cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the Aerobic Xanthine Oxidase Reaction Generate Singlet Oxygen

Abstract : The aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction causes the co-oxidation of 2,5- dimethylfuran to cis-diacetylethylene and the bleaching of rubrene tetracarboxylate. These actions were suppressed by superoxide dismutase, catalase, desferrioxamine andy by benzoate and other hydroxyl radical scavengers. The bleaching of rubrene tetracarboxylate was not enhanced in D2O. These result suggest OH, generated from 02(-) plus H202 by an iron-catalyzed Haber Weiss reaction, was the responsible agent and that singlet oxygen was not detectably involved. Control experiments, in which singlet oxygen was generated photochemically, demonstrated that replacement of H20 by D20 caused the expected enhancement of the chemical reactivity of singlet oxygen under the conditions of these experimental and that O2(-) at concentrations achieved by the xanthine oxidase reaction, did not detectably quench singlet oxygen. We conclude that singlet oxygen, if produced at all during the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction, cannot exceed 0.1% of the production of O2(-).
The Welfare Effects of Misperceived Product Costs: Data and Calibrations from the Automobile Market

There is recent evidence that consumers’beliefs about product attributes in some settings are systematically biased away from their true values. This question is especially important in the automobile industry, where some analysts have argued for fuel economy standards and information disclosure because consumers systematically misperceive the …nancial value of fuel economy. This analysis exploits new data from the Vehicle Ownership and Alternatives Survey, a nationally-representative 2100-person dataset that elicits beliefs over the …nancial bene…ts and costs of owning higher- and lower-fuel economy vehicles. The data suggest that consumers correctly estimate or slightly underestimate the value of fuel economy. Also, there is robust empirical evidence of the "MPG Illusion" consistent with Larrick and Soll (2008): consumers intuitively perceive that fuel costs scale linearly in miles per gallon (MPG) instead of gallons per
Are scared prey as good as dead

Predators affect prey and their resources by changing the density and traits (e.g. morphology and behavior) of those prey. Ecological studies and models of community dynamics, however, typically only incorporate how changes in prey densities, rather than their traits, affect community dynamics. In a recent meta-analysis, Preisser et al. show that trait effects are as large, if not larger than density effects. This strongly suggests that trait effects should be integrated into empirical and theoretical studies.
Permanents of d-dimensional matrices

Let A = (Ai1i2…id) be an n1 × n2 × · × nd matrix over a commutative ring. The permanent of A is defined by per (A) = ∑πn1i = 1Aiσ2(i)σ3(i)…σd(i), where the summation ranges over all one-to-one functions σk from {1,2,…, n1} to {1,2,…, nk}, k = 2,3,…, d. In this paper it is shown that a number of properties of permanents of 2-dimensional matrices extend to higher-dimensional matrices. In particular, permanents of nonnegative d-dimensional matrices with constant hyperplane sums are investigated. The paper concludes by introducing s-permanents, which generalize the definition above that the permanent becomes the 1-permanent, and showing that an s-permanent can always be converted into a 1-permanent.
SU‐FF‐T‐662: Comparison of RapidArc and IMRT for Pediatric Patients

Purpose: To compare RapidArc and IMRT plans in the treatment of pediatric patients and determine unique benefits of each technique. Method and Materials: RapidArc/IMRT plans for six patients with various primaries were generated using AAA dose calculation available in Eclipse 8.6. The sites included: thorax sarcoma, germ cell tumor of the ventricles, T‐spine/C‐spine ependymomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas of the hip and nasal sinus. Critical structures within the region of treatment were contoured and taken into consideration during planning. The plans were evaluated by the total number of MU, the dose volume histograms (DVH) for the target and critical structures, and the dose homogeneity within the PTV. Results: All of the RapidArc plans showed more heterogeneous dose distributions within the PTV. For five patients, MU was lower with RapidArc; however, the percent difference ranged from 8% to 61%. For three of these lower MU cases, the percent difference was larger than 46%, but the DVH were similar for both IMRT and RapidArc. For one case with only slightly lower MU, the PTV was close to skin surface, and PTV coverage was more than 10% higher with RapidArc than IMRT. The C‐spine ependymoma patient showed IMRT had 16% less MU than RapidArc; however, critical structures sparing was mixed between the two planning techniques. Conclusions: RapidArc provides two advantages for children: lower MU, meaning less scatter dose to out of field critical structures where the risk of secondary cancers is of concern, and significantly shorter beam time (2 min) which is a great benefit for children who require anesthesia. IMRT is advantageous if the dose heterogeneity is a concern for the child. For example, heterogeneous dose across a growing bone or growth plate will result in growth asymmetry, which could cause significant deformity.
Scope of differential UV and differential fluorescence assays for phenothiazines: Comparison with official methods

Operational difficulties have been encountered with many of the official phenothiazine assay procedures in this laboratory. Although some difficulties were corrected, the procedures still lack specificity. Accordingly, the general scope of differential UV and differential fluorescence methods was investigated. These specific methods are facile, reproducible, and applicable to both composite and single-tablet assays.
Emotional Distress and the Perceived Interference of Menstruation

The relation of perceived interference of menstruation on expected behaviors to emotional distress was examined. It was predicted that the perceived interference of menstruation would be more predictive of emotional distress associated with menstruation than either menstrual or premenstrual pain. Participants completed measures of menstrual pain and visual analogue scales of emotional distress (anger, frustration, depression, anxiety, fear). Measures of perceived ability to tolerate the pain, the perceived interference of the pain, and attitudes toward menstruation were also collected. Results indicated that perceived interference was the strongest predictor of emotional distress secondary to menstrual pain. Ratings of menstrual and premenstrual pain were also significant predictors of emotional distress. Results supported the major hypothesis of the study and provide evidence that the appraisal of interference imposed by a particular condition or Stressor may be an important factor in stress and coping processes.
Time resolved photoluminescence from Yb3+ centers in InP:Yb

Abstract The time dependence of the internal 4f-4f transitions of Yb3+ in InP has been studied as a function of temperature over the range 10 to 110K. The quenching of both the photoluminescence intensity and the excited state lifetime is found to be thermally activated with Ea ≈ 0.1eV. This is interpreted in terms of hole emission from the neutral Yb acceptor. At low temperature the lifetime appears dominated by weak coupling to resonant states in the valence band, while nonexponential contributions to the decay are interpreted as being due to the capture of nonequilibrium carriers by the neutral Yb acceptor.
STM study of Mo growth and induced surface structure changes on HOPG

Abstract We have studied Mo adsorption on the graphite (0001) surface, and growth behavior with increasing Mo coverage. A variety of Mo adsorption morphologies were observed on graphite surface. Two- and three-dimensional clusters were found to coexist on the surface. For higher coverage, Mo clusters showed various orientations and local orders. Mo adsorption-induced superstructures were observed for the first time and were attributed to the perturbation of the graphite surface's electronic structure by Mo adsorption.
Family-centered principles implemented in home-based, clinic-based, and school-based pediatric settings

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether pediatric occupational therapy practitioners implemented family-centered principles in their practice. METHOD: Twenty-eight occupational therapy practitioners were interviewed in three practice settings: home based, clinic based, and school based. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the results. Responses were compared across respondents and across practice settings. RESULTS: Responses varied among practitioners and, more significantly, practice settings. A continuum of family-centered practice was demonstrated, with home-based practice as the most family centered, school-based practice as the least family centered, and clinic practice varying in between. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapy practitioners are familiar with most principles of family-centered practice. However, implementation of those principles differs significantly across practice settings
Personality, psychopathology, and aging

The interplay of personality and psychopathology has been of substantial interest since the beginning of medicine and continues to be a clinically significant yet highly challenging focus of investigation. There is considerable empirical support for the important contributions that personality traits provide to the development of and resilience to psychopathology within mixed-age populations. However, the relationship of personality to mental health and psychopathology within the aging population is only just beginning to be studied. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate and to hopefully further the development of informative research on the interaction of personality and psychopathology within the aging community.
Prospects for Deregulation in Telecommunications

The FCC and state regulators have been working hard since the 1996 passage of the Telecommunications Act to restructure regulation to make it more compatible with competition. Deregulation remains an especially complex problem for telecommunications, given such factors as its dependence on carrier-to-carrier cooperation, tendency toward a natural monopoly, the multi-dimensional aspects of competition, and the political constraint on deregulation. The paper suggests four organizing principles for deregulation: (A) accept some trade-off, given a state of competition; (B) recognize ex ante as well as ex post effects; remove stepping stones if they become deadweight; and (D) evolve away from subsidy mentality. The paper suggests some steps toward exploring the implications and possible implementation of these principles. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Arms Races And Cooperation

States interested in reducing the level of arms competition with a rival can employ a variety of strategies designed to promote cooperation. We examine the ability of three important strategies—unilateral action, tacit bargaining, and negotiation—to reduce the intensity of arms races motivated by different patterns of preferences and complicated by different sources of uncertainty. The latter include strategic misrepresentation, imperfect intelligence, problems of interpretation, and problems of control. Examples are drawn from 19th- and 20th-century arms races that did not result in war.
Transmutation of Cs-137 by Using 10 GeV Proton Spallation Reaction

(1979). Transmutation of Cs-137 by Using 10 GeV Proton Spallation Reaction. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology: Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 613-615.
Desipramine desensitizes β-adrenergic signal transduction in rat salivary glands

Abstract The consequences of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs include sedation, orthostatic hypotension and salivary dysfunction. It was reported that administration of desipramine resulted in a decrease in the concentration of secreted salivary protein. Tricyclic antidepressants may indirectly alter salivary function as a result of their action on the central nervous system to decrease adrenergic neural transmission or, alternately, may act directly on salivary glands to modulate β-adrenergic signal transduction. To investigate the latter possibility, the effects of administration of desipramine (DMI) for 28 days was assessed on β-adrenergic and post-receptor signal transduction in the parotid and submandibular glands of the rat and the reversibility of this treatment following a washout period of 15 days. Both glands demonstrated desensitization of the isoproterenol-stimulated activity, and in the parotid gland treatment with DMI decreased the post-receptor signal transduction as well. The washout period of 15 days completely reversed the desensitization in the parotid gland and partially reversed the effects in the submandibular gland. These data suggest that desipramine-induced attenuation of β-adrenergic signal transduction is not limited to the brain and that these direct effects on salivary glands may explain the salivary dysfunction observed after administration of desipramine.
Role of simple and complex hybrid revascularization procedures for symptomatic lower extremity occlusive disease

Objective Hybrid reconstructions have been increasingly used for multilevel revascularization procedures as surgeons have embraced endovascular interventions. The goal of this study is to define the role of simple and complex hybrid techniques in patients who need multilevel revascularization. Methods All patients undergoing arterial revascularization (endovascular [EV], open, hybrid) between June 2001 and May 2008 were included. Hybrid procedures were stratified as simple (sHYBRID group) when the endovascular-treated segment was TransAtlantic Society Consensus II (TASC) A/B, and complex (cHYBRID group), when TASC C/D. Results Of the 654 patients, 770 limbs (67% critical limb ischemia), 226 (29%) had open, 436 (57%) had endovascular, and 108 (14%) had hybrid procedures (56 sHYBRID, 52 cHYBRID). The HYBRID group was more likely to have hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) 4, and aortoiliac reconstructions, with more ASA 4 in the cHYBRID than the sHYBRID group. Length of stay in the HYBRID group was significantly longer than the EV group, but less than open-treated groups. Endovascular intervention was performed for inflow in 85%, for runoff in 5%, and for both inflow and runoff in the remaining 10% of hybrid cases. Eleven (20%) sHYBRID cases were staged, while all cHYBRID cases were performed simultaneously. Femoral endarterectomy was more frequent in cHYBRID (75% vs 23% in sHYBRID), infrainguinal bypass (17% vs 55%) was more common in sHYBRID, the remainder being femoro-femoral bypasses (8% vs 21%). Endovascular procedures were primarily iliac interventions (91% in sHYBRID, 88% in cHYBRID). Thirty-day myocardial infarction/death rate was significantly higher in the HYBRID than the EV group, with no difference within the HYBRID group. The patency rates were similar in the sHYBRID and cHYBRID groups, and comparable to the endovascular and open treated patients with similar disease complexity. Limb salvage in patients who presented with critical limb ischemia was better in the cHYBRID group than other groups. Overall survival was similar in all groups. Conclusions Complex and simple hybrid procedures enable multilevel revascularizations in high-risk patients with comparable patency and limb salvage. Femoral endarterectomy plays a central role, especially in complex hybrid repairs. An increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality was observed in the hybrid group, likely due to attempting revascularization in higher risk patients.
DEM Simulation of Spin Vibration Screening Process

This paper focus on the motion simulation and visualization of the material particles in the operation of the spin vibration screening using DEM(Discrete Element Method). Based on analysis of the simulation results, some conclusions are made which provide the theory basis in order to design the screen parameters reasonably. Finally some experiments are carried out in order to verify the correctness of the simulation.
Photoreactivation compensates for UV damage and restores infectivity to natural marine virus communities.

We investigated the potential for photoreactivation to restore infectivity to sunlight-damaged natural viral communities in offshore (chlorophyll a, 312-nm-wavelength sunlight in the presence of the natural bacterial communities restored infectivity to 21 to 26% of sunlight-damaged viruses in oceanic waters and 41 to 52% of the damaged viruses in coastal and estuarine waters. Wavelengths between 370 and 550 nm were responsible for restoring infectivity to the damaged viruses. These results indicate that light-dependent repair, probably photoreactivation, compensated for a large fraction of sunlight-induced DNA damage in natural viral communities and is potentially essential for the maintenance of high concentrations of viruses in surface waters.
Using a Combined Approach of Guided Inquiry & Direct Instruction to Explore How Physiology Affects Behavior.

Hands-on activities with live organisms allow students to actively explore scientific investigation. Here, I present activities that combine guided inquiry with direct instruction and relate how nutrition affects the physiology and behavior of the common housefly. These experiments encourage student involvement in the formulation of experimental design, promoting engagement in the learning process. These activities are suitable for both postsecondary education and high school classroom settings and highlight National Science Education Standards, particularly by promoting inquiry-based learning and communicating science explanations.
ISO Observations of Pre-Main Sequence and Vega-type Stars

I present an overview of the results obtained by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) on circumstellar material in pre-main sequence (PMS) stars. Results obtained for embedded YSOs, Herbig Ae/Be systems and T Tauri stars are reviewed and their connection to the disks around Vega-type systems is discussed. Although the gas contents of the PMS environment will also be discussed briefly, this review will mainly focus on the composition, mineralogy and evolution of dust in these systems, and the results will be compared to those found in other classes of objects, including solar system comets.
Is Competition the Entry Barrier? Consumer and Total Welfare Benefits of Bundling

Bundling has been regarded as a highly ambiguous method for price discrimination or vertical control. Barry Nalebuff has recently proposed an alternative model of bundling as a highly suspect exclusionary tactic. A virtue of the model is that its exclusionary implications do not appeal to strategic considerations, e.g., threatening to charge a predatory price for the bundle now and recoup losses later. It involves two goods, A and B, each initially supplied by monopolies. If the A-monopolist sells an A-B bundle at the sum of those monopoly prices, the B-monopolist loses half of its profits and consumer welfare falls. Because those prices are not an equilibrium, we focus on three possibilities: sequential pricing, simultaneous pricing - both of which involve the B-monopolist remaining - and monopoly, i.e., where the bundler is the only seller of A or B. In all cases, including B's departure followed by a monopoly price, total welfare and consumer welfare are greater after bundling than before. We cannot guarantee that bundling always increases welfare, but the results have intuitive support. By bundling, the A-monopolist provides previously non-existent competition with the B-monopolist in the latter's market. The B-monopolist's exclusion comes from the lost profits due to the A-monopolist's entry. Bundling is an entry barrier because competition reduces profits. Were bundling harmful, the per se proscription against market allocation should be lifted. It would presumably be beneficial for an erstwhile bundler and a single product firm to cut a deal in which the former stops bundling in order to preserve a monopoly for the latter. Our findings suggest, however, that the present antitrust rules promote welfare and, thus, that generic opposition to bundling remains unwarranted.
THE ROLE OF FIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND REPAIR IN VITRO

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression is necessary for differentiation of mesenchymal lipofibroblasts, which induce epithelial type II (TII) cell differentiation, both of which are necessary for alveolarization. PTHrP deficiency may be associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), characterized by truncation of alveolarization among preterm infants. This is supported by the baboon model of BPD (failure of alveolarization) that manifests PTHrP deficiency. We provide evidence that TII cell PTHrP expression is downregulated by alveolar overdistension, resulting in the transdifferentiation of lipofibroblasts to myofibroblasts, characterized by progressive loss of PTHrP receptor expression and triglyceride content, and sequential upregulation of &#102 -smooth muscle actin ( &#102 SMA), typifying fibrosis. PTHrP reverses the downregulation of the PTHrP receptor and upregulation of &#102 SMA, reverting myofibroblasts to a lipofibroblast genotype. When TII cells are co-cultured with lipofibro...
Lumpectomy Plus Tamoxifen With or Without Irradiation in Women Age 70 Years or Older With Early Breast Cancer: Long-Term Follow-Up of CALGB 9343

Purpose To determine whether there is a benefit to adjuvant radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery and tamoxifen in women age 70 years with early-stage breast cancer. Patients and Methods Between July 1994 and February 1999, 636 women (age 70 years) who had clinical stage I (T1N0M0 according to TNM classification) estrogen receptor (ER) –positive breast carcinoma treated by lumpectomy were randomly assigned to receive tamoxifen plus radiation therapy (TamRT; 317 women) or tamoxifen alone (Tam; 319 women). Primary end points were time to local or regional recurrence, frequency of mastectomy, breast cancer–specific survival, time to distant metastasis, and overall survival (OS). Results Median follow-up for treated patients is now 12.6 years. At 10 years, 98% of patients receiving TamRT (95% CI, 96% to 99%) compared with 90% of those receiving Tam (95% CI, 85% to 93%) were free from local and regional recurrences. There were no significant differences in time to mastectomy, time to distant metastasis, breast cancer–specific survival, or OS between the two groups. Ten-year OS was 67% (95% CI, 62% to 72%) and 66% (95% CI, 61% to 71%) in the TamRT and Tam groups, respectively. Conclusion With long-term follow-up, the previously observed small improvement in locoregional recurrence with the addition of radiation therapy remains. However, this does not translate into an advantage in OS, distant disease-free survival, or breast preservation. Depending on the value placed on local recurrence, Tam remains a reasonable option for women age 70 years with ER-positive early-stage breast cancer.
Character Counts? Honesty and Fairness in Election 2000

This article examines the impact that voters' evaluations of the candidates' character had on their vote choice in the 2000 presi? dential election. We find that while the magnitude of the impact of char? acter on the vote was roughly equal for both major party candidates, contrary to common perception, the substantive significance of character evaluations disproportionately affected George W. Bush. Our results indicate the need to account for the influence of character in other elec? tions, given that character issues are a recurring theme in American presidential campaigns.
Adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of birth control and sexual risk behavior.

Objectives. This study examined the relationship between adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of the use of birth control and sexual outcomes across a 12-month period. Methods. A subsample of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health database was used in the context of a prospective design. Approximately 10 000 students in grades 7 to 11 were interviewed twice, 1 year apart. Results. Adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of birth control were associated with an increased likelihood of sexual intercourse over the next 12 months for virgins at wave 1. The perceptions also were related to an increase in birth control use but showed an ambiguous relation to the probability of pregnancy. High relationship satisfaction between adolescents and mothers was associated with a higher probability of birth control use and a lower probability of both sexual intercourse and pregnancy. Conclusions. The results suggest that perceived parental approval of birth control may increase the probability of sexual activity in some adolescents. “Safer sex” messages must be conveyed by parents with thought and care. (Am J Public Health. 2000;90:1426‐1430) Recently, interest in the role of parents in influencing the sexual behavior of adolescents has increased.
Effects of Forest Edges on Ovenbird Demography in a Managed Forest Landscape

We studied the reproductive ecology of Ovenbirds ( Seiurus aurocapillus ) for 3 years in a prima- rily forested landscape in northern Wisconsin. We searched for and monitored nests in large, closed-canopy northern hardwood forests adjacent to recent clearcuts ( , 6 years old) and measured the effect of proxim- ity to edge on nest success, clutch size, and breeding pair density. Mayfield nest success was lower near the forest edge (0.44, N nests 5 42; , 300 m) than in the forest interior (0.69, N nests 5 47; . 300 m; x 2 5 4.43, df 5 1, p # 0.04), and mean clutch size was higher (4.93) near the forest edge than in the forest interior (4.27; t 5 2 3.83, df 5 59, p # 0.0003). Edge effects on nest success and clutch size extended farther (300 m) into intact forest than has been documented previously. Using habitat-specific demographic parame- ters, we found that annual productivity per pair was similar in edge (3.37 fledglings) and interior (3.85 fledglings) habitat. We used our estimates of per capita annual productivity and published estimates of adult and juvenile survival to approximate the finite rate of growth ( l ) for birds breeding in edge and in- terior locations. Based on published estimates of age-specific survival, both edge and interior habitats ap- pear to be source habitats (where l . 1) for Ovenbirds in the landscape we studied. Our assessment of pop- ulation status, however, was extremely sensitive to variation in survival estimates. We used geographic information system data from the Nicolet National Forest to estimate population size in northern and mixed-hardwood forests in this region and to quantify annual productivity in this landscape. Ovenbirds near forest edges faced higher predation pressure but laid more eggs on average than birds in the forest in- terior. Our data suggest that Ovenbirds may make tradeoffs between the probability of nest success and the per-nest productivity as measured by clutch size. Our findings are consistent with the equilibrium state of the ideal free distribution model in that although individual demographic characteristics (nest success and clutch size) varied with distance from edge, an important correlate of fitness, finite rate of increase ( l ) re- mained relatively similar.
Current concepts and applications of air quality simulation models

Abstract Current air quality simulation models (AQSM) based on the continuity equation employ the gradient transport approximation and neglect the effect of turbulent fluctuation on chemical reactions. The implications of these approximations are examined, and an alternative statistical, Lagrangian approach applicable to nonreactive pollutants is also discussed. Practically, the working equations of AQSMs are derived from either the Gaussian principle or the conservation-of-mass principles, in conjunction with the semi-empirical parameterizatio of meteorological and photochemical aspects of the problem. The main features of the treatment of the meteorology and current concepts of the photochemical smog mechanism are examined. Some applications of AQMSs, e.g., predictions of future trends of urban carbon monoxide concentrations and photochemical smog, derivation of the relationship between ambient oxidant levels and precursor emission, and estimation of hydrocarbon reactivity for photochemical smog formation, are presented.
The role of medical data analytics in reducing health fraud and improving clinical and financial outcomes

Consider the following healthcare trends: (1) There is a tremendous increase in the amount of patient, life sciences and process data in electronic form, fueled by advances in healthcare IT technology, and health reform legislation. (2) The amount of medical information (e.g., evidence-based knowledge) and published knowledge is said to be doubling every few years. (3) There is an explosion in the number of available therapies and diagnostic options for patient care, often enabling precise targeting of therapy to disease conditions. In this talk we will discuss these trends and some of the reasons why, despite these advances, healthcare is facing a crisis: namely, there is a steady unsustainable increase in medical costs without a corresponding improvement of patient outcomes. We believe that analysis of clinical, life sciences and medical process data can play a key role in tackling these fundamental challenges. Two technology advances, in particular, can play a key role: cloud computing and mobility will make it possible to analyze vast amounts of data and quickly deliver useful information to clinicians, consumers and researchers at the point where it can have the most impact. Some of this is already happening today, with medical records being analyzed to reduce fraud, waste and abuse, improve patient outcomes, and to improve compliance with standards of care and policy guidelines. We conclude the talk with a glimpse of a future where medical systems could be continually analyzed for optimizing healthcare costs and outcomes.
Designing Groups for Judgmental Decisions

To design effective judgmental decision-making groups, one must consider: (1) decision criteria, (2) situation characteristics, (3) membership, and (4) how the group functions. This paper proposes a model for synthesizing these elements. First, interactions among the elements are formulated as design propositions. Then the propositions are integrated in a decision tree to guide practitioners and researchers.
Profitability of coupled potato and dairy farms in Maine

After decades of farm specialization, re-integrating crop and livestock farming systems is being reconsidered as a key step toward sustainable agriculture. The relative profitability of Maine farms integrating crops and livestock is compared to nonintegrated or conventional farms. Crop and livestock integration in Maine occurs through either diversified on-farm integration or, more commonly, through coupled interactions between specialized crop and livestock producers. Potato and dairy systems coupled for only 2 years (short-term) had greater profitability compared to conventional systems. Profitability increased in the short term in two ways. First, potato farms grew more of their primary cash crop. Secondly, dairy farms expanded cow numbers, increasing profitability assuming increasing returns to scale. Coupled systems integrated for more than 10 years (long-term) had more favorable profitability than short-term couplers since greater manure-nutrient credits were taken for potatoes and silage corn. The advantages of potato-dairy integration were even greater if potato yields increased in the long term, as suggested by long-term rotation plot studies in Maine. Even if coupling is more profitable than non-integrated systems, it requires that farms be in close proximity and for farmers to have adequate working relationships and management skills. Despite these challenges to re-integrating crops and livestock, short- and long-term economic benefits may encourage farmers in appropriate areas to consider coupling with other producers.
The McDermott Multidimensional Assessment of Children: Contribution To the Development of Individualized Educational Programs:

The McDermott Multidimensional Assessment of Children (M-MAC) is a comprehensive microcomputer system for the objective integration and analysis of information obtained from over 30 psychological and educational sources. It provides both multidimensional classifications of child exceptionality and detailed individualized educational programs (IEP). M-MAC's IEP functions are introduced and reviewed in this paper as a follow-up to the classification functions covered in an earlier study. Specifically, M-MAC is reviewed in light of those characteristics regarded as requisites to an acceptable system intended for the design of remedial education plans. These characteristics include a clear link between assessment results and the design of IEPs, use of performance-based objectives, embodiment of a basic-skills orientation, hierarchical sequencing of objectives, individualization of remedial programs, methodological versatility, and ultimate control by appropriate educational specialists. M-MAC's various progra...
Princess Diana's celebrity in freeze-frame Reading the constructed image of Diana through photographs

This essay analyzes the relationship between Princess Diana's celebrity and her photographed image in two popular, posthumous media constructions of Diana's life. Utilizing Richard Dyer's work on Hollywood stars and identity authenticity, both works are contextuahzed in tabloid journalism and its ambivalent authority in the construction of celebrity image. The paper then applies a semiotic lens to each publication's construction of the relationship between photograph and language, exploring how these joined symbolic systems generate and authorize a crucial sense of the 'real' Diana. Finally, the essay explores how the mediation of the narrative source is a critical factor in determining the stability and signification of Diana's photographs.
On six degrees of separation in DBLP-DB and more

An extensive bibliometric study on the db community using the collaboration network constructed from DBLP data is presented. Among many, we have found that (1) the average distance of all db scholars in the network has been stabilized to about 6 for the last 15 years, coinciding with the so-called six degrees of separation phenomenon; (2) In sync with Lotka's law on the frequency of publications, the db community also shows that a few number of scholars publish a large number of papers, while the majority of authors publish a small number of papers (i.e., following the power-law with exponent about -2); and (3) with the increasing demand to publish more, scholars collaborate more often than before (i.e., 3.93 collaborators per scholar and with steadily increasing clustering coefficients).
Mutation of SH2B3 (LNK), a Genome-Wide Association Study Candidate for Hypertension, Attenuates Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertension via Inflammatory Modulation

Human genome-wide association studies have linked SH2B adaptor protein 3 ( SH2B3 , LNK ) to hypertension and renal disease, although little experimental investigation has been performed to verify a role for SH2B3 in these pathologies. SH2B3, a member of the SH2B adaptor protein family, is an intracellular adaptor protein that functions as a negative regulator in many signaling pathways, including inflammatory signaling processes. To explore a mechanistic link between SH2B3 and hypertension, we targeted the SH2B3 gene for mutation on the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat genetic background with zinc-finger nucleases. The resulting mutation was a 6-bp, in-frame deletion within a highly conserved region of the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of SH2B3 . This mutation significantly attenuated Dahl SS hypertension and renal disease. Also, infiltration of leukocytes into the kidneys, a key mediator of Dahl SS pathology, was significantly blunted in the Sh2b3 em1Mcwi mutant rats. To determine whether this was because of differences in immune signaling, bone marrow transplant studies were performed in which Dahl SS and Sh2b3 em1Mcwi mutants underwent total body irradiation and were then transplanted with Dahl SS or Sh2b3 em1Mcwi mutant bone marrow. Rats that received Sh2b3 em1Mcwi mutant bone marrow had a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure and kidney injury when placed on a high salt diet (4% NaCl). These data further support a role for the immune system as a modulator of disease severity in the pathogenesis of hypertension and provide insight into inflammatory mechanisms at play in human hypertension and renal disease.
Effects of native and modified low-density lipoproteins on monocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall1–3 with enormous epidemiological relevance.4,5 Recruitment of monocytes to the vascular wall is a key feature in the pathogeneses of atherosclerotic lesions. Through a complex cascade of interactions between adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors, monocytes enter the subendothelial space, where they develop into macrophages, foam cells, and dendritic cells under the influence of cytokines, growth factors, and lipoproteins.6–8 Foam cells eventually undergo secondary necrosis and form the lipid core of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. When exposed by rupture or erosion, it triggers acute thrombotic events leading to myocardial infarction and strokes.9 Elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (see the Table for abbreviations) are a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis.4 Apart from epidemiological evidence for the proatherogenic role of lipoproteins, mechanistic studies suggest that they play a role in monocyte recruitment to the vessel wall and the progression of macrophages to foam cells. LDL does not only occur in its native form, but modified forms of LDL—eg, by oxidation, aggregation, or other processes—are thought to be even more proatherogenic.10–13 View this table: Abbreviations Used in the Text Even though numerous reviews have focused on monocyte recruitment to the arterial wall14–16 or on effects of LDL on foam cell formation7,14 in atherogenesis, no recent review has specifically addressed the effects of native and modified LDL on monocyte recruitment to the vessel wall. Here, we discuss the molecular effects of LDL on monocyte recruitment to the arterial wall as a crucial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recruitment of leukocytes to the vessel wall is a multi-step process consisting of capture, rolling, arrest, adhesion, and transmigration through the endothelium. These steps require expression and interaction of adhesion molecules and their ligands on the vascular endothelium and …
Use of a Pine Bark Extract and Antioxidant Vitamin Combination Product as Therapy for Migraine in Patients Refractory to Pharmacologic Medication

Methods.—Twelve patients with a long-term history of migraine with and without aura who had failed to respond to multiple treatments with β-blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists were selected for the study. They were treated with 10 capsules of an antioxidant formulation of 120 mg pine bark extract, 60 mg vitamin C, and 30 IU vitamin E in each capsule daily for 3 months. Following enrollment patients completed a migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to give a baseline measure of migraine impact on work, school, domestic, and social activities over the previous 3 months. Patients were then treated for 3 months with the antioxidant formulation while continuing to receive existing pharmacologic medications. A second MIDAS was given at the conclusion of the treatment period. Results.—There was a significant mean improvement in MIDAS score of 50.6% for the 3-month treatment period compared with the 3 months prior to baseline (P < .005). The treatment was also associated with significant reductions in number of headache days and headache severity score. Mean number of headache days was reduced from 44.4 days at baseline (95% CI 28.9 to 59.8) to 26.0 days (95% CI 5.3 to 46.7; P < .005) after 3 months’ therapy and mean headache severity was reduced from 7.5 of 10 (95% CI 6.7 to 8.4) to 5.5 (95% CI 4.1 to 7.0; P < .005). Conclusion.—These data suggest that the antioxidant therapy used in this study may be beneficial in the treatment of migraine possibly reducing headache frequency and severity. Further clinical investigation into the efficacy of antioxidant as therapy for chronic migraine is warranted.
Disuse and Aging, 2009

Background Knowledge of the basic processes determinative of the life courses of older persons has progressed dramatically in the past few years. This article is an update of a similar survey performed 27 years ago. Methods A literature review of recent contributions gathered from a variety of disciplines seeks a more sturdy and consistent heuristic from which derivative work may proceed. Results Publications from basic and clinical sciences as well as related nonmedical fields reveal a new conceptual framework for the understanding of human aging, which suggests a broader framework of contributing agencies and their policy implications. Conclusions Aging is not a disease and therefore demands a different lens for analysis. This article provides a deeper focus and insists on the inclusion of a heightened sense of the participation of time. Incorporation of the imperatives applied by the Second Law of Thermodynamics is the foundation of the new definitions.
Bionano science and technology for innovative medicine

It is our social responsibility to solve the problems of current healthcare systems by creating bionano science and technology. Convergence of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and information technology will establish precision biology and personalized medicine. This paper presents innovative biology and medicine via nanosatellites (i.e. optical nanoantennae) with triple functions of targeting, imaging and gene regulations, and biological application specific integrated circuits (BASICs). Nanosatellites provide spectroscopic imaging of living cells, molecular optogenetics (i.e. the remote control of gene regulation and protein expression), and therapeutic applications. BASICs are developed to accomplish precise and repeatable characterizations of cellular dynamics. These cellular BASICs are facilitating significant advancements in quantitative cell biology and the foundation for precision biology, cell reprogramming, high-speed biologic microprocessors, drug screening, molecular diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
Diatom assemblages in surface sediments of the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula

A study of 42 surface sediment samples from the northwestern Weddell Sea documents the relationship between the modern distribution of diatom assemblages and present oceanographic conditions in the region. Three diatom assemblages were identified using R-mode principal components analysis and cluster analysis, while Q-mode cluster analysis was used to distinguish two geographically distinct biofacies. Based on the relative abundance of diatom species, the biofacies of the former Larsen A Ice Shelf (LAIS) is more closely associated with a sea ice diatom assemblage, while the biofacies of the Prince Gustav Channel/Northern Peninsula (PGC/NP) is associated with two open coastal diatom assemblages. This division is consistent with variance observed in the current oceanographic setting, whereby the LAIS is generally characterized by a longer seasonal duration of sea ice coverage and lower primary productivity relative to the PGC/NP which is marked by a shorter seasonal duration of sea ice coverage and greater surface water productivity. This relationship is further reflected in the distribution of the paleoenvironmentally significant diatom species Fragilariopsis curta, Thalassiosira antarctica, and Chaetoceros subg. Hyalochaete spp. as well as in absolute abundance data. Specifically, F. curta and the morphological form T. antarctica T1 are representative of greater seasonal duration of sea ice coverage and lower productivity. Chaetoceros subg. Hyalochaete spp. and the morphological form T. antarctica T2 are associated with decreased seasonal duration of sea ice cover and greater surface water productivity, a setting that is further reflected in high absolute diatom abundances. These findings provide a basis for future paleoceanographic work in the region, especially as studies of surface sediment diatom assemblages are vital to establishing a link between downcore diatom assemblages and those presently found in the water column.
Speech development of children with cleft palate before and after palatal surgery

Abstract Objective: This study examined the speech production abilities of children with cleft palate before and after palate repair. Participants: Twenty-eight children participated in the study, 14 with cleft palate and 14 without clefts matched for age, gender, and mothers' educational level. Main Outcome Measures: Comparisons were made between the children with cleft palate before and after surgery for canonical babbling ratios, size of consonant inventories, place and manner characteristics, and early developing sounds [p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ]. Also, comparisons were made between the children with cleft palate and their peers without clefts at postsurgery/17 months for the measures described above. Results: Paired t tests revealed differences in pre- and postsurgery performance of the children with cleft palate for production of canonical syllables and size of consonant inventories. Although no significant differences were noted for place and manner features, production of oral stops doubled from t...
Derrick Bell and the Ideology of Racial Reform: Will We Ever Be Saved?

This article analyzes optimism and despair in the writing of a major Critical Race Theory figure. Derrick Bell is considered one of the movement’s founders and leading writers. Yet his work is at times overtly pessimistic — he believes that American society will never elevate blacks to full equality. Yet, he encourages his readers to struggle for that goal. Are these two elements in his thought irreconcilable? No, effort and struggle in pursuit of impossible goals is, at times, fulfilling and satisfying, often the only alternative open to a person in a desperate situation.
Effect of behavior on development of resistance in trichinosis.

SummaryThe demonstration that behavioral factors cause hypertrophy of adrenals, and that injection of corticoids decreased the resistance of mice to Trichinella spiralis suggested that behavior might affect infections under relatively natural conditions. “Wild” strain house mice were infected with embryonated larvae. Twelve mice were isolated in jars and 12 were placed in 2 groups in a large can for 3 hours a day for 10 days. When killed on the fifteenth day the grouped mice had from 16–51 worms in the intestine while only 3 of the isolated mice had worms. To determine the effect on subsequent stages, 12 mice were infected. Six were isolated and 6 were grouped for 10 days. All were killed on the thirtieth day. The isolated mice averaged 1054 larvae per gram of muscle while the grouped mice averaged 1556. It is concluded that behavior may affect resistance and it is suggested that this phenomenon may be an important factor in epidemics and in development of host-parasite relations.