cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of the δ18O isotopic paleothermometer for central Greenland, using borehole temperatures

We calibrate the δ 18O paleothermometer for central Greenland using borehole temperatures, a thermal model forced by a measured δ 18O record and a formal inverse technique. The calibration is determined mostly by temperature fluctuations of the last several centuries, including the Little Ice Age. Results are generally insensitive to model variables, including initial condition, basal boundary condition, parameterization of snow thermal properties, ice thickness and likely errors in temperature and isotope measurements. Results of this borehole calibration also seem to be in agreement with modern spatial gradients of δ 18O and temperature. We suggest that calibrations of isotopic paleothermometers using borehole temperatures are a useful paleoclimate tool, because they are independent of spatial gradients and include the effects of prehistoric temperatures over ice sheets.
Recognizing and Managing Toxicities of Molecular Targeted Therapies for Colorectal Cancer

Traditional therapeutic concepts and treatment regimens for colorectal cancer are currently changing with the demonstration of the efficacy of biologic agents in this disease setting. The addition of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) to conventional chemotherapy in the first- and second-line settings has shown a survival benefit; this outcome has helped to rapidly change the standard of care. Other targeted agents, such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies, have shown proof of efficacy in colorectal cancer as well. The molecular targeted therapies are associated with toxicity profiles that are distinctly different from those seen with conventional chemotherapy. A notable difference is the absence of high risk for myelosuppression, diarrhea, or alopecia, which are common side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy. This article will explore the toxicities associated with targeted therapies in detail in an attempt to provide assistance to the practicing oncologist in detecting and managing these side effects in their patients. In particular, the article will focus on the side effects associated with the three currently approved targeted drugs: the anti- VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix).
Hybrid Synthesis of Petri Nets

For linear, continuous, or synchronous discrete systems, there exist methodologies for modeling and control system design, which, if applied correctly, will provide desirable performance properties [Zhou 92a]. However, for discrete event dynamic systems, effective design for real-world applications theory is lacking for real-world applications. Petri nets can be developed to fill this need. They have been used to model discrete event dynamic systems such as automated manufacturing systems and computer systems. These can also lead to controllers as we discussed in Section 1.3. In addition, there exist validation, simulation, and performance analysis tools for Petri nets. They are useful for designing Petri net controllers for manufacturing systems.
Proton-poor, gallium- and indium-loaded zeolite dehydrogenation catalysts

The catalytic (propane dehydrocyclization) and reduction behaviors of near 1:1 cation (Ga, In)/framework‐Al MFI zeolites were examined under conditions where the materials were initially either in fully protonated or zero−protonated states. Reductions at appropriate temperatures proceeded up to ∼100% exchange of protons for reduced univalent cations. Further aqueous exchange of alkali (K+>) or alkaline earth (Ba2+) cations increased the selectivity for dehydrogenation reactions at little or no sacrifice in overall activity.
Dynamic Optimization and Control of Chemical Looping Combustion Combined Cycle Power Plants

Abstract Integration of combined cycle (CC) with chemical-looping combustion power plants (CLC) is studied for its potential for high power plant efficiency and low-cost CO2 capture. Dynamic modeling of the integrated process is used as a tool to analyze the extrema of CLC-CC power plant efficiency. Specifically, this work proposes control architectures for the CLC reactor and the integrated power plant. The time-averaged optimal CLC-CC power plant efficiency is estimated at 51.84% with CO2 capture efficiency at 96%. The main factor that limits the CLC-CC power plant efficiency is the reactor temperature, which is constrained by the oxygen carrier material. Plant-level sensitivity analysis shows that the inlet air temperature at the heat removal stage and gas compressor/gas turbine pressure ratio are the most important operating variables and if properly tuned the CLC-CC power plant can reach efficiencies sufficiently high for its economic deployment as a carbon neutral power generation option.
Toward the precision breast cancer survival prediction utilizing combined whole genome-wide expression and somatic mutation analysis

Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer in woman. It accounts for approximately 18% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is well known that somatic mutation plays an essential role in cancer development. Hence, we propose that a prognostic prediction model that integrates somatic mutations with gene expression can improve survival prediction for cancer patients and also be able to reveal the genetic mutations associated with survival. Differential expression analysis was used to identify breast cancer related genes. Genetic algorithm (GA) and univariate Cox regression analysis were applied to filter out survival related genes. DAVID was used for enrichment analysis on somatic mutated gene set. The performance of survival predictors were assessed by Cox regression model and concordance index(C-index). We investigated the genome-wide gene expression profile and somatic mutations of 1091 breast invasive carcinoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified 118 genes with high hazard ratios as breast cancer survival risk gene candidates (log rank p < 0.0001 and c-index = 0.636). Multiple breast cancer survival related genes were found in this gene set, including FOXR2, FOXD1, MTNR1B and SDC1. Further genetic algorithm (GA) revealed an optimal gene set consisted of 88 genes with higher c-index (log rank p < 0.0001 and c-index = 0.656). We validated this gene set on an independent breast cancer data set and achieved a similar performance (log rank p < 0.0001 and c-index = 0.614). Moreover, we revealed 25 functional annotations, 15 gene ontology terms and 14 pathways that were significantly enriched in the genes that showed distinct mutation patterns in the different survival risk groups. These functional gene sets were used as new features for the survival prediction model. In particular, our results suggested that the Fanconi anemia pathway had an important role in breast cancer prognosis. Our study indicated that the expression levels of the gene signatures remain the effective indicators for breast cancer survival prediction. Combining the gene expression information with other types of features derived from somatic mutations can further improve the performance of survival prediction. The pathways that were associated with survival risk suggested by our study can be further investigated for improving cancer patient survival.
States of nature: Geographical aspects of current theories of human evolution

Abstract The paper is the 2018 Political Geography invited lecture. I discuss the geographical component to early state formation and its impact on theories of human nature. Ever since Rousseau accused Hobbes of taking post-state passions as constitutive of human nature and projecting them onto pre-state peoples, the question of whether or not early state formation produced qualitative changes in human emotional and cognitive structures has been debated in anthropology and philosophy. The work of James C Scott, especially in The Art of Not Being Governed and Against the Grain has emphasized the geographical component of early state formation and the concomitant and often futile attempts of states to stop flight from states as in the proverbial "run for the hills!" I will put Scott's work in dialogue with the philosophical work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, as well as with new anthropological theories of human evolution, including the Human Self-Domestication thesis of Brian Hare, and the obligate collaborative foraging thesis of Michael Tomasello. At stake will be attempts to account for prosocial egalitarian sentiments and their conflict with hierarchical states.
A unified static-dynamic analytic model for ultra-scaled III-nitride high electron mobility transistors

This paper presents an analytic model to calculate nodal charges and their corresponding internodal capacitances in ultra-scaled III-nitride high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) in which carrier transport is expected to be quasiballistic. The dynamic model is combined with our previously published static model [K. Li and S. Rakheja, J. Appl. Phys. 123, 184501 (2018)] to provide a unified physical description of the HEMT. In the dynamic model, the position-dependent channel charge is obtained using a realistic potential profile in the channel, obtained from the solution of the Poisson equation. The effect of electric field lines penetrating from the ungated access regions into the channel (gated region) is included. Fringing electric field lines from the gate to the channel, which are especially critical in the off-region of the device, are included in the charge description. The channel charges are obtained self-consistently with the transport model and introduce 16 additional input parameters, which are necessary to explain the bias dependence of internodal capacitances in the off-state and in the off-to-on transition region of the device. Using the model, we elucidate the difference in the capacitance-voltage behavior of drift-diffusive and quasiballistic devices. The sensitivity of channel charges to the specific formulation of the potential profile is also examined. The unified model is applied to the experimental capacitance-voltage data of 42-nm and 105-nm gate-length InAlN/GaN HEMTs with an InGaN backbarrier. Additionally, the model is validated against hydrodynamic simulations of a 50-nm gate-length AlGaN/GaN HEMT with significant Joule heating. The model yields an excellent agreement with the measured and simulated data sets over a broad range of bias and temperature conditions. The model is also used to elucidate the role of contact resistance, Joule heating, and nodal capacitances on the RF performance, i.e., cut-off frequency, third-order intermodulation current, and the input third-order intercept point, of scaled III-nitride HEMTs.
Education for Democracy in the Twenty-First Century

Studying the Greek and Roman classics focuses the student on democracy and the law courts. Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and others all focus on democracy – whether supportive or critical – and they all condemn monarchy and tyranny. Civics in high school should be mandatory, and, should include all the new technology surrounding the high-tech political processes now institutionalized. Even hacking and the spreading of “false news” should be studied and analyzed. Democracy can become the “civil religion” of a society as Tocqueville and Durkheim called it, but only if it is taught to the young people and becomes internalized.
Patterns, dynamics and consequences of microplastic ingestion by the temperate coral, Astrangia poculata.

Microplastics (less than 5 mm) are a recognized threat to aquatic food webs because they are ingested at multiple trophic levels and may bioaccumulate. In urban coastal environments, high densities...
Persistent Homotopy Groups of Metric Spaces.

We study notions of persistent homotopy groups of compact metric spaces together with their stability properties in the Gromov-Hausdorff sense. We pay particular attention to the case of fundamental groups for which we obtain a more precise description.
China and Nuclear Arms Control

This chapter notes that China is engaged in a broad modernization of its strategic and other nuclear forces, including improved land-based and submarine-launched ballistic missiles and nuclear-capable aircraft. China’s geostrategic thrust, at least for the moment, seems to emphasize A2/AD (anti-access, area denial) strategies as deterrents against the willingness of non-Asian powers to intervene in China’s self-defined core security zones. China’s nuclear modernization is therefore not necessarily intended to achieve nuclear-strategic parity with the United States and Russia in numbers of warheads or delivery systems. As for the possibility of including China in US-Russian nuclear arms reduction talks, the issue has two faces. From one standpoint, it seems illogical for the United States and Russia to go further in strategic nuclear reductions unless China (and perhaps other nuclear weapons states) are included: otherwise, Russia and the United States would be voluntary relinquishing their top positions on the global nuclear ladder. From another perspective, getting China into the conversation about nuclear arms reduction bumps into China’s not-very-transparent approach to revealing exactly the size and composition of its strategic and other nuclear forces.
Method of separation of vibrational motions for applications involving wetting, superhydrophobicity, and microparticle extraction

Nonlinear vibrations lead to such effects as the stabilization of an inverted pendulum on a vibrating foundation and size separation of particles of a granular material. When applied to fluid mechanics, unusual effects including jamming holes in a vibrating tank with liquid, vibrational propulsion, and multiphase flow separation are found.
Fatal Attraction: A Meta-Analysis on the Dark Triad and Entrepreneurial Intention and Performance

Using meta-analytic techniques, relations among the Dark Triad of personality traits – Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy – and two entrepreneurial outcomes – intention and performance –...
Dandekar (Ed.): The Planner's Use of Information (3rd ed.)

Planning is about making connections among people, places, and issues. We require information to understand problematic conditions, which involves gaining different perspectives, developing and ana...
Comparison of pooled testing to individual testing with an ear-notch antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Thirty-seven skin samples (ear notches) from individual antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE)-positive cattle were collected and pooled with negative samples in pools of two, three, four, five, 10 and 15 samples to experimentally determine an optimum pool size for the testing protocol for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). All positive BVDV pooled samples containing ACE-positive skin specimens resulted in positive tests for all pool sizes investigated. Samples in the 15 ear-notch pools, despite remaining positive, approached the detection limit of the assay. An economic analysis of pooled ACE testing was undertaken to determine the most economically rewarding pool size within the constraints of the test. The analysis demonstrated that as BVD PI prevalence increased, optimal pool size decreased. In all cases, a point of diminishing returns was seen until there was a reversal of the trend, and an increased pool size increased the cost of testing on a per-head basis regardless of BVD PI prevalence. Given the results from the economic analysis and the evaluation of ACE pooled testing, these data suggest that pool sizes of five to 10 samples may be most advantageous both economically and for reliably to detect persistently infected animals.
Instrument for spatially resolved, temperature-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of thin films under locally controlled atmosphere.

We demonstrate an instrument for spatially resolved measurements (mapping) of electrochemical impedance under various temperatures and gas environments. Automated measurements are controlled by a custom LabVIEW program, which manages probe motion, sample motion, temperature ramps, and potentiostat functions. Sample and probe positioning is provided by stepper motors. Dry or hydrated atmospheres (air or nitrogen) are available. The configurable heater reaches temperatures up to 500 °C, although the temperature at the sample surface is moderated by the gas flow rate. The local gas environment is controlled by directing flow toward the sample via a glass enclosure that surrounds the gold wire probe. Software and hardware selection and design are discussed. Reproducibility and accuracy are quantified on a Ba(Zr,Y)O3−δ proton-conducting electrolyte thin film synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. The mapping feature of the instrument is demonstrated on a compositionally graded array of electrocatalytically active Ba(Co,Fe,Zr,Y)O3−δ thin film microelectrodes. The resulting data indicate that this method proficiently maps property trends in these materials, thus demonstrating the reliability and usefulness of this method for investigating electrochemically active thin films.
NOVEL MECHANISMS TARGETED BY DRUG TRIALS IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease associated with abnormally elevated pulmonary pressures and right heart failure resulting in high morbidity and mortality. While PAH prognosis has improved with the introduction of pulmonary vasodilators, disease progression remains a major problem. Given that available therapies are inadequate for preventing small vessel loss and obstruction, there is an active interest in identifying drugs capable of targeting angiogenesis and mechanisms involved in regulation of cell growth and fibrosis. Among the mechanisms linked to PAH pathogenesis, recent preclinical studies have identified promising compounds that are currently being tested in clinical trials. These drugs target seven of the major mechanisms associated with PAH pathogenesis: BMP signaling, tyrosine kinase receptors, estrogen metabolism, extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, epigenetics, and serotonin metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the preclinical studies that led to prioritization of these mechanisms and will discuss recently completed and ongoing phase 2/3 trials using novel interventions such as sotatercept, anastrozole, rodatristat ethyl, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and endothelial progenitor cells among others. We anticipate that the next generation of compounds will build upon the success of the current standard of care and improve clinical outcomes and quality of life of patients afflicted with PAH.
Indium Arsenide (InAs)

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the experimental techniques essentially used for measuring refractive index n and extinction coefficient k. The Ultraviolet-visible reflectivity of Indium Arsenide (InAs) is measured by Philipp and Ehrenreich in the spectral region from 1 to 25 eV. Chemically polished surfaces are essentially used. Kramers-Kronig (KK) analysis yielded n and k, which are tabulated by Seraphin and Bennett. Measurements by Morrison in the 1-6-eV region are significantly different, because of the poor surface preparation and a wider range of extrapolation for the KK analysis. It is noted that for 6 to 1.5 eV the ellipsometric results of Aspnes and Studna are used. Dixon and Ellis measured the band-edge absorption at 300 K for thin samples mechanically polished. Samples are polished on a beeswax lap with aluminum oxide powder. Lorimor and Spitzer measured transmission interference fringes at the room temperature in the near IR. Multiphonon absorption in the 450-250 cm-1 region is also measured.
Heat Transfer in Tubular Fluid-Fluid Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a critical review of the current state of the art in the field of two-phase flow with heat transfer and discusses procedures that can be used for the design of tubular fluid–fluid systems. Both heat transfers without phase change and with phase change are discussed in detail. In each case, the analysis is based on an understanding of the flow patterns and the hydrodynamics of the system. In heat transfer with phase change, it is necessary to understand the phase-change phenomenon on the molecular level to model effectively the mass- and heat-transfer processes. The assumption of a saturated vapor phase greatly simplifies the calculation without a significant loss in accuracy. The design of two-phase contactors with heat transfer requires a firm understanding of two-phase hydrodynamics to model effectively the heat- and mass-transfer processes. The chapter also identifies the areas where further theoretical and experimental research is essential.
Restating the Law of Lawyer Conflicts

Conflicts of interest is a subject that has dramatically increased in importance to practicing lawyers. Indeed, it is now one of the most litigated areas of professional responsibility, where the remedies for a lawyer's failure to avoid impermissible conflicts go beyond professional discipline to include disqualification, fee forfeiture and lawsuits for breach of fiduciary duty. This article analyzes the law of lawyer conflicts in the context of a largely favorable review of the conflicts chapter of the American Law Institute's Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers. Noting that a restatement's objectives are to clarify the law, help resolve contested cases, and serve as an educational reference tool, the article applauds the extent to which the conflicts chapter achieves its objectives by: underscoring the legal status of modern lawyer codes, demonstrating how conflicts rules are derived from both the agency and fiduciary law, and emphasizing the frequent availability of remedies other than lawyer discipline. In addition, the author explains how the actual presentation of the doctrine is far superior to either the Model Code or the Model Rules. The remainder of the article addresses the substance of the doctrine itself, covering topics such as: identification of potentially impermissible conflicts; determination whether a conflict is "non-consentable"; clarification of the relationship between Rule 1.7 (the general conflicts rule) and other rules, such as Rules 1.8(a) and 2.2; and resolution of ambiguities involving positional conflicts and affiliated organizations. It concludes with an analysis of such highly contested issues as the extension of screening of former client conflicts and payment and direction of a lawyer by a third-party such as an insurance company.
Experiments in Hand-Eye Coordination Using Active Vision

Robot hand-eye coordination has recently enjoyed much attention. Previous research at MIT has examined combining vision and manipulation applied to the task of tracking and catching tossed balls in controlled environments. Building upon the foundations of this past research, this paper presents work which incorporates a new active vision system which requires a minimally controlled environment, and implements methods for object tracking, robot/camera calibration, and new catching algorithms. Experimental results for real time catching of free-flying spherical balls are presented. The system was tested on under-hand tosses from random locations approximately 1.5–2.5 meters distant from the base of the arm. The best performance results were found to be 70–80% success for similar tosses.
Reassesment of the european mode 1 occurrences: Elements for their technological definition and interpretation

The concepts of production and standardization are used to technologically characterize European Lower and Middle Pleistocene lithic assemblages without handaxes. It is argued that many of the sites without bifaces dated after 500 Ka. are examples of a Mode 2 technology. On the other hand, several factors, including lithic variability and migrations, are considered to provide explanations for Mode 1 occurrences.
Betty Hagglund. Tourists and Travellers: Women's Non-Fictional Writing about Scotland, 1770–1830

Betty Hagglund's book explores travel writings on Scotland by five women writers over a fifty-year period, a time frame that witnesses a marked increase in women's travel in the region and in the p...
Morphological and anatomical determinants of mesophyll conductance in wild relatives of tomato (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon, sect. Lycopersicoides; Solanaceae)

Natural selection on photosynthetic performance is a primary factor determining leaf phenotypes. The complex CO2 diffusion path from substomatal cavities to the chloroplasts – the mesophyll conductance (gm) – limits photosynthetic rate in many species and hence shapes variation in leaf morphology and anatomy. Among sclerophyllous and succulent taxa, structural investment in leaves, measured as the leaf dry mass per area (LMA), has been implicated in decreased gm. However, in herbaceous taxa with high gm, it is less certain how LMA impacts CO2 diffusion and whether it significantly affects photosynthetic performance. We addressed these questions in the context of understanding the ecophysiological significance of leaf trait variation in wild tomatoes, a closely related group of herbaceous perennials. Although gm was high in wild tomatoes, variation in gm significantly affected photosynthesis. Even in these tender-leaved herbaceous species, greater LMA led to reduced gm. This relationship between gm and LMA is partially mediated by cell packing and leaf thickness, although amphistomy (equal distribution of stomata on both sides of the leaf) mitigates the effect of leaf thickness. Understanding the costs of increased LMA will inform future work on the adaptive significance of leaf trait variation across ecological gradients in wild tomatoes and other systems.
Hopfield neural networks control for optimal solutions

It is shown that introducing control elements into the Hopfield neural network aids in avoiding local minima in the network solution. Procedures for designing a modified Hopfield neural network with control elements are discussed. The application of the modified neural network to analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion is illustrated. It is shown how to determine the controllers to obtain the correct behavior of an A/D converter by utilizing the theory of variable structure systems. Also, it is shown that the solution presented by the output is independent of the initial state of the modified neural network. >
Optimization of Hall thruster magnetic field topography

Summary form only given. The improvement of the performance and component lifetime of a closed drift Hall thruster, as well as a decrease of plume divergence and plasma-spacecraft interaction is a goal of many research efforts at the University of Michigan. A three-dimensional magnetostatic code, Magnet 6 by Infolytica, was utilized in an effort to ascertain possible improvements to the Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory 5 kW class P5 Hall thruster. The magnetic field topography was measured for the P5 thruster at a 1.6 kW operating condition where the coil currents were 2 A for the outer coils and 3 A for the inner coil. The measurements were then compared to the field topography predicted from the 3D code to verify the accuracy of the simulation. Next, several variations of the magnetic field circuit for the P5, which included coil size, pole piece shape and position, and operating currents were investigated using the 3D magnetic field code. The simulations focused on strengthening the radial magnetic field while decreasing the axial field and lessening the magnetic fringe effects at the exit plane to decrease divergence of the plasma plume. Modifications to the P5 thruster were made to experimentally verify the results of the numerical simulations. The magnetic field topography, plume divergence, and the performance characteristics of the thruster were determined and compared to existing data taken before the magnetic field was optimized.
Regulation of cell survival and death during Flavivirus infections

Flaviviruses, ss(+) RNA viruses, include many of mankind’s most important pathogens. Their pathogenicity derives from their ability to infect many types of cells including neurons, to replicate, and eventually to kill the cells. Flaviviruses can activate tumor necrosis factor α and both intrinsic (Bax-mediated) and extrinsic pathways to apoptosis. Thus they can use many approaches for activating these pathways. Infection can lead to necrosis if viral load is extremely high or to other types of cell death if routes to apoptosis are blocked. Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Virus can also activate autophagy. In this case the autophagy temporarily spares the infected cell, allowing a longer period of reproduction for the virus, and the autophagy further protects the cell against other stresses such as those caused by reactive oxygen species. Several of the viral proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis or autophagy on their own, independent of the presence of other viral proteins. Given the versatility of these viruses to adapt to and manipulate the metabolism, and thus to control the survival of, the infected cells, we need to understand much better how the specific viral proteins affect the pathways to apoptosis and autophagy. Only in this manner will we be able to minimize the pathology that they cause.
Assessment of J-R Curves Obtained from Precracked Charpy Specimens

Abstract : J-R curves were determined for five materials (7075-T651; 2024-T351; HY130; HY80; and A723, Class 1, Grade 4) using precracked Charpy samples and standard size C(T) and SE(B) samples. Crack growth in the Charpy samples was estimated using the load drop method of analysis of the load displacement trace, and crack extension in the C(T) and SE(B) specimens was determined using the electric potential method. The results show that physical crack extension in the larger sample was not well estimated by the Charpy sample results. However, if the crack extension is presented as relative crack growth (as a percentage of the uncracked ligament), the agreement between the two widely different specimen sizes is much better, although not exact. With the exception of the relatively brittle 7075-T651, the J corresponding to zero, one percent, and two percent crack growth was higher in the Charpy samples than in the larger samples. This was attributed to the inability of the load drop method to determine the exact location of the crack initiation. Although nonconservative, we believe the load drop method analysis of precracked Charpy data is adequate for quality control toughness testing provided that it is realized that JIc and J-R curves may be overestimated slightly.
Severe epistaxis during adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: not your average nosebleed

We recently read the review article by Makdisi and Wang on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (1). Although ECMO can be life-saving, approximately one third of patients experience bleeding complications (2,3). It has been our observation that some patients experience severe epistaxis, but this problem is not well described in the literature and was not mentioned in the review. We retrospectively reviewed all ECMO patients at our center over a three and a half year period to better define the epidemiology, risk factors, management, and sequela of this problem. The Institutional Review Board approved our review.
Personalized Medicine: Genetic Diagnosis for Inherited Cardiomyopathies/ Channelopathies

Major advances in the field of molecular genetics have expanded our ability to identify genetic substrates underlying the pathogenesis of various disorders that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Included among these disorders are the potentially lethal and heritable channelopathies and cardiomyopathies for which the underlying genetic basis has been identified and is now better understood. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity are hallmark features of these disorders, with thousands of gene mutations being implicated within these divergent cardiovascular diseases. Genetic testing for several of these heritable channelopathies and cardiomyopathies has matured from discovery to research-based genetic testing to clinically/commercially available diagnostic tests. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of human medical genetics and genetic testing in the context of cardiovascular diseases of the heart. We review the state of clinical genetic testing for the more common channelopathies and cardiomyopathies, discuss some of the pertinent issues that arise from genetic testing, and discuss the future of personalized medicine in cardiovascular disease.
Vaccinia Virus Induces Rapid Necrosis in Keratinocytes by a STAT3-Dependent Mechanism

Rationale Humans with a dominant negative mutation in STAT3 are susceptible to severe skin infections, suggesting an essential role for STAT3 signaling in defense against cutaneous pathogens. Methods To focus on innate antiviral defenses in keratinocytes, we used a standard model of cutaneous infection of severe combined immunodeficient mice with the current smallpox vaccine, ACAM-2000. In parallel, early events post-infection with the smallpox vaccine ACAM-2000 were investigated in cultured keratinocytes of human and mouse origin. Results Mice treated topically with a STAT3 inhibitor (Stattic) developed larger vaccinia lesions with higher virus titers and died more rapidly than untreated controls. Cultured human and murine keratinocytes infected with ACAM-2000 underwent rapid necrosis, but when treated with Stattic or with inhibitors of RIP1 kinase or caspase-1, they survived longer, produced higher titers of virus, and showed reduced activation of type I interferon responses and inflammatory cytokines release. Treatment with inhibitors of RIP1 kinase and STAT3, but not caspase-1, also reduced the inflammatory response of keratinocytes to TLR ligands. Vaccinia growth properties in Vero cells, which are known to be defective in some antiviral responses, were unaffected by inhibition of RIP1K, caspase-1, or STAT3. Conclusions Our findings indicate that keratinocytes suppress the replication and spread of vaccinia virus by undergoing rapid programmed cell death, in a process requiring STAT3. These data offer a new framework for understanding susceptibility to skin infection in patients with STAT3 mutations. Interventions which promote prompt necroptosis/pyroptosis of infected keratinocytes may reduce risks associated with vaccination with live vaccinia virus.
Mercury levels in human brain, skeletal muscle and body fluids.

Abstract Neutron activation analysis was employed to quantitate the levels of mercury (Hg) in human tissue and body fluids. Statistical analysis revealed: 1. a. No significant differences (P > .05) in Hg levels among the members of each of the following groupings: (i) adult (15–91 years) and sub-adult (neonate through 14 years) frontal and cerebellar cortex, medulla, pons, midbrain, and adult thalamus. (ii) sub-adult thalamus, adult and sub-adult callosal white matter and angular and supramarginal gyri. (iii) the RBCs, plasma and urine obtained from apparently healthy volunteers. Also, there was no correlation among the Hg levels of the RBCs, plasma and urine of any single individual. 2. b. A significantly higher (P 3. c. A significantly higher (P 4. d. A significantly higher Hg level in the adult gastrocnemius muscle and corpus striatum compared to the tissue/body fluids listed in a.ii (P 5. e. A significant positive effect of age on thalamic Hg levels (adult > sub-adult: P
The Einstein evolution equations as a first-order quasi-linear symmetric hyperbolic system. I

A systematic presentation of the quasi-linear first order symmetric hyperbolic systems of Friedrichs is presented. A number of sharp regularity and smoothness properties of the solutions are obtained. The present paper is devoted to the case ofRn with suitable asymptotic conditions imposed. As an example, we apply this theory to give new proofs of the existence and uniqueness theorems for the Einstein equations in general relativity, due to Choquet-Bruhat and Lichnerowicz. These new proofs usingfirst order techniques are considerably simplier than the classical proofs based onsecond order techniques. Our existence results are as sharp as had been previously known, and our uniqueness results improve by one degree of differentiability those previously existing in the literature.
What's Love Got to Do with It? Sexuality, Shame, and the Use of the Other

This article examines Jessica Benjamin's path-blazing feminist work on domination/submission as the foundation for later studies on sexuality and emphasizes intersubjectivity both as a philosophical model and as a clinical concept. The problem of dependency in the mother-infant relationship, the terrors and desires of the mother-baby relationship, and the intersubjective aspects of sexuality as they appear in the clinical work are discussed. The article suggests that the mother's body plays a fundamental role in the discovery of oneself and of the other and particularly in the development of the capacity for love.
Journal of Pathology Informatics thanks its reviewers

The Journal of Pathology Informatics (JPI) is now 4 years old and growing steadily.[1] The quantity and quality of informatics content in JPI has evolved considerably. Manuscript submissions have originated from both the USA (54%) and overseas (46%). To date, 129,644 people have visited our journal. There were 283,327 page views recorded by our publisher Wolters Kluwer. The number of online sessions has virtually tripled since JPI was launched [Figure 1]. The open access model JPI opted for has worked out well. Accordingly, most hits are for the full text HTML version of articles. The majority (78.5%) of these recorded online sessions have been linked to mobile devices (e.g. iPad). Figure 1 Website visitors analysis from 2010 to 2014 The success and reputation of JPI are attributed not only to the authors and the caliber of their work, but also to our peer reviewers. We are grateful for the erudite, constructive and timely peer reviews received for manuscripts submitted to JPI. Below is the list of superb peer reviewers we would like to thank. List of JPI Reviewers Abid Shah Adrian Platts Ajay Basavanhally Alexander Borowsky Alexis Carter Anand Dighe Anant Madabhushi Andrew Evans Andrew Georgiou Andrew Post Anil Parwani Ashokkumar Patel Beverly Faulkner-Jones Brian Jackson Bruce Beckwith Bruce Friedman Bruce Levy Bryan Dangott Cyrus Hedvat Carol Rauch Chakra Chennubhotla Chet Andrzejewski Ching Wei Wang Christopher Naugler Christopher Otis Claudia Mello-Thoms Clayton Wiley Daniel Cowan Daniel Rubin Darrell Triulzi Darren Treanor Dave Parry David Foran David McClintock David Wilbur Donald Karcher Drazen Jukic Elizabeth Krupinski Elena Brachtel Enrique Terrazas Eric Glassy Gabriel Caponetti Gaurav Sharma George Birdsong Giovanna Crisi Gokhan Bilgin Gustavo Rohde Hal Weiner Heike Varnholt Heiko Spallek Imam Yetik Ioan Cucoranu J. Mark Tuthill James Brassel James Harrison James Linder James Nichols Janusz Szymas Jason Hipp Jeffrey Fine Jeroen van der Laak Jim Madory Joel Saltz John Gilbertson John Madden John Ozolek John Pfeifer John Sinard John Tomaszewski Jonas Almeida Jonathan Freeman Jonhan Ho Kamran Badizadegan Karen Quillen Kei-Hoi Cheung Keith Kaplan Klaus Kayser Laura Boucheron Leona Ayers Lewis Hassell Liron Pantanowitz Lydia, Contis Marcial Garcia Rojo Marilyn Bui Mark Routbort Mehrvash Haghighi Metin Gurcan Michael Becich Michael Blechner Michael Feldman Michael Riben Murat Dundar Muthu Krishnan Niazi M Khalid Khan Olivier Lezoray PK Ragu Paul van Diest Peter Yu Philip Boyer Raj Dash Raja Seethala Rajkumar Vajpeyi Raymond Aller Raymond Felgar Rebecca Crowley Richard Levenson Richard Long Robert Leif Rodney Schmidt Ronald Weinstein Sajeesh Kumar Sara Monaco Sarah Dry Seung Park Shriram Jakate Shuai Yuan Shyam Visweswaran Somak Roy Stephen Hewitt Stephen McKenna Stephen Turney Syed Muhammad Sylvia Asa Thomas Bauer Toby Cornish Ulysses Balis Uma Chandran Victor Brodsky Vinod Shidham Won-Ki Jeong Walid Khalbuss Walter Henricks William Castellani Xin Qi Yu Chen Yukako Yagi Zachary Franco Zhuang Zuo.
Mass Spectrometry Compatible Surfactant for Optimized In-Gel Protein Digestion

Identification of proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE depends on robust in-gel protein digestion and efficient peptide extraction, requirements that are often difficult to achieve. A lengthy and laborious procedure is an additional challenge of protein identification in gel. We show here that with the use of the mass spectrometry compatible surfactant sodium 3-((1-(furan-2-yl)undecyloxy)carbonylamino)propane-1-sulfonate, the challenges of in-gel protein digestion are effectively addressed. Peptide quantitation based on stable isotope labeling showed that the surfactant induced 1.5–2 fold increase in peptide recovery. Consequently, protein sequence coverage was increased by 20–30%, on average, and the number of identified proteins saw a substantial boost. The surfactant also accelerated the digestion process. Maximal in-gel digestion was achieved in as little as one hour, depending on incubation temperature, and peptides were readily recovered from gel eliminating the need for postdigestion extraction. This stud...
Single Molecule Studies of Unstructured Protein Function and Dynamics

Unstructured proteins are biologically important, but challenging to characterize by traditional biophysical methods. Single-molecule fluorescence can probe the conformations of disease-related unstructured proteins, in solution or bound to partners.
Exergy economics: I. Cost accounting applications

Abstract Exergy accounting is important in a variety of applications, one of which is the proper costing of different utilities supplied as products either to outside consumers or to in-plant manufacturing processes from a common system. Other applications rely not only on the costs of products, but also on the cost of “energy” at the junctures between the various operations in a “process” or “energy-conversion” facility. These costs can then be applied to: 1. (a) engineering/economic decisions regarding the operation (and maintenance) of a system or system-component, 2. (b) feasibility studies, 3. (c) improvement of design concepts and comparison of alternatives, 4. (d) optimal design, and 5. (e) economic selection of system components at the system design stage or time of replacement or retrofit decision. These different applications are illustrated by the results of four case studies.
Stability of binary nanocrystalline alloys against grain growth and phase separation

Abstract Grain boundary segregation has been established through both simulation and experiments as a successful approach to stabilize nanocrystalline materials against grain growth. However, relatively few alloy systems have been studied in this context; these vary in their efficacy, and in many cases the stabilization effect is compromised by second phase precipitation. Here we address the open-ended design problem of how to select alloy systems that may be stable in a nanocrystalline state. We continue the development of a general “regular nanocrystalline solution” model to identify the conditions under which binary nanocrystalline alloy systems with positive heats of mixing are stable with respect to both grain growth (segregation removes the grain boundary energy penalty) and phase separation (the free energy of the nanocrystalline system is lower than the common tangent defining the bulk miscibility gap). We calculate a “nanostructure stability map” in terms of alloy thermodynamic parameters. Three main regions are delineated in these maps: one where grain boundary segregation does not result in a stabilized nanocrystalline structure, one in which macroscopic phase separation would be preferential (despite the presence of a nanocrystalline state stable against grain growth) and one for which the nanocrystalline state is stable against both grain growth and phase separation. Additional details about the stabilized structures are also presented in the map, which can be regarded as a tool for the design of stable nanocrystalline alloys.
Systematic studies of the semiconductor/liquid junction: n-gallium arsenide phosphide anodes in aqueous Se2-/Se22- solutions

Etude des couches epitaxiales de n-GaAs 1−x P x (0<x<1) en tant que photo-electrodes ou en tant que jonctions de Schottky avec Au
Patrons of porn: Research notes on the clientele of adult bookstores∗

In today's world of evolving, often contradictory, sexual values and mores there is an ever increasing need to understand the multitude of actors and sexual acts, in all forms, which construct the cultural environment in which we live. One neglected and frequently misunderstood sexual environment is the adult bookstore (and accompanying video peepshow). Previous research in such settings has focused primarily on the deviance designation of the settings and has imputed deviant labels to participating actors (Sundholm 1973; Karp 1973; McKinstry 1974; Perkins & Skipper 1981; Potter 1986, 1989). However, previous work has filed to address aspects of identity among the participants. The present research addresses the virtual social identity (Goffman 1963) of patrons, focusing on the presentation of self via both role enactments and projected images of one's self concept. Data for the present analysis is gathered by way of covert participant observation in one large, urban, adult bookstore video peepshow with t...
The epidemiology of pathological gambling: Critique of existing research and alternative strategies

As legalized gambling opportunities increase, the performance of research on pathological gambling assumes greater importance. In this regard, a useful starting point involves documenting the epidemiological nature of pathological gambling. Unfortunately, the only systematic study of the incidence/prevalence of pathological gambling which has yielded widely publicized and frequently cited results appears to possess several methodological problems. Thus, this paper critiques this study and discusses methodological issues relevant to any epidemiological research effort. In addition to sampling and measurement concerns, issues such as data accessibility, denial and related reactive effects, ethical considerations, and the appropriateness of various data collection methods are discussed to promote the conduct of sound pathological gambling research.
Water Spray Cooling of High-Temperature Steam Flow Through a Steam Turbine Bypass Valve Line

The objective of the present study is to investigate the steam flow behavior through the high-pressure turbine bypass valve. Efforts have mainly been directed at investigating the process of steam flow and property variations aforementioned bypass valve as well as to obtain correlations between the flow rate and the valve opening ratio. Modeling of the high-pressure turbulent steam flow was performed on a three-dimensional non-staggered (co-located) grid system by employing the finite volume method and by solving the three-dimensional, turbulent, compressible Navier-Stokes, and energy equations. Through this research, numerous data have been acquired and analyzed. These efforts enable us to obtain a correlation data set for the flow rate coefficient as a function of valve opening. One of the significant accomplishments is to use the model presented here for further improve a design of a turbine bypass flow valve.Copyright © 2009 by ASME