cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All in the Family: What Brown Dwarfs Teach Us About Extrasolar Giant Planets

As we await the first direct image of an extrasolar giant planet, we can turn to theory and the experience gained in the campaign to detect and understand brown dwarfs for guidance on what to expect. As with any new arrival to a family, there should be a strong family resemblance (one hopes) along with notable unique features and interesting peculiarities. The 300 or so known L and T dwarfs, combined with our own giant planets, already span much of the effective temperature range within which extrasolar planets will be found. Only objects with thick, easily detectable, water clouds have yet to be seen. Thus we already know much of the family. I will describe what we have learned from studying these objects, focusing on the important roles clouds and atmospheric chemistry play in affecting their atmospheres and emergent spectra. Relying on these findings and theoretical models, I'll sketch out what we can expect from extrasolar giant planets, focusing on easily detectable features. Some wild cards, of course, are to be expected. Photochemical hazes, in particular, may obscure the family traits on the faces of Jupiter's distant cousins and may make one wonder, at least momentarily, about the milkman.
Storage Alternatives for Large Structured State Spaces

We consider the problem of storing and searching a large state space obtained from a high-level model such as a queueing network or a Petri net. After reviewing the traditional technique based on a single search tree, we demonstrate how an approach based on multiple levels of search trees offers advantages in both memory and execution complexity. Further execution time improvements are obtained by exploiting the concept of “event locality”. We apply our technique to three large parametric models, and give detailed experimental results.
Evaluating accessibility and usability of Web pages

BobbySM is a computer-based tool that supports Universal Design of a specific computer-human interface, the World Wide Web. The notion of a universally designed Web challenges society to think about plurality—to consider all individuals, regardless of age, ability, race, or economic or cultural background—when developing new technologies. Yet at this time, though the Web has much potential for broad inclusion, it often excludes some people from participating in much the same way that a staircase prevents a person in a wheelchair from going in a building’s door. In response to this, CAST launched Bobby in August 1996. Bobby teaches Web designers about Web accessibility by displaying accessibility problems directly within the context of the designer’s site. Bobby is a teaching tool, helping Web designers (including the rapidly growing number of non-professional designers who are putting up sites) learn skills they can apply later. The more people use Bobby, the more likely they will be to integrate accessibility principles into their way of thinking and the irstyle of Web site design.
Engineered Recombinant Peanut Protein and Heat-Killed Listeria monocytogenes Coadministration Protects Against Peanut-Induced Anaphylaxis in a Murine Model

Peanut allergy (PNA) is the major cause of fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to foods. Traditional immunotherapy using peanut (PN) protein is not an option for PNA therapy because of the high incidence of adverse reactions. We investigated the effects of s.c. injections of engineered (modified) recombinant PN proteins and heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM) as an adjuvant on anaphylactic reactions in a mouse model of PN allergy. PN-allergic C3H/HeJ mice were treated s.c. with a mixture of the three major PN allergens and HKLM (modified (m)Ara h 1-3 plus HKLM). The effects on anaphylactic reactions following PN challenge and the association with Ab levels and cytokine profiles were determined. Although all mice in the sham-treated groups exhibited anaphylactic symptoms with a median symptom score of 3, only 31% of mice in the mAra h 1-3 plus HKLM group developed mild anaphylaxis, with a low median symptom score of 0.5. Alterations in core body temperature, bronchial constriction, plasma histamine, and PN-specific IgE levels were all significantly reduced. This protective effect was markedly more potent than in the mAra h 1-3 protein alone-treated group. HKLM alone did not have any protective effect. Reduced IL-5 and IL-13, and increased IFN-gamma levels were observed only in splenocytes cultures from mAra h 1-3 plus HKLM-treated mice. These results show that immunotherapy with modified PN proteins and HKLM is effective for treating PN allergy in this model, and may be a potential approach for treating PNA.
Techniques for the Analysis of Gases Sequentially Released from Lunar Samples

Description of two methods for the analysis of light gases that are sequentially evolved from 2 to 10 mg of lunar sample. A hydrofluoric acid hydrolysis of lunar material is achieved by repeated exposure of the sample to hydrogen fluoride. In the second technique, gases are evolved from lunar samples by the stepwise heating of these samples to 1400 C. The gases evolved by either hydrolysis or pyrolysis are analyzed in a gas chromatographic system using a helium ionization detector. The sensitivities of this detector for the gases, as analyzed, range from 20 picograms/sec for hydrogen to 0.2 picogram/sec for carbon dioxide.
Interleukin 4 and 13 participation in mycobacterial (type-1) and schistosomal (type-2) antigen-elicited pulmonary granuloma formation: multiparameter analysis of cellular recruitment, chemokine expression and cytokine networks.

Abstract The contribution of IL-4 and IL-13 to inflammation and cytokine responses was compared in mice with types-1 or -2 pulmonary granulomas (GR) elicited by beads bound to antigens of Mycobacteria bovis (PPD) or Schistosoma mansoni eggs (SEA). Type-2 SEA-GR produced the most IL-4 and IL-13. Type-1 PPD-GR produced detectable IL-13, but not IL-4. Mice were treated with anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-13 Abs, then lesion size/composition, cytokine/chemokine mRNA and lymph node cytokines were measured. Type-1 GRs resisted individual Abs, but combined Abs augmented lesions by 20%. In contrast, anti-IL-4 abrogated type-2 GR by 30-40% and eosinophil recruitment by 60%. Anti-IL-13 abrogated type-2 GR by 20-30% with no effect on eosinophils. Combined depletion reduced lesion area by 60% and eosinophils by more than 80%. In type-1 GR lungs, anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-13 augmented IFNγ and TNFα mRNA. In type 2 lungs, anti-IL-13 did likewise, but anti-IL-4 decreased TNFα without affecting IFNγ mRNA. In both responses, IL-4 promoted MCP-1 and MCP-5 mRNA, but IL-13 inhibited chemokines in type-1 GR. In lymph nodes, anti-IL-4, but not anti-IL-13, abrogated type-2 cytokines. In fact, IL-13 down-regulated itself and other type-2 cytokines. In summary, IL-4 and IL-13 have common and disparate regulatory functions in types 1 and 2 responses.
NON-LINEAR SPRING RESISTANCE AND FRICTION DAMPING OF FRICTIONAL CONSTRAINT HAVING TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

Abstract A model is proposed to investigate the contact kinematics of a frictional constraint experiencing two-dimensional relative motion. In this model, a contact plane is defined and its orientation is invariant. In addition, the contact normal load is assumed constant. In this study, analytical criteria are developed to determine the transitions between stick and slip which characterize how the friction force relates to the two-dimensional relative motion. Using the stick–slip transition criteria, a stick–slip diagram of elliptical motion is developed. This stick–slip diagram illustrates the fundamental characteristics of the two-dimensional contact kinematics when the relative motion has an elliptical trajectory. Fourier series expansion is employed to divide the induced periodic friction force into two components: non-linear spring resistance and friction damping. In this study, a set of non-linear functions that relate the non-linear spring resistance and friction damping to the elliptical motion are developed. It is shown that these non-linear functions can be analytically derived for the two extreme cases: circular motion and one-dimensional motion. The single-term harmonic balance scheme along with the non-linear spring resistance and friction damping of the frictional constraint are then used to calculate the resonant response of a frictionally constrained two-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing the results with those of the direct time integration method.
Hydrodynamics of tire hydroplaning.

1 Losey, D. D., A technique for estimating axial flow compressor potential peak efficiency and related performance," M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Cincinnati (1965). 2 Rains, D. A., "Tip clearance flows in axial flow compressors and pumps," California Institute of Technology, Hydrodynamics and Mechanical Engineering Lab., Rept. 5 (June 1964). 3 Carter, A. D. S., Moss, C. S., Green G. R., and Amnear, G. G., "The effect of Reynolds number on the performance of a single-stage compressor," Ministry of Aviation Aeronautical Research Council, Rept. and Memo. 3184 (1960). * Sheets, H. E., "The slotted blade axial flow blower," Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 78, 1683 (1956). 5 Sandercock, D. M., Kovach, K., and Lieblein, S., "Experimental investigation of a five stage axial flow research compressor with transonic rotors in all stages. I—Compressor design," NACA RME54C26 (1954). 6 Sandercock, D. M. and Kovach, K., "Experimental investigation of a five stage axial flow research compressor with transonic rotors in all stages. II—Compressor over-all performance," NACA RME54G01 (1954). 7 Sandercock, D. M. and Kovach, K., "Experimental investigation of a five stage axial flow research compressor with transonic rotors in all stages. Ill—Interstage data and individual stage performance characteristics," NACA RME56G24 (1956). 8 Wiggins, J. O., "A procedure for determining the off-design characteristics of multistage axial flow compressors," M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Cincinnati (1963).
Biosynthesis of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate by human adrenocortical tissue.

The conversion of 7α-H3-dehydroisoandrosterone to its sulfate ester by homogenates of an adrenocortical carcinoma is described. 7α-H3-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate was characterized by its chromatographic behavior in 2 partition systems and its reaction with the methylene blue reagent for sulfates. The conjugate was recrystallized to constant specific activity and its identity was further established by its infrared spectrum. The steroid moiety was obtained by solvolysis and was identified as dehydroisoandrosterone by infrared analysis and recrystallization to constant specific activity.
Grand Challenges for Psychiatric Drug Discovery: A Perspective

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation commissioned a series of papers to tackle the grand challenges facing drug discovery for psychiatric disorders, and to identify novel strategies for the development of new therapeutics. The three papers authored by Conn and Roth {Conn, 2008 #24}, Carpenter and Koenig {Carpenter, 2007 #26}, and Mathew and colleagues {Mathew, 2008 #25} identify opportunities and challenges to translate advances in basic and clinical neuroscience into novel medications to treat mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Some common themes emerge from these papers. The authors identify the need to develop novel mechanism of action therapeutics based on validated molecular targets. They observe a high degree of variability in the predictive value of existing preclinical models to assess drug efficacy, and call for more rigorous target validation at each stage along the pathway—from target identification to clinical validation—through clinical trials with appropriate levels of statistical power. The authors summarize the variable degree of predictive value that existing preclinical models have in assessing efficacy in the majority of psychiatric disorders. With the lack of congruence between disease models and symptoms in psychiatric disorders, the development of a strong mechanistic foundation for efficacy and toxicity biomarkers, both preclinical and clinical, is considered crucial for subsequent therapeutic development. The authors identify the pressing need not only for novel, pre-validated molecular and cellular targets, but also drug targets that are clinically established. The authors suggest targeting core phenotypic domains of dysfunction within and across psychiatric disorders, such as cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, sleep disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide across multiple disorders. This approach calls for developing and validating models that translate these clinical phenotypes into experimental endpoints to assess drug efficacy in animals and humans. One example of such an experimental endpoint is fear extinction, which has been successfully modeled in both animals and humans. The papers cite significant opportunities as well as challenges for systems levels approaches to facilitate the translation of basic discoveries into validated drug targets and new models of impaired domains of function. These opportunities have the potential to introduce innovation along the critical path for psychiatric drug discovery.
Service Systems: A Broadened Framework and Research Agenda on Value Propositions, Engagement, and Service Experience

The proposed framework sheds light on the fundamental role that value propositions play in service systems. Building on service-dominant logic from marketing and structuration theory from sociology...
Light-cone operator expansions in perturbation theory. II

With the aid of a general algorithm for expanding a given Heisenberg operator product in terms of $n$-particle irreducible operator products integrated over $c$-number Bethe-Salpeter kernels, we discuss the expansion of bilocal products near the light cone. It is shown that, to any finite order in perturbation theory, only a small number of terms in the operator-product expansion can be singular on the light cone. In particular, some of the bilocal operators which determine the scaling properties of deep-inelastic electroproduction have potential singularities determined by operator-valued Bethe-Salpeter equations involving only these bilocals themselves (plus local fields). A generalization of the light-cone Bjorken-Johnson-Low (BJL) limit is given which reveals logarithmic singularities which occur in $T$ products but not in commutators; this BJL limit is applied systematically to Feynman graphs in another paper. As a special case, the Wilson expansion is recovered.
Technology Adoption in Troubled Times: A Cloud Computing Case Study

Timely Technologies Corp. (TT) is a $200+ million revenue company that has not yet emerged from the great recession of 2008. Once a $750 million revenue company with nearly 5,000 employees (including over 100 IT professionals), the company has been forced to cut its workforce to just over 2,000 employees. Reductions have included all administrative functions, some production capacity and its IT department. Throughout a long series of quarterly losses, the company has constantly been challenged to weigh accounting and other information needs against costs of gathering that information as it identifies the most efficient cost reductions. This case explains how basic economic factors have impacted the companyâ€™s choices with regard to IT and its access to accounting and other operating data.
Auroral ion acceleration in dispersive Alfvén waves

[1] Observations from the FAST satellite are used to create a model for dispersive Alfven waves above the auroral oval. Using this model, it is shown how these waves may accelerate ionospheric ions transverse to the geomagnetic field and cause ion outflow. The model waves grow from ionospheric conductivity variations due to auroral electron precipitation and resonate in the cavity between the ionosphere and the peak in the Alfven speed that occurs at altitudes of ∼1 Earth radius (Re). By tracing ions in the model wave field, it is demonstrated that for transverse wave amplitudes (E⊥) satisfying E⊥/Bo Ωi/k⊥ the ion motion may become stochastic allowing acceleration to energies exceeding that prescribed by λ⊥. The transversely accelerated ions in both the coherent and stochastic cases flow upward from the ionosphere under the influence of the mirror force to altitudes of 1 Earth radii over timescales as small as a few seconds to minutes with energies in the keV range. Ions accelerated by these means may account for the intense outflowing ion fluxes observed in Alfven waves above the auroral oval.
Differences in multiple forms of short-term plasticity between excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal neurons in culture.

Synaptic transmission is highly dynamic, especially during periods of repetitive activity. This short-term synaptic plasticity, elicited by either pairs or short trains of action potentials at moderate frequencies (1-10 Hz), may give rise to either depression or facilitation of synaptic transmission. We analyzed these processes in isolated, synaptically coupled pairs of inhibitory or excitatory neurons grown in low-density cultures of hippocampal neurons. Most inhibitory and excitatory synapses in these cultures displayed paired pulse depression, although the responses of excitatory synapses were more variable and occasionally facilitation was seen. With tetanic stimuli, inhibitory synapses showed depression, but excitatory synapses showed a much richer repertoire of behaviors, including depression and facilitation. While many inhibitory synapses showed posttetanic depression following short trains of action potentials, excitatory synapses instead showed posttetanic facilitation. This facilitation is accompanied by an increase in paired pulse ratio, suggesting that it is the result of presynaptic mechanisms. Finally, excitatory synapses often displayed paired pulse and tetanic facilitation of asynchronous release, a process not seen in inhibitory synapses in these cultures. These similarities and differences in short-term plasticity exhibited by inhibitory and excitatory cells are likely to be critical for information processing and the control of neuronal excitability, under both normal and pathological conditions, such as epilepsy.
Scrotal sonography in acute disease

Ultrasound is the appropriate first diagnostic imaging study in the evaluation of acute scrotal disease. This review highlights the major causes of acute disease of the scrotal sac, testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord, details the typical findings of the pathologic entities, and defines how duplex and color Doppler improve the diagnostic yield.
α1‐induced DNA bending is required for transcriptional activation by the Mcm1–α1 complex

The yeast Mcm1 protein is a founding member of the MADS-box family of transcription factors that is involved in the regulation of diverse sets of genes through interactions with distinct cofactor proteins. Mcm1 interacts with the Matalpha1 protein to activate the expression of the alpha-cell type-specific genes. To understand the requirement of the cofactor alpha1 for Mcm1-alpha1-dependent transcriptional activation we analyzed the recruitment of Mcm1 to the promoters of alpha-specific genes in vivo and found that Mcm1 is able to bind to the promoters of alpha-specific genes in the absence of alpha1. This suggests the function of alpha1 is more complex than simply recruiting Mcm1. Several MADS-box transcription factors, including Mcm1, induce DNA bending and there is evidence the proper bend may be required for transcriptional activation. We analyzed Mcm1-dependent bending of a Mcm1-alpha1 binding site in the presence and absence of alpha1 and found that Mcm1 alone shows a reduced DNA-bend at this site compared with other Mcm1 binding sites. However, the addition of alpha1 markedly increases the DNA-bend and we present evidence this bend is required for full transcriptional activation. These results support a model in which proper DNA-bending by the Mcm1-alpha1 complex is required for transcriptional activation.
Metaphorically speaking: Cognitive abilities and the production of figurative language.

Figurative language is one of the most common expressions of creative behavior in everyday life. However, the cognitive mechanisms behind figures of speech such as metaphors remain largely unexplained. Recent evidence suggests that fluid and executive abilities are important to the generation of conventional and creative metaphors. The present study investigated whether several factors of the Cattell–Horn–Carroll model of intelligence contribute to generating these different types of metaphors. Specifically, the roles of fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), and broad retrieval ability (Gr) were explored. Participants completed a series of intelligence tests and were asked to produce conventional and creative metaphors. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the contribution of the different factors of intelligence to metaphor production. For creative metaphor, there were large effects of Gf (β = .45) and Gr (β = .52); for conventional metaphor, there was a moderate effect of Gc (β = .30). Creative and conventional metaphors thus appear to be anchored in different patterns of abilities: Creative metaphors rely more on executive processes, whereas conventional metaphors primarily draw from acquired vocabulary knowledge.
Sustained Software for Cyberinfrastructure: Analyses of Successful Efforts with a Focus on NSF-funded Software

Reliable software that provides needed functionality is clearly essential for an effective distributed cyberinfrastructure (CI) that supports comprehensive, balanced, and flexible distributed CI. Effective distributed cyberinfrastructure, in turn, supports science and engineering applications. The purpose of this study was to understand what factors lead to software projects being well sustained over the long run, focusing on software created with funding from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and/or used by researchers funded by the NSF. We surveyed NSF-funded researchers and performed in-depth studies of software projects that have been sustained over many years. Successful projects generally used open-source software licenses and employed good software engineering practices and test practices. However, many projects that have not been well sustained over time also met these criteria. The features that stood out about successful projects included deeply committed leadership and some sort of user forum or conference at least annually. In some cases, software project leaders have employed multiple financial strategies over the course of a decades-old software project. Such well-sustained software is used in major distributed CI projects that support thousands of users, and this software is critical to the operation of major distributed CI facilities in the US. The findings of our study identify some characteristics of software that is relevant to the NSF-supported research community, and that has been sustained over many years.
Effects of hypoxia on rat brain metabolism: Unilateral in vivo carotid infusion

Abstract An in vivo brain perfusion technique was used to examine effects of hypoxia on cerebral cortical metabolism in barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Dulbecco's phosphatebuffered solution (PBS), or Dulbecco's PBS + 6 m M glucose, was infused into the right carotid circulation for 0 to 3 min, at a rate that reduced regional cerebral blood flow to the ipsilateral parietal lobe by more than 40% and O 2 delivery by about 50%. The duration of infusion of either solution was correlated negatively with the ipsilateral parietal lobe concentrations of glucose, ATP, and phosphocreatine (PCr), and positively with parietal concentrations of lactate and cAMP. cGMP increased in relation to infusion duration of Dulbecco's PBS. Statistically significant elevations of brain lactate occurred after 1 min of infusion of Dulbecco's PBS; lactate was elevated and glucose was reduced after 2 min of infusion of either solution. Brain ATP, PCr, and glycogen concentrations decreased in relation to the elevation in brain lactate, and the [PCr]:[ATP] ratio declined. The results demonstrated that limited hypoxia stimulated cerebral glycolysis and produced a concurrent decrease in brain ATP and PCr. However, ATP was spared to a degree, at the expense of PCr.
Electron Spin Resonance Study of Nitroxide Radicals from Diethylhydroxylamine, Dioctylhydroxylamine and N-Hydroxypyrrolidine

Electron Spin Resonance Study of Nitroxide Radicals from Diethylhydroxylamine, Dioctylhydroxylamine and N-Hydroxypyrrolidine
Framework agreement on climate change: a scientific and policy history

In the introduction to his new book,The Agenda, Washington Post Editor and writer, Bob Woodward, described the book as something between newspaper journalism and history. Woodward notes that “in the information cycle, the newspapers, television and magazines prove the first waves of explanation of events in the days or weeks after they occur. Then, generally after a long interlude, insiders memoirs or histories appear.”The Agenda, according to Woodward, “is a hybrid combining the thoroughness of history with the contemporaneity of journalism.”
Process modeling and analysis of manufacturing supply chain networks using object-oriented Petri nets

Abstract This paper presents a systematic methodology for modeling and analysis of manufacturing supply chain business processes. The proposed approach first employs Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture (CIMOSA) behavior rules to model the business process routing structures of manufacturing supply chain networks. Object-oriented predicate/transition nets (OPTNs) are then developed for the modular modeling and analysis of process models. Based on the structure of OPTNs, a procedure to obtain the system's P -invariants through objects’ P -invariants is suggested. From the P -invariants obtained, system structural properties such as deadlock and overflow can be analyzed. By using Petri net unfolding techniques and by extracting the process model of each object from the entire process model, the sequencing analysis for operations in supply chain processes becomes possible. Several manufacturing supply chain examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pilus backbone protein PitB of Streptococcus pneumoniae contains stabilizing intramolecular isopeptide bonds

Streptococcus pneumoniae type 2 pili are recently identified fimbrial structures extending from the bacterial surface and formed by polymers of the structural protein PitB. Intramolecular isopeptide bonds are a characteristic of the related pilus backbone protein Spy0128 of group A streptococci. Based on the identification of conserved residues in PitB, we predicted two intramolecular isopeptide bonds in PitB. Using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing, we show that these bonds were formed between Lys63-Asn214 and Lys243-Asn372 in PitB. Mutant proteins lacking the intramolecular isopeptide bonds retained the proteolytic stability observed with the wild type protein. However, absence of these bonds substantially decreased the melting temperature of the PitB-derivatives, indicating a stabilizing function of these bonds in PitB of the pneumococcal type 2 pilus.
Parasagittal cortical atrophy: a cause of "primary lateral sclerosis"

A case of severe spastic paraparesis of the lower extremities is presented as an example of the late sequelae of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus. Evidence in support of this presumptive diagnosis is given by analysis of the clinical history and the remarkable pneumoencephalographic findings. This case affords the opportunity to stress the need for caution and restraint in the use of the diagnosis "primary lateral sclerosis".
REASONS FOR REPORTING AND NOT REPORTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TO THE POLICE

The National Crime Victimization Survey is used to examine factors that encourage and inhibit victims of domestic violence from calling the police. Victims of domestic violence are less likely than victims of other types of violence to call the police because of their privacy concerns, their fear of reprisal, and their desire to protect offenders, but they are more likely to call for self-protection and because they perceive domestic assaults as more serious. As a result of these and other offsetting factors, victims of domestic violence are just as likely as other victims of assault to call the police.
Yessotoxin detected in mussel (Mytilus californicus) and phytoplankton samples from the U.S. west coast

Abstract Yessotoxin (YTX) was detected in an algal sample and two mussel samples (0.07–0.10 μg g −1 ) collected from Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California during a bloom of Lingulodinium polyedrum . Mussel samples collected from Monterey Bay, California also contained measurable YTX (levels up to 0.06 μg g −1 ) in samples obtained during a 6-month (weekly) sampling period. Gonyaulax spinifera and L. polyedrum were identified in background concentrations in Monterey Bay during the time of contamination. An algal sample from Washington coastal waters collected during non-bloom conditions also contained YTX, possibly originating from Protoceratium reticulatum . Three strains of L. polyedrum (CCMP1931, CCMP1936, 104A) isolated from southern California coastal waters and one strain of G. spinifera (CCMP409) isolated from Maine were tested for YTX production using two methods, competitive ELISA and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The ELISA method detected YTX in the particulate phase in two of three L. polyedrum strains. The LC–MS method did not detect YTX in the particulate or dissolved phase of any of the strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test and confirm YTX in environmental samples from California and Washington coastal waters. It is highly likely that L. polyedrum was responsible for the YTX contamination in the southern California samples. Future research needs to conclusively determine the biological origin(s) of YTX contamination in central California and Washington coastal waters.
Transition from superfluorescence to amplified spontaneous emission

The processes of superfluorescence (SF) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) are quite well understood theoretically and have been the subject of extensive experimental investigation. However, relatively little work has been directed toward understanding the nature of the emission process in the intermediate regime between these two limits, that is, the regime in which dephasing occurs rapidly enough to modify the emission process yet is not so rapid as to prevent entirely the establishment of a macroscopic dipole moment.1-3 Indeed, this intermediate regime is particularly interesting because it has not been clear how the effects of noise should be incorporated into the theory when dephasing processes occur during the formation of the macroscopic dipole moment.
Evaluating minimal clinically important differences for the acne-specific quality of life questionnaire

Background: The Acne-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (Acne-QoL) is a responsive, reliable and valid instrument developed to measure the impact of facial acne across four dimensions of patient QOL. Score changes on this instrument have been used to report statistically significant treatment advantages for a low-dose oral contraceptive (Estrostep®), containing norethisterone (norethindrone) acetate (NA) 1mg and ethinylestradiol (EE) [20, 30, 35mg] as compared with placebo in women with moderate acne vulgaris. However, the question remained if these statistically significant results were also clinically meaningful. Objectives: To evaluate the statistically significant Acne-QoL benefits observed with NA/EE in terms of their clinical significance, and to compare the three different approaches for defining a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Acne-QoL instrument. Methods: Since the optimum method for estimating MCIDs has yet to be established, three different published approaches for determining MCIDs were applied and compared using data from two randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled studies of the efficacy of NA/EE in the treatment of facial acne. Results: Although the approaches differed substantially, the resulting MCID estimates were comparable. Specifically, the MCID estimates ranged from 0.50–10.3 mean change per item, depending on the domain. The results showed that the statistically significant treatment advantages for NA/EE were also clinically significant. Conclusion: When applied to the change scores present, the results showed that the statistically significant treatment advantages for NA/EE were also clinically significant.
Atypical Behaviors and Comorbid Externalizing Symptoms Equally Predict Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder's Social Functioning.

The goal of the current study was to determine within a clinical sample what differentiates children with ADHD who experience social functioning difficulties from those who appear to have healthy social functioning. Participants for this study included 62 children (mean age = 11.3 years) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD confirmed by a comprehensive clinical diagnostic assessment. Multiple indicators of children’s social functioning were collected via parent report including: social skills, social adaptability, peer difficulties, and social quality of life. Parent reports of children’s externalizing, internalizing, and atypical behaviors were also collected. Results indicated that both externalizing symptoms and atypical behaviors predicted children with ADHD’s social functioning, even after controlling for ADHD symptoms severity. No association was found between internalizing symptoms and social functioning. The current study provides initial data suggesting that atypical behaviors found in children with ADHD are as powerful as comorbid externalizing symptoms in predicting social functioning difficulties. Due to the shared variance from relying solely on parent report, it will be critical for future research to replicate our findings using multi-informant data such as peer and teacher reports which provide unique information on children’s social functioning.
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.

The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetalmaternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Nothing to whoop about.

In a somewhat bizarre coincidence, the typescript of the report by Rosenthal et al, 1 sent to me by our esteemed editor, arrived concurrently with the "Report of the Nationwide Multicenter Acellular Pertussis Trial." 2 The careful and persuasive studies described in the multicenter report cast a shadow on the rather unconvincing methods and conclusions of the article by Rosenthal et al, based on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). The article based on VAERS is problematic in 2 respects: (1) the VAERS enterprise is not adequately described and (2) the report itself has serious methodological infelicities. Editor's Note: We asked Dr Brown to comment on the article in this issue by Rosenthal et al (page 457) because of his interest in vaccine adverse reaction reporting systems. We assured him that candor would not be interpreted as peevishness by the always-perceptive readers of the ARCHIVES . Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD
Ten-year experience with surgical unroofing of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an interarterial course

Background Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus with an intramural course between the great arteries (AAOCA) is associated with ischemia and sudden cardiac death in children, and surgical unroofing has been used to alleviate that risk. Methods The cardiology database was reviewed to identify all patients with AAOCA who underwent surgical unroofing 10 years. Results From March 1999 to September 2009, 27 patients with a mean age of 12.6 ± 3.5 years (range, 4–20 years) had surgical unroofing of AAOCA of the left coronary from the right sinus (left AAOCA, 7/27, 26%) or of the right coronary from the left sinus (right AAOCA, 20/27, 74%). Of these, 26 had diagnoses made by transthoracic echocardiography. Symptoms included resuscitated sudden cardiac death in 3, syncope in 8, and chest pain in 4. No symptoms were present in 12 cases of serendipitous diagnosis. Unroofing of the intramural portion was successfully performed in all cases. A slitlike coronary orifice was described at surgical inspection in 12 patients, 7 of whom had right AAOCA and no symptoms. All patients after unroofing have patent coronary flow by Doppler and normal echocardiography and exercise treadmill testing at mean follow-up of 1.8 years. None have activity restrictions. Conclusions AAOCA is frequently characterized by an intramural course, which can be reliably identified by echocardiography. This form can be safely repaired by unroofing the intramural segment without early morbidity. Symptoms of possible ischemia are common but not always correlated with coronary ostial findings at surgery.
Numerical simulation of kinetics of the cobalt gradient change in WC-Co during liquid phase sintering

Abstract During liquid phase sintering, WC–Co composite is a solid–liquid two-phase system in which the inter-particle spaces between solid WC grains are filled with liquid Co. When there exists heterogeneity with respect to cobalt content within the composite, liquid Co tends to migrate from regions with higher Co content to other regions with lower Co content, thus causing the redistribution of Co within the WC–Co composite. The kinetics of Co redistribution are of great practical importance for the liquid phase sintering of functionally graded WC–Co composite materials. This paper describes numerical simulations of the kinetic process of Co redistribution, demonstrating how the Co gradient in a WC–Co composite changes with time under various conditions.
Rates of production of24Na and28Mg in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation

Abstract The rates of production of 24 Na and 28 Mg in argon exposed to cosmic rays at geomagnetic latitude 41°N and 750 g cm −2 atmospheric depth have been measured to be (2.9 ± 0.3) × 10 −2 and (1.2 ± 0.6) × 10 −2 atoms per kg argon per min respectively. Using the data available for altitude and latitude dependence for cosmic ray production of isotopes, their average production rate in the atmosphere is calculated.
Initial Recombination of Ions

The probability that a pair of ions of given initial separation will recombine with each other is computed from the laws of Brownian motion, which is the proper procedure whenever the Langevin factor equals unity, as in gases at high pressures. In the absence of forces other than the Coulomb attraction, the probability of escape equals the reciprocal of the Boltzmann factor. This result includes the correlation between temperature and pressure coefficients of the ionization by light particles previously predicted by Compton, Bennett and Stearns, if one allows their basic hypothesis about the laws which govern the initial separation of the ions. The effect of an electric field is to increase the fraction of escaping ions by a factor which in the incipient stage of the effect is proportional to the field intensity and independent of the initial distance, although it depends on the orientation of an ion pair. The predicted increase of the ionization current is a little more than one percent for every 100 volts/cm, which accounts for the observed effects of fields exceeding 1500 volts/cm. A reasonable amount of columnar recombination would help to explain the proportionately greater effects of weak fields. The inferred initial separations of the ions are apparently compatible with present knowledge of electron scattering and attachment.
Voyager 2 on path to Uranus

The continuation of Voyager 2 on a trajectory that would take it to Uranus in 1986, after flying past Saturn this summer, appears certain. Under the approved plan, the spacecraft will encounter Uranus at a distance of 107,000 km on January 24, 1986, making measurements and taking pictures as it speeds past and heads for a possible encounter with Neptune. The Uranus encounter will provide the first close-up look at that planet. Uranus is the seventh planet outward from the sun and is twice as far from the sun as Saturn; it rotates on its axis at a tilt of 98°.
Sex differences in pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in obese adolescents.

Objective To determine whether sex differences exist in the pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) uptake on-kinetic response to moderate exercise in obese adolescents. We also examined whether a relationship existed between the VO 2 on-transient response to moderate intensity exercise, steady-state VO 2 , and peak VO 2 between obese male and female adolescents. Study design Male (n = 12) and female (n = 28) adolescents completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill. Data from the initial 4 minutes of treadmill walking were used to determine the time constant. Results The time constant was significantly different ( P = .001) between obese male and female adolescents (15.17 ± 8.45 seconds vs 23.07 ± 8.91 seconds, respectively). No significant relationships were observed between the time constant and variables of interest in either sex. Conclusions Sex differences exist in VO 2 uptake on-kinetics during moderate exercise in obese adolescents, indicating an enhanced potential for male subjects to deliver and/or use oxygen. It may be advantageous for female subjects to engage in a longer warm-up period before the initiation of an exercise regimen to prevent an early termination of the exercise session.
Recent Theoretical Developments in Strongly Coupled QCD

NOTICE: This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Nuclear Physics A. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Nuclear Physics A, Vol 904, 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.01.077
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 206

Abstract Evaluated nuclear structure and decay data for all nuclei within the A = 206 mass chain are presented. The experimental data are evaluated and recommended best values for level and gamma-ray energies, quantum numbers, lifetimes, gamma-ray intensities and other nuclear properties are presented. Inconsistencies and discrepancies that exist in the literature are noted. This work supersedes the earlier evaluation by E. Browne (1999Br39), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 88 , 29 (1999).
AORTIC THROMBOSIS AFTER ACETABULAR REVISION OF A TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

In the case described, infrarenal aortic thrombosis occurred after acetabular component revision in an 86-year-old man with recurrent dislocation of a total hip arthroplasty. Early diagnosis and prompt emergency vascular bypass operation were successful in restoring flow to the extremity, although the dislocation recurred. The literature is reviewed, and judicious steps for the avoidance of this serious complication are discussed.
A comparative study of base-free arylcopper reagents for the transfer of aryl groups to boron halides

Abstract A comparative study on the reactivity and selectivity of arylcopper species in reactions with boron halides was performed. Mesitylcopper reacts with BX 3 (X=Cl, Br) in toluene at low temperature under highly selective formation of the monosubstituted boranes MesBX 2 . The dimesitylboranes Mes 2 BX are gradually formed with a twofold excess of the organocopper reagent at elevated temperature. In contrast, pentafluorophenylcopper shows a tendency for formation of B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 in reactions with BX 3 irrespective of the stoichiometry used, suggesting a strong impact of electronic factors on the selectivity of the aryl transfer reaction. New procedures for the synthesis of the pentafluorophenylboron halides C 6 F 5 BX 2 (X=Cl: 57%; X=Br: 62%) and of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (80%) and related mixed-substituted triarylboranes from the base-free isolable pentafluorophenylcopper precursor have been developed.
Experimental studies on morphological variation in the cestode genus Hymenolepis. II. Growth, development and reproduction of the strobilate phase of H. nana in different mammalian host species

Abstract 1. 1. Extremely low rates of infection were obtained when Princeton Swiss albino mice were given single cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana ; however, from one to three worms were obtained in about 50% of the exposed animals when five cysticercoids were given to each. 2. 2. No crowding effect was detected in infections with five or fewer worms. 3. 3. Mechanical destruction of the cercomer did not influence the infectivity of H. nana cysticercoids for albino mice. 4. 4. As observed in worms from indirect experimental infections in albino mice, the normal development of the strobilate phase involved a rapid growth in the first 10 days, maintenance of size between 10 and 14 days and progressive senescence with decreasing size after 14 days; loss of the worms occurred after 20 to 28 days. 5. 5. Comparisons made of cestodes from indirect infections in albino mice, albino hamsters and gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) indicated that growth rate, strobila size and egg productivity of H. nana vary according to the host-species. 6. 6. Early development and egg productivity were grossly affected by the quality and quantity of the carbohydrate in the diet of the host, but no significant alterations in other morphological characters of taxonomic importance were noted. 7. 7. Observations on mature worms, in vitro , established that eggs are shed through the interproglottidal membranes all along the gravid region of the strobila. Expulsion of eggs coincided with the contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscles in the strobila.
A fluorescense assay for micropinocytosis in isolated capillary endothelium

Abstract Micropinocytosis was quantitated in a suspension of capillary endothelium isolated from epididymal fat. A rhodamine-ferritin conjugate (RhF) was utilized as a tracer molecule for micropinocytic ingestion. RhF is electron dense, which permits ultrastructural determination of its mode of incorporation into endothelium, and its fluorescence allows quantitation of its uptake by micropinocytosis. The amount of RhF incorporated with time was standardized against endothelial cell DNA content as measured by fluorescence enhancement of mithramycin when bound to DNA. RhF was incorporated into isolated endothelium for periods exceeding 90 min.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: coexistence of bronchogenic and thymic cysts in the thymus

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease caused by the proliferation of Langerhans cells in various tissues or organs. A 43-year-old male patient presented with an anterior mediastinal mass in the thymus. Histological examination after a thymectomy revealed a bronchogenic cyst in the thymus, and multiple LCH and small thymic cysts were also incidentally observed in the thymus. Unifocal LCH in an adult occurring in the thymus is extremely rare. Furthermore, no cases of LCH with the coexistence of bronchogenic and thymic cysts in the thymus have been previously reported.