cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elective neck irradiation versus observation of the clinically negative neck of patients with oral cancer

Purposes: A retrospective study was conducted to determine the efficacy of elective neck irradiation (ENI) versus observation of patients with oral tumors of varying T stages and clinically negative necks, and to statistically evaluate outcome in the two groups with regard to the subsequent development of neck disease. Patients and Methods: Seventy-three patients were treated with surgery of their primary site; 31 received ENI, and 42 of the necks were observed. Of the ENI patients, 3.2% developed neck disease compared with 31% of those observed. When the two groups were evaluated by the T stage of the primary tumor, the results for ENI versus observation were as follows: T1 (0% vs 31 %), T2 (5.9% vs 26.7%), T3 + 4 (0% vs 31%), respectively (P < .0000, adjusted odds ratio = 13.73, 95% confidence interval). The difference between the two groups was highly statistically significant. One hundred fourteen patients were treated with only radiation therapy alone at the primary site. In this group, 88 received ENI, and 16 necks were observed. Eight percent of the ENI group developed neck disease, compared with 3.8% of the observational group. Further evaluation by T stage of ENI versus observation showed T1 (3% vs 0%); T2 (9.3% vs 7.7%); T3 + 4 (5.6% vs 0%), respectively. The difference between these groups was not found to be statistically significant. Results: The 5-year disease-free survival rate for the surgical group was 90% for patients who received ENI and 40% for those observed. This difference was statistically significant (P = .0007). No statistical difference was found in 5-year disease-free survival for the radiation group between ENI and observation. Conclusions: When comparing the above data for ENI versus observation, the survival advantages of elective neck irradiation in patients whose primary tumor was treated surgically is striking for all T stages. These results make the decision to observe the neck in such patients difficult to justify. Lack of statistical difference between ENI and observation in the radiation cohort likely reflects selection bias. If radiation therapy is being used to treat the primary disease, only low-risk sites or histologically favorable tumors would not, on a routine basis, have the neck fields treated as well.
Detection of rare paternal chloroplast inheritance in controlled crosses of the endangered sunflower Helianthus verticillatus

A variety of questions in population and evolutionary biology are studied using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). The presumed maternal inheritance in angiosperms allows for certain assumptions and calculations to be made when studying plant hybridization, phylogeography, molecular systematics and seed dispersal. Further, the placement of transgenes in the chloroplast to lessen the probability of ‘escape’ to weedy relatives has been proposed since such genes would not move through pollen. In many studies, however, strict maternal inheritance is assumed but not tested directly, and some studies may have sample sizes too small to be able to detect rare paternal leakage. Here, we study the inheritance of cpDNA simple sequence repeats in 323 offspring derived from greenhouse crosses of the rare sunflower Helianthus verticillatus Small. We found evidence for rare chloroplast paternal leakage and heteroplasmy in 1.86% of the offspring. We address the question of whether one can extrapolate the mode of chloroplast transmission within a genus by comparing our results to the findings of another sunflower species study. The findings of occasional paternal transmission of the chloroplast genome are discussed in the framework of using these markers in studies of population and evolutionary biology both in Helianthus and other angiosperms.
Illuminating neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis.

What is the most important moment in the history of a disease? Let us consider neuromyelitis optica (NMO), which was coined by French neurologist Eugene Devic in 1894 for a disease believed until recently to be a subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS). The discovery (in 2004) of a disease-specific biomarker for NMO revolutionized our understanding of both NMO and MS (1). In PNAS, Hinson et al. (2), including Lennon, who discovered the biomarker, address mechanisms of pathogenesis mediated by that same biomarker.
Functional Assessment of Problem Behaviors in Applied Settings.

Provides strategies for assessing problem behaviors in the classroom as a first step in designing interventions
Redundant Networked Controls for Industrial Turbines

Increasing market pressure for industrial turbine controls that reduce cost of installation, increase availability, and reduce overall installation and commissioning time have driven systems in a new direction. This direction is away from complex and expensive triplex or TMR (T riple M odular R edundant) systems and towards dual redundant and networked control systems. Woodward’s core fuel and combustion control is currently being used in a networked system for GE’s LM2500 aeroderivative gas turbine packages. This networked control system utilizes redundant high-speed communications from the sequencer to fuel control. Packaging I/O is also distributed over redundant communications to localize wiring. The fuel control communicates to the gas metering valves and gas turbine variable geometry servo-valves to reduce wiring and installation time. This control system utilizes simplex CPU’s to save cost and duplex hardware and communications for availability. Expansion of this to full redundant CPU processing capabilities can also be achieved to add availability with some cost tradeoff. Woodward has also applied this full redundancy concept in the commercial marine GE LM2500 package applications. In addition to using network communications the core fuel control system is in itself networked, being “package” mounted. Mounting the fuel control on the package reduces the number of field installation wire terminations and the total length of wire used between the gas turbine and the fuel control. Having the main fuel control system mounted on the package allows the control to be wired and tested at the factory rather than at site. The use of network communications in gas turbine control applications has many advantages. Reduction in overall system cost, installation and commissioning time are the main advantages to using networked controls for gas turbines. System expandability and distributed processing are other advantages. Expanding this with hardware redundancy improves availability.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Embryotoxicity in mice of phosphonacetyl‐L‐aspartic acid (PALA), a new antitumor agent. I. Embryolethal, teratogenic, and cytogenetic effects

The embryolethal and teratogenic effects of phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid (PALA), a new antitumor agent, were evaluated in pregnant Swiss albino mice that received multiple IP injections of drug on days 7-11 of gestation. The effects of single doses of PALA given IP on days 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 of gestation were also examined. Cytogenetic studies were performed on cells from embryos exposed in utero to embryotoxic doses of PALA, as well as on human peripheral leucocytes incubated with PALA for six or 48 hours. When given on days 7-11 of gestation, marked embryolethal effects were noted at PALA doses of 1.5 mg/kg/day, and no embryos survived doses of 6.25 mg/kg/day. Studies on the effects of PALA administered as a single dose on various days of gestation revealed that its embryolethal effects were gestation stage-specific; 80% of embryos were killed in utero after exposure to a dose of 12.5 mg/kg on day 8, whereas doses nearly 20-fold higher (200 mg/kg) were required to exert equivalent embryolethal effects on day 6 or 10 of gestation. PALA treatment induced an increase primarily in the incidence of malformations which occur spontaneously in control mice rather than in malformations not normally seen in controls. PALA embryotoxicity in mice apparently does not derive from major cytogenetic damage, as the incidence of chromosomal aberrations was not significantly increased by in vitro or in vivo exposure to PALA.
Antibacterial to antifungal conversion of neamine aminoglycosides through alkyl modification. Strategy for reviving old drugs into agrofungicides.

Many Actinomycetes aminoglycosides are widely used antibiotics. Although mainly antibacterials, a few known aminoglycosides also inhibit yeasts, protozoans and important crop pathogenic fungal oomycetes. Here we show that attachment of a C8 alkyl chain to ring III of a neamine-based aminoglycoside specifically at the 4″-O position yields a broad-spectrum fungicide (FG08) without the antibacterial properties typical for aminoglycosides. Leaf infection assays and greenhouse studies show that FG08 is capable of suppressing wheat fungal infections by Fusarium graminearum—the causative agent of Fusarium head blight—at concentrations that are minimally phytotoxic. Unlike typical aminoglycoside action of ribosomal protein translation miscoding, FG08's antifungal action involves perturbation of the plasma membrane. This antibacterial to antifungal transformation could pave the way for the development of a new class of aminoglycoside-based fungicides suitable for use in crop disease applications. In addition, this strategy is an example of reviving a clinically obsolete drug by simple chemical modification to yield a new application.
An accurate CAD model for the ambipolar a-Si: H TFT

The ambipolar output drain current versus drain voltage characteristics of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors are modeled by a method intended for use in computer-aided design programs. An accurate model has been developed that uses a modified experimental sheet conductivity curve to predict the output drain characteristics over many orders of magnitude of the drain current in both the n-channel and p-channel modes of operation. Analytical expressions for the drain current are developed.
Stable isotope systematics of oxygen and carbon in rocks and minerals from the Cerro Prieto geothermal anomaly, Baja California, Mexico

Rock samples from a total of 50 drillholes in the Cerro Prieto geothermal area have been analysed by stable isotopic techniques. In particular, calcite in cuttings and core samples from these wells has been analysed to observe systematic variations in carbon (δ 13C) and oxygen (δ 18O) isotopic compositions. Consistent behaviours of these isotopic systems are observed and provide a large amount of information on the processes of calcite-water isotopic equilibration, dissolution-precipitation and decarbonation occurring within and around the reservoir. Oxygen isotopic profiles of intergranular calcites in sandstones appear to be a reliable measure of the equilibrium temperature distribution in the field before production began. From these data, a detailed three-dimensional map has been developed, showing the equilibrium temperatures in the geothermal field. Of particular importance are many examples of temperature reversals at depth beneath the hot geothermal reservoir. Reversals of this sort provide strong constraints on the directions of fluid flow and the overall dynamics of the circulation system. Long-term natural flow directions within the geothermal system can often be inferred directly from the three-dimensional distribution of temperatures within the field. In addition, localized areas of inferred natural cold water inflow (recharge) or hot water outflow (discharge) can be observed by their effects on the calcite content of the rock and on the behaviour of carbon isotopic compositions of the calcite. Within the geothermal reservoir, a gradual disappearance of calcite, with increasing temperature, correlates generally with a slight decrease in δ13C of the calcite. Although this pattern is nearly identical to the isotopic changes occurring during decarbonation of calcite in skarn areas, it is probable that other processes involving dissolution by the brines or isotopic exchange with an external carbon reservoir are also locally important. A mass balance calculation has been performed using measured 18O depletion in subsurface whole-rock samples from Cerro Prieto wells and the inferred 18O enrichment of the geothermal brine. This calculation implies an overall water-rock volume ratio of approximately 3:1 during the history of the Cerro Prieto system.
A continuous-flow electrophile scavenger prepared by a simple grafting procedure

A versatile method for grafting reactive polymer onto macroporous polymer monoliths has been developed, and this method used to prepare a monolith containing primary amines. Reactive polymer was grafted onto residual olefins within the crosslinked monoliths using free-radical polymerization, and without requiring any pre-grafting activation. Capacities of the grafted monoliths were easily controlled by altering the composition of the grafting solution. Grafting N-vinylacetamide, followed by amide cleavage using hydrazine, afforded a monolith containing primary amine groups that was used for efficient continuous-flow scavenging of isocyanates, with 92% of phenyl isocyanate removed from solution in a reaction with a residence time of 49 min. High levels of scavenging required only a small excess of polymeric amine.
The evolution of China's satellite policy

Abstract Thirty years have passed since China started its satellite program. Due to differences in political environment, economic situation and social context, China's satellite policies were quite different from other countries'. This article examines why and how China's satellite technology was adopted, developed and applied. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of China's satellite policies, and historical and socio-contextual interpretations are provided to trace the factors that caused changes in these policies. In addition, both the advantages and disadvantages resulting from these policies for different periods are discussed.
The mechanism of cobalamin-dependent rearrangements.

Adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements are enzyme catalyzed reactions in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one carbon atom to an adjacent one in exchange for a group X which migrates in the opposite direction. In the hydrogen transfer step, the mechanism of which is reasonably well understood, the cofactor serves as an intermediate hydrogen carrier. The transfer of hydrogen to the cofactor involves homolysis of the carbon-cobalt bond to generate cob(II)alamin and the 5′-deoxyadenos-5′-yl radical, followed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate to form 5′-deoxyadenosine and the substrate radical. After migration of group X, the hydrogen atom is returned to the product radical by the reverse of the above reactions to generate the final product and reconstitute the cofactor.
Quantum theory of polarization in liquids: Exact solution of the mean spherical and related approximations

The mean spherical approximation and related integral equations theories (such as the linearized hypernetted chain equation) are studied for a fluid composed of atoms or spherical molecules with quantum mechanical fluctuating internal dipoles. We derive the solutions of these equations for the case in which the intramolecular restoring force for a fluctuating dipole is harmonic (i.e., a quantum Drude model). In the limit of low oscillator frequencies, the solutions reduce to those deduced by Pratt on the basis of classical theory. We discuss the frequency dependence of the fluid renormalizations of atomic polarizabilities, and show that for the zero frequency applications discussed by Pratt, the classical theory is correct. We find, however, that the finite frequency quantum effects play a dominant role for many experimentally relevant properties. Generalizations of the quantum theory to include features such as charge overlap and hyperpolarizabilities are also discussed. The relationship between low orde...
The design and performance of the 384-element imaging submillimeter detector arrays for HAWC and SHARC II

We report on the performance of the SHARC II detector, a 12×32 array of ion implanted Si pop-up bolometers. This 384 element detector array was built as a prototype for the High Angular Resolution Widefield Camera for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. We will discuss the design process, the characterization of the detectors, and the performance of the array in the SHARC II instrument. SHARC II is now a facility instrument on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, providing background-limited imaging at 350 and 450 µm.
Melt density and the average composition of basalt

Densities of residual liquids produced by low pressure fractionation of olivine-rich melts pass through a minimum when pyroxene and plagioclase joint the crystallization sequence. The observation that erupted basalt compositions cluster around the degree of fractionation from picritic liquids corresponding to the density minimum in the liquid line of descent may thus suggest that the earth's crust imposes a density filter on the liquids that pass through it, favoring the eruption of the light liquids at the density minimum over the eruption of denser more fractionated and less fractionated liquids.
Damping factor for the least-squares method of optical design.

Damping factor automatic determination by use of second derivatives of residuals for damped least squares method of optical design
Seedling growth responses to light and mineral N form are predicted by species ecologies and can help explain tree diversity

Tree species distributions and diversity could be explained by rank changes in performance over multiple spatiotemporal resource gradients, i.e., resource partitioning. For 14 species planted in 45 harvest gap and closed canopy locations in a mesic northern hardwood forest community, Michigan, USA, we asked the following questions: (i) are species growth responses to light, nitrogen (N), or N form (ammonium vs. nitrate) related to their ecological distributions and phylogenies? and (ii) is there evidence of growth-based resource partitioning over measured resource gradients? Growth responses to the N form were consistent with both differences in uptake energy requirements between N forms and their availability through succession and across fertility gradients; height growth was negatively related to the species shade-tolerance score, especially in high light, i.e., shade-intolerant species responded to soil nitrate-N and shade-tolerant species responded to ammonium-N; fertile soil associated species respo...
Intrinsic Motivation and Learning Performance Implications for Individual Educational Programming for Learners with Mild Handicaps

The implications of current theories of intrinsic motivation for educational practices for learners with mild handicaps are reviewed. Conceptions of intrinsic motivation are presented and methods of identifying individual differences in motivational orientation are identified. The interaction of classroom demand environments, the effects of teacher reward and punishment, and individual differences in intrinsic motivation in learners with mild handicaps is discussed in relation to behavioral effectiveness and to academic performance.
Velocity of Ultrasonic Waves in Water Vapor

The velocity of sound waves having a frequency of 108,600 cycles per second, has been measured in water vapor by a method similar to that used by Pierce for other gases. At a temperature of 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C. the velocity is 432 meters per second.
Innovation in horizon scanning for the social sector: an introduction to the Searchlight function

Purpose – The Rockefeller Foundation has developed the first‐of‐its‐kind trend monitoring effort in the philanthropic and broader social sector, conceptualizing and operationalizing an approach that surfaces cutting‐edge intelligence with a distinctly on‐the‐ground perspective from individuals and institutions living and working throughout the developing world, known as the Searchlight function. The Searchlight function consists of a network of forward‐looking, regionally focused horizon scanning and trend monitoring organizations that conduct regular, ongoing scanning for novel ideas, research results, and “clues” as to where the world is evolving. This article aims to focus on the Searchlight function and to introduce the Special Issue.Design/methodology/approach – The article describes the goals and evolution of the Searchlight function, an important set of lessons learned, and an overview of the synthesis and visualization efforts that have been applied to the Searchlight outputs.Findings – The insigh...
Fraunhofer diffraction of short-fiber-reinforced composites aligned by an electric field

Summary Objectives This study aims to determine if aligned, short-fiber composites are capable of producing Fraunhofer diffraction patterns similar to those of human enamel sections and to validate the mechanism of diffraction by comparing the experimental and theoretical fiber spacings. Methods Rectangular composite specimens were filled with short E-glass fibers (120 μm length, 15 μm diameter) to contents of 1, 5, 10, and 25% (vol%). The fibers were oriented perpendicular to the surface normal using an alternating electric field of 0.75 kV/mm. A He–Ne laser was used with thin slices of specimen placed behind a pinhole to produce diffraction patterns. The locations of the diffraction maxima were used to determine the theoretical slit spacings which were compared to the experimental slit spacings determined by microscopy. Results The specimens produced diffraction patterns analogous to the theoretical Fraunhofer diffraction of light through multiple slits. This was verified by comparing the theoretical spacing of the fibers calculated from the diffraction pattern with the experimental spacing of the fibers determined from the optical micrographs. Significance This work has verified that orientation of short-fiber composites using an electric field can yield composites with sufficient order to produce Fraunhofer diffraction patterns that are qualitatively similar to the diffraction patterns of human enamel sections.
PROGESTERONE AND ESTRADIOL INTERACTION IN THE REGULATION OF RAT UTERINE WEIGHT AND ESTROGEN RECEPTOR CONCENTRATION

Autologous down-regulation of hormone receptors has been shown for several steroid hormones. We have previously shown estradiol (E2) regulates estrogen receptor (ER) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. These studies have been extended to investigate the interaction between progesterone (P) and E2 in the regulation of ER and uterine weight. We implanted Silastic capsules containing varying concentrations of E2 (0.0005 mg E2/ml to 5.0 mg E2/ml of sesame oil) into adult female Sprague-Dawley rats one week after OVX. Simultaneously with implantation, P injections were started (sc in sesame oil) at doses of 1-40 mg/day for three days. In the absence of P, the 0.05 mg E2/ml implant significantly increased total ER levels (measured by cytosol and nuclear exchange assays) by 25%, while the two highest concentrations of E2 (0.5 and 5.0 mg E2/ml) significantly decreased cytosol and total ER levels by at least 40%. No P dose altered ER levels in OVX rats or in rats given E2 implants of 0.01 mg E2/ml or lower. At E2 implant concentrations of 0.05 mg E2/ml and higher, P decreased total ER levels 30%-50% compared to the appropriate E2-only controls. P increased uterine weight by 25% in OVX controls and in rats treated with E2 implants of 0.01 mg E2/ml and below. In contrast, P inhibited uterine weight gain induced by 0.05-5.0 mg/E2 ml implants by 20%-30%; maximal inhibition occurred at 5 mg/day of P and above. These data demonstrate that P increases uterine weight but does not alter ER concentration in rats with low E2 levels (OVX or low E2 concentration implants) but decreases uterine weight and down-regulates ER at higher E2 levels, regardless of whether ER is up-regulated or down-regulated by E2.
Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration:

This article concentrates on two models of therapy, one Gestalt and the other Adlerian, that were presented at a Brief Therapy Conference and involved demonstrations with parents. Both sessions focused on the needs of individual parents who sought help with their relationships with a daughter and a son, respectively. Typescripts of each session are provided along with an assessment of purpose, awareness, contact, and experience (P.A.C.E.) as these relate to the flow and rhythms of therapy.
Polymerization of higher aldehydes

Abstract This review concerns the polymerization of substituted aldehydes. Two groups of aldehydes have been subjected to systematic study: (1) higher aliphatic aldehydes containing linear chains with up to 12 carbon atoms; (2) branched hydrocarbon chains, including acetaldehyde; and haloaldehydes, derivatives of acetaldehyde substituted with fluorine, chlorine or bromine in the methyl group. The methods of preparation, purification and characterization of the monomers, the mechanisms of polymerization, their thermodynamics and stereochemistry, and the properties of the resulting polymers are all discussed. In addition it is pointed out that several properties exhibited by the polymers may lend themselves to practical applications in the future.
Synthesis and mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials via cryomilling

Abstract Cryomilling, the mechanical attrition of powders within a cryogenic medium, is a method of strengthening materials through grain size refinement and the dispersion of fine, nanometer-scale particles. The technique was developed as a means to decrease both the size of these particles and their spacing within a metallic matrix to increase threshold creep stress and intermediate temperature performance. More recent work has been concerned with increasing the strength of lightweight structural materials. In this overview paper, the available literature is reviewed that covers the microstructural evolution during cryomilling, consolidation and processing, the thermal stability of the microstructure, and mechanical properties of consolidated materials. The properties of cryomilled materials are compared to those results for powders and consolidated materials generated by mechanical alloying, milling at ambient temperatures and other means to produce fine grained materials.
Unique case of trisomy 2p24.3-pter with no associated monosomy

We report a 3-year-old girl with trisomy 2p24.3-pter who presented with marked psychomotor delay and dysmorphic features. This patient represents the only known case of trisomy 2p24.3-2pter that does not involve an associated functional monosomy. In contrast to recent reports highlighting the fatal or serious complications in patients described as having partial trisomy 2p, this patient does not have significant birth defects or life threatening medical problems. Notably, this patient does not have a neural tube defect (NTD), which has been attributed to a putative locus at 2p24 in other patients with a partial trisomy 2p.
The IVth Karlson Lecture: ecdysone-responsive genes.

Abstract Those of us who study ecdysone action share at least two important long-range goals: (i) to understand the developmental specificity of steroid action in full molecular detail, by integrating ecdysone action with our rapidly expanding knowledge of the molecular biology of insect development, and (ii) to better understand the nature of the steroid response and its evolution by taking advantage of the unparalleled opportunities for both genetic and comparative study afforded by the diversity of the “ecdysone world”. However, until recently, the molecular fundamentals of the ecdysone system were unknown and our efforts have, of necessity, been devoted to their elucidation. Now that the situation has changed: we have a small but varied catalog of ecdysone-responsive genes for study and it is clear that some of these are tissue- and stage-specific in their expression. The ecdysone receptor ( EcR ), like other steroid receptors a member of the nuclear receptor family, is now accessible to molecular study, and we have a preliminary understanding of the DNA sequences (EcREs) that bind receptor and specify a gene as ecdysone-responsive. With these tools in hand and with the opportunity to turn to larger questions, it is a propitious moment to consider the nature of those questions and how ecdysone can contribute to the answers.
An Experimental Study of Surface Tension-Dependent Pool Boiling Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes-Nanofluids

This paper reports an experimental investigation of the pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-nanofluids. Two main characteristics were studied to identify their influence on boiling heat transfer: one is the surface tension through the addition of surfactant and the other is the chemical treatment of nanotubes sidewalls (i.e. oxidized and untreated sidewalls). A Transmission Electron Microscope was used to study the morphology of the functionalized nanotubes and their deposition on heater wire. The maximum enhancement of both the critical and burnout heat fluxes of this nanofluid over those of the pure deionized water are found to be 492% and 265%, respectively at a surfactant to carbon nanotubes concentration ratio of 1:5. This indicates that high enhancement of heat flux is possible and would depend on the concentration of the surfactants. Present results also demonstrate that CNT-nanofluids in a pool boiling environment can extend the saturated boiling regime and the burnout of the heated surface. The burnout heat flux is found to be a strong function of the relaxation of nanofluid surface tension with the base fluid. Based on the best fit of experimental data, an empirical correlation between the burnout heat flux of nanofluid and its relaxation of surface tension is introduced.© 2009 ASME
Heparin bonding of bypass circuits reduces cytokine release during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Background. Heparin bonding of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pump circuit decreases complement activation and fibrinolysis. It is not known whether inflammatory cytokines produced during CPB can also be modulated by the more biocompatible heparin-coated circuit. Methods. This initial study evaluated the impact of heparin-bonded CPB circuits on production of the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), IL-6, and IL-8 in adults undergoing complex cardiac operations with prolonged CPB. Twenty patients had blood samples drawn immediately before and at hourly intervals after the start of CPB using either a conventional oxygenator and circuit (n = 14) or a covalently bonded heparin oxygenator and circuit (n = 6). Levels of IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8 were measured in all serum samples using a "sandwich" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 increased in a time-dependent fashion in both groups, but the response was significantly less over time in the heparin-bonded group ( p Conclusions. These data indicate that the use of heparin-coated bypass pump circuits results in lower serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 than standard circuits. Biocompatible materials that decrease the inflammatory response to CPB may ultimately reduce the morbidity associated with cardiac operations.
On the structure of vitreous SiO2— I. A new pentagonal dodecahedral model

Abstract While many of the features of the Warren-Zachariasen theory of the structure of silica seem to have stood the test of time a number of its details are coming more and more to be questioned. It is shown that an alternative form of the random hypothesis for such structures can be given. In essence this reformulation is stated in terms of a network built up of a jumble of n sided polyhedra each face of which is a polygon with m faces. The silicon atoms are located on the vertices of the polyhedra; the oxygen atoms lie between the Si but not necessarily along the edges. It is shown that n must be close to 12 and m close to 5. A formal pentagonal dodecahedral model (PDM) is then proposed which has the great advantage of being amenable to calculation. Since the individual pentagonal dodecahedra (pd), when stacked, do not quite fill space, some distortion is necessary; even under these circumstances space can be filled only for limited volumes. The resulting distortion can be evaluated from the density and from the volume increases found experimentally when foreign oxides, whose cations are smaller in radius than Pb 2+ are added to silica to form glasses. The pentagonal dodecahedral model (PDM) thus leads to a grained textured structure composed of tiny cylinders whose packing fraction is very high due to the relatively large number of cross-grain Si-O-Si linkages. The model yields an X-ray diffraction pattern in agreement with that found experimentally.
COLLEGE WOMEN'S FEARS AND PRECAUTIONARY BEHAVIORS RELATING TO ACQUAINTANCE RAPE AND STRANGER RAPE

Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors because of fear of stranger rape than of acquaintance rape. When asked to self-generate situations in which they feared rape, they generated more situations in which they feared stranger rape than acquaintance rape. Paradoxically, they estimated that acquaintance rape was more common. Precautionary behaviors were best predicted by level of fear. A history of acquaintance rape had no effect on women's responses. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.
A simple three-terminal IC bandgap reference

A new configuration for realization of a stabilized bandgap voltage is described. The new two-transistor circuit uses collector current sensing to eliminate errors due to base current. Because the stabilized voltage appears at a high impedance point, the application to circuits with higher output voltage is simplified. Incorporation of the new two-transistor cell in a three-terminal 2.5-V monolithic reference is described. The complete circuit is outlined in functional detail together with analytical methods used in the design. The analytical results include sensitivity coefficients, gain and frequency response parameters, and biasing for optimum temperature performance. The performance of the monolithic circuit, which includes temperature coefficients of 5 ppm//spl deg/C over the military temperature range, is reported.
Taking Turns and Talking Ties: Networks and Conversational Interaction1

Conversational encounters are permeable to network effects but not entirely so, for conversation is internally structured by sequential constraints and dependencies that limit the latitude people have to act on their relational commitments. The author analyzes the effects of hierarchical (superior‐subordinate) and horizontal (friendship and co‐working) networks on “participation shifts”—transitions in the identities of speakers and targets (addressees) that occur from one speaking turn to the next—in meetings of 10 groups of managers. The results point to a range of relational obligations and entitlements, such as the obligation subordinates have to bolster superiors’ control of the floor, and the way in which friendship and co‐working ties get expressed through remarks made to third parties. The article is perhaps the first to link statistically network‐analytic and conversation‐analytic levels of analysis.
Environmental effects on fatigue and lifetime predictions for silica optical fibers

This paper reviews the dependence of strength and fatigue of fused silica optical fiber on the environmental parameters temperature, humidity and pH. It is shown that the stress corrosion parameter, n, is not a constant but depends on the nature of the environment. Further, different kinetic forms for the stress corrosion kinetics lead to different interpretations of experimental results. Since lifetime predictions are very sensitive to the value of n and the kinetic form, it is important to know which form is correct. It is shown that the empirical power law form that is almost exclusively used by the fiber optics industry provides a good fit to fatigue data for high strength fiber, but an exponential form provides a more self-consistent description of fatigue in different environments.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF COLUBRID SNAKE VENOMS

The polyphyletic family Colubridae contains approximately two-thirds of the described species of advanced snakes, and nearly half of these (∼700 species) produce a venom in a specialized cephalic gland, the Duvernoy's gland. Biochemical and pharmacological information is lacking for venoms of most species, and modest detailed information on venom composition is available for only a few species which represent a potential health threat to humans. However, colubrid venoms represent a vast source of novel compounds, and some toxins, such as the 20–26 kD CRISP-related venom proteins (helveprins), have only recently been identified in both colubrid and elapid/viperid venoms. Difficulties associated with extraction have been addressed, and it is now possible to obtain venom sufficient for many analyses from even small species. There appears to be a greater number of venom components shared among the colubrids and the front-fanged snakes than has been previously noted, and it is probable that as analytical metho...
High-resolution imaging of the thyroid gland using optical coherence tomography.

Background. Current diagnostic imaging modalities of the thyroid gland cannot reliably distinguish benign from malignant lesions, primarily because of their inability to visualize microscopic structure. A high-resolution imaging technique capable of examining thyroid tissue architectural morphology in real time is needed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to achieve high resolutions approaching the cellular range (1–15 μm). The feasibility of optical coherence tomography for imaging thyroid tissue was explored ex vivo on the human thyroid gland. Methods. High-resolution OCT was performed in real time at 2 to 4 frames per second on three postmortem and 15 surgically excised thyroid glands containing normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic tissue. OCT images acquired were compared with those obtained using standard histopathologic methods. Results. The microstructure of the normal thyroid gland, including colloid-filled follicles as small as 15 μm and their supporting stroma, was clearly identified. OCT images of degenerative, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and malignant change within the thyroid gland were shown to correlate well with corresponding histopathologic findings. Conclusions. The ability of OCT to image thyroid tissue microarchitecture makes it a potentially powerful technology that can be used to assess the thyroid gland at a resolution greater than currently available clinical imaging modalities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 425–434, 2004
An adaptive data replication algorithm

This article addresses the performance of distributed database systems. Specifically, we present an algorithm for dynamic replication of an object in distributed systems. The algorithm is adaptive in the sence that it changes the replication scheme of the object i.e., the set of processors at which the object inreplicated) as changes occur in the read-write patern of the object (i.e., the number of reads and writes issued by each processor). The algorithm continuously moves the replication scheme towards an optimal one. We show that the algorithm can be combined with the concurrency control and recovery mechanisms of ta distributed database management system. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. On the way we provide a lower bound on the performance of any dynamic replication algorith.
Interactive Failure of Two Impacting Beams

A complete analysis of an inelastic beam-to-beam impact is presented. Both beams are of solid, rectangular cross-sections. The problem is formulated based on the momentum conservation and the kinematic and dynamic continuity conditions at the moving wavefront. Closed-form solutions are obtained for transient transverse velocities, deflection profiles, and tensile strains based on the moderately large deflection theory of the beam. Three different regimes of the solution are distinguished, depending on relative values of mass ratios and wave speed ratios. Critical impact velocities to break either of the beams are determined for both the striking and struck beams by assuming both beams fail by tensile necking. However, location of the fracture point depends on relative values of various parameters. It can be right in the contact zone or away from it. It is also shown that after one beam breaks, the other beam will deform further without breaking.
The discursive features of the collaborative interaction of advanced learners of Spanish: a sociocultural perspective

This study investigates the collaborative interaction of English-speaking students enrolled in a university upper-level Spanish course. We have framed our research within the sociocultural theory of mind and language based on the work of the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1978, 1986). We examine specific features (e.g., repetition, sentence types, modal verbs, etc.) of student interactions in order to determine the social and cognitive functions of their utterances while performing three collaborative writing assignments. The focus of this research is how language, whether L1 or L2, functions as the principle mediating device in the process of learning a second language, particularly in a classroom setting. Two key elements of effective collaboration, scaffolding and intersubjectivity, are explored in order to understand how students use language to provide each other with scaffolded help and to achieve and maintain intersubjectivity.
Quality and Quantity of Rehabilitation Exercises Delivered By A 3-D Motion Controlled Camera: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Tele-rehabiliation technologies that track human motion could enable physical therapy in the home. To be effective, these systems need to collect critical metrics without PT supervision both in real time and in a store and forward capacity. The first step of this process is to determine if PTs (PTs) are able to accurately assess the quality and quantity of an exercise repetition captured by a tele-rehabilitation platform. The purpose of this pilot project was to determine the level of agreement of quality and quantity of an exercise delivered and assessed by the Virtual Exercise Rehabilitation Assistant (VERA), and seven PTs. Methods: Ten healthy subjects were instructed by a PT in how to perform four lower extremity exercises. Subjects then performed each exercises delivered by VERA which counted repetitions and quality. Seven PTs independently reviewed video of each subject’s session and assessed repetitions quality. The percent difference in total repetitions and analysis of the distribution of rating repetition quality was assessed between the VERA and PTs. Results: The VERA counted 426 repetitions across 10 subjects performing the four different exercises while the mean repetition count from the PT panel was 426.7 (SD = 0.8). The VERA underestimated the total repetitions performed by 0.16% (SD = 0.03%, 95% CI 0.12 - 0. 22). Chi square analysis across raters was χ2 = 63.17 (df = 6, p<.001), suggesting significant variance in at least one rater. Conclusion: The VERA count of repetitions was accurate in comparison to a seven member panel of PTs. For exercise quality the VERA was able to rate 426 exercise repetitions across 10 patients and four different exercises in a manner consistent with five out of seven experienced PTs.
Update of integrated circuit SEE responses: 2001-2002

This tenth biennial update presents heavy ion and proton SEE (single event effects) data from various test groups over the past two years.
Case Study for Unified Backhaul Performance Optimization

In an attempt to optimize network performance of delivered 2G and 3G services and reduce operating costs, today's mobile operators are searching for aggregation and concentration alternatives for the backhaul network. This paper explores a solution that would provide improved traffic aggregation at the regional hub sites in order to optimize traffic backhauling to the network core.
How lucky can you get

In this paper, I apply Duncan Pritchard’s anti-luck epistemology to the case of knowledge through testimony. I claim (1) that Pritchard’s distinction between veritic and reflective luck provides a nice taxonomy of testimony cases, (2) that the taxonomic categories that emerge can be used to suggest precisely what epistemic statuses are transmissible through testimony, and (3) that the resulting picture can make clear how testimony can actually be knowledge-generating.
Ultrasonic pattern of ventricular rhabdomyoma in two infants

Abstract Two infants with ventricular septal rhabdomyoma were studied with ultrasound. An abnormal cluster of echoes in the vicinity of the ventricular septum corresponded to the angiographic location of the tumor in each case. Disappearance of these echoes after successful surgical resection lends further support to the conclusion that the abnormal cluster of echoes was indeed related to the intracavitary portion of the tumor in both cases.
Delayed triggering of microearthquakes by multiple surface waves circling the Earth

It is well known that direct surface waves of large earthquakes are capable of triggering shallow earthquakes and deep tremor at long-range distances. However, it is not clear whether multiple surface waves circling the Earth could also trigger/modulate seismic activities. Here we conduct a systematic search of remotely triggered microearthquakes near the Coso Geothermal Field in central California following the 2010 Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake. We find a statistically significant increase of microearthquakes in the first few hours after the Chile mainshock. These observations of apparently delayed earthquake triggering do not follow the Omori-law decay with time since the largest ML 3.5 event occurred during the large-amplitude Love waves. Instead, they are better correlated with the first three groups of multiple surface waves (G1 − R1, G2 − R2, and G3). Our observation provides an alternative explanation of delayed triggering of microearthquakes at long-range distances, at least in the first few hours after large earthquakes.
The Connectivity Analysis of Simple Association

The efficient realization, using current silicon technology, of Very Large Connection Networks (VLCN) with more than a billion connections requires that these networks exhibit a high degree of communication locality. Real neural networks exhibit significant locality, yet most connectionist/neural network models have little. In this paper, the connectivity requirements of a simple associative network are analyzed using communication theory. Several techniques based on communication theory are presented that improve the robustness of the network in the face of sparse, local interconnect structures. Also discussed are some potential problems when information is distributed too widely.
Speech-Related Breathing in Infants: How Much Do We Really Know?

A rich area of research is the question of how infants learn to use the respiratory system to produce increasingly complex utterances during the first 2 years of life. Understanding infant speech-r...