cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of heat exchange by use of a wettable cover over chemical protective garments

A continuing effort is being made to reduce the dangers of heat exhaustion for persons working in heat with impermeable chemical protective garments (CPGs). One approach that appears feasible is the use of a wettable cover surrounding the CPG. The efficacy of evaporation of the heat extracted is a function of the evaporative heat transfer coefficient, h e (in watts per square metre per torr), and the gradient, ΔP s k , of the saturation vapor of pressures (in torrs) between the wettable cover surface, P c , and the ambient air, P w . The h e value is dependent on wind movement [based on a convective heat transfer coefficient, (in watts per square metre kelvin)], the appropriate Lewis numbers for air, L a (2.2 K/torr), and the layers of wettable covers, L l a y . Copper manikin and experimental studies showed that (1) when ΔP s k is reduced, as in severe hot and humid conditions, evaporative heat removal is minimal; (2) model predictions for CPG gave supplementary cooling (increased skin heat loss) ranging from 40 W at 35°C, P w = 29.5 torr, and low air movement, to almost 200 W for a hot and dry environment of 50°C, 18 torr, with a 5-m/s wind. The predicted water requirements to maintain the cover at 100% wetness under these conditions ranged from 3 to 32 g/min, respectively.
VASCULAR REMODELING AND LESION FORMATION IN RESTENOSIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NITRIC OXIDE­ BASED THERAPEUTICS

The problem of restenosis after angioplasty procedures is one of the most vexing clinical issues in cardiovascular medicine. Although advances in device technology have been significant, the utility of interventional strategies such as stents is still compromised by restenosis. It is hoped that the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to prevent restenosis will be facilitated by an insightful understanding of the underlying pathobiological mechanisms that cause restenosis. This brief review will discuss emerging concepts on the etiology of restenosis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In particular, it will focus on the potential role of nitric oxide as a critical determinant of vascular remodeling and lesion formation as well as nitric oxide-based therapies as a treatment strategy to prevent restenosis.
Substrate and DNA binding to a 50-residue peptide fragment of DNA polymerase I: comparison with the enzyme

The fluorescent nucleotide 2',3'-trinitrophenyl-ATP (TNP-ATP) binds at the triphosphate substrate binding site of the large (Klenow) fragment of DNA polymerase I (Pol I) as detected by direct binding studies measuring the increase in fluorescence of this ligand (n = 1.0, KD = 0.07 microM). The enzyme-TNP-ATP complex binds Mg2+ and Mn2+ tightly (KD = 0.05 microM) as measured by an increase in fluorescence on titrating with these metals. The substrate dGTP competitively displaces TNP-ATP from the enzyme (KD = 5.7 microM) de-enhancing the fluorescence. The polymerase reaction is half-maximally inhibited by 0.8 microM TNP-ATP in the presence of dATP (10 microM) as substrate. A region of the amino acid sequence of Pol I (peptide I) consisting of residues 728-777 has been synthesized and found to contain significant secondary structure by CD both in water and 50% methanol/water. In water at 3 degrees C, peptide I binds the substrate analog TNP-ATP (KD = 0.03 microM) with a stoichiometry of 0.2. In 50% methanol at 3 degrees C, peptide I binds TNP-ATP with a higher stoichiometry than in water, consistent with a 1:1 complex, but biphasically (16% of the peptide, KD = 0.09 microM; 84% of the peptide, KD = 5.0 microM), and competitively binds the Pol I substrates dATP, TTP, and dGTP (KD = 230-570 microM). Evidence from size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography suggests that these two forms of the peptide are monomer and dimer, respectively. Significantly, the peptide I-TNP-ATP complex binds duplex DNA, tightly (KD = 0.1-0.5 microM) and stoichiometrically, and single stranded DNA more weakly. The peptide I-duplex DNA complex binds both TNP-ATP (KD = 0.5-1.5 microM) and Pol I substrates (KD = 350-2100 microM) stoichiometrically. In a control experiment, a second peptide, peptide II, based on residues 840-888 of the Pol I sequence, retains secondary structure, as detected by CD, but displays no binding of TNP-ATP. The ability of peptide I, which represents only 8% of the large fragment of Pol I, to bind both substrates and duplex DNA indicates that residues 728-777 constitute a major portion of the substrate binding site of this enzyme.
Stentor, Its Cell Biology and Development

Stentor comprises a genus of freshwater protists that has long enthralled cell and developmental biologists. These organisms are large polyploid single cells that possess highly polarised and complex structures. Normally elongated in a trumpet-like shape, Stentor cells also have the ability to contract their cell body, and do so in response to mechanical or light stimuli. Interestingly, this response is subject to habituation, meaning the cell can ‘learn’ after repeated exposure to ignore these stimuli and stay elongated. Perhaps the most remarkable characteristic of Stentor is the ability of these cells to fully regenerate after being cut in half, perfectly preserving the original cell structure. Numerous microscopic studies analysed the minute morphological details of Stentor regeneration, but for many decades, there were no tools available for molecular and genetic studies. However, recent developments should now allow researchers to probe the molecular details of regeneration in a single-celled organism. Key Concepts Stentor coeruleus is a large and highly polarised single cell with complex cell biology. Stentor cells exhibit a rapid contractile response in reaction to light and mechanical stimulation, but they can habituate to these stimuli over time. Stentor cells possess the remarkable ability to fully regenerate themselves after being cut in half. Keywords: Stentor coeruleus; ciliates; protists; regeneration; habituation
Purchasing software systems: managing the risk

Abstract Companies no longer develop customized systems for every application. In fact, the growth in specialized software companies, coupled with diverse skill requirements, rapidly changing technology, and increased demand for automated applications provide impetus for purchasing software products. These must often be tailored in order to satisfy unique requirements, then integrated with existing facilities. Software purchase can reduce some components of risk, such as attempting to produce a system with inadequate technology or personnel. However, it can increase others; e.g., the system fails to provide needed functionality or the buyer becomes dependent upon the supplier for future support. We discuss the different components of risk in software purchase and then focus on the risk that the software fails to operate correctly in the user environment. A case study demonstrates how formal methodology to assess failure risk can be integrated into decisions regarding the purchase and installation of software.
Non-electrical power, near-term applications of fusion energy

A significant departure from the traditional approach of generating electricity from DT fusion power plants is suggested. This different approach recognizes that near-term commercial applications for fusion energy may be needed to sustain long-term public and private funding for fusion research. Fortunately, there are opportunities for using the fusion process to make useful products other than electricity. In the past, these applications were associated with /spl psi/by-products" from large thermonuclear plasmas such as fissile material, synfuels, hydrogen, process heat, etc. Such uses require the construction of full-scale, multi-GW/sub th/ reactors and therefore have essentially the same timeline as commercial fusion electricity plants. More recent investigations of alternative approaches to fusion with a wide variety of fuels have revealed that there is another class of small (a few watts to <10 kW) devices which can have immediate commercial applications even when the overall Q value (energy out/energy in) is <1. If the production of small, sometimes portable sources of high-energy particles (neutrons, protons, and alpha particles) is cheap enough, they then can compete with other more conventional sources of radiation (accelerators and small fission reactors). Possible near-term applications are discussed with a focus on the production of medical isotopes. The use of small devices that can burn advanced fusion fuels such as D/sup 3/He also appear to be quite advantageous to this stage of fusion research.
The Glenbuchat Ballads

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2007 Pages: 304 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 978-157806-972-9 (hard cover). Prices: $60.00 USD(hard cover).
Peer Replication with Selective Control

Many mobile environments require optimistic replication for improved performance and reliability. Peer-to-peer replication strategies provide advantages over traditional client-server models by enabling any-to-any communication. These advantages are especially useful in mobile environments, when communicating with close peers can be cheaper than communicating with a distant server. However, most peer solutions require that all replicas store the entire replication unit. Such strategies are inefficient and expensive, forcing users to store unneeded data and to spend scarce resources maintaining consistency on that data. We have developed a set of algorithms and controls that implement selective replication, the ability to independently replicate individual portions of the large replication unit. We present a description of the algorithms and their implementation, as well as a performance analysis. We argue that these methods permit the practical use of peer optimistic replication.
The role and fate of DNA ends for homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells.

Abstract We have analyzed the gene-targeting frequencies and recombination products generated by a series of vectors which target the hprt locus in embryonic stem cells and found the existence of alternative pathways that depend on the location of the double-strand break within the vector. A double-strand break in the targeting homology was found to increase the targeting frequency compared with a double-strand break at the edge of or outside the target homology; this finding agrees with the double-strand break repair model proposed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although a double-strand break in the homology is important for efficient targeting, observations reported here suggest that the terminal ends are not always directly involved in the initial recombination event. Short terminal heterologous sequences which block the homologous ends of the vector may be incorporated into the target locus. A modification of the double-strand break repair model is described to account for this observation.
Like Uber, but for Local Government Law: The Future of Local Regulation of the Sharing Economy

In the past five years, “sharing economy” firms like Uber, ZipCar, AirBnB and TaskRabbit have generated both huge market valuations and fierce regulatory contests in America’s cities. Incumbent firms in the taxi, hotel and other industries, as well consumer protection, labor and neighborhood activists, have pushed for regulations stifling or banning new sharing economy entrants. Sharing firms have fought back, using their popularity with consumers and novel political strategies, lobbying for freedom to operate as broadly as possible without government interference. But to date, both participants and observers of these “sharing wars” have relied on an unstated assumption: if the sharing firms win these fights, their future will be largely free from government regulation. Local governments will either shut sharing down, or they will leave it alone.But this assumption is almost surely wrong. If sharing firms prevail in the current fights over the right to operate (and indications suggest they will), it is unlikely that cities and states ignore them. Instead, as sharing economy firms move from being upstarts to important and permanent players in key urban industries like transportation, hospitality and dining, local and state governments are likely to adopt the type of mixed regulatory strategies they apply to types of firms with whom sharing firms share important traits, from property developers to incumbent taxi operators. Using tools of agglomeration economics and public choice, this Article sketches the future of such policy regimes.Specifically, local and state governments will adopt some combination of the following policies in addition to insisting on consumer/incumbent protections: (1) subsidizing sharing firms to encourage expansion of services that produce public goods, generate substantial consumer surplus and/or minimize the need for excessive regulation of the property market; (2) harnessing sharing firms as a tool for redistribution; and/or (3) contracting with sharing firms to provide traditional government services. The future of sharing economy regulation will be very different from its present, and the changes will pose profound legal, political and ethical questions for our cities.
Astrophysical bounds on millicharged particles in models with a paraphoton.

The upper bound on the number of relativistic species present at nucleosynthesis has been used to constrain particles with electric charge $\ensuremath{\epsilon}e({10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}l\ensuremath{\epsilon}l1)$. We correct the bound previously calculated for millicharged particles that interact with a shadow photon. We also discuss the additional constraints from the properties of red giants and of Supernova 1987A.
On the role of eyes and brain photoreceptors in the sparrow: Aschoff's rule

The period (τ) of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) free-running activity rhythm obeys “Aschoff's Rule”, shortening when the level of constant illumination is increased and lengthening when illumination is decreased (Fig. 1). This response is mediated by both the eyes (Figs. 2 and 3) and the extraretinal brain photoreceptors (Figs. 3, 4 and 5, Table 1).
Probing the magnetic field of radio pulsars - A reexamination of polarization position angle swings

A vacuum magnetic field is assumed in the present calculation of the polarization position angle as a function of pulse longitude and polarization-limiting radius in radio pulsars. The polarization-limiting radius is estimated on the basis of results of Cheng and Ruderman (1980) and Stinebring (1982). The average change in position angle is also calculated, and this is found to be consistent with observations studied by Narayan and Vivekanand (1983); an alternative interpretation of the data is given, however, which is further supported by the frequency dependence of polarization angle swing in the Crab pulsar.
Factorization in Multibody Radiative B Decays

We study the radiative decays B → K π γ and B → K π e + e − , including both K ∗ resonant contributions and non-resonant ones. We describe new soft pion theorems with which we compute certain non-resonant multibody amplitudes. We present results for CP asymmetry in B → K π γ and for the forward-backward asymmetry in B → K π e + e − .
Open thoracic meningocele associated with amniotic band syndrome.

We present a case of an infant born with an open thoracic meningocele secondary to an amniotic band. Although there have been several case reports of encephalocele, anencephaly, closed meningocele and
DNA sequence analysis of the gene encoding the HTLV-I p21e transmembrane protein reveals inter- and intraisolate genetic heterogeneity.

Abstract DNA sequence analysis was performed on a 235-bp region of the p21e transmembrane protein gene of the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) which encompasses the putative immunosuppressive peptide. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification was used to generate multiple molecular clones from isolates derived from fresh or cultured cells from 19 individuals. A dendrogram was constructed using the p21 e DNA sequence information to compare the sequences among isolates in the current study and other previously published HTLV-I isolates including strains from Africa and Papua New Guinea. Examination of multiple clones from individual isolates revealed the presence of multiple genotypes in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. These findings suggest that HTLV-I, like HIV, may be present as a quasispecies in vivo. Our studies, however, failed to identify specific sequence motifs that segregated exclusively with the lymphoproliferative or neurological forms of the disease.
Attack-resilient compliance monitoring for large distributed infrastructure systems

The security of monitoring systems is critical for maintaining an accurate view of the state of infrastructure systems such as enterprise networks and critical infrastructure systems. A malicious user that controls a monitoring system has the ability of delaying the detection of security attacks and sabotages, and can acquire information about the infrastructure that can enable additional attacks. In this paper we present a distributed architecture that increases the resilient of monitoring systems to attacks against their availability, integrity, and confidentiality. Our approach is based on distributing the knowledge of the state of the infrastructure to a large number of non-dedicated servers, so that the compromise of any limited number of hosts does not cause a compromise of the entire monitoring system. We present an algorithm able to integrate information across the distributed servers to evaluate complex security policies. We analyze the security properties of our approach, and we experimentally evaluate the performance and the resilience of our architecture. We show that, compared to current solutions, our solution increases the resilience of a monitoring system while reducing the load on each monitoring machine.
"This is how we do it in my country": a study of computer-mediated family communication among kenyan migrants in the united states

Although computer-mediated family communication remains a longstanding focus of study in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), families who face challenges in communication due to differences in technology infrastructures remain understudied. To address this gap in the literature, we interviewed 39 Kenyan migrants living in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. who regularly communicate with friends and family members living in their homeland. The contributions of this work are primarily empirical. Findings from our study reveal how high costs, identity management, and infrastructural differences between rural and urban areas in Kenya, impact decisions families and their extended members make when using information and communication technology (ICT). We present design implications and reflect on how understanding Kenyan migrants' ICT practices can positively influence design for the broader population.
Young patients with endometrial cancer: How many could be eligible for fertility-sparing treatment?

Abstract Objectives To assess the characteristics of young women with endometrial carcinoma, and evaluate those potentially eligible for conservative therapy. Methods We identified women diagnosed with endometrial cancer between 1970 and 2005 at the population-based Geneva Cancer Registry ( n =1365). We classified patients into two age groups (≤45 and >45 years old). Differences in demographic, tumor, diagnostic and treatment characteristics were tested with chi square. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate survival from endometrial cancer and the log-rank test to analyze differences in survival between the two groups. Results The young group comprised 44 (3.2%) women and the old group 1321 (96.8%) women. Synchronous ovarian malignancies were found in six patients (14%) in the young group, compared with 23 (2%) in the old group ( P P =0.012). Histological tumor type, grade and specific endometrial cancer 5-year survival did not significantly differ between the two groups. According to final histopathologic evaluation, eight patients from the young group had FIGO stage IA, grade I disease, i.e. may have been eligible for fertility-sparing treatment, corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.3/100,000. Conclusion No significant difference regarding tumor characteristics and survival between young and older patients was observed, except stage of disease and rate of synchronous ovarian malignancy. Conservative approach is a meaningful quality of life goal for patients with cancer, but only suitable for a limited number of patients.
Development of vasotocin pathways in the bullfrog brain

The brain of adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) contains six populations of cells which are immunoreactive for the neurohypophysial peptide arginine vasotocin (AVT). It is unknown when some of these cell populations first appear during development and when the sexual differences in AVT distribution first become apparent. We therefore used immunocytochemistry to examine development of AVT pathways in developing bullfrog tadpoles and in newly metamorphosed froglets of both sexes. AVT-immunoreactive (AVT-ir) cells were already present in the three diencephalic areas (magnocellular preoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and hypothalamus) at stage III (Taylor and Kollros stages), the earliest stage examined. Cell size in the magnocellular nucleus was not bimodally distributed in either tadpoles or froglets. AVT-ir cells in the telencephalic septal nucleus and amygdala did not appear until stage VI. There was no sexual difference in the density of AVT-ir cells or fibers in the amygdala of tadpoles or froglets. Finally, cells in the hindbrain pretrigeminal nucleus appeared much later--after stage XX. Thus, different populations of neurons begin to express AVT at unique times during development. The sexual dimorphism in AVT content observed in the amygdala of adult bullfrogs must appear during juvenile development or at adulthood.
Patient classification in neuropsychological research.

In a number of papers we have been concerned with the type of inferences that are legitimate in "experiments of nature" where the experimenter does not and cannot control the modifications to the cognitive system that are introduced by brain damage. We have argued that in such cases very restrictive conditions must be met in order to be able to draw valid inferences about the structure of normal cognitive mechanisms. Two consequences of these conditions are (1) patient classification into syndrome types (e.g., phonological dysgraphia, agrammatism, and so forth) can play no useful role in research concerned with issues about the structure of normal cognitive functioning or its dissolution under conditions of brain damage; and (2) only single-patient studies allow valid inferences about the structure of cognitive mechanisms from the analysis of impaired performance. Zurif, Gardner, and Brownell (1989, Brain and Cognition, 10, 237-255) have taken exception to our conclusions and propose to show the limitations of our arguments. In this paper we respond to their criticisms.
Dental Erosion: Progress of Erosion Measured Clinically after Various Fluoride Applications

This paper presents a gravimetric approach to clinical measurements of the progress of dental erosion lesions. In the study, this method was used for the in vivo testing of fluorides in solution and in combination with a sealant applied to dental lesions in patients exhibiting pronounced idiopathic erosion. Because only minimal protective effects were observed, the study indicates the need for still better scientific measurements, as well as better practical control procedures, to consider both chemical and physical mechanisms of destruction.
Hypnotic Suggestion: A Musical Mathaphor

Conceptually, hypnotizability has always been associated with the increase in suggestibility produced by hypnosis. In practice, hypnotizability is measured as suggestibility following a hypnotic induction. Our understanding of hypnosis and suggestion has been hampered by this discordance between the conceptual and operational definitions of hypnotizability. For example, despite hundreds of studies purporting to use standardized scales to assess hypnotizability, we know next to nothing about that construct, as it has been defined conceptually. Neither the hypothesis that it is a stable trait nor the hypothesis that it is modifiable have been tested in any study, and correlations between hypnotizability and other psychological or physiological variables have not yet been assessed. Conversely, we have learned much about hypnosis, suggestion, and suggestibility. Suggestibility has been measured on reliable and valid instruments, and we have abundant data on its stability, modifiability, and correlates. Hypnosis enhances suggestibility to a modest degree and increases the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Comparisons between the reactivity of chlorine dioxide in the gas phase and water solution

Abstract The thermal and photochemical reactivity of the symmetric isomer of chlorine dioxide, OClO, is examined under isolated molecule conditions and in water solution. Reaction in the ground state leads to Cl( 2 P u ) + O 2 ( 3 Σg − ). Within experimental error, the barrier to reaction in water solution is the same as that estimated for the reaction in gas phase. Chemistry on the excited electronic manifold occurs via multiple pathways leading to ClO( 2 Π) + O( 3 P g ), Cl( 2 P u ) + O 2 ( 3 Σ g − ) and Cl( 2 P u ) + O 2 ( 1 Δ g ). The excited state reactivity of OClO in water solution is significantly different from the gas phase process. The effect of solvent on the excited state photoreactivity of OClO is discussed in detail.
Atomistic-continuum and ab initio estimation of the elastic moduli of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract This paper deals with the calculation of elastic moduli and stress–strain curves for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using a computationally efficient, atomistically enriched continuum analysis. This approach is adopted to estimate shear and Young’s moduli and obtain stress–strain curves for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subject to coupled extension and twist deformations. This accounts for the effects of natural extension-twist coupling [K. Chandraseker, S. Mukherjee, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 73 (2) (2006) 315–326; K. Chandraseker, S. Mukherjee, Y.X. Mukherjee, Int. J. Solids Struct. 43 (2006) 7128–7144] on SWNT constitutive properties. The constitutive properties are evaluated by assuming a cylindrical reference configuration [Chandraseker and Mukherjee, 2006; Chandraseker et al., 2006] rather than a planar graphene sheet [P. Zhang, Y. Huang, P.H. Geubelle, P.A. Klein, K.C. Hwang, Int. J. Solids Struct. 39 (2002) 3893–3906; M. Arroyo, T. Belytschko, Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 115415] thereby allowing for the anisotropy and change in strain energy that results from the finite deformation required to roll up a graphene sheet into a nanotube [M. Arroyo, T. Belytschko, Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 115415]. The Tersoff–Brenner multi-body empirical interatomic potential for carbon [J. Tersoff, Phys. Rev. B 37 (1988) 6991–7000; D.W. Brenner, Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 9458–9471] is used to model the C–C bond energies in this work. This enables exact analytic evaluation of the derivatives of the strain energy density rather than a numerical approach. Consistent values obtained corresponding to these material properties indicate that they do not depend strongly on the chirality of the nanotube [R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Imperial College Press, London, 1998 [7] ]. The relative magnitudes of the Young’s and shear moduli obtained from this approach fall within the well known range in classical elasticity theory in most cases, and the computed values for the moduli agree well with existing experimental results and atomistic studies that employ the same interatomic potential. Further, in the present work, the moduli are also evaluated using a more accurate, albeit computationally expensive, ab initio density-functional-theoretic (DFT) approach (see for e.g., [D. Sancez-Portal, E. Artacho, J.M. Soler, A. Rubio, P. Ordejon, Phys. Rev. B 59 (1999) 12678; K.N. Kudin, G.E. Scuseria, B.I. Yakobson, Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 235406]). A comparison between these values and the ones from the atomistic-continuum analysis brings to notice some of the advantages and limitations of both these approaches.
Influence of sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony segregation on the intergranular hydrogen embrittlement of nickel

The effectiveness of sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony in promoting the intergranular embrittlement of nickel was investigated using straining electrode tests in IN H2SO4 at cathodic potentials. Sulfur was found to be the critical grain boundary segregant due to its large enrichment at grain boundaries (104 to 105 times the bulk content) and the direct relationship between sulfur coverage and hydrogen-induced intergranular failure. Phosphorus was shown to be significantly less effective than sulfur or antimony in inducing the intergranular hydrogen embrittlement of nickel. The addition of phosphorus to nickel reduced the tendency for intergranular fracture and improved ductility because phosphorus segregated strongly to grain interfaces and limited sulfur enrichment. The hydrogen embrittling potency of antimony was also less than that of sulfur while its segregation propensity was considerably less. It was found that the effectiveness of segregated phosphorus and antimony in prompting intergranular embrittlementvs that of sulfur could be expressed in terms of an equivalent grain boundary sulfur coverage. The relative hydrogen embrittling potencies of sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony are discussed in reference to general mechanisms for the effect of impurity segregation on hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture.
Exploration And Search With Intentional Visual Actions

Active vision is a term used to denote the control of the camera's geometric parameters to aid in the satisfaction of perceptual goals. Here it is combined with intentional visual actions generated by task oriented decisions. The focus of this paper is the use of intentional active vision to perform exploration and spatial search. These are common components of many perceptual tasks in which the viewer is dealing with a space and objects within that space that are at most partially known or modeled. Examples of such tasks are determining the location of the product code of unknown part on an assembly line, finding an exit sign in an known building, or a lost tool in a cluttered workspace. As proposed here, exploration is a reactive process which has strategies, composed of visual actions and predictions, for dealing with the various spatial situations encountered. To recognize the current situation temporary models of the locally visible surfaces are built. These enable the spatial reasoning for construction of the strategies. Though these surfaces are disposed of when no longer local, a coarse spatial memory avoids duplication of effort and aids in deciding when the task is complete. The visual actions are intended motions for which viewing direction and possibly other camera parameters are controlled.
Abundance and productivity mediate invader effects on nitrogen dynamics in a California grassland.

Soil nitrogen (N) transformations have been shown to be influenced by plant community composition. Identifying species traits that control nitrogen dynamics is more straightforward when species dramatically differ in N input via litter (e.g., N-fixing invaders in a non-fixing community) or in litter carbon:N or lignin:N ratios. Cases where invaders and residents are more similar for such traits are more challenging to evaluate. In these settings, a species' relative abundance and its contribution to overall ecosystem productivity are likely to contribute significantly to the development of effects on N availability and cycling. We compared soil N dynamics in experimental grassland communities dominated by native perennial grasses (NP), exotic annual grasses (EA), and exotic perennial grasses (EP), as well as mixtures of the native perennial grasses with each exotic grass group (NP + EA and NP + EP). These groups differ from each other in subtle ways in traits likely to influence soil N cycling including annual productivity, allocation to roots versus shoots, litter production, litter chemistry, and degree of summertime activity. We found that ecosystem N dynamics were significantly different between the various species groups with the greatest differences occurring between EA plots and other community types: soils in EA plots had significantly lower rates of net N mineralization, net nitrification, and microbial biomass-N compared to either NP or NP + EA plots, and lower extractable nitrate in the spring compared to either NP or EP plots. The higher the proportion of productivity in a plot that derived from exotic species, particularly exotic annual species, the lower were the measured rates of net N mineralization. Stepwise regression analysis showed that vegetation productivity was the best predictor of N cycling metrics: the higher the productivity, the higher the rates of net mineralization and nitrification, and microbial biomass-N. We conclude that species' abundance and productivity were strong controlling factors in the development of differences in ecosystem N dynamics between our experimental treatments. Inclusion of relative proportion of productivity contributed by community members in models of the development of species effects will likely aid in predicting when and where invasive species will alter ecosystem N dynamics.
Individualism in O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find

(2008). Individualism in O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find. The Explicator: Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 197-200.
Lack of remorse in antisocial personality disorder: sociodemographic correlates, symptomatic presentation, and comorbidity with Axis I and Axis II disorders in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare sociodemographic and family history correlates, symptomatic presentation, and comorbidity with Axis I and Axis II disorders, in an epidemiologic sample of adults with DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) who lacked, vs those who did not lack, remorse. METHODS: This study is based on a nationally representative sample of adults. Lifetime prevalences of each ASPD diagnostic criterion and each comorbid mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorder were estimated. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of lack of remorse with ASPD symptom patterns and comorbid disorders. Diagnoses were made using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. RESULTS: Among the 1422 respondents with ASPD, 728 (51%) lacked remorse. Respondents who lacked remorse were younger and more often reported a family history of drug problems than those who did not. More often than remorse-positive respondents, those who were remorse-negative met diagnostic criteria involving violence against persons and less often met criteria involving offenses against property. Remorse was not associated with cruelty to animals, nor with most nonviolent antisocial behaviors. Remorse-negative respondents endorsed more total lifetime violent behaviors than those who were remorse-positive. Lack of remorse was not associated with any lifetime comorbid Axis I or Axis II disorder. Patterns of findings were generally similar between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of remorse appears to identify at best a modestly more symptomatically severe and violent form of ASPD in nonclinical populations. Language: en
The Clinical Utility of Rib Detail Films in the Evaluation of Trauma

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical utility of rib detail films (RDFs) when used in addition to chest radiographs in the evaluation of thoracic trauma. A retrospective review of medical records of all patients who obtained RDFs over a 4-year period was carried out. The study participants included 480 adult trauma patients who received RDFs and chest radiographs. Patients were assessed for the presence or absence of rib fracture(s) on radiographs, clinical management, follow-up, and complications resulting from rib fractures. Fractures were identified in 97 (20%) patients by RDFs. There were 26 (27%) complications due to rib injury, all of which were visualized on chest radiographs but not RDFs. Follow-up demonstrated no delayed complications. Treatment was directed only at complications. Visualization of rib fracture alone does not result in any significant change in treatment or outcome for the patient. Therefore, RDFs for blunt chest trauma have a limited clinical utility.
Neuroinflammation and Non-motor Symptoms: The Dark Passenger of Parkinson’s Disease?

Generally speaking, inflammation as a key piece to the Parkinson’s disease (PD) puzzle is a relatively new concept. Acceptance of this concept has gained ground as studies by various researchers have demonstrated the potential of mitigating nigral cell death by curtailing inflammation in animal models of PD. We propose that the significance of inflammation in PD pathology may extend beyond the nigrostriatal region. In the current review, we present an argument for this based on the Braak staging and discuss how inflammation might contribute to the development of non-motor PD symptoms.
Normal and disordered coagulation in the neonate

Abstract Over the past 10–15 yr, improvements in perinatal and neonatal care and in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of coagulation disorders have lead to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality from bleeding and thrombosis in sick and low birth-weight infants. Recent advances in our understanding of the normal developmental changes that occur in the coagulation mechanism of the fetus and newborn now allow for more intelligent and rational approaches to the treatment of disordered coagulation and fibrinolysis. This review will focus on current knowledge of the normal changes that occur in the coagulation mechanism during late fetal development and early infancy. Subsequent discussion will deal with how developmental aspects of the coagulation mechanism impact upon morbidity and mortality from common neonatal diseases. The diagnosis and management of specific bleeding and thrombotic syndromes of neonates will also be discussed. Finally, a brief overview of the indications for use of plasma products in neonatal medicine will be presented.
Mössbauer studies of marine and fresh water manganese nodules

Abstract Practically identical Mossbauer spectra have been obtained for 40 ferromanganese nodules from a wide variety of marine and fresh-water locations. None of the nodules examined contains more than one weight percent Fe 2+ , so no more than a few percent of the total iron in these nodules can be Fe 2+ . Most of the iron is present as Fe 3+ in paramagnetic or superparamagnetic oxide phases, although hysteresis loops show the presence of small amounts of ferromagnetic phases not detected by the Mossbauer technique.
Where do the embryos of Riftia pachyptila develop? Pressure tolerances, temperature tolerances, and buoyancy during prolonged embryonic dispersal

Abstract The giant vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila releases slightly buoyant lipid-rich zygotes into the water column, where embryos develop and disperse for 21–25 days before they become ciliated larvae capable of controlling their position in the water column. If embryos rise too rapidly, either from their own buoyancy or by being entrained in a buoyant plume, they could encounter warmer temperatures or lower pressures than the embryos can tolerate. Likewise, if they are entrained among the tubes of the adults or in near-bottom currents, the embryos could encounter warm water and adverse chemical conditions. To determine the range of physiological tolerances for normal development of R. pachyptila, we examined survival of embryos at various combinations of pressure and temperature in the laboratory using small pressure vessels. We also used small incubation chambers deployed in and above tubeworm clusters at our study site on the East Pacific Rise. These served as an in situ comparison for the laboratory data. Temperatures were measured at each incubation site with temperature data loggers. The ambient temperature away from the vents at the study site was 2 °C, and the upper thermal limit for 50% normal development was 6 °C for embryos cultured in the pressure vessels and approximately 7 °C in situ. This limited temperature tolerance defines the embryos physiologically as “cold stenotherms”. In laboratory experiments conducted at 2 °C, embryos developed normally at the near-ambient vent pressure of 238 and also at 170 atm. Cleavage rates at 170 atm were much slower than at the higher pressure, however, suggesting that the embryos were probably near their low-pressure threshold. No development occurred at 100 or at 1 atm. During upward migration, embryos would encounter a pressure of 170 atm at a significantly greater depth (1700 m) than they would encounter a temperature of 6 °C, suggesting that embryonic survival should be pressure limited before temperature becomes a controlling factor. To determine the likelihood that these physiological stresses would be encountered during embryogenesis, we measured flotation rates of zygotes and early embryos. At ambient vent pressure (250 atm) and temperature, the zygotes rose at an average rate of 2 m day−1. As the embryos develop, they consume wax esters and therefore lose some buoyancy, but assuming a constant flotation of 2 m day−1 for 25 days, this would bring the embryos approximately 50 m off the bottom. If embryos were entrained in a buoyant plume however, they would reach a depth of slightly more than 2300 m (230 atm) before the plume becomes neutrally buoyant. In either case, the embryos would remain below the critical depth for normal development. Because development is inhibited at temperatures above 6–7 °C, it is unlikely that embryos are retained in or among the adult tubes.
Spin and tensor correlations in matter

Abstract A simple wave function which incorporates spin and angular dependence is used as the basis for variational calculations of dense matter. The spin and isospin dependence of the correlation functions is expressed through commuting operators, and thus there is no need to worry about commutator terms. The hypernetted chain equations are derived for the cluster expansion of distribution functions which arise in energy calculations. The treatment is general enough that it may be applied to asymmetric matter. A program CHIMP has been written which generates programs to solve the hypernetted chain equations and calculate the energy. Results are presented for neutron matter using the Bethe-Johnson model 2 potential, and some comments are made about the correlation functions employed. Future applications of the method will be made to nuclear matter and asymmetric neutron matter.
Self-supporting nanopore membranes with controlled pore size and shape.

Self-supporting membranes containing either isolated or organized arrays of nanosized pores have been prepared using a nonlithographic approach by coupling sol−gel processing, thin film preparation, and templating. Specifically, polystyrene latex spheres were doped into a hybrid sol prepared from tetraethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane and the resultant sol spin cast on a sacrificial support. Upon removal of the template and the sacrificial support, the self-supporting nanopore membranes were transferred to glass for characterization by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Through variations in the thickness of the membranes and the size of the polystyrene latex spheres, the geometry (cylinder-like to asymmetric-like) and the dimensions of the nanopores were altered. Pores with diameters that range from 35 to 2100 nm, aspect ratios (defined as the top pore diameter divided by the bottom pore diameter) from 1−4, and depths (effective film thickness) from 50 to 1500 nms have been p...
Study of out-of-plane effects in the inversion of refraction/wide-angle reflection traveltimes

Abstract In the presence of three-dimensional (3D) inhomogeneous structure, the results of 2D traveltime inversion will be in error since the effects of ‘out-of-plane’ or 3D ray sampling are ignored. We have inverted synthetic data using 2D and 3D algorithms to examine the errors caused by 3D inhomogeneities which produce significant out-of-plane ray bending. The results of inverting data from 2D experiments are compared with vertical slices through 3D models obtained by inverting data using a number of recently employed 3D recording geometries. Our results show that, even for strong 3D inhomogeneities, out-of-plane effects are relatively small, with crustal velocity errors of less than 0.15 km/s, and intra-crustal boundary depth errors generally less than 2 km. These errors are approximately equal to the uncertainties commonly assigned to crustal models derived from traveltime inversion. The artifacts are also similar in magnitude to the lateral smearing that occurs in 3D models when using relatively coarse 3D geometries. Only for a dense network of profiles will a 3D inversion using off- and in-line data provide greater lateral resolution than a 2D independent or simultaneous inversion of in-line data along each profile. 2D and 2.5D inversion of crooked-line data in the presence of strong velocity variations produces erroneous small-scale velocity structure. We conclude that most 3D crustal experiments cannot be justified on the basis that the results from a 2D experiment or a network of 2D profiles will be significantly in error due to out-of-plane effects. 3D experiments can be justified when a dense grid of shots and receivers is used or if a volume image, as opposed to a cross-sectional image, is required.
Electrically induced ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents

Abstract Ninety-two patients underwent programmed ventricular stimulation 12 ± 3 days after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with thrombolytic agents (streptokinase, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, or both). Cardiac catheterization was performed in all patients on admission to hospital and was repeated in 97% of them 13 ± 5 days later. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias—either tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation—were induced in 20 (22%) patients, with nonsustained VT induced in another 12 (13%). Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictors of induction of sustained VT, with short right ventricular effective refractory period (p = 0.0061), site of AMI (inferior or posterior, p = 0.008), infarct-related artery (right or circumflex coronary artery, p = 0.018), multivessel coronary artery disease (p = 0.043) and male sex (p = 0.028) being significant predictors of sustained VT. Neither successful reperfusion, time to reperfusion, nor residual stenosis in the infarct-related artery was significant. All patients in whom VT was induced were treated with electrophysiologically guided antiarrhythmic therapy. Cardiac mortality after hospital discharge was 1% over 30 ± 16 months.
CONSTRAINED DECISION CRITERIA1

The choice of a suitable decision criterion is a difficult decision for many decision makers. In general, each criterion selects a different optimal act, each having its own appealing features. This paper proposes an approach allowing the decision maker to incorporate multiple criteria into an easily solved mathematical programming model whose solution is the optimal act. Optimality is defined by the objective function used in the model. The constraints embody the decision maker's anxieties and minimal desires.