cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Syntax of Russian

The study of Russian is of great importance to syntactic theory, due in particular to its unusual case system and its complex word order patterns. This book provides an essential guide to Russian syntax and examines the major syntactic structures of the language. It begins with an overview of verbal and nominal constituents, followed by major clause types, including null-copular and impersonal sentences, WH-questions and their distribution, and relative and subordinate clauses. The syntax behind the rich Russian morphological case system is then described in detail, with focus on both the fairly standard instances of Nominative, Accusative and Dative case as well as the important language-specific uses of the Genitive and Instrumental cases. The book goes on to analyze the syntax of 'free' word order for which Russian is famous. It will be of interest to researchers and students of syntactic theory, of Slavic linguistics and of language typology.
Argument Structure Constructions versus Lexical Rules or Derivational Verb Templates

The idea that correspondences relating grammatical relation and semantics (argument structure constructions) are needed to account for simple sentence types is reviewed, clarified, updated and compared with two lexicalist alternatives. Traditional lexical rules take one verb as 'input' and create (or relate) a different verb as 'output'. More recently, invisible derivational verb templates have been proposed, which treat argument structure patterns as zero derivational affixes that combine with a root verb to yield a new verb. While the derivational template perspective can address several problems that arise for traditional lexical rules, it still faces problems in accounting for idioms, which often contain specifications that are not appropriately assigned to individual verbs or derivational affixes (regarding adjuncts, modification and inflection). At the same time, it is clear that verbs play a central role in determining their distribution. The balance between verbs and phrasal argument structure constructions is addressed via the Principles of Semantic Coherence and Correspondence together with a usage-based hierarchy of constructions that contains entries which can include particular verbs and other lexical material.
Squamous metaplasia of the tracheal epithelium in organ culture. I. Effects of hydrocortisone and beta-retinyl acetate.

Abstract Organ cultures of hamster trachea were incubated for periods of as long as 16 weeks in chemically defined medium containing hydrocortisone sodium succinate or the vitamin A analog, β-retinyl acetate. Medium from replicate cultures was assayed weekly for acid phosphatase activity, and representative tissues were harvested after pulse labeling with [ 3 H]thymidine. Explants maintained in medium containing hydrocortisone showed basal cell proliferation, squamous metaplasia, and extensive keratinization, whereas those in medium containing β-retinyl acetate exhibited a proliferative ciliated epithelium that gradually became hypoplastic after 8 weeks in vitro . Simultaneous addition of these agents in equal concentrations resulted in an epithelium which appeared dedifferentiated. Acid phosphatase activity in cultures containing hydrocortisone was elevated. In contrast, release of the enzyme was inhibited when β-retinyl acetate was added to culture medium. Results indicate that hydrocortisone and β-retinyl acetate act in a competitive fashion on differentiation of the basal cell.
Muonic, Pionic, Kaonic and ∑- X-Rays, Atomic De-Excitation Cascades, and Nuclear Absorption Rates in He, Li, Be, and C

Large xenon-filled proportional counters were used to obtain sufficient solid angle for efficient x-ray detection from a 12-in. long liquid He target. Mesons came from an unseparated 850-MeV/c beam produced at 0° by the external proton beam. Muons or pions were selected by a threshold Cerenkov counter, kaons by means of a pair of Fitch-type Cerenkov counters in a time-of-flight arranglent that provided a stopping K- signal of greater than 99.5% purity2. True and delayed (background) coincidence rates were simultaneously recorded.
Irradiation performance of AGR-1 high temperature reactor fuel

Abstract The AGR-1 experiment contained 72 low-enriched uranium oxide/uranium carbide TRISO coated particle fuel compacts in six capsules irradiated to burnups of 11.2 to 19.6% FIMA, with zero TRISO coating failures detected during the irradiation. The irradiation performance of the fuel including the extent of fission product release and the evolution of kernel and coating microstructures was evaluated based on detailed examination of the irradiation capsules, the fuel compacts, and individual particles. Fractional release of 110m Ag from the fuel compacts was often significant, with capsule-average values ranging from 0.01 to 0.38. Analysis of silver release from individual compacts indicated that it was primarily dependent on fuel temperature history. Europium and strontium were released in small amounts through intact coatings, but were found to be significantly retained in the outer pyrocarbon and compact matrix. The capsule-average fractional release from the compacts was 1 × 10 −4 to 5 × 10 −4 for 154 Eu and 8 × 10 −7 to 3 × 10 −5 for 90 Sr. The average 134 Cs fractional release from compacts was −6 when all particles maintained intact SiC. An estimated four particles out of 2.98 × 10 5 in the experiment experienced partial cesium release due to SiC failure during the irradiation, driving 134 Cs fractional release in two capsules to approximately 10 −5 . Identification and characterization of these particles has provided unprecedented insight into the nature and causes of SiC coating failure in high-quality TRISO fuel. In general, changes in coating morphology were found to be dominated by the behavior of the buffer and inner pyrolytic carbon (IPyC), and infrequently observed SiC layer damage was usually related to cracks in the IPyC. Palladium attack of the SiC layer was relatively minor, except for the particles that released cesium during irradiation, where SiC corrosion was found adjacent to IPyC cracks. Palladium, silver, and uranium were found in the SiC layer of irradiated particles, and characterization of these elements within the SiC microstructure is the subject of ongoing focused study.
A Social Mechanism for Supporting Home Computer Security

Hackers have learned to leverage the enormous number of poorly protected home computers by turning them into a large distributed system (known as a botnet), making home computers an important frontier for security research. They present special problems: owners are unsophisticated, and usage profiles are varied making onesize-fits-all firewall policies ineffective. We propose a social firewall that collects security decisions and both user and usage characteristics, and provides users with personalized information to assist with allow/deny recommendations. To succeed, a social firewall must deal with at least three user behavior issues: why contribute private information? why make effort to provide quality information? and, how to prevent manipulation by adversaries? We sketch an incentive - centered design approach to each problem. We provide an economic model and some analytic results for a solution to the fundamental problem: why contribute? We show that an excludable public goods mechanism can achieve a better outcome than a system without social motivators.
Aluminum corrosion in electrolyte of Li-ion battery

Abstract The effect of lithium salt and electrolyte solvent on Al corrosion in Li-ion battery electrolytes was studied by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that, in 1:1 (w/w) ethylene carbonate (EC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solutions, the pitting potential of Al corrosion is about 3.2 V versus Li+/Li, being independent of the type of salts. However, the salt has considerable impact on Al corrosion. Among the studied Li salts, the stability of Al with respect to the oxidative potentials was found to increase in an order of CF3SO3Li
Role of an auditing and reporting service in compliance management

Regulatory compliance has become a major focus in today's business environment as companies adapt to comply with regulations such as Sarbanes-Oxley, Basel II, and HIPAA (the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). Runtime audit data that records information such as operational logs represents a key element needed for compliance management. An audit service that manages the life cycle of audit data is thus a critical component of any compliance management system. This service should support mechanisms to submit, centrally collect, persistently store, and report on audit data, as well as enable the archiving and restoration of audit data. This paper describes an audit service technology that is included in some IBM products to enhance their auditing capabilities and explains how this audit service can be used to support a company's compliance strategy. Using scenarios as examples, we show how reports provided by one of the products that uses this audit service can be instrumental in demonstrating compliance.
Computations of twinning in shape-memory materials

One feature of shape memory alloys and other smart materials is the formation of fine-scale arrangements (microstructures) as a response to external stimuli. In shape memory materials there is twinning, where the material forms narrow bands in its interior, where in each band the material has a uniform orientation, but in adjacent bands it takes on different but symmetry-related orientations. In this paper, we discuss two different approaches to computing twinned configurations. The first is a variation on the conjugate gradient method applied to computing approximate minimizers of a model of the material energy for a shape memorsy material in the martensitic phase. This energy functional is not convex so special considerations are needed to assure that the method does not get stuck in the many local minima. The second method uses a multigrid based approach, averaging the approximate minimizers to include a probability distribution of the various orientations within the solution, i.e., it uses a Young measure to compute the minimizer.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transmitted deconvolution of reflected signals

Could you decide who won a tennis match if the only available information involved balls coming back to the server? Not really because a ball coming back to the server could already have been called “out” at the other end and the point was already over. The situation is even more complicated if the ball doesn’t come back to the server because 1) the server might have won the point with an outright winner or 2) the server might have won the point because the receiver erred or 3) the server might have lost the point via a shot that was out and which the receiver, consequently, didn’t have to hit at all. In other words, just the shots that come (or don’t come) back to the server give rather scant information about the structure of a tennis match. Yet, this very unsatisfactory state of affairs is similar to the situation in reflection seismology where, traditionally, knowledge is available only from the information coming back in the direction of the source. In the following article, a new method is proposed ...
The Golden Age of Imaging

Imaging research, development, and applications are growing at an astounding rate, and image-processing researchers can take credit for having created much of the enabling technologies that have fueled this growth. The development of image and video coding standards, such as JPEG and MPEG, has enabled the web as a center for commerce and entertainment. Ubiquitous technologies, such as Direct TV, DVDs, BlueRay, and TiVo, depend on these standards; streaming Internet video services, like Tunes' recently announced movie rental feature, are well on their way to replacing traditional analog broadcast video. Other consumer products, such as home printers, digital cameras, and mobile video devices, have each been a major disruptive product enabled by fundamental innovation from image-processing researchers.
Two types of corticopulvinar terminations: Round (type 2) and elongate (type 1)

Corticopulvinar axons were anterogradely labeled by Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin injections in the occipitotemporal cortex of the macaque to determine quantitative parameters of divergence and convergence, arbor size and shape, and distribution of terminal specializations. Forty individual axons were analyzed by serial section reconstruction and divided into two major groups. The majority of axons have numerous (typically 500-1,000) small, spinous endings (boutons terminaux). These axons have terminal fields that are beam-like or elongated (E, corresponding to classical type 1) and highly divergent (1.0-3.0 mm). These frequently innervate several of the traditionally designated pulvinar subdivisions; namely inferior pulvinar (PI) and the ventral part of interal pulvinar (PL); medial pulvinar (PM) and dorsal PL, and (one axon) PM, dorsal PL, and PI. Some axons, however (R or round, corresponding to classical type 2), have a small number (typically 70-160) of primarily large, beaded endings (boutons en passant), which concentrate in sharply delimited, round arbors (diameters 100-125 microns). R axons appear to be larger caliber than E axons (1.0-1.5 microns vs. 0.5-1.0 micron, respectively). These differences in phenotype are probably associated with distinct types of projection neurons. In visual areas, corticopulvinar terminations are reported to originate from pyramidal cell subpopulations in layer 5. Indirect evidence, presented here, suggests that the more numerous medium-sized neurons give rise to E axons, and the sparser giant pyramids give rise to R corticopulvinar axons. If this is correct, corticopulvinar connectivity may be involved in multiple transformations. Spatially, axons of giant neurons (with basal dendrites that collect intracortically from a disc-like area, about 1.0 mm in diameter) converge onto a small number of pulvinar neurons. Axons of medium neurons (with basal dendrites that occupy a small intracortical disc, about 0.3 mm in diameter) diverge over 1.0-3.0 mm in the pulvinar and may form many contacts. Giant neurons, although numerically few in relation to medium pyramids (1 or 2: 50?), are likely to have distinctive membrane properties (functionally equivalent to bursting neurons?). Their larger boutons and axon caliber may be associated with a faster transmission that compensates for their small numbers. In primates, the E and R duality does not characterize cortical projections to the caudate, lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, or superior colliculus and thus may be essentially linked to pulvinar-specific processes.
A survey of analytical techniques for cross-section estimation

To serve as a general introduction to the theoretical papers immediately following, the analytical techniques available for estimating the backscattering cross section of a metal target are reviewed. These are classified according to the dimension-to-wavelength ranges for which they are appropriate, and an attempt is made to interpret them in the light of the scattering processes involved. Some examples are discussed.
Syntheses and properties of functionalized oxacalix[4]arene porphyrins

Abstract Six new functionalized oxacalix[4]arene porphyrins have been synthesized via a high-yielding ‘3+1’ condensation between meso-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)triphenylporphyrin and readily available new fluorodinitrobenzene-containing trimers. The X-ray structure of one linear trimer is presented. The synthesis of a porphyrin containing two oxacalix[4]arene moieties is also reported using a similar strategy. 1H NMR data and computer calculations using the AM1 semiempirical method incorporated into the Spartan program indicate that the oxacalix[4]arene porphyrins adopt 1,3-alternating conformations. The photophysical properties of the oxacalix[4]arene porphyrins were investigated.
Use of Medpor implants in rhinoplasty surgery

The gold standard for graft material in nasal reconstruction has been autologous tissues such as cartilage from the septum, ear or rib, or bone from the rib, iliac crest or calvarium. However, with the increased demand for revision rhinoplasty, the supply of autologous tissues may be limited, and the use of alloplastic material provides a safe alternative. Medpor, which is a biomaterial composed of porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE), has proven to be a dependable implant and has been widely used in craniofacial reconstruction and rhinoplasty surgery. Specific qualities of Medpor include: excellent contouring capabilities, prefabricated shape availability, ingrowth of innate vasculature that allows for increased mechanical stability, decreased risk of implant migration, and decreased risk of infection. This article discusses the precise technique utilized for nasal dorsal augmentation with Medpor implants. Emphasis is placed on describing techniques to use to avoid complications related to alloplastic materials.
An investigation of the SnTeSnAs quasibinary phase diagram

Abstract The constitution diagram of the system SnTeSnAs has been determined from a combination of results obtained using thermal analysis, micrographic, and X-ray diffraction techniques. A eutectic, melting at 580·0±0·5°C occurs at 86·5 wt% SnAs-13·5% SnTe, which consists of solid solutions of SnTe in SnAs and of SnAs in SnTe. The solid solubility of SnAs in SnTe is less than one wt% and that of SnTe in SnAs is 4·5 wt% at 550°C. No ternary compounds exist along this isopleth.
The Termination of the Solar Wind

Abstract It has previously been suggested that the solar wind might terminate at distances of 5 AU to 20 AU from the Sun, and that the solar wind might be drastically slowed down by charge exchange and photoionization of interstellar hydrogen atoms which approach the Sun. However, recent satellite measurements of resonantly scattered Lyman alpha radiation, together with pulsar dispersion and Faraday rotation measures, imply very small values for the interstellar hydrogen density (0.05 cm−3) and magnetic field strength (3 μG). As a result, the solar wind is not expected to be slowed down by more than about 30% inside the termination distance, which is expected to be about 100 AU. Analytic solutions for the solar wind flux and velocity as a function of distance have been obtained, yielding estimates of the slowing down and termination distance as a function of the various input parameters (solar wind flux, velocity, solar Lyman-continuum flux, interstellar hydrogen density and velocity, and magnetic field strength).
Growth inhibitory actions of prothrombin on normal hepatocytes: Influence of matrix

Most hepatomas have a defect in prothrombin carboxylation, and can secrete under-carboxylated prothrombin or des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP), the function of which is unknown. We considered that the prothrombin-DCP axis might also be involved in growth control. Hepatocytes and hepatoma cells were treated with prothrombin and DNA synthesis and cytoskeletal changes were studied. Prothrombin inhibited DNA synthesis in hepatocytes on fibronectin, but not collagen matrix. Hepatoma cell lines were not inhibited. We found that hepatoma cell matrix conferred resistance to hepatocytes. Prothrombin decreased fibronectin but not collagen amounts, but only in the presence of hepatocytes and not hepatoma cells, indicating that it has a differential action on matrix proteins. It also caused changes in cell shape and actin depolymerization. In vivo, there was a decrease in plasma prothrombin activity after a partial hepatectomy (PH), concomitant with the peak of DNA synthesis in the hepatocytes at 24h after PH. Injection of warfarin at the time of PH, further inhibited PT activity and enhanced this 24h peak of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, repeated injection of prothrombin lowered the peak DNA synthesis after PH. The data support the hypothesis that prothrombin can act as a hepatocyte growth inhibitor, likely at the level of fibronectin loss and result in cytoskeletal changes. Hepatomas resist this action, possibly due to their different matrix proteins. This represents a novel mechanism for growth regulation and provides a possible biological significance for the tumor marker DCP.
Hot spots unplugged.

This article looks at volcanic hotspots and says they have always been considered fixed points but evidence is suggesting that they can be mobile. The evidence comes from Hawaii's chain of islands and dead undersea volcanoes. Previously, the pattern of the path of the chain of dead volcanoes on the ocean floor was thought to be from the movement of tectonic plates. Scientists think that the hotspots themselves migrate due to movement of the earth's mantle. INSETS: THE OLD VIEW OF HAWAII'S ORIGIN;CLUES FROM ROCK MAGNETISM;WHAT REALLY HAPPENED;BLOWING IN THE (MANTLE) WIND
Indefinite sequences with a finite order singularity in the complex moment problem

In this paper, we consider indefinite sequences having singularity at the point ( = (1 . . . . . 1) ~ (I~ p of order at most 2x. We show that they are related to both the classical moment problem and the L6vy-Khinchin formula for negative definite sequences. We establish an integral representation for these sequences and characterize the exponentially bounded ones by means of finitely many positive definiteness conditions. Even in the case x = 1, our approach provides new L6vy-Khinchin type integral representations. Let No be the set of all non-negative integers and fix the positive integer p. We denote by ~ l -z , i ] the algebra of polynomials in z and ~ where z = (zl . . . . . zp ) e r p. This algebra acts on the sequences ct = ~(m, n), (m,n)e ]Ng • N~ following the correspondence
Correlation between chemical stimulation and filtration flow resistance in human platelet aggregates.

Abstract Human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was aggregated with ADP to produce varying degrees of reversibility and platelet release, and then the chemical stimulation (as evidenced by optical transmittance) was compared with the flow resistance of physiologically-significant microaggregates, determined by constant-pressure filtration. The aggregate flow resistance was attributed to “weak” aggregates (which occluded the micropore filter at 20 mm Hg but which passed through the filter at 80 mm Hg) and “strong” aggregates (which occluded the filter at 80 mm Hg). As the ADP concentration was increased from 1 μM to 10 μM, the flow resistance of both the “weak” and “strong” aggregates generally increased, as did the maximum transmittance. No consistent trend was seen as the time after ADP addition increased from 5 to 30 minutes. Pretreatment of the PRP with epinephrine increased the maximum transmittance during ADP aggregation, produced less-reversible aggregates (less subject to deaggregation by PGE1), and increased the aggregate flow resistance over the range of filtration pressures tested. The addition of PGE1 to the aggregated sample before filtration nearly eliminated the flow resistance of the aggregates at all filtration pressures tested and partially reversed the optically-apparent aggregation. Pretreatment of PRP with PGE1 before epinephrine or ADP addition inhibited both the optically-detected aggregation and the development of flow resistance. The physical (hydrodynamic) strength of platelet aggregates is apparently related to the chemical stimulation of the release reaction and to aggregation irreversibility, possibly through the mediation of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP.
Sex and Age Differences in the Sex-Role Stereotyping of Third- and Fifth-Grade Children.

A four-part 85-item orally administered children's Sex-Role Expectations and Awareness Scale was developed. The four parts included measures of children's perceptions of (1) sex-associated behavior, (2) teacher expectations, (3) adult sex-role expectations, and (4) children's knowledge of the women's rights movement. The internally reliable scale was administered to 506 middle-class third- and fifth-grade children (259 females and 247 males) from eight schools in six states. Major results included the statistically significant findings that (1) although the absolute level of stereotyping was modest, males stereotyped significantly more often than females with regard to both male and female behavior traits and perceived teacher and adult sex-role expectation. (2) Third-grade students stereotyped more male behavior traits than fifth-grade students. (3) Females more often than males perceived teachers to expect traditional sex-role behavior from females. (4) Fifth-grade students knew more about the women's movement, but the absolute level of knowledge was quite low, with a comprehension rate around a third of the total number of items.
Studies of factors affecting gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in glycogenoses of the liver.

The activities of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and of phosphofructokinase, and the concentrations of insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and free fatty acids, were measured in patients with the three major varieties of glycogenoses of the liver and in control children. In the patients the activity of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase was increased; significant phosphofructokinase activity was present; the concentrations of cortisol and of growth hormone were normal, those of insulin were low, and those of free fatty acids were high. The results were interpreted as indicative of increased gluconeogenesis accompanied by concurrent glycolytic activity; they further suggested: (a) that a primary disorder of the liver may cause modification of the secretion of insulin, and (b) more speculatively, that two functionally distinct Embden-Meyerhof pathways may coexist.
Voiding Dysfunction After Non-genitourinary Radical Pelvic Surgery

Voiding dysfunction after radical non-genitourinary pelvic surgery is a common but poorly understood entity. It is thought to be multifactorial, likely related to the type of surgery, degree of injury to nerves, degree of injury to urinary tract and vasculature, and (neo)adjuvant therapy. Management is focused on ensuring that the bladder is an adequate storage reservoir with ability to empty volitionally. We review voiding dysfunction caused by radical gynecological, rectal, and sacral surgeries. Voiding dysfunction, although common after radical gynecological, rectal, and sacral surgeries, has been declining due to the recognition of the nerves involved in voiding function and the techniques designed to preserve them. The most common types of voiding dysfunction after radical pelvic surgery are impaired detrusor contractility, detrusor overactivity, reduced bladder compliance, and stress urinary incontinence. Urodynamics testing and upper tract imaging studies are the diagnostic mainstays. Various treatments are available and reviewed in this manuscript. Non-genitourinary radical pelvic surgery often results in voiding dysfunction ranging from urinary retention to urinary incontinence. Treatment is guided by two main principles—ensuring that the bladder is an adequate storage reservoir and preserving the ability to empty volitionally. This can be accomplished by pharmacologic means, intermittent catheterization, and multiple anti-incontinence procedures.
Anthracene-Bridged Binuclear Ruthenium Complexes: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Evidence of Electronic Communication Through the π System

Six dinuclear cyclometalated ruthenium complexes, 1−6, based on diphenylanthracene (DPA) and anthracene (AN) as bridging ligands have been synthesized and fully characterized electrochemically and spectroscopically. The anodic electrochemistry of the homobinuclear ruthenium complexes, 1−6, has been examined in three different nonaqueous solvents (ACN, DMF, and CH2Cl2). The ability of the anthracene derivatives to transmit electronic effects between the two redox units has been demonstrated by the observed splitting of the voltammetric signals ascribed to the metal centers. The electronic communication has also been evidenced by the presence of intervalence charge transfer transition bands in the near-infrared region of the spectrum due to an intramolecular electron transfer process mediated by the bridge when the mixed valence species (RuII/RuIII) are electrochemically generated. Cyclic voltammetric measurements have been carried out under different conditions of solvent and supporting electrolyte. Differ...
The Solar Wind and the Temperature-Density Structure of the Solar Corona

The influence of the solar wind on large-scale temperature and density distributions in the lower corona is studied. This influence is most profoundly felt through its effect upon the geometry of coronal magnetic fields since the presence of expansion divides the corona into magnetically ‘open’ and ‘closed’ regions. Each of these regions is governed by entirely different energy transport processes. This results in significant temperature differences since only the open field regions suffer outward conductive heat losses. Because the temperature influences the density in an exponential manner, large density inhomogeneities are to be expected.
Aging of membrane transport mechanisms in the central nervous system—2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in cortical synaptosomes from the long-evans rat

Abstract Initial velocity of uptake of 2-deoxy- D -glucose (2- D g) has been measured in cortical synaptosomes from 30-month-old rats and compared to results from 2-month-old animals. No significant changes were found in velocity of uptake at any [Na] and [2- D g] used. The velocity data were fitted to the rate equation by the use of computer optimization techniques, and the kinetic constants were estimated. The predicted diffusion constants are so low that no measurable diffusive uptake is predicted for either 2- or 30-month animals. The kinetic constants V m (maximal rate of uptake) and K t (Michaelis-Menten constant) were found not to change with age. The results contrast to a similar previous study of glutamate transport, in which substantial declines in carrier capability were found in the 30-month age group.
Characterization and molecular weight distribution of carbohydrates isolated from the autohydrolysis extract of mixed southern hardwoods

Abstract In order to utilize hemicelluloses from biomass as a feedstock for production of higher value added products such as biofuels and bio-based chemicals, it is essential to assess the chemical composition of the liquid phase and molecular weight distribution of isolated carbohydrates. The association of hemicelluloses with lignin also plays an important role for utilization of isolated hemicelluloses. In the present study carbohydrates were first extracted from a mixture of southern hardwoods by autohydrolysis at different temperatures for 100 min, and then precipitated after mixing with four volumes of ethanol. Depending on the temperature, all (100% at 130 °C) or a small part (5% at 170 °C) of the oligomeric hemicelluloses present in the extract precipitated together with some lignin and oligo-glucose (glucans). The classical iodine test confirmed that most of the glucans are actually starch. Oligo-glucose is the major component in the precipitate from extracts produced at 150 °C and below, while xylan is the main component at 160 °C. Almost all lignin in the precipitate is in the form of lignin–carbohydrate complexes. The average Mw of the carbohydrates isolated from the extract decreases with increasing autohydrolysis temperature. The average DP of hemicelluloses isolated from the extract decreases from about 71 to 36 over the temperature range from 130 to 170 °C during 100 min autohydrolysis.
Numerical Simulation of Transient Scramjet Combustion in a Shock Tunnel

Computational simulations of reactive flow within a hydrogen-fueled scramjet-like geometry experimentally tested in a free piston shock tunnel are presented. The experimental configuration (Odam and Paull, AIAA Paper 2003-5244) involves injection of hydrogen fuel into the scramjet inlet, followed by mixing, shock-induced ignition, and combustion. Experimental results showed significant heat release due to shock induced supersonic combustion. The present steady-state results, performed using a validated threedimensional Navier-Stokes solver, show generally good agreement with experimental data at fuel-off and fuel-on conditions but display a marked sensitivity to the wall temperature boundary condition. This indicates the possible need to account for transient wall heating in simulations of scramjet experiments conducted in short-duration shock-tunnel facilities. The computational results also provide some support for a “radical farming” hypothesis, advanced to explain the ability of the hydrogen-air mixture to auto-ignite at relatively low inlet contraction ratios.
Midkine Binds to Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Acts as a Growth Factor for Different Cell Types

Midkine (MK) is a developmentally regulated, secreted growth factor homologous to pleiotrophin (PTN). To investigate the potential role of MK in tumor growth, we expressed MK in human SW-13 cells and studied receptor binding, signal transduction, and activity of MK. The MK protein stimulates soft agar colony formation in vitro and tumor growth of SW-13 cells in athymic nude mice, as well as proliferation of human endothelial cells from brain microvasculature and umbilical vein (HUVEC) in the low ng/ml range. MK binds to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), the receptor for PTN, with an apparent K(d) of 170 pm in intact cells, and this receptor binding of MK is competed by PTN with an apparent K(d) of approximately 20 pm. Monoclonal antibodies raised against the extracellular ligand-binding domain of ALK inhibit ALK receptor binding of MK as well as MK-stimulated colony formation of SW-13 cells. Furthermore, MK stimulates ALK phosphorylation in WI-38 human fibroblasts and activates PI3-kinase and MAP kinase signal transduction in WI-38, HUVEC, neuroblastoma (SH SY-5Y) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells that express the ALK protein. We conclude that MK can act as a growth, survival, and angiogenic factor during tumorigenesis and signals through the ALK receptor.
Crisis Management in Higher Education: What Have We Learned From Virginia Tech?

Crisis management is a relatively new research territory in the field of human resource development (HRD). With the increasing number of crisis events occurring in higher education institutions in recent years, crisis management has increasingly attracted research attention. This article focuses on the shootings that occurred on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (US) in 2007. By adopting the single case study as research methodology and Mitroff’s crisis management model as the conceptual and analytical framework, the authors examine one higher education institution’s real-life experience with crisis events and the resultant change management. The authors highlight implications this crisis experience has for HRD practice, specific to educational institutions and business organizations that may experience crises of the same/similar nature.
Primary T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma of the orbit in a pediatric patient

Background: The authors report a case of an 8-year-old pediatric patient with a 2-week history of painless periorbital swelling unresponsive to antibiotic treatment. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) showed a large, lateral, anterior left orbital soft tissue mass with bony erosion into the anterior cranial fossa through the roof of the orbit laterally. Surgical exploration showed a hard white mass that had eroded through the roof of the left orbit and into the anterior cranial fossa, with herniation of the brain and associated dura through the defect. Results of a complete evaluation of the child for systemic lymphoma, including a lumbar puncture, chest x-ray, bone scan, bone marrow aspirate, and chest/abdomen CT, were negative. Results: Results of histopathologic and immuno-histochemical evaluation showed a primary orbital T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma. The patient was treated with intrathecal ara-C (Cytosar-U) and methotrexate, 16.2 Gy of whole brain irradiation, and a chemotherapeutic protocol consisting of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxin), vincristine (Oncovin), methotrexate, daunomycin, and prednisone. The patient remains free of lymphoma 33 months after diagnosis, with 20/20 visual acuity in both eyes. Conclusion: The authors believe that this is the youngest documented case of a primary T-cell immunoblastic lymphoma of the orbit.
Applications of multi-functional characteristics in GaAs/AlGaAs field effect real space transfer transistors

Electrically alterable functionality, including bi-phase modulation and signal demultiplexing, is demonstrated in a field effect real space transfer transistor. The ability to express widely different functional characteristics as a result of gate modulated real space transfer permits energy multiplexing of device functionality within a single physical structure.
Green for danger! Intestinal malrotation and volvulus

Intestinal malrotation is a congenital condition that can have disastrous, potentially fatal sequelae. It is believed to occur in approximately 1 in 500 live births.1 Malrotation results from failure or interruption of the normal process of rotation, positioning and fixation of the embryonic gut during development, so that it is has a propensity to twist or volve about its mesentery. This interrupts its blood supply, which can lead to infarction of extensive amounts of gut. Malrotated gut is also prone to obstruction by congenital bands of fibrous tissue (Ladd’s bands) traversing the bowel externally. The majority of patients with this condition present in early infancy with bilious vomiting; however, if the diagnosis is not considered and prompt action taken to confirm or exclude malrotation, the consequences can be catastrophic. Bilious vomiting in childhood is a symptom that must be taken seriously because it can indicate serious gut pathology. A diagnosis of malrotation should always be considered in a child of any age with bile stained vomiting. In malrotation this is due to bowel obstruction distal to the ampulla of Vater where the biliary system joins the bowel. Other causes of high intestinal obstruction, such as duodenal stenosis, duodenal atresia or proximal jejunal atresia, are accompanied by bilious vomiting. Non-obstructive causes of bilious vomiting include intestinal ileus secondary to electrolyte imbalance and gastrointestinal infection.2 Some knowledge of the complex embryology of the gut is useful in order to understand the significance of malrotation. Formation of the embryonic gut begins by the 2nd week of gestation. The gut develops from the yolk sac and becomes internalised forming a single short tube lined with endoderm by the 3–4th weeks, joined in its mid-portion to the yolk sac by the vitellointestinal duct. The surrounding layers of mesoderm form the parietal peritoneum and …
Dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury to plants and soils using mercury stable isotopes in a controlled environment

Abstract Uptake of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0 (g) ) by three plant species and two soil types was measured using mercury vapor enriched in the 198 isotope ( 198 Hg 0 (g) ). The plant species and soil types were: White Ash ( Fraxinus Americana ; WA); White Spruce ( Picea Glauca ; WS); Kentucky Bluegrass ( Poa Partensis ; KYBG); Plano Silt Loam (4% organic matter; PSL); and Plainfield Sand/Sparta Loamy Sand (1.25–1.5% organic matter: PS). The plants and soils were exposed to isotopically enriched Hg 0 (g) in a 19 m 3 controlled environment room for 7 days under optimal plant growth conditions (20 °C, 140 Wm −2 between 300 nm and 700 nm; 70% RH) and atmospherically relevant Hg 0 (g) concentrations. Mercury was recovered from the samples using acidic digestions and surface leaches, and then analyzed for enrichments in 198 Hg by ICPMS. The method was sensitivity enough that statistically significant enrichments in 198 Hg were measured in the plant foliage at the end of Day 1. Whole leaf digestions and surface-selective leaches revealed that accumulative uptake was predominantly to the interior of the leaf under the conditions studied. Uptake fluxes for WA increased between the first and third days and remained constant thereafter (WA; Day 1 = 7 ± 2 × 10 −5 ng m −2 s −1 ; Days 3–7 = 1.3 ± 0.1 × 10 −4 ng m −2 s −1 ; where m 2 refers to one sided leaf area). KYBG demonstrated similar behavior although no Day 3 measurement was available (Day 1 = 7.5 ± 0.5 × 10 −5 ng m −2 s −1 ; Day 7 = 1.2 ± 0.1 × 10 −4 ng m −2 s −1 ). Fluxes to White Spruce were lower, with little difference between Days 1 and 3 followed by a decrease at Day 7 (WS; Days 1–3 = 5 ± 2 × 10 −5 ng m −2 s −1 ; Day 7 = 2.4 ± 0.2 × 10 −5 ng m −2 s −1 ). Uptake of Hg to soils was below the method detection limit for those media (PSL = 3 × 10 −2 ng m −2 s −1 ; PS = 3 × 10 −3 ng m −2 s −1 ) over the 7 day study period. Foliar resistances calculated for each species compared well to previous studies.
Colorectal resection in patients with ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma

Objective This study examines the operative details and complications of colorectal resection in patients with ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma. Study design Patients who underwent colorectal resection for ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer were identified in our surgical database for the period 1988 through 2002. Results Of the 125 patients who were identified, 73% were undergoing primary cytoreduction; 18% were undergoing secondary cytoreduction, and 7% were undergoing interval cytoreduction. The mean length of colon that was removed was 15.7 cm. The method of anastomosis was stapler in 63% and hand sewn in 22%; 15% patients had no anastomosis performed. A protective ostomy was used in 13% of patients. Optimal cytoreduction ( Conclusion To obtain optimal cytoreduction in patients with ovarian cancer, colorectal resection often is necessary. Colorectal resection can be performed with a low risk of anastomotic complications, and patients frequently have the return of normal bowel function.
Language development in children with congenital strokes

The congenital lesion population provides an excellent forum to investigate the issues of innate specialization and plasticity. Effects of early lesions on left and right hemisphere function reflect both the cognitive process under study and biological/neurological factors of lesion parameters and hemispheric maturation rates. In general, toddlers with both congenital left and right lesions show mild to moderate delays in language acquisition. School-age children with left hemisphere lesions have more problems with language and language-based academic skills than those with right hemisphere lesions, but the problems are subtle and do occur in both groups. This pattern stands in sharp contrast with the adult, who shows striking language deficits with acquired lesions only in the left perisylvian region. Thus, there is evidence in these studies of the immature nervous system for both innate specialization and plasticity, as well as a right hemisphere contribution to language acquisition and verbal cognition.
Edge transfer lithography of molecular and nanoparticle materials

A simple and general method which we call edge transfer lithography has been developed for large-area patterning of molecular and nanoparticle materials with line widths as small as 60 nm. The procedure employs standard “ink” and “stamp” microcontact printing techniques and takes advantage of the intrinsic topographic character of micropatterned elastomeric stamps and discontinuous dewetting behavior of ink solutions to selectively apply ink within the recesses of the stamp. In this way, molecules or particles are delivered from the stamp to a solid substrate of interest selectively along the edges of the stamp features. Siloxane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle materials are directly patterned on glass substrates at nanometer resolution. Alkyl siloxane patterned SAM surfaces are used as a template structure for the guided self-assembly of molecular and nanoparticle materials. The surfaces are characterized by lateral force microscopy and noncontact atomic force mi...
Systemic Embolism in Chronic Left Ventricular Aneurysm: Incidence and the Role of Anticoagulation

The incidence and prevention of systemic embolism in patients with chronic left ventricular aneurysm have been controversial. This retrospective study investigated the incidence of clinically evident embolic events and the effect of oral anticoagulation in patients with unequivocal angiographically defined left ventricular aneurysm. Between 1971 and 1979, 76 patients met the ventriculographic criteria and received initial medical management. The median interval from myocardial infarction to ventriculography was 11 months (range 1 month to 16 years) and subsequent median follow-up time was 5 years. Twenty patients receiving anticoagulant therapy were followed up for a total of 40 patient-years and 69 patients not on anticoagulant therapy were followed up for a total of 288 patient-years; 13 patients were included in both subsets. Twenty-eight patients died during follow-up and the 3 and 5 year survival rates were 75 and 61%, respectively. Only one patient not receiving anticoagulant therapy had a clinical embolic event, resulting in an incidence of 0.35 per 100 patient-years. Therefore, in the absence of other predisposing conditions, the extremely low incidence of systemic emboli in these patients with chronic (first documented at least 1 month after myocardial infarction) left ventricular aneurysm does not justify the use of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.
Estimating cell death in G2M using bivariate BrdUrd/DNA flow cytometry

Background In an accompanying paper (Asmuth et al.) it was found necessary to include cell death explicitly to estimate parameters of cell proliferation. The use of bivariate flow cytometry to estimate the phase durations and the doubling times of cells labeled with thymidine analogues is well established. However, these methods of analysis do not consider the possibility of cell death. This report demonstrates that estimating cell death in G2/M is possible. Methods Mathematical models for the experimental quantities, the fraction of labeled undivided cells, the fraction of labeled divided cells, and the relative movement were developed. These models include the possibility that, of the cells with G2/M DNA content, only a certain fraction will divide, with the remainder dying after some time TR. Simulation studies were conducted to test the possibility of using simple methods to estimate phase durations and cell death rates. Results Cell death alters the estimates of phase transit times in a rather complex manner that depends on the lifetime of the doomed cells. However, it is still possible to obtain estimates of the phase durations of cells in S and G2/M and the death rates of cells in G2/M. Conclusions The methods presented herein provide a new way to characterize cell populations that includes cell death rates and common measurements of cell proliferation. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.