cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Needle Biopsy of the Liver

The value of liver biopsy depends first, on adequate tissue for the pathologist to examine and second, on the astuteness of the pathologist. Minor changes in the microscopic picture can make a great difference in the diagnosis. The value of our biopsies has increased as our pathologists have had more experience with them. A pathologist experienced in interpretation of specimens of needle biopsies of the liver is essential to successful diagnosis.
CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF COMPOSITAE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Chromosome counts are reported for 126 taxa representing 122 species and 61 genera of Compositae. First reports include two genera, Stylocline (n == 14) and Chromolepis (n == 19), 17 species, two infraspecific taxa, and one interspecific hybrid. Five additional taxa have chro­ mosome numbers differing from previously published accounts. Carminatia is reinstated to generic status. ports for the respective genera. Our counts for 17 species, two infraspecific taxa and one inter­ specific hybrid are first reports. Five additional taxa have chromosome numbers differing from THIS is the second in a series of studies document­ ing chromosome numbers of Compositae of the United States and Mexico (cf. Keil and Pinkava, . 1976). Vouchered chromosome counts represent both hitherto unreported taxa and taxa for which counts have been published previously. The for­ mer counts serve to increase the number of taxa for which cytological data is available and can provide insights into evolutionary relationships. The latter counts provide information about varia­ tion in chromosome complements and broaden the geographical sample of the various taxa. METHoDs-Immature capitula were killed and fixed in modified Carnoy's fixative (4 (or 6) chlo­ roform: 3 ethanol: 1 glacial acetic acid, v: v). Florets were stained in iron-acetocarmine and were squashed in a drop of Hoyer's medium in modification of methods by Beeks (1955). Chro­ mosome counts and behavior were ascertained from meiotic microsporocytes unless otherwise noted and were documented by camera lucida drawings. Voucher specimens, microslides and drawings are deposited in ASU. Percent pollen stainability, based on 200-grain samples stained in aniline blue in lactophenol, was calculated for some plants.
STARDIAL: AN AUTONOMOUS ASTRONOMICAL CAMERA ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB

We describe the use of an autonomous astronomical camera, called ''Stardial,'' for undergraduate instruction. Stardial delivers images of the night sky nearly in real-time to the world wide web (www.astro.uiuc.edu/~stardial/). The world wide web (WWW) interface is robust, inexpensive, and accommodates many students asynchronously with respect to the instructors. The guiding philosophy is to provide students with authentic astronomical data so that they may learn about science by doing it themselves. Students respond favorably to the opportunity to learn from their own experiences with authentic data, complete with its irregularities and its surprises. Stardial has been operational for one academic year (1996-97) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In this paper we describe Stardial's instrumentation, some of the curriculum based upon Stardial's unique data, and the experiences of students who have used Stardial. We conclude with possible research topics using Stardial data and with a brief look to the future of remote laboratories.
Metal chelates and antitubercular activity. I. o‐Hydroxyazo naphthols and phenanthrols

Abstract A series of iron, copper, and chromium chelates of some o ‐hydroxyazo naphthols and phenanthrols has been found to suppress the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv both in vitro and in vivo. While the in vivo activity, as measured by survival times of mice, is relatively weak, it is distinctly different from that of the nonmetallized compounds. Spectral and analytical evidence has indicated a 1:1 ratio of metal to azo compound in these chelates with all three metals, and general structures are postulated.
Too human for life: Hansel Meith's photograph of heart mountain interment camp

(2004). Too human for life: Hansel Meith's photograph of heart mountain interment camp. Visual Communication Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 3-4, pp. 4-17.
Examination of the diurnal assumptions of the test of variables of attention for elementary students.

OBJECTIVE To examine the diurnal assumptions of the test of variables of attention (TOVA). METHOD The present study assessed 122 elementary students aged 5.5 to 10.0 years who were randomly assigned to one of four different groups based on time of administration (M-M: morning-morning, M-A: morning-afternoon, A-M: afternoon-morning, and A-A: afternoon-afternoon). Morning administration occurred between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m., and afternoon administration occurred between 1:00 and 3:00 p.m. RESULTS Reliability was consistent across groups, and there were no significant differences between groups. Classification of the students into ADHD or non-ADHD groups was similar across groups, and the children who were identified as ADHD with the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic teacher rating scale were consistently classified as ADHD on the TOVA regardless of time of day. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that the psychometric values of the TOVA remain intact whether its administration was in the morning or afternoon.
Technical approaches for high-average-power free-electron lasers

Free-electron-laser (FEL) oscillators have only recently achieved their original promise as producers of high-power, short-wavelength, tunable radiation. Room-temperature accelerator systems have generally had limited duty factor due to excessive Ohmic losses on cavity walls. The application of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology has now permitted an increase by more than two orders of magnitude in FEL average power due just to increased duty factor in continuous-wave operation. A concurrent technical development that leveraged the high efficiency of SRF linacs was the demonstration of beam energy recovery while lasing. This leads to high overall efficiency and scales favorably to systems with even higher average power. This paper will discuss the issues relating to high-average-power light sources. The planned and demonstrated performance of several FEL facilities will illustrate the sizable advantages that superconducting radio frequency offers for high average flux and output multiplexing for several simultaneous users. An important new class of light sources, energy-recovering linacs, will be introduced.
Development and fabrication of an in situ Cherenkov radiation detector

A detector has been developed for field surveillance of radioactivity in groundwater in wells that are 7.6 cm in diameter or larger, but it can be adapted to on-line monitoring of industrial waste effluents and municipal water treatment plants, as well as facilities that process chemical and nuclear wastes. The detector utilizes the principle of direct Cherenkov radiation counting of energetic betas and gamma-rays in an aqueous medium. For 90Y in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, the response of the detector was linear with increased concentrations. The estimated detection limit for 90Y supported by the parent 90Sr is ∼ 1 pCi/ml for a 1000 s counting internal.
Beam Steering at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory

Instability of the vertical synchrotron beam position in the experimental lines at SSRL has motivated the continuing development of its steering control system. Recent improvements have increased its ability to compensate for long term position drift and to suppress low frequency beam oscillation induced by ground motion. A description of the new system and an analysis of its performance is presented.
Developmental environment, cultural transmission, and mate choice copying

Using female mate choice copying as a rudimentary form of cultural transmission, this study provides evidence that social environment during development has a significant effect on the tendency to use culturally acquired information. Groups of newborn guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were raised for 35 days in 1 of 5 “developmental environments”. Groups of 15 newborns were raised in pools with no adults (treatment 1), both adult male and female guppies (treatments 2 and 3), only adult females (treatment 4) or only adult males (treatment 5). Mature females raised in treatments 1 and 2, but not treatments 3, 4, and 5, copied the mate choice of others. Treatments 1 and 2 correspond to social structures that guppies experience during their development in the wild. Newborn guppies swim together in shoals (analogous to treatment 1). As they mature, juveniles join schools of adult males and females (analogous to treatments 2). At no time during the normal developmental process are juveniles found with males, but only unreceptive females (as was the case for long periods in treatment 3) or in the presence of adults of only one sex (analogous to treatments 4 and 5). As such, normal developmental environments prime guppies for cultural transmission, while unnatural environments fail to do so.
Massive Transfer Accompanying Proton, Deuteron, and Triton Emission in Heavy-Ion Reactions

Fast, forward-peaked protons, deuterons, and tritons observed in the reactions of 135- and 165-MeV /sup 14/N ions with /sup 152,154/Sm and 166-MeV /sup 19/F ions with /sup 148/Nd are shown to originate in massive-transfer reactions. These reactions are also demonstrated to have merit as probes of angular momentum space in nuclei at very high spin.
Total and Thermostable Pectinesterases in Citrus Juices

Grapefruits, tangerines and several orange cultivars were evaluated for total and thermostable pectinesterase (TS-PE) activity. Juices were extracted with a Fresh'n SqueezeTM Multi Fruit Juicer. Variation in total pectinesterase (PE) and TS-PE was not significantly different between cultivars. No significant contribution by traditional quality control parameters (%pulp, °Brix, % acid, pH), to total PE or TS-PE was observed. Positive correlations were observed between TS-PE and total PE, when expressed on a pulp (0.669) or soluble solids (0.624) basis.
Effect of interface roughness on hysteresis loops of ultrathin Co films from 2 to 30 ML on Cu(001) surfaces

Abstract Ultrathin Co films have been grown on a smooth Cu(001) surface and a rough Cu(001) surface by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Using high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction (HRLEED) angular profile measurement and a kinematic LEED model, we quantitatively extracted the interface width w , the roughness exponent α film and the lateral correlation length ξ for Co films grown on a smooth Cu surface from 2 up to 30 ML thick. Corresponding magnetic properties, including the Kerr intensity I k , coercivity H c and d 〈M〉 d H H = H c (the slope of the hysteresis loop at H = H c ) were obtained from hysteresis loops measured by the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE). For 2 to 7 ML thick Co films grown on the rough Cu surface the hysteresis loop shape is much less square-like compared with that of Co films grown on teh smooth Cu surface; the Kerr intensity I k is a factor of 3–4 smaller than that of the smooth film; the H c value is ≈3 times larger than that of the smooth film. H c is almost thickness independent in the 2–7 ML regime, in contrast to that of the smooth film in the same thickness region. The difference in magnetic properties can be qualtitatively explained in terms of the quantitative roughness parameters associated with the Co films.
Minimum Reading Fluency Rate Necessary for Comprehension: A Potential Criterion for Curriculum-Based Assessments:

Curriculum-based assessment for instructional design and curriculum-based measurement both involve measurements of reading fluency, which are often interpreted through comparisons to local norms. However, local norms are not always available and some scholars argue for a criterion-referenced approach when making instructional decisions. The current study examined the relationship between reading fluency and comprehension by having 49 third- and fourth-grade students orally read four passages from standardized reading assessment tools with an incremental increased percentage (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) of scrambled words. The number of words read correctly/minute and percentage of comprehension questions correctly answered were recorded. A suggested criterion of approximately 50 words/minute was found using the mean fluency rate of the highest passage in which students demonstrated adequate comprehension, but a wide range of normalcy was also noted. Suggestions for future research are included.
Effectiveness of a Sugar-Yeast Monitor and a Chemical Lure for Detecting Bed Bugs.

Effective bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) monitors have been actively sought in the past few years to help detect bed bugs and measure the effectiveness of treatments. Most of the available active monitors are either expensive or ineffective. We designed a simple and affordable active bed bug monitor that uses sugar-yeast fermentation and an experimental chemical lure to detect bed bugs. The sugar-yeast mixture released carbon dioxide at a similar rate (average 405.1 ml/min) as dry ice (average 397.0 ml/min) during the first 8 h after activation. In naturally infested apartments, the sugar-yeast monitor containing an experimental chemical lure (nonanal, L-lactic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, and spearmint oil) was equally effective as the dry ice monitor containing the same lure in trapping bed bugs. Placing one sugar-yeast monitor per apartment for 1-d was equally effective as 11-d placement of 6-18 Climbup insect interceptors (a commonly used bed bug monitor) under furniture legs for trapping bed bugs. When carbon dioxide was present, pair-wise comparisons showed the experimental lure increased trap catch by 7.2 times. This sugar-yeast monitor with a chemical lure is an affordable and effective tool for monitoring bed bugs. This monitor is especially useful for monitoring bed bugs where a human host is not present.
Speed of simple arithmetic in bilinguals

Four types of bilinguals solved simple addition problems that were auditorily presented in their preferred language, the language in which they first learned arithmetic, or in their nonpreferred language. Subjects responded in the language in which the problems were presented. Solution time averaged .227 sec faster in the preferred language and was an increasing linear function of the number of addition operations required. The intercepts of the preferred and nonpreferred language functions significantly differed, but the slopes did not. The preferred language advantage was attributed to faster encoding and/or response times in the preferred language. When bilinguals used only one of their languages in a given experimental session, encoding/response times in the two languages were equivalent and the preferred language advantage was eliminated.
Alzheimer's disease: New genetic research strategies

Abstract Molecular genetic strategies focused at Alzheimer's Disease are described. This includes both sib-pair linkage testing as well as standard likelihood (LOD score) methods. In addition, techniques for testing candidate genes are described. Strategies using subtraction cDNA libraries to determine disease specific, brain region specific, and chromosome specific mRNAs are presented.
Fecundity and infertility in the United States.

About 2.4 million married couples, with the wives 15-44 years of age, were infertile in 1982 by the conventional medical definition of infertility-a married couple with 12 months or more of unprotected intercourse without a pregnancy.' Approximately 1.0 million of the couples were childless (primary infertility) and the other 1.4 million had one or more births before they became infertile (secondary infertility). This definition measures only difficulty in conceiving, however, and includes married couples only. The concept of impaired fecundity is broader. It includes both difficulty in conceiving and difficulty carrying to term among both married and unmarried women. About 4.5 million women (or couples) had difficulty conceiving or carrying a baby to term (impaired fecundity) in 1982 (Table 1). Both infertility and impaired fecundity measure difficulty in having a baby, not sterility. Since many of these difficulties can be treated, infertility and impaired fecundity can be used to estimate the number who may need medical services to help them have children. The findings discussed above are only afew ofthe principal results in a recent report' on fecundity (the physical ability to have children), infertility (inability to conceive after 12 months or more of unprotected intercourse), and related aspects of reproductive health-including surgical sterilization, spontaneous pregnancy loss, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, which was based on face-to-face interviews conducted in the homes of a nationally representative sample of 7,969 women 15-44 years of age. The data for each woman are multiplied, or "weighted," by the number of women she represents in the population. Therefore, the 7,969 women interviewed represent the 54 million women ages 15-44 in the US in 1982, and the data reported here are national estimates. The questionnaire included a pregnancy history, a contraceptive history, a marital history, questions on sterilization and infertility problems, and a number of demographic characteristics. No medical examinations or tests were performed, so the etiology of the infertility problems was not
Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures

Today, a variety of heuristic approaches are available to the operations research practitioner. One methodology that has a strong intuitive appeal, a prominent empirical track record, and is trivial to efficiently implement on parallel processors is GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures). GRASP is an iterative randomized sampling technique in which each iteration provides a solution to the problem at hand. The incumbent solution over all GRASP iterations is kept as the final result. There are two phases within each GRASP iteration: the first intelligently constructs an initial solution via an adaptive randomized greedy function; the second applies a local search procedure to the constructed solution in hope of finding an improvement. In this paper, we define the various components comprising a GRASP and demonstrate, step by step, how to develop such heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems. Intuitive justifications for the observed empirical behavior of the methodology are discussed. The paper concludes with a brief literature review of GRASP implementations and mentions two industrial applications.
VEGF Attenuates Hyperoxic Injury through Decreased Apoptosis in Explanted Rat Embryonic Lung

Ambient oxygen concentration and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A are vital in lung development. Since hypoxia stimulates VEGF-A production and hyperoxia reduces it, we hypothesized that VEGF-A down-regulation by exposure of airways to hyperoxia may result in abnormal lung development. An established model of in vitro rat lung development was used to examine the effects of hyperoxia on embryonic lung morphogenesis and VEGF-A expression. Under physiologic conditions, lung explant growth and branching is similar to that seen in vivo. However, in hyperoxia (50% O2) the number of terminal buds and branch length was significantly reduced after 4 d of culture. This effect correlated with a significant increase in cellular apoptosis and decrease in proliferation compared with culture under physiologic conditions. mRNA for Vegf164 and Vegf188 was reduced during hyperoxia and addition of VEGF165, but not VEGF121, to explants grown in 50% O2 resulted in partial reversal of the decrease in lung branching, correlating with a decrease in cell apoptosis. Thus, hyperoxia suppresses VEGF-A expression and inhibits airway growth and branching. The ability of exogenous VEGF165 to partially reverse apoptotic effects suggests this may be a potential approach for the prevention of hyperoxic injury.
Dust observations in the DIII-D tokamak using a fast camera

Naturally occurring and injected dust particles are observed in the DIII-D tokamak in the outer midplane scrape-off-layer (SOL) using a fast-framing visible camera. Sources of naturally occurring dust include material eroded from plasma facing components by transient events such as edge-localized-modes (ELMs) or disruptions. Dust particles ablate when they enter a hot region of plasma near the separatrix, or when an ELM filament intercepts a dust particle already present in the SOL. Modeling shows that line radiation from the ablation cloud dominates thermal radiation from the dust particle when the plasma temperature is greater than ∼10–50 eV for typical edge plasma densities in DIII-D. The size of dust particles is estimated using the observed particle lifetime and theoretical ablation rate of a carbon sphere. Using this method, the lower limit of detected dust diameter is ∼6 mm and particles with inferred diameter ≫1 mm are observed. Dust particle 2D velocities range from approximately 10 to 300 m/s, with larger velocities measured for smaller particles. The observed scaling of the dust velocity as a function of size R d is in rough agreement with the v ∝ R d −1/2 scaling predicted by a simple 1D analytic model of spherical carbon dust particles accelerated due to ion drag in a uniform plasma, for a fixed distance between the dust origin and the observation region. Pre-characterized 2–4 mm diameter diamond dust particles are introduced at the lower divertor in an ELMing H-mode discharge using the divertor materials evaluation system (DiMES), and these particles are found to be at the lower size limit of camera detection using resolution of ∼0.2 cm2 per pixel and exposure time of 330 ms. Injection of pre-characterized 6 mm median diameter dust indicates that the inferred size of naturally occurring dust may be overestimated by up to a factor of 10.
Using a System Model to Decompose the Effects of Influential Factors on Locational Marginal Prices

Locational marginal prices (LMPs) are influenced by various factors such as load uncertainty, thermal limit, capacity reserve, and market power. We build a system model to quantitatively analyze the effects of these individual factors and their interactions on the mean and standard deviation of the LMPs, assuming that the factors are either active or inactive. According to the sensitivity analysis results from convex quadratic programming, LMPs are piecewise linear functions of demand variation, which is a key property used in the computation. This paper attempts to answer the following types of questions: (1) To what extent does market power raise the LMPs above the marginal cost? (2) What effects will generation or transmission capacity expansion have on relieving high LMPs under high demand scenarios? An IEEE 30-bus test system is used as an example to demonstrate our approach.
Global Interdependence and the Responsibilities of States: Learning from the Japanese Experience*

In view of the multiple and complex ways that states are dependent upon one another, it is imperative that governments work together responsibly to address problems that transcend national boundaries. Japan is examined as a case study not only because it is a prototype of a modern interdependent state, but also because the Japanese are actively reassessing their role in world politics in view of their country's emergence as an economic superpower and are taking steps to 'internationalize' their society to facilitate more effective foreign interactions. Japan is a unique case given the combination of its historical isolation, the aggressive role it played in World War II, and its spectacular economic growth of the last few decades. Recent Japanese governments have attempted to play a more active role in maintaining a stable and peaceful world order through diplomatic initiatives, participation in international institutions, and substantial increases in foreign aid. Efforts to internationalize the Japanese people include programs to enhance the quality of foreign language instruction, to educate the Japanese people on foreign cultures, and to attract more foreign students, but progress is slow because of language barriers and the group-oriented social structure of the Japanese. Definitions of global responsibilities and the process of internationalization are proposed based on the Japanese experience. Finally, several implications that this study has for peace research are suggested, especially in conceptualizing peace in positive and associative terms and in setting forth agendas on foreign policy and peace action.
Time Travel Without Causal Loops

It has sometimes been suggested that backwards time travel always incurs causal loops. I show that this is mistaken, by describing worlds where backwards time travel occurs and yet no causal loops occur. Arguments that backwards time travel can occur without causal loops have been given before in the literature, but I show that those arguments are unconvincing.
FrzZ, a dual CheY‐like response regulator, functions as an output for the Frz chemosensory pathway of Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus utilizes two distinct motility systems for movement (gliding) on solid surfaces: adventurous motility (A-motility) and social motility (S-motility). Both systems are regulated by the Frz signal transduction pathway, which controls cell reversals required for directed motility and fruiting body formation. The Frz chemosensory system, unlike the Escherichia coli chemotaxis system, contains proteins with multiple response regulator domains: FrzE, a CheA-CheY hybrid protein, and FrzZ, a CheY-CheY hybrid protein. Previously, the CheY domain of FrzE was hypothesized to act as the response regulator output of the Frz system. In this study, using a genetic suppressor screen, we identified FrzZ and showed FrzZ is epistatic to FrzE, demonstrating that FrzZ is the principal output component of the pathway. We constructed M. xanthus point mutations in the phosphoaccepting aspartate residues of FrzZ and demonstrated the respective roles of these residues in group and single cell motility. We also performed in vitro assays and showed rapid phosphotransfer between the CheA domain of FrzE and each of the CheY domains of FrzZ. These experiments showed that FrzZ plays a direct role as an output of the Frz chemosensory pathway and that both CheY domains of FrzZ are functional.
A comparative study of functional 16 K bipolar PROM circuits fabricated on bonded, oxide isolated and junction isolated substrates

Summary form only given. Fully functional 16 K bipolar PROMS fabricated on bonded, oxide-isolated and junction-isolated substrates are discussed. The differences in device parameters, particularly those related to leakage current, are related to the unique properties of each substrate type. Circuit performance improvements were attained by the reduction of the collector-to-substrate capacitance of the bipolar transistors. >
Chaotic-Pulse-Position Modulation: A third party intrusion scheme using Kalman Filter

In this paper, we focus on the security issue of a chaotic digital communication scheme called chaotic-pulse- position modulation. We design a third party intrusion scheme to test to see if CPPM is as secure as is claimed. Experiments are conducted with various chaotic maps, where CPPM is used to modulate the message at the transmitter and a Kalman filter fed with a polynomial approximation is used at the receive. It is, shown that we can recover the original message without knowing the initial state or the chaotic map used at the transmitter. The bit error rate performances under different signal to noise ratios are evaluated to show the feasibility of this task. Furthermore, we use a bank of Kalman filters, each having polynomial models of various degrees, to estimate the degree of the chaotic map used at the transmitter. Successful results are reported.
A method of obtaining signal components and their power content of a residual carrier signal

A novel algorithm for obtaining all signal components of a residual carrier signal with any number of channels is presented. The phase modulation type may be NRZ-L or split phase (Manchester). The algorithm also provides an easy way of obtaining the power contents of the signal components. Steps for recognizing the signal components that influence the carrier tracking loop and the data tracking loop at the receiver are given. >
A comparison of the predictive abilities of dimensional and categorical models of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey.

BackgroundTaxometric research on depression has yielded mixed results, with some studies supporting dimensional solutions and others supporting taxonic solutions. Although supplementary tests of construct validity might clarify these mixed findings, to date such analyses have not been reported. The present study represents a follow-up to our previous taxometric study of depression designed to evaluate the relative predictive validities of dimensional and categorical models of depression.MethodTwo sets of dimensional and categorical models of depression were constructed from the depression items of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview: (1) empirically derived models obtained using latent structure analyses and (2) rationally selected models, including an additive depressive symptoms scale (dimensional) and DSM major depressive episodes (categorical). Both sets of dimensional and categorical models were compared in terms of their abilities to predict various clinically relevant outcomes (psychiatric diagnoses and impairment).ResultsFactor analyses suggested a two-factor model (‘cognitive–affective’ and ‘somatic’ symptoms) and latent class analyses suggested a three-class model (‘severe depression’, ‘moderate depression’ and ‘cognitive–affective distress’). In predictive analyses that simultaneously included dimensional and categorical models as predictors, the dimensional models remained significant unique predictors of outcomes while the categorical models did not.ConclusionsBoth dimensional models provided superior predictive validity relative to their categorical counterparts. These results provide construct validity evidence for the dimensional findings from our previous taxometric study and thus inspire confidence in dimensional conceptualizations of depression. It remains for future research to evaluate the construct validity of the taxonic solutions reported in the literature.
Optical Constants and Reflectance and Transmittance of Evaporated Aluminum in the Visible and Ultraviolet

The paper presents new measurements of the optical constants and of the reflectance and transmittance of evaporated aluminum films produced from the purest grade of aluminum with extremely fast evaporation at about 10−5 mm Hg. The optical constants were determined by Drude’s polarimetric method from opaque films and by reflectance, transmittance, and true thickness measurements of semitransparent films. The following results were obtained. λ (mμ)220260300340380436492546578650n0.140.190.250.310.370.470.640.820.931.30k2.352.853.333.804.254.845.505.996.337.11R%91.892.092.192.392.692.692.291.691.590.7For extremely fast evaporated films the optical constants were found to remain unchanged down to film thicknesses of less than 100 A. Data are given on the reflectance and transmittance of semitransparent aluminum films on glass and fused quartz as a function of wavelength from 220 mμ to 650 mμ.
State-of-the-art Adsorption and Membrane Separation Processes for Carbon Dioxide Production from Carbon Dioxide Emitting Industries

Abstract With the growing concern about global warming placing greater demands on improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions, the need for improving the energy intensive, separation processes involving CO2 is well recognized. The US Department of Energy estimates that the separation of CO2 represents 75% of the cost associated with its separation, storage, transport, and sequestration operations. Hence, energy efficient, CO2 separation technologies with improved economics are needed for industrial processing and for future options to capture and concentrate CO2 for reuse or sequestration. The overall goal of this review is to foster the development of new adsorption and membrane technologies to improve manufacturing efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. This study focuses on the power, petrochemical, and other CO2 emitting industries, and provides a detailed review of the current commercial CO2 separation technologies, i.e., absorption, adsorption, membrane, and cryogenic, an overview of the em...
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of ceveratrum alkaloids

The 13C NMR spectra were determined and signals assigned to the various carbons of the alkamines veracevine, germine and zygacine derived from steroidal alkaloids of the ceveratrum class. Assignment of signals was aided by analysis of the partially relaxed spectrum of cervagenine 9,12,14-orthoacetate-3, 16-diacetate.
Amorphous Silicon—Germanium Deposited by Photo—CVD

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) films were deposited by photo-chemical vapor deposition (Photo-CVD) of SiH4 and GeH4 with mercury sensitizer. Their band gap was controlled from 0.9 eV to 1.9 eV by changing the gas ratio of SiH4 and GeH4. High quality opto—electrical properties have been obtained for the a-SiGe:H films by Photo-CVD. Hydrogen termination and microstructure of a-SiGe:H were investigated by infrared absorption and transmission electron microscopy. An a-Si:H solar cell and an a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H stacked solar cell were made, each of which has conversion efficiency 5.3% and 5.1%, respectively.
Opacity analysis of inelastic molecular collisons: III. the conservation of the total cross section

Abstract The classical optical model is used to prove that the magnitude of the total cross section is independent of the extent of inelastic processes. Refinements are necessary to obtain quantitative estimates and account for very long range inelastic collisions.
A model of distributed team information processing under ambiguity

Distributed information processing by a three-person team operating in a binary hypothesis-testing environment is considered. The team is hierarchical, with a primary decision-maker (DM0) and two subordinate DMs (DM1 and DM2). Given a set of measurements, the team has to decide whether a contact is a threat or a neutral. The subordinates are experts, one at detecting threats and the other at detecting neutrals. The team has access to noisy measurements from three sensors; one global, shared by all three DMs, and two local, dedicated to each of the two subordinates. The primary DM makes the final team decision based on the reports of the subordinates and the global measurement, and attaches a confidence level to the decision. A normative model for the distributed detection process is developed. The normative predictions are compared with the experimental data to identify cognitive biases of human DMs. A normative-descriptive model that accounts for these biases is developed, and is shown to provide an excellent match with the experimental data. >
Optimal orientation function for SAW devices

The traditional electromechanical coupling coefficient (K/sup 2/) and temperature coefficient of delay (TCD); more recently velocity (v/sub p/), for compact or high frequency devices; and now power flow angle (PFA), diffraction (/spl gamma/), amplitude (|/spl Gamma/|) and phase (/spl ang//spl Gamma/) of a metal strip reflection coefficient are equally important in surface acoustic wave (SAW) device design and operation. In this paper a novel function which simultaneously analyzes seven SAW propagation properties (v/sub p/, K/sup 2/, TCD, PFA, /spl gamma/, |/spl Gamma/|, and /spl ang//spl Gamma/) is discussed and implemented. This flexible function allows the search and selection of optimal propagation directions along arbitrary piezoelectric substrates by employing user defined criteria for each property analyzed which: (i) specify target values; (ii) set acceptable variations from the target values; (iii) assign desired weights; and (iv) normalize to the maximum property value variations for the orientations under study. Given a substrate and a set of basic propagation properties covering a region in the space or in a plane, the function outputs a scalar number for each orientation. The minima indicate optimal orientations with respect to the user defined search criteria and weights. Contour plots are given showing the function results with respect to orientations in space for different substrates, the historic quartz, and those of more recent interest, the LGX family of crystals. The results validate the usefulness of the optimal orientation function in locating optimal SAW propagation directions and regions in space. Using quartz, for example, attractive propagation properties are confirmed along Euler angles (0/spl deg/, 43.8/spl deg/, 23.2/spl deg/): K/sup 2/ is 19% above ST-X, diffraction is minimal, /spl gamma/ and PFA are zero, and the reflection coefficient is almost four times higher than ST-X. Comparisons with previously reported experimental results on quartz and the LGX family of crystals are given.
A criterion‐referenced examination in cardiovascular disease †

Summary. This study described criterion-referenced tests of electrocardiograph reading skill and basic knowledge in cardiology, assessed their dependability and validity, and explored their impact on overall certification rates. Data indicated that the standard-setting processes and the two criterion-referenced tests produced dependable results both separately and together. Scores of each had the expected relationships with quality of residency training and experience with the examination. Moreover, these sections of the examination identified a small subset of examinees who failed the criterion-referenced sections but passed the norm-referenced examinations. Taken as a whole these results replicate the findings of an earlier study in terms of a criterion-referenced test of electrocardiograph reading skill and extended them to a criterion-referenced test of basic knowledge in cardiology.
Identification of cave minerals by Raman spectroscopy: new technology for non-destructive analysis

The identification of minerals from caves generally requires that samples be removed from the cave for analysis in the laboratory. The usual tools are X-ray powder diffraction, the optical microscope, and the scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction gives a definitive fingerprint by which the mineral can be identified by comparison with a catalog of reference patterns. However, samples must be ground to powder and unstable hydrated minerals may decompose before analysis is complete. Raman spectroscopy also provides a fingerprint useful for mineral identification but with the additional advantage that some a-priori interpretation of the spectra is possible (distinguishing carbonates from sulfates, for example). Because excitation of the spectra is by means of a laser beam, it is possible to measure the spectra of samples in sealed glass containers, thus preserving unstable samples. Because laser beams can be focused, spectra can be obtained from individual grains. New technology has reduced the size of the instrument and also the sensitivity of the optical system to vibration and transport so that a portable instrument has become possible. The sampling probe is linked to the spectrometer by optical fibers so that large specimens can be examined without damage. Comparative spectra of common cave minerals demonstrate the value of Raman spectra as an identification technique.
Limit distributions for products of sums

Abstract Let {X,X n , n⩾1} be a sequence of independent and identically distributed positive random variables and set S n =∑ j=1 n X j for n⩾1. This paper proves that properly normalized products of the partial sums, (∏j=1nSj/n!μn)μ/An, converges in distribution to some nondegenerate distribution when X is in the domain of attraction of a stable law with index α∈(1,2].
Path-protection routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in WDM mesh networks under duct-layer constraints

This study investigates the problem of fault management in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)-based optical mesh network in which failures occur due to fiber cuts. In reality, bundles of fibers often get cut at the same time due to construction or destructive natural events, such as earthquakes. Fibers laid down in the same duct have a significant probability to fail at the same time. When path protection is employed, we require the primary path and the backup path to be duct-disjoint, so that the network is survivable under single-duct failures. Moreover, if two primary paths go through any common duct, their backup paths cannot share wavelengths on common links. This study addresses the routing and wavelength-assignment problem in a network with path protection under duct-layer constraints. Off-line algorithms for static traffic is developed to combat single-duct failures. The objective is to minimize total number of wavelengths used on all the links in the network. Both integer linear programs and a heuristic algorithm are presented and their performance is compared through numerical examples.
Safety and Toxicity of Dietary Organic Arsenicals Relative to Performance of Young Turkeys 1. Arsanilic Acid and Sodium Arsanilate

Abstract Four experiments were conducted with Large White turkeys from day-old to 28 days of age. Graded levels of each organic arsenical were fed in a ground yellow corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 28% protein. The body weight of individual birds and feed consumption of each experimental group were recorded at the end of 14 and 28 days. Birds were closely observed for toxicity symptoms and mortality on a daily basis. The maximum safe dietary level of arsanilic acid relative to the performance of young turkeys to 28 days of age was between 0.03 and 0.04 percent. Body weight gain to 28-days was significantly decreased ( P Sodium arsanilate was less toxic than arsanilic acid. Arsanilic acid contains about 10 percent more arsenic than its sodium salt, which might explain the observed difference in toxicity. Body weight gain was significantly ( P
Above-Threshold Poles in Model-Independent Form Factor Parametrizations

The model-independent parametrization for exclusive hadronic form factors commonly used for semileptonic decays is generalized to allow for the inclusion of above-threshold resonant poles of known mass and width. We discuss the interpretation of such poles, particularly with respect to the analytic structure of the relevant two-point Green's function in which they reside. Their presence has a remarkably small effect on the parametrization, as we show explicitly for the case of $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$.
Names, Natures and Things: A Prefatory Note on the Central Theme of the Kitāb Al-Ahjār

Jābir’s Science of Balance was at once a metaphysical doctrine and a methodological thesis. Viewed as metaphysical doctrine, it embodied a universal principle which governed not only the sublunar world of generation and corruption, but also that which lay beyond the Sphere (al-Falak) in the intangible (ghayr malmūsa) realm of the hypostases. Thus we read in the Ahjār that there is a characteristic Balance of the stars, their distances, and their. movements; and there is a Balance by means of which the Sphere manifests itself to man. But over and above these, there are Balances even of the Soul and the Intelligence,1 “beyond Which there is no end” (lā nihāya ba’d dhālik).2
Targeting Multivariable Risks: An Opportunity for Population High Blood Pressure Control.

Elevated blood pressure has been recognized since the early 20th century as an indicator of adverse cardiovascular risk and mortality, with increased rates of disease with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.[1][1] Results from early hypertension treatment studies from the Veterans
Controlled evaluation of a community pediatrics intervention to stimulate interest in careers in medicine among low-income eighth-grade students.

Objective To determine in a controlled cohort whether a one-day hospital visitation program will affect long-term student interest in a career in medicine. Design Historical cohort study using data from alumni survey in fall 2008. Setting Two academic hospitals, in collaboration with a community-based educational organization. Participants A total of 775 motivated, high-achieving eighth-grade students from low-income households throughout New Jersey. The students were enrolled from school year 2000-01 through 2007-08 in a fourteen-month academic enrichment curriculum run by the New Jersey Scholars, Educators, Excellence, Dedication, Success program (NJ SEEDS) at four sites across the state. Intervention: Students from two of the four sites participated in NJ SEEDS Hospital Day, a one-day experiential hospital visit. Main Outcome Measure The percentage of alumni who stated the intention to pursue a medical degree. Results Thirty-nine of 175 (22%) survey respondents who were offered a Hospital Day program stated a plan to pursue a medical degree, compared with 42 of 288 (15%) respondents not offered a Hospital Day experience (p=.03). Adjusting for gender, race, year of participation, and tutoring by a Hospital Day physician, the factors that significantly increased the likelihood of planning to pursue a medical degree were Hospital Day participation (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% confidence intervals (Cl) 1.2-3.4) and Asian race (adjusted OR 3.6; Cl 1.3-10.1). Conclusions An interactive hospital-based one-day pipeline program was associated with increased plans to pursue a medical degree among NJ SEEDS students when surveyed one to eight years following participation.
Effect of Renal and Systemic Bloods from Normotensive and Renal Hypertensive Dogs on Arterial Rings

Conclusions1. The vasoconstricting effects of heparinized renal vein and femoral artery bloods from three clogs before and after the production of renal (Goldhlatt) hypertension were studied on arterial segments from the mesenteric arteries of beeves. 2. No significant differences were found either during normotension or hypertension. 3. These results do not support the presence of a pressor substance in the renal vein and systemic bloods of Goldblatt dogs but by no means rule out the probability.
Micropuncture study of sodium and potassium excretion in rat parotid saliva: role of aldosterone.

Recent studies (1, 2) of salivary gland function have demonstrated that the rat parotid gland, like the parotids of man and dog (3, 4), produces saliva hypotonic to plasma. Micropuncture and microanalytical techniques have been used to demonstrate that salivary hypotonicity is produced in the striated ducts of the gland by reabsorption of sodium in excess of water from a plasma-like primary secretion (2). The cellular structure of the striated ducts is similar to the structure of the distal tubules of the kidney (5). Since previous studies have indicated that the major action of aldosterone is on the distal tubules of the mammalian nephron (6), we undertook the present study of the role of aldosterone on the function of the rat parotid gland. The effects of this hormone on the handling of sodium and potassium by the parotid in general and the striated ducts in particular were investigated before and after adrenalectomy. The ability of exogenous aldosterone to reestablish normal handling of sodium and pota...
A Simultaneous Equation Regression Study of Advertising and Sales of Cigarettes

Application of simultaneous equation regression methods in analyzing limited time series data for sales and advertising. In testing sales arid advertising relationships for filter and nonfilter cigarette brands, a model in which the advertising elasticity for filter brands is substantially greater than that for nonfilter brands is not rejected.