cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Order and Symmetry in the 2D Semiconductor CrSBr.

The advent of two-dimensional (2D) magnets offers unprecedented control over electrons and spins. A key factor in determining exchange coupling and magnetic order is symmetry. Here, we apply second harmonic generation (SHG) to probe a 2D magnetic semiconductor CrSBr. We find that monolayers are ferromagnetically ordered below 146 K, an observation enabled by the discovery of a large magnetic dipole SHG effect in the centrosymmetric structure. In multilayers, the ferromagnetic monolayers are coupled antiferromagnetically, and in contrast to other 2D magnets, the Neel temperature of CrSBr increases with decreasing layer number. We identify magnetic dipole and magnetic toroidal moments as order parameters of the ferromagnetic monolayer and antiferromagnetic bilayer, respectively. These findings establish CrSBr as an exciting 2D magnetic semiconductor and extend the SHG probe of magnetic symmetry to the monolayer limit, opening the door to exploring the applications of magnetic-electronic coupling and the magnetic toroidal moment.
Abstract 1225: Co-inhibition of autophagy and MAPK signaling in RAS-driven cancers

RASis mutated in a number of cancers, including KRAS-driven colorectal and pancreatic cancer, HRAS-driven bladder cancer, and NRAS-driven melanoma, all of which result in downstream activation of the RAF>MEK>ERK (MAPK) and PI3K>AKT signaling pathways. Most RAS GTPases cannot be targeted directly, and strategies blocking both MAPK and PI3K signaling simultaneously are limited by high toxicity and compensatory signaling mechanisms. Interestingly, oncogene-activated MAPK or PI3K signaling pathways are reasonably well described orchestrators of metabolic transformation through multiple pathways. Our lab has recently shown that autophagy,a conserved metabolic process of self-digestion that recycles intracellular components, is increased in KRAS-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) upon MAPK pathway inhibition. We further showed that co-inhibition of autophagy and MEK1/2, a MAPK component, leads to tumor regression of patient-derived PDA xenografts in mice. Our proposed combination therapy has recently been translated into a phase I/II clinical trial for PDA patients with advanced disease. Our most recent data show that inhibition of RAS>RAF>MEK>ERK signaling also results in induction of autophagy in other RAS-driven cancers, including KRAS-driven colorectal cancer, HRAS-driven bladder cancer and NRAS-driven melanoma. Furthermore, ourin vivodata demonstrate a robust regression of tumors upon combined inhibition of autophagy and MEK1/2 in engrafted KRAS-driven colorectal cancer cells xenografted in mice. Patient data from two KRAS-driven colorectal cancer patients, who were recently treated off-label, indicated clinical responses to the combination treatment co-targeting autophagy and MEK1/2. Altogether, these data suggest that co-inhibition of autophagy and oncogenic signaling may represent a potential new treatment strategy for multiple RAS-driven cancer types. Future experiments aim for a better mechanistic understanding of the combination treatment co-targeting autophagy and oncogenic signaling, with the objective to propose novel therapeutic strategies for cancer patients with RASmutations. Citation Format: Mona Foth, Conan Kinsey, Sophia Schuman, Benjamin Battistone, Emilio Cortes Sanchez, David Kircher, Bryan Welm, Sheri Holmen, Martin McMahon. Co-inhibition of autophagy and MAPK signaling in RAS-driven cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1225.
Object Relations Theory: The Case of Elyse

Through the case of Elyse, a cisgender female in her late 20s in early recovery from severe opioid use disorder, this chapter outlines central tenets of object relations theory as proposed by D.W. Winnicott, using treatment vignettes to illustrate concepts. Object relations theories consider the quality of the individual’s relationships, internal and external, with self and others. Object relations theorists expanded upon the study of individual psychological development by focusing on relationships, and the process of developing a sense of self in relation to others. Therapy provides an opportunity for healing through relational “do-over” or “rewrite,” experiencing and revising the impact of past disruptions in the context of an attuned, healthy therapeutic relationship.
Shared leadership performance relationship trajectories as a function of team interventions and members' collective personalities

Abstract We used longitudinal data from 205 members of 53 student teams who competed in a complex business simulation over 10 weeks to test: (1) whether shared leadership and performance were related reciprocally over time; (2) the relative magnitude of those relationships; and (3) whether a shared leadership intervention changes those relationships. We also considered the influence of team members' mean level personality to account for compositional effects. As anticipated, shared leadership and performance were related positively and reciprocally over time. Moreover, the shared leadership to performance relationship grew stronger and positive whereas the performance to shared leadership relationship remained fairly consistent over time. As expected, the intervention positively related to the trajectory of shared leadership. Finally, we did not find evidence for the hypothesized relationships of personality on shared leadership nor the strength of the intervention.
Sleep quality and outcome of exposure therapy in adults with social anxiety disorder.

Introduction Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively affect exposure therapy outcomes. Poor sleep may impair memory and learning, and thus compromise fear extinction learning thought to take place in exposure therapy. We examined poor sleep as a predictor of exposure therapy outcomes for SAD and the moderating role of d-cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship. Methods Participants were 152 individuals with a primary diagnosis of SAD. As part of a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of DCS for enhancing the effects of exposure therapy, they completed self-report baseline measure of sleep quality, and self-report sleep diaries assessing sleep duration (total sleep time [TST]) and sleep quality the nights before and after treatment sessions. Results Poorer baseline sleep quality was significantly associated with slower improvement over time and worse symptom outcomes at the end of treatment and follow-up after controlling for baseline symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Greater TST the night before treatment predicted lower SAD symptoms at the next session, after controlling for symptoms at the previous session. There was no relation between prior or subsequent night sleep quality on symptoms at the next session. No associations were moderated by DCS. Conclusions We replicated and extended findings indicating that poor sleep quality is associated with poorer exposure therapy outcomes for SAD. Assessing for sleep difficulties before treatment initiation and incorporating sleep interventions into treatment may enhance exposure therapy outcomes for SAD.
Opioid-Induced Psychosis in a Patient With Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common inherited hemoglobin disorder in which people have atypical hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S. It is highly prevalent in non-Hispanic Blacks and people of Arab descent. It causes a distortion of the shape of red blood cells, leading to occlusion of blood vessels and thus tissue hypoxia and injury. The resultant infarction/reperfusion, in turn, causes fatigue and pain. Patients with SCD require constant analgesic medications for pain management. In the general population, opioids are amongst the most prescribed medications for pain management and the trend has been gradually growing during the past two decades. Side effects commonly associated with opioids are gastrointestinal and central nervous system-related, with up to 80% of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect. We report the case of a 36-year-old male patient who has a history of cannabis use and no prior psychiatric history, who developed acute psychosis while receiving a high dose of hydromorphone for sickle cell pain crisis. This case contributes to the growing literature about opioid-induced psychosis and also explores psychosis in sickle cell disease. Understanding the pharmacology and potential side effects of opioids is critical given the increasing number of patients using prescribed and illicit opioids.
Role of Gender and Emotionality Stigma in Perceived Parental Emotion Dysregulation and Adult Children’s Internalizing Symptoms

Boys and girls learn early from their parents about what is appropriate and what is not in terms of emotional expression. We argue that these parental cues can lead to the formation of stigma around emotionality; yet there is a dearth of research on how stigma around emotionality may be formed through societal gender roles and stereotypes related to the expression of emotionality. The current study provides a preliminary investigation of this novel construct – emotionality stigma – as a mediator in the relationship between recalled parental emotion dysregulation (ED) and adult children’s internalizing symptoms. College and community individuals (N = 866) reported their emotionality stigma endorsement, their internalizing symptoms, and their parents' ED. Participants in our sample ranged in age from 18 to 68 years old (M = 28.2, SD = 9.8); 57.9% identified as female, and 61.4% identified as White. Structural equation modeling revealed parent and child gender differences in a mediational model where emotionality stigma significantly mediated the relation between recalled parental ED and adult children’s internalizing symptoms. Specifically, recalled paternal ED emerged as a stronger predictor of adult children’s internalizing symptoms as compared to recalled maternal ED. Furthermore, results showed a stronger indirect effect between maternal and paternal ED and adult children’s internalizing symptoms through emotionality stigma for male children as compared to female children. This research, while preliminary, is the first to demonstrate how parent and child gender interact to influence the relationship between recalled parental ED, emotionality stigma, and internalizing symptoms.
Assembly factors chaperone rRNA folding by isolating helical junctions that are prone to misfolding

While RNAs are known to misfold, the underlying molecular causes remain unclear, and focused on alternative secondary structures. Conversely, how RNA chaperones function in a biological context to promote folding beyond duplex annealing, remains unknown. Here we show in a combination of DMS-MaPseq, structural analyses, biochemical experiments, and yeast genetics that three-way junctions are prone to misfolding during assembly of the small ribosomal subunit in vivo. We identify ubiquitous roles for ribosome assembly factors in chaperoning their folding by preventing the formation of tertiary interactions. In the absence of these assembly factors, tertiary interactions kinetically trap misfolded three-way junctions, thereby blocking further progress in the assembly cascade. While these protein chaperones act indirectly by binding the interaction partners, our analyses also suggest direct roles for snoRNAs in binding and chaperoning three-way junctions during transcription. This work furthermore shows that the dissociation of assembly factors renders reversible folding steps irreversible, thereby setting up a timer that regulates not just the flux of assembly but also dictates the propensity of misfolded intermediates to escape quality control. Finally, the data demonstrate how RNA chaperones act locally to unfold specific tertiary interactions, in contrast to protein chaperones, which globally unfold misfolded proteins.
Educating Global Citizens in Colleges and Universities: Challenges and Opportunities

@TOC:Chapter 1: Introduction: Why Global Education? Chapter 2: Contexts Chapter 3: Curriculum: General education and beyond Chapter 4:Study Abroad Chapter 5: International Operations: Chapter 6: Organizing the Global Programs Chapter 7: Assessing Global Citizenship
Champion Primes For Elliptic Curves

Let Ea,b be the elliptic curve y 2 = x + ax+ b over Fp. A well known result of Hasse states that over Fp (p+ 1)− 2√p ≤ #Ea,b ≤ (p+ 1) + 2 √ p. If #Ea,b = (p+1)+ ⌊2 √ p⌋ over Fp and Ea,b is nonsingular, then we call p a champion prime for Ea,b. We will discuss methods for finding champion primes for elliptic curves. In addition, we will show that the set of elliptic curves which have a champion prime has density one.
Making Evidence-Based Decisions in Nursing

The demands of the current health care system provide a powerful reason for evidence-based practice. It is undeniably a responsible approach to providing best possible care to patients. Nurses are required to integrate evidence-based clinical decisions as they solve problems regarding patient care during the nursing process. Nursing knowledge, as well as patient values, expert opinions, and evidence on how best to care for the patient are incorporated during the nurse’s clinical decision making. Evidence-based nursing practice as a concept is widely embraced by nurses as a means to improve quality outcomes for patients receiving care. It is also identified as important to the nursing discipline as an expression of scientific competence. Evidence-based nursing practice allows nurses to apply the best knowledge in time to the current situation, but can continually question what is known to create new possibilities for moving patients toward health and well-being (Chinn P, Kramer M (2004) Integrated Knowledge Development in Nursing. Mosby, St Louis). There are multitudes of evidence-based resources such as research studies, performance improvement projects, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines, that nurses can use to enhance or support clinical decisions; to improve quality care, contain cost, and promote patient satisfaction.
80960 tool technology for embedded control

The author addresses the design cycle where development tools are used. Design issues are addressed in the context of deterministic debug technology and the Intel 80960 embedded microprocessor. In the coding phase of design, intrinsic component capabilities and development languages are highlighted. In the debug phase, the in-circuit emulator, source-level debugger, and software execution vehicle are discussed. In the integration phase, the emulator is discussed again, along with the ROM builder utility of the macroassembler. It is stressed that it is necessary to evaluate all the parts (silicon performance and proven tool technology) of the architecture decision before committing to any one microprocessor family. >
Distribution of selenoproteins in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.

Resolution of selenium-containing proteins synthesized by mouse mammary gland cells was achieved using the technique of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Radioactive selenium as H275SeO3 was incorporated into relatively few proteins within mammary gland cells maintained in vitro and cells of mammary gland tissue in vivo . The pattern of selenoproteins obtained was identical qualitatively between a nontumorigenic differentiated cell line, COMMA-D, and a tumorigenic cell line, MOD. Eleven selenoproteins ranging in molecular weight from 12,000–78,000 were detected and a total of 25 spots were visible indicating charge heterogeneity of some of the proteins. A major selenoprotein ( M r 26,000) migrated identically with the subunit form of glutathione peroxidase, a well-characterized protein containing four selenocysteine residues. Other major selenoproteins had molecular weights of 58,000, 22,000, 18,000, and 14,000. Analysis of the total cellular protein extract and of each of the five major proteins indicated that selenium was incorporated as selenocysteine in the proteins. Incorporation of selenium as selenomethionine into cellular proteins was detected only when selenomethionine was provided in the culture medium. Cleavage of 75Se-labeled proteins with N -chlorosuccinimide produced polypeptides of different molecular weights indicating that the M r 58,000, 26,000, and 22,000 selenoproteins were dissimilar in the amino acid sequences containing the selenoamino acid. The pattern of selenoproteins of mammary gland cells in vivo was similar to that obtained for cells in culture and most other tissues in vivo . These results provide evidence for the presence of multiple selenium-containing proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The possible significance of these proteins in selenium-mediated inhibition of cell growth awaits future clarification.
Hydrodynamic escape of nitrogen from Pluto

[1] Hydrodynamic escape of nitrogen from Pluto is studied by solving time-dependent hydrodynamic escape equations that treat the spatial distribution of EUV energy deposition realistically. Simulations show that the N2 hydrodynamic escape rate is ∼1 × 1028 molecules s−1 when Pluto is at 40 AU (its average orbital location) and solar activity level is at minimum. The N2 hydrodynamic escape rate is ∼2 × 1028 molecules s−1 when Pluto is at its perihelion (30 AU) and solar activity level is at maximum. Through hydrodynamic escape, Pluto may have lost ∼0.5% of its total mass over the age of the solar system. Comet-like interactions may occur between Pluto's atmosphere and the solar wind flow, which may be observed by the New Horizon mission.
Loss of imprinting at the Dlk1-Gtl2 locus caused by insertional mutagenesis in the Gtl2 5' region

The Dlk1 and Gtl2 genes define a region of mouse chromosome 12 that is subject to genomic imprinting, the parental allele-specific expression of a gene. Although imprinted genes play important roles in growth and development, the mechanisms by which imprinting is established and maintained are poorly understood. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs), which carry methylation on only one parental allele, are involved in imprinting control at many loci. The Dlk1-Gtl2 region contains three known DMRs, the Dlk1 DMR in the 3' region of Dlk1, the intergenic DMR 15 kb upstream of Gtl2, and the Gtl2 DMR at the Gtl2 promoter. Three mouse models are analyzed here that provide new information about the regulation of Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinting. A previously existing insertional mutation (Gtl2lacZ), and a targeted deletion in which the Gtl2 upstream region was replaced by a Neo cassette (Gtl2Δ5'Neo), display partial lethality and dwarfism upon paternal inheritance. Molecular characterization shows that both mutations cause loss of imprinting and changes in expression of the Dlk1, Gtl2 and Meg8/Rian genes. Dlk1 levels are decreased upon paternal inheritance of either mutation, suggesting Dlk1 may be causative for the lethality and dwarfism. Loss of imprinting on the paternal chromosome in both Gtl2lacZ and Gtl2Δ5'Neo mice is accompanied by the loss of paternal-specific Gtl2 DMR methylation, while maternal loss of imprinting suggests a previously unknown regulatory role for the maternal Gtl2 DMR. Unexpectedly, when the Neo gene is excised, Gtl2Δ5' animals are of normal size, imprinting is unchanged and the Gtl2 DMR is properly methylated. The exogenous DNA sequences integrated upstream of Gtl2 are therefore responsible for the growth and imprinting effects. These data provide further evidence for the coregulation of the imprinted Dlk1 and Gtl2 genes, and support a role for Dlk1 as an important neonatal growth factor. The ability of the Gtl2lacZ and Gtl2Δ5'Neo mutations to cause long-range changes in imprinting and gene expression suggest that regional imprinting regulatory elements may lie in proximity to the integration site.
Bounds on the neutrino mixing angles and CP phase for an SO(10) model with lopsided mass matrices

The bounds on the neutrino mixing angles and CP Dirac phase for an SO(10) model with lopsided mass matrices, arising from the presence of ${\bf 16}_H$ and $\bar{\bf 16}_H$ Higgs representations, are studied by variation of the one real and three unknown complex input parameters for the right-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix. The scatter plots obtained favor nearly maximal atmospheric neutrino mixing, while the reactor neutrino mixing lies in the range $10^{-5} \lsim \sin^2 \theta_{13} \lsim 1 \times 10^{-2}$ with values greater than $10^{-3}$ most densely populated. A rather compelling scenario within the model follows, if we restrict the three unknown complex parameters to their imaginary axes and set two of them equal. We then find the scatter plots are reduced to narrow bands, as the mixing angles and CP phase become highly correlated and predictive. The bounds on the mixing angles and phase then become $0.45 \lsim \sin^2 \theta_{23} \lsim 0.55$, $0.38 \lsim \tan^2 \theta_{12} \lsim 0.50$, $0.002 \lsim \sin^2 \theta_{13} \lsim 0.003$, and $60^\circ \lsim \pm \delta_{CP} \lsim 85^\circ$. Moreover, successful leptogenesis and subsequent baryogenesis are also obtained, with $\eta_B$ increasing from $(2.7 to 6.3) \times 10^{-10}$ as $\sin^2 \theta_{23}$ increases from 0.45 to 0.55.
Effect of Bungee-carcass enrichment on behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in two species of zoo-housed Felids.

Enrichment can improve animal physiological and psychological well-being. This study sought to promote more natural felid behavior and prevent development or incidence of stereotypies through the use of a feeding enrichment. Our objectives are to use fecal glucocorticoid metabolites values and behavioral observations to quantify the effectiveness of the enrichment device for two species of large cats, Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris; n = 2) and cougar (Felis concolor; n = 2). The feeding enrichment, a white-tailed deer carcass flank securely attached to an AussieDog Products© Felid 120-cm bungee, was implemented twice for each individual separated by 1 month. Fecal samples were obtained from each felid and analyzed for pre- and post-enrichment fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) concentrations using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay. An ethogram with 12 mutual exclusive behavioral categories was utilized to record behavioral responses to the enrichment. Results demonstrate that: 1) there were no differences (P > 0.05) in FGMs for either species between pre- and post-enrichment; 2) pacing decreased (P = 0.025) and walking increased (P = 0.017) after exposure to enrichment in both cougars; and 3) tigers reduced (P = 0.025) ‘other' behavioral category after the first enrichment exposure and laid down more (P = 0.025) after the second enrichment exposure. The neutral hormonal impact on the animals coupled with the behavioral changes indicates that this enrichment is successful at altering the animals' behavior without adding physiological stress to their environments. These findings, combined with the low cost and versatility of the enrichment, promote the use of this enrichment to enhance large felid enclosures. Zoo Biol. 34:170–177, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Social Stressors Associated With Antepartum Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income African American Women

Objectives: To describe depressive symptomatology and examine the relationship between social stressors and depressive symptoms in pregnant African American women. Design and Sample: Cross‐sectional study of 119 women receiving care at 2 prenatal clinics in Northern California. Measures: Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). Social stress variables included discrimination, trauma exposure, social conflict, and economic stress. Results: In this sample, mean CES‐D score was 15.88. Forty‐two percent of the women had CES‐D scores ≥16 (possible risk), and 23% had CES‐D scores ≥23 (probable risk). There were significantly positive relationships between the social stress variables (discrimination, trauma exposure, social conflict, economic stress) and CES‐D scores. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that together discrimination and social conflict accounted for 36% of the variance in antepartum depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Discrimination and social conflict are considerable sources of stress that contribute to levels of antepartum depressive symptoms in African American women. While the results reinforce the importance of universal prenatal screening, comprehensive strategies are also needed to help ameliorate the impact that social stressors such as discrimination and social conflict have on the mental health of pregnant African American women.
Effect of CVD Temperature on Orientation, Roughness, and Chemical Mechanical Polish Removal Rate of W Thin Films

The deposition temperature for tungsten films used as interconnects on Si integrated circuits is found to strongly influence the subsequent chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) removal rate. Careful analysis of the films by orientation imaging microscopy showed a direct correlation between the chemical vapor deposition temperature and the area fraction of (114) vs. (110) oriented tungsten grains. The CMP removal rate decreased as the fraction of (114) oriented grains in the film increased.
A review of models of landscape change

Models of landscape change may serve a variety of purposes, from exploring the interaction of natural processes to evaluating proposed management treatments. These models can be categorized as either whole landscape models, distributional landscape models, or spatial landscape models, depending on the amount of detail included in the models. Distributional models, while widely used, exclude spatial detail important for most landscape ecological research. Spatial models require substantial data, now more readily available, via remote sensing, and more easily manipulated, in geographical information systems. In spite of these technical advances, spatial modelling is poorly developed, largely because landscape change itself is poorly understood. To facilitate further development of landscape models I suggest (1) empirical multivariate studies of landscape change, (2) modelling of individual landscape processes, (3) explicit study of the effect of model scale on model behavior, and (4) ‘scaling-up’ results of studies, on smaller land areas, that have landscape relevance.
Combined cataract extraction and trabeculotomy by the internal approach for coexisting cataract and open-angle glaucoma: initial results.

Purpose To provide an update of the short-term results of combined phacoemulsification and trabeculotomy by the internal approach with a follow-up to 21 months. Setting Universities and private practices in the United States. Methods This prospective interventional case series comprised 304 consecutive eyes with open-angle glaucoma and cataract having combined phacoemulsification and trabeculotomy with a Trabectome (NeoMedix Inc.). The Trabectome is designed to open a direct pathway for aqueous to flow from the anterior chamber into Schlemm canal collector channels. Under gonioscopic control, bipolar cautery was applied by a purpose-designed footplate to ablate the trabecular meshwork and inner wall of Schlemm canal. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication use, and complications. Results The mean IOP was 20.0 mm Hg ± 6.3 (SD) preoperatively, 14.8 ± 3.5 mm Hg at 6 months, and 15.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg at 1 year. There was a corresponding drop in glaucoma medications from 2.65 ± 1.13 at baseline to 1.76 ± 1.25 at 6 months and 1.44 ± 1.29 at 1 year. Subsequent secondary glaucoma procedures were performed in 9 patients. The only frequent complication, blood reflux in 239 patients (78.4%), resolved within a few days. Conclusions Combined phacoemulsification and trabeculotomy by the internal approach using the Trabectome lowered IOP and medication use in the majority of patients. Complications were minimal and comparable to those in an earlier series of Trabectome-only procedures.
Interstitial salinity as a cause of ecophenic variation in Spartina alterniflora

Abstract This work supported the postulate that the height of Spartina alterniflora plants on salt marshes is a function of the total dissolved salt concentration of the underlying substrate. This hypothesis was tested by a combination of observations and perturbations. These activities led to the conclusion that the horizontal stability of the interstitial water allows the formation of interstitial salinity clines on the salt marsh. Pore water salinities are lowest near sources of estuarine or fresh water and highest in areas further removed (elevationally) from sources of low saline water. The growth of Spartina alterniflora is inversely related to the interstitial salinity along these clines. Growth is robust in low saline areas and weak in areas of high pore water salinity. A case for a causal relationship between interstitial salinity and Spartina growth forms is presented.
A wideband low loss planar microstrip-to-CPS balun

A wideband microstrip to coplanar stripline (CPS) balun has been developed for use in plasma diagnostic radiometric imaging array systems. This balun design includes an impedance transformer and several via holes to realize impedance and field matching. Under TRL measurement, the 2 dB and 3 dB back-to-back insertion loss bandwidth can cover from 2 to 18.45 GHz (1:9.225) and from 2 to 26.5 GHz (1:13.25), respectively.
Chlamydia pneumoniae sp. nov. for Chlamydia sp. Strain TWAR

A third species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, is proposed for the genus Chlamydia. This bacterium is a human respiratory pathogen, which has been referred to as the TWAR strain of Chlamydia. Species identification is based on ultrastructural differences in the elementary bodies, deoxyribonucleic acid analysis, and serology.
A New Approach to Estimation of Relative Risks Due to Two or More Risk Factors Under Multiple Matching in Case-Control Studies

The analysis of case-control data using logistic regression involves making some critical model assumptions. In the analysis of matched data for which the values of the matching variable(s) are unavailable, use of logistic regression presupposes that odds ratios are homogeneous over the levels of the matching variable (s); this is done since logistic regression cannot, at present, provide a way of testing for the homogeneity of odds ratios. In our model, it is possible, as in logistic regression, to estimate odds ratios, check the multiplicativity of effects, or test for the significance of association. In addition, and unlike logistic regression, our model enables one to test for the homogeneity of the odds ratios over the levels of the matching variable(s) even when explicit information is not available on the matching variable(s).
Parametric reconstruction of kinetic PET data with plasma function estimation

It is often necessary to analyze the time response of a tracer. A common way of analyzing the tracer time response is to use a compartment model and estimate the model parameters. The model parameters are generally physiologically meaningful and called "kinetic parameters". In this paper, we simultaneously estimate both the kinetic parameters at each voxel and the model-based plasma input function directly from the sinogram data. Although the plasma model parameters are not our primary interest, they are required for accurate reconstruction of kinetic parameters. The plasma model parameters are initialized with an image domain method to avoid local minima, and multiresolution optimization is used to perform the required reconstruction. Good initial guesses for the plasma parameters are required for the algorithm to converge to the correct answer. Therefore, we devised a preprocessing step involving clustering of the emission images by temporal characteristics to find a reasonable plasma curve that was consistent with the kinetics of the multiple tissue types. We compare the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the kinetic parameter estimates with the measured (true) plasma input function and with the estimated plasma input function. Tests using a realistic rat head phantom and a real plasma input function show that we can simultaneously estimate the kinetic parameters of the two-tissue compartment model and plasma input function. The RMSE of the kinetic parameters increased for some parameters and remained the same or decreased for other parameters.
Biologically inspired neural network controller for an infrared tracking system

Many biological systems exhibit capable, adaptive behavior with a minimal nervous system such as those found in lower invertebrates. Scientists and engineers are studying biological systems because these models may have real-world applications. The analog neural controller, herein, is loosely modeled after minimal biological nervous systems. The system consists of the controller and pair of sensors mounted on an actuator. It is implemented with an electrical oscillator network, two infrared sensors and a dc motor, used as an actuator for the system. The system tracks an IR target source. The pointing accuracy of this neural network controller is estimated through experimental measurements and a numerical model of the system.
On variational inequality approach to nash dynamic game of oil stockpiling

Oil market disruption and strategic stockpiling are consideredin this work. A variational inequality approach is developed.The model treated here is more general than previous work.It is established that the Nash equilibrium is characterized by a system of inequalities. A sufficient condition for the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium is derived and an efficient iterative algorithm is proposed and analyzed
Teaching in Wartime China: A Photo-Memoir, 1937-1939

After graduating from Yale in 1937, Edward Gulick spent two years in China's Hunan Province, teaching English at a mission school for Chinese boys. Faced with the prospect of invasion and military occupation by the Japanese, the school's leaders moved the students to safer quarters in a distant town. Gulick participated in the evacuation, traveled widely in the area, and kept detailed journals of his experiences. Drawing on these journals and on a collection of remarkable photographs he took at the time, he has created a memoir in words and images that vividly conveys the texture of daily life during his sojourn in China.
Mixed-mode automatic tuning scheme for high-Q continuous-time filters

An automatic tuning scheme using envelope detectors and simple mixed-mode circuitry is discussed. The method is developed especially for filters with large Q values and can be used at very high operating frequencies. The circuit was designed in a 1.2 µm CMOS process with a 3 V single supply voltage. As a demonstration filter, a second-order gm–C bandpass section is used, but the method can also be applied to lowpass and highpass sections. The measured frequency tuning error is less than 0.3% for filters with Q > 80 operating in the range of 105 MHz–120 MHz.
Insights from Family Science: The Case of Innovation:

By explaining processes through which familiness affects innovation, Carnes and Ireland take an important step toward explaining prior mixed findings. Their research also underscores the heterogeneity of families in that different family firms have different innovative outcomes. We adapt the circumplex model from family science research to help explain which families might innovate. Our larger purpose, however, is to offer a small example of the kind of theory building that we believe will be necessary for family businesses researchers to fully leverage insights from family science.
The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting.

Objective. To develop national estimates of the epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting. Methods. Cross-sectional data on a probability sample of 21,103 emergency department (ED) visits from the 1999 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were analyzed. For patients arriving by ambulance, the frequencies (95% confidence intervals) of patients presenting with no level of pain reported (data unknown or missing) and those reporting no, mild, and moderate or severe pain were determined. The reasons for visit among those with moderate or severe pain, and the ED narcotic analgesic use among those with pain information reported and not reported, were also determined. >Results. Of the 102.8 million patients visiting the ED in 1999, 14.5 million arrived by ambulance. Fifty-three percent (49-58%) were female. Seven million six hundred thousand [52% (48-56%)] had no information on presenting level of pain reported, 2.0 million [14% (2-25%)] had no pain, 2.0 million [14% (3-25%)] had mild pain, and ...
On time optimal trajectories

A time optimal steering policy can be computed for a given rocket vehicle that defines a trajectory from a given initial state to the desired final state by using the minimum principle and solving the associated two-point boundary value problem. In this correspondence, it is shown that application of the minimum principle can yield both a locally minimum solution and a locally maximum solution. Numerical evidence has been obtained to substantiate the findings.
Ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MS) allows for the direct analysis of ordinary objects in the open atmosphere of the laboratory or in their natural environment. Analyte desorption usually accompanies the ionization step and these processes are often concerted, multi-step processes. Ambient desorption ionization methods typically require little or no sample preparation, offer a much simplified work flow and deliver unprecedented ease of use to MS analyses. Since the introduction of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI [Z. Takats, J.M. Wiseman, B. Gologan, R.G. Cooks, Science (Washington, D. C.) 306 (2004) 471]) in 2004 and the direct analysis in real time (DART [R.B. Cody, J.A. Laramee, H.D. Durst, Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 2297]) in 2005, this new field of MS has developed rapidly. Numerous permutations of the various options for analyte desorption and ionization have been demonstrated. Desorption steps, such as momentum transfer, dissolution into ricocheting droplets and thermal desorption, have been combined with ionization steps, including ESI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photo-ionization. The large number of possible combinations of desorption and ionization components that have already been applied is creating a proliferation of techniques and acronyms that is becoming ever more complex. Here, we provide a logical framework for the classification of these related experiments, based on the desorption and ionization processes involved in each.
Toxicity equivalence range design (TEQR): A practical Phase I design

Abstract Purpose This paper introduces the target equivalence range (TEQR) design, a frequentist implementation of the modified toxicity probability interval (mTPI) design, as a competitor to the standard 3 + 3 design (3 + 3). The 3 + 3 is the work horse design in Phase I. It is good at determining if a safe dose exits, but provides poor accuracy and precision in estimating the level of toxicity at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Its main competitor, the continual reassessment method (CRM) has not found a true niche in the Phase I armamentarium resulting from statistical and implementation complexities. Methods We describe the four competing designs (3 + 3, mTPI, CRM, and TEQR), comparing them based on i) operating characteristics from simulated trials, and ii) ease of implementation. Results The TEQR is better than the 3 + 3 when compared on; 1) number of times the dose at or nearest the target toxicity level was selected as the MTD, 2) number of patients assigned to dose levels at or nearest the MTD, 3) overall trial dose limiting toxicity rate and 4) accuracy and precision of estimates for the rate of toxicity at the MTD. Further it is reasonably comparable to the CRM and mTPI on 1–3. Conclusion The TEQR offers trial designers a competitor to the 3 + 3 for ease of implementation with better operating characteristics and the added attraction of a glimpse of activity at the MTD. The R package TEQR, freely available from the comprehensive R archive network, includes functions to calculate dose escalation guidelines and operating characteristics.
Mortality, ethnicity, and education in an occupational cohort

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between occupational degree requirement and mortality between ethnic groups in a cohort of urban workers. Design/methodology/approach – The study included 118,606 health-insured full-time workers from the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC). Mortality rates (MR) and mortality rate ratios (MRR) were calculated for major ethnic categories. Estimates were adjusted for age, sex, and occupational degree requirement. Findings – Prior to adjustment for degree requirement, mortality rates (MRs) by ethnic groups in the Health and Hospitals Corporation were in line with national estimates: highest for blacks, followed by whites, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islander (APIs). After adjustment, the MR for blacks became comparable to whites (mortality rate ratio (MRR)=1.02). The low-Hispanic MR did not change; the Hispanic advantage persisted (MRR=0.66), as did the API advantage (MRR=0.50). Research limitations/implications – Higher...
Dynamic visual acuity as an index of eye movement control

Abstract The dynamic visual acuity, DVA, of man and monkey was determined, and the associated horizontal eye movements were correlated with DVA. Monkeys have superior DVA, but inferior static visual acuity. The saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys are of shorter latency and higher velocity than those of man. Monkeys need only one saccade to attain a maximum smooth pursuit velocity of 140 deg/sec, whereas man needs two or more saccades to attain a smooth pursuit velocity of 90 deg/sec. It is probable that three factors determine DVA: (1) foveal visual acuity (2) oculomotor control (3) parafoveal visual acuity. It is shown that monkeys have better oculomotor control than man and it is inferred that monkeys have better parafoveal visual acuity. In addition it is demonstrated that monkeys, like man, are capable of predictive eye tracking.
Race, Ethnicity, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrants in the United States

Previous work has not fully explored the role of race in the health of immigrants. We investigate race and ethnic differences in self-rated health (SRH) among immigrants, assess the degree to which socio-economic characteristics explain race and ethnic differences, and examine whether time in the USA affects racial and ethnic patterning of SRH among immigrants. Data came from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (N = 16, 288). Using logistic regression, we examine race and ethnic differences in SRH controlling for socio-economic differences and length of time in the country. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black immigrants were the most socio-economically disadvantaged. Asian immigrants were socio-economically similar to non-Hispanic White immigrants. Contrary to U.S. racial patterning, Black immigrants had lower odds of poor SRH than did non-Hispanic White immigrants when socio-demographic factors were controlled. When length of stay in the USA was included in the model, there were no racial or ethnic differences in SRH. However, living in the USA for 15 years and longer was associated with increased odds of poor SRH for all immigrants. Findings have implications for research on racial and ethnic disparities in health. Black-White disparities that have received much policy attention do not play out when we examine self-assessed health among immigrants. The reasons why non-Hispanic Black immigrants have similar self-rated health than non-Hispanic White immigrants even though they face greater socio-economic disadvantage warrant further attention.
Study of near- and far-field two-lobe patterns outside the output endface of a two-mode fiber

The behaviors of the near- and far-field two-lobe radiation patterns from a circular-core two-mode fiber are studied by using both the mode and Kirchhoff diffraction theories. The electric field outside the output endface of the fiber is derived from the electric field distribution of the LP sub 01 and LP sub 11 modes at the fiber endface using the Kirchhoff diffraction formula. Different phenomena are studied by solving this expression numerically at near-and far-fields. The Gouy phase shifts are quantitatively evaluated at cross-sections of the near field. The results reveal the distortion and dislocation of the far-field two-lobe pattern induced by an inclination angle of the fiber endface.
Thermosphere dynamics: Contributions from the first 5 years of the Dynamics Explorer Program

Instrumentation flown on the Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE-2) spacecraft enabled the dynamics of both the neutral and the ionized components of the earth's upper atmosphere to be monitored over the lifetime of the spacecraft, from August 1981 to February 1983. The direct measurements of global thermospheric vector neutral winds and ion drifts were supplemented by observations of neutral and ionic constituent abundances and temperatures, precipitating particle fluxes and pitch angle distributions, electric and magnetic fields, and global-scale auroral luminosity distributions. Analysis of this unique and comprehensive global data base has led to advances in our understanding of the manner in which the earth's thermosphere responds dynamically to the insertion of energy and momentum. We review the scientific progress achieved over the past 5 years through the efforts of members of the Dynamics Explorer science team and the other interested scientists who have used the DE data base to investigate the dynamical response of the thermosphere.
Geographic disparities in well being and fiscal expenditures in Thailand: 2000 vs. 2009

This article investigates (1) the extent to which the differences in the standard of living between regions in Thailand are due to differences in the returns to characteristics or differences in the characteristics themselves; and (2) whether the current allocation of fiscal expenditures by the central authorities is related to the main determinants of spatial disparities in welfare among the provinces. The analysis reveals that the lower level of welfare in the rural areas within any given region is primarily because of differences in characteristics of the population in rural vs. urban areas. Differences in returns generally account for the most part of the welfare differences between urban areas of different regions and Bangkok or rural areas of other regions compared with the rural northeast. The analysis of fiscal expenditures and their relation to welfare disparities suggests that there are many opportunities to improve the role of fiscal expenditure allocation by the central government as an instru...
Electrostatic and Inertial Collection of Aerosol Particles by Water Droplets

Inertial impaction and electrostatic attraction are generally the two most important mechanisms for the collection of charged micron-sized particles by charged droplets. An experiment was carried out to determine the collision efficiencies of charged 142-μm-radius water droplets for charged micron-sized particles under different values of the electrostatic force. Experimental results agree well with a trajectory model that used a numerically derived flow field for the 142-μm-radius droplets.