cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of mind for processing unexpected events across contexts

Theory of mind, or mental state reasoning, may be particularly useful for making sense of unexpected events. Here, we investigated unexpected behavior across both social and non-social contexts in order to characterize the precise role of theory of mind in processing unexpected events. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how people respond to unexpected outcomes when initial expectations were based on (i) an object's prior behavior, (ii) an agent's prior behavior and (iii) an agent's mental states. Consistent with prior work, brain regions for theory of mind were preferentially recruited when people first formed expectations about social agents vs non-social objects. Critically, unexpected vs expected outcomes elicited greater activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, which also discriminated in its spatial pattern of activity between unexpected and expected outcomes for social events. In contrast, social vs non-social events elicited greater activity in precuneus across both expected and unexpected outcomes. Finally, given prior information about an agent's behavior, unexpected vs expected outcomes elicited an especially robust response in right temporoparietal junction, and the magnitude of this difference across participants correlated negatively with autistic-like traits. Together, these findings illuminate the distinct contributions of brain regions for theory of mind for processing unexpected events across contexts.
Numerical analysis of high-frequency jet-switching on dynamic ejector flowfields

Computational results of high-frequency operation of a dynamic ejector suitable for implementation in combined-cycle engines are presented. Thrust enhancement of about 50% and mass entrainment enhancement around 75% are achieved in square-wave jet-switching mode compared to a steady-flow ejector. Thrust enhancement reaches a peak value around 1500 Hz, while mass entrainment increases monotonically with increasing jet-switching frequency. Sine-wave mode performance enhancement is not as great as square-wave. Flowfield dynamics at higher frequencies differ substantially from the low frequency dynamics. Because of mass flow errors in some cases, these results should be viewed as qualitative indications of trends; further work is necessary to determine precise levels of performance. The effect of different flight Mach numbers on this ejector at one operating frequency are also explored.
Abstract B59: Induction of TXNIP in response to metabolic changes associated with loss of p53

The understanding of the function of p53 has expanded beyond its role as a master cell cycle regulator. Recent findings connect p53 to cellular metabolism in that it suppresses anaerobic metabolism, the preferred mode of ATP production of most transformed cells. Interestingly, the p53‐inducible genes that modulate metabolism also alter production or scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To better understand the metabolic changes that occur in response to p53‐deficiency, we compared the expression of genes related to oxidative stress in the mammary fat pad of p53 +/+ and p53 +/− female mice. From a qPCR array that measured the expression of 85 genes, thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) levels were markedly increased in the p53 +/− mice compared to p53 +/+ mice (n = 3/group). This gene is of particular interest because TXNIP expression is increased by glucose flux and binds reduced thioredoxin, resulting in accumulation of ROS which has been shown to activate p53. To validate this finding, qPCR was performed (n=6/group) and TXNIP mRNA expression was increased 2.6 ± 0.2 fold (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B59.
Mirror, Mirror by the Stairs: The Impact of Mirror Exposure on Stair versus Elevator Use in College Students

Abstract Previous research has indicated that self-awareness-inducing mirrors can successfully incite behaviors that align with one’s personal values, such as helping others. Other research has found a large discrepancy between the high percentage of young adults who report valuing the healthfulness of physical activity (PA) and the low percentage who actually meet PA participation standards. Few studies, however, have examined how mirror exposure and both perceived and actual body size influence highly-valued PA participation among college students. The present study assessed stair versus elevator use on a western college campus and hypothesized that mirror exposure would increase the more personally-healthy transportation method of stair use. In accordance with previous research, it was also hypothesized that males and those with a lower body mass index (BMI) would be more likely to take the stairs, and that body-size distorting mirrors would impact the stair-elevator decision. One hundred and sixty-seven students (51% male) enrolled in an introductory psychology course were recruited to take a survey about their “transportation choices” at an indoor campus parking garage. Participants were individually exposed to either no mirror, a standard full-length mirror, or a full-length mirror manipulated to make the reflected body size appear either slightly thinner or slightly wider than normal before being asked to go to the fourth floor of the garage for a survey. Participants’ choice of floor climbing method (stairs or elevator) was recorded and they were administered an internet-based survey assessing demographic information, BMI, self-awareness, perceived body size, and other variables likely to be associated with stair use. Results from logistic regression analyses revealed that participants who were not exposed to a mirror (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14 – 0.96), males (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13 – 0.85), those with lower BMI (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71 – 0.99), those with higher exercise participation (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02 – 1.18), and those engaging in more unhealthy weight-control behaviors (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.14 – 2.11) showed increased odds of taking the stairs. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Cardiac-derived neutrophil chemotactic factors: detection in coronary sinus effluents of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization.

Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors from isolated rabbit hearts perfused with cardioplegic solutions and from ischemic dog hearts after coronary artery occlusion for 1 hour. On the basis of these animal studies, a test is now made of the hypothesis that neutrophil chemotactic factors are released by myocardial tissues of patients who undergo surgical myocardial revascularization. By means of modified Boyden chambers, the levels of neutrophil chemotactic factors were measured in effluent collected from the coronary sinuses of six patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass during periods of cold cardioplegia. Plain cardioplegic solutions were also analyzed. The standard formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a stimulant of neutrophil recruitment, was used as a positive control solution. Results indicated the recovery of significantly high levels of neutrophil chemotactic factors in patient samples (i.e., 128% ± 19% of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) compared with control plain cardioplegic solution (less than 5% of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:952-9)
Minerals: The Soviet-South African Nexus

We have of course no reason for concealing this arrangement other than the Russians prefer not to receive any public attention for obvious reasons . . . we paid the Soviet Union more than half a billion dollars last year.(Harry Oppenheimer, 1978)
An IA-32 processor with a wide voltage operating range in 32nm CMOS

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the deployment of an Intel IA-32 processor with a wide range of voltage operating ranges in 32nm CMOS technology. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the purpose of near threshold voltage and wide dynamic range capabilities; design challenges; a description of the Intel Claremont prototype; design strategies and methodologies; and key areas of product and system improvement
Convex Hulls and Voronoi Diagrams

The reader looking here for working codes may be disappointed. The problem of how to compute the convex hull of n points in optimal time is viewed mostly through a theoretical lens. Optimality is understood here in a worst-case setting: Given n points in R d , the convex hull is a polytope with O ( n [ d /2] ) faces, and possibly as many as that. It is well known that computing the polytope entails sorting, so the complexity we are aiming for is O ( n log n + n + n [ d /2] ). To approach this complexity is reasonably easy, but to design an optimal deterministic algorithm is surprisingly challenging. In this chapter we do just that. The algorithm is to this day the most sophisticated example of derandomization in computational geometry. It is also the most unlikely, considering how hopeless its basic line of attack might seem at first. To overcome such odds, the whole kitchen sink of sampling technology developed in the previous chapters is called into action. Interestingly, sampling is used for two very different purposes: One is to provide a divide-and-conquer mechanism (as we've seen in Chapter 5), and the other is to evaluate complicated potential functions approximately very fast (as we've seen nowhere yet). No other (deterministic) algorithm has yet been found for computing convex hulls optimally. So, perhaps more than any other, this chapter shows how deep and uniquely powerful the discrepancy method is in the area of algorithm design.
Eating Disorders: Screening in the Dental Office

ABSTRACT Background Eating disorders are serious illnesses that often are not detected by health care professionals. The author presents techniques that the oral health care professional (OHCP) can use to screen at-risk patients for eating disorders during routine preventive care appointments. Conclusions OHCPs often are the first health care professionals to encounter patients with undiagnosed eating disorders. Because early detection of eating disorders is challenging, screening tools can be helpful. Early detection of eating disorders, with appropriate referral, is associated with fewer dental and systemic adverse effects and a more favorable prognosis. Clinical Implications OHCPs are in an ideal position to screen patients for eating disorders. They can accomplish this via a valid, reliable, brief questionnaire and careful patient assessment.
When being alone is enough: noncanonical functions of canonical bacterial quorum-sensing systems

A number of bacterial pathogens are capable of detecting the presence of other bacteria located within their surrounding niche through a process of bacterial signaling and cell-to-cell communication commonly referred to as quorum sensing (QS). QS systems are commonly now described in the context of collective behaviors exhibited by groups of bacteria coordinating diverse arrays of physiological functions to enhance survival of the community. However, QS systems have also been implicated in a variety of processes distinct from the measure of bacterial cell density. This review will highlight noncanonical adaptations of canonical QS systems that have evolved to enable bacteria to detect nonself individuals within a population or to detect occupation of confined spaces.
Terminal B. S. Program in Metallurgy. An Industrial Viewpoint

Presenting industry’s point of view, the author calls for a relatively large number of specialized options, with two general types of undergraduate course: one emphasizing the broad fundamentals with later graduate specialization; the other covering the fundamentals of metallurgical engineering practices.
Edge diffractions impact on the cross polarization performance of active phased array antennas

This paper examines the impact of diffracted fields on the cross-polarization performance of finite array antennas. The investigation included the calculation, simulation and measurement of several antenna prototypes with different element positions and different ground planes sizes. Characterization of the induced cross-polarization in a finite array with discontinusities in the ground plane was also performed. Excellent agreement between simulations and the actual measurements of eight antenna prototypes were obtained. The results demonstrated that the cross-polarization of the antenna elements in the array can be significantly impacted by the diffracted fields of the external and internal edges or discontinuities.
Spatial pyramid context-aware moving vehicle detection and tracking in urban aerial imagery

Persistent detection and tracking of moving vehicles in airborne imagery provide indispensable information for many traffic surveillance applications including traffic monitoring and management, navigation systems, activity recognition and event detection. This paper presents a collaborative Spatial Pyramid Context-aware detection and Tracking system (SPCT) for moving vehicles in dense urban aerial imagery. The proposed system is composed of one master tracker that usually relies on visual object features and two auxiliary trackers based on object temporal motion information that will be called dynamically to assist master tracker. SPCT utilizes image spatial context at different level to make the video tracking system resistant to occlusion, background noise and improve target localization accuracy. We chose a pre-selected seven-channel complementary features including RGB color, intensity and spatial pyramid of HoG (PHoG) and exploit integral histogram as building block to meet the demands of real-time performance. The extensive experiments on ARGUS and ABQ wide aerial video and comparison with state-of-the-art single object trackers confirm that combining complementary tracking cues in an intelligent fusion framework is essential to address the challenges of persistent tracking in low frame rate Wide Aerial Motion Imagery (WAMI).
Monitoring and Maintenance of Phosphate Adsorbing Filters

AbstractField installations of two iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs), designed to remove phosphate and particulates from stormwater runoff, were monitored and maintained for 1–3 years. One applica...
Recovery From Trauma, Addiction, or Both: Strategies for Finding Your Best Self

Lisa M. Najavits, the author of Seeking Safety, is a well-known educator, clinician, and researcher. Recovery From Trauma, Addiction, or Both is the result of more than 25 years of clinical experie...
Electrical Design and Testing of an Uplink Antenna for Nanosatellite Applications

Virginia Tech, Utah State University, and the University of Washington were teamed to form the Ionospheric Observation Nanosat Formation to investigate formationflying requirements for multiple spacecraft missions. A communication subsystem for the mission will comprise an uplink, downlink and a satellite-to-satellite crosslink. A linearly polarized resonant loop antenna mounted above the bottom surface of the spacecraft was selected for a possible satellite uplink receive antenna. The resonant loop was chosen to satisfy the physical requirements of the spacecraft while still achieving efficient operation for a UHF signal. A full-scale prototype was fabricated to measure frequency dependent characteristics of the antenna. A gamma match and a quarter-wave sleeve balun transformer were integrated to the system to minimize the power reflected at the antenna input and to isolate the antenna from the feed line. The uplink antenna demonstrated sufficient performance; however, the final bandwidth of less than one percent will require additional tuning as other subsystems are integrated into the final flight-ready prototype.
Inherited Myocardial Diseases

Almost half of all patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) present with evidence of reduced cardiac function or cardiomyopathy (1, 2, 3). Of patients with cardiomyopathy, nearly half have nonischemic cardiomyopathy (4). Nonischemic cardiomyopathy may arise from hypertension or valvular disease; however, a significant number of cardiomyopathies have a heritable component. In the last decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the inheritance patterns and the molecular defects associated with the development of cardiomyopathies (5).
Developing Academic Women Leaders in STEM

Our NSF ADVANCE-PAID grant had three foci for implementation to enhance the status of academic women in chemistry, physics, and engineering: recruitment, mentorship, and leadership. In this chapter we discuss how our grant, Alliance for the Advancement of Florida’s Academic Women in Chemistry and Engineering (AAFAWCE, 2013), designed and implemented leadership initiatives in light of national research on the scarcity of women in leadership roles in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).
Multiscale Mathematical Modeling of Microvascular Tone Regulation

Microvascular tone and blood flow are determined by passive biomechanical properties of the vessel wall and by active constrictions of the vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). The intracellular calcium concentration in SMC is the major determinant of the active tone and is controlled by a complex system of intracellular and intercellular signaling pathways. We present here a methodology for integrating mathematical descriptions at the cellular level into computational multicellular/whole-vessel models. Detailed descriptions of calcium dynamics and membrane electrophysiology in isolated endothelial and smooth muscle cells are formulated and validated based on subcellular- and cellular-level data. An endothelial/smooth muscle model and multicellular vessel model are formulated by integrating individual cells and accounting for intercellular communication. The biomechanical properties of the vessel wall are integrated into the model by the calcium-dependent active force development and stretch-sensitive membrane channels. The model can simulate agonist-induced vasorelaxation and vasoconstriction, conducted vasoreactivity, myogenic tone and pressure-induced diameter changes. The model can also be used to test hypotheses about tone regulation, such as the role of myoendothelial projections and extracellular potassium in endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor. Disease-specific changes at the subcellular level can be incorporated into the model to predict their effect on responses at the vessel level. Thus, the integration of subcellular data into a computational model can allow the analysis of complex microcirculatory function in health and disease, hypothesis testing, and guide new experimentation.
Lexical, Structural and Rhetorical Features of Nigerian English Print Media

Language is invariably a great instrument in the media world. It is the vehicle of disseminating and presenting issues, trends, happenings and events in the society to the general public. Though language is universally used in media, the style of use differs from one genre to the other. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the peculiar linguistic and stylistic elements in Nigerian English print media. Methodologically, the study collects data from national Nigerian English newspapers and linguistically analyses them to identify peculiar features. Specifically, it identifies lexical, structural and rhetorical features that are peculiar in Nigerian newspapers. It discovers that the English of the Nigerian print media possesses certain linguistic features and as a result, it is stylistically different from the official English usage often used in Nigerian educational institutions. The paper avers that the peculiar use of English language in the Nigeria media reveals a variety of English with a distinct Nigerian flavour.
Orthogonal Ambipolar Semiconductors with Inherently Multi-Dimensional Responses for the Discriminative Sensing of Chemical Vapors

Numerous examples of field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors and chemical sensors with good sensitivity and selectivity have now been developed. However, effectively discriminating between analytes has required either the use of receptors that selectively bind specific analytes or the fabrication of an array of sensors with varying but nonspecific responses. Both approaches exhibit significant limitations. In the first case, it can be difficult to design sufficiently specific receptors for many compounds, whereas the number of receptors required scales with the number of analytes to be detected, making it impractical to recognize many different compounds. In the second case, existing approaches to FET sensor arrays are generally material-inefficient and provide modest sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that orthogonal ambipolar semiconductors consisting of semiconducting p-type polymers and n-type small-molecule nanowires with perpendicular in-plane orientations provide a platform with high sensitivity an...
Generating random connected planar graphs

Connected planar graphs are of interest to a variety of scholars. Being able to simulate a database of such graphs with selected properties would support specific types of inference for spatial analysis and other network-based disciplines. This paper presents a simple, efficient, and flexible connected planar graph generator for this purpose. It also summarizes a comparison between an empirical set of specimen graphs and their simulated counterpart set, and establishes evidence for positing a conjecture about the principal eigenvalue of connected planar graphs. Finally, it summarizes a probability assessment of the algorithm’s outcomes as well as a comparison between the new algorithm and selected existing planar graph generators.
User-Guided Aspect Classification for Domain-Specific Texts

Aspect classification, identifying aspects of text segments, facilitates numerous applications, such as sentiment analysis and review summarization. To alleviate the human effort on annotating massive texts, in this paper, we study the problem of classifying aspects based on only a few user-provided seed words for pre-defined aspects. The major challenge lies in how to handle the noisy misc aspect, which is designed for texts without any pre-defined aspects. Even domain experts have difficulties to nominate seed words for the misc aspect, making existing seed-driven text classification methods not applicable. We propose a novel framework, ARYA, which enables mutual enhancements between pre-defined aspects and the misc aspect via iterative classifier training and seed updating. Specifically, it trains a classifier for pre-defined aspects and then leverages it to induce the supervision for the misc aspect. The prediction results of the misc aspect are later utilized to filter out noisy seed words for pre-defined aspects. Experiments in two domains demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed framework, as well as the necessity and importance of properly modeling the misc aspect.
An NMR Protocol for In Vitro Paclitaxel Release from an Albumin-Bound Nanoparticle Formulation

The paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension (marketed under the brand name Abraxane®) contains nanosized complexes of paclitaxel and albumin. The molecular interaction between paclitaxel and albumin within the higher-order nanostructure is analytically challenging to assess, as is any correlation of differences to differences in therapeutic effect. However, because the higher-order nanostructures may affect the paclitaxel release, a suitable in vitro assay to detect potential differences in paclitaxel release between comparator lots and products is desirable. Herein, solution NMR spectroscopy with a T2-filtering technique was developed to detect paclitaxel signal while suppressing albumin signals to follow the released paclitaxel in the NMR tube upon dilution. The non-invasive nature of NMR allows for precise measurement of a full range of dilution-induced drug release percentage from 14 to 92% without any sample extraction. The critical concentration of the drug product (DP) at 50% of release was 0.63 ± 0.04 mg/mL in PBS buffer. In addition, 2D diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) results revealed that the released paclitaxel experiencing slightly slowed diffusion rates than free paclitaxel, which was attributed to paclitaxel in equilibrium with albumin-bound states. Collectively, the dilution-based NMR method offered an analytical approach to investigate physicochemical attributes of complex injectable products with minimal needed sample preparation and perturbation to nanoparticle formulation.
Practical Vitamin D Supplementation Using Machine Learning

Background Patients with breast cancer are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Maintaining normal levels of vitamin D may decrease the risk of osteoporosis, and vitamin D levels must be corrected in patients who develop osteoporosis before beginning bone modifying agents. Therefore, it is important to correct insufficient vitamin D levels in a timely manner. In clinical practice, current guidelines for replacement regimens often fail to rapidly correct vitamin D levels. The goal of this study was to review data in order to predict what replacement regimen(s) were most effective at repleting vitamin D levels. Methods For this retrospective cohort study, data was collected from medical records of 2,164 female patients with breast cancer with Institutional Review Board approval. Total level change per week was the primary outcome and was compared for the most commonly used vitamin D replacement regimens adjusted for age, race, body mass index, creatinine clearance, endocrine therapy, and initial level. Results Higher weekly doses of vitamin D supplementation had a more significant impact on the rate of correction compared to lower daily doses. Generalized linear model was used to develop an online calculator that predicts time to vitamin D level correction adjusted for significant patient characteristics for 5 common replacement regimens as well as no intervention. Conclusions When choosing a vitamin D replacement regimen for patients with vitamin D deficiency, we recommend clinicians use the online calculator to ensure that the chosen regimen will enable the patient to reach vitamin D sufficiency in a timely manner.
Real-time Positioning Among Nursing Home Residents Living With Dementia: A Case Study.

Dementia contributes to the development of pressure injuries (PrIs). PURPOSE This study describes the real-time body positions of 2 nursing home (NH) residents, residing in the United States and living with dementia, to inform development of PrI prevention strategies tailored to individual risk profiles. METHODS As part of a larger study, eligible residents were fitted with a triaxial accelerometer sensor placed on the anterior chest to monitor body positions 24-hours daily through a 4-week monitoring period. The current study used an observational, prospective design during routine repositioning events for 2 residents. A convenience sample of 2 residents from a single NH wing who were considered moderately at risk for PrI development (Braden Scale score 13-14) with a Brief Interview for Mental Status score in the severely impaired range were selected based on nursing staff recommendation. RESULTS Sensor data showed that both residents, although "chairfast" according to the Braden Scale, spent <5% in an upright position and the great majority of time reclining at an angle <50%. One (1) resident demonstrated a persistent side preference. CONCLUSIONS Wearable sensors are not a long-term solution for protecting those with dementia from PrI formation but do provide a crude picture of overall body positions throughout the 24-hour day that may inform individualized PrI prevention strategies. Studies including large samples of NH residents living with dementia are warranted.
High Flux and Antifouling Thin-Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis Membrane with Ingrained Silica Nanoparticles

A novel high flux and antifouling thin-film nanocomposite (TFnC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane containing silica (SiO2) nanoparticles was fabricated using a facile electrospinning technique followe...
Tool wear of AlCrW-based-coatings on cemented carbide tools prepared by arc ion plating in dry cutting of alloy steel AISI 5120H

Abstract To improve both the critical scratch load and micro-hardness of (Al, Cr) N coating film, (Al, Cr, W)-based coating film was developed. In this study, to clarify the tool wear of the (Al,Cr,W)-based coated tool in the cutting of alloy steel AISI 5120H, the wear progress and wear mechanism of the coating film in the cutting of alloy steel AISI 5120H using six types of (Al,Cr,W)-based coated tools were investigated. The cutting conditions were a cutting speed of 5.00 m/s, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and cutting depth of 0.1 mm. The following results were obtained: 1) The wear progress of the (Al64,Cr28,W8)N-coated tool was slower than that of the (Al60,Cr25,W15)N-coated tool. 2) When a (Al64,Cr28,W8)-target was used to deposit a cemented carbide with a bias voltage of -150 V, the wear progress of the (Al64,Cr28,W8)N coated tool was slightly slower than that of the (Al64,Cr28,W8)(C,N)- or the (Al64,Cr28,W8)C-coated tool. 3) The wear progress of the (Al64,Cr28,W8)N coated tool with a bias voltage of -80 V was the slowest.
‘Unlocking Us’: Analyzing the US election and its aftermath:

The American presidential election of 2020 ended in the early hours of Thursday 7 January 2021, when the US Congress counted and certified the ballots of the Electoral College in the aftermath of a...
When Does Developing an Independent Estimate Reduce the Biasing Influence of Management Preferences

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) acknowledges that developing independent estimates likely reduces the influence of management bias when auditing accounting estimates. We test this notion, finding evidence that both confirms and contradicts the PCAOB’s perspective. We find that auditors developing an independent estimate after receiving management’s preference are, indeed, less susceptible to the preference’s biasing influence. However, auditors developing an independent estimate before receiving management’s preference remain susceptible to the preference’s biasing influence. Recency effects explain these results. A supplemental experiment that omits independent estimate development confirms this theory. Without an independent estimate, auditors switch processing modes and display primacy effects. Our research informs auditing estimates, regulatory guidance, and the de-biasing ability of auditor-developed expectations.
Probing the properties and mechanisms of failure waves in soda-lime glass

Soda-lime glass (SLG) and other silica glasses exhibit the failure wave phenomenon under shock compression. The mechanism responsible for this peculiar behavior of glasses is still unresolved. In this study, a series of plate impact experiments was performed at three different impact stresses of 6.4, 8.3, and 10.8 GPa to better understand the mechanisms underlying the failure wave phenomenon. Specifically, spall experiments were conducted to probe the speed and existence of failure waves at different stresses in SLG. A layered glass target was used to probe the possibility of a “renucleation” of the wave at the SLG–SLG interface. When it existed, the failure wave was inferred to propagate at a speed of 1.3 km/s. However, it was observed that the failure wave phenomenon ceases to exist for impact stresses higher than 10 GPa. In experiments with a 6.4 GPa impact stress, the peak free surface velocity was significantly less than what is predicted by stress-Hugoniot calculations. This velocity deficit and other important features of the measured free surface velocity profiles were simulated using finite element analysis by incorporating an abrupt densification of SLG at a critical stress in the equation of state. This densification feature is similar to what would be expected of a phase transition. Although unable to unambiguously reveal the mechanism causing the failure wave phenomenon, the results of the present work clearly indicate that the failure wave causes a secondary compression and densification in SLG.
On the deployment of V2X roadside units for traffic prediction

Abstract In this paper, we evaluate the ability of connected roadside infrastructure to provide traffic predictions on highways based on the motion of connected vehicles. In particular, we establish metrics to quantify the amount of traffic prediction that is available from roadside units via vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. We utilize analytical and numerical tools to evaluate these metrics as a function of (i) the location of the roadside units along the road, (ii) the communication range of the roadside units, and (iii) the penetration rate of connected vehicles on the road. We show that considerable amount of traffic predictions can be achieved even with sparsely distributed roadside units as distant as two thousand meters and with connected vehicle penetration rate as low as 2%. Based on the proposed metrics, we develop strategies for deploying roadside units along highways so that traffic prediction efficiency is maximized. Ultimately, the results of this paper may serve as a guideline for evaluation and deployment of connected roadside infrastructure.
Céspedes y la colonialidad del archivo: historias de negritud y fuga en la modernidad española peninsular

Las actas del proceso inquisitorial que se produjo en Toledo entre los anos 1587 y 1589 contra la persona de Cespedes da pie a este articulo. En primer lugar, el articulo realiza una revision de como este archivo ha sido leido por parte de la historiografia y realiza una critica a estas lecturas por la colonialidad de estas miradas. En segundo lugar, el articulo propone una lectura que pone en primer plano o que se centra en aspectos no analizados del archivo que tienen que ver con la historia racial de la Espana de la Edad Moderna y su relacion problematica con la negritud y la esclavitud, tanto en el pasado como en el presente. The minutes of the inquisitorial process that took place in Toledo between the years 1587 and 1589 against the person of Cespedes give rise to this article. Firstly, the article reviews how this archive has been read by historiography and makes a criticism of these readings due to the coloniality of these views. Secondly, the article offers a reading that explores the unanalyzed aspects of the archive that have to do with the racial history of Spain in the Modern Age and its problematic relationship with blackness and slavery, both in the past and in the present.
Apes in Bengali Ramayana

In this paper, I intend to explain that apes in Krittivasi Ramayana enjoy a dignified status than Valmiki Ramayana as they are reshaped to fit Bengali moral and ecological imagination.
Acute Effects of a Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Analogue, Teduglutide, on Gastrointestinal Motor Function and Permeability in Adult Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome on Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) agonists decrease the need for parenteral nutrition (PN) in short bowel syndrome (SBS); mechanisms evaluated to date have focused on the intestinotrophic effect of GLP-2 agonists such as increased absorptive capacity of the remnant intestine and increased citrulline levels. Other mechanisms may also play a role in effects of GLP-2 agonists. Aim: To measure effects of a GLP-2 agonist, teduglutide (TED), compared with placebo (PLA) on gastric emptying (GE), overall gut transit, fluid balance, intestinal monosaccharide absorption, and permeability in patients with SBS on home PN (HPN). Materials and Methods: In 8 adults with SBS on HPN, we compared daily subcutaneous TED (0.05 mg/kg) and PLA (crossover design, each treatment 7 days with a 14-day washout) on gut transit, intestinal absorption, and permeability after oral mannitol (200 mg) and lactulose (1 g), as well as stool weight and urine volume over 8 hours. Analysis used the paired t test. Results: Of 8 patien...
Messaging Systems: Parallel Computing the Internet and the Grid

We contrast the requirements and performance of messaging systems in parallel and distributed systems emphasizing the importance of the five orders of magnitude difference in network hardware latencies in the two cases. We note the importance of messaging in Grid and Web service applications in building the integrated system and the architectural advantages of a message based compared to a connection based approach. We illustrate these points using the NaradaBrokering system and its application to Audio-Video conferencing.
Assistive technologies as effective mediators in interpersonal social interactions for persons with visual disability

In this paper, we discuss the use of assistive technologies for enriching the social interactions of people who are blind and visually impaired with their sighted counterparts. Specifically, we describe and demonstrate two experiments with the Social Interaction Assistant for, a) providing rehabilitative feedback for reducing stereotypic body mannerisms which are known to impede social interactions, and b) provide an assistive technology for accessing facial expressions of interaction partners. We highlight the importance of these two problems in everyday social interactions of the visually disabled community. We propose novel use of wearable computing technologies (both sensing and actuating technologies) for augmenting sensory deficiencies of the user population, while ensuring that their cognitive faculties are not compromised in any manner. Computer vision, motion sensing and haptic technologies are combined in the proposed platform towards enhancing social interactions of the targeted user population.
From Quantity to Quality

In temporal-logic model checking, we verify the correctness of a program with respect to a desired behavior by checking whether a structure that models the program satisfies a temporal-logic formula that specifies the behavior. The model-checking problem for the branching-time temporal logic CTL can be solved in linear running time, and model-checking tools for CTL are used successfully in industrial applications. The development of programs that must meet rigid real-time constraints has brought with it a need for real-time temporal logics that enable quantitative reference to time. Early research on real-time temporal logics uses the discrete domain of the integers to model time. Present research on real-time temporal logics focuses on continuous time and uses the dense domain of the reals to model time. There, model checking becomes significantly more complicated. For example, the model-checking problem for TCTL, a continuous-time extension of the logic CTL, is PSPACE-complete.
Star Formation in Normal Galaxies

The formation of giant cloud complexes in galaxies is discussed. Spiral galaxies without density waves have approximately the same star formation rates and CO abundances as the average for galaxies with waves. This implies that the primary effect of the wave is to organize the existing molecular clouds into a global spiral pattern. A secondary effect of the wave is to trigger the formation of more molecular clouds and stars, but this triggering may be limited to only the strongest waves, as in M51. Strong waves apparently trigger more cloud formation than weak waves because the gas in a strong wave has time to dissipate and collapse gravitationally before it leaves the spiral arms. Strong waves should also have molecular shock fronts (dust lanes), unlike weak waves.
Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance: 2.0

We address two important shortcomings in the persistence literature. The first is the possibility that the documented persistence could be due to calendar-related distortions of fund returns instead of skill differentials. We also explore the possibility that Carhart's popular 4-factor model of performance attribution may not be adequate in explaining the returns of prior performance-ranked portfolios of mutual fund. Using performance attribution models employed in the existing literature, we document that once the calendar year-end noise is masked, measures of persistence are strikingly smaller, regardless of the period studied. We also find that using a longer-term momentum factor results in a much better performance attribution model compared to using Carhart's short-term momentum factor. Once the longer-term momentum factor replaces the short-term momentum factor, persistence in fund performance disappear even when the portfolios are formed at the end of the calendar years.
Quiescent variability of cerebral, renal, and splanchnic regional tissue oxygenation in very low birth weight neonates.

OBJECTIVE: In extremely premature neonates, data concerning the normal baseline variability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) are lacking. We sought to determine: 1) the quiescent variability of cerebral, renal, and splanchnic rSO2 in clinically stable, undisturbed very low birth weight neonates and 2) the effects of different data averaging epochs on site-specific variability. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective, observational study, neonates between 500 and 1250 g underwent seven days of continuous, real-time cerebral, renal, and splanchnic NIRS monitoring starting within the first seventy-two postnatal hours. Demographic, cardiopulmonary, bedside care, and rSO2 data were collected. rSO2 variability was analyzed utilizing data from quiescent periods identified using pre-specified stability criteria. Between- and within-monitoring site comparisons of data averaging methods were made utilizing ANOVA. RESULT: Twenty-four subjects (GA 27 ± 0.3 wk, birth weight 988 ± 34 g; mean ± SEM) were monitored. Coefficients of variation (CoVar = SD/mean) were calculated for each monitoring site using varied data averaging epochs. CoVar was lowest for cerebral, intermediate for renal, and highest for splanchnic rSO2 (P < 0.01). For renal and splanchnic sites, shorter epochs (5- and 15-min) resulted in significantly smaller CoVars [P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively]. Splanchnic variability was highly dependent on epoch length, ranging from 16% over 5 min to 23% over 60 min. CONCLUSION: 1) rSO2 variability differs significantly between monitoring sites and 2) shorter data sampling epochs decrease rSO2 variability. These observations may assist clinicians in operationally defining minimally significant departures to enable medical decision making utilizing this monitoring technique.
Shared Attention at the Origin On the Psychological Power of Descriptive Norms

What is at the origin of a descriptive norm’s power to influence people? The standard explanation posits that a perceived widespread frequency of a given behavior signals a groupwide attitudinal agreement with that behavior, which in turn further encourages that behavior. Alternatively, I argue that the psychological power behind descriptive norms lies in the social nature of the attentional mode in which typical behavior is encountered. I introduce the reader to recent research on shared attention and its cognitive, attitudinal, affective, and behavioral consequences. Then, I use the shared attention perspective to further understand the psychological power of descriptive norms.
The Supreme Court and Patents: Moving Toward a Postmodern Vision of 'Progress'?

This paper challenges the traditional “modernist” view that incentive-centered patent protection is essential to meet the constitutional mandate of providing exclusive rights for limited times to inventors in order to “promote progress of the useful Arts.” For a modernist society, industrial/economic growth is one of the key dimensions for measuring forward-moving progress. As modernists, we advocate that a robust exclusive rights scheme for inventors is necessary to incentivize research and development, which in turn stimulates economic growth and promotes progress. This is currently the “grand narrative” of patent law. Applying this narrative, Congress, the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), and the courts have elevated the goal of incentivizing research as synonymous with promoting progress. As a result, what constitutes Section 101 patent-eligible subject matter has expanded over time to include “anything under the sun made by man.” The novelty, non-obvious and enablement/written description requirements are deemed adequate proxies for determining what is patentable and what remains in the public domain, without the need for specifically evaluating subject matter eligibility. The flaw in the modernist patent narrative however, is that by focusing the measure of societal progress on technological advancement and economic growth, we fail to adequately balance other equally important measures of progress such as improving public health, sustainability and access to basic research tools. A radicalized modern view of patent law allows us to challenge the incentive-centered narrative of promoting progress and consider this narrative’s impact on future discoveries, humanism, morality and the environment. The Supreme Court recently took a step in this direction by restoring a balanced view of subject-matter eligibility and questioning whether Congress needs to explore other paradigms for protecting certain patent-ineligible subject matter.
Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers following intravenous and oral administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses.

Abstract Ketoprofen (KTP) is currently only available as an injectable formulation for intravenous administration to horses. The primary goal of the study reported here was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of KTP, including determination of bioavailability following oral administration of the currently available injectable formulation as well as a paste formulation. KTP was administered intravenously and orally, and blood and urine samples were collected at various time points up to 96 h. KTP enantiomer concentrations were determined using LC–MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. Mean ± standard error values for systemic clearance, steady state volume of distribution and terminal elimination half-life were 0.345 ± 0.033 [R(−) KTP] and 0.167 ± 0.016 [S(+) KTP] L/kg/h, 0.344 ± 0.044 [R(−) KTP] and 0.298 ± 0.025 [S(+) KTP] L/kg, and 2.49 ± 0.077 [R(−) KTP] and 2.86 ± 0.102 [S(+) KTP] h, respectively. Oral bioavailability was calculated as 69.5 ± 10.3% and 88.2 ± 15.9% for R(−) KTP and S(+) KTP, respectively, following administration of the injectable formulation and 53.0 ± 6.0 and 53.0 ± 16.0% for the R(−) KTP and S(+) KTP, respectively, following administration of KTP paste.
Suicidal ideation and behaviours among adolescents receiving bariatric surgery: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and behaviour (SI/B) among adolescents receiving bariatric surgery. METHOD: Charts of 206 adolescents receiving bariatric surgery were reviewed. Cases with SI/B (current/lifetime reported at baseline or event occurring in the programme n = 31, 15%) were case matched on gender, age and surgery type to 31 adolescents reporting current or past psychiatric treatment and 31 adolescents denying lifetime SI/B or psychiatric treatment. RESULTS: Before surgery, adolescents with SI/B reported significantly lower total levels of health-related quality of life (p = 0.01) and greater depressive symptoms (p = 0.004) in comparison with candidates who never received psychiatric treatment. No significant differences were found between groups for the change in depressive symptoms or body mass index following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: As in studies of adults, a notable subset of adolescents receiving bariatric surgery indicated pre-operative or post-operative SI/B. It is critical that clinicians evaluate and monitor adolescent patients undergoing bariatric surgery for risk of SI/B. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. Language: en