cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First report of intramyocardial pH in man. II. Assessment of adequacy of myocardial preservation.

Intramyocardial pH and temperature were continuously measured in the anteroseptal region in 40 patients undergoing aortic cross-clamping during cardiac operations. Myocardial protection was achieved with systemic cooling (25° C) and multidose potassium cardioplegia (4° C). A clinical myocardial preservation score was devised based on intraoperative and postoperative need for inotropic support, postoperative creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and electrocardiographic changes, and radionuclide ventriculography. The patients were divided into three groups according to their preservation scores. Group I (n = 17) with good preservation (scores 0 to 2), Group II (n = 15) with fair preservation (scores 3 to 8), and Group III (n= 8) with poor preservation (scores 9 to 15). Baseline intramyocardial pH was similar in all groups (mean ± SEM = 6.77 ± 0.03). With the administration of cold potassium cardioplegia, intramyocardial pH rose above baseline in all three groups. The magnitude of this rise related directly to the adequacy of preservation and to the duration of the cross-clamp period. Patients with lowest preservation scores and shortest cross-clamp periods had the highest intramyocardial pH. In contrast, there was no relationship between myocardial temperature during cross-clamp and either intramyocardial pH or the preservation score. The integrated mean intramyocardial pH during cross-clamp was found to be the parameter that correlated most with the adequacy of preservation. The correlation between intramyocardial pH and myocardial temperature during the period of cross-clamping related to the length of this period; it was good (r = 0.76, p 0.10). It is concluded that (1) the magnitude of rise in intramyocardial pH during the period of aortic cross-clamping is a good indicator of the adequacy of myocardial preservation; (2) during periods of aortic cross-clamping exceeding 40 minutes, myocardial temperature is a poor indicator of adequacy of preservation, since progressive tissue acidosis may occur despite low myocardial temperatures; and (3) techniques and solutions that can effectively reduce the progression of tissue acidosis will, in most likelihood, enhance our ability to protect the ischemic myocardium during cardioplegic arrest.
Detection of Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where to Biopsy and How Many Biopsies?

Background The potential negative impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) warrants efforts to improve the yield of diagnostic techniques. Methods We retrospectively determined the optimal biopsy location and number from sixty-eight patients with inflammatory bowel disease (66% UC, 31% CD, and 3% inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified) with CMV disease between 2005 and 2011. Biopsies with endoscopic and histologic inflammation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. The proportion of positive biopsies was determined, and using data from the 25th percentile, we assessed the number of biopsies required to achieve an 80% probability of a single positive biopsy. Results Of the patients with a diagnosis by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization, 27 of 61 (44%; 95% confidence interval, 32-57) were positive by hematoxylin and eosin, and 11 of 36 (31%; 95% confidence interval, 16-46) had systemic CMV by polymerase chain reaction. Of the patients with biopsies proximal and distal to the splenic flexure, 1 of 11 with UC and 4 of 8 with CD had a diagnosis limited to the right colon. Twenty percent of biopsies were positive by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization (20% in UC and 17% in CD). Eleven biopsies in UC and 16 in CD were required to achieve an 80% probability of a positive biopsy. Conclusions Biopsy location and number are important considerations when assessing for CMV. We recommend a flexible sigmoidoscopy with 11 biopsies in UC and a colonoscopy with 16 biopsies in CD.
The Destruction of the American Dream

The main theme in Adam Smith’s classic The Wealth of Nations is self-interest, which its author considers to be the underlying motive of social and economic life. “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner,” Smith wrote, “but from their regard to their own interest.”
The HESI Admission Assessment and Radiography Exit Examination as Predictors for Student Success

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship between the Health Education Systems, Inc. (HESI) Admission Assessment (A2) and specific established admission criteria in an entry-level radiologic sciences (RADS) program, and to determine any correlations between the program exit examination, the HESI radiography exit examination, and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) first-time registry scores for two consecutive program cohorts. Design A quantitative approach was used to compare students' semester grades in English (6 credit hours), anatomy and physiology (8 credit hours), and college-level mathematics (3 credit hours) to scores on comparable categories of the HESI A2. Students' scores on program exit examinations, the HESI radiography exit examination, and the ARRT first-attempt registry scores were also compared. Quantitative measurements were obtained using z scores and conducting a Pearson correlation reliability coefficient test. Results and Conclusion There was no correlation between the HESI A2 examination and program admission criteria except when a minimum passing score of 70 was applied to the HESI A2, eliminating some students. Except for one student in each cohort, those students who would have been eliminated by the HESI also left the program, failed the ARRT registry examination, or consistently made low grades (Cs or Ds) in the program. This study showed that the HESI radiography exit examination had a high degree of correlation with the program exit examination and the ARRT registry examination. Finally, this study showed that the HESI A2 examination is a good potential additional tool to use for admission criteria when an appropriate minimum passing score is set and may help in selection of students who will be successful in the program.
Applicability of ASST-A helium refrigeration system for JLab End Station Refrigerator

The MOLLER experiment at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is a high power (5 kW) liquid hydrogen target scheduled to be operational in the 12 GeV-era. At present, cryogenic loads and targets at three of JLab's four experimental halls are supported by the End Station Refrigerator (ESR) - a CTI/Helix 1.5 kW 4.5 K refrigerator. It is not capable of supporting the high power target load and a capacity upgrade of the ESR cryogenic system is essential. The ASST-A helium refrigeration system is a 4 kW 4.5 K refrigerator. It was designed and used for the Superconducting Super Collider Lab (SSCL) magnet string test and later obtained by JLab after the cancellation of that project. The modified ASST-A refrigeration system, which will be called ESR-II along with a support flow from JLab's Central Helium Liquefier (CHL) is considered as an option for the End Station Refrigerator capacity upgrade. The applicability of this system for ESR-II under varying load conditions is investigated. The present paper outlines the findings of this process study.
CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma: ready for the next round of clinical testing?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The outcome for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, and there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) hold the promise to improve outcomes since they recognize and kill cells through different mechanisms than conventional therapeutics.Areas covered: This article reviews CAR design, tumor associated antigens expressed by GBMs that can be targeted with CAR T cells, preclinical and clinical studies conducted with CAR T cells, and genetic approaches to enhance their effector function.Expert commentary: While preclinical studies have highlighted the potent anti-GBM activity of CAR T cells, the initial foray of CAR T-cell therapies into the clinic resulted only in limited benefits for GBM patients. Additional genetic modification of CAR T cells has resulted in a significant increase in their anti-GBM activity in preclinical models. We are optimistic that clinical testing of these enhanced CAR ...
Make Immigration Great Again: How Morales-Santana Could Signal the End of Sexist Immigration Law and Provide a Way to Fight the Travel Ban

Gender plays a surprisingly important, and arguably unjust, role in immigration law. Explicit gender divisions and gender stereotypes are widespread. However, prior to the Supreme Court's recent decision in Morales-Santana, these distinctions have been consistently upheld. Consequently, despite the limited scope of Morales-Santana (it only applies to a single INA provision and does not overturn the Court’s previous cases), the case is extremely important. It indicates that the Court is no longer willing to excuse or attempt to rationalize immigration law’s widespread gender discrimination. Moreover, given immigration law’s long history of gender bias, the possibilities for discrimination claims are numerous and thus, it may be no coincidence that Morales-Santana, which finally confirms gender as an effective means of challenging discriminatory immigration laws, was decided only days before Trump v. International Refugee Assistance Project. International Refugee limited the scope of the government’s proposed travel ban and demonstrated the Court’s concern with the current administration’s attempts to restrict immigrant rights.Reading the two cases together, this essay suggests that gender discrimination claims may provide a new and effective means of challenging the travel ban, particularly if the current race and nationality based challenges fail.
Three incompatible hypotheses: evidence from Blackfoot 1

Given the present state of transformational grammar theory, it is virtually impossible to provide convincing support for, or (and this, of course, is more serious) evidence against, any single hypothesis. Between 1957 and 1965, revisions of the theory and new hypotheses were generally proposed one or two at a time and tested within the otherwise widely accepted theoretical framework (the ‘paradigm’: Kuhn 1962). However, in recent years just about everything but the need for transformations to pair more abstract objects with actual and/or potential linguistic objects has been called into question or affected somehow by new hypotheses. Consequently, linguists must realize that any evidence they attempt to marshal for or against a particular hypothesis can be refuted or circumvented by at least one combination of other apparently unrelated popular hypotheses (abetted by the excessive power of transformational rules: Peters 1970).
The Development of Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering

The nominal objective of this article is to provide a survey of the development of fluid mechanics in chemical engineering from 1888 to the centennial year of 1988; however, the events that occurred in 1960 prevent any survey written at this time to go beyond the year of 1960. In that year, the text entitled Transport Phenomena was produced by R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart and E.N. Lightfoot, and, in a more subtle manner, the chemical engineering community was introduced to The Classical Field Theories by C. Truesdell and W. Noll. The first was a freeway network of new paths to follow, while the second was a tome assembled much along the lines of a Roman aqueduct. Coupled with the publication of the English version of Boundary Layer Theory by H. Schlichting in 1955, these works provided chemical engineering researchers and teachers with a boundless domain for new studies. About the period between 1960 and 1988, I can only say that it would be best to delay any comments until a later date. Given this situation, one might suppose that our survey would begin in 1888; however, in order to place the chemical engineering achievements within the U.S.A. in perspective, we will begin our study in the middle of the eighteenth century. From the work of Euler, we will follow the development of fluid mechanics up to 1879, when Sir Horace Lamb’s Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motion of Fluids was published. In this way we will know what was available in 1888 when the new discipline of chemical engineering began to emerge. We will close this article with some predictions for the future which suggest that fluid mechanics will eventually play a central pedagogical role in chemical engineering education.
Evaporation in Porous Media

The physical factors are discussed which govern evaporation in a porous medium. If the escape of the vapour is relatively unobstructed, marked temperature gradients are found only close to menisci. Even in the simplest cases, evaporation is shown to proceed in statically unstable configurations under a dynamic balance of surface tension, local evaporation rate and viscous shear. It turns out that a porous medium in the shape of a sheet may have different “constitutive” laws from the same medium formed into the shape of a ball. Most of all, it is demonstrated that porous media cannot be thought of as continua in the sense of mechanics: useful macroscopic laws can be obtained only from considerations of microscopic physics and statistical information on the distribution of passage sizes. This helps to explain why repeatable experiments can be difficult in soil mechanics.
How the intracellular partitioning of tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes affects mitochondrial function

Organisms have evolved different strategies to seclude certain molecules to specific locations of the cell. This is most pronounced in eukaryotes with their extensive intracellular membrane systems. Intracellular compartmentalization is particularly critical in genome containing organelles, which because of their bacterial evolutionary ancestry still maintain protein-synthesis machinery that resembles more their evolutionary origin than the extant eukaryotic cell they once joined as an endosymbiont. Despite this, it is clear that genome-containing organelles such as the mitochondria are not in isolation and many molecules make it across the mitochondrial membranes from the cytoplasm. In this realm the import of tRNAs and the enzymes that modify them prove most consequential. In this review, we discuss two recent examples of how modifications typically found in cytoplasmic tRNAs affect mitochondrial translation in organisms that forcibly import all their tRNAs from the cytoplasm. In our view, the combination of tRNA import and the compartmentalization of modification enzymes must have played a critical role in the evolution of the organelle. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1207-1213, 2018.
Biodistribution, Tumor Detection, and Radiation Dosimetry of 18F-5-Fluoro-2'-Deoxycytidine with Tetrahydrouridine in Solid Tumors.

In preclinical studies, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (FdCyd), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase and DNA hypermethylation, has shown treatment efficacy against multiple malignancies by suppressing epigenetic hypermethylation in tumor cells. Several ongoing clinical trials are using FdCyd, and although some patients may respond to this drug, in most patients it is ineffective. Thus, establishing a noninvasive imaging modality to evaluate the distribution of the drug may provide insight into the variable responses. A novel experimental radiopharmaceutical, 18F-labeled FdCyd, was developed as a companion imaging agent to the nonradioactive form of the drug, FdCyd. We present the first-in-humans radiation dosimetry results and biodistribution of 18F-FdCyd, administered along with tetrahydrouridine, an inhibitor of cytidine/deoxycytidine deaminase, in patients with a variety of solid tumors undergoing FdCyd therapy. Methods: This phase 0 imaging trial examined the 18F-FdCyd biodistribution and radiation dosimetry in 5 human subjects enrolled in companion therapy trials. In each subject, 4 sequential PET scans were acquired to estimate whole-body and individual organ effective dose, using OLINDA/EXM, version 1.0. Tumor-to-background ratios were also calculated for the tumor sites visualized on PET/CT imaging. Results: The average whole-body effective dose for the experimental radiopharmaceutical 18F-FdCyd administered in conjunction with tetrahydrouridine was 2.12E−02 ± 4.15E−03 mSv/MBq. This is similar to the radiation dose estimates for 18F-FDG PET. The critical organ, with the highest absorbed radiation dose, was the urinary bladder wall at 7.96E−02 mSv/MBq. Other organ doses of note were the liver (6.02E−02mSv/MBq), kidneys (5.26E−02 mSv/MBq), and gallbladder (4.05E−02 mSv/MBq). Tumor target-to-background ratios ranged from 2.4 to 1.4, which potentially enable tumor visualization in static PET images. Conclusion: This phase 0 imaging clinical trial provides evidence that 18F-FdCyd administered in conjunction with tetrahydrouridine yields acceptable individual organ and whole-body effective doses, as well as modest tumor-to-background ratios that potentially enable tumor visualization. Dose estimates for 18F-FdCyd are comparable to those for other PET radiopharmaceuticals, such as 18F-FDG. Further studies with larger study populations are warranted to assess 18F-FdCyd imaging as a predictor of FdCyd treatment effectiveness.
Cloud-based Labs and Programming Assignments in Networking and Cybersecurity Courses

This is a full paper for innovate practice. Building a private cloud or using a public cloud is now feasible at many institutions. This paper presents the innovative design of cloudbased labs and programming assignments for a networking course and a cybersecurity course, and our experiences of innovatively using the private cloud at our institution to support these learning activities. It is shown by the instructor’s observations and student survey data that our approach benefits learning and teaching. This approach makes it possible and secure to develop some learning activities that otherwise would not be allowed on physical servers. It enables the instructor to support students’ desire of developing programs in their preferred programming languages. It allows students to debug and test their programs on the same platform to be used by the instructor for testing and grading. The instructor does not need to spend extra time administrating the computing environments. A majority (88% or more) of the students agree that working on those learning activities in the private cloud not only helps them achieve the course learning objectives, but also prepares them for their future careers.
Visualizing the vascular glue "shearing" the barriers to atherosclerotic plaque imaging.

Advances in cardiovascular imaging have accompanied the growth of this specialty for more than a century, and imaging modalities that primarily interrogate anatomical or structural features of the heart and vasculature continue to increase in resolution and sophistication. As understanding grows
Psychosocial Risk Factors of Food Insecurity in Puerto Ricans Living in the U.S. from Baseline to 5-year Follow Up (P04-041-19)

Objectives Food insecurity is prevalent among Puerto Ricans (PR) in the U.S. and is associated with worse mental health problems. However, the direction of the association cannot be determined from previous cross-sectional studies. In this study, we aim to explore the longitudinal associations between a group of psychosocial factors and changes in food insecurity status over 5 years among PR population.
Image Zooming using Corner Matching on Grayscale and Color Images

Originally inspired by the imaging needs of UND’s Open Prototype for Educational Nanosats (OPEN) satellite program. The goal of this research is to direct the choice of an image interpolation/zoom algorithm.The image is scanned and overlapping 3x3 blocks of pixels are analyzed looking for “L” patterns. Such a pattern indicates that the value of the center pixel be changed transforming the “L” pattern into a triangle pattern. We compare this approach against different types of single-frame image interpolation algorithms, such as zero-order-hold (ZOH), bilinear, bicubic, directional cubic convolution interpolation (DCCI) approach, and a neural network approach. We use the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), mean squared error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Feature Similarity Index (FSIM) as the primary means of comparison. Tests cases include gray-scale and RGB images. In all test cases the proposed method resulted in a lower MSE, higher PSNR, and higher SSIM than the other zoom methods applied. The FSIM returned a higher value in every case for the ZOH method, but this was only when FSIM was calculated to the fourth decimal. Overall, this method results in a more accurate image after zooming than the other methods.
227 Leveraging on high-throughput phenotyping technologies to optimize livestock genetic improvement and husbandry

The advent of fully automated data recording technologies and high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) systems has opened up a myriad of opportunities to advance breeding programs and livestock husbandry. Such technologies allow scoring large number of animals for novel phenotypes and indicator traits to boost genetic improvement, as well as for real-time monitoring of animal behavior and development for optimized management decisions. HTP tools include, for example, image analysis and computer vision, sensor technology for motion, sound and chemical composition, and spectroscopy. Applications span from health surveillance, precision nutrition, and control of meat and milk composition and quality. However, the application of HTP requires sophisticated statistical and computational approaches for efficient data management and appropriate data mining, as it involves large datasets with many covariates and complex relationships. In this talk we will discuss some of the challenges and potentials of HTP in livestock. Some examples to be presented include the utilization of automated feeders to record feed intake and to monitor feeding behavior in broilers, milk-spectra information to predict dairy cattle feed intake, and image analysis and computer vision to monitor growth and body condition in pigs and cattle. HTP and big data will become an essential component of modern livestock operations in the context of precision animal agriculture, boosting animal welfare, environmental footprint, and overall sustainability of animal production.
Principles and Practice of Oral Rehydration

An understanding of fluid and electrolyte losses from diarrhea and mechanisms of solute cotransport led to development of oral rehydration solution (ORS), representing a watershed in efforts to reduce diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. This report reviews the scientific rationale and modifications of ORS and barriers to universal application. Solutions with osmolality and electrolyte composition different from original ORS for routine and unique pathophysiology such as in malnutrition have met with varying success. Following the conceptual rationale of sodium-glucose cotransportation to facilitate water absorption, other cotransporters and formulations have been explored with the aim to improve ORS efficacy and acceptance. ORS remains the anchor of acute watery diarrhea and dehydration management worldwide. Despite development of different formulations, the current standard solution is the mainstay of treatment for nearly all situations. Efforts to improve oral hydration solution and to increase acceptance and usage are ongoing.
Elucidating Structure-Property Relationships in Highly Permeable Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomers

Commercially available perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers (PFSAs), utilized as polymer electrolytes in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), have driven rapid improvements in fuel cell performance. These materials have a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backbone and semicrystalline matrix which imparts mechanical integrity and low gas permeability, making them attractive membrane materials. However, their low gas permeability introduces significant mass-transport limitations in catalyst layers, especially severe in oxygen reduction at the cathode. In this study, we present the synthesis of an amorphous PFSA incorporating perfluoro(2-methylene 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (PFMMD) in the backbone. This impacted the material nanostructure at multiple length scales, simultaneously increasing gas permeability (>3x oxygen permeability of Nafion) via reduced crystallinity and increased fractional free volume while reducing proton conductivity via changes in matrix mechanical properties which inhibited phase separation of ionomer domains. When integrated in a fuel cell MEA, this trade-off yielded significant improvements; specifically, current density per cm2 platinum increased up to 22% upon substituting the PFMMD based ionomer for Nafion in the cathode binder. In this presentation, I will discuss the facile synthesis of PFMMD based ionomers with tunable PFSA content. Furthermore, I will discuss structure-property relationships resolved from transport measurements and morphological characterization. Finally, I will discuss the implementation of these materials in fuel cells and the potential for meaningful performance improvements. These results demonstrate the value of rational ionomer design toward better performing electrochemical devices.
Some trigonometric functional equations on monoids generated by their squares

Our main result is the solution of the functional equation $$f(x\sigma (y))+h(\tau (y)x)=2f(x)k(y)$$ for complex-valued functions f, h, k on monoids generated by their squares. Here $$\sigma $$ and $$\tau $$ are involutive automorphisms of the monoid.
Systemic teletherapists' meaningful experiences during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic

Fifty-five clinicians who provided teletherapy to couples, partnerships, families, and kin networks during the first two months of the coronavirus pandemic responded to a survey about their most and least meaningful experiences. Reflexive thematic analysis indicated that the participants experienced adjustments to their schedule or routines, they used technology glitches to promote client growth, and they altered how they engaged clients. Participants noted shifts in their personal and relational dynamics. They reported feeling fatigued and resilient. Participants described their adaptability, gratitude, digital and relational connectivity, and an ability to reframe negative experiences into opportunities for growth.
Mutual Influence in LGBTQ Teens’ Use of Media to Socialize Their Parents

Recent theorizing posits that parents and their children influence each other, and that media use is a locus of such mutual influence. Two surveys of LGBTQ 18- and 19-year-olds (N = 276; N = 369, t...
Early and Pre-Discharge Aspirin Administration Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Current Clinical Practice and Trends in the United States

Objectives: The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of aspirin administration among patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) as dictated by physicians practicing in the United States. Background: Aspirin (ASA), a widely available, inexpensive and generally well-tolerated platelet inhibitor, is recommended for patients with acute coronary syndromes, including acute MI. However, there is concern that aspirin is underutilized in daily clinical practice. Methods: Early (<24 hours) and predischarge ASA administration were determined among 220,171 patients with suspected acute MI enrolled in the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI 2) between June, 1994 and April 30, 1996. Results: Overall, 165,122 (74.9%) of patients received ASA within 24 hours of hospital admission, whereas 55,049 patients did not. Early ASA recipients were younger, more often male, arrived at the hospital earlier, and were more likely to be classified as Killip Class II or less compared to those who did not receive ASA. Patients who received aspirin were also more likely to have chest pain, electrocardiographic ST segment elevation, and tended to arrive at the hospital earlier than those who did not receive ASA. However, over 20% of patients with ST segment elevation did not receive early ASA therapy. From the total cohort of early ASA recipients, only 69% received ASA at the time of hospital discharge. Trends in early and pre-discharge aspirin administration over a 2 year time period in all patients (72.6 to 75.1% and 71.5 to 74.6%, respectively; p < 0.001) and in specific patient subsets were encouraging with a gradual but steady increase; however, utilization remained comparatively low in women and the elderly. By multivariable analysis, in-hospital recurrent MI (OR 0.90, 95% CI; .78–1.0, p = 0.04), stroke (OR 0.65, 95% CI, .52–.80, p < 0.001) and death (OR 0.24, 95% CI, .22–.26, p < 0.001) occurred less frequently when ASA was administered within 24 hours of hospitalization. Conclusion: Aspirin is currently underutilized in routine clinical practice as both primary and adjunctive forms of therapy in MI, especially among patients known to be at risk for recurrent cardiothrombotic events. The targeted and timely use of aspirin reduces early cardiovascular events and should remain a priority in national health care efforts.
Extending Description Logics with Generalized Quantifikation

In this paper we show an extension of DLs with Generalized Quantifiers (GQs). Unlike the work of [QUA], we introduce an infinite set of GQs to the language by giving a language in which to define quantifiers. We also introduce structural or typeless quantifiers and polyadic quantifiers. Each one of these extensions greatly enhances the expressive power of the original DL beyond first order logic, while keeping a very simple syntax.
Diagenetic variation in the Oregon Coast Range: Implications for rock strength, soil production, hillslope form, and landscape evolution

The mechanisms by which lithology modulates geomorphic processes are poorly known. In the Oregon Coast Range (OCR), rhythmically bedded sandstones of the Eocene Tyee Formation underlie steep, soil-mantled hillslopes, with relatively uniform ridge-valley spacing. These characteristic landforms are perturbed where diagenetic variations manifest as resistant cliffs. Here we use petrology, rock mechanics, and lidar to characterize grain-scale variations in rock properties and their influence on rock strength, hillslope processes, and landscape morphology in two adjacent watersheds. Petrographic analyses suggest that a suite of diagenetic products in the “resistant” bedrock account for a 2.5 times increase in tensile strength relative to “typical” Tyee bedrock. Our reference catchment exhibits negligible resistant outcrops, and consistent hillslope gradients and longitudinal valley profiles. By contrast, the adjacent catchment teems with resistant, 1 to 10 m thick, noncontiguous sandstone beds that form hanging valleys with gentle upstream hillslopes and anomalously narrow valleys. Mechanical and topographic analyses suggest that the low fracture density characteristic of these resistant beds may render them relatively impervious to comminution by tree root activity, the dominant OCR soil production mechanism. Based on both hillslope gradient- and hilltop curvature-erosion models, we estimate that hillslopes perched above resistant beds erode at approximately half the pace of hillslopes unencumbered by downstream knickpoints. The diagenetic variations likely influence relief at the watershed scale. Depositional position and diagenetic processes appear to control the occurrence of resistant beds, providing a framework to quantify how seemingly subtle variations in rock properties can impose first-order controls on landscape form and evolution.
Synthesis and structures of Group 4 trimethylhydrazido complexes

Abstract Chlorotris(trimethylhydrazido)titanium, TiCl(NMeNMe2)3, was synthesized by reacting TiCl2(NMeNMe2)2 with 1 equiv. of LiNMeNMe2. Tetrakis(trimethylhydrazido)zirconium and hafnium, M(NMeNMe2)4, were prepared from MCl4 and 4 equiv. of LiNMeNMe2 but Ti(NMeNMe2)4 could not be prepared cleanly from TiCl4. Instead, it was synthesized from TiCl(NMeNMe2)3 and LiNMeNMe2. X-ray crystallographic studies show that TiCl(NMeNMe2)3 and Ti(NMeNMe2)4 have three bidendate hydrazide ligands and Zr(NMeNMe2)4 has four bidendate ligands.
Inhibition of avian sarcoma virus replication by glucosamine: A specific effect on the synthesis and processing of viral proteins

Abstract Treatment of avian RNA tumor virus-infected chicken fibroblasts with 20 m M glucosamine for 8 hr leads to the inhibition of virion synthesis (Hunter et al. , 1974). In this report we have investigated the mechanism of inhibition. A kinetic analysis on the inhibition of virion production revealed that the effect of glucosamine was essentially complete 5 hr after its addition, by this time virion production has been inhibited 50-fold. An analysis of the effect of glucosamine on cellular and intracellular virus protein synthesis revealed that by 5 hr cellular protein synthesis was inhibited 60% and virus protein synthesis was specifically inhibited by a further 75%. The major nonglycosylated viral structural proteins (p27, p19, p15, and p12) are synthesized as a 76,000 dalton precursor (Pr76) which is subsequently cleaved to the virion proteins. The effects of glucosamine on this process were examined by pulse-chase experiments. After 5 hr of treatment with glucosamine only 5% of the precursor synthesized in a 15-min pulse was cleaved in an hour, compared with 54% in untreated cells. Chases in the absence of glucosamine demonstrated that the precursor synthesized in the presence of glucosamine could be cleaved and assembled into virions. SDS-PAGE analysis of these virions showed that they lacked radioactively labeled glycoproteins, gp85 and gp37. Thus, glucosamine inhibits the replication of avian RNA tumor viruses by a combination of an inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, viral structural protein synthesis, and Pr76 cleavage.
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of renal transplants

Our purpose was to investigate three-dimensional (3D) gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (Gd-MRA) in the evaluation of renal transplant arteries. Eleven MR angiography examinations were performed in nine renal transplant patients. Gd-MRA, three-dimensional phase contrast (3D-PC) post-gadolinium, and two-dimensional time-of-flight (2D-TOF) MR angiography were performed and independently reviewed by three vascular radiologists who, for each MR angiography sequence, separately graded occlusive disease in the ipsilateral iliac artery, the transplant artery anastomosis, and the transplant artery itself. The Gd-MRA and 3D-PC data were reviewed as maximum intensity projections (MIP) reconstructed in standard planes, and the 2D-TOF data were interpreted from source images. In addition, a single vascular radiologist prospectively interpreted the Gd-MRA and 3D-PC data together, hereinafter Gd/PC, from MIP reconstructions for each case. In all of these patients either surgical (n = 3) or angiographic studies (n = 8) were performed within 21 days following the MR examination, which served as a reference standard to determine sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity/specificity for the detection of significant stenosis were as follows: Gd-MRA, 67/88; 3D-PC, 60.3/76.6; 2D-TOF, 47/81; and Gd/PC, 100/100. The kappa statistic (kappa) for interobserver agreement for the grading of stenoses by 2D-TOF, Gd-PC, and Gd-MRA was 0.48, 0.60, and 0.74, respectively. The percentage of all vascular segments seen well enough to grade (cumulative for all three observers) was 94%, 85%, and 79% for Gd-MRA, 3D-PC, and 2D-TOF, respectively. The combination of Gd-MRA and 3D-PC is a promising approach to the evaluation of transplant renal arteries.
Application of multiple scattering theory to spark chamber type detectors

Abstract An analysis of small-angle multiple Coulomb scattering is given which is intended primarily for application to particle tracks in γ-ray spark chamber telescopes but which may be applicable in other detector systems. This treatment provides for situations where particles may have large angles with respect to the detector axis, for non-homogeneous scattering material of different types, and localized in discrete zones at arbitrarily locations. The analysis is developed in terms of generalized scattering parameters to accommodate a variety of observational techniques. The final section includes the results of applying the theory to samples of Monte Carlo-generated tracks in a specific spark chamber configuration as a check on the validity of the calculation.
Thiazolidinedione Drugs Promote Onset, Alter Characteristics, and Increase Mortality of Ischemic Ventricular Fibrillation in Pigs

Purpose Despite favorable metabolic and vascular effects, thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs have not convincingly reduced cardiovascular mortality in clinical trials, raising the possibility of countervailing, off-target effects. We previously showed that TZDs block cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in pigs. In this study, we investigated whether TZDs affect onset, spectral characteristics, and mortality of ischemic ventricular fibrillation (VF) and whether such effects are recapitulated by a non-selective KATP blocker (glyburide) or a mitochondrial KATP blocker (5-hydroxydecanoate).
The Cavus Foot in Athletes: Fundamentals of Examination and Treatment

Athletes with cavus feet present unique challenges to the orthopedic surgeon. Continuous high impact activity with this foot deformity leads to distinct injuries. Immediate recognition of the athlete's cavus feet and associated injuries allows prompt treatment and return to sport. If not recognized, treatment will often fail. Injuries include stress fractures, ankle instablility, impingement syndromes, and tendon disorders. Appropriate treatment requires correction of the cavus deformity as well as the specific associated injuries. Nonoperative treatment includes specialized orthotic shoe inserts. If a course of nonoperative treatment fails, operative intervention is warranted. Operative treatment of the cavus deformity may include a simple dorsiflexion first ray osteotomy or more complex reconstruction, including a lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy. Correction or accommodation of the deformity as well as the identification of the specific injury will likely lead to successful treatment and return to a high level of competition.
Immunobiology of purified recombinant outer membrane porin protein I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gonococcal porins (Por) from strains FA19 (Por-1, serogroup A), MS11 (Por-2, serogroup B) and FA6434 (Por-5, a hybrid porin containing epitopes from both serogroups), were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified under non-denaturing conditions. Porins were inserted into liposomes, and they were bound by monoclonal antibodies which bind native Por and intact gonococci, but not denatured Por. All three recombinant porins (rPor) were highly immunogenic in rabbits without additional adjuvant. The rPor antisera were specific for Por by Western blotting and whole-cell radioimmunoprecipitation and were broadly cross-reactive within serogroups. Post-immune, but not pre-immune, sera bound to intact gonococci, induced deposition of complement components C3 and C9 onto gonococcal membranes and increased association with and activation of human neutrophils. Gonococci were not killed in bactericidal assays, and there was no phagocytic killing with gonococci opsonized with recombinant antisera. Lack of killing in bactericidal assays was not caused by the presence of blocking antibodies to the outer-membrane protein Rmp.
Acute Whole-Body Vibration Does Not Affect Static Jump Performance

Abstract Currently, whole-body vibration is being used to promote enhanced performance. Many coaches and athletes believe that it can acutely enhance explosive performance and power output. However, the scientific literature is unclear as to whether this enhancement occurs. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of whole-body vibration on static jump performance, including jump height, peak force, rate of force development, and peak power. Fourteen recreationally active individuals (5 females, 9 males) participated in three separate randomized treatment sessions. Treatment 1 consisted of no vibration while treatment 2 and treatment 3 incorporated whole-body vibration. The whole-body vibration protocol consisted of three 30-s bouts of vibration performed at 30 Hz and low amplitude (~3 mm) with a 30-s rest between bouts. Treatment 1 was identical in duration to both treatments 2 and 3, but did not contain any vibration. Five minutes after each treatment, the participants performed the st...
Mode conversion and tunneling at the two-ion hybrid resonance

I investigate the two-ion hybrid resonance for a warm, collisionless plasma and find an approximate dispersion relation appropriate for a toroidal fusion plasma. The fast Alfven wave propagates on both sides of the resonance, so the tunneling factor is calculated and for fusion plasmas it is found that fast waves incident from the high-magnetic-field side will undergo mode conversion to an ion-Bernstein mode and those incident from the low-field side will be reflected. (AIP)
Preionization of pulsed gas lasers by radioactive source

An α-source of americium-241 is used to preionize transverse electrical-discharge gas lasers, enhancing the useful pressure range in a variety of gases. Of particular interest is the enhancement in electron-attaching gases, which corroborates speculations on the role of negative ions in preionization.
Improved performance of flexible dye-sensitized solar cells based on hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures with high surface area

One-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures display remarkable performance in dye-sensitized solar cells by reducing the charge recombination; however, their relatively low surface area restricts both the dye absorption amount and solar energy conversion efficiency. Hydrothermal treatment of anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays in 0.01 M (NH4)2TiF6 increased the surface area of TiO2 photoanodes by generating hierarchical architecture. Hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures obtained by optimal hydrothermal treatment conditions exhibited a wire-in-tube architecture decorated by nanoparticles on both the inner nanowire and the outer nanotube, which further increased the surface area. Flexible dye-sensitized solar cells based on these hierarchical nanostructures yield significantly improved solar energy conversion efficiencies due to enlarged surface area, increased dye loading, and superior light scattering capacity.
Progressive scenarios: a rapid method for understanding user interpretations of technology

For emerging group technologies that require evaluations on long-term use and social norms, assumptions, and implicit rules that develop around the technologies, standard usability testing may not be adequate. At the same time, field based research that allows for observing technology use over long-term is costly in terms of time. In this paper, we present a rapid method that we call progressive scenarios, which could help replicate the processes by which interpretations evolve over time in natural settings and how invisible assumptions and social norms dictate the technology use. Using a preliminary design concept of a publicly available ambient personal information and communication system, we demonstrate how the method helped to elicit design implications.
Evidence for allosteric transitions in secondary structure induced by superhelical stress.

Previous studies suggest that the global secondary structures of native supercoiled and equilibrium linear DNAs may differ somewhat. Recent evidence also indicates that metastable secondary structure commonly persists following complete relaxation of the superhelical stress by intercalating dyes or by the action of topoisomerase I. In this work, the torsion constants (α) of pBR322, pUC8 and M13mp7 (replicative form) DNAs are determined by time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy at various times subsequent to linearization. In all three cases, the torsion constants are relatively low immediately after linearization, and evolve for eight to ten weeks before reaching their apparent equilibrium values. It is shown in detail how the persistence of metastable secondary structure, subsequent to relaxation of superhelical stress, necessarily implies that one or more transitions in equilibrium secondary structure are induced as the superhelix density is varied from zero to native, orvice versa. Samples of pUC8 dimer (5434 base-pairs) with different superhelix densities are prepared by the action of topoisomerase I in the presence of various amounts of ethidium. Their median linking number differences are determined by standard band counting methods. The translational diffusion coefficient (D0) and the plateau diffusion coefficient (Dplat) characterizing internal motions over short distances (225A˚) are determined by dynamic light-scattering. The torsion constant (α) between base-pairs and the circular dichroism spectrum are also measured for each sample. Curves ofDplat,D0, α and molar ellipticity ([θ]) (at the minimum near 250 nm)versus superhelix density (σ) are constructed. The curve ofD0versus σ is very similar to that for sedimentation coefficientversus σ for simian virus 40 (SV40) and polyoma DNAs. The curves ofDplat,D0, α and [θ]versus θ show that, with increasing negative superhelix density, a structural transition occurs nearσ = −0.020to an intermediate state with low torsion constant, and a second structural transition occurs nearσ = −0.035 to a state that exhibits more normal properties by σ = −0.048. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that supercoiling induces two successive allosteric transitions to alternative global secondary structures. The data are much less consistent with the hypothesis that supercoiling induces some radical secondary structure at one or a few sites of small extent atσ = −0.020, and at other sites atσ = −0.035, or with hypotheses based on changes in tertiary structure alone. It is proposed that extremely slow kinetics of the transition atσ = −0.020 results in extended trapping of the intermediate state with low torsion constant, when superhelical strain is released. This may account for the observed failure of supercoiled DNAs to convert completely toB-helix upon relaxation of the superhelix density, and also for other contradictions of the standard model of supercoiled DNAs.
Interaction of pneumococcal S-14 polysaccharide with lectins from Ricinus communis, Triticum vulgaris, and bandeiraea simplicifolia

Abstract Two purified lectins, namely, wheat-germ agglutinin (from Triticum vulgaris) and the hemagglutinin from Ricinus communis seeds, readily form a precipitate with pneumococcal S-14 polysaccharide, whereas the Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BS 1) does not. Exhaustive periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction of S 14 modifies terminal β- D -galactopyranosyl residues, as well as chain D -glucopyranosyl residues, and abolishes reactivity with both the R. communis lectin and wheat-germ agglutinin. Controlled periodate oxidation followed by Smith degradation cleaves only terminal β- D -galactopyranosyl residues, giving a linear polymer, the structure of which was determined by methylation analysis. This derived polymer, containing (1→6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- D -glucosyl residues, readily precipitated wheat-germ agglutinin, but not the R. communis lectin.