cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Site Layout Planning Using Approximate Dynamic Programming

Dynamic site layout planning requires identifying and updating the positions of all temporary construction facilities such as offices, storage areas, and workshops over the entire project duration. Existing models do not guarantee global optimal solutions because they focus on optimizing the planning and layout of successive construction stages in a chronological order, without considering the future implications of layout decisions made in early stages. This paper presents the development of an approximate dynamic programming model that is capable of searching for and identifying global optimal dynamic site layout plans. The model applies the concepts of approximate dynamic programming to estimate the future effects of layout decisions in early stages on future decisions in later stages. The model is developed in three main phases: (1) formulating the decision variables, geometric constraints, and objective function of the dynamic site layout planning problem; (2) modeling the problem using approximate dynamic programming; and (3) implementing and evaluating the performance of the model. An evaluation example is analyzed to illustrate the use of the model and demonstrate its capabilities in generating global optimal solution for dynamic site layout planning of construction projects.
Simulation-Enhanced Prototyping of an Experimental Solar House

The subject of this paper is the design analysis process of an experimental solar house, driven by the overarching goal to obtain net-zero energy performance while being functionally optimal and architecturally ambitious. The house was commissioned to participate in an international solar home competition called the Solar Decathlon. The paper demonstrates the use of simulation to support design decisions at various stages of the design process. Through it, the paper highlights attributes of simulation tools that are needed for supporting the design process effectively. In addition, this paper shows a novel use of building simulation by extending it to also inform the final use and operation of the house during the competition period. Finally, the paper also contributes to the design of solar homes by showing how their performance assessment and evaluation criteria can be different from homes that are served by the grid.
Mental Health Concerns for Caregivers in Rural Communities

Rural caregivers face unique challenges that affect their mental health. While many attractive aspects of rural-living remain, the fallacy of the “Mayberry myth” has been exposed in the literature. Being a caregiver in a rural locale can mean that the pressures of such responsibilities are compounded by isolation and diminished access to resources. Being a caregiver in a rural area can simply mean, doing more with less. As such, these caregivers deserve particular attention with regard to the mental health concerns they face. The Family Caregiver Alliance (FCA n.d.) defines a caregiver as “anyone who provides assistance to someone else who is, in some degree, incapacitated and needs help.” The FCA further specifies formal, or professional, caregivers as, “volunteers or paid care providers associated with a service system,” and informal, or family, caregivers as, “[u]npaid individuals, such as family members, friends and neighbors who provide care. These individuals can be primary or secondary caregivers, full time or part time, and can live with the person being cared for or live separately”.
An Evaluation of Iowa's Rural Main Street Program

Despite its popularity, the Main Street Program has been subjected to little empirical research. This paper evaluates the economic benefits associated with the Rural Main Street Iowa program. This particular Main Street program is unique in that it targets very small communities with populations less than 5,000. The findings indicate that the Rural Main Street Iowa program has made a positive economic contribution to participating communities. Participants in the Rural Main Street Iowa program have experienced a degree of economic stability as indicated by their pull factors as well as a slight increase in the number of firms. Keywords: Main Street Program, downtown revitalization, economic contribution, economic stability, pull factor
Luminal l-alanine stimulates exocytosis at the K+-conductive apical membrane ofAplysia enterocytes

In Aplysia intestine, stimulation of Na+ absorption with luminal alanine increases apical membrane K+ conductance (G K,a), which presumably regulates enterocyte volume during stimulated Na+ absorpt...
Nonstressed rat model of acute endotoxemia that unmasks the endotoxin-induced TNF-α response

Previous investigators have demonstrated that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) response to endotoxin is inhibited by exogenous corticosterone or catecholamines both in vitro and in vivo, whereas others have reported that surgical and nonsurgical stress increase the endogenous concentrations of these stress-induced hormones. We hypothesized that elevated endogenous stress hormones resultant from experimental protocols attenuated the endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha response. We used a chronically catheterized rat model to demonstrate that the endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha response is 10- to 50-fold greater in nonstressed (NS) rats compared with either surgical-stressed (SS, laparotomy) or nonsurgical-stressed (NSS, tail vein injection) models. Compared with the NS group, the SS and NSS groups demonstrated significantly lower mean peak TNF-alpha responses at 2 mg/kg and 6 micrograms/kg endotoxin [NS 111.8 +/- 6.5 ng/ml and 64.3 +/- 5.9 ng/ml, respectively, vs. SS 3.9 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (P < 0.01) and 1.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml (P < 0.01) or NSS 5.2 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (P < 0.01) at 6 micrograms/kg]. Similarly, baseline concentrations of corticosterone and catecholamines were significantly lower in the NSS group [84.5 +/- 16.5 ng/ml and 199.8 +/- 26.2 pg/ml, respectively, vs. SS group 257. 2 +/- 35.7 ng/ml (P < 0.01) and 467.5 +/- 52.2 pg/ml (P < 0.01) or NS group 168.6 +/- 14.4 ng/ml (P < 0.01) and 1,109.9 +/- 140.7 pg/ml (P < 0.01)]. These findings suggest that the surgical and nonsurgical stress inherent in experimental protocols increases baseline stress hormones, masking the endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha response. Subsequent studies of endotoxic shock should control for the effects of protocol-induced stress and should measure and report baseline concentrations of corticosterone and catecholamines.
Enhanced design efficiency through least upper bounds

Lower and upper spectral bounds are known for positive-definite (k×k) matrices in (Sk+,⪰L) under Loewner (Uber monotone Matrixfunktionen. Math Z. 1934;38:177–216) ordering. Lower and upper singular bounds for matrices of order (n×k) in (Fn×k,⪰) derive under an induced ordering. These orderings are combined here to the following effects. Given two first-order experimental designs (X,Z) in (Fn×k,⪰), their upper singular bound XM enhances both X and Z in that its Fisher Information matrix dominates those for both X and Z, thus ordering essentials in Gauss–Markov estimation. Moreover, if Σ,Ω, and Ξ are dispersion matrices for linear estimators under X,Z, and XM, respectively, then Ξ is the spectral lower bound for (Σ,Ω) in (Sk+,⪰L). In essence this algorithm identifies elements in Z complementary to those of X, and combines these into XM. Case studies illustrate gains to be made thereby in first and second-order designs. Specifically, two examples demonstrate that designs optimal under separate criteria may b...
MicroRNA-155 regulates host immune response to postviral bacterial pneumonia via IL-23/IL-17 pathway

Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. miR-155 h...
Surgical management of giant posterior communicating artery aneurysms.

Background Giant posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms (> 25 mm) are rare lesions associated with a poor prognosis and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Objective To review the clinical results of giant PCoA aneurysms surgically treated at our institution, focusing on operative nuances. Methods All cases of giant PCoA aneurysms treated surgically at our institution were identified from a prospectively maintained patient database. Patient demographic factors, medical comorbidities, rupture status, neurological presentation, clinical outcomes, and surgical records were critically reviewed. Results From 1989 to 2010, 11 patients (10 women) underwent surgical clipping of giant PCoA aneurysms. Presenting signs and symptoms included cranial nerve palsies, diminished mental status, headache, visual changes, and seizures. Five aneurysms were ruptured on admission. All aneurysms were clipped primarily except 1, which was treated by parent artery sacrifice and extracranial-to-intracranial bypass after intraoperative aneurysm rupture. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were 36% (4 of 11) and 18.3% (2 of 11), respectively. Excellent or good clinical outcomes, defined as modified Rankin Scale scores ≤ 2, were achieved in 86% (5 of 6) of patients available for long-term clinical follow-up (mean, 12.5 ± 13.6 months). Conclusion Giant PCoA aneurysms are rare vascular lesions that may present with a variety of neurological signs and symptoms. These lesions can be successfully managed surgically with satisfactory morbidity and mortality rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest surgical series of giant PCoA aneurysms published to date.
Initial Stages of MOCVD Growth of Gallium Nitride Using a Multi-Step Growth Approach

A multilayer buffer layer approach to GaN growth has been developed in which the thermal desorption and mass transport of low temperature buffer layer are minimized by deposition of successive layers at increased temperatures. High quality GaN with featureless surface morphology has been grown on (0001) sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using this multilayer buffer layer approach. The lateral growth and coalescence of truncated 3D islands (TTIs) nucleated on low temperature buffer layers at the initial stage of overlayer growth is affected by the thickness of the final buffer layer on which nucleation of TTIs takes place. The effect of the thickness of this buffer layer on the quality of GaN is studied by using scanning electron microscopy, van der Pauw geometry Hall measurements and cathodoluminescence and an optimum value of 400A is obtained.
Cholesterol and Aggression: An Ethnocultural Perspective

Although serum cholesterol has for several decades been linked to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, cardiovascular primary prevention studies that have resulted in low or lowered cholesterol have not reduced total mortality. This finding may be due in part to an increase in mortality from suicides, homicides, and accidents among people with low or lowered serum cholesterol. This article attempts to review the literature on cholesterol and aggressive behavior, examines possible links connecting the two, and suggests an ethnocultural perspective to these connections.
Analysis on Characteristics of People Receiving HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services Fujian Province,2011-2013

Objective To understand the characteristics and the detection results among people receiving HIV voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)services,and provide better guidance for VCT services in Fujian. Methods Retrospective data involving demographic and laboratory testing information among individuals who received services at the VCT clinic in Fujian from 2011 to 2013was collected and analyzed. Results In total 2 195 persons received VCT,and the male accounted for 84.73%,91.62% aged 20-45,College degree and above accounted for 57.63%;people who had non-marital heterosexual behavior and men who have sex with men(MSM)accounted for 54.85% and 22.60%respectively;The HIV positive rate was 7.12%in total VCT services,with MSM,the persons whose spouses or partners were HIV+and people who had non-marital heterosexual behavior respectively 17.94%,13.04% and 4.53%(P 0.01). Conclusion The main reasons for seeking VCT services are non-marital heterosexual behavior and MSM behavior,MSM who have the highest HIV prevalence rate need to be focused on in VCT services.
RECENT PROGRESS IN MACROSCOPIC RESONANT TUNNELING AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING

The question of whether macroscopic variables obey the laws of quantum mechanics has been debated ever since the earliest days of quantum mechanics.Since early 1980s results from a series of experiments in Josephson junctions and superconducting interference devices(SQUIDs),including macroscopic quantum tunneling,energy level quantization,macroscopic resonant tunneling(MRT),and ac driven coherent dynamics of the phase and flux,strongly support the notion that under proper conditions motions of macroscopic variables are indeed governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.Among many macroscopic quantum phenomena,MRT,which combines two of the most distinctive quantum phenomena-tunneling and energy level-quantization together and does not involve excitation by high frequency fields,is perhaps the strongest evidence demonstrating quantum nature of macroscopic variables.In this article,we review recent development in theory and experiment of MRT.In particular,we show that how dissipation and flux noise affect the rate and line shape of MRT in the double-well of rf SQUID flux qubits and applications of MRT in the ongoing efforts of identifying and understanding mechanisms of decoherence in superconducting qubits for scalable quantum computing.
LEA protein homology and its application potentiality

LEA protein(Late-embryogenic-abundant protein) is a kind of induced protein by plants under drought stress [1].This paper used software to map out its structure diagram and analyzed different plants which can produce LEA protein with mRNA sequence alignment to find conjectured conserved sequences.By analysis of the homology of the sequences in some unknown sequences and the original LEA protein in Arabidopsis thaliana,some conclusions on the relationship between sequence and function of them were obtained.The phylogenetic tree of LEA proteins was also obtained based on their conservative property and homology.The research result on LEA protein would benefit to awareness on plant drought resistance,and be a reference for adjusting planting layout.
Liturgical Theology: What do the East and West Have to Say to Each Other?

Les questions sur lesquelles porte la reflexion oecumenique concernant la theologie liturgique sont passees en revue : la proclamation du Verbe, le langage de Dieu, la participation liturgique, les ministres, ministeres et l'ecclesiologie, les arts liturgiques, la catechese, la theologie de la creation et de l'environnement
Interfacial behaviours between lithium ion conductors and electrode materials in various battery systems

In recent years room temperature Li+ ion conductors have been intensively revisited in an attempt to develop solid state batteries that can be deployed for vehicle electrification. Through careful modification on materials synthesis, promising solid Li+ conductors with competitive ionic conductivity to those of liquid electrolytes have been demonstrated. However, the integration of highly conductive solid electrolytes into the whole system is still very challenging mainly due to the high impedance existing at different interfaces throughout the battery structure. Herein, this work focuses on the overview of the interfacial behaviors between lithium ion (Li-ion) conductors and cathode/anode materials. The origin, evolution and potential solutions to reduce these interfacial impedances are reviewed for various battery systems spanning from Li-ion, lithium sulfur (Li–S), lithium oxygen (Li–O2) batteries to lithium metal protection.
Evidence for phosphoryl moieties in a proteinase from Dictyosteliumdiscoideum

Abstract A proteinase (called Proteinase I) present in myxamoebae of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum , was labeled in vivo with [32P] by growth of cells on media containing [32P] orthophosphate. The labeled proteinase was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized by dissociation chromatography and quantitative immune-precipitin analysis. Based upon the results of these studies it was concluded that phosphoryl moieties were tightly associated (presumably covalently bonded) with the polypeptide subunits of Proteinase I.
Medicaid Expansion And State Trends In Supplemental Security Income Program Participation

The Affordable Care Act made low-income nonelderly adults eligible for Medicaid in 2014 without requiring them to obtain disabled status through the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. In states that participated in the Medicaid expansion, we found that SSI participation decreased by about 3 percent after 2014.
THE ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER

This chapter focuses on the ileocecal sphincter. The mode of control of the sphincter seems to be something like that of the pylorus, where irritation of the bowel about it or caudad to it causes material coming down from above to be held back. The sphincter muscle shows rhythmic contractions that sometimes occur at a rate faster than that of the rhythmic movements of the terminal segment of ileum. Waves come down the ileum, usually several times an hour, and as they arrive, material may come through the sphincter in little jets. Stimulation of the colonic mucosa causes contraction of the sphincter and delay in the emptying of the ileum. Experiences with both animals and man show that the ileocecal sphincter is not essential to health. A man can get along well with a simple anastomosis between ileum and colon. When food is taken into the stomach there is a greater tendency for material to pass from the terminal ileum into the colon, and when there is a delay in the passage of material from the ileum to the colon, there may be a holding back of material in the stomach or upper bowel.
You’ve Come A Long Way Baby: Women’s New Media Practices, Empowerment, and Everyday Life in Kuwait and the Middle East

From the right to drive (Saudi Arabia), the freedom to vote and express themselves more openly (Kuwait), the right to fight back against sexual harassment (Egypt), and the smile as a resistance campaign (Turkey), women are using digital media to confront the state, enhance their agency, and change their life circumstances. Through this analysis of women’s new media use in the Middle East, we will examine some emerging implications for formal power relations and the role of women within them.
Modelling the effects of inter-observer variation on colour rendition:

The colour rendition characteristics of light sources are quantified with measures based on CIE standard observers, which are reasonable representations of population averages. However, even among ...
A deep learning approach to estimate stress distribution: a fast and accurate surrogate of finite-element analysis

Structural finite-element analysis (FEA) has been widely used to study the biomechanics of human tissues and organs, as well as tissue-medical device interactions, and treatment strategies. However, patient-specific FEA models usually require complex procedures to set up and long computing times to obtain final simulation results, preventing prompt feedback to clinicians in time-sensitive clinical applications. In this study, by using machine learning techniques, we developed a deep learning (DL) model to directly estimate the stress distributions of the aorta. The DL model was designed and trained to take the input of FEA and directly output the aortic wall stress distributions, bypassing the FEA calculation process. The trained DL model is capable of predicting the stress distributions with average errors of 0.492% and 0.891% in the Von Mises stress distribution and peak Von Mises stress, respectively. This study marks, to our knowledge, the first study that demonstrates the feasibility and great potential of using the DL technique as a fast and accurate surrogate of FEA for stress analysis.
FGC: A Tool-flow for Generating and Configuring Custom FPGAs(Abstract Only)

We introduce the FGC Toolflow, the only tool providing flexible custom-FPGA generation and configuration to-date. Currently, researchers building custom FPGAs must create for FPGA schematics and bitstreams by hand. Both tasks are prohibitively time intensive and error prone. Additionally, the simulation time for bitcell configuration is very long (often times longer than the functionality), making the verification of FPGA fabrics even more time consuming. Some existing toolflows and software packages designed to help with this process, but they only generate bitcell configurations, leaving schematics to be developed by hand. Others have limitations in circuit-level and architectural parameters, which prevent them from adequately exploring the FPGA design space. The FGC flow is the only flow available that generates a custom full-FPGA schematic from a single parameter text file, and generates the proper configuration bitstream for a target Verilog functionality. The parameter text file can accommodate 100s of different parameters, which include both circuit-level and architectural parameters to fully encompass the FPGA design space. The FGC flow generates both a schematic and a configuration bitstream for an FPGA with 100 CLBs (900,000 transistors) in only 8 minutes. The flow also generates simulation files, allowing the user to quickly set up and perform simulations to verify the FPGA and its configuration at the chip level with SPICE-level accuracy. This flow was used to create, verify, and test a taped-out ultra-low power FPGA.
Relationship Between Dental Students’ Pre-Admission Record and Performance on the Comprehensive Basic Science Examination

The Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (CBSE) is the entrance examination for oral and maxillofacial surgery, but its implementation among dental students is a relatively recent and unintended use. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pre-admission data and performance on the CBSE for dental students at the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine (CDM). This study followed a retrospective cohort, examining data for the CDM Classes of 2014-19. Data collected were Dental Admission Test (DAT) and CBSE scores and undergraduate GPAs for 49 CDM students who took the CBSE from September 2013 to July 2016. The results showed that the full regression model did not demonstrate significant predictive capability (F[8,40]=1.70, p=0.13). Following stepwise regression, only the DAT Perceptual Ability score remained in the final model (F[1,47]=7.97, p 2 =0.15). This study found that, among these students, pre-admission data were poor predictors of CBSE performance.
Continuous delivery sounds great, but will it work here?

Continuous delivery is a set of principles, patterns, and practices designed to make deployments predictable, routine affairs that can be performed on demand at any time. This article introduces co...
Unraveling Oxygen Electrocatalysis Mechanisms on a Thin-Film Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ

In this work, a perovskite-structured and oxygen-deficient oxide, La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSCO), has been investigated as a model bifunctional thin-film oxygen electrode for alkaline metal–air cells. The rotating disk electrode (RDE) configuration in combination with common electrochemical techniques such as linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to characterize the behavior of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) taking place on LSCO in 0.1 M KOH solution. The results show that the oxygen electrocatalysis process in LSCO follows a multistep charge-transfer pathway. A physics-based, generalized electrochemical model, encompassing two sequential 2e– steps with HO2– as an intermediate species and one parallel 4e– step, has been established to account for the multistep charge-transfer behavior with very satisfactory results, yielding a series of important electrode kinetic transfer coefficients and exchange current densiti...
Wisdom and Responsible Leadership: Aesthetic Sensibility, Moral Imagination, and Systems Thinking

The world needs wise leaders, but wisdom is clearly in short supply these days if the state of the world is any evidence. Just think of climate change, ecological damages done by modern industrial and agricultural practices, and collapsing and unfair mortgage and financial markets, not to mention the growing gap between rich and poor, as examples. But generally, the need for wisdom in leaders and managers, which is defined by Ackoff (Reflections 1(1): 14–24, 1999) as the capacity to think through the (short and long-term) consequences of actions, is under-appreciated. Using as a basis the argument that wisdom exists when three components—moral imagination (the good), systems understanding (the true), and aesthetic sensibility (the beautiful) are present (Waddock, Journal of Business Ethics Education 7: 177–196, 2010), I explore the implications of this definition for teaching future leaders to be both wise and ethical in their decision making and actions.
Functional Alteration of Mammalian Cells by Direct High Frequency Electromagnetic Field Interactions

Numerous and diverse effects of high frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on living systems have been reported during the past 40 years. Reviewing these reports is perplexing due to inconsistencies that in some instances lead to apparently contradictory conclusions. Early studies of EMR bioeffects were faulted as a consequence of inadequate dosimetry and densitometry. During the past decade, experimental and theoretical advances have more clearly defined the nature of problems that have beset this area of inquiry. These major problem areas fall into two broad interrelated categories: physical and biological interactions.
The Mars Global Surveyor mission: Description, status, and significant results

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft entered an elliptical orbit at Mars on September 11, 1997. Until March 1999 it acquired scientific data from decreasing-sized orbits as it alternated between aerobraking and nadir-pointing modes. This time period provided tremendous advances in our knowledge of the shape and topography, the gravity field, the magnetic field, and the atmospheric structure and dynamics of Mars. In April 1999 MGS entered its planned two years in the mapping mode. In this mode the high-gain antenna tracks Earth so that the instruments can take data continuously and so that the camera system can return high-resolution data in real-time. IR spectral and temperature data, as well as high-resolution images are providing new insight into the geologic evolution of Mars. All data is being archived at about six month centers so that it is available in electronic format to the international community.
Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke.

Background and Purpose:Many patients diagnosed with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack are subsequently found to have atrial fibrillation (AF) on outpatient cardiac telemetry monitorin...
Effect of substituents on the strength of A-Cl- (A = Si, Ge, and Sn) bonds in hypervalent systems: ACl5-, ACl4F-, and A(CH3)3Cl2-.

The gas-phase strengths of the A−Cl- bonds in ACl5-, ACl4F-, and A(CH3)3Cl2- (A = Si, Ge, and Sn) have been determined by measuring thresholds for collision-induced dissociation in a flowing afterg...
Conformations and Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Homocycles. 1. The S5, S6, S7, and S8 Molecules

Results of B3LYP/6-311G* and MP2/6-311G* electronic structure calculations provide a comprehensive characterization of all the conformers of the S5, S6, S7, and S8 homocycles and elucidate their in...
Game theory and the study of American political development

Game theoretic analyses of American institutions and American political development largely are disconnected enterprises, yet they share many points of contact and thus opportunities for fruitful exchange. In this essay I discuss the value and limits of formalization for the enterprise of institutional analysis that those fields have in common. I conceptualize two broad approaches that formal modelers have taken to study institutions—institutions as game forms, and institutions as equilibria—that have been relatively successful for understanding institutional choice and stability. At the same time, formal modelers have been less successful in addressing institutional change and development, topics about which APD has much to offer. Overall, I contend that crosstalk between the two fields can benefit them both.
Using State Data to Conduct Research in the Field of Gifted Education

State databases offer researchers the opportunity to conduct research using data collected by states. These databases contain financial, demographic, and accountability data. Accessing and acquirin...
Ambulatory Antibiotic Prescribing for Children with Pneumonia After Publication of National Guidelines: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

National guidelines published in 2011 recommend amoxicillin as first-line treatment for non-hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to understand visit rates, antibiotic selection, and factors associated with amoxicillin prescribing for children with CAP since guideline publication. We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study of patients aged 90 days–18 years with an outpatient clinic or emergency department (ED) visit from 2008 to 2015 using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey ED data files, respectively. We estimated the incidence rates of ambulatory CAP visits, examined time trends in antibiotics prescribed at CAP visits, and determined factors independently associated with first-line guideline-recommended antibiotic prescribing using multivariable logistic regression, including patient age, setting, and US census region. From 2008 to 2015, there were an estimated 1.5 million [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–1.7 million] pediatric CAP visits annually. Amoxicillin was prescribed in 23% (95% CI 18–30%), azithromycin was prescribed in 47% (95% CI 41–54%), and cephalosporins were prescribed in 26% (95% CI 21–31%) of antibiotic visits for CAP. There were no significant differences in annual CAP visits or prescribing by antibiotic class since guideline publication. Amoxicillin prescribing was significantly less likely in visits by older children, aged 5–18 years, [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.22, 95% CI 0.10–0.49] compared to visits by younger children aged 90 days–4 years with CAP. Compared with the Northeast, amoxicillin prescribing was significantly lower in the Midwest (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13–0.98) and South (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08–0.63). Azithromycin prescribing was significantly more likely in visits to EDs (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.07–1.98) compared to physician offices. Despite national guideline recommendations, amoxicillin prescribing for CAP in outpatient settings is low and azithromycin remains the predominant antibiotic prescribed, highlighting the need for dedicated antibiotic stewardship efforts in ambulatory settings.
A Geographic Routing Strategy with DTN Support for Vehicular Named Data Networking

The Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is used for communication among vehicles to provide traffic and other important information critical for smart transportation. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a recently proposed future Internet architecture that focuses on what the content is rather than where the host is. In this paper, we propose a new geographic routing strategy of applying NDN in vehicular networks with Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) support, called GeoDTN-NDN. One challenge of using NDN in VANET is that in addition to the flooding problem of interest forwarding, data forwarding and delivery may also experience disruption because of the high mobility of vehicles in VANETs. We adapt geographical routing mechanisms to deal with the flooding problem of interest forwarding and the disruption problem of data forwarding in NDN. We introduce a hybrid geographic routing solution with restricted greedy, greedy, perimeter, and DTN modes in packet forwarding. To evaluate the performance, we compare the results of our solution with the original Vehicular Inter-Networking via Named Data Networking (V-NDN). Our hybrid geographic routing solution that deals with both interest forwarding and data delivery results in better performance.
Research on Automatic Mapping Technology Based on SCD Model

The fast parsing technology of IEC61850 SCD configuration file of intelligent substation is studied in this paper. According to the parsing results, various complex logic modules and their correlations are established within the system, such as IED, data set, virtual channel and virtual loop, besides, the fast search index is formed within the system. According to the fast data processing technology of SCD model, a high visualization of SCD model is formed and network connection diagram and logical connection diagram are automatically generated, which provides a model basis for the massive real-time data analysis needed for debugging and analysis work.
Grid Impact Analysis of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

This paper presents a grid impact analysis of heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. In this work, heavy-duty EVs have battery capacities high enough to provide a range of 250–500 miles on a single charge, such as long-haul trucks. Heavy-duty EVs will require extremely fast charging rates to reduce charging time and will induce very high charging loads (at the multiple-megawatt scale) if several vehicles charge at the same time. Therefore, analysis is needed to understand the impact of charging station loads on the electric power grid and set the baseline for developing mitigation plans and necessary system upgrades. We develop a systematic procedure to analyze the potential impact of the placement of charging stations on the grid. Charging load is modeled using a DC fast-charging station model. A voltage load sensitivity matrix approach is leveraged to investigate the challenges of placing charging stations on the feeder. Given the charging load profiles and suggested charging station locations, time-series simulations are performed on various connection points on the feeder to understand the impact. The analysis is performed on both the IEEE 34-bus system and a realistic feeder from California. Initial mitigation solutions are developed based on insights from this analysis.
Stress problems in pressurized cabins

"The report presenting information on the stress problems in the analysis of pressurized cabins of high-altitude aircraft not met with in other fields of stress analysis related to aircraft. The material may be roughly divided into shell problems and plate problems, the former being concerned with the curved walls of the cabin or pressure vessel and the latter being concerned with small rectangular panels of its walls, framed by stiffeners, but not necessarily plane" (p. 1).
Perceived Financial Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Cost Burden Among Low-Income, Under-Screened Women.

Background: Despite screening's effectiveness in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality, disparities in cervical cancer screening uptake remain, with lower rates documented among uninsure...
Error-Exploiting Video Encoder to Extend Energy/QoS Tradeoffs for Mobile Embedded Systems

Energy/QoS provisioning is a challenging task for video applications in power-constrained mobile embedded systems. Many error-resilient video encodings allow us to exploit errors and generate a range of acceptable tradeoff spaces by controlling the amount of errors in the system. This expanded tradeoff space allows system designers to comparatively evaluate different operating points with varying QoS and energy consumption by aggressively exploiting error-resilience attributes, and can potentially result in significant energy savings. Specifically, we propose an error-aware video encoding technique that intentionally injects errors (drops frames) while ensuring QoS in accordance with error-resilience. The novelty of our approach is in active exploitation of errorsto vary the operating conditions for further optimization of system aspects. Our experiments show that our error-exploiting video encoding can reduce the energy consumption for an encoding device by 37% in video conferencing over a wireless network, without video quality degradation, compared to a standard video encoding technique for a test video stream. Furthermore, we present the adaptivity of our approach by incorporating the feedback from the decoding side to achieve the QoS requirement under dynamic network status.
Influence of object size, speed, and direction on the perception of a moving object.

Abstract Twenty boys and 20 girls, 7 yr old, participated in a study assessing the influence of a moving object's speed, size, and direction and the subject's sex on the prediction of object directionality. An experimental apparatus was designed to permit spherical objects of various sizes to move in three-dimensional space in 3 directions at selected speeds. The subject's task was to press a button to predict one of the 3 possible object directions: the object moved either toward the subject's midline, or toward a point 18 in. to the left or to the right of the subject's midline. The movement of all objects started at the same place which was 19.66 ft in front of the subject. Movement-response time, distance, and errors were recorded for each of 27 trials. ANOVA indicated that: (1) Object direction did influence object-directionality prediction when the data were either movement-response time, distance, or errors. (2) Object speed did influence object directionality prediction when the data were either f...
Re-prescription of penicillin in patients who have had allergic-like reactions: Investigation using a large electronic medical record☆

Abstract Rationale To determine the frequency of re-prescription of penicillin to penicillin-allergic individuals and the risk of a second reaction in those who had a previous reaction. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted within the UK General Practice Research Database, an electronic medical record. All patients who had received a prescription for penicillin, 1987 through 9/2001, and those who had received a second prescription for a penicillin at least 60 days later, were selected. Patients with events consistent with a hypersensitivity (allergic-like) reaction within 30 days after the first prescription were compared to those without such events. Results 3,375,162 patients received at least one prescription for penicillin. Of 6212(0.18%) who experienced an allergic-like reaction to the initial penicillin prescription, 48.5% were given a second prescription for penicillin, compared with 59.8% of those without an initial allergic reaction (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6, 0.7). 2,017,957 patients were given two or more prescriptions for penicillin. 3014 (0.15%) experienced an allergic-like reaction with the first prescription and 57 (1.89%) of those had another reaction after the second prescription. The unadjusted OR of an allergic-like reaction with the second prescription for those who experienced an allergic-like reaction following the first prescription, compared with those who had no initial reaction, was 11.2 (95% CI 8.6, 14.6). Adjusting for confounding had no substantive effect on this result. Conclusions The risk of an allergic-like reaction to penicillin is markedly increased in those who have had a prior event. Re-prescription of penicillin to such patients is more frequent than anticipated.
Simulation of Glancing Shock Wave and Boundary Layer Interaction

Shock waves generated by sharp fins, glancing across a lammar boundary layer growing over a flat plate, are simulated numerically. Several basic issues concerning the resultant three-dimensional flow separation are studied. Using the same number of grid points, different grid spacings are employed to investigate the effects of grid resolution on the origin of the line of separation. Various shock strengths (generated by different fin angles) are used to study the so-called separated and unseparat ed boundary layer and to establish the existence or absence of the secondary separation. The usual interpretations of the flow field from previous studies and new interpretations arising from the present simulation are discussed.
Phase transforming cellular materials

Abstract We extend the notion of phase transformations to periodic cellular materials by introducing materials whose unit cells have multiple stable configurations. Each stable configuration of the unit cell corresponds to a stable phase, and transitions between these phases are regarded as phase transformations of the cellular material. We present a cellular material that exhibits phase transformation, identify key elements of the unit cell geometry that yield its mechanical behavior and introduce an analytical model that describes its constitutive behavior. Cellular materials that exhibit phase transformations show hysteresis and their response is characterized by a long serrated loading and unloading plateaus, making these materials attractive for energy absorption applications. While these phase transforming cellular materials offer an energy absorption performance that is comparable to metal and polymeric honeycombs, the key difference is that the deformation on these materials is fully recoverable.
A Miscarriage of Justice:Pregnancy Discrimination in SectarianSchools

II. Religious Entities’ Exceptions to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 537 A. The Ministerial Exception 537 1. The "Primary Duties Test" and Inconsistencies in Its Application 539 2. The Ministerial Exception: Stretched to Its Breaking Point? 541 B. Statutory Religious Exemptions to Title VII 542 1. Amos and Analysis Under the First Amendment 542 2. Dolter, Vigars, and Application of the Statutory Exemptions 545 3. A Split Among the Circuits 549
Human immunodeficiency virus and lung cancer: differences in presentation and clinical course.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 480 Background: As HIV-infected patients are surviving longer on antiretroviral medication, case reports of lung cancer developing in HIV patients are emerging. We conducted the present study to characterize the differences between lung cancer patients with and without HIV infection. Methods: Patients with lung carcinoma and HIV were identified at an urban hospital, Johns Hopkins, between 1985-2004 by linking the institution’s Lung Cancer SPORE and outpatient HIV clinic databases. HIV + patients with lung cancer were compared to 7,428 patients in the Lung Cancer SPORE database with unknown HIV status (mostly HIV uninfected). Results: We identified 90 HIV+ patients with lung cancer. No patient developed lung cancer before HIV diagnosis. The median interval between HIV diagnosis and lung cancer was 6 years. HIV+ lung cancer patients were younger than others with lung cancer (median age 46 vs. 63 years, p=0.001). The younger age at onset is a likely explanation for lower average pack-years of smoking observed in the HIV-infected lung cancer patients (35 versus 53 pack-years, p=0.001), despite the fact that the prevalence of smoking was higher in the HIV-infected (99%) compared to other (88%) lung cancer patients. Both groups were majority male, but differed by race with the HIV cohort being more likely to be African-American (p=0.001). HIV+ patients more frequently presented with adenocarcinoma than other patients (53% vs. 32%, respectively, p=0.02). The median CD4 count for the HIV+ patients at lung cancer diagnosis was 298 cells/ml (range 0 - 1,091 cells/ml). The median viral load was 613 copies/ml (range 0 - 750,000 copies/ml). The survival of the HIV+ group was significantly shorter than that of the non-HIV lung cancer group (median 6 vs. 9 months; p=0.002; univariate RR 1.50, 95% CI, 1.19-1.87). Late stage of disease appeared to explain the poorer prognosis among HIV-infected lung cancer patients, since after adjusting for lung cancer stage at presentation in a multivariate analysis, HIV+ and other lung cancer patients had a similar death rate (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.85-1.34). Conclusion: We report a clinical observation of a large number of patients with HIV and lung carcinoma in a single institution. HIV+ patients with lung cancer present at a younger age and are more likely than other patients to have adenocarcinomas and more advanced cancer at diagnosis. Extensive smoking histories are ubiquitous. Survival of HIV+ patients is poor primarily due to late stage of presentation. This study adds additional evidence concerning the potential link between HIV and lung cancer.
Popular education for adult literacy and health development in Indigenous Australia

The focus of this paper is adult literacy, and the impact this has on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individual and community health. It directs attention to those Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people and adults who have not benefited from the formal school education system, and who, as a consequence, have very low levels of basic English language literacy. Analysing data from a range of sources, I suggest that these people comprise as much as 35% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adult population nationally, and a much bigger proportion in some communities and regions. Moreover, they are key to improving overall health outcomes in the population as a whole, because they are among the people most at risk. Drawing on research in countries of the global South over recent decades, the paper then suggests that one of the most effective ways to improve health outcomes and foster health development is through a popular mass adult literacy campaign. Popular education is not formal education, of the kind provided by schools, TAFEs and universities. It is “non-formal” education, provided on a mass scale, to people in marginalised and disadvantaged communities, as part of wider social and political movements for equality. The paper concludes that this is the most appropriate form of education to deal with the massive social and economic inequality at the heart of the social determinants of Indigenous health.
Detection of Cardiac-Specific Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme in Sera with Normal or Slightly Increased Total Creatine Kinase Activity

We describe a spectrophotometric kinetic assay for detecting creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity in the 1 to 10 U/liter range. The MB isoenzyme was isolated [ Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] and assayed (Rosalki method) with an Abbott ABA-100. Good reproducibility was demonstrated for MB isoenzyme activities near 1 U/liter (CV = 2.6%). Sera with normal or slightly increased total creatine kinase activity were evaluated. Sera of 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction contained, per liter, 84 to 236 U of total creatine kinase activity and 4.6 to 28.0 U of isoenzyme MB activity; corresponding ranges for sera from healthy lab technicians and patients with noncardiac disease were 36 to 277 and 0 to 2.6 U. MB isoenzyme activity for infarction patients rose and fell sharply within three days after the infarction. Atypical time-course patterns, MB isoenzyme activity remaining abnormally great for five days, were observed in serum from patients with prolonged atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy; the BB isoenzyme (1 to 5 U/liter) was also detected in sera of such patients but was absent in sera from infarction patients. Quantification of column-isolated MB by the assay described is rapid, easy, specific, and extremely sensitive for measuring MB in the 1 to 10 U/liter range.