cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and metabolism of diphenylhydantoin-14C in fetal and maternal tissues of the pregnant mouse☆☆☆

Abstract The distribution of diphenylhydantoin- 14 C in A/JAX mice at 17.5 days of gestation was studied by whole-body autoradiography. The drug was given intravenously, and the mice were frozen 6.5 min, 20 min, 1 hr, 3 hr and 9 hr later. Whole-body sagittal sections, processed for autoradiography, revealed rapid localization of radioactivity in the adrenal cortex, liver, kidney, aorta, myocardium, Harder's gland, corpora lutea of ovary, and wall of intestine of mother. Equilibrium between maternal and fetal concentrations of radioactivity was achieved by 1 hr after injection. Fetal myocardium, liver, intestine, adrenal and yolk sac were the first tissues to have detectable amounts of radioactivity and also the highest concentrations at equilibrium. Placenta, fetus, and maternal brain, kidney, liver, heart, ovary, and adrenal were removed from the frozen sections, extracted and analyzed by a specific radiochromatographic technique. Unchanged diphenylhydantoin- 14 C in these tissues accounted for most (88–99 per cent) of the radioactivity in the chromatograms, while 0.2–5 per cent of the radioactivity was identified as its major metabolite, p -hydroxyphenylphenylhydantoin- 14 C (HPPH- 14 C). These studies demonstrate that diphenylhydantoin crosses the placenta rapidly and is distributed ubiquitously into fetal tissues. The specific localizations suggest that the drug may be interfering with steroid hormone metabolism or action.
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis: an unusual cutaneous manifestation of immune-mediated disorders.

OBJECTIVE Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD) is an uncommon skin eruption most often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other immune-mediated diseases. We present 4 cases to familiarize rheumatologists with the clinical presentation and histopathology of PNGD. METHODS We report 4 cases to illustrate the clinical and histologic spectrum of this rare skin disease found in rheumatologic patients. The disease pathogenesis and treatment options are discussed. RESULTS All 4 patients presented with symmetric erythematous-to-violaceous papules and plaques that, upon biopsy, revealed a dermatitis composed of variable numbers of histiocytes and neutrophils. Some cases responded to topical corticosteroid treatment or to dapsone, whereas others resolved spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS PNGD is a rare cutaneous finding in patients with a variety of immune-mediated systemic diseases, most often rheumatoid arthritis. It is a benign condition that may spontaneously remit or may respond favorably to topical corticosteroids or dapsone.
A life history approach to perceptions of global climate change risk: young adults’ experiences about impacts, causes, and solutions

Although the general acceptance of human-influenced global climate change within the technical sphere of science is important to consider, public perceptions of global climate change risks, impacts, causes, and solutions are as important to policy actions as scientific findings. Yet, studies analyzing climate change risk perceptions suffer from a number of limitations or use only a handful of approaches. Using a limited life history approach, this article answers calls for additional qualitative approaches in risk perception research. This article (1) introduces risk perception researchers to the limited life history method; (2) discovers that young adults articulate climate change solutions at the individual level, often as consumers, and blend their responses to climate change risks and advocacy for solutions with a general, environmentally friendly orientation, a ‘green posture;’ and (3) contends the key sources informing young adults’ perceptions about climate change risk have changed significantly fr...
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM WITH NONZERO TOTAL MASS

When certain geometrical figures, which in a flat space would be closed, such as parallelograms of geodesics, are constructed far from the massive source of a gravitational field, they will fail to close in the Riemann-Einstein manifold considered here. If, on removing such a figure to infinity we scale it up proportionally to its distance from the source, the size of the gap will have an asymptotic value of the order of the Schwarzschild radius of the massive source. Accordingly one cannot construct an asymptotically geodesic coordinate system in the whole region far from the source that will mesh properly everywhere at spatial infinity. Coordinate systems in actual use are not as nearly geodesic as would be compatible with the local curvature of the manifold.
Clinical risk factors of oral leukoplakia in a representative sample of the US population

Abstract Studies on the risk factors of oral leukoplakia (OL) are relatively scarce. The objectives of this paper are to assess the clinical risk factors of OL in a representative sample of the US population. Data from the oral mucosal tissue assessment and some other covariates of 15,811 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were included. The clinical definition of OL was applied according to the WHO criteria. Tobacco smoking was found as the strongest independent risk factor. The OR were 3.00 (0.77–11.8) for ⩽10 cigarettes/day up to 6.01 (2.4–15.0) for >20 cigarettes/day. Diabetes, age and socio-economic status were found as independent predictors of OL. Alcohol consumption, race/ethnicity, years of education and BMI showed no independent association with OL. Females with a history of estrogen use were less likely to have OL with an OR of 0.34 (0.11–1.07). In conclusion, the role of diabetes and estrogen in the pathogenesis of OL should be further investigated.
Flashing carotids: the 32nd eponymous sign of aortic regurgitation.

I read with great interest the Letter to the Editor in which Ashrafian [1] described pulsatile pseudo-proptosis as the 31st eponymous sign of aortic regurgitation. He placed this sign in context by listing and describing the largest allinclusive series to date of named signs. Another sign, named “flashing carotids” [2], was reported recently from Switzerland. Although increased holodiastolic reversal flow on ultrasonography was described previously in the common carotid artery in aortic regurgitation [3,4], no diastolic reversal flow in the external carotid, internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries was described. Croquelois et al. from Switzerland [2] were the first ones to use the term ‘flashing carotids’ to describe diastolic reversal flow in common, external (early diastolic) and internal (late diastolic) carotid arteries and very low anterograde enddiastolic flow in ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. Ashrafian did an admirable literature search on eponymous signs of aortic regurgitation, and expanded my list of 14 [5–7] to 31 [1]. With the addition of ‘flashing carotids’ sign described by Croquelois et al. [2], the number now
The three-dimensional structure of trp repressor

The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli trp repressor has been solved to atomic resolution. The dimeric protein has a remarkable subunit interface in which five of each subunit's six helices are interlinked. The binding of L-tryptophan activates the aporepressor indirectly by fixing the orientation of the second helix of the helix-turn-helix motif and by moulding the details of the repressor's structure near the DNA binding surface.
407 Comparison of Obesity and Dietrelated Risk Factors for Chronic Disease Among Multi-Ethnic Adolescent Girls

Objective: Because chronic diseases disproportionately impact ethnic and racial minorities, this study examined differences in dietary intake including snacking and body mass index (BMI) in a multi ethnic sample of adolescent girls to determine potential risk for chronic diseases associated with poor dietary habits. Methods: Cross-sectional study design in which study participants provided demographic information and completed a food frequency questionnaire - Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (YAQ). A convenience sample of 198 girls (38% Mexican American, 34% African American, and 28% non-Hispanic white). The study was conducted in a large urban high school in Houston, Texas. BMI was computed as ratio of weight in kilograms and height in meters squared (kg/m2). Dietary intake assessed with YAQ. Multivariate analyses used to determine intake of select nutrients by BMI. Statistical tests were significant at p < 0.05. Results: Adjusted BMI was not significantly associated with energy intake (p = 0.071). Snacks provided a significant portion (22%) of total energy intake. Some macronutrient consumption differences were evident, an increased consumption of fat by 7% (p= 0.027), sodium by 6% (p = 0.035) and cholesterol by 5% (p = 0.014) among overweight compared to normal weight girls. Significant differences also found in frequency and time of snacking between overweight and normal weight girls. Conclusions: To effectively address the disproportionate burden of diet-related chronic diseases among minority population, intervention programs should target at risk groups in adolescence or earlier.
Isolation of partial cDNAs for rat liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase isozymes

Abstract cDNA clones for the rat liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase isozymes have been isolated using isozyme-selective antibodies and libraries prepared in the expression vector, λgt11. A 1.2 kb cDNA coding for the carboxy-terminal domain of rat liver phosphorylase was found to have 82% homology with the amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle phosphorylase. Limited sequencing of rat muscle phosphorylase cDNA indicated a 95% homology with the rabbit muscle enzyme. The rat liver clone has eight additional amino acid residues at the COOH-terminus compared to the rat muscle clone. Furthermore, 17 of 26 (65%) residues between amino acids 815–840 differ between liver and muscle isozymes. The similarity in enzymatic properties and conservation of structure except at the COOH-terminus suggest that the liver and muscle phosphorylase isozymes do not exist in order to have significant differences in the regulation of glycogen breakdown in the two tissues. Rather, the phosphorylase isozymes probably evolved for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of the genes in liver and muscle.
Impact of Qualified (Indeterminate) Diagnoses on the Accuracy of Renal, Thyroid, and Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

A qualified (indeterminate) diagnosis (QD), such as "suggestive of malignancy," is thought to complicate patient management by heightening clinical uncertainty. We report that QDs increase the overall effectiveness of renal, thyroid, and breast fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and that the probability that a qualified diagnosis is negative (QDN) can be predicted by the formula QDN = number of QDs x (proportion of false-negative outcomes/disease prevalence expressed as a proportion). Results of renal (n = 24), thyroid (n = 163), and breast (n = 456) FNA biopsies performed from January 1992 through December 1998 were reviewed and correlated with results of tissue biopsies. For each body site, the FNA biopsies were placed into 1 of 2 diagnostic categories: unqualified diagnoses (UQDs) or QDs. Comparison of test performance characteristics for UQDs only and UQDs combined with QDs demonstrated that inclusion of UQDs increased FNA sensitivity and reduced FNA false-negative diagnoses. More important, the probability that a QD was negative could be predicted from test performance characteristics derived from UQDs.
Why some fruits are green when they are ripe: carbon balance in fleshy fruits.

Fruits that are green upon ripening (“green-ripe”) tend to be dispersed by a limited range of frugivores, whereas those that are brightly colored (“bright-ripe”) are dispersed by a wide range of birds and mammals. Because green fruits are probably less conspicuous than other colors of fruits, their pigmentation cannot be attributed to the attraction of seed dispersers. Instead, we hypothesize that a major benefit of green pigmentation is the ability to photosynthesize when ripe. Photosynthesis by fruits may lower their costs of production, and could result in fruits with greater nutrient reward. We present data on physical, chemical, and photosynthetic characteristics of ripe fleshy fruit of variable colors for 28 plant species at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. In addition to color and morphological characteristics of pulp and seeds, we report soluble solids content (refractive index), and photosynthetic/respiratory carbon-dioxide balance of ripe fruits. Carbon balance was much more dependent upon ambient light levels in green-ripe fruits than in bright-ripe fruit. In particular, data from light response curves indicated that green-ripe fruits may go into positive carbon balance at high light levels (above 300 μmol/m2/s). Rather than finding a positive relationship between soluble solids content and green fruit, as we predicted based on photosynthetic capacity, our data indicate that greater respiration rates of green-ripe fruits may result in carbon losses at low light levels. Our results were consistent with previously described morphological differences between the two color classes, with green-ripe fruits displaying significantly greater wet pulp mass, wet seed mass, and total fruit mass. Our data suggest that photosynthesis due to the retention of chlorophyll in ripe fleshy fruit may offset respiratory costs for plants with large or otherwise costly fruit, but this advantage should be evident only under high-light conditions.
Forced Convective Heat Transfer From a Continuously Moving Heated Cylindrical Rod in Materials Processing

The flow and heat transfer associated with the forced convective cooling of an infinite heated cylindrical rod moving continuously along its axis in a circular channel has been numerically investigated. Two different flow circumstances, involuing uniform flow at the inlet of the cooling channel in the same as well as in the opposite direction as the movement of the cylindrical rod, are considered in this study. This problem is of interest in several manufacturing processes such as hot rolling, continuous casting, extrusion, wire drawing, and glass fiber drawing. The transport processes are time dependent at the initial stages, following the onset of motion, and usually attain steady-state conditions at large time
Oxidation kinetics of ammonia and ammonia-methanol mixtures in supercritical water in the temperature range 530-700.degree.C at 246 bar

Oxidation of industrial chemical and metabolic wastes in a supercritical water medium is an effective method for the treatment and disposal of these materials. Partial oxidation of nitrogen-containing organics in supercritical water leads to the formation of ammonia, which is the rate-limiting step in the overall oxidation to nitrogen. In this study, the oxidation kinetics of ammonia and ammonia-methanol mixtures in supercritical water were experimentally determined in a packed and unpacked tubular plug flow reactor. The oxidation of ammonia was found to be partially catalyzed by the Inconel 625 (a nickel-chromium alloy) reactor walls. In the unpacked reactor, the activation energy was 38 kcal/mol over temperatures ranging from 640 to 700 °C. Oxidation of ammonia in the packed reactor gave an activation energy of 7.1 kcal/mol over the temperature range 530–680 °C and a reaction rate approximately 4 times larger than the tubular reactor data. A power law model and a catalytic model were tested, and the catalytic model was found to represent the data well. In experiments with ammonia-methanol mixtures, the oxidation of ammonia was unaffected by the presence of methanol for experiments conducted in the tubular reactor and retarded by the presence of methanol for packed bed experiments. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ammonia oxidation proceeds predominantly as a catalytic reaction in the packed bed reactor at the temperatures investigated. Competitive adsorption of methanol and ammonia reduces the oxidation rate of ammonia in the packed bed reactor. © 1991, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
A Mechanical Model for Elongation of the Acrosomal Process in Thyone Sperm

We present a mechanical model for the elongation of the acrosomal process in Thyone sperm based upon osmotically driven hydrostatic forces.
Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko: Boss, “They Can’t Hurt You Now”:

Over the past 20 years, issues surrounding the privatization of various services within correctional settings have been revisited in the United States and internationally. Almost without question, the motivation for implementing privatization of various services within a correctional setting (if not the entirety of an institution, for example) is by nature fiscal. The area of corrections has been the subject of much debate and growth regarding privatization. Yet the newest dawn of the private prison has left many questions unanswered. The answers will likelybe found through litigation on the federal level, and most of the questions will likely deal with issues of liability and culpability. This article focuses on the recent Supreme Court case ofCorrectional Services Corporation v. Malesko (2001). This case addressed the use of afederal civil rights remedy, a Bivens action, against a private correctional facility. As such,the case opinion helps to settle some of the issues surrounding the liability of priv...
On the existence of pricing strategies in the discrete time heterogeneous single bottleneck model

In this paper, we study the pricing strategies in the discrete time single bottleneck model with general heterogeneous commuters. We first prove that in the system optimal assignment, the queue time must be zero for all the departures. Based on this result, the system optimal problem is formulated as a linear program. The solution existence and uniqueness are discussed. Applying linear programming duality, we then prove that the optimal dual variable values provide an optimal toll with which the system optimal solution is also an equilibrium solution. Extensive computational results are reported to demonstrate the insights gained from the formulations presented in this paper. These results confirm that a system optimal equilibrium can be found using the proposed approach.
Effects of Solvents on Acetylcholine Conformation

IN earlier communications1–3 we reported the results of our investigations with acetylcholine and related substances. These led us to conclude that the acetyl group is activated primarily by an inductive influence of the quaternary nitrogen. This conclusion was based in large measure on the carbonyl stretching frequencies which were observed for acetylcholine and its homologues in ethanol, as well as on their rates of hydroxylaminolysis in water.
Rho Family GTPases Bind to Phosphoinositide Kinases

Rho family GTPases appear to play an important role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, but the mechanism of regulation is unknown. Since phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate have also been implicated in actin reorganization, we investigated the possibility that Rho family members interact with phosphoinositide kinases. We found that both GTP- and GDP-bound Rac1 associate with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase in vitro and in vivo. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase also bound to Rac1 and Cdc42Hs, and these interactions were GTP-dependent. Stimulation of Swiss 3T3 cells with platelet-derived growth factor induced the association of PI 3-kinase with Rac in immunoprecipitates. PI 3-kinase activity was also detected in Cdc42 immunoprecipitates from COS7 cells. These results suggest that phosphoinositide kinases are involved in Rho family signal transduction pathways and raise the possibility that the effects of Rho family members on the actin cytoskeleton are mediated in part by phosphoinositide kinases.
On the structures and fragmentation of [Me2S∵SMe2]+ and [Et2S∵SEt2]+: Tandem mass spectrometry metastable and collision-induced dissociation results

An experimental study of the metastable and collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of [Me2S∵SMe2]+ and [Et2S∵SEt2]+ has been carried out. These ions are examples of species that contain two-center-three-electron (2c–3e) sulfur-sulfur bonds. The metastable and CID spectra provide experimental evidence of the atomic connectivity and of the 2c–3e bonds. The metastable cleavage of the S∵S 2c–3e bonds appears to occur with no reverse activation barriers and to result in small average kinetic energy releases. Fragmentation of the same bonds by CID results in the most intense product for both ions. Comparisons with the metastable and CID spectra of [MeSSMe]+, an ion with a two-center-two-electron (2c–2e) sulfur-sulfur bond, are made and strongly support the difference in the sulfur-sulfur bonding.
Xenobiotic transporter expression along the male genital tract

The male genital tract plays an important role in protecting sperm by forming a distinct compartment separate from the body which limits exposure to potentially toxic substrates. Transporters along this tract can influence the distribution of xenobiotics into the male genital tract through efflux back into the blood or facilitating the accumulation of toxicants. The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine the constitutive mRNA expression of 30 xenobiotic transporters in caput and cauda regions of the epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The epididymis was found to express at least moderate levels of 18 transporters, vas deferens 15, seminal vesicles 23, and prostate 18. Constitutive expression of these xenobiotic transporters in the male genital tract may provide insight into the xenobiotics that can potentially be transported into these tissues and may provide the molecular mechanism for site specific toxicity of select agents.
Will biofilm disassembly agents make it to market

Nearly 12 years after promising results suggested that antibiofilm agents might be developed into novel therapeutics, there are no such products on the market. In our opinion, the reasons for this have been predominantly economic. Recent developments, however, suggest that there could still be emerging opportunities for the developments of such products.
Ependymal cells along the lateral ventricle express functional P2X7 receptors

Ependymal cells line the cerebral ventricles and are located in an ideal position to detect central nervous system injury and inflammation. The signaling mechanisms of ependymal cells, however, are poorly understood. As extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate is elevated in the context of cellular damage, experiments were conducted to determine whether ependymal cells along the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) express functional purinergic receptors. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording, widespread expression of P2X7 receptors was detected on ependymal cells based on their antagonist sensitivity profile and absence of response in P2X7−/− mice. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of P2X7 receptors, and electron microscopy demonstrated that P2X7 receptors are expressed on both cilia and microvilli. Ca2+ imaging showed that P2X7 receptors expressed on cilia are indeed functional. As ependymal cells are believed to function as partner cells in the SVZ neurogenic niche, P2X7 receptors may play a role in neural progenitor response to injury and inflammation.
Children’s spiritual development in forced displacement: a human rights perspective

This article provides a synthesis of current research and theories of spiritual development in forced displacement from a human rights perspective. Spirituality, understood as a cognitive‐cultural construct, has shown positive impact on children’s development through both collective and individual processes and across ecological domains of the physical world, the community and the individual child. Findings support a human rights framework of spiritual development that privileges the child’s and the community’s own understandings of human development, and this framework may further serve as an important resource for scaffolding refugee children’s development. The study of spiritual development will enable more effective human rights protection of child development in situations of war and forced displacement.
Solar total irradiance and sunspot area in 1981

Precise observations of the total solar irradiance in 1980 from the solar-maximum mission, showed a strong correlation with the projected total sunspot area. This correlation explained about half of the variance (r of about 0.75) in the total-irradiance data, leaving the other half for other solar phenomena and errors in the data. The analysis of the intervening three years of spin-mode data, which have reduced coverage, has begun. It is found that the correlation persists at about the same qualitative level, but with increased scatter that can be attributed to the smaller amount of data. The flatness of the distribution of areas of sunspot groups makes it possible to estimate PSI approximately from only the large groups.
Close-up imaging of documents and displays with lens arrays.

An unusually short close-up imaging system about 8.5 cm (3⅜ in.) long has been developed for document copiers, oscilloscope cameras, and computer peripheral hard-copy cameras. Arrays of simple lenses are molded in rows and columns on two parallel plastic lens plates. Each lens on the first lens plate forms a demagnified, inverted, intermediate image of a small area of the object in the space between lens plates. Each lens in the second plate erects and magnifies an intermediate image and places the resulting final image in partially overlapped registration with adjacent images, forming an erect uniform composite image of the whole object.
Evolution of land plant architecture: beyond the telome theory

Abstract For well over 50 years, the telome theory of Walter Zimmermann has been extremely influential in interpreting the evolutionary history of land plant architecture. Using the “telome/ mesome” distinction, and the concept of universal “elementary processes” underlying the change in form in all plants, the theory was an ambitious synthesis based on the proposition that evolutionary change might be understood by a simple set of developmental or evolutionary rules. However, a major problem resides in deciding exactly how assertions of change are to span both developmental and evolutionary domains simultaneously, and, we argue, the theory critically fails testability as a scientific theory. Thus, despite continued popularity for the descriptive terms derived from the theory in evolutionary studies of early land plants, time has come to replace it with a more explicit, testable approach. Presented here is an attempt to clarify perhaps the most important issue raised by the telome theory—whether simple ch...
Plant cell wall characterization using scanning probe microscopy techniques

Lignocellulosic biomass is today considered a promising renewable resource for bioenergy production. A combined chemical and biological process is currently under consideration for the conversion of polysaccharides from plant cell wall materials, mainly cellulose and hemicelluloses, to simple sugars that can be fermented to biofuels. Native plant cellulose forms nanometer-scale microfibrils that are embedded in a polymeric network of hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignins; this explains, in part, the recalcitrance of biomass to deconstruction. The chemical and structural characteristics of these plant cell wall constituents remain largely unknown today. Scanning probe microscopy techniques, particularly atomic force microscopy and its application in characterizing plant cell wall structure, are reviewed here. We also further discuss future developments based on scanning probe microscopy techniques that combine linear and nonlinear optical techniques to characterize plant cell wall nanometer-scale structures, specifically apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy.
Skeletal Diversity in Small-Molecule Synthesis Using Ligand-Controlled Catalysis

Two Pd-catalyzed reductive transformations of diynes tethered through a silyl ether linkage were developed, where the reaction outcomes were controlled solely by selection of phosphine ligand. We screened Pd precatalysts, ligands, and additives to optimize conditions selective either for reductive cyclization or hydrogenation of this substrate class. Sixteen silyl ether-tethered diynes were prepared and subjected to the best catalyst/ligand combinations for each pathway. Silacyclic dienes and silyl-tethered enyne products of these reactions were elaborated to densely substituted, stereochemically- and appendage-rich, bicyclic and tricyclic small molecules in 1–3 synthetic steps. These studies illustrate how small modifications to a transition-metal catalyst can be used to access a diverse set of small molecules, in a fashion analogous to biosynthetic pathways such as terpene biosynthesis, where minor changes to enzyme structure direct skeletal differentiation.
Model validation for low and high superficial gas velocity bubble column flows

Abstract In the present work, gas–liquid flow dynamics in a bubble column are simulated with CFDLib using an Eulerian–Eulerian ensemble-averaging method in a two-dimensional Cartesian system. The two-phase flow simulations are compared to experimental measurements of a rectangular bubble column performed by Mudde et al. [1997. Role of coherent structures on Reynolds stresses in a 2-D bubble column. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 43, 913–926] and a cylindrical bubble column performed by Rampure et al. [2003. Modeling of gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flows in bubble columns: experiments and CFD simulations. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 81, 692–706] for low and high superficial gas velocities, respectively. The objectives are to obtain grid-independent numerical solutions using CFDLib to reconcile unphysical results observed using FLUENT with increasing grid resolutions [Law, D., Battaglia, F., Heindel, T.J., 2006. Numerical simulations of gas–liquid flow dynamics in bubble columns. In: Proceedings of the ASME Fluids Engineering Division, IMECE2006-13544, Chicago, IL], and to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with experimental data to demonstrate the use of numerical simulations as a viable design tool for gas–liquid bubble column flows. Numerical predictions are presented for the local time-averaged liquid velocity and gas fraction at various axial heights as a function of horizontal or radial position. The effects of grid resolution, bubble pressure (BP) model, and drag coefficient models on the numerical predictions are examined. The BP model is hypothesized to account for bubble stability, thus providing physical solutions.
Social Support: Seek and Ye Shall Find

Studies of social support typically have relegated the recipient of support to a passive role. Little empirical work has looked at an individual's active attempts to garner support from others. Two studies are reported that investigate individual differences in active support seeking. In study one (n = 66), the criterion validity of a new scale - dubbed SEEK - was demonstrated. Subjects who reported that they seek support from others in times of need (as measured by SEEK) requested more social support following failure at a laboratory task than did subjects who reported that they do not seek social support. Study two (n = 60) examined the relationship between the reported seeking of social support and its perceived availability. As predicted, a positive relationship obtained, suggesting that those who received social support may in part have created this condition. Seeking social support was also positively associated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and optimistic beliefs about the consequences of seekin...
Characterization of an ESR geochronological dating center in flints

A study of the ESR signal complex in flints was used to examine its origin within the mineral. One component of the ESR spectrum, known to be a trapped hole, was confirmed to be a structural defect of the silica fraction of flint. The relationship of this center to that seen in natural quartz and glass is discussed. The defect has importance for geochronological direct-dating as it is shown to anneal and regenerate in a systematic manner in flints.
Hip implant insertability analysis: a medical instance of the peg-in-hole problem

An implemented algorithm for determining if an implant can be successfully inserted into a cavity is presented. The program computes an insertion trajectory consisting of small implant motion steps. Motion steps are computed by solving a series of linear optimization problems whose solution corresponds to the maximum allows displacement in a preferred direction satisfying localized motion constraints. The program implements a greedy, search-free algorithm to find a monotone trajectory in a preferred direction to any desired resolution. The program has been successfully tested on real cases. >
A case report of thoracic compartment syndrome in the setting of penetrating chest trauma and review of the literature

Trauma-related thoracic compartment syndrome (TCS) is a rare, life threatening condition that develops secondary to elevated intra-thoracic pressure and manifests itself clinically as significantly elevated airway pressures, inability to provide adequate ventilation and hemodynamic instability temporally related to closure of a thoracic surgical incision. TCS is exceedingly rare in the trauma population. We present a case of TCS following surgical repair of a stab wound injury that necessitated decompressive thoracotomy and peri-operative open-chest management.
Obstacle Discovery in Distributed Active Sensor Networks

Distributed active sensing is a new sensing paradigm, where active sensors as illuminating sources and passive sensors as receivers are distributed in a field, and collab- oratively detect objects of interest. Obstacle discovery concerns with the problem of detecting the presence and determining the location of obstacles with many applications in robot navigation, object tracking, and surface and/or structure fatigue testing etc. In this paper, we study the fundamental properties of distributed active sensing networks (DASNs) in detecting and localizing ob- stacles. A novel notion of "exposure" is defined, which quantifies the dimension limitations in detectability. Using simple geometric constructs, we propose polynomial-time algorithms to compute the exposure and regions where the center of the obstacles may lie. I. INTRODUCTION
An optimal algorithm for selection in a min-heap

Abstract An O(k)-time algorithm is presented for selecting the kth smallest element in a binary min-heap of size n⪢k. The approach uses recursively defined data structures that impose a hierarchical grouping on certain elements in the heap. The result establishes a further example of a partial order for which the kth smallest element can be determined in time proportional to the information theory lower bound. Two applications, to a resource allocation problem and to the enumeration of the k smallest spanning trees, are identified.
Intrinsic Job Satisfaction, Overall Satisfaction, and Intention to Leave the Job Among Nursing Assistants in Nursing Homes

Purpose: We examined predictors of intrinsic job satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and intention to leave the job among nursing assistants (NAs). Design and Methods: The study focused on NAs who worked 30 or more hours per week in a nursing home. Data on 2,146 NAs meeting this criterion came from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey, the fi rst telephone interview survey of NAs nationwide. Regression equations were calculated in which intrinsic satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and intention to leave were dependent variables. NA attributes (e.g., job tenure and education) and extrinsic job factors (e.g., assessment of supervisor behavior, pay satisfaction, and benefi ts) were exogenous variables. Results: A positive assessment of the supervisor ’ s behavior had the strongest association with intrinsic satisfaction. Pay satisfaction had the second strongest association with intrinsic satisfaction. Predictors with the strongest associations with intention to leave were overall and intrinsic satisfaction. Assessment of the supervisor was not associated directly with intention to leave. Assessments of the supervisor and pay may affect overall satisfaction and intention to leave in part through their direct effects on intrinsic satisfaction. Some facility and NA attributes were related to intrinsic satisfaction but not to overall satisfaction, suggesting that intrinsic satisfaction may be an intervening variable in the impact of these attributes on overall satisfaction. Implications: Intrinsic satisfaction and extrinsic job factors amenable to change appear central to NAs ’ overall satisfaction and intention to leave. A facility may be able to improve extrinsic job factors that improve NAs ’ job-related affects, including intrinsic satisfaction.
The ethics of compliance: a dialectic.

Compliance with prescribed therapeutic regimens is a construct that begs for consideration from an ethical perspective.This article offers a dialectical study of the nurse-client relationship, derived from Gadow's framework of ethical knowledge, that provides an alternative to compliance as context
Characterization of a Hydroxyurea-resistant Human KB Cell Line with Supersensitivity to 6-Thioguanine

Abstract Hydroxyurea (HU) is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, and sarcoma. One of its drawbacks, however, is the development of HU resistance. To study this problem, we developed a HU-resistant human KB cell line which exhibits a 15-fold resistance to HU. The characterization of this HU-resistant phenotype revealed a gene amplification of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), increased levels of M2 mRNA and protein, and a 3-fold increase of RR activity. This HU-resistant cell line also expressed a “collateral sensitivity” to 6-thioguanine (6-TG), with a 10-fold decrease in the dose inhibiting cell growth by 50% as compared to the KB parental line. The mechanism responsible for this supersensitivity to 6-TG is believed to be related to an increasingly efficient conversion of 6-TG to its triphosphate form, which is subsequently incorporated into DNA. After passage of the resistant cells in the absence of HU, the cell line reverts. The revertant cells lose their resistance to HU and concomitantly their sensitivity to 6-TG. This phenomenon is due to the return of RR to levels comparable to that of the KB parental cell line. These observations and their relevance to cancer chemotherapy will be discussed in this paper. Our results suggest that a clinical protocol could be designed which would allow for a lower dose of 6-TG to be used by taking advantage of the increased RR activity in HU-refractory cancer patients. Two drugs which display collateral sensitivity are known as a “Ying-Yang” pair. Alternate treatment with two different Ying-Yang pairs is the rationale for the “Ying-Yang Ping-Pong” theory in cancer treatment. This rationale allows for effective cancer chemotherapy with reduced toxicity.
Category-Specific Representations of Social and Nonsocial Knowledge in the Human Prefrontal Cortex

Complex social behavior and the relatively large size of the prefrontal cortex are arguably two of the characteristics that distinguish humans from other animals. Grafman presented a framework concerning how the prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls complex behavior using stored structured event complexes (SECs). We report behavioral and imaging data from a modified go/no-go paradigm in which subjects had to classify words (semantic) and phrases (SEC) according to category. In experimental trials, subjects classified items according to social or nonsocial activity; in control trials, they classified items according to font. Subjects were faster to classify social than nonsocial semantic items, with the reverse pattern evident for the social and nonsocial SEC items. In addition, the conditions were associated with different patterns of PFC activation. These results suggest that there are different psychological and neural substrates for social and nonsocial semantic and SEC representations.
Hepatocyte culture on biodegradable polymeric substrates

The interactions of primary rat liver cells with biodegradable polymeric substrates were investigated in vitro to assess the suitability of the polymer materials for use in cell transplantation devices. The kinetics of cell adhesion to, and the growth and biochemical function of cells maintained on, films formed from poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid, 88: 12) (PLGA) or from a 50/50 (w/w) blend of PLGA and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were evaluated in comparison to two control substrates, matrigel coated or collagen-coated polystyrene petri dishes. The rate of cell adhesion to both types of polymeric substrates was similar to the rate of adhesion to the collagen control substrate, but of the two polymers, only the blend was suitable for extended culture. Hepatocytes maintained on the polymer blend films showed retention of differentiated cell function as measured by the rate of albumin secretion-the rate of albumin secretion by cells on the films was the same as the rate for cells on matrigel and reached a level in the range of reported in vivo levels (140-160 microg/10(6) cells/24 h). In contrast, albumin secretion by hepatocytes maintained on collagen-coated polystyrene culture dishes declined over five days to a level one third that of the initial level and one fifth that of cells maintained on the polymer blend films on day five. Such retention of differentiated cell function by hepatocytes in culture has previously been observed only when hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of exogenous extracellular matrix proteins or were cocultured with another cell type. In addition to retention of differentiated function, the cells maintained on the polymer blend films also displayed rates of DNA synthesis similar to controls maintained on collagen-coated polystyrene, a substrate optimal for DNA synthesis.
Health Spending Projections Through 2016: Modest Changes Obscure Part D’s Impact

Growth in national health spending is projected to slow slightly from 6.9 percent in 2005 to 6.8 percent in 2006, marking the fourth consecutive year of a slowing trend. The health share of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to hold steady in 2006 before resuming its historical upward trend, reaching 19.6 percent of GDP by 2016. Prescription drug spending growth is expected to accelerate to 6.5 percent in 2006. Medicare prescription drug coverage has dramatically changed the distribution of drug spending among payers, but the net effect on aggregate spending is anticipated to be small.
The influence of salinity on acute nickel toxicity to the two euryhaline fish species, Fundulus heteroclitus and Kryptolebias marmoratus.

Nickel (Ni) is a common pollutant found in aquatic environments and may be harmful at elevated concentrations. Increasing salinity has been shown to decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of other metals to aquatic organisms. In the present study, acute Ni toxicity experiments (96-h) were conducted at various salinities (0–36 ppt) to determine the effects of salinity on Ni toxicity to 2 euryhaline fish species, Kryptolebias marmoratus and Fundulus heteroclitus. Nickel concentrations causing lethality to 50% of the fish ranged from 2 mg/L in moderately hard freshwater to 66.6 mg/L in 36 ppt saltwater. Nickel toxicity to F. heteroclitus decreased linearly with increasing salinity; however, Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus was only lowered by salinities above 6 ppt, demonstrating potential physiological differences between the 2 species when they are functioning as freshwater fish. Furthermore, the authors investigated the influence of Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and Cl– on Ni toxicity to F. heteroclitus. Freshwater with up to 120 mg/L Ca2+ as CaSO4, 250 mg/L Mg2+ as MgSO4, or 250 mg/L Na+ as NaHCO3 did not provide protection against Ni toxicity. Alternatively, 250 mg/L Na+, as NaCl, was protective against Ni toxicity; and the extent of protection was similar to that demonstrated from salt water with the same Cl– concentration. These results suggest that Cl– is the predominant ion responsible for reducing Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus and F. heteroclitus in higher salinity waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1354–1359. © 2013 SETAC
Ensembles of partitions via data resampling

The combination of multiple clusterings is a difficult problem in the practice of distributed data mining. Both the cluster generation mechanism and the partition integration process influence the quality of the combinations. We propose a data resampling approach for building cluster ensembles that are both robust and stable. In particular, we investigate the effectiveness of a bootstrapping technique in conjunction with several combination algorithms. The empirical study shows that a meaningful consensus partition for an entire set of objects emerges from multiple clusterings of bootstrap samples, given optimal combination algorithm parameters. Experimental results for ensembles with varying numbers of partitions and clusters are reported for simulated and real data sets. Experimental results show improved stability and accuracy for consensus partitions obtained via a bootstrapping technique.
The tethered motor domain of a kinesin-microtubule complex catalyzes reversible synthesis of bound ATP

Although the steps for the forward reaction of ATP hydrolysis by the motor protein kinesin have been studied extensively, the rates for the reverse reactions and thus the energy changes at each step are not as well defined. Oxygen isotopic exchange between water and Pi was used to evaluate the reverse rates. The fraction of the kinesin·ADP·Pi complex that reverts to ATP before release of Pi during net hydrolysis was ≈0 and ≈2.6% in the absence and presence of microtubules (MTs), respectively. The rate of synthesis of bound ATP from free Pi and the MT·kinesin·ADP complex was ≈1.7 M–1·s–1 (K0.5 ADP = 70 μM) with monomeric kinesin in the absence of net hydrolysis. Synthesis of bound ATP from the ADP of the tethered head of a dimer–MT complex was 20-fold faster than for the monomer–MT complex. This MT-activated ATP synthesis at the tethered head is in marked contrast to the lack of MT stimulation of ADP release from the same site. The more rapid ATP synthesis with dimers suggests that the tethered head binds behind the strongly attached head, because this positions the neck linker of the tethered head toward the plus end of the MT and would thus facilitate its docking on synthesis of ATP. The observed rate of ATP synthesis also puts limits on the overall energetics that suggest that a significant fraction of the free energy of ATP hydrolysis is available to drive the docking of the neck linker on binding of ATP.
Subcellular Distribution of Picloram

Gas chromatographic and radioisotopic analyses were made of cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria and the remaining cytoplasm fractions of cowpea (Vigna sinensis Endl. cv. Southern Blackeye) trifoliates acropetal to primary leaves treated with the growth regulator 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid (picloram). The majority of picloram was recovered from the remaining cytoplasm. Concentrations in chloroplasts and mitochondria were consistently low.