cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing Entrepreneurial Behaviours: A Social Learning Theory Perspective

Research on entrepreneurial behaviour has been largely descriptive in nature. Critics of the field have called for an interdisciplinary approach to build theory. A social learning theory framework is proposed for explanation and prediction of entrepreneurial development. Research questions are posed and a model developed to guide future enquiry.
Effect of cardiac surgery on exercise performance

The maximal endurance test was used to test the exercise ability of children with cardiac malformations prior to and following repair of their defects. The results indicate that most patients demonstrated considerably increased maximal endurance postoperatively, but their mean postoperative score was lower than that of normal children. In children with cardiac disease, a score change of 48 points was established as a significant difference between tests. The parents' evaluation of exercise ability was demonstrated to be reasonably accurate except in patients with postoperative residual cardiac malformations.
Expression of the CYP4F3 Gene TISSUE-SPECIFIC SPLICING AND ALTERNATIVE PROMOTERS GENERATE HIGH AND LOW Km FORMS OF LEUKOTRIENE B4ω-HYDROXYLASE

Cytochrome P450 4F3 (CYP4F3) catalyzes the inactivation of leukotriene B4 by ω-oxidation in human neutrophils. To understand the regulation of CYP4F3 expression, we analyzed the CYP4F3 gene and cloned a novel isoform (CYP4F3B) that is expressed in fetal and adult liver, but not in neutrophils. The CYP4F3 gene contains 14 exons and 13 introns. The cDNAs for CYP4F3A (the neutrophil isoform) and CYP4F3B have identical coding regions, except that they contain exons 4 and 3, respectively. Both exons code for amino acids 66–114 but share only 27% identity. When expressed in COS-7 cells, the K m of CYP4F3B was determined to be 26-fold higher than the K m of CYP4F3A using leukotriene B4 as a substrate. 5′-Rapid amplification of cDNA end studies reveal that the CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B transcripts have 5′-termini derived from different parts of the gene and are initiated from distinct transcription start sites located 519 and 71 base pairs (bp), respectively, from the ATG initiation codon. A consensus TATA box is located 27 bp upstream of the CYP4F3B transcription start site, and a TATA box-like sequence is located 23 bp upstream of the CYP4F3A transcription start site. The data indicate that the tissue-specific expression of functionally distinct CYP4F3 isoforms is regulated by alternative promoter usage and mutually exclusive exon splicing.
Organizing Sensory Information for Postural Control in Altered Sensory Environments

Healthy human subjects can maintain adequate balance despite distorted somatosensory or visual feedback or vestibular feedback distorted by a peripheral vestibular disorder. Although it is not precisely known how this sensorimotor integration task is achieved, the nervous system coordinates information from multiple sensory systems to produce motor commands differently in different sensory environments. These different ways of coordinating sensory information and motor commands can be thought of as "sensorimotor states". The way the nervous system distributes the monitoring of postural sway among states is analysed in this paper as a logical structure of transitions between states. The form of the transition structure is specified and distinguished from a finite state machine. The hypothesis that the nervous system could use a transition structure to maintain balance is tested by developing transition structures which are consistent with a set of experimental observations of postural control in healthy subjects and three groups of patients with peripheral vestibular disease.
Suppression of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Newborn Dog

ABSTRACT. In the newborn dog during the first 24 hr after birth, the concentration of cortisol in plasma rises after injection of ACTH. Following administration of dexamethasone, the plasma cortisol falls to low levels. The feedback mechanism of homeostatic control of adrenal secretion appears to be functional at birth in the dog. (Endocrinology85: 365, 1969)
Treatment of nonepileptic seizures.

Abstract Studies on nonepileptic seizures (NES) provide dichotomous data sets: extensive observational findings, but a paucity of controlled treatment data. Psychosocial stressors, whose full impact may lie outside a patient’s awareness, often underlie NES. These stressors, along with patient’s learned patterns of coping, may bring forth or potentiate comorbid psychiatric disorders. Patients with NES often have dysfunction in emotion regulation and family dynamics, as well as unemployment/disability. High percentages of comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cluster B personality with impulsivity (all disorders associated with serotonin system function) also exist in the NES population. The preliminary observational evidence suggests that specific psychotherapies and pharmacotherapy directed at comorbid conditions may be the most effective treatment for NES.
On priority-based synchronization protocols for distributed real-time database systems

Abstract Real-time database systems must maintain consistency while minimizing the number of transactions that miss the deadline. To satisfy both the consistency and real-time constraints, there is the need to integrate synchronization protocols with real-time priority scheduling protocols. This paper describes a prototyping environment for investigating distributed real-time database systems, and its use for performance evaluation of priority-based scheduling protocols for real-time database systems.
Calcium affinity for biliary lipid aggregates in model biles: complementary importance of bile salts and lecithin.

Abstract Background/Aims: Despite putative roles of calcium in biliary physiology and gallstone formation, quantitative aspects of calcium binding to bile salt (BS) monomers, simple micelles, mixed micelles, and vesicles, which constitute the lipid aggregates in bile, remain unexplored. Methods: Calcium activity was measured using the calcium electrode in pathophysiologically relevant model biles composed of either individual BS species or a physiological mixture of glycine and taurine conjugates, as functions of lecithin and cholesterol contents and total lipid concentration. Results: Calcium binding increased with increasing BS concentrations and lecithin contents and varied with species (dihydroxy > trihydroxy BS) and with conjugation (unconjugated > glycine conjugates > taurine conjugates). Although lecithin/cholesterol vesicles did not bind detectable calcium, when taurocholate was incorporated into membrane bilayers, calcium binding was substantially greater than with equimolar BS alone. Added cholesterol did not alter calcium binding, despite cholesterol saturation of biliary lipid aggregates and induction of liquid crystalline and solid crystalline-phase transitions. Conclusions: In model biles, most calcium is bound to mixed micelles, with minor contributions by BS monomers, simple micelles, and vesicles. It is proposed that BS-induced binding of calcium to vesicles and mixed micelles may be important in nucleation of cholesterol and bilirubinates from native bile.
p62/SQSTM1 synergizes with autophagy for tumor growth in vivo

Autophagy is crucial for cellular homeostasis and plays important roles in tumorigenesis. FIP200 (FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa) is an essential autophagy gene required for autophagy induction, functioning in the ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex. Our previous studies showed that conditional knockout of FIP200 significantly suppressed mammary tumorigenesis, which was accompanied by accumulation of p62 in tumor cells. However, it is not clear whether FIP200 is also required for maintaining tumor growth and how the increased p62 level affects the growth in autophagy-deficient FIP200-null tumors in vivo. Here, we describe a new system to delete FIP200 in transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as mammary tumor cells following their transplantation and show that ablation of FIP200 significantly reduced growth of established tumors in vivo. Using similar strategies, we further showed that either p62 knockdown or p62 deficiency in established FIP200-null tumors dramatically impaired tumor growth. The stimulation of tumor growth by p62 accumulation in FIP200-null tumors is associated with the up-regulated activation of the NF-κB pathway by p62. Last, we showed that overexpression of the autophagy master regulator TFEB(S142A) increased the growth of established tumors, which correlated with the increased autophagy of the tumor cells. Together, our studies demonstrate that p62 and autophagy synergize to promote tumor growth, suggesting that inhibition of both pathways could be more effective than targeting either alone for cancer therapy.
Evolution of Peromyscus leucopus Mice in Response to a Captive Environment

Many wildlife species are propagated in captivity as models for behavioral, physiological, and genetic research or to provide assurance populations to protect threatened species. However, very little is known about how animals evolve in the novel environment of captivity. The histories of most laboratory strains are poorly documented, and protected populations of wildlife species are usually too small and too short-term to allow robust statistical analysis. To document the evolutionary change in captive breeding programs, we monitored reproduction and behavior across 18 generations in six experimental populations of Peromyscusleucopus mice started from a common set of 20 wild-caught founders. The mice were propagated under three breeding protocols: a strategy to retain maximal genetic diversity, artificial selection against stereotypic behaviors that were hypothesized to reflect poor adaptation to captivity, and random bred controls. Two replicates were maintained with each protocol, and inter-replicate crosses at generations 19 and 20 were used to reverse accumulated inbreeding. We found that one of the stereotypic behaviors (repetitive flipping) was positively associated with reproductive fitness, while the other (gnawing) was relatively invariant. Selection to reduce these stereotypic behaviors caused marked reduction in reproduction, and populations not under artificial selection to reduce these behaviors responded with large increases in flipping. In non-selected populations, there was rapid evolution toward much higher proportion of pairs breeding and more rapid conception. Litter size, pup survival, and weaning mass all declined slowly, to the extent that would be predicted based on inbreeding depression. Inter-crossing between replicate populations reversed these declines in fitness components but did not reverse the changes in behavior or the accelerated breeding. These findings indicate that adaptation to captivity can be rapid, affecting reproductive patterns and behaviors, even under breeding protocols designed to minimize the rate of genetic change due to random drift and inadvertent selection.
ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMISM, CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND INNOVATION: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

Innovation is at the heart of firm success in today's competitive environment. Those factors contributing to successful innovation efforts should be important topics of research. In this study we formulated hypotheses linking the interaction between environmental dynamism and capital structure with firm innovation. Using U.S. firms as our research setting, we show that for firms in environments characterized as highly dynamic, high levels of debt are negatively related to innovation, and in stable environments, high levels of debt are positively related to innovation. Contributions, practical implications, and future extensions are considered.
Nontarget effects of the herbicide tebuthiuron on mycorrhizal fungi in sagebrush semidesert

The effects of the herbicide tebuthiuron (0.36, 0.6, and 1.01 kg/ha in pellet form) on nontarget organisms, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, were observed in sagebrush semidesert in central Utah. Only the highest level of tebuthiuron application showed any significant effects on mycorrhizal fungi compared to the untreated control. The introduced annual Bromus tectorum L. had both a reduced percent mycorrhizal root infection and reduced spore density in its rhizosphere with the highest herbicide level. The herbicide did not significantly affect mycorrhizal root infection of Sitanion hystrix, a short-lived perennial grass, at any level of application. There was no significant effect of any level of tebuthiuron on germination of mycorrhizal spores collected 6 months after herbicide application.
BAP1 is phosphorylated at serine 592 in S‐phase following DNA damage

The human BAP1 deubiquitinating enzyme is a chromatin-bound transcriptional regulator and tumor suppressor. BAP1 functions in suppressing cell proliferation, yet its role in the DNA damage response pathway is less understood. In this study we characterized DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BAP1 at serine 592 (pS592) and the cellular outcomes of this modification. In contrast to the majority of BAP1, pS592-BAP1 is predominantly dissociated from chromatin. Our findings support a model whereby stress induced phosphorylation functions to displace BAP1 from specific promoters. We hypothesize that this regulates the transcription of a subset of genes involved in the response to DNA damage.
Assessment of T lymphocyte responses induced by parasite antigens

Recently developed procedures for the isolation and continuous growth in vitro of T lymphocytes can be used to extend our knowledge of cellular immune responses elicited by parasitic infections. These procedures are adaptable to the study of both the inductive and effector phases of T cell responses. The inductive phase of T cell responses is measured by assessing the level of blastogenesis induced in antigen-primed lymphocyte populations by parasite antigens. The development of limiting dilution analyses and procedures for the repeated in vitro restimulation of such cells have allowed for the quantitation of blastogenic responses, and for the isolation of antigen-reactive T cells. The effector phase of T cell responses is assessed by assays that detect either, cytolytic activity of the antigen-responsive cells, the secretion of lymphokines by the responding cells, or specific or non-specific T cell mediated immunosuppression.
Theme: Alternative Approaches to Teacher Education: Alternate Routes to Teaching: Three Alternative Approaches

Three alternate routes to teaching (Los Angeles, New Jersey, and Connecticut) are described, and differences and similarities resulting from their unique contexts are explored. In comparing the des...
Two-step estimation of heteroskedastic sample selection models☆

Abstract This paper considers two-step estimation of a sample selection model in which there is heteroskedasticity of unknown form in the latent errors. We propose an estimator which uses recent developments in nonparametric regression estimation involving series approximations. The estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed under reasonable conditions. A small Monte Carlo experiment demonstrates the usefulness of the estimator and highlights the bias inherent in the usual Heckman (1979) estimator when there is heteroskedasticity.
A stochastic version of the Price equation reveals the interplay of deterministic and stochastic processes in evolution

Evolution involves both deterministic and random processes, both of which are known to contribute to directional evolutionary change. A number of studies have shown that when fitness is treated as a random variable, meaning that each individual has a distribution of possible fitness values, then both the mean and variance of individual fitness distributions contribute to directional evolution. Unfortunately the most general mathematical description of evolution that we have, the Price equation, is derived under the assumption that both fitness and offspring phenotype are fixed values that are known exactly. The Price equation is thus poorly equipped to study an important class of evolutionary processes. I present a general equation for directional evolutionary change that incorporates both deterministic and stochastic processes and applies to any evolving system. This is essentially a stochastic version of the Price equation, but it is derived independently and contains terms with no analog in Price's formulation. This equation shows that the effects of selection are actually amplified by random variation in fitness. It also generalizes the known tendency of populations to be pulled towards phenotypes with minimum variance in fitness, and shows that this is matched by a tendency to be pulled towards phenotypes with maximum positive asymmetry in fitness. This equation also contains a term, having no analog in the Price equation, that captures cases in which the fitness of parents has a direct effect on the phenotype of their offspring. Directional evolution is influenced by the entire distribution of individual fitness, not just the mean and variance. Though all moments of individuals' fitness distributions contribute to evolutionary change, the ways that they do so follow some general rules. These rules are invisible to the Price equation because it describes evolution retrospectively. An equally general prospective evolution equation compliments the Price equation and shows that the influence of stochastic processes on directional evolution is more diverse than has generally been recognized.
Transverse polarization in allowed β transitions

In an allowed β-transition, in which the recoil direction is observed in coincidence with the β-particle, it is possible under appropriate circumstances to produce completely polarized electrons. For pure Fermi transitions no additional conditions need be imposed. For Gamow-Teller transitions it is also necessary that the nucleus be oriented and, if the alignment is zero, the nuclear polarization must have the maximum possible value consistent with this condition, namely 3/2. Also, in a Gamow-Teller transition from a completely polarized nucleus to a nucleus with one lower spin-value, the electron polarization is complete even without observation of the recoil. In general, the polarization of the β-particle is at least partly transverse. The conditions for purely transverse polarization are investigated. For Fermi transitions, where the transverse polarization would have unit value, this can be accomplished at any energy but the effect can be observed, in principle, only for monoenergetic electrons. In practice the energy band can be rather broad without seriously changing the nature of the polarization. For transitions with an appreciable Gamow-Teller contribution and no nuclear polarization, the β-particle polarization is not only incomplete but can be made purely transverse only at undesirably low energies. It is possible, however, to produce appreciable transverse polarization at higher energies even when the longitudinal polarization is not small. In an Appendix a discussion is given of the appropriate form of the electron-positron polarization operator.
Liquid Crystal Blue Phase to Isotropic Transition and Electric Field Response

Abstract The cholesteric liquid crystal 4”-(2-methylbutylphenyl)-4′-(2-methylbutyl)-4-biphenyl-carboxylate has a pronounced blue phase (BP). DSC calorimetry shows 3 peaks in the cholesteric to isotropic transition region. The phases are identified by polarizing microscopy. The BP has two forms which are separated by a first order transition. The isotropic to BP transition appears to be a form of second order transition. An applied electric field induces the transition from BP (1) to the cholesteric focal conic phase.
An ab initio study of the adsorption and dissociation of molecular oxygen on the (0 0 0 1) surface of double hexagonal close-packed americium

Abstract In our continuing attempts to understand theoretically various surface properties such as corrosion and potential catalytic activity of actinide surfaces in the presence of environmental gases, we report here the first ab initio study of molecular adsorption on the double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) americium (Am) (0 0 0 1) surface. Specifically, molecular oxygen adsorption on the (0 0 0 1) surface of dhcp Am has been studied in detail within the framework of density functional theory using a full-potential all-electron linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals (FP-LAPW+lo) method. Dissociative adsorption is found to be energetically more favorable compared to molecular adsorption. Chemisorption energies were optimized with respect to the distance of adsorbates from the surface for three approach positions at three adsorption sites, namely t1 (one-fold top), b2 (two-fold bridge), and h3 (three-fold hollow) sites. Chemisorption energies were computed at the scalar-relativistic-no-spin–orbit-coupling (SR-NSOC) and at the fully relativistic-with-spin–orbit-coupling (FR-SOC) levels of theory. The most stable configuration corresponds to a horizontal approach molecular dissociation with the oxygen atoms occupying neighboring h3 sites, with chemisorption energies at the NSOC and SOC theoretical levels being 9.395 and 9.886 eV, respectively. The corresponding distances of the oxygen molecule from the surface and oxygen–oxygen distance were found to be 0.953 and 3.731 A, respectively. Overall our calculations indicate that chemisorption energies in cases with SOC are slightly more stable than those with NSOC in the 0.089–0.493 eV range. The work functions and net magnetic moments, respectively, increased and decreased in all cases compared to corresponding quantities of the bare dhcp-Am (0 0 0 1) surface. Adsorbate–substrate interactions have been analyzed in detail using partial charges inside muffin-tin spheres, difference charge density distributions, and the local density of states. The effects, if any, of chemisorption on Am5f electron localization–delocalization characteristics in the vicinity of the Fermi level are also discussed.
Designing Neural Networks in Culture

Technology has advanced to where it is possible to design and grow - with predefined geometry and surprisingly good fidelity - living networks of neurons in culture dishes. Here we overview the elements of design, emphasizing the lithographic techniques that alter the cell culture surface which in turn influences the attachment and growth of the neural networks. Advanced capability in this area makes it possible to design networks of desired complexity. Other issues addressed include the influence of glial cells and media on activity and the potential for extending the designs into three dimensions. Investigators are advancing the art and science of analyzing and controlling through stimulation the function of the neural networks, including the ability to take advantage of their geometric form in order to influence functional properties.
Stoichiometry and surface reconstruction: An ab initio study of GaAs(100) surfaces.

Ga- and As-terminated GaAs(100) surfaces are studied through first-principles density-functional pseudopotential calculations of the energies of surfaces with different stoichiometries and reconstructions. We predict structural transitions as a function of Ga and As chemical potentials within an experimentally accessible range which is shown to be fixed by the bulk energies of Ga, As, and GaAs. The bulk energies are determined accurately by the ab initio calculations. The predicted surface stoichiometries are in good agreement with experimental data.
Finite transform solution of the vibrating annular membrane

Vibrating annular membrane problem, including load per unit area and asymmetry of load and vibration, using finite transform derivation
Critical amplitudes for pulse explosions with heat loss

Disturbances generated by the passage of pressure pulses through exothermic reacting mixtures are analysed for high frequency wave forms when the activation energy is large. Although wall heat loss can prevent ignition in the background state, heating within the pulse can give rise to local explosions. A determination of the critical pulse amplitude is made, and a response diagram is developed that permits a simple prediction of the final state at the end of the induction period.
Dioxygen Oxidation of a Stable 1,4-Dihydropyrazine

The stable 1,4-dihydropyrazine 4a,8a-diaza-2,6-dioxa-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-4,4,8,8-tetramethylanthracene-1,5-dione (DDTTA) is oxidized by dioxygen in various organic solvents to give mixtures of 5,6-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-3-formyl-1,4-oxazine-2-one (1) and a second product that was previously ascribed a dioxetane structure. The latter is now fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and found to be the diol 4a,8a-diaza-9,9a-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxa-3,4,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4,4,8,8-tetramethylanthracene-1,5-dione (4). The oxidation rate and product ratio are highly solvent dependent. Trapping experiments, reaction stoichiometry, and kinetic measurements are all consistent with a hydroperoxide intermediate that reacts with DDTTA to give the diol 4 or undergoes intramolecular fragmentation to give aldehyde 1. Both DDTTA and the intermediate hydroperoxide are significantly less reactive than their biologically active 1,4-dihydropyrazine counterparts.
Reversal of the relation between respiratory drive and airway tone in cats.

Abstract To examine the relationship between respiratory drive and airway tone in the exercise pressor reflex in the cat, we recorded tension in a tracheal segment and activity in the phrenic nerve, before and after injecting capsaicin in various doses (0.3–20 μg/kg) into the femoral artery. Injection of all doses of capsaicin relaxed the tracheal segment. However, high doses of capsaicin evoked neural apnea followed by increased phrenic nerve activity whereas low doses evoked only increased phrenic nerve activity. All responses wre abolished by cutting hindleg nerves. We were certain that relaxation was due to decreases of parasympathetic bronchoconstrictor activity and not to increases in activity of other inhibitory pathways, because we found no change in capsaicin-evoked relaxation after β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and no capsaicin-evoked relaxation after muscarinic blockade with atropine and restoration of tone with 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results provide good evidence that injecting capsaicin into the femoral artery reverses the direct relation between respiratory drive and airway tone and does so by decreasing parasympathetic bronchoconstrictor activity.
Intraoperative Endodontic Applications of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Abstract Introduction The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in endodontics for diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up has been extensively reported in the literature. Compared with the traditional spiral computed tomography, high-resolution limited CBCT results in a fraction of the effective absorbed dose of radiation. However, it should be prescribed only after weighing the cost of radiation exposure with the benefit of the diagnostic information that can be obtained from the scan. Methods The purpose of this article is to discuss the application and advantages of intraoperative CBCT in endodontics, while reducing radiation exposure during complex endodontic procedures. Results In cases of increased difficulty or intraoperative complications such as complex anatomy, dystrophic calcifications, root resorptions, perforations, and root fractures, it is prudent to consider the use of CBCT with its inherent diagnostic value and limited radiation exposure. Conclusions The benefits of the added diagnostic information provided by intraoperative CBCT images in select cases justify the risk associated with the limited level of radiation exposure.
A Descriptive Analysis of Middle School Students’ Conceptions of Autism

The purpose of this study is to document the content and accuracy of middle school students’ spontaneously generated definitions of autism in order to inform future peer education interventions. Authors evaluated 450 middle school students’ written definitions of autism for accuracy and content. Most students (n = 321; 71.3%) provided accurate definitions of autism; the remaining definitions consisted of (a) a combination of accurate and inaccurate information (n = 45; 10.0%), (b) reporting “Don’t know” (n = 43; 9.6%), (c) inaccurate information (n = 20; 4.4%), and (d) combinations of uncertainty in the presence of accurate and inaccurate information (n = 21; 4.6%). Accurate responses reflected only basic understanding that autism was a disability; few accurate responses identified social, communicative, or restrictive patterns of behavior as core difficulties for individuals with autism. Middle school students reported inaccurate information across varied content, such as etiology, core symptoms, and associated problems. Results suggest that peer education messages should highlight information regarding the defining features, etiology, consequences, and outcomes related to autism.
HIV screening of surgeons and dentists: a cost-effectiveness analysis

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening strategies of surgeons and dentists. DESIGN: We constructed a model to project costs and HIV transmissions prevented over 15 years for four screening scenarios: 1) one-time voluntary screening, 2) one-time mandatory screening, 3) annual voluntary screening, and 4) annual mandatory screening. One-time screening occurs only in the first year of the program; annual screening occurs once each year. Under mandatory screening, all practitioners are tested and risks of practitioner-to-patient transmission are eliminated for all practitioners testing positive. Voluntary screening assumes 90% of HIV-positive and 50% of HIV-negative practitioners are tested, and risks of transmission in the clinical setting are eliminated for 90% of HIV-positive surgeons and dentists. All costs and benefits are discounted at 5% per annum over 15 years. RESULTS: Using "best-case" scenario assumptions, we find for surgeons that a one-time voluntary screening program would be most cost-effective, at $899,336 for every HIV transmission prevented. For dentists, the one-time voluntary program also is the most cost-effective, at $139,571 per transmission prevented. Annual mandatory programs were least cost-effective for both surgeons and dentists, at $63.3 million and $2.2 million per transmission prevented, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HIV screening of surgeons and dentists ranks among the more expensive medical lifesaving programs, even using liberal assumptions about program effectiveness. Frequency of screening and whether testing is mandatory or voluntary dramatically affect cost per transmission prevented; these features should be considered carefully in designing specific HIV screening programs.
Sequential Anaerobic Dechlorination of Pentachlorophenol: Competitive Inhibition Effects and a Kinetic Model

The fate and dechlorination kinetics of PCP and its intermediates were studied in two fluidized-bed reactors (FBRs) with methanogenic enrichments. The two FBRs were operated at a 1-day hydraulic retention time and fed lactate at 400 mg/L and pentachlorophenol (PCP) at 5 mg/L (18.8 μmol/L). PCP was meta-dechlorinated to 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2346-TeCP). Approximately 75% of the 2346-TeCP was meta-dechlorinated to 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246-TCP), followed by sequential o-chlorine removals to 4-monochlorophenol (4-MCP); the remaining 2346-TeCP was ortho-dechlorinated via 245-TCP to 3,4-dichlorophenol (34-DCP). Neither 34-DCP nor 4-MCP were dechlorinated throughout the 18-month testing period. In mixed-CP batch tests, CPs competed with each other, resulting in reduced dechlorination rates; competition was position-specific with respect to ortho- and meta-dechlorination reactions. Michaelis−Menten dechlorination kinetic coefficients and linear solid−liquid partition coefficients were determined for PCP, 2...
Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on endoplasmic reticulum stress–induced caspase-12 activation

Activation of death receptors and mitochondrial damage are well-described common apoptotic pathways. Recently, a novel pathway via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported. We assessed the role of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in inhibition of caspase-12 activation and its effect on calcium homeostasis in an ER stress-induced model of apoptosis. The human liver-derived cell line, Huh7, was treated with thapsigargin (TG) to induce ER stress. Typical morphologic changes of ER stress preceded development of apoptotic changes, including DNA fragmentation and cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as activation of caspase-3 and -7. Elevation of intracellular calcium levels without loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was shown using Fluo-3/Fura-red labeling and flow cytometry, and confirmed by induction of Bip/GRP78, a calcium-dependent chaperon of ER lumen. These changes were accompanied by procaspase-12 processing. TUDCA abolished TG-induced markers of ER stress; reduced calcium efflux, induction of Bip/GRP78, and caspase-12 activation; and subsequently inhibited activation of effector caspases and apoptosis. In conclusion, we propose that mitochondria play a secondary role in ER-mediated apoptosis and that TUDCA prevents apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. This novel mechanism of TUDCA action suggests new intervention methods for ER stress-induced liver disease.
Thermal cycling effects on the bioreactor performances of immobilized β-galactosidase in temperature-sensitive hydrogel beads

Abstract The enzyme β-galactosidase was immobilized in thermally reversible hydrogel beads that exhibit a reversible expansion and collapse of the gel volume in response to temperature. The kinetic performances of immobilized enzyme bead reactors were studied during thermal cycling operation. A periodic cycling of temperature for the packed-bed reactor induced a cyclic swelling and deswelling of the hydrogel beads. A temperature cycling operation around the phase transition temperature of the gel matrix enhanced the overall enzymatic conversion of the substrate, compared to its upper and lower isothermal operations. The effects on the overall conversion of various thermal cycling operational conditions, such as cycling range and heating and cooling rates, were investigated.
Bowel infarction: Complication of ethanol ablation of a renal tumor

A case of infarction of the large bowel resulting from transcatheter ablation of a malignant renal tumor with absolute ethanol is presented. The causal mechanism of this complication is described so that preventive steps can be taken to avoid this accident in the future.
Acceptance of dementia screening in continuous care retirement communities: a mailed survey.

Background In a recent systematic review of the evidence for dementia screening to support recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force, we found no evidence regarding the interest or willingness of older adults to be screened, and insufficient evidence to provide an estimate of the potential harms of dementia screening. Objective In an attempt to address the acceptability of dementia screening, we asked older adults living in two Continuous Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) if they would agree to routine screening for memory problems. Design Cross-sectional study using self-administered mailed survey questionnaires. Setting Two CCRCs in Orange County, North Carolina. Participants 500 residents of the independent living section of CCRCs. Results There was a 64% survey response rate. Of these, 49% of participants stated they would agree to routine screening for memory problems. In comparison to people who would not agree to routine memory screening, those who accepted memory screening were more likely to accept depression screening, be male, use drug-administration assisted devices, and take more medications. Conclusion Approximately half of the residents in this affluent residential community setting were not willing to be screened routinely for memory problems. This high refusal rate indicates that dementia screening may be associated with perceived harms. We must improve our understanding of the decision-making process driving individual's beliefs and behaviors about dementia screening before implementing any broad-based screening initiatives for dementia or cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrogenerated bases VII. Novel syntheses of ethyl glyoxalate and diethyl ketomalonate via electrogenerated superoxide

Abstract Using electrogenerated tetraalkylammonium superoxide plus oxygen ethyl cyanoacetate has been converted (a) directly to ethyl glyoxylate and (b) in a “one-pot” two-step synthesis to the oxomalonate.
Transverse Waves in a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas

Simple features of transverse waves in a Bose system are illustrated from a purely microscopic viewpoint. Taking advantage of an integral equation obtained previously in the microscopic theory of second sound, we examine the transverse-current response function in the weak-coupling and low-temperature limit. The dispersion curve for the transverse waves in this limit is evaluated exactly.
Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

The improved survival with sipuleucel-T, an autologous antigen-presenting cell-based agent, for the treatment of patients with metastatic asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic castration-resistant prostate cancer supports immunotherapy as a valid approach. Also, multiple novel immunotherapeutic approaches are undergoing vigorous investigation. T-lymphocyte checkpoint blockade and poxvirus-based prime-boost approaches are in phase III evaluation. Other immunotherapeutic platforms undergoing early investigation include radioimmunoconjugates and adenovirus-based, DNA-based, and Listeria-based approaches. The development of predictive markers for immune response that translate into improved long-term outcomes is important. This article reviews the emerging data and the unique strengths and weaknesses of these approaches.
Tetrastyrylarene Derivatives: Comparison of One- and Two-Photon Spectroscopic Properties with Distyrylarene Analogues†

The one-photon and two-photon absorption properties of cross-shaped chromophores consisting of four donor-substituted styryl branches linked to an aromatic core (benzene or pyrazine) have been investigated and compared with those of linear analogues with only two branches (donor−π−donor distryrylarenes). The areas of the lowest energy two-photon absorption bands of the compounds with four branches were less than twice those of analogues with two branches. The spectral features observed in these chromophores suggest that electronic coupling between the branches is effective but does not lead to significant enhancement of the two-photon cross section when the branches extend in more than one dimension. In a chromophore with two donor-substituted and two acceptor-substituted branches the two-photon cross section is smaller than in the corresponding linear analogues. The main characteristics of both the one-photon and two-photon spectra of multibranched compounds of the type discussed here can be explained qu...
Genetic diversity in major farm crops on the farm and in reserve

Genetic vulnerability does not at this time present a major threat to production of United States field crops, according to a 1981 survey of U.S. crop breeding directors. But plant breeders do regard genetic vulnerability as an important and potentially dangerous problem. The 1981 survey indicated that although the genetic base of U.S. field crop production is not as narrow as in 1970, it still is concentrated on a relatively small number of favored cultivars. Genetic diversity is provided, nevertheless, in other and less obvious ways. Survey responses indicated that the genetic base of the elite germplasm pool is wider and provides more useful diversity than is usually supposed. However, breeders also value the national germplasm repositories as indispensable sources of needed diversity.
Inhibition by formaldehyde of energy transfer and related processes in rat-liver mitochondria.

Abstract 1. Exogenous formaldehyde inhibits phosphorylating oxidation of succinate in coupled mitochondria in the presence of ADP. The inhibition of the oxidation can be released by dinitrophenol. Formaldehyde also prevents the stimulation of succinate respiration by arsenate. 2. Formaldehyde has little or no effect on respiration in the absence of ADP. Neither does it greatly affect the respiration of mitochondria which have been uncoupled by osmotic disruption or pre-treatment with dinitrophenol. 3. Formaldehyde interferes with the endergonic, anaerobic reduction of DPN + by succinate in phosphorylating particles of rat-liver mitochondria. Moreover, the ATP-induced contraction of intact mitochondria can be inhibited by formaldehyde or by oligomycin under the same conditions.
Bibliography management with library mastertm version 2.0

Library MasterTM, a bibliographic and textual database management software package, is reviewed in this article. One of over fifty software packages intended to organize and track bibliographies and references, it provides a wide range of data manipulation capabilities. Some of the common capabilities supported include flexible inputting, editing, and deleting of references: sophisticated database querying capabilities; and flexible organization and output of bibliography lists. This review concentrates on the bibliography management capabilities of Version 2.0 from Balboa Software.
More than Just Eye-Catching: Evaluating Graphic Quality in Middle School English Language Learners’ Science Textbooks

Second language (L2) instructors frequently use visual stimuli to support learning, particularly content-specific learning; however, not all visuals are effective in supporting curriculum. Previous research has demonstrated that while graphics may make texts visually appealing, middle grade students, even native English speakers, are not consistently skilled in interpreting science diagrams and integrating textual and visual information simultaneously. This study used the Graphics Analysis Protocol (GAP; Slough & McTigue, 2013), which has been used to assess U.S. science textbooks to evaluate how well graphics in scientific readings support both content knowledge and second language acquisition. Our sample included 118 graphics from 54 readings used to teach science in English to 7 th and 8 th grade English language learners (ELL) in Qatar. Our findings indicate that not only does poor integration of text and graphics fail to support student learning, but it also may hinder overall reading comprehension. Results suggest that individuals selecting instructional materials for ELL need to evaluate visuals as part of the selection process, particularly with technical classes such as science. Recommendations for practitioners are provided.Second language (L2) instructors frequently use visual stimuli to support learning, particularly content-specific learning; however, not all visuals are effective in supporting curriculum. Previous research has demonstrated that while graphics may make texts visually appealing, middle grade students, even native English speakers, are not consistently skilled in interpreting science diagrams and integrating textual and visual information simultaneously. This study used the Graphics Analysis Protocol (GAP; Slough & McTigue, 2013), which has been used to assess U.S. science textbooks to evaluate how well graphics in scientific readings support both content knowledge and second language acquisition. Our sample included 118 graphics from 54 readings used to teach science in English to 7 th and 8 th grade English language learners (ELL) in Qatar. Our findings indicate that not only does poor integration of text and graphics fail to support student learning, but it also may hinder overall reading comprehension. Results suggest that individuals selecting instructional materials for ELL need to evaluate visuals as part of the selection process, particularly with technical classes such as science. Recommendations for practitioners are provided.
Comparison of sky polarization observations to radiative transfer simulations which use AERONET retrieval data

Observed polarization and radiance images from a ground-based full-sky polarimeter are compared against a Successive Order of Scattering (SOS) radiative transfer model for July 2011 cloud-free days in Bozeman, Montana, USA. The imaging polarimeter measures radiance and polarization in 10-nm bands centered at 450, 490, 530, 675, and 780 nm. The AERONET-retrieved aerosol optical depth, size distribution, and refractive index are used as inputs to the SOS model. MISR BRDF retrievals are used for the surface reflectance. As shown in a previous work1 that considered 2009 data, model results generally agree with observation, but the simulated degree of polarization is typically higher than observed data. Potential sources of this difference are considered, especially errors in the AERONET-retrieved aerosol real refractive index.
The Montana collections of Francis Duncan Kelsey

Francis Duncan Kelsey amassed one of the important early herbaria of Montana plants from 1885 to 1893. His Montana collections contain over 1200 specimens of algae, bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, and fungi and include at least 41 that serve as types. Originally donated to the Oberlin College Herbarium (OC), the Montana collections, records, and later correspondence of Kelsey are now housed at the Miami University Herbarium (MU). The mycological collections of Kelsey are numbered, dated, and include site information; his other collections are unnumbered and often lack precise dates and/or localities. Kelsey's Montana fieldwork itineraries and sources of exchange are presented. All valid and legitimate names based on Kelsey's Montana collections are listed with pertinent information from his collection notebooks.
Practicing palliative care in resource-poor settings.

Providing palliative care to patients dying of a terminal illness is a difficult task in any environment. When the care is for individuals who are medically underserved, uninsured, and stigmatized because of their disease, it becomes even more problematic. Nonetheless, the integration of palliative care into treatment models for underserved populations adds patient support, relief of suffering, and other dimensions to the delivery of medical care. It is an important part of the continuum of health care in resource-poor settings. Creating health care models that serve vulnerable populations is one responsibility of the US Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). HRSA is charged with supporting primary health care and health professional training for underserved and uninsured populations. 1 For HRSA’s HIV/AIDS Bureau, this mission means providing a continuum of health and supportive care in the United States that begins with counseling and testing for HIV disease and ends with terminal care for individuals dying from AIDS or related complications. Through the Ryan White CARE Act (CARE Act), cities, states, and primary health providers in the United States receive funding from HRSA to provide approximately 27 services, including home health and hospice care. In 2002, the $1.9 billion allocated to the CARE Act by Congress supports these services when other patient funding streams, such as Medicaid or private insurance, are inadequate or non-existent. 2 To improve the delivery of these services, the HIV/AIDS Bureau is undertaking palliative care demonstration grants in five areas of the United States through our CARE Act Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS). These projects address individuals with advanced AIDS who are homeless, incarcerated, living in very rural areas, or are substance abusers. 3