cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Like a prophetic spirit”: Samuel Davies, American eulogists, and the deification of George Washington

(1977). “Like a prophetic spirit”: Samuel Davies, American eulogists, and the deification of George Washington. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 290-297.
A learning agent for wireless news access

We describe a user interface for wireless information devices, specifically designed to facilitate learning about users' individual interests in daily news stories. User feedback is collected unobtrusively to form the basis for a content-based machine learning algorithm. As a result, the described system can adapt to users' individual interests, reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted, and help users access relevant information with minimal effort.
Was the Ediacaran—Cambrian radiation a unique evolutionary event?

The extent of morphologic innovation during the Ediacaran–Cambrian diversification of animals was unique in the history of metazoan life. This episode was also associated with extensive changes in the redox state of the oceans, in the structure of benthic and pelagic marine ecosystems, in the nature of marine sediments, and in the complexity of developmental interactions in Eumetazoa. But did the phylogenetic and morphologic breadth of this episode simply reflect the unusual outcome of recurrent evolutionary processes, or was it the unique result of circumstances, whether in the physical environment, in developmental mechanisms, or in ecological interactions? To better characterize the uniqueness of the events, I distinguish among these components on the basis of the extent of sensitivity to initial conditions and unpredictability, which generates a matrix of possibilities from fully contingent to fully deterministic. Discriminating between these differences is important for informing debates over determinism versus the contingency in the history of life, for understanding the nature of evolutionary theory, and for interpreting historically unique events.
Evaluating human breast ductal carcinomas with high-resolution magic-angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

We report the results of a study of human breast ductal carcinomas, conducted by using high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HRMAS 1HMRS). This recently developed spectroscopic technique can measure tissue metabolism from intact pathological specimens and identify tissue biochemical changes, which closely correspond to tumor in vivo state. This procedure objectively indicates diagnostic parameters, independent of the skill and experience of the investigator, and has the potential to reduce the sampling errors inherently associated with procedures of conventional histopathology. In this study, we measured 19 cases of female ductal carcinomas. Our results demonstrate that: (1) highly resolved spectra of intact specimens of human breast ductal carcinomas can be obtained; (2) carcinoma-free tissues and carcinomas are distinguishable by alterations in the intensities and the spin-spin relaxation time T2 of cellular metabolites; and (3) tumor metabolic markers, such as phosphocholine, lactate, and lipids, may correlate with the histopathological grade determined from evaluation of the adjacent specimen. Our results suggest that biochemical markers thus measured may function as a valuable adjunct to histopathology to improve the accuracy of and reduce the time frame required for the diagnosis of human breast cancer.
Thrombin-induced phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin II in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells

Abstract Purpose Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin II (referred to as myosin light chain or MLC) leads to a loss of barrier integrity in cellular monolayers by an increase in the contractility of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This effect has been examined in corneal endothelial (CE) cells. Methods Experiments were performed using cultured bovine CE cells (BCEC). MLC phosphorylation was induced by a thrombin-mediated activation of the proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Expression of MLC kinase (MLCK), a Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates MLC at its Ser-19 and Thr-18 residues, was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Expression of PAR-1, RhoA, and Rho kinase-1 (effector of RhoA) was ascertained by RT-PCR. MLC phosphorylation was assessed by urea–glycerol gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. The effects of Rho kinase-1 and PKC were characterized by using their selective inhibitors, Y-27632 and chelerythrine, respectively. Reorganization of the cytoskeleton was evaluated by the phalloidin staining of actin. [Ca 2+ ] i was measured using Fura-2. The barrier integrity was assayed as permeability of BCEC monolayers to horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44 kDa). Results RT-PCR showed expression of MLCK, PAR-1, Rho kinase-1, and RhoA. Western blotting indicated expression of the non-muscle and smooth muscle isoforms of MLCK. Exposure to thrombin induced an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i with the peak unaffected by an absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . Pre-exposure to thrombin (2 U ml −1 ; 2 min) led to mono- and di-phosphorylation of MLC. Under both basal conditions and in the presence of thrombin, MLC phosphorylation was prevented by chelerythrine (10 μ m ) and Y-27632 ( m ). Thrombin led to inter-endothelial gaps secondary to the disruption of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, which under resting conditions was organized as a perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR). These responses were blocked by pre-treatment with Y-27632. Thrombin also increased permeability to HRP, which was abolished by pre-treatment with Y-27632. Conclusions Thrombin induces MLC phosphorylation in BCEC. The consequent increase in the contractility of the actin cytoskeleton produces a centripetal force resulting in inter-endothelial gaps and a breakdown of barrier integrity. These responses are PKC- and Rho kinase-dependent. [Ca 2+ ] i increase, as well as sensitivity of the thrombin response to PKC and Rho kinase inhibitors, are consistent with the expression of PAR-1 receptors in BCEC. Thrombin-induced hyperpermeability is a model to investigate barrier dysfunction induced by MLC phosphorylation.
Treaty Interpretation and the Exercise of Prudential Discretion by the International Court of Justice: Some Reflections on the PLO Mission Case

On 26 April 1988, the International Court of Justice (hereinafter ‘the ICJ’ or ‘the Court’) delivered its Advisory Opinion on the Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947 (hereinafter ‘the PLO Mission case’). Although it might be argued that in this case the Court was not really called upon to deliberate or pronounce upon significantly fundamental issues of international law, the Opinion does raise a number of issues that may in time come to be regarded as landmark planks in the growing body of the Court's jurisprudence. But not all aspects of the Opinion can be cast in a positive light, at least from the point of view of some legal commentators. On the contrary, there are certain aspects of the decision which may arguably be characterized as a blot on the Court's jurisprudence. I propose to address two of these: the ICJ's approach to the interpretation of the provisions of the UN Headquarters Agreement which were at the centre of the dispute between the United Nations and the United States, and the question of prudential discretion as exercised by the Court in this particular case. But first, a discussion of the background facts.
Caveats in interpreting poison control centre data in spider bite epidemiology studies.

33-3506/$ see front matter Q 200 i:10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.004 * Corresponding author. Address: De iversity of California, Riverside, CA 7 7052; fax: C1 951 827 3086. E-mail address: rick.vetter@ucr.ed A recent article in Public Health employed poison control centre (PCC) databases in a Texan spider bite epidemiology study. We would like to point out some cautionary reasons why these databases are not completely reliable; authors utilizing PCC spider bite information are typically unaware of these potential weaknesses. Although these databases are useful for some conditions where the causative agent is not easily mistaken (e.g. snake bite, antifreeze poisoning, acetaminophen poisoning), spiders are frequently blamed worldwide for causing skin lesions when the actual aetiologies encompass a wide spectrum of medical conditions of diverse origin with no relationship to envenomations, including Lyme borreliosis, basal cell carcinoma, infections, anthrax and chemical burns. Data reported to a PCC emanate from medical personnel (physician, paramedic,
Two-frequency mutual coherence function of electromagnetic waves in random media: a path-integral variational solution

By use of path-integral methods, a general expression is obtained for the two-frequency, two-position mutual coherence function of an electromagnetic pulse propagating through turbulent atmosphere. This expression is valid for arbitrary models of refractive-index fluctuations, wide band pulses, and turbulence of arbitrary strength. The approach presented in this paper was examined in the cases of plane-wave, spherical wave, and Gaussian beam propagation in power-law turbulence and compared with existing numerical and exact results. A number of new results were obtained for the Gaussian beam pulse. Expressions derived here should be applicable to a wide range of practical pulse propagation problems.
Thyroid Hormon Affects Embryonic Mouse Lung Branching Morphogenesis and Cellular Differentiation

Thyroid Hormon Affects Embryonic Mouse Lung Branching Morphogenesis and Cellular Differentiation
Topside models: Status and future improvements

Abstract This paper reviews the data base and empirical models that are available for the global representation of electron density in the topside ionosphere. Topside sounder and incoherent scatter measurements are the prime data sources. We assess their data volume and compatibility. Several empirical models are discussed (IRI, Bent, SLIM, and FAIM) and their specific characteristics and differences are pointed out. Global and temporal trends as predicted by these different models are compared and contrasted with measured results. Most models use vertical height rather than a field-aligned height coordinate, although it is well known that topside electrons are confined to moving along magnetic field lines. We examine several magnetic coordinate systems and evaluate their merits for empirical modelling.
Does Pride Have a Recognizable Expression

In 1872, Darwin speculated that emotion expressions in humans and animals are evolved products of natural selection. He argued that a number of emotion expressions are universal, and he wrote, “Of all the ... complex emotions, pride, perhaps, is the most plainly expressed. A proud man exhibits his sense of superiority over others by holding his head and body erect ... and makes himself appear as large as possible” (p. 263).1 Although contemporary emotion researchers have supported Darwin’s general speculation by identifying discrete, universally recognized facial expressions for a small set of “basic” emotions (e.g., ref. 2), they have not found a distinct nonverbal expression for pride. In fact, because happiness is the only positively valenced emotion thought to have a discrete, nonverbal expression, researchers have concluded that all positive emotions share the same expression.3,4 The finding that pride has a unique, identifiable expression would challenge this assumption, suggest that pride meets a central criterion for biologically based emotions, and imply that pride may have evolved to serve a particular communicative function—possibly to convey success and thereby promote status and dominance. In this paper, we summarize findings from five studies that test whether pride has a distinct, recognizable, behaviorally visible expression (see FIG. 1). In study 1, 56 judges viewed photographs of male and female targets posing expressions of happiness, pride, and surprise and were asked to identify the emotion expressed in each photo. Judges chose from these options: “happiness,” “pride,” “surprise,” and “no emotion.” The results show that
Collisional properties of ice spheres at low impact velocities

The results of experimental studies on the impact properties of water ice are discussed. Stable temperatures of 85 K and pressures as low as 10 to the -5th Torr were achieved using a new apparatus consisting of a compound disk pendulum and a stainless steel, temperature-controlled cryostat. The coefficient of restitution as a function of velocity was obtained for ice spheres with four different radii of curvature and with a variety of surface conditions. These data can be well fitted by an exponetial law epsilon of given form for most measurements. Surface conditions can drastically alter the resulting value of epsilon, however. In particular, the presence of frost or a roughened contact surface can lower epsilon at a given velocity by 10-30 percent from that of a smooth sphere. It is shown how the presence of frost can change the velocity behavior of epsilon from an exponential to a power-law form. The applications of the results to the dynamics of Saturn's rings are discussed.
Visual detectability gradients: The effect of distractors in contralateral field

A number of studies involving recognition of tachistoscopically presented words have reported that the typical right visual field performance superiority associated with linguistic stimuli is enhanced by bilateral presentations (simultaneous stimuli in both visual half-fields) compared to unilateral presentations (stimuli in only one half-field on a trial). We have reported the same phenomenon, however, using visual spatial patterns in a search paradigm (E. W. Yund, R. Efron, & D. R. Nichols, 1990c. Brain and Cognition, 12, 117-127) and have accounted for it in terms of the operating characteristics of a visual scanning mechanism which serially examines a decaying neural representation of the stimuli. In the present experiment we attempted to exploit these operating characteristics to influence this difference between unilateral and bilateral presentations. The results not only are consistent with the assumptions of the scanning hypothesis but they also provide new information pertinent to the operating characteristics of this mechanism.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide-Derived Enantiospecific Nucleic Acid Analogs☆

Abstract The first solid-phase synthesis of novel peptide-derived enantiospecific nucleic acid analogs (PDNAs), employing all three stereoisomers of 4-( N 9 -adeninyl)-2-amino( t -boc)-butyric acid as ADNA (amino acid-derived nucleoside analogs) monomers has been described. The preliminary melting temperature ( T m ) data obtained by hybridization experiments demonstrated that these PDNAs can anneal to their complementary nucleic acid strand dT 10 .
1105 HOW VARICELLA VACCINE WORKS: AN APPRAISAL WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Studies with the live attenuated strain (VZV-Oka) of varicella zoster virus vaccine demonstrate a high degree of efficacy in protecting children with leukemia from contracting wild-type chickenpox. The purpose of this study was to determine which were the most important immunogenic proteins of VZV-Oka and to identify neutralization epitopic sites. Prior investigations of the immune response to wild type chickenpox indicate that the predominant antibody response is directed against the major viral glycoproteins. In order to evaluate VZV-Oka, murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against its viral glycoproteins. Specificities of antibodies were determined by techniques of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. By these studies we divided the glycoproteins into three groups: (1) gp118 (2) gp98/gp62/gp45 and (3) gp140/gp66. Biologic activity of each antibody was assayed by the technique of plaque reduction. A panel of antibodies against VZV gp118 were shown to possess marked neutralization activity (with titers to 1:40,000) against homologous and heterologous VZV strains. A titer of this magnitude indicates that glycoprotein gp118 of VZV-Oka harbors a major neutralization epitope. Glycoproteins gp140/gp66 also contained a complement-independent neutralization epitope but none was detected on the gp98 complex. These analyses with monoclonal antibodies define biologically important antigenic sites of VZV-Oka and suggest a role for the same glycoproteins in any future subunit vaccine.
CD28 costimulation is critical for experimental allergic asthma in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of the CD28 costimulatory molecules to allergen-induced primary and chronic inflammatory responses. To this end, we have developed and characterized a short ragweed allergen-induced asthma model involving sensitization of HLA-DQ transgenic mice followed by intranasal challenge with allergen. Forty-eight hours after primary challenge, sensitized DQ8 mice developed pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, Th2 cytokines, and IgE/IgG1 Ab. This allergic inflammatory response was absent in H-2Aβ0 and DQ8/CD280 mice. Secondary rechallenge with allergen 4 weeks later induced even greater inflammatory changes in the airways of DQ8 mice with eosinophils being the predominant inflammatory cells while only pulmonary lymphocytosis was observed in DQ8/CD280 mice. No inflammation was detected in H-2Aβ0 mice. Proliferation and cytokine profile studies demonstrated that CD28 regulates T-cell activation and effector function. Therefore, CD28 is essential for the extrinsic asthma and can be a target for immunotherapy.
Reproductive Health Impact of a School Health Center

Abstract Purpose Although school health centers (SHCs) may improve access to reproductive health care services and contraception, published data on SHC service use and reproductive health impact are limited. Methods Reproductive health indicators among students at four urban high schools in a single building with an SHC in 2009 were compared with students in a school without an SHC, using a quasi-experimental research design (N = 2,076 students, 1,365 from SHC and 711 from comparison school). The SHC provided comprehensive reproductive health education and services, including on-site provision of hormonal contraception. Results Students in the SHC were more likely to report receipt of health care provider counseling and classroom education about reproductive health and a willingness to use an SHC for reproductive health services. Use of hormonal contraception measured at various time points (first sex, last sex, and ever used) was greater among students in the SHC. Most 10th–12th graders using contraception in the SHC reported receiving contraception through the SHC. Comparing students in the nonintervention school to SHC nonusers to SHC users, we found stepwise increases in receipt of education and provider counseling, willingness to use the SHC, and contraceptive use. Conclusions Students with access to comprehensive reproductive health services via an SHC reported greater exposure to reproductive health education and counseling and greater use of hormonal contraception. SHCs can be an important access point to reproductive health care and a key strategy for preventing teen pregnancy.
Development Progress on Ceramic Turbine Stators and Rotors

This paper presents progress in the development of silicon nitride ceramic turbine stators and rotors as part of the ARPA/Ford program to apply ceramics to a small vehicular gas turbine engine. It reviews the benefits of increasing engine operating temperature by adopting ceramics. Design of ceramic stators and rotors is discussed, together with results of stress and heat transfer analyses. Progress in fabrication methods is reviewed and pertinent silicon nitride property data are presented. Methods of thermal testing ceramic turbine stators are discussed, as well as how this testing has influenced interations in stator design. Results of testing stators in a high temperature turbine engine are reported. Spin testing of ceramic turbine wheels is reviewed with special reference to the importance of flaw detection and the types of rigs used for cold and hot spin testing.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOTH INTENDED AND ACTUAL SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING MAJORS

Summary. The Maudsley Personality Inventory was used in a search for personality differences between 139 social science and 328 engineering upperclassmen. Social science majors scored significantly higher than the engineers on the neuroticism scale. A second study of 454 high school seniors showed that those who indicated a preference for a social science major also scored significantly higher on neuroticism than high school seniors who wanted to major in engineering. The results were interpreted to mean that social science and engineering attract different types of people. The over-representation of social science majors and under-representation of engineers in radical political groups was discussed from the point of view of the personality factors influencing the choice of majors.
Introduction: Thomas Schelling's distinctive approach

An upsurge in interest in Thomas Schelling's work has followed his receipt of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, an award he shared with Robert Aumann. The award citation lauded Schelling's...
Learning experiences in dance class predict adult eating disturbance

Elite dancers are at increased risk of eating disorders. The authors hypothesized that specific learning about thinness in dance class, rather than simple participation in dance training, tends to be an important aspect of the risk process. Approximately 500 college women reported on their previous dance experiences, their dance-related learning about thinness, their eating behaviours and attitudes and their thinness expectancies. Results showed that lifetime amount of time spent in dance class was unrelated to adult eating disturbance, women's reports of learning experiences concerning thinness during their dance classes predicted adult disordered eating concurrently, and thinness expectancies appeared to mediate the relationship between learning about thinness and adult eating disturbance. Learning experiences about thinness in dance class seem more important than time spent in dance class when examining the relationship between dance study and eating disorders.
White Sociologists and Black Students in Predominantly White Universities

This article examines the attitudes of white soclologists and black students in predominantly white colleges and universities in all geographic regions of the country. Respective attitudes are at sharp variance and produce several kinds of conflict behavior. The personal and professional crises experienced by white sociologists when challenged by black students are described, along with the principal grievances of black students against social scientists in the race relations field. Also examined are structural and organizational changes in sociology and in the academic institutions resulting from a particular form of black-white conflict. Attention is given to black-Jewish conflict in sociology as well as to the distinctiveness of black-white relations in Southern colleges and universities.
Selective imaging of surface fluorescence with very high aperture microscope objectives

Three approaches to selective surface fluorescence detection are described. All three of them depend on the use of extremely high numerical aperture (NA) objectives now commercially available (1.45 NA from Zeiss and Olympus and 1.65 NA from Olympus). The first two approaches are elaborations of "prismless" total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), one approach with a laser illumination and the second with arc lamp illumination. The new higher NA objectives are much more suitable for TIRF work on biological cells in culture than are 1.4 NA objectives previously described for prismless TIRF. The third approach is not TIRF at all. It uses the high aperture objective to selectively gather the emission of fluorophores located close enough to the substrate for their near-field energy to be captured by the substrate. Schematic diagrams, experimental demonstrations, and practical suggestions for all these techniques are provided.
HPC Access Using "KVM over IP"

The research, development and engineering command, tank-automotive research, development and engineering center (RDECOM-TARDEC) has been working with IP video systems (formerly Teraburst Networks) since 2002. Among the various keyboard- video-mouse over internet protocol (KVM over IP) solutions that are on the market today, our research has revealed that the IP Video Systems solutions seem to be the best suited for department of defense (DoD) needs, especially those of the high performance computing modernization program (HPCMP). Recognizing this, in late 2003, we submitted an army small business innovative research (SBIR) topic to tailor further develop of KVM-over-IP technology to the needs of high performace computing centers. These requirements included low-latency transmission of high resolution and high refresh rate video, active stereo synchronization, peripheral, and audio signals. Security, advanced compression techniques, configurability, and a reduced form factor were other considerations. Expected completion of the SBIR Phase II effort is planned for late FY 07. This paper will discuss the history, success, technical specification, and future plans of this technology as a result of this SBIR effort.
Associations of candidate loci angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme with severe hypertension: The NHLBI Family Heart Study.

Abstract PURPOSE: In studies conducted in several different populations, the M235T substitution in the antiotensinogen (AGT) locus has been associated with hypertension. METHODS: A case-control study was initiated in an attempt to replicate this finding. Persons with hypertension, age- and sex-matched normotensive controls, and randomly sampled individuals were probands from the Family Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Subjects were recruited from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC) in North Carolina and Minneapolis, MN, and from the Framingham Heart Study in Massachusetts. Genotypes were determined for the M235T substitution in the AGT locus and for the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) locus. Simple association tests as well as logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The association of AGT-T235 with hypertension was replicated in the Framingham sample (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.30), but not in the ARIC white or black subjects. However, logistic regression analysis suggested a significant association of AGT with hypertension in both the ARIC white and Framingham samples when the effects of body mass index, triglycerides, and the presence of significant coronary heart disease were controlled. These analyses further suggested that, in the ARIC data, the relationship with the AGT locus is stronger in women than men and that there may be interaction (epistasis) between homozygotes for T235 and ACE-DD in the Framingham data. While the small sample size precluded logistic regression analysis, the frequency of the T235 allele in the black random sample was much higher than in the comparable white sample. CONCLUSIONS: These results are compatible with the presence of a genetic risk factor for hypertension in or near the angiotensinogen locus.
A Critical Role for "Affective Neuroscience" in Resolving What Is Basic About Basic Emotions

Ortony and Turner (1990) asked "What's Basic About Basic Emotions," and they concluded "very little." They proceeded to advocate a "componential" or "mosaic" view of how emotional systems should be analyzed. Their thesis was flawed by their failure to consider the available neurobehavioral data. Genetically dictated brain systems that mediate affective-emotional processes do exist, even though there are bound to be semantic ambiguities in how we speak about these systems. This commentary summarizes key lines of evidence for coherently operating emotional systems in the brain and advocates the position that the issue of basic emotions can no longer be credibly discussed without adequate consideration of the relevant brain research in the area. The type of conceptual, logical analysis pursued by Ortony and Turner, in the absence of a thorough analysis of the available neurological data, is not an adequate basis for resolving what is basic about basic emotions. That the experience-hypothesis, as ordinarily understood, is inadequate to account for emotional phenomena, will be sufficiently manifest. If possible, it is even more at fault in respect to the emotions than in respect to the cognitions. The doctrine maintained by some philosophers, that all the desires, all the sentiments, are generated by experiences of the individual, is so glaringly at variance with hosts of facts, that I cannot but wonder how any one should ever have entertained it. —Herbert Spencer, Principles of Psychology (1855, p. 606) Emotion is a term used for many different purposes. There is a popular view that emotions are inherently more complex and harder to understand than other aspects of human thought. I maintain that infantile emotions are comparatively simple in character and that the complexity of adult emotions results from accumulating networks of mutual exploitations. In adults, these networks eventually become indescribably complicated, but no more so than the networks of our adult intellectual structures.
Mother-Reported and Children’s Perceived Social and Academic Competence in Clinic-Referred Youth: Unique Relations to Depression and/or Social Anxiety and the Role of Self-perceptions

Depression and social anxiety symptoms and disorders are highly comorbid, and are associated with low social acceptance and academic competence. Theoretical models of both depression and social anxiety highlight the saliency of negative self-perceptions. We examined whether children’s self-perceptions of social acceptance and mother-reported youth social acceptance are independently and uniquely related to children’s depression and social anxiety, both before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. Similar questions were examined regarding academic competence. The sample was 110 clinic-referred youth aged 8–16 years (65 boys, 45 girls; M age = 11.15, SD = 2.57). In the social acceptance area, both youth self-perceptions and mother-perceptions had independent and unique relations to depression and social anxiety, before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. In the academic domain, both youth self-perceptions and mother-perceptions had independent and unique relations to depression, before and after controlling for social anxiety; yet only youth self-perceptions were related to social anxiety, before, but not after controlling for depression. For depression, larger effect sizes were observed for children’s perceived, versus mother-reported, social acceptance and academic competence. Bootstrapping and Sobel tests found youth self-perceptions of social acceptance mediated the relation between mothers’ perceptions and each of youth depression and social anxiety; and perceived academic competence mediated the relation between mothers’ perceptions and youth depression, both before and after controlling for social anxiety. We found similarities and differences in findings for depression and social anxiety. Theoretical and treatment implications are highlighted, and future research directions are discussed.
Zygotic expression of the caudal homolog pal-1 is required for posterior patterning in Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis.

Previous work has shown that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene pal-1, a homolog of Drosophila caudal, is required maternally for blastomere specification in the early embryo and postembryonically for tail development in males. We show here that embryonic (zygotic) transcription of pal-1 is also required for posterior patterning during later embryogenesis. Embryos homozygous for strong loss-of-function mutations arrest as nonviable L1 larvae with gross posterior defects. PAL-1 protein produced from zygotic transcripts is expressed dynamically during gastrulation and morphogenesis in specific cells of all major lineages except the germ line. Most expressing cells are undergoing cell movements or forming midline structures or both. Mutant embryos exhibit defects involving most of the expressing cells. Aberrant early cell positions are observed in posterior hypodermis, both in the C-lineage cells that express pal-1 and in the neighboring hypodermal seam cell precursors, which do not, as well as in posterior muscle derived from the C and D lineages. Defects in late gastrulation, ventral hypodermal enclosure, and formation of the rectum result from failures of cell movements of ABp and MS descendants. Limited mosaic analysis supports the view that most of the required pal-1 functions are cell autonomous.
“The past, present, and the perhaps’ is Germany a “normal” power?

Thomas Banchoff, The German Problem Transformed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999). Thomas U. Berger, Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998). John S. Duffield, World Power Forsaken. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Christian Hacke, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Weltmacht wider Willen? 3rd ed. (Berlin: Ullstein, 1997). Peter Katzenstein, ed., Tamed Power: Germany in Europe. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). Andrei Markovits and Simon Reich, The German Predicament: Memory and Power in the New Europe. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). Elizabeth Pond, The Rebirth of Europe. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1999). James Sperling, “Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post‐Cold War Europe,” British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).
The state of a university: a campus President's view

Purpose – This paper aims to illustrate one method of using the “State of the University Address” to inform and motivate faculty and staff.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a variety of sources and the author's experience.Findings – The State of the University Address is an opportunity to provide an assessment of an institution's condition relative to higher education at large; a proposal for an institution's priorities, with rationale; and the expression of a philosophical framework for considering the future.Originality/value – This paper expresses one institution's approach to the State of the University Address as an element of strategic planning.
Suicide: A Unique Epidemic in Japan

Japan, a country with a long life expectancy, strong economy and stable political system seems like an unlikely place to encounter a deadly global epidemic. Yet, the unique history and culture of Japan, including its religion, media, and economy, create a setting in which rates of suicide are reaching unprecedented levels. The culture of Japan combined with the peculiar nature of suicide, which allows it to evade clear classification as a disease, creates an intriguing public health challenge for Japan in tackling this epidemic.
Acetyl-CoA and the regulation of metabolism: mechanisms and consequences

Acetyl-CoA represents a key node in metabolism due to its intersection with many metabolic pathways and transformations. Emerging evidence reveals that cells monitor the levels of acetyl-CoA as a key indicator of their metabolic state, through distinctive protein acetylation modifications dependent on this metabolite. We offer the following conceptual model for understanding the role of this sentinel metabolite in metabolic regulation. High nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA amounts are a signature of a 'growth' or 'fed' state and promote its utilization for lipid synthesis and histone acetylation. In contrast, under 'survival' or 'fasted' states, acetyl-CoA is preferentially directed into the mitochondria to promote mitochondrial-dependent activities such as the synthesis of ATP and ketone bodies. Fluctuations in acetyl-CoA within these subcellular compartments enable the substrate-level regulation of acetylation modifications, but also necessitate the function of sirtuin deacetylases to catalyze removal of spontaneous modifications that might be unintended. Thus, understanding the sources, fates, and consequences of acetyl-CoA as a carrier of two-carbon units has started to reveal its underappreciated but profound influence on the regulation of numerous life processes.
Monosomy 7 Transformation in Donor Cells Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia

Monosomy 7 Transformation in Donor Cells Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia
Racial predilection in multiple sclerosis.

Comparisons between the geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis and the habitats of various racial groups showed that racial factors alone could not explain the increase in prevalence of the disease with latitude. Racially similar groups living in different areas had different frequencies of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, racially different groups, living in the same area, had similar prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis. Moreover, migrants moving from one environment to another at a young age (before adolescence) appeared “to acquire” the risk of multiple sclerosis of the new environment. These observations suggest that an environmental factor independent of race influenced the risk of acquiring multiple sclerosis. Nonetheless, some genetic factors associated with race may also be implicated, for example, HL-A tissue antigens (perhaps by virtue of a common association with the immune response (Ir) gene), the Gm and Inv immunoglobulin characteristics and skin pigmentary characteristics (perhaps through interactions between pigmentation and calcium metabolism). The specific environmental factors determining risk of multiple sclerosis and the mechanism whereby the racial (genetic) factors may influence risk remain to be elucidated.
On Microtransport Phenomena in Minute Droplets: A Critical Review

Liquid droplets are abundant in nature and industry. Their industrial applications are very broad. They appear in the forms of sessile, impinging, and hanging/suspending droplets, undergoing evaporation or solidification depending upon ambient conditions. In the present article, a critical review is presented for the important literature pertinent to microtransport phenomena in minute droplets. Thermocapillarity is the principal motivating force in convective heat and mass transfer, phase change, and instability inside the droplets, supplemented in part by the buoyancy force. The dimensionless governing parameters are identified and their roles in droplet transport phenomena are determined. This article includes 135 references.
Symmetry analysis of the two-dimensional diffusion equation with a source term

A symmetry analysis is performed on a (2 + 1)-dimensional linear diffusion equation with a nonlinear source term involving the dependent variable and its spatial derivatives. In the first part of the paper, we use the classical method to classify source terms where the original equation admits a nontrivial symmetry. In the second part of the paper, we use the nonclassical method and show that we simply recover the classical symmetries.
Observation of an ordered bromide monolayer at the Pt(111)-solution interface by in-situ surface X-ray scattering

We present an in-situ surface X-ray scattering study of the formation of an ordered bromide monolayer at the Pt(111)-solution interface. Over a wide potential range, we observe a hexagonal, close-packed, bromide monolayer that is incommensurate, but aligned with the underlying platinum lattice, and undergoes compression as the potential is increased. The in-plane diffraction measurements are correlated with X-ray specular reflectivity results, to confirm the surface coverages and give information about the surface normal structure. The bromide results are also compared to the adsorption of chloride anions, where the substrate-adatom interaction is known to be significantly weaker. In this case, despite the inability to detect any in-plane ordered structure, interpretation of the specular reflectivity is also consistent with the presence of a close-packed chloride monolayer.
ON THE USE OF COUPLED PRESSURE BARS TO MEASURE THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE INITIATION AND CRACK PROPAGATION TOUGHNESS OF PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS

Description de l'appareillage experimental utilisant un couplage de barres d'Hopkinson prechargees en tension. Application a la mesure de tenacite sur l'acier 4340 et sur un acier utilise pour les cuves nucleaires A533B. Evaluation de l'efficacite de l'appareillage
Analysis of a Rotary Head for Cutting Vegetation

This paper provides a dynamic analysis of a rotational cutting head like that used for impact cutting of vegetation. Specifically, the model is used to predict reaction forces generated at the blade-retaining pin, which attaches the cutting blade to the cutting body subassembly, while cutting single stem vegetation. A detailed cutting model, which gives the input force to the blade, is provided. Dynamic simulations show forces generated for both steady-state spinning of the cutting head and spinning when subject to a force input from cutting a stem of vegetation. The model can be used to drive future designs of such devices.
Directional Coordination of Thumb and Finger Forces during Precision Pinch

The human opposable thumb enables the hand to perform dexterous manipulation of objects, which requires well-coordinated digit force vectors. This study investigated the directional coordination of force vectors generated by the thumb and index finger during precision pinch. Fourteen right-handed, healthy subjects were instructed to exert pinch force on an externally stabilized apparatus with the pulps of the thumb and index finger. Subjects applied forces to follow a force-ramp profile that linearly increased from 0 to 12 N and then decreased to 0 N, at a rate of ±3 N/s. Directional relationships between the thumb and index finger force vectors were quantified using the coordination angle (CA) between the force vectors. Individual force vectors were further analyzed according to their projection angles (PAs) with respect to the pinch surface planes and the shear angles (SAs) within those planes. Results demonstrated that fingertip force directions were dependent on pinch force magnitude, especially at forces below 2 N. Hysteresis was observed in the force-CA relationship for increasing and decreasing forces and fitted with exponential models. The fitted asymptotic values were 156.0±6.6° and 150.8±9.3° for increasing and decreasing force ramps, respectively. The PA of the thumb force vector deviated further from the direction perpendicular to the pinching surface planes than that of the index finger. The SA showed that the index finger force vector deviated in the ulnar-proximal direction, whereas the thumb switched its force between the ulnar-proximal and radial-proximal directions. The findings shed light on the effects of anatomical composition, biomechanical function, and neuromuscular control in coordinating digit forces during precision pinch, and provided insight into the magnitude-dependent force directional control which potentially affects a range of dexterous manipulations.
Scanning nonlinear endomicroscopy technology for intrinsic imaging of biological tissues

We report recent advances in ultrathin fiber-optic endomicroscopy technology with significant improvements on resolution and signal collection. Ex vivo and in vivo two-photon imaging of unstained biological tissues and potential clinical applications will be presented.
Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy

Recent studies of the theory of representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, whereby administrators in public organizations work to advance the interests of particular groups, achieving policy outcomes that directly address the needs of those groups. The concept of administrative discretion is central to these studies, as an administrator must have the discretion to produce results that reflect the values and beliefs of these groups. While the presence of discretion is often implied in these studies, few have examined it explicitly. Using data from the Farmer’s Home Administration, we explore whether administrators who perceive themselves as having more discretion enact policy outcomes that are more representative of minority interests. The results strongly support the conclusion that administrators who perceive themselves as possessing significant discretion and who assume the role of minority representative in their agencies are more likely to enact policy outcomes that favor minority interests. In the evolution of public administration theory and practice, a general consensus has been reached that the investment of discretionary power in administrative agencies is a fact of life. While public administration theorists once believed that a public administrator’s actions could be dictated clearly by legislative mandate, numerous studies have demonstrated it is often impossible for legislators to anticipate all of the circumstances that may influence admin
The genetic contributions of SNCA and LRRK2 genes to Lewy Body pathology in Alzheimer's disease

The molecular genetic basis that leads to Lewy Body (LB) pathology in 15–20% of Alzheimer disease cases (LBV/AD) was largely unknown. Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and Leucine-rich repeat kinase2 (LRRK2) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the prototype of LB spectrum disorders. We tested the association of SNCA variants with LB pathology in AD. We then stratified the SNCA association analyses by LRRK2 genotype. We also investigated the expression regulation of SNCA and LRRK2 in relation to LB pathology. We evaluated the differences in SNCA-mRNA and LRRK2-mRNA levels as a function of LB pathology in the temporal cortex (TC) from autopsy-confirmed LBV/AD cases and AD controls. We further investigated the cis-effect of the LB pathology-associated genetic variants within the SNCA and LRRK2 loci on the mRNA expression of these genes. SNCA SNPs rs3857059 and rs2583988 showed significant associations with increased risk for LB pathology. When the analyses were stratified by LRRK2-rs1491923 genotype, the associations became stronger for both SNPs and an association was also observed with rs2619363. Expression analysis demonstrated that SNCA- and LRRK2-mRNA levels were significantly higher in TC from LBV/AD brains compared with AD controls. Furthermore, SNCA-mRNA expression level in the TC was associated with rs3857059; homozygotes for the minor allele showed significant higher expression. LRRK2-transcript levels were increased in carriers of rs1491923 minor allele. Our findings demonstrated that SNCA contributes to LB pathology in AD patients, possibly via interaction with LRRK2, and suggested that expression regulation of these genes may be the molecular basis underlying the observed LB associations.
Values in health policy and health services research.

Needless to say it is both a great honor and pleasure to be able to be with you all today and participate in this meaningful event. There are few more meaningful rewards for teachers than to see one of their students rise to heights that surpass their own accomplishments—and then be accorded, even if incorrectly, some credit for the way she or he turned out. Parents have that same reward, but in those cases the pride is sometimes mixed with a certain inability to deal with the fact that the son's or daughter's salary exceeds one's own. That problem doesn't arise in the academic community, as presumably our satisfactions derive from psychic rather than monetary income. Academics can just sit back or, as in my case, stand up and enjoy.