cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on data fusion of infrared imaging/millimeter wave radar combined seeker

Analyzes the technical characters and working states of IR Imaging/MMW Radar combined seeker,introduces the method of calculating the angle between target and IR imaging sensor.Since the plane MMW Radar cannot supply the pitch angle of target,in this paper,using the altitude supply by altitude indicator in the missile,a new method is presented to calculate the pitch angle,and fuse the information got from IR and MMW system through the algorithm of optimal weighted mean,study shows that a better result can be get through this way.
Epidemiological analysis of hand-food-mouth disease in Huangshi City(2008-2010.6.30)

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Huangshi city from 2008 to the first half of 2010,so as to provide scientific evidence for the effective prevention and control of HFMD.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted for the data obtained from HFMD epidemic in Huangshi city.Results 4666 cases of HFMD were reported in Huangshi city from 2008 to the first half of 2010,including 2 deaths.The incidence of HFMD increased significantly.HFMD case was reported through out the year with clear seasonal peak.Most cases occurred during the period of 15 to 30 weeks,children under 5 years old accounted for 90.44% of the total reported cases.There was significant statistical difference with other age groups(χ2=50826.34,P0.01);The incidence of male was higher than female and was of statistical significance(χ2=576.52,P0.01).High incidence was also found in the scattered children and Kindergarten's children,accounted for 70.04% and 25.68% respectively.The result of pathogen monitoring suggested that HFMD was co-infected with enterovirus71(EV71),coxsacjievirus16(COXA16) and other entero-viruses in Huangshi city.HFMD was mainly caused by EV71 in 2010,accounting for 37.50%. Conclusions There was significant seasonal,age,gender and occupational difference in the incidence of HFMD,therefore,focus should be put on the key population and epidemic surveillance should be strengthened,so as to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Effects of extracellular ATP on ICa, [Ca2+]i, and contraction in isolated ferret ventricular myocytes

The effects of extracellular ATP on the voltage-activated "L-type" Ca current (ICa), action potential, resting and transient intracellular Ca2+ levels, and cell contraction were examined in enzymat...
Efficacy of Fleroxacin Versus Amoxicillin in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis

In a multicenter study the efficacy and safety of oral fleroxacin at 400 mg once a day and amoxicillin at 500 mg three times daily for 7 days were compared for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to drug-susceptible bacteria. A total of 194 patients were enrolled, 102 in the fleroxacin group and 92 in the amoxicillin group. Of those enrolled, 22 in the fleroxacin group and 30 (29 for clinical efficacy) in the amoxicillin group were included in the efficacy analysis. All were included in the safety analysis. Clinical success was noted in 21 (95%) of 22 fleroxacin-treated patients and 22 (76%) of 29 amoxicillin-treated patients. Bacteriologic cure was obtained in 21 (95%) of 22 of the fleroxacin group and 18 (60%) of 30 of the amoxicillin group. One Haemophilus parainfluenzae strain persisted with fleroxacin. Persisting organisms with amoxicillin included Haemophilus influenzae (four), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (three), Escherichia coli (two), Streptococcus pneumoniae (one), Neisseria species (one), and Proteus mirabilis (one). Adverse events were reported by 41% of 102 patients receiving fleroxacin and 15% of 92 patients receiving amoxicillin. Insomnia, dizziness, and nausea occurred more frequently with fleroxacin. Fleroxacin may be indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial infection in chronic bronchitis known to be due to Haemophilus species and Moraxella catarrhalis. The 92% incidence of resistance among the S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from all enrolled patients suggests that fleroxacin may not be useful for such infections.
Elimination of boundary effect for laminated overburden model in pillar stability analysis

The laminated overburden model (LaModel) has been widely used for pillar design and stability analysis. As a boundary element program, the LaModel program is sensitive to the boundary condition, which should be considered before creating the model. To eliminate the boundary effect in a LaModel pillar stability analysis, a suitable boundary buffer zone is needed around the model edge. The radius of influence (R) and the abutment load extent (D) are two major factors that affect the stresses and displacements calculated in LaModel. To determine the optimum buffer zone extent, a database of case histories was analyzed using the LaModel program. Values for R and D were varied until a buffer zone having negligible influence on the pillar stability factor (SF) of the active mining zone (AMZ) was determined.
Applicability of quantitative techniques in studies of colonialism: Towards addressing questions of subjectivity

Introduction As an area of scholarly inquiry, studies on colonialism possess more than historical value. They provide a sound basis for understanding contemporary dynamics and predicting the future trajectories of development initiatives in erstwhile colonized polities. However, the time-tested methods and techniques for undertaking work of this genre are not contained within the toolkit of traditional history scholars. Rather, they constitute part of the apparatus of the emerging subfield of quantitative history. This latter “involves the use of numeric data—or other evidence that can be counted—as a primary source for analysis and interpretation” (History Matters, online para. 1). While quantitative methods and techniques have actually been employed in practice (see e.g., Njoh 2012; Fox 2013), no effort has been made to provide some guidelines as to when and how to use them. Consequently, there is a glaring gap in knowledge of the utility and applicability of these very useful methods and techniques in historical studies. My main objective in this article is to contribute to efforts addressed to closing this lacuna. I proceed in the following order. Initially, I provide some background information on the history of quantitative history. Then, I advance a case for the use of quantitative techniques and analysis in colonial and post-colonial studies. Next, I highlight some of the major barriers to quantitative research in these studies. Following this, I draw on some of my own works to illustrate the strengths of employing quantitative methods and commensurate techniques to analyze historical data. I end the article with some concluding remarks.
Computer Science and Game Theory

There has been a remarkable increase in work at the interface of computer science and game theory in the past decade. Game theory forms a significant component of some major computer science conferences (see, for example, Kearns and Reiter, 2005; Sandholm and Yokoo, 2003); leading computer scientists are often invited to speak at major game theory conferences, such as the World Congress on Game Theory 2000 and 2004. In this article I survey some of the main themes of work in the area, with a focus on the work in computer science. Given the length constraints, I make no attempt at being comprehensive, especially since other surveys are also available, including Halpern (2003), Linial (1994), Papadimitriou (2001), and a comprehensive survey book (Nisan et al., 2007).
SiGe-base heterojunction bipolar transistors: physics and design issues

It has been shown that SiGe technology has the capability to extend the performance of Si bipolar transistors at both high and low current levels. The ability to tailor the bandgap, independently of the doping profile design, provides considerable flexibility for optimizing cutoff frequency, intrinsic base resistance, and junction capacitances for a given application. It is concluded that, when combined with a self-aligned process, SiGe can significantly improve the speed of Si bipolar circuits. >
Are Predictive Energy Expenditure Equations in Ventilated Surgery Patients Accurate

Background:While indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard used to calculate specific calorie needs in the critically ill, predictive equations are frequently utilized at many institutions for...
Endocrine Function after Bariatric Surgery

Obesity increases the risks of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bariatric surgery is the most successful therapeutic option that causes sustained weight loss and improvements in obesity comorbidities. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are two of the most frequently performed bariatric surgeries. Despite their different anatomical rearrangement, they have remarkably similar success in both weight loss and T2DM remission. Interestingly, they also both cause a wide range of endocrine changes. Many of these endocrine changes are reflected specifically within the intestine and are implicated as mechanisms for the metabolic success of surgery. However, while most of the work shows that these hormonal changes are associated with the metabolic changes after surgery, causation has been difficult to ascertain. Here, we review the endocrine changes after RYGB and VSG and explore their mechanistic role in the success of bariatric surgery. Further, we explore important changes in gastrointestinal function and the role of these changes in the increase in postprandial endocrine responses after bariatric surgery. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:783-798, 2017.
A review of bullous pemphigoid associated with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.

Background Dermatologic toxicity represents a substantial portion of all immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a rare cutaneous side effect of these medications, which can initially be clinically indistinguishable from other, low-grade cutaneous toxicity. Objective To better characterize the clinical features of BP associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, evaluate the efficacy of various treatment regimens, determine the frequency of prodromal pruritus, and assess whether immunological diagnostic studies for BP are warranted in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors who develop intractable pruritus. Methods A comprehensive review of the English-language medical literature was performed using key terms. Papers published on any date and from all origins were considered. Fourteen publications, containing 21 patient cases, were selected independently by two reviewers and deemed relevant to the present publication. Results Pruritus was a prominent feature of the majority (12/21) of cases and preceded or occurred concurrently with BP development. Bullae developed within 6-8 months of initiation of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; however, a smaller subset of patients did not develop bullae for 1-1.5 years following initiation of therapy. Mean time to pruritus was similar for pembrolizumab and nivolumab at 19 and 21 weeks, respectively. Development of BP required discontinuation of immunotherapy in 76% (16/21) of cases. Conclusion Prodromal or "non-bullous" variants of BP must be considered in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors who develop protracted or worsening pruritus. Early diagnostic immunological evaluation of the skin may lead to improved patient outcomes by facilitating timely initiation of treatment and prevent disruptions in cancer therapy.
Penal monitoring in the United States: lessons from the American experience and prospects for change

While independent penal monitoring has a history as old as the prison itself, the United States has historically lacked a robust system of monitoring at the federal, state and local level. Studies of the protection of human rights in prisons, and growing experience with robust monitoring systems, like those promoted by the United Nations through the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) and the Council of Europe highlight the peril for the United States which is not a signatory to OPCAT and has largely failed to create adequate independent systems of monitoring. When practiced routinely monitoring creates conditions that make extreme turns in penal policy less likely and protect human rights in prisons when populist pressures do build. That peril has come to pass as mass incarceration policies have made overcrowding ubiquitous and undiscovered violations of human rights on a mass scale almost inevitable. Instead of routine independent monitoring, the US has relied almost exclusively on judicial decrees, some of which involve independent monitoring. Unfortunately, while courts have great power to order reforms, and have under some conditions produced systemic prison reforms, the adversarial nature of American legalism makes standards based on litigation subject to enforcement resistance by correctional systems. Even this path, however, has been largely foreclosed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 (PLRA) which largely cut off prisoner access to the federal courts just as prisons were entering the most perilous phase of overcrowding. Yet it is possible that today the growing human rights crisis in prison and the loss of confidence in correctional leadership to fix those problems is opening up space to place independent penal monitoring at the center of human rights protection in prisons. As the US carceral state enters profound crisis of legitimacy monitoring, in prisons and in analog form across the carceral state institutions, can play a crucial role in making correctional governance both more legitimate and more effective at promoting the human rights of prisoners.
Real-time in-chip phase noise characterization of digitally controlled swept laser source

Distributed optical fiber sensors are increasingly utilized method of distributed strain and temperature sensing, and the swept laser source plays an significant role in these applications. However, there is dynamic frequency-noise as the laser sweeping. In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a real-time in-situ phase noise detecting method in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip, which permits accurate and insightful investigation of laser stability. This method takes only 1 clock cycle to capture the phase noise.
A Perspective on Parallel Processing in Computer Vision and Image Understanding

In this paper we review the basic issues and current status of parallel processing for Computer Vision and Image Understanding.
X-Ray Spectroscopy in Forensic Medicine-Metal Poisoning

X-ray spectrographic analysis is a very useful method for evaluation of certain element concentrations in biological tissues for purposes of clinical and toxicological investigation. The organic matrix prevents presentation of samples for analysis in their natural state; but after suitable isolation and in some cases preconcentration data of high accuracy and reproducibility are obtained with X-ray spectroscopy.
Cerebellar Structure and Development

The cerebellum is a brain structure primarily involved in motor coordination. The adult cerebellar circuit is a product of precisely timed mitotic, migratory and synaptogenetic events during development.1–21 The cerebellar cortex is a trilaminar structure (Fig. 2.1) containing five classes of neurons.22–27 Stellate and basket cells are located in the superficial molecular layer, beneath which lies the layer of Purkinje cells. The internal granule cell layer is the deepest layer of the cerebellar cortex and contains granule and Golgi cells. During development, a transient external germinal layer is found superficially to the molecular layer (Fig. 2.2); this is where granule cells are generated and then migrate inbound to settle in their final location in the internal granule cell layer. The adult mouse cerebellum has been estimated to contain about 200,000 Purkinje cells and around 2 × 107 granule cells.28’29 Specific immunochemical markers are available for the identification of Purkinje cells.30–32
A Systematic Design Approach to Manufacturing Education

Abstract In this paper, Collective System Design (a systems engineering methodology) is applied to the development of an academic course in manufacturing systems and manufacturing process design. Collective System Design strives to maximize the potential of an enterprise by creating a sustainable organization that is successful. Likewise, it is proposed that the Collective System Design approach may be used to create a successful and sustainable educational experience for students and may serve as a model to be used for course design within any educational curriculum.
Medial canthoplasty for the management of exposure keratopathy.

To report the surgical technique and functional outcomes of the medial canthoplasty for the treatment of exposure keratopathy. An IRB approved, retrospective review of patients who underwent medial canthoplasty for exposure keratopathy was performed. Patient demographics, reported symptoms, and clinical examination findings were collected and analyzed from pre-operative and follow-up visits. The study included 73 consecutive cases in which the medial canthoplasty was performed in patients with exposure keratopathy. The average follow-up period was 7.9 months (median: 4.7 months; range: 1–150 months). Complete or partial improvement in ocular symptoms (dryness; pain/irritation; tearing) was achieved in 95% (69/73). Clinically, 85% (41/48) of patients demonstrated a post-operative reduction in lagophthalmos and 90% (60/67) showed improvement in ocular surface findings. Complications were rare (1/73) and reversal of medial canthoplasty was not required in any case. The medial canthoplasty appears to be a safe and effective technique to narrow the palpebral fissure, provide lower eyelid support, and improve keratopathy. It is an uncomplicated procedure that may be considered for the treatment of exposure keratopathy caused by facial paralysis and lower eyelid malposition.
Shrinkage of soil specimens during preparation for porosimetry tests

Various methods of removing moisture from small soil samples were investigated. The samples were to be tested by mercury porosimetry, and one requirement is a constant volume drying process. Air-drying, oven-drying and freeze-drying procedures were used. Three different clay types were used: kaolinite, montmorillonite, and an illite. The clays were fully saturated, and compaction was achieved by using static pressure. Freeze drying is the best practical method of drying the soil samples, as it produces the least amount of shrinkage in the soil. In certain instances, air drying and oven drying may produce satisfactory results. Total drying time for freeze drying can be accomplished in 5 to 10 h. A simple laboratory freeze-drying system is described and operating procedures and principles discussed. The results are applicable to the preparation of small size soil samples where it is desired to remove soil moisture and, at the same time, minimize disturbance to the soil structure.
Topological constraint model of high lithium content borate glasses

Abstract Lithium borate glasses exhibit the “boron anomaly” and clustering of the lithium ions. Bodker et.al (Bodker, Mauro, Youngman, & Smedskjaer, 2019) predicted the Tg using statistical mechanics and topological constraint theory (TCT) over a wide range of contents (to 65 mol% Li2O). Although Bodker's model predicted the fraction of the structures present, this paper examines the linkage between intermediate-range structures and properties of the glasses. Tg was found using TCT with the structural model of Feller, Dell, and Bray (Feller, Dell, Bray, 1982). The topology of the intermediate-range structure was related to rigidity, and to lithium clustering.
Instrumented Microphysiological Systems for Real-Time Measurement and Manipulation of Cellular Electrochemical Processes.

Recent advancements in electronic materials and subsequent surface modifications have facilitated real-time measurements of cellular processes far beyond traditional passive recordings of neurons and muscle cells. Specifically, the functionalization of conductive materials with ligand-binding aptamers has permitted the utilization of traditional electronic materials for bioelectronic sensing. Further, microfabrication techniques have better allowed microfluidic devices to recapitulate the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs in vitro or microphysiological systems (MPS). The convergence of these models with advances in biological/biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) instrumentation has rapidly bolstered a wide array of bioelectronic platforms for real-time cellular analytics. In this review, we provide an overview of the sensing techniques that are relevant to MPS development and highlight the different organ systems to integrate instrumentation for measurement and manipulation of cellular function. Special attention is given to how instrumented MPS can disrupt the drug development and fundamental mechanistic discovery processes.
Baltimore's Underground Gun Market: Availability of and Access to Guns

Underground gun markets can create opportunities for individuals who are prohibited from gun ownership to gain access to guns. Understanding how these individuals obtain guns, and their unsuccessfu...
Variability in peripheral blood enrichment techniques can alter equine leukocyte cellularity, viability and function.

Abstract Peripheral blood is commonly sampled to assess the health status of human and veterinary patients. Venous blood collection is a minimally invasive procedure, and in the horse, the common collection site is the jugular vein. Post blood collection, sample processing for leukocyte enrichment can vary by research laboratory with the potential to yield different effects on the enriched cells and their function. The focus of the present study was to compare a common blood dilution-leukocyte enrichment technique using a Histopaque gradient medium (His) to a modified leukocyte buffy coat syringe-lymphocyte separation medium technique (Syr- LSM) with peripheral blood from 12 healthy horses. The endpoints examined included cell recovery/mL of blood, cell viability, leukocyte enrichment purity, leukocyte cell marker subset phenotype, leukocyte spontaneous and mitogen-induced proliferation and secretory TNFα concentrations. Leukocyte cell recovery/mL of whole blood and cell viability was significantly increased in enriched leukocytes from the Syr-LSM technique. Interestingly, the percentage of CD8+ and CD21+ were significantly increased with the His technique as was Con A-induced proliferation. Still, leukocyte cell purity and TNFα concentrations from the 72 h cell culture supernatants were comparable across the two enrichment techniques. To summarize, the type of whole blood leukocyte enrichment technique employed can affect the results of immunologic assay endpoints possibly altering data interpretation.
Harmful masculinities among younger men in three countries: Psychometric study of the Man Box Scale.

Abstract In response to growing evidence of associations between harmful masculinities and adverse health outcomes, researchers developed the Man Box Scale to provide a standardized measure to assess these inequitable gender attitudes. In 2019, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the 17-item Man Box Scale and derived a 5-item short form. Using previously collected data (in 2016) from men aged 18–30 years across the United States (n = 1328), the United Kingdom (n = 1225), and Mexico (n = 1120), we conducted exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), assessed convergent validity by examining associations of the standardized mean Man Box Scale score with violence perpetration, depression, and suicidal ideation, and assessed internal consistency reliability of the full scale. We used item response theory (IRT) to derive a 5-item short form, and conducted CFA and additional assessments for reliability and convergent validity. We identified a single underlying factor with 15 items across all three countries. CFA resulted in good model fit. We demonstrated significant associations of standardized mean Man Box Scale score with violence perpetration (OR range = 1.57–5.49), depression (OR range = 1.19–1.73), and suicidal ideation (OR range = 1.56–2.59). IRT resulted in a 5-item short form with good fit through CFA and convergent validity, and good internal consistency. The Man Box Scale assesses harmful masculinities and demonstrates strong validity and reliability across three diverse countries. This scale, either short or long forms, can be used in future prevention research, clinical assessment and decision-making, and intervention evaluations.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Vulva: Case Report of a Rare Entity and Review of Literature.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon mesenchymal tumor of fibroblastic origin, which shows a prominent hemangiopericytoma-like branching pattern. It may be found at any location and can rarely involve the female genital tract with the vulva being the most common site of involvement. This is a case report of vulvar SFT in a 47-yr-old female who presented with a slow growing vulvar mass for 3 yr. Histologic examination showed a neoplasm composed of ovoid to spindle shaped cells with hypocellular and hypercellular areas in a collagenous background. Prominent hemangiopericytoma-like vessels were identified. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining of the tumor cells for CD34, STAT6, ER, PR, and vimentin. Immunoshistochemical staining for desmin, SMA, and S100 was negative. The majority of SFTs have a NAB2-STAT6 gene fusion on chromosome 12, resulting in nuclear STAT6 overexpression, which is a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for its diagnosis. Only 25 cases of vulvar SFT have been reported in the English literature and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions at this site.
Visible Light-Driven Artificial Molecular Switch Actuated by Radical–Radical and Donor–Acceptor Interactions

We describe a visible light-driven switchable [2]catenane, composed of a Ru(bpy)32+ tethered cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring that is interlocked mechanically with a macrocyclic polyether consisting of electron-rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) and electron-deficient 4,4′-bipyridinium (BIPY2+) units. In the oxidized state, the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the DNP recognition site as a consequence of favorable donor–acceptor interactions. In the presence of an excess of triethanolamine (TEOA), visible light irradiation reduces the BIPY2+ units to BIPY(•+) radical cations under the influence of the photosensitizer Ru(bpy)32+, resulting in the movement of the CBPQT2(•+) ring from the DNP to the BIPY(•+) recognition site as a consequence of the formation of the more energetically favorable trisradical complex, BIPY(•+) ⊂ CBPQT2(•+). Upon introducing O2 in the dark, the BIPY(•+) radical cations are oxidized back to BIPY2+ dications, leading to the reinstatement of the CBPQT4+ ring encircled around the DNP...
Combined effects of a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein and a NAC transcription factor extend grain fill duration and improve malt barley agronomic performance

Two key barley genes independently control anthesis and senescence timing, enabling the manipulation of grain fill duration, grain size/plumpness, and grain protein concentration. Plant developmental processes such as flowering and senescence have direct effects on cereal yield and quality. Previous work highlighted the importance of two tightly linked genes encoding a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (HvGR-RBP1) and a NAC transcription factor (HvNAM1), controlling barley anthesis timing, senescence, and percent grain protein. Varieties that differ in HvGR-RBP1 expression, ‘Karl’(low) and ‘Lewis’(high), also differ in sequence 1 KB upstream of translation start site, including an ~ 400 bp G rich insertion in the 5′-flanking region of the ‘Karl’ allele, which could disrupt gene expression. To improve malt quality, the (low-grain protein, delayed-senescence) ‘Karl’ HvNAM1 allele was introgressed into Montana germplasm. After several seasons of selection, the resulting germplasm was screened for the allelic combinations of HvGR-RBP1 and HvNAM1, finding lines combining ‘Karl’ alleles for both genes (−/−), lines combining ‘Lewis’ (functional, expressed) HvGR-RBP1 with ‘Karl’ HvNAM1 alleles ( ±), and lines combining ‘Lewis’ alleles for both genes (+ / +). Field experiments indicate that the functional (‘Lewis,’ +) HvGR-RBP1 allele is associated with earlier anthesis and with slightly shorter plants, while the ‘Karl’ (−) HvNAM1 allele delays maturation. Genotypes carrying the ± allele combination therefore had a significantly (3 days) extended grain fill duration, leading to a higher percentage of plump kernels, slightly enhanced test weight, and lower grain protein concentration when compared to the other allele combinations. Overall, our data suggest an important function for HvGR-RBP1 in the control of barley reproductive development and set the stage for a more detailed functional analysis of this gene.
Comparing respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in development of post-viral airway disease

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are common viral infections that may result in post-viral airway/atopic disease. By understanding the antiviral immune response involved, and t...
A Mechanically Assisted Examination of Vacuity and Question Begging in Anselm’s Ontological Argument

I use mechanized verification to examine several first- and higher-order formalizations of Anselm’s Ontological Argument against the charge of begging the question. I propose three different but related criteria for a premise to beg the question in fully formal proofs and find that one or another applies to all the formalizations examined. I also show that all these formalizations entail variants that are vacuous, in the sense that they apply no interpretation to “than which there is no greater” and are therefore vulnerable to Gaunilo’s refutation.
Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia

This new magisterial study comes from the pen of a most seasoned scholar, who devoted her entire academic career to studying the social and legal landscape of early modern Russia. In her two previo...
Using social media to navigate changing rural markets: the case of small community retail and service businesses

To help small firms navigate changing rural markets, this study investigated how small businesses use social media to expand their customer and stakeholder networks to sustain their businesses. Foc...
Emerging infectious encephalitides.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The COVID-19 pandemic has cast increased attention on emerging infections. Clinicians and public health experts should be aware of emerging infectious causes of encephalitis, mechanisms by which they are transmitted, and clinical manifestations of disease. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of arthropod-borne viral infections -- transmitted chiefly by mosquitoes and ticks -- have emerged in recent years to cause outbreaks of encephalitis. Examples include Powassan virus in North America, Chikungunya virus in Central and South America, and tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe. Many of these viruses exhibit complex life cycles and can infect multiple host animals in addition to humans. Factors thought to influence emergence of these diseases, including changes in climate and land use, are also believed to underlie the emergence of the rickettsial bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, now recognized as a major causative agent of acute encephalitis syndrome in South Asia. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of bats as carriers of viruses. Recent studies have begun to uncover mechanisms by which the immune systems of bats are poised to allow for viral tolerance. Several bat-borne infections, including Nipah virus and Ebola virus, have resulted in recent outbreaks of encephalitis. SUMMARY: Infectious causes of encephalitis continue to emerge worldwide, in part because of climate change and human impacts on the environment. Expansion of surveillance measures will be critical in rapid diagnosis and limiting of outbreaks in the future.
The Role of Sialic Acid in the Formation of Protective Conformational Bacterial Polysaccharide Epitopes

The capsular polysaccharides of human pathogenic bacteria are strong virulence factors and their use as human vaccines are well established (Jennings 1983). Some bacteria have acquired the ability to incorporate sialic acid into their capsules which further enables them to evade the human immune system. For example, the presence of sialic acid enhances the ability of bacteria to mimic human sialylated antigens, which are ubiquitous on normal human cells, giving them the ability to downregulate the human immune system. This deficiency can be overcome however, by using aggressive immunization schedules, by conjugation of the polysaccharide before immunization, or by further modification of the polysaccharide prior to conjugation, but in many cases as detailed in this review, the protective immune response is then mediated through unique length-dependent epitopes (Jennings et al. 1984). This is because the immune system preferentially selects these extended epitopes to produce high affinity protective antibodies, thus avoiding the possible and problematic induction of auto-antibodies against shorter self antigens. This phenomenon is extensively exhibited by the capsular polysaccharides of group B Neisseria meningitidis and group B Streptococcus and the definition of their extended respective protective epitopes is the subject of this review.
Security and Certification Issues in Grid Computing

Grid computing is concerned with the sharing and coordinated use of diverse resources in dynamic, distributed “virtual organizations.” The dynamic nature of Grid environments introduces challenging security concerns that demand new technical approaches. In this brief overview, we review key Grid security issues and outline the technologies that are being developed to address those issues. We focus in particular on work being done within the context of the Open Grid Services Architecture, a new initiative aimed at recasting key Grid concepts within a service-oriented framework. This work involves a tight integration with Web services mechanisms and appears particularly relevant to the concerns of e-services.
Machining of Composites

A description of various techniques used in machining composites is presented here. Traditional machining operations damage the surface and subsurface, leading to premature failure of mechanical components in service. The cause of the damages is attributed to the presence of reinforced agents used in strengthening the base material and the interaction between the tool cutting region and the workpiece. The severity of the damaged zone is affected by the volume fraction of the reinforced agents, machining parameters, and cutting tool geometry. Diamond cutting tools have proven to be effective and are recommended in conventional machining of composites. To overcome some of the difficulties associated with traditional machining, the use of nontraditional machining methods is on the rise and shows a promising future. Keywords: composites machining; surface integrity composites; tool wear composites; polymer matrix composites; diamond cutting tool
Inversion-based precision-positioning of switching inertial reaction devices

Inertial reaction devices enable nano/micro resolution positioning over macroscopic ranges. Such positioning devices are characterized by the displacement of a mass by utilizing stick-slip phenomena between the mass and the device's actuators. The displacement of the actuator (i.e., the driving waveform) is chosen such that the mass sticks to the actuator and is displaced with the actuator during the first tracking phase, and the mass slips over the actuator during the second retrace phase such that the position of the actuator is reset. However, as the frequency of the driving waveform is increased, vibrations are induced in the actuators, preventing precise actuator positioning and thereby, limiting the maximum achievable operating speed. In this paper, we employ an inversion-based method to allow the actuators to track high-frequency driving waveforms without exciting the vibrations, therefore achieving high-speed operation of the inertial reaction device. Experimental results on a one-degree-of freedom inertial reaction rotational device showed that the operating speed could be substantially increased (more than doubled) by using the proposed method.
Catalytic properties of mouse carbonic anhydrase V.

A cDNA encoding the mouse carbonic anhydrase V gene was isolated by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction from BALB/c mouse liver mRNA. Vectors containing the full coding sequence as well as two different NH2-terminal truncated genes expressed enzymatically active protein in Escherichia coli. The carbonic anhydrase V produced by a vector containing the full coding sequence, which includes a possible NH2-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal, was proteolytically processed by E. coli and contained several amino-terminal ends. The two NH2-terminal truncated vectors deleted, respectively, 1) the 29-amino acid putative targeting sequence and 2) 51 amino acids, yielding a protein equivalent to a carbonic anhydrase (CA) V isolated from mouse liver mitochondria; and both vectors produced homogeneous protein fractions. These latter two forms of CA V had identical steady-state constants for the hydration of CO2, with maximal values of kcat/Km at 3 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 and kcat at 3 x 10(5) s-1 with an apparent pKa for catalysis of 7.4 determined from kcat/Km. In catalytic properties, mouse CA V is closest to CA I; however, in inhibition by acetazolamide, ethoxzolamide, and cyanate, CA V is very similar to CA II. Mouse CA V has a tyrosine at position 64, where the highly active isozyme II has histidine serving as a proton shuttle in the catalytic pathway. Investigation of a site-specific mutant of CA V containing the replacement Tyr64–>His showed that the unique kinetic properties of CA V are not due to the presence of tyrosine at position 64.
Stented versus nonstented pediatric pyeloplasty: a modern series and review of the literature.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Dismembered pyeloplasty remains the principal surgical therapy for pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction, although the method of postoperative drainage continues to be debated. We compared stented versus nonstented repairs in a modern seriesMaterials and Methods: We evaluated 117 pediatric dismembered pyeloplasties performed by 3 pediatric urologists at 2 institutions from 1991 to 2000. Hospital stay, success rate and complication rate were reviewed. Results were compared with 833 evaluable cases in the literature.Results: Of the 52 stented repairs urological complications developed in 6 (12%), including symptomatic urinary tract infection in 3 and temporary obstruction in 3. Of the 65 nonstented repairs urological complications developed in 10 (15%), including prolonged leakage in 3, urinoma in 3, obstruction in 3 and urinary tract infection in 1. Mean hospitalization plus or minus standard error was shorter in the stented group (2.1 ± 0.89 versus 2.6 ± 1.1 days, p <0.02). We iden...
Large-scale μLC-MS/MS for silver- and Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide gels

2-DE combined with LC-MS/MS has become a routine, reliable protein separation and identification technology for proteome analysis. The demand for large-scale protein identifications after 2-DE separation requires a sensitive and high-throughput LC-MS/MS method. In this report, a simple, splitless, fully automated capillary LC-MS/MS system was described for the large-scale identification of proteins from gels stained with either silver or CBB. The gel samples were digested and peptides were extracted using an in-gel digestion workstation. The peptides were automatically introduced into a capillary column by an autosampler connected to an HPLC pump. A nanoLC pump was then used to deliver the gradient and elute the peptides from the capillary column directly into an LCQ IT mass spectrometer. Neither a peptide trapping setting nor a flow split is needed in this simple setup. The collected MS/MS spectra were then automatically searched by SEQUEST, and filtered and organized by DTASelect. Hundreds of silver-stained or CBB-stained Shewanella oneidensis, Geobacter sulfurreducens, and Geobacter metallireducens proteins separated by denaturing or nondenaturing 2-DE were digested and routinely analyzed using this fully automated μLC-MS/MS system. High peptide hits and sequence coverage were achieved for most CBB-stained gel spots. About 75% of the spots were found to contain multiple proteins. Although silver staining is not commonly thought to be optimal for MS analysis, protein identifications were successfully obtained from silver-stained 2-DE spots detected using methods with and without formaldehyde for protein fixation.
Sum frequency generation microscopy of microcontact-printed mixed self-assembled monolayers.

Sum frequency generation imaging microscopy (SFGIM) is used to image the chemically distinct regions of a microcontact-printed monolayer surface. The contrast in the images is based on the vibrational spectrum of each component in the monolayer. Mixtures of C16 thiols on gold with CH3 and phenyl termination are imaged with a resolution of ∼10 μm. Microcontact printing produces films that are different compared to the immersion procedure of forming self-assembled monolayers. The SFGIM technique is able to obtain a vibrational spectrum at each point on the surface and demonstrate that the stamped area has significant mixing with the molecules deposited from the backfilling solution.
Molecular mechanics calculations (MM3) on conjugated ketones

Abstract The MM3 force field has been extended to cover compounds in which a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) is conjugated with either a double bond or a benzene ring. Molecular structures, conformational energies, moments of inertia, dipole moments, and vibrational spectra have all been examined. The agreement with experiment is mostly good, although for the dipole moments somewhat less so, because induced moments are not taken into account. The vibrational spectra have been calculated for four compounds, and over this set, the average r.m.s. error is 39 cm −1 .
The Surplus Woman. Unmarried in Imperial Germany, 1871–1918

Catherine Dollard, The Surplus Woman. Unmarried in Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 (2009), 272 (Berghahn Books, New York, $95.00). Like the woman worker, the unmarried woman in the nineteenth century c...
A cognitive model of database querying: a tool for novice instruction

Two experiments examine the effects of incorporating user knowledge into the design of training materials for a database querying system. In Experiment 1 an informal cognitive model of a query language is derived from the verbal reports of expert users, and incorporated into existing documentation. Two groups of subjects were then asked to solve queries using either the revised or original manual. In Experiment 2 the cognitive model was formalized to explicitly describe the conceptual and procedural information that was incorporated into training materials. Three groups of subjects then received either a conceptual model, procedural model, or neither in addition to basic instructions, and then solved four sets of queries. The results show that whether or not a given type of information facilitates performance depends on the type of query, and whether the model is consistent with the operation of the query system.
Teacher-Parent Relations in Preschool

This study of structural determinants of teacher-parent relations is based on observations at different types of preschools and inter views with preschool teachers. A typology of teacher-parent interactions was developed in terms of differences in parent power vis-a-vis teachers. The discussion points up the limited applicability of prior descriptions of teacher-parent relations and suggests implications of this typology for the outcome of school decen tralization programs.
Push, scream, or leave: how do consumers cope with crowded retail stores?

Purpose – The paper examines coping strategies that consumers use within crowded retail stores. Specifically, this study explores and identifies coping strategies that consumers use, investigates whether the Folkman or Duhachek coping frameworks adequately capture all of the ways consumers cope, and looks at the implications these coping strategies may have on consumers and retailers.Design/methodology/approach – A three‐stage qualitative study was conducted. Stage One consisted of informal interviews with customers. Stage Two was a pilot study of airport passengers. Stage Three was an online qualitative survey.Findings – Many of Duhachek's and Folkman's coping strategies were operative within a crowded retail setting. The coping strategies that were frequently used were distancing, avoidance, social support, rational thinking, action, escape, positive thinking, emotional venting, and confrontive. The study also found that further refinement of coping strategies and scales is needed.Research limitations/i...
GM3 regulates protein kinase systems in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells.

: The barrier function of endothelial cells is known to be positively regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) and negatively regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). We found that exogenously administered GM3(NeuAc) promoted PKA activity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Other glycolipids, including GM1, sulfoglucuronyl paragloboside, and GM3(NeuGc), did not have any effect on the PKA activity of BMECs. PC12 cells did not respond to exogenously applied GM3(NeuAc). GM3(NeuAc) also suppressed the PKC activity of BMECs. Thus, GM3(NeuAc) may function as a modulator of blood-brain barrier function via the two different kinase systems.
Calcium-dependent association of glutathione S-transferase with the human erythrocyte membrane

Elevations in intracellular calcium increase the adsorption of a cytoplasmic protein to human red blood cell membrane. This protein migrates on SDS polyacrylamide gels at 23,000 daltons and has been called band 8. The association of this protein with the membrane is increased in sickle cell anemia. This protein is extracted from the membrane with EGTA, a calcium chelator. Enzymatic and immunological studies identify band 8 as a glutathione S-transferase.
Relationship of echocardiographic indices to pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the relationship between different echocardiographic indices and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP) in normal volunteers. BACKGROUND: Indices based on tissue Doppler (TDE) and color M-mode (CMM) echocardiography have been proposed to reflect left (LV) ventricular filling pressures. These include the ratio of early diastolic transmitral velocity (E) to early myocardial velocity measured by TDE (E') and the ratio of E to the wave propagation velocity (Vp) measured from CMM images. These indices, however, have not been validated in normal individuals. METHODS: We studied seven volunteers during two phases of preload altering maneuvers, baseline, with two stages of lower body negative pressure, and repeat baseline with two stages of volume loading. The PCWP obtained from right heart catheterization was compared with diastolic indices using pulsed Doppler, TDE and CMM echocardiography. RESULTS: The PCWP ranged from 2.2 to 23.5 mm Hg. During preload alterations, significant changes in E and septal E' (both p 0.80) but not combined E and TDE indices (both r 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: In subjects without heart disease, E, septal E' and E/Vp correlate with PCWP. Because the influence of ventricular relaxation is minimized, the ratio E/Vp may be the best overall index of LV filling pressures.