cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Microscopic Approach for Generic Degradation Modeling

One of the main challenges in prognostics is degradation modeling for which there are no straightforward methods compared with system governing equations modeling (e.g., Newton`s law, Euler`s law, thermodynamics conservation laws, fluid dynamics laws, and so forth). Once both governing equations and degradation equations are generated, then the RUL or EOL can be easily estimated by using a filtering technique like Kalman filter. This paper presents a new approach for generic degradation modeling which can be engaged in (1) complex engineering systems, and (2) the structures which are fabricated by the new manufacturing processes such as 4D printing that in both cases the physical knowledge is not adequate to model the degradation equations. In the existing approaches for parametric degradation modeling, there are always possibilities that a specific degradation phenomenon of a new system is ignored. This deficiency arises from the assumption made in the previous studies that degradation phenomenon is equivalently represented by degradation mechanism such as crack, wear, corrosion, erosion, and so forth. Here we relax this assumption and provide a more general approach for parametric degradation modeling. This research first, quantifies the concepts of governing equations and degradation equations in prognostics in a general view, second provides a generic approach for deriving the governing equations by using techniques of system identification, third, it digs into the concepts of degradation and provides a microscopic approach for generic degradation modeling, and finally it combines and incorporates the governing equations and degradation equations in a way that the generality is conserved. In addition, this paper opens the door of degradation modeling in 4D printing by starting from the conceptual point of view to the final generic methodology.
Conceptualizing Interactional Learning Targets for the Second Language Curriculum

The skill, awareness, and perhaps the competence, of language learners to engage in specific interactional behaviors are currently encapsulated in the term Interactional Competence (IC). While IC-oriented teaching materials propose learning targets beyond vocabulary and sentence level grammar, their action-oriented view of what language is and how language works contrasts with basic notions of language and proficiency currently reflected in transnational curriculum guidelines and assessment protocols. This paper illustrates how IC-oriented teaching materials can be conceptualized for, and used in, the second language classroom and argues that their use encourages a rethinking of the notions of language and proficiency for second language teaching.
The women bricoleurs of technology

Understanding the value of reaching from theory to practice by revisiting the contributions of women before us and our assumptions about how we create valuable impact for the future.
Incentive Regulation and Capital Structure in Digital Networks: Theory, Evidence and Implications

Financing questions are important in assessing firms in regulated sectors, such as telecommunications, as they have high debt levels. Concomitantly, a regulatory innovation influencing firms behavior has seen ‘cost-plus’ rate of return regulation giving way to incentive-based ‘price-minus’ approaches, such as price caps where inflationary price increases may be awarded, subject to meeting a productivity target. The impacts of such regulatory transitions on firm leverage have not been conceptually or empirically evaluated. We analytically model whether the regulatory transition to a price caps regime, from a rate of return framework, would affect firms’ leverage. Thereafter, our proposition is evaluated with data for the United States telecommunications industry, the sector providing the digital carriage backbone for the American economy, to draw widely-applicable conclusions. Detailed granular time-series data allow assessment of the impact of regulatory change on incumbent local exchange companies’ leverage. This natural experiment format permits a salient issue examination, via generalizable evidence, given that communications technologies affect all aspects of our lives. We find that price cap regulated firms have had 39 percent lower leverage levels than firms regulated by the rate of return method. Hybrid or intermediate regulations have had no impact or positive impact on leverage. Leverage decline after price caps introduction would be motivated by efficiency considerations; nevertheless, after the introduction of competition, firms would not only need to cut costs to boost fiscal performance but also send entrants signals that low leverage levels would provide incumbents financial slack to tackle competition and protect markets.
Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiogenic shock is defined as persistent hypotension, accompanied by evidence of end organ hypo-perfusion. Percutaneous ventricular assist devices (PVADs) are used for the treatment of cardiogenic shock in an effort to improve hemodynamics. Impella is currently the most common PVAD and actively pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. PVADs unload the left ventricle, increase cardiac output and improve coronary perfusion. PVADs are typically placed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory under fluoroscopic guidance via the femoral artery when feasible. In cases of severe peripheral arterial disease, PVADs can be implanted through an alternative access. In this article, we summarize the mechanism of action of PVAD and the data supporting their use in the treatment of cardiogenic shock.
Public Goods Games in Directed Networks

Public goods games in undirected networks are generally known to have pure Nash equilibria, which are easy to find. In contrast, we prove that, in directed networks, a broad range of public goods games have intractable equilibrium problems: The existence of pure Nash equilibria is NP-hard to decide, and mixed Nash equilibria are PPAD-hard to find. We define general utility public goods games, and prove a complexity dichotomy result for finding pure equilibria, and a PPAD-completeness proof for mixed Nash equilibria. Even in the divisible goods variant of the problem, where existence is easy to prove, finding the equilibrium is PPAD-complete. Finally, when the treewidth of the directed network is appropriately bounded, we prove that polynomial-time algorithms are possible.
The Human Genome Project: Past, Present, and Future Anterior

This paper re-reads several important events that have been historicized as “origins” of the Human Genome Project (HGP), arguing that historians of the HGP have deployed methods and logics that are homologous to those of contemporary genetics. Each relies on sequences that can be faithfully reproduced, and privileges nuclear control while marginalizing complex networks and interactions. While the writing of both history and biology seem to demand and display unidirectional causality, in the end they each have to rely, indirectly, on a future that has yet to arrive yet, already structures the past and present.
Design and characterization of three-dimensional aluminum nitride multichip modules

A three-dimensional packaging technology based on stacked multi-layer aluminum nitride (AlN) multichip modules (MCMs) has been demonstrated by Honeywell and Coors Electronic Package Company, under sponsorship of the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center. The concept increases chip density by stacking single-or double-sided AlN MCMs that have internal metal layers for signal interconnection and power distribution. Prototype Technology Characterization Vehicles (TCVs) have been fabricated to verify key fabrication and assembly processes, and to characterize the electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance of the 3D structures. Exceptional thermal performance has been predicted by finite element models and corroborated by experimental measurements for single and stacked MCMs. The electrical characteristics of AlN interconnections for the TCV are also discussed. A demonstration system consisting of a GVSC 1750A processor MCM and a double-sided memory MCM has been designed and fabricated. A prototype of the demonstration system is shown.
Determination of Functional Network Structure from Local Parameter Dependence Data

In many applications, such as those arising from the field of cellular networks, it is often desired to determine the interaction (graph) structure of a set of differential equations, using as data measured sensitivities. This note proposes an approach to this problem.
Adenovirus DNA. IV. Topology of adenovirus genomes.

Abstract End fragments of molecular weight 1 to 2.5 × 10 6 were prepared from the DNA molecules of human adenovirus 2 and simian adenovirus SA-7. These end pieces were shown by DNA-DNA hybridization to contain only 15 to 30% of the sequences present in the entire genome. These data eliminate the possibility that adenovirus DNA molecules are circularly permuted.
Development and Pilot Testing of Computerized Order Entry Algorithms for Geriatric Problems in Nursing Homes

Objectives Computerized order entry algorithms can improve the quality of care; but are rarely used in nursing homes (NHs). We conducted a pilot study to: (1) develop order entry algorithms for 5 common NH problems, and (2) test their acceptance, use, and preliminary impact on quality indicators and resource utilization.
Economic sociology as disequilibrium economics: a contribution to the critique of the new economic sociology

This paper analyses the problem of the asocial view of the market at the theoretical core of contemporary economic sociology. Despite much emphasis on the apparent interpenetration of society and the economy, contemporary economic sociology is rooted in an analytical distinction between the two spheres. The implicit reliance on the neoclassical economic conception of the market helps to explain why the ‘new economic sociology’ often collapses into disequilibrium economics, where disequilibrium becomes the central but unstated prediction of a good deal of the work in the paradigm. Using a sample of contributions from the field, I demonstrate that a strong tendency running through much of the new economic sociology tends to understand society as a fundamentally distortionary force. To resolve this problem, I argue that an independent field of economic sociology necessitates a distinction between social relationships and social relations.
Chip level signal integrity analysis and crosstalk prediction using artificial neural nets

Recent ITRS predictions indicate that by the year 2011, the billion transistor monolithic die will be a reality. This clearly poses a challenge to gigascale integrated circuit design with regard to provision of multilevel interconnect wiring for the distribution of power, data and control signals to all parts of a chip. This paper addresses the problem of characterization, modeling and verification of 3D chip level interconnect crosstalk. The novel methodology proposed involves topological decomposition of interconnects into standard cells and the creation of parameterized models of these primitive structures using neural networks. Experimental results from a high performance operational amplifier demonstrates the viability of the approach.
Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging of the heart in idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy and cardiac transplants

Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) is a norepinephrine analog which can be used to image the sympathetic innervation of the heart. In this study, cardiac imaging with [123I]MIBG was performed in patients with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy and compared to normal controls. Initial uptake, half-time of tracer within the heart, and heart to lung ratios were all significantly reduced in patients compared to normals. Uptake in lungs, liver, salivary glands, and spleen was similar in controls and patients with cardiomyopathy indicating that decreased MIBG uptake was not a generalized abnormality in these patients. Iodine-123 MIBG imaging was also performed in cardiac transplant patients to determine cardiac nonneuronal uptake. Uptake in transplants was less than 10% of normals in the first 2 hr and nearly undetectable after 16 hr. The decreased uptake of MIBG suggests cardiac sympathetic nerve dysfunction while the rapid washout of MIBG from the heart suggests increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy.
LUNACY FOR PROFIT: THE ECONOMIC GAINS OF ‘NATIVE-ONLY’ LUNATIC ASYLUMS IN THE BENGAL PRESIDENCY, 1850s-1870s

In the late nineteenth century, the understanding of ‘maladies of the mind’ was in the early stages of development. Those studying such disorders were striving to legitimize mental health as a field of medicine. As a result the British began to establish ‘Native-Only’ lunatic asylums throughout South Asia, particularly in the Bengal Presidency of their Colonial Empire. The purpose of these asylums appeared to have been to alleviate society from those inflicted with mental disease. Upon examination of reports pertaining to asylums supervised by the British, it became evident that these facilities were no more than forced labor houses producing goods for the British Empire. In reality, the asylums had little to do with the rehabilitation of mentally ill patients. By researching the yearly reports from the asylums, which were veiled in Victorian morality, it became apparent that the reports of medical treatment had evolved into profit margin data. The majority of the patients walking the halls were usually the traditional vagrants of India, those who were unaccounted for and remained uncontrolled. This paper examines the previously unexplored consequences of British colonial rule in regards to public health, specifically mental health.
Democracy and the General Will: A Rousseauian Response to Schumpeter

Joseph Schumpeter's famous Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy articulates a minimalist theory of democracy that he contrasts with what he calls the “classical doctrine of democracy.” This “classical doctrine” appears to be a thinly veiled democratic interpretation of Rousseau's social contract, although Schumpeter rarely mentions Rousseau. The use of the concept of the general will, including the direct use of the French phrase volonte generale often associated with Rousseau, makes this apparent. Although Rousseau seems on the surface an odd choice as the archetypal democrat, Schumpeter's reading of him has some merit; Rousseau's social contract can be a democratic society in a certain sense of the word. Rousseau, furthermore, provides an adequate defense against the criticisms Schumpeter makes against his theory. This article uses Rousseau's ideas to argue against Schumpeter's minimalist model and in favor of what he calls the classical doctrine of democracy. El famoso trabajo de Schumpeter Capitalismo, Socialismo y Democracia expresa una teoria de la democracia minimalista que el contrasta con lo que llama la “teoria clasica de la democracia.” Esta “doctrina clasica” parece ser una interpretacion encubierta del contrato social de Rousseau. El uso del concepto de la voluntad general, incluyendo el uso directo de la frase francesa volonte generale, a menudo asociada a Rousseau, hace esto aparente. Aunque a primera vista Rousseau parece una eleccion extrana como el democrata ideal, la interpretacion de Schumpeter tiene su merito; el contrato social de Rousseau puede ser de cierto modo una sociedad democratica, ademas, provee una defensa adecuada en contra de las criticas que Schumpeter hace de su teoria. Este articulo utiliza las ideas de Rousseau para argumentar en contra del modelo minimalista de Schumpeter y apoyar lo que el llamaba la doctrina clasica de la democracia.
Globally exponential controller/observer for tracking in robots without velocity measurement

In this work, we present an observer and continuous controller for a multiple degree of freedom robotic plant without velocity measurement. For this considered plant, we propose and present an observer/controller that estimates or observes the velocity and drives the position tracking error to zero. We prove that the combined tracking error and observer error converges to zero globally exponentially and that all closed loop signals remain bounded. A contribution of the present paper, as compared to previous work for this same plant, can be deemed to be the globally-exponential convergence of the present paper versus the semi-globally exponential and globally asymptotic results of previous papers. To the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first proven globally-exponential result for this plant and also the first global result for which the size of the control torque does not increase exponentially with respect to the size of the tracking error. The control torque is continuous; however, the time derivative of the velocity estimate is discontinuous but only at isolated time instants. No sliding modes are used. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
A lethal pacifier

A 5-month-old boy died of asphyxia from airway obstruction caused by his pacifier. It had been imported from Spain by La Cibeles Inc. of Union City, New Jersey, and had been marketed in New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Florida, and Puerto Rico under the brand names Fauna, Flower, Navy, and Texas. It sold for about 50 cents. It is attractive in design, but has characteristics that make it dangerous. Following our report to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission,* the pacifier was recalled. We have been able to find only one similar case in the literature.1 The unnecessary tragedy was due to a preventable hazard and both individual and governmental action should avoid its recurrence.
Comparison of Venusian lightning observations

Spacecraft observations of Venusian lightning are reviewed to determine the energy dissipation rate. Optical sensors provide data on the total energy dissipated per flash, so long as the contributions of atomic oxygen and ionized carbon are accounted for. Radio probes yield information on the total lightning occurrences. Venera 9-12 radio surveys are reviewed, and event rates of 20-30/sec for Venera 11 are mentioned. Venera 9 observed a sole, 70 sec event period on the Venusian nightside. Comparisons are made between the recorded electromagnetic energy levels and terrestrial lightning data. The nightside occurrence rate is calculated to be 0.08 strokes/sq km per year, while the dayside exhibits 85 flashes/sq km per sec. Energy dissipation rates ranging from 0.0012-0.25 W/sq m are calculated for various flash durations. It is suggested that the lightning occurs in the clouds as part of an organized meteorological system.
Energy levels and concentrations for platinum in silicon

Abstract The energy levels and electrically active concentrations of platinum in silicon have been measured by Hall techniques. Analysis shows platinum to have two electrically active sites. The usual site N Pt I (assumed to be substitutional) predominates (>80%) and has two levels, a donor at E v +0·28 eV, degeneracy γ I + =2 in p -type material and an acceptor at E c −0·20 eV, γ I − = 1 6 , in n -type material. However a second platinum site exists, and is present to a concentration N Pt II of about 10 per cent with an acceptor level at E v + 0·42 eV (γ II = 1 8 ) . The physical nature of this Pt associated site is unknown. Neutron activation analysis has been used to determine total atomic platinum concentrations for diffusions from 800 to 1250°C. These results, in conjunction with Hall measurements, show the electrical activity to be very high. Previous studies on platinum are reviewed and compared to the result of this work.
An alternating direction implicit method for orthogonal spline collocation linear systems

An Alternating Direction Implicit method is analyzed for the solution of linear systems arising in high-order, tensor-product orthogonal spline collocation applied to some separable, second order, linear, elliptic partial differential equations in rectangles. On anNxN partition, with Jordan's selection of the acceleration parameters, the method requiresO(N 2 ln 2 N) arithmetic operations to produce an approximation whose accuracy, in theH 1-norm, is that of the collocation solution.
Explaining reported puma-related behaviors and behavioral intentions among northern Arizona residents

Management of pumas in the American West is typified by conflict among stakeholders plausibly rooted in life experiences and worldviews. We used a mail questionnaire to assess demographics, nature-views, puma-related life experiences and behaviors, and support for puma-related policies among residents of northern Arizona. Data from the questionnaire (n = 693 respondents) were used to model behaviors and support for policies. Compared to models based on nature-views and life experiences, those based on demographics had virtually no support from the data. The Utilitarian/Dominionistic nature-view had the strongest effect of any variable in six of seven models, and was associated with firearms and opposition to policies that would limit killing pumas. The Humanistic/Moralistic nature-view was positively associated with non-lethal behaviors and policies in five models. Gender had the strongest effect of any demographic variable. Compared to demographics alone, our results suggest that worldviews provide a mor...
Psychosocial aspects of parental response patterns to the death of a child by Homicide

Homicide is a major cause of mortality in contemporary American society, affecting all age groups, but showing a special predilection for members of the adolescent and young adult populations. Surviving parents of murder victims face a complex bereavement which derives not only from the sudden and traumatic nature of their child's death but also from the shattering of their own previously held personal assumptions about themselves and the world. In an effort to understand better the unique stresses and psychological processes which accompany the death of a child by homicide, a survey of more than 200 parents of murdered children was conducted, which forms the central framework upon which the ideas set forth in this paper are based. Emphasis is placed primarily upon the legitimization of such bereft individuals as covictims of these homicide crimes; the occurrence of symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (APA, 1980) with sufficient frequency and duration to warrant its chronic subtype diagnosis, the presence of disordered variants of mourning deriving from the coexistence of such traumatic stress symptomatology, and the impact that the destruction of previously held personal beliefs about oneself and the world has upon postmurder reactions and subsequent adjustment.
Phosphate association with Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater

Abstract Association constants of orthophosphate ion with Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were measured at μ = 0.68 and 20°C. The results were used to calculate phosphate speciation in seawater. Free HPO42− ion and MgHPO4o are found to be the predominant species.
Ablation and radiation coupled viscous hypersonic shock layers.

Coupled ablator shock layer solutions for the stagnation point are presented for typical hyperbolic entry atmospheric flight conditions. These solutions were obtained by numerically solving the stagnation line shock layer equations and quasi-steady ablator equations. These equations included ablation and radiation coupling within the viscous shock layer, line and continuum radiation for both air and phenolic-nylon ablation species and local thermodynamic equilibrium throughout. The results presented provide a sound basis for understanding many of the processes characteristic of hypersonic shock layer heating.-
Intraoperative radiotherapy for head and neck and skull base cancer.

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy (IORT) as an adjuvant modality in the treatment of advanced head and neck and skull base cancer. Methods. Between 1991 and 1996, 34 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) and 10 patients with non-SCCA were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. Most patients had been previously treated with combinations of surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The most frequent sites treated were the skull base (56%) and the neck (44%). IORT was delivered in a dedicated operating room suite with energies of 6 to 15 MeV (6 MeV most commonly used) at doses of 12.5 to 22.5 Gy. Results. At 2 years overall and disease-free survival was 32% and 21%, respectively, for the SCCA patients and 50% and 40%, respectively, for the non-SCCA patients. Tumor control rates at 2 years in the IORT field were 46% for the SCCA patients and 52% for the non-SCCA patients. For squamous cell histology, survival in patients with microscopic residual tumor did not differ from those with no residual tumor, but they both had significantly longer disease-free survival than those patients with gross residual at the time of IORT (p = .03), with a trend toward longer overall survival (p = .09). The only complication directly attributable to IORT was a neuropathy in a patient who received an IORT dose of 22.5 Gy (cumulative dose 130.1 Gy). Conclusions. IORT at a dose of 12.5 Gy is safe and produces tumor control and survival for patients likely to have microscopic residual disease in sites difficult to resect such as the skull base. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 217–226, 2003
Hsp90 potentiates the rapid evolution of new traits: drug resistance in diverse fungi.

Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone for many signal transducers and may influence evolution by releasing previously silent genetic variation in response to environmental change. In fungi separated by ∼800 million years of evolution, Hsp90 potentiated the evolution of drug resistance in a different way, by enabling new mutations to have immediate phenotypic consequences. Resistance was abrogated by Hsp90 inhibitors and by febrile temperatures, suggesting new therapeutic strategies and a clinical benefit of fever. During selection in a human host, drug resistance that was initially Hsp90-dependent evolved toward independence. Thus, Hsp90 can act in diverse ways to couple environmental contingency to the emergence and fixation of new traits.
Naltrexone and alcohol drinking in mice lacking β-endorphin by site-directed mutagenesis

Alcohol-induced activation of the opioid system may contribute to the reinforcing properties of alcohol. This study investigated whether elimination of beta-endorphin (BE) synthesis via site-directed mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells would alter alcohol intake in mice. Both BE-deficient and wildtype (WT) mice generated from the targeted stem cells were backcrossed for nine generations onto a C57BL/6 background, and were maintained with ad libitum food and water. Mice had access to alcohol (10% v/v) under the following conditions: 24 h, scheduled access for 2 h/day, following acute (1 or 2 days) or chronic (5 weeks) alcohol deprivation, and scheduled access following six doses of naltrexone (0.125-16.0 mg/kg BW, ip) or saline treatment. Alcohol intake was similar in BE-deficient and WT mice given chronic access to alcohol, but greater in BE-deficient compared with WT mice during the first 10 days of scheduled access to alcohol, but not after more extensive experience with scheduled access. BE-deficient, but not WT mice, increased alcohol intake following 2 days, but not 1 day or 5 weeks, of deprivation. Naltrexone reduced alcohol drinking both in BE-deficient and WT mice, suggesting that drinking is mediated, in part, by activation of opioid receptors in both genotypes.
Stable oxygen-selective sorbents for air separation

Abstract Commercial sorption-based air separation is usually done using nitrogen selective zeolites in pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems. Separation of air by adsorption of less abundant oxygen is more desirable. In this study we have developed some stable oxygen selective sorbents with silver and cerium salts. AgCl, AgBr, AgI and CeCl 3 all showed stable adsorption characteristics with pure component selectivity of O 2 / N 2 ∼ 2.0 –3.0 at 1 atm. For these salts heat of adsorption of oxygen was found to be slightly higher than that of nitrogen, which was also predicted by ab initio molecular orbital calculations by Chen and Yang (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35 (1996) 4020). The adsorption capacity of these salts was increased by thermal dispersion on high surface area SiO 2 support. AgBr thermally spread on SiO 2 is the best sorbent obtained in this study. AgBr / SiO 2 (1.0 g/g) showed a pure component oxygen selectivity of ∼ 3 at 1 atm and ∼ 5 at 7 atm. PSA simulations were used to show the feasibility of nitrogen production using AgBr / SiO 2 .
Generalized arterial fibromuscular dysplasia and myocardial infarction in familial supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome.

Postmortem examination of two infant sisters with findings of the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome revealed generalized fibromuscular dysplasia of the major systemic arteries and of the entire pulmonary trunk, without any supravalvular narrowing of the aorta. Many infarcts of the myocardium, both old and recent, were found in both patients. The vascular lesions were strikingly similar to those found in the rubella syndrome and in fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries.
Brainstem projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of the rat.

The projections from the brainstem to the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei were examined in the rat. Stereotaxic injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin beta -subunit (CTb) were made in each of the intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus: the lateral parafascicular, medial parafascicular, central lateral, paracentral, oval paracentral, and central medial nuclei; in the midline thalamic nuclei-the paraventricular, intermediodorsal, mediodorsal, paratenial, rhomboid, reuniens, and submedius nuclei; and, in the anteroventral, parvicellular part of the ventral posterior, and caudal ventral medial nuclei. The retrograde cell body labeling pattern within the brainstem nuclei was then analyzed. Nearly every thalamic site received a projection from the deep mesencephalic reticular, pedunculopontine tegmental, dorsal raphe, median raphe, laterodorsal tegmental, and locus coeruleus nuclei. Most intralaminar thalamic sites were also innervated by unique combinations of medullary and pontine reticular formation nuclei such as the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis, gigantocellular, dorsal paragigantocellular, lateral, parvicellular, caudal pontine, ventral pontine, and oral pontine reticular nuclei; the dorsomedial tegmental, subpeduncular tegmental, and ventral tegmental areas; and, the central tegmental field. In addition, most intralaminar injections resulted in retrograde cell body labeling in the substantia nigra, nucleus Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and cuneiform nucleus. Details concerning the pathways from the spinal trigeminal, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, and the rostral and caudal linear raphe nuclei to subsets of midline and intralaminar thalamic sites are discussed in the text. The discussion focuses on brainstem-thalamic pathways that are likely involved in arousal, somatosensory, and visceral functions.
Genome Mapping in Plants

Abstract Genome mapping permits the study of morphological, physiological, and developmental processes in which genetic variants exist, and requires minimal a priori information. Further exploitation of the polymerase chain reaction, yeast artificial chromosomes, and comparative analysis of distantly related taxa, will contribute greatly to the fundamental understanding of plant biology and crop production.
To whom does the United States belong

The Land Use Policy Debate in the United States. Edited By Judith I. de Neufville. Pp.269. ISBN 0-306-40718-3. (Plenum: 1981.) $29.50, £18.59.
IL-7 Induces Surface Expression of B7/BB1 on Pre-B Cells and an Associated Increase in Their Costimulatory Effects on T Cell Proliferation

Treatment with IL-7 of NALM-6 pre-B cells, but not of EBV-LCL, Daudi, HeLa, or K562 cells resulted in enhanced costimulatory activity for TSST-1-induced T cell proliferation. The effect of IL-7 on the costimulatory function of NALM-6 cells was dose-dependent, could be inhibited by a neutralizing anti-IL-7 mAb, and resulted in the need of less costimulatory cells, or less superantigen, to obtain proper T cell proliferation. Addition of anti-IL-7 mAb to the coculture of superantigen-stimulated T cells with IL-7-pretreated NALM-6 cells did not alter the T cell responses obtained without addition of this antibody. These findings suggest that a possible costimulation of T cells by surface-bound IL-7 on pretreated NALM-6 cells did not contribute to the enhanced costimulatory function observed. Rather, these studies implicate IL-7-induced alterations of the NALM-6 cells themselves as the basis for the enhanced costimulatory activity observed. The most remarkable phenotypic differences between efficient costimulatory B lineage cells and deficient pre-B cells are a lower expression of ICAM-1 (CD54) and a lack of expression of the costimulatory B cell activation antigen B7/BB1. Upon activation with IL-7, the expression of ICAM-1 was increased, and the expression of B7/BB1 antigens was induced. The increased T cell responses in the presence of IL-7-treated NALM-6 cells could be inhibited by addition of anti-BB1 mAb. These results suggest that B7/BB1-negative pre-B cells may acquire the surface expression of B7/BB1 upon stimulation with IL-7, a process which is associated with increased costimulatory function for T cell proliferation.
Orientation of the CN X 2Σ+ fragment following photolysis of ICN by circularly polarized light

Abstract A low-pressure vapor of cyanogen iodide (ICN) is photolyzed by a beam of circularly polarized radiation at 248 nm from a KrF excimer laser. The resulting ground state CN X 2Σ+ fragments are probed by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) via the CN B 2Σ+-X 2Σ+ band system. The probe beam is directed antiparallel to the photolysis beam and is alternately left-circularly or right-circularly polarized. By analyzing the variation of the LIF signal with respect to the circular polarization of the probe light, it is deduced that the CN photofragments are oriented, that is, the CN molecules rotate in space with a preferred clockwise or counterclockwise sense. The degree of orientation varies with individual rotational levels for the CN(ν=0) fragments, and the orientation even changes direction as a function of the CN rotational quantum number N. Strong evidence is presented indicating that the CN orientation direction correlates with the 2P 3 2 or 2P 1 2 fine-structure level of the iodine atom half-collision partner. The CN X 2Σ+(ν=2) fragments are formed only with ground state (2P 3 2 ) iodine atoms because of energetic constraints. For these photofragments, the F1 (J = N − 1 2 ) and F2 (J = N + 1 2 ) fine-structure components appear to be nearly equally and oppositely oriented so that the net orientation vanishes unless the individual spin-rotation fine-structure components are resolved. It is proposed that spin-orbit interaction causes the photofragment orientation, in analogy to how this interaction produces spin-polarized electrons in the photoionization of atoms or molecules by circularly polarized light.
Abstract 3337: LRIG1 decreases cell proliferation and motility through downregulation of ErbB2 611-CTF

The receptor ErbB2 is a membrane bound protein that controls important cell functions including cell cycle progression; deregulated expression of this protein is associated with the development of a variety of cancer types. Notably, ErbB2 over-expression is observed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors. Trastuzumab, an FDA approved therapeutic currently used to treat ErbB2 positive breast cancer patients, is a monoclonal antibody that directly binds the ErbB2 extracellular domain. Unfortunately, only a fraction of patients treated with trastuzumab durably respond to the treatment. Moreover, patients that are treated long term with this antibody develop resistance. One of the proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance is the expression of 611-CTF, a C-terminal fragment of ErbB2 which lacks most of its extracellular domain. Remarkably, 611-CTF is hyperactive and has been associated with increased cell migration, tumor progression and metastasis. Currently nothing is known regarding mechanisms which lead to 611-CTF down-regulation. This represents a significant knowledge gap in our understanding of 611-CTF and receptor fragments in general. Since 611-CTF is associated with poor clinical outcome and therapeutic resistance, it is essential to clarify the mechanisms by which this ErbB2 fragment is regulated. This knowledge could ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutics which could improve the response rate of 611-CTF-positive breast cancer. LRIG1 is a tumor suppressor that directly interacts with ErbB2 leading to receptor degradation. In this study we examined whether 611-CTF is susceptible to LRIG1-mediated down-regulation. We find that these proteins interact and that expression of LRIG1 is sufficient to decrease 611-CTF protein expression in three different cell lines. Furthermore, LRIG1 is capable of reducing 611-CTF-driven tumor cell proliferation and migration. Our results are unexpected because LRIG1 is thought to recognize its targets through mutual extracellular domain interactions and 611-CTF lacks a large portion of the ErbB2 extracellular domain. Citation Format: Maria E. Cedano-Prieto. LRIG1 decreases cell proliferation and motility through downregulation of ErbB2 611-CTF. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3337. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3337
Serial verbs in English: An RRG analysis of catenative verb constructions

Serial verb constructions (SVCs) are found in Creole languages and in the languages of West Africa, Southeast Asia, Amazonia, Oceania, and New Guinea. In this article we examine catenative verb constructions (CVCs) in English from a Role and Reference Grammar perspective and compare them with SVCs. More specifically, based on the set of syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs proposed by Kroeger (2004: 229�230), it will be demonstrated that CVCs in English have all of the characteristic syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs.
Ecological studies of economic red algae. I. Photosynthesis and respiration of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse and Gigartina stellata (Stackhouse) Batters

Abstract The photosynthesis and respiration of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse and Gigartina stellata (Stackhouse) Batters are recorded under a variety of light intensities, temperatures, salinities, and degrees of desiccation. The apparent photosynthesis (uncorrected for plant respiration) of C. crispus is light-saturated at ~ 1000 ft-c, that of G. stellata at ~2100 ft-c. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis in both species is ~20 °C, but they have a high photosynthetic capacity over a wide range of temperatures. The respiration of C. crispus and G. stellata is relatively uniform from 8–20 °C. Both species have maximum photosynthesis/respiration ratios at 20 °C. C. crispus showed its maximum photosynthesis and minimum respiration at a salinity of 24‰; G. stellata exhibited maximum photosynthetic and reduced respiration rates at 40%.. The apparent photosynthesis and respiration of C. crispus are adversely affected by a high degree of dehydration, while G. stellata is more flexible. The local abundance and distribution of C. crispus and G. stellata are correlated with their photosynthetic responses.
Interaction of CO, O, and S with metal nanoparticles on Au(111): A theoretical study

Density functional theory and slab models are used to study the unusual behavior of Mo, Ni and Ru nanoparticles on a Au(111) substrate. After considering several different structures and compositions for the metal nanoparticles on the Au(111) interface, the calculations show that the metal particles energetically prefer to be embedded into the surface or form Au/metal particles/Au(111) sandwich like structures. The calculations also indicate that the observed deactivation of the Mo/Au interface to CO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ adsorption is due to the passivation of Mo as a result of the intermixing between Mo and Au. Mo atoms in the substrate can be pulled out to the surface by interacting with oxygen or sulfur adatoms, eventually forming molybdenum oxides or sulfides. This process depends on a delicate balance between the adsorbate-Mo and Mo-Au interactions, and usually requires high coverages of the adsorbate. It can lead to big changes in the morphology of nanoarrays. Ru/Au(111) and Ni/Au(111) exhibit a similar behavior to that of Mo/Au(111). Thus, the phenomena described above must be taken into consideration when preparing nanoparticles on a Au template.
Numerical study of tandem flapping wing aerodynamics in both two and three dimensions

Abstract In this paper we extend our previous two-dimensional tandem wing study to three-dimensions. In our previous study we found that vortex interactions highly depend on the phase lag angle and spacing between the forewing and hindwing. In this paper the effect of phase lag angle between the fore and hind wings on the wing–wing interactions, force production, and efficiency of the hindwing was studied for three different phase lag angles, 0°, 90° and 180°. The spacing used between the forewing and hindwing was one chord. A single frequency sinusoidal pitch–plunge motion was used at a Strouhal number of 0.3 and a Reynolds number of 200. The aspect ratio of the three dimensional wing was two. The simulations were based on the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, discretized on overlapping grids. The wing motions were prescribed by a series of composed transformation matrices. A moving overlapping grid technique will be used to handle the moving boundary problems. It was found that the three dimensional cases exhibited a spanwise variation in the LEV structure and a weaker LEV formation at midspan compared to the two-dimensional cases with the same kinematics. The spanwise variation resulted in weaker vortex interactions between the fore and hind wing than predicted by the two dimensional study.
Antibody types and IgG subclasses in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes

Abstract Three major patterns of antineuronal antibody response have been identified in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: Type I (‘Anti-Yo’), associated with cerebellar degeneration in the setting of breast or gynecological cancer, Type IIa (‘anti-Hu’) associated with encephalomyeloneuritis in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung, and Type IIb (‘anti-Ri’) associated with breast cancer. We have employed immunofluorescence methods to determine the antibody classes and the IgG subclasses which react with neurons in each of these patterns of paraneoplastic antibody response. In this study, IgG was the only antibody class identified; IgM and IgA antibodies were not found. IgG1 was the major subclass represented and was found in 9/9 patients with Type I antibody response, 26/27 patients with Type IIa antibody response, and 3/3 patients with Type IIb antibody response. Many patients also exhibited positive staining for IgG2 and IgG3. Trace amounts of IgG4 antineuronal antibodies were detected in a single patient with Type I antibody response; IgG4 antibodies were not found in other patients. Patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes exhibit an antibody response which is overwhelmingly IgG and is comprised predominantly of IgG subclasses capable of fixing complement. The role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic neurological disease remains uncertain.
W∞ gauge transformations and the electromagnetic interactions of electrons in the lowest Landau level☆

Abstract We construct a W ∞ gauge field theory of electrons in the lowest Landau level. For this purpose we introduce an external gauge potential A such that its W ∞ gauge transformations cancel against the gauge transformation of the electron field. We then show that the electromagnetic interactions of electrons in the lowest Landau level are obtained through a non-linear realization of A in terms of the U (1) gauge potential A μ . As applications we derive the effective Lagrangians for circular droplets and for the ν = 1 quantum Hall system.
Rationality's Demand of its Other: A Comparative Analysis of F.W.J. Schelling's Unvordenkliche and Huineng's Wu-Nien

AbstractThe speculative power of theoretical reason is not only incapable of grounding itself, but is also powerless to integrate and unify all of the different aspects of our intellectual and spiritual life. This impotency of what Schelling called negative philosophy gives rise to the demand for a positive philosophy that supplies the integrative grounding in which das Unvordenkliche—that before which nothing can be thought—is rooted. I contrast what Schelling calls an "inverted concept" with Huineng's account of wu-nien (no-thought) found in the Platform Sutra (Tun-Huang Manuscript). Both Schelling and Huineng advance their respective ideas as not only the necessary basis of their thinking, but as a necessary experience one must undergo in order to realize and thus truly comprehend their teaching. Huineng connects this lived knowing with sudden enlightenment, while Schelling speaks of the exuberant fullness of ecstasy. I close with a brief account of Schelling's appeal for pluralistic tolerance among di...
Intelligent Systems for Manufacturing at Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company has developed and deployed several knowledge-based applications for manufacturing. This paper discussed how the US car maker was able to successfully integrate AI into mainstream manufacturing processes and provide a competitive advantage. The paper also focused on process planning for manufacturing, ergonomic analysis of assembly processes, and machine translation of vehicle assembly build instructions
Production and characterization of human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments to vaccinia virus from a phage-display combinatorial library.

Abstract A combinatorial, phage-display library of human Fab antibody fragments was generated from IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes cloned from the lymphocytes of a vaccinia virus (VACV)-immune donor. To ascertain the complexity of the library, nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of the HC and LC genes were determined. Fourteen distinct HC and 18 distinct LC (7 κ and 11 λ) that formed a combinatorial library of 22 Fabs were identified. Immune-precipitation of radiolabeled VACV revealed that at least six different VACV proteins were recognized by the antibodies. Plaque-reduction neutralization demonstrated that six of the Fabs neutralized VACV in the presence of anti-human antibody. ELISA studies indicated that 15 of the Fabs were cross-reactive with monkeypox virus.
Spin Structure Functions

Spin-dependent observables have been a powerful tool to probe the internal structure of the nucleon and to understand the dynamics of the strong interaction. Experiments involving spin degrees of freedom have often brought out surprises and puzzles. The so-called "spin crisis" in the 1980s revealed the limitation of naive quark-parton models and led to intensive worldwide efforts, both experimental and theoretical, to understand the nucleon spin structure. With high intensity and high polarization of both the electron beam and targets, Jefferson Lab has the world's highest polarized luminosity and the best figure-of-merit for precision spin structure measurements. It has made a strong impact in this subfield of research. This chapter will highlight Jefferson Lab's unique contributions in the measurements of valence quark spin distributions, in the moments of spin structure functions at low to intermediate Q2, and in the transverse spin structure.