cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and Luminescence of Europium-Doped Gadolinia-Based Core/Multi-Shell Scintillation Nanoparticles

Scintillating nanoparticles with a SiO 2 core and a Gd 2 O 3 shell doped with Eu 3+ were synthesized with a sol-gel process. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, a ∼13 nm Gd 2 O 3 shell was successfully coated onto ∼220 nm mono-dispersed SiO 2 nanocores. Eu 3+ ions at concentrations of nominally 5 at% exhibited photoluminescent (PL) emission from the SiO 2 /Gd 2 O 3 nanoparticles after being calcined at 800 0 C for 2 h. The SiO 2 remained amorphous after calcining, while the Gd 2 O 3 crystallized to a cubic structure. The PL emission was from the 5 D 0 - 7 F 2 transitions of Eu 3+ at 609 and 622 nm. Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) data showed that emission from Eu 3+ could result from direct excitation, but was dominated by the oxygen to europium charge-transfer band (CTB) between 250 and 280 nm for Eu 3+ doped in Gd 2 O 3 . The quantum yield (QY) from thin films drop cast from a mixture of 20 mg of calcined nanoparticles in 500 μL of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and excited in the CTB was 20% for SiO 2 /Gd 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ core/shell scintillation nanoparticles. Finally, the above core/shell nanoparticles were passivated with a shell of SiO 2 to create e.g. SiO 2 /Gd 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ /SiO 2 nanoparticles. The QYs for this nanostructure were lower than unpassivated nanoparticles which was attributed to a weak CTB for the amorphous SiO 2 shell and a higher density of interface quenching sites.
Solid state: The case for CMOS: Its low power consumption and many design choices mean that by the decade's end, half of all ICs may be made by this technique

The versatility of CMOS in meeting diverse circuit-design requirements and the reduced cost of processing CMOS are examined from the viewpoint of very large-scale integration. The application of CMOS in dynamic memory is outlined, along with the tradeoffs in optimizing the processing of CMOS devices. The creation of faster CMOS circuits, improved layout density, and interconnections are also highlighted. The necessary advances expected to propel CMOS technology beyond the current level of circuits in the 4-Mb dynamic RAM and 1-b static RAM classes are examined, with particular regard to groove isolation, stacking of transistors, and silicon-on-insulator fabrication.
Normothermic Myocardial Anoxia: Effects on the Canine Heart with Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction

Abstract Depression of myocardial contractility in normal hearts by short periods of anoxia is well recognized. Sixteen dogs were studied to determine the effects of anoxia on hearts with chronic outflow obstruction, which have not been previously reported. Seven animals were normal controls; the other 9 had been prepared by 50 to 75% constriction of the aortic lumen eight to ten months before the study. All dogs were placed on right-heart bypass, and myocardial contractility was assessed with an isovolumetric balloon apparatus before and following one hour of anoxia at 37°C. The maximum first derivative of left ventricular pressure change was a 38% decrease in the control group and a 58% decrease in the coarcted animals (p
Particle dispersion in confined turbulent swirling flows

This paper reports a numerical investigation of confined swirling flows of gas-particle mixtures. A recently developed two-fluid, multiple-scale mixing model is applied to study the influence of particles on the intensity of the reverse flows of the gas phase and the effects of swirl on the particle dispersion in an annular expanding chamber under isothermal condition. The calculations were made for different swirl strength of injection of the annular jet into the mixing chamber. Results agree well qualitatively with experimental information available. It is also found that the calculated flow fields depend heavily on the prescription of the inlet flow conditions.
Neurofibromata of clitoris and labium majus simulating a penis and testicle

A case report is presented of a circumscribed neurofibroma in the external genitalia of a young girl which gave the impression of a phallus and a labioscrotal gonad. There was a large care-au-lait spot on the lower abdomen. An acute anxiety state developed which, together with the genital abnormality was corrected by clitoral and labial reduction.
Thermal conductivity and acid dissolution behavior of MgO–ZrO2 ceramics for use in LWR inert matrix fuel

Dual-phase MgO–ZrO2 ceramics are proposed for use in inert matrix fuel for disposition of plutonium and minor actinides in existing light water reactors. The concept for use of this composite material was developed with the intent to capitalize on the known advantages of the composite’s constituents: high thermal conductivity of MgO, and stability of ZrO2 in LWR coolant. The study presented in this paper addressed the thermal conductivity and nitric acid solubility of MgO–ZrO2 ceramics. Thermal analysis, based on experimental and analytical techniques, established that the product of all investigated compositions has the thermal conductivity superior to that of UO2. Nitric acid dissolution experiments showed that only the free MgO phase dissolves in the nitric acid, leaving behind a porous pellet consisting of a ZrO2-based solid solution.
Observations of the OH Meinel (6,2) and O2 atmospheric (0,1) Nightglow emissions from Maui during the ALOHA‐90 Campaign

Observations are reported from a CCD nightglow camera deployed on Maui during ALOHA-90. These data show that there were periods of both strong and weak gravity wave activity, that background winds in the direction of wave propogation can be derived using airglow data alone, and that there may be a connection between sporadic Na and large-scale wave activity. These data are in fair to good agreement with models of wave induced airglow fluctuations.
Applications of the BEVALAC in biophysical research

Abstract The BEVALAC is a compound accelerator capable of producing energetic charged particle beams. These high-energy ion beams have been used in multidisciplinary research related to fundamental radiobiology and cancer therapy. Selected examples of research areas under investigation are presented. Available data on the phenomena of nuclear fragmentation and microscopic distribution of energy deposition are given as examples of research in physics with high-LET charged particles. Dose-response data are provided for cell survival and cell mutation end points which demonstrate the greater efficiency of BEVALAC ions compared to X-rays. The usefulness of nuclear secondaries (radioactive beams) in diagnostic studies is described from the point of view of Bragg peak therapy. The results of the last fourteen years of high-LET research have generated interest in the construction of hospital-based medical accelerators.
Genetic analysis of West Nile virus isolates from US blood donors during 2002-2005.

Abstract Background Since its introduction into North America in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread rapidly across United States (US). Objective To genetically analyze WNV isolates from US blood donors during 2002–2005. Study design Full-length nucleotide (NT) sequences of WNV isolates from 23 US volunteer blood donors of different geographic areas from 2002 to 2005 were determined and analyzed. Results Results indicated an overall lack of geographic pattern to WNV in US. Analyses of the viral genetic diversity demonstrated that the WNV evolved at approximately five NT substitutions and 0.8 amino acid (AA) mutations per genome per year. Comparison of the functional sequences of WNV genome showed a higher evolution rate in the coding region than in the non-coding region. Furthermore, a greater diversity was observed in the nonstructural proteins as compared to the structural proteins. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the rapid spread of WNV in US was accompanied by the establishment of a dominant genetic variant with 11 conserved NT mutations. Conclusions The establishment of a dominant genotype across US and the displacement and possible extinction of earlier progenitor genotypes appears to have resulted from the accumulation and fixation of 11 nucleotide mutations throughout the coding region of WNV genome.
Vaccines against drugs of abuse: a viable treatment option?

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing brain disorder. There is an urgent need for new treatment options for this disease because the relapse rate among drug abusers seeking treatment is quite high. During the past decade, many groups have explored the feasibility of using vaccines directed against drugs of abuse as a means of eliminating illicit drug use as well as drug overdose and neurotoxicity. Vaccines work by inducing drug-specific antibodies in the bloodstream that bind to the drug of abuse and prevent its entry into the brain. The majority of work in this area has been conducted with vaccines and antibodies directed against cocaine and nicotine. On the basis of preclinical work, vaccines for cocaine and nicotine are now in clinical trials because they can offer long-term protection with minimal treatment compliance. In addition, vaccines and antibodies for phencyclidine, methamphetamine and heroin abuse are currently under development. An underlying theme in this research is the need for high concentrations of circulating drug-specific antibodies to reduce drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour when the drug is repeatedly available, especially in high doses. Although vaccines against drugs of abuse may become a viable treatment option, there are several drawbacks that need to be considered. These include: (i) a lack of protection against a structurally dissimilar drug that produces the same effects as the drug of choice; (ii) a lack of an effect on drug craving that predisposes an addict to relapse; and (iii) tremendous individual variability in antibody formation. Forced or coerced vaccination is not likely to work from a scientific perspective, and also carries serious legal and ethical concerns. All things considered, vaccination against a drug of abuse is likely to work best with individuals who are highly motivated to quit using drugs altogether and as part of a comprehensive treatment programme. As such, the medical treatment of drug abuse will not be radically different from treatment of other chronic diseases.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma in defunctionalized bladders

Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder accounts for less than 2% of all bladder cancers. There is no report of such a case in a defunctionalized bladder. All reported cases of carcinoma in defunctionalized bladders were either squamous cell, signet ring cell, or transitional cell carcinoma, detected within an average of 5 years after urinary diversion, and all have been associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. We report on 2 cases of adenocarcinoma that developed in defunctionalized bladders 30 and 8 years after ileal loop diversion for prune belly syndrome and neurogenic bladder, respectively.
Stability of the virulence plasmid in Yersinia enterocolitica at elevated temperatures

Abstract This report presents information about the stability of the Yersinia enterocolitica virulence plasmid at elevated temperatures. Though considerable variation existed in the heat resistance of five strains (representing four serotypes), exposure of the different plasmid-bearing virulent strains to temperatures of 45, 50 and 55°C did not cause the loss of the virulence plasmid from the surviving cells. Based on the crystal violet (CV) binding test, these surviving cells were still virulent.
Analysis of multimode coupled buffeting response of long-span bridges to nonstationary winds with force parameters from stationary wind

AbstractThis paper presents a general frequency domain framework for predicting multimode coupled buffeting response of long-span bridges to nonstationary winds. Within this framework, the wind speed field, aerodynamic forces, and bridge response are separated into deterministic time-varying mean and evolutionary random fluctuating components. Under the assumption of low variation rate of mean wind speed, the time-varying mean and self-excited and buffeting forces are modeled in static force coefficients, flutter derivatives, and admittance functions, determined in a wind tunnel under stationary wind, but with consideration of nonstationary wind characteristics in a quasi-steady manner. The time-varying mean bridge response is calculated through static analysis at each time instant. The random buffeting response is expressed in generalized modal displacements governed by the equations of a frequency-dependent linear time-variant (LTV) system. An equivalent frequency-independent LTV system is introduced, w...
An integrated toolpath and process parameter optimization for high-performance micro-milling process of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy

Titanium alloys such as Ti–6Al–4V offer biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and superb mechanical properties and are considered the most important metallic biomaterial for medical applications. However, mechanical machining of titanium alloys is still highly difficult and even more challenging for micro-scale machining such as micro-milling. Severe burr formation and rapid tool wear create significant problems such as poor surface roughness. In order to improve the performance of micro-milling Ti–6Al–4V alloy, this study proposes an integrated method in selecting the toolpath and optimum process parameters which can meet micro-machining requirements and constraints. Controlled micro-end-milling experiments for measuring burr formation and surface roughness, finite element simulations for predicting forces and tool wear, and mathematical modeling and optimization techniques have been utilized for determining optimum toolpath strategy and process parameters. Based on the micro-end-milling tests on a circular thin rib feature, process optimization results are validated and indicate a significant improvement in process performances in terms of minimizing burr formation, maximizing tool life, and surface quality.
Global localism: Recentering the research agenda for biodiversity conservation

Global environmental crisis narratives about biodiversity loss promote conservation research on how human activities impact natural resources and link scientific findings to protectionist policies. This paper critiques how local knowledge, over space and through time, is constructed for these studies and integrated with ecological measures and qualitative interpretations of biodiversity conditions. As a case example, we describe how ethnoecological research at Mt. Kasigau, a biodiversity hot spot in Southeastern Kenya, changes ‘scientific’ views on human–resource relations. Species richness in woody plants and local knowledge about trees show resource continua on the mountain that question the designation of diverse undisturbed forests and degraded human-utilized lands. Local narratives document spatially dynamic and adaptive relationships between the Kasigau Taita and their plant resources as they moved up and down the mountain in response to environmental conditions and extra local forces. We argue that greater ‘local learning’ about local places is important to hypothesizing and potentially guiding ‘global action’ for biodiversity conservation.
Children with burn injuries: purposeful activity versus rote exercise.

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare measures of pain when children with burn injuries were engaged in a purposeful activity, specifically a play activity, versus rote exercise. METHOD Two 6-year-old children participated in a study using a single-subject, randomized multiple treatment design to compare two conditions: purposeful activity and rote exercise. Data were gathered for each session on four dependent measures: number of repetitions of therapeutic exercise completed, number and type of overt distress behaviors displayed, scores on self-report scales of pain intensity, and overall enjoyment of the activity. RESULTS Visual inspection of the graphed data suggested that, early in the rehabilitation process, the use of a play activity in comparison to rote exercise yielded better outcomes in terms of all four dependent measures. Additionally, the data implied that there may be a point later in the rehabilitation of a child with a burn injury when rote exercise may be as effective as play activities in meeting therapeutic goals. CONCLUSION This study supports the belief that purposeful activity can yield results equal to or better than those achieved using rote exercise. Replication of this study is warranted, and the development is indicated of a measure of overt behavioral distress that is more appropriate than those currently available for children with burn injuries.
The sounds of French : an introduction

This introductory textbook is principally addressed to English speakers who want systematically to improve their pronunciation of French - whether relative beginners or more advanced students. It describes the difficulties typically encountered, explains why they occur. and suggests ways to resolve them. It also explains how certain properties of the French sound system came about as the language changed over time, and it includes an examination of the relationship between French spelling and French pronunciation. Although focusing on the pronunciation of standard French, different pronunciations in other varieties of French (Quebec French, Southern French, etc.) are also considered. In addition, from a more theoretical perspective, the book provides readers with a fundamental understanding of the way French sounds are produced and how they behave according to general linguistic principles. Overall the book stands as a multifaceted introduction to French sounds, drawing for its account on contrastive analysis, general phonetics, traditional knowledge and modern developments in phonology, historical linguistics, and orthography. Teachers of French will welcome Bernard Tranel's wide scholarship and firm grasp of teaching principles, while students will welcome the refreshing clarity of style and organization.
President's page: The need for the in(ter)dependent investigator

In any field, research is a multidimensional endeavor that requires a continuum of intellectual processes and skill sets. Nowhere is this more true than in medical research. Whether at the bench or in clinical investigation, a project comes to fruition only if it reflects creativity, technical
Amplification and direct nucleotide sequencing of cDNA from the lysate of low numbers of diploid human cells.

The polymerase chain reaction technique is widely employed to amplify short segments of genomic DNA to determine if a specific change has occurred. However, some investigators need to sequence the entire coding region of mammalian genes, e.g., cellular ras genes or the gene encoding hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), to determine what specific changes have occurred. To do so, they isolate RNA from large populations of cells, amplify cDNA from the gene of interest, subclone the product, and sequence two or more isolates to determine the common mutation. We have developed a method to simplify this procedure by copying mRNA of the hprt gene directly from the lysate of a clone of mutant diploid human fibroblasts (e.g., 100 cells). We amplified the first and second strand of the cDNA of the gene of interest 10(10)- to 10(11)-fold, obtained 5 to 10 micrograms of DNA in less than 10 h, and sequenced the coding region directly without the need for RNA extraction or DNA template purification. By our method cDNA can be amplified directly from the lysate of just one human cell, but to avoid detecting random changes introduced by the polymerase, we lysed approx. 200 cells from a clone, each containing the identical mutation, amplified the cDNA, and determined the consensus sequence by direct nucleotide sequencing.
Dynamic rigid indentation induced by sliding frictionless contact

Abstract Dynamic rigid indentation induced by sliding frictionless contact is studied by considering a rigid smooth half-wedge which simultaneously translates tangentially and normally at constant speeds with respect to the surface of an elastic half-space. A more general problem is treated by homogeneous function techniques and the solutions are then applied. Among other results, it is found that if no tangential speed is imposed, the half-wedge must approach a flat punch configuration and a maximum normal force must be applied. The normal half-space surface displacements are also plotted.
Peritoneal application of chitosan and UV-cross-linkable chitosan

The suitability of chitosan and UV-cross-linkable chitosan for intraperitoneal use, for example as a barrier device for preventing peritoneal adhesions or for drug delivery, was examined. In vitro experiments using two major cell types present in the peritoneal cavity (mesothelial cells and peritoneal macrophages) revealed neither attractive interactions between cross-linked chitosan gels and the cells nor a proliferative effect. However, the same UV-cross-linked chitosan applied in the peritoneal cavity of rabbits caused a granulomatous reaction with adhesion formation within two weeks in all animals, which persisted up to 4 weeks after exposure. Unmodified chitosan also caused adhesions, while UV irradiation did not. UV-cross-linkable chitosan induced significant elevations in MIP-2 and TNF-alpha from peritoneal macrophages, suggesting that soluble mediators could play a role in inducing adhesion formation. These results reinforce the view that the predictive value of in vitro cytotoxicity assays in matters of biocompatibility may not be sufficient, and suggest that other assays such as cytokine levels may be of value in predicting outcomes in situations involving multiple cell types (i.e. in vivo).
Technical communique: A note on the extended kalman filter

The extended Kalman filter (EKF), in the continuous time version, has to be interpreted in the Ito sense. Therefore, processing of the (EKF) algorithm is much more involved than has appeared to be the case. An additional n^2(n+1)2 differential equations have to be processed when the EKF is properly interpreted.
Modeling Powerful Social Studies: Bridging Theory and Practice with Preservice Elementary Teachers

This article reports on the practice of a teacher educator in an elementary social studies, teacher education course while he attempts to promote a view of powerful social studies teaching and learning through modeling powerful social studies lessons and publicly sharing his thinking about the lessons as they unfolded. Findings from this self-study of practice describe the challenges and highlight the potential of using modeling in teacher education as an intellectual and pedagogical method to facilitate preservice teachers’ learning about teaching social studies.
Goal Setting and Gainsharing: The Evidence on Effectiveness

Throughout the last decade, there has been a great deal of research focused on strategic human resource management, but much of the literature has neglected strategic compensation strategies such as goal setting and gainsharing. This article outlines the variables, functions and mechanisms of goal-setting and gainsharing strategies and summarizes the empirical research. The purpose of the article is to provide a practical framework for integrating goal-setting theory and gainsharing strategies so that they can be used to achieve desired organizational outcomes.
Bone scan as a stratification variable in advanced prostate cancer

The serial technetium 99 (99Tc) bone scans of 76 patients with Stage D-2 prostate cancers were reviewed. Sites of metastases in skeletal areas in decreasing order were vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, long bones, and skull. Patients with one or two involved skeletal areas had a significantly longer progression-free interval and survival time than patients with three or more bony areas of uptake. Bone scans might be used as a stratification variable in future prospective clinical trials of Stage D-2 prostate cancer.
An Extremal and Information-Theoretic Characterization of some Interzonal Transfer Models.

Abstract : The paper develops a method of deriving gravity models from extremal principles. The prototype result yields the most popular gravity flow model characterized by an extremal principle. This principle is also for the first time elucidated as an information-theoretic one of choosing the distribution of interzonal transfers which gives least information (in the technical sense) for discrimination against a distribution reflecting the facility (reciprocal of the difficulty) of travel between zones. (Author)
Molecular Excited States: Accurate Calculation of Relative Energies and Electronic Coupling between Charge Transfer and Non-Charge Transfer States

We show for a series of six small donor–acceptor dyads that the energy difference between non-charge transfer (non-CT) and charge transfer (CT) excited states, as well as the squares of the electronic couplings between these states, can be predicted from first-principles using variational orbital adapted configuration interaction singles (VOA-CIS) theory. VOA-CIS correctly predicts the observed experimental trends in these values and provides quantitative accuracy roughly on par with a modern long-range corrected density functional, ωB97X. Using VOA-CIS and ωB97X, the experimental energy difference between the non-CT and CT excited states is predicted with root mean squared errors of 0.22 eV and 0.21 eV, respectively. The square of the electronic coupling between these states is predicted with root mean squared errors of 0.08 eV2 and 0.07 eV2, respectively. Orbital optimized CIS (OO-CIS) and CIS(D), two perturbative corrections to CIS, provide a significant correction to the errant relative energies predi...
Well-Posedness for the FENE Dumbbell Model of Polymeric Flows

We prove local and global well-posedness for the FENE dumbbell model for a very general class of potentials. Indeed, in prior local or global well-posedness results, conditions on the strength of the singularity (or on the parameter b) were made. Here we give a proof in the general case. We also prove global existence results if the data is small or if we restrict to the co-rotational model in dimension 2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebral autoregulation assessment using electroencephalograms

This paper presents the possibility of using Electroencephalograms (EEG) signals of an individual for quantitative interpretation of Cerebral Autoregulation (CA). EEG data was recorded during arm cuff inflation to induce dynamic changes in arterial blood pressure and then, Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) was estimated from EEG using canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF). The assessment of CA was carried out by using power of the various frequency bands of EEG signal.
Digital Correlation By Optical Convolution/Correlation

ABSTRACTAttention is given to various methods by which the accuracy achieveable and thedynamic range requirements of an optical computer can be enhanced. A new time positioncoding acousto -optic technique for optical residue arithmetic processing is presentedand experimental demonstration is included. Major attention is given to the implementa-tion of a correlator operating on digital or decimal encoded signals. Using a convolu-tion description of multiplication, we realize such a correlator by optical convolutionin one dimension and optical correlation in the other dimension of a optical system. A coherent matched spatial filter system operating on digital encoded signals, a non -coherent processor operating on complex -valued digital- encoded data, and a real -timemulti -channel acousto -optic system for such operations are described and experimentalverifications are included. 1. INTRODUCTIONOptical data processing systems offer the advantages of real -time processing of largespace bandwidth or time bandwidth data. This feature is due to the parallel processingnature of optical systems. The flexibility [1] and accuracy [2] of optical data proces-sing systems and the real -time transducers [3] necessary to achieve the full potentialof such systems are the three major areas of research that merit attention in opticalsystems. In this paper, we present several new approaches that increase the accuracyand decrease the dynamic range requirements of optical processors.
Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles: steric and electronic effects of 4- and 8-halogenated naphthoyl substituents.

Abstract To develop SAR at both the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors for 3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles bearing moderately electron withdrawing substituents at C-4 of the naphthoyl moiety, 1-propyl and 1-pentyl-3-(4-fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo-1-naphthoyl) derivatives were prepared. To study the steric and electronic effects of substituents at the 8-position of the naphthoyl group, the 3-(4-chloro, bromo and iodo-1-naphthoyl)indoles were also synthesized. The affinities of both groups of compounds for the CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined and several of them were evaluated in vivo in the mouse. The effects of these substituents on receptor affinities and in vivo activity are discussed and structure–activity relationships are presented. Although many of these compounds are selective for the CB2 receptor, only three JWH-423, 1-propyl-3-(4-iodo-1-naphthoyl)indole, JWH-422, 2-methyl-1-propyl-3-(4-iodo-1-naphthoyl)indole, the 2-methyl analog of JWH-423 and JWH-417, 1-pentyl-3-(8-iodo-1-naphthoyl)indole, possess the desirable combination of low CB1 affinity and good CB2 affinity.
Effects of temperature on triazine-resistant weed biotypes

Abstract Studies were initiated to determine the effects of different temperature regimes on triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.) and smooth pigweed ( Amaranthus hybridus L.) from different geographical locations. Shoot height, weight, chlorophyll a and b content and fatty acid content of common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed were determined at 18/14, 26/22 or 36/26°C. Common lambsquaters biotypes from Virginia, Maryland and Switzerland were examined. These data indicate common lambsquarters biotypes had a differential growth response to temperature, but no relationship between triazine resistance or susceptibility was noted in response to temperature with the parameters used in these studies. Differences in growth were detected between triazine-resistant and -susceptible smooth pigweed biotypes which indicated that the susceptible biotypes were vigorous at lower temperatures than triazine-resistant biotypes. Chlorophyll analyses indicated that all triazine-resistant biotypes of common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed had lower chlorophyll a / b ratios than triazine-susceptible biotypes at all temperature regimes. An increase in saturated fatty acids was found in both triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of common lambsquarters at higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, the triazine-susceptible biotype of smooth pigweed contained a higher unsaturated fatty acid ratio.
EXTENDING THE RULE SPACE MODEL TO A SEMANTICALLY-RICH DOMAIN: DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT IN ARCHITECTURE

This paper presents a technique for applying the Rule Space model of cognitive diagnosis (Tatsuoka, 1983) to assessment in a semantically-rich domain. Responses to 22 architecture test items, developed to assess a range of architectural knowledge, were analyzed using Rule Space. Verbal protocol analyses guided the construction of a model of examinee performance, consisting of processes for constructing an initial representation of an item (labeled understand), forming goals and performing actions based on those goals (solve), and determining whether goals have been attempted and satisfied (check). Item attributes, derived from these processes, formed the basis for diagnosis. Our technique extends Rule Space's applicability by defining attributes in terms of item characteristics and the causal relations between characteristics and the problem-solving model. Data were collected from 122 architects of various ability levels (students, architecture interns, and professional architects). Rule Space successfully classified approximately 65%, 90%, and 40% of examinees based, respectively, on attributes associated with the understand, solve, and check processes of the problem-solving model. The findings support the effectiveness of Rule Space in a complex domain and suggest directions for developing new architecture items by using attributes particularly effective at distinguishing among examinees of different ability levels.
Resilience in Families and Communities: Latin American Contributions from the Psychology of Liberation

A systemic understanding of resilience is expanded by studying the meaning of hope and solidarity in a Latin American context facing war and political repression. Understanding the language used in Latin America to refer to coping with adversity has valuable theoretical and therapeutic potential. This article compares, integrates, and further develops Froma Walsh’s systemic view of resilience by discussing Latin American literature that addresses the notions of hope and solidarity as pathways to cope with social trauma. The concept of collective resilience is introduced based on the stories of human rights activists who developed the capacity to cope with adversity. Collective resilience refers to the coping processes that occur in reference to and dependent on a given social context. These processes aim to rebuild and sustain social relationships to heal the wounds of trauma, the losses of war, and the reconstruction of a sense of belonging and personal identity.
Laser-assisted burnishing of metals

Burnishing has been widely used to produce excellent surface finish, work hardening and compressive residual stress by plastically deforming the workpiece surface layer. However, conventional burnishing is difficult on hard materials, because an excessive burnishing force might be required. A new hybrid burnishing process, laser-assisted burnishing (LAB), is proposed and investigated experimentally in the present study. During LAB, the workpiece surface layer is temporarily and locally softened by a controllable laser beam, and then immediately processed by a conventional burnishing tool. LAB and conventional burnishing experiments were conducted on MP35N, annealed and hardened AISI 4140, respectively, to evaluate the effect of laser power on the burnishing results. Because more plastic deformation occurs in LAB than in conventional burnishing, thanks to the temporary softening of workpiece material prior to burnishing, it is shown by these experiments that LAB can produce much better surface finish, higher surface hardness and similar compressive residual stress compared to its conventional counterpart.
Spinal cord stimulation: Subjective pain intensity and presurgical correlates in chronic pain patients.

ObjectivesThis study determined the changes in pain intensity prior to and after permanent placement of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and, examined associations of presurgical characteristics to both pre- and post-SCS VAS scores.Materials and methodsDemographic, disease, and psychological data were extracted from the medical charts of chronic pain patients (N = 58) being treated at a Hospital in IL, USA. Most patients were diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (51.9%) and low back pain (33.3%). The majority were White (72.5%), male (60%), married (72%), and temporary disabled or receiving worker’s compensation (40%). Study objectives were tested with correlational and univariate analysis.ResultsA significant reduction between pre (M = 6.87; SD = 1.38) and Post-(M = 4.11; SD = 1.54) SCS pain intensity scores was observed (p < .000). Pre-SCS pain intensity scores were associated with medical diagnosis (p < .01), marital status (p < .05), and catastrophiz...
Diffraction enhanced imaging applied to materials science and medicine

(1998). Diffraction enhanced imaging applied to materials science and medicine. Synchrotron Radiation News: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 4-11.
Secondary-minimum aggregation of superparamagnetic colloidal particles

This article investigates secondary-minimum aggregation of superparamagnetic colloidal latex particles. Chain formation and breakup are experimentally observed by using visualization techniques. The secondary minimum of the potential energy between two particles is determined from potential energy calculations, which include van der Waals, electrostatic, and magnetic dipole forces. A trajectory analysis, which incorporates these interparticle forces, hydrodynamic resistance forces, as well as gravity and magnetic induction forces, is also used to determine the secondary minimum. Furthermore, this study describes relative mobility functions caused by magnetic induction between two approaching particles. The effects of the following factors on the location of the secondary minimum are investigated: external magnetic field strength; particle size; and solution properties, such as ionic strength, zeta potential, and particle magnetic susceptibility. Both potential energy calculations and trajectory analysis lead to the same conclusion: the secondary-minimum separation decreases with increasing magnetic dipole force, decreasing electrostatic force, and increasing particle size and size ratio. After the removal of the magnetic field, three regimes of chain behavior may be identified: (i) no breakup regime, in which chains do not break, indicating primary-minimum aggregation; (ii) slow breakup regime; and (iii) fast breakup regime. Primary-minimum aggregation occurs when the chains are formed inmore » high-ionic-strength solutions or at the pH of zero charge. Slow breakup occurs when the chains are formed under a low-strength magnetic field, while fast breakup occurs when the chains are formed under a high-strength magnetic field.« less
From set-aside grassland to annual and perennial cellulosic biofuel crops: Effects of land use change on carbon balance

a b s t r a c t Increasing demand for agricultural commodities such as grain for feed and feedstocks for biofuels are driving rapid land use change. We studied the effect of agricultural land-use change on two historical land use types for three different cropping systems using eddy covariance and ecosystem carbon bal- ance approaches. We quantified the consequences of establishing corn, switchgrass, and mixed prairie species on cropland under a recent corn-soybean rotation and on set-aside land planted for 20 years to smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) enrolled in the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). We converted three CRP and three cropland fields to no-till soybeans in 2009 (conversion year) and then established fields of corn, switchgrass, and mixed prairie species in fields formerly cropland or CRP. In addition, one CRP perennial grassland site was kept undisturbed as a reference. We measured the har- vestable biomass during the conversion and over the two following years. To account for C removed in harvestable biomass we calculated adjusted Net Ecosystem Production (NEPadj; g C m −2 yr −1 ) as NEP measured by eddy covariance plus harvested biomass. During the conversion year, fields converted from historical CRP grassland exhibited net C emissions between 261 and 340 g C m −2 yr −1 . The sites established on recent cropland emitted 37-42 g C m−2 yr−1. The undisturbed reference site sequestered (rather than emitted) 35 g C m −2 yr −1 . Cumulative NEPadj over the entire 3-year period at the sites converted from CRP
Studies of the cat's medial interlaminar nucleus: a subdivision of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.

The medial interlaminar nucleus (MINI of the cat lies medial to the laminated region of the dorsal lateral geniculate (1amLGN). This latter region includes the A and C laminae. As does lamLGN, MIN receives direct ret- inal input and projects to various visual cortical areas. We examined the MIN of 15 normal adult cats with electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. Autoradiographs processed from cats that had one eye injected with tritiated fucose and proline indicate that MIN is composed of at least two laminae, one for each eye. The area which receives input from the ipsilateral eye is a small central region surrounded dorsally, medially, and ventrally by a larger crescent shaped region that receives input from the contralateral eye. This pattern was also evident from electrophysiological recording experiments. Extracellular recordings from 102 single-units in MIN indicate that these cells have properties essentially identical to lamLGN Y-cells. That is, they had short latencies to orthodromic stimulation of the optic chiasm and antidromic stimulation of the visual cortices, responded in a phasic manner to the pres- entation of a standing contrast within the receptive field center, responded to rapidly moving visual stimuli, and showed non-linear spatial summation prop- erties typical of lamLGN Y-cells. We discovered two differences between MIN cells and lamLGN Y-cells. First the mean receptive field center size of MIN cells is considerably larger than that of lamLGN Y-cells, and second, MIN cells do not have the non-dominant eye inhibitory receptive fields found for many lamLGN Y -cells. Cell size measurements indicate that while the mean cell size in MIN is ap- proximately 30% greater than in the A laminae of lamLGN, the distribution of MIN cell sizes extends over the full range of cell sizes in the A laminae. Since the A laminae are comprised mostly of X- and Y-cells, this suggests that, al- though Y-cells on average are larger than X-cells, considerable overlap exists in their size distribution. No differences between the ipsilateral and contralateral terminal zones were found on any measure. Since MIN cells share most or all the fundamental features of lamLGN Y- cells, we suggest that these cell groups should be considered subpopulations of a more general group of geniculate Y-cells. Accordingly, we refer to these two subpopulations as lamLGN Y-cells and MIN Y-cells.
LEGAL THEORY AND SOCIAL THEORY

While social theory and legal theory were once closely intertwined, contemporary American sociology pays scant attention to recent developments in legal theory. But the problems that legal theory currently wrestles with are very similar to those with which sociology is now centrally concerned. This essay reviews major schools of thought in contemporary legal theory to introduce sociologists to some potentially useful literatures on the meaning of rationality; on critical theory; on the importance of gender, race, and class in understanding social institutions; on the interpretive turn; on the relationship between structure and agency; and on the revival of pragmatism.
Synthesis, structure, physicochemical characterization and electronic structure of thio-lithium super ionic conductors, Li4GeS4 and Li4SnS4

Abstract Li 4 SnS 4 and Li 4 GeS 4 were synthesized by single-step, high-temperature, solid-state methods. The room temperature (296 K) structures of both compounds were determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction, and were found to be isostructural. Both room temperature structures exhibit significant variations from a 100 K structure of Li 4 SnS 4 published recently by Kaib et al. (Chem. Mater. 24 (2012) 2211–2219). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) shows that in the absence of air, both Li 4 SnS 4 and Li 4 GeS 4 are thermally stable at least up to their melting points of 858 °C (Li 4 GeS 4 ) and 958 °C (Li 4 SnS 4 ). The band gaps for Li 4 GeS 4 and Li 4 SnS 4 are 4.13 eV and 3.54 eV respectively, measured using optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the UV/Vis/NIR regions. Electronic band structure calculations using density functional theory as implemented in CASTEP predict an indirect band gap for Li 4 GeS 4 and a direct band gap for Li 4 SnS 4 . The (Sn/Ge)–S bonds were determined to have significant covalent bonding character, while the Li–S bonds are primarily ionic in nature.
Modern Applications of Nanotechnology in Textiles

Nanotechnology (NT) deals with materials 1 to 100 nm in length. At the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), NT is defined as the understanding, manipulation, and control of matter at the above...
Appearance-Based Obstacle Detection with Monocular Color Vision

This paper presents a new vision-based obstacle detection method for mobile robots. Each individual image pixel is classified as belonging either to an obstacle or the ground based on its color appearance. The method uses a single passive color camera, performs in real-time, and provides a binary obstacle image at high resolution. The system is easily trained by simply driving the robot through its environment. In the adaptive mode, the system keeps learning the appearance of the ground during operation. The system has been tested successfully in a variety of environments, indoors as well as outdoors.
Burns of the hand and upper limb—a review

This review article addresses the principles and controversies associated with thermal injury to the hand and upper limb. Accepted principles are outlined and areas of controversy are discussed in a balanced manner. The importance of hand burns is described functionally and epidemiologically. Burns appropriate to outpatient care are defined and treatment discussed, including debridement, topical therapy, rehabilitation and follow-up. The general principles of inpatient management are given, including the controversial issue to timing of surgery and treatment of the exposed tendon or joint. The extent of surgery, methods of wound closure and difficult problem of palm burns are also discussed. Reconstructive principles are outlined and a problem oriented approach to the most common reconstructive problems given.
SOME SYSTEMS THEOREMS ARISING FROM THE BIEBERBACH CONJECTURE

This paper describes the system theoretic component of the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. We were quite surprised to find strong connections to modern robust control theory. Much of the mathematical content of this note comes directly from the paper of Vasyunin and Nikol’skii which in turn is heavily dependent on the original proof by de Branges and Theorem 94 of the unpublished manuscript (Reference 10). Also one is referred to a system theoretic approach in Reference 8. One of the contributions of this paper is to identify key constraints and estimates in Reference 1 as very natural engineering systems constraints. We were extremely surprised by the extent to which this was possible after slightly modifying the class of systems treated by Vasyunin and Nikol’skii. Another contribution is to extend the generality in Reference 1 from systems with no output and with invertible input operators to conventional [A, B, CJ systems. Our objective in the paper is not to actually give a full proof of the Bieberbach conjecture but to extract the systems ideas which might be of potential use to system theorists and mathematicians. Since our goal is to make a paper easily readable to system theorists, we operate at a different level of generality than Reference 1. While algebraically our results are more general than Reference 1, we do not have time-varying input and output spaces or unbounded operators, nor do we worry about technical issues in Hilbert space. The proof of Reference 1 may be thought of in four parts, corresponding to the four sections of this paper. Conceptually, the first is general systems theory and actually contains a refinement of the classical bounded real lemma, BRL, which is new even in finite dimensions. The second part (after a modification of Reference 1) is a BRL for a convex family SYSK of systems; indeed it is a robustness result of currently fashionable type. The third part develops a test to determine whether there is a uniform bound on the input-output operator in SYSK. To actually put teeth in the general systems theorem requires a strong assumption. In this case it is roughly that the extreme points of the convex set of systems are systems all of which have the same frequency response function. Under a somewhat stronger assumption the technique Vasyunin and Nikol’skii’ call chronological averaging applies to reduce the uniform bound computation for all of SYSK to solving a Riccati equation associated with just one system. The last part pertains only to ‘Lowner systems’ and, although very specialized, gives an impressive