cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eocene Wave-Dominated Deltaic Sedimentation, Oregon Coast Range: ABSTRACT

The Eocene Tyee and Coaledo Formations of southwest Oregon together illustrate vertical and lateral facies changes in delta-front and prodelta-to-shelf deposits, which prograded into a forearc basin. Prevalent coarse sandstone bodies with wood also contain large-scale, contorted cross-bedding; they show north-northwest paleocurrent transport directions. An abundance of hummocky stratification and symmetrical ripples in the prodelta and shelf sandstones indicate the dominance of wavy processes. Conglomeratic, coaly, cross-bedded coarse sandstone, hummocky-bedded, and siltstone-mudstone facies are distinguishable in the Eocene strata. These five well-defined facies are interpreted to represent fluvio-deltaic, marsh-swamp, delta-front distributary, prodelta, and shelf deposits, respectively. Burrowed medium sandstone and shelly coarse sandstone facies in the Coaledo Formation are inferred to represent delta-margin deposits. Delta-front and prodelta deposits show soft-sediment deformation features, which indicate rapid deposition during erratic episodes of river flooding. Hummocky cross-stratification and burrowed beds with truncated tops indicate episodic storm events in the prodelta and shelf deposits. End_Page 460------------------------------ Vertical successions in the Coaledo Formation typically show siltstone-mudstone facies at the base, overlain by the hummocky-bedded facies, and capped by coarse delta-front or delta-margin deposits. These upward-coarsening or progradational sequences number at least 15 in the Coaledo Formation alone, and indicate a complex history of delta-distributary switching coupled with subsidence and/or eustatic changes. Wave-dominated deltaic deposition was a repetitive and persisting style of sedimentation throughout much of the Eocene period in southwest Oregon. This scenario is useful for distinguishing vertical and lateral relationships applicable to other ancient wave-dominated systems and to predictions in potentially economic units of the Pacific Northwest. End_of_Article - Last_Page 461------------
Arrays of bodies of revolution for minimum wave drag

The wave drag of two identical Sears-Haack bodies at transonic and supersonic speeds has been determined by using the supersonic area rule. The solution is found for these bodies displaced parallel to each other, both laterally and longitudinally. The results show that the drag of a pair of bodies can be either doubled, or nearly halved, depending upon the lateral and longitudinal spacings of the bodies. The magnitude of this drag is determined by the degree of mutual interference between the bodies. It is shown how reductions in wave drag can be obtained by proper spacing of external bodies. The regions of favorable mutual interference are delineated. It is also shown how to apply the two-body results to many-body arrays. Some remarks are made on applying the results to store-airfram e interference and on further aspects of the store-airframe drag problem. a b CD CDl ACD D
A planar back-to-back Schottky-barrier photodiode

Re-evaluation of a previously reported phenomenon of an unusual light-sensitive diode led to the construction of a planar back-to-back Schottky diode. Experimental I-V characteristics of this diode provide the missing link pertaining to the unusual phenomenon.
Cyclopentadienyl and Imide Ligand Transfer from Zirconium to Iridium: Can Early Transition Metal Imido Compounds Be Used as Imide Transfer Reagents?

Instead of leading to imido group transfer, treatment of [Cp*Ir(thf)3][OTf]2 with Cp2Zr(NtBu)(thf) (Cp* = C5Me5; Cp = C5H5) gave cyclopentadienyl transfer from Zr to Ir. To characterize the product of this type of reaction more completely, reaction of the corresponding ethyl-substituted compound [(C5Me4Et)Ir(thf)3][OTf]2 with the imidozirconium complex was also carried out. This led to [CpEtIrCp][CpZr(NHtBu)(OTf)3(thf)], which has been crystallographically characterized. An X-ray study of the known pentamethyliridocenium salt [Cp*IrCp][BF4] was also performed. In contrast to the above chemistry, the reaction of Cp2Zr(NtBu)(thf) gives the heterobinuclear bis(imido) complex Cp*Ir(μ-NtBu)2ZrCp2. Thus, in none of these reactions was transfer of the imido group away from the zirconium center observed.
Variants of congenital ocular motor apraxia: associations with hydrocephalus, pontocerebellar tumor, and a deficit of vertical saccades.

Abstract Background: Congenital ocular motor apraxia (COMA) is characterized by the inability to generate volitional horizontal saccadic eye movements in the absence of other focal neurologic abnormalities. Subjects: We report on two children (ages 5 months and 3 years) whose COMA did not adhere to these classic criteria. The children were followed up clinically with serial ocular motor examinations and neuroimaging over a period of 3 years. Results: In the first child horizontal COMA was associated initially with neonatal communicating hydrocephalus. Two and one half years after the first signs of COMA, a fourth ventricle medulloblastoma appeared. The second child, who recovered from a periventricular hemorrhage caused by perinatal asphyxia, manifested vertical COMA and compensatory vertical head thrusts. Conclusions: COMA may be associated with hydrocephalus, pontocerebellar tumor, and periventricular hemorrhage. These rare variants of COMA emphasize that the eye movement deficits may arise from several locations, cerebral as well as pontocerebellar, in the neuronal pathways generating saccades.
Evaluation of the pDR-1200 Real-Time Aerosol Monitor

The objective of this research was to characterize the ability of the pDR-1200 real-time aerosol monitor to measure aerosols of varying size, composition, and origin. Particle aspiration and transmission efficiency was characterized at airflow rates of 2 L/min, 5 L/min, and 10 L/min in a wind tunnel in both static and orientation-averaged configurations. At 10 L/min, the particle cut point for 50% penetration of particles through the device (d 50 ) was approximately 6 μ m, while at 2 L/min and 5 L/min the d 50 was significantly larger, about 9 μ m (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in particle penetration efficiency between facing-the-wind and orientation-averaged configurations (p avg = 0.66). The pDR-1200 response factor, which is defined as the ratio the time-averaged, monitor-reported concentration to a gravimetric filter concentration measured directly downstream of the sensing zone, was evaluated for four aerosol types: Arizona road dust, background ambient aerosol, environmental tobacc...
On the influence of small-scale topography on precipitation

A simple model of the influence of small-scale topography on precipitation via the ‘seeder-feeder’ mechanism is presented. In the model the large-scale stratiform seeder cloud and the subcloud layer are modified by the airflow perturbations caused by small-scale topography. Two separate scales of motion are considered; the large scale, with the updraught maintaining the seeder cloud, and the small scale tied to topography. In the diagnostic numerical model the interaction of these two scales is simulated. Two basic situations are considered: rain with a ground temperature of 12°C and snow with –5°C. Results of the model application to a bell-shaped solitary hill are presented and compared with previous theoretical studies and field observations in the Welsh hills. The influence of orographic airflow perturbations on snow growth above the melting level may explain the observed strong dependence of rain enhancement on the horizontal wind speed. Simple considerations for the complex topography are also presented with reference to observations made near Uppsala, Sweden. It is suggested that the observed rain distribution may again result from influences on snow growth, with both the amplitude of airflow perturbations near the melting level and its phase relative to the topography beneath being very important.
Analyzing time series of vegetation index and land cover for vegetation change detection over continental U.S.

Global climate change has attracted increasing attentions in recent years as a challenge facing human life. Accurately mapping, quantifying and monitoring changes in the physical characteristics of vegetation cover is a key element in the study of global climate change. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been used extensively in ecosystem and climate monitoring. This paper examined vegetation change over the last 27 years (1981-2007) over Continental US. Using history of the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) which is extracted from satellite sensor data acquired by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR), long time series of satellite-derived vegetation index has been studied showing the increasing trend of vegetation index over Continental US from 1981 to 2007. The results demonstrated that the change of NDVI shows an increasing trend which might be induced by the global warming. The comparison of the land cover data in 1981 and 2001 validated the uptrend of NDVI.
Optical And Structural Characterization Of Boron Implanted GaAs

The effects of boron ion implants on the properties of undoped semi-insulating (100) GaAs single crystals have been studied. Raman scattering, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) with ion channeling, double-crystal x-ray diffraction (DCD), photoreflectance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements have been used to provide a more complete description of the implant damage. Multiple energy implants with total doses up to 1.5x1016 ions/cm 2 generated uniformly damaged regions from the surface to various depths that exceed a micron. The boron implants caused substantial changes in the intensities and linewidths of the Raman spectra which were correlated with the damage indicated by the channeling measurements. Partial removal of the implant damage was observed upon annealing. While both furnace anneals at 850°C and 925°C rapid thermal anneals via quartz lamps can remove much of the lattice strain as seen by changes in the Raman and DCD results, the RBS and photoreflectance measurements indicated that considerable disorder remained.
Renal cell carcinoma in patients withend-stage renal disease: A comparison of clinical significance in patients receiving hemodialysis and those with renal transplants

Abstract Objectives . This review was undertaken to determine the clinical significanceof renal cell carcinoma in the populations undergoing renal transplantation and those undergoing chronic dialysis. Methods . We reviewed all medical records of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated at our institutions over the last 10 years. From this review we identified 20 patients with end-stage renal disease and renal cell carcinoma. Patients' charts were reviewed to determine presenting features, tumor histologic type, and clinical outcome. Results . Seven patients had functioning renal transplants and 13 patients were onchronic maintenance hemodialysis. Ninety-two percent of the dialysis group had no metastatic disease and there were no deaths from renal cancer. In contrast, 53% of the transplant group did have metastatic disease and 2 patients died of renal cancer. Despite similar pathologic appearances of the tumors in these 2 groups, patients with renal cell carcinoma and renal transplant presented with higher-stage disease and had less favorable clinical courses. Conclusions . Considering the morbidity of hemodialysis as well as the other comorbiditiesof this patient population, the clinical significance of renal cell carcinoma in patients undergoing chronic dialysis must be questioned. In contrast, renal cancer in the transplant population behaves aggressively and warrants careful attention both before and after renal transplantation.
Role of grain boundaries in sintering

Abstract The effect of the presence of grain boundaries on the sintering rate was investigated by measuring the growth of necks between three twisted wires as a function of time and temperature. It was found that, in the presence as well as absence of the grain boundary in the neck, volume diffusion controls the process. The measured rate of neck growth was in good agreement with that calculated from the theory. The rate of approach of centers of wires was also studied. In the absence of grain boundaries no approach of centers was observed. In the presence of grain boundaries, the centers did approach at a rate which was measured. This study allowed distinction between grain boundary and surface sinks of vacancies during sintering; in the absence of grain boundaries, the diffusion flux of vacancies is from the region just beneath the neck to the adjacent free surface; in the presence of grain boundaries, vacancies migrate from the region just beneath the neck to the grain boundary.
The California State University Early Assessment Program

The California State University (CSU) requires entering freshmen to be proficient in English reading and writing, as demonstrated on proficiency measures. Currently, approximately 46 percent of incoming college freshmen need remediation in English reading and writing. To assist these students, CSU instituted an Early Assessment Program (EAP), which includes measuring students' readiness at the end of their junior year in high school and providing a twelfth grade Expository Reading and Writing Course (ERWC) in which to improve their skills if they are not proficient. A pilot study demonstrated that students participating in the ERWC outperformed students who took senior year English classes. The authors describe the EAP and the professional development component, the Reading Institute for Academic Proficiency.
E-Tax or E-Commerce: The Debate on Taxing Electronic Commerce Transactions

ABSTRACT For businesses and consumers, electronic commerce provides unprecedented opportunities through faster, easier, and more convenient access to markets just by the click of a mouse. However, tax authorities, including state and local governments, worry that their revenues may plunge as more and more commerce moves to the Internet. They are concerned that Internet commerce will deplete state and local government revenue by reducing sales and use taxes. They are trying to impose a tax on transactions undertaken over the Internet to replenish their shortage of tax revenue. The paper addressed the impact of non-taxation of electronic commerce on state and local government's tax revenues. It also discussed the main reasons for and against an Internet tax. It finally examines the adequacy of the Internet tax and whether it is feasible or not.
Dimensional crossover in cuprate superconductors

A central concern in understanding the mechanism for the occurrence of superconductivity in cuprates is the interaction driving the phase transition and their dimensionality. As physical systems near a phase transition have a marked dependence on dimensionality, this can be explored with symples where one of the physical dimensions is reduced and becomes comparable to the correlation length. Recently, it became possible to fabricate sufficiently thin cuprate slabs, revealing a fall ofTc with reduced thickness, becoming pronounced for slabs a few unit cells thick. Related effects have been observed in the YBCO bulk compounds 123, 124 and 247. We analyze the experimental data by invoking finite size scaling and a Ginzburg-Landau treatment. The main conclusions include the following: the fall ofTc with decreasing thickness corresponds to a dimensional crossover, revealing the three-dimensional nature of the interaction mediating superconductivity; there is a predominance of two-dimensional fluctuations and boundaries with reduced thickness; there are crossover phenomena reminiscent of4He films and thin slabs of conventional super-conductors.
The United States experience: Injury in America

Fifteen years ago the number of public health professionals with a major involvement in injury prevention was so small that our sessions at meetings of the American Public Health Association (APHA) attracted only a handful of members. To keep the room from looking empty, we had to coerce our spouses and friends into coming to our sessions. Today, however, we warn them that they may not find a seat, because our sessions at APHA are now standing room only. What led to this dramatic shift? More than anything else, a movement we call “Injury in America”, named for a document of that title produced by the Committee on Trauma Research of the National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine.1 Our committee was formed in 1983 in response to the great disparity between the minimal funding for injury research and prevention and the enormous size of the injury problem: Into this abysmal situation was thrust the Committee on Trauma Research: 16 physicians, engineers, and public health researchers, national leaders who received a mandate to document the magnitude of the injury problem, determine the most needed research, and recommend governmental action to improve our knowledge of and control of injuries. Our report, Injury in America released in 1985, opened with the following …
Information Technology, Core Competencies and Sustained Competitive Advantage

The value of information technology IT in today's organizations is constantly debated. Researchers and practitioners have examined organizations to try to discover causal links between competitive advantage and IT. This paper presents and details a model that depicts a possible connection between competitive advantage and IT. Furthermore, this paper attempts to show how one major component of the overall IT resources, the IT infrastructure, might yield sustained competitive advantage for an organization. More precisely, IT infrastructure flexibility is examined as an enabler of "core competencies" that have been closely related to sustained competitive advantage in the research literature. The core competencies enabled by IT that are the focus of this study are mass customization and time-to-market. By showing that IT infrastructure flexibility acts as an enabler of these competencies, the relationship to sustained competitive advantage is demonstrated.
Exploring e‐education applications: a framework for analysis

As a result of the convergence of computing and communications in the information age, there have been repeated calls for institutions of higher education to embark on needed changes. Some believe that higher education must transform itself, or make radical shifts, to operate effectively in this era. Much has been learned from the business and government sectors about the power of information technology to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness, and to enable radical transformation. This study looks at approaches that have been used to classify e‐commerce and e‐government IT applications and explores their relevance to higher education. The study develops an e‐education framework that analyzes applications in higher education in terms of their application category and phase. By developing a framework for analysis based upon lessons learned in e‐commerce and e‐government, the study can provide another way of viewing an institution’s IT portfolio and for mapping future application possibilities.
DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON READING DISABILITIES

Reading disabilities are considered from a developmental perspective. First, the normal developmental course of reading from preschool to high school is examined. Research findings on the cognitive requirements at different stages of reading and possible sources of individual differences are then discussed. Three case vignettes illustrate common patterns of reading disabilities and their behavioral manifestations: weak decoding but good comprehension, failure to automatize, and poor recall but good decoding and fluency. Specific suggestions for the assessment of reading are offered on the basis of current theoretical knowledge of reading and reading disabilities.
Gas‐phase ion–molecule reactions of thioic and dithioic acid derivatives. Condensation reactions with alkenes and alkynes

A Fourier transform–ion cyclotron resonance study of thioacyl compounds as binary mixtures with unsaturated hydrocarbons has revealed that thioacetylium ions CH3CS+ generated by electron fragmentation fail to thioacyl-ate even the most reactive aromatic hydrocarbons. Among the hydrocarbons studied, only 3-hexyne and 2,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexadiene were observed to react with CH3CS+. Apart from proton-transfer reactions, the major ionic reaction of thioesters with arenes, alkynes and alkenes is condensation of the molecular ion of one component, usually the ester, with a neutral molecule of the other, resulting in the cleavage of the SCalkyl bond of the thioester. The nature of this reaction is discussed and a possible mechanism is suggested.
Application of a versatile aquatic macrophyte integrity index for Minnesota lakes

Abstract The objective was to develop a Minnesota aquatic macrophyte integrity index that can use plant checklist data from existing and ongoing lake plant survey programs without alteration. Using the extensive lake survey data collected by numerous state programs, we created a suite of predictive models for macrophyte richness and floristic quality and identified aquatic macrophyte community outliers to set potential impairment thresholds. The highest-ranked predictive models included total phosphorus, disturbance indices, and ecoregion variables. Models with all in-lake macrophyte taxa generally performed better than those based on just submerged aquatic macrophyte or those based on submerged and floating-leaf taxa. The best generalized linear mixed model for aquatic macrophyte richness was a model containing total phosphorus, alkalinity, lake size, maximum depth, ecoregion, survey type, and several interactions. The best linear mixed effects model for floristic quality also included these predictive variables. Richness and floristic quality thresholds were calculated using these models with associated disturbance–response breakpoints. The approach took sampling protocol into account by providing different thresholds based on sample design. These thresholds then identify potentially biologically impaired lakes. There appeared to be no disturbance–response breakpoints between aquatic macrophyte richness and floristic quality for the Northern Lakes and Forest ecoregion of northeastern Minnesota.
Regional vascular and cardiac responses to systemic neuropeptide-Y in normal and diabetic rats.

Abstract Hu, Y. and J. C. Dunbar. Regional vascular and cardiac responses to systemic neuropeptide-Y in normal and diabetic rats. Peptides 18(6) 809–815, 1997.—Diabetes is associated with altered autonomic activity, and both the peripheral and central nervous content of NPY is altered in diabetes suggesting that part of the cardiovascular dysfunction of diabetes may be associated with altered responses to NPY. We evaluated the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and regional blood flow (BF) in response to NPY in normal and diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic using streptozotocin and maintained without insulin treatment for 28–30 days. Normal and diabetic animals were anesthetized, the femoral artery cannulated, and flow probes placed around the iliac, renal and superior mesenteric arteries. Dose dependent responses to NPY infusion were determined for MAP, HR and BF. Conductance was calculated from BF/MAP. In normal rats NPY increased the MAP in a dose-dependent fashion but did not alter the HR. NPY decreased the BF in the iliac artery in a dose-dependent fashion while the renal BF was decreased only at the highest dose, and the superior mesenteric BF was not affected. The conductances in all vascular beds were decreased dose dependently. NPY in diabetic rats also increased MAP and did not affect HR. In diabetic rats NPY also decreased BF in the iliac and renal arteries but contrastingly increased BF in the superior mesenteric artery. Again conductances in all three vascular beds were decreased by NPY. When comparing diabetic response to NPY to normals we noted that the MAP response was less in the diabetic, but the HR and regional BF were not different. The vascular conductances in response to NPY were attenuated in the diabetic vessels especially the iliac and superior mesenteric. We conclude that systemic NPY increases MAP as a result of decreased vascular conductance and this vasopressive effect of NPY is diminished in diabetics.
Transactional models between personality and alcohol involvement: a further examination.

Although correlated changes between personality and alcohol involvement have been shown, the functional relation between these constructs is also of theoretical and clinical interest. Using bivariate latent difference score models, we examined transactional relations (i.e., personality predicting changes in alcohol involvement, which in turn predicts changes in personality) across two distinct but overlapping developmental time frames (i.e., across college and during young adulthood) using two large, prospective samples. Across college, there was some evidence that alcohol involvement predicted changes in personality; however, these findings were limited to models that included more proximal measures of alcohol use. When examined across a longer timeframe, we found no evidence that alcohol involvement significantly predicted changes in personality but found some evidence that personality predicted changes in alcohol use. We did find reliable evidence of correlated changes between personality and alcohol use, especially during emerging adulthood. The findings from our datasets highlight that the impact of alcohol involvement on personality change may be limited to shorter intervals during specific developmental timeframes and that the relation between changes in personality and alcohol involvement may be best viewed from a noncausal perspective.
Polymer implants for intratumoral drug delivery and cancer therapy

To address the need for minimally invasive treatment of unresectable tumors, intratumoral polymer implants have been developed to release a variety of chemotherapeutic agents for the locoregional therapy of cancer. These implants, also termed "polymer millirods," were designed to provide optimal drug release kinetics to improve drug delivery efficiency and antitumor efficacy when treating unresectable tumors. Modeling of drug transport properties in different tissue environments has provided theoretical insights on rational implant design, and several imaging techniques have been established to monitor the local drug concentrations surrounding these implants both ex vivo and in vivo. Preliminary antitumor efficacy and drug distribution studies in a rabbit liver tumor model have shown that these implants can restrict tumor growth in small animal tumors (diameter < 1 cm). In the future, new approaches, such as three-dimensional (3-D) drug distribution modeling and the use of multiple drug-releasing implants, will be used to extend the efficacy of these implants in treating larger tumors more similar to intractable human tumors.
Head-on collisions of black holes: The particle limit

We compute gravitational radiation waveforms, spectra, and energies for a point particle of mass ${m}_{0}$ falling from rest at radius ${r}_{0}$ into a Schwarzschild hole of mass $M$. This radiation is found to lowest order in ${(m}_{0}/M)$ with the use of a Laplace transform. In contrast with numerical relativity results for head-on collisions of equal-mass holes, the radiated energy is found not to be a monotonically increasing function of initial separation; there is a local radiated-energy maximum at ${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}4.5M$. The present results, along with results for infall from infinity, provide a complete catalog of waveforms and spectra for particle infall. We give a representative sample from that catalog and an interesting observation: Unlike the simple spectra for other head-on collisions (either of particle and hole, or of equal mass holes) the spectra for $\ensuremath{\infty}g{r}_{0}g\ensuremath{\sim}5M$ show a series of evenly spaced bumps. A simple explanation is given for this. Lastly, our energy versus ${r}_{0}$ results are compared with approximation methods used elsewhere, for small and for large initial separation.
Patient perspectives on having multiple versus single prescribers of chronic disease medications: results of a qualitative study in a veteran population

Background Patients with multiple chronic conditions often have multiple prescribers, which has been associated with greater health care utilization and medication nonadherence in claims-based analyses. This qualitative study was conducted to understand the reasons why patients have increasing numbers of prescribers of medications and to understand patient perspectives on advantages and disadvantages of having multiple prescribers, including effects on medication supply.
The impact of semantic distance and induced stress on analogical reasoning: a neurocomputational account.

In a study of reasoning with four-term verbal analogy problems, we explored the relationship between the effects of an acute, mild stressor and the complexity of the reasoning process. Participants judged whether analogy problems in the form A:B :: C:D were valid or invalid, on the basis of whether the relation in the A:B term matched that in the C:D term. Half of the problems contained a C:D pair semantically near the A:B pair (e.g., NOSE:SCENT :: TONGUE:TASTE), and the other half contained ones semantically far from A:B (e.g., NOSE:SCENT :: ANTENNA:SIGNAL). After an initial block without stress, participants were randomly assigned to count backward by 13 s from 1,000 while being told to go faster, or to count forward by 1 s from 0. The stress-induced participants reported a significant increase in state anxiety as compared to controls immediately after the mental arithmetic task. Stressed participants performed less accurately (as measured by d') on both near and far analogy problems, mainly due to an increase in false alarms. We were able to model the influence of semantic distance using the “learning and inference with schemas and analogies” (LISA) model. Our findings indicated that even mild increases in stress impair analogical reasoning. However, the decrement does not seem to directly involve the integration of relations, but rather is due to a shift in decision strategy: Under stress, people show an increased tendency to endorse analogies as valid when the terms in the individual pairs are semantically related to each other, even if the overall analogical relationship is not valid.
13C NMR reveals no evidence of n-π* interactions in proteins.

An interaction between neighboring carbonyl groups has been postulated to stabilize protein structures. Such an interaction would affect the C chemical shielding of the carbonyl groups, whose paramagnetic component is dominated by and excitations. Model compound calculations indicate that both the interaction energetics and the chemical shielding of the carbonyl group are instead dominated by a classical dipole-dipole interaction. A set of high-resolution protein structures with associated carbonyl C chemical shift assignments verifies this correlation and provides no evidence for an inter-carbonyl interaction.
From $O(k^{2}N)$ to $O(N)$ : A Fast and High-Capacity Eigenvalue Solver for Full-Wave Extraction of Very Large Scale On-Chip Interconnects

The wave-propagation problem in an on-chip interconnect network can be modeled as a generalized eigenvalue problem. For solving such a generalized eigenvalue problem, the computational complexity of Arnoldi iteration is at best O(k 2 N), where k is the number of dominant eigenvalues and N is the matrix size. In this paper, we reduce the computational complexity of the Arnoldi iteration for interconnect extraction from O(k 2 N) to O(N), thus paving the way for full-wave extraction of very large scale on-chip interconnects, of which a typical value of k is on the order of hundreds of thousands. Numerical and experimental results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed fast eigenvalue solver.
Online-ABFT: an online algorithm based fault tolerance scheme for soft error detection in iterative methods

Soft errors are one-time events that corrupt the state of a computing system but not its overall functionality. Large supercomputers are especially susceptible to soft errors because of their large number of components. Soft errors can generally be detected offline through the comparison of the final computation results of two duplicated computations, but this approach often introduces significant overhead. This paper presents Online-ABFT, a simple but efficient online soft error detection technique that can detect soft errors in the widely used Krylov subspace iterative methods in the middle of the program execution so that the computation efficiency can be improved through the termination of the corrupted computation in a timely manner soon after a soft error occurs. Based on a simple verification of orthogonality and residual, Online-ABFT is easy to implement and highly efficient. Experimental results demonstrate that, when this online error detection approach is used together with checkpointing, it improves the time to obtain correct results by up to several orders of magnitude over the traditional offline approach.
Assessing the lipid requirements of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

The lipid requirements of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were assessed by reconstituting purified receptors into lipid vesicles of defined composition and by using...
Reliability and lifetime predictions of SLC klystrons

Life expectancy predictions are presented for the SLC (Stanford Linear Collider) klystrons, with particular emphasis on cathode life. Based on these data, some of the principal modes of failure are discussed. It is concluded that the future performance of SLC 5045 klystrons looks very optimistic. Klystron MTBF (mean time between failure) presently exceeds 35000 hrs and is increasing as more operational time is accrued. Although most of the operating hours have been at reduced pulse repetition rate, no cathode failures due to aging have been seen. RF instability problems have been reduced by changing the gain cavity frequencies. Output window problems have also been reduced by modifying the window orientation to minimize the effect of contaminants and by replacing the single window with a two-window output. High-voltage ceramic insulator failures have been solved by modifying the electromagnet corona shield. >
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurologic condition with a high mortality and long term neurological morbidity in 50% of survivors. In addition, SAH commonly affects young patients causing substantial loss of productive life years and resulting in significant long term healthcare costs. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of SAH is absolutely critical to earlier intervention, and delays in diagnosis can have devastating consequences. To avoid such delays in SAH diagnosis, the medical provider should recognize its signs and symptoms. Neuroimgaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination and angiography (invasive or non-invasive) facilitate early diagnosis of SAH. The purpose of this review is not to provide an exhaustive critique of the available literature, rather, it is to provide an overview that will better enable a provider to recognize and initiate the workup of patients with SAH.
The brain, learning, and technology

Advances in neuroscience are providing dramatic new insights into the functioning of the brain and associated cognitive processes. Our current understanding of complexities of memory and learning systems is one example of an area in which there have been new insights, and in which there may be important implications for continuing medical education. Medical educators need to become familiar with these advances if they are to meet the needs of medical professionals requiring constant updating of their knowledge in medical science, in a health care delivery system that places increased demands on their professional time. It is through collaborative efforts by medical educators, cognitive neuroscientists, and computer scientists that this goal can be achieved.
Children’s understanding of the mind’s involvement in pretense: do words bend the truth?

Many have thought that children have an early appreciation of the role of the mind in pretense, fitting with the notion that pretend play is, in general, a ‘zone of proximal development’ (Vygotsky, 1978). Although results from several experiments are against this hypothesis, the evidence from that line of research has been questioned because the experiments thus far have always used the word ‘pretend’. Young children might have a perfectly clear understanding that pretense involves the mind, but have mismapped the word ‘pretend’ onto non-mental correlates of pretending, like action and costume. Two experiments tested this possibility. Four-year-olds were shown videos of people engaging in real and pretend activities and asked questions regarding the role of mind; for half the children the word ‘pretend’ was used to describe the activity, and for half it was not. Contrary to the hypothesis, even when the word ‘pretend’ was not used, roughly half of the 4-year-olds failed to designate pretense as involving mental activity. Consistent with prior work, more children of this age were cognizant of the mind’s involvement in pretense than were cognizant of the mind’s involvement in physical actions.
Performance Comparison of Weather Disruption-Tolerant Cross-Layer Routing Algorithms

With growing demand for high-speed access to mobile handheld devices, there is a significant cost benefit in deploying fixed wireless-mesh networks for backhaul access. However, enabling reliable broadband access over high-frequency radios (such as millimeter-wave networks) posses a fundamental challenge due to weather disruptions in general and rain attenuation in particular. In this paper, we present an analysis of the impact of precipitation on millimeter-wave mesh networks based on radar measurements of real storms in the Midwest US. Furthermore, we compare two novel algorithms that use physical-layer information to optimize routing at the network layer: P-WARP (Predictive Weather-Assisted Routing Protocol) and XL-OSPF (Cross-Layered Open Shortest Path First). Finally, we present simulation studies to compare the performance of the proposed protocols and evaluate the dependability of the end-user service during weather disruptions.
Beyond simple features: A large-scale feature search approach to unconstrained face recognition

Many modern computer vision algorithms are built atop of a set of low-level feature operators (such as SIFT [1], [2]; HOG [3], [4]; or LBP [5], [6]) that transform raw pixel values into a representation better suited to subsequent processing and classification. While the choice of feature representation is often not central to the logic of a given algorithm, the quality of the feature representation can have critically important implications for performance. Here, we demonstrate a large-scale feature search approach to generating new, more powerful feature representations in which a multitude of complex, nonlinear, multilayer neuromorphic feature representations are randomly generated and screened to find those best suited for the task at hand. In particular, we show that a brute-force search can generate representations that, in combination with standard machine learning blending techniques, achieve state-of-the-art performance on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) [7] unconstrained face recognition challenge set. These representations outperform previous state-of-the-art approaches, in spite of requiring less training data and using a conceptually simpler machine learning backend. We argue that such large-scale-search-derived feature sets can play a synergistic role with other computer vision approaches by providing a richer base of features with which to work.
Quantum-mechanical modeling of electron tunneling current from the inversion layer of ultra-thin-oxide nMOSFET's

Quantum-mechanical modeling of electron tunneling current from the quantized inversion layer of ultra-thin-oxide (<40 /spl Aring/) nMOSFET's is presented, together with experimental verification. An accurate determination of the physical oxide thickness is achieved by fitting experimentally measured capacitance-versus-voltage curves to quantum-mechanically simulated capacitance-versus-voltage results. The lifetimes of quasibound states and the direct tunneling current are calculated using a transverse-resonant method. These results are used to project an oxide scaling limit of 20 /spl Aring/ before the chip standby power becomes excessive due to tunneling currents,.
Effect of high temperature on the characterization of fretting wear regimes at Ti6Al4V interfaces

Abstract Fretting wear is a destructive phenomenon that can accelerate crack initiation in vibrating components, leading to premature catastrophic failures. Among the most important characteristics of fretting is the transition from mixed fretting wear to gross slip because of its detrimental effects on fatigue life. In this paper, a study was conducted that characterized the critical normal loads and displacements corresponding to this transition in Ti6Al4V interfaces at room temperature and 450 °C (842 °F). Experimental testing shows that there is a relationship between critical load and displacement that is temperature dependant. Tests conducted at or near the critical values of load and displacement exhibited extreme galling and evidence of cold welding. In the gross slip tests, the measured coefficient of friction also varied with applied load, which correlates with the Hertzian contact model.
Autonomous Injection of Biological Cells Using Visual Servoing

The ability to analyze individual cells rather than averaged properties over a population is a major step towards understanding the fundamental elements of biological systems. Recent advances in microbiology such as cloning demonstrate that increasingly complex micromanipulation strategies for manipulating individual biological cells are required. In this paper, a microrobotic system capable of conducting automatic embryo pronuclei DNA injection is presented. Both embryo pronuclei DNA injection and intracytoplasmic injection (cell injection) are methods of introducing foreign genetic material into cells. Conventionally, cell injection has been conducted manually, however, long training, disappointingly low success rates from poor reproducibility in manual operations, and contamination all call for the elimination of direct human involvement. The system presented is capable of performing automatic embryo pronuclei DNA injection autonomously and semi-autonomously through a hybrid visual servoing control scheme. MEMS-based cell holders were designed and fabricated to aid in injection. Upon the completion of injection, the DNA injected embryos were transferred into a pseudopregnant foster female mouse to reproduce transgenic mice for cancer studies. Experiment result shows that the injection success rate is 100%.
Quality Improvement Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain and Cancer Pain

Objective. —To develop quality improvement (QI) guidelines and programs to improve treatment outcomes for patients with acute pain and cancer pain. Participants. —Twenty-four members of the American Pain Society (APS) participated in preparing the statement, including 15 nurses (oncology, general medical-surgical nursing, pediatrics, and QI research), seven physicians (clinical pharmacology, neurology, anesthesiology, radiation oncology, and physiatry), one psychologist, and one statistician. Participants were self-selected from the 3000 members of the APS, which supported the process and held annual open committee meetings and scientific symposia beginning in 1988. Evidence. —MEDLINE was searched (1980 to 1995) to identify all articles on pain assessment, treatment of acute pain or cancer pain, and QI or education related to pain. Consensus Process. —Following panel discussions, one member (M.B.M.) prepared successive drafts and circulated them to the panel and APS membership for comments. After publication of a prototype version in 1991,14 panelists carried out formal studies of implementation of the guidelines at three medical centers. This article was prepared based on this research, a new literature review, and suggestions from 50 pain clinicians and researchers. Conclusions. —Quality improvement programs to improve treatment of acute pain and cancer pain should include five key elements: (1) Assuring that a report of unrelieved pain raises a "red flag" that attracts clinicians' attention; (2) making information about analgesics convenient where orders are written; (3) promising patients responsive analgesic care and urging them to communicate pain; (4) implementing policies and safeguards for the use of modern analgesic technologies; and (5) coordinating and assessing implementation of these measures. Several short-term studies suggest that this QI approach may improve patient satisfaction and facilitate recognition of institutional obstacles to optimal pain treatment, but it is not a panacea for undertreated pain. By making the magnitude of the problem apparent and committing the institution to change, pain treatment QI programs can provide a foundation for a multifaceted approach that includes education of clinicians and patients, design of informational tools to minimize errors in prescribing, and improved coordination of the process of assessing and treating pain. ( JAMA . 1995;274:1874-1880)
Oral Transmission of Histomonas in Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE studies presented here were made to determine how readily normal, heterakid-free poults would become infected with histomonads taken in orally. Prior to the discovery by Graybill and Smith (1920) of the role of the cecal worm, Heterakis, in the transmission of histomoniasis, it was assumed that infection by consuming freshly passed histomonads was the common, and probably the usual, mode of infection. Following the discovery that heterakids are vectors of histomoniasis it became necessary to reinterpret some of the results of the earlier findings. Several investigators have studied the comparative effectiveness of various methods of infection. The more important of these studies which have a bearing on the direct oral transmission of histomonads in turkeys have been listed by Swales (1950). When due consideration is given to variations in procedures and results, one can hardly escape the conclusion that oral transmission of histomonads, in the absence of cecal …
The 600–800-mb Minimum in Tropical Cloudiness Observed during TOGA COARE

Abstract A minimum in cloud coverage occurring between 800 and 600 mb can be inferred from soundings taken within the tropical western Pacific warm pool. Surface observations of clouds and satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation values suggest that the cloud minimum in the 600–800-mb layer occurs in all weather conditions. One explanation for the enhanced occurrence of clouds above (in the 400–600-mb layer) and their diminished occurrence within the 600–800-mb layer is a preferential cloud detrainment from convection into the more stable levels existing at pressures below 600 mb and above 800 mb. This mechanism is supported by the results of a buoyancy-sorting model.