cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central nervous system disease in Sjögren's syndrome. New insights into immunopathogenesis.

Although peripheral nervous system disease is a well-established complication of primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS), until relatively recently little attention has been focused on the central nervous system (CNS) complications of this disorder. The observations discussed in this article pertain to patients with primary SS in whom the presence of a second connective tissue disorder and other etiologies for neurologic disease have been rigorously excluded. In this article, the growing clinical spectrum of CNS manifestations, neurodiagnostic techniques, serologic analyses, and immunogenetic markers associated with this disorder are reviewed.
Offset approximation improvement by control point perturbation

There does not usually exist a closed general NURBs representation of the offset curve (or surface) to a NURBs curve (surface). In a related paper [6] a method was developed to determine a sequence of approximations to the offset curve (surface) of a given curve (surface) with the properties that the global error of each approximation from the true offset can be bounded and the sequence converges to the true offset. In this paper we take the next step and develop a method using the analysis of the offset error function that perturbs the control points of a specified NURBs approximation to an offset of a NURBs curve (surface), so that a better approximation to the offset results.
Achieving fundamental renal testing, foot care inspections and ophthalmology examinations through DSMT

The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of DSMT on achieving renal testing, foot care inspections and ophthalmology examinations among diabetic Veterans in an outpatient care clinic.Material/Methods: A cross sectional analysis of a representative sample of 550 adult Veterans with type 1 and type 2 diabetes was completed to assess the effect of receiving diabetes education via DSMT in a primary care setting on hemoglobin A1C (HgA1C), documented of renal testing, documented of an annual foot examination and documented of an annual ophthalmology examination. Results: The percentage lowering of HgA1C at the end of three months lowered to 7.5% compared to 9.2%. The number documented renal testing at the end of three months was 433, 78% compared to 244, 44%. The number of documented ophthalmologic examinations at the end of three months was 416, 76% compared to 231, 42%. The number reported foot examination at the end of three months performed at home by self or a family member was 442, 80%. The number of documented foot examination at the end of three months was 268, 49% compared 199, 36%.Conclusions: Conclusions are DSMT in a primary care setting improves Veterans diabetes care as indicated by a decrease mean HgA1C, increase in the number of renal testing, increase in the number of ophthalmologic examinations, increase in reported and documented foot examinations.
The Mother’s Perspective: Factors Considered When Choosing to Enter a Stay-at-Home Father and Working Mother Relationship:

A qualitative study was conducted to examine the decision-making factors of entering a stay-at-home father and working mother relationship based on the mother's perspective. A total of 20 married, heterosexual, working mothers with biological children aged 1 to 4 years were asked questions regarding how they decided to enter a stay-at-home father and working mother relationship as well as contributing factors to this decision. The findings presented in this article were part of a larger study that examined mothers' overall perspectives of the working mother stay-at-home father dynamics. The themes that emerged regarding how the decision was made to enter this kind of relationship were creating a work-family life balance, utilizing the cost-benefit ratio, and applying personality/trait strengths.
Acquired Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia Associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma: Rapid Reversal of Functional Platelet Defect with Chemotherapy Despite Persistence of a Glycoprotein Iib/Iiia Auto-Antibody

Abstract Abstract 4656 Background: Acquired Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare hemorrhagic disorder characterized by the impairment of platelet function caused by inhibition of GpIIb/IIIa signaling, often by an autoantibody. This disorder has been associated with lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease. Case: A previously healthy 44 year old male presents with severe spontaneous nasal, gingival, and gastrointestinal bleeding with mildly elevated INR and aPTT and normal platelet count in the setting of newly diagnosed stage IVB classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Nodular Sclerosis type. At presentation, platelet aggregation studies showed no aggregation with ADP, epinepherine, and arachidonic acid, with preserved ristocetin aggregation. An anti-platelet antibody was detected. Bone marrow aspiration showed megakaryocytes that were increased in number with occasional atypical forms. Patient was started on ABVD chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma with immediate resolution of bleeding diathesis. Repeat platelet aggregation after cycle 2 of ABVD showed normalization of platelet aggregation. Despite the clinical resolution of bleeding tendency and functional platelet defect, a persistent anti-platelet antibody directed against GPIIb/IIIa receptor was detected. Conclusion: Acquired Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a rare disorder of hemostasis associated with lymphoma and autoimmune conditions. The prompt reversal of the functional defect with chemotherapy in this patient, as well as the persistence of the GpIIb/IIIa antibody, suggest that there may be additional additional lymphoma-specific factors that modify the effect of the autoantibody. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Glomerular disease: Updated Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy: a new MEST-C score.

The Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most widely accepted system for assessing histologic findings in IgAN. A new publication refines this classification by adding a crescent score, reassessing the segmental sclerosis score, and contextualizing the clinical relevance of the histologic lesions.
Middle Eocene Calcareous Nannofossils at Little Stave Creek, Alabama

The middle Eocene Claiborne Group at Little Stave Creek, Alabama, contains a rich and varied assemblage of coccolithophores, with a significant development of provincial forms such as pentaliths, rhabdoliths, and holococcoliths. The pentaliths of the family Braarudosphaeraceae are especially well-developed in the study area. These provincial forms are known from hemipelagic marine deposits in numerous areas, but are notably lacking or sparse in oceanic pelagic sediments. The pentaliths are rare in contemporary nannofloras, but several other Recent coccolithophores have a provincial distribution that is attributed to a benthonic phase in the life cycle of the organism. Eocene pentaliths and the other provincial species may have had similar limitations; nevertheless, they must have possessed a phase which was capable of traversing the open ocean because the same species occur in hemipelagic sediments on all continents. The apparent provincialism of these forms does not diminish their usefulness because the occurrence of a particular species is synchronous throughout the geographic range of that form. These species are useful, therefore, both as stratigraphic indicators in Paleogene sediments and as environmental indicators of the hemipelagic realm.
Family food and shape messages: Capturing the experiences of African-American women.

Abstract Four studies explored the family food experiences (FFEs) of African-American (AA) in relation to disordered eating and body image concerns. Focus groups of AA women expressed FFEs that shaped their relationships with food (Study 1). We used the resulting framework to create a measure assessing FFEs related to disordered eating ( Family Food Experiences-Black Questionnaire ; FFBQ ). Measure items were subjected to a content analysis (Study 2). Subject matter experts rated ten items essential (CVR ≥ 0.62, p N = 66) women (Study 3). The two-factor model explained 41.14% of the variance in the items (Χ 2 = 25.04, df = 26, p = 0.52. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the FFBQ in a new sample of AA women ( N = 167) to confirm the factor structure. The EFA yielded two subscales: a Traditional Thin-Ideal (TTI) and a Curvy Ideal (CI) subscale (reflecting messages that emphasize valuation of curves). These subscales were confirmed by CFA in a second sample of AA women with modifications to two items (Χ 2 = 32.63, Χ 2 / df = 2.04). Disordered eating was positively correlated with messages reflecting both ideals while only messages reflecting the Curvy Ideal was related to body image disturbance. Implications include a need for further study of the duality of body ideal messages and the impact on body image/disordered eating disturbance in AA women.
Effects of syllable onset on the timing of pitch accent in Belgrade Serbian

In this paper, I present the results of an acoustic study on Serbian, a pitch-accent language with sonorant-sonorant onset clusters like /mr/ and /ml/. I show that peak timing in falling accents is not affected solely by syllable onset duration, as suggested by the segmental anchoring hypothesis, but rather is determined by an interaction between syllable onset complexity and syllable onset duration, indicating a gestural representation of tone.
Effects of Procurement Planning on Organizational Growth and Development

Procurement planning is integral aspect in any organization operations. It has seen many organizations succeed and others get extinct from the way it is planned, carried and implemented. It is an area that is prone to business cartels and corruption, hence no single day passes without a headline on the global dailies about a corrupt procurement deal. Procurement planning is the primary function that stage for subsequent procurement activities. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of procurement planning on organizational performance at the Kenya Methodist University (administration, human resource, ICT, internal audit, procurement and Finance) The independent variables in this study are, staff competence, top management support and management information systems. The dependent variable is growth and development of the organization. The literature review explains theories that relate to procurement planning and its effect on organizational growth and development. These theories include, the agency theory and the stewardship theory. The paper ends with an analytical summary of the two theories and how they relate with the modern procurement of resources in organizations. Keywords : Procurement, Agency Theory, Stewardship Theory.
The Deployment Theorem

The main result of this chapter is that a minimal rotation set for m d is uniquely determined by its rotation number together with an invariant called the “deployment vector” which, roughly speaking, describes how the points of the rotation set are deployed relative to the d − 1 fixed points of m d .
Endosymbiosis and Cellular Tolerance in the Hawaiian Soft Coral Sarcothelia Edmondsoni Verrill

The relationship between the soft coral Sarcothelia edmondsoniVerrill and its symbiotic algae is considered as an early instance of cellular tolerance which can be disturbed by a variety of adverse conditions. The algal cells lie in vesicles deep within the endodermal cells of the host and are not subject to digestion. Their expulsion appears to be a reverse translocation to the distal end of the host cell and escape by a form of reversed phagocytosis resembling secretion. The cellular mechanisms involved are not clear.
Role of hypotension in decreasing cerebral blood flow in porcine endotoxemia.

The role of reduced arterial blood pressure (MAP) in decreasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) during endotoxemia was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs. Microspheres (15 microns diam) were used to measure regional CBF changes during MAP manipulations in animals with and without endotoxin. Endotoxin (0.2 mg/kg iv) decreased MAP to 50 mmHg and decreased blood flow to the cortex and cerebellum without affecting cerebral cortical oxygen consumption (CMRO2). Elevating MAP from 50 to 70 mmHg during endotoxemia with norepinephrine (1.82 +/- 0.58 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1, iv) did not change cortical blood flow or CMRO2 but increased cerebellar blood flow. Brain stem blood flow was not affected by endotoxin or norepinephrine. When MAP was decreased to 50 mmHg by hemorrhage without endotoxin, no change in blood flow to cortex, cerebellum, or brain stem was observed from base-line levels. These results suggest that decreased MAP below a lower limit for cerebral autoregulation does not account for the decreased CBF observed after endotoxin.
The philosophy of human evolution: Contemporary debates in historical context

What does human evolutionary theory reveal about the origins of human nature and the constraints it imposes on human cognition, behavior, and society? ‘‘The whole field of human evolution is pregnant with philosophical questions of great interest’’, Michael Ruse concludes in the final passage of The Philosophy of Human Evolution. This engaging and eminently readable romp through the philosophical landscape of human evolution fills a significant niche in the existing literature. There are numerous scientific texts surveying historical and contemporary problems in the field of human evolution, and there are many philosophical texts exploring conceptual and methodological problems in evolutionary theory. Ruse interweaves scientific and philosophical work on human evolution with the latest work in biological theory to produce a unique and timely book, one that addresses a range of important topics that rarely find their way into works of this genre. With a relentless lucidity and charming, folksy familiarity, Ruse guides a general readership through the thicket of historical, scientific, philosophical, social, and religious issues arising out of human evolutionary theory, navigating both well-worn and under-explored philosophical territory alike in eight chapters of seamless, page-turning pros. Ruse makes adept use of quotations from eminent evolutionists wherever the original words have greater resonance than any encapsulated rendering the author could provide. A careful attention to history is perhaps the greatest strength of the book. Ruse’s general rhetorical strategy is highly effective: He introduces contemporary philosophical debates in human evolution by first considering Darwin’s perennially prescient thoughts on the topic at hand, some of which, as the reader comes to see, have been vindicated, some modified, and some rebuked. Equally effective is Ruse’s use of clear, instructive figures illustrating key points in biogeography, comparative anatomy, taxonomy, development, genetics, and
We are not social justice equals: the need for white scholars to understand their whiteness

This article presents White social justice archetypes identified applying extended case study methods over 6 years at two Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) in the USA. Primary data collection...
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIATION STERILIZATION OF FOODS1

Research efforts during the past decade indicate that ionizing radiations may be used in certain industrial processes. Unique among these processes is that of cold sterilization of foods, drugs, an...
Abstract 187: Odds of Stroke in the Young based on Preexisting Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

Background: Recent studies suggest an increasing incidence of stroke in young populations in the last 2 decades in contrast with the declining incidence in older adults. Rising prevalence of athero...
Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine at Dissociative Doses in an Adult Patient With Refractory Status Asthmaticus Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy.

Abstract Purpose First-line management of severe asthma exacerbations include the use of inhaled short-acting β-agonists, anticholinergics, and systemic corticosteroids. Continuous intravenous ketamine given at dissociative doses may be a pharmacologic option in patients who are intubated with life-threatening severe bronchospasm unresponsive to standard therapy. We describe the case of a 44-year-old man admitted to the intensive care unit for status asthmaticus requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Methods The patient developed severe refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure necessitating additional respiratory support with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Ketamine treatment was initiated at 0.5 mg/kg/h continuous infusion on the day of admission for pain control and required up-titration to 2 mg/kg/h by intensive care unit day 4 for bronchodilation. Whole blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis of ketamine during ECMO. Findings The plasma concentration at steady state was 1018.7 ng/mL, with an estimated clearance of 1.96 L/kg/h after up-titration. The Vd was 14.18 L/kg, the ke was 0.14 hr−1, and the t½ was 5 hours. Implications Compared with healthy adults, there was a 6.5-fold increase in the Vd. However, the Vd was similar compared with critically ill patients not receiving ECMO. Further studies should focus on the effect of ECMO on ketamine pharmacokinetic properties.
Autoxidation of Limonene Emitted in a University Art Museum

The lifetime of alkylperoxy radicals (RO2•) formed in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a key determinant of reaction mechanisms and products. When RO2• radical lifetimes are lo...
Barrierless methane-to-methanol conversion: the unique mechanism of AlO+

The kinetics of AlO+ + CH4 are studied from 300–500 K using a selected-ion flow tube. At all temperatures the reaction proceeds near the Langevin–Gioumousis–Stevenson collision rate with two product channels: hydrogen atom abstraction (AlOH+ + CH3, 86 ± 5%) and methanol formation (Al+ + CH3OH, 14 ± 5%). Density functional calculations show the key Al–CH3OH+ intermediate is formed barrierlessly via a mechanism unique to aluminum, avoiding the rate-limiting step common to other MO+. The reaction of Al2O3+ + CH4 follows a similar mechanism to that for AlO+ through to the key intermediate; however, the conversion to methanol occurs only for AlO+ due to favorable energetics attributed to a weaker Al+–CH3OH bond. Importantly, that bond strength may be tuned independent of competing product channels by altering the acidity of the Al with electron-withdrawing or donating groups, indicating a key design criteria to develop a real world Al-atom catalyst.
The Pharmacology of Drug Testing: Indications and Methodology

The use of drug testing in the interest of health care has its roots in the occupational medicine movement. As early as 1916, medical departments began to be established in U.S. industry, leading to the formation of the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons. More recently, there has been an Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) movement among employees in U.S. industry (now known as AOMA-American Occupational Medication Association). This movement has led to the development of programs designed to assist the employee with a drug problem before more punitive action, such as termination, is considered.
Financial Contract Design in the World of Venture Captial

Over the past decade, venture capital is credited with fueling economic growth, cultural change, and financial exuberance. Technological advances have dramatically reduced the cost of information, with a tremendous economic impact. In the financial sphere, venture capital is regarded as the frontier of innovation, liberated from the regulation and precedents of traditional markets. Therefore, the time may be ripe to evaluate whether valuable financial innovation has taken place in fact. In The Venture Capital Cycle, Professors Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner assemble an empirical examination of various aspects of venture capital financing in a highly informative and thought-provoking volume. Their analyses and results provide material with which we might assess the contributions of venture capitalists to the design and understanding of financial relationships. Financial economists regard much of security design as the task of minimizing the cost of information. Financial intermediaries play important roles in bridging information asymmetries and monitoring entrepreneurs on behalf of their investors. Gompers and Lerner focus on the venture capital partnership as the intermediary between investors and high-technology start-ups. The venture capitalist's counterpart in the old economy is the commercial bank. The authors describe a venture capital cycle that is functionally very similar to the relationship between banks and their borrowers.1 Both intermediaries finance start-ups until these firms establish reputations that enable them to raise capital in public markets, at which time the intermediaries withdraw their investments and either return them to their investors or re-
Hospital readmissions in older adults with epilepsy in the US - A population-based study.

Abstract Objective Our objective was to determine proportions, causes, and predictors of 30-day readmissions among older adults with epilepsy. Understanding predictors of readmissions may inform future interventions aimed at reducing avoidable hospitalizations in this vulnerable population. Methods Individuals 65 years or older with epilepsy were identified using previously validated ICD-9-CM codes in any diagnostic position in the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Proportions of 30-day readmissions and causes of readmissions in older adults with epilepsy were compared to both older adults without and younger adults (18–64 years old) with epilepsy. We identified predictors of readmission in older adults with epilepsy using logistic regression. Results There were 92,030 older adults with, 3,166,852 older adults without, and 168,622 younger adults with epilepsy. Proportions of readmissions were higher in older adults with (16.2%) than older adults without (12.5%) and younger adults with epilepsy (15.1%). The main cause of readmission for older adults with and without epilepsy was septicemia, and epilepsy/seizure in younger adults with epilepsy. Predictors of 30-day readmissions in older adults with epilepsy were: non-elective admissions (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.27–1.48), public insurance (Medicaid vs. private insurance OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.02–1.39; Medicare vs. private insurance OR 1.11, 95%CI 1.00–1.22), lower median household income for patient’s zip code ($1–$39,999 vs. $66,000 + OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.22), hospital location in large metropolitan areas (OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.05–1.42), higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index (OR 1.11, 95%CI 1.10–1.02), and male sex (OR 1.04, 95%CI 1.00–1.09). Significance Our findings suggest that targeted interventions to reduce the risk of infection may potentially reduce readmission in older people with epilepsy, similarly to those without. Provision of coordinated care and appropriate discharge planning may reduce readmissions particularly in those who are males, are of lower socioeconomic status and with more comorbidities.
Tamper Sensitive Ternary ReRAM-Based PUFs

The physical properties of resistive random-access memories can be exploited to design physical unclonable functions, they can also be used to insert sensing elements detecting tampering activities. We are presenting how un-filtered cryptographic key generation cycles can permanently damage about 20% to 40% of the memory cell population, while the strong cells return to their pristine state after operation. During an enrollment cycle performed once upfront, the weak cells are identified, tracked with a ternary state, and never used during subsequent key generation cycles thereafter. The weak cells are likely to be damaged when the opponent blindly characterizes the physical unclonable functions or attempt to generate cryptographic keys. Thereby these weaker cells act as sensing elements of this type of attacks. The cryptographic scheme is optimized to tolerate a certain level of failure of the stronger cells, and to compute ternary states to keep track of the weaker cells. The implementation was written in Phyton and C++ at the server level, and in C at the client level. The protocols use the standard hash algorithm SHA-3, and the extended output function SHAKE.
Effects of Affect and Cognition on Subjective QOL

This chapter describes the effects of affect and cognition on subjective well-being. Many QOL studies have shown that mood, causal attributions, appraisals, personal meaning, habituation, and cognitive frames play an important role in subjective well-being. Let us review the evidence.
Facial information retrieval using component-based classification and scale invariance

There are many applications in which identification by facial images is desired. Because of the variations in faces as well as the images that capture this human feature, recognition and identification of facial images is a complex problem. In this paper, a face identification and recognition system is designed using scale invariant points and phase extraction. Identification of a face within an image is the first step; here a skin color model is used by matching the texture of skin via hue and saturation values. This step is followed by a face recognition operation whereby components of the face (e.g., eyes, lips, and nose) are extracted using a geometric approach rather than holistic approach. Each individual component of the face is extracted using separate classifiers resulting in individual feature signatures. The approach of extracting signatures for each facial component results in classifying scale invariant images of the face which provides robust recognition among clusters and occlusions in real-time. The output of each classifier is individually processed for features that are invariant of scale, translation, rotation, and partially invariant to illumination changes. Results show that the constructed PID's (Phase IDentifications) are unique for each component of a face and the signatures of a facial image obtained via this hybrid face recognition approach provides better results than classical methods by focusing on specific areas that are sensitive to variations. The main advantage of PIDs is that they are applicable to a broader range of image structures, such as corners and edges, for which scale selection is unreliable in current scale invariance algorithms. In this paper, we extend our work in PIDs by focusing on the selection of the number of key points in the facial image in order to test robustness and accuracy. This is demonstrated by several face detection examples.
Enforcing Vacated International Arbitration Awards: An Economic Approach

This article argues for an economic approach to a widely-debated issue in the international commercial arbitration literature: whether arbitration awards vacated in the arbitral situs should nonetheless be enforceable in other jurisdictions. Under this economic approach, parties should be permitted to resolve the issue by contract, with the default rule being that vacated awards are not enforceable (with the possible exception of judgments of the vacating court procured in bad faith). Conceptually, this approach is most like the approach reflected in In re Chromalloy Aeroservices, which is the only current approach that plainly focuses on the agreement of the parties in determining the enforceability of vacated awards. Ironically, although the Chromalloy court adopted the proper conceptual approach, it misapplied that approach on the facts of the case, too readily finding the parties had contracted around the default.
Multi-robot hunting behavior

In this paper we consider the problem of hunting an unpredictably moving prey using a group of robots. We elaborate a mathematical model for the tracking-navigation problem based on geometric rules. This model consists of systems of two differential equations describing the relative motion of the prey with respect to the robots. The control laws are decentralized and the robots move in different modes, namely: navigation-tracking mode, obstacles avoidance mode, cooperative collision avoidance, and circle formation. In the tracking-navigation mode, we use the deviated pursuit strategy, which consists of a closed loop control law based on geometric rules. The properties of this strategy are explored briefly. For obstacles and cooperative collision avoidance, a collision cone approach is used. Our method is illustrated using simulation.
Schur indices of perfect groups

It has been noticed by many authors that the Schur indices of the irreducible characters of many quasi-simple finite groups are at most 2. A conjecture has emerged that the Schur indices of all irreducible characters of all quasi-simple finite groups are at most 2. We prove that this conjecture cannot be extended to the set of all finite perfect groups. Indeed, we prove that, given any positive integer n, there exist irreducible characters of finite perfect groups of chief length 2 which have Schur index n.
Bleomycin, an Antitumor Antibiotic: Improved Microbiological Assay and Tissue Distribution Studies in Normal Mice

Abstract A microbiological assay was developed for bleomycin, an antitumor antibiotic reported to be active in human trials. The assay bacterium was a strain of Escherichia coli which is resistant to ethionine. Studies revealed relatively high concentrations of bleomycin in the blood and urine of mice after a single dose, < 0.33 ld10, injected intraperitoneally.
Fission product analytic impulse source functions

The intensive study of fission products and their effects carried out over the past decade has resulted in a thorough understanding of their behavior and an accurate predictive capability. A convenient form, a fitted linear combination of exponentials, has been developed for representing aggregate time-dependent decay spectra. The resulting parameters are useful in a wide variety of fission product applications. The fitted functions, which include beta and gamma aggregate spectra for total and gaseous fission products from /sup 235/U and /sup 239/Pu over the 0- to 10/sup 9/-s time interval, are readily used with any power history.
A Review of “The Empire Strikes Out: How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad”

In The Empire Strikes Out, Robert Elias, a professor of law and politics at the University of San Francisco, fuses his passion for baseball with his interest in American foreign policy. Elias has p...
Helix handedness inversion in arylamide foldamers: elucidation and free energy profile of a hopping mechanism

We report the first atomistic level description of the handedness inversion mechanism for helical arylamide foldamers. The key process in the handedness inversion is the simultaneous unfolding and folding of two adjacent aryl–aryl linkages, propagating from a helix terminus along the strand. Intermediates along the inversion pathway have a common feature – a single unfolded aryl–aryl linkage (through Caryl–Camide rotation) connecting two helical segments of opposite handedness. This explicit solvent metadynamics study also provides thorough quantitative free energy information for each step of the previously uncharacterized inversion pathway.
Muted Deterrence: The Enhanced Attribution of Tort Liability to U.S. Higher Education Institutions for Student Safety

A key challenge facing modern universities is ensuring student safety. This task inevitably involves deterring risky behavior. The existing law on campus safety, however, inadequately addresses this challenge. This essay argues that an overemphasis on tort litigation fails to (i) adequately deter risky individual and institutional behaviors; (ii) provide incentives to higher education institutions to create safe campuses; and (iii) provide higher education institutions with the resources, know-how, and overall capacity to improve campus safety. Recognising the limitations of adversarial tort litigation in the student safety context, this essay, proposes a more collaborative, less adversarial, regulatory framework for making US campuses safer learning environments.
HSP70 expression in the CNS in response to exercise and heat stress in rats

We have previously documented the regional distribution of 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in brains of rats made hyperthermic by brief exposure to high-powered microwaves (HPM; 2.06 GHz). We now...
Oral Discoid Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Literature on systemic and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus has been reviewed. The clinical and histopathologic changes in the oral cavity produced by these disorders are emphasized. A case of chronic lupus erythematosus with oral lesions is reported.
A quantitative study of parallel scientific applications with explicit communication

This paper studies the behavior of scientific applications running on distributed memory parallel computers. Our goal is to quantify the floating point, memory, I/O, and communication requirements of highly parallel scientific applications that perform explicit communication. In addition to quantifying these requirements for fixed problem sizes and numbers of processors, we develop analytical models for the effects of changing the problem size and the degree of parallelism for several of the applications. The contribution of our paper is that it provides quantitative data about real parallel scientific applications in a manner that is largely independent of the specific machine on which the application was run. Such data, which are clearly very valuable to an architect who is designing a new parallel computer, were not previously available. For example, the majority of research papers in interconnection networks have used simulated communication loads consisting of fixed-size messages. Our data, which show that using such simulated loads is unrealistic, can be used to generate more realistic communication loads.
Management of extraintestinal manifestations and other complications of inflammatory bowel disease

The past 18 months have seen many studies of the prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment of the extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor alpha have shown effectiveness in randomized trials for the treatment of spondyloarthropathies and ocular manifestations. Open-label studies suggest that these agents may be effective for pyoderma gangrenosum as well. The epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and its relationship to IBD, is becoming clearer. Colorectal neoplasia in PSC remains an important clinical problem. Osteoporosis occurs more commonly in IBD, but the relative importance of corticosteroid use versus underlying chronic bowel inflammation as risk factors remains controversial. Chromoendoscopy may be an important means to improve detection of colorectal neoplasia in IBD. Observational studies suggest that prolonged use of aminosalicylates is associated with decreased risk of neoplasia, but data are conflicting. A randomized trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in PSC showed decreased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients receiving the drug relative to those on placebo.
Techniques For Measuring Absorption Coefficients In Crystalline Materials

Absorption coefficients smaller than 0.001 cm-1 can, with more or less difficulty, be measured by several techniques. With diligence, all methods can be refined to permit measurement of absorption coefficients as small as 0.00001 cm-1. Spectral data are most readily obtained by transmission (spectrophotometric) methods, using multiple internal reflection to increase effective sample length. Emissivity measurements, requiring extreme care in the elimination of detector noise and stray light, nevertheless afford the most accessible spectral data in the 0.0001 to 0.00001 cm-1 range. Single-wavelength informa-tion is most readily obtained with modifications of laser calorimetry. Thermo-couple detection of energy absorbed from a laser beam is convenient, but involves dc amplification techniques and is susceptible to stray-light problems. Photoacoustic detection, using ac methods, tends to diminish errors of these types, but at some expense in experimental complexity. Laser calorimetry has been used for measurements of absorption coefficients as small as 0.000003 cm-1. Both transmission and calorimetric data, taken as functions of intensity, have been used for measurement of nonlinear absorption coefficients.
Information distance based fitness and diversity metrics

Commensurate indicators of diversity and fitness with desirable metric properties are derived from information distances based on Shannon entropy and Kolmogorov complexity. These metrics measure various useful distances: from an information theoretic characterization of the phenotypic behavior of a candidate model in the population to that of an ideal model of the target system's input-output relationship (fitness); from behavior of one candidate model to that of another (total information diversity); from the information about the target provided by one model to that provided by another (target relevant information diversity); from the code of one model to that of another (genotypic representation diversity); etc. Algorithms are cited for calculating the Shannon entropy based metrics from discrete data and estimating analogs thereof from heuristically binned continuous data; references are cited to methods for estimating the Kolmogorov complexity based metric. Not in the paper, but at the workshop, results will be shown of applying these algorithms to several synthetic and real world data sets: the simplest known deterministic chaotic flow; symbolic regression test functions; industrial process monitoring and control variables; and international political leadership data. Ongoing work is outlined.
C-reactive protein is elevated in atypical but not nonatypical depression: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Little is known about the association of depression subtypes with inflammatory markers predictive of coronary artery disease. In a sample of younger adults representative of the U.S. population, we examined differences in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) among individuals with atypical major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 16), nonatypical MDD (n = 93), and no MDD (n = 1,682). Adults with atypical MDD exhibited higher CRP levels than those with no MDD (mean difference = 1.56 mg/L) or nonatypical MDD (mean difference = 1.40 mg/L), even after adjustment for potential cofounders, anxiety disorders, body mass, and smoking. Nearly twice as many adults with atypical MDD had CRP levels in the high cardiovascular risk range than did those with no MDD or nonatypical MDD. CRP levels of adults with nonatypical MDD or no MDD did not differ. Individuals with atypical depression may be partially driving the overall depression-inflammation relationship and may be a subgroup at elevated risk for coronary artery disease.
An Experiment with Recording and Playback Machines in Academic Foreign Language Teaching

DURING the course of the Second World War the American Army was suddenly faced with the problem of a serious shortage of men with adequate language training. The Army Special Training Program was hastily constructed to overcome this handicap as rapidly as possible. Most language teachers will agree that it is possible to teach a language quickly and efficiently under the conditions of the ASTP: both rooms and instructors are made available in the desired quantities without too much regard for budget; students are in the program for the specific purpose of learning the language and becoming familiar with the area of the world in which it is spoken; students are generally selected with some care; students are mature; students have certain incentives to make good in their classroom work, not the least of these being the ever-present threat of an immediate return to the ranks.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit values in iron deficiency in infancy.

To determine the levels of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit which might serve as indicators of adequate iron nutrition in infancy, measurements of these parameters in conjunction with transferrin saturation were made in a group of healthy infants 6 to 18 months of age. Infants whose iron intake was adequate, as indicated by a serum transferrin saturation of 16 per cent or greater, maintained a hemoglobin concentration of at least 11.0 Gm. per cent and a hematocrit of at least 33 per cent. Values less than these are indicative of possible iron deficiency. Values greater than these, however, do not rule out iron deficiency since they may be associated with an abnormally low transferrin saturation.
Hostile environments, stereotype threat, and math performance among undergraduate women

This study examined the impact of hostile environments and stereotype threat on women’s math performance. A hostile environment was created with a derogatory cartoon related to women's math ability. Stereotype threat was removed by informing women participants that “men and women perform equally” on the math test. Results showed that hostile environments and stereotype threat significantly interacted leading to differential math performance for number of math problems attempted and answered correctly. Additionally, women in hostile and stereotype threat conditions experienced differential emotional reactions during the math test. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical importance.
Prelude: Noise-induced tinnitus and hearing loss in the military

Hearing is critical to the performance of military personnel and is integral to the rapid and accurate processing of speech information. Thus, noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) represents a severe impairment that reduces military effectiveness, safety, and quality of life. With the high levels of noise to which military personnel are exposed and the limited protection afforded by hearing conservation programs, it should be no surprise that annual Veterans Affairs disability payments for tinnitus and hearing loss exceeded $1.2 billion for 2009 and continue to increase. Military personnel work in high-noise environments, yet the Department of Defense (DoD) cannot predict who is susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus. Of those exposed to noise, 80% may also suffer from chronic tinnitus. Despite its prevalence, there are no means to objectively measure the severity of tinnitus in those individuals. A fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tinnitus and its relation to noise-induced hearing loss is critical. Such an understanding may provide insight to who is at risk for each condition, allow aggressive hearing protection measures in those individuals most at risk, and create areas for treatment for those already suffering from the conditions. The current review will address the scope of the problems of NIHL and tinnitus for the military, discuss the noise environments in which military personnel operate, describe the hearing conservation measures currently in place, and the challenges those programs face. Some recent breakthroughs in NIHL research will be discussed along with some challenges and directions for future research on NIHL and tinnitus.
NOTES ON THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE DOGMATISM SCALE

Recently collected data on the reliability and validity of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale are reviewed. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the scale obtained by the authors are compared with those cited by Rokeach. Reliability is shown to be about the same for high dogmatics as for low dogmatics. The construct of dogmatism is shown to be supported by validity data resulting from experimental-observational studies of individual behavior and group processes.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoscale Distribution and Mobility of Water and Dimethylmethylphosphonate in Sulfonated Polystyrene

The interest in a better understanding of the specific interactions of phosphor-organic compounds and water with sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) is motivated by the use of block copolymers as protective membranes against chemical warfare agents. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we explored the nanoscale segregation and diffusion of water and nerve gas simulant dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) in sPS neutralized with calcium counterions at different sulfonation and hydration levels. The water content was varied from 15 to 54% of dry polymer weight, and the DMMP content was varied from 0 to 100 wt %. We found that, in the 40% sulfonated polystyrene, water forms well defined aggregates, which grow in size as the hydration increases, reaching approximately 20 A at the maximum water content. In the 100% sulfonated polystyrene, the overall structure of hydrated polymer is more uniform with smaller water aggregates. Diffusion of water at the same number of water molecules per sulfonate group is faster at a lower sulfonation level. The solvation of sPS in water-DMMP binary mixtures was found to differ substantially from Nafion, where DMMP forms a layer between the hydropholic and hydrophobic subphases. In sPS with divalent Ca(2+) counterions, DMMP and water compete for the solvation of the sulfonate group. At high water and DMMP contents, the diffusion of DMMP turned out to be rather fast with a diffusion coefficient of ca. 30% of that of water. At the same time, water diffusion slows down as the DMMP concentration increases. This observation suggests that although sPS is permeable for both solvents, water and DMMP are partially segregated on the scale of 1-2 nm and have different pathways through the system. The nonuniform nanoscale distribution of water and DMMP in sPS is confirmed by analyses of different pair correlation functions. This feature may significantly affect the perm-selective properties of sPS-contained block copolymer membranes.
Perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs in the United States

Evaluative data on the performance of state coastal zone management (CZM) programs in the United States typically have not been available, though the U.S. coastal management program is more than 20 years old. This article reports the results of a mail survey on perceptions of the performance of CZM programs by three samples of coastal interests: coastal program managers (N = 23), coastal interest groups (N = 200), and knowledgeable academics (N = 36). Perceptions of performance were solicited on four major coastal management issues: protection of coastal resources, management of coastal development, improved public access, and reduction of losses due to coastal hazards. While all three samples perceived the importance of various coastal issues in the same way, there were considerable differences among the three samples on their perceptions of program performance. In addition, there does not seem to be any significant relationship between program structure and perceived program performance. In general, coa...
Inelastic electron tunneling in AlAl oxidepalladium diodes exposed to hydrogen

Abstract Inelastic electron tunneling measurements are reported on AlAl oxidePd tunnel junctions exposed to small quantities of hydrogen and deuterium gas. We have observed new vibrational structure that results from hydrogen (or deuterium) probably adsorbed at the Al oxide-Pd interface.