cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmony as Strategic Intent: How the Confucian Concept of Harmony can Contribute to Firm Success

This paper argues that by using the Confucian concept of harmony as its strategic intent a firm can be both ethical and successful. Using the work of Peter F. Drucker, Michael Porter, and Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad the paper discusses the role of strategic intent as a contributing factor to firm success. The paper then discusses how the Confucian concept of harmony fulfills the concept of strategic intent and how harmony can contribute to the development of a successful and ethical organization.
Automatic Generation of Agent Behavior Models from Raw Observational Data

Agent-based modeling is used to simulate human behaviors in different fields. The process of building believable models of human behavior requires that domain experts and Artificial Intelligence experts work closely together to build custom models for each domain, which requires significant effort. The aim of this study is to automate at least some parts of this process. We present an algorithm called Open image in new window , which produces an agent behavioral model from raw observational data. It calculates transition probabilities between actions and identifies decision points at which the agent requires additional information in order to choose the appropriate action. Our experiments using synthetically-generated data and real-world data from a hospital setting show that the Open image in new window algorithm can automatically produce an agent decision process. The agent’s underlying behavior can then be modified by domain experts, thus reducing the complexity of producing believable agent behavior from field data.
Molecular targets of alcohol action: Translational research for pharmacotherapy development and screening

Alcohol abuse and dependence are multifaceted disorders with neurobiological, psychological, and environmental components. Research on other complex neuropsychiatric diseases suggests that genetically influenced intermediate characteristics affect the risk for heavy alcohol consumption and its consequences. Diverse therapeutic interventions can be developed through identification of reliable biomarkers for this disorder and new pharmacological targets for its treatment. Advances in the fields of genomics and proteomics offer a number of possible targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches. This brain-focused review highlights studies identifying neurobiological systems associated with these targets and possible pharmacotherapies, summarizing evidence from clinically relevant animal and human studies, as well as sketching improvements and challenges facing the fields of proteomics and genomics. Concluding thoughts on using results from these profiling technologies for medication development are also presented.
Classifying texts using relevancy signatures

Text processing for complex domains such as terrorism is complicated by the difficulty of being able to reliably distinguish relevant and irrelevant texts. We have discovered a simple and effective filter, the Relevancy Signatures Algorithm, and demonstrated its performance in the domain of terrorist event descriptions. The Relevancy Signatures Algorithm is based on the natural language processing technique of selective concept extraction, and relies on text representations that reflect predictable patterns of linguistic context This paper describes text classification experiments conducted in the domain of terrorism using the MUC- 3 text corpus. A customized dictionary of about 6,000 words provides the lexical knowledge base needed to discriminate relevant texts, and the CIRCUS sentence analyzer generates relevancy signatures as an effortless side-effect of its normal sentence analysis. Although we suspect that the training base available to us from the MUC-3 corpus may not be large enough to provide optimal training, we were nevertheless able to attain relevancy discriminations for significant levels of recall (ranging from 11% to 47%) with 100% precision in half of our test runs.
Strategies for Parallel Markup

Cross-referenced parallel markup for mathematics allows the combination of both presentation and content representations while associating the components of each. Interesting applications are enabled by such arrangements: interaction with parts of the presentation to manipulate and query the corresponding content; enhanced search indexing. Although the idea of such markup is hardly new, effective techniques for creating and manipulating it are more difficult than it appears. Since the structures and tokens in the two formats often do not correspond one-to-one, decisions and heuristics must be developed to determine in which way each component refers to and is referred to by components of the other representation. Conversion between fine and coarse-grained parallel markup complicates xml identifier ID assignments. In this paper, we will describe the techniques developed for [Figure not available: see fulltext.], a [Figure not available: see fulltext.] to xml converter, to create cross-referenced parallel MathML. While not yet considering [Figure not available: see fulltext.]'s content MathMLto be truly useful, the current effort is a step towards that continuing goal.
The Rights Of Women In The Inter-American System Of Human Rights: Current Opportunities And Challenges In Standard-setting

The development of standards related to the human rights of women within the context of the inter-American system of human rights has been gradual and recent, mostly gathering steam after 1994. This process reached an important climax on November 16, 2009, when the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued its first comprehensive ruling on women's rights issues in the case of Gonzalez et al. v. Mexico (hereinafter "Cotton Field"). The case of Cotton Field relates to the unresolved investigation of the disappearance and subsequent death of three young women in the locality of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico-deaths that occurred in a highly publicized context of irregularities, delays, and impunity. This ruling was followed by two judgments from the same tribunal in the cases of Fernandez Ortega et al. v. Mexico and Rosendo Cantu and other v. Mexico-issued on August 30 and 31, 2010, respectively-related to the rape and torture of two indigenous women by members of the military in the locality of Guerrero, Mexico, and the lack of investigation and sanction of these crimes. This Article offers a contemporary analysis of women's rights standards in the inter-American system of human rights by reviewing the legacy of the aforementioned three judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in four key areas: (1) violence against women; (2) discrimination; (3) due diligence; and (4) access to justice. The analysis is undertaken in light of the precedent of the inter-American system related to human rights and the rights of women, and international legal developments. This Article suggests that the three Inter-American Court of Human Rights judgments represent both a culmination and beginning for the inter-American system of human rights in regards to women's rights issues. On the one hand, they consolidate what the Inter-American Commission and other international human rights monitoring bodies have been stating for years about the interrelated problems of discrimination and violence against women, and the scope of state obligations to prevent, investigate, sanction, and offer reparations for these acts. On the other hand, they represent a beginning and a crucial point of departure by setting groundbreaking standards in the fields of due diligence, access to justice, and reparations for victims and their family members in cases of violence and discrimination against women. The Article also discusses the legacy of these three judgments-in the four areas identified above-in terms of the opportunities and challenges they present to the inter-American system of human rights in setting legal standards related to the human rights of women.
The IT Revolution and the Stock Market

A new technology or product is often developed by the single entrepreneur. Whether he reaches the initial public offering stage or is acquired by a listed firm, it takes time for the innovator to add value to the stock market. Indeed, the innovation may, at first, reduce the market's value because some firms --- usually large or old --- will cling to old technologies that have lost their momentum. This paper argues that (a) the market declined in the late 1960s because it felt that the old technologies either had lost their momentum or would give way to IT, and that (b) IT innovators boosted the stock market's value only in the 1980s. If the stock market provides a forecast of future events, then the recent dramatic upswing represents a rosy estimate about growth in future profits for the economy. This translates into a forecast of higher output and productivity growth, holding other things equal (such as capital's share of income).
DIFFUSION OF BT COTTON AND INSECTICIDE USE

This study estimated a dynamic logistic model to explain the diffusion Bt cotton in the United States. Regional differences in the speed and extent of Bt cotton adoption were explained by differences in availability of Bt seed adapted to local conditions, potential seed supplier profits, and economic variables affecting grower gains from adoption. The study also estimated the impact of Bt cotton on insecticide use, controlling for differences in pest infestations and prices and correcting for the endogeneity of the Bt adoption decision. Bt cotton significantly reduced insecticide applications to control target pests cotton bollworm, tobacco budworm, and pink bollworm. Bt cotton has led to an overall reduction in these applications per total US cotton acres, ranging from 0.5 in 1996 to 1.8 in 2003. Reductions in applications per infested acres ranged from 0.67 to 2.3.
The delta opioid receptor antagonist, SoRI-9409, decreases yohimbine stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking.

A major problem in treating alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is the high rate of relapse due to stress and re-exposure to cues or an environment previously associated with alcohol use. Stressors can induce relapse to alcohol-seeking in humans or reinstatement in rodents. Delta opioid peptide receptors (DOP-Rs) play a role in cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking; however, their role in stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the role of DOP-Rs in yohimbine-stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking. Male, Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 10% ethanol in daily 30-minute operant self-administration sessions using a FR3 schedule of reinforcement, followed by extinction training. Once extinction criteria were met, we examined the effects of the DOP-R antagonist, SoRI-9409 (0-5 mg/kg, i.p.) on yohimbine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) stress-induced reinstatement. Additionally, DOP-R-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding was measured in brain membranes and plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT) were determined. Pre-treatment with SoRI-9409 decreased yohimbine stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking but did not affect yohimbine-induced increases in plasma CORT levels. Additionally, yohimbine increased DOP-R-stimulated (35) [S]GTPγS binding in brain membranes of ethanol-trained rats, an effect that was inhibited by SoRI-9409. This suggests that the DOP-R plays an important role in yohimbine-stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior, and DOP-R antagonists may be promising candidates for further development as a treatment for AUDs.
Trends in software verification

With the steady increase in computational power of general purpose computers, our ability to analyze routine software artifacts is also steadily increasing. As a result, we are witnessing a shift in emphasis from the verification of abstract hand-built models of code, towards the direct verification of implementation level code. This change in emphasis poses a new set of challenges in software verification. We explore some of them in this paper.
Sparse compositional metric learning

We propose a new approach for metric learning by framing it as learning a sparse combination of locally discriminative metrics that are inexpensive to generate from the training data. This flexible framework allows us to naturally derive formulations for global, multitask and local metric learning. The resulting algorithms have several advantages over existing methods in the literature: a much smaller number of parameters to be estimated and a principled way to generalize learned metrics to new testing data points. To analyze the approach theoretically, we derive a generalization bound that justifies the sparse combination. Empirically, we evaluate our algorithms on several datasets against state-of-theart metric learning methods. The results are consistent with our theoretical findings and demonstrate the superiority of our approach in terms of classification performance and scalability.
Effects of Magnetization on Hole Localization and MnO6 Octahedra Disorder in Hole-Doped Lanthanum Manganese Perovskites

We review the distortions of the MnO6 octahedra reduced by magnetization in hole-doped lanthanum manganese perovskites. The systems we consider include the “colossal” magnetoresistance (CMR) samples La1−xCa x MnO3 (x=0.21, 0.25, 0.30), La0.67Ba0.33MnO3, and a poorer quality La0.67Pb0.33MnO3 sample. We also report preliminary work on three samples of oxygen-doped LaMnO3+δ and a lanthanum-deficient La0.9MnO3 sample. We find the same exponential relationship between the removal of the distortion and the sample magnetization in the Ba- and Pb-doped CMR samples as was found previously for the Ca-doped samples. The MnO6 distortion in the oxygen-doped materials is found to slightly reduce below the magnetic transition, although much less so than in the CMR samples. Above Tc, the antiferromagnetic LaMnO3.006 sample shows a softer temperature dependence of the Mn–O bond length distribution broadening. Surprisingly, even this sample shows deviations from thermal (Debye) behavior near TN, possibly due to FM coupling within MnO planes.
Can we get better assessment from a tutoring system compared to traditional paper testing? can we have our cake (better assessment) and eat it too (student learning during the test)?

Dynamic assessment (DA) has been advocated as an interactive approach to conducting assessments to students in the learning systems Sternberg and others proposed to give students tests to see how much assistance it takes a student to learn a topic; and to use as a measure of their learning gain To researchers in the ITS community, it comes as no surprise that measuring how much assistance a student needs to complete a task successfully is probably a good indicator of this lack of knowledge However, a cautionary note is that conducting DA takes more time than simply administering regular test items to students In this paper, we report a study analyzing 40-minutes data of totally 1,392 students from two school years The result suggests that for the purpose of assessing student performance, it is more efficient for students to take DA than just having practice items.
Using attack trees to identify malicious attacks from authorized insiders

A major concern for computer systems security is the threat from malicious insiders who execute perfectly legitimate operations to compromise system security. Unfortunately, most currently available intrusion detection systems (which include anomaly and misuse detection systems) fail to address this problem in a comprehensive manner. In this work we propose a framework that uses an attack tree to identify malicious activities from authorized insiders. We develop algorithms to generate minimal forms of attack tree customized for each user such that it can be used efficiently to monitor the user's activities. If the user's activities progress sufficiently up along the branches of the attack tree towards the goal of system compromise, we generate an alarm. Our system is not intended to replace existing intrusion detection and prevention technology, but rather is intended to complement current and future technology.
Single resolution compression of arbitrary triangular meshes with properties

Abstract Triangular meshes are widely used as primary representation of surface models for networked gaming and for complex interactive design in manufacturing. Accurate triangulation of a surface with sharp features (highly varying curvatures, holes) may require an extremely large number of triangles. Fast transmission of such large triangle meshes is critical to many applications that interactively manipulate geometric models in remote networked environments. The need for a succinct representation is therefore not only to reduce static storage requirements, but also to consume less network bandwidth and thus reduce the transmission time. In this paper we address the problem of defining a space efficient encoding scheme for both lossless and error-bounded lossy compression of triangular meshes that is robust enough to handle directly arbitrary sets of triangles including non-orientable meshes, non-manifold meshes and even non-mesh cases. The compression is achieved by capturing the redundant information in both the topology (connectivity) and geometry with possibly property attributes. Example models and results are also reported.
Institutions, Trade, and Growth : Revisiting the Evidence

Several recent papers have attempted to identify the partial effects of trade integration and institutional quality on long-run growth using the geographical determinants of trade and the historical determinants of institutions as instruments. The authors show that many of the specifications in these papers are weakly identified despite the apparently good performance of the instruments in first-stage regressions. Consequently, they argue that the cross-country variation in institutions, trade, and their geographical and historical determinants is not very informative about the partial effects of these variables on long-run growth.
Multipactor breakdown modelling using an averaged version of Furman's SEY model

The formation of multipactor is strongly dependent upon the secondary electron yield (SEY) of a surface, and the emission velocities of the emitted electrons. Furman and Pivi proposed a SEY model1 that is frequently used and is considered to be quite accurate, but this model is based around a stochastic scattering process, which necessitates computationally costly Monte-Carlo simulations in order to simulate the formation of multipactor in a given system.
Deciding separation logic formulae by SAT and incremental negative cycle elimination

Separation logic is a subset of the quantifier-free first order logic. It has been successfully used in the automated verification of systems that have large (or unbounded) integer-valued state variables, such as pipelined processor designs and timed systems. In this paper, we present a fast decision procedure for separation logic, which combines Boolean satisfiability (SAT) with a graph based incremental negative cycle elimination algorithm. Our solver abstracts a separation logic formula into a Boolean formula by replacing each predicate with a Boolean variable. Transitivity constraints over predicates are detected from the constraint graph and added on a need-to basis. Our solver handles Boolean and theory conflicts uniformly at the Boolean level. The graph based algorithm supports not only incremental theory propagation, but also constant time theory backtracking without using a cumbersome history stack. Experimental results on a large set of benchmarks show that our new decision procedure is scalable, and outperforms existing techniques for this logic.
Proof of the MHV vertex expansion for all tree amplitudes in N=4 SYM theory

We prove the MHV vertex expansion for all tree amplitudes of = 4 SYM theory. The proof uses a shift acting on all external momenta, and we show that every NkMHV tree amplitude falls off as 1/zk, or faster, for large z under this shift. The MHV vertex expansion allows us to derive compact and efficient generating functions for all NkMHV tree amplitudes of the theory. We also derive an improved form of the anti-NMHV generating function. The proof leads to a curious set of sum rules for the diagrams of the MHV vertex expansion.
STABILIZATION AND TRACKING FOR NONHOLONOMIC CONTROL SYSTEMS USING TIME-VARYING STATE FEEDBACK

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problems of stabilization and tracking for drift-free controllable nonlinear systems. We extend our previous work on the use of sinusoids to generate open loop trajectories for a special class of nonholonomic systems and show how similar techniques may be used to generate locally asymptotic and almost exponential stabilizers for such systems. In addition, we consider the problem of trajectory tracking for nonholonomic systems and compare the performance of tracking controllers and point stabilizers as applied to a simple model of a mobile robot.
Stochastic Models of Progression of Cancer and Their Use in Controlling Cancer-Related Mortality

We propose to construct a realistic statistical model of lung cancer risk and progression. The essential elements of the model are genetic and behavioral determinants of susceptibility, progression of the disease from precursor lesions through early localized tumors to disseminated disease, detection by various modalities, and medical intervention. Using model estimates as a foundation, mortality reduction caused by early-detection and intervention programs can be predicted under different scenarios. Genetic indicators of susceptibility to lung cancer should be utilized to define the highest-risk subgroups of the high-risk behavior population (smokers). Calibration and validation of the model will be done by applying our techniques to a variety of data sets available, including public registry data of the SEER type, data from the NCI lung cancer chest X-ray screening studies, and the recent ELCAP CT-scan screening study.
Does Participation in Productive Associations Signal Trust and Creditworthiness? Evidence for Nicaragua

This article studies the extent to which participation in productive associations in Nicaragua contributes to increase individuals' access to social programs and credit services. By participating in productive associations, individuals give a good signal to firms and are rewarded with better transactions and more access to the services they provide, ceteris paribus. Estimates using 2005 data indicate that households that participate in productive associations display higher access to credit and to social programs that promote investment. Additionally, participation in productive associations is weakly associated to more favorable credit outcomes among those households that receive loans, such as lower interest rates and a lower probability of wanting more credit than what was accessible to them.
Adoption of bioengineered crops

Use of crop biotechnology products, such as genetically engineered (GE) crops with input traits for pest management, has risen dramatically since commercial approval in the mid-1990s. This report addresses several of the economic dimensions regarding farmer adoption of bioengineered crops, including herbicidetolerant and insect-resistant varieties. In particular, the report examines: (1) the extent of adoption of bioengineered crops, their diffusion path, and expected adoption rates over the next few years; (2) factors affecting the adoption of bioengineered crops; and (3) farm-level impacts of the adoption of bioengineered crops. Data used in the analysis are mostly from USDA surveys.
Web Information Resource Discovery: Past, Present, and Future

In a time span of twelve years, the World Wide Web–only a computer and an internet connection away from anybody anywhere, and with abundant, diverse and sometimes incorrect, redundant, spam, and bad information–has become the major information repository for the masses and the world. The web is becoming all things to all people, totally oblivious to nation/country/continent boundaries, promising mostly free information to all, and quickly growing into a repository in all languages and all cultures. With large digital libraries and increasingly significant educational resources, the web is becoming an equalizer, a balancing force, and an opportunity for all, especially for underdeveloped/developing countries. The web is both exciting and overwhelming, changing the way the world communicates, from the way businesses are conducted to the way masses are educated, from the way research is performed to the way research results are disseminated. It is fair to say that the web will only get more diverse, larger and more chaotic in the near future.
Distributed CSMA/CA algorithms for achieving maximum throughput in wireless networks

Recently, it has been shown that CSMA-type algorithms can achieve the maximum possible throughput in wireless ad hoc networks [3], [5]. Central to these results is a distributed randomized algorithm which selects schedules according to a product-form distribution. The product-form distribution is achieved by considering a continuous-time Markov model of an idealized CSMA protocol [1] (continuous backoff times, zero propagation/sensing delay, no hidden terminals) under which collisions cannot occur.
Development of natural gas and pipeline capacity markets in the United States

Deregulation of the U.S. natural gas industry has been under way since the late 1970s. The industry was deregulated to create competitive markets in natural gas and its pipeline transportation, in the expectation that competition would guide transactions toward a more efficient outcome. The author provides an overview of the deregulation process and its effect on the development and functioning of natural gas and gas transportation markets in the United States. He analyzes the trading of pipeline capacity in primary and secondary markets and the regulation of pipeline transportation, identifies mechanisms that pipeline companies use to coordinate bilateral transactions, and summarizes deregulation's main achievements in the U.S. natural gas industry. Industry achievements in the past 15 years show that expectations were not realistic. The United States enjoys a highly competitive interstate transportation market. Both markets have benefited from the deregulation of natural gas production and marketing and the liberalization of natural gas prices. Introducing open access to interstate pipelines and their unbundling from gas sales has allowed end users to participate in the efficiency gains in upstream markets. All this has contributed to declining retail prices for all major consumer categories. Deregulation is far from complete, however. Current regulation of interstate pipeline companies and the secondary transportation market does not promote efficient allocation of transportation contracts. Flexible pricing of transportation contracts should be introduced in both the primary and secondary transportation markets. But deregulation of retail markets remains the most important task and the bigger challenge facing industry regulators. Small-volume end users (such as residential or commercial customers) are captive to local distribution utilities, without access to competitive wholesale markets. All end users should be able to choose a natural gas supplier and receive natural gas at the minimum cost to society.
CUTE and jCUTE: concolic unit testing and explicit path model-checking tools

CUTE, a Concolic Unit Testing Engine for C and Java, is a tool to systematically and automatically test sequential C programs (including pointers) and concurrent Java programs. CUTE combines concrete and symbolic execution in a way that avoids redundant test cases as well as false warnings. The tool also introduces a race-flipping technique to efficiently test and model check concurrent programs with data inputs.
Logic programming and parallel complexity

This paper is a survey of the many applications of the theory of parallel algorithms and complexity to logic programming problems. The mathematical tools relevant to the analysis of parallel logic programs include: the concept of alternation, the complexity class NC, and parallel algorithms using randomization and/or achieving optimal speed-ups. The logic programming problems addressed are related to query optimization for deductive databases and to fast parallel execution of primitive operations in logic programming languages, such as, fixpoint operators, term unification, and term matching. The formal language we use to illustrate the addition of recursion to database queries is the language of logical query programs (or programs), whose evaluation has been the object of much recent research. Our presentation highlights the fact that all of these results can be stated using the stage function sH(n) of a program H, where n is the size of the database queried. In this context we also present two new observations. (1) Given a linear single rule program H, it is NP-hard to decide whether sH(n)=O(1); this extends the bounded recursion analysis of[57, 42]. (2) There is a program that can be evaluated in s(n)=O(log n) stages, but whose derivation trees (of width 1) are of size exponential in n. An extension of derivation trees from width 1 to constant width properly strengthens the fast evaluation method of [76].
Quantum Nature of Dislocations in Pure bcc Helium

Recent experiments show the thermal growth of dislocation lines in ultra-pure bcc 3He. The activation energy for the growth of the dislocation lines is found to agree with the activation energy of mass diffusion. We propose that these dislocations are topological defects in the phase of the complex order-parameter, which describes the dynamic zero-point atomic correlations, unique to the bcc phase. There is also a shear field associated with these topological defects. We show that the smallest topological defect is a localized excitation, a loop-defect, which leads to the exponential growth of the dislocation lines with temperature.
Translating timed i/o automata specifications for theorem proving in PVS

Timed Input/Output Automaton (TIOA) is a mathematical framework for specification and analysis of systems that involve discrete and continuous evolution. In order to employ an interactive theorem prover in deducing properties of a TIOA, its state-transition based description has to be translated to the language of the theorem prover. In this paper, we describe a tool for translating TIOA to the language of the Prototype Verification System (PVS)—a specification system with an integrated interactive theorem prover. We describe the translation scheme, discuss the design decisions, and briefly present three case studies to illustrate the application of the translator in the verification process.
Judo comes to California: Judo vs. Wrestling in the American West, 1900-1920

This essay analyzes Japanese-American immigration into the American West through the prism of athletics, specifically by examining a series of contests between judoka and wrestlers from 1900 to 1920 in California. The popularity of these matches demonstrates the complex relationship between Japanese-Americans and the dominant European-American culture of the western states during this period. This complexity will be shown first by looking at the way in which martial arts are closely linked to national and ethnic identity. The strong barnstorming tradition in both judo and wrestling led to a number of matches of great interest to European-Americans of the period. These matches appealed to an interest in Japanese culture, a desire to see stereotypes reinforced, and nationalist tendencies during an age of uncertainty.
Measurements of Diffractive Processes at CDF

We review the results of measurements on hard diffractive processes performed by the CDF Collaboration and report preliminary CDF results on two soft diffractive processes with a leading antiproton and a rapidity gap in addition to that associated with the antiproton. All results have been obtained from data collected in Run I of the Fermilab Tevatron {bar p}p collider.
Magnetic flux circulation in the rotationally driven giant magnetospheres

The giant-planet magnetodiscs are shaped by the radial transport of plasma originating in the inner magnetosphere. Magnetic flux transport is a key aspect of the stretched magnetic field configuration of the magnetodisc. While net mass transport is outward (ultimately lost to the solar wind), magnetic flux conservation requires a balanced two-way transport process. Magnetic reconnection is a critical aspect of the balanced flux transport. We present a comprehensive analysis of current sheet crossings in Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini magnetometer data from 2004 to 2012 in an attempt to quantify the circulation of magnetic flux, emphasizing local time dependence. A key property of flux transport is the azimuthal bend forward or bend back of the magnetic field. The bend back configuration is an expected property of the magnetodisc with net mass outflow, but the bend forward configuration can be achieved with the rapid inward motion of mostly empty flux tubes following reconnection. We find a strong local time dependence for the bend forward cases, localized mostly in the postnoon sector, indicating that much of the flux-conserving reconnection occurs in the subsolar and dusk sector. We suggest that the reconnection occur in a complex and patchy network of reconnection sites, supporting the idea that plasma can be lost on small scales through a “drizzle”-like process. Auroral implications for the observed flux circulation will also be presented.
Search for SUSY at LHC: Precision Measurements

Methods to make precision measurements of SUSY masses and parameters at the CERN Large Hadron Collider are described.
Variety, Agricultural Trade, and Income

This paper looks at a sample of middle income countries to determine 1) what different measures researchers can use to gauge demand for variety, and 2) whether taste for variety increases with income according to these measures. The goal of the research is to learn the stylized facts regarding the desire for variety as reflected by diet and by trading behavior. The next section briefly discusses empirical and theoretical work on the demand for variety, whether that demand increases with income, and the demand for variety in traded goods. The following section discusses measures of variety and tests of the relationship of variety to income. The following sections discuss the results of applying those measures to countries and testing their relationship to income.
Introduction to Bayesian Econometrics

This textbook explains the basic ideas of subjective probability and shows how subjective probabilities must obey the usual rules of probability to ensure coherency. It defines the likelihood function, prior distributions and posterior distributions. It explains how posterior distributions are the basis for inference and explores their basic properties. Various methods of specifying prior distributions are considered, with special emphasis on subject-matter considerations and exchange ability. The regression model is examined to show how analytical methods may fail in the derivation of marginal posterior distributions. The remainder of the book is concerned with applications of the theory to important models that are used in economics, political science, biostatistics and other applied fields. New to the second edition is a chapter on semiparametric regression and new sections on the ordinal probit, item response, factor analysis, ARCH-GARCH and stochastic volatility models. The new edition also emphasizes the R programming language.
A method of fetal electrocardiography.

Abstract The equipment and a technique for fetal electrocardiography are described in some detail. A survey of the results in normal pregnancy is reported. Clinical applications are discussed, and 10 cases are reported.
Intertemporal pricing in laboratory posted offer markets with differential information

This paper analyzes intertemporal seller pricing and buyer purchasing behavior in a laboratory retail market with differential information. A seller posts one price each period that a buyer either accepts or rejects. Trade occurs over a sequence of “market periods” with a random termination date. The buyer and seller are differentially informed: The seller's cost of producing a unit of a fictitious good is known and constant in all periods, but the buyer's value for the good (demand) is a random variable governed by a Markov Process whose structure is common knowledge. At the beginning of each period the unit's value is determined by “nature” and is privately revealed only to the buyer. The market termination rule is a binary random variable. We conduct 32 laboratory experiments designed to study intertemporal pricing by human subjects in the Posted Offer Institution when demand follows a stochastic process. There are four series of experiments: 8 with simulated buyers, 8 with inexperienced subjects, 8 with once experienced subjects, and 8 with twice experienced subjects.
Hyperdynamics boost factor achievable with an ideal bias potential

Hyperdynamics is a powerful method to significantly extend the time scales amenable to molecular dynamics simulation of infrequent events. One outstanding challenge, however, is the development of the so-called bias potential required by the method. In this work, we design a bias potential using information about all minimum energy pathways (MEPs) out of the current state. While this approach is not suitable for use in an actual hyperdynamics simulation, because the pathways are generally not known in advance, it allows us to show that it is possible to come very close to the theoretical boost limit of hyperdynamics while maintaining high accuracy. We demonstrate this by applying this MEP-based hyperdynamics (MEP-HD) to metallic surface diffusion systems. In most cases, MEP-HD gives boost factors that are orders of magnitude larger than the best existing bias potential, indicating that further development of hyperdynamics bias potentials could have a significant payoff. Finally, we discuss potential practical uses of MEP-HD, including the possibility of developing MEP-HD into a true hyperdynamics.
Liquidity, banks, and markets : effects of financial development on banks and the maturity of financial claims

Financial markets and financial institutions compete to provide investors with liquidity. The author examines the roles of banks and markets when both are active, characterizing how development of the financial markets affects the structure and market share of banks. Banks create liquidity by offering claims with a higher short-term return than exist without a banking system. The amount of liquidity that banks offer depends on the degree of direct participation in financial markets - that is, on the liquidity of financial markets. Conversely, banks influence the amount of liquidity offered by financial markets. As more investors participate in financial markets, allowing markets to provide liquidity, banks shrink and make fewer long-term loans. Moreover, the banking sector's ability to subsidize those with immediate liquidity needs is reduced. More liquid markets also lead to physical investment with longer maturity, a smaller gap between the maturity of financial assets and that of phycial investments. Financial assets have a shorter maturity than physical investments, but this gap approaches zero as the market approaches full liquidity. The author provides an analytical basis for developing short-term markets as a way to stimulate the supply of long-term finance, and he supports the practitioner's view that short-term financial markets are a prerequisite for the development of viable long-term finance.
Industry Agglomeration and Investment in Rural Businesses

This paper examines the effects of local industry agglomeration on investments in equipment and machinery by businesses located in Maine. Descriptive analysis of the data indicates that a substantial amount of the investments in nonmetropolitan counties and small towns occurred in high-agglomeration county-industries. However, econometric results imply that, while positive, the effects of agglomeration on investment are somewhat modest. Further analysis of industry-specific descriptive statistics provides mixed evidence on the connection between business investment and local industry agglomeration. These results suggest that local policymakers should proceed with caution when implementing cluster-based economic development strategies.
Current State of Commercial Radiation Detection Equipment for Homeland Security Applications

With the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) came the increased concern that terrorist groups would attempt to manufacture and use an improvised nuclear device or radiological dispersal device. As such, a primary mission of DHS is to protect the public against the use of these devices and to assist state and local responders in finding, locating, and identifying these types of devices and materials used to manufacture these devices. This assistance from DHS to state and local responders comes in the form of grant money to procure radiation detection equipment. In addition to this grant program, DHS has supported the development of American National Standards Institute standards for radiation detection equipment and has conducted testing of commercially available instruments. This paper identifies the types and kinds of commercially available equipment that can be used to detect and identify radiological material - for use in traditional search applications as well as primary and secondary screening of personnel, vehicles, and cargo containers. In doing so, key considerations for the conduct of operations are described as well as critical features of the instruments for specific applications. The current state of commercial instruments is described for different categories of detectionmore » equipment including personal radiation detectors, radioisotope identifiers, man-portable detection equipment, and radiation portal monitors. In addition, emerging technologies are also discussed, such as spectroscopic detectors and advanced spectroscopic portal monitors.« less
Fuel Economy Standards, New Vehicle Sales, and Average Fuel Efficiency

The average fuel efficiency of new automobiles sold in the United States increased substantially from 1975 to 1981. This trend stagnated in 1981, however, and average fuel efficiency has actually fallen since 1987. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards—the major policy tool in the United States directed at improving fuel efficiency—may have contributed to the stagnation and decline of average fuel efficiency by shifting automobile sales toward lower mileage vehicles. This paper illustrates how changes in vehicle sales act to dilute the intended effects of CAFE standards, and can actually lead to a decrease in average fuel efficiency.
Exploring the Proton Spin Structure

Understanding the spin structure of the proton is one of the main challenges in hadronic physics. While the concepts of spin and orbital angular momentum are pretty clear in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the generalization of these concepts to quantum field theory encounters serious difficulties. It is however possible to define meaningful decompositions of the proton spin that are (in principle) measurable. We propose a summary of the present situation including recent developments and prospects of future developments.
An Assessment of the India Soy Protein Market

This research is a first step in determining India's future need for soy-based protein products. The objective of this study is to determine India's protein demand over the next ten years. Then, using the per capita protein demand derived from this study, along with income, population, and dietary information, per capita soy protein consumption was estimated for the same time period. It was found that income growth has a large positive affect on protein consumption.
Left-right lineage analysis of the embryonic Xenopus heart reveals a novel framework linking congenital cardiac defects and laterality disease

The significant morbidity and mortality associated with laterality disease almost always are attributed to complex congenital heart defects (CHDs), reflecting the extreme susceptibility of the developing heart to disturbances in the left-right (LR) body plan. To determine how LR positional information becomes ;translated' into anatomical asymmetry, left versus right side cardiomyocyte cell lineages were traced in normal and laterality defective embryos of the frog, Xenopus laevis. In normal embryos, myocytes in some regions of the heart were derived consistently from a unilateral lineage, whereas other regions were derived consistently from both left and right side lineages. However, in heterotaxic embryos experimentally induced by ectopic activation or attenuation of ALK4 signaling, hearts contained variable LR cell composition, not only compared with controls but also compared with hearts from other heterotaxic embryos. In most cases, LR cell lineage defects were associated with abnormal cardiac morphology and were preceded by abnormal Pitx2c expression in the lateral plate mesoderm. In situs inversus embryos there was a mirror image reversal in Pitx2c expression and LR lineage composition. Surprisingly, most of the embryos that failed to develop heterotaxy or situs inversus in response to misregulated ALK4 signaling nevertheless had altered Pitx2c expression, abnormal cardiomyocyte LR lineage composition and abnormal heart structure, demonstrating that cardiac laterality defects can occur even in instances of otherwise normal body situs. These results indicate that: (1) different regions of the heart contain distinct LR myocyte compositions; (2) LR cardiomyocyte lineages and Pitx2c expression are altered in laterality defective embryos; and (3) abnormal LR cardiac lineage composition frequently is associated with cardiac malformations. We propose that proper LR cell composition is necessary for normal morphogenesis, and that misallocated LR cell lineages may be causatively linked with CHDs that are present in heterotaxic individuals, as well as some 'isolated' CHDs that are found in individuals lacking overt features of laterality disease.
Human tracking in real-time video for varying illumination

Tracking objects or humans using background subtraction is commonly used both in indoor and outdoor environment. But this method may not produce quality results due to illumination change, shadows, and occlusion occurred in indoor or outdoor environments. Song and Nevatia suggested a simultaneous tracking of face and body for human tracking in an indoor environment using Adaboost face detection and Camshift color tracking methods (X. Song and R. Nevatia, 2004). Changes in illumination are not considered in their work. In this research, an intelligent method for color tracking scheme using skin reflectance values is proposed to track the human in real-time video for varying illuminations both in indoor and outdoor environments. This research finds application in the live transmission of an indoor video conference or a live news cast from an outdoor as well as in the places where the illumination change occurs frequently.