cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral dominance in aphasia recovery

Abstract This investigation studied the patterns of ear preference of a group of 25 aphasic adults through the administration of two verbal dichotic tests and retests over a 2-month interval of time. These dichotic tests were a Dichotic Digits Test (DDT) and a Dichotic Animal Names Test (DANT). Schuell's short test of aphasia was given twice over this interval to assess language recovery. Results indicated that as aphasics improve in language, cerebral dominance becomes more firmly established in the right cerebral hemisphere. The data in this study tend to support a dominance shift hypothesis in the recovery of language after aphasia.
Saccadic suppression of displacement: Separate influences of saccade size and of target retinal eccentricity

Abstract The threshold for detection of displacements of visual objects is higher during voluntary saccades than it is during steady gaze (“saccadic suppression of displacement”; SSD). Relative contributions to SSD of extraretinal and retinal factors were investigated by measuring displacement thresholds in four experiments in which three observers judged whether a test flash, presented after a saccade or a period of fixation, was located to the left or right of a reference point viewed earlier. The experiments, involving saccades ranging from 4 to 12 deg in length, separated the effects of saccade size from the effects of retinal eccentricity of the reference point, and also separated the effects of retinal eccentricity of the test flash from both. The influences of the three are nearly linearly independent. Approximately 20% of the total influence on SSD derives from retinal influences of test flash and reference point; 80% is due to extraretinal influence associated with saccade size. A signal/noise model that accounted well for our previous results on SSD (Li & Matin, 1990a,b) was extended to account for the present results. The model also provides a unified treatment of SSD and of the saccadic suppression of visibility (SSV).
Teaching about the Civil Rights Movement by Using Student-Generated Comic Books

(1993). Teaching about the Civil Rights Movement by Using Student-Generated Comic Books. The Social Studies: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 113-118.
Ecological Basis of Land Use and Management

LAND use and management involve a wide range of human adjustments to environment. This range extends from purely physical problems on into those of social relationship. The only scientific rubric embracing such a wide field is that of ecology. This is not to assume for ecology any greater authority than other sciences possess, but merely the right to try to develop a symbolism and method suitable to its approach.
Blocking in eyelid conditioning: Effect of changing the CS-US interval and introducing an intertriai stimulus

Kamin’s three-stage blocking paradigm was investigated in rabbit eyelid conditioning, Two manipulations were examined. A change in the CS-US interval from Stage 1 to Stage 2 did not attenuate blocking. The introduction of a salient stimulus during the intertriai interval in Stage 2 also failed to attenuate blocking. The first result is not consistent with Kamin’s interpretation of the blocking effect in terms of US surprisingness. The second resuit is inconsistent with a prediction based on the Rescorla-Wagner model.
Tariffs, the terms of trade, and national product differentiation

Abstract The assumption of national product differentiation is a common feature in many computable general equilibrium models currently used to evaluate trade policy. The results of these models tend to be dominated by changes in the terms of trade, rather than the efficiency effects of the policy concerned. In this paper we use a theoretical n -country general equilibrium trade model to evaluate how national product differentiation relates to the terms-of-trade effects of a tariff. We conclude that monopoly power implicit in national product differentiation is the source of the strong terms-of-trade effects in Armington-type models, and can be exercised with the imposition of a tariff. These results are independent of country size, thus yielding a nonzero optimal tariff even for a small country. Theoretical results are then illustrated using the importdisaggregated version of the Michigan model of world production and trade. We find that strong, tariff-induced terms-of-trade changes emerge over a wide range of import demand elasticities. These results suggest that the assumption of national product differentiation may prejudice the case in favor of maintaining existing levels of protection, and, therefore, may not be appropriate for commercial policy analysis.
On Not Taking Language Inequality for Granted: Hymesian Traces in Ethnographic Monitoring of South Africa's Multilingual Language Policy.

South African higher education is at a critical juncture in the implementation of South Africa’s multilingual language policy promoting institutional status for nine African languages, English and Afrikaans. Drawing on more than a decade of short-term ethnographic work in South Africa, I recently engaged in participant-observation and dialogue with faculty, administrators, undergraduate and post-graduate students at the University of Limpopo and the University of KwaZulu-Natal to jointly assess current implementation and identify next steps and strategies for achieving truly multilingual teaching, learning and research. Concurring with Hymes that ethnographic monitoring of programs can be of great importance with regard to educational success and political consequences, I undertook my work from a collaborative stance, in which the participants and I jointly sought to describe and analyze current communicative conduct, uncover emergent patterns and meanings in program implementation, and evaluate the program and policy in terms of social meanings (Hymes, 1980). Hymes often reminded applied and educational linguists that despite the potential equality of all languages, differences in language and language use too often become a basis for social discrimination and actual inequality. While scholars may take these insights for granted after decades of scholarship, we nevertheless have our work cut out in raising critical language awareness in education and society more broadly. “We must never take for granted that what we take for granted is known to others” (Hymes, 1992, p. 3). Ethnographic monitoring in education offers one means toward not taking language inequality for granted.
Scaling theory of desorption from molecular-sieve materials.

Molecular-sieve materials contain isolated macropore regions connected to the open macropore network by micropores which inhibit gaseous diffusion. We model the macroporosity as the allowed region of an uncorrelated site-percolation problem on a lattice. The scaling theory of percolation clusters above the percolation threshold is used to predict the long-time rate of gaseous desorption from molecular sieves. The analysis also predicts the transient electrical discharge from a random superconducting network.
Comparison of a low-fat/low-glycemic index diet to a low-fat only diet in the treatment of adults with hypercholesterolemia

The Low Glycemic Index and Cholesterol study was a 12-week randomized clinical trial comparing the effects on serum lipids of a novel low-fat/low-glycemic index (GI) diet with those of a low-fat only diet in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Sixty-two subjects (men and women) with elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were randomized to one of the two dietary interventions. The low-GI intervention included substituting low-GI carbohydrates for high-GI carbohydrates. Dietary assessment and serum lipid measurements were performed at baseline (BL), 4 weeks (FV4), and 12 weeks (FV12). In the low-fat/low-GI group, dietary GI and glycemic load significantly decreased between the BL and FV4 and BL and FV12 time intervals; however, there were no significant differences in lipid values between the two groups at any time point. Importantly, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was unchanged in the low-fat/low-GI group over the 12 weeks, it decreased 5 mg/dL (11.4%) in the low-fat only group (P = .05).
Mapping gene expression quantitative trait loci by singular value decomposition and independent component analysis

Background The combination of gene expression profiling with linkage analysis has become a powerful paradigm for mapping gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). To date, most studies have searched for eQTL by analyzing gene expression traits one at a time. As thousands of expression traits are typically analyzed, this can reduce power because of the need to correct for the number of hypothesis tests performed. In addition, gene expression traits exhibit a complex correlation structure, which is ignored when analyzing traits individually.
Single-molecule studies of synaptotagmin and complexin binding to the SNARE complex.

The assembly of multiprotein complexes at the membrane interface governs many signaling processes in cells. However, very few methods exist for obtaining biophysical information about protein complex formation at the membrane. We used single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to study complexin and synaptotagmin interactions with the SNARE complex in deposited lipid bilayers. Using total internal reflectance microscopy, individual binding events at the membrane could be resolved despite an excess of unbound protein in solution. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-efficiency derived distances for the complexin-SNARE interaction were consistent with the crystal structure of the complexin-SNARE complex. The unstructured N-terminal region of complexin showed broad distributions of FRET efficiencies to the SNARE complex, suggesting that information on conformational variability can be obtained from FRET efficiency distributions. The low-affinity interaction of synaptotagmin with the SNARE complex changed dramatically upon addition of Ca2+ with high FRET efficiency interactions appearing between the C2B domain and linker domains of synaptotagmin and the membrane proximal portion of the SNARE complex. These results demonstrate that single molecule FRET can be used as a “spectroscopic ruler” to simultaneously gain structural and kinetic information about transient multiprotein complexes at the membrane interface.
Transistorized State: The Technique of Hegemony in the Early Cold War

The history of the transistor contributes to reassessments of the origins of us hegemony in the 1940s and 1950s. Areas of conflict emerged between us capital and the American state during the World War ii and in the immediate postwar years. Because the transistor evolved as a direct consequence of state investment during these years, the transistor’s history illuminates tensions over military spending and defense production, and the ways in which mncs, academia, and the state overcame tension in the establishment of hegemony.
Tall Precipitation Cells in Tropical Cyclone Eyewalls Are Associated with Tropical Cyclone Intensification

The association between tall precipitation and tropical cyclone intensification may have implications for the difficult task of forecasting the destructive potential of these storms. We propose a novel way to use radar-observed rain height to help predict tropical cyclone intensity. Then, we adapt this technique for use on the much more plentiful data from infrared and microwave instruments.
Sleep issues in Parkinson’s disease

Sleep disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are common, are often severe, and are typically underrecognized and ineffectively treated. After the recognition that some patients with PD could fall asleep unexpectedly when driving, with resulting dangerous consequences, it became evident not only that PD medications might be partly responsible but that there were many additional factors contributing to sleep disturbance in these patients. This review discusses the myriad sleep disorders seen in patients with PD, presents their diagnostic features, and gives recommendations on their management. Effective management of sleep disturbances and excessive daytime sleepiness can greatly improve the quality of life for patients with PD.
Improvement of visual acuity over time in patients with bilateral geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To study the improvement in visual acuity over time in patients with central scotomas. METHODS In a prospective natural history study of geographic atrophy (GA) from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) with annual follow-up, 36 patients with bilateral GA completed 3 years of follow-up. Protocol visual acuity (VA) measurements were performed. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) was performed, and the areas of GA were measured from fundus photographs. RESULTS Six eyes of six patients with VA ranging from 20/80 to 20/500 had a VA improvement of two or more lines (mean, 3.2 lines). This was found only in the worse-seeing eyes of the patients and was contemporaneous with the deterioration in VA of the better-seeing eyes. Four of six eyes that improved in acuity had an improvement in the ability to find and hold the fixation target in an area of seeing retina, as assessed by SLO at follow-up, and a fifth eye changed from one fixation site that had little functional retina to another site. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous improvement in VA in eyes with bilateral GA and central scotomas may occur. It appears to be related to deterioration in VA of the better-seeing fellow eye and is associated with improvement of fixation in the worse-seeing eye. The worse-seeing eye of a patient with bilateral ARMD may have the potential for better vision than measured VA indicates. This finding may have implications for the choice of patients in treatment trials, for interpretation of long-term results, and for planning and assessment of low vision intervention.
Coupling Non-Circular Core Optical Fibers To Laser Diodes

Butt coupling efficiencies reported to date for conventional circular core optical fiber have been low due to the mismatch between the emission profiles of the laser diode and the optical fiber. Attempts to use lenses to increase the coupling efficiency has resulted in the degradation of the laser performance due to external optical feedback from the lenses or from the front end of the fiber. If the fiber is bonded directly to the front facet of the laser, the external optical feedback from the front facet of the fiber is eliminated. A higher coupling efficiency is realized through the use of a non-circular core optical fiber, such as an elliptical core fiber, which more closely matches the highly divergent, elliptically shaped, laser diode emission profile.
Effect of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

This study investigated the impact of soil temperature and soil moisture on the virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae. The effects of temperatures of 10, 15 and 25 °C and humidity of 6% and 12.5% were tested against the larvae of Tenebrio molitor. The nematodes were tested in two concentrations of 50 nematodes and 500 nematodes per box. S. carpocapsae was generally signifi cantly more effi cient at the highest temperature (25 °C) than S. feltiae, especially at the lower concentration of 50 nematodes per box. S. feltiae recorded higher insect mortality at lower temperatures (15 °C and 10 °C). The virulence of both tested nematode species was low (0–26%) at 10 °C after 7 days, but in the case of S. feltiae increased to 66% after 14 days. The effi cacy when tested with 6% moisture at 15 °C was low (4% for both nematode species) compared with 12.5% moisture, where after seven days it reached 54% for S. carpocapsae and 70% for S. feltiae, although generally, S. feltiae was more effi cient under dry conditions than S. carpocapsae. Insect mortality inreased signifi cantly after remoistening of the soil, especially with S. feltiae (500 nematodes per box) where mortality reached 46% two weeks after remoistening.
recA operator mutations and their usefulness.

Resume Des mutations dans trois positions de l'operateur pour recA ont ete decelees, clonees et sequencees. Les quantites dereprimees de la proteine recA varient selon une gamme allant de 1 a 40 et peuvent etre bien correlees avec les affinites reduites des operateurs mutants pour le represseur lexA. Un des mutants confirme la region d'interaction du sillon majeur entre le represseur et l'operateur. Un autre mutant a ete utilise pour demontrer que les genes de la voie RecF, autre que recA, se trouvent sous le controle de lexA.
ENDOMITOSIS IN TAPETAL CELLS OF EREMURUS (LILIACEAE)

True endomitosis in the anther tapetum of the liliaceous plant Eremurus is described. The nuclear membrane does not disappear, but during metaphase the chromosomes are condensed, often considerably more than in normal mitosis. When the pollen mother cells (PMCs) go through the last premeiotic mitosis, the tapetal cells have one diploid nucleus which divides while the cell remains undivided. The two diploid nuclei may undergo an endomitosis and the resulting tetraploid nuclei a second endomitosis. An alternative pathway is an ordinary mitosis -again without cell division-instead of one of the endomitotic cycles. The cytological picture in the tapetum is further complicated by restitution in anaphase and fusion of metaphase and anaphase groups during mitosis, processes which could give rise to cells with one, two, or three nuclei, instead of the expected two or four. No sign of the so-called "inhibited" mitosis is seen in these tapetal cells. When the PMCs are in leptotene-zygotene, very few tapetal nuclei are in endomitosis. When the PMCs have reached diplotene, almost 1009 of cells which are not in interphase show an endomitotic stage.
The Regional Demographics of the Elderly Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations in the United States Since 1950

This article is an examination of the influence of birthplace on the internal migration and spatial redistribution patterns of elderly foreign-born and native-born populations in the United States during 1950 to 1990. Using data drawn largely from the U.S. Census Bureau’s published and unpublished records and from various Public Use Micro-data Sample (PUMS) files of the Censuses of Population, the authors consider the following questions: (1) What have been the regional age compositions and geographies of U.S. elderly foreign-born and native-born populations over the past several decades? (2) What have been the demographic sources of growth that shaped those age compositions and geographies? (3) What have been the interregional migration patterns of elderly foreign-born populations, and how have they differed from those of elderly native-born populations? (4) Are recent interregional migration patterns of foreign-born and native-born elderly persons likely to generate increased or decreased regional concentrations of their respective populations?
Isolation and characterization of proteins from Rous sarcoma virus

Abstract When the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus RSV (RAV-1) labeled with a mixture of 14 C amino acids was dissociated with a neutral detergent (Brij 35), mercaptoethanol, and urea and analyzed by isoelectric focusing in urea, seven radioactive peaks with pIs between 3.5 and 9.9 were found. The peaks were further analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS to determine the number and molecular weight of the individual protein components in each peak. A total of eight amino acid- 14 C-labeled proteins were identified in RSV (RAV-1) with molecular weights between 14,000 and 96,000 daltons. When 3 H-glucosamine labeled RSV (RAV-1) was dissociated with SDS and the viral components separated by SDS-gel electrophoresis, four radioactive components were observed. Analysis of glucosamine- 3 H-labeled virus together with amino acid- 14 C-labeled virus by dissociation with Brij 35, urea, and mercaptoethanol and separation of components by isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis in SDS-containing gels revealed that three of the glucosamine labeled components were glycoproteins corresponding to the three largest amino acid-labeled proteins. The fourth glucosamine-labeled component did did not contain radioactive amino acids suggesting that it was protein-free carbohydrate. Separation of virion components on Bio-Gel columns revealed that the glycoproteins were released from virus with Brij 35, urea, and mercaptoethanol in a large complex which was further dissociated into smaller units by SDS. Two of the eight protein components had high complement fixation titers and formed crossing precipitin lines in agar gel diffusion with hamster antiserum to the avian tumor virus group-specific antigen.
The subsequent risk of internal cancer with Bowen's disease. A population-based study.

Objective. —To address the subsequent risk of internal cancer in a population-based cohort of patients with Bowen's disease. Design. —Incident cases of skin cancers other than malignant melanoma occurring in a defined population were classified as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or Bowen's disease. Through medical records, all patients were followed up for the development of subsequent internal cancer until they died, moved from Rochester, Minn, or January 1, 1986, whichever came first. Incidence rates of skin cancer and subsequent cancer were computed; the subsequent rate of internal cancer was compared with that prevailing in the community. Patients. —Enrolled were all permanent residents in the population base of Rochester, Minn, who developed basal cell carcinoma (n = 657), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 169), or Bowen's disease (n = 71) on the basis of pathologic examination and clinical presentation from 1976 through 1984. Main Outcome Measure. —The relative risk of subsequent internal cancer among patients with Bowen's disease compared with that of the population base from which they arose was 1.1 (95% confidence limits, 0.5,1.6). Results. —Annual incidence rates, adjusted to the 1980 US white population, were 14.9 per 100 000 for Bowen's disease, 38.8 for squamous cell carcinoma, and 146 for basal cell carcinoma. The estimated relative risk for subsequent cancer was 0.9 (95% confidence limits, 0.5, 1.6) among patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 1.0 (95% confidence limits, 0.7, 1.3) for patients with basal cell carcinoma. These risks were not significantly different for various durations of follow-up or for sun-exposed vs sun-protected sites. Conclusions. —We find no evidence in these population-based cohort data of an increased risk of subsequent internal cancer associated with Bowen's disease or other forms of nonmelanomatous skin cancer. ( JAMA . 1991;266:816-819)
TESTS OF TRANSITIVITY IN CHOICES BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE REINFORCER DELAYS

Abstract This experiment tested for transitivity in pigeons' choices between variable-time (VT) and fixed-time (FT) schedules. In a discrete-trials procedure, a subject chose between two alternatives by making a single key peck. Each choice was between a "standard alternative," which was the same schedule throughout a condition, and an "adjusting alternative," in which the delay to reinforcement was systematically increased or decreased many times a session. These adjustments enabled an approximate indifference point to be identified--the value of the adjusting delay at which the subject chose each alternative about equally often. Each test of transitivity involved four conditions. In one, the standard alternative was a variable-time schedule with a 2-s reinforcer, and the adjusting alternative also delivered a 2-s reinforcer. A second condition was similar except that the adjusting alternative delivered a 5-s reinforcer. The indifference point from each of these conditions was then converted to a fixed-time schedule for subsequent comparisons in the third and fourth conditions, respectively. Each of these last two conditions compared one of the fixed-time schedules (based upon the previous conditions and including their different reinforcer durations) with an adjusting schedule that delivered the alternative reinforcer duration, to determine whether the obtained indifference points would be those predicted from the prior alternative-duration comparisons with the VT schedule. There was little evidence for intransitivity of choice: Averaged across subjects and replications, the obtained indifference points deviated from perfect transitivity by less than 8%, and these deviations were not statistically significant. These results contrast with those of Navarick and Fantino (1972), who found frequent violations of transitivity between periodic and aperiodic schedules using a concurrent-chains procedure with variable-interval schedules in the initial links.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in rat olfactory systems.

The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) systems of rat olfactory bulbs and nasal areas were studied in neonatal and adult rats. Animals were perfused with Zamboni's fixative and olfactory bulbs with nasal olfactory areas intact were removed, postfixed, and decalcified. LHRH was immunohistochemically demonstrated in unembedded frozen or vibratome sections. Luteinizinghormone-releasinghormoneimmunoreactive elements were found along the course of the nervus terminalis (NT) and within both the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB, respectively). Both LHRH neurons and fibers were present in the AOB, but only fibers were detected in the MOB. The fibers of the AOB were not confined to any particular lamina while fibers in the MOB were found mainly in the external plexi-form layer. LHRH fibers were found in the mucosa of the olfactory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ in both neonatal and adult rats. The NT probably serves as a source of LHRH fibers for both the AOB and the MOB and for fibers observed in the olfactory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ. Other likely sources of LHRH fibers in the olfactory bulb are discussed.
Theory of delocalized ionic binding to polynucleotides : structural and excluded-volume effects

A previously developed theory for the delocalized binding of ions to polyelectrolytes was restricted to point ions and a structurally rigid polyelectrolyte. For the binding of substances like oligolysines and polyamines to DNA, the restriction to point ions would appear not to be realistic. For the binding of ions to flexible chains like single-stranded polynucleotides, the restriction to a rigid polyelectrolyte may not be realistic. In this article, we assess the effect of relaxation of these two restrictions. Excluded volume among bound ions is modeled by a hard-rod potential in the context of the theory of a one-dimensional fluid. The possibility that a flexible chain folds in some manner in the immediate vicinity of a bound ion is modeled by allowing the mean spacing between charged groups on the polymer to become smaller as the number of bound ions increases. We compare our results with recent data on the binding of a series of oligolysines to single-stranded polynucleotides, which conflict with the predictions of the original theory of delocalized binding of point ions to rigid polyelectrolytes. Inclusion of excluded volume among bound ions does not significantly improve agreement with the data. Substantial improvement in the level of agreement is obtained when the polyion chain is assumed to be flexible. One of our conclusions is that the excluded-site description of anticooperativity, which was designed for the binding of ligands to discrete sites on a polymer chain, and which does not include the effect of ionic forces, should not be used in cases of delocalized binding of ions.
Gas Turbine Data Acquisition Using a Microcomputer

A powerful, low cost, gas turbine data acquisition system capable of handling 24 or more channels of high and low level data is now in use at the University of Tulsa. The assembled system hardware, less transducers, is priced at about six thousand dollars and shows potential for further significant cost reduction. Easily programmed in the BASIC language, the microcomputer commands an analog-multiplexing digital voltmeter, decodes the resulting serial data, and performs conversion to engineering units. It also processes data for display on a color television monitor, for storage on diskette, and for transcription on a printer. Examples, showing gas turbine performance, clearly portray the power of the general purpose microcomputer in an engineering data acquisition system and its potential for engineering education.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Structure stability and carrier localization in Cd X ( X = S , S e , Te ) semiconductors

We studied systematically the structural and electronic properties of binary $\mathrm{Cd}X$ $(X=\mathrm{S},$ Se, and Te) semiconductors in both zinc-blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) structures, the band alignment on the ZB/WZ interfaces, and carrier localization induced by the band offsets. We show, by first-principles band-structure calculation that at low temperature, CdS is stable in the wurtzite structure, while CdSe and CdTe are stable in the zinc-blende structure. However, coherent substrate strain can change CdTe to be more stable in the wurtzite form. We find that $\mathrm{Cd}X$ in the wurtzite structure has a larger band gap than the one in the zinc-blende structure. The band alignment on the ZB/WZ interface is found to be type II with holes localized on the wurtzite side and electrons on the zinc-blende side.
Sexual permissiveness, sex-role rigidity, and violence across cultures

The possible relationships between sexual permissiveness, sex-role rigidity, and violence at the societal level are examined. Two judges independently rank ordered the levels of sexual permissiveness of a random sample of 17 cultures chosen from the Human Relations Area Files. A second set of two judges rank ordered the rigidity of these cultures' sex roles, and a third set of judges rank ordered the cultures on their levels of intra- and extra-communal violence. An attempt to rank order the degree of achieved masculinity content of the cultures' sex stereotypes failed because judges could not rank them reliably. Sexual permissiveness was uncorrelated with either sex-role rigidity or violence, but sex-role rigidity was highly correlated with violence. The results are interpreted as being incompatible with theories of sex and violence that stress a single physiological or instinctual factor. The results supported two-factor theories which gave more emphasis to social learning principles than to physiological determinants.
The effect of finite aperture on the fringe intensity distribution of Fabry Perot interferometers.

The effect of finite aperture of a Fabry Perot interferometer on the fringe intensity distribution in the interferometer pattern is investigated. An equation is derived for a square etalon which illustrates clearly the decrease in fringe intensity for increasing angles of incidence. The computations show that this effect becomes significant only for high reflecting powers and comparatively large plate separations.
Discovery of Entry Inhibitors for HIV-1 via a New De Novo Protein Design Framework

A new (to our knowledge) de novo design framework with a ranking metric based on approximate binding affinity calculations is introduced and applied to the discovery of what we believe are novel HIV-1 entry inhibitors. The framework consists of two stages: a sequence selection stage and a validation stage. The sequence selection stage produces a rank-ordered list of amino-acid sequences by solving an integer programming sequence selection model. The validation stage consists of fold specificity and approximate binding affinity calculations. The designed peptidic inhibitors are 12-amino-acids-long and target the hydrophobic core of gp41. A number of the best-predicted sequences were synthesized and their inhibition of HIV-1 was tested in cell culture. All peptides examined showed inhibitory activity when compared with no drug present, and the novel peptide sequences outperformed the native template sequence used for the design. The best sequence showed micromolar inhibition, which is a 3-15-fold improvement over the native sequence, depending on the donor. In addition, the best sequence equally inhibited wild-type and Enfuvirtide-resistant virus strains.
Tomographic image reconstruction techniques for spectroscopic sources. II: Instrumentation

Abstract A computer-controlled computed tomography (CT) instrument is described which rapidly acquires emission data from spectroscopic emission sources and generates from them spatially resolved three-dimensional maps of the emitting species in such sources. This instrument couples an imaging spectrometer with a charge-coupled device array detector to acquire monochromatic projections of an emission source. A small laboratory computer is used to control data collection and calculate the reconstructed image. Complete maps of emitting species can be generated in about one hour. This instrument was used to examine atomic and molecular emission signals from a H 2 /O 2 /C 2 H 2 diffusion flame, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and a direct current plasma (DCP). The reconstructed images produced by this instrument are precise (6% RSD), respond linearly with analyte concentration, and accurately represent the structure of complex emission sources. However, distortions in the image were observed when the analyte concentration was high (i.e. when the source was optically thick), or when the imaging spectrometer had insufficient spectral resolution to isolate the particular emission line.
Interactive hepatotoxicity of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract The effect of giving chloroform (0.2 ml/kg), carbon tetrachloride (0.1 ml/kg), and both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride to male rats was studied. Serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase activity and hepatic triglyceride concentrations were not altered by the administration of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, but were increased when both were given together. Hepatic glutathione concentrations and conjugated diene formation were not changed after giving chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Ethane expiration was increased in rats given both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride as compared to rats given chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride administration, alone or with chloroform, lowered hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentrations, but no synergistic effect was seen when both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride were given. The administration of both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride increased hepatic calcium concentrations as compared to rats fiven corn oil, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. Modest histopathological changes were observed in rats given chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, and marked changes were seen in animals given both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Thus, by several criteria of hepatotoxicity, subthreshold doses of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are hepatotoxic when given together, and by other criteria, the toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride was increased when given with chloroform. The mechanism of this interaction is not understood, but may be attributable to the combined effects of phosgene formation and the initiation of lipid peroxidation.
Needle tip localization during pericardiocentesis with a “cardiac flush” during real time ultrasonography

Study objectives: Needle tip localization with ultrasonography during pericardiocentesis is cumbersome and operator dependent. Fluid turbulence accentuated by microbubble formation during injection is readily detected in real-time ultrasonography. Blood or serosanguinous fluid aspirated into a syringe then injected back into the pericardium results in preceptible turbulance of the pericarial fluid. Injection into the ventricle can be readily visualized as a momentary increase in echogencity, a "cardiac flush" that clears within 3 to 5 contractions. We determine the sensitivity and specificity of this finding to confirm needle placement in the ventricle during pericardiocentesis using real-time ultrasonography. Methods: Yorkshire swine (institutional animal care and utilization committee approved) were intubated, anesthetized, and maintained on inhaled isoflurane. An 18-gauge spinal needle with syringe was advanced (subxiphoid approach) into the ventricle with aspiration of blood. An ultrasonographic machine (4-MHz probe) demonstrated a 4-chamber view and pericardium. An observer blinded to tip location who was familiar with the "cardiac flush" observed only the images on the ultrasonographic monitor during injections and sham injections of blood back into the ventricle. Results: A total of 69 injections were pooled from 4 pigs. Thirty-five of 43 injections into the ventricle were correctly identified by a "cardiac flush." Twenty-four of 26 sham injections were correctly identified by the absence of a "cardiac flush" (sensitivity 81.4 [95% CI 0.67 to 0.90], specificity 92.3 [95% CI 0.75 to 0.97], positive predictive value 0.94 [95% CI 0.82 to 0.98], negative predictive value 75 [95% CI 0.57 to 0.86], positive likelihood ratio 10.5, negative likelihood ratio .020). Conclusion: A "cardiac flush" seen during injection of ventricular blood back into the ventricle during real time ultrasonography can be used to confirm inadvertent placement of the needle into the ventricle during pericardiocentesis.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

The most common malignancy to involve the oral cavity and oropharynx is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Because these oral cancers share an origin from the squamous epithelium, the pathology of oral SCC might be expected to be uniform and its diagnosis repetitive. In reality, the morphologic diversity in SCC, along with the propensity for reactive processes of the oral cavity to mimic SCC histologically, renders its diagnosis one of the more challenging in surgical pathology. This article discusses variants of oral and oropharyngeal SCC and highlights those features that help distinguish human papillomavirus-related from human papillomavirus-unrelated SCC.
Studies of myelin proteins in multiple sclerosis brain tissue

Using radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the myelin specific proteins, myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) and an enzyme assay for the activity of the myelin marker enzyme 2′3′ cyclic-3′ phosphohydrolase (CNPase), we have studied plaque, periplaque and normal appearing white matter (NAWM) regions of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue, as well as normal control brain tissue. We found that all three myelin proteins are decreased in all regions, including NAWM, of MS brain, with a decreasing gradient from NAWM to periplaque to plaque. The NAWM was not significantly different from the periplaque region. Surprisingly, when the ratios of the proteins were calculated, MBP activity, although decreased was found to be relatively preserved.
Modulation of Na+ channel inactivation by the beta 1 subunit: a deletion analysis.

Na+ currents recorded from Xenopus oocytes expressing the Na+ channel α subunit alone inactivate with two exponential components. The slow component predominates in monomeric channels, while coexpression with the β1 subunit favors the fast component. Macropatch recordings show that the relative rates of these components are much greater than previously estimated from two-electrode measurements (≈30-fold vs ≈5-fold). A re-assessment of steady-state inactivation, h∞(V), shows that there is no depolarized shift of the slow component, provided a sufficiently long prepulse duration and repetition interval are used to achieve steady-state entry and recovery from inactivation, respectively. Deletion mutagenesis of the β1 subunit was used to define which regions of the subunit are required to modulate inactivation kinetics. The carboxy tail, comprising the entire predicted intracellular domain, can be deleted without a loss of activity; whereas small deletions in the extracellular amino domain or the signal peptide totally disrupt function.
Stimulating action to improve nutrition (how to make community nutritional assessment lead to changes).

Public health action does not automatically follow the presentation to appropriate authorities of the results of community surveys, including those to assess the prevalence and cause of malnutrition. To stimulate action, results have to be presented in various levels of sophistication for different audiences. Such results need to be given with suggestions for potential solutions within local financial and ecological constraints and with realistic recognition of political issues and priorities.
Total thermal radiation absorption by a single spherical droplet

The total energy absorption distribution inside a liquid droplet irradiated by blackbody emission is determined by spectral and solid angle integrations of the spectral absorption distribution given by electromagnetic theory. Results are presented for 1-100-micron radius n-decane and water droplets irradiated by a blackbody at 850-2000 K, in several axisymmetric configurations. Under spherically symmetric irradiation conditions, the water absorption results are used to verify the applicability and accuracy of the geometrical-optics approximation through comparison with those results. It is verified that the trapezoidal quadrature is usually a good approximation for spectral integration. The geometrical-optical approach leads to total absorptance values with errors larger than 10 percent for droplets smaller than 25 microns. Only the two principal bands of decane, including their wings, are needed to fairly well predict total absorption distribution in decane droplets. 24 refs.
The smart radio channel change protocol a primary user avoidance technique for dynamic spectrum sharing cognitive radios to facilitate co-existence in wireless communication networks

This paper details the design, implementation, simulation, and testing of the Smart Radio Channel Change Protocol (CCP), a primary user avoidance technique for dynamic spectrum sharing cognitive radios in wireless communication networks. The CCP enables a digital cognitive radio to detect the presence of legacy analog or digital radios, and to facilitate channel-change procedures to use an alternate, vacant block of spectrum. This allows primary and secondary users to co-exist in the same band with minimal interference and reductions in quality of service (QoS). The CCP also provides an advantage to other systems' frequency management schemes in terms of simplicity of design and execution. We evaluate the CCP's performance through OMNeT++ simulations and experiments in a five node laboratory network testbed. We present our results in terms of the CCP's ability to detect and avoid the primary user and record its improvement to user QoS.
Dynamic sub-cellular behavior study in high content imaging using a multi-threshold approach

Clathrin-coated pits and vesicles are found in all nucleated cells, from yeast to humans. They represent an important means by which proteins and lipids are removed from the plasma membrane and transported to an internal compartment. The biological question is this (Ehrlich, M. et al., Cell, vol.118, no.5, p.591-605, 2004): are there "hot spots" for the formation of clathrin-coated pits, or do pits and arrays form randomly on the plasma membrane? To answer this question we would like to track many hundreds of individual pits as they form, and track whether the pit is successful in forming a vesicle. We propose a novel polynomial fitting based multi-threshold approach for particle image segmentation. Simulated annealing is employed to find the optimal thresholds and an autoregression model is used to reduce the search space. A combined aspect ratio and size of particles method is proposed to isolate touching spots. In the particle tracking, a combined centroid and shape based method is proposed to deal with the ambiguous association problem. The proposed approach has been shown to identify and track many particles successfully.
Scaffolder - software for manual genome scaffolding

The assembly of next-generation short-read sequencing data can result in a fragmented non-contiguous set of genomic sequences. Therefore a common step in a genome project is to join neighbouring sequence regions together and fill gaps. This scaffolding step is non-trivial and requires manually editing large blocks of nucleotide sequence. Joining these sequences together also hides the source of each region in the final genome sequence. Taken together these considerations may make reproducing or editing an existing genome scaffold difficult. The software outlined here, “Scaffolder,” is implemented in the Ruby programming language and can be installed via the RubyGems software management system. Genome scaffolds are defined using YAML - a data format which is both human and machine-readable. Command line binaries and extensive documentation are available. This software allows a genome build to be defined in terms of the constituent sequences using a relatively simple syntax. This syntax further allows unknown regions to be specified and additional sequence to be used to fill known gaps in the scaffold. Defining the genome construction in a file makes the scaffolding process reproducible and easier to edit compared with large FASTA nucleotide sequences. Scaffolder is easy-to-use genome scaffolding software which promotes reproducibility and continuous development in a genome project. Scaffolder can be found at http://next.gs .
Information technology and urban form: Challenges to smart growth

This article discusses how information and communications technology (ICT), construed either as evolutionary or revolutionary, permeates two broad urban research traditions of metropolitan change. It reviews research findings from these two research traditions concerning metropolitan population and employment redistribution. It suggests that synergies between ICT and our car, truck, and airplane society may be a thrust behind well-established urban decentralization and deconcentration trends. Furthermore, a review of research on ICT-intensive firms, assumed to be the “glue” of urban agglomerations, reveals that metropolitan dispersion and regional deconcentration are also occurring in this sector. Although both centrifugal and centripetal forces are shaping the form of the information age metropolis, rather than central city renaissance or absolute urban dissolution, the resulting spatially distributed network pattern is polycentric and evolving into a regional constellation of ICT agglomerations intercon...
No Genome-Wide Protein Sequence Convergence for Echolocation

Toothed whales and two groups of bats independently acquired echolocation, the ability to locate and identify objects by reflected sound. Echolocation requires physiologically complex and coordinated vocal, auditory, and neural functions, but the molecular basis of the capacity for echolocation is not well understood. A recent study suggested that convergent amino acid substitutions widespread in the proteins of echolocators underlay the convergent origins of mammalian echolocation. Here, we show that genomic signatures of molecular convergence between echolocating lineages are generally no stronger than those between echolocating and comparable nonecholocating lineages. The same is true for the group of 29 hearing-related proteins claimed to be enriched with molecular convergence. Reexamining the previous selection test reveals several flaws and invalidates the asserted evidence for adaptive convergence. Together, these findings indicate that the reported genomic signatures of convergence largely reflect the background level of sequence convergence unrelated to the origins of echolocation.