cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgender language reform : some challenges and strategies for promoting trans-affirming, gender-inclusive language

Transgender people’s recent increase in visibility in the contemporary United States has presented new linguistic challenges. This article investigates those challenges and presents strategies developed by trans speakers and promoted by trans activists concerned with language reform. The first of these is the selection of gendered lexical items, including both gender identity terms (woman, man, etc.) and more implicitly gendered words (e.g. beautiful, handsome). The second is the assignment of third person pronouns like she/her/hers and he/ him/his as well as non-binary pronouns like singular they/them/theirs or ze/ hir/hirs. Both of these challenges tap into the importance trans people place on individual self-identification, and they come with new interactional practices such as asking people directly what pronouns they would like others to use when referring to them. The third challenge addressed here is avoiding gendering people when the referent’s gender isn’t relevant or known, which can be addressed through the selection of gender-neutral or gender-inclusive language. The final challenge is how to discuss gender when it is relevant – e.g. in discussions of gender identity, socialisation or sexual physiology – without delegitimising trans identities. Several strategies are presented to address this issue, such as hedging all generalisations based on gender, even when doing so seems unnecessary in the normative sex/gender framework or using more precise language regarding what aspect(s) of gender are relevant. Taken as a whole, trans language reform reflects the importance of language, not just as an auxiliary to identity, but as the primary grounds on which identity construction takes place.
Attenuation and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves in Rolled Aluminum

Measurements of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation can provide important tools in characterizing the microstructure of materials [1]. For example, velocity measurements can provide information on crystallographic texture while attenuation measurements provide information of grain size. For selected cases, a strong theoretical base is in place [2–4]. However, when both texture is present and the grains are elongated, such is not the case. The purpose of this paper is to describe theoretical calculations addressing this problem. Aluminum is chosen as the material because of interests in using ultrasound to monitor its recrystallization [5].
Overeducation and wages revisited: A two‐cohort comparison and random coefficients approach

We examine the effect of overeducation on wages by comparing two cohorts from the 1979 and 1997 U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panels. Using an econometric technique uncommon to the literature, we allow for overeducation to have a disparate impact on wages across individuals by employing random slopes models. Overeducation has a positive marginal effect on wages. Yet, cohort comparisons reveal that the returns to overeducation declined dramatically over time. In the past, surplus schooling in full‐time jobs returned nearly as much as the correct level of education. Presently it returns approximately 50% less than in the past. The effect of undereducation and required education on wages changed as well, but by far less.
Patient-specific Virtual Temporal Bone Simulation Based on Clinical Cone-beam Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVES Patient-specific surgical simulation allows presurgical planning through three-dimensional (3D) visualization and virtual rehearsal. Virtual reality simulation for otologic surgery can be based on high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This study aimed to evaluate clinicians' experience with patient-specific simulation of mastoid surgery. METHODS Prospective, multi-institutional study. Preoperative temporal bone CBCT scans of patients undergoing cochlear implantation (CI) were retrospectively obtained. Automated processing and segmentation routines were used. Otologic surgeons performed a complete mastoidectomy with facial recess approach on the patient-specific virtual cases in the institution's temporal bone simulator. Participants completed surveys regarding the perceived accuracy and utility of the simulation. RESULTS Twenty-two clinical CBCTs were obtained. Four attending otologic surgeons and 5 otolaryngology trainees enrolled in the study. The mean number of simulations completed by each participant was 16.5 (range 3-22). "Overall experience" and "usefulness for presurgical planning" were rated as "good," "very good," or "excellent" in 84.6% and 71.6% of the simulations, respectively. In 10.7% of simulations, the surgeon reported to have gained a significantly greater understanding of the patient's anatomy compared to standard imaging. Participants were able to better appreciate subtle anatomic findings after using the simulator for 60.4% of cases. Variable CBCT acquisition quality was the most reported limitation. CONCLUSION Patient-specific simulation using preoperative CBCT is feasible and may provide valuable insights prior to otologic surgery. Establishing a CBCT acquisition protocol that allows for consistent segmentation will be essential for reliable surgical simulation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1855-1862, 2021.
Mentoring undergraduate nursing students in palliative home care research

Abstract Background Engaging nursing students in research is essential to enhance evidence-based practice in nursing. Purpose This paper outlines undergraduate students' research experiences with palliative care research team at a School of Nursing in rural Appalachia through the Research Apprenticeship Program (RAP). Students engage in research endeavors at the early stage of their education. Methods Each principal investigator (PI) provided a synopsis of the research project through RAP. RAP staff reviewed all students' applications and notified the PI mentor based on students' research interests. Once students and PIs agree to work together, specific trainings are initiated, including enrolling students in an introductory research course. Findings Students were engaged in a variety of research related activities. Disruption on research activities during COVID-19 pandemic was also reported and addressed. Discussion Students shared the benefits and research challenges they experienced. Lessons learned can be adapted to mentoring plans for students in the future.
Ranked-Choice Voting and Political Expression: How Voting Aids Narrow the Gap between Informed and Uninformed Citizens

The implementation of ranked-choice voting (RCV) systems across the United States anticipates several benefits. For citizens, the ability to rank multiple candidates yields increased opportunities for political expression. Taking advantage of these opportunities, however, requires both more effort by citizens and more information about candidates. What types of citizens will benefit from the greater opportunity for political expression afforded by RCV systems? We address this question by conducting an experiment in the context of the 2020 general election in San Francisco. In the experiment, we randomly assign the electoral rules (single-choice versus ranked-choice) that govern citizen decision-making and the provision of political information (a voter guide summarizing candidates’ policy positions versus no information). We assess whether respondents use the choices available to them and the extent to which they choose / rank candidates whose policy views are similar to their own. Our results indicate that a majority of respondents in the ranked-choice setting take advantage of the increased opportunities for political expression. Nonetheless, uninformed respondents (i.e., those who know relatively little about local politics) are significantly less likely than informed respondents to rank multiple candidates and use all of their allotted rankings. The rankings of uninformed respondents are also more weakly related to their own policy views. Providing an issue-oriented voter guide increases the share of uninformed respondents who use their allotted rankings, and strengthens the relationship between respondents’ candidate rankings and their policy views. Together, these results indicate that the benefits of RCV elections may not be fully realized by all types of citizens. Providing citizens with accessible forms of political information, such as an issue-oriented voter guide, can reduce these disparities and help citizens make more and potentially better informed choices.
Transcendence, Catholicism and the Challenges of Modernity

Abstract This essay first outlines the distinctive and significant features of Taylor’s interpretation of modernity and secularization, especially, his emphasis on the immanent frame within a naturalism closed to transcendence. The essay then offers some different perspectives, not intended as a critique of Taylor, but rather to underscore elements in need of greater emphasis. My perspective acknowledges more lines of continuity between modernity and previous times. Traditional theological affirmations of infinity, omnipresence, and creativity have in the past spurred negative and apophatic theologies. They have also sought an interpretation of transcendence as embedded in the world of nature and human life in ways that point to the sacral and sacramental character of the world and human behavior. These interpretations can be retrieved to think the modern world as suffused with transcendence. Transcendence is not closed to modern buffered selves. Many exemplify a transcendence that goes beyond their own interests. They are aware of their finitude and realize that transcendence is a mystery.
Subhourly variability of circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine in the pregnant ewe and fetal and newborn lamb

Circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined nine times over a 1-hour period in chronically instrumented ewes (n = 4), their fetuses (n = 4), and lambs (n = 4). In an apparent resting state, assessed by subjective and biophysical parameters, marked fluctuations were demonstrated in the mean norepinephrine and epinephrine values between animals and in the range of the concentrations of each individual animal. The significance of the fluctuations in resting plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations is discussed.
Bifurcations in Doubly Diffusive Convection

In this lecture I would like to describe some recent ideas and techniques that I believe to be of great potential usefulness in studying a variety of nonlinear phenomena. The emphasis will be on bifurcation phenomena, since the properties of a nonlinear system can rarely be elucidated systematically at parameter values substantially far from their bifurcation values. I would also like to emphasize the usefulness of these techniques in studying systems described by partial differential equations. It is for this reason that I have chosen a specific fluid dynamical system to illustrate the ideas that I shall describe. Apart from my familiarity with doubly diffusive systems, I think it is generally helpful in this field to be as specific as possible.
Drug Abuse/Dependence

Consumption of drugs by human beings has had a long history, extending millennia before the first written accounts of wine consumption or the smoking of opium. Because drugs take so many different forms and are consumed in so many different ways, the most inclusive definition of “drug” is desirable. Alcohol is certainly a component of human drug repertoires, and archaeological evidence indicates that it is one of the most ancient of plant-derived drugs. Human trends in drug consumption have moved in the direction of increasing purity and potency of plant-derived preparations, for example, distilled spirits that evolved from fermented brews of grape juice, malt water, or corn mash. Concepts of drug abuse and drug dependence emerged as potent preparations gained popularity and established perceptions of chronic intoxication. Both of these terms appear aimed at denoting consumers of drugs who are not necessarily addicted to them. “Drug abuse” and “alcohol abuse” have become parts of the names of two national agencies in the United States dedicated to the study of drug-using patterns. “Drug dependence” denotes a condition similar to addiction but without the additional stigma of vulnerability to withdrawal. Keywords: addiction; alcoholism; anthropology; drugs, public health
The effects of lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) or LRS and 6% hetastarch on the colloid osmotic pressure, total protein and osmolality in healthy horses under general anesthesia

Objective To investigate changes in colloid osmotic pressure (COP), total protein (TP) and osmolality (OSM) during anesthesia in horses given intravenous lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) or LRS and hetastarch (HES).
Re-examining the role of financial constraints in business cycles: Is something wrong with the credit multiplier?

A large theoretical literature suggests that …nancial frictions provide a mechanism which ampli…es and propagates macroeconomic shocks. However, quantitative papers that embed this mechanism, referred to as the credit multiplier, into standard DSGE models conclude that although credit con- straints delay the velocity at which productivity shocks propagate into the economy, they have no signi…cant ampli…cation eects, with the exception of special cases. Motivated by these results, in this paper we re-examine the quantitative role of …nancial frictions in business cycles to address the following question: is there something wrong with the credit multiplier? Our answer is no. In coming to this answer, we work with a model with reproducible capital and collateral constraints within two setups, a general and a partial equilibrium. Our results from the …rst model in terms of propagation and ampli…cation do not dier from previous papers. However, our main …nding is that it is not the credit multiplier what fails in this type of models, but rather their ability to produce su¢ cient variability in prices. In particular, in a model with reproducible capital, general equilibrium dynamics counteract the logic of price ‡uctuations described by theoretical models, thus preventing the credit multiplier from being triggered. The partial equilibrium setup allows us to con…rm our previous claim: absent the general equilibrium eects, the credit multiplier is indeed an eective amplifying mechanism of shocks into the economy.
SACRAMENTS AND DISEASE IN MÉRIDA, YUCATÁN, MEXICO, 1648–1727

(1996). Sacraments and Disease in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 1648–1727. The Historian: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 731-743.
Fetal hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes. I. Counts of cells stained by the acid elution method compared with alkali denaturation measurements.

The quantitative study of peripheral smears for red cells containing fetal hemoglobin ("F-containing cells") by the acid elution method is a useful and dependable screening test. Findings with this approach were compared with fetal hemoglobin assay by alkali-denaturation in a series of 19 normal subjects and 63 subjects with an assortment of blood disturbances. The results of the two methods had a correlation of +.79, suggesting a reliable but far from perfect identity between the methods. The acid elution method tended to give higher readings, and seemed more sensitive for recognizing individuals with slight increases in red cell fetal hemoglobin as occurs in thalassemia minor.
A novel nucleotide-based thrombin inhibitor inhibits clot-bound thrombin and reduces arterial platelet thrombus formation

A novel thrombin inhibitor based on single-stranded (ss) deoxynucleotides with the sequence GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG (thrombin aptamer) has been recently discovered. In this study, we tested its efficacy in inhibiting clot-bound thrombin activity and platelet thrombus formation in an ex vivo whole artery angioplasty model. The thrombin aptamer showed a specific dose-dependent inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (0.5 U/mL) in human platelet-rich plasma, with an IC50 of approximately 70 to 80 nmol/L. In an in vitro clot-bound thrombin assay system, heparin, used at clinically relevant concentrations of 0.2 U/mL and 0.4 U/mL, was ineffective in inhibiting clot-bound thrombin (6.5% and 34.9% inhibition at 0.2 U/mL and 0.4 U/mL, respectively). In contrast, the thrombin aptamer at an equivalent anticoagulant concentration inhibited clot-bound thrombin (79.7% inhibition). In an ex vivo whole artery angioplasty model, the thrombin aptamer markedly suppressed the generation of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), whereas heparin at 2 U/mL was ineffective. Compared with a scrambled ssDNA control, the thrombin aptamer reduced platelet deposition by 34.5% +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM, n = 4, P = .09) at low shear rates (approximately 200 s-1) and 61.3% +/- 11% (mean +/- SEM, n = 4, P = .05) at high shear rates (approximately 850 s-1). Thrombin aptamers based on ssDNA molecules represent a new class of thrombin inhibitors with potent anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties.
The Galaxy Content of Clusters

Clusters of galaxies are easily identifiable collections of galaxies, all at the same distance and all observed under similar conditions of galactic obscuration, etc. They are, therefore, very convenient samples with which to study the matter content of the universe. However, clusters are also very particular physical environments, and from this latter point of view it is their atypical character which is of interest. The differences in the contents of one cluster from another, and of each from the contents of small groups and the “field” can teach us much about how the properties of galaxies depend on the environments in which they were born and have evolved.
The Vanderbilt University Fast Track to IAIMS: Transition from Planning to Implementation

Vanderbilt University Medical Center is implementing an Integrated Advanced Information Management System (IAIMS) using a fast-track approach. The elapsed time between start-up and completion of implementation will be 7.5 years. The Start-Up and planning phases of the project are complete. The Implementation phase asks one question: How does an organization create an environment that redirects and coordinates a variety of individual activities so that they come together to provide an IAIMS? Four answers to this question are being tested. First, design resources to be “scalable”—i.e., capable of supporting enterprise-wide use. Second, provide information technology planning activities as ongoing core functions that direct local efforts. Third, design core infrastructure resources to be both reusable and expandable at the local level. Fourth, use milestones to measure progress toward selected endpoints to permit early refinement of plans and strategies.
Self-Assembly of Amyloid Beta Peptide Over Dialkoxy Disulfide Functionalized Nano Gold Colloidal Particles

Aiming to more stably produce an oligomer form of amyloid beta (i.e., a key intermediate of fibrillogenesis which eventually leads to Alzheimer’s disease), the surface of gold colloids were functionalized with nitro-, phenyl-, chloro-, and methoxy-dibenzyloxy disulfide, and molecular interactions were investigated in a dimethyl sulfoxide environment. The transition of color change was observed at pHo as the pH value was lowered externally. As evidence of disulfide being adsorbed on the colloidal surface, the pHo values were dependent of each substituent of the dibenzyloxy disulfide compounds. The trend of pHo exhibited a parabolic relationship as a function of F-value (Swain-Lupton Field constant). Functionalization of gold colloidal surface with methoxy-dibenzyloxy disulfide achieved larger amplitude in repetitive peak shift between pH 4 and 10 implying a formation of an oligomer under the reversible process
Interpretation-based grammar teaching

Abstract Most grammar activities seek to teach grammar by stimulating learners to produce sentences containing the target structures. This article presents arguments in support of a comprehension-based approach to grammar teaching. It offers a model of second language acquisition and on the basis of this examines a number of possible goals for grammar instruction. One goal, somewhat more limited than that usually adopted, is to promote “intake” of new grammatical features by helping learners to notice the features in the input and to comprehend the meaning(s) they realise in communication. An example of an activity with this goal is provided. Finally, this article examines a number of empirical studies that give support to interpretation grammar activities.
Virtual damper-spring system for VIV experiments and hydrokinetic energy conversion

Abstract A device/system V CK is built to replace the physical damper/springs of the VIVACE Converter with virtual elements. VIVACE harnesses hydrokinetic energy of currents by converting mechanical energy of cylinders in Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) into electricity. V CK enables conducting high number of model tests rapidly as damping/springs are set by software rather than hardware. V CK consists of a cylinder, a belt–pulley transmission, a motor/generator, and a controller. The controller provides a damper–spring force feedback using displacement/velocity measurements, thus introducing no artificial force–displacement phase lag, which biases energy conversion. Damping is nonlinear, particularly away from the system natural frequency, and affects modeling near the VIV synchronization ends. System identification (SI) in air reveals nonlinear viscous damping, static and dynamic friction. Hysteresis, occurring in the zero velocity limit, is modeled by a nonlinear dynamic damping model Linear Autoregression with Nonlinear Static model (LARNOS). SI performed in air is verified using monochromatic excitation in air and VIV tests in water using physical damper and springs. A resistor bank added to the device provides an integrated V CK /Power Take-Off (PTO) system. VIV testing is performed in the Low Turbulence Free Surface Water Channel of the University of Michigan at 40,000 Re
Blind channel identification based on second order cyclostationary statistics

For finite impulse response (FIR), channels with uncorrelated input sequences, L. Tong et al. (1991, 1992) have proposed an identification method under the special rank condition. The relationship is established between the rank condition and identifiability of FIR channels using second-order cyclostationary statistics. The method is generalized to the FIR channels with correlated input sequences. For general autoregressive moving average (ARMA) channels, a method is proposed that directly identifies the zeros and the poles of channels. Computer simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. >
On the discrepancy of 3 permutations

Consider different orderings of an n-element set and the hypergraph consisting of the intervals of these orderings. A conjecture of J. Beck states that in the case of three orderings this hypergraph has bounded discrepancy. We show that for any constant number of orderings the discrepancy is O(log n). the proof also gives an efficient algorithm to determine such a coloring.
The arthroscopic evaluationand management of elbow trauma and instability

The arthroscope is a useful tool in the evaluation and management of some traumatic elbow injuries and instabilities. Certain elbow fractures and articular injuries are amenable to arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment. Some radial head fractures can be accurately assessed and reduced, and fixation achieved using arthroscopically assisted techniques. Other elbow fractures occasionally can also be treated arthroscopically. The arthroscope also serves an important role not only in the diagnosis and management of elbow instability but also in the treatment of those intra-articular changes that occur as a result of chronic instability. Removal of loose bodies and osteophytes can be effectively accomplished arthroscopically.
EVIDENCE FOR VALIDITY OF THE SCALE, YOUR STYLE OF LEARNING AND THINKING

The construction and preliminary characteristics of Your Style of Learning and Thinking, an instrument based upon the rationale that learning is a function of cerebral hemispheric orientation, were reported (Torrance, Reynolds, Riegel, & Ball, 1977). This study reports evidence for validity on Your Style of Learning and Thinking, using Torrance's test of Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Forms A and B as a criterion. Figural Forms A and B (Torrance, 1974) were given to measure subject's creative thinking abilities. The evidence for testretest reliability, scoring reliability, and validity are summarized in the normstechnical manual for the instrument (Torrance, 1974). Torrance's test of Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Forms A and B, was administered twice within an interval of 2 wk. to 130 college students randomly chosen from a larger group of undergraduates enrolled in a course on tests and measurement. This is a required course in the teacher education program for all prospective K-12 teachers. Subjects were divided into two equal groups of 65 each, namely, high and low based on their right hemispheric specialization score on Your
On singular policies in the optimal distribution of a bifunctional catalyst: Part I. Effect of reaction kinetics

Results are presented on the affects of kinetic changes on optimal, bifunctional, catalyst distribution policies for a consecutive two-reaction sequence in a plug flow tubular reactor. Earlier results on singular control arising from reversible reactions are extended to include inhibition or activation. These may arise from the affects of any reactant or product on the rate or from a subsequent or preceding reaction in a sequence. The system equations are written in dimensionless form to provide efficient computations and to allow analytic interpretation of numerical results from previous studies.
Detector design for half-duplex relay networks in ISI channels

Recently relay networks have attracted a lot of attention for their potential to increase spatial diversity. However, limited attention has been paid to practical detector design and implementation issues. In this paper, we investigate the design of maximum-likelihood detectors for half-duplex amplify-and-forward relay networks in intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. In particular, we study the case when the relay period is long, which results in an effective channel impulse response that is sparse and periodically time-varying. The proposed design provides a good performance/complexity tradeoff.
Marian E. White: Researching Settlement Patterns of the Niagara Frontier

This paper reviews the somewhat neglected work of Marian White, who excavated some thirty sites in the western New York area before her untimely death. White introduced various hypotheses, methods, and techniques that contributed greatly to our understanding of village movements in the northeastern United States.
Hearing loss in pediatric renal patients

Modern techniques of prolonging life and useful function for endstage renal patients have been accompanied by a variety of new clinical and pathological manifestations, among which are inner ear problems. Of 151 pediatric renal patients followed prospectively 47% had hearing loss, which closely approximates that found in renal patients of all ages. However, only 5.3% of pediatric-age patients, as compared with 15% of all age groups, have hearing loss of unknown etiology. Certain types of hearing loss, for example, those due to acoustic trauma and Meniere's, were not found in the pediatric-age group, while ototoxic, congenital and genetic hearing losses were more common in young persons than in the overall group. Management includes assessment of hearing and vestibular function prior to and at intervals during the administration of ototoxics, monitoring of blood levels, careful attention to otological symptoms and observing the principles of hearing conservation.
Interferon gamma response region in the promoter of the human DPA gene.

Abstract The interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) response region of the human class II major histocompatibility complex gene, DPA, has been localized to a 52-base-pair (bp) DNA fragment in the proximal promotor at -107 to -55 bp after transfection into HeLa cells of a series of 5', 3', and gap deletion mutants linked to a reporter gene, human growth hormone, as well as of synthetic oligonucleotides fused to the heterologous promoter thymidine kinase. The 52-mer sequence contains the X and Y box elements conserved in all class II genes; their presence is indispensable for IFN-gamma inducibility. Furthermore, an additional 5 bp immediately 5' of the X box of the DPA gene are necessary and sufficient for IFN-gamma induction. This region may contain an IFN-gamma response element. A closely related sequence has also been found in the vicinity of the critical deletion sites of three other well-studied class II gene promoters, all of which require a much longer sequence 5' of the X box. A fourth element, the W element, located about 15 bp 5' of the X box in all class II genes, is clearly of little importance in IFN-gamma inducibility of the DPA gene.
There was a long pause

We report an experiment designed to compare human-human spoken dialogues with human-computer spoken dialogues. Our primary purpose was to collect data on protocols that were used to control the interaction. Three groups of subjects (35 total) were each asked to complete tasks over the phone. The experimental procedure was a new variation on the Wizard of Oz simulation technique that allowed much clearer comparisons to be made between human-human and human-computer interactions.Previous studies have shown that there are significant differences between human-human and human-computer interactions. While some effects can be attributed to the beliefs about computers the subjects bring to the task, others appear to be connected with the ongoing interaction styles of the speakers. Our study focuses on effects created by differences in interaction style. An important feature of the study is the use of two wizards, a technique which resulted in a realistically degraded communication channel.A second important feature of this study is the emphasis on computational models of spoken dialogue processing. One of the aims of Wizard of Oz studies is to identify language restrictions that will make the understanding task easier yet still be acceptable to the users. We observed that subjects could indeed successfully carry out their task with a restricted turn-taking protocol. More importantly, however, the experiment pointed us in the direction of a less restricted protocol and provided the data for a more sophisticated computational model of turn-taking.An important aspect of our study is the light it appears to shed on conflicting results in the literature. We discuss how these conflicts can be explained in terms of differences in interlocution style. We argue that ongoing interlocution style has a significant effect on the dialogue and over-rides a priori models of interlocutor ability.
A Work Physiology Study of the Relative Effects of Pace and Weight in a Carton Handling Task

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the main differences in effects of variations in load weight and work pace in a carton handling task. Energy expenditure rates and heart rates of six subjects were gathered for 16 treatment combinations and were subjected to analysis of variance. Main findings were that pace and weight were significant in their effects on both indices; pace and subjects were significant for energy expenditure but not for heart rate; and given a fixed work output, it is preferable physiologically to move heavier weights at slower paces than lighter weights at faster paces.
REPRODUCTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA POPULATIONS OF THE LOWER INTERTIDAL KELP EGREGIA MENZIESII (LAMINARIALES)

Intertidal Egregia menziesii (Turner) Aresch. populations were studied at three Southern California sites to determine temporal and spatial patterns of reproduction and morphology. The timing of sporophyll production and sporophyte recruitment was similar at all sites. Sporophyll production was much greater during winter periods of colder seawater temperatures and shorter day lengths. Sporophyte recruitment occurred from spring through midsummer, ∼5 months following maximal sporophyll production. Lateral blade morphologies varied in a consistent manner, suggesting a developmental mechanism for form variation in Egregia thalli. Spatulate blades dominated shorter axes and the bases of longer axes, whereas filiform laterals became abundant toward the tips of longer axes. Filiform laterals (9.8 mg O2·g−1·h−1) had higher light-saturated net photosynthetic rates than spatulate laterals (6.8 mg O2·g−1·h−1), resulting in a 12% increase in the productivity of Egregia per meter of filiform frond.
pH-Zone-refining counter-current chromatography : a displacement mode applied to separation of dinitrophenyl amino acids

Abstract A new mode of ph-zone-refining counter-current chromatography operates in a manner analogous to displacement chromatography. The method uses a retainer base acid in the stationary phase to retain analytes in the column and a displacer acid base to elute the analytes in the decreasing order of pKa and hydrophobicity. The elution produces a train of highly concentrated rectangular solute peaks with minimum overlap. Utility of the method is demonstrated in the separation of dinitrophenyl amino acids in a two-phase solvent system composed of methyl tert.-butyl ether and water. Compared with the original mode of ph-zone-refining counter-current chromatography, the present mode is more amenable to ligand-affinity separation which may cover a broader range of analytes including non-ionizable compounds.
Keynes' monetary theory and bank reserves in Britain

The key institutional peculiarity of Britain that caused the economics of Keynes is that bank reserves on all types of deposits were traditionally the same. This meant that decisions of savers and speculators to increase holdings of Savings-deposits (which are the alternative to securities) did not increase bank lending ability. The key mechanism of flexible interest rates was disabled, and arbitrage between different types of investments caused the fixing of the bank rate and the deposit rate to be transmitted to all short-term rates, and with inelastic expectations, to long rates.
Relation between Serum and Colostrum Antibody in the Goat

IT has been suggested that antibody synthesis can occur in mammary tissue1. It has also been suggested that the observed differences in γ-globulins and in specific antibodies between serum and milk or colostrum are due to selectivity or to active transport mechanisms2,3. On the other hand, Hanson4 was unable to identify a milk protein antigenetically identical to human serum 7S γ-globulin, and Chodirker et al.5 were able to demonstrate little or no γ2-globulin in milk. Much of this work was based on the measurement of antibody activity without actual isolation of the antibody, or on γ-globulin determination by some means unrelated to the presence of specific antibody. Using labelling techniques, Askonas et al.6 showed that in the rabbit, and probably in the goat also, specific antibodies in the milk appeared to be derived directly from serum antibody. The work recorded here was undertaken to compare the electrophoretic mobility in starch gel of a particular antibody from the serum of the goat with that from colostrum, both of which were free of non-specific protein. The electrophoretic patterns of the papain digests of the respective antigen–antibody precipitates were also compared.
Snapin interacts with the N-terminus of regulator of G protein signaling 7

Abstract The N-terminus of regulator of G protein signaling 7 (RGS7) contains a dishevelled/egl-10/pleckstrin (DEP) domain of unknown function. To gain insight into its function, we used yeast two-hybrid analysis to screen a human whole brain cDNA library in order to identify proteins that interact specifically with the N-terminus of human RGS7 (amino acid residues 1–248). From this analysis, we identified snapin, a protein associated with the SNARE complex in neurons, as an interactor with the N-terminus of RGS7. Deletion mutation analysis in yeast demonstrated that the interaction between RGS7 and snapin is specific and is mediated primarily by amino acid residues 1–69 of RGS7 (which contains the proximal portion of the DEP domain). The interaction between RGS7 and snapin was also demonstrated in mammalian cells by coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. Our results suggest that RGS7 could play a role in synaptic vesicle exocytosis through its interaction with snapin.
The acarinium of the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae (Rodentia: Geomyidae).

An analysis of the population structure and seasonal fluctuation of the ectoparasitic mites of Thomomys bottae (Eydoux & Gervais) is presented. Over 38,000 mites were collected from 393 gophers and 7 gopher nests. The most abundant mite on the host was an undescribed species of Geomylichus, 2nd was Hirstionyssus femuralis Allred, and 3rd was Haemolaelaps geomys Strandtmann. The trombiculid Leeuwenhoekia dolosa Gould was recovered from 1 gopher. The above order of abundance was reversed in the mites recovered from the nests, with the Geomylichus species absent. The undescribed Geomylichus was present on over 70% of the gophers and had a mean density of 72 mites per gopher. This mite showed no seasonal population fluctuation. Likewise, the age structure of the Geomylichus species showed no seasonal shifts and averaged 49% immatures, 29% females and 22% males. H. femuralis averaged 26 mites per gopher and was found on over 77% of the hosts. It was present in all nests with a mean density of 52 mites. H. femuralis showed no significant seasonal population fluctuation or seasonal changes in age structure. The population averaged 48% immatures, 26.4% females and 25.6% males. Haemolaelaps geomys was present on only 82 gophers and 28 of them had only 1 mite. It was present in 6 nests with a mean density of 203 mites. The age structure of H. geomys averaged 47.4% immatures, 49.2% females and 3.4% males. The limited number of H. geomys collected was not sufficient to show seasonal population fluctuation.
Passive biaxial mechanical properties of the rat bladder wall after spinal cord injury.

Purpose: Changes in the mechanical properties of the bladder wall after spinal cord injury can alter bladder compliance and wall tension, leading to changes in afferent nerve activity and to abnormal reflex mechanisms. To our knowledge we report the first application of biaxial mechanical testing to the normal bladder wall and demonstrate how these properties change after spinal cord injury.Materials and Methods: Whole bladders were harvested from mature female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 to 300 gm. Test group animals underwent complete spinal cord transection at the T9 to T10 level and normal animals comprised the control group. The bladders were cut open longitudinally, the trigone and apex were removed and the remaining tissue was trimmed to a square of 9 to 13 mm. per side. Mechanical properties of the tissue sample were tested using planar biaxial testing, in which a stress was applied in the circumferential and longitudinal (base-apex) directions, and resulting axial strains were measured.Resul...
Functional variants at CYP2A6: new genotyping methods, population genetics, and relevance to studies of tobacco dependence.

Cytochrome P450CYP2A6 (CYP2A6) is the predominant enzyme responsible for the metabolism of nicotine to cotinine. Two variants have been identified that encode products presumed to have little or no activity. A previous study suggested that carriers of at least one copy of either null variant may be protected against tobacco dependence, while tobacco-dependent carriers smoke fewer cigarettes. However, different laboratories have reported widely disparate CYP2A6 allele frequencies across European populations. These differences prompted us to reexamine the genotyping methods for CYP2A6. We developed an improved genotyping strategy using CYP2A6-specific nested PCR, and differential restriction enzyme digestion to identify variant nucleotides in exon 3. We used sequencing to verify genotype results and to assess the sequence of exon 4, which previous work predicted should correspond to wild-type CYP2A6 sequence. In addition, we developed a new nomenclature in which CYP2A6 * 1 is designated CYP2A6 * A1- * B1, CYP2A6 * 2 is CYP2A6 * A2, and CYP2A6 * 3 is CYP2A6 * B2. The frequencies of CYP2A6 * A2 and CYP2A6 * B2 were then estimated in samples from six populations. Sequencing confirmed CYP2A6 * A2 genotypes in all cases. Unexpectedly, sequencing demonstrated exon 4 sequence corresponding to CYP2A7 in samples genotyped as CYP2A6 * B2. In the population study, we found consistently low allele frequencies (≤5%) for CYP2A6 * A2 and CYP2A6 * B2 in all samples examined. The molecular data from this study suggest that further physical mapping may be necessary to clarify the structure of CYP2A6 * B2. The population results suggest that in many populations the frequencies of the variants examined are quite low, and might therefore limit the power of future genetic association studies of tobacco dependence based on these variants.
Quantitizing text: using theme frequency and theme intensity to describe factors influencing time-to-doctorate

The increasing length of time that students take to attain the doctorate (TTD) is of concern in higher education. Separate focus groups with students and eight faculty members were used to investigate factors perceived to influence TTD in Education. The percentage of participants citing a theme (theme frequency) and the percentage of statements referring to a particular theme (theme intensity) were used to describe the strength of the associations found. Analysis of students and faculty responses suggests that structure, defined as the nature and arrangement of program tasks and resources, is strongly associated with TTD whereas communication, the way program expectations and requirements are communicated, has a moderate association. Students’ responses indicate that the nature of the dissertation committee formed (committee) and the desire to work and attain goals despite obstacles encountered (motivation) are each strongly associated with TTD whereas faculty responses indicate these associations are moderate and minimal, respectively. Faculty responses indicate that the amount and quality of academic preparation received (preparation), and the nature of academic guidance, mentoring and supervision received (advising) have at least a moderate association with TTD whereas students’ responses suggest the association is at most moderate. Whereas faculty comments suggest that whether a student enrolls part-time or full-time (enrollment) is moderately associated with TTD, enrollment did not emerge as a factor among students. Recommendations for practice and further research are provided.
Changing reference service environment: A review of perspectives from managers, librarians, and users

This article reviews the literature on academic library reference service, and examines changes in the traditional reference desk model. Based on the review from the perspectives of managers, librarians, and users, new research directions are proposed in which users' information-search processes and librarians' intervention in reference service are integrated.
Update on Male Circumcision: Prevention Success and Challenges Ahead

This article reviews the findings of three trials of male circumcision for HIV prevention, with emphasis on the public health impact, cultural and safety concerns, implications for women, and the challenges of roll out. Three randomized trials in Africa demonstrated that adult male circumcision reduces HIV acquisition by 50% to 60%. As circumcision provides only partial protection, higher risk behaviors could nullify circumcision’s effect. Additionally, circumcision among HIV-infected men does not directly reduce male-to-female HIV transmission among discordant couples, according to the results of a recent Ugandan study. The roll-out or full-scale implementation requires committed expansion into existing HIV prevention programs. Efforts should include attention to safety, implications for women, and risk compensation. Rapid, careful establishment of circumcision services is essential to optimize HIV prevention in countries with the highest prevalence.
Immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with human immunodeficiency virus undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Background The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23PSV) has been recommended for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, the efficacy of this vaccination in HIV-infected children undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has not been studied. Objective To study the immunogenicity and immunologic protection of 23PSV in HIV-infected children after stable HAART. Methods Serotype-specific IgG antibodies to 12 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were analyzed before and after 23PSV vaccination in 41 HIV-infected children undergoing HAART and compared with 95 HIV-negative control children. Seropositivity, clinical protection, and additional clinical protection from 23PSV were calculated based on serotype specific IgG antibody levels and on the known incidence of these serotypes for causing invasive disease. Results Children with HIV infection undergoing HAART developed a significant increase in specific IgG levels to Streptococcus pneumoniae after 23PSV vaccination (0.95 vs 1.84 μg/mL, P + cell counts of 25% or higher at the time of vaccination developed a higher additional clinical protection gain from 23PSV vaccination than did children with a lower percentage of CD4 + cells. Conclusions HIV-infected children undergoing stable HAART develop a significant immunologic response to 23PSV, especially those with higher T-cell counts and lower viral loads at the time of vaccination.
La trappe à liquidité globale

On peut s’interroger sur le risque qu’une part importante de l’economie mondiale tombe dans une trappe a liquidite « a la japonaise », avec une croissance anemique, une deflation legere, et des taux d’interet nominaux proche de zero. Cela creerait une situation de « trappe a liquidite globale », qui n’a pas ete analysee dans la litterature macroeconomique recente. Cet article, apres avoir passe en revue quelques lecons de l’experience japonaise, resume les resultats principaux d’un modele a deux pays de la trappe a liquidite globale, et les enseignements que l’on peut en tirer pour la politique economique.
Selective Webliography for the Physician Writer

A growing number of Web sites offer resources and tools to assist physicians and scientists in preparing materials for publication. The sites include information about style guides, publishing venues, writing tips and tricks, and general and medical reference. They are intended to facilitate the publishing careers of physician writers. This webliographical guide is intended to present a selected list of sites that cover the basic issues of writing for publication in professional medical venues. Sites that provide useful information for scientific authors who want either help with their writing or information resources that are “ready-at-hand” (analogous to the physically located reference library). The subject headings are intended to offer a division of resources into heuristically useful categories. Whenever possible, this selective webliography focuses on free, quality online materials. The primary purpose of this webliography is to assist the physician and researcher with the task of identifying, analyzing and utilizing quality sites, when bombarded with hundreds of sites listed by gateways and directories, and in results from search engine queries. A selective list of writing-related resources and tools freely available online includes: