cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System identification of human performance models

The results of an investigation into the application of parametric system identification procedures to human performance are presented. Stationary and adaptive techniques as well as linear and nonlinear models are discussed. A case study is presented for wheelchair racing that is used to develop multi-input/single-output models. The need for model order reduction and methods for quantizing training data are also discussed. The results suggest that nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous models are better predictors of performance than the other models investigated. The model developed for wheelchair racing suggests that motivation may play a more important role than aerobic or strength training in predicting uncharacteristic performance in elite athletes. >
Generic algorithm to select building-lighting technologies for minimizing total harmonic distortion

The proliferation of nonlinear loads has raised new concerns about the power quality in commercial buildings. Higher cost of repair, and the reduction in average life of equipment, both on the supply and demand sides, as a result of poor power quality cannot be overlooked or ignored. As lighting loads are the largest fraction of the load in most commercial buildings, a small increase in their harmonic distortion levels may jeopardize the other loads in the building or loads connected to the same utility bus. In this paper, we present a generic algorithm to select energy-efficient lighting technologies that will minimize harmonic distortion levels in a building. Results from the algorithm are validated on a building-load model to test its accuracy.
Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Sets on Performance in Children's Groups

(winner take all for 6 trials followed by proportional rewards for 6 trials). Performance under the promotive condition was superior to performance in the other conditions during the first half of the session. Promotive conditions improved performance during the second half of the session in triads that had received contrient instructions earlier but not to levels reached under continuous promotive conditions. Results are discussed in relation to theories of cooperation and competition. What happens when children are encouraged to behave cooperatively following a history of intense competition? The classic answer to this question comes from a study by Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, and Sherif (1961), the Robbers Cave experiment. A summer camp program was structured to encourage competition between two groups of fifth-grade boys. After the two groups became intensely competitive, the program was restructured through the use of superordinate goals to encourage cooperation between the groups. The results of the Robbers Cave study can be conceptualized within Deutsch’s (1949) theory of cooperation and competition. Deutsch held that the difference between cooperation and competition lies in the nature of the goal regions in the two situations. In a promotive
A chemically defined medium for the study of growth, sporulation, and presumptive sporogenic substances in Alternaria tomato.

Aragaki (1, 2) has reported that 10% vegetable juice (Campbell's V-8 Juice) agar is a suitable medium for studying the effects of light on sporulation. This medium is not suitable for studies on the production and mode of action of sporogenic substances since its chemical composition is not known and since the commercial product is somewhat variable. Use of a chemically defined medium is essential in this type of work but such a synthetic medium must support growth, sporulation, and the production of sporogens at or near the level of a suitable substrate such as 10% vegetable juice. The use of Czapek's sucrose-nitrate medium has proved satisfactory for nutritional studies of many fungi, and Leach and Trione (3) found it to be useful in growing Ascochyta pisi for the production and extraction of P310, a sporogenic substance. Attempts to use Czapek's, or Trione's (4), media resulted in poor growth and sporulation. Consequently, we have prepared a synthetic chemically defined medium based on a detailed chemical analysis of commercial vegetable juice. Analytical values for the average mineral composition and the average vitamin content were provided by the manufacturer. Amino acid analyses were performed by the authors.
Neutron imaging: Detection of cancer using animal model

Imaging modalities for cancer detection include X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and optical imaging. Each imaging technology has advantages and disadvantages with limitations either in spatial resolution or sensitivity for cancer detection. Hydrogen nuclei scatter cold neutrons stronger than any other atomic nuclei; therefore hydrogen is a primary contributor to neutron contrast in biological specimens. Neutron imaging for cancer research is an emerging and highly innovative tool that has been intensively exploring over the past three years at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Spontaneous cancers in companion animals offer unique models for human cancer biology. We have demonstrated the uniqueness of neutron radiography to objectively detect tumors from surrounding normal lung tissues at an unprecedented spatial resolution of approximately 100 μm. The neutron images of cancer were correlated and matched with histology data. Neutron imaging has the potential to non-destructively provide complementary information about the structure of cancers in biospecimens.
How placebo responses are formed: a learning perspective

Despite growing scientific interest in the placebo effect and increasing understanding of neurobiological mechanisms, theoretical conceptualization of the placebo effect remains poorly developed. Substantial mechanistic research on this phenomenon has proceeded with little guidance by any systematic theoretical paradigm. This review seeks to present a theoretical perspective on the formation of placebo responses. We focus on information processing, and argue that different kinds of learning along with individuals' genetic make-up evolved as the proximate cause for triggering behavioural and neural mechanisms that enable the formation of individual expectations and placebo responses. Conceptualizing the placebo effect in terms of learning offers the opportunity for facilitating scientific investigation with a significant impact on medical care.
Willow: A Control System for Energy and Thermal Adaptive Computing

The increasing energy demand coupled with emerging sustainability concerns requires a re-examination of power/thermal issues in data centers from the perspective of short term energy deficiencies. Such energy deficient scenarios arise for a variety of reasons including variable energy supply from renewable sources and inadequate power, thermal and cooling capacities. In this paper we propose a hierarchical control scheme to adapt assignments of tasks to servers in a way that can cope with the varying energy limitations and still provide necessary QoS. The rescheduling of tasks on different servers has direct (migration related) and indirect (changed traffic patterns) network energy impacts that we also consider. We show the stability of our scheme and evaluate its performance via detailed simulations and experiments.
Statistical Testing of Off-line Comparative Subjective Evaluations for Optimizing Perceptual Conversational Quality in VoIP

In this paper, we study the scheduling of off-line subjective tests for evaluating alternative parameter values of control schemes in real-time multimedia applications. These applications are characterized by multiple counteracting objective quality metrics (such as delay and signal quality) that can be affected by the control schemes. However, the tradeoffs among these metrics with respect to the subjective preferences of users are not defined. As a result, it is difficult to use the proper control value that leads to the best subjective quality without carrying out subjective tests. Since subjective tests are expensive to conduct and the number of possible control values and run-time conditions is prohibitively large, it is important that a minimum number of such tests be conducted, and that the results learned can be generalized to unseen conditions with statistical confidence. To this end, we study in this paper optimal algorithms for scheduling a sequence of subjective tests, while leaving the generalization of limited off-line subjective tests to guide the operations of the control schemes at run time to a future paper. Using an example application in the design of the play out scheduling (POS) algorithm for a two-party VoIP system, we study the accuracy and efficiency of conducting subjective tests simultaneously.
Catalytic activity of dodecacarbonyltetracobalt in aqueous media: a "greening" of the Pauson-Khand reaction.

The unprecedented reactivity of Co4(CO)12 with enynes under aqueous conditions, representing the development of a mild and simple aqueous-phase cobalt-catalyzed PK reaction protocol, is described herein.
Performance and scalability of EJB applications

We investigate the combined effect of application implementation method, container design, and efficiency of communication layers on the performance scalability of J2EE application servers by detailed measurement and profiling of an auction site server.We have implemented five versions of the auction site. The first version uses stateless session beans, making only minimal use of the services provided by the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) container. Two versions use entity beans, one with container-managed persistence and the other with bean-managed persistence. The fourth version applies the session fasade pattern, using session beans as a fasade to access entity beans. The last version uses EJB 2.0 local interfaces with the session fasade pattern. We evaluate these different implementations on two popular open-source EJB containers with orthogonal designs. JBoss uses dynamic proxies to generate the container classes at run time, making an extensive use of reflection. JOnAS pre-compiles classes during deployment, minimizing the use of reflection at run time. We also evaluate the communication optimizations provided by each of these EJB containers.The most important factor in determining performance is the application implementation method. EJB applications with session beans perform as well as a Java servlets-only implementation and an order-of-magnitude better than most of the implementations based on entity beans. The fine-granularity access exposed by the entity beans limits scalability. Use of session fasade beans improves performance for entity beans, but only if local communication is very efficient or EJB 2.0 local interfaces are used. Otherwise, session fasade beans degrade performance.For the implementation using session beans, communication cost forms the major component of the execution time on the EJB server. The design of the container has little effect on performance. With entity beans, the design of the container becomes important. In particular, the cost of reflection affects performance. For implementations using session fasade beans, local communication cost is critically important. EJB 2.0 local interfaces improve the performance by avoiding the communication layers for local communications.
Analysis of a nozzle condensation drying cycle

Of the total energy required for U.S. manufacturing processes, a significant portion is used for industrial drying processes, estimated at 12%. Often these industrial dryers operate without any provisions for heat recovery. This means that almost all the energy consumed by the dryer is essentially thrown away. Without the ability to recover the latent heat of the water vapor in the air, significant reductions in dryer energy usage cannot be made. In an attempt to recover the latent heat of the water vapor, a closed drying cycle is proposed, which uses a nozzle as the means to recover this energy from moist-saturated air. This nozzle condensation drying cycle (NCDC) is composed of the following components: dryer, nozzle, diffuser, air-water separator, heat exchanger and compressor. Analysis of this drying cycle shows that ideally this cycle requires a third of the energy compared with an ideal open cycle heated dryer or a heat pump dehumidification cycle. However, when equipment isentropic efficiencies are included, the energy costs are of the same order as that for the other two non-ideal cycles, but with as much as six times less heat exchange requirements. The cycle can be operated at varying conditions, allowing for a single design to be utilized for various applications. Other than the advantage of lower heat exchanger equipment costs, other advantages are in applications that require drying of hazardous liquids from a product.
Modified Envelope Method for Obtaining Optical Properties of Weakly Absorbing Thin Films and Its Application to Thin Films of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Solid Solutions

A modified envelope method, which includes the consideration of the light intensity loss from the back surface of the substrate, was developed and shown to be a simple and convenient tool for obtaining the optical properties and the thickness of the film by using the transmission spectra alone in the medium and weak absorption regions. In the near-optical band gap region, both the transmission and the reflection spectra were used to calculate the optical constants of the films. This technique was applied to the thin films of PZT solid solutions across the entire composition range. The film thickness derived from the envelope method was cross-checked by a computer simulation method and was found to have an accuracy better than 2%. In addition, the refractive indices were fitted to a simple Sellmeier-type equation for determining the dispersion constants for PZT films. The valid wavelength range of these dispersion relations was from 350 to 2000 nm. The refractive index of the PZT films decreased linearly with increasing zirconium content. On the other hand, the optical band gap energy of the PZT films increased with increasing zirconium content.
Laboratory Observation of a Very Low Frequency Instability in an Argon Plasma

Very low frequency (50 to 500 Hz) self-excited electrostatic waves are detected in a cylindrical argon plasma column with a weak axial magnetic field (10 to 100 G). The waves propagate azimuthally with a phase velocity in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, but with a speed at least an order of magnitude less than the ion acoustic speed. A number of known plasma instabilities are considered as possible explanations, though most of them do not seem to account for the observed characteristics of the waves.
Analogic algorithm for point pattern matching with application to mammogram follow-up

An analogic algorithm for registering control points in pairs of nonstructured texture images is described. The algorithm is particularly suitable in problems where precise pixel-wise registration is intractable, e.g., in registration of non-rigid objects. The algorithm is simulated on a digital computer as a sequence of cellular neural network (CNN) transients and logic operations. The proposed algorithm was applied to solve the correspondence problem in mammogram follow-up, the results of the performance evaluation of the algorithm are presented and discussed. We present a CNN realization of the proposed regional registration algorithm as an alternative to standard image processing implementation.
Clinical and electrophysiological spectrum of idiopathic ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias.

Objectives This study sought to compare and contrast the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of outflow tract arrhythmias. Background Idiopathic ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias manifest clinically in 3 forms: 1) paroxysmal sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT), 2) repetitive nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), or 3) premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Although these arrhythmias have a similar site of origin, it is unknown whether they share a common mechanism or similar clinical features. Methods A total of 127 patients (63 female [50%], mean age 51 ± 15 years) were evaluated for outflow tract arrhythmias. Results A total of 36 (28%) presented with the index clinical arrhythmia of SMVT, 46 (36%) with NSVT, and 45 (35%) with PVCs. The sites of origin of the arrhythmias were similar among the 3 groups, occurring in the right ventricular outflow tract in 82%. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was more likely to be induced during exercise in the SMVT (10 of 15 patients [67%]) than NSVT or PVCs groups (p Conclusions Patients with outflow tract arrhythmias can be differentiated based on the subtype of arrhythmia. However, the observation that approximately 50% of patients with NSVT and ∼5% of patients with PVCs have inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia that behaves in an identically unique manner to those who present with sustained ventricular tachycardia (e.g., adenosine-sensitive) suggests that rather than representing distinct entities, outflow arrhythmias may be considered a continuum of a single mechanism.
Low-dose methotrexate therapy for cutaneous vasculitis of rheumatoid arthritis

A patient with classic rheumatoid arthritis who developed leukocytoclastic vasculitis is described. Low-dose methotrexate produced prompt healing of the skin lesions. After discontinuation of methotrexate, the lesions recurred, with resolution after a second course of the drug. Methotrexate may be useful in the treatment of cutaneous vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Characteristics of Urban Lightning Hazards for Atlanta, Georgia

Weather-related hazards are the result of interactions between the physicalenvironment and the demographics of the community that experience them.Numerous studies have documented urban heat island (UHI) modification ofcloud-to-ground lightning flash densities, but none have linked flashes to theunderlying demographics. In this study, I compared flash and housing densitiesfor 25 counties encompassing Atlanta, Georgia, using ordination andcartographic visualization. Over the interval 1992-2000, two denselypopulated suburban counties downwind from Atlanta (Gwinnett and Dekalb)exhibited the highest cloud-to-ground flash densities. By contrast, highpopulation density counties located upwind (Cobb) and encircling the centralcity (Fulton) had relatively lower flash densities. Based on the interactionsamong demographics, flash density, and geographic position for a subset ofcounties, I outline four types of urban lightning hazards: emergent,UHI-augmented, UHI-suppressed, and non-interactive. For urban lightninghazards, the often invoked idea of `more people equals more hazards' is to anextent simplistic. Urban areas have a large range of lightning hazards asheating nodes emerge, intensify, and shift in response to historicallycontingent patterns of growth.
Prediction of Bandlimited Fading Envelopes with Arbitrary Spectral Shape

In mobile radio, fading-envelope prediction can improve the performance of adaptive modulation techniques that require up-to-date channel-state information for optimal performance. We show how to compute the minimum mean squared prediction error of a mobile-radio fading envelope modeled as a stationary, bandlimited process arising from a diffuse set of local scatterers. For bandlimited processes, it is difficult to solve for the Wiener predictor using the usual spectral-factorization approach. Our method reduces the prediction problem to an eigenvalue decomposition, and is appropriate when the prediction is to be based on error-corrupted estimates of a narrowband fading process. We also show how to bound the error in the computation due to truncation of infinite series
Multiple parameters determine the specificity of transcriptional response by nuclear receptors HNF-4, ARP-1, PPAR, RAR and RXR through common response elements

A number of nuclear receptors, including retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I (COUP-TFI), apolipoprotein regulatory protein 1 (ARP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), bind to response elements comprised of two core motifs, 5'-RG(G/T)TCA, or a closely related sequence separated by 1 nt (DR1 elements). The potential role of the precise sequence of the core motif as well as the spacer nucleotide in determining specificity and promiscuity of receptor-response element interactions was investigated. We show here that nucleotides at base positions 1, 2 and 4 of the core motif as well as the spacer nucleotide determine the binding preference of HNF-4 and ARP-1 homodimers and RAR:RXR and PPAR:RXR heterodimers. In transfection experiments transcriptional activation by HNF-4 and PPAR:RXR and repression by ARP-1 correlated with the relative in vitro binding affinity provided the element was located within the proper promoter context. Furthermore, promoter context also determined whether an element that binds to HNF-4 and PPAR:RXR with equal affinity functions as an HNF-4 response element or PPAR response element. Thus, apart from the element-specific differences in affinity for the receptors, additional promoter-specific transcription factors that interact with HNF-4 and PPAR:RXR determine the specificity of transcriptional response through DR1-type elements.
Pentostatin - pharmacology, immunology, and clinical effects in graft-versus-host disease.

Pentostatin (deoxycoformycin), is one of a number of purine analogues. The drug was originally designed to mimic a form of severe combined immune deficiency, characterised by marked T lymphopenia but variable B cell function. Clinically, the drug has been used primarily to treat a rare type of leukaemia – hairy cell leukaemia. Recently, the drug has seen increasing attention as an immunosuppressant. This review will cover the basic pharmacology and immunological effects of pentostatin. The clinical use of this agent in prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease will be examined. Although many of these studies are ongoing, this agent has promise as a novel immunosuppressive agent with a new mechanism of action.
The Metastatic Behavior of a Spleen-tropic Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Splenectomized Mice

SummaryThe effect on survival of mice innoculated with a splenotropic reticulum cell sarcoma was tested in splenectomized and mock-operated syngeneic mice. The splenectomized animals survived longer. Evidence was presented that this is probably due to rapid destruction of circulating cells, and that the tumor cells are protected by being sequestered in the spleen.
Male adolescent sexual behavior: what they know and what they wish they had known.

There is a need to involve sexual partners when addressing sexual behavior of high-risk adolescent women. This study explored men’s perceptions of their role in sexual relationships with adolescent...
UNCERTAINTY AND THE MANAGEMENT OF MULTISTATE ECOSYSTEMS: AN APPARENTLY RATIONAL ROUTE TO COLLAPSE

We use a simple model of ecosystem management to demonstrate that apparently rational management approaches can lead to ecological collapse. Our model of the ecosystem management of lake eutrophication integrates lake dynamics, management decision-making, and learning in a framework that is deliberately simplified to highlight the role of model uncertainty. The simulated lake can switch between alternate eutrophic and oligotrophic states. Managers consider two management models of the lake, one for an oligotrophic lake and the other for a eutrophic lake. As managers observe the lake varying from year to year, they estimate how well each of the two management models is supported by the observed data. Management policies maximize the expected net present value of the lake. Even under optimistic assumptions about environmental variation, learning ability, and management control, conventional decision theory and optimal control approaches fail to stabilize ecological dynamics. Rather, these methods drive ecos...
Linkage Disequilibrium in Human Ribosomal Genes: Implications for Multigene Family Evolution

Members of the rDNA multigene family within a species do not evolve independently, rather, they evolve together in a concerted fashion. Between species, however, each multigene family does evolve independently indicating that mechanisms exist which will amplify and fix new mutations both within populations and within species. In order to evaluate the possible mechanisms by which mutation, amplification and fixation occur we have determined the level of linkage disequilibrium between two polymorphic sites in human ribosomal genes in five racial groups and among individuals within two of these groups. The marked linkage disequilibrium we observe within individuals suggests that sister chromatid exchanges are much more important than homologous or nonhomologous recombination events in the concerted evolution of the rDNA family and further that recent models of molecular drive may not apply to the evolution of the rDNA multigene family.
Assessing Dysfunction Using Refined Cognitive Methods

Instruments currently being used to assess cognitive dysfunction do not grant us the granularity to pinpoint the specific cognitive impairments associated with various disorders. With the advent of sophisticated neuroimaging methods and lesion data, we are in a better position to understand the component processes of the various psychological functions. Here we describe 2 such functions and elucidate how the same refined cognitive methods that are being used to understand the processes underlying these functions can be applied to exploring dysfunctions associated with various psychological disorders.
Leakage current control of nano-scale full adder cells using input vectors

As CMOS technology scaling continues into the nanoscale domain, static or leakage power consumption becomes a vital design parameter. This paper proposes methods for reducing leakage currents by controlling the input vector in nano-scale full adder cells operating in either active mode or standby mode. With proper input vector control, it is possible to obtain over 40% leakage power savings for most of the full adder circuits presented.
Pro: cerebrospinal fluid drainage prevents paraplegia.

ORTALITY RATES for repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms remain approximately 10% and paraplegia rates in survivors are reported to exceed 6..5%.‘J The largest published series of 605 patients reported more than 20% of patients with paraplegia after repair of large aneurysms extending from the left subclavian artery and including the abdominal aorta. These large aneurysms, which carry a particularly high risk of paraplegia, accounted for more than one-fourth of all aneurysms repaired in the series.2 The location and extent of the aneurysm, patient age, and prolonged aortic cross-clamp time have all been correlated with an increased incidence of paraplegia.‘J Spinal cord injuries complicating repair of a descending thoracic aneurysm result in neurologic findings similar to the anterior spinal artery syndrome seen after occlusion of the arteria radicularis magna anterior or artery of Adamkiewicz. Motor function is lost in the lower extremities, while pain, temperature, vibratory, and position senses remain intact. The origin of the artery of Adamkiewicz is variable, occurring only 60% of the time in the expected Tg to T12 region. The origin of the artery can be as high as T3 or as low as L5.3 For this reason, during the repair of any given aneurysm, the surgeon does not know which intercostal arteries to preserve or anastamose to the graft. Until the surgeon knows the blood supply of the spinal cord for each individual patient, no intervention such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage will completely prevent paraplegia, but such interventions may help maintain the viability of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord during aortic clamping. If surgical resection of the artery of Adamkiewicz has occurred, paraplegia still may or may not result, depending on the adequacy of collateral blood supply through the anterior spinal arteries. Recent reports of late paraplegia often associated with postoperative hypotension may represent patients in whom the artery of Adamkiewicz has been resected, but intraoperative preventive measures have preserved function during the surgery, only to have spinal cord ischemia occur postoperatively. In addition to CSF drainage, two other interventions that are strongly supported in laboratory models and can be applied with minimal risk will be discussed. These are mild hypothermia and the avoidance of glucose-containing solutions. A short discussion of shunting procedures will be
Objectively Derived Daily “Winds” from Satellite Scatterometer Data

Abstract An objective technique is used to create regularly gridded daily “wind” fields from NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) observations for the Pacific Ocean north of 40°S. The objective technique is a combination of direct minimization, and cross validation with multigridding. The fields are created from the minimization of a cost function. The cost function is developed to maximize information from the observational data and minimize smoothing. Three constraints are in the cost function: a misfit to observations, a smoothing term, and a misfit of the curl. The second and third terms are relative to a background field. The influence of the background field is controlled by weights on the smoothing constraints. Weights are objectively derived by the method of cross validation. Cross validation is a process that removes observations from the input to the cost function and determines tuning parameters (weights) by the insensitivity of the removed observations to the output field. This method is computationally...
New treatment options for acute coronary syndromes.

Complications from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease are the principal cause of death worldwide. Many therapeutic strategies have been developed to reduce the burden of this disease. Systemic antithrombotic therapy, typically with unfractionated heparin, has long been a mainstay in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) despite several limitations, including intravenous administration and unpredictable pharmacokinetics necessitating frequent monitoring. In recent years, newer agents without these limitations have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. This review focuses on novel antithrombotic therapies for ACS, particularly fondaparinux sodium, a synthetic inhibitor of clotting factor Xa. (Am J Manag Care. 2006;12:S435-S443)
REGRESSION OF Q WAVES FOLLOWING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

The predictors and effects of Q wave regression following acute Q wave myocardial infarction were examined in 1965-1982 in 127 Japanese-American men who participated in a prospective epidemiologic study of cardiovascular disease. Of these 127 men, 53 (42%) showed total regression of Q waves, 17 (13%) showed partial regression, and 57 (45%) showed no Q wave regression following acute myocardial infarction. Age at myocardial infarction and location of myocardial infarction did not predict which men would undergo Q wave regression. Q wave status after myocardial infarction (total, partial, or no regression) did not predict survival or recurrence of myocardial infarction. This study found that a substantial proportion of acute myocardial infarction cases undergo Q wave regression, indicating that clinicians and investigators alike require additional evidence to identify people with previous myocardial infarction.
Binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to rat mammary gland cellular macromolecules in vivo.

SummaryBinding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to cellular macromolecules of the rat mammary gland in vivo was studied. The carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) binds covalently to both DNA and cytoplasmic soluble protein. The binding of DMBA to cytoplasmic protein, however, is significantly greater than to DNA. Binding of DMBA to other macromolecular fractions is minimal. The noncarcinogen anthracene binds covalently to protein but forms a hydrophobic bond with DNA.
Local linear logistic Peters–Belson regression and its application in employment discrimination cases

In cases involving possible discrimination in hiring or promotion plaintiffs allege that they were treated differently than similarly qualified majority individuals. The data are typically analyzed using logistic regression with a minority indicator variable. Alternatively, the Peters-Belson (PB) regression method, which fits a regression model to the majority data and compares the status of each minority member to its prediction obtained from the majority equation, has also been accepted by courts. The average difference estimates the disparity in treatment accounting for job-related covariates. The appropriateness of these parametric models depends on whether they reflect the process generating the data. To lessen the dependence of the ultimate inference on the assumed parametric model, the majority equation is fit by local linear logistic regression and the response of each minority is predicted from it. Large sample properties of this PB-type procedure are obtained and a simulation study shows that the method loses little power relative to parametric methods even when the assumed parametric method is correct. Moreover, it yields more reliable estimates of the disparity when the data do not follow the assumed model. Data from the Berger v. Iron Workers Local 201 case are used to illustrate the method.
Assessment of Computer-Based Instruction Use in Criminal Justice Education Programs

The major purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which computer-based instruction is being used nationally in criminal justice education programs. Although some published studies have been performed with computer-based instruction in criminal justice training environments, little knowledge exists concerning the extent to which computer-based instruction is used in traditional academic environments. A self-administered mail survey, utilizing a sampling frame consisting of a directory of criminal justice educators, assessed the extent to which computer-based instruction is being used nationally in criminal justice education programs. The results of this survey: present concerned criminal justice educators an opportunity to examine computer-based instruction applications in criminal justice education settings by providing a basis for comparing individual programs to some national norm; reveal that a less than optimum use of computer-based instruction exists in criminal justice education programs; ...
Microbiological analysis of bovine lymph nodes for the detection of Salmonella enterica.

Bovine peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) have been identified as a potential source of Salmonella when trim containing these nodes is incorporated into ground beef. Studies examining the prevalence of Salmonella in peripheral LNs of cattle are few in number, and the microbiological methods used for these analyses have not been validated. Given that Salmonella contamination may be found on postintervention carcasses, it is important to understand the extent to which Salmonella contamination from surrounding adipose tissue is transferred to LN samples during sample preparation. To better understand the potential for cross-contamination, 906 LN samples were collected from postintervention carcasses and these, along with the corresponding adipose trim (AT), were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. The results showed that the Salmonella prevalence in LNs and on AT was 0.8 and 5%, respectively, but that it was possible to find AT positive for Salmonella contamination while the corresponding LNs were negative an...
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis among Migratory Population in Shanghai,China

[Objective]To determine the prevalence and risk factors of drug-resistant tuberculosis(DRTB)among migratory population in Shanghai,so as to provide the basis for developing and implementing measures for DRTB prevention and control,suppressing the epidemic and improving the management level.[Methods]All DRTB sputum culture positive patients, confirmed at any district(county)tuberculosis dispensary in Shanghai from Jan to Dec of 2006 were enrolled.Basic information, epidemiological and management data of each case were collected.Bacterial-type and susceptibility to rifampin,isoniazid, streptomycin and ethambutol were also identified.Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine the relevance between risk factors and drug-resistance.[Results]A total of 585 patients were enrolled in this study.Most of these cases were first diagnosed and treated,mainly young adults.Their medical insurance was obviously insufficient,thus,led to the postponement of treatment.Some patients were lost follow-up.The full course directly observed treatment,the short course(DOTS)management rate,the sputum conversion rate and the cure rate were relatively poor.The total drug resistance rate was 20.00%,the multiple drug resistance rate was 4.10%,the initial drug resistance rate was 17.14%and the initial rate of multiple drug resistance was 3.43%. The acquired drug resistance rate was 45.00%and the acquired rate of multiple drug resistance was 10.00%.The resistance rates of streptomycin and isoniazid were leading drug resistances observed(14.87%and 10.94%respectively).The total drug resistance rate in the 30-49 year group was the highest(8.72%)and the initial drug resistance rate of the 15-29 year group was the highest (8.57%).Overall,the drug resistance was associated with retreated cases among migratory population in Shanghai.[Conclusion] The prevalence and risk factors of drug-resistant tuberculosis among migratory population are relatively high in Shanghai.It indicates the necessity to enforce the tuberculosis control program for migratory population.
Catalytic Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Cobalt By Alizarin red Fading

A rapid,simple and sensitive kinetic photometry method was presented for determination of cobalt.The method was based on the oxidation fading of alizarin red by KBrO3 and activation of the polyethylene glycol-200(PEG-200) and catalysis of cobalt in a medium of NH3·H2O-NH4Cl.The reactions can be monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at 516 nm.The method allowed the determination of cobalt at concentrations between 0.01 and 0.21 μg per 50 mL of solution with a relative standard deviation of 4.3%.The detection limit of the method was 2.0×10-7g/L.It has been used to determine trace cobalt in water with satisfactory results.
Two- and Three-Electron Oxidation of Single-Site Vanadium Centers at Surfaces by Ligand Design.

Rational, systematic tuning of single-site metal centers on surfaces offers a new approach to increase selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis reactions. Although such metal centers of uniform oxidation states have been achieved, the ability to control their oxidation states through the use of carefully designed ligands had not been shown. To this end, tetrazine ligands functionalized by two pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl substituents were deposited, along with vanadium metal, on the Au(100) surface. The greater oxidizing power of the bis-pyrimidinyltetrazine facilitates the on-surface redox formation of V3+, compared to V2+ when paired with the bis-pyridinyltetrazine, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This demonstrates the ability to control metal oxidation states in surface coordination architectures by altering the redox properties of organic ligands. The metal–ligand complexes take the form of one-dimensional polymeric chains, resolved by scanning tunneling microscopy. The chain structures i...
Sleep Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Study objectives Examine the role of sleep in the consolidation of declarative memory in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Design Case-control study. Setting Home-based study with sleep and wake conditions. Participants Twenty-two participants with ASD and 20 control participants between 9 and 16 y of age. Measurements and results Participants were trained to criterion on a spatial declarative memory task and then given a cued recall test. Retest occurred after a period of daytime wake (Wake) or a night of sleep (Sleep) with home-based polysomnography; Wake and Sleep conditions were counterbalanced. Children with ASD had poorer sleep efficiency than controls, but other sleep macroarchitectural and microarchitectural measures were comparable after controlling for age and medication use. Both groups demonstrated better memory consolidation across Sleep than Wake, although participants with ASD had poorer overall memory consolidation than controls. There was no interaction between group and condition. The change in performance across sleep, independent of medication and age, showed no significant relationships with any specific sleep parameters other than total sleep time and showed a trend toward less forgetting in the control group. Conclusion This study shows that despite their more disturbed sleep quality, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) still demonstrate more stable memory consolidation across sleep than in wake conditions. The findings support the importance of sleep for stabilizing memory in children with and without neurodevelopmental disabilities. Our results suggest that improving sleep quality in children with ASD could have direct benefits to improving their overall cognitive functioning.
Descartes’ debt to Teresa of Ávila, or why we should work on women in the history of philosophy

Despite what you have heard over the years, the famous evil deceiver argument in Meditation One is not original to Descartes (1596–1650). Early modern meditators often struggle with deceptive demons. The author of the Meditations (1641) is merely giving a new spin to a common rhetorical device. Equally surprising is the fact that Descartes’ epistemological rendering of the demon trope is probably inspired by a Spanish nun, Teresa of Avila (1515–1582), whose works have been ignored by historians of philosophy, although they were a global phenomenon during Descartes’ formative years. In this paper, I first answer the obvious question as to why previous early modernists have missed something so important as the fact that Descartes’ most famous publication relies on a well-established genre and that his deceiver argument bears a striking similarity to ideas in Teresa’s final work, El Castillo Interior (Interior Castle, 1588)? I discuss the meditative tradition at the end of which Descartes’ Meditations stands, present evidence to support the claim that Descartes was familiar with Teresa’s proposals, contrast their meditative goals, and make a point-by-point comparison between the meditative steps in Teresa’s Interior Castle and those in Descartes’ Meditations which constitute (what I call) their common deceiver strategy. My conclusion makes a case for a broader and more inclusive history of philosophy.
Handbook of Weaving

A mixture of science and art, weaving is nearly as old as human history. Despite the many technological advances in the field, however, it is still virtually impossible to control each individual fiber in a woven structure. To help you meet this and other weaving challenges, Handbook of Weaving covers every step of the process clearly and systemati
Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging

Radiologic imaging is an important adjunct to the evaluation of any orbital disease and will contribute to establishing a likely diagnosis. Orbital imaging should not replace a careful physical examination to establish a differential diagnosis. Each imaging modality will contribute redundant data, but each also can provide unique information that may not be apparent with other imaging techniques. Computerized tomography (CT) utilizes X-rays to create a two-dimensional image in any plane; this is a uniparametric modality based only on tissue transparency to the passage of X-rays. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a multiparametric modality that utilizes atomic characteristics of tissue protons and their behavior in an external magnetic field; the image therefore reflects biochemical differences between tissues based on the molecular environment in which the proton is situated. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a newer technique that images tissues based on biological activity, most specifically the metabolism of fluoridated glucose in actively metabolizing tissues, such as tumors. Orbital ultrasound (echography) can provide nonradiologic but complementary examination techniques for the detection, differentiation, and measurement of orbital and periorbital lesions.
Fabrication and packaging of flexible and breathable patch antennas on textiles

Textile antennas are prone to damage and change their shape and RF (radio frequency) characteristics over time. However, typical hydrophobic coatings or encapsulation layers, such as polyurethane, acrylate, or films, make textile antennas rigid and air impermeable. This work details the approach of using a polyurethane web as an encapsulation and lamination layer for screen-printed microstrip patch antennas on textile fabrics. Integrating the polyurethane web into the textile antennas makes the printed antennas flexible, air permeable, and durable. Further improvements are made by introducing a novel porous patch antenna design to enhance the flexibility and air-permeability for printed antennas. Antennas were designed and modeled using the ANSYS HFSS simulation software and compared with fabricated experimental results. Results show the fully packaged printed antenna have good impedance matching even under different bent conditions. The antennas were also analyzed before and after rinsing with heavy flow of water for 2 minutes to determine the effect of wetting.
Temporal Features of Word-Initial /s/+Stop Clusters in Bilingual Mandarin-English Children and Monolingual English Children and Adults.

This study investigated the durational features of English word-initial /s/+stop clusters produced by bilingual Mandarin (L1)-English (L2) children and monolingual English children and adults. The participants included two groups of five- to six-year-old bilingual children: low proficiency in the L2 (Bi-low) and high proficiency in the L2 (Bi-high), one group of age-matched English children, and one group of English adults. Each participant produced a list of English words containing /sp, st, sk/ at the word-initial position followed by /a, i, u/, respectively. The absolute durations of the clusters and cluster elements and the durational proportions of elements to the overall cluster were measured. The results revealed that Bi-high children behaved similarly to the English monolinguals whereas Bi-low children used a different strategy of temporal organization to coordinate the cluster components in comparison to the English monolinguals and Bi-high children. The influence of language experience and continuing development of temporal features in children were discussed.