Coordination Models for Crisis Resolution: Discovery, Analysis and Assessment

This thesis is about coordination in multi-agent universes and particularly in crisis contexts. Recently, we have witnessed an increasing number of crises, not only natural disasters (hurricane Katrina, Haiti earthquake, ...) but also man-made ones (Syrian refugees crisis in Europe, Arabic spring, rioting in Baltimore, …). In such crisis, the different actors involved in the resolution have to act rapidly and simultaneously in order to ease an efficient control and reduce its impacts on the real world. To achieve this common goal as quickly and efficiently as possible, these actors (police, military forces, medical organizations) must join their respective resources and skills to collaborate and act in a coordinated way, most often by following a plan that specifies the expected flow of work between them. By coordination, we mean all the work needed for putting resolution plans and all stakeholders’ skills and resources together in order to reach the common goal (crisis resolution) in an efficient way. Crisis resolution plans are most of the time available in a textual format defining the actors, their roles and coordination recommendations in the different steps of crisis life-cycle (mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery). While plans in a printed document format are easy to manipulate by stakeholders when taken individually, they do not provide direct means to be analysed, simulated, adapted or improved and may have various different interpretations. Therefore they are difficult to manage in real time and in a distributed setting. Given these observations, it becomes useful to model these textual plans to have an accurate representation of them, to reduce ambiguity and to support coordination between stakeholders and ease an efficient control and crisis resolution. The goal of this PhD thesis is to contribute to coordination engineering in crisis domains by providing a comprehensive approach that considers both organizational and task aspects in a coherent conceptual framework. In this perspective, our approach combines Business Process and Multi-Agent paradigms and provides a mapping algorithm between their concepts. BPM (Business Process Modelling) provides an aggregate view of the coordination through the task aspect and so doing eases the validation, the simulation, the intelligibility of crisis resolution plans at design time and its monitoring at run time. The Multi-Agent paradigm provides social abstractions (high-level interactions and organization structures) to model, analyse and simulate an organizational view of the coordination by representing the structure and the behaviour of the system being developed at a macro level, independently of the internal structure of agents (micro level). The contribution of this thesis is a coordination framework, which consists of three related components: i) A design and development approach (design/discovery, analysis, simulation) that provides means (recommendations, formalisms, life-cycle, algorithms) to produce (agent and process-based) coordination models from a textual plan and/or event based log files, ii) A mapping algorithm deriving BPMN process schemas onto multi-agent structures, iii) Coordination evaluation metrics. We extend the works of Grossi and define formal metrics that allow the evaluation of the quality (efficiency, robustness and flexibility) of multi-agent system organizations. We have applied this framework to the Ho Chi Minh City Tsunami resolution plan.