cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forget the Deadline: Scheduling Interactive Applications in Data Centers

Many interactive applications running in data centers such as web search, social networks, online gaming, and financial services are delay-sensitive, and often have a deadline. These deadlines vary across users and applications, which makes the job scheduling problem very challenging when the overall system performance needs to be optimized. In this paper, the performance of interest is the total utility gain of multiple interactive jobs, and our objective is to maximize the total utility gain. The interactive jobs arrive to the system over time, and are allowed to be partially executed before their deadlines. We focus on the preemptive scenario, where a job in service can be interrupted by other jobs, and its service can be resumed later. We propose a deadline agnostic scheduler, called ISPEED (Interactive Services with Partial Execution and Deadlines). Being deadline agnostic is an attractive property of ISPEED because data center schedulers are often not privy to individual job deadlines, and thus schedulers that are deadline dependent may not be amenable to implementation. We first prove that ISPEED achieves the maximum total utility when jobs have homogeneous deadlines and their utility functions are non-decreasing and concave. Then, in the case of heterogeneous job deadlines we prove that ISPEED achieves a competitive ratio of 2 + a#x03B1;, where a#x03B1; is a shape parameter for a large class of non-decreasing utility functions. In the special case of a#x03B1; = 0, i.e., The utility functions are concave, ISPEED has a competitive ratio of 2, while no causal scheduler can achieve a competitive ratio smaller than a#x00BD;5+1/2. Finally, we show through trace-driven simulations that ISPEED outperforms the state-of-the-art schedulers in a wide range of scenarios.
Activity and selectivity of Fe catalysts from organometallic and inorganic precursors for hydrocracking of 4-(l-Naphthylmethyl) bibenzyl

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the activity and selectivity of iron (Fe) catalysts from organometallic and inorganic precursors for the hydrocracking of 4-(1-naphthylmethyl) bibenzyl. Some iron-containing catalysts have higher activity in the sulfur-free form. Adding sulfur to Fe precursors with Cp-ligands decreased the activity of the resulting catalyst. A positive correlation between sulfur addition and increased activity is seen, but a reversed trend between Fe cluster size and hydrocracking conversion is also observed for carbonyl-type Fe precursors. The activity and selectivity of Fe catalysts for 4-(naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl conversion depends strongly on the type of ligand environment, the oxidation state, and the number of intermetal bonds in the molecular precursor.
A multiple-use audio-engineering laboratory

After describing the objectives of the audio engineering laboratory at Villanova University, the author discusses a major renovation carried out to support a multi-use laboratory program. Specific examples of uses are given, especially those affected since the renovation. Possible directions for future development are noted with the view that such a laboratory is better used in a spirit of innovation than as a fixed entity. The major good of the laboratory is the joining of multi-sensory experiences with interdisciplinary learning in a broad approach to audio engineering. >
Teaching Students the Task Force Approach: A Policy-Practice Course

Abstract In contemporary society, task forces are commonly used to deal with community-based social problems. Task forces develop, change, and implement policies at all levels of government, and within all types of organizations, including the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Unfortunately, social work educators have not been involved in teaching the policy-practice skills of working on a task force. This article discusses existing literature on task forces. Gersick's (1988) model of task group development is used to structure the teaching of the task force approach. An advanced policy course on homelessness is used as an illustration, and a recommendation is made for adjusting educational requirements to cross-reference courses in the social work curriculum that teach substantive topics and, at the same time, use innovative methods to teach group skills.
Instructing Jurors on General Damages in Personal Injury Cases

The authors consider instructions that courts do or could give to jurors to guide them in making awards for general damages in civil litigation. The authors review the nature and content of current instructions about the factors that should (or should not) affect juror's awards, as well as the limited body of empirical research on the impact of these instructions. The most noteworthy feature of current instructions regarding damages is the lack of guidance they provide. The consequence appears to be awards that have considerable variability and that are influenced by improper considerations. The authors also discuss research on the effectiveness of alternative forms of jury instructions and trial procedures in preventing or reducing these problems. From Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 3, 712-742. DOI: 10.1037//1076-8971.6.3.712 Copyright © 2000 by the American Psychological Association. Reproduced with permission.
A Simulation Study on Welding Induced Distortion Control for Large Box Beam Structures

Welding induced distortion in large structures is a major quality concern in industry. Many methods have been proposed in recent years to minimize the welding induced distortion. Among the available methods, transient thermal tensioning has been shown effective for minimizing the welding induced buckling distortion for T-joints. Due to the complexity of the welding process, different structures may require different strategies for distortion control. This paper presents a finite element simulation study on the distortion control for large box beam structures. The transient thermal tensioning method is applied through differential preheat on the two side plates of the beam. The effects of the preheating parameters including the average preheating temperature, temperature differential, and the preheating location are analyzed. It has been found that differential preheating control is effective in adjust the welding induced twist distortions. However, excessive differential preheating could generate bowing distortions. To determine an optimal preheating strategy, the distortions in all the three dimensions of a beam need to be considered simultaneously.© 2004 ASME
Dropping out of school and chronic disease in the United States

Aim Despite links between education and health, it is unclear to what extent dropping out of school is associated with major chronic health conditions.
Explorations of the Functions of Humor and Other Types of Fun among Families of Children with Disabilities.

This article presents a qualitative study of six families of children with disabilities and their perspectives on humor. The findings revealed that the families had an understanding of humor that went beyond the generalized humor construct. They embraced both the concept of humor and “other types of fun.” Furthermore, the families' attempts at defining humor focused on functional and situational approaches to humor involving its use as (a) a means of releasing negative emotions and as a natural stress remedy, (b) a means of learning, (c) a form of problem solving, (d) a means of connecting, (e) a form of communication, (f) a means of preventing others from engaging in a putdown, (g) an expression of freedom, (h) a means of building optimistic thinking, and (i) a form of discovering a playful spirit in oneself. A discussion of the findings and suggestions for further research on humor are offered.
Separating and Reattaching Flow Structure in a Suddenly Expanding Rectangular Duct

The incompressible turbulent flow over a backward-facing step in a rectangular duct was investigated experimentally. The side wall effects on the core flow were determined by varying the aspect ratio (defined as the step span-to-height ratio) from 1 to 28. The Reynolds number, based on the step height and the oncoming free-stream velocity was 26,500. Detailed velocity measurements were made, including the turbulent stresses, in a region which extended past the flow reattachment zone. Wall static pressure was also measured on both the step and flat walls. In addition, surface visualizations were obtained on all four walls surrounding the separated flow to supplement near-wall velocity measurements. The results show that the aspect ratio has an influence on both the velocity and wall pressure even for relatively large aspect ratios. For example, in the redevelopment region downstream of reattachment, the recovery pressure decreases with smaller aspect ratios. The three-dimensional side wall effects tend to slow down the relaxation downstream of reattachment for smaller aspect ratios as evidenced by the evolution of the velocity field. For the two smallest aspect ratios investigated, higher centerplane streamwise and transverse velocities were obtained which indicate a three-dimensional mean flow structure along the full span ofmore » the duct.« less
Abstract 1801: Lyn and Fyn inhibition as a potential novel treatment for glioblastoma multiforme

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and most aggressive of the adult brain tumors. The current therapies including surgical resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy remain palliative with median survival of 14 months. Two of the Src family kinases, Lyn and Fyn, have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of GBM in clinical and laboratory research studies. Specific Aims: We evaluated the effect of Lyn and Fyn kinase inhibition on GBM cell motility and survival by utilizing a clinically relevant Lyn and Fyn kinase inhibitor, bafetinib or formerly INNO-406 (CytRx Corporation, Los Angeles, CA). Bafetinib, a dual Bcr-Abl and Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been shown to inhibit 4 of the 79 tyrosine kinases, namely Abl, Abl-related gene (Arg), and two of the Src family kinases Lyn and Fyn but not Src. Methodology: We used Lyn- expressing T98G and Fyn-expressing U87MG human GBM cell lines. The effect of bafetinib on the motile activity was evaluated by the wound healing, single cell trajectory, and the trans-well assays. The cell survival and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated by Guava Easycyte *HT flowcytometer (Millipore) in cells treated with bafetinib for 24 h. Further, we examined the effect of bafetinib on cell survival in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), a widely used chemotherapy agent for the management of GBM, in U87MG cells using microplate MTT assay. Results: At 16 h post-wounding, bafetinib at 5 µM concentration inhibited the motility of T98G and U87MG cells by 33% (P < 0.01) and 24% (P < 0.01), respectively. This significant inhibition in the wound healing was accompanied by the inhibition of total length of cell trajectory, total length of the final cell displacement and average speed of cell locomotion. Bafetinib induced 62% mitochondrial membrane depolarization in U87MG cells and 20% depolarization in T98G cells. Higher depolarization levels in U87MG cells correlated with higher apoptosis (49.4%). Treatment of U87MG cells for 4 days with a combination of bafetinib and TMZ reduced the IC50 values as much as 60% and 80%, respectively, compared to the values obtained with each of the drugs, suggesting that bafetinib has the potential to improve the therapeutic effect of TMZ in GBM cells. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that targeting Lyn and Fyn kinase pathways with bafetinib may have a therapeutic potential for GBM. Our in vivo studies in mouse models with bafetinib will further establish the feasibility of targeting Lyn and Fyn kinases as possible therapeutic targets in GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1801. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1801
Development of sustainable engineered stone cladding for toughness, durability, and energy conservation

Abstract This study aims to investigate the techniques of manufacturing an improved engineered stone for better toughness, ductility, durability, and thermal resistance. The new artificial stone consists of two layers. The face layer is made strong, durable, colored, and smooth/or textured for natural look, while the back layer is light, high impact resistance, and low heat conductivity for better insulation and energy cost. The back layer utilizes recycled crumb rubber, which provides a combined solution for energy saving and environmental concerns. It reduces the material unit weight, enhances ductility and toughness, and improves thermal resistance. The stone’s properties such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, durability, impact resistance and water absorption were experimentally measured and compared with natural stone specimens.
Theoretical ion implantation profiles for low energy protons under channeling conditions

We present early results from the CHANNEL code, which simulates the passage of ionized projectiles through bulk solids. CHANNEL solves the classical equations of motion for the projectile using a force obtained from the gradient of the quantum mechanically derived coulombic potential of the solid [determined via a full potential augmented plane wave (FLAPW) calculation on the bulk] and a quantum mechanical energy dissipation term, the stopping power, as determined from the method of Echenique, Nieminen, and Ritchie. The code then generates the trajectory of the ionic projectile for a given incident position on the unit cell face and an initial velocity. We use CHANNEL to generate an ion (proton) implantation profile for the test case of simple cubic hydrogen with the projectile's initial velocity parallel to the 〈100〉 channel. Further preliminary results for ion implantation profiles of protons in diamond structured Si, with initial velocity along the 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 channels, are given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On physical and mathematical causality in quantum mechanics

This paper critically examines the view of quantum phenomena that has persisted since the introduction of quantum mechanics and that still remains prevalent in the foundational literature on quantum theory. According to this view, the independent behavior of quantum systems is causal, while the experimentally manifest lack of causality in observable quantum phenomena and, as a result, the probabilistic nature of our predictions concerning these phenomena are due to the disruption of this causal behavior by interfering with it through the measuring process. It appears that this view originates with P. A. M. Dirac and his work on the transformation theory (introduced by him and P. Jordan), which brought together W. Heisenberg's and E. Schrodinger's versions of quantum mechanics within a single scheme. Other founding figures of quantum theory, specifically N. Bohr, W. Heisenberg, and J. von Neumann, also advanced this view and helped to establish its prominence. The paper discusses these arguments and contends them to be insufficient to support the view that the independent behavior quantum systems is physically causal. It suggests that one can meaningfully speak of mathematical causality in quantum theory, and advocates an alternative, physically noncausal, interpretation of quantum mechanics.
IκB Kinase, a Molecular Target for Inhibition by 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal

In unstimulated cells, transcription factor NF-kappaB is retained in the cytoplasm by interaction with the inhibitory protein, IkappaBalpha. Appropriate cellular stimuli inactivate IkappaBalpha by phosphorylation, ubiquination, and proteolytic degradation, which allows NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus and modulate gene expression. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major lipid peroxidation product, inhibits activation of NF-kappaB in the human colorectal carcinoma cell line (RKO) and human lung carcinoma cell line (H1299). Pretreatment of cells with HNE dose-dependently suppresses tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)/ionomycin (IM)-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and transactivation of luciferase-based reporter constructs. HNE pretreatment has no affect on TPA/IM-induced AP-1 DNA binding activity. HNE inhibits TPA/IM-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha in both H1299 and Jurkat T cells. The accumulation of IkappaBalpha parallels the inhibition of its phosphorylation. At doses that inhibit IkappaBalpha degradation, HNE inhibits IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity by direct reaction with IKK. Covalent adducts of HNE to IKK are detected on Western blots using antibodies against IKK or HNE-protein conjugates. Addition of dithiothreitol prevents HNE modification of IKK. Thus, HNE is an endogenous inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation that acts by preventing IKK activation and subsequent IkappaBalpha degradation.
Capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography with conventional flame detectors

Abstract Coupling of a supercritical-fluid chromatograph to flame-ionization and nitrogen-thermionic detectors is described. A fused-silica capillary restrictor was used to maintain pressure in the analytical column and to expand the effluent into the detector flame jet. Selected applications demonstrate the usefulness of these gas chromatographic detectors in supercritical-fluid chromatography.
Photo-electron emission and atomic force microscopies of the hydrogen etched 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surface and the initial growth of GaN and AlN

Abstract Photo-emission electron microscopy (PEEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to characterize the surfaces of hydrogen etched 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) wafers and the microstructure of the initial stages of growth of GaN and AlN on these surfaces via molecular beam epitaxy. The PEEM images were obtained using a free electron laser as the photon source. A stepped structure was evident in these images of the surfaces etched at 1600–1700 °C for 15 min. Comparison with the AFM images revealed that emission was occurring from the intersection of the steps and the terraces. Images of the initial stages of deposition of the GaN thin films at 700 and 800 °C revealed three-dimensional island growth. The degree of coalescence of these films was dependent upon the step structure: regions containing steps having unit cell height exhibited complete or nearly complete coalescence; regions containing steps with half unit cell height showed voids in the films parallel to the steps. PEEM of the initial stages of growth of AlN revealed immediate nucleation and rapid coalescence during deposition at 900 °C, except in areas on the substrate surface containing steps having half unit cell height. Incomplete coalescence and pits were also observed in the latter areas.
Carbohydrate specificity, metal content and molecular stability of a lectin from Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop.)

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia, Scop. var Eski) lectin has been characterized as a ‘typical’ leguminous lectin belonging to the d-mannose (d-glucose) binding family. The dissociation constant Kd, and the number of binding sites per monomer with d-glucose were 3.5 mM and 1.0, respectively, as determined by equilibrium dialysis. Affinity electrophoresis showed two binding species with Kd values of 1.6 mM and 2.0 mM toward free d-glucose and Ki values of 0.8 mM and 3.3 mM toward immobilized d-glucose. Concentrations of several carbohydrates causing 50% inhibition of hemagglutination were in the range of 0.4–3 mM. d-Mannose, methyl α-d-mannopyranoside, maltose and 3-O-methyl-d-glucopyranose were among the strongest inhibitors. Inhibition by d-mannose was 7–8-times more effective than by d-glucose. Metal analysis showed one Ca2+, and lesser amounts of Mg2+ and Mn2+ per protein monomer. Native sainfoin lectin was not cleaved by trypsin and was stable to heating at 55°C. Heating in the presence of 10 mM EDTA rapidly destroyed hemagglutinating activity. Succinylation solubilized the protein but did not render it susceptible to trypsin. The succinylated and carboxymethylated protein was rapidly cleaved by trypsin. Ion-exchange chromatography of the native protein on DEAE-cellulose separated three fractions that showed similar amino acid composition. The observed ionic heterogeneity is presumably due mainly to differences in protein amide content rather than isolectin forms with different electric charge.
Clinical experience with single agent and combination regimens in the management of infection in the febrile neutropenic patient

Choice of antibiotic therapy for the management of infection in the neutropenic patient continues to challenge the clinician. The shift toward grampositive organisms and the continuing need to provide gram-negative coverage demands the use of an agent or agents that provide coverage for the spectrum of potential infecting organisms. Cefepime is an extended-spectrum fourth-generation cephalosporin that has good activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; in addition, it resists degradation by Bush group 1 β -actamases. These properties make this agent a promising candidate for empiric therapy with febrile neutropenic patients. Data presented in this article are from febrile neutropenic cancer patients enrolled into two randomized, prospective, nonblinded comparative U.S. clinical trials. Patients were randomized to receive cefepime (2 g thrice daily) or a comparator regimen of either ceftazidime (2 g thrice daily) or piperacillin + gentamicin (3 g every 4 hours +1.5 mg/kg every 8 hours). When indicated, vancomycin was added to the regimen. A total of 109 febrile episodes were treated with cefepime and 107 episodes were treated with the comparator regimens. Neutropenia (≤500 PMNs/mm 3 ) persisted for ≥10 days in >40% of episodes and severe neutropenia (≤100 PMNs/mm 3 ) in >25%. More than 40% of the total number of episodes were documented bacterial infections. These characteristics did not differ among treatment groups. Duration of therapy was similar in both groups (median: cefepime, 9 days; comparators, 11 days). In >40% of episodes, patients received study therapy without addition of other antibacterials (cefepime, 46%; comparators, 41%). Vancomycin was added in almost half of all the episodes (cefepime, 45%; comparators, 53%). Patients became afebrile by the fourth day of study therapy in approximately 60% of episodes (cefepime, 58%; comparators, 60%). In approximately 75% of the episodes, patients had a satisfactory response at the end of therapy (cefepime, 74%; comparators, 76%); and following approximately 90% of episodes, patients survived for >30 days (cefepime, 90%; comparators, 92%). Eradication rates were similar for all pathogens for cefepime and comparator agents. There were similar numbers of superinfecting organisms in each treatment arm; most involved gram-positive organisms. These multiple measures of efficacy suggest that initial empiric cefepime monotherapy is comparable to the pooled experience with standard therapies and that antibacterial modifications occur with similar frequency for cefepime compared with standard empiric regimens.
Frequency switching in a two-compartmental model of the dopaminergic neuron

Mid-brain dopaminergic (DA) neurons display two functionally distinct modes of electrical activity: low- and high-frequency firing. The high-frequency firing is linked to important behavioral events in vivo. However, it cannot be elicited by standard manipulations in vitro. We had suggested a two-compartmental model of the DA cell that united data on firing frequencies under different experimental conditions. We now analyze dynamics of this model. The analysis was possible due to introduction of timescale separation among variables. We formulate the requirements for low and high frequencies. We found that the modulation of the SK current gating controls the frequency rise under applied depolarization. This provides a new mechanism that limits the frequency in the control conditions and allows high-frequency responses to depolarization if the SK current gating is downregulated. The mechanism is based on changing Ca2?+? balance and can also be achieved by direct modulation of the balance. Interestingly, such changes do not affect the high-frequency oscillations under NMDA. Therefore, altering Ca2?+? balance allows combining the high-frequency response to NMDA activation with the inability of other treatments to effectively elevate the frequency. We conclude that manipulations affecting Ca2?+? balance are most effective in controlling the frequency range. This modeling prediction gives a clue to the mechanism of the high-frequency firing in the DA neuron in vivo and in vitro.
Giant resonance in transitional nuclei: Photoneutron cross sections for osmium isotopes

Photoneutron cross sections, including $\ensuremath{\sigma}[(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)+(\ensuremath{\gamma},pn)]$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}[(\ensuremath{\gamma},2n)+(\ensuremath{\gamma},p2n)]$, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},3n)$, were measured for $^{188}\mathrm{Os}$, $^{189}\mathrm{Os}$, $^{190}\mathrm{Os}$, and $^{192}\mathrm{Os}$ from 7 to 30 MeV and for $^{186}\mathrm{Os}$ from 11 to 20 MeV, with a photon energy resolution of about 300 keV. The source of radiation was the monoenergetic photon beam obtained from the annihilation in flight of fast positrons. The partial photoneutron cross sections were determined by neutron multiplicity counting, and the average neutron energies for each multiplicity were determined simultaneously with the cross-section data by the ring-ratio technique. Nuclear information extracted from the data includes parameters of the giant dipole and giant quadrupole resonances, integrated cross sections and their moments, nuclear symmetry energies, and nuclear deformation parameters and intrinsic quadrupole moments. No fewer than eight kinds of evidence point to a sudden change of behavior between $^{189}\mathrm{Os}$ and $^{190}\mathrm{Os}$, which could be interpreted as a phase transition from a statically deformed prolate nucleus to a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-unstable one, in general (but not detailed) agreement with the prediction of a dynamic-collective-model calculation.
Mechanistic studies of platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation

The results of competitive and relative rate studies for various silicon hydrides and vinylmethylsiloxane compounds are presented. For example, the competitive reaction of bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane with vinylpentamethyldisiloxane (A) and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (B) show that B reacts preferentially; however, the relative rate of reaction is greater for A than B. Mechanistic aspects of hydrosilylation are also discussed.
Synthesis of Paramelaconite: Cu4O3

Abstract Evidence for the natural occurrence and synthetic preparation of copper oxides other than CuO and Cu 2 O is reviewed. The unequivocal synthesis of Cu 4 O 3 (paramelaconite) is reported for the first time. It is achieved by extraction of copper or its oxides with concentrated aqueous ammonia in a Soxhlet apparatus. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of one preparation showed that it consisted of 35% Cu 4 O 3 , 27% Cu 2 O, and 38% CuO for a gross composition CuO 0.77 .
Evx1 Is a Postmitotic Determinant of V0 Interneuron Identity in the Spinal Cord

Interneurons in the ventral spinal cord are essential for coordinated locomotion in vertebrates. During embryogenesis, the V0 and V1 classes of ventral interneurons are defined by expression of the homeodomain transcription factors Evx1/2 and En1, respectively. In this study, we show that Evx1 V0 interneurons are locally projecting intersegmental commissural neurons. In Evx1 mutant embryos, the majority of V0 interneurons fail to extend commissural axons. Instead, they adopt an En1-like ipsilateral axonal projection and ectopically express En1, indicating that V0 interneurons are transfated to a V1 identity. Conversely, misexpression of Evx1 represses En1, suggesting that Evx1 may suppress the V1 interneuron differentiation program. Our findings demonstrate that Evx1 is a postmitotic determinant of V0 interneuron identity and reveal a critical postmitotic phase for neuronal determination in the developing spinal cord.
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Forests of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington

Soil organic C represents a substantial component of the total ecosystem C in temperate and boreal forests. We used an isocluster-driven process of principal components (based on elevation, precipitation, temperature, etc.) to stratify Mount Rainier National Park, a 957-km² federal reserve in the state of Washington, for estimating total soil organic C stocks. Eight stratification-based forest sites for groups of soil pits and vegetation plots were located throughout the park. Average organic C in the park’s forest soils (primarily Andisols, Spodosols, and Inceptisols) was 163 Mg C ha⁻¹ (95% confidence interval [CI] = 138–188), and 205.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ (95% CI = 177.9–232.1) with the litter layer included. The low-elevation Andisols and Spodosols held the greatest per-hectare stocks. Total ecosystem C stocks, strongly influenced by the live overstory C pool, varied by almost an order of magnitude across plots, ranging from 168 to 1583 Mg C ha⁻¹. Temperature variables, rather than precipitation, were correlated with soil C pools. Site membership accounted for a significant proportion of variance in C stocks, and beta regression indicated that the proportion of total C stored in the soil varied across sites. Additional sampling in the highly variable top 35 cm of the soil significantly improved the precision of estimates for soil C to that depth. The C stocks determined in this study provide baseline data for Mount Rainier National Park and aided in developing a systematic method for resampling to determine flux with time and establishing a basis for a future comparison with adjacent managed forest landscapes.
Congenital Acinar Dysplasia: Report of a Case and Review of Literature

Objective Describe a case of congenital acinar dysplasia and review the literature. Study Design Retrospective chart review and literature search. Results Congenital acinar dysplasia is a rare malformation of growth arrest of the lower respiratory tract resulting in critical respiratory insufficiency at birth. It is a form of pulmonary hypoplasia that is characterized by diffuse maldevelopment and derangement of the acinar and alveolar architecture of the lungs, resulting in the complete absence of gas exchanging units. The growth-arrested lung tissue resembles the pseudoglandular phase of 16 weeks' gestation. The etiology is unknown. It is diagnosed by exclusion of all other causes of pulmonary hypoplasia and a summation of clinical, imaging, and histopathologic findings. Conclusion There is no cure and clinical treatment is supportive until death of the infant. We present a case of congenital acinar dysplasia in a male infant who lived 20 days with intensive support.
On linear functions of ordered correlated normal random variables

Many problems of statistical inference, notably the ones in multiple decisions and life testing involve the use of ordered Xi's. In an earlier paper Gupta, Pillai & Steck (1964) considered the distribution of linear functions of X(j)'s and gave closed form results for the case when the random variables are equally correlated. Also in the same paper closed form expressions for the distribution of the range W = X(l) - X(1> were obtained for n = 3 and 4 for the general case. In this paper we study the characteristic functions of individual order statistics and also the linear functions for the bivariate and trivariate cases for the general correlation matrix. Formulae for the expected values of X(f), X&2i) and X(j) X(j) and the first and second moments of a linear function of the X(j)'s are obtained. The joint distribution of the range and the mid-range is given in a closed form in the trivariate case, from which the distributions of the mid-range and the mid-range/range ratio are derived, again in closed forms. Best linear unbiased estimators of the common mean of three correlated normal variables have been obtained and tabulation of the coefficients made for different sets of values of pij's. Applications in the fields of life testing and time series analysis are discussed.
Influence of sunlight on flavor and ascorbic acid content of milk exposed in three different types of paper containers.

Single-service paper containers for milk are being used more widely each year. The effect of sunlight on the flavor of milk stored in such containers has not, however, been studied extensively; and few data are available in the literature on this subject.
Amine formation in polypeptide-producing endocrine cells of the digestive tract

Abstract A newly recognized system of enterochromaffin-like cells in the parietal cell region is the major storage site for gastric histamine and histidine decarboxylase in the rat. These cells also contain DOPA decarboxylase although the major portion of this enzyme in the rat stomach is associated with the 5-hydroxytryptamine-storing enterochromaffin cells of the pyloric region. The stomach wall of the dog is also rich in histamine but here gastric histamine is found exclusively in mast cells. Enterochromaffin-like cells can be demonstrated in the antral region of the dog stomach; these cells are devoid of histamine and histidine decarboxylase but rich in DOPA decarboxylase. Enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells of the digestive tract are probablu part of a wide-spread system of cells which have been referred to as E-cells (E for endocrine) or APUD cells (abbreviation for amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation). It is suggested that all these cells are characterized by their capacity to form amines and polypeptide hormones and that the polypeptide-producing cells of the digestive tract are involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal secretion. The most likely polypeptide hormones include gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and glucagon.
A new role for an old kinase: CK2 and the circadian clock.

A multifunctional kinase, casein kinase 2, regulates the Drosophila circadian clock and is exclusively expressed in the clock pacemaker neurons of the adult Drosophila brain.
Oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury in the presence of secondary organic aerosols

Abstract Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0(g)) was oxidized by ozone and secondary hydroxyl radicals generated by the chemistry associated with the formation of secondary organic aerosols. The reaction was investigated in a 9-m3 Teflon® batch reactor. The losses of GEM in ozone-only experiments compared well with numerical model predictions based on published reaction rates, and a second order rate analysis gave a reaction rate of (7.4 ± 0.5) × 10−19 cm3 molecules−1 s−1, which was statistically indistinct from recent publications. Furthermore, the net oxidation of GEM observed in the SOA reaction system agreed well with a numerical model based on the GEM-ozone reaction rate determined in this study and a published GEM-OH oxidation rate. Recent modeling studies of mercury atmospheric cycling have found that use of laboratory-based GEM-ozone reaction rate coefficients caused overestimation of GEM oxidation, while theoretical studies cast doubt over the viability of the GEM-ozone oxidation reaction in the real atmosphere. The results presented here suggest that the reaction is viable in the atmosphere and that recent published reaction rates for GEM and ozone are pertinent for use in atmospheric models. An average of GEM-ozone rates determined during this and recent studies was 6.9 ± 0.9 × 10−19 cm3 molecules−1 s−1. This value is recommended for use in future modeling studies.
Signal processing strategies for passive FT-IR remote sensing

ABSTRACT Computer-generated synthetic single-beam spectra and mterferograms are used to study signal processing strategies forpassive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) remote sensing. Four-component mixtures of ethanol, methanol, methyl ethylketone, and acetone vapors in two passive FT-JR remote sensing scenarios are studied. Interferogram and spectral processingstrategies are compared based on the ability to generate accurate pattern recognition and multivariate calibration models.Chemical detection and quantitative analysis is further assessed based on analyte band characteristics and spectral overlap.Temperature differential between the analyte cloud and the infrared source is found to be the critical factor determiningclassification performance. Calibration model performance is further dependent upon the ability to reliably assess analyteplume temperature. Calibration model performance is shown to degrade significantly as the uncertainty in plume temperatureincreases or as the temperature difference decreases. These results suggest that in order to quantifi passive FT-JR spectraremotely either there must be either a large temperature difference or an accurate assessment of plume temperature.Keywords: chemometrics, multivariate calibration, pattern recognition, FT-IR, infrared analysis, interferogram, radiometricmodel, remote sensing, chemical detection
Contrasting emotional approach coping with passive coping for chronic myofascial pain

Passive or emotion-focused coping strategies are typically related to worse pain and adjustment among chronic pain patients. Emotional approach coping (EAC), however, is a type of emotion-focused coping that appears to be adaptive in some nonpain populations but has not yet been examined in a chronic pain population. In a sample of 80 patients (75% women, M = 48.67 years of age) with chronic myofascial pain, we contrasted how EAC (assessed with the Emotional Approach Coping Scale) and 5 passive pain-coping strategies (assessed with the Vanderbilt Multidimensional Pain Coping Inventory (VMPCI)) were related to sensory and affective pain, physical impairment, and depression. Passive coping strategies were positively correlated with one another, but EAC was inversely correlated with most of them. The VMPCI passive strategies were substantially positively related to negative affect, whereas EAC was inversely related to negative affect. Controlling for potentially confounding demographics, higher EAC was related to less affective pain and depression, even after controlling for negative affect. Using passive coping strategies, in contrast, was associated with more pain, impairment, and depression, although these relations were greatly attenuated after controlling for negative affect. When considered simultaneously, EAC, but not passive coping, was related to affective pain, and both EAC and passive coping were significant correlates of depression, although in opposite directions. In secondary analyses, we found that EAC was related to less pain (particularly sensory) among men and to less depression among women. Unlike the use of passive pain-coping strategies, which are associated with worse pain and adjustment, the use of EAC (emotional processing and emotional expression) with chronic pain is associated with less pain and depression. This suggests that some emotion-focused types of pain coping may be adaptive, and it highlights the need to assess emotional coping processes that are not confounded with distress or dysfunction.
1026-91 The Effect of First Phase Polarity of Biphasic Shocks on the Defibrillation Threshold with a Single Transvenous Lead System

The purpose of this study was to determine if the polarity of the first phase of a biphasic shock used with a transvenous lead system affects the defibrillation threshold (DFT). The Endotak (Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., Model 0074) transvenous defibrillation lead with distal and proximal shocking electrodes was used in this study. In 15 consecutive patients, the DFT was determined twice using a step-down protocol, in random order: with the distal coil as the anode forthe initial phase (anodal biphasic shock), and then with the polarity reversed (cathodal biphasic shock). These patients were 61 ± 11 years old (± standard deviation) and their mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.32 ± 0.10. The mean DFT using anodal biphasic shocks was 9.9 ± 4.8 joules, compared to 9.5 ± 4.2 joules using cathodal biphasic shocks (p = 0.8). In 3 patients the DFT was lower by a mean of 6.7 ± 2.9 joules with the former configuration, in 3 patients the DFT was lower by a mean of 6.3 ± 2.5 joules with the latter configuration, and in 9 patients it was the same. Using the standard cathodal configuration, a DFT of 15 joules was obtained in all patients, a DFT of 10 joules or less was obtained in 67% of patients (10/15) and a subcutaneous patch was not required in any patient. The polarity of the first phase of a biphasic shock used with a single transvenous lead does not affect the DFT. With either polarity configuration, a DFT of 10 joules or less is obtainable in approximately 70% of patients, and a subcutaneous patch is rarely, if ever, required.
Teaching poultry management principles. 2. Evaluation of broiler contracts in the growing operation.

Abstract IN THE preceding article on teaching poultry management (Noles, 1969) some elementary decision making principles were applied to two basic management problems of the broiler enterprise. After developing the necessary physical and price data for the enterprise, elementary decision-making principles were used to determine the economic use of inputs as the grower sought to determine the age (or weight) to grow broilers under two sets of circumstances. The examples used to illustrate the principles have limited practical application since the assumption of independent production by the grower fails to recognize the integrated structure in much of the broiler industry. One should recognize, however, that an appreciation of these principles are necessary if one is to understand and apply these and other principles to the integrated firm. One should also recognize that these principles have direct application in the turkey industry. The data presented in the earlier article (Noles, 1969) provides…
Clearing the Air: A Qualitative Investigation of Genetic Counselors’ Experiences of Counselor-Focused Patient Anger

Patient anger is challenging for healthcare professionals to manage, particularly when it is directed at them. This study comprises the first in-depth investigation of genetic counselors’ experiences with patient anger. Using a brief survey and interview methods, this study explored prevalence and context of patient anger directed at the genetic counselor, how genetic counselors manage patient anger directed at them, and possible thematic differences due to genetic counseling experience. Individuals enrolled in the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) listserv were invited to participate in a study of their experiences with patient anger directed at them. A majority of survey respondents (95.7 %, 243/254) reported experiencing patient anger directed at them, and 19.4 % reported having feared for their safety because of patient anger. Twenty-two survey respondents were purposively selected to participate in individual interviews. Inductive and cross case analysis yielded prevalent themes concerning patient triggers for anger, including bad news, logistical mishaps, and perceived counselor characteristics. Interview results further suggest unaddressed patient anger negatively affected patient and counselor emotional well-being and hindered genetic counseling goals. Prevalent challenges included genetic counselor attempts to accurately recognize, understand, and effectively manage patient anger without taking it personally. Commonly recommended strategies for addressing anger were empathy (i.e., understanding origins of patient anger), anticipating and acknowledging anger, maintaining personal, professional and legal protection, and debriefing with colleagues. Themes were quite similar across counselor experience levels. The findings underscore the importance of training and continuing education regarding patient anger. Additional findings, practice implications, and research recommendations are presented.
A simple device for automated spectrophotometric kinetics using a diode array spectrophotometer

Abstract In this report we describe an automated system that rapidly and automatically mixes reagents and records results, such as spectrophotometric changes. It employs a commercial diode array spectrophotometer and a novel dilution chamber in a flow stream that allows repetitive spectrophotometric rate measurements at accurately measured incremental substrate concentrations. When applied to enzyme kinetic studies, initial velocities at 15 different substrate or inhibitor concentrations, or pH values, can be recorded in a few minutes with high reproducibility, i.e., standard deviations less than 1%, and high sensitivity. Reactions occur in an 8-μl flow cell and the reagent consumption is minimal. The concentration of incrementally diluted reagent in the cell is measured directly by means of an indicator dye added to the substrate. Michaelis-Menten parameters, inhibition constants, and pH profiles are determined for several enzymes including dehydrogenases producing NADH, a kinase requiring a coupled assay, and a hydrolase, carboxypeptidase A, in a reaction that produces a small decrease in absorbance.
Nucleate pool boiling of R-114 and R-114-oil mixtures from smooth and enhanced surfaces—I. Single tubes

Abstract Measurements of pool boiling heat-transfer coefficients in pure R-114 and R-114-oil mixtures are reported for a bundle of smooth tubes and three enhanced tube bundles (finned, structured and porous). Each bundle contained 15 electrically heated tubes (five of which were instrumented) in a staggered triangular-pitch layout. Tests were carried out at atmospheric pressure while decreasing the heat flux. For pure refrigerant, the structured and porous bundles provide the highest average enhancements of between 4 and 6. For all but the porous bundle, the bundle effect is only significant at low heat fluxes: the porous tube bundle exhibits no bundle effect. With addition of oil, the performance of the smooth and finned tube bundles at first increases before dropping off slightly. For the structured and porous bundles, oil addition leads to a steady decrease in performance, especially for the porous bundle at high heat fluxes.
Incretins, diabetes, and bariatric surgery: a review.

Rachel Fetner, M.D.*, James McGinty, M.D., Colleen Russell, Ph.D., F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, M.D., M.P.H., Blandine Laferrere, M.D. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Department of Surgery, Division of Bariatric Surgery, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Manuscript received April 28, 2005; revised August 5, 2005; accepted September 2, 2005
Behavioral effects of pairing an SD with a decreasing limited-hold reinforcement schedule

Four pigeons were trained on a multiple reinforcement schedule consisting of two limited-hold schedules, one in which a discriminative stimulus (S(D)) accompanied the periodic reinforcement contingency, and one in which the discriminative stimulus was omitted. The duration of the limited-hold in each component of the multiple schedule was reduced in parallel steps. It was shown that behavioral differences between the two schedules were attenuated by this manipulation of temporal parameters. When S(D) was reduced in duration, three out of four pigeons responded with extremely high S(Delta) rates, despite the regular pairing of S(Delta) with the reinforcement contingency. These high rates qualitatively resembled the rapid rates emitted on the analogous no-S(D) component.