cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Modeling Teaches You More Syntax than Translation Does: Lessons Learned Through Auxiliary Task Analysis

Recent work using auxiliary prediction task classifiers to investigate the properties of LSTM representations has begun to shed light on why pretrained representations, like ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and CoVe (McCann et al., 2017), are so beneficial for neural language understanding models. We still, though, do not yet have a clear understanding of how the choice of pretraining objective affects the type of linguistic information that models learn. With this in mind, we compare four objectives---language modeling, translation, skip-thought, and autoencoding---on their ability to induce syntactic and part-of-speech information. We make a fair comparison between the tasks by holding constant the quantity and genre of the training data, as well as the LSTM architecture. We find that representations from language models consistently perform best on our syntactic auxiliary prediction tasks, even when trained on relatively small amounts of data. These results suggest that language modeling may be the best data-rich pretraining task for transfer learning applications requiring syntactic information. We also find that the representations from randomly-initialized, frozen LSTMs perform strikingly well on our syntactic auxiliary tasks, but this effect disappears when the amount of training data for the auxiliary tasks is reduced.
Free-Space Optical Stealth Communication Based on Wideband Noise

We demonstrate a free-space optical (FSO) stealth communication system to protect the privacy of FSO channels. The signal is hidden in the phase randomness of wideband optical noise generated by spontaneous emission.
Drosophila: Where the Wild Flies Are

Drosophila melanogaster is a human commensal and dietary generalist. A new study in its ancestral range in Africa finds that wild Drosophila melanogaster are specialists on marula fruit - fruits cached in caves by Pleistocene humans.
Microwave-to-optical conversion via four-wave mixing in a cold ytterbium ensemble

Interfacing superconducting qubits with optical photons require noise-free microwave-to-optical transducers, a technology currently not realized at the single-photon level. We propose to use four-wave mixing in an ensemble of cold ytterbium (Yb) atoms prepared in the metastable ``clock'' state. The parametric process uses two high-lying Rydberg states for bidirectional conversion between a 10 GHz microwave photon and an optical photon in the telecommunication E-band. To avoid noise photons due to spontaneous emission, we consider continuous operation far detuned from the intermediate states. We use an input-output formalism to predict conversion efficiencies of $\ensuremath{\approx}50%$ with bandwidths of $\ensuremath{\approx}100$ kHz.
Effect of Remote Substitution on Face Selection in Addition Reactions of Nor- and Homoadamantan-9-ones and of Several Analogues

The effects of 3-halo substitution on face selection in borohydride reductions of both nor- and homoadamantan-9-ones 1-X and 3-X, respectively, have been compared with those of 5-halo substitution in the parent 5-haloadamantan-2-ones 2-X. The differences between the product ratios in these three compounds are small, but the selectivity of 2-X is somewhat larger than that of either of the homologues. This is also true of the corresponding aza- and diazaadamantanones, and of an electrophilic addition. It is concluded that the approach angle of the reagent is not a sensitive variable in addition reactions of cyclohexanone and its derivatives, and that well-aligned antiperiplanar bonds are preferred to achieve maximal remote substituent induced selectivities.
Oral Antibiotics Are Equal to IV Antibiotics for Serous Bone and Joint Infections.

Oral antibiotics started within seven days of surgery for patients with a serious bone or joint infection are as safe and effective as six weeks of IV antibiotics.
Identification and characterization of powertrain sound quality attributes

A method for measuring customer impressions of powertrain sounds is presented. Using this method, vehicle owners can readily evaluate numerous engine sound quality attributes for a variety of vehicle segments. In addition, attribute contributions to preference can be measured and differences between segments identified.
Women in sales in developing countries: The value of technology for social impact

Abstract Technology is an engine for growth with great potential to transform women’s self-efficacy and social capital. This article focuses on women in sales and sheds light on the intersection of technology, self-efficacy, and social capital in developing countries. The use of technology allows women to transform their social and economic lives by changing and reshaping processes that enable opportunities for growth and development—ultimately offering a bridge to close the many gaps in human socioeconomic development in developing countries. To this end, we offer several recommendations for saleswomen and organizations to expand their application of technological capabilities for product orders, market messaging, and training.
Four plus one dimensions of transferability: defining a framework for the application of a landscape characterization in the USA

This perspective article presents considerations based on an attempt for initiating a landscape characterization in the United States using the Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) method initially developed in Great Britain. Literature on LCA underlines the issue of its transferability and the necessity to address, both theoretically and practically, its adaptation when the method is transplanted to other territories. The authors focus on the development of a theoretical framework for the adaptation of the method to a different cultural, geographical, social, political, and institutional context from the one it was designed for. The region of application are West Virginia southern coalfields where mountaintop removal coal mining coexists with rural landscapes, forested mountains, and scarcely inhabited valleys. The significance of conducting a landscape characterization in such an area is acknowledged as well as the necessity to address five dimensions of the question of transferability: physical, cultural, disciplinary, political, and social. In the article the authors examine the British and USA character-based approaches to landscape highlighting the main differences. The environmental history of West Virginia southern coalfields is introduced, and the current landscape is described. Finally, the authors discuss how the five dimensions of transferability can be addressed in the USA context stimulating further theoretical developments and practical attempts of landscape characterization.
Estudantes universitários e as percepções de seus estilos de aprendizagem

In a universe with advancing technology, the college class needs to reinvent itself. Therefore, in order to understand whether students benefit from recognizing their learning style (LS) and, consequently, learning with specific techniques corresponding to each style, interventions were carried out in courses in the Psychology and Nutrition programs in a non-profit university in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre - RS. Overall, 22 students participated in an evaluation using the Perceptual Learning Styles Preferences Inventory by Joy Reid. The findings reveal that 57% of the participating students have an auditory learning style. Based on the interventional approaches in line with the students’ learning styles, the large majority of them benefited and responded positively to the proposed methods.
Aerosols in OCO-2/GOSAT retrievals of XCO2: An information content and error analysis

Abstract We have analyzed the effect of aerosols on the retrieval of the dry air mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (XCO2) in the Earth's atmosphere from instruments like OCO-2 and GOSAT. High-fidelity simulations of multi-angle spectropolarimetric observations in the O2 A-band and the weak and strong CO2 bands are used to evaluate the information contained in different measurement subsets/synergies for the retrieval of aerosol, surface, and molecular parameters. We contrast the biases and uncertainties in the retrieved XCO2 resulting from the assumption of free or fixed aerosol microphysical parameters in the retrieval algorithm. It is very difficult to achieve the required retrieval accuracy of 0.2% for XCO2 using intensity-only Nadir mode measurements. The uncertainty in the retrieved XCO2 can be minimized by introducing multiangle and polarimetric measurement synergies. While the retrieval bias on XCO2 is practically eliminated by the addition of measurement synergies for free aerosol microphysical parameters, fixed aerosol retrievals can lead to an increase in XCO2 bias. In both cases, our full multi-angle polarimetric dataset produces a maximum uncertainty of ~1.6% in the retrieved XCO2 at low aerosol optical thicknesses and over dark surfaces. The XCO2 retrieval uncertainty improves to better than 0.2% at greater aerosol optical thickness and brighter surfaces. The problematic low aerosol optical thickness and low surface brightness regime produces an XCO2 bias of 1 − 8 % for fixed aerosol microphysics, while the free parameters produce a maximum bias well under 10−3% for all retrieval scenes considered.
Associations Between Congenital Muscular Torticollis Severity and Physical Therapy Episode.

Purpose To determine how physical therapy utilization varies with Congenital Muscular Torticollis (CMT) Severity Grading Scale, considering episode of care and clinical practice guidelines. Methods A 3-year retrospective medical record review was conducted. Data were collected for 81 infants receiving physical therapy for CMT. Sample and service characteristics are described; 46 complete records (infants 6 months or younger) were analyzed to determine how physical therapy utilization varied across severity grades. Results and conclusions Of the 46 infants with complete care episodes, half had fully resolved all asymmetries. Units billed, episode duration, and total visits each increased across CMT severity grades 1 to 3. Cervical rotation restrictions correlated with total units billed, indicating a positive relationship between CMT severity and service utilization. What this adds to the evidence This study supports that as CMT severity increases, physical therapy utilization increases for grades 1 to 3 of the 2018 CMT Severity Grading Scale.
Identification of distinct characteristics of antibiofilm peptides and prospection of diverse sources for efficacious sequences

A majority of microbial infections are associated with biofilms. Targeting biofilms is considered an effective strategy to limit microbial virulence while minimizing the development of antibiotic resistance. Towards this need, antibiofilm peptides are an attractive arsenal since they are bestowed with properties orthogonal to small molecule drugs. In this work, we developed machine learning models to identify the distinguishing characteristics of known antibiofilm peptides, and to mine peptide databases from diverse habitats to classify new peptides with potential antibiofilm activities. Additionally, we used the reported minimum inhibitory/eradication concentration (MBIC/MBEC) of the antibiofilm peptides to create a regression model on top of the classification model to predict the effectiveness of new antibiofilm peptides. We used a positive dataset containing 242 antibiofilm peptides, and a negative dataset which, unlike previous datasets, contains peptides that are likely to promote biofilm formation. Our model achieved a classification accuracy greater than 98\% and harmonic mean of precision-recall (F1) and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) scores greater than 0.90; the regression model achieved an MCC score greater than 0.81. We utilized our classification-regression pipeline to evaluate 135,015 peptides from diverse sources and identified antibiofilm peptide candidates that are efficacious against preformed biofilms at micromolar concentrations. Structural analysis of the top 37 hits revealed a larger distribution of helices and coils than sheets. Sequence alignment of these hits with known antibiofilm peptides revealed that, while some of the hits showed relatively high sequence similarity with known peptides, some others did not indicate the presence of antibiofilm activity in novel sources or sequences. Further, some of the hits had previously recognized therapeutic properties or host defense traits suggestive of drug repurposing applications. Taken together, this work demonstrates a new in silicio approach to predicting antibiofilm efficacy, and identifies promising new candidates for biofilm eradication.
Diagnosing nuclear power plant pipe wall thinning due to flow accelerated corrosion using a passive, thermal non-destructive evaluation method: Feasibility assessment via numerical experiments

Abstract Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in nuclear power plant pipes is one of the leading causes of accidents, fatalities, damage and outages. Current FAC identification methods employ expensive sensing technology and are “active” methods, where the response of the piping system to an externally-generated thermal, mechanical or optical excitation must be measured. As a result, these techniques require a disruptive and time-consuming setup. In this article, we propose a method that utilizes pipe surface temperature measurements to passively monitor for FAC-induced pipe wall thinning without the need for expensive equipment or post-installation setup time. This diagnostic method utilizes a simulation data-driven diagnostic model to estimate the amount of thickness reduction in a pipe based on changes in measured steady-state pipe temperatures. In order to reduce the computational burden of generating large, simulation-based datasets, the behavior of the insulation of the pipe was modeled using a suitably calibrated heat transfer boundary parameter. Additionally, global sensitivity analysis was performed to determine system parameter(s), such as the temperature of water flowing inside the pipe, which significantly affect the steady state pipe wall temperature and could cause errors in diagnosis. Two diagnostic models, one using only the change in steady-state temperature as an indicator for FAC-induced pipe wall thinning and the other using water temperature as an additional diagnostic model input were evaluated for their ability to estimate thickness reductions in a pipe using simulated pipe wall temperature data. For the numerical experiments conducted in this work, both models estimated wall thickness with errors within 0.5 mm, indicating that the proposed technique can potentially be used as a low-cost, first-pass method for FAC monitoring.
Partnership development of the COVID-19 Front Door: a best evidence resource

This project describes the creation of a single searchable resource during the pandemic, called the COVID-19 Best Evidence Front Door, with a primary goal of providing direct access to high-quality meta-analyses, literature syntheses, and clinical guidelines from a variety of trusted sources. The Front Door makes relevant evidence findable and accessible with a single search to aggregated evidence-based resources, optimizing time, discovery, and improved access to quality scientific evidence while reducing the burden of frontline health care providers and other knowledge-seekers in needing to separately identify, locate, and explore multiple websites.
Hydrogen production from switchgrass via an integrated pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process

Abstract A new approach to hydrogen production using an integrated pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process is described. The aqueous stream generated during pyrolysis of switchgrass was used as a substrate for hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell, achieving a maximum hydrogen production rate of 4.3 L H2/L anode-day at a loading of 10 g COD/L-anode-day. Hydrogen yields ranged from 50 ± 3.2% to 76 ± 0.5% while anode Coulombic efficiency ranged from 54 ± 6.5% to 96 ± 0.21%, respectively. Significant conversion of furfural, organic acids and phenolic molecules was observed under both batch and continuous conditions. The electrical and overall energy efficiency ranged from 149–175% and 48–63%, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of the pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process as a sustainable and efficient route for production of renewable hydrogen with significant implications for hydrocarbon production from biomass.
Errors of Justice: Standards of Evidence

Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced of the defendant's guilt. There are very few things in this world that we know with absolute certainty, and in criminal cases the law does not require proof that overcomes every possible doubt. If, based on your consideration of the evidence, you are firmly convinced that the defendant is guilty of the crime or crimes charged, you must find him guilty. If, on the other hand, you think there is a real possibility that he is not guilty, you must give him the benefit of the doubt and find him not guilty. — 133 Sample Jury Instructions [18 U.S.C. §§ 241 (1997)] Introduction Our criminal courts work to achieve justice by establishing guilt and, for defendants found guilty, sanctioning them in accordance with the law. Establishing guilt involves a fact-finding process that aims to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged. This rule is actually invoked only for the relatively few cases that go to trial — some 85 to 90 percent of all felony convictions are by plea — but the interpretation of the rule by juries and judges (not all trials use juries, and judges may influence the jury's interpretation in those that do) lies at the heart of the problem of finding a balance between the error of convicting an innocent person and that of failing to convict a true offender.
Incidence of lymphoceles after robot-assisted pelvic lymph node dissection

Objective • To determine the incidence and predictive factors of lymphocele formation in patients undergoing pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Patients and methods • Between April and December 2008, 76 patients underwent PLND during RARP for ≥cT2c, prostate-specific antigen level ≥10, Gleason score ≥7 prostate cancer. • All patients were prospectively followed up with pelvic computed tomography 6-12 weeks after the procedure. • All patients received s.c. heparin preoperatively and postoperatively. PLND was limited to zones 1 and 2 as defined by Studer. • Plasma-kinetic bipolar forceps were used for haemostasis during PLND. Results • At a mean follow-up of 10.8 weeks, 51% (39/76) of patients had developed a lymphocele. Of these 39 lymphoceles 32 (82%) were unilateral and seven (18%) were bilateral. • The mean (range) lymphocele size was 4.3 × 3.2 (1.5-12.3) cm; 41% of lymphoceles were 10 cm in diameter. Six of the 39 lymphoceles (15.4%) were clinically symptomatic. The symptoms were as follows: pelvic pressure in five patients, abdominal distension with ileus in three patients, leg pain/weakness in one patient and costovertebral tenderness in one patient. Two lymphoceles required intervention. • On the logistic regression model the presence of nodal metastases, tumour volume in the prostate specimen and extracapsular extension (ECE) were independent risk factors for the development of a lymphocele. • There was no correlation between estimated blood loss, body mass index, pathological Gleason score or number nodes dissected and the presence of lymphocele. Conclusions • The incidence of lymphoceles was higher than anticipated given the believed protective effect of the transperitoneal approach against lymphocele formation. • The risk of lymphocele seemed to increase linearly with the presence of more extensive disease, particularly ECE and nodal involvement. • The benefit of PLND during RARP should be weighed against the elevated risk of lymphocele formation and its potential complications.
Reasonable Doubt and the History of the Criminal Trial

This is a substantial review of James Whitman's book on "The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial" (Yale University Press 2008). The review proceeds in three main parts. Part I outlines the book's argument. Part II highlights four significant aspects of the book meriting high accolades. Part III raises four questions prompted by the book's thesis. The review concludes that "The argument challenges the conventional wisdom and prompts fresh thinking about seemingly well-understood institutions and doctrines. The thesis is not bulletproof and leaves some questions insufficiently answered. But the questions do not undermine the significance of the accomplishment. This is a groundbreaking book that deserves a broad readership."
Substrate Specificity of Lymphoid-specific Tyrosine Phosphatase (Lyp) and Identification of Src Kinase-associated Protein of 55 kDa Homolog (SKAP-HOM) as a Lyp Substrate *

A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding the lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp) has been identified as a causal factor in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, the autoimmune-predisposing variant of Lyp appears to represent a gain-of-function mutation, implicating Lyp as an attractive target for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of many autoimmune disorders. Unfortunately, the precise biological functions of Lyp in signaling cascades and cellular physiology are poorly understood. Identification and characterization of Lyp substrates will help define the chain of molecular events coupling Lyp dysfunction to diseases. In the current study, we identified consensus sequence motifs for Lyp substrate recognition using an “inverse alanine scanning” combinatorial library approach. The intrinsic sequence specificity data led to the discovery and characterization of SKAP-HOM, a cytosolic adaptor protein required for proper activation of the immune system, as a bona fide Lyp substrate. To determine the molecular basis for Lyp substrate recognition, we solved crystal structures of Lyp in complex with the consensus peptide as well as the phosphopeptide derived from SKAP-HOM. Together with the biochemical data, the structures define the molecular determinants for Lyp substrate specificity and provide a solid foundation upon which novel therapeutics targeting Lyp can be developed for multiple autoimmune diseases.
Variation in hydrogen emission lines of the QSO PKS 0736 + 017

Significant variations of the broad hydrogen emission lines in the QSO 0736 + 017 have been found. Between 1978 and 1980 the H-beta line intensity dropped by 40-percent, and between 1985 and 1986 it increased by more than 50 percent. The H-gamma line intensity underwent a larger fractional change. Line variations occurred in less than 1 yr after variations of the underlying continuum, indicating that a major part of the broad line emission originates in a region of 1 lt-yr or smaller if it is spherical.
Free advisory services create an entrepreneurial opportunity

This paper discusses the dualistic characteristics of franchising as a means for aspiring entrepreneurs to enter the business arena with their own start‐up venture. It discusses an alternative to franchising. A methodology referred to as “Sources and uses of information” is introduced and used to demonstrate the availability of information required to make important decisions related to the marketing of a business, business idea, or product line. The paper provides readers with an opportunity to experience how information is presented on the information highway and contains a number of representative URL hotlinks embedded in the context. The format used was designed to help familiarize readers new to the Internet with how “links” are used to connect similar topics.
Free energy and dynamics of electron-transfer reactions in a room temperature ionic liquid.

Reaction free energetics and dynamics of unimolecular electron-transfer processes in ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMI+PF6-) are investigated via molecular dynamics computer simulations employing a model diatomic solute and compared with those in aprotic acetonitrile. Using the free energy perturbation method, diabatic free energy curves relevant to charge separation and recombination processes are studied over a wide range of the reaction coordinate. The diabatic curves are found to vary with the solute charge distribution, especially in EMI+PF6-. Nevertheless, if the free energy of reaction is not that substantial, the Marcus free energy relationship holds reasonably well, provided that the reorganization free energy averaged between the reactant and product states is employed. The effective polarity, measured as solvation-induced stabilization of dipolar solutes, is higher for EMI+PF6- than for acetonitrile, consonant with many solvatochromic measurements. Thus, in the n...
Evaluation of Inflammatory Response to Acute Ischemia Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Reactive Oxygen Sensors

Purpose Ischemia-related processes associated with the generation of inflammatory molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are difficult to detect at the acute stage before the physiologic and anatomic evidence of tissue damage is present. Evaluation of the inflammatory and healing response early after an ischemic event in vivo will aid in treatment selection and patient outcomes. We introduce a novel near-infrared hydrocyanine molecular probe for the detection of ROS as a marker of tissue response to ischemia and a precursor to angiogenesis and remodeling. The synthesized molecular probe, initially a non-fluorescent hydrocyanine conjugated to polyethylene glycol, converts to a highly fluorescent cyanine reporter upon oxidation.
The detection of secondary tsunamis

The long wave data recorded at Wake Island during the time period of 9–12 March 1957 is analyzed through the application of a variable period band pass filter with a specified width. The filter band is successively centered at the periods of 6, 20, 55 and 100 min. The primary tsunami of 9 March 1957 generated in the Aleutian Islands is observed in all the filtered records as well as in the original record. Several hours after the primary tsunami, additional bursts of wave energy begin to appear in the filtered wave records. The later wave arrivals are well correlated with the expected arrival times of long surface gravity waves generated by the aftershocks of the initial tsunamigenic earthquake. These secondary tsunamis are most distinctive in the 55 and 100 min period filtered records. Since permanent ground displacements are not always expected with aftershock activity, these secondary tsunamis are theorized to have been generated by nonpermanent or transient ground displacements. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00556.x
A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mitochondrial DNA from transformed hamster cells

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA from cultured C13/B4 hamster cells was cleaved by the restriction endonucleases Hpa II, Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI into 7, 5, 3 and 2 unique fragments, respectively. The summed molecular weights of fragments obtained from electrophoretic mobilities in agarose-ethidium bromide gels (with Hpa I-cleaved T7 DNA as standard) and electron microscopic analysis of fragment classes isolated from gels (with SV40 DNA as standard) were in good agreement with the size of 10.37 +/- 0.22 x 10(6) daltons (15,700 +/- 330 nucleotide pairs) determined for the intact circular mitochondrial genome. Cyclization of all Hind III, Eco RI and Bam HI fragments was observed. A cleavage map containing the 17 restriction sites (+/- 1% s.d.) was constructed by electrophoretic analysis of 32P-labeled single- and double-enzyme digestion products and reciprocal redigestion of isolated fragments. The 7 Hpa II sites were located in one half of the genome. The total distribution of the 17 cleavages around the genome was relatively uniform. The position of the D-loop was determined from its location and expansion on 3 overlapping restriction fragments.
Kinetic Behavior and Mechanism of Inhibition in the Maillard Reaction. IV. Mechanism of the Inhibition

SUMMARY A general mechanism of inhibition of the Maillard reaction via free radicals or equally reactive species derived from original inhibitors was proposed for typical inhibition by sodium bisulfite. Some inhibitors, such as mercaptans, sulfur, disulfides, and benzoyl peroxide, provided supporting evidence in favor of the proposed mechanism for the inhibition by sulfites. The mechanism involves attack on the chromophoric intermediates and melanoidin precursors by free radicals of the original sulfite inhibitor. Inhibition by bromine was attributed to an attack on enolic double bonds in the proposed intermediates. No hypotheses previously proposed for the mechanism of inhibition by sulfites were found to account satisfactorily for the inhibition of the Maillard reaction.
The measurement uncertainty challenge of advanced patterning development

The trend of reducing the feature size in ICs requires tightening control of critical dimension (CD) variability for optimal device performance. This drives a need to be able to accurately characterize the variability in order to have reliable metrics to drive improvement in development. Variation in CDs can come from various sectors such as mask, OPC, litho & Etch. Metrology is involved in all sectors and it is important to understand the accuracy limitations in metrology contributing to CD variability. Inaccuracy of the CD-SEM algorithm arising from profile variations is one example. Profile variation can result from process and design variation. Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU) is a metric dependent on the precision of tool under test (CD-SEM here) and relative accuracy, and can track the accuracy of CD measurements in the presence of varying profiles. This study explores metrology limitations to capture the design and process contributions to the CD variation at the post litho step. In this paper lithography scanner focus-exposure matrix wafer was used to capture the process variation. CD and profile data is taken from varying focus fields. The sample plan described in this paper also covers the design variation by including nested features and isolated features of various sizes. Appropriate averaging methodology has been adopted in an attempt to decouple the process and design related CD variation to TMU. While the tool precision can be suppressed by sufficient averaging, the relative accuracy cannot. This relative accuracy is affected by the complex CD-SEM probe to sample interactions and sensitivity of CD-SEM algorithms to different feature profiles. One consequence of this is the average offsets between physical CDs (CDAFM) and SEM CDs change significantly with the defocus. TMU worsens as the focus range is increased from nominal focus. This paper explores why this is so and also discusses the challenges for the CD-AFM to accurately measure complex and varying profiles. There is a discussion of the implications of this study for the production measurement uncertainty, OPC calibration measurement at process of record conditions, and for process window OPC. Results for optimizing the CD-SEM algorithm to achieve superior accuracy across both design and process induced variation will also be presented.
Abrasive wear and electronic properties of materials

Abstract An important electronic property, namely the electron density at the Wigner-Seitz atomic cell boundary, has been related to the abrasive wear resistance data in the case of pure metals. This property works as well as an indicator of wear as other solid state electronic properties such as bonding energy and cohesive strength that have hitherto been correlated with abrasive wear resistance of pure metals.
SSA/RO52gene and expressed sequence tags in an 85 kb region of chromosome segment 11p15.5

Frequent allelic loss in lung cancer has been described in a region on chromosome segment 11p15.5 (LOH11A). The region is approximately 650 kb in size and flanked by the markers D11S988 centromeric and D11S860 telomeric. Clinical and cell biological studies suggest that it contains a gene associated with metastatic tumor spread. One of the genes identified within this region is SSA/Ro52, which has a RING finger domain and may be involved in gene regulation. We studied this gene for mutations using SSCP analysis and for expression using RT-PCR and Western blotting on lung cancer cell lines and tumor–normal tissue pairs. No mutations and no differences in mRNA or protein expression between tumor tissue and normal tissue pairs were identified. We discovered a novel polymorphic site (SSA44C/T) within exon 1 of this gene. Among 141 primary lung cancers, allelic loss was observed in 16% of informative cases. Our analyses excluded SSA/Ro52 as a tumor-suppressor gene in lung cancer and newly defined the centromeric border of the LOH11A region from D11S988 previously to SSA44C/T. This reduced the region of the putative suppressor gene to 460 to 485 kb. A significant difference (p = 0.01) in the frequency of alleles for this polymorphism between Caucasians and African-Americans was observed. The “T” allele frequency was 0.12 in Caucasians and 0.23 in African-Americans. A genomic EcoRI map over 85 kb surrounding the SSA/Ro52 gene was constructed, and 4 expressed sequence tags were identified by sequencing and studied. Int. J. Cancer 87:61–67, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Angular Distribution of Intensity of Light Scattered by Large Droplets of Water

The angular distribution of intensity of light scattered by spherical particles whose index of refraction with respect to the surrounding medium is 1.33 has been computed for values of α (circumference of the particle divided by the wavelength of the incident beam) equal to 6.0, 8.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40. The results are presented in tabular form and give the intensities of the two incoherent, plane-polarized components of the scattered light as well as the real and imaginary parts of the complex functions from which the intensities are computed for angles of observation in the range 0° (10°) 170° and 170° (1°) 180°. A sample light-scattering diagram for α=40 is included.The tabulated values were calculated and checked by high speed computers; they extend considerably the range of values previously published.
Shivering in acutely ill vulnerable populations.

The hazards of thermoregulatory shivering in the critically ill are often overlooked by caregivers. Shivering may accompany heat loss from bathing, dressing, transport, and many therapeutic activities. Febrile shivering is common during chills of fever, blood product transfusions, administration of antigenic drugs, and chemotherapy. Many patients are at risk for shivering and its negative consequences that increase oxygen expenditure and cardiorespiratory effort. Learning how underlying thermoregulatory mechanisms are involved in shivering clarifies how temperature gradients and environmental stimuli induce the shivering response. Knowledge of the anatomical progression of shivering equips the nurse to recognize or prevent this energy-consuming response. This article discusses measures to prevent shivering as well as evidence-based interventions to manage shivering during fever, aggressive cooling, and postoperative recovery. Detailed information is presented on assessment and documentation of the extent and severity of shivering. Language: en
Seks onder je 25e: Seksuele gezondheid van jongeren van 12 tot 25 jaar in Nederland

Er bestaat op dit moment geen reguliere registratie op het gebied van seksuele gezondheid van jongeren, maar in het veld is wel behoefte aan gegevens om beleid op te baseren. Daarom zijn onder de titel ‘Seks onder je 25e’ in 2005 en 2012 twee populatiestudies afgerond naar de seksuele gezondheid van jongeren van 12 tot 25 jaar. Beide studies zijn uitgevoerd door Rutgers WPF en Soa Aids Nederland en gefinancierd door ZonMw. Ze zijn een vervolg op de ‘Jeugd en Seks’ studies uit 1990 en 1995.
Effects of lighting on epinephrine synthesis in the rat

Lighting effects on phenylethanolamine-N-methyl- transferase /PNMT/ activity and adrenal epinephrine content in rats
Physician attitudes regarding advance directives for high-risk surgical patients: A qualitative analysis

Background Advance directive (AD) use is uncommon in surgical patients, yet the exact reasons for this are unknown. Our aim was to identify and describe beliefs held by surgeons regarding ADs. A qualitative exploration of physicians' opinions of ADs for surgical patients was designed. This methodology is preferred to quantitative techniques, which are subject to bias when an issue's underlying themes are unknown. Methods A purposive sample of physicians, primarily surgeons performing high-risk operations, was interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Representation from several subspecialties established maximum transferability. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Transcribed audiotapes were first coded independently and then collaboratively using a coding scheme developed through grounded theory and deductive approaches. Modeling identified themes and trends to ensure faithful data representation. Results Three significant themes emerged, illustrating the conflicting attitudes surgeons harbor with respect to ADs. Surgeons described a general benefit of ADs in providing a framework for discussion (“It [AD] is a useful framework to begin discussion in the end of life issues for the patient.”), but they also exhibited frustration with the disconnect between reality and written ADs (“What they [patients] really mean and what the words say are totally different.”) and felt conflicted between the battle for surgical cure and the treatment limitations that occur with ADs in practice (“[ADs] may tie a surgeon's hands that might influence my judgment in performing the operation.”). Conclusion Surgeons describe conflicting feelings about ADs for high-risk surgical patients. These beliefs and attitudes may be an underlying factor for the limited use of ADs by surgical patients. Methods for improving effective use of ADs in surgical practice must address these attitudes.
Analyst in Wonderland: Psychodynamic Thinking in the Looking-Glass World of School-Based Behaviorists

This paper presents a view of the challenge of working psychodynamically with a child in a school where the staff preferred a more directive approach. Psychodynamic play therapy worked well to resolve the child's presenting problems, but it was too slow and opaque to satisfy the school, which called in a behaviorist consultant. The contrast between the two approaches is presented, along with countertransference issues that arise when two different therapists work with a single patient. Analytic understanding and reflective functioning proved to be useful, both for the child and for the school staff who worked with him.
Uranium-bearing minerals of lunar rock 12013.

The U distribution in rock 12013 was studied by fission track and elemental mapping techniques. Major U-bearing phases are whitlockite, apatite, zircon, and phase beta, which is a Zr-Ti mineral rich in Fe, Nb, Y, REE, and containing up to 3.6% UO2, 4.7% ThO2 and 4.2% PbO. Calculated microprobe ages for phase beta average 4.0 b.y. and are in reasonable agreement with Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages. Phase beta plays a significant role in the U-Th-Pb systematics of rock 12012 and may play a similar role in the model ages of lunar soil.
Bar–Stickstoff‐Verbindungen. XXI. Die Struktur des 1,8,10,9‐Triazaboradekalins

Vom 1,8,10,9-Triazaboradekalin wurde im flussigen Zustand das RAMAN-Spektrum und das IR-Spektrum von 500–4000 cm−1 aufgenommen. Durch Vergleich mit den IR-Spektren der entsprechenden N-dideuterierten und 10B-markierten Verbindung und Berucksichtigung des Erwartungsspektrums wird eine Zuordnung zu den Grundschwingungen durchgefuhrt. In Ubereinstimmung mit dem 1H-Kernresonanzspektrum wird die Struktur der Verbindung als bicyclisches Bor–Stickstoff–Kohlenstoff-System bestatigt. Die Bindungsverhaltnisse werden kurz diskutiert. The RAMAN spectrum and the IR spectrum in the range 500–4000 cm−1 of liquid 1,8,10,9-triazaboradecaline were recorded. Major frequencies were assigned by comparing the data with the IR spectra of the corresponding N-dideuterated and 10B-labeled derivatives and by taking into consideration the expected vibrational spectrum of the compound. In accordance with the PMR spectrum, the structure of 1,8,10,9-triazaboradecaline as a bicyclic B-N-C system was confirmed; the bonding situation is discussed briefly.
A study of reliability and its hierarchical structure in observed chimpanzee behavior

The overall excellence of the reliability of a system of behavioral observations based onGoodall's glossary of chimpanzee behavior is demonstrated, as well as the reliability of the majority of individual behaviors in the system. Non-random misclassifications are systematically analyzed to yield information on the structure of observed behavior. These findings are applied (1) to improving the system further, and (2) to assessing factors which apparently obscure distinctions between observable patterns of behavior for use in future development of observational systems.
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of DNA condensation by block copolymer and formation of core-corona structures.

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the condensation of single polyanion chains with block copolymers composed of cationic and neutral blocks. The simulations are an effort to model complexes formed with DNA and cationic copolymers such as polyethylenimine-g-polyethylene glycol which have been used in gene delivery. The simulations reveal that increases in the cationic block length of the copolymer result in greater condensation of the polyanion. The ability of the complexes to form core−corona structures, with the neutral blocks of the copolymers forming a corona around a dense core formed from the charged beads, is investigated. The core−corona structure is shown to be dependent on both condensation of the polyanion chain and the length of the neutral block of the copolymer. Increasing the length of the cationic and neutral blocks of the copolymer both result in improvement in the core−corona structure. The internal structure of the complex core is shown to be a function of t...
Thermogravimetric analysis of selected condensed materials on a quartz crystal microbalance

Employing a quartz crystal microbalance and a quadrupole mass spectrometer in a vacuum chamber, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and mass spectrometer analyses have been performed at low temperature on depositions of ammonia, acetone, methanol, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, water, para-xylene, and selected combinations. Deposition of a single species yielded a TGA curve characteristic of a pure substance. Homogeneous binary mixtures, like methanol and water, exhibited a desorption curve which included structure that was intermediate to that observed for pure materials. Sequential layering of one material on top of another also altered the TGA response, and the TGA curve shape was found to be a function of top-layer thickness for the water-on-methanol system. Backfilling the chamber with nitrogen or argon at a pressure of 1 Torr shifted the sublimation temperature of water about 20 K higher.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Human PAF1 Complex Acts in Chromatin Transcription Elongation Both Independently and Cooperatively with SII/TFIIS

Summary Genetic and cell-based studies have implicated the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) in transcription-associated events, but there has been no evidence showing a direct role in facilitating transcription of a natural chromatin template. Here, we demonstrate an intrinsic ability of human PAF1C (hPAF1C) to facilitate activator (p53)- and histone acetyltransferase (p300)-dependent transcription elongation from a recombinant chromatin template in a biochemically defined RNA polymerase II transcription system. This represents a PAF1C function distinct from its established role in histone ubiquitylation and methylation. Importantly, we further demonstrate a strong synergy between hPAF1C and elongation factor SII/TFIIS and an underlying mechanism involving direct hPAF1C-SII interactions and cooperative binding to RNA polymerase II. Apart from a distinct PAF1C function, the present observations provide a molecular mechanism for the cooperative function of distinct transcription elongation factors in chromatin transcription.
Degradation of Magnesium Alloys in Artificial Urine Solution for Urological Device Applications

Magnesium-based alloys are promising for various biomedical applications due to their advantageous mechanical and biological properties. In this study, we investigated the potential use of magnesium-based alloys for urological device applications, e.g. a biodegradable and antibacterial ureteral stent. Previous studies showed that magnesium-based samples significantly inhibited bacterial growth and colony formation in artificial urine (AU) solution as compared with the polyurethane-based stent. This current study focuses on long-term magnesium-based sample degradation in AU solution and deionized water. We studied the effects of alloy composition (magnesium alloyed with yttrium or aluminum and zinc) and surface condition (oxide versus metallic surface) on the rate of degradation. Sample degradation was measured by the change in sample mass, pH of immersion solution, and magnesium ion concentration in the solution. Results showed that both alloy composition and surface condition affected the rate of degradation in the AU solution. For instance, magnesium-yttrium alloy degraded the fastest and the presence of the oxide layer increased its degradation rate in the AU solution. The overall degradation rate in the AU solution was in this order (fastest to slowest degrading): MgY_O > MgY > Mg_O > AZ31. Further investigation is necessary to determine the efficacy and safety of magnesium-based biodegradable stents for urological applications.
Classed versus Unclassed Choropleth Maps: A Question of How Many Classes

The question of classed versus unclassed maps can be rephrased as a question of how many classes to use. An unclassed map has as many classes as there exist unique data values in the distribution. However, not all of these classes may be necessary if the map reader cannot discriminate among the graphic values representing unique numerical values. This paper presents an optimal classification scheme that minimizes the number of classes for a given level of value discrimination. Results show that far fewer classes than those found in an unclassed map are necessary to portray the underlying spatial structure of the data distribution. Cartes statistiques classifiees et non classifiees : combien de classes? La question qui surgit propos des cartes classifies, par opposition aux cartes non classifies, peut tre revue comme un questionnement sur le nombre de classes utiliser. Une carte non classifie a autant de classes qu'il existe de valeurs de donnes uniques dans la distribution. Par contre, toutes ces classes ...
Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to bovine adrenal P450scc mRNA

P450scc is the rate-limiting hormonally regulated enzyme that cleaves the cholesterol side chain. Translation of bovine adrenocortical mRNA and immunoprecipitation with rabbit anti-bovine P450scc indicates P450scc mRNA represents 1% of the total. DNA complementary to bovine adrenocortical mRNA was cloned in the PstI site of pBR322 by dC X dG tailing and high-efficiency transformation. A clone containing sequences complementary to P450scc mRNA was identified by hybrid-selected translation only when plasmid DNA was first purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation. As is often the case with hybrid-selected translation, the clone identified contains a small insert.