cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature

Despite a burgeoning of research on moral injury in the past decade, existing reviews have not explored the breadth of consequences and the multitude of pathways through which moral injury and potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) influence mental and behavioural health outcomes. This study aimed to identify associations between moral injury on mental and behavioural health. Literature searches of psychological and medical databases were conducted through April 2020. Eligible studies measured moral injury or PMIEs, and health outcomes (e.g., depression, substance use and suicidality). Fifty-seven publications representing 49 separate samples were included. Studies examined the impact of moral injury on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 43); depression (n = 32); anxiety (n = 15); suicide (n = 15); substance use (n = 14); and 'other' health outcomes, including pain, burnout, sleep disturbance and treatment-seeking behaviours (n = 11). The majority of studies found significant positive associations between moral injury-related constructs, mental health and behavioural health outcomes; however, the majority were also cross-sectional and focused on military samples. Proposed mediators included lack of social support, negative cognitions and meaning-making. Moderators included self-compassion, pre-deployment mental health education and mindfulness. Moral injury is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. Research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which moral injury may influence these outcomes over time.
Direction constancy

A series of experiments investigating the constancy of perceived direction was conducted. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 indicated that the perception of direction, while close to constancy, exhibited a consistent departure from constancy of approximately 2.5 deg. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated the departure from constancy in terms of the information of the position of the eyes within the head and the information of the retinal area (local sign) being stimulated. The results of these experiments indicated that the departure from constancy was a function of the underestimation of the position of the eyes within the head.
A Cognitive Approach to the Argument Strength × Message Involvement Paradigm in Green Advertising Persuasion

The argument strength × message involvement hypothesis has guided many empirical studies in persuasion research. The present study introduced a cognitive approach to this theoretical framework for green advertising persuasion research by examining the effects of green argument strength (GAS), ad message involvement (AMI), and GAS × AMI on the two dimensions of Aad, utilitarian Aad (UAad) and hedonic Aad (HAad) in parallel, as well as the subsequent effects on brand attitude (Ab) and purchase intention (PI). Aad was diagnosed as two-dimensional comprising UAad and HAad, which were independent, though correlated, and both affected Ab and PI. GAS and AMI were found to exert a significant impact on UAad, which mediated both their effects on Ab and PI, while HAad remained uninfluenced. GAS × AMI was found to be significant on UAad and Ab. The theoretical and managerial implications were discussed.
Abstraction and The Process of Recognition

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the abstraction and the process of recognition. It is concerned with the successive stages of processing that are involved in the encoding of simple stimuli and with the record that each stage produces. These issues lie within the areas of perception and memory, respectively. Because the recognition of stimuli is impossible without stored information, it will also be necessary to consider learning of trace systems applicable to the classification of patterns never before seen. The process of moving from the top to the bottom may be called abstraction. In psychological research, the term abstraction has been used in two different ways. One sense of abstraction involves the selection of certain portions or aspects of an experience. A second sense refers to the classification of a stimulus into a wider or more inclusive superordinate category. The second sense of abstraction has been used primarily with the investigation of object names. This sense of abstraction does not involve selection of any physical aspect of the stimulus, but rather a relationship between a particular stimulus name and another broader category name.
Observations on the use of ACTH in certain obstetric and gynecologic conditions.

Abstract The responses to ACTH in nonpregnant patients described by others occurred in similar fashion in those treated during labor and after delivery. Subsequent pregnancies occurred 16 times in 12 patients. No known instances of infertility or detrimental effects upon the subsequent pregnancies have been discovered. The potential risk of increasing the blood pressure by the use of ACTH in toxemic patients was not investigated. Conceivably such therapy could jeopardize the welfare of these patients. The diagnostic or prognostic significance of edema and transient hypertension has not been ascertained. The increase in the leukocytes and depression of the eosinophil counts by the use of ACTH could contribute to misinterpretation of the clinical course. The sense of clinical well-being or improvement in the parturient or postpartum patient receiving this medication may lead to a false impression. ACTH did not prevent breast engorgement, nor did it appear to stimulate or inhibit lactation. ACTH, as used, in this study did not yield sufficient or consistent relief of dysmenorrhea. It appears that, when indicated, ACTH could be used with caution during labor and the puerperium. The risk of spread or showering of bacteria must be constantly considered.
The Logics and Politics of Post-WWII Migration to Western Europe

1. Introduction: immigration and state sovereignty 2. The origins and trajectory of post-WWII immigration 3. The organized nativist backlash: the surge of anti-immigrant groups 4. Immigration and state sovereignty: implications of the British and German cases 5. The logics and politics of a European immigration policy regime 6. The domestic legacies of postwar immigration: citizenship, monoculturalism, and the Keynesian welfare state 7. The logics and politics of immigrant political incorporation.
A flexible software architecture for high availability computing

Presents an overview of the Chameleon architecture for supporting a wide range of criticality requirements in a heterogeneous network environment. Chameleon employs ARMORs (Adaptive, Reconfigurable and Mobile Objects for Reliability) to synthesize different fault-tolerant configurations and to maintain run-time adaptation to changes in the fault tolerance requirements of an application. ARMORs have a flexible architecture that allows their composition to be reconfigured at run-time, i.e. the ARMORs may dynamically adapt to changing application requirements. In this paper, we focus on the detailed description of the ARMOR architecture, including ARMOR class hierarchy, basic building blocks, ARMOR composition and use of ARMOR factories. We describe how ARMORs can be reconfigured and reengineered, and demonstrate how the architecture serves our objective of providing an adaptive software infrastructure. Our experience with an early Chameleon implementation demonstrates that the proposed ARMOR architecture provides for a highly flexible and reconfigurable software infrastructure.
The impact of novel treatments on A\03B2 burden in Alzheimer's Disease: insights from a mathematical model

Motivated by recent therapeutic initiatives for Alzheimer’s disease, we developed a mathematical model of the accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain. The model incorporates the production and clearance of Aβ monomers, and the elongation and fragmentation of polymers by monomer aggregation and break-off, respectively. Our analysis suggests that Aβ dynamics are dictated by a single unitless measure referred to as the polymerization ratio, which is the product of the production and elongation rates divided by the product of the clearance and fragmentation rates. Cerebral Aβ burden (i.e., the total number of Aβ molecules, whether they exist as monomers or polymers) attains a finite steady-state level if this ratio is less than one, and undergoes sustained growth if this ratio is greater than one. The highly nonlinear relationship between the polymerization ratio and the steady-state Aβ burden implies that a modest reduction in the polymerization ratio achieves a significant decrease in the Aβ burden. Our model also predicts that after initiation or discontinuation of treatment, it may take months to reach a new steady-state Aβ burden. Taken together, our findings suggest that the research community should focus on developing agents that provide a modest reduction of the polymerization ratio while avoiding long-term toxicity. Finally, our model can be used to indirectly estimate several crucial parameters that are difficult to measure directly: the production rate, the fragmentation rate and the strength of treatment.
Cooperative institutions for sustainable common pool resource management: Application to groundwater

[1] Beneficiaries of common pool resources (CPRs) may select available noncooperative and regulatory exogenous institutions for managing the resource, as well as cooperative management institutions. All these institutions may increase the long-term gains, prolong the life of the resource, and help to escape the tragedy of the commons trap. Cooperative game theory approaches can serve as the backbone of cooperative CPR management institutions. This paper formulates and applies several commonly used cooperative game theoretic solution concepts, namely, the core, Nash-Harsanyi, Shapley, and nucleolus. Through a numerical groundwater example, we show how CPR users can share the gains obtained from cooperation in a fair and efficient manner based on these cooperative solution concepts (management institutions). Although, based on their fairness rationales, various cooperative management institutions may suggest different allocations that are potentially acceptable to the users, these allocation solutions may not be stable as some users may find them unfair. This paper discusses how different methods, such as application of the plurality rule and power index, stability index, and propensity to disrupt concepts, can help identify the most stable and likely solutions for enforcing cooperation among the CPR beneficiaries. Furthermore, how the noncooperative managerial characteristics of the CPR users can affect the stability and acceptability of the different cooperative CPR management institutions is discussed, providing valuable policy insights for cooperative CPR management at community levels.
Performance Gains via Synergies Between Learning-by-Doing and Dynamic Self-Selection: An Experimental Analysis

The typical pattern of worker performance in organizations consists of improvement over a limited time (i.e., learning-by-doing) followed by a stable performance level. Yet little is known about how freedom of contract choice by workers impacts performance evolution over time. In this study we examine the presence of synergies between worker performance evolution and freedom of compensation scheme choice. We consider a multiple-period experimental design where subjects may revise their compensation dynamically while tracking the temporal evolution of their performance. Our experimental data reveals that freedom of compensation selection in multiple periods leads to significant performance gains in high-skill subjects as a result of leveraging learning-by-doing in the initial periods. Our experiment results also reveal that the match between skills and earnings-maximizing schemes is higher for subjects allowed to dynamically select compensation schemes than for subjects under either randomly assigned or one-shot selected compensation schemes. Our findings make two important contributions to the managerial accounting literature. First, contract choices involve synergy effects in addition to traditional incentive and sorting effects already identified in this literature. Second, both employers and high-skill workers can derive gains from exploiting synergies between learning-by-doing and the freedom of compensation selection in multiple periods. Our results highlight the importance of freedom of compensation choice in all laboring periods as both a mechanism to mold present and future performance levels of high-skill employees and a tool to attract talent to organizations.
SketchIT: a Sketch Interpretation Tool for Conceptual Mechanical Design

We describe a program called SketchIT capable of producing multiple families of designs from a single sketch. The program is given a rough sketch (drawn using line segments for part faces and icons for springs and kinematic joints) and a description of the desired behavior. The sketch is ``rough'''' in the sense that taken literally, it may not work. From this single, perhaps flawed sketch and the behavior description, the program produces an entire family of working designs. The program also produces design variants, each of which is itself a family of designs. SketchIT represents each family of designs with a ``behavior ensuring parametric model'''' (BEP-Model), a parametric model augmented with a set of constraints that ensure the geometry provides the desired behavior. The construction of the BEP-Model from the sketch and behavior description is the primary task and source of difficulty in this undertaking. SketchIT begins by abstracting the sketch to produce a qualitative configuration space (qc- space) which it then uses as its primary representation of behavior. SketchIT modifies this initial qc-space until qualitative simulation verifies that it produces the desired behavior. SketchIT''s task is then to find geometries that implement this qc-space. It does this using a library of qc-space fragments. Each fragment is a piece of parametric geometry with a set of constraints that ensure the geometry implements a specific kind of boundary (qcs-curve) in qc-space. SketchIT assembles the fragments to produce the BEP-Model. SketchIT produces design variants by mapping the qc-space to multiple implementations, and by transforming rotating parts to translating parts and vice versa.
Efficient Genome Wide Tagging by Reduction to SAT

Whole genome association has recently demonstrated some remarkable successes in identifying loci involved in disease. Designing these studies involves selecting a subset of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or tag SNPs to be genotyped. The problem of choosing tag SNPs is an active area of research and is usually formulated such that the goal is to select the fewest number of tag SNPs which "cover" the remaining SNPs where "cover" is defined by some statistical criterion. Since the standard formulation of the tag SNP selection problem is NP-hard, most algorithms for selecting tag SNPs are either heuristics which do not guarantee selection of the minimal set of tag SNPs or are exhaustive algorithms which are computationally impractical. In this paper, we present a set of methods which guarantee discovering the minimal set of tag SNPs, yet in practice are much faster than traditional exhaustive algorithms. We demonstrate that our methods can be applied to discover minimal tag sets for the entire human genome. Our method converts the instance of the tag SNP selection problem to an instance of the satisfiability problem, encoding the instance into conjunctive normal form (CNF). We take advantage of the local structure inherent in human variation, as well as progress in knowledge compilation, and convert our CNF encoding into a representation known as DNNF, from which solutions to our original problem can be easily enumerated. We demonstrate our methods by constructing the optimal tag set for the whole genome and show that we significantly outperform previous exhaustive search-based methods. We also present optimal solutions for the problem of selecting multi-marker tags in which some SNPs are "covered" by a pair of tag SNPs. Multi-marker tags can significantly decrease the number of tags we need to select, however discovering the minimal number of multi-marker tags is much more difficult. We evaluate our methods and perform benchmark comparisons to other methods by choosing tag sets using the HapMap data.
Frontiers in Integrative Genomics and Translational Bioinformatics.

As we have officially entered the big data era, we are embracing numerous opportunities but also meeting strong demand on innovative approaches to managing and analyzing the data in the digital world. The speed of data generation is astonishing—from now until 2020, the volume of the digital data is expected to approximately double every two years, and 90% of the data available to us today were generated in just the last two years. Specifically in biological and biomedical research fields, we have witnessed the rapid advances in biotechnologies, especially the next-generation sequencing and single cell technologies, enabling the investigators to create massive amounts of data for genomics and translational research. While analysis of the data from single domain like mutations or gene expression is often the first choice in a project, integrative genomic approaches have more advantages such as robustness in detecting the biological signals or biomarkers and low false discovery rates due to the evidence from multiple domains. Therefore, we have steadily seen more integrative genomic studies during the past several years. Although these approaches are promising and powerful, there are many challenges that are required to be addressed by bioinformaticians, computational biologists, and other scientists. These challenges include, but are not limited to, data quality and process from different technology platforms, sample size and consistency, data missingness, incomplete and inaccurate knowledgebase (e.g., reference networks and pathways), false discovery, lack of novel algorithms for data integration, computational efficiency, data interpretation, and visualization.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase of Caulobacter crescentus

Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was purified from the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus at three stages in development. Enzyme from pure populations of stalked cells, as well as populations enriched in swarmer and predivisional cells, appeared identical in subunit structure and template requirements. The molecular weights of the enzyme subunits were 165,000, 155,000, 101,000, and 44,000, respectively. By analogy with RNA polymerase from other bacterial sources, they are considered to be components of the C. crescentus holoenzyme, β′, β, σ, and α, respectively. The C. crescentus enzyme appeared similar to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme and unlike the Escherichia coli enzyme with respect to subunit molecular weights and failure to separate into core and sigma components upon phosphocellulose chromatography. In addition, the effects of ionic strength on the time course of polymerization varied both with the sources of bacterial polymerase and bacteriophage DNA.
DNA Helicase‐deficiency Disorders

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) helicases use energy derived from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to separate the complementary strands of DNA. This article focuses on one family of DNA helicases, the human RECQ (recombination) helicases and the syndromes that arise due to their deficiency. The five human RECQ helicases share a common, conserved helicase domain and all five proteins appear to play important roles in cellular DNA metabolism. Loss-of-function mutations in three family members cause the human cancer predisposition syndromes Bloom syndrome (BS), Werner syndrome (WS) and Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS). This article outlines clinical features of the RECQ helicase-deficiency syndromes and the underlying genetics, biochemistry and function of the associated human RECQ helicase genes and proteins. We discuss how the loss of RECQ function may promote genetic instability and disease pathogenesis, and how RECQ helicases may serve as predictors of cancer risk and the response to therapy. Key Concepts: RECQ helicases are found in all Kingdoms of life. RECQ helicases use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to unwind the strands of duplex DNA molecules. RECQ helicases play important roles in many aspects of DNA metabolism including DNA replication and repair, recombination and telomere maintenance. Loss of RECQ helicase function is associated with defects in DNA metabolism, genetic instability, reduced cell proliferation and cellular senescence or apoptosis. Heritable human RECQ helicase deficiencies are rare. Three distinct autosomal recessive RECQ helicase deficiency syndromes have been identified thus far. RECQ helicase-deficient individuals have an elevated risk of cancer together with additional developmental or acquired findings. Acquired RECQ helicase deficiencies may be common in adult cancer, where loss-of-function may modify the response to therapy. Keywords: RECQ helicases; Bloom syndrome; Werner syndrome; Rothmund–Thomson syndrome; DNA replication; DNA repair; telomeres; homologous recombination; genetic instability; cancer predisposition syndrome
The reaction of cerium hydride CeH3, with mercury

Abstract The reaction of CeH3 with mercury results in the complete replacement of hydrogen by mercury. The product (probably CeHg4) formed in the mercury solvent crystallizes after prolonged equilibration (several weeks) at about 150°C. A crop of fair sized crystals (course sand grains) can be obtained. Preliminary X-ray diffraction studies appear difficult to interpret, but promising and will be further investigated.
MITRE: description of the Alembic system used for MUC-6

As with several other veteran MUC participants, MITRE's Alembic system has undergone a major transformation in the past two years. The genesis of this transformation occurred during a dinner conversation at the last MUC conference, MUC-5. At that time, several of us reluctantly admitted that our major impediment towards improved performance was reliance on then-standard linguistic models of syntax. We knew we would need an alternative to traditional linguistic grammars, even to the somewhat non-traditional categorial pseudo-parser we had in place at the time. The problem was, which alternative?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an accidental discovery of a lingual thyroid in a 7-year-old child.

An ectopic thyroid located at the base of the tongue is a rare entity, resulting from early developmental defects of thyroid gland embryogenesis during its descent from the foramen caecum to its normal eutopic pretracheal site. This condition is the main cause of congenital primary hypothyroidism, even though signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction may also appear later in childhood. Lingual thyroid may sometimes present with symptoms of respiratory obstruction or feeding difficulties. We illustrate the case of a 7-year-old girl with subclinical hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis arising in a lingual thyroid. She had never suffered from upper airway obstructive symptoms, but did refer a 3-month history of cough. Rapid normalisation of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and termination of the cough were attained when the L-thyroxine treatment started. After 6 months a significant reduction of lingual thyroid size was also noted. The diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options in childhood are discussed.
Detection of DNA fragments separated by capillary electrophoresis based on their native fluorescence inside a sheath flow

A scheme for the separation and detection of native DNA fragments in capillary electrophoresis is presented. A UV laser at 275 nm excites the intrinsic fluorescence of the fragments, which is greatly enhanced at pH 2.8. To provide a compatible system, methylcellulose-based size separation is performed at the identical pH. A sheath-flow arrangement isolates the detection region from the linear polymer for a reduced background level. The performance is an order-of-magnitude enhancement in detectability over absorption detection. We also uncovered a selective degradation/ligation process at these pH conditions that may be useful as additional selectivity for DNA characterization.
Abstract 2801: Dual Targeting Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) with a Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (ZSTK474) and a Proteasome Inhibitor (Velcade)

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Proteasome inhibitor has been proven to be an effective anticancer compound in many tumor models, including Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we found that the proteasome inhibitor Velcade (PS-341/bortezomib) activated the PI3K/Akt pathway although causing GBM cells death. Therefore, we sought to investigate if the PI3K inhibitor, ZSTK474, would enhance the effectiveness of PS-341 in anticancer therapy. Three GBM cells lines (U87, U251, U138) were exposed to Velcade (10-7 M, 24 hr). We found that phosphorylation of Akt, 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was induced by Valcade in these GBM cells compared to the controls. To study the role of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the Velcade induced growth arrest in GBM cells, this pathway was blocked using the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. These three cell lines were treated with serial dilutions of either Velcade or ZSTK474 or both drugs together, and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay results showed that combination of ZSTK474 and Velcade synergistically inhibited proliferation of GBM cell lines. In the presence of ZSTK474, the phosphorylation of Akt, 4EBP1, and mTOR was markedly decreased in all cell lines. Cells apoptosis was increased when exposed to Velcade and ZSTK474 in combination as shown by Annexin V analysis. To confirm the decrease of p-4EBP1 in the presence of both drugs, the unphosphorylated binding protein 4EBP1 was also detected. In all cell lines in the presence of Velcade and ZSTK474, 4EBP1 becoming unphosphorylated. Cyclin D1, another protein promoting proliferation in the PI3K/Akt pathway, was up-regulated in the presence of Velcade alone, but down-regulated in the presence of both Valcade and ZSTK474 together. In summary, the anticancer ability of Valcade is increased by combination with PI3K pathway inhibitor ZSTK474 in glioblastoma multiforme. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2801. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2801
Hydrodynamic Effects of Shaft Surface Finish on Lip Seal Operation

It is well known that shaft surface finish can significantly affect the performance of a lip seal, even though the shaft roughness, after run-in, is much smaller than the lip roughness. In the present research, a numerical model demonstrates that small fluctuations on the shaft surface can produce large hydrodynamic effects in the sealing zone due to the non-linearity of the Reynolds equation. The effects of shaft surface profile, roughness height, roughness wavelength, and lead angle on load support, reverse pumping rate and cavitation area are examined. Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting Houston, Texas May 19–23, 2002
Parallels Between Research on Child Care and Research on School Effects

The study of child-care effects and the study of school effects have each developed through three parallel phases of research questions. Perhaps as a consequence, there have been striking similarities in the methodological and conceptual advances in both areas. For this reason, it is argued that child-care researchers and school-effects researchers would benefit by monitoring progress in one another's field as they assess what matters for which types of children.
Convective heat transfer due to thermocapillary convection with a strong magnetic field parallel to the free surface.

This paper treats the motion and heat transfer in an electrically conducting fluid that is bounded by two parallel, isothermal walls, and by a plane free surface. Gradients in the surface tension of the free surface drive a strong recirculating thermocapillary convection. In the presence of a magnetic field which is parallel to the free surface, the thermocapillary convection is confined to a thin boundary layer adjacent to the free surface. Only when the Peclet number is at least O(Ha14), where Ha is the large Hartmann number, is the heat flux entering the free surface redistributed by thermal convection inside the boundary layer before entering the quiescent core. This problem is a model of the floating-zone growth of semi-conductor crystals with a uniform, axial magnetic field.
Mast cells and calcium in severe uremic itching

Mast cells may be more abundant in the tissues of uremic patients and may contribute to itching via mediator release. Because mast cell (MC) granule release may be inhibited by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, we investigated skin MC in the superficial dermis by quantitative histomorphometry before and after whole body UVB for uremic itching. Toluidine blue-stained 3.5 mm punch biopsy specimens were examined with a micrometer grid after separate coding. Upon entry to the study, itching dialysis patients indicated their itching intensity on a visual analog scale (0 to 10). Concurrent study of living, related kidney donors (controls, n = 11) and their recipients (n = 11) showed no differences in MC number per unit area. Compared to controls, skin MC number was not greater in itching dialysis patients (n = 20). MC number decreased after 2 months of UVB from 1.6 +/- 0.6 (standard deviation) to 1.0 +/- 0.7 (n = 11, p = 0.025). Pre-UVB total plasma calcium correlated directly with itching intensity, but not with MC number. Plasma phosphate and intact parathyrin level were not statistically related to itching or MC number. Of the 14 subjects that completed UVB, 8 had objective benefit, and mean itching intensity declined from 7.1/10 to 5.2/10 in the 14 subjects. The conclusion is that although skin MC number may decline with chronic UVB, MC number is not related to uremic itching, and hypercalcemia, but not elevation of parathyrin or plasma phosphate, relates statistically to severe uremic itching.
Effect of Juvenile Steelhead on Juvenile Brown Trout Habitat Use in a Low-Gradient Great Lakes Tributary

Abstract We investigated habitat use of wild brown trout Salmo trutta in Gilchrist Creek, Michigan, with and without a parallel cohort of introduced steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. This stream is typical of the region, having a low-gradient, stable discharge and a high sand bedload. By snorkeling, we evaluated seasonal habitat use in two stream reaches before and after steelhead introduction to one of the reaches. Age-0 brown trout occupied stream margins soon after emergence, using cover provided by aquatic vegetation growing on sand and silt substrates. By summer and fall, brown trout moved into deeper water and used more diverse cover types. From summer to fall, the smaller age-0 steelhead used lower current velocities than did age-0 brown trout. Similar water depth, substrate, and cover were used by the two species. At the densities studied, age-0 brown trout habitat use did not change in response to the presence of age-0 steelhead. We believe that three factors minimized the effect of steelhead: (1) t...
Deregulation of the first N-glycosylation gene, ALG7, perturbs the expression of G1 cyclins and cell cycle arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The evolutionarily conserved ALG7 gene encodes the dolichol-P-dependent N-acetylglucosamine-1-P transferase (GPT) and functions by initiating the dolichol pathway of protein N-glycosylation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ALG7 has been shown to play a role in cell proliferation. The yeast α-factor-induced cell cycle arrest in G1 occurs, in part, by downregulation of CLN1 and CLN2. The function of ALG7 in G1 arrest was examined in alg7 mutants containing diminished GPT activity. In wild type, CLN1 and CLN2 mRNAs were rapidly downregulated, while in alg7 mutants, these transcripts were only transiently repressed before becoming greatly augmented. Analyses of DNA contents and budding indices showed that alg7 mutants resumed cycling when wild type cells remained arrested. Thus, deregulation of ALG7 interferes with cell cycle arrest by preventing a sustained downregulation of CLN1 and CLN2 mRNAs. These results provide a molecular insight into the role of ALG7, and protein N-glycosylation in general, in proliferation.
Wigner-crystal states for the two-dimensional electron gas in a double-quantum-well system.

Using the Hartree-Fock approximation, we calculate the energy of different Wigner-crystal states for the two-dimensional electron gas of a double-quantum well system in a strong magnetic field. Our calculation takes interlayer hopping as well as an in-plane magnetic field into consideration The ground state at small layer separations is a one-component triangular lattice Wigner state. As the layer separation is increased, the ground state first undergoes a transition to two stacked square lattices, and then undergoes another transition at an even larger layer separation to a two-component triangular lattice. The range of the layer separation at which the two-component square lattice occurs as the ground state shrinks, and eventually disappears, as the interlayer hopping is increased. An in-plane magnetic field induces another phase transition from a commensurate to an incommensurate state, similar to that of \ensuremath{\nu}=1 quantum Hall state observed recently. We calculate the critical value of the in-plane field of the transition and find that the anisotropy of the Wigner state, i.e., the relative orientation of the crystal and the in-plane magnetic field, has a negligible effect on the critical value for low filling fractions. The effect of this anisotropy on the low-lying phonon energy is discussed. An experimental geometry is proposed in which the parallel magnetic field is used to enhance the orientational correlations in the ground state when the crystal is subject to a random potential.
Using individual tree growth projection models to estimate stand-level gains attributable to genetically improved stock

Abstract Information needed to make estimates of stand-level gains anticipated from genetically improved stock is frequently unavailable. Methods developed in this paper combine the existing knowledge on stand development that should form the basis of a growth model with estimates of individual tree gains predicted by quantitative genetic theory. This combination provides estimates of anticipated stand-level gains based on the best available sources of information. An example uses the Stand Prognosis Model to estimate stand-level gains expected from genetically improved ponderosa pine being developed by the Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative. A series of hypotheses are made concerning the expected response of the genetically improved stock to competition when grown in an operational plantation. The model is used to simulate stand development under each of the alternative hypotheses. Results suggest that one generation of tree improvement may lead to gains in yield of 1–15% or reduce rotations by 1–20 years depending on which of the hypotheses future research proves to be most correct. Studies to test and refine the hypotheses are described.
A C. elegans mutant screen based on antibody or histochemical staining.

Abstract A method has been developed for isolating mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans that alter antibody or histochemical staining patterns. The basis for this method is a new procedure for making C. elegans permeable that does not kill the eggs contained within the uterus of gravid adult hermaphrodites. A mutagenized population of gravid hermaphrodites is made permeable and then stained with either an antibody or a histochemical stain. Animals that stain aberrantly are picked to individual petri plates and the eggs within the uterus of the stained mother hatch and establish a new genetic line. Antibody and histochemical stains are especially useful phenotypes because the staining pattern will usually directly reflect the gene expression pattern of the gene that codes for the antigen or enzyme. This method was used to isolate mutants that alter the expression of a mec-7lacZ fusion gene. Transgenic animals that contained the mec-7lacZ gene integrated into chromosome I were treated with the mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate, allowed to self-fertilize for two generations and then stained with X-gal or antibodies against β-galactosidase. Gravid animals that stained abnormally were picked to fresh petri plates and offspring were used to establish new mutant lines.
P3-183: The impact of lorazepam on cognition on APOE-ϵ4 carriers versus noncarriers

Background: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele is a common Alzheimer’s disease (AD) susceptibility gene. Previously, sleepiness was negatively correlated with memory in an exploratory cross-sectional study of cognitively normal APOE4 homozygotes. If the induction of acute somnolence by lorazepam were to expose neuropsychological deficits in at-risk individuals, then it could be applied to a pharmacologic challenge for prediction of subsequent cognitive decline. Methods: Eighteen 3/4 heterozygotes (HTZ) and 18 4 noncarriers (NC), 50 to 65 years of age, all healthy and cognitively normal, participated in the study. In a double blind, crossover design, we performed neuropsychological testing before, 2.5 hours, and 5 hours after participants received a single 2 mg dose of lorazepam or placebo. Main outcome measures were the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), and 1-Back test. NC were matched to HTZ by age and years of education. Results: At 2.5 hours after the dose of lorazepam, the GMLT total errors score (P .04) and the AVLT long-term memory ( P .01) and percent recall (P .005) measures of verbal memory were more impaired in HTZ than NC. A MANOVA comparing the vector of all six GMLT and AVLT measures for HTZ versus the vector of all six measures for NC yielded P .003 for 2.5 hours and P .58 for 5 hours. No differences between HTZ and NC were observed for measures of somnolence, speed, attention, or performance on the 1-Back test at any of the time points. At 5 hours, HTZ continued to make substantially more errors than NC ( P .17) only on the GMLT. Conclusions: Our study suggests that somnolence induced by lorazepam impairs verbal and visuospatial memory more in healthy middle-aged APOE 4 carriers than noncarriers. The results warrant further research with a larger sample to determine if lorazepam induces an even greater effect in 4 homozygotes, whether substantial lorazepam-induced memory impairment predicts subsequent onset of cognitive decline and conversion to mild cognitive impairment or AD, and whether adverse effects of clinical lorazepam administration are greater in 4 carriers.
Augmentative and alternative communication application for persons with severe acquired communication disorders: an introduction

This article is an introduction to five case study reports that illustrate augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions with adults who have severe communication disorders that are acquired. Issues common to the AAC management of a variety of adults with acquired communication disorders are reviewed. In addition, unique AAC issues for persons with amytrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, and stroke are highlighted.
Understanding text: Achieving explanatory coherence through on‐line inferences and mental operations in working memory

The question of whether global, causal inferences are made during comprehension is studied following a three‐pronged approach. First, potential inferences were first identified a priori in texts generated by the causal network model for narrative discourse. Second, verbal protocol data in the form of “talking aloud” during the reading of sentences in stories were used to evaluate whether or not people made the predicted inferences. The global, causal inferences occurred where anticipated by the discourse analysis. The talk‐aloud data also revealed that subjects used four main mental operations during comprehension of a text sentence: maintaining, retrieving, elaborating, and explaining. Third, the talk‐aloud data predicted recognition priming of superordinate goal statements, reading times of sentences, coherence ratings of stories, and long‐term retention of stories. The data are discussed with reference to constructivist versus minimalist processing claims, working‐memory models, and what verbal protoco...
Men and women in industrial sales: Satisfaction and outcomes

Abstract Men and women in industrial sales positions at a Fortune 100 company were surveyed at two different times shortly after they were hired and one year later. Data were examined in three areas: 1) the process by which new recruits “learn the ropes” in their jobs; 2) satisfaction and outcomes over time; and 3) gender differences in these areas. Results show that while socialization for men and women was similar, women showed lower job satisfaction but higher commitment than men at Time 1. At Time 2, however, women's commitment was lower than men's. Both men and women experienced overall declines in satisfaction at Time 2. Possible explanations for these differences are advanced and suggestions for marketing managers dealing with these problems are presented.
Photochemical behavior of bacteriorhodopsin immobilized in NaCl pellets.

— Some photochemical reactions of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) embedded in NaCl pellets (BR-NaCI) in the visible region are described here. BR in these preparations is a mixture of two classes of species: a drastically blue-shifted form and the unchanged purple pigment. Depending on the illumination history of the BR before being immobilized, both kinds of BR could be demonstrated in light-adapted (LA) and dark-adapted (DA) forms, but light adaptation was not possible once the pellets were made. Analogously to BR suspensions, the light-adapted blue-shifted BRexhibited an a/l-trans type photocycle, but the thermal steps were greatly slowed down (time constants 1 to 5 min). The parent species absorb at 506 nm. The DA blue-shifted BR exhibited absorption changes resolved into two photoreactions, one all-(rans- like (as in LA-BR) and another, 13-cw like, whose decay rate is also greatly slowed down (recovery time several hours). The parent species of the 13-cis like cycle absorb at 480 nm. That pigment fraction in the pellets whose absorption was not blue-shifted, also exhibited similar photoreactions to BR in suspension, but with an overall turnover rate only one order of magnitude slower. From a previous report (Lazarev and Terpugov, Biochim. Biophys. Acta590,324–338,1980) and this one, it appears that the very slow photocycles in NaCl-BR of low moisture content originate from blue-shifted chromophores rather than from unchanged BR.
Photodynamic therapy of port wine stain: preliminary clinical studies

The broad, long term objective of this work is the development of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for application in the clinical management of patients with port wine stain (PWS). PDT involves the use of an exogenous drug which is concentrated in a targeted tissue. When irradiated at wavelengths specifically absorbed by the drug, selective destruction of the targeted tissue, without the production of heat, occurs. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate in human PWS patients that a photosensitizer, such as PHOTOFRINR, activated by red light at the appropriate therapeutic wavelength, can cause destruction of subsurface blood vessels in the skin with a high degree of specificity, and further study appears warranted.
Holographic optical interconnects for VLSI

This paper introduces new applications and design trade-offs anticipated for free-space optical interconnections of VLSI chips. New implementation s of VLSI functions are described that use the capability of making optical inputs at any point on a chip and take advantage of greater flexibility in on-chip signal routing. These include n-port addressable memories, CPU clock phase distribution, hardware multipliers, and dynamic memory refresh, as well as enhanced testability. Fault tolerance and production yields may be improved by reprogramming the optical imaging system to circumvent defective elements. These attributes, as well as those related to performance alone, will affect the design methodology of future VLSI ICs. This paper focuses on identifying the design issues, their possible solutions, and their impact on VLSI design techniques and, finally, presents some preliminary measurements on various system components.
Relation of plasma lipid and apoprotein levels to progressive intimal hyperplasia after arterial endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND To examine the relation of plasma lipoproteins to the proliferative response after arterial injury in humans, we examined the plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein levels of 20 patients with early recurrent stenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia after carotid endarterectomy. These were compared with 20 controls who had no evidence of recurrent stenosis by duplex ultrasound scanning. METHODS AND RESULTS By univariate analysis, the reoperated patients had higher levels of plasma cholesterol (251 versus 225 mg/dl, p less than 0.05), total triglycerides (173 versus 105 mg/dl, p less than 0.03), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) apoprotein B (99.8 versus 77.2 mg/dl, p less than 0.003). The ratio of cholesterol to apoprotein B in LDL was lower in patients with restenosis (p less than 0.04), suggesting LDL of smaller diameter. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was reduced (45 versus 55 mg/dl, p less than 0.01) in patients with restenosis. With statistical adjustment for the correlations between these variables by multivariate analysis, both LDL apoprotein B and HDL cholesterol were independent predictors of the risk of restenosis. Ten patients with restenosis but only two controls had one or two apolipoprotein E4 alleles. CONCLUSIONS Elevated lipid levels usually associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis may predispose patients to an increased incidence of intimal hyperplasia after endarterectomy.
Cytologic detection of amyloid in duodenal and ureteral brushings

Two cases of amyloidosis diagnosed on cytology brush specimens are described. Gastrointestinal involvement in a patient with primary amyloidosis and renal involvement in a patient with multiple myeloma were diagnosed on duodenal and ureteral brush specimens, respectively. Familiarity with the staining characteristics of amyloid should increase it as a consideration in the differential diagnosis of certain specimen types.