cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Low-Power Double-Tail f T -Doubler Comparator in 65-nm CMOS

This paper presents a novel low power double tail latched comparator for emerging high-speed internet of things (IoT) applications. The comparator is designed in a standard 65-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and occupies 87.7µm2. It employs fT-doubler topology which reduces the device capacitances, allowing faster switching and lower power. When connected to a 600-mV supply and clocked at 20 MHz, the post-layout simulations show that the proposed comparator achieves 11% smaller delay and 13% lower power than the conventional design. The proposed comparator demonstrates good performance with comparable power to the state-of-the-art designs when normalized to frequency.
Library Pedagogies: Personal reflections from library practitioners: A book review of Aston, S. and Walsh, A., 2021. Library Pedagogies: Personal reflections from library practitioners. Huddersfield: Innovative Libraries Press.

This is a book where European and American academic librarians discuss their journeys of becoming teachers. Many did not pursue librarianship to engage in teaching but found themselves in roles that required instruction, despite a lack of preparation for classroom teaching within their MLIS programs. They reflect back on past influences including personal background, key teachers and other figures that served as models, institutions and ways of learning that made an impact, and scholarship in the field of education and librarianship, all of which has formed deep rooted values which ground the basis of pedagogical pathways. The reflections are personal and individual. While themes and practices will begin to connect across the chapters, readers are encouraged to read each of the chapters but in no particular order. Find the titles or author profiles that resonate first and browse the book from there.
Effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine for preventing post-vaccination COVID-19 infection: an observational study

BackgroundBNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines are highly protective against COVID-19. Concern about waning immunity and reduced effectiveness against SARS-COV-2 variants led to use of a third dose six months after completing the primary series. We used data from the Veterans Health Administration to evaluate the effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 compared to the primary series in preventing post-vaccination COVID-19. MethodsDuring January 1 - November 25, 2021, third dose recipients were matched (1:1) to demographically similar controls who did not receive a third dose. Eligible participants had completed the primary series at least six months (180 days) before recruitment date and had received at least one SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Long-term care residents were excluded. Primary outcomes were documented SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization. Effectiveness was estimated as 1-incidence rate ratio. FindingsFollowing matching, the BNT162b2 group included 74,032 pairs and the mRNA-1273 group included 55,098 pairs. In BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 groups, median age was 72 (interquartile range [IQR]: 64-75) and 72 (IQR: 66-77) years, 69,426 (93.8%) and 52,241 (94.8%) were male, and 43,039 (58.1%) and 37,218 (67.5%) were non-Hispanic White, respectively. Effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 compared to the primary series was 45.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.9-52.5%) and 46.6% (95% CI: 36.4-55.3%) for documented SARS-CoV-2 infection and 44.8% (95% CI: 26.6-58.4%) and 50.0% (95% CI: 26.2-66.1%) for COVID-19 hospitalization, respectively. InterpretationA third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 is moderately effective against post-vaccination COVID-19 infection compared to the primary series. FundingNone.
Space operation of the MOLA laser

Interest in lasers for space applications such as active remote sensing in Earth orbit, planetary science, and inter-satellite laser communications is growing. These instruments typically use diode-pumped solid state lasers for the laser transmitter. The mission specifications and constraints of space qualification, place strict requirements on the design and operation of the laser. Although a laser can be built in the laboratory to meet performance specifications relatively routinely, tile mission constraints demand unique options and compromises in the materials used, and design to ensure the success of the mission. Presently, the best laser architecture for a light weight, rugged, high peak power and efficient transmitter is a diode laser pumped ND:YAG laser. Diode lasers can often obviate the need for water cooling, reduce the size and weight of the laser, increase the electrical to optical efficiency, system reliability, and lifetime. This paper describes the in-space operation and performance of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) laser transmitter, representing the current state-of-the-art in space-based solid- state lasers.
NF-κB in Lymphopoiesis

F-KB has long been recognized as a critical mediator of acute immune and stress responses, poised to coordinate the defensive response of the host to pathogenic threats. Beyond these roles, NF-KB is increasingly recognized for its roles in lymphoid organogenesis and development of hematopoietic cell lineages. These functions have been dis­ covered primarily through analyses of mouse models deficient in NF-KB faaors, inhibited for NF-KB activity or lacking key components required to signal to NF-KB. Here we review NF-KB contributions in developing T and B lymphocytes (summarized in Tables 1 and 2). For the purpose of this review we will consider development to be completed once lymphocytes have matured into naive, peripheral, long-lived recirculating cells. Discussed elsewhere in this book are NF-KB s roles in responses of mature lymphocytes, such as in their antigen-driven activation, proliferation and differentiation. As will become evident in this re­ view, NF-KB is particularly important for the survival of developing lymphocytes, helping to rescue these cells from defaidt death pathways at various stages of their development. However, NF-KB also contributes to differentiation and may even have a role in apoptosis in some situ­ ations. Thus NF-KB exhibits context-dependent functions that differ depending on the devel­ opmental stage. The structure, regulation and signaling pathways for activation of NF-KB are discussed in other chapters of this book. NF-KB in Early Stages of Lymphocyte Development Hematopoietic precursor cells lacking individual NF-KB or IKB proteins can generate ma­ ture B and T cells, indicating that no single subunit or inhibitor is essential for development of mature lymphocytes.^ The resulting cells are, however, functionally deficient. Mice lacking RelA died about 7 days before birth from acute TNF-induced liver apoptosis, so lymphopoiesis could only be studied in radiation chimeras made by transfer of fetal liver cells (containing hematopoietic precursors) from RelA-deficient embryos into lethally irradiated wild-type mice. The chimeric mice survived with hematopoietic cells derived from transferred precursors. They developed peripheral lymphocytes, albeit significandy diminished in numbers and impaired in function, when compared to chimeras with wild-type fetal liver cells (to be discussed later below). In contrast to the RelA single knockout (KO), chimeras generated from mice deficient in both RelA and NF-KBI (p50/pl05)^ essentially failed to develop lymphocytes. Similarly, lym­ phopoiesis was absent in radiation chimeras generated with hematopoietic precursors from mice lacking IKKp. IKKP is the primary catalytic component of the IKK complex for most NF-KB activating signals and specifically for inflammatory cytokine signals.^' ' Like RelA KO mice, IKKp KO mice died in utero due to massive apoptosis of hepatocytes. Finally, chimeras generated with fetal liver cells deficient in both RelA and c-Rel appeared to be largely, though
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lethality in mice is primarily dependent on MyD88

Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) -induced toxic shock is triggered by inflammatory cytokine signal amplification after SE binding to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors. Identifying host cellular elements contributing to this pro-inflammatory signal amplification is critical for developing a strategy for therapeutic intervention. Myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88) is an intracellular signalling adaptor protein primarily known for mediating pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. We investigated the role of MyD88 in staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) -treated cell cultures and mouse models of toxic shock. Our results demonstrated that elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1alpha/beta (IL-1alpha/beta), IL-2 and IL-6 production correlated with up-regulation of MyD88 after treatment of spleen cells and mice with SEA alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The SEA-induced lethality was also observed in (LPS-independent) D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. While LPS potentiated SEA-induced cytokine responses, D-galactosamine treatment had no additive effect. Most importantly, our results demonstrated that MyD88(-/-) mice were resistant to SEA-induced toxic shock and had reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. These results suggest that SEA-induced lethality is primarily dependent on MyD88. Our findings offer an important insight on potential therapeutic treatment of SEA-induced toxic shock targeting MyD88.
Digital genotyping using molecular affinity and mass spectrometry

The goal of DNA sequencing and genotyping is to efficiently generate accurate high-throughput digital genetic information that unambiguously identifies sources of genetic variation and clearly distinguishes heterozygous from homozygous variants. Recent advances in mass-spectrometry-based DNA sequencing and genotyping bode well for meeting these criteria. Pilot studies show that these recently developed approaches allow unambiguous multiplex detection of heterozygous variants and the identification of deletion and insertion variants.
Assessment of Pilotage Error in Airborne Area Navigation Procedures

In 1969, by specifically including “pilotage error” in the error budget for area navigation system certification, the Federal Aviation Administration legally attached economic premiums and penalties to human, as well as equipment, performance in man-machine system design. To establish the accuracy of use and freedom from pilot blunders associated with systems employing various configurations of displays and controls requires both simulator and flight experimentation. An automatically adaptive cockpit side task provides a saturating level of pilot workload and allows the sensitive, orderly, and statistically reliable measurement of a pilot's residual attention as a common metric for area navigation system assessment.
Hillslope hydrologic connectivity controls riparian groundwater turnover: Implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and stream water sources

[1] Hydrologic connectivity between catchment upland and near stream areas is essential for the transmission of water, solutes, and nutrients to streams. However, our current understanding of the role of riparian zones in mediating landscape hydrologic connectivity and the catchment scale export of water and solutes is limited. We tested the relationship between the duration of hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) hydrologic connectivity and the rate and degree of riparian shallow groundwater turnover along four HRS well transects within a set of nested mountain catchments (Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, MT). Transect HRS water table connectivity ranged from 9 to 123 days during the annual snowmelt hydrograph. Hillslope water was always characterized by low specific conductance (∼27 μS cm−1). In transects with transient hillslope water tables, riparian groundwater specific conductance was elevated during base flow conditions (∼127 μS cm−1) but shifted toward hillslope signatures once a HRS groundwater connection was established. The degree of riparian groundwater turnover was proportional to the duration of HRS connectivity and inversely related to the riparian: hillslope area ratios (buffer ratio; r2 = 0.95). We applied this relationship to the stream network in seven subcatchments within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest and compared their turnover distributions to source water contributions measured at each catchment outlet. The amount of riparian groundwater exiting each of the seven catchments was linearly related (r2 = 0.92) to their median riparian turnover time. Our observations suggest that the size and spatial arrangement of hillslope and riparian zones along a stream network and the timing and duration of groundwater connectivity between them is a first-order control on the magnitude and timing of water and solutes observed at the catchment outlet.
CO 2 laser arthroscopy-through the arthroscope

Orthopedists have been among the last of the specialists to utilize lasers in surgery. Even today, laser usage in orthopedics is almost exclusively limited to arthroscopy procedures. Although other types of lasers have been approved for use in orthopedics, nearly all laser-assisted arthroscopic procedures have involved the carbon dioxide laser in the knee. These techniques involve skills and problems not previously encountered. In an attempt to simplify the usage and circumvent some of the problems, we describe a means of laser energy delivery through the arthroscope.
Photoemission from carbon spheres suspended in an electric field. I. The window model

Abstract A more complete theory of photoemission in the Millikan-Pope-Arnold (MPA) experiment is presented. The geometry of the electric field around a charged spherical particle suspended in a uniform electric field in N2 gas, as well as the energetics of the photoemitted electron, are included. No account is yet taken of electron-gas interactions or of electron diffusion in the gas. The yield of photoemission is calculated as a function of the particle charge, radius, and density, for different electron energies. The results are in good agreement with experimental data on photoemission from spherical carbon particles, but electron diffusion is seen to be important.
Planning Pedagogy and Globalization A Content Analysis of Syllabi

Global megatrends including economic restructuring, migration, and environmental degradation have profoundly transformed planning practice; this reality needs to be reflected in planning education....
Novel treatment of atypical human papillomavirus-associated epithelial hyperplasia with cidofovir.

Purpose We report a severe case of human papillomavirus-associated epithelial hyperplasia in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus. These lesions were recalcitrant to treatment with surgical modalities and were eventually controlled with the daily application of a topical cidofovir gel. Patient and Methods A single case is presented, along with a relevant review of the published data. Results Before the initiation of cidofovir treatment, the patient had approximately 80% of his gingiva and buccal mucosa engrossed by confluent papillomatous lesions. At 2 weeks after cidofovir treatment, the lesions had markedly regressed, and by 4 weeks, they were almost fully resolved. No untoward adverse reactions occurred. Conclusions Cidofovir formulated as a gel can be safe and effective for the treatment of epithelial hyperplasia in those with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
The intrapsychic and the interpersonal in movement psychotherapy

The adaptive function of two states of consciousness and corollary movement experiences is described. Movement in which a relaxed state of attention is maintained on inner kinesthetic sensations and imagery is contrasted with movement which is characterized by conscious, active interacting with the external world of people and events. Clinical examples from individual and group psychotherapy sessions are cited to demonstrate how meaning and conflict resolution may be achieved by clients while moving in either mode.
Metabolic deviations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of normal individuals and of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were incubated in serum containing14C-labeled propionic acid. The overall metabolism was studied by determination of radioactivity in the respiratory CO2, lipids, proteins, amino acids and lactate. The metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the arthritic group differed from that of normal individuals in the following respects. They converted less14C-propionic acid into metabolic products, particularly CO2 and protein. Leukocytes of normal subjects convert14C-propionate into aspartic acid and glutamic acid, while leukocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis also convert propionate into β-alanine. It appears that polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and of normal individuals possess aKrebs cycle. Leukocytes of the arthritic group and of normal subjects show a similar14C-distribution pattern in the lactate when incubated 2-14C-propionate. It is concluded that the formation of lactic acid from 2-14C-propionate may proceed to a small extent by an alternate pathway (acrylyl-CoA). The identification of labeled β-alanine was found only in the arthritic group and may be unique for rheumatoid arthritis.
Front propagation in a diblock copolymer melt.

The dynamics of front propagation in a diblock copolymer melt are described. Systems in which stable ordered phases invade unstable and metastable disordered phases are considered. Employing a model equation deduced by Oono and Shiwa [Mod. Phys. Lett. B 1, 49 (1987)] from a cell-dynamical scheme, these systems are studied in the weak-segregation limit. In this limit, a bifurcation parameter whose magnitude quantifies the distance from the spinodal naturally arises. Exploiting the smallness of this parameter, stationary solutions to the equation of motion are perturbatively constructed for the cases of lamellar, triangular (often referred to as IhexagonalR), and bcc ordered structures. Generalizing this technique, equations of motion describing the invasion processes are derived, and from these, traveling-wave solutions are found numerically. Propagation velocities and front-envelope profiles are determined, and a number of qualitative features of the various invasion processes are described. Experimental observability of the invasion processes and experimental identification of the phenomenological parameters appearing in the equation of motion are discussed. Using existing experimental data, estimates are made of the propagation velocity which would be observed in a particular physical system and the range of temperatures, in degrees Centigrade, over which our perturbative calculation is applicable. It is found that this range includes temperatures well into the mean-field regime.
Social-psychological correlates of peer victimization in children with endocrine disorders.

Objective To examine the relation between victimization by peers and child and parent reports of social-psychological adjustment. Study design The Social Experience Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, Social Anxiety Scale for Children–Revised, and Asher Loneliness Scale were administered to 93 children diagnosed with various endocrine disorders. The child's parent/guardian completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Results For the entire sample, peer victimization was positively related to child-reported depression, social anxiety, loneliness, and parent-reported externalizing symptoms. Those children with endocrine disorders without observable features had a stronger relation between peer victimization and depression and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than did those who had endocrine disorders with observable physical features. Conclusions Recognition of the magnitude of the problem and means of evaluating for peer victimization is important for clinicians who see children with chronic diseases.
Inter-Metal Nitrogen Atom Transfer Reactions between Nitridochromium(V) and Chromium(III) Porphyrins

Reactions of nitridochromium(V) porphyrins with chromium(III) porphyrins resulted in reversible, inter-metal nitrogen atom transfer between the two chromium porphyrin complexes. The progress of the...
Quality of life measures in cancer chemotherapy: methodology and implications.

Quality of life has been an implied outcome of medical care since ancient times, yet only recently have tools become available to measure quality of life in a systematic fashion. Cancer is one of the chronic diseases where quality of life outcomes have been particularly salient.
Advantages of breastfeeding according to Turkish mothers living in Istanbul and Stockholm

As part of a cross-sectional study, carried out among Turkish mother-infant pairs, the mothers of 269 infants living in Istanbul and 30 living in Stockholm were asked their opinions as to the advantages and/or disadvantages of breastfeeding. The answers were categorized according to the attributes mentioned, quantified and related to the socio-economic status of the area of residence, maternal education, origin, current infant feeding practice and contraceptive method. In Istanbul, 63% of the responses stressed some advantage and 31% some disadvantage of breastfeeding. The contraceptive effect was considered the major advantage and the possibility of milk insufficiency the major disadvantage. In Stockholm, the nutritional value of breastfeeding was considered the most important advantage. No disadvantage was mentioned in Stockholm, despite the fact that breastfeeding durations among the immigrant group was shorter than that of the group in Istanbul. The implications of the responses are analyzed. It is hypothesized that mother-centered advantages, such as the birth-spacing effect of breastfeeding, may be more important motivators for continuing breastfeeding among women living under less-advantaged social conditions, and that, if this is true for some groups of mothers, the infant-centered emphasis in the breastfeeding promotional messages may need modification to include the interests of the mothers, as well.
Signal transduction : External signals influence spore-number control

In budding yeast, the supply of external nutrients controls both sporulation and spore number. A new study has investigated how an external signal can be propagated internally to digitize an output of the number of spores formed.
Nurse aide decision making in nursing homes: factors affecting empowerment.

Article on nurse aide decision making in nursing homes and the factors affecting empowerment.
Energetics of gas-driven limnic and volcanic eruptions

Abstract This paper lays the foundation for the rigorous treatment of the energetics of gas exsolution from a gas-containing liquid, which powers gas-driven volcanic and limnic eruptions. Various exsolution processes (reversible or irreversible, slow or rapid) are discussed, and the maximum amount of kinetic energy derivable from a reversible gas exsolution process is obtained. The concept of dynamic irreversibility is proposed for discussing the kinetic energy available from irreversible gas exsolution processes. The changes of thermodynamic properties during gas exsolution processes are derived. Density–pressure relations for gas–liquid mixtures are presented, including empirical relations for irreversible gas exsolution. The energetics of gas-driven eruptions through both fluid and rigid media, including the role of buoyancy and the role of magma chamber expansion work, are investigated. For reversible processes, the energetics can be used to discuss the dynamics of gas-driven eruptions, leading to maximum erupting velocities and maximum eruptible fractions. For irreversible processes, empirical relations and parameters must be employed. The exit velocities of the Lake Nyos eruption and the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens are modeled by incorporating possible irreversibility.
OKADAIC ACID STIMULATES NERVE GROWTH FACTOR PRODUCTION VIA AN INDUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN-1 IN PRIMARY CULTURES OF CORTICAL ASTROGLIAL CELLS

Abstract Neonatal rat cortical astroglial cells in primary culture synthesize and secrete interleukin-1β (IL-1) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Treatment of astrocytes with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatases, dramatically increased both IL-1 and NGF mRNA content (about 50-fold) with maximal induction seen at 20–30 nM OA. The induction of IL-1 mRNA preceded that of NGF mRNA and was maximal after 9 h of treatment. OA increased IL-1 mRNA half-life by about 10-fold similar to the reported stabilization of the NGF mRNA. Addition of an IL-1 receptor antagonist dose-dependently inhibited the secretion of NGF stimulated by OA and IL-1. The results indicate that OA profoundly stimulates IL-1 expression in glial cells by enhancing IL-1 mRNA stability and that glial cell-derived IL-1 acts in a paracrine/autocrine manner to stimulate NGF production. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Monitoring seasonal bat activity on a coastal barrier island in Maryland, USA

Research on effects of wind turbines on bats has increased dramatically in recent years because of significant numbers of bats killed by rotating wind turbine blades. Whereas most research has focused on the Midwest and inland portions of eastern North America, bat activity and migration on the Atlantic Coast has largely been unexamined. We used three long-term acoustic monitoring stations to determine seasonal bat activity patterns on the Assateague Island National Seashore, a barrier island off the coast of Maryland, from 2005 to 2006. We recorded five species, including eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus), and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Seasonal bat activity (number of bat passes recorded) followed a cosine function and gradually increased beginning in April, peaked in August, and declined gradually until cessation in December. Based on autoregressive models, inter-night bat activity was autocorrelated for lags of seven nights or fewer but varied among acoustic monitoring stations. Higher nightly temperatures and lower wind speeds positively affected bat activity. When autoregressive model predictions were fitted to the observed nightly bat pass totals, model residuals >2 standard deviations from the mean existed only during migration periods, indicating that periodic increases in bat activity could not be accounted for by seasonal trends and weather variables alone. Rather, the additional bat passes were attributable to migrating bats. We conclude that bats, specifically eastern red, hoary, and silver-haired bats, use this barrier island during migration and that this phenomenon may have implications for the development of near and offshore wind energy.
POTENTIATION OF CIGARETTE CRAVING AND SATISFACTION BY TWO TYPES OF MEALS

This study investigated the effects of consuming different meal types on cigarette craving and satisfaction. Twelve heavy smokers were tested on three evenings. Each day, they smoked three cigarettes and received either a solid meal, an equicaloric liquid meal, or no meal. Subjects smoked the first cigarette one half hour after the experiment began, the second immediately after finishing the meal, and the third 35 min after smoking the second cigarette. Cigarette craving increased most after the solid meal, less so after the liquid meal, and least after no meal. Subjects reported that the cigarette after the solid meal tasted the best, was the most satisfying, enjoyable, and desirable as compared to the cigarette following no meal at all. These results indicate that there is a robust postprandial enhancement of cigarette smoking after a solid meal but less after a liquid meal.
Components of Trust: Note on Use of Rotter's Scale

The Rotter Trust Scale was administered to 97 college students whose responses were subjected to factor analysis. Results indicated that the scale measures several discrete components of trust incl...
Neural net analogs of rhythmic activity in the nervous system.

Abstract A general discussion is given of the origin of rhythms in the nervous system. Linear and non-linear systems are considered and it is concluded that non-linear circuits are superior because of the high degree of stability of oscillation resulting from limit cycle behavior. Neural analogs of the Lotka-Volterra. Van der Pol and Rayleigh equations of non-linear theory are described. Non-lirear nets are discussed with respect to long-term memory and an example is given of the application of such a net within a conditioning network. A neural counting circuit is also described which can produce periodic outputs from random inputs.
Specific and diversive curiosity in students in special education classes.

Summary.-Two tests of curiosity, designed for mentally retarded or nonverbal individuals, were given to 40 children selected from classes for gifted, learning disabilities, personal and social adjustment, and mentally retarded children in a small rural school system in the midwest. Each subject mas administered four trials with the Maze Test, a measure of diversive curiosity (a state induced by conditions of changelessness, repetition, and monotony) and one trial with the Which-to-discuss Test, a measure of specific curiosity (a state induced by conditions and stimuli high in complexity, incongruity, or novelty). The gifted group perforned significantly higher on the Which-to-discuss Test than the other three groups, and the mentally retarded performed significantly lower on the Maze Test than the other three groups. With 25 educable retarded junior high students, Silverstein, Pearson, Dunnick, and Ford ( 1981) investigated the psychometric properties of two measures and concluded that the Maze Test was a measure of diversive curiosity while the Which-to-discuss Test was a measure of specific curiosity. Diversive curiosity was defined as a state of arousal induced by conditions of changelessness, repetition, or monotony. Specific curiosity was defined as a state of arousal produced by conditions that are highly complex, incongruous, or novel. Berlyne (1971) has stared that one can expect different and distinct groups of traits in individuals who show a tendency toward one or the other types of curiosity. The Maze Test (Howard, 1961; Howard & Diesenhaus, 1965) is a penciland-paper measure of stimulus-seeking behavior which is presented a number of times. There are no blind alleys and all alternate paths led to the goal. The problem for the subject was not finding one's way through the maze. The Which-to-discuss Test (Maw & Maw, 1961, 1962) is a measure of curiosity. Of 20 pairs of figures and symbols one of the pair was more balanced than the other. Subjects were instructed to indicate which of the two figures they would select if they could hear a srory about only one. Performance of special education students on these measures of curiosity, the Maze Test and the Which-to-discuss Test, designed for mentally retarded or nonverbal individuals, was studied. METHOD Groups were recruited from fou special education classes in a small rural Kansas school district. Students were attending the classes either part- or full
Large-scale computational analysis of poplar ESTs reveals the repertoire and unique features of expressed genes in the poplar genome

Perennial woody plants differ from annual herbaceous plants in several ways and are expected to have evolved to adopt a unique repertoire and expression profiles of functional genes. Poplar, a model tree species for which a large number of ESTs are publicly available, was used to carry out a large-scale comparative analysis with the expressed sequences of eight plant species. First, we obtained 105,831 poplar ESTs from public databases and identified a set of 25,282 unigenes (i.e., tentative non-redundant sequences). The majority of the unigenes (56%) had significant matches to Arabidopsis genes. We then estimated poplar multigene families by counting the tBLASTX matches of each unigene against the poplar unigene dataset itself. Forty-seven percent of the 25,282 unigenes were subsequently organized into 3,481 multigene families 89% of which had less than five copy members. In poplar, protein kinases represent the largest family followed by GTP-binding proteins and Myb transcription factors. Several multigene families had a higher copy number in poplar than in Arabidopsis hinting potential lineage-specific proliferation of poplar protein families. Such expansion may be related to the adaptation of perennial poplars for the high degree of environmental stresses that affects growth and survival. Comparison of poplar unigenes with the Arabidopsis transcriptome revealed that genes involved in transcriptional regulation are the most divergent while metabolism-related genes are the most conserved.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Child Maltreatment: A Population-Based Study

Objective To examine whether symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during childhood are associated with child maltreatment. Study design The study sample consisted of 14 322 participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We used logistic regression and propensity score matching to examine the relationship, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and familial risk factors for child maltreatment. Results Inattentive type, by criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, was significantly associated with the likelihood of supervision neglect (odds ratio [OR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-2.2), physical neglect (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.1), physical abuse (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.3), and contact sexual abuse (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5-4.5). To a lesser extent, hyperactive type was associated with the likelihood of supervision neglect (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-2.0) and physical abuse (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.6). The association between hyperactive type and physical neglect or contact sexual abuse was not significant. The results from the propensity score matching were similar. Conclusions Childhood ADHD symptoms were associated with self-reported child maltreatment. Health care providers should be alert to the potential for child maltreatment among children with ADHD symptoms, especially those with inattentive symptoms.
PDGF-receptor localizes to mesangial, parietal epithelial, and interstitial cells in human and primate kidneys

PDGF-receptor localizes to mesangial, parietal epithelial, and interstitial cells in human and primate kidneys. There is evidence that platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mediator of proliferative changes in renal arteries and mesangium in human disease, in the mesangium in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, and in the interstitium in a rodent model of angiotensin II mediated hypertension. We utilized a monoclonal antibody to the β-subunit of the PDGF-receptor to localize constitutive expression of this receptor in human and nonhuman primate tissues. Tissues were fixed in cold 2 or 4% paraformaldehyde, and immunohistochemical techniques both at the light microscopic level and immunoelectron microscopy were employed. In the glomerulus, there is widespread expression of this molecule by mesangial cells, and there is frequent expression on the apical and lateral surface of parietal epithelial cells. There is also widespread expression of this molecule by cortical and medullary peritubular interstitial cells, but not by glomerular or peritubular capillary endothelium or other renal parenchymal structures. The identification of receptors capable of binding PDGF B-chain at each of these sites: (1) provides a basis for PDGF mediated mesangial proliferation in human disease; (2) provides a basis for PDGF mediated interstitial cell migration and/or proliferation and/or activation at sites of tubulointerstitial injury; and (3) suggests that glomerular parietal epithelial cells may be responsive to stimulation by PDGF.
Land use, market mix, and the allocation of the investment costs of electricity distribution networks☆

Abstract Under the assumption that electric utilities minimize their capital, labor, and electric losses costs in each local distribution network, capital input demand functions are developed and econometrically estimated, using cross-sectional data on 110 communities served by Long Island Lighting Company. The highly detailed data base allows for a comprehensive analysis of the impact of local land-use structure on distribution costs and of the complex technological interactions taking place in a multi-voltage hierarchical network. The results' policy implications in terms of cost allocation and economies of scale and density are discussed.
Structurally Heterogeneous Model of Extrinsic Magnetostriction for Fe-Ga and Similar Magnetic Alloys: Part II. Giant Magnetostriction and Elastic Softening

A compositionally and structurally heterogeneous model for decomposing ferromagnetic alloys was developed in Part I of this article, and applied to Fe-Ga alloys. Here, we show that the giant extrinsic magnetostriction and elastic softening of these alloys can be caused by the macroscopic strain generated by a magnetic-field-induced confined displacive transformation or a stress-induced reorientation of tetragonal phase microdomains that form due to this underlying compositional heterogeneity. The exchange mechanism of the microdomain reorientation under an applied magnetic field is considered. A possibility of other mechanisms, associated with dislocations in the bcc solution or antiphase boundaries in the DO3 ordered phase, are also discussed. The observed magnetomechanic and elastic softening are consistent with the predictions of the model.
Cardiac and neuroprotection regulated by α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes

Sympathetic nervous system regulation by the α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes (α1A, α1B, α1D) is complex, whereby chronic activity can be either detrimental or protective for both heart and brain function. This review will summarize the evidence that this dual regulation can be mediated through the different α1-AR subtypes in the context of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, apoptosis, ischemic preconditioning, neurogenesis, locomotion, neurodegeneration, cognition, neuroplasticity, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and mental illness.
Warning readers to avoid irrelevant information: When being vague might be valuable

Students are often provided with instructions that are intended to influence their attention to particular sections or elements of their reading materials. To date, the bulk of the work on such prereading instructions has focused on drawing reader attention to relevant text information. In the current project, we examined whether instructions might also be useful in helping readers ignore irrelevant (albeit inherently interesting) information in text. In two experiments, prereading instructions asked readers to (a) focus on specific relevant text segments, (b) ignore specific irrelevant text segments, (c) maintain an awareness that the text contained irrelevant segments without specifically identifying them, or (d) read without warnings. Participants generally exhibited longer reading times and enhanced recall for irrelevant segments compared to base content, except in cases for which general instructions warned about but did not specifically identify those irrelevant elements. The implications of these findings for research on seductive details and text processing, as well practical applications for the design of reading instruction, are discussed.
Aerodynamic measurements of an airfoil with simulated glaze ice

An experimental study has been conducted in the OSU subsonic tunnel to measure the detailed aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil with simulated glaze ice. A special model was built with interchangeable leading edges to be used in this study. One leading edge is that of a NACA 0012, while the other is a simulation of a glaze ice accretion measured in the NACA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel. The model was instrumented with a dense distribution of surface pressure taps to provide excellent detail around the ice shapes and reattachment point. A traversing total pressure probe was used to document the boundary layer characteristics on the NACA 0012 section. The ice shape caused a severe lift and drag penalty, reducing the maximum lift by over 50 percent and causing a 300 percent increase in drag. Surface pressure distributions revealed a large lower surface separation in addition to the expected large upper surface separation.
Carbon monoxide generation, dispersion and exposure from indoor operation of gasoline-powered electric generators under actual weather conditions

Abstract Gasoline-powered electric generators are widely used during power outages such as those caused by hurricanes and winter storms. Based on currently available data, about 95% of generator-related carbon monoxide (CO) fatalities were associated with operating carbureted, spark-ignited and gasoline-powered generators in enclosed spaces. To investigate the indoor CO exposure associated with running a generator indoors, the generation of CO was measured from a generator in an enclosed shed. Correlations of CO generation and O 2 consumption rates were developed as functions of O 2 level and actual generator load output. An indoor air quality and ventilation model was then used to predict the air change rates and CO levels in the shed, which were then compared with measured values. This study also used the simulation model to calculate CO generation and dispersion, and occupant exposures to CO, with a generator running in the garage of a house during weather conditions consistent with the days after Hurricane Katrina in the summer of 2005. For the simulation conditions, it was found that the resultant CO could reach dangerous levels in most rooms of the house about 2 h after the generator started.
A silent bomb: The risk of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction

No rational person can deny the destructive potential of a nuclear bomb as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). The perception of anthrax as a WMD, however, is yet unformed in our society and its institutions. Opinions on anthrax WMD have ranged from dire to dismissive (1, 2), but a scientifically rigorous analysis of their destructive potential has been lacking. In a recent issue of PNAS, Wein, Craft, and Kaplan (3) filled this critical gap by providing quantitative assessment of the deaths resultant to a civilian population from an airborne attack of weaponized anthrax on a large city. The analysis in ref. 3 is a mathematical model, and, as such, is founded on scientific assumptions and framed in mathematical language. It is not a typical model of a scientific phenomenon, because of the irreducible uncertainty of its formulation and parameters. Its predictive power is thus subject to scientific debate. Nonetheless, this comprehensive model is the best information available to organize our understanding of anthrax as a WMD.
Evaluation of a community Diabetes Prevention Program delivered by diabetes educators in the United States: One-year follow up

Strategies for management of pre-diabetes within the community setting are needed. An adaptation of the successful Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle intervention delivered by trained diabetes educators was evaluated. Results indicate that trained diabetes educators offer an important community resource for health care providers for their patients with pre-diabetes.
"It Is His First Offense. We Might As Well Let Him Go": Homicide and Criminal Justice in Chicago, 1875-1920

At the start of the twentieth century, political and legal reformers initiated far-ranging changes in the American criminal justice system, particularly in cities such as Chicago, where violent crime rates were high and where the Progressive movement was especially influential. Yet law enforcers rarely convicted killers, more than three-fourths of whom went unpunished. Even in homicide cases in which the identity of killers was certain and the police made arrests, jurors typically exonerated or acquitted killers. Using police and court records and tracing the legal outcomes of nearly six thousand cases, this essay analyzes patterns of conviction in Chicago homicide cases between 1875 and 1920 and argues that a blend of gender-, race-, and class-based notions of justice trumped the rule of law, producing low homicide conviction rates during a period of soaring violence.
Biosynthesis of pentahydroxystearic acid of cutin from linoleic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis

Abstract The hydroxyfatty acid polymer, cutin, is the structural component of plant cuticle. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the hydrogenolysis and deuterolysis products of rosemary cutin (Rosmarinus officinalis) revealed a series of components suggesting the conversion of linoleic acid to 9,10,12,13,18-pentahydroxy-stearic acid. [U-14C]Linoleic acid was incorporated into the insoluble residue of rapidly expanding rosemary leaves. Depolymerization of the insoluble material followed by isolation of individual components and chemical degradation studies showed that linoleic acid was directly converted into 18-hydroxylinoleic acid, 18-hydroxy-9, 10-epoxyoctadec-12-enoic acid, 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid, 9,10,18-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxystearic acid, and 9,10,12,13,18-pentahydroxystearic acid. These results strongly suggest that, in the biosynthesis of the phytopolymer, linoleic acid is first converted into 18-hydroxylinoleic acid and that this precursor then undergoes sequential epoxidation-hydration at the Δ9 and Δ12 double bonds to yield 9,10,12,13,18-pentahydroxystearic acid.
Throwing versus walking as indicators of distance perception in similar real and virtual environments

For humans to effectively interact with their environment, it is important for the visual system to determine the absolute size and distance of objects. Previous experiments performed in full-cue, real-world environments have demonstrated that blind walking to targets serves as an accurate indication of distance perception, up to about 25 m. In contrast, the same task performed in virtual environments (VEs) using head-mounted displays shows significant underestimation in walking. To date, blind walking is the only visually directed action task that has been used to evaluate distance perception in VEs beyond reaching distances. The possible influence of the response measure itself on absolute distance perception in virtual environments is currently an open question. Blind walking involves locomotion and the egocentric updating of the environment with one's own movement. We compared this measure to blind throwing, a task that involves the initiation of a movement directed by vision, but no further interaction within the environment. Both throwing and walking were compressed in the VE but accurate in the real world. We suggest that distance compression found in VEs may be a result of a general perceptual origin rather than specific to the response measure.