cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Election Watchers: Aei's "At the Polls" Volumes On Europe: A Review Essay

Britain at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1974. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1975. 256 pp. $7.75 paper. Britain at the Polls, 1979: A Study of the General Election. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1981. 345 pp. $16.25 cloth; $8.25 paper. Britain Says Yes: The 1975 Referendum on the Common Market. By Anthony King. 1977. 153 pp. $6.25 paper. France at the Polls: The Presidential Election of 1974. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1975. 324 pp. $8.25 paper. The French National Assembly Elections of 1978. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1980. 255 pp. $7.25 paper. Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Election of 1976. Edited by Karl H. Cerny. 1978. 251 pp. $7.25 paper. Greece at the Polls: The National Elections of 1974 and 1977. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1981. 220 pp. $7.25 paper. Ireland at the Polls: The Dial Elections of 1 977. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1978. 199 pp. $6.25 paper. Italy at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1976. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1977. 386 pp. $8.25 paper. Italy at the Polls, 1979: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. 1981. 335 pp. $16.25 cloth; $8.25 paper. Scandinavia at the Polls: Recent Political Trends in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Edited by Karl H. Cerny. 1977. 304 pp. $8.25 paper. Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections. Edited by David Butler, Howard R. Penniman, and Austin Ranney. 1981. 367 pp. $6.25 cloth; $8.25 paper. Referendums: A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory. Edited by David Butler and Austin Ranney. 1978. 250 pp. $8.25 paper. The Referendum Device. Edited by Austin Ranney. 1981. 191 pp. $14.25 cloth; $6.25 paper. British Political Finance 1830-1980. By Michael Pinto-Duschinsky. 1981. 339 pp. $17.95 cloth; $10.50 paper.
The first hundred years of radiation research: what have they taught us?

The harmful effects of ionizing radiation, like those of many other environmental agents, were first recognized in occupationally exposed workers. Within months after Roentgen's discovery of the X-ray, in 1896, radiation injuries began to be encountered in those working with the early equipment and sources. Among the first to experience such effects were: (1) Pierre Curie, who intentionally exposed the skin of his own arm to observe its reaction; (2) Marie Curie, who developed radiation burns on her fingers as a result of handling a small tube of radium enclosed in a thin metal box; and (3) Antoine Henri Becquerel, who burned the skin on his chest by carrying a tube of radium-bearing barium chloride in his vest pocket. The injuries noted initially were predominantly acute skin reactions on the hands, 96 cases of which were reported in one publication alone within 2 years after the discovery of the X-ray. Reactions of other tissues, however, also soon came to attention. For example, sterilizing effects of x rays on the testes of guinea pigs and rabbits were reported as early as 1903 and were paralleled by the observation of oligospermia and azoospermia in radiation workers. Within a decade many types ofmore » radiation injury had been observed, including the first cancer attributed to irradiation. Since these early observations nearly a century ago, study of radiation injury has received continuing impetus from the expanding uses of radiation in medicine, science, and industry, as well as from the military and peaceful applications of atomic energy. As a result, the harmful effects of ionizing radiation have been investigated more thoroughly than those of any other environmental agent, with far-reaching implications for preventive medicine and public health, in general, 40 refs., 5 figs., 6 tabs.« less
Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy studies of Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract In recent years, scanning probe microscopes (SPM), specifically the scanning tunneling (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), have made it possible to study molecules and molecular assemblies with nanometer (nm) or better resolution not only in vacuum, but also in air and solution. The scanning probe microscopes are able to obtain information about a material's topography (surface structure) by scanning avery sharp probe extremely close to it. Many advances in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film high technology, in particular molecular electronics, have occurred over the last few years. Some of these advances came from the results of scanning probe microscopy. This report discusses the contributions of scanning probe microscopy to the field of Langmuir-Blodgett films over the last nine years.
Parents’ Health and Adult Children’s Subsequent Working Status: A Perspective of Intergenerational Transfer and Time Allocation

This paper frames how parents’ health problems may affect a child’s subsequent working status. Parental health problems occurring in their prime working years undermine an adult child’s resources and tend to affect the child’s preferences over time-allocations among leisure, market- and non-market-labor. Empirical applications in this paper focus on a situation with pervasive health problems, lack of social safety network, and a substantial gender gap in labor market return. Exploiting Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) for the period 1994–2004, empirical results indicate that a father’s poor health status is a significant predictor of lowering a daughter’s educational attainment and working probability during her subsequent, adulthood years.
Pricing strategies on the Web: evidence from the online book industry

Using data collected between August 1999 and January 2000, we examine firm-level pricing strategies for thirty-two online bookstores. The data cover 424 books, including New York Times bestsellers, computer bestsellers, and random books. One prediction is that the reduction in search costs on the Internet relative to the physical channel would force prices to cost and standard deviation to zero, since no firm could charge higher prices. Between August 1999 and January 2000, standard deviation of price fell somewhat, and prices for the different types of books were flat or increasing and substantially above cost. Thus predicted price convergence has not yet occurred. Prices are, however, lower in segments with more competition, such as bestsellers, suggesting that some type of convergence may be happening in these segments. Interestingly the standard deviation of prices appears to be higher not lower in segments with more competition. Regressions to further investigate these effects suggest that increased competition as measured by an increase in the number of stores selling the book has different effects on price and standard deviation for different categories of books. Thus there is no clear relationship between competition and price or standard deviation. Firm level strategies vary across stores, with some specializing in certain types of books, others using the web as advertising, and still others offering low prices. For those offering low prices, most stores focused on marginally undercutting Amazon, usually by 10 cents or less. As of November 2000, some of these stores have gone out of business or changed their business model, and the surviving ones appear to still be at risk. We would like to thank Bo-Han Chen, Yimin Yang, Danny Fernandes, and Kartik Hosanager for excellent research assistance. We would also like to thank: Y. S. Chi of Ingram Book Group for insights on the wholesale market for books; Andy Ross of Cody Books for providing information on wholesale prices; Paul Mozak and Chris Nichols of Borders Group and John Vogus of Allbooks4Less.com for discussions of the book industry; and Mike Smith and seminar participants at the NBER 2000 Summer Meetings for helpful comments on the paper.
Channeling of D + and He + Ions in Gold Crystals

The transmitted intensity of ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions through gold crystals in the forward direction is measured as a function of crystal orientation for energies near 15 keV. The gold crystals have a (100) orientation and are mounted in a goniometer which can tilt the foil normal up to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} away from the incident beam direction and which can rotate the foil about its normal. The detector can be tilted relative to the beam direction up to a maximum angle of 58\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Pronounced peaks are found in the transmitted intensity at low-index directions. Both directional and planar channeling are present. The peak widths are successfully interpreted in terms of a channel-entrance peak width and a channel-exit peak width. Energy analysis shows that the energy of the transmitted ions also has peaks in the low-index directions. The experimental values for the energy loss of the randomly scattered part of the ion beam agree with the theoretical predictions.
Molecular Structure of an Aminosilane Coupling Agent as Influenced by Carbon Dioxide in Air, pH, and Drying Conditions

Abstract The molecular structures of the hydrolyzates of γ-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (γ-APS) were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The molecular structure of γ-APS is a function of the pH of the solution and the drying conditions. In the partially cured film, cast from a 20% by weight γ-APS aqueous solution at pH = 2, the amine group exists as a protonated amine; and at pH = 12 the amine group exists as a free NH2. The amine group exhibits different structures subject to drying conditions when prepared at natural pH. The sample dried in nitrogen exhibited hydrogen bonding between the SiOH and the NH2 group. Upon heating, the silanol groups condense and the amine groups no longer hydrogen bond. The increase in the availability of free amine groups was indicated by larger amounts of exchange of NH2 to ND2 when the sample was exposed to D2O vapor. When the hydrolyzecl γ-APS at natural pH was dried in CO2 or in air, a bicarbonate structure was formed, causing the appearance of ban...
Comparative Growth and Feed Consumption of Roasters, Capons and Pullets

Abstract A RATHER common opinion among poultrymen is that capons grow larger and make more economical gains than do cockerels. During the past two years studies have been made at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station to determine the comparative rate of growth, cost of gain, and the practicability of producing capons and heavy roasters. These studies were designed to compare the growth and the pounds of feed required to produce a pound of gain between crossbred capons and cockerels and purebred capons and cockerels. In 1935 the crossbred birds were from a mating of Barred Rock males and Rhode Island Red females; the purebred birds were Barred Rocks. In 1936 the crossbred birds were from matings of Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire males and Barred Rock females; the purebred birds were Rhode Island Reds, New Hampshires, and Barred Rocks. These chicks were hatched on May 15, 1935, and May 26, . . .
Local moment and specific heat in the Hubbard model

Abstract We discuss the local moment and specific heat of the two-dimensional half-filled Hubbard model. For small values of U the local moment displays not only a strucure at T∼U, but also an additional increase at low T, leading to a two-peak structure for C(T) down to U=t.
Oxytocin and vasopressin binding sites in human and bovine ovaries

Abstract Human ovarian tissue and bovine ovarian stroma and follicles bound tritiated oxytocin and tritiated arginine vasopressin with similar affinity, whereas bovine corpora lutea bound tritiated oxytocin only. Competition for the binding of tritiated oxytocin by various agonists and antagonists was suggestive of receptor function. The number of oxytocin binding sites varied cyclically in all tissues. In bovine ovarian stroma and corpora lutea the concentrations were lowest on day 14 and highest on days 17, 19, and 21 after ovulation, with a striking peak in the luteal concentration on day 19. In human ovarian tissues the concentrations also were highest in samples obtained in late luteal phase. In large follicles the concentration of oxytocin binding sites was highest on the day of estrus and lowest on day 7. In bovine ovary the number of arginine vasopressin binding sites was -50% lower than oxytocin binding sites and the cyclic variations were not significant. Human ovarian tissue had similar numbers of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin binding sites. Because bovine ovaries produce oxytocin and argine vasopressin the results suggest a paracrine or autocrine role for these neuropeptides in luteolysis and ovulation. Although their synthesis in human ovaries is still controversial the presence of binding sites suggests a physiologic role in the regulation of human ovarian function as well.
Seasonal variation of airway function in allergic rhinitis.

Abstract We set out to examine seasonal variation in airway bronchoconstriction in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Airway conductance and response to methacholine challenge were measured during pollen season, as well as in winter when pollen exposure was not present. Airway conductance and spirometry were performed on 17 subjects during allergy season and in winter. In eight of these subjects the measurements were repeated in the successive allergy season. Methacholine bronchoprovocation was performed on 17 of the subjects in winter and in eight subjects in allergy season. We found airway constriction in both allergy seasons as evidenced by specific airway conductance (SG aw ) of 0.188 ± 0.06 and 0.203 ± 0.03. In contrast, SG aw during winter was 0.27 ± 0.11. When winter and summer seasons were compared, both summer SGa,w values were significantly lower than winter SG aw p 1 , FEV1FVC) in and out of allergy season were likewise not different. The data indicate that patients with allergic rhinitis have unique physiologic behavior separating them from patients with asthma or normal subjects. They develop seasonal bronchoconstriction unassociated with clinical bronchospasm, but this seasonal bronchoconstriction does not potentiate their sensitivity to methacholine. However, they have increased airway sensitivity to methacholine, and this feature distinguishes them from normal subjects.
Removal of Ig Domains of Titin Alters Contractility in Mouse Soleus Muscle

The giant protein titin provides elasticity to the skeletal muscle sarcomere by acting as a molecular spring. We created a mouse model in which 9 immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (Ig3-11) have been deleted from titin's spring region, providing a novel model to test the effect of a shorter spring on the physiology of skeletal muscle. The soleus muscle was studied by using gel electrophoresis and functional measurements on contractility made via an intact muscle mechanics system on six month old male mice. An additional set of mice were exposed to exercise training on a treadmill to determine exercise capacity and response to exercise. Soleus mass was lower in the IGKO (8.3±0.2mg) vs WT (10.2±1.2mg). IGKO mice showed a significant decrease in titin size on 1% agarose gels greater than the 88KDa loss predicted by the deletion if Ig3-11. Furthermore, IGKO mice have a reduced myosin II/ myosin I ratio (2.1 vs. 8.0, p=0.002). Intact muscle mechanics measurements probed both passive and active tension. IG KO muscles produced an increased passive tension (19% p=0.02) at 20% above slack length of the muscle. Active force measurements probed at the optimal twitch length (Lo) revealed a significantly decreased twitch/tetanus ratio in IGKO's (12.4% vs 8.1%, p<0.001) and decreased active force at all frequencies examined (1-150Hz). IGKO also experienced less fatigue (28% vs 67% decrease, p=0.01). Exercise testing in mice showed a significantly reduced maximum running speed between IGKO and WT (18.8 vs 22.0 m/min, p=0.005), which persisted after two weeks of training. The IgKO mouse provides a unique model for elucidating the effect of titin's spring elements on contractility in skeletal muscle.
Direct Measurement of the Local Current Density Under Land-Channel Areas With Partially-Catalyzed MEAs

In a PEM fuel cell, local current density can vary drastically under the land and channel areas. The non-uniform current density distribution not only affects the overall performance of the fuel cell, but also leads to the local temperature and concentration differentiation on the MEA, which can cause problems such as membrane dehydration and catalyst degradations at certain locations. In order to investigate the local current performance, the objective of this work is to directly measure the local current density variations across the land and channel at the cathode in a PEM fuel cell with partially-catalyzed MEAs.First, the cathode flow plate is specially designed with a single-serpentine channel structure, and the gas diffusion electrode at cathode side is cut to fit this flow field size (5.0cm×1.3cm). Then five different partially-catalyzed MEAs with 1mm width corresponding to different locations from the middle of the gas channel to the middle of the land area are made. Fuel cells with each of the partially-catalyzed MEAs have been tested and the results provide the lateral current density distribution across the channel and the land areas. In the high cell voltage region, local current density is highest under the center of the land area and decreases toward the center of the channel area; while in the low cell voltage region local current density is highest under the middle of the channel area and decrease toward the center of the land area. Different flow rates are tested at the cathode side of the cell to study their effects on the local current density performance along the land-channel direction. And the results show that the flow rate barely has the effect on the current at the high cell voltage region, while it plays a significant role at the low voltage region due to the mass transport effect.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of temperature and antiferromagnetic ordering on the dielectric constants of MnO and MnF2

Temperature dependence (4.2-300K) of the static dielectric constant epsilon is reported for two antiferromagnets namely MnF2 (TN approximately=67.3K) and MnO (Tn approximately=118K) for the electric field E parallel and perpendicular to the spin easy axis. Comparison with the temperature variation of epsilon in the diamagnets ZnF2 and MgO shows that the phonon contribution in all four materials follows the equation epsilon (T)= epsilon (0)+A/(exp(h nu T/kBT)-1), nu T being the transverse optical-mode frequency. The magnetic contributions, epsilon /sub ///m and epsilon perpendicular to m for E parallel and perpendicular to the easy axes respectively, have the following characteristics: (i) in both MnF2 and MnO, epsilon perpendicular to m is negative and considerably larger than epsilon /sub ///m; (ii) in MnF2, epsilon /sub ///m is positive and varies nearly as sigma 2 ( sigma =order parameter) whereas in MnO, epsilon /sub ///m is negligible; and (iii) in MnF2, where accurate data on the magnetic energy um is available, epsilon perpendicular to m(T)/ epsilon perpendicular to m(0) varies as um(T)/um(0) both above and below TN (somewhat similar variation is observed in MnO). Despite several common features in these results for MnO and MnF2, the signs and magnitudes of epsilon /sub ///m and epsilon perpendicular to m cannot yet be explained.
Reliable Implementation of Robust Adaptive Topology Control

The topology (transmission line) switching to achieve economic and reliability gains in the power grid has been proposed some time ago. This approach did not gain much attention until recently when large penetration of renewable generation created incentives to use transmission line switching to control sudden changes in power flows and mitigate contingencies caused by the generation variability. This paper explores implementation issues related to circuit breaker (CB) monitoring, relay setting coordination and detection of relay misoperations in the context of the topology switching sequence implementation. The paper covers risk-based assessment of CB status needed for determination of reliable switching sequences; it indicates how relay settings may be changed due to switching actions; it also provides an on-line algorithm for detection of relay misoperations, which identifies the lines that may be switched back to service after being trip erroneously by a relay.
A comparative study of the aerodynamics of several wind turbines using flow visualization

This paper reports flow visualization techniques used to study the flows over the Enertech 21-5, Carter 25, and Enertech 44-50. Despite centrifugal effects superimposed on the aerodynamics, tufting (gross aerodynamic behavior) and oil flow (average boundary layer behavior), tests reveal the nature and many of the details of the flows involved. Results were compared to expected flow patterns based on angles of attack calculated from the PROPPC code. Chord Reynolds numbers ranged between 75,000 (Enertech 21-5) to 1,340,000 (Enertech 44-50). The typical low Reynolds number flow characteristics of these airfoils, including laminar separation bubbles, turbulent reattachment, and complete separation were observed. full or partial reattachment due to tower shadow was observed on each machine. Spanwise flow was observed near the leading edge of the Enertech 21-5. Cyclic radial flow from tower dam effect was also noted.
Importance in catalysis of the 6-phosphate-binding site of 6-phosphogluconate in sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

The 6-phosphate of 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) is proposed to anchor the sugar phosphate in the active site and aid in orientating the substrate for catalysis. In order to test this hypothesis, alanine mutagenesis was used to probe the contribution of residues in the vicinity of the 6-phosphate to binding of 6PG and catalysis. The crystal structure of sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase shows that Tyr-191, Lys-260, Thr-262, Arg-287, and Arg-446 contribute a mixture of ionic and hydrogen bonding interactions to the 6-phosphate, and these interactions are likely to provide the majority of the binding energy for 6PG. All mutant enzymes, with the exception of T262A, exhibit an increase in K6PG that ranges from 5- to 800-fold. There is also a less pronounced increase in KNADP, ranging from 3- to 15-fold, with the exception of T262A. The R287A and R446A mutant enzymes exhibit a dramatic decrease in V/Et (600- and 300-fold, respectively) as well as in V/K6PGEt (105 - and 104-fold), and therefore no further characterization was carried out with these two mutant enzymes. No change in V/Et was observed for the Y191A mutant enzyme, whereas 20- and 3-fold decreases were obtained for the K260A and T262A mutant enzymes, respectively, resulting in a decrease in V/K6PGEt range from 3- to 120-fold. All mutant enzymes also exhibit at least an order of magnitude increase in 13C-isotope effect -1, indicating that the decarboxylation step has become more rate-limiting. Data are consistent with significant roles for Tyr-191, Lys-260, Thr-262, Arg-287, and Arg-446 in providing the binding energy for 6PG. In addition, these residues also likely ensure proper orientation of 6PG for catalysis and aid in inducing the conformation change that precedes, and sets up the active site for, catalysis.
Corneal topographic changes following strabismus surgery in Graves' disease

A computerized topographic analysis system was used to evaluate corneal changes after strabismus surgery in eight eyes of five patients with Graves' disease. All patients underwent inferior rectus muscle recession; three eyes also had medial rectus recession. Corneal topographic analysis revealed that, postoperatively, corneas steepened inferiorly and inferotemporally at 1.5 mm from corneal apex (p less than 0.05). The opposite effect was observed in the superior quadrant (average flattening of 1.20 +/- 0.32 D at 1.5 mm from corneal apex, and 1.08 +/- 0.39 D at 3.0 mm from corneal apex; p less than 0.05). Superotemporally, the cornea flattened by an average of 0.65 +/- 0.26 D at 3.0 mm from corneal apex, and superonasally 0.72 +/- 0.19 D at 3.0 mm from corneal apex (p less than 0.05). Central, nasal, and temporal cornea did not show statistically significant changes. Spherical equivalent did not change significantly after surgery. The amount of restriction and upgaze measured preoperatively was correlated weakly with inferior corneal steepening (r2 = 0.44; p = 0.046). These results are indicative that corneal topography may be influenced by strabismus surgery for Graves' disease through alteration of extraocular muscle tension or intraocular pressure.
Perception-action links and the evolution of human speech exchange

A perception-action system may underlie the mechanisms by which human speech exchange in social interaction is managed, as well as the evolutionary precursors of these mechanisms in closely related species. Some phenomena of interaction well-studied by sociologists are suggested as a point of departure for further research.
On the complexity of nested-object matching

Query languages for “object-oriented data models” involvematching ofnested-objects or nested-terms. Nested-objects are extended first-order terms: with sets and tuples as the only constructors (no function symbols). This paper studies the complexity of nested-term matching. The main result is the following complete characterization. Letset-nesting index (tuples-nesting index) denote the “level” of set nesting (tuple nesting) of a nested-term; letS i,j denote the set of all nested-terms with set-indexi and tuple-indexj. Then,the matching problem for a given class S i,j is NP-Complete if either i⩾2,or i>0and j>0;otherwise, the complexity of the matching problem for S i,j is in PTIME. We compare our work with the related work on set-matching, and show that our results yield an alternative proof, using fewer interpreted symbols, for the NP-completeness of the set-matching problem.
Evaluation of Response Times in Industrial WLANs

The adoption of wireless communication technologies in industrial environments for supporting (soft) real-time applications heavily depends on the ability to grant bounded response times for messages, at least from a probabilistic point of view. This aspect is particularly important in factory automation systems, where response times are considered much more significant than other performance indices, such as throughput, that are usually considered in different application areas. The ever-increasing availability on the market of products and solutions based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and the introduction of the 802.11e amendment for enhancing the quality of service (QoS) and prioritizing traffic make this kind of communication technology interesting also for adoption in (loosely coupled) distributed control systems. This paper reports on some experimental measures and the related analysis that have been carried out on real 802.11g/e networks for better understanding the statistical distribution of response times and can be of help in characterizing these solutions when used to support noncritical real-time traffic.
Improved mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement with short titanium fiber reinforcement.

Acrylic bone cements are widely used in total joint arthroplasties to grout the prosthesis to bone. The changes in the tensile properties and fracture toughness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cements obtained by the addition of control and heat treated short titanium fibers are studied. Heat treatment of titanium fibers is conducted to precipitate titania particles on the fiber surface, which may improve the biocompatibility of the metal. Control (non-heat treated) and heat treated short titanium fibers (250 μm long and 20μm diameter) were used as reinforcements at 3 volume %. X-ray diffraction indicated the presence of a rutile form of titania due to the heat treatments. Results indicate that the tensile and fracture properties of unfilled bone cement were improved by the addition of control and heat-treated fibers. The fracture properties of bone cements reinforced with control titanium fibers were at least 10% higher than those reinforced with heat treated titanium fibers. Therefore, we recommend further studies on the use of non-heat treated titanium fibers to reinforce acrylic bone cement.
Inviscid parametric analysis of three-dimensional inlet performance

The advantages and design requirements of propulsion/airtranie integration for the high Mach number flight of air-breathing vehicles have led to extensive study of the three-dimensional sidevv all-compression scramjet inlet in recent years. Inlets of this genre afford a relatively simple, generic geometry while producing a highly complex, three-dimensional flowfield dominated by shock/shock and shock/boundary-layer interactions. While the importance of the viscous effects in high-speed inlet interactions is recognized, the present work addresses in a parametric fashion the inviscid effects of leading-edge sweep (between 0-70 deg) and inflow Mach number (between 2-12) on the inlet performance. Two-dimensional oblique shock theory is appropriately modified to account for the three-dimensional effects of leading-edge sweep and is applied throughout the inlet configuration to obtain inviscid shock impingement locations, mass capture, inlet compression, total pressure recovery, and kinetic energy efficiency. Comparison of these results with CFD indicates that the parametric trends are identified by this computationally quick and inexpensive method for preliminary design applications.
Modeling the Dynamic Behavior of Electrical Cabinets and Control Panels: Experimental and Analytical Results

Ritz vector approach for evaluating the dynamic properties of electrical cabinets is based on the premise that a single significant cabinet mode is sufficient to calculate accurate incabinet spectra needed in the seismic qualification of electrical instruments mounted inside the cabinet. It uses mathematical functions to characterize the significant mode shapes that can be either a local mode shape of the structural member or a superposition of the global cabinet and the local mode shapes. The significant modes for typical cabinets have been identified from fixed-base finite element analyses. In this paper, modal data from in situ and shake table tests for two different cabinets is used to evaluate not only the validity of finite element analysis results but also the premise for developing Ritz vector approach. A key difference observed in the test data is related to the existence of a global rocking in cabinets that are anchored at the base. A rigid body rocking due to base plate uplift cannot be evaluated from fixed-base finite element models that were used in the development of the Ritz vector approach. Finite element analyses after modifications for incorporating cabinet rocking due to base plate uplifting give results that are close to the test data. Even though the test data and the new analyses show that the significant cabinet mode is different from what has been considered in the past, the basic premise for Ritz vector approach remains unchanged. Minor modifications needed in the Ritz vector approach for incorporating cabinet rocking superimposed with local mode shapes are also presented.
The liquid-gas transition for symmetric electrolytes: Field-theoretic treatment

Abstract The symmetric electrolyte problem is formulated in the field-theoretic fashion. The discretization of the partition function and use of asymptotic methods allows us to map the partition function for the electrolyte onto that for the spherical model and to compare the final results with available Monte Carlo data. We found that the model has a liquid-gas type phase transition for dimensionalities higher than two. In three dimensions the critical point is obtained in terms of the reduced variables, defined in the text, as T ∗ r =0.1263 ; P ∗ r =0.0316 ; ϱ ∗ r =0.13 . These results are in excellent agreement with the available Monte Carlo data.
Uptake of oxidized folates by rat liver mitochondria

Folate, dihydrofolate, and methotrexate are rapidly taken up by rat liver mitochondria. The apparent maximal matrix folate concentration is about 2.5-fold that of the suspending medium, whereas dihydrofolate and methotrexate equilibrate across the inner membrane. Fully reduced folates, including tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate penetrate only the intermembrane space. Addition of dihydrofolate or methotrexate effects a rapid release of pre-loaded folate, and external methotrexate promotes the release of pre-loaded dihydrofolate. The extent of dihydrofolate uptake is enhanced by addition of folate. These results suggest that oxidized folates are transported to the matrix by a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Characterization of Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in using either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for medium to high quality turfs in the north central area of the United States. While many new cultivars have been evaluated through the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) across the United States for general turf performance, an overall characterization of the selected experimental cultivars has not been undertaken. Several experiments were established to help characterize the relative germination, overall turf quality in both ambient and reduced light, the root system, and susceptibility to disease of these cultivars. Field experiments were established to evaluate the experimental cultivars and standard cultivars or other species or blends on a Catlin silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) with a pH of 6.4 and 5% organic matter. All species were maintained at a 3.8 cm mowing height. Additional experiments were established in controlled environments to measure root deve...
Proton radiative capture by deuterium between 100 and 200 MeV

Differential cross sections, (dsigma/d..cap omega..)(theta), and analyzing powers, A/sub y/(theta), have been measured for the reaction /sup 2/H(p-arrow-right,..gamma..) /sup 3/He at laboratory energies of 99.1, 150.3, and 200.7 MeV. The cross sections obtained are found to be in very good agreement with those of other authors. Both the size and shape of the angular distributions for the cross sections are found to be well accounted for by a simple ''quasideuteron'' model. Further support for this model is provided by the measured analyzing powers. Both the shape and size of the angular distributions for A/sub y/ are found to be very similar to those predicted for n(p-arrow-right,..gamma..)d at the same E/sub ..gamma..//sup c.m./.
Major perturbation of ocean chemistry and a ‘Strangelove Ocean’ after the end‐Permian mass extinction

The severe mass extinction of marine and terrestrial organisms at the end of the Permian Period (c. 251 Ma) was accompanied by a rapid ( 1 Ma) decrease in sedimentary burial of organic carbon in the early Triassic.
Were paromomyids gliders? Maybe, maybe not

Abstract Beard recently hypothesized that paromomyids were the first mammals to exhibit gliding behavior. He claimed that paromomyids, like the extant dermopteran Cynocephalus (a proficient glider with a well developed patagium that is extended as a web between the digits), have manual intermediate phalanges that are much longer than corresponding proximal phalanges. However, Beard provided no convincing evidence that the isolated phalanges identified as belonging to the manus of the paromomyids Phenacolemur simonsi and Ignacius graybullianus are correctly identified and associated. His identifications and postulated associations are but possibilities until directly associated or articulated proximal and intermediate phalanges of the same or similar manual digit are discovered. Indeed, the proximal and intermediate phalanges employed by Beard to argue that P. simonsi had greatly elongated intermediate phalanges on the manus could not possibly have articulated with one another. Although paromomyids may have been gliding mammals, irrefutable or even compelling evidence for this inference has not been presented.
Limiting distribution of the G statistics

The G statistic and its local version have been used extensively in spatial data analysis. The paper proves the asymptotic normality of the G statistic. Theorems in this paper imply that the regular permutation test for the G statistic is valid.
An Explanatory Model for State Medicaid per Capita Prescription Drug Expenditures

Rising prescription drug expenditure is a growing concern for publicly funded drug benefit programs like Medicaid. To be able to contain drug expenditures in Medicaid, it is important that cause(s) for such increases are identified. This study attempts to establish an explanatory model for Medicaid prescription drugs expenditure based on the impacts of key influencers/predictors identified using a comprehensive framework of drug utilization. A modified Andersen's behavior model of health services utilization is employed to identify potential determinants of pharmaceutical expenditures in state Medicaid programs. Level of federal matching funds, access to primary care, severity of diseases, unemployment, and education levels were found to be key influencers of Medicaid prescription drug expenditure. Increases in all, except education levels, were found to result in increases in drug expenditures. Findings from this study could better inform intervention policies and cost-containment strategies for state Me...
Dynamin I plays dual roles in the activity-dependent shift in exocytic mode in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells

Under low stimulation, adrenal chromaffin cells release freely soluble catecholamines through a restricted granule fusion pore while retaining the large neuropeptide-containing proteinacious granule core. Elevated activity causes dilation of the pore and release of all granule contents. Thus, physiological differential transmitter release is achieved through regulation of fusion pore dilation. We examined the mechanism for pore dilation utilizing a combined approach of peptide transfection, electrophysiology, electrochemistry and quantitative imaging techniques. We report that disruption of dynamin I function alters both fusion modes. Under low stimulation, interference with dynamin I does not affect granule fusion but blocks its re-internalization. In full collapse mode, disruption of dynamin I limits fusion pore dilation, but does not block membrane re-internalization. These data suggest that dynamin I is involved in both modes of exocytosis by regulating contraction or dilation of the fusion pore and thus contributes to activity-dependent differential transmitter release from the adrenal medulla.
Atomic-field bremsstrahlung from hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and neon from 5 to 15 keV

Abstract The bremsstrahlung photon energy spectra produced at 90° by bombardment of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and neon with electrons with energy from 5 to 15 keV have been measured. The spectra for neon and nitrogen are in good agreement with the tabulated theoretical atomic-field bremsstrahlung cross sections, and with previous experimental data. The spectra for hydrogen and helium are flatter with respect to radiated photon energy than predicted by theory.
Interferometric Down-Conversion of High-Frequency Molecular Vibrations with Time-Frequency-Resolved Coherent Raman Scattering Using Quasi-CW Noisy Light: C-H Stretching Modes of Chloroform and Benzene

For the first time, the high-frequency symmetric C-H stretching modes of chloroform and benzene are downconverted using the recently developed time-frequency-resolved interferometric coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with broad-band nontransform limited (noisy) light excitation method. As an application, chloroform-carbon tetrachloride, benzene-benzene-d6 and benzene-acetone-d6 dilution series are performed. Concentration-dependent Raman frequencies and vibrational dephasing rate constants are observed by this new technique.
Analysis of experimental constraints and variables for time resolved detection of Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectra

By using the Fourier transform (FT) technique, it is possible to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in real time during the occurrence of DC voltage controlled surface reactions. The data obtained in this approach, a series of Nyquist plots as functions of DC control variables, can provide a wealth of time resolved information about surface kinetics. We discuss in detail the theoretical and experimental considerations for such time resolved experiments. We focus primarily on the constraints and criteria of measurements in the context of new data acquisition electronics that became available during the last few years. We also present sample experimental results for a gold electrode.
Scleroderma Fibroblasts Demonstrate Enhanced Activation of Akt (Protein Kinase B) In Situ

Recent studies suggest that, in addition to activation and hypersecretion of matrix components, fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are relatively resistant to apoptosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF)-β is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc and we and others have shown that TGF-β can activate Akt, a kinase with potent anti-apoptotic effects. To determine whether Akt was activated in SSc, we quantified phospho-Akt expression in skin fibroblasts in vitro by western blot analysis and a functional kinase assay. In addition, the relative proportion of fibroblasts containing activated Akt in was quantified by immunohistochemistry on skin sections insitu . Analysis of Akt phosphorylation of skin fibroblasts in vitro suggested increased phosphorylation of Akt, and evaluation of skin sections by immunohistochemistry revealed significantly higher percentages of fibroblasts that stained for phospho-Akt compared with controls (78%±14.0% vs 13%±9%, p insitu in skin fibroblasts from patients with SSc. Akt activation may contribute to resistance to apoptosis, selection of disease-inducing fibroblasts, and, possibly, myofibroblasts.
Diffusionlike aspects of multiphoton absorption in electrically polarized highly excited hydrogen atoms.

We have observed microwave transitions of overall order up to 16 in hydrogen atoms initially in $n=60$ lowest-energy Stark states. Increases in $n$ as large as 4 occur with little change in the electric quantum number ${n}_{e}$. Thus hydrogen atoms electrically polarized along the direction of a strong linearly polarized microwave electric field respond one-dimensionally to this field by maintaining their polarization. At some microwave frequencies the final-state $n$ distribution is smooth above threshold field values estimated for stochastic transitions.
A distinctive eruption in patients receiving oxprenolol.

Summary We describe an eruption with distinctive clinical and histological features which occurred in four patients during oxprenolol treatment and cleared following withdrawal of the drug. Certain similarities to the eruption occurring during treatment with the beta blocking drug practalol were noted. The histological appearances are compared with the changes seen in lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and the graft versus host reaction.
The crystal structure of 3β-hydroxy-4α,23R,24R-trimethyl-5α-cholestane (23R,24R-5α-dinostanol) from dinoflagellates1

Abstract An x-ray crystal structure determination of a dinostanol from the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and zooxanthellae from Orbulina universa was completed. The novel sterol was shown to be 3β-hydroxy-4α,23R,24R-trimethyl-5α-cholestane ( 2 ) and may be one of the molecular fossils found in sediment cores from the deepest Black Sea trench.
A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history

Continuous sediment, charcoal and pollen records were developed from a-4.5 m sediment core from Little Molas Lake (LML), 3370 m elevation, San Juan County, CO. LML formed by 11 200 cal. BP subsequent to glacial retreat. Turbated clay and gyttja was derived from in-lake productivity and outwash sediments from the drainage basin from 1 1 200 cal. BP until-10 200 cal. BP. Cessation of glacial input and replacement of tundra with Picea forest correlates with the termination of the Younger Dryas and indicates warming. An increase in diploxylon pollen (cf. P ponderosa), probably from lower elevations, reflects the influence of the southwestern monsoon c. 10 160 cal. BP. Pollen ratios indicate that Picea and other conifers persisted near the lake for the remainer of the Holocene. The driest Holocene period occurs c. 6200 to 5900 cal. BP, when lake levels were the lowest as indicated by all the proxy records. Wetter conditions during the last c. 2600 cal. BP favoured the expansion of P edulis and P ponderosa. Lat...
Comparison of iohexol 300 and diatrizoate meglumine 60 for body CT: image quality, adverse reactions, and aborted/repeated examinations.

Six hundred patients were prospectively randomized and given either diatrizoate meglumine 60 or iohexol 300 during dynamic contrast-enhanced body CT in order to compare image quality, contrast reactions, and the number of aborted studies or studies in which images had to be repeated. Three hundred two patients received iohexol 300, and 298 patients received diatrizoate meglumine 60. Thirty-nine percent (119/302) of the patients given iohexol 300 and 63% (188/298) of the patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had at least one adverse reaction thought to be related to contrast material during, or within 24 hr of, the body CT scan. When reactions of discomfort (heat or warmth, flushing, bad taste) were excluded, 16% (48/302) of the patients who received iohexol and 33% (99/298) of the patients who were given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had at least one adverse reaction. The differences in both types of reactions between the two agents were significant (p less than .001). Among scans evaluated for study quality, 71% (214/302) of the iohexol 300 group and 62% (184/298) of the diatrizoate meglumine 60 group had optimal enhancement (p = .02). However, when the optimal and adequate categories were combined, 301 of 302 patients given iohexol 300 and 292 of 298 patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had diagnostic-quality studies (no statistical difference). Studies were not terminated nor were images repeated in 97% (292/302) of the patients given iohexol 300 and in 94% (280/298) of those given diatrizoate meglumine 60. The CT study was repeated because of movement during the contrast injection or aborted because of contrast-related reactions in 0.7% of the patients given iohexol 300 and in 3.0% of the patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60. This difference was statistically significant (p = .04). Our results suggest that the difference in image quality, number of adverse reactions, and number of aborted/repeated CT scans performed with iohexol 300 or diatrizoate meglumine 60 are not sufficiently different to warrant conversion to nonionic agents for body CT scans.