cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorian rainforests

Abstract To test the hypotheses that butterflies in an intact lowland rainforest are randomly distributed in space and time, a guild of nymphalid butterflies was sampled at monthly intervals for one year by trapping 883 individuals of 91 species in the canopy and understory of four contiguous, intact forest plots and one naturally occurring lake edge. The overall species abundance distribution was well described by a log-normal distribution. Total species diversity (γ-diversity) was partitioned into additive components within and among community subdivisions (α-diversity and β-diversity) in vertical, horizontal and temporal dimensions. Although community subdivisions showed high similarity (1-β-diversity/γ-diversity), significant β-diversity existed in each dimension. Individual abundance and observed species richness were lower in the canopy than in the understory, but rarefaction analysis suggested that the underlying species richness was similar in both canopy and understory. Observed species richness varied among four contiguous forest plots, and was lowest in the lake edge plot. Rarefaction and species accumulation curves showed that one forest plot and the lake edge had significantly lower species richness than other forest plots. Within any given month, only a small fraction of total sample species richness was represented by a single plot and height (canopy or understory). Comparison of this study to a similar one done in disturbed forest showed that butterfly diversity at a naturally occurring lake edge differed strongly from a pasture-forest edge. Further comparison showed that species abundance distributions from intact and disturbed forest areas had variances that differed significantly, suggesting that in addition to extrapolation, rarefaction and species accumulation techniques, the shapes of species abundance distributions are fundamental to assessing diversity among sites. This study shows the necessity for long-term sampling of diverse communities in space and time to assess tropical insect diversity among different areas, and the need of such studies is discussed in relation to tropical ecology and quick surveys in conservation biology.
Dynamic and static stability in hexapedal runners

Summary Stability is fundamental to the performance of terrestrial locomotion. Running cockroaches met the criteria for static stability over a wide range of speeds, yet several locomotor variables changed in a way that revealed an increase in the importance of dynamic stability as speed increased. Duty factors (the fraction of time that a leg spends on the ground relative to the stride period) decreased to 0.5 and below with an increase in speed. The duration of double support (i.e. when both tripods, or all six legs, were on the ground) decreased significantly with an increase in speed. All legs had similar touchdown phases in the tripod, but the shortest leg, the front one, lifted off before the middle and the rear leg, so that only two legs of the tripod were in contact with the ground at the highest speeds. Per cent stability margin (the shortest distance from the center of gravity to the boundaries of support, normalized to the maximum possible stability margin) decreased with increasing speed from 60 % at 10 cm s 21 to values less than zero at speeds faster than 50 cm s 21 , indicating instances of static instability at fast speeds. The center of mass moved rearward or posteriorly with respect to the base of support as speed increased. Moments about the center of mass, as shown by the center of pressure (the equivalent of a single ‘effective’ leg), were variable, but were balanced by opposing moments over a stride. Thus, hexapods can exploit the advantages of both static and dynamic stability. Static or quasi-static assumptions alone were insufficient to explain straight-ahead, constant-speed locomotion and may hinder discovery of behaviors that are dynamic, where kinetic energy and momentum can act as a bridge from one step to the next.
Discovery of phosphorylation motif mixtures in phosphoproteomics data

Motivation: Modification of proteins via phosphorylation is a primary mechanism for signal transduction in cells. Phosphorylation sites on proteins are determined in part through particular patterns, or motifs, present in the amino acid sequence. Results: We describe an algorithm that simultaneously discovers multiple motifs in a set of peptides that were phosphorylated by several different kinases. Such sets of peptides are routinely produced in proteomics experiments.Our motif-finding algorithm uses the principle of minimum description length to determine a mixture of sequence motifs that distinguish a foreground set of phosphopeptides from a background set of unphosphorylated peptides. We show that our algorithm outperforms existing motif-finding algorithms on synthetic datasets consisting of mixtures of known phosphorylation sites. We also derive a motif specificity score that quantifies whether or not the phosphoproteins containing an instance of a motif have a significant number of known interactions. Application of our motif-finding algorithm to recently published human and mouse proteomic studies recovers several known phosphorylation motifs and reveals a number of novel motifs that are enriched for interactions with a particular kinase or phosphatase. Our tools provide a new approach for uncovering the sequence specificities of uncharacterized kinases or phosphatases. Availability: Software is available at http:/cs.brown.edu/people/braphael/software.html. Contact:aritz@cs.brown.edu; braphael@cs.brown.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Influence of bromide on the performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca in reconstituted waters.

Poor performance of the amphipod Hyalella azteca has been observed in exposures using reconstituted waters. Previous studies have reported success in H. azteca water-only exposures with the addition of relatively high concentrations of bromide. The present study evaluated the influence of lower environmentally representative concentrations of bromide on the response of H. azteca in 42-d water-only exposures. Improved performance of H. azteca was observed in reconstituted waters with >0.02 mg Br/L. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2425-2429. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Evaluation of low temperature grown influenza A2-Hong Kong virus in volunteers.

SummaryA strain of A2/Hong Kong/68 virus was adapted to growth at 25° in calf kidney tissue culture and a virus suspension was prepared for administration to volunteers after a total of 10 passages at 25°, including 2 terminal dilution purifications. The low temperature grown virus acquired a temperature sensitive defect which restricted its growth at 40 °, a temperature at which the wild-type virus grew without restriction. The low temperature-adapted virus appeared to exhibit reduced infectivity for man, but was not attenuated since illness occurred when sufficient virus was administered to infect all volunteers.
Further observations on conformational and substituent effects in acid-catalyzed "3 + 1" cyclizations of tripyrranes with aromatic dialdehydes.

Tripyrranes with tert-butyl and phenyl substituents have been prepared and used to synthesize oxybenziporphyrins, oxypyriporphyrins, benzocarbaporphyrins, and azuliporphyrins with phenyl and tert-butyl substituents via a “3 + 1” methodology. The proton NMR spectra for the tripyrrane dibenzyl esters indicate that these tripyrrolic systems take on a helical conformation that favors macrocycle formation, and the NMR data can be a useful predictor on the efficiency of the “3 + 1” synthesis. Nevertheless, a tetraphenyltripyrrane proved to be susceptible to acidolytic cleavage under the usual reaction conditions and gave poor yields of porphyrinoid products. This problem could be overcome to a certain extent by carrying out the reactions in neat TFA. The presence of these substituents led to significant changes in the spectroscopic properties and diatropic character of the new porphyrinoid structures.
Poly(amide-imide)/Silica Supported PEI Hollow Fiber Sorbents for Postcombustion CO2 Capture by RTSA

Amine-loaded poly(amide-imide) (PAI)/silica hollow fiber sorbents are created and used in a rapid temperature swing adsorption (RTSA) system for CO2 capture under simulated postcombustion flue gas conditions. Poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) is infused into the PAI/mesoporous silica hollow fiber sorbents during fiber solvent exchange steps after fiber spinning. A lumen-side barrier layer is also successfully formed on the bore side of PAI/silica hollow fiber sorbents by using a mixture of Neoprene with cross-linking agents in a post-treatment process. The amine loaded fibers are tested in shell-and-tube modules by exposure on the shell side at 1 atm and 35 °C to simulated flue gas with an inert tracer (14 mol % CO2, 72 mol % N2, and 14 mol % He, at 100% relative humidity (RH)). The fibers show a breakthrough CO2 capacity of 0.85 mmol/g-fiber and a pseudoequilibrium CO2 uptake of 1.19 mmol/g-fiber. When tested in the temperature range of 35–75 °C, the PAI/silica/PEI fiber sorbents show a maximum CO2 capacity at 65...
Gibberellin Signal Transduction in Stem Elongation & Leaf Growth

The effect of gibberellin (GA) on promoting stem growth was first discovered in 1930s by studies of the Bakanae(foolish seedling) disease in rice (57). Gibberella fujikuroi, a pathogenic fungus, produces gibberellic acid (GA3) that causes the infected rice plants to grow so tall that they fall over. Later studies of dwarf mutants and analysis of their GA contents revealed that bioactive GAs are endogenous hormones that regulate the natural developmental processes including stem growth in plants. An increase in both cell elongation and cell division occurs during stem growth. GA induces transcription of genes involved in these processes. For example, expression of some of the genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs1) and expansins are upregulated by GA in elongating internodes in rice and in Arabidopsis (7, 62, 66). XET is thought to increase the plasticity of the cell wall because this enzyme is involved in xyloglucan reorganization through cleaving and re-ligating xyloglucan polymers in the cell wall. Expansins are also extracellular proteins that cause plant cell wall loosening, probably by disrupting the polysaccharide adhesion. Transcripts of the genes encoding for cyclin-dependent protein kinases are also elevated in intercalary meristem in rice after GA treatment (12).
Transcriptomic signatures decode Th17 cell pathogenicity

Systems immunology is a growing field that attempts to integrate high-throughput experiments with sophisticated computational analysis and modeling approaches.1 In the field of systems immunology, single-cell transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) is an experimental technique that has proven effective for delineating molecular heterogeneity within immune cell subtypes.2 Large-scale genomic techniques like single-cell RNA-seq are often described as hypothesis generating. One of the challenges of applying these experimental techniques is shortening the progression from hypothesis generation to hypothesis testing. Recently, Gaublomme and colleagues reported an approach to the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq of Th17 cells. They were able to identify and subsequently validate several novel regulators of pathogenicity in Th17 cells using a method that could be applied to the analysis of genomic data from other immune cell populations.3
The Artistic Process and Arts-Based Research: A Phenomenological Account of the Practice

Arts-based research (ABR) leverages art practice for performing inquiry. An important component of art practice is the inner life of the artist. However, in the literature, this inner life, what th...
Development of HTΦ0.96mm tempered bead wire

Aiming at the requirements of improving strength and quality continuously of bead wire,high strength Φ0.96mm tempered bead wire was developed.Pretreatment process of wire rod and medium semi-finished wire was given.Wire drawing technology of rough drawing from Φ5.5 to 3.4mm,fine drawing from Φ3.4 to 0.96mm,and the technology parameters of semi-finished sorbitizing treatment were designed.Production process of tempering-copper plating was given.Amount of copperizing was controlled 0.3～0.7g/kg.When the depth of copperizing is 0.08～0.16μm,adhesion of rubber and bead wire is the most favorable.Trial production shows that the tensile strength of HTΦ0.96mm bead wire is raised 1.15 times comparing with normal bead wire,quality rate reaches 91.9%.
Activation of the c-Met pathway mobilizes an inflammatory network in the brain microenvironment to promote brain metastasis of breast cancer

Brain metastasis is one of the chief causes of mortality in breast cancer patients, but the mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood. Here, we report that brain metastatic cells expressing high levels of c-Met promote the metastatic process via inflammatory cytokine upregulation and vascular reprogramming. Activated c-Met signaling promoted adhesion of tumor cells to brain endothelial cells and enhanced neovascularization by inducing the secretion of IL8 and CXCL1. Additionally, stimulation of IL1β secretion by activation of c-Met induced tumor-associated astrocytes to secrete the c-Met ligand HGF. Thus, a feed-forward mechanism of cytokine release initiated and sustained by c-Met fed a vicious cycle that generated a favorable microenvironment for metastatic cells. Reinforcing our results, we found that pterostilbene, a compound that penetrates the blood-brain barrier, could suppress brain metastasis by targeting c-Met signaling. These findings suggest a potential utility of this natural compound for chemoprevention. Cancer Res; 76(17); 4970-80. ©2016 AACR.
Molecular Imaging of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer that can benefit from advances in the field of molecular imaging. Currently, 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro- d -glucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) dominates molecular imaging in oncology. The authors discuss PET/CT and a few other limited options in molecular imaging in this short chapter. The role of anatomical modalities including CT and magnetic resonance imaging will be covered in relevant chapters.
Overview and History of DNA Typing

DNA fingerprinting or DNA typing was first described in 1985 by an English geneticist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr Jeffreys found that certain regions of DNA contained DNA sequences that were repeated over and over again next to each other. He also discovered that the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from individual to individual. By developing a technique to examine the length variation of these DNA repeat sequences, Dr Jeffreys created the ability to perform human identity tests. These DNA repeat regions became known as variable number of tandem repeats. The chapter presents a few basic principles of DNA analysis. Samples obtained from crime scene investigations or used in other forms of human identity testing are subjected to defined processes involving biology, technology, and genetics. It is important to keep in mind that a DNA profile by itself is fairly useless because it has no context. DNA analysis always requires that a comparison to be made between two samples: a questioned sample and a known sample. The end result of a forensic examination is a laboratory report, which represents a brief summary of work conducted by a forensic examiner. To get a better feel for how rapidly forensic DNA analysis methods have progressed in the first two decades of development, a comparison to computer technology may be helpful.
Hemorrhage Risk of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations during Pregnancy and Puerperium in a North American Cohort

Background and Purpose—Conclusions reached in existing literature about risk of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage during pregnancy are controversial. This study compares the risk of hemor...
The Curriculum Development of Experienced Teachers Who Are Inexperienced with History-Based Pedagogy.

Contemporary education initiatives have rigorous expectations for students’ close readings of, and written argumentation about, complex texts surrounding the same historical event, era, or figure. History teachers therefore cannot rely solely on a textbook and English/language arts teachers cannot utilize a single, whole-class novel; text-based writing is foundational in both classes. The education initiatives mandate half of all English/language arts content to be non-fiction. History and social studies topics, therefore, will increase within all elementary and English/language arts middle level classrooms. This study explored how six upper elementary and middle level teachers developed new curricula, integrated historical literacy and historical thinking within text-based writing, and the efficacy of their assessments.
Caring for Your Children: How Mexican Immigrant Mothers Experience Care and the Ideals of Motherhood

Based on an extensive ethnographic study, this chapter explores how Mexican migrant nannies in New York City (NYC) reconcile experiences of childrearing in their home countries with the practices and standards to which they are exposed as care workers for middle- and upper-class families in the United States. Drawing on multi-sited fieldwork conducted in NYC and in migrants’ hometowns in Mexico, it probes the emotional dimensions of the complex relationships between caregivers, their charges, and their own children, both those in the United States and those “left behind.” The chapter also offers insights into the often-conflicted feelings of women who employ nannies to care for their children, of the family members who care for left-behind children, and of children at both ends, all caught up in what Oliveira calls “transnational care constellations.”
The Physical Activity Environment and Academic Achievement in Massachusetts Schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND A supportive school-based physical activity environment (PAE) is integral to children's physical activity behaviors, but less understood is its association with academic achievement. We aimed to assess the association between PAE and academic performance and whether a stronger relationship exists in lower-income schools (LIS) compared to middle-income schools (MIS). METHODS Schoolchildren (grades 3rd to 5th) were recruited from 17 Massachusetts public schools. Schools were classified based on geographic characteristics and free/reduced-price lunch (FRPL) eligibility (LIS = 7, Median FRPL = 86%; MIS = 10, Median FRPL = 20%). PAE was measured using a 10-item survey. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to examine associations between PAE and scoring Advanced/Proficient on standardized Math and English Language Arts (ELA) tests. RESULTS Demographic characteristics differed between LIS (N = 278, 5% non-Hispanic white) and MIS (N = 297, 73% non-Hispanic white). In LIS, PAE was associated with Math (odds ratio = 5.40, 95% CI = 2.52-11.54 p .05). There was no relationship between PAE and MIS test scores (p > .05). Schooltime moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was not associated with test scores (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS A beneficial relationship exists between a high-PAE and test scores among LIS children, suggesting that the PAE may be associated with a more supportive environment and may be more fundamentally important for lower-income students.
Validating a Coarse-Grained Voltage Activation Model by Comparing Its Performance to the Results of Monte Carlo Simulations

Simulating the nature of voltage-activated systems is a problem of major current interest, ranging from the action of voltage-gated ion channels to energy storage batteries. However, fully microscopic converging molecular simulations of external voltage effects present a major challenge, and macroscopic models are associated with major uncertainties about the dielectric treatment and the underlying physical basis. Recently we developed a coarse-grained (CG) model that represents explicitly the electrodes, the electrolytes, and the membrane/protein system. The CG model provides a semimacroscopic way of capturing the microscopic physics of voltage-activated systems. Our method was originally validated by reproducing macroscopic and analytical results for key test cases and then used in modeling voltage-activated ion channels and related problems. In this work, we further establish the reliability of the CG voltage model by comparing it to the results of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with a microscopic electr...
Phthalates in Food Packaging, Consumer Products, and Indoor Environments

Phthalates are a diverse group of chemicals, including five with production volumes of over 1 million pounds per year in the United States (U.S.). They are used as plasticizers in a variety of plastics including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), medical devices (e.g., intravenous bags and tubing), food contact materials (FCMs), toys, and household goods, and as solvents in fragranced personal care and household products. Although not all phthalates have been evaluated for their toxic effects, many that are in widespread use have displayed endocrine disrupting properties on the developing reproductive system, especially in males, in laboratory, animal, and human studies. Widespread exposure to phthalates has been documented in the U.S. and in European countries, with some examples of unusually high exposures in certain populations, such as neonates with intravenous interventions in hospital settings. For the majority of the population, the primary route of exposure to the endocrine disrupting phthalates produced in the highest volume, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), is through diet. DEHP is used in food packaging, and also has been found to contaminate food sources directly. Some newer phthalates that have been introduced as alternatives to phthalates with known health concerns are also endocrine disruptors, while others have not been evaluated. Regulatory agencies are considering ways to define phthalates and assess their risk as a group based on chemical structure.
Optimization of irrigation and N-fertilizer strategies for cabbage plasticulture system

Abstract Florida cabbage production is dominated by a bare ground production with sub optimal plant populations under seepage irrigation system. Previous studies used plasticulture to increase the plant population and maximize cabbage production per area. The present research was conducted to; determine the optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate range, determine the transport and fate of applied nitrogen fertilizer and to examine the effects of two irrigation strategies for the proposed plasticulture system with high plant population. The soil moisture sensor based irrigation treatment used 11% and 33% less irrigation water in 2013 and 2014, respectively compared to the evapotranspiration based irrigation with no significant difference in cabbage yield. In 2014, the soil moisture sensor based irrigation also led to an increased retention time of nitrogen fertilizer in the crop rootzone. The optimum fertilizer rate range was determined to be between 400 and 570 kg ha−1 of N (5–7 g plant−1 of N), respectively. Cabbage yields obtained using fertilizer rates within the optimum range under high plant population plasticulture were on average 71% greater than the average bare ground yield under seepage irrigation.
Incorporating patient-centered factors into heart failure readmission risk prediction: A mixed-methods study.

Abstract Background Capturing and incorporating patient-centered factors into 30-day readmission risk prediction after hospitalized heart failure (HF) could improve the modest performance of current models. Methods Using a mixed-methods approach, we developed a patient-centered survey and evaluated the additional predictive utility of the survey compared to a traditional readmission risk model (the Krumholz et al. model). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic quantified the performance of both models. We measured the amount of model improvement with the addition of patient-centered factors to the Krumholz et al. model with the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). In an exploratory analysis, we used hierarchical clustering algorithms to identify groups with similar survey responses and tested for differences between clusters using standard descriptive statistics. Results From 3/24/2014 to 3/12/2015, 183 patients hospitalized with HF were enrolled from an urban, academic health system and followed for 30 days after discharge. The Krumholz et al. plus patient-centered factors model had similar-to-slightly lower performance (AUC [95%CI]:0.62 [0.52, 0.71]; goodness-of-fit P = .10) than the Krumholz et al. model (AUC [95%CI]:0.66 [0.57, 0.76]; goodness-of-fit P = .19). The IDI (95%CI) was 0.003 (−0.014,0.020). We identified three patient clusters based on patient-centered survey responses. The clusters differed with respect to gender, self-rated health, employment status, and prior hospitalization frequency (all P Conclusions The addition of patient-centered factors did not improve 30-day readmission model performance. Rather than designing interventions based on predicted readmission risk, tailoring interventions to all patients, based on their characteristics, could inform the design of targeted, readmission reduction strategies.
Microstructure and Internal Stresses in Cyclically Deformed Al and Cu Single Crystals

The concept of “long range internal stresses” (LRIS) is often utilized to explain various aspects of the mechanical behavior of materials, including cyclic deformation and the Bauschinger effect. These internal stresses are usually associated with the heterogeneous dislocation microstructure (Straub et al. [1] and Tippelt et al. [2]). More specifically, it has long been suggested that long-range internal stresses (LRIS) develop with plastic deformation in metals and alloys in association with the development of a subgrain boundaries, cell walls, dipole bundles, etc. The evidence to support the existence of LRIS has included Bauschinger experiments, dislocation radii measurements, stress-dip tests and, especially, and more recently, asymmetry in x-ray diffraction line profiles (XRD LPA) in association with the “composite model.” Convergent beam electron diffraction, weak-beam dislocation dipole separation measurements and in-situ transmission electron microscopy were all performed by the author on cyclically deformed Al and Cu single crystals (Kassner et al. [3, 4, 5]). These provide insight into the mechanisms of cyclic plasticity but especially indicate an absence of measurable LRIS.
Self-Guided Societal Evolution

Our study of human and societal evolution has helped us to capture and understand the evolutionary story of our species and appreciate the intricate way evolution has worked in the evolutionary design space. In the course of working through the chapters, you have acquired evolutionary consciousness that lead you to grasp the role we have to play in guiding the continuing evolution of our species. Up to this time the evolutionary forces that have been working in the evolutionary design space were beyond our control. But now that we have acquired evolutionary consciousness we have the opportunity to enter the evolutionary design space and guide our own evolution. So, the crucial questions are: What is this guiding role? What is the evolutionary process we have to master in order to engage in self-guided societal evolution? Who should be involved?
Drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly.

Drug-nutrient interactions include physicochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological events that are inherent to drug usage (Roe, 1985a). These events, which are summarized in Table I, may affect the disposition of drugs and nutrients.
Can mental health integration in a primary care setting improve quality and lower costs? A case study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the successful implementation of an evidence-based, integrated quality improvement mental health program in a primary care setting. SUMMARY: Intermountain Healthcare (IHC) has aligned resources around a conceptual framework that emphasizes clinic and community accountability, family and consumer health focused on recovery rather than disease, and enhanced decision making through partnerships and automation. The mental health integration system includes an integrated team led foremost by the patient and family with vital defined roles for primary care providers, care managers, psychiatrists, advanced practice registered nurses, support staff, and the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill. Pharmacists have assumed training functions on the team and have the potential to play more vital roles. CONCLUSION: The IHC experience demonstrates that mental health services can be effectively integrated into everyday practice in a primary care setting. Clinical and financial burden can be decreased for the health care team, patients, and family.
Stability and Change in Health Behavior Profiles of U.S. Adults.

Objectives While understanding of complex within-person clustering of health behaviors into meaningful profiles of risk is growing, we still know little about whether and how U.S. adults transition from one profile to another as they age. This study assesses patterns of stability and change in profiles of tobacco and alcohol use and body mass index (BMI). Method A nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults 25 years and older was interviewed up to 5 times between 1986 and 2011. Latent transition analysis (LTA) models characterized the most common profiles, patterning of transitions across profiles over follow-up, and assessed whether some were associated with higher mortality risk. Results We identified 5 profiles: "health promoting" with normal BMI and moderate alcohol consumption; "overweight"; "current smokers"; "obese"; and "nondrinkers". Profile membership was largely stable, with the most common transitions to death or weight gain. "Obese" was the most stable profile, while "smokers" were most likely to transition to another profile. Mortality was most frequent in the "obese" and "nondrinker" profiles. Discussion Stability was more common than transition, suggesting that adults sort into health behavior profiles relatively early. Women and men were differently distributed across profiles at baseline, but showed broad similarity in transitions.
Random Number Generators

The author discusses some promising new random number generators, as well as formulates the mathematical basis that makes them random variables in the same sense as more familiar ones in probability and statistics, emphasizing his view that randomness exists only in the sense of mathematics. He discusses the need for adequate seeds that provide the axioms for that mathematical basis, and gives examples from Law and Gaming, where inadequacies have led to difficulties. He also describes new versions of the widely used Diehard Battery of Tests of Randomness.
Accountability in Public Management Networks: An Analysis of Cost Monitoring in Chicago Municipal Networks

AbstractPublic management networks (PMNs) continue to proliferate as governance becomes more complex, and so does the need to hold them accountable. Agency and collaboration theories provide a soli...
Speaking truth to power

Before there was the March for Science, there was March 4. On that date 50 years ago, at more than 30 campuses across the United States, students and faculty debated scientists9 responsibility in the Vietnam War. In honor of the anniversary, MIT Press has rereleased an edition of the speeches delivered at the most famous of the teach-ins, those hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The volume, titled simply March 4 , is timely and thought provoking, both for what it says and what it doesn9t.
Axion dark matter detection with CMB polarization

Very light axion (fuzzy) dark matter would have an impact on CMB polarization. The authors examine two effects, from early and late axion oscillations, and use them to put constraints on the allowed mass and couplings of such particles. They also discuss prospects for future discovery.
EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

ABSTRACT. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, has been associated with Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in data obtained from a variety of studies. Data suggest that EBV is a B lymphocyte tropic virus and that non-lymphoid cell types are not infectable. We have studied the expression and regulation of EBV in epithelial and fibroblast cell types by making somatic cell hybrids of Burkitt tumor cells. In these studies, we have shown that EBV can be maintained in a repressed state for several years in epithelial/Burkitt hybrid cells (D98/HR-1) and can be induced to replicate after treatment with iodo-deoxyuridine. In addition, data obtained from studies of human/ and mouse/Burkitt hybrid cells suggest that EBV genetic information associated with the capacity to transform leukocytes of human and nonhuman primates could be maintained and expressed in non-lymphoid cells.
Fossil Strepsiptera (Insecta) of the Poinar Amber Collection with description of one new genus and 12 new neotropical species in the families Protelencholacidae, Elenchidae, and Myrmecolacidae

The study of 21 male Strepsiptera from the Poinar amber collection is reported. Included are 17 specimens in Dominican amber, 3 in Baltic amber, and one from copal near the village of Cotui in the ...
Use of Bayley Scales in Individuals with Profound Mental Retardation: Comparison of the First and Second Editions

Assessment of individuals with profound mental retardation is complicated by the limited number of instruments available. Our experience has been to use the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to obtain an estimate of developmental level. When comparing the first and second editions, we have found a decline in functioning for residents in instances where there has been no medical or neurological reason to account for such decline. Our results show that raw scores and age equivalents are lower with administration of the second edition of the scale. Clinicians should report a range of scores and functioning, rather than following a strict basal and ceiling rule for administration.
A Survey of Technology Used to Conduct Virtual Research Consultations in Academic Libraries

Researchers surveyed academic librarians to determine current software and practices used in synchronous virtual research consultations. The survey findings identified the top software products cur...
Measures of Clinical Meaningfulness and Important Differences

Measures of clinical significance have been in use for several decades as a means of interpreting clinical findings and patient-reported outcomes. The most common of these measures is the minimal clinically important difference. With the rise in popularity of measurements of clinical significance, several common misconceptions have arisen that may impact their interpretation and application to clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to present a schema for understanding measurement of clinical significance and use this to highlight the reasons why misuse and misinterpretation have occurred. A new measure of clinical significance is then defined that is intended to be resistant to these issues. Clinical significance has long been a topic of importance to researchers looking to make their findings interpretable and has been quantified in diverse ways.1 Recently, there has been rapidly increasing interest in and use of an assortment of minimal (clinically) important difference measures. The range of their use is illustrated by the publications of reviews and meta-analyses in pain relief,2 cognitive interventions for dementia,3 and CT densitometry for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.4 Consensus has not been reached for how clinical significance should be defined. Despite this, current methods fall into 2 distinct approaches. The first estimates measurement error levels, and the other quantifies the ability of the instrument to predict clinical outcomes of interest. The conceptual differences between the 2 approaches have not been clearly delineated in the literature. Further, additional conceptual and practical issues exist for measures using the second approach because it has not previously been framed as a clinical prediction problem. It is the aim of this paper to develop a framework to guide researchers in the use of clinical importance measures and to introduce a new methodology for predicting clinically meaningful change. We first propose 2 types of clinical significance measures relating to what we call the Detection and Clinical Prediction Problems. Next, we discuss weaknesses of existing measures of clinical prediction within this unifying framework. Finally, we define a new measure of clinical significance using predictive values and demonstrate its use with simulated data.
Deep Learning Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow to Identify Cognitive Impairment and Frailty in Persons Living With HIV.

BACKGROUND Deep learning algorithms of cerebral blood flow were used to classify cognitive impairment and frailty in people living with HIV (PLWH). Feature extraction techniques identified brain regions that were the strongest predictors. SETTING Virologically suppressed (<50 copies/mL) PLWH (n = 125) on combination antiretroviral therapy were enrolled. Participants averaged 51.4 (11.4) years of age and 13.7 (2.8) years of education. Participants were administered a neuropsychological battery, assessed for frailty, and completed structural neuroimaging. METHODS Deep neural network (DNN) models were trained to classify PLWH as cognitively unimpaired or impaired based on neuropsychological tests (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Trail making, Letter-Number Sequencing, Verbal Fluency, and Color Word Interference), as well as frail, prefrail, or nonfrail based on the Fried phenotype criteria (at least 3 of the following 5: weight loss, physical inactivity, exhaustion, grip strength, walking time). RESULTS DNNs classified individuals with cognitive impairment in the learning, memory, and executive domains with 82%-86% accuracy (0.81-0.87 AUC). Our model classified nonfrail, prefrail, and frail PLWH with 75% accuracy. The strongest predictors of cognitive impairment were cortical (parietal, occipital, and temporal) and subcortical (amygdala, caudate, and hippocampus) regions, whereas the strongest predictors of frailty were subcortical (amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, thalamus, pallidum, and cerebellum). CONCLUSIONS DNN models achieved high accuracy in classifying cognitive impairment and frailty status in PLWH. Feature selection algorithms identified predictive regions in each domain and identified overlapping regions between cognitive impairment and frailty. Our results suggest frailty in HIV is primarily subcortical, whereas cognitive impairment in HIV involves subcortical and cortical brain regions.
Electrochemical reduction of molybdenum(II) and tungsten(II) halide cluster ions. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Mo6CI142

Resultats d'etudes par voltammetrie cyclique de 5 composes M 6 X 14 2- avec M=Mo; X=Cl, Br; M=W, X=Cl, Br, I), entre −2,2V et +2,2V (vs c.c.s.) dans une solution de CH 3 CN. Observations d'electrochimiluminescence dans le cas de Mo 6 Cl 14 2−
Equity in Computer Science Education: From Passionate People to State Strategy for Expanding Computing Education Pathways (ECEP)

This panel will discuss how the ECEP Broadening Participation in Computing Alliance is expanding computing education pathways while ensuring equity in computer science education. Panelists hope to help others who are passionate about equity in CS education change their own state strategy with respect to CS education to address capacity, access, diversity, and most importantly equity.
A Comparison of Treatments and Outcomes for Medullary versus Nonmedullary Colon Cancer: A Single Institutional Experience Showing a Worse Prognosis for Stage 3 Disease.

Background. Prior studies have shown a better prognosis with medullary colon cancer (MCC) compared to nonmedullary colon carcinomas (NMC); however, data are inconsistent and lacking the evaluation of treatments received. As we did not see similar survival outcomes, we aimed to retrospectively examine survival and receipt of treatment differences between MCC and NMC within the Geisinger Health System. Methods. The Cancer Registry was retrospectively reviewed for MCC and NMC from 2006 to 2017. Demographics and treatments were compared using T-test and chi-squared analyses, also comparing MCC to poorly differentiated (PD) or undifferentiated (UD) NMC. Overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests. Results. 33 MCC and 1775 NMC patients were identified and 31 (93.9%) MCC and 1433 (87.0%) NMC underwent resection. MCC were older ( ), had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index ( ) and were more likely right sided ( ). Seven patients (22.6%) with MCC vs. 149 (10.4%) NMC underwent resection of contiguous organs. Overall median survival was significantly worse for MCC as compared to NMC (19.6 vs. 60.5 months, ). Only stage 3 patients had a significantly worse median survival when compared to PD/UD NMC (9.6 vs. 47.2 months, ). Contiguous organ resection and failure to receive chemotherapy were not found as contributing factors to decreased survival. Conclusion. Multiple previous studies showed a better prognosis for MCC compared to PD/UD NMC. We, however, found stage 3 patients had a worse prognosis which may be secondary to higher comorbidities, increased stage, and higher rate of UD.
Forging Odd-Membered Rings: Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cycloadditions of Trimethylenemethane.

ConspectusThe catalytic asymmetric synthesis of complex molecules has been the focus of our research program for several decades because such strategies have significant utility for the constructio...
Anticoagulant protein C pathway defective in majority of thrombophilic patients.

HROMBOPHILIA can be defined as a tendency toT ward venous thromboembolic disease in adults under 50 years old in the absence of known risk factors including, among others, malignancy, immobilization, or major surgery. In principle, a tendency toward venous thrombosis could arise from hyperactive coagulation pathways, hypoactive anticoagulant mechanisms, or hypoactive fibrinolysis. Molecular explanations for some thrombophilic patients came following the discoveries of hereditary thrombophilia associated with deficiencies of the anticoagulant factors, antithrombin 111,1*2 protein C,3v5 and protein S.6,7 Studies of relative frequencies of deficits in these factors and several other coagulation and fibrinolytic factors showed that deficiencies of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin 111 are the most frequently demonstrable abnormalities. Moreover, collectively these three deficiencies are present in 9% to 21% of thrombophilic patients, with estimates of a deficiency of each of these three factors ranging from 2% to 9%.’-13 The frequency of other coagulation or fibrinolytic factor deficiencies is smaller than any of these three factors. Thus, no molecular abnormality has been identified in the large majority (60% to 80%) of thrombophilic patients. Recently Dahlback et all4 characterized a hereditary defect in the plasmas of three unrelated thrombophilic patientsI4 who gave a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease known to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa in plasma.” Moreover, further experiments suggested the existence of a previously unknown APC cofactor that was deficient in these three probands.I4 The present study was performed to define the frequency of this new deficit among thrombophilic patients and among patients previously identified with heterozygous protein C or protein S type I deficiency. The results show that this new defect in anticoagulant response to APC is surprisingly present in the majority of previously undiagnosed thrombophilia cases but is not present in most heterozygous type I deficient protein C or protein S patients. The results demonstrate that abnormalities in the anticoagulant protein C pathway are present in the majority ofthrombophilic patients.
Metasoftware: Building Blocks for Legal Technology

This Article develops a novel concept in information technology called metasoftware. It then applies the concept of metasoftware to developing legal technology. Metasoftware enables users to create the software of their choosing and stands in sharp contrast to traditional, functional software that is intended for a particular purpose or a defined range of tasks. Functional software is the default type of software that is currently produced and includes word processing, email, social networking, enterprise resource management, online marketplaces, and video game software. Metasoftware, by contrast, is not functional. Metasoftware presents the user with a blank slate upon which to build functional software. I argue that software is metasoftware to that extent that (1) it enables users to build user interface elements, workflow logic, and perform database operations, (2) provides connectivity with external data and software systems, and (3) is able to be stored and run independently from the platform that is used to build the software. In its purest form, metasoftware enables its users to build any functional software (given the existing state of technology), integrate with all open software platforms, and be hosted and run in the environment of the user’s choosing without being bound to a particular vendor or other proprietary software platform. My identification of metasoftware contributes to the academic literature on information systems (and technology). Metasoftware is a hitherto unrecognized category of software for analysis in terms of several foundational lines of information technology research including user acceptance and usage, diffusion within an organization, and impact on organizational innovation and success (e.g., business performance). I analyze three types of metasoftware platforms to determine how metasoftware characteristics are implemented in each and important inherent tradeoffs. These platforms are those closely tied to major producers of cloud-based software platforms, standalone proprietary “no code” software builder platforms, and open source visual development platforms. This Article also describes how metasoftware platforms can be used to build functional legal technology and analyzes how the tradeoffs between different types of metasoftware platforms turn impact how each type of platform should be approached as building blocks for legaltech software. I focus on four major categories of legaltech as illustrative of the potential for metasoftware to build functional software: legal research, legal matter management, contract automation, and a variety of applications of artificial intelligence.
Toward computational fact-checking

Our news are saturated with claims of "facts" made from data. Database research has in the past focused on how to answer queries, but has not devoted much attention to discerning more subtle qualities of the resulting claims, e.g., is a claim "cherry-picking"? This paper proposes a framework that models claims based on structured data as parameterized queries. A key insight is that we can learn a lot about a claim by perturbing its parameters and seeing how its conclusion changes. This framework lets us formulate practical fact-checking tasks---reverse-engineering (often intentionally) vague claims, and countering questionable claims---as computational problems. Along with the modeling framework, we develop an algorithmic framework that enables efficient instantiations of "meta" algorithms by supplying appropriate algorithmic building blocks. We present real-world examples and experiments that demonstrate the power of our model, efficiency of our algorithms, and usefulness of their results.