cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empathizing with patients: the role of interaction and narratives in providing better patient care

Recent studies have revealed a drop in the ability of physicians to empathize with their patients. It is argued that empathy training needs to be provided to both medical students and physicians in order to improve patient care. While it may be true that empathy would lead to better patient care, it is important that the right theory of empathy is being encouraged. This paper examines and critiques the prominent explanation of empathy being used in medicine. Focusing on the component of empathy that allows us to understand others, it is argued that this understanding is accomplished through a simulation. However, simulation theory is not the best explanation of empathy for medicine, since it involves a limited perspective in which to understand the patient. In response to the limitations and objections to simulation theory, interaction theory is presented as a promising alternative. This theory explains the physicians understanding of patients from diverse backgrounds as an ability to learn and apply narratives. By explaining how we understand others, without limiting our ability to understand various others, interaction theory is more likely than simulation theory to provide better patient care, and therefore is a better theory of empathy for the medical field.
Ability to bear rights or ability to work? The meaning of rights and equality for the Russian deaf in the revolutionary period†

This article explores how ideas of rights and equality changed for Russian deaf activists between the revolution of February 1917 and the emergence of the socialist system of welfare in the mid nineteen-twenties. An analysis of the documents produced in those years by the All-Russian Society of the Deaf reveals that liberal visions of rights mixed with Marxist-Leninist definitions of equality, prompting a shift in the activists’ discourse from deaf people's individual inborn rights to their ability to perform labour on a par with the able-bodied.
Energetic Properties and Electronic Structure of [C,N,O,P] and [C,N,S,P] Isomers

Correlated molecular orbital theory at the coupled cluster CCSD(T) level with augmented correlation consistent basis sets including F12 explicit correlation has been used to predict the structure and energetic properties of the isomers of [C,N,O,P] and [C,N,S,P]. The predicted ground states are the species derived from a trivalent P with a P═O or P═S bond and a cyano group bonded to the P. The other low energy isomers are the isonitriles and they are 1.4 kcal/mol and 6.6 less stable than the ground state for P═O and P═S, respectively. An analysis of the bond energies is provided and the values are compared to the corresponding [N,N,C,O] isomers. Data are provided for searching for these species in interstellar regions.
C02-Waveguide-Laser als breitbandig abstimmbarer lokaler Oszillator für kohärente Empfangssysteme

Der koharente Uberlagerungsempfang ist die empfindlichste Methode zum Nachweis sehr geringer Strahlungsintensitaten im Spektralbereich um 10 /um. Voraussetzung fur seine Anwendung ist u.a. die Verfugbarkeit eines geeigneten lokalen Oszillators. Hierfur kann in vielen Fallen mit Vorteil ein CO2-Hohlleiter- (oder Waveguide-)Laser eingesetzt werden.
Fatty acid compositions and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices ofcommonly consumed marine, brackish and fresh water fishes

The fatty acid contents of marine, brackish and fresh water fishes were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. It was found that marine fishes were better sources of n-3 fatty acids, whereas fresh and brackish water fishes were better sources of n-6 fatty acids. Marine fish had the highest amount of PUFA. Among PUFAs, docosadienoic acid (C22:2n6) and adrenic acid (C22:4n6) were identified in 20 fishes. EPA and DHA was significantly higher in marine fishes (p less gthan 0.01), particularly, Dussumieria acuta, the rainbow sardine (24.80 mg g-1). Gerres abbreviates, the silver belly (20.16 mg g-1) and Tricusurus savala, the wolf herring (23.34 mg g-1). The n-3: n-6 ratio was significantly higher in marine fishes (p less gthan 0.05) than in the brackish and fresh water fishes studied. Atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity(TI) values were significantly higher in both fresh and brackish water fishes and significantly lower (p less gthan 0.01) in marine fishes.
DO PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGISTS FOLLOW THE SPORTS RESTRICTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH A BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE

Background: The AHA/ACC Task Force 7 recommends competitive sport restrictions (CSR) for patients with an isolated bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and dilated aorta (z-score >2). We analyzed practice variation in CSR for children with BAV and factors influencing recommendations. Methods: This
Response to: 'Pleural abnormalities in the Framingham Heart Study: prevalence and CT image features' by Araki et al.

The report by Araki et al is important for a number of reasons, most significantly that it is the first-ever study of pleural abnormalities potentially related to asbestos in a large, general population (the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Third Generation cohort) that is based on chest CT scans rather than chest radiographs.1 Pleural abnormalities were reported to be present in 1.5% of the study population. A key conclusion of the study was that the prevalence of pleural abnormalities in the present study was significantly lower than …
Frozen and Stalled? Gender and Migration Scholarship in the 21st Century:

Gender and migration is a complex relationship, involving dynamic interactions between women and men, embedded in a variety of institutions (families, labor markets, and others) that all vary acros...
Management of mycosis fungoides. Part 1. Diagnosis, staging, and prognosis.

Mycosis fungoides is a low-grade lymphoproliferative disorder caused by CD4+ lymphocytes. It is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Typically, neoplastic T cells localize to the skin and produce patches, plaques, tumors, or erythroderma. Diagnosis of early mycosis fungoides can be difficult due to the nonspecific nature of cutaneous and histologic findings. However, recent advances in the application of histologic criteria, coupled with molecular biology tools such as immunophenotyping and polymerase chain reaction, have improved diagnostic accuracy. Independent prognostic factors include the extent and nature of skin involvement, the presence of extracutaneous disease, blood involvement, age > or = 60 years, and lactate dehydrogenase elevation. Accordingly, patients with limited patches and/or plaques (stage IA or IIA) experience long-term survival comparable to that of matched controls. The median survival is 11 years for patients with extensive patch/plaque (stage IB or IIA), 3.2 years for those with cutaneous tumors (stage IIB), 4.6 years for those with erythroderma (stage III), 1.2 years for those with pathologic nodal involvement (stage IVA), and 0.9 years for those with visceral disease (stage IVB). Over time, mycosis fungoides may progress to Sezary syndrome or transform to large-cell histology.
Influence of water on clumped-isotope bond reordering kinetics in calcite

Abstract Oxygen self-diffusion in calcite and many other minerals is considerably faster under wet conditions relative to dry conditions. Here we investigate whether this “water effect” also holds true for solid-state isotope exchange reactions that alter the abundance of carbonate groups with multiple rare isotopes (‘clumped’ isotope groups) via the process of solid-state bond reordering. We present clumped-isotope reordering rates for optical calcite heated under wet, high-pressure (100 MPa) conditions. We observe only modest increases in reordering rates under such conditions compared with rates for the same material reacted in dry CO2 under low-pressure conditions. Activation energies under wet, high-pressure conditions are indistinguishable from those for dry, low-pressure conditions, while rate constants are resolvably higher (up to ∼3 times) for wet, high-pressure relative to dry, low-pressure conditions in most of our interpretations of experimental results. This contrasts with the water effect for oxygen self-diffusion in calcite, which is associated with lower activation energies, and diffusion coefficients that are ≥103 times higher compared with dry (pure CO2) conditions in the temperature range of this study (385–450 °C). The water effect for clumped-isotopes leads to calculated apparent equilibrium temperatures (“blocking temperatures”) for typical geological cooling rates that are only a few degrees higher than those for dry conditions, while O self-diffusion blocking temperatures in calcite grains are ∼150–200 °C lower in wet conditions compared with dry conditions. Since clumped-isotope reordering is a distributed process that occurs throughout the mineral volume, our clumped-isotope results support the suggestion of Labotka et al. (2011) that the water effect in calcite does not involve major changes in bulk (volume) diffusivity, but rather is primarily a surface phenomenon that facilitates oxygen exchange between the calcite surface and external fluids. We explore the mechanism(s) by which clumped isotope reordering rates may be modestly increased under wet, high-pressure conditions, including changes in defect concentrations in the near surface environment due to reactions at the water–mineral interface, and lattice deformation resulting from pressurization of samples.
Synthesis and characterization of epoxy resins from fast pyrolysis bio-oil

Fast pyrolysis bio-oil was used to replace phenol up to 50 wt% to synthesize bionovolac resin. A glycidylation reaction was employed for epoxidizing novolac, bionovolac, fast pyrolysis bio-oil and ...
9 – The Contribution of Monomers and other Low-Molecular Weight Compounds to the Flux of Dissolved Organic Material in Aquatic Ecosystems

Publisher Summary This review examines whether monomer uptake can support substantial heterotrophic bacterial growth in freshwaters and the oceans and whether different types of bacteria use amino acids and protein. The production of organic acids by photochemical reactions and other impacts of photochemistry on DOM are examined rather extensively. The uptake of various sugars is examined more often in freshwaters than in the oceans. The importance of glucose and other free sugars in DOM fluxes is consistent with other studies. Concentrations and fluxes of polysaccharides are thought to be high in oceanic systems. Because the dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) pool consists of more than a single compound, it would be more appropriate to compare glucose fluxes with the fluxes of an individual free amino acid occurring in high concentration. However, turnover of these individual free amino acids is, if anything, faster than the turnover of amino acid mixes. Organic acids are another class of compounds largely neglected by microbial ecologists, at least those working in oxic habitats. The production of organic acids by photochemical reactions and other impacts of photochemistry on DOM are examined rather extensively, but still there is requirement of more information.
Human and Canine Inherited Copper Toxicosis: Copper Balance Regulation and Molecular Genetics of Its Impairment

In this paper we briefly summarize the evidence supporting the view that zinc acetate is an excellent, fully efficaceous, non-toxic therapy for the maintenance treatment of Wilson’s disease. The recommended dose is 50 mg three times per day with each dose separated from food and beverages, except water, by at least one hour. Zinc therapy is also excellent for the treatment of presymptomatic Wilson’s disease patients and for the pregnant patient. We also summarize our hypothesis and supporting data that Wilson’s disease results from a failure to secrete a copper-rich, protease-resistant fragment of ceruloplasmin into the bile. We have updated our research in the area of molecular genetics of both the human gene and the canine copper toxicosis gene.
An implementation of the contract net protocol based on marginal cost calculations

This paper presents a formalization of the bidding and awarding decision process that was left undefined in the original contract net task allocation protocol. This formalization is based on marginal cost calculations based on local agent criteria. In this way, agents having very different local criteria (based on their selfinterest) can interact to distribute tasks so that the network as a whole functions more effectively. In this model, both competitive and cooperative agents can interact. In addition, the contract net protocol is extended to allow for clustering of tasks, to deal with the possibility of a large number of announcement and bid messages and to effectively handle situations, in which new bidding and awarding is being done during the period when the results of previous bids are unknown. The protocol is verified by the TRACONET (TRAnsportation Cooperation' NET) system, where dispatch centers of different companies cooperate automatically in vehicle routing. The implementation is asynchronous and truly distributed, and it provides the agents extensive autonomy. The protocol is discussed in detail and test results with real data are presented.
Liver disease is an independent predictor of poor 30-day outcomes following surgery for degenerative disease of the cervical spine

Abstract BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT The impact of underlying liver disease on surgical outcomes has been recognized in a wide variety of surgical disciplines. However, less empiric data are available about the importance of liver disease in spinal surgery. PURPOSE To measure the independent impact of underlying liver disease on 30-day outcomes following surgery for the degenerative cervical spine. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective comparative study. PATIENT SAMPLE A cohort of 21,207 patients undergoing elective surgery for degenerative disease of the cervical spine from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included mortality, hospital length of stay, and postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery. METHODS The NSQIP dataset was queried for patients undergoing surgery for degenerative disease of the cervical spine from 2006 to 2015. Assessment of underlying liver disease was based on aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and Model of End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium scores, computed from preoperative laboratory data. The effect of liver disease on outcomes was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses, in comparison with 16 other preoperative and operative factors. RESULTS Liver disease could be assessed in 21,207 patients based on preoperative laboratory values. Mild liver disease was identified in 2.2% of patients, and advanced liver disease was identified in 1.6% of patients. The 30-day mortality rates were 1.7% and 5.1% in mild and advanced liver diseases, respectively, compared with 0.6% in patients with healthy livers. The 30-day complication rates were 11.8% and 31.5% in these patients, respectively, compared with 8.8% in patients with healthy livers. In multivariate analysis, the presence of any liver disease (mild or advanced) was independently associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR=2.00, 95% CI=1.12–3.55, p=.019), morbidity (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.07–1.70, p=.012), and length of hospital stay longer than 7 days (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.40–2.13, p Conclusions Liver disease independently predicts poor perioperative outcome following surgery for degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Based on these findings, careful consideration of a patient's underlying liver function before surgery may prove valuable in surgical decision-making, preoperative patient counseling, and postoperative patient care.
Army Men: Military Masculinity in Call of Duty

Military-themed video games allow civilians to play war, not just as a soldier, but in a particularly constructed, heavily gendered soldier identity, situated in our cultural understanding of militarized masculinity. Call of Duty, the top-selling video game franchise in North America for the previous seven consecutive years, is an exemplar of the military games genre, a significant potential source for representations of masculinity, and a suitable entry point for exploring military masculinity in video games. In this analysis, I examine how militarized masculinity is constructed within the single-player campaigns of Call of Duty, how this construction reinforces the default conflation between military and masculine ideals, and how traditionally entrenched aspects of masculinity are in turn reinforced and challenged throughout the series.
On the Convergence Rates of Learning-based Signature Generation Schemes to Contain Self-propagating Malware.

In this paper, we investigate the importance of a defense system's learning rates to fight against the self-propagating class of malware such as worms and bots. To this end, we introduce a new propagation model based on the interactions between an adversary (and its agents) who wishes to construct a zombie army of a specific size, and a defender taking advantage of standard security tools and technologies such as honeypots (HPs) and intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPSes) in the network environment. As time goes on, the defender can incrementally learn from the collected/observed attack samples (e.g., malware payloads), and therefore being able to generate attack signatures. The generated signatures then are used for filtering next attack traffic and thus containing the attacker's progress in its malware propagation mission. Using simulation and numerical analysis, we evaluate the efficacy of signature generation algorithms and in general any learning-based scheme in bringing an adversary's maneuvering in the environment to a halt as an adversarial containment strategy.
Using Iterative Computation of Connected Graph Components for Post-Entity Resolution Transitive Closure

Although the Kolb (Kolb et al, 2014) algorithm for the iterative computation of connected graph components was specifically designed for execution in the HDFS environment using Map/Reduce, the algorithm can also be employed in a non-distributed computing environment to support post-entity resolution (ER) transitive closure (blocking). Post-ER transitive closure is an important technique for controlling block size in ER processes, especially when using multiple match keys (Talburt, Zhou, 2015). This paper describes an implementation of the Kolb algorithm in Java, and an example of its application to post-ER transitive closure (blocking) using the OYSTER open source ER system.
Congenital Female Epispadias with Incontinence

AbstractSix cases are described of congenital female epispadias and incontinence. Of these patients 3, who were seen in the last 4 years, were made continent by a 1-stage operation using a combined perineal and transvesical approach. The procedure includes excising the abnormally wide roof of the distal urethra from below, narrowing the urethral caliber and mons plasty. From above the upper urethra and bladder neck are narrowed. Ureters are reimplanted if they have reflux or to facilitate bladder neck narrowing. The 3 other cases are described in which this combined procedure could have been used, in retrospect, to obtain a satisfactory result with fewer operations. In female epispadias complete repair of the abnormally wide urethra is better than other alternatives that have been proposed for treating this rare malformation.
Why the Lab? What is Really Motivating General Surgery Residents to Take Time for Dedicated Research.

Objective Over one third of general surgery residents interrupt their clinical training to pursue dedicated research time (DRT), which has financial implications for programs and residents. Studies have examined the impact of DRT on academic outcomes, but little is known about why residents pursue DRT. Therefore, this study aimed to examine resident motivations regarding DRT in order to gain an understanding of resident goals and challenges surrounding this phase of training. Design Surgical residents currently participating in DRT and residents considering completing DRT were recruited to participate. Members of the research team at each institution conducted interviews and focus groups, which were recorded and transcribed. Data was analyzed using the qualitative method of open and focused coding. Identified themes guided the development of a conceptual framework. Setting Interviews and focus groups were held at three geographically diverse US academic health centers. Participants Twenty-one surgery residents participated. Results Reasons for pursuing DRT fell into 1 of 3 themes: strategic career planning, professional development, and personal rejuvenation. Residents described the perceived need for publications or networking to enhance future competitiveness for desired fellowships or academic appointments. Residents also expressed the desire to have time for career exploration and to cultivate mentorship for their professional career. The need to take time off for more personal reasons, including burnout, was pervasive. Additionally, many in DRT felt under-supported in developing their research skills and expressed a desire for more formal instruction and guidance from mentors. Conclusions General surgery residents’ motivations to pursue DRT are multifactorial. Professional development is a pervasive motivation and includes learning skills that can be applied to future research. Current DRT programs may be inadequate in supporting residents to achieve this goal. These results can be used to inform programmatic efforts to optimize DRT for residents and mentors alike.
A pilot study of risk stratification and outreach to hematology/oncology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

211Background: Cancer patients have many medical and psychosocial needs, which may increase during the coronavirus pandemic and may be difficult to identify or address in the absence of in-person p...
Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in MISS

The work of the anesthesiologist in MISS ranges widely, from mild to deep sedation and Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) to general anesthesia, in some cases with single-lung ventilation and/or invasive systemic blood pressure or central venous pressure monitoring. There is also great variability in surgical techniques, ranging from percutaneous or mini-open posterior approaches to laparo- or thoracoscopic anterior procedures. The choice of the anesthetic technique, drugs, and the appropriate treatment setting is made by considering both the planned surgical procedure and the patient’s preoperative conditions [1]. Especially in the elderly, coexisting diseases are frequent and chronic therapies can often interfere with anesthetics or increase the rate of some surgical or anesthesiological complications.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D regulates lipid metabolism and metastasis in breast epithelial cells (261.6)

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) regulation of breast epithelial cell lipid metabolism and breast to bone metastasis. The untransformed, MCF10A (10A), and metastatic, MCF10CA1a, breast epithelial cells were employed for these studies. Lipid accumulation was greater in MCF10CA1a cells compared to 10A cells as shown by oil red O staining, thin layer chromatography and colorimetric triglyceride analysis. Following 1,25D treatment (10nm, 48 hrs) of MCF10CA1a cells, the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism regulators fatty acid synthase (FAS), insulin inducing gene 2 (Insig2), and perilipin 2 (PLIN2) were significantly increased while carnitine palmityoltransferase 1 (CPT1a) was significantly decreased compared to vehicle. The impact of 1,25D on breast to bone metastasis was assessed employing a unique 3-dimensional transwell matrigel invasion assay with MCF10CA1a cells. Results showed that fewer 1,25D treated cells implanted in the bone matrix compared to vehi...
US natural gas markets: How efficient are they?

In this communication we discuss some key features of the natural gas cash and futures markets for natural gas in the USA. We also summarize some important and interesting problems in these markets. For example, the market does not appear to be informationally efficient throughout the USA. This lack of efficiency has been addressed by the establishment of a second futures contract market. There is also a very active unregulated derivatives market in which options and swaps are bought and sold. Although the market has changed significantly to better respond to changes in market conditions there are still problems in the way that pipeline space is allocated by pipeline companies, who still own the pipe, to those companies that have rights to this space. There are also problems in that prices for gas and transport are not transparent to many buyers and sellers. Moreover, there are also important idiosyncracies and industry practices that impede progress. None the less, the different parts of the industry with different interests and expertise and the regulatory authority continue to work at crafting rules to improve business behaviour and performance.
Assurance and Reassurance: The Role of the Board

This paper argues that the central function of the board of directors is, and has always been, to provide assurance, and reassurance. The paper introduces a typology of four classes of board functions, legal, normative, descriptive, and utilitarian, and argues that none adequately captures the key function of the board, assurance. Not only is assurance at the heart of modern corporate governance; it has always been there, and, indeed, must be there because of a basic problem in organizational design, what I call the Governance Paradox (GP). One method of managing the Governance Paradox is to create pantheonic directorates. In order to understand the fundamental nature of my claim that what the board is all about is assurance, I then review the functioning of the very first joint-stock company of modern form, the Russia or Muscovy Company of Tudor England. I conclude by briefly arguing the utility of reconceptualizing the assurance problems of corporate governance in terms of an agent capitalism model of the firm.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Command Method and the Task Method of Teaching the Forehand and Backhand Tennis Strokes

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of the task method versus the command method of teaching the forehand and backhand tennis strokes. Two groups of male college students (N = 30) we...
Distinguishing neural substrates of heterogeneity among anxiety disorders.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews cognitive and neuroimaging findings for each of the six anxiety disorders: obsessive‐compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive biases toward threats are common to all six disorders and may correspond to hyperactivation of right hemisphere regions dedicated to threat. Brain structures subserving anxiety pathology include orbital frontal, prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and right parietal cortices, as well as the amygdala, hippocampus, and caudate. Neuropsychological data from extant research on cognitive, affective, and brain processes indicate that anxiety is not a homogenous entity and that attempts to map its neural circuitry must consider symptom variability and comorbidity with other types of psychopathology. This review of the neuroscience findings in anxiety disorders covers a wide array of methods that together provide knowledge of the brain mechanisms involved in the circuitry governing pathological forms of anxiety. The chapter discusses what is known about the neural circuitry of anxiety disorders by examining the relevant cognitive research and structural and functional neuroimaging data, including morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (f MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Various radiotracers are used such as [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for glucose metabolism and 15O‐labeled water for blood flow, single‐ photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 133Xenon or 99mTc‐ HMPAO, and scalp‐recorded electroencephalography (EEG).
Clinical predictors for failure of percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Background: Failed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with adverse outcome. With recent improvements in PCI techniques, the incidence and predictors for failed primary PCI are unclear. Methods: A clinical database of consecutive patients who underwent primary or rescue PCI from 1993 to 2011 was used to compare patients with successful versus failed PCI. Clinical follow-up was obtained in-hospital, at 30 days and at 1 year. Results: Of 2900 patients fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 111 (3.98%) had failed PCI. Patients who had failed PCI were older (65 vs. 61 years), were more likely to be women (46% vs. 32%), were more likely to have previous peripheral vascular disease (19% vs. 11%), previous PCI (29% vs. 20%), and were more likely to present with cardiogenic shock (25% vs. 11%) (all P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified female gender (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.01–2.38), cardiogenic shock (2.07; 1.22–3.49), previous PCI (1.71; 1.08–2.70), and type C lesion (2.47; 1.60–3.82) as independent predictors of PCI failure. The in-hospital (18% vs. 4%) and long-term mortality (48% vs. 14%) were worse in the failed PCI group compared to the successful group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with STEMI, primary PCI failure is uncommon. It is associated with worse short- and long-term clinical outcome compared with a successful procedure. Special care should be taken when PCI is performed in women at higher risk for failure when presenting with STEMI. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:111–117)
Quantitative Gravimetric Fractionation of Brain Tissue

With the procedure which is described, brain tissue is separated into six fractions, the sum of whose weights equals the dry weight of the tissue. Three of these primary fractions are further separated into subfractions. Recovery is quantitative at each step. The procedure, as applied to rat brain, gave consistent results; duplicate analyses of the two halves of brains, divided as equally as possible along the anteroposterior line, agreed closely, and the variation from rat to rat in the percentages of the various fractions in dry tissue was small, as illustrated by the following results: main lipid fraction, 40.65 ± 1.03 (S.D.)%; protein residue, 44.45 ± 0.87%; water-soluble fraction from Folch purification, 5.94 ± 0.23%; crude "strandin" fraction, 1.25 ± 0.05%. The average percentage of dry in fresh tissue was 24.87 ± 0.41. The method includes procedures for the separation of a fraction, obtained by treatment with acidified chloroform-methanol, into four well-defined fractions, of which one is characterized by extreme surface activity in aqueous solution. A small amount of lipid is so firmly bound in brain tissue as to resist extraction during exhaustive treatment with chloroform-methanol (2:1), acidifed chloroform-methanol, and acetone. Significant radioactivity was present in most of the fractions from the brains of rats which had received a peritoneal injection of acetate-C14 5-15 months previously during the period of early development.
Prediction of A 2 B X 4 metal-chalcogenide compounds via first-principles thermodynamics

Current compilations of previously documented inorganic compounds reveal a significant number of materials that are not listed. Focusing on the ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ metal-chalcogenide group with $A$ and $B$ atoms being either main group elements or only one of them being a $3d$ transition metal, a total of 255 are reported, whereas 429 chemically reasonable ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ are unreported. We have applied first-principles thermodynamics based on density functional methodology, predicting that about 100 of the 429 unreported ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ metal-chalcogenides are likely to be stable. These include 14 oxides, 34 sulfides, 28 selenides, and 24 tellurides that are predicted here to be energetically stable with respect to decomposition into any combination of elemental, binary, and ternary competing phases. We provide the lowest-energy crystal structures of the predicted ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ compounds, as well as the next few energetically higher metastable structures. Such predictions are carried out via direct first-principles calculations of candidate structure types and confirmed for a few compounds using the global space-group optimization (GSGO) search method. In some cases, uncommon oxidation states and/or coordination environments are found for elements in the stable ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ compounds predicted here. We estimated the growth conditions in terms of temperature and partial pressure of the reactants from extensive thermodynamic stability analysis, and found dozens of compounds that might be grown at normal synthesis conditions. Attempts at synthesis of the stable ${A}_{2}B{X}_{4}$ compounds predicted here are called for.
The total synthesis of the water mold sex hormone oogoniol

Abstract The water mold sex hormone oogoniol (1a) has been synthesized from adrenosterone in 18 steps in 7.0% overall yield. The crucial step introduces the stereochemistry at C-15 and C-20 through a highly efficient 1,4-addition of the organocyanocuprate generated from the side chain Grignard reagent (4) and CuCN to the steroidal 15β,16β-epoxy-17(20) (E)-ethylidene 2.
Alternative method for determination of ceftazidime in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was developed to analyze ceftazidime concentrations in plasma. The procedure consisted of solid phase extraction followed by ion-pairing reverse-phase chromatography. An excellent linear relationship between ceftazidime peak height measurements and concentrations was demonstrated over the concentration range of 1–200 μg ml−1. The advantage of this assay is the elimination of interference at the ceftazidime elution time that has been noted in previous studies and in our experience. Thus, this study describes an alternative, simple methodology that is clinically useful for analyzing ceftazidime in the research setting.
Photochemical processes in substituted 3,4-benzotropilidenes

Abstract The products and quantum yields from direct irradiation of 7-methyl-, 7,7-dimethyl-, 7,7-dicarbomethoxy-, and the unsubstituted 3,4-benzotropilidene have been determined. The major process of these excited 3,4-benzotropilidenes is formal 1,7-group migration to produce a benzonorcaradiene. In the case of the unsubstituted molecule and the 7,7-dimethyl derivative a minor process involving 1,3-hydrogen or methyl shift to produce a 1,2-benzotropilidene was characterized. The uniformly high quantum efficiencies for these reactions (Φ = 0·37–0·92) indicate that group migration is the dominant process for decay of the 3,4-benzotropilidene excited states.
Fatigue properties of nanoscale Cu/Nb multilayers

Abstract Fatigue properties of magnetron sputtered Cu/Nb composite laminates with 40 nm individual layer thickness were determined. Compared to bulk Cu, over an order of magnitude increase in the stress to failure was observed. The ratio of the fatigue endurance limit to the ultimate tensile strength was about 0.35.
The Son-of-God Christology in Mark

T IS apparent that the Christological titles applied to Jesus in the second Gospel have become, in spite of their somewhat latent distinctions, synonymous. Mark sees in Jesus the fulfillment of them all: he is the Messiah, the Son of Man, the Son of God. But although these appellatives have been realized in a single person, each bears in Mark its peculiar sense, so that an understanding of the special meaning behind any one title will shed light on the Christology of the Gospel as a whole. The conspicuously favored position which Mark affords the title "Son of God" has been noted by New Testament scholars for many years. The term appears in the title line of the Gospel (1:1);' it is pronounced from heaven at the baptism and transfiguration (1:11 and 9:7); it is confessed by the demons whose power the Son is breaking (3:11 and 5:7); it is claimed by the Son himself before the High Priest (14:61-62); it is uttered by the centurion at the foot of the cross (15:39). Moreover, Jesus appears as the son in the parable of the vineyard (12:1-12), and designates himself as "the Son" who does not share the Father's knowledge of the time of the end (13:32). That Mark has a high regard for the title is not seriously questioned, but the precise meaning of the title for the evangelist is a matter of sharp debate.
Absence of persistent magnetic oscillations in type-II superconductors

We report on a numerical study intended to examine the possibility that magnetic oscillations persist in type-II superconductors beyond the point where the pairing self-energy exceeds the normal state Landau level separation. Our work is based on the self-consistent numerical solution for model superconductors of the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations for the vortex lattice state. In the regime where the pairing self-energy is smaller than the cyclotron energy, magnetic oscillations resulting from Landau level quantization are suppressed by the broadening of quasiparticle Landau levels due to the nonuniform order parameter of the vortex lattice state and by splittings of the quasiparticle bands. Plausible arguments that the latter effect can lead to a sign change of the fundamental harmonic of the magnetic oscillations when the pairing self-energy is comparable to the cyclotron energy are shown to be flawed. Our calculations indicate that magnetic oscillations are strongly suppressed once the pairing self-energy exceeds the Landau level separation. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Where are Fathers in American Literature? Re-Visiting Fatherhood in U.S. Literary History

The American literary hero has often been portrayed as a self-willed orphan, an individualistic character who breaks with his origins and begins a new life by himself, alone and unencumbered by the...
SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF REAL-TIME SYSTEMS USING CSP AND PETRI NETS

Formal methods such as CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes) are widely used for reasoning about concurrency, communication, safety, and liveness issues. Some of these models have been extended to permit reasoning about real-time constraints. Yet, the research in formal specification and verification of complex systems has often ignored the specification of stochastic properties of the system under study. We are developing methods and tools to permit stochastic analyses of CSP-based specifications. Our basic objective is to evaluate candidate design specifications by converting formal systems descriptions into the information needed for analysis. In doing so, we translate a CSP-based specification into a Petri net which is analyzed to predict system behavior in terms of reliability and performability as a function of observable parameters (e.g., topology, fault-tolerance, deadlines, communications, and failure categories). This process can give insight into further refinements of the original specification (i.e., identify potential failure processes and recovery actions). Relating the parameters needed for performability analysis to user level specifications is essential for realizing systems that meet user needs in terms of cost, functionality, and other nonfunctional requirements. An example translation is given (in addition, some general examples of CSP → Petri net translations can be viewed in Appendix A). Based on this translation, we report both the discrete and continuous time Markovian analysis which provides reliability predictions for the candidate specification. The term “CSP-based” is used here to distinguish between the notation of Hoare’s original CSP and our textual representations which are similar to occum. Our CSP-based grammar does not restrict consideration of the properties of CSP (traces, refusal sets, livelock, etc.), but we are not considering those properties. We are only interested that the structural properties are preserved. We define performability as a measure of the system’s ability in meeting deadlines, in the presence of failures and variance in task execution times.
Two Year College Attrition: Do Student or Institutional Characteristics Contribute Most?.

This study examined certain effects of seven student pre‐enrollment characteristics and three student‐institutional characteristics on retention status. Path analysis of these longitudinal data was unable to compare favorably with other studies using similar determinants. Certain practical implications of the study also are presented, emphasizing the burden of evidence that suggests that entering student characteristics cannot be used alone to explain the retention decision, that retention programs should be strategically rather than generically focused, and that program holding power may be related to student career consciousness and goal specificity.
Exploring network scaling through variations on optimal channel networks

Metabolic allometry, a common pattern in nature, is a close to 3/4-power scaling law between metabolic rate and body mass in organisms, across and within species. An analogous relationship between metabolic rate and water volume in river networks has also been observed. Optimal channel networks (OCNs), at local optima, accurately model many scaling properties of river systems, including metabolic allometry. OCNs are embedded in 2D space; this work extends the model to three dimensions. In this paper we compare characteristics of 3D OCNs with 2D OCNs and with organic metabolic networks, studying the scaling behaviors of area, length, volume, and energy. We find that the 3D OCN has predictable characteristics analogous to those of the 2D version, as well as scaling properties similar to metabolic networks in biological organisms.
Failure to demonstrate toxic factors in the serum of irradiated rats.

Three experimental procedures were utilized to assay serum from irradiated rats for radiotoxic substances. Such toxic material was not demonstrabie by these technics. These experiments do not preclude the existence of radiotoxins in the irradiated animal, but they do indicate that if radiotoxins exist, the blood is probably not their principal storehouse. If, on the other hand, the blood does figure significantly in their storage, then they are not responsible for the severe signs and symptoms resulting from acute total-- body exposure. (auth)
An investigation of a separation process involving liquid—water—coal systems

Abstract A liquid—liquid—solid separation procedure wherein a water—oil—coal—mineral matter slurry is allowed to come to equilibrium through mechanical agitation has for many years been applied to the separation of coal from mineral matter. The product is a black “cottage cheese”-like mass of agglomerated coal particles and oil suspended in the excess water which supports the dispersed mineral matter particles. A liquid “bridge” model was proposed by earlier investigators which is reviewed critically and used to estimate the free energy per unit area of the separation of coals of different ranks. Observations of the kinetics of the process suggest that the simple liquid “bridge” model is insufficient, probably due to the heterogeneous surfaces of the coal. An alternative model is proposed.
GroEL-mediated protein folding proceeds by multiple rounds of binding and release of nonnative forms

Abstract The chaperonin GroEL is a ribosome-sized double-ring structure that assists in folding a diverse set of polypeptides. We have examined the fate of a polypeptide during a chaperonin-mediated folding reaction. Strikingly, we find that, upon addition of ATP and the cochaperonin GroES, polypeptide is released rapidly from GroEL in a predominantly nonnative conformation that can be trapped by mutant forms of GroEL that are capable of binding but not releasing substrate. Released polypeptide undergoes kinetic partitioning: a fraction completes folding while the remainder is rebound rapidly by other GroEL molecules. Folding appears to occur in an all-or-none manner, as proteolysis and tryptophan fluorescence indicate that after rebinding, polypeptide has the same structure as in the original complex. These observations suggest that GroEL functions by carrying out multiple rounds of binding aggregation-prone or kinetically trapped Intermediates, maintaining them in an unfolded state, and releasing them to attempt to fold in solution.
The roles of anabolic and catabolic reactions in the synthesis and recycling of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Generally the biosynthesis and degradation of compounds take place in separate subcellular compartments. The synthesis of 22 carbon acids, with their first double bond at position 4, requires anabolic enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. Partial degradation–resynthesis cycles, using enzymes in these two subcellular compartments, may play an important role in determining what PUFA are available for membrane lipid biosynthesis.
Spectroscopic studies of pig kidney diamine oxidase-anion complexes

Abstract Complexes of pig kidney diamine oxidase with azide, thiocyanate, and cyanide have been characterized by EPR and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Cu(II) d-d bands are observed in the CD spectrum of the resting enzyme at ≈800 nm (12 500 cm −1 ) and 575 nm (17 400 cm −1 ). Anion binding produces characteristic changes in the CD spectra. N 3 − /SCN − → Cu(II) ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions are located at 390 nm (25 600 cm −1 ) and 365 nm (27 400 cm −1 ), respectively. In addition, an intense new band grew in at ≈500 nm (20 000 cm −1 ) when azide or thiocyanate were added, which may be assigned as a Cu(II) electronic transition that gains rotational strength in the anion complex. EPR spectra established that the Cu(II)-anion complexes are tetragonal; however, the magnitudes of the anion-induced shifts in the EPR parameters were consistent with substantial perturbations of the Cu(II) electronic ground state in the thiocyanate and cyanide complexes. Prominent superhyperfine splitting was apparent in the EPR spectra of the diamine oxidase complexes with thiocyanate and cyanide. The superhyperfine structure is (at least) partially attributable to endogenous Cu(II) ligands, probably from imidazole.
Determination of lubricant thickness on magnetic recording heads using XPS

Many techniques are currently available for measuring lubricant thicknesses on magnetic recording disks. This paper describes a method for measuring lubricant thicknesses reproducibly and reliably on magnetic recording heads. Standard XPS disk lubricant thickness methods were used with appropriate modifications to account for substrate differences. Oxygen regions were ratioed instead of carbon, and R∞ for the heads was experimentally determined to be 0.37. Using these modifications, lubricant thicknesses were measured on heads from two different sources to try and explain file-level operating differences.