cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytogenetic analysis of six renal oncocytomas and a chromophobe cell renal carcinoma: Evidence that −Y,−1 may be a characteristic anomaly in renal oncocytomas

Renal oncocytomas are benign tumors whose morphologic features may sometimes be confused with those of certain low-grade malignant neoplasms of the kidney, e.g., chromophobe cell and granular cell variants of renal carcinoma. The presence of a specific genetic abnormality might help differentiate these tumors. Because very few cytogenetic studies of renal oncocytomas have been published, we investigated a consecutive series of six such tumors. We also performed chromosome analysis on a chromophobe cell carcinoma because cytogenetic analyses of this tumor have not been previously reported. Tumor cell metaphases were analyzed after mechanical and enzyme disaggregation, in situ culture, and robotic harvesting. Clonal abnormalities were present in five of the six oncocytomas, and loss of chromosome 1 with loss of the Y chromosome occurred in two. Review of the literature disclosed four other renal oncocytomas with the 44,X,-Y,-1 karyotype. In the chromophobe cell carcinoma, we noted an abnormal clone with a del(11)(p12p15.1); similar anomalies were not observed in the renal oncocytomas. We conclude that renal oncocytomas have clonal chromosome abnormalities and that a subgroup of these tumors may be specifically associated with loss of chromosomes 1 and Y. Because this is a small series, further investigation may help establish whether cytogenetic studies can provide diagnostic and pathogenic information about renal oncocytomas.
Design and manufacturing of filament wound elastomeric matrix composite flywheels

A procedure for the filament winding of thick glass and carbon fiber reinforced urethane matrix composite flywheels is presented. The impetus for fabrication of urethane matrix composite rings, which is discussed in the paper, stems from several potential advantages they may offer in high speed flywheels over conventional rigid epoxy matrix rings. The method developed uses continuous in-situ curing of the part while it is being wound to avoid compositional variations throughout the thickness, to eliminate fiber waviness and also to allow very high speed manufacturing. Urethanes typically have extremely high room-temperature viscosities and very short elevated temperature pot lives which combine to make conventional fiber impregnation schemes difficult. A method of diluting the resin with a solvent was developed in order to lower the viscosity. This method allows good room temperature fiber impregnation while avoiding the waste generated with continuous resin mixing systems for elevated temperature impregnation. After impregnation, heaters flash the solvent from the tow prior to being wound into the part. Results show that high quality parts with high fiber content (about 60%) and low void content (less than 1%) can be easily fabricated at radial deposition rates as high as 3.23 cm/hr (1.27 in/hr).
Cloud computing paradigms for pleasingly parallel biomedical applications

Cloud computing offers exciting new approaches for scientific computing that leverage major commercial players’ hardware and software investments in large-scale data centers. Loosely coupled problems are very important in many scientific fields, and with the ongoing move towards data-intensive computing, they are on the rise. There exist several different approaches to leveraging clouds and cloud-oriented data processing frameworks to perform pleasingly parallel (also called embarrassingly parallel) computations. In this paper, we present three pleasingly parallel biomedical applications: (i) assembly of genome fragments; (ii) sequence alignment and similarity search; and (iii) dimension reduction in the analysis of chemical structures, which are implemented utilizing a cloud infrastructure service-based utility computing models of Amazon Web Services ( Inc., Seattle, WA, USA) and Microsoft Windows Azure (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) as well as utilizing MapReduce-based data processing frameworks Apache Hadoop (Apache Software Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA) and Microsoft DryadLINQ. We review and compare each of these frameworks, performing a comparative study among them based on performance, cost, and usability. High latency, eventually consistent cloud infrastructure service-based frameworks that rely on off-the-node cloud storage were able to exhibit performance efficiencies and scalability comparable to the MapReduce-based frameworks with local disk-based storage for the applications considered. In this paper, we also analyze variations in cost among the different platform choices (e.g., Elastic Compute Cloud instance types), highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate platform based on the nature of the computation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cerebral Windkessel and its relevance to hydrocephalus: the notch filter model of cerebral blood flow

Address: 1Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8122, USA, 2Department of Radiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, Level 4, Room 109, Stony Brook, New York 117948460, USA, 3Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA, 4Department Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, T-6, Room 140, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA and 5Dept of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
Lipid Composition of Liver Plasma Membranes Isolated from Rats Fed a High Glucose or A High Fat Diet

Several plasma membrane associated functions have been shown to differ in rats fed a high lard, carbohydrate free diet (L rats) from those observed in preparations from rats fed a high glucose, fat free diet (G rats). To explore the possibility that differences in the lipid components of the plasma membranes might contribute to these functional changes, groups of rats were fed each diet for 5 days and the lipids of their plasma membranes were separated and analyzed. The major differences found were a greater cholesterol content in the plasma membranes from L rats compared to those of G rats (12.2 +/- 2.20 versus 7.8 +/- 1.40 mg/100 mg membrane protein) and more than twice as much phosphatidyl serine and phosphadidyl inositol in the plasma membranes of the former group. Of several variations in fatty acid distribution found in the phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions, the most notable quantitatively were an increase in phospholipid oleic acid (18:1) and a decrease in phospholipid stearic acid (18:0) in L rat plasma membranes. Whether these changes are related to altered membrane function is not known.
Progress in risk communication since the 1989 NRC report: response to ‘Four questions for risk communication’ by Roger Kasperson

While lauding research progress in risk communication, Roger Kasperson despairs of change in risk communication practices. Advances are nevertheless evident on several fronts, including the development and application of pragmatic and evidence-driven approaches to risk communication design, implementation of new engagement strategies, and efforts to communicate uncertainty. Systematic reviews in risk communication research are starting to appear, and will likely help clarify the lessons to be learned. Progress in these areas suggests building on current momentum by continuing to encourage: (1) systematic reviews of research and trends in risk communication; (2) judgment and decision-making research to inform risk communication design; and (3) integrative risk communication research, across disciplines and application domains.
Effects of cloprostenol administration on neutral lipid and prostaglandin F metabolism by porcine luteal tissue

The effects of Cloprostenol administration on porcine luteal lipid metabolism, progesterone production, and prostaglandin F production were examined in 32 pigs at day 12 of the estrous cycle. Pigs were killed between 0 and 18 hours after treatment. Recovered luteal tissue was incubated at 0 C and at 37 C in the absence and presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and indomethacin. Net in vitro release of progesterone from luteal tissue was depressed within 1 hour after Cloprostenol treatment whereas net in vitro release of prostaglandin F was accelerated 4 hours after Cloprostenol treatment. Inclusion of dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the incubation media did not alter progesterone production but did enhance prostaglandin F production at 0 and 1 hour after Cloprostenol treatment. Inclusion of indomethacin in the incubation media completely inhibited the Cloprostenol-induced acceleration of in vitro luteal PGF production. Cloprostenol treatment increased luteal triglycerides and decreased luteal free cholesterol and cholesterol esters within 1 hr after treatment. Arachidonic acid percentages in free fatty acids and triglycerides were also increased within 1 hr after treatment. When 37 C and 0 C incubations were compared, in vitro luteal accumulation of free fatty acids was maximum at 1 hr after Cloprostenol treatment. In vitro accumulation of triglycerides in luteal tissue was comparatively uniform at all times examined during the first 18 hr after Cloprostenol treatment. Comparison of 37 C and 0 C incubations further revealed that luteal triglycerides were active in accumulation of arachidonic acid. Inclusion of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and/or indomethacin in the incubation media did not alter luteal lipid contents or fatty acid compositions. Blood plasma progesterone was depressed at 4 hours after Cloprostenol whereas 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2a was elevated at 18 hours after treatment. Blood plasma free fatty acids increased 330 percent at 4 hours and free fatty acid compositions also changed at this time. In both luteal tissue and blood plasma, changes in steroid and fatty acid metabolism occurred prior to changes in prostaglandin metabolism, suggesting that Cloprostenol induced functional luteal regression prior to altering prostaglandin metabolism.
Polypeptide formation from asparagine under hypothetically primitive conditions.

THIS is a report of the formation of polyaspartic acid from asparagine1 in aqueous solution under conditions which satisfy suggested primitive terrestrial conditions2 better than thermal polycondensation3,4.
Transforming growth factor-β suppresses the invasiveness of human fibrosarcoma cells in vitro by increasing expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease

Abstract We have investigated the effects of TGF-β on the ability of the human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, to invade a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) in vitro. Exposure of HT1080 cells to TGF-β (1–10ng/ml) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of HT1080 cell invasion. Unexpectedly, TGF-β (10ng/ml) significantly enhanced (10-fold) the mRNA expression of the 68–72kDa latent type IV collagenase. Zymogram analysis revealed a 7-fold increase in the 68–72kDa latent type IV collagenase concomitant with an increase in the activated form (62kDa). TGF-β induced the 92kDa type IV collagenase to a lesser degree. HT1080 cells exposed to TGF-β also produced more tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease (TIMP) at both the mRNA (10-fold) and protein levels (5-fold). Although TGF-β induced both type IV collagenases and TIMP, the net collagenolytic activity in the conditioned media after invasion assay was reduced in the presence of TGF-β. The data suggest that the inhibition of invasiveness is due, at least in part, to the increased TIMP expression. These data suggest that TGF-β may play a role in tumor cell invasion by increasing the expression of TIMP.
Pilot study of phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers.

Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been studied as an oral vaccine vector. Despite success with attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vectors in animals, early clinical trials of S. enterica serovar Typhi expressing heterologous antigens have shown that few subjects have detectable immune responses to vectored antigens. A previous clinical study of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhi expressing Helicobacter pylori urease from a multicopy plasmid showed that none of eight subjects had detectable immune responses to the vectored antigen. In an attempt to further define the variables important for engendering immune responses to vectored antigens in humans, six volunteers were inoculated with 5 × 107 to 8 × 107 CFU of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the same antigen. Two of the six volunteers had fever; none had diarrhea, bacteremia, or other serious side effects. The volunteers were more durably colonized than in previous studies of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhi. Five of the six volunteers seroconverted to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium antigens and had strong evidence of anti-Salmonella mucosal immune responses by enzyme-linked immunospot studies. Three of six (three of five who seroconverted to Salmonella) had immune responses in the most sensitive assay of urease-specific immunoglobulin production by blood mononuclear cells in vitro. One of these had a fourfold or greater increase in end-point immunoglobulin titer in serum versus urease. Attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium appears to be more effective than S. enterica serovar Typhi for engendering immune responses to urease. Data suggest that this may be related to a greater stability of antigen-expressing plasmid in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and/or prolonged intestinal colonization. Specific factors unique to nontyphoidal salmonellae may also be important for stimulation of the gastrointestinal immune system.
Subcell balance methods for radiative transfer on arbitrary grids

Abstract We present a new spatial discretization method, which enforces conservation on quadrilateral subcells in an arbitrarily connected grid of polygonal cells, for two-dimensional radiative transfer problems. We review what is known about the performance of existing methods for optically thick, diffusive regions of radiative transfer problems, focusing in particular on bilinear discontinuous (BLD) finite-element methods and the simple corner-balance (SCB) method. We discuss the close relation of the SCB and BLD methods, and how they differ. By careful analysis, we relate specific properties of the SCB solution to specific approximations in the SCB method. We then build our new method by discarding those SCB approximations that lead to undesirable properties and carefully constructing new approximations designed to yield more desirable properties. We compare BLD, SCB. and the new scheme on a series of test problems in slab and XY geometries; numerical results invariably agree with predictions of the an...
Funding the arts and culture through dedicated state lotteries—part I: The twin issues of additionality and substitution

(1994). Funding the arts and culture through dedicated state lotteries—part I: The twin issues of additionality and substitution. The European Journal of Cultural Policy: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-41.
Dance and glance: Visualizing tribal identity in Highland Yemen

This paper is a study in the ways that esthetic markers—dancing, poetry, clothing, food—underlie, define, and construct conceptions of the tribe in the northern highlands of Yemen. As the rural Yemeni economy has changed from economic and political self‐sufficiency to dependence on the world market and a strong central government, so has the significance of tribalism. Ironically, nationalism is presented by the Yemeni media in tribal terms. While rural expressions of tribal identity have declined, use of tribal markers has intensified in towns and cities even by those who were not formerly defined as tribal. The significance of esthetic phenomena in the formation of identity and the construction of culture is addressed.1
Computer dosimetry of 192Ir wire.

The dosimetry of 1 9 2Ir linear sources with a commercial treatment planningcomputer system has been evaluated. Reference dose rate data were selected from the literature and normalized in a manner consistent with our clinical and dosimetric terminology. The results of the computer calculations are compared to the reference data and good agreement is shown at distances within about 7 cm from a linear source. The methodology of translating sourcecalibration in terms of exposure rate for use in the treatment planningcomputer is developed. This may be useful as a practical guideline for users of similar computer calculation programs for iridium as well as other sources.
Disease transmission models with biased partnership selection

Abstract In multi-group epidemiological models with nonrandom mixing between people in the different groups, often artificial constraints have to be imposed in order to satisfy the balance conditions. We present and analyze simple selective mixing models governed by systems of ordinary differential equations, where the balance conditions are automatically satisfied as a natural consequence of the equations. These models can be applied in situations where biased partnership formations among people in different risk, social, economic, ethnic, or geographic groups must be accounted to accurately predict the epidemic. Because in these models the actual number of partners an individual has depends upon the distribution of the population, the threshold conditions are a sensitive function of this distribution. We formulate threshold conditions for the model and analyze the sensitivity of these conditions to different population distributions, to changes in transmission rates and to the biasing in the partnership selection. These conditions were determined by either explicitly defining a Liapunov function or by using the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix to calculate a reproductive number. We present numerical examples to illustrate how the reproductive number depends upon the variations in the population and transmission parameters.
SPECIFICITY OF RIBOZYME DESIGNED FOR MUTATED DHFR mRNA

When MOLT-3 human acute leukemia cells were exposed sequentially to trimetrexate (TMQ) and then to methotrexate (MTX), the cells became resistant to antifolate. We designated this subline MOLT-3/TMQ800-MTX10,000. This cell line was found to contain two point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene: a T-->C transition at nucleotide 95 in codon 31, and a T-->A transition at nucleotide 100 in codon 33. In an attempt to specifically inhibit these double-mutated cells, we synthesized a ribozyme which perfectly base-paired with the double-mutated DHFR mRNA. We found that the ribozyme for the double-mutated DHFR mRNA not only cleaved the mutated DHFR RNA, but also efficiently cleaved the wild-type RNA substrate. This observation suggests proceeding with caution when using a ribozyme against a mutated mRNA of an essential enzyme as a specific means of treatment.
Organization and results of student pharmacist bone mineral density screenings in women

Objective To describe the organization and results of student pharmacist–run screenings of bone mineral density (BMD) among women living in the community. Setting Iowa City from March 2008 to April 2009. Practice description Student pharmacists operated a BMD screening service at several community-based screening events, including university-sponsored health fairs and community pharmacy events. Interested individuals were invited to have their BMD screened; however, only women aged 21 years or older were asked to participate in the data collection. A risk factor form was completed by consenting participants before BMD screening using a quantitative ultrasound densitometer. Upon screening completion, T- and Z-scores were recorded and participants were counseled on their results. Practice innovation Student pharmacists worked to increase public awareness of bone health through the organization of BMD screenings. Working with faculty, a training process and screening-flow outline were developed to allow students to conduct the BMD screenings independently while adding to their education and increasing public health awareness in a community setting. Main outcome measures T- and Z-scores from BMD screenings. Results Eight student pharmacist–organized BMD screenings were conducted during the course of 14 months. A total of 322 women participated in the screenings and data collection. The mean (±SD) T- and Z-scores for these participants were 0.03 ± and 0.52 ± 1.13, respectively. A total of 62 (19.4%) women screened had an increased risk of fracture based on a T-score of −1 or less, whereas approximately two-thirds of all women had better-than-average BMD. Conclusion Student pharmacists provided the community with free screenings that brought BMD scores to the attention of hundreds of women. Counseling sessions that accompanied the screenings contributed to the women learning more about their risks for osteoporosis. Based on these student pharmacist–run BMD screenings, we encourage other student pharmacist organizations to conduct similar screenings.
Multifunctional Colloidal Particles for in Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effective in situ injection technology for the remediation of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) such as trichloroethylene (TCE) requires the use of decontamination agents that effectively migrate through the soil media and react efficiently with dissolved TCE and bulk TCE. We describe the use of a novel decontamination system containing highly uniform carbon microspheres in the optimal size range for transport through the soil. The microspheres are enveloped in a polyelectrolyte (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) to which a bimetallic nanoparticle system of zero-valent iron and Pd is attached. The carbon serves as a strong adsorbent to TCE, while the bimetallic nanoparticle system provides the reactive component. The polyelectrolyte serves to stabilize the carbon microspheres in aqueous solution. The overall system resembles a colloidal micelle with a hydrophilic shell (polyelectrolyte coating) and hard hydrophobic core (carbon). In contact with bulk TCE, there is a sharp partitioning of the system to t...
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: pathologic features and differential diagnosis

The worldwide epidemic of obesity has raised the awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from that of a curiosity to one of a potentially progressive liver disease with risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This overview is focused on the histopathology of the spectrum of fatty liver disease, and discusses the role of liver biopsy, differential diagnoses, and new techniques in development. When pertinent, pathophysiology of this metabolic liver disease and recent treatment considerations have been mentioned as well.
Decreased lactate in endotoxin-resistant mice undergoing hemorrhage is independent of tumor necrosis factor availability.

Abstract Although C3H/HeJ mice, characterized by a genetic deficiency in macrophage cytokine release in response to endotoxin, have been studied extensively to gain insight into the possible role of various cytokines in sepsis, few past studies have examined the physiologic response to hemorrhagic shock in this "enodotoxin-resistant" strain. We utilized a fixed-volume model of hemorrhagic shock and two different levels of hemorrhage severity (50 and 67% blood volume) to compare C3H/HeJ mice to normal C3H/HeN mice. An additional group of endotoxin-sensitive C3H/HeN mice were treated with 2.5 mg/kg of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody to define the possible role of TNF in shock physiology. Hematocrit, circulating neutrophils, and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were measured following hemorrhage. TNF increased significantly following hemorrhage in normal mice but did not increase in C3H/HeJ mice or in C3H/HeN mice treated with anti-TNF antibody. No difference between groups was identified in hematocrit, circulating neutrophils, or glucose. Whereas plasma lactate increased significantly by 30 min in all groups, lactate returned to baseline levels in C3H/HeJ mice at 60 min, but remained persistently elevated in C3H/HeN mice and in C3H/HeN mice treated with anti-TNF antibody. The data demonstrate attenuated lactate accumulation in C3H/HeJ mice following hemorrhage. Inhibition of circulating TNF activity with anti-TNF antibody failed to reproduce this late decrease in plasma lactate in normal mice. The data suggest that macrophage products other than TNF known to be deficient in C3H/HeJ mice contribute to anaerobic metabolism in hemorrhagic shock.
Trypanosoma gambiense: Membrane transport of amino acids

Abstract Trypanosoma gambiense absorbed 14 C-labeled lysine, arginine, glutamate, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, glycine, and alanine by mediated transport systems. The interactions of these compounds as inhibitors or stimulators formed complex patterns of uptake which suggested the presence of five binding and/or transport loci: Locus A bound glutamate, arginine, and lysine, and the binding of glutamate or arginine stimulated the transport of lysine. Locus B transported threonine, glycine, and alanine and appeared to be partially sensitive to ouabain and Na + . Locus C transported glutamate, locus D transported phenylalanine and methionine, and locus E transported lysine and arginine.
Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina

Abstract Nanoporous alumina membranes, also known as anodized aluminum oxide membranes, are being investigated for use in treatment of burn injuries and other skin wounds. In this study, atomic layer deposition was used for coating the surfaces of nanoporous alumina membranes with zinc oxide. Agar diffusion assays were used to show activity of zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes against several bacteria found on the skin surface, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. On the other hand, zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes did not show activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. These results suggest that zinc oxide-coated nanoporous alumina membranes have activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are associated with skin colonization and skin infection.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE: PROFESSIONAL GROWTH IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

(1991). INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE: PROFESSIONAL GROWTH IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 341-348.
New and distinct hippocampal place codes are generated in a new environment during septal inactivation.

Summary The hippocampus generates distinct neural codes to disambiguate similar experiences, a process thought to underlie episodic memory function. Entorhinal grid cells provide a prominent spatial signal to hippocampus, and changes in their firing pattern could thus generate a distinct spatial code in each context. We examined whether we would preclude the emergence of new spatial representations in a novel environment during muscimol inactivation of the medial septal area, a manipulation known to disrupt theta oscillations and grid cell firing. We found that new, highly distinct configurations of place fields emerged immediately and remained stable during the septal inactivation. The new place code persisted when theta oscillations had recovered. Theta rhythmicity and feedforward input from grid cell networks were thus not required to generate new spatial representations in the hippocampus. Video Abstract
Purification and characterization of the ferroxidase-II from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) serum.

Abstract 1. 1. The ferroxidase-II of rabbit serum was purified to homogenity utilizing gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. 2. Purified rabbit ferroxidase-II has a lipid content, molecular weight, and subunit composition similar to human ferroxidase-II; however, it has a specific activity and copper content three times the human enzyme. 3. 3. The parallel increase in specific activity and copper content and the potent inhibition by copperchelating agents suggest that the purified rabbit ferroxidase-II has more copper-containing, active sites than the human enzyme. 4. 4. Results obtained during the purification procedure indicate that rabbit serum contains a protein or protein-bound inhibitor of rabbit ferroxidase-II which can be separated from the enzyme by gelfiltration.
Cricoid Chondrosarcoma Presenting as Arytenoid Hypertelorism

Background: Arytenoid hypertelorism (arytenoid cartilages spaced too widely apart) appears to be the most common initial recognizable physical finding of cricoid chondrosarcoma. Nine cases from the Center for Voice Disorders are presented. With arytenoid hypertelorism caused by cricoid chondrosarcoma, usually the posterior larynx is open. In fact, patients with arytenoid hypertelorism caused by cricoid chondrosarcoma may be aphonic even though the anterior membranous vocal folds make contact during attempted phonation. Methods: Between 1991 and 2002, nine patients were diagnosed with cricoid chondrosarcoma. Patients' charts and video examinations were retrospectively evaluated for symptoms and the presence of arytenoid hypertelorism on endoscopic evaluation. Two were women, and seven were men, with a mean age of 70 (range 53-72) years at diagnosis. Results: Eight (88%) patients had aphonia or dysphonia caused by arytenoid hypertelorism as their presenting symptom. Six were diagnosed after failed medialization laryngoplasty or other laryngeal rehabilitation surgery. All nine patients had a low-grade tumor. The initial treatment in eight patients was hemicricoidectomy, and one patient had a total laryngectomy. In four cases, a second procedure was needed 1 to 6 years later because of recurrence. Seven patients are alive without clinically significant disease; one is alive with moderate disease, and one has died from an unrelated cause. Conclusions: Severely dysphonic, elderly patients presenting with arytenoid hypertelorism of unknown cause should be evaluated by fiberoptic laryngoscopy and by computed tomography scan to rule out cricoid chondrosarcoma. Because these tumors behave so benignly, the authors recommend conservative surgery (unilateral hemicricoidectomy) as the diagnostic/treatment modality of choice.
Effect of lidocaine on the function of immunocompetent cells. II. Chronic in vivo exposure and its effects on mouse lymphocyte activation and expression of immunity.

In vivo exposure of mice to lidocaine (0.25 mg/10 g body weight 4 times a day for 7 days) resulted in impairment of immunocompetent cell function. Spleen lymphocytes removed from animals immediately and 3 days after lidocaine exposure showed changes in their surface charge properties, inhibition of blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, and inhibition of antigen-stimulated activation as measured by the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Lymphocytes from animals sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin showed a significantly lower capacity to produce macrophage migration inhibitory factor 8 days after termination of exposure to lidocaine. Animals exposed to the drug were unable to accumulate an adequate number of immunocompetent cells at the site of challenge with a foreign substance (i.e. dextran), and the ability of the animals to destroy tumor cells nonspecifically and specifically was also impaired. The results indicated that chronic exposure to lidocaine resulted in impairment of lymphocyte function, even in the subsequent absence of the drug, and in significant changes in the expression of the immune response.
Pulse labelling: a method for measuring microbial growth rates in the ocean

Abstract Pulse labelling provides a means of generating the growth curve of a microbial population in natural samples. By suitable choice of radioisotopes, a variety of cellular components may be labelled, although adenine to label nucleic acids and 32P to label phospholipids proved most successful. The labelling of phospholipids also enabled us to measure the growth of algae. When cycloheximide was used as a eukaryote inhibitor to prevent grazing it served to reduce the incorporation of adenine into the bacterial component of the population. Sample dilution as means of controlling predation effects actually increased the sample growth rate until the bacterial component reached the same level as in the undiluted sample, at which time the growth rate fell to that found in the undiluted control. This finding suggests that the bacterial population may be maintained at the carrying capacity of the menstruum, and dilution actually induces an artifact rather than eliminate predation effects.
Preliminary Investigation of the Impact of a Web-Based Module on Direct Behavior Rating Accuracy

The purpose of this study was to provide initial evaluation of a web-based training module on rating accuracy when using Direct Behavior Rating (DBR). Components of the training module included (a) an overview familiarizing users with assessing student behavior with this method, (b) modeling that includes frame-of-reference training, and (c) multiple opportunities to practice and receive immediate corrective feedback. Participants included 90 undergraduate students assigned to one of six sessions (three experimental and three control). Rating accuracy served as the outcome measure defined as the difference between the rater score and a comparison derived from an expert DBR or systematic direct observation (SDO) score. Rating targets included academically engaged, disruptive, and respectful behavior. Completion of the DBR training module generally yielded ratings that more closely compared with the scores obtained via DBR experts and SDO, yet specific results were mixed across type of rating (i.e., behavior target and duration) and comparison (i.e., DBR expert and SDO). Limitations, future research directions, and implications for practice are discussed.
Microscale tools for measuring spatiotemporal chemical gradients in biological systems

Chemical gradients drive many processes in biology, ranging from nerve signal transduction to ovulation. At present, microscopy is the primary tool used to understand these gradients. Microscopy has provided many important breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental biology, but is limited due to the need to incorporate fluorescent molecules into a biological system. As a result, there is a need to develop tools that can measure chemical gradient formation in biological systems that do not require fluorescent modification of the molecules in question, can be multiplexed to measure more than one molecule and is compatible with a variety of biological sample types, including in vitro cell cultures and ex vivo tissue slices. Work from our group centered on the development of microscale tools to measure chemical gradients will be presented. In this project, we have developed a microfluidic interface that allows for sampling from underneath a tissue slice or in vitro cell culture system. The sampling system can resolve up to 19 different ports and can be interfaced with either electrochemical or fluorescence-based detection methods. Using these two detection methods, we are capable of analyzing the release of either small molecule metabolites or proteins and peptides using immunoassays.
Efficacy of 6-, 12-, and 24-h praziquantel bath treatments against Asian tapeworms Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in grass carp.

Abstract Praziquantel is an effective anthelmintic treatment that has been used in dogs Canis lupus familiaris and cats Felis catus. It has also been used successfully against tapeworms and trematodes in fish. This study tested the efficacy of praziquantel bath treatments (6, 12, or 24 h) at various concentrations (0.187, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 12.0 mg of praziquantel/L of water) for controlling natural infestations of Asian tapeworms Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (60–100% of the fish were infested). Treatments either were given as a single application or were applied twice (3 d apart) at fish densities of 60 or 120 g/L. The objective of the study was to find a treatment that would completely eliminate Asian tapeworms from all infested fish, as a number of states now require imported fish to be completely free of this parasite. Most of the praziquantel treatments reduced the percentage containing Asian tapeworms. Single, 24-h bath treatments at praziquan...
A Simple Box Model of Stochastically Forced Thermohaline Flow

Abstract A modified Stommel two-box model is considered as a minimal representation of the buoyancy-driven ocean circulation. In the limit of fast temperature relaxation only the salinity evolves in time while the temperature is clamped to the prescribed ambient value. The box model has no intrinsic variability: just two linearly stable and one unstable equilibria. A finite perturbation is needed to shift the system from one stable equilibrium to the other. The minimum amplitude and duration in time of the perturbation are calculated. A stochastic component of the freshwater flux forcing is then added to model the effect of changes in the global hydrological cycle due to the “weather.” The stochastic forcing is a source of extrinsic time dependence. The salinity gradient obeys an equation analogous to the trajectory of a viscous particle in a double-welled potential, subject to Brownian agitation. If the amplitude of the stochastic driving is above a certain threshold, then there is a finite probability o...
Guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A signaling antagonizes phosphoinositide hydrolysis, Ca(2+) release, and activation of protein kinase C.

Thus far, three related natriuretic peptides (NPs) and three distinct sub-types of cognate NP receptors have been identified and characterized based on the specific ligand binding affinities, guanylyl cyclase activity, and generation of intracellular cGMP. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) specifically bind and activate guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) shows specificity to activate guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-B (GC-B/NPRB). All three NPs bind to natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPRC), which is also known as clearance or silent receptor. The NPRA is considered the principal biologically active receptor of NP family; however, the molecular signaling mechanisms of NP receptors are not well understood. The activation of NPRA and NPRB produces the intracellular second messenger cGMP, which serves as the major signaling molecule of all three NPs. The activation of NPRB in response to CNP also produces the intracellular cGMP; however, at lower magnitude than that of NPRA, which is activated by ANP and BNP. In addition to enhanced accumulation of intracellular cGMP in response to all three NPs, the levels of cAMP, Ca2+ and inositol triphosphate (IP3) have also been reported to be altered in different cells and tissue types. Interestingly, ANP has been found to lower the concentrations of cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3; however, NPRC has been proposed to increase the levels of these metabolic signaling molecules. The mechanistic studies of decreased and/or increased levels of cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3 in response to NPs and their receptors have not yet been clearly established. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms of ANP/NPRA and their biological effects involving an increased level of intracellular accumulation of cGMP and a decreased level of cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3 in different cells and tissue systems.
Theory of collective spin-wave modes of interacting ferromagnetic spheres

We formulate the theory of the collective spin wave modes of arrays of spherical particles of ferromagnetic material, under the assumption that each sphere in the array is magnetized uniformly. In addition, the intersphere interactions have their origin in the magnetic fields generated by the precessing moments, appropriate to the case where there is no direct physical contact between the spheres. The formulation is a real space analysis, and thus can be applied in principle to disordered arrangements of spheres. While our formulation is quite general, and is directly applicable to the case where both exchange and dipolar interactions influence spin motions within an individual sphere, explicit calculations are presented for the case where exchange is absent. The numerical calculations we discuss explore the collective spin wave modes of square planar arrays of spheres, and consider the case where the spheres are magnetized both perpendicular and parallel to the plane.
Double DBD Plasma Actuator Simulations and Experiments in Quiescent Air

Summary form only given. We have investigated surface dielectric barrier discharges with both electrodes insulated. Our experiments with such double barrier actuators have shown that flow is induced in quiescent air from a narrow electrode towards a wide one. The series of observed current peaks suggest a strongly filamentary plasma. Fluid simulations indicate that the net force exists because the plasma is prevented from propagating beyond the edge of the narrow electrode. The intense peaks in the device current are the result of rapid gas breakdown above the dielectric surface. Sawtooth waveforms have similar effects on the flow induced by double barrier actuators to those observed in single barrier devices. We present the results from a study examining the variations of induced force as several geometric dimensions of the actuator change. We compare the forces observed in experiments and predicted by simulation for each actuator geometry. The dimensions compared include narrow electrode size, electrode gap spacing, and others.
Program Evaluation for Internship/Residency Programs in Academic and Research Libraries

Academic libraries are turning increasingly to internship/residency programs to enhance their recruitment efforts. Yet, little evaluative information is available to measure the effectiveness of these programs or to justify funding for them. This article outlines the necessary components of an evaluation model for internship/residency programs based on a survey of academic library deans/directors and program coordinators. The study identifies the key evaluation factors that library administrators consider most important for measuring internship/residency programs, as well as the frequency, format, and sources of input for effective program evaluation.
Noncardiac vascular complications of coronary bypass procedures: A review

The objective of this paper is to review the major vascular complications of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We discuss the risk factors, causes, diagnoses, treatment, and prevention of the major complications. A Medline search was done of the English-language literature from 1966 to the present. Key words used included coronary artery bypass grafting, vascular complications, stroke, intra-aortic balloon pump, and acute mesenteric ischemia. Further references were obtained through cross-referencing the bibliography cited in each work. Only first-level evidence was used in the paper. The major vascular complications of CABG are postoperative stroke, acute mesenteric ischemia, acute leg ischemia secondary to intra-aortic balloon pump use, harvest-site wound infections, and deep venous thrombosis. These complications have significant effects on the morbidity and mortality, length of stay, and hospital costs associated with CABG surgery. As a general rule, high clinical suspicion and the administration of early diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for established complications will greatly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the respective complications.
Shame, Sexual Addiction, and Consumption in American Culture

Sexual addiction has risen to the forefront of many popular culture depictions of mental illness. A disorder unrecognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, sex addiction is portrayed in the 2011 film Shame with sensitivity and sophistication, following the downward spiral of protagonist Brandon, as his compulsive acquisition of sex is upset by the arrival of his sister. This film serves to complicate the relationship between sex, the traditional masculine film gaze, and neoliberal cultures of consumption. Using Mulvey’s classic reading of scopophilia, Zizek’s readings on desire in film, and Foucault’s work in Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality,Volumes 1 and 2, in addition to psychological studies of pleasure and deviance, I explore the conflation of the ‘eye/I’ of the audience, filmmaker, and the subject.
Effects of Brown Midrib 3 Mutation in Corn Silage on Productivity of Dairy Cows Fed Two Concentrations of Dietary Neutral Detergent Fiber: 3. Digestibility and Microbial Efficiency

The effects of digestibility of corn silage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and dietary NDF content on ruminal digestion kinetics, site of nutrient digestion, and microbial N production efficiency were evaluated with eight multiparous high producing dairy cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Experimental diets contained corn silage from a brown midrib (bm3) hybrid or its isogenic normal control at two concentrations of dietary NDF (29 and 38%). The NDF digestibility estimated by a 30-h in vitro fermentation was higher for bm3 corn silage by 9.4 units (55.9 vs. 46.5%). Neither ruminal nor total tract NDF digestibility was affected by corn silage treatment. The bm3 corn silage diet decreased starch digestibility in the rumen and in the total tract, but increased postruminal starch digestibility compared with control diet. The bm3 corn silage diets increased microbial N flow to the duodenum and tended to decrease ruminal ammonia concentration. Microbial efficiency was greater for cows fed bm3 corn silage in spite of lower ruminal pH. Higher efficiency of microbial nitrogen production might be attributed to faster passage rate of NDF for cows fed bm3 corn silage compared with those fed control corn silage. Higher in vitro NDF digestibility might predict enhanced NDF fragility and ease of NDF hydrolysis in vivo. Enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility does not necessarily result in increased NDF digestibility either in the rumen or in the total tract, but possibly increases rate of passage and DMI, improving efficiency of microbial N production.