cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Escherichia coli for xylitol production from glucose-xylose mixtures

The range of value-added chemicals produced by Escherichia coli from simple sugars has been expanded to include xylitol. This was accomplished by screening the in vivo activity of a number of heterologous xylitol-producing enzymes. Xylose reductases from Candida boidinii (CbXR), Candida tenuis (CtXR), Pichia stipitis (PsXR), and Saccharmoyces cerivisiae (ScXR), and xylitol dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans (GoXDH) and Pichia stipitis (PsXDH) were all functional in E. coli to varying extents. Replacement of E. coli's native cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) with a cyclic AMP-independent mutant (CRP*) facilitated xylose uptake and xylitol production from mixtures of glucose and xylose, with glucose serving as the growth substrate and source of reducing equivalents. Of the enzymes tested, overexpression of NADPH-dependent CbXR produced the highest concentrations of xylitol in shake-flask cultures (approximately 275 mM in LB cultures, approximately 180 mM using minimal medium). Expression of CbXR in strain PC09 (crp*, DeltaxylB) in a 10-L controlled fermentation containing minimal medium resulted in production of approximately 250 mM xylitol (38 g/L), with concomitant utilization of approximately 150 mM glucose. The ratio of moles xylitol produced (from xylose) per mole glucose consumed was improved to > 3.7:1 using metabolically active "resting" cells.
Wirelessly sensing resonant frequency of passive resonators with different Q factors

This paper presents a method of wirelessly sensing the resonant frequency of passive resonators using modulated waveforms. A pulse signal with a relatively wide frequency spectrum is transmitted towards a passive resonator, which in turn, reflects energy back to the interrogator. After time-domain gating and processing, the resonant frequency of the passive resonator can be wireless detected. This technique can be used for developing high-temperature sensors within harsh environments where only passive devices, made of high-temperature-stable materials, can survive. Resonators with different Q factors are studied herein on the effect of wireless sensing distance. A wireless sensing system up to 20 cm sensing distance has been demonstrated.
Affinity mass spectrometry from a tailored porous silicon surface

The development of chemically stable porous silicon (pSi) materials for DIOS (Desorption/Ionization on Silicon) mass spectrometry, covalent linkers cleaved in the DIOS laser pulse, and efficient methods for bond formation to immobilized species, allows for on-chip affinity purification and mass detection.
A Test of Granger Non-causality Based on Nonparametric Conditional Independence

In this paper we describe a test of Granger non-causality from the perspective of a new measure of nonparametric conditional independence. We apply the proposed test on two synthetic nonlinear problems where linear Granger causality fails and show that the proposed method is able to derive the true causal connectivity effectively.
Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency in HIV-Infected Inner City Youth.

Background:High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among HIV-infected individuals has been reported in many studies. Increasing evidence for vitamin D’s role in innate and cell-mediated immunity suggests that vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is worrisome particularly for HIV-infected individuals who are already at increased risk of infection. It is unknown whether vitamin D deficiency and supplementation will have any effects on HIV infection, including CD4 counts/CD4% and HIV plasma RNA.Method:Serum vitamin D levels, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D), were obtained from 160 HIV-infected youth, aged 2 to 26 years as part of routine care. The HIV plasma RNA and CD4 counts were compared between patients with normal vitamin D and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. Individuals whose vitamin D level was ≤35 ng/mL received vitamin D3 supplementation. We compared the HIV plasma RNA, absolute CD4 counts, and CD4% in pre– and post–vitamin D supplementation. Categorical comparisons between the groups were examin...
MobiDesk: mobile virtual desktop computing

We present MobiDesk, a mobile virtual desktop computing hosting infrastructure that leverages continued improvements in network speed, cost, and ubiquity to address the complexity, cost, and mobility limitations of today's personal computing infrastructure. MobiDesk transparently virtualizes a user's computing session by abstracting underlying system resources in three key areas: display, operating system, and network. It provides a thin virtualization layer that decouples a user's computing session from any particular end-user device, and moves all application logic to hosting providers. The virtualization layer decouples a user's computing session from the underlying operating system and server instance, enabling high-availability service by transparently migrating sessions from one server to another during server maintenance or upgrades. We have implemented a prototype in Linux that works with existing unmodified applications and operating system kernels. Our experimental results demonstrate that MobiDesk has very low virtualization overhead, can provide a full featured desktop experience including full-motion video support, and is able to migrate users' sessions efficiently and reliably for high-availability, while maintaining existing network connections.
Federal Indian Policy and the Sustained Enclave: An Anthropological Perspective.

This paper deals with the suggestion of some implications for directions in social change on Indian reservations as a result of recent shifts in federal policy. A contrast is made between the existing pattern of administered communities and the possibility of a new model called the "sustained enclave." It is contended that the model of administration is inherently self-defeating as an approach to stable pluralism. A program of economically supported but fundamentally non-directed change implied in the recent policy statements is considered as a necessary step in the achievement of such stability.
The responses of immune cells to iron oxide nanoparticles.

Immune cells play an important role in recognizing and removing foreign objects, such as nanoparticles. Among various parameters, surface coatings of nanoparticles are the first contact with biological system, which critically affect nanoparticle interactions. Here, surface coating effects on nanoparticle cellular uptake, toxicity and ability to trigger immune response were evaluated on a human monocyte cell line using iron oxide nanoparticles. The cells were treated with nanoparticles of three types of coatings (negatively charged polyacrylic acid, positively charged polyethylenimine and neutral polyethylene glycol). The cells were treated at various nanoparticle concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 50 μg ml(-1) or 2, 4, 8, 12, 20 μg cm(-2)) with 6 h incubation or treated at a nanoparticle concentration of 50 μg ml(-1) (20 μg cm(-2)) at different incubation times (6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h). Cell viability over 80% was observed for all nanoparticle treatment experiments, regardless of surface coatings, nanoparticle concentrations and incubation times. The much lower cell viability for cells treated with free ligands (e.g. ~10% for polyethylenimine) suggested that the surface coatings were tightly attached to the nanoparticle surfaces. The immune responses of cells to nanoparticles were evaluated by quantifying the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and toll-like receptor 2 were not significant in any case of the surface coatings, nanoparticle concentrations and incubation times. These results provide useful information to select nanoparticle surface coatings for biological and biomedical applications.
Possible mechanism of urea toxicity in ruminants.

SummaryAdministration of ammonium carbamate either orally or intravenously produced symptoms in ruminating lambs similar to those observed during acute urea toxicity. It is proposed that urea toxicity in the ruminant is not due to ammonia, but to ammonium carbamate. It is suggested that conditions exist in the rumen after the oral administration of urea which would lead to the formation of ammonium carbamate.
Some Remarks on Maclaurin's Conic Construction

(1968). Some Remarks on Maclaurin's Conic Construction. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 234-242.
Sociological-Cultural and Legal Factors Impeding Decentralization of Authority In Developing Countries

The concept of decentralization of authority as understood and practiced by managers in the USA tends to be of limited applicability in developing countries.
The Particle-Cosmology Connection: Neutrino Counting, Dark Matter and Large-Scale Structure

In this series of lectures, three current active areas at the boundary of particle physics and cosmology will be examined. The three are: (1) nucleosynthesis and neutrino counting; (2) the dark matter problems; and (3) the formation of galaxies and large-scale structure. Comments will also be made on the possible implications of the recent solar neutrino experimental results for cosmology.
The Survival of Shigella sonnei in Shredded Cabbage.

Commercially shredded cabbage distributed at the retail level is usually packaged under vacuum or in a modified atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide to suppress proliferation of aerobic spoilage microorganisms. The ability of Shigella sonnei to survive and grow in shredded cabbage packaged under these conditions was determined by the 3-tube most probable number procedure. After artificial inoculation with S. sonnei at one of three different levels, the shredded cabbage was packaged aerobically, under vacuum, or under modified atmosphere (30% nitrogen and 70% carbon dioxide) and stored at room temperature (24 ± 2°C) or under refrigeration (0-6°C). For most levels of inoculation, S. sonnei tended to increase or remain relatively high for 1-3 d in cabbage packaged under all three conditions and stored at room temperature. However, after 3 d of storage at this temperature, S. sonnei approached indeterminately low levels. The steady decrease of pH values of shredded cabbage over the storage period may have contributed to the decrease of S. sonnei . Under refrigeration, however, both the S. sonnei levels and the pH values remained relatively constant. The results indicate that S. sonnei can survive and even proliferate in shredded cabbage packaged and stored under a vacuum or modified atmosphere as well as aerobic conditions, thereby posing a potential hazard to the consumer.
Charles and Frances Brookfield, [‘A Party for Charlotte Brontë] (1850–1851), in Mrs Brookfield and her Circle (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, 1906), pp. 304, 354–5

It was towards the end of November and when Mr Thackeray was fairly well restored to health again that he gave a dinner to Miss Bronte then in London practically for the first time. Mrs Brookfield says speaking of that lady and that visit: There was just then a fashion for wearing a plait of hair across the head, and Miss Bronte, a timid little woman with a firm mouth, did not possess a large enough quantity of hair to enable her to form a plait, so therefore wore a very obvious crown of brown silk. Mr Thackeray on the way down to dinner addressed her as Currer Bell. She tossed her head and said ‘she believed there were books being published by a person named Currer Bell … but the person he was talking to was Miss Bronte — and she saw no connection between the two.’ …
Taking the stress out of metallic bonding

Lives can sometimes be saved by the toughness of metals and the fact that they dent, rather than shatter, when struck. An economically important metal like aluminium can deform into more than 100 structures when placed under stress. Now Volker Heine and collaborators at Cambridge University have calculated the energy required to deform aluminium from its bulk crystalline form into exotic structures. This has revealed previously unknown parts of its energy surface that determine the metal's behaviour under extreme stress (I J Robertson et al. 1994 J. Phys: Condens. Matter 6 9963). The 171 structures investigated ranged from filaments through to solids containing holes of various sizes and shapes. More broadly, the calculations provide a bridge between the quantum mechanical motion of the electrons, which holds the metal atoms together, and the classical motion of the atoms as they respond to stress.
MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION MAY EXPLAIN ALCOHOL’S EFFECT ON MUSCLE

We have studied the potential role of mitochondrial stress in skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy caused by chronic ethanol abuse. We postulated that ethanol might target the mitochondrial fusion mechanisms that are central to mitochondrial quality control. We provide evidence here that weakened cardiac contractility in vivo in alcoholic animals is associated with depressed mitochondrial fusion. Similarly, skeletal muscle fibers isolated from the same animals also displayed decreased mitochondrial fusion activity. Ethanol induced a decrease in Mfn1 protein without altering the deltapsi. When challenged by repetitive tetanic stimulation, ethanol exposed cells displayed intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation, resulting in a fatigue pattern, meanwhile isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria showed decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Depletion of Mfn1 also induced inhibition of mitochondrial fusion and Ca2+ dysregulation. Based on these results, we speculate that attenuated mitochondrial fusion might contribute to myopathy pathogenesis.
Observed and parent-report measures of social communication in toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorder across race/ethnicity

Purpose This study investigated whether measures of early social communication vary among young children of diverse racial/ethnic status with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method Part...
Modeling and Analysis Challenges in Systems Biology

Abstract Recent advances in molecular biology techniques provide an opportunity for developing detailed mathematical models of biological processes. An iterative scheme is introduced for model identification using available system knowledge and limited experimental meaeurements. The scheme includes a state regulator algorithm that estimates concentrations of the components of the system and also the reaction rates of their inter-conversion. The full system estimates are used for estimation of model parameters. An optimal experiment design using the D-optimality criterion is formulated to provide “rich” experimental data tor improving parameter estimates in the subsequent iterations. The importance of model identifiability tests for optimal measurement selection is also considered. The iterative scheme is used to develop a model for the caspase function in apoptosis and it is demonstrated that model performance improves with each iteration. The proposed algorithm has general application to model a wide range of cellular processes from gene regulation networks, signal transduction to metabolic networks.
Media Images Of Women Engineers And Scientists And Adolescent Girls’ Conceptions Of Future Roles

Media images of engineers and scientists reinforce cultural stereotypes about the role of women in American society and in the engineering, scientific, and technical professions. These images can have a negative impact on adolescent girls who are making career plans at a time marked by waning self-confidence and a heightened awareness of cultural norms of femininity. An analysis of images of women engineers and scientists in popular films shows how these images reinforce cultural representations of gender and science and explores the potential impact on adolescent girls' conceptions of gender roles and their occupational aspirations. This paper makes recommendations on how intervention programs can be enhanced through a greater understanding of the cultural representations of gender in the everyday lives of adolescent girls.
The “Smart” Tool: Impacts on An Airline Operations Control Center

Abstract SMART (Self-Managed Arrival Resequencing Tool) is an automation capability which allows airspace users to manage their own arrival flows. Through the interventions of ground delay and airborne speed-control, users may affect the timing and sequencing of arrival flights. New procedures for coordination with Air Traffic Control are not needed. However, some changes in the procedures in the airline Operations Control Center (OCC) are required. Proper training and coordination among the dispatcher and pilot are needed. This article describes the experience in installing a demonstration version of SMART and the changes in the roles and responsibilities of the OCC.
Scriptures' Indexical Touch

Touching and holding books does not usually evoke the language of sensation. Touching a book indexes the reader in relationship to the book. Holding a book of scripture indexes a person as faithful to the beliefs and practices that are commonly associated with that scripture. In portraiture, the direction of a book’s indexical function is usually clear. Scribes, professors, lawyers and politicians pose in their libraries, often with book in hand, to depict themselves as scholars. The fact that scriptures are books makes a vocabulary of textual agency available for describing their symbolic function. The indexical link between book and person gains force from the fact that books and people share the quality of interiority. We think of both books and people as material containers of immaterial ideas. Therefore, images of people with books invite viewers to consider the relationship between their invisible ideas. However, art that portrays a god or goddess holding a scripture conveys a tighter indexical relationship, often to the point of collapsing any distinction between them.
Regular tachycardia despite Wenckebach atrioventricular conduction.

Abstract We present a 21-year-old woman status post orthotopic heart transplantation initially presenting with a regular narrow complex tachycardia at 159 beats/min. With intravenous diltiazem the rhythm transitioned to a regular tachycardia at 106 beats/min, 2/3rd of the initial heart rate. We demonstrate this to be a novel description of 3:2 second-degree Mobitz type I atrioventricular block (Wenckebach) with the absence of the hallmark regularly irregular (grouped beating) pattern.
La formación en Epidemiología de Campo en Europa ante un futuro prometedor

Resulta oportuno que el grupo de articulos aqui publicado en los que se describen algunos programas de formacion en epidemiologia de campo aparezca en 2001, ano en que se cumple el 50o aniversario de la creacion del Servicio de Investigacion Epidemica (Epidemic Intelligence Service; -EIS-) de los Centros para el Control y Prevencion de Enfermedades (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; -CDC-). Si hoy estuviera entre nosotros Alex Langmuir, fundador de EIS, comprobaria encantado la consolidacion y el exito que han conseguido estos programas de formacion en Europa. En America Latina, Asia y Africa tambien estan surgiendo programas similares destinados a proporcionar a los profesionales sanitarios la practica y experiencia necesarias para realizar investigaciones epidemiologicas oportunas y pertinentes en el ‘mundo real’ de la salud publica. Algunos de estos programas de formacion han comenzado a desarrollarse y son ofertados por instituciones academicas locales, mientras que otros requieren un vinculo oficial con el propio CDC, y otros son esfuerzos independientes de organismos sanitarios locales.
Affinity Chromatography and Its Application to Antibody Isolation

In affinity chromatography the Chromatographic bed material contains a bound ligand. This ligand and the bed material form an insoluble matrix. The ligand may be an antigen, or an enzyme substrate or enzyme inhibitor, or other molecule which can react specifically with certain molecules. The column filled with such insoluble matrix containing a covalently bound antigen can be used to separate the specific antibodies by passing serum through this column. Enzymes can be also isolated from various extracts if the covalently bound ligand is in an enzyme substrate (or inhibitor) with which the enzyme can form a complex. Accordingly, in affinity chromatography the separation is based on the reactivity of components.
The Ecological Ideal Free Distribution and Distributed Networked Control Systems

In this paper we first establish an analogy where we view both animals and vehicles as generic agents. We introduce a model of the ecological behavior of a group of agents and establish sufficient conditions for the group to achieve an ideal free distribution (IFD), even when we lift some of the “ideal” and “free” assumptions. Finally, we apply this model to cooperative vehicle control problems and present simulation results that show the benefits of an IFD-based distributed decision-making strategy.
A-Projective Groups of Large Cardinality

Because free abelian groups have many useful homological properties, the question arises how closely do groups of the form ⊕ A for a torsion-free group A resemble free groups. It becomes apparent that it is necessary to restrict the choices for A. In [1] and [2], it has been shown that the best way of doing this is to restrict the class of rings from which the endomorphism ring E(A) = Horn (A, A) can be chosen. In these papers, A was a torsion-free, reduced abelian group whose endomorphism ring is semi-prime, right and left Noetherian, and hereditary. Such groups will be called generalized rank 1 groups. Their important properties are given in [2, Proposition 3.2]. These can be used to show that the A-projective groups which are direct summands of groups of the form ⊕I A closely resemble free abelian groups.
Nonlinear Targeted Energy Transfer and its Application to Vibration Mitigation

We discuss the concept of passive nonlinear targeted energy transfer (TET) and its application to vibration mitigation. By TET we denote the one-way passive transfer of vibration energy from a primary system to an attached lightweight attachment (termed nonlinear energy sink — NES), where this energy is locally confined and dissipated without spreading back to the primary system. Applications of the concept of TET to passive vibration mitigation of discrete and continuous oscillators are discussed.
The association of sleep-disordered breathing and white matter hyperintensities in heart failure patients

Heart failure patients often manifest white matter hyperintensites on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). White matter hyperintnsities have also been linked with cognitive problems in patients with heart failure. Sleep disordered breathing may contribute to structural brain changes in heart failure. The purpose of this study was to test the extent to which the apnea hypopnea index is associated with global and regional white matter hyperintensities, and is a moderating factor in the relationship between age and white matter hyperintensites. A total of 28 HF patients [mean age (SD) = 67.89 (5.8)] underwent T1-weighted and T2FLAIR MRI and a home sleep monitoring study. The apnea hypopnea index cut off of 10 was used to compare between higher and lower risks of sleep disordered breathing. Regression analysis was used to test the association between apnea hypopnea index and both global and regional white matter hyperintensities. The interaction term was entered to identify the moderation effect. Apnea hypopnea index was associated with higher regional white matter hyperintensities but not global white matter hyperintensities. There was a significant interaction between the apnea hypopnea index and age, such that older participants with the apnea hypopnea index ≥10 showed greater regional white matter hyperintensities than those with the apnea hypopnea index <10. The results of this preliminary study indicate that a higher apnea hypopnea index is associated with more white matter hyperintensities. The age-related white matter hyperintensities appear to be exacerbated by apnea hypopnea index in our individuals with heart failure. Future studies are needed to further investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Minimax Lower Bounds for H ∞ -Norm Estimation

The problem of estimating the $\mathcal{H}_{\infty}$ -norm of an LTI system from noisy input/output measurements has attracted recent attention as an alternative to parameter identification for bounding unmodeled dynamics in robust control. In this paper, we study lower bounds for $\mathcal{H}_{\infty}$ -norm estimation under a query model where at each iteration the algorithm chooses a bounded input signal and receives the response of the chosen signal corrupted by white noise. We prove that when the underlying system is an FIR filter, $\mathcal{H}_{\infty}$ -norm estimation is no more efficient than model identification for passive sampling. For active sampling, we show that norm estimation is at most a factor of log $r$ more sample efficient than model identification, where $r$ is the length of the filter. We complement our theoretical results with experiments which demonstrate that a simple nonadaptive estimator of the norm is competitive with state-of-the-art adaptive norm estimation algorithms.
Opening up about Tissue Transglutaminase: When Conformation Matters More than Enzymatic Activity.

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

(a) Putting the Gland to Rest. A fundamental principle in the treatment of acute pancreatitis is the prevention of pancreatic secretion. This approach is based on the concept that the secretion of an enzyme-rich juice may intensify the inflammation and increase symptomatology especially if there is significant ductal obstruction.
Economic Evaluation of Pharmacogenomic Testing: Lessons From Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics

Abstract Although pharmacogenomics has the potential to personalize drug therapy, economic evaluations showing clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness would go a long way to facilitate implementation. Testing of single genes has shown some benefits as well as limitations, and some investigators advocated the use of combinatorial pharmacogenomics approach. In addition, debates continue regarding the most appropriate way of evaluating cost–benefits. Review of alternative approaches to assessing clinical validity and utility, as well as cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics testing within the psychiatric discipline, show some promises and progress, as well as questions to be addressed, for these two important aspects of pharmacogenomics testing.
Weaponizing the Ballot

State legislatures are considering passing laws that would keep presidential candidates from appearing on the ballot if they fail to disclose their tax returns. These proposals exceed the state’s power under the Elections Clause and the Presidential Electors Clause. States have no power to add qualifications to presidential or congressional candidates. But states do have constitutional authority to regulate the manner of holding elections and to direct the manner of appointing presidential electors. “Manner” regulations that relate to the ballot are those that affect the integrity and reliability of the electoral process itself or that require a preliminary showing of substantial support. In other words, they are procedural rules to help voters choose their preferred candidate. Tax disclosure requirements, like term limits or other substantive ballot access conditions, are not procedural election rules, which means they fall outside the scope of the state’s constitutional authority to administer federal elections and are thus unconstitutional.
Association of Long-Term Dynamics in Circulating Testosterone with Serum PSA in Prostate Cancer-Free Men with Initial-PSA < 4 ng/mL

We previously reported that an accelerated decline in circulating testosterone level is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer (PCa). This study is to examine whether testosterone change rate is related to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration among PCa-free men. Longitudinal data were derived from electronic medical records at a tertiary hospital in the Southeastern USA. PCa-free men with initial-PSA 24.1 kg/m2) or lower baseline testosterone (≤ 296 ng/dL) were more sensitive to testosterone change in regard to PSA. Among PCa-free men, accelerated testosterone decline might correlate with higher serum PSA concentration. It will help to elucidate the mechanisms relating aging-accompanying testosterone dynamics to prostate carcinogenesis.
Late-onset peripheral neuropathy in patients with wild type transthyretin amyloidosis (wtATTR).

Wild type (“senile”) transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (wtATTR-CM) is an increasingly recognised cause of heart failure with normal ATTR genotype [1]. The frequency of wtATTR-CM is much greater ...
Technology in the Industrial Revolution

Technological change is about more than inventions. This concise history of the Industrial Revolution places the eighteenth-century British Industrial Revolution in global context, locating its causes in government protection, global competition, and colonialism. Inventions from spinning jennies to steam engines came to define an age that culminated in the acceleration of the fashion cycle, the intensification in demand and supply of raw materials and the rise of a plantation system that would reconfigure world history in favour of British (and European) global domination. In this accessible analysis of the classic case of rapid and revolutionary technological change, Barbara Hahn takes readers from the north of England to slavery, cotton plantations, the Anglo-Indian trade and beyond - placing technological change at the centre of world history.
Modeling magnetic confinement of laser-generated plasma in cylindrical geometry leading to disk-shaped structures

Radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations were able to reproduce features of the plasma structures observed in recent experiments [Ivanov et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 59, 085008 (2017)], where a laser was used to ablate plasma in a 3 MG magnetic field. The laser ablates the plasma, and localized structures are formed due to the inhibition of heat flow by the magnetic field. The large magnetic pressures cause the plasma to pinch. In an azimuthal field, a disk-shaped plasma is generated. According to simulations, the disk has electron densities that are underdense to the laser, ranging from 1018 to 1019 cm − 3, and electron temperatures in the range of 300 to 1000 eV during its evolution, similar to experimental data.
A 20-Year Review of Common Factors Research in Marriage and Family Therapy: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis.

Introduced by Sprenkle, Blow & Dickey (1999), common factors in marriage and family therapy (MFT) have been discussed over the past two decades. Although the MFT common factors literature has grown, there are misconceptions and disagreements about their role in theory, practice, research, and training. This content analysis examined the contributions of the common factors paradigm to MFT theory, practice, research, and training over the past 20 years. We identified 37 scholarly works including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and chapters. Using mixed methods content analysis, we analyze and synthesize the contributions of this literature in terms of theoretical development about therapeutic effectiveness in MFT, MFT training, research, and practice. We provide commentary on the substantive contributions that the common factors paradigm has made to these areas, and we discuss the implications and limitations of the common factors literature, and provide recommendations for moving common factors research forward.
Science, sexuality, and race in the United States and Australia, 1780—1940: by Gregory Smithers, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2017, 494pp., ISBN: 9780803295919

In Science, Sexuality, and Race in the United States and Australia, 1780–1940, Gregory Smithers charts the association of racial purity with whiteness in the United States and Australia between the...
A direct interareal feedback-to-feedforward circuit in primate visual cortex

ABSTRACT The mammalian sensory neocortex consists of hierarchically organized areas reciprocally connected via feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) circuits. Several theories of hierarchical computation ascribe the bulk of the computational work of the cortex to looped FF-FB circuits between pairs of cortical areas. However, whether such corticocortical loops exist remains unclear. In higher mammals, individual FF-projection neurons send afferents almost exclusively to a single higher-level area. However, it is unclear whether FB-projection neurons show similar area specificity, and whether they influence FF-projection neurons directly or indirectly. Using viral-mediated monosynaptic circuit tracing in macaque primary visual cortex (V1), we show that V1 neurons sending FF projections to area V2 receive monosynaptic FB inputs from V2, but not other V1-projecting areas. We also find monosynaptic FB-to-FB neuron contacts as a second motif of FB connectivity. Our results support the existence of FF-FB loops in primate cortex, and suggest that FB can rapidly and selectively influence the activity of incoming FF signals.
Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: A biomarker of fetal alcohol exposure and effect.

To determine if meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in rat pups is a good biomarker of prenatal exposure and effect to alcohol, three groups of pregnant rats were studied: one control (pair fed...
Response to Comments on: Towards a New Paradigm for Economics

Upon reflection on the comments, it seems to me that disagreements have emerged because of my lack of clarity about the following three points: 1. What is the purpose/goal/object of my paper "Towards a new Paradigm for Economics" (TNPE)? 2. How does TNPE relate to Islamic Economics? 3. Does TNPE, in fact, lay out a new paradigm for economics? I hope that clarifying these issues will lead to increased understanding among us. The joining of hearts of the Ummah is a great treasure and blessing of Allah, while disagreement and difference among Muslims is a source of displeasure of Allah.
Broaching goals-of-care conversations in advancing pediatric cancer.

Broaching conversations about goals of care can be difficult for clinicians. Presently, the communication strategies used by pediatric oncologists to approach goals of care conversations are not well understood. We recorded disease re-evaluation conversations between pediatric oncologists, patients, and parents, capturing 141 conversations (∼2400 minutes) for 17 patients with advancing illness across the study period. We conducted content analysis to identify strategies for broaching goals-of-care conversations and found five distinct communication approaches, which were not mutually exclusive. Further research is needed to explore patient and family views on best practices for broaching discussions about goals of care.
Aging is associated with increased brain iron through brain-derived hepcidin expression

Iron is an essential molecule for biological processes, but its accumulation can lead to oxidative stress and cellular death. Due to its oxidative effects, iron accumulation is implicated in the process of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism for this increase in iron with aging, and whether this increase is localized to specific cellular compartment(s), are not known. Here, we measured the levels of iron in different tissues of aged mice, and demonstrate that while cytosolic non-heme iron is increased in the liver and muscle tissue, only the aged brain exhibits an increase in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial non-heme iron. This increase in brain iron is associated with elevated levels of local hepcidin mRNA and protein in the brain. We also demonstrate that the increase in hepcidin is associated with increased ubiquitination and reduced levels of the only iron exporter, feroportin-1 (FPN1). Overall, our studies provide a potential mechanism for iron accumulation in the brain through increased local expression of hepcidin, and subsequent iron accumulation due to decreased iron export. Additionally, our data support that aging is associated with mitochondrial and cytosolic iron accumulation only in the brain and not in other tissues.
Relational Listening: Fostering Effective Communication Practices in Diverse Organizational Environments

(1994). Relational Listening: Fostering Effective Communication Practices in Diverse Organizational Environments. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 11-16.
Human Rights: Institutions and Agendas

In this paper, forthcoming in Public Affairs Quarterly, I develop an essentially Rawlsian conception of basic human rights. I first stake out a methodological orientation to the question of basic human rights. I then provide a theoretical grounding for a minimalist conception of such rights. I conclude by distinguishing between several basic human rights agendas and by noting the institutional implications of each.
Improving Essay Tests: Structuring the Items and Scoring Responses.

Essay items permit teachers to evaluate learning not measurable by objective tests (Gronlund 1985, p. 214). True-false, fill-in-the-blank, and other short-answer tests are limited to evaluating only the simplest levels of expected learning outcomes. And whereas the multiplechoice format can measure comprehension and problem solving, essay items can evaluate more complex skills (Wiersma and Jurs 1985, p. 166). Research studies by Benjamin Bloom have demonstrated "that over 95 percent of the items on teacher-made tests require nothing more than the recollection of facts" (Chance 1987, p. 46). The use of essay items discourages such rote testing by requiring students to demonstrate their critical thinking skills. Essay responses require students to compare, justify, contrast, compile, interpret, or formulate valid conclusions-all higher-order skills. Consequently, responses to essay questions give students the opportunity to display the broadest range of cognitive skills.
Identification of ureteral ligation during gynecologic operations.

Abstract The injection of intraureteral dye for the diagnosis of ureteral ligation or injury was studied in mongrel dogs and baboons. Intraureteral injection of phenolsulfonphthalein and indigo carmine proved to be a practical means of identifying complete unilateral ureteral ligation. The safety of this procedure in animals has now been proved, and, if work in progress at present proves as effective, the procedure should be added to the gynecologic armamentarium in selected cases.
Preventing the spread of invasive species: Economic benefits of intervention guided by ecological predictions

Preventing the invasion of freshwater aquatic species is the surest way to reduce their impacts, but it is also often expensive. Hence, the most efficient prevention programs will rely on accurate predictions of sites most at risk of becoming invaded and concentrate resources at those sites. Using data from Vilas County, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), collected in the 1970s, we constructed a predictive occurrence model for rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and applied it to an independent data set of 48 Vilas County lakes to predict which of these were most likely to become invaded between 1975 and 2005. We nested this invasion model within an economic framework to determine whether targeted management, derived from our quantitative predictions of likely invasion sites, would increase the economic value of lakes in the independent data set. Although the optimum expenditure on lake protection was high, protecting lakes at this level would have produced net economic benefits of at least $6 million over the last 30 years. We did not attempt to determine the value of nonmarket benefits of protection; thus, our results are likely to underestimate the total benefits from preventing invasions. Our results demonstrate that although few data are available early in an invasion, these data may be sufficient to support targeted, effective, and economically rational management. In addition, our results show that ecological predictions are becoming sufficiently accurate that their application in management can produce net economic benefits.
Methodology to Study NF-κB/RelA Ubiquitination In Vivo

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factors that regulate immune responses, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Activity of the NF-κΒ pathway on a cellular level is tightly controlled through various mechanisms, one of which is the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of chromatin-bound NF-κB subunits. In general, the ubiquitination of NF-κB regulates the duration of gene transcription activated in response to inflammatory signals. In this article, we present protocols to examine the in vivo ubiquitination status of RelA, a critical protein of the NF-κB family.
A transducer for measurement of finger joint torques

A device for measuring torques generated about the joints of the fingers has been developed. The design utilizes a parallelogram construction that allows the device to fit different sizes of hands. The device has the capability to measure isometric moments generated about the MP, PIP and DIP joints of a single digit. Four of these devices can be used to make simultaneous measurements of all the moments generated about all three joints of the four fingers. The device also acts as a splint, allowing each joint to be positioned and locked at any angle through the range of motion of the joint. This device will be utilized in the synthesis of grasp patterns using functional electrical stimulation. >
Flips and the Hilbert scheme over an exterior algebra

We study the tangent space at a monomial point M in the Hilbert scheme that parameterizes all ideals with the same Hilbert function as M over an exterior algebra.
Observation and interpretation of anomalous inorganic anion binding with α- and β-cyclodextrins in aqueous media

Abstract The binding constants for hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate and triflate with α- and β-cyclodextrins were quantified using calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments in aqueous media as well as molecular orbital calculations. The association of α- and β-cyclodextrin with three commonly used counterions of large organic cations or as supporting electrolyte systems, proved to be large enough to produce significant interferences in complexation studies. In particular, the binding constant of hexafluorophosphate and β-cyclodextrin was measured to be ten times larger than the previously reported value. The enthalpies and entropies of complexation of the two receptors with the three anions under study were directly evaluated using calorimetric measurements in aqueous media. The PM3 semiempirical molecular orbital method was employed to rationalize the enhanced binding between β-cyclodexrin and hexafluorophosphate. The computed results from several energy minimizations show that inclusion comp...
Dual mode control of an elastic robotic arm: non-linear inversion and stabilization by pole assignment

This paper considers control of an elastic robotic arm of two links based on non–linear inversion and pole assignment for stabilization. The design is performed in two steps. First, based on non-linear inversion, a non–linear controller is designed for the trajectory control of the joint angles using joint torquers. The inverse controller accomplishes trajectory control of the joint angles, this excites the elastic modes of the arm. In order to damp the elastic oscillations, a stabilizer is designed for a linearized system about the terminal state using the pole assignment technique. In the closed–loop system, first the inverse controller acts when a command is given, and the stabilizer automatically switches when the joint angle trajectory enters a specified neighbourhood of the final commanded position. Simulation results are presented to show that in the closed–loop system accurate joint angle trajectory tracking and elastic mode stabilization can be accomplished in spite of payload uncertainty in the ...
Susceptibility of the first-instar of the bollworm, Heliothis zea, and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, to Heliothis nuclear-polyhedrosis virus☆

Abstract The susceptibility of first-instar Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens to virus obtained from either species is described. Dose-mortality curves, time-mortality curves, and stage of larval development at death are discussed and related to a technique for bioassaying viral preparations.
Cardiovascular Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) after Pneumonectomy in Dogs

Abstract Little is known regarding the hemodynamic effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) following pneumonectomy. To investigate this, 9 mongrel dogs underwent PEEP before and after lung resection. With the chest closed, the dog anesthetized, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide constant, PEEP was added in increments of 2 mm Hg until the animal's condition became hemodynamically unstable. At each level of PEEP, aortic, pulmonary, left atrial, and central venous pressures were monitored while aortic flow (cardiac output) was determined with an electromagnetic probe and airway pressure was measured with a Millar catheter in the respiratory tubing. Pneumonectomy was then performed, PEEP was again sequentially added, and the same measurements were recorded. Both before and after pneumonectomy, a strong positive linear correlation exists between the level of PEEP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) ( r > 0.74; p r > −0.76; p p p p
State Socialism and the Industrial Divide in the World-Economy: A Comparative Essay on the Rebellions in Poland and China:

This paper uses a world-economy approach to explain the historical context and background causes of revolts in the socialist states, focusing on Poland and China. During the last 20 years, low-skill mass production has been moving out of the core and into the periphery of the world-economy. Although initially successful as mass producers, the socialist states concentrated entirely on what is now an antiquated system. They must rapidly adopt flexible production or else join the periphery. Economic crisis and failed reforms led workers and intellectuals to revolt against a backward economy and structurally inept political system.