cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do You Have the Time? Investigating Online Classroom Workload

The time it takes to teach and take classes has been the subject of much speculation, but no accurate standard exists to measure the amount of time instructors and students dedicate to courses. The most common measure of workload has been the credit system. As administrators push faculty toward teaching online or adding online components to their existing classes, time commitment remains one of the strongest objections to teaching online. Characteristics of online environments (such as added flexibility) appeal to a growing number of students, elevating time management to an even more critical level. This study discusses a Web-based time log system used to measure during-course workload. The system was used in five masters-level classes over a 2-year period. It is contended that by using systems such as the one outlined herein, administrators, faculty, and students can better examine and determine the important but often neglected factor of workload.
Mixed chloride–phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core: 9. The first mixed monodentate phosphine complex, 1,2,7,8-Re2Cl4(PMe2Ph)3(PEt2H)

The reduction of the Re2 5+ core in 1,2,7-Re2Cl5(PR3)3 molecules, followed by addition of 1 equiv. of a different phosphine ligand, PR3′, allows the preparation of the mixed monodentate phosphine compounds of the Re2 4+ type, namely 1,2,7,8-Re2Cl4(PR3)3(PR3′). The stereochemistry of the starting materials dictates the stereochemistry of the final products. The one-electron reduction of the 1,2,7-isomer of Re2Cl5(PMe2Ph)3 with KC8 to the corresponding anion, [1,2,7-Re2Cl5(PMe2Ph)3]− (1), followed by non-redox substitution of one chloride ion by one diethylphosphine, PEt2H, afforded the first mixed monodentate phosphine compound of the dirhenium(II) core, Re2Cl4(PMe2Ph)3(PEt2H) (2), in good yield. Crystal structure determination as well as other physical methods and elemental analysis unambiguously confirmed the formation of 2. The related system 1,2,7-Re2Cl5(PMe3)3Co(C5H5)2PEt2H leads to several products, one of which is 1,2,7,8-Re2Cl4(PMe3)3(PEt2H) (3).
A research and training needs assessment of Florida's mental health system.

The authors conducted an assessment of mental health training, consultation and research needs in Florida. The purpose was to document the current training, consultation, and information needs within the mental health care delivery system. The data collection included a six-page, self-administered mail questionnaire and a structured telephone interview of selected key informants throughout the state. The questions on the survey instrument asked for background information on the respondents as well as their training and research priorities for mental health services. Accountability procedures, financing issues, and clinical diagnostic and assessment techniques were among the most frequently rated priorities for training and research. Results are discussed with emphasis on the statewide dissemination of study findings, a national standardization of the needs assessment process, and the importance of systematic decision-making for administrators in the mental health service delivery system.
Response functions for deep inelastic scattering from Ca 40

Deep inelastic electron scattering cross sections have been measured from $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ at energies between 100 and 375 MeV and at scattering angles of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Longitudinal and transverse response functions at three-vector momentum transfers of 330, 370, and 410 MeV/c were extracted from these data using a Rosenbluth separation. The integrated longitudinal response functions for the three momentum transfers are found to have, respectively, 65%, 75%, and 90% of the longitudinal strength predicted by the Fermi gas model.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Deep inelastic electron scattering from $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, extracted transverse and longitudinal response functions.
Toxicity of sodium cyanurate

Abstract Sodium cyanurate fed to rats for 20 weeks and to dogs for 6 months was without evident adverse effects at a dietary concentration of 0.8%. Rats fed 8% of sodium cyanurate in the diet for 20 weeks showed consistent and characteristic histologic changes in the kidneys, consisting of dilatation of the distal collecting tubules and ducts of Bellini with focal areas of epithelial proliferation. Similar renal changes were observed in dogs fed 8% of sodium cyanurate in the diet for 16–24 months. Five milliliters of an 0.8% or 8% aqueous suspension of sodium cyanurate applied daily, 5 days/week, to the skin of rabbits for 3 months caused no adverse effects at the lower concentration. At the higher concentration, kidney changes similar to, but less marked than, those described in the rats and dogs were noted. No skin irritation was caused by either concentration. No eye irritation was observed in rabbits receiving 0.1 ml daily, 5 days/week, of an 8% aqueous suspension of sodium cyanurate instilled into one eye over a period of 3 months.
Sites of intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of the N-terminal extension of troponin I in human cardiac whole troponin complex.

Our previous studies (Howarth, J. W., Meller, J., Solaro, R. J., Trewhella, J., and Rosevear, P. R. (2007) J. Mol. Biol. 373, 706–722) of the unique N-terminal region of human cardiac troponin I (hcTnI), predicted a possible intramolecular interaction near the basic inhibitory peptide. To explore this possibility, we generated single cysteine mutants (hcTnI-S5C and hcTnI-I19C), which were labeled with the hetero-bifunctional cross-linker benzophenone-4-maleimide. The labeled hcTnI was reconstituted to whole troponin and exposed to UV light to form cross-linked proteins. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicated intra- and intermolecular cross-linking with hcTnC and hcTnT. Moreover, using tandem mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing, specific intramolecular sites of interaction were determined at position Met-154 (I19C mutant) and Met-155 (S5C mutant) of hcTnI and intermolecular interactions at positions Met-47 and Met-80 of hcTnC in all conditions. Even though specific intermolecular cross-linked sites did not differ, the relative abundance of cross-linking was altered. We also measured the Ca2+-dependent ATPase rate of reconstituted thin filament-myosin-S1 preparation regulated by either cross-linked or non-labeled troponin. Ca2+ regulation of the ATPase rate was lost when the Cys-5 hcTnI mutant was cross-linked in the absence of Ca2+, but only partially inhibited with Cys-19 cross-linking in either the presence or absence of Ca2+. This result indicates different functional effects of cross-linking to Met-154 and Met-155, which are located on different sides of the hcTnI switch peptide. Our data provide novel evidence identifying interactions of the hcTnI-N terminus with specific intra- and intermolecular sites.
TU-E-BRA-08: A Comprehensive Study on the Relationship between Image Quality and Imaging Dose in Low-Dose Cone Beam CT.

Purpose: To investigate image quality as a function of number of projections and tube load per projection in compressive sensing (CS) based low‐dose cone beam CT(CBCT), and achieve optimal low‐dose scan protocols in image guided radiation therapy(IGRT).Methods: We have performed CS‐based CBCT reconstruction with different combinations of number of projections (from 46 to 364) and mAs (from 0.2 to 2.4 mAs/view), which covers the whole clinically relevant range. Image quality is assessed in each case. On this basis, optimal scan protocols are analyzed according to various IGRT applications. Results:Image quality degrades ∼10% when the imagingdose decreases from 400 to 100 total mAs, further ∼10% from 100 to 40 total mAs, and another ∼80% below 40 total mAs. Image quality on iso‐low‐dose lines at 36.8, 72.6, 109.2 and 145.6 total mAs varies 17.16%, 13.69%, 11.99% and 5.74% in terms RMSE with various scanning protocols. Conclusions: 1) In CS‐based CBCT,image quality has little degradation with imagingdose> 100 total mAs. Optimal low‐dose scan protocols likely fall in the range of 40–100 total mAs. 2) At a constant low‐dose level, the scan protocol that with super sparse views (projection number < 50) is the most challenging case. 3) The optimal scan protocol is the combination of a medium number of projections and a medium level of mAs/view. This is more evident when the dose is ∼72.8 total mAs or below, and when the ROI is a low‐contrast or high‐resolution object. 4) The clinically acceptable lowest imagingdose level is task dependent. In our study, 72.8mAs is a safe dose level for visualizing low‐contrast objects, while 12.2 total mAs is sufficient for detecting high‐contrast objects of diameter greater than 3 mm. This work is supported in part by NIH (1R01CA154747‐01), Varian Medical Systems through a Master Research Agreement, and the Thrasher Research Fund.
Simplifying reasoning about objects with Tako

A fundamental complexity in understanding and reasoning about object-oriented languages is the need for programmers to view variables as references to objects rather than directly as objects. The need arises because a simplified view of variables as (mutable) objects is not sound in the presence of aliasing. Tako is an object-oriented language that is syntactically similar to Java but incorporates alias-avoidance techniques. This paper describes the features of the Tako language and shows how it allows programmers to view all variables directly as objects without compromising sound reasoning. It discusses the benefits of such a language, including its use as an instructional tool to help teach students how to reason formally about their code.
Identities and relations in commutative Moufang loops

We combine techniques used by Lyndon [4] in showing that the identities of a nilpotent group are finitely based with some related ideas of Higman [3] and the results of Bruck [I] on the structure of commutative Moufang loops to prove the following properties of a finitely generated commutative Moufang loop: (i) its identities are finitely based, (ii) it can be finitely presented, (iii) it is residually finite, and (iv) it has a solvable word problem.
Comparison of the anticonvulsant effects of opioid peptides and etorphine in rats after ICV administration

The effect of acute icv administration of β-endorphin (5–160 μg), D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin (DADL; 5–160 μg), D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DAME; 10–160 μg), and etorphine (0.05–1.6 μg) on brain excitability was studied by measuring flurothyl seizure thresholds in rats. Each test compound produced a behavioral stupor characterized by muscle rigidity, exophthalmos, and the absence of spontaneous movement. Wet-dog shakes occured only after injection of the opioid peptides. All four compounds produced a dose-related increase in seizure threshold. Naloxone antagonized the behavioral and anticonvulsant effects; the increase in seizure threshold induced by β-endorphin was the most resistant to naloxone. These results indicate that the opioid peptides, in addition to their known EEG epileptogenic potential, are also anticonvulsant in the rat, thus raising the possibility of a dual action for the opioid peptides on central nervous system excitability.
The biosynthesis of sparsomycin. Further investigations of the biosynthesis of the uracil acrylic acid moiety

Abstract Precursor incorporation experiments have ruled out the involvement of N′-formylkynurenine in the biosynthesis of the uracil acrylic acid moiety of sparsomycin. An enzyme has been partially purified from the sparsomycin-producer that catalyzes the synthesis of the uracil acrylic acid from a pyrimidine acrylic acid previously shown to be a sparsomycin precursor. The enzymatic synthesis of the uracil acrylic acid requires NAD + , a result which indicates that the mechanism of the uracil acrylic acid synthase is similar to that of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Analog studies demonstrate that the enzyme lacks rigid substrate specificity.
Design and characteristics of DBR-laser-based environmental sensors

Abstract This paper reports on the development of a new laser-based chemical sensor. The optical sensor is based on the modification of the resonant cavity of a distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) laser. Part of the cavity (phase section and/or DBR grating) is covered by a sensitive layer that changes its refractive index as a result of interaction with a given chemical. This produces the change of optical cavity length, resulting in the lasing frequency shift. The results of modeling and preliminary experiments proving the concept of chemical sensing are presented.
The asymptotic distribution of MLE of treatment lag threshold

Semiparametric models with an unknown threshold parameter for hazard rates are formulated for failure time data. Maximum partial likelihood estimates for threshold and regular parameters are shown to be asymptotically consistent. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators are obtained.
Survival factors for Free Open Source Software projects: A multi-stage perspective

Summary This paper uses a large data set of Free Open Source Software (FOSS) projects obtained from SourceForge.net to investigate survival factors at various stages of a FOSS project’s lifecycle. It distinguishes FOSS projects that are still at the initial stage of development from those at the growth stage, and posits that the relative importance of the identified survival factors changes as FOSS projects evolve from one stage to the next. The results demonstrate the changing effect of factors over time affecting FOSS survival. Restrictive FOSS licenses and large internal and external networks are found to present advantages for projects that are at the initial stage, but the advantages dissipate as the projects move into the growth stage. Projects with high-quality external networks, greater levels of user/developer participation and service quality, and projects targeted at technical users have a higher likelihood of surviving at both stages. These findings show that a FOSS project team needs to be aware of the conditioning effect of time and focus on the appropriate mix of survival factors as the project moves from one stage to the next.
Unsteady aerodynamic forces on small-scale wings: experiments, simulations and models

The goal of this work is to develop low order dynamical systems models for the unsteady lift and drag forces on small wings in various modes of flight, and to better understand the physical characteristics of unsteady laminar separation. Velocity field and body force data for a flat plate at static angle of attack and in sinusoidal pitch and plunge maneuvers are generated by 2D direct numerical simulations using an immersed boundary method at Re = 100. The lift of a sinusoidally plunging plate is found to deviate from the quasi-steady approximation at a reduced frequency of k = 0.5 over a range of Strouhal numbers. Lagrangian coherent structures illustrate formation and convection of a leading-edge vortex in sinusoidal pitch and plunge. A phenomenological ODE model with three states is shown to reproduce the lift on a flat plate at a static angle of attack above the stall angle. DNS for a 3D pitch-up maneuver of a rectangular plate at Re = 300 shows the effect of aspect ratio on vortical wake structure and lift. Wind tunnel experiments of a wing in single pitch-up and sinusoidal pitch maneuvers are compared with a dynamic model incorporating time delays and relaxation times to produce hysteresis.
THE DYNAMICAL MODELS FOR SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY TRANSITION

Currently, systematic techniques for assessing macro mechanisms for transferring software engineering technologies are non-existent. This leads to inefficient allocation of research resources and increased risk to software technology intensive programs. Consequently, software technology transition today is an ill-defined and non-repeatable, inefficient process for bringing advanced software engineering technologies to market. This paper develops two dynamical models of a software technology transition from both macroscopic and microscopic views. The models are developed utilizing information theory, communication theory, chaos control theory, and learning curve principles. The combination of those scientifically sound mechanisms provides a basis for assessing, and/or prescribing a portfolio of technologies and the implementing macro infrastructure. This provides the theoretical framework for a practical method for a program manager to establish a high capacity transition channel, which accelerates technology maturation and insertion. Experiments based on very large number of data have been performed. Data samples assess the following technologies: software engineering, software technology transfer, Ada, Java, abstract data types, rate monotonic analysis, cost models, software standards, and software work breakdown structures.
Network design for verification of ceiling and visibility forecasts

Cloud ceiling height and visibility forecasts are of importance for use in flight planning. This is particularly true for the general aviation community, where pilots who are not instrument rated must avoid flying in areas with poor visibility conditions. These forecasts rely on data obtained from Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) stations. Two issues arise in the verification of ceiling and visibility forecasts: (i) forecasts with short-to-no lead time (i.e., nowcasts) require use of the same METAR observations for forecast creation and verification, and (ii) placement of reporting stations may introduce bias in the verification analysis. Independent data is necessary for an accurate verification, but because the same data are used to verify the nowcasts as are used to create the nowcasts, the data are not independent. A common strategy is to divide the data into testing and training sets to obtain quasi-independent data. The second issue arises from the fact that the METAR stations are unevenly spaced so that a forecast verification is potentially biased for areas with numerous stations; thereby giving little or no information on forecast performance elsewhere. In this paper, we present a network thinning strategy to obtain a reasonable subset network of METAR stations that is more 'regularly' spaced. The strategy involves three steps: (i) an initial inspection of graphs of pair-wise agreement between stations by distance, (ii) a coverage design algorithm, and finally (iii) inspection of the distributions of verification scores among various designs and the original network. We give test examples for two different regions in the United States. In each case, it seems reasonable to reduce the network size by nearly half of the original number of stations. The resulting designs are regularly spaced, and verification results for the original network are very similar to those for the thinned networks.
The 2010 Millennium Technology Grand Prize: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The 2010 Millennium Technology Grand Prize was awarded to Michael Gratzel for his ground-breaking research that has led to the practical application of dye-sensitized solar cells. Although Gratzel began his research well before nanotechnology had the “buzz” that it does today, the mesoscopic thin films he has developed have paved the way for generations of scientists to exploit the nanoscale for energy conversion. In addition to practical application, his research has led to a deeper understanding of photoinitiated charge-transfer processes at semiconductor interfaces. Here, the key scientific developments that guided early progress in dye-sensitized solar cells are summarized, with emphasis on fundamental advances that have enabled practical application.
Estimation of formation hydraulic properties accounting for pre-test injection or production operations

Abstract We propose to use regular monitoring data from a production or injection well for estimating the formation properties around the wellbore without interrupting the operations. Thus, instead of shutting-in the well for a substantial time period, we propose to select a portion of the pumping data over a certain time interval and then derive our conclusions from these data. A distinctive feature of our analysis is that we introduce an auxiliary parameter to account for the possible after-effects of pumping that preceded the test interval and, consequently, the non-uniform initial pressure conditions. We demonstrate that those effects influence not only the analysis of regular operations data, but also the analysis of a traditional pressure drawdown or pressure buildup test with a prior shut-in period. We show that phenomena usually attributed to wellbore storage or skin effects can be at least partially interpreted through the parameter we introduce. Unlike some traditional methods, our analysis utilizes almost the entire test time period for curve-fitting. It turns out that it produces good data matching even if the test period is short and the frequency of measurements is low. Another distinctive feature of the present approach is that the parameter estimation problem is reduced to a combination of quadratic criterion minimization and a search for the minimum of a one-variable function. Because we can obtain the solution to the quadratic problem analytically, we significantly simplify the problem and dramatically reduce the amount of computations required.
Adaptive regulation of taurine transport in two continuous renal epithelial cell lines

Adaptive regulation of taurine transport in two continuous renal epithelial cell lines. Taurine is actively transported by a β-amino acid transporter located on the proximal tubule apical surface. We have characterized taurine transport into confluent monolayers of two continuous renal epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK 1 , a cell of porcine proximal tubular origin, and the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK) of distal origin. Taurine uptake is linear up to 90 minutes in LLC-PK 1 cells and 180 minutes in MDCK cells. This process is highly dependent upon Na + as the cation and either Cl - or Br - as the anion. Taurine uptake is inhibited by another β-amino acid, β-alanine, to a greater extent than the α-analog, L-alanine or other α-amino acids. Incubation of cell monolayers with taurine-free medium (0 µM taurine) induces an increase in Na + -dependent taurine uptake when compared to cells exposed to standard medium (50 µM taurine). When cells were incubated in medium containing high taurine (500 µM), uptake was decreased as compared to control cells. This adaptive response is evident by 12 hours in both cell lines and is the result of changes in the apparent transport maximum (J max ) rather than the apparent Km for taurine. The changes in transport observed after manipulation of medium taurine concentration were not associated with differences in taurine efflux. In summary, taurine is transported by a β-specific, Na-Cl dependent process in both renal epithelial cell lines. Although the factors which regulate taurine transport are not known, an increased transport maximum is observed in cells which have been taurine-starved, and a decreased J max is seen in cells supplied with excess taurine. This adaptive response mimics the actions observed for the brush border transporter.
Simple Reversed-Phase HPLC Method with Spectrophotometric Detection for Measuring Acetaminophen-Protein Adducts in Rat Liver Samples

A simple reversed-phase HPLC method for measuring hepatic levels of acetaminophen- (APAP-) protein adduct following an overdose of APAP was developed. An aliquot of liver homogenate in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS) was placed on a Nanosep centrifugal device, which was centrifuged to obtain a protein residue. This residue was incubated with a solution of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), the internal standard, and bacterial protease in PBS, transferred to a Nanosep centrifugal device, and centrifuged. A 100 μL portion of the filtrate was analyzed on a YMC-Pack ODS-AMQ C18 column, using 100 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate-methanol-acetic acid (100 : 0.6 : 0.1) as the mobile phase, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and photometric detection at 254 nm. PABA and APAP-cystein-S-yl (APAP-Cys) eluted at ~14.7 min and 22.7 min, respectively. Method linearity, based on on-column concentrations of APAP-Cys, was observed over the range 0.078–40 μg. Recoveries of APAP-Cys from spiked blank liver homogenates ranged from ~83% to 91%. Limits of detection and of quantification of APAP-Cys, based on column concentrations, were 0.06 μg and 0.14 μg, respectively. RSD values for interday and intraday analyses of a blank liver homogenate spiked with APAP-Cyst at three levels were, in all cases, ≤1.0% and <1.5%, respectively. The proposed method was found appropriate for comparing the antidotal properties of N-acetylcysteine and taurine in a rat model of APAP poisoning.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Tripyrrane-Copper(II) Complex.

Can metal complexes of biliverdin analogues containing more or less than four pyrrole moieties be generated? The answer seems to be “yes” as demonstrated by the synthesis of the unprecedented Cu(II...
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel quinazolino-β-carboline-5-one derivatives

Abstract A novel series of quinazolino-β-carbolinone derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Many compounds have shown good in vitro activity in the range 1–8 μM concentration. Three of the compounds were further tested in nude mice bearing HT-29 colon cancer xenografts.
Opportunities in multidimensional trace metal imaging: taking copper-associated disease research to the next level

Copper plays an important role in numerous biological processes across all living systems predominantly because of its versatile redox behavior. Cellular copper homeostasis is tightly regulated and disturbances lead to severe disorders such as Wilson disease and Menkes disease. Age-related changes of copper metabolism have been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. The role of copper in these diseases has been a topic of mostly bioinorganic research efforts for more than a decade, metal–protein interactions have been characterized, and cellular copper pathways have been described. Despite these efforts, crucial aspects of how copper is associated with Alzheimer disease, for example, are still only poorly understood. To take metal-related disease research to the next level, emerging multidimensional imaging techniques are now revealing the copper metallome as the basis to better understand disease mechanisms. This review describes how recent advances in X-ray fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent copper probes have started to contribute to this field, specifically in Wilson disease and Alzheimer disease. It furthermore provides an overview of current developments and future applications in X-ray microscopic methods.
Differences in stakeholder perceptions of the jaguar Panthera onca and puma Puma concolor in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala

We conducted a survey questionnaire to assess and compare public perceptions and knowledge of jaguars Panthera onca and pumas Puma concolor among two stakeholder groups likely to come into conflict with these large carnivores: cattle ranchers living near protected areas and inhabitants of two villages located within the multiple-use forest of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. We tested whether stakeholder group (i.e. rancher or villager) or previous experience with livestock attacks by carnivores predicted a negative perception of jaguars and pumas. The odds of people fearing an attack on humans by these felids and of recognizing the ecological importance of these species was best explained by stakeholder group. Villagers exhibited a more negative perception towards these felids than did cattle ranchers. Our results highlight the importance of tailoring conservation programmes in high risk areas to the needs of specific stakeholder groups. Further research is needed to understand which factors (i.e. ecological settings, socio-economic differences) best explain these differences and whether these differences in perception vary within groups. Programmes that work with local people to assess the ecological importance of large predators and the true risks of carnivore attacks on livestock and humans along with low-cost conflict mitigation measures should be implemented to increase the level of tolerance towards these carnivores.
Strain differences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) social roles and their impact on group task performance.

“Key” individuals in a social group are those that are centrally connected and thus serve as a hub for information flow across the group. From this position, they have the potential to have a powerful influence on group dynamics and performance. Here, we use metrics from social network theory to identify Key individuals in groups of 3‐4 zebrafish (Danio rerio), and to measure the impact of removing those individuals from the group. We compared the results for two genetically distinct strains of zebrafish and found that although their social dynamics were superficially similar, one strain (Scientific Hatcheries, SH) responded to social perturbation, whereas the other (Parganas North, PN) did not. For both strains, groups that retained their Key fish performed better on a simple group foraging-learning task than did those from which the Key fish had been removed. However, the SH strain learned the task more quickly than did the PN strain, perhaps in part because of sex differences in task performance or because of strain differences in the reaction to experimental disturbance. We also confirm the utility of measures of social dynamics and social role that can be estimated reliably from very short observation sessions and by relatively untrained observers. These results set the stage for future research into the genetic mechanisms underlying social roles and group learning in vertebrates.
Nietzsche and Eros between the devil and God's deep blue sea: The problem of the artist as actor-Jew-woman

In a single aphorism in The Gay Science, Nietzsche arrays The Problem of the Artist in a reticulated constellation. Addressing every member of the excluded grouping of disenfranchised others, Nietzsche turns to the destitution of a god of love keyed to the self-turning absorption of the human heart. His ultimate and irrecusably tragic project to restore the innocence of becoming requires the affirmation of the problem of suffering as the task of learning how to love. Nietzsche sees the ergs of art as what can teach us how to make things beautiful, desirable, lovable in the routine truth of reality: When they are not. The stumbling block for those of us paralyzed by impotence and frozen in a technological age of anxiety, longing for being not becoming (eternal youth), is that one can never possess but can only win great health, again and again (like erotic desire), because one gives it away again and again as sacrifice or affirmation without reserve: that is to say, with erotic artistry.
Ingestion of Mn and Pb by rats during and after pregnancy alters iron metabolism and behavior in offspring

Manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) exposures during developmental period can impair development by direct neurotoxicity or through interaction with iron metabolism. Therefore, we examined the effects of maternal ingestion of Mn or Pb in drinking water during gestation and lactation on iron metabolism as well as behavior in their offspring. Pregnant dams were given distilled water, 4.79mg/ml Mn, or 2.84mg/ml Pb in drinking water during gestation and lactation. Pups were studied at time of weaning for (59)Fe absorption from the gut, duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression, hematological parameters, and anxiety-related behavior using an Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test. Metal-exposed pups had lower body weights and elevated blood and brain concentrations of the respective metal. Pb-exposed pups had lower hematocrits and higher blood Zn protoporphyrin levels. In contrast, Mn exposed pups had normal hematological parameters but significantly reduced Zn protoporphyrin. Pharmacokinetic studies using (59)Fe showed that intestinal absorption in metal-exposed pups was not different from controls, nor was it correlated with duodenal DMT1 expression. However, intravenously injected (59)Fe was cleared more slowly in Pb-exposed pups resulting in higher plasma levels. The overall tissue uptake of (59)Fe was lower in Mn-exposed and lower in the brain in Pb-exposed pups. The EPM test demonstrated that Mn-exposed, but not Pb-exposed, pups had lower anxiety-related behavior compared to controls. We conclude that gestational and lactational exposures to Mn or Pb differentially alter Fe metabolism and anxiety-related behavior. The data suggest that perturbation in Fe metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiologic consequences of Mn and Pb exposure during early development.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lumbar Zygapophysial (Facet) Joint Pain

Lumbar zygapophysial joint arthropathy is a challenging condition affecting up to 15% of patients with chronic low back pain. The onset of lumbar facet joint pain is usually insidious, with predisposing factors including spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc pathology, and old age. Despite previous reports of a "facet syndrome," the existing literature does not support the use of historic or physical examination findings to diagnose lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. The most accepted method for diagnosing pain arising from the lumbar facet joints is with low-volume intraarticular or medial branch blocks, both of which are associated with high false-positive rates. Standard treatment modalities for lumbar zygapophysial joint pain include intraarticular steroid injections and radiofrequency denervation of the medial branches innervating the joints, but the evidence supporting both of these is conflicting. In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and function of the lumbar zygapophysial joints, along with a systematic analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain.
A fully high-order finite-element simulation of scattering by deep cavities

Electromagnetic scattering from deep cavities is all important topic of research that has received much attention during the past decade. Recently, an efficient numerical technique has been developed for the analysis of scattering front a large, deep, and arbitrarily shaped cavity. This technique first subdivides the deep cavity into many thin layers along its depth and employs the finite element method (FEM) to discretize the field within each thin layer. In this paper, we present an even more efficient algorithm based on high-order curvilinear tetrahedral elements.
Cumulative alkylating agent exposure and semen parameters in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

Summary Background Few data define the dose-specific relation between alkylating agent exposure and semen variables in adult survivors of childhood cancer. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that increased exposure to alkylating agents would be associated with decreased sperm concentration in a cohort of adult male survivors of childhood cancer who were not exposed to radiation therapy for their childhood cancer. Methods We did semen analysis on 214 adult male survivors of childhood cancer (median age 7·7 years [range 0·01–20·3] at diagnosis, 29·0 years [18·4–56·1] at assessment, and a median of 21·0 years [10·5–41·6] since diagnosis) who had received alkylating agent chemotherapy but no radiation therapy. Alkylating agent exposure was estimated using the cyclophosphamide equivalent dose (CED). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for oligospermia (sperm concentration >0 and Findings Azoospermia was noted in 53 (25%) of 214 participants, oligospermia in 59 (28%), and normospermia (sperm concentration ≥15 million per mL) in 102 (48%) participants. 31 (89%) of 35 participants who received CED less than 4000 mg/m 2 were normospermic. CED was negatively correlated with sperm concentration (correlation coefficient=–0·37, p 2 (SD 7274) in patients with azoospermia, 8480 mg/m 2 (4264) in patients with oligospermia, and 6626 mg/m 2 (3576) in patients with normospermia. In multivariable analysis, CED was significantly associated with an increased risk per 1000 mg/m 2 CED for azoospermia (OR 1·22, 95% CI 1·11–1·34), and for oligospermia (1·14, 1·04–1·25), but age at diagnosis and age at assessment were not. Interpretation Impaired spermatogenesis was unlikely when the CED was less than 4000 mg/m 2 . Although sperm concentration decreases with increasing CED, there was substantial overlap of CED associated with normospermia, oligospermia, and azoospermia. These data can inform pretreatment patient counselling and use of fertility preservation services. Funding US National Cancer Institute, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities.
“I'M PROPER NUMBER ONE FIGHTER, ME”: Aborigines, Gender, and Bureaucracy in Central Australia

Aboriginal fringe-dwellers in Central Australia emphasize their independence of the white-dominated world around them. Because of differences in their means of support, men and women have developed variations on this perspective of independence and personal power. Men present themselves in terms of their white employers and base their personal collateral on those links. Women stress their ability to care for their families without help from others and present themselves as able to play all social roles in the Central Australian world. This image of woman as universal actor places moral premiums on the protection of domestic interests at the expense of wider gender, ethnic, or class interests. These ideas are explored through analysis of the life story of one woman, Katy Mayhew. Although obtained in an interview setting, the occasion of Katy's story became a life event through which she, her daughter, and her “sisters” reflected upon their lives as Aboriginal women in Central Australia. It is argued that l...
Tensor products and Dunford-Pettis sets

The structure of Dunford–Pettis sets, strong Dunford–Pettis sets and certain spaces of operators is studied in the context of the injective and projective tensor products of Banach spaces.
Deliberate Self‐Harm and Alcohol Involvement in College‐Aged Females: A Controlled Comparison in a Nonclinical Sample

Individuals who engage in deliberate self-harm (DSH) report using other problematic coping mechanisms. One potential problematic coping mechanism is alcohol consumption. Research on alcohol involvement and deliberate self-harm is conflicting. This study compared individuals who have engaged in deliberate self-harm to controls on a range of alcohol measures. Five hundred females completed questionnaires assessing deliberate self-harm and alcohol involvement. Controlling for differences in psychopathology and impulsivity, the DSH group did not differ from the controls relative to quantity and frequency of alcohol use but did differ relative to negative consequences, risky behaviors, and alcohol expectancies. The authors discuss mechanisms that account for increased negative consequences and expectancies of alcohol consumption in the absence of differences in quantity and frequency, as well as the clinical importance of assessing a broad spectrum of alcohol involvement in the DSH population.
Disintegrin-like/Cysteine-Rich Region of ADAM 12 Is an Active Cell Adhesion Domain

ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) proteins contain structural homology to the P-III class of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) and are postulated to function, by analogy to these SMVPs, as cell adhesion molecules. ADAM 12 has been implicated in fusion of myoblasts, but its mechanism of action is not known. Instead of the RGD-like cell-binding motif present in SVMP disintegrins, the disintegrin domain of ADAM 12 contains a unique SNS sequence and therefore its adhesive potential has been controversial. In this report we demonstrate that the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (DC) domain of ADAM 12 constitutes a functional cell adhesion domain. We have expressed the DC domain of mouse ADAM 12 in insect cells and shown that the recombinant protein supported adhesion of C2C12 myoblasts and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts in a divalent cation-dependent manner. A sulfhydryl-specific biotinylation reagent revealed, however, that the overall conformation and flexibility of the cell-binding region of ADAM 12 DC domain may be significantly different from those of the SVMP disintegrins. Moreover, the disulfide bond structure of the DC domain was critical for its function, as incubation of the recombinant protein with reducing agents abolished subsequent cell adhesion. Recombinant DC bound to C2C12 cells with high affinity (KD ≈ 0.10 μM, total number of binding sites n ≈ 4.6 × 105/cell). Adhesive properties of the DC domain of ADAM 12 produced in insect cells were further confirmed by cell surface binding of the DC domain expressed in C2C12 cells and secreted to the medium, consistent with the role of ADAM 12 in cell–cell interactions and myoblast fusion.
Digestibility of protein and starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is linked to biochemical and structural features of grain endosperm

Although a principal source of energy and protein for millions of the world’s poorest people, the nutritional value of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is diminished because of low digestibility of grain protein and starch. To address this problem, we analyzed the properties of two sorghum lines that have a common pedigree but differ in digestibility. Consistent with results based on a ruminal fluid assay, the protein and starch of one line (KS48) was more thoroughly digested than that of the other (KS51) using in vitro assays based on pepsin and a-amylase. The indigestibility of KS51 relative to KS48 was shown to be due to (i) a greater abundance of disulfide-bonded proteins; (ii) presence in KS51 of nonwaxy starch and the accompanying granule-bound starch synthase; and (iii) the differing nature of the protein matrix and its interaction with starch. The current findings suggest that each of these factors should be considered in efforts to enhance the nutritional value of sorghum grain.
Peripheral mechanisms of sibutramine involving proximal gastric motility in dogs.

Objective: Sibutramine, a serotonin-norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, has been used for treating obesity. However, its possible mechanisms involving gastric motility have not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine on gastric accommodation and antral motility. Research Methods and Procedures: The study was performed in seven dogs with a stomach cannula and composed of two separate experiments: antral contractions and gastric tone. Each experiment included two sessions on 2 separate days in a randomized order: a control session and a treatment session with sibutramine (5 mg/kg per os) administrated 2 hours before the study. Results: Sibutramine significantly increased fasting gastric tone; the gastric volume in the fasting state at baseline was 103.8 ± 12.3 mL and significantly decreased to 35.3 ± 16.0 mL with sibutramine (p = 0.0075). Sibutramine also impaired gastric accommodation. The average postprandial gastric volume was 472.1 ± 16.7 mL in the control session and reduced to 302.2 ± 53.6 mL with sibutramine (p = 0.013). The average postprandial increase in gastric volume during the 60-minute postprandial period with sibutramine was significantly lower than the corresponding values in the control session: 266.8 ± 46.1 vs. 393.9 ± 15.3 mL (p = 0.03). Sibutramine had no effects on postprandial antral contractions. Discussion: Sibutramine increases gastric tone and impairs gastric accommodation to an orally ingested meal. The inhibitory effect of sibutramine on gastric accommodation may partially explain the reduced food intake with sibutramine in patients with obesity.
Corrosion Fouling: Liquid Side

When any metallic heat transfer surface is exposed to a corrosive liquid medium the products of corrosion can foul the surface, provided the pH of that medium is not such as to dissolve the corrosion products as they are formed. Corrosion commences immediately a surface is brought into contact with the corrodant. Furthermore, the corrosion products are such a potent foulant that an effect on the heat transfer is observed immediately (for example, Somerscales, 1981). Not only are the effects of corrosion fouling probably quicker to appear than those of other categories of fouling, but their ultimate effect on heat transfer is as great as that of other categories of fouling. Particularly important examples of corrosion fouling occur in electronic cooling systems, in solar collectors, and in the heat exchangers used in the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system. These examples are doubly important because designers will frequently attempt to minimize corrosion (most likely not for heat transfer reasons) by choosing materials of high corrosion resistance and employing a clean coolant (thereby minimizing other categories of fouling), such as water.
Trajectories of drinking urges and the initiation of abstinence during cognitive–behavioral alcohol treatment

Background and aims Drinking urges during treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are common, can cause distress and predict relapse. Clients may have little awareness of how their drinking urges might be expected to change during AUD treatment in general and in response to initiating abstinence. The aim of the present study was to test whether drinking urges change on a daily level during treatment and after initiating abstinence. Design Secondary data analysis was performed using daily drinking urge ratings from two randomized clinical trials. Setting and Participants Women (n = 98) and men (n = 79) with AUDs in separate clinical trials of out-patient AUD-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy. Measurements Daily dichotomous indicators of any drinking urges or acute escalations in urges (i.e. at least two more urges compared with the previous day) were examined using generalized linear mixed growth-curve modeling. Findings Participants who initiated abstinence reported reductions in urges immediately thereafter (log odds ratios: women B = −0.701, P < 0.001; men B = −0.628, P = 0.018), followed by additional, gradual reductions over time (women B = −0.118, P < 0.001; men B = −0.141, P < 0.001). Participants who entered treatment abstaining from alcohol also reported significant reductions in urges over time (women B = −0.147, P < 0.001; men B = −0.142, P < 0.001). Participants who drank throughout treatment had smaller (women B = −0.042, P = 0.012) or no reductions in urges (men B = 0.015, P = 0.545). There was no evidence that urges increased systematically in response to initiating abstinence. Conclusions Drinking urges during out-patient behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorders may be maintained in part by alcohol consumption. Initiating abstinence is associated with reductions in drinking urges immediately and then more gradually over time.
The Discovery of Reverse Transcriptase

In 1970 the independent and simultaneous discovery of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses (then RNA tumor viruses) by David Baltimore and Howard Temin revolutionized molecular biology and laid the foundations for retrovirology and cancer biology. In this historical review we describe the formulation of the controversial provirus hypothesis by Temin, which ultimately was proven by his discovery of reverse transcriptase in Rous sarcoma virus virions. Baltimore arrived at the same discovery through his studies on replication of RNA-containing viruses, starting with poliovirus and then moving to vesicular stomatitis virus, where he discovered a virion RNA polymerase. Subsequent studies of reverse transcriptase led to the elucidation of the mechanism of retrovirus replication, the discovery of oncogenes, the advent of molecular cloning, the search for human cancer viruses, and the discovery and treatment of HIV/AIDS.