cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of group maturity on community-based environmental management in Kenya

Decentralized environmental management is a widespread conservation strategy in Africa, yet a better understanding of how community-based programs evolve is critical to success. We conducted 10 foc...
The North Carolina Food Pantry Organizational Capability and Mapping Study: Research Brief and Pilot Study

Given the importance of food banks to the availa­bility of accessible food, attention to the resilience of regional systems for bringing food from produc­ers to distributors—including local food pantries—is of prime concern. By utilizing a partnership between Appalachian State University and Feeding America, through the Second Harvest Food Bank of Northwest North Carolina, we gathered infor­mation regarding the capabilities of seven regional food pantries. This pilot study focused on the capabilities of the selected food pantries to provide food assistance, promote self-efficacy, and address root causes of hunger in their communities. We utilized a cross-sectional survey developed at the University of Oklahoma as well as descrip­tive statistics to create resource maps utilizing geo­graphic information systems (GIS) software. This approach provided a model for an upcoming sur­vey of three hundred food pantries located throughout the state of North Carolina to be implemented by Appalachian State University and research partners from the University of North Carolina. The larger study will expand knowledge regarding the best practices for food pantry opera­tions, highlight opportunities to strengthen organi­zational capabilities including nutrition offerings and other wraparound services, support the devel­opment of resource maps to optimize the use of regional and self-efficacy-related resources for low-income clients and communities, and promote the expansion of opportunities for collaboration and funding. Ultimately, we plan to utilize statewide data to develop a Food Pantry Capability Index based on selected measures encompassing available food assets, financial resources, size of area served, population-specific demographics, and number and type of auxiliary services offered including eco­nomic development initiatives. Such an Index could be used nationwide to assess and improve overall food resiliency and self-efficacy for given communities, counties, regions, and states. See the press release for this article.
The most common patient safety issues resulting in legal action against neonatologists

Common patient safety issues may result in injuries to babies in the newborn period. A medical malpractice lawsuit is one way in which an injured patient can obtain compensation for the injuries they sustained as the result of an error. There are a number of common areas of malpractice risk for neonatologists including the delivery room, jaundice, hypoglycemia, and late preterm infants. A better understanding of the medical malpractice system and common patient safety issues in neonatology can lead to protective strategies to reduce risk for untoward events and subsequent litigation. Strategies including maintaining competency, following national guidelines, and proper communication and documentation can improve the care and treatment of neonatal patients and their families resulting in less malpractice exposure.
Hepatitis C Virus-associated Acalculous Cholecystitis and Review of the Literature

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an infrequently encountered clinical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Viral infection associated AAC is rare, but it is most commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, disseminated visceral varicella-zoster virus infection, Zika virus, and hepatitis C. We report on a patient who was first diagnosed with a chronic hepatic C infection and subsequently with acalculous cholecystitis.
A New Junction Barrier Schottky Diode Using a Novel Lateral Architecture on a 4H-SiC Substrate

For the first time, a high voltage, high current, 4H-SiC lateral Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diode has been demonstrated. The proposed lateral diode is featured by a REduced SURface Field (RESURF) structure as well as an interdigitated multi-finger design. As a result, the proposed 4H-SiC JBS diode achieved a breakdown voltage of 380V and a current rating of 15A at an anode voltage of 1.75V (dynamic on-resistance, 2.15 m $\Omega$ -cm2), which is the record performance from 4H-SiC JBS diodes in the lateral architecture. Fabrication and development of these record lateral SiC diodes are crucial to the advancement of SiC in low voltage and Power Integrated Circuit (PIC) applications.
Research note: sensitivity of SES-crime relationships to the inclusion or exclusion of extreme neighborhoods

Objectives: This research examines whether SES-crime relationships in Detroit, Michigan, are influenced by including or excluding the highest and lowest one per cent of neighborhoods in SES from co...
Polo-Alvarado, Lorna. Vida de mujeres: entre la sumisión y la subversión. San Juan: Editorial Luscinia C.E., 2018.

Si la preocupacion por la vida de mujeres no se ha convertido en una de las tematicas mas importantes y fascinantes de los ultimos tiempos en la academia hispanoamericana, al menos el texto de la investigadora Lorna Polo-Alvarado examina con bastante claridad la situacion de la mujer en el pasado. La cultura popular e historica, los legados de la misoginia y el chauvinismo occidental enraizado en la cultura y la literatura de todos los tiempos aparecen puntualmente en el analisis del libro en cuestion.
Supersymmetric A_4 X Z_3 and A_4 Realizations of Neutrino Tribimaximal Mixing Without and With Corrections

In an improved application of the tetrahedral symmetry A_4 first introduced by Ma and Rajasekaran, supplemented by the discrete symmetry Z_3 as well as supersymmetry, a two-parameter form of the neutrino mass matrix is derived which exhibits the tribimaximal mixing of Harrison, Perkins, and Scott. This form is the same one obtained previously by Altarelli and Feruglio, and the inverse of that obtained by Babu and He. If only A_4 is used, then corrections appear, making tan^2(theta_{12}) differenet from 0.5, without changing significantly sin^2(2 theta_{23}) from one or theta_{13} from zero.
Smells Like the American Workforce: A Study of Workplace Ostracism in Foreign-Born Workers

This paper explores the phenomenon of workplace ostracism brought about by the perception of smell within the American workplace for legal, foreign-born workers. With a proposed minimum sample of 40 foreign-born workers currently employed in the American workforce, we will utilize semi-structured interviews to enhance the understanding of the unspoken but lived experience of this population when first encountering the culture of the American workplace. We will employ a deductive approach through the lens of workplace ostracism to accomplish this empirical study to not only give a voice to our intended population but also advance scholarly theory in the realm of workplace ostracism. Along with propositions, we will ultimately suggest implications/directions for future research and managerial recommendations.
A concurrency model for JavaScript with cooperative cancellation

This paper proposes a concurrency model for JavaScript with thread-like abstractions and cooperative cancellation. JavaScript uses an event-driven model, where an active computation runs until it completes or blocks for an event while concurrent computations wait for other events as callbacks. With the introduction of Promises, the control flow of callbacks can be written in a more direct style. However, the event-based model is still a source of confusion with regard to execution order, race conditions, and termination. The thread model is a familiar concept to programmers and can help reduce concurrency errors in JavaScript programs. This work is a library-based design, which uses an abstraction based on the reader monad to pass a thread ID through a thread's computation. A thread can be cancelled, paused, and resumed with its thread ID. This design allows hierarchical cancellation where a child thread is cancelled if its parent is cancelled. It also defines synchronization primitives to protect shared states. A formal semantics is included to give a precise definition of the proposed model.
Clustering appliance energy consumption data for occupant energy-behavior modeling

Energy consumption of buildings varies significantly across buildings with similar functions and locations. Occupant behavior is one of the most significant sources of uncertainty related to energy consumption in buildings. A deeper understanding of occupant energy behavior can help in designing personalized behavior intervention strategies to save energy and predict energy consumption. This paper uses the Pecan Street dataset to cluster building occupants based on the energy they consume for each appliance in the household, and then developed load profiles for each of the clusters.
Capsule Commentary for Tsilimingras et al., Post-Discharge Adverse Events Among Urban and Rural Patients of an Urban Community Hospital: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Tsilimingras et al. 1 investigate whether patients from urban and rural areas have similar rates of adverse events. They carefully consider a sample in one urban community hospital and track rates of adverse events using a rigorous, independently adjudicated method of detecting and classifying adverse events. There was little difference between the two patient groups; both had high rates of adverse events, with the majority being either preventable or ameliorable. The focus on patients discharged from one hospital is important to consider and is a study strength, as it holds constant the quality and practices of the specific facility. But it raises an additional element to consider: if rural patients “bypassing” their local hospital have better insurance (e.g., commercial), and are more likely to be admitted for complex conditions,2 the patients may differ in their baseline risk of adverse events. Curiously, the patient populations appear to exhibit some of these differences (e.g., slightly more secondary discharge diagnoses in rural) but not others (rural have lower income and are more likely to be on public insurance). Naturally, this reflects the difference in the underlying prevalence of conditions within the two patient groups. In this case, the urban patients of the hospital tend to live much closer to the study hospital: 90 % of the urban Medicare beneficiaries admitted to the hospital lived within 20 miles of Tallahassee Memorial Hospital (TMH), compared to 10 % of the rural Medicare beneficiaries.3 Although this suggests potential barriers to timely post-acute care—combined with more complex conditions and poorer socioeconomic status among the rural group—there seemed to be little difference in risk. Understanding the pathway to these similar rates of adverse events in the face of multiple risk factors would help improve transitions to post-acute care, something from which all acute patients would benefit.
We Are the World? Justifying the U.S Supreme Court’s Use of Contemporary Foreign Legal Practice in Atkins, Lawrence, and Roper

Since 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court has consulted contemporary foreign legal judgments to help interpret, and dramatically expand, the substantive scope of the Bill of Rights in three landmark cases. It has not, however, explained when and why contemporary foreign legal materials are relevant to a principled, objective mode of constitutional interpretation. This Note represents an attempt to do so. It postulates two rationales that could retrospectively justify the Court’s methodology in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), Lawrence v. Texas (2003), and Roper v. Simmons (2005). One is grounded in a theory of Anglo-American common law, the other rests on jus cogens and customary international law. This Note then compares the two and concludes that the jus cogens theory could best address critics’ concerns that the use of foreign law will undermine U.S. sovereignty, reduce civil liberties in this country, and vastly increase judicial discretion.
La Psicología Social: ¿en busca del paradigma perdido?

The dfferents points of views about the scientific status of Social Psychology are confronted and the implications of the “crisis” of the discipline are analyzed. Some considerations are formulated in order to reorient Social Psychology in a direction close to the “new Epistemology” and to the development of “post-modern sciences”. The analysis of “action”, the “complexity paradigm” and “self-organizing processes” are the key concepts ofthis new orientation.
Regulation of λrex Expression After Infection of Escherichia coli K by Lambda Bacteriophage

The ability of Escherichia coli K to support bacteriophage T4rII replication starts to decline at 3 to 6 min after infection by lambda. This inhibition appears to depend on expression of the lambdarex(+) gene, since little inhibition was observed following infection by a lambdarex mutant or by a hybrid bacteriophage lambdai(434) which lacks a functional rex gene. For promotion of the synthesis of rex product, cII(+) and N(+) genes are required and can act trans, whereas cY(+), also required, must be cis to a rex(+) gene. These genes presumably play a role in the transcription of the cI-rex operon because they are also known to be required for repressor (cI product) synthesis. Functional cIII, O, P genes are not necessary for ample rex product synthesis. We also observed full rex expression after infection by lambdasuscI mutants, suggesting that rex and repressor are separate gene products and that repressor is not required for inhibition of T4rII replication. We also report experiments with a rex mutant that is not leaky when in a lysogen but is sufficiently leaky shortly after infection to cause inhibition of T4rII replication.
Causal multicast in mobile networks

Distributed applications using file sharing and file replication, conferencing, and delivery in multimedia systems often need to use the semantics of causal multicast. Causal multicast in a mobile system is complicated by the various limitations imposed by the mobile system. Though there are different directions to improve the performance of causal multicast algorithms in mobile systems, at the core of such algorithms is the module to impose causal delivery among a set of nodes, which may be either mobile hosts, or mobile service stations, or peers at a higher level in the interconnection hierarchy. We show how to adapt the optimal causal multicast algorithm of Kshemkalyani-Singhal to mobile networks, and then show simulation results comparing its performance with that of other algorithms for causal multicast in mobile networks.
Southeast Research Farm Summary

Includes Southeast Iowa Agricultural Research Association Executive Board, Directors and staff directory; Farm and Weather Summary; and Research Farm Projects.
Differentiation Advantages in the On-line Brokerage Industry

Research across a variety of industries shows that the lowest-priced on-line sellers do not have the highest market share. This makes it important to identify the sources of differentiation advantage that can result in higher market share. Insights from the resource-based view are utilized to identify on-line brokerage services that may create value for consumers and result in higher market share for on-line brokerage firms. Ownership of process patents for on-line brokerage activities is positively correlated with differentiation advantage. Direct access to the trading floor, unlimited free real-time quotes, and 24/7 live customer service are also correlated with differentiation advantages. The identification of specific services associated with higher market share sheds light on how on-line firms differentiate themselves from their competitors.
Economic Inequality and Nonviolent Protest

Objective Despite substantial theorizing, the relationship between economic inequality and participation in nonviolent protests has not been satisfactorily examined empirically. Methods Using multilevel models of data from four waves of the European Social Survey, this article examines whether differences in inequality across countries and over time help explain people's engagement in peaceful protest. Results It finds that greater inequality reduces protest participation for all those with incomes below the top quintile. Conclusions This result provides strong support for the relative power theory of political participation; the predictions of grievance and resource theories regarding inequality's effects on protest are not supported.
Strategic national stockpile: overview and ventilator assets

Acquiring a resupply of critical medical assets following a national emergency will be crucial to saving lives. The Strategic National Stockpile is a national repository of various medications, vaccines, antidotes, and medical/surgical equipment that would be used to augment federal, state, and local public health agencies in the event of a terrorist attack or other public health emergency. Portable ventilators are included in the stockpile Managed Inventory. These ventilators and the ancillary equipment needed for one adult or one pediatric patient are kitted in a durable case that is staged and ready for deployment. A state that requires these assets initiates a request for federal assistance through established guidelines. This paper provides an overview of the Strategic National Stockpile, the types of ventilators and ancillary equipment currently available, and the process for requesting these assets.
Detection of liquid water in the flow channels of PEM fuel cell using an optical sensor

Abstract An optical sensor was developed with the capability of detecting liquid water in the flow channels of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as well as simultaneously measuring temperature. This work is an extension of previous research in which an optical temperature sensor was developed for measuring the in situ temperature of PEM fuel cells based on the principles of phosphor thermometry. The optical sensor was installed in the cathode flow channel of a 5 cm 2 proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel cell was tested under both dry and humid conditions. Liquid water formation in the flow channels was quantitatively measured from the experimental data. An observed time fraction value was estimated for characterizing flow channel flooding. The observed time fraction of liquid water in the flow channel was found to be closely related to the relative humidity of reactants and the operating current of the fuel cell.
Parameterization of optical properties for hydrated internally mixed aerosol

[1] The optical properties of an internally mixed aerosol with a lognormal size distribution can be approximated in terms of analytic functions of the wet surface mode radius with coefficients that can be related to the wet refractive index. The wet radius is calculated from the dry radius and relative humidity using either the Kohler theory or the MOSAIC thermodynamic model. The hydration state of the aerosol in the hysteresis region between the crystallization and deliquescence relative humidities is diagnosed by comparing the aerosol water from the previous time step with the current water content of the hydrated aerosol. The wet refractive index is estimated from the volume fractions and refractive indices of all components of the aerosol, including water, using volume mixing for soluble components and an effective medium approximation for the insoluble components. The parameterization is evaluated by comparing with Mie solutions for ammonium sulfate, black carbon, and a 50:50 mixture for a wide range in size distributions and relative humidity. Errors are usually less than 20% and are less then 30% for all conditions except when absolute values are small. The parameterization is suitable for any aerosol model that uses lognormal size distributions composed of internal mixtures of multiple aerosol components.
Day length, reproductive effort, and the avian latitudinal clutch size gradient

Explaining latitudinal patterns in life history traits remains a challenge for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. One such prominent pattern is the latitudinal gradient in clutch size in birds: the number of eggs laid in a reproductive bout increases with latitude in many species. One intuitive hypothesis proposes that the longer days at high latitudes during the breeding season allow parents to spend more time foraging each day, which results in greater total food delivery to the brood each day, and hence more offspring produced. This day length hypothesis is virtually untested, although it was proposed nearly 100 years ago. We developed a conceptual framework for distinguishing between the day length hypothesis and the widely accepted alternative hypothesis that attributes the latitudinal gradient in clutch size to increased per capita food resources at higher latitudes. Using this framework to contrast components of reproductive effort and life history patterns in a mid- and high-latitude Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) population provided clear evidence for the day length hypothesis, but little evidence for the alternative. Our findings suggest that the length of an animal's workday may be an important, but unappreciated, component of reproductive effort.
Prediction of single procedure success rate using S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry surgical classification system with strict criteria for surgical outcome.

Objective To evaluate the S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry scoring system for percutaneous nephrolithotomy using computerized tomography (CT) imaging with strict criteria for stone clearance. Materials and Methods We analyzed a cohort of 122 patients who consecutively underwent primary percutaneous nephrolithotomy from July 2010 to March 2012 at our university-based referral hospital. All patients routinely have preoperative and postoperative CT imaging for stone burden determination. Primary outcome (residual stone) was scored as 0-2, 3-4, and >4 mm. All S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry parameters were recorded and scored as per published definition. The t test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square testing or the Fisher exact test (when counts were small) was used for categorical covariates. S.T.O.N.E. score correlation with stone-free status was analyzed by logistic regression. Results Nephrolithometry score ranged from 5 to 13 with a mean of 9.5. Postoperative CT for residual stone showed 67 (54.9%), 26 (21.3%), and 29 (23.8%) patients had 0-2, 3-4, and >4 mm residual stone, respectively. Mean nephrolithometry scores for residual stone of 0-2, 3-4, and >4 mm were 8.87, 9.73, and 10.79 respectively (P Conclusion With use of strict CT imaging criteria for assessment of residual stone status, the S.T.O.N.E. scoring system is reproducible and predictive of treatment success. Further investigation is required to both validate this model and to determine if other predictive parameters will improve it as a predictive model.
An economic–genetic theory of corporate corruption across cultures: An interactive effect of wealth and the 5HTTLPR-SS/SL frequency on corporate corruption mediated by cultural endorsement of self-protective leadership

Abstract Corruption research largely rests on institutional and economic theories. Biological, psychological, and anthropological theories and research can provide unique insights on corporate corruption. Following the emerging perspective of gene–environment interaction in cross-cultural research, the current research presents an economic–genetic theory of corporate corruption across cultures. By examining 30 societies, I found a positive interactive effect of wealth and the 5HTTLPR-SS/SL frequency on corporate corruption mediated by cultural endorsement of self-protective leadership (CESPL). Additionally, the 5HTTLPR-SS/SL frequency moderated the positive effect of CESPL on corporate corruption and CESPL mediated the wealth effect on corporate corruption in societies with low 5HTTLPR-SS/SL frequencies. These findings shed novel light on research on corporate corruption and cross-cultural leadership.
Decreased EAAT2 protein expression in the essential tremor cerebellar cortex

Genetic polymorphisms in Solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 (SLC1A2) have been linked with essential tremor. SLC1A2 encodes excitatory amino acid transporter type 2 (EAAT2), which clears glutamate from the synaptic cleft. One postulated mechanism for essential tremor is the over-excitation of glutamatergic olivo-cerebellar climbing fibers, leading to excitotoxic death of Purkinje cells. Other glutamatergic excitatory signals are transmitted to Purkinje cells via parallel fibers of cerebellar granule neurons. Therefore, the expression level of glutamate transporters could be important in essential tremor pathogenesis. Using Western blotting, we compared the expression levels of the two main glutamate transporters in the cerebellar cortex, EAAT1 and EAAT2, in postmortem tissue from 16 essential tremor cases and 13 age-matched controls. We also studied the localization of EAAT1 and EAAT2 using immunohistochemistry in 10 essential tremor cases and 12 controls. EAAT1 protein levels were similar in cases and controls (1.12 ± 0.83 vs. 1.01 ± 0.69, p =0.71) whereas EAAT2 protein levels in essential tremor cases were only 1/3 of that in controls (0.35 ± 0.23 vs. 1.00 ± 0.62, p < 0.01). Interestingly, EAAT2, but not EAAT1, was expressed in astrocytic processes surrounding the Purkinje cell axon initial segment, a region of previously observed pathological changes in essential tremor. Our main finding, a significant reduction in cerebellar cortical EAAT2 protein levels in essential tremor, suggests that Purkinje cells in essential tremor might be more vulnerable to excitotoxic damage than those of controls.
Creativity in Virtual Work: Effects of Demographic Differences

Organizations are increasingly using virtual teams, in which individuals work with their teammates across distance and differences, using a variety of information and communication technologies. In...
The bifurcating neuron network 1

The Bifurcating Neuron (BN), a chaotic integrate-and-fire neuron, is a model of a neuron augmented by coherent modulation from its environment. The BN is mathematically equivalent to the sine-circle map, and this equivalence relationship allowed us to apply the mathematics of one-dimensional maps to the design of BN networks. The study of symmetry in the BN revealed that the BN can be configured to exhibit bistability that is controlled by attractor-merging crisis. Also, the symmetry of the bistability can be controlled by the introduction of a sinusoidal fluctuation to the threshold level of the BN. These two observations led us to the design of the BN Network 1 (BNN-1), a chaotic pulse-coupled neural network exhibiting associative memory. In numerical simulations, the BNN-1 showed a better performance than the continuous-time Hopfield network, as far as the spurious-minima problem is concerned and exhibited many biologically plausible characteristics.
A single‐machine replacement model with learning

The replacement or upgrade of productive resources over time is an important decision for a manufacturing organization. The type of technology used in the productive resources determines how effectively the manufacturing operations can support the product and marketing strategy of the organization. Increasing operating costs (cost of maintenance, labor, and depreciation) over time force manufacturing organizations to periodically consider replacement or upgrade of their existing productive resources. We assume that there is a setup cost associated with the replacement of a machine, and that the setup cost is a nonincreasing function of the number of replacements made so far due to learning in setups. The operating cost of a newer machine is assumed to be lower than the operating cost of an older machine in any given period, except perhaps in the first period of operation of the new machine when the cost could be unusually high due to higher initial depreciation. A forward dynamic programming algorithm is developed which can be used to solve finite-horizon problems. We develop procedures to find decision and forecast horizons such that choices made during the decision horizon based only on information over the forecast horizon are also optimal for any longer horizon problem. Thus, we are able to obtain optimal results for what is effectively an infinite-horizon problem while only requiring data over a finite period of time. We present a numerical example to illustrate the decision/forecast horizon procedure, as well as a study of the effects of considering learning in making a series of machine replacement decisions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Direct-on-filter analysis of crystalline silica using photoacoustic Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Photoacoustic Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (PA-FT-IR) has been used to perform direct-on-filter (DOF) analysis of crystalline silica using laboratory-generated filter samples. With these samples, the silica particles were embedded in the stable three-dimensional matrix of the filter. In this preliminary study, it was demonstrated that the photoacoustic (PA) signals generated from direct-on-filter measurements were significantly higher than the corresponding signals for equivalent amounts of silica particles placed directly in the photoacoustic detector cup. Studies with Min-U-Sil-5 loaded onto 9 mm filter stubs indicated a limit of detection of less than 10 μg. Additionally, Teflon filters were demonstrated to be more suitable for these measurements than other types. The photoacoustic FT-IR approach seems to be feasible for further development to use with full-sized personal sampling filters.
Extended modifications of electronic structures caused by defects: Scanning tunneling microscopy of graphite.

Electronic effects from two well-defined defects are identified and measured using scanning tunneling microscopy on graphite. An atomic vacancy on the topmost (0001) plane caused a lowering of apparent z height in a 30 \AA{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}30 \AA{} area by \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 \AA{}. A plane rotation relative to the third surface layer caused a Moir\'e pattern, with an attenuation along the c axis about 2.6 per monolayer. A ``supervacancy'' was imaged due to competition between the above two effects. An explanation based on changes in density of states near the Fermi level is proposed.
Seasonal carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism in roots of contrasting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars

Summary Prostrate shoot growth of fall dormant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in autumn is positively associated with winter survival. Our objective was to determine how carbohydrate and nitrogen pools in roots of alfalfa cultivars exhibiting contrasting fall dormancy change during winter hardening in autumn and when shoot growth resumes in spring. Sugars, buffer-soluble protein, low molecular weight-N, and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) increased in roots of all cultivars in autumn, while root starch concentrations declined throughout autumn and winter. Sugar, protein, low molecular weight-N, and VSPs levels declined in spring as shoot growth resumed, then re-accumulated in roots as shoots began to flower on June 2. Defoliation on June 2 resulted in a loss of starch, protein, and VSPs from roots as shoots regrew. Roots of fall dormant, winter hardy cultivars contained higher concentrations of sugars and buffer soluble protein in November and December, whereas higher concentrations of starch and low molecular weight-N were found in roots of nondormant cultivars at these times. Concentrations of total N and VSPs were similar between dormant and nondormant cultivars indicating that N deficiency caused by low dinitrogen fixation during hardening is not a factor contributing to the poor winter survival of nondormant alfalfa. Efforts aimed at understanding fall dormancy and winter hardiness of alfalfa should focus on mechanisms controlling accumulation of sugars and specific (non-VSP) soluble proteins in roots in autumn.
Precedence in feeding and mounting in captive toads

Four groups of captive toads (Bufo americanus) in a sexually active state were forced to compete for mealworms as food. Development of resultant feeding hierarchies appeared retarded relative to prior research. Males remained in amplexus for several days during which they did not eat. Systematic preferences for females were not apparent, although males who mounted frequently also ranked high in frequency of aggressive behavior.
Cyclic nucleotide regulation of type-1 plasminogen activator-inhibitor mRNA stability in rat hepatoma cells. Identification of cis-acting sequences.

Type-1 plasminogen activator-inhibitor (PAI-1) is a major physiologic inhibitor of plasminogen activation. Incubation of HTC rat hepatoma cells with the cyclic nucleotide analogue, 8-bromo-cAMP, causes a dramatic increase in tissue-type plasminogen activator activity secondary to a 90% decrease in PAI-1 mRNA. Although 8-bromo-cAMP causes a modest decrease in PAI-1 transcription, regulation is primarily the result of a 3-fold increase in the rate of PAI-1 mRNA degradation. To determine the cis-acting sequences required for cyclic nucleotide regulation, we have stably transfected HTC cells with chimeric genes containing sequences from the rat PAI-1 cDNA and the mouse β-globin gene and examined the effect of cyclic nucleotides on the decay rate of these transcripts. The mRNA transcribed from the β-globin gene is stable and not cyclic nucleotide-regulated, whereas the transcript from a construct containing the β-globin coding region and the PAI-1 3′-untranslated region (UTR) is destabilized in the presence of 8-bromo-cAMP, suggesting that this response is mediated by sequences in the PAI-1 3′-UTR. Analyses by deletion of sequences from this chimeric construct indicate that, whereas more than one region of the PAI-1 3′-UTR can confer cyclic nucleotide responsiveness, the 3′-most 134-nucleotide sequence alone is sufficient to do so. Insertion of PAI-1 sequences within the β-globin 3′-UTR confirms that the 3′-most 134 nucleotides of PAI-1 mRNA can confer cyclic nucleotide regulation of stability on a heterologous transcript, suggesting that this sequence may play a major role in hormonal regulation of PAI-1 mRNA stability.
Discriminating Levels of Development through Attitudes: An Empirical Analysis

This paper reports on the development and validation of an instrument that assesses level of knowledge development through students' attitudes on sub-topical areas within one content domain. The instrument is shown to demonstrate high reliability with both advanced and introductory students, and was found to correlate moderately with overall student performance.
HERNIA, HYDROCELE AND UNDESCENDED TESTICLE.

NY discussion of the subject of inguina1 A hernia in infants and chiIdren centers around statistics. These compiIed figures aIways tend to confirm the poIicies or concIusions of the author, or both. I aIso am guiIty, having reviewed 1,000 consecutive cases on my own service and presented the findings before the CentraI SurgicaI Association in 1961. This painstaking effort convinced me, at Ieast, that no one beyond the status of junior house officer is ever reaIIy influenced by the statistics and experiences of others. In 1922 HaIsted [I] commented on the subject of hernia as foIIows: “Indeed I have not seen a singIe paper since Bassini’s which contributed anything new.” Bassini’s Iast paper on the subject was probabIy the 1890 paper. My paper wiI1 certainIy do nothing to refute HaIsted’s views. With this in mind, I propose mereIy to state the present poIicies of the pediatric surgica1 section of the Mayo CIinic. Our present regimen for handIing patients with hernia is naturaIIy infIuenced by many factors, some of which are rather pecuIiar to the circumstances under which we practice surgery. I doubt that anything I say wiI1 aIter your present procedures and it is equaIIy probabIe that you wiI1 not change mine. The detection of a smaI1 inguina1 hernia in a pIump infant is usuaIIy based primariIy on the history and description by the parents. The percentage of unsuspected hernias detected at routine physica examination is reIativeIy smaI1 unIess some fuIIness or buIge has been noted by the famiIy, aIthough not recognized as a hernia. Attentive history taking, demonstration by the parents and carefu1 examination of the infant in a reIaxed position in a warm room are most IikeIy to revea1 a hernia. OccasionaIIy a11 methods fai1 and it may then be necessary to instruct the
Enhancement of Tropical Ocean Evaporation and Sensible Heat Flux by Atmospheric Mesoscale Systems

Abstract The enhancement of monthly averaged evaporation by atmospheric mesoscale systems is estimated from long-term hourly observations of surface meteorological data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy moorings over the equatorial Pacific Ocean and a bulk aerodynamic flux algorithm developed as a result of the TOGA Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). It is shown that mesoscale enhancement is due primarily to the lack of wind steadiness on subsynoptic timescales and is associated with periods of significant precipitation. The magnitude of the mesoscale enhancement of monthly averaged sea surface evaporation is found to be ∼10% or less of the total. During occasional periods with weak and variable winds over the western Pacific warm pool and the other major precipitation zones in the equatorial Pacific, the mesoscale enhancement of monthly averaged evaporation can reach 30% of the total evaporation. A similar result is obtained for mesos...
Mechanisms of Neovascularization and Resistance to Anti-angiogenic Therapies in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and highly resistant to intensive combination therapies. GBM is one of the most vascularized tumors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by tumor cells is a major factor regulating angiogenesis. Successful results of preclinical studies of anti-angiogenic therapies using xenograft mouse models of human GBM cell lines encouraged clinical studies of anti-angiogenic drugs, such as bevacizumab (Avastin), an anti-VEGF antibody. However, these clinical studies have shown that most patients become resistant to anti-VEGF therapy after an initial response. Recent studies have revealed some resistance mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapies involved in several types of cancer. In this review, we address mechanisms of angiogenesis, including unique features in GBMs, and resistance to anti-VEGF therapies frequently observed in GBM. Enhanced invasiveness is one such resistance mechanism and recent works report the contribution of activated MET signaling induced by inhibition of VEGF signaling. On the other hand, tumor cell-originated neovascularization including tumor-derived endothelial cell-induced angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry has been suggested to be involved in the resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Therefore, these mechanisms should be targeted in addition to anti-angiogenic therapies to achieve better results for patients with GBM.
Campus Religious/Worldview Climate, Institutional Religious Affiliation, and Student Engagement

Student affairs practitioners and scholars are paying greater attention to issues of religion and spirituality on college campuses. The present study explores the link between campus religious/worldview climate and overall student engagement within a longitudinal sample of 14,517 undergraduates at 134 colleges. When controlling for various student and institutional characteristics, attending an institution with an inclusive religious/worldview climate is positively associated with participation in study abroad, service-learning, engaged learning pedagogies, and interracial interactions.
On the relationship between autoepistemic logic and parallel circumscription

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between two approaches to the formalization of non-monotonic reasoning - J. McCarthy's approach based on the notion of Circumscription [Mc] and the Autoepistemic Logic approach of R. Moore [Mr]. Since these two approaches differ considerably in scope, we will limit our attention to the situation where some common ground can be found. Namely, we consider only the propositional case of parallel circumpsription, when all predicates of a formula T are circumscribed simultaneously.
Effects of Edge Taper on Domain Wall Structure and Current-Driven Walker Breakdown in a Ferromagnetic Thin Film Wire

Domain walls in a ferromagnetic thin film wire with rectangular cross section adopt transverse wall (TW) or vortex wall (VW) geometries depending on the magnetic material and the wire width and thickness. However, experimentally wires can have a trapezoidal cross section if they are made by liftoff using an undercut resist profile. Micromagnetic modeling shows that tapering of the wire not only promotes the formation of a TW over a VW, but also increases the critical current value and the domain wall velocity at which Walker breakdown occurs, providing a potential route to higher speed domain wall devices.
Diverse Gifts Multicultural Education in the Kindergarten

(1989). Diverse Gifts Multicultural Education in the Kindergarten. Childhood Education: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 2-3.
Measuring female mate choice in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques

Abstract Few studies of female mate choice have been carried out among free-ranging non-human primates. To qualify as female mate choice, behaviour by oestrous females must predict the occurrence or rate of potentially fertile copulations, in comparisons between heterosexual dyads. In this paper, data are presented to show three behaviour patterns that meet this criterion in free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta , at the island colony of Cayo Santiago: (1) selective cooperation with male sexual solicitations (hip-grasps), (2) restoration of proximity following attacks on females by intruding males, and (3) proximity maintenance (in one of two study groups). Oestrous females maintained proximity preferentially to lower ranking males, but this appeared to reflect differences in the tactics necessary to achieve copulations with males of different dominance ranks, rather than preference for lower ranking mates. Male-oestrous female dyads showed consistency over two consecutive mating seasons in which partner was responsible for proximity maintenance. Male dominance rank was positively correlated with copulatory rate with fertile females. However, in one study group, males to whom oestrous females maintained proximity more actively had higher copulatory rates with fertile females, independent of the effects of male dominance rank.
Contingency Management and Levodopa-Carbidopa for Cocaine Treatment: A Comparison of Three Behavioral Targets

New data support use of levodopa pharmacotherapy with behavioral contingency management (CM) as one efficacious combination in cocaine dependence disorder treatment. A potential mechanism of the combined treatment effects may be related to dopamine-induced enhancement of the saliency of contingently delivered reinforcers. Evidence to support this mechanism was sought by evaluating levodopa-enhancing effects across distinct CM conditions that varied in behavioral targets. A total of 136 treatment-seeking, cocaine dependent subjects participated in this 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levodopa (vs. placebo) administered in combination with one of three behavioral CM conditions. In the CM-URINE condition, subjects received cash-valued vouchers contingent on cocaine-negative urine toxicology results. In the CM-ATTEND condition, the same voucher schedule was contingent on attending thrice weekly clinic visits. In the CM-MEDICATION condition, the same voucher schedule was contingent on Medication Event Monitoring Systems- and riboflavin-based evidence of pill-taking behavior. Primary outcomes associated with each CM target behavior were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models for repeated outcomes. CM responding in the CM-ATTEND and CM-MEDICATION conditions showed orderly effects, with each condition producing corresponding changes in targeted behaviors, regardless of medication condition. In contrast, CM responding in the CM-URINE condition was moderated by medication, with levodopa-treated subjects more likely to submit cocaine-negative urines. These findings specify the optimal target behavior for CM when used in combination with levodopa pharmacotherapy.
Defining the RNA Internal Loops Preferred by Benzimidazole Derivatives via 2D Combinatorial Screening and Computational Analysis

RNA is an important therapeutic target; however, RNA targets are generally underexploited due to a lack of understanding of the small molecules that bind RNA and the RNA motifs that bind small molecules. Herein, we describe the identification of the RNA internal loops derived from a 4096 member 3 × 3 nucleotide loop library that are the most specific and highest affinity binders to a series of four designer, druglike benzimidazoles. These studies establish a potentially general protocol to define the highest affinity and most specific RNA motif targets for heterocyclic small molecules. Such information could be used to target functionally important RNAs in genomic sequence.