cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural theory and management of common property resources

Cultural theory utilizes concepts drawn from social anthropology, sociology, and organization theory to explain the social and cultural biases of policy actors and interest groups. Certain ideas of nature are associated with each cultural bias; these ideas of nature are in turn associated with types of resource management institutions. By identifying an actor or group's culture bias, analysts can explain the success or failure of different management activities. This paper explains the evolution of cultural theory from its anthropological roots to its applications in ecological management. It then applies cultural theory to a typology of common property resources and illustrates its usefulness by examining grazing subsidies in the American southwest.
EFFECTS OF TREATMENT WITH EMULSIFIED FAT SUSPENSION (IL) ON PIASMA FIBRINOGEN (F)

A rise in circulating triglyceride or free fatty acids (FFA) is often associated with increased F, and recent data indicate that FFA may be involved in regulation of F synthesis. F was measured in young rats allowed access to regular chow while treated with a 10% suspension of IL (3 to 6 g/kg/day) administered P.O., by continuous i.v. infusion, or by serial i.p. injection. In parallel experiments, animals also received injections of heparin, 500 U (H). Controls were given saline by the corresponding route plus chow, or chow only. Animals were bled by aortic puncture at 48 hrs. F averaged 266 ± 0.14 (SEM) mg% in untreated and p.o. controls, 549 ± 0.35 mg% in i.v. controls, and 349 ± 0.54 rag% in i.p. controls. These differences in control values may reflect stress effects of confinement or injection (FFA release?). F in rats receiving IL or IL + H, respectively, increased by 21% (N.S.) and 71% (p < 0.01) in the p.o. series; 70% (p< 0.001) and 63% (p < 0.001) in the i.v. series; and 87% (p < 0.001) in the i.p. series. Thus, F increased significantly when fat was infused directly (i.v.) or indirectly (i.p.) into the circulation, or when H was administered with IL p.o. In contrast, IL administered p.o. without H had no effect on F. These results indicate that i.v. therapy with IL may be followed by a significant rise in F, with potential increase in blood viscosity and decrease in peripheral blood flow in polycytnanic or severely stressed infants.
The influence of the memory effect on preparative separations using the amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) stationary phase

Acid/base mobile phase modifiers affect enantioseparations in ways that are not yet understood for the lack of systematic studies, which makes the scale-up of preparative separations difficult to predict. Shifts of the selectivity of certain pairs of enantiomers upon exposure of the column to these modifiers is amply documented. Furthermore, once the modifier has been removed from the mobile phase, the improved selectivity remains, this phenomenon has been named the memory effect. We selected four enantiomeric pairs for a systematic study of this memory effect. The selectivity of 4-chlorophenylalanine ethyl ester (4CPEE) improves after a solution of ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) is percolated through the column. The selectivity of propranolol HCl and Troger's base increases after a solution of diiospropylethylamine is percolated through the column. The selectivity of these three pairs of enantiomers is inversely affected by percolation of the opposite acid/base solution. Each of these four compounds reached an equilibrium concentration that maintained the separation of the enantiomeric pairs. In contrast, the selectivity of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) is not affected by either acid/base modifier. Preparative separations can be used to detect changes in the active surface of the chiral polymer stationary phase by measuring the change in selectivity and resolution when modifiers are used. Preparative method development was carried out on analytical columns and scale-up to 1 cm ID columns were performed in this study.
Theileria annulata as a hazard to cattle in countries on the northern Mediterranean littoral

Theileriosis, caused by the piroplasmTheileria annulata, may spread to cattle in countries of the northern Mediterranean littoral from the west, through Morocco, and from the east, through the Middle-East. The disease is endemic in southern Spain and throughout Turkey, and epidemic in Greece, Yugoslavia and Italy. Even southern France has a resident population ofHyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, a vector tick. The paper reviews the scanty knowledge about the distribution of the disease in the area and suggests methods for improving control of the disease in countries where it is endemic or epidemic.
Engineering lipid tubules using nano-sized building blocks: the combinatorial self-assembly of vesicles

Nano-sized lipid vesicles with tailored properties have been used as building blocks to generate lipid tubules between two glass surfaces. The tubules formed not only have defined orientation, width, and length, but they can also grow to be as long as 13 mm under ambient conditions, without externally supplied flow, temperature control, or catalyzing agents. Tubule membrane and its internal aqueous content can be manipulated by controlling the combination of different vesicle's lipid composition and aqueous entrapment. This self-assembly process opens up new pathways for generating complicated and flexible architectures for use in biocompatible molecular and supramolecular engineering. We demonstrated these possibilities by generating tubules encapsulated with siRNA, tubules with multiple branches, and polymerized fluorescent tubules in a single-throughput self-assembly process.
A hybrid fault detection and isolation strategy for a team of cooperating unmanned vehicles

In this paper, a hybrid fault detection and isolation (FDI) methodology is developed for a team of cooperating unmanned vehicles. The proposed approach takes advantage of the cooperative nature of the team to detect and isolate relatively low-severity actuator faults that are otherwise not detectable and isolable by the vehicles themselves individually. The approach is hybrid and consists of both low-level (agent/team level) and high-level [discrete-event systems (DES) level] FDI modules. The high-level FDI module is formulated in the DES supervisory control framework, whereas the low-level FDI module invokes classical FDI techniques. By properly integrating the two FDI modules, a larger class of faults can be detected and isolated as compared to the existing techniques in the literature that rely on each level separately. Simulation results for a team of five unmanned aerial vehicles are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and capabilities of our proposed methodology.
Adsorption Mechanism of Arsenic on Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide

Arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] interactions at the solid-water interface of nanocrystalline TiO2 were investigated using electrophoretic mobility (EM) measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and surface complexation modeling. The adsorption of As(V) and As(III) decreased the point of zero charge of TiO2 from 5.8 to 5.2, suggesting the formation of negatively charged inner-sphere surface complexes for both arsenic species. The EXAFS analyses indicate that both As(V) and As(III) form bidentate binuclear surface complexes as evidenced by an average Ti-As(V) bond distance of 3.30 A and Ti-As(III) bond distance of 3.35 A. The FTIR bands caused by vibrations of the adsorbed arsenic species remained at the same energy levels at different pH values. Consequently, the surface complexes on TiO2 maintained the same nonprotonated speciation at pH values from 5 to 10, and the dominant surface species were (TiO)2AsO2- and (TiO)2AsO- for As(V) and As(III), respectively. The surface configurations constrained with the spectroscopic results were formulated in the diffuse layer model to describe the adsorption behavior of As in the pH range between 4 and 12. The study suggests that TiO2 is an effective adsorbent for As removal due to its high surface area and the presence of high affinity surface hydroxyl groups.
Semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) films and their blends with poly(acrylic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) for drug delivery applications

Semicrystalline films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared by annealing amorphous PVA films at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of 85 °C, thus allowing the macromolecules to form crystallites, which stabilized the films and made them behave as if they were chemically cross-linked. Films were prepared by casting a 15% aqueous PVA solution onto glass slides and annealing them at temperatures ranging from 90 to 120 °C at 15 to 90 min. The degree of crystallinity of the dry films was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. As the annealing time increased, the degree of crystallinity increased up to a maximum value of about 48%. Swelling studies were performed by placing the films in deionized water at 37 °C until they reached equilibrium, typically in 3 to 4 days. The water uptake was inversely proportional to the degree of crystallinity. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were blended with PVA in amounts of 15 and 25 wt% to add desirable properties to the ensuing films. Annealing studies showed that the addition of PAA decreased the crystallinity of the films while introducing pH sensitivity. Swelling studies of the PAA/PVA blends were performed in phosphate buffer solutions at varying pH levels. The studies showed that increasing pH from 3 to 6 caused an increase in the swelling of the films. Annealing studies also showed co-crystallization of PEG and PVA and molecular interactions between the molecules. These films exhibit excellent properties for drug delivery applications due to their stability, lack of toxic leachable compounds and high swellability.
Ecological Design of Irrigation Canals for Snail Control

The snail hosts of schistosomiasis have found ideal conditions for rapid colonization in many irrigation and drainage canal systems. By studying the hydrodynamic aspects of snail dislodgment it may be possible to devise a control method based on engineering the snail's microenvironment. For Australorbis glabratus, a velocity exceeding 33 cm/sec at shell height produces a hydrodynamic drag force sufficient to dislodge the snail from its position on the solid boundary of a canal.
Electrospinning of Nanofiber Fibrinogen Structures

The first results of electrospinning fibrinogen nanofibers for use as a tissue-engineering scaffold, wound dressing, or hemostatic bandage are reported. Structures composed of fibrinogen fibers with an average diameter of 80−700 nm were electrospun from solutions composed of human or bovine fibrinogen fraction I dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and minimal essential medium (Earle's salts). In summary, the electrospinning process is a simple and efficient technique for the fabrication of 3D structures composed of fibrinogen fibers, as would be present in the physiologic environment.
Behavioral interaction between nicotine and ethanol: possible modulation by mouse cerebellar glutamate.

Background: Epidemiological studies show that people who drink alcoholic beverages also smoke cigarettes and vice versa. Furthermore, animal studies provide circumstantial evidence for ethanol and nicotine interaction. Previously, we demonstrated that intracerebellar nicotine attenuates ethanol ataxia. This study investigated the possible role of glutamate in modulating the interaction of nicotine and ethanol. Methods: Glutamate drugs N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and (+)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrate (AMPA) as well as their antagonists were directly microinfused into the cerebellum of CD-1 male mice to evaluate their effect on ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) ataxia. Drug microinfusions were made via stereotaxically implanted stainless-steel guide cannulas. Rotorod was used to evaluate the ataxic response of ethanol. Results: Microinfusion of nicotine (0.3125, 1.25, 5 ng) significantly attenuated ethanol ataxia dose-dependently, confirming the functional interaction between nicotine and ethanol as reported earlier. Intracerebellar pretreatment with hexamethonium, a nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist, significantly blocked nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia suggesting participation of nAChRs. When ethanol was injected before nicotine microinfusion, nicotine failed to attenuate ethanol ataxia, indicating the critical importance of initial activation of nAChRs by nicotine. Intracerebellar microinfusion of NMDA (30, 60, 125 ng) and its antagonist, (+)-MK-801 (50, 100, 200 ng), significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia in a dose-related manner, suggesting participation of the NMDA receptor. Similarly, intracerebellar microinfusion of AMPA (7.5, 15, 30 ng) and its antagonist, nitro -2, 3-dioxobenzoquinoxaline-sulfonamide (NBQX; 25, 50, 100 ng), significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests participation of the AMPA receptor and further supports involvement of the glutamate system in the ethanol–nicotine interaction. Intracerebellar nicotine failed to attenuate sodium-pentobarbital (25 mg/kg i.p.) ataxia, suggesting the relative specificity of the nicotine–ethanol interaction. Conclusions: The results suggested that glutamate modulates the functional interaction between nicotine and ethanol because NMDA and AMPA enhanced the nicotine-induced attenuation of ethanol ataxia, whereas (+)-MK-801 and NBQX reduced the attenuation.
MATHEMATICAL CONTROL THEORY IN STRUCTURAL ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS

We consider control problems formulated within the context of structural acoustic models. The goal is to reduce the level of a noise or unwanted pressure in the interior of an acoustic chamber. This is accomplished by applying passive and active boundary and point controls in a feedback form. Mathematical (PDE) aspects of the underlying control problems are presented.
wingless refines its own expression domain on the Drosophila wing margin

The imaginal discs of Drosophila, which give rise to the adult appendages, are patterned during a period of intense cell proliferation. The specification of differing regions occurs in some cases by subdividing the disc epithelium into lineage compartments. However, in most cases precise boundaries are formed between different cell types without early compartmentalization. One such boundary occurs between the wingless (wg)-expressing cells of the wing margin and the adjacent proneural cells, which give rise to margin sensory bristles. Here we show that this boundary arises in part by a mechanism of 'self-refinement', by which wingless protein (Wg) represses wg expression in adjacent cells. Cells unable to receive the Wg signal do not resolve the boundary between wg-expressing and proneural cells.
Verification and implementation of a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar technique for characterizing biological tissue and soft biosimulant materials under dynamic shear loading.

Abstract Modeling human body response to dynamic loading events and developing biofidelic human surrogate systems require accurate material properties over a range of loading rates for various human organ tissues. This work describes a technique for measuring the shear properties of soft biomaterials at high rates of strain (100–1000 s −1 ) using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Establishing a uniform state of stress in the sample is a fundamental requirement for this type of high-rate testing. Input pulse shaping was utilized to tailor and control the ramping of the incident loading pulse such that a uniform stress state could be maintained within the specimen from the start of the test. Direct experimental verification of the stress uniformity in the sample was obtained via comparison of the force measured by piezoelectric quartz force gages on both the input and the output sides of the shear specimen. The technique was demonstrated for shear loading of silicone gel biosimulant materials and porcine brain tissue. Finite element simulations were utilized to further investigate the effect of pulse shaping on the loading rate and rise time. Simulations also provided a means for visualization of the degree of shear stress and strain uniformity in the specimen during an experiment. The presented technique can be applied to verify stress uniformity and ensure high quality data when measuring the dynamic shear modulus of soft biological simulants and tissue.
The action of a parallel fiber volley on the antidromic invasion of Purkyně cells of cat cerebellum

Abstract Field potentials produced by antidromic invasion of Purkyně cells in the decerebrate cat were used in studying the action of a parallel fiber volley on Purkyně cells, both in the unanesthetized and the anesthetized cerebellum. The standard procedures of microelectrode recording and of stimulating by concentric electrodes were employed. A high level of discrimination was made possible by very fast sweep recording of antidromic field potentials that were conditioned by the parallel fiber volleys at a wide range of test intervals (up to 500 msec) and observed at all depths through the cerebellar cortex. It was confirmed that in the unanesthetized cerebellum a parallel fiber volley often effected a facilitation of the antidromic spike potential at test intervals of 10–50 msec, or at the least there was a facilitatory influence causing a delayed onset of inhibition. There was evidence that this facilitation is due to an excitatory action on the Purkyně cells that enhanced the antidromic invasion of the large dendrites. However, longer test intervals, 100 up to 500 msec, disclosed a large inhibitory action, which may be attributed to basket cells just as in the anesthetized cerebellum. Even in light anesthesia facilitation of dendritic invasion was eliminated, and excitatory synaptic action on the dendrites no longer prevented cell inhibition from blocking axon-soma transmission in many Purkyně cells; hence the observed inhibition of the antidromic field potentials even at brief test intervals. All gradations of this dominance of inhibition over excitation were observed as anesthesia was increased. With very deep anesthesia there was abolition of the inhibitory action, which presumably is due to depression of the inhibitory interneurons. As a final stage the depth profile of the antidromic potentials indicated that there is even blockage of axon-soma transmission of all Purkyně cells. It is concluded that the unanesthetized cerebellum differs from the anesthetized because there is a higher level of excitability of Purkyně cells. As a consequence the excitatory action of the parallel fiber synapses tends to dominate over the inhibitory action of the basket cells. There is no necessity to postulate, as Bloedel and Roberts have done, that in the unanesthetizes cerebellum there is a fundamental difference in the processing of information.
Gender, family, and community correlates of mental health in South Asian Americans.

Nationally representative data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (Alegria et al., 2004) was used to examine both disorder prevalence rates and correlates of distress for the South Asian American subgroup (n = 164). South Asian Americans generally appeared to have lower or comparable rates of lifetime and 12-month mood and anxiety disorders when compared with the overall Asian American sample. A multiple-regression model fitted to predict recent psychological distress, with 12-month diagnosis as a covariate, found gender differences. For women, lack of extended family support was related to higher levels of distress, whereas for men, greater conflict with family culture, and a lower community social position (but higher U.S. social position) predicted higher distress scores. Findings suggest that mental health services consider a broad framework of psychological functioning for South Asian Americans that reflect their gendered, familial, and sociopolitical realities.
GYMNOASCUS VERTICILLATUS SMITH.

The type specimen ofGymnoascus verticillatus Smith was studied and is described as the type of a new, monotypic genus,Actinodendron. The new genus is characterized by the formation of brown to dark colored ascocarps bearing brown appendages with verticels of short branchlets. Ascospores ofA. verticillatum (Smith)Orr &Kuehn are pale brown and almost discoid. Additional specimens of this species are reported.
At-risk populations for hearing impairment in infants and young children☆

The epidemiologic patterns of childhood hearing loss are ill-defined. Patterns found in prospective observations of newborns in intensive care nurseries are quite different from the patterns apparent in retrospective studies of hearing-impaired children. High-risk registers, at least those prior to the 1990 reformulation, missed about half of children subsequently identified as having hearing loss. Items comprising high-risk registers carry unequal weight. Children with sensorineural hearing loss have a disproportionately increased occurrence of otitis media, with its conductive hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss can be progressive. Case-control studies of children with hearing loss are needed. Efforts for the early diagnosis of hearing loss in children must take into practical consideration the uncertainties of available epidemiologic data, and the clinical nuances.
Economic Growth and Basic Human Needs

An enduring debate in the political economy of development turns upon the question of whether trade-offs exist between economic growth and the equitable provision of basic human needs (such as adequate nutrition, shelter, and education) in poor areas. Much of the empirical work on this "growth-welfare"debate has supported the argument that improvements in basic welfare and enhanced economic performance are mutually reinforcing processes. But if the relationships between improved welfare and factors of growth have been fruitfully examined, the effects of growth and growth-oriented policies upon subsequent levels of poverty and inequality are less clear. In a past issue of this journal, political scientists Bruce E. Moon and William J. Dixon argue that higher rates of economic growth do not improve a nation's ability to meet the basic needs of its population. However, two problems undermine Moon and Dixon's analysis and cast doubt upon the accuracy of their conclusions. I address this concern, constructing and estimating a dynamic model of the impact of growth upon basic welfare that tries to account for these problems. The findings confirm Moon and Dixon's general conclusion, but suggest that the impact of growth-related factors upon basic needs outcomes may be less enduring than they had supposed, with beneficial consequences of either positive externalities or effective government intervention (or both) soon outweighing any detrimental effects of sustained growth. Do trade-offs exist between economic growth and the equitable provision of basic human needs in poor areas? Basic human needs are material and social requirements of human functioning, such as minimum levels of nutrition, shelter, and education. Although these requirements may differ across regions and cultures,1 similar conditions tend to prevail in areas where these needs-whatever they may be-are poorly met: life expectancy is generally low, infant mortality rates are high, and the scope of human activity is limited for most people to meeting the bare necessities of day-to-day survival. Such widespread destitution will have adverse effects on labor productivity, and will preclude the possibility of private savings and investment for much of the population. These conditions can trap a nation or region within a vicious circle of increasing demands upon resources and institutions and a diminishing capacity of the material and institutional environments to meet these demands.
Surgical treatment of neonatal intracranial teratoma

Two cases of neonatal intracranial teratoma treated by surgical extirpation are reported. Operative treatment of this tumor has been reported rarely. The problems associated with neurosurgery for this condition and reasons for the dismal overall prognosis are discussed.
Effect of peroxyl radicals on lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase activity in human plasma

The objective of this study was to determine whether subjecting human plasma to oxidant stress reduces the activity of lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43). Plasma was incubated for 4h with 2.25–45 mM of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)HCl (AAPH), a source of peroxyl radicals. A time- and concentration-dependent reduction of LCAT activity occurred, relative to control samples incubated in the absence of AAPH. Reduction of LCAT activity was disproportionate to elevation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the plasma. Added ascorbate was able to significantly prevent reduction of LCAT activity, but this effect was unrelated to blockage of TBARS formation by the antioxidant. The results suggest that LCAT activity can be down-modulated by oxidant stress, but not necessarily by lipid peroxidation.
A Comparison of Several Treatments on Terminating Broodiness in Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys

Abstract DUE to the relatively short egg producing season of Broad Breasted Bronze turkey hens, a condition such as broodiness which tends to decrease egg production is a serious problem to breeder flock owners. A treatment which would both rapidly and economically return broody hens to production would therefore be of great value to the turkey breeder. For many years, workers have been attempting to terminate broodiness in both chickens and turkeys by what might be considered as shock hormone treatments. Blakley, Anderson and MacGregor (1951) reported that at least 200 mg. of diethylstilbestrol were necessary to bring broody turkeys back into production in a time comparable with the broody coop. Whereas, Carson, Eaton and Bacon (1956) found that in chickens, 25 mg. of diethylstilbestrol were equally effective as the broody coop in terminating broodiness, but that birds thus treated returned to production at a significantly slower rate than those in …
Automatic Theodolite for Pre-Launch Azimuth Alignment of the Saturn Space Vehicles

The inertial guidance system in the Saturn 1B and Saturn 5 space vehicles is aligned in azimuth prior to lift-off by a Perkin-Elmer high precision, automatic alignment theodolite. This special theodolite, designated the AALT-SV-M2, acquires and locks onto the autocollimated images from each of two porro prisms mounted within the instrument unit on top of the S4-B booster stage of the vehicle. A separate retroreflecting prism on the skin of the instrument unit near the porro prisms is also tracked to eliminate the effects of vehicle sway. The theodolite itself is located in an underground hut between the crawler-ways about 232 m from the base of the vehicle. Six of these theodolite systems have been built by Perkin-Elmer under contract to NASA. These units have been used successfully in all the Saturn launches to date; they have consistently achieved better than the required alignment accuracy of +/-2 sec of arc for all missions. In this paper, we describe the theodolite and its function as an integrated electrooptical system. The means employed to separate the various return images into the proper channels and to generate the required error signals are discussed.
Attenuation by acetaminophen of arachidonic acid-induced coronary vasolidation and output of prostaglandins in the isolated rat heart

Abstract We studied the effect of acetaminophen on the vascular actions of arachidonic acid and on the output of prostaglandins in the isolated rat heart. Arachidonic acid (33 nmol), administered as a bolus into the heart through the aortic cannula produced vasoconstriction followed by a long lasting vasolidation. Arachidonic acid also markedly increased the output of PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α from the heart. In the presence of acetaminophen (0.1–1.0 mM) both the output of prostaglandins and the duration of the coronary vasolidation were attenuated. We suggest that the major component of arachidonic acid-induced coronary vasolidation is mediated through prostaglandin synthesis and is blocked by acetaminophen.
HIGH-ORDER BISECTION METHOD FOR COMPUTING INVARIANT MANIFOLDS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAPS

We describe an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing smooth approximations to invariant manifolds of planar maps, based on geometric modeling ideas from Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). The unstable manifold of a hyperbolic fixed point is modeled by a piecewise Bezier interpolant (a Catmull–Rom spline) and properties of such curves are used to define a rule for adaptively adding points to ensure that the approximation resolves the manifold to within a specified tolerance. Numerical tests on a variety of example mappings demonstrate that the new method produces a manifold of a given accuracy with far fewer calls to the map, compared with previous methods. A brief introduction to the relevant ideas from CAGD is provided.
Thermistor analog study of dynamic shear in model viscoelastic materials.

Dynamic plane shear of incompressible viscoelastic material with temperature dependent viscosity determined, using electric transmission line analog
School-Based Vocational Programs and Labor Laws

Vocational programs have become an important part of the educational curriculum for students with moderate to severe handicapping conditions. Community-based instruction beginning at the elementary level and emphasis upon placement during the latter school years have created a need for school staff to better understand labor rules and regulations. This article reviews the rules and regulations of the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act in relation to school-based vocational programs and emphasizes the payment of wages across different training and placement options.
Allyl alcohol activation of protein kinase C δ leads to cytotoxicity of rat hepatocytes

Hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol involves its bioactivation to acrolein and subsequent protein sulfhydryl loss and lipid peroxidation. However, the links between these events and hepatocellular death are not known. The purpose of these studies was to examine whether specific signal transduction pathways are associated with allyl alcohol toxicity in hepatocytes. Inhibition or augmentation of cyclic AMP and/or protein kinase A (PKA) by Rp-Ado-3N,5N-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylamine salt or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine had no effect on allyl alcohol-induced cell death. H-7, an inhibitor of PKA, PKC, and PKG, partially inhibited cell killing by allyl alcohol, whereas chelerythrine chloride, a nonselective PKC inhibitor, almost completely abolished allyl alcohol cytotoxicity. Neither 2,2N,3,3N,4,4N-hexahydroxy-1,1N,-biphenyl-6,6N-dimethanol-dimethyl ether, a selective PKC alpha and beta inhibitor, nor bisindolylmaleimide I, an inhibitor of PKC alpha, beta, and epsilon, had any effect on allyl alcohol cytotoxicity. In contrast, rottlerin, a selective PKCdelta inhibitor, blocked hepatocellular killing by allyl alcohol. Cytoprotection by chelerythrine chloride and rottlerin was not the result of inhibition of bioactivation of allyl alcohol because each inhibitor also prevented cell death from acrolein. Western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques revealed that allyl alcohol stimulated phosphorylation and translocation of PKCdelta to hepatocyte membranes (i.e., activation), and this activity was inhibited by rottlerin. Cell death appeared to occur via oncotic necrosis rather than apoptosis based on single-stranded DNA ELISA and propidium iodide staining. Together, these results indicate that activation of PKCdelta is a critical, early event in initiating hepatocyte injury and death from allyl alcohol.
Preparation of a highly purified leucine transfer ribonucleic acid

Abstract A previous paper ( Kelmers, 1966 ) described the preparation of a highly purified phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid ∗∗ from E . coli B by reversedphase and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. During the course of those experiments, other reversed-phase chromatographic fractions containing a partially purified leucine tRNA were obtained. This paper describes the preparation of a highly purified leucine tRNA from those fractions. It is identified as tRNA(in4)Leu since it was the fourth, and last, leucine tRNA eluted from the reversed-phase column. Other chromatographic methods have been used to obtain concentrated leucine tRNA. Some of the early work involved Ecteola-cellulose chromatography ( Offengand, Dieckmann, and Berg, 1961 ). Individual leucine tRNAs have been obtained by hydroxylapatite chromatography ( Muench and Berg, 1966 a ) and chromatography on Sephadex columns ( Muench and Berg, 1966 b ). Fractionation methods involving the chemical binding of large molecules to the leucine moiety of leucyl-tRNA have also been used to obtain concentrated samples of leucine tRNAs ( Zubay, 1962 ; Mehler and Bank, 1963 ). However, such methods have the disadvantage of concentrating all the different leucine tRNAs into the same sample.
Nucleation of Zinc Crystals in Multilayer Adsorption

The adpopulation of zinc which is critical for an appreciable nucleation rate of crystallites on clean tungsten field emitter tips has been measured. This critical adconcentration is 2.7 monolayers for zinc, independent of temperature from 75 °K to above room temperature. This phenomena can be described by none of the existing theories of heterogeneous nucleation because all of these theories presuppose that adsorption prior to nucleation is less than a monolayer. For concentrations greater than a monolayer, the exact supersaturation at the substrate becomes indeterminate. Die Adbesetzung von Zink, die fur eine merkliche Keimbildungsrate von Kristalliten an sauberen Wolfram-Feldemissionsspitzen kritisch ist, wurde gemessen. Diese kritische Adkonzentration betragt fur Zink 2,7 Monoschichten, unabhangig von der Temperatur von 75 °K bis oberhalb Zimmertemperatur. Diese Erscheinung kann durch keine der existierenden Theorien der heterogenen Keimbildung beschrieben werden, da alle diese Theorien voraussetzen, das die Adsorption vor der Keimbildung kleiner als eine Monoschicht ist. Fur Konzentrationen groser als eine Monoschicht wird die exakte Ubersattigung auf dem Substrat unbestimmbar.
Nematicidal activity of dimethyl 1-dodecanephosphonate

Dimethyl 1-dodecanephosphonate has been shown in laboratory bioassays and greenhouse tests to be highly active against 2 species of nematodes. Other phosphonate esters showed little or no activity.
Growth and Cytopathogenicity of H -viruses in Human and Simian Cell Cultures

THE H-viruses are a new group of small agents, 180–250 A in diameter, distinguished by their ability to produce a ‘mongoloid-type’ deformity in new-born hamsters1,2 and, in the case of H-1 to cross the placenta and cause malformation of the hamster embryo3–5. These viruses have been isolated from two host sources, man and rat. Two members of the group, H-1 and H-3, which differ from one another serologically, were first isolated from human tumours transplanted in conditioned animals; afterwards they, as well as HT and HB, were obtained directly from human embryos, placentas, and neoplasms6. Recently it was demonstrated that two human subjects injected with H-1 virus developed haemagglutination-inhibiting (HA-I) and neutralizing antibodies to H-1 (ref. 7). This indication that man is susceptible to infection by H-1 virus is supported by the observation that HA-I and neutralizing antibodies to H-1 virus have been found in the sera of several cancer patients, laboratory personnel, and pregnant women6,8. It has also been learned that rhesus monkeys are susceptible to infection with H-1 (ref. 9).
First-order changes in ionic/covalent bonding

Abstract A comparison is made between the first-order transitions that occur in ferroelectric BaTiO3, metastable NiS, and superconductive La1.85Sr0.15CuO4. In BaTiO3, the cation subarray is cooperatively displaced relative to the anion subarray below a ferroelectric Curie temperature Tc ; in NiS, if quenched from high temperature to retain the B81 nickel-arsenide structure, a dilatation of the lattice marks an anti-ferromagnetic ordering below a Neel temperature TN as well as a semiconductor-metal transition. In the mixed-valent compound La1.85Sr0.15CuO4, there appears to be a dynamic disproportionation into antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and superconductive regions below a critical temperature Tc . The importance of a first-order change in the ionic/covalent component of the metal-nonmetal bonding in each case is discussed.
Effects Of Diffraction And Refraction On Computer-Assisted Tomography With Ultrasound

Diffraction and refraction effects on pulsed ultrasound were studied using simple models such as finger cots filled with saline or alcohol. The scattered ultrasound was detected with a hydrophone and A/D converter. The resulting set of digitized signals were analyzed for diffraction and refraction terms. Simple methods for backward propagating the received pressure field are described and results presented. The efficacy of diffraction tomography methods for solving the problems associated with transmission ultrasonic tomography is discussed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EMU and inference: what the explanatory model of scientific understanding ignores

The Explanatory Model of Scientific Understanding (EMU) is a deflationary thesis recently advocated by Kareem Khalifa (Philosophy of Science, 79, 15–37, 2012). EMU is committed to two key ideas: all understanding-relevant knowledge is propositional in nature; and the abilities we use to generate understanding are merely our usual logical reasoning skills. In this paper I provide an argument against both ideas, suggesting that scientific understanding requires a significant amount of non-propositional knowledge not captured by logical relations. I use the Inferential Model of Scientific Understanding to reveal how we can better represent what constitutes understanding a scientific event. In particular, this model accounts for not only logical and probabilistic inferences, but also those conceptual associations and categorizations we must make to comprehend an explanation.
Prediction of Low Temperature Hot Corrosion Rate in Film Cooled Coal Fired Gas Turbines

The concept of coal based gas turbine power plants has drawn considerable interest in recent years. Coal or syngas based power plants like IGCC have shown significant potential for meeting the ever-increasing power demands as well as stricter environmental regulations. The trouble free operational life of such power plants is limited by a major factor namely hot corrosion of the turbine components. Hitherto, the mechanism of hot corrosion has been investigated in a simpler context, which is not directly applicable to gas turbines in the presence of film cooling techniques. The present paper is an attempt to model hot corrosion in the presence of film cooling relevant to gas turbines, using a simple resistance model and the inherent analogy between heat and mass transfer. This paper considers film cooling air temperatures in the range of 450°C to 550°C, and a free stream gas temperature of 1425°C, with 0.5% sulfur in the fuel. For lower cooling air temperatures (less than 500°C), film cooling air suppresses corrosion, whereas for higher cooling air temperature corrosion rate is more in the presence of film cooling. With film cooling, there is a sharp peak in corrosion rate close to the cooling hole (within 10 slot widths). Due to the possibility that the base superalloy may be exposed in this region, designers should consider the high corrosion rate seriously. However, the present model is limited in its prediction because of its simplicity. Further improvement of the model is essential for optimization purposes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Response to "Comment on the average potential of a Wigner solid"

I give a counterexample to Kleinman's claim concerning certain two-dimensional "slabs" of charge, I categorize according to equivalence six definitions (three from the literature) of average potential $〈\ensuremath{\Phi}〉$ and illustrate the results with the spherical (SWS) and regular (WS) Wigner solids, and I treat finite clusters and slabs of three-dimensional cells. Results for the SWS approach those for the WS in the limit of infinite SWS ball radius provided $〈\ensuremath{\Phi}〉$ is treated consistently in the two.
Rat phenol-preferring sulfotransferase genes (Stp and Stp2): localization to mouse chromosomes 7 and 17.

The phenol-preferring sulfotransferases aryl sulfo-transferase IV and N-hydroxyarylamine sulfotransferase catalyze sulfate conjugation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, a metabolite capable of causing hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. We utilized published cDNA sequences of these sulfotransferases to type the progeny of two multilocus crosses and determined that the genes, aryl sulfotransferase (Stp) and N-hydroxyarylamine sulfotransferase (Stp2), map to positions on mouse chromosomes 7 and 17. 19 refs., 1 fig.
Selection and Characterization of Phage-Resistant Mutant Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Reveal Host Genes Linked to Phage Adsorption

ABSTRACT Listeria-infecting phages are readily isolated from Listeria-containing environments, yet little is known about the selective forces they exert on their host. Here, we identified that two virulent phages, LP-048 and LP-125, adsorb to the surface of Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S through different mechanisms. We isolated and sequenced, using whole-genome sequencing, 69 spontaneous mutant strains of 10403S that were resistant to either one or both phages. Mutations from 56 phage-resistant mutant strains with only a single mutation mapped to 10 genes representing five loci on the 10403S chromosome. An additional 12 mutant strains showed two mutations, and one mutant strain showed three mutations. Two of the loci, containing seven of the genes, accumulated the majority (n = 64) of the mutations. A representative mutant strain for each of the 10 genes was shown to resist phage infection through mechanisms of adsorption inhibition. Complementation of mutant strains with the associated wild-type allele was able to rescue phage susceptibility for 6 out of the 10 representative mutant strains. Wheat germ agglutinin, which specifically binds to N-acetylglucosamine, bound to 10403S and mutant strains resistant to LP-048 but did not bind to mutant strains resistant to only LP-125. We conclude that mutant strains resistant to only LP-125 lack terminal N-acetylglucosamine in their wall teichoic acid (WTA), whereas mutant strains resistant to both phages have disruptive mutations in their rhamnose biosynthesis operon but still possess N-acetylglucosamine in their WTA.
On reduced rank nonnegative matrix factorization for symmetric nonnegative matrices

Abstract Let V∈ R m,n be a nonnegative matrix. The nonnegative matrix factorization (NNMF) problem consists of finding nonnegative matrix factors W∈ R m,r and H ∈ R r , n such that V ≈ WH . Lee and Seung proposed two algorithms, one of which finds nonnegative W and H such that ∥ V − WH ∥ F is minimized. After examining the case in which r =1 about which a complete characterization of the solution is possible, we consider the case in which m = n and V is symmetric. We focus on questions concerning when the best approximate factorization results in the product WH being symmetric and on cases in which the best approximation cannot be a symmetric matrix . Finally, we show that the class of positive semidefinite symmetric nonnegative matrices V generated via a Soules basis admit for every 1⩽ r ⩽rank( V ), a nonnegative factorization WH which coincides with the best approximation in the Frobenius norm to V in R n,n of rank not exceeding r . An example of applications in which NNMF factorizations for nonnegative symmetric matrices V arise is video and other media summarization technology where V is obtained from a distance matrix.
Direct effects of reactive oxygen species on cochlear outer hair cell shape in vitro

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the ototoxicity of various agents. This study examines the effects of superoxide anion (O2), hydroxyl radical (OH.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), on isolated cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) morphology. OHCs were superfused with artificial perilymph (AP) or AP containing a specific ROS scavenger, and then with AP, ROS system or scavenger plus ROS system for 90 min. The generation of ROS as well as the scavenging properties of other agents were confirmed by specific biochemical assays. Control cells decreased 4.8% in mean length, and showed no obvious membrane damage. Generation of O2. or OH. resulted in high rates (85.7 and 42.9%, respectively) of bleb formation at the synaptic pole, and decreased (O2., 15.2%; OH., 17.3%) mean cell length. Length change and bleb formation rate were H2O2 concentration-dependent. 20 mM H2O2 led to 33.3% decreased mean cell length, and only 20% bleb formation; 0.1 mM H2O2 led to 83.3% bleb formation, with no length decrease. Superoxide dismutase, deferoxamine and catalase protected against O2., OH. and H2O2 effects, respectively. Bleb formation and diminished cell length likely represent differential lipid peroxidative outcomes at supra- and infranuclear membranes, and are consistent with effects of certain ototoxicants.
200 MeV Proton Radiography Studies With a Hand Phantom Using a Prototype Proton CT Scanner

Proton radiography has applications in patient alignment and verification procedures for proton beam radiation therapy. In this paper, we report an experiment which used 200 MeV protons to generate proton energy-loss and scattering radiographs of a hand phantom. The experiment used the first-generation proton computed tomography (CT) scanner prototype, which was installed on the research beam line of the clinical proton synchrotron at Loma Linda University Medical Center. It was found that while both radiographs displayed anatomical details of the hand phantom, the energy-loss radiograph had a noticeably higher resolution. Nonetheless, scattering radiography may yield more contrast between soft and bone tissue than energy-loss radiography, however, this requires further study. This study contributes to the optimization of the performance of the next-generation of clinical proton CT scanners. Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential of proton imaging (proton radiography and CT), which is now within reach of becoming available as a new, potentially low-dose medical imaging modality.
Sulfur segregation and intergranular fracture in α-iron

Abstract The intergranular fracture in α-iron is due to the segregated sulfur at grain boundaries which decreases the cohesive strength. Below 700 °C, the decreasing tendency in sulfur level with decreasing temperature is probably due to the repulsive segregation between sulfur and nitrogen or carbon.