cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dog-Human Coevolution: Cross-Cultural Analysis of Multiple Hypotheses

Dogs' relationship with humans is pervasive and familiar, and human-dog social bonds serve multiple functions. Yet the breadth and depth of this variation is poorly understood. This study considers our coevolutionary relationship in cross-cultural context as a self-organizing system of mutual-attraction between complementary species. We analyzed Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) texts to develop three scales of dog-human relationships: dogs' utility for humans (DUH), humans' utility for dogs (HUD), and personhood of dogs (PD). Using multilevel regression analyses of data from 844 ethnographers in 144 cultures, we evaluated multiple hypotheses for dog-human coevolution, including: influence of ecological constraints (temperature and pathogen stress), subsistence systems (hunting-agriculture continuum, livestock production), resource defense (intergroup violence, crime), and gendered-relationships (dog affiliation with men and women). Ambient temperature and pathogens showed the strongest and most consistent effects on DUH, HUD, and PD. Mutual-utility and dog-personhood increased as temperature decreased. Pathogens showed non-linear effects: outcomes increased with pathogens up to moderate-high levels, then decreased at higher levels, suggesting zoonotic infection risk. DUH, HUD, and PD were positively associated with hunting and negatively associated with food production. Intergroup violence was positively associated with dog-personhood, but not mutual-utility. Affiliation with adults was positively associated with all three outcomes; however, women showed a significantly stronger effect than men on HUD and personhood. We place these quantitative results in ethnographic context. Together these data suggest dog-human coevolution was constrained by ecological factors, enhanced by cooperative hunting and resource defense, and disproportionately influenced by dogs' relationships with women.
RG Flows with Global Symmetry Breaking and Bounds from Chaos

We discuss general aspects of renormalization group (RG) flows between two conformal fixed points in 4d with a broken continuous global symmetry in the UV. Every such RG flow can be described in terms of the dynamics of Nambu-Goldstone bosons of broken conformal and global symmetries. We derive the low-energy effective action that describes this class of RG flows from basic symmetry principles. We view the theory of Nambu-Goldstone bosons as a theory in anti-de Sitter space with the flat space limit. This enables an equivalent CFT$_3$ formulation of these 4d RG flows in terms of spectral deformations of a generalized free CFT$_3$. We utilize this dual description to impose further constraints on the low energy effective action associated with unitary RG flows in 4d by invoking the chaos bound in 3d. This approach naturally provides a set of independent monotonically decreasing $C$-functions for 4d RG flows with global symmetry breaking by explicitly relating 4d $C$-functions with certain out-of-time-order correlators that diagnose chaos in 3d. We also comment on a more general connection between RG and chaos in QFT.
Preparing for the worst: identifying predictors of school decline as an improvement initiative

School improvement research has insufficiently considered the importance of intervening in schools with declining academic performance. Fields such as engineering and medicine have prioritized predicting decline to save structures or patients before they are in peril. Unfortunately, in education, school improvement policies and interventions are only enacted once schools reach low levels of academic performance. In this study, we apply sophisticated statistical models to analyze more than 10 years of longitudinal student achievement data in English/language arts and mathematics in the US state of Texas. We find that a considerable number of schools consistently decline over time. Some significant predictors of decline included shifting student demographics and changes in the percent of economically disadvantaged students. Higher starting percentages of students labeled as English language learners also increased the likelihood of decline, but increasing percentages of English language learners over timereduced the rate of decline. Leadership stability also appears to be important to impeding decline. We close by discussing implications for research, policy, and practice.
Native MOWChIP-seq: Genome-wide profiles of key protein bindings reveal functional differences among various brain regions

Abstract Genome-wide profiling of interactions between genome and various functional proteins is critical for understanding regulatory processes involved in development and diseases. Conventional assays require a large number of cells and high-quality data on tissue samples are scarce. Here we optimized a low-input chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) technology for profiling RNA polymerase II (Pol II), transcription factor (TF), and enzyme binding at the genome scale. The new approach, termed native MOWChIP-seq, produces high-quality binding profiles using 1000-50,000 cells. We used the approach to examine the binding of Pol II and two TFs (EGR1 and MEF2C) in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of mouse brain and found that their binding profiles are highly reflective of the functional differences between the two brain regions. Our analysis reveals the potential for linking genome-wide TF or Pol II profiles with neuroanatomical origins of brain cells.
Priorities and Christian Ethics

Acknowledgments 1. A thorny question 2. Finding a focus 3. New Testament intimations 4. Patristic positions 5. The Thomistic tradition 6. Contemporary considerations 7. Comparable conflicts Works cited Index.
Comments on Daniel Shaviro’s Tax Reform Implications of the Risk of a U.S. Budget Catastrophe

This symposium essay reviews and comments on Daniel Shaviro's article "Tax Reform Implications of the Risk of a U.S. Budget Catastrophe."
How Families and Health Care Practitioners Experience Family Presence during Resuscitation and Invasive Procedures.

Background The presence of family members during resuscitation and invasive procedures has been, and continues to be debated in the literature. Objective To synthesize the best available research evidence on how families and health care practitioners experience family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures. Inclusion Criteria Studies about families and health care practitioners experiencing family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures were considered. Types of Participants This review considered family members and health care practitioners who had experienced the phenomena of family presence during resuscitation or invasive procedures. Phenomena of Interest Family members and health care practitioners experience of family presence during resuscitation or invasive procedures. Types of Studies Qualitative evidence consisting of, but not limited to, designs such as interpretive, descriptive-exploratory, observational, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, hermeneutics, participatory action research, and critical theory were included in the review. Search Strategy The search strategy sought to find both published and unpublished research articles from 1985 to 2009. The review was limited to papers written in English. Methodological Quality Each paper was assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological quality prior to inclusion in the review using the standardised tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data Collection Data were using standardized data extraction tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data Synthesis The Joanna Briggs Institute’ approach for meta-synthesis by meta-aggregation was used. Results 25 studies were included in the review. 154 findings were extracted and synthesized into 14 categories and 5 synthesized findings. Conclusions A tension is created between the belief of most family members that being present is a right and health care practitioners who believe they should have control over the circumstances of the practice. Although healthcare practitioners express concern that the practice will cause the family to experience psychological trauma the data does not suggest that this is the case. Most family members describe their presence as an opportunity to comfort and to gain closure.
Large scale testing of chemical shift prediction algorithms and improved machine learning-based approaches to shift prediction

The resonant frequencies, or chemical shifts, of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active nuclei in proteins are determined by covalent and through-space interactions and, more generally, the electronic environment surrounding each nucleus. However, the precise nature of the correlation between protein three-dimensional (3D) structure and chemical shift remains largely unsolved. Thus, chemical shift prediction is a non-trivial task. This study tests the accuracy of three existing structure-based chemical shift prediction algorithms (SHIFTS, SHIFTX, PROSHIFT) against REFDB, a large database of experimentally determined, and manually re-referenced /sup 1/H, /sup 13/C, and /sup 15/N chemical shifts. We report that the accuracy of backbone chemical shift predictions for each program is lower than that originally reported. This suggests these programs over-fit the data used in their construction. We then compare two novel methods for chemical shift prediction based on support vector machines (SVM) and bagging respectively. Each method was trained on REFUB using predictions made by SHIFTS, SHIFTX, and PROSHIFT as features. In cross-validated experiments, bagging is shown to be superior to SVMs, while both methods are substantially better than SHIFTS, SHIFTX, and PROSHIFT. Our results suggest that meta-methods for chemical shift prediction yield increased accuracy for chemical shift prediction.
Loss of the amino-terminal helix-loop-helix domain of the vav proto-oncogene activates its transforming potential.

Abstract vav, a novel human oncogene, was originally generated in vitro by replacement of its normal 5' coding sequences with sequences from pSV2neo DNA, cotransfected as a selectable marker (S. Katzav, D. Martin-Zanca, and M. Barbacid, EMBO J. 8:2283-2290, 1989). The vav proto-oncogene is normally expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin. To determine whether the 5' rearrangement of vav or its ectopic expression in NIH 3T3 cells contributes to its transforming potential, we isolated murine and human proto-vav cDNA clones as well as human genomic clones corresponding to the 5' end of the gene. Normal proto-vav was poorly transforming in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas truncation of its 5' end greatly enhanced its transforming activity. The relative failure of full-length proto-vav cDNA clones to transform NIH 3T3 cells indicates that the transforming activity of vav is not simply due to ectopic expression. Analysis of the predicted amino terminus of the vav proto-oncogene shows that it contains a helix-loop-helix domain and a leucine zipper motif similar to that of myc family proteins, though it lacks a basic region that is usually found adjacent to helix-loop-helix domains. Loss of the helix-loop-helix domain of proto-vav, either by truncation or by rearrangement with pSV2neo sequences, activates its oncogenic potential.
The History of Breast Ultrasound

What began as a laboratory-based spin-off of military technology has matured over the past 50 years into an integral part of the breast imaging armamentarium. It has revolutionized the evaluation of breast abnormalities and has provided a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate guidance method for a wide range of interventional techniques. Subsequent improvements in technology will only serve to further enhance its pivotal clinical role.
Harvest and crippling rates of mourning doves in Missouri

Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) harvest management requires an assessment of birds shot and not recovered (hereafter, “crippled doves”) to fully determine harvest mortality. However, estimating crippling rates is challenging. We estimated mourning dove harvest mortality, which included crippling rates, on a public hunting area in Missouri, USA, by monitoring radiomarked doves. We also compared crippling rates of radiomarked doves with hunter-reported estimates of crippling. During 2005–2008, we estimated annual harvest mortality between 23% and 30% on the area. Crippling rates ranged from 18% to 50% of harvest mortality in radiomarked doves. In comparison, hunter-reported crippling rates during 2005–2011 (14–18%) were, on average, 30% lower but more consistent than estimates from radiomarked doves. During 2005–2008, harvest mortality of radiomarked doves was 27%, with one-quarter of this mortality coming from crippled doves. Our empirical results confirm previous reports that crippling is a sizeable component of dove harvest. The potential bias in hunter-reported crippling rates could result in overharvest if not considered. Therefore, future harvest management decisions should not overlook the potential impacts of crippling on populations, especially on locally managed public hunting areas. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Proposals for Governmental Reorganization in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area.

Governmental studies looking toward the reorganization of present political and administrative arrangements by Los Angeles county and Los Angeles city, respectively, have been a feature of recent months in the metropolitan region of the Pacific Southwest. Three separate reports have been prepared, two of which are before the public. Certain areas of substantial agreement in principle are found in these two reports, and it now appears that by joint agreement some far-reaching changes will be proposed as charter amendments to the Los Angeles county charter. The most significant of these proposals look toward simplification of structural arrangements through reorganization of existing governmental agencies in the county and the establishment of certain centralized agencies of county-wide administration responsible for minimum standards of service throughout the entire area and available for additional service to those local communities which through their local councils order and pay for it. Likewise, the reports agree in recommending the establishment of the county-manager form of administrative organization.
Management of thyroid incidentalomas

The discovery of a thyroid incidentaloma warrants a systematic approach for those nodules most likely to be cancerous. An optimal management strategy for thyroid incidentalomas should be guided by four questions: (1) Does the incidentally detected thyroid nodule put the patient at risk for an adverse outcome; (2) Can those individuals with malignant thyroid nodules be identified; (3) Is the treatment of thyroid malignancy more effective in presymptomatic patients; and (4) Do the beneficial effects of presymptomatic detection and treatment in these patients justify the costs incurred Physicians caring for patients with thyroid disease should participate in data acquisition in national databases and properly randomized studies, to address the optimal management strategy in the treatment of incidentally-detected thyroid nodules.
Functional and Structural Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sports: A Review of the Literature.

Objective Sports-related concussions and traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent a growing public health concern. We reviewed the literature regarding equestrian-related brain injury, ranging from concussion to severe TBI. Methods A literature review was performed to address the epidemiology of sports-related concussion and TBI in equestrian-related sports. MEDLINE and PUBMED databases were searched to identify all studies pertaining to brain injury in equestrian-related sports. We included two broad types of brain injury using a distinction established in the literature: 1) TBI with functional impairment, including concussion, or mild TBI, with negative imaging findings; and 2) TBI with structural impairment, with positive imaging and at least one of the following pathologies identified: subdural hemorrhage, epidural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, cerebral contusions, and skull fractures. Results Our literature search yielded 199 results. We found 26 studies describing functional TBI and 25 mentioning structural TBI, and 8 including both. Of all modern sporting activities, equestrian sports were found to cause some of the highest rates of total bodily injury, severe brain injury, and mortality. Concussions comprise 9.7%–15% of all equestrian-related injuries brought to hospitals for evaluation. Structural TBI was rare, and documentation of these injuries was poor. Although demographic risk factors like age and sex are minimally discussed in the literature, two studies identified a protective effect of increasing rider experience on all forms of bodily injury. However, it remains unclear whether increasing rider experience protects specifically against head injury. Finally, rates of helmet use in horseback riding remain dismally low—ranging from 9%–25%, depending on the activity. These low rates have persisted over time, despite evidence in this literature that helmets lead to an absolute risk reduction for head injury of 40%–50% in equestrian sports. Conclusions Equestrian-related functional and structural TBI represent a significant public health burden. Rider and horse characteristics make the sport uniquely dangerous, as the athlete has limited control over an animal weighing a thousand pounds. Helmet use rates remain very low despite clear evidence of risk reduction. Health care providers are strongly urged to lobby professional and governmental organizations for mandatory helmet use in all equestrian sports.
Deep-sea Sediment Source Areas: Implications of Variable Rates of Movement between California and the Pacific Plate

RECENT work has indicated acceleration of motion on the San Andreas Fault1, but previous studies have not delineated variable rates of motion with time between the Pacific and American plates. Offsets on the San Andreas and associated fault systems yield a mean rate of motion for a given period of time and deal with motion within the area of a wide plate boundary; therefore, these do not show total relative motion or variations in velocity between the two plates2. Magnetic anomalies can be used to measure the total relative motion and variations in velocity between the two plates. But magnetic anomalies at the mouth of the Gulf of California represent only the past few million years of movement which has been going on for at least 25 m.y. (ref. 3). Here I describe a method by which the amount and rates of motion between California and the Pacific plate with time can be determined.
Electron drift instability in storage rings with electron cooling

Abstract Transverse drift mobility of the cooling electrons allows them to respond to the transverse offset of the cooled beam. This electron dipole feedback introduces imaginary parts in transverse collective modes of the cooled beam. The sign of these imaginary parts is found to be dependent on the charge sign of the cooled particles, giving a coherent damping for protons and instability for antiprotons. A coupling between the transverse degrees of freedom of the stored cooled beam changes the result, causing an instability for any sign of the charge. For typical low-energy cooler parameters, these growth/damping times are found to be in the region 0.1–10 s.
Smoking and smokeless tobacco: increased risk for oral pain

Abstract Tobacco has been linked with several pain conditions that include musculoskeletal pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia. This study documented associations between smoking and smokeless tobacco use and measures of orofacial pain and oral pain impacts (activity reduction and trouble with sleep) assessed during a 48-month time period. These data were collected as part of the Florida Dental Care Study, a longitudinal study of oral health among 873 adults aged 45 years and older at baseline. Twenty-five percent of the study participants were current users of some form of tobacco, and 34% were former users. Separate models were tested for smoking and smokeless tobacco. Current tobacco users were at increased risk of experiencing a range of painful oral symptoms. We also found that behavioral impacts associated with oral pain are sensitive to differences in tobacco use status. Our data also support the supposition that once tobacco cessation occurs, the risk for pain associated with oral disease decreases significantly. No differences were found between former users and those never having used tobacco across any of the pain measures. Strengths of the current study include the longitudinal methodology, assessment of different pain symptoms with potentially differing etiology, and that several markers of tobacco use were used (prevalence, consumption, and duration). Perspective This study considers the harmful effects of tobacco use on oral health. Smokers were at significantly increased risk for oral pain and related limitation of daily activities. The data also suggest that the risk for oral pain associated with tobacco use decreases significantly if tobacco cessation occurs.
A minimally invasive approach to long-term head fixation in behaving nonhuman primates.

We have designed a device for long-term head fixation for use in behaving nonhuman primates that is robust yet minimally invasive and simple to use. This device is a modified version of the halo system that is used in humans for cervical traction and stabilization after spinal column injuries. This device consists of an aluminum halo with four titanium skull pins offset from the halo by aluminum posts. The titanium pins insert onto small segments of cranially reinforcing titanium plate, which are attached to the skull with titanium cortex screws. The surgery involves four scalp incisions, placement of the reinforcing plates, insertion of the pins for attachment of the halo, and incision closure. After the halo is attached, the animal’s head can be fixed to a primate chair using a custom-built attachment arm that provides three degrees of adjustability for proper positioning during behavioral tasks. We have installed this device on two Macaque monkeys weighing seven and ten kilograms. The halos have been in place on these animals for up to eight months without signs of discomfort or loss of fixation. Using this method of head fixation, we have been able to track the animals’ eye positions with an accuracy of less than two visual degrees while they perform behavioral tasks.
Optimizing Resource Leveling in Construction Projects

Construction schedules, generated by network scheduling techniques, often cause undesirable resource fluctuations that are impractical, inefficient, and costly to implement on construction sites. This paper presents the development of two innovative resource leveling metrics to directly measure and minimize the negative impact of resource fluctuations on construction productivity and cost. The first metric quantifies the total amount of resources that need to be temporarily released during low demand periods and rehired at a later stage during high demand periods. The second measures the total number of idle and nonproductive resource days that are caused by undesirable resource fluctuations. The two new metrics are incorporated in a robust and practical optimization model that is capable of generating optimal and practical schedules that maximize the efficiency of resource utilization. An application example is analyzed to illustrate the use of the model and demonstrate its capabilities. The results of this analysis show that the present model and metrics are capable of outperforming existing metrics and eliminating undesirable resource fluctuations and resource idle time.
Dispreferred adjective orders elicit brain responses associated with lexico-semantic rather than syntactic processing

We examined how adjective ordering is used in language comprehension by crossing order preference and concreteness in phrases consisting of two adjectives and a noun. We used both more typical phrases in which the preferred order has a concrete second adjective (“exhaustive hardback encyclopedia”) and those with a concrete first adjective in the preferred order (“heavy informative encyclopedia“). We found that concreteness-related modulations of the ERP waveform were likely responsible for prior reports of increased positivity to dispreferred orders (interpreted as a syntactic P600-like effect). When concreteness is controlled, instead, we found that dispreferred orders are associated with larger N400s to the second adjective and following noun. This suggests that dispreferred adjective orders impact lexico-semantic predictability and the ability to generate mental images of the referent but do not result in syntactic processing difficulties.
Investigation of Differences between Field and Laboratory pH Measurements of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network Precipitation Samples

A study was undertaken to investigate differences between laboratoryand field pH measurements for precipitation samples collected from 135 weekly precipitation-monitoring sites in the National Trends Network from 12/30/1986 to 12/28/1999. Differences in pH between field and laboratory measurements occurred for 96% of samples collected during this time period. Differences between the two measurements were evaluated for precipitation samples collected before and after January 1994, when modifications to sample-handling protocol and elimination of the contaminating bucket o-ring used in sample shipment occurred. Median hydrogen-ion and pH differences between field and laboratory measurements declined from 3. 9 μeq L-1 or 0. 10 pH units before the 1994 protocol change to 1. 4 μeq L-1 or 0. 04 pH units after the 1994 protocol change. Hydrogen-ion differences between field and laboratory measurements had a high correlation with the sample pH determined in the field. The largest pH differences between the two measurements occurred for high-pH samples (>5. 6), typical of precipitation collected in Western United States; however low-pH samples (<5. 0) displayed the highest variability in hydrogen-ion differences between field and laboratory analyses. Properly screened field pH measurements are a useful alternative to laboratory pH values for trend analysis, particularly before 1994 when laboratory pH values were influenced by sample-collection equipment.
Cell adhesion molecules involved in intrathymic T cell development

During stem cell migration to the thymus, intrathymic maturation of T cells, and emigration of mature T cells out of the thymus, intercellular interactions of developing T cells with a myriad of cell types are required for normal T cell development. Intercellular interactions of T cell precursors with endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, fibroblasts, thymic macrophages and dendritic cells are all mediated by adhesion molecules on immature T cells binding to ligands on thymic microenvironment cells. While many receptor-ligand interactions that are important in intrathymic T cell development are known, the adhesion molecules that are important for migration of T cell precursors to the thymus and for emigration of mature thymocytes from the thymus are poorly understood. An emerging concept is that select adhesion molecules at discrete stages of T cell maturation participate in and regulate the complex processes of T cell development.
Ethics and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV-infection

There is increasing evidence that the use of antiretroviral agents (ARVs) can be a safe and effective means of preventing HIV-infection. In fact, a combination of ARVs, tenofovir-emtricitabine, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as “pre-exposure prophylaxis”(PrEP) and the US Centers for Disease Control and other regulatory authorities have issued guidance concerning PrEP use. Clinicians and policy makers are now faced with questions about the appropriateness of prescribing ARVs to healthy persons who are at risk for becoming infected with HIV and those at risk for being infected must decide whether to use PrEP. In addition, researcher stakeholders must grapple with determining whether and how PrEP should be included in future HIV prevention research. In addressing such issues, it is important that their ethical dimensions are identified. When using PrEP, two broad ethical domains are of special relevance: well-being and justice. Ethical issues related to well-being include: safety, parameters of use, risk behaviors, resistance, stigma, and diversion. Those related to justice include: access and competing priorities. In research involving PrEP, ethical issues include determining the appropriate control arm as well as whether PrEP should be included as a part of the prevention package provided to all at risk participants. While PrEP could play an important role in HIV prevention, understanding and addressing the related ethical issues is critical to its safe, effective, and appropriate use in practice and future research.
Normal Fetal Cardiac Dimensions Obtained by Perpendicular Imaging

This study provides normal fetal cardiac dimensional data in a large patient group over a wide range of gestational ages. Perpendicular imaging decreased lateral resolution error, resulting in normal values with narrower confidence limits than in prior studies.
Localization of blood-borne bacteria in instrumented unfilled root canals

The tissue fluid content of instrumented but unfilled root canals of five cats were analyzed for possible localization and growth of intravenously injected bacteria. Although it was possible to maintain a bacteremia for at least 120 minutes, the results showed that the test organisms were not capable of being attracted in the stagnant tissue fluid of the unfilled root canals. Even 48 hours after injection, all samples obtained from the canals were negative for the test organism. The phenomenon of "anachoresis" in unfilled root canals could not be documented under the experimental design.
On Market Games When Agents Cannot Be in Two Places at Once

Abstract We consider markets in which agents supply their time or the services of a capital good and the duration of the market is limited. We show that a coalitional game can be generated by such a market if and only if the characteristic function of the game is superadditive. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C71, D51.
Outcomes and reimbursement of inpatient rehabilitation facilities and subacute rehabilitation programs for medicare beneficiaries with hip fracture

Objective:We sought to assess whether outcomes and reimbursement differ for Medicare beneficiaries with hip fracture when treated in an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) compared with a skilled nursing facility (SNF) subacute rehabilitation program.Participants:Clinical data were linked with M
Estimating Price—Cost Markups Under Nonlinear Pricing Competition

This paper provides a structural interpretation to the estimates of the shape and position of nonlinear tariffs. We focus on the evaluation of price—cost margins, and thus we need to identify marginal cost from an equilibrium model of nonlinear pricing competition. We estimate these price—cost margins using quarterly data from the early U.S. cellular telephone industry between 1984 and 1988. Our results indicate that the margins are increased under duopoly, due to a significant reduction in marginal costs. Moreover, we find that the price—cost margins vary over the consumption levels and that low end users are subject to higher price—cost margins than high-end users. The impact of competition further increases the margins in the low-end user segment, relative to high-end users. In that sense the benefits of competition, which are largely due to increased efficiencies, are passed on relatively more to high-end users. We also show that these findings are robust even if one includes a number of observable market demand and cost variables. (JEL: D43, D82, L96)
SECOND REPORT ON THE CHROMOSOME SCANNING PROGRAM AT THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY.

One of the major objectives of the Bio-Medical Division at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (Livermore) is to determine the effects of radiation on man-particularly the effects of chronic exposure to low doses of radiation or moderate doses delivered at low rates. Biology and machine, engineering, and computer science are represented in the LRL chromo-some project, which is a team effort by about ten people. In June 1967, we were privilege to present our initial efforts in chromosome scanning to a seminar jointly sponsored by SPIE and the U. S. A. F. Office of Aerospace Research in Washington, D. C. (Ref. 1).© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
H i Absorption Toward the Nucleus of the Powerful Radio Galaxy Cygnus A: Evidence for an Atomic Obscuring Torus?

We report the detection of broad (FWHM 270 km s-1) H I 21 cm absorption toward the compact (<15 h-1 pc) radio nucleus of the nearby powerful radio galaxy Cygnus A. The absorption corresponds to a column density of hydrogen atoms of at least 2.54 ± 0.44 × 1019 Tspin cm-2. Observations of OH and H2CO yielded upper limits. While other possibilities exist, we argue that the observed H I absorption plausibly occurs within a circumnuclear obscuring torus which is thought to block our direct view of a quasar nucleus in this object. We have attempted to constrain the properties of the obscuring gas by combining our H I result with upper limits on molecular absorption and estimates of the total obscuring column density from X-ray observations. One possibility is that the majority of the gas is in a hot (≈ 8000 K) mainly atomic phase; we derive limits on the size of such an atomic torus. Alternatively, the H I absorption might be caused by atomic gas within a warm (≈ 1000 K) mainly molecular torus. In this case, the nondetection of molecular absorption can possibly be explained by radiative excitation due to the central radio source. Follow-up VLBI observations are planned which will further constrain the properties of the absorbing gas and distinguish between the competing models.
EFFECT OF SPIN-EXCHANGE COLLISIONS ON THE OPTICAL ORIENTATION OF ATOMIC SODIUM

The effect of spin-exchange collisions on the state populations obtained in an optically pumped ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ vapor is studied in the limit of low light intensity. These state populations and hence the intensity of the rf Zeeman transitions are found theoretically to depend strongly on the spin-exchange cross sections. The various Zeeman rf transitions are found experimentally to be very different in intensity and this is interpreted as being partially due to spin-exchange collisions. From the intensity of the rf transitions in a magnetic field large enough to separate the six Zeeman components and from the observed relaxation time a spin-exchange cross section for two sodium atoms of $\ensuremath{\pi}{{S}_{0}}^{2}=6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is found.
L-subshell ionization with high velocity positive ions

Abstract L-subshell ionization of Ta, Pt and Au with 66 MeV deuterons and 132 MeV alpha particles shows significant departure from PWBA theories.
Adrenal Metastectomy is Safe in Selected Patients

The benefit of adrenalectomy (ADX) for adrenal metastasis is not established. We evaluated outcomes after ADX for patients with adrenal metastasis. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 90 patients who underwent ADX for metastatic disease. Overall survival (OS) after ADX was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Clinical factors were evaluated for associations with OS using a Cox regression model, and with operative factors using the Wilcoxon two-sample or Fisher’s exact test. The most common primary tumor types were melanoma (35, 39 %) and lung cancer (32, 35 %). A total of 49 (54 %) patients had isolated adrenal metastasis; 55 (61 %) underwent laparoscopic resection (LADX). Median OS was 2.46 years (range < 1 month–15 years), and 5-year survival rate was 38 % (6 % standard error). Most patients experienced disease progression (56, 62 %) despite achieving disease-free status following ADX (78, 86 %). When compared with the open approach, LADX was associated with smaller tumor size, as well as reduced blood loss, operative time, and length of stay (all p < 0.0001), and no difference in OS (p = 0.4122) or complications (p = 1). Isolated adrenal bed recurrence was similar in LADX (N = 3, 5 %) and open ADX (N = 2, 6 %) (p = 1), and did not affect OS (p = 0.2). Larger tumors were associated with shorter median OS (p = 0.0014). ADX for metastasis can be safely performed in selected patients. Some patients with adrenal metastasis achieve prolonged survival following ADX. Compared with an open approach, LADX has no measurable oncologic disadvantage, minimizes morbidity, and should be considered when tumor characteristics permit.
The Acts of the Apostles in Canonical Context

The hermeneutical key to the Acts of the Apostles lies in its canonical rather than its original historical life setting. Acts is positioned in the Second Testament canon between (a) the gospels and (b) the letters as a commmentary on each of these collections. While the author of Acts may have intended to insure acceptance of the Pauline tradition within the evangelist's church, the canonizing community used Acts to insure acceptance not only of Paul but of the Jewish mission of James, Cephas and John within the universalist gentile church in which Paul had already largely triumphed. Thus, Acts is positioned to serve as the context within which the canonical conversation between the Pauline and non-Pauline collections is understood. Finally, within the canonizing community, the author's narrative, by being retitled "Acts" could be seen to recount the mighty deeds of the apostles who are then be taken as first among the witnesses to God's mighty deeds within the community that took its identity from them.
Continuum fusion: a theory of inference, with applications to hyperspectral detection

A new theoretical framework is created for the class of detection problems traditionally addressed by the generalized likelihood ratio test. Absent prior knowledge that would permit implementation of the optimal detector, a family of optimal detectors is fused according to any one of a group of criteria. Geometrical solutions are presented to several specific problems motivated by hyperspectral signal processing. For the general case, a set of partial differential relations is derived. The generalized likelihood ratio test is shown to be equivalent to one of several flavors of continuum fusion detector.
Alcohol consumption alters dopamine transporter sites in Wistar-Kyoto rat brain.

Abstract Even though animal and human studies show alterations in dopamine transporter (DAT) sites after alcohol withdrawal, the role of DAT in influencing either alcoholic or depressive behavior has not been examined extensively. Given that the Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat is a putative animal model of depressive behavior, the present study examined the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on DAT sites in WKY versus Wistar (WIS) rats. Brains from both strains were sectioned for autoradiographic analysis of [3H]-GBR12935 binding to DAT sites after 24 days of alcohol exposure. The results indicated that WKY rats consumed a greater amount of alcohol (P
Evaluation of a deductive procedure to teach grammatical inflections to children with language impairment.

Purpose To evaluate the learning effects of a deductive language-teaching procedure when teaching a novel gender agreement verb inflection to children with language impairment. Method Thirty-two 6–8-year-old children with language impairment were randomly assigned to either a deductive (N = 16) or an inductive (N = 16) treatment group. In the deductive treatment, the examiner presented a rule guiding the novel inflection to be learned as well as models of the inflection. In the inductive treatment, only models of the verb inflection were presented. Learning was assessed in 3 different production contexts during each of 4 treatment sessions. Results Significantly more participants in the deductive group than the inductive group acquired the novel morpheme based on a teaching probe (10 vs. 3), generalization probe (10 vs. 3), and maintenance probe (7 vs. 2). Task performance was not significantly influenced by language ability or nonverbal intelligence. Conclusions The deductive teaching procedure was found...
ENHANCED IONIC RECOGNITION BY A FUNCTIONALIZED MESOPOROUS SOL-GEL: SYNTHESIS AND METAL ION SELECTIVITY OF DIAMINOETHANE DERIVATIVE

A newly developed double-imprinting methodology was extended to synthesize mesoporous sol-gels that contain a diaminoethane functional group. Formation of a bis[(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ethylened...
Properties preserved under recursion removal

In this paper we report research which is going on at present. Rather than presenting major results, we have selected a number of partial results and techniques in order to indicate a direction we think is promising. In the first section we review methods for converting a program with a calling structure involving recursion into one without such a structure. In the second section we discuss the separation of the aspects of control and storage in this recursion removal process. We show, by example, how the separation provides the possibility of preserving properties other than functional equivalence. These two sections provide a slight generalization of and complement work presented in the expository paper [S2]. In this third section we illustrate implications of invertibility of operations with respect to the recursion removal process. The central example of this section is the Ackerman functional, obtained by schematizing a version of the Ackerman function. With this example, we note that a recursion need not be convertible to a primitive recursion in order to be removable.
The face says it all: CEOs, gender, and predicting corporate performance

Abstract This study examined relationships among CEOs' facial appearance, gender-linked traits, and the financial performance of their company as indicated by Fortune 1000 rank and company profits. Naive college students rated traits based solely on the facial appearance of male and female CEOs whose companies were matched by Fortune 1000 rank. Female CEOs were rated higher than male CEOs on communal traits (supportiveness, compassion, warmth), whereas male CEOs were rated higher than female CEOs on agentic traits (dominance, leadership, powerfulness), consistent with social role theory. Correlations with company rank and/or profits were found for powerfulness for male CEOs, and for supportiveness, warmth and compassion for female CEOs. For female CEOs, a communal composite predicted company rank and profits, and an agentic composite marginally predicted company rank. The findings do not indicate why these variables are related, but implications for the association of gender-linked traits with top corporate leaders are discussed.
Association studies with imputed variants using expectation-maximization likelihood-ratio tests.

Genotype imputation has become standard practice in modern genetic studies. As sequencing-based reference panels continue to grow, increasingly more markers are being well or better imputed but at the same time, even more markers with relatively low minor allele frequency are being imputed with low imputation quality. Here, we propose new methods that incorporate imputation uncertainty for downstream association analysis, with improved power and/or computational efficiency. We consider two scenarios: I) when posterior probabilities of all potential genotypes are estimated; and II) when only the one-dimensional summary statistic, imputed dosage, is available. For scenario I, we have developed an expectation-maximization likelihood-ratio test for association based on posterior probabilities. When only imputed dosages are available (scenario II), we first sample the genotype probabilities from its posterior distribution given the dosages, and then apply the EM-LRT on the sampled probabilities. Our simulations show that type I error of the proposed EM-LRT methods under both scenarios are protected. Compared with existing methods, EM-LRT-Prob (for scenario I) offers optimal statistical power across a wide spectrum of MAF and imputation quality. EM-LRT-Dose (for scenario II) achieves a similar level of statistical power as EM-LRT-Prob and, outperforms the standard Dosage method, especially for markers with relatively low MAF or imputation quality. Applications to two real data sets, the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey study and the Women’s Health Initiative Study, provide further support to the validity and efficiency of our proposed methods.
Source counts at 5 gigahertz from the MG survey

The MIT-Green Bank (MG) radio survey (reported by Bennett and colleagues in 1984 and 1985) is the largest 5 GHz survey to date. In this paper the source counts from the MG survey are examined. They are consistent with past measurements, but due to the large size of the MG survey the Poisson errors have been reduced. Radio source evolution models (such as that reported by Condon in 1984) are consistent with these new measurements.
Isolation and characterization of rabbit antibodies to bovine myelin basic protein.

Abstract Injection of a wide variety of animal species with homologous or heterologous myelin basic protein (BP) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) produces the autoimmune demyelinating disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). As a first step in the study of antigenic determinants of bovine BP (BBP), specific antibodies were purified from rabbit serum by adsorption on Sepharose-BBP affinity columns and elution with 0.1 M acetic acid. Yields of 0.02–0.50 mg protein per milliliter of serum were obtained from the acetic acid eluates. Immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the acid eluted material was IgG. The acid eluted IgG formed stable precipitin bands with BBP in agarose gels and also demonstrated anti-BBP activity in a sodium sulfate precipitation radioimmunoassay and in a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Quantitative precipitation of purified antibodies was used to estimate the number of antigenic determinants in the BBP molecule. From a plot of the antibody to antigen ratio of precipitates vs the log of antigen in the precipitates at antibody excess, an effective antigenic valence of approximately four was indicated.
Archival Anxiety and the Vocational Calling

Archival Anxiety and the Vocational Calling, Litwin Books, Duluth, Minnesota, 2010. xiv + 374 pp. ISBN 978 1 936117 49 9 (paperback). US$35.00. Richard J Cox is a very familiar name within the arch...