cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal and policy implications of the flexible employment relationship

The flexible employment relationship encompassing as it does so many different kinds of arrangements — temporary, leased, homeworking, telecommuting, jobsharing, and consulting workers — is not a good candidate for the kinds of across-the-board regulatory proposals that are presently popular. Although the negatives of involuntary contingent employment receive considerable attention (relatively lower wages, the absence of access to benefit plans), the advantages (mutual flexibility and the opportunity to transmit/receive training and experience) do not. Proposals to raise the relative cost of employing contingent workers need to address each of the following three concerns: First, the mix of “employees” and independent contractors some of whom voluntarily fill the ranks of contingent workers; second, the absence of any meaningful job protections or legal claims to nonmandated benefits by mostcore workers; and, finally, the possibility that in some cases contingent workers’ wages operate asde facto sub-minimum training wage. More empirical work is needed in order to evaluate each of these issues. In the meantime, a case has yet to be made for altering the existing regulatory framework facing employers of flexible workers.
Emergence in effective field theories

This essay considers the extent to which a concept of emergence can be associated with Effective Field Theories (EFTs). I suggest that such a concept can be characterized by microphysicalism and novelty underwritten by the elimination of degrees of freedom from a high-energy theory, and argue that this makes emergence in EFTs distinct from other concepts of emergence in physics that have appeared in the recent philosophical literature.
Abstract 148: Parkin Mediates Clearance of Dysfunctional Mitochondria via Multiple Pathways

The ability to clear damaged mitochondria is critical to prevent unnecessary death. Studies have found that dysfunctional mitochondria are rapidly sequestered by autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin has been identified as an important regulator of mitochondrial autophagy. We have previously shown that Parkin plays an important role in clearing dysfunctional mitochondria via autophagy in the heart after myocardial infarction. In this study, we have discovered that Parkin also induces clearance of mitochondria via an autophagy-independent pathway. We found that Parkin mediated clearance of damaged mitochondria in both wild type (WT) and autophagy-deficient Atg5 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with the mitochondria uncoupler FCCP. Interestingly, mitochondrial clearance in both cell types was dependent on the presence of Parkin, suggesting that Parkin represents a rate-limiting step. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that FCCP-treatment resulted in activation of the Vps34-Rab5 complex with subsequent sequestration of mitochondria inside Rab5-positive endosomes and LAMP2-positive lysosomes in Atg5-/- MEFs. The presence of mitochondria inside endosomes in Atg5-/- MEFs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pharmacological inhibition of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway with 3-methyladenine or Bafilomycin A1 caused a significant increase in FCCP-mediated cell death in Atg5-/- MEFs. Also, although BNIP3 functions as an autophagy receptor on mitochondria by interacting with LC3II on the autophagosome, it induced mitochondrial clearance in Atg5-/- MEFs via activation of the endosomal pathway. Finally, we confirmed that mitochondrial clearance occurs via both the autophagy and endosomal pathways in neonatal cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). TEM analysis revealed the presence of mitochondria inside endosomes rat hearts subjected to ex vivo I/R. These data demonstrate that both autophagy and endosomal pathways contribute to clearance of damaged mitochondria in cells, and represent potential future therapeutic targets to enhance or preserve mitochondrial clearance in patients after MI.
EGFR regulation of colon cancer stem-like cells during aging and in response to the colonic carcinogen dimethylhydrazine

One of the most consistent pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract with advancing age is malignancy, particularly gastrointestinal cancers, the incidence of which increases sharply wi...
Increasing mixer-added fat reduces the electrical energy required for pelleting and improves exogenous enzyme efficacy for broilers

SUMMARY The prices of fat and diet formulations with exogenous enzymes have caused a reduction in the amount of fat added to broiler diets. Although diets may be cheaper to produce, there is potential for nutrient and exogenous enzyme destruction with low inclusions of fat (0.5 to 1%) because of frictional heat and shear forces produced in the pellet die. Additionally, much of the added fat may be applied by using postpellet spray application, and the amount of fat added in the mixer may become negligible. Thermal inactivation of exogenous enzymes and the occurrence of unfavorable reactions (e.g., Maillard reaction, protein cross-linking) may be abated by increased levels of fat included at the mixer before pelleting [i.e., mixer-added fat (MAF)]. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MAF (1, 2.5, or 4%) with or without the addition exogenous enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, and phytase), and at different conditioning temperatures (82 or 85°C), on finisher phase feed manufacture, broiler performance variables, and processing yields. Increasing MAF reduced the electrical energy usage required to manufacture broiler feed (P 0.05). It is likely that increased MAF improved exogenous enzyme retention and nutrient utilization by broilers. Subject to current fat prices, increasing MAF may reduce the total cost of broiler production, particularly when the reduction of electrical energy usage is considered.
Standing Stokes waves of maximum height

An analytic expression is found for an infinite subset of the coefficients of the perturbation expansion. They are the coefficients of the terms most rapidly varying at each order, which are also the first terms in the expansion of each Fourier coefficient. The sum of these terms gives a nonlinear approximation to the solution. At greatest height this approximation has a profile with a 90° corner.
The identity of Dactylocladius commensalis (Diptera: Chironomidae) revealed

Abstract The chironomid species commensal on Blephariceridae described as Dactylocladius commensalis Tonnoir, 1923 from New Zealand has remained enigmatic since its first discovery. The taxon has not been restudied despite the apparent strong commensal/phoretic affinity of the aquatic immature stages with species of the common blepharicerid genus Neocurupira Lamb, 1913, especially species belonging to the hudsoni complex in which occurrence can reach 100% of all populations. The genus Dactylocladius Kieffer, 1906 is no longer meaningful because the type species is lost and of uncertain identity and is treated as a nomen dubium. Here the species is recognised from recently collected material by the congruence of morphology of all life history stages to the original description, and the tight association with torrenticole blepharicerid larvae. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that it is close to certain austral Orthocladiinae, namely Kaniwhaniwhanus Boothroyd, 1999, Botryocladius Cranston & Edward, 1999, Pirar...
Polyoxyethanyl‐α‐tocopheryl Sebacate (PTS)

[263015-34-5] (C2H4O)13C39H66O5 InChI = 1S/C65H118O18/c1-54(2)18-15-19-55(3)20-16-21-56(4)22-17-26-65(8)27-25-60-59(7)63(57(5)58(6)64(60)83-65)82-62(68)24-14-12-10-9-11-13-23-61(67)81-53-52-80-51-50-79-49-48-78-47-46-77-45-44-76-43-42-75-41-40-74-39-38-73-37-36-72-35-34-71-33-32-70-31-30-69-29-28-66/h54-56,66H,9-53H2,1-8H3 InChIKey = ZCHFDRKIAJOGQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nanometer micelle-forming nonionic surfactant) Form Supplied in: 15 wt% solution in water (Aldrich); viscous honey-colored liquid (neat); clear, colorless, slightly hazy (aqueous solution). Preparative Methods: PTS: a solution of 1 mmol α-tocopherol and 1.33 mmol of Et3N in 3 mL of dry toluene was added (dropwise, under anhydrous conditions, while stirring) to 1.33 mmol of sebacoyl chloride dissolved in 2 mL of dry toluene. The reaction was carried out for 10 min at rt, followed by a dropwise addition of 2 mmol of PEG-600 and 2.66 mmol of Et3N dissolved in 3 mL of toluene. The reaction was continued for an additional 20 min at rt with constant stirring. The reaction mixture was then diluted with brine and extracted four times with toluene, and evaporated under reduced pressure. The product was dissolved in 5 mL water and the residual toluene was further removed by coevaporation with water under reduced pressure. The final product (1.15 g) was obtained by lyophilization. 2% (w/w) PTS/water: a 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with a stir bar and PTS (2.06 g), degassed on a high-vacuum manifold, and backflushed with Ar. Water (101 mL) was introduced via syringe and the contents of the flask were stirred overnight until homogeneous.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Attenuate Endothelial Repair and Promote Neointima Formation in Mice

Background Antiphospholipid syndrome patients have antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) that promote thrombosis, and they have increased cardiovascular disease risk. Although the basis for the thrombosis has been well delineated, it is not known why antiphospholipid syndrome patients also have an increased prevalence of nonthrombotic vascular occlusion. The aims of this work were to determine if aPLs directly promote medial hypertrophy or neointima formation in mice and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results Medial hypertrophy and neointima formation invoked by carotid artery endothelial denudation were evaluated in mice administered normal human IgG or aPLs. While aPLs had no effect on medial hypertrophy, they caused exaggerated neointima development. This was related to an aPL-induced impairment in reendothelialization post denudation, and scratch assays in cell culture revealed that there are direct effects of aPLs on endothelium that retard cell migration. Further experiments showed that aPL antagonism of endothelial migration and repair is mediated by antibody recognition of β2-glycoprotein I, apolipoprotein E receptor 2, and a decline in bioavailable NO. Consistent with these mechanisms, the adverse impacts of aPLs on reendothelialization and neointima formation were fully prevented by the NO donor molsidomine. Conclusions APLs blunt endothelial repair, and there is related aPL-induced exaggeration in neointima formation after endothelial injury in mice. The initiating process entails NO deficiency mediated by β2-glycoprotein I recognition by aPLs and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The modulation of endothelial apolipoprotein E receptor 2 function or NO bioavailability may represent new interventions to prevent the nonthrombotic vascular occlusion and resulting cardiovascular disorders that afflict antiphospholipid syndrome patients.
Role for the photosynthate demand of ectomycorrhizas in the response of Douglas fir seedlings to drying soil

summary Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings were inoculated with different species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopogon vinicolor FSL788-5, Laccaria laccata S238-A, or Hebeloma crustuliniforme HeCr2, to determine how different fungi affect the response of photosynthesis and water relations of seedlings to drying soil. Potted seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 6 months under well-watered conditions, then transferred to a growth chamber where measurements were made as the soil dried. Rhizopogon enhanced both net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance compared to non-mycorrhizal controls (P < 0.01) over the soil water potential range of −0.05 to −0.50 MPa, despite 0.2 to 0.3 MPa lower leaf water potential. Hebeloma tended to enhance, while Laccaria decreased net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of host seedlings over this range of soil water potential, but neither fungus affected leaf potential. Our observations for Rhizopogon and Laccaria could not be explained by existing hypotheses based on mycorrhizal effects on plant size, nutrition, osmotic adjustment, or water uptake characteristics. Nutrition may have been a factor for Hebeloma. We propose that in the absence of nutritional and water uptake effects, net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance are correlated with rate of export of photosynthate to the mycorrhizal fungus. Strong mycorrhizal demand for photosynthate stimulates photosynthesis, to which stomata respond by opening, notwithstanding water stress. Our results for Rhizopogon are consistent with this hypothesis.
Democracy and Critical Education for Citizenship

Recent events in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and China give political scientists a new opportunity to confront critically our own democratic form in the United States. We might begin by evaluating the literature on democracy in light of recent revisionist critiques that have raised important issues of standpoint and power in the community at large and in the classroom. In so doing, we can link democratic theory, democratic practice, and issues of pedagogy as we address the following questions:
Electronic feedback messages for home spirometry lung transplant recipients

Background Lung transplant recipients use a telemedicine device known as the electronic home spirometer to gauge the function of their lungs when they are away from the hospital or clinic setting. Health care providers review transmitted spirometry tests and user's symptom responses to detect early signs of infection and or rejection. Current home spirometry users have questions, concerns, and preferences about spirometry that may influence their daily adherence. A spirometer with two-way electronic messaging has the capability to deliver feedback messages to potentially address these questions and concerns. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the type of messaging content users prefer to receive and recognize as positively influencing their spirometry use. Methods The study design followed a qualitative approach investigating the experiences, perceptions, preferences, and realities of home spirometry. Three focus group sessions were used to generate opinions and interests about automatic messaging content. Results The focus group approach revealed the nature of six categories and five subcategories for feedback messaging content. These include education (general, lifestyle, and infection), goals, timing, technique, monitoring, and reminders (time sensitive, positive). Messages were created according to length, feasibility, past experience, and neutrality for electronic implementation. Conclusion The narrative content served as the primary source of electronic feedback messages. Actual quotes were used when applicable. It is believed that pertinent automated electronic feedback messages will enhance home spirometry connection, raise confidence in spirometry use, and influence daily adherence to the spirometry protocol. The content also serves as a foundation for establishing a plan of care individualized to each home spirometry user.
Understanding the Supply Chain Outsourcing Cascade: When Does Procurement Follow Manufacturing Out the Door?

Does the outsourcing of manufacturing trigger a cascade of follow-on outsourcing, wherein related procurement activities are subsequently entrusted to one's outsourcing partner? We explored this question in a survey of US-based electronics original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who have outsourced production to a contract manufacturer (CM). Transaction-cost economics and the resource-based view were used as theoretical lenses to assess six potential drivers of this decision, utilizing direct and indirect-effects structural models across five phases of procurement activity. Results suggest that some sets of conditions appear to lend themselves to a “wholesale” outsourcing approach, wherein the CM is entrusted to both manufacture a product and engage in various procurement activities. Other conditions foster a more “retail” approach to procurement outsourcing, with limited or no follow-on outsourcing of procurement activities. In general, firms seem more comfortable outsourcing tactical procurement activities, entrusting strategic activities to CMs only when the product is highly commoditized or when the CM controls access to international resources the OEM is unable to leverage on its own. Overall, the relationship between manufacturing and procurement outsourcing is complex and contingent on a variety of factors.
The Use of Remittance Income in Mexico

Immigration affects sending countries through the receipt of remittance income. The impact of these cash transfers on households and communities has brought attention to remittances as a development mechanism. This study attempts to understand the degree to which household consumption is affected by the receipt of remittance income and the ways in which the broader communities may be impacted. Using household income and expenditure data for Mexico, expenditure patterns of remittance-receiving households are analyzed. Regression analysis indicates that remittance-receiving households spend a greater share of total income on durable goods, healthcare, and housing.
Effects of Ice Water Chilling on Flavor of Chicken

Abstract IN A previous study, Pippen, Campbell and Streeter (1954) showed that broth prepared from half carcasses immersed in ice water for as little as 5 hours had less flavor than broth from unsoaked halves. Since explanation for the flavor difference could not be found in existing reports on cold water chilling (Bailey, Stewart and Lowe, 1948; Roberts and Robertson, 1941) and since chilling freshly killed, ready-to-cook poultry by immersion in ice water is widely practiced, work was undertaken to determine the mechanism and extent of flavor loss, its chemical nature, and the practical importance of the effects on flavor. Data are presented that substantiate earlier preliminary findings, indicate the nature of substances leached by ice water, and demonstrate that loss of flavor by ice water chilling in the best commercial practice is not great enough to be of practical importance. PROCEDURE Source and Processing of Chickens. Ten-to twelve-week-old colored broilers, …
Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity Model for Dry Snow

Abstract Fabric tensors quantify the directional arrangement of a granular material's microstructure. In treating snow as such they are beneficial in characterizing morphologies that exhibit a distinct directional arrangement—like chains of grains in depth hoar and potentially other weak layers. Microstructural variables, including the directional arrangement of bonds, impact thermo-mechanical properties like strength, stiffness, and conductivity of the granular material. The conductivity model proposed here incorporates a fabric tensor, linking the textural arrangement of a granular assembly to a material property. In this work, dry dense snow was subject to temperature gradients (100 and 50 K/m) in a lab. The resulting morphology was driven by temperature gradient metamorphism. Underpinning the importance of microstructure, the observed heat transfer coefficient (EHC) increased in the direction of the applied gradient without appreciable changes in density. Periodic tomography yielded measurable microstructural data used to calculate a fabric tensor and the evolving conductivity tensor. Through the fabric tensor the analytical conduction model accounts for ~ 43% of the observed increase in EHC. The model also calculates a decrease in conductivity in the plane orthogonal to the temperature gradient due to a developing anisotropy. Snow metamorphism models parameterized by density alone cannot predict such directionally-dependent behavior because they are strictly valid for only isotropic materials.
Mechanisms regulating endothelial cell barrier function

Endothelium forms a physical barrier that separates blood from tissue. Communication between blood and tissue occurs through the delivery of molecules and circulating substances across the endothelial barrier by directed transport either through or between cells. Inflammation promotes macromolecular transport by decreasing cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and increasing centripetally directed tension, resulting in the formation of intercellular gaps. Inflammation may also increase the selected transport of macromolecules through cells. Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that account for constitutive endothelial cell barrier function and also the mechanisms activated during inflammation that reduce barrier function. Current concepts of mechanisms regulating endothelial cell barrier function were presented in a symposium at the 2000 Experimental Biology Conference and are reviewed here.
Epigenetic suppression of neprilysin regulates breast cancer invasion

In women, invasive breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death. Therefore, identifying novel regulators of breast cancer invasion could lead to additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Neprilysin, a cell-surface enzyme that cleaves and inactivates a number of substrates including endothelin-1 (ET1), has been implicated in breast cancer, but whether neprilysin promotes or inhibits breast cancer cell progression and metastasis is unclear. Here, we asked whether neprilysin expression predicts and functionally regulates breast cancer cell invasion. RT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed decreased neprilysin expression compared with normal epithelial cells. Expression was also suppressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) compared with normal tissue. In addition, in vtro invasion assays demonstrated that neprilysin overexpression decreased breast cancer cell invasion, whereas neprilysin suppression augmented invasion. Furthermore, inhibiting neprilysin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased ET1 levels significantly, whereas overexpressing neprilysin decreased extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) activation, indicating that neprilysin negatively regulates ET1-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. To determine whether neprilysin was epigenetically suppressed in breast cancer, we performed bisulfite conversion analysis of breast cancer cells and clinical tumor samples. We found that the neprilysin promoter was hypermethylated in breast cancer; chemical reversal of methylation in MDA-MB-231 cells reactivated neprilysin expression and inhibited cancer cell invasion. Analysis of cancer databases revealed that neprilysin methylation significantly associates with survival in stage I IDC and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer subtypes. These results demonstrate that neprilysin negatively regulates the ET axis in breast cancer, and epigenetic suppression of neprilysin in invasive breast cancer cells enables invasion. Together, this implicates neprilysin as an important regulator of breast cancer invasion and clarifies its utility as a potential biomarker for invasive breast cancer.
MODE OF POLLINATION AND SELECTION ON MATING SYSTEM: A COMMENT ON AIDE'S PAPER.

Aide (1986) has demonstrated the interesting result that the distribution of plant outcrossing rates is strongly influenced by pollination system. The distribution for wind-pollinated species is bimodal, as predicted by our model for the joint evolution of inbreeding depression and mating system (Lande and Schemske, 1985), while that for animal-pollinated species is not. He suggests that the greater unpredictability of animals as pollen vectors leads to greater interpopulation variation in outcrossing rates for animal-pollinated species. We concur with this interpretation and had pointed out in our paper on empirical observations (Schemske and Lande, 1985) that the extreme interpopulation variation in outcrossing rates observed in some species was due to variation in pollinator activity. Aide has carried this further by noting that wind-pollinated species show less interpopulation variation in outcrossing rates than animal-pollinated species. We do not agree with Aide's conclusion that the close fit of wind-pollinated species to the predictions of our model and the poor fit for animal-pollinated species "suggest that selective forces on outcrossing rates differ depending on the pollination syndrome." The implication of his statement is that animal pollination results in selection for mixed mating systems. While animal pollination can greatly increase the amount of phenotypic variation in outcrossing rates that is attributable to the environment, this may act only to reduce the rate of response to selection on the mating system and to increase the relative importance of random genetic drift and of local extinction and colonization. However, selective pollination affecting the mating system through differential fecundity is also a possibility. At present, the selective forces on mating system are poorly understood. We feel that the distinction between the selective force on a character and the evolutionary response to selection is an important one. The observation that some species possess mixed mating systems does not necessarily indicate that they have reached an evolutionary equilibrium. The increasing efforts to understand the evolution of plant mating systems are a clear indication of how much there is yet to learn. We encourage further empirical and theoretical work in this area.
Politics, Paradigms, and Public Culture

In 1855 the Missouri painter and politician George Caleb Bingham completed The Verdict of the People, a vast four-by-five-and-a-half-foot oil painting depicting the announcement of election returns to citizens in a crowded town square. It was the last in his series on American politics. In earlier paintings Stump Orator, Canvassing for a Vote, and The County Election Bingham, who had himself run for office, lost a contested election, and served one term in the Missouri legislature, covered the essential aspects of the nineteenth-century electoral process. These political activities included everything from campaigning to casting a vote in Missouri's viva voce elections. Bingham, who had proudly displayed Canvassing for a Vote to approving delegates at the 1852 Whig presidential nominating convention in Baltimore, understood his subject to be nothing less than the flowering of American democracy, as represented by the electoral process. In recent years historians have discovered in Bingham's paintings an accurate visual representation of antebellum politics. Many have labeled this period the "golden age of American politics," a time marked by high voter turnouts, discussion and thoughtful consideration of the issues by an enlarged electorate, and a politicized public culture in which, according to the Urbana [Illinois] Clarion in September 1860, "politics seem to enter into everything, and very little attention is now paid to anything unless it be mixed up in some way with the political movements of the day." Bingham's paintings have become the cliche illustrations of this interpretation, appearing in textbooks and monographs and gracing the handsome covers of studies on politics. The most recent examples are Paul Bourke and Donald DeBats's 1995 monograph Washington County and William Shade's 1996 Democratizing the Old Dominion. 1 The major components of this much-remarked political period appear in Bingham's paintingpartisans intently arguing the issues, an engaged electorate anxious to vote and hear the returns, and seekers of office with shirttails askew "fresh from the people," in the idiom of the day, not from the mandarins. Even
Synthesis of In2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced deeper energy level emissions of In2O3.

In2O3@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles were prepared using an organic solution synthesis approach and reverse-microemulsion technique. In order to explore the availability of various silica encapsulations, a partial phase diagram for this ternary system consisting of hexane/cyclohexane (1:29 wt), surfactant (polyoxyethylene(5)nonylphenyl ether, i.e., Igepal CO-520), and aqueous solution containing ammonium hydroxide was also established. It is realized that the shell-thickness can be tuned by several parameters such as the concentration of In2O3 nanocrystal suspension and the dose of the Si-precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate. It was observed that the deeper energy level emissions of In2O3 were apparently enhanced when In2O3 was confined by the silica-shell in such core–shell nanoparticles. However, this enhancement could be degraded by increasing the shell-thickness.
Introduction: Family, State, and Difference in Political Time

Family is a topic that has often been overlooked in political science. This oversight is based at least in part on an assumption that the public and private can clearly be distinguished, and that family belongs to the private sphere, outside of public concerns about state power. This split often has been replicated within the discipline, as state power has been seen as public and therefore a central focus of the discipline, while familial concerns often have been seen as private and therefore marginal to political science. Intermingling the public and the private, the essays in this symposium bring together the study of the state and of the family. In doing so, they powerfully upend long-standing assumptions and reveal the way that these assumptions have limited the discipline’s empirical and theoretical understanding of the constitution of power and identity in political time. It is probably not a coincidence that these essays were developed at the Western Political Science Association meetings and are being published in Polity, two important venues for innovative work in political science.
Adult education. The cornerstone of patient teaching

Patient teaching is necessary for good nursing care. Nurses cannot learn for patients, but they can facilitate learning by incorporating concepts of adult education into their teaching. Both the educational and nursing processes are based on the steps in the problem-solving approach: assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating. Special attention to assessment and evaluation are necessary to achieve the desired change in behavior.
The Leader's use of metaphor in group psychotherapy

This article discusses the leader's use of metaphor in outpatient, psychodynamic group psychotherapy. Four clinical examples are provided that illustrate how the phase of group development informs the leader's use of metaphor. Therapeutic features and uses of metaphor include (1) the development of ego skills that transform passivity into activity and foster the examination of unhealthy norms; (2) the modulation and rechanneling of potentially destructive affect and the intensification of affect that is denied, minimized, or avoided; (3) the creation of a verbal play space in which shared group language evolves; (4) and the provision of various levels of concreteness and abstraction as well as differing perspectives. Abuses of metaphorical interventions are discussed.
Sex Determination in Mosquitoes

Abstract Sexual reproduction is critical to the survival and evolution of many organisms including mosquitoes. Sex determination in insects is often initiated by a fast-evolving primary signal(s) that switches on or off a cascade of molecular events that lead to sex-specific splicing of the transcripts of doublesex ( dsx ) and fruitless ( fru ), two genes that encode highly conserved transcription factors. The sex-specific isoforms of the DSX and FRU proteins programme sexual dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects, and sex-specific splicing of dsx and fru is the molecular output of the process of sex determination. Sex-biassed splice isoforms of dsx and fru have been identified in mosquitoes although what regulates their splicing is unknown. Previous genetic evidence suggests, depending on the mosquito species, that a dominant male-determining factor (M-factor) from either the Y chromosome or a male-determining locus (M-locus) is the primary signal that initiates male development and controls sex determination. In this chapter, we focus on recent progress in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in mosquitoes, including the discovery of complex and distinct dsx splicing patterns in three mosquito genera, and the discovery and characterization of the first M-factor in Aedes aegypti and additional M-factor candidates in divergent mosquito species. We discuss recent discoveries of the genetic content and rapid remodelling of the Y chromosomes in the Anopheles gambiae species complex and the molecular consequence of Y chromosomal decay. We end by discussing the remaining challenges in illustrating the entire sex determination pathway in mosquitoes, and in developing novel mosquito control strategies based on reducing the number of blood-sucking females or converting them into harmless males.
Geochemical constraints on the presence of clay minerals in the Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars

Abstract Burns formation sandstones, deposited by aeolian processes and preserved at Meridiani Planum, Mars, contain abundant sulfate minerals. These sedimentary rocks are thought to be representative of a sulfate-rich geological epoch during late Noachian – early Hesperian time that followed an earlier clay-rich epoch. Twenty Burns formation targets, abraded by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) and for which alpha-particle X-ray spectrometry (APXS) and Mossbauer spectroscopy data are available, were selected for geochemical modeling. A linear unmixing modeling approach was employed. Mineralogical constituents quantitatively constrained by Mossbauer and Mini-TES spectroscopy and interpreted to be chemically precipitated from aqueous fluids during deposition and/or early diagenesis were subtracted from the bulk chemistry. Resulting residual chemical compositions, interpreted to be dominated by detrital siliciclastic components and representing ∼21–35% of the rocks, were then geochemically evaluated to constrain the potential for the presence of clay minerals or their poorly-crystalline or non-crystalline precursors/chemical equivalents. Calculations incorporated a robust estimate of the uncertainties in mineral abundances. On Al2O3 – (CaO+Na2O) – K2O (A-CN-K) and Al2O3 – (CaO+Na2O+K2O) – (FeOtotal+MgO) (A-CNK-FM) molar ternary diagrams, removal of chemical constituents resulted in a shift from igneous–like compositions to compositions consistent with secondary mineral assemblages containing significant aluminous clay mineral components. All of the residual compositions are corundum-normative, further supportive of the presence of highly aluminous phases. On the A-CNK-FM diagram, clay minerals plotting closest to the residual field are natural montmorillonites but could also represent mixtures of various Mg/Fe-rich phyllosilicates, such as nontronite or saponite, and other more Al-rich minerals such as Al-montmorillonite, kaolinite or illite. Depending on the age of clay mineral formation, occurrence of clay minerals or their poorly crystalline precursors/chemical equivalents in the Burns formation could suggest that any global transition from clay-rich to sulfate-rich environments on early Mars was more complex than previously recognized. Results are also consistent with models for the Burns formation aqueous history in which acidic conditions were more restricted in time and/or space than previously thought and thus may also be consistent with growing evidence that changing redox conditions, rather than global pH variations, was an important factor in the environmental evolution of early Mars.
Undercranking and Step-Printing in Wong Kar-Wai’s Filmography

Amid the myriad of cinematic techniques Wong Kar-Wai employs in creating his films the combination of undercranking and step-printing that stands out for its continual use in Wong’s filmography while still remaining relatively obscure in global cinema. Wong introduced the combination of undercranking and step-printing into his filmography with the release of Ashes of Time (1994). This combination has served as a visual motif that comments on the relationship between love and time. Addressing the relationship between time and love in Days of Being Wild (1990), Wong started to employ undercranking and step-printing as a formal technique to represent the subjectivity of time for his characters from Ashes of Time to In the Mood for Love (2000) and 2046 (2004).
Elemental properties of coal slag and measured airborne exposures at two coal slag processing facilities.

ABSTRACTIn 1974, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended a ban on the use of silica sand abrasives containing >1% silica due to the risk of silicosis. This gave rise to substitutes including coal slag. An Occupational Safety and Health Administration investigation in 2010 uncovered a case cluster of suspected pneumoconiosis in four former workers at a coal slag processing facility in Illinois, possibly attributable to occupational exposure to coal slag dust. This article presents the results from a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health industrial hygiene survey at the same coal slag processing facility and a second facility. The industrial hygiene survey consisted of the collection of: (a) bulk samples of unprocessed coal slag, finished granule product, and settled dust for metals and silica; (b) full-shift area air samples for dust, metals, and crystalline silica; and (c) full-shift personal air samples for dust, metals, and crystalline silica.Bulk samples co...
INNOVATING BY INTEGRATING: POLICIES FOR RESILIENT AND ATTRACTIVE CITIES

In 2011, the European Commission publishes the “Cities of Tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward” report, introducing the integrated approach to the urban policies, whose sectoriality has caused different problems further increased by the economic crisis. The threats identified within the report regard the demographic decline, the climate change, the social segregation, the difficult competitiveness caused by the economic decrease. The aim of this paper is illustrating the most significant parts of “Cities of Tomorrow” which remains one of the most futurist documents in that sense. In order to present a best practice, the description of both integrated urban strategies and design solutions which Rotterdam are currently carrying out, taking into account innovation and sustainability aspects, will complete the paper. Keywords: sustainability, integrated policies, innovation
Inertial Impaction on MEMS Balance Chips for Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring

This paper reports on integration of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) balance chips with aerosol inertial impactors for real-time monitoring of airborne particulate matter. Cascade inertial impactors have been extensively used for sampling and size separation of micro to nano-size airborne particles since they were first used in 1945. To introduce the real-time measurement capability to such tools, herein, MEMS resonator chips are employed as their impaction substrates. Dual-plate thermal-piezoresistive resonators (TPRs), that are shown to operate as promising mass balances, are integrated within a two-stage custom made aerosol impactor capable of size segregating particles down to a few tens of nanometers. Unlike cantilever-based microbalances or resonators operating in their bulk mode, TPRs provide uniform mass sensitivity over a big portion of their surface area. Upon deposition of airborne particles on the resonant sensors, the mass loading on each sensor and as a result the mass concentrations of size-segregated particles is measured in real-time. The air quality of different environments, including a class 10,000 cleanroom, was analyzed and monitored via the real-time impactor over a four day period. Comparison of the results with those of an optical particle counter demonstrates a clear correlation between the system response and the expected particle counts. Compared to existing optical particle counters, the proposed system offers the added advantage of detecting sub-100nm particles.
Examining problem solving in physics-intensive Ph.D. research

A preliminary framework for describing strategies used by physics graduate students when solving real problems.
Remains of the Day

While an older generation of shopkeepers were able to access the reserve of forgetting, because they had prior knowledge of the city before its division, a younger generation of Cypriots know this site only through representations. This chapter concludes the chronological and thematic exploration of Nicosia from city of praxis to city of image. It focuses on how everyday urban practices are affected by constructed urban images. In this chapter I explore habit and body memory, as well as screen memories, that cover up uncomfortable truths. It is emphasized that urban space, which is of great importance in contemporary political struggles, is both built space as well as representational space.
Reflectance Spectroscopy of Icy Surfaces

Reflectance spectroscopy provides much of our knowledge about the compositions and physical properties of planetary, satellite, and asteroid surfaces. Two complementary aspects of reflectance spectroscopy are exploited in studies of icy satellites and other bodies. One approach, spectroscopic analysis, derives information about surface composition from variations in the intensity of reflected light with wavelength (usually from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths, about 0.3 — 4.0μm); the other, photometric analysis, estimates surface physical characteristics from the way reflected light varies with illumination and viewing geometry. The foundation of spectroscopic analysis is that many minerals selectively absorb light at specific, diagnostic wavelengths. By comparing absorption bands in spectra of icy satellites to those seen in laboratory spectra of candidate regolith-forming materials, we now know that H2O is the dominant icy constituent in the regoliths of the icy satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus and is present on the surface of Pluto’s moon, Charon. Ices of N2, CH4, and CO cover the surfaces of Triton and Pluto (CO2 ice is also present on Triton). Excellent current reviews describing spectroscopic analysis of surface ices on outer solar system bodies are published elsewhere (e.g. Roush et al. 1995, Cruik-shank and Brown 1993) as well as in this book (see chapters by Cruikshank et al).
The Roles of Experience in Different Developmental Information Stage Processes

There are at least 3 levels of experience involvement in the specification of connections in the nervous system; connections may be experience-independent, with no detectable influence of experience on their formation, experience-expectant, where synapses are generated in advance of the experience that selects a patterned subset of them for survival, and experience-dependent, the apparent form subserving adult learning and memory, where experience appears to trigger the formation of new connections. Molecular substrates of these three types of synapse formation are probably shared to a great extent, although, when synapses are triggered by experience, there must be regulators of any gene expression involved, structural proteins expressed that can bring about synapse formation, and, we argue, a local marker, that either initiates synaptogenesis or otherwise mediates the interval between nerve cell activity and the subsequent formation of a synapse. We discuss several candidates for these roles that we have studied.
Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

This chapter introduces patterns of urbanization, biodiversity, and ecosystem services at the global scale. Underpinning the goals of the chapter is the notion that cities are inextricably linked to the biophysical world, although these linkages are increasingly difficult to clearly identify. The chapter starts by introducing the idea that cities both impact and depend upon the biophysical environment. We go on to discuss how urbanization is both the cause of societal or environmental problems and the solution to many problems, depending on the time-scale and scope of the analysis. Finally, we provide a global overview of cities’ relationships with two key facets of the environment: biodiversity and freshwater ecosystem services.
Travel Marketing: Industry Relationships and Benefits

In the discussion Travel Marketing: Industry Relationships and Benefits by Andrew Vladimir, Visiting Assistant Professor, School of Hospitality Management at Florida International University, the author initially states: “A symbiotic relationship exists among the various segments of the travel and tourism industry. The author has solicited the thinking of 37experts and leaders in the field in a book dealing with these relationships and how they can be developed to benefit the industry. This article provides some salient points from those
Te Promise of Progress: Modernity, Accumulation, and the Urbanization of North Texas Water in the 20th Century:

Rationalities endemic to modernity entail an implicit spatial imaginary of networks. Additionally, modernity envisages nature as an external domain that is discoverable by science and domesticable ...
Prevalence of active school transportation in the upper east and upper west regions of ghana

The use of active transportation such as walking to and from school is on the decline globally. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of active school transportation among primary and junior high school students in the Upper East and Upper West regions of Ghana. The secondary purpose was to examine predictors for meeting the recommended daily number of steps. A total of 2505 (1117 boys and 1388 girls) primary (1583) and junior high school (922) students participated in the study. The distances from children’s homes to their schools, heights, and body weights were measured –their heights were used to estimate their stride lengths. The step count for each participant to and from school each day was calculated. Data were analyzed using conditional percentage distribution and Logit model. Analyses indicated that 98.96% of participants used active transportation to and from school. Over 63% of the students were within the normal BMI range. However, 26.47% of the participants were either thin or underweight while 9.9% were either overweight or obese. Overall, 46.47% of the participants met the recommended daily steps. The Logit model indicated that educational level, BMI, mode of transportation, region, height, and age were significant predictors for meeting the recommended daily number of steps . The prevalence of school active transportation in the present study was high compared to that reported in other studies. Furthermore, the prevalence of thinness and underweight were higher than in previous studies, while the prevalence in overweight and obesity were lower.