cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling circadian rhythms of food intake by means of parametric deconvolution: results from studies of the night eating syndrome

Background: Disordered temporal eating patterns are a feature of a number of eating disorders. There is currently no standard mathematical model to quantify temporal eating patterns. Objective: We aimed to develop a simple model by which to describe the temporal eating patterns of adult humans. For this purpose, patients with the night eating syndrome (NES) and persons without an eating disorder were assessed. Design: Data were obtained from 2 studies, each involving patients with NES and control subjects. Data were analyzed by means of a novel equation to describe the 24-h temporal eating patterns. The equation employed the integration over time of 3 Gaussian equations to describe the cumulative daily caloric intake. Results: The new model accurately described and quantified the temporal eating patterns of the subjects in the 2 studies. The analyses showed differences in the temporal eating patterns and in the amount of intake of normal-weight and overweight subjects with NES. Conclusions: This novel model can be used to accurately and objectively describe and quantify temporal food intake patterns. It can also be used to establish norms for various human populations.
On causal linear phase IIR digital filters

The existence of causal linear phase infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters is investigated. The conditions for their existence are derived, and a set of examples satisfying these conditions is given. It is shown that the sequences must be integer samples of a continuous-time function, bandlimited to (- pi , pi ), which is symmetric and has zero crossings at the negative integers, and the point of symmetry can be neither an integer nor a half integer. A number of interesting properties of the related discrete- and continuous-time functions are developed. >
Theory of Exciton States in Semiconductors in an Arbitrary Magnetic Field

Over the last three decades, a vast amount of theoretical and experimental investigations has been devoted to the understanding of the electronic state of solids in the presence of an external magnetic field. The magneto-spectroscopy of excitons, in particular, has often been used to provide precise information on various fundamental parameters, such as effective masses, g-values, k-linear terms, exchange interaction, etc.1 It has also become very clear that, to gain such information, realistic exciton models and their accurate solutions in the presence of an external magnetic field are necessary.2
Enhanced vibration energy harvesting using dual-mass systems

A type of dual-mass vibration energy harvester, where two masses are connected in series with the energy transducer and spring, is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The dual-mass vibration energy harvester is proved to be able to harvest more energy than the traditional single degree-of-freedom (dof) one when subjected to harmonic force or base displacement excitations. The optimal parameters for maximizing the power output in both the traditional and the new configurations are discussed in analytical form while taking the parasitic mechanical damping of the system into account. Consistent of the previous literature, we find that the optimal condition for maximum power output of the single dof vibration energy harvester is when the excitation frequency equals to the natural frequency of the mechanical system and the electrical damping due to the energy harvesting circuit is the same as the mechanical damping. However, the optimal conditions are quite different for the dual-mass vibration energy harvester. It is found that two local optimums exist, where the optimal excitation frequency and electrical damping are analytically obtained. The local maximum power of the dual-mass vibration energy harvester is larger than the global maximum power of single dof one. Moreover, at certain frequency range between the two natural frequencies of the dual-mass system, the harvesting power always increases with the electrical damping ratio. This suggests that we can obtain higher energy harvesting rate using dual-mass harvester. The sensitivity of the power to parameters, such as mass ratio and tuning ratio, is also investigated.
Entrainment in bottom gravity currents over complex topography from three-dimensional nonhydrostatic simulations

[1] By recognizing that oceanic overflows follow the seafloor morphology, which shows a self-similar structure at spatial scales ranging from 100 km to 1 m, the impact of topographic bumps on entrainment in gravity currents is investigated using a 3D nonhydrostatic spectral element model. It is found that a bumpy surface can lead to a significant enhancement of entrainment compared to a smooth surface. The change in entrainment is parameterized as a function of statistical estimates of the amplitude and wavenumber parameters of bumps with respect to the background slope.
Adenosine triphosphatase localization in amphibian epidermis.

The localization of ATPase1 activity has been studied by light and electron microscopy in the epidermis of Rana pipiens, Rana catesbiana, and Bufo marinus. The reaction was carried out on skin (glutaraldehyde-fixed or fresh) sectioned with or without freezing. Best results were obtained with nonfrozen sections of fixed tissue. The incubation mixture was either a Wachstein-Meisel medium, or a modification which approximates assay systems used in biochemical studies of transport ATPases. The reaction product was found localized in contact with the outer leaflet of all cell membranes facing the labyrinth of intercellular spaces of the epidermis. It was absent from: (a) membrane areas involved in cell junctions (desmosomes, zonulae and maculae occludentes); (b) cell membranes facing the external medium (i.e., those on the distal aspect of the ultimate cell layer in s. corneum); (c) cell membranes facing the dermis (those on the proximal aspect of cells in s. germinativum). In the presence of (Na+ + K+) the localization did not change, but the reaction was not appreciably activated. A similar though less intense reaction was obtained with ITP, but not with ADP, AMP, and GP as substrates. The results are discussed in relation to available data on transport ATPases in general, and on the morphology and physiology of amphibian skin in particular. Assuming that the ATPase studied is related to transport ATPase, the findings suggest a series of modifications to the frog skin model proposed by Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing. The salient feature of this modified model is the localization of the Na+ pump along all cell membranes facing the intercellular spaces of the epidermis.
EFFECT OF THE DIGENEAN PARASITE PROTEROMETRA MACROSTOMA ON HOST MORPHOLOGY IN THE FRESHWATER SNAIL ELIMIA LIVESCENS

Parasitism can affect size in gastropods by altering the host's growth rate, but other morphological effects of parasitism have rarely been examined. In this study, the relationship between variation in host morphology and parasitism was examined in a population of the freshwater snail Elimia livescens. Differences were found in the morphology of snails infected with the digenean Proterometra macrostoma and uninfected snails. In order to differentiate between 2 hypotheses to explain these differences in morphology, snails were experimentally infected in the laboratory and several morphological traits were measured after 180 days. One hypothesis suggests that parasite-induced changes in shell development explain differences in morphology between infected and uninfected snails. The other hypothesis suggests that selective mortality of infected hosts explains the difference. In the experiment, differences were found between infected snails and uninfected snails in overall size but not in any measurements of shape. The short duration of the experiment relative to the duration of most infections may account for why field-infected snails differed in shape but experimentally infected snails did not. Parasite-induced changes in growth rate are the most likely explanation for the larger size of infected snails relative to uninfected snails.
Dietary Protein and Experimental Carcinogenesis

This review summarizes selected information about the influence of proteins, protein-fat interactions, and calorie intake on carcinogenesis. Most of the definitive studies concerning protein and cancer have utilized protein underfeeding and feed restriction. Optimal or less than optimal protein intakes have generally inhibited spontaneous and chemically induced tumor growth as well as the growth of transplantable tumors. Studies have focused on the quantity of protein and its amino acid supply rather than its source. Raising protein intake increases carcinogen metabolizing capacity, and the incidence of tumors depends upon the biologic activity of the metabolites that are formed. The few published studies dealing with the effects of protein on chemically induced colon, mammary, and liver cancers show that the incidence varied with the carcinogen and the level of protein fed at the time of carcinogen administration. With 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine, a colon cancer-inducing agent, the toxic and tumorigenic responses have varied with the route of administration, the level of protein fed, and the level and duration of exposure to the carcinogen. In some instances, high protein diets may have led to a lower incidence of tumors because of depressed feed intake, a known confounding factor. The existing data about the relation of protein to cancer make generalizations about mechanisms hazardous because experimental models and protocols have varied widely. Some early studies undoubtedly used diets that lacked nutrients now known to be essential. Unfortunately, some recent studies have overlooked established nutritional principles and the known nutritional requirements appropriate for the age and species of animals used as models.
Small business economic trends: A quarter century longitudinal data base of small business economic activity

"Small Business Economic Trends" (SBET), a monthly, national survey of independent business published since 1973, is an excellent source of data for small business research. Its primary purpose is to provide policy-makers and other interested parties with a report on the state of the small business economy and more detailed information on a part of the American economy that Federal statistics generally ignore. The National Federation of Independent Business, which finances the survey, randomly selects samples from its 600,000 member firms to participate in the survey. Respondents are invited to report on the firms' expectations and plans, past performance, and demographics. Because the SBET data is archival, longitudinal, easy to use, and readily available, it represents a unique, invaluable tool for entrepreneurship researchers. The conceptual framework for the SBET, the study design, data gathering strategy, sampling and file structure, potential response bias, and cost considerations are discussed and the survey instrument is described. Published research based upon the SBET is listed and unexplored research opportunities are suggested. (LMH)
Food Security in the Frontier: Seasonal Hunger and Poverty in Bangladesh

Hunger in Bangladesh is a paradox, as food insecurity persists despite the fact that it lies at the intersection of the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna – three great rivers with sediment deposits providing the most fertile soil in the world. Notwithstanding respectable improvements in human development over the past decade, malnutrition remains surprisingly high compared to other countries with similar incomes per capita. Shocks such as natural disasters and high food prices have the world’s “poorest of the poor” vulnerable to food insecurity. This paper is concerned with seasonal food insecurity brought by the monga – the annual period before the aman harvest when a greater number of rural Bangladeshis have no agricultural work. The monga largely impacts the northwestern region of Bangladesh, which is considered to be the most isolated within the country. This cyclical period of hunger is not a result of the lack of food availability, but the lack of food access due to the disruption in incomes. Provided this problem orientation, this study will further investigate the constraints faced by groups vulnerable to seasonal hunger.
Evolution of the Commonwealth Trade Network

This paper studies the evolution of the Commonwealth trade network and considers the interrelationship between Commonwealth member countries and other important players in the global economy, and intra-Commonwealth country trade flows. Rich trade data from multiple economic sectors in the 1995–2011 period are analysed using complex network analysis tools. The paper finds that the Commonwealth is divided into three strongly connected hubs and provides important links for several global value chains, among other findings.
Phase Characterization of Coal-Fueled Turbine Engine Deposits

A major consideration in the development of a coal-fueled turbine engine is to minimize the deleterious effect of products of combustion (POC) on the engine components. Characterization of the POC phases is important for understanding and regulating combustion, emissions, deposition, corrosion and erosion behavior. POC phases deposited from the combustion of beneficiated bituminous coal in turbine simulators were characterized using x-ray techniques and electron microscopy. The phase assemblages include plagioclase feldspars, feldspathoids, spinels, anhydrite, hematite and noncrystalline material. The deposits had the form of a partially sintered powder and a slag. Differences in the phase composition of the powder and slag were determined by xray analysis and observed in the feldspar/spinel lattice parameters. The morphology, phase associations, compositional differences of the powder and slag, and heat treatment experiments indicate that the slag is largely formed by fusion of the powder. The hypothetical fusion process decomposes the CaSO 4 in the powder and the released calcia is incorporated into the plagioclase solid solution powder phase. The additional alumina required for charge neutrality in the plagioclase comes from the powder's Al-rich spinel which transforms to an Al-poor spinel. These phase characterization results are useful for assessing and optimizing deposit remediation methods.
A wideband frequency agile fork-shaped microstrip patch antenna with nearly invariant radiation patterns

A wideband frequency agile fork-shaped microstrip patch antenna is presented. Its operating frequency is tuned by incorporating four varactor diodes, which are placed symmetrically on the patch. The operating mechanism of this antenna is also briefly discussed. The full wave analysis simulated results show that the operating frequency can be tuned from 1.47GHz to 1.84GHz frequency agility of 26.50% with nearly invariant radiation patterns while achieving acceptable gain throughout the operating frequency range. Finally, the proposed fork-shaped antenna was fabricated and measured for its impedance matching and gain radiation patterns. Measurement results show reasonable agreement with the simulated data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:623-632, 2016.
Opioid properties of β-lipotropin fragment 60–65, HArgTryGlyGlyPheMetOH

The pharmacologic activity of the hexapeptide fragment corresponding to the amino acid fragment 60–65 in β-lipotropin, (β-LPH-(60–65)) was studied in vitro and in vivo. In binding assays on synaptosomal plasma membrane the peptide was found to be equipotent to met-enkephalin, but behaved differently to cations; in contrast to met-enkephalin both Mn+2 and Na+ enhanced the binding of β-LPH-(60–65) to synaptosomal plasma membrane. On both the quinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens β-LPH-(60–65) inhibited contractions elicited by electrical stimulation and each effect was reversible by naloxone. On the guinea pig ileum β-LPH-(60–65) was equipotent to met-enkephalin and 0.5 as potent as normorphine but on the vas deferens it was 4.6 times more potent than normorphine. The activities of β-LPH-(60–65) appear to be due to the intact compound rather than to its conversion to met-enkephalin, since the peptide extracted from the ileum assay was found to behave identically as β-LPH-(60–65) with high pressure liquid chromatography. When β-LPH-(60–65) was administered centrally to mice and rats, no overt central actions were observed and an antinociceptive effect could not be demonstrated. Nor did β-LPH-(60–65) antagonize morphine action or precipitate the withdrawal syndrome in morphine dependent animals. It is concluded that the good agreement which generally exists between in vitro and in vivo assay procedures for opiate-like activity of morphine and its surrogates does not necessarily hold for the endogenous peptides with similar actions.
Health consequences of rural illicit drug use: questions without answers.

Previous chapters in this monograph have noted a general lack of epidemiological data concerning illicit drug use in rural America, a lack that extends to the health consequences of substance misuse behaviors among rural dwellers. Urban population studies indicate that the major health risks associated with illicit drug use are hepatitis (users are 12 times as likely as nonusers to contract hepatitis C), tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, various other bacterial infections, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Autoimmunity: Do IgM antibodies protect against atherosclerosis in SLE?

Autoantibodies against end products of lipid peroxidation have unexpected effects on atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The discovery of their effects could lead to new theories about the role of the adaptive immune system in SLE.
Unanticipated Geochemical and Microbial Community Structure under Seasonal Ice Cover in a Dilute, Dimictic Arctic Lake.

Despite most lakes in the Arctic being perennially or seasonally frozen for at least 40% of the year little is known about microbial communities and nutrient cycling under ice cover. We assessed the vertical microbial community distribution and geochemical composition in early spring under ice in a seasonally ice-covered lake in southwest Greenland using amplicon-based sequencing that targeted 16S rRNA genes and using a combination of field and laboratory aqueous geochemical methods. Microbial communities changed consistently with changes in geochemistry. Composition of the abundant members responded strongly to redox conditions, shifting downward from a predominantly heterotrophic aerobic community in the suboxic waters to a heterotrophic anaerobic community in the anoxic waters. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Sporychtiaceae, Commamonadaceae, and the SAR11 Clade had higher relative abundances above the oxycline and OTUs of Methylobacter, Lentisphaera, and purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) below the oxycline. Notably, a 13-fold increase in sulfide at the oxycline was reflected in an increase and change in community composition of potential sulfur oxidizers. Purple non sulfur bacteria were present above the oxycline and green sulfur bacteria and PSB coexisted below the oxycline, however PSB were most abundant. For the first time we show the importance of PSB as potential sulfur oxidizers in an Arctic dimictic lake.
Release of the flexor-pronator origin for flexion deformities of the hand and wrist in spastic paralysis. A study of eighteen cases.

Eighteen patients with marked flexion deformities of the wrist and fingers and accompanying pronation contractures of the forearm have been treated by release of the flexor-pronator origin with improvement in control and function of the hands. The procedure has also improved the general posture of the entire upper extremity.
Radiotherapeutic considerations in the treatment of primary breast cancer

Patients who are candidates for conservative surgery and radiation include those with a primary tumor size of less than 4-5 cm, without evidence of gross multicentricity or diffuse microcalcifications. Patients with an extensive intraductal component may be appropriate candidates, provided that margins of resection are negative. Focally positive margins of resection in patients without an extensive intraductal component are not a contraindication, provided that a boost dose of radiation is employed; young age is also not a contraindication to conservative treatment. The optimal radiotherapy technique includes a total dose to the breast of 4500-5000 cGy with a daily fraction size of less than 250 cGy and a weekly dose of more than 800 cGy. The role of boost treatment in patients with negative margins of resection is currently under investigation. Boost treatment is essential in patients with positive margins. A direct photon-beam field to treat the internal mammary nodes should be avoided, especially in patients receiving chemotherapy. The subset of patients for whom the addition of radiation following an excisional biopsy does not result in a decreased risk of breast cancer recurrence remains to be defined and is currently being evaluated in several prospective randomized trials. The optimal sequencing of adjuvant chemotherapy and primary radiotherapy has not been determined.
Thermal Modeling of EDM with Progression of Massive Random Electrical Discharges

Abstract Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a competitive process to machine difficult-to-cut materials, but thermal damage is a critical concern for the EDMed parts. Finite element modeling provides insight into the thermal damage mechanism in EDM processes. However, current modeling approaches of an EDM process are limited to a single discharge, which is far from reality to predict thermal damage due to the accumulating effect of massive random. In this study, an innovative modeling approach to account for massive random discharges has been developed based on the stochastic EDM process and probability theory. Die sinking EDM of NiTi alloys was simulated to investigate the thermal damage mechanism with the progression of massive random discharges. The temperature history profiles of both top surface and subsurface showed pulsing characteristics with the progression of massive random discharges, which resulted from high-frequency random discharging phenomenon. A large temperature gradient was also found on the area below the top surface, while it gradually decreased in the deep subsurface. The predicted “coral reef” surface topography and uniform temperature distribution across the surface showed that the proposed model accounting for random discharge phenomenon proved to be an effective approach to investigate the effect of EDM processes.
Health sector reform in the Middle East and North Africa : prospects and experiences

This special issue examines government efforts that have been adopted since 2011 to address imminent health system challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It attempts to capture some of the fundamental health sector reforms that have been adopted by MENA countries to address their population’s demands for better health care service delivery, access, and equity. The articles included in this special issue relate to projects that have been financed by the World Bank in the last six years, or where technical assistance was provided by the World Bank to MENA governments. Therefore, it does not constitute a comprehensive assessment of health system performance across all MENA countries, but focuses on a select group of country experiences where the World Bank was involved in this time period.
Treatment rates for the pox in early modern England: a comparative estimate of the prevalence of syphilis in the city of Chester and its rural vicinity in the 1770s

The research for this article was completed as part of the Wellcome Strategic Award to Cambridge University, ‘Generation to Reproduction’ Award Number 088708.
Defining Health in the Era of Value-based Care: Lessons from England of Relevance to Other Health Systems.

The demand for healthcare is rising due to aging populations, rising chronic disease prevalence, and technological innovations. There are currently more effective and cost-effective interventions available than can be afforded within limited budgets. A new way of thinking about the optimal use of resources is needed. Ensuring that available resources are used for interventions that provide outcomes that patient’s most value, rather than a focus just on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, may help to ensure that resources are used optimally. Value-based healthcare puts what patients value at the center of healthcare. It helps ensure that they receive the care that can provide them with outcomes they think are important and that limited resources are focused on high-value interventions. In order to do this, we need flexible definitions of ‘health’, personalized and tailored to patient values. We review the current status of value-based health care in England and identify lessons applicable to a variety of health systems. For this, we draw upon the work of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the National Health Service (NHS), Right Care Initiative, and our local experience in promoting value-based health care for specific conditions in our region. Combining the best available evidence with open and honest dialogue between patients, clinicians, and others, whilst requiring considerable time and resources are essential to building a consensus around the value that allows the best use of limited budgets. Values have been present in healthcare since its beginnings. Placing value and values at the center of healthcare could help to ensure available resources are used to provide the greatest possible benefit to patients.
PERFORMANCE OF THE SEATTLE HEART FAILURE MODEL IN PATIENTS DISCHARGED AFTER ACUTE HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATION

Background: Whether ambulatory heart failure (HF) risk models can be accurately applied to patients being discharged after acute HF hospitalization is unknown. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the performance of the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) in this population. Methods: A total
Vitamin D levels among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) from the San Francisco Bay area.

793Background: A growing body of literature suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are inversely related to the risk of developing CRC and that deficiency is associated with CRC-specific mortality. Due to the unique racial-ethnic diversity and UV exposure patterns of the San Francisco Bay Area, we aimed to evaluate vitamin D levels among our CRC patients at time of diagnosis and during treatment. Methods: Permanent residents of the SF Bay Area with a new diagnosis of CRC of any stage were recruited between 2011 and 2015 prior to initiation of therapy. Self-reported data on sun exposure, diet, and exercise patterns were collected. Clinical data including disease stage and primary tumor location were abstracted from charts. Serum 25(OH)D levels at time of diagnosis and at 6-month follow-up were batched and measured using the Liaison XL assay (Heartland Assays). Supplement use was not restricted. Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation tests were used for categorical or continuous variables, respe...
Characteristics of Arabic Websites with information on autism.

Objectives: To explore the characteristics of Arabic websites with information on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: The word autism in Arabic was entered into 2 popular search engines in September 2013 to locate the top 80 websites featuring the term. Websites were sorted using 10 characteristics, previously used to evaluate the characteristics of English websites with information on ASD. Results: Most websites were registered using a.com top-level domain (69%), were an individual’s site, forum, or blog (44%), and were updated after September 2012 (60%); they contained images or texts that seemed to persuade viewers to purchase products (43%); they provided information with the name of author(s) (64%); they described the basic characteristics of ASD; and they promoted various types of treatments, most of which lack empirical support (63%). However, few websites contained information with references to peer review resources (3%) or a warning statement that such information should not replace the opinion of a qualified professional (8%). Conclusion: Internet users may not find Arabic websites to be reliable sources to obtain information on ASD. Given the increased use of the internet, creation of websites that contain trusted information on ASD could potentially aid parents in accessing available services, help them learn about empirically validated interventions, and enable them to advocate for their children’s rights.
O-to-Z Plasty

The O-to-Z plasty, devised by Marvin Quickert, is a rotational flap, which can be used in the reconstruction of the anterior lamella of a lower eyelid or medial canthus after tumor excision or trauma. In this procedure, a circular defect is repaired by forming two triangular rotational skin flaps along normal tension lines and aligning them in a diagonal fashion to create a Z closure (Colour Atlas of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Boston, 2008). This technique minimizes vertical tension which could lead to lower lid retraction or ectropion. The procedure requires mild to moderate laxity of the eyelid skin and is best suited for small- to medium-sized defects of the lower eyelid or medial canthus. This procedure is not suited for defects involving the eyelid margin, tarsus, or lacrimal drainage system.
A Teachable Ethics Scandal

In this article, I describe a recent scandal involving collusion between officials at the American Psychological Association (APA) and the U.S. Department of Defense, which appears to have enabled the torture of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. The scandal is a relevant, complex, and engaging case that teachers can use in a variety of courses. Details of the scandal exemplify a number of psychological concepts, including obedience, groupthink, terror management theory, group influence, and motivation. The scandal can help students understand several factors that make ethical decision-making difficult, including stress, emotions, and cognitive factors such as loss aversion, anchoring, framing, and ethical fading. I conclude by exploring some parallels between the current torture scandal and the development of APA’s ethics guidelines regarding the use of deception in research.
Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Retina of the Zebrafish

Exposure of the zebrafish retina to intense light is a noninvasive method to elicit the selective degeneration of photoreceptors. In zebrafish, photoreceptor degeneration is followed by robust photoreceptor regeneration from stem cells that are intrinsic to the teleost retina. Two recent light-lesioning methods have been developed, each with specific advantages. The first involves a prolonged period of dark adaptation followed by exposure to high-intensity halogen lighting at ∼3,000-20,000 lux for 3-4 days. This causes widespread degeneration of rod and cone cells in the dorsal and central regions of the retina. The second method uses ultrahigh-intensity lighting at intensities greater than 120,000 lux, with an exposure time of 30 min. This causes degeneration of rod and cone cells within a relatively narrow naso-temporal band in the central retina. The advantages of the first (lower light intensity) technique are the widespread destruction of photoreceptors and the lower cost of equipment. The advantages of the second (higher light intensity) technique are the elimination of the prolonged dark adaptation and short duration of the exposure, thereby allowing experiments to be conducted more rapidly.
Essential Policy and Practice Considerations for Facilitating Social Enterprise: Commitment, Connections, Harm, and Accountability

There are numerous opportunities for policy interventions to clarify, enable, or perhaps even inhibit social entrepreneurship. As one example, consider the emergence and expansive growth of available social business forms, particularly of the benefit corporation, which substantially modified traditional conceptions of fiduciary duties perhaps to the point of elimination. Other policy efforts or possibilities include financing mechanisms involving public money, tax favored treatment, exemptions from securities requirements, and affording bid procurement preferences on government contracts. As an essential precursor to material policy concessions to social entrepreneurship, especially to the extent it or its enterprises compete with or seek to distinguish themselves from other market participants, several determinations must be made. These determinations have two key roles: (a) shaping whether to provide the relevant incentives or make the applicable concessions and, if so, (b) how far to go to ensure a reasonably commensurate relationship between benefits and burdens for enterprises, movements, and society. Four essential sets of questions should shape, or in some cases even dictate, how those roles are defined. Beyond policy, these sets of questions have practical implications for those who invest in, operate, and interact with social ventures. Lack of mutual clarity about any or all of these risks longer term problems for the enterprises and those involved with them but more importantly for the social benefits being sought. • What should the underlying commitment be to pursuing social results: devotion or does mere tolerance suffice? • What should the relationship be between the effort dedicated to social returns and the actually realized result? • What attention should be given to or require about social harms that might be associated with, connected to, or caused by actions taken in the pursuit of social good? • What form(s) should accountability take and what consequences, if any, should be expected for failure – not just non-compliance but less than optimal outcomes? Clarity on these matters can also help regulators and enforcement personnel as they evaluate whether/how to proceed with guidance or actions. Resolving ambiguities that exist could facilitate more and faster adoption of social business forms and other efforts to achieve worthy objectives of the social entrepreneurship movement. In some ways, this analysis also involves bringing clarity and discipline to whether “impact” and “intent to have impact” are the same or even similar.
Multifocal Pulmonary Granular Cell Tumor Presenting with Postobstructive Pneumonia

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm of Schwann cell origin. Its presence in the aerodigestive tract is uncommon and becomes a diagnostic challenge on initial presentation. Our case is of a 59-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a history of productive cough and dyspnea associated with fever and chest pain. An initial chest X-ray (CXR) showed a right middle lobe consolidation with follow-up Computed Tomography (CT) scan showing a mass in the right bronchus. Bronchoscopy revealed a polypoid, sessile granular mass in the right bronchus intermedius with multiple white lesions in trachea, left main bronchus, and right upper bronchi. Histology revealed a benign GCT. Bronchoalveolar lavage from the right middle lobe grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. Patient was treated with intravenous levofloxacin during hospital stay and discharged on a 7-day course of oral antibiotics to be followed as outpatient but was lost to follow-up. GCT can present as a polypoid tumor causing recurrent postobstructive pneumonia. Surgical resection is the most successful treatment option. The tumor is more common in third and fourth decade of life and our patient is the oldest patient, according to our knowledge, to have a GCT.
Neurobiology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in GAD: Aberrant neurometabolic correlation to hippocampus and relationship to anxiety sensitivity and IQ.

Abstract Introduction The neurometabolism underlying the cognitive and affective symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) remain poorly understood. After we have linked worry to intelligence in patients with GAD, we hypothesized that aberrant neurometabolic correlations between hippocampus and neocortical regions may underlie a shared substrate in GAD patients for both anxiety sensitivity and intelligence. Methods GAD patients (n = 16; F = 11) and healthy volunteers (n = 16; F = 10) were assessed using 1H-MRSI. Co-axial planes I [hippocampus (HIPP)] and co-axial plane III [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), central gyrus (CG)] were examined. Using general linear models, we examined resting metabolite concentrations using HIPP as a hub to CG and DLPFC. Neocortical ROIs were related to Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) in GAD patients versus controls. Results Right hippocampal Cho/Cr directly predicted left DLPFC Cho/Cr in GAD (r = 0.75), an effect distinguishable (p = 0.0004) from controls. Left HIPP Cho/Cr positively predicted left CG Cho/Cr in GAD, an effect distinguishable from controls. In patients, both left and right DLPFC Cho/Cr positively predicted ASI but only left DLPFC Cho/Cr inversely predicted IQ. By contrast, IQ in controls correlated directly with left CG Cho/Cr. Limitations Small sample size precluded us from investigating how gender and FSIQ subscales related to neurochemical correlations in the ROIs examined. Conclusions Aberrant resting state neurochemical correlation between left DLPFC and right HIPP may contribute to GAD symptomatology. Unlike controls, in GAD, IQ and worry may share a common yet inverse neurometabolic substrate in left DLPFC.
Cepstral Analysis for Classifying Car Collisions in LOS/NLOS Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks

In this work the Doppler effect is exploited for identifying a collision between two vehicles under Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. A measurement campaign at 5.9GHz is conducted to observe the Doppler effect for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) networks. In our previous work, we developed a collision avoidance estimator based on tracking the LOS Doppler shift in the Doppler domain. We now report real-world captures of the Doppler phenomenon in terrestrial V2V networks during a collision and present a method for collision identification by tracking the NLOS Doppler spread in the channel. The classification method by Cepstral coefficients is shown to be reliable in NLOS and LOS conditions, allowing for 360-degree coverage of the vehicle using a single omni-antenna. Through machine learning, classification of collision feature observations is accurate with an accuracy of nearly 100% and reliable with a misclassification rate less than 1%.
Approach bias modification for cannabis use disorder: A proof-of-principle study

Abstract Background More effective treatments for cannabis use disorder (CUD) are needed. Evidence suggests that biases in cognitive processing of drug-related stimuli are central to the development and maintenance of addiction. The current study examined the feasibility and effect of a novel intervention – approach bias modification (ApBM) – on cannabis approach bias and cue-reactivity. Methods A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled proof-of-principle laboratory experiment investigated the effect of a four-session computerized ApBM training protocol on cannabis approach bias and cue-reactivity in non-treatment seeking adults age 18–65 with CUD (N = 33). ApBM procedures involved responding to cannabis or neutral stimuli using a computer joystick to model approach or avoidance behavior. Reactivity to tactile, olfactory, and auditory cue sets was assessed with physiological (blood pressure and heart rate) and subjective (cannabis craving) measures. Cannabis use was assessed via self-report. Results Participants receiving ApBM showed blunted cannabis cue-induced craving at the end of training compared to those in the sham-ApBM condition (p = .05). A preliminary gender effect on cannabis use was also found; men receiving ApBM reported fewer cannabis use sessions per day at the end of training compared to women (p = .02), while there were no differences between men and women in the sham condition. ApBM did not attenuate cannabis approach bias following training. Conclusion Preliminary results indicate that ApBM may be efficacious in reducing cannabis cue-reactivity and improving cannabis use outcomes. While encouraging, the results should be interpreted with caution. Investigation of ApBM as an adjunct to psychosocial treatments for treatment-seeking adults with CUD is warranted.
Documentation of the File Drawer Problem in Academic Finance Journals

The file drawer problem is a publication bias wherein editors of journals are much more likely to accept empirical papers with statistically significant results than those with nonsignificant results. As a result, papers that have nonsignificant results are not published and are relegated to the file drawer, never to be seen by others. In this article, the authors examine the prevalence of the file drawer problem in finance journals. To do this, they examine 29 finance journals for five years (2010–2014). These journals include A-ranked journals as well as B- and C-ranked journals. In an examination of over 5,740 empirical papers, they found that only 121, or 2.1% of the papers, had statistically nonsignificant results. Indeed, for some journals, there was not a single article that had nonsignificant results. Furthermore, their findings indicate that the file drawer problem is just as bad, if not worse, in lower-ranked journals compared with top-ranked journals. The percentage of papers with nonsignificant results is actually somewhat smaller in B- and C-ranked journals than in A-ranked journals. These results suggest that there is a publication bias in finance journals.
Vocal Traditions: Vibrant Voice Technique

AbstractVocal Traditions is a series in the Voice and Speech Review that highlights historically important voice teachers and schools of thought in the world of vocal pedagogy. This article explore...
Best Practices for Students With Moderate and Severe Disabilities: A Rural Retrospective:

The field of special education’s focus on moderate and severe disabilities (MSD) has undergone a number of changes in the past five decades. Some have been philosophical, some based on research, so...
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction via Low-Valent Nickel Single-Atom Catalyst

Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to CO with high intrinsic activity, selectivity, and stability was demonstrated on a low-valent Ni single-atom catalyst. The nature of catalytic sites and their evolutions under catalytic condition were identified, which should provide important guidance toward building efficient electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction.
The assembly of lipid droplets and their roles in challenged cells

Cytoplasmic lipid droplets are important organelles in nearly every eukaryotic and some prokaryotic cells. Storing and providing energy is their main function, but they do not work in isolation. They respond to stimuli initiated either on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm as conditions change. Cellular stresses such as starvation and invasion are internal insults that evoke changes in droplet metabolism and dynamics. This review will first outline lipid droplet assembly and then discuss how droplets respond to stress and in particular nutrient starvation. Finally, the role of droplets in viral and microbial invasion will be presented, where an unresolved issue is whether changes in droplet abundance promote the invader, defend the host, to try to do both. The challenges of stress and infection are often accompanied by changes in physical contacts between droplets and other organelles. How these changes may result in improving cellular physiology, an ongoing focus in the field, is discussed.
Incidental extensive adenocarcinoma in lungs explanted from a transplant recipient with an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis flare-up: A clinical dilemma

Patients under consideration for lung transplantation as treatment for end-stage lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) often have risk factors such as a history of smoking or concomitant emphysema, both of which can predispose the patient to lung cancer. In fact, IPF itself increases the risk of lung cancer development by 6.8% to 20%. Solid organ malignancy (non-skin) is an established contraindication for lung transplantation. We encountered a clinical dilemma in a patient who presented with an IPF flare-up and underwent urgent evaluation for lung transplantation. After transplant, the patient's explanted lungs showed extensive adenocarcinoma in situ, with the foci of invasion and metastatic adenocarcinoma in N1-level lymph nodes, as well as usual interstitial pneumonia. Retrospectively, we saw no evidence to suggest malignancy in addition to the IPF flare-up. Clinical diagnostic dilemmas such as this emphasize the need for new noninvasive testing that would facilitate malignancy diagnosis in patients too sick to undergo invasive tissue biopsy for diagnosis. Careful pathological examination of explanted lungs in patients with IPF is critical, as it can majorly influence immunosuppressive regimens, surveillance imaging, and overall prognosis after lung transplant.
Docetaxel facilitates lymphatic-tumor crosstalk to promote lymphangiogenesis and cancer progression

Infiltration into lymphatic vessels is a critical step in breast cancer metastasis. Lymphatics undergo changes that facilitate metastasis as a result of activation of the cells lining lymphatic vessels, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Inhibition of activation by targeting VEGFR3 can reduce invasion toward lymphatics. To best benefit patients, this approach should be coupled with standard of care that slows tumor growth, such as chemotherapy. Little is known about how chemotherapies, like docetaxel, may influence lymphatics and conversely, how lymphatics can alter responses to therapy. A novel 3D in vitro co-culture model of the human breast tumor microenvironment was employed to examine the contribution of LECs to tumor invasion and viability with docetaxel and anti-VEGFR3, using three cell lines, MDA-MB-231, HCC38, and HCC1806. In vivo, the 4T1 mouse model of breast carcinoma was used to examine the efficacy of combinatorial therapy with docetaxel and anti-VEGFR3 on lymph node metastasis and tumor growth. Lymphangiogenesis in these mice was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Luminex analysis was used to measure expression of lymphangiogenic cytokines. In vitro, tumor cell invasion significantly increased with docetaxel when LECs were present; this effect was attenuated by inhibition of VEGFR3. LECs reduced docetaxel-induced cell death independent of VEGFR3. In vivo, docetaxel significantly increased breast cancer metastasis to the lymph node. Docetaxel and anti-VEGFR3 combination therapy reduced lymph node and lung metastasis in 4T1 and synergized to reduce tumor growth. Docetaxel induced VEGFR3-dependent vessel enlargement, lymphangiogenesis, and expansion of the LEC population in the peritumoral microenvironment, but not tumor-free stroma. Docetaxel caused an upregulation in pro-lymphangiogenic factors including VEGFC and TNF-α in the tumor microenvironment in vivo. Here we present a counter-therapeutic effect of docetaxel chemotherapy that triggers cancer cells to elicit lymphangiogenesis. In turn, lymphatics reduce cancer response to docetaxel by altering the cytokine milieu in breast cancer. These changes lead to an increase in tumor cell invasion and survival under docetaxel treatment, ultimately reducing docetaxel efficacy. These docetaxel-induced effects can be mitigated by anti-VEGFR3 therapy, resulting in a synergism between these treatments that reduces tumor growth and metastasis.