cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE BUSINESS CASE FOR TURBULENCE SENSING SYSTEMS IN THE US AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR

Abstract Turbulence is a leading cause of aviation injuries in the US air transport sector and there are technologies with the potential to mitigate this impact. However development of these systems is hindered by the lack of accurate information to determine whether they are economically feasible based on the injury and operational costs they mitigate compared to the operating and installation costs they entail. This paper contributes to resolution of this problem by identifying and analyzing a business case decision model to assess financial feasibility of these systems. First, it identifies key data elements required by the model such as the number of turbulence related injuries, the groups that are being injured, and the cost of these injuries. This data is then integrated with the cost of purchasing and operating these systems into the decision model to assess the feasibility of these possible technologies and provide sensitivity thresholds for various cost and saving elements. Product developers and safety planners will find this model useful in analyzing the potential success of turbulence sensing technologies as a market driven, cost reduction decision.
Polymorphic response patterns under frequency-dependent selection

In a discrete-trials procedure, a frequency-dependent schedule shaped left-right choice proportion toward various equilibrium values between 0 and 1. At issue was (1) whether pigeons match when the overall reinforcement probabilities for two responses depend inversely on their recent frequency, and (2) how pigeons meet the schedule constraint in terms of local responding. That is, do they respond quasi-randomly (Bernoulli mode), or do they learn the stable pattern of the schedule (stable-pattern mode)? Molar choice behavior always tracked the equilibrium solution of the schedule, but the molecular response patterns varied substantially. Markov chains applied to the data revealed that responding was generally intermediate between the memoryless Bernoulli mode, and the perfect memory stable-pattern mode. The polymorphism of molecular patterns, despite molar regularities in behavior, suggests that (1) in order to engender the Bernoulli or stable-pattern modes, the reinforcement rule must strongly discourage competing response patterns (e.g., perseveration), and (2) under frequency-dependent schedules, molar matching is apparently not the outcome of momentary maximizing.
Nontuberuclous mycobacterial disease: updated diagnostic criteria for an under-recognized infectious complication of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy.

Nontuberuclous mycobacterial disease: updated diagnostic criteria for an under-recognized infectious complication of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy
Spectrophotometric determination of rhodium with stannous iodide reagent

Abstract Iridium ions react with tin(II) iodide reagent to form a stable complex with an absorption maximum at 446 mμ. Beer's law is not obeyed but the reaction is reproducible and the absorbancy is proportional to iridium concentration with an accuracy of ±0.9% over the range 0.8–11.7 p.p.m. Prior separation of iridium from rhodium and other transition metals is necessary. The procedure compares favorably with the tin(II) bromide method. The tin(II) halide reactions with platinum group metals are shown to diverge from true homologous series.
Being and Becoming Healthy: The Core of Nursing Knowledge:

Health has been described as a central concept and the goal of nursing. The incongruence between that centrality in nursing and in other disciplines and the public's view is discussed. Other issues and views of health also are considered, including diversity and unity in conceptualizing health, the social nature and societal obligations toward the health of the individual, the lack of congruency between conceptual and empirical views of health, and health as viewed in nursing and in the international arena. Several conditions to be included in nurses' attempts in the theoretical development of health are articulated. The need for focusing on an understanding of the health care needs of underserved populations, the potential advantage in using a feminist framework, and the integration between a static conception of being healthy and a process/dynamic/becoming conception of health are some of the strategies that can be used to develop a contextual conception of health.
Allometric Convergence, Acoustic Character Displacement, and Species Recognition in the Syntopic Cricket Frogs Acris crepitans and A. gryllus

Evidence for reproductive character displacement (RCD) has accumulated more slowly than for ecological character displacement, perhaps because sampling scales and environmental covariates can obscure the role of RCD in speciation. We examined an early example of RCD in an anuran species group, the vocalizations of the sympatric cricket frogs Acris crepitans and A. gryllus. With a relatively fine spatial scale, we compared mixed-species choruses (syntopy), nearby locations where A. gryllus is recently extirpated (historic sympatry), and surrounding areas without secondary contact (allopatry). In each of these areas, we evaluated variation in dominant frequency, click rate, and mass of males. In addition, we determined the acoustic preferences of syntopic females. Temperature influenced dominant frequency of vocalizations in A. crepitans, but not in A. gryllus. Body size varied more and had a stronger influence on dominant frequency in A. crepitans than in A. gryllus. Consequently, the decrease in mass of A. crepitans in syntopy resulted in convergence of body size and divergence of dominant frequencies of the two species. In contrast, dominant frequency of A. crepitans did not differ between historic sympatry and allopatry. Females of both species used fine temporal structure to discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations and showed no preferences for dominant frequency. Chorus noise limited the ability of A. gryllus females to detect and discriminate vocalizations, so convergence in mass might have resulted from RCD in dominant frequency to reduce heterospecific acoustic interference. However, influences other than RCD might have caused syntopic convergence in body size.
Imaging of polar surfaces: atomic resolution with a charged tip

Abstract We show theoretically that atomic resolution imaging of a polar surface can be achieved by using an atomic force microscope with a charged tip (CAFM). The image is obtained by analyzing the Coulomb interaction force between the charged tip and the polar surface, which not only displays striking contrasts between atoms of different charges but also exhibits a short-range exponential decay when increasing the tip–surface distance. Such a CAFM may be useful in imaging all polar surfaces with or without defects. It may also be applied to surfaces which are nonpolar but with significant charge transfer between different atoms due to surface reconstruction.
Degradation of Endocytosed Gap Junctions by Autophagosomal and Endo-/lysosomal Pathways: A Perspective

Gap junctions (GJs) are composed of tens to many thousands of double-membrane spanning GJ channels that cluster together to form densely packed channel arrays (termed GJ plaques) in apposing plasma membranes of neighboring cells. In addition to providing direct intercellular communication (GJIC, their hallmark function), GJs, based on their characteristic double-membrane-spanning configuration, likely also significantly contribute to physical cell-to-cell adhesion. Clearly, modulation (up-/down-regulation) of GJIC and of physical cell-to-cell adhesion is as vitally important as the basic ability of GJ formation itself. Others and we have previously described that GJs can be removed from the plasma membrane via the internalization of entire GJ plaques (or portions thereof) in a cellular process that resembles clathrin-mediated endocytosis. GJ endocytosis results in the formation of double-membrane vesicles [termed annular gap junctions (AGJs) or connexosomes] in the cytoplasm of one of the coupled cells. Four recent independent studies, consistent with earlier ultrastructural analyses, demonstrate the degradation of endocytosed AGJ vesicles via autophagy. However, in TPA-treated cells others report degradation of AGJs via the endo-/lysosomal degradation pathway. Here we summarize evidence that supports the concept that autophagy serves as the cellular default pathway for the degradation of internalized GJs. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss structural criteria that seem required for an alternate degradation via the endo-/lysosomal pathway.
A prospective evaluation of the transthyretin Ile122 allele frequency in an African-American population.

Transthyretin Val122Ile is one of greater than 80 mutations in transthyretin (TTR) that are associated with hereditary amyloidosis. Retrospective studies have shown a prevalence of this mutation as high as 3.9% in African-Americans. The present study was undertaken to determine in a prospective fashion the prevalence of the TTR Val122Ile allele in African-Americans in a Midwestern American city. DNA was isolated from cord bloods collected at the time of birth in the County hospital of Indianapolis, Indiana. Samples were identified only as to ethnic origin of the mother. Analysis was performed by PCR amplification of TTR exon 4 followed by SSCP and RFLP. Cord bloods from 1,973 children born at the County hospital were analyzed. Thirty of 1,000 DNA samples from African-American newborns were positive for TTR Val122Ile (3%). Two of 453 DNA samples from Caucasian newborns were positive (0.44%). Zero of 490 DNA samples from newborns of Hispanic mothers and 0 of 30 from newborns with mothers classified as other...
In situ monitoring of sulfuric acid decomposition by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in the sulfur iodine thermochemical reaction for the production of hydrogen

A potential way to produce large amounts of hydrogen for energy needs is the thermal breakdown of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) to oxygen, water, and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). The sulfur dioxide can then be reacted with iodide to produce hydrogen iodide and ultimately hydrogen. In order to maximize the efficiency of the process it would be ideal to make in situ measurements of SO 3 , SO 2 , H 2 SO 4 , and water in the process stream in order to maximize the efficiency of the system. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is well suited to detection of these gas phase species as they all contain strong infrared modes in the 900 to 3000 wavenumber region, 11 to 3.3 μm. However, the reactive nature of the gases and the high temperatures at which the reactions are run, 650 to 800 °C, makes standard implementation of FT-IR in process monitoring challenging. This is because the infrared detection most be done in a stand off mode and typical window and cell materials used for infrared monitoring will break down under these extreme conditions. This paper presents modifications to typically FT-IR window materials to allow them to be more robust in the environment of interest and gasket materials that can withstand both high temperatures and the oxidative conditions. Infrared spectra of SO 2 , SO 3 , and H 2 SO 4 at elevated temperatures obtained with our system and the quantitative results are presented.
Polyoma virus replication in BHK-21 cells: Semi-permissiveness is due to cellular heterogeneity☆

Abstract Normal and transformed BHK-21 cells are heterogeneous in their capacity to support replication of polyoma virus. In situ hybridization has been used to demonstrate rare cells in which large numbers of polyoma genomes accumulate following infection by wild-type virus or induction of polyoma A gene mutants. Different transformed cell lines vary in the frequency of occurrence of these rare cells. Such cells may be an important determinant of the frequency of transformation of BHK-21 cells by polyoma virus.
Coronary artery anatomy in complete transposition of the great arteries

Knowledge of the variations in coronary artery pattern is important in the arterial switch operation for complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA). As autopsy specimens provide the most definitive means of identifying the coronary anatomy, 255 hearts with complete TGA were reviewed by a single pathologist. The age of the patients ranged from 1 day to 34 years (mean, 2.9 years). The origin of the coronary arteries was defined as seen by an observer looking from the pulmonary artery toward the aorta. The usual pattern with the right coronary artery originating from the right hand sinus and the left coronary artery from the left hand sinus (184 cases) and the circumflex coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery (46 cases) accounted for 90% of the cases. Eleven other patterns were identified. The usual coronary artery pattern was more prevalent in TGA with the aorta in a right anterior or anterior position (74.8%) than in TGA with a side-by-side relationship of the great arteries (38.9%). In only 2 cases (0.8%) was an aortic intramural course of the left coronary artery identified. The latter 2 cases confirm our belief that an aortic intramural course of the left coronary artery or the left anterior descending coronary artery must be assumed when the vessel has an aberrant origin from the right sinus or when it is in intimate relationship with the commissure between the right and left sinuses and courses between the great arteries. In the vast majority of specimens a favorable coronary artery pattern with regard to feasibility of the arterial switch operation was encountered.
Effects of infant hearing loss and maternal support on mother-infant interactions at 18 months

Abstract Research is reported showing the positive effects of social support on mothers' interactions with their 18-month-old deaf infants. Subjects were 40 normally hearing mothers-20 with hearing-impaired infants and 20 with normally hearing infant. Two raters viewed videotapes of unstructured mother-infant play and rated mothers, infants, and dyads on 13 behavioral dimensions. A Support Index was constructed from mothers' questionnaire responses. Compared to mothers with hearing infants, mothers with deaf infants were rated as less likely to use frequent and positive Touch, to be less Sensitive (more Intrusive), less Flexible and less Consistent. Mothers with deaf and with hearing children were subdivided by high or low levels of support. Ratings of mothers with hearing children did not differ by support level; ratings for mothers with deaf children receiving high levels of social support were no different from those of the mothers with hearing children. Mothers with deaf children receiving low levels of social support were rated significantly more negatively than those in the three other groups. For mothers with deaf children, support reported closer to the time of diagnosis of the child's hearing loss showed a stronger relationship to the behavior ratings; support levels were more important than number of support sources; combined support over time and across sources increased the positive effects.
A Model for Curricular Quality Assessment and Improvement

The article describes a systematic assessment model and its potential application to a college's ongoing curricular assessment activities. Each component of the continuous quality improvement model is discussed, including (1) the definition of a competent practitioner, (2) development of the core curricular competencies and course objectives, (3) students’ baseline characteristics and educational attainment, (4) implementation of the curriculum, (5) data collection about the students’ actual performance on the curriculum, and (6) reassessment of the model and curricular outcomes. Over time, faculty members involved in curricular assessment should routinely reassess the rationale for selecting outcomes; continually explore reliable and valid methods of assessing whether students have reached their learning goals; get legitimate support for assessment activities from faculty members and administration; routinely review curricular content related to attitudinal, behavioral, and knowledge-learning outcomes; and determine what to do with the collected assessment data.
Role of dofetilide in patients with atrial fibrillation. Insights from the Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study.

Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic drug (potassium channel blocker) that has been approved by the regulatory agencies in the United States and throughout the world to convert atrial fibrillation and maintain sinus rhythm. Therapy is initiated in-hospital during heart rhythm monitoring. Doses are selected according to the QT interval and estimated creatinine clearance. In patients with heart failure and prior myocardial infarction, dofetilide was very effective in converting atrial fibrillation and maintaining normal sinus rhythm. In patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, dofetilide compared to placebo was significantly better in converting atrial fibrillation and maintaining sinus rhythm. This was especially true for the highest dose of 500 μg twice-a-day. Caution must be used when initiating dofetilide therapy to avoid torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia, especially in patients with heart failure, hypertrophy, bradycardia and female gender.
African American Ethnicity is Associated with Higher Plasma Levels of D-dimer in Adults with Hypertension

Background African Americans with hypertension have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than other ethnic groups. Plasma D-dimer, a fragment generated from fibrin during lysis of mature clot in vivo, is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events.
The formation of organizations, networks, and markets

Abstract “Entrepreneurs” in economic theory are like supermen. Organizers of real world organizations are far less dramatic, playing roles that defy simple unimotivational characterizations. Likewise, “firms” in economic theory are simple black boxes from which come profit maximization assumptions. Real world organizations are much more complex in type, function, and structure. The usual economic distinctions between for-profit businesses, not-for-profit corporations, and government bureaus are often quite inaccurate or misleading. Even the distinction between organizations and markets developed by Ronald Coase ignores an important intermediate category of networks. This paper offers a complete reconceptualization of the role of organizers, organizations, networks, and markets. It is a fundamental challenge to the traditional paradigm of neoclassical economics. The alternative presented here incorporates the basic public choice perspective of Buchanan and Tullock, the new institutionalism of Williamson, and the informational concepts of Hayek. It also introduces the very important notion of correct agency identification for social analysis and what is called “social human capital” within the framework of organizational teams. Organizers, at the most fundamental level, organize new organizations when an organizer or group of organizers perceive a way to pursue their goals and objectives more effectively through the creation of new organizations than through the next best way of pursuing those goals and objectives. It is as simple and complicated as that.
Emerging trends in M-government

Considering the advantages and implications of increased usage of wireless connectivity for governmental information and services.
Turbulent flow over a wavy surface: Neutral case

In many geophysical flows the passage of a turbulent fluid over a wavy surface significantly affects quantities of interest, such as momentum flux, mixing, and transport of scalars. Large-eddy simulation is used here to investigate neutrally stratified flow over a wavy bed. A wavy surface tends to organize the turbulent flow by imposing its wavelength and phase on the near-wall field. Both instantaneous turbulent structures and turbulence statistics provide evidence of this organization. For example, a vortex identification method applied to the instantaneous flow field reveals streamwise vortices that are locked into a phase relationship with the wavy boundary. These vortices may be linked to a Gortier instability mechanism caused by the wavy wall. Statistical analyses are also presented to gain insights into the effect of the wavy surface. In particular, we compare the effects of three different hill heights. Finally, a brief analysis of the components of drag is given.
Charge Retention by Peptide Ions Soft-Landed onto Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces

Abstract Soft-landing of singly and doubly protonated peptide ions onto three self-assembled monolayer surfaces (SAMs) was performed using a novel ion deposition instrument constructed in our laboratory and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially designed for studying collisions of large ions with surfaces. Modified surfaces were analyzed using in situ 2 keV Cs + secondary ion mass spectrometry or ex situ 15 keV Ga + time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The results demonstrate that a fraction of multiply protonated peptide ions retain more than one proton following soft-landing on the FSAM surface. It is shown that the [M+2H] 2+ ions observed in FT-ICR SIMS spectra are produced by desorption of multiply charged ions from the surface, while re-ionization of singly protonated ions or neutral peptides is a source of [M+2H] 2+ ions in ToF-SIMS spectra. Differences in neutralization efficiency of soft-landed ions following exposure of surfaces to laboratory air has a measurable effect on the results of ex situ ToF-SIMS analysis of soft-landed ions on SAM surfaces.
Comparison of the USGS 2001 NLCD to the 2002 USDA Census of Agriculture for the Upper Midwest United States

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2001 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) was compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2002 Census of Agriculture. We compared areal estimates for cropland at the state and county level for 14 States in the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Absolute differences between the NLCD and Census cropland areal estimates at the state level ranged from 1.3% (Minnesota) to 37.0% (Wisconsin). The majority of counties (74.5%) had differences of less than 100 km 2 . 7.2% of the counties had differences of more than 200 km 2 . Regions where the largest areal differences occurred were in southern Illinois, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, and generally occurred in areas with the lowest proportions of cropland (i.e., dominated by forest or grassland). Before using the 2001 NLCD for agricultural applications, such as mapping of specific crop types, users should be aware of the potential for misclassification errors, especially where the proportion of cropland to other land cover types is fairly low.
Extreme value analysis unveils dramatic Antarctic warming

Since the late 1940s the average temperature of the coldest days on the Antarctic Peninsula has soared by 14°C. Through a novel analysis of daily temperature records collected at the peninsula's Vernadsky Research Base, Frankze identified that the strong warming trend has affected the coldest 5% of days on the Antarctic Peninsula over the course of the observational period, from 1947 to 2011.
Interactions between microbubbles and ultrasound: in vitro and in vivo observations.

AbstractObjectives. We attempted to examine the interactions between ultrasound and microbubbles.Background. The interactions between microbubbles and ultrasound are poorly understood. We hypothesi...
Phosphorylation site mutated RB exerts contrasting effects on apoptotic response to different stimuli

The retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein (RB) is an important regulator of cell cycle and apoptosis. RB is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent protein kinase during cell cycle progression. A phosphorylation site mutated (PSM)-RB has previously been shown to cause G1 arrest and to interfere with S phase progression. In this study, we examined the effect of inducible PSM-RB expression on the apoptotic response to three different death stimuli: doxorubicin (DOXO), staurosporine (STS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Rat-16 cells. Induced expression of PSM-RB attenuated caspase activation by DOXO as a result of cell cycle arrest. STS has been shown to cause RB-dependent G1 arrest or apoptosis; however, expression of PSM-RB did not prevent caspase activation by STS. Surprisingly, induced expression of PSM-RB stimulated the apoptotic response to TNF in Rat-16 cells, which mostly undergo necrosis in the absence of PSM-RB. These results show that PSM-RB exerts disparate effects on apoptotic response to different stimuli, and that cell cycle arrest does not always associate with resistance to apoptosis.
Disequilibrium Likelihoods for Fine-Scale Mapping of a Rare Allele

Genetic linkage studies based on pedigree data have limited resolution, because of the relatively small number of segregations. Disequilibrium mapping, which uses population associations to infer the location of a disease mutation, provides one possible strategy for narrowing the candidate region. The coalescent process provides a model for the ancestry of a sample of disease alleles, and recombination events between disease locus and marker may be placed on this ancestral phylogeny. These events define the recombinant classes, the sets of sampled disease copies descending from the meiosis at which a given recombination occurred. We show how Monte Carlo generation of the recombinant classes leads to a linkage likelihood for fine-scale mapping from disease haplotypes. We compare single-marker disequilibrium mapping with interval-disequilibrium mapping and discuss how the approach may be extended to multipoint-disequilibrium mapping. The method and its properties are illustrated with an example of simulated data, constructed to be typical of fine-scale mapping of a rare disease in the Japanese population. The method can take into account known features of population history, such as changing patterns of population growth.
Edges in graphs with large girth

Several upper bounds are given for the maximum number of edgese possible in a graph depending upon its orderp, girthg and, in certain cases, minimum degree?. In particular, one upper bound has an asymptotic order ofp 1+2/(g?1) wheng is odd. A corollary of our final result is that $$g \leqslant 2 + 2\log _k \left( {\frac{p}{4}} \right)$$ whenk = ?e/p? ? 2. Asymptotic and numerical comparisons are also presented.
Weak localization, electron-electron interactions, and Joule heating in the presence of a microwave electric field in thin metal films.

We have studied the electrical behavior of thin AuPd, AuFe, and Au films at low temperatures, through measurements of the resistance with special attention to the effect of a microwave electric field. Using these results in combination with the theory, we have attempted to separate the effects of weak localization, electron-electron interactions, and Joule heating. The results of this analysis yield consistent results for AuPd films with high values of the sheet resistance. However, for low-sheet-resistance films of AuPd, AuFe, and Au, the analysis suggests either that Joule heating is suppressed at microwave frequencies (as compared with that found for the same field strength at lower frequencies), or that a microwave field enhances the contribution of electron-electron interactions to the resistance. Either of these results would be at odds with current theories.
Atom interferometry with Bose–Einstein condensed atoms

Nous evaluons l'impact potentiel des condensats de Bose-Einstein atomiques utilises comme sources pour l'interferometrie atomique, en nous appuyant sur l'etude experimentale des condensats de Bose-Einstein confines dans des potentiels periodiques crees par des reseaux optiques. Nous montrons que ce systeme simple peut etre utilise pour des mesures d'acceleration, de ∞/m, et pour produire des etats quantiques comprimes a grand nombre d'atomes. Nous discutons des applications possibles de ce systeme, et notamment la production d'etats « chats de Schrodinger », ainsi que l'interferometrie a la limite de Heisenberg. Nous montrons comment le reseau optique peut fournir une voie vers les sytemes bosoniques degeneres, conceptuellement differente de la condensation de Bose-Einstein.
The α2A-Adrenergic Receptor Discriminates between Gi Heterotrimers of Different βγ Subunit Composition in Sf9 Insect Cell Membranes

In view of the expanding roles of the betagamma subunits of the G proteins in signaling, the possibility was raised that the rich diversity of betagamma subunit combinations might contribute to the specificity of signaling at the level of the receptor. To test this possibility, Sf9 cell membranes expressing the recombinant alpha2A-adrenergic receptor were used to assess the contribution of the betagamma subunit composition. Reconstituted coupling between the receptor and heterotrimeric Gi protein was assayed by high affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive binding of the alpha2-adrenergic agonist, [3H]UK-14,304. Supporting this hypothesis, the present study showed clear differences in the abilities of the various betagamma dimers, including those containing the beta3 subtype and the newly described gamma4, gamma10, and gamma11 subtypes, to promote interaction of the same alphai subunit with the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor.
Α-Amino 1,3-dithioketal mediated asymmetric synthesis of piperidines (L-733,060) and tetrahydrofuran glycines

Sulfinimine-derived α-amino 1,3-dithianes and α-amino carbonyl chiral building blocks, are utilized in asymmetric syntheses of (+)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)glycine and the 2,3-disubstituted piperidine (+)-L-733,060.
Growth of InAs/Ga1-xInxSb infrared superlattices

Abstract A set of InAs/Ga 1−x In x Sb superlattices has been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The superlattices are deposited on thick, stress-relaxed buffer layers of GaSb on (100)-oriented GaAs substrates. A short-period, heavily strained superlattice has been inserted at the GaAs/GaSb interface. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images reveal that a dense network of dislocations forms at this interface, with the vast majority of threading dislocations propagating no further than the first 1000 A of the GaSb buffer layer. Planar superlattice layers are observed, with ni evidence of stress relaxation between the layers or between the InAs/Ga 1- x In x Sb superlattice and GaSb buffer. Analysis of X-ray diffraction satellites reveals that cross-incorporation of As in GaSb and Ga 1−x In x Sb layers is virtually eliminated at low growth temperatures. Photoconductivity spectra from the superlattices display sharp photocurrent threshold energies, in agreement with previously published energy gaps derived from calculations and photoluminescence data. Thresholds in the 8–14 μm range are obtained from superlattices with very thin layers ( ≈ 40 A), which are necessary for strong optical absorption in a type II superlattice. Finally, an absorption coefficient of ≈ 2000 cm −1 is measured at 10 μm from a superlattice with an energy gap of 11.4 μm. This value is comparable to that of bulk Hg 1−x Cd x Te, the current industry standard for infrared detectors in the 8–14 μm range.
Fluorescence Imaging Study of Impinging Underexpanded Jets

An experiment was designed to create a simplified simulation of the flow through a hole in the surface of a hypersonic aerospace vehicle and the subsequent impingement of the flow on internal structures. In addition to planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) flow visualization, pressure measurements were recorded on the surface of an impingement target. The PLIF images themselves provide quantitative spatial information about structure of the impinging jets. The images also help in the interpretation of impingement surface pressure profiles by highlighting the flow structures corresponding to distinctive features of these pressure profiles. The shape of the pressure distribution along the impingement surface was found to be double-peaked in cases with a sufficiently high jet-exit-to-ambient pressure ratio so as to have a Mach disk, as well as in cases where a flow feature called a recirculation bubble formed at the impingement surface. The formation of a recirculation bubble was in turn found to depend very sensitively upon the jet-exit-to-ambient pressure ratio. The pressure measured at the surface was typically less than half the nozzle plenum pressure at low jet pressure ratios and decreased with increasing jet pressure ratios. Angled impingement cases showed that impingement at a 60deg angle resulted in up to a factor of three increase in maximum pressure at the plate compared to normal incidence.
Atmospheric Inputs of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans to the Great Lakes: Compositional Comparison of PCDD and PCDF in Sediments

Concentrations and accumulations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in dated sediment cores from three of the Great Lakes and two remotely located “control lakes” to assess how inputs of the compounds vary currently and historically among the lakes. The current PCDD accumulation rates in the Great Lakes ranged from a low of 0.0075 ng/cm2/yr in Lake Superior to a high of 0.22 ng/cm2/yr in Lake Ontario. PCDF accumulation rates ranged from a low of 0.00078 ng/cm2/yr in Lake Superior to a high of 0.23 ng/cm2/yr in Lake Ontario. The relative importance of atmospheric versus non-atmospheric sources of PCDDs and PCDFs to the lakes was estimated by comparing homolog compositions and accumulation rates among cores and homolog-specific accumulation rates to estimates of atmospheric deposition. The estimates are that the atmosphere currently provides (a) 100% of PCDD and PCDF to Lake Superior, (b) 100% of PCDD to southern Lake Michigan, 33–50% of PCDD to northern Lake Michigan, but only 5–35% of PCDF to Lake Michigan, and (c) only 5–35% of PCDD and < 5% of PCDF to Lake Ontario. By comparing the sediment homolog compositions to those of non-atmospheric sources, likely non-atmospheric sources are suggested.
A new, laparoscopic full-thickness slice ovarian biopsy (from antimesenteric to mesenteric margin).

ABSTRACT This article introduces a new laparoscopic surgical technique of full-thickness slice biopsy, from antimesenteric margin to mesenteric area, of the ovary. The uteroovarian ligament with mesenteric vasculature and the infundibulopelvic ligament with its artery and veins are transitionally obliterated with atraumatic 5-mm laparoscopic clamps. This part of the operation stabilizes and decreases the blood supply to the ovary. A desirable width of full-thickness slice in the middle part of the ovary is excised from antimesenteric to mesenteric region with 5-mm laparoscopic scissors. The full-thickness slice ovarian excision stops before the mesenteric vasculature to avoid surgical injury to that area that may compromise the ovarian blood supply or return. The presence of primordial follicles in the ovary differentiates the resistant ovary syndrome from premature ovarian failure. In hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, a classic minilaparotomy is performed to obtain enough ovarian tissue for the definitive ...
The Creation and Evolution of an Energy Engineering and Education Outreach Model

ABSTRACTThe Energy Engineering and Education Outreach Model is a new model to introduce undergraduates to the field of energy engineering and engage them in engineering education through K-12 outreach programs to promote ST(EE)2M: Science, Technology, Energy Engineering, Engineering Education, and Math. The model places students with mentors in the university's facilities management department or energy center where they gain valuable experience in assessing energy usage, needs and areas of potential savings thereby helping the institution save energy. The model utilizes undergraduates as university ambassadors of the institution who can disseminate their intellectual knowledge and help raise awareness of ST(EE)2M to the local community through K-12 engineering education outreach avenues such as Family STEM Nights and energy clubs.This article details the impetus for this model, its creation and evolution. It is unique because it is a collaboration between the College of Engineering and the College of Edu...
A molecular mechanical analysis of the active site of urease with a special emphasis on determining the binding conformations available to oxygen-bound urea

In order to model the active site of urease which contains two nickel ions with differing coordination geometries new parameters were derived for the AMBER* force field. These parameters were obtained by structure based optimization and use a single set of parameters with points on a sphere approach to model nickel(II) high-spin in all its coordination geometries. The force field was successfully used to model the active site of urease and to predict that a bridging water between the two nickel ions in urease was missing from the solid state structure of urease. A thorough conformational search was undertaken to find the conformations available to urea within urease. All the low energy conformations found were used to determine a consensus urea binding model.
Convection/Encapsulation in Hydraulic Fracturing

New information is presented on the phenomena of proppant convection and encapsulation in the hydraulic fracturing treatments. To fully comprehend this phenomenon, a unique parallel plate flow cell is used which mimics field conditions and is integrated with a fiber optic vision system. The vision system is used to enable the visualization of proppant convection/encapsulation within the fracture. The experimental study involves pulse injection of both 6 and 10 ppg 20/40 mesh sand slurry of 35 lb/Mgal borate-crosslinked guar into various fluid media under static condition. Data analysis shows that proppant convection/encapsulation is a density/viscosity related mechanism. It is indicated that encapsulation (downward motion of proppant) dominates particle settling in a low viscous medium such as water or linear gel. This phenomena, however, diminishes as viscosity of the lower medium increases. In other words, particle settling within the slurry cluster dominates proppant encapsulation and hence convection. Therefore, it is ascertained that there exists an optimum viscosity value for a given range of density where the influence of density to form encapsulation and convection is inhibited. According to this study, a medium viscosity of 40,000 cp is suffice to sustain a 10 ppg 20/40 mesh sand 35 lb/Mgal borate-crosslinked slurry and to prevent development of proppant encapsulation/convection. In addition, to better understand the behavior of convection/encapsulation in hydraulic fracturing, the effect of fracture gap width and polymer concentration on the encapsulation/convection development investigated and presented.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin, an inhibitor for thrombin and plasmin.

Abstract α1-Antitrypsin-deficient plasma of two patients with severe pulmonary emphysema and homozygous α1-antitrypsin deficiency was tested for its thrombin- and plasmin-neutralizing capacities. In contrast to normal, defibrinated plasma, α1-antitrypsin-deficient plasma lacks fast antithrombin clotting activity. The anticoagulant activity which remains is of the slow, progressive variety and constitutes approximately 20–25% of the total antithrombin anticoagulant activity of normal plasma. This finding indicates that α1-antithrombin is a fast antithrombin which represents at least 75% of this type of anticoagulant activity of blood. It also suggests that it is probably identical with α1-antitrypsin. In contrast, α1-antitrypsin-deficient plasma has the same thrombin esteraseinhibiting activity as normal plasma. Fast antiplasmin concentrations, however, were reduced by approximately 50% in α1-antitrypsin-deficient plasma. These findings are consistent with the concept that α1-antitrypsin represents an antiproteinase with a wider range of activity than its name would suggest.
Social foraging in marmoset monkeys and the question of intelligence

A social group of five saddle-back tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis ) were allowed 15 min per day in a sizeable room adjacent to their home cage. Every other day two additional novel test objects were placed in the room; one contained food on first presentation, and the next day the locations of both were sometimes moved. From the outset, and even when there were 30 objects to choose from, the animals were acute in detecting the novel objects and in remembering the objects and the locations in which they had found food. Whichever individuals had eaten first were among the first to approach the next day. Subsequent tests showed that such one-trial learning was not dependent on object-novelty; that the animals probably remembered all 30 objects and the location of each; and that they spontaneously performed what amounts to generalized delayed matching to sample. The data match or surpass the asymptotic performances of other marmosets on, for example, learning set tasks but are consistent with what is known about the foraging habits of wild S. fuscicollis. Optim al foraging theory is less likely to be an overestimate of animals’ mental capacities than previous studies are an underestimate.
Toward a neurobiology of the unconscious.

*Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Faculty, Columbia Psychoanalytic Institute. A version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in New Orleans on May 7th, 2001, as part of a symposium sponsored jointly by the American Psychiatric Association and the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, chaired by Ann-Louise Silver, M.D. and Edward Nersessian, M.D. and entitled Thinking about Mind and Brain: Psychoanalysts and Neuroscientists Converse.
Non-Apoptotic Toxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toward Murine Cells

Although P. aeruginosa is especially dangerous in cystic fibrosis (CF), there is no consensus as to how it kills representative cell types that are of key importance in the lung. This study concerns the acute toxicity of the sequenced strain, PAO1, toward a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Toxicity requires brief contact with the target cell, but is then delayed for more than 12 h. None of the classical toxic effectors of this organism is required and cell death occurs without phagocytosis or acute perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton. Apoptosis is not required for toxicity toward either RAW 264.7 cells or for alveolar macrophages. Transcriptional profiling shows that encounter between PAO1 and RAW 264.7 cells elicits an early inflammatory response, followed by growth arrest. As an independent strategy to understand the mechanism of toxicity, we selected variant RAW 264.7 cells that resist PAO1. Upon exposure to P. aeruginosa, they are hyper-responsive with regard to classical inflammatory cytokine production and show transient downregulation of transcripts that are required for cell growth. They do not show obvious morphologic changes. Although they do not increase interferon transcripts, when exposed to PAO1 they dramatically upregulate a subset of the responses that are characteristic of exposure to g-interferon, including several guanylate-binding proteins. The present observations provide a novel foundation for learning how to equip cells with resistance to a complex challenge.
Synthesis of poly(p-methylstyrene)-graft-poly(oxyethylene) and application as a polymeric surfactant in emulsion polymerization

Poly(p-methylstyrene)-graft-poly(oxyethylene) copolymers were prepared from p-methylstyrene and ae-hydroxy-ω-methyl-poly(oxyethylene) using a ‘grafting on to’ technique. A total of 10 copolymers were synthesized varying in the hydrophobic back bone chain lengths, hydrophilic branch lengths and frequency of branches. The stabilizing efficiency of these amphipathic copolymers was studied in the emulsion polymerization of styrene. Using the number, size and size distribution of the particles as the criterion of stability, it was found that the polyoxyethylene (PEO) chain length is not as crucial for stability as the availability of the backbone for anchoring. A change in the backbone chain length (from Mn = 1000 to 24000) with the same percent PEO had no effect on the outcome of the reaction: the latices stabilized to the same number of particles of the same size.
Optimization of the nonlinear optical response in chiral media

This paper describes the development and optimization of chiral, non-polar media with large second-order nonlinear optical responses. We employ molecular engineering, quantum- mechanical sum-over-states theory, and measurements of molecular hyperpolarizability by means of Kleinman-disallowed hyper-Rayleigh scattering in order to understand molecular properties. Then we analyze the appropriate arrangement of the chromophores that produce an optimum axial nonlinear optical medium. Chromophores with large Kleinman disallowed traceless symmetric second rank tensor hyper-polarizabilities (beta) can be aligned so as to result in large susceptibilities, (chi) (2), in structures that lack polar order. We found that (Lambda) -shaped chromophores with C2v or similar symmetry are good candidates for these materials as they can exhibit large second-rank components of the hyperpolarizability tensor. A wide variety of techniques can be used to fabricate bulk materials belonging to the chiral non-polar symmetry groups, D(infinity ) and D2. The microscopic chromophore alignment schemes that optimize the NLO response in such materials are deduced from general symmetry consideration for both molecules and bulk.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein distribution in interstitial inflammatory fluid of the rabbit

Abstract Utilizing the polyvinyl sponge-implant model in the rabbit we have previously demonstrated modification in low density lipoproteins (LDL) of interstitial tissue fluid obtained in association with a cellular inflammatory response. In order to examine the interaction between the inflammatory response and lipoproteins from hypercholesterolemic rabbits, 30 male, New Zealand White rabbits were fed standard chow supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol for 4 weeks prior to sponge implantation. Lipoproteins were prepared from interstitial inflammatory fluid (IF) as well as homologous whole plasma (WP). Total IF cholesterol was positively correlated with plasma cholesterol (459 ± 43 vs. 1485 ± 130 mg/dl, X ± SEM, r = 0.81, P Distribution of lipoproteins in IF was similar to WP in both particle size and density. Beta-migrating VLDL were the predominant particles in both WP and IF, containing 43.7 ± 3.4 and 42.2 ± 5.1% of WP and IF cholesterol, respectively. IF-VLDL were similar to WP-VLDL in lipid and apoprotein composition, morphology and particle size distribution. We conclude from these data that the observed dramatic alterations in lipoprotein distribution in response to a dietary cholesterol challenge in rabbit plasma is essentially unaltered in interstitial inflammatory fluid obtained from these animals.
Management of Repositioned Teeth in Preparation for Fixed Partial Dentures

Immediate stabilization of repositioned teeth is necessary before placement of fixed partial dentures. A plan is presented for timing restorative, periodontic, and endodontic procedures in conjunction with tooth movement. With the cooperation of the orthodontist and the general practitioner, it is possible to coordinate orthodontic treatment and other aspects of dental care.