cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable Computing in a Hybrid System Architecture

The largest performance gains in current supercomputers come from increased parallelism on practically all levels. Within a processor, there are multiple functional units as well as multiple cores. In order to reach Petaflop scale, well over 100000 processor cores need to be employed in such a system. This trend is expected to continue for the next couple of years, thus the biggest challenge is making this computational power available to a wider spectrum of “real” applications, like fluid dynamics or complex weather models. In order to increase single processor performance, various concepts of hybrid computing are under investigation. This paper covers technology trends, an overview of the current Cray XT5h hybrid supercomputer, and provides an outlook to future Cray MPP architectures.
Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar

Tropical deforestation is a key contributor to species extinction and climate change, yet the extent of tropical forests and their rate of destruction and degradation through fragmentation remain poorly known. Madagascar's forests are among the most biologically rich and unique in the world but, in spite of longstanding concern about their destruction, past estimates of forest cover and deforestation have varied widely. Analysis of aerial photographs (c. 1953) and Landsat images (c. 1973, c. 1990 and c. 2000) indicates that forest cover decreased by almost 40% from the 1950s to c. 2000, with a reduction in ‘core forest’ > 1 km from a non-forest edge of almost 80%. This forest destruction and degradation threaten thousands of species with extinction. Country-wide coverage of high-resolution validated forest cover and deforestation data enables the precise monitoring of trends in habitat extent and fragmentation critical for assessment of species' conservation status.
Serum response factor: master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus

Serum response factor (SRF) is a highly conserved and widely expressed, single copy transcription factor that theoretically binds up to 1,216 permutations of a 10-base pair cis element known as the CArG box. SRF-binding sites were defined initially in growth-related genes. Gene inactivation or knockdown studies in species ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mice have consistently shown loss of SRF to be incompatible with life. However, rather than being critical for proliferation and growth, these genetic studies point to a crucial role for SRF in cellular migration and normal actin cytoskeleton and contractile biology. In fact, recent genomic studies reveal nearly half of the >200 SRF target genes encoding proteins with functions related to actin dynamics, lamellipodial/filopodial formation, integrin-cytoskeletal coupling, myofibrillogenesis, and muscle contraction. SRF has therefore emerged as a dispensable transcription factor for cellular growth but an absolutely essential orchestrator of actin cytoskeleton and contractile homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent genomic and genetic analyses of CArG-SRF that support its role as an ancient, master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile machinery.
Bovine Pregnancy Detection by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Cervical Mucus

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of bovine cervical mucous samples obtained 5 to 50 days postbreeding from 44 dairy cows were compared with reproductive performance of the animals to that breeding. Regression of relative changes of peak asymmetry at 20 and 50% peak height on the ratio of peak width, at half height, to peak height established a zone characteristic of animals subsequently delivering calves. All 13 animals whose mucous asymmetry indices were within this zone gave birth to calves; however, one calf was dead on arrival. Samples from 31 animals had indices outside the zone; 28 of these animals returned to heat and 3 delivered calves dead at birth. Using live birth compared with return to heat or birth of a dead calf as test criteria for the 51 samples gave a combined effectiveness rating of 98% contrasted with 94.1% if the criteria were birth of a calf, living or dead, or return to heat.
Accurately Positioning and Incorporating Tissue-Scattered Photons into PET Image Reconstruction

We are developing cadmium zinc telluride detectors with three-dimensional positioning capabilities for high-resolution PET imaging. These detectors exhibit high spatial resolution (1 mm), energy resolution (2.5% full width at half maximum for 511 keV photons), and the ability to identify the 3-D coordinates of individual Compton and photoelectric interactions within the detector. These detectors can operate in conventional PET mode measuring photons in coincidence and as a Compton camera for single photon events. In this work, we show how the capabilities of this detector can be used to reconstruct tissue-scatter coincidence events. We present a scatter projector function for positioning tissue-scatter coincidence events in the field of view. Using Monte Carlo simulated data generated by GATE (Geant4), we showed that this new approach might be used to increase the number of usable counts in PET.
Intensions are a key to program comprehension

The classical comprehension theories study relations between extensions, intensions, and names. Originally developed in linguistics and mathematics, these theories are applicable to program comprehension as well. While extensions are present in the program, the intensions are usually missing, and evolution and maintenance programmers have to recover them as the program cannot be successfully comprehended and changed without them.
Diabetes to Go: Knowledge- and Competency-Based Hospital Survival Skills Diabetes Education Program Improves Postdischarge Medication Adherence.

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of providing inpatient knowledge-based diabetes “survival skills” education. In addition, the preliminary impact of the survival skills education intervention on medication adherence and hospital plus emergency department admissions was assessed.MethodsThis study was a prospective nonrandomized pilot study conducted in an urban teaching hospital. In sum 125 adults consented—the majority of whom were African American women—with uncontrolled diabetes: blood glucose > 200 mg/dL or < 40 mg/dL upon admission to general medicine units. Mean admitting blood glucose was 283 ± 128 mg/dL. Evaluation measures were diabetes knowledge, medication adherence, and hospital admissions plus emergency department visits at and/or 3 months before baseline and at 2 weeks and 3 months postdischarge.ResultsThere was improvement in diabetes knowledge and medication adherence, which was sustained to 3 months. A trend was observed toward reduction in emerge...
Event-related Potentials Reveal Age Differences in the Encoding and Recognition of Scenes

The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how the encoding and recognition of complex scenes change with normal aging. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified more drastic age impairments at encoding than at recognition, ERP studies accumulate more evidence for age differences at retrieval. However, stimulus type and paradigm differences across the two literatures have made direct comparisons difficult. Here, we collected young and elderly adults' encoding- and recognition-phase ERPs using the same materials and paradigm as a previous fMRI study [Gutchess, A. H., Welsh, R. C., Hedden, T., Bangert, A., Minear, M., Liu, L., et al. Aging and the neural correlates of successful picture encoding: Frontal activations compensate for decreased medial temporal activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 84--96, 2005]. Twenty young and 20 elderly adults incidentally encoded and then recognized photographs of outdoor scenes. During encoding, young adults showed a frontocentral subsequent memory effect, with high-confidence hits exhibiting greater positivity than misses. Elderly adults showed a similar subsequent memory effect, which, however, did not differ as a function of confidence. During recognition, young adults elicited a widespread old/new effect, and high-confidence hits were distinct from both low-confidence hits and false alarms. Elderly adults elicited a smaller and later old/new effect, which was unaffected by confidence, and hits and false alarms were indistinguishable in the waveforms. Consistent with prior ERP work, these results point to important age-related changes in recognition-phase brain activity, even when behavioral measures of memory and confidence pattern similarly across groups. We speculate that memory processes with different time signatures contribute to the apparent differences across encoding and retrieval stages, and across methods.
Butterfly cartilage graft inlay tympanoplasty for large perforations.

Objective: Butterfly graft inlay tympanoplasty is a well-established technique for the repair of small perforations. However, the efficacy of the technique for medium and large tympanic membrane perforations remains unknown. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Postauricular tympanoplasty and tympanomastoidectomy using a large butterfly cartilage inlay graft (>4 mm diameter to total drum replacement) were analyzed in 90 pediatric patients (99 ears). Results: Patient ages ranged from 2 to 20 years; mean follow-up duration was 27.6 months. Successful closure occurred in 92% of the ears. No graft lateralized nor displaced into the middle ear. No retraction pocket occurred during the follow-up period. In 62 cases, intact canal wall or canal wall window tympanomastoidectomy was performed; Fifty-one (82.2%) of the patients having mastoidectomy procedures had chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. The mean preoperative to postoperative four-tone air-bone gap improved from 23 to 21 dB; the number of patients with 0 to 10 dB hearing results increased from 16 ears preoperatively to 32 ears postoperatively. Postoperative suboptimal results included eight patients with postoperative perforations in the residual tympanic membrane adjacent to an intact cartilage graft; two of these patients were the only individuals who exhibited otorrhea. Conclusions: Cartilage butterfly graft inlay tympanoplasty is effective in the vast majority of patients with moderate to large perforations. The closure rate exceeded 90% with no graft displacement, postoperative adverse events were respectably low, and hearing results improved or remained stable despite the need for concurrent mastoidectomy in the majority of patients.
Surface Shapes Giving Transverse Cusp Catastrophes in Acoustic or Seismic Echoes

The reflection of sound from curved surfaces can give rise to cusp caustics. This paper discusses the theory for locating the cusps and describes the associated wavefields. The emphasis is on cases where a cusp caustic opens up roughly transverse to the direction of propagation of the reflected wave. The present work extends a previous discussion of such transverse cusps1 to allow for a wide range of point source and receiver locations. The concepts of the caustic surface and the coalescence of adjacent rays and echoes will also be discussed.
Empirical orthogonal analysis of atlantic ocean surface temperatures

An empirical orthogonal function analysis has been performed on monthly mean sea surface temperature observations in the Atlantic Ocean between 70°N and 30°S for the years 1949–69. This method derives the most important ‘modes’ of variation, defined as those functions which explain the largest total variance in the data field. Such modes are calculated for two sets of temperature deviations in which the annual cycle is both included and excluded. For the seasonal case, only four functions explain more than 90% of the total variance, whereas in the nonseasonal case, ten functions explain less than 50% of the total. the most important seasonal mode indicates lower minimum temperatures in winter in the later years of study. the dominant nonseasonal function shows a cooling trend starting in early 1951. Nonseasonal functions of the tropical region alone suggest large variations, having a characteristic period of a few months.
How Efficiently is Capital Allocated? Evidence from the Knitted Garment Industry in Tirupur

This paper studies the effect of community identity on investment behaviour in the knitted garment industry in the South Indian town of Tirupur. We document very large and systematic differences in both levels of capital stock and the capital intensity of production in firms owned by people from two different community groups. We argue that the differences in investment cannot be explained by productivity differences alone. We suggest that the most likely explanation is that the two communities differ in their access to capital.
New and Surprising Insights Into Pathogenesis of Multicentric Squamous Cancers in the Female Lower Genital Tract

Infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is extremely common in the cervix, vagina, and vulva; and women with persistent HR-HPV infections at these sites have been shown to be at increased risk for the development of invasive squamous cell cancers at these locations ( 1 – 3 ) . Prior to the establishment of routine cervical cancer screening, invasive cervical cancer was among the most common causes of cancer mortality in women. Compared with cervical cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancers develop infrequently (current age-adjusted incidences of cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers = 8.9/100 000 women per year, 0.7/100 000 women per year, and 2.3/100 000 women per year, respectively) ( 4 ) . Previous studies (e.g., [5,6] ) have shown that a history of a prior cervical neoplasm (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 [CIN 3] or invasive cervical cancer) is an important risk factor for the development of vaginal and vulvar cancers. The most likely explanation for this association is that women who develop cervical neoplasia frequently are infected with HR-HPV both at the cervix and in the vagina and vulva, and they occasionally develop a second independent neoplasm at the last two sites. Other explanations for this association between a history of a prior cervical neoplasm and the later development of a vaginal or vulvar cancer include recurrence of the original cervical cancer at the surgical margin after hysterectomy
Review: The Geometry of Creation: Architectural Drawing and the Dynamics of Gothic Design by Robert Bork

Robert Bork The Geometry of Creation: Architectural Drawing and the Dynamics of Gothic Design Farnham, UK, and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2011, 484 pp., 240 b/w illus. $119.95, ISBN 9780754660620 In 1383 the Troyes cathedral chapter paid Henry de Bruisselles 20 sous “for a portrait for the … choir screen made on parchment … to show to the bourgeois and to the laborers of the city side by side with another portrait made by Michelin, the mason. The said bourgeois and laborers held that the portrait of Henry de Bruisselles was the better.”1 At about the same time, Peter Parler or his son, Wenzel, designed the upper stories of Prague cathedral’s south transept, revising a drawing begun three decades earlier. The same drawing, taken to Vienna by Wenzel, informed his work on the south tower of the Stephansdom. Drawings on parchment, complemented by wood or paper templates, small sketches, and full-scale engravings on walls and pavements, embody one intricate facet of the robust technology of architectural representation. Vehicles of communication, construction guides, and instruments of public persuasion, they informed all aspects of the late medieval building process. Robert Bork’s The Geometry of Creation: Architectural Drawing and the Dynamics of Gothic Design presents case studies of the use of drawings in architectural projects from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. Although most of the six hundred surviving Gothic drawings are connected to building projects in the Holy Roman Empire, Bork extends his inquiry to examples in France and Italy to argue that the same design procedures were shared by masons working throughout Europe. Reconstructions of the geometry used to design plans, elevations, towers, tabernacles, and tombs are presented in precise diagrams using Vectorworks CAD software that allows information, gathered through meticulous observation of the original parchments, to be processed “with unprecedented flexibility and rigor” (20). Bork, whose account features masons at their drafting tables with compass and straightedge, resists excursions into the swamps of symbolic interpretation, and although he illuminates …
Abstract 2546: Correlation Between Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) Lesion Volume And Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) In Patients Undergoing Acute Stroke Intervention

Background and Purpose: Selection of patients for endovascular acute stroke therapy is evolving into imaging based paradigms that quantitatively assess infarct core thresholds beyond which reperfusion is considered futile or detrimental. We sought to determine whether a correlation exists between pre-intervention infarct volume as measured by DWI MRI and ASPECT scores on CT in patients with acute stroke treated with endovascular therapy who underwent both a pre-procedure MRI scan and a non-contrast CT scan at our institution. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of acute ischemic strokes treated with endovascular therapy at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center during 2004-2011. CT-ASPECT scores were prospectively scored by blinded observers. Infarct volume on DWI was determined by automated software analysis (RAPID, n=25 and MIPAV, n=53). The following additional factors were considered: age, NIHSS, time from last seen well (TLSW) to angiography, site of clot occlusion, time between obtaining CT scan and MRI, and parenchymal hematoma (PH) formation. Results: Of 77 patients included in the study, there was a significant negative correlation between CT-ASPECT score and DWI volume size (p Conclusions: A CT-ASPECT score of 7 or greater corresponds to an average DWI volume of 23 ml or less. Recent studies have shown that a pre treatment DWI volume of
Effects of Massed, Distributed, and Spaced Trial Sequencing on Severely Handicapped Students' Performance.

During training of cognitive and motor skills, the effects of massed, distributed, and spaced trial sequencing were evaluated relative to performance. Eleven severely handicapped students in four isolated special education classrooms were involved. Correct, error, and refusal responses were monitored during three conditions of training: massed, distributed, and spaced trial sequencing. An overall comparison of the three conditions of trial scheduling showed no difference in the mean level or the slope of the three types of responses. A comparison of distributed and massed trial sequencing showed only the superior effect of distributed trial sequencing for the mean level of responding. These findings were significant 1) for both correct and refusal responses for an overall comparison and 2) for students living in the home rather than in an institution. The results of this study support the addition of distributed trial sequencing to the technology of instruction for severely handicapped learners.
Dust Explosion of Carbon Nanofibers Promoted by Iron Nanoparticles

Dust explosions, especially a fine particle explosion, are hazards with severe consequences, which have caused significant loss of life and property damage in several process industries. Minimum explosive concentration (MEC) is one of the important parameters used to evaluate the dust combustion and explosion risks of a dust and helps design corresponding safeguards in industry. Although there has been a tremendous boost in the application of nanomaterials in the past two decades, the efforts to evaluate the safety boundaries of nanomaterials are not sufficient; e.g., the experimental evaluation of their MECs is very scarce. To fill this gap, MEC tests of several commercially available carbon nanofibers were conducted in this study by following ASTM standards. The results obtained demonstrate that a reduction in particle size by a mechanical-milling process could decrease MEC while an annealing process (1500 or 3000 °C) could increase MEC and, thus, lower the explosion risk. Agglomeration, particle size, ...
Dynamic growth of garnet in granitic magmas

In order to improve understanding of how accessory garnet crystallizes in igneous rocks, and evaluate it as a mineral recorder of magma history, we analyzed δ 18 O of garnets from the Hallowell and Togus plutons in south-central Maine (United States) by laser fluorination, and in situ by ion microprobe. Two types of garnet are recognized, magmatic and locally derived peritectic. Traverses of some single crystals show both gradual and abrupt changes of δ 18 O(garnet), commonly >1‰, while other garnet grains are isotopically homogeneous. Rimward increase of δ 18 O in many crystals indicates that garnet grew while high δ 18 O metamorphic wall rocks were assimilated. Peritectic grains have a complementary record of the transfer of high δ 18 O melts to the plutons. In some rocks, δ 18 O varies among neighboring grains, evidence that crystals grew episodically or were juxtaposed from different sources during magma mixing. Garnet faithfully records changing magmatic δ 18 O, and is a valuable tool to decipher magma petrogenesis.
Maternal high-fat hypercaloric diet during pregnancy results in persistent metabolic and respiratory abnormalities in offspring

We have shown in a previous population-based study significant correlation between childhood asthma and early abnormalities of lipid and glucose metabolism. This study’s specific aim was to determine whether maternal nutrition in pregnancy affects postnatal metabolic and respiratory outcomes in the offspring. On gestation day 1, dams were switched from standard chow to either high-fat hypercaloric diet or control diet. Terminal experiments were performed on newborn and weanling offspring of dams fed the study diet during gestation and lactation, and on adult offspring maintained on the same diet as their mother. Pups born from high-fat hypercaloric diet (HFD) dams developed metabolic abnormalities persistent throughout development. Cytokine expression analysis of lung tissues from newborns born to HFD dams revealed a strong proinflammatory pattern. Gene expression of neurotrophic factors and receptors was upregulated in lungs of weanlings born to HFD dams, and this was associated to higher respiratory system resistance and lower compliance at baseline, as well as hyperreactivity to aerosolized methacholine. Furthermore, HFD dams delivered pups prone to develop more severe disease after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Maternal nutrition in pregnancy is a critical determinant of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in offspring and also increases risk for bronchiolitis independent from prepregnancy nutrition.
Aggregate Flexibility of Thermostatically Controlled Loads

It is widely accepted that thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can be used to provide regulation reserve to the grid. We first argue that the aggregate flexibility offered by a collection of TCLs can be succinctly modeled as a stochastic battery with dissipation. We next characterize the power limits and energy capacity of this battery model in terms of TCL parameters and random exogenous variables such as ambient temperature and user-specified set-points. We then describe a direct load control architecture for regulation service provision. Here, we use a priority-stack-based control framework to select which TCLs to control at any time. The control objective is for the aggregate power deviation from baseline to track an automatic generation control signal supplied by the system operator. Simulation studies suggest the practical promise of our methods.
Correlation of the surface pressure distribution on a circular cylinder with objective identification of vortex formation and shedding

Numerical simulation of the unsteady wake downstream of a circular cylinder was studied by comparing the cylinder static pressure distribution and the results from a Lagrangian finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) analysis. The location and evolution of Lagrangian saddle points found using FTLE in the flow were tracked to facilitate the understanding of vortex shedding physics in the near-wake region, and their motion was compared with the simultaneous static pressure distribution on the cylinder surface. Relating the Lagrangian saddle dynamics to a quantity that is measurable in real-time allows for sensing of the Lagrangian saddle point location. The Lagrangian saddle point acceleration away from the cylinder surface was found to coincide with the increase of the static pressure at 100◦ from the mean cylinder stagnation point.
Who Should Own a Pension Surplus - Employer or Employees? An Assessment of Arguments About Asymmetry of Risks and Rewards and Deferred Wages in Pension Plans

If a defined-benefit (DB) pension plan has more assets than liabilities, who should own the "surplus" assets that are not needed to meet the plan's benefit obligations? This report, prepared for the Ontario Expert Commission on Pensions, assesses two leading arguments about ownership of pension surpluses - the asymmetry argument and the deferred-wage argument. The asymmetry argument holds that the party with the burden of funding pension deficits should get the benefit of pension surpluses. Employers claim that Ontario law is "asymmetric" because employers must fund pension deficits while employees get some or all of the benefit when a plan terminates with a surplus. This asymmetry, employers contend, undermines the incentive to maintain and properly fund DB plans. The report analyzes the burdens and benefits of pension funding under Ontario law and whether "asymmetry" threatens DB plans. While the pension funding rules do appear to create asymmetric benefits and burdens, a more fundamental problem may be that Ontario law creates a zero-sum conflict between employers, who get the benefit of a surplus in an ongoing plan, and employees, who get the benefit of a surplus when a plan terminates. This conflict threatens to undermine the trust that is necessary for DB plans to operate. The deferred-wage argument holds that employer contributions to a pension plan are deferred wages. Because employees own the funds contributed to their pension plan, unions and other advocates for employees contend that employees should own any pension surplus derived from these funds. The report raises several questions about the premises and reasoning of the deferred-wage argument.
Non-physician health care providers and community support services.

It is not realistic to expect physicians to provide all that is necessary for the good health care of children. The health team and utilization of community services appears to be a cost-effective and professionally satisfying method of providing care. This paper describes the various members who might comprise the health team functioning in an office setting, discusses some successful models, addresses financial and time considerations, considers interpersonal relationships, and discusses community support resources including referral patterns.
Interactions of Refractory Metals With Active Gases in Vacua and Inert Gas Environments

The state of our knowledge of the interactions of refractory metals with active gases in vacuum and inert gas environments was reviewed. At temperatures from 600 to 2000°C and at pressures from 10–3 to 10–10 torr, contamination, degassing, decarburization, and sublimation reactions occur between the refractory metals and absorbed gases.
The Threat of World Anarchy

Five hundred years ago the centre of world power lay in Asia. Four centuries later Europe had gained dominion over the earth. Inspired by the messianism and dynamism of Christianity, by the rationalism and sense of curiosity and progress which emerged from the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, as well as by the new stress placed upon individualism by the Protestant Reformation, the Europeans laid claim not only to the lands but to the seas and the oceans of the earth. Supporting those claims was their will to power and their sense of racial superiority. It was an era in which the western few dominated the world’s many.
Physics based computing enabling energy efficiency past moore's law

Physical computing techniques are fueled by recent advances in programmable and configurable large-scale analog circuits and systems enabling a typical factor of 1000 improvement in computational power (Energy) efficiency over their digital counterparts. We want to utilize the physics of computing systems more efficiently; the question is how to engineer such systems. Large-Scale Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) enable configurable analog approaches. The ability for non-volatile analog memory fuels all other innovations. At the same time, these advances have been building a framework to bring these techniques towards a systems perspective, undergoing a similar transformation seen in digital design through the early VLSI age. Taking inspiration from neurobiological systems further improves the resulting energy efficiency, mimic extremely energy efficient neural computing structures.
Electron Transport in \vec E and {\mathbf{\vec B}} Fields

In this chapter, we discuss the fundamentals of electron transport in static external electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and dense media. By “static” and “external” is meant that macroscopic \(\vec E\) and/or \({\mathbf{\vec B}}\) fields are set up in the region where the electron transport is taking place. For example, a high-energy particle detector may be placed in a constant magnetic field so that the momentum of charged particles may be analyzed. The external fields are considered to be static in the sense that they do not change with time during the course of the simulations. This is not a fundamental constraint, but is imposed for simplicity. The bulk of the discussion concerns the theoretical viability of performing electron transport in dense media in the presence of external fields. The trajectories of particles in this case can be quite complicated. The particles can be subjected to a myriad of forces — de-accelerations due to inelastic processes with orbital electrons and nuclei, elastic deflections due to attraction or repulsion in the nuclear electric field, accelerations or de-accelerations by the external electric field, and deflections by the external electric and magnetic fields.
A Search for the ⋀Doublet Transition in the 2Π1/2, J=1/2 State of OH

RECENT radio astronomical investigations of the 18-cm ground-state ⋀-doublet transition of the OH radical have suggested that maser amplification of the radiation is taking place in the interstellar medium. So far, no entirely satisfactory theoretical explanation of the observations has been published. A number of workers (for example, Cook1 and Litvak et al.2) have suggested that optical pumping of the OH molecule is responsible for the apparent population inversion. Another possibility is that the OH molecule is formed in an excited state in the vicinity of HII regions. In either case, an appreciable number of OH molecules may be found in excited levels. If the populations of the excited rotational levels of the ground electronic and vibrational state were sufficiently large, it would be expected that it would be possible to observe ⋀-doublet transitions originating in these levels.
Drugs, Labor, and Colonial Expansion

In the era of European expansion, coca, tobacco, caffeine, rum, beer, and marijuana became strong labor inducers and enhancers, according to the 15 contributors to this volume. These drugs allowed ...
Jet-Track Correlation Studies in PbPb and pp at 5.02 TeV

Abstract Jet-track correlations are used to extend measurements of the properties of jets beyond classic fixed-R jet reconstruction. New measurements with PbPb and pp collision data at s N N = 5.02 TeV , recorded by CMS, are carried out using a statistical approach that allows for a reliable subtraction of the underlying event beyond the typical distance parameters of jet reconstruction. Measurements of correlated particle densities are extended out to ±1.5 units of relative azimuth and pseudorapidity. Double-differential measurements of jet fragmentation functions and jet shapes are presented up to radial distance of R=1 from the jet axis.
St Segment Changes during Early Myocardial Infarction

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most ubiquitous and effective tool for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Two frontiers of investigative cardiology — new, interventional therapeutic approaches to myocardial infarction, and new approaches to the recording and analysis of electrocardiographic information — have expanded the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of electrocardiographic patterns during myocardial infarction. In this chapter we will focus specifically on changes in the ST segment of the ECG waveform -- the low frequency area of the waveform that is most sensitive to disequilibrium of myocardial oxygen supply and demand in early MI.
Real-Time Root Monitoring of Hydroponic Crop Plants: Proof of Concept for a New Image Analysis System

This paper presents a new autonomous system that allows for the capturing and analysis of root systems of hydroponic crop plants without removing them from the growing environment. Disturbing the delicate roots of these plants can cause stress and increase the chance of mechanically spreading diseases. The first task carried out was the taking of simple measurements of root thickness and assess the feasibility of this concept. The second task involved inflicting two of four plants with an arbitrarily chosen plant sickness, in this case aluminum toxicity, and autonomously capture pictures of each plant over the course of approximately three weeks. Then, image analysis and machine learning techniques were applied to identify sick plants from healthy plants.
Big Data Analytics: What Can Go Wrong

It is not uncommon to read that long-held beliefs about medical treatments have been dislodged by new studies. For example, there is now doubt as to whether women should undergo annual mammograms, previously a cornerstone of cancer screening. Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women, once considered highly suspect in light of worrisome research findings, is now being reconsidered as a beneficial therapy. These reversals trouble and confuse many Americans. This Article explores why medical research findings can be erroneous and what can go wrong in the process of designing and conducting research studies. It provides readers with essential analytical tools and scientific vocabulary. The challenges of medical research include data quality deficiencies; selection, confounding, measurement, and confirmation biases; inadequate sample sizes; sampling errors; effect modifiers; and causal interactions, among others. All of these can cause researchers to mistake mere associations for causal relationships and to reach conclusions that are invalid and cannot be replicated in subsequent studies. Erroneous research findings can mislead legislators, regulators, and lawyers who use them for purposes of policy-making or litigation. Thus, understanding the pitfalls of big data analysis is important not only for scientists but also for anyone working with or reading about research studies, that is, for attorneys, health policy professionals, and the public at large.
Crust-Forming Process: Basement and Basements in the Southern Appalachian Orogen

Basement is traditionally considered crust generated during an earlier cycle of tectonic activity. In the Appalachian orogen, Grenvillian (1.0–1.2 Ga) rocks commonly and correctly are thought of as the Laurentian cycle basement precursor to the Paleozoic Appalachian Wilson cycle tectonism. Grenvillian massifs are concentrated along the western margin of the Taconian metamorphic core throughout the orogen, but also occur in several windows in the internides. Three major events, however, formed the Appalachians: the Taconian-Penobscottian (Ordovician), Acadian (Devonian-Early Carboniferous), and Alleghanian (Late Carboniferous-Permian) orogenies. Each of these events involved terrane accretion or continent-continent collision that produced deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism affecting large portions of the orogen, and thus created new crust that serves as basement for each succeeding event. In New England, the amount of crust created by the Acadian orogeny is much greater than that produced by the Taconian orogeny, although this is difficult to estimate because of the amount of high-grade overprint by the Acadian and Alleghanian in southern New England. The Alleghanian orogeny produced an areally smaller metamorphic over print, but produced extensive dextral strike-slip faults and several large stepover basins in the Canadian Maritimes and the Narragansett basin (and several very small basins) in southern New England. In the southern and centralAppalachians, the Taconian and Acadian were also major crust-forming events that created new crust. This early and middle Paleozoic crust was deformed by Carboniferous dextral (ductile) strike-slip faulting related to early oblique collision, uplifted, cooled, and then transported as much as 400 km continentward as a mostly cold slab—the Blue Ridge-Piedmont megathrust (BRP) sheet—during late Alleghanian head-on collision of North America and Africa. A metamorphic overprint occurs only along the trailing edge of the BRP sheet, but plutonism is much more extensive. The southern and central Appalachians are thus a thrust-dominated collisional orogen produced by westward advance of a composite Middle-Late Proterozoic, early to middle Paleozoic basement that pushed the Paleozoic foreland in front of it. Each Paleozoic event thus produced crust that became basement for subsequent events until the Appalachian Wilson cycle was completed and the supercontinent of Pangaea formed. Appalachian and all earlier crust thus became basement for Late Triassic and younger sedimentation as the modern Atlantic Wilson cycle began.
The Psychopathology of Clonal Man

My title was assigned, not chosen. I bow reluctantly to the authority of the Chairperson in addressing myself to it, for I fancy I hear in the distance the laughter of the gods at our hubris in speculating on the psychopathology of clonal man, a creature who is likely never to exist. More to the point, I wince at the knowing smiles of those in this audience who consider it all too appropriate for a psychiatrist to discuss non-disease in non-man, given their view of how remote at best psychiatry is from reality. Gods and audience aside, the title foreshadows a conclusion I am not at all certain is correct. The psychopathology, if there be any, may be more in our preoccupation with the apparition than in the possibility of its realization. But that is a theme I will return to later.
Surgery Before and After the Discovery of Anesthesia

Long before the advent of anesthesia, operations relied on a detailed knowledge of anatomy gained by dissection of the dead. Morton’s demonstration of ether anesthesia on 16 Oct 1846 made planned surgery possible, that is surgery in a silent motionless patient. Thus began the era of the great surgeons of Europe (Billroth, Kocher, Torek) and the US (Sims, Halsted, Cushing). Supporting discoveries added to the advances: Lister used antisepsis with carbolic acid spray (1867); Macewen intubated the trachea (1870s); Roentgen discovered X-rays (1895); Landsteiner identified blood groups (1900) and Domagk synthesized sulfonamides (1932).
Subcontracting Microwork

Mainstream crowdwork platforms treat microtasks as indivisible units; however, in this article, we propose that there is value in re-examining this assumption. We argue that crowdwork platforms can improve their value proposition for all stakeholders by supporting subcontracting within microtasks. After describing the value proposition of subcontracting, we then define three models for microtask subcontracting: real-time assistance, task management, and task improvement, and reflect on potential use cases and implementation considerations associated with each. Finally, we describe the outcome of two tasks on Mechanical Turk meant to simulate aspects of subcontracting. We reflect on the implications of these findings for the design of future crowd work platforms that effectively harness the potential of subcontracting workflows.
Listening to Neglected Voices - American Indian Perspectives on Natural Resource Management

Forestry agencies must ensure that the views of all citizens in our increasingly diverse society are included in decisionmaking. But gaining clear insights into the perspectives of ethnic and minority communities is often difficult. This article summarizes an analysis of news articles about resource management issues written by American Indians and published in Indian newspapers and finds ways in which their attitudes differ from those of many other Americans?particularly in the importance of spiritual values and the validity of traditional knowledge. The news stories also indicate a deep lack of trust in land management agencies. This approach?analyzing perspectives on natural resource management as expressed in a community?s own words?can be used to learn about the attitudes of other minority populations. Managers who know how all their constituents think about natural resources will better understand the social context in which decisions need to be made.
Nutrient Content of Squeeze Pouch Foods for Infants and Toddlers Sold in the United States in 2015

Background: To describe the availability and nutrient composition of U.S. commercially available squeeze pouch infant and toddler foods in 2015. Materials and Methods: Data were from information presented on nutrition labels for 703 ready-to-serve, pureed food products from 24 major U.S. infant and toddler food brands. We described nutritional components (e.g., calories, fat) and compared them between packaging types (squeeze pouch versus other packaging types) within food categories. Results: 397 (56%) of the analyzed food products were packaged as squeeze pouches. Differences in 13 nutritional components between squeeze pouch versus other packaging types were generally small and varied by food category. Squeeze pouches in the fruits and vegetables, fruit-based, and vegetable-based categories were more likely to contain added sugars than other package types. Conclusion: In 2015, squeeze pouches were prevalent in the U.S. commercial infant and toddler food market. Nutrient composition differed between squeeze pouches and other packaging types for some macro- and micronutrients. Although it is recommended that infants and toddlers under two years old not consume any added sugars, a specific area of concern may be the inclusion of sources of added sugar in squeeze pouches. Linking this information with children’s dietary intake would facilitate understanding how these differences affect overall diet quality.
An updated review on ablative treatment of pancreatic cystic lesions

Pancreatic cysts are common and often incidentally detected on abdominal imaging. Their prevalence in asymptomatic individuals depends on the screening modality used. The incidence of these lesions increases with age and may be detected in nearly half of elderly patients undergoing high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Some, but not all, pancreas cysts have malignant potential. The overall risk is small but induces significant anxiety for the patient. When determining management options, it is important to consider the patient's age, medical comorbidities, and surgical risks as well as the wishes of the patient. Current strategies include imaging surveillance or surgical resection. Before embarking on cyst surveillance, a clinician must factor in patients' risk of developing malignancy, their life expectancy, medical comorbidities, and if they are a surgical candidate. Surgery poses significant adverse events and mortality, whereas radiographic surveillance imposes healthcare costs and psychological distress to patients with the looming possibility of malignancy. The development and use of endoscopic ultrasound cyst ablation is a minimally invasive alternative in treating pancreatic cystic lesions. This review focuses on the modalities of ethanol ablation, paclitaxel ablation, and radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic cystic lesions.
Communication Privacy Management and Digital Evidence in an Intimate Partner Violence Case

This article uses a case study of an intimate partner violence criminal case to examine the relationship among communication privacy management, evidence acquisition and retrieval, and the use of digital evidence in criminal court. We followed the case of Krista and Alex (pseudonyms) for a period of four months from August 2017 to November 2017. Data were collected from observations in two locations: the digital forensics laboratory of the public defender who handled the case and the courtroom in which the trial took place. Findings indicate that the couple engaged in preemptive and after-the-fact privacy management strategies, which complicated the process of acquiring digital evidence and had implications for how the evidence was used at trial. The case study joins communication privacy management and legal research to show why digital evidence falls short as a “model witness” and may expose female complainants to greater privacy turbulence than male defendants.
Friction Injury Versus Deep Tissue Injury: Level of Tissue Involvement: A Comparison of 2 Cases

Background Friction injuries are postulated to be caused by acute or chronic abrasive/friction forces during sliding, scooting, or slouching behaviors prevalent in individuals with impaired mobility and particularly when transferring and repositioning. Cases Patient histories for 2 cases were collected for determination of wound etiology. Outpatient wound clinic visits including photographic documentation for both cases were reviewed, compared, and contrasted for level of tissue involvement with each wound type/etiology. With serial sharp debridement of both wounds, differences were noted in level of tissue involvement/destruction. Healing progression and scarring were also different for both wounds. Conclusion A comparison of 2 cases is presented to compare and contrast level of tissue involvement and destruction in an acute friction injury (top-down) versus a deep tissue injury (bottom-up). The importance of knowing a wound's history is critical for accurate diagnosis and coding.
Biomechanical Modeling and 3D Simulation of Firefighting Tasks

Firefighting is an injury prone occupation. The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) included as part of a firefighter ensemble contributes to these injuries by affecting a firefighter’s balance. The objective of this study was to establish a method to determine the maximum allowable weight that would prevent firefighter injury by using a 3-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP). Four representative firefighting tasks (stair climb, hose carry, weighted carry, and rope pull) were used to perform the simulation. A representation of a 50th percentile male firefighter was used in 100 simulated trials. Based on a biomechanical model, 3DSSPP calculated lower back (L4/L5) compression forces and the results were compared to the NIOSH guidelines. The maximum safe weight of an SCBA ranged from 35 to 75 lbs. for the tasks examined. Policymakers may use this study’s methods and findings to inform evaluation methods and performance requirements that will drive SCBA design improvements, ultimately reducing the risk of injury among firefighters.