected targets within the body with good accuracy and sufficient intensity to allow controlled necrosis of a region of tissue is a topic of great interest in medical acoustics. Several techniques have been demonstrated through simulation and laboratory experiment to achieve promising results [1, 2, 3]. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the use of acoustic phase conjugation, or more narrowly in this context, time reversal as a valid focusing technique in biological tissue, which does not require a priori knowledge of the inhomogeneous propagation medium’s properties. Another goal of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the simulation of linear acoustic propagation in an inhomogeneous propagation medium.
The Structure of Vertebrate Skeletal-Muscle Myosin Filaments

Recently, a number of observations have been made that are highly significant with respect to our understanding of the structure of the vertebrate skeletal-muscle myosin filament. It is the purpose of this chapter to review these findings and to see how they are related to existing detailed models for the myosin filament (Pepe, 1966a, 1967a; Squire, 1973).
Learning from Experience in Manipulation Planning: Setting the Right Goals

In this paper, we describe a method of improving trajectory optimization based on predicting good initial guesses from previous experiences. In order to generalize to new situations, we propose a paradigm shift: predicting qualitative attributes of the trajectory that place the initial guess in the basin of attraction of a low-cost solution. We start with a key such attribute, the choice of a goal within a goal set that describes the task, and show the generalization capabilities of our method in extensive experiments on a personal robotics platform.
Naproxen impairs load-induced bone formation, reduces bone toughness, and diminishes woven bone formation following stress fracture in mice.

Abstract Debilitating stress fractures are surprisingly common in physically active individuals, including athletes, military recruits, and dancers. These individuals are overrepresented in the 30 million daily users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We hypothesized that regular use of NSAIDs would predispose habitually loaded bones to stress fracture and delay the repair of these injuries. In this project, we used repetitive axial forelimb compression in mice as a model to test these hypotheses. First, adult mice were subjected to six bouts of forelimb compression over a period of two weeks, with aspirin, naproxen, or vehicle continuously administered through drinking water. Naproxen-treated mice had diminished load-induced bone formation as well as a significant loss in toughness in non-loaded bone, which were not observed in aspirin-treated mice. Furthermore, there were no differences in RANKL/OPG ratio or cortical bone parameters. Picrosirius red staining and second harmonic generation imaging revealed that alterations in bone collagen fibril size and organization were driving the loss of toughness in naproxen-treated mice. Separately, adult mice were subjected to an ulnar stress fracture generated by a single bout of fatigue loading, with NSAIDs provided 24 h before injury. Both aspirin-treated and naproxen-treated mice had normal forelimb use in the week after injury, whereas control mice favored the injured forelimb until day 7. However, woven bone volume was only significantly impaired by naproxen. Both NSAIDs were found to significantly inhibit Ptgs2 and Ngf expression following stress fracture, but only naproxen significantly affected serum PGE2 concentration. Overall, our results suggest that naproxen, but not aspirin, may increase the risk of stress fracture and extend the healing time of these injuries, warranting further clinical evaluation for patients at risk for fatigue injuries.
EZH2 Supports Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption Via Epigenetic and Cytoplasmic Targets

Key osteoclast (OCL) regulatory gene promoters in bone marrow-derived monocytes harbor bivalent histone modifications that combine activating Histone 3 lysine 4 tri-methyl (H3K4me3) and repressive H3K27me3 marks, which upon RANKL stimulation resolve into repressive or activating architecture. Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is the histone methyltransferase component of the polycomb repressive complex 2, which catalyzes H3K27me3 modifications. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that EZH2 localization during murine osteoclastogenesis is dynamically regulated. Using EZH2 knockdown and small molecule EZH2 inhibitor GSK126, we show that EZH2 plays a critical epigenetic role in OCL precursors (OCLp) during the first 24 hours of RANKL activation. RANKL triggers EZH2 translocation into the nucleus where it represses OCL-negative regulators MafB, Irf8, and Arg1. Consistent with its cytoplasmic localization in OCLp, EZH2 methyltransferase activity is required during early RANKL signaling for phosphorylation of AKT, resulting in downstream activation of the mTOR complex, which is essential for induction of OCL differentiation. Inhibition of RANKL-induced pmTOR-pS6RP signaling by GSK126 altered the translation ratio of the C/EBPβ-LAP and C/EBPβ-LIP isoforms and reduced nuclear translocation of the inhibitory C/EBPβ-LIP, which is necessary for transcriptional repression of the OCL negative-regulatory transcription factor MafB. EZH2 in multinucleated OCL is primarily cytoplasmic and mature OCL cultured on bone segments in the presence of GSK126 exhibit defective cytoskeletal architecture and reduced resorptive activity. Here we present new evidence that EZH2 plays epigenetic and cytoplasmic roles during OCL differentiation by suppressing MafB transcription and regulating early phases of PI3K-AKT-mTOR-mediated RANKL signaling, respectively. Consistent with its cytoplasmic localization, EZH2 is required for cytoskeletal dynamics during resorption by mature OCL. Thus, EZH2 exhibits complex roles in supporting osteoclast differentiation and function. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Self-Aligned, Selective Area Poly-Si/SiO 2 Passivated Contacts for Enhanced Photocurrent in Front/Back Solar Cells

Poly-Si/SiO 2 passivated contact front/back solar cells suffer low Jsc due to parasitic absorption in the front poly-Si layer. We demonstrate a self-aligned, selective area front contact dry-etch technique that retains the as-deposited poly-Si beneath the metal grid lines but thins it elsewhere. Jsc improves by 0.7 mA/cm2 over our standard 40 nm thick poly-Si. Greater improvements are expected with thicker poly-Si needed for fired metal contacts. Surface passivation is slightly diminished with poly-Si thinning but can be partially restored with rehydrogenation.
Teammate-pattern-aware autonomy based on organizational self-design principles

We describe an approach for constraining robot autonomy based on the robot’s awareness of patterns of its human teammates’ behaviors, rather than either ignoring its teammates (which is fast but dangerous) or inferring their plans (which is safer but slow). We explore the promise, and limitations, of this approach in a series of simulated problems where an unmanned ground vehicle and its human teammates must rapidly respond to a sudden context shift. Our results help us discern conditions under which a pattern-aware approach can be more effective than the alternatives, and our current efforts investigate how the manned–unmanned team can adopt biases to more readily establish such conditions that are more favorable to the pattern-aware approach.
Introduction to Engineering Research

Abstract Undergraduate and first-year graduate students engaging in engineering research need more than technical skills and tools to be successful. From finding a research position and funding, to...
On the Evolution of Subjective Experience.

Subjective Experience (SE) is part of the ancient mind-body problem, which continues to be one of deepest mysteries of science. Despite major advances in many fields, there is still no plausible causal link between SE and its realization in the body. The core issue is the incompatibility of objective (3rd person) public science with subjective (1st person) private experience. Any scientific approach to SE assumes that it arose from extended evolutionary processes and that examining evolutionary history should help us understand it. While the core mystery remains, converging evidence from theoretical, experimental, and computational studies yields strong constraints on SE and some suggestions for further research. All animals confront many of the same fitness challenges. They all need some kind of internal model to relate their life goals and actionable sensed information to action. We understand the evolution of the bodily aspects of human perception and emotion, but not the SE. The first evolutionary evidence for SE appears in vertebrates and much of its neural substrate and simulation mechanism is preserved in mammals and humans. People exhibit the same phenomena, but there are remaining mysteries of everyday experience that are demonstrably incompatible with current neuroscience. In spite of this limitation, there is considerable progress on understanding the role of SE in the success of prostheses.
Full-Wave Calculation of Complex Propagation Constant for a Medium of Conducting Wires

This article presents a full-wave numerical method that, in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation, is used to calculate the effective propagation constant of a random volume of conducting wires of arbitrary length and curvature. Bistatic scattering from many realizations of nonoverlapping metallic wires confined within a fictitious spherical enclosure is calculated to determine the mean electric field scattered by the random medium. This mean scattered field is then used to determine the effective permittivity of the random medium using an inverse scattering scheme. These values are then compared with the values given by the Foldy approximation for many particle sizes, geometries, and number densities within a given medium. An investigation into the results is undertaken to determine an expanded macromodel for 3-D electromagnetic propagation through such a random medium, and the applicability of Foldy’s approximation is determined using this model.
Discrete ion stochastic continuum overdamped solvent algorithm for modeling electrolytes

Author(s): Ladiges, DR; Nonaka, A; Klymko, K; Moore, GC; Bell, JB; Carney, SP; Garcia, AL; Natesh, SR; Donev, A | Abstract: In this paper we develop a methodology for the mesoscale simulation of strong electrolytes. The methodology is an extension of the fluctuating immersed-boundary approach that treats a solute as discrete Lagrangian particles that interact with Eulerian hydrodynamic and electrostatic fields. In both algorithms the immersed-boundary method of Peskin is used for particle-field coupling. Hydrodynamic interactions are taken to be overdamped, with thermal noise incorporated using the fluctuating Stokes equation, including a "dry diffusion"Brownian motion to account for scales not resolved by the coarse-grained model of the solvent. Long-range electrostatic interactions are computed by solving the Poisson equation, with short-range corrections included using an immersed-boundary variant of the classical particle-particle particle-mesh technique. Also included is a short-range repulsive force based on the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen potential. This methodology is validated by comparison to Debye-Huckel theory for ion-ion pair correlation functions, and Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory for conductivity, including the Wien effect for strong electric fields. In each case, good agreement is observed, provided that hydrodynamic interactions at the typical ion-ion separation are resolved by the fluid grid.
Addition of Drag-Reducing Polymers to Colloid Resuscitation Fluid Enhances Cerebral Microcirculation and Tissue Oxygenation After Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hemorrhagic Shock

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a severe complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that doubles mortality due to severely compromised microvascular cerebral blood flow (mvCBF) and oxygen delivery reduction, as a result of hypotension. Volume expansion with resuscitation fluids (RF) for HS does not improve microvascular CBF (mvCBF); moreover, it aggravates brain edema. We showed that the addition of drag-reducing polymers (DRP) to crystalloid RF (lactated Ringer’s) significantly improves mvCBF, oxygen supply, and neuronal survival in rats suffering TBI+HS. Here, we compared the effects of colloid RF (Hetastarch) with DRP (HES-DRP) and without (HES). Fluid percussion TBI (1.5 ATA, 50 ms) was induced in rats and followed by controlled HS to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg. HES or HES-DRP was infused to restore MAP to 60 mmHg for 1 h (prehospital period), followed by blood reinfusion to a MAP of 70 mmHg (hospital period). In vivo two-photon microscopy was used to monitor cerebral microvascular blood flow, tissue hypoxia (NADH), and neuronal necrosis (i.v. propidium iodide) for 5 h after TBI+HS, followed by postmortem DiI vascular painting. Temperature, MAP, blood gases, and electrolytes were monitored. Statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism by Student’s t-test or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, where appropriate. TBI+HS compromised mvCBF and tissue oxygen supply due to capillary microthrombosis. HES-DRP improved mvCBF and tissue oxygenation (p < 0.05) better than HES. The number of dead neurons in the HES-DRP was significantly less than in the HES group: 76.1 ± 8.9 vs. 178.5 ± 10.3 per 0.075 mm3 (P < 0.05). Postmortem visualization of painted vessels revealed vast microthrombosis in both hemispheres that were 33 ± 2% less in HES-DRP vs. HES (p < 0.05). Thus, resuscitation after TBI+HS using HES-DRP effectively restores mvCBF and reduces hypoxia, microthrombosis, and neuronal necrosis compared to HES. HES-DRP is more neuroprotective than lactated Ringer’s with DRP and requires an infusion of a smaller volume, which reduces the development of hypervolemia-induced brain edema.
Human Cervix Imaging and Analysis with Optical Coherence Tomography

Human cervix specimens from pregnant and non-pregnant donors were analyzed with Optical Coherence Tomography. Mosaic OCT volumes and optical coefficient maps revealed a complex tissue architecture with cysts and abnormalities embedded in the extracellular matrix.
Filling the Judicial Vacancies in a Presidential Election Year

In this essay, Professor Tobias responds to Professors Gerhardt and Painter, praising their work and providing further suggestions for how the judicial nominations process might be improved. The essay begins with a brief examination of judicial selection problems that have arisen since the failed nomination of Judge Robert Bork in 1987. Finding that partisan politics have frustrated the nomination process for a quarter century, Professor Tobias engages in a critical analysis of President Barack Obama’s efforts to make improvements. He first explains the changes that the Obama administration has implemented and then critically analyzes the benefits and failings of those changes. While Professors Gerhardt and Painter focus on the deterioration of the “Gang of 14” and propose means of reinvigorating its mission, Professor Tobias concentrates on improvements that the executive branch, the Senate, and the judiciary might undertake to expeditiously fill judicial vacancies. Because the judicial nomination process tends to stall during election years, the essay concludes with the recommendation that these suggestions be implemented immediately.
Mechanisms of Redox Reactions of Simple Chemistry

Publisher Summary The principal concern in this chapter is the mechanism of reaction of metal ions, in which a change of oxidation state takes place on reaction. Nevertheless, fundamental questions as to the means by which the change in oxidation state takes place were until recently not formulated, let alone answered. The general subject includes as a proper part problems of specific chemistry, such as are encounted in the reaction, for example, of Fe++ with Mn04-: What are the steps by which the system proceeds to the final products, and what are the properties of the intermediate oxidation states of Mn (or of Fe), which must be involved for such a complex over-all reaction? Important for inorganic chemistry, as such questions are, for the most part they have been set aside and attention is directed rather to the description of the individual steps. It is instructive to consider some features of the data on charge-transfer processes in the gas phase between simple molecules before considering the systems as they are complicated by the interactions of the central atoms with molecules of the solvent or other groups.
Abstract 16983: Inhibition of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Accelerates Vascular Calcification in apoE-Deficient Mice through AKT Activation

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) regulates mitochondrial function by driving membrane fission and allowing mitochondria to divide. How DRP1 acts in atherosclerosis, including the development of vascular calcification however remains unknown. Methods and Results: Aortic smooth muscle mitochondria from apoE-deficient mice (apoE-/-) exhibited a 47% increase in size compared to mitochondria from wild-type mice fed the same atherogenic diet for 18 weeks (N=103-129 mitochondria from 3 mice/group; p Conclusion: We provide novel roles of the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 in the vascular calcification process, and demonstrate that inhibition of DRP1 through administration of the DRP1 inhibitor MDIVI-1 in apoE-/- mice accelerates vascular calcification through the AKT/Runx2 pathway.
Nonspecific Desensitization, Functional Memory, and the Characteristics of SHIP Phosphorylation following IgE-Mediated Stimulation of Human Basophils

Previous studies of secretion from basophils have demonstrated the phenomenon called nonspecific desensitization, the ability of one IgE-mediated stimulus to alter the cell's response to other non-cross-reacting IgE-mediated stimuli, and a process that would modify phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-phosphate levels was speculated to be responsible for nonspecific desensitization. The current studies examined the changes and characteristics of SHIP1 phosphorylation as a measure of SHIP1 participation in the reaction. Based on the earlier studies, two predictions were made that were not observed. First, the kinetics of SHIP1 phosphorylation were similar to reaction kinetics of other early signals and returned to resting levels while nonspecific desensitization remained. Second, in contrast to an expected exaggerated SHIP phosphorylation, cells in a state of nonspecific desensitization showed reduced SHIP phosphorylation (compared with cells not previously exposed to a non-cross-reacting Ag). Discordant with expectations concerning partial recovery from nonspecific desensitization, treatment of cells with DNP-lysine to dissociate bound DNP-HSA, either enhanced or had no effect on SHIP phosphorylation following a second Ag. These experiments also showed a form of desensitization that persisted despite dissociation of the desensitizing Ag. Recent studies and the results of these studies suggest that loss of early signaling components like syk kinase may account for some of the effects of nonspecific desensitization and result in a form of immunological memory of prior stimulation. Taken together, the various characteristics of SHIP phosphorylation were not consistent with expectations for a signaling element involved in nonspecific desensitization, but instead one which itself undergoes nonspecific desensitization.
Measurement of electrical properties of biological tissue at radio frequencies using magnetic resonance imaging

Image shading in high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to radio-frequency (RF) wave propagation effects in biological tissue can be used to measure the electrical conductivity and relative permittivity of tissue in vivo. We describe a method to extract electrical properties of biological tissue from RF-shaded MR images without an explicit RF field mapping. The method is demonstrated on a meat sample and in the brain of a normal volunteer.
Does The Imposter Strategy Pass the Authenticity Test

While agreeing with the authors of the 2005 JAAL article “The Imposter” (http:dx.doi.org10.1598JAAL.49.3.2) regarding the importance of critical reading and the need to provide purpose for reading, this article advocates using authentic texts for instruction rather than embedding contradictory ideas, statements, or numbers into reading passages. Teachers can model strategies and suggest ways for students to • Discover word- and sentence-level errors in texts they read • Learn to recognize problems with facts, logic, and arguments • Identify problematic issues in texts relating to morality and ethics Suspicious readers can be on the look-out for flaws and examples of deliberate attempts to mislead; critical readers can respond to texts with their own thoughts, accusations, and rebuttals. Examples are provided to show how teachers can use real texts to model thoughtful and careful reading.
Sucrose metabolism, growth and transplanting stress in sweetgum seedling taproots and stems

One-year-old nursery-grown bare-root sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings were lifted and transplanted into a nearby nursery bed or a cleared forest field in late January 1994. Seedlings remained in the same bed for the second year were the nontransplanted controls. Seedlings growing in beds were watered regularly and those in field received only rain. Specific activities of sucrose synthase (SS), pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK), ATP-dependent PFK (ATP-PFK), fructokinase (FK), and glucokinase (GK) were determined in the xylem-side cambial tissues of control and transplanted seedling taproots and stems from April through November 1994. Stem and taproot SS activity of control seedlings exhibited similar seasonal patterns with stem SS higher than root most of the time. Low SS activity was observed during early leaf expansion in the spring with resumption of taproot SS activity occurring 2 weeks later than stem SS. Seedling SS activity peaked in June and September and decreased sharply near leaf abscission in fall. Seasonal patterns of PPi-PFK in control seedlings were similar to those of SS except that PPi-PFK peaked only in June. Taproots of nontransplanted seedlings had similar level of PPi-PFK to that of stems. From late April to mid-June, there were 35–75% and 20–45% decreases in SS and PPi-PFK activities in transplanted seedlings, respectively, as compared with the controls. Moreover, seedlings transplanted into the forest field had much less growth and lower activities of SS and PPi-PFK than seedlings transplanted into the nursery beds. Activities of ATP-PFK and FK were generally lower in transplanted seedlings than controls.
Perturbation of Au-assisted planar GaAs nanowire growth by p-type dopant impurities

III-V compound semiconductor nanowires (NWs), with their direct bandgaps and high mobilities, have been shown to be promising materials for many applications including solar cells, light emitting diodes, transistors, and lasers. Self-aligned, twin-plane-defect free, planar GaAs NWs can be grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) through the Au-assisted vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. In this report, planar GaAs NW growth on GaAs (100) substrates is perturbed by introducing common p-type dopant impurities, zinc (Zn) or carbon (C), and characterized structurally and electrically. The implications of the results on planar NW growth and doping mechanism are discussed.
Structural study of new hydrocarbon nano-crystals by energy-filtered electron diffraction

A new brittle hydrocarbon has been successfully synthesized in polycrystalline form, and its crystal structure solved by quantitative electron diffraction. By 3D tilting of the nano-crystals, the lattice type and unit cell parameters were determined. (Triclinic, [Formula: see text] A, [Formula: see text] A, [Formula: see text] A, [Formula: see text] degrees, [Formula: see text] degrees, and [Formula: see text] degrees.) Spot diffraction patterns were obtained at -165 degrees C using the Koehler selected-area mode on a LEO 912 TEM fitted with an omega in-column elastic energy filter. The direct methods algorithm was then applied to merged intensities and a trial structure obtained assuming single scattering. This was further refined to obtain good agreement with a small residual of about 10% using multiple scattering calculations. A diagram of the proposed structure is given.
Permafrost degradation stimulates carbon loss from experimentally warmed tundra

A large pool of organic carbon (C) has been accumulating in the Arctic for thousands of years because cold and waterlogged conditions have protected soil organic material from microbial decomposition. As the climate warms this vast and frozen C pool is at risk of being thawed, decomposed, and released to the atmosphere as greenhouse gasses. At the same time, some C losses may be offset by warming-mediated increases in plant productivity. Plant and microbial responses to warming ultimately determine net C exchange from ecosystems, but the timing and magnitude of these responses remain uncertain. Here we show that experimental warming and permafrost (ground that remains below 0 degrees C for two or more consecutive years) degradation led to a two-fold increase in net ecosystem C uptake during the growing season. However, warming also enhanced winter respiration, which entirely offset growing-season C gains. Winter C losses may be even higher in response to actual climate warming than to our experimental manipulations, and, in that scenario, could be expected to more than double overall net C losses from tundra to the atmosphere. Our results highlight the importance of winter processes in determining whether tundra acts as a C source or sink, and demonstrate the potential magnitude of C release from the permafrost zone that might be expected in a warmer climate.