cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Analysis of Pediatric Patient Attitudes Regarding Family-Centered Rounds.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends family-centered rounds (FCR) as standard practice for the inpatient setting. To date, there is limited research investigating the attitudes of pediatric patients regarding this shift in practice. The goal of this study was to explore pediatric patients’ perspectives of their experiences during FCR. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study based on results from 22 semi-structured interviews of school-aged and adolescent inpatients from September 2012 through October 2013. English-speaking patients, aged 7 to 18 years, who participated in FCR were eligible for inclusion. Transcripts were initially analyzed by using a constant comparative method. After completion of this initial analysis, a third reviewer independently reviewed all transcripts to verify the accuracy of the final coding scheme. RESULTS: The final coding scheme consisted of 5 main themes: team size, medical team interactions, content discussed on FCR, setting expectations, and timing and location of FCR. In general, patients expressed a wide array of positive, negative, and neutral impressions within each theme relating to their experiences with FCR. CONCLUSIONS: Patient comments regarding their experience with FCR offer unique perspectives from previously studied participants, including physicians, nurses, students, and parents. Future research aimed at evaluating the bedside rounding process should incorporate patients’ views to realize the complete FCR experience.
Continuum-Based Methods for Sprays

In this chapter, the mathematical description of spray processes is presented. After a brief summary of the basic mathematical concepts used, a discussion of the conservation equations is given, followed by a brief introduction to turbulence. Subsequently, a discussion of turbulence modeling is presented including Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES) modeling. Once this basic background is established, the discussion of the averaged or filtered conservation equations in conjunction with the liquid phase equations is given. The chapter ends with a discussion of the discretization of the equation system and the main algorithms used for the numerical solutions.
Modernity and Bourgeois Life: Bourgeois morals: from Victorianism to modern sexuality

Few features of classic bourgeois life have been more remarked on and bewailed than its morality, often derided as rigid, puritanical, and hypocritical, especially in regard to sex. Nineteenth-century moralists made large demands on speech and behavior in the name of decency and decorum, often in strikingly inconsistent ways. Men were allowed satisfactions considered unthinkable for women; representations of unclothed bodies were taken for granted so long as they could be assigned to some distant or mythical realm, but moralistic viewers were shocked by Manet’s ironic and playful contemporary nudes (in contrast to Mauclair’s celebration of them), and even by the suggestion of a falling gown-strap on the bare shoulder of an elegant woman in a portrait by John Singer Sargent. We can defend bourgeois morality on the grounds that many human societies have imposed narrow and inflexible standards of propriety on dress, demeanor, and public expression, especially for women, and that hypocrisy has reared its head wherever ordinary flesh-and-blood humans have sought to exhibit strict moral and religious principles in their daily lives. Bourgeois themselves were the first to call attention to hypocrisy in their midst, condemning it in the name of transparency and truth. In addition, Peter Gay’s detailed and colorful studies have shown that many nineteenth-century middle-class women and men lived far more open and varied moral lives than has commonly been supposed, often regarding sensual and erotic satisfactions as a highly desirable part of respectable existence. Even his account leaves many features of the traditional picture intact, however, and with them the need to make sense of the perplexing contours of modern bourgeois moral belief and behavior.
Genetic and environmental associations between body dissatisfaction, weight preoccupation, and binge eating: Evidence for a common factor with differential loadings across symptom type.

Objective Prior twin studies provide support for a single “common factor” that contributes genetic and environmental risk to a range of disordered eating symptoms. However, the common factor may be indexed less well by binge eating (BE) than other symptoms of eating disorders [i.e., body dissatisfaction (BD) and weight preoccupation (WP)]. We sought to explore the presence of a common factor and test whether loadings differed across three key symptoms (i.e., BE, BD, WP). Method Disordered eating was assessed via self-report in 631 female twin pairs from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Results We detected a common disordered eating factor that was influenced primarily by additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences. However, we observed different loadings on this common factor by symptom type, as factor loadings for BD and WP were stronger than that for BE. Moreover, the residual environmental and/or genetic variances (i.e., those that are independent of the common factor) were larger in BE than those of BD or WP. Discussion Although all three symptoms share a common set of genetic and environmental influences, risk for BE may involve additional genetic, biological, and environmental factors that are not shared with other symptoms of eating pathology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:157–161)
Growing Plants and Scientists: Fostering Positive Attitudes toward Science among All Participants in an Afterschool Hydroponics Program

This study examines an out-of-school time program targeting elementary-aged youth from populations that are typically underrepresented in science fields (primarily African-American, Hispanic, and/or English Language Learner participants). The program aimed to foster positive attitudes toward science among youth by engaging them in growing plants hydroponically (in water without soil). Participants’ attitudes toward science, including anxiety, desire, and self-concept, were examined through pre-post survey data (n = 234) over the course of an afterschool program at three separate sites. Data showed that participants’ anxiety decreased and desire increased for both male and female participants over the program. Self-concept increased for female participants at all three sites but did not change significantly for male participants. Participants’ first language (English or Spanish) was not a factor in attitude outcomes. The primarily positive outcomes suggest that hydroponics can be a useful educational platform for engaging participants in garden-based programming year round, particularly for settings that do not have the physical space or climate to conduct outdoor gardening. Similarities in positive attitude outcomes at the three sites despite differences in format, implementation, and instructor background experience suggest that the program is resilient to variation in context. Understanding which aspects of the program facilitated positive outcomes in the varied contexts could be useful for the design of future programs.
Interaction of Lamb waves with rivet hole cracks from multiple directions

This paper presents the interaction of Lamb waves with rivet hole cracks from multiple directions of incident using the finite element approach. Lamb waves undergo scattering and mode conversion after interacting with the damage. Shear horizontal waves appear in the scattered waves because of the mode conversion. Instead of analyzing the whole large structure, the local damage area is analyzed using finite element analyses and analytical formulation is used to analyze the whole structure. The scatter fields are described in terms of wave damage interaction coefficients that involve scattering and mode conversion of Lamb waves. Lamb wave mode (S0 and A0) hit the damage from multiple directions and corresponding wave damage interaction coefficients are obtained around the damage. Harmonic analysis has been performed over the fundamental frequency domain and “scatter cubes” of complex-valued wave damage interaction coefficients are formed. The scatter cube provides the information of relative amplitude and p...
Hypersomnia: Evaluation, Treatment, and Social and Economic Aspects

Most central disorders of hypersomnolence are conditions with poorly understood pathophysiologies, making their identification, treatment, and management challenging for sleep clinicians. The most challenging to diagnose and treat is idiopathic hypersomnia. There are no FDA-approved treatments, and off-label usage of narcolepsy treatments seldom provide benefit. Patients are largely left on their own to alleviate the compound effects of this disorder on their quality of life. This review covers the major points regarding clinical features and diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia, reviews current evidence supporting the available treatment options, and discusses the psychosocial impact and effects of idiopathic hypersomnia.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for essential tremor: Retrospective analysis of a 19-year experience.

Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder that can be disabling. Initial treatment is in the form of medical therapies. Patients with medically refractory ET seek surgical intervention which include radiofrequency thalamotomy, deep brain stimulation, and radiosurgical thalamotomy. Radiosurgical thalamotomy is a minimally invasive surgical option which is especially valuable for elderly and high surgical risk patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients suffering from medically refractory essential tremor. Methods: During a 19-year period (1996–2015), 73 patients underwent gamma knife thalamotomy for intractable essential tremor. A median central dose of 140 Gy (range, 130–150) was delivered to the nucleus ventralis intermedius through a single 4-mm isocenter. We used the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin clinical tremor rating scale to score tremor, handwriting, drawing, and ability to drink fluids. The median time to last follow-up was 28 months (range, 6–152). Results: After gamma knife thalamotomy, 93.2% improved in tremor. Forty-four patients (60.3%) experienced tremor arrest or barely perceptible tremor. Eighteen patients (24.7%) noted tremor arrest and complete restoration of motor function. Tremor improvement was sustained at last follow-up in 96% of patients who experience tremor relief. Mean tremor score improved from 3.19 before to 1.27 after gamma knife thalamotomy (P < 0.0001). Mean handwriting score improved from 2.97 to 1.25 (P < 0.0001). Mean drawing score improved from 3.16 to 1.26 (P < 0.0001). Mean drinking score improved from 3.14 to 1.56 (P < 0.0001). Imaging follow-up showed three types of lesions: enhancing lesion, streaking along internal capsule on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and significant reactive changes. Three patients (4%) experienced temporary adverse radiation effects. Conclusion: Radiosurgery is a safe and valuable treatment option for medically refractory essential tremor, especially for the elderly or those with high surgical risk for DBS or radiofrequency thalamotomy. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Characterization and catalysis of PtCu clusters in NaY

Abstract The metal clusters in Pt NaY , Cu NaY , Cu NaHY , and PtCu NaY have been characterized by TPR, TPD, XRD, XPS, H2 chemisorption, and methylcyclopentane (MCP) conversion as a catalytic probe. For Cu NaY samples which had been calcined at 300 °C the reduction proceeds by a two-step mechanism: Formation of Cu+ is followed by its reduction to Cu particles located in supercages and on the external surface of the zeolite. For acidic samples, Cu NaHY , a high local concentration of protons prevents complete reduction to Cu0. Reduction of Pt NaY calcined at 300 °C results in small Pt particles in the supercages. Pt strongly catalyzes the reduction of Cu; the Cu TPR peaks merge with the Pt TPR peaks. This is even the case if initially all Pt ions are located in supercages and all Cu ions in hexagonal prisms. The reduced bimetal particles do not show memory of the original location of the ions prior to reduction. The surface of the particles is enriched in Cu, and the turnover frequency for MCP ring opening is low. The selectivity toward n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane shows characteristic changes with composition and size of the bimetal particles. These results are rationalized in terms of a tentative model based on the geometry of particles and cages.
Assessment of Osteoporosis in Injured Older Women Admitted to a Safety-Net Level One Trauma Center: A Unique Opportunity to Fulfill an Unmet Need.

Background. Older trauma patients often undergo computed tomography (CT) as part of the initial work-up. CT imaging can also be used opportunistically to measure bone density and assess osteoporosis. Methods. In this retrospective cohort study, osteoporosis was ascertained from admission CT scans in women aged ≥65 admitted to the ICU for traumatic injury during a 3-year period at a single, safety-net, level 1 trauma center. Osteoporosis was defined by established CT-based criteria of average L1 vertebral body Hounsfield units <110. Evidence of diagnosis and/or treatment of osteoporosis was the primary outcome. Results. The study cohort consisted of 215 women over a 3-year study period, of which 101 (47%) had evidence of osteoporosis by CT scan criteria. There were no differences in injury severity score, hospital length of stay, cost, or discharge disposition between groups with and without evidence of osteoporosis. Only 55 (59%) of the 94 patients with osteoporosis who survived to discharge had a documented osteoporosis diagnosis and/or corresponding evaluation/treatment plan. Conclusion. Nearly half of older women admitted with traumatic injuries had underlying osteoporosis, but 41% had neither clinical recognition of this finding nor a treatment plan for osteoporosis. Admission for traumatic injury is an opportunity to assess osteoporosis, initiate appropriate intervention, and coordinate follow-up care. Trauma and acute care teams should consider assessment of osteoporosis in women who undergo CT imaging and provide a bridge to outpatient services.
Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Arsenic on Baseball Fields with Contaminated Fill Material

Children can be exposed to arsenic through play areas which may have contaminated fill material from historic land use. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the risk to children who play and/or spend time at baseball fields with soils shown to have arsenic above background levels. Arsenic in soils at the study sites located in Miami, FL, USA showed distinct distributions between infield, outfield, and areas adjacent to the fields. Using best estimates of exposure factors for children baseball scenarios, results show that non-cancer risks depend most heavily upon the age of the person and the arsenic exposure level. For extreme exposure scenarios evaluated in this study, children from 1 to 2 years were at highest risk for non-cancer effects (Hazard Quotient, HQ > 2.4), and risks were higher for children exhibiting pica (HQ > 9.7) which shows the importance of testing fill for land use where children may play. At the study sites, concentration levels of arsenic resulted in a range of computed cancer risks that differed by a factor of 10. In these sites, the child's play position also affected risk. Outfield players, with a lifetime exposure to these arsenic levels, could have 10 times more increased chance of experiencing cancers associated with arsenic (i.e., lung, bladder, skin) in comparison to infielders. The distinct concentration distributions observed between these portions of the baseball fields emphasize the need to delineate contaminated areas in public property where citizens may spend more free time. This study also showed a need for more tools to improve the risk estimates for child play activities. For instance, more refined measurements of exposure factors for intake (e.g., inhalation rates under rigorous play activities, hand to mouth rates), exposure frequency (i.e., time spent in various activities) and other exposure factors (e.g., soil particulate emission rates at baseball play fields) can help pinpoint risk on baseball fields where arsenic levels may be a concern.
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction by a cobalt bis(pyridylmonoimine) complex: effect of acid concentration on catalyst activity and stability

A Co complex with a redox-active bis(pyridylmonoimine) ligand has been prepared and shows catalytic activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction in acetonitrile. Addition of a proton source such as water or trifluoroethanol dramatically improves the activity and stability of the molecular catalyst. The Co complex reduces CO2 to CO selectively at −1.95 V vs. Fc+/0 in the presence of high concentrations of water. The activity of the Co complex for CO2 reduction compares favorably to other molecular Co-based catalysts in acetonitrile solutions.
The Minimum-Norm Least-Squares Solution of a Linear System and Symmetric Rank-One Updates

In this paper, we study the Moore-Penrose inverse of a symmetric rank-one perturbed matrix from which a finite method is proposed for the minimum-norm least-squares solution to the system of linear equations Ax = b. This method is guaranteed to produce the required result.
Metals in aquatic and terrestrial systems: sorption, speciation and mobilization.

Water is a major carrier of metal pollutants which can be transported from a disposal site both in dissolved and particulate form. The particles can be original components of the waste as well as newly formed material or existing solids contaminated during leachate flow through the receiving ecosystem. Water is also the medium in which the metal pollutants undergo biological and chemical reactions. Some of these reactions induce phase changes resulting in variations in the rate of metal transport. It is therefore important to understand which phenomena are responsible for retarding the metal fluxes and which are, in contrast, capable of increasing the metal mobility in order to select disposal sites which provide conditions to provoke minimum pollutant dispersion from the point source.
Ingenol mebutate: potential for further development of cancer immunotherapy.

Ingenol mebutate is a diterpene ester derived from the plant Euphorbia peplus and is FDA approved for the topical treatment of actinic keratoses (AK). Shown to be efficacious with as little as a 3-day trial, this compound is being further tested for the topical treatment of other nonmelanoma skin cancers with promising preclinical data. In an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this novel drug, Stahlhut et al.,(2012) suggest a role for calcium and apoptosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the intracellular mechanisms of ingenol mebutate-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, studies such as this not only shed light on the mechanism of ingenol mebutate and its derivatives, but also pave the way for evaluating the involvement of the immune system in elim1nating drug-treated cells and tissues. This has important implications for the development of novel topical immune modulatory products and the field of topical immunotherapy.
Solitary Floral Specialists Do Not Respond to Cryptic Flower-Occupying Predators

The impacts of predators on bee foraging behavior are varied, but have been suggested to depend on both the type of predator (namely their hunting strategy) and also risk assessment by the prey (i.e., ability to perceive predators and learn to avoid them). However, nearly all studies have explored these impacts using social bees, despite the fact that solitary bees are extremely diverse, often specialized in their floral interactions, and may exhibit different behaviors in response to flower-occupying predators. In this study, we examined foraging behaviors of wild solitary long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.) in response to a cryptic predator, the ambush bug (Phymata americana) on the bees’ primary floral host, the prairie sunflower (Helianthus petiolaris). We found sex-specific differences in foraging behaviors of bees, but little evidence that ambush bugs affected either pre-landing or post-landing foraging behaviors. Male bees visited flowers three times more often than females but female bees were five times more likely to land than males. Ambush bugs did not reduce visitation in either sex. Spectral analysis through a bee vision model indicated that ambush bug dorsal coloration was indistinguishable from the disc flowers of sunflowers, suggesting that ambush bugs are indeed cryptic and likely rarely detected by solitary bees. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perceived risk of predation in solitary bees and compare them to other studies of social bees.
Linear Circuit Analysis: a Tool for Addressing Challenges and Identifying Opportunities in Process Circuit Design

One of the most important processing engineering tools for designing mineral processing facilities is linear circuit analysis. This technique, originally conceived and developed by Meloy, Williams, and Fuerstenau nearly four decades ago, provides fundamental insights regarding how unit operations interact and respond when arranged in multi-stage processing circuits. Researchers have successfully utilized this tool to improve the operating performance of industrial processing circuits incorporating coal spirals, magnetic separators, mineral spirals, and eddy current separators. More recently, advanced versions of this tool have also been developed to provide a standardized framework for circuit mass balance calculations, to output exact analytical solutions to mass yield and value-based efficiency expressions, and to estimate uncertainty propagation in separation circuits. This article reviews the historical development of linear circuit analysis, describes how the technique has evolved to address more complex circuit design problems, and presents industrial case studies that highlight the importance of this process engineering tool.
Robot navigation

Robot navigation is a problem that encompasses most of the major areas of AI research. Machine architecture, search, knowledge acquisition and representation, planning, scheduling, reaction, perception, and of course robotics, all can play integral roles in a mobile robot navigation system. For this reason, a large part of the AI community is now interested (and has been since STRIPS was used to guide the Shakey robot) in mobile robot navigation.
Using a surrogate marker for early testing of a treatment effect

The development of methods to identify, validate, and use surrogate markers to test for a treatment effect has been an area of intense research interest given the potential for valid surrogate markers to reduce the required costs and follow-up times of future studies. Several quantities and procedures have been proposed to assess the utility of a surrogate marker. However, few methods have been proposed to address how one might use the surrogate marker information to test for a treatment effect at an earlier time point, especially in settings where the primary outcome and the surrogate marker are subject to censoring. In this paper, we propose a novel test statistic to test for a treatment effect using surrogate marker information measured prior to the end of the study in a time-to-event outcome setting. We propose a robust nonparametric estimation procedure and propose inference procedures. In addition, we evaluate the power for the design of a future study based on surrogate marker information. We illustrate the proposed procedure and relative power of the proposed test compared to a test performed at the end of the study using simulation studies and an application to data from the Diabetes Prevention Program.
Abstract 213: Differential Effects of Nanoformulated Copper/zinc Superoxide Dismutase in Regulating Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Mice Fed a Low versus High Fat Diet

We previously reported that nanoformulated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (nanoSOD) ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation without altering systemic glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of diet-...
The development of summary components for the Disablement in the Physically Active scale in collegiate athletes

The Disablement in the Physically Active scale (DPA) is a generic patient-reported outcome designed to evaluate constructs of disability in physically active populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the DPA scale structure for summary components. Four hundred and fifty-six collegiate athletes completed a demographic form and the DPA. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with oblique rotation. Factors with eigenvalues >1 that explained >5 % of the variance were retained. The PCA revealed a two-factor structure consistent with paradigms used to develop the original DPA. Items 1–12 loaded on Factors 1 and Items 13–16 loaded on Factor 2. Items 1–12 pertain to impairment, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Items 13–16 address psychosocial and emotional well-being. Consideration of item content suggested Factor 1 concerned physical function, while Factor 2 concerned mental well-being. Thus, items clustered around Factor 1 and 2 were identified as physical (DPA–PSC) and mental (DPA–MSC) summary components, respectively. Together, the factors accounted for 65.1 % of the variance. The PCA revealed a two-factor structure for the DPA that resulted in DPA–PSC and DPA–MSC. Analyzing the DPA as separate constructs may provide distinct information that could help to prescribe treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
Education in the app store: using a mobile game to support U.S. preschoolers’ vocabulary learning

Despite the prevalence of educational apps for children, there is little evidence of their effectiveness for learning. Here, children were asked to learn ten new words in a narrative mobile game th...
Dynamic Spike Bundling for Energy-Efficient Spiking Neural Networks

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which represent information as sequences of spikes, are gaining interest due to the emergence of low-power hardware platforms such as IBM TrueNorth and Intel Loihi, and their intrinsic ability to process temporal streams of data (e.g., outputs from event-based cameras). A spike produced by a neuron in an SNN is an event that triggers updates to the membrane potentials of each of the fanout neurons based on the weight associated with the synaptic connection, possibly resulting in other spikes being generated. The time and energy consumption in SNN implementations are dominated by accesses to the synaptic weights from memory and communication of spikes through the on-chip network. To improve the energy-efficiency of SNNs, we therefore propose Dynamic Spike Bundling (DSB), wherein an event to fanout neurons is not generated for every spike; instead, spikes produced by a neuron that occur close in time are dynamically bundled, with a single event being generated for the entire spike bundle. This reduces memory accesses as the synaptic weight can be fetched just once and reused across all spikes in the bundle. The communication traffic is also reduced as fewer messages are communicated between neurons.To evaluate DSB, we develop B-SNNAP, an event-driven SNN accelerator with hardware support for dynamically bundling spikes with minimal overheads. Across 7 image recognition benchmarks including CIFAR100 and ImageNet datasets, DSB achieves 1.15×-3.8× reduction in energy for <0.1% loss in accuracy, and upto 5.1× savings when <1% accuracy loss is tolerable.
The Impact of Urban Requalification on Municipal Governance: an Analysis from Mozambique

The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of urban requalification on municipal governance, taking as a starting point the Mozambican reality. The central argument is that the urban requalification had a positive impact on the municipal governance process and contributed to local development. Thus, the question that guides this article is what is the impact of urban requalification on municipal governance in Chamanculo "D" neighborhood? Therefore, this article concludes that requalification is one of the means by which the municipality of Maputo has served in its governance process to inculcate local development.
Stochastic Population Kinetics and Its Underlying Mathematicothermodynamics

Based on differential calculus, classical mechanics represents the natural world in terms of featureless point masses and their movements. Chemistry studies molecules each of which has a large number of internal degrees of freedom in terms of atoms, electrons, etc.; the behavior of even a single biomolecule like a protein is often so complex that the foundation of chemical kinetics is essentially based on stochastic mathematics. Stochastic population kinetics is a more powerful and more realistic representation of the biological world. This chapter introduces this new mathematical modeling paradigm and shows the existence of a hidden thermodynamic structure underlying any stochastic nonlinear kinetic description of a multi-population biological system. The mathematicothermodynamics presented here is a generalization of J. W. Gibbs’ chemical thermodynamics for equilibrium chemical reaction systems, as heterogeneous matters.
Contemporary Analysis of Simulation-Based Research Data: P Values, Statistical Power, and Effect Size

Many quantitative researchers proceed from the assumption that statistical significance as represented by the p-value is enough to explain their results. In reality, though, p-values form only a part (albeit an important one) of the logic of hypothesis testing. The purpose of this chapter is to explain this logical flow by addressing core concepts such as the null hypothesis, alpha and beta error, and statistical power. Particular attention should be paid to the concept of effect size, which is a quantitative means of expressing the magnitude of an observed effect. Only when a p-value is correctly interpreted in the context of the power and effect size of a study can the results be given the most appropriate interpretation and meaningful conclusions be derived.
Characterization of genetic subclonal evolution in pancreatic cancer mouse models

The KPC mouse model, driven by the Kras and Trp53 transgenes, is well regarded for faithful recapitulation of human pancreatic cancer biology. However, the extent that this model recapitulates the subclonal evolution of this tumor type is unknown. Here we report evidence of continuing subclonal evolution after tumor initiation that largely reflect copy number alterations that target cellular processes of established significance in human pancreatic cancer. The evolutionary trajectories of the mouse tumors show both linear and branching patterns as well as clonal mixing. We propose the KPC model and derivatives have unexplored utility as a functional system to model the mechanisms and modifiers of tumor evolution.
Non-contact Medium-based Respiratory Analysis through Reinforced Hybrid Model

The ability to monitor natural respiratory behaviors is essential to pulmonology. Existing contact-based respiratory monitoring methods are known for their accuracy, but are generally considered uncomfortable, whereas non-contact methods are comfortable but less accurate. Thin Medium Thermal Imaging (TMTI), a respiration monitoring method that uses a thin medium and thermal imaging to sense breathing activity, was proposed as an alternative non-contact method that monitors respiration directly. However, the accuracy of this method suffered due to lack of information about airflow behaviors occurring between the user’s mouth and the medium. In this paper, we describe a reinforced hybrid model that utilizes a thermal camera with a spectral filter (3-5[µm]) to provide breathing behavior information in addition to a low-cost thermal camera to capture images of the medium. The thermal camera with a spectral filter visualizes CO 2 , giving us the ability to observe the turbulent behavior of exhaled airflows. By further understanding the relationship between human breathing behaviors and the heat signatures on the medium using this hybrid model, we are able to classify breathing mode with at least 91% accuracy.
Novel Effect Size Interpretation Guidelines and an Evaluation of Statistical Power in Rehabilitation Research

Abstract Objective First, to establish empirically-based effect size interpretation guidelines for rehabilitation treatment effects. Second, to evaluate statistical power in rehabilitation research. Data Sources The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched through June 2019. Study Selection Meta-analyses included in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with “rehabilitation” as a keyword and clearly evaluated a rehabilitation intervention. Data Extraction We extracted Cohen’s d effect sizes and associated sample sizes for treatment and comparison groups. Two independent investigators classified the interventions into 4 categories using the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values within the effect size distribution were used to establish interpretation guidelines for small, medium, and large effects, respectively. A priori power analyses established sample sizes needed to detect the empirically-based values for small, medium, and large effects. Post-hoc power analyses using median sample sizes revealed whether the “typical” rehabilitation study was sufficiently powered to detect the empirically-based values. Post hoc power analyses established the statistical power of each test based on the sample size and reported effect size. Data Synthesis We analyzed 3381 effect sizes extracted from 99 meta-analyses. Interpretation guidelines for small effects ranged from 0.08 to 0.15; medium effects ranged from 0.19 to 0.36; and large effects ranged from 0.41 to 0.67. We present sample sizes needed to detect these values based on a priori power analyses. Post hoc power analyses revealed that a “typical” rehabilitation study lacks sufficient power to detect the empirically-based values. Post hoc power analyses using reported sample sizes and effects indicated the studies were underpowered, with median power ranging from 0.14 to 0.23. Conclusions This study presented novel and empirically-based interpretation guidelines for small, medium, and large rehabilitation treatment effects. The observed effect size distributions differed across intervention categories, indicating that researchers should use category-specific guidelines. Furthermore, many published rehabilitation studies are underpowered.
The Location of US Latinidad: Stuck in the Middle , Disney, and the in between Ethnicity

This article explores Disney’s production and circulation of specific and ambiguous Latinidad by focusing on the Disney Channel television series Stuck in the Middle (2016–2018). Bringing together ...
Bile Duct and Gallbladder

Disorders of the gallbladder and bile ducts are not uncommon in the pediatric population. Although ultrasound is typically the first-line imaging modality employed in the workup of right upper quadrant pain or suspected hepatobiliary diseases, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be utilized for evaluation of bile duct and gallbladder disorders in pediatric patients. MR imaging can provide excellent visualization of these structures and allow comprehensive evaluation of the biliary system and possible concurrent liver disease without potentially harmful ionizing radiation associated with other imaging modalities such as CT. MR imaging sequences such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and use of hepatobiliary contrast agents can provide a noninvasive way of evaluating the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Up-to-date working knowledge of techniques and tools available to perform MR imaging of the biliary system and familiarity with common disease processes that are encountered in the pediatric population is essential. Therefore, in this chapter, MR imaging techniques for evaluating bile duct and gallbladder anatomy are discussed followed by the review of bile duct and gallbladder anatomy including embryology, normal development, and anatomic variants. In addition, various congenital and acquired disorders affecting infants and children are discussed including clinical features and characteristic MR imaging findings.
First-order magnetic phase transition in Pr2In with negligible thermomagnetic hysteresis

Magnetic first-order phase transitions are key for the emergence of functionalities of fundamental and applied significance, including magnetic shape memory as well as magnetostrictive and magnetocaloric effects. Such transitions are usually associated with thermomagnetic hysteresis. We report the observation of a first-order transition in $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$ from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state at ${T}_{C}=57\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ without a detectable thermomagnetic hysteresis, which is also accompanied by a large magnetocaloric effect. The peculiar electronic structure of $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$ exhibiting a large density of states near the Fermi energy explains the highly responsive magnetic behavior of the material. The magnetic properties of $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}\mathrm{In}$ are reported, including observation of another (second-order) magnetic transition at 35 K.
When Is a Helix Stable

We determine which helical equilibria of an isotropic Kirchhoff elastic rod with clamped ends are stable and which are unstable. Although the set of all helical equilibria is parametrized by four variables, with an additional fifth parameter determined by the rod's material, we show that only three of these five parameters are needed to distinguish between stable and unstable equilibria. We also show that the closure of the set of stable equilibria is star convex. With these results, we are able to compute and visualize the boundary between stable and unstable helices for the first time.
Sub-nm depth characterization of EUV nanoscale photoresist films by standing-wave photoemission spectroscopy

The success in the shrinking of the electronic device constituents depends mostly on the photolithographic techniques. For next generation lithography, in order to achieve the desired downscaling patterns (<10 nm), extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation must be used and new materials must be developed. Standing Wave X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (SWXPS), a fairly new method in the EUV lithography field, is an ideal method for characterization such new materials. For example, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) combined with standing-wave excitation can provide depth-selective information on the structural and chemical conditions of the photoresits as a function of temperature, exposure, or other parameters. We performed a SW-XPS feasibility study on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films after exposure to electron beam. SW-XPS determined the semi-quantitative chemical profiles of the SAM layer with sub-nm accuracy including the roughness/interdiffusion of both interfaces. We demonstrated that SW-XPS can provide indispensable information useful for understanding the depth composition of films as well effects of irradiation (e-beam or EUV) on the latest ultrathin photoresists.
Helping Those Who Need It the Least: A Counterfactual and Comparative Analysis of Whether Informal Mentoring Promotes Economic Upward Mobility for Low- and Middle-Income Youth:

Although there have been calls to expand mentoring as way to redress the growing problem of economic immobility in the United States, no study to date has directly examined whether mentoring and ec...
Telomere length and TERT expression are associated with age in almond (Prunus dulcis)

While it is well known that all organisms age, our understanding of how aging occurs varies dramatically among species. The aging process in perennial plants is not well defined, yet can have implications on production and yield of valuable fruit and nut crops. Almond, a relevant nut crop, exhibits an age-related disorder known as non-infectious bud failure (BF) that affects vegetative bud development, indirectly affecting kernel-yield. This species and disorder present an opportunity to address aging in a commercially-relevant and vegetatively-propagated, perennial crop threatened by an aging-related disorder. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that telomere length and/or TERT expression can serve as biomarkers of aging in almond using both whole-genome sequencing data and leaf samples collected from distinct age cohorts over a two-year period. To measure telomere lengths, we employed both in silico and molecular approaches. We also measured expression of TERT, a subunit of the enzyme telomerase, which is responsible for maintaining telomere lengths. Results from this work show a marginal but significant association between both telomere length measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR and TERT expression, and age of almond seedlings. These results suggest that as almonds age, TERT expression decreases and telomeres shorten. This work provides valuable information on potential biomarkers of perennial plant aging, contributing to our limited knowledge of this process. In addition, translation of this information will provide opportunities to address BF in almond breeding and nursery propagation.
Primary and Secondary Variants of Psychopathic Traits in at-Risk Youth: Links with Maltreatment, Aggression, and Empathy.

The current study examined whether two variants of psychopathic traits (PT) were identifiable in high-risk youth who had not yet been identified as antisocial, some of whom had documented histories of maltreatment (N = 167, Mage = 14.84), and then whether the variants differed in levels of aggression and empathy. High-PT youth with low anxiety and trauma (i.e., primary variant PT) and high anxiety and trauma (i.e., secondary variant PT) were differentiated. The secondary variant group was comprised largely of youth with documented histories of maltreatment. This group of youth also reported higher levels of proactive and reactive aggression than did the primary variant youth and low-PT youth. All youth reported similar levels of affective empathy and only small differences in cognitive empathy emerged: Primary variant youth reported lower cognitive empathy than low-PT youth. Findings support generalization of two variant groups of youth with psychopathic traits to diverse, high-risk samples not already identified as antisocial and have important implications for policy and practice.
Influences on contraceptive method choice among adolescent women across urban centers in Nigeria: a qualitative study.

Despite calls to increase contraceptive use among adolescents and youth, large gaps still exist, creating an unmet need for family planning. Past research has focused on barriers to seeking a method. There is less understanding of the types of methods young women want and who and what influences these decisions. This study examines what method characteristics young Nigerian women prioritize when choosing a method to inform future family planning programming. In 2018, eight focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in the Nigerian cities of Ilorin and Jos with 83 young women ages 15–24. Participants were identified by community contacts and separated into groups by religion and marital status. The discussion guide utilized a vignette structure to understand the participants’ perceptions on contraceptive behavior and attitudes and misconceptions surrounding different types of methods. The FGDs were undertaken and analyzed by collaborative teams from the University of Ibadan and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. A thematic analysis of the transcripts was performed using Atlas.ti, including two rounds of coding, and multiple reviews by the research team. The method characteristics associated with young women’s contraceptive decisions include: side effects, reliability, length of coverage, privacy, cost, and accessibility. Side effects, reliability, and privacy were described as negatively linked to short-acting methods whereas easy accessibility and low cost were positive characteristics of these methods. Long-acting methods were generally viewed as positive. Participants’ focus on side effects commonly resulted from concerns about the impact on future fertility. The characteristics prioritized by individuals change throughout their adolescence and as their marital status changes. Providers, peers, parents, and partners were all found to have an influence over method choice in different ways. The role of these influencers also changes over the adolescent years. This study demonstrates that programs should prioritize expanding method choice to increase the number of available options to ensure all young women can access a method that fits their desired method characteristics. Programming should ensure that medically accurate information is widely distributed to harness providers, peers, parents and partners as a resource for information about specific methods.
Sharing and caring: The impact of social support on quality of life and health outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND Social support is crucial for successful recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and has the potential to affect patient quality of life (QOL) and health outcomes. However, there are limited data on the relationship between a patient's perception of his or her social support and these outcomes. METHODS The authors conducted a secondary analysis of 250 autologous and allogeneic HSCT recipients enrolled in 2 supportive care trials at Massachusetts General Hospital from April 2011 through February 2016. They assessed social support as a patient's perception of his or her social well-being via the social well-being subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy. The authors used multivariate regression analyses to examine the relationship between pretransplant social well-being and QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Treatment Outcome Index), psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms (PTSD Checklist), fatigue (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue), and health care utilization (hospitalizations and days alive and out of the hospital) 6 months after HSCT. RESULTS Participants were on average 56.4 years old (SD, 13.3 years); 44% (n = 110) and 56% (n = 140) received autologous and allogeneic HSCT, respectively. Greater pre-HSCT social well-being was associated with higher QOL (B = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.06-0.13; P < .001), lower psychological distress (B = -0.21; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.12; P < .001), and lower PTSD symptoms (B = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.06; P < .001). Pre-HSCT social well-being was not significantly associated with fatigue or health care utilization 6 months after HSCT. CONCLUSIONS Patients with higher pre-HSCT perceptions of their social support reported better QOL and lower psychological distress 6 months after HSCT. These findings underscore the potential for social support as a modifiable target for future supportive care interventions to improve the QOL and care of HSCT recipients.