cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local recurrence of breast cancer after MammoSite brachytherapy.

Women undergoing breast conservation therapy (BCT) for stage 1 breast cancer have adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBR). In addition, the use of brachytherapy radiation is being used. We present two local tumor recurrences for review. Our first patient underwent BCT, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) and MammoSite® brachytherapy for a T1N0M0 infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the right breast. Pathology: 0.6 cm poorly differentiated ER, PR, and Her-2/ Neu negative IDC. At 18 months, she had palpable axillary lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration and ultrasound-guided core biopsy of a nodule showed IDC. She underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and EBR. Our second patient underwent BCT, SLNBx, and MammoSite® brachytherapy for a T1N0M0 IDC of the left breast. Pathology: 0.8 cm poorly differentiated, ER+, PR-, and Her-2/Neu negative tumor. At 18 months, a retroareolar mass was detected. Ultrasound guided core needle biopsy showed recurrent IDC. She chose a re-excision and EBR and not MRM. Pathology: 1.3 cm poorly differentiated, ER+, PR-, and Her-2/Neu negative tumor. Our 2 recurrences were >2 cm away from the lumpectomy site and therefor outside the 1 cm treatment plan of the MammoSite® catheter. Both recurrences were biologically identical to the initial tumors and are felt to be local failures rather than new primaries.
The IGF-1R/AKT pathway determines cell fate in response to p53

p53 that is activated in response to DNA-damaging stress can induce apoptosis or either transient or permanent cell cycle arrests. Apoptosis and permanent cell cycle arrest (senescence) are bona-fide tumor suppressor mechanisms through which p53 inhibits cancer cell survival. In contrast, transient cell cycle arrests induced by p53 can increase survival by allowing cells time to repair their DNA before proceeding with cell division. Mechanisms that control the choice of response to p53 (apoptosis vs arrest) are not fully understood. There is abundant crosstalk between p53 and the IGF-1R/AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway. Recent studies indicate this crosstalk can determine the choice of response to p53. These findings have clear implications for the potential use of IGF-1R pathway inhibitors against p53 wild-type or p53-null or mutant cancers.
Computational discovery and characterization of polymorphic two-dimensional IV–V materials

First-principles calculations predict the stability and properties of two-dimensional (2D) group IV–V MX compounds (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X = P, As, Sb, Bi) in two distinct crystallographic configurations: a low symmetry Cm layer inspired by the layered bulk structures of SiP, SiAs, GeP, and GeAs, and a high symmetry P6¯m2 structure previously predicted for 2D SiP. The calculations predict that the Cm structure is more stable for X = As, Sb, and Bi, and the P6¯m2 structure for X = P. The electronic properties of the two structures are quite different. Specifically, the Cm band gaps are systematically larger by about 15% for most compounds, and the band offsets indicate that all of these compounds in the Cm crystal structure will form type II heterojunctions in contact with their P6¯m2 polymorphs. Pourbaix diagrams predict that a few of the 2D IV–V compounds are stable when exposed to water.
Rapid volume loss from two East Greenland outlet glaciers quantified using repeat stereo satellite imagery

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/".
An Operando Investigation of (Ni–Fe–Co–Ce)Ox System as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical component of industrial processes such as electrowinning of metals and the chlor-alkali process. It also plays a central role in the development of a renewable energy field for generation a solar fuels by providing both the protons and electrons needed to generate fuels such as H2 or reduced hydrocarbons from CO2. To improve these processes, it is necessary to expand the fundamental understanding of catalytically active species at low overpotential, which will further the development of electrocatalysts with high activity and durability. In this context, performing experimental investigations of the electrocatalysts under realistic working regimes (i.e., under operando conditions) is of crucial importance. Here, we study a highly active quinary transition-metal-oxide-based OER electrocatalyst by means of operando ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed at the solid/liquid interface. We observe that the ...
Banking on banking: does “when” flexibility mask the costs of stringent climate policy?

Banking and borrowing emission allowances provide temporal flexibility in cap-and-trade systems, which can enhance the economic efficiency of environmental policy while adhering to the same cumulative emission budget. This paper investigates the role of temporal (“when”) flexibility from emission banking provisions under an economy-wide cap-and-trade policy in the USA. The current literature on meeting deep decarbonization targets almost exclusively assumes unlimited banking, which may bias policy recommendations and have important consequences for RD however, political economy barriers and uncertainty may limit the use of banking provisions despite their appeal on economic efficiency grounds. Banking on policy implementation with unlimited temporal flexibility may distort insights about the pace, extent, and economic impacts of future energy transitions associated with long-term abatement targets, especially for more stringent climate policies.
Experimental and analytical investigation of effects of refurbishing on rolling contact fatigue

Abstract In this study, the effects of refurbishing on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in case carburized AISI 8620 steel were experimentally and analytically investigated. A thrust bearing test apparatus (TBTA) was designed and developed to simulate RCF. Initial RCF tests were conducted on AISI 8620 steel specimens to determine the baseline for pristine. Then new specimens were exposed to fatigue cycles equal to 90% of the L10 life of the pristine material. These specimens were then refurbished to the depths of 0.13b and 1.27b (b is the half width of Hertzian contact). The refurbished specimens were then subjected to RCF cycles in the TBTA until a spall appeared on the surface. The experimental results of refurbished specimens indicated a significant amount of fatigue life after refurbishing for both grinding depths. Moreover, it was observed that the remaining useful life of the refurbished test specimens was extended by increasing the depth of the regrinding. For the analytical investigation, a two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model was developed to estimate RCF life for pristine and refurbished specimens of case carburized steel. The characteristics of case carburized materials (e.g., variations in hardness and residual stresses) were incorporated in the 2D finite element model. In the present study, a continuum damage mechanics approach was employed to determine fatigue damage accumulation in original and refurbished domains. The results obtained from the experimental and FEA models for pristine and refurbished case carburized steel are in good agreement for both grinding depths.
Power sharing control in VSC based MT-HVDC for integration of off-shore power generation

Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission system is an effective and reliable way for integrating off-shore wind power generations with onshore AC grid. In this paper, decoupled control of active and reactive power flow is established by modelling VSC controllers in synchronous d-q reference frame. A four terminal VSC-HVDC system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and simulated to observe voltage margin and voltage droop control. Simulation results show robust performance of the MT-HVDC system during normal as well as system disturbance condition. Power sharing coordination between grid side converters and DC link voltage regulation are done without any communication link which is an important aspect of using VSC based HVDC.
Mode of physical activity participation by body mass index: 2015 behavioural risk factor surveillance system.

ABSTRACTBody mass index (BMI) continues to be used as a marker of health due its strong correlation with adiposity and health. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to be favourably associated with a desirable BMI. Few studies have examined mode of PA participation across BMI indices with a mutually exclusive underweight BMI range. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between modes of PA and BMI. Data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was analysed.Underweight, overweight, and obese BMI categories possessed 35, 20, and 46% lower odds of meeting current PA guidelines. The obese BMI group was found to have lower odds of meeting the aerobic only and strength only guidelines. Underweight, overweight, and obese groups possessed 63, 18, and 76% greater odds of meeting neither PA guideline, respectively.
Detection of Incidental Carcinoma in the Prostate Gland

Carcinomas of the prostate gland are not concentrated in the posterior portions of the organ but arise throughout its periphery [1]. Given the distribution of these tumors, it is not surprising that the majority are detected as incidental findings in transurethral resections, since only a small portion of the gland can be examined by rectal palpation. Several methods for examining prostatic chips have been recommended; these range from all of the chips to only 12 chips [2, 3]. While a variety of sampling methods might be adequate for the detection of clinically significant prostatic carcinomas, it is probably safe to state that the diagnostic yield for carcinoma is directly proportional to the amount of tissue examined, and that the pathologist who wishes to uncover all of the incidental carcinomas must examine all of the tissue, perhaps by extensive step sectioning. Thorough sectioning of prostatic tissue is not only time consuming but very expensive, an important factor for laboratories operating in countries where pathology is on a fee-for-service basis, and hospital reimbursement may be related to the type of disease from which the patient is suffering rather than the actual cost of examining him. Furthermore, numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that many prostatic carcinomas are not aggressive and will not lead to an adverse outcome even in partially treated or untreated individuals [4, 5].
Atomic Layer Deposition of Fe2O3 Using Ferrocene and Ozone

Growing interest in Fe2O3 as a light harvesting layer in solar energy conversion devices stems from its unique combination of stability, nontoxicity, and exceptionally low material cost. Unfortunately, the known methods for conformally coating high aspect ratio structures with Fe2O3 leave a glaring gap in the technologically relevant temperature range of 170−350 °C. Here, we elucidate a self-limiting atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for the growth of hematite, α-Fe2O3, over a moderate temperature window using ferrocene and ozone. At 200 °C, the self-limiting growth of Fe2O3 is observed at rates up to 1.4 A/cycle. Dense and robust thin films grown on both fused quartz and silicon exhibit the expected optical bandgap (2.1 eV). In situ mass spectrometric analysis reveals the evolution of two distinct cyclic reaction products during the layer-by-layer growth. The readily available and relatively high vapor pressure iron precursor is utilized to uniformly coat a high surface area template with aspect rati...
Lipid-Rhodopsin Interactions in Photoreceptor Membranes

Lipids are present in all living cells and serve a variety of functions. Today, I will discuss the chemistry of the lipids of photoreceptor membranes and some of their interactions with rhodopsin, the rod visual pigment.
Abstract P4-15-02: Investigating the use estrogen receptor β agonists in the prevention of breast cancer using a transgenic mouse model

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. In the United States, 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime, and in 2016 over 240,000 new cases will be diagnosed. Incidence rates differ by geographic location, with women living in Asia having the lowest rates. However, after migrating to the U.S and adopting a western diet their rates increase. This highlights the importance of lifestyle, including diet, in modulating breast cancer risk. Soy has been previously implicated as the dietary component contributing to the reduced breast cancer rates in Asian women. Compounds that can selectively activate Estrogen Receptor β have been identified in plants, including soy. Given the tumor-suppressive properties of ERβ, it may be possible to use these agonists in the chemoprevention of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of using ERβ agonists in the prevention of breast cancer using a transgenic mouse model. MMTV-HER2/neu mice develop premalignant lesions at 4-5 months, and tumors starting at month 7 due to overexpression of the Her2/neu proto-oncogene. MMTV-HER2/neu mice were treated with 2 different ERβ agonists, S-equol or LY500307, for 3 months and evaluated for branching, hyperplasia and differential gene expression. When compared to controls, ERβ agonist-treated mice exhibited a significant decrease in branching and ductal hyperplasia, with no change in body weight. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 218 modified genes in response to S-equol treatment, and 258 genes modified by LY500307 treatment, with an overlap of 36 genes. Pathway analysis identified an enrichment for chemokines signaling pathways, particularly TNF, in the reversal of hyperbranching resulting from treatment with ERβ agonists. Although previous studies have demonstrated crosstalk between ER9s non-genomic signaling and growth factor signal transductions pathway, this is the first study to demonstrate the impact of ERβ activation on HER2/neu mediated pre-neoplastic changes. Our study suggest that ER β agonist treatment may be a valuable therapeutic option for the chemoprevention of breast cancer in women at increased risk. Citation Format: Samayoa C, Krishnegowda NK, Vadlamudi RK, Tekmal RR. Investigating the use estrogen receptor β agonists in the prevention of breast cancer using a transgenic mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-15-02.
A Cytogenetic Profile of Radiation Damage.

Most of the important biological effects associated with the exposure to ionizing radiations are mirrored at the chromosomal level. In all cases, changes in the levels of cytogenetic effects are associated with changes in absorbed dose, dose rate and radiation quality. Some of the complexities associated with the quantitative description of such changes in response can be circumvented by appealing to concepts embodied in what has been called the “mean inactivation dose”. Additional metrics designed to provide LET-dependent “signatures” of damage have been employed with moderate degrees of success. These, along with some alternative approaches, are discussed in an effort to stimulate discussion, and to further work leading to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in the production and significance of chromosome aberrations after exposure to ionizing radiations.
On the Dynamics of Dynamic Demand Models

Although dynamic models are now an important part of applied demand analysis, some of their fundamental concepts still suffer from a substantial lack of clarity. A particular case in point is the distinction between stock adjustment and habit formation in the Houthakker-Taylor model (1970). Empirical considerations prompted Houthakker and Taylor to specify a single state variable for each good and then to conclude that a good is habit forming or stock adjusting depending on the state variable's sign. However, besides having an obvious drawback of being ex post , this procedure is subject to the further criticism that, by treating expenditures for nondurables and services in the same way as expenditures for durables, it implicitly views habit formation and stock adjustment as arising from symmetrical processes. This is unfortunate, for stock adjustment and habit formation reflect intrinsically different phenomena, and to elaborate upon this, without the constraints imposed by thoughts of immediate empirical application, is one of the primary purposes of this paper.
Three-window ultrasonography confirmation of endotracheal tube placement

Background: Establishing a definitive airway is often an initial step in the management of critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED). Currently, there is no universally accepted gold standard for airway confirmation. Recent literature has shown that point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may be helpful in confirming the correct endotracheal tube (ETT) placement. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of a comprehensive three-window POCUS assessment to confirm correct ETT placement. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study using a convenience sample of patients in the ED and Medical Intensive Care Unit. After presumed successful ETT intubation, three sonographic windows were obtained, which included the trachea, bilateral lung sliding, and diaphragm movement. Results: We enrolled a total of 140 patients. There were no esophageal intubations. The three-window POCUS method correctly identified 132 of 137 ETTs placed in the trachea with 96.4% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 91.7%–98.8%) and 33.3% specificity (95% CI 0.8%–90.6%). Only one of the three mainstem intubations was identified using POCUS. Ultrasound assessment was completed on average 25 min quicker than the usual confirmatory plain film radiography (95% CI 6.2–43.9 min, P = 0.005). Conclusions: The three-window POCUS assessment is a rapid and potentially reliable method to identify ETT intubation, but may not be reliable at confirming mainstem intubation.
Tunable holographic gratings based on cross-linked liquid-crystalline polymers in nematic liquid crystals (Conference Presentation)

Holographic reflection gratings formed by photopolymerization of low concentrations of liquid crystal monomers in nematic liquids demonstrate greater than 150nm of red tuning when a direct current (DC) field is applied across standard liquid crystal cell. The band position is restored when the field is removed. Diffraction efficiencies are both polarization and temperature polarization dependent. Samples are prepared using various LC mixtures, formulated from 2wt% photoinitiator, 5~20 wt% liquid crystal monomers and positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals. The basic tuning mechanism will be discussed, along with electric field, temperature effects on the optical performance.
A Simple Ascending Auction for Assignment Problems

We introduce a simple ascending auction that allocates heterogeneous objects among bidders with purely private unit demands. Our auction design differs from existing dynamic auctions in a number of ways: it solicits a single new bid from selected bidders at a time, thus minimizing bidder information revelation; it uses a simple and intuitive price adjustment procedure; the seller can set starting prices above his valuations. Despite these new features, (i) the auction stops in a finite time, (ii) sincere bidding at every stage of the auction is an ex-post Nash equilibrium, and (iii) for given valuations, the auction ending prices and revenue depend only on starting prices. We establish sincere bidding and path-independent ending prices using simple combinatorial arguments.
Safety and outcomes of a cancer patient urgent care clinic.

6542Background: Several cancer centers describe cancer-patient dedicated urgent care clinic (UCC) that address commonly anticipated complaints of adults with cancer. UCC may be capable of preventin...
Bioinspired conical design for efficient water collection from fog

Nature is known for using conical shapes to transport the collected water from fog for consumption or storage. The curvature gradient of the conical shape creates a Laplace pressure gradient in the water droplets which drives them towards the region of lower curvature. Linear cones with linearly increasing radii have been studied extensively. A smaller tip angle cone transports water droplets farther because of higher Laplace pressure gradient. Whereas a larger tip angle with a larger surface slope transports water droplets because of higher gravitational forces. In this study, for the first time, a nonlinear cone with a concave profile has been designed with small tip angle and nonlinearly increasing radius to maximize water collection. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 2)'.
Some Directions for a Cognitive Psychology of Instruction

Modern cognitive psychology is today’s dominant theoretical force in behavioral science. More than ever before, complex mental behaviors are being investigated in rigorous scientific ways. However, while cognitive psychology is becoming increasingly mature in its attempts to model the complexity of human performance, it is a fledgling in the domain of applications to education and instruction. At the present time, cognitive psychology’s findings and techniques have not significantly influenced teaching practices, instructional processes, nor the design of conditions for learning.
Identification of novel sources of genetic variation for the improvement of cold germination ability in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is inherently susceptible to low temperature stress especially during the early seedling growth and boll maturation stages. The goal of the study is to identify novel sources of genetic variation that can be used to improve cold tolerance of cotton during seed germination. Genetic diversity analysis of thirty accessions from the core Gossypium Diversity Reference Set (GDRS) and twenty recombinant inbred lines derived from intercrossing cotton mutants with altered fatty acid content profiles established genetic variation in the test germplasm based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping. The mutants clustered in a single clade, whereas the GDRS accessions were separated into four different clades. Screening for germination ability at 12 °C and 15 °C showed that the fatty acid mutants had a significantly better overall germination compared to the GDRS accessions. Hydropriming improved the germination rate and uniformity of the GDRS accessions at 12 °C and 15 °C but not those of the fatty acid mutants, which recorded a better overall germination at 15 °C even without hydropriming. The tolerance of the FA mutants to cold stress during germination is proposed to be conferred by the higher proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the mutants compared to the GDRS accessions. Principal component analysis established phenotypic patterns of variation that is consistent with the observed genotypic variation in the test germplasm. Results of the study indicate the potential of the mutants and select GDRS accessions as donors in breeding for cold germination ability.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support After Heart Transplantation in Children-Outcomes of a Single Center Cohort.

Objectives Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is used for postcardiotomy low cardiac output but is less established following heart transplantation. We characterized outcomes for children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after heart transplantation. Design Single-center retrospective study. Setting Large pediatric cardiac referral center. Patients All patients who received heart transplantation and were cannulated to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 1995 and 2016. Interventions Primary outcome measure was mortality 12 months postextracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Patient characteristics were analyzed for association with outcome according to early graft failure (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ≤ 7 d after heart transplantation), or late graft failure. Measurements and main results There were 246 heart transplants during the study period and 50 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs in 44 patients. Median time from transplant to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 1 day (range, 0-11.7 yr), with early graft failure in 28 patients (median 1, range 0-2 d) and 22 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs in 20 late graft failure patients (median, 0.8 yr; range, 8 d to 11.7 yr), including four patients with prior extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for early graft failure. Twenty-six patients (59%) survived to hospital discharge, and survival 12 months postextracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 24 patients (55%), lower in those with late graft failure (40% vs 67%; p 0.02). Independent risk factors for 12-month mortality were congenital heart disease, higher pulmonary vascular resistance indexed to body surface area (> 2.2 Woods U/m), and higher creatinine. Higher panel reactive antibody levels were associated with 12-month mortality in the late graft failure group only. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be effectively used to rescue patients with graft dysfunction after heart transplantation but is associated with high early mortality. Factors associated with mortality within 12 months include presence of congenital heart disease, renal dysfunction, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance indexed to body surface area and in those supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation late after heart transplantation, significant human leukocyte antigen sensitization.
Combinatorial Tableaux in Isoperimetry

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new tool for the study of isoperimetry in hypercubes. With its help, new interconnections are found between isoperimetric quantities, and some traditional isoperimetric inequalities may be refined.
The STEM Technopolis Wheel: In Motion Through STEM Learning

This chapter explores the history, current state and possible futures for STEM learning, starting in K-12 schools, and throughout a lifetime, in the context of the technopolis model (Smilor, Gibson and Kozmetsky, J Bus Ventur, 4(1):49–67, 1989), and in the context of the current volume, STEM in the Technopolis: The Power of STEM Education in Regional Technology Policy. This chapter does not focus on a specific geography. Instead, 31 years after publication of the technopolis model/wheel, this chapter reconsiders the original technopolis wheel against trends in the future of work and learning. We celebrate the wheel as a mechanism for moving regions forward, and as one that anticipated the role of STEM before the term existed, and one that planted seeds for primary and secondary schools (K-12) in economic development strategy. The authors suggest that STEM learning is torque for the technopolis wheel. A STEM Technopolis Model is presented that reflects the role of all STEM learning in city/region-based technology and economic development.
Valuing Celgene's CVR

When Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) acquired Celgene Corporation in November 2019, the consideration paid to Celgene shareholders included a contingent value right (CVRs) that would pay $9 if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved three of Celgene’s late stage drugs by March 31, 2021. Akari Tanaka, a portfolio manager Kendall Square Advisors, held 400,000 CVRs in her $1.2 billion Health Science Opportunities Fund, and must decide what to do with this holding given the rising concerns about the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020. The tradable CVR’s peaked at $3.70 in mid-February, fell to a low of $2.15 in mid-March, and were currently trading at just under $3.00 in late March. As part of her decision, Tanaka must value the CVRs using discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis which required an estimate of the expected cash flow and a risk-adjusted discount rate. She then must decide what to do with her holding—should she sell the CVRs, hold them, or buy more? This short case has four objectives. First, it is designed to teach basic concepts underlying DCF valuation: calculating expected cash flows and discounting them with a risk-adjusted discount rate. Second, it teaches students how to identify and incorporate two kinds of risk (systematic and unsystematic) in DCF analysis. Third, there is an opportunity to estimate a beta using regression analysis and to discuss the implications for the valuation analysis. Fourth, the case can be used to analyze the structure of and motivations for using a CVR in the acquisition of a public company. The various CVR structures discussed in the case illustrate the potential for valuation errors due to cognitive biases in assessing the probability of conjunctive events
Does pharmacological treatment of withdrawal symptoms improve the sleep patterns in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

Background: Infants with NAS may have disturbed sleep, and increased movement reflecting central nervous system irritability. However, sleep pattern in such infants following control of withdrawal symptoms with methadone hasn’t been quantitatively analyzed. We hypothesized that successful treatment of withdrawal symptoms with methadone would also improve the sleep patterns in infants with NAS. Persistent disordered sleep in the neonatal period if persists even after pharmacological control of withdrawal symptoms may potentially lead to adverse childhood neurodevelopmental outcome. Objective: To characterize sleep-wake states using Actigraphy (activity-based sleep-wake …
Breaking the Rules: Protein Sculpting in NEIL2 Regulation.

The canonical DNA glycosylase role is global base damage repair but includes functions in epigenetic gene regulation, immune response modulation, replication, and transcription. In this issue of Structure, Eckenroth et al. (2020) present the NEIL2 glycosylase structure. Its catalytic domain flexibility differentiates it from most other glycosylases and suggests novel regulatory mechanisms.
Dynorphin/Kappa-Opioid Receptor System Modulation of Cortical Circuitry

Cortical circuits control a plethora of behaviors, from sensation to cognition. The cortex is enriched with neuropeptides and receptors that play a role in information processing, including opioid peptides and their cognate receptors. The dynorphin (DYN)/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated in the processing of sensory and motivationally-charged emotional information and is highly expressed in cortical circuits. This is important as dysregulation of DYN/KOR signaling in limbic and cortical circuits has been implicated in promoting negative affect and cognitive deficits in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, research investigating the role of this system in controlling cortical circuits and computations therein is limited. Here, we review the (1) basic anatomy of cortical circuits, (2) anatomical architecture of the cortical DYN/KOR system, (3) functional regulation of cortical synaptic transmission and microcircuit function by the DYN/KOR system, (4) regulation of behavior by the cortical DYN/KOR system, (5) implications for the DYN/KOR system for human health and disease, and (6) future directions and unanswered questions for the field. Further work elucidating the role of the DYN/KOR system in controlling cortical information processing and associated behaviors will be of importance to increasing our understanding of principles underlying neuropeptide modulation of cortical circuits, mechanisms underlying sensation and perception, motivated and emotional behavior, and cognition. Increased emphasis in this area of study will also aid in the identification of novel ways to target the DYN/KOR system to treat neuropsychiatric disorders.
Generating Flood Probability Map Based on Combined Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Imagery

Despite a lot of efforts to respond flood hazards with remote sensing data, it is still difficult to generate an accurate flood map using solely optical or radar imagery. While optical data is relatively high-resolution and does not suffer from speckle noise compared to radar data, it is very likely to be impacted by cloud and shadow. On the other hand, radar imagery can be used in all weather conditions due to its capability of penetrating clouds. Although a significant improvement of flood monitoring capability is achieved by using radar data, it is still challenging to map urban floods because of strong backscattering by man-made structures. Therefore, complementary use of optical and radar imagery in flood response is required, particularly in urban areas. In this study, we have adopted the Bayesian Joint Probability function to combine two different flood products generated from SAR and optical imagery. Flood detection with SAR data relies on the difference of backscatter signals between standing water and rougher land surface, while a Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) approach is used for optical data. Specifically, Planet Dove data with its 3m spatial resolution is used with higher weight values to detect flood extent in urban areas.
Amphiphilic gel lubrication and the solvophilic transition

Abstract Lubrication in biology uses lipids, proteins, and aqueous gels to maintain hydration and provide low shear stress over a range of sliding speeds and contact pressures. The unquestionably amphiphilic nature of proteins and the complexity found in the aqueous solutions suggest that these systems operate near an optimal solvophilic condition. To explore the potential for a solvophilic transition in an amphiphilic gel, we perform tribological and swelling measurements of poly(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, pHEMA, equilibrated over a range of water-ethanol solutions. Depending on the ethanol concentration, Gemini pHEMA gels achieve either low friction (μ 1) and high adhesion. We hypothesize that as the solution becomes increasingly ethanol-rich the alkyl regions of ethanol more fully associate with the aliphatic regions of pHEMA, effectively coating the chains with a hydroxyl presenting surface, promoting hydrogen-bonding and the influx of water and leading to maximum in swelling and mesh size, leading to a dramatic reduction in friction and adhesion. We suggest that the tribological behaviors of amphiphilic Gemini gels reflect the presentation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains across the interfaces during sliding. These experiments explore the lubrication and solvophilic transitions in amphiphilic Gemini gels and suggest fundamental mechanisms and solution composition through which biotribological joints leverage lipid and protein-based complex fluids to achieve lubricity.
Lessons for Whiteness: Keith Hamilton Cobb’s American Moor

The summer of 2020 unfolded painfully–almost literally. Two catastrophes – the new COVID-19 and the “ancient grudge”, systemic racism – attacked BIPOC, and more especially, Black people. Amidst thi...
Small Things Considered

Whether to make our own meal or eat food prepared by others is a common dilemma. In the natural world, the dine-in vs. take-out dilemma plays out differ-ently: do organisms make their own food by means such as photosynthesis, or rely on consuming “pre-made” organic compounds for sustenance? Organisms typically do one or the other, being either autotrophs or heterotrophs. Plants and most algae photosynthesize, while animals consume premade organic material through eating plants or other animals. However, many microbes known as mixotrophs get the best of both worlds by utilizing both trophic strate-gies. Mixotrophy may be either faculta-tive or obligate for one or more of the trophic modes. Organisms can also be “functional” mixotrophs by means of using other organisms to produce energy for them, such as in the case of plastid thieves and their so-called “klepto-plasts.” Because of the diversity of mi-crobial life, an example of pretty much any of these combinations can be found somewhere on Earth.
Managerial Compensation in Multidivision Firms

Using hand-collected data on division manager (DM) pay contracts, we document that DM pay is related to the performance of both the DM’s division and the other divisions in the firm. There is substantial heterogeneity in DM pay for performance. DM pay for division performance is lower in industries with less informative accounting earnings. DM pay is more sensitive to other-division performance if the DM’s division is related to the rest of the firm, if the DM’s division has fewer growth opportunities, and if the DM’s division receives less capital from the rest of the firm. Consistent with optimal contracting view, DMs receive greater pay for other-division performance in better-governed firms. Overall, our evidence suggests that DM compensation is structured to account for the information and agency problems in multidivision firms. The Internet appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2672. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Pruritus

The treatment of patients with pruritus of liver disease poses a challenge to the clinician. Resins (cholestyramine or colestipol) in quantities of 4 to 16 grams a day should be the initial agents used. In those who remain refractory, diphenhydramine should be added, although sedation may limit the use of higher doses. If symptoms still persist, rifampin up to 600 mg/day can be added to the above regimen with close monitoring of hepatic function. If, despite this combination, pruritus persists and quality of life remains poor, experimental therapies in the form of oral opioid antagonists, and orthotopic liver transplantation should be considered.
The Effect of Trust in Supervisor on Employee Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Knowledge Share: Evidence from the Egyptian Hospitality Industry

Rare research was undertaken to investigate the effect of leadership styles on employee organizational citizenship behaviour and knowledge sharing in the hospitality context. Drawing on the social exchange theory, the Luxor hotels' employees and their supervisors were engaged in a study which aims to investigate the impact of trust in supervisor on employee organizational citizenship behaviour and knowledge sharing. With a sample of 360 employee-supervisor dyads, the construct validity and reliability were ensured, and the findings of the structural equation model supported the impact of trust in supervisor on both organizational citizenship behaviour and knowledge sharing. Practically, this paper provided some managerial implications to encourage employees' organizational citizenship behaviour and knowledge sharing in the Egypt hospitality industry. For instance, the current paper recommends for Human Resources Directors to engage the candidates of managerial positions in the diagnostic survey of the trusty supervisor behaviour and use the results of this survey as selection criteria.
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of LiF and FLiBe Molten Salts with Deep Learning Potentials

Molten salts have attracted interest as potential heat carriers and/or fuel solvents in the development of new Gen IV nuclear reactor designs, high-temperature batteries, and thermal energy storage. In nuclear engineering, salts containing lithium fluoride-based compounds are of particular interest due to their ability to lower the melting points of mixtures and their compatibility with alloys. A machine learning potential (MLP) combined with a molecular dynamics study is performed on two popular molten salts, namely, LiF (50% Li) and FLiBe (66% LiF and 33% BeF2), to predict the thermodynamic and transport properties, such as density, diffusion coefficients, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and shear viscosity. Due to the large possibilities of atomic environments, we employ training using Deep Potential Smooth Edition (DPSE) neural networks to learn from large datasets of 141,278 structures with 70 atoms for LiF and 238,610 structures with 91 atoms for FLiBe molten salts. These networks are then deployed in fast molecular dynamics to predict the thermodynamic and transport properties that are only accessible at longer time scales and are otherwise difficult to calculate with classical potentials, ab initio molecular dynamics, or experiments. The prospect of this work is to provide guidance for future works to develop general MLPs for high-throughput thermophysical database generation for a wide spectrum of molten salts.
SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND REDUNDANCY OF MARINE STRUCTURES: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART

This paper is a survey of state-of-the-art knowledge in system reliability and redundancy. Measures of structural redundancy and reserve strength are presented and their advantages and limitations discussed. Methods for calculating system reliability are critically reviewed. Emphasis is given to the underlying assumptions and the resulting limitations. The reliability of laminated composite structures is also considered. The potential of system reliability in structural design is emphasized and recent studies on this subject are reviewed. The most critical problems in each of the above topics are identified and strategies are proposed for solving them.
Rate of Adaptive Evolution under Blending Inheritance

AbstractIn a population of size N, adaptive evolution is 2N times faster under Mendelian inheritancethan under the 19th-century theory of blending inheritance. Unfortunately we have no means of de-termining, according to the standardof years, how long a period it takes tomodify a species.Charles Darwin [2, p. 270]In the latter half of the 19th century, evo-lutionary time seemed limited. Victorian sci-ence suggested that the earth was not mucholder than 100 million years [12, 13, 8]. Wasit really plausible that so much evolution couldhave happened in this interval? Evolutionistshad no answer. In part, this was because thequestion was quantitative—involving rates andintervals—yet evolutionary theory was at thattime merely qualitative. It was impossible to sayhow much time was needed, because (as Darwinlaments in the quote above), no one had a clearunderstanding of the rate of evolution.Well, almost no one. In 1871, A.S. Davis [3]published an obscure article, which outlined the ∗ Dept. of Anthropology, 270 S 1400 E Rm 102,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.rogers@anthro.utah.edu
Student and Faculty Awareness and Attitudes about Students with Disabilities

Every year an increasing number of students with disabilities are graduating from high school and entering into postsecondary education. In an effort to assess the university climate for students with disabilities a survey was conducted on a large Northeastern campus. The survey focused on the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of university students and faculty on disability-related issues. Results are presented from undergraduate, graduate, and faculty perspectives. Most students and faculty report positive attitudes and interactions with students with disabilities, however these interactions are often limited and awkward. Disability issues are not often presented in the classroom content and the majority of faculty do not announce the availably of accommodations in the classroom. Implications for postsecondary institutions are explored.
Moral Engagement without the 'Moral Law': A Post-Canons View of Attorneys' Moral Accountability

Several years ago in my Professional Responsibility class, I wanted to see how far I could push my students in their embrace of the notion that the moral evaluation of conduct depends on the professional role one occupies. I asked students to imagine that they were medical researchers in Nazi Germany, and that the authorities brought them to a concentration camp, inviting them to experiment on live human subjects. Would they, as scientists, proceed with the experiments? The first three students I called on answered that they would do the experiments if it would advance the research. One explained that morality is constructed by society, and in that particular society, the experiments would not be considered immoral. Another asked, If those inmates are going to die anyway, why not have them contribute to the greater good? The third insisted that the job of the researcher is to expand scientific knowledge, and the job of the government is to define the limits of that research. Absent government prohibition, the researcher has no moral reason not to proceed. These students, I am confident, did not believe what they were saying. They were engaging my question according to the rules of good lawyering, as they perceived them - figuring out a way around any and all obstacles standing between the actor and a given course of conduct. Indeed, much of the blame for their answers belongs with the messages they receive about the values of the legal profession. Much of the law school experience sends the message, subtly but unmistakably, that cleverness is valued over wisdom, and that the law is simply a problem to be solved, rather than an inescapably moral endeavor. In comparison to the era when the American Bar Association, via the 1908 Canons of Professional Ethics, could confidently instruct lawyers to impress upon the client and his undertaking exact compliance with the strictest principles of moral law, today we are more skeptical about the existence of any moral law, much less that it could or should be impressed upon the client. Recognizing the variability of moral convictions and complexity of moral analysis has understandably made lawyers reluctant to judge their clients by moral standards not reflected in positive law. But this reluctance to judge seems also to have brought a reluctance to engage the client on moral terms. The resulting technocratic view of law is evidenced far beyond the walls of my classroom. A refusal to acknowledge the moral dimension of legal practice has contributed to several of the leading lawyer-fueled scandals of recent years, as well as to the broader malaise that has afflicted the profession for some time. Nevertheless, the prospect of putting morality onto the table of legal representation is unsettling to many. This essay looks to reframe our conception of morality's relevance to professionalism, using the Canons' espousal of moral accountability as an insightful point of entry. This essay was written as a contribution to the ABA's commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Canons of Professional Ethics.
The New Efficiency Rationale: An Internal Critique

One of the most important developments in law and economics over the last decade has been the emergence and rapid acceptance of a new type of justification for the field's long-time practice of evaluating legal rules solely on the basis of the efficiency criterion. This Article challenges these new arguments. It contends that these arguments are alternatively logically flawed or reliant on untenable assumptions. The article concludes that law and economics' exclusive focus on efficiency continues to lack justification even within the limited purview of modern economic reasoning.
Non‐Strategic nuclear weapons in the former Soviet Union: A cause for alarm?

(1996). Non‐Strategic nuclear weapons in the former Soviet Union: A cause for alarm? European Security: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 240-255.