cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac L-type Ca Channel as an Oxygen Sensor; Possible Involvement of Ca/Calmodulin Binding Domain

Cellular oxygen sensing is defined as the ability of a cell to respond to changes in extracellular oxygen pressure through regulation of membrane ionic currents, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation or transcription of regulatory proteins. In the heart hypoxia has been shown to alter ionic currents through mitchondrial redox regulation and phosphorylation by kinases. Here we report a novel oxygen sensing mechanism of cardiac L-type Ca channels which is independent of mitochondrial ROS and is partially regulated by PKA phosphorylation in the left ventricle. When oxygen pressure was locally decreased from 150 to 5 mmHg within 50 ms, an immediate suppression (25%) occurred in baseline Ica that maximized in 40-50 seconds. This response was inhibited by PKA phosphorylation on the left but not the right ventricle. Inhibiting Ca dependent inactivation using Ba2+ as the charge carrier, lead to 40% suppression of IBa within the first 5-15s of exposure. This effect was independent of PKA phosphorylation and equally affected both ventricles. Inhibiting SR Ca release with 5uM thapsigargin did not mimic the response seen with Ba2+. However, inhibiting Calmodulin using CaM inhibitory peptide 290-309 partially suppressed phosphorylated Ica in the left ventricle. This effect was also present in HEK 293 cells expressing all subunits of the recombinant L-type Ca channel. Furthermore, mutating 80 amino acids in the Ca binding/IQ domain of the alpha 1C subunit which removes Ca dependent inactivation and leads to similar kinetics of IBa and ICa, abolished the suppression of IBa under low O2. Based on these observations we propose that Cardiac L-type channels have oxygen sensing properties and that Ca/Calmodulin binding domain is a key site in this process.
Semiconductor Nanowire Light‐Emitting Diodes Grown on Metal: A Direction Toward Large‐Scale Fabrication of Nanowire Devices

Bottom-up nanowires are attractive for realizing semiconductor devices with extreme heterostructures because strain relaxation through the nanowire sidewalls allows the combination of highly lattice mismatched materials without creating dislocations. The resulting nanowires are used to fabricate light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, solar cells, and sensors. However, expensive single crystalline substrates are commonly used as substrates for nanowire heterostructures as well as for epitaxial devices, which limits the manufacturability of nanowire devices. Here, nanowire LEDs directly grown and electrically integrated on metal are demonstrated. Optical and structural measurements reveal high-quality, vertically aligned GaN nanowires on molybdenum and titanium films. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the composition variation in the polarization-graded AlGaN nanowire LEDs. Blue to green electroluminescence is observed from InGaN quantum well active regions, while GaN active regions exhibit ultraviolet emission. These results demonstrate a pathway for large-scale fabrication of solid state lighting and optoelectronics on metal foils or sheets.
Planning for quality data

Abstract Advance planning is essential for the production of quality data. Before any planning is attempted, a well-defined model of the problem under investigation must be established. The measurements may be made to test the model or they may be used with the model to clarify or solve the problem under investigation. In the planning process, chemical measurement must be considered as a system consisting of sampling, calibration, analysis, and data processing. Appropriate quality assurance procedures must be applied to ensure statistical control and evaluation of the data. Because of the interdependence of the various aspects of measurement, they must be planned in a coordinated mode, involving subject matter, measurement, and statistical expertise. Details of all of the above are discussed in the paper.
Increased expression of cardiac IL-17 after burn

Cardiac dysfunction is a common complication associated with major burns. While recent findings have linked the Th-17 T-cell response to the development of autoimmune myocarditis, the role of IL-17 and the Th-17 T-cell response in the development of post-burn cardiac dysfunction remains unknown. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a major burn (3rd degree, 25% TBSA) or sham treatment. Three hours after injury plasma and tissue (i.e., heart, lung, liver, small intestine) samples were collected and analyzed for the expression of Th-17 cytokine (i.e., IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, TGF-β) levels by ELISA. Cardiac tissue levels of the Th-17 cytokines, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22 were significantly elevated at 3 hrs after burn as compared to sham levels. IL-17 was analyzed 1, 3 and 7 days after burn and showed a return to baseline levels and without a difference in the burn group. Burn-induced alterations in the level of these cytokines in plasma or other tissues were not evident. The cardiac Th-17 cytokine response after burn injury was specific, as cardiac levels of Th-1 (IFN-γ) and Th-2 (IL-10) cytokines were not significantly affected after injury. The cardiac Th-17 response correlated with a significant increase in Troponin levels at 3 hr. after burn. These findings indicate that early after burn, cardiac tissue is associated with significantly elevated levels of Th-17 cytokines. The early Th-17 response after burn appears to be specific for cardiac tissue and may promote myocardial inflammation and dysfunction associated with this form of trauma.
Approach to Control the Depth of Water in Basin Irrigation and Wetland Flooding

The controlled ponding of water over level terrain in basin irrigation or wetland flooding is described quantitatively as a three-phase process. During the first phase, water is applied at a known ...
Approval Summary: Imatinib Mesylate in the Treatment of Metastatic and/or Unresectable Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

The purpose of the present application was to fulfill a postmarketing commitment to provide long-term efficacy and safety data on treatment with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ) in patients with CD117 unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). In addition, this application also provides evidence to support a change in the label to allow for an escalation of imatinib dosing to 800 mg/day for patients with progressive disease on a lower dose. Two open-label, controlled, multicenter, intergroup, international, randomized phase III studies were submitted—one conducted by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (n 946) and the other by the Southwest Oncology Group (n 746). These studies compared 400 mg/day of imatinib with 800 mg/day of imatinib. A combined analysis of the two studies was prospectively defined and agreed to by both groups. Both protocols allowed patients randomized to the 400-mg/day imatinib arm to cross over to 800 mg/
Broad-Host-Range Plasmids for Red Fluorescent Protein Labeling of Gram-Negative Bacteria for Use in the Zebrafish Model System

To observe real-time interactions between green fluorescent protein-labeled immune cells and invading bacteria in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a series of plasmids was constructed for the red fluorescent protein (RFP) labeling of a variety of fish and human pathogens. The aim of this study was to create a collection of plasmids that would express RFP pigments both constitutively and under tac promoter regulation and that would be nontoxic and broadly transmissible to a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. DNA fragments encoding the RFP dimeric (d), monomeric (m), and tandem dimeric (td) derivatives d-Tomato, td-Tomato, m-Orange, and m-Cherry were cloned into the IncQ-based vector pMMB66EH in Escherichia coli. Plasmids were mobilized into recipient strains by conjugal mating. Pigment production was inducible in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Edwardsiella tarda, and Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum strains by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) treatment. A spontaneous mutant exconjugant of P. aeruginosa PA14 was isolated that expressed td-Tomato constitutively. Complementation analysis revealed that the constitutive phenotype likely was due to a mutation in lacIq carried on pMMB66EH. DNA sequence analysis confirmed the presence of five transitions, four transversions, and a 2-bp addition within a 14-bp region of lacI. Vector DNA was purified from this constitutive mutant, and structural DNA sequences for RFP pigments were cloned into the constitutive vector. Exconjugants of P. aeruginosa, E. tarda, and V. anguillarum expressed all pigments in an IPTG-independent fashion. Results from zebrafish infectivity studies indicate that RFP-labeled pathogens will be useful for the study of real-time interactions between host cells of the innate immune system and the infecting pathogen.
Distention of the fetal duodenum: abnormal finding?

We investigated whether a fluid-filled duodenum is observed in normal fetuses. In part 1 of the study a view in the region of the duodenum was obtained during routine obstetric ultrasonography from 123 low-risk patients. All examinations demonstrated a collapsed duodenum. No gastrointestinal abnormalities were found in these infants. In part 2 of the study, 1163 fetuses (both high-risk and low-risk) were evaluated with real-time scanning, and duodenal fluid without a “double bubble” was seen in one fetus who had a duodenal web. We conclude that a nondistended fetal duodenum is the norm. If fetal duodenal dilation is visualized, this may allow for earlier detection of duodenal obstructions. KEY WORDS: Prenatal sonography; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal tract, anomalies.
Online mechanism for reliability and power-efficiency management of a dynamically reconfigurable core

Previous studies have shown that the best way to achieve high throughput/Watt of a single threaded application is by running it on an asymmetric multicore processor (AMP). AMPs feature cores that are tuned for specific workload characteristics. To increase efficiency, the core that offers the best power-performance trade-off for the executing thread is chosen. To reduce the overhead of thread migration, we have previously proposed a morphable core that can morph into multiple core types. In this study, apart from power-performance efficiency, we also consider the reliability of the different core types as indicated by their vulnerability to soft-errors. We show that the best core type for power-efficiency may not be the best for reliability. Accordingly, we develop a multi-objective thread migration strategy to determine the best core type considering power efficiency and reliability. To support runtime decision making, we have developed online estimators for reliability and power efficiency based on performance monitoring counters. In keeping with the existing literature, we use the architectural vulnerability factor (AVF) as the metric for reliability and instructions-per-second2/Watt as the metric for power efficiency. For the multi-objective optimization we use a Cobb-Douglas production function. Our results indicate that the proposed runtime mechanism for reliability and power-efficiency improves, on the average, the throughput/Watt of applications by 24% and reduces the Soft-Error Rate (SER) by 12% compared to the best static execution.
Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates are affected by frequency and level of competition, sex, and sport. To date, no study has sought to quantify sport-specific yearly risk for ACL tears in the high school (HS) athlete by sex and sport played.Purpose:To establish evidence-based incidence and yearly risk of ACL tears in HS athletes by sex for sports performed at the varsity level across the majority of US high schools.Study Design:Meta-analysis.Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to identify all articles reporting ACL tears per athletic exposure in HS athletes. ACL injury incidence rates (IRs) by sex and sport were calculated via meta-analysis. State athletic association guidelines were used to determine the number of exposures per season to calculate yearly risk of ACL tears.Results:The search recovered 3779 unique articles, of which 10 met our inclusion criteria, for a total of 700 ACL injuries in 11,239,029 exposures. The IR was 0....
Factors influencing distribution ofDiabrotica spp. in blossoms of cultivatedCucurbita spp.

Cultivars representing three species ofCucurbita were examined for blossom preference byDiabrotica spp.C. maxima cultivars were found to be preferred byD. undecimpunctata howardi over those ofC. pepo andC. moschata.D. virgifera virgifera preferredC. maxima and the “Connecticut Field” cultivar ofC. pepo.C. moschata and other cultivars ofC. pepo were not preferred. Cultivars were examined for differences in floral volatile release, blossom cucurbitacin content, and pollen content of male blossoms.C. maxima male blossoms released a larger quantity of volatiles thanC. pepo orC. moschata. Also, onlyC. maxima male blossoms contained cucurbitacins. Cultivars ofC. moschata contained the largest quantities of pollen, but all three species contained relatively large quantities. The data indicate a correspondence ofD. u. howardi distribution in the field with high volatile release rates and high cucurbitacin levels that are found inC. maxima blossoms.D. v. virgifera distribution appears to be somewhat independent of these factors since this species was abundant in blossoms of aC. pepo cultivar as well as cultivars ofC. maxima.
Nursing for spontaneous perforation of choledochal cyst in infant

Objective:To investigate the nursing experience for spontaneous perforation of congenital choledochal cyst in infants.Methods:The clinical data of 11 cases with spontaneous perforation of congenital choledochal cyst were analysed retrospectively.Results:The preoperative diagnosis was established by paracentesis in 8 patients.Abdominal sonography and CT found a cyst in 5 of the 8 cases reviewed.3 different operative procedures were performed,choledochocyst excision Roux-Y choledocho-jejunostomy(3 cases),choledochotomy with T-tube drainage(6 cases),and cholecystostomy(2 cases).Radical resection was performed in about 3-6 months after the initial operation.All patients recovered had got satisfactory therapeutic efficacy without any grave complication.Conclusion:The misdiagnosis of spontaneous perforation of congenital choledochal cyst in infants is more common,with understanding keys in the diagnosis and correct operation and meticulous care are important in improving the cure rate.
Economic Evaluation of Varicella Vaccination in Gansu by Means of EVITA Model

Objective: To analyze cost-benefit of Varicella Attenuated Live Vaccine(VarV) immunization in Gansu Province.for varicella prevention and control in the furture.Methods: Three different strategies versus no vaccination were performed.Strategy Ⅰ: Routine Immunization only(one dose in toddlers 1～1.5 years);Strategy Ⅱ: Routine plus Catching-up Immunization(one dose was caught up in adolescents of 12 years);Strategy Ⅲ: Routine plus Supplementary Immunization Activities in children of 2～15 years.EVITA model is used to evaluate cost-benefit and calculate incidence,economical burden,BCR and NPV of Varicella in future 15 years.Result: Accumulated 5 301 764 cases will occur in no vaccination people;Strategy Ⅰ: BCR=0.744,NPV =-0.98;Strategy Ⅱ: BCR=0.595,NPV =-6.19;StrategyⅢ:BCR=1.518,NPV =0.49.BCR of StrategyⅢ is highest and BCR1NPV0,so cost-benefit of StrategyⅢ is the best.Conclusion: Routine plus Supplementary Immunization Activities in children 2～15 years is the best for Varicella control.
Detecting Hierarchical Modularity in Biological Networks

Spatially or chemically isolated modules that carry out discrete functions are considered fundamental building blocks of cellular organization. However, detecting them in highly integrated biological networks requires a thorough understanding of the organization of these networks. In this chapter I argue that many biological networks are organized into many small, highly connected topologic modules that combine in a hierarchical manner into larger, less cohesive units. On top of a scale-free degree distribution, these networks show a power law scaling of the clustering coefficient with the node degree, a property that can be used as a signature of hierarchical organization. As a case study, I identify the hierarchical modules within the Escherichia coli metabolic network, and show that the uncovered hierarchical modularity closely overlaps with known metabolic functions.
Adrenocorticotropin response to graded blood loss in the cat

To assess the early endocrine and physiological responses to rapid blood loss, adult cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan sustained transient hemorrhage (H) of different magnitudes for a 3-min duration. The magnitude of H was expressed as a percentage of initial total blood volume after plasma volume determination by dye dilution or on a per unit body weight basis. Considerable variation in total blood volume was observed at all body weights (range, 44.5-80.2 mg/kg). Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in peripheral venous plasma was not significantly altered by 10% H but increased modestly after 20% H by 5 min (148 +/- 67 pg/ml) and rose promptly after 30% H by 2 min (541 +/- 155 pg/ml) with a peak at 5 min (579 +/- 171 pg/ml). Total change in ACTH during the 15-min sampling period was proportional to the magnitude of H (r = 0.730, P less than 0.001). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly to all magnitudes of H by 1 min with a graded recovery during the 3-min hypovolemic period that was well correlated (r = 0.602, P less than 0.005) with the percentage of blood volume removed. Mean plasma glucose concentration was not significantly changed by 10 or 20% H but increased after 30% H by 5 min (46.2 +/- 10.2 mg/dl). Total glucose change from prestimulus levels during the 15-min sampling period was correlated with the magnitude of H (r = 0.731, P less than 0.001). Plasma norepinephrine increased equally after 20 or 30% H or 10 ml/kg H but was not significantly elevated after 10% H.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Opiate Injection-associated Infective Endocarditis in the Southeastern United States

Background Opiate pain reliever (OPR) misuse by injection is increasing in the United States. Infective endocarditis (IE), a devastating complication of injection OPR use, has been understudied.
Survey, study and review of coordinate system notations using 3D environment for better understanding of EM fields behavior

Present study of electric and magnetic fields should involve many new techniques to improve understanding and interest among new learners in this area. Keeping this in mind, we studied the origin of study from coordinate notations. Three commonly used coordinates systems are namely; Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical coordinate system. In Cartesian coordinate system notations for representing any point P are (x, y, z), which is unique at worldwide, simple and lead no confusion. But the problem arises when cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems are used. Notations of these two coordinate systems are different in various literatures and create confusion among readers most of the time. This paper mainly focus on the conventions used in electromagnetic (EM) theory which induce unwillingness of study among students in this EM related subjetcs. It also expalin an alternative to improve its understanding in terms of increasing simplicity in the notations. This study is supported by a survey conducted across various university colleges students and faculties. We used an animation softwares for explaining physics behind the mathematics. We do not shy to illustrate basic concepts of coordinate system in detail using simple notations in 3D and hand-drawn images.
Effect of interleukin-9 on clonogenic maturation and cell-cycle status of fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors

We assessed the effect of interleukin-9 (IL-9) on clonogenic maturation and cell-cycle status of hematopoietic progenitors of fetal (umbilical cord blood) and adult (bone marrow) origin. As a single agent IL-9 supported, in a concentration-dependent fashion, maturation of burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) of adult and fetal origin. However, only 1/3 the number of adult BFU-E colonies developed, as did in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and only 1/6 the number developed as did in response to IL-3. In contrast, the effect of IL-9 on fetal BFU-E colonies was equal to that of GM-CSF and IL-3. Synergistic effects of IL-9 with low concentrations (0.1 ng/mL) of GM-CSF and IL-3 were seen on adult BFU-E colony formation, but no effect was apparent at higher concentrations (1.0 ng/mL). In contrast, using fetal cells, synergistic effects of IL-9 with low and high concentrations of GM-CSF and IL-3 were apparent. Addition of IL-9 to plates containing fetal cells plus GM-CSF and IL-3 not only resulted in more BFU-E colonies, but also in more multicentered (greater than or equal to 10 individual centers) colonies, and more cells per colony. IL-9 had a wider spectrum of action on progenitors of fetal origin than on progenitors of adult origin, supporting the generation of fetal multipotent colony-forming unit (CFU)-Mix and CFU-GM colonies. Incubation with IL-9 did not accelerate cycling of adult or fetal BFU-E, CFU-Mix, or CFU-GM to the extent observed after incubation with IL-6. Thus, IL-9 primarily supported maturation of erythroid progenitors of adult origin, and its addition to plates containing GM-CSF and IL-3 (1.0 ng/mL) did not result in maturation of additional clones. In contrast, IL-9 had a wider spectrum of action on fetal progenitors and, when combined with IL-3 and GM-CSF, resulted in clonogenic maturation of progenitors that did not undergo maturation after stimulation with IL-3 and GM-CSF.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for preventing Alzheimer’s disease

This review provides the rationale for implementing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are known risk factors associated with the development of AD, some of which may be ameliorated with CBT. We posit that treating the risk factors of inactivity, poor diet, hyposmia and anosmia, sleep disorders and lack of regularly engaged challenging cognitive activity will modify the physiology of the brain sufficiently to avoid the accumulation of excess proteins, including amyloid beta, causal events in the development of AD. Further, the successful treatment of the listed risk factors is well within our technology to do so and, even further, it is cost effective. Also, there is considerable scientific literature to support the proposition that, if implemented by well-established practices, CBT will be effective and will be engaged by those of retirement age. That is, we present a biologically informed CBT for the prevention of the development of AD, i.e., an aspect of applied behavioral neuroscience.
Analysis of GAPDH Enzyme Activity: A Quantitative and Qualitative Approach

The enzymatic function of GAPDH (EC.1.2.1.12) is an integral component of glycolysis in glucose metabolism. Thus, GAPDH’s catalytic capacity profoundly influences the “bioenergetic signature” of any metabolically active cell. Determination of the enzymatic function of GAPDH has been instrumental in the assessment of the glycolytic or overall metabolic capacity of proliferating cells. In this chapter, we describe two different approaches to determine the activity of the GAPDH enzyme, based on quantitative and qualitative analytical methods. The quantitative approach is based on the spectrophotometric principle which relies on the net abundance of NADH, a coenzyme that is either generated or depleted depending upon the direction of the reversible reaction of GAPDH. The method outlined here is based on the reversible reaction, where a decrease in NADH is monitored at the absorption maximum (~340 nm). The advantage of this NADH-based assay is that it is specific to GAPDH. The qualitative approach uses an in-gel activity assay, in which the enzyme-dependent release of pyrophosphate is visualized as a calcium-phosphate precipitate. The qualitative assay is also relevant for kinetic analysis as the amount of calcium-phosphate precipitate relies on the level of GAPDH activity. Both these approaches are invaluable and rely on scientifically sound analytical principles.
Vaginal Bleeding as Initial Presentation of an Aggressive Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Introduction. Renal cell carcinoma is the third most common urogenital cancer. In some patients, it can metastasize to distant organs. Metastasis to the vagina is extremely rare. Case Presentation. A 54-year-old female with unremarkable history presented to the clinic with a chief complaint of vaginal bleeding. Further examination identified a pedunculated mass on the vaginal wall. Histologic examination revealed a metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Radiological studies then revealed a left renal mass and bilateral adrenal masses. The patient underwent a nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, and resection of the vaginal mass. The mass in the vagina has since recurred. Conclusion. We report the first known case of vaginal metastasis as initial presentation of a renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Postmenopausal women with renal cell carcinoma who present with vaginal bleeding should undergo a thorough inspection of the vaginal wall for the potential of metastatic neoplasms.
Field-scale history matching with sparse geologic dictionaries

Abstract Inference of reservoir flow properties from scattered production data poses a poorly-constrained inverse problem with non-unique solutions. Parsimonious description of reservoir properties can alleviate problem ill-posedness and help with preserving the expected geologic continuity of the solution. Low-rank representations can exploit the prevalent correlations in spatially distributed rock properties to compactly describe them. Recent advances in sparse reconstruction, known as compressed sensing, have inspired efficient and flexible model calibration approaches that offer a departure from classical reduced-order parameterization techniques that only use prior knowledge to select the parameterization subspace. Sparse model calibration allows for dynamic subspace identification by adaptively searching through a large combination of possible relevant subspaces (with different geologic features) to identify an appropriate one that best explains the observed data. We recently presented sparse geologic dictionaries as an effective and flexible method for representation of complex geologic connectivity patterns to facilitate the search for plausible solutions. In this paper, we demonstrate the field-scale application of learned sparse geologic dictionaries for history matching. We use a gradient-based implementation of the history matching problem to investigate the feasibility of adopting the developed method for field-scale application. The paper presents practical considerations, important properties, and alternative implementations of the method. The benefits and limitations of applying the method to reservoir history matching are evaluated and discussed. The performance of the sparse history matching approach with geologic dictionaries is also compared with the classical truncated singular value decomposition parameterization in three field-scale case studies. The results show that sparse model calibration with geologic dictionaries has a superior history matching performance for estimating reservoir properties in realistic settings where the trade-offs between problem dimensionality, model resolution, computation speed, geologic uncertainty, and solution plausibility should be reconciled effectively.
Migration Rates and Optimal Topologies

This chapter extended the previous deme-sizing equations to consider configurations that are likely to be used by practitioners. The first part of the chapter described the relation between the deme size, the migration rate, and the topology’s degree with the probability of success after two epochs. It showed how to find the configuration that optimizes the execution time while reaching a predetermined target quality. These calculations were also used to find an alternate expression for the optimal number of fully-connected demes (which was calculated initially in Chapter 4). Although this topology cannot integrate many demes, it can reduce the execution time substantially, and it may be competitive with other optimally-configured topologies.
The parts are greater than the whole: the role of semi-infectious particles in influenza A virus biology

The influenza A virus (IAV) genome is incorporated into newly produced virions through a tightly orchestrated process that is one of the best studied examples of genome packaging by a segmented virus. Despite the remarkable selectivity and efficiency of this process, it is clear that the vast majority of IAV virions are unable to express the full set of essential viral gene products and are thus incapable of productive replication in the absence of complementation. Here, we attempt to reconcile the widespread production of these semi-infectious particles (SIPs) with the high efficiency and selectivity of IAV genome packaging. We also cover what is known and what remains unknown about the consequences of SIP production for the replication and evolution of viral populations.
Bridging the gap: The intersection of entrustability and perceived autonomy for surgical residents in the OR

Abstract Background Faculty entrustment decisions affect resident entrustability behaviors and surgical autonomy. The relationship between entrustability and autonomy is not well understood. This pilot study explores that relationship. Methods 108 case observations were completed. Entrustment behaviors were rated using OpTrust. Residents completed a Zwisch self-assessment to measure surgical autonomy. Resident perceived autonomy was collected for 67 cases used for this pilot study. Results Full entrustability was observed in 5 of the 108 observed cases. Residents in our study did not report full autonomy. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient identified that resident entrustability was positively correlated with perceived resident autonomy (ρ = 0.66, p Conclusions Resident entrustability is positively associated with perceived autonomy, yet full entrustability is not translating to the perception of full autonomy for residents.
Monkeyflowers (Mimulus): new model for plant developmental genetics and evo‐devo

Contents Summary 694 I. Introduction 694 II. The system 695 III. Regulation of carotenoid pigmentation 695 IV. Formation of periodic pigmentation patterns 696 V. Developmental genetics of corolla tube formation and elaboration 697 VI. Molecular basis of floral trait variation underlying pollinator shift 698 VII. Outlook 699 Acknowledgements 699 References 699 SUMMARY: Monkeyflowers (Mimulus) have long been recognized as a classic ecological and evolutionary model system. However, only recently has it been realized that this system also holds great promise for studying the developmental genetics and evo-devo of important plant traits that are not found in well-established model systems such as Arabidopsis. Here, I review recent progress in four different areas of plant research enabled by this new model, including transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis, formation of periodic pigmentation patterns, developmental genetics of corolla tube formation and elaboration, and the molecular basis of floral trait divergence underlying pollinator shift. These examples suggest that Mimulus offers ample opportunities to make exciting discoveries in plant development and evolution.
Evidence review conducted for the AHRQ Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery: focus on anesthesiology for gynecologic surgery

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols for gynecologic (GYN) surgery are increasingly being reported and may be associated with superior outcomes, reduced length of hospital stay, and cost savings. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, in partnership with the American College of Surgeons and the Johns Hopkins Medicine Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, has developed the Safety Program for Improving Surgical Care and Recovery, which is a nationwide initiative to disseminate best practices in perioperative care to more than 750 hospitals across five major surgical service lines in a 5-year period. The program is designed to identify evidence-based process measures shown to prevent healthcare-associated conditions and hasten recovery after surgery, integrate those into a comprehensive service line-based pathway, and assist hospitals in program implementation. In conjunction with this effort, we have conducted an evidence review of the various anesthesia components which may influence outcomes and facilitate recovery after GYN surgery. A literature search was performed for each intervention, and the highest levels of available evidence were considered. Anesthesiology-related interventions for preoperative (carbohydrate loading/fasting, multimodal preanesthetic medications), intraoperative (standardized intraoperative pathway, regional anesthesia, protective ventilation strategies, fluid minimization) and postoperative (multimodal analgesia) phases of care are included. We have summarized the best available evidence to recommend the anesthetic components of care for ERAS for GYN surgery.
Foam fractionator as a tool to remove dissolved organic matter and improve the flocculation of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica

Microalgae have great biotechnological potential, yet they are difficult to harvest. Flocculation is a promising technology, but the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by microalgae during growth interacts with the flocculant, hindering the process. This DOM is composed mostly of proteins and carbohydrates which may present a polarity ranging from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. In aquaculture, foam fractionators are routinely employed to remove DOM from cultures, improving the water quality. However, this equipment has never been employed in microalgae cultures. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of the foam fractionator to remove DOM from a Nannochloropsis oceanica culture to improve the flocculation process. First, DOM accumulation was monitored for 33 days in a 330 L outdoor culture to characterize the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and protein and carbohydrate contents. Samples from logarithmic (day 13) and stationary (day 29) growth phases were fractionated by polarity (hydrophobic, transphilic, and hydrophilic), the DOC and protein and carbohydrate contents of each fraction were measured, and flocculation was performed. Then the culture was treated with a foam fractionator at bench (11 L) and pilot scales (1600 L), and the composition and flocculation were compared with the non-treated culture. Proteins strongly hindered flocculation, and the foam fractionator was effective in removing this element and significantly improved the flocculation efficiency. Furthermore, N. oceanica cell integrity was not affected by the foam fractionator. These results indicate that DOM can be efficiently removed by foam fractionation, improving the microalgae harvesting process.
A "Cultural" Renaissance: Genomics Breathes New Life into an Old Craft.

ABSTRACT Sometimes, to move ahead, you must take a look at where you have been. Culturing microbes is a foundational underpinning of microbiology. Before genome sequencing, researchers spent countless hours tediously deducing the nutritional requirements of bacterial isolates and tinkering with medium formulations to entice new microbes into culture. This art of cultivation took a back seat to the powerful molecular tools of the last 25 years, and as a result, many researchers have forgotten the utility of having a culture in hand. This perception is changing, as there is clearly a renewed interest in isolating microbes from various environments. Here, I suggest three focus areas to ensure continued growth and success of this “cultural” renaissance, including (i) setting clear cultivation goals, (ii) funding exploratory cultivation, and (iii) culturing and studying unusual organisms. “Unculturable” is a frame of mind, not a state of microbiology; it is time to dust off the bottle of yeast extract.
Strategies to reduce meat consumption: A systematic literature review of experimental studies.

Abstract Introduction Meat consumption has been linked to some negative health and environmental outcomes. Studies have assessed motivations among those who have reduced or eliminated meat consumption; less work identifies strategies to reduce meat consumption among those who consume meat. This paper describes factors associated with lower meat consumption and reviews experimental studies that targeted those factors to either change behavior or intention/willingness to reduce meat. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted among four databases. Inclusion criteria were experimental and quasi-experimental designs and studies that measured variables indirectly or directly related to meat consumption. Results Twenty-two articles were identified. These studies targeted factors such as knowledge and skills with informational provisions about health and the environment; values and attitudes concerning the relationship between social dominance and meat; evocation of emotion such as empathy and disgust; social norms both dynamic and growing; changes to the food environment with default vegan menu options, perceived behavioral control, and intentions. The majority of studies (n = 15) investigated the effects of providing information such as personal health effects of meat consumption. In general, increasing knowledge alone or when combined with other methods was shown to successfully reduce meat consumption behavior or intentions/willingness to eat meat. Evoking emotions with animal images and making changes to the environment proved effective. Discussion Factors identified in correlational studies were generally found to be useful agents of behavior change in experimental studies. However, several factors have not been tested experimentally. More experimental studies are required to confirm the results of this review; for example, experiments focused on modifications of the food environment such as increasing the number of meatless meals on restaurant menus.
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) 2D nanoscale devices for classical and quantum signal transduction

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) crystals possess ultrawide electronic bandgap of 5.9 eV and excellent chemical and thermal stability. Nanometer-scale thin films and atomic layers derived from the layered bulk of h-BN crystals have been widely adopted for enabling new two-dimensional (2D) devices and systems, thanks to its excellent dielectric, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Lately, h-BN thin layers have also emerged as an attractive material and device platform for nanoscale optics, photonics, and quantum engineering. In this proceedings paper, we report on some of our studies and initial results toward developing integrated photonic circuitry based on this van der Waals (vdW) layered crystal. The first part summarizes our effort on the creation and optical characterization of defect-related quantum emission in exfoliated and dry-transferred h-BN flakes. Based on the statistics from our measurements and state-of-the-art knowledge in the field, we have identified a group of emitters with emission wavelength around 710 nm exhibiting large Debye-Waller (DW) factor. We then describe optical waveguide and cavity designs at the wavelength range of interest, with the aim of achieving high optical cooperativity. Combined with our studies in ultrathin h-BN crystalline nanomechanical resonators and phononic waveguides, these new explorations in quantum emitters will help pave the way to facilitating h-BN photonic devices and integrated systems for both classical and quantum applications.
Molecular sequencing and morphological identification reveal similar patterns in native bee communities across public and private grasslands of eastern North Dakota.

Bees play a key role in the functioning of human-modified and natural ecosystems by pollinating agricultural crops and wild plant communities. Global pollinator conservation efforts need large-scale and long-term monitoring to detect changes in species’ demographic patterns and shifts in bee community structure. The objective of this project was to test a molecular sequencing pipeline that would utilize a commonly used locus, produce accurate and precise identifications consistent with morphological identifications, and generate data that are both qualitative and quantitative. We applied this amplicon sequencing pipeline to native bee communities sampled across Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands and native grasslands in eastern North Dakota. We found the 28S LSU locus to be more capable of discriminating between species than the 18S SSU rRNA locus, and in some cases even resolved instances of cryptic species or morphologically ambiguous species complexes. Overall, we found the amplicon sequencing method to be a qualitatively accurate representation of the sampled bee community richness and species identity, especially when a well-curated database of known 28S LSU sequences is available. Both morphological identification and molecular sequencing revealed similar patterns in native bee community structure across CRP lands and native prairie. Additionally, a genetic algorithm approach to compute taxon-specific correction factors using a small subset of the most concordant samples demonstrated that a high level of quantitative accuracy could be possible if the specimens are fresh and processed soon after collection. Here we provide a first step to a molecular pipeline for identifying insect pollinator communities. This tool should prove useful for future national monitoring efforts as use of molecular tools becomes more affordable and as numbers of 28S LSU sequences for pollinator species increase in publicly-available databases.
Advantages of the experience of navigation when starting manual total knee arthroplasty

Purpose:To evaluate how the accuracy of coronal-plane bone cutting and operative time may be affected by the experience of navigated total knee replacement (TKR) in starters of manual TKR.Methods:W...
Brain function and clinical characterization in the Boston adolescent neuroimaging of depression and anxiety study.

Abstract We present a Human Connectome Project study tailored toward adolescent anxiety and depression. This study is one of the first studies of the Connectomes Related to Human Diseases initiative and is collecting structural, functional, and diffusion-weighted brain imaging data from up to 225 adolescents (ages 14–17 years), 150 of whom are expected to have a current diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and longitudinal clinical data are also being collected. This article provides an overview of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocols and preliminary findings (N = 140), as well as clinical and neuropsychological characterization of adolescents. Data collection is ongoing for an additional 85 adolescents, most of whom are expected to have a diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Data from the first 140 adolescents are projected for public release through the National Institutes of Health Data Archive (NDA) with the timing of this manuscript. All other data will be made publicly-available through the NDA at regularly scheduled intervals. This article is intended to serve as an introduction to this project as well as a reference for those seeking to clinical, neurocognitive, and task fMRI data from this public resource.
Enhancing Pharmacovigilance with Drug Reviews and Social Media

This paper explores whether the use of drug reviews and social media could be leveraged as potential alternative sources for pharmacovigilance of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). We examined the performance of BERT alongside two variants that are trained on biomedical papers, BioBERT7, and clinical notes, Clinical BERT8. A variety of 8 different BERT models were fine-tuned and compared across three different tasks in order to evaluate their relative performance to one another in the ADR tasks. The tasks include sentiment classification of drug reviews, presence of ADR in twitter postings, and named entity recognition of ADRs in twitter postings. BERT demonstrates its flexibility with high performance across all three different pharmacovigilance related tasks.
Potential mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of Dirofilaria immitis from residential entryways in Northeast Arkansas.

Abstract The nematode Dirofilaria immitis causes serious disease of canines in the United States. Transmitted by a variety of mosquito species, several studies have examined the prevalence of D. immitis in mosquitoes. However, no prevalence studies have focused on diurnal mosquitoes that could potentially enter homes. Mosquitoes were collected under doorway awnings at four residences to identify the diurnal blood-feeding mosquito species and prevalence of potential vectors harboring D. immitis in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Mosquitoes were collected from May to December 2016 using pheromone traps and aerial nets. Each mosquito was individually dissected and observed for larvae in the head, thorax, and abdomen to identify infective and non-infective larvae. Ten mosquito species from five genera were identified. Larvae, presumed to be D. immitis, were observed in five mosquito species, including Aedes albopictus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Culiseta inornata, and Psorophora columbiae and four genera, including Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Culiseta spp., and Psorophora spp. The diurnal mosquito, Ae. albopictus composed 3.4% of the total mosquitoes collected. An. quadrimaculatus and Anopheles spp. were the most abundant mosquitoes, composing 59.7 and 19.6% of the total mosquitoes collected, respectively. Of the 536 mosquitoes dissected, 60 (11.2%) were observed with D. immitis, and 33 (55.0%) of the heartworm-positive mosquitoes harbored infective (L3) larvae in the head or proboscis upon dissection. The high proportion of infective D. immitis larvae found in the mosquitoes aggregating under doorway awnings may increase the exposure of indoor dogs and cats to heartworm disease in northeast Arkansas.
List-wise Fairness Criterion for Point Processes

Many types of event sequence data exhibit triggering and clustering properties in space and time. Point processes are widely used in modeling such event data with applications such as predictive policing and disaster event forecasting. Although current algorithms can achieve significant event prediction accuracy, the historic data or the self-excitation property can introduce biased prediction. For example, hotspots ranked by event hazard rates can make the visibility of a disadvantaged group (e.g., racial minorities or the communities of lower social economic status) more apparent. Existing methods have explored ways to achieve parity between the groups by penalizing the objective function with several group fairness metrics. However, these metrics fail to measure the fairness on every prefix of the ranking. In this paper, we propose a novel list-wise fairness criterion for point processes, which can efficiently evaluate the ranking fairness in event prediction. We also present a strict definition of the unfairness consistency property of a fairness metric and prove that our list-wise fairness criterion satisfies this property. Experiments on several real-world spatial-temporal sequence datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our list-wise fairness criterion.