cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian Coordination and Analytical Target Cascading: Solving ATC-Decomposed Problems with Lagrangian Duality

Lagrangian duality is a powerful tool for dealing with large mathematical programs which require decomposition. We consider a large-scale convex nonlinear program that is decomposed according to the scheme of analytical target cascading and propose a Lagrangian duality-based coordination in which solutions of resulting subproblems converge to a solution of the original problem. We present a subgradient algorithm to achieve said solution, demonstrate with an example, and conclude with an extension to multiple level problems with multiple subsystems on each level.
Lipid Peroxidation and Acute Myocardial Ischemia

Lipid peroxides (LP) and free radicals (FR) have recently been identified by us as metabolic intermediates during acute myocardial ischemia. The mechanism of lipid peroxidation is not clearly understood. We hypothesize: 1) FR production increases during ischemia due to alteration in the redox state of the mitochondria and due to interaction between metabolites and O2; 2) FR foster increased formation of LP with a concomitant decrease in protective antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GP) and ascorbic acid (ASC). To test this hypothesis, we first studied animal models, rat and dog. In the rat, 48 hrs post coronary occlusion (CO), the lipid peroxide content in the infarcted left ventricular tissue (LV) measured as its product malondialdehyde (MDA) increased from 0.31 to 0.58 nm/ mg P (p<.001), an increase of 87% while GP decreased from 62 to 21 nm/min/mg P (p<.001). Superoxide dismutase contents decreased from 81 to 63 µg/g (p<.001). The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents diminished significantly (arachidonic acid from 19 to 16%, p<.001). In the dog, sequential transcardiac changes in blood showed very early increase of both FR as studied by electron spin resonance spectrometry in lyophilized samples and catecholamines (norepinephrine, NE, and epinephrine, E).
Examination of proficiency and control recovery data from analyses for pesticide residues in food: Sources of variability

We examined a number of large proficiency and control databases supporting the values reported for pesticide residues in agricultural commodities at fractions of a part per million (mg/kg). The average recovery from >100,000 recovery records in 13 databases was 94%. The overall average single-value relative standard deviation (RSD) of the reported recoveries was 17% at a mean concentration (C) of about 10(-7) (0.1 mg/kg). The average apparent HORRAT value (RSD found/RSDR predicted from the Horwitz formula [2*C(-0.1505)]) was 0.8. Analysis of variance indicated that about 60-70% of the variance could not be associated with any particular factor or combination of factors-analyte, commodity, method, laboratory, concentration, database, or their interactions. The most predominant factor, analyte, and its third-order interaction with laboratory and concentration contributed most of the assignable variance. These findings suggested that most of the variability of trace analysis for pesticide residues is "random" in the sense of being inherent and not assignable to specific factor fluctuations.
The radon transform on Z n

The Radon transform on $\mathbb{Z}_n $ that arises in the analysis of directional data and circular time series replaces each value $f(k)$ of a function f by the average value of f over the translate of a set S by k. For general S the discrete Fourier transform is used to characterize the null space and range of the transform and to calculate a (generalized) inverse transform. Explicit forms of the coefficients in the inversion formula are obtained in the two cases $S = \{ - r, + r\} $ and the symmetric moving average $S = \{ - r, \ldots , + r\} $. We show that the proportion of all choices S of size t giving invertible transforms is nearly unity when min $(t,n - t)$ is large.
Zinc Metabolism and Requirements

Current knowledge of the metabolism of zinc is summarized in relation to the clinical and public health importance of human zinc deficiency. Zinc metabolism is considered in relation to estimations of zinc requirements. Special attention is focused on the role and limitations of regulation of intestinal absorption of exogenous dietary zinc and of intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis. The dynamic interrelationships between these variables and between each of these and readily exchangeable pools of body zinc are highlighted, as is the impact of dietary phytate on zinc requirements. Measurements of these variables utilizing zinc stable isotope techniques can provide quantitative information on zinc homeostasis and dietary zinc requirements in different communities, as well as facilitating assessment of alternative strategies for preventing zinc deficiency.
New approach to fusion laser master oscillation design

High-power lasers for fusion typically employ a master oscillator-power amplifier configuration. Master oscillators for glass lasers have used Q-switched, flash-lamp-pumped lasers to provide a large input signal level and achieve a large signal-to-noise ratio in the amplifier. The kilowatt to megawatt peak powers produced by these oscillators require high damage threshold bulk modulators for pulse selection and shaping. Pockels cells are normally used for modulation, and these require high voltage pulse generators. The Nova laser master oscillator uses a multikilovolt, 100-ps rise time arbitrary pulse shaping device to drive Pockels cells and produce optical pulses with a complex temporal shape. While this system is used routinely, it brings with it problems associated with high voltages, complex optical systems, and flash lamp-pumped lasers.
Reinforcement magnitude effects with overtraining

A standard runway experiment on shifts in reinforcement magnitude was repeated, but with a much more extended acquisition phase. After 50 trials, the group receiving large and small reward did not differ. Subsequent increase or decrease in reward did not change running times appreciably. Because much competing behavior was observed in this situation, the appropriateness of runway measures is questioned.
Investigation and Comparison on Sanitation Status in Guangzhou Metro 1st and 2nd Line Before Operation

Objective To analyze the sanitation status of Guangzhou metro 2nd line before operation, and compare it with Guangzhou metro 1st line. Methods Baseline study was performed in Guangzhou metro 1st line and 2nd line before operation. The results were analyzed and compared. Results The sanitation status of 2nd line was better than that of the 1st line.The CO, CO2, IP, and HCHO levels might be influenced by the aground environment. The improved sanitation status of 2nd line was the result of blocking NOX, SO2 and microbe with screen doors. Conclusion The background sanitation status of Guangzhou metro 2nd line before operation was better than that of the 1st line.
Assembly-Language Subroutines

Subroutines are fantastic tools that exercise the creativity. This idea leads to a methodology of writing programs called top-down design. Thus, creative new instructions are usually implemented as subroutines where the code is written only once. In fact, macros are commonly used just to call subroutines. It was dissected into parts to show alternative techniques for each part. Stacked local variables were studied along with alternatives for accessing the local variables of nested program segments. A program segment is a sequence of instructions that are stored one after another in memory as part of a program. An entry point of the segment is any instruction of the segment that can be executed after some instruction that is not in the segment. An exit point of the segment is any instruction that can be executed just before some instruction that is not in the segment. The program segment has information passed into it by its input parameters, and that the results of its computation are passed out through its output parameters. Any variable used in the segment for its computation but not used elsewhere and which are not parameters are called local variables.
Mechanism of Four de Novo Designed Antimicrobial Peptides

Abstract As pathogenic bacteria become resistant to traditional antibiotics, alternate approaches such as designing and testing new potent selective antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are increasingly attractive. However, whereas much is known regarding the relationship between the AMP sequence and potency, less research has focused on developing links between AMP properties, such as design and structure, with mechanisms. Here we use four natural AMPs of varying known secondary structures and mechanisms of lipid bilayer disruption as controls to determine the mechanisms of four rationally designed AMPs with similar secondary structures and rearranged amino acid sequences. Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation, we were able to differentiate between molecular models of AMP actions such as barrel-stave pore formation, toroidal pore formation, and peptide insertion mechanisms by quantifying differential frequencies throughout an oscillating supported lipid bilayer. Barrel-stave pores were identified by uniform frequency modulation, whereas toroidal pores possessed characteristic changes in oscillation frequency throughout the bilayer. The resulting modes of action demonstrate that rearrangement of an amino acid sequence of the AMP resulted in identical overall mechanisms, and that a given secondary structure did not necessarily predict mechanism. Also, increased mass addition to Gram-positive mimetic membranes from AMP disruption corresponded with lower minimum inhibitory concentrations against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.
Relationships between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer incidence in U.S. counties.

Relationships between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer incidence in U.S. counties
Whole-Genome Sequence of the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 Insect Cell Line

ABSTRACT The draft whole-genome sequence of the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cell line was obtained using long-read PacBio sequence technology and Canu assembly. The final assembled genome consisted of 451 Mbp in 4,577 contigs, with 12,716× mean coverage and a G+C content of 36.53%.
Novel behavioral assays of spontaneous and precipitated THC withdrawal in mice.

Abstract Background A subset of cannabis users develop some degree of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). Although behavioral therapy has some success in treating CUD, many users relapse, often citing altered sleep, mood, and irritability. Preclinical animal tests of cannabinoid withdrawal focus primarily on somatic-related behaviors precipitated by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist. The goal of the present study was to develop novel cannabinoid withdrawal assays that are either antagonist-precipitated or spontaneously induced by abstinence. Methods C57BL/6 J mice were repeatedly administered the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1, 10 or 50 mg/kg, s.c.), the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-018 (1 mg/kg, s.c.), or vehicle (1:1:18 parts ethanol:Kolliphor EL:saline, s.c.) for 6 days. Withdrawal was precipitated with the cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or elicited via abstinence (i.e., spontaneous withdrawal), and putative stress-related behavior was scored. Classic somatic signs of cannabinoid withdrawal were also quantified. Results Precipitated THC withdrawal significantly increased plasma corticosterone. Precipitated withdrawal from either THC or JWH-018 suppressed marble burying, increased struggling in the tail suspension test, and elicited somatic withdrawal behaviors. The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 attenuated somatic precipitated withdrawal but had no effect on marble burying or struggling. Spontaneous THC or JWH-018 withdrawal-induced paw tremors, head twitches, and struggled in the tail suspension test after 24–48 h abstinence. JZL184 or THC attenuated these spontaneous withdrawal-induced behaviors. Conclusion Outcomes from tail suspension and marble burying tests reveal that THC withdrawal is multifaceted, eliciting and suppressing behaviors in these tests, in addition to inducing well-documented somatic signs of withdrawal.
Biochemical and Proteomic Characterization of Recombinant Human α/β Hydrolase Domain 6.

Human alpha/beta hydrolase domain 6 (hABHD6) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a potent agonist at both cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. In vivo modulation of ABHD6 expression has been shown to have potential therapeutic applications, making the enzyme a promising drug target. However, the lack of structural information on hABHD6 limits the discovery and design of selective inhibitors. We have performed E. coli expression, purification and activity profiling screening of different hABHD6 constructs and identified a truncated variant without N-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain, hΔ29-3-ABHD6, as the most promising protein for further characterization. The elimination of the TM domain did not affect 2-AG or fluorogenic arachidonoyl, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin ester (AHMMCE) substrates hydrolysis, suggesting that the TM is not essential for enzyme catalytic activity. The hΔ29-3-ABHD6 variant was purified in a single step using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC), in-solution trypsin digested, and proteomically characterized by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The N-terminal peptide without methionine was identified indicating on a post-translational modification of the recombinant protein. The mechanism of inhibition of hABHD6 with AM6701 and WWL70 covalent probes was elucidated based on MS analysis of trypsin digested hABHD6 following the Ligand Assisted Protein Structure (LAPS) approach. We identified the carbamylated peptides containing catalytic serine (Ser148) suggesting a selective carbamylation of the enzyme by AM6701 or WWL70 and confirming an essential role of this residue in catalysis. The ability to produce substantial quantities of functional, pure hABHD6 will aid in the downstream structural characterization, and development of potent, selective inhibitors.
Temporal changes in corneal elasticity and shape during UV collagen cross-linking (Conference Presentation)

In corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL), a treatment often used to stall the progression of keratoconus, a degenerative eye disease, corneal stroma is exposed to UV-light to improve mechanical stiffness by inducing covalent bonding. In clinical practice, a photoreactive riboflavin-solution is applied to the cornea and exposed to 3mW/cm2 of 365nm light for 30 minutes to accelerate cross-link formation. While this technique was recently approved for clinical use, time-evolving changes in CXL are not well understood. If the cornea is over-exposed, UV light may penetrate and damage deeper tissues. If underexposed, insufficient cross-linking may occur. Acoustic Micro-Tapping (AuT) with phase-sensitive OCT can non-invasively probe biomechanical changes in porcine and human cornea at multiple time points during UV-illumination using an air-coupled ultrasound transducer to deliver sufficient displacement on the corneal surface to launch a mechanical wave propagating as a guided mode. Here, guided wave propagation was captured at 100 spatial X-locations over 100 Y-planes to generate a 6 x 6 mm map of wave velocity across the corneal surface. The swept-source OCT system operated in BM mode at a functional frame rate of 16 kHz. In this experiment, corneas were scanned every 2 minutes during 30-minute UV exposure to analyze temporal changes in mechanical wave speed, central corneal thickness, and focusing power. Preliminary results suggest that changes in corneal structure and wave speed over time may infer rates of corneal cross-linking to refine UV illumination protocols and improve clinical outcomes.
Testing a Warmth-Based Instruction Intervention for Reducing Library Anxiety in First-Year Undergraduate Students

Abstract Objective – This study aimed to test the efficacy of a warmth-based library instruction intervention in reducing rates of library anxiety in first-year undergraduate students. "Warmth" is a concept that is commonly discussed within literature on library anxiety, but to date no studies have explicitly tested the application of a warmth-based instruction intervention. First-year students are ideal targets for this intervention because they are the most likely to experience library anxiety. Methods – A quasi-experiment was conducted examining library anxiety rates in first-year undergraduate students at a public research university in the U.S. South. A one-shot warmth-based instruction session focusing on the emotional dimensions of library use was compared to a standard one-shot instruction session. Library anxiety was measured using a modified version of Bostick's Library Anxiety Scale as a pretest and posttest. Results – Results indicated that both warmth-based and standard library instruction were associated with a decrease in participants' library anxiety rates without significant differences between the types of instruction. However, warmth-based instruction was correlated with greater reductions in areas of library anxiety related to interactions with library workers. Though library anxiety rates decreased significantly after experiencing library instruction, participants exhibited low levels of library anxiety before their library instruction session occurred. Conclusion – Though warmth-based instruction did not have a significantly different impact than standard library instruction on general library anxiety, the intervention tested in this study suggests strategies that could be used to increase student comfort with library workers. This study also demonstrates a successful method to include emotional factors such as library anxiety in academic libraries' regular assessment programs. Focusing assessment on students' skills and knowledge alone risks ignoring an important aspect of student engagement and missing opportunities for academic libraries to connect with students. Assessment of emotional components of library instruction initiatives is especially crucial to ensure and demonstrate that libraries are using their resources effectively to maximize student success.
Outcomes of disease prevention and management interventions in food pantries and food banks: a scoping review.

Objective Food insecurity affects millions of Americans and is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. Food insecure individuals often obtain food from food pantries/banks, prompting health researchers to implement disease prevention/management interventions at these sites. This review examined the existing peer-reviewed research on disease prevention/management interventions implemented in food pantries/banks. Design Scoping review. Data sources Databases searched included MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane. Search strategies included Medical Subject Headings and key terms, including food pantry, food bank, food shelf, food aid and related concepts. Eligibility criteria Studies were included if they described an intervention involving food pantries/banks where at least one biometric indicator was included as an outcome variable. Articles focused solely on the quality of foods distributed, the diet quality of food pantry/bank clients or government food aid programmes were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis Extracted data included publication details, intervention type, study design, participant characteristics, study outcomes, and barriers and facilitators of intervention implementation. Results A total of 3317 articles were assessed for eligibility. Six studies met the predefined inclusion criteria. The studies employed a range of intervention approaches to manage or prevent a number of chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and HIV. The studies examined a range of biometric outcomes, including body mass index, glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure. Information about the food pantries/banks where the interventions were conducted was lacking. The studies documented multiple barriers and facilitators related to costs, sustainability and organisational capacity. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first review to examine disease prevention and management interventions conducted in food pantries and food banks. Given the high number of households who obtain food from food pantries/banks and the chronic health conditions associated with food insecurity, this review highlights the need for more high-quality research in this setting.
Investigation of a photonic displacement sensor

The objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of a displacement sensor that can find applications in the fields of material characterization and structural health monitoring that is based on the Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) phenomenon. The proposed sensor configuration consists of a circular optical resonator embedded in a polymeric beam fixed at both ends. When the sensor is embedded within a beam, a deformation of the beam will result in a change of the morphology (deformation) of the resonator and consequently a shift in the wavelength of the optical modes. The optical modes produced in these types of resonators are extremely narrow showing a high optical quality factor and consequently leading to high-resolution sensors. An analysis based on the finite element method was performed to determine the behavior of this configuration. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the mechanical strain occurring along the circular resonator perimeter due to the application of the external linear displacement. Several parameters were investigated with regards to sensor sensitivity, including the resonator location within the beam and its diameter. Results show that with a resonator diameter of 3 mm located at the center in the horizontal direction and close to the top of the beam, a sensitivity of 0.05mm-1 can be obtained.
Japanese Concepts of Deterrence

Japan has consistently adopted a deterrence-by-denial strategy in the post-war period. Its ability to deter foreign attacks depends more heavily on its ability to deny hostility than to punish perpetrators. Japan’s deterrence-by-denial posture has faced at least two major problems. One problem is the inherent limit on its ability to deter foreign attacks. This posture is more oriented toward defence-by-denial than real deterrence. Japan’s national security resources and institutions are positioned to deny hostility to defend the homeland, but they are not suited to deter foreign attackers because Japan bans itself from having the ability to conduct offensive military operations—a necessary factor for deterrence by the imposition of threats. Existing restrictions on the use and threat of force stem from post-war constitutional and normative constraints that have proven anachronistic today.
Nocardia veterana infections: case report and systematic review.

Abstract Members of the genus Nocardia are filamentous, Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria and exist ubiquitously in most environments. In 2001, the species Nocardia veterana was first isolated, and it predominantly causes pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts. We present the first report of a soft-tissue abscess caused by N. veterana in a 59-year-old woman being treated for chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. After failing to improve with empirical treatment, two incision and drainage procedures were required. She subsequently completed a 1-year course of oral antibiotic therapy consisting of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole then azithromycin. No relapse occurred over the next 5 years of follow up. To better characterize N. veterana infections, we performed a systematic literature review and summarized all previously reported cases. Overall, the rising prevalence of immunocompromising conditions warrants increased vigilance for infections caused by atypical or opportunistic pathogens.
Design and Control of a Hand-Held Concentric Tube Robot for Minimally Invasive Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery is of high interest for interventional medicine since the smaller incisions can lead to less pain and faster recovery for patients. The current standard-of-care involves a range of affordable, manual, hand-held rigid tools, whose limited dexterity and range of adoptable shapes can prevent access to confined spaces. In contrast, recently developed roboticized tools that can provide increased accessibility and dexterity to navigate and perform complex tasks often come at the cost of larger, heavier, and grounded devices that are teleoperated, posing a new set of challenges. In this article, we propose a new hand-held concentric tube robot with an associated position control method that has the dexterity and precision of large roboticized devices, while maintaining the footprint of a traditional hand-held tool. The device shows human-in-the-loop control performance that meets the requirements of the targeted application, percutaneous abscess drainage. In addition, a small user study illustrates the advantage of combining rigid body motion of the device with more precise motions of the tip, thus showing the potential to bridge the gap between traditional hand-held tools and grounded robotic devices.
Disease-associated mutations in mitochondrial precursor tRNAs affect binding, m1R9 methylation, and tRNA processing by mtRNase P.

Mitochondrial diseases linked to mutations in mitochondrial (mt) tRNA sequences are common. However, the contributions of these tRNA mutations to the development of diseases is mostly unknown. Mutations may affect interactions with (mt)tRNA maturation enzymes or protein synthesis machinery leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. In human mitochondria, in most cases the first step of tRNA processing is the removal of the 5' leader of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNA) catalyzed by the three-component enzyme, mtRNase P. Additionally, one component of mtRNase P, mitochondrial RNase P protein 1 (MRPP1), catalyzes methylation of the R9 base in pre-tRNAs. Despite the central role of 5' end processing in mitochondrial tRNA maturation, the link between mtRNase P and diseases is mostly unexplored. Here, we investigate how 11 different human disease-linked mutations in (mt)pre-tRNAIle, (mt)pre-tRNALeu(UUR), and (mt)pre-tRNAMet affect the activities of mtRNase P. We find that several mutations weaken the pre-tRNA binding affinity (K D s are approximately two- to sixfold higher than that of wild-type), while the majority of mutations decrease 5' end processing and methylation activity catalyzed by mtRNase P (up to ∼55% and 90% reduction, respectively). Furthermore, all of the investigated mutations in (mt)pre-tRNALeu(UUR) alter the tRNA fold which contributes to the partial loss of function of mtRNase P. Overall, these results reveal an etiological link between early steps of (mt)tRNA-substrate processing and mitochondrial disease.
The Collected Poems: Bertolt Brecht, translated and edited by Tom Kuhn and David Constantine (New York: W. W. Norton, 2019, 1287 pages, $49.95)

This is the first major translation of Brecht’s poems in over a quarter century (an earlier volume edited by John Willett and Ralph Mannheim is out of print), and it forcefully demonstrates how clo...
High Tech, High Think, High Imagine: Resisting the Quantification of Quality

Jill Raitt highlights the gap between imagination and information, shifting the conversation towards the tangible impacts of an education system that relies on test scores instead of the quality of learning and teaching. The way an individual is taught influences their perception of the unfamiliar, and thus the quantification of quality in education could lead to irreconcilable sociopolitical climates in the future. Originally published in the February 1991 issue of the Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin (20, no. 1), the piece continues to speak volumes today, particularly in the context of educating in the age of COVID-19.
Soft tissue assessment for fetal growth restriction

Contemporary clinical practice heavily relies on interpretation of population-based birth weight standards to evaluate neonatal nutrition status. Obstetricians have adopted the use of estimated fetal weight in a similar manner to estimate fetal nutritional status. However, most fetal weight prediction models overemphasize skeletal parameters such as biparietal diameter, head circumference, and femur diaphysis length. Although most EFW calculations also include abdominal circumference, this 2D growth parameter is largely defined by liver size and a small rim of subcutaneous fat. Advances in 3D ultrasound imaging and the development of more robust image analysis tools have now made it possible to reliably add a soft tissue component for fetal nutritional assessment. This chapter explains why fetal soft tissue evaluation is clinically relevant, describes different techniques for evaluating these sonographic parameters, and outlines future directions for their practical utility in the care of malnourished fetuses.
Phase I study of ruxolitinib with radiation and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed grade III gliomas and glioblastoma.

2060Background: Ruxolitinib is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of JAK1 (Janus kinase 1) and JAK2 with modest to marked selectivity against TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) and JAK3, respectively. ...
Working with LGBTQ Students

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) students make up over 13% of the college student body and are increasingly visible on campuses and in campus mental health centers. This generation of students has grown up with increasing social acceptance, supportive and educational Internet communities, and prominent LGBTQ role models. However, they are also likely to have experienced stigma, trauma, unstable housing, and decreased family support compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Campus climates are increasingly affirming, but LGBTQ students still experience harassment, discrimination, and cyberbullying which can lead to negative consequences for learning, academic persistence, and mental health. College mental health providers have the opportunity to impact these students’ well-being through providing accessible LGBTQ-competent mental health services as well as through advocating for changes in campus climate and society. This chapter discusses the gender and sexual identity spectrum, intersectionality, affirming mental health services, transitioning, and advocacy.
Technology-Supported Health Measures and Goal-Tracking for Older Adults in Everyday Living

In this paper, we review in-home technologies for use by older adults and the potential for technology-supported health measures to support independent living by connecting older adults, informal caregivers, and health care providers. We outline areas for new research that include platforms for technology integration, software for integrated data analytics, design for usability, and patient goal elicitation. Within this research agenda, meaningful health measurements must be defined, stakeholder interactions must be understood, and technologies must be standardized to enable large-scale community-based field studies beyond small-scale feasibility studies.
Mutants of Sindbis virus: I. Isolation and partial characterization of 89 new temperature-sensitive mutants

More than 100 new temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus have been isolated, following mutagenesis with nitrous acid, N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Sazacytidine, and 5-fluorouridine. Thirty-six of these mutants synthesize at least 60% as much RNA at the nonpermissive temperature as does the parental strain and are designated RNA+; 23 mutants synthesize between 10 and 60% as much RNA as the parental strain at 40° and are designated RNA±; 30 mutants make less than 10% as much RNA at 40° and are called RNA-. The remaining mutants have not been tested for RNA incorporation. The thermal stability at 56° of most of the mutant particles has been examined. The majority of the RNA+ mutants is more sensitive to heating at 56° than the parental HR strain, and RNA+ mutations appear to reside primarily in genes coding for the structural proteins. Approximately 20% of either RNA± or RNA- mutants are thermosensitive, and these mutations thus appear to reside primarily in genes coding for the nonstructural proteins. Complementation assays have been performed with a number of these mutants and with those of Burge and Pfefferkorn (1966a, b). The existence of three complementation groups among the RNA+ mutants, which appear to encode the three major structural proteins, has been confirmed; no new complementation groups among RNA+ mutants have been identified. A total of four complementation groups has been identified among the RNA- mutants. Thus, Sindbis virus contains at least seven complementation groups.
Microbioassay of Antimicrobial Agents

A previously described agar-diffusion technique for microbioassay of antimicrobial agents has been modified to increase sensitivity of the technique and to extend the range of antimicrobial agents to which it is applicable. This microtechnique requires only 0.02 ml of an unknown test sample for assay, and is capable of measuring minute concentrations of antibiotics in buffer, serum, and urine. In some cases, up to a 20-fold increase in sensitivity is gained relative to other published standardized methods and the error of this method is less than +/-5%. Buffer standard curves have been established for this technique, concurrently with serum standard curves, yielding information on antimicrobial serum-binding and demonstrating linearity of the data points compared to the estimated regression line for the microconcentration ranges covered by this technique. This microassay technique is particularly well suited for pediatric research and for other investigations where sample volumes are small and quantitative accuracy is desired. Dilution of clinical samples to attain concentrations falling with the range of this assay makes the technique readily adaptable and suitable for general clinical pharmacological studies. The microassay technique has been standardized in buffer solutions and in normal human serum pools for the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, methicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, cephaloglycin, cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, erythromycin, rifamycin amino methyl piperazine, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, colistin, polymyxin B, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.
The family as patient in family medicine. Rhetoric or reality

Considerable attention has been paid to the role of the family as a system in its own right, rather than the individual patient, as the fundamental unit of health care delivery. Despite the apparent validity of this concept, many important questions remain unanswered. Among these are: (1) Is there sufficient understanding of family pathophysiology, of the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic techniques and of the safety and efficacy of therapeutic modalities to make true family health care possible? (2) If this type of care is possible, how are the needs of the family and its individual members met, or value judgements made about their relative importance? and (3) What are the consequences for the health care delivery system of this type of care? An extensive literature review is used in an attempt to answer these queries, from which questions for further study are posed.
Transcript Cleavage in an RNA Polymerase I Elongation Complex EVIDENCE FOR A DISSOCIABLE ACTIVITY SIMILAR TO BUT DISTINCT FROM TFIIS

Stalled Xenopus RNA polymerase I (pol I) elongation complexes bearing a 52-nucleotide RNA were prepared by promoter-initiated transcription in the absence of UTP. When such complexes were isolated and incubated in the presence of Mg2+, the associated RNA was shortened from the 3′-end, and mono- and dinucleotides were released. Shortened transcripts were still associated with the DNA and were quantitatively reelongated upon addition of NTPs. The cleavage activity could be removed from the pol I-ternary complex with buffers containing 0.25% Sarkosyl. These findings indicate that a factor with characteristics similar to elongation factor TFIIS is associated with the pol I elongation complex. However, addition of recombinant Xenopus TFIIS to Sarkosyl-washed pol I elongation complexes had no effect, whereas it showed the expected effects in control reactions with identically prepared pol II elongation complexes. The results thus suggest the existence of a pol I-specific cleavage/elongation factor. I also report the sequence of a novel type of Xenopus TFIIS. The predicted amino acid sequences of the present and previously identified Xenopus TFIIS are less than 65% conserved. Thus, like mammalian species, Xenopus has at least two highly divergent forms of TFIIS.
Molecular Characterization of the Anti-Idiotypic Immune Response of a Relapse-Free Neuroblastoma Patient following Antibody Therapy: A Possible Vaccine against Tumors of Neuroectodermal Origin?

Neuroblastoma treatment with chimeric antidisialoganglioside GD2 Ab ch14.18 showed objective antitumor responses. Production of anti-idiotypic Abs (Ab2) against ch14.18 (Ab1) in some cases was positively correlated with a more favorable prognosis. According to Jerne's network theory, a subset of anti-idiotypic Abs (Ab2beta) carries an "internal image" of the Ag and induces Abs (Ab3) against the original Ag. The molecular origin of an anti-idiotypic Ab response in tumor patients was not investigated previously. To clone anti-idiotypic Abs, B cells of a ch14.18-treated neuroblastoma patient with Ab2 serum reactivity were used to construct Ab phage display libraries. After repeated biopannings on ch14.18 and its murine relative, anti-GD2 mAb 14G2a, we selected 40 highly specific clones. Sequence analysis revealed at least 10 of 40 clones with different Ig genes. Identities to putative germline genes ranged between 94.90 and 100% for V(H) and between 93.90 and 99.60% for V(L). An overall high rate of replacement mutations suggested a strong Ag-driven maturation of the anti-idiotypic Abs. Two clones that were analyzed further, GK2 and GK8, inhibited binding of ch14.18 to GD2 just as the patient's serum did. GK8 alone inhibited >80% of the patient's anti-idiotypic serum Abs in binding to ch14.18. Rabbits vaccinated with GK8 or GK2 (weaker) produced Ab3 against the original target Ag GD2. GK8 may be useful as a tumor vaccine for GD2-positive [corrected] tumors.
Cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility of animal models to tuberculosis infection

I shall propose a new working hypothesis regarding the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis infections in the mouse and guinea-pig models of pulmonary disease which differs from the current dogma that the development of caseous and potentially liquefied lesions in the susceptible guinea-pig lung is due to excessive expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity. I intend to show that the mouse is resistant because T cells entering the granulomatous lesions create highly organized wedges into the epithelioid macrophage fields, thus potentially saturating the tissues with cytokines. Where local necrosis does occur, it is contained by an efficient fibrotic response. In the guinea-pig, however, T cells remain in a peripheral mantle and do not invade the lesion. As a result, central macrophages are not activated, allowing bacterial growth and destructive caseation. I will describe data from the mouse system which show that certain mouse strains (C57BL/6, C5BL/10) are highly resistant to aerosol challenge, whereas other strains (DBA/2, AKR, CBA) are less so. These latter strains initially control the infection, but are subject to reactivation disease 50-200 days later. The histological data so far tend to support the hypothesis that these strains only induce acquired immunity during the reactivation phase, and upon initial exposure rely mainly on innate immunity to control the infection. This may be an important factor underlying the onset of reactivation disease in humans.
Dynamic effects of positive-pressure ventilation on canine left ventricular pressure-volume relations

Positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) may affect left ventricular (LV) performance by altering both LV diastolic compliance and pericardial pressure (Ppc). We measured the effect of PPV on LV intraluminal pressure, Ppc, LV volume, and LV cross-sectional area in 17 acute anesthetized dogs. To account for changes in lung volume independent of changes in Ppc and differences in contractility, measures were made during both open- and closed-chest conditions, during closed chest with and without chest wall binding, and after propranolol-induced acute ventricular failure (AVF). Apneic end-systolic pressure-volume relations (ESPVR) were generated by inferior vena caval occlusions. With the open chest, PPV had no effects. With the chest closed, PPV inspiration decreased LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) along its diastolic compliance curve and decreased end-systolic volume (ESV) such that the end-systolic pressure-volume domain was shifted to a point left of the LV ESPVR, even when referenced to Ppc. The decrease in EDV was greater in control than in AVF conditions, whereas the shift of the ESV to the left of the ESPVR was greater with AVF than in control conditions. We conclude that the hemodynamic effects of PPV inspiration are due primarily to changes in intrathoracic pressure and that the inspiration-induced decreases of LV EDV reflect direct effects of intrathoracic pressure on LV filling. The decreases in LV ESV exceed the amount explained solely by a reduction in LV ejection pressure.
Non‐lethal sampling of walleye for stable isotope analysis: a comparison of three tissues

Stable isotope analysis of fishes is often performed using muscle or organ tissues that require sacrificing animals. Non-lethal sampling provides an alternative for evaluating isotopic composition for species of concern or individuals of exceptional value. Stable isotope values of white muscle (lethal) were compared with those from fins and scales (non-lethal) in walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), from multiple systems, size classes and across a range of isotopic values. Isotopic variability was also compared among populations to determine the potential of non-lethal tissues for diet-variability analyses. Muscle-derived isotope values were enriched compared with fins and depleted relative to scales. A split-sample validation technique and linear regression found that isotopic composition of walleye fins and scales was significantly related to that in muscle tissue for both δ13C and δ15N (r2 = 0.79–0.93). However, isotopic variability was significantly different between tissue types in two of six populations for δ15N and three of six populations for δ13C. Although species and population specific, these findings indicate that isotopic measures obtained from non-lethal tissues are indicative of those obtained from muscle.
Emerging Therapeutic Delivery Capabilities and Challenges Utilizing Enzyme/Protein Packaged Bacterial Vesicles

Nanoparticle-based therapeutics are poised to play a critical role in treating disease. These complex multifunctional drug delivery vehicles provide for the passive and active targeted delivery of numerous small molecule, peptide and protein-derived pharmaceuticals. This article will first discuss some of the current state of the art nanoparticle classes (dendrimers, lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic), highlighting benefits/drawbacks associated with their implementation. We will then discuss an emerging class of nanoparticle therapeutics, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, that can provide many of the nanoparticle benefits while simplifying assembly. Through molecular biology techniques; outer membrane vesicle hijacking potentially allows for stringent control over nanoparticle production allowing for targeted protein packaged nanoparticles to be fully synthesized by bacteria.
Postmodern Gargoyles, Simulated Power Aesthetics:

This work incorporates a camera as participant in the showing of experiences of surveillance, exploring some effects of defining power as the circulation of signifiers. This techno-ethnographic piece moves through numerous spaces, documenting how myth and aesthetics are experienced and play in everyday life, inducing performances that ultimately appear to stabilize and further legitimate a globally reaching network of surveillance.
Splitting in a Circadian Activity Rhythm: The Expression of Bilaterally Paired Oscillators *

Circadian stridulation rhythms of the male Australian field cricketTeleogryllus commodus (Walker) recorded in continuous light (LL) and constant temperature sometimes split spontaneously or after a pulse of low temperature into two activity components per cycle. Both components exhibited different free-running periods longer than 24 h, referring to separate oscillatory control mechanisms. One of the components disappeared when an optic lobe was removed. Two activity components per circadian cycle with different periods were also found after the ommatidial nerves between retina and optic lobe had been cut on one side during the last larval instar. In LL, one period was then longer, the other shorter than 24 h; these periods correspond to the freerunning rhythms of intact crickets in LL and constant darkness (DD) (Loher 1972), and indicate that they can be simultaneously expressed in the same cricket. The two underlying pacemakers are only weakly coupled, they jointly or alternatingly influence the overt rhythm causing a spectrum of different patterns. Additional removal of the optic lobe on the intact side eliminated the LL-component (>24 h) while the DD-component (<24 h) continued. Removal of the de-afferented optic lobe had the reverse effect. Each component of the split activity rhythm can therefore be attributed to either side of the brain. The circadian control mechanism of the calling song inT. commodus is interpreted as being composed of two bilaterally organized subunits.
Contribution of Chesapeake Bay and Hudson River Stocks of Striped Bass to Rhode Island Coastal Waters as Estimated by Isoelectric Focusing of Eye Lens Proteins

Abstract The stock structure of the exploitable population of striped bass Morone saxatilis in Rhode Island coastal waters was estimated by a quadratic discriminant analysis of nine proteins of eye lenses separated by isoelectric focusing. This technique permitted identification of Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay striped bass with 88.0 and 89.5% correct classification, respectively. Classification of individuals sampled from the Rhode Island commercial trap-net fishery in November 1982 indicated that approximately 54% were from the Chesapeake Bay stock and 46% were from the Hudson River stock. These stock composition estimates apply to age-2–5 striped bass from the exploitable population in Rhode Island. The stock composition of the coastal population is expected to change with time and with relative year-class strengths of the contributing stocks.