cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical review 45: Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

HE MAJORITY of patients with pituitary adenomas present with signs and symptoms reflecting excess hormone production. Approximately 25-30% of patients with pituitary tumors do not have classical hypersecretory syndromes such as acromegaly or Cushing’s disease, and tumors from such patients are referred to as clinically nonfunctioning adenomas. The majority of detected tumors are macroadenomas. Therefore, patients present with signs of mass effect, such as visual changes, headaches, and symptoms of pituitary insufficiency. Although clinical evidence for hormone hypersecretion is typically absent, hormone synthesis and secretion has been detected in the majority of such tumors using histomorphologic and molecular biology techniques. Studies have shown that clinically nonfunctioning tumors reflect a heterogeneous population of anterior pituitary cells, and the majority of such tumors synthesize glycoprotein hormones and/ or their free (Y- and P-subunits. Recent progress in our understanding of tumor pathogenesis and current diagnostic and therapeutic issues will be discussed in this review. Characterization
Correction of distortion effects caused by tubing systems in measurements of fluctuating pressures

Abstract Methods of reducing and correcting for the distortion effects introduced by pressure tubing systems in measurements of fluctuating pressures are discussed. A new technique is described, involving a digital correction technique using the known tubing transfer function. It allows considerably longer tubes and higher frequency response to be obtained than with other methods, and furthermore, phase distortion is effectively eliminated. The simpler technique of inserting restrictors in tubing systems is evaluated and found to reduce the distortion to acceptable levels for short tube lengths.
Prolonged E55+ Retrovirus Expression in Aged Mice Is Associated with a Decline in the Anti-Virus Immune Response

E55+ murine leukemia retrovirus (E55+ MuLV) infection of young and aged C57BL/6 (B6) mice was used to investigate the relationship between increased incidences of infection and decreased immune responsiveness of elderly individuals. Young mice decreased E55+ MuLV burden to below detectable levels by 8 weeks postinfection (p.i.). In contrast, virus burden in aged mice did not reach undetectable levels until 20 weeks p.i. A significant T cell proliferative response to E55+ MuLV was detected from 2 to 12 weeks p.i. in young mice, but was never observed in aged mice. Both age groups demonstrated significant E55+ MuLV-specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxic responses at 3 and 4 weeks p.i. and virus neutralizing antibody titers at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks p.i. In both cases, responses were consistently higher in young mice (P < 0.04 and P < 0.02, respectively). These results demonstrate that the observed delay in E55+ MuLV clearance by aged mice is associated with an age-related decrease in the immune response to the virus.
The interaction of substituted 2-phenylquinoline intercalates with poly(A) · poly(U): Classical and threading intercalation modes with RNA

The interaction of a series of 2-phenylquinoline derivatives with RNA was investigated by means of viscometric, pKa, spectroscopic, binding, Tm, and kinetic methods. Compounds 1,2, and 3 have a piperazyl substituent at the para, meta, or ortho position, respectively, while 4 has an unsubstituted phenyl ring. The pKa results suggest that 1 has three charges, 2 and 3 have more than two charges, and 4 has two charges at pH 6.2. Spectroscopic and Tm results indicate that 1 binds more strongly to RNA than 2–4. Kinetic and modeling results indicate that 1 is a threading intercalator while 2 and 4 are classical intercalators. All experimental results indicate that 3, which has a large twist between the phenyl and quinoline rings, binds weakly with RNA. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Importance of improved TB diagnostics in addressing the extensively drug-resistant TB crisis

There is an urgent need for new, rapid diagnostics to stem the tide of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Current identification and detection of resistance for the majority of Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, require weeks and multiple methodologies to complete. The sheer number and variety of tests required often exceeds the capacity of many laboratories. Current strategies center on improvement of existing tests and development of novel ones. Ultimately, what is needed is a single, rapid, diagnostic for identification and determination of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Such a method should be capable of detecting antibiotic resistance for all first- and second-line agents irrespective of the genetic mechanism of resistance. Detection should be achievable directly from clinical specimens. Yet, improved diagnostics are only part of a larger solution. Such a solution must include a comprehensive approach in which careful consideration is given to each particular setting relative to local resources and overall burden of disease. Such an approach is essential for the future of TB control and stemming the tide of MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
Regulation of Zebrafish Zona Pellucida Gene Activity in Developing Oocytes

The two major zona pellucida proteins of the zebrafish chorion, Zp2 and Zp3, are encoded by multicopy genes arranged in tandem arrays on chromosomes 20 and 2, respectively. Expression of these zp genes in zebrafish is oocyte specific, and we report herein that their activity in developing oocytes is dependent on conserved CCAAT box sites in their promoters. A 140-bp region immediately upstream of the transcription initiation site (position 1) of the zp2 genes has been homogenized by gene conversion and contains a single CCAAT box located at -138 that is necessary for promoter activity in oocytes residing in stage I and early stage II ovarian follicles as determined by microinjection of promoter constructs linked to a luciferase reporter gene. The zp3 gene promoters have two inverted CCAAT boxes located in a region of shared homology within the initial 175 nucleotides. Serial deletion of these sites resulted in incremental decreases in luciferase activity. Double-stranded oligonucleotides containing CCAAT box sequences from both genes formed CCAAT box-specific complexes with ovarian follicle extracts in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We also found that the expression of the separate zebrafish zp3b gene, more closely related to two oocyte-expressed medaka zpc genes than to the tandemly arrayed zebrafish zp3 genes, is not CCAAT box dependent. The significance that these results have in furthering our understanding of the regulation of zebrafish zp gene evolution and regulation is discussed.
White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Predation on Grassland Songbird Nestlings

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996–1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), two grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), one clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), one red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and three brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5–19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed.
Co-creating strategy and culture in new technology regimes on the internet: how new digital entrepreneurs affect mature incumbents in the fashion industry

One of the least understood aspects of knowledge management in organizational research and the sociology of innovation is to explain how new technology paradigms facilitate the creation and adoption of new regimes and business practice of innovation by old firms. When innovation regimes are started up by cohesive communities of collaborators, born-online and born-global, the relationship is even less understood. My research explores how some of the largest fashion-technology start-ups on the Internet create and spread new technology and practice in digital marketing and e-commerce to vertically integrated, transnational fashion industry leaders. I bridge innovation and economic sociology with international business and strategic management to explain how Ron Burt's "good ideas" are actually generated and meaningfully reapplied by emerging new entrants in the organizational practice of established incumbent fashion firms from Europe and the US. The fashion industry is an extreme case-study offering an ideal context to investigate these emergent processes, revealing the dynamic relationship between innovation and change. The research posits that executives in established organizations in this context can manage the tension between challenge and opportunity of adopting disruptive practice by learning to manage collaboratively the parts of their value chains that are most affected by the entrepreneurial creativity of new peers.
Dispersive estimates for Schrödinger operators in the presence of a resonance and/or an eigenvalue at zero energy in dimension three: I

We prove dispersive estimates for Schrodinger equations in three dimensions without making any assumptions on zero energy.
Combined inflatable penile prosthesis-artificial urinary sphincter implantation: no increased risk of adverse events compared to single or staged device implantation.

Purpose: Little data exist on the outcome of combined inflatable penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter insertion for erectile dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence. We assessed patient outcomes for combined vs single device implantation at a single institution.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients who underwent inflatable penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter insertion at our hospital from January 2000 to December 2011. A total of 55 combined procedures were performed compared to the single insertion of 336 inflatable penile prostheses and 279 artificial urinary sphincters.Results: The surgical approach consisted of penoscrotal incisions for inflatable penile prostheses and transperineal incisions for artificial urinary sphincter cuff placement with a secondary lower abdominal incision for reservoir placement. Men treated with combined implantation had greater mean age and were at greater risk for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatm...
Pulmonary microvascular permeability. Responses to high vascular pressure after induction of pacing-induced heart failure in dogs.

Abstract The pressure threshold for injury of pulmonary capillaries is ≈50 to 55 cm H2O in the canine lung, as measured by changes in the filtration coefficient (Kf,c). Since the pulmonary endothelial basement membrane has been observed to thicken in patients with heart failure and pulmonary venous hypertension, we hypothesized that both baseline permeability and the threshold for high-vascular-pressure injury would be altered as a result. Dogs (n=12) were chronically paced at 245 beats per minute for ≈4 weeks, then were paced at 225 beats per minute for an additional 3 weeks. Lung lobes from anesthetized paced dogs and additional control dogs (n=14) were then isolated, ventilated, and perfused with blood. Although vascular resistance was increased nearly threefold and vascular compliance reduced by 50% in the paced group, Kf,c referenced to 1 g blood-free dry weight was no different from control. Despite this lack of difference at normal pulmonary vascular pressures, several significant results were obta...
An evaluation of fracture analysis methods

The results of an experimental and predictive round robin on the applications of fracture analysis methods are presented. The objective of the round robin was to verify whether fracture analysis methods currently in use can or cannot predict failure loads on complex structural components containing cracks. Fracture results from tests on a number of compact specimens were used to make the predictions. The accuracy of the prediction methods was evaluated in terms of the variation in the ratio of predicted to experimental failure loads, and the predictions methods are ranked in order of minimum standard error. A range of applicability of the different methods was also considered in assessing their usefulness. For 7075-T651 aluminum alloy, the best methods were: the effective K sub R curve; the critical crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) criterion using a finite element analysis; and the K sub R curve with the Dugdale model. For the 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, the best methods included: the two-parameter fracture criterion (TPFC); the CTOD parameter using finite element analysis; the K-curve with the Dugdale model; the deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram (DPFAD); and the effective K sub R curve with a limit load condition. For 304 stainless steel, the best methods were the limit load analysis; the CTOD criterion using finite-element analysis TPFC and DPFAD. Some sample experimental results are given in an appendix.
2‐Methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester

[18941-94-1] C7H10O2 (MW 126.15) InChI = 1S/C7H10O2/c1-3-9-7(8)6-4-5(6)2/h6H,2-4H2,1H3 InChIKey = SPCOBAXZQGNBHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (building block used for the preparation of a variety of hydroxymethylmethylenecyclopropyl,1 fluoromethylenecyclopropyl,2 methylene-2-ethynylcyclopropyl,3 and spiro[2.2]pentyl4 nucleoside analogs; has also been used as a readily available starting material for the synthesis of (±)-hypoglycin A5 and (R)-(−) and (S)-(+)-synadenol6) Alternate Name: ethyl methylenecyclopropanecarboxylate, 2-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylenecyclopropane. Physical Data: bp 152–154 °C/760 mmHg.5 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless oil; the title compound is not available through commercial sources. Preparative Methods: 2-methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 1 is prepared by the reaction of 2-bromopropene and ethyl diazoacetate by a rhodium acetate catalyzed cylopropanation followed by elimination with sodium hydride.7, 8 Less efficiently, a copper-bronze catalyst may be used in the former reaction.5 This can also be synthesized by a Michael addition of 1-chloro-1-nitroethane to ethyl acrylate after subsequent cyclization and elimination with excess sodium hydride.9 A mixture of zinc–copper couple, iodine, methylene iodide, and ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate in refluxing diethyl ether has proven efficient to yield title compound 1.10 Purification: distilled under reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: normal laboratory precautions should be taken.
Fermentation mixing scale‐up techniques

Scale-up of a mixing process in fermentation involves breaking the process down into individual but interrelated steps. The effect of mixing on gas-liquid absorption, fluid shear rates, blending, and heat transfer allows each to be considered separately. A method of estimating the mixer size required in a full-scale system from pilot studies illustrates the application of a particular technique.
Technique fixation and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion

The e-method of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is shown to be sufficiently robust to reject the assumption that a system parameter can be of order e.
Adjuvant neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve repair with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-reduced acellular nerve allografts.

Abstract Background Acellular nerve allografts are now standard tools in peripheral nerve repair because of decreased donor site morbidity and operative time savings. Preparation of nerve allografts involves several steps of decellularization and modification of extracellular matrix to remove chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which have been shown to inhibit neurite outgrowth through a poorly understood mechanism involving RhoA and extracellular matrix-integrin interactions. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) is an enzyme that degrades CSPG molecules and has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth after injury of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Variable results after ChABC treatment make it difficult to predict the effects of this drug in human nerve allografts, especially in the presence of native extracellular signaling molecules. Several studies have shown cross-talk between neurotrophic factor and CSPG signaling pathways, but their interaction remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the adjuvant effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on neurite outgrowth postinjury in CSPG-reduced substrates and acellular nerve allografts. Materials and methods E12 chicken DRG explants were cultured in medium containing ChABC, ChABC + NGF, ChABC + GDNF, or control media. Explants were imaged at 3 d and neurite outgrowths measured. The rat sciatic nerve injury model involved a 1-cm sciatic nerve gap that was microsurgically repaired with ChABC-pretreated acellular nerve allografts. Before implantation, nerve allografts were incubated in NGF, GDNF, or sterile water. Nerve histology was evaluated at 5 d and 8 wk postinjury. Results The addition of GDNF in vitro produced significant increase in sensory neurite length at 3 d compared with ChABC alone ( P In vivo adjuvant NGF produced increases in total myelinated axon count ( P P P in vivo adjuvant GDNF. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence that CSPG-reduced nerve grafts may disinhibit the prosurvival effects of NGF in vivo , promoting motor axon outgrowth and reducing regeneration of specific nociceptive neurons. Our results support further investigation of adjuvant NGF therapy in CSPG-reduced acellular nerve grafts.
CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ALONG A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF RESTORED GRASSLANDS

Changes in aboveground vegetation, roots, and soil characteristics were examined from a 12-yr chronosequence of formerly cultivated fields restored to native C4 grasses through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Following 6–8 yr in the CRP, the native grasses dominated vegetation composition, and the presence of forbs was negligible. Productivity of the restored grasslands did not exhibit any directional changes with the number of years in the CRP, and productivity was generally higher than native prairie in this region. Over time, the restored grasslands accumulated root biomass of decreasing quality as indicated by increasing root biomass and C:N ratio of roots along the 12-yr chronosequence. Root biomass, root C:N ratio, C storage in roots, and N storage in roots of restored grasslands approached that of native tallgrass prairie within the 12 yr of restoration. Establishment of the perennial vegetation also affected soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Soil bulk density in the ...
Gap junctions and inhibitory synapses modulate inspiratory motoneuron synchronization.

Interneuronal electrical coupling via gap junctions and chemical synaptic inhibitory transmission are known to have roles in the generation and synchronization of activity in neuronal networks. Unc...
PASSIVE INTERFERENCE COMPETITION BY GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULLS ON BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKES: A COST OF FEEDING IN FLOCKS

Abstract We analyzed data from two independent studies of foraging Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Our purpose was to determine if Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) hindered prey capture by kittiwakes. At tightly aggregated feeding flocks, gulls remained on the water directly over the prey and foraged by making brief hop-plunges or surface-seizes. Kittiwakes, in contrast, fed by diving from the air into open spots in the flock or around its periphery. Data from both studies indicated that kittiwakes made fewer feeding attempts in flocks that had greater numbers of gulls. However, kittiwake success rate per feeding attempt did not change as the number of gulls increased. Kittiwakes were more likely to avoid flocks that had a greater number of Glaucous-winged Gulls. Gulls successfully pirated less than 1% of fish captured by kittiwakes. Our findings suggest that passive interference may be costly for smaller birds that feed in multispecies feeding flocks. ...
Student Attitudes and Perceptions of an Online Problem-based Learning Case Study in Landscape Management

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. teaching, problem solving, critical thinking, curriculum SUMMARY. Horticulture graduates entering the landscape (design, installation, and maintenance) segment of the green industry will be faced with a myriad of complicated decision scenarios. Graduates must be able to integrate their understanding of plant science, environmental and physical site constraints, and the human impact on built and natural landscapes to make complex decisions. The objectives of this project were to develop an online case study for use in landscape management and landscape construction courses, and to determine students’ perceptions of using this virtual case study to practice active problem solving in landscape horticulture. After completing a scenario from the online case study, students were asked to complete a 20-question survey instrument consisting of open- and close-ended questions evaluating the case study. Sixty-nine surveys were returned and useable, for a response rate of 76.6%. Overall student attitudes and perceptions of the online case study were positive. Participants felt comfortable using the web-based format (4.3 of 5), and felt it was an effective way to deliver information (4.1). Furthermore, participants rated their ability to summarize the scenario data as 4.2 and also felt confident in their ability (4.1) to make a landscape management recommendation to the homeowner.
Sympatholysis and cardiac sympathetic nerve function in the treatment of congestive heart failure

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, manifested by an increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE), is a salient feature in congestive heart failure (HF). This was first thought to be an important adaptive mechanism to support the failing myocardium [(1)][1]. However, evidence now indicates that
Sustainability of public finances and the rising costs of long term care in the Netherlands

Expenditures on long term care in the Netherlands have risen substantially over the last decades. Only a part of this growth can be attributed to ageing of the population. These rising costs are one of the main concerns for sustainability of future public finances. We define long term sustainability of public finances as a situation where future generations can benefit from the same public arrangements as current generations without having to raise taxes in the future. Given this definition, growth in long term care expenditures due to changing demographics should be taken into account in determining the sustainability gap. For growth due to other factors this is less clear. When rising expenditures are related to a better quality of health services per patient in the future, it makes sense to let future generations finance this care themselves. In this paper, we evaluate different alternatives to finance additional long term care growth on top of the demographic component. We analyze these alternatives using a macro model for the long term development of the Dutch economy. We focus on the consequences of different financing schemes for the redistribution of costs and benefits between birth-cohorts. We find relatively large intragenerational redistribution of lifetime net benefits for a pay-as-yougo system or an immediate one-time increase in taxes, while a cohort-specific savings system or an “elderly tax” have relatively small intergenerational consequences. We also find that all financing options have a negative effect on labour supply and private consumption.
Effect of Deer Exclusion on the Abundance of Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Small and Medium-Sized Mammals

Effects of deer exclusion on abundance of immature Ixodes scapularis Say parasitizing small and medium-sized mammals, and the role mammals have in introducing ticks to exclosure areas, were examined at two sites in Westchester County, New York. In total, 686 mammal captures representing nine species were obtained, with white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, composing > 80% of all captures, followed by raccoons, Procyon lotor (L.); opossums, Didelphis virginiana (Kerr); and striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis Schreber. At the Near Archives site, 14% of 81 individual mice, 46% of raccoons, and 33% of opossums captured were found to cross the exclosure fence, as did 12% of 50 mice and 38% of raccoons at the Hudson Pines site. Skunks apparently did not cross the fence at either site. Mice captured exclusively outside the Near Archives exclosure hosted significantly more larvae than mice captured inside only, with fence crossers hosting an intermediate number of larvae. At Hudson Pines, numbers of larvae on fence-crossing mice and those captured solely inside the exclosure were equivalent, with tick loads on mice captured outside the exclosure significantly greater. The number of larvae per raccoon did not differ significantly with capture location (inside, outside, or both sides of exclosure fence) at either site. Densities of host-seeking larvae and nymphs were significantly higher outside the exclosure than inside at Near Archives, though not at Hudson Pines. Differences in tick density inside and outside exclosures declined with each successive developmental stage so that adult density inside exclosures tended to converge with that outside at both sites. Although deer exclosures can have a significant impact on nymphal I. scapularis abundance, they may not reduce the risk of encountering infected adults. Mice, raccoons, and opossums have a role in introducing potentially infective ticks to areas where deer have been excluded, though the level of immigration of ticks into the area will likely depend on the density of ticks outside the exclosure.
Studies of Black Flies of Panama (Diptera: Simuliidae). IV. a New Species of Simulium

A new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae), Simulium fuliginis, is described and illustrated. It is compared with and distinguished from S. huairayacu Wygodzinsky, S. jujuyense Paterson & Shannon, S. lahillei Paterson & Shannon, S. opalinifrons (Enderlein), and S. romanai Wygodzinsky. S. fuliginis is distinguished also from S. blantoni Field, S. subexiguum Field, S. dugesi Vargas, Martinez Palacios, & Diaz Najera, S. haematopotum Malloch, S. marathrumi Fairchild, S. mediovittatum Knab, S. trivittatum Malloch, S. veracruzanum Vargas, Martinez Palacios, & Diaz Najera, and metallicum -like species (S. metallicum Bellardi). Of the species to which fuliginis is compared only blantoni, subexiguum, marathrumi, and metallicum-like. species are known to occur in Panama.
Distributional Loci and Host Fruit Utilization Patterns of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Hawaii

Distributional loci for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were mapped for all major islands in Hawaii. Generally, loci were located in or near leeward dry areas at both high and low elevations. Fruit utilization varied by locality as well as by host species. Host fruit utilization by C. capitata exceeded that of Dacus dorsalis Hendel in certain areas; in others, the situation was reversed. In some areas these two species appeared to coexist in apparent harmony; in others, C. capitata was displaced by D. dorsalis .
Effects of Spider Mites on Almond Tree Growth and Productivity

Two well replicated field experiments on the effects of mite infestation were conducted in almond orchards in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. The orchards were previously protected with acaricides from infestation by Tetranyshus spp. and citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). The severe mite infestations which develop on almond in this area are not related to use of insecticides, replicated comparisons were made in both experiments by comparing growth and productivity of protected and unprotected trees. High mite populations that developed in summer did not adversely affect almond tree growth and productivity during the year in which the infestations occured. However, in the year following infestation, yields of unprotected trees were an ave 13% lower ( P =0.05) in an orchard then in its 6th yr and 19% less ( P =0.05) in an orchard then in its 4th yr, as compared with yields of trees protected with an acaricide. Similarly, in the year following infestation, length of terminals on unprotected trees was reduced 11% in the orchard in its 6th yr (not significant) and 48% ( P =0.01) in the orchard in its 4th yr. Trunk growth of unprotected trees was reduced an avg 19% ( P =0.05) in the year following mite attack, the 6th season of growth in the orchard.
Measuring the Relationship of Structure to Use: Determinants of the Extent of Recycle in Repetition Repair

0. Introduction When a speaker produces a disfluency, defined as an interruption in the flow of speech, he/she may often repeat a part of the utterance already produced. When making such repetition repairs, speakers may repeat only the last word they (partially) produced, as in (1) and (2), or they may choose to go back (recycle) further, repeating two, three, or even more words. The dependent variable used in this study is the Extent of the Recycle in Repetition Repair (ERRR), which is equal to the number of words the speaker repeats, where the final word he/she has produced is counted as one unit, regardless of whether it was completed. Thus, examples (1) and (2) have ERRR=1, example (3) has ERRR=2, and example (4) has ERRR=3. Equivalently, we can say that the repair goes back to the first transition (word boundary) in (1) and (2), the second transition in (3), and the third transition in (4). We will call the part in bold the repairing, and the part in italics the repaired, and we will say that repair goes back to appreciated in (1), just in (2), areas in (3), and I in (4), i.e. the word the repair goes back to is the word preceding the repaired. The location of the plus sign in (1)-(4) is the location of the repair onset. All of the examples are taken from the Switchboard Corpus (Godfrey et al, 1992).
3. On-line Check Technology for Processor Components

Production test cannot ensure the level of dependability needed in safety-critical systems or systems in hostile environment. The reason is that transient effects or changed system parameters are not detectable in advance by production test techniques.
Theodore William Moody (1907–84): an appreciation

Professor T W Moody, whose scholarly career was linked so closely to the history and fortunes of this journal, died in Dublin on 11 February 1984, in his seventy-seventh year. One of his former students, now a contributor to the New History of Ireland, remembers a conversation with him only a few days before, and tells of Theo’s lively consideration of plans and projects, of his mind, crystal clear as ever. Grieved and shocked as his family, friends and colleagues are at his sudden going, they will surely find solace in this memory of full activity and vitality so close to the end. Theo was spared the suffering of long illness, inactivity, and the dependence that these entail, which would have been a hard trial for his active spirit. Indeed, affirmation is a word that comes to mind in remembering his life as a man and a scholar It is reflected in his devotion to his family, in his concern for the work and careers of his students, in his care and never-ceasing responsibility for the projects he had been involved in founding or originating, the two most notable examples being Irish Historical Studies and A New History of Ireland, and in his assistance and kindness to foreign scholars who came to work in Dublin.
High efficiency solar photovoltaic and thermo-photovoltaic device technologies

This paper presents a review of various PV cell technologies, discussing advanced device structures, manufacturing processes and cell performances. The focus will be on silicon (single crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous), III-V, II-VI, Cu-In-Ga-Se based cells. Cells and systems designs for incorporating light concentrators and for utilizing multiple light wavelengths will be discussed. For TPV applications, methods to manufacture low cost high efficiency cells based on bulk crystals of ternary III-V semiconductors will be presented. Some of our advanced cell designs for MTPV systems based on back-illumination will be shown. Higher efficiencies are predicted for TPV systems using nano-structured photonic band-gap crystal emitters (PBG-TPV). Some of the initial theoretical predictions and development of individual components for PBG-TPV and their characteristics will be discussed.
Using network coding over p-cycles for survivable network operation

Using network coding to provide protection against link failures has been introduced by the author. This paper presents an overview of the progress which has been done so far in employing network coding for protection. The paper introduces the basics of network coding-based protection against single link failures. In these strategies, in addition to transmitting signals on link disjoint paths, a single set of protection circuits, which are also link disjoint from working circuits, is used to carry linear combinations of signals from several sessions. The protection circuit is implemented using a p-cycle. By using simple modulo 2 addition operations, receivers in each session can recover a backup copy of the signal. In the case of a failure in the working circuits, the receivers can use the backup copy recovered from the protection circuit. It is also shown how this technique can be extended to protect against multiple failures. Necessary and sufficient conditions for this protection against multiple failures are presented. The paper also shows how 1:N protection, which is provided by p-cycles, can be combined with the proposed network coding protection, to also provide protection on on-cycle links.
Whigs and hunters: the path not taken

E. P. Thompson's Whigs and Hunters has had an enormous impact on African historiography in its articulation of the relationship between property and law and the subsequent criminalization of customary practices. Some of the other themes in this book – indistinct bands of law-breaking peasants, people and animals, notions of the wild, and the near impossibility of commonplace judicial murder in peacetime – have not been taken up. This article argues for a broader engagement with this book and to remind African historians that the many facets and eras of Thompson's scholarship should encourage a more flexible reading of his work.
A Multicenter Initiative for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Newborn Screening in Texas Neonatal Intensive Care Units.

Objective The objective of this study was to implement a strategy for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) newborn screening in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Design A NICU-specific curriculum, screening algorithm, slide presentations, and templates of orders, policies, and procedures were developed into a toolkit for training NICU personnel. Screening was conducted on first and second screen pre- and postductal oxygen saturations (SpO2) on newborns admitted or transferred to the NICU. Results We trained 347 NICU personnel in 13 Texas hospitals, representing rural, suburban, and metropolitan settings. Key hospital staff submitted deidentified, case-based screening data. Of 4,621 NICU admissions, 80% received a first screen. Second screening rates were substantially lower in all gestational age groups. Screening rates on first and second screens were lowest among infants born < 28 weeks. For the first screen, SpO2 was lowest among the youngest gestational ages. The false positive rate was 2.3%. Conclusion CCHD screening in the NICU is challenging, given the complexities of the NICU population. A modified screening protocol that recognizes special circumstances of neonatal intensive care could facilitate a more efficient system.
Predictors of parental knowledge of adolescent sexual experience: United States, 2012

Parent-child sexual health communication has been shown to protect against adolescent sexual risk-taking behavior. Parent knowledge of adolescent sexual experience can inform timing and content of conversations; however, little is known about factors associated with such knowledge. To investigate this question, parent-child dyads (N = 942) from a U.S. nationally-representative internet panel were surveyed in June 2012. Agreement between adolescent report of vaginal sex and parent's knowledge of such behavior was assessed. Multivariate regression was used to assess predictors of accurate parental knowledge of adolescent sex. Most parents (87%) reported knowledge of their adolescents' sexual experience. Parents with accurate knowledge of adolescent sexual experience were more likely to report at least one prior conversation with their child about sexual health (OR 2.35), have a daughter (OR 1.88), and have a child who expressed comfort discussing sexual health (OR 1.71). Results indicate that parental knowledge of adolescent sexual experience reflects more comfortable parent-child sexual health communication. Developing tools to improve adolescent comfort discussing sexuality may improve parent-child conversations about sexuality, contributing to efforts to increase safer sex practices among adolescents.
Anomalous Magnetism and Superconductivity in Lanthanide Metals at Extreme Pressure

Under ambient pressure the only lanthanide known to superconduct is La, the superconducting state for the remaining lanthanides being suppressed by their strong local-moment magnetism . Except for possibly Ce, this magnetism is conventional and approximately obeys de Gennes scaling. Under high pressure both Ce and Eu exhibit superconductivity that may be unconventional, whereas the magnetic states of Dy, Tb, and Nd become anomalous, the magnetic ordering temperature of Dy surpassing ambient temperature at Mbar pressures. We suggest that these anomalously high magnetic ordering temperatures are an heretofore unrecognized feature of the Kondo lattice state.
Ultrasound use and "overuse".

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General has issued a report concerning “high use” and “questionable use” ultrasound. Findings include those geographic areas where occurrences are most frequent, as well as the most common elements that characterize questionable use. While not its primary focus, emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound is within the scope of the report. Implications for emergency ultrasound are discussed and practice recommendations made for minimizing regulatory exposure for emergency physicians and departments.
Regenerating White Pine (Pinus strobus) in the South: Seedling Position is More Important than Herbivory Protection

ABSTRACT Seedling survival and growth in eastern white pines (Pinus strobus L.) might be limited by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing. However, most studies have occurred in areas central to the white pine range, making other factors such as seedling microenvironment unimportant. If microenvironment becomes a concern near the edge of the white pine range, then factors such as seedling placement in relation to forest openings could be important, especially given that deer herbivory tends to be most intense near forest edges. We evaluated the relative importance of deer browse and seedling position in openings on seedling survival and growth in central North Carolina at the southern edge of the white pine range. Further, we determined if bud caps and caging improved survival and growth. Seedlings ≤ 10 m from the edge survived at a greater proportion than those > 10 m from the edge (83% and 73%, respectively). Initial height was the most important predictor of survival (R2 = 0.55; p < 0.01...
Very low particle matter mass measurements from light-duty vehicles

Abstract Recently, there are discussions about whether current sampling and measurement practices for the regulated gravimetric PM measurement are sufficiently accurate in quantifying PM at the proposed 3 and 1 mg/mi emission standards for light-duty vehicles. In this study, a series of modifications were made to the existing gravimetric PM measurement method, aiming to preserve the integrity of the method while increasing the robustness and decreasing the testing variability. The experiments were conducted with a Higher (~2 mg/mile) and a Lower (0.1–0.2 mg/mile) PM Source Vehicle over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and US06 cycles, providing PM emissions with various solid/semi-volatile compositions and size distributions. The results showed the suggested modifications, i.e., increased filter face velocities (from 100 to 150 cm/s) and combined filters (single filter vs. 3/4 filters), could increase the collected filter mass without introducing statistically significant differences in the measured PM mass emission rates. No statistically significant improvements were seen in the measurement variability with the Higher PM Source Vehicle. For the Lower PM Source Vehicle; however, the 4-phase cumulative filter showed a statistically significant reduction in PM mass measurement variability, while not impacting the measured PM mass emissions, but these improvements must be weighed against the increased testing costs/time required for the longer test time.
Extensions of Brouwer’s Theorem

Chapter II makes clear the need for more general fixed-point theorems and algorithms to approximate the resulting fixed points. Two extensions are necessary: one to relax the continuity of the function involved, and one to relax the requirements on the domain and range of the function. Section I discusses upper semi-continuity of point-to-set mappings. Section 2 introduces the fundamental concept of piecewise-linear approximation and with this tool proves Kakutani’s theorem on the existence of fixed points for upper semi-continuous mappings. Section 3 extends Kakutani’s theorem in ways that will be useful in applications.
53-OR: IDENTIFICATION OF T-CELL LYMPHOMA LIPID LIGANDS BOUND BY CD1c

Abstract Aim CD1c molecules sample lipids within the cell and present these lipid ligands at the cell surface. Once at the cell surface, CD1c restricted T cells review the CD1c-lipid complex in order to discriminate healthy from diseased cells. It has been previously shown that the CD1c of cancerous thymocytes present lipids that are recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Unfortunately, little is known pertaining to the lipid ligands that are bound and presented by the CD1c of a T cell lymphoma or leukemia. Methods In order to understand the nature and breadth of intracellular lipid ligands presented by CD1c, a recombinant soluble CD1c was constructed, expressed in the SUP-T1 T lymphoma cell line, and the stable transfectants were cultured in a hollow-fiber bioreactor for sCD1c protein production. Soluble CD1c was affinity purified, lipid ligands were extracted from the purified CD1c protein, and the CD1c ligands were analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Results The data demonstrate that the CD1c of a T-cell lymphoma presents lipid ligands with six predominant head group moieties. In regards to diversity of the lipid moiety, we observed an array of radyl group linkages and chain lengths ranging 14-20 carbons long as well as various degrees of unsaturation. Conclusions These data establish a lipid profile for the CD1c of a T cell lymphoma. Such data will now support immune assays that elucidate reactive CD1c cancer ligands, comparisons with ligands from other structurally distinct CD1 molecules, and comparisons to CD1c ligands from alternative cell lineages. Realizing the nature of biologically relevant CD1c ligands contribute to understanding the role of CD1 ligands in T cell initiated immunity.
Intraoral (submucosal) pseudosarcomatous nodular fasciitis: Report of a case

Abstract This report on pseudosarcomatous fasciitis reviews the historical background, histopathology, and clinical characteristics of this lesion. Because of its histologic appearance, it may be misdiagnosed as fibrosarcoma. The apparent infiltration of adjoining muscle by lesional tissue, the lack of encapsulation, the plump fibroblastic component, and the rapid growth of this lesion are probably responsible for the erroneous diagnosis rendered in the past. Careful serial study of the pathologic material will reveal “inflammatory stigmata” and should lead to the proper diagnosis and treatment of the patient.
Cosmic rays at the top of the atmosphere

The atmosphere of the Earth provides more than ten interaction lengths for protons going straight down. If the observations were made at sea level such a proton would retain on the average less than 0.001 of its energy. The energy loss fluctuates from event to event and the energy spectrum of cosmic ray protons would be difficult to reconstruct. Heavier cosmic ray nuclei have significantly shorter interaction lengths and lose energy much faster. For these simple reasons the observations of the cosmic rays are much easier outside the atmosphere.
Evidence That Dynorphin Acts Upon KNDy and GnRH Neurons During GnRH Pulse Termination in the Ewe

A subpopulation of neurons located within the arcuate nucleus, colocalizing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (Dyn; termed KNDy neurons), represents key mediators of pulsatile GnRH secretion. The KNDy model of GnRH pulse generation proposes that Dyn terminates each pulse. However, it is unknown where and when during a pulse that Dyn is released to inhibit GnRH secretion. Dyn acts via the κ opioid receptor (KOR), and KOR is present in KNDy and GnRH neurons in sheep. KOR, similar to other G protein-coupled receptors, are internalized after exposure to ligand, and thus internalization can be used as a marker of endogenous Dyn release. Thus, we hypothesized that KOR will be internalized at pulse termination in both KNDy and GnRH neurons. To test this hypothesis, GnRH pulses were induced in gonad-intact anestrous ewes by injection of neurokinin B (NKB) into the third ventricle and animals were euthanized at times of either pulse onset or termination. NKB injections produced increased internalization of KOR within KNDy neurons during both pulse onset and termination. In contrast, KOR internalization into GnRH neurons was seen only during pulse termination, and only in GnRH neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Overall, our results indicate that Dyn is released onto KNDy cells at the time of pulse onset, and continues to be released during the duration of the pulse. In contrast, Dyn is released onto MBH GnRH neurons only at pulse termination and thus actions of Dyn upon KNDy and GnRH cell bodies may be critical for pulse termination.
Simulation of Electroporation in Cell Using Bipolar AC Pulse

Electroporation in a single cell was numerically simulated using bipolar AC electric pulses. A cell of 20 µm in diameter was placed in the center of a microchannel with 100 µm width and height and AC sine pulse with 2kV/cm electric field and 100 kHz in frequency were applied on the electrodes at the top and bottom of the microchannel. Our obtained simulation results show that most nanopores are created around the poles of cell. The transmembrane potential would be influenced by the shape of the external applied voltage. Additionally, the numerical simulation also demonstrate the conductivity of porated area increase tremendously compared to that of the non-porated area.