cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Nishida's Rationality Thesis

In this article I will examine some of the main theses in Nishida's logic of the u ni versal (ippansha 一般者) and self-awareness (jikaku 自覚). I will compare Nishida's philo- sophical theses with relevant ideas in the contemporary (Anglophone) epistemology, especially the so-called "rationality" thesis with regard to self-knowledge and first- person authority. I believe that Nishida's philosophy is deeply involved with the prob - lems (of both epistemic and non-epistemic concerns) presently called self-knowledge. But their significance, with respect to Nishida's overall philosophical projects, has been underestimated in the current scholarship, and thus deserves thorough clarifi- cation. This is the basic task I will take up here. Because of the complexity of these issues, it is necessary to limit my discussion to a few important aspects, leaving the rest to future investigations. However, I will try to relate the main discussion below to its broader implications as relevant. I should mention that the term "self-knowledge" is ambiguous, and may raise significantly varying problems within different philosophical traditions. In the a nalytic tr adition, for example, self-knowledge is mostly discussed with respect to epistemo- logical issues concerning one's own mental states. 1 In contrast, Nishida regards self- knowledge as knowledge of oneself as an agent, and often discusses its practical or even ethical significance. Thus, while Anglophone analytic philosophy treats self- knowledge as a special case of propositional knowledge, Nishida considers it a gen- eral problem of self-reflective awareness, with both epistemic and practical meanings. Nevertheless, there are similarities between the two approaches, and it is on these similarities that I wish to concentrate here. I will use the term "self-knowledge" in the wider sense in which Nishida uses it. Obviously, these two aspects of self-knowledge (knowledge of one's particular mental state and knowledge of oneself as an agent) are interrelated. I will eventually suggest, along with Nishida, that such a distinc - tion is rather arbitrary. Knowledge of one's mental state is inseparable from knowl - edge of w hat one is, both being simply different aspects of the same complexity. S imilarly , w hat Nishida calls judgment (handan 判断), and epistemic self-awareness (chiteki-jikaku 知的自覚) is intertwined with Nishida's volitional self-awareness ( ishiteki-jikaku 意志的自覚) and noumena (eichi 叡智), the latter being already im- plied in the former, the two being simply different aspects of the same complexity. Ultimately, Nishida even characterizes the last notion ( n oumenal self-a wareness) as self-negation. 2 This is not, however, the main issue for the present discussion. My main goal here is to elucidate Nishida's account of self-awareness, self-knowledge
A System to Measure the Response of a High-Speed Rotor to a Sudden Imbalance

A unique rotor dynamic data acquisition system is described to control the gathering and display of rotor displacement data measured at rotor speeds up to 70 000 r/min. The first published results measured with this system are demonstrated with plots of measured transient shaft motion after a sudden increase in shaft imbalance at speeds up to 44 500 r/min. The displacements of the rotor in the forms of Lissajous plots with and without a squeeze film damper are presented at four axial shaft locations below and above the shafts critical speeds. The blade-loss, dynamic test rig is also described.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
An empirical method for comparing the shape of two Gaussian mixtures

The motivation of this study is to be able to recognize planar objects consisting of “blobs” which can be modeled as Gaussian mixtures densities. Given are a two planar point-sets P and P consisting of point samples drawn from Gaussian mixtures ρ(x) and ρ(x), respectively. We propose a method to determine whether ρ(x) and ρ(x) have the same shape using P and P. More precisely, we empirically compare the underlying distribution of distances of ρ(x) and ρ(x) using pairwise distances of the points contained in P and P, respectively. The distribution of distances has been shown to be a lossless representation of generic Gaussian mixtures. Since distances are invariant under rotations and translations, this provides a workaround to the problem of aligning the objects before comparing them. We assess the method using synthetic data as well as real data consisting of halftoning patterns. Our results show a robust recognition performance.
Thoracoscopic excision of an intrathoracic mesothelial cyst in a child.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to highlight the unique case of an intrathoracic mesothelial cyst in a 5-year-old child that was treated with a thoracoscopic resection. Background: Mesothelial cysts are benign cysts lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells. These rare lesions can be found on, or adjacent to, serous membranes but are only occasionally located within the thorax. In children, less than 10 intrathoracic cases have been described thus far, most of which are diaphragmatic in origin. Case: An asymptomatic 5-year-old female presented with a left-sided mediastinal mass incidentally discovered on a chest radiograph during a work-up for scoliosis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a hypodense, nonenhancing lesion measuring 3 × 2.5 × 8 cm in the left paravertebral region. Video-assisted thoracoscopy was employed for diagnosis and excision. The thin-walled cyst was dissected free from the pleura and completely excised thoracoscopically. Histopathology showed a benign, unilocular ...
Geographic Variation in Temperature Tolerance as an Indicator of Potential Population Responses to Climate Change

article i nfo The temperature tolerances of individuals in geographically separated populations of a single species can be used as indicators of each population's potential to persist or become extinct in response to climate change. We evaluated the population-level variation in temperature tolerance in populations of several marine invertebrate taxa, including bryozoans, tunicates, bivalves, and gastropods, separated by distances of b200 km to N5000 km. We then combined physiological thermotolerance data with current temperature data and climate change predictions to predict which of these populations may be most vulnerable to future changes. In a trans-continental comparison of four subtidal epibenthic species, we show that populations on the east coast of the United States, which experienced higher habitat temperatures than those on the west coast, had higher thermal tolerances but lived closer to individuals' tolerance limits. Similarly, temperature tolerances varied between western and eastern Atlantic populations of the mussel Mytilus edulis; however, these differences only emerged after repeated exposures to high temperatures. Furthermore, the less thermotolerant M. edulispopulation in the western Atlantic was more susceptible to temperature increases, as evidenced by a recent range contraction. Thus, for both the subtidal epibenthic and intertidal mussel species, we identified the western Atlantic as a 'hot spot' of populations susceptible to climate change compared to those in the eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic, respectively. Finally, because current tolerances are not the sole indicators of individuals' abilities to cope with temperature increases, we also assessed the possibility for acclimatization to facilitate the persistence of populations via the buffering of temperature effects. We show that, for four populations of intertidal Littorina snail species in the northwest Atlantic, most populations were able to overcome geographic differences in temperature tolerance via acclimation. When acclimation capacity is low, the potential for "rescue" may depend on the particular species' life-history strategy and dispersal ability. For example, although individuals from the coldest-adapted population of Littorina littorea were unable to acclimate as quickly as those from more southern populations, this species has a pelagic larval stage and, thus, the greatest dispersal potential of these littorines. Together, these studies highlight the importance of considering variation in temperature tolerance between populations within species to improve the forecasting of changes in the abundances and distributions of species in response to climate warming.
Sol-gel coatings with covalently attached methyl, octyl, and octadecyl ligands for capillary microextraction. Effects of alkyl chain length and sol-gel precursor concentration on extraction behavior.

Abstract Fused silica capillaries with surface-bonded sol–gel coatings containing covalently attached octadecyl, octyl, and methyl groups were prepared for capillary microextraction (CME) hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this, octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C 18 TMS), octyltrimethoxysilane (C 8 TMS), or methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) was used as the respective sol–gel precursor. Hydrolytic polycondensation of these precursors led to the formation of surface-bonded sol–gel sorbents with pendant alkyl groups ready to serve as the extraction medium; no additional surface derivatization reactions were needed to anchor these ligands to the surface. Extraction behaviors of two sets of microextraction capillaries with alkyl-bonded sol–gel coatings were investigated: (a) capillaries prepared with a constant molar concentration of these precursors in the sol solution, and (b) capillaries prepared with varied molar concentrations of C 8 TMS in the sol solution. Among the capillaries prepared using sol solutions with the same molar concentration of sol–gel precursor, the detection limits for nonpolar and polar analytes ranged from 0.3 ng/L to 213.9 ng/L. The sol–gel octadecyl-coated capillaries were found to be the most efficient at extracting these analytes, followed by the sol–gel octyl-coated capillaries, followed by the sol–gel methyl-coated capillaries. The results of this study point to the possibility that polar analytes are extracted through synergistic molecular level interactions of the polar and nonpolar parts of the analyte molecules with the alkyl chains and silanol groups within the sol–gel coatings. These coatings also demonstrated run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary reproducibility, with HPLC peak area RSD values ranging from 1.1% to 9.6% and 1.3% to 10.0%, respectively. In the set of sol–gel octyl capillaries with varied molar concentrations, the capillaries prepared with 0.514 M concentration of C 8 TMS in the sol solution were most efficient in extracting nonpolar and polar analytes. When higher or lower concentrations of C 8 TMS were used in the sol solution, the resulting sol–gel coated capillaries were less efficient in extracting nonpolar and polar analytes.
An unusual complication of mandibular distraction

Summary. Background. The authors present an unusual complication of mandibular distraction in a child with the curious condition of multiple pterygium syndrome is presented. Case report. The patient was a Caucasian male with severe pterygia in his neck. As a result of his limited mouth opening and restricted upper airway leading to obstruction, he underwent lengthening of his mandible by distraction, which significantly improved his breathing. During his follow-up, it was observed that an unusually elongated permanent molar was present in an abnormal position. Conclusion. This case highlights the need to carefully plan the sites for osteotomy and the potential for damage to the developing permanent dentition in young children.
HOW Long Is a Lifetime? Standardized Technics for Measuring the Survival Times of Red Cells and Platelets, and Related Phenomena

A diversity of radioisotope methods for estimating red cell sur vival have been available for almost two decades. Details of a standardized procedure, specially adapted for pediatricians from the report of an International Committee for Standardization in Hematology, are here described, together with comments. Platelet survival studies, much more recently developed, represent an important clinical test which should be available at every chil dren's hospital. A procedure for platelet survival studies is outlined.
Small‐Molecule‐Mediated Degradation of the Androgen Receptor through Hydrophobic Tagging

Androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcription is a major driver of prostate tumor cell proliferation. Consequently, it is the target of several antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, including the AR antagonist MDV3100/enzalutamide. Recent studies have shown that a single AR mutation (F876L) converts MDV3100 action from an antagonist to an agonist. Here we describe the generation of a novel class of selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs) to address this resistance mechanism. Molecules containing hydrophobic degrons linked to small-molecule AR ligands induce AR degradation, reduce expression of AR target genes and inhibit proliferation in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines. These results suggest that selective AR degradation may be an effective therapeutic prostate tumor strategy in the context of AR mutations that confer resistance to second-generation AR antagonists.
The gut microbiome in autoimmunity: sex matters

Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are multifactorial in nature, requiring both genetic and environmental factors for onset. Increased predisposition of females to a wide range of autoimmune diseases points to a gender bias in the multifactorial etiology of these disorders. However, the existing evidence to date has not provided any conclusive mechanism of gender-bias beyond the role of hormones and sex chromosomes. The gut microbiome, which impacts the innate and adaptive branches of immunity, not only influences the development of autoimmune disorders but may interact with sex-hormones to modulate disease progression and sex-bias. Here, we review the current information on gender bias in autoimmunity and discuss the potential of microbiome-derived biomarkers to help unravel the complex interplay between genes, environment and hormones in rheumatoid arthritis.
Calcium Channel Density and Hippocampal Cell Death with Age in Long-Term Culture

The expression of voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channel activity in brain cells is known to be important for several aspects of neuronal development. In addition, excessive Ca2+ influx has been linked clearly to neurotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro; however, the temporal relationship between the development of Ca2+ channel activity and neuronal survival is not understood. Over a period spanning 28 d in vitro, progressive increases in high voltage-activated whole-cell Ca2+ current and L-type Ca2+ channel activity were observed in cultured hippocampal neurons. On the basis of single-channel analyses, these increases seem to arise in part from a greater density of functionally available L-type Ca2+ channels. An increase in mRNA for the alpha1 subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels occurred over a similar time course, which suggests that a change in gene expression may underlie the increased channel density. Parallel studies showed that hippocampal neuronal survival over 28 d was inversely related to increasing Ca2+ current density. Chronic treatment of hippocampal neurons with the L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist nimodipine significantly enhanced survival. Together, these results suggest that age-dependent increases in the density of Ca2+ channels might contribute significantly to declining viability of hippocampal neurons. The results also are analogous to patterns seen in neurons of aged animals and therefore raise the possibility that long-term primary neuronal culture could serve as a model for some aspects of aging changes in hippocampal Ca2+ channel function.
Nanoinjection Lithography for Submicrometer Electrodes on Polymer Substrates

In this paper, a high-throughput method for fabricating submicrometer electrodes on polymer substrates is introduced and results are presented. This new process, known as nanoinjection lithography, combines nanoinjection molding with trench-filling techniques to create submicrometer electrodes on thermoplastic polymers. The fabrication method and resulting electrodes are characterized in this work using scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry, and atomic force microscopy. The ability to fabricate submicrometer electrodes on polymer chips in a high-throughput process may allow the mass-production of ultrasensitive biosensors for point-of-care medical devices.
Electroencephalographic episodes of 1 to 7 per second rhythmic waves following hypothermic hypoxia in developing chicks

Developing chicks between the day of hatching and three weeks after hatching were subjected to hypothermia of 20°C followed by nitrogenous hypoxia until breathing ceased and the cerebral electroencephalogram was reduced to zero potential. Resuscitation was started 15 minutes later; 86% of the chicks resumed spontaneous breathing. Eighty percent of the resuscitated chicks showed electroencephalographic episodes usually lasting 1 to 3 minutes and consisting of conspicuously rhythmic blunt spike-like waves of large amplitude and complex patterns with frequencies in the range of 1 to 7 waves per second until the episode was terminated at almost zero potential. Monopolar techique using the comb as the reference electrode indicated that the EEG episodes were either predominantly bilateral or unilateral, with both gradual and abrupt changes in amplitude, frequency, and site of origin. During episodes the chicks were either motionless or showed tremors of eyelids, limbs, trunk, with occasional staring and chirping. During progressive recovery, as episodes approached, large amplitude waves increased in amplitude and frequency, and changed from domes to blunt spikes. Similar slow waves apeared during episodes and continued during recovery eventually culminating in normal EEG patterns of sleep. Statistically the younger chicks showed briefer and fewer episodes, with the lowest maximum frequency. On the day following experimentation 86% of the resuscitated chicks were alive and showed normal EEG patterns and behavior: death was not limited to chicks having episodes.
Planar Circuit Complexity and The Performance of VLSI Algorithms

In 1979 Thompson [1] reported that, under a suitable model for VLSI chips, the product AT2 of chip area and time T to compute the Fast Fourier Transform on n inputs must satisfy AT2 = Ω(n2). His model accounts for the chip area used by wires as well as for computational elements. He extended these results in [2] and in addition examined the sorting problem. Brent and Kung [3] introduced a somewhat different model for VLSI chips in which the area occupied by wires and circuit elements is convex. They demonstrate that AT2 = Ω(n2) to multiply two n-bit integers, a result obtained with the original model of Thompson by Abelson and Andreae [4]. Brent and Kung show that A = Ω (n) and they present algorithms that come close to meeting their lower bounds. Savage [5] obtained bounds of AT2 = Ω(p4) with both models for pxp matrix multiplication, inversion and transitive closure. Algorithms previously given by Kung and Leiserson [6] and Guibas et al. [7] were shown to be optimal. Preparata and Yuillemin [8] subsequently introduced a family of optimal matrix multiplication algorithms for Ω(1) ≤ T ≤ 0(n),
Research at the George Mason University Technology Development Center for command, control, communications, and intelligence

The George Mason University Technology Development Center was established in July 1989 for the purpose of conducting a broad-spectrum research and development program in command, control, communications, and intelligence (C/sup 3/I). The program is being accomplished through the bringing together of a multidisciplinary group that concludes academic faculty, research staff, and industrial/government fellows in residence. The research program is designed to investigate all aspects of C/sup 3/I: sensing and fusion; command systems; communications; modeling, simulation, and gaming; and C/sup 3/ architectures. Equivalent programs are relevant to air traffic control, large business enterprises, and other nonmilitary activities. >
A low-noise 492 GHz SIS waveguide receiver

The design and performance are described of an SIS waveguide receiver which provides low noise performance from 375 to 510 GHz. At its design frequency of 492 GHz the receiver has a double-sideband noise temperature of about 172 K. By using embedded magnetic-field concentrators Josephson pair tunneling is effectively suppressed. Techniques for improving receiver performance are discussed.
Adaptive Variation in Beach Mice Produced by Two Interacting Pigmentation Genes

Little is known about the genetic basis of ecologically important morphological variation such as the diverse color patterns of mammals. Here we identify genetic changes contributing to an adaptive difference in color pattern between two subspecies of oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus). One mainland subspecies has a cryptic dark brown dorsal coat, while a younger beach-dwelling subspecies has a lighter coat produced by natural selection for camouflage on pale coastal sand dunes. Using genome-wide linkage mapping, we identified three chromosomal regions (two of major and one of minor effect) associated with differences in pigmentation traits. Two candidate genes, the melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) and its antagonist, the Agouti signaling protein (Agouti), map to independent regions that together are responsible for most of the difference in pigmentation between subspecies. A derived mutation in the coding region of Mc1r, rather than change in its expression level, contributes to light pigmentation. Conversely, beach mice have a derived increase in Agouti mRNA expression but no changes in protein sequence. These two genes also interact epistatically: the phenotypic effects of Mc1r are visible only in genetic backgrounds containing the derived Agouti allele. These results demonstrate that cryptic coloration can be based largely on a few interacting genes of major effect.
Watching the brain in action

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to identify the different networks in the brain that underpin the use of tools by humans.
Salience and Default Mode Network Coupling Predicts Cognition in Aging and Parkinson's Disease.

Objectives: Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Three neurocognitive networks support efficient cognition: the salience network, the default mode network, and the central executive network. The salience network is thought to switch between activating and deactivating the default mode and central executive networks. Anti-correlated interactions between the salience and default mode networks in particular are necessary for efficient cognition. Our previous work demonstrated altered functional coupling between the neurocognitive networks in non-demented individuals with PD compared to age-matched control participants. Here, we aim to identify associations between cognition and functional coupling between these neurocognitive networks in the same group of participants. Methods: We investigated the extent to which intrinsic functional coupling among these neurocognitive networks is related to cognitive performance across three neuropsychological domains: executive functioning, psychomotor speed, and verbal memory. Twenty-four non-demented individuals with mild to moderate PD and 20 control participants were scanned at rest and evaluated on three neuropsychological domains. Results: PD participants were impaired on tests from all three domains compared to control participants. Our imaging results demonstrated that successful cognition across healthy aging and Parkinson’s disease participants was related to anti-correlated coupling between the salience and default mode networks. Individuals with poorer performance scores across groups demonstrated more positive salience network/default-mode network coupling. Conclusions: Successful cognition relies on healthy coupling between the salience and default mode networks, which may become dysfunctional in PD. These results can help inform non-pharmacological interventions (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) targeting these specific networks before they become vulnerable in early stages of Parkinson’s disease. (JINS, 2016, 22, 205–215)
Porcine tri-layer wound matrix for the treatment of stage IV pressure ulcers

Pressure ulcers represent a significant cause of morbidity and health care expenditure in the United States. A pressure ulcer is a lesion of localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, resulting from pressure alone or in combination with shear forces.1 Ulcers are staged based on depth of tissue involvement. Using the revised National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Staging System, a stage IV pressure ulcer is characterized by full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle that is visible or directly palpable.1 In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of bioengineered skin substitutes for the treatment of chronic wounds such as pressure ulcers. One such product, OASIS Ultra Tri-Layer Wound Matrix (Smith & Nephew, Inc, Hull, UK), is a dermal skin substitute derived from decellularized porcine jejunal submucosa.2 We present a case of impressive wound healing using OASIS Ultra Tri-Layer Wound Matrix in a patient with multiple stage IV pressure ulcers.
Online student publishing in the classroom: The experience of the Michigan policy network

In this article, I describe my work with Michigan State University undergraduates to produce the Michigan Policy Network, a web-based public service and research program that reports news and information about the political process surrounding Michigan state policy issues. The program empowers undergraduates to oversee website sections devoted to policy issue areas, each of which features background information, research, and current updates on government action, as well as regular blog posts, that aim to make the information accessible to a public audience. I explain how to inexpensively set up such a program and reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. I evaluate the four different methods that I have used to integrate the policy network with traditional teaching: (1) working with students as an extracurricular activity, (2) organizing a summer program for government interns acting as researchers, (3) integrating network assignments with traditional homework in topical classes, and (4) teaching a separate class for freshman honors students. My experience suggests that students are motivated to complete work intended for a public audience and are well-equipped to translate government information for public readers. Working on the policy network improves student employment prospects and helps build connections between state government and the university. I recommend that similar programs be developed elsewhere.
Do urologists need an orthodontist in order to optimize the treatment of nocturnal enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common disease that can be troubling for children and their families. The etiopathogenesis of NE is multifactorial and complex. Over the past few decades, extensive research on NE has been performed; however, many queries remain unclear regarding its exact pathophysiology [1]. The most probable pathomechanisms of NE should be considered as follows: 1) the lack of vasopressin release leading to nocturnal polyuria, 2) the reduction of nocturnal functional urinary bladder capacity, and 3) the impairment of the arousal response to urinary bladder fullness during sleep. The obstruction of the upper airway tracts as a factor in NE development has been discussed previously and, recently, several papers mentioned NE as a common symptom among patients with sleep apnea and other breathing abnormalities [2]. Since there are a few studies investigating the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (ME) on NE, the authors of the paper, entitled “Effects of maxillary expansion and placebo effect of appliances on nocturnal enuresis – preliminary results”, evaluated the effect of slow ME and placebo effect of the removable appliances on NE. The results presented seem to be relevant, since they discuss the association of ME with a positive effect on NE treatment [3]. ME is a routine procedure in orthodontics, with its main aim to expand the maxilla in children with transverse maxillary constriction and a deep palatal vault. ME has no negative side effects and complications. Moreover, ME has a positive effect on breathing pattern, conductive hearing loss and NE in some growing children [4]. According to data from the literature, ME has a positive effect on reducing and/or ceasing NE in about 70% of children [5]. Different potential mechanisms describing the healing effect of ME on NE were described. Firstly, ME results in improvement in breathing and blood oxygen saturation due to an increase in nasal and nasopharyngeal airway dimensions. Secondly, ME improves nasal breathing and reduces apnoic episodes leading to better lymphatic circulation and increases the antidiuretic function of the pituitary gland. Thirdly, ME improves breathing capacity and provides better oxygen saturation, which might have a beneficial effect on sleep and it may cause the children to wake up more easily because of bladder fullness. Fourthly, more sufficient blood oxygenation may have a positive effect on neuromuscular coordination and control of bladder sphincter during sleep. Moreover, ME may have a placebo effect [5–8]. When all above–mentioned potential mechanisms of nocturnal enuresis development are taken into consideration, it can be seen that orthodontists should be involved in the treatment process of nocturnal enuresis resistant to standard urological treatment options (e.g. supportive, alarm and medication treatment).
Neo-Assyrian Empire

During the early first millennium bce (c.900–612 bce), Assyria was the largest and most powerful state in Southwest Asia, ranging from Iran to Egypt and from Babylonia to Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea. It was the largest imperial polity in the history of the world, until eclipsed by the Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great in the late 6th century bce. Modern scholars have been somewhat perplexed by the empire's apparent sudden collapse in the late 7th century bce, calling its termination an “historical scandal.” Keywords: 10th–6th centuries bce ; ancient history; archaeology; western Asia
Discuss the affect of cultural differences on business English translation

Translation is the communication between two language and cultures,different ethnic groups have different culture,in business communication,the difference between different cultures have great influence on business English translation.On the translation of business English,we should not only focus on the translation skills,but also improve our cultural literacy,only in this way can we grasp the essence of the essence of business English translation.
Ontogeny of circulating B lymphocytes in neonatal calves.

The ontogeny of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of neonatal and young calves was determined by fluorescent antibody techniques in calves from one day to 140 days old. The percentage of B lymphocytes in neonatal calves (less than one week) was approximately 5 per cent of the total mononuclear cell population. B lymphocytes increased steadily in the peripheral blood of calves until 20 weeks of age when values stabilised (approximately 19 per cent) and were similar to adult levels.
The Design of Reinforced Concrete Members Using an Expert System

The advent of the computer has significantly altered the manner in which structural engineers perform their work. In the past, much of the engineer’s time was spent performing tedious, unchallenging tasks instead of developing creative engineering solutions. Since that time, a multitude of structural analysis programs have been written which have greatly reduced the time required to analyze a structure’s response. Engineers now spend more time performing meaningful engineering tasks and less time performing tedious numerical calculations. Although computers have radically altered the analysis process, design, the process of formulating and balancing problem constraints, is still fundamentally a manual task.
Brucella abortus ΔrpoE1 confers protective immunity against wild type challenge in a mouse model of brucellosis.

Abstract The Brucella abortus general stress response (GSR) system regulates activity of the alternative sigma factor, σ E1 , which controls transcription of approximately 100 genes and is required for persistence in a BALB/c mouse chronic infection model. We evaluated the host response to infection by a B. abortus strain lacking σ E1 (Δ rpoE1 ), and identified pathological and immunological features that distinguish Δ rpoE1 -infected mice from wild-type (WT), and that correspond with clearance of Δ rpoE1 from the host. Δ rpoE1 infection was indistinguishable from WT in terms of splenic bacterial burden, inflammation and histopathology up to 6 weeks post-infection. However, Brucella -specific serum IgG levels in Δ rpoE1 -infected mice were 5 times higher than WT by 4 weeks post-infection, and remained significantly higher throughout the course of a 12-week infection. Total IgG and Brucella -specific IgG levels peaked strongly in Δ rpoE1 -infected mice at 6 weeks, which correlated with reduced splenomegaly and bacterial burden relative to WT-infected mice. Given the difference in immune response to infection with wild-type and Δ rpoE1 , we tested whether Δ rpoE1 confers protective immunity to wild-type challenge. Mice immunized with Δ rpoE1 completely resisted WT infection and had significantly higher serum titers of Brucella -specific IgG, IgG2a and IFN-γ after WT challenge relative to age-matched naive mice. We conclude that immunization of BALB/c mice with the B. abortus GSR pathway mutant, Δ rpoE1 , elicits an adaptive immune response that confers significant protective immunity against WT infection.
Sensitive dependence to parameters, fat fractals, and universal strange attractors

There are many nonlinear differential equations for which two different types of behavior, such as chaos and periodicity, are interwoven in a complex and intricate manner, so that the bifurcation parameters form a “fat fractal”. The result is that statistical averages vary wildly with parameters and, strictly speaking, prediction becomes impossible even in the statistical sense. (For example, climate, as well as weather, is unpredictable.) There is, how ever, order in this unpredictable behavior, which can be described by a universal strange attractor of the renormalization transformation.
Lev Landau: Physicist and revolutionary

LANDAU requires no introduction. He is too well known, although not quite as well understood. Several generations of theoretical physicists learned their trade by struggling through the 10 volumes of his famous Course of Theoretical Physics – known colloquially as Landau and Lifshitz – which Landau supervised, although he did not write a single word. Several dozen physicists – some absolutely first-class – continued to identify themselves as members of the Landau school long after they became scientists in their own right.
Anatomy-assisted direct parametric PET imaging for myocardial blood flow abnormality detection

Dynamic myocardial perfusion (MP) PET imaging followed by tracer kinetic modeling provides quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow (MBF). The purpose of this study is to incorporate anatomical information in the 4D direct parametric image reconstruction and to evaluate the performance in detecting regional MBF abnormality. The one-tissue compartment model was formulated in the maximum likelihood (ML) problem to relate the dynamic projection datasets directly to the kinetic parameters. A maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm that incorporates the joint entropy (JE) between the anatomic and parametric images in the reconstruction was developed. The preconditioned steepest ascent (PSA) algorithm was used to solve the ML and the JE-MAP estimation problems. Using the XCAT phantom and the patient-based organ time activity curves, we simulated two sets of dynamic MP Rb-82 PET data, one carrying normal MBF and the other with reduced MBF on a region of interest, each with 20 noise realizations. Corresponding MR images were simulated with the 3D T1-weighted sequence as specified in a clinical PET/MRI protocol. The reconstructed parametric images from the ML and the JE-MAP algorithms were compared using the tradeoff between noise and bias and the signal to noise ratio (SNR), which reflects the separability between the normal and abnormal K1 parameters. The proposed JE-MAP algorithm resulted in improved noise versus bias tradeoff compared to the ML algorithm and also demonstrated better performance in the regional abnormal MBF detection task.
Brd4 Activates Early Viral Transcription upon Human Papillomavirus 18 Infection of Primary Keratinocytes.

ABSTRACT Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate in the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia, and the infectious cycle is synchronous with the differentiation program of the host keratinocytes. The virus initially infects dividing cells in the lower layers of the epithelium, where it establishes a persistent infection. The viral genome is maintained as a low-copy-number, extrachromosomal element in these proliferating cells but switches to the late stage of the life cycle in differentiated cells. The cellular chromatin adaptor protein Brd4 is involved in several stages and processes of the viral life cycle. In concert with the viral transcriptional regulator E2, Brd4 can repress transcription from the early viral promoter. Brd4 and E2 form a complex with the viral genome that associates with host chromosomes to partition the viral genome in dividing cells; Brd4 also localizes to active sites of productive HPV DNA replication. However, because of the difficulties in producing HPV viral particles, the role of Brd4 in modulating viral transcription and replication at the initial stage of infection is unclear. In this study, we have used an HPV18 quasivirus-based genome delivery system to assess the role of Brd4 in the initial infectivity of primary human keratinocytes. We show that, upon infection of primary human keratinocytes with HPV18 quasivirus, Brd4 activates viral transcription and replication. Furthermore, this activation is independent of the functional interaction between Brd4 and the HPV18 E2 protein. IMPORTANCE HPVs lack encapsidated proteins and so rely exquisitely on host cellular factors to initiate their gene expression programs in newly infected cells. Brd4 is an important cellular chromatin adaptor molecule that normally activates host transcription initiation and elongation. In this study, we further optimize and utilize a quasivirus infection system to show that Brd4 activates HPV18 transcription at early stages of infection. HPVs are important human pathogens causing a wide range of cutaneous and tumorigenic morbidities. Therefore, specifically targeting this protein could provide a new target of therapeutic prevention of establishment of HPV infections.
A Response to Adele Scafuro

I begin where Professor Scafuro ended--with the claim that “the staging of the scene calls attention to more than itself; it reaches beyond the theater world to the world of the city--its relations with foreigners, to its own assemblies and lawcourts, and to its own cultural heritage where theater would be, but of course cannot be, contained.” When I reached that concluding sentence one question came immediately to mind: “which city?” What might be the “real” correlative of Plautus’ theatrical world? It seems to me that the interest of this paper for our conference goes beyond the specific legal issues and also the specific scripts that Professor Scafuro identifies so convincingly in the Persa. The paper speaks directly both to the issue of “performable meaning” with which Niall Slater opened the conference yesterday and to the notation of “translation for performance” with which Jeffrey Henderson ends it today. I note especially Professor Scafuro’s suggestion that “metatheatricality” applies not only to the way in which the play self-consciously ‘talks about itself as a play, but also to the play’s calling upon the theatrical elements in the larger world of the community. [“The point that I should like to make about these stagings, about these ‘plays within plays’, about their ‘metatheatricality’ is that their objective correlative … is not only the stage, but the court system as well.”]
Optimal design of nanoporous materials for electrochemical devices

Unique macroscopic properties of nanoporous metamaterials stem from their microscopic structure. Optimal design of such materials is facilitated by mapping a material's pore-network topology onto its macroscopic characteristics. This is in contrast to both trial-and-error experimental design and design based on empirical relations between macroscopic properties, such as the often-used Bruggeman formula that relates a material's effective diffusion coefficient to its porosity. We use homogenization to construct such a map in the context of materials design that maximizes energy/power density performance in electrochemical devices. For example, effective diffusion coefficients and specific surface area, key macroscopic characteristics of ion transport in a hierarchical nanoporous material, are expressed in terms of the material's pore structure and, equally important, ion concentrations in the electrolyte and externally applied electric potential. Using these microscopic characteristics as decision variable...
Sleep-Related Abnormal Sexual Behaviors (Sexsomnia) Successfully Treated With a Mandibular Advancement Device: A Case Report.

Sleep-related abnormal sexual behaviors (sexsomnia) are classified as a subtype of non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias. There are reported cases of control of sexsomnia with treatment of obstr...
Cos Θ shadows: an integrated model for direct illumination, subsurface scattering and shadow computation

In this work, we present an integrated model that can provide direct illumination, subsurface scattering and soft shadow effects in a single equation. We have implemented our model to render bas-reliefs, which are the shapes that are defined as height fields. Using our model it is possible to interactively obtain all three effects in a qualitatively consistent way. One of the most important properties of our model is that it provides cos θ for planar surfaces. Moreover, our formula is qualitatively related to exponential attenuation due to scattering and provides soft shadows. Therefore, this model provides qualitatively consistent shading for direct illuminated subsurface scattering and shadow regions.
Epidural Injection in Chronic Pain Management

The epidural space has been used in chronic pain management since 1901. This brief chapter will describe the anatomy, pathology, techniques, indications, complications, and outcomes related to this topic.
World Vapor Expo 2017: e-cigarette marketing tactics.

A newly emerging public health issue is the surge of ‘vaping conventions’ for e-cigarette marketing and sales.1 2 Vaping conventions are intended mainly for e-cigarette users and enthusiasts. Typically, a vaping convention includes multiple vendor booths where attendees can purchase ‘e-liquids’ (nicotine solutions that contain flavouring and colouring) and try new vaping equipment. In August 2017, the World Vapor Expo was organised for 3 days in the USA (Miami, Florida). Hundreds of companies, retailers, distributors and wholesalers were represented.3 The first day consisted of networking opportunities for exhibitors and vendors, and the next 2 days were dedicated for the public. Guests were encouraged to socialise and try new flavours. Conventions such as the World Vapor Expo are becoming increasingly popular. More …
What is History? Reading John 1 as Historical Representation

As Pontius Pilate nearly asked, What is history? This article draws upon memory and media studies to question the notion that we find history within the text of the Fourth Gospel. Rather than trying to identify and isolate history within John’s Gospel, our discussion aims to recover how the Gospel works as a set of historical claims , joining with or competing against other historical claims within the social sphere of its author, redactor, and/or audience. After a precis of memory’s and media’s significance for our question (What is history?), we will localize these abstract issues by turning to the Johannine portrayal of John the Baptist and his testimony for Jesus. This approach respects the Fourth Gospel as a written text that developed and was compiled/redacted in the late first century without imposing a rigidly atemporal conception of Johannine theology onto John’s claims about events six or seven decades earlier.
An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Edge Delamination in Composite Laminates

Edge delamination in composite laminates undergoing uniaxial extension was investigated both analytically and experimentally. A predictive capability was synthesized by coupling a statistical failure criterion with an approximation for interlaminar normal stress, σz, developed by Pagano and Pipes. The failure criterion is formulated by integrating σz over the volume of material in interlaminar tension while accounting for variation in matrix material strength by using a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Consequently, the predicted occurrence of edge delamination is sensitive not only to stacking sequence but also to laminate thickness and free edge length (volume scaling effect).
Mathematical Modelling of Traffic Flows

We are concerned with mathematical modeHng of of traffic flow. In particular, well-posedness theory of various nonequilibrium continuum models of traffic flow are established.
Acid-Base Dependent Redox Chemistry in Molten Chloroaluminates

The Hall process for the production of aluminum was discovered 91 years ago; hence, the use of molten salts for industrial applications is certainly not new. However, only within the last 25 years has the chemistry of melts attracted substantial interest. Applications, such as the molten salt nuclear reactor, extraction of metals from ores, electrorefining, molten salt batteries, catalysis and uses in the glass industry, have stimulated (and helped to support) the fundamental studies of the properties of melts as well as of solute chemistry in melts. Molten halides are probably the melts used most frequently. In the past, the choice of melts for use as solvents was frequently based on such considerations as availability, ease of purification and the lowest liquidus temperature attainable, as well as the width of the electrochemical span and the spectroscopic transparency of the melt.
Thirty-day Complications and Readmission Rates in Elderly Patients After Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Introduction:Shoulder arthroplasty procedures are increasingly being performed in older patients despite an increased perioperative risk. The purpose of this study is to determine the complications and 30-day readmission rates in the elderly population after shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplast
ACL Repair With Suture Ligament Augmentation Is Associated With a High Failure Rate Among Adolescent Patients.

Background:The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair technique avoids graft harvest and therefore the risk of donor site morbidity. However, early failure rates after ACL repair with suture ligam...