cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation of the parietal lobes and temperature discrimination in monkeys

Abstract Seven groups of 3 monkeys each were given preoperative training over a series of thermal discrimination tasks of increasing difficulty to use eventually their left hands to detect a 1 °C difference. One group served as an unoperated control (C), and the others were subjected to the following lesions: (1)bilateral SI-bilateral SII; (2)bilateral SI; (3)bilateral SI-contralateral SII; (4)bilateral SII-bilateral posterior parietal; (5)bilateral parietal lobectomy; and (6)contralateral parietal lobectomy. The groups were then tested again on the same tasks. No group showed any difficulty with differences larger than 12 °C, and groups 2, 4, 6 and C showed no statistical differences in their preoperative and postoperative number of trials to criteria for any of the temperature tasks. However, groups 1, 3 and 5 had considerable difficulty making discriminations ranging between 3 and 12 °C; and, although their postoperative performances were not significantly different from one another, they took statiscally more trials to discriminate the 1 ° difference in post- than in testing. Following extensive retraining, all but one of the subjects in the latter groups were able to detect the 1 °C difference It was concluded that the bilateral SI and contralateral SII areas play important roles in the monkey's ability to discriminate fine temperature differences with its hand, but that these areas are not essential to this capacity. It was also concluded that the monkey's parietal cortex plays little or no role in perceiving and reacting to noxious thermal stimulation applied to the hand.
Preparation of the 2,6-dioxa[3.1.1]Bicycloheptane nucleus of thromboxane A2

Synthese du butyl-3 methyl-4 dioxa-2,6bicyclo [3.1.1] heptane par cyclodeshydratation du butyl-6 dibromo-3,3 methyl-5 perhydro pyrannediol-2,4(A) suivie de reduction par SnBu 3 H(A) est prepare a partir de methyl-2 heptene-2al
The "intruder" hypothesis and selection against arginine.

Abstract The “intruder” hypothesis for the presence of more arginine codons in the genetic code than are needed leads to the expectation for selection against arginine in protein synthesis. This selection is therefore a consequence of the intruder hypothesis rather than a substitute for it, as claimed by Wallis (1974) .
The production of a 2 10 MeV collimated monoenergetic neutron beam of known flux using the associated particle technique

Abstract The associated particle technique is used with neutrons from the 2H(d, n)3He reaction to provide a monoenergetic neutron beam in the range 2–10 MeV. The neutron energy range achieved with this system requires a corresponding range in deuteron energy of 2–12 MeV. The collimation of the neutron beam is accomplished electronically. To produce neutron beams with energies in the 2–5 MeV range the associated 3He ions are counted with unambiguous resolution in a solid state detector. Above 5 MeV the 3He ions are counted with similar accuracy by comparing the yield from the primary deuterated-polyethylene target with the yield from a carbon target of comparable areal density. For a 0.5 μA deuteron beam in the MeV range the flux at the centre of the neutron beam produced with a 0.5 μm thick deuterated-polyethylene target is typically 100 s−1 msr−1. Neutron cross sections and nuclear lifetimes are measured using an appropriate scintillator which serves simultaneously both as target and detector. The timing resolution between associated events in the 3He-ion and neutron detectors is 1–2 ns depending on the neutron detector used.
Comment on Richard B. McKenzie's “Where Is the Economics in Economic Education?”

Richard B. McKenzie's recent article in this journal (Fall 1977) unintentionally suggests strongly that Dennis J. Weidenaar and I sponsored the "better citizenship argument" for economic education (pp. 9 and 10). On the contrary, our Delphi-like inquiry (see Horton and Weidenaar 1974, 1975) to which McKenzie refers found remarkable support among more than two hundred economic educators, other social scientists, other educators, business managers, and others for the entirely distinct goal: "Improve our understanding of the world in which we live." Furthermore, I strongly agree with McKenzie's critique of the "better citizenship goal." There is, nevertheless, an important difference of opinion between us. I believe that some explicit goal of economic education is essential, for as Robert F. Mager has said, ". .. if you're not sure where you're going, you're liable to end up someplace else-and not even know it." This difference from McKenzie's view may be explained in part by the defined concern in our inquiry with economic education "as a matter of general education, " whereas he may well have been more concerned in his article with advanced courses. A significant question, which he did not distinguish, arises in economic education under our definition: Just who are the consumers for whom we should have concern? It seems that they are reasonably not just students, but also parents, community members, and others. To be sure, public-good questions then arise, but they are not those least tractable ones cited by McKenzie in connection with the "better citizenship goal." After all, communities do display rivalries in their school systems; parents do purchase independent education for themselves and for their children; and administrators, curriculum specialists, and teachers do differentiate their products. I believe accordingly that the Joint Council on Economic Education has a proper and important role in helping all these interests achieve the goal of general economic understanding. This role need by no means be the dictatorial one many of us would fear.
Dracula and duty

Reading Bram Stoker's Dracula is a bit like watching a perverse puppet show – perverse not because the performance happens to include explicit sadomasochistic acts (whose perversity, in any case, i...
The Professional Reading of High School Academic Teachers

Survey responses from a national sample of 666 teachers of English, mathematics, science, and social studies were used to investigate the extent to which teachers read professional journals, what they read, and connections between reading and other professional development activities. Differences in reading activity across subject areas were also examined. Approximately half the teachers reported reading at least 1 professional journal, but results varied by subject taught. Most teachers read subject-matter journals in contrast with general education publications. Readers were more likely to be professionally active (belong to a professional organization and know about subject-area reforms) than nonreaders. A smaller proportion of social studies teachers than teachers of other school subjects reported reading professional journals and affiliating with professional associations.
Combining Lifestyle Medicine With Medication Therapy Management Services in a Community Pharmacy Setting

Medication therapy management (MTM) services have been performed by pharmacists to optimize the therapeutic outcomes of patients for nearly 10 years. To date, few pharmacists have incorporated lifestyle medicine practices with traditional MTM services to more optimally manage and prevent chronic conditions. This article describes one community pharmacy-based program that incorporates lifestyle medicine with traditional MTM services. The tools used to conduct the program are also provided along with a brief description of the outcomes after the first year of the program. Pharmacists are well positioned within the community to promote lifestyle medicine. Incorporating these services into MTM programs is an excellent way for pharmacists to provide a high level of care to patients with chronic conditions.
Health information seeking: a review of measures and methods.

Abstract Objective Outlines the methods and measures commonly used to study active health information seeking and prescribes important considerations in advancing the study of patient information seeking. Methods A systematic review of the literature from 1978 to 2010. A single bibliometric database, PsychInfo , identified 648 articles of health information seeking. The 129 articles included in the review were coded by type of sample, measures ( n = 12) utilized to study health information seeking, and types of study methods ( n = 5). Results A majority of studies used non-clinical samples and measured general health information seeking (i.e., whether the participant engaged in a search for health information) through cross-sectional study designs. Conclusions There are varying samples, measures, and designs used to identify those who do or do not seek health information. Future research should look into how health information seeking influences health management and should uncover the social and relational functions of health information seeking using more advanced (and less routinely applied) measures and methods of studying health information seeking. Practice implications More people are actively searching for health information and health providers should address this in their discussions with patients.
Antenatal Testing, Mobile Outpatient Monitoring Service

At Good Samaritan Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona, a group of perinatal nurses examined the potential for improving care for antepartum, high-risk pregnant women on restricted activities in their homes. An antenatal testing, mobile outpatient monitoring service was developed and implemented within three months. The goal is to reduce frequent admissions to the hospital caused by the interruption of bed rest for weekly and biweekly outpatient evaluation and monitoring. The service has resulted in reduced hospital admissions and improved patient awareness of the need for and adherence to activity restrictions.
Secondary instability of crossflow vortices

Crossflow-dominated swept-wing boundary layers are known to undergo a highly nonlinear transition process. In low-disturbance environments, the primary instability of these flows consists mainly of stationary streamwise vortices that modify the mean velocity field and hence the stability characteristics of the boundary layer. The result is amplitude saturation of the dominant stationary mode and strong spanwise modulation of the unsteady modes. Breakdown is not caused by the primary instability but instead by a high-frequency secondary instability of the shear layers of the distorted mean flow. The secondary instability has been observed in several previous experiments and several computational models for its behaviour exist. None of the experiments has been sufficiently detailed to allow either model validation or transition correlation. The present experiment conducted using a 45 ◦ swept wing in the low-disturbance Arizona State University Unsteady Wind Tunnel addresses the secondary instability in a detailed fashion under a variety of conditions. The results reveal that this instability is active in the breakdown of all cases investigated, and furthermore, it appears to be well-described by the computational models.
Heat Conduction Paradox Involving Second-Sound Propagation in Moving Media

In this Letter, we revisit the Maxwell-Cattaneo law of finite-speed heat conduction. We point out that the usual form of this law, which involves a partial time derivative, leads to a paradoxical result if the body is in motion. We then show that by using the material derivative of the thermal flux, in lieu of the local one, the paradox is completely resolved. Specifically, that using the material derivative yields a constitutive relation that is Galilean invariant. Finally, we show that under this invariant reformulation, the system of governing equations, while still hyperbolic, cannot be reduced to a single transport equation in the multidimensional case.
Active control of impulsive noise using a nonlinear companding function

Abstact This paper proposes a companding filtered-x least mean square (FxLMSC) algorithm for impulsive noise control. The developed FxLMSC algorithm is based on minimizing the instantaneous power of the transformed error signals using a companding function. The filter coefficients are updated using a gradient weighting function, which can be controlled by the companding parameter to adapt the characteristics of impulsive noise. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves improved control performance over the conventional algorithms.
A test of the characteristic function and the Harsanyi function in N-person normal form sidepayment games

This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment investigating sidepayment games represented in normal form. Attempts to predict payoff allocations via the application of solution concepts (such as the Shapley value or the nucleolus) encounter a problem in games of this form, because the game must first be transformed into some other form. Commonly, this other form is a set function defined over coalitions, such as the von Neumann-Morgenstern characteristic function. Because there are numerous possible transformations, the question arises as to which one provides the most accurate basis for prediction of payoffs.
Psychopathology reconsidered: Depressions interpreted as psychosocial transactions

Abstract Current perspectives in the study of psychopathology in general and of depression in particular remain embedded in causal-mechanistic and person dysfunction conceptual frameworks. If one analyzes the ways the term depression is used in DSM-III-R, by clinicians, and by investigators (whether psychologically, behaviorally, medically or statistically oriented) one finds that traditional beliefs about non-normative behavior have obscured the impreciseness, ambiguities, inconsistencies, over-generalizations, and contradictions in these perspectives. A structural approach — Psychosocial Transaction Patterns — is outlined to show how the behaviors now incorporated under depressions can be reconceptualized in the same kinds of terms we use to understand and explain normative behaviors.
Facilitation of nicotinic response in the guinea pig prevertebral neurons by substance P

Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (f-EPSPs) evoked in guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglion cells were augmented during the course of non-cholinergic EPSP which is thought to be mediated by a substance P (SP)-like peptide. SP applied exogenously likewise increased the f-EPSPs and nicotinic depolarizations induced by acetylcholine applied by pressure ejection. Contrary to several earlier studies where SP was reported to interfere with nicotinic receptor activation, our results show that the peptide facilitates nicotinic transmission in the inferior mesenteric ganglia.
Between the disclosure and foreclosure of erotic transference‐countertransference can psychoanalysis find a place for adult sexuality?

In this article I explore the concept of a postoedipal adult sexuality and its role in the erotic transference‐countertransference processes seen in psychoanalytic treatment. This concept challenges the fundamental assumption that, whenever erotic feelings enter the psychoanalytic space, the analyst always stands in the role of the oedipal parent. It suggests that clinical choices made from within an oedipal model often fail to recognize certain significant developmental changes. An extended clinical example is provided.
Separation of metal oxides from supercritical water by crossflow microfiltration

Low-shear crossflow microfilters rated for 34.5 MPa and 455°C were evaluated for their ability to remove α-alumina particles from supercritical water. The crossflow microfilters were tested in conjunction with a 2.5 L/h bench-scale apparatus and a 150 L/h pilot plant. The filter elements were made of sintered Stainless Steel 316L tubes with a nominal pore size of 0.5 μm. Process variables included volumetric feed concentration, feed flow rate, temperature, and fluid density and viscosity. The mean particle diameter was about 1.6 μm. Filtration characteristics were similar at supercritical water conditions to those at ambient conditions: Increased shear rates and decreased fluid viscosity resulted in increased filtrate fluxes. Filtrate flow deterioration over time and the required transfilter pressure drop were about 40% less at supercritical water conditions as compared to the performance obtainable at ambient conditions. Higher shear rates delayed the establishment of steady state operating conditions. Filtrate flux could be augmented by pressure swings or periodic increases in the shear rate. Particle separation efficiencies typically exceeded 99.9%. A modified concentration polarization model for turbulent flow yielded steady state filtrate fluxes that were within a factor of two of the experimental results. Back diffusion was modeled as a process-in-series of molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion. The proposed model was consistent with findings of numerical diffusion studies and the theory of concentration polarization as recently presented in the literature. To save on energy costs it might be possible to achieve the benefits of filtration at supercritical conditions at near-critical subcritical conditions: viscosity and mass diffusion coefficients are similar but the density of subcritical water is 3 to 4 times higher than supercritical water thus increasing the filtrate mass flow rate by a factor of 3 to 4 for a given filter.
Red Light Districts on Blue Screens: A Typology for Understanding the Evolution of Deviant Communities on the Internet

Sexual deviance was traditionally divided into normal, pathological, and sociological behaviors by Gagnon and Simon (1967). Quinn and Forsyth (2005) modified that typology by adding cross-cutting continuums describing the normative status and social organization of behaviors in order to keep pace with changing sexual mores and technology while bolstering its empirical rigor. This article extends that model based on the original typology's use in research while making heuristic suggestions about the nature of communities based on sexually deviant desires and the issues they pose for research. The revised typology matches “popular,” “tolerated, ” and “pathological” deviance with levels of communities (isolated, virtual, and direct contact) in a pair of scales that can be expanded or truncated to facilitate different research goals.
The role of angiopoietins in the development of endothelial cells from cord blood CD34+ progenitors

Circulating endothelial progenitors contribute to neovascularization at sites of injury and tumorigenesis in postnatal life. Yet, the molecular mechanisms initiating the endothelial developmental program of these precursors remain elusive. Here we provide evidence that endothelial development from progenitors circulating in human cord blood requires angiopoietins, a set of growth factors also involved in vascular branching during embryogenesis. We show that cord blood cells with the potential for endothelial development reside in a CD34+CD11b+ subset capable of autonomously producing and binding angiopoietins. Functionally, endogenous angiopoietin-1 regulates initial endothelial cell commitment, whereas angiopoietin-2 enhances expansion of the endothelial cell progeny. These findings suggest a role for angiopoietins as regulators of endothelial development from circulating progenitors and imply a function of angiopoietins at distinct developmental steps in postnatal angiogenesis.
Cognitive-behavioral strategies for improving medication adherence in patients with bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder can have serious effects on patients' social and occupational functioning. Effective pharmacotherapies are available, but many patients have difficulties adhering to prescribed regimens. This paper presents a cognitive-behavioral program designed to improve medication adherence. The program focuses on three goals: prevention of suicide, stabilization of mood, and achievement of individual personal and occupational goals. The treatment consists of behavioral, cognitive, and interpersonal interventions. Behavioral interventions include goal setting, task analysis, and self-monitoring. These interventions provide the framework for therapy and include methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment. Cognitive interventions are directed at the shame, defensiveness, and fear that can prevent patients from adhering to treatment recommendations. Interpersonal interventions provide the context in which the behavioral and cognitive interventions are implemented. Case examples illustrate key concepts.
A new generation of SPECT and PET systems based on position sensitive photomultipliers

The design and image reconstruction aspects of a head SPECT (single photon-emission computerized tomography), a body SPECT, and a body PET (photon emission tomography) system, all based on 13-cm-diameter position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) have been investigated. Wobbling is introduced to improve the resolution of the head SPECT from 1.2 cm to 0.9 cm at 10 cm. By combining data from adjacent tubes, the resolution of the body ring SPECT is improved from 2.1 cm to 1.7 cm at 20 cm. Sampling gaps are reduced in the ring PET after one rotational increment. Results of computer simulation studies to reconstruct tomographic images from these systems are presented. The PSPMT-based imaging systems greatly facilitate dynamic imaging and should lead to significant reductions in electronic components over existing systems. >
Ovarian follicular development following administration of progesterone or aspiration of ovarian follicles in Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of administration of a single injection of progesterone (P4) and follicle aspiration on Day 7 of the estrous cycle on the timing and synchrony of follicular wave emergence, time of ovulation, and concentrations of P4, estradiol and FSH in Holstein cows. Twenty cows were assigned to 4 groups (n=5 cows per group) in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement. Cows were treated on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus) of the estrous cycle with either sham follicular aspiration and an oil vehicle administered intramuscularly (control), aspiration of ovarian follicles (aspiration), 200 mg of P4 im, or aspiration and 200 mg of P4 im (aspiration + P4). On Day 11, PGF(2alpha)(25mg) was administered to all groups. Synchrony of ovulation was less variable in each of the treatment groups compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas ovulation was delayed in cows in the P4 group (P<0.05). Day of follicular wave emergence was delayed in the cows of the P4 group compared with cows in the aspiration and aspiration + P4 groups (P<0.01), whereas variability in wave emergence was less among both groups of aspirated cows compared with the cows in the control group (P<0.01). More follicles 4 to 7 mm in diameter were detected in the 2 aspiration groups compared with the cows in the control and P4 group (P<0.05). No difference was detected among groups in the maximum concentration of FSH associated with follicular wave emergence. We conclude that both the administration of P4 and the aspiration of follicles on Day 7 of the estrous cycle improves the synchrony of ovulation when luteolysis is induced on Day 11 and results in similar concentrations of FSH at the time of follicular wave emergence, but the timing of wave emergence and the number of follicles post-emergence differ.
Through Silicon Via(TSV) defect/pinhole self test circuit for 3D-IC

The next generation of ICs will have greater density and speed than that of their predecessors due to the fact that they can be stacked into 3DICs. A common defect in this emerging technology, however, is that pinholes can form during the process of oxide deposition along the Through Silicon Via (TSV) walls. In this paper, four analog test circuits are explored for the purposes of detecting these pinholes. Each of the circuits uses the leakage current from a single PMOS. By using this leakage current to test the resistance between the TSV and ground, one can determine whether there is a pinhole creating a short between the TSV and the substrate.
On Multiplicative Invariants of Finite Reflection Groups

This article focuses on two recent results on multiplicative invariants of finite reflection groups: Lorenz (2001) showed that such invariants are affine normal semigroup algebras, and Reichstein (2003) proved that the invariants have a finite SAGBI basis. Reichstein (2003) also showed that, conversely, if the multiplicative invariant algebra of a finite group G has a SAGBI basis, then G acts as a reflection group. There is no obvious connection between these two results. We will show that multiplicative invariants of finite reflection groups have a certain embedding property that implies both results simultaneously.
Impact of Continuing Education Interventions on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Neck Pain Who Received Physical Therapy

Background and Purpose. Physical therapists frequently attend continuing education courses with the goal of providing better care, yet the effectiveness of continuing education for improving outcomes has not been examined. Subjects. Data were obtained for all eligible patients (n=1,365; mean age=42.1 years, SD=14.0 years; 69.9% female) with a chief complaint of neck pain who were treated in 13 physical therapy clinics over a 24-month period. Disability data (Neck Disability Index scores) from the initial and final therapy sessions were recorded from clinical databases. Methods. Thirty-four of 57 physical therapists employed within the 13 clinics attended a 2-day continuing education course. Eleven of the 34 attendees also participated in an ongoing clinical improvement project for patients with neck pain. Clinical outcomes were compared in the pre- and post-course periods for therapists attending or not attending the course, and for therapists participating or not participating in the ongoing project. Results. There were no differences in clinical outcomes based on attendance at the continuing education course. There was an interaction between time and participation in the ongoing project, such that participants achieved greater change in disability after the course. The percentage of patients achieving at least the minimum detectable amount of change in disability with treatment increased significantly for participants after the course. Discussion and Conclusion. Attendance at a 2-day continuing education course was not associated with improvement in clinical outcomes, but participation in an ongoing improvement project did result in greater clinical improvement for patients with neck pain. Further investigation of educational methods to improve clinical outcomes is needed. These results suggest that traditional continuing education formats may not be effective for improving patient care.
Context Matters: The Influence of State and Campaign Factors on the Gender Gap in Senate Elections, 1988–2000

Since the 1980s, we have witnessed how the gender gap grows and shrinks in various elections; we address how the context in which the election takes place influences the size of the divide. Studying the gender gap in Senate elections allows us to look at multiple elections across time and space to determine when significant electoral gender gaps arise and when they do not. This contrasts with more traditional approaches that focus either on a single presidential election or on a single year's House or Senate elections. We demonstrate that electoral gender gaps arise from campaign-level factors (such as candidate sex, the presence of an incumbent, and the issues raised in the campaign), state-level factors (demographics and politics of the states), and the complex interaction of these factors. We would like to thank the many people who gave us helpful feedback and comments on earlier drafts of this paper, particularly Suzanna De Boef, Susan Welch, Eric Plutzer, the Gender and Politics Working Group at Penn State University, Margaret Conway, the editors of this journal, and our anonymous reviewers. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.
Substrate specificity in polysaccharide hydrolysis: Contrasts between bottom water and sediments

Six structurally distinct polysaccharides were fluorescently labeled and used to compare potential hydrolysis rates and substrate specificities of extracellular enzymes in bottom water and surface sediments. Potential hydrolysis rates differed by factors of 10‐100 among the six polysaccharides. The relative order of potential hydrolysis rates in sediments was distinctly different from that of the bottom water samples. In surface sediments, pullulan hydrolysis was extremely rapid, and relative hydrolysis rates decreased in the order pullulan k laminarin . chondroitin sulfate . xylan . arabinogalactan k fucoidan. In bottom water, in contrast, pullulan, arabinogalactan, and fucoidan were barely hydrolyzed, whereas chondroitin sulfate, xylan, and laminarin were hydrolyzed relatively rapidly. Hydrolysis rates decreased in the order xylan . chondroitin sulfate . laminarin ... arabinogalactan o pullulan o fucoidan. The differences among the relative hydrolysis rates might reflect fundamental differences in seawater and sedimentary microbial communities with disparate extracellular enzymatic capabilities. Carbohydrates are significant constituents of dissolved organic carbon in seawater and are detectable as molecularly distinct structures in sediments of significant geologic age. Slow hydrolysis may provide the time required for geochemical transformations that further increase resistance to remineralization. Microbial remineralization of organic macromolecules is initiated via activities of extracellular enzymes, since bacteria must hydrolyze substrates larger than ca. 600 Da prior to transport into the cell (Weiss et al. 1991). The structural specificities of these extracellular enzymes, as well as the relative rates at which they function, therefore directly affect the nature and types of substrates available to heterotrophic bacteria and hence remineralization of organic matter in marine environments. Carbohydrates comprise a substantial portion of marine organic matter; they are also among the major classes of substrates known to be utilized by heterotrophic bacteria. Although the microbial uptake and utilization of specific carbohydrates such as glucose have been shown to be rapid (e.g., Vaccaro and Jannasch 1966; Sawyer and King 1993), the persistence of carbohydrates as molecularly identifiable compounds in seawater (Benner et al. 1992), sinking particles, and sediments (Cowie and Hedges 1984; Hedges et al. 1988), including those of significant geological age (Cowie et al. 1995), demonstrates that not all carbohydrates are read1
Urogenital anomalies and congenital rubella syndrome

Abstract Eight patients with congenital rubella syndrome and associated genitourinary anomalies are reported and the English language literature reviewed. This association appears most prevalent in male patients. Although hypospadias and cryptorchidism are the most common anomalies in the literature, 50 per cent of the patients in this series had vesicoureteral reflux. It is suggested that genitourinary anomalies may be present in 20 per cent of children with the congenital rubella syndrome.
Risk Analysis and Risk Management for Offshore Platforms: Lessons From the Piper Alpha Accident

A probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) framework is used to identify the accident sequence of the 1988 Piper Alpha accident. This framework is extended to include the human decisions and actions that have influenced the occurrences of these basic events, and their organizational roots. The results of this preliminary analysis allow identification of a wide spectrum of possible risk reduction measures, ranging from classical technical solutions such as addition of redundancies, to organizational improvements such as a change in the maintenance procedures. An explicit PRA model is then developed to assess the benefits of some of these safety measures based, first, on the original contribution to the overall risk of the failure modes that these measures are designed to avert, and second, on the degree to which they can reduce the probabilities of these failure modes. PRA can then be used as a management tool, allowing optimization of risk management strategies based both on the qualitative information about causalities provided by the accident, and on the quantitative information about failure probabilities updated in the light of new events. It is shown how PRA can be used to assess, for example, the cost-effectiveness of safety measures designed to decrease the probability ofmore » severe fire damage onboard platforms similar to Piper Alpha.« less
Simulation studies of a resonant link converter

Simulation studies of a new scheme of a resonant link converter suitable in a wide variety of applications is presented. Features of the simulation model of the converter are described. Capabilities of a single 'C' program developed to carry out extensive simulation studies of the converter while supplying different types of loads are highlighted. Results of simulation of the converter modeled as a digital power processor, while supplying different loads at low or high voltages and at fixed or variable frequencies are discussed in detail. With the locus on the variable frequency operation of the converter with potential application in variable frequency custom power delivery or adjustable speed motor drives, the converter performance characteristics, as established by the simulation studies are detailed. Scope of future work is presented along with conclusions.
HermesC: Low-Power Wireless Neural Recording System for Freely Moving Primates

Neural prosthetic systems have the potential to restore lost functionality to amputees or patients suffering from neurological injury or disease. Current systems have primarily been designed for immobile patients, such as tetraplegics functioning in a rather static, carefully tailored environment. However, an active patient such as amputee in a normal dynamic, everyday environment may be quite different in terms of the neural control of movement. In order to study motor control in a more unconstrained natural setting, we seek to develop an animal model of freely moving humans. Therefore, we have developed and tested HermesC-INI3, a system for recording and wirelessly transmitting neural data from electrode arrays implanted in rhesus macaques who are freely moving. This system is based on the integrated neural interface (INI3) microchip which amplifies, digitizes, and transmits neural data across a ~ 900 MHz wireless channel. The wireless transmission has a range of ~ 4 m in free space. All together this device consumes 15.8 mA and 63.2 mW. On a single 2 A-hr battery pack, this device runs contiguously for approximately six days. The smaller size and power consumption of the custom IC allows for a smaller package (51 times 38 times 38 mm3) than previous primate systems. The HermesC-INI3 system was used to record and telemeter one channel of broadband neural data at 15.7 kSps from a monkey performing routine daily activities in the home cage.
MEM's modulated photonic crystals

Summary form only given. We present a pictorial portfolio of various 2 and 3 dimensional crystal structures which have been conceived, and indicate the applications, such as opto-electronic devices. In photonic crystals there can be localized electromagnetic modes that result from "donor" defects, and "acceptor" defects in the periodic structure. The frequencies of these localized modes is sensitively controlled by the exact position of a very tiny dielectric "impurity". Thus photonic crystals can be exquisitely sensitive to very small motions or movements of a very tiny amount of dielectric material. This may translate to a very high speed of MEM's modulation speed of the photonic crystal switching properties. In addition, due to the inherent miniaturization of photonic crystals, a high level of complexity can be accommodated, allowing for example, large, high speed switchable arrays.
8-13 μm Spectroscopy of Young Stellar Objects: Evolution of the Silicate Feature

Silicate features arising from material around pre-main-sequence stars are useful probes of the star and planet formation process. In order to investigate possible connections between dust processing and disk properties, 8-13 μm spectra of 34 young stars, exhibiting a range of circumstellar environments and including spectral types A-M, were obtained using the Long Wavelength Spectrometer at the W. M. Keck Observatory. The broad 9.7 μm amorphous silicate (Si–O stretching) feature that dominates this wavelength regime evolves from absorption in young, embedded sources, to emission in optically revealed stars, and to complete absence in older "debris" disk systems for both low- and intermediate-mass stars. This is similar to the evolutionary pattern seen in Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) observations of high/intermediate-mass young stellar objects (YSOs). The peak wavelength and FWHM are centered about 9.7 and ~2.3 μm, respectively, corresponding to amorphous olivine, with a larger spread in FWHM for embedded sources and in peak wavelength for disks. In a few of our objects that have been previously identified as class I low-mass YSOs, the observed silicate feature is more complex, with absorption near 9.5 μm and emission peaking around 10 μm. Although most of the emission spectra show broad classical features attributed to amorphous silicates, small variations in the shape/strength may be linked to dust processing, including grain growth and/or silicate crystallization. For some of the Herbig Ae stars in the sample, the broad emission feature has an additional bump near 11.3 μm, similar to the emission from crystalline forsterite seen in comets and the debris disk β Pictoris. Only one of the low-mass stars, Hen 3-600A, and one Herbig Ae star, HD 179218, clearly show strong, narrow emission near 11.3 μm. We study quantitatively the evidence for evolutionary trends in the 8-13 μm spectra through a variety of spectral shape diagnostics. Based on the lack of correlation between these diagnostics and broadband infrared luminosity characteristics for silicate emission sources, we conclude that although spectral signatures of dust processing are present, they cannot be connected clearly to disk evolutionary stage (for optically thick disks) or optical depth (for optically thin disks). The diagnostics of silicate absorption features (other than the central wavelength of the feature), however, are tightly correlated with optical depth and thus do not probe silicate grain properties.
Development of Numerical Estimation in Young Children

Two experiments examined kindergartners', first graders', and second graders' numerical estimation, the internal representations that gave rise to the estimates, and the general hypothesis that developmental sequences within a domain tend to repeat themselves in new contexts. Development of estimation in this age range on 0-to-100 number lines followed the pattern observed previously with older children on 0-to-1,000 lines. Between kindergarten and second grade (6 and 8 years), patterns of estimates progressed from consistently logarithmic to a mixture of logarithmic and linear to a primarily linear pattern. Individual differences in number-line estimation correlated strongly with math achievement test scores, improved estimation accuracy proved attributable to increased linearity of estimates, and exposure to relevant experience tended to improve estimation accuracy.
The Port-Royal Logic's Theory of Argument

This is a critical examination of Antoine Arnauld's Logic or the Art of Thinking (1662), commonly known as the Port-Royal Logic. Rather than reading this work from the viewpoint of post-Fregean formal logic or the viewpoint of seventeenth-century intellectual history, I approach it with the aim of exploring its relationship to that contemporary field which may be labeled informal logic and/or argumentation theory. It turns out that the Port-Royal Logic is a precursor of this current field, or conversely, that this field may be said to be in the same tradition.
MEMOCODE 2015 design contest: Continuous skyline computation

The skyline query operation (also called the “maximum vector problem”) is used to identify potentially interesting or useful data points in large sets of multi-dimensional data. When the data change over time (through addition and subtraction of points), this is called the “continuous skyline” query. The 2015 MEMOCODE Design Contest problem is to implement a system to efficiently compute the continuous skyline of dynamic data. Contestants were given one month to develop a system to perform the skyline query, aiming to maximize performance or cost-adjusted performance. Teams were encouraged to consider a variety of computational targets including CPUs, FPGAs, and GPGPUs. The two winning teams, which have been invited to contribute papers describing their techniques, combined careful algorithmic and implementation optimizations; both implemented the system on multicore CPUs.
Seen Like a State: How Illegitimacy Shapes Terrorism Designation

Why are only some violent political actors designated as terrorists? To answer this question, I examine formal terrorism designations made by the US government. Conceptualizing terrorism designation as a marker of organizational illegitimacy, I hypothesize that groups that appear more like a state—effective, representative, and secular—are more likely to be seen as legitimate contenders for political power. As a result, these groups have a lower risk of being designated as terrorists. Conversely, groups that target more legitimate states have a higher risk of being designated as terrorists. Empirically, I demonstrate several facts in support of these hypotheses. First, the United States has disproportionately labeled weak and politically non-representative groups as terrorists. Second, it has disproportionately labeled groups in countries with greater state capacity as terrorists. Third, especially in recent years, it has disproportionately labeled Islamist groups as terrorists.
A neonate born with Mycobacterium cosmeticum bacteraemia

Mycobacterium cosmeticum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that was recently identified. However, its role in human infection has not been well described. We present a case of an extremely premature neonate born with bacteraemia due to M. cosmeticum that resolved without sequelae. The infection likely occurred during a prolonged intrauterine transfusion procedure.
Mechanistic Studies of Copper/Topa Amine Oxidases

The oxidation of benzylhydrazine by bovine plasma amine oxidase proceeds through several spectroscopically detectable intermediates, as reported previously (Morpurgo, et al. 1989). Here we report optical and EPR data that indicate a Cu(I)-semiquinone state may be involved in benzylhydrazine oxidation, similar to its involvement in the tumover of amine substrates.
Prenatal Evaluation of Myelomeningocele: A Neurosurgical Perspective

Myelomeningocele is a neural tube defect that can be diagnosed in utero. The standard of care is postnatal surgery for repair of the open spinal defect, although prenatal surgery is now offered in some institutions. This article considers the prognosis and management decisions of myelomeningocele with special emphasis on prenatal counseling and treatment planning.
THE SUBSTRATE-CYTOCHROME P-450 BINDING REACTION AT PHYSIOLOGIC TEMPERATURE IN BOVINE ADRENOCORTICAL MICROSOMES: THE EFFECT OF CHOLATE

In the microsomes, the substrate-dissociation constant (Ks) increases with increase in temperature. The addition of cholate at 37.5°C markedly decreased the Ks and its temperature dependency. The results indicate that the cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes is restrained from expressing its maximum substrate binding potential at physiologic temperature.
An Effective Computational Method Incorporating Multiple Secondary Structure Predictions in Topology Determination for Cryo-EM Images

A key idea in de novo modeling of a medium-resolution density image obtained from cryo-electron microscopy is to compute the optimal mapping between the secondary structure traces observed in the density image and those predicted on the protein sequence. When secondary structures are not determined precisely, either from the image or from the amino acid sequence of the protein, the computational problem becomes more complex. We present an efficient method that addresses the secondary structure placement problem in presence of multiple secondary structure predictions and computes the optimal mapping. We tested the method using 12 simulated images from α-proteins and two Cryo-EM images of α-β proteins. We observed that the rank of the true topologies is consistently improved by using multiple secondary structure predictions instead of a single prediction. The results show that the algorithm is robust and works well even when errors/misses in the predicted secondary structures are present in the image or the sequence. The results also show that the algorithm is efficient and is able to handle proteins with as many as 33 helices.
125. Childhood adversity increases risk for depressive symptoms and elevated proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy are associated with elevations in proinflammatory cytokines and poor maternal-infant health. The purpose of this study was to investigate if exposure to adverse experiences during childhood increases inflammation-related depressive symptoms during pregnancy and risk for low infant birth weight. A diverse sample of women ( N = 53) with uncomplicated pregnancies completed measures of perceived stress, mood, anxiety, social support, and depressive symptoms during their second trimester. Blood was obtained for cytokine analysis. Childhood adversity was measured by administering the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Findings revealed that pregnant women reporting more depressive symptoms had higher plasma TNF-α levels. Furthermore, women with greater exposure to childhood adversity had greater perceived stress, more depressive symptoms, and higher plasma TNF-α than women reporting little or no childhood adversity. Moreover, childhood adversity moderated the relationship between TNF-α and depressive symptoms, such that high adversity coupled with high TNF-α levels were associated with greater depressive symptoms. Both greater childhood adversity and increased plasma TNF-α correlated with lower infant birth weight. In this sample, low-income African American women (AAW) reported more childhood adversity, more depressive symptoms, and exhibited higher TNF-α levels compared to White women. AAW also reported less social support, amplifying depressive risk during pregnancy. These data identify childhood adversity to intensify risk for maternal depressive symptoms and infant low birth weight, which may be driven by proinflammatory cytokines.
Protein Metabolism of Amphibian Embryo. III. Incorporation of Methionine into Protein of Gastrulae.

SummaryThe dorsal half of the amphibian gastrula was shown to have a significantly greater incorporation of methionine into protein than the ventral half.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS: OBSERVATIONS ON ANTIGENIC HETEROGENEITY.

SummaryRS viruses recovered in 1962 were cytopathic on MKTC's. MKTC's were much more sensitive (80%) than HEp-2 cells. Seventeen of 24 isolates were revealed between the 3rd and 6th days post-inoculation. Growth curves in MKTC's revealed virus by the 7 th hour, with peak titers at 78 to 96 hours. Rotation yielded a 90% net increase of virus over those obtained in stationary cultures. RS virus is not stabilized by 1 m MgCl2. The virus can be maintained in 50% glycerin for at least 9 months of storage at ≥—20°C. Even at 44dGC the decay rate in glycerin is markedly delayed. Preservation in glycerin is superior to 0.5% gelatin or 20% chicken serum. Preservation was not enhanced by lyophilization.