cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pioneers of international telegraphy

Now that long distance digital telephony is well established we are apt to forget that there was an earlier digital technology, albeit operating at a significantly lower bit rate. The laying of the first Atlantic telegraph caught the public imagination; the failures and the successes were the soap operas of the day. The continuity of digital development was interrupted by a long period of analogue telephony which effectively ended with the installation of TAT-8. Now that we are well established in the long-haul optical cable generation we should be better able to reassess the impact of telegraphy. The aim of this paper is to look behind the glamour and razzmatazz of the big events of the early days, to look at the pioneers and at the pioneering technological developments in Atlantic telegraphy. The media men and the promoters at the time ensured that Cyrus Field, Charles Bright and other prominent individuals were foremost in the public mind. But who were the real pioneers and what were their achievements? The author contends that they were the cable financiers, the cable manufacturers, the cable layers, the cable operators and of course the cable users. He discusses the importance of each group and indicate how they contributed to the development of high-speed international telecommunications. (4 pages)
BCNU-sensitivity in parental cells and clones from four freshly resected near-diploid human gliomas: an astrocytoma, an anaplastic astrocytoma and two glioblastomas multiforme.

We compared the BCNU sensitivity of 4 freshly resected tumors (astrocytoma WM, and malignant gliomas MK, MB, and AM) and their clones to their karyology. The majority of primary cells in all 4 tumors had near-diploid chromosome numbers (2n±) and all were resistant to concentrations of BCNU exceeding 10μg/ ml. Followingin vitro cultivation, the cells from tumors WM and MB retained their 2n ± modal chromosome number with little change in the complexity of the karyotype. In contrast, tumors MK and AM demonstrated a more unstable genome. The modal chromosome number of MK shifted from 45 to 86 and that of tumor AM from 45 to 90. Karyotyping demonstrated additional ploidy changes and new marker chromosomes in both tumors. The colony forming assay (CFA) performed on thein vitro cultivated cells demonstrated little change in the sensitivity to BCNU in tumors WM and MB, while tumors MK and AM exhibited greater than a one log cell kill at 10.0μg/ml and 15.0μg/ml BCNU, respectively. The modal chromosome number and BCNU sensitivity followed a similar pattern in the 30 clones that were isolated; 21 clones with near-diploid and pseudodiploid chromosome numbers were all resistant to BCNU doses at or greater than 10μ/ml. In contrast, 9 clones isolated from the 3 malignant gliomas with 3n ± and 4n ± modal chromosome numbers were sensitive to this concentration of BCNU. The karyotypes of the hyperdiploid clones were more complex; they contained 5 or more ploidy changes and/or had marker chromosomes. These studies confirm the association of diploidy and BCNU-resistance in freshly resected malignant gliomas.
What Is Said, Linguistic Meaning and Directly Referential Expressions

Philosophers of language distinguish among the lexical or linguistic meaning of the sentence uttered, what is said by an utterance of the sentence, and speaker's meaning, or what is conveyed by the speaker to her audience. In most views, what is said is the semantic or truth-conditional content of the utterance, and is irreducible either to the linguistic meaning or to the speaker's meaning. I will show that those views account badly for people's intuitions on what is said. I will also argue that no distinguished level of what is said is required, and that the notion of linguistic meaning is the best placed to play the role of what is said. This relies on two points. First, our intuitions on what is said cannot be detached from the ways in which we talk about what is said, and from the semantics of speech reports and indirect discourse in general. Second, besides what is said, there is an equally important notion of what what-is-said is said about, or that about which the speaker is talking. These are, then, the three main ingredients needed for the theory of what is said: linguistic meaning, what is talked about, and a semantic account of reported speech.
Thermal denaturation of Escherichia coli thioredoxin studied by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: monitoring a two-state protein unfolding transition.

Thermally denatured oxidized Escherichia coli thioredoxin (TRX) in 2% acetic acid was examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and circular dichroism. Conformational dynamics during thermal unfolding were probed by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange-in experiments. ESI-MS was used to determine the H/D ratios. TRX shows only a marginal change in negative ellipticity at 222 nm during thermal unfolding, but in the near-UV circular dichroism (240−350 nm) a clear transition is observed (Tm = 61 °C), and unfolding goes to completion. ESI mass spectra were recorded as a function of temperature, and the observed bimodal charge state distributions were analyzed assuming a two-state unfolding mechanism which allowed an estimation of the midpoint temperature, Tm = 64 °C. Under conditions at which the compact, folded conformational state is only marginally stable (80 °C, 2% acetic acid-d1), H/D exchange-in experiments in combination with ESI-MS resulted in mass spectra differing in the number of ...
Modification of acoustic startle reactivity by cocaine administration during the postnatal period : Comparison with a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor

This study investigated whether exposure to cocaine during postnatal period affects the acoustic startle response (ASR) following administration of the serotonin (5-HT) agonists, 8-OH-DPAT and mCPP, in adulthood. To test the hypothesis that alterations in reactivity may be due to cocaine's effects at the 5-HT carrier, another group of rats was given fluoxetine, a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, during the same postnatal period and tested along with the cocaine-treated rats. Male and female rats received 25 mg/kg/day cocaine HCl, fluoxetine HCl, or vehicle SC during postnatal days 11-20. At 75 days of age, subjects were ASR tested for 30 min on 2 consecutive days. On the first test day, there was a significant effect of treatment and gender with post hoc analysis indicating that, overall, the males were more reactive than the females and that the fluoxetine-treated males showed a pattern of reactivity resembling sensitization. On the second test day, subjects received a dose of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, the 5-HT1B/2C agonist, mCPP, or saline prior to being placed in the startle chamber. Cocaine-exposed males showed an enhanced response to 8-OH-DPAT and a reduction in the depression produced by mCPP administration compared to their response to saline. Fluoxetine exposed males showed a significant increase in startle response following saline administration compared to the rats receiving vehicle during the postnatal period and 8-OH-DPAT produced an insignificant enhancement of that startle response. mCPP reduced startle in fluoxetine-treated males as it did in the postnatal vehicle-treated controls. In females, the postnatal cocaine and fluoxetine treatments did not alter the response to 8-OH-DPAT or mCPP compared to females receiving vehicle during the postnatal period. Together these data indicate that, in males, whereas postnatal cocaine alters the development of the 5-HT system as evidenced by an altered startle response to 5-HT agonists, cocaine does not produce the same alteration as that produced by the administration of a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor during the same period of development.
Heat transport by phonon tunneling across layered structures used in heat assisted magnetic recording

In this paper, we analyze the heat transport by acoustic waves in arbitrary layered structures that may include several vacuum layers. The analysis is based on our prior description of the spectrum of thermally excited waves in systems with a heat flux, and on the new approach to the coupling between acoustic fields in separated bodies as well as a description of the interference of thermally excited waves. The developed method correctly predicts results for all known special cases for both large and closing gaps, it agrees with the available experimental measurements, and it explains the phenomena of interface thermal resistance as well as thermal rectification (asymmetry of thermal transport). Numerical examples demonstrate the applicability of our approach to the calculation of the heat transport coefficient across nanoscale gaps due to acoustic waves.
Automatic construction of CSP programs from sequential non-deterministic programs

Abstract In this paper we describe a systematic method for transforming a sequential program, written in a guarded command language, into a distributed program, written in CSP. The variables of the sequential program are first partitioned into n disjoint sets, and then the program is transformed into CSP program of n communicating processes. The two versions of the program are shown to be strongly equivalent , in the sense that they exhibit the properties of reaching the same final states and of either aborting, terminating, or running forever. We also discuss the conditions under which, when compared to the executiion of the original sequential program, a speed-up in the execution of the resulting distributed program can be achieved.
Interpolation in the Bidisk

Abstract The authors, elsewhere, have studied interpolation bodies, relating them to certain operator algebras on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. We here specialize to the bidisk and obtain detailed information in this case. We describe interpolation bodies corresponding to finite sets of points in the bidisk.
Are we using the wrong teaching method in our criminal justice classes

This article provides a brief historical background of the use of students' learning styles in education. It describes the use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in assessing these styles and reports research conducted by the author, which determined the MBTI learning styles of students majoring in criminal justice. The research revealed that the sensing-thinking (ST) type was predominant among criminal justice students. The article concludes by discussing the educational implications for the criminal justice instructor.
Therapeutic Use of Self: Theoretical and Evidence-Based Considerations for Clinical Practice and Supervision

This article examines therapeutic use of self in light of theoretical considerations and recent empirical findings. Two different sets of behaviors are distinguished: transparency and self-disclosure. The article examines how the supervisor can promote supervisees’ understanding of and engagement in therapeutic use of self as well as how the supervisor can use herself or himself to enhance the supervisory alliance and model appropriate use of self with clients. Case examples illustrate the ethical, theoretical, and evidence-based considerations that should guide use of self in practice and supervision.
A secondary reflex suppression phase is present in genioglossus but not tensor palatini in response to negative upper airway pressure

On the basis of recent reports, the genioglossus (GG) negative-pressure reflex consists initially of excitation followed by a secondary state-dependent suppression phase. The mechanistic origin and...
Computer-Based Study Strategies For Students With Learning Disabilities Individual Differences Associated With Adoption Level

This article reports results from a study of the use of technology to support students with learning disabilities in the use of effective study strategies. Thirty secondary students were given laptop computers and taught a variety of computer-based study strategies designed to facilitate information recording, organization, and manipulation. Results suggest that students adopted this innovation at three levels: (a) Power Users (skilled, independent users, integrating the computer into their schoolwork); (b) Prompted Users (skilled computer users, but requiring prompting); and (c) Reluctant Users (having limited knowledge and working only under supervision). Intelligence and reading test scores were associated with adoption levels in a statistically significant way.
Two-dimensional nonlinear regression for interferogram analysis

A two-dimensional nonlinear regression method for accurate analysis of single-frame interferograms has been developed and tested. Similar to a simple algorithm for one-dimensional regression, analytical expressions of individual terms in a nonlinear intensity model are estimated through an iterative procedure. Computer simulation of experiments and real interferogram analysis show stable convergence and accurate phase extraction of the method. The method also works well under relatively high-level noise and broken fringe interferograms.
The Effects of Communication Modality on Performance and Self‐Ratings of Teamwork Components

Based on McGrath and Hollingshead’s adaptation of media richness theory and a model of team performance, a laboratory study was designed to compare the effects of three communication modalities of increasing richness on a complex psychomotor/intellective task (i.e., audio only, shared workspace, face-to-face). When teams worked face-to-face, they reported teamwork behaviors to a greater extent than when they worked via audio, and team members perceived their performance to be greater when face-to-face than when using audio alone. The use of a shared workspace enhanced some aspects of perceived team processes, such that distributed teams reported teamwork behaviors to a greater extent than when using audio alone. Teams also committed fewer errors when using a shared workspace than when using audio alone. Practical implications and limitations are discussed.
Faculty/Staff Perceptions of a Standards-Based Exit Portfolio System for Graduate Students

New standards for certification were recently developed for speech–language pathology graduate training programs by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. The new standards are outcomes-based rather than process-based. Using a collective case study approach, this article highlights the perceptions of faculty and staff regarding use of a standards-based exit portfolio system for students in a Speech–Language Pathology graduate program at a medium-sized, public university after two semesters of use.
Deploying Power-Aware, Wireless Sensor Agents

Developing sensor agents that can be deployed untethered in the field presents significant challenges in adapting to hardware, communication, power and environmental limitations. Real-world characteristics dictate agent behavior and operating strategies, sometimes quite differently from often held assumptions and intuitions. In this article, we describe the sensor-agent hardware and blackboard-system software used in CNAS (collaborative network for atmospheric sensing), an agent-based, power-aware sensor network for ground-level atmospheric monitoring. CNAS is representative of a class of battery-powered, wireless sensor networks in which the distance separating deployed sensor agents is near the limit of their WiFi communication range. To conserve battery power, CNAS sensor agents must have their wireless radios turned off most of the time, as even having them turned on consumes significant power. This limitation complicates agent interaction and network responsiveness, because an agent cannot simply turn on its radio when it needs to send a message. CNAS agents also must have their radios turned on when others are sending messages to them and to support multi-hop message forwarding. We discuss how CNAS agents collaborate using only periodic radio availability and consider how different hardware and communication capabilities would change CNAS strategies. We also relate challenges that had to be addressed during deployments of CNAS at military exercises held in the summer heat in Wisconsin and in the rain and mud in Queensland, Australia. We conclude with research on improving CNAS responsiveness with limited radio availability and on potential next-generation CNAS hardware.
Multicanonical Monte Carlo Simulations of the Dynamic Power Transfer Characteristic of an All-Optical 2R Regenerator

We numerically study the effect of pulse temporal shape distortions due to added bandpass-filtered amplified spontaneous emission on the quality of the regenerated signal.
Reconstitution, a way of biochemical research; some new approaches to membrane-bound enzymes.

Abstract A variety of reconstitution procedures has been developed for the analysis of the biological activity of purified membrane proteins. In this paper we describe some new procedures. One is based on the action of two detergents, one ionic and one nonionic. Another method takes advantage of rather unique properties of octylglucoside which, in contrast to the detergents used in the first procedure, allows for virtually instantaneous reconstitution. This procedure is now the method of choice for the reconstitution of bacteriorhodopsin, and the proton pumps of mitochondria or chloroplasts. A third procedure takes advantage of the observation that very short periods of sonication are required when certain solvents (e.g., decane) are present in low concentrations.
Helicobacter pylori eradication and its implications for the future

It has become evident that at least some strains of Helicobacter pylori are pathogenic for humans. However, H. pylori are highly diverse and at least part of this variation involves characteristics related to pathogenicity. A large amount of evidence suggests that H. pylori infection of humans is ancient, and in general, the interaction is not terribly destructive. However, we should try to understand better the risks associated with infection with particular H. pylori strains, and limit treatment to those situations in which the indications for eradicating H. pylori are clear-cut. It is entirely possible that some H. pylori strains are commensals, and that others are symbionts. Eradicating those infections could ultimately cause more harm than good. It is too early to reach firm conclusions about whether all H. pylori infections need to be eradicated.
Are there separate central nervous system pathways for touch and pain

Information about bodily events is conveyed by primary sensory fibres to higher brain centres through neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and spinal dorsal horn. The DCN route is commonly considered a ‘touch pathway’, separate from the spinal ‘pain pathway’, in part because DCN neurons respond to gentle tactile stimulation of small skin areas. Here we report that DCN neurons can additionally respond to gentle and noxious stimulation of viscera and widespread skin regions. These and other experimental and clinical data suggest that the DCN and spinal routes cooperate, rather than operate separately, to produce the many perceptions of touch and pain, an ensemble view that encourages novel approaches to health care and research.
The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis by adrenal glomerulosa cells

Abstract The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis in the adrenal glomerulosa is not known. In this study, we observed that liberators of NO such as S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), sodium nitroprusside (Snp) and spermine nonoate (SNO) could significantly inhibit angiotensin II (AII) and ACTH-induced aldosterone synthesis in isolated rat and cultured human adrenal glomerulosa cells. To evaluate more precisely whether glomerulosa cells express NO synthase, we performed immunoblotting experiments with antibodies specific for the endothelial type ecNO synthase as well as the neuronal NO synthase. This revealed the presence of the ecNO synthase in rat adrenal capsules, in normal and in adenomatous human adrenal glomerulosa tissue, as well as in freshly dispersed rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Furthermore, on immunohistochemical analysis, rat adrenal glomerulosa cell sections showed strongly positive staining for ecNO synthase. These results suggest that NO may be an important negative modulator of adrenal glomerulosa steroidogenesis
Notes on the theology of marriage

The theology of marriage has tended to focus on the establishment and the dissolution of marriages. This is a mistake, for it leaves us with little notion of the day-to-day married life appropriate to our Christian convictions. This situation is the result of two confusions, one about the concepts of love and marriage and one about the interpretative framework in which marriage is understood. In this light five types of marriage theologies are discussed. The claim is made that a theology which sees marriage as a member of the category of “special relations,” with its central interpretative metaphor, fidelity, not only brings out the proper moral significance of marriage but also offers the most theologically appropriate formulation.
Induction of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges causes long-term changes in intracellular calcium homeostatic mechanisms.

Calcium and calcium-dependent systems have been long implicated in the induction of epilepsy. We have previously observed that intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels remain elevated in cells undergoing epileptogenesis in the hippocampal neuronal culture (HNC) model. In this study, we employed the hippocampal neuronal culture (HNC) model of in vitro ‘epilepsy’ which produces spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) for the life of the neurons in culture to investigate alterations in [Ca2+]ihomeostatic mechanisms that may be associated with the ‘epileptic’ phenotype. [Ca2+]iimaging fluorescence microscopy was performed on control and ‘epileptic’ neurons with two different fluorescent dyes ranging from high to low affinities for [Ca2+]i. We measured baseline [Ca2+]ilevels and the ability to restore resting [Ca2+]ilevels after a brief 2-min exposure to the excitatory amino acid glutamate in control neurons and neurons with SREDs. Neurons manifesting SREDs had statistically significantly higher baseline [Ca2+]ilevels that persisted for the life of the culture. In addition, the ‘epileptic’ phenotype was associated with an inability to rapidly restore [Ca2+]ilevels to baseline following a glutamate induced [Ca2+]iload. The use of the low affinity dye Fura-FF demonstrated that the difference in restoring baseline [Ca2+]ilevels was not due to saturation of the high affinity dye Indo-1, which was utilized for evaluating the [Ca2+]ikinetics at lower [Ca2+]ilevels. Peak [Ca2+]ilevels in response to glutamate were the same in both ‘epileptic’ and control neurons. While [Ca2+]ilevels recovered in approximately 30 min in control cells, it took more than 90 min to reach baseline levels in cells manifesting SREDs. Alterations of [Ca2+]ihomeostatic mechanisms observed with the ‘epileptic’ phenotype were shown to be independent of the presence of continuous SREDs and persisted for the life of the neurons in culture. Epileptogenesis was shown not to affect the degree or duration of glutamate induced neuronal depolarization in comparing control and ‘epileptic’ neurons. The results indicate that epileptogenesis in this in vitro model produced long-lasting alterations in [Ca2+]iregulation that may underlie the ‘epileptic’ phenotype and contribute to the persistent neuroplasticity changes associated with epilepsy.
Predicting a Change in Diagnosis From Ulcerative Colitis to Crohn’s Disease: A Nested, Case-Control Study

Background & Aims: Some patients diagnosed with UC undergo a change in diagnosis to CD. Identification of predictors of a diagnostic change could potentially impact the management of patients with colonic inflammation. Our aim was to characterize clinical and serologic predictors of a change in diagnosis from UC to CD. Methods: A nested, case-controlled study was performed to compare individuals with a change in diagnosis from UC to CD (cases) with age-matched UC and CD controls; primary analysis compared cases with UC controls. Subjects underwent chart review for clinical "red flags" identified by gastroenterologists with expertise in IBD. Serum collected at the time of database enrollment was tested for antibodies to oligomannan (anti– Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), Pseudomonas fluorescens –related protein, Escherichia coli outer membrane porin C, CBir1 flagellin, and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Results: Twenty-one cases, 52 UC controls, and 56 CD controls were assessed. Three red flags, but no serologic markers, differed between cases and UC controls. At initial colonoscopy, cases were more likely to have extensive colonic involvement than UC controls ( P = .008). Multivariate regression identified non-bloody diarrhea at initial presentation ( P = .01) and weight loss >10% at presentation ( P = .007) as independent predictors of diagnostic change. Serologic markers did not add to the contribution of these 2 clinical factors in predicting a change in diagnosis from UC to CD. Diagnostic change was evident in 6 of 6 (100%) patients with both predictors, compared with 8 of 50 (16%) with neither of these factors ( P Conclusions: Patients with a diagnosis of UC with initial non-bloody diarrhea or weight loss have an increased likelihood of subsequent change in diagnosis to CD and might thus warrant further diagnostic work-up.
Caries status and overweight in 2- to 18-year-old US children: findings from national surveys.

Abstract – Background: The prevalence of overweight children in the United States continues to increase. Objectives: To examine the relationship between being overweight and caries in primary and permanent dentition in a nationally representative sample of children. Methods: Data from the NHANES III (1988–1994) were analyzed using logistic regression and controlling for potential confounders for 10 180 children 2–18 years of age and from the NHANES 1999–2002 for 7568 children 2–18 years of age. Results: For children 2–5 years of age, there was no difference in caries experience among normal weight, at risk for overweight or overweight children for NHANES III and for NHANES 1999–2002. For children 6–11 years of age (NHANES III), at risk for overweight and overweight children were less likely to have caries experience in the primary dentition than normal weight children; overweight children were less likely to have caries experience in the permanent dentition than normal weight children. For children 12–18 years of age (NHANES III), overweight children were less likely to have caries experience in the permanent dentition than normal weight children. For children 6–11 years of age and 12–18 years of age (NHANES 1999–2002), there was no difference in having caries experience among normal, at risk for overweight and overweight children. Conclusions: The data from NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002 provide no evidence to suggest that overweight children are at an increased risk for dental caries. Although no differences in caries rates by weight were found in younger children, interestingly results from NHANES III suggest that being overweight may be associated with decreased rates of caries in older children.
Active transport of ions across frog retinal pigment epithelium

Ion fluxes across the isolated frog retinal pigment epithelium-choroid preparation were measured in the short circuited state. There was a net flux of 22Na (0·47[μEq/cm2hr]) in the choroid to retina (basal to apical) direction that was 50–60% inhibited by apical ouabain, 10−4m. No seasonal variation in this net flux was observed. In contrast, the net retina to choroid 36Cl flux did vary from season to season, being high (0·5–0·74[μEq/cm2 hr]) in the spring, and low (0·2–0·5[μEq/cm2 hr]) in the summer. The net 22Na plus 36Cl flux did not account for all the short circuit current in either the spring or summer. The net 36Cl flux was equally inhibited by acetazolamide, 10−3m, and by a 10-fold reduction in the bathing solution HCO3− concentration (27·5–2·75 mm). The 36Cl fluxes were not affected by ouabain. The inhibition of the net 22Na and 36Cl fluxes exhibited a similar pattern of changes. In both cases the unidirectional flux, in the direction of net transport, was slightly or not at all reduced, and the opposite flux was significantly increased. There was a net flux of 45Ca in the choroid to retina direction of 4–5[nm/cm2 hr] that was doubled by apical ouabain (10−4m) and not affected by a 10-fold reduction in [HCO3−]0 or acetazolamide, 10−3m.
A pilot study of cognitive behavioral stress management effects on stress, quality of life, and symptoms in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract Objective The present pilot study was designed to test the effects of a 12-week group-based cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention on stress, quality of life, and symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We hypothesized that participants randomized to CBSM would report improvements in perceived stress, mood, quality of life, and CFS symptomatology from pre- to postintervention compared to those receiving a psychoeducational (PE) seminar control. Method We recruited 69 persons with a bona fide diagnosis of CFS and randomized 44 to CBSM and 25 to PE. Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), and a Centers for Disease Control (CDC)-based CFS symptom checklist pre- and postintervention. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant Group×Time interaction for PSS, POMS–total mood disturbance (TMD), and QOLI scores, such that participants in CBSM evidenced greater improvements than those in PE. Participants in CBSM also reported decreases in severity of CFS symptoms vs. those in PE. Conclusions Results suggest that CBSM is beneficial for managing distress, improving quality of life, and alleviating CFS symptom severity.
Knockdown of USP18 Increases Alpha 2a Interferon Signaling and Induction of Interferon-Stimulating Genes but Does Not Increase Antiviral Activity in Huh7 Cells

ABSTRACT The current standard of care for hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients is cotreatment with human alpha interferon (IFN-α) and ribavirin. The host factor USP18 functions to regulate the interferon signaling pathway by acting as an off-switch. In order to understand whether the inhibition of USP18 represents a valid target for the enhancement of interferon treatment for chronic viral diseases, we have used a wide range of RNA interference (RNAi) reagents to suppress USP18 gene expression in Huh7 cell lines. We demonstrate that a USP18 knockdown results in IFN-α2a signaling (measured by increased IFN-stimulated response element [ISRE] reporter gene activity, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase [2-5 OAS] expression, and ISG15 induction) that is increased by ∼100-fold, whereas the antiviral (AV) potency in both the Huh7 HCV subgenomic replicon assay and the Huh7.5 HCV infectious virus assay increased by ∼3-fold. While the degree of the USP18 knockdown of USP18 elicited by the different RNAi reagents correlated with the enhancement of IFN-α2a signaling, it did not correlate with the enhancement of AV activity. The failure of increased IFN-α2a signaling to fully translate into increased AV potency was also observed for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) assays using Huh7.5 cells. These data suggest that the IFN-mediated AV response in Huh7.5 cells has only a limited dependence on USP18 activity.
Toward a New Classification of Serious Psychopathology in Children

Although DSM-III is an improvement over DSM-II, it pays insufficient attention to developmental issues, and to the possibility that the symptoms of some disorders (such as schizophrenia) may be different in children as compared to adults. At least one DSM-III category (early infantile autism) may be invalid. Based upon Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and upon neuropsychological studies, two elemental modes of cognition are postulated, and their developmental courses plotted. Developmental failure in one or both modes may lead to the cognitive-linguistic, emotional and interpersonal symptoms which in DSM-III define the categories of early infantile autism, specific developmental disorders of language or reading, and schizophrenia.
Renal Denervation: A Potential New Treatment for Severe Hypertension

Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Drug-resistant hypertension remains common despite the availability of several classes of effective antihypertensive agents. Sympathetic hyperactivity has long been recognized as a major contributor to resistant hypertension, but radical sympathectomy was abandoned several decades ago due to its significant side effects. The newly developed, minimally invasive, catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation procedure has been shown in recent trials to produce impressive blood pressure reductions and a favorable safety profile in drug-resistant hypertension. Although the long-term efficacy and safety of renal denervation remains to be determined, emerging data suggest that the benefits of renal denervation may extend beyond blood pressure control. Dr. Cohen is the principal investigator for Symplicity 3 study funded by Medtronic; Dr. Huan is the subinvestigator for Symplicity 3 study funded by Medtronic.
Pseudolymphoma of the lung.

Five cases of pseudolymphoma were reviewed. Each of two patients had a solitary mass and were well three and five years after follow-up. Three had diffuse interstitial disease that showed varying progression. One is asymptomatic without evidence of progression after six years of follow-up. She received no treatment. One patient with evidence of progression and symptoms but without evidence of lymphoma is being treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Lymphocytic lymphoma developed in one patient only six months after diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. We feel that an unequivocal diagnosis of pseudolymphoma using present pathologic criteria cannot be made. New criteria are needed.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW FOROBLIQUE FIBER OPTIC ESOPHAGOSCOPE.

1. Clinical experience with a foroblique fiberoptic esophagoscope indicates that it is a useful instrument. 2. The examination is relatively comfortable for the patient and can be performed without an assistant. 3. Esophagitis, esophageal varices, esophageal carcinoma, and esophageal achalasia were readily visualized. 4. Color motion pictures of the various lesions can be obtained. 5. The instrument may have significant value in the study of normal and abnormal motility of the esophagus.
Willingness to pay for drug rehabilitation: Implications for cost recovery

Objectives This study estimates the value that clients place on methadone maintenance and how this value varies with the effectiveness of treatment and availability of case management. We provide the first estimate of the price elasticity of the demand for drug treatment.
On the cubic character of quadratic units

Abstract An elementary proof is given of the theorem: If D = −3q or −27q is the discriminant of a cubic field, where q ≡ 1 (mod 4) is a prime, and if p or 4p is represented by c2 + ∥ D ∥ d2, then the fundamental unit in the field Q(q 1 2 ) is a cubic residue of the prime p. In special cases necessary and sufficient conditions are derived.
233 GHz ultra-wide band TWTA: PPM Integrated sheet electron beam transport and PIC analysis

We report on the design and development of a PPM integrated 233 GHz staggered vane sheet beam TWTA [1, 2]. The permanent magnetic (NdFeB) based focusing lens structure for the sheet electron beam transport has been designed for a gun operated at 19 kV. For a beam tunnel of 830 μm * 160 μm, a transmitted current of ~ 200 mA is achieved for > 40 mm length channel. For 19 kV operation, the TWTA circuit has been re-designed. The EM/PIC simulation analysis predicts ~ 40 GHz cold band width and ~ 20 GHz hot bandwidth for a power gain of > 25 dB. The PCM based transmission results, TWT circuit cold test, and the pulsed proof of concept hot test status will be presented in the conference.
Existence of Chaos Associated with Weak Ballistic Capture and Applications

: New results are stated to prove that under certain conditions weak capture gives rise to complicated chaotic dynamics due to the existence of a so called hyperbolic invariant set. Included in the dynamics is the existence of permanent capture. Low energy transfers to the moon using weak capture were first operationally demonstrated in 1991.
UNEXPECTED DOMINANCE OF PARENT-MATERIAL STRONTIUM IN A TROPICAL FOREST ON HIGHLY WEATHERED SOILS

Controls over nutrient supply are key to understanding the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Conceptual models once held that in situ mineral weathering was the primary long-term control over the availability of many plant nutrients, including the base cations calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). Recent evidence has shown that atmospheric sources of these “rock-derived” nutrients can dominate actively cycling ecosystem pools, especially in systems on highly weathered soils. Such studies have relied heavily on the use of strontium isotopes as a proxy for base-cation cycling. Here we show that vegetation and soil-exchangeable pools of strontium in a tropical rainforest on highly weathered soils are still dominated by local rock sources. This pattern exists despite substantial atmospheric inputs of Sr, Ca, K, and Mg, and despite nearly 100% depletion of these elements from the top 1 m of soil. We present a model demonstrating that modest weathering inputs, resulting from tectonically driven erosion, could maintain parent-material dominance of actively cycling Sr. The majority of tropical forests are on highly weathered soils, but our results suggest that these forests may still show considerable variation in their primary sources of essential nutrients.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of magnesocene amine adducts. Structural distortions arising from N-H⋯C5H5- hydrogen bonding and molecular orbital calculations thereof

Magnesocene amine adducts were prepared and characterized. Addition of primary (3-amino-2,4-dimethylpentane, isopropylamine, tert-butylamine, benzylamine, cyclohexylamine) and secondary (diethylami...
The effect of vitamin E deficiency on the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.

Abstract Oxidation of five of six added tricarboxylic acid substrates by washed liver homogenates from vitamin E-deficient rabbits was 60–600% higher than controls when supplemented with ATP. Fluoride did not reduce oxidation to control levels. Replacing ATP with ADP or AMP eliminated the difference in oxygen consumption.
Microscopic inhomogeneity and superconducting properties of a two-dimensional Hubbard model for high- T c cuprates

Recent scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on cuprate superconductors have revealed remarkable spatial inhomogeneities in the single-particle energy gap. Using cellular dynamical mean-field theory, we study the zero temperature superconducting properties of a single-band Hubbard model with a spatial modulation of the electron density. We find that the inhomogeneity in the electronic structure results in a substantial spatial variation in the superconducting order parameter and single-particle energy gap, reminiscent of the experimental results. In particular, we find that the order parameter and gap amplitudes in the hole-rich regions are significantly enhanced over the corresponding quantities in a uniform system, if the hole-rich regions are embedded in regions with smaller hole density.
Bayesian indexing: the next craze in search algorithms?

Bayes’ theorem is about updating assumptions. It provides a mathematical basis for a heuristic search algorithm. A system using such an algorithm could make a kind of “best guess” about what the query is likely to mean. Some disadvantages include the need for more individualized information, a possible tendency to focus on a limited set of works, and the potential for encouraging slopping searching. The literature on heuristic systems is already substantial, and is relevant to all of us in the library and information field.
Novel methods of measuring clinical outcomes from psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis clinical trials.

Numerous instruments exist that measure the clinical and health related quality of life impact of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in clinical trials. However, many of these instruments are not typically used in economic evaluations to inform decision problems facing health care decision makers. This study reviews the current state of psoriasis and PsA health outcome measures and evaluates their limitations in cost–effectiveness analyses (CEAs). We highlight the health related quality of life and clinical outcome measures that are typically used in CEAs, with special focus on studies with quality adjusted life years as a primary outcome measure. Despite the high prevalence of psoriasis and PsA health outcome measures in clinical trials, only a few are used in CEAs. The methods by which utilities are estimated from these measures vary across cost–effectiveness studies. These differences should be considered when conducting cost–effectiveness research in psoriasis and PsA.
Internet use, transparency, and interactivity effects on trust in government

This paper asks how Internet use, citizen satisfaction with e-government and citizen trust in government are interrelated. Prior research has found that agencies stress information and service provision on the Web (one-way e-government strategy), but have generally ignore applications that would enhance citizen-government interaction (two-way e-government strategy). Based on a review of the literature, we develop hypotheses about how two facets of e-democracy - transparency and interactivity - may affect citizen trust in government. Using data obtained from the Council on Excellence in Government, we apply a two stage multiple equation model. Findings indicate that Internet use is positively associated with transparency satisfaction but negatively associated with interactivity satisfaction, and that both interactivity and transparency are positively associated with citizen trust in government. We conclude that the one-way e-transparency strategy may be insufficient, and that in the future agencies should make and effort to enhance e-interactivity.
Local structural quantile effects in a model with a nonseparable control variable

Abstract I consider a semiparametric version of the nonseparable triangular model of Chesher [Chesher, A., 2003. Identification in nonseparable models. Econometrica 71, 1405–1441]. The proposed model is linear in coefficients, where the coefficients are unknown functions of unobserved latent variables. Using a control variable idea and quantile regression methods, I propose a simple two-step estimator for the coefficients evaluated at particular values of the latent variables. Under the condition that the instruments are locally relevant (i.e. they affect a particular conditional quantile of interest of the endogenous variable) I establish consistency and asymptotic normality. Simulation experiments confirm the theoretical results.
A note on the structure of employee withdrawal.

Disenchanted employees may choose to withdraw from the organization in at least four ways, viz., psychological withdrawal, lateness, absenteeism, and turnover. There are reasons for assuming that these different forms of withdrawal may be interrelated either negatively or positively. This study attempts to determine the direction and strength of the relationships among the various forms of withdrawal. The sample consisted of 651 employees from all levels of five midwestern work organizations. Three methods of data collection were used: structured interviews, a search through the companies' personnel records, and supervisors' ratings. It was concluded that the four forms of withdrawal are related with one another positively and with low to moderate strength. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Innovation Attributes and Adoption Decisions: Perspectives from Leaders of a National Sample of Addiction Treatment Organizations

Abstract Drawing on diffusion theory to further knowledge about evidence-based practices (EBPs) in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs), this study describes the perceived importance of innovation attributes in adoption decisions within a national sample of SUD treatment organizations. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with leaders of 307 organizations. A typology differentiated organizations reporting: (1) adoption of a treatment innovation in the past year ("recent adoption"), (2) plans to adopt an innovation in the upcoming year ("planned adoption"), or (3) no actual or planned adoption ("non-adoption"). About 30.7% of organizations reported recent adoption, 20.5% indicated planned adoption, and 48.8% were non-adopters. Leaders of organizations reporting recent adoption (n=93) or planned adoption (n=62) rated the importance of innovation attributes, including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and observability, on these adoption decisions using a Likert scale that ranged from 0 to 5. Innovation attributes most strongly endorsed were consistency with the program's treatment philosophy (mean=4.47, SD=1.03), improvement in the program's reputation with referral sources (mean=4.00, SD=1.33), reputational improvement with clients and their families (mean=3.98, SD=1.31), and reductions in treatment dropout (mean=3.75, SD=1.54). Innovation characteristics reflecting organizational growth and implementation costs were less strongly endorsed. Adopters and planners were generally similar in their importance ratings. There were modest differences in importance ratings when pharmacological innovations were compared to psychosocial interventions. These findings are consistent with diffusion theory and suggest that efforts to link EBPs with client satisfaction and potential reputational benefits may enhance the diffusion of EBPs. Attention to these attributes when developing and evaluating SUD treatment interventions may enhance efforts to increase subsequent adoption.
Nursing science: more promise than threat.

This paper considers the issue of nursing science. Nursing, as an art, has long been accepted as integral to nursing. Nursing, as a science, however, is a more recent concept. Nursing science is viewed as a threat to the profession by its opponents, while the proponents of nursing science see it as a promise for advancement of the discipline. This paper examines the issue of nursing science by looking at its history and development, the definition of science, and five factors critical to the nursing science issue. The author concludes that nursing science is, in varying respects, both a threat and a promise. It is clear that the preponderance of evidence favours the promise nursing science holds for the profession of nursing. It is not a matter of choosing either art or science, but rather skillfully blending both for the betterment of nursing. Both art and science are necessary in nursing—neither, however, is sufficient.