cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase A), the BP-1/6C3 antigen

Summary Glutamyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase A, EC 3.4.11.7) was first described in 1961 as a calcium-stimulated aminopeptidase with specificity for N-terminal acidic amino acids. The enzyme was subsequently purified and characterized as a membrane-bound ectoenzyme particularly abundant in the brush border fractions of kidney and intestine. Early interest in this enzyme was stimulated by its conversion of angiotensin II to des-aspartyl angiotensin II (angiotensin III). More recently, glutamyl aminopeptidase has been identified as a pre-B cell differentiation antigen BP-1/6C3. This review focuses on the biochemical properties of this enzyme and its role in the immune and non-immune systems.
Phase I study of protracted venous infusion of 5-fluorouracil

A Phase I study of protracted continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil was undertaken at a starting dose of 200 mg/m2/day. The drug was delivered via a tunneled subclavian venous access site by a portable infusion pump (Cor-Med) permitting ambulatory monitoring. Seventeen patients were administered 19 courses at incremental dose rates from 200 mg/m2/day to 600 mg/m2/day; treatment was terminated at the onset of stomatitis. At dose rates of 300 mg/m2/day or less, the treatment did not require interruption for up to 60 days or up to 36 g cumulative dose. For dose rates of 350 to 600 mg/m2/day, the treatment always required interruption: mean duration 20 day for 350 mg/m2/day; 9 day for 400 mg/m2/day; and 14 day for 600 mg/m2/day. Mean cumulative dose at the higher dose rates was 10.9 g (350 mg/m2/day); 7.9 g (400 mg/m2/day); and 15.3 g (600 mg/m2/day). Mean cumulative dose at 200 mg/m2/day was 11.5 g and at 300 mg/m2/day, was 22.6 g. Protracted venous infusion allows for a substantial cumulative dose of 5-FU and at dose rate delivery of 300 mg/m2/day may be administered for up to 60 days without adverse effects due to the drug or to the presence of an indwelling venous access line.
RISK MANAGEMENT FOR MIDDLE MARKET COMPANIES

This article reinforces the message of the one immediately preceding by showing that small to medium-sized firms have even stronger (non-tax) motives for hedging risks than their large corporate counterparts. Although middle market companies have traditionally been viewed as less sophisticated than their larger corporate counterparts in the risk management arena, the authors suggest that such companies have become increasingly receptive to new hedging strategies using derivative products. When used appropriately, such products allow companies to stabilize their periodic operating cash flow by eliminating specific sources of volatility such as fluctuations in interest rates, exchange rates, and commodity prices. Smaller companies recognize that a single swing in a budgeted cost can have a catastrophic effect on an entire budget, whereas a larger company can more easily absorb such a cost. Moreover, because the principal owners of mid-sized firms often have a substantial part of their net worth tied up in the business, they are likely to have a far stronger interest than typical outside shareholders in using risk management to reduce the volatility of corporate profits and firm value. Perhaps most important to owners whose firms rely on debt financing, the greater cash flow stability resulting from active risk management significantly reduces the possibility of financial distress or bankruptcy. In this article, three representatives of Bank of America's risk management practice discuss three different exposures faced by middle market companies—those arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices—and show how these risks can be managed with derivatives. Besides shielding companies from financial trouble, risk management is also likely to improve their access to the money and capital markets. By protecting the firm's access to capital, risk management increases the odds that the firm will not be forced to pass up good investment opportunities because of capital constraints or fear of getting into financial difficulty.
Politics and pornography

Pornography is consumed by a society's victims, and the transaction of consuming it can be understood as an ersatz rhetorical event, exerting an impact on its auditors’ feelings, imaginations, motives, and physiologies even as it rehearses them in their power‐less‐ness and lack of opportunity for political activity. A particular public will cluster around those sexual images that iconically render that public's felt state of political de‐privation.
Regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the dairy cow

This paper describes the mechanism of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows in an effort to provide a clearer understanding of the rationale behind current management and supplementation practices. Specifically addressed is the need to keep prepartum dietary calcium intake at less than or equal to 50 g/d to minimize the incidence of milk fever. Also discussed is the need to increase National Research Council recommendations for postpartum dietary calcium from 2.7 to 3.4 g/kg milk. This is particularly important during the first 1 to 2 mo of lactation to maintain calcium balance.
Using the 1983 norms for the MMPI: Code type frequencies in four clinical samples

MMPI responses obtained from a large random sample of midwestern adults who were 18 through 99 years old and had no physically or mentally handicapping condition yielded a pattern significantly different from the pattern of the original norms. From these data, two new kinds of normative tables have been developed: Norms that reflect, for each sex, the response pattern of the general adult population, and a set of tables, separate for each sex, that allow comparisons to be based on age. In addition, the traditional scoring procedures based on a linear transformation that maintains any underlying skewness of the raw score distribution has been replaced by procedures that yield normalized T scores. The changes that are apparent at the item and scale level are also evident in the frequency with which certain 1- and 2-point codes occur in normal and clinical samples. These changes are apt to make our interpretive statements more meaningful because they are based on contemporary norms.
Computer automated structure evaluation of the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosothiazolidine and N-nitrosothiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid

Abstract N -Nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTCA), a sulphur-containing nitrosamine present in human urine, was predicted to be non-carcinogenic by CASE, the newly developed Computer Automated Structure Evaluating system. On the other hand, N -nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ), a nitrosamine present in food products, was predicted to be carcinogenic. The putative non-carcinogenic NTCA may be metabolized to NTHZ, a predicted carcinogen.
Orientation of water in striated frog muscle

Proton and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of striated frog gastrocnemius muscle exhibit angular dependence, indicating partial orientation of water in the muscle. Nonzero static dipolar and quadrupolar interactions resulting from the anisotropic motion of the water molecules modulate the spin echo decays, contributing to their nonxponential behavior.
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS

The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by division of Euramerica rather than dispersal across Beringia.
Energy spectrum of He II in a strong magnetic field and bound-bound transition probabilities

The ground state energy of the Heii (singly ionized helium) atom is determined in magnetic fields up to 1012 G. The 13 lowest excited states and bound-bound transition probabilities are calculated in magnetic fields from 107 to 109 G.
Neurophysiological Correlates of Moderate Alcohol Consumption in Older and Younger Social Drinkers

Background Nearly 40% of adults aged 65 and older in the United States consume alcohol. Research in older adults has largely examined potential health effects of a moderate drinking lifestyle. Examination of acute effects in this population is generally lacking. To investigate alcohol-induced alteration of electrophysiological correlates of attention in this population, we employed a covert attentional task. We hypothesized that moderate alcohol administration as well as older age would reduce P3 amplitude and increase latency. We anticipated an interaction such that, relative to their age-matched controls, older adults receiving alcohol would be more affected than their younger counterparts. Methods Participants included healthy older (aged 50 to 67; n = 20; 9 men) and younger (aged 25 to 35; n = 12; 5 men) moderate drinkers. Participants received either a moderate dose of alcohol (breath alcohol concentration ∼50 mg/dl) or a placebo beverage. Following absorption, the task was administered and neurophysiological measures were obtained. P3 amplitude and latency were separately subjected to ANOVA across cue conditions using age and dose as independent variables. Results As predicted, P3 amplitude in older adults was significantly lower than in younger adults across cue conditions. An age by alcohol interaction was detected, revealing that older adults receiving alcohol showed lower P3 amplitudes than any other group. An age effect for P3 latency was found, with older adults having longer latencies than their younger counterparts. A significant age by alcohol interaction for P3 latency was detected, revealing that older adults receiving alcohol displayed delayed P3 latencies relative to older adults receiving placebo. In contrast, younger adults receiving alcohol had reduced latency compared to those receiving placebo, although this effect did not reach significance. Conclusions Results suggest that older adults demonstrated alcohol-related shifts in P3 characteristics during an intentional attention task, whereas younger adults failed to demonstrate this pattern.
Interband Dominance in Feral Horses

Abstract During a period when drinking water was in short supply, an interband dominance hierarchy determined access to a waterhole by feral horse bands. Adult ♀♀, subordinate ♂♂, and the dominant ♀ within the bands all took part in the dominance subordination interactions. Rank in the hierarchy was closely correlated with band size. Behavior of bands often reflected their rank in the hierarchy, with the highest ranking bands having access to water at will and low ranking bands sometimes waiting longer than 5 h to drink. Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung der Rangordnung zwischen Wildpferdgruppen wurde vom 10. Juni bis lO. Juli 1977 an einer Wasserstelle in der Rotwuste von Wyoming, U.S.A., durchgefuhrt. Wahrend dieser Zeit wurde die Wasserstelle von ungefahr 200 Pferden pro Tag benutzt. Die um Zugang zur Wasserstelle konkurrierenden Gruppen zeigten eine fast lineare Rangordnung. Die Position in der Rangordnung war mit der GrosSe der Gruppen korreliert (r8 = 0,88). Sowohl Hengste (nicht immer die Alpha-Hengste der Gruppen) als auch Stuten nahmen an der Aggression zwischen Gruppen teil. Rangniedere Gruppen wurden oft gezwungen, lange mit dem Trinken zu warten, weil die rang-hoheren Gruppen das vorratige Wasser beherrschten. Ranghohere Gruppen werden offenbar von weitem erkannt. Diese Rangordnung und Erkennung unter Gruppen weisen auf eine strukturierte, soziale Einheit (eine Herde) hin, die aus Gruppen besteht.
Effect of thickness of oxide film on the emissivity and reflectivity of heat-resistant metals and alloys

Emissivity and reflectivity data have been obtained for nickel, chromium, Cr18Ni10Ti steel, and CrNi78Ti nickel alloy in the oxidized state at oxide-film thicknesses on the range from 300 A to 45μ. It has been found that there are three distinct regions of oxide-film thicknesses within which the radiation flux is differently formed.
Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Social Values Among 8- to 12-Year-Old Siblings, Friends, and Acquaintances

Developmental research has suggested that children behave differently toward siblings, friend.s, and acquaintances. This investigation compared the cooperative, competitive, and individualistic resource allocation preferences among 8- to 12-year-old siblings, friends, and acquaintances. The findings indicated more frequent cooperative and less frequent competitive preferences among siblingx and friends than among acquaintances, consistent with several sociobioiogical and social psychological predictions. In addition, verbal reports provided some support for the validity of the cooperative, competitive, and individualistic social value construct and evidence of differencial expectations of the resource allocation preferences of siblings, friends, and acquaintances. Finally, the verbal predictions of the partner's preferences do not support either the false consensus bias or the triangle effect noted in the previous research with pairs of relatively unacquainted individuals.
An approach for video meta-data modeling and query processing

Multimedia databases have been the subject of extensive research for the last several years. In particular, semantic modeling of video data spurred tremendous interest and produced various formalisms for content-based retrieval of video data. In this paper, we propose the use of Hierarchical Petri-nets (HPN's) for multi-level representation of video data with each level consisting of an augmented Petrinet structure. We show how such representation is able to capture video data semantics, from very low level semantics such as scene change and object movements to higher level semantics involving high-level textual description of events. A Petri-net based method for query processing of multi-object spatio-temporal video-data queries is presented.
‘Large cells’ of Histoplasma capsulatum in sputum from patients with pulmonary histoplasmosis

‘Large cells’ of H. capsulatum were found on plates of laboratory media seeded with sputa of 5 patients having pulmonary histoplasmosis.Plates of yeast extract agar with antibiotics incubated at 37°C, were suitable for morphological and evolutive studies of the cells. The incapacity of the ‘large cells’ to multiply by budding is stressed as well as their tendency to produce germ tubes through more than one point. The cells developed typical mycelium either at 37°C or at room temperature. Sabouraud's plates with antibiotics permitted observation of ‘large cells’ both at 37°C and at room temperature but, the evolutive potential of the cells was always very poor.It is thought the ‘large cells’ described are comparable to those found in necrotic lesions of patients with disseminated histoplasmosis and also to the cells produced under special laboratory conditions. They would appear in certain in vivo or in vitro circumstances which are unsuitable for the development of the typical yeast phase of the parasite....
A framework for ADS application software development based on CORBA

The concept of autonomous decentralized systems (ADS) which has the characteristics of online maintainability, online expandability and fault-tolerance has been successfully used in many distributed computing domains, such as: factory automation, traffic control, office automation, and nuclear power plants. In order to realize the benefits of object-oriented software development, a framework for ADS application software development based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), a set of standards for object systems in heterogeneous distributed environments, is presented. In this framework, CORBA is extended and built over ADS system software. A CASE environment for ADS application software development based on CORBA is also presented.
The Progress of Gifted Students in a Rural District that Emphasized Acceleration Strategies.

Rural school districts can make acceleration programs successful if they follow certain guidelines. This article documents one district's experiences with the use of various acceleration strategies in different elementary schools. Although each school tailored its program to its own needs, almost all of the programs were equally effective. Their success may be attributed to four characteristics: (a) planning for each student focused on individual needs, (b) instructional materials closely approximated students' instructional levels, (c) teachers of the gifted monitored students' progress on a routine basis, and (d) the district required that program evaluation be conducted.
Unexpected high fitness payoff of subordinate social tactics in male collared lizards

Sexual selection theory often predicts that dominant males will sire more offspring than males displaying subordinate social tactics. We combined the records of space use by collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, females and records of social and spatial behaviour of males displaying two markedly different social tactics (territorial and nonterritorial) with genetic determination of parentage to test how variation in male social tactics influences the distribution of reproductive success. In marked contrast with predictions based on their social and spatial behaviour, territorial males did not monopolize paternity of offspring with the females that they defended, and on average, nonterritorial males obtained reproductive success equal to that of territorial males, both within and among successive clutches. When all males were analysed together, none of the traits that are often hypothesized to promote fitness in other lizards were under strong sexual selection in collared lizard males. Among territory owners alone, however, there was positive directional selection on body size. Both the unexpected success of nonterritorial males and exceptionally high levels of multiple paternity appear linked in part to features of the habitat at our study site that diminish the ecological potential for territorial males to monopolize mating opportunities with females that reside in their defended areas. If female collared lizards derive any fitness benefits by mating with multiple males, it is likely that these are genetic rather than material.
v-TerraFly: large scale distributed spatial data visualization with autonomic resource management

GIS application hosts are becoming more and more complicated. Theses hosts’ management is becoming more time consuming and less reliabale decreases with the increase in complexity of GIS applications. The resource management of GIS applications is becoming increasingly important in order to deliver to the user the desired Quality of Service. Map systems often serve dynamic web workloads and involve multiple CPU- and I/O-intensive tiers, which makes it challenging to meet the response time targets of map requests while using the resources efficiently. This paper proposes a virtualized web map service system, v-TerraFly, and its autonomic resource management in order to address this challenge. Virtualization facilitates the deployment of web map services and improves their resource utilization through encapsulation and consolidation. Autonomic resource management allows resources to be automatically provisioned to a map service and its internal tiers on demand. Specifically, this paper proposes new techniques to predict the demand of map workloads online and optimize resource allocations considering both response time and data freshness as the QoS target. The proposed v-TerraFly system is prototyped on TerraFly, a production web map service, and evaluated using real TerraFly workloads. The results show that v-TerraFly can accurately predict the workload demands: 18.91% more accurate; and efficiently allocate resources to meet the QoS target: improves the QoS by 26.19% and saves resource usages by 20.83% compared to traditional peak-load-based resource allocation.
Authenticity in occupational therapy leadership: a case study of a servant leader.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the leadership of occupational therapy educator Sr. Genevieve Cummings at the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1960 to 1994. METHOD In-depth interviews were conducted with faculty, staff, administrators, and friends who knew her work intimately. Themes regarding her leadership were synthesized from the interview data and compared with trends in the leadership literature. RESULTS The predominant themes representing the major elements of her success as a leader were enabling others, focusing on the greater good, collaborative visioning, and leadership through caring and service. The findings indicate that Sr. Genevieve led in uniquely authentic manner by serving the needs of students, faculty members, and the profession. CONCLUSION Sr. Genevieve was an effective, authentic, and accomplished leader throughout her career. Her contributions had a significant impact on the field of occupational therapy and occupational therapy education. The legacy of her leadership serves as a model for others in occupational therapy who must balance multiple challenges, pressures, or roles and be able to work effectively with others.
Carbon isotope composition of tree leaves from Guanacaste, Costa Rica: comparison across tropical forests and tree life history

Despite the progress made in understanding the ecophysiology of tropical plants during the past two decades (Luttge 1997, Mulkey et al. 1996), questions regarding relationships between the environment and physiological diversity remain. It is now recognized that tropical climate can be quite variable (see Coen 1983) which could lead to significant functional diversity (increased variation in life history traits) among species due to the tight association between gas exchange physiology and the environment (see Enquist & Leffler 2001, Guehl et al. 1998, Huc et al. 1994, Martinelli et al. 1998, Sobrado 1993). It remains unclear, however, how the subtleties of variation in tropical climate and tree life history traits are related to the functional diversity of tropical communities (Borchert 1994, 1998).
Regional Studies of Social Revolution in Spain, 1936–39

The military rebellion of July 18, 1936, which began the Spanish Civil War also triggered a social revolution that the leaders of the working class neither expected nor directed. This revolution immediately posed a crucial question for those in the Republican camp: What was the nature of the Republic to be? Should the revolution continue, or should the Republic be preserved as a liberal-democratic and essentially capitalist regime? This was the central issue of a struggle that pitted the anarcho-syndicalists of the CNT-FAI,1 dissident communists of the POUM, and left Socialists against Republicans, right So cialists, and the official Communists in the PCE and PSUC. The second posi tion won out, and the revolution was contained and reversed in a surprisingly short time. The Spanish conflict of 1936-39 was at once civil war and social revolu tion with a struggle for dominance within each camp. The existence of these multiple conflicts and the nature of their resolution, especially in the Republi can zone, have made the Spanish Civil War the subject of controversies which today, nearly 50 years later, show little sign of abating.2 The two books under review address themselves to one of the most debated and least understood aspects of the Spanish civil war: the collectivizations that took place in the rev olutionary summer and fall of 1936. The central concern of W. L. Bernecker's book is to explain the ease with which the social revolution of the summer of 1936 was neutralized by the more conservative elements in the Republican zone. The study of the anarcho syndicalist collectives, which both the book's title and the author's stated ob jectives (17) lead us to expect, is actually a subordinate element in the book. Bernecker's explanation focuses on the CNT-FAI, emphasizing the inability of its leadership to make better use of the spontaneous revolutionary enthusiasm
Changing the way we think about chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has undergone a revolution during the past two decades. CLL was considered an indolent, incurable disease, and therapy consisted primarily of alkylator-based regimens. The introduction of the purine analogs fludarabine, pentostatin, and cladribine into clinical trials in the 1980s invigoratedclinicalresearchinCLLanddramaticallychanged the treatment of this disease. Studies using fludarabine as salvage therapy demonstrated that a small fraction (10% or less) of patients attained complete remission (CR), 1,2 whereasuptoathirdofpatientsattainedaCRwithfludarabine as first-line therapy. 3 Three large phase III trials in symptomatic, untreated CLL patients have confirmed the superiority offludarabine, demonstrating advantages in response rate, CR rate, and progression-free survival (PFS) compared with alkylator-based regimens. 4-6 However, no overallsurvival(OS)improvementwasnotedinthesestudies. A small incremental increase may not have been identified because of trial sample size or cross-over designs that allowed patients to receivefludarabine after progression on alkylator therapy. Given that we treat CLL at time of symptomsandgiventheabilityoffludarabinetomoreeffectively palliate disease-related manifestations and time of remission, fludarabine is considered by many, but not all, physicians as a better initial treatment than alkyators for CLL. Because of the ability of fludarabine to result in complete responses, this end point might serve as a surrogate marker for improved survival. This notion was derived from clinical experience in acute leukemia and nonHodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), where CR correlates with long-term survival. In CLL, the relationship of CR to longtermsurvivalislessclear.Long-termfollow-upbytheM.D. Anderson group with fludarabine monotherapy did not confirm this, 7 and the randomized phase III studies of flu
How retailer and competitor decisions drive the long-term effectiveness of manufacturer promotions for fast moving consumer goods

Abstract While both retailer and competitor decisions contribute to long-term promotional effectiveness, their separate impact has yet to be evaluated. For 75 brands in 25 categories, the author finds that the long-term retailer pass-through of promotions is 65 percent, yielding a long-run wholesale promotional elasticity of 1.78 before competitive response. However, competitors partially match the wholesale price reduction by 15 percent, which decreases promotional elasticity by 10 percent. The range of retailer and competitor response across the analyzed cases is very wide, and is affected by category and brand characteristics. As to the former, large categories yield stronger retailer response, while concentrated categories yield stronger competitor response. As to the latter, smaller brands face a fourfold disadvantage compared to leading brands: they obtain lower retail pass-through, lower retail support, and lower benefits from competing brand's promotions, while their promotions generate higher benefits to competitors. Interestingly, the mid-1990s move from off-invoice allowances towards scan-back deals only partially improves their promotional effectiveness compared to that of leading brands.
Polarisation mode dispersion measurement using modulation phase shift method

Polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) remains important for optical communications, despite the impending deployment of PMD compensation methods. These methods depend on a full understanding of the PMD phenomenon in fibers and components. in particular, the compensation of first order as well as second order PMD require a detailed verification of that behaviour within DWDM channels or in components and devices that have very narrow transmission bands. Some, but not all, of the traditional PMD measurement techniques developed for fibers will operate over narrow wavelength bands and/or give full PSP information. Included in these is the long-established modulation phase shift (MPS) method, which is a direct time domain measurement of differential group delay (DGD). It effectively uses so little optical bandwidth that it may be considered as a "spot" measurement of DGD. The DGD can be determined without any form of polarisation differentiation with respect to wavelength and second order PMD with only one stage of differentiation. PMD in fiber Bragg gratings with regions of high ripple have been studied using MPS, where the narrow-band nature of the technique is particularly advantageous.
Interplay between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Janus Kinase 3 Regulates Polychlorinated Biphenyl–Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Expression and Transendothelial Migration of Tumor Cells

We hypothesize that environmental toxicants, such as polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, can activate vascular endothelial cells and thus increase formation of blood-borne metastases. This study indicates that exposure of human microvascular endothelial cells to 2,2′,4,6,6′-pentachlorobiphenyl can stimulate transendothelial migration of tumor cells through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3. In a series of experiments with specific small interfering RNA and pharmacologic inhibitors, we provide evidence that 2,2′,4,6,6′-pentachlorobiphenyl can activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) in a closely coordinated and cross-dependent fashion. Activated EGFR and JAK3 stimulate in concert c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 as well as increase DNA-binding activity of transcription factors activator protein-1 and polyomavirus enhancer activator protein 3, leading to transcriptional up-regulation of MMP-3 expression. These results indicate that the interplay among EGFR, JAK3, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, is critical for polychlorinated biphenyl–induced MMP-3 expression and accelerated transendothelial migration of tumor cells. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(6):361–70)
TNF-α mediates increased susceptibility to ischemic AKI in diabetes.

Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans and rodents. However, the mechanistic basis for this observation is unknown. The present studies evaluated the r...
Depth-dependent defect and residual stress distribution in magnetron sputtered MoN:Cu nanocomposite films by x-ray microdiffraction

This is a copy of the slides presented at the meeting but not formally written up for the volume. We have developed a synchrotron-based x-ray microdiffraction technique for measuring depth-resolved residual stress distribution in nanocrystalline films with submicron resolution [1]. In this study, we further refined this technique and applied it to low-friction and high-hardness Cu-doped MoN films. These magnetron sputtered nanocomposites films consist of MoN, Mo2N, and Cu phases, whose ratio depends on Cu concentration. By using the microdiffraction technique, we discovered that both the deviatoric and the hydrostatic components of the residual stresses depend on the film depth (Fig.1). The former indicates depth-dependent distribution of biaxial stresses, while the latter implies depth-dependent defect distribution, which also depends on Cu concentration. Thermal annealing of the nanocomposite film partially relives the stress, significantly reduces the lattice spacing, and eliminates the defect gradients. These results suggest that interstitial N may play an important role in the lattice expansion and the defect gradients formed during the non-equilibrium sputtering process. Our study provides fresh insights into understanding the structure-property relations in the magnetron sputtered MoN:Cu nanocomposites films. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program. Use of the Advanced Photon Source is supported by the DOE Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. [1] G. Chen, D. Singh, O. Eryilmaz, J. Routbort, B. C. Larson, and W. Liu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 172104 (2006).
Effects of Exercise on Select Biomarkers and Associated Outcomes in Chronic Pain Conditions: Systematic Review.

Background:Chronic pain is highly prevalent. Current management is challenged by lack of validated objective measures like biological markers. Clinical pain studies employing exercise interventions have evaluated biomarkers; however, it is unclear how exercise impacts biomarkers involved in pain pathways and whether these markers are associated with relevant pain-related outcomes. This systematic review evaluates data from clinical studies employing exercise interventions in chronic musculoskeletal nonmalignant pain conditions in which biomarkers in pain pathways were measured.Method:Published research studies from several databases were examined using the Jadad Scale for assessing the quality of clinical studies.Results:Twelve research studies were reviewed. Jadad scores ranged from 5 to 11 out of 13 points. Inflammatory markers were most commonly measured followed by neurotransmitter-related genes and metabolite-detecting genes. After exercise interventions, changes in biomarkers involved in neurotransm...
Chronic kidney disease: Low birth weight and the global burden of kidney disease

Low birth weight (LBW) and intrauterine growth restriction are major contributors to the global burden of non-communicable diseases. A Norwegian registry study has confirmed that LBW is associated with an increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease by 40 years of age, which could not be explained by familial factors.
Non-Intrusive Persistence with a Backend NVM Controller

By providing instruction-grained access to vast amounts of persistent data with ordinary loads and stores, byte-addressable storage class memory (SCM) has the potential to revolutionize system architecture. We describe a non-intrusive SCM controller for achieving light-weight failure atomicity through back-end operations. Our solution avoids costly software intervention by decoupling isolation and concurrency-driven atomicity from failure atomicity and durability, and does not require changes to the front-end cache hierarchy. Two implementation alternatives – one using a hardware structure, and the other extending the memory controller with a firmware managed volatile space, are described.
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in and transmission by the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Arachnida: Ixodidae).

To assess a possible role of ticks as the maintenance host for epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if ticks could become infected, maintain, and transmit the virus. Larval and nymphal Amblyomma cajennense (F.) and larval Dermacentor nitens Neumann ticks were exposed to epizootic VEE virus (Trinidad donkey strain) by allowing them to feed on viremic guinea pigs (strain 13). In A. cajennense, transstadial transmission was observed from larvae to nymphs and adults. Horizontal viral transmission to a mammalian host was accomplished by nymphs. Infection rates in nymphs and adults were 2% (42/2,750) and 4% (9/244), respectively, after ingestion of virus as larvae. Virus was detected in A. cajennense adult ticks for up to 171 d after infection in the larval stage. A. cajennense, exposed as nymphs, ingested virus but did not become infected (0/164 after 10 d after taking an infective bloodmeal). No virus was detected in D. nitens 7 d after exposure. These findings suggest that A. cajennense potentially could be involved in an interepizootic maintenance cycle of epizootic VEE viral strains.
Dissociative Chemisorption of Trimethylgallium, Trimethylindium, and Ammonia on Gallium and Indium Nitride Substrates. A Computational Study

The methyl or hydrogen dissociations of trimethylgallium [Ga(CH3)3], trimethylindium [In(CH3)3], and ammonia (NH3), adsorbed onto model substrates for gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN), were studied using the hybrid program ONIOM. The model substrates consisted of 44 GaN units and 35 InN units, with no capping hydrogen atoms, and were simulated using a quantum mechanical semiempirical approach (PM6). The adsorbates were represented using density functional theory (DFT) and basis sets containing polarization functions [B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)/3-21G(d,p)]. Adsorption rate constants, as well as methyl and hydrogen unimolecular homolytic dissociation rate constants, were computed using a semiclassical procedure, for pressures between 1 and 100 atm and for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1400 K. Time-dependent dissociative chemisorption processes of Ga(CH3)3, In(CH3)3, and NH3 adsorbing onto GaN and InN were modeled by solving sets of coupled differential equations using stiff methods.
The concept of race

Over the last few decades there has been some confusion in geographical education and research about the category of race, a category that was once so central to all the social sciences. If race often appears in quotes, does that mean it is not real? If race is a social construction, why is there still racism in institutions, feelings and economic distribution? Can physical differences between human bodies be considered without boxing them into the old colonial categories? This article provides a critical account of some of the mechanisms whereby differentiation happens along racial lines. It does so by carefully avoiding the reduction of race to genetic lines, while also taking the biological dimension of race seriously. A framework for approaching race and racism is suggested that will hopefully help to clear the confusion.
To transplant or not to transplant

In a case of a patient with impaired decision-making, is the physician obligated to go through with a transplant when the transplant-related mortality would be on the order of 50%, and possibly as high as 80%?
Die Produktivität der naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Forschung und Entwicklung

Es mag paradox erscheinen, das ich als Sozialwissenschaftler die sozialwissenschaftliche und geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung von meinem heutigen Thema ausschliese. Ich werde mich auf die naturwissenschaftliche und technische Forschung beschranken. Meine Untersuchung selbst stellt naturlich sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung dar, aber mein Untersuchungsgegenstand ist nur naturwissenschaftliche und technische Forschung. Hier schaut also ein Sozialwissenschaftler auf die Naturwissenschaften und die Technik hin und versucht herauszufinden, was man uber die Produktivitat der Forschungsarbeit auf diesen Gebieten sagen kann.
Habituation and Novelty

Habituation and novelty paradigms have been used for more than 50 years to study perceptual and mnemonic processes in the human infant. In the first part of this article we provide a brief history and description of the different types of habituation and novelty procedures, critique the major theories and models of infant habituation and novelty preferences, and summarize major developmental trends and debates. In the second part of the article we review more recent advances in our understanding of habituation and novelty preferences using the methods of neuroscience that are now available, and provide a critical review of the debate over what kind of memory supports infant performance in these tasks.
Platinum and Other Transition Metal Nanoclusters (Pd, Rh) Stabilized by PAMAM Dendrimer as Excellent Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application to the Methylcyclopentane (MCP) Hydrogenative Isomerization.

Pt, Rh, and Pd nanoclusters stabilized by PAMAM dendrimer are used for the first time in a gas flow reactor at high temperature (150–250 °C). Pt nanoclusters show a very high activity for the hydrogenation of the methylcyclopentane (MCP) at 200–225 °C with turnover freqency (TOF) up to 334 h–1 and selectivity up to 99.6% for the ring opening isomerization at very high conversion (94%). Rh nanoclusters show different selectivity for the reaction, that is, ring opening isomerization at 175 °C and cracking at higher temperature whereas Pd nanoclusters perform ring enlargement plus dehydrogenation, while maintaining a high activity. The difference in these results as compared to unsupported/uncapped nanoparticles, demonstrates the crucial role of dendrimer. The tunability of the selectivity of the reaction as well as the very high activity of the metal nanoclusters stabilized by dendrimer under heterogeneous conditions open a new application for dendrimer catalysts.
Young Children’s Planning Strategies and Early Principles of Spatial Organization in Drawing

In. recent years students of children’s drawings have suggested that we pay closer attention to the rules that govern the drawing process, and that we examine the serially ordered performance that yields a graphic figure (Freeman, 1980; Goodnow, 1977). The sequence in which parts are drawn has keen related to performance “errors” exemplified by the typical tadpole figure which lacks arms and a trunk. Freeman (1980) has suggested that the temporal and spatial ordering of the drawn parts of the human figure favours the end-points in a series, in this case the head and the legs, while the mid-points in the series tend to be forgotten.
Abstract 167: PLTP Acts in Concert with SAA to Reduce Plasma HDL Levels in Mice and Modulates Nascent HDL Formation in Hepatocytes

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), which binds phospholipids and facilitates their transfer between lipoproteins in plasma, plays a key role in lipoprotein remodeling. PLTP levels increase during acute inflammation and increased PLTP activity is associated with the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) as seen in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. SAA, an HDL apolipoprotein, is highly induced during inflammation. In this study we investigated whether HDL remodeling by PLTP is affected by SAA, and the significance of PLTP on HDL biogenesis. Over-expression of PLTP in mice using an adenoviral vector reduced HDL-C and phospholipid (PL) in a dose dependent manner with the liberation of lipid-poor apoA-I. Co-expression of PLTP and SAA produced a significantly greater reduction in HDL-C and PL than expression of either PLTP or SAA alone. Studies were carried out to examine the lipidation of apoA-I and formation of nascent HDL particles by primary mouse hepatocytes. Over-expression of PLTP in hepatocytes markedly affected the levels as well as the species of nascent HDL particles produced by cells. Although the formation of smaller nascent HDLs was reduced by PLTP, the formation of the larger HDLs was increased. PLTP expression in hepatocytes did not change ABCA1 levels. Co-expression of SAA with PLTP exerted only a modest effect on the levels and types of HDL generated in the presence of PLTP. Our findings suggest that the remodeling of plasma HDL by PLTP and SAA contributes to the reduced HDL-C levels observed during inflammation. PLTP also significantly affects apoA-I lipidation and nascent HDL biogenesis in hepatocytes.
Prenatal exposure to fever is associated with autism spectrum disorder in the boston birth cohort

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is phenotypically and etiologically heterogeneous, with evidence for genetic and environmental contributions to disease risk. Research has focused on the prenatal period as a time where environmental exposures are likely to influence risk for ASD. Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA), caused by infections and fever, and ASD. However, due to differences in study design and exposure measurements no consistent patterns have emerged revealing specific times or type of MIA exposure that are most important to ASD risk. No prior studies have examined prenatal MIA exposure and ASD risk in an under-represented minority population of African ancestry. To overcome these limitations, we estimated the association between prenatal exposure to fever and maternal infections and ASD in a prospective birth cohort of an understudied minority population in a city in the United States. No association was found between prenatal exposure to genitourinary infections or flu and the risk of ASD in a nested sample of 116 ASD cases and 988 typically developing controls in crude or adjusted analyses. Prenatal exposure to fever was associated with increased ASD risk (aOR 2.02 [1.04–3.92]) after adjustment for educational attainment, marital status, race, child sex, maternal age, birth year, gestational age, and maternal smoking. This effect may be specific to fever during the third trimester (aOR 2.70 [1.00–7.29]). Our findings provide a focus for future research efforts and ASD prevention strategies across diverse populations. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary We looked at whether activation of the immune system during pregnancy increases the chance a child will develop ASD. We examined 116 children with ASD and 988 children without ASD that came from a predominantly low income, urban, minority population. We found that having the flu or genitourinary tract infections during pregnancy is not related to the child being diagnosed with ASD. However, we did find children were at increased risk for ASD when their mothers had a fever during pregnancy.
Medical Student Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Cancer

This survey examines knowledge of the association of human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer among students at 10 New York State medical schools.