cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF DIETARY VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM ON LIGHT DAMAGE TO THE RAT RETINA

—In this study we have investigated effects of dietary supplementation or deficiency in α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and selenium on acute light stress to albino rats. Selenium, which is an essential component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, and α-tocopherol are thought to be important in preventing in vivo lipid peroxidation. Before light stress, sections of paraffin embedded eyes show an intense yellow autofluorescent pigment localized in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the deficient rats which is barely visible in tissue sections from the supplemented rats. The fluorescent pigment is thought to be the result of damaging lipid peroxidation reactions. In addition the dcficient rats show increased electroretinogram (ERG) thresholds and decreased ERG-amplitudes compared to the supplemented rats. Acute 12 h light stress did not produce an increase in autofluorescent pigment in the RPE of the supplemented or deficient rats. The supplemented rats. however. showed marked light damage effects as measured by ERG-parameters. Contrary to our expectations, the deficient rats showed a lesser amount of light damage to the ERG than the supplemented rats. Our ERG results to date fail to implicate r-tocopherol levels or glutathione peroxidase activity as major factors in protecting the retina and pigment epithelium from damage after acute light stress.
Moments in time: temporal patterns in the effect of democracy and trade on conflict

Building on economic norms theory, I argue that the causes of international conflict may be contextual rather than constant over time. I explore the temporal patterns in the predictors of conflict ...
Abnormal Cervical Appearance: What to Do, When to Worry?

Many clinicians encounter cervical lesions that may or may not be associated with cytologic abnormalities. Such abnormalities as ectropion, Nabothian cysts, and small cervical polyps are quite benign and need not generate concern for patient or clinician, whereas others, including those associated with a history of exposure to diethylstilbestrol, cervical inflammation, abnormal cervical cytology, and postcoital bleeding, should prompt additional evaluation. Further, in some patients, the cervix may be difficult to visualize. Several useful clinical suggestions for the optimal examination of the cervix are presented.
Are chromosomal imbalances important in cancer

Tumor-specific patterns of large-scale chromosomal imbalances characterize most forms of cancer. Based on evidence primarily from neuroblastomas, it can be argued that large-scale chromosomal imbalances are crucial for tumor pathogenesis and have an impact on the global transcriptional profile of cancer cells, and that some imbalances even initiate cancer. The genes and genetic pathways that have been dysregulated by such imbalances remain surprisingly elusive. Many genes are affected by the regions of gain and loss, and there are complex interactions and relationships that occur between these genes, hindering their identification. The study of untranslated RNA sequences, such as microRNAs, is in its infancy, and it is likely that such sequences are also dysregulated by chromosomal imbalance, contributing to pathogenesis.
Analytic methods in accident research: Methodological frontier and future directions

The analysis of highway-crash data has long been used as a basis for influencing highway and vehicle designs, as well as directing and implementing a wide variety of regulatory policies aimed at improving safety. And, over time there has been a steady improvement in statistical methodologies that have enabled safety researchers to extract more information from crash databases to guide a wide array of safety design and policy improvements. In spite of the progress made over the years, important methodological barriers remain in the statistical analysis of crash data and this, along with the availability of many new data sources, present safety researchers with formidable future challenges, but also exciting future opportunities. This paper provides guidance in defining these challenges and opportunities by first reviewing the evolution of methodological applications and available data in highway-accident research. Based on this review, fruitful directions for future methodological developments are identified and the role that new data sources will play in defining these directions is discussed. It is shown that new methodologies that address complex issues relating to unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, risk compensation, spatial and temporal correlations, and more, have the potential to significantly expand our understanding of the many factors that affect the likelihood and severity (in terms of personal injury) of highway crashes. This in turn can lead to more effective safety countermeasures that can substantially reduce highway-related injuries and fatalities.
RABBIT MACROPHAGE INTERFERONS II. SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ESTIMATIONS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHTS

Antiviral factors present in cultures of rabbit peritoneal macrophages or rabbit kidney (RK) cells infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and those in cultures of uninfected macrophages all fulfilled the biological and physicochemical criteria for classification as interferons. Virus-induced macrophage and RK interferons were slightly more stable to heat or acid than "spontaneously produced" or endotoxin-induced macrophage interferon. Interferon activity in serum of NDV-infected rabbits was decidedly more labile than NDV-induced macrophage interferon. However, these differences in lability were too slight to serve as a useful basis for distinguishing one rabbit interferon from another. Rabbit interferons from various sources could be differentiated by filtration through Sephadex G-100 and their molecular weights estimated by comparison with elution profiles of a series of marker proteins of known molecular weight. Each of four different preparations of rabbit interferons was found to contain more than one molecular component. Elution peaks for three NDV-induced interferons were equivalent to the following molecular weights: RK approximately 44,000-45,000 and > 134,000 (variable and 134,000 (variable and 134,000 ( approximately 10% and heat labile). NDV-induced serum interferon may also contain another molecular component of mol wt approximately 45,000 represented by a trailing shoulder from the major 51,000 mol wt peak. Endotoxin-induced macrophage interferon proved to be polydisperse. Sephadex filtration of this interferon did not reveal clear and consistent elution patterns, partially owing to its low initial titer and lability. However, variable peaks of biological activity could be detected in Sephadex fractions equivalent to approximate molecular weight values of > 134,000, 72,000-78,000, 33,000-38,000, 28,000-30,000, and possibly a component of 42,000-45,000. A major component of mol wt approximately 37,000 was present in all samples of endotoxin-induced macrophage interferon. The other constituents may be biologically active subunits or polymers. These data indicate that rabbit macrophages produce two primary kinds of interferon: (a) an RK-like component of mol wt approximately 45,000 that is synthesized in greatest amount after viral induction, and (b) a different species of mol wt approximately 37,000 that can also be synthesized in the absence of viral induction. The presence of major interferon constituents of mol wt approximately 51,000 and > 134,000 in rabbit serum after viral induction suggests that macrophages are not the principal interferon-producing cells that respond to intravenous injection of NDV.
The synthesis of (+)- and (−)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylarsino)butane and their use in asymmetric catalysis

(+)- and (-)-2 ,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylarsino)butane, the arsenic analogs of (+)- and (-)-diop have been synthesized in good yields. These ligands give similar optical yields to diop in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones, but lower optical yields for the asymmetric hydrogenation of a-acetamidocinnamic acid, but, in this case, yield the isomer having the opposite configuration to diop.
Biological Sciences: One and Two-dimensional Structure of Alpha-Helix and Beta-Sheet Forms of Poly( L -Alanine) shown by Specific Heat Measurements at Low Temperatures (1.5–20 K)

HOMOPOLYPEPTIDES provide good model systems for various aspects of proteins1,2. Recent advances in high polymer and solid state physics have enabled the vibrational aspects of the simpler homopolypeptides to be treated as normal—but complicated—polymers by the theoretical techniques of lattice dynamics based on the experimental methods of neutron, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Basically, however, these latter methods examine the optical vibrational modes of a system, that is, those modes which are of energy higher than, for example, 70 cm−1. The important lower-energy modes are well examined by specific heat measurements, which do not require single crystal samples, at low temperatures (for example, 1–20 K, where only the acoustic modes are excited thermally to any appreciable extent—1 K∼0.7 cm−1). The low temperature measurements presented here are the first made on a polypeptide in alpha and beta-conformation, and clearly show the one-dimensional nature of the α-helix and the two-dimensional nature of the β-sheet structure. Quantitatively, these measurements also provide tests of theories of published vibrational models of homopolypeptides, and will give hydrogen bond strengths.
Criteria of operability in tricuspid stenosis.

Summary 1. Two cases of tricuspid stenosis are presented. They differed in the manner in which pulmonary blood flow was maintained. In one patient a hypoplastic pulmonary artery leading from a rudimentary right ventricle resulted in a diminished pulmonary blood flow at low pressure. In the other, the origin of the pulmonary system in a large patent ductus arteriosus resulted in a vigorous pulmonary blood flow at high pressure. 2. It is suggested that a method for differentiating these variants of the basic pattern of tricuspid stenosis is the response of the blood oxygen saturation to inhalation of pure oxygen. 3. In patients whose lungs are supplied through a hypoplastic pulmonaryartery, a marked shift in oxygen saturation of arterial blood upon inhalation of oxygen should not occur. For these patients an aortic-pulmonary shunt is indicated. 4. In patients whose lungs are supplied through a large patent ductus with blood under high pressure, and in whom vascular pulmonary changes have ensued, a marked shift in the oxygen saturation of arterial blood upon inhalation of oxygen may be expected. For these patients, operation is not indicated.
The fate of inorganic constituents of biomass in fluidized bed gasification

Bagasse and four banagrass fuels with different inorganic fractions were gasified in a bench-scale fluidized bed at a nominal equivalence ratio of 0.3, reactor temperature of 800°C and atmospheric pressure. The gasifier output stream was characterized for permanent gas species, ammonia, condensable hydrocarbon species, char content and composition, and gas-phase inorganic species concentrations. Gas-phase concentrations of K, Na and Ca exceeded combustion turbine fuel specifications. Si, Fe, P, and Cl were also present in the gas phase. Significant amounts of inorganic fuel constituents were retained in the fluidized bed, dispersed over the surface of the bed particles.
CrVI free primer: from corrosion findings to profile

Up to now, protection of aircraft structures is achieved by a multilayer system that includes, in general, a porous oxide or a conversion coating, a chromated primer and a top coat. Each layer plays a role in the protection scheme and key factor is addressed by specifications. As environmental concern is a strong driving force, the replacement of hexavalent chromium in paint is considered by all aerospace manufacturers as a risky target to achieve in the next future. The two key paint film properties, adhesion with respect to interfacial failure and transient stress state, and leachability of inhibitors, are discussed in order to propose a profile for the new generation of CF primer capable to meet the requirements of aeronautic technical specifications.
IMAGING RNA AND DYNAMIC PROTEIN SEGMENTS WITH LOW-RESOLUTION VIRUS CRYSTALLOGRAPHY : EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, DATA PROCESSING AND IMPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON DENSITY MAPS

Single crystal diffraction data were collected from virus crystals in the resolution range of 270 to 14 A using a synchrotron X-ray source and a small-angle scattering instrument adapted for single crystal measurements. Reflections were measured from single crystals of the capsid of the double-stranded DNA bacteriophage HK97 and synthetic Flock House virus-like particles (sFHV). The quality of the low-resolution measurements was confirmed by excellent scaling statistics for both data sets. The sFHV amplitudes between 270 and 90 A resolution were closely similar to independently measured solution scattering data, and to data calculated from the Fourier transform of a uniform density sphere of 315 A diameter. A rotation function computed with the sFHV data between 70 and 20 A resolution was readily interpretable. A uniform density sphere model was used to compute phases for measured amplitudes between 270 and 68 A resolution. The calculated phases were refined and extended to 14 A resolution with real space averaging employing an external mask shape defined by the high-resolution structure. The resulting electron density map displayed regions interpretable as loosely ordered RNA that connected ordered RNA segments seen in a published 3.0 A resolution map. The published high-resolution electron density map lacked data inside 15 A resolution and the interior of the particle in that map appeared hollow. Difference electron density maps corresponding to bulk RNA were computed by subtracting the contribution of the protein shell, based on the available high-resolution atomic model, from either the cryo-electron microscopy density or the low-resolution X-ray density. Features of the RNA were closely similar in the cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray maps, demonstrating the consistency of the two imaging methods. Electron density maps computed at 14 and 6 A resolution with the X-ray amplitudes showed that RNA contributed little to the scattering beyond 14 A resolution.
wo-dimensional finite element simulation of semiconductor devices

Semiconductor-device modelling in two dimensions by the finite-element method is described. Results of application to a GaAs m.e.s.f.e.t. are given. Negative differential drain conductance is observed.
Infrared photometry of Comet Kohoutek

Abstract Before perihelion, the 8.8–21 μm luminosity of Comet Kahoutek (1973f) was on the order of 1021 ergsec−1 and dropped to 1020 ergsec−1 after perihelion.
Modeling the Gulf Stream System: How far from reality?

Analyses of a primitive equation ocean model simulation of the Atlantic Ocean circulation at 1/6 deg horizontal resolution are presented with a focus on the Gulf Stream region. Among many successful features of this simulation, this letter describes the Gulf Stream separation from the coast of North America near Cape Hatteras, meandering of the Gulf Stream between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks, and the vertical structure of temperature and velocity associated with the Gulf Stream. These results demonstrate significant improvement in modeling the Gulf Stream system using basin- to global scale ocean general circulation models. Possible reasons responsible for the realistic Gulf Stream simulation are discussed, contrasting the major differences between the present model configuration and those of previous eddy resolving studies.
Acid Dissociation of Immune Complexes Improves Diagnostic Utility of p24 Antigen Detection in Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Since acid treatment of serum is known to disrupt immune complexes, the diagnostic utility of the p24 antigen assay was examined after acid treatment of 345 serum samples from 158 children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although the p24 antigen assay after acid treatment was negative in 9 HIV-1-infected children or = 1 month old. In contrast, the sensitivity of the p24 antigen assay without acid dissociation was only 18% (P < .001). Among the 76 uninfected children, 132 (specificity 99.2%) of 133 specimens were p24 antigen-negative after acid dissociation. These results demonstrate that acid treatment of serum markedly improves the sensitivity and predictive value of the p24 antigen assay for diagnosis of perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection in children 1 month of age or older.
Long-Term Care and Before: Current and Prospective Roles for Health Educators Working with Older People

As the number of people who are living long enough to grow old—and then living longer in old age—grows, there has been increasing attention on the roles of physicians, nurses, social workers, and health care administrators in working with older people. It is surprising, however, that little attention has been paid to the unique role health educators can play in working with older people. This article will focus on the needs of people as they age and how health educators can apply their training and skills to assist older people live fuller, healthier lives. Existing and potential roles for health educators are identified. Discussion of possible reasons for the relative dearth of health educators working with the elders is included.
African Americans’ and European Americans’ Mutual Attributions: Adjective Generation Technique (AGT) Stereotyping1

The Katz/Braly line of research is reviewed, along with efforts to improve stereotype measurement. Mutual stereotyping by African Americans and European Americans and in-group bias effects were examined employing the Adjective Generation Technique (AGT). Results showed that each group's conception of the other differed from its own-group conception. Both groups saw European Americans as tending to be inventive, educated, smart, rich, and greedy, but African Americans added corrupt and prejudiced, while European Americans added lazy. African Americans were seen by both groups as tending to be corrupt, funny, friendly, independent, and poor. While mostly African Americans saw their own group as smart and strong, mostly European Americans attributed athletic, humorous, and loud to African Americans. The in-group bias effect was confirmed for both groups in terms of FAVorability and ANXiety values assigned to generated words. However, African Americans showed a stronger bias effect on the FAV measure. The expectation that in-group members would have more constructs applicable to their own group than to the other group was supported only for African Americans. There was also evidence that the powerless know the powerful more than the other way around. Implications for the study of stereotype content, the in-group bias effect, intergroup anxiety, and strength of own group identity are discussed.
The Effects of Social Position, Race, and Sex on Work Values of Ninth Grade Students.

Abstract This study investigated the effect of social class, race, and sex on the work values of ninth-grade students in a large metropolitan area. Measures of work values were obtained using Super's (1970) Work Values Inventory. Factorial analysis of variance and multiple range tests were employed to determine the differences between and among variables. Results indicated that the primary differences were for the dependent variables of race and sex. In general, low social position black females scored low on the work values scales.
806 TRANSLOCATION BREAKPOINT MAPPING OF 9;22 ALL AND 806 8;22 BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA REVEALS DIFFERING BREAK-POINTS WITHIN 22q11

In situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis were performed on bone marrow from a child with Ph' positive 9; 22 ALL and on PA 682, a cell line from a patient with 8; 22 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). We used a cDNA probe from the constant region of the immunoglobulin light chain gene complex (IGLC) to examine the translocation breakpoint in 22q11. In PA 682, the results of four “in situ” experiments with c-lambda reveal hybridization to the 8q+ and the normal 22 and no hybridization to the 22q-. These results suggest that in 8;22 BL, all of c-lambda of IGLC is translocated onto the 8q+ chromosome and the translocation breakpoint is proximal to c-lambda. We also performed two “in situ” experiments with the c-lambda probe on direct marrow preparations from a child with Ph' positive 9;22 ALL. In each experiment c-lambda is hybridized to the normal 22 and to the 22q- as well as to the 9q+. The levels of c-lambda hybridization to the 9q+, between 6-7.3% of the total grains, were significantly higher than background levels. These results suggest that the translocation breakpoint of 9;22 ALL interrupts the constant region cluster of IGLC and is distal to the 22q11 breakpoint of 8;22 BL.
Phase diagrams for submonolayer films on weakly corrugated substrates

We present a simplified model calculation of submonolayer phase diagrams of atoms physisorbed on a weakly corrugated substrate. Both commensurate and incommensurate solid phases as well as liquid and gas are included. The calculation leads to a plausible, unified picture of how the density-temperature phase diagram changes when the wavelength and amplitude of the substrate corrugation are varied.
Dynamic encoding of face information in the human fusiform gyrus

The human fusiform face area (FFA) plays a major role in face recognition. Ghuman et al. study the temporal dynamics of face information processing in the FFA and establish the timecourse of information processing as well as the processing stages that FFA contributes to when a face is first viewed.
Meteoroid mayhem in Ole Virginny: source of the North American tektite strewn field

New seismic reflection data from Chesapeake Bay reveal a buried, 85-km-wide, 1.5-2.0-km-deep, peak-ring impact crater, carved through upper Eocene to Lower Cretaceous sedimentary strata and into underlying pre-Mesozoic crystalline basement rocks. A polymictic, late Eocene impact breccia, composed mainly of locally derived sedimentary debris (determined from four continuous cores), surrounds and partly fills the crater. Structural and sedimentary characteristics of the Chesapeake Bay crater closely resemble those of the Miocene Ries peakring crater in southern Germany. We speculate that the Chesapeake Bay crater is the source of the North American tektite strewn field.
Regulation of dendritic cells by female sex steroids: relevance to immunity and autoimmunity.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical mediators of adaptive immunity, tolerance and autoimmunity. The human immune system exhibits sexual dimorphism, which is most evident in the female predominance of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Female sex steroids are strongly implicated in mediating immune sexual dimorphism, in part because estrogen accentuates disease in several models of lupus autoimmunity. In contrast, progesterone may prevent disease development. While much investigation has focused on the effects of estrogen and progesterone on lymphocyte functions, far less attention has been paid to the effects of these hormones on DCs. Current evidence now indicates estrogen can activate DCs, while in contrast, progesterone inhibits DC functions. Thus, we hypothesize that the opposite effects these two hormones have on lupus autoimmunity reflect opposing effects on DC functions. Thus, through direct actions on DCs, female sex steroids may influence autoimmunity, immunity and tol...
Reasons for Diversity of Placental Structure

Many early embryonic stages are nearly indistinguishable in different Eutheria. However, implantation stages and placental morphological types vary tremendously. A number of factors favor this conflicting diversity. 1. Whereas embryo development takes place in the isolation of the amniotic cavity, the extraembryonic membranes of the conceptus develop in close association with the uterus of a genetically different organism. 2. Early conditions for the developing conceptus are anaerobic whereas later in development efficient aerobic conditions are essential for continued growth of the fetus. 3. Developing extraembryonic membranes have the potential to form two partially sequential placentas. The yolk sac can participate in forming a choriovitelline placenta, including an interhemal region, and can be adapted to various non-respiratory functions as gestation proceeds. Development of the chorioallantoic placenta begins later than the choriovitelline placenta but can overlap with this before supplanting it. The original development of the extraembryonic membranes occurs when the conceptus is sufficiently small that neither its nutritional requirements nor its respiratory needs are the burden to the maternal organism that they are later in gestation. Despite these developmental factors promoting different methods of forming the definitive placenta, the placental type is consistent within most families indicating that the divergence in placental structure accompanied evolution of differences between groups.
Introduction:Process Thought and New Testament Exegesis

Thus far few effective contacts have been made between recent process thought and New Testament studies. Work on one side seems little affected by work on the other. Partly responsible for this alienation, which is indicative of the relationship between contemporary theology and biblical studies in general, is the direction that biblical studies took under the leadership of Rudolf Bultmann, for whom empirical and socio-historical concerns were not germane to faith. Equally responsible is the direction that process theology took under the influence of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Harshorne, who saw their task less as the explication of specifically Christian tradition and experience, and more as the elucidation of the general features of reality. Recently a body of literature in Old and New Testament studies that attempt to bridge this gap has been developed. Whatever importance the interaction between biblical studies and process thought may be for biblical scholarship, it is vital for process theology. John B. Cobb, Jr. is Ingraham Professor of Theology at the School of Theology at Claremont, Avery Professor of Religion at the Claremont Graduate School, and Director of the Center for Process Studies. He has published books and articles on various aspects of process theology, including Christ in a Pluralistic Age (The Westminster Press, 1975) and Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition, coauthored with David R. Griffin (The Westminster Press, 1976).
Does the Carolina abecedarian early intervention project prevent sociocultural mental retardation

Abstract An assessment is made of the claim that, when compared with a control group, this early intervention project has produced and maintained higher IQs in children who, because they were from economically and socially impoverished homes, were considered to be at high-risk for mild mental retardation. Four cohorts were recruited over a 5-year period, but the experimental group in Cohorts 3 and 4 produced unusually high scores on the Bayley MDI. Differences between experimental and control groups at 60 months of age were comparable to differences at 6 months of age. The assertion that the experimental group's advantage was due to the effects of the first few months of intervention, rather than to the chance allocation of brighter children to the experimental group, is discussed.
Process and proximity correction, and verification for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lithography has been planned for high-volume manufacturing (HVM) in 2014 for critical layers of advanced nodes in the semiconductor industry. Process and proximity correction (PPC) and verification is necessary in order to compensate various optical and other process effects in EUV lithography. Since the long-range flare, mask shadowing effect, and lens characteristics all vary throughout the whole mask range, position dependent PPC and verification may be needed for accurate mask pattern synthesis. In this paper, we will study the PPC accuracy. The PPC flow uses a single PPC kernel set and a full-mask flare map for long-range flare correction. The lithography model is calibrated in accordance with this PPC flow. The lithography model is used to perform full-mask correction for the 10nm node test chip mask for BEOL/FEOL short loop flow development. The optimized full-mask patterns were placed on the mask and printed using a 0.25 NA EUV scanner at various focus and dose conditions. Printed wafers were measured by a CD-SEM and compared to post-PPC verification results.
Formation of β-hydroxyisovalerate by an α-ketoisocaproate oxygenase in human liver

Previously we demonstrated the occurrence of a soluble dioxygenase in rat liver which converts alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (the keto acid analog of leucine) to beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Herein we show that human liver contains a similar soluble enzyme which converts alpha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxisovaleric acid. We suggest this enzyme functions as a "safety valve" in liver to help prevent excessive accumulation of alpha-ketoisocaproate.
Pain control in paediatric burns—the use of patient-controlled analgesia

Eleven children received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for the management of severe burn pain, their ages ranged from 4.75 to 14 years. Periods of PCA ranged from 2 to 131 days. Three patients developed evidence of tolerance as shown by high dose requirements, but the patients weaned themselves rapidly when pain levels fell. We conclude that PCA provides good quality analgesia to school-age childrne requiring debridement and grafting for burns. Its use simplified one major aspect of the management of these children.
Measuring Angling Quality in Count Data Models of Recreational Fishing A Non-Nested Test of Three Approaches

This paper develops a methodology for investigating different specifications of angling quality in recreational demand models. The methodology is used to compare three alternative specifications of the relationship between angling demand and site quality. The site quality alternatives include chemical concentrations, biological stress indices based on the chemicals, and catch per unit effort. The three alternatives are differentiated using a likelihood ratio non-nested testing procedure.
Diode-pumped solid-state laser driver experiments for inertial fusion energy applications

Although solid-state lasers have been the primary means by which the physics of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) have been investigated, it was previously thought that solid-state laser technology could not offer adequate efficiencies for an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant. Orth and co-workers have recently designed a conceptual IFE power plant, however, with a high efficiency diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) driver that utilized several recent innovations in laser technology. It was concluded that DPSSLs could offer adequate performance for IFE with reasonable assumptions. This system was based on a novel diode pumped Yb-doped Sr{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F (Yb:S-FAP) amplifier. Because this is a relatively new gain medium, a project was established to experimentally validate the diode-pumping and extraction dynamics of this system at the smallest reasonable scale. This paper reports on the initial experimental results of this study. We found the pumping dynamics and extraction cross-sections of Yb:S-FAP crystals to be similar to those previously inferred by purely spectroscopic techniques. The saturation fluence for pumping was measured to be 2.2 J/cm{sup 2} using three different methods based on either the spatial, temporal, or energy transmission properties of a Yb:S-FAP rod. The small signal gain implies an emission cross section of 6.0{times}10{sup {minus}20} cm{sup 2}. Up to 1.7 J/cm{sup 3} of stored energy density was achieved in a 6{times}6{times}44 mm{sup 3} Yb:S-FAP amplifier rod. In a free running configuration diode-pumped slope efficiencies up to 43% were observed with output energies up to {approximately}0.5 J per 1 ms pulse from a 3{times}3{times}30 mm{sup 3} rod. When the rod was mounted in a copper block for cooling, 13 W of average power was produced with power supply limited operation at 70 Hz with 500 {mu}s pulses.
Conceptual evaluation of the potential role of fractures in unsaturated processes at Yucca Mountain

JCH Manuscript REV 01 Conceptual Evaluation of the Potential Role of Fractures in Unsaturated Processes at Yucca Mountain J. J. Hinds* G. S. Bodvarsson G. H. Nieder-Westermann Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA * Corresponding Author. Fax 510-486-6115; email: jhinds@lbl.gov Abstract A wide array of field observations, in situ testing, and rock and water sampling (and subsequent analyses) within the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain demonstrate the importance of fractures to flow and transport in the welded tuffs. The abundance of fractures and the spatial variability in their hydraulic properties, along with the heterogeneity within lithologic formations, make evaluation of unsaturated processes occurring within the potential repository horizon complex. Fracture mapping and field testing show that fractures are well connected, yet considerable variation is seen within and between units comprising the potential repository horizon with regard to fracture trace length, spacing, permeability, and capillarity. These variations have important implications for the distribution and movement of water and solutes through the unsaturated zone. Numerical models designed to assess such phenomena as unsaturated flow, transport, and coupled thermal-hydrological processes each require their own conceptual model for fracture networks, in order to identify the subset of all fractures that is relevant to the particular study. We evaluate several process-dependent conceptual models for fractures and identify the relevant fracture subsets related to these processes. Key Words: Yucca Mountain, fracture characteristics, conceptual model, repository Hinds et al.
Hydrothermal synthesis of powders in the Ga–Mn–O–H system

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis was used to prepare mixed oxide and oxyhydroxide powders in the Ga–Mn–O–H system. Powders were characterized with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Samples prepared at pH
Penetration and colonization of oak roots by Armillaria mellea in Wisconsin

The level of Armillaria mellea activity on root systems of living and herbicide-killed oâks was assessed. Epiphytic rhizomorphs were almost always present on living and dead oak roots. After an oak was killed or completely defoliated, A. mellea usually penetrated directly through the root-collar bark and spread rapidly in the cambium. Sapwood in the root collar and main lateral roots was colonized within 2 years. The production of thizomorphs from this region was assessed on trees that had been killed by herbicide sprays 2 to 14 years before sampling.
Familial Non Medullary Thyroid Cancer

When one thinks about patients with familial thyroid cancer, one usually considers familial medullary thyroid cancer or perhaps familial thyroid cancers associated with familial polyposis or Cowden’s syndromes. However, there have been an increasing number of articles regarding patients with FNMTC in the past few years [1-16]. Familial non medullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC) without any other associated syndrome, however, accounts for about 5% of patients with thyroid cancer of follicular cell origin (prevalence ranges between 3.5 and 6.2%) [1, 17, 18]. FNMTC has been defined as families with two or more first degree relatives having cancer papillary or Hurthle cell thyroid. In patients with three or more members with thyroid cancer there appears to be an autosomal dominant type of inheritance with incomplete penetrance and 99.9% of these patients have familial disease [2]. Patients with FNMTC also are more likely to have other thyroid pathology including multinodular goiter as well as other non thyroid cancers [3]. When two members of a family have thyroid cancer some will have a susceptibility gene for thyroid cancer; the others may have sporadic non familial tumors [2].
Klebsiella type 33 septicemia in an infant intensive care unit

Between January 25 and March 30, 1971, septicemia with kanamycin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae type 33 occurred in 10 of 94 infants in an intensive care unit. All 10 infants also had evidence of localized infection (pneumonia in 5, infected aortic thrombi in 2, meningitis in 1, necrotizing enterocolitis in 1, and abdominal abscess in 1). There was widespread environmental contamination in the unit, but no common source of Klebsiella type 33 other than infected infants could be identified. Spread appeared to occur primarily via the hands of personnel. Control measures resulted in a decrease in cross contamination and dramatic slowing of the outbreak. The strains of Klebsiella type 33 isolated during this epidemic were more virulent than three other Klebsiella serotypes tested in virulence studies in mice.
Symptom-limited exercise combined with dipyridamole stress: Prognostic value in assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease by use of gated SPECT imaging

Background Combining vasodilator and exercise stress reduces noncardiac side effects, improves image quality, and enhances the detection of ischemia, compared with suboptimal exercise or vasodilator stress alone. However, prognostic data with combined protocols are limited.
Establishing supply service strategy for shortage situations

Abstract Industrial marketers continue to face the critical dilemma of how to effectively deal with supply shortages that are cyclical but vary significantly in nature and intensity. Moreover, purchasing agents are demanding more while accepting fewer excuses in cases of out-of-stocks and supply delay. This article deals with combating such negative reaction through establishment of a supply service program focused on customer needs. Key managerial issues and their implications are discussed.
Sex chromatin and X chromosome replication patterns and incidence of sex chromatin in canine cell cultures.

In order to provide evidence as to whether sex chromatin (SC) of interphase cells is equivalent to the late replicating X chromosome in female mammalian cells, time-lapse cinephotometric and autoradiographic methods were used to give precise data for comparison of the DNA replication patterns of SC with that of each of the X chromosomes throughout the S period. Canine kidney epithelial cells were selected because they have distinct large metacentric X chromosomes and typical SC. Time-lapse cinephotometry was used to avoid possible alteration of DNA synthesis by chemical cell synchronization agents. Determination of the incidence of SC during the stages of the cell life cycle of proliferating cells of the same origin was performed in order hopefully to clarify conflicting reports on the subject. Our results clearly show that time and intensity of the SC replication throughout S period is like that of the late replicating X chromosome and unlike that of the early replicating X chromosome. The incidence of SC in proliferating cells in culture was found to vary with the stage of the cell life cycle, increasing with increasing postmitotic interval — least in G1, greater in S, and greatest in G2. The SC incidence increased strikingly from G1 to S and a less marked increase was observed between S and G2.
The Design of a Dynamic Positioning System

The hydrodynamic problem of a dynamically positioned vessel is formulated by a double time scale expansion. Simplified models are derived and then used to design a control device to keep the vessel within a permissible radius. Physical concepts lead the design while using the theory for multivariable systems in frequency domain. Simulation results validate the design.
Treating Depression With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Practical Approach

Depression is a common disorder that is becoming better understood as an illness that can be chronic, recurrent, and refractory to treatment. Depression can produce substantial suffering and profoundly affect a patient's self-esteem, relationships, and functional capacity. The improved adverse-effect profile and safety from overdose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have led to treatment of milder forms of depression and thus increased treatment of depression overall. This article synthesizes several previously published reviews and psychopharmacology resources and addresses practical issues related to initiating, monitoring, continuing, and discontinuing SSRIs. Precautions related to SSRI use and important considerations for various types of depression are discussed.
Various influences on plumes and dynamics in time-dependent, compressible mantle convection in 3-D spherical shell

The effects on the dynamics of compressible mantle convection from increasing Rayleigh number, viscosity stratification and internal heating are investigated in a time-dependent, 3-D spherical shell model. Resolution of up to spherical harmonics of degree 192 and 150 higher-order finite difference grid points unevenly distributed in the radial direction have been employed. Surface Rayleigh number varies from 5 × 104 to O(107). The viscosity profiles used range from constant to a depth-dependent viscosity profile. The Adams-Williamson adiabatic assumption is adopted for describing the equation of state. Both depth dependences of thermal expansivity and thermal conductivity are included. We have focused on the viscosity stratification in the lower mantle. The mean temperature profiles are very sensitive to the input parameters, such as the amount of internal heating and the dissipation number. In the isoviscous model the number of hot plumes decreases for low Rayleigh number (5 × 104) and increases dramatically with higher Rayleigh number (106). In the model with a high-viscosity zone in the lower mantle, the number of plumes is small and does not change too much, when the Rayleigh number varies from 3 × 106 to 8 × 106. In the purely base-heated, viscously stratified models well-organized triple junctions of the downwelling sheets are developed near the surface and interconnected cold walls of downwellings are produced around upwelling plumes. The presence of internal heating increases the number of upwelling plumes and breaks up the interconnection of downwelling sheets. Strong viscous heating in the compressible solutions is found near the top and bottom. At the higher values of Rayleigh number the laterally averaged value of viscous dissipation is comparable with the chondritic strength of internal heating. Whether the maximum viscous heating is found in upwelling plumes or downwelling flows depends on the presence of internal heating and the mechanical boundary conditions. The effects of compressibility on local structures and plume morphologies can be significant. However, these compressible effects are moderate on the global patterns.
Orientation dependence of slip band formation in single-crystal aluminum studied by photoelectron emission

Abstract We report the application of a photoemission technique to study slip band formation in single-crystal aluminum (99.995%) during uniaxial tensile deformation. Light with a single 253 nm wavelength was isolated from a mercury lamp and used as the source for photoemission experiments. Deformation of aluminum single crystals with three orientations (near [1 1 2], near [2 1 5] and near [2 3 ¯ 3 ¯ ]) was conducted with a tensile stage in ultrahigh vacuum at an initial strain rate of about 5 × 10−4 s−1. We show that photoelectron emission is sensitive to the changes in the surface morphology accompanying deformation, including slip line and slip band formation, and that the photoemission intensity both increases with strain and exhibits a strong orientation dependence. Moreover, some time-resolved photoelectron measurements show discontinuous increases in intensity that are consistent with the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of slip bands during tensile deformation. The in situ photoelectron data and real-time stress vs. strain from the three single crystals validate the classical crystallographic relationships governing slip band formation and suggest that dislocation dynamics during deformation of aluminum may demonstrate a percolation-like behavior. The slip bands on the deformed surfaces were examined with both optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Regulation of Tryptophan Biosynthesis by Feedback Inhibition of the Second-Step Enzyme, Anthranilate Phosphoribosyl-transferase, in Brevibacterium flavum

Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT), the second-step enzyme in the tryptophan specific biosynthetic pathway of Brevibacterium flavum, was inhibited by l-tryptophan but not by d-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine or l-tyrosine at all. The pattern of the inhibition by various tryptophan analogs was quite different from that of anthranilate synthase (AS), the first-step enzyme in the pathway. The concentration of trytophan giving 50% inhibition of PRT and the inhibitor constant for tryptophan, Ki, were 0.15 and 0.26 mM, respectively. The inhibition of PRT was noncompetitive for both the substrates, anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Gycerol increased the sensitivity to the tryptophan inhibition as well as the activity, whereas KCl and NaCl stimulated the PRT activity alone. In all the mutants tested, the feedback inhibition of PRT was removed concomitantly with that of AS. When phenylalanine tyrosine double auxotrophs having derepressed levels of the tryptophan enzymes were cultured under tyrosi...
Homolytic addition of 1,3-oxathiolane to unsaturated hydrocarbons

The homolytic addition of 1,3-oxathiolane to olefins takes place with the formation of 2-substituted 1,3-oxathiolanes and insignificant amounts of functional derivatives of sulfides.
Laser Raman matrix isolation studies of nitrogen dioxide. Resonance Raman spectrum of NO2 and Raman spectrum of N2O4

Abstract Argon matrix samples of NO 2 have been extensively studied using argon ion laser excitation. In marked contrast to the gas phase spectrum where many intense fluorescence lines exist, the matrix spectrum exhibits sharp Raman bands ν 1 , ν 2 and ν 3 for N 2 O 4 and sharp resonance Raman bands ν 1 , ν 2 , 2ν 2 , ν 1 + ν 2 and 2ν 1 for NO 2 . These assignments were confirmed by the 15 NO 2 spectrum. The observation of first overtones with one-fourth of the fundamental intensity characterizes the NO 2 spectra as resonance Raman. Sample warming operations caused signals due to the three symmetric N 2 O 4 modes to increase in intensity at the expense of the symmetric NO 2 fundamentals.
Crack growth behavior and failure micromechanisms in three heat resistant materials at elevated temperature

Abstract Crack growth behavior for three high temperature materials, namely, Alloy 800H, type 310 Stainless Steel, and Hastelloy X, have been investigated under creep, fatigue, and hold time test conditions at 650°C. All alloys show a predominantly transgranular crack advance mode when cycled at frequencies above 0.5 Hz. At lower frequencies, the failure in 310 SS transitions to a predominantly intergranular mode while Hastelloy X remains transgranular. Alloy 800H shows a mixed failure mode at intermediate and low frequencies. Creep crack growth rate correlates well with C ∗ for all alloys, and can be extended to correlate fatigue with hold time loading conditions for Alloy 800H and 310 SS, but not for Hastelloy X under the conditions studied here. These crack growth observations were supplemented by microhardness, microstructural, and load response measurements. Crack growth rate predictions based on a local critical strain criterion were also examined and found to agree with experimental results.