cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a Molecular Tunnel Connecting the Active Sites for CO2 Reduction and Acetyl-CoA Synthesis in Acetyl-CoA Synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum

Autotrophic bacteria and archaea can grow on CO2 and H2 as their only source of carbon and energy.1 The central enzyme responsible for this process is acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS). ACS from Clostridium thermoaceticum catalyzes the reversible reduction of CO2 to CO, and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from CO, coenzyme A (CoA), and the methyl group of a methylated corrinoid-iron-sulfur protein (CoFeSP).2 It also catalyzes the exchange of free CO with the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA, presumably by a similar mechanism. ACS is an R2â2 tetramer containing two active-site Ni-X-Fe4S4 clusters.3-5 The active site for CO2/CO redox catalysis (the C-cluster) resides in â,3,6 while that for acetyl-CoA synthesis (the A-cluster) is located in R.4,5 The two sites appear to function independently, in that they can be separately inactivated.7 CO2 has a significant effect on the enzyme, possibly involving a protein conformational change.8 Exposure to CO2 alters the redox and CO-binding properties of the metal centers and abolishes the CO/acetyl-CoA exchange activity. Since C. thermoaceticum grows under a CO2 atmosphere, the CO2-altered form of ACS may be physiologically relevant. To address whether CO2 affects acetyl-CoA synthase activity, we examined initial rates of acetyl-CoA synthesis, using a CO concentration of 3 μM under a balance of Ar or CO2 (Figure 1, b and 2, respectively). Ti(III) citrate (Figure 1A) and methyl viologen (MV) (Figure 1B) were used as reductants.9 Initial rates were ACS dependent. Under Ar and using MV (Figure 1B, b), acetyl-CoA was initially synthesized at a rate of 0.04 ( 0.01 μmol min-1 mg-1 (1 μmol min-1 ) 1 unit) while under CO2 (Figure 1B, 2) the rate was 40 times faster (1.5 ( 0.3 units/mg). Similar initial rates were obtained using Ti(III) citrate (0.07 ( 0.02 units/ mg in Ar, Figure 1A b, and 1.2 ( 0.2 units/mg in CO2, Figure 1A 2). More importantly, similar initial rates were obtained in the absence of CO (Figure 1, 9). This indicates that CO generated from the reduction of CO2 at the C-cluster combined with the methyl group and CoA at the A-cluster to form acetyl-CoA. This raised the issue of whether CO dissociated from the C-cluster into solution and eventually bound the A-cluster once its concentration was sufficiently high. Assuming this and a kcat value of 1.3 s-1 for CO2 reduction,10 ∼120 h would be required to afford 3 μM CO. The absence of a lag period prior to the onset of acetyl-CoA synthesis (Figure 1, 9) is incompatible with this scenario.
Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia in Children

The use of regional anesthesia in children is increasing. Rapid advancement in the use of ultrasound guidance has allowed for a greater ease in performing peripheral regional anesthesia in pediatrics. Successful peripheral nerve blockade provides children with analgesia that will improve their operative experience.
Phytoplankton carbon dynamics during a winter-spring diatom bloom in an enclosed marine ecosystem: primary production, biomass and loss rates

Phytoplankton production, standing crop, and loss processes (respiration, sedimentation, grazing by zooplankton, and excretion) were measured on a daily basis during the growth, dormancy and decline of a winter-spring diatom bloom in a large-scale (13 m3) marine mesocosm in 1987. Carbonspecific rates of production and biomass change were highly correlated whereas production and loss rates were unrelated over the experimental period when the significant changes in algal biomass characteristic of phytoplankton blooms were occurring. The observed decline in diatom growth rates was caused by nutrient limitation. Daily phytoplankton production rates calculated from the phytoplankton continuity equation were in excellent agreement with rates independently determined using standard 14C techniques. A carbon budget for the winter bloom indicated that 82.4% of the net daytime primary production was accounted for by measured loss processes, 1.3% was present as standing crop at the end of the experiment, and 16.3% was unexplained. Losses via sedimentation (44.8%) and nighttime phytoplankton respiration (24.1%) predominated, while losses due to zooplankton grazing (10.7%) and nighttime phytoplankton excretion (2.8%) were of lesser importance. A model simulating daily phytoplankton biomass was developed to demonstrate the relative importance of the individual loss processes.
The application of prospective strategies to family therapy

Among the most frequently used theoretical orientations for administering family therapy are the systems, interactional, structuralist, problem-centered, and attachment approaches. Each of these methods proposes a theory concerning the etiology and resolution of conflict, a protocol of assessment, and a view on the therapist's role in advocating intervention techniques. Despite the success of these methods, however, families often leave treatment lacking the interpersonal skills for predicting potential conflict and for overcoming episodes of transition. This paper explores how the prospective approach may rectify this problem by enhancing the family members' use of intuition for experiencing transition and predicting upcoming change. As such, the application of the prospective technique may be beneficial for strengthening family relationships.
A Sealed System and Compressor Model for Optimal Control of Household Refrigerators

Increasingly stringent industry standards have posed significant challenges on manufacturers to enhance the design and performance of household refrigerators. One of the least expensive and most effective means of improving the system is optimizing the control strategy. Some of the most promising control systems, such as adaptive and optimal control methods, require an accurate model of the system to guide the control effort. However, the complexity and interconnectedness of thermal and refrigerant flow phenomena make developing modern control systems a particularly challenging aspect of designing refrigerators, in spite of many decades of research and development. There exist models to correlate the desired compartments’ temperatures to that of the evaporator coil. However, there is a lack of a general approach to translate the required evaporator temperature to a compressor speed that provides it in an energy efficient manner. This work introduces a method to make that connection. The technique developed in this work can be adjusted for implementation on various refrigerator sizes and platforms to help modulate and control the compressor speed in real time.© 2012 ASME
Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteremia After Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsies in Hospital Employees and Their Relatives

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) organisms causing bacteremia in hospital employees and their relatives after transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsies. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all TRUS-guided prostate biopsies between November 2006 and November 2007. Of the 378 patients, we identified 4 cases of post-procedure bacteremia requiring hospital admission. All 4 of these patients had MDR organisms causing bacteremia. These patients were then contacted to determine whether they or their relatives were hospital employees. RESULTS We identified 4 patients among a total of 378 who developed MDR bacteremia after TRUS prostate biopsy (1.06%). Three of these patients or their relatives were hospital employees (75%). All 3 of these patients had bacteremia caused by Escherichia coli that was resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, the perioperative antibiotic given. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the standard TRUS biopsy preoperative questions it is beneficial to ask patients whether they are hospital employees or live in the same household as hospital employees. This way, if patients return postoperatively with fever and chills, there is a higher index of suspicion that bacteremia may be caused by MDR organisms and empiric broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics can be started immediately.
Growing burr hole: enlarging pseudomeningocele at the site of a craniostomy.

Background Growing skull fractures and other enlarging skull defects are rare postoperative occurrences. We report here on a 10-month-old girl who presented with an enlarging burr hole and pseudomeningocele after an endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy.
An energy storage technique for gearless wind power systems

Hydraulic wind power transfer systems allow collecting of energy from multiple wind turbines into one generation unit. They bring the advantage of eliminating the gearbox as a heavy and costly component. The hydraulically connected wind turbines provide variety of energy storing capabilities to mitigate the intermittent nature of wind power. This paper introduces the hydraulic circuitry and control algorithm for a novel wind energy electrical energy storage technique. The simulation results demonstrate successful operation of the storage to maintain the fluid in the system and control the generator speed at a reference.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Factor CHOP-10 Protects against Hypoxia-induced Neuronal Death

Hypoxia-induced gene expression is a critical determinant of neuron survival after stroke. Understanding the cell autonomous genetic program controlling adaptive and pathological transcription could have important therapeutic implications. To identify the factors that modulate delayed neuronal apoptosis after hypoxic injury, we developed an in vitro culture model that recapitulates these divergent responses and characterized the sequence of gene expression changes using microarrays. Hypoxia induced a disproportionate number of bZIP transcription factors and related targets involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Although the temporal and spatial aspects of ATF4 expression correlated with neuron loss, our results did not support the anticipated pathological role for delayed CHOP expression. Rather, CHOP deletion enhanced neuronal susceptibility to both hypoxic and thapsigargin-mediated injury and attenuated brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced neuroprotection. Also, enforced expression of CHOP prior to the onset of hypoxia protected wild-type cultures against subsequent injury. Collectively, these findings indicate CHOP serves a more complex role in the neuronal response to hypoxic stress with involvement in both ischemic preconditioning and delayed neuroprotection.
Wide Dynamic Range Beam Profile Monitor

An economical harp multiplexer system has been developed to achieve a wide dynamic range. The harp system incorporates a pneumatically actuated harp detector with ceramic boards and carbon wires; a high-sensitivity multiplexer packaged in a double-wide NIM module; and flat, shielded ribbon cable consisting of individual twisted pairs. The system multiplexes 30 wires in each of the x and y planes simultaneously and operates with or without computer control. The system has operated in beams of 100 nA to 1 mA, 1-to 120-Hz repetition rate, with a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 10/1.
Transgenic plants for phytoremediation: helping nature to clean up environmental pollution

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up environmental pollution. However, detoxification of organic pollutants by plants is often slow, leading to the accumulation of toxic compounds that could be later released into the environment. A recent publication by Doty and colleagues describes the development of transgenic poplars (Populus) overexpressing a mammalian cytochrome P450, a family of enzymes commonly involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds. The engineered plants showed enhanced performance with regards to the metabolism of trichloroethylene and the removal of a range of other toxic volatile organic pollutants, including vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and benzene. This work suggests that transgenic plants might be able to contribute to the wider and safer application of phytoremediation.
Effect of Instructions on Phi Phenomenon, Criterion Task of “Tolerance for Unrealistic Experiences”:

Summary.-The cognitive style "tolerance for unrealistic experiences" is often measured by the lower threshold and range of the apparent movement illusion in phi phenomenon. Some of the assumptions underlying the criterion measures are systematically explored. It is demonstrated that there is little difference in the lower threshold whether Ss are told that the apparent movement is an illusion or that it is a "real" motion. Upper threshold was more variable: it was affected by the instructions, and those 5s whose upper thresholds were influenced by the instructions were more field-dependent. Klein, Schlesinger, and Gardner (Klein & Schlesinger, 1951; Gardner, el nl., 1959; Klein, et al., 1962) used phi phenomenon as their criterion task for the cognitive attitude, "tolerance for unrealistic experiences." Rate of alternation of two flashing lights was gradually increased, and E measured the point at which Ss first reported illusory movement as well as the point at which the illusion ceased. Klein and his co-workers always informed their Ss in advance that the two lights are actually stationary, and the impression that one figure is moving back and forth is an illusion. They asserted that the "tolerant" S accepts his experiential impression of motion even when he knows it is at variance with reality, and so reports the illusion of motion earlier (lower initial threshold) and continues reporting it longer (higher upper threshold and broader range). S who is "intolerant of unrealistic experiences" is more impressed by the "real" information and so reports a more restricted movement illusion. The primary aim of the present report was to consider the function of "real information" by evaluating the effect of the instructions given Ss. Initial and upper thresholds were compared when Ss were told the motion is illusory (the Klein instructions) and when told stimuli are moving and non-motion illusory. As Ss' performance on phi phenomenon seems related to their reactions to other ambiguous experiences (cf. Frenkel-Brunswik, 1949), it might correlate with individual differences in imaging, perceptual, and reality testing tasks. Therefore, all Ss were also given tests of imaging and relaced cognitive styles. PROCEDURE Forty-two young women, aged 17 to 21 yr. and all student nurses at Lenox Hill Hospital School of Nursing, served as paid volunteer Ss. In a 2Y2- to 4-hr. session, each S was given a series of tests: the embedded figures test to measure field-articulation (Witkin, 1950), a paper-and-pencil object sorting test to measure equivalence range (Clayton 'We thank George S. Klein, whose ideas formed the basis of this study; also Thomas C. Todd who assisted in the experiments. The experiments were supporred by NIMH Grant No. 5-R01-MH-06733. Our grateful thanks to Miss Joan Jennings, present Director of the Lenox Hill School of Nursing, for her generous cooperation with us.
Biometric measurements in fetuses of different race and gender

Sonographic fetal biometric measurements on 6082 low-risk patients were compared in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy with respect to fetal race and gender. Ultrasonic measurements were obtained from fetuses of women participating in the Routine Antenatal Diagnostic Imaging with Ultrasound Study (RADIUS), who underwent both an early sonographic evaluation between 15 and 22 weeks' gestation and a later scan between 31 and 35 weeks' gestation. In the 16-21-week scans, male fetuses had significantly larger biparietal diameter measurements compared to female fetuses (estimated difference 0.852 mm, 95% CI 0.737-0.967). There was only minimal difference in biparietal diameter between Black and White fetuses. Femur length was similar in both female and male fetuses, but longer in Black compared to White fetuses (estimated difference 0.808 mm, 95% CI 0.539-1.078). During the 31-35-week scans, male fetuses continued to have larger biparietal diameter measurements compared to female fetuses (estimated difference 1.22 mm, 95% CI 1.04-1.40), and femur lengths were persistently longer in Black compared to White fetuses (estimated difference 0.563 mm, 95% CI 0.234-0.893). Further investigation is necessary to evaluate the effect of these slight differences in morphometric fetal measurements between races and genders, so that we can determine how best to use them for optimizing prenatal care.
Institutions, Ideology, and the Tragedy of the Commons: West Texas Groundwater Policy

West Texas is the settingfor an unintended experiment in commons resource management. Dispersed, autonomous, local groundwater districts use nonregulatory strategies to promote conservation and groundwater quality. The central force driving this organizationalform appears to be ideological. West Texans seek alternatives to state management of groundwater pumping. This study uses key-informant interviews to evaluate the strength of ideology in explaining West Texas groundwater policy and to provide a theoretical framework for discussing the importance of the "local solution." Time-series data substantiate the claim that local groundwater districts succeed in slowing depletion rates.
Thermal compatibility of metallic pairs in sliding contact

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical model to predict the variation in heat removal during the dry sliding of metallic surfaces under variable thermal properties. It is shown that the temperature-induced change in the so-called “coefficient of heat penetration” is influential to the nature of heat dissipation at the interface. This change, termed as “the matching function”, is utilized to propose a criterion for the choice of “thermally compatible” materials for rubbing applications.
Validity of a short form of the category test in relation to age, education, and gender

Data for 289 subjects participating in an ongoing study of neuropsychological test performance were used to evaluate the relationship between age and prediction of performance on the long form of the Halstead-Reitan Category Test (CAT) from a short form developed by Calsyn, O'Leary, and Chaney (1980). The major questions were whether: (a) age, education, or gender would add to prediction of long (Y) from short form scores (X); (b) regression equations would be different for older and younger groups; (c) percent variance accounted for in long form scores by short form scores would be larger for younger as opposed to older subjects. For these relatively healthy subjects, prediction based on the short form was not enhanced in a clinically significantly manner by adding age, education, and gender as predictors. Regression equations for older and younger groups differed in intercept values but not in slopes. Percent variance accounted for in long form scores from short form scores did not differ when separate equations were used for younger and older subjects.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with seminoma.

Abstract The first case report of seminoma of the testis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is presented. Additional unusual manifestations of the seminoma in this patient included a diffuse osteosclerosis due to metastatic bony involvement and prompt abatement of the hemolysis following splenectomy. The association of epithelial neoplasms with autoimmune hemolytic anemia is discussed.
Widespread Capacity for Steroid Synthesis in the Avian Brain and Song System

Steroids exert powerful effects on the brains and behavior of many species, but measures and manipulations of endocrine physiology in songbirds often reveal unexplained connections between steroids and the brain. The zebra finch song system, a sensorimotor neural circuit sensitive to steroids throughout life, organizes and functions largely in apparent independence from gonadally derived steroids. We tested the hypothesis that the zebra finch brain has the capacity for de novo steroidogenesis and that neurally synthesized steroids, neurosteroids, may impact the song system. Using multiple techniques, we demonstrate that the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1), and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase, the first three factors in the steroidogenic pathway, are expressed in both developing and adult zebra finch brain. Detailed expression mapping at posthatch d 20 (P20) and adult reveals widespread area-specific expression and coexpression patterns for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, CYP11A1, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase, which suggest neurosteroids may modulate multiple brain functions, including sensory and motor systems. Notably, whereas expression of other steroidogenic genes such as aromatase has been essentially absent from the song system, each of the major song nuclei express at least a subset of steroidogenic genes described here, establishing the song system as a potential steroidogenic circuit.
Rapid procedure for the determination of residual acetone and 2‐propanol in oilseed meals and flours

A simple, rapid elution gas chromatographic method was used for quantitative determination of acetone or 2-propanol in finely ground, extracted oilseed meals and flours. In the procedure, a 0.05 g sample of oilseed meal or flour was placed between 2 small glass wool plugs in a liner of the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Water (250 μl) was added over the glass wool sandwich, and the liner was placed in the heated injection port and firmly secured. Acetone or 2-propanol and other volatiles were rapidly eluted from the sample onto the column by the combined action of heat, moisture, and carrier gas. The components then were resolved by temperature programmed gas chromatography (GC) on a 1 ft x 1/4 in. Porapak Q column. A second gas chromatographic method, a volatilization procedure, was included in the study for comparison as a measure of the concentrations of acetone or 2-propanol. Samples of oilseed meals and flours were analyzed by both methods. The rapid elution procedure proved to be a simple and effective means of detecting residual acetone or 2-propanol in the samples. The values were very similar to those obtained by the volatilization procedure.
Blood and bone-marrow findings incongenital rubella

Clinical, hematological, and virological observations on a group of 21 infants withcongenital rubella are presented. Peripheral blood abnormalities included thrombocytopenia, anemia, and intermittent leukopenia. In the bone marrow of some infants there was an increased number of reticulum cells, many of which exhibited pan-phagocytic activity. Cultures for rubella virus in the bone marrow were positive in 9 infants; in general, recovery of virus correlated with the severity of the infection. Hypotheses to explain the peripheral blood and bone-marrow abnormalities are discussed, and a therapeutic program for the management of bleeding in infants with congenital rubella is proposed.
Therapeutic Promises of 2-Methoxyestradiol and Its Drug Disposition Challenges

2-Methoxyestradiol (2MeO-E2) is an endogenous metabolite of estrogen which was initially considered to be inactive. During the last few decades it has been shown that 2MeO-E2 is a promising anticancer drug. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that it has several anticancer activities, and potential to alleviate hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and other disorders. However, due to its low solubility and extensive glucuronidation, to achieve effective concentrations large doses of 2MeO-E2 would be required. Clinical studies reflected very high inter- and intrapatient variability and oral bioavailability of 1 to 2%. Thus, this review paper highlights the origin of this compound, its therapeutic promises, and possible mechanisms of action. It also discusses the pharmacokinetic properties of 2MeO-E2 as well as current developments to overcome low drug solubility and its extensive first pass metabolism.
Exploitation of molecular motion in the analysis of complex ESR spectra by ELDOR spectroscopy

Abstract The effect of molecular motion on electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) spectra was studied using the ĊH2COO− radical in irradiated zinc acetate. Under conditions where the product of the frequency difference (Δω) between two coalescing lines and the correlation time (r) approximately equals 2 (Δωτ ∼- 2), the motion in the radical causes a portion of the ELDOR spectrum to broaden and disappear. This effect may be used to interpret complicated ESR spectra which result from overlapping lines of several radicals in the same sample. This was illustrated using irradiated glycine which contains the radicals NH 3 + C HCOO − and ĊH2COO−. Using the ELDOR technique the hyperfine splittings of these overlapped spectra could be accurately measured at any temperature and the transition from nonequivalent protons at low temperatures to complete equivalence at higher temperatures could be followed.
Depth and muscle temperature of Pacific bluefin tuna examined with acoustic and pop-up satellite archival tags

Six Pacific bluefin tuna were tracked with ultrasonic telemetry and two with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) in the eastern Pacific Ocean in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Both pressure and temperature ultrasonic transmitters were used to examine the behavior of the 2- to 4-year-old bluefin tuna. The bluefin spent over 80% of their time in the top 40 m of the water column and made occasional dives into deeper, cooler water. The mean slow-oxidative muscle temperatures of three fish instrumented with pressure and temperature transmitters were 22.0–26.1 °C in water temperatures that averaged 15.7–17.5 °C. The thermal excesses in slow-oxidative muscle averaged 6.2–8.6 °C. Variation in the temperature of the slow-oxidative muscle in the bluefin was not correlated with water temperature or swimming speeds. For comparison with the acoustic tracking data we examined the depth and ambient temperature of two Pacific bluefin tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags for 24 and 52 days. The PSAT data sets show depth and temperature distributions of the bluefin tuna similar to the acoustic data set. Swimming speeds calculated from horizontal distances with the acoustic data indicate the fish mean speeds were 1.1–1.4 fork lengths/s (FL s−1). These Pacific bluefin spent the majority of their time in the top parts of the water column in the eastern Pacific Ocean in a pattern similar to that observed for yellowfin tuna.
Ability of human subjects to discriminate forces applied to certain teeth.

Subjective ability to discriminate differences in intensity of forces applied to maxillary canines, and to mandibular incisors, canines, and first premolars was evaluated. Least relative differences in force could be discriminated through the maxillary canines (8.6 to 9.5%). Individuals showed nearly the same discriminatory ability for all mandibular teeth tested.
Podcasting in higher education: What are the implications for teaching and learning?

Abstract A podcast is any digital media file, or series of files, distributed over the Internet for playback on portable media players and personal computers. This study explored the attitudes, perceptions, and use of podcasting as reported by instructors and students at a large American Midwestern university. The results of two online surveys were examined, focusing specifically on items related to teaching and learning. Findings suggest that students use podcast materials largely for reviewing concepts and issues raised in lectures that they have previously attended. While instructors and students agree that podcasts help students learn, students are less sure about whether podcasts improve instructors' teaching. The authors argue that podcasts can help instructors change face-to-face instruction from traditional didactic lectures to more constructivist learning practices.
Functionalized multiarm poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)s: Synthesis, structure analysis, and network formation

The purpose of this research was to synthesize and characterize a novel class of four-arm, star-shape biodegradable polymers having double-bond functionality as a precursor for free-radical polymerization, with unsaturated monomers or macromers or photocrosslinking for network formation. The synthesis involved two basic steps. First, hydroxyl-functionalized four-arm poly(ϵ-caprolactone)s (PPCL-OH) were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone in the presence of pentaerythritol and stannous octoate. Second, double-bond–functionalized four-arm poly(ϵ-caprolactone)s (PPCL-Ma) were synthesized by reacting PPCL-OH with maleic anhydride in the melt at 130°C. Quantitative conversion of hydroxyl functionality in PPCL-OH to double-bond functionality was achieved for low molecular weight PPCL-OH. Both the PPCL-OH and the PPCL-Ma were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, SEC, and DSC. The capability of the double-bond–functionalized four-arm poly(ϵ-caprolactone)s (PPCL-Ma) to form network structures was preliminarily shown by photocrosslinking PPCL-Ma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2296–2306, 2002
Separation of organic acids by thin-layer chromatography of their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazide derivatives and their analytical determination.

Abstract The thin-layer chromatographic characteristics of a number of organic acid 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazides on three types of supports are described. The solvent system for the supports Silica Gel G and Aluminum Oxide G was chloroform-methanol-diethylamine in concentrations of 98:2:0.5, v/v/v and 99:1:0.5, v/v/v, repectively. The acids C2 through C7 can be individually separated from higher molecular weight derivatives in these two systems. Straight line separations of C2 through C8 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazides are given for polyamide support irrigated in methanol-water (9:1, v/v). Preliminary removal of unsaturated derivatives can be accomplished by converting them to the mercury addition compounds and chromatographing on Silica Gel G in chloroform-ethyl ether (8:2, v/v). Details are described for the separation and quantitation of eight fatty acid 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazides by thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectrometry, respectively.
Parallel Sequencing and Assembly Line Problems

This paper deals with a new sequencing problem in which n jobs with ordering restrictions have to be done by men of equal ability. Assume every man can do any of the n jobs. The two questions considered in this paper are 1 How to arrange a schedule that requires the minimum number of men so that all jobs are completed within a prescribed time T, and 2 if m men are available, arrange a schedule that completes all jobs at the earliest time.
Conditioned EEG desynchronization and seizure occurrence in patients.

Abstract Five patients with seizures poorly controlled by standard anticonvulsant medication, underwent EEG operant conditioning. The operant paradigm reinforced the production of low voltage fast activity while decreasing frequencies below 10 c/sec. Seizure frequency decreased in 2 patients, seizure severity was attenuated in 2 others, and one patient who was only given reinforcement for scalp EMG suppression showed no change in seizure parameters. Pseudoconditioning and control periods ruled out placebo effects. A rationale for this phenomenon is proposed.
Efficacy of full-thickness GI perforation closure with a novel over-the-scope clip application device: an animal study

Background A novel, over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system may be suitable for closure of various GI perforations. The strength and maximum diameter of closure for a single OTSC, however, are unknown. Objective To determine the maximum closure capacity (diameter) and pressure threshold for a single OTSC. Design Prospective ex-vivo study. Setting Academic medical center. Method Full-thickness, standardized defects of 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm were created in porcine stomachs. Similarly, full-thickness defects of 10 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, and 35 mm were created in porcine colons. A single OTSC was endoscopically deployed 5 times for each full-thickness defect size in an ex-vivo endoscopic simulator. Main Outcome Measurements Each closure site was tested under water with compressed air for burst pressure. Results We achieved successful closure in all stomach defects ranging from 5 to 20 mm by using 12-mm OTSCs with short teeth and colon defects ranging from 10 to 30 mm with 14-mm OTSCs with short teeth. Mean (± standard deviation [SD]) burst pressures for the gastric closure sites were 74.9 ± 17.5 mm Hg for 15-mm defects, 49.3 ± 21.6 mm Hg for 20-mm defects, and 15.2 ± 4.1 mm Hg for 25-mm defects. Mean (± SD) burst pressures for the colon closure sites were 117.9 ± 40.1 mm Hg for 20-mm defects, 57.4 ± 4.2 mm Hg for 30-mm defects, and 10.9 ± 7.6 mm Hg for 35-mm defects. Limitations Ex-vivo study, does not reflect difficult locations. Conclusion Full-thickness tissue defects ranging from 5 to 20 mm in the stomach and from 10 to 30 mm in the colon can be closed adequately with a single OTSC in an ex-vivo experimental setting. Tissue defects larger than 20 mm in the stomach and 30 mm in the colon may require more than one OTSC or supplemental endoclips to achieve adequate closure. Endoscopic inspection of the closure site does not assure adequate closure of larger perforations.
Orientation of nickelocene on Ag(100)

High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy has been used to study the molecular adsorption of nickelocene, Ni(C5H5)2, on Ag(100). Results indicate that at up to one monolayer coverage, nickelocene adsorbs molecularly with its axis approximately perpendicular to the surface. At very high coverages, the molecular axis is not exclusively oriented along the surface normal. This is possibly due to randomization of the metallocene orientation as multilayers are formed.
In quest of useful health care decision models for developing countries

Abstract The formulation and solution of health care decision problems is of critical importance to the health and socio-economic betterment of developing countries. In developed regions, solution of such problems is now generally based on the use of quantitative decision models (QDMs) drawn from a variety of disciplines, including operations research, statistics, economics, and marketing. It is unfortunately the case that conditions currently inherent to developing countries tend to limit the value of many of these models in solving both health- and nonhealth-related decision problems. The result is a need to devise alternative methods and procedures that effectively solve key health care decision problems yet are not so susceptible to the limitations of developing country situations. Based on a series of recent research efforts, recommendations are made for the formulation and evaluation of decision-making procedures considered to be effective alternatives to standards QDMs. The suggested evaluation scheme is shown to be, itself, a means for improving health care decision-making in developing countries.
Dissociation of grain boundaries induced by changes of composition, the ejection of dislocations from grain boundaries, and the nucleation of diffusion induced grain boundary migration

Abstract We present various observations of the dissociation of large and small angle grain boundaries in copper during the alloying of the specimens with zinc. In all large angle cases, this dissociation takes the form of the large angle boundary reacting to form another large angle boundary and a small angle boundary. This process may be of great importance in understanding the nucleation of diffusion induced grain boundary migration. Small angle boundaries can undergo complete disintegration upon the addition of zinc, and the magnitude of the stress involved in such a disintegration is estimated.
Electron transport and breakdown in SiO2

The transport of electrons at high electric fields in SiO2 has been calculated using an iterative solution of the path‐variable formulation of the Boltzmann transport equation. Scattering due to the polar‐optical modes and acoustic modes of the lattice are included. It is found that both the 0.153‐ and 0.063‐eV polar‐optical modes are important for scattering electrons. The electron velocity ’’saturates’’ near 1.9×107 V/cm for fields below 5×106 V/cm. The calculated curves are in excellent agreement with experimental data and indicate a best estimate of the polaron‐corrected conductivity mass of 1.3m0. Above 5×106 V/cm, the electric field induced modifications of the carrier scattering rates cause the velocity to rise sharply. Time‐resolved polar runaway is observed with an absolute threshold in the field range of (7–8) ×106 V/cm, with the runaway field increasing for short times, as may be appropriate for transport through thin oxides. Impact ionization is governed by the polar runaway, and carrier gener...
Influence of a circular crack on the electromagnetic field in a conductor

The problem of scattering of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on circular cracks is reduced by the method of small parameter to a system of hypersingular integral equations of the Newton-potential type. For the solution of these equations, we propose to use the method of orthogonal polynomials of two variables. It is shown that the electric dipole whose moment is proportional to the normal component of the sounding field is an electrodynamic analog of the crack.
Open-economy macro policies and the micro foundation of labor market arrangements

Abstract In this paper we assume that risk neutral firms provide income insurance to risk averse workers through labor contracts; however, because of (ad hoc) transaction costs, contracts are not fully contingent. Hence, while contracts improve upon the allocation of risk, they entail ex post production inefficiencies relative to a spot market where employment decisions are based upon realizes values of productivity shocks. Given this tradeoff, there exists the possibility that both labor markets can coexist in equilibrium. We analyze the effects of exchange-rate policy on the distribution of agents across labor market arrangements and the expected utility of agents.
mILC-ing the mouse mammary gland: A model for invasive lobular carcinoma

Mouse models that faithfully recapitulate human cancers are indispensable tools for studying the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and testing potential anticancer therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Derksen et al. describe a new mouse model that mimics multiple features of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast (ILC), a histological subtype of human breast cancer for which no mouse model currently exists. This model further reveals an important causal link between E-cadherin loss and tumor initiation and metastasis and, in doing so, provides a valuable entree into the tumor-suppressive functions of E-cadherin as well as the molecular underpinnings of ILC.
A study of the distributional characteristics of FMR1 transcript levels in 238 individuals.

Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by hyperexpansion and hypermethylation of a CGG repeat tract in the 5’ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. This methylation causes the gene to be transcriptionally silenced. In addition to the common allele form with less than 41 repeats, there are two other allelic forms of the FMR1 gene that are unmethylated: premutation (61–200 CGG repeats) and intermediate (41–60 CGG repeats). Recently, premutation-specific phenotypes not related to fragile X syndrome have been reported: a 20-fold increased risk for premature ovarian failure (POF) among female carriers and an increased risk for a tremor ataxia syndrome (TAS) primarily among older male carriers. At the molecular level, increased levels of FMR1 transcript have been observed among premutation carriers. Increased levels of transcript may be causally related to the POF or TAS phenotypes or may be a surrogate of some other allelic property. In this report, we have examined the distributional properties of transcript levels by repeat size and gender among 238 individuals. We have confirmed a significant linear relationship between transcript level and repeat size in males and females. The evidence for the linear effect is primarily within the premutation size alleles.
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) during labor facilitates a natural, drug-free childbirth for a primigravida patient: A case report

Abstract This paper reports the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) as an aid to labor and delivery in a woman desiring a natural childbirth. Throughout stage one of labor, osteopathic manipulative techniques were utilized as the sole method of addressing pain and facilitating labor in a 30-year-old primigravida with a history of low back pain and spondylolisthesis. Use of OMT to treat back pain in pregnant women during the prenatal period has been documented in several studies. 1–4 In this case, OMT was used during labor to address back pain, to treat somatic dysfunctions, to minimize pelvic congestion, to improve rib motion and to calm the patient. The role of OMT at the start of labor made laboring at home possible. The correction of somatic dysfunction in the patient as labor progressed, helped to keep the patient's body in proper working function to prevent limitations to the progression of labor. The patient was able to undergo labor and delivery completely without the use of medication via any route for pain or labor augmentation as the patient desired. Stage two of labor for a primiparous female was on the quicker end of the spectrum. OMT for the laboring woman should be considered as a treatment modality to facilitate a natural childbirth.
The effects of clipping height and frequency on net primary production of Andropogon gerardii (C4 grass) and Bromus inermis (C3 grass) in greenhouse experiments

There are potential agronomic and environmental benefits from incorporating warm-season (C4) grasses into temperate pasture systems, usually dominated by cool-season (C3) grasses, but there is a lack of information on how frequency and height of defoliation affects C4 grasses. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted under (i) spring, (ii) summer and (iii) spring + summer clipping regimes. In each experiment, the effects of clipping frequency (weekly and monthly) and clipping height (clipped to 5 and 10 cm) were determined on above- and below-ground net primary production (ANPP and BNPP) and total and seasonal dry matter (DM) yield for Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem, C4 grass) and Bromus inermis Leyss (smooth brome, C3 grass). Six replicates per treatment were used. In all experiments, ANPP and BNPP of smooth brome was greater than that of big bluestem although during late summer months big bluestem had higher DM yields of herbage than smooth brome. There were different effects of frequency and height of clipping for both species on two similar measurements: total annual DM yield and ANPP, indicating that the ability to generalize about the effects of defoliation from ecological and agronomic grassland standpoints is questionable. Clipping effects on ANPP and BNPP were different for summer-clipped pots than for spring, and spring + summer-clipped pots, indicating that management could be tailored to meet specific agronomic or conservation goals.
The monomer-dimer association of rabbit liver aryl sulfatase A and its relationship to the anomalous kinetics

Abstract The polymerization of aryl sulfatase A (aryl sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) has been studied by frontal gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and Bio-Gel A-5m under various conditions of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The aryl sulfatase A molecule exists as a monomer and as a dimer at pH 7.5 and pH 4.5, respectively. The extent of dissociation is markedly pH-, protein concentration-, and ionic strength-dependent. Only a small effect of temperature was observed. The enthalpy change (Δ H o ) for the dissociation was −2.5 ± 1 kcal/mol at pH 5.5–5.6, and the entropy change for dissociation of the enzyme dimer to two monomeric units was −47 cal mol −1 deg −1 . Sulfate ion has little effect on the extent of dissociation of the enzyme at pH 5.6. The present studies suggest that the dissociation of rabbit liver aryl sulfatase A is regulated by the ionization of amino acid residues whose apparent p K is between pH 5 and 6. The driving force for the association of the subunits of the enzyme is primarily ionic and/or ionic/hydrogen bond formation. The small enthalpy change and the fact that dissociation is strongly favored by an increase in the ionic strength suggest that hydrophobic interactions play only a minor role in stabilizing the dimeric quaternary structure relative to the monomeric state. The monomeric form of the enzyme exhibits the anomalous kinetics often observed with sulfatase A but the dimer does not show anomalous kinetics. Since aryl sulfatase A is probably in the dimeric form in the lysosome, the anomalous kinetics of the enzyme are unlikely to be of physiological importance in the intact lysosome.
Risk factors for cocaine-induced paranoia in cocaine-dependent sibling pairs

Abstract Objective Cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP), an irrational intense suspicion of others, is a common manifestation of cocaine dependence. Both environmental and genetic factors are thought to play a role, but the specific nature of such contributions is poorly understood. Methods Demographic, diagnostic, and cocaine-use data were obtained from 420 cocaine-dependent, genetically confirmed, full-sibling pairs (N = 840 subjects) interviewed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). Probands with and without CIP were compared; then, factors associated with sibling CIP status were analyzed by logistic regression. Alcohol dependence, a known heritable phenotype, was analyzed as a positive control. Results Of 420 probands, 273 (65%) experienced CIP. Probands with CIP were more severely dependent upon cocaine, had an earlier age of onset, were more likely to smoke cocaine, and used cocaine less frequently during the preceding year. Independent analyses of siblings replicated two of the former (i.e., dependence severity and age of onset). Probands with CIP also had a non-significantly higher proportion of siblings with the trait (66% versus 59%). Probands with concurrent alcohol dependence were confirmed to have significantly higher rates of alcoholism among their siblings. Conclusions Severity of cocaine dependence and age of onset appear to be important risk factors for CIP. Concordance for CIP between siblings did not emerge as significant in our analyses.
The Relationship Between Psychic and Cultural Distance and Business Ethicality Attitudinal Values of Future Business Leaders

ABSTRACT Psychic distance and cultural distance between countries are phenomena that can affect a company's entry strategy into foreign markets, as can differences in levels of business ethicality. The author examines the use of three measures of psychic and/or cultural distance (Brewer, 2007; Ellis, 2008; Fletcher & Bohn, 1998) and assesses the extent to which they are related to business ethicality values. A two-stage sampling design was used to survey undergraduate business students in 23 countries regarding their business-related ethics attitudes. This study had 13 countries in common with the Brewer (2007) and Fletcher and Bohn (1998) studies and 12 countries in common with Ellis (2008). Comparisons were made between the index values of the countries and their average scores on a scale of business ethicality by correlation analysis. Correlations were not statistically significant. The results suggest that none of the measures of distance examined is a good indicator of business ethicality and vice ve...