cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Ethnology in China: Connecting the Past to the Present

As applied social scientists, we need to be reminded occasionally that our theoretical and research orientations, as they focus on understanding various aspects of culture, are themselves products of culture, influenced by history, ideology and problem solving in a particular sociopolitical context. This was brought home to us at the 1989 SfAA Annual Meeting in Santa Fe when a delegation of five Chinese ethnologists presented papers at a plenary session. By describing examples of the use of social science in their society, the Chinese ethnologists provided us with a special opportunity to gain a comparative perspective on our discipline as well as its applications.
Feasibility of Group Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes Prevention in Arab Americans

Abstract Aims To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a community-based, culturally-specific, Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-adapted, group lifestyle intervention in Arab-Americans. Methods Overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) Arab-Americans aged ≥30 years and without a history of diabetes were recruited to participate in a 24-week group lifestyle intervention. The DPP core-curriculum was culturally rewritten, translated into Arabic, and delivered in weekly sessions over a 12-week period. Follow-up was performed at week-24. The primary goals were to achieve ≥7% weight loss and ≥150 min/week of physical activity. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed. Results Of the 71 participants (mean age ± SD 47 ± 10 years, 38% males), 44% achieved ≥7% weight loss, 59% achieved ≥5% reduction in weight, and 78% reached the physical activity goal of ≥150-min/week. The mean ± SD weight loss was 5.2 ± 4.4 kg at week-24 (p Conclusions This trial demonstrates that a culturally-specific, DPP-adapted, group lifestyle intervention implemented in a community setting is feasible and effective in Arab-Americans.
Some exact solutions for radiation view factors from spheres

Based on a new formulation for radiative view factor from a sphere to a class of axisymmetric bodies, closedform expressions are developed for the radiation view factors from a sphere to the external surface of a coaxial cylinder and from a sphere to an intersecting coaxial disk. The numerical results of the view factors are presented graphically in a wide range of parameters. At a limiting condition, one of the present formulas leads to the view factor from an annular ring to a coaxial hemisphere. The results are compared with those obtained earlier based on the Monte Carlo technique.
Symmetric stable processes stay in thick sets

Let X(t) be the symmetric α-stable process in Rd(0 < α < 2,d≥2). Then let W(f) be the thorn {x ∈ Rd\dvtx0 < x1 < 1,(x22+⋯+x2d)1/2 < f(x1)} where f\dvtx(0,1) →(0,1) is continuous, increasing with f(0+) = 0. Recently Burdzy and Kulczycki gave an exact integral condition on f for the existence of a random time s such that X(t) remains in the thorn X(s)+W(f)¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ for all t∈[s,s+1). We extend their theorem to general open sets W with 0∈∂W. In general, α-processes may stay in sets which are quite lacunary and are not locally connected at 0.
A 16 Gb/s four-wire CDMA-based high speed I/O link with transmitter timing adjustment

A simplified Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique has been used to cancel crosstalk in a four-wire signaling high-speed I/O system [1]. To further improve the crosstalk suppression and power efficiency, transmitter (TX) timing adjustment in conjunction with the CDMA-based I/O system is proposed. The integrated transceiver achieves an aggregate 16 Gb/s (5.33 Gb/s/link) data rate and 6 mW/Gb/s/wire power efficiency over four 6″ FR4 PCB traces with BER < 10−12 in a 90 nm standard CMOS technology.
Chemotherapeutic drugs as indirect oxygen radiosensitizers

Abstract We have characterized the oxygen distribution in V-79 spheroids which were grown by the spinner flask method. Using ultramicroelectrodes with tip diameters of 1–5 microns and a perfusion system whereby the spheroids' milieu could be maintained and controlled, we found plateau pO 2 values of less than 10 mm Hg in spheroids of greater than 500 microns in diameter. Data from experiments using respiration inhibitory drugs indicate that the characteristics of the outer layers of cells is the major determinant of the oxygen profile in the interior. Parallel control radiobiological experiments confirmed the-control pO 2 measurements, and formed the basis for the experiments using the potential indirect radiation sensitizers: Chlorambucil and Mustargen.
Outcomes in Pediatric Facial Fractures: Early Follow-Up in 177 Children and Classification Scheme

A comprehensive study of adverse outcomes after pediatric facial fractures has not been published. This study aimed to determine the incidence and classify adverse outcomes after facial fractures in children while reporting our early results. A retrospective chart review was performed on facial fracture patients identified in the Craniofacial Trauma Database of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and seen in follow-up from 2003 to 2007. An Adverse Outcome Classification Scheme was developed: type 1, outcomes resulting from the fracture; type 2, outcomes resulting from fracture treatment; and type 3, outcomes resulting from the interaction between the fracture, its treatment, and subsequent growth and development. Fisher exact or χ analyses were completed. A total of 177 pediatric facial fracture patients were identified with 13.3 months of average follow-up. Mean age was 9.8 years (range, 0.4-18.7 y). Of these patients, 41.8% underwent surgery and 57 patients (32.2%) had adverse outcomes (type 1, 14.1%; type 2, 11.3%; and type 3, 15.8%); 26.3% of these had multiple adverse outcomes. Isolated fractures resulted in fewer adverse outcomes and fewer multiple adverse outcomes compared with combined fractures (26.6% versus 45.3%, P = 0.015; 4% versus 18.9%, P = 0.002). Patients treated operatively exhibited more types 1, 2, and 3 and multiple adverse outcomes compared to those treated conservatively (P < 0.01). In our pediatric cohort, 32.2% of patients had an adverse outcome. With longer follow-up and growth and development studies, we will likely see an increase in the incidence of type 3 adverse outcomes. We recommend, whenever possible, conservative treatment of pediatric facial fractures.
Succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations depends on the time of transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions

We examined succinic acid production in Escherichia coli AFP111 using dual-phase fermentations, which comprise an initial aerobic growth phase followed by an anaerobic production phase. AFP111 has mutations in the pfl, ldhA, and ptsG genes, and we additionally transformed this strain with the pyc gene (AFP111/pTrc99A-pyc) to provide metabolic flexibility at the pyruvate node. Aerobic fermentations with these two strains were completed to catalog physiological states during aerobic growth that might influence succinate generation in the anaerobic phase. Activities of six key enzymes were also determined for these aerobic fermentations. From these results, six transition times based on physiological states were selected for studying dual-phase fermentations. The final succinate yield and productivity depend greatly on the physiological state of the cells at the time of transition. Using the best transition time, fermentations achieved a final succinic acid concentration of 99.2 g/l with an overall yield of 110% and productivity of 1.3 g/l h. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 325–332 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000250
The annotator of the Lorraine Chansonnier and his taste in accidentals

tions of the day.1 Cadential arrival must be preceded by the appropriate unstable interval. Minor 3rds prepare a unison cadence; major 6ths prepare the arrival on a perfect octave. Flats must be added (or omitted) to accommodate those patterns. The singer should avoid melodic tritones. The singer should also avoid harmonic tritones, for that matter. Leading notes should be raised if they are in a lower-neighbour configuration. Although the more complete sets of rules for musicaficta were not formally codified until the 16th-century theoretical treatises (most notably in the supplement to Pietro Aaron's Toscanello in musica (1529)),2 there seems no reason to craft a different set of rules for music of the previous generation or two. Nevertheless, the modern-day editor is obviously on firmer ground when he or she can point to written accidentals in contemporary manuscripts to support editorial inflections in the piece in question. Thus, as editors, we are grateful for manuscripts which provide an abundance of accidentals; the extra ink of an earlier day can help to justify our own assumptions about how the music should sound. One such manuscript, the Lorraine Chansonnier (Paris, Bibliothbque Nationale de France, f.fr.1597, hereafter identified as P1597), does indeed offer a generous smattering of accidentals. The manuscript is familiar from studies by Clifford Shipp, Lawrence Bernstein and Jonathan Couchman.3 A lovely chansonnier on white parchment, it has at the back the coat of arms of the Duke of Lorraine. Its repertory reflects tastes from the 1490os or early 15oos, and it can probably be dated to the first decade or so of the 16th century.4 The manuscript probably belonged to Rene II de Vaudemont, Duke of Lorraine (r 14731508) or to his son, Duke Antoine I (r 1508-44), both of whom shared the same armorial emblems. It was
Vicariously Learned Helplessness: The Effects of Viewing a Model Experiencing Uncontrollable Events.

Summary The effects of viewing a model experiencing controllable or uncontrollable events were studied within a learned helplessness framework. Ss were 58 college students, 22 males and 36 females, with a mean age of 19.8 years. Naive observers witnessed naive models attempt to solve a solvable or an insolvable discrimination task. Then both models and observers were administered an anagram-solving task. Results failed to demonstrate a learned helplessness effect for either the observers or the models. Although not statistically significant, models in the insolvable condition solved a greater number of anagrams than models in the solvable condition, contrary to expectations based on previous studies (6.92 vs. 6.00). Results support recent claims that the learned helplessness effect is easily influenced by modifications in the experimental setting, particularly when anagrams are used as the dependent measure.
Improving Hyperglycemia in the Hospital: Outcomes of a Nursing In-Service to Evaluate Acceptance of a Web-Based Insulin Infusion Calculator

Background: Many insulin infusion protocols are available for clinical use. We developed a Web-based, online intravenous insulin infusion calculator (IVIIC) for use in our intensive care and medical–surgical units. Methods:
Why are there any magnetic ferroelectrics

Abstract Multiferroic magnetoelectrics are rare materials which are both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric in the same phase. In this paper we show that their scarcity results from transition metal d electrons, which are essential for magnetism, de-stabilizing the off-center ferroelectric distortion. By studying some known multiferroics, we identify the unconventional driving forces which can cause ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity to occur simultaneously.
On the structure of NMP-TCNQ☆

Abstract Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on triclinic NMP-TCNQ are in agreement with previously reported results. Observations at low temperature (~ 100 K) do not show any structural change. Material preparation parameters are suggested as important in forming the disordered materials recently reported.
Effect of 1600°C Heat Treatment on C/SiC Composites Fabricated by Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis with Allylhydridopolycarbosilane

Fiber-coating debonding observed by transmission electron microscopy is suggested as the cause for an ∼60% reduction in strength after one cycle of 1600°C heat treatment in a carbon/ silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite fabricated by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis with pure allylhydridopolycarbosilane polymer as the matrix precursor. Infiltration with a slurry of SiC powder and the polymer precursor was effective in preserving the coating integrity and composite strength. This study demonstrates that the addition of powder in polymer infiltration and pyrolysis process may impact composite mechanical properties significantly by altering the fiber-matrix interface characteristics.
Stathmokinetic effect of colcemid on a presumptive human-hamster hybrid tumor, GW-478

Abstract A strikingly different stathmokinetic response to the alkaloid Colcemid was found between the hamster amelanotic melanoma A. Mel. No. 3 and the presumptive human-hamster hybrid tumor, GW-478. It appears that although GW-478, a highly malignant transplantable tumor in unconditioned hamsters derived from a human lymphoma, predominantly has hamster-like properties, it lacks the Syrian hamster's genetically controlled resistance to this colchicine derivative. This further supports the hybrid character of this neoplasm and the use of this trait as a genetic marker in hybridization experiments with Syrian hamster and other xenogeneic cells.
Microscopic quantum interference in the theory of superconductivity.

It is an honor and a pleasure to speak to you today about the theory of superconductivity. In a short lecture one can no more than touch on the long history of experimental and theoretical work on this subject before 1957. Nor can one hope to give an adequate account of how our understanding of superconductivity has evolved since that time. The theory we presented in 1957, applied to uniform materials in the weak‐coupling limit so defining an ideal superconductor, has been extended in almost every imaginable direction. To these developments so many authors have contributed that we can make no pretense of doing them justice. I will confine myself here to an outline of some of the main features of our 1957 theory, an indication of directions taken since and a discussion of quantum interference effects due to the single‐spin pairing in superconductors which might be considered the microscopic analogue of the effects discussed by Professor Schrieffer.
The content of diet and physical activity consultations with older adults in primary care

Objective Despite numerous benefits of consuming a healthy diet and receiving regular physical activity, engagement in these behaviors is suboptimal. Since primary care visits are influential in promoting healthy behaviors, we sought to describe whether and how diet and physical activity are discussed during older adults’ primary care visits.
ABSORPTION OF THYROXINE FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF RATS.

During 1 hr 20-50 % of a tracer dose of radiothyroxine was absorbed in vivo from washed intestinal loops of rats. The absorption was much slower during the succeeding 5 hr. Studies by dialysis, cellulose acetate electrophoresis and an anion exchange resin suggested that protein, possibly plasma albumin, secreted into the intestinal lumen reduced the absorption of thyroxine from the washed intestinal loop. (Endocrinology 74: 694, 1964)
Studies of clomazone mode of action

Abstract Intact spinach chloroplasts were used to determine if clomazone, 5-OH clomazone, and/or 5-keto clomazone inhibited the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway. When isopentenyl pyrophosphate was used as a precursor, neither clomazone nor the clomazone metabolites (5-OH clomazone and 5-keto clomazone) inhibited the formation of products separated by HPLC in the organic phase. However, when pyruvate, a substrate for the first committed step of the pathway, was used as a precursor, both 5-keto clomazone and fosmidomycin reduced the formation of a non-polar product and increased the formation of a polar product in the organic phase. Only 5-keto clomazone, not 5-OH clomazone or clomazone, inhibited the formation of an additional product other than fosmidomycin in the aqueous phase from pyruvate incorporation. In an in vitro assay, 5-keto clomazone inhibited DXP synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway. Therefore, our studies show that neither clomazone nor 5-OH clomazone inhibits the chloroplastic isoprenoid pathway, only 5-keto clomazone does.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Epoxy- and Oxetane-Functional Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Agents

Novel reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents with epoxy- and oxetane-functional groups have been synthesized. Two different methods were used to synthesize the epoxy-functional RAFT agent. An acid-functional chain transfer agent was reacted with either epichlorohydrin (EPI) or glycidol to obtain the epoxy-functional RAFT agent. The epoxy-functional RAFT agent synthesized using EPI had a higher yield. Similarly, the oxetane-functional RAFT agent was obtained by reacting a monofunctional reactive oxetane (3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl oxetane) (EHMO) with the acid-functional RAFT agent. The presence of epoxy and oxetane groups on the RAFT agent was confirmed using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Several acrylate monomers and styrene were polymerized using the novel RAFT agents, and in each case the polydispersity was below 1.1. Poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) synthesized using the epoxy-functional RAFT agent was reacted with acrylic acid to obtain an acrylate-functional PBA. T...
Reinforcement versus balance response in sequential choice

Psychologists often explore the impact of one act on a subsequent related act. With an eye to the marketing literature, this paper explores two properties of sequential choices that involve the resolution of competing goals. Reinforcement occurs when the goals driving the first choice are made stronger by that choice and result in a congruent subsequent choice. Balance occurs when the first choice satisfies or extinguishes the goals that led to the original decision, producing an incongruent subsequent choice. This review examines a number of psychological frameworks that account for reinforcement or balance responses in sequential choice and identifies theoretically relevant moderating variables that lead to either response.
ACOUSTIC BESSEL BULLETS

Abstract Acoustic Bessel Bullets (BB) are defined to be a new class of band-limited Transient Bessel Beams or localized waves which maintain their shape and amplitude as they propagate in space. The space–time properties of acoustic BB fields generated by planar spatial apertures excited with gated sinusoidal excitations are investigated using a recently developed generalized impulse response approach. Analytical results are presented for the general characteristics of acoustic BB fields generated by infinite and finite planar apertures as a function of center excitation frequency and bandwidth. Numerical results are then presented to illustrate the space–time properties of the on-axis field for acoustic BB fields relative to those of a conventional piston source. The near to farfield transition distance for acoustic BB fields is investigated and compared to the Rayleigh distance for a piston source. Important edge wave effects and anomalous spatial decay rates are observed and discussed.
Estimation of population vaccination effectiveness from HIV vaccine trials

LONGINI, DATTA, and HALLORAN (1996) proposed to design HIV vaccine trials in a way that will permit the simultaneous estimation of the vaccine effects on susceptibility to infection and on infectiousness of vaccine brak-throughs. The main feature of their design is the inclusion of steady partners of trial participants. They estimate four parameters from the vaccine trial: the probability that a susceptible person will become infected from his/her steady partner, the probability of becoming infected from outside the partnership, the vaccine efficacy for susceptibility and the vaccine efficacy for infectiousness. We show how the estimates of these parameters can be used to predict the attack rate in a given population during a specified period following mass-vaccination. This is an iterative method, as the attack rate depends on the HIV prevalence which, in turn, depends on the number of new cases during that period. The same method is also used to estimate the attack rate in that population during the same period in the absence of vaccination. The estimated attack rates allow us to estimate the population vaccination effectiveness, defined as the fraction HIV cases prevented by a vaccination program.
Contribution of the Esterified Amino Acid to the Binding of Aminoacylated tRNAs to the Ribosomal P- and A-Sites†

Crystallographic studies suggest that the esterified amino acid of aminoacyl tRNA make contacts with the ribosomal A-site but not in the P-site. Biochemical evidence indicating a thermodynamic contribution of the esterified amino acid to binding aminoacyl-tRNA to either the ribosomal P- and A-sites has been inconsistent, partly because of the labile nature of the aminoacyl linkage and the long times required to reach equilibrium. Measuring the association and dissociation rates of deacylated and aminoacylated tRNAs to the A-site and P-site of E. coli ribosomes afforded an accurate estimate of the contribution of the amino acid. While esterified phenylalanine or methionine has no effect on the affinity of tRNA to the P-site, an esterified pheylalanine stabilizes binding to the A-site by 7 kJ/mol, in agreement with the contacts observed in the X-ray crystal structure. In addition, it was shown that the presence of an esterified amino acid in one ribosomal site does not affect the binding of an aa-tRNA to the other site.
Pathways of caspase-mediated apoptosis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

Pathways of caspase-mediated apoptosis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Background We have recently demonstrated an increase in apoptosis in Han:SPRD rat kidneys with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Caspase-3 and caspase-7 are major mediators of apoptosis. There are two pathways of caspase-3 and caspase-7–mediated apoptosis: (1) the "extrinsic" pathway involving the death receptor Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and caspase-8 and (2) the "mitochondrial" or "intrinsic" pathway involving Bcl-2 proteins, caspase-2, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathways of apoptosis in 3-week-old Han:SPRD rats with ADPKD. Methods Fluorescent substrates were used to measure caspase activity. mRNA and protein was determined by ribonuclease protection assays and immunoblotting, respectively. The effect of caspase inhibitors on caspase activity in polycystic kidneys was determined. Results Caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity was more than 100% increased in homozygous (Cy/Cy) compared to heterozygous (Cy/+) and normal littermate control (+/+) kidneys. Ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated no difference in caspase-3 mRNA. On immunoblotting, there was an increase in the proform of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in Cy/Cy compared to +/+ and Cy/+ kidneys. Caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity was more than 100% increased in Cy/Cy compared to Cy/+ and +/+ kidneys. On immunoblotting, there was an increase of the proform of both caspase-8 and caspase-9 in Cy/Cy kidneys. There was also an increase in cytochrome c release into the cytosol and an increase in caspase-2 protein and activity in Cy/Cy kidneys. On ribonuclease protection assay there was no difference in FasL mRNA between +/+, Cy/+, and Cy/Cy kidneys. Short-term treatment of Cy/Cy rats with the caspase inhibitor IDN-8050 resulted in inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity in the kidney. Conclusion In Cy/Cy kidneys with ADPKD, there was an increase of the proform of caspase-9, an increase in cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and an increase in caspase-2 protein and activity demonstrating involvement of the intrinsic pathway. There was an increase in the proform of caspase-8 demonstrating involvement of the extrinsic pathway. No differences in FasL mRNA were seen suggesting that the extrinsic pathway is independent of the death receptor ligand, FasL.
Multiple description coding over multiple correlated erasure channels

This paper examines the use of Multiple Description Coding (MDC) for information transmission over multiple correlated erasure channels. It addresses the problem of optimal rate allocation between descriptions to attain the minimum possible average distortion at the receiver. The rate allocation problem is formulated on the basis of rate-distortion theory for the general case of unbalanced MDC and under the constraint that the total coding rate is fixed. The channel parameters, that is, erasure rates, for which MDC outperforms Single Description Coding are characterised. It is shown that MDC is optimal when the channel erasure rates are comparable and the total coding rate is large. A heuristic approximation for optimal rate allocation is also presented, which can be readily used in practice to determine the relative rates between descriptions needed to achieve the minimal average distortion. The relationship between the optimal average distortion and the erasure correlation is explored. It is shown that for some cases, such as for equal average erasure probabilities, the average distortion decreases as the channel correlation increases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of cosy and homonuclear relay 2D-NMR in the determination of the structure of new cembrane isolated from the mollusc planaxis sulcatus

Abstract Proton-proton homonuclear chemical shift correlation (COSY) and homonuclear relayed coherence transfer (RELAY) have been used to establish the structure of 3,11-diacetoxy-15,16-dehydrocembran-6-one.
Cosmic gas density profiles on fractal space

Abstract A model is proposed to account for the spatial and temporal mass and density profiles of the interstellar gas. In this model, instead of solving the hydrodynamics of the flow field with an isothermal equation of state, the evolution of the collapsing gas is followed kinematically using fractal geometry. The scaling of the density and mass profiles of the collapsing gas with the reduced radius λ=r/r0 were reproduced. The agreement between these predictions and the gas self-similar solutions is excellent. In addition, the fractal dimension of an attractor characterizing the turbulent and chaotic structure of the interstellar medium was deduced. This model supports the idea that density profiles lie on fractal space which is characterized by a fractal dimension.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Individually Analyzed Bacterial Cells and Associated Nonliving Material in Polluted Lake Sediments

The microfloras of sediments control the biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals in natural waters, thereby determining, in large part, the ecological effects of the metals. However, little is known about interactions of metals with individual benthic microbes in nature owing to the technical difficulty of studying such small-scale processes in complex, heterogeneous sedimentary ecosystems. Seeking to overcome this obstacle, we used energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the accumulation of Cu and other elements by the cell walls, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic inclusions, fibrils, and mineral coatings of individual bacterial cells in the sediments of a lake polluted with heavy metals. Data from statistically meaningful numbers of specimens revealed various associations of elements with each other and with specific microstructures. The results imply (i) common occurrence of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxide coatings on cell walls and fibrils; (ii) strong sorption of Cu by th...
Functional attributes of native and thermized sour and sweet whey

The functional attributes of sour (cottage) and sweet (Edam and Cheddar) whey powders and the effect of thermization (80°C/30 min) were investigated. Solubility of sour whey was significantly lower and oil-holding capacity was higher than that of sweet whey samples. Thermization significantly enhanced thermostability (TS) of all powders, though solubility and emulsifying and foaming properties were depressed. Enhancement of TS was best demonstrated at acidic pH values of 3.0 and 4.5, where TS increased by 57 and 53%, 181 and 167%, and 31 and 48%, for cottage, Edam, and Cheddar, respectively. Thermization may be used to manufacture pasteurization and retort stable whey powders.
Dynamic analysis of spur gears using computer program DANST

DANST is a computer program for static and dynamic analysis of spur gear systems. The program can be used for parametric studies to predict the effect on dynamic load and tooth bending stress of spur gears due to operating speed, torque, stiffness, damping, inertia, and tooth profile. DANST performs geometric modeling and dynamic analysis for low- or high-contact-ratio spur gears. DANST can simulate gear systems with contact ratio ranging from one to three. It was designed to be easy to use, and it is extensively documented by comments in the source code. This report describes the installation and use of DANST. It covers input data requirements and presents examples. The report also compares DANST predictions for gear tooth loads and bending stress to experimental and finite element results.
The colon single-stripe sign and its relationship to ischemic colitis.

Abstract Objectives Endoscopic findings may assist in the clinical diagnosis of ischemic colitis but have not been systematically characterized. We noted that a single linear colonic ulcer could on occasion be found endoscopically after hypotension and proceeded to investigate its relationship to ischemic colitis. Methods Twenty-six patients (19 female and seven male, mean age 71 yr) with endoscopic evidence of a single linear ulcer running along the longitudinal axis of the colon (colon single-stripe sign (CSSS) were retrospectively studied. Colitis etiologies were determined in the CSSS patients and in 58 consecutive patients without a stripe forming a colitis comparison group; clinical course and outcome in CSSS patients subsequently were compared with those in 22 patients with circumferentially involved ischemic colitis. Results The CSSS was ≥5 cm in length in all instances and isolated to a segment of the left colon in 89%. Evidence of a preceding ischemic event was noted significantly more often in the CSSS (62%) patients than in the colitis comparison group (7%) ( p p p p Conclusions Ischemia can manifest endoscopically as the CSSS. This sign seems to characterize milder disease in the clinical spectrum of ischemic colitis.
Cytokinin Inhibition of Arabidopsis Root Growth: An Examination of Genotype, Cytokinin Activity, and N6-Benzyladenine Metabolism

The effects of cytokinins on the in vitro growth of the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were examined. Root growth was inhibited in a manner dependent upon the type of cytokinin compound, the cytokinin concentration, the Arabidopsis genotype, and the duration of exposure to cytokinin. For the cytokinins N 6-benzyladenine (BA), isopentenyl adenine (iP), or dihydrozeatin (DHZ), the concentration required for 50% root growth inhibition differed for each cytokinin and in each of three Arabidopsis genotypes tested. iP was the most active cytokinin in inhibiting the root growth of the Ler-0 genotype, whereas iP and BA had equal activity when tested with the Col-2 and Columbia genotypes. DHZ had the lowest activity of the three cytokinins tested in all three genotypes. A brief 1-day exposure of seeds to a root-inhibiting concentration of BA increased root growth compared with seedlings grown without BA; exposure to BA for 3–6 days inhibited root growth. BA metabolism was evaluated after 6 h and 1, 3, and 6 days in Columbia seedlings. BA, N 6-benzyladenosine (BAR), and N 6-benzyladenosine-5′-monophosphate (BAMP) decreased with time, whereas N 6-benzyladenine-7-β-d-glucopyranoside (BA-7-G) and N 6-benzyladenine-9-β-d-glucopyranoside (BA-9-G) accumulated in the growing seedlings. Seven aromatic cytokinins were compared at 5 μm for their effect on Col-3 root growth. BA, BAR, N 6-(m-hydroxybenzylamino)adenine, and N 6-(o-hydroxybenzylamino)adenine were highly effective in inhibiting root growth, whereas N 6-(p-hydroxybenzylamino)adenine produced only a slight decrease in root growth. BA-7-G and BA-9-G did not affect root growth.
Metabolites of Fusarium solani

Abstract Three metabolites and one derivative produced by F. solani have been identified as 5,10-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-1,6,9-trione (anhydrofusarubin lactone); 1,5,10-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1-H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-6,9-dione; 5,10-dihydroxy-1,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-,9-dione and 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl-naphtho-[1,2- b ]-furan-6,9-dione.
Axon diameter and myelin thickness. Unusual relationships in dorsal root ganglia.

Peripheral nerve fibers close to the sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia displayed unusually thin myelin sheaths in relation to their axon diameter. Myelinated internodes along each fiber showed large differences in the numbers of myelin lamellae. These fibers are thought to represent spatial progression in degree of myelination as the axon egresses from the nonmyelinated glomerulus to the position of axonal bifurcation. This region is termed the initial complex of dorsal root ganglion cells. While the usual relationship between axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness is seen in the majority of dorsal root ganglion fibers, the fiber comprising each initial complex shows an atypical relationship in that the myelin sheath is unusually thin. Since the pattern of myelination in this small area is incongruous with previous reports attributing the control of myelin sheath thickness solely to axon diameter, the present findings indicate that other, unknown factors are operative in the control of myelination.
The heated laminar vertical jet

The boundary-layer equations for the steady laminar flow of a vertical jet, including a buoyancy term caused by temperature differences, are solved by similarity methods. Two-dimensional and axisymmetric jets are treated. Exact solutions in closed form are found for certain values of the Prandtl number, and the velocity and temperature distribution for other Prandtl numbers are found by numerical integration.
Changing Perceptions of Change: The Role of Scientists in Tamarix and River Management

Initially introduced to western United States to provide ecosystem services such as erosion control, Tamarix by the mid-1900s had became vilified as a profligate waster of water. This large shrub continues, today, to be indicted for various presumed environmental and economic costs, and millions of dollars are expended on its eradication. In this review, we examine the role of scientists in driving changes in perceptions of Tamarix from valuable import to vilified invader and (in some instances) back to a productive member of riparian plant communities. Scientists over the years have sustained a negative perception of Tamarix by, among other things, (1) citing outmoded sources; (2) inferring causation from correlative studies; (3) applying conclusions beyond the scope (domain) of the studies; and (4) emphasizing findings that present the species as an extreme or unnatural agent of change. Recent research is challenging the prevailing dogma regarding Tamarix’s role in ecosystem function and habitat degradation and many scientists now recommend management shifts from ‘‘pest plant’’ eradication to systemic, process-based restoration. However, prejudice against this and other non-native species persists. To further close the gap between science and management, it is important for scientists to strive to (1) cite sources appropriately; (2) avoid reflexive antiexotic bias; (3) avoid war-based and pestilence-based terminology; (4) heed the levels of certainty and the environmental domain of studies; (5) maintain up-to-date information on educational Web sites; and (6) prior to undertaking restoration or management actions, conduct a thorough and critical review of the literature.
Investigation of Shallow Sedimentary Structure of the Anchorage Basin, Alaska, Using Simulated Annealing Inversion of Site Response

Abstract This study deals with shallow sedimentary structure of the Anchorage basin in Alaska. For this purpose, inversion of site response [SR( f )] data in the frequency range 0.5–11.0 Hz from various sites of the basin has been performed using the simulated annealing method to compute subsurface layer thickness, shear-wave velocity ( β ), density, and shear-wave quality factor. The one-dimensional (1D) models for the aforementioned parameters were obtained with preset bounds on the basis of available geological information such that the L -2 norm error between the observed and computed site response attained a global minimum. Next, the spatial distribution of the important parameter β was obtained by interpolating values yielded by the 1D models. The results indicate the presence of three distinct velocity zones as the source of spatial variation of SR( f ) in the Anchorage basin. In the uppermost part of the basin, the β values of fine-grain Quaternary sediments mainly lie in the range of 180–500 m/sec with thickness varying from 15 to 50 m. This formation overlies relatively thick (80–200 m) coarse-grain Quaternary sediments with β values in the range of 600–900 m/sec. These two Quaternary units are, in turn, overlain on Tertiary sediments with β >1000 m/sec located at depths of 100 and 250 m, respectively, in the central and western side along the Knik Arm parts of the basin. The important implication of the result is that the sources of spatial variation of SR( f ) in the Anchorage basin for the frequency band 0.5–11 Hz, besides in the uppermost 30 m, are found to be deeper than this depth. Thus, use of commonly considered geological formations in the depth intervals from 0 to 30 m for the ground-motion interpretation will likely yield erroneous results in the Anchorage basin.
A dance of rounds

Two different methods of getting sums of rounded numbers to add up to the rounded sum are discussed. The case of cascaded rounding, in which each number is replaced by a set of numbers to be rounded to a conforming sum, with the sum of the conforming sums itself conforming to the sum of the whole, is covered. Geometric properties of are reviewed.
Spectral laws for the compressible isotropic turbulence

Scaling arguments are applied directly to the Navier-Stokes equations with the isentropic-flow stipulation in conjunction with the scale-invariance condition on the rate of kinetic energy dissipation to derive the Spectral law for the compressible isotropic turbulence when the random Sound field is weak. For the special case with isothermal flow, the present result reduces to the Kadomstev-Petviashvili spectral law ~k -2. We will also address the nature of compressibility effects on the classical turbulent spectrum.
Virtual axis finder: A new method to determine the two kinematic axes of rotation for the tibio-femoral joint

The tibio-femoral joint has been mechanically approximated with two fixed kinematic axes of rotation, the longitudinal rotational (LR) axis in the tibia and the flexion-extension (FE) axis in the femur. The mechanical axis finder developed by Hollister et al. (1993, "The Axes of Rotation of the Knee," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 290, pp. 259-268) identified the two fixed axes but the visual-based alignment introduced errors in the method. Therefore, the objectives were to develop and validate a new axis finding method to identify the LR and FE axes which improves on the error of the mechanical axis finder. The virtual axis finder retained the concepts of the mechanical axis finder but utilized a mathematical optimization to identify the axes. Thus, the axes are identified in a two-step process: First, the LR axis is identified from pure internal-external rotation of the tibia and the FE axis is identified after the LR axis is known. The validation used virtual simulations of 3D video-based motion analysis to create relative motion between the femur and tibia during pure internal-external rotation, and flexion-extension with coupled internal-external rotation. The simulations modeled tibio-femoral joint kinematics and incorporated 1 mm of random measurement error. The root mean squared errors (RMSEs) in identifying the position and orientation of the LR and FE axes with the virtual axis finder were 0.45 mm and 0.20 deg, and 0.11 mm and 0.20 deg, respectively. These errors are at least two times better in position and seven times better in orientation than those of the mechanical axis finder. Variables, which were considered a potential source of variation between joints and/or measurement systems, were tested for their sensitivity to the RMSE of identifying the axes. Changes in either the position or orientation of a rotational axis resulted in high sensitivity to translational RMSE (6.8 mm of RMSE per mm of translation) and rotational RMSE (1.38 deg of RMSE per degree of rotation), respectively. Notwithstanding these high sensitivities, corresponding errors can be reduced by segmenting the range of motion into regions where changes in either position or orientation are small. The virtual axis finder successfully increased the accuracy of the mechanical axis finder when the axes of motion are fixed with respect to the bones, but must be used judiciously in applications which do not have fixed axes of rotation.
Wafer-fused n-AlGaAs/p-GaAs/n-GaN Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor with uid-GaAs Base-Collector Setback

Recently we reported the first AlGaAs-GaAs-GaN heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), a device that potentially combines the high-breakdown voltage of an n-GaN collector with the high mobility of an AlGaAs-GaAs emitter-base.1,2 Because of the high degree of lattice mismatch between GaAs (lattice constant of 5.65A) and GaN (3.19A), we formed these devices through wafer fusion, also called direct wafer bonding. Measurements on the first generations of wafer fused HBTs revealed good current modulation, with modest output current (0.83 KA/cm2) and a current gain of 1.2.3 Limitations to the current gain may be related to traps and defects introduced by the fusion process, or may be a consequence of the natural conduction band offset between GaAs and GaN, which is not well known. This paper describes our new HBT structure that included a thin (20nm) uid-GaAs base-collector “setback” layer. The setback layer shifted the fused GaAs-GaN interface slightly into the collector. This new HBT structure also incorporated a reduced base thickness of 100 nm. HBTs with setback layers demonstrate increased output current (1.7 KA/cm2) and increased current gain (1.9).
Microwell arrays reveal cellular heterogeneity during the clonal expansion of transformed human cells

We developed micromolded microwell arrays to study the proliferation and senescence of single cells. Microwell arrays were designed to be compatible with conventional cell culture protocols to simplify cell loading, cell culture, and imaging. We demonstrated the utility of these arrays by measuring the proliferation and senescence of isogenic cells which expressed or had been depleted of the human Werner syndrome protein. Our results allowed us to reveal cell-to-cell heterogeneity in proliferation in WRN+ and WRN-depleted fibroblasts during clonal growth.
Marine Macroinvertebrate Diversity of St. Catherines Island, Georgia

St. Catherines Island is one of several barrier islands lining the coast of Georgia, USA. This island is among the least recently anthropogenically impacted of the Georgia Sea Islands, but had not previously been examined in detail for coastal invertebrate macrofauna. From 1992 through late 1998 a coastal survey was conducted that examined the diverse marine invertebrate fauna of St. Catherines Island. Salt marshes, sand flats, mid- to low-energy sand beaches, beach wood debris, tidal creeks, shallow benthos, and artificial hard substrata (including docks) were qualitatively sampled for macroinvertebrates. Over 340 species were identified. Crustaceans composed close to 40% (14% amphipods; 15% decapods), polychaetes 17.5%, and molluscs about 25% of all species recovered. These results are compared to the few other relevant studies from the United States mid-Atlantic Coast.
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment in a Patient With Posterior Upper Thoracic Pain

Background and Purpose. Determining the source of a patient’s pain in the upper thoracic region can be difficult. Costovertebral (CV) and costotransverse (CT) joint hypomobility and active trigger points (TrPs) are possible sources of upper thoracic pain. This case report describes the clinical decision-making process for a patient with posterior upper thoracic pain. Case Description. The patient had a 4-month history of pain; limited cervical, trunk, and shoulder active range of motion; limited and painful mobility of the right CV/CT joints of ribs 3 through 6; and periscapular TrPs. Interventions included CV/CT joint mobilizations, TrP release, and flexibility and postural exercises. Outcomes. The patient reported intermittent mild discomfort after 7 physical therapy sessions. Examination findings were normal, and he was able to resume all preinjury activities. Discussion. This case suggests that CV/CT mobilizations and active TrP release may have been beneficial in reducing pain and restoring function in this patient.
Microglial phagocytosis of living photoreceptors contributes to inherited retinal degeneration.

Abstract Retinitis pigmentosa, caused predominantly by mutations in photoreceptor genes, currently lacks comprehensive treatment. We discover that retinal microglia contribute non‐cell autonomously to rod photoreceptor degeneration by primary phagocytosis of living rods. Using rd10 mice, we found that the initiation of rod degeneration is accompanied by early infiltration of microglia, upregulation of phagocytic molecules in microglia, and presentation of “eat‐me” signals on mutated rods. On live‐cell imaging, infiltrating microglia interact dynamically with photoreceptors via motile processes and engage in rapid phagocytic engulfment of non‐apoptotic rods. Microglial contribution to rod demise is evidenced by morphological and functional amelioration of photoreceptor degeneration following genetic ablation of retinal microglia. Molecular inhibition of microglial phagocytosis using the vitronectin receptor antagonist cRGD also improved morphological and functional parameters of degeneration. Our findings highlight primary microglial phagocytosis as a contributing mechanism underlying cell death in retinitis pigmentosa and implicate microglia as a potential cellular target for therapy.
Victor R. Basili's contributions to software quality

This article deals with Victor R. Basili's contributions to software quality. Basili's contributions cover three broad areas: research in the 1970s and early 1980s on software measurement and the Goal Question Metric (GQM) model, research in the 1980s and 1990s on these measurement ideas' maturation into a software engineering model of empirical studies, including the development of the Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) and the influence of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Software Engineering Laboratory, and research since 1990 in the Experience Factory as a model for creating learning organizations for continuous software process improvement. Some of Basili's most important contributions are in measuring software development processes and products and gifted the community with an invaluable tool: the GQM approach. The GQM approach is based on the assumption that for an organization to measure its products and processes usefully, it must first specify goals for itself and its projects
Taxonomy of Salamanders of the Family Plethodontidae (Amphibia: Caudata)

Several recent publications have made recommendations for changes in the taxonomy of plethodontid salamanders. Here formal taxonomic proposals are made, in accordance with the Code, regarding family-group taxa. Subfamilies Hemidactyliinae and Plethodontinae are recognized, the former with four tribes and the latter with five tribes. Genera are assigned to the tribes, and subgenera are recognized in the genera Batrachoseps, Bolitoglossa, Hydromantes, Oedipina and Plethodon.