cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy for benign disease: an old area revisited

After expansion of the balloon causes mechanical injury to the intima, the internal elastic membrane, and the media, a mural thrombus develops because of platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition. A short time later (3–7 days) cells migrate into the intima and proliferate. Fibrosis and restenosis follow. Monocytes and macrophages may also be mediators in the process of retenosis. Radiation can inhibit postinjury neointimal proliferation, and preliminary data indicate that postangioplasty irradiation can reduce the restenosis rate to 17–25%. Rat and pig models of restenosis have been studied in this context. Delivery of about 15–20 Gy with iridium192 in high-dose-rate brachytherapy effectively inhibits intimal proliferation in pigs. Iridium-192 is a emitter, and so the cardiology team must leave the room during the actual procedure. -emitting isotopes, such as yttrium-90 and rhenium-188, have been used to deliver the radiation dose more rapidly and with lower radiation exposure risk to personnel. The endoluminal radiation can also be delivered at much lower dose rates with radioactive stents placed at the time of the angioplasty. All of the techniques described above for prophylaxis against restenosis result in heterogeneous radiation dose distributions across the abnormal vessel, especially for emitters and stents. External-beam radiotherapy provides more homogeneous dose delivery, although carefully tailored conformal fields, perhaps gated to the heart beat, would be needed to minimise the radiation dose to normal heart. Each of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages, and it is too early to tell which will ultimately prove to be best in terms of medical outcome and cost-effectiveness. An experimental model has indicated that whether a 20 Gy dose can permanently prevent rather than merely postpone restenosis depends critically on the proliferative capacity of the injured normal tissue. Confirmation of this finding requires long-term follow-up beyond 2 years, which is missing in much of the animal work. Several clinical trials of the efficacy of radiation in preventing restenosis are in progress. The number of potential patients with wet-type macular degeneration and postangioplasty stenosis who might benefit from ionising radiation is greater than the number of cancer patients now receiving radiotherapy. The specialty treatment of human disease with ionising radiation was once called “radiation therapy”. Over the years it came to be called “radiation oncology”. It may be time to change it back.
Phylogeny of Sibling Species of Simulium venustrum and S. verecundum (Diptera: Simuliidae) Based on Sequences of the Mitochondrial 165 rRNA Gene

The phylogeny of four sibling species of Simulium venustum (CC, CC3, CC4, and AC(gB)) and two sibling species of S. verecundum (AA and ACD = S. rostratum) was reconstructed using nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene. Separate phylogenetic analyses were performed by dividing the sequence data into: (1) helices of a computer-generated secondary structure of the rDNA; (2) loops of the computer-generated structure; (3) helices of a consensus secondary structure (deduced by comparing the computer-generated structure of black flies with the corresponding structures proposed for the fruit fly (Drosophila yakuba) and the mosquito (Aedes albopictus)); (4) loops of the consensus structure; (5) both helices and loops of the consensus secondary structure; and (6) the entire sequence regardless of secondary structure, including 11 variable sites in regions where the prediction of secondary structure was not possible. We found that different data sets led to different phylogenetic conclusions. The phylogenies based on data sets 4 and 6 were consistent with nonmolecular evidence, while the phylogenies based on other data sets were not. Our study suggests S. decorum, a morphospecies, might have shared a common ancestor with sibling species of S. venustum.
Distribution and microhabitats of living (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Abstract The geographic distribution of live (Rose Bengal stained) foraminifera from ☐ cores taken in the Canadian Archipelago shows a dominance of agglutinated species in the western study area and an abundance of calcareous forms in the east. This distribution is attributed to the presence of differing water masses. The western channels are shallow and permit entrance only of the Arctic water mass whereas the eastern channels allow passage of the more saline and warmer Atlantic water mass. In habitat depth, both calcareous and agglutinated species exhibit highly variable vertical faunal distributions. Of the 6 cores studied, the depth above which 95% of the individuals occur ranges from 2.5 to 13 cm. Species microhabitat preference between localities also was found to be variable. Several factors are suggested to contribute to this variability. The cores were taken in shallow-water environments where physical and chemical conditions are less stable. Seasonal differences in ice cover affects productivity and thus the amount of food reaching the benthos. Sedimentation rates also are affected by differences in ice cover. Both of these factors control the rate of food burial which in turn must influence species vertical distribution patterns and microhabitat preferences. Although it has not been investigated, the role played by benthos in modifying sediment texture and in oxygenating subsurface layers may be an additional factor contributing to the variability observed in this study.
Nondestructive characterization technique for most n-type semiconductors, including infrared detector materials

A nondestructive characterization technique to determine free carrier concentration and mobility that is applicable to most n-type semiconductors, including infrared detector materials such as InSb and HgCdTe, is presented. The technique utilizes absorption and Faraday rotation in regions of the spectrum where these phenomena are due mostly to the free carriers themselves. Carrier concentration is directly proportional to the free carrier component of the rotation signal. Free carrier mobility is proportional to a simple ratio of the free carrier rotation to the free carrier absorption. Good agreement with Hall mobility data was obtained using a simpler version of this technique at room temperature. The proportionality constant is actually a complex quantum mechanical quantity that is temperature- and material-dependent. In this study, absorption data was obtained in the temperature range 77 K to 300 K in HgCdTe, n-type InSb, GaAs, and Si. Rotation data was measured at 300 K and calculated for lower temperatures using known values of electron effective mass and refractive index to determine this constant and make it available for practical mobility determinations at various infrared detector operating temperatures.
Irradiation of Dye-Doped Microspheres with a Strongly Focused Laser Beam Results in Alignment upon Optical Trapping

The irradiation of dye-doped polystyrene microspheres with an argon ion laser (488 nm) changes their properties and creates photopatterns. These photopatterns can be manipulated by altering the location of the focal point inside the spheres. The illuminated microspheres subsequently undergo one-dimensional rotational diffusion about the optical axis when captured in an optical trap (985 nm). This behavior is well described by a model in which the differently irradiated portions of the microsphere possess different refractive indices.
Ankle and foot disorders in skeletally immature athletes

As one of the most commonly injured areas in the immature athlete, the foot and ankle has many disorders. Knowledge of congenital and developmental abnormalities and possible injury patterns enables the clinician to correctly diagnose these disorders. Physical examination and appropriate use of imaging technology provide confirmation of the initial impression. As children and adolescents participate in sports with greater intensity, there is a higher incidence of overuse injuries that may have long-term implications.
Economic antecedents of prone infant sleep placement among black mothers.

Purpose Black infants die from sudden infant death syndrome at twice the incidence observed among non-Hispanic white infants. Explanations for this disparity include a two-fold greater prevalence of prone (i.e., stomach) infant sleep placement among black caregivers. I test the hypothesis that the contraction of state economies may contribute to this disparity by increasing the risk of prone infant sleep placement among black mothers. Methods I retrieved data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics employment series and 33,518 black mothers in 26 states participating in the 1996-2002 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. I use weighted multivariable analyses to control for individual characteristics and state and time trends. Results Black mothers exhibit an elevated risk of reporting prone placement one month following statewide declines in employment (adjusted odds ratio for a one percent decline = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22). This risk remains elevated after control for individual variables. In contrast, I find no association between the economy and prone placement among white mothers. Conclusions Statewide economic decline may reduce adherence to the recommended non-prone infant sleep position among black, but not white, mothers. Additional research among black caregivers should determine which mechanisms connect economic downturns to prone infant sleep placement.
Aquaporin 4 is increased in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia: Implications for disease pathogenesis

Changes in astrocyte shape and function are known to occur in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia (HIVD). However, the causes and consequences of such changes are not completely understood. In vitro data suggest that changes in the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the aquaporin subtype expressed by astrocytes, can significantly influence cell shape and physiology. In the present study, the authors therefore investigated the possibility that AQP4 levels may be altered in HIVD. Using Western blot, the authors show that immunoreactivity for AQP4 is elevated in brain homogenates from the mid frontal gyrus of patients who died with HIVD (P < .005 HIV seronegative versus HIVD). Of interest, a significant increase was also observed in homogenates from HIV-infected individuals without dementia (P < .05 HIV seronegative versus neurologically normal HIV seropositive). In the present study the authors also examined the stimulated expression of AQP4 in cultured cells. Previous in vitro studies have shown that AQP4 expression may be increased by stimuli that induce cytoskeletal changes and/or the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The authors therefore focused on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which has been linked to p38 MAP kinase activation, and thrombin, which may also induce changes in the actin cytoskeleton. Both may be elevated with HIVD. Again using Western blot, the authors show an increase in both AQP4 and phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase in homogenates from TNF-alpha- and thrombin-stimulated organotypic cerebellar and spinal cord cultures. Together, these studies suggest that AQP4 expression may be altered in HIVD and/or in response to exogenous proteinases. Additional studies may be warranted to determine whether altered AQP4 expression represents a protective and/or maladaptive response to central nervous system (CNS) inflammation.
Ureaplasma parvum or Mycoplasma hominis as sole pathogens cause chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery, and fetal pneumonia in rhesus macaques

The authors assess causal, cellular and inflammatory links between intraamniotic infection with Ureaplasma parvum or Mycoplasma hominis and preterm labor in a nonhuman primate model. Long-term catheterized rhesus monkeys received intraamniotic inoculations of clinical isolates of Ureaplasma parvum serovar 1, M hominis, media control or physiological saline. Genital mycoplasmas were quantified in amniotic fluid (AF) and documented in fetal tissues by culture and PCR. In association with elevated AF colony counts for U parvum or M hominis, there was a sequential upregulation of AF leukocytes, proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2 and F2a, metalloproteinase-9 and uterine activity ( P< .05). Fetal membranes and lung were uniformly positive for both microorganisms; fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and PCR were more often positive for M hominis than U parvum. Histopathologic findings of chorioamnionitis, a systemic fetal inflammatory response and pneumonitis worsen with duration of in utero infection. U parvum or M hominis, as sole pathogens, elicit a robust proinflammatory response which contributes to preterm labor and fetal lung injury.
GROWTH AND DEPTH-DEPENDENCE OF SATURATION MAGNETIZATION OF IRON NITRIDE THIN FILMS ON MgO SUBSTRATE

We used polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) to investigate the depth-dependent saturation magnetization (4πMs) of bi-layer structured Fe–N/Fe grown on MgO substrates, which were prepared by a facing target sputtering method followed by a subsequent annealing process to purposely study the N inter-diffusive effect. It is observed that by tuning the Fe layer thickness from 2 nm to 5 nm, the magnetic properties of the resulting product varies substantially. According to X-ray diffraction, an additional peak, indexed to Fe16N2(004), was developed in the sample with thinner (2 nm) underlayer. Its corresponding PNR study shows a 4πMs of up to 2.82 T towards the substrate interface, which is 14% higher than the known limit (Fe65Co35 ~ 4πMs = 2.45 T). We attribute this giant magnetization to the presence of chemically ordered Fe1N2. We have seen evidence that the high Ms is favorably stabilized due to the lattice misfit. The thickness range is consistent with the strained region of the films. This depth-dependent saturation magnetization analysis can shed a light to help understand the previous magnetization reports by classical magnetometry methods for the samples prepared using the same underlayer.
Micromechanisms of intergranular brittle ftacture in intermetallic compounds

Grain boundaries in intermetallic compounds such as Ni3A1 are inherently brittle. The reason is usually sought in grain boundary cohesion but in metals even brittle fracture is accompanied by some local plasticity and thus not only cohesion but also dislocation mobility in the boundary region need to be studied. We first discuss here the role of an irreversible shear deformation at the crack tip during microcrack propagation assuming that these two processes are concomitant. It is shown that a pre-existing crack cannot propagate in a brittle manner once the dislocation emission occurs. However, if a microcrack nucleates during loading it can propagate concurrently with the development of the irreversible shear deformation at the crack tip. The latter is then the major energy dissipating process. In the second part of this paper we present results of atomistic studies of grain boundaries in Ni3A1 and CU3Au which suggest that substantial structural differences exist between strongly and weakly ordered L12 alloys. We discuss then the consequence of these differences for intergranular brittleness in the framework of the above model for microcrack propagation. On this basis we propose an explanation for the intrinsic intergranular brittleness in some L12 alloys and relate it directly to the strength of ordering.
Cingulate-cerebellar mechanisms in the physiological pathogenesis of epilepsy

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus are described. 2. 2. Respiratory, motor and electroencephalographic effects are observed and include suppression and facilitation in each category. Respiratory effects consist of arrest and hyperpnoea. Motor effects consist of arrest of spontaneous motor movement and facilitation in the form of a jerk of the muscles of the face. With increasing intensity of stimulation, the jerking involves progressively the muscles of the neck, forelimbs, trunk and hindlimbs, in that order. 3. 3. Electroencephalographic suppression has been reported in detail previously. An after-discharge may also be produced by stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus but not of the pre- or sub-callosal areas nor of the posterior cingulate gyrus. Optimum parameters of stimulation are: frequency — 30 per sec., pulse duration — 11 to 16 msec. and intensity — 2 to 3 volts. The stimulus is applied for 10 sec. and the after-discharge persists 5 to 30 sec. after cessation of stimulation. It usually shows a characteristic 3 per sec. spike and wave configuration, although the rate may be 12 to 18 per sec. It is transmitted preferentially to the cerebellum where it may be amplified and at a faster rate. It is seen less often in the lateral cerebral hemispheres, has been recorded from the hippocampal formation, or may remain localized. 4. 4. Electrical stimulation of the uncus elicits local after-discharge which spreads preferentially to the temporal tip and posterior orbito-frontal areas, but may involve the anterior cingulate gyrus and cerebellum as well. 5. 5. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum does not elicit local or transmitted after-discharge. 6. 6. Dilantin elevates the threshold of motor cortex to the point of unresponsiveness at maximal stimulation but does not alter the threshold of the anterior cingulate gyrus. Tridione elevates the treshold of the motor cortex and of anterior cingulate gyrus slightly. 7. 7. The similarities are reviewed between the effects of stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus and the clinical seizures of the petit mal triad. It is suggested that petit mal triad seizures are attributable to discharge in a system which includes the anterior cingulate gyrus and cerebellum as well as the anterior and mid-line thalamic nuclei. 8. 8. A functional integration in this system of the hippocampal formation and entorhinal areas afferent to it is suggested.
Punishment, Property, and the Limits of Altruism: Locke's International Asymmetry

The standard interpretation of Locke assumes symmetry between punishment by individuals in the state of nature and punishment by states in the state of nature. The standard interpretation is incorrect because in cases where the punishment is altruistic, the state is not the functional equivalent of a person, having a more restricted power to punish. The asymmetry arises from Locke's contractualism because individuals in the state of nature might reasonably refuse to give governments the power to punish altruistically. This interpretation clarifies some ongoing puzzles about Locke's theory of property where questions about coerced sacrifices to benefit others also arise. Locke's argument is vulnerable to important objections, specifically that he equivocates on the meaning of the word “body,” that he places too much emphasis on the right of self-preservation, and that he legitimates nearly unlimited appropriation by states.
Comparison of four erythrocyte fragility tests as indicators of vitamin E status in adult dogs

Abstract Plasma α-tocopherol (α-T) concentrations, erythrocyte osmotic fragility and detergent sensitivity were measured at 8 week intervals in two 1-year-old male beagle dogs fed a vitamin E-deficient diet ( 90 mg per kg α-T). Beginning at 24 weeks, dialuric acid haemolysis and spontaneous haemolysis were evaluated also. In the vitamin E-deficient dogs, plasma α-T concentrations declined progressively from baseline values of 20·5 and 31·3 μg per ml to 0·11 and 0·07 μg per ml, respectively, by 90 weeks. The supplemented dogs maintained α-T concentrations between 18·3 and 38·4 μg per ml. Both dialuric acid haemolysis (R = −0·89) and spontaneous haemolysis (R = − 0·91) increased with declining plasma α-T concentration. In the dialuric acid haemolysis assay, 50 per cent haemolysis occurred when plasma α-T declined to 1·7 μg per ml, compared with spontaneous haemolysis in which 50 per cent haemolysis occurred when plasma α-T declined to 0·5 μg per ml. Osmotic fragility and detergent sensitivity remained unchanged in the vitamin E-deficient dogs throughout the study. Of the four tests, dialuric acid haemolysis was the most sensitive in-vitro assay for vitamin E deficiency in adult dogs.
RENAL‐CELL CARCINOMA IN SIBLINGS: A CASE REPORT

This case report concerns the fourth recorded instance of renal-cell carcinoma occurring in two members of the same immediate family—a sister and brother in the geriatric age group. In the sister's case, nephrectomy was performed and the patient is alive and clinically well three years later even though operation revealed extensive involvement of the hilar structures of the kidney. The brother is being managed with chemotherapy and radiation because of widespread carcinoma.
Atypical triphasic waves associated with the use of pentobarbital

To report a case in which triphasic waves developed during pentobarbital treatment. Pentobarbital coma is indicated in status epilepticus, refractory to other anticonvulsants, and in certain neurologic conditions in order to decrease brain metabolism. At high doses of pentobarbital, the EEG shows a typical burst-suppression pattern, while at low doses, diffuse slowing. Triphasic waves have not been reported in association with pentobarbital. A 54-year-old female underwent surgery for giant ophthalmic aneurysm clipping. Due to tearing and bleeding of the carotid artery, a clamp was placed, an external-internal carotid artery bypass was done, and the patient was started on pentobarbital. The patient remained comatose, the EEG showed a burst-suppression pattern, and the pentobarbital level was 30.5 micrograms/dl. One week later, the patient was still comatose, the EEG showed generalized triphasic waves with anterior predominance, and the pentobarbital level was 11 micrograms/dl. One day later, the patient was awake, and the EEG was normalized. The patient made a complete recovery. Triphasic waves may be seen in patients on pentobarbital. It is important to recognize this finding in patients on pentobarbital due to status epilepticus. This pattern should not be misinterpreted as 'electrical' status epilepticus.
Ameliorating buyer's remorse

Keeping in pace with the increasing importance of commerce conducted over the Web, several e-commerce websites now provide admirable facilities for helping consumers decide what product to buy and where to buy it. However, since the prices of durable and high-tech products generally fall over time, a buyer of such products is often faced with a dilemma: Should she buy the product now or wait for cheaper prices?We present the design and implementation of Prodcast, an experimental system whose goal is to help consumers decide when to buy a product. The system makes use of forecasts of future prices based on price histories of the products, incorporating features such as sales volume, seasonality, and competition in making its recommendation. We describe techniques that are well-suited for this task and present a comprehensive evaluation of their relative merits using retail sales data for electronic products. Our back-testing of the system indicates that the system is capable of helping consumers time their purchase, resulting in significant savings to them.
In the beginning: the initiation of meiosis.

The most-critical point of reproductive development in all sexually reproducing species is the transition from mitotic to meiotic cell cycle. Studies in unicellular fungi have indicated that the decision to enter meiosis must be made before the beginning of the premeiotic S phase. Recent data from the mouse1 suggest that this timing of meiosis initiation is a universal feature shared also by multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast, the signaling cascade that leads to meiosis initiation shows great diversity among species. BioEssays 29:511–514, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DFP-sensitive polypeptides of the guinea pig peritoneal macrophage☆

Abstract Guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages were reacted with [ 3 H] diisopropyl fluorophosphate (10 −7 to 10 −4 M) and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and fluorography. Macrophages reacted with 10 −5 M [ 3 H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate contain eight major 3 H-labelled polypeptides which have apparent molecular weights of 83,000, 75,000, 63,000, 48,000, 41,000, 30,000, 26,000, and 25,000. The sensitive polypeptides were not seen when guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymph node lymphocytes, erythrocytes, serum or plasma were reacted with [ 3 H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate, demonstrating that these components are particular to the macrophage. The finding of a large number of diisopropyl fluorophosphate-sensitive proteins associated exclusively with the macrophage supports the concept that serine esterases play a unique role in macrophage physiology.
HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants. Primary health care implications.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women and infants is a significant and growing health care problem in the United States. Young adult black or Hispanic women are at particular risk, especially if they use intravenous drugs or are the sexual partner of someone who does. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/HIV infection is a significant cause of mortality in women of reproductive age (i.e., 15 to 44 years). In addition, the incidence of AIDS in infants directly correlates to the incidence of AIDS in childbearing women. HIV-infected pregnant women need on-going comprehensive prenatal care with a special focus on HIV management. Antepartum care should include an HIV-focused history and physical examination, as well as additional laboratory assessments to screen for viral and bacterial infections. Intrapartum care should focus on avoiding contact with infected or potentially infected secretions and body fluids. Postpartum care should emphasize development of a comprehensive and integrative plan of care for mother, baby and family unit prior to discharge. Avoidance of breastfeeding and strategies to prevent further HIV transmission must be stressed.
Habitat Use by Striped Bass in Relation to Seasonal Changes in Water Quality in a Southern Reservoir

Abstract Adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (n = 61; 597-914 mm total length) were captured by hook and line throughout Lake Murray, South Carolina, and by electrofishing in the Greenwood Dam tailrace and upper Saluda River above Lake Murray, implanted with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters, and tracked biweekly. During late winter-early spring, striped bass were concentrated in the upstream portions of the reservoir. By midsummer, they were primarily located in the lower embayment of the reservoir, but several fish remained in the tailrace of the upstream dam as well as in a thermal refuge in the Saluda River. After the reservoir began to cool in fall, fish dispersed from the lower embayment and moved upstream toward the headwaters of the reservoir, where they had been captured the previous spring. Several fish returned to locations within 10 m of their original capture locations. Mean movement rates were lowest in winter and summer and highest in spring and fall. Low movement rates in summer wer...
Trace elements in the Allende meteorite. II - Fine-grained, Ca-rich inclusions

Abstract Nine fine-grained feldspathoid-, grossular-, spinel-, pyroxene-bearing inclusions from the Allende meteorite were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. On the average, these inclusions are enriched in the refractory lithophile elements Ca, Sc, Ta and the rare earths by factors of 5–30 relative to Cl chondrites but are depleted in the refractory and volatile siderophiles, Ir, Co and Au. The volatile elements Fe, Cr and Zn are present at levels of 3.38–8.51%, 326–2516 ppm and 308–1376 ppm, respectively. Textural, mineralogical and chemical data suggest that the fine-grained inclusions formed in the solar nebula by the simultaneous condensation of volatiles and refractory lithophile elements which failed to condense into the coarse-grained, high-temperature condensate inclusions. The marked differences in the enrichment factors for different refractories in the fine-grained inclusions are caused by relatively small differences in their accretion efficiencies into the coarse-grained ones. The trace element data indicate that the refractories in the fine- and coarse-grained inclusions can only be the cosmic complements of one another if the fine-grained ones represent no more than ~ 20% of the most abundant refractory elements.
Angular correlation, spin alignment, and systematics of mis-matched 12C+12C inelastic scattering resonances

Abstract Particle gamma-ray angular correlation measurements have been used to study the spin alignment and magnetic-substate population parameters for the 2 + 1 (4.443 MeV) state in 12 C, populated in the 12 C ( 12 C , 12 C [0 + 2 ]) 12 C (2 + 1 ) inelastic scattering reaction in the vicinity of a prominent, narrow peak in the scattering excitation function. The data show a strong alignment of the spin with the orbital angular momentum, and suggest that the cross section peak corresponds to a spin 14 + resonance at E c.m. =28.0 MeV. This energy is close to that where a strong peak is also observed in the 0 + 1 +0 + 2 excitation function. A comparison between the data for these two channels lends some support to recent theoretical calculations of resonance behavior for angular-momentum-mismatched channels in 12 C + 12 C inelastic scattering.
Gene expression profiles associated with MDR1 expression in a doxorubicin-resistant human multiple myeloma cell line

Gene expression profiles associated with MDR1 expression in a doxorubicin-resistant human multiple myeloma cell line
Good options, bad stock

Abstract What does Mr. Gamble do when his nonqualified stock options go down in value but are still taxable as ordinary income? He goes to the CEO, Mr. Sensible. What can Mr. Sensible do for Mr. Gamble in his quest to gain back some of his loss by helping ease the money he owes in taxes? Three options are possible: not to help, undo the stock exercise, or give Mr. Gamble cash. What is the most prudent course of action for Mr. Sensible?
Fractal energy transport: Random walk simulations on long-range percolation clusters

Abstract Luminescene from naphthalene alloys is quenched by long-range exciton hops. These are modeled by long-range random walks on long-range percolation clusters with a range-dependent hopping time. Both linear and exponential range dependencies are simulated, over nearest to fifth nearest neighbor hops. At critical percolation thresholds the random walk properties obey the super-universality hypothesis (spectral or fraction dimension of about 4/3). However this asymptonic limit is approached at different rates for different functional forms of the hopping time (constant, r, er, 10r).
An Evaluation of a Procedure for the Isolation of Myelin Basic Protein (BP)

Abstract A detailed description and stepwise evaluation of a procedure that can be used to obtain myelin basic protein (BP) from whole brain is presented. The procedure involves the 0.001 M HC1 extraction of whole hrain pre-treated in a sequential manner with chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v), acetone, and deionized water. This is followed by a precipitation of the extract at pH 9.0, and gel filtration of the supernatant in 0.01 M HC1. Yields of canine and porcine BP and their disc gel evaluations are presented at several key points in the procedure. The final products possessed a high degree of homogeneity when examined on SDS gels stained with commonly used protein stains. When compared with six SDS-gel marker-protein standards, the canine and porcine final products had mobilities that correspond to an apparent molecular weight of 18, 5000 + 5′,. Quantitative binding of 125I-labeled canine and porcine BPs with standardized rabbit anti-BP antisera gave comparable results. Immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiff...
On the Heegard-Berger problem with common reconstruction constraints

In lossy source coding with side information at the decoder (i.e., the Wyner-Ziv problem), the estimate of the source obtained at the decoder cannot be generally reproduced at the encoder, due to its dependence on the side information. In some applications this may be undesirable, and a Common Reconstruction (CR) requirement, whereby one imposes that encoder and decoder be able to agree on the decoder's estimate, may be instead in order. The rate-distortion function under the CR constraint has been recently derived for the point-to-point (Wyner-Ziv) problem. In this paper, this result is extended to the Heegard-Berger (HB) problem and to its variant with cooperating decoders. Specifically, for the HB problem, the ratedistortion function is derived under the assumption that the side information sequences at the two decoders are stochastically degraded. The rate-distortion function is also calculated explicitly for the special case of binary source and erased side information with Hamming distortion metric. The rate-distortion function is then characterized also for the HB problem with cooperating decoders and physically degraded side information.
Controlling Animals: Power, Foucault, and Species Management

Environmental theorists have used Foucault's work on biopolitics, governmentality, and disciplinary power to examine nature conservation and domesticated animals. This article applies Foucault's studies to evaluate how current species management practices for the reintroduction of the grizzly bear, wolf, whooping crane, and condor create animals and landscapes that are simultaneously docile and useful in the context of the tourist economy. This analysis concludes that managers need to acknowledge that using sophisticated technologies (i.e., geographic positioning systems [GPS]) for species management is, ironically, creating a “wild” animal that is constructed by human means and desires.
The status of the Double Chooz experiment

Double Chooz is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment at Chooz, France. The purpose of this experiment is to measure the non-zero neutrino oscillation parameter θ13, a parameter for changing electron neutrinos into other neutrinos. This experiment uses reactors of the Chooz Nuclear Power Plant as a neutrino source. Double Chooz has published two papers with results showing the measurement of the mixing angle, and 3rd publication is processing.
Properties of the Salpeter-Bethe Two-Nucleon Equation

The relativistic two-nucleon equation of Salpeter and Bethe is examined in the ladder approximation for large binding energy, with an invariant interaction function. The binding energy is considered an adjustable parameter and the coupling constant, $\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$, is taken as the eigenvalue of the problem. As a starting point for this study, the special case of two equal masses and binding energy equal to the total mass is considered. It is found that in this case the equation may be simplified to a remarkable degree. For zero quantum mass, a one-dimensional integral equation in momentum space is obtained, and solved, in closed form. The solutions can also be displayed in closed form in configuration space. Solutions exist corresponding to this binding energy for all positive ${g}^{2}$. Requiring normalizability on a space-like surface in configuration space eliminates solutions for sufficiently small ${g}^{2}$, but a normalizable continuum remains. Arguments are presented to show that this continuum is not due to the choice of binding energy, but is, in fact, characteristic of the invariant equation. It is shown that by introducing a high frequency cutoff into the particle propagators and then going to the limit of infinite cutoff, the remaining continuum is reduced to a single physically sensible solution.
Large Eddy Simulation of Plasma-Based Control Strategies for Bluff Body Flow

Large eddy simulation was used to explore plasma-based control strategies for the flow past a circular cylinder in crossflow at a Reynolds number of 10,000. Solutions were obtained to the Navier-Stokes equations, using a simple phenomenological model to represent plasma-induced body forces imparted by actuators on the surrounding fluid. The numerical method used a high-fidelity time-implicit scheme, and an overset grid approach. Two fundamentally different control strategies were investigated, consisting of larger actuators that produced a wall-jet-like flow, and smaller actuators that perturbed the unstable shear layers near the separation location. The larger actuators achieved control via a "Coanda" effect, and were operated both continuously and in a pulsed manner. For pulsed cases, two different bistable states with nonzero time-mean lift were identified. All control cases resulted in at least a 50% decrease in drag, as well as elimination of oscillatory lift. Comparison is made with available experimental data for the baseline case where no control was enforced. Features of the control flowfields are described, and resultant solutions are compared with each other.
Young Children's Access to Real Life: An Examination of the Growing Boundaries between Children in Child Care and Adults in the Community

Young children in industrialized societies are increasingly separated from the everyday lives of adults in their community. This article explores the historical and cultural dynamics (and contradictions) of a growing boundary between children, particularly those in child care, and adults without primary care-giving roles. The article proposes that young children's participation in and contributions to a democratic society are rooted in access to this real life. The active role of children in the formation of social capital should be recognized by educators and policy makers as significant in the development of identity. A framework and strategies for developing meaningful child-adult relations in the context of child care are proposed as the basis for further research and practice.
Magnesium sulfate in digitalis toxicity.

Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate in digitalis toxicity. The egress of potassium from the myocardium after the administration of 1 mg of acetyl strophanthidin into the right atrium was determined in 16 dogs by measurement of the coronary sinus-femoral artery potassium concentration difference. Three infusions of acetyl strophanthidin were given at 2 1 2 hour intervals. Twenty-five percent magnesium sulfate was given simultaneously with the third infusion. Arterial and coronary sinus samples were collected at 2 minute intervals after each infusion. The mean maximal arteriovenous potassium concentration difference was 0.47 mEq/liter after the first dose of acetyl strophanthidin and 0.80 mEq/liter after the second dose. When magnesium sulfate was given with acetyl strophanthidin, the arteriovenous difference was not significantly different from that of control subjects (0.15 mEq/ liter). A high level of magnesium concentration may overcome the acetyl strophanthidin-induced inhibition of transport adenosine triphosphatase. This may explain the efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity associated with hypomagnesemia. Although magnesium sulfate blocked myocardial egress of potassium in all studies, arrhythmias still occurred in 60 percent of the animals. This suggests that factors independent of potassium loss from the myocardium underlie the development of some digitoxic arrhythmias.
Spectral factor reduction by phase matching: the continuous-time single-input single-output case†

A procedure for reducing the order of a random process spectral factor, without altering its stable minimum-phase property, is presented. It is based upon the balanced or the Hankel-norm approximation of a certain all-pass function characterizing the phase of the process spectral factor. The motivation for this particular methodology for model order-reduction stems from the canonical correlation analysis of Akaike (1975). Further, Bode's gain-phase relation and Nehari's extension used in conjunction provide a functional analytic justification of the reduction procedure. The net result of this procedure is a stable, minimum-phase reduced-order spectral factor that matches the original one fairly well. The paper draws heavily on the early discrete-time paper of Jonckheere and Helton (1984). In the paper we treat the continuous-time case and extend the results of Jonckheere and Helton in several directions.
Acute exercise prevents the development of neuropathic pain and the sprouting of non-peptidergic (GDNF- and artemin-responsive) c-fibers after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impaired sensory fiber transmission leads to chronic, debilitating neuropathic pain. Sensory afferents are responsive to neurotrophic factors, molecules that are known to promote survival and maintenance of neurons, and regulate sensory neuron transduction of peripheral stimuli. A subset of primary afferent fibers responds only to the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) and is non-peptidergic. In peripheral nerve injury models, restoration of GDNF or artemin (another GFL) to pre-injury levels within the spinal cord attenuates neuropathic pain. One non-invasive approach to increase the levels of GFLs in the spinal cord is through exercise (Ex), and to date exercise training is the only ameliorative, non-pharmacological treatment for SCI-induced neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: 1) to determine whether exercise affects the onset of SCI-induced neuropathic pain; 2) to examine the temporal profile of GDNF and artemin in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord dorsal horn regions associated with forepaw dermatomes after SCI and Ex; and 3) to characterize GFL-responsive sensory fiber plasticity after SCI and Ex. Adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats received a moderate, unilateral spinal cord contusion at C5. A subset of rats was exercised (SCI+Ex) on automated running wheels for 20min, 5days/week starting at 5days post-injury (dpi), continuing until 9 or 37dpi. Hargreaves' and von Frey testing was performed preoperatively and weekly post-SCI. Forty-two percent of rats in the unexercised group exhibited tactile allodynia of the forepaws while the other 58% retained normal sensation. The development of SCI-induced neuropathic pain correlated with a marked decrease in the levels of GDNF and artemin in the spinal cord and DRGs. Additionally, a dramatic increase in the density and the distribution throughout the dorsal horn of GFL-responsive afferents was observed in rats with SCI-induced allodynia. Importantly, in SCI rats that received Ex, the incidence of tactile allodynia decreased to 7% (1/17) and there was maintenance of GDNF and artemin at normal levels, with a normal distribution of GFL-responsive fibers. These data suggest that GFLs and/or their downstream effectors may be important modulators of pain fiber plasticity, representing effective targets for anti-allodynic therapeutics. Furthermore, we highlight the potent beneficial effects of acute exercise after SCI.
Encounter trajectory design for SEP rendezvous with low mass celestial bodies.

This paper shows the considerations which precede and affect encounter trajectory design and the impact of this design on propulsion system performance requirements and interplanetary trajectory design. Representative missions selected to illustrate the problems and characteristics of encounter trajectory design are a Mercury Orbiter, Eros Rendezvous, Encke Rendezvous, and Ceres Orbiter. The paper shows that for SEP missions, particularly for low mass celestial bodies, the encounter trajectory may be freely specified to a large extent to satisfy mission goals rather than being dictated by a rigid interplanetary trajectory design.
The relationship of multiple aspects of stigma and personal contact with someone hospitalized for mental illness, in a nationally representative sample

The stigma of mental illness has been shown to be affected by personal contact with mental illness and by a belief in the genetic heritability of mental illness. We use data from a nationally representative survey to test whether the relationship of stigma with contact remains after taking into account the effects of genetic beliefs and other background characteristics. Contact was defined as a history of psychiatric hospitalization among respondents themselves, their family members, or their friends. Respondents answered questions about a vignette character with a mental illness. We found that respondents with contact felt less anger and blame toward the character, thought that the character had a more serious problem, and would want less social distance from the character, including both casual and intimate aspects of social distance. Respondents with contact were not significantly different from the general population in the degree to which they expressed sympathy, thought the problem would last a lifetime, or wanted to restrict reproduction. Thus, contact is associated with having a less ostracizing, critical attitude toward a stranger with mental illness. The results underscore the importance of this experienced group as a resource in fighting stigma in society. Since many people who have had a psychiatric hospitalization have not told their friends or family members about it, this lower-stigma group could be enlarged.
Is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) an effective treatment for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID)

Background Despite its high prevalence and significant effect on quality of life, the etiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), and specifically irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has yet to be fully elucidated. While alterations in immunity, motility, and the brain-gut axis have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, the intestinal microbiota are increasingly being shown to play a role and numerous studies have demonstrated significant differences from normal in the intestinal flora of patients with FGID, and between types of FGID. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a curative therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a disease hallmarked by intestinal dysbiosis, and FMT is now being explored as a means to also restore intestinal homeostasis in FGID. Purpose This review aims to investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of FGID, the implications of FMT for the treatment of FGID, and the challenges encountered in measuring response to a specific intervention in patients with FGID.
A direct quadrature based nonlinear filtering with extended Kalman filter update for orbit determination

An optimal estimation of the states of a nonlinear continuous system with discrete measurements can be achieved through the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, along with the Bayes' formula. However, solving the Fokker-Planck equation is restrictive in most cases. Recently a nonlinear filtering algorithm using a direct quadrature method of moments and the extended Kalman filter update mechanism was proposed, in which the associated Fokker-Planck equation was solved efficiently and accurately via discrete quadrature and the measurement update was done through the extended Kalman filter update mechanism. In this paper this hybrid filter based on the DQMOM and the EKF update is applied to the orbit determination problem with appropriate modification to mitigate the filter smugness. Unlike the extended Kalman filter, the hybrid filter based on the DQMOM and the EKF update does not require the burdensome evaluation of the Jacobian matrix and Gaussian assumption for system noise, and can still provide more accurate estimation of the state than those of the extended Kalman filter especially when measurements are sparse. Simulation results indicate that the advantages of the hybrid filter based on the DQMOM and the EKF update make it a promising alternative to the extended Kalman filter for orbit estimation problems.
Synthesis of the Equine Estrogen Metabolites 2-Hydroxyequilin and 2-Hydroxyequilenin

Equilin and equilenin make up approximately 20% of Premarin which is currently the most popular estrogen replacement therapy. Although there are numerous health benefits of estrogen replacement the...