cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vapor Supersaturation in Collapsing Bubbles. Relevance to the Mechanisms of Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence

Small amplitude oscillations of gas bubbles in sonicated liquids are quasi-reversible events, but the sudden collapse of widely expanded bubbles results in extensive vapor supersaturation. However, Hilgenfeldt et al. (Nature 1999, 398, 402) explain single-bubble sonoluminescence by assuming that collapsing bubbles revisit their equilibrium radii, Ro, filled with vapor-saturated gas ([gas]/[H2O] ≈ 31 at 300 K) before becoming impermeable and adiabatic en route to uniform ≥25 kK temperatures. We find that the above assumption is physically untenable and seriously in error. In contrast, we calculate robust [gas]/[H2O] ≤ 0.12 ratios at Ro by using realistic αH2O ≤ 0.3 values for the mass accommodation coefficient of H2O molecules on liquid water at 300 K, and by taking into account the diffusive resistance developing within collapsing bubbles. Therefore, water vapor, rather than any particular gas, is the main component of collapsing bubbles. Its large heat capacity and atomization energies preclude reaching ...
HER dimerization inhibitors: developing pertuzumab as an anticancer agent in women's oncology.

Background: Pertuzumab is a novel monoclonal antibody that blocks the dimerization domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2/neu receptor, disabling its ability to form heterodimers with the other members of its family. Objective: We review the background and scientific rationale, but more specifically cover current clinical trial outcomes of pertuzumab in solid tumors, with an emphasis on the work completed in women's cancers. Methods: Clinical trial results published or presented at national meetings are included in this review. Results: Pertuzumab shows promising activity with trastuzumab in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The results in ovarian cancer have been limited thus far but a post hoc analysis of the results of a completed randomized Phase II trial of gemcitabine with or without pertuzumab suggests that low HER3 levels may mark a group of women who may benefit from the addition of pertuzumab to chemotherapy. Conclusions: The efficacy of pertuzumab independent of H...
Regional progressive high‐pressure metamorphism, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Blueschist-facies rocks on the Seward Peninsula constitute a structurally coherent terrane measuring at least 100 × 150 km. Radiometric age data indicate that high-pressure metamorphism probably occurred in Jurassic rather than in Palaeozoic or Precambrian time, as previously suggested. Protolith sediments (Nome Group) are of intracontinental basin or continental margin type, and of lower Palaeozoic and possibly late Precambrian age, thus predating the high pressure metamorphism by more than 200 m.y. Blueschist-facies mineral assemblages were developed in almost all lithologies of the Nome Group, and are best preserved in FeTi-rich metabasites (glaucophane + almandine + epidote) and pelites (glaucophane + chloritoid + phengite). A lawsonite–crossite subfacies was developed in possible Nome Group rocks on the east flank of the Darby Mountains. Albite–epidote–amphibolite facies assemblages characterize Nome Group rocks in the southwestern part of the Peninsula. Metamorphism in the central zone of the terrane passed from early lawsonitic to subsequent epidote–almandine–glaucophane schist subfacies with the local development (east of the Nome River) of eclogitic assemblages. The high pressure metamorphic minerals were synkinematic with the development of mesoscopic-scale intrafolial isoclinal folds and a flattening foliation of consistent orientation. Initiation of uplift probably corresponded to the growth of barroisite rims on earlier sodic and actinolitic amphiboles, and partial post-kinematic greenschist facies replacements record later stages of decompression. Ophiolites and melange are not associated with the Seward Peninsula blueschists. The high-pressure metamorphism was caused by tectonic loading of a continental plate by an allochthon of indeterminate origin. The PT conditions of high pressure metamorphism were approximately 9–11 kbar, 400–450°C, thus falling between the PT paths of the Shuksan and Franciscan terranes.
Management of β-Adrenergic Blocker and Calcium Channel Antagonist Toxicity

State-of-the-art therapy for β-adrenergic receptor blocker and calcium channel antagonist toxicity is reviewed in the light of new insights into drug-induced shock. A brief discussion of pathophysiology, including cardiac, hemodynamic, and metabolic effects of cardiac drug toxicity, provides a foundation for understanding the basis of therapy. The major focus of this review is a critical evaluation of antidotal use of calcium, glucagon, catecholamines, insulin-euglycemia, and other novel therapies based on investigational studies and cumulative clinical experience.
A Histological Study of White Pine Shoots Attacked by the Exsule Stage of Pineus pinifoliae

The stylets of the exsule stage of the pine leaf chermid, Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch), follow an intercellular course through the cortex of white pine and terminate in the young sieve cells of the phloem. Phloem deterioration is a gradual process commencing in late June and reaching a climax in late August. This damage is characterized by hypertrophied sieve cells and cellular breakdown in the phloem region, destruction of vascular cambium, and ultimately, in the formation of large structureless cavities surrounding the xylem. Internal deterioration is evidenced externally by needle discoloration followed by twig drooping. This sequence of events is directly related to the order of tissue abnormalities within the shoot.
Zero tolerance for nonsense: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay uses multiple degradation pathways.

Abstract Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA surveillance mechanism that detects and rapidly degrades aberrant transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTC). In this issue, Lejeune et al. (2003) identify three enzymes, the poly(A) ribonuclease, PARN, the decapping enzyme, Dcp2, and the 3′ exosome component, PM/Scl100, which in concert catalyze both nuclear and cytoplasmic NMD.
The group paradigm for concurrency control

We propose a paradigm for developing, describing and proving the correctness of concurrency control protocols for replicated databases in the presence of failures or communication restrictions. Our approach is to hierarchically divide the problem of achieving one-copy serializability by introducing the notion of a “group” that is a higher level of abstraction than transactions. Instead of dealing with the overall problem of serializing all transactions, our paradigm divides the problem into two simpler ones. (1) A local policy for each group that ensures a total order of all transactions in that group. (2) A global policy that ensures a correct serialization of all groups. We use the paradigm to demonstrate the similarities between several concurrency control protocols by comparing the way they achieve correctness.
Fingerspell: Let Your Fingers Do the Talking

In this article we discuss an application that translates hand gestures of the American Sign Language (ASL) alphabet and converts them to text. The FingerSpell application addresses the communication barrier of the deaf and the hearing-impaired by eliminating the need for a third party with knowledge of the American Sign Language, allowing a user to use hand signs that will be translated to letters and words. Through the use of a data glove embedded with multiple input sensors, the application parses each hand and finger gesture signed by the user and detects unique cases which trigger application responses. Application responses come in both visual and auditory forms. The letter corresponding to the unique gesture will appear on the screen and play aloud using computer speech synthesis. The user may also sign an end of word gesture which cues the application to read the previous string of letters together, as one word. This allows a deaf person to communicate with another person without the need for the ...
Futures Expiration, Contract Switching, and Price Discovery

“Futures markets have the interesting feature that contracts mature regularly. This affects both hedgers, who regularly need to roll over their futures positions into later contract months, and researchers, who want to understand the linkage between futures and the underlying cash markets. In this article, Chatrath and Christie-David take a very close look at five commodity futures markets and develop interesting results on how prices and volume behave as the nearest contract reaches maturity and trading rolls over into the next one.”
Developing bit preservation services at the Library of Congress

This paper describes the developing specifications and software tools and services that support bit preservation at the Library of Congress.
Stochastic inverse heat conduction using a spectral approach

An adjoint-based functional optimization technique in conjunction with the spectral stochastic finite element method is proposed for the solution of an inverse heat conduction problem in the presence of uncertainties in material data, process conditions and measurement noise. The ill-posed stochastic inverse problem is restated as a conditionally well-posed L{sub 2} optimization problem. The gradient of the objective function is obtained in a distributional sense by defining an appropriate stochastic adjoint field. The L{sub 2} optimization problem is solved using a conjugate-gradient approach. Accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach is appraised with the solution of several stochastic inverse heat conduction problems. (author)
Emerging drugs for moderate-to-severe psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, incurable, disabling skin disease characterised by red, scaly plaques. Approximately 23% of psoriasis patients also have an accompanying arthritis that can become debilitating. Psoriasis has a stigmatising effect on its victims, who often feel socially isolated. Although the exact aetiology of psoriasis is still unknown, it is clearly an immune-mediated disease. Traditional therapies for psoriasis include topical drugs, such as corticosteroids, retinoids and vitamin D3 analogues; systemic drugs, such as methotrexate, ciclosporin and retinoids; and phototherapy. These mainstays of treatment are efficacious for the treatment of severe disease; however, most are associated with toxicities or are inconvenient. Recent advances in biotechnology have produced new pharmaceuticals that interfere with immune responses thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases. The immunobiologicals, one new family of drugs, consist of monoclonal antibodies and fu...
Improved survival in the treatment of advanced hodgkin's disease at a nonuniversity institution (1970–1979)

From 1970 through 1979, 89 patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Marshfield Clinic/St. Joseph's Hospital. After the pathologic material was reviewed, the patients were analyzed to compare Group I (1970-1973) with Group II (1974-1979). Demographic characteristics in the two groups were similar. In the decade, 76% of patients achieved complete remission. In advanced-stage disease, 50% of patients achieved complete remission in Group I compared with 68% in Group II. At 5 years, 50% of patients were alive without COPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) chemotherapy; with this treatment, 75% of patients survived (P = 0.02). There was improved survival comparing Group I (56% at 5 years) with Group II (76% at 5 years) patients with advanced disease (P = 0.004). More aggressive combination chemotherapy (COPP) was related to the improvement in survival (P less than 0.001). The advances in treatment made by cooperative groups and universities are being transferred to nonuniversity institutions, with appropriate improvement in survival of Hodgkin's disease.
Urban size and the quality of human health: A social indicator approach

In recent years, many studies have emerged in economics on various topics in the area of health; however, conspicuously absent from the literature is an investigation of the relationship of the quality of human health to city size and urban growth. The possible existence of a functional relationship between health quality and urban size has importance to a large set of economic issues. For instance, discussions concerning optimum city size, welfare policies, national health insurance programs, wage contracts, and the advantages and disadvantages of urban growth would be clarified by additional knowledge of systematic variations in the quality of health with urban size. One normally conjures up ghastly images of poor health conditions in large cities. Since the time of Friedrich Engels' horrifying descriptions of the conditions of working class Manchester in 1844 which [Engels, 1978, p. 584] "undermine(d) the health of thousands" to present day reports of harmful externalities, one is left with the impression the quality of human health and urban size are inversely related. Recent studies have shown that negative externalities, such as air and water pollution, traffic congestion, and noise, tend to increase with city size [i.e., Mazek and Laird, 1972]. Empirical tests on quantifiable measures of these externalities have also revealed their significant associations with the incidence of specific disease and death rates) Since urban
Adaptive explanation for the origins of the anthropoidea (primates).

A new explanation for the origin of the primate suborder Anthropoidea is presented. Functional analyses of the "forward"-facing orbits, postorbital septum and retinal fovea are used to reconstruct the morphological and ecological contexts in which these features are most likely to have evolved. The postorbital septum is argued to have evolved as an adaptation to protect the orbital contents from encroaching fibers of anterior temporalis. This encroachment resulted from increasing convergence and frontation of the orbital margins in a lineage of small-bodied animals with relatively large eyes. Increasing orbital convergence is hypothesized to have resulted from reduction in relative orbit diameter associated with a shift to diurnality at small body size (<1,300 g). Increased frontation (verticality) of the orbital margins is hypothesized to have been due to rostral displacement of the superior orbital margin or increasing basicranial flexion in a lineage of animals with orbits pushed to the midline below the olfactory tract. Either of these changes would have occurred as a result of increases in neocortex size. Increased neocortical volume is hypothesized to have resulted from a shift to group living associated with a shift to diurnality. Diurnal, visual predation among other vertebrates is commonly associated with possession of a retinal fovea and the haplorhine fovea is hypothesized to have evolved in a similar context. All these features are hypothesized to have evolved in association with a shift from nocturnal to diurnal visual predation of insects at small body size and this adaptive shift is argued to be the defining feature of the anthropoid suborder. The omomyid skull is the best structural antecedent of the anthropoid skull; however, if basal primates exhibited moderate degrees of orbital convergence and frontation, orbits that were closely approximated below the olfactory tract and nocturnal habits, they could easily have given rise to the anthropoid stem species. The presence of a retinal fovea and lack of a tapetum lucidum in extant tarsiers implies that they shared a diurnal ancestry with anthropoids. This suggests that the adaptive explanation for anthropoid origins presented here applies to the origins of the haplorhine stem lineage. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Full dimensional quantum calculations of vibrational energies of N-methyl acetamide.

We report quantum calculations of vibrational states of trans N-methyl acetamide (H3C−HNCO−CH3) in full dimensionality using the code MULTIMODE. In this code, the full potential is represented as a hierarchical sum of n-mode potentials in the normal coordinates. All 30 one- and 435 two-mode potentials are included in the sum, as well as a restricted set of 10 three-mode potentials corresponding to the experimentally probed amide band. The electronic energies on the various n-mode grids are obtained using ab initio Moller−Plesset perturbation theory with a triple-ζ quality, correlation-consistent basis set. Convergence tests of the low-lying vibrational eigenvalues of the amide band show that this limited three-mode representation of the full potential yields well converged results that are in excellent agreement with experiment. The infrared spectrum in the region of the amide bands is calculated and also agrees well with experiment.
Evaluation of Metal Oxide Whiskers Grown on Screens for Use as Aerosol Filtration Media

Metal oxide whiskers grown on commercially available screens were evaluated as new filter media. The screens were woven from phosphor bronze wire of diameter D wire = 114 μm in a square mesh with fraction open area ϵ = 0.303. Whiskers' diameters are remarkably uniform for the chosen growth conditions, averaging about 0.6 μm. Whisker lengths are much more variable, and whiskers over 20 μm long can be grown. Pressure drop ΔpN and aerosol penetration PN through TV identical screens in series were measured. N varied from 1 to 10. The aerosols were dioctylphthalate droplets of diameter DP equal to 1.0, 2.0, or 4.6 μm. The face velocity U was varied from 0.15 to 5 m/s. Capture efficiency was expressed in terms of a single-wire capture efficiency η computed as follows: η = (1 − P 1/N N)/(1 − ϵ). For a given screen, the single-wire efficiency was found to be an increasing function of both particle size and face velocity, suggesting that capture is dominated by impaction. For each screen, η was successfully correl...
Radial route systems and agro-pastoral strategies in the Fertile Crescent: New discoveries from western Syria and southwestern Iran

Abstract Radial systems of spoke-like pathways, often termed “hollow ways,” are frequently found surrounding mounded tell sites in northern Mesopotamia and have been explained as the product of a particular set of land use practices involving dry-farming agriculture and intensive ovicaprid pastoralism. Yet while similar subsistence strategies were very common across the Near East throughout much of the Holocene, classic hollow ways have only been previously documented in a small region and articulate almost exclusively with sites of the third millennium BC. This paper presents newly discovered hollow ways in western Syria and southwestern Iran, made possible through analysis of an online database of declassified, Cold War-era CORONA satellite imagery. The association of these previously undocumented ancient roads with archaeological sites dating to the Iron Age, Roman/late Roman and early medieval periods, suggests that the land use practices which produced radial route systems may have been quite widespread. Taking into account the wide geographic and temporal distribution of hollow ways, analysis explores various aspects of the agro-pastoral systems that disparate communities may have shared. Results confirm some aspects existing models of hollow way formation, while offering some refinements in terms of the roles that settlement organization, agricultural land use and pastoral strategies play.
On teaching computer ethics within a computer science department

The author has surveyed a quarter of the accredited undergraduate computer science programs in the United States. More than half of these programs offer a “social and ethical implications of computing” course taught by a computer science faculty member, and there appears to be a trend toward teaching ethics classes within computer science departments. Although the decision to create an “in house” computer ethics course may sometimes be a pragmatic response to pressure from the accreditation agency, this paper argues that teaching ethics within a computer science department can provide students and faculty members with numerous benefits. The paper lists topics that can be covered in a computer ethics course and offers some practical suggestions for making the course successful.
Discussion of “On estimating streamflow into tidal estuary”

The estuary offers many interesting and important problems to the physical hydrographer, and it is encouraging to find that hydrologists are extending their work into this intermediate zone between the river and the ocean. It is unfortunate, however, that this paper by Todd and Lau exhibits a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of circulation and mixing in a tidal estuary. To a casual reader the concepts presented by these authors are disarmingly clear and simple. Unfortunately, they have not used the basic hydrodynamic concept of continuity in its complete form which has led them to misinterpret the equations they develop, particularly their Equ. (1). The error results from the assumption that sea water on the one hand and fresh water on the other can be considered as the two species involved on the mixing processes in an estuary when, in fact, the two separate species which are involved are the salt and the water. The processes of turbulent diffusion, or ‘mixing,’ can lead to a net upstream transport of salt without a net upstream transport of water. This point will be discussed further below. Let us now consider some specific aspects of the paper.
Feature extraction of articulated objects in an active vision environment

This paper deals with feature extraction of 3D articulated objects in active vision environment, in which the object and/or the observer can move or rotate, while at the same time the articulated object itself can change status. An articulated object is divided into two portions: main rigid portion and articulated portion. It is more complicated than `rigid' object in that the relative positions, shapes or angles between the main portion and the articulated portion have essentially infinite variations, in addition to the infinite variations of each individual rigid portions due to orientations, rotations and topological transformations. A new method generalized from linear combination is employed to investigate such problems. It uses very few learning samples, and can describe, understand, and recognize 3D articulated objects while the objects status is being changed in an active vision environment.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Virtual reality learning environments: potentials and challenges

This paper addresses the unique characteristics of emerging Virtual Reality (VR) technology and the potential of virtual worlds as learning environments. I describe several key attributes of VR environments and discuss them in relationship to educational theory and pedagogical practice. I then identify three challenges that must be met before VR can be integrated into educational settings: cost, usability, and fear of the technology.
Studies in man with cold-recombinant influenza virus (h1n1) live vaccines

Two cold-recombinant influenza A (H1N1) viruses were tested in several groups of human volunteers. Only minor clinical symptoms were seen and no febrile reactions occurred. With serologically primed individuals virus shedding was low, but a high proportion showed rises in serum antibody levels after vaccination and mean titres were high. With serologically unprimed volunteers shedding was high, about 75% yielding viruses but only at low titres and for a short duration. No revertant viruses were found and there was no evidence of transmission to potentially susceptible individuals housed in close contact to the vaccinees. Serum antibody responses with unprimed volunteers were, however, low. Only about one half showed increases in serum antibody titres after vaccination and mean titres were low. Nevertheless, challenge with live attenuated virus indicated a high degree of protection based on virological evidence of infection.
Mass independently fractionated sulfur components in chondrites

We report high precision sulfur isotopic data obtained by sequential extraction from various physically separated phases (bulk, matrix, and chondrules) from chondrites. A significant excess of 33S (up to Δ33S of 0.112‰ for Dhajala Chondrule) has been observed and is most likely carried by chondrule rims, though chondrule interiors cannot be ruled out as a carrier. Stellar nucleosynthesis and spallation are ruled out as a cause for this anomaly. Photochemical irradiation of sulfur gaseous species in the early solar nebula has, most likely, produced this anomaly. Observations of mass independent sulfur of photochemical origin suggest that chondrules and their rims must have formed in an optically thin nebular region. This also suggests that the chondrules were formed near the protoSun when it was active in ultraviolet light emission.
Relationship between hysterectomy and admixture in African American women.

Objective Most studies suggest that hysterectomies are more common in African American women than in other ethnic groups. To assess this ethnic surgical disparity in a novel way, our main goal was to determine whether admixture (the proportion of sub-Saharan African or European origin in individuals) is associated with hysterectomy frequency in African American women in the Women's Health Initiative. Study Design In this retrospective study, we used ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms to estimate admixture proportions in >10,000 African American women from the Women's Health Initiative. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between admixture and self-reported history of hysterectomy with and without controls for relevant covariates. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the association between admixture and self-reported age of hysterectomy. We also considered other potential risk factors (adiposity, hypertension, and education) for hysterectomy accounting for admixture. Results African admixture was a strong risk factor after the adjustment for multiple covariates (odds ratio, 1.85; P P Conclusion These results suggest that higher African admixture is associated with higher frequencies of hysterectomy and that genetic studies that specifically target African American women and diseases that are associated with hysterectomy may be especially useful in understanding the pathogenesis and underlying cause of this disparity in health outcome.
A Java-based science portal for neutron scattering experiments

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a state-of-the-art neutron scattering facility recently commissioned by the US Department of Energy (DOE). The neutron beam produced at SNS will have an intensity that is an order of magnitude higher than existing facilities worldwide, enabling a significantly better understanding of and exploration into the structure of matter. The SNS is a billion-and-a-half dollar investment supporting research that impacts diverse science domains such as materials, chemistry, engineering, polymers, structural biology, and superconductivity. Thousands of scientists from around the world will annually perform experiments at SNS, ultimately producing petabytes of raw data that must be reduced, curated, analyzed and visualized. The SNS facility is developing a Java-based one-stop shopping web portal with access to the broad spectrum of data and computing services that will facilitate scientific discovery by enabling geographically dispersed users to seamlessly access and utilize the SNS facility resources. In this article, we describe the design and implementation of the SNS portal, focusing on several key architectural components, highlighting the diverse usage of Java in a production environment, ranging from enterprise level software composition to remote interactive visualization and integration with high performance distributed computing.
Finger interaction during maximal radial and ulnar deviation efforts: experimental data and linear neural network modeling

The purpose of this study was to characterize finger interactions during radial/ulnar deviation, including interactions with flexion movements. Subjects performed single-finger and multi-finger maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and maximal forces and various indices of interaction among the fingers were quantified. MVCs in radial/ulnar deviation were 50–80% as strong as in flexion. Along with the ‘master’ fingers (i.e., those explicitly instructed to produce force), substantial force production was also observed in ‘slave’ fingers (i.e., those not explicitly instructed to produce force), a phenomenon termed: force ‘enslaving’. In addition, a drop in MVC during multi-finger tasks as compared to single finger tasks (force ‘deficit’) was also observed. A previously unreported phenomenon that we term: ‘preferred direction enslaving’ was also apparent; both master and slave fingers produced force in the instructed direction with a non-zero perpendicular component. Due to the architectural separation of the involved muscles, preferred direction enslaving provides strong evidence that enslaving results from neural rather than biomechanical factors. A final new phenomenon: ‘negative deficit’, or force ‘facilitation’ was observed in 46.4% of the trials in 21 out of 23 subjects during multi-finger lateral efforts and was further demonstrative of extensive interconnection among neurons serving hand muscles. The data were modeled with high accuracy (∼4% mean square error) using a linear neural network with motor ‘commands’ as inputs and finger forces as outputs. The proposed network, equivalent to linear regression, can be used to determine the extent to which finger forces are influenced by peripheral constraints during functional prehensile activities.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) at High Pressures. Adsorption and Catalytic Reaction Studies on Platinum and Rhodium Single Crystal Surfaces

In this paper, we review the experimental results that were obtained using our high pressure–high temperature STM system (HP/HT STM) for studies of gas adsorption in a broad pressure range. Measurements are carried out in equilibrium with the gas phase. We discovered ordered surface structures of adsorbates that do not exist at low pressures. It appears that small increases in coverage due to increased ambient pressures cause ordering due to repulsive adsorbate–adsorbate interactions. Adsorption isotherms, one of the oldest fields of surface thermodynamics, can be revisited using HP/HT STM to obtain molecular surface structures and surface phase diagrams as the gas pressure is altered.
Gravitational instability in a primordial collapsing gas cloud

This paper presents an analysis of the linear evolution of short-wavelength perturbations in a background fluid flow which is undergoing gravitational collapse on large scales. Local evolution equations for perturbations to an arbitrary flow are derived in the linear regime and the short-wavelength limit. Local perturbation behavior in an inhomogeneous flow is found to be the same as that in a homogeneous anisotropic flow having the same local velocity field. Background flows in which the scale factors vary as power laws in time are considered to illustrate the relative effects of self-gravity, pressure and kinematics of the background flow on the density perturbation evolution. Perturbation analyses are then presented for more realistic background flows arising from the evolution into the nonlinear regime of initially small density perturbations in an isotropically expanding cosmological model. For low-pressure, inhomogeneous collapses, kinematic effects tend to dominate over self-gravity in driving perturbation growth as the collapse proceeds.
The shapes of metastable peaks

Abstract A new precise method is presented for calculating the path of an ion through a radial electric-field. This has been applied to the calculation of the shapes of ion kinetic energy peaks due to the fragmentation of metastable ions in the field-free region in front of the electric sector of a mass spectrometer.
The Michaelis constants of a nonchromogenic substrate may be determined using a chromogenic substrate

A general method is presented for the determination of the KM and Vmax for a nonchromogenic substrate in an experimental system where a chromogenic and a nonchromogenic substrate compete for the active site of a single enzyme. Entire progress curves of absorbance versus time for the transformation of the chromogenic substrate must be obtained in the absence and presence of the nonchromgenic substrate. Two quantities may then be extracted from the entire kinetic curves: the value of a delta Area, the area bounded by the kinetic traces of absorbance versus time in the presence and absence of the nonchromogenic substrate; and the value of delta t(5%), the time required to transform 5% of the chromogenic substrate in the presence of the nonchromogenic substrate minus the corresponding time required in its absence. The values of KM and Vmax for the nonchromogenic substrate may be obtained from the dependencies of delta Area and delta t(5%) upon the concentration of the nonchromogenic substrate. The ability of this procedure to yield the correct values of KM and Vmax was demonstrated using beta-lactamase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and 19 chromogenic/nonchromogenic substrate pairs. This method is equally valid in the absence or presence of competitive product inhibition and should be applicable to any enzyme-catalyzed, strongly exergonic reaction.
Fungal colonization of air filters for use in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

New and used cellulosic air filters for HVAC systems including those treated with antimicrobials were suspended in vessels with a range of relative humidities (55–99%) and containing non-sterile potting soil which stimulates fungal growth. Most filters yielded fungi prior to suspension in the chambers but only two of 14 nontreated filters demonstrated fungal colonization following use in HVAC systems. Filters treated with antimicrobials, particularly a phosphated amine complex, demonstrated markedly less fungal colonization than nontreated filters. In comparison with nontreated cellulosic filters, fungal colonization of antimicrobial-treated cellulosic filters was selective and delayed.
Thin film characterization of zinc tin oxide deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition

Abstract Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin films are of interest for many applications, including transparent conducting oxides and buffer layers in thin film solar cells. In this work, the ability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) to control both thickness and composition of the ternary material is explored and the resulting film properties are characterized. ZTO was deposited at 150 °C by alternating growth of tin oxide (SnO x ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) using tetrakis(dimethylamido)tin and diethyl zinc as metal precursors and water as the oxygen source. The growth behavior of ZTO was systematically examined as a function of the relative fraction of SnO x to ZnO ALD cycles and their bilayer period. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) showed that the ZTO growth rate was strongly reduced as compared to the growth rates of the binaries, especially at low bilayer periods and low tin cycle fractions. Inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy showed that the composition, together with other properties of ZTO films, was not simply proportional to the binary ALD cycle fractions utilized in the deposition. Structurally, the deposited films were shown by X-ray diffraction to be amorphous for tin content exceeding 10%, for which only smooth features were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Optically, VASE revealed a minimum refractive index in the visible range for intermediate compositions and a maximum for the pure SnO x phase. Conversely, the ZTO bandgap was maximized for intermediate metal compositions near ~ 50%, and converged to the direct ZnO bandgap of 3.3 eV for compositions with decreasing amounts of Sn in the films. Linear extrapolations gave a range of 2.9 to 4.0 eV for SnO x bandgap depending on the bandgap type (indirect or direct).
Some aspects of the oxidation of pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine by moth (Manduca sexta) flight muscle mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. Manduca sexta flight muscle mitochondria rapidly oxidize pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine in the presence of malate. 2. 2. The ratio acetyl-CoA/CoASH is very high during the controlled oxidation of either substrate, and falls on activating respiration with ADP. 3. 3. Long-chain acyl-CoA is a minor contributor to the total CoA pool during palmitoylcarnitine oxidation, and the mitochondrial content rises on activating respiration. 4. 4. Intramitochondrial citrate and isocitrate decrease slightly on activating respiration. 5. 5. Mitochondrial NAD(P) is highly oxidized during controlled respiration and becomes more reduced on activating respiration. 6. 6. These results point to a limitation of both pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine oxidation at the level of the tricarboxylate cycle in the controlled state, and implicate isocitrate dehydrogenase as a primary control point.
Nonlinear analysis of buckling behaviour of steel box girder components

Abstract Results of a large deflection nonlinear analysis of stiffened compression plates used in design of box girder bridges are presented. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered in the formulation. The soundness of the finite element model used in prediction of the buckling behaviour and ultimate strength of stiffened compression flanges is shown by comparison with experimental data.
Transformation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) zygotic-derived somatic embryos and regeneration of transgenic plants.

Transgenic grape plants were regenerated from somatic embryos derived from immature zygotic embryos of seedless grape (Vitis vinifera L.) selections. Somatic embryos were bombarded twice with 1 μm gold particles using the Biolistic PDS-1000/He device (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and then exposed to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58/Z707 containing the binary plasmid pGA482GG or pCGN7314. Following cocultivation, secondary embryos were allowed to proliferate on Emershad/Ramming proliferation (ERP) medium for 6 weeks before selection on ERP medium containing 20–40 μg/ml kanamycin (kan). Transgenic embryos were identified after 3–5 months under selection and allowed to germinate and develop into rooted plants on Woody Plant Medium containing 1 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.5% sucrose, 0.3% activated charcoal and 0.75% agar. Integration of the foreign genes into these grapevines was verified by growth in the presence of kan, positive GUS and PCR assays, and Southern analysis.
Multifeature distortion-insensitive constellation detection

Many applications require detection of multiple features that locally remain consistent in shape and intensity characteristics, but may globally change position with respect to one another over time or under different circumstances. We refer to these feature sets, defined by their characteristic relative positioning, as multifeature constellations. We introduce a method of processing in which multiple levels of correlation, using specially designed composite feature detection filters, are used to first detect local features, and then to detect constellations of these local features. We include experimental procedures and results indicating how the use of multifeature constellation detection may be utilized in applications such as sign language recognition and fingerprint matching.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with isolated CD8+ T-lymphocyte deficiency mimicking tumefactive MS.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by the polyomavirus JC (JCV). PML has classically been described in individuals with profound cellular immunosuppression. While some case reports have documented PML in individuals with minimal or occult immunosuppression, such cases are very rare and their pathogenesis is not well understood. We report a unique case of a 74 year-old woman who developed PML clinically mimicking tumefactive multiple sclerosis in the context of an idiopathic isolated CD8+ T-lymphocytopenia. Her course subsequently stabilized, concomitant to the development of a cellular immune response directed against JCV. We review the current literature of related cases and discuss the pathogenesis and implications of this rare presentation.
Career‐focused employee transfer processes

Purpose – The employee selection process has generally focused on the near‐term performance potential of internal candidates in filling vacant positions. This research addresses the potential influence of adding a career development emphasis to the employee transfer decision process. In a career‐focused transfer process the applicants' individual career development needs and growth opportunities are a key basis for internal selection decisions.Design/methodology/approach – Using web‐based survey methodology, a US financial services firm is used to evaluate the relationship between the use of career‐focused employee transfer criteria and key employee attitudes.Findings – The study finds that the use of career‐focused processes are positively related to employees' developmental opportunity satisfaction and perceived support for career development. Regression analyses finds that these two attitudes mediate the positive relationship between the use of career‐focused transfer criteria and perceived organizatio...
Regulating Capital in Accumulation: Negotiating the Imperial 'Frontier'

There are three major propositions that underpin this article. First that the poorest countries are still incorporated into the global economy in adverse terms, or in a way once described by the dependency and neo-marxist schools as 'dependent'. Second, that this is not because of neutral, market driven features of globalisation or comparative advantage, but by deliberate and political intervention by people and institutions of the richer countries, moderated by the behaviour of (African and other) political elites. I shall model this interaction institutionally and propose that this serves as a 'Keynesian global multiplier' for investors, but provides very limited gains to host countries. Third, that African states have developed their own means of creating markets and state-sponsored means of accumulation, primarily by processes of local content rules, indigenisation and empowerment. These are inevitably subject to contextual questions of legitimacy. The article concludes that the current conceptualisat...
Factors Governing Heat Transfer through Closed Cell Foam Insulation

The factors governing the heat transfer through foam insulation are reviewed and a predictive model is presented. Heat transfer takes place by conduction through gas within the foam cell, by conduction through the solid polymer and by thermal radiation. The gas conductivity is a function of the local gas composition. A given volume of polymer in a cell wall transmits twice the heat as the same volume in a strut. Radiation can be accurately predicted by assuming the cell walls are trans parent and the struts are opaque. The radiation heat transfer is proportional to the square root of the foam density and inversely proportional to the cell diameter to the first power. Addition of metal flakes to the polymer shows promise in reducing the transparency of the cell walls.
Moderate resolution remote sensing alternatives: a review of Landsat-like sensors and their applications

Earth observation with Landsat and other moderate resolution sensors is a vital component of a wide variety of applications across disciplines. Despite the widespread success of the Landsat program, recent problems with Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 create uncertainty about the future of moderate resolution remote sensing. Several other Landsat-like sensors have demonstrated applicability in key fields of earth observation research and could potentially complement or replace Landsat. The objective of this paper is to review the range of applications of 5 satellite suites and their Landsat-like sensors: SPOT, IRS, CBERS, ASTER, and ALI. We give a brief overview of each sensor, and review the documented applications in several earth observation domains, including land cover classification, forests and woodlands, agriculture and rangelands, and urban. We conclude with suggestions for further research into the fields of cross-sensor comparison and multi-sensor fusion. This paper is significant because it provides the remote sensing community a concise synthesis of Landsat-like sensors and research demonstrating their capabilities. It is also timely because it provides a framework for evaluating the range of Landsat alternatives, and strategies for minimizing the impact of a possible Landsat data gap.
Uncovering and managing unconscious ways of ‘looking’: A case study of researching educational care

This article explores how the idea of ‘caring for’ students served as a defence mechanism that both enabled me to conduct research and at the same time disabled my ability to understand student participants' meanings of educational care. Multiple resources, including meditation strategies and a method of narrative analysis – which required me to pay attention to students' unprompted stories – provided ways to interrupt my defensive mechanisms. With my own assumptions interrupted, I was then able to better see and analyse students' understandings. This article contributes to the growing body of academic work that addresses the ways scholars can become ‘good enough’ researchers (Luttrell, W. (2000). ‘Good enough’ methods for ethnographic research. Harvard Educational Review, 70(4), 499–523).
A fiber-based source of degenerate polarization-entangled photons in the telecom band

We present a high quality degenerate source of polarization-entangled photons (0.96 ± 0.01 fidelity with a maximally entangled state). Reverse Hong-Ou-Mandel interference in an optical-fiber Sagnac loop deterministically separates the indistinguishable photons.