cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous surgery and the pregnant patient

Cutaneous surgery in 34 pregnant women is described. The main indication for surgery was the diagnosis and/or treatment of malignancy. Surgery during the period of organogenesis (15 to 56 days) should be avoided when possible. Patients should be positioned on the left side during the procedure to avoid the supine hypotensive syndrome. Monitoring of the fetal heartbeat is desirable. Local anesthetics, penicillin, and erythromycin are safe if used carefully. Acetaminophen is the analgesic of choice. Exposure to the sun should be avoided during the perioperative period.
Characterization of the fMet initiator tRNA gene of Bartonella bacilliformis.

Abstract A ribosomal RNA operon was cloned from the agent of human Oroya fever, Bartonella bacilliformis. The 3′ end of the operon contains a 77-nucleotide (nt) N-formylmethionine (fMet) initiator tRNA-encoding gene with 100% sequence identity to the fMet tRNA-encoding gene of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The 3′ region downstream from the gene has an 8-nt inverted repeat and 28 contiguous direct repeats of the heptamer 5′-TTCTCTA. To date, B. bacilliformis and R. sphaeroides are the only known eubacteria which have an fMet tRNA-encoding gene within the 3′ end of their rRNA operons.
Implications of tropical cyclone power dissipation index

Upward trends in the power dissipation index (PDI) in the North Atlantic (NA) and western North Pacific (WNP) basins and increases in the number and proportion of intense hurricanes (categories 4 and 5) in all tropical cyclone basins have been reported in recent studies. These changes have been arguably viewed as evidence of the responses of tropical cyclone intensity to the increasing tropical sea surface temperature (SST) over the past 30 years. Using the historical best-track datasets from 1975 to 2004, how the annual frequency, lifetime and intensity of tropical cyclones contribute to the changes in the annual accumulated PDI is examined. As the SST warmed in the NA, WNP and eastern North Pacific (ENP) basins over the past 30 years, the annual accumulated PDI trended upward significantly only in the NA basin, where the decreased vertical wind shear and warming ocean surface may have allowed more storms to form and to form earlier or dissipate later, increasing the lifetime and annual frequency of tropical cyclones. The moderate increase in the annual accumulated PDI in the WNP basin was primarily due to the significant increase in the average intensity. There are no significant trends in the accumulated PDI, average intensity, average lifetime, and annual frequency in the ENP basin. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectroscopy and photophysics of refractory molecules at low temperature: Rotational analysis of the E3Π-X3Δ (0,0) band of titanium monoxide

Abstract The (0,0) band of the infrared E 3 Π- X 3 Δ system of TiO has been studied by laser-induced fluorescence at a resolution of ca. 0.1 cm −1 in a molecular beam using a laser vaporization source. Rotational analysis has been carried out and data reduction leads to the following constants for the E 3 Π state: B = 0.5157 cm −1 , A = 86.846 cm −1 , λ = 1.417 cm −1 , o + p + q = 0.865 cm −1 , and D = 4.5 × 10 −6 cm −1 . The subbands origins are at 11 813.51, 11 827.44, 11 839.28, and 11 841.01 cm −1 for the E 3 Π 2 - X 3 Δ 3 , E 3 Π 1 - X 3 Δ 2 , E 3 Π 0 c - X 3 Δ 1 , E 3 Π 0 d - X 3 Δ 1 subbands, respectively. The constants, B , A , and λ are discussed in terms of the leading configuration giving rise to the E state, and are shown to be consistent with those expected from a ⋯9 σ 1 (4 s )4 π 1 (3 d ) configuration. The intrinsic radiative lifetime has been measured to be 770 ± 40 nsec which corresponds to an oscillator strength which is about 8 times smaller than that of the other known triplet systems of TiO.
Moldova's internet revolution: Analyzing the role of technologies in various phases of the confrontation

Abstract In recent times we have witnessed the fundamental impacts that information and communication technologies (ICTs) have had on the outcomes of contentious political confrontations. In this paper, we analyze the role played by Internet-based and cellular ICTs in Moldova's Revolution of April 2009. Specifically, we identify what, why, and how technologies were used during various phases of the uprising. Our findings show that: 1) the protesters organized their initial mobilization through social network services (SNS) and short message service (SMS); 2) Twitter was mostly used during later phases of the revolution – the active street protests and the subsequent information war – for communication about the conflict both locally and globally; and 3) through skillful use of new Internet-based ICTs, it is possible to conduct a successful revolution without noticeable prior offline organization. Theoretical and practical implications for the use of ICTs in contentious political environments are also discussed.
Modeling of Cast Iron Solidification—The Defining Moments

There are many to contend that today human civilization has reached the age of engineered materials, yet the importance of iron castings continues to support the thesis that we are still in the Iron Age. Cast iron, the .rst man-made composite, is at least 2500 years old. It remains the most important casting material, with about 75 pct of the total world tonnage. This article is a review of the mathematical models that describe the fundamentals of solidification of iron-base materials, from the seminal articles by Jackson–Hunt (JH) and that of Old.eld, the first to attempt modeling of microstructure evolution during solidification, to the prediction of mechanical properties. The latest analytical models for irregular eutectics such as cast iron as well as numerical models with microstructure output (visualization models) are discussed. Because of space limitations, models for casting soundness are not included.
On the intermediacy of trimethylenechloronium ions

Abstract Semiempirical SCF MO calculations are presented which predict that α, α, α′, α′-tetraalkylethylenechloronium and trimethylenechloronium ions are more stable than some experimentally observed ions with larger ring sizes.
The Decision-Making Process of Tradeshow Exhibitors: The Effects of Social Value, Company Size, and Prior Experience on Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions

Exhibitors participate in tradeshows for various reasons. Building a network of contacts at a tradeshow has become a critical factor in the determination of the show's success in addition to being considered a cost-effective way of achieving an exhibitor's goals. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between social value, company size, prior experience, and behavioral intentions, such as willingness to pay and intention to return in the tradeshow context. The findings of this study revealed that social value positively affects exhibitors’ satisfaction, intentions to return, and willingness to pay. Large companies and inexperienced exhibitors showed higher willingness to pay for their exhibition booths and exhibition activities, whereas small companies and experienced exhibitors showed higher intention to return to a show in the future. The findings of this study can be utilized by tradeshow organizers to aid in establishing effective strategies to attract and retain exhibitors to their...
Glycolytic network restructuring integral to the energetics of embryonic stem cell cardiac differentiation

Decoding of the bioenergetic signature underlying embryonic stem cell cardiac differentiation has revealed a mandatory transformation of the metabolic infrastructure with prominent mitochondrial network expansion, and a distinctive switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that despite reduction in total glycolytic capacity, stem cell cardiogenesis engages a significant transcriptome, proteome, as well as enzymatic and topological rearrangement in the proximal, medial, and distal modules of the glycolytic pathway. Glycolytic restructuring was manifested by a shift in hexokinase (Hk) isoforms from Hk-2 to cardiac Hk-1, with intracellular and intermyofibrillar localization mapping mitochondrial network arrangement. Moreover, upregulation of cardiac specific enolase 3, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase and a marked increase in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) phosphotransfer activity, along with apparent post-translational modifications of GAPDH and phosphoglycerate kinase, were all distinctive for derived cardiomyocytes compared to the embryonic stem cell source. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoforms evolved towards LDH-2 and LDH-3, containing higher proportions of heart-specific subunits, and pyruvate dehydrogenase isoforms rearranged between E1α and E1β, transitions favorable for substrate oxidation in mitochondria. Concomitantly, transcript levels of fetal pyruvate kinase isoform M2, aldolase 3 and transketolase, which shunt the glycolytic with pentose phosphate pathways, were reduced. Collectively, changes in glycolytic pathway modules indicate active redeployment which would facilitate connectivity of the expanding mitochondrial network with ATP utilization sites. Thus, the delineated developmental dynamics of the glycolytic phosphotransfer network is integral to the remodeling of cellular energetic infrastructure underlying stem cell cardiogenesis.
Structural convergence in Russia’s economic transition, 1990–2002

This paper examines structural change in Russia’s transition in 1990–2002 as measured by the changing composition of output, employment, and end use of GDP. Using an international panel data sets as a frame of reference, it calculates a series of indexes to determine the extent to which the Russian economy is converging towards market economies in the course of market transformation. Our methodology lets us analyze the changes in the structural profile of the economy using the entirety of the available data rather than individual performance indicators. We find that Russia has become structurally similar to the benchmark market economies in the upper-middle income group and the lower tier of high-income countries. At the same time, the extent of labor reallocation remains inadequate and Russia’s pattern of consumption remains distorted due to the incomplete price liberalization.
Superoxide mediates the cell-death-enhancing action of presenilin-1 mutations

The mechanism whereby mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on chromosome 14 cause early-onset inherited Alzheimer's disease are unknown. We report that PC6 neural cells (a subclone of PC12 cells) expressing PS-1 mutations (M146V and L286V) exhibit increased superoxide production, nitrotyrosine accumulation, and membrane lipid peroxidation following exposure to amyloid β-peptide 1–42 (Aβ). Mitochondrial calcium accumulation and membrane depolarization following exposure to Aβ were enhanced in cells expressing mutant PS-1. Overexpression of mitochondrial Mn-SOD greatly reduced superoxide production, nitrotyrosine formation, membrane lipid peroxidation, intramitochondrial calcium accumulation, and membrane depolarization following exposure to Aβ and conferred resistance to the apoptosis-enhancing action of the PS-1 mutations. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and the peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid blocked the apoptosis-enhancing action of PS-1 mutations. The data suggest pivotal roles for superoxide production and resulting peroxynitrite formation in the pathogenic mechanism of PS-1 mutations. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:457–470, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strain rate sensitivity of homopolymer polypropylenes and micrometric wollastonite-filled polypropylene composites

Abstract The strain rate sensitivity of neat polypropylene (PP) and wollastonite-mineral filled polypropylene (PP-W) and concurrent microstructural evolution is investigated. Both the materials are strain rate sensitive and the change in strain rate sensitivity index parameter with strain reflects the change in micromechanisms of deformation and modes of fracture. Deformation processes in neat polypropylene involved craze-tearing and brittle mode of fracture, while wollastonite-filled polypropylene composite was predominantly characterized by wedge, ridge-tearing, fibrillation and brittle fracture. The dependence of yield stress of neat polypropylene (PP) and wollastonite-filled polypropylene (PP-W) with strain rate follows Eyring’s equation and yield similar activation volume implying similarity in the onset of plastic deformation.
The Effect of Formaldehyde on Tissue Lipids and on Histochemical Reactions for Carbonyl Groups

Histcchemical and chemical evidence indicates that formaldehyde combines with unsaturated lipids at the double bond. The resulting complex contains a free carbonyl group which probably originates from the formaldehyde. The reaction occurs over a wide pH range, and takes place in the absence of oxygen or moisture. The reaction product is visualized by the Schiff reagent, and by the Ashbel-Seligman procedure. In the plasmal procedure, when performed on formalin-treated material, the reaction has the same significance as the pseudo-plasmal reaction, i.e. it denotes the presence of double bonds. The Ashbel-Seligman technic seems to be more sensitive to this complex than the Schiff reagent and shows it more markedly than it does the true plasmals and the atmospherically oxidized unsaturated compounds.
Profile of women practicing breast self-examination.

The monthly practice of breast self-examination (BSE) can result in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. To explore factors that influence women's habits in the practice of BSE, we interviewed 616 women using an interactive computer program. We found that these women were more likely to practice BSE on a frequent basis if they were living with their sexual partner, had been shown how to perform BSE, and were confident in their examination technique. Women with a maternal history of breast disease were also more likely to practice monthly BSE. Unlike past reports that women with formal education beyond high school practice BSE more frequently than lesseducated women, our study showed no association between monthly BSE practice and formal education. Contrary to our hypothesis that BSE practice was associated with the practice of other preventive health activities, our study did not demonstrate such a relationship. These findings suggest that demonstrating BSE at the periodic health examination may help increase the number of women practicing BSE on a frequent basis. ( JAMA 1983;249:488-491)
Outcomes of benign breast papillomas diagnosed at image-guided vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy

Abstract Purpose To determine the upgrade rate of benign papillomas diagnosed at image-guided vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy (VACNB) and to compare our results with the summarized literature. Materials and methods A database search was performed to identify patients older than 18 years of age with benign papillomas diagnosed at VACNB between 2004 and 2013. A total of 199 papillomas in 184 patients were identified. Clinical, imaging, and pathological features for each were analyzed. Patients who were subsequently diagnosed with malignancy at the site of papilloma, either at surgical excision or upon imaging follow-up, were compared with those not upgraded. Upgrade was defined as a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Results Of 199 papillomas, 110 (55.3%) were diagnosed at ultrasound-guided VACNB, 78 (39.2%) were diagnosed at stereotactic-guided VACNB, and 11 (5.5%) were diagnosed at magnetic resonance imaging-guided VACNB. Surgical excision was performed for 89 (44.7%), and the remaining 110 (55.3%) underwent imaging follow-up. Two patients were subsequently diagnosed with invasive carcinoma and 4 were found with DCIS. The upgrade rate across both groups was 3% (6 of 199). Masses with calcifications ( P =.001) and smaller needle gauge at VACNB ( P =.02) had a significant association with upgrade. Conclusion Benign papillomas diagnosed with VACNB demonstrated a 3% upgrade rate to malignancy, which is similar to the 2.9% upgrade rate calculated by compiling applicable published literature. Conservative management with imaging follow-up as opposed to surgical excision may be appropriate in cases where an initial diagnosis of benign papilloma is made with VACNB. Benign papillomas associated with calcifications on imaging should be considered for surgical excision given their increased association with malignancy.
Interactions between N- and C-terminal domains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-mobility group protein HMO1 are required for DNA bending

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-mobility group protein HMO1 is composed of two DNA-binding domains termed box A and box B, of which only box B is predicted to adopt a HMG fold, and a lysine-rich C-terminal extension. To assess the interaction between individual domains and their contribution to DNA binding, several HMO1 variants were analyzed. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, thermal stability was measured. While the melting temperatures of HMO1-boxA and HMO1-boxB are 57.2 and 47.2 °C, respectively, HMO1-boxBC, containing box B and the entire C-terminal tail, melts at 46.1 °C, suggesting little interaction between box B and the tail. In contrast, full-length HMO1 exhibits a single melting transition at 47.9 °C, indicating that interaction between box A and either box B or the tail destabilizes this domain. As HMO1-boxAB, lacking only the lysine-rich C-terminal segment, exhibits two melting transitions at 46.0 and 63.3 °C, we conclude that the destabilization of the box A domain seen in full-length...
On the problem of a pair of point forces applied to the faces of a semi-infinite plane crack

The three-dimensional problem of a semi-infinite plane crack whose faces experience normal and shear tractions is considered. The formulation departs significantly from the Papkovich-Neuber formulation used in the works of Kassir and Sih and Uflyand who have solved similar problems. This alternative formulation considerably reduces the complexity of the calculations involved. The results reported here for the case of symmetric shear tractions parallel to the crack edge appear to be new.
Structure activity relationship of synaptic and junctional neurotransmission

Abstract Chemical neurotransmission may include transmission to local or remote sites. Locally, contact between ‘bare’ portions of the bulbous nerve terminal termed a varicosity and the effector cell may be in the form of either synapse or non-synaptic contact. Traditionally, all local transmissions between nerves and effector cells are considered synaptic in nature. This is particularly true for communication between neurons. However, communication between nerves and other effectors such as smooth muscles has been described as nonsynaptic or junctional in nature. Nonsynaptic neurotransmission is now also increasingly recognized in the CNS. This review focuses on the relationship between structure and function that orchestrate synaptic and junctional neurotransmissions. A synapse is a specialized focal contact between the presynaptic active zone capable of ultrafast release of soluble transmitters and the postsynaptic density that cluster ionotropic receptors. The presynaptic and the postsynaptic areas are separated by the ‘closed’ synaptic cavity. The physiological hallmark of the synapse is ultrafast postsynaptic potentials lasting milliseconds. In contrast, junctions are juxtapositions of nerve terminals and the effector cells without clear synaptic specializations and the junctional space is ‘open’ to the extracellular space. Based on the nature of the transmitters, postjunctional receptors and their separation from the release sites, the junctions can be divided into ‘close’ and ‘wide’ junctions. Functionally, the ‘close’ and the ‘wide’ junctions can be distinguished by postjunctional potentials lasting ~ 1 s and tens of seconds, respectively. Both synaptic and junctional communications are common between neurons; however, junctional transmission is the rule at many neuro-non-neural effectors.
Inequalities and many phase transitions in ferromagnetic systems

A general construction of ferromagnetic systems with many phase transitions is given. It is based on two new results: an extension of one of the GKS inequalities to not necessarily ferromagnetic interactions, and a uniqueness of the Gibbs state theorem for perturbations of some simple systemsat all temperatures.
Hormones and maternal behavior in the male rat*1

Abstract Castrate male rats were injected with estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin on the same schedule previously found to induce maternal behavior in ovariectomized nulliparous female rats. Males do not respond to the same dosage given females, but doubling either estrogen or progesterone significantly reduces the latency to maternal behavior. The results indicate a difference between male and female rats in sensitivity to the hormonal induction of maternal behavior.
Influence of soil moisture on the nodulation of post fire seedlings of Ceanothus spp. growing in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California

During the dry season (early May through September of 1994), following a fall 1993 wildfire, a survey of seedling nodulation was conducted at several sites in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California. Seedlings of Ceanothus spinosus, C. megacarpus, C. oliganthus, and C. cuneatus were manually excavated. During this period, only 12 of the 182 seedlings excavated were nodulated, and all of the nodulated seedlings were found in the relatively moist clay soils of a stream bank. No nodules were observed on the 170 seedlings excavated from the drier sites. An irrigation experiment was established in midsummer to assess whether water stress inhibits nodulation of post-fire Ceanothus seedlings. Four plots with numerous seedlings of C. cuneatus and C. spinosus were irrigated with distilled water and monitored over a 9-week period. There was a significant increase in nodulation frequency, water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, shoot elongation, and photosynthetic rate of irrigated seedlings compared with adjacent controls. Although these data support the hypothesis that water stress inhibits nodulation. it is unclear whether this is because of an effect of soil moisture on the nodulation capacity of the soils (i.e. on the size and physiological state of the soil Frankia population) or to a host plant response to drought which might prevent actinorhizal root infection and/or nodule development.
Effects of drilling muds and mud additives on the primary production of natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton

Abstract The effects of two types of drilling mud and eight mud additives on the primary production of natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton from the Santa Barbara Channel, California, were examined. Exposure for 4 h to BaSO 4 Ca-, Cr- and Fe- lignosulfonate, Drispac (a polyanionic cellulose polymer), X-Pel-G (gilsonite), Soltex (a sulfonated asphalt) and a synthetic reference drilling mud at concentrations ranging over seven orders of magnitude did not significantly alter primary production of phytoplankton relative to untreated controls. A used drilling mud from the Santa Barbara Channel significantly enhanced primary production of phytoplankton exposed for 4 h to mud diluted by a factor of 10 1 to 10 7 . Exposure for up to 120 h to low concentrations of BaSO 4 , iron-lignosulfonate, paraformaldehyde and both the reference drilling mud and used Santa Barbara mud did not significantly alter primary production. Long-term exposure to Soltex and gilsonite significantly reduced primary production, but only at exposure times considerably longer than would be expected in nature. Drispac enhanced primary production by 50 % after exposure for 120 h to 1 μg liter −1 . Phytoplankton composition was not altered by long-term exposure to the muds or additives. These results suggest that, where dilution is rapid, discharge of muds containing the additives studied here would not significantly alter the primary production of natural phytoplankton assemblages in the vicinity of drilling platforms.
Exploring the Effect of Distance: An Experimental Investigation of Virtual Collaboration, Social Loafing, and Group Decisions

Contemporary businesses are rapidly embracing virtual collaboration as a flexible, cheaper, and more efficient method for conducting group work. Past research has shown, however, that virtual groups operate quite differently than face‐to‐face groups. In this study, Social Impact Theory provides a framework to investigate whether virtual collaboration heightens social loafing—the tendency for individuals to contribute less than full effort to a group. The theory predicts that member distance, inherent in virtual collaboration, increases the propensity of group members to loaf, and decreases group performance. Two hundred seventy‐nine participants assigned to face‐to‐face or virtual groups completed a business resources allocation task. Results suggest that virtual collaboration negatively affects group performance and that social loafing behavior may partially explain this result. The findings imply that organizations should carefully consider whether virtual collaboration can be seamlessly substituted for...
Method of multiple scales with three time scales

Dept. Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, M/C 382, Urbana, IL 61801Some confusion appears in the literature regarding the extension of the method of multiple scales to three or more timescales. While the work of Murdock and Wang [1] correctly indicates some obstructions to such an extension in some typesof problems, other work suggests that the extension should almost never be possible [2]. These pessimistic results generallyfollow from the imposition of additional restrictions in the calculation, which really are not necessary [3]. We will showon some simple ODE models how a systematic implementation of the method of multiple scales can succeed in correctlycapturing three active time scales, though more calculation is required than one might expect from naive considerations. Onthe other hand, an extension of the method of averaging to three time scales produces an incorrect approximation in theseproblems [4].
DNA vaccines suppress tumor growth and metastases by the induction of anti‐angiogenesis

Four novel oral DNA vaccines provide long-lived protection against melanoma, colon, breast, and non-small cell lung carcinoma in mouse model systems. The vaccines are delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to secondary lymphoid organs and are directed against targets such as carcinoembryonic antigen, tyrosine-related protein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 [also called fetal liver kinase-1 (FLK-1)], and transcription factor Fos-related antigen-1 (Fra-1). The FLK-1 and Fra-1 vaccines are effective in suppressing angiogenesis in the tumor vasculature. All four vaccines are capable of inducing potent cell-mediated protective immunity, breaking peripheral T-cell tolerance against these self-antigens resulting in effective suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. It is anticipated that such research efforts will contribute toward the rational design of future DNA vaccines that will be effective for prevention and treatment of human cancer.
Visually-guided adaptive robot (ViGuAR)

A neural modeling platform known as Cog ex Machina1 (Cog) developed in the context of the DARPA SyNAPSE2 program offers a computational environment that promises, in a foreseeable future, the creation of adaptive whole-brain systems subserving complex behavioral functions in virtual and robotic agents. Cog is designed to operate on low-powered, extremely storage-dense memristive hardware3 that would support massively-parallel, scalable computations. We report an adaptive robotic agent, ViGuAR4, that we developed as a neural model implemented on the Cog platform. The neuromorphic architecture of the ViGuAR brain is designed to support visually-guided navigation and learning, which in combination with the path-planning, memory-driven navigation agent - MoNETA5 - also developed at the Neuromorphics Lab at Boston University, should effectively account for a wide range of key features in rodents' navigational behavior.
Optimal Management of Small Rectal Cancers: TAE, TEM, or TME?

approach for the treatment of rectal cancer. 1 Patients with tumors located in the middle or upper rectum often undergo an anterior or low anterior resection, preserving the anal sphincter, whereas patients with distal tumors require a complete abdominoperineal resection of the rectum, resulting in permanent colostomy. Patients with early-stage (stage I) rectal cancer who undergo this aggressive surgical approach benefit from a high cure rate, with 5-year survival rates reported between 87% to 90%. 2 TME, however, is a major operation that is accompanied by significant mortality (1%–6%) and considerable morbidity. Anastomotic leakage is reported in 5% to 15% of patients undergoing low rectal anastomosis, and genitourinary dysfunction occurs in up to 30% to 40% of patients. Functional disturbances, including bowel urgency, tenesmus, soiling, and fecal incontinence, are also commonly reported, as is depression, developing in 10% to 32% of patients. These sequelae often persist and have a significant impact on quality of life. 3–6 Nonetheless, the associated morbidity and mortality of this surgical intervention are currently justified by the oncologic control provided by this approach. Local excision (LE) has always been an accepted alternative in patients unfit for radical surgery because of advanced age or comorbid conditions. More recently, LE has been explored as an alternative to TME in selected patients with early-stage rectal cancer. It is appealing because it is less invasive, alleviates the need for a colostomy or the distressing sequelae related to low colorectal anastomosis, and results in low
Network capacity analysis for latent attractor computation.

Attractor networks have been one of the most successful paradigms in neural computation, and have been used as models of computation in the nervous system. Recently, we proposed a paradigm called ‘latent attractors’ where attractors embedded in a recurrent network via Hebbian learning are used to channel network response to external input rather than becoming manifest themselves. This allows the network to generate context-sensitive internal codes in complex situations. Latent attractors are particularly helpful in explaining computations within the hippocampus—a brain region of fundamental significance for memory and spatial learning.Latent attractor networks are a special case of associative memory networks. The model studied here consists of a two-layer recurrent network with attractors stored in the recurrent connections using a clipped Hebbian learning rule. The firing in both layers is competitive—K winners take all firing. The number of neurons allowed to fire, K, is smaller than the size of the ac...
Sedimentation processes in the Northwest Pacific Basin revealed by echo-character mapping studies

Bottom echoes recorded from the Northwest Pacific Basin on high-frequency (3.5 and 12 kHz) echograms can be classified into five general types; four types are related to sedimentation processes. The two most widely recorded echo types roughly correlate with the sediment type of the uppermost sub-sea floor: Type 1 (A and B) echoes (distinct with continuous parallel subbottoms) are generally recorded from the northwest portion of the basin, where sediments consist of siliceous ooze with inter-beds of volcanic ash. Type II echoes (distinct with continuous subbottoms in the top 10 to 20 m and semitransparent with discontinuous subbottoms below) characterize the southeastern portion of the basin, where brown (red) clays with interbeds of chert predominate. Type III echoes are characterized by unconformable, migrating, or truncated subbottoms, occasionally with zones of regular, overlapping hyperbolas; they represent erosional-depositional bed forms created by the flow of thermohaline-induced bottom currents (that is, contour currents), presumably the Pacific Bottom Water (PBW). Most of the regions returning Type III echoes are of local extent and are at the bases of seamounts, ridges, and other topographic obstructions that locally accelerate current flow. A few zones of Type III echoes are of regional extent. One extensive Type III zone is along the southern boundary of the North Pacific Basin, where the PBW enters from the south through wide gaps in the topography. Another extensive zone is west of the Emperor Seamount Chain. The timing and duration of episodes of the sediment reworking indicated by the Type III echoes are uncertain. Hydrographic measurements and bottom photographs indicate only weak or sluggish PBW flow throughout the basin at present. Perhaps most of the sediment reworking occurred during Pleistocene and older glacial phases, when oceanic water masses may have circulated faster than at present. Type IV echoes are prolonged, incoherent, or fuzzy echoes returned from small (< 5 to 25 km), localized slump–debris-flow deposits. These deposits often are observed at the bases of very gentle knolls (< 100 m relief). The majority of the deposits occur in areas of siliceous sediment (Type I echoes). Apparently, the physical properties of these sediments render them relatively unstable and, hence, more susceptible to failure than the brown clays.
Remission and Recovery in Schizophrenia: Practitioner and Patient Perspectives

Schizophrenia remains a complex, dynamic, multi-dimensional, and poorly understood condition. Although the concept of heterogeneity in outcome has conceptually overturned the post Kraepelinian legacy of progressive deterioration, a number of factors appear to contribute to perpetuating a pessimistic attitude toward outcome within the field. These include the limited access people with schizophrenia have to effective interventions and the phenomenon of the “clinician's illusion,” which refers to the tendency of practitioners to assume that patients remain seriously ill when outside of the clinical care settings in which they are typically seen. Longitudinal studies, however, continue to point to a large number of people who experience improvements in their condition over time. Pressure from patients and their families, who experience periods of symptomatic relief and enhanced functioning first-hand, has led to the introduction of such concepts as “remission” and being “in” recovery with schizophrenia, in addition to the conventional notion of recovering “from” schizophrenia. These developments are consistent with recent policy initiatives by the U.S. and other governments around the world and aim to re-orient research and clinical practice from a traditional focus on effecting cure to exploring ways to encourage and assist people with schizophrenia to live meaningful lives in the face of an enduring illness.
Surface damage in III-V devices by dry etching

In this paper, surface damage induced by dry etching in III-V devices is reviewed. Defects after dry etching are balanced by their generation and removal rates. The degree of damage depends strongly on the etch conditions, such as the ion energy, ion density, temperature, pressure, and gas used for etching. In general, it is important to use low ion energy to prevent extensive damage. Therefore, high density plasma sources are desirable since they can generate low energy ions with high density to reduce damage while still maintaining fast etch rates. A plasma system consisting of an electron cyclotron resonance source was used to etch the devices reported here. Techniques to minimize or remove etch induced damage are discussed. Changes in device characteristics for Schottky diodes, transmission lines, conducting wires, in-plane gated (IPG) quantum wire transistors, and heterostructure bipolar transistors (HBTs) are reported.
An Exploration of Applying System Criminality to Arms Trafficking

Small arms trafficking is multifaceted and involves a host of actors ranging from the individual rogue seller and buyer to intermediaries, transnational networks, states, corporate organizations, or with the complicity of third, fourth, even fifth parties that facilitate the movement of arms. It is a complex web of sellers, brokers, intermediaries, financiers, and shipping companies. Here, the authors draw from, revise, and expand upon what has been referred to as system criminality in an effort to illustrate that through the expansion of this term there is theoretical and juristic value in the broader effort to control arms trafficking. The authors also suggest that to conceptualize and analyze the levels of actor/actors involvement or in terms of legal liability and accountability at the international level, placing various actors and organizations actions along a continuum from the white market—gray market to black market is useful.
Emittance at the SuperHILAC and the Bevalac transfer line

The SuperHILAC (SHILAC) accelerator serves as a heavy-ion injector to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevalac via a 260-m transport line. Since the acceptance and hence the final extracted beam intensity of the Bevalac is very sensitive to the emittance and dispersion of the beam at injection, a program was undertaken to accurately characterize these parameters under a variety of operating conditions. Detailed emittance results are presented. In particular, the ratios of the deconvoluted Bevalac to SHILAC emittances in the horizontal plane versus the SHILAC emittance mismatch parameter are shown. >
Contextualizing The Woman’s Bible

Reading Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s The Woman’s Bible in the context of other nineteenth-century women interpreters of Scripture and in the context of her development as a thinker and activist for abo...
A dynamic multicast tree reconstruction algorithm for minimum-energy multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks a crucial problem is to minimize energy consumption, as in most cases the nodes are battery operated. In this paper, we consider wireless ad hoc networks that use omni-directional antennas and have limited energy resources. We focus on the problem of minimum-energy multicast, for which it is well known that the broadcast nature of the radio transmission can be exploited to optimize energy consumption. In order to handle larger networks, we present a dynamic multicast tree reconstruction heuristic algorithm called MIDP (multicast incremental-decremental power), which provides a near optimal solution in polynomial-time. The experiment results show that our algorithm compares well with other proposals.
Getting on your bike: what difference does a migration history make?

This research is an investigation of the relationship between individuals histories of migration and their durations of residential sojourns. The use of longitudinal data makes it possible to directly verify the hypothesis that previous migrants will migrate sooner than individuals with no history of migration. The research also provides a random utility justification for a model of residential sojourns. The model is applied to data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. (EXCERPT)
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY : VI. CONDUCTION OF HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS THROUGH THE LIVING CELL.

1. A method is described for measuring the relative impedance of living cells to diathermy currents. 2. The diathermy current penetrates the living cell, and heat production is intracellular as well as extracellular. 3. A small proportion of the impedance of living cells to the diathermy current seems not to lead to the production of heat. 4. Evidence is given that the addition of saponin produces an appreciable increase in the conductivity of an electrolyte. Its use is therefore contraindicated when electrical measurements are being made on biological material. 5. The currents used in diathermy behave as do high frequency currents of the pure sine wave form in respect to their passage through biological material.
Complete redundancy detection in firewalls

Firewalls are safety-critical systems that secure most private networks. The function of a firewall is to examine each incoming and outgoing packet and decide whether to accept or to discard the packet. This decision is made according to a sequence of rules, where some rules may be redundant. Redundant rules significantly degrade the performance of firewalls. Previous work detects only two special types of redundant rules. In this paper, we solve the problem of how to detect all redundant rules. First, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for identifying all redundant rules. Based on this condition, we categorize redundant rules into upward redundant rules and downward redundant rules. Second, we present methods for detecting the two types of redundant rules respectively. Our methods make use of a tree representation of firewalls, which is called firewall decision trees.
Magnesium dietary manipulation and recovery of function following controlled cortical damage in the rat

Previous research has shown that dietary magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency prior to injury worsens recovery of function and that systemic administration of Mg2+ pre or post-injury significantly improves functional recovery. The purpose of the present study was to determine if manipulations in dietary Mg2+ would alter functional recovery following unilateral cortical injuries. Two weeks prior to injury, rats were placed on a customized diet enriched with Mg2+, deficient in Mg2+, or on a standard Mg2+ diet. Rats were then prepared with unilateral cortical contusion injuries (CCI) of the sensorimotor cortex. Two days following CCI, rats were tested on a battery of sensorimotor (vibrissae-forelimb placing and bilateral tactile adhesive removal tests), as well as the acquisition of reference memory in the Morris water maze. Serum analysis for Mg2+ prior to injury showed a diet-dependent modulation in levels. The Mg2+-enriched diet showed significantly higher levels of serum Mg2+ compared to the normal diet and the Mg2+-deficient diet showed significantly lower levels compared to the Mg2+-normal diet. On the placing and tactile removal tests Mg2+ deficiency significantly worsened recovery compared to the Mg2+-enriched and Mg2+-normal diet conditions. There were no statistically significant differences between the Mg2+-normal and Mg2+-enriched diets on the sensorimotor tests. On the acquisition of reference memory there were no significant difference between diet conditions; however, the Mg2+-deficient diet showed a trend toward impaired performance compared to the other diet conditions. The Mg2+-deficient diet resulted in a larger lesion cavity compared to the other diet conditions. These findings suggest that dietary Mg2+ modulates recovery of function.
Methyl 4‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitrobenzoate

The title compound, C8H5BrN2O6, was synthesized from the nitration of 4-bromo­benzoic acid with fuming nitric acid/sulfuric acid and subsequent esterification by sulfonyl chloride in dry methanol. The NO2 groups are rotated out of conjugation with the aromatic ring, with dihedral angles of 55.6 (4) and 79.5 (3)°.
Attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Its Predators to Various Enantiomeric Ratios of Ipsdienol and Lanierone in California: Implications for the Augmentation and Conservation of Natural Enemies

Many natural enemies of bark beetles are attracted to bark beetle pheromones, and substantial numbers of them are removed along with the target pests in mass trap-out programs. Thus, additional information on bark beetle and predator behavior is needed to maximize trap-out of target pests while decreasing trapping of beneÞcial insects. Ips pini (Say) is the most widespread bark beetle associated with pine trees in the United States and Canada. Geographically distant populations vary considerably in their production of, and response to, different stereoisomers of their principal pheromone component, ipsdienol, and an additional pheromone component, lanierone. California populations of I. pini are attracted to 99.9%(Ð)-ipsdienol, and the presence of lanierone has no effect on attraction. We simulated trap-outs by conducting no-choice assays using three different ratios of ()/() enantiomers of ipsdienol with or without lanierone in the Þeld. Experiments were performed in mixed pine forests in northern California in 1997 and 1998. Experiments were performed twice each year to sample the two major sight periods of I. pini. Ips pini and its predators showed temporal and behavioral differences in their attraction to lures. Lures that are preferred by I. pini ,3 ()/97() ipsdienol with or without lanierone, selectively removed up to 5Ð7 times more pests than predators during early summer. Moreover, the ratios of pest to predators were much higher in the late than early summer, and pest numbers were as much as 282 times higher than predators. In contrast, lures most attractive to predators removed as much as 10 predators for each I. pini trapped. These results suggest that timely applications of carefully selected synthetic lures, in combination with other complemen- tary forest management practices, can greatly improve trap-out programs for bark beetles and natural enemy conservation. In addition, behavioral differences in attraction suggest the potential for aug- mentation of natural enemies.
Correlation and comparison of magnetic and electric detection of small intestinal electrical activity

The small intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER) was detected simultaneously with serosal electrodes and a transabdominal superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in anesthetized rabbits. We induced mesenteric ischemia to correlate serosal electrode recording of changes in BER with the SQUID magnetometer. The BER frequency was obtained by spectral analysis of the data using Fourier and autoregressive techniques. There was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.96) between the BER frequency determined using the serosal electrodes and the BER frequency ascertained from SQUID data. Additionally, the effects of an electrical insulator on the external electric and magnetic fields were studied in the rabbit model. The presence of an insulator profoundly attenuates external electric potentials recorded by cutaneous electrodes but does not significantly affect external magnetic fields or serosal potentials. We conclude that SQUID magnetometers could noninvasively record small intestinal BER that was highly correlated with the activity recorded by invasive serosal electrodes. The advantages of magnetic field measurements have encouraged us to investigate clinical applications.
Power monitoring of highly parallel network processors

High-performance multi-core packet processing systems are the building blocks of every modern router in today's networks. Such multi-core processors are required to implement complex protocols and applications on routers. However, managing such systems and ensuring their correct operation at runtime becomes a difficult problem to solve. It is particularly hard to detect whether a processing core behaves correctly or it has failed due to a system error or an attack. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel approach to verify the correct operation of the network processor. This approach treats the network processor as a black box and monitors its power consumption. We show that by comparing the power consumption with benchmark information, any failure can be detected easily and its origin can be determined.