cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geophysical study of the San Juan Mountains batholith complex, southwestern Colorado

One of the largest and most pronounced gravity lows over North America is over the rugged San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado (USA). The mountain range is coincident with the San Juan volcanic field (SJVF), the largest erosional remnant of a widespread mid-Cenozoic volcanic field that spanned much of the southern Rocky Mountains. A buried, low-density silicic batholith complex related to the volcanic field has been the accepted interpretation of the source of the gravity low since the 1970s. However, this interpretation was based on gravity data processed with standard techniques that are problematic in the SJVF region. The combination of high-relief topography, topography with low densities, and the use of a common reduction density of 2670 kg/m3 produces spurious large-amplitude gravity lows that may distort the geophysical signature of deeper features such as a batholith complex. We applied an unconventional processing procedure that uses geologically appropriate densities for the uppermost crust and digital topography to mostly remove the effect of the low-density units that underlie the topography associated with the SJVF. This approach resulted in a gravity map that provides an improved representation of deeper sources, including reducing the amplitude of the anomaly attributed to a batholith complex. We also reinterpreted vintage seismic refraction data that indicate the presence of low-velocity zones under the SJVF. Assuming that the source of the gravity low on the improved gravity anomaly map is the same as the source of the low seismic velocities, integrated modeling corroborates the interpretation of a batholith complex and then defines the dimensions and overall density contrast of the complex. Models show that the thickness of the batholith complex varies laterally to a significant degree, with the greatest thickness (∼20 km) under the western SJVF, and lesser thicknesses (<10 km) under the eastern SJVF. The largest group of nested calderas on the surface of the SJVF, the central caldera cluster, is not correlated with the thickest part of the batholith complex. This result is consistent with petrologic interpretations from recent studies that the batholith complex continued to be modified after cessation of volcanism and therefore is not necessarily representative of synvolcanic magma chambers. The total volume of the batholith complex is estimated to be 82,000–130,000 km3. The formation of such a large felsic batholith complex would inevitably involve production of a considerably greater volume of residuum, which could be present in the lower crust or uppermost mantle. The interpreted vertically averaged density contrast (–60 to –110 kg/m3), density (2590–2640 kg/m3), and seismic expression of the batholith complex are consistent with results of geophysical studies of other large batholiths in the western United States.
The ubiquitin-encoding multigene family of flax, Linum usitatissimum.

Abstract Ubiquitin (Ubq), a 76-amino acid (aa) protein, is found in all eukaryotic organisms and is one of the most conserved proteins so far studied. It is implicated in many cellular processes. The Ubq-encoding genes (ubq) are generally present as a multigene family. In flax, we have estimated that this multigene family contains at the most ten members. The initial flax ubq sequences were isolated from a flax genomic library in λEMBL4 using a heterologous Arabidopsis thaliana ubq probe. An 916-bp fragment from one of the phage clones was subcloned and sequenced. The aa sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence of this fragment is identical to that of other plant Ubqs. This fragment was then used to isolate additional flax ubq clones. In all, eleven phage λ. clones, which represent six members of the gene family, were restriction-mapped and characterized. These six members are represented as three monomers, three poly-Ubqs, one hexamer and two tetramers. They can be present at either a single locus (two of the monomers and one of the poly-Ubqs) or at two loci (the remaining three genes). The other four members of the family are yet to be cloned and characterized.
Human labor as an energy source for rice production in the developing world

Abstract Human labor requirements for rice production practices in the developing world are assessed in terms of baseline worker hours and energy costs per hectare. Modifications of traditional cultivation systems are analyzed with respect to agricultural techniques (the methods by which inputs are powered) and technologies (the applications of knowledge to the production system) used. Human labor, animal labor and mechanical sources of energy are compared within traditional, improved and modern modes of technology. Nine different technique/technology options are examined in terms of energy efficiency for land preparation and seeding, harvesting and threshing, as well as auxilliary intercultivation procedures. Specific employment planning strategies are suggested, based on the results of the operational analysis.
Bifurcation and asymptotic bifurcation for equations involving A-proper mappings with applications to differential equations

Abstract Let X, Y be real Banach spaces, T: X → Y A-proper, and C: X → Y compact. Section 1 of this paper is devoted to the study of bifurcation and asymptotic bifurcation problems for Eq. (∗): Tx − λCx = 0 . In Theorem 1 it is shown that if T(0) = C(0) = 0 and T and C have F-derivatives T0 and C0 at 0 with T0 A-proper and injective, then each eigenvalue of T0x − λC0x = 0 of odd multiplicity is a bifurcation point for Eq. (∗). Theorem 2 shows that if T and C have asymptotic derivatives T∞ and C∞, then each eigenvalue of T∞x − λC∞x = 0 of odd multiplicity is an asymptotic bifurcation point for Eq. (∗). Special cases are treated when Y = X and T = I − F with F k-ball-contractive or when Y ≠ X and T is either of type (S) or of strongly accretive type. Section 2 is devoted to applications of Theorems 1 and 2 to bifurcation problems involving elliptic operators. The usefulness of Theorems 1 and 2 stems from the fact that they are directly applicable to differential eigenvalue problems without the preliminary reduction of Eq. (∗) to equivalent problems involving compact operators. Moreover, in some cases they are applicable in situations to which the known bifurcation results are not applicable.
On temperature prediction at low Re turbulent flows using the Churchill turbulent heat flux correlation

The present work investigates the prediction of mean temperature profiles in turbulent channel flow using the fraction of the heat flux due to turbulence. According to this new model, suggested by Churchill and co-workers, fully developed flow and convection can be expressed as local fractions of the shear stress and the heat flux density due to turbulent fluctuations, respectively. The fully developed temperature profile can be predicted if the velocity field and the turbulent Prandtl number are known. Temperature profiles for Pr between 0.01 and 50,000 have been obtained theoretically and with simulations through the use of Lagrangian methods for both plane Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow. The half channel height for all simulations was h = 150 in wall units. The theoretical predictions have been found to agree with the data quite well for a range of Pr, but there are deviations at very high Pr.
Superhydrophobic Polymer Multilayers that Promote the Extended, Long‐Term Release of Embedded Water‐Soluble Agents

Polymer multilayers that exhibit surface and bulk superhydrophobicity are demonstrated to promote long-term release of water-soluble agents (for ca.1 year) when submerged in water. The extremely nonwetting nature of these materials prevents rapid influx of water, addressing a key limitation inherent to polyelectrolytebased multilayers that release imbedded agents quickly. Our results provide new and potentially general principles for the design of surface coatings in the context of controlled release.
The alcohol expectancy concept: Applications to assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse*

Abstract Recent developments in alcohol expectancy research and theory have converged with concepts emanating from cognitive science and neuroscience. The use of these concepts can increase theoretical understanding of expectancy structure and process and make available more comprehensive strategies for expectancy assessment. Fledgling prevention and treatment applications are currently best guided by existing research in social cognition and cognitive therapy, but cognitive science may suggest novel approaches. In particular, the grounding of prevention efforts in expectancy theory may advance work that has, to date, been largely atheoretical.
Cognitive complexity and cerebral sensory interaction

Abstract To ascertain the amount of association between cognitive complexity and cerebral sensory interaction, visual, auditory and bimodal event-related potentials were recorded from 50 right-handed Caucasian males. Sensory interaction indices were derived for these S s who had taken the Role Construct Repertory Test of cognitive complexity. Product-moment correlations were computed between sensory interaction indices for eight cerebral and cognitive complexity test scores. Sensory interaction for one left and all right hemisphere regions was significantly related to cognitive complexity. As sensory suppression lessened, cognitive complexity decreased. The results substantiated the theory that the visual-imaginal and the auditory-verbal representational systems are implicated in cognitive complexity. The extent to which the cortex can inhibit or attenuate the interaction between these dual symbol systems is associated with intricate cognitive processing.
Brain Tumors Frequently Encountered by Speech-Language Pathologists: A Review and Tutorial

Abstract Purpose: As diagnostic and treatment techniques for brain tumors improve, the prevalence of patients diagnosed and living with the neurologic consequences of brain tumors is increasing. Th...
Expected utility theory from the frequentist perspective

We present an axiomatization of expected utility from the frequentist perspective. It starts with a preference relation on the set of infinite sequences with limit relative frequencies. We consider three axioms parallel to the ones for the von Neumann–Morgenstern (vN–M) expected utility theory. Limit relative frequencies correspond to probability values in lotteries in the vN–M theory. This correspondence is used to show that each of our axioms is equivalent to the corresponding vN–M axiom in the sense that the former is an exact translation of the latter. As a result, a representation theorem is established: The preference relation is represented by an average of utilities with weights given by the relative frequencies.
Nucleotide sequence of the Urechis caupo core histone gene tandem repeat

The 4942 bp nucleotide sequence of a repeating unit from the core histone gene tandem repeat of Urechis caupo and the predicted amino acid sequence of the four core histones are presented. Putative promoter elements including the CAP site and TATA box as well as multiple CAAT-like sequences are identified upstream from each gene. Upstream from each core histone gene are 26 or 30 bp sequences that may have a promoter function and appear to be unique to Urechis histone genes. Located 5′ to both H2A and H2B is the 26 bp seqaence, GGTCATGTCACTCTAATACCGCGCTC. An identical, but inverted, 26 bp sequence is present upstream of H4. Upstream from the H3 gene, two regions of a 30 bp sequence, GGTCTTGTGCCGGGAACAAATACCCCAACG, are very similar to corresponding regions of the 26 bp sequence. Additional 10 bp conserved sequences, CAGCGGGCGC, are present only upstream from the H2A and H2B genes. Conserved sequences containing a region of dyad symmetry followed by a purine-rich sequence that are typical of histone mRNA ter...
Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine effects on approach-avoidance behavior.

Summary.-Effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on avoidance behavior in 30 male C57BL/bJ mice were investigated. Ss were placed in an approach-avoidance situation created in a linear maze with an electric grid in front of the goalbox. After avoidance behavior was established, each S was placed in the conflict situation under each of three drug conditions: epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, and placebo. The results showed that all conditions were significantly different from each other, with the greatest amount of avoidance behavior being shown under epinephrine and the greatest approach behavior under nor-epinephrine. It was concluded that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine may have differential effects on approach-avoidance behavior. It has been noted that there are differential physiological reactions when an -. organism is in various emotional states. Most of these effects relate to metabolic and autonomic nervous system functions, and of the metabolic functions, the role of epinephrine in emotional reactions has received considerable attention. In the last two decades, attention has also focused on a similar hormone, nor-epinephrine. It has been postulated that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine play differential roles in the emotional states of fear and anger. In one study on psychotic patients, Funkenstein (1955) found different physiological patterns associated with feelings of anger expressed away from the self and toward the self, and the evidence further indicated that nor-epinephrine was related to anger while epinephrine was related to feelings of fear. Other studies (Ax, 1953; Funkenstein, et al., 1954) also tend to support these findings. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine in an approach-avoidance situation. If these two hormones are related to different emotional states, then opposite behavioral reactions should occur following injections of the rwo hormones. From previous studies, it follows that fear reactions should lead to avoidance behavior, injections of epinephrine should be associated with the greatest amount of avoidance and injections of nor-epinephrine with most approach behavior. It was hypothesized that ( 1) Ss receiving an injection of epinephrine would show significantly greater avoidance responding than when receiving injections of nor-epinephrine or a placebo. (2) Ss receiving injections of norepinephrine would show significantly greater approach responses than when receiving injections of epinephrine or a placebo.
Convective versus stratiform rainfall: An ice-microphysical and kinematic conceptual model

Abstract The vertical profiles of latent heat released to the atmosphere are distinctly different between the two basic modes (convective and stratiform) of precipitation. Triggered by climatological studies focused on the heating of the atmosphere, but also by aspects relevant for radar–rainfall measurement, hydrologic modeling, and parameterizing different types of rainfall in large-scale and global circulation models, the discussion of convective vs. stratiform rainfall has gained increased attention. In that light, the kinematic and microphysical aspects of precipitation formation are revisited and a conceptual model introduced that provides a basis for an improved understanding of differences observed in convective and stratiform rainfall. The existence of higher-density ice particles is indicative for a convective nature of precipitation. Graupel may be considered as particles marking the boundary between convective and stratiform precipitation. The growth of higher-density graupel particles requires updrafts of the order of 2–3 m/s, which is in support of classifications commonly advocated.
Cultural Globalization and Language Education by KUMARAVADIVELU, B.

The article reviews the book "Cultural Globalization and Language Education," by B. Kumaravadivelu.
Controlling crosslinking in thermosets via chain transfer with monoterpenes

Renewable resources have been utilized to control the degree of crosslinking during ring-opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP). In this regard, the addition of monoterpenes to thermosets created a sustainable method for adjusting the physical properties and thermal stability. A number of monoterpenes with alkenes were examined as monofunctional reactants. The presence of these monoterpenes, such as β-pinene, during the ROMP of dicyclopentadiene altered the degree of crosslinking and plasticized the thermoset. The resulting physical properties were tailored to obtain desired modulus and glass transition (Tg) temperatures. The influence of time, temperature, weight percent β-pinene, and different metathesis catalysts was examined by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. A comparison of β-pinene with other monoterpenes, such as carvone, limonene oxide, myrcene, and d-limonene, resulted in a reactivity profile for this general method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
The role of endotoxin and the innate immune response in the pathophysiology of acute graft versus host disease.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is an important therapy for a number of malignant diseases, and acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and leukemic relapse remain the two major obstacles to successful outcomes of this treatment strategy. The therapeutic potential of allogeneic SCT relies on the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect, during which donor T lymphocytes eradicate residual malignant cells via immunological mechanisms. Unfortunately, beneficial GVL effects are closely associated with the toxicity of GVHD. The pathophysiology of GVHD is complex and fundamentally depends upon aspects of adaptive immunity and interactions between donor T cells and foreign host tissue antigens. Recent work has revealed that components of the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokine effectors are also important. In this context, experimental studies have demonstrated that loss of gastrointestinal (GI) tract integrity plays a major role in the amplification of systemic GVHD. Specifical...
Capsule commentary on Ratelle et al., Predicting and communicating risk of clinical deterioration: an observational cohort study of internal medicine residents.

The study by Ratelle et al.1 evaluated the ability of Internal Medicine residents to use a clinical prediction tool, the Patient Acuity Rating (PAR),2 to identify patients at risk for clinical deterioration. By evaluating the level of agreement between independently derived PAR scores of residents participating in a patient handoff, the study also investigated how effectively the residents communicated the potential for clinical deterioration. The authors found that higher PAR scores were associated with a significant increase in the odds of clinical deterioration, which is consistent with the findings of the original PAR study.2 Among post-graduate year (PGY) 1 residents, there was fair agreement in PAR scores between the giving and the receiving resident after a handoff. Interestingly, the level of agreement of PAR scores was lower among PGY3 residents, with higher average PAR scores by residents receiving the handoff. As the authors note, a thought-provoking and potentially confounding factor is the impact of formulating the PAR on the subsequent clinical decision-making by the resident receiving the handoff. A benefit of the PAR is that it facilitates the process of synthesizing clinical judgment into a simple, single number.3 Since the receiving resident was responsible for the subsequent care of the patient, it is possible that the process of formulating the PAR may have influenced the clinical assessment and subsequent clinical decisions (e.g., the need for escalation of care) beyond the information communicated in the handoff itself. The study supports a potential role for the PAR in the implementation or assessment of standardized handoff procedures. As an important component of the Accreditation Council for Graduation Medical Education (ACGME) CLER (Clinical Learning Environment Review) Care Transitions Pathway,4 handoffs are subject to increasing study and scrutiny in academic centers. Further investigation is needed to understand the multiple inter-related factors that impact handoff effectiveness, particularly since standardized handoff procedures have recently been associated with a reduction in medical errors and preventable adverse events when implemented in conjunction with communication training and faculty development.5
Radioimmunoassay for rhodopsin.

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for rhodopsin was devised using [125I]rhodopsin and antibody to purified bovine rhodopsin in a double antibody procedure that can quantify the concentration of this visual pigment when present in picomolar amounts. The method demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity, and is applicable to the determination of the rhodopsin concentration in crude extracts of tissue as well as in more purified preparations.
Environmental Standards and Trade Volume

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of environmental regulation on bilateral trade volume. We use a gravity model of trade flows and find weak evidence that differences in regulation are a source of comparative advantage. We also find evidence against the racetothebottom hypothesis in that increases in standards in both high and low standard countries increase bilateral trade volume. We use 1999 data on GDP, population, and environmental stringency for 39 countries.
The growth and characterization of high quality UPt3 crystals

Single crystals of UPt3 have been prepared. The crystals are shown to have a superconducting transition temperature of 526±2 mK with a transition width of 12.6 ± 0.1 mK. The measured x-ray rocking curve FWHM of the (002) peak is 180 ± 5 arcseconds, compared to a theoretical minimum linewidth as predicted for a perfect UPt3 single crystal of 90 arcseconds. The x-ray characterization, susceptibility, residual resistivity ratio (RRR) and impurity concentration results are presented.
Increasing TLB reach using superpages backed by shadow memory

The amount of memory that can be accessed without causing a TLB fault, the reach of a TLB, is failing to keep pace with the increasingly large working sets of applications. We propose to extend TLB reach via a novel Memory Controller TLB (MTLB) that lets us aggressively create superpages from non-contiguous, unaligned regions of physical memory. This flexibility increases the OS's ability to use superpages on arbitrary application data. The MTLB supports shadow pages, regions of physical address space for which the MTLB remaps accesses to "real" physical pages. The MTLB preserves per-base-page referenced and dirty bits, which enables the OS to swap shadow-backed superpages a page at a time, unlike conventional superpages. Simulation of five applications, including two SPECint95 benchmarks, demonstrated that a modest-sized MTLB improves performance of applications with moderate-to-high TLB miss rates by 5-20%. Simulation also showed that this mechanism can more than double the effective reach of a processor TLB with no modification to the processor MMU.
Knowledge, motivation, and adaptive behavior : a framework for improving selling effectiveness

The authors propose that adaptive selling is influenced by salespeople's knowledge of customer types and sales strategies as well as their motivation to alter the direction of their behavior. Perti...
Parenteral Nutrition Support in Rabbits and Ferrets

Proper nutrition and maintenance of a positive energy balance are crucial to an animal’s health. Parenteral nutrition is a medical technique that uses intravenous solutions for nutritional support. Parenteral nutrition has been used to successfully provide nutritional support in ferrets and rabbits for more than a decade at the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals–Angell Animal Medical Center. The basis for providing nutritional support and the technical expertise is similar to providing proper nutritional support to dogs and cats, with some differences in protein intake depending on whether the patient is a carnivore (ferret) or herbivore (rabbit). This article describes parenteral nutrition and techniques used to provide nutritional therapy for the ferret and rabbit patient.
Nasopharyngeal Secretory Antibody Response to Poliovirus Type 3 Virion Proteins Exhibit Different Specificities After Immunization with Live or Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines

By using immunoblotting, neutralization, and ELISA, the development of secretory antibody responses to poliovirus type 3 virion proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3) and to intact or trypsin-treated poliovirus type 3 was studied in the nasopharyngeal secretions in groups of infants after immunization with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine (OPV), enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV-EP), or after combined vaccination with IPV-EP followed by OPV. After three doses of vaccine, infants in all vaccine groups developed similar secretory IgA response to VP1 and VP2. The antibody response to VP3 was observed in 76.5 ^o of subjects immunized with OPV alone and in ^60^0 of those immunized with IPV-EP followed by OPV. However, only 13^o of those immunized with IPV-EP alone exhibited VP3-specific antibody response. Significant differences in poliovirus type 3 specific antibody activity were observed between OPV and IPV-EP immunized subjects when trypsin-treated poliovirus was used as the antigen for neutralization or for ELISA in vitro. The neutralizing antibody activity against cleaved virus was significantly higher than against whole virus in the OPV vaccinated subjects. Both neutralizing and ELISA antibody activity against cleaved virus was significantly lower than against the whole virus in IPV-EP immunized subjects.
Treatment strategies for highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients.

The management of highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients is often complicated by baseline antiretroviral drug resistance, patient intolerabilities, drug–drug interactions and quality-of-life issues; which are all factors that can limit the ability to construct a potent regimen. The mainstay of treatment has been to use new agents with activity against resistant virus. New agents, such as enfuvirtide and tipranavir/ritonavir, have shown promising results in highly active antiretroviral treatment regimens among patients with extensive treatment histories and resistance profiles, especially when used in combination with other active agents. Other strategies include mega-highly active antiretroviral treatment, double-boosted protease inhibitors, structured treatment interruptions and maintaining a replicative compromised virus. The future development of newer agents with activity against resistant virus is desperately needed, and many new compounds and classes of antiretrovirals are currently bein...
Charged Hadron Distributions in 200 GeV/A S+Au Collisions: A Look at Stopping

Abstract The first measurement of rapidity distributions obtained by subtracting positive hadrons from negative hadrons are presented for central 200 GeV A S+Au collisions. The measurements are made near beam rapidity in order to determine the extent of nuclear stopping in these collisions.
An approach to multimodal biomedical image registration utilizing particle swarm optimization

Biomedical image registration, or geometric alignment of two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional (3D) image data, is becoming increasingly important in diagnosis, treatment planning, functional studies, computer-guided therapies, and in biomedical research. Registration based on intensity values usually requires optimization of some similarity metric between the images. Local optimization techniques frequently fail because functions of these metrics with respect to transformation parameters are generally nonconvex and irregular and, therefore, global methods are often required. In this paper, a new evolutionary approach, particle swarm optimization, is adapted for single-slice 3D-to-3D biomedical image registration. A new hybrid particle swarm technique is proposed that incorporates initial user guidance. Multimodal registrations with initial orientations far from the ground truth were performed on three volumes from different modalities. Results of optimizing the normalized mutual information similarity metric were compared with various evolutionary strategies. The hybrid particle swarm technique produced more accurate registrations than the evolutionary strategies in many cases, with comparable convergence. These results demonstrate that particle swarm approaches, along with evolutionary techniques and local methods, are useful in image registration, and emphasize the need for hybrid approaches for difficult registration problems.
Enzymatic improvement of date quality. Use of invertase to improve texture and appearance of “sugar wall” dates

“Sugar wall” dates, which have crystalline sucrose present in the tissue, were improved in quality and market value by treating the fruits with food grade invertase. Enzyme concentration, temperature, time, and the degree of sucrose hydrolysis necessary to prevent recrystallisation during subsequent storage were studied in Deglet Noor dates. Native invertase activity, which can be reactivated by spraying or vacuum hydration was not sufficient to bring the ratio of sucrose: reducing sugar to a level low enough to prevent subsequent sucrose recrystallisation.
Morphology of retinal axons induced to arborize in a novel target, the medial geniculate nucleus. I. Comparison with arbors in normal targets

Ferret retinal axons can be induced to innervate the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) by a combination of brain lesions early in development. Our previous work suggests that the retinal ganglion cells responsible for this plasticity are W cells. The present study continues this work with a morphological investigation of normal retinal ganglion-cell axons and retinal ganglion-cell axons induced to arborize in the MGN. Retinal axons were bulk filled with horseradish peroxidase placed in the optic tract, and individual axons were serially reconstructed from sagittal sections. The control population consisted of fine-caliber axons arborizing in the superior colliculus (SC) and in the ventral C laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of normal ferrets. We also compared the axons in the MGN of lesioned ferrets to intracellularly filled X and Y axons from normal ferrets as reported by Roe et al. ([1989] J. Comp. Neurol. 288:208). We have found that the retino-MGN axons in the lesioned ferrets do not resemble X or Y axons in normal ferrets in axon diameter, arbor volume, bouton number, or bouton density. However, they do resemble the fine-caliber, presumed W axons arborizing in the C laminae of the LGN and in the SC of normal ferrets. Thus, this study, in combination with previous studies, suggests strongly that W retinal ganglion cells are responsible for the retinal input to the MGN in lesioned animals. In addition, we find that the retino-MGN axons are of two types, branched and unbranched, which may correspond to different subtypes of retinal W cells.
People, Territory, and Legitimacy in Democratic States

Who are the people who should govern themselves in a democracy? This is the famous boundary problem to which this article offers a new approach. Most democrats, even nationalists and cosmopolitans, delimit the demos by relying on territorial jurisdictions. However, territory is not explicit in their arguments. This article urges democrats to recognize territory's normative importance rather than overlook the role it already plays in their theories. Acknowledging territory is a risky, yet promising, strategy. Risky, because it may lead to a vicious circle: one needs well-defined territorial borders to delimit the people, yet one needs a well-defined people to establish legitimate territorial borders. Promising, because it forces democrats to scrutinize implicit assumptions and find new resources for dealing with the vicious circle. The article describes four possible tacks by which theorists could navigate the waters of people, territory, and legitimacy in democracies: asserting, circumventing, solving, and dissolving the circle.
Dynamic characterization of PMUs using step signals

Performance evaluation of PMUs to confirm the consistency of phasor measurements is of a great importance since it promotes the interchangeability among PMUs from different manufacturers. This paper presents a method for evaluating the dynamic performance of PMUs when exposed to a step change of input signals. A phasor estimation scheme is proposed to achieve high accuracy of reference phasors. An interleaving technique applied on output phasors can equivalently increase the reporting rate and can precisely depict the PMU behavior under the step input. Four types of tests with balanced and unbalanced three-phase step signals are performed as reference signals to characterize the step responses. A set of programs are developed to automate step-based tests. Three commercial PMUs are selected to perform step tests using the dynamic test system developed at NIST. The test results are outlined at the end.
Tropical Thermostats and Low Cloud Cover

Abstract The ability of subtropical stratus low cloud cover to moderate or amplify the tropical response to climate forcing such as increased CO2 is considered. Cloud radiative forcing over the subtropics is parameterized using an empirical relation between stratus cloud cover and the difference in potential temperature between 700 mb (a level that is above the trade inversion) and the surface. This relation includes the empirical negative correlation between SST and low cloud cover and is potentially a positive feedback to climate forcing. Since potential temperature above the trade inversion varies in unison across the Tropics as a result of the large-scale circulation and because moist convection relates tropospheric temperature within the convecting region to variations in surface temperature and moisture, the subtropical potential temperature at 700 mb depends upon surface conditions within the convecting region. As a result, subtropical stratus cloud cover and the associated feedback depend upon the...
A Four Group Cross-Over Design for Measuring Irreversible Treatments on Web Search Tasks

When trying to measure the effect of irreversible treatments such as training interventions, the choice of the experimental design can be difficult. A two group cross-over experimental design cannot be used due to longitudinal effects during the course of the experimental run, which can be especially large in dynamic web search environments. A standard case/control two group design also can be problematic because it is negatively impacted by variability among participants. Our solution uses a four group cross-over design that combines features from standard cross-over and case/control designs. We illustrate the effectiveness of this design through a case study in which participants are shown a video on how to use ``control-F'' to search for text within a web page. We quantify the improvement of our four group cross-over design compared to the standard case/control two group design with respect to measuring the effect of this video on participants. Finally, we compare the magnitude of our estimated ``control-F'' effect to similar studies on web ranking and user-interface changes, revealing that teaching this skill produces a potentially large improvement in web searchers' ability to search rapidly.
A Hertzian contact mechanics based formulation to improve ultrasound elastography assessment of uterine cervical tissue stiffness

Clinical practice requires improved techniques to assess human cervical tissue properties, especially at the internal os, or orifice, of the uterine cervix. Ultrasound elastography (UE) holds promise for non-invasively monitoring cervical stiffness throughout pregnancy. However, this technique provides qualitative strain images that cannot be linked to a material property (e.g., Young's modulus) without knowledge of the contact pressure under a rounded transvaginal transducer probe and correction for the resulting non-uniform strain dissipation. One technique to standardize elastogram images incorporates a material of known properties and uses one-dimensional, uniaxial Hooke's law to calculate Young's modulus within the compressed material half-space. However, this method does not account for strain dissipation and the strains that evolve in three-dimensional space. We demonstrate that an analytical approach based on 3D Hertzian contact mechanics provides a reasonable first approximation to correct for UE strain dissipation underneath a round transvaginal transducer probe and thus improves UE-derived estimates of tissue modulus. We validate the proposed analytical solution and evaluate sources of error using a finite element model. As compared to 1D uniaxial Hooke's law, the Hertzian contact-based solution yields significantly improved Young's modulus predictions in three homogeneous gelatin tissue phantoms possessing different moduli. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique to image human cervical tissue, where UE-derived moduli estimations for the uterine cervix anterior lip agreed well with published, experimentally obtained values. Overall, UE with an attached reference standard and a Hertzian contact-based correction holds promise for improving quantitative estimates of cervical tissue modulus.
Toremifene – a promising therapy for the prevention of prostate cancer and complications of androgen deprivation therapy

Deregulation of the estrogen axis in humans prompts a series of tissue-specific events. In the breast and prostate, alterations in estrogen signalling lead to genotypic and phenotypic molecular alterations that result in dysplastic cellular appearance, deregulated cell growth and carcinoma. In bone, decreased estrogen leads to increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, decreased bone mineral density and a significant fracture risk. Toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that exerts pharmacological activity in the breast, bone and prostate. An intense interest in developing this agent for prostate cancer chemoprevention is based on the reduction of premalignant and malignant prostate lesions in a transgenic model of prostate cancer. Biological and clinical activity was demonstrated in Phase II trials by the prevention of progression to prostate cancer in men with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and through suppression of bone turnover biomarkers and increased bone minera...
PARTITIONING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ISOLATION, NEST HABITAT, AND INDIVIDUAL DIET IN CAUSING ASSORTATIVE MATING WITHIN A POPULATION OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK

Assortative mating is measured as a phenotypic or genotypic correlation between mates. Although biologists typically view assortative mating in terms of mate preference for similar partners, correlations between mates can also arise from phenotypic spatial structure arising from spatial isolation or habitat preferences. Here, we test whether diet-assortative mating within an ecologically variable population of threespine stickleback results from small-scale geographic isolation or microhabitat preference. We find evidence for assortative mating in the form of a positive correlation between mated pairs’ diets (measured using stable isotopes). Stable isotopes reveal diet differences between different nesting areas and among individuals using different nest habitat within a nesting area. This spatial segregation of diet types should generate some assortative mating, but is insufficient to explain the observed assortment strength. Significant male–female isotope correlations remain after controlling for spatial variables. We therefore conclude that sticklebacks’ diet-assortative mating arises from additional behavioral preference. More generally, our results illustrate the point that spatial segregation can only drive appreciable levels of phenotypic assortative mating when environment-phenotype correlations are parallel and strong in both sexes. Consequently, intraspecific assortative mating may typically entail mating preferences rather than just spatial cosegregation of phenotypes.
Children’s recantation of adult wrongdoing: An experimental investigation

Child maltreatment cases often hinge on a child's word versus a defendant's word, making children's disclosures crucially important. There is considerable debate concerning why children recant allegations, and it is imperative to examine recantation experimentally. The purpose of this laboratory analogue investigation was to test (a) how often children recant true allegations of an adult's wrongdoing after disclosing and (b) whether children's age and caregiver supportiveness predict recantation. During an interactive event, 6- to 9-year-olds witnessed an experimenter break a puppet and were asked to keep the transgression a secret. Children were then interviewed to elicit a disclosure of the transgression. Mothers were randomly assigned to react supportively or unsupportively to this disclosure, and children were interviewed again. We coded children's recantations (explicit denials of the broken puppet after disclosing) and changes in their forthcomingness (shifts from denial or claims of lack of knowledge/memory to disclosure and vice versa) in free recall and in response to focused questions about the transgression. Overall, 23.3% of the children recanted their prior disclosures (46% and 0% in the unsupportive and supportive conditions, respectively). No age differences in recantation rates emerged, but 8- and 9-year-olds were more likely than 6- and 7-year-olds to maintain their recantation throughout Interview 2. Children whose mothers reacted supportively to disclosure became more forthcoming in Interview 2, and those whose mothers reacted unsupportively became less forthcoming. Results advance theoretical understanding of how children disclose negative experiences, including sociomotivational influences on their reports, and have practical implications for the legal system.
Problems and pitfalls in using HPLC pigment analysis to distinguish Lake Michigan phytoplankton taxa

Abstract High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become a standard for analysis of phytoplankton pigment in marine and freshwaters. In marine systems, such data have been combined with optimization algorithms (e.g., CHEMTAX) to quantitatively predict the taxa present in a given sample; such studies are less common in freshwaters, particularly in oligo- and mesotrophic lakes. HPLC/CHEMTAX methods were compared with taxonomic identification and quantification using traditional microscopy and volume to chlorophyll a conversions in Lake Michigan phytoplankton communities collected on six cruises during summer (June to August) 2008. Chlorophyll a reached maxima (approximately 1.5 μg L − 1 nearshore and 0.5 μg L − 1 offshore) in late June/early July, with the exception of the offshore metalimnion where chlorophyll a peaked (3.0 μg L − 1 ) in early July. Taxonomic groups were consistently misidentified by HPLC/CHEMTAX, relative to microscope methods; of 18 points of comparisons, only 5 were significantly related (judged by regression of relative proportion of chlorophyll a estimated by HPLC/CHEMTAX versus cell counts/volume). Confusion between diatoms and chrysophytes was particularly serious. For example, in late July when counts indicated that biovolume at epilimnetic stations was dominated by diatoms, HPLC/CHEMTAX indicated dominance by chrysophytes. Grouping diatoms and chrysophytes as a single taxon improved comparisons, so that there was significant agreement in 7 out of 18 cases. While some specific improvement to the HPLC method (e.g., selecting a smaller subset of pigments relevant to the specific phytoplankton assemblages found) might help, our work emphasizes the point made repeatedly in the literature, that HPLC methods cannot replace microscopy.
Effect of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) hay harvest interval on forage quality and performance of growing calves fed mixed diets.

Twelve 0.81-ha crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) hay fields were harvested at 21, 35, and 49 d of regrowth (average phonological growth stage of 30, 51, and 56, respectively). Increased harvest interval exhibited a linear decrease (P or = 0.11) ADG of limit-fed calves during the diet acclimation or growing phases (average 0.32 and 0.80 kg, respectively) or ADG of calves fed ad libitum (average 1.21 kg). Dry matter intake of calves fed ad libitum averaged 7.9 kg/d (3.28% of BW) and was not affected (P > or = 0.22) by harvest interval. Gain:feed was not affected (P > or = 0.20) by harvest interval (0.13 and 0.15 for limit-fed and ad libitum-fed calves, respectively). Increased harvest interval linearly increased (P or = 0.35). In the conditions of this study, increasing harvest interval of crabgrass hay from 21 to 49 d had no deleterious impact on animal performance or efficiency of gain when fed to growing calves in a high-concentrate mixture.
Collegiate Athletic Non-Participation

(1972). Collegiate Athletic Non-Participation. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 64-66.
Relation of Arterial Pulse-Pressure to Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference, Especially in Arterial Hypertension

Conclusions1. Since pulse pressure × pulse rate × arteriovenous oxygen difference in the arms of different subjects roughly equals a constant, PP × PR is regarded as a fair index of blood flow entering the arm.2. Since PP × PR is increased and A-V O2 diff. is diminished in arterial hypertension and in certain anemias (in both of which total cardiac output is not increased), it follows that a larger proportion than normal of total blood flows through the arms (and possibly all limbs), i. e., in these two conditions peripheral vasoconstriction is less marked in the arms than in the splanchnic area.3. In hyperthyroidism the points on the graph are moved to the right of the normal curve indicating an increased oxygen use in the arm. The fact that many cases involving increased cardiac work also move to the right show that the increased metabolism in these cases is not due to increased cardiac work alone, but takes place in the arms also and is possibly a general condition.4. It is suggested that the pulse pre...
Differential CD26-mediated activation of the CD3 and CD2 pathways after CD6-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Patients who have undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) are susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infectious complications in the months to years after engraftment. Impaired in vitro T-cell functions have been documented in these patients, and these T-cell dysfunctions contribute to the prolonged immune deficiency after allo-BMT. In the present study, we examined the expression of CD26 as well as the reconstitution of CD26-mediated T-cell costimulation via the CD3 and CD2 pathways at various times in patients aged greater than 18 years after CD6-positive, T-cell depleted allo-BMT. We found that the percentage of CD26- and CD3-positive cells, as well as the levels of expression of both antigens, was lower than in normal controls during the first 4 months after CD6-depleted allo-BMT. Subsequently, the amount of lymphocytes expressing CD3 and CD26 and the quantitative surface expression of CD3 and CD26 were not significantly different in patients and normal controls. Functional studies showed that CD26-mediated T-cell proliferation via the CD3 pathway was considerably improved and almost reached normal levels by 1 year, whereas recovery of CD26-mediated T-cell proliferation via the CD2 pathway was delayed for at least 2 years after CD6-depleted allo-BMT. As CD26 involvement in the regulation of human thymocyte activation is restricted preferentially to the CD3 pathway--unlike its involvement with both CD3 and CD2 pathways of peripheral T cells--our results suggest that the different effects of CD26-mediated costimulation via the CD3 and CD2 pathways after CD6-depleted allo-BMT may be a reflection of peripheral T-cell immaturity in those individuals, similar to that seen in mature medullary thymocytes or cord T lymphocytes.