cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for Parameterized PDEs: A Metalearning Approach

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) as a means of discretizing partial differential equations (PDEs) are garnering much attention in the Computational Science and Engineering (CS&E) world. At least two challenges exist for PINNs at present: an understanding of accuracy and convergence characteristics with respect to tunable parameters and identification of optimization strategies that make PINNs as efficient as other computational science tools. The cost of PINNs training remains a major challenge of Physics-informed Machine Learning (PiML) -- and, in fact, machine learning (ML) in general. This paper is meant to move towards addressing the latter through the study of PINNs for parameterized PDEs. Following the ML world, we introduce metalearning of PINNs for parameterized PDEs. By introducing metalearning and transfer learning concepts, we can greatly accelerate the PINNs optimization process. We present a survey of model-agnostic metalearning, and then discuss our model-aware metalearning applied to PINNs. We provide theoretically motivated and empirically backed assumptions that make our metalearning approach possible. We then test our approach on various canonical forward parameterized PDEs that have been presented in the emerging PINNs literature.
The Role of Subplate Feedback in the Development of Ocular Dominance Columns

Feedback is a ubiquitous feature of mammalian sensory systems. For example, many of the visual cortical areas have reciprocating connections [23] and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has been estimated to receive about ten times more input from cortical feedback projections than from retinal fibers [16]. Many studies and models have focused on the possible role of feedback in the developed visual system [6,7,9,10,15,21].
High power and high efficiency monolithic HBT VCO circuit

A description is given of the design, fabrication, and performance of the first reported monolithic voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) as the active device and an integrated p-n junction diode as the varactor. The monolithic VCO employs a self-aligned AlGaAs-GaAs HBT with ten emitter fingers (2.5 mu m*20 mu m each) whose maximum frequency of oscillation (f/sub max/) is 60 GHz. A continuous tuning bandwidth of 10.78-13.04 GHz (19%) was achieved with an output power of 219 mW and a DC-to-RF conversion efficiency of 31%. Maximum output power of 277 mW and 30% efficiency was also demonstrated at somewhat lower tuning bandwidths (11.00-11.88 GHz). The effects of bias voltage and current variations on the performance of the VCO have been studied. The single sideband FM noise of the free-running VCO was measured to be -55 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset and -75 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset from the carrier (11.26 GHz). These results indicate that HBT can be a viable broadband microwave source for high-power, low-phase-noise system applications. >
Export-Led Growth and Import Dependence: the Case of Taiwan, 1969-1981

Abstract Taiwan provides a notable example of successful export-led growth in recent years. This paper explores the prospects for her continued growth by examining past changes on the supply side. The Leontief input-output framework is employed. It is found that the level of import content in exports increased during the course of Taiwan's export-led growth. On a sectoral level, the level of import dependence also increased for all but some leading export sectors. Linkage effects of exports are not large enough to offset the price effect and the effect of the spreading of import-dependent technology to other sectors. The decline in export's domestic content has been more than offset by the increase in quantity of exports, so that Taiwan's income has been growing. This decline in the domestic content slowed from 1976 to 1981, but so did the growth in export volume, which reflects the effects of protectionism and the difficulty of finding enough new exportables.
The polypeptides of adenovirus: III. Synthesis in infected cells ☆

Abstract Eight structural polypeptides of adenovirus type 2 can be identified in the infected HeLa cell. All are stable; none is a precursor of another. The various polypeptides are synthesized at very different rates, which do not reflect the ratio in which they are represented in the virion itself. For example, the penton-base and fiber polypeptides are made in considerable excess, whereas the three polypeptides comprising the inner viral core are in relatively short supply. At least 80% of the viral protein found in infected cells is in the form of free hexons, pentons, and fibers, the polypeptides of which have been identified. Host protein synthesis proceeds completely normally until after viral capsid protein synthesis begins, then declines in parallel with the gradual rise in the rate of viral protein synthesis. If viral DNA replication is inhibited, no capsid proteins are made and no shutdown of cellular protein synthesis occurs; even when limited production of viral DNA and capsid protein is allowed, host cell protein synthesis is little affected even many hours later. This is consistent with the suggestion that the inhibition of cell protein synthesis may be attributed to competition for ribosomes between host and viral messenger RNA, rather than to any virus-coded “cell shutdown” protein. The viral messenger RNA molecules coding for each of the several structural proteins have approximately the same stability. In the presence of actinomycin D, they decay with a mean half-life of 6 hours.
Distinguishing Gamblers from Investors at the Blackjack Table

We assess a player’s long-term expected winnings or losses at the game of blackjack without knowing the strategy employed. We do this by comparing the player’s moves to those of a baseline strategy with known expected winnings. This allows an accurate estimate of the player’s expectation to be found hundreds of times faster than the naive approach of using the average winnings observed as an estimate.
The Organizational and Geographic Drivers of Absorptive Capacity: An Empirical Analysis of Pharmaceutical R&D Laboratories

Scholars and practitioners alike now recognize that a firm’s capacity to assimilate and use know-how from external sources — what Cohen and Levinthal (1990) called “absorptive capacity” — plays a central role in innovation performance. In recent years, a common strategy pursued by companies to increase their absorptive capacity has been to locate new R&D facilities in close geographic proximity to technology “hotspots” like Cambridge, Massachusetts or the San Francisco Bay Area. Such a strategy is predicated on the assumption that geographic proximity facilitates absorption. Unfortunately, more than two decades after the publication of Cohen and Levinthal’s landmark piece on absorptive capacity, precious little is known about how different organizational strategies and managerial practices — including location choices — actually impact a firm’s ability to exploit external sources of know-how. A key barrier to empirical progress on this front has been a lack of direct measures of absorption. In this paper, we develop a novel measure of absorptive capacity that attempts to directly track the influence of external sources of know-how on the internal R&D activities on individual laboratories. We then use this measure to examine laboratory level differences in absorptive capacity and the degree to which a lab’s geographic proximity to a given knowledge base influences its absorptive capacity. To identify patterns of absorption, we exploit a quasi-natural experiment that has occurred in the pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades. Since 1989, a number of major pharmaceutical companies (Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, etc.) have chosen to locate new laboratories in one or more major life science hotspots (Massachusetts, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego County). Because these are de novo green-field labs, we have an unusual opportunity to study how the capabilities of the lab evolved over time, and whether those capabilities were influenced by the technological activities of the surrounding local scientific and technological ecosystems. Our sample includes 39 R&D laboratories (at varying degrees of distance from three major life sciences hotspots — Massachusetts, San Diego County, and the San Francisco Bay Area). Our findings indicate that geographic proximity is a significant predictor of how much know-how a lab absorbs from a given hotspot. The importance of geographic proximity is also shown to be increasing over time. However, our results also show significant residual variance at both the individual laboratory and company levels, suggesting an important role of managerial practices and policies in driving absorption. The latter finding was consistent with our field interviews of R&D executives from laboratories involved in our study. The study provides further evidence of the geographically bounded nature of knowledge.
Dependence of Two-Photon eGFP Bleaching on Femtosecond Pulse Spectral Amplitude and Phase

Photobleaching is a key limitation in two-photon imaging of fluorescent proteins with femtosecond pulsed excitation. We present measurements of the dependence of eGFP photobleaching on the spectral amplitude and phase of the pulses used. A strong dependence on the excitation wavelength was confirmed and measured over a 800-950 nm range. A fiber continuum light source and pulse shaping techniques were used to investigate photobleaching with broadband, 15 fs transform limited, pulses with differing spectral amplitude and phase. Narrow band pulses, >150 fs transform limited, typical of femtosecond laser sources used in two-photon imaging applications, were also investigated for their photobleaching dependence on pulse dispersion and bandwidth. The bleach rate for broadband pulses was found to be primarily determined by the second harmonic spectrum of the excitation light. On the other hand, for narrow band excitation pulses with similar center wavelengths improvement in bleach rate was found to be mostly dependent on reducing the pulse length. A simple model to predict the relative bleach rates for broadband pulses is presented and compared to the experimental data.
Building Academic Geriatric Capacity: An Evaluation of the John A. Hartford Foundation Centers of Excellence Initiative

Almost 15 years ago, the John A. Hartford Foundation began its Centers of Excellence (CoE) program. In summer 2002, a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the CoE program was conducted. The evaluation used previously collected quantitative data from surveys of program directors and graduates of fellowship programs, as well as interviews and surveys of currently funded CoEs. Since its inception, the CoE program has supported 163 geriatrics fellows, of whom 63% entered academic geriatrics. Almost half of these graduating fellows have gone to new academic institutions. CoEs have also supported 222 faculty, including some who were in disciplines other than geriatrics. The vast majority (82%) have remained in academics, and nearly two-thirds are currently in geriatrics. As the priorities and needs of the institutions and geriatrics programs changed, most centers shifted their CoE priorities. These changes predominantly took two forms: a refocus from one activity to another or an expansion of outreach or levels of support. Based upon this formal evaluation, the Hartford-supported CoE program has been successful in strengthening academic geriatrics, particularly in attracting, developing, and retaining geriatrics faculty.
The microRNAs of Brachypodium

Since the proposal of Brachypodium distachyon as a model organism, a substantial amount of research has been done investigating the miRNAs which aid in the post-transcriptional gene regulation of this grass. Techniques such as the sequencing of small RNA libraries have allowed for the identification and annotation of over 500 miRNAs present in the Brachypodium genome. Furthermore, experimental evidence for the cleavage of a large number of target mRNAs has also been found, including a few instances of differential target cleavage by distinct miRNA family members. This research has not only provided the community with a wealth of publicly available sequencing data, but it has also led to many insights regarding how these small 21–24 nt RNA molecules may play critical roles in different tissues, stress responses, and developmental processes of Brachypodium.
Dry-Heat Resistance of Bacterial Spores Recovered from Mariner-Mars 1969 Spacecraft

The dry-heat resistances of 70 bacterial spore isolates recovered from Mariner-Mars 1969 spacecraft were determined and expressed as D values (decimal reduction times). Fifty per cent of the spore isolates had D values of 60 min or less at 125 C. Of organisms with D values greater than 60 min, four were selected for a study of the effect of sporulation medium and suspension menstruum on dry-heat resistance. Both sporulation medium and suspension menstruum were found to affect significantly the dry-heat resistance of the bacterial spores tested.
Aerobiology and its significance to biogeography and ecology

Abstract Fifty years ago aerobiology concentrated on seasonal diffusion of phytopathic fungus spores and aeroallergens. Subsequently, more divers approaches have been applied to problems with widely different organisms involved in the aerobiological pathway, including bacteria, algae, protozoans, and minute arthropods. Aerobiology is used increasingly to gather bio-geographic and ecological information, much of which is essentia! for conservation and environmental protection programs. Biogeography compiles distribution records of indigenous and invading species initially, but aerosol monitoring is more efficient in detecting changes in range margins, which can be useful proxy indicators of environmental change and spread of species of special concern. Aerobiology's contributions to ecology are numerous and diverse. For example, adaptations of anemophilous flowers for entraining pollen grains within millimeters of stigmas, electrostatic charges given to spores released ballistically, and responses of charg...
Effect of halogenated benzenes on the toxicity and metabolism of malathion, malaoxon, parathion, and paraoxon in mice

The halogenated benzenes, inducers of xenobiotic metabolism, were studied for their effects on the metabolism of malathion, malaoxon, and paraoxon and on the toxicity and lethality of these organophosphorus insecticides and parathion. One millimole per kilogram of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,4-dibromobenzene, 1,2,4-tribromobenzene, or hexabromobenzene or 0.1 mmol/kg hexachlorobenzene was administered po to male mice daily for 7 days. In general, the trihalogenated benzenes increased the LD50 of all four insecticides two- to sixfold. These increases were larger than those observed with the di- or hexahalogenated isomers. The bromine-substituted benzenes were usually more active than the chlorinated ones with the exception being hexabromobenzene. There was a good correlation between their effects on lethality and increases in in vitro carboxylesterase activity with either malathion or malaoxon as the substrate. The trihalogenated benzenes decreased the inhibitory effect of malathion on cholinesterase activity in the brain and to a lesser degree in the red blood cells, but not in liver or plasma. There was also a good correlation between protection against parathion and paraoxon lethality, protection against inhibition of cholinesterase in the brain and liver by paraoxon, and increases in the dearylation of paraoxon by microsomal mixed-function oxidases but not by hepatic or plasma esterases. It appears that the halogenated benzenes are able to protect against organophosphorus insecticide toxicity. With malathion increases in carboxylesterase activity may be important, and with paraoxon increases in microsomal mixed-function oxidase dearylation may play a role. Other changes such as in dealkylation and tissue binding cannot be excluded from contributing to the protection seen.
A Multimodal Approach to Song-Level Style Identification in Pop/Rock Using Similarity Metrics

This paper presents a multimodal approach to style identification in pop/rock music. Considering the intuitive feelings of similarity from the listener's perspective, this study focuses on features that are computed using similarity metrics for melodies, harmonies, and audio signals for style identification. Support vector machine is used as a binary classifier to determine if two songs are created by the same artist given their similarity distances in the three aspects. Experiments are conducted using songs of four well-known pop/rock bands from 6 albums. The preliminary result shows that the approach achieves the best result in correct rate of 85% using only seven similarity metrics.
Cardiac hypertrophy: stressing out the heart

The question of what differentiates physiological from pathological cardiac hypertrophy remains one of the most clinically relevant questions in basic cardiovascular research. The answer(s) to this question will have far-ranging importance in the fight against hypertrophic heart disease and failure. In this issue of the JCI, Perrino et al. have used a unique model system to mimic the pathophysiologic effects of an intermittent pressure overload on the heart — in effect, to examine the basic issue of what determines an in vivo pathogenic stimulus (see the related article beginning on page 1547). Their findings clearly show that it is the nature of the inciting stimulus, as opposed to chronicity, that establishes the initial pathogenic response and that a distinct disruption of the β-adrenergic system is centrally involved in the earliest alterations of myocellular physiology. These results suggest both a new paradigm for treatment options in hypertrophic cardiac disease and novel methodologies for further studies.
Np incorporation into uranyl alteration phases: A quantum mechanical approach

Neptunium is a major contributor to the long-term radioactivity in a geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) due to its long half-life (2.1 million years). The mobility of Np may be decreased by its incorporation into the U{sup 6+} phases that form during the corrosion of SNF. The ionic radii of Np{sup 5+} (0.089 nm) and U{sup 6+} (0.087 nm) are similar, as is their chemistry. Experimental studies have shown that Np can be incorporated into uranyl phases up to concentrations on the order of 100 ppm. The low concentration of Np in the uranyl phases complicates experimental detection and presents a significant challenge for determining the incorporation mechanism. Therefore, we have used quantum mechanical calculations to investigate incorporation mechanisms and evaluate the energetics of Np substituting for U. CASTEP, a density functional theory based code that uses plane waves to model the behavior of the valence electrons and pseudo-potentials to model the behavior of the core and inner valence electrons, was used to calculate optimal H positions, relaxed geometry, and the energy of different uranyl phases. The incorporation energy for Np into uranyl alteration phases was calculated for studtite, [(UO{sub 2})O{sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}](H{sub 2}O){sub 2}, and boltwoodite,more » HK(UO{sub 2})(SiO{sub 4}) 1.5(H{sub 2}O). Studtite is the rare case of a stable, naturally-occurring peroxide mineral, in this case a uranyl hydroxyl peroxide that forms in the presence of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} from the radiolysis of H{sub 2}O. For studtite, two incorporation mechanisms were evaluated: (1) charge-balanced substitution of Np{sup 5+} and H{sup +} for one U{sup 6+}, and (2) direct substitution of Np{sup 6+} for U{sup 6+}. For boltwoodite, the H atomic positions prior to Np incorporation were determined, as well as the Np incorporation mechanisms and the corresponding substitution energies. The preferential incorporation of Np into different structure types of U{sup 6+} minerals was also investigated. Quantum mechanical substitution energies have to be derived at Np concentrations higher than the ones found in experiments or expected in a repository in order to avoid the calculation of unit cells that are too large to be handled quantum mechanically. However, the quantum mechanical results are crucial for subsequent empirical force-field and Monte-Carlo simulations to determine the thermodynamically stable limit of Np incorporation into these uranyl phases. (authors)« less
The spherical Bochner theorem on semisimple Lie groups

Abstract Let G be a connected semisimple Lie group with finite center and K a maximal compact subgroup. Denote (i) Harish-Chandra's Schwartz spaces by C p(G)(0 C p(G) by I p(G), (iii) the positive definite (zonal) spherical functions by P , and (iv) the spherical transform on C p(G) by ϑ → \ gj. For T a positive definite distribution on G it is established that (i) T extends uniquely onto C l(G), (ii) there exists a unique measure μ of polynomial growth on P such that T[ψ]=∫pψdμ for all ψϵI1(G) (iii) all measures μ of polynomial growth on P are obtained in this way, and (iv) T may be extended to a particular I p(G) space (1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2) if and only if the support of μ lies in a certain easily defined subset of P . These results generalize a well-known theorem of Godement, and the proofs rely heavily on the recent harmonic analysis results of Trombi and Varadarajan.
Generating nanoscale aggregates from colloidal nanoparticles by various aerosol spray techniques

Growing interest in the environmental and health effects of engineered nanostructured materials requires accurate control of cluster morphology and size in order to make valid interpretations of nanomaterial toxicity. Pressure-driven atomization/nebulization, ultrasonic generation, and electrospraying are common aerosol generation techniques that are currently used. Electrospray produced monodispersed isolated particles, when the original material was reasonably monodisperse, which may be most suited for use in experiments requiring single-size aerosol population. The technique however requires the use of a conductive solution that may not be suitable in biological experiments. Also, in the generation of single walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs), we found that electrospray produced an anonymous peak that was not consistent with currently known SWNH nanostructures. This adds to an uncertainty about its utility in nanotoxicological experiments. Though producing controllable larger cluster sizes, ultrasonic gen...
Echinococcosis of the heart.

Abstract In reviewing the literature 169 cases of echinococcosis of the heart were mentioned. In a series of 257 patients with hydatid disease admitted to the American University Hospital of Beirut, Lebanon, the liver was involved in 51.7 per cent, the lung in 29.9 per cent, the kidneys in 5.8 per cent, the spleen in 4.67 per cent, the soft tissues in 3.5 per cent, and the periotneum in 2.7 per cent of the cases. One cyst was also found in each of these, the spinal cord, biliary tree, and orbit. The thyroid in one case had two cysts. In a series of 720 necropsies, hydatid cysts were found in six. Of these one cyst was found in the heart.
Incorporating Intergenerational Service-Learning into an Introductory Gerontology Course

Summary The service-learning approach in education, which integrates community service with academic classroom learning, is gaining national prominence. The goals of this project were to incorporate intergenerational service-learning into an undergraduate introductory gerontology course and to involve students and elders in meaningful in-teractions in a rural community setting. Thirteen of the 50 students in the class could be accommodated at nursing home and semi-independent living sites and were paired with elders for friendly visiting and oral history. Attitude scales (Pillemer & Albright, 1996) indicated that service-learning students showed more positive change at post-test in overall attitudes toward the elderly than did non service-learning students. Open-ended questions indicated that students valued the experience, felt it enhanced classroom learning, and gained knowledge about rural elders and communities. Follow-up interviews with elders were uniformly positive.
Resale Price Maintenance in Great Britain

I. The legal basis of price maintenance in Great Britain, 620; government reports of 1920 and 1931, 622. — II. Movement toward group action, 623; general purpose of associations, 624; forms of organization, 625. — III. Methods of enforcing prices; collecting evidence, warning, etc., 625; the Stop List, 626; the problem of non-members, 626; relations with third parties who have purchased indirectly, 627. — IV. The relative effectiveness of price control; the problem of the cooperative societies, 628; the resistances within private enterprise; numbers of members of trade, 630; complexity of trade channels, 630; nature of product, 631; strength of opposing interests, 633. — V. Fundamental tendencies; rigidity and stability of price system, 635; emphasis on merchandising services, 639; growth in and limitation of, numbers of dealers, 639; the demand for intertrade cooperation, 640; effects upon types of dealers, 641. — VI. Application to the United States, 643.
Depressed neurofilament expression associates with apolipoprotein E3/E4 genotype in maturing human fetal neurons exposed to HIV-1

Exposure of differentiating human neural progenitor cells (NEP) to HIV-1 results in a neuronal “failure to thrive” phenotype characterized by a relative decrease in neurofilament-light (NF-L) expression. However, when NEP were segregated by their apolipoprotein E genotype, differentiating apolipoprotein E3/E4 cells showed reduced NF-L expression upon HIV-1 exposure, but differentiating apolipoprotein E3/E3 or apolipoprotein E4/E4 cells did not. These data suggest that apolipoprotein E genotype is a host factor that could affect the development of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-1 infected individuals.
Scale of harvesting by non-industrial private forest landowners

We examine the intensity of harvesting decision by non-industrial landowners at the lowest price offer they deem acceptable, using a multiple bounded discrete choice stated preference approach that draws upon and connects two subfields of forestry, one identifying characteristics of landowners important to past harvesting or reforestation decisions, and another proposing how landowners evaluate price offers for forest harvesting decisions. Variables important to harvest intensity choices when the landowners find an acceptable price have only been considered for those landowners who actually have participated in harvesting markets, whereas here we examine the behavior of these individuals as well as those who are on the margin (i.e., have not harvested at prevailing current or past market prices). We show that harvest intensity depends critically on the extent of urbanization, indicated by the presence of structures on a parcel as well as forested tract size, along with landowner characteristics such as absenteeism and length of ownership. The results are useful for understanding the timber management behavior for a majority of landowners who may not harvest at prevailing prices, but may participate should prices reach a level acceptable to them, where this level is determined by individual preferences for standing timber resources.
Cofactor binding to Escherichia coli D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase induces multiple conformations which alter effector binding.

Abstract The inhibition of Escherichia coli d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase by l-serine is positively cooperative with a Hill coefficient of ∼2, whereas the binding of the inhibitor, l-serine, to the apoenzyme displays positive cooperativity in the binding of the first two serine molecules and negative cooperativity in the binding of the last two serine molecules. An earlier report demonstrated that the presence of phosphate appeared to lessen the degree of both the positive and negative cooperativity, but the cause of this effect was unknown. This study demonstrates that the presence of intrinsically bound NADH was responsible to a substantial degree for this effect. In addition, this study also provides evidence for negative cooperativity in NADH binding and for at least two NADH-induced conformational forms of the enzyme that bind the inhibitor in the physiological range. Successive binding of NADH to the enzyme resulted in an increase in the affinity for the first inhibitor ligand bound and a lessening of both the positive and negative cooperativity of inhibitor binding as compared with that seen in the absence of NADH. This effect was specific for NADH and was not observed in the presence of NAD+ or the substrate α-ketoglutarate. Conversely, the binding of l-serine did not have a significant effect on the stoichiometry of NADH binding, consistent with it being a V-type allosteric system. Thus, cofactor-related conditions were found in equilibrium binding experiments that significantly altered the cooperativity of inhibitor binding. Since the result of inhibitor binding is a reduction in the catalytic activity, the binding of inhibitor to these NADH-induced conformers must also induce additional conformations that lead to differential inhibition of catalytic activity.
Use of Cultural Themes in Promoting Health Among Southeast Asian Refugees

Abstract Purpose. Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Hmong refugee populations in the United States face serious physical and psychosocial health issues. Literature on these populations is largely descriptive of illnesses and of cultural beliefs or behavior patterns related to illness. There is minimal literature linking beliefs and behaviors to the underlying cultural themes. The purpose of this paper was to search the literature for cultural themes from which culturally relevant health promotion strategies could be designed. Search Methods. Literature was reviewed from the fields of health, social, and political science, history, and Southeast Asian folklore. Search methods included review of 147 writings from library and MEDLINE search and 123 interviews with refugees and key professionals in the field. This manuscript includes 106 selections as well as content from 93 interviews. Findings and Conclusions. From the literature emerged two cultural themes common to these populations, kinship solidarity and the s...
The Influence of Funding Agencies on Juvenile Delinquency Research

1968 "Neutrality, partisanship, and effectiveness in minority research." Paper delivered at the Twentythird Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Santa Barbara, California. 1970 "Colonialism: The case of the Mexican Americans." Social Problems 17(Spring): 463-472. 1972 "LUCHA in Agencyland: A Chicano self-help organization meets the establishment." Growth and Change 3(July): 43-50. Nisbet, Robert 1970 "The urban crisis revisited." The Intercollegiate Review 7(Fall): 3-10. Noblit, George S. and Janie M. Burcart 1973 "Ethics, power-less peoples. and methodologies for the study of 'trouble.' " University of Oregon, unpublished. Rainwater, Lee and William L. Yancy 1967 The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press. Record, Wilson 1973 "Can sociology and black studies find a common ground?" Paper presented at Black Cultural Forum, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. Rossi, Peter H. 1971 Report of the secretary." The American Sociologist 6(November): 341-343. Ryan, William 1971 Blaming the Victim. New York: Pantheon.
The obstetric and neonatal implications of a low value on the 50-g glucose screening test

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 2 to 5% of pregnancies depending on the population; some groups have an incidence as high as 14%.1,2 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states all pregnant women should be screened for GDM either by history, clinical risk factors, or laboratory screening tests.3 Several recent large studies have evaluated the effects of maternal hyperglycemia and pregnancy outcomes. These trials demonstrated treatment of even mild GDM reduced the risks of fetal macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age infants, shoulder dystocia, cesarean delivery, and hypertensive disorders.4,5 There have been fewer research studies examining the impact of maternal hypoglycemia on pregnancy outcomes, but this could potentially impact fetal growth. Several placental hormones including growth hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, chorionic somatomammotropin, and progesterone contribute to insulin resistance in pregnancy. Cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-α also contribute to insulin resistance in pregnancy.6 Metabolic changes in pregnancy reflect a patient’s pregravid metabolic status, and therefore the glucose loading test (GLT) may give insight on metabolic profiles outside of pregnancy.7 Altered glucose production and insulin resistance have been studied in hyperglycemic pregnancy states and their relationship to maternal and neonatal outcomes, but less is known about the converse state. Table 1 shows a summary of previous work examining hypoglycemia and the outcomes. Early studies stratified study and control groups by those with intrauterine growth restriction or low-birth-weight infants and then studied their glucose test results.8–10 More recent studies have looked at outcomes of those with mild hypoglycemia, but both studies included those with elevated values on the glucose test in their control group.11,12 However, women with even a single abnormal value on the glucose tolerance test are at risk for macrosomia, neonatal morbidity, cesarean delivery, and preeclampsia, which could complicate the comparison between a low GLT value and other values.13,14 The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between a low value (less than 90 mg/dL) on the maternal GLT and maternal and neonatal morbidity outcomes compared with women with a GLT value 90 to 119 mg/dL. Table 1 Summary of previous work examining the effects of maternal hypoglycemia
Analysis of pollinator foraging: tests for non-random behaviour

1. A standardized protocol for analysing the behaviour of pollinators foraging on more than one plant type (species or morph) is needed. 2. A protocol is presented in which the first step is to test whether foraging trips are homogeneous in the frequency of visits to each plant type, or whether there are two or more groups of pollinators with different foraging preferences. 3. Tests for foraging preference and constancy in the sequence of plants visited then should be made separately for each homogeneous group. 4. A hypothetical example is given in which ignoring heterogeneity of preference would lead to the acceptance of a false null hypothesis of random behaviour. 5. A real example is given in which heterogeneity of preference was the only non-random aspect of pollinator behaviour (no significant positive constancy or overall preference), while transfer of powdered dye particles (pollen analogues) was assortative among floral morphs. 6. Heterogeneity of preference is probable, as many factors may cause individual pollinators to forage differently on the same patch of plants, and may be sufficient to produce non-random pollen transfer among plant morphs.
In Our Time: Annie and the Boys

More than any other piece of software, the spreadsheet demonstrated that the personal computer could be a useful business tool.
Effects of Soybeans Compared to Soybean Oil and Meal in the Ration of Dairy Cows

Abstract Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a 12-week experiment to compare a conventional concentrate mixture containing: 4.2% ether extract and 13.5% crude protein with the same mixture modified by the addition of soybean oil in different combinations with protein. The rations compared were A, control plus soybean oil; B, control plus soybean oil and soybean meal; C, control plus ground soybeans. Ether extract was increased to about 8% in each experimental ration. Milk fat percentages of cows on Rations A, B, and C were 2.8, 3.1, and 3.6 compared to 3.1, 3.1, and 3.2 for the controls. There were no significant differences in milk yield or protein and solids-not-fat content. Percentages of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid in the rumen did not differ significantly. Ration B significantly increased iso-valeric and n -valeric acids and p H in the rumen compared to the control ration. Rations B and C resulted in significantly higher blood urea nitrogen than either the control or Ration A. In tail-mammary samples, mammary gland output of free fatty acids in plasma increased for Rations A and B compared to the control ration. Triglyceride uptake increased on Ration C.
Impact of the recent randomized trials on the use of progesterone to prevent preterm birth: a 2005 follow-up survey.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether current attitudes regarding the use of progesterone to prevent preterm birth have changed since our last survey in 2003. Study design We mailed a 20 question survey to 1264 board certified Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialists in the United States between February and March of 2005 asking about their use and attitudes regarding progesterone to prevent preterm birth. Results Five hundred and seventy-two surveys were returned (response rate of 45%). In 2005, 67% of respondents used progesterone to prevent SPTB, compared to 38% in 2003 ( P Conclusion Although the use of progesterone to prevent PTB has increased significantly since our last survey, there remain a substantial number of nonusers. Among users, many are using it for indications not yet proven in clinical trials. Current nonusers have higher levels of concerns compared to nonusers in the first survey and their major concern is the need for more data.
Synthesis and anticancer properties of gold(I) and silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes

Abstract Bis(1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)silver(I) nitrate and bis(4,5-dichloro-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)silver(I) nitrate were prepared by reacting the corresponding imidazolium nitrate salts with silver oxide. Bis(1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)gold(I) nitrate and bis(4,5-dichloro-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)gold(I) nitrate salts were prepared via transmetallation of their silver precursors with chloro dimethylsulfide gold. The anticancer properties were determined using NCI-H460 lung cancer cells. Efficacy was established by comparison of the gold and silver compounds with cisplatin.
Cosmic γ-rays from dark matter and antimatter annihilation

Abstract In this paper, we present details of the physics of cosmic γ-ray production by the annihilation of dark matter particles and cosmological antimatter. For the latter process, considerations of γ-ray absorption and scattering at high redshifts is important and we review the physics of these processes also. Cosmic γ-ray spectra are calculated and presented and compared with present observational data on cosmic γ-ray fluxes at high galactic latitudes. A comparison with the γ-ray flux from cosmic-ray interactions is made and the observability of annihilation γ-rays is considered.
Design considerations for microgrids with energy storage

This paper discusses the need for power quality microgrids to provide 1/4 cycle response to compete with existing power quality products by offering similar performance. However, providing 1/4 cycle response in distributed line-interactive microgrids is difficult due to the challenge of force commutating the static switch. Seamless islanding adds significant cost to microgrids, and to avoid adding unnecessary cost, the main value propositions for microgrids are analyzed. Requirements and characteristics are described for microgrids designed for each of the three value propositions: reliability, energy arbitrage, and power quality. Sample designs are compared for an example case, along with a discussion on the role of energy storage in microgrids.
Applications of metabolic modeling to drive bioprocess development for the production of value-added chemicals

Increasing numbers of value added chemicals are being produced using microbial fermentation strategies. Computational modeling and simulation of microbial metabolism is rapidly becoming an enabling technology that is driving a new paradigm to accelerate the bioprocess development cycle. In particular, constraint-based modeling and the development of genome-scale models of industrial microbes are finding increasing utility across many phases of the bioprocess development workflow. Herein, we review and discuss the requirements and trends in the industrial application of this technology as we build toward integrated computational/experimental platforms for bioprocess engineering. Specifically we cover the following topics: (1) genome-scale models as genetically and biochemically consistent representations of metabolic networks; (2) the ability of these models to predict, assess, and interpret metabolic physiology and flux states of metabolism; (3) the model-guided integrative analysis of high throughput ‘omics’ data; (4) the reconciliation and analysis of on- and off-line fermentation data as well as flux tracing data; (5) model-aided strain design strategies and the integration of calculated biotransformation routes; and (6) control and optimization of the fermentation processes. Collectively, constraint-based modeling strategies are impacting the iterative characterization of metabolic flux states throughout the bioprocess development cycle, while also driving metabolic engineering strategies and fermentation optimization.
Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies of a Polydiacetylene. 2. Morphology, Structure, and Chromic Transitions

A mesogen-substituted polydiacetylene which self-assembles into stacks of bilayered two-dimensional structures was investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction as well as electron microscopy. The multilayered stacks of bilayers were found to organize into single crystals with an orthorhombic unit cell. Within each two-dimensional structure, the polyconjugated backbones are oriented along either of the two ab plane face diagonal directions, and the substituted side chains are oriented parallel to the layer normal (c-axis direction). The layered single-crystal structures form blue solids at room temperature but undergo the well-known thermochromic and solvatochromic transitions which produce red, orange, and yellow solids. In this work we have established links among chromic transitions, molecular organization, and morphology of these two-dimensional assemblies. Their thermochromic transition from blue to red solids at elevated temperature was found to be accompanied by reversible fracturing of the large ...
How much entropy is produced in strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) by dissipative effects?

We argue that estimates of dissipative effects based on first-order hydrodynamics with shear viscosity are potentially misleading because higher order terms in the gradient expansion of the dissipative part of the stress tensor tend to reduce them. Using recently obtained sound dispersion relations in thermal $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric plasma, we calculate the resummed effect of these high-order terms for Bjorken expansion appropriate to heavy ion collisions such as those performed at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A reduction of entropy production is found to be substantial, up to an order of magnitude.
On Two-Stage Comparisons with a Control Under Heteroscedastic Normal Distributions

New two-stage sampling methodologies are developed for both one-sided and two-sided comparisons between the means from treatment groups and a control. We suppose that we have ki( ≥ 1) independent treatments with associated response variables \(X_{i1},...,X_{ik_{i}},\)i = 1,...,r( ≥ 2). We let Xijl denote the lth observation recorded independently and assume that their common distribution is \(N(\mu _{ij},\sigma _{i}^{2}),l=1,...,n_{i}(\geq 2),j=1,...,k_{i},i=1,...,r.\) Also, let X0l denote the lth observation recorded independently from a control and we assume that their common distribution is \(N(\mu _{0},\sigma _{0}^{2}),l=1,...,n_{0}(\geq 2).\) The parameters μij’s, σi’s, μ0, and σ0 are assumed finite, unknown, and σi’s unequal, j = 1,...,ki, i = 1,...,r. Denote the treatment-control difference Δij = μij − μ0 and our goal is to make simultaneous one-sided and two-sided fixed-precision confidence statements regarding all Δij’s, j = 1,...,ki, i = 1,...,r. Specifically, given two preassigned numbers d( > 0) and 0 < α < 1, we develop two sets of appropriate two-stage stopping variables N0,N1,...,Nr via procedures \(\mathcal{P}_{\text{I}}^{ \mathbf{N}}\) and \(\mathcal{P}_{\text{II}}^{\mathbf{N}}\) respectively such that the simultaneous probability that \((\overline{X}_{ijN_{i}}-\overline{X} _{0n_{0}})-\Delta _{ij}\leq d\) under \(\mathcal{P}_{\text{I}}^{\mathbf{N}}\) and that \(\left| (\overline{X}_{ijN_{i}}-\overline{X}_{0N_{0}})-\Delta _{ij}\right| \leq d\) under \(\mathcal{P}_{\text{II}}^{\mathbf{N}}\) would both exceed or equal 1 − α for all j = 1,...,ki, i = 1,...,r. We note that the two-stage methodology for our one-sided problem covers more diverse applications than Dudewicz et al.’s (Biom Z 17:13–26, 1975) methodology did since we no longer assume k1 = ... = kr = 1. With regard to our two-sided problem, no previous two-stage methodology was available in the literature. In this work, mathematical determinations of appropriate design constants with regard to either goal, the proposed methodologies, and the construction of the requisite tables are all new. This paper emphasizes practical implementations of the proposed methodologies.
Nitroborazines as potential high energy materials: density functional theoretical calculations

As part of a search for new high energy density materials, we used density functional theoretical calculations to determine the thermochemical properties of various nitro-substituted borazine molecules. Optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies and spectra, and enthalpies of formation and combustion were determined for nitroborazine, dinitroborazine, trinitroborazine, and methyltrinitroborazine with substituents on either the boron atoms or the nitrogen atoms of the parent borazine ring. Our results indicate that the specific enthalpy of combustion ranged from 4 to 11 kJ g−1, with increasing substitution of nitro groups lowering the energy of combustion per unit mass.
Ecology of the urban forest: Introduction to part III

Abstract This introduction to a third special issue in urban forest ecology overviews the collection of fourteen research reports devoted to three topics: the mapping and description of urban vegetation; the values and preferences people assign to urban vegetation; and, the way these values find their way into the law and planning policy. I briefly assess the usefulness of the concepts “urban forest ecology”, “urban forest structure and function”, and “the urban ecosystem” which formed themes for the two preceding special issues. Finally, one technique for measuring urban landscape cover critically appraised satellite remote sensing. This introduction ends with a discussion of the roles of science and planning in stewarding the urban forest.