cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unsung players of epidemiology

In Jim Downs9s account of the roots of modern epidemiology, soldiers as well as washerwomen, hospital attendants, the enslaved, Muslim pilgrims, and others like them take center stage. "[M]any modern epidemiological practices grew in part out of observing, treating, and preventing disease among captive populations produced by colonialism, slavery, and war," Downs writes. For those of us looking warily toward future epidemics, this book draws our attention to oft-forgotten sources of medical knowledge.
Parent First, Essential Worker Second, Student Third: Lessons Learned from a Non-Traditional Student’s Journey in a Service-Learning Course During COVID-19

In this reflective essay, I share lessons learned when COVID-19 necessitated immediate changes to service-learning during the spring 2020 semester. The pandemic created an environment that heightened awareness about meeting underrepresented students’ needs and the benefits of solidarity and reciprocity when collaborating with community partners. As the pandemic unfolded, my focus shifted from honoring commitments to community partners and course learning objectives to recognizing that the complex realities of students’ lives made being responsive to their needs paramount. One nontraditional student serves as a case study; her story underscores the deep ways the pandemic affected a student’s personal and professional life. I close the article with four generalizable lessons learned that faculty can employ in support of students’ success in service-learning: exercising solidarity, reciprocity, and flexibility; providing guidance in project selection; serving as model learner; and embedding support for parenting and caregiving students.
Flat Optics Based on Metasurfaces: From Components to Cameras

Metasurfaces have enabled the redesign of optics into thin and planar elements. The planarity of flat optics will lead to the unification of semiconductor manufacturing and lens making, where the planar technology to manufacture chips will be adapted to make CMOS compatible metasurface based optical components, impacting technology and science
Long-read whole genome sequencing reveals HOXD13 alterations in synpolydactyly.

Synpolydactyly 1 (SPD; MIM# 186000), also called syndactyly type II (SDTY2), is a genetic limb malformation characterized by polydactyly with syndactyly involving the webbing of the third and fourth fingers, and the fourth and fifth toes. It is caused by heterozygous alterations in HOXD13 with incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability. In our study, a five-generation family with an SPD phenotype was enrolled in our Rare Disease Genomics Protocol. A comprehensive examination of three generations using Illumina short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) did not identify any causative variants. Subsequent WGS using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long-read HiFi Circular Consensus Sequencing (CCS) revealed a heterozygous 27-bp duplication in the polyalanine tract of HOXD13. Sanger sequencing of all available family members confirmed that the variant segregates with affected individuals. Re-analysis of an unrelated family with a similar SPD phenotype uncovered a 21-bp (7-alanine) duplication in the same region of HOXD13. Although ExpansionHunter identified these events in most individuals in a retrospective analysis, low sequence coverage due to high GC content in the HOXD13 polyalanine tract makes detection of these events challenging. Our findings highlight the value of long-read WGS in elucidating the molecular etiology of congenital limb malformation disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Multinationals at Risk: Terrorism and the Rule ofLaw

Companies and commerce are at risk. Even if they are not themselves the specific targets of attacks, experience seems to show that they can be victims of collateral damage. Faced with the dangers and prospects of coping with terrorist attacks, in the view of the author, companies are at risk for at least two major reasons. The first is that the world community confronts a dilemma – trying to combat something that it cannot clearly identify or define: terrorism. The international community has so far dealt with the problem by means of a variety of piecemeal, crime-specific treaties; nothing comprehensive and nothing that defines terrorism. The second problem is the apparent lack on the part of many companies to take the threat seriously and harden themselves as targets, or at least make themselves less attractive targets. States are challenged with the problem of identifying those acts of “terror” that are designed to bring about political change: activity which disrupts international relations through violence that the world views as undesirable international norms of behavior. Globalization
Early Autoimmune Destruction of Islet Grafts Is Associated with a Restricted Repertoire of IGRP-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Diabetic Nonobese Diabetic Mice

beta cell replacement via islet or pancreas transplantation is currently the only approach to cure type 1 diabetic patients. Recurrent beta cell autoimmunity is a critical factor contributing to graft rejection along with alloreactivity. However, the specificity and dynamics of recurrent beta cell autoimmunity remain largely undefined. Accordingly, we compared the repertoire of CD8+ T cells infiltrating grafted and endogenous islets in diabetic nonobese diabetic mice. In endogenous islets, CD8+ T cells specific for an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein derived peptide (IGRP206-214) were the most prevalent T cells. Similar CD8+ T cells dominated the early graft infiltrate but were expanded 6-fold relative to endogenous islets. Single-cell analysis of the TCR alpha and beta chains showed restricted variable gene usage by IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells that was shared between the graft and endogenous islets of individual mice. However, as islet graft infiltration progressed, the number of IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells decreased despite stable numbers of CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that recurrent beta cell autoimmunity is characterized by recruitment to the grafts and expansion of already prevalent autoimmune T cell clonotypes residing in the endogenous islets. Furthermore, depletion of IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells by peptide administration delayed islet graft survival, suggesting IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells play a role early in islet graft rejection but are displaced with time by other specificities, perhaps by epitope spread.
Innovation Through Protection: Does Safeguard Protection Increase Investment in R and D?

We perform the first empirical study to focus on the relationship between trade protection and investment in Research and Development. Our results support predictions from the theoretical literature that temporary tariffs stimulate research and development, although we find no evidence that this effect diminishes as the termination of protection approaches as predicted by some theoretical models. We also find little evidence that quotas reduce research and development as predicted by multiple theoretical works. Finally, our results indicate that temporary tariffs result in decreased capital investment, perhaps because firms use periods of temporary protection to shutdown unprofitable facilities. This reveals an important distinction in firm behavior with regard to investment in tangible versus intangible capital during periods of trade protection.
Theodore Levitt's 'The Globalization of Markets': An Evaluation After Two Decades

Theodore Levitt was one of the first scholars to write a high-impact article on globalization aimed at business managers. Now, two decades later, "The Globalization of Markets" is still widely read. Rather than agreeing with Levitt, however, most observers today believe that his arguments were flawed and his predictions have not been borne out. To be sure, we agree that not all of Levitt's predictions came true. Nevertheless, his article does offer enduring insights; and those are what we want to explore. Understanding Levitt's "globalization" as an analytical lens through which to view the world is highly useful. Indeed, Levitt's central insight - that "preferences are constantly shaped and reshaped" - is crucial for both managers and scholars. What constitutes globalization, in Levitt's (and our) way of thinking, is interaction that changes things, rather than leaving them the same. Successful firms and the managers who run them do not leave the world as they found it. Rather than taking consumer preferences as a given, successful managers have treated them as outcomes. Following Levitt, then, we can see that the global market is not solely what firms find. The market is, to some important extent, what firms make of it.
When Virtual Reality Becomes Simply Reality

With the rise in school shootings and the fast-growing popularity of first-person shooter games as a mass medium, researchers in the past decade have questioned the potential for negative psychological effects that extensive video game play may have on adolescents. The results of this research show a high potential for psychological influence. Development of significantly more realistic graphic technology and recent advances in social networking and advertising of these games may heighten the effects. Further combining these potential effects with military recruitment strategies and the advancements of virtual warfare, there is reason to believe that violent, war-themed video games may have a psychological effects on gamers that could negatively impact their decisions regarding war and violence.
Classification of inverter driven permanent magnet synchronous motors

The author presents a classification scheme for the inverter-driven PM (permanent-magnet) motor drive, by which the drive can be characterized according to five basic criteria. These criteria include motor design, power-circuit configuration, commutation control signals, current regulation, and motor control methods. This classification scheme provides a useful conceptual framework for comparing different PM motor drives. Several examples of PM motor drives are taken from the literature to illustrate the classification scheme. >
Decomposition algorithms for training large-scale semiparametric support vector machines

We describe a method for solving large-scale semiparametric support vector machines (SVMs) for regression problems. Most of the approaches proposed to date for large-scale SVMs cannot accommodate the multiple equality constraints that appear in semiparametric problems. Our approach uses a decomposition framework, with a primal-dual algorithm to find an approximate saddle point for the min-max formulation of each subproblem. We compare our method with algorithms previously proposed for semiparametric SVMs, and show that it scales well as the number of training examples grows.
Facilitating Support for Students with Asperger's Syndrome

The number of students with Asperger's Syndrome enrolled at tertiary institutions in the United States continues to increase. This can be attributed to: (a) the passage of legislations such as the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA); (b) revisions to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM); and (c) early intervention and treatment. Although the increase may be an indicator that a climate of inclusion for individuals with Asperger's Syndrome has been created, many institutions are not adequately prepared to accommodate these students. In order to serve students with Aspergers's Syndrome effectively, collaboration between several university entities is necessary. The authors highlight the pivotal role that college counselors can play in providing direct support to students with Asperger's Syndrome and in facilitating and coordinating inputs from other sectors of the college environment such as disability services, faculty members, and residence-...
Organizational alignment and supply chain governance structure: Introduction and construct validation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce and validate two new constructs with the potential to sharpen our understanding of how and why firms integrate their internal supply chains and assess the governance structure of their supply chains. The first construct, organizational alignment (OA), is a reflective scale measuring the extent to which upper management attempts to foster integration between internal supply chain functions. The second, supply chain governance structure (SCGS), is a formative index, and is a first attempt at developing a measurement instrument to assess SCGS along multiple dimensions.Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review, measures of OA and SCGS are conceptualized. These instruments are used to collect data, after which they are refined and validated through parallel scale development (OA) and index construction (SCGS) processes.Findings – OA shows acceptable content and construct validity, and SCGS shows acceptable results for content and item specif...
Predictors of mammography use in older women with disability: the patients’ perspectives

To determine the factors associated with mammography use among Medicare beneficiaries and reasons for nonuse. Cohort of 4610 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years included in the 2004–2005 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Regression models evaluated the association of disability with mammography use. Reasons for underuse are described. Women with disability were more likely than women with no disability to report lower mammography use (unadjusted, moderate disability OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.91; severe disability OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.40, 0.54). Lower use was significant for women with severe disability (adjusted, OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.54, 0.83) and women with fair-poor self-rated health, no HMO enrollment and ≥3 comorbidities. No physician recommendation, no need, dislike/pain during the test and forget it were reasons for underutilization. Mammography use decreases with increasing level of disability. Common reasons for underutilization are no physician recommendation, no need, dislike/pain during the test and forgot it. Screening guidelines should be used to target women with disabilities who can benefit from mammography.
Glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) promoter mediated transgenic insulin production reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic mice

Insulin production afforded by hepatic gene therapy (HGT) retains promise as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes, but successful approaches have been limited. We employed a novel and previously untested promoter for this purpose, glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) to drive insulin production via delivery by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). In vitro, the GLUT2 promoter was capable of robust glucose-responsive expression in transduced HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Therefore, rAAV constructs were designed to express the furin-cleavable human preproinsulin B10 gene, under the control of the murine GLUT2 promoter and packaged for delivery with rAAV expressing the type 5 capsid. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were subjected to hepatic portal vein injection immediately followed by implantation of a sustained-release insulin pellet to allow time for transgenic expression. All mice injected with the rAAV5-GLUT2-fHPIB10 virus remained euglycemic for up to 35 days post-injection, with 50% euglycemic after 77 days post-injection. In contrast, mock-injected mice became hyperglycemic within 15 days post-injection following dissolution of the insulin pellet. Serum levels of both human insulin and C-peptide further confirmed successful transgenic delivery by the rAAV5-GLUT2-fHPIB10 virus. These findings indicate that the GLUT2 promoter may be a potential candidate for regulating transgenic insulin production for hepatic insulin gene therapy in the treatment of type I diabetes.
Surface Position-Resolved Thermophysical Properties for Metallic Alloys

Thermophysical properties are collective measures of a material to transport dynamical quantities of physical nature on its surface or through the bulk. As such, the exact nature of couplings between particles in a many-body assembly of building block atoms or molecules sensitively determines their values. The couplings between nearest neighbors are the product of the local elemental composition and the material phase. In this study, thermal cycling of a four-element Wood’s alloy specimen brings out cadmium-rich patches to the top surface of the specimen. An assembly of such patches leads to depth-dependent deviations of elemental composition from that of the bulk. Surface-layer atoms are driven to form a high temperature laser-produced plasma (LPP), and time-resolved spectroscopy of their emissions show the variability of elemental composition over surface positions as well as over depth from the surface. These thermal history-driven composition anomalies contribute to significant variability in the measured values of spectral emissivity and thermal diffusivity.
(Cyclooctatetraene oxide)diiron hexacarbonyl: preparation and thermolysis

Abstract The preparation of (cyclooctatetraene oxide)diiron hexacarbonyl is described and its thermolysis compared with that of the uncomplexed epoxide.
Compensated Polarization Scrambler for Raman Depolarization and Intensity Measurements on Microsamples

Abstract It has long been recognized 1,2,3,4,5 in measuring relative intensities and depolarization ratios of Raman lines that prism and grating spectrometers have different transmittances for light polarized parallel (T∥) and perpendicular (T⊥) to the slit. Several methods have been used to give equal instrument response to parallel and perpendicular polarization. Stitt and Yost3 used a Nicol prism parallel to the high-transmittance direction of the spectrometer, combined with a rotatable mica half-wave plate to transmit either vector to the Nicol prism. This method has the advantage of having a higher spectrometer transmittance, but the mica plate gives exact half-wave retardation at only a single wavelength. A mica quarter-wave plate 4,5 averages the transmittances of the spectrometer for the two polarization directions, but is also wavelength dependent. Virtually achromatic circular polarizers have been designed and constructed 6,7, but these devices are too bulky and expensive for the clear apertures...
The Value of Retail‐ and Consumer‐Level Fruit and Vegetable Losses in the United States

Food loss at the retail and consumer levels in the United States includes 14.8 billion pounds of fruit and 23.4 billion pounds of vegetables, valued at $15.1 billion and $27.7 billion, respectively, in 2008 retail market prices. The total value of these losses is $42.8 billion per year, or roughly $141 per capita. To most efficiently reduce the annual food loss, it may be beneficial to focus efforts on the four fruits (fresh apples, grapes, peaches and strawberries) and four vegetables (fresh and canned tomatoes and fresh and frozen potatoes) that have the greatest amount of loss.
Nature of immunoreactive CCK in rat and pig brain.

Abstract Two major classes of immunoreactive cholecystokinin peptides (iCCK) have been identified in rat and pig brains: (1) large basic peptides (Big iCCK) resembling pCCK33 in size and charge; (2) small acidic peptides (Small iCCK) resembling the COOH-terminal fragments of CCK. Boiling 0.1 N HCl maximally extracts Big iCCK; boiling 0.1 N NaOH maximally extracts Small iCCK. The differences in hormonal forms removed by these extractants are not likely to be due to enzymatic conversion during the extraction procedures. Fractionation on Sephadex G50 and starch gel electrophoresis combined with radioimmunoassay using 3 antisera of different specificities: (1) directed towards the NH 2 -terminus of pCCK33; (2) produced by immunization with CCK8; (3) produced by immunization with CCK4; are consistent with the hypothesis that a major fraction of Big iCCK may represent intact CCK with a COOH-terminus extension as has recently been suggested for gastrin, a molecule having a COOH-terminal pentapeptide identical with that of CCK.
Eddies in the southwestern East/Japan Sea

Abstract Closed loop mesoscale eddies were identified and tracked in the Ulleung Basin of the southwestern Japan/East Sea (JES) using the winding-angle (WA) methodology, for mapping the absolute geostrophic currents into surface streamlines of flow. The geostrophic velocity used here was the sum of the Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data (AVISO), time variable velocity and the 1992–2007 mean geostrophic velocity. Local sampling bias was removed using the drifter observations. This WA methodology of deriving the Lagrangian path lines that drifters followed over a 7-day period was validated by individual drifter tracks and it demonstrated closed looping eddy motions. The WA method demonstrated that less than 6% of the closed streamlines appeared when drifters did not show a closed loop in their vicinity, compared to 30% of the excess detection rate by the Okubo–Weiss method of locating closed loop structures. Three groups of eddies were identified: (1) Coastal Cold and Warm Eddies, which appeared in the area between the coast of southern Korea and the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), when a southward coastal current was present, (2) Frontal Cold and Warm Eddies, which were formed in the region of the seaward extension of the meandering EKWC, north of Ulleung Island and (3) Ulleung Warm Eddies (UWE) and Dok Cold Eddies (DCE), which appeared during meanders of the EKWC, in the Ulleung Basin. No seasonal concentration for eddy generation and eddy population was found. The average radius of eddies was about 38–60 km. These were born, moved in an erratic pattern and then died in the vicinity where the EKWC separated from the coast and formed a large meander. The time-mean large meander formed meridionally concentrated bands of positive and negative relative vorticity. The cyclonic (cold) eddies tend to reside within the band of positive time-mean relative vorticity, and the anticyclonic (warm) eddies reside within the bands of negative relative vorticity. Six UWE and four warm eddies, in the Yamato Basin (about 10% of warm eddies), were sustained longer than a year. Because the large meander of the EKWC appeared to be controlled by topography, and the JES is a nearly enclosed basin with rapid flow-out to the east through the narrow Tsugaru Strait, there was little eddy energy propagation to the west. The warm eddies in the southwestern part of the JES appeared to be interacting very locally with the mean flow.
Reactivity of the HSi (1 1 1) surface

Abstract The HSi (1 1 1) surface has been well characterized [Hricovini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1992], so the reactivity of this surface was studied. HSi (1 1 1) surfaces exposed to Cl 2 , Br 2 , and 1-alkenes were studied with photoemission spectroscopy. These particular compounds were chosen because of their importance in semiconductor processing and surface functionalization. The observation of the growth of a Si 2p component at high binding energy, characteristic of halogen reactivity, confirmed that bromine and chlorine gases both reacted with the HSi (1 1 1) surface. Reactions with 1-alkenes were confirmed by measuring both the Si 2p and the C 1s core level spectra. The C 2s-based molecular orbitals in the valence band revealed the identity of the alkyl monolayer on the Si (1 1 1) surface. Therefore, we found that the HSi (1 1 1) surface, under certain conditions, was reactive.
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China

Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China succeeds as a political history, but as a biography it is less successful. Vogel marshals a library of research materials to tell the story of the Deng...
Overwater Atmospheric Diffusion: Measurements and Parameterization

Abstract A series of ten atmospheric tracer experiments provided 62 hours of overwater atmospheric dispersion data. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was released as the tracer gas at a height of 13 m from a ship positioned about 7 km off the central California coast in the vicinity of Pismo Beach. Surface and upper air meteorological measurements were made at the release point and near the shoreline. Horizontal crosswind tracer concentration profiles were obtained at the shoreline, both at the surface and multiple levels aloft through the mixed layer. Tracer data were analyzed to determine the lateral diffusion parameter σy for hourly periods as the best fit to a Gaussian distribution. The vertical diffusion parameter σz was determined from the vertical profile of the hourly crosswind-integrated tracer concentration. Four classification schemes of atmospheric stability were intercompared and showed wide variation in their estimates. The lateral diffusion measurements are reasonably well gratified by three of the...
maintaining “otherness”: Sapwuahfik cultural identity

Sapwuahfik Atoll (Micronesia) provides an example of cultural identity as symbolically constructed in a context of regional group identities. Sapwuahfik people consider themselves to be a distinct culture, despite extensive empirical similarity with neighboring Pohnpei Island. This identity is created largely through explicitly contrasting Sapwuahfik cultural practice with that of Pohnpei in traditional respect behavior, feast-giving, and sorcery beliefs. Emphasis on these as symbolic keys to Sapwuahfik behavior can be understood in light of the contemporary political context of the region.
Precipitation in thin foils of Al-4 WT.% Cu alloy—I. Morphology, crystallography and interfacial structure of θ precipitates

Abstract In order to explore the mechanisms of precipitation in thin films or at the surfaces of bulk material, θ precipitates in Al-4% Cu alloy have been grown in the hot-stage of a transmission electron microscope. Regular TEM techniques and intensifier-videotape recordings of the growth processes have been employed to study the morphology, interfacial structure and growth kinetics of the precipitates. Their morphology is essentially two-dimensional and is more affected by supercooling, becoming more anisotropic as the supercooling increases, than by factors such as precipitate-matrix orientation relationship or surface orientation. Dislocation and ledge structures have been observed at the broad faces of precipitates partially embedded in the foils and at the edges of faceted precipitates. The morphological details can be interpreted by a theory currently regarded as satisfactory for explaining the morphology of bulk precipitates.
Rethinking the Senior Year

The final year of high school education as it is currently designed presents numerous challenges to students, teachers, and administrators. This article describes strategies to help school administrators rethink the senior year so that high school seniors can make the transition from school to work and/or college more smoothly and successfully. A national report on the senior year is summarized and its recommendations reviewed.
Religion Within the Limits of History: Schleiermacher and Religion—A Reappraisal

Abstract This article addresses the often overlooked but acute historical sense behind the theory of human religiousness presented in Friedrich Schleiermacher's influential On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers, and highlights its significance for the contemporary discussion regarding the study of religion. Defining religion as a unique and substantive dimension in human experience does not necessarily entail doing violence to historical difference. For Schleiermacher, the religious disposition is dialectically woven into the fabric of historical life, language being its communal medium. Religion never occurs by itself in some pure form but always already exists modified and actualised by cultural-linguistic ways of being in the world. Hence genuine religious plurality is not reducible to some abstract, ahistorical core but rather is confirmed and accounted for by means of an anthropological condition of possibility which renders it intelligible. Schleiermacher's so-called ‘subjective turn’ opens out ineluctably towards history, substantiating the complex conditionings of historical life rather than ignoring them, as critics of this approach often assume. The article explores the implications of this position as a model for religious studies and argues for a modified version of its basic thrust in light of several postmodern concerns.
Selective percutaneous sacral root blockade with phenol in neurovesical dysfunction.

Normal urinary bladder function and micturition are the result of well integrated somatic and visceral nervous activity. Micturition requires complex reciprocal actions between detrusor force and outflow resistance, and abnormalities in this reciprocal activity can be demonstrated by percutaneous stimulation of the sacral roots while simultaneously measuring changes in intravesical pressure. When an abnormal sacral innervation is demonstrated by electrocystometry, selective root blockade with phenol may restore normal bladder function and micturition in some patients. Because of his knowledge of regional anatomy and neurophysiology the anaesthesiologist, acting as a member of a team, can contribute greatly to the overall care of patients with neurovesical dysfunction.
Carboxyl-Methylation of Rab3D in the Rat Pancreatic Acinar Tumor Cell Line AR42J☆

Rab3D is a small GTPase implicated in regulated exocytosis, and is a marker of secretory granules in exocrine cells. We have previously shown that rab3D undergoes reversible carboxyl-methylation in adult rat pancreatic acinar cells, and that carboxyl-methylation of rab3D is developmentally regulated concomitantly with the maturation of the regulated secretory apparatus in rat pancreas. We also observed that dexamethasone treatment of the rat pancreatic acinar tumor cell line, AR42J, led to a significant increase in the size of the unmethylated pool of a rab3-like protein. The current study was designed to further characterize this rab3-like protein. Here we show that AR42J cells express rab3D, and that the protein focuses on 2D gels as two spots with pI values of 4.9 and 5.0. Treatment of AR42J cells with N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-l-cysteine, an inhibitor of carboxyl-methylation, led to a decrease in the basic form of rab3D and a proportional increase in the acidic form. In contrast, N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-l-cysteine, which inhibits carboxyl-methylation of farnesylated proteins, had no effect. Lovastatin, an inhibitor of geranylgeranylation, also induced an accumulation of the acidic form of rab3D. Taken together, these data indicate that rab3D can undergo reversible carboxyl-methylation in AR42J cells by a geranylgeranyl-specific methyltransferase. The 2D gel and immunoblotting analyses indicated that dexamethasone treatment of AR42J cells led to an increase in the proportion of the unmethylated form of rab3D concurrent to inducing a regulated secretory pathway, similar to the rab3D profile change in developing rat pancreas. Our data, along with previous studies done on developing rat pancreas, indicate that the tumor cell line AR42J represents a good model system for studying the regulated secretory pathway, and that carboxyl-methylation of rab3D may play a role in the acquisition of stimulus-secretion coupling.
Estimation of night-time N2O5 concentrations from ambient NO2 and NO3 radical concentrations and the role of N2O5 in night-time chemistry

Abstract Dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ), which is present in equilibrium with NO 3 radicals and NO 2 , has been recognized for some time as an intermediate in the NO x chemistry of night-time atmospheres. However, until the advent of long pathlength spectroscopic techniques for the measurement of atmospheric NO 3 radical concentrations, no reliable method for estimating N 2 O 5 concentrations has been available. We have calculated maximum night-time N 2 O 5 concentrations from the available experimentally determined concentrations of the NO 3 radical and NO 2 in the U.S. and Germany, and find that N 2 O 5 concentrations as high as ~ 15 ppb can occur. We have also estimated removal rates for N 2 O 5 and for NO 3 radicals during these nights. From data obtained under conditions devoid of point sources of NO x , upper limit estimates of the homogeneous rate constant for the reaction of N 2 O 5 with water vapor are obtained, leading to the conclusion that the homogeneous gas phase rate constant for this reaction is ⩽ 1 × 10 −21 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 at 298 K, consistent with recent environmental chamber data.
The commercialization of robotic surgery: unsubstantiated marketing of gynecologic surgery by hospitals

Objective We analyzed the content, quality, and accuracy of information provided on hospital web sites about robotic gynecologic surgery. Study Design An analysis of hospitals with more than 200 beds from a selection of states was performed. Hospital web sites were analyzed for the content and quality of data regarding robotic-assisted surgery. Results Among 432 hospitals, the web sites of 192 (44.4%) contained marketing for robotic gynecologic surgery. Stock images (64.1%) and text (24.0%) derived from the robot manufacturer were frequent. Although most sites reported improved perioperative outcomes, limitations of robotics including cost, complications, and operative time were discussed only 3.7%, 1.6%, and 3.7% of the time, respectively. Only 47.9% of the web sites described a comparison group. Conclusion Marketing of robotic gynecologic surgery is widespread. Much of the content is not based on high-quality data, fails to present alternative procedures, and relies on stock text and images.
The Sun's Surface and Subsurface. Investigating Shape and Irradiance

Since the Sun's radiative output establishes the Earth's thermal environment, knowing the source and nature of its variability is essential for understanding and predicting the interactions in the Earth-Sun system, among which are climate changes and the energy balance, photochemistry, and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere. The Sun's Surface and Subsurface brilliantly demonstrates how precise measurements of the Sun's properties, such as the solar diameter, oblateness, irradiance, and oscillation frequencies of normal modes provide insight into the structure and dynamics of the deep interior and the physical mechanisms of solar variability. This relatively compact book provides a comprehensive review of the basic principles, methodology, and tools for studying the solar variability. The main focus is on measurements and interpretation of the solar properties rather than on theory. It provides both an excellent introduction to the field and an exciting review of the recent advances in solar observations from the ground and space.
Configurational purity of lesquerolic acid

Conversion of the methyl ester of lesquerolic acid, (R)-14-hydroxy-Z-11-eicosenoic acid, to a carbamate with (S)-1-(1′-naphthyl)ethylisocyanate gave a single diastereomer. Comparisons of elution orders of the relevant diastereomers obtained from the racemic ester and from a sample of lesquerolic acid synthesized from ricinoleic acid, (R)-12-hydroxy-Z-9-octadecenoic acid, were consistent with the original assignment of (R)-configuration for the longer-chain acid. Although the configuration had not been in doubt, this work demonstrates the configurational purity of the lesquerolic acid.
Molecular-level description of proteins from saccharomyces cerevisiae using quadrupole FT hybrid mass spectrometry for top down proteomics.

For improved detection of diverse posttranslational modifications (PTMs), direct fragmentation of protein ions by top down mass spectrometry holds promise but has yet to be achieved on a large scale. Using lysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 117 gene products were identified with 100% sequence coverage revealing 26 acetylations, 1 N-terminal dimethylation, 1 phosphorylation, 18 duplicate genes, and 44 proteolytic fragments. The platform for this study combined continuous-elution gel electrophoresis, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, automated nanospray coupled with a quadrupole-FT hybrid mass spectrometer, and a new search engine for querying a custom database. The proteins identified required no manual validation, ranged from 5 to 39 kDa, had codon biases from 0.93 to 0.083, and were primarily associated with glycolysis and protein synthesis. Illustrations of gene-specific identifications, PTM detection and subsequent PTM localization (using either electron capture dissociation or known PTM data st...
Understanding knowledge spillovers

This paper reviews key papers and issues in the conceptual and empirical literature on knowledge spillovers, with a focus on the urban context. The review examines the effect of spillovers on urban productivity and city size. Among the issues covered are econometric identification of causal effects, spatial decay of spillovers, and the changing role of spillovers over time.
Axonal excitability revisited

Abstract The original papers of Hodgkin and Huxley (J. Physiol. 116 (1952a) 449, J. Physiol. 116 (1952b) 473, J. Physiol. 116 (1952c) 497, J. Physiol. 117 (1952d) 500) have provided a benchmark in our understanding of cellular excitability. Not surprisingly, their model of the membrane action potential (AP) requires revisions even for the squid giant axon, the preparation for which it was originally formulated. The mechanisms they proposed for the voltage-gated potassium and sodium ion currents, I K , and I Na , respectively, have been superceded by more recent formulations that more accurately describe voltage-clamp measurements of these components. Moreover, the current–voltage relation for I K has a non-linear dependence upon driving force that is well described by the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz (GHK) relation, rather than the linear dependence on driving force found by Hodgkin and Huxley. Furthermore, accumulation of potassium ions in the extracellular space adjacent to the axolemma appears to be significant even during a single AP. This paper describes the influence of these various modifications in their model on the mathematically reconstructed AP. The GHK and K + accumulation results alter the shape of the AP, whereas the modifications in I K and I Na gating have surprisingly little effect. Perhaps the most significant change in their model concerns the amplitude of I Na , which they appear to have overestimated by a factor of two. This modification together with the GHK and the K + accumulation results largely remove the discrepancies between membrane excitability of the squid giant axon and the Hodgkin and Huxley (J. Physiol. 117 (1952d) 500) model previously described (Clay, J. Neurophysiol. 80 (1998) 903).
Premature rats treated with propylthiouracil show enhanced pulmonary antioxidant enzyme gene expression and improved survival during prolonged exposure to hyperoxia.

ABSTRACT: In full-term newborn rats, propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment has been previously shown to decrease susceptibility to 02-induced lung damage and improve survival during hyperoxic exposure. However, no differences were found in lung antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activity responses to hyperoxia compared with 02-exposed untreated (control) term rats. To further explore possible pulmonary protective effects of PTU treatment in prematurely delivered animals, we administered PTU (0.015%) in drinking water to timed-pregnant rats for the final 10 d of gestation prior to delivery 1 d before term, and during lactation; control pregnant/nursing rats received untreated water. Both groups of 21-d premature rat pups were randomized to either >95% 02 or room air exposure after birth for up to 14 d. The left lungs of 7-d exposure pups were used to quantitate the concentrations of AOE mRNA by solution hybridization; the right lungs of the same pups were assayed for AOE activities. PTU treatment resulted in survival rates of 02-exposed preterm rat pups that were consistently higher at all time periods in hyperoxia including 7 d [PTU, 67 of 82 (82%) versus control pups, 58 of 113 (51%); p 95% 02 in PTU pups included a significant decrease in the incidence of microscopic intraalveolar edema and a significant increase in lung tissue surfactant-related phospholipids compared with 02-exposed control pups. At 7 d in high 02, the PTU-treated pups showed greater increases in the lung AOE mRNA levels and AOE activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in response to hyperoxia compared with the untreated control 02 group. Thus, we conclude that PTU treatment protects premature rats against 02-induced lung injury and lethality during prolonged hyperoxic challenge. The protective action of PTU may be related, at least in part, to the enhanced pulmonary AOE gene expression in the treated rat pups with resultant increases in protective AOE activity levels in response to neonatal lung oxidant challenge.
Automated extraction and parameterization of motions in large data sets

Large motion data sets often contain many variants of the same kind of motion, but without appropriate tools it is difficult to fully exploit this fact. This paper provides automated methods for identifying logically similar motions in a data set and using them to build a continuous and intuitively parameterized space of motions. To find logically similar motions that are numerically dissimilar, our search method employs a novel distance metric to find "close" motions and then uses them as intermediaries to find more distant motions. Search queries are answered at interactive speeds through a precomputation that compactly represents all possibly similar motion segments. Once a set of related motions has been extracted, we automatically register them and apply blending techniques to create a continuous space of motions. Given a function that defines relevant motion parameters, we present a method for extracting motions from this space that accurately possess new parameters requested by the user. Our algorithm extends previous work by explicitly constraining blend weights to reasonable values and having a run-time cost that is nearly independent of the number of example motions. We present experimental results on a test data set of 37,000 frames, or about ten minutes of motion sampled at 60 Hz.
Activity in the Peri-Infarct Rim in Relation to Recovery From Stroke

Background and Purpose— In the rim of tissue surrounding a cortical infarct, animal studies have described an increase in a number of growth-related processes that likely contribute to behavioral recovery. The current study hypothesized that in patients with good outcome after stroke, brain activation in peri-infarct tissue would be greater than normal. Methods— In 15 patients with good recovery chronically after ischemic cortical stroke, activation within peri-infarct brain tissue was directly compared with activation within the same brain tissue of 13 control subjects. Results— Although most patients did show activation within peri-infarct tissues, their activation compared with controls was reduced rather than increased. Evaluation of the T2*-weighted images underlying functional MRI mapping disclosed a significant gradient of increased T2* signal in peri-infarct tissues, likely attributable to tissue changes such as gliosis. Conclusions— Among well-recovered stroke patients, cortical activation is pre...
Rare and endangered Sphagnum species in North America

Abstract Thirty taxa of Sphagnum are considered rare (R), vulnerable (V) or endangered (E) in North America, the lower 48 United States, Canada or Alaska. Six species are classified endangered or vulnerable at a global level. Maps indicating the known distribution of 18 taxa are presented. The percentage of Sphagnum taxa considered R, V or E seems lower than that for bryophytes in general. Sphagnum species should be protected because of their potential value as indicators of global warming and atmospheric pollution.
Mapping Visual Culture in Comparative Education Discourse

It would be fascinating to map out the political implications of scopic regimes, but it can't be done too reductively. The perspectivalist regime is not necessarily complicitous only with oppressive political practices. Under certain circumstances it may be emancipatory; it really depends on how it is used. [1] [1] M. Jay (1988) Scopic regimes of modernity, in: H. Foster (Ed.) Vision and Visuality, pp. 3‐28 (Seattle, WA, Bay Press).
P53 gene protein overexpression predicts results of trimodality therapy in esophageal cancer patients.

Abstract Background . P53 protein overexpression in esophageal cancer and its correlation with response and survival after chemoradiation was retrospectively investigated. Methods . Pretreatment and resection specimens were stained by automatic p53 immunohistochemical staining technique. Results . P53 was expressed in 84.0% of esophagoscopy (EGD) biopsies; 71.4% of patients with metastasis of thoracoscopy/laparoscopy lymph nodes (TS/LS LN) identified by hematoxylin/eosin (H/E) were p53 (+); 14.2% of patients with negative TS/LS LN by H/E were p53 (+). Eleven out of 18 patients with p53 (+) in pretreatment EGD remained p53 (+) after chemoradiation; 38.8% of these patients had a pathological complete response (pCR). The median survival of this group was 15 months. Of 4 patients with p53 (−) pretreatment EGD, all of those were still p53 (−) after chemoradiation; 75% of these patients had pCR. The median survival was 30 months. In patients with p53 (+) TS/LS LN, 23% had a pCR after chemoradiation with a median survival of 16 months. In patients with p53 (−) TS/LS LN, 50.0% had a pCR with a median survival of 31.5 months. Conclusions . P53 protein overexpression in pretreatment EGD and TS/LS LN may predict response to chemoradiation and survival in esophageal cancer patients.
Polarization Transfer Function of an Optical System as a Bilinear Transformation

The polarization states of light incident on and emerging from an optical system are represented by complex numbers χ¯ and ξ¯, respectively, in two different planes. In this representation, the input–output transfer function ξ¯=f(χ¯) is a conformal bilinear transformation with coefficients given by the elements of the system’s Jones matrix. From the known properties of the bilinear transformation, important conclusions can be reached on the response of optical systems to incident light of all possible polarization forms. In addition, the analysis appears to have considerable potential in the synthesis of systems to effect a prescribed polarization transfer. As an example, the ellipsometer is analyzed by use of some of the ideas developed.
WHO HAS NO REGRETS

50 older adults were interviewed with respect to identifying past regrets. Subjects resided in nursing homes and in the community. 21 subjects reported not having any regrets, and 83% of these resided in nursing homes. The findings are discussed in terms of processes of disengagement, life review, and coming to terms with life.
From Diversion to Reentry: Recidivism Risks Among Graduates of an Alternative to Incarceration Program:

Reentry usually refers to the transition from incarceration to community living. However, offenders diverted from prison to community-based restrictive sanctions also face the challenge of social r...
Dynamically multiplexed ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry−time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IMS−TOFMS) has been increasingly used in analysis of complex biological samples. A major challenge is to transform IMS−TOFMS to a high-sensitivity, high-throughput platform, for example, for proteomics applications. In this work, we have developed and integrated three advanced technologies, including efficient ion accumulation in an ion funnel trap prior to IMS separation, multiplexing (MP) of ion packet introduction into the IMS drift tube, and signal detection with an analog-to-digital converter, into the IMS−TOFMS system for the high-throughput analysis of highly complex proteolytic digests of, for example, blood plasma. To better address variable sample complexity, we have developed and rigorously evaluated a novel dynamic MP approach that ensures correlation of the analyzer performance with an ion source function and provides the improved dynamic range and sensitivity throughout the experiment. The MP IMS−TOFMS instrument has been shown to r...