cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of friction drag and pressure drag of airfoils using the Eppler program

Most previous studies of the drag and two-dimensional airfoils consider only the total drag. The present report gives results of a study of three airfoils, using the Eppler program, to determine the distribution of friction drag along the chord and to obtain relative values of friction drag and pressure drag over a wide range of angle of attack and Reynolds number. The effects of boundary-layer suction in the turbulent region of the boundary layer of two of the airfoils are also investigated. The pressure drag is found to be an important component of the total drag, reaching values of 60 to 80 percent of the total drag near the stall. The use of suction producing a uniform inflow in the turbulent region of the boundary layer results in large increases in maximum lift, and increases the skin-friction drag but reduces or even changes the sign of the pressure drag.
Implementing an Investigation-Based K-8 Laboratory Science Program.

The development and implementation of the K-8 science program began with discussions with Chelsea teachers and administrators to explore what approaches were currently in use, what had been tried in the past, and what materials were available. We found no consistent program or science sequence, a few sets of textbooks (most were outdated) and a few activity kits. Despite the lack of a system-wide program, we found that a number of the teachers had attended workshops and other training programs conducted by The Museum of Science, The Children's Museum, The New England Aquarium, local colleges, and groups sponsored under a variety of state and federal grants. Most of the professional development and training programs attended by Chelsea teachers, often on their own time and at their own expense, emphasized a laboratory/investigative approach to science consistent with current practice and research. There were, however, few professional development activities available within Chelsea and very limited resources for the purchase of materials and supplies to implement activities the teachers had been exposed to during their outside training activities. With little or no coordination of program expectations and training, instructional time spent on science was limited or absent from many classes.
Miscue Analysis of Braille Readers

A comparison of blind and sighted readers, using Goodman's Reading Miscue Inventory, was conducted using 22 blind students enrolled in both public and residential schools. Blind braille readers’ mi...
Apoptosis in Lung Injury and Disease

Pulmonary cell death may contribute significantly to acute and chronic lung injuries caused by various adverse environmental agents. Pulmonary cells may die by necrosis, apoptosis, and other forms of regulated cell death. Apoptosis exerts a homeostatic function in lung defense and development, through the removal of dysfunctional cells and by regulating cellular proliferation. Lung cell apoptosis can occur as a response to oxidative stress, mechanical ventilation, ischemia/reperfusion, cigarette smoke exposure, and other forms of acute and chronic lung injuries. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease remains controversial. Apoptosis may act as an adaptive process, by removing dysfunctional cells, limiting inflammation in damaged tissue, and preventing cell proliferation. On the other hand, excessive apoptosis may contribute to the depletion of critical cell populations, resulting in loss of function, as in emphysema, or in undesirable cell proliferation, as in fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. An understanding of the cell-type-specific regulation and function of apoptosis in the lung may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung pathologies. This chapter reviews the current evidence for the regulation and function of apoptosis in specific lung diseases, with an emphasis on chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
The Role of Noninvasive Imaging Techniques in Cerebrovascular Recanalization

Although contrast angiography is still considered by some the best choice for evaluation of the intra- and extracranial vascular system, it has significant risks, costs, and discomfort [4]. These considerations have led to a search for a safe, easily repeatable, and accurate noninvasive method for evaluating these arteries.
The Nirmāna-Kāya or Natural, Historical Manifestations

As already suggested, nirmāṇa-kāya translates as the “body of transformation”:6 this meaning connotes primarily the “this-worldly” body of any sentient being who has achieved final enlightenment. Buddhahood had its first historical, natural manifestation in the body of Gautama, later called also Śākyamuni after his enlightenment at Bodhigayā in 528 b.c. As the historical founder of Buddhism, Śākyamuni represents the nirmāṇa-kāya manifestation par excellence. In his unique vocation as founder of Buddhism and its saṃgha (the first community of Buddhist followers), Śākyamuni constitutes the nirmāṇa-kāya in its “singular” historical manifestation. As for the innumerable sentient beings that followed his path and attained individual Buddhahood - which include all the historical figures involved in the progression and formulation of the religious and philosophical doctrines of Buddhism - they can be designated as the nirmāṇa-kāya in its “plural” manifestation. Thus, this “plurality” sets itself forth historically as the antithetic overcoming of the original “singularity”. As a result of the historical reliance of the plural manifestations on the original dharma (law and doctrine) of Śākyamuni, the “collective” historical manifestations develop in the form of Buddhist religious and philosophical schools. This last aspect, which overrides the opposition between the “singular” and the “plural,” establishes such “collective” manifestations as they deploy themselves within a historical process of dialectics.
Multiloops and Teichmüller Spaces

One of the most exciting aspects of string theory is the possibility of a theory of gravity that is totally finite and therefore independent of conventional renormalization theory. String theory may provide a framework in which, for the first time, a finite theory of quantum gravity may emerge. What is particularly fascinating is the mechanism by which the cancellation of all potential divergences takes place, namely the use of topological arguments to eliminate certain divergences. Once again, we see the enormous power of symmetry that is built into the string model. We will show, for example, that the diagrams that are potentially divergent are topologically equivalent to the emission of an effective dilaton. Therefore, by eliminating the dilaton from the theory, we obtain a theory without any apparent divergences. Thus, mechanisms that never before appeared in point particle quantum field theory are responsible for the elimination of potentially harmful graphs.
Divine: Prioritizing genes for rare mendelian disease in whole exome sequencing data

Abstract Motivation Recent studies showed that a phenotype-driven analysis of whole exome sequencing (WES) could provide more accurate and clinically relevant genetic variants. Results We develop a computational tool called Divine that integrates patients’ phenotype(s) and WES data with 30 prior biological knowledge (e.g., human phenotype ontology, gene ontology, pathway database, protein-protein interaction networks, pathogenicity by the amino acid change due to polymorphism, and hot-spot protein domains) to prioritize potential disease-causing genes. In a retrospective study with 22 real and four simulated data set, Divine ranks the same pathogenic genes confirmed by the original studies 5th on average out of a thousand of mutated genes and outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. Availability https://github.com/hwanglab/divine Contact hwangt@ccf.org Supplementary information Supplementary Document is attached at the end of the page.
Harmful Anti-Sex-Selective Abortion Laws are Sweeping U.S. State Legislatures: Why Do Some Pro-Choice People Support Them?

Anti-sex selective abortion laws punish medical professionals for performing abortions if they know that the patient’s motive for the abortion relates to the predicted biological sex of the fetus. Since 2009, nearly half of all state legislatures have considered bills to prohibit sex-selective abortion. The majority of the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a similar ban in 2012. That same year, anti-sex-selective legislation was the second most proposed anti-abortion prohibition in the United States. Today ten states have enacted the bans, though they are (partially) unenforceable in three states. The laws stigmatize and stereotype Asian Americans, restrict women’s access to non-selective abortion, and are likely unconstitutional. Yet, elected officials who are pro-choice have voted in favor of the bans. Liberal media sources wrongly report that Asian Americans are aborting female fetuses at rates similar to people in India and China. Pro-choice people appear to be torn about how to react to these particular abortion restrictions.
Foliated fracton order in the Majorana checkerboard model

We establish the presence of foliated fracton order in the Majorana checkerboard model. In particular, we describe an entanglement renormalization group transformation which utilizes toric code layers as resources of entanglement and furthermore discuss entanglement signatures and fractional excitations of the model. In fact, we give an exact local unitary equivalence between the Majorana checkerboard model and the semionic X-cube model augmented with decoupled fermionic modes. This mapping demonstrates that the model lies within the X-cube foliated fracton phase.
Oral bacteriophages are maintained at high levels for months in individuals but infrequently transmitted between mothers and infants

ABSTRACT In this work, we exploit recent advances in metagenomic assembly and bacteriophage identification to describe the phage content of saliva from 5 mother-baby pairs sampled twice 7 - 11 months apart during the first year of the babies’ lives. We identify 25 phage genomes that are comprised of one to 71 contigs, with 16 having a single contig. At the detectable level, phage were sparsely distributed with the most common one being present in 4 of the 20 samples, derived from two mothers and one baby. However, if they were present in the early time point sample from an individual, they were also present in the later sample from the same person more frequently than expected by chance. The nucleotide diversity (π) in phage from the same sample or the same person was much lower than between different individuals, indicating dominance of one strain in each person. This was different from bacterial genomes, which had higher diversity indicating the presence of multiple strains within an individual. We identify likely bacterial hosts for 16 of the 25 phage, including an apparent inovirus that is capable of integrating in the dif site of Haemophilus species. It appears that phage in the oral cavity are sparsely distributed, but can be maintained for months once acquired.
Precision Measurement of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon

A precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) of the muon has been made by the E821 collaboration at BNL. This paper is a written version of a ``hot topics'' talk at ICAP2002 (Cambridge, MA). The principles of the experiment are discussed, especially the beam dynamics aspects.
User's perceptions of perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and intentions of mobile application

Mobile applications (apps) have become ubiquitous in our daily lives. This research is focused on users' perceptions of mobile apps' usefulness and the influence they have on user satisfaction and intentions toward these mobile apps. The data was collected via a questionnaire, with 121 responses, by students enrolled in business courses at a medium-sized university in the USA. Using structural equation modelling, self-efficacy of mobile apps and two of the three perceived usefulness measures significantly influenced satisfaction. Mobile app use also facilitated information seeking and social relationships to influence perception of satisfaction with these apps. A discussion of these results and conclusions are also provided.
The Vocational Aspects of School Psychology: 1974–1984

It is the purpose of this article to summarize the development of vocational school psychology over the last 10 years, present its current status, and propose its probable future. Through this proc...
Transitional care planning: A pilot study to explore patient, hospital, and primary care perspectives:

The care plan aims to align key stakeholders via the exchange of meaningful, timely, and actionable patient care information during transitions of care. This exploratory study used a qualitative ap...
Weakness May Have a Causal Association With Early Mortality in Older Americans: A Matched Cohort Analysis.

Abstract Objectives Quantifying the association between muscle weakness and mortality with carefully matched cohorts will help to better establish the impact of weakness on premature death. We used a matched cohort analysis in a national sample of older Americans to determine if those who were weak had a higher risk for mortality compared with control groups with incrementally higher strength capacities. Design Longitudinal panel. Setting Detailed interviews that included physical measures were conducted in person, whereas core interviews were often performed over the telephone. Participants Data from 19,729 Americans aged at least 50 years from the 2006-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed. Measures A handgrip dynamometer was used to assess handgrip strength (HGS) in each participant. Men with HGS Results Of the 1077 weak and not-weak matched pairs, 401 weak (37.2%) and 296 not-weak (27.4%) older Americans died over an average 4.4 ± 2.5-year follow-up. There were 392 weak (37.0%) and 243 strong (22.9%) persons who died over a mean 4.5 ± 2.5-year follow-up from the 1057 weak and strong matched pairs. Those in the weak cohort had a 1.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 1.64] and 1.54 (CI 1.30, 1.83) higher hazard for mortality relative to persons in the not-weak and strong control cohorts, respectively. Conclusions and Implications Our findings may indicate a causal association between muscle weakness and mortality in older Americans. Health care providers should include measures of HGS as part of routine health assessments and discuss the health risks of muscle weakness with their patients.
Estimating and Predicting Exposure to Products from Emerging Technologies

Risk is a common metric for public health and environmental decision-making. Scientifically, credible risk assessments underpin decisions regarding the potential safety of emerging technologies (National Academy of Sciences National Research Council 1983). Furthermore, individuals who may be exposed to the products of these technologies must understand the exposure and decide whether the potential risks are acceptable. Most environmental exposure decisions have low probability of substantial risk; for example, wastewater treatment plant design, construction of barriers to prevent migration of pollutants to drinking water wells, or selection of air pollution control equipment for particulate matter (PM). The difference between these decisions and those involving emerging technologies is that the latter have much greater uncertainty and must often rely on comparisons to conventional technologies.
Evaluation of the CODAR Tsunami Detection Algorithm and Software

Coastal hazards pose a threat to human life and property around the globe. Tsunami waves and storm surge are some examples of coastal hazards we must try to mitigate over the coming decades. High Frequency radars have emerged as possible technology capable of mitigating the destruction from these hazards by providing early detection of these disturbances out at sea. Rutgers University has worked with CODAR Ocean Sensors by collecting and analyzing data from four HF radar stations for potential tsunami signals from October 2016 to June 2019. CODAR has developed a pattern recognition process to detect the presence of tsunami waves. The output of the process is quantified as an alongshore and cross shore q-factor. If there is a spike in the q-factor measurement then arrival of a tsunami could be imminent. The statistics of the q-factor measurements at the four stations were calculated and compared against the radio noise spectrum and other environmental data like nearby water level and atmospheric pressure. Recently, on May 30, 2019 a weather system moved through the region that generated a small meteotsunami (amplitude 15-30 cm) that was detected by a DART buoy, water level gauges and one of the HF radar stations. The data from all three system covered a large spatial area which allowed us to study the propagation of the wave through the region. The different detection schemes with each technology also allowed us to study the characteristics of the tsunami signal.
The Root of the Problem: How the Proslavery Constitution Shaped American Race Relations

This article is about how the Constitution, prior to the 13th Amendment, gave special protection to slavery as a way to preserve the southern economy and racial control. The words “negro,” “black,” and “slave” were left out of the Constitution itself to expedite the process and avoid antagonizing northern constituents, though descriptions were clear and unmistakable. Special treatment provided by the “three-fifths clause,” “slave trade clause,” “capitation tax clause,” “fugitive slave clause,” and the prohibition of any amendment of the salve importation or capitation clauses before 1808 guaranteed that slavery was protected.
Acceptance and use of a smartphone application in cirrhosis

Background and aims The development of cirrhosis-related smartphone applications for remote monitoring is increasing. Whether patients with cirrhosis will welcome such new technology, however, is uncertain. Methods We prospectively enrolled patients with cirrhosis (N = 102) to determine predictors of acceptance and utilization of a smartphone application for cirrhosis management using a 12-item Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) survey. Patients were then shown the EncephalApp© and evaluated for their willingness to download and use the application. Results Patients had a median age of 61.3 years and 63.7% had a history of hepatic decompensation. Intention to use the hypothetical application was associated with perceived usefulness (β: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.5) and the presence of a caregiver (β: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.2-2.0). Of the eligible participants, 71% agreed to download the EncephalApp© and the decision was influenced by computer anxiety, behavioural intent, caregiver presence and disease state factors. Actual usage was 32% and not associated with baseline characteristics or the technology acceptance model. Conclusions Patient acceptance of smartphone applications for the management of cirrhosis is high and related to their attitudes towards technology and the presence of a caregiver. However, usage was low. Future research must employ behavioural interventions to optimize uptake and utilization of remote monitoring technology.
Luminescence of undoped and Ce-doped hexagonal BiPO4

Abstract Undoped and Ce-doped hexagonal BiPO4 were synthesized by a precipitation method and characterized on their structure, Ce spatial distribution and chemical state, together with detailed luminescence spectroscopy investigation through systematic variation of the excitation wavelength (λexc) over the broad range 250–460 nm combined with radioluminescence measurements and extensive literature review. Up to five distinct emission bands were observed, depending on λexc and on the presence or not of the activator. The host presented three emission bands: the 350 nm (3.54 eV) band was ascribed to a defect, the 405 nm (3.06 eV) band was ascribed to metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT), and the 570 nm (2.18 eV) band was ascribed to the Bi3+ 3P1 → 1S0 transition. The presence of Bi3+ ions perturbed by oxygen vacancies in the coordination polyhedron at varying distances to the Bi3+ ions created states with lower energies than the states of unperturbed Bi3+. Ce-incorporation led to the creation of two partially superimposing bands at about 445 nm (2.79 eV) and 490 nm (2.53 eV). Strong interaction between Ce3+ and the host was observed. These results led to enhanced understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic luminescence of this material that presents considerable controversy in the literature.
Partisan identities and interpretations of economic data

We report findings from three survey experiments that assess how partisanship affects people's subjective and objective interpretations of factual economic data. Partisan biases substantially affec...
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not associated with increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection: A propensity-score-matched case-control study

Abstract Prior research identified an increased risk for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) following exposure to certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We conducted a retrospective case-control study to evaluate the risk for CDI associated with NSAID use. NSAID use was not associated with an increased risk of CDI.
Pronoun production and comprehension in American Sign Language: the interaction of space, grammar, and semantics

Spoken language research has investigated how pronouns are influenced by grammar and semantics/pragmatics. In contrast, sign language research has focused on unambiguous pronominal reference arisin...
Unraveling of Information: Competition and Uncertainty

This paper examines incentives for information disclosure in a oligopolistic market when buyers are unsure of the existence of that information. Previous empirical and theoretical work has shown that mandatory disclosure laws can be binding when buyers do not know whether the information exists. This paper shows that the information unraveling result is strengthened by competition not only because a market with more firms is increasingly likely to have at least one firm with quality high enough to want to disclose it (thus starting the information unraveling result) but also because firms reveal information that makes themselves look bad if they can make their competitors look worse. This results in prisoner's dilemma style incentives to reveal that ensures full disclosure as the number of firms goes to infinity.
Molecular impurities in helium clusters

We review recently developed theories of molecular interactions with helium clusters. Ground state energies and structures are obtained from Monte Carlo and density functional calculations for a variety of impurities and a range of cluster sizes. Of particular interest are chemical potentials, location of the impurity, and shape of the helium density surrounding it. Included in the work summarized here are results for light molecules (H2 and D2) which interact weakly with He and results for heavier molecules (Cl2 and SF6) which interact more strongly with He. Finally, theoretical and experimental results are compared for SF6 in helium clusters.
A Rahnerian Theological Response to Charles Taylor's A Secular Age

In this article I argue that Rahner's notion of the Supernatural Existential serves to complement and more concretely illustrate Taylor's at-times tacit, if conflicted, advocacy for some sort of human characteristic that seeks, desires, or is otherwise oriented toward something ‘beyond human flourishing.' By engaging Rahner's theological anthropology with Taylor's thought in ‘A Secular Age,' I show how Taylor's immanent and transcendent divide presupposes an overly cognitive framework that relies extensively on human agency, thematic reflection, and the necessary intellectualization of human experience. As such, Taylor only ever engages in a secondary-level or a posteriori reflection on belief and unbelief, thereby (perhaps unwittingly) precluding the possibility of considering the a priori ‘condition' for his proposed ‘conditions for belief or unbelief,' otherwise known as ‘secularity 3.' In uncovering the secondary-level cognitive conditions for categorical belief and unbelief today, helps shed new light on the relevance and value of Rahner's project. Furthermore, I suggest that both Rahner and Taylor, although maybe not immediately recognizable, actually share similar concerns that initially launched their respective projects. Read together, Rahner and Taylor offer a fuller treatment of both the human condition and the social circumstances of this age.
Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure before and after Exercise

Abstract A random group of 24 college women was tested during four phases of the menstrual cycle to determine if the cycle had an effect on pulse rate and blood pressure before and after exercise. Analysis of variance data indicated that fluctuations in pulse rate and blood pressure before and after exercise could not be attributed to the menstrual cycle.
Fiber-matrix micromechanics and microstructural observations under tensile and cyclic loading

A technique is described for measuring the displacements in fibers due to loading the composite. Fiber access was obtained by removing only very small pieces of the matrix, thereby minimizing the change in residual stresses. Fiber stresses were obtained near a hole, a slit, and a fatigue crack. It was found that fibers slipped within the matrix at a stress of 2 to 2.6 GPa near both the hole and slit; after cyclic loading the specimen with a hole, fiber stress at slip increased to 2.6 to 3.6 GPa. Fiber stresses bridging the wake of a fatigue crack were found to be approximately constant. The models used to compute a stress intensity factor at the tip of a bridged fatigue crack are reviewed, and it is shown that those assuming a constant fiber stress gave the best results.
BOOK REVIEW: MIR, S. (2014). Muslim American Women on Campus: Undergraduate Social Life and Identity. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 224 pp., ISBN: 978-1-4696-1078-8.

As I was recently reminded after listening to an imam repeatedly reject ISIS on Vermont Public Radio, the ‘long shadow’ cast upon the religion by the events of 9/11 and subsequent acts of terror remain scarlet letters that must be expunged from the chests of each individual Muslim. For the past 15 years, Muslims as a whole have been at the forefront of a discussion of ‘modernity’ in newspapers, television shows, and digital news feeds; in a sense, Islam has been subject to a sort of asynchronous ‘digital labor’ that serves to construct the identities of Muslims in absentia. Within such an environment, Muslim Americans have continued to participate as productive members of society, “with 40 percent holding a college degree or higher, compared to 29 percent among the general American public” (Mir, 2014, p. 3). Indeed, as Shabana Mir demonstrates in Muslim American Women on Campus, even within the most pluralistic spaces, Muslims are negatively stereotyped, marginalized, and essentialized; in the same spaces, however, Muslims work to positively self-define, seek out compromise, and sensitively negotiate infringements on personal autonomy. The full text of the article can be found at 10.18275/fire201502021075
A new topological degree theory for pseudomonotone perturbations of the sum of two maximal monotone operators and applications

Abstract Let X be a real reflexive locally uniformly convex Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space X ⁎ and G be a nonempty, bounded and open subset of X. Let T : X ⊇ D ( T ) → 2 X ⁎ and A : X ⊇ D ( A ) → 2 X ⁎ be maximal monotone operators. Assume, further, that, for each y ∈ X , there exists a real number β ( y ) and there exists a strictly increasing function ϕ : [ 0 , ∞ ) → [ 0 , ∞ ) with ϕ ( 0 ) = 0 , ϕ ( t ) → ∞ as t → ∞ satisfying 〈 w ⁎ , x − y 〉 ≥ − ϕ ( ‖ x ‖ ) ‖ x ‖ − β ( y ) for all x ∈ D ( A ) , w ⁎ ∈ A x , and S : X → 2 X ⁎ is bounded of type ( S + ) or bounded pseudomonotone such that 0 ∉ ( T + A + S ) ( D ( T ) ∩ D ( A ) ∩ ∂ G ) or 0 ∉ ( T + A + S ) ( D ( T ) ∩ D ( A ) ∩ ∂ G ) ‾ , respectively. New degree theory is developed for operators of the type T + A + S with degree mapping d ( T + A + S , G , 0 ) . The degree is shown to be unique invariant under suitable homotopies. The theory developed herein generalizes the Asfaw and Kartsatos degree theory for operators of the type T + S . New results on surjectivity and solvability of variational inequality problems are obtained. The mapping theorems extend the corresponding results for operators of type T + S . The degree theory developed herein is used to show existence of weak solution of nonlinear parabolic problem in appropriate Sobolev spaces.
Geomagnetic Secular Variation as Determined from Paleomagnetic Studies of Lake Sediments and its Relation to the Study of the Cosmic Ray Flux

Recent advances in paleomagnetism have made it possible to obtain reproducible, high-resolution records of geomagnetic secular variation from lacustrine sediments. The changes in geomagnetic field directions recorded by these sediments provide new information about the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field, the relative importance of the dipole and non-dipole fields, and the rates at which the field directions can change. Although there are still some problems with the methodology, the lake sediments also appear to be able to provide a detailed record of changes in geomagnetic field intensity. This information will be very important in separating the effects of the geomagnetic field from those of solar variability with regard to the production of cosmogenic radioisotopes in the Earth’s atmosphere.
When science met the consumer: the role of industry.

The Coca-Cola Company is committed to understanding consumers and providing solutions to help them live active and healthy life-styles. The Coca-Cola Company has developed a wide range of innovative beverages that can be incorporated into a healthy diet. Product offerings include beverages with fewer calories, smaller package sizes, and expanded beverage fortification options. In addition, the company has policies in place that responsibly address advertising to children and guidelines for selling beverages to schools. Nutrition education messages continue to be delivered through the Internet and on product packaging while physical activity initiatives are promoted in schools and communities. The most recent initiative has been the creation of The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness. This institute comprises nutritionists, food scientists, physicians, and communicators and has been established with the holistic goal of providing people all over the world with a wide range of healthy beverages options. The institute supports scientific research and consumer education that focuses on the role of beverages in a healthy lifestyle. Current projects of the institute include the role of hydration in health and performance, alternative beverage sweeteners, capturing the natural goodness of fruits and vegetables for beverage use, and appropriate beverage fortification.
A novel scrambling algorithm for a robust WEP implementation [wired equivalent privacy protocol]

Internet enabled wireless devices continue to proliferate and are expected to surpass traditional Internet in the near future. However, data security and privacy remain major concerns in the current generation of wireless connectivity. The wired equivalent privacy (WEP) protocol used within the 802.11 standard has "major security flaws" thus WLANs using the protocol are vulnerable to attacks. We propose a scrambling algorithm that reduces the vulnerability of the WEP. Both the software and hardware implementations of the algorithm reveal at least 10,000 times improvement in security.
Equilibrium Atmospheric Response to North Atlantic SST Anomalies

Abstract The equilibrium general circulation model (GCM) response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western North Atlantic region is studied. A coarse resolution GCM, with realistic lower boundary conditions including topography and climatological SST distribution, is integrated in perpetual January and perpetual October modes, distinguished from one another by the strength of the midlatitude westerlies. An SST anomaly with a maximum of 4°C is added to the climatological SST distribution of the model with both positive and negative polarity. These anomaly runs are compared to one another, and to a control integration, to determine the atmospheric response. In all cases warming (cooling) of the midlatitude ocean surface yields a warming (cooling) of the atmosphere over and to the east of the SST anomaly center. The atmospheric temperature change is largest near the surface and decreases upward. Consistent with this simple thermal response, the geopotential height field displays a baroclinic...
Selective colorimetric detection of glutathione based on quasi-stable gold nanoparticles assembly

We report the development of a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection method for glutathione (GSH) over cysteine (Cys) or homocysteine (Hcy) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The detection scheme is based on the quasi-stable state of AuNPs in the presence of sodium nitrate and GSH. The significant differences in interparticle forces and the assembly process of AuNPs enable the discrimination of GSH over Cys and Hcy. The presence of GSH can be detected by the naked eye and its concentration determined by UV/Vis spectrometry.
Evaluation of physical fitness in an ambulatory setting.

Objective The purpose of this study was to perform a brief physical fitness evaluation for ambulatory gynecologic patients and to determine whether a woman’s perceived fitness level corresponded to her actual level. Except for patient report of exercise activity, no objective measures of fitness are assessed during annual gynecologic office visits. Study Design Written surveys and physical measurements were administered to 103 healthy women during their annual gynecologic visit. Patient self-report of fitness level, compared with actual fitness level determined by physical testing, was used as the main outcome measure. Results Physical fitness testing took 5-7 minutes to administer in a 3 × 2.2-meter office area. The woman’s report of physical fitness did not correlate with actual fitness; rather, percent body fat as calculated by Lange skinfold caliper correlated most accurately with overall fitness (correlation coefficient, –0.389). Body mass index was correlated less strongly with a coefficient of –0.274; surprisingly, the waist/hip ratio had the weakest correlation to fitness (correlation coefficient, –0.129). Conclusion Patient report does not appear to correlate with actual physical fitness. Physicians may consider initiating an objective measure, such as body fat measurement as calculated by Lange skinfold calipers, to the routine examination.
A survival analysis of the impact of boundary crossings on managerial career advancement up to midcareer

Although managers and professionals still compete in a career tournament for advancement and pay, the career boundaries that they cross in order to compete have changed. Traditionally, such individuals came up through the ranks within the same company by specializing in one functional area and changing, as needed, the geographic location of work in order to advance their careers. However, in the current era of less constrained, boundary-crossing careers, they are more apt to cross several boundaries, including functional, organizational, geographic, and family, as they pursue career opportunities. Using survival analysis with data from the career histories of 760 managers and professionals who collectively made 3917 moves up to midcareer, we examined the impact of the rate of crossing each boundary on the subsequent likelihood of advancement. In addition, over this span of career, we examined the extent to which more rapid advancement contributed to the rate of growth in annual salary. Our findings suggest that crossing functional, organizational, and geographic boundaries more often significantly increased the likelihood of advancement, whereas the duration of family boundary crossings had a negative impact. Moreover, as expected, advancement had a long-term impact on salary growth.
Sodium Azide-Associated Laryngospasm After Air Bag Deployment

The advent and incorporation of the air bag into motor vehicles has resulted in the mitigation of many head and truncal injuries in motor vehicle collisions. However, air bag deployment is not risk free. We present a case of sodium azide-induced laryngospasm after air bag deployment. An unrestrained male driver was in a moderate-speed motor vehicle collision with air bag deployment. Medics found him awake, gasping for air with stridorous respirations and guarding his neck. The patient had no external signs of trauma and was presumed to have tracheal injury. The patient was greeted by the Anesthesiology service, which intubated him using glidescope-assisted laryngoscopy. The patient was admitted for overnight observation and treatment of alkaline ocular injury and laryngospasm. Although air bags represent an important advance in automobile safety, their use is not without risk. Bruising and tracheal rupture secondary to air bag deployment have been reported in out-of-position occupants. Additionally, alkaline by-products from the combustion of sodium azide in air bags have been implicated in ocular injury and facial burns. Laryngospasm after sodium azide exposure presents another diagnostic challenge for providers. Therefore, it is incumbent to maintain vigilance in the physical examination and diagnosis of occult injuries after air bag deployment.
Fire history and forest structure of an endangered subtropical ecosystem in the Florida Keys, USA

We focussed on the influence of historical fire and varied fire management practices on the structure of globally endangered pine rockland ecosystems on two adjacent islands in the Florida Keys: Big Pine Key and No Name Key. We reconstructed fire history in two stands from fire scars on South Florida slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & Dor.) that were accurately dated using dendrochronology, and quantified stand structure to infer successional trajectories. Fire regimes on Big Pine Key and No Name Key over the past 150 years differed in fire return interval and spatial extent. Fire scar analysis indicated that fires burnt at intervals of 6 and 9 years (Weibull median probabilityinterval)onBigPineKeyandNoNameKeywiththemajorityoffiresoccurringlateinthegrowingseason.On BigPineKey,pinerecruitmentwaswidespread,likelyduetomultiple,widespreadprescribedburnsconductedsince2000. NoNameKey experiencedfewerfires thanBigPine Key,butpines recruitedat thesitefrom atleastthe 1890sthroughthe 1970s. Today, pine recruitment is nearly absent on No Name Key, where fire management practices since 1957 could result in loss of pine rockland habitat. Additional keywords: dendrochronology, National Key Deer Refuge, pine rocklands, Pinus elliottii var. densa, slash pine, subtropical.
Microsporidian extrasporular microtubules. Ultrastructure, isolation and electrophoretic characterization.

Nosema michaelis spores possess a biologically unique external arrangement of microtubules. The microtubules were studied ultrastructurally with the use of thin sections, freeze-etched and negatively stained preparations. Tubules were sheared from the spores by repetitive freeze-thaw cycles and harvested by high speed centrifugation. Electron microscopic observations of negatively stained and freeze-etched samples revealed the globular subunit construction of the tubules. Suspensions of isolated microtubules and tubular fragments formed extended linear array at 4°C, apparently by autoaggregation. Tubule preparations were reduced and alkylated under various conditions and examined in several polyacrylamide disc gel systems. Two bands were obtained from completely reduced and alkylated microtubule proteins separated in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M-urea, detergent-urea or detergent alone. The two subunit proteins (tubulins) had average molecular weights of ∼45000 and ∼53000. Incompletely reduced samples yielded two additional satellite bands of higher molecular weights, suggestive of homodimers.
ATTITUDINAL MEASURES AND EVALUATION OF MALES AND FEMALES IN LEADERSHIP ROLES

28 males and 28 females from general psychology classes completed several attitudinal questionnaires, including the Women as Managers Scale and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. In a later experimental session, subjects viewed a 10-min. video tape that contained either a male or a female directing a mixed-sex triad on a dominoes design task. The script for the leaders and the performance of the groups were identical in each instance. Following the viewing of the video tape, subjects were given questionnaires pertaining to the leader's and the group's performance, characteristics of the leader and the group, and attribution for the outcome on the task. Results indicated that males endorse a more conservative role for females, particularly in management roles, than do females. Female subjects generally evaluated female leaders positively, while male subjects evaluated male leaders positively.
Dealing with Europe's other deficit

As prolonged economic crisis pushes Europe towards a deeper fiscal union, Vivien Schmidt explains how this step can be reconciled with closing the EU's widening democratic deficit.
The origin of ‘biramous’ copepod legs

Summary The origin of copepod leg has been discussed with reference to cephalocarid trunk limbs. Endopodite, expodite, and basal outer appendix of a copepod leg are regarded as being homologous to endopodite, expodite, and pseudepipodite of a cephalocarid trunk limb, respectively.
Evaluation of Component Positioning in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Using an Imageless Navigation Device Compared With Traditional Methods

Acetabular orientation affects the success of total hip arthroplasty. Computer-assisted navigation systems may reduce positional errors. Total hip arthroplasty results were analyzed using an imageless navigation system. We hypothesized that reliability and accuracy would improve. One hundred forty-nine total hip arthroplasties were performed using minimally invasive surgical techniques in 3 cohorts: manual (n = 53), initial navigation cases (n = 49), navigation second series (n = 47). Manual patients' cup orientation variation from desired range was -19 degrees to +18 degrees anteversion (SD, 9.1 degrees ), -11 degrees to +25 degrees abduction (SD, 6.7 degrees ). Navigation variation from desired was -18 degrees to +15 degrees (SD, 7.3 degrees ) in group 1 and -15 degrees to +9 degrees (SD, 5.9 degrees ) in group 2 in anteversion and -15 degrees to +13 degrees (SD, 6.1 degrees ) in group 1 and -15 degrees to +11 degrees (SD, 4.7 degrees ) in group 2 in abduction. Results were statistically significant. There were significant differences for operating room time and estimated blood loss, but not incision size or body mass index. Navigation provided controlled, reproducible acetabular alignment; but a learning curve existed in terms of accuracy, estimated blood loss, and operating room time.
Genetics of aging

The role of genetics in determining life-span is complex and paradoxical. Although the heritability of life-span is relatively minor, some genetic variants significantly modify senescence of mammals and invertebrates, with both positive and negative impacts on age-related disorders and life-spans. In certain examples, the gene variants alter metabolic pathways, which could thereby mediate interactions with nutritional and other environmental factors that influence life-span. Given the relatively minor effect and variable penetrance of genetic risk factors that appear to affect survival and health at advanced ages, life-style and other environmental influences may profoundly modify outcomes of aging.
Effects of dietary lipid source and concentration on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) egg biochemical composition, egg and fry production, and egg and fry quality

Abstract We conducted a study to determine the effects of lipid source (poultry fat, PF or menhaden fish oil, FO) and concentration (4 or 10% lipid supplementation) in channel catfish broodstock diets on subsequent egg biochemical composition, egg production, and egg and fry quality. Three female and one male USDA-103 strain three-year-old broodfish were stocked into 16 3860-L outdoor tanks in January and randomly assigned one of the four diets (four replicates per diet). Fish were fed based on a water-temperature-dependant schedule. Spawning cans were added to tanks when water temperature reached 21 °C, and the cans were examined three times weekly for egg masses. Masses were enumerated, weighed, measured, analyzed for proximate and fatty acid composition, and incubated. Date to hatch, hatching success, fry growth and survival, and fingerling growth and survival were monitored. Supplementation of catfish broodstock diets with 10% fish oil increased spawning success, fecundity, total egg volume (matrix removed), individual egg weight, eggs·spawn− 1 (volumetric), total egg lipid concentration, hatching success, and fry survival compared to a control diet with 4% fish oil. The 10PF diet performed similarly to the 10FO diet in all measured parameters except egg fatty acid composition, although results for the 10PF diet did not always differ from those of the 4FO or 4PF diets. The 10FO diet produced significant decreases in egg saturates and MUFA, and increases in n−3 HUFAs and the ratio of n−3:n−6 fatty acids compared to all other diets. However, in fish fed the 10FO or 10PF diets the differences in egg fatty acid composition did not result in different rates of hatching success, fry survival, or fingerling production. Improved spawning performance of catfish fed 10%-lipid diets may be due partly to increased dietary energy relative to the 4%-lipid diets. Although the dietary n−3:n−6 fatty acid ratios of the 10PF (0.3) and 10FO (5.6) diets were quite different, similar concentrations of HUFAs such as DHA and AA were present in the eggs of fish fed either diet. This indicates that catfish can synthesize HUFAs from 18-carbon precursors and deposit the HUFAs in the egg, and that a variety of lipid sources may be suitable for use in catfish broodstock diets. Current methods of channel catfish egg and fry production using growout diets with 28–32% protein and 6–7% lipid are suboptimal based on the results of this study.
Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves

There have been few quantitative studies of edge effects in tropical rainforest fragments. I used physiognomic, edaphic, and floristic data from 52 900-m2 plots to describe edge effects in such fragments in NE Queensland, Australia. Relative to unfragmented forest, forest fragments ranging from 1·4 to 590 ha in area had higher canopy and subcanopy damage and exceptional abundance of heavy lianas, climbing rattans Calamus spp., and other disturbance-adapted plants (Dendrocnide spp., Solanum spp.). Elevated forest disturbance was evident up to 500 m inside fragment margins, although the most striking changes occurred within 200 m of edges. Application of these data with a mathematical ‘Core-Area Model’ suggested that isolated nature reserves in NE Queensland must exceed 2000–4000 ha, depending on reserve shape, to ensure that >50% of the reserve remains unaffected by induced forest.