cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcomes Following Recurrence of Intestinal Metaplasia After Successful Treatment of Barrett’s Esophagus With Radiofrequency Ablation

OBJECTIVES Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective treatment for Barrett's esophagus (BE). However, recurrence of BE after initially successful RFA is common, and outcomes following recurrence not well described. We report the outcomes associated with recurrence following initially successful RFA. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 306 patients treated with RFA for dysplastic BE. Complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) was defined as complete histological and endoscopic remission of IM. Recurrence was defined as any presence of IM or dysplasia in the tubular esophagus or dysplasia in the gastric cardia subsequent to CE-IM. We examined rates and risk factors for recurrence, dysplastic recurrence, and invasive adenocarcinoma after CE-IM. We also describe the clinical course of patients following recurrence. RESULTS Of the 306 eligible patients undergoing RFA, 218 achieved CE-IM and also had subsequent surveillance endoscopy. Of these, 52 (24%) experienced recurrence of IM or Barrett's-associated neoplasia over 540.6 person-years (incidence rate 9.6%/year). Thirty (58%) of these achieved second CE-IM; 4 (1.8% of total, 7.7% of recurrences) ultimately progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma (incidence rate 0.65%/year). Longer Prague M was a strong risk factor for invasive adenocarcinoma (rate ratio of 1.34/cm). Most dysplastic recurrences were in the cardia, and the majority were not visible but detected on random biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with recurrent BE after initially successful RFA achieve second CE-IM; however, 1.8% progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma. Longer Prague M was predictive of invasive adenocarcinoma. Four-quadrant random biopsy of the cardia is advisable during surveillance endoscopy after CE-IM.
Odkryta na nowo i uporczywie aktualna – o dialektyce w filozofii i polityce światowej

Niniejszy artykul ukazal sie oryginalnie w zbiorze esejow Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth. Autor podejmuje w nim kwestie ewolucji poglądow politycznych i teoretycznych Wlodzimierza Lenina miedzy 1908 a 1914 rokiem, wskazując na kluczową role, jaką odegrala w niej lektura Nauki logiki i studia nad Heglowską dialektyką. Andersona interesuje przede wszystkim sposob, w jaki Lenin wykorzystal nowe dialektyczne koncepty, ktore wywiodl z lektury niemieckiego filozofa, do sformulowania wnikliwej i radykalnej koncepcji polityki światowej. Zdaniem autora to dzieki nim Leninowi udalo sie w nowatorski sposob spojrzec na kwestie kolonializmu, imperializmu i znaczenie ruchow narodowowyzwolenczych dla polityki emancypacyjnej.
Discourse as virtue ethics: Muslim women in the American Southwest

This article examines naturally occurring speech among participants in a young women’s halaqa, or study circle, at a mosque in the southwest United States to detail how “tactics of linguistic objectification” provide anchor points for ethical negotiations of difference. By focusing on linguistic micro-practices, including codeswitching and mock “foreign” accents, this paper brings a linguistic anthropological approach to bear upon this inquiry into discourse as a mode of phronesis. It is argued that, during informal conversation, core members of this group of largely second-generation immigrant women highlighted features of non-native English speech to monitor, examine, and mediate their own and their families’ hypervisibility as U.S. Muslims. As policy and public opinion paint a picture of Muslims as an existential threat to the west, these women’s language use, narratives and laughter act as in-group responses to social scrutiny that makes acknowledgement and normalization of Muslim difference obligatory. This article is published as part of a collection on discourse studies.
Audit Sampling Using Benford's Law: A Review of the Literature with Some New Perspectives

ABSTRACT: Accounting studies have used the premise that nonconformity to Benford's Law (hereafter, Benford), which gives the expected patterns of the leading digits in numerical data, is a red flag...
Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles of Controlled Sizes To Demonstrate the Impact of Size on Optical Properties

Gold (Au) nanoparticles of varying sizes were synthesized during an outreach activity to introduce students to the size-dependent optical properties of nanomaterials. For the fabrication of Au nanoparticles of varying sizes, a seeded growth method was employed. In the first part of the activity, students performed the Frens method to obtain Au seeds. Students then used these seeds in the second part to conduct a seed-mediated synthesis, and obtained Au nanoparticles of a wide size range. The size differences in the particles were evident by eyesight due to color changes in the nanoparticle solutions. In addition to observations made about color, the nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, and a red shift in the peak wavelength of the extinction spectra of the Au nanoparticles was observed when nanoparticles were grown larger in size. This activity demonstrates a straightforward approach to seed-mediated nanoparticle growth and is applicable to both high school and undergraduate students.
Suprameatal urethrolysis with Martius flap for refractory bladder outflow obstruction following stress incontinence surgery in females.

AIMS To present our technique of suprameatal urethrolysis with Martius flap (SMUM) and outcomes of this procedure for refractory female bladder outflow obstruction (BOO). METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to identify female patients who underwent SMUM between January 2010 and August 2016 after failed transvaginal urethrolysis (TVU) for BOO due to prior stress urinary incontinence (SUI) surgery. The primary outcome measure was surgical success defined as patient ability to void volitionally without need for catheterization or additional surgery for BOO. Secondary outcomes assessed included perioperative outcomes, intraoperative and 30-day complications, change in post-void residual volume (PVR), resolution of urge urinary incontinence (UUI), incidence of recurrent SUI, and treatment for any urinary incontinence. RESULTS Eleven patients were identified. After a median follow-up of 10.8 months (range 3.1-20.1), the procedure was successful in nine patients (82%). Postoperative median PVR was 29 cc (range 0-425) and median change in PVR was a 280 cc (range 29-1050) decrease (P < 0.01). Among the seven patients who required catheterization preoperatively, five patients (71%) recovered volitional voiding. Two patients (18%) continued to require indwelling or intermittent catheterization and underwent additional surgery for BOO. SUI recurred in one patient (9%). UUI persisted in all four patients who reported this preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS SMUM is successful in improving or relieving refractory BOO in this challenging patient population. After TVU, we believe that Martius flap interposition is critical to preventing recurrent fixation of the urethra to the pubic bones and thus achieving improved voiding.
Premature discontinuation of curative radiation therapy: Insights from head and neck irradiation.

Abstract Purpose Factors related to premature discontinuation of curative radiation therapy (PDCRT) are understudied. This study aimed to examine causes and clinical outcomes of PDCRT at our institution by investigating the most common anatomical site associated with PDCRT. Methods and materials Among the 161 patients with PDCRT of various anatomic sites at our institution between 2010 and 2017, 36% received radiation to the head and neck region. Pertinent demographic, clinical, and treatment-related data on these 58 patients were collected. Survival was examined using the life-table method and log-rank test. Results The majority of patients were male (81%), white (67%), ≥60 years old (59%), living ≥10 miles away from the hospital (60%), single (57%), with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score ≥1 (86%), experiencing significant pain issues (67%), and had treatment interruptions in radiation therapy (RT; 66%). The most common reasons for PDCRT were discontinuation against medical advice (33%), medical comorbidity (24%), and RT toxicity (17%). Of the comorbidities leading to PDCRT, 50% was acute cardiopulmonary issues and 43% was infection. The mean follow-up time was 15.9 months, and the 2-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 61% and 78%, respectively. Patients with illicit substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score ≥2 had worse survival. A trend toward improved survival with total completed dose ≥50 Gy versus Conclusions In this largest-to-date, modern analysis of PDCRT, the most common cause of discontinuation was discontinuation against medical advice, which underscores the importance of patient education, optimization of RT symptoms, involvement of social work, and integration of other supportive services early in treatment. Survival remains suboptimal after PDCRT for H&N tumors, with a 2-year overall survival rate of 61%. Completing >50 Gy appears to confer a relative therapeutic benefit.
Adjuvant Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Targeted Approaches

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a significant global health problem. Despite inroads in early detection, 50 %of patients either present with or develop metastatic disease during the natural history of their illness. There remains no consistent curative therapy for metastatic RCC. For patients with locally advanced disease, surgery remains the mainstay of curative therapy, but a significant number of patients still experience relapse, the risk of which is directly related to the presence of high-risk features at diagnosis. The search for effective adjuvant therapy to decrease the risk of relapse following surgery remains elusive. Therapeutic benefit in the setting of metastatic disease has not translated to success in the adjuvant therapy setting. Numerous clinical trials have examined the role of radiation therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, vaccine therapy, and antiangiogenic therapies in the adjuvant setting. To date, none of these trials have demonstrated a significant benefit. Thus, the standard of care remains surveillance following surgical resection of locally advanced disease. Currently, clinical trials with the new targeted therapies developed for RCC are ongoing in the adjuvant setting. We anxiously await the results of these trials to determine whether they can significantly impact recurrence free and overall survival in the locally advanced setting following curative surgical resection.
Altered Gradients of Glutamate and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Transcripts in the Cortical Visuospatial Working Memory Network in Schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Visuospatial working memory (vsWM), which is impaired in schizophrenia, requires information transfer across multiple nodes in the cerebral cortex, including visual, posterior parietal, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions. Information is conveyed across these regions via the excitatory projections of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons located in layer 3, whose activity is modulated by local inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons. Key properties of these neurons differ across these cortical regions. Consequently, in schizophrenia, alterations in the expression of gene products regulating these properties could disrupt vsWM function in different ways, depending on the region(s) affected. Methods Here, we quantified the expression of markers of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission selectively in layer 3 of four cortical regions in the vsWM network from 20 matched pairs of schizophrenia and unaffected comparison subjects. Results In comparison subjects, levels of glutamate transcripts tended to increase, whereas GABA transcript levels tended to decrease, from caudal to rostral, across cortical regions of the vsWM network. Composite measures across all transcripts revealed a significant effect of region, with the glutamate measure lowest in the primary visual cortex and highest in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas the GABA measure showed the opposite pattern. In schizophrenia subjects, the expression levels of many of these transcripts were altered. However, this disease effect differed across regions, such that the caudal-to-rostral increase in the glutamate measure was blunted and the caudal-to-rostral decline in the GABA measure was enhanced in the illness. Conclusions Differential alterations in layer 3 glutamate and GABA neurotransmission across cortical regions may contribute to vsWM deficits in schizophrenia.
An Intercomparison between Reanalysis and Dropsonde Observations of the Total Water Vapor Transport in Individual Atmospheric Rivers

AbstractA recent study presented nearly two decades of airborne atmospheric river (AR) observations and concluded that, on average, an individual AR transports ~5 × 108 kg s−1 of water vapor. The study here compares those cases to ARs independently identified in reanalyses based on a refined algorithm that can detect less well-structured ARs, with the dual-purpose of validating reanalysis ARs against observations and evaluating dropsonde representativeness relative to reanalyses. The first comparison is based on 21 dropsonde-observed ARs in the northeastern Pacific and those closely matched, but not required to be exactly collocated, in ERA-Interim (MERRA-2), which indicates a mean error of −2% (−8%) in AR width and +3% (−1%) in total integrated water vapor transport (TIVT) and supports the effectiveness of the AR detection algorithm applied to the reanalyses. The second comparison is between the 21 dropsonde ARs and ~6000 ARs detected in ERA-Interim (MERRA-2) over the same domain, which indicates a mean ...
Application of Screening Functions as Cutoff-Based Alternatives to Ewald Summation in Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using Polarizable Force Fields.

The range-dependent screening of the charge–charge, charge-induced dipole, and induced dipole–induced dipole interactions was examined for a variety of liquids modeled using polarizable force fields. A cutoff-based method for calculation of the electrostatic interactions in molecular dynamics (MD) is presented as an alternative to Ewald-type summation for simulations of the disordered materials modeled using many-body polarizable force fields with permanent charges and induced point dipoles. The proposed approach was tested on bulk water, room-temperature ionic liquids, and solutions of ions in polar solvents. The smooth, short-range, and atom-type independent screening functions for interactions between the charges and induced dipoles were obtained using the force matching approach. An excellent agreement for both the magnitude and directionality of forces, structural and dynamic properties, was found in MD simulations utilizing the developed screening functions, compared to those with Ewald summation. W...
Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics. By Nicole Hemmer. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xvi, 320. $34.95.)

The press secretary for the Republican presidential candidate handed out gold pins to reporters that read, “Eastern Liberal Press” (162). The year was 1964, and the candidate was Senator Barry Gold...
X-Ray Nanochemistry: Background and Introduction

X-ray nanochemistry is defined and the history behind the development of X-ray nanochemistry is discussed in this chapter. The chapter also contains speculations on why nature has not developed any systems to harvest X-ray energy. Three categories of enhancement through which nanomaterials can enhance the effectiveness of X-ray irradiation are briefly described. The differences between how X-rays and γ-rays interact with nanomaterials are analyzed. An overview of X-ray nanochemistry research literature is provided.
Das Verständnis von Behinderung in anderen Ländern und seine Auswirkung auf die Inanspruchnahme des Hilfesystems in Deutschland am Beispiel Russland und Türkei

Filiz Kutluer thematisiert in ihrem Beitrag die Vorstellungen im Umgang mit Behinderung, die Strukturen des Hilfesystems und den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Behinderung in den Herkunftskontexten Turkei und der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und Russland. Auf Grundlage von Erkenntnissen, die aus qualitativen Daten des durch die v. Bodelschwinghschen Stiftungen Bethel durchgefuhrten Forschungsprojekts Behinderung und Migration gewonnen wurden, stellt sie darauf aufbauend die thematisierten Zugangsbarrieren zum deutschen Hilfesystem dar. So wird u.a. deutlich, dass sich das Beratungs- und Hilfesystem in anderen Herkunftskontexten von denen in Deutschland unterscheidet, wodurch bei Migrantinnen und Migranten Unsicherheit mit ebendiesen Systemen herrscht. Im Anschluss daran werden Moglichkeiten und Beispiele einer transkulturellen Offnung des Hilfesystems, wie zum Beispiel durch geschlechterspezifische Betreuung und kultursensible Freizeitmoglichkeiten, aufgezeigt.
Lingual Mucosa and Posterior Auricular Skin Grafts

Patients who lack suitable skin or buccal graft for substitution urethroplasty, can be successfully reconstructed with the alternative extragenital sources of lingual mucosa and posterior auricular skin. Both alternative grafts are easy to harvest, readily available, and have a high degree of take.
Lloyd Morgan’s Creative Synthesis

Lloyd Morgan now had before him the essential components out of which his own “creative synthesis” of emergent evolution would develop: the evolutionary theories of Darwin, Spencer, Huxley, Wallace, and Romanes, Bergson’s notion of creative evolution productive of qualitative novelty, the theories of heteropathic laws due to Mill, and emergent properties as formulated by Lewes, Spaulding’s concept of novelty in the whole-part relationship, and the theory of levels of reality developed by Marvin. In the following section, I will argue that Lloyd Morgan analyzed these background theories, selected and rejected their theses, transformed the retained theses and then integrated them into a new theory which included an innovative element — the placing of emergence at the heart of a monistic philosophy of evolution. This was the project that Lloyd Morgan accomplished in the period from 1912 to 1915.
2.01 – Introduction and Overview

This chapter provides a brief description of the cognitive psychologist’s approach to studying memory. The main part of the chapter constitutes an overview of the contents of the volume and its organization.
Abstract 3688: A novel biomarker for pancreatic cancer, sTRA, and CA19-9 define separate subpopulations of PDAC cells with distinctions in behavior and molecular characteristics

Cancer cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) exhibit tremendous diversity in behavior and phenotype, but no biomarkers are available to identify subtypes with clinically significant differences in behavior. We recently identified a new marker of pancreatic cancer, called sTRA, that is expressed on cancer cells with different morphologies and molecular characteristics than cancer cells expressing the biomarker CA19-9. Here we tested the hypothesis that the two types of cells have differences between them in behavior, gene expression, and associations with outcome. In cell line models, sTRA-expressing cancer cells were more resistant to drugs, more invasive, and slower-growing than the CA19-9-expressing cells. Patient-derived xenograft tumors produced either CA19-9 or sTRA, and RNA-seq analysis revealed significant, nonrandom differences between the sTRA-expressing and CA19-9-expressing tumors. Each subpopulation was found in lymph nodes or livers with levels that significantly correlated with their matched primary tumors. In an analysis of two tissue microarrays covering 45 and 41 patients, the tumors containing high levels of sTRA-expressing cancer cells had the shortest survival times. These data support the existence of two distinct subtypes of PDAC cells, respectively marked by CA19-9 and sTRA. Together the markers could have value for predicting the behavior of tumors and for isolating, characterizing, and targeting specific subtypes of cancer cells. Citation Format: Daniel Barnett, Ying Liu, ChongFeng Gao, Luke Wisniewski, Katie Partyka, Anna Barry, Galen Hostetter, Aatur Singhi, Randall E. Brand, Richard R. Drake, Brian B. Haab. A novel biomarker for pancreatic cancer, sTRA, and CA19-9 define separate subpopulations of PDAC cells with distinctions in behavior and molecular characteristics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3688.
Human resource development at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities: origins and international growth

This article provides an overview of the history and current status of graduate and undergraduate Human Resource Development (HRD) programs at the University of Minnesota. The HRD program at the UM...
Sub-10 nm domains in high-performance polyetherimides

Dielectric polyetherimide (PEI) thin films require ultra-small air voids to reduce the dielectric constant and maintain the structural integrity. Conventional synthesis of dielectric PEI uses thermally labile high-molecular-weight polymers to create air voids. The air voids, however, range from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers, which limits the use of PEI in ultrathin films. Herein we present the synthesis of polystyrene-b-polyetherimide-b-polystyrene (PS-b-PEI-b-PS) triblock copolymers with ultra-low molecular weights. The molecular weights of the thermally labile polystyrene (PS) blocks are controlled to be as low as 1.5 kDa. By tuning the molecular weight of the PEI block to be 8, 10, and 12 kDa, the volume fractions of PS are 30.4%, 26.4%, and 23.4%, respectively. The triblock copolymers exhibit PS nanostructures of <8 nm in size. Such small domains will potentially enable the preparation of ultra-small air voids in PEIs.
Early effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation on VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 and their receptors in the rat myocardium: Implications for myocardial angiogenesis

Tissue hypoxia has been identified as being a particularly important stimulus for triggering angiogenesis. Here we report early effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) on the protein expression profiles and localization patterns of the VEGF and Angiopoietin-Tie systems in adult rat myocardium. Western blot as well as immunohistochemical analyses were performed on hearts obtained from rats exposed to various durations of in vivo systemic hypoxemic hypoxia followed by 24 h reoxygenation. The relative time course of protein expression in response to increasing durations of hypoxia, as indicated from our experiments, seems to suggest the involvement of the VEGF system and the Ang-Tie system in early angiogenesis. An apparent relationship between the expression profiles of Flk-1 and Ang-2 was observed. The most significant and interesting relationship which came to light was the surprisingly coincident yet opposite temporal trends between Ang-1 and Ang-2 protein levels. In the 1 h hypoxia group, there was significant induction of Ang-2 expression (31.3% compared to its baseline control) in contrast to relatively mild Ang-1 expression (23.8% compared to its baseline control). Thereafter Ang-1 displayed a progressive increase in expression, parallel to a progressive decrease in Ang-2 expression, becoming most pronounced in the 4 h hypoxia group (Ang-1, 50% and Ang-2, 12.6% compared to respective baseline control values). This suggests that despite their being antagonists at the receptor level, regulation of Ang-1 and Ang-2 protein levels in response to hypoxia runs much deeper and seems to indicate modulatory control at the transcriptional and/or translational level. Two additional groups of rats were sacrificed 7 days after 4 h hypoxia + 24 h reoxygenation, or after a 28 h period of time-matched normoxia. Left ventricular tissue sections were used to determine capillary density (CD) by using anti-CD31 immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted morphometry. CD was significantly increased in the 4 h hypoxia group compared to control (1814 ± 56 vs. 1642 ± 43 counts/mm2) confirming that modulation of angiogenic factors and their receptors by H/R is capable of stimulating capillary proliferation in the myocardium. Our study presents the first evidence for the Ang-Tie system's involvement in early stages of myocardial angiogenesis along with the VEGF-Flk-1-Flt-1 system. The stimulation of myocardial angiogenesis by H/R may constitute a potential basis for a possible more long-lived adaptive response to stress afforded by preconditioning stimuli.
Energy-Efficient Arrival with RTA Constraint for Multirotor eVTOL in Urban Air Mobility

The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft can alleviate transportation congestion on the ground by using three-dimensional airspace efficiently. However, the endurance of lithium-i...
The Rise of the African Legislature? Historical Roots of Contemporary Institutionalization

What explains contemporary variation in legislative strength and institutionalization in Africa? This chapter answers this question through an examination of the historical evolution of African legislatures from the colonial era to the present. The core argument herein is that institutional design of colonial legislatures and post-colonial legislative development in the shadow of autocratic presidents put African states on different paths of legislative development. While these differences were masked by the uniformity of observable legislative weakness under autocracy, they became apparent following the advent of multiparty electoral politics in the early 1990s. Legislators in states with relatively stronger legislature on the even of multiparty politics were better able to exploit their newfound freedom to invest in further legislative development than their counterparts who served in weaker legislatures. These different explain much of the contemporary variation in legislative strength and institutionalization in Africa. In short, strong autocratic legislatures begat strong democratic legislatures.
Trapping threading dislocations in germanium trenches on silicon wafer

Abstract We show that Ge epilayers on Si substrates with trenches filled by Ge at a different temperature have very low threading dislocation density compared to blanket Ge epilayers on Si substrates. In cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, dislocations at the trench edges are observed to extend to the film surface, which is in agreement with the results of etch pit density measurements where two rows of etch pits are observed at the trench edge. This indicates an appreciable dislocation sink, which unlocks the potential of providing high quality Ge-on-Si virtual substrates for growing lattice matched III-V photovoltaics.
Dynamic control of tumor vasculature improves antitumor responses in a regional model of melanoma

Despite advances in therapy for melanoma, heterogeneous responses with limited durability represent a major gap in treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alteration in tumor blood flow could augment drug delivery and improve antitumor responses in a regional model of melanoma. This approach to altering tumor blood flow was termed “dynamic control.” Dynamic control of tumor vessels in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16 melanoma was performed using volume expansion (saline bolus) followed by phenylephrine. Intravital microscopy (IVM) was used to observe changes directly in real time. Our approach restored blood flow in non-functional tumor vessels. It also resulted in increased chemotherapy (melphalan) activity, as measured by formation of DNA adducts. The combination of dynamic control and melphalan resulted in superior outcomes compared to melphalan alone (median time to event 40.0 vs 25.0 days, respectively, p = 0.041). Moreover, 25% (3/12) of the mice treated with the combination approach showed complete tumor response. Importantly, dynamic control plus melphalan did not result in increased adverse events. In summary, we showed that dynamic control was feasible, directly observable, and augmented antitumor responses in a regional model of melanoma. Early clinical trials to determine the translational feasibility of dynamic control are ongoing.
Investigating Multiplicity: Institutional Logics and Division II Commuter Student Athletes

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of commuter student athletes who were hypothesized to experience a multiplicity of institutional logics while competing at the NCAA Division II level. Second, if multiple competing logics were present, the authors intended to test a theoretical model of logic multiplicity development. Utilizing a case study methodology, the authors collected data from commuter student athletes competing at the Division II level. The study’s findings indicated that commuter student athletes perceived the presence of multiple competing logics and that these logics indicated an aligned or minimally estranged organization. In particular, the high compatibility and high centrality of multiple competing logics signified an organization aligned between academic, athletic, and family values, whereas the low centrality and low compatibility of social identification and societal factors denoted an estranged organization for commuter student athletes. The implications of this research within sport management are presented herein.
Ventilator Acquisition and Distribution Within a Regional Hospital System During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to extensive numbers of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Partners Healthcare System, Boston, MA, includes two academic medical centers, 7 community hospitals, and two rehabilitation centers. To ensure appropriate ventilator distribution across this system, the system’s Incident Command assembled a Ventilator Crisis Team (VCT). Methods: The VCT includes a critical care physician, the assistant director of respiratory care, medical director of biomedical engineering, director of anesthesia biomedical engineering, manager of the supply chain, and a project specialist. Data was collected from each institution within the system, detailing number and type of mechanical ventilators as well as current and potential ICU bed space. The VCT met twice daily to address long-term strategies for acquisition of additional mechanical ventilators. A database was created matching unique disposables to ventilators, for easy allocation. Daily census information from each site was analyzed by the MD and RRT team members and included current and available usage of ventilators and beds. If a hospital was identified as needing more devices, the MD and RRT team members devised an allocation plan with focus on maintaining the greatest number of patients on ICU ventilators, allocating the same brand of devices already employed at that site, and distributing ventilators ahead of a surge. Results: From March 23rd to May 11th, 2020 at peak, 375 patients requiring mechanical ventilation were cared for across the system. To accomplish this, 345 ventilators were allocated. This includes 108 newly acquired ventilators, 132 ventilators relocated from an area of low use to an area of high need, 95 ventilators loaned from the Strategic National Stockpile and other regional hospitals, and 10 ventilators received through donation. No patient transfers occurred due to lack of durable equipment or consumable materials. Conclusions: The projected number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation during the COVID-19 pandemic exceeded the number of available ventilators at each hospital within our system. Understanding the types of mechanical ventilators used at each institution allowed for allocation of like devices, reducing the need for significant education during times of high workload and stress. Equipment transfers to institution of patient admission reduced the need for transport of patients, as well as avoided strain on any one part of the hospital system.
Neonatal enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection disrupts microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 years worldwide. Repeated early-life exposures to diarrheal pathogens can result in comorbidities including stunted growth and cognitive deficits, suggesting an impairment in the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (strain e2348/69; ΔescV [type III secretion system {T3SS} mutant]) or the vehicle (Luria-Bertani [LB] broth) via orogastric gavage at postnatal day 7 (P7). Behavior (novel-object recognition [NOR] task, light/dark [L/D] box, and open-field test [OFT]), intestinal physiology (Ussing chambers), and the gut microbiota (16S Illumina sequencing) were assessed in adulthood (6 to 8 weeks of age). Neonatal infection of mice with EPEC, but not the T3SS mutant, caused ileal inflammation in neonates and impaired recognition memory (NOR task) in adulthood. Cognitive impairments were coupled with increased neurogenesis (Ki67 and doublecortin immunostaining) and neuroinflammation (increased microglia activation [Iba1]) in adulthood. Intestinal pathophysiology in adult mice was characterized by increased secretory state (short-circuit current [Isc]) and permeability (conductance) (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-dextran flux) in the ileum and colon of neonatally EPEC-infected mice, along with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il12, and Il6) and pattern recognition receptors (Nod1/2 and Tlr2/4). Finally, neonatal EPEC infection caused significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including decreased Firmicutes, in adulthood. Together, these findings demonstrate that infection in early life can significantly impair the MGB axis in adulthood.
Anomalous strain-energy-driven macroscale translation of grains during nonisothermal annealing

We report a mode of grain growth, involving the macroscopic translation of grain centers during nonisothermal annealing. Through synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy, we find dissolution of semicoherent precipitates generates dislocations, thereby raising the stored strain energy within grains. The subsequent evolution of grains shows unexpected grain translations over length scales of 10--100 \ensuremath{\mu}m. Phase-field simulations reveal that such translations are not uncommon in strain-energy-driven grain growth, wherein different regions of a grain may grow and shrink simultaneously.
State Capacity for Anarchists: Some Remarks which Clarify or Complicate

The relative importance of market-liberal institutions and state capacity constitute competing hypotheses in the New Institutionalist literature. This paper will make a series of claims concerning the nature of the state capacity literature which contradict how it is sometimes portrayed. State capacity is readily understood in terms of the mature statement on Northian institutions, Violence and Social Orders. This understanding supports an expansive definition of state capacity, well beyond whether states are capable of raising revenue or fighting military conflicts. Other points addressed include the proper interpretation of anarchy from a Northian taxonomy of institutions, and an empirical description of what “less state capacity” should be thought to mean in practice.
Advancement in Evolutionary Theories

The mode and tempo of morphological change in lineages over geologic time has been a hotly debated topic in paleontology and biology over the last few decades. Fossil lineages have long been tested in the light of evolutionary models—punctuated equilibrium and phyletic gradualism and yet, we lack Darwin’s vision of an integrated understanding of evolution. Darwin, well recognized as the father of evolution, had been successful in awakening the human minds by discovering a coherent theory of evolution. His theory included a principle and a plausible explanation and was based on the principle of descent with modification, accomplished by natural selection. His ideas revolved around a central theme of gradualist evolution. However, soon his opponents advocated another theory in evolution called the punctuated equilibrium. The later theory revolved around the key concept that evolution happens in a stepwise fashion. Thus, studying evolution in the light of these models can possibly help with understanding the mechanism behind the process.
With friends like that ...

Mrs. Silverman was not one of my success stories. I was an intern when we met the morning after her admission for a hemorrhagic stroke. She was massive, lying in bed with her flesh spread around her like old-fashioned petticoats. (When she died, a year later, she had shrunk to half that size: a
Business Interests Cases — October 2009 Term

Remarks of Judge Lazer and Professor Friedman at Touro Law Center’s Twenty-second Annual Supreme Court Review. The speakers comment on the business related jurisprudence of the Supreme Court during the Court’s October 2009 term.
Trap-assisted tunneling current through ultra-thin oxide

The increase of gate current in a MOS device following high field stressing is referred to as stress-induced leakage current (SILC) and is widely believed to result from trap-assisted tunneling (TAT). Based on a consideration of the relative magnitudes of the direct and trap-assisted tunneling probabilities, this work explains why SILC is observed only within a "window" of oxide thickness. This work also provides further experimental evidence that SILC is due to inelastic trap-assisted tunneling of electrons from the cathode conduction band.
Support Structures and Constitutional Change: Teles, Southworth, and the Conservative Legal Movement

This essay reviews two recent works in political science on the American conservative legal movement: Steven M. Teles's The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law (2008) and Ann Southworth's Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition (2008). It examines these books in the context of a larger debate over the variables that best explain constitutional change in general and the recent “conservative counterrevolution” in Supreme Court jurisprudence in particular. It shows how these studies build on the scholarship of Charles Epp, who argued in The Rights Revolution (1998) that serious constitutional change requires not only the right cast of characters on the court, but also a strong “support structure” in the legal profession and civil society. Finally, it draws on the author's own research on the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy to illustrate some important avenues for further inquiry.
Evolution of mammalian hemoglobin function

Throughout their evolution, mammalian hemoglobins have acquired a broad repertoire of functional properties well suited to the internal milieu of the red cell. Mammals display a wide range in whole blood oxygen affinity dependent on three major factors: the intrinsic oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin, the level of red cell 2,3-DPG, and the response of the hemoglobin to 2,3-DPG. The concentration of 2,3-DPG varies among groups of mammals. Those animals (cats and ruminants) that have very low levels of this intracellular mediator have hemoglobins of intrinsically low oxygen affinity that fail to respond to the addition of 2,3-DPG. Mammals that have adapted to various types of hypoxia tend to have increased oxygen affinity, primarily mediated through reduced levels of red cell 2,3-DPG. In contrast, mammals who are experimentally subjected to low oxygen tensions develop decreased oxygen affinity owing to increased red cell 2,3-DPG. Mammals employ one of three different mechanisms for the maintenance of higher oxygen affinity of fetal red cells, compared to maternal red cells. Many of these phenomena can be satisfactorily explained at the molecular level but their adaptational significance is less clear.
The mind's eye in chess.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the progress made toward understanding chess skill. It describes the work on perception in chess, adding some new analyses of the data. It presents a theoretical formulation to characterize how expert chess players perceive the chess board. It describes some tasks that correlate with chess skill and the cognitive processes of skilled chess players. It is believed that the demonstration of de Groot's, far from being an incidental side effect of chess skill, actually reveals one of the most important processes that underlie chess skill—the ability to perceive familiar patterns of pieces. In the first experiment discussed in the chapter, two tasks were used. The memory task was very similar to de Groot's task: chess players saw a position for 5 seconds and then attempted to recall it. Unlike de Groot, multiple trials were used—5 seconds of viewing followed by recall—until the position was recalled perfectly. The second task or the perception task for simplicity involved showing chess players a position in plain view.
Nano-rheology of hydrogels using direct drive force modulation atomic force microscopy

We present a magnetic force-based direct drive modulation method to measure local nano-rheological properties of soft materials across a broad frequency range (10 Hz to 2 kHz) using colloid-attached atomic force microscope (AFM) probes in liquid. The direct drive method enables artefact-free measurements over several decades of excitation frequency, and avoids the need to evaluate medium-induced hydrodynamic drag effects. The method was applied to measure the local mechanical properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The frequency-dependent storage stiffness, loss stiffness, and loss tangent (tan δ) were quantified for hydrogels having high and low crosslinking densities by measuring the amplitude and the phase response of the cantilever while the colloid was in contact with the hydrogel. The frequency bandwidth was further expanded to lower effective frequencies (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) by obtaining force–displacement (FD) curves. Slow FD measurements showed a recoverable but highly hysteretic response, with the contact mechanical behaviour dependent on the loading direction: approach curves showed Hertzian behaviour while retraction curves fit the JKR contact mechanics model well into the adhesive regime, after which multiple detachment instabilities occurred. Using small amplitude dynamic modulation to explore faster rates, the load dependence of the storage stiffness transitioned from Hertzian to a dynamic punch-type (constant contact area) model, indicating significant influence of material dissipation coupled with adhesion. Using the appropriate contact model across the full frequency range measured, the storage moduli were found to remain nearly constant until an increase began near ∼100 Hz. The softer gels' storage modulus increased from 7.9 ± 0.4 to 14.5 ± 2.1 kPa (∼85%), and the stiffer gels' storage modulus increased from 16.3 ± 1.1 to 31.7 ± 5.0 kPa (∼95%). This increase at high frequencies may be attributed to a contribution from solvent confinement in the hydrogel (poroelasticity). The storage moduli measured by both macro-rheometry and AFM FD curves were comparable to those measured using the modulation method at their overlapping frequencies (10–25 Hz). In all cases, care was taken to ensure the contact mechanics models were applied within the important limit of small relative deformations. This study thus highlights possible transitions in the probe–material contact mechanical behaviour for soft matter, especially when the applied strain rates and the material relaxation rates become comparable. In particular, at low frequencies, the modulus follows Hertzian contact mechanics, while at high frequencies adhesive contact is well represented by punch-like behaviour. More generally, use of the Hertz model on hydrogels at high loading rates, at high strains, or during the retraction portion of FD curves, leads to significant errors in the calculated moduli.
Recombinant Canine α-l-Fucosidase: Expression, Purification, and Characterization

Canine fucosidosis has proven to be an excellent large animal model both for the equivalent human disorder and, in more general terms, for the central nervous system pathology found in many of the lysosomal storage disorders. Most importantly studies in this animal model were among the first to convincingly show that bone marrow transplantation could successfully modify the course of clinical central nervous system disease and to define some of the important parameters for successful treatment. In order to evaluate other, more generally applicable routes to treatment of central nervous system disease in the lysosomal storage disorders we have expressed recombinant canine alpha-l-fucosidase (rcFUC) in Chinese hamster ovary and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to levels of between 2 and 13 mg/liter of culture medium and purified the enzyme to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on fucosylamine-linked agarose. rcFUC is composed of subunits of M(r) 50 kDa and the native enzyme is a homotrimer of M(r) 156 kDa. Kinetic properties of rcFUC were similar to those of FUC isolated from both human and dog liver. rcFUC was shown to be effective in correcting the storage phenotype of human fucosidosis cells after endocytosis via the mannose-6-phosphate-receptor-mediated pathway. It was also shown to degrade fucosylated storage products isolated from affected dog brain. The availability of large amounts of rcFUC will allow us to explore ways of extending the proven efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy to the treatment of central nervous system pathology using the fucosidosis dog as a model system.
DAD1 Is Required for the Function and the Structural Integrity of the Oligosaccharyltransferase Complex

Asparagine-linked glycosylation is a highly conserved protein modification reaction that occurs in all eukaryotic organisms. The oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), which has its active site exposed on the luminal face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzes the transfer of preassembled high mannose oligosaccharides onto certain asparagine residues of nascent polypeptides. The mammalian OST complex was initially thought to be composed of three transmembrane proteins, ribophorin I (RI), ribophorin II (RII), and OST48. Most recently, a small integral membrane protein of 12 kDa called DAD1 has been identified as an additional member of the mammalian OST complex. A point mutation in the DAD1 gene is responsible for the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a baby hamster kidney-derived cell line (tsBN7) that undergoes apoptosis at the non-permissive temperature. Furthermore, the mutant protein DAD1 is not detectable in tsBN7 cells 6 h after shifting the cells to the non-permissive temperature. This temperature-sensitive cell line offered unique opportunities to study the effects caused by the loss of one OST subunit on the other three subunits and also on N-linked glycosylation. Western blot analysis of cell lysates showed that after 6 h at the non-permissive temperature, steady-state levels of the ribophorins were reduced by about 50%, and OST48 was barely detectable. On the other hand, steady-state levels of other components of the rough ER, such as the alpha-subunits of the TRAP (translocon-associated membrane protein) and the Sec61 complex, which are components of the translocation apparatus, are not affected by the instability of the OST subunits. Furthermore, N-glycosylation of the ribophorins was seriously affected 6 h after shifting the cells to the non-permissive temperature, and after 12 h they were synthesized only in the non-glycosylated form. As may be expected, this defect in the OST complex at the non-permissive temperature caused also the underglycosylation of a secretory glycoprotein. We concluded that degradation of DAD1 at the non-permissive temperature not only affects the stability of OST48 and the ribophorins but also results in the functional inactivation of the OST complex.