cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The near blind leading the blind: One partial solution to the hacker battered student syndrome

This paper reports on an experimental course taught by the author at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The motivation for the unusual structure of the course was to bolster student morale weakened by inadequate background. Students, whose performance in a course had been only average, were given academic credit for tutoring students in a trailing lectureless section. Student response was overwhelmingly favorable and academic results appear to be at least as good as under more traditional course structures.
General formulation of the vibrational kinetic energy operator in internal bond-angle coordinates

A general formulation of the vibrational kinetic energy operator expressed in internal bond-angle coordinates is presented. This formulation is based on Podolsky’s expression for the covariant form of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. When a valid set of internal bond-angle coordinates is employed, it is possible to adapt a systematic approach to solve for the Jacobian determinant governing the coordinate transformation from Cartesian coordinates. In the general case of an arbitrary N-atom system, this Jacobian always factorizes to a simple form. This allows one to evaluate all the terms that contribute to V′, the effective potential that arises from transforming the kinetic energy operator to internal coordinates. We discuss restrictions on the choice of internal vibrational coordinates that may be included in a valid set. We then provide tabular information from which the vibrational kinetic energy operator for any molecular system can be constructed directly with no matrix inversion or chain rule manipul...
In Vitro and in Vivo Interactions of Homocysteine with Human Plasma Transthyretin

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and an emerging risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Greater than 70% of the homocysteine in plasma is disulfide-bonded to protein cysteine residues. The identity and functional consequences of protein homocysteinylation are just now emerging. The amyloidogenic protein transthyretin (prealbumin), as we now report, undergoes homocysteinylation at its single cysteine residue (Cys10) both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, when human plasma or highly purified transthyretin was incubated with 35S-L-homocysteine followed by SDS-PAGE and PhosphorImaging, two bands corresponding to transthyretin dimer and tetramer were observed. Treatment of the labeled samples with beta-mercaptoethanol prior to SDS-PAGE removed the disulfide-bound homocysteine. Transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine was then identified in vivo in plasma from normal donors, patients with end-stage renal disease, and homocystinurics by immunoprecipitation and high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. The ratios of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine and transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-sulfonate to that of unmodified transthyretin increased with increasing homocysteine plasma concentrations, whereas the ratio of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-cysteine to that of unmodified transthyretin decreased. The hyperhomocysteinemic burden is thus reflected in the plasma levels of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine, which in turn may contribute to the pathological consequences of amyloid disease.
Saving the Children—A Rant

The conception of economics education implicit in the Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics is fundamentally at odds with what ought to be a primary goal of a liberal education: to teach students of all ages to treat all truth as provisional. Articulate the consensus, but also articulate questions about this consensus, questions coming from the very limitations of the consensus. One limitation is what is omitted—pollution is shortchanged, and sustainability gets nary a mention. Another is the retrogression the document reflects (e.g., the standard that interest rates are determined by flows of saving and investment). For 75 years, a better theory has been available—Keynes's General Theory—a cornerstone of which is that interest rates are determined in markets for stocks of financial assets.
A new mesangial triumvirate: sulfonylureas, their receptors and endosulfines.

Although sulfonylureas have long been therapeutically utilized for their hypoglycemic properties in type 2 diabetic patients, there is a paucity of clinical or experimental data that suggests that this pharmacotherapeutic class confers a benefit on the course of diabetic renal disease. Because the mesangial compartment is central to the fibrogenic response that evolves during the course of diabetic nephropathy, determining the metabolic influence of sulfonylureas on mesangial cells is important. In this article, the current knowledge regarding the metabolic and functional consequences of a mesangial triumvirate of sulfonylureas, their sulfonylurea receptors and sulfonylurea-like ligands termed endosulfines will be reviewed.
Is Parsimony Always Desirable? Identifying the Correct Model for a Longitudinal Panel Data Set

Abstract Marsh and Hau (1996) based the assertion that parsimony is not always desirable when assessing model fit on a particular counterexample drawn from Marsh's previous research. This counterexample is neither general nor valid enough to support such a thesis. More specifically, the counterexample signals an oversight of extant, stochastic models justifying correlated uniquenesses, namely, moving-average and autoregressive moving-average models. Such models provide theoretically plausible motives for a priori specification of error correlations. In fact, when uniquenesses are correlated, stochastic models other than the conventional simplex and quasi-simplex models must be tested before positive identification of the process is possible (Sivo, 1997). In short, exchanging the mechanistic penalties for model complexity for the mechanistic specification of untenable measurement-error covariances offers no solution. Parsimony has not been dismissed based on the argument Marsh and Hau presented concerning ...
Manufacturing and supply of a mercury cooled rotary uranium target for the GELINA accelerator facility of IRMM

AREVA CERCA* is a manufacturer of Uranium fuel elements for Research Reactors, Mechanical Components for nuclear industry and Radioactive Reference Sources for nuclear industry and medicine.
Recollections of Nonparental Significant Adults During Childhood and Adolescence

The primary purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the characteristics of nonparental significant adults that university students recalled from when they were in grades K-12. University students are compared across groups and within groups according to age, gender, and ethnicity. Minority university students identify ethnically alike adults whereas Caucasians are selected second most often. Teachers and coaches as a group represent more than half of the nonrelated significant adults recalled. Nonparental significant adults recalled from the past appear to have important influence throughout the lifespan. The retrospective methodologies employed in this study generated data consistent with data collected from adolescents surveyed on similar topics during their youth.
4.4. Dynamic programming models

Abstract The use of dynamic programming in system expansion planning models is discussed. Dynamic programming is a very powerful technique for solving optimization problems. A brief overview of the dynamic programming methodology is presented along with an example of how dynamic programming was applied in a model developed for electric system expansion planning.
A generalized test for perfect aggregation

Abstract A generalized test of perfect aggregation is developed which accomodates two important cases: (i) the case in which the full rank conditions of the hypothesis test are not satisfied and (ii) the case in which linear models estimated with time series data display serially correlated error terms.
Integrating Evidence-Based Imaging Into the Radiology Core Clerkship: A Proposed Teaching Tool of Imaging Strategies

Purpose Despite an increasing emphasis on incorporating evidence-based practice into medical student education curricula, no previous work has specifically addressed the incorporation of evidence-based imaging strategies into a radiology clerkship. The authors therefore introduced an evidence-based imaging curriculum during the required radiology core clerkship at their institution and then formally evaluated the sessions. Methods From March 2007 to March 2008, 150 students in the radiology core clerkship underwent a didactic session on the principles of evidence-based imaging and then participated in a small-group case-based session. At the end of the clinical rotation, students evaluated the exercise for its effectiveness in teaching imaging strategies and its impact on their future careers. Results Of the 134 students (89%) who responded, 119 (89%) felt challenged to think differently about radiology as a result of these sessions, 129 (96%) believed that they had a better understanding of the indications for certain imaging tests than before the experience, and 119 (89%) were certain that they would use this information later in their careers. The majority, 86 of 134 (64%), preferred the interactive small-group session over a didactic session. Students praised the opportunity to work in teams, work on common clinical scenarios, and gain some awareness of the costs of different imaging tests. A minority of students cited concern for the high volume of information presented per session and a preference to cover more scenarios per session. Conclusion An evidence-based imaging curriculum was comfortably integrated into a required radiology clerkship and was well received by students.
Everyday Mind Reading Is Driven by Motives and Goals

The target article by Zaki and Ochsner (this issue) is an ambitious attempt to provide an overarching conceptual framework for the study of “everyday mind reading.” This conceptual framework is int...
Scleroderma after silicone augmentation mammoplasty.

Scleroderma was diagnosed in five patients two to 21 years after silicone augmentation mammoplasty. Four patients had features of typical scleroderma and one patient had the clinical features of eosinophilic fasciitis. These five patients represent 4.4% of 113 new female patients with scleroderma who were seen during a period of seven years. In contrast, only one (0.3%) of 286 new patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were seen during the same interval had had a breast implant. This difference was statistically significant and suggests a relationship between silicone augmentation mammoplasty and scleroderma. Due to the long period of latency observed, the full impact of this association may not yet be apparent. ( JAMA 1988;260:236-238)
Metasurface-enabled electromagnetic cloaking and illusion coatings beyond the quasi-static limit

In this paper, we present a methodology for achieving near-perfect electromagnetic cloaking and illusion beyond the quasi-static limit by using single layer ultrathin metasurfaces. In contrast to previous work on metasurface cloaks where only isotropic impedance surfaces have been considered, here we exploit both the non-vanishing tangential and radial responses of the metasurface coating. As a result, its anisotropy can be engineered to tailor the scattering properties of a coated object of a moderate size beyond the quasi-static limit. It will be shown that near-perfect scattering reduction can be achieved with a properly designed single metasurface layer. We further propose, for the first time, a near-perfect metasurface-enabled electromagnetic illusion coating.
Distinguishing the noise and attractor strength of coordinated limb movements using recurrence analysis

The variability of coupled rhythmic limb movements is assumed to be a consequence of the strength of a movement’s attractor dynamic and a constant stochastic noise process that continuously perturbs the movement system away from this dynamic. Recently, it has been suggested that the nonlinear technique of recurrence analysis can be used to index the effects of noise and attractor strength on movement variability. To test this, three experiments were conducted in which the attractor strength of bimanual wrist-pendulum movements (using coordination mode, movement frequency and detuning), as well as the magnitude of stochastic perturbations affecting the variability of these movements (using a temporally fluctuating visual metronome) was manipulated. The results of these experiments demonstrate that recurrence analysis can index parametric changes in the attractor strength of coupled rhythmic limb movements and the magnitude of metronome induced stochastic perturbations independently. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 also support the claim that differences between the variability of inphase and antiphase coordination, and between slow and fast movement frequencies are due to differences in attractor strength. In contrast to the standard assumption that the noise that characterizes interlimb coordination remains constant for different magnitudes of detuning (Δ ω) the results of Experiment 3 suggest that the magnitude of noise increases with increases in |Δ ω|.
Simultaneous identification and correction of systematic error in bioenergetics models: demonstration with a white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) model

Recent evidence indicates that important systematic error exists in many fish bioenergetics models (BEMs). An approach for identifying and correcting this error is demonstrated with a white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) BEM. Model-predicted trajectories of growth and cumulative consumption for 39 individual white crappie obtained from six 60-day laboratory experiments diverged from observed values by up to 42.5% and 227%, respectively, indicating systematic error in the BEM. To evaluate correlates of the systematic error, model prediction errors were regressed against three major input/output variables of BEMs that were covered by the laboratory experiments: fish body weight (80341 g), temperature (2330 °C), and consumption level (0.5%6.2% daily). Consumption level explained >80% of the prediction error for growth and consumption. Two multiple regression equations containing body weight, temperature, and consumption variables were developed to estimate growth prediction error (R2 = 0.96) and consumption ...
Using perylene-doped polymer nanotubes as fluorescence sensors.

Al2O3 filters (200 nm) are used as templates to form polymer nanotubes containing an energy donor (perylene). The perylene is isolated from chemical interactions but can undergo electronic energy transfer to acceptor molecules in aqueous solutions passing through the membrane. This energy transfer is analyzed quantitatively in terms of both radiative and nonradiative (Forster transfer) mechanisms and provides a way for the chemically inert filter to sense the presence of analyte molecules in the filtrate.
Leed, auger, and electron energy loss studies of Ni epitaxially grown on Cu(100)

Abstract Nickel was epitaxially deposited onto a clean, flat Cu(100) surface. Low energy electron diffraction I ( E ) curves were recorded for 0.6, 1.1, and 2.7 monolayer (ML) Ni coverage. Multilayer relaxation was considered in theoretical calculations, which were compared with experiment by means of the R | ΔE | factor. The estimated relaxations of the first and second interlayer spacings are estimated to be − 2% and + 1.5% for clean Cu(100), − 2% and − 1.5% for 1 ML Ni coverage, relative to the bulk Cu interlayer spacing of 1.81 A, and −1% and 0% for 3 ML Ni coverage, relative to the bulk Ni spacing of 1.76 A. Decreasing the surface Debye temperature of the Ni layer to 268 K from the bulk value of 440 K improves the agreement between theory and experiment. The optimum inner potential values are − 9 and − 10 eV for clean Cu(100) and Ni on Cu(100), respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to determine the thickness of the Ni films, and LEED indicates layer-by-layer growth until about 4 layers, when the LEED spots begin to spread, indicating island formation. Electron energy loss spectra were obtained with primary electron energies of 150 and 300 eV. The 3p core ionization transition was clearly observed after 0.5 ML Ni coverage. Peaks at 3.8 and 7.5 eV for clean Cu are ascribed to interband transitions, and shift to higher energy with Ni coverage. Peaks at 10 and 16 eV for clean Cu (ascribed to an interband transition and a surface plasmon, respectively) disappear with Ni coverage. Bulk plasmon peaks at 19 and 27 eV remain unshifted with Ni coverage. The effect of 0.9 and 1.3 ML Ni coverage of Cu(100) on the chemisorption of Co and oxygen was also studied. The behavior of the surface towards oxygen chemisorption was similar to that of the pure Ni surface. For a large exposure of oxygen (50 L and more) the EEL and Auger spectra are very similar to those observed for NiO. In the case of CO, for submonolayer Ni coverage, the surface shows a more Cu-like behavior, while for larger Ni coverage (a monolayer and more) there is a great similarity with the behavior of the pure Ni(100) surface.
Science as a Way of Knowing—Molecular Evolution

The teaching of evolution in introductory biology courses is critically discussed and those aspects of molecular evolution believed to be important for inclusion in these courses are briefly reviewed. Consideration is given to the use of biochemical and molecular biological procedures for studies of phylogenetic relationships and genetic variability, “classical molecular evolution and molecular population genetics,” as well as the evolutionary basis of molecular biological phenomena, “neoclassical molecular evolution.” The major results of classical molecular evolution and molecular population genetics studies are summarized and their implications discussed. Particular consideration is given to the neutralist—selectionist controversy and the processes accounting for differences in rates of organismal and molecular evolution. The scope of neoclassical molecular evolution is outlined and two subjects within this realm considered in some detail: i) experimental studies of the evolution of new genes and functions, and ii) the existence, maintenance and evolutionary roles of parasitic (“selfish”) DNA and infectious inheritance.
Associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormone concentrations with hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women

Context: Endogenous estradiol, testosterone, and SHBG may influence the risk of hip fracture. Design and Methods: From the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, 39,793 eligible postmenopausal women did not have a previous hip fracture and were not using estrogen or other bone-active therapies. Of these, 400 who had a first-time nonpathological hip fracture (median follow-up, 7 yr) were matched to 400 controls by age, ethnicity, and baseline blood draw date. Estradiol, testosterone, and SHBG were measured in banked baseline serum. Results: Compared with women in the lowest tertiles, those with bioavailable testosterone in the highest tertile had a lower risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.44–0.88]; those with bioavailable estradiol in the highest tertile had a lower risk (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.29–0.66), and those with SHBG in the highest tertile had a higher risk (OR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.31–2.74) of hip fracture. In models with all three hormones and potential confounders, high SHBG remained a strong independent risk factor (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.12–2.78), high bioavailable testosterone remained protective (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.40–1.00), but estradiol no longer was associated (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.42–1.23). Conclusions: High serum SHBG is associated with an increased risk of subsequent hip fracture and high endogenous testosterone with a decreased risk, independent of each other, serum estradiol concentration, and other putative risk factors. But endogenous estradiol has no independent association with hip fracture.
Clinical Evidence of Spinal and Cerebral Histoplasmosis Twenty Years After Renal Transplantation

Disseminated infection with Histoplasma capsulatum frequently involves the nervous system, but the CNS process is generally not clinically apparent. We report an unusual case of a renal transplant recipient with long-standing immunosuppression who presented with clinical evidence of mass lesions in both his cerebral cortex and his spinal cord. Findings of CSF examination were normal, but stereotaxic biopsies of his cortical lesions demonstrated yeast forms and cultures of biopsy specimens yielded H. capsulatum. Clinical defects referable to both the cortical and spinal lesions decreased in severity after the patient received antifungal therapy. Our case illustrates that disseminated histoplasmosis can present in myriad ways and that widespread disease in the CNS can be occult in immunocompromised patients.
Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar.

Abstract Forty-five plastic casts of the root canals of extracted human mandibular first molars were fabricated and studied. In approximately one third of the teeth, there were four root canals. When a root contained two root canals, they either remained two distinct canals with separate apical foramina, united to form a common apical foramen, or communicated with each other partially or completely by transverse anastomoses. The frequency of these ramifications has been determined.
Evaluations of poetry readings of English and drama professors

Poetry readings by a group of English professors and a group of drama professors were evaluated by 64 adult subjects. Readings of both e. e. cummings’ “Dying is Fine” and W. C. Williams’ “Botticellian Trees” by the drama professors were judged to be significantly more expressive than readings by English professors. The findings confirm the conclusions of a previous study based on the incidence of more frequent, longer, silent pauses (>1.2 sec) and fewer shorter ones in readings by drama professors compared with those by English professors.
Inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit : literature review

Aim. This paper reports a literature review to examine the effectiveness of inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Background. After cardiac arrest, severe neurological impairment is a major problem. Outcome after anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest varies from normal function to brain death. However, a large proportion of these patients are left with severe disability and completely dependent on others for basic needs. Since the 1950s, several studies have shown how hypothermia can be neuroprotective. Recently, these studies have been taken to human trials in populations experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the Ovid and MDConsult databases for the years 1966–2004 and the keywords included hypothermia, therapeutic hypothermia, and cardiac arrest. Only English language papers were retrieved. Six human trials were found. Results. All six studies showed improved neurological outcomes and four of these showed a decrease in mortality. Minimal complications exist from inducing mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest, and include decreased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, transient electrolyte abnormalities (increased serum potassium and glucose), possible increase in pneumonia or other infectious processes, possible rebound hyperthermia, possible hypotension, and possible arrhythmias. Conclusions. Based on the review of these studies and the recommendations from the Advanced Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, advanced practice nurses should promote this practice, but look for further research on specific treatment recommendations.
Renormalization of quantum chromodynamics

Renormalization of quantum chromodynamics is carried out by means of a momentum-space subtraction scheme, which is computationally simple, provides a well-defined procedure for the determination of renormalization constants, and is equally applicable to light and heavy quarks. We also obtain the renormalization-group parameters, verify the decoupling theorem for heavy quarks, and compute the effective coupling constant and effective quark masses.
Molecular thermodynamics for fluids at low and high densities. Part II: Phase equilibria for mixtures containing components with large differences in molecular size or potential energy

The molecular-thermodynamic correlation presented in Part I for pure fluids is extended to mixtures; this extension is particularly useful for mixtures of components with large differences in molecular size or potential energy. The novel feature of this correlation is a separation of the high-density and low-density contributions to the residual Helmholtz energy; this separation allows use of separate mixing rules for each density regime, guided by theoretically defined boundary conditions. Such flexibility is necessary to represent phase equilibria in highly asymmetric fluid mixtures such as water-hydrocarbon systems. Phase equilibria are correlated for a variety of binary and multicomponent mixtures, including a petroleum reservoir fluid containing carbon dioxide and including a mixture of hydrogen and coal-derived liquids.
Asteroid Lightcurve Observations from 1981 to 1983

Abstract We present observations of 40 asteroids taken mostly from Table Mountain Observatory, mostly from 1982, but with a few observations from late 1981 and early 1983. Several new or substantially revised periods are reported. Perhaps most interesting are observations of two asteroids, 288 Glauke and 3288 Seleucus, which are in “tumbling,” or nonprincipal axis rotation, states. Glauke has the longest rotation period known, ∼1200 h. Absolute photometry was performed on most objects, allowing us to derive phase relations and absolute magnitudes. For objects where these results are superior to previous values, we have revised the IRAS albedos using our absolute magnitude ( H ) values.
Multivariate Order Statistics

Classical order statistics are generalized to random samples from continuous multivariate distributions.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Mindfulness Group Therapy Intervention for the Treatment of Binge Eating in Bariatric Surgery Patients

Abstract Binge eating is a negative indicator of post-surgical weight loss and health outcome in bariatric surgery patients (Hsu, Bentancourt, Sullivan, 1996). Cognitive-behavioral techniques and mindfulness-based practices have been shown to successfully treat binge eating (Agras, Telch, Arnow, Eldredge, & Marnell, 1997; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999). This report describes the development and implementation of a 10-week cognitive-behavioral mindfulness-based group intervention designed to reduce binge eating and address the specific needs of bariatric surgery patients. Posttreatment data showed improvement in binge eating symptoms, depressive symptomatology, and emotion regulation skills and increased motivation to change maladaptive eating behavior.
Thermodynamic Approaches to Microemulsions

Abstract The thermodynamics of microemulsions is treated by decomposing the Helmholtz free energy into a sum of a free energy F 0 of a dispersion in a continuous medium containing fixed, noninteracting globules and a free energy Δ F due to the entropy of dispersion of globules in the continuous medium and to the interactions among them. The pressure p 1 in the continuous medium of the system involving fixed, noninteracting globules is determined in two different ways. In one of them, it is calculated by minimizing the total free energy with respect to the volume fraction φ of the dispersed medium, while in the other it is considered equal to the external pressure. The equivalence between the conventional thermodynamics of a multicomponent mixture and a thermodynamics based on modeling a microemulsion as a dispersion is used to derive the basic equations. Equations are obtained for single microemulsions as well as microemulsions coexisting with an excess dispersed phase and with both excess phases. One demonstrates that the conventional Laplace equation is not valid for a microemulsion, and new equations are derived. One concludes that the approach involving the determination of p 1 via the optimization of the total free energy is the proper one. Considering that Δ F is dominated by the entropy of dispersion of globules in the continuous medium, equations are established relating the interfacial free energy at the surface of the globules to the radius of the globules and φ, for the case in which a microemulsion coexists with an excess dispersed phase. These equations reveal that for φ ≈ 0.5 the above state cannot be stable and that a transition to another state involving a microemulsion coexisting with both excess phases is likely to occur.
Applications of Variance Reduction Techniques in Construction Simulation

A technique that can be used to reduce the variance of a stochastic simulation output is reviewed. This technique allows the user to reduce the number of simulation runs without sacrificing the level of confidence of the output. This technique entails inducing an artificial correlation between the various runs. The specific technique presented uses common random numbers (CRN). The use of CRN can be applied to the comparison of alternative systems. Using CRN when comparing alternatives insures that the comparison is properly conducted. A sample simulation is presented in order to illustrate these two applications of CRN.
Euclidean and hermitian self-dual MDS codes over large finite fields

The first author constructed new extremal binary self-dual codes (IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 47 (2001) 386-393) and new self-dual codes over GF(4) with the highest known minimum weights (IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 47 (2001) 1575-1580). The method used was to build self-dual codes from a given self-dual code of a smaller length. In this paper, we develop a complete generalization of this method for the Euclidean and Hermitian self-dual codes over finite fields GF(q). Using this method we construct many Euclidean and Hermitian self-dual MDS (or near MDS) codes of length up to 12 over various finite fields GF(q), where q = 8, 9, 16, 25, 32, 41, 49, 53, 64, 81, and 128. Our results on the minimum weights of (near) MDS self-dual codes over large fields give a better bound than the Pless-Pierce bound obtained from a modified Gilbert-Varshamov bound.
THE ROMANTIC FACE OF WALES

The shared perceptions of Wales between the 1770s and the 1830s give a particularly clear illustration of the powerful persuasion of current ideas. Contemporary descriptions of the country by various writers and artists show a striking unanimity in seeing a Wales which fulfilled all the Romantic criteria for beauty, and which was agreed to be the epitome of sublimity and solitude. Evidence of the actual face of Wales at this time can be found in the Agricultural Surveys made between 1790 and 1815, in accounts of early industrial activities, and in contemporary landscape pictures. The comparison between what people wish to see in the landscape, and what in fact appears to be present there, helps us to measure the omissions and exaggerations in the Romantic image of the country, and to understand the phenomenon that what people see at any one time appears to depend only in part on what is there.
Reactivation of the Mutator transposable element system following gamma irradiation of seed

The bz2-mu1 allele contains a 1.4 kb Mu element insertion in the open reading frame of the bronze-2 locus. This insertion suppresses gene activity. In an active Mutator line, however, the bz2-mu1 allele shows high somatic instability resulting in numerous purple spots of full gene activity against a beige background in the aleurone tissue of the kernel; restoration of gene activity results from excision of the Mu element. In contrast, in plants with an inactive Mutator system, uniformly bronze kernels are found, and the Mu element at bz2-mu1 is stabilized. Accompanying a loss of somatic instability, this Mu element, as well as the Mu elements elsewhere in the genome, have an increased level of DNA modification. Spontaneous reactivation of somatic instability in inactive Mutator lines rarely occurs; however, reactivation can be induced with gamma irradiation. Reactivated plants regain both the spotted kernel phenotype indicative of element excision from the bz2-mu1 reporter allele and diagnostic restriction sites within the Mu elements indicative of a hypomethylated state. The reactivated plants transmit these characters to their progeny. These data support the hypothesis that “genomic shock” can elicit cryptic transposable element activities in maize. Possible mechanisms for inactivation and reactivation of the Mutator transposable element system are also discussed.
Varieties of Emotional Experience: Differences in Object or Computation?

Discovering the taxonomies that best describe emotional experience has been surprisingly challenging. Clore and Huntsinger propose that by exploring the objects of emotion, such as standards or actions, we may better understand differences in emotion that emerge for similarly valenced reactions. We are sympathetic to this idea, although we suggest here that greater attention should be given to the computations that accompany affective processing, such as the discrepancy between different hedonic states, rather than the object per se.
Effect of hyperoxia on phosphatidylcholine synthesis, secretion, uptake and stability in the newborn rabbit lung

Abstract The effects of breathing > 95% oxygen from birth for 48 h of life on surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion, as well as uptake and stability of exogenous phosphatidylcholine were studied using rabbit lung tissue slices. Lung slices from animals breathing > 95% oxygen for 48 h exhibited a decreased rate of [ 14 C]phosphatidylcholine release (30%) in comparison to lung slices from air-exposed controls. In vitro incorporation of [ 14 C]choline into phosphatidylcholine was decreased by a similar amount in lung slices from pups exposed to > 95% oxygen. Uptake of exogenous [ 14 C] phosphatidylcholine by lung slices from hyperoxic-exposed and control groups was mot different, and the stability of extracellular phosphatidylcholine was likewise unaffected by hyperoxia. Turnover of labelled phosphatidylcholine taken up by tissue slices from medium was apparently decreased in association with hyperoxic exposure. These results are consistent with multiple sites of effect of hyperoxia on the pulmonary surfactant system in the newborn. These effects of hyperoxia on the lung surfactant system occur at a time of critical adaption to extrauterine life, and thus may have major consequences on lung function and ultimate survival of the premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome.
Adaptive battery charge scheduling with bursty workloads

Battery-powered wireless sensor devices need to be charged to provide the desired functionality after deployment. Task or even device failures can occur if the voltage of the battery is low. It is very important to schedule the recharge of batteries in time. Existing battery scheduling algorithms usually charge a battery when its voltage drops below a fixed level. Such algorithms work well when the workloads are predictable. However, workloads of wireless sensors can be highly bursty, i.e., extensive sensing and communication tasks usually occur in a very short time period. If such a bursty workload occurs when the battery voltage is low, the battery energy can be depleted very quickly, resulting in system task failures before the device can be recharged. To deal with unpredictable bursty workloads, we investigate battery characteristics with different workloads via experiments. Based on the empirical results, we build an adaptive linear model and propose a feedback control based battery charge scheduling algorithm. This algorithm dynamically adjusts the battery charge threshold for recharge scheduling, adapting to bursty workloads. We have tested our algorithms in extensive simulations with traces obtained from real experiments. Evaluation results show that our algorithms can adapt to bursty workloads. Compared to existing algorithms, our algorithm achieves a 68.26% lower task failure ratio with a 3.45% sacrifice on system lifetime under bursty workloads.
Binding geometry, stoichiometry, and thermodynamics of cyclomalto-oligosaccharide (cyclodextrin) inclusion complex formation with chlorogenic acid, the major substrate of apple polyphenol oxidase

Abstract The inclusion complexes of cyclomaltohexaose (α-CD), cyclomaltoheptose (β-CD), cyclomaltooctaose (γ-CD), and polymerized β-CD (β-CD n ) with chlorogenic acid (CA), the major substrate of apple fruit polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were studied with regard to pH, ionic strength, and temperature in model buffer systems and apple juice. The thermodynamics of CD·CA inclusion complex formation, which were studied in solution using UV spectrophotometry, displayed enthalpy-entropy compensation typical of processes driven by solvation phenomena. We also found that the apparent association constants ( K ) of the CD·CA equilibrium were relatively insensitive to pH for β-CD, compared to α-and γ-CDs, but were subject to substantial enhancement at low ionic strengths. The β-CD·CA inclusion complex was also characterized for binding geometry and stoichiometry at 9.4 T and 25°C in 0.05 M Na phosphate buffer by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. A 1:1 stoichiometric ratio for the complex was found using the method of continuous variations. 1 H Spin-lattice relaxation and chemical shift data indicate that the phenolic ring of CA docks within the cavity of β-CD. The K s for β-, α-, and γ-CD determined in apple juide, which contains a mixture of PPO substrates, were found to correlate with PPO activity-related data. Apple juice, treated with β-CD n , did not brown until CA was added back. These latter findings strongly argue that the mechanism for inhibition of juice browning with cyclodextrins was mainly due to the binding of PPO substrates and not some other means such as enzyme inactivation via sequestration of Cu 2+ by CDs.
Neuronal functional diversity and collective behaviors.

A major question in today’s neuroscience is how the brain’s complex operations and organization emerge from individual components. The robustness of neuronal properties with flexible linkages between regulatory processes conceivably accounts for the adaptive, tunable, multistable dynamics; the coding schemes; and the complexity of neuronal functional (sub)systems. Interneurons and neurotransmitter diversity, resonance phenomena due to properties of the cell, time/frequency-dependent activation of dedicated neuronal assemblies, and code- and frequency-specific oscillations interact in determining the brain functional setup and operations. Such an arrangement would also provide the functional requirements for access to neural mechanisms, dedicated neuronal circuitry and the proper timing allowing for the selective differentiation among cortical neurons due to performing in different tasks. No comprehensive theory or systematic methodological approach appears yet conceivable. The scenario, however incomplete and incompletely characterized, is nevertheless promising and warrants further investigation.
Cloning and mutagenesis of nodulation genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum TOM, a strain with extended host range

Some primitive pea lines, e.g. cultivar Afghanistan, are resistant to nodulation by most strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. However the Turkish strain TOM can nodulate cv. Afghanistan in addition to commercial pea varieties, and this extended host range is a property of its symbiotic plasmid, pRL5JI. A gene bank was constructed using DNA from a strain of R. leguminosarum containing pRL5JI. Following transfer to a strain of R. leguminosarum that had been cured of its symbiotic plasmid, two derivatives were isolated that contained cloned nodulation determinants, and were able to nodulate both cv. Afghanistan and a commercial pea variety. In addition, these clones conferred the ability to nodulate peas to a strain of R. phaseoli that had been previously cured of its symbiotic plasmid. One of these clones was subjected to mutagenesis with transposon Tn5, and 11 mutants were identified that were affected in nodulation ability. The sites of Tn5 insertions were mapped using restriction endonucleases and all were found to be within a region of 5 kb. The mutants fell into three classes on the basis of their map positions and their phenotypes on the two different pea lines tested. One class of mutants was affected in gene functions that were common to the nodulation of both pea hosts; a second class was impaired specifically in the nodulation of the commercial pea variety; a third class of mutant failed to confer on a ‘normal’ strain of R. leguminosarum the supplementary ability to nodulate cv. Afghanistan.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Induce Problem Solving in Schools

A growing body of research suggests that students are able to learn skills of conflict resolution, but rarely apply them in real-world disputes. In this essay, the authors focus on ways to increase the likelihood that students in disputes will use problem-solving techniques rather than resorting to violence. The authors utilize Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (1991) as a guide for identifying antecedents to problem-solving behavior. They alsosuggest means by which these antecedents can be modified to induce constructive problem-solving behavior in school settings.
Cancer Screening of Older Women A Primary Care Issue

purpose: The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to examine whether family practice physicians and residents were screening older women for breast, gynecologic, and colorectal cancers as recommended by the American Cancer Society, the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, and Healthy People 2000. methods: A retrospective chart review of women 60 years and older who were seen at least twice between July 1, 1992, and June 30, 1993, in a midwestern family practice residency program was completed. From the original sample of 660 potential subjects, a systematic random selection of every third chart was identified for review, resulting in a sample of 201. Analysis of the data was performed by descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. A series of multiple regression models using age, number of visits, type and gender of provider, and personal or family history of cancer as predictor variables was performed. results: Breast cancer screening was offered to approximately 70% of the sample, with only about one third of the older women receiving mammography or clinical breast examination. Recommendations for gynecologic cancer screening were given to 63% of the sample, with less than one third receiving Papanicolaou smears. Recommendations for digital rectal examination, fecal occult blood test, and flexible sigmoidoscopy were 58%, 59%, and 30%, respectively. The percentages of patients who actually received these tests were considerably lower. clinical implications: Barriers for appropriate cancer screening for older women exist for both the provider and the patient; however, many of these obstacles can be overcome. Improving the resident's exposure to the current recommendations, increasing geriatric content in the training program, and initiating a reminder system may reduce some of the provider barriers. The use of midlevel providers may increase the preventive services offered to older women as well as educate and empower these women to become responsible for their own healthcare. Together, physicians and midlevel providers can become patient advocates through political activism, encouraging legislation that guarantees payment for cancer screening tests. Finally, primary care providers can become actively engaged in research that explores the healthcare concerns of older women.
From the Editors: Accountability and Early Childhood Teacher Education

We had the opportunity to hear U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan's address at the 2009 National Association for the Education of Young Children's conference in Washington, DC. To those follow...
Ultrafast patterning of nanostructures in polymers using laser assisted nanoimprint lithography

We propose and demonstrate a nanopatterning technique, laser-assisted nanoimprint lithography (LAN), in which the polymer is melted by a single excimer laser pulse and then imprinted by a mold made of fused quartz. LAN has been used to pattern nanostructures in various polymer films on a Si or quartz substrate with high fidelity over the entire mold area. Here we show 200 nm pitch gratings with 100 nm linewidth and 90 nm height. The entire imprint from melting the polymer to completion of the imprint is less than 500 ns. The mold has been used multiple times without cleaning between each imprint. LAN not only greatly shortens the imprint processing time, but also significantly reduces the heating and expansion of the substrate and mold, leading to better overlay alignment between the two.
Evolution of Inbreeding and Outcrossing in Ferns and Fern‐Allies

Mating systems of 18 species of homosporous ferns follow a bimodal distribution, similar to that observed for seed plants (Schemske and Lande, 1985). Most species are highly outcrossing, a few are inbreeding, and two species examined to date have mixed mating systems. Equisetum arvense and several species of lycopods are also highly outcrossing. Several mechanisms, including inbreeding depression, antheridiogen, and ontogenetic sequences that result in effectively unisexual gametophytes, promote outcrossing in homosporous ferns and perhaps other homosporous pteridophytes as well. In some species of homosporous ferns, selection has favored the evolution of inbreeding as an adaptation for colonization. High levels of intra- and interpopulational gene flow via spore dispersal, coupled with high levels of intergametophytic crossing, generally lead to genetically homogeneous populations and species of homosporous ferns. However, rock-dwelling ferns and ferns from xeric habitats may exhibit significant population genetic structure due to physically patchy habitats. Reticulate evolution in homosporous ferns may be enhanced by high levels of intergametophytic crossing.
In-Situ Production of Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-y Thin Films by High Pressure Reactive Evaporation with Rapid Thermal Annealing

A high pressure reactive evaporation process has been established that can produce highly oriented YBa2Cu3O7-y high Tc films without the necessity of an extended post-deposition oven anneal cycle. The process is based on the electron beam co-evaporation of the metals Y, Ba and Cu onto heated (600–750 C) substrates in an oxygen partial pressure of 10-3 Torr. In general the films are superconducting when examined directly after termination of the growth process. However a brief rapid thermal anneal step in oxygen, which can be done either in-situ in the growth chamber or elsewhere, is often effective in further improving the superconducting transition. Highly oriented film growth has been obtained on both strontium titanate and yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia substrates. The best films that have been produced thus far with this technique on the cubic zirconia substrates have Tc (zero resistance) = 83 K, transition width ΔTc = 2 K, and room temperature resistivity (ρRT) = 0.5 mQ-cm. Similar results, with somewhat higher values of Tc, have been obtained on SrTiO3. On both substrates the critical current density at 4.2 K is in excess of 106 A/cm2.