cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The DVE changes distal epiblast fate from definitive endoderm to neurectoderm by antagonizing nodal signaling

To assess the function of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) of embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5) embryos, we established a system to directly ablate the DVE and observe the consequences after culture. When the DVE was successfully ablated, such embryos (DVE-ablated embryos) showed deregulated expression of Nodal and Wnt3 and ectopically formed the primitive streak at the proximal portion of the embryo. The DVE and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) are implicated in the development of neurectoderm. We found that the distal epiblast of E5.5 embryo rotates anteriorly by the beginning of gastrulation. These cells remained to be anteriorly located during gastrulation and contributed to the ectoderm in the anterior side of the embryo. This indicates that the distal epiblast of E5.5 embryo becomes neurectoderm in normal development. In DVE-ablated embryos, the distal epiblast did not show any movement during culture and was abnormally fated to early definitive endoderm lineage. The data suggest that down-regulation of Nodal signaling in the distal epiblast of E5.5 embryo may be an initial step of neural development.
Earthquake Swarm in Long Valley Caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for Dike Inflation

The 1982–1983 deformation observed by trilateration and leveling surveys across the Long Valley caldera is apparently related to the 8.5-km-long by 8-km-deep vertical rupture surface defined by the January 1983 earthquake swarm that occurred in the south moat of the caldera. The observed deformation can be explained as follows. In late 1982, 0.03 km3 of magma was injected into a dike that dips 30° northward from the bottom of the rupture surface. The downdip dimension of this dike is 8 km. The dike inflation accounts for the uplift observed across the caldera as well as some of the horizontal deformation. Inflation of the dike generated a tension of about 3 bars across the vertical plane that was to become the rupture surface of the January swarm. This reduced the frictional stress on the rupture plane and perhaps triggered the slip that caused the January swarm. Right-lateral slip (0.22 m) on the uppermost 2 km of the rupture plane during and after the January swarm accounts for the additional horizontal deformation observed. The model can be improved marginally if strike slip is admitted over the entire rupture surface and 0.006 km3 of magma is injected along that surface in the depth interval 3–8 km. The improvement in the model fit, however, is not sufficient to require shallow injection of magma. Thus we conclude that inflation of a dike at depth (8–12 km) dipping northward beneath the resurgent dome plus shallow right-lateral slip on the rupture surface is a simple, but not unique, explanation of the observed deformation and seismicity.
PI-3′ kinase and NF-κB cross-signaling in human pancreatic cancer cells☆

Because tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and some chemotherapeutic agents activate both apoptosis andNF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic genes, they may neutralize their own antitnmor effects. The cell-signaling mechanisms for such chemoresistance are not clear but may involve phosphotidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3K). To clarify this we examined whether cross-signaling between PI3K and NF-κ B enhances the antitnmor effect of TNF-α in human pancreatic cancer cells. Quiescent pancreatic cancer cells (Pant-1, MiaPaCa-2) with TNF-α, Ly294002 (PI3K inhibitor), alone or combined, were restimulated with mitogen (10% fetal calf serum [FCS] to induce cell cycle entry). Proliferation (monotetrazolium), cell cycle progression (ApoBrDU and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis), and apoptosis (PARP cleavage; caspase-3 activation) were measured. Akt activation (Akt kinase assay) and IKB~ degradation were determined by Western blot analysis. Translocation of NF-κ B into the nucleus was examined by EMSA, whereas an NF-κ B/hiciferase reporter gene was used to quantify NF-κ B-dependent gene expression. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of two-tailed t test (P <0.05). PI3K inhibition significantly enhanced the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of TNF-α in both cell lines. Ly294002 also blocked TNF-α -induced Akt activation but failed to alter cytoplasmic IκBα degradation or subsequent NF-κ B nuclear translocation. NF-κ B-dependent gene expression, however, was ultimately suppressed by Ly294002, suggesting that PI3k-dependent activation of NF-κ B is Iκ Bα independent. PI3K inhibition can block NF-κ B-dependent gene expression regardless of cytoplasmic IKBNF-κ B activation. Because it also regulates the antitumor effects of TNF-α PI3K may in part determine NF-κ B-induced chemoresistance in human pancreatic cancer.
Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Risk Factors for Operative Mortality following Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Graft : Loyola University Medical Center Experience, 1970 to 1984

The Loyola Open-Heart Registry is a fully operational database that contains detailed data on approximately 9,000 patients who have undergone coronary bypass or cardiac valve replacement from January 1970 to December 1984. We analyzed the registry data using multivariate discriminant analysis to identify and quantitate those factors that might predict operative mortality (OM) for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts at Loyola University Medical Center. Operative mortality was defined as death within 30 days following surgery. A total of 50 clinical and angiographic variables were analyzed for possible univariate association with operative mortality. Twenty-two variables were found to have significant univariate association with OM, and these 22 variables were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis. For patients undergoing isolated, elective coronary artery bypass, the factors found to be predictive of OM are age (>70) (F = 11.57), severe (more than six stenoses) coronary artery disease (F = 5.81), diffuse disease (F = 5.54), positive family history (F = 5.17), and number of coronary arteries bypassed (F = 4.78).
The role of methylmercury production in the transfer of mercury in a salt marsh ecosystem

A salt marsh estuary which has received large discharges of inorganic mercury for several years was studied to evaluate the occurrence and production of methylmercury. The methyl form was not detected (<1 ng/g) in marsh sediments or marsh vegetation (Spartina alterniflora). Significant concentrations were detected in the dominant primary consumers (Littorina irrorata and Uca sp.). Assuming these organisms accumulated a significant percentage of the methylmercury produced in the salt marsh ecosystem, its annual production there is estimated at about 50 μg/g of total mercury in the upper 5 cm of the sediment column.
Self-assessing photoluminescent polyurethanes

Due to excimer formation upon self-assembly, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of isolated and aggregated cyano-substituted oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (cyano-OPV) molecules can be very different. With the objective to create self-assessing elastomers, which reversibly change their PL color as a function of applied strain, cyano-OPVs were used here as built-in deformation sensors in thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs). Binary blends of a commercial TPU and 0.05−0.4% w/w of various cyano-OPVs were prepared by melt processing. The phase behavior and emission characteristics of these materials were strongly influenced by the chromophore's chemical structure, the blend's composition, and the processing protocol. However, only a modest PL color change was observed upon deformation of these blends. Also investigated was the covalent incorporation of 1,4-bis(α-cyano-4-(12-hydroxydodecyloxy)styryl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene into TPUs based on poly(tetramethylene glycol), butanediol, and 4,4‘-methylene-bis(phenyl isocy...
Synthesizing heat exchanger networks having restricted stream/stream matches using transportation problem formulations

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm which is readily computer implementable for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks. The algorithm permits the user to impose constraints disallowing in part or in total the matching of any of the stream pairs. Earlier work showed how to discover minimum utility use for these restricted match problems. Constraining utility use to any feasible limit desired, this paper shows how to discover networks requiring the fewest stream/stream matches and among those to discover networks of simply topology. If required, the algorithm will generate cyclic and/or split stream networks. The algorithm involves the formulation, solving and post processing of a series of linear “transportation” problems. Such problems are linear programming problems of special structure which can be solved extremely rapidly using existing computer codes.
Installed performance of air-augmented nozzles based on analytical determination of internal ejector characteristics

Procedures for matching intake and ejector pumping characteristics of air-augmented nozzles
Non-well-founded sets modeled as ideal fixed points

Abstract Motivated by ideas from the study of abstract data types, we show how to interpret non-well-founded sets as fixed points of continuous transformations of an initial continuous algebra. We conisder a preordered structure closely related to the set HF of well-founded, hereditarily finite sets. By taking its ideal completion, we obtain an initial continuous algebra in which we are able to solve all of the usual systems of equations that characterize hereditarily finite, non-well-founded sets. In this way, we are able to obtain a structure which is isomorphic to HF 1 , the non-well founded analog of HF.
Comparison of artificial insemination versus embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows

Conception rates (CR) are low in dairy cows and previous research suggests that this could be due to impaired early embryonic development. Therefore, we hypothesized that CR could be improved by embryo transfer (ET) compared with AI. During 365 days, 550 potential breedings were used from 243 lactating Holstein cows (average milk production, 35 kg/day). Cows had their ovulation synchronized (GnRH-7d-PGF(2alpha)-3d-GnRH) and they were randomly assigned for AI immediately after the second GnRH injection (Day 0) or for transfer of one embryo 7 days later. Circulating progesterone concentrations and follicular and luteal size were determined on Days 0 and 7. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on Days 25 or 32 and pregnant cows were reevaluated on Days 60-66. Single-ovulating cows with synchronized ovarian status had similar CR on Days 25-32 with ET (n = 176; 40.3%) and AI (n = 160; 35.6%). Pregnancy loss between Days 25-32 and 60-66 also did not differ (P = 0.38) between ET (26.2%) and AI (18.6%). When single (n = 334) and multiple (n = 57) ovulators were compared, independent of treatment, multiple ovulators had greater (P or =20 mm; 34.3 versus 51.0%; P = 0.36) follicles. Thus, although ET did not improve overall CR in lactating cows, follicle diameter and number of ovulating follicles may determine success with these procedures.
Determination of the electron affinities of fluorinated fullerenes (C60F44,46, C70F52,54) by Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Abstract Negative ion charge exchange reactions in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer were used to “bracket” the electron affinities of the fluorinated fullerenes C60Fx (x = 44,46) and C70Fy (y = 52,54). By monitoring the occurrence of charge exchange reactions between negative ions and gas phase neutrals of fluorinated fullerenes and a variety of reagents, electron affinities were determined to be EA(C60F44,46) = 4.06±0.25 eV and EA(C70F52,54) = 4.06±0.25 eV. These results indicate that fluorination at this level increases the electron affinities of these fullerene derivatives by almost 1.5 eV. It was also determined that the electron affinity of C70Fy (y = 52, 54) is slightly greater than that for C60Fx (x = 44, 46), which may be related to the higher number of substituted fluorines and/or the fact that the EA(C70) is also known to be greater than EA(C60)
Ethics, entrepreneurship and the adoption of e-book devices

Electronic books (e-books) are rapidly gaining popularity as a technological innovation that will change the way people read books. A social cognitive perspective to understand how a person adopts an e-book device is utilised in this paper to empirically test the results of a survey. A portion of the conceptual model is supported by the results of the survey that demonstrates the importance of an individual's ethics and entrepreneurial orientation to the adoption behaviour they have about e-book devices. This paper highlights for practitioners the importance of focusing on marketing the ethical and innovativeness of e-book devices.
Strategies for office automation

Abstract With the evolutionary role of new office automation OA hardware and software, past experience with office productivity improvement techniques dictates certain strategies for successful implementation of OA. Global needs identification and goal setting is essential because the multidesciplined and interactive nature of office automation requires a far sighted approach in establishing the role of automation in improving performance and/or office productivity. Major strategies are concerned with • Establishing long/short range plans • Organizing the planning team • Acquiring current knowledge of hardware, software, networking, training and security • Planning ahead for “peoples” problems, “turf” battles, and hardware pit falls.
A glass half empty? New evidence from the HOPE VI Panel Study

The Chicago Housing Authority is midway through its ambitious Plan for Transformation. This paper presents new evidence about how residents have fared since the transformation began. Questions remain about where they are living, the circumstances of their new housing, and how relocation has affected their overall well-being. This paper presents new evidence on resident outcomes from the HOPE VI Panel Study, a national study that includes Chicago. The findings show that those residents who received vouchers are living in better housing in dramatically safer neighborhoods; many report improved mental health; and their children are having fewer behavior problems. But there are also very real reasons for concern. Voucher holders are experiencing economic hardship that may place them at risk for housing instability and the most troubled families are at risk for being left behind in traditional public housing, little better off than they were when the Plan began.
The Design of MIDAS - A Modular Interactive Data Analysis System

A specialized computer facility, designed to provide a highly interactive, graphics-oriented, multi-user environment for the high-speed reduction and analysis of experimental data, is currently Under construction at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The major difficulties in achieving high-speed data analysis (CPU limitations and I/O band-width restrictions) are minimized with MIDAS by using multiple CPU's to parallel-process the data and by utilizing multiple I/O busses with intelligent controllers to permit parallel, asynchronous data transmission to external memory blocks, which then may be switched dynamically to any processor. For data reduction, MIDAS should provide a processing power of about one CDC 7600 per user. Software utilization of the parallel architecture will be relatively transparent to the user, with analysis codes written in Fortran. Prototype tests of this facility are scheduled for summer, 1981.
Static surface charge on current-carrying conductors☆

Abstract A study is made of the problem of calculating the static surface charge on a conductor in which current enters and leaves by wires, treating it on its true basis as a pair of simultaneous boundary-value problems. These are a Neumann problem for the interior region and a Dirichlet problem for the exterior, linked by appropriate boundary conditions on the same separating boundary. Four specific problems are solved involving hollow spheres and cylinders, current in each case being admitted and withdrawn on the inner surface. In two of the problems results are obtained for a mechanical action arising through the charge and which is experimentally measurable.
Silicone fluids: Synthesis, properties and applications

This paper describes the structure and derivation of ‘classical’ silicone fluids, giving the reactions for the production of dimethyl fluids by Miiller-Rochow synthesis, polymerisation, direct synthesis, hydrosilylation, and transesterification. The properties of siloxanes are described, and the applications of silicone fluids and compounds are discussed in relation to their properties, particularly insolubility in water, viscosity-temperature characteristics, and dielectric properties.
Patterns of cytokeratin expression in the epithelia of inflamed human gingiva and periodontal pockets

Fourteen specimens of periodontal pockets and the associated marginal gingiva were collected and either frozen for examination using antibodies against various defined cytokeratin specificities or processed for 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The epithelium forming the pocket lining typically extended into the connective tissue of the pocket wall in the form of a network of finger-like strips. Immunocytological staining indicated that keratins (K) 5, 6, 14 and 19 were expressed by almost all cells of the pocket lining and K13 and K16 by the suprabasal cells. The coronal region of the pocket lining showed some cells staining for K4. Staining for K8 and K18 was seen in the apical region of the pocket lining and in the finger-like extensions of epithelium into the connective tissue. Compared with normal gingiva, the sulcular and the oral gingival epithelia showed a marked increase in staining for K19. Surprisingly, the pattern of keratin expression of the epithelium of the pocket lining was found to be essentially similar to that of normal junctional epithelium and the anatomical position of the boundaries between each epithelial phenotype were not significantly altered. These patterns of keratin expression were confirmed by the 2D electrophoretic analyses of microdissected regions of epithelium. The potential significance of inflammation to the epithelial changes associated with pocket formation is discussed.
Immunity and mate choice: a new outlook

The notion that the immune system of potential mates can influence adaptive mating decisions is more than 25 years old and has sparked many fruitful investigations of mating behaviour and the fitness consequences of mate choice. Prior empirical work has focused on (1) assortative mating based on major histocompatibility complex alleles and (2) trade-offs between reproductive effort and immunocompetence that signal mate quality. These two approaches to understanding the link between immunity and mate choice have remained separate. Given that the immune system must flexibly respond to pathogens that an individual encounters over the course of a lifetime, it is important that researchers begin to incorporate both genetic and phenotypic indexes of immunity in studies of mate choice. Here, I outline several ways that investigators can begin to use a combination of immunogenetic and immunocompetence data to answer open questions about the influence of immunity on mate choice.
The Variant Associations of Aortic Isthmic Coarctation

The term "coarctation" necessarily calls attention to a specific morphologic abnormality of the aortic isthmus. However, in this report, the author seeks to dispel the simplistic notion that coarctation is best characterized by isthmic obstruction, which is only 1 of an assemblage of abnormalities that include the proximal paracoarctation aorta, the distal paracoarctation aorta, the ascending aorta, the transverse aorta, the coronary arteries, the conduit arteries (radial, brachial, and carotid), the retinal vascular bed, dissecting aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms, vascular rings, systemic hypertension, and a decrease in left ventricular interpapillary muscle distance. Some of these abnormalities are secondary to the coarctation, such as collateral arteries and dissecting aneurysms. Others frequently or invariably coexist but are not secondary, such as bicuspid aortic valve and aneurysm of the circle of Willis. Still other abnormalities are seemingly contradictory, such as aneurysmal dilatation of the low-pressure distal paracoarctation aorta, while the high-pressure proximal segment does not dilate significantly. In conclusion, coarctation should be regarded as an assemblage of cardiovascular abnormalities rather than as isolated obstruction of the aortic isthmus.
Kinetics of Red Clay Bluff Dissolution in Western Lake Superior

The dissolution of red clay bluff samples from the southwestern Lake Superior shoreline area in Lake Superior water or deionized water is studied by following the aqueous concentrations of reactive silica over a three month period. The dissolution process is initially rapid, followed by a first-order dissolution process (k = 9.4 × 10−7 sec−1) up to about thirty days. After about 30 days, the rate of dissolution of the bluff material follows linear kinetics (k = 5.4 × 10−8 mg SiO2/gram of bluff per second).
Differential hemodynamic effects of oral enoximone in severe congestive heart failure.

Abstract Since impaired myocardial contractility is the primary deficit in a large number of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), long-term treatment with oral positive inotropic agents has generated considerable interest over the last decade. A number of inotropic agents demonstrate salutary hemodynamic effects when administered short-term. 1 Benefits of long-term therapy are, however, unclear. 2,3 The dose of the inotropic agent may be crucial to its overall efficacy since serious side effects and even death may occur at high doses. 4 In a wide range of doses, both intravenous and oral forms of enoximone (an experimental phosphodiesterase inhibitor) exert positive inotropic, chronotropic and vasodilator effects in chronic CHF patients. 5,6 It has been shown that there is a plateau in the dose-effect relation of oral enoximone since doses in excess of 3.0 mg/kg do not offer any further hemodynamic benefit. 7 Additionally, doses in the 3 to 6 mg/kg range appear to have a very high incidence of adverse side effects. 8 The optimal dose of oral enoximone in chronic CHF is unknown. To determine whether the desirable and undesirable hemodynamic effects of oral enoximone are seen at different doses, we studied the short-term effects of various single doses (0.5 to 3.0 mg/ kg) of this drug in 65 patients with severe CHF.
Failure of methylprednisolone to protect myocardial function or prevent myocardial edema following ischemic cardiac arrest

Abstract The results of the present study suggest that, in hearts subjected to hypothermic global ischemia and reperfusion, pretreatment with methylprednisolone: (1) does not reduce indexes of myocardial ischemia during the period of cross clamp, (2) does not improve myocardial contractility during the reperfusion period despite significantly increasing coronary blood flow, (3) does not afford additional protection to myocardial structure by either light or electron microscopy, (4) does result in increased myocardial edema, and (5) does result in an increase in isovolumic end-diastolic pressure, which is most likely the result of decreasing left ventricular cavity size and not a result of an increase in left ventricular wall stiffness.
Condylar and incisal border movements: A comparative study of complete denture wearers and natural dentition subjects

S tudies by Brewer et al.,’ Clough et a1.,2 and Woelfel et a1.3 have indicated that denture wearers do not prefer anatomic over nonanatomic posterior teeth to any significant degree. Indeed, many patients prefer nonanatomic teeth or could not tell the difference when anatomic and nonanatomic posterior teeth were interchanged on their dentures. Perhaps there is a lack of preference because there is little difference in tooth guidance. Although the terms “anatomic” and “nonanatomic” seem to imply large differences in tooth guidance of the denture, overall tooth guidance may ble quite similar for both, especially when compared with tooth guidance in the natural dentition. The lack of anterior guidance in denture design may make the range of tooth guidance short regardless of the posterior tooth cusp angle. Lack of anterior guidance over a period of many years in experienced denture wearers may lead to increased lateral mobility (side shift) at the condyle. This topic has had little attention in past literature and seems appropriate now when instrumentation with a replicator4S6 can provide accurate measurements of condylar movements in three dimensions. This study determined tooth-guided border movements at the incisors in denture wearers having two interchangeable occlusal schemes of posterior teeth, with cuspal inclines (30-degree) and without cuspal inclines (O-degree) and compared these movements with those obtained from natural dentition subjects. In addition, condylar border movements in experienced denture wearers (wearing dentures 10 or more years) were compared with those of natural dentition subjects.
Comparing Physical Drag Coefficients Computed Using Different Gas–Surface Interaction Models

Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in calculating the aerodynamic forces on satellites in low Earth orbit. Closed-form solutions are available for simple geometries under the assumption of free molecular flow; however,mostsatelliteshavecomplexgeometries,andamoresophisticatedmethodofcalculatingthedragcoefficient is needed. This work builds toward modeling physical drag coefficients using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method capable of accurately modeling flow shadowing and concave geometries. The direct simulation threedimensional visual program and the direct simulation Monte Carlo analysis code are used to compare the effects of two separate gas–surface interaction models: diffuse reflection with incomplete accommodation and quasi-specular Cercignani–Lampis–Lordmodels.Resultsshowthatthetwogas–surfaceinteractionmodelscomparewellataltitudes below ∼500 km during solar maximum conditions and below ∼400 km during solar minimum conditions. The differenceindragcoefficientofasphereat ∼800 kmcalculated usingthetwogas–surfaceinteractionmodels is ∼6% during solar maximum and increases to ∼10% during solar minimum. The difference in drag coefficient of the GRACE satellite computed using the two gas–surface interaction models at ∼500 km differs by ∼15% during solar minimum conditions and by ∼2–3% during solar maximum conditions.
Sensory stimulation induces local cerebral glycogenolysis: Demonstration by autoradiography

Brain glycogen stores are localized primarily to glia and undergo continuous utilization and resynthesis. To study the function of glycogen under normal conditions in brain, we developed an autoradiographic method of demonstrating local-glycogen utilization in the awake rat. The method employs labeling of brain glycogen with 14C(3,4)glucose, in situ microwave fixation of brain metabolism, and anhydrous tissue preparation. With this technique, tactile stimulation of the rat face and vibrissae was found to accelerate the utilization of labeled glycogen in brain regions known to receive sensory input from face and vibrissae: the contralateral somatosensory cortex and the ipsilateral trigeminal, sensory and motor nuclei. These findings demonstrate a link between neuronal activity and local glycogen utilization in mammalian brain and suggest that, like other tissues, brain may respond to sudden increases in energy demand in part by rapid glycolytic metabolism of glycogen. As cerebral glycogen is restricted primarily to glia, these observations also support a close coupling of glial energy metabolism with neuronal activity.
Border Security: Supplementing Human Intelligence in a Sensor Network Using Sequential Pattern Mining

Sensors are being deployed to improve border security generating enormous collections of data and databases. Unfortunately these sensors can respond to a variety of stimuli, sometimes reacting to meaningful events and sometimes triggered by random events which are considered false alarms. The intent of this project is to supplement human intelligence in a sensor network framework that can assist in filtering and real-time decision making from the large volume of data generated. Our conceptual design of a human-computer system is to use off-line learning to identify the important patterns. The critical real-time system uses the identified patterns from off-line learning in a system that relates the risks of false alarms with the length of patterns and the time interval distributions between sensors in the patterns to allow the human to generate intervention decisions. The human would supplement the computer information with the current threat levels and the available resources for reactions.
Cross-tolerance between analgesia produced by xylazine and selective opioid receptor subtype treatments.

Opioid receptor agonists produce analgesia through multiple systems activated by stimulation of mu(1), mu(2), delta(1), delta(2) and kappa(1) opioid receptors. Morphine analgesia is modulated by stimulation of alpha(2) adrenoceptors. To understand how multiple opioid analgesic systems interact with alpha(2)-adrenoceptor systems, analgesic cross-tolerance between the alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonist xylazine and opioid receptor agonists was studied using the mouse tail-flick assay. Mice received either xylazine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (1 ml/kg) for five days. On day six, mice received a dose of s.c. xylazine, i.c.v. [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly(ol)(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO), i.t. Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH(2) (Tyr-W-MIF-1), i.c.v. or i.t. [D-Pen(2),D-Pen(5)]enkephalin (DPDPE), i.t. [D-Ala(2)]deltorphin II (deltorphin II), or s.c. trans-(+/-)-3, 4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide (U50,488). Xylazine tolerant mice required 4. 57-fold more xylazine to elicit the same response as saline treated animals and showed a 2.55-fold shift in i.c.v. DAMGO and a 3.37-fold shift in i.c.v. DPDPE antinociception. No cross-tolerance was seen with i.c.v. deltorphin II, i.t.Tyr-W-MIF-1, i.t. DPDPE, i.t. Tyr-W-MIF-1 or s.c. U50,488. These results implicate alpha(2) adrenoceptor systems in the modulation of supraspinal mu(1), and delta(1) opioid analgesic circuitry and raise the possibility that mu(2), delta(2) or kappa(1) opioid receptor agonists may be alternated with alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists to minimize tolerance or treat opioid-tolerant patients.
Effects of ethnicity on low-dose opiate stabilization

Abstract In a recent randomized clinical trial using buprenorphine (2 and 6 mg) and methadone (35 and 65 mg), we compared low-level opiate withdrawal symptoms among Whites ( n = 84), Hispanics ( n = 20), and African Americans ( n = 21). During the first 2 monthsof opiate stabilization, persistent low-level opiate withdrawal symptoms were significantly lower in African-Americans and Hispanics than in the white patients. As expected pharmacologically, this relative underreporting of low-level withdrawal by minority patients was greater for the low opiate doses (buprenorphine 2 mg and methadone 35 mg). This underreporting may reflect sociocultural as well as biological differences, because subjective, but not objective, withdrawal symptoms showed this ethnic difference.
Bacterial Strain Diversity Within Wounds.

Significance: Rare bacterial taxa (taxa of low relative frequency) are numerous and ubiquitous in virtually any sample—including wound samples. In addition, even the high-frequency genera and species contain multiple strains. These strains, individually, are each only a small fraction of the total bacterial population. Against the view that wounds contain relatively few kinds of bacteria, this newly recognized diversity implies a relatively high rate of migration into the wound and the potential for diversification during infection. Understanding the biological and medical importance of these numerous taxa is an important new element of wound microbiology. Recent Advances: Only recently have these numerous strains been discovered; the technology to detect, identify, and characterize them is still in its infancy. Multiple strains of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been found in a single wound. In the few cases studied, the distribution of the bacteria suggests microhabitats and biological interactions. Critical Issues: The distribution of the strains, their phenotypic diversity, and their interactions are still largely uncharacterized. The technologies to investigate this level of genomic detail are still developing and have not been largely deployed to investigate wounds. Future Directions: As advanced metagenomics, single-cell genomics, and advanced microscopy develop, the study of wound microbiology will better address the complex interplay of numerous individually rare strains with both the host and each other.
Kinetics of Crack Tip Blunting of Glasses

When abraded or indented glasses are annealed, a strength increase of 20% to 30% is observed. Crack tip blunting and removal of tensile residual stress near the crack tip have both been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In order to resolve which is the more likely mechanism, the kinetics of strength increase of soda-lime, borosilicate, and high-silica glasses were measured as a function of heat-treatment temperature and atmosphere. The sinusoidal profile decay of corrugated glass surfaces of the soda-lime glass was also investigated at similar temperatures and atmospheres. From these two complementary measurements, it was concluded that the observed strength increase of glasses upon annealing is caused by crack tip blunting, most likely due to viscous flow assisted by water diffused from the atmosphere.
The Significance of Clarence Ayres' Pragmatic Instrumentalism in the History of Institutionalism

Evaluates the significance of Clarence Edwin Ayres′ contribution to the historical development of the institutionalist school of economic thought. Summarizes Ayres′ philosophy of pragmatic instrumentalism and integrates it into his theory of economic progress, which is disaggregated into its component parts: his theory of normative value; his theory of economic causation; and his theory of economic policy. Thoroughly explicates and carefully evaluates each of these theories. Concludes that Clarence Ayres has made an important contribution to the history of institutionalism by synthesizing the pragmatic philosophy of C.S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey with the institutional economics of Thorstein B. Veblen, John R. Commons, and Wesley C. Mitchell.
Two-way radio&#8212;A safety survey

Can you visualise a one man basketball team? Surely your picture of such a team includes visions of failure and defeat on the court. We all know that it takes a full team and the coordinated action of all it's members to win at basketball. The same thing is true in reference to product safety. The manufacturer is only one member of the team. As a leader in the communications field, General Electric, the manufacturing member of the team, has faced its responsibilities in this area and has given careful consideration to safety concerns in the design of its equipment. However, some safety problems are beyond the control of the radio manufacturer alone, and require action on the part of others, perhaps even you, to assure fully safe use of the radio.
Reperfusion pulmonary edema in children with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries undergoing unifocalization procedures: A pilot study examining potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical significance

Objective Children with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), pulmonary atresia (PA), and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) are at risk for reperfusion pulmonary edema (RPE) after unifocalization procedures to reconstruct the central pulmonary arteries. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of RPE, describe the clinical course of patients with RPE, and explore the mechanism of RPE in this population by measuring plasma biomarkers of alveolar epithelial and endothelial injury and lung inflammation. Methods Levels of plasma receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and postoperative day (POD) 0, 1, and 2 after unifocalization. A pediatric radiologist reviewed chest radiographs from the same time points and scored each lung segment for the degree of pulmonary edema. A pediatric interventional cardiologist reviewed the preoperative angiograms for each patient and determined the degree of stenosis for each aortopulmonary collateral vessel. RPE was defined as localized pulmonary edema with a pulmonary edema score of at least 2 occurring in the lung segment demonstrating the greatest degree of angiographic stenosis within the first 48 hours after surgery and with resolution by discharge. Results Thirty-five patients who underwent 37 unifocalization procedures were enrolled, and 32 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 16 of 32 (50%) demonstrated evidence of RPE based on our defined criteria. There was no significant difference in RAGE ( P = .60), ICAM-1 ( P = .34), or IL-6 ( P = .31) levels between those with and without RPE at any time point. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with RPE versus those without was not significantly different (5.1 ± 4.2 vs 5.6 ± 4.5 days, respectively; P = .57). Conclusions Fifty percent of children with TOF/PA/MAPCAs undergoing unifocalization surgery developed RPE. Levels of plasma biomarkers of alveolar epithelial and endothelial injury and lung inflammation were not increased in patients with RPE compared with those without RPE. The presence of RPE did not affect the duration of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation. The process of RPE is clinically self-limited and seems unlikely to be associated with vascular changes.
Relabeling Internal and External Validity for Applied Social Scientists.

Confusion about the meaning of validity in quasi-experimental research can be addressed by carefully relabeling types of validity. Internal validity can more aptly be termed “local molar causal validity.” More tentatively, the “principle of proximal similarity” can be substituted for the concept of external validity.
Violent Films and Prosocial Behavior

This study attempted to further test the excitation transfer theory's applicability to prosocial behavior. Forty-two female college students were treated in either a positive or neutral manner by a confederate and then watched a violent, arousing film, a neutral, nonarousing film, or no film. Following this, participants were given the opportunity both to aggress against and reward the confederate. As predicted, individuals treated in a positive manner and shown the violent film were more generous in administering reward to the confederate than were similarly treated individuals exposed to the neutral film or no film.
Impact of BiCMOS technology on SRAM circuit design

The BiCMOS design techniques used in the design of ECL (emitter-coupled logic) megabit and 256 K BiCMOS SRAMs are discussed. The topics covered include design issues with respect to ECL-to-CMOS-level translation, sense amplifier design, I/O interface issues, and the integration of bipolar devices into high-density, but traditionally CMOS-only circuits. The superior performance that BiCMOS has over CMOS with respect to temperature insensitivity is discussed. >
Aptamer-Based Origami Paper Analytical Device for Electrochemical Detection of Adenosine

Here we report a self-powered origami paper analytical device (oPAD) that uses an aptamer to recognize an analyte, a glucose oxidase (GOx) tag to modify the relative concentrations of an electroactive redox couple, and a digital multimeter (DMM) to transduce the result of the assay. The sensor is self-powered in that it self-generates an electrical signal so that the read-out process is similar to testing a battery. The principle of the sensor is illustrated in Scheme 1. Briefly, the device is printed on a single piece of paper, folded into a three-dimensional (3D) configuration, and then laminated in plastic. An aliquot of sample is loaded at the inlet, split into two channels, and then directed to microbeads entrapped within the channels. In one channel, an aptamer immobilized on microbeads binds to the target and releases a GOx-labeled DNA strand that flows downstream. No aptamer is present on the microbeads in the other channel, which is used as a control. The split fluids terminate in an hour-glass-shaped, two-compartment electrochemical cell. The waist of the hour glass serves as a salt bridge between the two half cells. In one of the half cells, GOx catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, which in turn results in conversion of Fe(CN)63− to Fe(CN)64−.The difference in concentrations of Fe(CN)63− and Fe(CN)64− in the sensing half cell and control half cell results in a voltage that is used to charge a capacitor. When the switch (lower part of Scheme 1) is closed, the capacitor discharges through the DMM. The capacitor provides a high instantaneous current, in effect an amplified current, and hence a higher sensitivity than a direct current measurement.
Proposal for Magnetic Domain-Wall Storage and Logic

Magnetic storage of binary digital information is currently accomplished by utilizing the two stable and degenerate energy states corresponding to opposite spatial directions of a magnetic domain. However, a second type of magnetic-energy degeneracy exists since a domain wall separating two domains has the same energy regardless of the sense (clockwise or counter-clockwise) of rotation of the magnetization M within the wall. Hence, the rotational sense of M in passing through a wall can be used to represent binary information. The two methods of representation are essentially different since different aspects of spatial symmetry are involved. A practical method of utilizing wall-rotation information coding can be effected by means of strips of thin magnetic film and nearby current conductors which are used to generate magnetic fields in specified directions at specified times and places. A shift register consists of a regular up-and-down domain pattern with M perpendicular to the long strip axis; no information is contained in the domain pattern itself, which only serves to separate spatially the information-bearing walls. Shifting is accomplished by two-phase clock pulses on a pair of shifting windings. Read-out requires the use of the operation of conditional erase, accomplished as follows: if two walls of the same sense are brought together they form a double wall which can subsequently be separated into two walls; if the walls are of the opposite sense they will destroy one another upon being brought together. Thus, erasure occurs on condition that two walls have opposite sense.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the structure and function of rhodopsin

Magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR methods provide a means of obtaining high resolution structural data on rhodopsin and its photoin termediates. Current work has focused on the structure of the retinal chromophore and its interactions with surrounding protein charges. The recent development of MAS NMR methods for measuring internuclear distances with a resolution of ∼0.2 will complement diffraction methods for addressing key mechanistic questions.
Visual-Spatial Strength in Dyslexia Rapid Discrimination of Impossible Figures

It has often been conjectured that visual-spatial talents accompany dyslexia. But do individuals with dyslexia have unusual visual-spatial talents? Individuals with dyslexia were compared to controls on two computer-based visual-spatial tasks in two studies. In accordance with a diverging ability hypothesis, it was predicted that the dyslexia group would perform better on a global task, identifying impossible figures, and worse on a feature-oriented task, matching figures. These hypotheses were partially supported. On the global task, the dyslexia group was faster but no more accurate than the control group at identifying impossible objects. On the feature-oriented task, the control group outperformed the dyslexia group. The results indicate that the diverging ability hypothesis of dyslexia merits further investigation.
Direct Demonstration of a Growth-Induced Water Potential Gradient.

When transpiration is negligible, water potentials in growing tissues are less than those in mature tissues and have been predicted to form gradients that move water into the enlarging cells. To determine directly whether the gradients exist, we measured water potentials along the radius of stems of intact soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seedlings growing in vermiculite in a water-saturated atmosphere. The measurements were made in individual cells by first determining the turgor with a miniature pressure probe, then determining the osmotic potential of solution from the same cell, and finally summing the two potentials. The osmotic potentials were corrected for sample mixing in the probe. The measurements were checked with a thermocouple psychrometer that gave average tissue water potentials. In the elongating region, the water potential was highest near the xylem and lowest near the epidermis and in the center of the pith. In the basal, more mature region of the same stems, water potentials were near zero next to the xylem and throughout the tissue. These basal potentials reflected mostly the potential of the xylem, which extended into the elongating tissues. Thus, the high basal potential confirmed the high potential near the xylem in the elongating tissues. The psychrometer measurements for each tissue gave average potentials that agreed with the average of the cell potentials from the pressure probe. We conclude that a radial gradient was present in the elongating region that formed a water potential field in three dimensions around the xylem and that confirmed the predictions of Molz and Boyer (F.J. Molz and J.S. Boyer [1978] Plant Physiol 62: 423–429).
Bedside management of acute myocardial infarction

Each year about one million people in the United States suffer an attack of acute myocardial infarction. Between 50 to 60 per cent of deaths after acute infarctions occur outside the hospital. More than 40 per cent die within the first two hours after the onset of symptoms. Prehospital care has been shown to be feasible and of great value.‘. ” Emergency medical systems (mobile coronary care units) are now available in many cities. If such units are not available, the patient should be taken to a hospital as rapidly as possible. In view of the increased incidence of arrhythmias during the first few hours of an acute infarction, it has been suggested that prophylactic prehospital treatment with lidocaine or atropine be administered.“. ’ Until further studies become available, we recommend the prehospital use of 300 mg. lidocaine intramuscularly if the heart rate is over 55 beats per minute, or atropine 0.6 mg. intravenously if the rate is below 55 beats per minute. However, a recent hospital study did not confirm this dose of lidocaine as effective in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation, possibly because the blood levels of the drug were inadequate.” In addition, the mechanism of arrhythmias in the earliest phase of myocardial infarction may be different from that in later stages. Therefore, the variable results may be due to the different times from the onset of the infarction that lidocaine has been administered. Many factors contribute to the delay in early