cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are All Colonies Created Equal? The Role of Honey Bee Colony Strength in Almond Pollination Contracts

Abstract This paper examines how honey bee population dynamics, the scale and timing of almond bloom, and unmarketability of almond honey interact to create misaligned incentives for growers and beekeepers in the California almond pollination services market. We combine economic contract theory with data from the first pollination contract survey to examine the design of pollination contracts. 89.2% of respondents used contracts with minimum colony population requirements, suggesting that all colonies are not considered to be equal providers of pollination services. Contracts that involved enforcement every year provided the highest pollination fees on average, while those with no enforcement provided the lowest fees. We contribute to the literature regarding pollination services by demonstrating that the number of hives and price per hive present an incomplete picture of almond pollination transactions without information regarding colony strength requirements and enforcement. We also provide a theoretical rationale for why almond pollination agreements have anecdotally become more formal over time: as the marginal value of colony strength increases, the grower offers the beekeeper stronger incentives to provide high colony strength. California almond production is an extreme case of a crop relying almost solely on managed pollinators, but ultimately could reflect the future for many pollinator-dependent crops if pollinator populations continue to decrease while monoculture crop production increases.
Biogeochemical and omic evidence for multiple paradoxical methane production mechanisms in freshwater lakes

Abstract Aquatic ecosystems are globally significant sources of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, CH4 is produced ‘paradoxically’ in oxygenated water via at least three mechanisms, fundamentally limiting our understanding of overall CH4 production. Here we resolve these CH4 production mechanisms through CH4 measurements, δ13CH4 analyses, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics/transcriptomics applied to freshwater incubation experiments with multiple time points and treatments (addition of a methanogenesis inhibitor, dark, high-light). We captured significant paradoxical CH4 production, but show that methanogenesis was an unlikely CH4 source. In contrast, abundant freshwater bacteria metabolized methylphosphonate—similar to observations in marine ecosystems. Metatranscriptomics and stable isotopic analyses applied to experimental treatments also identified a potential CH4 production mechanism linked to (bacterio)chlorophyll metabolism by Cyanobacteria and especially Proteobacteria. Variability in these mechanisms across experiments indicates that multiple, widely-distributed bacterial groups and pathways can produce substantial quantities of CH4 in aquatic ecosystems.
Well-posedness and Ill-posedness for Linear Fifth-Order Dispersive Equations in the Presence of Backwards Diffusion

Fifth-order dispersive equations arise in the context of higher-order models for phenomena such as water waves. For fifth-order variable-coefficient linear dispersive equations, we provide conditions under which the intitial value problem is either well-posed or ill-posed. For well-posedness, a balance must be struck between the leading-order dispersion and possible backwards diffusion from the fourth-derivative term. This generalizes work by the first author and Wright for third-order equations. In addition to inherent interest in fifth-order dispersive equations, this work is also motivated by a question from numerical analysis: finite difference schemes for third-order numerical equations can yield approximate solutions which effectively satisfy fifth-order equations. We find that such a fifth-order equation is well-posed if and only if the underlying third-order equation is ill-posed.
An Evaluation of Faculty Development Programs for Clinician-Educators: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE Faculty development (FD) has become increasingly important for clinician-educators. An array of FD programs has been developed, but the impact of these programs on clinician-educators and their learners and workplace is less known. The authors conducted a scoping review to explore the status of program evaluation in FD for clinician-educators to inform future planning and research. METHOD Five databases were searched for articles published from January 1998 to August 2018 using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. Studies that described evaluation methods and outcomes of FD programs for clinician-educators were included. Data were collected and organized according to program domain (teaching, research/scholarship, leadership, or a combination of skills). A modified version of the Kirkpatrick model was used to compare results among studies. RESULTS From a total of 2,091 articles, 1,095 were eligible for full review, and 31 met the inclusion criteria. Seven programs targeted only teaching skills, 3 research/scholarship skills, 7 leadership skills, and 14 a combination of skills. Eighteen programs required the completion of a project; fewer offered fellowships, master's degrees, or certificates. Participant surveys were the most common evaluation method across all domains. Often used metrics included participant satisfaction and self-reported knowledge, skills, behavior changes, scholarly output, and leadership positions. Less common evaluation methods included learner and peer evaluations, interviews, and focus groups. Change at the institutional level was evaluated in 11 programs. CONCLUSIONS Program evaluation remains an underdeveloped area in FD for clinician-educators. Developers expend significant effort on program design and implementation but approach evaluation less purposefully. Rigorous metrics that align with program goals and are used longitudinally are needed to accurately assess the impact of FD programs on participants and their learners, workplace, and institutions at large.
Orthotrichum subgenus Rivularium revisited: Convergent morphology and repeated evolution of the rheophytic syndrome

Orthotrichum, sensu stricto, is a genus of about 90 species that are mostly adapted to xerophytic environments, occurring on a variety of substrate types, including tree trunks and rock surfaces. However, three species—O. euryphyllum, O. rivulare, and O. sprucei—inhabit seasonally submerged substrates along streams and other water bodies. The morphological similarity and peculiar ecological preferences of these three species have been recognized taxonomically by several infrageneric treatments, in particular as subgenus Rivularium, assuming that the acquisition of the rheophytic lifestyle as a single event. We examined with sequence data from nuclear and plastid markers with the hypothesis that these three species form a monophyletic group. Adaptation to the rheophytic habitat arose at least twice in Orthotrichum and very likely additional times in the subfamily. The subgenus Rivularium, as previously recognized, is not monophyletic and the three rheophytic species should be placed in the type subgenus.
Distributed Finite-Time Secondary Control for AC Microgrids With Mobile Power Resource and Communication Time-delays

This paper investigates the frequency regulation and active power sharing problem in AC microgrids with mobile power resource. Considering the impact of communication time-delays, a novel distributed finite-time secondary control method is proposed. The stability of the proposed control method is analyzed based on Lyapunov method. The upper bound of convergence time is derived and is only a function of the designed parameters, the topology of communication network, and communication time-delays. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed control method.
Failure analysis of SA210-C steel pipe in power plant

The reason and mechanism of the failure of SA210-C steel liquid wall were analyzed by means of macro morphology analysis, chemical composition analysis, microstructure analysis and XRD phase analysis. The test results show that the main reason for the failure of SA210-C steel water wall tube is the corrosion under the inner wall scale, and the long-term unqualified boiler water quality is the main factor causing the corrosion of water wall.
Neighborhood active aging infrastructure and cognitive function: A mixed-methods study of older Americans.

Abstract Physical exercise benefits cognitive functioning and can protect against neurodegeneration. Neighborhood environments may be pivotal to physically active aging, and thus help shape older adults' cognitive function. This mixed-methods study investigated where older adults exercised outside the home, and whether availability of these neighborhood sites was associated with cognitive function. We thematically analyzed qualitative data from semi-structured interviews in 2015 with 125 older adults (mean age = 71) in the Minneapolis (MN) metropolitan area. Results identified nearby public parks, fitness/sports amenities, and walkable destinations as motivators for recreational exercise and active transit among participants. These findings informed quantitative analysis of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a national sample of older Black and white Americans (n = 21,151; mean age at assessment = 67; data collected 2006–2017). We used generalized additive multilevel models to examine whether neighborhood features that qualitative participants identified as encouraging physical activity were associated with elevated levels of cognitive function. Results indicated that residing in neighborhoods with greater availability of local parks, access to recreational amenities, and business density was associated with higher levels of cognitive function. We found no evidence to suggest a significant association between availability of these neighborhood resources and rate of cognitive decline. This study identifies specific neighborhood active aging infrastructure that may support cognitive function among older adults aging in place.
Research on IPv6 transition evolvement and security architecture of smart distribution grid data communication system

Smart distribution grid needs data communication systems as a support to complete their important functions. The smart distribution grid of the data and information are increasingly adopting internet protocol and Ethernet technology. Smart distribution grid equipment will be more and more within the zone have IP addresses. The current IPv4 protocol occupies a dominant position; therefore, smart distribution grid data communication systems faced with the evolution to IPv6 and network security challenges. The importance of data communications network and its main bearer of business were described. The data communications network from IPv4 to IPv6 evolution of the five processes and four stages of the transition were analysed. The smart distribution grid data communications network security imperilment and their offensive and defensive types were discussed. And the data communications network security architecture was established. It covers three dimensions, the security level, the communications network security engineering and the communications network security management. The security architecture safeguards the smart distribution grid data communication systems to IPv6 smoothly evolution.
United States concessions in the Kennedy Round and short-run labour adjustment costs: Further evidence

Abstract The intent of this article is to add further empirical evidence to the frequently espoused hypothesis that the decision-making process used by U.S. tariff negotiators is heavily weighted by their assessment of the likely labor displacement effects that trade liberalization may have on domestic interests. Using data on 477 workers displaced from six different industries the results demonstrate that industries with high labor adjustment costs received greater exceptions from the across-the-board tariff cut in the Kennedy Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations than industries with lower adjustment costs.
Nonlinear nonsquare control of a continuous bioreactor using flat outputs

A nonlinear controller based on the property of differential flatness is proposed for the control of productivity of a continuous bioreactor. This controller uses a habituating control strategy to coordinate the use of both dilution rate and substrate feed concentration, so that the cost of control action is minimized. A nonlinear observer has also been designed to estimate the time varying model parameters.
Fetal respiration during the second stage of labor in rabbits and the origin of pulmonary hyaline membrane

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence of fetal respiration in rabbits during the period of expulsion, the second stage of labor, is the entrance of the fluid and cells of the birth canal into the air passages. 2. 2. After labor complicated by perinatal deaths, the lungs or more than 90 per cent of the 117 stillborn and newborn rabbits autopsied were contaminated with blood, epithelial cells, and amorphous debris; large areas of the alveoli and bronchioles of both lungs were involved in 40 per cent of the autopsies. 3. 3. After normal labor, uncomplicated by deaths, the lungs of 164 newborn rabbits obtained by sacrifice of 30 litters showed only minor quantities of erythrocytes and cellular debris scattered in the air passages; there was no case of massive contamination of the lungs such as characterized 40 per cent of the autopsies of stillborn fetuses and those that died neonatally. 4. 4. Increase in the duration of labor is linked with increase in foreign matter of the birth canal in the fetal air passages. 5. 5. The origin of pulmonary hyaline membrane is related to fetal respiration; the entrance of fluid and cellular debris of the birth canal into the fetal air passages during labor accounts for the origin of foreign matter in the lungs of the newborn; the displacement of the eosinophilic matter in a membrane-like layer along the walls of the alveoli and bronchioles results from the expansion of the air passages with the entrance of air. 6. 6. In littermates expelled through the same birth canal, the foreign cellular debris in the lungs is strikingly similar; however, in the stillborn, its displacement in the form of a film has not occurred. 7. 7. In the course of parturition of the type characterized by multiple births, the influence of dilatation of the air passages with the entrance of air upon the distribution of the alveolar contents stands out with exceptional detail. 8. 8. The regular occurrence of atelectasis in areas of the lungs marked by membranelike dispersion of the foreign matter is further evidence of obstruction. 9. 9. Asphyxia of the newborn involves more than oxygen want; in many instances there is also increase in duration of exposure to a fluid environment containing blcod and bacteria with consequences that extend far beyond the time of birth.
Dynamics of Twist and Writhe and the Modeling of Bacterial Fibers

We discuss a range of issues associated with the dynamics of twist and writhe including some new theoretical and numerical results and techniques. A precise understanding of twist and writhe is important in a variety of physical and biological processes and, in particular, we describe how these ideas can be used to model the dynamics of the self-assembling bacterial fiber, bacilus subtilis.
Near free-molecule heat transfer and density distribution between concentric spheres.

The parameter CD appears to be useful in correlating drag or impact pressure data for small protuberances immersed in a turbulent boundary layer. If h/b 60. The mean value of CD decreases from approximately 0.9 to 0.7 for 60 < hur/vw < 1300. For hUr/vw < 60, CD increases rapidly with decreasing huT/vw, and in this range the values of CD for the low-speed flow are substantially lower than for the supersonic external flows. The limited range of available data indicate a trend of increasing CD with increasing h/b.
Systems social seience: a design inquiry approach for stabilization and reconstruction of social systems

This paper explores novel approaches under the design inquiry paradigm that promise to help organizations better understand and solve socio-technical dilemmas. Design inquiry is contrasted with scientific inquiry (Sect. 1). Section 2 presents a meso-scale model of models methodology for design inquiry that synthesizes systems science, agent modeling and simulation, knowledge management architectures, and domain theories and knowledge. The goal is to focus computational science on exploring underlying mechanisms (white box modeling) and to support reflective theorizing and discourse to explain social dilemmas and potential resolutions. Section 3 then describes an evolving agent modeling and simulation testbed while Section 4 offers two gameworld applications that implement this approach and that serve as an example of the new types of instruments useful for systems social science. The conclusions wrapup by reviewing lessons learned about 10 criteria that have guided this research.
Potassium channels related to primary aldosteronism: Expression similarities and differences between human and rat adrenals

Three potassium channels have been associated with primary aldosteronism (PA) in rodents and humans: KCNK3 (TASK-1), KCNK9 (TASK-3), and KCNJ5 (Kir3.4). Mice with deficiency in Kcnk3 and Kcnk9 have elevated aldosterone production and blood pressure. In humans, adrenal tumors with somatic mutations in KCNJ5 cause PA. However, there are very few reports on the expression patterns of these genes in humans versus rodents. Herein, we compared human and rat mRNA expression (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein levels (by immunohistochemistry) across three tissues (adrenal, brain, heart) and two laser-captured adrenal zones (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata). Our findings show that expression patterns of KCNK3, KCNK9, and KCNJ5 are inconsistent between rats and humans across both tissues and adrenal zones. Thus, species variation in the expression of PA-related potassium channels indicates an evolutionary divergence in their role in regulating adrenal aldosterone production.
Experimental Determination of the Thickness Effect in Glass Fiber Building Insulation

Thermal insulations which permit significant heat transfer by radiation show an increase in thermal conductivity (or decrease in R-value per unit thickness) as thickness is increased. This thickness effect, for a common type of glass fiber building insulation, was determined in a large heat flow meter apparatus by comparing the R-value of a stack of pieces with the sum of the R-values of the separate pieces. Contrary to widespread belief, this effect, for a change from 38 to 152 mm (1.5 to 6.0 in.) was found to be only in the range of 1.5 to 3 percent. This percentage change will depend upon the thickness used as basis for comparison; for example, if at 152 mm (6.0 in.) the change from 38 mm (1.5 in.) were 2.5 percent, the change from 25 mm (1.0 in.) would be estimated to be about 4 percent. At greater thicknesses, even after an extensive test program using an apparatus that is exceptionally well guarded and exceeds ASTM requirements, uncertainties exist which point to the need for more strict ASTM requirements and for even larger equipment. However, the high cost, greatly increased test times, and currently unproven accuracy of thick measurements may limit the use of extremely large equipment. Various other data relating to these tests and to verification of the test equipment are also reported.
THE EFFECT OF UNPLANNED CHANGES IN MARITAL AND DISABILITY STATUS: INTERRUPTED TRAJECTORIES AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION

This study explored the effect of unplanned changes in disability and marital status on labor force participation for a sample of just under six thousand men and women born between 1931 and 1941. It was based on wave 1 (1992) through wave 4 (1998) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data. Binomial hierarchical linear models were used to evaluate the change in the probability of working. Unplanned changes in disability and marital status had effects on labor force participation over and above the effects of the statuses themselves. These findings highlight the need for employer and government policies that minimize the stress that exists with unplanned events. Such policies might encourage higher labor force participation among workers who experience unplanned events that prompt them to exit the labor force earlier than they otherwise would have, with potentially adverse consequences for their subsequent socioeconomic status.
TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNTHETIC FIBRE-REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

The brittle nature of concrete is a reflection of its low toughness and the presence of defects. One effective way to enhance the toughness of concrete is by fibre reinforcement. Synthetic fibres, mostly polypropylene, have been widely used as a concrete additive at 1% or less volume fraction for toughness enhancement and shrinkage control. Pull-out of fibres bridging a concrete matrix crack absorbs a significant amount of energy. This paper reviews some of the fracture mechanics approaches to the prediction of failure of fibre-reinforced concrete structures, methods used to rank the toughness of fibre-reinforced concrete, toughness optimization, and the properties of concrete reinforced with selected synthetic and recycled fibres.
High quality YIG film for MSW devices

(LaY)/sub 3/(FeGa)/sub 5/O/sub 12/ (LaGaYIG) epitaxial film was grown on yttrium gadolinium garnet (YOG), and the properties of this film were investigated with emphasis on the temperature shift. It is found that the LaGaYIG/YOG film shows a parabolic temperature dependence of the perpendicular resonance field at room temperature and a Delta H value of 1-2 Oe at X-band. The performance of a magnetic forward volume wave (MSFVW) narrowband filter made from this material is also presented. This filter showed an extremely small center frequency change, within 11 MHz from 20 degrees C to 60 degrees C at 5.5 GHz. >
Reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang-stimulated activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches and distal gut-mucosal sites: activation status and cytotoxic mechanisms.

Intraduodenal priming of mice with reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang (reovirus 1/L) stimulates gut lymphocytes and generates precursor and effector CTLs. Our earlier studies demonstrated that germinal center and T cell Ag (GCT) is a marker which identifies reovirus 1/L-specific precursor CTL and effector CTL in Peyer’s patches (PP) of reovirus 1/L-inoculated mice. In this study, we characterized the expression of the activation markers, GCT and CD11c, on reovirus 1/L-stimulated gut lymphocytes and the effector mechanisms involved in reovirus 1/L-specific cytotoxicity. We found that intraduodenal reovirus 1/L inoculation of mice induced the expression of both GCT and CD11c on PP lymphocytes (PPL), intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and these activated cells expressed Fas ligand (FasL). The majority of the GCT + CD11c + IEL and LPL expressed a phenotype, TCRαβ + Thy-1 + CD8 + similar to that expressed on reovirus 1/L-stimulated PPL. However, splenic lymphocytes expressed GCT but not CD11c after stimulation with reovirus 1/L. Perforin, Fas-FasL, and TRAIL pathways were found to be involved in PPL, IEL, and LPL cytotoxic activity against reovirus 1/L-infected targets. In PPL, perforin and Fas-FasL pathways were more effective than TRAIL. In IEL, all three cytotoxic mechanisms were equally as effective. However, LPL prefer Fas-FasL and TRAIL over perforin. Further, we demonstrated the preferential migration of GCT + PPL to the intraepithelial compartment and the lamina propria. These results suggest that GCT and CD11c can be used as activation markers for gut lymphocytes and CD11c can also be used to differentiate between activated gut and systemic lymphocytes.
The Plakarthriidae (Isopoda: Flabellifera): déjà vu

The Plakarthriidae is a small group of flabelliferan isopods whose members have a unique, highly modified morphology. Its superficial similarity to the Sphaeromatidae has obscured the classification of this family. Plakarthrium, the only genus, is a specialized offshoot of the Flabellifera, well separated from other groups. We discuss the Plakarthriidae and its evolutionary implications and review what little is known of its natural history. The systematic section includes a taxonomic revision of the Plakarthriidae.
Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene

A remarkable oxygen and carbon isotope excursion occurred in Antarctic waters near the end of the Palaeocene (~57.33 Myr ago), indicating rapid global warming and oceanographic changes that caused one of the largest deep-sea benthic extinctions of the past 90 million years. In contrast, the oceanic plankton were largely unaffected, implying a decoupling of the deep and shallow ecosystems. The data suggest that for a few thousand years, ocean circulation underwent fundamental changes producing a transient state that, although brief, had long-term effects on environmental and biotic evolution.
Reduced blocking as a result of increasing the number of blocking cues

Weak behavioral control (blocking) occurs when a target stimulus (X) is paired with an outcome in the presence of a well-established signal for the outcome (i.e., a blocking stimulus). Conventional Pavlovian conditioning theories explain this effect by asserting that a discrepancy between expected and experienced outcomes is necessary for learning about X and that no such discrepancy exists in blocking situations. These theories anticipate that the effect of additional well-established signals for the unconditioned stimulus (US) should be additive. In two conditioned barpress suppression experiments using rats as subjects, the opposite result was observed. Experiment 1 provided evidence that blocking was reduced when two blocking stimuli were present during X-US pairings relative to when one blocking stimulus was present. Experiment 2 elaborated on the mechanisms underlying the observations in Experiment 1, while explaining the discrepancy between the results of Experiment 1 and prior reports of the additivity of blocking stimuli. nt]mis|The research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant 33881.
Reversal of high altitude pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Significant pulmonary hypertension is present in most normal residents of the high altitude community of Leadville, Colorado, elevation 10,200 feet. One 15 year old girl with unusually severe pulmonary hypertension in Leadville was studied again after she had lived near sea level for 11 months. Marked regression of her pulmonary hypertension had occurred. This is the first demonstration of reversibility of high altitude pulmonary hypertension in a girl of European ancestry.
Norepinephrine and serotonin content of the murine spleen: Its relationship to lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptor density and the humoral immune response in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Numerous reports in the literature describe the effects of β-adrenergic agonists and/or their second messenger cyclic AMP on in vitro and in vivo immune responses. The fact that the murine spleen receives rich adrenergic innervation and that the pharmacologic disruption of this innervation leads to altered immune responsiveness has led some investigators to postulate that the immune system may be modulated in vivo by the sympathetic nervous system. In this report HPLC is used to quantitate the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) found in the B6C3F1 spleen. These transmitters were found to be distributed nonhomogeneously among the cell, supernatant, and capsule fractions of the spleen. The majority of NE was found in the capsule while most 5-HT was found associated with the cell pellet. During an immune response to sheep red blood cells the concentration of NE in the spleen was found to be decreased. However, the total amount of splenic NE was unaltered and thus the decreased concentration may be attributed to the increased weight of immunized spleens. Simultaneously, the total amount of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid found in the spleen was found to be increased, a difference not explained by increased spleen size. These results suggest an antigen-induced increase in sympathetic activity in the spleen. Splenic NE could be rapidly depleted using 6-hydroxydopamine. Lymphocytes from the NE-depleted animals were found to have upregulated the number of β-adrenergic receptors on their surfaces and demonstrated a reduced ability to respond to sheep red blood cells in vitro.
Policy history of the US Global Change Research Program: Part II. Legislative process

8125. E-mail address: rogerp@ucar.edu (R.A. Pielke Jr.). 1The National Center for Atmosphere Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 2The story of the program told in this paper is a synthesis based on materials found in the public record (notably Congressional and administrative documents), published analyses, and in interviews with numerous outside observers, as well as individuals closely involved with the program, from their perspectives on science, administration, and policy. The interviews were conducted over the period 1993}1997, some on record and some o! record. I have chosen not to identify by name many interview sources cited in the text out of consideration for their candor and in recognition that the US Global Change Research Program is an ongoing e!ort with many interviewees having continued involvement in the program. In the text the interviews are cited simply as ([I]nterview with [A]author [year]), e.g. (IA, 1994). See Pielke (1995) for an appraisal of USGCRP implementation through 1994. Global Environmental Change 10 (2000) 133}144
Immature hippocampal neuronal networks do not develop tolerance to the excitatory actions of ethanol

Abstract Ethanol (EtOH) damages the hippocampus, a brain region that is involved in learning and memory processes. The mechanisms responsible for this effect of EtOH are not fully understood. We recently demonstrated that acute EtOH exposure potently stimulates oscillatory activity driven by the excitatory actions of GABA in the CA3 region of the neonatal rat hippocampus. This activity can be recorded during the growth spurt period as giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). Here, we characterized the effects of prolonged EtOH exposure on GDPs. In the first study, we prepared hippocampal coronal slices from neonatal rats and exposed these to control artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or ACSF plus 50mM EtOH for 3–4h. We then performed whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons, which revealed that tolerance to the GDP stimulating effects of EtOH did not occur after continuous exposure. In the second study, we exposed neonatal rats to air or air plus 1.9g/dl EtOH in vapor chambers for 4h/day for 1 or 3 days (neonatal peak blood EtOH concentration=40–45mM). We then performed slice electrophysiological studies 24h after the end of EtOH exposure and found that there was no statistically significant difference in the acute effect of 50mM EtOH on GDP frequency in samples from neonates exposed to air or air plus EtOH. These findings indicate that EtOH persistently stimulates network-driven oscillatory activity in the developing hippocampus. We propose that the lack of adaptive response to continuous EtOH exposure could make immature neuronal networks particularly vulnerable to the actions of this agent.
THERMOGENESIS AND THYROID ACTION.

FOB some time1,2 it has been realized that thyroid hormone raises metabolic rates, nincreases activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway, decreases apparent TPNH–DPN transhydrogenase activity and stimulates 5 α-steroid reductase activity. More recently thyroxin has been shown to increase by a factor of ten or twenty the activity of the intra-mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase with no concurrent effect on the ‘soluble’ counterpart3,4.
Yeast peptide pheromones, a-factor and α-factor, activate a common response mechanism in their target cells

We show that in yeast the cell type specificity of pheromone response is determined solely by the species of receptor that a cell synthesizes. The two receptor-pheromone interactions are functionally interchangeable and involve the creation of a common intracellular signal. In particular, we find that provision of a-factor receptor or alpha-factor receptor in mat alpha 1 mutants, which normally do not express either receptor or any other a- or alpha-specific products, allows response to the appropriate pheromone. Moreover, provision of a-factor receptor in a cells lacking alpha-factor receptor restores mating competence to those cells. Finally, an aspect of pheromone response that is normally unique to a-factor action on alpha cells--increased transcription from the alpha-specific STE3 gene--can also be observed following alpha-factor treatment of pseudo-a cells (mat alpha 2 ste3 ste13), special mutants that respond to alpha-factor and also have an active STE3 promoter.
Mass balances for a biological life support system simulation model

Design decisions to aid the development of future space based biological life support systems (BLSS) can be made with simulation models. The biochemistry stoichiometry was developed for: (1) protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, and lignin production in the edible and inedible parts of plants; (2) food consumption and production of organic solids in urine, feces, and wash water by the humans; and (3) operation of the waste processor. Flux values for all components are derived for a steady state system with wheat as the sole food source. The large scale dynamics of a materially closed (BLSS) computer model is described in a companion paper. An extension of this methodology can explore multifood systems and more complex biochemical dynamics while maintaining whole system closure as a focus.
Praying to stop being an atheist

In this paper, I argue that atheists who think that the issue of God’s existence or non-existence is an important one; assign a greater than negligible probability to God’s existence; and are not in possession of a plausible argument for scepticism about the truth-directedness of uttering such prayers in their own cases, are under a prima facie epistemic obligation to pray to God that He stop them being atheists.
Gamma-Ray Line Signals from Supernovae within 100 Mpc*

The average number of supernovae per year detectable by γ-rays emitted during the decay of 56Ni to 56Fe is estimated for galaxies within 100 Mpc as a function of limiting sensitivity using standard supernova yields and the Sternberg and Asiago supernova catalogs. An instrument having a broad-line (5000 km s-1) sensitivity of 2 × 10-6 γ s-1 cm-2 should detect a minimum of 1.0 ± 0.5 Type Ia supernovae per year, and observe all Type Ia events from the Virgo, Fornax, and possibly the Hydra galaxy clusters. Roughly 10%-30% of all Type Ia supernovae within 100 Mpc are detectable at this flux sensitivity. Instruments having broad-line flux sensitivities larger than 1.5 × 10-5 γ s-1 cm-2 will probably only detect rare Type Ia supernovae within 10 Mpc, such as SN 1972E or SN 1991T. Flux sensitivities of 2 × 10-6 γ s-1 cm-2 to intermediate-width γ-ray lines should enable the detection of a minimum of 0.2 ± 0.2 Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae per year, and easily allow events similar to SN 1983N and SN 1985F to be seen. Instruments of the near future will not detect the narrow-line γ rays from any Type II supernovae that originate beyond the Local Group of galaxies. These number and rate estimates provide guidelines for the design of future γ-ray missions.
Having your cake and eating it too: A habit of comfort food may link chronic social stress exposure and acute stress-induced cortisol hyporesponsiveness

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Publisher due to a production error that led to a duplicate version being created. The full text of the accepted version of this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.018. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause to authors and readers. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Should Patients 60 Years and Older Undergo Bridge to Transplantation With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices?

Background Although left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are now commonly used as a bridge to orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), the upper patient age limit for this therapy has not been defined. Smaller studies have suggested that advanced age should not be a contraindication to bridge to transplantation (BTT) LVAD placement. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes in patients 60 years and older undergoing BTT with continuous-flow LVADs. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was reviewed to identify first-time OHT recipients 60 years of age and older (2005–2010). Patients were stratified by preoperative support: continuous-flow LVAD, intravenous inotropic agents, and direct transplantation. Survival after OHT was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method. All-cause mortality was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression. Results Of 2,554 patients, 1,142 (44.7%) underwent direct transplantation, 264 (10.3%) had LVAD BTT, and 1,148 (45.0%) had BTT with inotropic agents. The mean age was 64 ± 3 years, and 460 (18.0%) patients were women. Mean follow-up was 29 ± 19 months. Survival differed significantly among the 3 groups. Patients with LVAD BTT had significantly lower survival after OHT compared with the other groups at 30 days and 1 year. This survival difference was no longer significant at 2 years after OHT or when deaths in the first 30 days were censored. LVAD BTT increased the hazard of death at 1 year by 50% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.15; p = 0.03), compared with patients who underwent direct transplantation. Conclusions This study represents the largest modern cohort in which survival after OHT has been evaluated in patients 60 years or older who received BTT. Older patients have lower short-term survival after OHT when BTT is carried out with a continuous-flow LVAD compared with inotropic agents or direct transplantation.
Generating error traces from verification-condition counterexamples

A technique for finding errors in computer programs is to translate a given program and its correctness criteria into a logical formula in mathematics and then let an automatic theorem prover check the validity of the formula. This approach gives the tool designer much flexibility in which conditions are to be checked, and the technique can reason about as many aspects of the given program as the underlying theorem prover allows. This paper describes a method for reconstructing, from the theorem prover's mathematical output, error traces that lead to the program errors that the theorem prover discovers.
Innovate America: The Technology Innovation Program at NIST

9 August 2007, the US Congress established the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) through the America COMPETES Act, a comprehensive strategy to keep the United States, the most innovative nation in the world, competitive by strengthening scientific education and research, improving technological enterprise, attracting the world's best and brightest workers, and providing twenty-first century job training. The new program, TIP, is located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD ( www.nist.gov\tip ).
Respiratory oxygen consumption among groups of Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae subjected to different oxygen concentrations during development

The routine metabolic rate of Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae, laboratory-reared, F1 offspring of parents collected from a hypoxic swamp, did not differ between sibs raised under normoxia and hypoxia. In the offspring of parents originating from a river where the oxygen levels were generally high but fluctuating, the metabolic rate of fish raised under normoxia was higher than for sibs raised under extreme hypoxia. Although further experiments with a larger random sample of the parental stock will be necessary to validate the patterns, the difference between the experiments may indicate the selective environment of the parents.
High Yield, Large Scale Synthesis of Thiolate-Protected Ag7 Clusters

We report a high yielding synthesis of truly monodisperse, thiolate-protected silver clusters via a rationally designed approach. The cluster composition was determined by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry to be Ag7(DMSA)4, where DMSA represents meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. The Ag7 thiolate clusters exhibit distinct optical properties. The approach developed in this work provides some insight into the cluster growth kinetics and may be extendable to the synthesis of other sized silver nanoclusters.
Measuring Effective Modulus With Bifurcation Based Atomic Force Microscope Method

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution measurement tool for sample topography and material properties in nano-scale and micro-scale research. The dynamics of the cantilever probe in AFM is affected by the intrinsically nonlinear interaction between the probe tip and the sample. Previous works have shown that in off-resonance excited intermittent-contact AFM, a period-doubling bifurcation occurs as a result of the nonlinearity. The sub-harmonic amplitude of the response is used as the source of contrast to measure the effective modulus of the sample. This paper further investigates the performance of this proposed measurement method on more complicated 1-D samples and 2-D samples. The nonlinear relationship between the sub-harmonic amplitude and the tip-sample separation raises new challenges to the traditional PI controller. The design of the controller is revisited and modified in this paper to improve measurement accuracy.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
N‐{(Amino­carbon­yl)[(S)‐4‐nitro­benz­yl]meth­yl}‐N‐{[(R)‐cyclo­hexyl](cyclo­hexylamino­carbon­yl)meth­yl}propanamide methanol solvate

The title compound, C26H38N4O5·CH4O, shows typical geometric parameters, and four types of hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional framework.
Transdermal drug delivery in Parkinson’s disease

The long-term management of Parkinson’s disease is compromised by the development of treatment-related complications that can severely limit the effectiveness of levodopa. Growing evidence implicates intermittent, or pulsatile, stimulation of dopamine receptors as one potential mechanism in their genesis. Continuous administration of medication via the transdermal route offers a potential avenue to circumvent pulsatile drug delivery and, thus, possibly deflect development of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. The development of an effective transdermal drug preparation for Parkinson’s disease has had a long gestation, but the recent emergence of rotigotine as an effective transdermal therapy provides hope and encouragement that additional advances may also be forthcoming and that our ability to effectively treat this devastating disease will continue to grow.
Krylov Subspace Methods on Supercomputers

This paper presents a short survey of recent research on Krylov subspace methods with emphasis on implementation on vector and parallel computers. Conjugate gradient methods have proven very useful on traditional scalar computers, and their popularity is likely to increase as three-dimensional models gain importance. A conservative approach to derive effective iterative techniques for supercomputers has been to find efficient parallel/vector implementations of the standard algorithms. The main source of difficulty in the incomplete factorization preconditionings is in the solution of the triangular systems at each step. A few approaches consisting of implementing efficient forward and backward triangular solutions are described in detail. Then polynomial preconditioning as an alternative to standard incomplete factorization techniques is discussed. Another efficient approach is to reorder the equations so as to improve the structure of the matrix to achieve better parallelism or vectorization. An overview of these ideas and others is given in this article, as well as an attempt to comment on their effectiveness or potential for different types of architectures.
Comparison of long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents and bare metal stents for saphenous vein graft stenosis

Objective: Our aim was to compare the long-term outcomes between drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stents for saphenous vein graft stenosis. Background: The ideal type of stent to treat saphenous vein graft stenosis has not been clearly established. Short-term randomized controlled trial results comparing drug-eluting stents with bare-metal stents for saphenous vein graft stenosis are conflicting, intermediate-term retrospective studies and meta-analyses at two years suggest no difference in outcomes, and there are no long term follow-up studies. The need for long term follow-up data has become emerged with concern over late stent thrombosis. Methods: 246 saphenous vein graft patients undergoing stenting from August 2002–December 2008 were studied. Overall survival and event-free survival were compared by Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated by Cox-proportional hazards models. Results: We treated 133 patients with DES (median follow-up four years) and 113 patients with BMS (median follow-up four years) for SVG stenosis. Overall survival (77.0% ± 3.9% vs. 70.6% ± 4.6%, log-rank P = 0.60) and MACE-free survival (57.5% ± 4.6% vs. 56.8% ± 4.9, log-rank P = 0.70) were not significantly different between the DES and BMS groups. Although BMS was associated with increased risk of target lesion revascularization (TLR) (freedom from TLR 85.2% ± 3.5% vs. 90.0% ± 3.0%, HR 2.07, 95% CI 0.97–4.42, log-rank P = 0.05), there was no significant difference in the freedom from myocardial infarction (86.7% ± 3.3% vs. 88.7% ± 3.2%, log-rank P = 0.39) or target vessel revascularization (77.1% ± 4.2% vs. 76.1% ± 4.2%, log-rank P = 0.33) between the two groups. Conclusions: Although mortality is not statistically different between DES and BMS for SVG stenosis, BMS is associated with increased risk of revascularization, thus suggesting the superiority of DES over BMS in the long term. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies of broad emission line profiles in QSOs – I. Observed, high-resolution profiles

On presente les spectres de haute resolution de 9 QSO de grands deplacements vers le rouge. Les differents profils de raies d'emission sont compares en vue d'obtenir des informations sur la cinematique du gaz emetteur dans la region des raies larges