cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and Mechanism of Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactions of Alkanes on Rhodium Surfaces

The kinetics of the partial oxidation of isobutane with molecular oxygen on Rh(111) single-crystal surfaces were studied by using a collimated molecular beam under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Both hydrogen and water were shown to form as primary products, not after secondary reforming or water-gas shift steps as it has been suggested in the past. The production of carbon monoxide (but not of carbon dioxide) was also detected. Water production reaches its steady-state rate in a slower fashion than the rest of the products, presumably because of the kinetics of formation and consumption of the hydroxo surface intermediate involved.
Four visions of e-commerce in Latin America in the year 2010

Excitement is growing around the world about the Internet's potential to enable a global electronic commerce. The reality, however, differs a great deal depending on what part of the world we consider. In Latin America, the e-commerce theme is often found in the popular press portraying it as a solution for multiple national problems and as a catalyst to propel the region to a stronger position in the world economy. Unfortunately, many of the “new” capabilities required to harness the economic benefit of e-commerce, which emphasize value-adding steps performed through and with information, are very scarce in the region. This article raises questions about Latin America's ability to exploit the Internet, and to implement and capitalize on e-commerce applications. It underscores the region's need to engage in a future planning discourse about the adoption of e-commerce within organizations, communities, and across traditional boundaries of competition and national borders. To start the dialogue, four scenarios are presented as “future snapshots” written from the vantage point of the year 2010. Each scenario considers issues regarding technological adoption and potential social responses, and discusses some of the critical assumptions about patterns observed in the region today and their implications for the future. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Process Improvement: Reengineering Spacelab Mission Requirements Flow

ABSTRACTAn example of process improvement at the Marshall Space Flight Center is presented. The objective of this activity was to increase efficiency in the Spacelab mission requirements flow, which is the process that manages change requests from mission customers. The team formed to review the existing process used a systems engineering approach and Deming's plan, do, study, act cycle. The goal of the analysis was to eliminate rework and duplication, minimize the time that change requests spend in the system, and standardize procedures. After implementing the team's recommendations, average processing time was reduced by more than 60%.
Enzymatic bleaching in commercial colored Cheddar whey retentates

Abstract The effect of enzymatic bleaching with lactoperoxidase (LP) or exogenous peroxidase (EP) on the color and flavor of commercially produced whey protein concentrates (34% or 80% protein on a dry weight basis) was evaluated. Optimum levels of added H 2 O 2 and optimum bleaching times were determined in commercial retentates by quantifying norbixin destruction. Retentates were then bleached and sensory and volatile analyses were conducted. In some retentates, LP-induced bleaching was not observed; however, EP-induced bleaching was effective under all conditions. Enzymatically-induced bleaching (both LP and EP) occurred faster at 35 °C than at 4 °C. Solids level also affected the speed of bleaching; samples with lower solids bleached in less time than those with higher solids. Bleached retentates, regardless of treatment, were higher in aroma intensity and cardboard flavor and were also higher in aldehydes. LP activity and subsequent bleaching of commercial retentates was variable while EP-induced bleaching was consistently effective.
Evidence for clonal attenuation of growth potential in hela cells

The growth of primary clones and serial subclones of HeLa cells and of diploid human fibroblast-like cells were compared both in the presence and absence of feeder layers; the latter had no significant effects upon the results. Clones and subclones of both cell types displayed great heterogeneity in growth rates, typically with a bimodality of growth distributions. Serial passages of clones selected on the basis of superior rates of proliferation showed attentuation of growth potentials; the extent of such attentuations was much less in the case of HeLa cells, suggesting at least one possible basis for the differences in long-term growth potential between these two classes of cell lines.
Age-of-acquisition effects in pure alexia

Pure alexia is an acquired reading disorder in which previously literate adults adopt a letter-by-letter processing strategy. Though these individuals display impaired reading, research shows that they are still able to use certain lexical information in order to facilitate visual word processing. The current experiment investigates the role that a word's age of acquisition (AoA) plays in the reading processes of an individual with pure alexia (G.J.) when other lexical variables have been controlled. Results from a sentence reading task in which eye movement patterns were recorded indicated that G.J. shows a strong effect of AoA, where late-acquired words are more difficult to process than early-acquired words. Furthermore, it was observed that the AoA effect is much greater for G.J. than for age-matched control participants. This indicates that patients with pure alexia rely heavily on intact top-down information, supporting the interactive activation model of reading.
Heat Transfer and Fragmentation During Molten-Metal/Water Interactions

Molten metls, (mercury. lead, zinc, bismuth, tin, and aluminum) were quenched in water and liquid nitrogen. High-speed photographs provide insight into the fragmentation phenomenon. The key to the vapor explosion is the very rapid transfer of heat which requires substntial surface area: fragmentation provides this necessary surface area. Prior fragmentation theories are examined in light of these experiments and are found to be inadequate. This study indicates strongly that fragmentation occurs when a sample is molten and fragmertation is a response to an external stimulus. Alternate causes of fragmentation are proposed and are predicated upon the initial collapse of a vapor film around the molten metal. The data also show that energy required to form new surface area and to displace water during the fragmentation phenomenon is not significant when compared to the energy available in a molten sample. (auth)
In Situ Analysis of Dopant Incorporation, Activation, and Film Growth during Thin Film ZnO and ZnO:Al Atomic Layer Deposition

In situ characterization of low temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO and aluminum-doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) establishes a relationship between species adsorption, mass uptake, and surface electrical conductance during deposition and dopant atom incorporation. Conductance measured in situ during ZnO ALD oscillates with species surface adsorption, consistent with surface potential modulation and charge transfer during surface reaction. Dopant introduction using trimethylaluminum impedes both surface potential modulation and film growth, and a reaction scheme involving surface proton exchange complexes is presented to understand the observed results. Electronically active doping is achieved only after Al species transition four to five monolayers into the film bulk, consistent with a nonuniform dopant atom distribution in the direction of film growth. Results have important implications in understanding relations between dopant incorporation, activation, and film growth mechanisms in atomic layer deposi...
Computing Correlations With Q-Sort Data for McQuitty's Pattern-Analytic Methods

Many of McQuitty's various pattern-analytic methods require no more than paper and pencil calculations, but the matrices of inter-associations to which his methods are applied cannot be computed that readily in practice. This paper presents a simplified but exact method of computing Pearson's "r" based on Q-sort data set which is appropriate for McQuitty's methods.
Automatic detection of sand ripple features in sidescan sonar imagery

A novel image processing technique, based on fingerprint analysis, is applied to sidescan sonar data in order to automatically extract seabed ripple orientation, wavelength, and defect density parameters. The technique is applied to seabed imagery collected on repeat passes over the same ripple field at headings distributed over 360° in order to evaluate ripple parameter extraction across a range of relative angles between the sonar and dominant ripple orientation. The presence of ripples increases the difficulty of identifying objects of interest in sidescan sonar seabed imagery. The potential for utilizing the density of ripple defects as an objective parameter for the quantification of this difficulty in the context of object detection operations is discussed. Results suggest a number of sidescan sonar data analysis applications that are highly compatible with unsupervised detectors and autonomous mission planning processes.
Diffusion-limited aggregation in three dimensions: Results from a new cluster-cluster aggregation model

Abstract Diffusion-limited aggregation has been investigated using three-dimensional lattice models in which both particles and clusters can move and stick together. The final state consists of a single cluster or network of occupied lattice sites with a fractal dimensionality of about 1.75. Two versions of the model have been investigated. In Model 1, the cluster diffusion coefficient is independent of cluster size, and in Model 2, only the smallest clusters are allowed to “diffuse.” Both models give final states which are identical within the accuracy of the simulations. However, the cluster size dispersion at intermediate stages is distinctly different for Model 1 and Model 2. The results taken together with more extensive simulations in two dimensions indicate that a fractal dimensionality of ≈ 1.75 will be obtained for all versions of the model in which the diffusion coefficient of small clusters is equal to or greater than the diffusion coefficient for larger clusters. A number of the geometric properties which characterize final state and intermediate clusters are analyzed. Some of these properties should be amenable to measurement in real systems. The results of the simulations are in good agreement with measurements of the fractal dimensionality of metal particle aggregates.
Modeling and simulation of three phase inverter for fault study of microgrids

Single phase and three phase voltage source inverters are increasingly used to integrate electric power generation from solar photovoltaics with the electric distribution systems. The fault characteristics of an inverter interfaced generator is different from the fault characteristics of conventional synchronous generators because inverters are designed to restrict their fault currents to a low value. Such restriction in fault current thus poses a challenge to conventional protection schemes. In order to explore fault studies of distribution systems with inverter-interfaced generation, and to design appropriate protection schemes for such systems, a suitable inverter model is required. The purpose of this paper is to model and simulate a three phase inverter that is able to perform well in the presence of balanced or unbalanced loads, and is also able to restrict the fault currents effectively without significant distortions of voltage and current waveforms.
Radar Determination of the Scattering Properties of the Moon

INFORMATION about the scattering properties of the Moon's surface has been deduced by Evans1 from the rapid fading of lunar radio echoes. His results were obtained by picturing the surface as an assembly of randomly spaced scatterers. Such a concept, however, does not take into consideration the distribution in depth of the scattering elements. An approach which does so is that adopted by Feinstein2, who used Huygens's principle to study the general problem of reflexion from a plane surface having random irregularities that are a function both of the space co-ordinates and of time. With minor modifications to take into account the curvature of the reflecting surface, Feinstein's results may be applied to lunar radio echoes.
Pesticide stratification in an engineered wetland delta

Recent studies analyze variations in pesticide retention and leaching through soils of different textures. Sample collection procedures are based on these results showing faster leaching and less retention in coarser-grained, organic-poor soils, relative to fine-grained, organic-rich soils. However, these studies deal with soils formed over long periods of time, characterized by vertical transport of pesticides. Engineered wetlands are a means of reducing surface water contamination from pesticides. To assess the effectiveness of this technology, input of pesticide-laden sediment must be determined. Undisturbed cores within the prograding delta at Blue Creek wetland are correlated using visual and physical descriptions and characterized using GC-ECD to determine influx of adsorbed pesticide during delta development. Because the delta forms much faster than soil horizonation, delta sediments allow data correlation with distinct periods of time and season. Data indicate a better correlation of pesticide con...
Phytoplankton distribution patterns in the northwestern Sargasso Sea revealed by small subunit rRNA genes from plastids

Phytoplankton species vary in their physiological properties, and are expected to respond differently to seasonal changes in water column conditions. To assess these varying distribution patterns, we used 412 samples collected monthly over 12 years (1991–2004) at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study site, located in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. We measured plastid 16S ribosomal RNA gene abundances with a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism approach and identified distribution patterns for members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Prasinophyceae. The analysis revealed dynamic bloom patterns by these phytoplankton taxa that begin early in the year, when the mixed layer is deep. Previously, unreported open-ocean prasinophyte blooms dominated the plastid gene signal during convective mixing events. Quantitative PCR confirmed the blooms and transitions of Bathycoccus, Micromonas and Ostreococcus populations. In contrast, taxa belonging to the pelagophytes and chrysophytes, as well as cryptophytes, reached annual peaks during mixed layer shoaling, while Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) were observed only episodically in the 12-year record. Prymnesiophytes dominated the integrated plastid gene signal. They were abundant throughout the water column before mixing events, but persisted in the deep chlorophyll maximum during stratified conditions. Various models have been used to describe mechanisms that drive vernal phytoplankton blooms in temperate seas. The range of taxon-specific bloom patterns observed here indicates that different ‘spring bloom' models can aptly describe the behavior of different phytoplankton taxa at a single geographical location. These findings provide insight into the subdivision of niche space by phytoplankton and may lead to improved predictions of phytoplankton responses to changes in ocean conditions.
Blood gas terminology: Efforts to standardize terminology and calculations

(1990). Blood gas terminology: Efforts to standardize terminology and calculations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 50, No. sup203, pp. 169-175.
Time‐temperature superposition and physical aging in amorphous polymers

In the past, time-temperature superposition has been used to extend the time scale of creep tests in polymers from the short times easily obtained in the laboratory to long times seen in actual use. A fundamental assumption of time-temperature superposition is, however, that the polymer does not change in structure as a function of time. Because ductile amorphous thermoplastics physically age below Tg, the structure of the polymer changes on a time scale comparable to the time duration of the creep test. Thus, the time-temperature superposition prediction greatly exaggerates the amount of creep in amorphous thermoplastics. For samples aged at the test temperature for one hour before testing, the difference between the time-temperature superposition prediction and the actual creep data after 10 days is greater than a factor of ten in time.
Creating a Positive Climate for Young Athletes from Day 1

The purpose of this paper is to provide coaches strategies for creating a positive and supportive climate in sport. Strategies are provided that help coaches begin fostering motivation from the first day of meeting with their athletes. Specifically, strategies focus on helping athletes get to know each other better, gauge their success based on their effort and improvement, and bringing parents on board to be part of their children's experience.
Increased sensitivity of Trichinella-infected mice to serotonin and histamine.

Abstract Trichinella-infected mice exhibited a marked increase in sensitivity to serotonin and histamine, i.e., intravenous injection of these amines produced behavioral changes and damage to the small intestine. Sensitivity reached a peak early in the course of infection and persisted at a high level for weeks. Cortisone treatment blocked reactivity of infected mice to serotonin.
CHRONIC CHOLESTASIS OF INFANCY

This article focuses on the few disorders that produce chronic cholestasis in infants and children. Cholestasis is defined, and a framework for thinking about pathophysiology is provided. Medical management is discussed in the context of the consequences and complications of chronic cholestasis. The limited differential for chronic cholestasis is discussed, and approaches to diagnosis and management of specific disorders are provided.
Excited-state vertices for type-I superstrings.

Requiring conformal invariance and invariance under the G gauges, we construct Lorentz-covariant vertices for the emission of excited states of the type-I superstring.
Sensitivity in Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy of slowly relaxing systems

Abstract Several techniques of pulsed NMR are analyzed with respect to their effectiveness in eliciting NMR spectra from noise for cases (e.g., 13C spectroscopy) for which T 1 ⪢ T 2 ∗ . These include the free induction decay, multiple spin echoes, and a modified “DEFT” procedure. It is found that among them the most effective is likely to be a spin-echo method in which a 90° pulse is applied at the maximum of an even-numbered echo. This procedure offers an improvement in measurement time as compared with the repeated-free-induction-decay technique of the order of 0.3 T 1 τ , where τ is the time during which the nuclear precession signal is recorded. Given currently available apparatus, this improvement is likely to be of the order of 20-fold in 13C spectroscopy.
Typical and atypical dementia family caregivers: systematic and objective comparisons.

This systematic, objective comparison of typical (spouse, children) and atypical (in-law, sibling, nephew/niece, grandchild) dementia family caregivers examined demographic, caregiving and clinical variables. Analysis was of 1,476 caregivers, of whom 125 were atypical, from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health (REACH I and II) studies. Based on statistical and clinical significance, there were large effects for demographics but no large effects among caregivers or care recipients on clinical and caregiving variables. Non-spouse family members were more likely to be caring for women and unmarried individuals. Grandchildren and nieces/nephews provided care for older care recipients. For care recipients who are unmarried, older, or women, fewer care possibilities may be available; consequently family members other than spouse or children may become their caregivers. Once an individual becomes a caregiver, the clinical experience of dementia caregiving is similar across caregiver types. T...
Road-Network Aware Trajectory Clustering: Integrating Locality, Flow, and Density

Mining trajectory data has been gaining significant interest in recent years. However, existing approaches to trajectory clustering are mainly based on density and Euclidean distance measures. We argue that when the utility of spatial clustering of mobile object trajectories is targeted at road-network aware location-based applications, density and Euclidean distance are no longer the effective measures. This is because traffic flows in a road network and the flow-based density characterization become important factors for finding interesting trajectory clusters. We propose NEAT–a road-network aware approach for fast and effective clustering of trajectories of mobile objects traveling in road networks. Our approach carefully considers the traffic locality characterized by the physical constraints of the road network, the traffic flow among consecutive road segments, and the flow-based density to organize trajectories into spatial clusters in a comprehensive three-phase clustering framework. NEAT discovers spatial clusters as groups of sub-trajectories which describe both dense and highly continuous flows of mobile objects. We perform extensive experiments with mobility traces generated using different scales of real road networks. Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility of the NEAT system and show that NEAT is highly accurate and runs orders of magnitude faster than existing density-based trajectory clustering approaches.
Adult Day Health Care for Participants With Alzheimer’s Disease

The purpose of this study was to explore existing practices and services provided by adult day health care (ADHC) in Massachusetts and to document how providers are addressing the specific needs of participants with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Specific focus related to the early, late, and end stages of the disease process, and to early-onset dementia. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A total of 93 (60%) providers responded to an electronic survey in 2008. In-person interviews were conducted with eight sites purposively chosen for their delivery of Alzheimer’s specific services. Results demonstrate that ADHC providers are adapting to the cognitive and physical abilities of their participants; however, there is need for enhancing stage-specific services, especially for participants at later stages and for early-onset dementia. This analysis provides preliminary insights into understanding the criteria that define ‘‘dementia-capable’’ programs and services.
Allergic rhinitis and inflammatory airway disease: interactions within the unified airspace.

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR), the most common chronic allergic condition in outpatient medicine, is associated with immense health care costs and socioeconomic consequences. AR's impact may be ...
Bayesian Network Expansion Identifies New ROS and Biofilm Regulators

Signaling and regulatory pathways that guide gene expression have only been partially defined for most organisms. However, given the increasing number of microarray measurements, it may be possible to reconstruct such pathways and uncover missing connections directly from experimental data. Using a compendium of microarray gene expression data obtained from Escherichia coli, we constructed a series of Bayesian network models for the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway as defined by EcoCyc. A consensus Bayesian network model was generated using those networks sharing the top recovered score. This microarray-based network only partially agreed with the known ROS pathway curated from the literature and databases. A top network was then expanded to predict genes that could enhance the Bayesian network model using an algorithm we termed ‘BN+1’. This expansion procedure predicted many stress-related genes (e.g., dusB and uspE), and their possible interactions with other ROS pathway genes. A term enrichment method discovered that biofilm-associated microarray data usually contained high expression levels of both uspE and gadX. The predicted involvement of gene uspE in the ROS pathway and interactions between uspE and gadX were confirmed experimentally using E. coli reporter strains. Genes gadX and uspE showed a feedback relationship in regulating each other's expression. Both genes were verified to regulate biofilm formation through gene knockout experiments. These data suggest that the BN+1 expansion method can faithfully uncover hidden or unknown genes for a selected pathway with significant biological roles. The presently reported BN+1 expansion method is a generalized approach applicable to the characterization and expansion of other biological pathways and living systems.
Identification and isolation of core histones from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Core histones have been isolated from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and compared electrophoretically to core histones from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat liver. The molecular masses of all cognate histones examined were found to be very similar as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. Histones H3, H2A and H2B from Sch. pombe migrated almost identically to their respective counterparts from S. cerevisiae as determined by acid/urea gel electrophoresis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with a Triton X-100 acid/urea gel in the first dimension followed by an SDS gel in the second dimension was used to separate Sch. pombe histones from contaminating ribosomal proteins.
Scallop Removal in Die Milling by Tertiary Cutter Motion

The feasibility of a newly proposed method for the removal of cutter marks in die finishing operations has been investigated. The method is based on the superposition of a tertiary motion onto the conventional cutter motions. Path equations that consider motion and geometric variables have been derived and used as a basis for the development of a computer simulation model for generating three-dimensional surface representations. It has been shown that the tertiary motion results in a considerable reduction in the volume of the material in the scallops or blend marks left on the surface.
Recombinant production and structural studies of the Aplysia water-borne protein pheromone enticin indicates it has a novel disulfide stabilized fold

Enticin is one of three Aplysia proteins released during egg laying that act in concert with the pheromone attractin to attract other Aplysia and stimulate mating behavior. Whereas the enticin cDNA predicts a 69-residue mature protein, enticin isolated from the albumen gland was found to be posttranslationally processed in vivo by cleavage at Arg50 residue to generate a smaller 49-residue mature peptide. The Arg50 cleavage site is conserved in enticin from both Aplysia californica and Aplysia brasiliana. In order to generate sufficient enticin for structural studies, recombinant full-length protein was produced in a soluble form in Escherichia coli using a cold shock promoter-based protein expression system. The enticin cDNA was cloned into the bacterial vector pCold III, and efficiently expressed, as determined by amino acid microsequence and immunoblot analyses. Recombinant enticin, which contained an additional N-terminal 13-residue translation-enhancing element, was purified by reversed-phase HPLC and compared to enticin isolated from the albumen gland. The three disulfide bonds in enticin were characterized by endoproteinase Glu-C proteolysis followed by mass spectrometric characterization of the fragments. The cysteine pairing, for both recombinant and native enticin, was I–II, III–IV, and V–VI, confirming that the protein produced in the bacterial system was correctly folded. The circular dichroism spectrum of the recombinant protein indicated it was predominantly α-helical. While this was consistent with fold recognition server results indicating a fold for enticin similar to that of attractin, the disulfide bonding pattern differs. A model for enticin was prepared based on its helical structure and these disulfide constraints.
Mechanisms that degrade timing information in the cochlea

Abstract Action potentials of cochlear nerve fibers are synchronized to the temporal variations of sounds, but this synchronization is attenuated for high-frequency sounds. In cochleas from a number of vertebrates, the frequency dependence of synchronization can be represented as a lowpass filter process whose order is at least three (Weiss and Rose, 1988a); i.e. at least three first-order kinetic processes may be responsible for the loss of synchronization. In this paper we assess the extent to which calcium processes, that are essential for chemical transmission at the hair-cell neuron junction, contribute to this attenuation of synchronization. We analyze a model of calcium processes in hair cells (Lewis, 1985; Hudspeth and Lewis, 1988a) for sinusoidal receptor potentials. We show that: (1) the relation between the receptor potential and the calcium current, which is nonlinear, acts approximately as a first-order lowpass filter whose cut-off frequency decreases with increasing receptor potential magnitude; (2) the relation between calcium current and calcium concentration is a first-order, lowpass filter with constant cutoff frequency. These two calcium processes plus the lowpass-filter process resulting from the electrical resistance and capacitance of the hair-cell membrane — which limits the rate at which the receptor potential can change (Weiss and Rose, 1988b) — can account for much, although perhaps not for all, of the loss of synchronization of cochlear nerve fibers.
Wavelengths and fine structure of 2 s − 2 p transitions in two- and three-electron ions

We present an analysis of our recent experimental wavelengths for the $1s2s^{3}S_{1}\ensuremath{-}1s2p^{3}P_{0,2}$ transitions of ClXVI and compare the results with theory and other experiments for the HeI isoelectronic sequence. The limits of precision of wavelength measurements obtained using fast-ion-beam sources are detailed. We discuss the limited precision of present theory for the energies of bound states of the relativistic two-electron systems and show that higher-order quantum electrodynamic and relativistic corrections are needed to obtain agreement with our measurements. We present a similar comparison of experiment and theory for the resonance transitions $2s^{2}S\ensuremath{-}2p^{2}P$, of the LiI isoelectronic sequence and discuss recent results for systems of more electrons. We conclude that many useful tests of multielectron quantum electrodynamic and relativistic corrections can be made by existing and future measurements of wavelengths and fine structure in medium-$Z$ ions of a few electrons.
Skewed X inactivation and IVF-conceived infants

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate whether skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is associated with IVF. A retrospective cohort study was performed comprising 30 female infants conceived by IVF and 44 naturally conceived control infants matched for gestational age and sex. Cord blood DNA samples were obtained and XCI patterns were analysed using a methylation-sensitive assay. Eight IVF samples and 13 control samples were excluded from the study because they were either homozygous or alleles were too similar for the assay to determine skewing. Mildly skewed XCI (80–90% inactivation of one allele) was present in two of 22 (9.1%) IVF samples and two of 31 (6.5%) control samples. Extremely skewed XCI (>90% inactivation of one allele) was found in two of 22 (9.1%) IVF samples and none of 31 control samples. Neither difference was statistically significant. However, the mean degree of skewed XCI in the IVF group was 72.0% and in the control group was 62.4% ( P =0.002). Larger studies are needed to clarify the relationship between IVF and skewed XCI.
A localized switching ramp-metering controller with a queue length regulator for congested freeways

In this paper, we present a novel switching traffic-responsive ramp-metering controller that adapts to the different traffic dynamics under different congestion conditions - free-flow or congested. The approach of multirate linear quadratic control with integral action (LQI) is employed to compensate for disturbances and to accommodate the difference between the model sampling time and the metering-rate update interval. In addition, a queue length regulator is designed to prevent the queue from exceeding the ramp storage capacity and yield improved performance over the currently used ad hoc "queue-override" scheme. A local ramp-metering control strategy is proposed to achieve the control goal of reducing the spatial and temporal span of the congestion, while satisfying the on-ramp storage capacity constraints, using locally available information. Test results on a calibrated cell transmission model (CTM) based macroscopic traffic simulator have demonstrated the performance and effectiveness of the switching ramp-metering controller, the queue length regulator, and the control strategy. The switching metering controller tracks the desired mainline density profiles in both free-flow and congested conditions. Under the localized control strategy, the total vehicle delay is reduced by 7.7%, while the total vehicle time is reduced by 5.7%, in the CTM traffic simulator.
Death anxiety as a predictor of future time orientation among individuals with spinal cord injuries.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between death anxiety and future time orientation among individuals who sustained spinal cord injuries (SCI). Methods: Participants were 317 individuals with SCI, of whom 57.4% were US veterans. Data were obtained by means of mailed questionnaires and included responses to the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), the Future Time Orientation (FTOS) measure, as well as information on participants’ personal and disability-related characteristics. Results: A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of a set of demographic variables, followed by a set of disability-related variables, and finally two factorially-derived measures of death anxiety (denial of death and distressed awareness of death) on future time orientation. Two disability-related variables (pain level and existence of pressure ulcers) and one of the two death anxiety measures (distressed awareness of death) significantly predicted future time orient...
Diatoms—From Cell Wall Biogenesis to Nanotechnology

Diatoms are single-celled algae that produce intricately structured cell walls made of nanopatterned silica (SiO2). The cell wall structure is a species-specific characteristic demonstrating that diatom silica morphogenesis is genetically encoded. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which a single cell executes the morphogenetic program for the formation of an inorganic material (biomineralization) is not only a fascinating biological problem, but also of great interest for nanomaterials science and technology. Recently, analysis of the organic components associated with diatom silica, the development of techniques for molecular genetic manipulation of diatoms, and two diatom genome sequencing projects are providing insight into the composition and mechanism of the remarkable biosilica-forming machinery.
Elucidating Immune Mechanisms Causing Hypertension During Pregnancy

Preeclampsia is associated with hypertension and increased infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. The underlying cause of preeclampsia is largely unknown, but it is clear that an immunological component plays a key pathophysiological role. This review will highlight immunological key players in the pathology of preeclampsia and discuss their role in the pathophysiology observed in the reduced placental perfusion (RUPP) rat model of preeclampsia.
Comparative simulation study on MoS2 FET and CMOS transistor

MoS 2 FET and SOI/FinFET are simulated and compared to experimental results and the impact of gate scaling-down on the transistor performance is studied. Though MoS2 FET shows better suppression of the short channel effect, its on-current is still lower than that of sSOI/FinFET down to 10nm physical channel length due to the low saturation velocity of MoS2. In addition, the improvement of mobility over 60cm2/Vs has little benefit for the on-current.
A Question of Dangerous Races

Europe has moved toward more repressive immigration laws and enforcement measures. In this article I argue that the intensifying policing of national borders has created state-sanctioned practices ...
Detecting the effects of selection and stochastic forces in archaeological assemblages

Abstract Detecting and diagnosing the causes of change through time in archaeological assemblages is a core enterprise of archaeology. Evolutionary approaches to this problem typically cast the causes of culture change as being either stochastic in origin, or arising from selection. Stochastic sources of change include random innovations, copying errors, drift and founder effects among dispersing groups. Selection is driven by differences in payoffs between cultural variants. Most efforts to identify these evolutionary forces in the archaeological record have relied on assessing how well the predictions from a neutral-stochastic model of cultural transmission fit a data set. Selection is inferred when the neutral-stochastic model fits poorly. A problem with this approach is that it does not test directly for the presence selection. Moreover, it does not account for the fact that both neutral-stochastic and selective forces can act at the same time on the same cultural variants. A different approach based on the Price Equation allows for the simultaneous measurement of selective and stochastic forces. This paper extends use of the Price Equation to the analysis of selective and stochastic forces operating on multiple artifact types within an assemblage. Ceramic data presented by Steele et al. (2010 , Vol. 37(6): 1348–1358) from the Late Bronze Age Hittite site of Bogazkoy-Hattusa, Turkey, provide an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of this model. The results suggest that selection is a dominant process driving the frequency evolution of different bowl rim types within the assemblage and that stochastic forces played little or no role. It is also clear, however, that we should be attentive to combinations of direct and indirect selective effects within assemblages consisting of multiple artifact types.
THE SCALE TRANSITION: SCALING UP POPULATION DYNAMICS WITH FIELD DATA

Applying the recent developments of scale transition theory, we demonstrate a systematic approach to the problem of scaling up local scale interactions to regional scale dynamics with field data. Dynamics on larger spatial scales differ from the predictions of local dynamics alone because of an interaction between nonlinearity in population dynamics at the local scale and spatial variation in density and environmental factors over the regional population. Our systematic approach to scaling up involves the following five steps. First, define a model for dynamics on the local spatial scale. Second, apply scale transition theory to identify key interactions between nonlinearity and spatial variation that translate local dynamics to the regional scale. Third, measure local-scale model parameters to determine nonlinearities at local scales. Fourth, measure spatial variation. Finally, combine nonlinearity and variation measures to obtain the scale transition. Using field data for the dynamics of grazers and periphyton in a freshwater stream, we show that scale transition terms greatly reduce the growth and equilibrium density of the periphyton population at the stream scale compared to rock scale populations, confirming the importance of spatial mechanisms to stream-scale dynamics.
Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum.

Summary A patient with an intraluminal duodenal diverticulum causing the onset of symptoms at age 76 is reported. The features of roentgen diagnosis are illustrated. The embryological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of this rare anomaly are described.
In vitro microbicidal activity of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 against NNRTI-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 is under development as a microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 is increasingly prevalent in the infected population, and one of the concerns for NNRTI-based microbicides is that they will be ineffective against drug-resistant virus and may in fact selectively transmit NNRTI-resistant virus. We evaluated the microbicidal activity of UC781 against UC781-resistant (UCR), efavirenz-resistant (EFVR), and nevirapine-resistant (NVPR) strains in a variety of microbicide-relevant tests, including inactivation of cell-free virus, inhibition of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission, and the ability of UC781 pretreatment to protect cells from subsequent infection in the absence of exogenous drug. UC781 was 10- to 100-fold less effective against NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 compared to wild-type (wt) virus in each of these tests, with UC781 microbicidal activity against the various virus strains being wt ≥ NVPR > UCR ≥ EFVR. Breakthrough experiments using UC781-pretreated cells and mixtures of wt and NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 showed that UC781-pretreatment selected for NNRTI-resistant HIV-1. However, the efficacy of UC781 was dose dependent, and 25 μM UC781 provided essentially equivalent microbicidal activity against NNRTI-resistant and wt virus. The amount of UC781 in topical microbicide formulations under current development is approximately 100-fold greater than this concentration, so transmission of NNRTI-resistant virus may not be an issue at these microbicide formulation levels of UC781. Nonetheless, the reduced microbicidal activity of UC781 against NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 suggests that additional antiviral agents should be included in NNRTI-based microbicide formulations.
Sleep in Lung Cancer: The Role of Anxiety, Alcohol and Tobacco

Lung cancer patients constitute a subgroup of cancer patients most at risk for experiencing sleep disturbances. Anxiety is not a significant problem in this population, but may be blunted by alcohol use or smoking. The purpose of this study is to describe anxiety, alcohol use, smoking, and sleep disturbances in a sample of patients with lung cancer. Guided by the classic model of insomnia by Spielman, this study describes anxiety as a predisposing factor, alcohol use and smoking as precipitating factors, and perpetuating factors that maintain or exacerbate sleep disturbances. Nurses across all specialty areas should address these modifiable factors during encounters with patients with lung cancer.
Religious Organizations, Charitable Choice, and the Limits of Freedom of Conscience

In this article, I consider the claims made by those who advocate greater inclusion of religiously based organizations in the public realm. I examine two ostensibly "religion-blind" models-pluralist-accommodationist and noncognizant-used to justify inclusion, along with current jurisprudence, in the context of President Bush's faith-based initiative. I contend that corporate freedom of conscience in its state-sponsored applications often unfairly affects those who do not subscribe to the beliefs of religious organizations. I thus reject public funding of religiously based organizations, or those in which religious faith is a central organizing element, unless the recipients are required to adhere to the rules that govern secularly based organizations.
ENERGY CYCLING IN THE ECOSYSTEM

Abstract The principle that energy does not cycle in ecosystems is examined by path and flow analyses of a small, steady state, energy model of an oyster reef community. Path numbers increase combinatorially without bound as path length increases, at much faster rates with energy storage than without. Energy flows over only very short paths in the nonstorage case, but with storage present most flow is associated with long paths. Cycling results. A cycling index modified from the literature standard to include storage shows 11% cycling in the subject model. Energy does cycle in ecosystems; it differs from matter in its dissipation, not cycling, characteristics. A new result is the role of storage in diversifying path structure and increasing flows in networks. The basis for this is examined through influence theory of mathematical graphs, with the conclusion that energy storage as biomass is the root cause of ecosystem energy cycling. Issues of food chain length and embodied energy are reviewed in light of the long paths and related energy flows present in even small order models.
Localization and standard modules for real semisimple Lie groups I: The duality theorem

In this paper we relate two constructions of representations of semisimple Lie groups constructions that appear quite different at first glance. Homogeneous vector bundles are one source of representations: if a real semisimple Lie group Go acts on a vector bundle E --* M over a quotient space M=Go/Ho, then Go acts also on the space of sections C~(M, E), and on any subspace VcC~(M, E) defined by a Go-invariant system of differential equations. Ordinary induction, so-called cohomological induction and the construction of representations by "quantizat ion" all fit into the framework of homogeneous vector bundles. For any complex semisimple Lie algebra g, there is an equivalence of categories, due to Beilinson-Bernstein [1], between ~-modules on the one hand, and sheaves of ~-modules over the flag variety X of g on the other. In the context of real semisimple Lie groups this equivalence of categories associates infinitesimal representations to orbits in the flag variety of the complexified Lie algebra orbits not of the group Go itself, but of the complexification of maximal compact subgroup Ko c Go. We shall show that these Beilinson-Bernstein modules are naturally dual to modules attached to certain homogeneous vector bundles. In the special case of a compact group, both the Beilinson-Bernstein construction and the construction via homogeneous vector bundles reduce to the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem; our duality theorem is then a particular instance of Serre duality.
Annotated List of the Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Kentucky: Subfamily Cassidinae

An examination of leaf beetle specimens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the five largest beetle collections in Kentucky and from recent inventory work in state nature preserves revealed 31 species of the subfamily Cassidinae present in Kentucky, 13 of which are previously unreported for the state. Distribution maps and label data are presented for the 31 Kentucky species of the subfamily Cassidinae including spatial (state and Kentucky county records), temporal (years and months of collection in Kentucky), and plant association information. The following species are reported from Kentucky for the first time: Anisostena ariadne (Newman), Anisostena nigrita (Olivier), Microrhopala excavata excavata (Olivier), Microrhopala rileyi S. Clark, Odontota horni J. Smith, Sumitrosis ancoroides (Schaeffer), Physonota unipunctata (Say), Cassida
On two-way relaying with quantized CSIT

Resource allocation for half-duplex bidirectional relaying networks using partial channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters is considered, with an emphasis on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). It is assumed that there is a direct link between the sources. It is shown that decode-and-forward (DF) two-way relaying does not suffer from a diversity loss when the multiplexing gain is high, a significant improvement over the dynamic DF protocol for one-way relaying. In contrast to the case of no direct link, power control with CSI feedback from relay to sources provides strictly better performance over systems without power control. The best DMT is obtained when each source broadcasts CSI to the other nodes in the network, allowing them to partially adapt their transmit powers.