cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and measurement methodology in consumer perceptions, preference, consideration, and choice behavior

In the marketing discipline, there is a great dealof interest in modeling and measurement of con-sumer perceptions, preference, consideration, andchoice. Recently some excellent reviews of mod-eling literature on perceptions have been publishedelsewhere. These are not included in this featureissue to avoid duplication. An interested readeris referred to the review papers by Carroll andArabie (1997), Carroll and Green (1997), andDeSarbo et al. (1994). Once again, to avoid du-plication, we did not include Manrai (1995) on‘‘Mathematical models of brand choice behavior’’,an invited review paper that appeared in the Eu-ropean Journal of Operational Research, EJOR.But to a reader interested in brand choice models,the paper may provide a consolidated source ofrich literature on choice models.The feature issue leads with an invited reviewarticle and the remaining seven articles are placedin the alphabetical order determined by the lastname of a senior author on a paper. Next, a briefdiscussion of each of the eight papers is provided,and the editorial ends with a brief discussion of thetime line of the feature issue.The invited review paper by Manrai andAndrews provides a detailed evaluation of processand assumption of two-stage discrete choicemodels for scanner panel data. It reviews 14 two-stage discrete choice models, examines their con-sistency with the actual process believed to be usedby consumers in forming choice sets, and developsa useful taxonomy to classify the existing models,i.e., memory based versus stimulus based models,attribute based versus brand based models, andstatic versus dynamic models. Furthermore, itprovides a detailed summary of the existing mod-els by making a conceptual and empirical com-parison of the models on various characteristics,such as, model form, feasible ﬁrst-stage choice set,parameters required for the ﬁrst stage, nature ofﬁrst stage choice set, processing strategy, and keyassumptions. The paper ends with focus on issuesfor future research in the domain of two-stagediscrete choice models.The second paper by Abe deals with two im-portant issues which are not resolved in previousliterature in maximum likelihood estimation ofmultidimensional scaling (MLMDS), namely (i)absence of a theoretically grounded error modelfor non-metric MLMDS, and (ii) problems withthe identiﬁcation conditions of the maximumlikelihood estimation. Abe’s paper provides askillful solution to the resolution of these impor-tant problems. The paper proposes a stochasticdistance formulation to determine the errorstructure in non-metric MDS. It provides theo-retical support in defense of the argument that therandom component must be multiplicative andpresents its implication on error structure. It shows
A comparative study of the effects of cyclocytidine and norepinephrine on renin and esterase release from mouse submandibular gland.

The effects of cyclocytidine and norepinephrine on the release of renin and esterase from mouse submandibular gland were compared in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Cyclocytidine (150 mg/kg i.p.) produced the depletion of renin and esterase in in vivo experiments as did the α-adrenoceptor agonist norepinephrine (1 mg/kg i.v.). Cyclocytidine was more effective in depleting renin and esterase than norepinephrine. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg i.p.), but not the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg i.p.), attenuated the depletion of renin and esterase by both cyclocytidine and norepinephrine. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of cyclocytidine on the release of renin and esterase in mouse submandibular gland could be similar to that of norepinephrine, and the secretory process for both cyclocytidine and norepinephrine could be initiated by activation of α-adrenoceptors. In in vitro experiments using dispersed cells, cyclocytidine (10−7 M–10−2 M) had no effect on renin and esterase release, but dose-dependent release of both was clearly observed in response to norepinephrine (10−7 M–10−4 M). Immunocytochemical studies of renin in both in vivo and in vitro preparations showed similar enzymatic activity as measured by radioimmunoassay. The results of in vitro experiments did not correspond to those of in vivo experiments, which may suggest that the site of action of cyclocytidine in mouse submandibular gland may be different than that of norepinephrine. Pretreatment with bretylium (20 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to i.p. injection of cyclocytidine (150 mg/kg) completely blocked the esterase depletion induced by cyclocytidine. From these results, it seems possible to conclude that the in vivo effect of cyclocytidine on mouse submandibular gland is an indirect one and is mediated via reflex activation of sympathetic nerves.
Thermal analysis for ion-exchange column system

Abstract Models have been developed to simulate the thermal characteristics of crystalline silicotitanate ion exchange media fully loaded with radioactive cesium either in a column configuration or distributed within a waste storage tank. This work was conducted to support the design and operation of a waste treatment process focused on treating dissolved, high-sodium salt waste solutions for the removal of specific radionuclides. Normal operating conditions and accident scenarios (including loss of solution flow, inadvertent drainage, and loss of active cooling) were evaluated for the ion exchange column using bounding conditions to establish the design safety basis. The modeling results demonstrate that the baseline design using one central and four outer cooling tubes provides a highly efficient cooling mechanism for reducing the maximum column temperature. In-tank modeling results revealed that an idealized hemispherical mound shape leads to the highest tank floor temperatures. In contrast, even large volumes of CST distributed in a flat layer with a cylindrical shape do not result in significant floor heating.
A Coaxial Interferometer With Low Mapping Distortion

A vacuum rated Coaxial Reference Interferometer (CORI) has been designed that satisfies the data input requirements of Computer Controlled Polishing (CCP) methods. The instrument obtains wavefront data at very high sampling intervals (50 to 100 fringes per aperture) and maintains precise mirror to focal plane mapping fidelity. Realistic as manufactured design goals are a 0.010% rms wavefront quality at f/2.3 and the ability to locate positions on a 2.4 meter diameter mirror to within 0.6mm from interferogram coordinates. Internal calibration means have been provided to independently verify interferometer performance as required. The instrument can be used to test both uncoated and coated mirrors. Interferograms are recorded on 70-mm film but may be monitored visually or by means of a vidicon.
The Educational and Personal Consequences of Adolescent Employment

This article examines the short-term educational and personal consequences of youth employment and develops a conceptual distinction between time-allocation and socialization effects. Results demonstrate that much of the adverse effect of youth employment on academic outcomes (grades and time spent on homework) found in previous research is attributable to preexisting differences among youth who elect to work at various intensities. The findings also reveal a positive time-allocation effect of youth employment the more youth work the more they decrease the time they spend watching television relative to other students. The article discusses the implications of these findings for longer-term stratification
The Free-Electron Laser Variable Bridge Coupler

The Los Alamos free-electron laser (FEL) is being modified to test a scheme for recovering most of the power in the residual 20-MeV electron beam by decelerating the microbunches in a linear standing-wave accelerator and using the recovered energy to accelerate new beam. A variable-coupler low-power model that resonantly couples the accelerator and decelerator structures has been built and tested. By mixing the TE101 and TE102 modes, this device permits continuous variation of the decelerator fields relative to the accelerator fields through a range of 1:1 to 1:2.5. Phase differences between the two structures are kept below 1° and are independent of power-flow direction. The rf power is also fed to the two structures through this coupling device. Measurements were also made on a three-post-loaded variable coupler that is a promising candidate for the same task.
Couple Therapy in the Presence of Mental Disorders

Abstract Mental disorders and relationship discord commonly occur together and couples where one or both parties suffer from a mental disorder are commonly seen in couple therapy. Symptoms of mental disorders can usefully be conceptualized cybernetically and viewed as part of negative feedback loops that couples become trapped in without denying the potential contribution of biological or other types of knowledge. Most of the existing research focuses on couples and depression and couple therapy has been found to have efficaciousness as a treatment of depression especially when depression occurs along with relationship discord. There is less research on couple therapy and other mental disorders but general guidelines are offered that couple therapists can use with any of the mental disorders.
Nitrous oxide producing activity of diverse fungi from distinct agroecosystems

Abstract Fungi represent a significant component of the soil microbial community and play critical ecological roles in carbon and nitrogen mediated processes. Therefore, fungi capable of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production may have great implications to soil N 2 O emission. The primary objective of this research was to identify and characterize N 2 O-producing fungi in agricultural soil systems and determine their relative physiological responses to inorganic N, pH and oxygen availability. Soil samples were collected from five agricultural-based systems: conventional farming, organic farming, integrated crop and livestock, plantation forestry, and an abandoned agriculture field subjected to natural succession. Fungi were isolated from soil and examined for N 2 O production in a nitrate-containing liquid Czapek medium amended with or without cycloheximide or streptomycin. Fungal population levels were similar among the five systems, ranging from 1.1 to 3.7 × 10 5 colony-forming units per gram of soil. One hundred-fifty one fungal colonies were selected based on colony morphology and tested for N 2 O production. About half (i.e., 45%) of tested isolates representing at least 16 genera and 30 species of filamentous fungi were capable of producing N 2 O. Neocosmospora vasinfecta exhibited the highest production of N 2 O in laboratory based assays, followed by Aspergillus versicolor , A. oryzae , A. terreus , Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium pinophilum . Ten selected N 2 O-producing fungus isolates were subsequently evaluated to determine the influence of nitrogen species, pH and O 2 on N 2 O production. Seven of the 10 selected isolates had 65% or greater N 2 O production in a nitrite than a nitrate medium. Ninety and 60%, of isolates showed greatest N 2 O production at neutral pH 7.0 and ≤5% headspace O 2 conditions, respectively. Our results demonstrate that N 2 O-producing fungi were prevalent in the five soil systems and production of N 2 O varied among isolates examined under different imposed abiotic conditions in the laboratory.
Transtelephonic Monitoring of a Tachycardia‐terminating Pacemaker

A 66-year-old female with recurrent supraventricular tachycardia which worsened progressively was treated with an implanted tachycardia-terminating pacemaker after treatment with antiarrhythmic drug therapy had failed. The pacemaker had the capacity to detect and respond to tachyarrhythmias. Reliable sensing and termination of the patients tachycardia was accomplished in over 100 inductions of the tachyarrhythmia. Use of this tachycardia-terminating pacer has given us several new insights that may be important in the care and follow-up of all pacemaker patients.
Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect in classical field theory.

We analyze the field radiation due to a general source in the inertial and accelerated frames in classical massless scalar field theory in Minkowski spacetime. The classical particle numbers in these frames are defined and further justified in the context of quantum mechanics. The simple relation between the two expressions shows how some aspects of the Fulling-Davies-Unruh thermal bath are present in classical field theory. Finally we show how our results and an operator algebra can be used to obtain an operator expression for the Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect. We also comment on the expected analogue of our results for the Schwarzschild black hole.
Mississippi Floods: Designing a Shifting Landscape Anuradha Mathur and Dilip Da Cunha New Haven and London, Yale University Press (2001). Pp 162 104 colour and 108 black-and-white illus. $45.00/ £35.00 (hbk), ISBN 0-300-08430-7

Abstract Occasionally, a book changes the way one sees and thinks about a landscape, not so much by declaring a new interpretation, as by demonstrating it. Demonstration may take the form of innovative analysis, theoretical reformulation, metaphorical play or artistic performance. On rare occasions, a book such as Mississippi Floods offers a new reading in each of these ways.
Characterization of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Dilute Ammonium Nitrate Solutions and Irrigation Ground Waters

Abstract Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, distributed at concentrations of up to 0.1 w/o through irrigation systems, is a source of corrosion to structures, piping, valves, and electrical components. Corrosion behavior of synthetic mixtures and ground water samples was studied by potentiodynamic and linear polarization methods. Anodic profiles for low carbon steel in dilute mixtures of NH4NO3 and water are nonlinear and therefore not adaptable to direct Tafel analysis. Linear polarization correlates well with weight change and initial corrosion rates were found to vary between 12 to 20 mpy, depending upon NH4NO3 concentration. A combination of linear polarization and potentiodynamic scanning was used effectively to characterize corrosion in ground waters.
Effects of short-term administration of maleic hydrazide or hydrazine on rat hepatic microsomal enzymes.

Abstract The herbicide maleic hydrazide (MH), in amounts greatly exceeding its residue level in foods, had no apparent effect on the hepatic microsomal enzyme system of Fischer rats. In vivo , up to 1 g/kg of MH did not affect hexobarbital sleep times (HST) and in vitro , 2 g/kg of the sodium salt of MH altered neither the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and aniline nor the activities of cytochrome b 5 and P -450. Hydrazine-SO 4 , a frequent contaminant of commercial MH preparations, in moderately high doses prolonged HST and diversely altered metabolism in vitro . The effects of hydrazine impurities, if present, could be significant in toxicity tests where excessive doses of MH are administered.
Effects of relative humidity variation on photoresist processing

The environmental specifications for submicron photolithographic processes on photocluster tools have traditionally demanded strict setpoint control with very little variation in temperature and humidity. In an effort to reduce support costs, the need for such tight tolerances on relative humidity is being examined. This paper discusses the effects of relative- humidity variation on photoresist thickness after spin-coating and on the final printed-image linewidth after full processing through the photocluster. Two different photoresists are compared using spray- and puddle-develop processing. When the resist thickness is varied by changing the humidity setpoint, the swing-curve correlation between printed-image linewidth and resist thickness is equivalent to one typically generated by changing the photoresist thickness with different casting speeds.
Pharmacotherapy for Marijuana Dependence: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study of Divalproex Sodium

There is a noticeable lack of targeted treatment options for marijuana dependence, in particular pharmacologic approaches. This is the first study evaluating a targeted pharmacologic approach for marijuana dependence. The goals of the study were to determine if such patients would seek pharmacologic treatment, whether these patients could be retained in treatment using a design previously developed for cocaine-dependent patients, and especially whether divalproex sodium showed promise as a treatment agent for marijuana dependence. We found that marijuana-dependent patients will seek treatment, and such patients can be adequately maintained in a pharmacologic trial. Regardless of treatment group, patients reported a significant reduction in their frequency and amount of marijuana use as well as a reduction in irritability. Given the lack of proven effective treatments for marijuana dependence, pharmacotherapies should be sought. The design of a preliminary clinical trial should include a psychosocial/behavioral intervention emphasizing motivation and medication compliance and a placebo control group.
Age and Growth of Black Drum in Louisiana Waters of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Morphometric measurements and otoliths (sagittae) were collected from black drums Pogonias cromis caught in estuarine and coastal waters off Louisiana. Transverse sections of otoliths had distinct opaque zones that were validated as annual for age determination. One annulus was formed per year during winter and early spring months in all age-classes during each of four years of sampling. There was low variability in age estimates made independently by three readers. Maximum age observed was 43 years. Von Bertalanffy growth models did not describe growth well for all age-classes, perhaps due to an extreme decrease in growth rate at about 4 years of age and continuous, nonasymptotic growth thereafter.
A Conceptual Framework for the Professional Socialization of Social Workers

With the Council on Social Work Education revised Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards, professional socialization has become a matter of policy. The social work literature is characterized by a dearth of conceptual models and systematic research regarding professional socialization. The conceptual framework for the professional socialization of social workers presented herein provides a discrete definition and clarifies what was formerly an ambiguous understanding of the elements of professional socialization. Potential applications of this framework include its use as a foundation for systematic research and a bridge between competencies and signature pedagogy and in informing field instructor training and the integration of theory and practice for students and practitioners.
E/Z Energetics for Molecular Modeling and Design.

Thermochemical data have been obtained from G3B3 quantum mechanical calculations for 18 prototypical organic molecules, which exhibit E/Z conformational equilibria. The results are fundamentally important for molecular design including evaluation of structures from protein−ligand docking. For the 18 E/Z pairs, relative energies, enthalpies, free energies, and dipole moments are reported; the E − Z free-energy differences at 298 K range from +8.2 kcal/mol for 1,3-dimethyl carbamate to −6.4 kcal/mol for acetone oxime. A combination of steric and electronic effects can rationalize the variations. Free energies of hydration were also estimated using the GB/SA continuum solvent model. These results indicate that differential hydration is unlikely to qualitatively change the preferred direction of the E/Z equilibria, though further study with free-energy methods using explicit solvent is desirable.
Educating Students with Mild Mental Retardation.

The history of educating students with mild mental retardation has, in essence, been one focused heavily on social competence. This article examines the history of educating students with mild mental retardation and includes discussion of general demographic trends, contextual factors that influenced this process, assessment and instructional practices, and teacher roles and preparation. The article then examines these same features currently and provides recommendations for addressing these areas in the future.
Response to ‘ ‘Too-early’ initiation of dialysis?’

We concur with Sheldon Hirsch.1 There should be a high threshold for tunneled hemodialysis catheter insertion. Such devices should only be placed when renal replacement therapy is required.
Dynamic biasing scheme for high-speed= low-power switched-capacitor stages

A scheme is proposed for adjusting the bias current of the op-amp in a switched-capacitor stage so that it follows the swing of the input signal, minimising the power consumption of the stage. Simulations indicate that a 60% power saving is possible using the method.
The Effectiveness of Cover-Letter Appeals

Summary Two studies examined the impact of cover-letter appeals based on functional theory of attitudes. Return rates for questionnaires mailed to college students were lower for a value expression and higher for a utility appeal. Combination of a knowledge and utility appeal produced return rates reflecting the importance of the knowledge function for subgroups of respondents.
Continued Multicenter Followup of Cadaveric Prolapse Repair With Sling.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Since our initial description of the technique of combining a transvaginal sling with a cystocele repair using solvent dehydrated cadaveric fascia lata and bone anchors we have continued to follow our outcomes closely to determine long-term results. We present the updated, multicenter results of the cadaveric prolapse repair with sling.Materials and Methods: A total of 172 patients 35 to 90 years old (mean age 62.1) have undergone cadaveric prolapse repair with sling with a mean followup of 12.4 months (range 6 to 28). Of these patients 132 (76.7%) completed followup. Repair was performed for grade 2 cystoceles in 73 cases, grade 3 cystoceles in 43 and grade 4 cystoceles in 16. Followup included physical examination (degree of pelvic prolapse), SEAPI scores, complications, patient reported continence, perceived improvement and satisfaction. The latter 2 parameters were obtained using a validated questionnaire.Results: Of the 132 patients 15 (11.4%) had grade 1 and 2 (1.5%) had grade 2 cys...
A biochemical comparison of development of various facial bones in neonatal rats.

Abstract Mandibles, maxillae, and snouts (premaxillary and nasal bones) were dissected from rats suckling from dams fed a normal (25 per cent protein) diet at 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 days of age. Whole bones were cleaned, weighed, and analysed for DNA, RNA, protein and calcium. The growth trends in all three bones represented a pattern of changing biochemical events which for maxilla and snout were similar and distinct from those in the mandible. Two periods of hyperplastic growth were observed: one perinatal and the other about the time of weaning. The perinatal growth period was asynchronous between the mandible and the bones of the upper face, allowing for the possibility of differential impairment of development through environmental stress, which could result in disharmonious facial growth.
Long-term and short-term global Cenozoic sea-level estimates

Backstripping analysis of three continuously cored, well-dated boreholes from the New Jersey Coastal Plain (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Leg 150X) indicates a long-term (10 8 n10 7 yr) eustatic fall of ∪100 m since 55 Ma (early Eocene) and suggests short-term (0.5n3 m.y.) eustatic falls of less than ∪70 m. Eustatic estimates are calculated from residuals between the decompacted, unloaded, and paleodepth-corrected records and tectonic subsidence (assuming a cooling lithospheric plate). Because the residuals are similar among the three sites, we interpret them as an approximation of the eustatic signal.
Use Of Complementary Analog And Digital Processing In The Removal Of Local Background In Low Contrast Images

Beginning in 1977, Fairchild Weston Systems developed an electro-optical reconnaissance camera for the Mission Avionics Division, Avionics laboratory at WPAFB, Ohio. The goal of the Long Range Electro-Optical Reconnaissance System program was to penetrate heavy haze conditions while preserving requirements of coverage and resolution needed to perform reconnaissance tasks. Design constraints included worldwide operational capability, high resolution, high sensitivity and large area coverage. It was proven feasible to achieve these goals through the use of hybrid analog and digital processing. Haze removal, local area background subtraction, data compression and image reconstruction were demonstrated. This paper discusses mission requirements, the design, and presents some results of this thirty-six month advanced development effort.
Sharing behavior: effect of denomination value and number

Abstract A total of 146 kindergarten and sixth-grade children served as Ss in an experiment which investigated the effects of denomination value (5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢) and number of coins (2 vs 10) on sharing behavior. Children were rewarded for playing a game and subsequently were given an opportunity to share their earnings. The number of units donated was analyzed by employing two separate 2 × 4 ANOVAS. A significant main effect for age was obtained when children were given either two or 10 coins. In the two-coin condition a significant denomination value effect was found.
Genetic Mechanisms of Host–Pathogen Interactions for Charcoal Rot in Soybean

Soybean is a leading agronomic crop and contributes to food and agricultural security with expanding production areas in diverse regions around the world. Although soybean is challenged by several diseases and pests and progress has been made in understanding and managing some of these pathogens and pests, charcoal rot, incited by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, has received little attention. M. phaseolina has a broad host range and is capable of attacking and infecting several groups of plant species, including soybean. Charcoal rot symptoms on soybean appear more commonly during hot and dry weather conditions, and are associated with drought stress. In recent years, it has become more important to develop management strategies to control charcoal rot in soybean fields. Understanding the genetics of this pathogen as well as its interactions with plant hosts will help in developing effective control and management strategies. The biology of M. phaseolina, its genetics, and plant–fungal relationships are reviewed herein. In addition, a discussion of potential opportunities utilizing modern tools to enhance genetic resistance against charcoal rot is also presented.
Methodology for Energy Assessment and Conservation

The current state of the economy along with the rising cost of energy has strained the university’s budget. As a result, the university is forced to cut spending. To elude the possibility of layoffs, wage decreases, or tuition increases, the university can cut costs by reducing the amount of energy it is using. In many cases, energy is not being utilized properly; instead it is being wasted unnecessarily. Considerable savings can be obtained by better managing the university’s energy usage. To estimate the potential cost savings, the energy currently being used by the university was determined separately for each building. The numbers of lights in all accessible areas were counted. The presence of computers, fans, refrigerators, microwaves, and heaters in each room was recorded. Furthermore, it was noted whether the lights were on or off and if the room was occupied or not. The assessments revealed a considerable amount of wasted energy. Lights were on in unoccupied rooms. Lights were also observed to be left on for extended periods of time. Computers were on and not being used, and were rarely ever turned off. A number of personal fans, heaters, microwaves, and refrigerators were present in faculty’s offices. To reduce or eliminate the wasted energy created by these findings, recommendations to the university are to install occupancy sensors, set computers to go into sleep mode when they are not in use, close unused computer labs and buildings, and regulate the occurrence of personal energy consuming devices found in offices. All of the suggestions have a rapid simple payback period.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Gene expression profile of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

To search for novel mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), we determined the whole blood gene expression profile in five ITP patients and five control samples. Using DNA microarrays that contained 24,473 unique putative genes, we found 176 cDNAs that were strongly correlated with ITP. These included a cluster of interferon-regulated genes and TLR7, as well many less-well characterized genes which are candidates for further study. We believe this approach is likely to yield new insights into our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of ITP.
The radiology of early arthritis

Summary Accurate diagnosis of early arthritis is important because successful treatment with preservation of joint structure and function is most likely when specific therapeutic interventions are instituted early in the disease. Early arthritis may be difficult to accurately diagnose clinically, even for experience practitioners. High-yield radiologic studies are possible, but the radiologist must realize that for each patient and each disease, how and where to look, and what to look for, may differ. Conventional radiographs remain the most important screening studies for both the axial and appendicular skeleton. Other modalities, especially MRI, have limitations but can be powerful tools in problem cases. Each disease has target areas of early involvement that may differ from the classic distribution seen once the process is established. A careful examination of these areas for subtle but characteristic early findings will often be rewarding.
Exercise ventilatory kinematics in endurance trained and untrained men and women.

Abstract To determine how increased ventilatory demand impacts ventilatory kinematics, we compared the total chest wall volume variations (VCW) of male and female endurance-trained athletes (ET) to untrained individuals (UT) during exercise. We hypothesized that training and gender would have an effect on VCW and kinematics at maximal exercise. Gender and training significantly influenced chest wall kinematics. Female ET did not change chest wall end-expiratory volume (VCW,ee) or pulmonary ribcage (VRCp,ee) with exercise, while female UT significantly decreased VCW,ee and VRCp,ee with exercise (p In conclusion, gender and training had a significant impact on ventilatory kinematics.
Detection of an apple-infesting population of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh 1867) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the state of Colorado, USA

Abstract. The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh 1867) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of apples (Malus domesica Borkh.) (Rosaceae) throughout much of the United States. The fly is endemic to the eastern U.S., where its primary host plants are several species of native hawthorns (Crataegus spp.) (Rosaceae). About 150 years ago the fly shifted to apples in the Northeast. More recently, the fly has been introduced to the western U.S. outside of its native range. In the state of Colorado, R. pomonella attacks the fruits of a number of different native and introduced hawthorn species, but is generally absent from apples. While orchards in apple growing regions are closely monitored, backyard and non-commercial apples often go largely unexamined. Here, we report results from a survey of non-commercial apples at 16 locations in eight counties across Colorado. We document the discovery of one R. pomonella infestation of apple at low density in Boulder, Colorado in close proxi...
Up-Regulation of α4β7 Integrin on Peripheral T Cell Subsets Correlates with the Development of Acute Intestinal Graft-versus-Host Disease following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The pathophysiology of aGVHD involves priming of naive donor T cells in host secondary lymphoid tissue, followed by migration of effector T cells to target organs. Mediators of lymphocyte trafficking are believed to play a significant role in this migration. In this retrospective case-controlled study, we analyzed the expression of α4β7 integrin and CCR9, 2 surface T cell molecules specific for intestinal trafficking, from blood samples collected previously from 59 patients after HSCT (20 without aGVHD, 20 with skin aGVHD, and 19 with intestinal aGVHD). All samples had been obtained before the onset of aGVHD symptoms (with 1 sample collected on the day of symptom onset). Analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that α4β7 integrin was significantly increased on both naive and memory T cells in patients who subsequently developed intestinal aGVHD, with the most significant differences observed in memory subsets. Immunohistochemical staining on rectal biopsy specimens from patients with intestinal aGVHD showed that expression of α4β7 integrin was concentrated on mononuclear cells in blood vessels within the intestinal mucosa. These results suggest that α4β7 integrin likely is involved in lymphocyte trafficking in intestinal aGVHD and may have potential clinical use as a correlative biomarker or as a target for the treatment and prophylaxis of intestinal aGVHD after HSCT.
Mediks — A medical knowledge system

A medical knowledge system, Mediks, has been developed for medical diagnostic consultation and clinical decision-making. A diagnostic model and process for multiple-disease diagnoses have been proposed. The system was implemented on a PDP-11/40 computer system. About 530 diseases and 3318 manifestations of internal medicine have been entered in the Mediks Mark-II database for performance testing and evaluation.
Influence of Hepatic Dysfunction on the Pharmacokinetics of Propafenone

Hepatic metabolism is the primary process of elimination of propafenone. It therefore is important to understand the effect of altered liver function on the disposition and elimination kinetics of this drug. Patients with abnormal liver function probably will require treatment with propafenone for cardiac arrhythmias; an understanding of the relationship between liver function and the pharmacokinetics of propafenone will provide a rational basis for optimal dosage adjustments in these individuals. Our results demonstrate that both systemic clearance and bioavailability of propafenone are sensitive to variability in liver function. The bioavailability of propafenone is inversely related to the clearance of indocyanine green (ICG), whereas a direct relationship exists between systemic clearance of propafenone and ICG clearance. Comparisons of clinical parameters with the propafenone data yielded interesting results. An overall clinical grading of severity of liver disease based on the presence or absence of portal hypertension (i.e., varices and/or splenomegaly), prior encephalopathy, and ascites did not correlate well with propafenone results. However, albumin, total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) concentrations and prothrombin time values correlated strongly with the overall results. No definite relationships with subjects' age; weight; and hemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid dehydrogenose, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, or creatinine levels were detected. These results demonstrate that moderate to severe liver disease significantly affects the absorption and disposition of propafenone. In patients with cirrhosis, and presumably other forms of hepatic dysfunction, careful adjustments of propafenone doses are needed to optimize therapy.
A fusion of horizons for psychotherapy research: introduction to special section.

The history of psychotherapy research is one repeatedly marked by inherent tensions and methodological innovations (see Muran & Castonguay, in press; Orlinsky & Russell, 1994; Strupp & Howard, 1992...
A multi-fluid model of an H2O-dominated dusty cometary atmosphere

A self-consistent multi-fluid solution of the dynamical and thermal structure of an H2O-dominated, two-phase dusty-gas cometary atmosphere has been obtained by solving the simultaneous set of differential equations representing conservation of number density, momentum and energy, together with the transfer of solar radiation in streams responsible for the major photolytic processes and the heating of the nucleus. The validity of this model, as in the earlier single-fluid ones, is restricted to the collision-dominated region where all the heavy species (ions and neutrals) are assumed to achieve a common temperature and velocity. However, recognizing that the photo-produced hydrogen is rather inefficient in exchanging energy with the heavier species we treat the hydrogen separately: it is assumed to be composed of a thermalized component (the second fluid) and a pre-thermal component.
Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE): elucidating the pathogenesis of a rare skeletal disorder through interdisciplinary research

Abstract An interdisciplinary and international group of clinicians and scientists gathered in Philadelphia, PA, to attend the fourth International Research Conference on Multiple Hereditary Exostoses (MHE), a rare and severe skeletal disorder. MHE is largely caused by autosomal dominant mutations in EXT1 or EXT2, genes encoding Golgi-associated glycosyltransferases responsible for heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis. HS chains are key constituents of cell surface- and extracellular matrix-associated proteoglycans, which are known regulators of skeletal development. MHE affected individuals are HS-deficient, can display skeletal growth retardation and deformities, and consistently develop benign, cartilage-capped bony outgrowths (termed exostoses or osteochondromas) near the growth plates of many skeletal elements. Nearly 2% of patients will have their exostoses progress to malignancy, becoming peripheral chondrosarcomas. Current treatments are limited to the surgical removal of symptomatic exostoses. No definitive treatments have been established to inhibit further formation and growth of exostoses, prevent transition to malignancy, or address other medical problems experienced by MHE patients, including chronic pain. Thus, the goals of the Conference were to assess our current understanding of MHE pathogenesis, identify key gaps in information, envision future therapeutic strategies and discuss ways to test and implement them. This report provides an assessment of the exciting and promising findings in MHE and related fields presented at the Conference and a discussion of the future MHE research directions. The Conference underlined the critical usefulness of gathering experts in several research fields to forge new alliances and identify cross-fertilization areas to benefit both basic and translational biomedical research on the skeleton.
Projection of the magnocellular red nucleus to the region of the accessory abducens nucleus in the rabbit

The projection of the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) to the region of the accessory abducens nucleus (AABD) was traced in rabbit using the bidirectional tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). In one set of animals, recordings of antidromic responses from RNm neurons elicited by electrical stimulation of the rubrospinal tract were used to localize injections of WGA-HRP for orthograde labeling of RNm terminals. In a different set of animals, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the retractor bulbi muscle to retrogradely label motoneurons of the AABD. The positions of RNm fibers and terminals were examined and compared to the locations and distribution of AABD cell bodies and labeled dendrites. Analyses revealed that along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the AABD, RNm efferents terminate primarily lateral to, or in the lateral aspects of, labeled motoneurons. For the rostral AABD, RNm efferents terminate only lateral to the nucleus. Although the terminals are not positioned to contact cell bodies of the AABD, they could overlap with dendrites that extend in the lateral direction. RNm efferents terminate more extensively within the posterior AABD, overlapping within both dendritic and cell body regions of the nucleus. Even in this posterior region, however, RNm efferents were distributed primarily over the lateral half of the nucleus. These data show that RNm can monosynaptically influence the AABD, through primarily its lateral and posterior aspects. Our findings also show that a major target of RNm efferents is the reticular cell population located lateral to the AABD, suggesting that the RNm also may affect AABD motoneuronal output indirectly through its projection to reticular cells.
Local-area multiprocessor: surpassing clusters

Clusters, or networks, of workstations (NOW) have proven their value for certain classes of applications, those that can be efficiently parallelized with coarse granularity requiring relatively little intertask communication. However clusters of workstations have been ineffective for those classes of applications that require fine-grained parallelization or too much intertask communication, because of the high overhead and poor performance of present communication mechanisms. A new international standard reduces this cost by several orders of magnitude compared to present networks or proposed future networks/channels like FibreChannel or ATM. This new technology implements a "Local-Area Multiprocessor" with very high performance message passing and distributed shared memory.
Seismic strain rates in the Central and Eastern United States

Seismic strain rates for the entire Central and Eastern United States are estimated from historical seismicity and from several seismicity models. Typical strain rates are estimated to be the on the order of 10−12 to 10−11 per year, except near historical sites of large earthquakes where higher rates pertain. Uncertainties in strain rates are large. Deformation caused by strain rates less than 10−10 yr−1 is very small compared to average denudation rates. Denudation and deposition may control the rate of earthquake occurrence in some parts of the Central and Eastern United States by modifying the vertical stress due to load. A simple quantitative model predicts the earthquake occurrence rate in the Appalachian Mountains from an estimate of the regional denudation rate.
Development of Robust Multilayer Optics for use in High-Peak Power Radiation Environments

In many applications, x-ray multilayer mirrors are exposed to high peak fluxes of x-rays with subsequent damage to the mirror. Mirror damage is a particularly severe problem with the use of multilayers as cavity optics for short wavelength x-ray lasers. Intense optical and x-ray radiation, from the x-ray laser plasma amplifier, often damage the multilayer mirror on time scales of hundreds of picoseconds. The phenomenon of multilayer mirror damage by pulsed x-ray emission has been studied using short duration (500 psec) bursts of soft x-rays 1 from a laser produced gold plasma. The results of the experiments will be compared with some simple models and the possibility of increasing the damage thresholds of short wavelength multilayer mirrors will be discussed.
Phase Equilibria in the System Cadmium Oxide–Niobium Oxide

The binary system CdO-Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/ was studied using quenching methods and sealed platinum tubes. Pure CdO and samples containing free CdO showed a decrease of crystallinity of the CdO structure with grinding, and attempts to determine the melting point of pure CdO up to 1500 deg C resulted only in sublimation. Two compounds are formed in the system, 2CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/ sub 5/, and CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/, and their structures are reported. The eutectic compositions for the pairs 2CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/-CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/ and CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/-Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/ a re estimated to lie at 66.7 to 60 and 33.3 mole% CdO, respectively; the eutectic composition and temperature for the other pair, CdO -2CdO - Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/, could not be determined. Liquidus data were difficult to obtain because of the high volatility and fluidity of CdO at high temperatures. A phase equilibrium diagram with tentative liquidus curves is presented. (D.L.C.)
Therapeutic strategies for endothelial dysfunction.

Introduction: A functionally compromised vascular endothelium is associated with tissue-damaging responses including inflammation, immune stimulation, oxidative stress and platelet activation/aggregation and can lead to severe end-organ damage, as implicated in the pathology of several cardiac, cerebral and renal disorders. Multiple noninvasive techniques are available for assessing endothelial dysfunction in clinical settings. Diverse interventions have been identified as having therapeutic potential for treating endothelial dysfunction and preventing its pathophysiological sequellae. Areas covered: Evaluation techniques and interventional treatment approaches for endothelial dysfunction, with particular reference to prevalent cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as coronary artery disease and diabetes. Limitations of the current treatments and avenues for improved endothelium-targeted therapies. Expert opinion: Beneficial pleiotropic effects of various agents (cardiovascular medicines, antioxidan...
A downside of diversity? A response to Gallagher et al.

Gallagher et al. [1] propose that the niche breadth of a species is a potentially reliable predictor of extinction vulnerability. Species with narrow niches (specialists) generally have lower ecological resistances (i.e., are more sensitive to environmental disturbances) than similar species with broader niches (generalists). Gallagher et al. demonstrate this relationship between niche breadth and extinction vulnerability by highlighting the elevated extinction probabilities for specialist versus generalist species across a broad range of taxonomic groups.
Nanomechanical-resonator-induced synchronization in Josephson junction arrays

We show that a serial array of N nonuniform, underdamped Josephson junctions coupled piezoelectrically to a nanoelectromechanical NEM oscillator results in phase locking of the junctions. Our approach is based on a semiclassical solution to a set of coupled differential equations that were generated by the Heisenberg operator equations, which in turn are based on a model Hamiltonian that includes the following effects: the charging and Josephson energies of the junctions, dissipation in the junctions, the effect of a dc bias current, an undamped simple harmonic oscillator representing the NEM, and an interaction energy due to the piezoelectric effect between the NEM and the junctions. Phase locking of the junctions is signaled by a step in the current-voltage I-V curve. We find the phase-locked states are neutrally stable at the bottom and top of the step but not for bias currents in the middle of the step. Using harmonic balance, we are able to calculate an analytical expression for the location of the resonance step, vstep ,i n theI-V curve. Because of the multistability of the underdamped junctions, it is possible, with a judicious choice of initial conditions and bias current, to set