cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification of Dade's Conjecture for Janko GroupJ3

Abstract In [3] Dade made a conjecture expressing the number k ( B , d ) of characters of a given defect d in a given p -block B of a finite group G in terms of the corresponding numbers k ( b , d ) for blocks b of certain p -local subgroups of G . Several different forms of this conjecture are given in [5]. Dade claims that the most complicated form of this conjecture, called the “Inductive Conjecture 5.8” in [5], will hold for all finite groups if it holds for all covering groups of finite simple groups. In this paper we verify the inductive conjecture for all covering groups of the third Janko group J 3 (in the notation of the Atlas [1]). This is one step in the inductive proof of the conjecture for all finite groups. Certain properties of J 3 simplify our task. The Schur Multiplier of J 3 is cyclic of order 3 (see [1, p. 82]). Hence, there are just two covering groups of J 3 , namely J 3 itself and a central extension 3 · J 3 of J 3 by a cyclic group Z of order 3. We treat these two covering groups separately. The outer automorphism group Out( J 3 ) of J 3 is cyclic of order 2 (see [1, p. 82]). In this case Dade affirms in [5, Section 6] that the inductive conjecture for J 3 is equivalent to the much weaker “Invariant Conjecture 2.5” in [5]. Furthermore, Dade has proved in [6] that this Invariant Conjecture holds for all blocks with cyclic defect groups. The Sylow p -subgroups of J 3 are cyclic of order p for all primes dividing | J 3 | except 2 and 3. So we only need to verify the Invariant Conjecture for the two primes p = 2 and p = 3. We do that in Theorem 2.10.1 and Theorem 3.6.1 below. The group Out(3 · J 3 | Z ) of outer automorphisms of 3 · J 3 centralizing Z is trivial (see [1, p. 82]). In this case Dade affirms that the Inductive Conjecture is equivalent to the “Projective Conjecture 4.4” in [5]. Again, Dade has shown in [6] that this projective conjecture holds for all blocks with cyclic defect groups. So we only need to verify the projective conjecture for p = 2 and p = 3. We do that in Theorem 4.4.2 and Theorem 4.3.1. For the above reasons the four Theorems 2.10.1, 3.6.1, 4.4.2, and 4.3.1 below are sufficient to prove the inductive form of Dade's conjecture for all covering groups of J 3 . This paper is my Ph.D. thesis. It would not have been possible without the help and infinite patience of my advisor Everett Dade.
Contrasting Portraits of War: Youths' Varied Experiences with Political Violence in Bosnia and Palestine.

This article illustrates some of the complexity of youths' experience with political violence as a means of cautioning researchers, applied professionals and policy makers against overly-simplistic conclusions and interventions when attempting to understand and serve the large populations of the world's youth who endure conflict. A variety of forms of data and their analyses from one research program are utilized to show how distinctly two cohorts of youth (Bosnian and Palestinian) experienced their respective conflicts, including: types and frequencies of political violence exposure; degree of involvement in political violence; perceptions of the meaning and efficacy of the conflict and their willingness to engage in it; its perceived impact on their psychological, social, and civic lives; as well as the implications of all of the above for their identity development.
Pyrite oxidation inhibition by a cross-linked lipid coating

The effect of a diacetylene-containing phospholipid on the oxidation of pyrite, FeS2, was investigated. Earlier work reported by our research group showed that the adsorption of l,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on pyrite suppressed the extent of its oxidation by about 75% over a specific time period. Results presented here show that the pre-exposure to UV radiation of this lipid after sorption onto pyrite results in a 90% suppression. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests that the UV irradiation of the lipid does not result in degradation of the adsorbed layer. It is believed that the UV exposure results in the cross-linking and polymerization of the adsorbed phospholipid into a relatively impermeable barrier that separates the pyrite from the aqueous phase. The results of this study might have implications for the protection of pyrite from oxidation in the environment.
Involvement of Central μ- but Not δ- or κ-Opioid Receptors in Immunomodulation

Abstract Studies completed in both humans and animals have shown that opioids have significant effects on the immune system via pharmacological interactions with the opioid receptor. However, the type of opioid receptor at which morphine binding produces changes in immune status has not been well characterized. To determine the type of opioid receptor involved in opioid-induced immune alterations, the present study assessed the effects of agonists selective for the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors. The site of action (i.e., peripheral vs central) at which opioids produce immune changes was investigated by injecting the agonists directly into the left lateral ventricle of the brain. Specifically, Lewis rats received an intracerebroventricular administration of [ d -Ala 2 , N -Me-Phe 4 ,Gly-ol 5 ]enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-receptor selective agonist, [D-Pen 2,5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE), a δ-opioid receptor agonist, or U69,593, a κ-receptor agonist. Immune assessments completed 1 h following drug administration showed that the μ-receptor selective agonist DAMGO produced a dose-dependent decrease in natural killer cell activity and T-lymphocyte proliferation to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A); no immunological changes were found following DPDPE or U69,593 treatment. Calculation of the number of white blood cells per sample showed no differences between rats treated with saline and rats treated with any of the selective agonists. Administration of the opioid antagonist N -methylnaltrexone prior to DAMGO treatment attenuated the DAMGO-induced changes in immune status. Results from the present study indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of opioids can be attributed to interactions with the μ-opioid receptor.
SCATTERING AMPLITUDES FOR QUANTA OFF A SOLITON

The author demonstrates how soliton recoil is accounted for by the various quantization schemes. To do this he first identifies the S-matrix and then calculates some amplitudes for scattering of quanta off a soliton state in the especially simple case of a generic nonlinear 1 + 1 dimensional theory of a single scalar field. All that is assumed is that the theory has classical solitary wave solutions, and that these solutions correspond to states in the full quantum theory. Next he describes how these calculations generalize to the case when the soliton has internal quantum numbers and propagates in higher dimensions. Finally, he comments on the lessons of this work as they relate to string theory spacetime solitons - in particular, to the role of zero mode vertex operators in perturbatively accounting for soliton recoil.
Screening Sericea Lespedeza Germplasm for Herbage Quality

Sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don] is recognized as being a relatively poor quality forage because of high concentrations of tannins in its leaves. Therefore, an accurate assessment of tannins in the leaves is essential for the selection of low tannin lines. The objective of our research were to investigate improved methods of tannin analysis for the screening of the lespedeza germplam, and to determine the relationship between in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP), and leaf tannins. Field experiments containing 81 lespedeza entries were established at two locations (...)
New techniques for intensive research with dairy cattle--mineral research.

Abstract A variety of methods useful in studies of mineral element utilization by cattle have been briefly compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each discussed. These methods include regression and radioisotope procedures for estimating mineral availability and requirements, in vitro and in vivo techniques for identifying gastrointestinal sites of mineral absorption, and methods for assessment of the animal's mineral status.
Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses.

Background Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses is a widespread, performance-limiting syndrome believed to develop in response to inhaled irritants in the barn environment. Objectives To evaluate changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and exposure to particulates, endotoxin, and ammonia during horses' first month in training. Animals Forty-nine client-owned 12- to 36-month-old Thoroughbred horses entering race training. Methods In this prospective cohort study, a convenience sample of horses was assigned to be fed hay from a net (n = 16), whereas the remaining horses were fed hay from the ground (n = 33). BALF was collected at enrollment and after 14 and 28 days in training. Respirable particulate, inhalable particulate, respirable endotoxin, and ammonia concentrations were measured at the breathing zone of each horse weekly. Results Median respirable particulates were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets than when fed hay from the ground (hay net 0.28 mg/m3, no hay net 0.055 mg/m3, P < .001). Likewise, inhalable particulate (hay net 8.3 mg/m3, no hay net 3.3 mg/m3, P = .0064) and respirable endotoxin (hay net 173.4 EU/m3, no hay net 59.2 EU/m3, P = .018) exposures were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets. Feeding hay from a net resulted in significantly higher BALF eosinophil proportions over time (P < .001). BALF eosinophils were significantly related to respirable particulate exposure (14 days in training rs = 0.37, P = .012, 28 days in training, rs = 0.38, P = .017). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation develops in response to respirable particulate exposure in young Thoroughbreds, indicating a potential hypersensitivity to inhaled particulate allergens.
Abstract B108: A genome-scale shRNA synthetic lethal screen identifies enhancers of sensitivity to RAF inhibition.

Genome-scale RNA interference screens have identified a dependency on BRAF for the proliferation of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Despite this, small molecule RAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, have been unsuccessful in clinical trials of patients with CRC, with a response rate of only 5%. CRC cell lines demonstrate intrinsic resistance to RAF inhibitors, in some cases through EGFR or MET activity. We designed a genome-scale RNA interference screen to identify loss of function events that could synergize with pharmacologic RAF inhibition. We transduced a pooled lentiviral library encoding 90,000 shRNAs targeting over 16,500 genes into the RKO CRC cell line, which displays robust resistance to PLX470. The shRNA-infected population was divided into two experimental arms, one treated with DMSO, the other treated with PLX4720. Following 16 population doublings, the abundance of each hairpin was assessed by PCR amplification of barcoded hairpin DNA, followed by massively parallel paired-end sequencing. The log-fold change in shRNA abundance between the PLX4720- and DMSO-treated controls was determined and RNAi gene enrichment (RIGER) used to rank individual shRNAs and nominate candidate genes that were required for survival of RKO cells exposed to PLX4720. Top-ranking genes that displayed synthetic lethality with RAF inhibition were validated in an arrayed secondary screen. shRNAs targeting MET scored highly, consistent with recent reports implicating HGF-MET signaling in resistance to BRAF inhibition, validating our approach. Furthermore, we describe the characterization of additional genes that sensitize cells to inhibition of BRAF. Ultimately, these studies aim to nominate pharmacologically targetable events that mediate RAF-inhibitor resistance in colorectal cancers. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B108. Citation Format: Steven R. Whittaker, Flora Luo, Jessica Hsiao, Glenn S. Cowley, David E. Root, Levi A. Garraway. A genome-scale shRNA synthetic lethal screen identifies enhancers of sensitivity to RAF inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B108.
Project Management in Large Collaborations: SNS Lessons Learned for ITER

Collaborations of research institutions and industry have been increasingly employed to accomplish the design, procurement, fabrication, assembly, installation, testing and commissioning of complex science facilities to support enhanced research capabilities in many areas. The large cost and significant breadth of technical knowledge, skills and abilities needed to bring into successful operation such complex facilities makes it likely that collaborations among National Institutions and Nations will become the norm for future facilities projects of this nature. The spallation neutron source (SNS), a $1.4 billion accelerator-based facility for neutron science nearing completion at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, is a major collaboration among six US national laboratories and an industrial construction partner whose objective has been to design, construct and operate the world's most powerful neutron source to support world-class materials research. Some of the more important factors that have contributed to the success of the SNS collaboration include the development of an effective project management organization across institutional boundaries, a project focus on integration, involvement of partners to oversee procurements closest to the work, and top-level risk management to include a centrally-controlled reserve for unforeseen events. The lessons learned in planning, executing and managing this successful, multi-partner collaborative project have significance for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. ITER is a planned partnership among six National organizations (China, the European Union, Japan, the Russian Federation, South Korea and the United States) that is coming together to design, construct and operate a full-scale technology demonstration facility for producing power from fusion energy. The ITER project presents unique challenges for project management with its mix of "in-kind" and "in-cash" deliverables, the risks associated with the division of scope among the participants and the government-to-government agreements required. SNS lessons learned that can benefit ITER include the early assignment of experienced project leadership, a project-directed risk assessment and technical integration review, development of a realistic integrated project schedule, the creation of a reserve fund under project control to mitigate unforeseen risks, and the development and acceptance of a means for periodic, thorough review of overall project performance. Instituting successful project management within the ITER collaboration will require aligning the project management philosophies, accounting for cultural influences, understanding the participants' political environments, selecting and implementing useful management systems, and successfully incorporating the project management strengths and experience of the ITER partners
Photoelectron spectroscopy of lithium dimer anion

We have recorded the photoelectron spectrum of 7Li2 at 488 nm and 457.9 nm. Photodetachment transitions are observed between the X2(Sigma) u+ state of 7Li2 and the X1(Sigma) g+, a3(Sigma) u+, and A1(Sigma) u+ states of 7Li2. The electron affinity of 7Li2 was determined to be 0.437 +/- 0.009 eV. Additional spectroscopic parameters for the X2(Sigma) u+ of 7Li2 determined in this work are: Be equals 0.502 +/- 0.005 cm-1 which leads to re equals 3.094 +/- 0.015 Angstrom, (omega) e equals 232 +/- 35 cm-1, and D0 equals 0.865 +/- 0.022 eV.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroquinate hydrolase and shikimate oxidoreductase. Evidence for a bifunctional enzyme

The basis for the physical association of 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (3-dehydroquinate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.10) and shikimate dehydrogenase (shikimate: NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.25) in higher plants was investigated. The enzymes were extracted from the moss Physcomitrella patens and were purified to homogeneity. Determinations of subunit sizes were made by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and gel exclusion chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. Results from these studies demonstrate that both enzyme activities are carried out by a single polypeptide.
Increases in individualistic words and phrases in American books, 1960-2008.

Cultural products such as song lyrics, television shows, and books reveal cultural differences, including cultural change over time. Two studies examine changes in the use of individualistic words (Study 1) and phrases (Study 2) in the Google Books Ngram corpus of millions of books in American English. Current samples from the general population generated and rated lists of individualistic words and phrases (e.g., “unique,” “personalize,” “self,” “all about me,” “I am special,” “I’m the best”). Individualistic words and phrases increased in use between 1960 and 2008, even when controlling for changes in communal words and phrases. Language in American books has become increasingly focused on the self and uniqueness in the decades since 1960.
Factors associated with physical activity in children attending family child care homes.

Abstract Objective To determine the relationship between family child care home (FCCH) practices and characteristics, and objectively measured physical activity (PA) among children attending FCCHs. Methods FCCH practices and characteristics were assessed in 45 FCCHs in Oregon (USA) in 2010–2011 using the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care Instrument. Within the 45 FCCHs, 136 children between ages 2 and 5 years wore an accelerometer during child care attendance over a one-week period. Time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous PA per hour was calculated using intensity-related cut-points (Pate et al., 2006). Results FCCH characteristics and practices associated with higher levels of PA (min/h; p ( 1.0) vs. 29.3 (1.4)], the presence of a variety of fixed play equipment [32.2 ( 1.0) vs. 28.9 (1.3)], and suitable indoor play space [32.2 ( 1.0) vs. 28.6 (1.3)], engaging in active play with children [32.1 (1.1) vs. 29.6 (1.2)], and receiving activity-related training [33.1 (1.2) vs. 30.3 (1.1)]. Conclusions This is the first study to identify practices and characteristics of FCCHs that influence children's PA. These data should be considered when developing programs and policies to promote PA in FCCHs.
Carbonic anhydrase IX in bladder cancer: a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic molecular marker.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: A tissue microarray was constructed that contained 724 tissue samples from 340 patients. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the antibody MN-75, the percentage of positive cells was evaluated, and their association with tumor (T) classification, grade, and survival was assessed. RESULTS: All normal urothelial tissue samples were negative for CAIX expression, whereas 71% of bladder cancers expressed CAIX. CAIX expression was higher in noninvasive (Ta) versus invasive (T1-T4) tumors (P < .001), in low-grade versus high-grade bladder cancer (P < .001), and in metastases versus the corresponding primary tumor (P = .032). For patients with nonmuscle invasive carcinoma who underwent transurethral resection (TUR), higher CAIX expression was associated with poorer recurrence-free survival (P = .001). In addition, for patients with T1 tumors who underwent TUR, higher CAIX expression conveyed a 6.5-fold higher risk of progression into muscle-invasive disease (P = .006). In patients who underwent cystectomy, higher CAIX expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = .003). Multivariate Cox models revealed that CAIX expression was the strongest, independent prognostic factor of recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.29; P = .001) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.9; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CAIX was expressed differentially in noninvasive versus invasive tumors, in low-grade versus high-grade bladder cancer, and in primary tumors versus metastases. The current results indicated that CAIX is a strong predictor of recurrence, progression, and overall survival of patients with bladder cancer; and the integration of CAIX expression into conventional prognostic models significantly improved their predictive accuracy. The data suggest a tripartite role of CAIX as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic molecular marker in bladder cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Teacher and Student Perceptions of Microaggressions in College Classrooms

Subtle forms of prejudice called microaggressions occur in college classrooms, but the effective methods of managing such prejudice are not clear. This study explored teachers’ (N = 222) and students’ (N = 166) perceptions of vignettes describing classroom microaggressions and the effectiveness of various teacher responses to the microaggressions. Teachers of courses focused on diversity perceived microaggressions more negatively and were more likely to respond to the microaggressions than teachers of nondiversity courses. Students believed that teacher responses to microaggressions were effective and ignoring microaggressions was ineffective. The results suggest that teachers should in some way respond to classroom microaggressions. They also suggest that diversity awareness may be a factor in the ability of teachers to recognize subtle prejudice in the classroom.
Current and upcoming roles of CT and MRI in clinical cardiac imagery

Cardiovascular CT and MRI are rapidly emerging technologies that can potentially change the current paradigm of cardiovascular imaging. Cardiac CT is primarily focused on imaging of coronary arteries for the assessment of vessel wall plaque and lumen stenosis. Additional information about ventricular and valvular function can also be obtained from the same three-dimensional image dataset. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a versatile imaging modality now considered a reference standard in the evaluation of ventricular morphology and function, with the potential to achieve a similar status in perfusion and viability assessment. This review summarizes key concepts regarding CT and MRI technology, clinical applications, and their role in clinical decision making. Recently published appropriateness criteria for cardiac CT and MRI by the American College of Cardiology are also reviewed.
Evaluation of image classification routines for determining modal mineralogy of rocks from X-ray maps

The mineral proportions of rocks or rock fragments in thin section can be retrieved from electron microprobe element X-ray maps using multispectral image classification software. However, different image classification algorithms can yield different inferred mineral proportions and thus deviate from the true modal mineralogy. Several image classification algorithms (implemented in the programs Erdas Imagine and Multispec) were evaluated on a very simple rock—a fragment of noritic anorthositic granulite in a thin section of lunar meteorite ALHA81005. This fragment contains only plagioclase, orthopyroxene, olivine, clinopyroxene, and chromite; each has a constant composition across the fragment. The true (reference) mineral proportions of the fragment were measured manually from the X-ray maps. Results of classification algorithms varied widely in accuracy—from ~1% to more than 15% misclassified pixels compared to the reference. The best match for this fragment comes from an unsupervised classification using the ISODATA algorithm (most minerals were placed into multiple classes, which had to be manually recombined), and the second closest match was a supervised classification using a Euclidean distance classifier. The results of supervised classifications depend strongly on the user’s selection of training areas, and small errors in defined training areas (e.g., a training area for one phase contains an inclusion of another) can produce large errors. The most common source of misclassification is “mixed pixels”—those that contain signatures from multiple phases. In this example, pixels including both plagioclase and olivine tend to be classified as clinopyroxene. Thus, mineral proportions calculated from classification of X-ray maps must be considered critically, even for simple rocks. In more complex samples, like those with more phases or with chemically zoned phases, mineral classification of X-ray maps are likely to require care and may be difficult to validate.
Navigation of car-like mobile robots in obstructed environments using convex polygonal cells

Abstract Due to their kinematics, car-like mobile robots cannot follow an arbitrary path. Besides obstacle avoidance, the path planning problem for such platforms has to satisfy two additional constraints: a lower bounded radius of turn and a non-holonomic constraint. When the robot is not circular, precise manuevering always implies working in the configuration space of the vehicle. Due to the complexity of representing this space, the planning of a path typically involves computer intensive methods, and rarely allows for real-time applications. In environments described with two-dimensional convex polygonal cells, we show that maneuvering can be completely handled with geometric reasoning. Within a convex cell, joining any two configurations of the vehicle only requires computation of maneuvers related to the beginning and the end of the trajectory. Just a few boundary configurations have to be checked to avoid collision. Because of the convexity of the cell, maneuvers related to the initial configuration and to the final configuration can be connected by a straight trajectory. This geometric reasoning approach allows not only precise calculation of the trajectories within the convex cells, but also extremely fast path-planning computation since it avoids representation of the whole configuration space. In generatl environments, a graph connecting adjacent convex cells is generated. To find a path between two distant configurations, the graph is searched to identify the cells that have to be traversed. Intermediate configurations are computed at the boundary of adjacent cells and the trajectory planning algorithm is applied to each set of consecutive configurations. Finally, the trajectories generated inside each cell are assembled to produce global collision-free paths in complex environments.
The long and the short of long–term memory—a molecular framework

A single learning event initiates several memory processes with different time courses of retention. While short term memory involves covalent modification of pre-existing proteins, the finding that long-term memory requires the expression, during learning, of additional genes, makes it possible to analyse in molecular terms the induction and retention of long-term memory.
Electrochemical catalysis by crosslinked films of cobalt reconstituted myoglobin and poly(L-lysine) in a bicontinuous microemulsion

Covalently linked films of cobalt-protoporphyrin IX reconstituted myoglobin (CoMb) and poly-l-lysine (PLL) were built on the surfaces of oxidized carbon cloth electrodes for evaluation of catalytic applications. These films were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism and voltammetry in a bicontinuous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) microemulsion. Spectroscopy of the film suggested that the protein retained its native conformation. Voltammetry of the films gave well defined, quasi-reversible CoIII/CoII and CoII/CoI peaks in the microemulsion. Peaks for the CoIII/CoII redox couple of CoMb were observed for the first time. The CoMb–PLL films catalyzed the debromination of ethylene dibromide (EDB) and trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane (DBCH) in the microemulsion.
Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy

Motivation in Language Planning and Language Policy. Dennis Ager. Multilingual Matters LTD: Clevedon 2001 21 ODD
Entanglement and tunable spin-spin couplings between trapped ions using multiple transverse modes.

We demonstrate tunable spin-spin couplings between trapped atomic ions, mediated by laser forces on multiple transverse collective modes of motion. A ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{x}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{x}$-type Ising interaction is realized between quantum bits stored in the ground hyperfine clock states of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$ ions. We demonstrate entangling gates and tailor the spin-spin couplings with two and three trapped ions. The use of closely spaced transverse modes provides a new class of interactions relevant to quantum computing and simulation with large collections of ions in a single crystal.
Spindle cell sarcoma of the popliteal fossa mimicking a benign vascular lesion

Spindle-cell sarcomas are a group of aggressive malignant soft-tissue tumors with diverse clinical presentations. While some of these tumors may represent de novo malignant transformation of benign entities, others may present with a long indolent course before their invasive nature is apparent. We report the case of a previously healthy 73-year-old female with spindle-cell sarcoma of the left popliteal fossa who initially presented with a painless mass of several months' duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a benign vascular lesion/venous angioma, but after the patient’s clinical course changed, repeat MRI 18 months later was consistent with an infiltrative soft-tissue malignancy/sarcoma. Excisional biopsy revealed a stage II spindle-cell sarcoma. The patient then underwent radiotherapy and subsequent above-the-knee amputation. Three years following the amputation, the patient is free of local tumor recurrence or metastatic disease.
Improving the Quality of Swiss Cheese by Clarification of the Milk

Summary Experiments have demonstrated that clarification of milk produces a marked and consistent improvement in the quality of Swiss cheese. Studies were conducted of the properties of the cheese milk for the purpose of investigating the intermediate factors in the improvement in the cheese. Specific effects of clarification on milk include a decrease in the tendency of the fat to form aggregates upon standing, removal of a large proportion of the leucocytes from mastitis milk, an increase in the rate of multiplication of starter organisms and improvement in results of fermentation tests, an increase in concentration of oxygen and decrease of carbon dioxide, an increase in the rate at which the oxidation-reduction potential changes at 30° C., and a slight decrease in stability to alcohol. Specific effects of the process on the properties of the cheese include a marked decrease in number and increase in size and uniformity of eyes, an increase in the firmness of the cheese and in the incidence of the glaesler defect, an increase in the rate of multiplication of starter organisms and of acid formation, a decrease in moisture content and in yield of cheese, and an increase in the fat loss in the whey. The effects of clarification on properties of milk and on properties and quality of cheese were found to be diminished by clarifying the milk at a relatively low temperature and with a relatively slow bowl speed; they were increased by decreasing the rate of flow of milk through the bowl by one-half, and by increasing the temperature from 21° to 32° C. The beneficial effects of clarification of milk for cheesemaking were especially pronounced in the case of mastitis milk. Of the intermediate factors in the improvement of quality of clarified milk cheese, those that appear most significant are a decrease in aggregation of the fat globules, an increase in oxygen and decrease in carbon dioxide, improvement in effectiveness of starters, and a reduction in leucocytes when present in large numbers.
Relation between lens opacities and vitamin and mineral supplement use.

Purpose: The authors evaluated the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between lens opacities and intake of vitamins and minerals in supplements. Methods: Type and quantity of vitamins and minerals taken currently and 10 years before interview were obtained in a population-based sample of persons in the Nutritional Factors in Eye Disease Study (n = 2152). Results: In persons without diabetes, regular use of multivitamin preparations 10 years in the past was associated with decreased risk for nuclear sclerosis (odds ratio [OR], 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5,0.8) and increased the risk for cortical opacities (OR, 1.6; Cl, 1.1,2.2). In persons with diabetes, past multivitamin use was not associated with nuclear sclerosis (OR, 1.1; CI, 0.4,2.7) but with decreased risk for cortical opacities (OR, 0.1; CI, 0.0,0.9). Cross-sectional associations with current intake of supplements were weaker, but in the same direction. Multivitamin use was not crosssectionally or longitudinally related to posterior subcapsular cataract in persons with or without diabetes. Conclusion: Use of vitamin supplements is longitudinally associated with nuclear and cortical opacities. However, the direction of the association is influenced by the type of opacity and diabetes status.
Dopamine beta-monooxygenase signal/anchor sequence alters trafficking of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase.

Dopamine β-monooxygenase (DBM) and peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) are essential for the biosynthesis of catecholamines and amidated peptides, respectively. The enzymes share a conserved catalytic core. We studied the role of the DBM signal sequence by appending it to soluble PHM (PHMs) and expressing the DBMsignal/PHMs chimera in AtT-20 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. PHMs produced as part of DBMsignal/PHMs was active.In vitro translated and cellular DBMsignal/PHMs had similar masses, indicating that the DBM signal was not removed. DBMsignal/PHMs was membrane-associated and had the properties of an intrinsic membrane protein. After in vitro translation in the presence of microsomal membranes, trypsin treatment removed 2 kDa from DBMsignal/PHMs while PHMs was entirely protected. In addition, a Cys residue in DBMsignal/PHMs was accessible to Cys-directed biotinylation. Thus the chimera adopts the topology of a type II membrane protein. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that DBMsignal/PHMs turns over rapidly after exiting the trans-Golgi network. Although PHMs is efficiently localized to secretory granules, DBMsignal/PHMs is largely localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in AtT-20 cells. On the basis of stimulated secretion, the small amount of PHMs generated is stored in secretory granules. In contrast, the expression of DBMsignal/PHMs in PC12 cells yields protein that is localized to secretory granules.
Nearly 2,000 witnesses can be wrong

A mock crime, a mugging and purse snatch, was staged as representative of the usually difficult observation conditions present in crime situations. The film was shown on a television newscast and to small audiences under more controlled conditions. A few moments after the crime, witnesses were shown a lineup and asked to identify the culprit. Of the television respondents, 74% attempted an identification; only 19% were correct (n.s.). The film audience witnesses were only slightly better (24.8%) than chance (p <.05). Analyses of recalled descriptions showed that most witnesses had seen and recalled very little of the culprit’s features, but they were motivated by the demand of the lineup situation to try to identify anyway.
Immunoglobulin localization in benign and malignant lesions of the human mammary gland

Using direct immunofluorescence, lesions from 266 human breast specimens were studied for the presence of IgA, IgM, or IgG localization. The lesions included benign elements from 66 subcutaneous mastectomy specimens in which the absence of simultaneous breast malignancy was documented, primary breast carcinomas from 153 mastectomy specimens, and 47 biopsies containing metastatic breast cancer. A statistically significant association of IgA and IgM with benign lesions was contrasted to the association of IgG with malignant lesions. In both primary and metastatic lesions, IgG localization was associated with estrogen-receptor-poor primary cancers as compared with estrogen-receptorrich primary cancers. Among primary breast cancer patients, IgG localization in the tumor correlated with relative lymphopenia. A shorter disease-free interval was noted in association with IgG localization among the metastatic breast lesions. No statistically significant association between stage of disease and immunoglobulin presence was demonstrable. Moderate-to-severe intraductal epithelial hyperplasias were more often associated with immunoglobulin G localization than were other benign lesions. Cancer 48:69-75, 1981. EVERAL STUDIES have suggested a role of the host S immune response in the natural history of mammary car~inoma.~~,~~ The breast is a component of the secretory immune system, concentrating immunoglobulins in breast A differential concentration of immunoglobulins in benign vs. malignant lesions of the breast has been suggested.s,20,21 The accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the mammary gland have been shown to be induced by hormones.23 In the present study the localization of IgA, IgG, and IgM observed in various breast lesions was compared with the estrogen receptor content of the tissues. Benign and malignant lesions were examined to determine if immunoglobulin localization may characterize primary and metastatic breast cancers as contrasted to benign breast lesions.
On the perimeter and area of fuzzy sets

Abstract The note of area comes naturally as a measure of a (fuzzy) set. Recently, A. Rosenfeld defined the permeter, diameter, height, and width of a fuzzy set, Athough these do not generalize the corresponding notions for crisp sets, they lack inner conformity in that they do not satisfy simple interrelations we are used to in the case of crisp sets. In the present note we modify definitions and show that our perimeter, diameter, and height fit more comfortably with the notion of area. We also define a projection operator that should be used along with the multiplicative conjunction in the process of fuzzy reasoning.
Microsoft repository version 2 and the open information model

Abstract Microsoft Repository is an object-oriented meta-data management facility that ships in Microsoft Visual Studio and Microsoft SQL Server. It includes two main components: • • A repository engine that implements a set of object-oriented interfaces on top of a SQL database system. A developer can use these interfaces to define information models (i.e., schemas) and manipulate instances of the models. • • The Open Information Model, which is a set of information models that cover object modeling, database modeling, and component reuse. The repository system is designed to meet the persistent storage needs of software tools. Its main technical goals are: • • Compatibility with Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM) architecture • • Extensibility by customers and independent software vendors, so they can add behavior to objects stored by the repository engine and extend information models provided by Microsoft and others. • • Flexible and efficient versioning, configuration management, and checkout/checkin to support team-oriented activities. This paper describes the programming interface and implementation of the repository engine and the Open Information Model.
Protein activator of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in bovine retina and bovine lens. Activity, subcellular distribution and kinetic parameters.

Abstract We have examined the activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and the protein activator of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in various anatomic and subcellular fractions of the bovine eye. Cyclic GMP hydrolysis was 1.6–12 times faster than hydrolysis of cyclic AMP in the subcellular fractions of the retina and int he precipitate of the rod outer segment. An opposite pattern was seen in the bovine lens, where the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP occurred 17 and 169 times faster than that of cyclic GMP in the supernatant and precipitate of lens, respectively. The activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was not affected by ethylene-glycol bis(β-aminoethylether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid in any fractions except in the retinal supernatant, suggesting that the phosphodiesterase exists primarily as a Ca2+ -independent, activator-independent form. However, the protein activator of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase existed in all fractions examined. A complex kinetic pattern was observed for both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolysis by the 105000 × g lens supernatant. the Michaelis constants for both cyclic AMP (1.3 · 10−6 M) and cyclic GMP (1.04 · 1010−6 and 1.22 · 10−5 M) appeared to be similar.
Adolescents and their psychiatrist's suicide. A study of shared grief and mourning.

Abstract The work with two adolescent boys following the suicide of their previous psychiatrist is described. Clinical material is presented with a focus on grief and mourning and on how the author used his own mourning process as a significant ingredient in conceptualizing and undertaking the treatment, with special attention to countertransference issues.
Vaporizing Foil Actuator: Controlling the Pressure Pulse for Impulse Metalworking

Electrically-driven rapid vaporization of thin conductors produces a high-pressure pulse which can be used to accelerate thin metal sheets to high velocities. Recently, vaporizing foil actuators (VFA) have been applied toward a variety of impulse-based metalworking operations such as collision welding, closed-die forming, embossing, and shearing. To better apply VFA to different purposes, it is necessary to develop an understanding of how variations in the characteristics of the foil actuator affect its mechanical impulse generation. In this work, actuators made out of 0.0508, 0.0762, and 0.127 mm thick full hard temper AA1145 foil were used to launch 0.508 mm thick AA2024-T3 sheets toward a photonic Doppler velocimeter (PDV) probe. Launch velocities ranging between 300 and 1000 m/s were observed over a distance of less than 3 mm, and repeated trials demonstrated repeatable results. Velocity, current and voltage traces were used to examine the effect of deposited energy on average pressure and resulting velocity for foil actuators of various thicknesses. Experiments with annealed foil actuators showed that foil temper had no effect on the evolution of flyer velocity for the given electrical energy input of 8 kJ.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Influence of temperature on developmental parameters of the parasite/host system Edhazardia aedis (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Abstract Larvae of Aedes aegypti, transovarially infected with Edhazardia aedis, were reared between 20 and 36°C to determine the influence of temperature on the development of the parasite and the infected host. Development of the parasite was evaluated based on spore yield and size. The predicted optimum temperature for maximum spore production of E. aedis in A. aegypti was 30.8°C. The results demonstrate that the E. aedis-A. aegypti system has a wide temperature tolerance; whereas spore yield will be lower at unfavorable temperatures, the host will remain infected. Additionally, spores were significantly smaller from individuals reared at 34°C than those reared at either 20 or 27°C. Development of the infected host was evaluated based on pupal weight and time of pupation. Infected pupae were significantly larger than uninfected pupae. There was also a significant difference in the pupation rate between controls and infected A. aegypti larvae. Controls had a 50% cumulative pupation time (CPT50) of 65.7 degree days and infected individuals a CPT50 of 76.6 degree days.
SILK SPINNERS: Spiderwebs and Silk – Tracing Evolution From Molecules to Genes to Phenotypes

Catherine L. Craig Oxford University Press (2003) pp. 256 ISBN 0195129164 (hbk) £ 37.50 (hbk) ![Figure][1] Spiders offer experimental opportunities to researchers from a wide array of disciplines: physicists and biochemists are interested in the physical
Benefits and Risks of Sex Hormone Replacement in Postmenopausal Women

Because cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is far less common in young women than in men, but increases in prevalence in the postmenopausal years to that of men, estrogen repletion therapy (ERT) or combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT), has been widely used to protect against development of both CVD and osteoporosis, and possibly to delay or prevent cognitive loss or Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test the validity of favorable findings in many small-scale studies, and in clinical practice, a large-scale trial: the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was undertaken by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a trial that was prematurely ended because of increased CVD complications, despite some lessening of hip fractures. This paper suggests that the customary high intake of calcium (Ca)-advised to protect against osteoporosis, and the marginal magnesium (Mg) intake in the USA, might well be contributory to the adverse CV effects, that were all thromboembolic in nature. The procoagulant effect of estrogen is intensified by Ca; Mg-which counteracts many steps in the coagulation cascade and inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion-is commonly consumed in sub-optimal amounts. The high American dietary Ca/Mg ratio might also be contributory to the WHI failure to confirm ERT's favorable mental effects. Discussed are mechanisms by which Mg enhances estrogen's central nervous system protective effects. Mg's improvement of cerebral blood flow, which improves brain metabolism, can also enhance removal of the beta amyloid peptide, accumulation of which is implicated in AD.
Experiments Using Pseudo-Random Noise

This paper describes the results of experiments per formed with pseudo-random noise sequences. It is shown that Gaussian noise can be easily produced from such sequences. It is also demonstrated that the sequences themselves have a binomial proba bility distribution.The correlation technique investigated, using pseudo-random noise, makes possible a continuous recording of a system's impulse response without the use of any sophisticated hardware. The impulse re sponse obtained from the cross-correlation experi ment can be approached from either the positive or negative direction, i.e., τ can be made not only a time delay, but also a time advance. This enables one to observe the trailing end of a waveform before viewing its leading end. It also permits a quick ex perimental verification of the correlation property that Rxy(τ) = Ry,r(—τ). Examples for a first- and sec ond-order system are given.