cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of in-vehicle monitoring on the driving behavior of teenagers

Abstract Objectives The objective was to determine if teenage driving behavior improves when a monitoring and feedback device is installed in the teen's vehicle. Methods Vehicles of 85 teenage drivers were fit with a device that detected all instances of sudden braking/acceleration, speeding, and nonuse of seat belts. Drivers were assigned randomly to one of four research groups, differing in whether or not an alert sounded in the vehicle and whether or not parents were given access to websites containing notification records. Time trends in event rates per mile traveled were compared using Poisson regression. Results Seat belt use improved when violations were reported to the parent websites, and improved even more when in-vehicle alerts were activated. Consistent reductions in speeding were achieved only when teenagers received alerts about their speeding behavior, believed their speeding behavior would not be reported to parents if corrected, and when parents were being notified of such behavior by report cards. Conclusions Electronic monitoring of teenage drivers can reduce the incidence of risky behavior, especially seat belt nonuse. More complicated behavior is more difficult to change, however. Impact on Industry Parent participation is key to successful behavioral modification, but it is yet to be determined how best to encourage such participation.
A Definite Maybe: Proof and Probability in Civil Commitment

With the United States Supreme Court's decision to hear Addington v. Texas,' the issue of the required standard ofproof in civil commitment cases has finally come to the fore. Addington was involuntarily committed for an indefinite period under a "preponderance of the evidence" standard. His commitment was upheld by the Texas Supreme Court. Now, Addington is arguing on appeal that his committability must be supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt." In its present posture, Addington is not concerned with the proper substantive standard for commitment. Instead, appellant assumes2 the constitutionality of the Texas test, which authorizes the indefinite commitment of a mentally ill person found to require hospitalization "for his own welfare and protection or the protection of others."3 When a commitment statute speaks, as does the Texas one, of the "protection of others," it requires mental health and judicial decision-makers to assess an individual's potential for future dangerousness. That public protection rationale is part and parcel of modern commitment statutes. This essay will briefly explore the criterion of dangerousness and will begin to probe the relationship between standards of proof and the dangerousness standard of commitment. According to Alan Stone, President-elect of the American Psychiatric Association, "the predictive success appropriate to a legal decision can be described in three levels of increasing certainty: preponderance of the evidence, 51 percent successful; clear and convincing proof, 75 percent successful; beyond a reasonable doubt, at least 90 percent successful" (1975, p. 33). Based on his review of the research literature,
A comparison of rat and human liver formaldehyde dehydrogenase

SUMMARY An NAD- and GSH-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (formaldehyde: NAD* oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.I.Z) was purified from rat and human liver, and the properties of these enzymes were compared. The GSH requirement of the enzyme obtained from both species could not be replaced by dithiothreitol, CoA or cysteine, and NADP could not substitute for NAD. The pH optimum, and the Km of formaldehyde and NAD +, were similar for both rat and human liver formaldehyde dehydrogenase. By employing inhibitors such as folic acid and I,Io-phenanthroline, several qualitative differences between rat and human liver formaldehyde dehydrogenase have been detected. The molecular weight of purified human formaldehyde dehydrogenase was estimated at 9oooo. However, the molecular weight of human formaldehyde dehydrogenase appeared to be greater than 25o000 when it was determined in preparations which also contained alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD~ oxidoreductase, EC I.I.I.I) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.3). These data suggest that formaldehyde dehydrogenase exists in a complex with other proteins or in a polymeric form until the ultimate steps in purification. The capacity for NAD-linked formaldehyde oxidation was greater in human liver than in rat liver. The possible implications of this are discussed in regard to the unique susceptibility of man to methanol poisoning.
Product Market Competition, Skill Shortages and Productivity: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing Firms

In this paper, we estimate the impacts of product market competition and skill shortages on the productivity level performance of Canadian manufacturing firms. We use firms’ perceptions of their competitive environment from the Statistics Canada 1999 Survey of Innovation to measure product market competition and skill shortages. We argue in the paper that such perceptions are important for productivity level performance. After controlling for other factors, we find that product market competition has a positive impact on the performance of medium-sized and large-sized firms, and that skill shortages have a negative impact on the performance of small-sized and medium-sized firms.
Current Treatment of Alopecia Areata

Treatment of alopecia areata is dependent on age of patient as well as the extent and duration of scalp involvement. Treatments include steroids, topical immunotherapy, topical minoxidil, anthralin, and immunosuppressants. Each case must be dealt with on a customized individual basis.
Clinical features and serologic abnormalities in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

One hundred patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were studied with respect to clinical features at onset, type of disease progression, and immunologic abnormalities. Irrespective of pattern of onset, most patients eventually developed polyarticular disease. Monarticular disease was more common in children under the age of 5. A higher incidence of positive latex fixation tests and antinuclear antibodies were found in patients with active disease. Whereas the monarticular disease in males often became polyarticular, that in females remained monarticular. Females had a significanty higher incidence of antinuclear antibodies, greater variation in serum complement levels, and increased serum levels of IgA and IgM. Males with active disease had a significantly greater incidence of elevated serum lgG than did females with comparable disease activity.
Nearly on-line scheduling of multiprocessor systems with memories

Abstract We show that no multiprocessor system that contains at least one processor with memory size smaller than at least two other processors can be scheduled nearly on-line to minimize the finish time. An efficient nearly on-line algorithm to minimize C max is developed for multiprocessor systems that do not satisfy the preceding requirement.
Jewish-Christian Dialogue: A Jewish Justification

David Novak's "philosophically formulated theological argument for Jewish-Christian dialogue" (p. ix) seeks a "common border" between the two monotheisms which constitute the main story line of Western religion. And he finds it, in that old American standard, the Judeo-Christian ethic. I recommend Novak's rigorously argued, learned, and insightful book to readers of all faiths, and to those of no faith at all. I propose to support that recommendation by describing precisely its important and truly singular aspiration. What distinguishes Novak's discovery from that in every politician's Fourth of July speech? Unlike the politician-and many clergy-Novak is not about either civic unity in a "pluralistic society" or interreligious fellow-feeling. Nor does Novak subscribe to the ever more common belief-both popular and academic-that these two faiths (and others) are essentially the same or really about the same thing. Religions, or at least Judaism, are for Novak neither the varied expressions of a universal inner experience nor functionally equivalent expressions of countless subjective affections. Because Novak is a traditional Jewish theologian who accepts the full authority of Halakhah as God's permanent will for Jews, none of that will do. Since interreligious conversation is natural to such universalistic accounts of belief, Novak cuts himself off from some obvious, available "justifications." He burns another bridge behind him by insisting that there is no "Judeo-Christian theology" from which one might derive a common morality. We should, then, sit up and take notice when he proposes nevertheless to arrive at the border he spies, especially since the moder psychologistic turn in religion has broken down the common, if not all objective, morality. Novak's is also no recoverist project, and that adds to its allure. Yes, Jews and Christians have always possessed a largely common morality-the sanctity of innocent life, traditional sexual morality, the prohibition of blasphemy-yet they have not historically concluded it established common ground. Put differently, a common morality has hitherto done little to bring Jews and Christians into "dialogue." Novak distinguishes as well the historically common situation of Jewish communities within Christian polities, where arrangements for civil peace and economic cooperation were in fact
Cardiovascular Effects of Estrogen and Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Postmenopausal Women

Despite impressions to the contrary, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, as it is among men.1 However, myocardial infarction and stroke are uncommon in women until their sixth decade and beyond. Clinicians have long suspected that the delay of a decade or more in cardiovascular disease expression in women relative to men is due to the protective effects of estrogen during a woman’s reproductive years. Women in the Nurses’ Health Study who underwent surgical menopause by bilateral oophorectomy without estrogen replacement had more than twice the risk of subsequent clinically apparent coronary heart disease as postoperative women who received estrogen therapy.2 In recent years, reports from population-based observational studies of favorable effects of estrogen therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality3 4 5 have led to enthusiasm for widespread use of estrogen by postmenopausal women for prevention of cardiovascular disease events. The guidelines for estrogen therapy issued by the American College of Physicians include the statement, “Women who have coronary heart disease or who are at increased risk for coronary heart disease are likely to benefit from hormone therapy.”6 However, any potential cardiovascular benefit of estrogen, in addition to other benefits, such as preservation of bone mass, must be weighed against uterine cancer risks and possible breast cancer risks with prolonged use.7 8 Indeed, despite widespread publicity in recent years about heart disease in postmenopausal women and the apparent cardiovascular virtues of estrogen, many women consider their risk of heart disease lower than their risk of breast cancer and, importantly, fear the consequences of breast cancer more than the consequences of heart disease.9 Furthermore, estrogen therapy is associated with side effects in some women, including vaginal bleeding, and is generally not recommended for chronic use by women …
GROWTH, POVERTY, AND INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS, 1970–94

Taking advantage of consistent poverty and income inequality data for 12 Latin American countries between 1970 and 1994, we analyze the determinants of changes in the incidence of urban and rural poverty and in Gini coefficients over spells of years, stressing in particular the role of aggregate income growth. We find that income growth reduces urban and rural poverty but not inequality. We also find that income growth is more effective in reducing urban poverty if the levels of inequality and poverty are lower, and the levels of secondary education higher. We show that there is an asymmetry in the impact of growth on poverty and inequality, with recession having strong negative effects on both poverty and inequality. Since growth does not reduce inequality, economic cycles create ratchet effects on the level of inequality. However, post-structural adjustment growth is quite effective at reducing poverty, particularly if inequality is low.
Cannabinoids of diverse structure inhibit two DOI-induced 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behaviors in mice

We have recently shown that the selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist SR 141716A produces robust frequencies of head-twitch response (HTR) and ear-scratch response (ESR) in drug-naive mice. Both behaviors were potently blocked by the selective 5-HT(2A/C) receptor antagonist SR 46349B. Selective 5-HT(2A/C) agonists such as DOI also produce these behaviors in mice. The purpose of the present study was to: (1) investigate whether Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and its analogs [Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(8)-THC), HU-210, CP 55,940, and WIN 55,212-2] can prevent the DOI-induced behaviors and (2) to see whether any correlation exists in the ID(50) potency order of these cannabinoids in inhibiting the DOI-induced HTR and ESR relative to their published ED(50) potency profiles in producing the tetrad of behaviors in mice. Thus, at 0 min, different groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle or varying doses of the following cannabinoids: Delta(9)-THC (0.25-20 mg/kg), Delta(8)-THC (2.5-20 mg/kg), HU-210 (0.02-0.5 mg/kg), CP 55,940 (0.004-0.5 mg/kg), and WIN 55,212-2 (0.5-10 mg/kg). Twenty minutes later, each mouse received an intraperitoneal injection of DOI (1 mg/kg) and the frequencies of DOI-induced behaviors (mean +/- S.E.M.) were recorded for the next 20 min. The tested cannabinoids reduced the frequencies of both DOI-induced HTR and ESR in a dose-dependent fashion. HU-210 was the most potent inhibitor of HTR, whereas CP 55,940 was most effective against ESR. The ID(50) potency order of cannabinoids in blocking the HTR is: HU-210 > CP 55,940 > WIN 55,212-2 > Delta(9)-THC > Delta(8)-THC, which is identical to their published order of potency in producing the tetrad of behaviors in mice. On the other hand, they had the following ID(50) potency order against the ESR: CP 55,940 > HU-210 > WIN 55,212-2 > Delta(9)-THC > Delta(8)-THC. The tested cannabinoids were 3-30 times more potent in preventing the ESR than the HTR. The data show that cannabinoids inhibit 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated functions in a potent but differential manner.
Linear-time construction of treaps and Cartesian trees

Abstract We show that a treap of N items can be constructed in O( N ) time if the items (but not necessarily their priorities) are already sorted. The same algorithm gives a linear-time construction of a Cartesian tree whose items are presorted along the x -coordinates.
Serotonin in the lateral geniculate

Serotonin was introduced, by means of a fine cannula, into the lateral geniculate body of cats immobilized with Flaxedil and artificially ventilated, while the electrical activity at the point of injection was monitored by means of microelectrodes. Doses of 1.25 to 30 mug dissolved in 0.5 to 2.0 mul of saline produced, in 2-30 min, changes in electrical activity characteristic of synchronization: increase in the rhythmicity and in the amplitude of the spontaneous gross waves and increase in the clustering of the spontaneous neuronal action potentials. At the same time the activity of neurons which produced action potentials of high amplitudes was decreased, the activity of neurons which produced action potentials of low amplitudes was increased. Action potentials of different amplitudes were produced, in this case, by neurons of different types. Thus, in the lateral geniculate as in other thalamic nuclei studied in previous investigations, the synchronization of spontaneous activity seems to require the simultaneous excitation and inhibition of two different types of neurons. The action of serotonin on activity evoked by stimulation with brief flashes of light was limited to the decrease in the amplitude of the average gross response and the inhibition of only one type of neuron. This suggests that, in the lateral geniculate body, serotonin may be implicated in different ways in the different network structures responsible for the development of spontaneous as contrasted with evoked activity.
Economic, Political and Social Change in a Village of North Central India

Madhopur is a village of north-central India, in the southeastern section of the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is 25 miles from Banaras and 18 miles from Jaunpur, the district headquarters. Four miles away is Kerakat, the Tahsil (subdivisional headquarters) and the market town for the village. The nearest railroad stations are at Kerakat and Dobhi, each four miles from the village. A dirt road that runs from Dobhi to Madhopur is passable for wheeled vehicles eight months of the year, but the journey becomes very difficult during the monsoons which last from July to October.
An Analysis of College Level Russian Textbooks

have already internalized the material to a certain degree, they know exactly what they can expect to hear in terms of aural signals. As the students' ability to comprehend the teacher, tapes in the language lab and native speakers brought into the class improves, their confidence in themselves increases, and with it their enthusiasm and ability to use the language as a tool for communicating, rather than as an end in itself.
Decomposition of a multivariate continuous system with pure integrations

An algorithm for extracting the integrating part of a linear multivariable continuous system is presented. It is shown that, in general, a continuous system can be additively decomposed as a subsystem with a nonsingular system matrix and a subsystem with a bank of pure integrators. >
Enhancement of emission efficiency of colloidal CdSe quantum dots on silicon substrate via an ultra-thin layer of aluminum oxide

We demonstrate that an ultra-thin layer of aluminum oxide can significantly enhance the emission efficiency of colloidal quantum dots on a Si substrate. For an ensemble of single quantum dots, our results show that this super brightening process can increase the fluorescence of CdSe quantum dots, forming well-resolved spectra, while in the absence of this layer the emission remains mostly at the noise level. We demonstrate that this process can be further enhanced with irradiation of the quantum dots, suggesting a significant photo-induced fluorescence enhancement via considerable suppression of non-radiative decay channels of the quantum dots. We study the impact of the Al oxide thickness on Si and interdot interactions, and discuss the results in terms of photo-induced catalytic properties of the Al oxide and the effects of such an oxide on the Coulomb blockade responsible for suppression of photo-ionization of the quantum dots.
2-Hydroxyestradiol modulates a facilitative action of catecholamines on porcine granulosa cells.

Recent studies have disclosed a novel intraovarian paracrine system whereby catecholestrogens [e.g. 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2)], synthesized locally from estradiol (E2) can stimulate progesterone secretion by granulosa cells (GC). Since these studies suggested that effects of 2-OH-E2 were discrete from those of E2, the present studies were undertaken to determine if the effects of 2-OH-E2 could be mediated through or interact with the catecholamine response system of GC. First, the effects of 2-OH-E2 were compared with those of E2 and epinephrine (EPI) using undifferentiated porcine GC. After 4 days of treatment, saturating concentrations of EPI (1 microgram/ml), 2-OH-E2 (4 micrograms/ml), and E2 (1 microgram/ml) stimulated progesterone production per cell 2-, 9-, and 10-fold, respectively. Saturating doses of EPI plus 2-OH-E2 or EPI plus E2 caused further significant increases in progesterone production above the effects of any single treatment, and the effects of EPI plus 2-OH-E2 were significantly greater than that of EPI plus E2. Isoproterenol mimicked the effect of EPI. Neither propranolol (a beta-antagonist) nor phentolamine (an alpha-antagonist) blocked the effects of 2-OH-E2, suggesting that effects of 2-OH-E2 were not mediated through alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors. Collectively, these data suggest that 2-OH-E2, beta-adrenergic agonists, and E2 use separate response systems. To further evaluate the interaction between catecholamines and 2-OH-E2, GC were treated with increasing doses of 2-OH-E2 with or without EPI or isoproterenol. EPI and isoproterenol caused a synergistic increase in progesterone production above that induced by all doses of 2-OH-E2 along (average 3.8 +/- 0.7- and 3.2 +/- 0.4-fold enhancement for EPI and isoproterenol, respectively). This synergistic effect was blocked with addition of propranolol, indicating a beta-adrenergic mediation for the catecholamine portion of this effect. Studies using the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, U-0521, and the O-methyl derivative of EPI, metanephrine, suggested that catechol-O-methyltransferase present in GC dramatically reduces the potency of EPI, but is not involved in the synergism between EPI and 2-OH-E2. In conclusion, 2-OH-E2 is a more efficacious stimulator of progesterone secretion than catecholamines and synergizes with beta-adrenergic agonists to further stimulate progesterone production by GC. The mechanism by which catecholamines and 2-OH-E2 interact within GC is unknown.4+owever, this catecholamine/2-OH-E2 interaction
Prolonged infusion of somatostatin with glucagon replacement increases plasma glucose and glucose turnover in man.

To determine the effect of isolated βcell impairment on glucose turnover, we administered a 46-h infusion of somatostatin (200 µg/h) with glucagon replacement (0.75 ng/kgmin) to eight normal men. Fasting plasma insulin levels fell slightly, but significantly, from 8 ± 2 (±SEM; control) to 6 ± 2 µU/ml 46 h after beginning the infusion (P < 0.001). Over the same period, fasting plasma glucose rose from 89 ± 2 to 114 ± 2 mg/dl (P < 0.001), and plasma glucagon levels remained unchanged (79 ± 5 us. 82 ± 8 pg/ml P = NS). Glucose turnover was measured by isotope dilution using [3-3H]glucose. The glucose production rate rose consistently from a baseline value of 2.08 ± 0.04 to 2.45 ± 0.06 mg/kgmin (P < 0.01). The glucose disposal rate also rose consistently from 2.11 ± 0.04 to 2.53 ± 0.09 mg/kgmin (P < 0.01). We conclude that prolonged mild selective insulin deficiency produced by infusion of somatostatin with glucagon replacement in normal men causes an elevation of the fasting plasma glucose level, which is mai...
Paramagnetic relaxation in dipolar-coupled homonuclear spin systems

Abstract Measurements of the paramagnetic contribution to the longitudinal relaxation of nuclei interacting with a paramagnetic probe can be complicated by effects of chemical exchange and cross relaxation. A theoretical investigation is presented of the relaxation behavior of the longitudinal nuclear magnetization, following either selective or non-selective inversion of the equilibrium magnetization, in a dipolar-coupled homonuclear two-spin system that undergoes exchange between free and bound (to a paramagnetic probe) states. Approximate solutions are derived for a number of limiting cases characterized in terms of the relative rates of exchange, cross relaxation, and spin-lattice relaxation. It is shown that unless the cross-relaxation rate (CRR) is slow compared to the other rates that affect the longitudinal relaxation, reliable and accurate paramagnetic relaxation rates that can yield useful structural information can be obtained only from measurement of the initial rate of recovery of the longitudinal magnetizations. Some advantages of selective over nonselective spin perturbations are pointed out.
Dental evidence of congenital syphilis in a 19th century cemetery from the mid‐hudson valley

The purpose of this communication is to provide a description of a pattern of enamel defects that are consistent with a diagnosis of congenital syphilis. While there is an abundance of literature documenting the skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis, the description, and particularly the depiction, of the dental stigmata associated with this disease are rare in the paleopathological literature. This report describes enamel defects in the unerupted permanent dentition of two subadults recovered from a historic cemetery in Newburgh, New York. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEMS Based 3-D Micro Coaxial Transmission Lines

Micro coaxial transmission lines are advantageous over planar counterparts such as microstrip and coplanar waveguides due to their shielded nature for use at mm-wave frequencies. This paper proposes micro coaxial transmission lines implemented on CMOS grade silicon wafers, suitable for integration with conventional MMIC circuitry. Lines of varying characteristic impedances were designed, fabricated and analyzed in the 1 to 40 GHz range. Normalized best case return loss values are in the range of 15 dB and an insertion loss of 4 dB/cm at 30 GHz
Weirton Revisited: Finance, the Working Class, and Rustbelt Steel Restructuring

I met Dave Houston while researching an article on the 1983 employee buyout of Weirton Steel. This contact initiated a journey that led me to a PhD in economics and research on financially driven corporate restructuring in an era of troubled capital accumulation. Dave counseled and practiced a clear-eyed look at the conditions for “acceptable” surplus value extraction when analyzing viable avenues for worker resistance. With a quarter-century’s hindsight, this paper applies that approach to an assessment of what restructuring has meant for the industrial working class in steel and related sectors.
Synaptic plasticity: Neighborhood influences

Recent studies indicate that, when the strengths of specific synapses are modified by activity, changes in strengths also occur at neighboring synapses; this neighborhood influence has important implications for how synaptic modifications implement learning and memory.
Passive Millimeter-Wave Dual-Polarization Imagers

We have developed two passive millimeter-wave imagers for terrestrial remote sensing: one is an integrated imaging and spectroscopy system in the 146-154-GHz range with 16 channels of 500-MHz bandwidth each, and the other is a single-channel dual-polarized imaging radiometer in the 70-100-GHz range. The imaging in both systems is implemented through translation of a 15-cm Gaussian dielectric imaging lens. We compared the outdoor images of objects such as car, vegetation, sky, and ground by both the systems under various weather conditions, including clear, cloudy, and rainy times. A ray-tracing simulation with radiative transfer equation was used to quantify the polarization diversity of the acquired images.
Form of redundancy as a determinant of tachistoscopic word recognition

Single letters and redundant CVCs and CCCs were presented at threshold durations and followed by a pattern mask. Performance on three-letter stimuli was greater than on single letters. The increased performance was consistent with a state model of perceptual independence. Conditional redundancy increased the frequency with which all three letters were accurately reported as compared to correlational redundancy. Meaning and pronounceability had little effect on performance.
Factors for Estimating Daily Yield of Milk, Fat, and Protein from a Single Milking for Herds Milked Twice a Day

Abstract Existing factors for estimating daily yield from the yield of a single milking were analyzed by comparing estimated daily yields with milk sold for herds in the northeastern United States. Milk yield was overestimated consistently compared with bulk tank milk weights. Estimates of protein yield showed lack of fit by length of preceding interval. Milk factors were developed from testing plans with one measured milking (a.m.-p.m. testing plans) and from those with two measured milkings; resulting factors were essentially the same. New factors for components were developed from data from a.m.-p.m. testing plans because component percentages for individual milkings are determined only for a.m.-p.m. plans. Factors were reciprocals of portion of day's yield, which was modeled as a linear effect of preceding interval. Slopes for milk and protein were essentially the same. Slope for fat was about 70% of those for milk and protein, which indicated that fat was affected less by interval than were milk and protein. Therefore, fat percentage from a single milking should be adjusted to estimate day's fat percentage. Analysis of residuals from analysis for milk indicated an effect by stage of lactation. An additive adjustment is suggested. Data were collected from herds enrolled in a.m.-p.m. testing plans in the northeastern United States after the new factors had been implemented for more than 1 yr. They indicated that most lack of fit from old factors had been eliminated.
The role of GABA in dyskinesias induced by chemical stimulation of the striatum.

Abstract The gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline were injected into the striatum of rats via chronic cannulae. Dyskinesias were produced by these drugs which could be blocked by their injection combined with GABA. The intrastriatal (i.s.) injection of a cholinergic drug, carbachol, also produced dyskinesias which were blocked by GABA. The use of i.s. injection of GABA antagonists to produce an animal model of Huntington's chorea is discussed.
Factors Influencing the Actions of Recent Movers Into and Within Metropolitan Areas

Recent trends in migration into and within urban areas in the United States are examined using Annual Housing Survey data on family characteristics of recent movers. The results suggest that "the back-to-the-city movement (gentrification) can be supported nationally with present data. Although others have not been able to determine the extensiveness of the back-to-the-city movement the data from the Annual Housing Survey of Recent Movers seems to suggest that this is an increasingly significant metropolitan phenomenon." (EXCERPT)
Determinants of Retail Profit Performance: A Consideration of Retail Marketing Strategies

The influence of retail marketing strategies on profit performance was investigated for a sample of thirty-five retail firms for the nine year period from 1970–1978 (n=315). Sales growth, market share, the capital-to-labor-ratio, and average inventory were found to be significantly associated with profit performance as hypothesized. Findings suggest that the keys to evaluating and selecting retail marketing strategies are: the impact on sales growth, market share, capital-to-labor ratios, and the average inventory level. Managerial implications are presented.
Interpenetrating diruthenium tetraformate monocation, [RuII/III2(O2CH)4]+, based 3-D molecule-based magnets

Synthesis of [Ru2(O2CH)4]3[MIII(CN)6] (M = Co, Fe) possessing an interpenetrating body center cubic (bcc) lattices was investigated utilizing several synthetic methods. The targeted interpenetrating bcc [a = 12.6621(3) A] structure was obtained for [Ru2(O2CH)4]3[Co(CN)6], and it exhibits χT(T) that is fit to a model which includes zero field splitting. Cyanide abstraction from [Cr(CN)6]3− occurs thwarting the formation of [Ru2(O2CH)4]3[M(CN)6]. [Ru2(O2CH)4]3[Fe(CN)6] also exhibits the desired bcc structure [12.7071(3) A], and its 13.4 K Tc is a 6-fold enhancement with respect to that observed for [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Fe(CN)6].
The hall mobility of a small polaron in a square lattice

The two-dimensional molecular crystal model of Friedman and Holstein describing the motion of a small polaron in the presence of a magnetic field is utilized as the basis of a study of the small polaron Hall mobility in a square lattice. This work is concerned solely with the high temperature regime where the polaron motion is predominately by means of thermally activated jumps between lattice sites. In addition, the calculation employs the Holstein classical occurrence-probability approach (valid at sufficiently high temperature) which considers the vibrational coordinates to be explicit functions of time. The magnetic field manifests itself solely through the interference of the transition amplitudes associated with the carrier moving between two sites via different paths. Hence in the square lattice (ignoring direct diagonal hops) a minimum of four site are involved in processes associated with the Hall effect. Furthermore, the contributions to the Hall mobility arise from processes in which the initial, final and one intermediate site experience a momentary equality of the electronic energy levels associated with the carrier occupation of these sites, i.e., a triple coincidence event. The distortion of the fourth (noncoincident) site at the time of the triple coincidence event is shown to play an important role in the calculation. It is found that (for reasonable choices of the physical parameters) the temperature dependence of the Hall mobility in a square lattice differs considerably from that found by Friedman and Holstein for the hexagonal lattice structure. In particular, the Hall mobility is shown to be a slowly varying function of temperature which decreases with increasing temperature at temperatures above 2ϵ29k, ϵ2 being the drift mobility activation energy. The associated Hall coefficient is greater than its “usual” value (R = −1nec) and varies with temperature as exp[2ϵ23kT].
Quantification of Naturally Occurring Pyrrole Acids in Melanosomes

Three naturally occurring pyrrole acids were found in Sepia, human black hair, and bovine choroid and iris melanosomes using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry--pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA), pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and pyrrole-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA). PDCA and PTCA are common markers quantified from oxidative degradation of eumelanins. Using standards, the amounts of naturally occurring PDCA and PTCA were determined and compared to those obtained following peroxide oxidation of the same samples. Because the naturally occurring acids are water soluble, these results indicate that care must be exercised when comparing PDCA and PTCA yields from the degradation analyses of melanins isolated and prepared by different methods. This work also establishes that PTeCA is a naturally occurring pyrrole acid in melanosomes.
An isochromic change in the bleaching of rhodopsin.

Abstract Solutions of cattle rhodopsin are irradiated with flashes that are intense enough to set up photoequilibria between rhodopsin and metarhodopsin I. It is shown that this photoequilibrium consists of equal concentrations of the two substances if the solution is at a low temperature when the flash is given. At high temperatures the photoequilibrium appears to favor meta I—even though no change occurs in either the spectrum or extinction coefficient of the meta I. This isochromic loss of photoreversibility of meta I is interpreted to mean that at high temperatures there are two kinds of meta I—one that readily photoregenerates rhodopsin and one that does not. The latter is called meta I-prime and the proposal is made that this compound is thermally produced from metal. Results of experiments in which pH was varied indicate that meta I-prime then loses a proton to become meta II. The loss of this proton makes the blue shift of meta II production intelligible in terms of a deprotonation of a Shiff's base. Finally, the possible role of meta I-prime in the work of other investigators is discussed.
Thermal expansion of chemical vapor deposition grown diamond films

Abstract The thermal expansivity of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown diamond films has been measured from 30 to 700 °C by two different techniques. The macroscopic expansivity was determined by standard dilatometric methods, while the macroscopic thermal expansivity was measured from the shift of large angle X-ray diffraction peaks. The expansivities, as determined from both techniques, are in agreement, within their experimental errors, but larger than published values for bulk diamond. The difference is assumed to be the result of the presence of non-diamond carbon and defect inclusions in the CVD films.
Enabling optimal energy options under the Clean Development Mechanism

Abstract This paper addresses the cost effectiveness of renewable energy technologies in achieving low abatement costs and promoting sustainable developments under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). According to the results of our optimal energy option's analysis, at project scale, compared with a diesel-only energy option, photovoltaic (PV)–diesel (PVDB), wind–diesel (WDB) and PV—wind–diesel (PVWDB) hybrids are very cost-effective energy options. Moreover, energy options with high levels of renewable energy, including 100% renewables, have the lowest net present cost and they are already cost effective without CDM. On the other hand, while the removal of about 87% carbon dioxide emissions could be achieved at negative cost, initial investment could increase by a factor of 40, which is one of the primary barriers hindering wider renewable energy applications in developing countries, among others. Thus, in order to increase developing countries’ participation in the carbon market, CDM policy should shift from a purely market-oriented approach to investigating how to facilitate renewable energy projects through barrier removal. Thus, we recommend that further research should focus on how to efficiently remove renewable energy implementation barriers as a means to improve developing countries’ participation in meaningful emission reduction while at the same time meeting the needs of sustainable economic development.
Evaluation of subchronic toxicity data using the benchmark dose approach.

We used the benchmark dose (BMD) methodology devised by Crump (Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 4, 854-871, 1984) to estimate BMDs for 90-day toxicological data and several fabricated data sets. From a toxicological perspective, dose-response modeling offers certain advantages over using a point estimate, such as the currently used no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) approach. However, there are many variables associated with the BMD that could be set to produce unreasonable BMD estimates. Some of these variables and decisions are examined in this study. BMDs were calculated for discrete and continuous endpoints using a variety of different variables (e.g., maximum likelihood estimates [MLEs], lower-confidence limits [LCLs], and different risk levels). In addition, the fabricated data sets were manipulated (i.e., dose groups eliminated) and the BMDs recalculated. This process tested how the BMD estimates varied using different forms of the data. For the 90-day toxicological studies, the BMDs were typically within an order of magnitude of the NOAEL for discrete endpoints. For the discrete endpoints, the MLEs were typically greater than the NOAEL and the LCLs were typically less than the NOAEL. The BMD was insensitive to changes in the data points one to two dose groups beyond the NOAEL/LOAEL. With the continuous data, the ratios of MLEs and LCLs to the NOAEL were highly variable, and no general trend could be determined. The BMD methodology offers potential improvements in the risk assessment process since dose-response characteristics are used to calculate the BMD. Depending upon how the BMD is defined, i.e., the form of the dose-response model, and how the BMD is used in the risk assessment process, BMD estimates may produce reference doses/concentrations that are more or less conservative than the NOAEL approach. Active involvement in discussions with regulatory agencies is needed to ensure that inappropriate models and unreasonable BMDs are not used. In addition, further discussions on how BMDs should be used in the risk assessment process are needed.
Predicting the temperature for the solid–solid phase transition in II–VI semiconductor alloys

Abstract At atmospheric pressure, many of the II–VI semiconducting alloys are known to undergo a zinc-blende to wurtzite solid–solid transition. Experimental values for these transitions temperatures have only been reported for two alloys. We show here that chemical potentials for one of the components in a solid solution with the other can be used to estimate the transition temperature. The non-ideal behavior of the solvent component is addressed via an activity coefficient which is determined using the quasi-chemical model. The chemical potentials for each case, zinc-blende and wurtzite are then taken to be equal at the transition temperature. Predicted transition temperatures are reported here for ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, ZnTe, and CdSe. In the case of ZnS and CdS these values agree with the experimental. For ZnSe, ZnTe, and CdSe the values are above their respective melting points. This result suggests that there is no complete bulk transition below the melting point for these three alloys but calculations predict that the two phases are nearly isoenergetic.
External flavonoid aglycones of Viguiera series Viguiera (asteraceae: heliantheae)

Abstract Distribution of external flavonoid aglycones supports other data to suggest that Viguiera series Viguiera (series Dentatae Blake) is a mixed taxonomic grouping. Two species, V. dentata and V. potosina , lack external flavonoid aglycones, whereas the remaining species of the series all produce external flavonoid aglycones and appear to form a natural taxonomic group. The latter group, which consists of species from Baja California and nearby xeric areas, exhibits a diversity of flavonoid types, with different diploid species variously producing flavonols, simple flavones, 6-methoxyflavones, 6-hydroxy,7-methoxyflavones and a chalkone as major compounds. Polyploid species exhibit combinations of flavonoid types from possible diploid ancestors. Compounds of the 6-hydroxy,7-methoxyflavone type appear to characterize the group of species from Baja California and nearby areas within Viguiera .
Vulnerability of cerebellar development in malnutrition—II. Intrinsic determination of total synaptic area on Purkinje cell spines

Abstract In a previous investigation, we demonstrated a greater reduction in the ratio of granule cells to Purkinje cells in malnourished female rats than male rats that were reared under the same conditions ( Hillman & Chen , 1981 ). In this study, the synaptic relationships between these two types of cells were analyzed to determine how this difference in ratio was accommodated in cerebellar circuitry. Control diets (25% casein) and experimental diets (8% casein), having the same calories, were administered pregestationally and through lactation with continuation of the respective diets to offspring until death at 60 days. Molecular layer volume and synaptic density were determined and the relative number of synapses on each Purkinje cell was estimated from the number of synapses in the molecular layer and total number of Purkinje cells. The average length of synaptic profiles on Purkinje cell spines was measured and the average synaptic contact area on each Purkinje cell was calculated. We found that the average number of synapses on individual Purkinje cells decreased in the deficient female group but not in the deficient male group and there was an increase in the average length of synaptic profiles in the malnourished female group but not in the deficient male group. In some cerebella of females, elongated synaptic profiles on giant spines were seen on Purkinje cells. Comparison of the average number of synapses on each Purkinje cell with average length of synaptic profiles revealed an inverse relationship between size and number of synapses for two control and two experimental groups and a subgroup of females with giant spines. After conversion of average profile length to average contact area and taking into account the number of synapses on each Purkinje cell, we found that Purkinje cells for all five groups had the same total synaptic area. This inverse relationship was believed to reflect a constant total contact area for parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells. It is suggested that a constancy in total synaptic area means that the amounts of macromolecules that are incorporated into postsynaptic membrane specializations are determined intrinsically by the Purkinje cell. However, the distribution of these molecules to synaptic sites on dendritic trees can be shifted by interaction of parallel fiber synapses with the Purkinje cell.
Enhancing the pulse shaping precision of energetic high aspect ratio infrared pulses in the national ignition facility laser system

NIF's ability to deliver precise, high-contrast pulses is limited by the fidelity of our numerical model. Model fidelity is enhanced by fitting small-signal gain and saturation parameters to measurements and by including temporal overlap effects.
Abnormal renal scans and decreased early resolution of low grade vesicoureteral reflux

Purpose: Limited studies suggest a relationship between scarring on renal scan and failure to resolve vesicoureteral reflux. We evaluated the impact of abnormal renal scans on early vesicoureteral reflux resolution. Materials and Methods: The medical records and renal scans were reviewed of children diagnosed with primary reflux between 1988 and 2004. We defined an abnormal renal scan as renal scarring or relative renal function 40% or less. Reflux resolution was noted 1 and 2 years after diagnosis. Results: Renal scan data were available on 161 children with vesicoureteral reflux, including 127 girls and 34 boys. Relative renal function was 15% or less in 7 children, 16% to 35% in 14, 36% to 40% in 18 and greater than 40% in 122. Of the 161 patients 79 (43%) had an abnormal renal scan, including 37% with grades 1 to 3 reflux. The rate of 2-year reflux resolution in the abnormal and normal renal scan groups was 13% vs 53%. Of children with grades II and III reflux those with an abnormal renal scan were less likely to have reflux resolution compared to those with normal renal scans (23% vs 55% and 4% vs 41, respectively, p <0.05). The same relationship was present at 1 year for grades 2 and 3 (18% vs 49% and 4% vs 30, respectively, p <0.05). Conclusions: Abnormal renal scans are an important independent predictor of early failure to resolve vesicoureteral reflux. An abnormal renal scan should be considered when counseling families about the likelihood of early reflux resolution. Performing a renal scan may be indicated in select patients.
Chaos beyond onset: A comparison of theory and experiment.

The chaotic dynamics from a nonlinear electronic circuit is shown to exhibit the universal topological structure of maps on an annulus. This suggests that the corresponding universality class is large enough to include physical systems. We suggest that low-dimensional strange attractors fall into a few classes, each characterized by distinct universal topological features.