cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic pain in children and adolescents: 24-42 month outcomes of an inpatient/day hospital interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program.

PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to describe 24-42 month outcomes of a combined inpatient/day hospital interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program for children and adolescents with chronic pain and functional disability. METHODS One-hundred-seventy-three children and adolescents (mean age=15.1 years, SD=2.5) were treated in the three-week program. Mixed effects regression models (MERM) examined changes over time in pain ratings (0-10), school days missed by children and work days missed by parents in the preceding week, and the number of days hospitalized in the preceding month. RESULTS Participants reported a significant decline in pain from admission to 24-42 month follow-up. The largest declines in pain occurred from discharge to 1-month follow-up (6.20 vs. 4.81 on a 0-10 numerical rating scale) and from 12 months to 24-42 month follow-up (4.90 vs. 3.56). Two distinct trajectories of treatment response were identified using growth mixture modeling: children with initially high pain ratings exhibited large reductions in pain ratings, while those with lower pain ratings at admission showed minimal reductions. Treatment resulted in significant reductions in school and work days missed and the number of days hospitalized (all p's < 0.001), with reductions evident at 1-month follow-up and maintained through 24-42 month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation is a promising approach to chronic pain and associated disability in children, with enduring improvements found 24-42 months following program completion. Distinct trajectories of treatment response were identified.
Targeted Fluid Minimization Following Initial Resuscitation in Septic Shock: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND IV fluid represents a basic therapeutic intervention for septic shock. Unfortunately, the optimal administration of IV fluid to maximize patient outcomes and prevent complications is largely unknown. METHODS Patients with septic shock admitted to the medical ICUs of Barnes-Jewish Hospital (January to December 2014) requiring vasoactive agents for at least 12 h following initial fluid resuscitation were randomized to usual care or to targeted fluid minimization (TFM) guided by daily assessments of fluid responsiveness. RESULTS Eighty-two patients were enrolled, 41 to usual care and 41 to TFM. For patients randomized to TFM, the net median (interquartile range) fluid balance was less at the end of day 3 (1,952 mL [48-5,003 mL] vs 3,124 mL [767-10,103 mL], P = .20) and at the end of day 5 (2,641 mL [-1,837 to 5,075 mL] vs 3,616 mL [–1,513 mL to 9,746 mL], P = .40). TFM appeared to be safe, as indicated by similar clinical outcomes including in-hospital mortality (56.1% vs 48.8%, P = .51), ventilator days (8.0 days [3.25-15.25 days] vs 5.0 days [3.0-9.0 days], P = .30), renal replacement therapy (41.5% vs 39.0%, P = .82), and vasopressor days (4.0 days [2.0-8.0 days] vs 4.0 days [2.0-6.0 days], P = .84). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that TFM in patients with septic shock can be performed using protocol-guided assessments of fluid responsiveness. Larger trials of TFM in septic shock are needed.
Post-mortem Sporulation of Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) After Death in Adult Chinook Salmon

Abstract: Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) is a common gastrointestinal pathogen of salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We have been investigating this parasite in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Willamette River, Oregon. In prior work, we observed differences in the pattern of development of C. shasta in adult salmon compared to juvenile salmon. Adult salmon consistently had large numbers of prespore stages in many of the fish that survived to spawn in the fall. However, myxospores were rarely observed, even though they were exposed and presumably infected for months before spawning. We evaluated the ability of C. shasta to sporulate following fish death because it is reported that myxosores are common in carcasses of Chinook salmon. We collected the intestine from 30 adult salmon immediately after artificial spawning and death (T0). A total of 23 fish were infected with C. shasta based on histology, but only a few myxospores were observed in 1 fish by histolo...
Arab Nationalism and Islamism: Competitive Past, Uncertain Future

The Multiple Identities of the Middle East, Bernard Lewis (New York: Schocken Books, 1999). 163 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-8052-4172-8), $24.00. Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923, Efraim Karsh, Inari Karsh (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999). 409 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-674-25152-0). $29.95. Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, R. Stephen Humphreys (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). 297 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-520-21411-0), $29.95. Books reviewed in this article: Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East Efraim Karsh and Inari Karsh, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923 R. Stephen Humphreys, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age
The Role of Attitude Functions, Efficacy, Anticipated Emotions, and Relationship Status on College Students' Condom Use Intentions

Conducted from the reasoned action perspective, previous research related to condom use generally included a limited number of variables and treated attitudes and self-efficacy as unidimensional constructs. Informed by attitude functions theory and health literature on condom use and anticipated emotions, this project aims to provide a more detailed understanding of college students' intentions to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Results show that relationship status moderated the relationships between several psychological variables and condom use intentions. For female college students negative anticipated emotions were a stronger predictor of condom use intentions for those in monogamous relationships for three months or longer than for those in other relationships or not in a relationship. On the other hand, subjective norms were a stronger predictor of intentions for those in other types of relationship or not in a relationship than for those in a monogamous relationship for three months or longer. For male participants, sexual sensation was a more important, negative predictor of condom use intentions among those in monogamous relationships for three months or longer (versus other relationship status or not in a relationship). Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
What Would He Say? Harold O. Rugg and Contemporary Issues in Social Studies Education

The purpose of this paper is to consider the continued saliency of the ideas of Harold O. Rugg, particularly for social studies education. Given the conservative political times in which we work, and the current educational emphases on academic standards, high-stakes standardized testing, and mastery of specified knowledge, and the impact of these developments on social studies education, it is useful to revisit Rugg’s contributions to the field. In this paper, we examine Rugg’s social and curricular theories. Then, in light of this examination, we imagine what Rugg would say about contemporary issues for social studies education, and what we, as curriculum scholars and social studies educators, can learn from his likely responses.
Psychosocial factors and speech after laryngectomy

Abstract Phase I of this investigation involved thirty-eight male veterans (twenty laryngectomized speakers, ten with surgery for non-laryngeal malignancy and eight without history of malignancy). The subjects received a series of tests investigating intelligence, anxiety level, achievement motive, aspiration level, frustration tolerance and hearing. Each subject was also seen for social service interviewing. Speech intelligibility scores (PB and sentences) and history information were obtained for the laryngectomized. Phase II initiated after a three year interval specifically evaluated the variable months after surgery and its relationship to speech intelligibility and social adjustment. Speech samples and social adjustment data were secured for eighteen laryngectomized speakers previously evaluated. Phase I results revealed that none of the psychosocial variables, including the social adjustment data, clearly differentiated the three groups, or the laryngectomized subjects with respect to speech intelligibility. Within the laryngectomized group, achievement motive, anxiety level, months after surgery, years of education and verbal intelligence revealed low positive correlations with speech intelligibility. Phase II results continued to suggest only a moderate relationship between months after surgery and speech intelligibility. No significant gains in speech intelligibility were noted after a twenty-four month postoperative period. Social adjustment data revealed no marked changes between Phase I and II.
Free space optical alignment system using GPS

This paper presents results from an ongoing effort at the University of Oklahoma to develop a real-time active alignment system for free-space optical communication system. An initial prototype of a FSO active alignment system using Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors, two gimbals, and point-to-point spread spectrum RF communication is described. The positions of both FSO transceivers are exchanged over the radio frequency (RF) communication link. A controller uses the exchanged information to calculate azimuth and elevation bearings to achieve initial alignment between the transceivers. The gimbals are used to steer the beams. The paper also presents a binary scan algorithm developed to expedite the initial alignment process. The algorithm incorporates power measurements as feed back to the original transceiver for comparison. In minimizing convergence time, simulation results confirm that the algorithm performs better than raster scan, spiral scan, and raster spiral scan algorithms, all of which are used in laser satellite communications. The results also show that the initial design is not able to achieve real-time alignment. For real-time alignment, different augmenting technologies (for example, steering mirrors) should be considered.
Urinary Markers of Glomerular Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of renal failure worldwide, affects approximately one-third of all people with diabetes. Microalbuminuria is considered the first sign and the best predictor of progression to renal failure and cardiovascular events. However, albuminuria has several limitations. Therefore, earlier, more sensitive and specific biomarkers with greater predictability are needed. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current literature on biomarkers of glomerular injury that have been implicated in diabetic kidney disease.
Nutritional value of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Abstract Discarding of by-catch and generation of by-products from capture fisheries has long been recognized as wasteful, but greater effort is needed to make use of these resources in aquaculture as its growth throughout the world requires increased production of feeds to support the cultured organisms. Protein resources, primarily fish meal, will probably be a constraint to further development of the aquaculture industry. Fisheries by-catch or by-product meals theoretically have good potential to reduce dependence on fish meal, although research in this subject is limited. A digestibility study with sub-adult red drum and a feeding trial were conducted with juveniles to evaluate the use of various by-product ingredients in aquafeeds. A shrimp by-catch meal (SBM) from shrimp trawling in the Gulf of Mexico, a shrimp processing waste meal (SWM) from aquacultured Litopenaeus vannamei , two underutilized fish meals [Pacific whiting meal without soluble (PW) and Pacific whiting meal with soluble (PWS)], and a fish-processing waste [red salmon head meal (RSHM)] from Alaska were included in the diets. The digestibility study employed chromic oxide as a marker and stripping for fecal collection. No differences ( P >0.05) in organic matter, crude protein, energy and total phosphorus digestibility were observed among fish fed Special Select™ menhaden fish meal, SBM, PW or PWS, while digestibility of these nutrients and energy from RSHM was significantly lower. During the 6-week feeding trial, no significant differences were observed among fish fed diets in which 25% of the protein from menhaden fish meal was replaced with RSHM or 50% was replaced by SBM in 40% crude protein diets. Fish fed diets in which 50% or 100% of protein from menhaden fish meal was replaced with PWS, PW and SWM showed significantly ( P
Transfer Maps and Virtual Projectivity

Abstract When G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of G , the concept of relative H -projectivity is of fundamental importance in modular representation theory. Unfortunately, in some ways the properties of relatively H -projective modules are not as closely related to other ideas of representation theory as one might hope. For example, the variety of a module bears only a weak connection to relative projectivity. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study a related concept known as virtual H-projectivity that seems to be much more closely related to the theory of varieties. The study is actually carried out in the more general setting of virtual projectivity with respect to a finitely generated module W , and the main tool is a transfer map Tr W that generalizes the usual transfer map Tr G H with respect to a subgroup H .
Gentle Warriors: Clara Ueland and the Minnesota Struggle for Woman Suffrage

Gentle Warriors tells the moving story of the final phase of the Minnesota women's struggle for the vote under the leadership of the remarkable Clara Ueland. It shows hard-working, energetic suffragists in action -- marching in the streets, organising women throughout the state, arguing over political strategies, and speaking out before the state legislature. Abhorring violence, these women felt compelled to carry out a 'war' of persuasion and pressure to achieve their goal of equal suffrage. Now, largely forgotten, America's second-generation suffragists are brought back to life on the pages of Gentle Warriors, where they take their rightful place in history.
Pulmonary and cardiovascular responses of rats to inhalation of silver nanoparticles

Exposure to wet aerosols generated during use of spray products containing silver (Ag) has not been evaluated. The goal was to assess the potential for cardiopulmonary toxicity following an acute inhalation of wet silver colloid. Rats were exposed by inhalation to a low concentration (100 μg/m(3) ) using an undiluted commercial antimicrobial product (20 mg/L total silver; approximately 33 nm mean aerodynamic diameter [MAD]) or to a higher concentration (1000 μg/m(3)) using a suspension (200 mg/L total silver; approximately 39 nm MAD) synthesized to possess a similar size distribution of Ag nanoparticles for 5 h. Estimated lung burdens from deposition models were 0, 1.4, or 14 μg Ag/rat after exposure to control aerosol, low, and high doses, respectively. At 1 and 7 d postexposure, the following parameters were monitored: pulmonary inflammation, lung cell toxicity, alveolar air/blood barrier damage, alveolar macrophage activity, blood cell differentials, responsiveness of tail artery to vasoconstrictor or vasodilatory agents, and heart rate and blood pressure in response to isoproterenol or norepinephrine, respectively. Changes in pulmonary or cardiovascular parameters were absent or nonsignificant at 1 or 7 d postexposure with the exceptions of increased blood monocytes 1 d after high-dose Ag exposure and decreased dilation of tail artery after stimulation, as well as elevated heart rate in response to isoproterenol 1 d after low-dose Ag exposure, possibly due to bioavailable ionic Ag in the commercial product. In summary, short-term inhalation of nano-Ag did not produce apparent marked acute toxicity in this animal model.
A high-resolution constrained transport method with adaptive mesh refinement for ideal MHD

Abstract We consider a high-resolution finite volume method that utilizes a constrained transport technique to keep the magnetic field divergence-free. This scheme is based on the wave propagation method of LeVeque [J. Comp. Phys. 131 (1997) 327] and makes use of the constrained transport framework of Evans and Hawley [Astrophys. J. 332 (1988) 659]. This method differs from other constrained transport methods in that it is based on directly solving the magnetic potential equation in conjunction with a special limiting strategy to obtain a non-oscillatory magnetic field. It is formulated without the use of a staggered grid and implemented so that no spatial averaging is needed in the update. We present in this work an adaptive mesh refinement implementation of this method using the amrclaw software package developed by Berger and LeVeque [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 35 (1998) 2298]. The proposed method is tested on a two-dimensional cloud-shock interaction problem.
Gamma Irradiation Insensitivity of GaAs Schottky Diodes

Guarded Al-and Au-nGaAs Schottky barrier diodes were subjected to Co60 ?-ray irradiation and their electrical characteristics evaluated. These GaAs Schottkys did not exhibit significant change in their I-V and C-V characteristics up to an absorbed dose as high as 1.5 × 107 rads. Diodes that were previously neutron-irradiated with consequent degradation were also subjected to Co60 irradiation, but no synergistic changes were observed.
Self-assembly of monolayer-thick alumina particle-epoxy composite films.

Monolayer-thick composite films composed of α-alumina and Spurr's epoxy were prepared via a self-assembly process known as fluid forming. The process makes use of a high-spreading-tension fluid composed of volatile and nonvolatile components to propel particles across the air−water interface within a water bath. Continuous addition of the particle suspension builds a 2D particle film at the air−water interface. The spreading fluid compresses the film into a densely packed array against a submerged substrate. The assembled monolayer is deposited onto the substrate by removing the substrate from the bath. A dispersion containing a narrow size distribution, 10 μm α-alumina particles, light mineral oil, and 2-propanol was spread at the air−water interface and the alumina particles were assembled into densely packed arrays with an aerial packing fraction (APF) of 0.88. However, when mineral oil was replaced by Spurr's epoxy nonuniform films with low packing density resulted. It was found that replacing 2-propa...
Threats, design limits and design windows for laser IFE dry wall chambers

The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) program is carrying out a coordinated effort to develop inertial fusion energy based on lasers, direct-drive targets and a dry wall chamber. The dry wall must accommodate the ion and photon threat spectra from the fusion micro-explosion over its required lifetime. This paper summarizes the current HAPL strategy on the armor/first wall configuration based on tungsten and ferritic steel as preferred armor and structural materials, respectively. The thermal performance of an example fully dense tungsten armor configuration on a ferritic steel first wall is described showing the basis for separating the high energy accommodation function of the armor from the structural function of the first wall. Example design operating windows for the armor, first wall and blanket are presented based on different requirements and constraints. The possibility of utilizing an engineered porous armor is discussed. Key chamber wall and armor issues are summarized.
Accurate relations between radar reflectivity factor and rainfall rate for attenuating wavelengths

Abstract Relationships between radar reflectivity factor and rainfall rate for attenuating wavelengths are derived which are more general than traditional power law relations. They are useful for producing more accurate measurements of rainfall rate R and for estimation of the errors in R due to errors in the measurement of reflectivity factor. A method is also presented which provides for accurate computation of the rainfall rate in the case where the drop size distribution can be approximated by a gamma distribution.
Child Mortality Estimation: Consistency of Under-Five Mortality Rate Estimates Using Full Birth Histories and Summary Birth Histories

Background Given the lack of complete vital registration data in most developing countries, for many countries it is not possible to accurately estimate under-five mortality rates from vital registration systems. Heavy reliance is often placed on direct and indirect methods for analyzing data collected from birth histories to estimate under-five mortality rates. Yet few systematic comparisons of these methods have been undertaken. This paper investigates whether analysts should use both direct and indirect estimates from full birth histories, and under what circumstances indirect estimates derived from summary birth histories should be used. Methods and Findings Usings Demographic and Health Surveys data from West Africa, East Africa, Latin America, and South/Southeast Asia, I quantify the differences between direct and indirect estimates of under-five mortality rates, analyze data quality issues, note the relative effects of these issues, and test whether these issues explain the observed differences. I find that indirect estimates are generally consistent with direct estimates, after adjustment for fertility change and birth transference, but don't add substantial additional insight beyond direct estimates. However, choice of direct or indirect method was found to be important in terms of both the adjustment for data errors and the assumptions made about fertility. Conclusions Although adjusted indirect estimates are generally consistent with adjusted direct estimates, some notable inconsistencies were observed for countries that had experienced either a political or economic crisis or stalled health transition in their recent past. This result suggests that when a population has experienced a smooth mortality decline or only short periods of excess mortality, both adjusted methods perform equally well. However, the observed inconsistencies identified suggest that the indirect method is particularly prone to bias resulting from violations of its strong assumptions about recent mortality and fertility. Hence, indirect estimates of under-five mortality rates from summary birth histories should be used only for populations that have experienced either smooth mortality declines or only short periods of excess mortality in their recent past. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Quantitation of RT-PCR amplified cytokine mRNA by aequorin-based bioluminescence immunoassay

Abstract We described here a bioluminescence-based immunoassay for the quantitation of RT-PCR amplified cytokine mRNA. This technique uses a standard RT-PCR procedure, with the following modifications. The forward primer in the PCR reaction is labeled with a 5′ biotin molecule. Following PCR, a digoxigenin-conjugated oligonucleotide probe is hybridized to the target biotin-labeled DNA template. The hybridized duplex is captured onto a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate. The bound product is quantitated by adding digoxigenin-specific antibodies conjugated with the photoprotein aequorin. the amount of specific DNA captured onto the plate is quantitated by triggering the bioluminescence reaction through the addition of calcium ions. This technique detected as low as 40 amol of amplified cytokine products, or 500 copies of templates when 27 PCR cycles were used. The high sensitivity of this technique enables the quantitation of target DNA during the exponential phase of the PCR reaction. The aequorin-bioluminescence assay is an alterative non-radioactive method for the quantitation of PCR products.
Data supplementation: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic knowledge creation approach for characterizing an unexplored region of the response surface.

Purpose. To develop a data supplementation [i.e., a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) knowledge creation] approach for generating supplemental data to be used in characterizing a targeted unexplored segment of the response surface.
Transcriptional repression in development

It is becoming increasingly clear that transcriptional repression is at least as important as transcriptional activation for establishing cell-type specific patterns of gene expression during embryogenesis. Recent studies in Drosophila suggest that repressors fall into two categories, short-range and long-range repressors. The former permit enhancer autonomy in modular promoters, whereas the latter function in a dominant fashion to silence multiple enhancers.
Observations of field-aligned currents, particles, and plasma drift in the polar cusps near solstice

Magnetic perturbations observed by the TRIAD magnetometer within two hours of an AE-C spacecraft pass provide field-aligned current data, from the same local time in the northern hemisphere, for a study of the polar cusp. The AE-C spinning mode has allowed the use of the Z-axis magnetometer for Birkeland current observations, in conjunction with particle and drift measurements. The average B(z) were found to be 1.9 nT and -1.1 nT during the first two hourly intervals on January 15, 1977. Measurements from the low energy electron experiment revealed intense fluxes of soft, cusp-like 100 eV Maxwellian electrons throughout the prenoon polar cap. The upward directed current can be identified as the dominant cusp current appropriate for B(y) values lower than zero, while the downward directed current, which has the appropriate sign of a dayside region 1 current, is observed to lie entirely within a westerly, antisunward-convecting plasma.
Incident Major Depressive Episodes increase the severity and risk of apathy in HIV infection

Apathy and depression are inter-related yet separable and prevalent neuropsychiatric disturbances in persons infected with HIV. In the present study of 225 HIV+ persons, we investigated the role of an incident depressive episode in changes in apathy. Participants completed the apathy subscale of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale during a detailed neuropsychiatric and neuromedical evaluation at visit 1 and again at approximately a 14 month follow-up. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to obtain diagnoses of a new major depressive disorder. At their follow-up visit, participants were classified into four groups depending on their visit 1 elevation in apathy and new major depressive episode (MDE) status. Apathetic participants at baseline with a new MDE (n=23) were at risk for continued, clinically elevated apathy at follow-up, although severity of symptoms did not increase. Of the 144 participants without clinically elevated apathy at visit 1, those who developed a new MDE (n=16) had greater apathy symptomatology at follow-up than those without MDE. These findings suggest that HIV+ individuals, who do not as yet present with elevated apathy, may be at greater risk of elevated psychiatric distress should they experience a new/recurrent depressive episode. Thus, in the context of previous findings, it appears that although apathy and depression are separable constructs, they interact such that a new depressive episode is a risk factor for incident apathy.
Examining the validity of the modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression

The use of behavioral tests of aggression has been a source of controversy for decades. Many critics of such measures note that validity studies for these measures are generally lacking. This manuscript describes two studies designed to test the validity of one of the most commonly used behavioral aggression measures, the modified Taylor competitive reaction time test (TCRTT). Participants in both studies were college undergraduates who were individually administered the TCRTT in a laboratory setting. In the first study (n = 103), results on a standardized version of the modified TCRTT were examined for their convergent validity with expected measures of trait aggression and violent acts, including violent criminal behaviors and domestic violence. The second study (n = 101) examined the validity of the modified TCRTT against neuropsychological outcomes that are predictive of impulsive violence. Both studies raised serious validity problems for the modified TCRTT. It is recommended that this measure not be adopted clinically as a behavioral measure of aggression and that other similar measures be more rigorously tested. Its use in research should be undertaken under advisement that results should not be generalized to serious acts of aggression or violence.
Response of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to coarse woody debris and microsite use in southern Appalachian treefall gaps

The influence of treefall gaps and coarse woody debris (CWD) on white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) abundance was tested experimentally during 1996–1999 in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest. I compared the relative abundance and body size of P. leucopus among unsalvaged gaps that were created by wind disturbance and retained high CWD levels, salvage logged gaps where fallen and damaged tree boles had been removed, and closed-canopy controls. I also tested the relative use by mice of four microsite types: CWD, pits, woody brush, and open ground. One-hundred and forty-one P. leucopus were captured 310 times during the study. There were no differences in capture success, body size, or sex ratio among treatments before or after salvage logging, but abundance varied among years. Capture success was higher at traps set adjacent to CWD (P<0.05) and in pits (P<0.10) than at traps set under brush or on open ground. In the southern Appalachians, windthrow-created canopy gaps and associated microsites do not affect habitat use by P. leucopus at a landscape level (as measured by relative abundance among treatments), but CWD influences the microdistribution of P. leucopus where it is present.
Purification and properties of ATP-sulfurylase from furth mouse mastocytoma

Abstract 1. 1.|The enzyme, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) which catalyzes the reaction, ATP + inorganic sulfate ⇌ adenylyl sulfate + inorganic pyrophosphate, was purified from a high-speed supernatant of mouse mastocytoma (Furth) by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, hydroxylapatite column chromatography, and Geon resin electrophoresis. The purification resulted in a 545-fold increase in specific activity. 2. 2.|The purified enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of 8.5, and it was free of inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1), ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3), adenylylsulfate kinase (EC 2.7.1.25) and adenylylsulfate sulfohydrolase. 3. 3.|The enzyme did not show an absolute requirement for metal ions, but its activity was increased by Mn2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+. EDTA was a powerful inhibitor of the ATP-sulfurylase; this inhibition was reversed by Mn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Zn2+. 2 mM solution of Ni2+, Ba2+ and Ca2+ inhibited the enzyme. 4. 4.|The enzyme reacted only with adenylylsulfate or deoxyadenylylsulfate and inorganic pyrophosphate as substrates (ATP sulfurylase reaction in reverse). Nucleotidylsulfates other than adenylylsulfate inhibited the reaction, when added to the latter as substrate. 5. 5.|The reaction catalyzed by the mastocytoma ATP-sulfurylase exhibited saturation phenomena, but it did not strictly follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
The influence of intestinal resection on the growth of intestinal neomucosa.

Intestinal resection stimulates proliferative activity in the intestinal remnant. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of intestinal resection on the growth of intestinal neomucosa. Forty-eight New Zealand white rabbits had 2 × 5-cm ileal defects patched with adjacent cecal serosal surface. Group I (n = 24) served as controls. Group II (n = 24) underwent simultaneous 50% enterectomy. Neomucosal coverage was significantly greater in Group II at 1 week (36 ± 11% vs 67 ± 9%, P < 0.05) and 2 weeks (94 ± 2% vs 99 ± 1%, P < 0.05), but was similar at 3 and 4 weeks. There was significantly more neomucosa at 1 week in the animals that underwent resection (134 ± 55 mm2 vs 199 ± 54 mm2, P < 0.05). Degree of patch contraction, glucose uptake, and disaccharidase activities were similar in each group. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and crypt cell production rate were significantly greater at 1 week in the animals that underwent resection. Intestinal resection results in an early increase in neomucosal growth and increased proliferative activity. Since contraction of the patches occurs to a similar extent in both groups, the total amount of neomucosa was not increased. Thus, performing patching at the time of resection is not necessary for optimal growth.
Liberation Movements and Robbery: A Comparative Analysis of Uganda and the United States

Both Uganda and the United States experienced precipitous increases in robbery in the middle and late 60's. In Uganda the change came within two years after formal independence from Britain and for...
The relationship of alcohol consumption to atherosclerotic heart disease

Abstract A review of the literature indicated that moderate alcohol consumers appear to have a lower rate of heart disease and a lower mortality than nondrinkers or heavy drinkers. A geographic analysis of 20 countries in 1972 suggested that moderate alcohol consumption appeared to be negatively related to rates of heart disease mortality. A temporal analysis within the United States indicated that changes in alcohol consumption, particularly beer, were highly negatively related to changes in heart disease mortality for 1950 to 1975. The review, in addition to the geographic and temporal analyses, suggests a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and heart disease. Possible reasons for the negative relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and heart disease were discussed, including relationships to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, changes in food patterns, and stress.
Elderly activity patterns and demand for transportation in a small city setting

Abstract Although elderly in a small city setting leave their homes for approximately the same purposes and at the same frequency as elderly in metropolitan settings, they are much more dependent on the automobile. A higher proportion of the elderly in a small city drive, but driving status did not have a significant impact on frequency of travel or the spatial extent of travel. Health status was not an important factor when other variables were taken into account, but the older elderly did take fewer trips than the younger elderly. Income, sex and residential location had modest impacts on activity patterns, but the use of a well-established Dial-a-Ride system was minimal. Variation in activity patterns among the elderly in a small city suggested continuity of behavior, a modest decline with age and a strong preference for automobile travel or walking from conveniently located housing complexes.
Radial and axial RF current and velocity distributions in large-signal velocity-modulated electron beams

Measurements of the amplitude and the phase of the current density in a Brillouin beam modulated at large signal levels were made at 1940 MHz and at harmonics of 1940 MHz as a function of the amplitude of the modulating signal. In addition to a surface current similar to that reported for small-signal Brillouin beams, current existed along the axis of the beam that was very large and often 180° out of phase with the surface current. Thus, at some axial positions, a cavity surrounding the beam would detect practically none of the current in the beam. At some drive levels above the point where electron overtaking occurred, it is shown that the RF current in the beam disappeared completely in both the radial and axial directions after the beam drifted approximately one plasma wavelength from the modulating cavity. Explanations based on measurements of the velocity distribution of the current are given for the unusual behavior of the current in the Brillouin beam. The distribution of the second and third harmonic currents in the beam were similar to the fundamental current distribution. One of the implications of this result is that it is probably not possible to use the second harmonic current in klystrons utilizing Brillouin beams for efficiency enhancement.
Humicola insolens cutinase-catalyzed lactone ring-opening polymerizations: kinetic and mechanistic studies.

This paper explores reaction kinetics and mechanism for immobilized Humicola insolenscutinase (HIC), an important new biocatalyst that efficiently catalyzes non-natural polyester synthetic reactions. HIC, immobilized on Lewatit, was used as catalyst for ϵ-caprolactone (CL) and ω-pentadecalactone (PDL) ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs). Plots of percent CL conversion vs time were obtained in the temperature range from 50 to 90 °C. The kinetic plot of ln([M]0/[M]t) vs time (r2 = 0.99) for HIC-catalyzed bulk ROP of CL was linear, indicating that chain termination did not occur and the propagation rate is first order with respect to monomer concentration. Furthermore, linearity to 90% conversion for Mn vs fractional CL conversion is consistent with a chain-end propagation mechanism. Deviation from linearity above 90% conversion indicates that a competition between ring-opening chain-end propagation and chain growth by steplike polycondensations takes place at high monomer conversion. HIC was inactive for ca...
The Ageing of Electrical Insulation at Cryogenic Temperatures

This paper presents some theoretical and experimental evidence that, under certain conditions, the transient voltage characteristics of electrical insulation impregnated with liquid nitrogen become the limiting factor in determining the normal operating stress. The life of the insulation is assumed to obey the well known life equation: (stress)n x time = conatant. It will be shown that the operating stress will depend upon the switching and lightning impulse strengths of the insulation, if the exponent n is above a critical value.
Increased functions of osteoblasts on nanophase metals

Abstract In a recent study, researchers demonstrated that metal surfaces utilizing low-micron to nanophase topography fostered increased adhesion of osteoblasts, the cells that create the matrix of bone. In this study, Ti, Ti6Al4V, and CoCrMo alloys were investigated, and these alloys were identical to current orthopedic implant alloys except for surface topography. The objective of this in vitro research was to determine whether these same nanophase metal surfaces not only foster osteoblast adhesion but also increase osteoblast metabolic activities leading to calcium deposition. Light microscopy and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to verify the presence of calcium and phosphorous deposition by osteoblasts cultured on the metal substrates. Results indicated that both calcium and phosphorous were deposited on several of the metal substrates. More importantly, compared to conventional metals, results provided the first evidence that more calcium and phosphorous was deposited by osteoblasts cultured on respective nanophase metals (Ti, Ti6Al4V, and CoCrMo). Nanophase CoCrMo had the most calcium and phosphorous minerals deposited by osteoblasts compared to any other metal substrate. Thus, the results of this study continue to provide evidence for the use of nanophase metals for the design of the next generation of more successful orthopedic implants.
Variables predictive of bilateral occult papillary microcarcinoma following total thyroidectomy.

Objective. To investigate risk factors associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTM) involving the thyroid lobes bilaterally at the time of diagnosis. In doing so, the authors hope to iden...
Effect of drugs on turnover rate of heart norepinephrine.

Abstract The effect of various drugs on the turnover rate of heart NE was determined from the product of the endogenous NE concentration and of the rate constant of NE-H 3 declinc after injection of the radioactive amine in tracer doses. Chlorisondaminc, pcmpidinc. BW 392060, pargyline, and DMI inhibited the decline of NE-H 3 and reduced the turnover rate by 30–50%. Only pargylinc and BW 392060 elicited detectable changes in the NE level. It is proposed that by decreasing the efflux of neurohormonc these drugs produce a slight rise in intrancuronal NE which leads to an inhibition of synthesis. The data support the concept that an autorcgulatory mechanism maintains the constancy of NE levels in the heart.
Thromboembolism Following Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Case Series and Literature Review

Venous thromboembolism following major orthopedic procedures of the hip and knee is well documented and patients are therefore routinely prophylaxed following these proximal lower extremity procedures. In contrast, foot and ankle surgery is considered by most health care professionals to be a low-risk procedure for the development of venous thromboembolism. As a result, pharmacologic deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis is rarely administered. This postoperative practice is supported by the literature regarding deep venous thrombosis following foot and ankle surgery. In this article, we review the risk factors and explore the occurrence of thromboembolism after foot and ankle surgery in the literature. We also present our restrospective study of patients who developed venous thromboembolism after forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot, and ankle procedures. Over the course of 1.5 years, 4 of a consecutive series of 1000 patients (0.4%) developed a deep venous thrombolism and 3 of 1000 (0.3%) developed nonfatal pulmonary emboli. In our series, each of our patients who developed venous thromboembolism had at least 2 identifiable risk factors. The incidence of venous thromboembolism following foot and ankle surgery is rare (less than 1%), and the need for routine propylaxis postoperatively is not supported by any high level of evidence studies. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Asymptotic normality of maximum likelihood estimators from multiparameter response-driven designs

Abstract Estimation and inference for dependent trials are important issues in response-adaptive allocation designs; maximum likelihood estimation is one route of interest. We present three noval response-driven designs and derive their maximum likelihood estimators. We also provide convenient regularity conditions that ensure the maximum likelihood estimator from a multiparameter stochastic process exists and is asymptotically multivariate normal. While these conditions may not be the most general, they are easily verified for our applications.
Factors controlling soil water and stream water aluminum concentrations after a clearcut in a forested watershed with calcium-poor soils

The 24 ha Dry Creek watershed in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York State USA was clearcut during the winter of 1996–1997. The interactions among acidity, nitrate (NO 3 − ), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca2+) in streamwater, soil water, and groundwater were evaluated to determine how they affected the speciation, solubility, and concentrations of Al after the harvest. Watershed soils were characterized by low base saturation, high exchangeable Al concentrations, and low exchangeable base cation concentrations prior to the harvest. Mean streamwater NO 3 − concentration was about 20 μmol l−1 for the 3 years before the harvest, increased sharply after the harvest, and peaked at 1,309 μmol l−1 about 5 months after the harvest. Nitrate and inorganic monomeric aluminum (Alim) export increased by 4−fold during the first year after the harvest. Alim mobilization is of concern because it is toxic to some fish species and can inhibit the uptake of Ca2+ by tree roots. Organic complexation appeared to control Al solubility in the O horizon while ion exchange and possibly equilibrium with imogolite appeared to control Al solubility in the B horizon. Alim and NO 3 − concentrations were strongly correlated in B-horizon soil water after the clearcut (r 2 = 0.96), especially at NO 3 − concentrations greater than 100 μmol l−1. Groundwater entering the stream from perennial springs contained high concentrations of base cations and low concentrations of NO 3 − which mixed with acidic, high Alim soil water and decreased the concentration of Alim in streamwater after the harvest. Five years after the harvest soil water NO 3 − concentrations had dropped below preharvest levels as the demand for nitrogen by regenerating vegetation increased, but groundwater NO 3 − concentrations remained elevated because groundwater has a longer residence time. As a result streamwater NO 3 − concentrations had not fallen below preharvest levels, even during the growing season, 5 years after the harvest because of the contribution of groundwater to the stream. Streamwater NO 3 − and Alim concentrations increased more than reported in previous forest harvesting studies and the recovery was slower likely because the watershed has experienced several decades of acid deposition that has depleted initially base-poor soils of exchangeable base cations and caused long-term acidification of the soil.
Chromatic two‐photon excitation fluorescence imaging

Summary We report on a chromatic axial scanning method for two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging. Effective axial scanning is achieved by incorporating a Fresnel lens in the system, which has large chromatic aberration and can therefore focus the excitation beam to different axial positions depending on its wavelength. We experimentally demonstrated this technique and used it to image the cross-section of fluorescent microspheres.
Observations of upwelling and relaxation events in the northern Monterey Bay during August 2000

[1] The interplay between the Point Ano Nuevo upwelling center, an offshore anticyclonic mesoscale eddy, and the waters of the Monterey Bay was studied during a series of up- and downwelling favorable wind events during August 2000. The upwelling events were characterized by the appearance of cold, salty water at Point Ano Nuevo at the north end of the bay that subsequently spread southward across the mouth of the bay as the winds continued. During the downwelling/relaxation events, the surface current and temperature response was dominated by the onshore translation of the offshore eddy and by local surface heating in the bay itself. The circulation within the bay was cyclonic during both wind regimes but slightly more barotropic under poleward forcing. The ICON model, a nested, data assimilating, sigma coordinate model, was used to simulate the upwelling and relaxation events and calculate the subsurface current and density fields. The model reproduced the dominant current and temperature patterns outside the bay, including the southward flowing upwelling filament, the movement of the offshore eddy, the poleward flow off Point Sur, and the circulation within the bay. The model salinity fields at the surface and 100 m levels show that during upwelling, the bay was filled with higher-salinity water stemming from the Point Ano Nuevo upwelling center to the north. During downwelling, the source water for both the surface and 100 m levels was the colder, fresher California Current water offshore, which had advected southward well past Point Pinos during the previous upwelling event.