cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis

A multicenter prospective randomized trial of four versus six weeks of amphotericin B, 0.3 mg/kg per day, plus flucytosine, 150 mg/kg per day, was performed with 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. One or more toxic drug reactions developed in 103 patients: azotemia (51), renal tubular acidosis (two), leukopenia (30), thrombocytopenia (22), diarrhea (26), nausea/vomiting (10), and hepatitis (13). The four- and six-week regimens were complicated by toxicity in 44 percent and 43 percent of cases, respectively. Toxicity appeared during the first two weeks of therapy in 56 percent and during the first four weeks in 87 percent. Azotemia did not occur more frequently in renal transplant recipients or diabetic patients. Cytopenias did not appear more often in patients with hematologic malignancies or those receiving immunosuppressive therapies. Toxic reactions that contributed to death developed in five patients (two with azotemia, one with pancytopenia, one with hepatitis, one with ileus). Amphotericin B-induced azotemia was not a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of bone marrow, gastrointestinal, or hepatic toxicity attributable to flucytosine. Flucytosine toxicity was associated with peak serum flucytosine levels of 100 micrograms/ml or more during two or more weeks of therapy (p = 0.005). Peak 5-fluorouracil levels were not predictive of toxicity. An initial dose of flucytosine is recommended based on the creatinine clearance: 150 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance above 50 ml/minute, 75 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance of 26 to 50 ml/minute, and 37 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance of 13 to 25 ml/minute. The serum creatinine level should be monitored twice weekly and the creatinine clearance weekly during therapy in order to anticipate changes in serum flucytosine concentration. In addition, it is recommended that the serum flucytosine level be determined two hours after an oral dose once a week, and that the dose be adjusted to maintain a level of 50 to 100 micrograms/ml.
The β Bands of Nitric Oxide

As has been shown by the work of E. P. Lewis and of Strutt and Fowler, the spectrum of active nitrogen consists of three systems of bands (α β, and γ bands of Strutt and Fowler), of which only the α bands (part of the first positive nitrogen bands) appear if oxygen is carefully excluded. The investigations of Lewis, and later those of Strutt, indicated that the γ bands (third positive nitrogen bands) and βl bands are both due to the presence of small amounts of oxygen as nitric oxide. Dr. H. Sponer has recently shown (Sponer, NATURE, 117, p. 81, Jan. 16, 1926, and Sponer and Hopfield, Phys. Rev., 27, 640, 1926) that this is certainly true, and that the and systems have a common final state which is the normal state of NO. This is in agreement with the calculations of Birge and of Mulliken, which indicated that, with a certain assignment of quantum numbers, the vibrational constants for the final state are identical in the two systems. In a recent paper in the Philosophical Magazine (Sept. 1926, p. 621), Dr. R. C. Johnson and Mr. H. G. Jenkins give equations for the frequencies of the β system heads in terms of the vibrational quantum numbers. The proper assignment of quantum numbers was self-evident after the common final state of the and bands had been recognised.
Multi-variable Zeilberger and Almkvist--Zeilberger algorithms and the sharpening of Wilf--Zeilberger theory

Algorithms for multi-sum summation and intergration of hypergeometric summands and integrands are given and sharp upper bounds for the orders are presented.
THE EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT ADDITIONS ON MIXTURES OF TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. AND TYPHA DOMINGENSIS PERS. ALONG A WATER-DEPTH GRADIENT

Abstract Over a 2-year period, nutrients (N, P and K) were added to mixtures of Typha latifolia L. and T. domingensis Pers. growing across a water-depth gradient in order to determine: (1) the relationship between nutrient limitation and water depth; (2) the differential effect of nutrient addition on species performance. In addition, sediment characteristics were determined for untreated mixtures, monocultures and bare sediment. Additions of nutrients resulted in a rapid increase in total shoot density compared to controls. Increases in total shoot biomass, however, occurred gradually over time in response to nutrient additions. Nutrients enhanced T. latifolia in shallow to medium depths while T. domingensis was enhanced in medium to deep waters. Compared to bare sediment, pH was not affected by the presence of either species. Redox potential, however, was increased by T. domingensis in medium depths while unaffected by T. latifolia. Coupled with the observation that T. domingensis is capable of growing in deeper water than T. latifolia, the Eh data suggest that T. domingensis may have a greater capacity to aerate its roots and rhizosphere. Sediment ammonium concentrations were reduced by c. 90–95% by plant growth while potassium was reduced by c. 35–55%. Phosphate was unchanged compared to bare sediment. These results suggest that sediment nitrogen was the most limiting nutrient.
1 GHz bulk acoustic wave slanted finger interdigital transducers in aluminum nitride for wideband applications

This paper presents the first experimental demonstration of bulk acoustic wave (BAW) slanted finger interdigital transducer (SFIT) delay line in aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film operating around 1 GHz. The SFIT is used to electro-acoustically transduce the Lamb wave S 0 mode. The AlN Lamb SFITs were micromachined and experimentally demonstrated to have a band-pass response with a maximum insertion loss (IL) of 26 dB, fractional bandwidth (6 dB) of 7.9%, and a shape factor (−30 dB) of 1.8. This device displays a small form factor of 150 μm × 421 μm. The transmission response of the measured devices was confirmed to match the impulse response model. However, large pass-band ripples were observed in the device due to the acoustic reflections within the interdigitated fingers. In order to verify the reflection effect, AlN lateral field excitation (LFE) SFITs were also microfabricated. Because of the absence of the bottom floating electrode and the use of a thicker AlN membrane in this configuration, the acoustic mismatch between interdigital transducers (IDTs) is reduced and so is the magnitude of the associated ripple (from 5 dB to 3.5 dB).
Coordination of Ru(NO)Cl3 to the tripeptides glyglygly and glyglyhis: N-terminal amine–amide and C-terminal imidazole–amide functionalities in bidentate chelation

Abstract [RuCl 3 (NO)(H 2 O) 2 ] ( 1 ) reacts with triglycine (glyglygly) (***) and diglycylhistidine (glyglyhis) (***) (*** symbols represent formulas of the peptides for the monoanion deprotonated at the carboxylate; (glyglyglyH) or (glyglyhisH) represents ligands of one deprotonated amide, and (glyglygly2H) with two deprotonated amides) to form several complexes of the {Ru II (NO + )} 6 chromophore. Only coordination from the terminal amino group of (glyglygly) occurs below pH∼5. After heating 15 h at 55°C, pH 8.22, coordination through the terminal amine and adjacent ionized amido group as [Ru(NO)Cl 3 (glyglyglyH)] 2− ( 2 ) is detected by 1 H NMR with the appearance of one ‘AB’ quartet for the CH 2 adjacent to the N-terminus. The NO stretching frequency suggests chelated N donors are cis to the NO + ligand in Na 2 [Ru(NO)Cl 3 (glyglyglyH)] ( ν NO =1877 cm −1 ). Removal of 3Cl − by treatment with 3Ag(CF 3 CO 2 ) at pH 7.6 allowed formation of the more chelated [Ru(NO)(H 2 O) 2 (glyglygly2H)] in approximately 56% yield, but the equilibrium could not be shifted fully to this two-amide bound chelate, apparently due to competitive hydrolysis or increased lability of the [Ru(NO)(H 2 O) 3 ] 3+ center. The species that have been detected for glyglyhis complexes ( 3 ) strongly depend upon the pH of the preparation. One main species and three lesser ones, in abundances of approximately 70, 20, and 10%, are produced in 3 h (55°C) at pH 5.2. The major isomer is coordinated only via the imidazole side chain. Approximately 20% adopts the C-terminal imidazole plus the adjacent amide chelation, distributed between two diastereomers with the terminal carboxylate placed above or below the RuN 2 Cl 2 plane in nearly equal amounts. Another 10% adopts the N-terminal amine plus amide chelation of the kind discussed for glyglygly. The ν NO value of 1871 cm −1 of the main imidazole-only coordinated product matches that observed for the 1:1 [RuCl 3 (NO)(imidazole)(H 2 O)] complex. The dissociation of the imidazole-bound species occurs when the pH is raised above 8. The distribution of species and the nearly equal amounts of the diastereomers have been supported by mmff 94 and sybyl molecular mechanics structural energy minimization calculations. [Ni II (glyglygly2H)] 2− and [Pd II (glyglygly2H)Cl] 2− were examined by NMR methods for comparison. The presence or absence of the coordinated carboxylate was readily established by 13 C NMR spectroscopy via a carboxylate chemical shift near 187 ppm for Ni II and 173 ppm for {Ru(NO)} 6 or Pd II .
Hydrogels by atom transfer radical polymerization. I. Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidinone-g-styrene) via the macromonomer method

Atom transfer radical polymerization has been used to prepare well-defined vinyl macromonomers of polystyrene using vinyl chloroacetate as an initiator. Because styrene and vinyl chloroacetate do not copolymerize, no branching or incorporation of the initiator into the backbone was observed. Macromonomers of several molecular weights were prepared and copolymerized free radically with N-vinylpyrrolidinone in varying feed ratios in order to produce poly(NVP-g-Sty) graft copolymers. The macromonomers used were of sufficiently high molecular weight to form physical crosslinks in solvents which favor the hydrophilic NVP, such as water, which prevent the copolymer from dissolving and cause it to swell. These materials, therefore, formed hydrogels of swellabilities in water exceeding 95%, depending on the amount of styrene that was incorporated into the copolymer. Limitations of and alternatives to this method are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 823–830, 1998
Some generalizations of the virial theorem

Generalizations of the virial theorem are derived: In atomic physics, in systems including electromagnetic radiation, in Newtonian gravitation, and in general relativity and also some types of nuclear forces. The cases discussed are limited to potentials which can be produced by the exchange of one particle, which include potentials of the form1/r. The method used is to set equal a change in energy produced by an infinitesimal similarity transformation to a change of energy obtained by a first-order perturbation.
Breast Cancer in HIV-Infected Patients: A Retrospective Single-Institution Study.

Background: Breast cancer in HIV-positive patients has been reported in some retrospective studies and outcomes are mixed. This paper reviews the experience of an urban HIV outpatient clinic serving with patients infected with HIV infection. Methods: A retrospective study from 2002-2010 was conducted on a total of 2060 patients with HIV (1361 M 699 F) who were evaluated and treated in the HIV Outpatient Program clinic at the Medical Center of Louisiana in New Orleans as of March 2010. Results: A total of 5 patients were identified. Their average age was 45.6 and 100% were African American. Their average CD4 counts before and after diagnosis of breast cancer were 333 cells/mm3 and 353.3 cells/mL respectively. The average number of years with HIV infection was 8.8. The average body mass index (BMI) was 24.8. Eighty (80%) were intraductal carcinoma and 20% were inflammatory cancers. The average survival time for all patients was 5.2 years. Discussion: The frequency of breast cancer in our population is low. We did not find any relationship among immunosuppression obesity and development of breast cancer. More studies are needed to elucidate the impact of HIV infection in the biology of breast cancer.
Ocular Tissue Absorption of Minocycline in the Rabbit

• After intramuscular (IM) administration of minocycline hydrochloride, concentrations of the drug that would be adequate for the control of sensitive organisms (>0.5 μg/g of tissue) were detectable in the cornea, iris, and retinochoroid 3, 6, and 12 hours after a single injection. The concentration of the drug in the aqueous humor was greater than in the vitreous humor. Following a single IM injection of 40 mg/kg, the drug level was found to be significantly higher in the iris and aqueous humor of pigmented rabbits than in the corresponding tissues of albino rabbits. The drug seems to concentrate in the pigmented layers of the ocular tissue.
The Ubiquity of Statistics

Recent experiences as a member of the President's Commission on Federal Statistics, and later of the Committee on National Statistics, have led me-and my Commission or Committee colleagues-to a realization that the scope of federal statistics is far more extensive than the usual stereotype. To explain the ubiquity of statistics in national affairs, let me begin by summarizing a small statistical investigation that I carried out all by myself. . . no staff, no high-speed computation, and no publication plans aside from this talk. I am an enthusiast of the Government Printing Office, which publishes an enormous number of analyses, reports, instruction books, self-education brochures, atlases, and so on about an almost limitless range of topics. As a Government Printing Office buff, I receive a biweekly list called "Selected United States Government Publications". A recent issue listed, among many others, reportson biostatistical programs for time-shared computers, on hydrocarbons and air pollution, on control of apple tree borers, and on career opportunities for psychiatrists. Surely something is there for everyone. I chose four of these Selected Publication lists arbitrarily over the year starting in July 1970. For each listed publication I made a quick judgement about statistical relevance, using a trichotomy.
ICE CREAM PREFERENCE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TASTE AND QUALITY

69 college women showed a preference for expensive ice cream while 53 college men preferred the less expensive ice cream. Analysis indicates the taste for more expensive ice cream is linked to gender, but it is not clear whether this is learned or not.
Management of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion by human papillomavirus testing

Cervical cytological terminology varies from country to country. In the USA, the Pap smear is reported using the Bethesda system. The abnormal morphological changes described by this system include two very problematic categories: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). The management of ASCUS, which is similar to the British system 'borderline' smear, has been most problematic because the majority of women with this Pap result are normal, although approximately 5-11% have high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 1 per 1000 has cervical cancer. Because AGUS is far less common and a significantly greater risk for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and cancer, its management is far less controversial, but it is problematic because of clinical confusion with the ASCUS terminology. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia is almost entirely related to human papillomavirus. Documentation that certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus are necessary in the aetiology of cervical cancer has led to investigations into the management of these equivocal and low-grade Pap smear abnormalities by testing for these human papillomavirus types.
INTEGRATION ATTITUDES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA.

(1964). Integration Attitudes of College Students at the University of Alabama. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 327-332.
Natural Increase: A New Source of Population Growth in Emerging Hispanic Destinations in the United States

Updated US Census Bureau estimates and race/ethnic-specific birth and death data for the post-2000 period are used to highlight the increasing role of natural increase as an engine of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations. Newly emerging Hispanic growth areas are distinguished from established and high-growth areas from the 1990s. The findings document that recent Hispanic population gains have been generated increasingly by natural increase -- the excess of Hispanic births over deaths. Hispanics accounted for 46 percent of the population gain and 53 percent of the natural increase in nonmetro America in 2000-2005. Yet Hispanics represented only 5.4 percent of the nonmetro population in 2000. In metro areas they accounted for 50 percent of the population gain and 47 percent of the natural increase although they comprised only 14 percent of the metro population. Current trends suggest that the ascendancy of the US Hispanic population is likely to continue unabated whether restrictive immigration legislation is enacted or not. The growth of the Hispanic population caused increasingly by natural increase has taken on a demographic momentum of its own. (authors)
Errorproof programmable self-assembly of DNA-nanoparticle clusters

We study theoretically a generic scheme of programmable self-assembly of nanoparticles into clusters of desired geometry. The problem is motivated by the feasibility of highly selective DNA-mediated interactions between colloidal particles. By analyzing both a simple generic model and a more realistic description of a DNA-colloidal system, we demonstrate that it is possible to suppress the glassy behavior of the system, and to make the self-assembly nearly errorproof. This regime requires a combination of stretchable interparticle linkers (e.g., sufficiently long DNA), and a soft repulsive potential. The jamming phase diagram and the error probability are computed for several types of clusters. The prospects for the experimental implementation of our scheme are also discussed.
Structural control of englacial conduits in the temperate Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA

Fourteen englacial conduits were mapped within 2 km of the terminus of the temperate Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA, to ice depths of 65 m using speleological techniques. Detailed three- dimensional maps of the conduits were made over 3 years to characterize conduit relationships with glacier structural features and to track conduit evolution through time. All conduits consisted of single unbranching passages that followed fractures in the ice. All conduits were either too constricted to continue or became water-filled at their deepest explored point and were not able to be followed to the glacier bed. Conduit morphology varied systematically with the orientation of the glacier principal stresses, allowing them to be categorized into two broad classes. The first class of conduits were formed by hydrostatic crevasse penetration where a large supraglacial stream intersected longitudinal crevasses. These conduits plunged toward the glacier bed at angles of 30-408. The second class of conduits formed where smaller streams sank into the glacier on shear crevasses. Many of these conduits changed direction dramatically where they intersected transverse crevasses at depth. These results suggest that the conduits observed in this study formed along fractures and, over their surveyed length, were not affected by gradients in ice overburden pressure.
AFRICAN URBANIZATION: DEPENDENT LINKAGES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY

The colonial experience drastically altered the indigenous urban system in Africa, replacing it with a European-driven urban system designed to facilitate the extraction of resources. The urban system, and the nature of ties with the colonial power, allowed African integration into the world economy only in a dependent fashion. These dependent ties were deepened as the world economy became more globalized in the post-colonial period. The continent rapidly urbanized, with much of the population concentrating in primate cities. This urbanization was not accompanied by economic growth, as a result Africa will soon become a continent of large cities - with urban populations they cannot physically and economically support. Africa's relationship with die world economy is unlikely to improve, deeply in debt and unattractive to investors, the 1990s will see the continent largely excluded from the world economy except in its colonial role as primary products supplier.
A parallel hybrid banded system solver: the SPIKE algorithm

This paper describes an efficient and robust hybrid parallel solver ''the SPIKE algorithm'' for narrow-banded linear systems. Two versions of SPIKE with their built-in-options are described in detail: the Recursive SPIKE version for handling non-diagonally dominant systems and the Truncated SPIKE version for diagonally dominant ones. These SPIKE schemes can be used either as direct solvers, or as preconditioners for outer iterative schemes. Both versions are faster than the direct solvers in ScaLAPACK on parallel computing platforms, and quite competitive in terms of achieved accuracy for handling systems that are dense within the band.
Nuclear Reprogramming of Somatic Cells After Fusion with Human Embryonic Stem Cells

We have explored the use of embryonic stem cells as an alternative to oocytes for reprogramming human somatic nuclei. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells were fused with human fibroblasts, resulting in hybrid cells that maintain a stable tetraploid DNA content and have morphology, growth rate, and antigen expression patterns characteristic of hES cells. Differentiation of hybrid cells in vitro and in vivo yielded cell types from each embryonic germ layer. Analysis of genome-wide transcriptional activity, reporter gene activation, allele-specific gene expression, and DNA methylation showed that the somatic genome was reprogrammed to an embryonic state. These results establish that hES cells can reprogram the transcriptional state of somatic nuclei and provide a system for investigating the underlying mechanisms.
20-HETE agonists and antagonists in the renal circulation.

The present study examined the effects of a series of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) derivatives on the diameter of renal arterioles to determine the structural requirements of the vasoc...
Harmonic Analysis Of Induction Watthour Meter Performance

A mathematical nonlinear model is developed to simulate the performance of an induction watthour meter for nonsinusoidal voltage and current waves. The computation results show that for the special case where the voltage is purely sinusoidal, the measurement error causedby the nonlinear magnetic circuits is generally small unless the current wave contains a relatively large third harmonic component. However, when the voltage and current waves are both nonsinusoidal, the registration error can be relatively large even for a small voltage distortion. This is attributed not only to the nonlinearity but also to the drooping frequency response curve of the meter. In both cases, the sign of the registration error depends largely on the phase angles of voltage and current harmonics with respect to their fundamentals. A comparison shows that the computation results are consistent with the experimental ones which are available in the literature.
Textbook Publishing: The Political and Economic Influences.

(1989). Textbook publishing: The political and economic influences. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 28, Perspectives On Basal Readers, pp. 282-287.
Ensembles of engineered cardiac tissues for physiological and pharmacological study: Heart on a chip

Traditionally, muscle physiology experiments require multiple tissue samples to obtain morphometric, electrophysiological, and contractility data. Furthermore, these experiments are commonly completed one at a time on cover slips of single cells, isotropic monolayers, or in isolated muscle strips. In all of these cases, variability of the samples hinders quantitative comparisons among experimental groups. Here, we report the design of a “heart on a chip” that exploits muscular thin film technology – biohybrid constructs of an engineered, anisotropic ventricular myocardium on an elastomeric thin film – to measure contractility, combined with a quantification of action potential propagation, and cytoskeletal architecture in multiple tissues in the same experiment. We report techniques for real-time data collection and analysis during pharmacological intervention. The chip is an efficient means of measuring structure-function relationships in constructs that replicate the hierarchical tissue architectures of laminar cardiac muscle.
Estimated Injury Risk for Specific Injuries and Body Regions in Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes

Objective: Injury risk curves estimate motor vehicle crash (MVC) occupant injury risk from vehicle, crash, and/or occupant factors. Many vehicles are equipped with event data recorders (EDRs) that collect data including the crash speed and restraint status during a MVC. This study's goal was to use regulation-required data elements for EDRs to compute occupant injury risk for (1) specific injuries and (2) specific body regions in frontal MVCs from weighted NASS-CDS data.Methods: Logistic regression analysis of NASS-CDS single-impact frontal MVCs involving front seat occupants with frontal airbag deployment was used to produce 23 risk curves for specific injuries and 17 risk curves for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ to 5+ body region injuries. Risk curves were produced for the following body regions: head and thorax (AIS 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+), face (AIS 2+), abdomen, spine, upper extremity, and lower extremity (AIS 2+, 3+). Injury risk with 95% confidence intervals was estimated for 15–105 km/h longitudinal d...
Identifying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes with DNA Microarrays

We developed and tested a glass-based microarray suitable for detecting multiple tetracycline (tet) resistance genes. Microarray probes for 17 tet genes, the beta-lactamase bla(TEM-1) gene, and a 16S ribosomal DNA gene (Escherichia coli) were generated from known controls by PCR. The resulting products (ca. 550 bp) were applied as spots onto epoxy-silane-derivatized, Teflon-masked slides by using a robotic spotter. DNA was extracted from test strains, biotinylated, hybridized overnight to individual microarrays at 65 degrees C, and detected with Tyramide Signal Amplification, Alexa Fluor 546, and a microarray scanner. Using a detection threshold of 3x the standard deviation, we correctly identified tet genes carried by 39 test strains. Nine additional strains were not known to harbor any genes represented on the microarray, and these strains were negative for all 17 tet probes as expected. We verified that R741a, which was originally thought to carry a novel tet gene, tet(I), actually harbored a tet(G) gene. Microarray technology has the potential for screening a large number of different antibiotic resistance genes by the relatively low-cost methods outlined in this paper.
Thirst and hydration status in everyday life

Water is an essential nutrient for all persons; thus, maintaining a chronic state of optimal hydration is recognized to provide health benefits. Fluid balance is maintained via thirst, a feedback-controlled variable, regulated acutely by central and peripheral mechanisms. However, voluntary drinking is also a behavior influenced by numerous social and psychological cues. Therefore, whether “thirst-guided” drinking maintains optimal hydration status is a multifactorial issue. Thirst perception is typically assessed by subjective ratings using either categorical or visual analog scales; however, which instrument yields greater sensitivity to change in hydration status has not been examined. Ratings of thirst perception do not always yield predictable patterns of voluntary drinking following dehydration; therefore, perceived thirst and ad libitum drinking are not equivalent measures of human thirst. The recommendation “drink to thirst” is frequently given to healthy individuals during daily life. However, factors and conditions (e.g., age, disease) that influence thirst should be recognized and probed further.
Supervision and Consultation Services for Pediatric Occupational Therapists

OBJECTIVE Occupational therapists with advanced experience or expertise provide supervision and consultation services in a variety of settings. This pilot study examined the use of such supervision and consultation services by pediatric occupational therapists. METHOD Special education administrators and pediatric occupational therapists from Massachusetts, a state often regarded as a leader in special education, responded to surveys designed especially for this study. These surveys asked about current supervision and consultation use, satisfaction with present services, and the need for additional resources in this area. Opinions regarding practice areas that would best be addressed by supervision and consultation were also obtained. RESULTS Both administrator and therapist respondents agreed that expert occupational therapy supervision and consultation are needed. Identified areas of interest were classroom supervision and consultation strategies, service delivery decisions, and evaluation methods. CONCLUSION Pediatric occupational therapists need expert supervision and consultation from occupational therapists with advanced experience or expertise in addition to traditional management, education, and training methods.
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Long-Term Outcome and Prognostic Implications With Quantitative Doppler Assessment

Background—Myocardial infarction (MI) can directly cause ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), which has been touted as an indicator of poor prognosis in acute and early phases after MI. However, in the chronic post-MI phase, prognostic implications of IMR presence and degree are poorly defined. Methods and Results—We analyzed 303 patients with previous (>16 days) Q-wave MI by ECG who underwent transthoracic echocardiography: 194 with IMR quantitatively assessed in routine practice and 109 without IMR matched for baseline age (71±11 versus 70±9 years, P=0.20), sex, and ejection fraction (EF, 33±14% versus 34±11%, P=0.14). In IMR patients, regurgitant volume (RVol) and effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area were 36±24 mL/beat and 21±12 mm2, respectively. After 5 years, total mortality and cardiac mortality for patients with IMR (62±5% and 50±6%, respectively) were higher than for those without IMR (39±6% and 30±5%, respectively) (both P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, independently of all baseline chara...
The use of microbubbles to target drug delivery

Ultrasound-mediated microbubbles destruction has been proposed as an innovative method for noninvasive delivering of drugs and genes to different tissues. Microbubbles are used to carry a drug or gene until a specific area of interest is reached, and then ultrasound is used to burst the microbubbles, causing site-specific delivery of the bioactive materials. Furthermore, the ability of albumin-coated microbubbles to adhere to vascular regions with glycocalix damage or endothelial dysfunction is another possible mechanism to deliver drugs even in the absence of ultrasound. This review focuses on the characteristics of microbubbles that give them therapeutic properties and some important aspects of ultrasound parameters that are known to influence microbubble-mediated drug delivery. In addition, current studies involving this novel therapeutical application of microbubbles will be discussed.
Investigating the genetic model for brown stem rot resistance in soybean

Genetic analyses have indicated that brown stem rot (BSR) resistance in soybean is conferred by dominant alleles at three independent loci, the actions of which may be modified by linked or independent loci. A study was conducted to characterize the inheritance of BSR resistance in PI 567609, a soybean plant introduction from China. Segregating progeny from crosses of PI 567609 with BSR-susceptible and -resistant genotypes were evaluated for response to BSR-causal fungus, Phialophora gregata. Genetic analyses indicated that PI 567609 carries a single gene or cluster of linked genes for brown stem rot resistance, and that this gene (or cluster) is allelic to, or tightly linked to previously identified resistance genes, Rbs1, Rbs2, and Rbs3. Because previous allelism tests indicated that Rbs1, Rbs2, and Rbs3 were unlinked, and molecular mapping studies have indicated that Rbs1, Rbs2, and Rbs3 are linked on molecular linkage group J of soybean, a new model is proposed for BSR resistance. In this model, BSR resistance is controlled through the interaction of alleles at four independent loci, at least two of which are necessary to condition a resistance response. Functional redundancy at three of these loci allows any one of the three to interact with a fourth locus to confer resistance to BSR.
First-Best and Second-Best Policies of Pricing an Imported Input: The Case of Fertilizer in Taiwan, 1950–1966

Under a government‐peasant fertilizer‐rice barter system in Taiwan, the use of chemical fertilizer is heavily taxed through a high fertilizer‐rice exchange ratio. Important economic gains can be realized if the government lowers the tax on fertilizer input and raises, if necessary, the tax on rice output instead.
Solidification Microstructures of Laser‐Melted Alumina Powder Compacts

Dense, thin sheets of α-alumina formed after solidification of powder compact surfaces which were melted using CO2 laser radiation. The microstructures and surface topographies varied with the depth of melt. Most significant was a zone of columnar grains oriented in the [661] direction which yielded smooth surfaces for intermediate depths.
MOPAT: a graph-based method to predict recurrent cis-regulatory modules from known motifs

The identification of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) can greatly advance our understanding of eukaryotic regulatory mechanism. Current methods to predict CRMs from known motifs either depend on multiple alignments or can only deal with a small number of known motifs provided by users. These methods are problematic when binding sites are not well aligned in multiple alignments or when the number of input known motifs is large. We thus developed a new CRM identification method MOPAT (motif pair tree), which identifies CRMs through the identification of motif modules, groups of motifs co-ccurring in multiple CRMs. It can identify ‘orthologous’ CRMs without multiple alignments. It can also find CRMs given a large number of known motifs. We have applied this method to mouse developmental genes, and have evaluated the predicted CRMs and motif modules by microarray expression data and known interacting motif pairs. We show that the expression profiles of the genes containing CRMs of the same motif module correlate significantly better than those of a random set of genes do. We also show that the known interacting motif pairs are significantly included in our predictions. Compared with several current methods, our method shows better performance in identifying meaningful CRMs.
Cross‐field energy transfer of a body Alfvén wave propagating along and across a pressure‐balanced structure

[1] We conduct hybrid numerical simulations with particle protons and fluid electrons of a low-frequency, planar (body) and shear Alfven wave imbedded in a smoothly varying cross-field pressure-balanced structure which provides a wave-speed gradient. We consider wave propagation directions starting at 90°, which resembles the case of a surface wave, and less than 90° with respect to the gradient direction. We find that the planar Alfven wave undergoes resonant absorption. When the propagation direction is less than 90°, we show that there are resonant field lines which can actually lose wave energy to other neighboring resonant field lines, which is a situation that has not been encountered in previous work with surface waves. A consequence of this process is an overall faster development time for smaller scales perpendicular to the magnetic field through phase mixing and potentially faster dissipation of these generated scales in coronal and solar wind plasma.
Design of Network-on-Chip Architectures With a Genetic Algorithm-Based Technique

The network-on-chip (NoC) design problem requires the generation of a power and resource efficient interconnection architecture that can support the communication requirements for the SoC with the desired performance. This paper presents a genetic algorithm-based automated design technique that synthesizes an application specific NoC topology and routes the communication traces on the interconnection network. The technique operates on the system-level floorplan of the system on chip (SoC) and accounts for the power consumption in the physical links and the routers. The design technique solves a multi-objective problem of minimizing the power consumption and the router resources. It generates a Pareto curve of the solution set, such that each point in the curve represents a tradeoff between power consumption and associated number of NoC routers. The performance and quality of solutions produced by the technique are evaluated by experimentation with benchmark applications and comparisons with existing approaches.
Power Simulation for All Electric Combat Vehicles

Research and development of electric weapons is currently in progress in several countries for their benefits of higher muzzle velocities and insensitive munitions compared with conventional chemic...
The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen sulfide over nanophase titanium dioxide

A variety of TiO{sub 2} materials, including a nanophase TiO{sub 2} powder, were evaluated for their ability to dissociatively adsorb H{sub 2}S in a H{sub 2} environment. A temperature programmed desorption technique was used to determine the rate of sulfide accumulation on the surface of the samples as a measurement of initial activity. The initial activity for the gas condensation-produced nanophase TiO{sub 2} with its rutile structure was found to be greater than that for other samples of TiO{sub 2} tested. When normalized for surface area, the initial specific activities of the rutile samples studied for the dissociative adsorption of H{sub 2}S were similar in magnitude, but significantly higher than those of the anatase TiO{sub 2} samples investigated. Thus, the improvement in the activity is attributed mainly to the ability of the nanophase synthesis method to produce high surface area rutile TiO{sub 2}. When evaluated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the nanophase TiO{sub 2} was found to be significantly deficient in oxygen. Annealing this material in oxygen decreased the number of anion vacancies and lowered the activity. Thus, we conclude that oxygen vacancies also contribute to the H{sub 2}S dissociative adsorption activity.
The Effect of Administrative Burden on Bureaucratic Perception of Policies: Evidence from Election Administration

This article argues that administrative burden—that is, an individual's experience of policy implementation as onerous—is an important consideration for administrators and influences their views on policy and governance options. The authors test this proposition in the policy area of election administration using a mixed-method assessment of local election officials. They find that the perceived administrative burden of policies is associated with a preference to shift responsibilities to others, perceptions of greater flaws and lesser merit in policies that have created the burden (to the point that such judgments are demonstrably wrong), and opposition to related policy innovations.
S‐Allylmercaptocysteine, a stable thioallyl compound, induces apoptosis in erythroleukemia cell lines

The antiproliferative potential of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), a stable organosulfur compound of aged garlic extract, has been investigated using two erythroleukemia cell lines, HEL and OCIM-1. It induces a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth with a 50% lethal dose of 0.046 mM for OCIM-1 cells and 0.093 mM for HEL cells. [3H]thymidine incorporation was reduced in cells treated with this thioallyl compound, and analysis of high-molecular-weight DNA showed fragmentation compatible with apoptosis. Flow cytometric analyses of DNA revealed an abnormal cell cycle progression in both types of erythroleukemia cells, with the major portion of the unsynchronized cells in the G2/M phase. Measurement of acid-soluble free sulfhydryl groups showed an initial increase in response to SAMC followed by a progressive dose-dependent decrease with extended incubation of cells. We conclude from these studies that SAMC is an effective antiproliferative agent against erythroleukemia cells that induces cell death by apoptosis.
ANCESTRAL STATE RECONSTRUCTION OF MIGRATION: MULTISTATE ANALYSIS REVEALS RAPID CHANGES IN NEW WORLD ORIOLES (ICTERUS SPP)

Abstract During the past century, numerous theoretical articles explored the evolution of seasonal migration in birds; many of these focused on environmental or social conditions that may have led to the origin of migration. More recent work has focused not on the origin of migration, but on changes in migratory behavior that have occurred in modern species and their immediate ancestors. We used a novel approach, a multistate ancestral state reconstruction of migration, to examine patterns of migratory evolution in the New World orioles (Icterus spp.). Both the multistate and binary reconstructions indicated repeated gains in migration. However, the multistate method revealed details of how migration may be gained that the standard binary-state reconstructions would not have shown. Our maximum-likelihood reconstruction, using branch lengths based on a molecular phylogeny, suggested multiple instances of rapid gain of migration. Furthermore, we found that every migratory species' migration type differed fr...
An intelligent battery controller using bias-corrected Q-learning

The transition to renewables requires storage to help smooth short-term variations in energy from wind and solar sources, as well as to respond to spikes in electricity spot prices, which can easily exceed 20 times their average. Efficient operation of an energy storage device is a fundamental problem, yet classical algorithms such as Q-learning can diverge for millions of iterations, limiting practical applications. We have traced this behavior to the max-operator bias, which is exacerbated by high volatility in the reward function, and high discount factors due to the small time steps. We propose an elegant bias correction procedure and demonstrate its effectiveness.
Discrete element modeling of particle-based additive manufacturing processes

Abstract A critical element for the design, characterization, and certification of materials and products produced by additive manufacturing processes is the ability to accurately and efficiently model the associated materials and processes. This is necessary for tailoring these processes to endow the associated products with proper geometrical and functional features. In an effort to address these needs in a computationally elegant and at the same time physically realistic manner, this paper presents the development of a methodology for simulating particle-based additive manufacturing processes, which employs the Discrete Element Method (DEM) extended to incorporate thermal physics. The details of the DEM-based methodology are presented first and the approach is demonstrated on a pair of test problems involving laser sintering of metal powders. The paper concludes with a discussion on how this approach may be generalized to broader classes of additive manufacturing systems, and details are given regarding future work necessary to further develop the present methodology.
Customer Impulse Purchasing Behavior

In past studies of impulse buying, the customer usually was ignored. This article attempts to explain customer differences in unplanned purchasing behavior. Thus serious questions are raised about ...
Preparing Special Education Higher Education Faculty: The Influences of Contemporary Education Issues and Policy Recommendations

There is a well-documented need for leadership personnel who are prepared at the doctoral level to fill special education faculty positions at institutions of higher education (IHEs) and train the ...
Headspace gas-chromatography with adsorption trap for determination of trichloroacetic acid in urine

Objective:To determine trichloroacetic acid in urine,a method of headspace gas-chromatography with adsorption trap was established.Methods:After the trichloroacetic acid in urine decarboxylated and formed into chloroform which was collected by headspace with adsorption trap,the chloroform was determined by capillary gas chromatography with ECD.Results:There was a good linearity when the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was 1 μg/L～100 μg/L(r0.9990).The limit of detection was 1×10-3 μg/L(v=10 ml) and the RSD of standard solution 0.64%～2.30%.The proposed method was applied for analysis of urine samples and obtained the satisfactory results and the recovery was 86.5%～108.4%.Conclusion:The method is simple and sensitive.It can provide an important technical support for determination of trichloroacetic acid in urine for normal population.
Infrasound wave synthesis method base on the DDS technology

An infrasound wave synthesis method is introduced in which DDS technology is used to generate high-frequency ultrasound.DSP TMS320LF2407 and AD9833 are applied as the hardware to generate the two-path high-frequency ultrasound.Experiment results illustrate the method is feasible.
Chapter 4 – Synthesis Gas-Based Fuels

A number of parties have elected to abandon cellulose treatment/fermentation in favor of its conversion to synthesis gas. By so doing, they are lifting a page from well-established gasification of fossil fuels such as coal to produce liquid fuels. Following gasification, a number of applications of the synthesis gas that are under consideration by biotech companies are Fischer–Tropsch technology, the ExxonMobil methanol-to-gasoline system, and the use of acetogens, such as Clostridium ljungdahlii to ferment the gas to liquid fuels. Each of these systems is discussed with their developers, such as Lanzatech, Ineos, Coskata, and Syntec biofuels among others. The processes are described in context with natural gas pricing in fossil fuel alternatives and innovations by Velocys, Maverick, Fulcrum, and Enerkem.