cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdigitated Multipixel Arrays for the Fabrication of High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes With Very Low Series Resistances, Reduced Current Crowding, and Improved Heat Sinking

The paper reports on a novel mask design consisting of interdigitated multipixel arrays for the fabrication of high-power light-emitting diodes (LED) with very low series resistance, reduced current crowding, and improved heat sinking. The reduction in the series resistance was mainly achieved by reducing the bulk n-resistance and the n-contact resistance, and by increasing the effective perimeter of the mesa. The small dimension of the individual pixel improved the lateral current spreading. The distributed matrix of the micropixels also resulted in an improved thermal management, effectively rendering a high cw drive-current operation. Thermal simulations showed that the junction temperature for large area power chips dropped by more than 60% by adopting the new mask design. Significant improvement in electrical and optical performances was observed when the mask was applied to a 400 nm InGaN/GaN blue LED wafer, as compared to a standard square-shaped LED with an equal active area and fabricated from the same epitaxial wafer. Series resistance as low as 0.5 Omega was measured for 300 mum devices. On a Cu header, a peak output power of 115 mW was obtained at 3.15 A cw drive current. A 700 mum LED on a header had a peak output power of 200 mW at 3.15 A cw drive current
Preemptive legislation inhibits the anthropogenic spread of an aquatic invasive species, the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

The enactment of legal policies is often recommended to prevent anthropogenic introductions of invasive species. In this paper, we evaluated the effectiveness of proactive state legislative policies in deterring colonization by rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and the expected spread into previously uninvaded states using network-based spatial analysis. We found that the presence of regulations was positively associated with the presence of rusty crayfish (p = 0.027), but often regulations were put into effect subsequent to the invasion. Regulations that did not explicitly prohibit transport, applied to specific drainages, or prohibited only rusty crayfish were not effective. However, preemptive legislation was effective in reducing the likelihood of invasion, if regulations prohibited the transport of all live crayfish species between water bodies, as only 1 state which passed such legislation prior to invasion by rusty crayfish was subsequently colonized (S = 12, p = 0.031). Five states are likely to be invaded by rusty crayfish via range expansion across interstate drainages, and dispersal rates suggest that all of these states could be colonized within 10 years. While it is unlikely that regulations will prevent dispersal-based invasion across state lines through shared drainages, preemptive legislation can significantly reduce anthropogenic spread of aquatic invasive species between drainages and effectively retard the expansion of rusty crayfish. Our results suggest that the most effective form of legislation is one that does not require individuals to identify species, thus we recommend states enact policies that explicitly prohibit the transport of all live crayfish between water bodies.
Alleviation of infantile amnesia in rats by internal and external contextual cues

A previous study [Richardson, R., Riccio, D.C., and Jonke, T. (1983). Alleviation of infantile amnesia in rats by means of a pharmacological contextual state. Devel. Psychobiol., 16:511-518] found that ontogenetic forgetting ("infantile amnesia") in rats was attenuated by a "contextual matching" manipulation: Subjects trained in a distinct pharmacological state and tested in that state retained learned fear better than saline controls. To determine whether improved retention could be obtained with salient but nonpharmacological contexts, two experiments were conducted employing fear conditioning in preweanling rats. In Experiment 1, an internal context (illness induced by lithium chloride) present at training and testing reduced infantile forgetting. In Experiment 2, matching an exteroceptive context (home nest shavings) at training and testing was also found to be sufficient to alleviate infantile amnesia. In both experiments, retention was not improved in controls exposed to the context at training only or testing only, indicating that the contextual effect is not on acquisition or retrieval processes per se. These findings provide indirect support for views that emphasize the role of contextual cues in retrieval (Spear, 1978). In addition, they indicate that contextual matching is not limited to a state dependent drug, but may include a wide range of "distinctive" stimuli.
Compatibility of Proximal Functionality with the Manganese Triacetate Oxidation of Hindered Enones in Podocarpane-Like Systems

Abstract The scope of the manganese triacetate oxidation of enones to α′-acetoxyenones was examined using various 18, 19-desmethylpodocarp-13-en-12-ones: the process will not accommodate hydroxyl or ketone functionality elsewhere in the substrate but will accomodate ester, ether, and acetal functionality provided that it does not sterically block the oxidation site.
Comparison of the Effects of Trimethyltin on the Intracellular Calcium Levels in Spiral Ganglion Cells and Outer Hair Cells

Cochlear impairment by trimethyltin chloride (TMT), a potential contaminant of marine paints and polyvinyl chloride tubing, has been well demonstrated. Its toxic effect on the inner hair cells (IHC)-spiral ganglion cell (SGC) unit occurs almost immediately while disruption of outer hair cell (OHC) function does not occur unitl several hours after exposure. in this experiment, OHCs and SGCs from pigmented guinea pigs were tested in vitro to determine the role of enhanced intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i levels in TMT ototoxicity and to determine the sources of enhanced [Ca2+]i. the latter was determined by experiments using artificial perilymph without Ca + and by use of the Ca + channel blocker, nifedipine. the data show that TMT elevates [Ca2+]i in both OHC and SGC. the elevation of [Ca2+]i in SGC is much more rapid and larger than that in OHC. the elevation of [Ca2+]i in SGC can be attenuated by removing Ca2+ from artificial perilymph or pretreating with nifedipine, but neither of these treatments is effec...
Sketching Structured Matrices for Faster Nonlinear Regression

Motivated by the desire to extend fast randomized techniques to nonlinear lp regression, we consider a class of structured regression problems. These problems involve Vandermonde matrices which arise naturally in various statistical modeling settings, including classical polynomial fitting problems, additive models and approximations to recently developed randomized techniques for scalable kernel methods. We show that this structure can be exploited to further accelerate the solution of the regression problem, achieving running times that are faster than "input sparsity". We present empirical results confirming both the practical value of our modeling framework, as well as speedup benefits of randomized regression.
The self-referencing oxygen-selective microelectrode: Detection of transmembrane oxygen flux from single cells

A self-referencing, polarographic, oxygen-selective microelectrode was developed for measuring oxygen fluxes from single cells. This technique is based on the translational movement of the microelectrode at a known frequency through an oxygen gradient, between known points. The differential current of the electrode was converted into a directional measurement of flux using the Fick equation. Operational characteristics of the technique were determined using artificial gradients. Calculated oxygen flux values matched theoretical values derived from static measurements. A test preparation, an isolated neuron, yielded an oxygen flux of 11.46+/-1.43 pmol cm-2 s-1 (mean +/- s.e.m.), a value in agreement with those available in the literature for single cells. Microinjection of metabolic substrates or a metabolic uncoupler increased oxygen flux, whereas microinjection of KCN decreased oxygen flux. In the filamentous alga Spirogyra greveilina, the probe could easily differentiate a 16.6% difference in oxygen flux with respect to the position of the spiral chloroplast (13.3+/-0.4 pmol cm-2 s-1 at the chloroplast and 11.4+/-0.4 pmol cm-2 s-1 between chloroplasts), despite the fact that these positions averaged only 10.6+/-1.8 microm apart (means +/- s.e.m.). A light response experiment showed real-time changes in measured oxygen flux correlated with changes in lighting. Taken together, these results show that the self-referencing oxygen microelectrode technique can be used to detect local oxygen fluxes with a high level of sensitivity and spatial resolution in real time. The oxygen fluxes detected reliably correlated with the metabolic state of the cell.
Fay’s Trisecant Identity

We now come to a very fundamental identity between theta functions that holds for the period matrices of curves, but not for general period matrices. Although the basic ideas behind this identity go back to Riemann, it was not clearly isolated until Fay made his beautiful and systematic analysis of the theory of theta functions (J. Fay, Theta functions on Riemann surfaces, Springer Lecture Notes 352, 1973).
Survival and quality of life for nonagenarians after cardiac surgery.

Background Reports of cardiac surgery in the elderly have focused primarily on septuagenarians and octogenarians. There are very limited data regarding risk-adjusted models in nonagenarians. Methods From 1983 to 2011, patients with age 90 years or greater at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or valve surgery (aortic or mitral) were retrieved from a prospective institutional database. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine significant predictors of 5-year survival. In addition, a 12-month assessment of quality of life was conducted. Results The CABG-only (n = 46), valve-only (n = 55), or CABG-valve (n = 53) surgery was conducted in 154 patients. Demographic characteristics were similar in all groups except for congestive heart failure, which was more prominent in the valve-only or CABG-valve groups ( p p = 0.35). At 5-years follow-up, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves do not show a difference among groups ( p = 0.62). Cox proportional hazard model for 5-year survival identified age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25, confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 1.43, p = 0.001, for 1-year increase), prior surgery (HR = 2.23, CI 1.23 to 4.64, p = 0.007), and prior stroke (HR = 2.39, CI 1.25 to 3.98, p = 0.01), as significant predictors of mortality. The 12-month quality of life questionnaire revealed an improvement in 83% of the patients, whereas only 4% reported a decline in cardiac status. Conclusions Survival in nonagenarians is comparable after CABG or valve surgery. Redo surgery, stroke, and increasing age are significant hazards for mortality. Nonagenarians can undergo cardiac surgery with acceptable mortality and quality of life.
Toward patient safety in closed-loop medical device systems

A model-driven design and validation of closed-loop medical device systems is presented. Currently, few if any medical systems on the market support closed-loop control of interconnected medical devices, and mechanisms for regulatory approval of such systems are lacking. We present a system implementing a clinical scenario where closed-loop control may reduce the possibility of human error and improve safety of the patient. The safety of the system is studied with a simple controller proposed in the literature. We demonstrate that, under certain failure conditions, safety of the patient is not guaranteed. Finally, a more complex controller is described and ensures safety even when failures are possible. This investigation is an early attempt to introduce automatic control in clinical scenarios and to delineate a methodology to validate such patient-in-the-loop systems for safe and correct operation.
Process compensated micromechanical resonators

Manufacturability and yield are the major challenges prior to adoption of micromechanical resonators as frequency references. In this paper, a design for manufacturability (DFM) technique to achieve absolute frequency accuracy is presented. Non-idealities of a deep reactive ion etching process are examined and determined to be random. The variations in resonator geometry are assumed to be locally systematic and are represented as a process bias. The effect of process bias on resonator center frequency is modeled and the procedure for optimizing for zero sensitivity is explained. Process bias on a 10 MHz optimized design was replicated with electron-beam lithography and supporting data demonstrating DFM is reported.
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor decreases inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) has been shown to protect intestine from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo and to down-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether HB-EGF could modulate the iNOS/NO axis after total midgut I/R injury in rats. I/R injury induced a significant increase in iNOS gene expression (quantified by real-time RT-PCR) and protein production (detected by western blots), as well as elevation of serum NO levels (measured by chemiluminescence assay). Nitrotyrosine (NT) and iNOS production colocalized immunohistochemically, with positive staining found mainly in villous and crypt epithelial cells, as well as ganglion cells. Intraluminal administration of HB-EGF 45 min after the start of a 90-min ischemic interval significantly decreased I/R-induced iNOS gene expression and protein production, as well as serum NO lev...
An efficient high-yield synthesis for perfluorinated tertiary alkyl amines

We wish to report a high-yield synthesis of perfluorinated tertiary amines from their hydrocarbon analogues by direct fluorination. Yields up to 70%, with high purities, have been obtained from certain tertiary amines. This technique will likely develop into a new general method for producing perfluorinated amines.
Penalties: IRS Penalty Assessments on the Rise

The number of accuracy related penalties assessed by the IRS has risen dramatically over the past five years. The IRS is getting more aggressive about assessing penalties and it has found more non-compliant behavior than it has in the past.
Early Career EFL Teachers’ Instructional Challenges/Kariyerlerinin Başındaki İngilizce Öğretmenlerinin Karşılaştıkları Öğretim Zorlukları

Although there is an established strand of literature on the ways pre-service EFL teachers are learning to teach, the professional learning experiences of in-service EFL teachers have been underexplored. This study explored the early career EFL teachers’ instructional challenges, the ways they cope with those challenges, and the extent to which their pre-service teacher education prepared them to teach in their current context. It relied on qualitative data gleaned from in-depth individual interviews with ten practicing EFL teachers working at an intensive English program at a private university in Turkey. Constant comparative method was utilized to analyze the data. The findings demonstrated that EFL teachers’ instructional challenges stemmed from curricular constraints and learners’ lack of motivation to learn and use English, both of which are situated within their context. Their collegial interactions with coworkers and autonomous ventures to seek support proved instrumental in handling those challenges. As for their pre-service teacher education, the participants voiced concerns primarily about too much theoretical knowledge in the coursework, which left very little room for practical application, and the content, length, and contexts of clinical experiences. This research contributed to the relevant literature on teachers’ challenges in teaching context as part of their ongoing teacher learning, distance of linguistics, SLA, and literature courses from ELT practices, and complex role of teacher candidates’ clinical experiences in contributing to their socialization into teaching profession and identity development.
The Anatomy of a Crowd: Making Mobs in Early America

Over the past thirty years, historians of colonial British North America have turned their attention to crowd violence. Most crowds inflicted horrifying, ritualized violence on people and property. Crowds assaulted men and women who committed adultery or bigamy, or who beat their spouses too severely. And crowds attacked anyone who jeopardized people’s health with disease or who used their political and economic power to get rich at the expense of their neighbors. What becomes clear is that colonists adapted the rituals of rough music to various social, political, and economic grievances. Readers usually meet these people as they chased their targets, giving the impression that people formed crowds spontaneously. But some crowds acted more deliberately. In some cases, colonists resorted to violence only after determining what behavior upset them and then how best to address it. The question becomes, then, simply put, how did colonists learn the mobbing time had come?
Method for study of electrocardiogram of early chick embryo within the shell.

SummaryA method for the recording of electrocardiograms of the chick embryo within the shell after 3 to 16 days of incubation is described. Early results on evaluation of drug action upon the myocardium at different temperatures suggest, because of the simplicity and low cost, considerable advantages over present technics.
New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XX. Six New Species of Esenbeckia Subgenus Ricardoa from Mexico

Six species of Esenbeckia subgenus Ricardoa from Mexico are newly described here: breedlovei ♀, Durango; boguei ♀, Chiapas; keelifera ♀, Guerrero; nitens ♀, Tamaulipas; schusteri ♀ and ♂, Chihuahua; scionodes ♀ and ♂, Puebla, Mexico State, and Jalisco. E. (Esenbeckia) divergens Philip from Nayarit is raised from subspecies of filipalpis Williston to full species.
Abstract 1418: Stromal cells of prostate, not the bone marrow, facilitate prostate cancer osteoblastic tumor growth in bone

Stromal cells promote prostate cancer initiation and progression. Metastasized prostate cancers form osteoblastic bone lesions. The prostate cancer associated stroma expresses alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Additionally, 69% of human prostate cancer tissues lost stromal TGFbeta type II receptor (Tgfbr2) expression. Conditional stromal knockout of the Tgfbr2 mouse model developed prostate adenocarcinoma. In parallel to the primary site, we observed human prostate cancer associated stroma in bone metastasis gained the expression of androgen receptor and alpha-SMA, which were negative in the normal bone marrow. Tgfbr2 expression was also lost in prostate cancer associated stroma in bone marrow, compared to its high expression in the normal bone marrow. This led us to question whether the stromal cells from the primary site or the bone marrow contribute the prostate cancer osteoblastic bone lesion development. In vitro, the conditioned media from Tgfbr2-flox or Tgfbr2-KO mouse prostate stromal cells (PSC) or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were incubated on the C42B prostate cancer epithelia. Expressions of PTHrP, RANKL osteolytic factors and ET1, RUNX2, BMP2 osteoblastic factors by C42B cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The Tgfbr2-flox PSC conditioned media significantly increased the C42B cell expression of all the osteolytic and osteoblastic factors examined compared to C42B cells without conditioned media. However, the Tgfbr2-KO PSC conditioned media decreased the expression of PTHrP and RANKL, while further increased the expression of osteoblastic factors, ET1, RUNX2 and BMP2 by C42B cells by at least 2-fold. Conditioned media of Tgfbr2-flox and Tgfbr2-KO BMSC increased the expression of C42B cells on osteolytic factors (10-fold PTHrP and 2-fold RANKL), but neither has significant effect on expression of osteoblastic factors. Importantly, Tgfbr2-KO PSC and BMSC conditioned media increased C42B proliferation similarly by 2-fold over that of respective Tgfbr2-Tgfbr2-flox conditioned media. We found that the reduced PTHrP and RANKL expression was associated with respective promoter methylation, when C42B cells were incubated with Tgfbr2-KO PSC, but not BMSC. Epigenetic silencing of such osteolytic genes, would suggest for the first time, that the prostate stroma could influence osteoblastic tumor at a distant site. So, GFP labeled C42B cells, following pre-incubation with PSC or BMSC conditioned media, were injected into the tibia of SCID mice. X-rays of the bone lesions and fluorescence imaging of GFP-expressing tumor growth were measured. The data suggested, that the stromal cells from primary prostates, but not from the second metastasis site of bone marrow, promotes prostate cancer growth in the bone and osteoblastic bone lesion development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1418.
“Prediction” of strong ground motion for the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using empirical Green's functions

Abstract This article examines how the empirical Green9s function seismogram synthesis method might perform as a tool for earthquake hazard analysis by “predicting” strong ground motion from the 18 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A suite of accelerograms are synthesized for five sites 40 to 80 km from the nearest fault rupture from 25 different source models that might have been considered prior to the occurrence of the Loma Prieta earthquake. Three-component, full wavetrain ground accelerations are synthesized over the frequency range of 0.5 to 25.0 Hz with a sparse distribution of source events for empirical Green9s functions and fairly simple source models. The suite of source models includes a range of rupture histories and geometries, asperity models, and slip models that reflect the uncertainties both in predicting the actual rupture history and in knowledge of modeling rupture processes. The suite of synthesized accelerograms includes a good match to observed time series amplitudes, frequency content, energy distribution, and some waveforms and demonstrates that the character of actual time series can be captured with a range of simple source models. The average levels of peak acceleration, pseudo-velocity response, and Fourier amplitude spectra provide a good prediction to the observed values at four of the five sites. The log-normal standard deviations provide bounds on the predictions that are specific to the source and recording site.
Quantification of tumor vascularity and flow with amplitude color Doppler sonography in an experimental model: preliminary results.

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate a system to quantitate vascularity and tumor blood flow with amplitude (power) color Doppler sonography. The vascularity of nine transplanted murine tumors was determined with quantitated amplitude color Doppler sonography and compared to tumor vascularity estimated by histologic examination. The system used seemed to provide an accurate depiction of the vascularity of tumor vis-aa-vis histologic estimation of vessel density (r = 0.80). Time-activity curves showed greater flow in the experimental group injected with an exotoxin than in the group injected with saline solution. Vascular density quantification with amplitude color Doppler sonography also was more accurate when an intravascular agent (such as an exotoxin) was used than when saline infusions were given. This quantification scheme may allow the development of a system to assess the probability of malignancy and to monitor tumor response to treatment on the basis of the vascularity of the mass.
Preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons: thermosensitivity in rapid eye movement sleep

The thermosensitivity of 15 warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) and 19 cold-sensitive neurons (CSNs) from the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) was tested during wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by local POAH warming and cooling in freely moving cats. Thermosensitivity was quantified by three criteria, Q10, impulses per second per degree Celsius, and percent change per degree Celsius. Irrespective of the criterion used, WSNs did not exhibit a significant change in thermosensitivity during REM sleep compared with wakefulness and NREM sleep. In contrast, CSNs exhibited decreased mean thermosensitivity during REM sleep compared with wakefulness. CSNs as a group did not retain significant thermosensitivity in REM sleep. These findings are consistent with evidence that thermoeffector responses to cooling are lost in REM sleep, whereas some responses to warming are preserved.
Research on Electric Equipment Fault Diagnose Applied on SF_6′s Decomposing Gases

The decomposing principle of SF6 in the abnormal conditions including over-heating and discharging is described,the factorsaffecting the SF6's decomposing are analyzed,then the condition of electric equipment fault diagnosis using decomposing gases at presentis introduced,andthen the critical data of the decomposing gases in the electric equipment at home and abroad is analyzed.
The Influence of Release Agents on Properties of the Titanium Foil Produced by Vacuum Evaporation

It is well known(1–3) that to impart to thin metal foil the plasticity desired requires that the precipitation of its metal vapour be effected on a heated substrate. The substrate preheat temperature is determined by the material the foil is made of, and for titanium it amounts to as high as 40% of its melting point.(2) At such temperatures processes of mutual diffusion usually set in vigorously at the interface; these processes contribute to the formation of a strong bond between the condensate and the substrate. Release agents serve to facilitate the separation of such condensates.
A matrix-algebraic formulation of distributed-memory maximal cardinality matching algorithms in bipartite graphs

We describe parallel algorithms for computing maximal cardinality matching in a bipartite graph on distributed-memory systems. Unlike traditional algorithms that match one vertex at a time, our algorithms process many unmatched vertices simultaneously using a matrix-algebraic formulation of maximal matching. This generic matrix-algebraic framework is used to develop three efficient maximal matching algorithms with minimal changes. The newly developed algorithms have two benefits over existing graph-based algorithms. First, unlike existing parallel algorithms, cardinality of matching obtained by the new algorithms stays constant with increasing processor counts, which is important for predictable and reproducible performance. Second, relying on bulk-synchronous matrix operations, these algorithms expose a higher degree of parallelism on distributed-memory platforms than existing graph-based algorithms.We report high-performance implementations of three maximal matching algorithms using hybrid OpenMP-MPI and evaluate the performance of these algorithm using more than 35 real and randomly generated graphs. On real instances, our algorithms achieve up to 200 ? speedup on 2048 cores of a Cray XC30 supercomputer. Even higher speedups are obtained on larger synthetically generated graphs where our algorithms show good scaling on up to 16,384 cores.
STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY

This volume was prepared for a like-titled short course that took place at the 2001 Geological Society of America annual meeting in Boston. The objective of the course was to review select topics within the field of stable isotope geochemistry that the organizers felt had emerged or greatly advanced since 1986, the year of publication of an earlier volume in the Reviews series that focussed on stable isotopes ( Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes . J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor Jr., and J.R. O’Neil, Editors, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 16). Stable Isotope Geochemistry consists of 13 separate chapters authored or coauthored by 17 leading researchers. The chapter titles are: (1) Equilibrium Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Fractionation Factors Applicable to Geologic Systems , (2) Rates and Mechanisms of Isotopic Exchange , (3) Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes , (4 ) Stable Isotope Variations in Extraterrestrial Materials , (5 ) Oxygen Isotope Variations of Basaltic …
Can Nonprofit Capacity Be Measured

Organizational capacity is the set of structures and functions a nonprofit organization needs to effectively serve the community. Although capacity is defined in the nonprofit literature, no standardized measures exist, making it difficult to accurately assess organizational capacity. Data from a survey of nonprofit human service organizations (N = 1,221) that participated in a capacity-building demonstration project are used to assess the fit of two conceptual models of capacity using confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated that a model that measured capacity with more than 40 performance-related indicators did not fit the data well. However, a model using fewer (19) indicators of organizations’ self-assessed capacity-building progress fit the data well and was invariant by tenure. Implications for measuring nonprofit organizational capacity are discussed.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for carcinomas of the uterine cervix and endometrium

10.3 Target Volume Delineation and Organ-at-risk Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 10.3.1 Tissue Imaging and Clinical Evaluation for Target Volume Definition . . . . . . . . . . 414 10.3.2 Patient Positioning, Immobilization, and Treatment Planning Imaging . . . . . . . . 415 10.3.3 Delineation of Target Volumes . . . . . . . . . 415 Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Clinical Target Volume (CTV) . . . . . . . . . . 416 Integrated Target Volume (ITV) . . . . . . . . . 417 Organs at Risk (OAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Planning Target Volume (PTV): Margins for Set-up Variation . . . . . . . . . . 418
SEPARATRICES AND SINGULARITIES

Singularities tend to occur near separatrices. Two examples are described in support of this assertion. The first example describes current sheets in coronal plasmas that grow algebraically in time. The second example describes a vortex singularity which develops in finite time in three-dimensional Euler flows.
Short communication: Apparent efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in Holstein heifers

Adequate absorption of bovine colostrum correlates with improved neonatal health. The apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) of immunoglobulins can be measured using a mathematical equation based on serum and colostral IgG concentration levels, as well as calf body weight and the volume of colostrum being fed. Although commonly measured in research projects, little information is available on the normal AEA across a large group of healthy calves on multiple farms. The purpose of this study was to observe how contributing factors (volume of feeding, birth weight, and time of feeding) can alter AEA and establish a reference range for AEA in healthy calves. Study subjects were 100 Holstein heifer calves from 5 different dairies in North Carolina and Colorado. After a normal calving, the heifer received either 4 or 5.6 L of colostrum within 4 h of birth, an aliquot of the fed colostrum was saved, and a blood sample was collected between 24 and 36 h after birth. Birth weights were measured using the same weight tape on each farm. Radial immunodiffusion assay was performed to obtain IgG concentrations in the colostrum and serum samples. From this data, the AEA was calculated. The AEA ranged from 7.7 to 59.9% with mean of 28.1 ± 9.5% and median of 27.5%. The AEA of 69% of the calves fell between 21 and 40%. The AEA varied widely between calves, even when feeding was standardized. Results suggest that serum IgG concentration may potentially be increased by feeding increased volumes of colostrum or genetic selection, given the wide range of AEA values obtained.
Why be Moral? A Retort to a Response to a Reply

I am unable to fathom how the case of the amoralist constitutes a counterexample to our original argument. Our contention is that the genuine belief that it is possible for the actions of others to fail to demonstrate adequate respect for you, coupled with the belief that you have no special attribute that entitles you to this respect, is inconsistent with the contention that you have no moral obligations to others. In the final analysis, rejecting the notion that you have such obligations undermines the logical foundation for such a belief.2
Reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the ICU.

Purpose of reviewPatients in the ICU are at higher risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) due to more frequent use of catheters and lower threshold for obtaining urine cultures. This review provides a summary of CAUTI reduction strategies that are specific to the intensive care
Surgically induced splenogenic anaemia in the rabbit.

THAT alterations in the functional interrelationships of the liver and spleen may cause changes in the formed elements of the blood is suggested by the syndrome of portal vein hypertension. In this connexion, the experimental work of Bock and Frenzel1 is noteworthy. These workers reported that ligation of the splenic and gastric coronary veins leads to anaemia and leukopaenia in the rabbit.
Evolutionary Origins of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that are best known for their roles in innate immunity for the detection of and defense against microbial pathogens. However, TLRs also have roles in many nonimmune processes, most notably development. TLRs direct both immune and developmental programs by activation of downstream signaling pathways, often by activation of the NF-κB pathway. There are two primary TLR subtypes: 1) TLRs with multiple cysteine clusters in their ectodomain (mccTLRs) and 2) TLRs with a single cysteine cluster in their ectodomain (sccTLRs). For some time, it has been known that TLRs and the biological processes that they control are conserved in organisms from insects to mammals. However, genome and transcriptome sequencing has revealed that many basal metazoans also have TLRs and downstream NF-κB signaling components. In this review, we discuss what is known about the structure, biological function, and downstream signaling pathways of TLRs found in phyla from Porifera through Annelida. From these analyses, we hypothesize that mccTLRs emerged in the phylum Cnidaria, that sccTLRs evolved in the phylum Mollusca, and that TLRs have dual immune and developmental biological functions in organisms as ancient as cnidarians.
Residue-Specific Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids into Proteins In Vitro and In Vivo

The incorporation of noncanonical (unnatural) amino acids into proteins offers researchers the ability to augment the biochemical functionality of proteins for a myriad of applications including bioorthogonal conjugation, biophysical and structural studies, and the enhancement or de novo creation of novel enzymatic activities. The augmentation of a protein throughout its coding sequence by global residue-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acid analogs is an attractive technique for studying both the utility of individual chemistries available through unnatural amino acids and the general effects of unnatural amino acid substitution on protein structure and function. Herein we describe protocols to introduce unnatural amino acids into proteins using the Escherichia coli translation system either in vivo or in vitro. Special attention is paid to obtaining high levels of incorporation while maintaining high yields of protein expression.
Preliminary results from a single-arm, phase II study assessing the efficacy of pembrolizumab plus radiotherapy in metastatic triple negative breast cancer.

95Background: Two trials have demonstrated overall response rates of 19% with immune checkpoint inhibitors alone in chemotherapy-resistant triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Radiation therapy (R...
The association among knowledge of and confidence in home health care services, acculturation, and family caregivers' relationships to older adults of Mexican descent.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships among knowledge of and confidence in health care services (HHCS), acculturation, characteristics of family caregivers of Mexican descent, and differences by caregivers' relationship (spouse or adult child). A sample of Mexican-descent older adults and their caregivers was recruited (n = 74 dyads) in Arizona. Each participant completed questionnaires on knowledge, confidence, and acculturation. There were moderate but significant associations among higher Anglo Orientation with Knowledge and with Confidence. Fear of HHCS was positively associated with higher Anglo Orientation and English Language Preference; and negatively associated with Mexican Orientation and Spanish Language Preference. For Spouse caregivers, Fear of HHCS was positively correlated with higher Anglo Orientation and English Language Preference; for Offspring caregivers, Fear of HHCS was negatively correlated with Mexican Orientation and Spanish Language Preference. Results support assessing caregiver cohort and socio-cultural context to decrease HHCS use disparities by Mexican-descent caregiving families.
The Can-Spam Act: Not Canning Spam

Congress attempted to address the problem of unsolicited commercial e-mail, as spam is officially known, three years ago with the enactment of the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, or CAN-SPAM Act. The Act was an attempt to regulate and restrict spam by requiring commercial e-mail marketers to meet a set of standards in their e-mail, or face civil or criminal sanctions. The Act does not completely ban unsolicited commercial e-mail. As with most laws, concepts that may seem obvious becomes less so when tested by those impacted by the law and interpreted by the courts. A recent federal court decision found that particular concepts in the Act were not quite as cut and dried as might appear.
The Current State of Drug Discovery and a Potential Role for NMR Metabolomics

The pharmaceutical industry has significantly contributed to improving human health. Drugs have been attributed to both increasing life expectancy and decreasing health care costs. Unfortunately, there has been a recent decline in the creativity and productivity of the pharmaceutical industry. This is a complex issue with many contributing factors resulting from the numerous mergers, increase in out-sourcing, and the heavy dependency on high-throughput screening (HTS). While a simple solution to such a complex problem is unrealistic and highly unlikely, the inclusion of metabolomics as a routine component of the drug discovery process may provide some solutions to these problems. Specifically, as the binding affinity of a chemical lead is evolved during the iterative structure-based drug design process, metabolomics can provide feedback on the selectivity and the in vivo mechanism of action. Similarly, metabolomics can be used to evaluate and validate HTS leads. In effect, metabolomics can be used to elim...
The Market Hates a Monitor: The Adverse Selection of Independent Directors Who Oust a CEO

Does the market for independent directors always incentivize directors to act in the best interests of shareholders? In this paper, we suggest that the market fails in this regard when the interests of shareholders diverge from the interests of managers, such as when directors must oust an underperforming CEO. Given that managers continue to wield primary influence over the director-selection process, we expect that directors who pursue the interests of shareholders to the detriment of corporate managers will be punished by the market for directors. To test this, we employ a unique longitudinal database that tracks a decade in the careers of a cohort of independent directors. We find evidence that directors who oust a CEO suffer multi-faceted adverse consequences in the market. They are likely to win seats within fewer boards and the boards that do recruit them are likely to be significantly smaller and less reputable than those that recruit their peers. Ultimately, these findings support calls for more deliberate shareholder accountability mechanisms in the market for directors, such as governance provisions that allow for more direct shareholder involvement in director elections.
The Use of GC-MS Techniques for the Analysis of Therapeutic Agents in Blood

Combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry has become an established method for detecting and quantifying compounds in complex mixtures (1, 2, 3). In the work described here, we studied various methods of applying this powerful technique to the quantitative assay of the anti-epileptic drug, diphenylhydantoin, in serum samples submitted to our clinical laboratory. Mass fragmentography, in which the elution of compounds from the GC column is monitored by monitoring for preselected specific ions or spectra of ions as a function of time was used with both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) in order to assess the sensitivity and potential advantages of each technique.
Open Meetings and Closed Minds: Another Road to the Mountaintop

Conventional wisdom is that public bodies’ “open meetings” are a good thing, a superficially attractive proposition. However, the legal requirements are irrational in design and insonsistent in application – especially when measured by their stated objectives. The article explains the goals and arguments for open meetings, followed by an analysis of their costs and unintended consequences, and concludes with proposals offering agencies more flexibility in achievement of open meetings’ goals, especially with regard to pre-decision “deliberations.”
Comparison of clinical prediction tools and identification of risk factors for adverse outcomes in acute lower GI bleeding.

Background and Aims Limited data exist on prediction of adverse outcomes in patients with acute lower GI bleeding (LGIB). The purpose of our study was to compare the ability of existing validated clinical risk scores to predict relevant outcomes in LGIB. Methods We performed a prospective observational study of patients admitted with LGIB who underwent colonoscopy at a single center between April 2016 and September 2017. Seven risk scores were calculated at admission (Strate, NOBLADS, Sengupta, Oakland, Blatchford, AIMS65, and Charlson Comorbidity Index). The risk of severe LGIB was determined via univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used to compare the scores. Results We included 170 patients admitted with LGIB requiring colonoscopy. Fifty-two percent (n = 89) fit criteria for severe bleeding. Patients with severe bleeding had lower admission hemoglobin levels (8.6 g/dL vs 11.1 g/dL; P = .0001), were more likely to have blood transfusions (85% vs 36%; P Conclusion Admission albumin and hemoglobin levels were the strongest predictors of severe bleeding. No singular clinical risk tool had the best predictive ability across all outcomes.
Optimal Design of Parameters and Coupling study on Multi-objective of a Combined Cooling Heating and Power System

Optimal design is critical to the efficient operation of the combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system, different design combinations will definitely lead to different characteristics. However, the problem of balancing different system performance by regulating the capacity of facilities and key parameters still remain unclear. This paper designs a CCHP system with the storage unit and the electric chiller. A multi-objective model considering the energetic, economic and environmental benefits has been built, aiming to optimize the rated power of the power generation unit (PGU), the capacity of storage unit, the electric chilling ratio and the on-off coefficient of the PGU. Moreover, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is adopted to solve the optimal model, thus obtaining multiple optimal designing combinations focusing on different performance. The energy saving rate is chosen as an example, which is used for revealing the inherent effects of all designing parameters on the system performance. Furthermore, the coupling relationships between these objectives are quantified, thereby providing the reliable method of balancing the benefits of all participants for the decision-makers in the designing process.
Loss of the PTH/PTHrP receptor along the osteoblast lineage limits the anabolic response to exercise

Exercise and physical activity are critical to maintain bone mass and strength throughout life. Both exercise and physical activity subject bone to a unique combination of stimuli in the forms of dynamic loading and a systemic increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although dynamic loading is considered to be the primary osteogenic stimuli, the influence of increasing PTH levels remains unclear. We hypothesize that activation of the PTH/PTH-related peptide type 1 receptor (PPR) along the osteoblast lineage facilitates bone formation and improved mechanical properties in response to exercise. To test this hypothesis, conditional PPR-knockout mice (PPRcKO) were generated in which PPR expression was deleted along the osteoblast lineage under the osterix promoter. At 8-weeks of age, both PPRfl/fl and PPRcKO mice were subjected to treadmill running or sedentary conditions for 5-weeks. Under sedentary conditions, PPRcKO mice displayed significantly less bone mass as well as smaller structural-level strength (yield-load and ultimate load), while tissue level properties were largely unaffected. However, PPRcKO mice exposed to exercise displayed significantly less structural-level and tissue-level mechanical properties when compared to exercised PPRfl/fl mice. Overall, these data demonstrate that PPR expression along the osteoblast lineage is essential for exercise to improve the mechanical properties of cortical bone. Furthermore, the influence of PPR activation on material properties is unique to exercise and not during normal growth and development.