cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature heat capacities of molybdenum diselenide and ditelluride

The low-temperature heat capacities of MoSea and MoTea have been determined for technological and scientific reasons. Both compounds in their hexagonal form have a lamellar sandwich-layer structure and in confirmation of extant data on molybdenite, MO&, these compounds are shown to follow the Debye limiting law for heat capacity at low temperature despite contrary indications in the literature. At 298.15 K the heat capacity C,, entropy S”, and Gibbs energy in the form {G’(T) - H’(O)}/T are (for MO&) 16.87, 21.29, and -10.33 ~&~K-~rnol-~; and (for MoTe,) 18.38, 27.55, and -14.60 calu, K-l mol-I. Molybdenum is among the fission products produced in highest yield in nuclear reactors and the thermodynamics of its chalcogenide compounds is, therefore, important in the technology of fuel elements and coolant systems in nuclear reactors. Moreover, the chalcogenide compounds are used as high-temperature lubricants. Since a contrary finding existed in the literature as to the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of molybdenite prior to our recently published study,(‘) additional confirmation was a desideratum. Although the ultimate conformity of MoS, with the Debye limiting-law heat-capacity behavior has been demonstrated, it was considered worthwhile to show that this was no accident of relative atomic masses or other artifacts but obtained as well for the similarly structured selenide and telluride compounds. All three hexagonal lattices possess a lamellar sandwich-layer type structure and taken together involve a four-fold range of relative atomic masses.
MODELING OF HIGH SPEED REACTING FLOWS: ESTABLISHED PRACTICES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has proven to be an invaluable tool for the design and analysis of highspeed propulsion devices. Massively parallel computing, together with the maturation of robust CFD codes, has made it possible to perform simulations of complete engine flowpaths. Steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are now routinely used in the scramjet engine development cycle to determine optimal fuel injector arrangements, investigate trends noted during testing, and extract various measures of engine efficiency. Unfortunately, the turbulence and combustion models used in these codes have not changed significantly over the past decade. Hence, the CFD practitioner must often rely heavily on existing measurements (at similar flow conditions) to calibrate model coefficients on a caseby-case basis. This paper provides an overview of the modeled equations typically employed by commercialquality CFD codes for high-speed combustion applications. Careful attention is given to the approximations employed for each of the unclosed terms in the averaged equation set. The salient features (and shortcomings) of common models used to close these terms are covered in detail, and several academic efforts aimed at addressing these shortcomings are discussed.
The effect of cross-shear on the wear of virgin and highly-crosslinked polyethylene

Abstract The phenomenon of orientation softening suggests that during multi-directional motion the principal direction experiences hardening due to molecular orientation, while the secondary direction experiences softening. Multi-directional motion occurs during gait for both hips and knees, and its effect on the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenomenon of orientation softening using a highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXPE). Both virgin polyethylene and HXPE pins were articulated against cobalt-chromium discs using an OrthoPod™ wear tester. Six different motion paths were used, ranging from a square pattern to a linear track. Gravimetric weight measurements were periodically collected and scanning electron micrographs were taken after the completion of each motion path. The results show the motion path has a significant effect on the wear rate of virgin polyethylene, but no significant effect on the wear of HXPE.
A Control System to Simulate Diel pH Fluctuation in Eutrophic Aquaculture Ponds

.— The toxicity of substances that vary in toxicity through time (daily) as a function of pH are not effectively assessed with static renewal test methods. A control system to simulate diel pH fluctuation in eutrophic aquaculture ponds was established in a flow-through, wet-laboratory setting. Water (100 L/ min) was conditioned in a packed column of 3.81-cm Pall rings prior to distribution to 48 189-L fish tanks. Control system components included a distributed data acquisition and control system, a personal computer, and various pH control devices. pH values greater than that of influent water (pH 8.0) were achieved by additions of concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions; pH values less than that of influent water were achieved by additions of carbon dioxide gas. Two data acquisition and control software strategies were developed to control pH: one from pH 7.4 to 8.0 and the other from pH 8.0 to 9.6. The basic control strategy involved comparison of a projected pH value to a set point. A moving linear regression was used to forecast the pH value that would result following base or gas addition, and the rate of chemical addition was adjusted accordingly. The system has resulted in acceptable pH control (deviation < 0.1 pH unit), indicating the potential utility of a relatively simple control system for evaluation of fish physiological response to the characteristically dynamic environment of eutrophic aquaculture ponds.
Semaphorins in kidney development and disease: modulators of ureteric bud branching, vascular morphogenesis, and podocyte-endothelial crosstalk

Semaphorins are guidance proteins that play important roles in organogenesis and disease. Expression of class 3 semaphorins and their receptors is regulated during kidney development. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that tight semaphorin3a gene dosage is required for podocyte differentiation, and for the establishment of a normal glomerular filtration barrier. Sema3a modulates kidney vascular patterning acting as a negative regulator of endothelial cell migration and survival. Excess podocyte semaphorin3a expression causes glomerular disease in mice. In addition, Sema3a is a negative regulator of ureteric bud branching, whereas Sema3c is a positive regulator of ureteric bud and endothelial cell branching morphogenesis. In summary, secreted semaphorins modulate ureteric bud branching, vascular patterning, and podocyte-endothelial crosstalk, suggesting that they play a role in renal disease. Understanding the signaling pathways downstream from semaphorin receptors will provide insight into the mechanism of action of semaphorins in renal pathology.
Voice activity detection using a sliding-window, maximum margin clustering approach

Recently, an unsupervised, data clustering algorithm based on maximum margin, i.e. support vector machine (SVM) was reported. The maximum margin clustering (MMC) algorithm was later applied to the problem of voice activity detection, however, the application did not allow for real-time detection which is important in speech processing applications. In this paper, we propose a voice activity detector (VAD) based on a sliding window, MMC algorithm which allows for real-time detection. Our system requires a separate initialization stage which imposes an initial detection delay, however, once initialized the system can operate in real-time. Using TIMIT speech under several NOISEX-92 noise backgrounds at various SNRs, we show that our average speech and non-speech hit rates are better than state-of-the-art VADs.
Permanent urinary diversion in childhood

Abstract Pathologic conditions of childhood requiring permanent urinary diversion range from the rare malignant diseases to neurogenic bladder, as from meningomyelocele. New techniques of self-catheterization and bladder evacuation by electric pumps and devices are being evaluated. At present permanent urinary diversion is the treatment of choice, and this should be performed before upper tract deterioration occurs. A temporary urinary diversion, loop cutaneous ureterostomy, should be done in patients where eventual reconstruction of the urinary tract is feasible. Types of permanent urinary diversions and indications for each are discussed.
Compound noise separation in digital circuits using blind source separation

Analysis of individual noise sources in pre-nanometer circuits cannot take into account the evolving reality of multiple noise sources interacting with each other. Noise measurement made at an evaluation node will reflect the cumulative effect of all the active noise sources, while individual and relative severity of various noise sources will determine what types of remedial steps can be taken, pressing the need for development of algorithms that can analyze the contributions of different noise sources when a noise measurement is available. This paper addresses the cocktail-party problem inside integrated circuits with multiple noise sources. It presents a method to extract the time characteristics of individual noise source from the measured compound voltage in order to study the contribution and properties of each source. This extraction is facilitated by application of blind source separation technique, which is based on the assumption of statistical independence of various noise sources over time. The estimated noise sources can aid in performing timing and spectral analysis, and yield better circuit design techniques.
Shoaling gravity waves: comparisons between field observations, linear theory, and a nonlinear model

Observed statistics of non-breaking ocean-surface gravity waves shoaling between 4 and 1 m depths are compared with the predictions of linear finite-depth theory and a nonlinear model. The linear theory included effects of the directional distribution of energy within each frequency component. The nonlinear model, which does not consider directional effects, is based on Boussinesq-type equations for a sloping bottom (Freilich & Guza 1984). Given initial conditions in 4 m depth, the nonlinear model more accurately predicts the evolution of energy spectra, coherence and phase speed between sensors, and lengths of runs of high waves than does the linear theory. In four out of five cases, observed trends in the evolution of sea-surface-elevation skewness are predicted by the nonlinear model, while linear theory predicts zero skewness. Neither model can explain changes in the directional spectra observed between 9 and 4 m depths.
Scale-Up Effects of Nanoparticle Production on the Burning Rate of Composite Propellant

The use of catalytic nanoparticle additives in composite solid propellant as burning rate modifiers has received much research attention in recent years, and as the widespread application of nanoparticles becomes more practical, scale-up processing and testing will be required. This article investigates the potential benefits of various additive processing methods and their effects on the burning rate of propellant consisting of ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene. Titania was investigated herein, but many of the results should apply to any metal oxide catalyst. Depending on how the additive was processed, it was seen to be both an effective and ineffective burning rate modifier. The ideal processing method was determined, leading to a better understanding of how the additive interacts with the propellant. The physical properties of the additive agglomerations were found to be a link between the additive processing and its effectiveness. Specifically, sintering of the additive agglo...
Solving time-dependent two-dimensional Eddy current problems

Results of transient eddy current calculations are reported. For simplicity, a two-dimensional transverse magnetic field which is incident on an infinitely long conductor is considered. The conductor is assumed to be a good but not perfect conductor. The resulting problem is an interface initial boundary value problem with the boundary of the conductor being the interface. A finite difference method is used to march the solution explicitly in time. The method is shown. Treatment of appropriate radiation conditions is given special consideration. Results are validated with approximate analytic solutions. Two stringent test cases of high and low frequency incident waves are considered to validate the results.
The skipping of constitutive exons in vivo induced by nonsense mutations

Nonsense mutations create a premature signal for the termination of translation of messenger RNA. Such mutations have been observed to cause a severe reduction in the amount of mutant allele transcript or to generate a peptide truncated at the carboxyl end. Analysis of fibrillin transcript from a patient with Marfan syndrome revealed the skipping of a constitutive exon containing a nonsense mutation. Similar results were observed for two nonsense mutations in the gene encoding ornithine delta-aminotransferase from patients with gyrate atrophy. All genomic DNA sequences flanking these exons that are known to influence RNA splicing were unaltered, which suggests that nonsense mutations can alter splice site selection in vivo.
Some observations on the ecology ofColobus badius temmincki, Abuko Nature Reserve, the Gambia, West Africa

Three groups of red colobus (Colobus badius temmincki) were observed at the Abuko Nature Reserve in the Gambia, West Africa between December 1973 and August 1974. The population of the three groups ranged from 24–40 animals with home ranges measuring 4.3–12.8 hectares. The red colobus fed on a wide variety of flora and their diet included fruit, flowers, shoots, and bark, as well as new and mature leaves. There was a change in diurnal activity patterns over the two seasons (dry and rainy), with more definitive activity peaks occurring during the dry season.
Noise masking of S-cone increments and decrements.

S-cone increment and decrement detection thresholds were measured in the presence of bipolar, dynamic noise masks. Noise chromaticities were the L-, M-, and S-cone directions, as well as L−M, L+M, and achromatic (L+M+S) directions. Noise contrast power was varied to measure threshold Energy versus Noise (EvN) functions. S+ and S− thresholds were similarly, and weakly, raised by achromatic noise. However, S+ thresholds were much more elevated by S, L+M, L–M, L- and M-cone noises than were S− thresholds, even though the noises consisted of two symmetric chromatic polarities of equal contrast power. A linear cone combination model accounts for the overall pattern of masking of a single test polarity well. L and M cones have opposite signs in their effects upon raising S+ and S− thresholds. The results strongly indicate that the psychophysical mechanisms responsible for S+ and S− detection, presumably based on S-ON and S-OFF pathways, are distinct, unipolar mechanisms, and that they have different spatiotemporal sampling characteristics, or contrast gains, or both.
Conversion of [125I]growth hormone into high molecular weight forms in vivo.

[l25I]-growth hormone, injected in rats, was converted into high molecular weight forms (70,000 to over 200,000 daltons) as judged by gel filtration of blood serum samples collected after the injection. These forms were reactive with antisera against growth hormone, although their immunoreactivity was only 50‰ of that of control, single component [l25I]growth hormone. Their molecular weight was not affected significantly by denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Incubation of [l25I]growth hormone with blood serum in vitro did not result in the production of high molecular weight forms.(Endocrinology 96: 799, 1975)
The Complexity of Optimal Addressing in Radio Networks

We consider the complexity of finding optimal fixed- or variable-length unambiguous address codes for the nodes of a packet radio network. For fixed-length codes this problem is proved to be NP-complete, and its complexity for variable-length codes is still unknown. Some suboptimal heuristic algorithms are proposed.
Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century

From the Publisher: An unforgettable journey into the dark heart of the Information Age, Escape Velocity explores the high-tech subcultures that both celebrate and critique our wired world: cyberpunks, cyberhippies, technopagans, and rogue technologists, to name a few. The computer revolution has given rise to a digital underground - an Information Age counterculture whose members are utilizing cutting-edge technology in ways never intended by its manufacturers. Poised, at the end of the century, between technological rapture and social rupture, between Tomorrowland and Blade Runner, fringe computer culture poses the fundamental question of our time: Will technology liberate or enslave us in the coming millennium? Mark Dery takes us on an electrifying tour of the high-tech underground. Exploring the shadowy byways of cyberculture, we meet would-be cyborgs who believe the body is obsolete and dream of downloading their minds into computers, cyberhippies who boost their brainpower with smart drugs and mind machines, on-line swingers seeking cybersex on electronic bulletin boards, techno-primitives who sport "biomechanical" tattoos of computer circuitry, and cyberpunk roboticists whose Mad Max contraptions duel to the death before howling crowds. Most "cyber-" titles are a breathless mix of New Age futurism and gadget-happy cyberhype. Escape Velocity stands alone as the first truly critical inquiry into cyberculture. Shifting the focus of our conversation about technology from the corridors of power to disparate voices on the cultural fringes, Dery wires it into the power politics and social issues of the moment. Timely, trenchant, and provocative, Escape Velocity is essential reading for everyone interested in computer culture and the shape of things to come.
Radiation-thermal degradation of PE and PVC: Mechanism of synergism and dose rate effects

Abstract Polyethylene insulation and polyvinyl chloride jacketing materials that had been in use in a nuclear application were recently found to be substantially deteriorated. The damage had occurred under conditions where both the total estimated dose (about 2.5 Mrad) and the operating temperatures (about 43°C average) seemed relatively moderate. These results prompted us to initiate a program to study polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene degradation under conditions of combined γ-radiation and elevated temperature environments. A number of interesting aging effects were observed, including 1) a striking synergism between radiation and temperature and 2) strong dose-rate dependent effects which occur over a wide range of dose rates. The aging effects are explained in terms of a chain branching degradation mechanism involving thermally induced breakdown of peroxides which are formed in reactions initiated by the radiation. Evidence for this mechanism is derived from infrared spectra, from sequential radiation-elevated temperature experiments including experiments under inert atmosphere, from activation energy estimates and from a new technique involving treatment of intact samples with PH3 for chemical reduction of peroxides. The results of our studies raise significant doubts about the utility of earlier compilations which purportedly serve as radiation life expectancy guides by indicating “tolerable radiation doses” for a variety of polymers.
Growth-promoting Activity of Caffeic Acid

Vendrig and Buffel have recently stated1 that trans-caffeic acid “may be a very important natural growth regulator, not less important than indole-3-acetic acid”. This conclusion was based on the identification of caffeic acid as one of the active growth substances in an ether extract of leaves, and on growth tests with commercial caffeic acid on 2-mm. sections of Avena coleop tiles. We believe that the true explanation of these observations is quite different. In what follows, a good crystalline sample of commercial caffeic acid, m.p. 188°–190°, was used.
A Binary Gas Composition Sensor to Measure Impermeable Wall Concentration in Film Cooling Experiments

A binary gas composition sensor has been developed to measure impermeable wall effectiveness with the foreign gas injection technique. The sampled gas is drawn at a controlled flow rate over a platinum hot wire connected to an anemometer circuit. A change in composition of the gas flowing over the wire results in a change in the heat loss to the gas and, hence, the anemometer output voltage. The sensitivity of a prototype sensor with a 6.1 mm platinum hot wire length has been found to be 0.278 V/% helium at a mass concentration of 2% He.The sensor has been tested in a film cooling experiment in which an air-helium mixture (helium mass concentration 2%) was injected through a slot along a flat surface. A series of sensors placed downstream of the injection slot measured the foreign gas wall concentrations. The effectiveness results deduced from the anemometer output voltages compare very well to those of classical film cooling experiments in the literature.The use of the binary gas composition sensor in film cooling experiments has the advantage of simulating adiabatic walls without the disadvantages of the inability to reduce the effectiveness data during the film cooling test and the requirement of an expensive gas chromatograph.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Anchoring effects of recommender systems

We explore how consumer preferences at the time of consumption are impacted by predictions generated by recommender systems. We conducted three controlled laboratory experiments to explore the effects of system recommendations on preferences. Results provide strong evidence that the rating provided by a recommender system serves as an anchor for the consumer's constructed preference. Consumer's preferences appear malleable and can be significantly influenced by the recommendation received. Additionally, the effects of pure number-based anchoring can be separated from the effects of the perceived reliability of a recommender system. In particular, when the recommender system was described to the participants as being in testing phase, the anchoring effect was reduced. Finally, the effect of anchoring is roughly continuous, operating over a range of perturbations of the system.
Renal Mechanism of Trimethoprim-induced Hyperkalemia

Objectives: 1) To determine the incidence and severity of hyperkalemia during trimethoprim therapy. 2) To test the hypothesis that trimethoprim inhibits renal potassium excretion by blocking sodium...
Commentary: Death on our nation's roadways: not just for cars

“Motor vehicle accident.” The emergency medicine residents in our program run for cover when they hear the unsuspecting off-service intern use that term while presenting a case to me. They know that it is the trigger for a long diatribe explaining that motor vehicle crashes are not “accidents.” The unsuspecting physician hears a well-rehearsed lecture explaining that the whole premise of injury prevention is to assume that trauma is a preventable disease. I frequently use the example of a 17-year-old male adolescent driving on a country road at night at a high rate of speed, under the influence of alcohol and without a seat belt, who loses control and is involved in a rollover motor vehicle crash. Consequently, he is ejected and dies. I then ask the physician to explain to me how this young man experienced an unavoidable act of God or how it was just “an accident.” Close evaluation of this crash with the application of Haddon's matrix (a system for evaluating human, vehicle, and environmental factors contrasted to pre-event, event, and postevent phases) yields multiple points of intervention for prevention of this outcome. This young man was the victim of a “crash” or “collision” and the event was wholly avoidable. I firmly believe this tenet, but as emergency physicians we are well aware that in avoidable crashes there are often innocent victims. Take, for example, the unsuspecting mother with her children who is driving down the highway in a minivan and falls prey to a distracted driver who crosses the midline. Because of the nature of modern transportation, there are inherent risks. Today we are a much more mobile society compared with when I was a child. There are many more vehicles on the road, and we travel more miles each year. Each vehicle traveling down the road carries with it a large amount of kinetic energy by virtue of its motion, and even the smallest mistakes can result in high-kinetic-energy crashes and injuries. Therein lies the concern. Language: en
The structure of visual difference: A comparative case study of Mariemont and Lebanon, Ohio

This article probes ‘the structure of visual difference’ and its planning implications. Identifying the visual ‘differences’ in a place helps people express their opinions about its social meaning and image, and ultimately the areas they would like to see change, protected or preserved. The article examines two new aspects of difference: first, that people associate social and experiential differences of a place with its perceived visual (physical) characteristics; second, that recognizing these differences and making them explicit can serve as an effective planning tool for devising community vision plans. This article draws from the debate on the concepts of difference, meaning and image and argues that taking an inventory of visual differences can restore a community’s unique characteristics. It then outlines the research design and presents a comparative study of two communities in Ohio where the respondents in a survey questionnaire were asked to describe their distinctive physical attributes.
Radiation Output and Dose Predictions for Flash X-Ray Sources

Calculations are made of target parameters required to maximize the photon fluence from flash x-ray sources for electron energies from 0.5 to 15.0 MeV. Doses and effective absorption coefficients for critical materials located downstream of the target are also obtained.
Toward an Uncertainty Budget for a Coastal Ocean Model

Abstract Estimates of three components of an uncertainty budget for a coastal ocean model in a wind-forced regime are made based on numerical simulations. The budget components behave differently in the shelf regime, inshore of the 200-m isobath, and the slope-interior regime, between the 200-m isobath and a fixed longitude (126°W) that is roughly 150 km offshore. The first of the three budget components is an estimate of the uncertainty in the ocean state given only a known history of wind stress forcing, with errors in the wind forcing estimated from differences between operational analyses. It is found that, over the continental shelf, the response to wind forcing is sufficiently strong and deterministic that significant skill in estimating shelf circulation can be achieved with knowledge only of the wind forcing, and no ocean data, for wind fields with these estimated errors. The second involves initial condition error and its influence on uncertainty, including both error growth with time from well-k...
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE UPTAKE OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE BY RAT KIDNEY SLICES

When rat kidney slices were incubated in the presence of horseradish peroxidase, there was an energy-dependent uptake of the protein by the cells of the kidney tubules. The uptake was greatest in the proximal convoluted tubules and in the thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle; it was abolished by cold, anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and fluoroacetate, and was more readily depressed by unfavorable metabolic conditions in the proximal convoluted tubules than in the thick ascending limbs. Protein uptake was inhibited when the kidney slices were incubated in electrolyte-free media. In sodium chloride solutions, uptake was reduced as sodium was progressively replaced by choline, and ouabain inhibited uptake in the proximal convoluted tubules, but not in the thick ascending limbs. To a limited extent, lithium could replace sodium in the incubation medium with no depression of peroxidase uptake. These results suggest that a sodium-stimulated, ouabain-sensitive ATPase may be involved in the uptake of protein by cells of the kidney tubule. The intracellular transport of peroxidase in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules was abolished by cold, anoxia, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but it was not affected by concentrations of ouabain which inhibited the uptake of the protein.
Myosin Isoform Expression in Dog Rectus Muscles: Patterns in Global and Orbital Layers and among Single Fibers

Purpose To quantitate the distribution of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms along the global and orbital layers of dog rectus muscles and determine MyHC and myosin light chain (MLC) isoform patterns among single fibers from both layers. Methods Serial samples of both layers of rectus muscles were prepared for gel electrophoresis. Relative amounts of each MyHC isoform in each sample were determined with scanning densitometry. Single fibers were isolated from each layer for analyses of MyHC and MLC isoforms. Results Nine MyHC isoforms were detected. Four prominent MyHC isoforms, and an additional MyHC isoform at very low levels, are expressed in the global layer. Evidence suggests that all nine MyHC isoforms are expressed in the orbital layer. There are marked gradients in the levels of some MyHC isoforms along the length of both layers. Complex patterns of coexpression of multiple MyHC isoforms exist in single fibers from both layers. Most fibers express conventional slow or fast MLC isoforms, in accordance with the type (slow or fast) of MyHC isoform(s) in a given fiber, with the exception that slow fibers in the orbital layer express the atrial/embryonic isoform of MLC1. Conclusions MyHC isoform expression patterns differ markedly between and along global and orbital layers of dog rectus muscles, with greater complexity in the orbital layer. Heterogeneity in MyHC isoform expression in rectus muscles is much greater than in limb muscles and presumably is the basis for the broad spectrum of extraocular muscle (EOM) contractile properties in driving oculomotor functions.
Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning.

Many clinical decisions are made in uncertainty. When the diagnosis is uncertain, the goal is to establish a diagnosis or to treat even if the diagnosis remains unknown. If the diagnosis is known (e.g., breast cancer or prostate cancer) but the treatment is risky and its outcome uncertain, still a choice must be made. In researching the psychology of clinical judgment and decision making, the major strategy is to compare observed clinical judgments and decisions with the normative model established by statistical decision theory. In this framework, the process of diagnosing is conceptualized as using imperfect information to revise opinions; Bayes' theorem is the formal rule for updating a diagnosis as new data are available. Treatment decisions should be made so as to maximize expected value. This essay uses Bayes' theorem and concepts from decision theory to describe and explain some well-documented errors in clinical reasoning. Heuristics and biases are the cognitive factors that produce these errors.
A 45nm NOR Flash Technology with Self-Aligned Contacts and 0.024μm 2 Cell Size for Multi-level Applications

A 45nm NOR flash technology featuring a self aligned contact ETOX architecture is demonstrated on a 1 Gbit MLC product having a die area of 30.05mm2. The cell size of 0.024μm2 is the smallest NOR cell reported to date and is manufactured entirely with dry lithography tools. With an aggressively scaled drain space of 100nm and gate length of 110nm, the cell shows robust short channel behavior, and excellent cycling behavior.
The causes of mutation accumulation in mitochondrial genomes

A fundamental observation across eukaryotic taxa is that mitochondrial genomes have a higher load of deleterious mutations than nuclear genomes. Identifying the evolutionary forces that drive this difference is important to understanding the rates and patterns of sequence evolution, the efficacy of natural selection, the maintenance of sex and recombination and the mechanisms underlying human ageing and many diseases. Recent studies have implicated the presumed asexuality of mitochondrial genomes as responsible for their high mutational load. We review the current body of knowledge on mitochondrial mutation accumulation and recombination, and conclude that asexuality, per se, may not be the primary determinant of the high mutation load in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Very little recombination is required to counter mutation accumulation, and recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial genomes do experience occasional recombination. Instead, a high rate of accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations in mtDNA may result from the small effective population size associated with effectively haploid inheritance. This type of transmission is nearly ubiquitous among mitochondrial genomes. We also describe an experimental framework using variation in mating system between closely related species to disentangle the root causes of mutation accumulation in mitochondrial genomes.
Work in progress - gender and leadership: The creation of a graduate course

Using as the initial foundation a new undergraduate course offered through Purdue University's Entrepreneurship Program called “Women and Leadership”, a much needed graduate course on “Gender and Leadership” was developed. Benchmarking of similar courses was incorporated with a literature search related to gender, leadership, and the intersection of the two. These areas are of high importance to the future of engineering education in relation to diversity and skills. The resulting course examines gender and leadership as well as their intersections and their relevance to the lives of engineers and engineering educators. The course explores the social constructions of gender, gendered organizations, gendered leadership, obstacles to women's full participation in leadership positions, the intersections of gender with race, ethnicity, class and those effects on leadership, and a framework for gender equity. Students have the opportunity to explore facets of diversity (gender, race, and ethnicity) and its affect on the majority and non-majority populations with respect to leadership positions, particularly within an engineering professional context.
Percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation: patient selection, techniques and outcomes

Paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation is common, affecting 5–10% of surgical prostheses and 40–70% of transcatheter valves. While many patients may suffer no significant morbidity, paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation can lead to heart failure and haemolytic anaemia, and, in some studies, has been associated with impaired survival. Over the past several years, percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation has been demonstrated to be a highly efficacious therapy. When performed in experienced centres, procedural success with percutaneous repair occurs in 90% of patients. Due to the complex nature of the techniques, there is a significant learning curve with a high potential for prolonged procedures (∼2.5 h) and complications (∼5%), although death is rare (∼0.5%). Percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation requires a close collaboration between imaging specialists, surgeons and the interventional operators. Importantly, successful percutaneous repair obviates the need for open surgical correction, which can be high risk or prohibitive due to the need for reoperation in the setting of comorbidities. Herein, we discuss appropriate patient selection, the catheter-based techniques and outcomes of percutaneous repair for symptomatic paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation.
The relationship between the self-report BASC-2 validity indicators and performance validity test failure after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.

In adult populations, research on methodologies to identify noncredible performance and exaggerated symptoms during neuropsychological evaluations has grown exponentially in the past two decades. F...
Manipulating mitochondrial genomes in the clinic: playing by different rules

Recently, several publications have surfaced describing methods to manipulate mitochondrial genomes in tissues and embryos. With them, a somewhat sensationalistic uproar about the generation of children with ‘three parents’ has dominated the discussion in the lay media. It is important that society understands the singularities of mitochondrial genetics to judge these procedures in a rational light, so that this ongoing discussion does not preclude the helping of patients and families harboring mutated mitochondrial genomes.
Contemporary Trends in Recreation Volunteerism

The direct service mission of most recreation and leisure providers (e.g., providing instruction and interpretation, leading activity programs, coaching athletics, supporting special events, etc.) fosters a wide array of volunteer opportunities. However, the concept of volunteerism has significantly changed as a result of contemporary lifestyles and time constraints, as well as the Internet and relevant technologies. This article describes how volunteerism has evolved over the years and how recreational providers can facilitate and motivate various forms of volunteerism.
The role of assertiveness, personal control, and participation in the prediction of nurse Burnout

Abstract The research reported here considered a critical problem facing today's hospital: burnout and commitment of nurses. A review of the literature revealed that nurse communication, particularly participation or collaboration in patient care decisions, had rarely been considered in models of nurse commitment. A model was proposed in which nurse participation and assertiveness were key predictors of emotional exhaustion, commitment and intent to remain, and the theoretical construct of personal control was used as a moderating variable in predicting these outcomes. The model was tested on a sample of nurses from a large hospital Results were generally supportive of the proposed model. Implications of the model for theory were discussed in terms of the role of personal control and the importance of nurse assertiveness, and applications for nurse and physician training were considered.
Configurable fault-tolerant processor (CFTP) for spacecraft onboard processing

The harsh radiation environment of space, the propensity for SEUs to perturb the operations of silicon-based electronics, the rapid development of microprocessor capabilities and hence software applications, and the high cost (dollars and time) to develop and prove a system, require flexible, reliable, low cost, rapidly developed system solutions. A reconfigurable triple-modular-redundant (TMR) system-on-a-chip (SOC) utilizing field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provides a practical solution for space-based systems. The configurable fault-tolerant processor (CFTP) is such a system, designed specifically for the purpose of testing and evaluating, on orbit, both the reliability of instantiated TMR soft-core microprocessors, the ability to reconfigure the system to support any onboard processor function, and the means for detecting and correcting SEU-induced configuration faults. The CFTP utilizes commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology to investigate a low-cost, flexible alternative to processor hardware architecture, with a total-ionizing-dose (TID) tolerant FPGA as the basis for a SOC. The flexibility of a configurable processor, based on FPGA technology, enables on-orbit upgrades, reconfigurations, and modifications to the soft-core architecture in order to support dynamic mission requirements. Single event upsets (SEU) to the data stored in the FPGA-based soft-core processors are detected and corrected by the TMR architecture. SEUs affecting the FPGA configuration itself are corrected by background "scrubbing" of the configuration. The CFTP payload consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) of 5.3 inches/spl times/7.3 inches utilizing a slightly modified PC/104 bus interface. The initial FPGA configuration is an instantiation of a TMR processor, with included error detection and correction (EDAC) and memory controller circuitry. The PCB is designed with requisite supporting circuitry including a configuration controller FPGA, SDRAM, and flash memory in order to allow the greatest variety of possible configurations. The CFTP is currently manifested as a space test program (STP) experimental payload on the Naval Postgraduate School's NPSAT1 and the United States Naval Academy's MidSTAR-1 satellites, which was launched into low earth orbit in March 2003.
Fast recovery equalization techniques for DTV signals

Blind equalizers do not require any training sequence for the initial startup period but rather perform equalization blindly on the data directly. In this paper, a general approach for designing such equalizers for 8-VSB transmission systems is presented. The candidate algorithms considered here include Godard's algorithm (Godard 1980), Sato's algorithm (Sato 1975), the G-pseudo error algorithm using Sato's function and the G-pseudo error algorithm using Godard's function. This paper analyzes these algorithms for the 8-VSB transmission format and recommends the most suitable algorithm. The performance comparison parameters include MSE, convergence characteristics, computational load and accuracy of estimating the channel.
Sulfide Mineralogy and Geochemistry.David J. Vaughan, Editor. Pp. 714. 2006. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Volume 61. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC. ISBN 093995073-1. Price US$40.

Volume 61 of the MSA’s influential Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry series seems, at first glance, to be a reprise of Volume 1, published in 1974 under the title Sulfide Mineralogy . However, a closer look quickly reveals just how far sulfide mineral studies have come in the succeeding 32 years. A few chapters have similar titles; for example, chapters on crystal structures, chemical bonding, and phase equilibria, but the chapter contents of Volume 61 are both up-to-date and major advances on their predecessors. The …
Investigation of the Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Wettability Using Modified Pendant Drop Method

Wettability is a key parameter that affects the petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks. The objective of the present work is to investigate the influence of temperature and pressure on the wettability of reservoir rocks. An experimental method for die measurements of contact angle at elevated temperature and pressure has been developed, in which a Pendant Drop Interfacial Tension Cell was modified. Experimental results of contact angle and interfacial tension for two different crude oil-brine-quartz/calcite and mineral oil-distilled water systems over a range of temperatures and pressures are reported. Contact angle for the systems studied increased with pressure, increased with temperature for sandstone system and decreased with temperature for carbonate system.
Performance of a Collaborative Target Detection Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

A sensor network is an ad hoc network of a large number of sensor nodes, each equipped with embedded processor, memory, and a wireless transceiver. The collective resources of such a system of networked sensors can be used to perform powerful distributed target detection and monitoring operations over a wide area. Key concerns for designing such networks are the energy efficiency and scalability of its communication and signal processing tasks. In addition, spatial variations of noise characteristics and differences in signal sensitivities amongst the sensors lead to challenging problems for designing a reliable distributed detection scheme. This paper addresses these issues and presents a collaborative signal processing technique that reduces the amount of traffic in the network and also maintains a constant false alarm rate under varying noise powers and sensor sensitivities.
A self-aligning photovoltaic array tracking controller

The author describes the design features of a low-cost tracking controller for photovoltaic concentrator arrays which is designed for use in commercial fields. The system hardware and software are described, and the system development status, performance, and cost are discussed. The system achieves a powerful yet flexible control capability by using a commercially-available microcontroller. It uses an open-loop control algorithm that eliminates the need for a sun sensor, and it performs its own initial alignment using the array output, minimizing installation manpower. The system is expected to achieve a tracking accuracy of better than +or-0.15 degrees on an array with little backlash. >
Reciprocal Optical System for Measuring the State of Focus of Reflected Images

A reciprocal-imaging optical system for monitoring the position of a specular reflecting surface (e.g., the back surface of a photographic film) is described. The technique involves imaging an illuminated pattern onto the reflecting surface, and reimaging the reflection back through the same optical system onto the original pattern. If the first image is in focus on the reflecting surface, then by optical reciprocity, the returned image is congruent with and superimposed upon the original source pattern. As the reflecting surface moves out of the image plane, some of the returned light falls beyond the input pattern and is intercepted by the monitoring system. Thus, intercepted light is nominally zero with the mirror in the image plane, and increases with displacement in either direction away from focus. The case of a uniformly illuminated circular source pattern imaged by a circular lens is analyzed, and the intercepted light as a function of mirror position is determined both analytically and experimentally. The critical parameters in the design of the system are identified and the effects of optical misalignment are discussed.
Imaging Studies of Excited and Dissociative States of Hydroxymethylene Produced in the Photodissociation of the Hydroxymethyl Radical

Rotational, vibrational, and electronic states of formaldehyde and cis- hydroxymethylene products generated in the photodissociation of the hydroxymethyl radical are investigated by sliced velocity map imaging (SVMI) following excitation of the radical to its 3px and 3pz Rydberg states. SVMI of H and D photofragments is essential in these studies because it allows zooming in on low-velocity regions of the images where small threshold signals can be identified. With CH2OD precursors, formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene products are examined separately by monitoring D and H, respectively. Whereas the main dissociation channels lead to formaldehyde and cis-hydroxymethylene in their ground electronic states, at higher excitation energies the kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) of H and D photofragments exhibit additional small peaks, which are assigned as triplet states of formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene. Results obtained with deuterated isotopologs of CH2OH demonstrate that the yield of the triplet state of formaldehyde decreases upon increasing deuteration, suggesting that the conical intersection seams that govern the dynamics depend on the degree of deuteration. The rotational excitation of cis- hydroxymethylene depends on the excited Rydberg state of CH2OD and is lower in dissociation via the 3pz state than via the lower lying 3px and 3s states. Vibrational excitation of cis-HCOD, which spans the entire allowed internal energy range, consists mostly of the CO-stretch and in-plane bend modes. When the internal energy of cis-HCOD exceeds the dissociation threshold to D + HCO, slow D and H photofragments deriving from secondary dissociation are observed. The yields of these H and D fragments are comparable, and we propose that they are generated via prior isomerization of cis-HCOD to HDCO.