cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of the cell surface of Paramecium. Ciliary membrane proteins and immobilization antigens.

We have developed a procedure to isolate the ciliary membranes of Paramecium and have analysed the membrane proteins by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing either Triton X-100 or sodium dodecyl sulphate. The electrophoretic pattern on gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate showed 12-15 minor bands of mol.wt. 25 000-150 000 and on major band of mol.wt. 200 000-300 000 that contained approximately three-quarters of the total membrane protein. 2. We present evidence that the major membrane protein is related to, but not identical with, the immobilization antigen (i-antigen), which is a large (250 000 mol.w.), soluble, surface protein of Paramecium. The similarity of the i-antigen and the major membrane protein was shown by immunodiffusion and by the electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulphate of these two proteins from Paramecium of serotypes A and B. The non-identity of these two proteins was shown by their different electrophoretic mobilities on Triton X-100 containing gels and their different solubilities. 3. We propose that the major membrane protein and the i-antigen have a precursor-product relationship.
Cellular receptors and hantavirus pathogenesis.

Hantaviruses cause two frequently fatal human diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) (Nolte et al. 1995; Zaki et al. 1995; Gonzalez-Scarano et al. 1996; Schmaljohn 1996). HFRS-associated hantaviruses cause vascular hemorrhage and kidney dysfunction while HPS-associated hantaviruses cause acute pulmonary edema (Lee et al. 1999; Zaki et al. 1999). Both diseases are associated with acute thrombocytopenia and changes in vascular permeability, and either disease may have pulmonary or renal components (Nolte et al. 1995; Zaki et al. 1995; Gonzalez-Scarano and Nathanson 1996; Schmaljohn 1996; Lee et al. 1999; Zaki and Nolte 1999).
The Molecular Biology of Down Syndrome

I begin this discussion with an old prejudice: Down syndrome is not a condition associated with premature aging. Criteria for deciding when premature aging occurs were set forth by Casarett (1964) and hold, in brief, that the mortality curve is advanced in time without alteration in shape and that all diseases and causes of death are proportionally advanced in time, as are all morphological and physiological manifestations of the aging process. When radiation effects and Werner syndrome, an autosomal recessive condition associated with a set of specific degenerative changes that mimic aging, were measured against these criteria, they did not pass the test for premature aging (Casarett 1964; Epstein et al 1966; Epstein 1985). Similarly, Down syndrome does not pass the test, at least based on current knowledge. Although the mortality curve for individuals with Down syndrome has, in the past, certainly been advanced in time, recent years have witnesssed a greater longevity of such persons (Masaki et al 1981; Dupont, Vaeth and Videbech 1986; Baird and Sadovnick 1987), and it is not presently known what the true Down syndrome mortality curve is or whether it indeed has the same shape as the curve for the general population. Furthermore, it is far from certain that there is a proportional advancement in time of the onset of either specific diseases or causes of death. Although congenital heart defects and leukemia are major causes of death early in life, the leading general cause of death at all ages in Down syndrome appears to be infection, Conditions such as cancer (excluding the unusual acute megakaryoblastic leukemia of childhood) and cardiovascular disease (excluding congenital heart defects) are, if anything, less prominent than in the general population (Scholl, Stein and Hansen 1976; Baird and Sadovnick 1988).
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

Renal cell carcinoma remains the most common malignant kidney tumor. The yearly incidence of renal cancer is rising, which may be related to a number of environmental factors. Due to advances in radiographic imaging modalities and surgical techniques, cure rates for low-stage renal cancer have dramatically improved. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for advanced kidney cancer, which remains incurable despite medical progress. This chapter reviews the signs, symptoms, common clinical presentations of patients with renal cancer, and discusses the current approaches to establishing a diagnosis of renal cancer.
Combined Effects of Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization around Immunotherapy for Hepatic Metastases from Uveal Melanoma: A Preliminary Retrospective Case Series.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of yttrium-90 (90Y) transarterial radioembolization (TARE) around immunotherapy in patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from uveal melanoma (UM). Materials and Methods From March 2013 to December 2017, 11 patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from UM were treated with TARE around immunotherapy. Two patients received TARE as a first-line treatment followed by immunotherapy. Nine patients received immunotherapy before TARE, and 6 of these patients received additional immunotherapy after TARE. Retrospective review of the clinical data was performed to assess hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS), overall survival (OS), treatment response, and toxicities. The median follow-up period from TARE was 10.5 months (range 1–35.5 months). Results The median OS from diagnosis of hepatic metastases was 35.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.0–55.0 months). The median hPFS and OS from the start of TARE were 15.0 months (95% CI 5.9–24.1 months) and 17.0 months (95% CI 1.8–32.2 months), respectively. Complete response was observed in 1 patient (9.1%), partial response in 2 (18.2%), stable disease in 4 (36.4%), and progressive disease in 4 (36.4%). Ten patients had grade 1 or 2 clinical toxicities, and 1 had grade 3 with a peptic ulcer. Six patients had grade 1 or 2 biochemical toxicities and 1 had grade 3, which was related to tumor progression. Conclusions The present results suggest that TARE around immunotherapy is safe and effective. The combined treatment may improve hPFS and OS in patients with hepatic metastases from UM.
EVALUATION OF RADIANT CATALYTIC IONIZATION IN REDUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI, LISTERIA INNOCUA AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ON REPRESENTATIVE FOOD CONTACT SURFACES

Abstract Escherichia coli, Listeria spp. and Salmonella typhimurium are common food pathogens and responsible for frequent and widespread outbreaks of foodborne illness annually. This study examine...
Inter- and Intra-industry Trade Relations between Bangladesh and India: Empirical Results:

AbstractBangladesh and India are two neighbouring countries in South Asia having strong political, diplomatic, trade and economic ties with each other. This article reviews and updates on the inter...
Local exercise does not prevent the aortic stiffening response to acute prolonged sitting: a randomized crossover trial.

Although simple strategies, such as fidgeting or calf raises, are sufficient for preserving vascular function in the legs, data from the current study indicate that such strategies are not sufficie...
The Strange Career of the Convict Clause: US Prison Imperialism in the Panamá Canal Zone

This article follows the “convict clause” in the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution – the exception for slavery and involuntary servitude to continue as punishment for crime – to the Panama Canal Zone. It argues that US officials used the prison system not only to extract labor, but to structure racial hierarchy and justify expansionist claims to jurisdiction and sovereignty. It reveals how despite the purported “usefulness” of the Black bodies conscripted in this brutal labor regime, the prison system's operational modality was racial and gendered violence which exceeded the registers of political economy, penology, and state-building in which that usefulness was framed. The Canal Zone convict road building scheme then became a cornerstone from which Good Roads Movement boosters, who claimed the convict was a slave of the state, could push for the Pan-American Highway across the hemisphere. Afro-Panamanian and Caribbean workers, who were the majority of those forced into Canal Zone chain gangs, protested the racism and imperialism of the prison system by blending anti-colonial and anti-racist strategies and deploying a positive notion of blackness as solidarity and race pride. Their efforts and insight offer an understanding of the US carceral state's imperial dimensions as well as enduring lessons for movements struggling to broaden the meaning and experience of freedom in the face of slavery's recurrent afterlives.
Hermite–Hadamard and Hermite–Hadamard–Fejer type inequalities for p -convex functions via conformable fractional integrals

In this paper, we obtain the Hermite–Hadamard and Hermite–Hadamard–Fejer type inequalities for p-convex functions via conformable fractional integrals. We also discuss some special cases.
Gut Microbiome Modulation Via Fecal Microbiota Transplant to Augment Immunotherapy in Patients with Melanoma or Other Cancers

We review emerging evidence regarding the impact of gut microbes on antitumor immunity, and ongoing efforts to translate this in clinical trials. Pre-clinical models and human cohort studies support a role for gut microbes in modulating overall immunity and immunotherapy response, and numerous trials are now underway exploring strategies to modulate gut microbes to enhance responses to cancer therapy. This includes the use of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), which is being used to treat patients with Clostridium difficile infection among other non-cancer indications. The use of FMT is now being extended to modulate gut microbes in patients being treated with cancer immunotherapy, with the goal of enhancing responses and/or to ameliorate toxicity. However, significant complexities exist with such an approach and will be discussed herein. Data from ongoing studies of FMT in cancer will provide critical insights for optimization of this approach.
Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy for brain tumor

Abstract Frailty has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a variety of surgical disciplines. Few data exist regarding the relationship of frailty with adverse outcomes in craniotomy for brain tumor resection. We assessed the relationship between frailty and the incidence of major post-operative complication, discharge destination other than home, 30-day readmission, and 30-day mortality after elective craniotomy for brain tumor resection. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 20,333 adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy for tumor resection in the 2012–2018 ACS-NSQIP Participant Use File. Multivariate logistic regression was performed using all covariates deemed eligible through clinical and statistical significance. 6,249 patients (30.7%) were low-frailty and 2,148 patients (10.6%) were medium-to-high frailty. In multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, BMI, ASA classification, smoking status, dyspnea, significant pre-operative weight loss, chronic steroid use, bleeding disorder, tumor type, and operative time, low frailty was associated with increased adjusted odds ratio of major complication (1.41, 95% CI: 1.23–1.60, p Conclusions Frailty is associated with increased odds of major post-operative complication, discharge to destination other than home, 30-day readmission, and 30-day mortality.
Sudden death in individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives Over 1 billion individuals worldwide experience some form of sleep apnoea, and this number is steadily rising. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) can negatively influence one’s quality of life and potentially increase mortality risk. However, the association between OSA and mortality has not been reliably estimated. This meta-analysis estimates the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with OSA. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice databases were searched from inception through 1 January 2020. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies We included observational studies assessing the association of sudden deaths in individuals with and without OSA. Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers (AES and ESH) extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool. Data were pooled using the random-effects models and reported as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was quantified with I2 statistic. Results We identified 22 observational studies (n=42 099 participants). The mean age was 62 years and 64% were men. OSA was associated with all-cause sudden death (RR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.44 to 2.10, I2=72%) and cardiovascular mortality (RR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.39 to 2.70, I2=32%). A marginally significant dose–response relationship between severity of OSA and the risk of death was observed (p for interaction=0.05): mild OSA (RR=1.16, 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.93), moderate OSA (RR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.67) and severe OSA (RR=2.87, 95% CI: 1.70 to 4.85). Meta-regression analysis showed that older age was a significant contributing factor in the relationship between OSA and mortality. The median study methodological quality was considered high. Conclusions OSA is a significant risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality. Prevention and treatment strategies to optimise survival and quality of life in individuals with OSA are urgently needed. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020164941.
Writing Against Forgetting: Korsakoff’s Syndrome in Theodor Fontane’s On Tangled Paths

This chapter argues that Theodor Fontane’s On Tangled Paths itself engages in a process (and tests the limits) of memory recuperation. This is because the novella is based on Fontane’s own elaborate practice of data processing, using mnemonic aids in order to commit experiences to visual and verbal memory. The novella’s somewhat mundane genesis from a set of detailed notebooks is consistent with the poetological program of Fontane’s late realist style in that it self-referentially problematizes the neurological basis of forgetting.
Oral agents for cancer: safety challenges and recommendations.

Background The lack of knowledge and standardization of safety practices related to prescribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring oral agents for cancer (OACs) has created significant safety challenges for patients and healthcare providers. Problems identified with the use of OACs include possible medication errors, increased potential for toxicity, unintentional exposure of hazardous medications to healthcare providers and informal caregivers, and possible pollution of the environment. Objectives The purpose of this review is to provide information about the current state of knowledge and recommendations in the literature regarding safety concerns with OACs and strategies for risk reduction. Methods Articles published from 2003-2014 were retrieved using PubMed, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Library. Findings As the number of OACs continues to increase, existing standards related to medication errors and safety will require ongoing revision to lessen the risks and hazards for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers.
Radical Behaviorism: B. F. Skinner's Philosophy of Science

Publisher Summary This chapter explains an overview of radical behaviorism presented by B. F. Skinner. Radical behaviorism constitutes the philosophy of science. Skinner offers as his contribution to the theory of knowledge. He proposed that psychology be pursued as an experimental natural science. His radical behaviorism identifies traditional commonsense mentalistic concepts and modes of explanation as a serious obstacle to that pursuit. Skinner's defense of radical behaviorism consists of arguing that mentalistic concepts constitute a systematic diversion from the task of developing concepts that can serve as effective tools in the experimental search for the causal factors and functional relations that will enable prediction, control, and scientific interpretation of human and nonhuman behavior. Skinner takes mentalism to be properly identified as the kind of theory that constitutes a distracting and unnecessary speculative diversion from the essential discipline of experimental research. In the place of mentalism, Skinner recommends a radical behaviorist philosophy of scientific psychology: a scientific interpretation of the epistemic activities of scientific psychologists.
The Concept of Unit Coherence and Its Application to Psychology Theories

Philosophers and scientists agree that an important characteristic of theories is their internal coherence. I propose that there is a particular type of internal coherence, termed “unit coherence,” that has received insufficient attention from psychologists. When psychologists theorize about the mechanisms that bring about human behavior, the units in which the variables are expressed need to be consistent throughout the theory; this is unit coherence. The theory of reasoned action is an example of a unit incoherent theory. I explain why this is so and also show how the theory can be made to be unit coherent. I also include examples of unit coherent theories to demonstrate that they are possible to have in psychology. Although the concept of unit coherence is somewhat subtle, it has surprising and far-reaching consequences.
Predictors of physical activity self-efficacy change for rural-residing older adults (1021.9)

Physical activity (PA) self-efficacy (SE) helps promote PA in older adults (OA). Factors influencing PA self-efficacy change were examined in 48 rural-residing OA (M age=74.4 years) at Weeks 1 and 8 during an 8-week exergaming program. Logistic regression assessed the effects of self-reported health status and PA readiness-to-change on dichotomized SE scores at Week 1. Self-reported health and PA readiness-to-change explained 45.4% of the variance in dichotomized SE scores at Week 1 [χ2(5)=19.2, p=.002] and correctly classified 76.1% of cases. A general linear model showed higher baseline self-reported health status was associated with a decreased likelihood of having a lower initial dichotomized SE score. SE change was predicted significantly (p=.001) by self-reported health status (ŋ2=.270) and by the interaction of self-reported health status with PA readiness-to-change (ŋ2=.251). Better health was associated with a greater positive SE change. These preliminary findings suggest that PA programs for OA ...
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis without hip pain leads to missed diagnosis.

Prompt diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is dependent on recognition of variable clinical manifestations. The charts of 116 children and adolescents with SCFE were reviewed to identify characteristics of patients whose diagnosis was initially missed. Missed diagnosis was found in 34 patients (29%). Sixteen of the 34 whose diagnosis was missed had hip pain, while 58 of the 82 whose diagnosis was not missed had hip pain (P = .0157). Of the 34 patients with missed diagnosis, 15 patients had thigh pain. In comparison, of the 82 patients without missed diagnosis, 19 had thigh pain (P = .0241). It is concluded that SCFE is more likely to be missed at the initial visit if hip pain is absent or if thigh pain is present. This review indicates that despite the evidence that patients with SCFE frequently complain of symptoms other than hip pain, the disorder continues to be missed.
Evolutionary Neural Networks for Nonlinear Dynamics Modeling

In this paper the evolutionary design of a neural network model for predicting nonlinear systems behavior is discussed. In particular, the Breeder Genetic Algorithms are considered to provide the optimal set of synaptic weights of the network. The feasibility of the neural model proposed is demonstrated by predicting the Mackey-Glass time series. A comparison with Genetic Algorithms and Back Propagation learning technique is performed.
Nanovesicle Trapping for Studying Weak Protein Interactions by Single-Molecule FRET

Abstract Protein–protein interactions are fundamental biological processes. While strong protein interactions are amenable to many characterization techniques including crystallography, weak protein interactions are challenging to study because of their dynamic nature. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) can monitor dynamic protein interactions in real time, but are generally limited to strong interacting pairs because of the low concentrations needed for single-molecule detection. Here, we describe a nanovesicle trapping approach to enable smFRET study of weak protein interactions at high effective concentrations. We describe the experimental procedures, summarize the application in studying the weak interactions between intracellular copper transporters, and detail the single-molecule kinetic analysis of bimolecular interactions involving three states. Both the experimental approach and the theoretical analysis are generally applicable to studying many other biological processes at the single-molecule level.
Dielectrophoresis of Macromolecules: Determination of the Diffusion Constant of Poly-γ-Benzyl-L-Glutamate

The translational diffusion constant of poly-γ-benzyl- L -glutamate in ethylene dichloride was measured by dielectrophoresis. The method is rapid, precise to about ± 5 percent, and yields values in good agreement with those obtained by standard methods.
Deficient Amino Acids in Protein of Dehulled Soybean Meal for Young Turkeys

Abstract Two 12-day experiments were conducted with Large White turkeys to determine which amino acids are deficient in a diet containing dehulled soybean meal as the sole source of protein. A 22% protein basal diet composed of 43.3% glucose monohydrate, 45.4% dehulled soybean meal, .5% DL-methionine, 6% stabilized fat, and added minerals and vitamins served as the negative control. Two positive control diets were formed by substituting either 16.5% dehulled soybean meal or a mixture containing amounts of essential amino acids equivalent to those in the added dehulled soybean meal in place of an equal amount of glucose monohydrate in the basal diet. Nine additional diets were formed by removing one or more amino acids from the mixture. Each of the 12 diets in a block design was fed to two pens of males and two pens of females with 8 birds per pen from 7 to 19 days of age in each experiment. Average body weight gain of poults fed the 22% protein diet with added amino acids approached that of poults fed the 30% protein diet (288 vs. 300 g, respectively). Removal of the amino acid mixture from the 22% protein diet depressed body weight gain by 19.0%. Depressions of 19, 16, 11, 7, and 6% in body weight gains resulted from the removal of valine, threonine, lysine, phenylalanine (or tyrosine or glycine), and isoleucine, respectively. A decrease of 5% was required for significance (P≤.05). When evaluated by this deletion technique, effects of valine and threonine deficiency were more pronounced than effects of lysine deficiency in dehulled soybean meal for young turkeys.
Transition metal-decorated activated carbon catalysts for dehydrogenation of NaAlH4

Abstract Dehydrogenation of NaAlH 4 can be greatly facilitated by activated carbon catalysts. The catalytic function can be further enhanced by decorating the carbon with Co, Ni, or Cu nanoparticles. The decomposition temperature was lowered by as much as 100 °C using a 3 wt.% Co or Ni-decorated activated carbon, comparable to a Ti-based catalyst, which were the most effective among the metals tested. The catalytic effect is likely due to a combination of hydrogen spillover effect, high contact area between carbon and the hydride, and confinement of the hydride as nano-sized domains in the pores of the carbon matrix. The catalysts were also effective in facilitating rehydrogenation of NaAlH 4 under moderate pressure (75.8 bar H 2 ) and low temperature (120 °C), when no rehydrogenation would occur without the catalyst. The fact that this new catalyst system is not specific to any hydride offers many potential applications.
Treatment of hemoptysis associated with aspergilloma using external beam radiotherapy: A case report and literature review

Pulmonary aspergillosis mycetoma commonly forms from saprophytic colonization of preexisting pulmonary cavities of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common saprophytic species of Aspergillus in human disease, producing a fungus ball or a mycetoma.1,2 The most common symptom associated with aspergillosis mycetoma is hemoptysis, seen in up to 70% of patients.1 Bleeding usually occurs from bronchial blood vessels and may be due to local invasion of blood vessels lining the cavity, endotoxins released from the fungus, or mechanical irritation of the exposed vasculature inside the cavity by the rolling fungus ball,3 and may become life threatening. There is no consensus on the treatment of aspergilloma, which is considered only when patients become symptomatic. Inhaled, intracavitary, and endobronchial instillations of antifungal agents have been attempted, as have intravenously administered amphotericin B and oral itraconazole, without consistent success.4 Therefore, when medical management has failed, the standard of care for massive hemoptysis has been surgical intervention. Invasive therapeutic options include pulmonary or bronchial artery embolization, ligation, or lung resection (pneumonectomy or lobectomy). Surgical intervention requires adequate pulmonary reserve and risks significant
Further evidence for an early critical period in the development of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

The concept of an early postnatal critical period of development for the lateral geniculate nucleus was assessed by determining in adult cats whether previously established properties of geniculate neurons could be altered by varying the cats' visual experience. The analysis was limited to lamina A1 and the binocular segment of lamina A, and the properties studied were the percentage of physiologically recorded Y-cells and cell soma size. Eleven experimental cats in four groups were studied, and three cats reared normally plus three cats reared with continuous monocular lid suture served as controls. Two cats raised first with monocular suture followed by a prolonged period in adulthood with both eyes open had cell size distributions and Y-cell proportions that were indistinguishable from cats raised with continuous monocular suture. Four cats raised first with one eye sutured underwent a reverse suture procedure in adulthood (i.e., the originally sutured eye opened and the other closed) and were maintained in this fashion for a prolonged period. These cats also had geniculate cell size distributions and Y-cell proportions that were indistinguishable from cats raised with continuous monocular suture. Two cats were raised first with binocular suture followed by a prolonged period in adulthood with one eye opened. Their geniculate cell size distributions and Y-cell proportions showed no effect of the adult monocular deprivation and were indistinguishable from previously published data concerning cats raised with continuous binocular suture. Finally, three normally raised cats underwent a prolonged period of monocular suture in adulthood. Their geniculate cell size distributions and Y-cell proportions showed no effects of the adult monocular deprivation. From these data, we conclude that an early critical period of development occurs for geniculate cell sizes and Y-cell proportions. Adult visual environments, whether normal or abnormal, had no detectable effect on geniculate neurons for these previously developed properties, whether normal or abnormal. A cat raised with the lids of one or both eyes sutured together develops certain abnormali- ties in its geniculocortical pathways. Studies of striate cortical neurons indicate that such deprivation induces abnormalities only during q early critical period (Hubel and Wiesel, '70; Blakemore and Van Sluyters, '74), and that these abnormalities are relatively permanent (Wiesel and Hubel, '65b; Chow and Stewart, '72; Hoffmann and Cynader, '77; see, however, Kratz et al., '76). The issues concerning a critical period for and permanence of deprivation-induced abnor- malities are less clear at the level of the lateral
Chemical evolution of Macondo crude oil during laboratory degradation as characterized by fluorescence EEMs and hydrocarbon composition

Abstract The fluorescence EEM technique, PARAFAC modeling, and hydrocarbon composition were used to characterize oil components and to examine the chemical evolution and degradation pathways of Macondo crude oil under controlled laboratory conditions. Three major fluorescent oil components were identified, with Ex/Em maxima at 226/328, 262/315, and 244/366 nm, respectively. An average degradation half-life of ∼20 d was determined for the oil components based on fluorescence EEM and hydrocarbon composition measurements, showing a dynamic chemical evolution and transformation of the oil during degradation. Dispersants appeared to change the chemical characteristics of oil, to shift the fluorescence EEM spectra, and to enhance the degradation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Photochemical degradation played a dominant role in the transformation of oil components, likely an effective degradation pathway of oil in the water column. Results from laboratory experiments should facilitate the interpretation of field-data and provide insights for understanding the fate and transport of oil components in the Gulf of Mexico.
Mutually exclusive splicing of α-tropomyosin exons enforced by an unusual lariat branch point location: Implications for constitutive splicing

Abstract Alternative splicing of α-tropomyosin pre-mRNA involves mutually exlusive utilization of exons 2 and 3, exon 3 being preferentially selected in most cells. This mutually exclusive behavior is enforced by absolute incompatibility between the adjacent splice sites of the two exons, due to close proximity of the exon 3 branch point to exon 2. The branch point, with an associated polypyrimidine tract, is in an unusual location, 177 nt upstream of the acceptor, only 42 nt from the exon 2 splice donor site. Splicing of exon 2 to 3 is consequently blocked prior to formation of an active spliceosome complex. This block to splicing can be relieved by insertion of spacer elements that increase the donor site-branch point separation to 51–59 nt. The unconventional relative location of the constitutive cis splicing elements therefore provides a simple mechanistic basis for strict mutually exclusive splicing. These results not only demonstrate that the branch point is not specified by proximity to the splice acceptor site, but rather suggest that it is the acceptor site which is specified relative to the branch point.
Proteomics approaches to identify mono‐(ADP‐ribosyl)ated and poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ated proteins

ADP-ribosylation refers to the addition of one or more ADP-ribose units onto protein substrates and this protein modification has been implicated in various cellular processes including DNA damage repair, RNA metabolism, transcription, and cell cycle regulation. This review focuses on a compilation of large-scale proteomics studies that identify ADP-ribosylated proteins and their associated proteins by MS using a variety of enrichment strategies. Some methods, such as the use of a poly(ADP-ribose)-specific antibody and boronate affinity chromatography and NAD(+) analogues, have been employed for decades while others, such as the use of protein microarrays and recombinant proteins that bind ADP-ribose moieties (such as macrodomains), have only recently been developed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and whether these methods are specific for identifying mono(ADP-ribosyl)ated and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins will be discussed. Lastly, since poly(ADP-ribose) is heterogeneous in length, it has been difficult to attain a mass signature associated with the modification sites. Several strategies on how to reduce polymer chain length heterogeneity for site identification will be reviewed.
Cell-Specific Kinetics and Efficiency of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Entry Are Determined by Two Distinct Phases of Attachment

We previously provided evidence for a model of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) entry by a cascade of interactions between components of the virion envelope and cellular plasma membrane (Fuller and Lee, 1992, J. Virol. 66, 5002-5012). In this report we have determined entry kinetics of wild-type HSV-1 into two highly susceptible cell lines to further explore the contributions of viral or cellular factors to entry. Penetration rates of preattached virus varied among several common laboratory HSV-1 strains into one cell line. However, entry kinetics varied substantially for a single strain into highly susceptible HEp-2 or Vero cells under identical conditions. Plaquing efficiencies and sensitivity to heparin also significantly differed between these cells. Kinetics of entry that included virus attachment and penetration showed that the cell-specific effects can be explained by two distinct phases of attachment that occurred before penetration, but differed in duration on both susceptible cell lines. Initial attachment of virus is resistant to removal with phosphate-buffered saline, but sensitive to removal with buffer containing heparin. This is followed by a second type of attachment that is heparin resistant, but still sensitive to extracellular inactivation. We conclude that although undefined factors unique to individual wild-type HSV-1 laboratory strains affect entry kinetics, entry of any one strain is greatly influenced by interactions of virus with specific cell components during at least two distinct phases of attachment before penetration. Moreover, the second phase to stabilize binding seems to be the rate-limiting event in entry. Since major differences in the amounts or sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate were not detected, differences in the surfaces of HEp-2 and Vero cells that influence the kinetics and efficiency of HSV-1 entry are likely in the fine structure of heparan sulfate or in the presence and quantity of other unidentified receptors.
The Transcription Factor FoxO1 Sustains Expression of the Inhibitory Receptor PD-1 and Survival of Antiviral CD8+ T Cells during Chronic Infection

SUMMARY Protein kinase B (also known as AKT) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are central regulators of T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Here, we show that during chronic murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, activation of AKT and mTOR are impaired in antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), resulting in enhanced activity of the transcription factor FoxO1. Blockade of inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in vivo increased mTOR activity in virus-specific CTLs, and its therapeutic effects were abrogated by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. FoxO1 functioned as a transcriptional activator of PD-1 that promoted the differentiation of terminally exhausted CTLs. Importantly, FoxO1-null CTLs failed to persist and control chronic viral infection. Collectively, this study shows that CTLs adapt to persistent infection through a positive feedback pathway (PD-1/FoxO1/PD-1) that functions to both desensitize virus-specific CTLs to antigen and support their survival during chronic viral infection.
The centrifugal distortion constants of disulfur monoxide

Abstract The microwave spectrum of the molecular transient disulfur monoxide, S 2 O, has been reexamined and the microwave measurements have been extended into the millimeterwave region. From the present data, the following ground-state rotational constants and quartic distortion constants have been obtained (MHz): A = 41915.44, B = 5059.07, C = 4507.19 δ J = 1.895 X 10 − , δ JK = −3.192 X 10 −2 , δ K = 1.197 X 10 0 δ J = 3.453 X 10 −4 and δ K = 1.223 X 10 −2 The centrifugal distortion constants obtained from the rotational spectrum are used to discuss the vibrational spectrum of disulfur monoxide.
On the multivariate poisson distribution

Abstract 1. The Bivariate Poisson. Let E denote a certain event, Ē its non-occurrence and EF the simultaneous occurrence of E and F.
Towards an understanding of supply chain quality management

Abstract In this paper, we define supply chain quality management (SCQM) to operationalize and understand the effect of increased emphasis on supply chain management on the practice of quality management. We review current research in quality management and identify common themes found in the literature. Key quality management content variables identified are customer focus, quality practices, supplier relations, leadership, HR practices, business results, and safety. We use these variables to propose areas for future research in the field of supply chain quality management.
ApoB100 is required for increased VLDL-triglyceride secretion by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in ob/ob mice.

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) is a key player in the assembly and secretion of hepatic very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Here we determined the effects of Mttp overexpression on hepatic triglyceride (TG) and VLDL secretion in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, specifically in relation to apolipoproteinB (apoB) isoforms. We crossed Apobec1−/− mice with congenic ob/ob mice to generate apoB100-only ob/ob mice (A-ob/ob). The obesity phenotype in both genotypes was similar, but A-ob/ob mice had greater hepatic TG content. Administration of recombinant adenovirus expressing murine Mttp cDNA (Ad-mMTP) increased hepatic Mttp content and activity and increased hepatic VLDL-TG secretion in A-ob/ob mice. However, despite equivalent overexpression of Mttp, there was no change in VLDL-TG secretion in ob/ob mice in a wild-type Apobec1 background. Metabolic labeling studies in primary hepatocytes from A-ob/ob mice demonstrated that Ad-mMTP increased triglyceride secretion without changing the synthesis and secretion of apoB100, suggesting greater incorporation of TG into existing VLDL particles rather than increased particle number. Ad-mMTP administration failed to increase hepatic VLDL secretion in lean Apobec1−/− mice or controls. By contrast, VLDL secretion increased and hepatic TG content decreased following Ad-mMTP administration to human APOB transgenic mice crossed into the Apobec1−/− line. These findings demonstrate that Ad-mMTP increases murine hepatic VLDL-TG secretion only in the apoB100 background, and even then only in situations with either increased hepatic TG accumulation or increased apoB100 expression.
Solubilization of membrane bound opiate receptor from rat brain.

Abstract Sonication of rat brain membranes for 9 minutes solubilized 35% of their stereospecific opiate binding activity; a second 9 minute sonication of the insoluble residue released an additional 21% of the original binding. The opiate binding properties of the solubilized material were highly similar to those of membrane bound receptor by a number of criteria, including affinity, effect of sodium, and the IC 50 of unlabeled opiates in displacing 3 H-etorphine binding. Moreover, storage of the solubilized receptor fraction for two weeks at −20°C did not significantly change the receptor binding. Sonication thus appears to be a useful first step in purifying the opiate receptor.
Quantifying herding effects in crowd wisdom

In many diverse settings, aggregated opinions of others play an increasingly dominant role in shaping individual decision making. One key prerequisite of harnessing the "crowd wisdom" is the independency of individuals' opinions, yet in real settings collective opinions are rarely simple aggregations of independent minds. Recent experimental studies document that disclosing prior collective opinions distorts individuals' decision making as well as their perceptions of quality and value, highlighting a fundamental disconnect from current modeling efforts: How to model social influence and its impact on systems that are constantly evolving? In this paper, we develop a mechanistic framework to model social influence of prior collective opinions (e.g., online product ratings) on subsequent individual decision making. We find our method successfully captures the dynamics of rating growth, helping us separate social influence bias from inherent values. Using large-scale longitudinal customer rating datasets, we demonstrate that our model not only effectively assesses social influence bias, but also accurately predicts long-term cumulative growth of ratings solely based on early rating trajectories. We believe our framework will play an increasingly important role as our understanding of social processes deepens. It promotes strategies to untangle manipulations and social biases and provides insights towards a more reliable and effective design of social platforms.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of water: Iniplications of the electromagnetic model

Abstract The electromagnetic model of surface-enhanced Raman scattering is used to show that in colloidal sols the failure to observe enhanced Raman signals from adsorbed water or even from a macroscopic layer of water near the surface is due not only to the small Raman cross section of water and the fact that any such enhanced signal is overwhelmed by that from the bulk water, but also because of the high wave number of the vibrational mode of water.
Signaling pathways leading to ischemic mitochondrial neuroprotection

There is extensive evidence that ischemic/reperfusion mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to ischemic damage. However data also indicates that mild ischemic stress induces mitochondrial dependent activation of ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism which is activated upon a brief sub-injurious ischemic exposure and is sufficient to provide protection against a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Current research demonstrates that mitochondria are not only the inducers of but are also an important target of ischemic preconditioning mediated protection. Numerous proteins and signaling pathways are activated by ischemic preconditioning which protect the mitochondria against ischemic damage. In this review we examine some of the proteins activated by ischemic precondition which counteracts the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion thereby maintaining normal mitochondrial activity and lead to ischemic tolerance.
Experimental limitations in impedance spectroscopy: Part III. Effect of reference electrode geometry/position

Abstract Experiments and computer simulations on Pt/YSZ specimens in various electrode configurations were performed to investigate the effect of reference electrode geometry/position on the accuracy of impedance measurements. The internal, Luggin probe-type, geometry is the preferred reference electrode configuration as it accurately measures both electrolyte and electrode impedances. External, ‘pseudoreference’, electrodes sample an averaged effective potential and can register inaccurate electrolyte resistances, sometimes with distorted electrode arcs. A symmetric configuration can accurately measure the impedance of an electrode; however, the electrolyte resistance will not scale linearly according to sample dimensions, as one might expect. An asymmetric configuration exhibits both non-linear partitioning of electrolyte resistance and distortions in the electrode impedance arc under certain circumstances. The reliability of three-electrode measurements is very sensitive to aspect ratio and electrode configuration.
DETERMINANTS OF THE PROPERTY DAMAGE COSTS OF TANKER ACCIDENTS

Abstract This study investigates determinants of the vessel, oil cargo spillage, and other-property damage costs of tanker accidents. Tobit estimation of a three-equation recursive model suggests that, among types of tanker accidents, fire/explosion accidents incur the largest vessel damage costs, but the smallest oil cargo spillage costs. Alternatively, grounding accidents incur the smallest vessel damage costs, but the largest oil cargo spillage costs, reflecting the difficulty of controlling oil cargo spillage subsequent to such accidents. Also, oil cargo spillage costs are lower for US flag tanker accidents. A dollar of vessel damage cost increases other-property damage cost by $0.06, whereas a dollar of oil cargo spillage increases this cost by $1.55.
Effects of Hydration and Dehydration on the Structure of Silica-Supported Vanadia Species

The effects of hydration and dehydration of silica-supported vanadia have been investigated with the aim of understanding how these processes alter the structure of the dispersed vanadia. Samples containing either 9 or 12 wt % V2O5/SiO2 were examined by in situ Raman spectroscopy during hydration in 3 kPa water vapor at room temperature and during dehydration at temperatures between 298 and 773 K. The vanadia in freshly dehydrated 9 wt % V2O5/SiO2 is present exclusively in the form of monovanadate species. Monovanadate species are predominant in the 12 wt % V2O5/SiO2, but a small amount of V2O5 is present as well. Room-temperature hydration causes a progressive loss of the Raman band at 1043 cm-1, characteristic of isolated monovanadate species, and the gradual appearance of bands at 1021, 986, 895, 773, 706, 666, 512, 415, 325, 267, and 158 cm-1, characteristic of a hydrated vanadia gel. Dehydration at elevated temperatures decomposes the gel and partially restores the presence of isolated monovanadate s...
An algorithm to generate complete test sets for stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits

Abstract A new algorithm to generate test sets for stuck-at faults in combinational logic circuits via fault simulation is presented. The algorithm is non-path-sensitizing, non-path-tracing and can be easily implemented on a computer. The stuck-at fault model in the algorithm is developed using the component connection model. The algorithm can be extended to sequential digital circuits. The software generates the complete set of test input vectors for each single stuck-at fault.
New morphological evidence for a mechanism of lymph formation in skeletal muscle

A new mechanism of lymph formation associated with pulsation and vasomotion of arterioles is proposed in skeletal muscle. To provide evidence for this proposal, an investigation of the lymphatic vessels in the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat was undertaken. The lymphatics were visualized by microinjection of a contrast medium (Evans blue albumin), and histological sections of the muscle were prepared and examined with the light and the electron microscope. The studies indicated that lymphatics ranging in size from 20 to 200 micron in this skeletal muscle have no smooth muscle but only a thin lining of endothelium. All lymphatics lie in immediate proximity to the arcading and transverse arterioles and occasional muscular venules, and appeared to be wrapped around them. It was further observed that when the arterioles were dilated, the contiguous lymphatics were partially or completely collapsed, whereas lymphatics around contracted arterioles were wide open. No significant deformation of the adjacent skeletal muscle cells was observed. These results suggest that the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, as well as pulsatile elastic distension of arterioles, may cause periodic changes in lymphatic volume and thereby serve as peristaltic mechanisms for lymph transport. Vascular smooth muscle may thus influence not only blood flow in the microcirculation, but also water transport in the interstitium and into the lymphatics.