cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cultural Animal

What makes us human? Why do people think, feel, and act as they do? What is the essence of human nature? What is the basic relationship between the individual and society? These questions have fascinated people for centuries. Now, at last, there is a solid basis for answering them, in the form of the accumulated efforts and studies by thousands of psychology researchers. We no longer have to rely on navel-gazing and speculation to understand why people are the way they are; we can instead turn to solid, objective findings. This book not only summarizes what we know about people; it also offers a coherent, easy-to-understand though radical, explanation. Turning conventional wisdom on its head, the author argues that culture shaped human evolution. Contrary to theories that depict the individual's relation to society as one of victimization, endless malleability, or just a square peg in a round hole, he proposes that the individual human being is designed by nature to be part of society. Moreover, he argues that we need to briefly set aside the endless study of cultural differences to look at what most cultures have in common; because that holds the key to human nature. Culture is in our genes, although cultural differences may not be. This core theme is further developed by a tour through the main dimensions of human psychology. What do people want? How do people think? How do emotions operate? How do people behave? And how do they interact with each other? The answers are often surprising, and along the way, the author explains how human desire, thought, feeling, and action are connected.
Pumping Restriction Theorem for Stochastic Networks

We formulate an exact result, which we refer to as the pumping restriction theorem (PRT). It imposes strong restrictions on the currents generated by periodic driving in a generic dissipative system with detailed balance, and provides a universal nonperturbative approach to explore the stochastic pump effect in nonadiabatically driven systems.
NASA Lewis Research Center's Program on Icing Research

The helicopter and general aviation, light transport, and commercial transport aircraft share common icing requirements: highly effective, lightweight, low power consuming deicing systems, and detailed knowledge of the aeropenalties due to ice on aircraft surfaces. To meet current and future needs, NASA has a broadbased icing research program which covers both research and engineering applications, and is well coordinated with the FAA, DOD, universities, industry, and some foreign governments. Research activity in ice protection systems, icing instrumentation, experimental methods, analytical modeling, and in-flight research are described.
Computer modeling and the fate of folk psychology

Although Paul Churchland and Jerry Fodor both subscribe to the so-called theory-theory - the theory that folk psychology (FP) is an empirical theory of behavior - they disagree strongly about FP's fate. Churchland contends that FP is a fundamentally flawed view analogous to folk biology, and he argues that recent advances in computational neuroscience and connectionist AI point toward development of a scientifically respectable replacement theory that will give rise to a new common-sense psychology. Fodor, however, wagers that FP will be largely preserved and vindicated by scientific investigations of behavior. Recent findings by developmental psychologists, I argue, will push both Churchlandians and Fodorians toward the pessimistic view that FP is a misguided theory that will never be displaced, because it is, so to speak, built into our cognitive systems. I explore the possibility of preserving optimism by rejecting the theory-theory and adopting the simulation theory, a competing view developed by Robert Gordon, Alvin Goldman, and Jane Heal. According to simulationists, common-sense interpretation of behavior is accomplished by means of pretense-like operations that deploy the cognitive system's own reasoning capabilities in a disengaged manner. Since on this view no theory-like set of principles would be needed, the simulation theory seems to enjoy a simplicity advantage over the theory-theory. Steven Stich and Shawn Nichols, however, contend that as the cognitive system would require special mechanisms for disengaged operation, the simplicity question cannot be resolved until suitable computational models are developed. I describe a set of models I have constructed to meet this need, and I discuss the contribution such models can make to determining FP's fate.
Tapering of the intrafascicular endings of muscle fibers and its implications to relay of force.

The geometric shape of the filamentous, intrafascicular type of muscle fiber ending was reconstructed as a basis for understanding the pattern in relay of the fiber's force to the muscle tendon. Single motor units (MUs) identified physiologically as being fast and slow, respectively, were isolated in cat tibialis muscles and glycogen-depleted for recognition in cross sections of the muscle frozen at its Lo. Serial measurements of cross-sectional area (CSA) using an image processing system were made along 14 intrafascicular endings of MU fibers and an additional seve, nondepleted fibers identified histochemically as slow. Comparison of coefficients of variation for the linear relation of the CSAs and of the equivalent diameters with length along the taper indicated that in both fast and slow fibers the areas bore a closer relationship, that is, the taper had the equivalent of a parabolic, rather than a conical outline. The implications of these two conformations to relay of the fiber's contractile force to surrounding structures are displayed graphically. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1923-1953 and 20-60 age Changes in Moral Codes, Anxieties, and Interests, as Shown by the “X-O Tests”

(1955). 1923-1953 and 20-60 age Changes in Moral Codes, Anxieties, and Interests, as Shown by the “X-O Tests”. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 485-502.
Relativistic empirical tight-binding theory of the energy bands of GeTe, SnTe, PbTe, PbSe, PbS, and their alloys

Abstract The orthogonalized plane wave band structures of GeTe, SnTe, PbTe, PbSe, and PbS are fit with a nearest-neighbor, 18-orbital sp3d5, relativistic tight-binding model that exhibits chemical trends. The band gaps of Pb1−xSnxTe, Sn1−yGeyTe, and Ge1−zPbzTe alloys are predicted as functions of compositions x, y, and z. Bowing of the gap is expected to be substantial for Ge1−zPbzTe, and either Sn1−yGeyTe or Ge1−zPbzTe should exhibit a Dimmock reversal.
SMM Observations of Gamma-Ray Transients. 3: A Search for a Broadened, Redshifted Positron Annihilation Line from the Direction of the Galactic Center

We have searched for 1980-1988 Solar Maximum Mission gamma-ray spectrometer data for transient emission on timescales from hours to approximately 12 days of broad gamma-ray lines at energies approximately 400 keV, which were reported by the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) 1 and SIGMA experiments from two sources lying toward the Galactic center. The lines have been interpreted as the product of the annihilation of positrons in pair plasmas surrounding the black hole candidate 1E 1740.7-2942 and the X-ray binary 1H 1822-371. Our results from a combined exposure of approximately 1.5 x 10(exp 7)s provide no convincing evidence for transient emission of this line on any timescale between approximately 9 hr and approximately 1 yr. Our 3 sigma upper limits on the line flux during approximately 12 day intervals are characteristically 4.8 x 10(exp -3) photon/sq cm/s, while for approximately 1 day intervals our 3 sigma upper limits are characteristically 4.9 x 10(exp -3) photon/sq cm/s. These results imply a duty cycle of less than 1.3% for the transient line measured from 1H 1822-371 during a approximately 3 week interval in 1977 by HEAO 1, and a duty cycle of less than or = 0.8% for the transient line detected in 1990 and 1992 from 1E 1740.7-2942 on approximately 1 day timescales by SIGMA.
Use of ordinal categorical variables in skeletal assessment of sex from the cranium

In anthropological studies, visual indicators of sex are traditionally scored on an ordinal categorical scale. Logistic and probit regression models are commonly used statistical tools for the analysis of ordinal categorical data. These models provide unbiased estimates of the posterior probabilities of sex conditional on observed indicators, but they do so only under certain conditions. We suggest a more general method for sexing using a multivariate cumulative probit model and examine both single indicator and multivariate indicator models on a sample of 138 crania from a Late Mississippian site in middle Tennessee. The crania were scored for five common sex indicators: superciliary arch form, chin form, size of mastoid process, shape of the supraorbital margin, and nuchal cresting. Independent assessment of sex for each individual is based on pubic indicators. The traditional logistic regressions are cumbersome because of limitations imposed by missing data. The logistic regression correctly classified 66/74 males and 46/64 females, with an overall correct classification of 81%. The cumulative probit model classified 64/74 males correctly and 51/64 females correctly for an overall correct classification rate of 83%. Finally, we apply parameters estimated from the logit and probit models to find posterior probabilities of sex assignment for 296 additional crania for which pubic indicators were absent or ambiguous. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:97–112, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thyroid cancer incidence and socioeconomic indicators of health care access.

Objective It has been hypothesized that changes in diagnostic practices have driven the dramatic rise in thyroid cancer incidence over the past two decades. This study investigated the relation between the incidence of thyroid cancer and socioeconomic indicators of health care access.
The Torelli groups for genus 2 and 3 surfaces

THE purpose of this paper is to show that the genus 2 Torelli group is free on infinitely many Dehn twists on separating curves. Moreover, the set of free generators can be identified with the set of splittings of the homology of a genus 2 surface into two subspaces mutually orthogonal and unimodular with respect to the intersection pairing. In addition, it is shown that the third integer homology of the genus 3 Torelli group naturally contains an infinitely generated free abelian group. This is a permutation module for the symplectic modular group. The method used is a study of the period mapping to Siegel space. In Sections 2 and 3 we review some background material. Section 4 shows that the genus 2 Torelli group is free. Section 5 contains additional background material and the result on the third homology. Section 6 gives a homological application.
Stage 4 Sleep: Influence of Time Course Variables

Age, length of prior wakefulness, length of time asleep, and a circadian influence all affect stage 4 sleep. The amount of stage 4 sleep decreases as subject's age increases and as time asleep increases. Longer periods of wakefulness before sleep result in greater amounts of stage 4 sleep in the first 3 hours of sleep. Sleep periods that begin at times other than the regular onset time tend to produce less stage 4 sleep; this decrease suggests a circadian effect.
On the mechanism of multiplicity reactivation in bacteriophage.

Abstract The survival curves of multicomplexes of ultraviolet-inactivated phage T4 become straight lines at higher doses with a slope about 0.4 that of the monocomplex survival curve. No appreciable differences were found when host cell populations with the usual size variability were compared with populations having a strongly reduced variability as a consequence of the elimination of the filamentous cells. Thus, the experimentally observed deviations from the expectations of the original recombination theory of multiplicity reactivation cannot be accounted for by the variability in the size of the host cells.
Application of the Simons—Parr—Finlan potential to chemisorption

Abstract Infrared absorption spectra of chemisorbed diatom species on metal surfaces exhibit features which are sensitive to the nature of the metal surface, to the nature of the diatomic molecule, and to their interaction. To interpret such features, it is necessary to model the force field in order to describe the molecule—metal interaction. As an alternative to the usual Dunham Taylor series expansion of the Born—Oppenheimer potential function we investigate the use of Simons—Parr—Finlan expansion functions. Both types of expansions are compared with a recent theoretical model for molecule—surface interactions. With fewer parameters, the Simons—Parr—Finlan expansions are shown to provide a more realistic approximation to the adsorbed molecule—metal theoretical interaction potential than do the Dunham expansions.
Professional education for secondary computer science (abstract only)

As states are now beginning to certify secondary teachers in Computer Science for secondary education, it is time to consider how many (if any), and what kind, professional education courses a prospective teacher should take. The courses under consideration here primarily are the ones known as “methods” courses; that is, how to teach the subject. We have insufficient data to make a clear judgement at this time, but there appears to be a dismal record, especially for smaller schools, for these courses involving the sciences and mathematics. Such courses as educational psychology are invaluable, but a methods course taught to computer science students by instructors who neither like nor understand computers or (computer science) cannot be a happy situation. We already have had this happen to the mathematics and science teachers — more than one has been told that such subjects as algorithms, algebra, or trigonometry are not proper subjects for discussion. Can only subjects be considered for discussion which are outside the realm of science and technology?I do not argue that students should not have a single course in the teaching of computer science, but I do strongly argue (unfortunately, having found too many bad examples of what is taking place) that this course should be taught by the Department of Computer Science, I wonder how many prospective mathematics and science teachers we have lost because of a lack of understanding by the professional educators of the subject matter, or them being unable to relate to these students. Do we wish to perpetuate the same problems for computer science?
A Diagnosis Algorithm for Distributed Computing Systems with Dynamic Failure and Repair

The problem of designing distributed fault-tolerant computing systems is considered. A model in which the network nodes are assumed to possess the ability to "test" certain other network facilities for the presence of failures is employed. Using this model, a distributed algorithm is presented which allows all the network nodes to correctly reach independent diagnoses of the condition (faulty or fault-free) of all the network nodes and internode communication facilities, provided the total number of failures oes not exceed a given bound. The proposed algorithm allows for the reentry of repaired or replaced faulty facilities back into the network, and it also has provisions for adding new nodes to the system. Sufficient conditions are obtained for designing a distributed fault-tolerant system by employing the given algorithm. The algorithm has the interesting property that it lets as many as all of the nodes and internode communication facilities fail, but upon repair or replacement of faulty facilities, the system can converge to normal operation if no more than a certain number of facilities remain faulty.
Teaching as propaedeutic to religion: The contribution of Levinas and Kierkegaard

La conception de l'enseignement de Kierkegaard et de Levinas permettent a l'A. de degager une logique de la transcendance. L'enseignement est intelligible via la signification de l'interruption de la pensee autonome. En outre, l'enseignement revele que l'ensemble de la pensee ne peut etre compris en termes de moi, de capacite et de pouvoir propres. L'enseignement ouvre un espace qui est au-dela de moi-meme. L'enseignement constitue une propedeutique a la religion et ne doit pas etre confondu avec les enseignements religieux. Si toute la pensee est reductible a la maieutique, alors la religion n'est qu'un produit de fabrication humaine
Methyl concentration time-histories during iso-octane and n-heptane oxidation and pyrolysis

Abstract Methyl radical concentration time-histories were measured during the oxidation and pyrolysis of iso-octane and n-heptane behind reflected shock waves. Initial reflected shock conditions covered temperatures of 1100–1560 K, pressures of 1.6–2.0 atm and initial fuel concentrations of 100–500 ppm. Methyl radicals were detected using cw UV laser absorption near 216 nm; three wavelengths were used to compensate for time- and wavelength-dependent interference absorption. Methyl time-histories were compared to the predictions of several current oxidation models. While some agreement was found between modeling and measurement in the early rise, peak and plateau values of methyl, and in the ignition time, none of the current mechanisms accurately recover all of these features. Sensitivity analysis of the ignition times for both iso-octane and n-heptane showed a strong dependence on the reaction C3H5 + H = C3H4 + H2, and a recommended rate was found for this reaction. Sensitivity analysis of the initial rate of CH3 production during pyrolysis indicated that for both iso-octane and n-heptane, reaction rates for the initial decomposition channels are well isolated, and overall values for these rates were obtained. The present concentration time-history data provide strong constraints on the reaction mechanisms of both iso-octane and n-heptane oxidation, and in conjunction with OH concentration time-histories and ignition delay times, recently measured in our laboratory, should provide a self-consistent set of kinetic targets for the validation and refinement of iso-octane and n-heptane reaction mechanisms.
A new method for the control of the river Nile

This paper introduces a new stochastic control method, Extended Linear Quadratic Gaussian control, that appears to be particularly promising for the management of complex reservoir configurations such as the River Nile system. The method is introduced by means of a short case study related to the regulation of the Equatorial Lakes in the Nile basin. If the necessary data are available, the method can be easily adapted to the entire Nile system and used to investigate a variety of management issues.
T cell and cytokine patterns in leprosy skin lesions.

The skin lesions of leprosy provide a window for directly studying immune responses to a pathogen. Analysis of the local immune responses in these lesions revealed distinct T cell and cytokine patterns which correlate with resistance versus susceptibility to infection. Similar information was not often obtainable from the study of blood, underscoring the importance of investigation of the immune response at the site of disease activity. The techniques employed in these investigations are generally useful for the study of other inflammatory diseases of skin.
Prevention of Age-related V1 Myosin Isozyme Decrement in the Adult Rat Heart

The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether nifedipine could modulate the age-related relative decline in V1 myosin isozyme. Adult rats at age 24 weeks were treated with nifedipine. Myosin isozyme levels (V1, V2, and V3) at age 36 weeks, after 12 weeks of treatment with nifedipine, were compared with age-matched controls without nifedipine. As a natural effect of aging, the V1 percent was reduced from 63 ± 6 at 16 wks to 29 ± 3 at 36 wks (P < 0.001). In the 36 week treated Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, the V1 level was 62 ± 4, which was 47% higher than the age-matched untreated WKY. The V1 content of 36-week treated rats was the same as that of 16-week untreated rats. We conclude that the myosin isozyme changes occuring with aging can be prevented with nifedipine begun in the young adult rat.
Variations of form of T waves in auricular flutter and auricular fibrillation, associated with changes of rate.

Abstract Changes in the form of the T waves in patients with auricular flutter and varying atrioventricular block, as well as in auricular fibrillation, depend mainly on variations of rate. Other additional factors seem also responsible. These alterations involve only the terminal phase of the T wave, the RS-T segment remaining unchanged. They are seen mostly in Leads V 3 , V 4 and V 5 (particularly V 4 ) and are less pronounced or even absent in the other leads. The T-wave changes of the first postextrasystolic beat and the "isolated T negativity" of Grant appear in the same chest leads. These variations may be present only temporarily, as illustrated in patients with acute myocardial infarctions. Deep inspiration may modify these changes in a manner which cannot be explained as yet. Carotid sinus pressure usually increases the negativity of the T wave following a prolonged diastole; however, modification in the opposite direction may be seen. The fact that only the later portion of the T wave is involved may lead to bizarre forms of the electrocardiogram. The changes are attributed to variations of the rate of repolarization in abnormal parts of the myocardium. These may be located even in the subendocardial layers.
Close-range sensors for small unmanned bottom vehicles

The Surf Zone Reconnaissance Project is developing sensor for small, autonomous, Underwater Bottom-crawling Vehicles (UBVs) for detection and classification of images and obstacles on the ocean bottom in depths between 0 and 20 feet. The challenge is to exploit many target features by using a suite of small, inexpensive, and low-power sensors. The goal is to enable the UBVs to detect and classify objects on the sea floor autonomously. A unique aspect of the project is that sensing can occur at very short ranges. The goal for detection range is two to four meters, and classification may involve direct contact between the sensor and the target. The techniques under development include mechanical impulse response, surface profiling, magnetic anomaly sensing, pulse-induction sensing, shape tracing, and imaging. Initial studies have confirmed the usefulness of several of these techniques. Specific behaviors, termed microbehaviors, are being developed to support each sensor by exploiting the vehicle's mobility. Project plans for FY99 and FY00 include construction of a prototype sensor suite and collection of a signature database. The database will be used to develop fusion, detection, and classification algorithms that will be demonstrated over the next four years for the Office of Naval Research.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Are Morals Subversive

HUMAN MORALS can be, and frequently are, subversive-undermining the existing order, producing social change which may not be wholly desirable. Our objective in the present analysis is to focus upon this anomaly -to observe the curious effect which morals have had upon institutions in the past. And our aim, especially, is to become fully conscious of the persistent moral distortion resulting from this social process-a distortion which must be almost indiscernible to moralists of a given age, but which is readily observable from the perspective of moral and institutional history. It is sometimes maintained that morals are rooted in the social order, and must consequently lend support to existing institutions. The only defense for the present. view-namely, that many important moral ideals are not rooted in the existing order, but rather oppose it-is the usefulness of such a principle in interpreting social fact. If the categories here employed, although currently not popular with some analysts, still are useful for generating a frame of reference for interpreting moral history, offering explanations not otherwise possible, then further justification would seem redundant.
The effective electron-electron interaction in the 2D Hubbard model

Abstract Monte Carlo results for the irreducible particle-particle interaction in the two-dimensional Hubbard model are compared with a renormalized RPA single spin-fluctuation exchange interaction. Reasonable agreement is found for the parameter range which has been studied, giving support to the idea that the effective electron-electron interaction in the weak to moderately coupled Hubbard model arises from the exchange of single para-antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations.
Importance of Developing Community in Distance Education Courses.

The separation of student and instructor is the core characteristic of distance education (Simonson et al., 2012, p. 28), contributing to one of the biggest challenges to distance education—attrition (Dueber & Misanchuk, 2001, p. 2). By the very nature of distance education, students are different locations from one another and their instructor. The instructor’s challenge is figuring out how to make students feel connected and able to succeed in this new learning environment. The development of a sense of community is an effective and efficient way to help ensure the success of the distance education program and can directly address the challenge of distance education attrition. By developing a sense of community, an instructor can create an environment that is conducive to student success. This importance was demonstrated when the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Romance Languages and Literatures (ROML) transitioned their introductory Spanish course to a hybrid model.
Active control of sound radiation from cylinders with piezoelectric actuators and structural acoustic sensing

Abstract In this paper, analytical and experimental results of an investigation of active control of sound radiated from cylinders are presented. The aluminium cylinder is 1 m in length, 25 cm in diameter and 2·4 mm in thickness with two rigid end-caps at both ends. The excitation is a band-limited random noise encompassing the first five modes of the cylinder and the control actuators are surface mounted piezoelectric transducers. Since it is desired to integrate the error sensors into the structure, the recently developed Discrete Structural Acoustic Sensing (DSAS) approach is extended to the cylindrical co-ordinates and implemented using 12 accelerometers mounted on the cylinder. The structural acoustic sensor provides times domain estimates of far-field radiated sound at predetermined radiation angles. The controller is a 3 by 3 Filtered-χ LMS paradigm implemented on a TMS320C30 DSP. The results show good global control of the radiated sound over the frequency bandwidth of excitation. Most important, the proposed discrete structural acoustic sensor yields similar performances as error microphones located in the far field. The sensor is also shown to improve far-field attentuation over minimization of normal acceleration at discrete locations on the cylinder structure.
Positive and Negative Determinants of Target Gene Specificity in Myb Transcription Factors

The A-Myb and c-Myb transcription factors share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain and activate the same promoters in reporter gene assays. However, the two proteins have distinct biological activities, and expressing them individually in human cells leads to the activation of distinct sets of endogenous genes, suggesting that each protein has a unique transcriptional specificity. Here, the structural and functional features of the Myb proteins were compared, using assays of endogenous gene expression to measure changes in specificity. When the Myb proteins were tested in different cell types, they activated unique and nearly nonoverlapping sets of genes in each cellular context. Deletion and domain swap experiments identified small, discreet positive and negative elements in A-Myb and c-Myb that were required for the regulation of specific genes, such as DHRS2, DSIPI, and mim-1. The results suggest that individual functional elements in the transcriptional activation domains are responsible for activating specific cellular genes in a context-specific manner. The results also have important implications for interpreting results from reporter gene assays, which fail to detect the differences in activity identified through endogenous gene assays, and fusion protein constructs that alter the transcriptional activation domains and the activities of the Myb proteins.
Domain wall resonance in magnetic bubble films

Domain wall resonance frequency has been measured as a function of the magnitude and direction of an applied in‐plane magnetic field. The effective wall mass determined from this data does not agree with the mass predicted by the usual Bloch wall model for the wall mass. A model that calculates the effect of magnetic surface charges on the mass is found to agree with the data for low fields. A model proposed by Morkowski is found to agree with the data for large values of the in‐plane field. The angle dependence of the mass is found to be of the form 1/m = a0+a1 cos (2Θ) where Θ is the angle between the applied in‐plane field and the plane of the domain wall.
Evaluating NEO Personality Inventory - Revised Profiles in Veterans With Personality Disorders

Abstract Fifty-one psychiatric, veteran outpatients were assessed for personality disorders on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, & Benjamin, 1997a) and were also administered the NEO Personality Inventory - Revised (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). Results were compared to Trull and Widiger's (1997) hypotheses about the profiles of such patients and similar past studies. Correlations between NEO-PI-R facets and SCID-II personality disorder symptom clusters generally occurred in the expected direction. Facets hypothesized to be associated with a given personality disorder were able to predict variance in their respective SCID-II personality disorder scores for seven of ten personality disorders. In general, results support the facet-level conceptualizations of these disorders, except for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Objective. County-level socioeconomic and demographic data were used to construct an index of social vulnerability to environmental hazards, called the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) for the United States based on 1990 data. Methods. Using a factor analytic approach, 42 variables were reduced to 11 independent factors that accounted for about 76 percent of the variance. These factors were placed in an additive model to compute a summary score—the Social Vulnerability Index. Results. There are some distinct spatial patterns in the SoVI, with the most vulnerable counties clustered in metropolitan counties in the east, south Texas, and the Mississippi Delta region. Conclusion. Those factors that contribute to the overall score often are different for each county, underscoring the interactive nature of social vulnerability—some components increase vulnerability; others moderate the effects.
FORUM: THE IDEA OF THE SELF

The following comments and response were presented at a symposium on Jerrold Seigel's The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), held at the Center for European Studies, Harvard University, on 14 October 2005. The symposium was organized by David Armitage, Peter Gordon and Judith Surkis and was sponsored by the CES's Colloquia in Intellectual and Cultural History.
Practical methods of making and using multilayer filters.

The general method of making an evaporated multiple-layer interference filter from two dielectrics is described for any desired wave-length range. The proper thickness of each layer to give maximum reflection in the desired region and at the desired angle of incidence is first computed, and next the visible reflectivity of such a film at normal incidence. This visible reflectivity is used as the gauge to determine the proper thicknesses of the films and the point at which the evaporation of each layer should be stopped. Practical difficulties encountered in making these filters are also discussed with various ways of surmounting them.Several examples of special filters for particular purposes are reviewed in detail, including infra-red and polarizing filters.
Paleomagnetism of the Quottoon plutonic complex in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and southeastern Alaska: evidence for tilting during uplift

The Quottoon plutonic complex (part of the great tonalite sill) was emplaced into eastern parts of the Coast shear zone along the west flank of the Coast Mountains. U-Pb crystallization ages range from 72.3 to 55.5 Ma. A regional compilation of K-Ar hornblende dates from the tonalite sill indicates a west to east decrease from ~60 Ma to ~54 Ma across the intrusive suite. Paleomagnetic samples were collected at 160 sites (♢ 8 samples per site) along six transects across the Quottoon complex between the Skeena River and Willard Inlet. Directions of characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) were successfully determined by principal component analysis of thermal demagneti- zation data for about half of the samples collected. Site-mean ChRM directions were determined for 56 sites from the Skeena River, Quottoon Inlet, Steamer Passage, and Wales Island transects, using criteria of ♢ 4 sample ChRM direc- tions per site and 95% confidence limit (α95) ≤ 25°. For Filmore Island and Willard Inlet, few sites provided adequate determinations of site-mean ChRM directions, but many sample ChRM directions were well determined and consistent. The mean direction from the Skeena River - Quottoon Inlet collection is nearly concordant with the expected Eocene direction. Mean directions from other transects have clockwise-rotated declinations and inclinations that are shallower than the expected direction by up to 23°. Consistent with expectations for east-side-up tilting of crustal panels, sites from the western part of each transect have mean directions farther from the Eocene expected direction than do sites from the eastern part of the transect. The magnitude of east-side-up tilt varies along strike: the Skeena River to Quottoon Inlet segment experienced little or no tilt; Steamer Passage south of Portland Inlet records 15° tilt; north of Portland Inlet, tilts are 40° for Wales Island and 35° for Filmore Island; farther north, tilt decreases to 12° for Willard Inlet. Tilting was driven by Eocene extension of the Coast Mountains, with tilted crustal panels bounded by northwest- striking, east-side-down normal faults and northeast-striking transfer faults or shear zones. The ACCRETE seismic transect imaged east-dipping reflectors down to ~15 km depth, which likely correspond to the east-side-down normal faults. The most significant of the northeast-striking transfer structures must underlie Portland Inlet. Based on a tilting domino model, about 30% extension is required to produce the 40° tilt of crustal blocks at Wales and Filmore islands.
Flow of a fissioning gas in an outflow disk magnetohydrodynamic generator

The influence of fissioning and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) interaction on the steady, supersonic flow of a compressible, turbulent, weakly ionized, fissioning gas in an outflow disk MHD generator is investigated. The two-dimensional (r, z) MHD flow is modeled using the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations with MHD and fission power density source terms and Maxwell's equations, simplified by the MHD approximations and by neglecting the induced magnetic field. Simple plasma physics transport property models are developed for the collisiondominated, weakly ionized plasma in which fission fragment induced ionization provides the dominant source of conduction electrons. The two-dimensional MHD solution methodology is used to characterize the effects of fission power density and variable applied magnetic induction levels on the spatial profiles of important generator variables. A comparison of the predictions of the two-dimensional MHD solver with those of a quasi-onedimensional Euler solver with MHD and fission source terms is used to discuss the relative influence of twodimensional effects on the generator flowfield and on performance levels. The low MHD interaction and generator performance levels predicted for the supersonic fissioning plasma suggest that the fission fragment induced ionization, by itself, is insufficient to effect the electrical conductivity levels needed for practical power generation in the outflow disk MHD generator configuration of this study.
An investigation of hotlinking and its countermeasures

Hotlinking is a web behavior that links web resources on a hosting site into a webpage belonging to another site. However, unauthorized hotlinking is unethical, because it not only violates the interests of hosting sites by consuming bandwidth and detracting site visiting traffic but also violates the copyrights of protected materials. To fully understand the nature of hotlinking, we conduct a large-scale measurement study and observe that hotlinking widely exists over the Internet and is severe in certain categories of websites. Moreover, we perform a detailed postmortem analysis on a real hotlink-victim site. After analyzing a group of commonly used hotlinking attacks and the weakness of current defense methods, we present an anti-hotlinking framework for protecting materials on hosting servers based on existing network security techniques. The framework can be easily deployed at the server-side with moderate modifications, and is highly customizable with different granularities of protection. We implement a prototype of the framework and evaluate its effectiveness against hotlinking attacks.
Causal attributions of students and student-proctors for performance on a university examination

Abstract Undergraduate psychology students rated the importance of several causes of examination outcomes both prior to and after taking a course exam. Similar attributions were made by advanced psychology students who served as course proctors. Students rated proctor characteristics as more important and their own characteristics as less important determinants of exam outcomes, particularly successful outcomes. Results suggested that positivity biases rather than egotism biases are operative in actual classroom settings. Further, contrary to expectancyconfirmation theory, student and proctor preexamination confidence was not strongly related to postexamination attributions.
Multi-level determinants of retention in a home-visiting child abuse prevention program.

Abstract Objective: This exploratory study investigated how attributes from multiple domains influence retention in a voluntary home-visiting child abuse prevention program. Method: A sample of 1093 “at-risk” families participated in a home-visiting child abuse prevention program. A total of 71 Family Support Workers (FSWs) provided home visitation services in 12 different communities. Hierarchical general linear modeling (HGLM) was used to examine the community, home visitor, and maternal attributes that predicted retention in the program beyond 1 year. Results: Multi-level analyses (HGLM) revealed significant community, home visitor, and maternal level effects. Families were less likely to remain in a home-visiting child abuse prevention program for at least 1 year if they lived in an area with high community violence. Families were more likely to remain when the home visitor received more hours of direct supervision. Older mothers were more likely to remain for at least 1 year than were younger mothers. Hispanic mothers were more likely to remain than were White non-Hispanic mothers. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the utility of looking across multiple levels of influence when examining retention in home-visiting child abuse prevention programs. To increase retention rates home visitors will need to be adaptable to fit the needs of families in violent communities. Supervisors can influence retention rates by providing more hours of direct supervision. Other strategies that may contribute to program retention include meeting the scheduling needs of younger mothers and involving the families of younger mothers more effectively.
Studies of the Etching of Si, SiO2 and Mo by Carbon Fluorine Compounds Using Real Time Auger Spectroscopy

The ion etching of Si, SiO2 and Mo by fluorocarbon ions was studied using real time Auger electron spectroscopy. The carbon in the CF3 + ions was found to react rapidly with SiO2 to form volatile products, resulting in a very low carbon concentration on the SiO2 surface. Both Si and Mo formed carbides when bombarded with CF3 + ions. This resulted in a high carbon concentration on these surfaces.
Efficient heuristic algorithms for the weighted set covering problem

Abstract In this paper two heuristic algorithms are presented for the weighted set covering problem. The first algorithm uses a simple, polynomial procedure to construct feasible covering solutions. The procedure is shown to possess a worst case performance bound that is a function of the size of the problem. The second algorithm is a solution improvement procedure that attempts to form reduced cost composite solutions from available feasible covering solutions. Computational results are presented for both algorithms on several large set covering problems generated from airline crew scheduling data.
IPHONE RHYTHM STRIP–THE IMPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS AND UBIQUITOUS HEART RATE MONITORING

Wireless technologies enable transmission of high quality ECG recordings without the need for leads. A device incorporating electrodes into an Apple iPhone case allows for wireless recording of 30-second rhythm strips (LEAD I) to the cloud (AliveCor, Okla. City, OK). ECGs can be downloaded for
Grammaticalisation of interpretive use: The case of ré in Sissala☆

Abstract In this paper, I use data from a hitherto unanalysed language, Sissala, to evaluate two alternative accounts of so-called ‘hearsay’ particles. On the first account, hearsay particles are a variety of evidential, used to weaken the speaker's commitment to the proposition expressed. On the second account, hearsay particles may or may not weaken the speaker's commitment to the proposition expressed: their primary function is to mark an utterance as echoic. Using the framework of Sperber and Wilson (1986), I develop the second account in detail, and argue, on the basis of the Sissala data, that it is superior to the first on both descriptive and explanatory grounds. I suggest that what is true of Sissala may well be true of ‘hearsay’ particles in general.
Approximate Inverse Preconditioners for the conjugate gradient method

The method of Conjugate Gradients is known to converge for symmetric positive definite systems of equations. This paper applies it to non-symmetric and ill-conditioned matrices. In order to facilitate convergence, an approximate inverse is used to precondition the Conjugate Gradient method. This is achieved by applying Newton's method. Three versions of Newton's method are introduced to compute the approximate inverse. Convergence of each version is compared. Numerical experimentation is done for some known "ill-conditioned" problems.
Detecting and treating cancer with nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology offers many opportunities for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic medicine against cancer and other diseases. In this review, the special properties that result from the nanoscale size of quantum dots, metal colloids, superparamagnetic iron oxide, and carbon-based nanostructures are reviewed and interpreted against a background of the structural and electronic detail that gives rise to their nanotechnologic behavior. The detection and treatment of cancer is emphasized, with special attention paid to the biologic targeting of the disease. The future of nanotechnology in cancer research and clinical practice is projected to focus on ‘theranostic’ nanoparticles that are both diagnostic and therapeutic by design.
Meat Tenderness in the Avian Species

(1967). Meat Tenderness in the Avian Species. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 6-19.
Social and clinical predictors of prostate cancer treatment decisions among men in South Carolina.

Objective To assess social and clinical influences of prostate cancer treatment decisions among white and black men in the Midlands of South Carolina.
Early results with the batista procedure for end-stage heart failure

Abstract The Batista procedure (partial left ventriculectomy) has emerged as an adjunct or possible replacement to cardiac transplantation as a surgical management for end-stage congestive heart failure. Clinical experience in various centres has shown widely divergent degrees of success. From May to November 1996, we performed partial left ventriculectomy in 32 patients, of whom 31 (97%) were heart transplant candidates. The range of ages was 34 to 72 years (mean, 54.6); 60% were NYHA Class IV and 40% Class III. Preoperatively 30 patients were thought to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; 1 case was familial, and 1 valvular. The lateral ventricular wall (circumflex territory) between the papillary muscles was the location for ventriculectomy in 31 patients. In 13 patients (40%) one or both papillary muscles were divided with additional left ventricular wall resection, and the papillary muscles were reimplanted. For 31 patients, the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets were approximated (Alfieri repair); 1 patient had mitral valve replacement. Echocardiography showed a significant decrease in left ventricular dimensions after resection: 83±1.1 cm to 6.0±0.7 cm (p
Computing societies: resource or hobby?

The fodder for a technical society is people but people can nevertheless use as well as be used by the society. Such use can be passive (e.g., publishing articles in the society's journals) or active through direct participation in the professional activities or administration of the society. As in the use of all computing resources, there is a potential for both profit and loss; these will be examined, in part at least, seriously.
Screening for poor short-term outcome in acute pediatric asthma

Background Despite good initial treatment response, many children with acute asthma exacerbations have poor short-term outcomes. Objective To develop and validate a risk score to screen for poor short-term outcome at the time of emergency department (ED) treatment. Methods Prospective cohort study of children treated for acute asthma at 2 pediatric EDs. Poor 14-day outcome was defined as any of the following: asthma symptoms still above baseline at 14 days, child missed 5 or more days of school or day care, caretaker missed 5 or more days of school or work, or unscheduled care or admission after the ED visit for worsening symptoms. Results A total of 1,221 children were enrolled: 852 at the derivation site and 369 at the validation site. Five variables independently associated with poor outcome by logistic regression were used to create a simple linear score: wheezing 2 or more days before the visit, 3 or more acute outpatient asthma visits in the previous 12 months, home use of albuterol, history of severe persistent asthma, and fever at the ED visit. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values were 0.66/0.67 for the derivation/validation samples. Two or more features categorized high risk. The test characteristics for the derivation/validation samples are as follows: sensitivity, 0.67/0.62; specificity, 0.61/0.68; likelihood ratio, 1.7/1.9; pretest probability, 33%/47%; and posttest probability, 50%/62%. Conclusions Information available at the ED visit was used to develop a simple risk score that identifies patients at high risk for poor outcome. The score would be useful in evaluating interventions to improve outcomes by allowing interventions to be targeted to a subgroup most likely to benefit.