cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN A DRINKING WATER RESERVOIR

ABSTRACT Lake Rockwell provides drinking water to Akron, Ohio. Algae and macrophytes cause increased treatment costs, user complaints, and concerns about water quality standards. The reservoir is very eutrophic. A diagnostic study performed in the laboratory with intact cores taken from littoral and anoxic sediments determined that oxic and anoxic sediments have a very high potential for phosphorus release. Only 19 percent of annual phosphorus external loading occurs between May and October, but apparently this summer loading triggers algal blooms in the upper reservoir that are transported downstream. Winter loading contributes to sediment phosphorus, and thus, to summer internal loading. Preliminary evaluations of proposed management steps revealed that harvesting of Myriophyllum spicatum that included root crown removal produced summer-long biomass control after a single harvest. Water quality deteriorated afterwards, however, suggesting that a late summer harvest might intercept senescence, and would ...
Bone grafting in primary uncemented total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Forty-two uncemented ICLH and Freeman Samuelson knee replacements that required bone grafting for tibial defects were studied before and after operation. The pattern of bone loss, the techniques of grafting, and the soft tissue releases required are described. Union of the graft was observed in 98% of cases, confirming the value of bone grafting in the reconstruction of the deformed, arthritic knee
Array-to-array transfer of an artificial nose classifier.

This paper describes the use of a microsphere sensor technology that allows simple fabrication of vapor sensor arrays with reproducible response patterns. Microsphere sensor fabrication protocols are uncomplicated and yield billions of highly reproducible sensors. Microsphere sensor arrays combined with a generalized Whitney−Mann−Wilcoxen (GWMW) classifier were used to discriminate between the presence and absence of nitroaromatic compounds in high background vapor mixtures. The classifier was trained on one sensor array and then used to obtain 98.2 and 93.7% correct classification rates with data collected using two subsequent arrays made up to six months after the initial training was performed. These results represent an advance in the ability to transfer training data between multiple sensor arrays with a fluorescence-based artificial nose.
Cytomegalovirus DNA in Semen and Blood Is Associated With Higher Levels of Proviral HIV DNA

Over three-fourths of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) have at least one herpesvirus detected in their semen, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most prevalent. The presence of CMV is associated with higher T-cell immune activation and with HIV disease progression in treated and untreated individuals. In this study of 113 antiretroviral (ART)-naive HIV-infected MSM, we found that CMV replication in blood and semen was associated with higher levels of HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These observations suggest that interventions aimed to reduce CMV replication and, thus, systemic immune activation could decrease the size of the latent HIV reservoir.
NO responsiveness in pulmonary artery and airway smooth muscle: the role of cGMP regulation.

The purpose of this study was to assess intrinsic smooth muscle mechanisms contributing to greater nitric oxide (NO) responsiveness in pulmonary vascular vs. airway smooth muscle. Canine pulmonary ...
Massive redeployment, exaptation, and the functional integration of cognitive operations

The massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH) is a theory about the functional topography of the human brain, offering a middle course between strict localization on the one hand, and holism on the other. Central to MRH is the claim that cognitive evolution proceeded in a way analogous to component reuse in software engineering, whereby existing components—originally developed to serve some specific purpose—were used for new purposes and combined to support new capacities, without disrupting their participation in existing programs. If the evolution of cognition was indeed driven by such exaptation, then we should be able to make some specific empirical predictions regarding the resulting functional topography of the brain. This essay discusses three such predictions, and some of the evidence supporting them. Then, using this account as a background, the essay considers the implications of these findings for an account of the functional integration of cognitive operations. For instance, MRH suggests that in order to determine the functional role of a given brain area it is necessary to consider its participation across multiple task categories, and not just focus on one, as has been the typical practice in cognitive neuroscience. This change of methodology will motivate (even perhaps necessitate) the development of a new, domain-neutral vocabulary for characterizing the contribution of individual brain areas to larger functional complexes, and direct particular attention to the question of how these various area roles are integrated and coordinated to result in the observed cognitive effect. Finally, the details of the mix of cognitive functions a given area supports should tell us something interesting not just about the likely computational role of that area, but about the nature of and relations between the cognitive functions themselves. For instance, growing evidence of the role of “motor” areas like M1, SMA and PMC in language processing, and of “language” areas like Broca’s area in motor control, offers the possibility for significantly reconceptualizing the nature both of language and of motor control.
Control of an Adaptive Aircraft with a Morphing Input

An adaptive aircraft has been designed with new degrees of freedom, morphing control inputs, that will allow it to morph its structure to perform a new range of maneuvers. In particular is the capability to land through a perching maneuver, similar to that performed by large, migratory birds. Proper control of the new degrees of freedom is important for improved performance over conventional aircraft. This paper compares the ability of the aircraft to track a reference trajectory using error feedback control both with and without a morphing input. Controlling the wing incidence angle relative to the fuselage decouples the pitch angle of the wings from that of the fuselage, allowing for better pitch tracking performance.
Development Exactions as Growth Management and Local Infrastructure Finance Tools

Development exactions, or impact fees, have exploded in popularity over the past 20 years or so. Impact fees provide an often politically palatable alternative means of financing the infrastructure needs generated by new growth. In addition, impact fees can improve the concurrency between development and the availability of local services, through altering the pace and/or pattern of growth. Nevertheless, some equity concerns remain with respect to the effect impact fees can have on housing affordability for the young and the poor. Despite these concerns, the use of impact fees can be expected to expand in the future, with greater attention to incorporating social exactions into impact fee systems.
Problem of the thermodynamic status of the mixed-layer minerals

Abstract Minerals that show mixed layering, particularly with the component layers in random sequence, pose problems because they may behave thermodynamically as single phases or as polyphase aggregates. Two operational criteria are proposed for their distinction. The first scheme requires two samples of mixed-layer material which differ only in the proportions of the layers. If each of these two samples are allowed to equilibrate with the same suitably chosen monitoring solution, then the intensive parameters of the solution will be invariant if the mixed-layer sample is a polyphase aggregate, but not otherwise. The second scheme makes use of the fact that portions of many titration curves of clay minerals show constancy of the chemical activities of the components in the equilibrating solutions, suggesting phase separation. If such phase separation occurs for a mixed-layer material, then, knowing the number of independent components in the system, it should be possible to decide on the number of phases the mixed-layer material represents. Knowledge of the phase status of mixed-layer material is essential to the study of the equilibrium relations of mineral assemblages involving such material, because a given mixed-layer mineral will be plotted and treated differently on a phase diagram, depending on whether it is a single phase or a polyphase aggregate. Extension of the titration technique to minerals other than the mixed-layer type is possible. In particular, this method may be used to determine if cryptoperthites and peristerites are polyphase aggregates. In general, for any high-order phase separation, the method may be used to decide just at what point in this continuous process the system must be regarded operationally as a polyphase aggregate.
Business Courts and the Future of Arbitration

The future of arbitration depends not only on arbitration but also on its competitors—the public courts, including business courts. The creation of business courts incorporates some of the preferred characteristics of arbitration (in particular, expert decision making and expedited case management) into litigation, making litigation a more effective competitor to arbitration. Litigation in business courts has some advantages over arbitration (such as lower upfront costs), while arbitration retains some of its advantages over litigation (such as choice of decision maker and confidentiality). Given this structural comparison, one would expect on the margin for business courts to make litigation a more attractive forum for resolving business disputes than arbitration. But the limited empirical evidence available does not show any significant move away from arbitration to business courts as yet. Certainly the analysis here does not resolve as an empirical matter the potential effect of business courts on the future of arbitration. Rather, my hope is to begin the discussion, and to prompt others to examine the issue more systematically.
Metamorphic Structure of Continental Crusts

The North American and the European Continent have a vast Precambrian craton surrounded by Phanerozoic orogenic belts. On the eastern side of the Asiatic Continent and of the Australian Continent, the outermost zones of Phanerozoic orogenic belts form island arcs which are separated from the continents by marginal seas such as the Japan and the Tasman Sea.
Status of the los Alamos Gyrocon

The gyrocon is a deflection-modulated RF amplifier that can achieve very high peak-and average-output power, as well as excellent direct-current-to-radio-frequency conversion efficiency. The electron dynamics of the gyrocon are analyzed with a large-signal computer code that is used to design a prototype gyrocon. This gyrocon is now built and it has been operated at low duty cycle. The design goals, construction details, and initial operating results of the prototype gyrocon are discussed.
Misregulation of the LOB domain gene DDA1 suggests possible functions in auxin signalling and photomorphogenesis

The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors. In this report, the LBD gene DOWN IN DARK AND AUXIN1 (DDA1), which is closely related to LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), was characterized. DDA1 is expressed primarily in vascular tissues and its transcript levels were reduced by exposure to exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or auxin) and in response to dark exposure. Analysis of a T-DNA insertion line, dda1-1, in which the insertion resulted in misregulation of DDA1 transcripts in the presence of IAA and in the dark revealed possible functions in auxin response and photomorphogenesis. dda1-1 plants exhibited reduced sensitivity to auxin, produced fewer lateral roots, and displayed aberrant hypocotyl elongation in the dark. Phenotypes resulting from fusion of a transcriptional repression domain to DDA1 suggest that DDA1 may act as both a transcriptional activator and a transcriptional repressor depending on the context. These results indicate that DDA1 may function in both the auxin signalling and photomorphogenesis pathways.
Vaccinology: Persistence pays off.

Developing AIDS vaccines has been a frustrating business. A vaccine that triggers immune responses that effectively control early infection by the simian counterpart of HIV in macaques seems promising. See Letter p.523 Following some high-profile clinical trial failures in recent years, the emphasis in HIV/AIDS vaccine research has shifted away from T-cell-based vaccines that control viral replication towards vaccines that block acquisition of infection. Hansen et al. take a novel route to T-cell-based immunity, using cytomegalovirus (CMV) vectors. They find that vaccination with a rhesus-CMV-based vaccine against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provides long-term protection from SIV challenge in rhesus macaques. Protection seems to be mediated by tissue-resident T-effector memory responses, suggesting that persistent vectors such as CMV may be effective in HIV/AIDS vaccines.
Updated Guidelines for the Evaluation of New Anti-Infective Drug Products

For the past decade, one of the most active areas in drug development has been the introduction of new anti- infective drug products. Determination of safety and efficacy by the Food and Drug Administration are guided by the General Considerations for the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs and the Guidelines for the Clinical Evaluation of Anti-Infective Drugs. Both were published in 1977. The Infectious Diseases Society of America has negotiated a contract with the FDA to update the existing anti-infective drug guidelines. Additional goals of this project are to develop new disease- and drug-specific guidelines consistent with the current state of the art and science of medicine, consider and provide guidance in areas of controversy in the field of infectious diseases, and present the FDA with a document to guide development of new anti-infective drug products. If successful, this project can serve as a model for future interactions between regulatory agencies and academic societies which have a unique capabili...
Principles of Ethical Practice: Cases for Illustration and Dialog

In July 2007, a revised version of the Council for Learning Disabilities’ principles of ethical practice was approved by CLD’s Board of Trustees. Subsequently, the new standards were published in the January 8 issue of LD Forum. Using a case study approach, this article highlights the application of these principles to situations confronted by learning disability professionals. Six cases are presented. Although fictionalized for the sake of confidentiality, the cases are based on actual situations witnessed by the authors. Each of the cases illustrates a minimum of two ethical principles. Questions for reflection and analysis follow each case with the intention of stimulating discussion. The article concludes with a discussion of professionalism and the importance of a commitment to the ongoing emphasis on ethical practice in the field of learning disabilities.
Differential effects of daily snack food intake on the reinforcing value of food in obese and nonobese women

Background: Food reinforcement, ie, motivation to obtain food, is associated with energy intake and obesity. Finding ways to decrease the reinforcing value of unhealthy foods may help with adherence to diets and maintenance of weight loss. Our previous study in nonobese adults showed that daily consumption of the same snack food (food consumed apart from meals) for 14 d significantly decreased its reinforcing value. Objectives: The aims of this study were to replicate and extend these findings to obese individuals and to examine the effects of different portion sizes of snack foods on food reinforcement. Design: Food reinforcement and liking were tested in 31 obese and 27 nonobese women at baseline and after 2 wk of daily consumption of 0, 100, or 300 kcal/d of the same snack food. Results: We found a significant interaction of phase, portion size, and body mass index on the pattern of operant responding for food. Obese women had a significant increase in food reinforcement after consuming the 300-kcal portion of food for 2 wk, whereas nonobese women had the opposite response. No significant differences were found on the reinforcing value with the 0- and 100-kcal portion-size conditions. Women in the 300-kcal group (obese and nonobese) reported a significant decrease in snack food liking from baseline to after daily intake. Conclusions: Thesefindingssuggestthatobeseandnonobesewomen respond differently to the daily intake of a snack food and that this may not be a viable mechanism for reducing food reinforcement in obese women. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00837694. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:304‐13.
Customizing immunization clinic operations to minimize open vial waste

Abstract Many multi-dose vaccine vials must be used within hours of reconstitution; unused doses are discarded as “open vial waste.” Building on Mofrad et al. (2014), we evaluate operating strategies that maximize coverage by controlling open vial waste. We define novel metrics for determining thresholds on vaccination clinic operating hours and session frequency. We study the performance of optimal and heuristic policies in the presence of random vial yield. Cost analyses indicate significant potential savings. Because optimal strategies are context specific, we also develop a decision support tool (available online) to easily replicate the analysis for any problem setting.
Winter and growing season nitrogen mineralization from fall-applied composted or stockpiled solid dairy manure

Adequate characterization of nitrogen (N) mineralization with time from manure and other organic sources is needed to maximize manure N use efficiency, decrease producer costs, and protect groundwater quality. The objective of our 2-year field study at Parma, ID, was to quantify in situ N mineralization with time as affected by a one-time fall application of solid dairy manure, either composted or stockpiled. The experiment included five treatments: a non-N fertilized control, two first-year rates of stockpiled solid dairy manure (21.9 and 43.8 Mg ha−1, dry wt.) and two rates (53.1 and 106.1 Mg ha−1, dry wt.) of composted dairy manure (hereafter termed compost). Net N mineralized (mineralization less immobilization) was determined to a depth of 0.3 m by repeatedly measuring soil inorganic N (NH4-N + NO3-N) concentrations in buried polyethylene bags. Overwinter mineralization was measured between amendment incorporation in fall and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) planting the following spring. In-season mineralization was measured in situ for seven consecutive incubation periods during the c. 220-day growing season for furrow-irrigated sugarbeet. Net N mineralized often varied among amendments and from year to year through mid-season, likely due to seasonal variation in soil temperature, annual differences in amendment properties, and other factors. In early spring 2003 after a warmer-than-normal winter, immobilization exceeded mineralization, regardless of treatment. In-season net N mineralized peaked between mid-August and early September (DOYs 230–251) each year, regardless of treatment. Annual (c. 11-month) net N mineralized in 2003 averaged 52 kg N ha−1, similar among treatments. In 2004, annual net N mineralized was similar between rates within amendments and averaged 250 kg N ha−1 where manure treated, 150 kg N ha−1 where compost treated, and 106 kg N ha−1 where untreated. On average in 2004, 31 % of compost’s annual net N mineralized occurred before the growing season and 69 % during the season while essentially all of manure’s net N mineralized occurred during the season. None of the amendments’ total N was, in net, mineralized in 2003 but in 2004 on average, 2 % of compost’s and 16 % of manure’s total N was mineralized, similar between rates within amendments. When estimating annual net N mineralized from fall-applied organic amendments, one must account for abnormal temperatures, including those overwinter.
Probes for Examining the Structure and Function of Human S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase, and for Isolation of cDNA

The catalytic activity of AdoHcy hydrolase requires formation of a stable complex with the cofactor NAD (Palmer and Abeles, 1976). In addition to NAD, Hershfield and Kredich (1978) identified AdoHcyase as the so-called ’cAMP-Ado’ or ’adenine analogue’ binding protein that had been isolated by a number of investigators (Yuh and Tao, 1974; Sugden and Corbin, 1976; Ueland and Doskeland, 1977; Olsson, 1978). The ability to form stable complexes with NAD, Ado and its analogs, and cAMP raises questions regarding the relationship of AdoHcyase to other proteins that bind these ligands, and possible functions of ligand binding, which might be related or unrelated to the role of this enzyme in metabolism.
Comparison of performance on Hospital Compare process measures and patient outcomes between hospitals that do and do not participate in Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With The Guidelines

Background Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With The Guidelines (ACTION Registry–GWTG) was designed to measure and improve the treatment and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), yet it is unknown whether performance of Medicare Hospital Compare metrics and outcomes differ between hospitals participating versus those not participating in the registry. Methods Using 2007 to 2010 Hospital Compare data, we matched participating to nonparticipating hospitals based on teaching status, size, percutaneous coronary intervention capability, and baseline (2007) Hospital Compare AMI process measure performance. We used linear mixed modeling to compare 2010 Hospital Compare process measure adherence, 30-day risk-adjusted mortality, and readmission rates. We repeated these analyses after stratification according to baseline performance level. Results Compared with nonparticipating hospitals, those participating were larger (median 288 vs 139 beds, P P P Conclusions In this observational analysis, there were no significant differences in the performance of Hospital Compare process measures or outcomes between hospitals in Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With The Guidelines and other hospitals not in the registry. However, baseline performance on the Hospital Compare process measures was very high in both groups, suggesting the need for new quality improvement foci to further improve patient outcomes.
Maturation of the adrenal medulla. I. Uptake and storage of amines in isolated storage vesicles of the rat.

Abstract Albino Wistar rats were sacrificed at 10-day intervals from birth to 50 days of age. Adrenal storage vesicles were analyzed for catecholamines (CA) and for uptake of 14C-epinephrine (E) and 3H-metaraminol (MA). At birth, CA and E and MA uptakes per gland were 3–8 per cent of 50-day levels, about 20 per cent at 10 days, 25 per cent at 20 days, 40 per cent at 30 days, and 65 per cent at 40 days. Although all three parameters increased approximately in parallel, MA uptake slightly exceeded E uptake and CA from birth to 30 days. As a result, MA uptake per 100 μg of CA in the vesicles was 20 per cent above normal at the early time periods, while E uptake per 100 μg of CA was normal. There was no change in the endogenous norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio during development. The rates of efflux of 14C-E and CA from isolated vesicles was normal except at 10 days, when a more rapid efflux was observed, suggesting that storage stability was impaired at that time. Changes in the density of labeled vesicles were evaluated by centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients. At birth, both E-and MA-labeled vesicles were more dense than vesicles from 50-day-old rats. By 10 days, however, E- and MA-labeled vesicles were lighter than normal. E-labeled vesicles returned to normal by 20 days, but MA-labeled vesicles did not approach normal densities until 30–40 days. These data suggest that the rate of vesicle synthesis is low at birth but increases rapidly thereafter. The heavy vesicles at birth may represent “overloaded” vesicles, while the lighter ones at later times may be “underloaded” due to the rapid synthesis of new vesicles.
Clinical and Electrodiagnostic Features of an Outbreak of Foodborne Botulism Due to Home-Brew Alcohol among Prisoners (P04.093)

Objective: Describe the epidemiological, neurological and electrodiagnostic features of 12 prisoners with food borne botulism from self-made alcohol. Background Botulism causes rapidly progressive weakness with prominent dysphagia, ophthalmoparesis, and autonomic dysfunction including pupillary abnormalities. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) typically reveal reduced compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes with an incremental response to rapid (30-50 hertz) repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in 50%. Design/Methods: Twelve adult prisoners developed confirmed botulism after consuming alcohol made from fresh and canned fruit and potatoes ("Pruno"). All patients were triaged in the emergency department or via teleconference in the prison infirmary; 8 were admitted. Clinical and electrodiagnostic features are reported on the admitted patients. Each underwent NCS including 3 and 50 hertz RNS of the median and ulnar nerves. Results: Serial neurologic examinations revealed bulbar weakness with a notable lack of pupillary abnormalities. Three patients had rapidly progressive respiratory failure requiring intubation, and two developed descending proximal predominant weakness. Determination of the C. Botulinum subtype is pending at the time of submission. NCS were normal in 5 patients. The three most severely affected had mildly reduced compound muscle action potential amplitudes. No patient had CMAP facilitation following exercise, and only the weakest had a 30% increment following 50 hertz RNS. Conclusions: We present features of an outbreak of Pruno associated botulism. Although pupillary findings are commonly cited in the literature as a core feature of botulism, they were uniformly absent. The classic electrodiagnostic features of reduced CMAP amplitudes and incremental response to rapid RNS were also absent in all but 1 patient. These findings emphasize the fact that botulism remains a clinical diagnosis. Absence of pupillary and NCS abnormalities do not exclude botulism and patients with a suspicious exposure history and clinical examination should undergo serum testing and appropriate therapy. Supported by: R01DK064814 (AGS, JRS). Disclosure: Dr. Chung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burbank has nothing to disclose. Dr. Afra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoesch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singleton has received personal compensation for activities with Medical Review Institute. Dr. Leydard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dolan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Baxter Bioscience, Merz, Pfizer and NeurogesX as a consultant. Dr. Smith has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for serves as the Associate Editor for Education at AAN.com. Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose.
Interarea Oscillations Revisited

This letter revisits interarea oscillation analysis using networked control analysis techniques. The power system analysis problem is analyzed as a networked control problem, specifically consensus control of homogeneous systems with static output feedback. The power grid is represented by a graph Laplacian matrix. Stability of the entire system can be evaluated by individual system dynamics and graph Laplacian's eigenvalues. Through this technique, the classical large-scale power system analysis problem is decomposed into multiple small-scale system analysis problems. Analysis of the classical two-area four-machine system is conducted by the proposed approach and compared with the small-signal analysis results from Power System Toolbox. The interarea oscillation mode is found to be related to the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian matrix, while the local oscillation modes are related to the other eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian matrix.
Prosthetic hip infection with Edwardsiella tarda in sickle cell beta thalassemia disease: A case report

Periprosthetic infection following total hip arthroplasty is a devastating complication that has been reported to occur in up to 1.6% of all primary total hip arthroplasties. We report a previously unrecognized gram-negative bacillus as the infecting agent in a patient with bilateral total hip arthroplasties for stage IV osteonecrosis. A 22-year-old male with combined sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia with a prior history of unknown hip surgeries and treatment for distal tibial osteomyelitis in Africa developed a periprosthetic joint infection; intra-operative cultures confirmed the infecting organism to be Edwardsiella tarda which was sensitive to late-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin. He was successfully treated with a staged revision total hip arthroplasty with an antibiotic spacer and has been infection-free since. E. tarda is a gram-negative bacillus which has not been previously associated with periprosthetic infection following TJA. This organism infects both humans and fish, and is particularly associated with commercial fishing and fish farming of freshwater and marine fish, potentially putting workers in these industries at risk. Little is known about antibacterial resistance in this organism. Infection by E. tarda presents a new organism which may affect individuals undergoing TJA, particularly if they have medical comorbidities that increase their risk for infection, or work in industries which put them at a higher risk of infection by this organism. Further study on the antimicrobial resistance patterns of this organism will be required to be able to treat potentially resistant organisms.
Characterization of the phytochelatins and their derivatives in rice exposed to cadmium based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with data-dependent hybrid linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry

Rationale The identification and quantification of phytochelatins (PCs) and their derivatives are important to understand their roles in plant growth and development. A method couplling high-performance liquid chromatography with hybrid linear ion trap Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap) was developed to screen PCs that have the same characteristic product ions. This approach was used for the fragmentation pattern analysis of glutathione (GSH) and PC standards, which allowed identification of the fragmentation pathways of their derivatives isolated from rice roots, stems and leaves. Methods In this study, we developed a method to detect and identify PCs and their derivatives in rice based on HPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap. Spectrum interpretation and MS/MS fragmentation patterns of PCs provide sufficient information to discover the novel PC derivatives. This approach includes precursor ion scan and product ion scan to detect and character the novel PC derivatives. Results Based on HCD-MS/MS fragmentation patterns, four PCs and 18 PC derivatives were identified. Among them, seven PC derivatives, i.e., iso-PC2(Asn), iso-PC3(Asn), iso-PC2(Cys), des-γGlu-iso-PC3(Ser), des-Cys-iso-PC2(Glu), des-Cys-iso-PC3(Glu) and des-Cys-iso-PC4(Glu), have not been previously reported. This method was validated by profiling GSH, PCs and PC derivatives in rice. Preliminary results revealed that PCs and their derivatives, except GSH, are markedly induced by Cd treatment. Conclusions The HPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap method was successfully developed for the identification of PCs and their derivatives. The C-terminal linked to Gly is replaced with Glu, Ser, Asn, Gln or Cys, thereby creating a family of chemicals that share several structural properties. This technique could be particularly useful for investigators studying plant metabolomics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Season of Birth: A Risk Factor for ADHD

Seasonal variations in the birth patterns of 140 ADHD boys compared to 120 controls were studied at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, with particular reference to issues of psychiatric and cognitive comorbidity and familiality.
The Importance of Mid-to-Late-Life Body Mass Index Trajectories on Late-Life Gait Speed

Background Prior studies suggest being overweight may be protective against poor functional outcomes in older adults. Methods Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was measured over 25 years across five visits (1987-2011) among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants (baseline Visit 1 n = 15,720, aged 45-64 years). Gait speed was measured at Visit 5 ("late-life", aged ≥65 years, n = 6,229). BMI trajectories were examined using clinical cutpoints and continuous mixed models to estimate effects of patterns of BMI change on gait speed, adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Results Mid-life BMI (baseline visit; 55% women; 27% black) was associated with late-life gait speed 25 years later; gait speeds were 94.3, 89.6, and 82.1 cm/s for participants with baseline normal BMI (<25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), and obese (BMI ≥ 30) (p < .001). In longitudinal analyses, late-life gait speeds were 96.9, 88.8, and 81.3 cm/s for participants who maintained normal, overweight, and obese weight status, respectively, across 25 years (p < .01). Increasing BMI over 25 years was associated with poorer late-life gait speeds; a 1%/year BMI increase for a participant with a baseline BMI of 22.5 (final BMI 28.5) was associated with a 4.6-cm/s (95% confidence interval: -7.0, -1.8) slower late-life gait speed than a participant who maintained a baseline BMI of 22.5. Conclusion Being overweight in older age was not protective of mobility function. Maintaining a normal BMI in mid- and late-life may help preserve late-life mobility.
Drug Courts: A Secondary Prevention Model

There is a well established relationship between crime and substance use; offenders are four times more likely to have a substance use disorder than non-offenders. The need for addiction treatment in the criminal justice system outweighs available resources, is met with barriers when available, and is often contingent upon an individual’s readiness for change. Thus, an alternative response is warranted. Given the shared populations targeted by criminal justice and public health systems, there is a significant need for coordinated efforts. Drug courts are a criminal justice-based intervention effective in reducing rates of recidivism and drug use, with the potential to make a public health impact. Factors that contribute to drug court effectiveness are reviewed and include a discussion of criminal thinking and substance misuse as intervention targets. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenges of this comprehensive approach particularly related to workforce training and development, assessment, and treatment content and dosage.
Hybrid Cloud Integration of Routing Control & Data Planes

The Internet's routing infrastructure has always faced challenges due to flexibility needs originating from policy-driven path rules and scalability needs of an ever-growing number of control and data traffic. Recent Software-Defined Networking (SDN) designs elegantly separated the control plane from data plane and offered flexibility in path rule making, but various scalability issues emerged. Exploring a spectrum of designs, we propose a hybrid SDN routing architecture where cloud systems will keep most of the control plane functions and local router will keep the least of it while for data plane it will be vice versa. We highlight a hybrid separation where data plane partially resides in remote cloud while discussing the necessary and sufficient conditions to avoid possible loops.
The Nineteenth-Century German University and German Idealism

Ziolkowski offers two provisos to the view that the academic ideal of American universities was represented by the University of Berlin as founded by Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1810. First, that ideal was actually created at the University of Jena during the preceding two decades in lectures by Schiller, Fichte, and Schelling—lectures that inspired Humboldt: the university as an institution embodying the unity of all knowledge. Second, the ideal was fulfilled only briefly in Berlin before the university was undermined by political intrigues during the Napoleonic Wars and by the repressive measures imposed by the Metternich regime. Not until 1877 could Hermann von Helmholtz, rector of the University of Berlin, reintroduce those ideals to the German universities to which American scholars flocked.
Media multitasking

As media multitasking becomes the most common form of entertainment consumption, foundational research is needed to explore actual patterns of multitasking behavior. This work uses direct observation to provide better insight into media multitasking, exploring visual cues that encourage or discourage switching. A first eyetracker study recorded consumer reactions to simultaneous television and webpage media coded on numerous content variables. Consistent with differences between peripheral and central vision, results show that lower-level visual cues (such as motion) were more effective at creating switches towards content, while higher-level perceptual cues (such as faces) were more effective at discouraging switches away. A second naturalistic study observed participants using a computer and television simultaneously, and established that media switching is rapid and constant. Breaks between show-to-commercial or commercial-to-show, or moving between webpages, led to increased switching in the seconds immediately following. Unlike lay theory, both show and commercial onsets favored towards-computer switches, further highlighting the importance of multitasking work that records and establishes baseline behavioral patterns. Central vs peripheral vision differences can drive multitasking media switching.Low-level visual cues (e.g. motion, luminance) can encourage switches towards media.High-level perceptual cues (e.g. faces. people) can discourage switching away.Media breaks (e.g. commercial-to-show, new webpages loading) can drive switching.Onset of both commercial and show content favor switching towards the computer.
Evolution of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Genes (CHIA) Is Related to Body Mass and Insectivory in Primates.

Insects are an important food resource for many primates, but the chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods have long been considered to be indigestible by the digestive enzymes of most mammals. However, recently mice and insectivorous bats were found to produce the enzyme acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) to digest insect exoskeletons. Here, we report on the gene CHIA and its paralogs, which encode AMCase, in a comparative sample of nonhuman primates. Our results show that early primates likely had three CHIA genes, suggesting that insects were an important component of the ancestral primate diet. With some exceptions, most extant primate species retain only one functional CHIA paralog. The exceptions include two colobine species, in which all CHIA genes have premature stop codons, and several New World monkey species that retain two functional genes. The most insectivorous species in our sample also have the largest number of functional CHIA genes. Tupaia chinensis and Otolemur garnettii retain three functional CHIA paralogs, whereas Tarsius syrichta has a total of five, two of which may be duplications specific to the tarsier lineage. Selection analyses indicate that CHIA genes are under more intense selection in species with higher insect consumption, as well as in smaller-bodied species (<500 g), providing molecular support for Kay's Threshold, a well-established component of primatological theory which proposes that only small primates can be primarily insectivorous. These findings suggest that primates, like mice and insectivorous bats, may use the enzyme AMCase to digest the chitin in insect exoskeletons, providing potentially significant nutritional benefits.
Ownership composition and R&D risk-taking

In this paper, we examine how the ownership composition of publicly traded firms influences risk-taking in one element of R&D strategy: search scope. We connect the investment style of a given shareholder to a strategy for monitoring R&D activity, and we then show how the shareholder’s monitoring strategy translates into managerial incentives with respect to R&D strategy and risk. We focus on institutional investors and posit that quasi-index institutional investors incentivize less risk-taking due to their focus on patenting as a signal of managerial effort in R&D. Dedicated institutional investors, on the other hand, enable risk- taking by pursuing the higher-cost monitoring strategy of relationship investing. Our work indicates that while long-term oriented investors may support R&D investment, a large segment of long-term oriented investors – quasi-index institutional investors – may also incentivize a conservative R&D strategy that eschews risk-taking in favor of predictable outcomes. We suggest that the key managerial problem with respect to shareholders and R&D is the following: either attract the type of shareholder willing to pursue a high-cost monitoring strategy, or develop a signal of managerial effort that satisfies shareholders while shifting the focus away from frequent and predictable R&D outcomes.
Leaf decomposition in a tropical rainforest stream

Leaf decomposition in a tropical rainforest stream، للحصول على النص الكامل يرجى زيارة مكتبة الحسين بن طلال في جامعة اليرموك او زيارة موقعها الالكتروني
Nontoxic bio-plasticizers for PVC as replacements for conventional toxic plasticizers

Abstract Stretched PVC film samples were created to compare the performance of toxic and non-toxic plasticizers. The reference films were produced with ditridecyl phthalate and trinonyl benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate. Comparable films were created using non-toxic plasticizers, hydrogenated castor oil, epoxidized soybean oil, and a mixture of both. The hydrogenated castor oil is a mixture of glycerin acetates and acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids while epoxidized soybean oil is a plasticizer employed in toy and childcare applications. Plasticizer migration, tensile properties and dynamic friction were determined and compared. The combination of hydrogenated castor oil and epoxidized soybean oil based plasticizers shows comparable mechanical performance of that PVC to PVC with conventional toxic plasticizers.
Cardiac transplantation from non-viremic hepatitis C donors.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C (HCV) donors are rarely used for cardiac transplantation due to historically poor outcomes. In 2015, nucleic acid testing (NAT) for viral load was added to the routine work-up of organ donors, allowing for the distinction between subjects who remain viremic (HCV Ab + /NAT + ) and those who have cleared HCV and are no longer viremic (HCV Ab + /NAT – ). The American Society of Transplantation recently recommended that HCV Ab + /NAT – donors be considered non-infectious and safe for transplantation. We present our initial experience with such donors. METHODS All patients were counseled regarding donor HCV antibody (Ab) and NAT. Transplant recipients were tested post-transplant at 1 week and at 1, 3, and 6 months for HCV seropositivity and viremia. We also analyzed the UNOS database to determine the potential impact of widespread acceptance of HCV Ab + /NAT – organs. RESULTS Fourteen HCV Ab ‒ subjects received hearts from HCV Ab + /NAT – donors in 2017. Over a median follow-up of 256 (192 to 377) days, 3 patients developed a reactive HCV Ab, yet none had a detectable HCV viral load during prospective monitoring at any time. Analysis of the UNOS database for the calendar year 2016 revealed that only 7 (3%) of 220 HCV Ab + /NAT – donors were accepted for heart transplantation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing HCV Ab + /NAT – donors for cardiac transplantation without recipient infection. A small percentage of recipients developed HCV Ab without evidence of viremia, possibly consistent with a biological false reactive test, as has been seen in other settings. Large-scale validation of our data may have a significant impact on transplantation rates.
Multiple domains of social support are associated with diabetes self-management among Veterans.

ObjectivesTo examine, among Veterans, relationships of general social support and diabetes-specific social support for physical activity and healthy eating with diabetes self-management behaviors.M...
Supplemental fatty acids alter lipid peroxidation and oxidant injury in endothelial cells.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental fatty acids on oxidant injury in cultured endothelial cells. Porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) in monolayer cu...
The Ecological Restoration Spectrum

Wetland rehabilitation1 projects described in this volume come from around the globe; they range from small to large, include sites with minor to major damages, describe variable degrees of rehabilitation effort, and involve assessments that differ in many respects. With such diversity, the task of summarizing the field of ecological rehabilitation is indeed difficult. An organizing tool and resulting summary are needed in order to identify trends and begin to predict outcomes. What determines outcomes may well be a function of the history of the site in question, the actions taken to repair damages, and the attributes monitored to assess the outcomes. The different regional settings and the types of actions being taken form the basis for organizing the field and revising conceptual models of rehabilitation ecology. The intent of this chapter is to advance the development of restoration-ecology theory; ultimately, ecologists working to rehabilitate ecosystems need to test relationships between rehabilitation progress and factors such as the type of damage to the site, the actions taken to rehabilitate it, and the attributes monitored. The framework offered herein should allow ecologists to compare the diversity of projects that have been studied to predict outcomes more reliably, thus enhancing the practice of rehabilitation.
Proto-Indo–European Phonology

This article summarizes the sound system reconstructed for Proto-Indo–European (PIE). After a brief historical introduction, the consonant and vowel inventories are outlined, with discussion of several attendant issues: the labels ‘centum’ and ‘satem,’ the glottalic theory, and the laryngeals. Special treatment is given to the evidence for the laryngeals and their effects on neighboring sounds. Following the outline of the sound inventory is a discussion of some of the phonological processes that have been reconstructed for PIE, including internal and external sandhi rules, conditioned assimilations and losses, syllabification, phonotactic rules, and prosodic phenomena.