cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NATIONAL COMPUTER LITERACY, 19801

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the national computer literacy program of 1980. On December 18, 1980, a select group of leaders in education and computing research convened in Reston, Virginia, to discuss the National Computer Literacy Goals for 1985. This meeting was national not only in its representation but also in its focus. The conference discussed learning and literacy for all and not a privileged few. The goal of the conference was to provide a forum for opposing views on computer literacy and to move toward greater consensus on needs and goals. The term “computer literacy” shares the semantic ambiguity of “language literacy.” As communication with computers via a computer language is directly analogous to interpersonal communication via ordinary language, the conjunction of computer and literacy has had an intuitive appeal. There is also a great deal of knowledge about computers to be acquired, so it is appropriate to use the term “computer literacy” to refer to varying levels of this knowledge.
Generation of a CLTA reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell line, CRMi001-A-1, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to monitor endogenous clathrin trafficking

The most highly studied endocytic pathway, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, mediates a wide range of fundamental processes including nutrient internalization, receptor recycling, and signal transduction. In order to model tissue specific and developmental aspects of this process, CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing was utilized to fluorescently label the C-terminus of clathrin light chain A (CLTA) within the phenotypically normal, parental CRMi001-A human induced pluripotent stem cell line. Successfully edited cells were isolated by fluorescently activated cell sorting, remained karyotypically normal, and maintained their differentiation potential. This cell line facilitates imaging of endogenous clathrin trafficking within varied cell types.
Models of collaboration and dissemination for nursing informatics innovations in the 21st century

Abstract Background Nursing informatics innovations are constantly adapting to a rapidly changing health care environment. Purpose This study aims to present the lessons learned from 4 nursing informatics projects and rationale for development decisions to inform future informatics innovations. Methods Using a comparative cross-case analysis, four case studies of informatics projects led by nurse scientists were described and analyzed through the lens of the Informatics Research Organizing Model which was modified to include policy and interoperability contexts. Findings The comparison analysis examined dynamic relationships between processes and constructs in nursing informatics interventions and also highlighted the scientific, intellectual property, technical, and policy challenges encountered among the four case studies. Discussion The analysis provided implications for future intervention development and implementation in consideration of multiple contexts for nursing informatics innovations.
Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Assessment of Sub-Optimal Interaction in Outpatient Pediatric Rehabilitation

Externalizing behaviors are prevalent in pediatric and mental health settings and may lead to sub-optimal therapist-client interaction. The Clinical Assessment of Sub-optimal Interaction – Short Fo...
Ben Jonson's Reception of Lucian

Throughout his career Ben Jonson drew variously upon Lucian, whom he encountered in the mythographies as well as in several Greek and Latin editions he owned. Jonson's receptions take the form of g...
Development of microLED

This perspective provides an overview of early developments, current status, and remaining challenges of microLED (μLED) technology, which was first reported in Applied Physics Letters in 2000 [S. X. Jin, J. Li, J. Z. Li, J. Y. Lin and H. X. Jiang, "GaN Microdisk Light Emitting Diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 631 (2000)]. Today, microLED is recognized as the ultimate display technology and is one of the fastest-growing technologies in the world as technology giants utilize it on a wide range of products from large flat panel displays and televisions, wearable displays, and virtual reality displays to light sources for the neural interface and optogenetics. It is anticipated that the collective R&D efforts worldwide will bring microLED products not only to the mass consumer electronic markets but also to serve the society on the broadest scale by encompassing sectors in medical/health, energy, transportation, communications, and entertainment.
Determinants of healthcare utilisation by migrant workers in the State of Qatar

Background Labour migration enables populations to adjust to changing economic and social conditions, yet often precipitates increased health risks. Few previous studies examined healthcare utilisation by migrant workers. This study aimed to examine the healthcare utilisation by migrant workers in Qatar. Methods In 2011, Qatar launched National Health Strategy 2011-2016, phasing in Universal Health Care accessible to both Qataris and non-Qataris. Qatar's high proportion of foreign migrant workers to Qatari citizens is unique, estimated at 5:1. Multivariate analysis on Household Utilization and Expenditure Survey (HUES) 2014 data yielded determinant factors for healthcare utilisation by migrant workers in Qatar. Results In nationally-representative sampling, the proportion of migrant labourers accessing outpatient care was only half of expatriates and Qataris, with inpatient care utilisation even less. Results suggest all forms of health insurance coverage had protective effects for expatriate and labourer healthcare utilisation. Specifically, such protective impact on all migrant groups' inpatient care use was much greater than outpatient. Conclusions This study highlights differences in the pattern of care-seeking and total health expenditure across migrant worker groups in Qatar. Improving health insurance coverage to migrant worker groups can promote higher utilisation of care, and thereby reduce health disparities of migrant workers to better protect their health and productivity.
“I Didn’t Know I Could do That!” Student and Teacher Perceptions of an Independent Choral Music Learning Project:

Through the use of an intrinsic case study, I investigated student and teacher perceptions of a collaborative and student-directed music learning approach in a high school choral classroom. Student...
Efficacy of Metacognitive Training in a Chilean Sample of People with Schizophrenia.

Resumen Introduccion El entrenamiento metacognitivo (EMC) de Moritz et al., una nueva direccion en terapia, es un programa de entrenamiento grupal manualizado, dirigido a corregir los sesgos cognitivos implicados en la formacion y el mantenimiento de los sintomas psicoticos, principalmente los delirios. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia del EMC en una muestra chilena de personas con esquizofrenia. Metodos Se aleatorizo a 50 pacientes ambulatorios del Hospital Del Salvador de Valparaiso, Chile, al grupo de intervencion que recibio el EMC o al grupo de control que solo recibio el tratamiento habitual. Se evaluo a los sujetos al inicio y al termino del estudio mediante la escala de los sindromes positivo y negativo (PANSS), el cuestionario de sesgos cognitivos para psicosis (CBQ) y la escala de insight cognitivo de Beck (BCIS). Resultados En el grupo de EMC se registraron mayores mejorias estadisticamente significativas, tanto en sintomas y sesgos cognitivos como en insight cognitivo, que en el grupo de control. Al comparar ambos grupos, solo se observaron resultados significativos a favor del EMC en los sintomas positivos. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio indican que el EMC es superior al tratamiento habitual en el tratamiento de los sintomas positivos. No fue posible demostrar su superioridad en la mejoria de los sesgos cognitivos y el insight cognitivo.
Obstetric Critical Care

Despite advances in healthcare, maternal morbidity and mortality rates have been rising over the last three decades. Potential contributors to this alarming trend include advances in assisted reproductive technologies allowing women to conceive at older ages than previously possible, an increasing number of pregnancies affected by chronic diseases, a rising cesarean delivery rate resulting in complications such as abnormal placentation, and medical advances allowing women with complex illnesses to conceive. Expert consensus has endorsed simulation over traditional teaching methods for improving learner skill and patient outcomes, particularly in a setting of rarely encountered illnesses and increasingly complex patients. Maternal cardiac arrest simulations are one of the more extensively studied obstetrical critical care scenarios, and participation has been associated with improved learner performance. With such promising data in the setting of growing numbers of obstetrical simulation programs, a logical next step is the incorporation of obstetric critical care scenarios into simulation curricula. This chapter will discuss the use of simulation for teaching critical care obstetrics.
Cost-effectiveness of total state coverage for hepatitis C medications.

Objectives Most Medicaid beneficiaries with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are not treated with direct-acting agents because of budget constraints, but they experience costly complications after becoming Medicare eligible. Maryland's "total coverage" proposal could receive a credit from Medicare to offset Medicaid investments in treatments that could lead to Medicare savings. This study analyzes the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of total coverage for HCV treatments sponsored by state Medicare and Medicaid. Study design A Markov model simulated patients going through the care continuum of HCV. The model simulated 3 pathways: standard coverage with a 50% probability of screening for HCV and 20% probability of treatment; risk-stratified total coverage with assumed 80% probability of screening and 60% treatment rate; and total coverage with assumed 80% probability of screening and 100% treatment rate. Methods The model calculated US$ and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) to produce an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio evaluated at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. The budget impact for the state of Maryland was calculated in terms of per member per year. Results Total coverage and risk-stratified coverage saved $158 per patient and $178 per patient, respectively, compared with standard care at an increased effectiveness of 0.05 and 0.02 QALYs over 25 years. Total coverage and risk-stratified total coverage would save $1.0 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, after 25 years. Conclusions Medicare-Medicaid partnerships to pay for all HCV treatments today represent good value and a low budget impact. States with trouble covering HCV treatments should consider using this model to plan coverage decisions.
Abstract P206: Modeling The Impact Of The Tobacco 21 Policy In El Paso, Texas

Introduction: On December 20, 2019, the federal Tobacco 21 (T21) law was passed. This new legislation raised the minimum legal purchase age for tobacco products from 18 to 21 years. Thirty-three st...
Migration aspirations from a youth perspective: focus groups with returnees and youth in Mali

Mali has one of the highest migration rates in Africa, but we still know very little about the processes and drivers of migration – particularly in the context of the current political crisis. This article draws on 27 focus groups with 220 returnees and male youth respondents conducted in the summer of 2018. Respondents cite underemployment and the inability to provide for relatives as well as a feeling of hopelessness about a future life in Mali as drivers of migration. Returnees report that the voyage was more difficult than anticipated. However, even with knowledge of the significant risks they face, most (68%) returnees express a desire to try to migrate again: this is particularly true for returned migrants who failed in an attempt to reach Europe (89%). The research illustrates very different experiences for migrants attempting to reach Europe and those with goals of intra-African migration.
Sea surface salinity short-term variability in the tropics

Abstract. Using data from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, we study the validation process for satellite measurement of sea surface salinity (SSS). We compute short-term variability (STV) of SSS, variability on timescales of 2–17 d. It is a proxy for subfootprint variability over a 100 km footprint as seen by a satellite measuring SSS. We also compute representation error, which is meant to mimic the SSS satellite validation process where footprint averages are compared to pointwise in situ values. We present maps of these quantities over the tropical array. We also look at seasonality in the variability of SSS and find which months have maximum and minimum amounts. STV is driven at least partly by rainfall. Moorings exhibit larger STV during rainy periods than during non-rainy ones. The same computations are also done using output from a high-resolution global ocean model to see how it might be used to study the validation process. The model gives good estimates of STV, in line with the moorings, although tending to have smaller values.
Path-Oriented Program Analysis

This book presents a unique method for decomposing a computer program along its execution paths, for simplifying the subprograms so produced, and for recomposing a program from its subprograms. This method enables us to divide and conquer the complexity involved in understanding the computation performed by a program by decomposing it into a set of subprograms and then simplifying them to the furthest extent possible. The resulting simplified subprograms are generally more understandable than the original program as a whole. The method may also be used to simplify a piece of source code by following the path-oriented method of decomposition, simplication, and recomposition. The analysis may be carried out in such a way that the derivation of the analysis result constitutes a correctness proof. The method can be applied to any source code (or portion thereof) that prescribes the computation to be performed in terms of assignment statements, conditional statements, and loop constructs, regardless of the language or paradigm used.
Acoustic range sensing for robotic control

Manufacturing systems often require frequent changes in product shape or assembly positioning. Effective use of robots in production lines require sensors to adapt the path of the end effector to the task. In addition variations in part details in many batch process or low volume production runs may arise which are not incorporated in the off-line programming assembly procedures. It is therefore desirable to incorporate the adaptive ability to follow a surface from a precisely fixed offset distance of a few inches/centimeters in real time to track true surface contours, while still satisfying global task goals.
BRCA2 Enters the Fray

Inherited mutations in the BRCA2 gene confer an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer on affected individuals. BRCA2 is thought to be important in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks induced by, for example, ionizing radia-tion. In a Perspective, Wilson and Elledge dis-cuss a new structural study (Yanget al.) that provides compelling evidence that BRCA2 is a crucial player in homologous DNA repair.
Pathophysiology of Conduction in Demyelinated Nerve Fibers

Charcot (1877) first described demyelination as the major pathological lesion in the multiple sclerosis (MS) over 100 years ago, and the clinical signs and symptoms of this disease have been attributed to this anatomical defect. Demyelination is also a common sequela of a multitude of other conditions, many of which initially affect other components of white matter, in particular blood vessels, glia, and axons. Furthermore, myelin may be secondarily damaged by neoplasia, trauma, infarct necrosis, abscess, edema, anoxia, and hemorrhage, and it may also be altered following degeneration of the overlying cortex. There are, however, a significant number of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS) in which myelin itself appears to be primarily and selectively affected (see Chapter 9). But despite extensive neuropathological and neurological information, it is probably fair to say that until about 20 years ago, little was known about the electrophysiology of these demyelinating diseases or about the structure and function of normal myelinated axons and related elements. In the decade that followed, a considerable amount was learned, primarily about pharmacological aspects and the electrophysiology of normal and demyelinated nerve fibers. Along with this development, the clinical electrophysiology of demyelinating diseases has been explored with increasing care.
Laccase-mediated detoxification of phenolic compounds.

The ability of a polyphenoloxidase, the laccase of the fungus Rhizoctonia praticola, to detoxify phenolic pollutants was examined. The growth of the fungus could be inhibited by phenolic compounds, and the effective concentration was dependent on the substituents of the phenol. A toxic amount of a phenolic compound was added to a fungal growth medium in the presence or absence of a naturally occurring phenol, and half of the replicates also received laccase. The medium was then inoculated with R. praticola, and the levels of phenols in the medium were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The addition of the laccase reversed the inhibitory effect of 2,6-xylenol, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, and p-cresol. Other compounds, e.g., o-cresol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, were detoxified only when laccase was used in conjunction with a natural phenol such as syringic acid. The toxicity of p-chlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol could not be overcome by any additions. The ability of the laccase to alter the toxicity of the phenols appeared to be related to the capacity of the enzyme to decrease the levels of the parent compound by transformation or cross-coupling with another phenol.
Divorced and Separated Parents in Conflict

Abstract This experiment investigated the effect of a parenting education program on separated or divorced parents who were court ordered to attend the Cooperative Parenting™ and Divorce program (Boyan & Termini, 1997). This program was designed to help parents reduce parental conflict and to educate them about the factors that influence their children's adjustment. Training consisted of six sessions lasting two hours each, one week apart. Random assignments of the parenting partners to a control or treatment group was done lottery style. Participation in the program had a significant (p < .05) positive effect on co-parenting skills as well as perceived overall parent relationships for both mothers and fathers.
The challenges of in silico biology

Moving from a reductionist paradigm to one that views cells as systems will necessitate changes in both the culture and the practice of research.
Die Brucellose als Differentialdiagnose zum Hodentumor

Die Brucellose ist in industrialisierten Landern eine Seltenheit geworden. Eine Manifestation als granulomatose Orchitis wird in der Literatur mit einer Pravalenz von 5–40% angegeben und ist damit eine relativ haufige Komplikation. Bei B-Symptomatik und Hodenschmerzen sollte neben einem Malignom auch eine systemische Infektion mit lokaler Komplikation in Betracht gezogen werden.
D1 dopamine receptor signalling defect in spontaneous hypertension

Dopamine modulates cardiovascular function by actions in the central and peripheral nervous system, by altering the secretion/release of prolactin, pro-opiomelanocortin, vasopressin, aldosterone, and renin, and by directly affecting renal function. Dopamine produced by the renal proximal tubule exerts an autocrine/paracrine action via two classes of dopamine receptors, D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4), that are differentially expressed along the nephron. The autocrine/paracrine function of dopamine, manifested by tubular rather than by haemodynamic mechanisms, becomes most evident during extracellular fluid volume expansion. This renal autocrine/paracrine function is lost in essential hypertension and in some animal models of genetic hypertension. The molecular basis for the dopaminergic dysfunction in hypertension may involve an abnormal post-translational modification of dopamine receptors.
CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION AND CANCER: CUTTING THROUGH THE MYSTERY

Mitosis is the most dramatic--and potentially dangerous--event in the cell cycle, as sister chromatids are irreversibly segregated to daughter cells. Defects in the checkpoints that normally maintain the fidelity of this process can lead to chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer. However, CIN--a driving force of tumorigenesis--could be the cancer cell's ultimate vulnerability. An important goal is to identify novel anticancer compounds that directly target the mitotic errors at the heart of CIN.
Development of a Virtual Reality Coping Skills Game to Prevent Post-Hospitalization Smoking Relapse in Tobacco Dependent Cancer Patients

Many smokers hospitalized for cancer-related surgery return to smoking after discharge even though continued smoking can compromise treatment effectiveness, reduce survival, increase risk of disease recurrence, and impair quality of life. After leaving the smoke-free hospital, patients encounter smoking cues at home, i.e., family members who smoke or emotional triggers such as stress that can elicit powerful urges to smoke and lead to smoking relapse. Enabling smokers to experience such urges in a controlled setting while providing the ability to practice coping skills can build quitting self-efficacy. We developed a virtual reality coping skills (VRCS) game to help hospitalized smokers practice coping strategies to manage these triggers in preparation for returning home after hospitalization. Our multidisciplinary team developed the prototype VRCS game using Second Life, a platform that allowed rapid development and functionality. The prototype uses virtual home spaces (e.g., living room, kitchen) populated with common triggers to smoke. The patient uses a “toolkit” with scripted actions that enable the avatar to test out coping strategies. Since eliciting urges to smoke is essential to the game’s efficacy, we are assessing whether the virtual smoking trigger scenarios elicit urges to smoke with 8 cancer patients with a history of smoking. We guided each patient through a VRCS scenario during which we asked the patient to evaluate urges and coping. Initial data indicate that patients report high urges to smoke (7-10 on a 10 point scale) when their patient avatar confronts virtual triggers such as drinking coffee. Patients rated virtual practice of coping strategies, such as drinking water or watching TV, as very helpful (7-10 on a 10 point scale) in reducing these urges. With further development, this VRCS game has potential to provide low-cost, effective behavioral rehearsal to prevent relapse to smoking in hospitalized cancer patients.
Gender, male-typicality, and social norms predicting adolescent alcohol intoxication and marijuana use.

Abstract Objective This study examined the direct and interactive effects of gender, male-typicality, and social norms in predicting the initiation and longitudinal patterns of alcohol intoxication and marijuana use in U.S. youth. Method Data were drawn from a longitudinal survey of 10,588 youth who participated in the in-home survey of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Multilevel growth modeling used data from three time points to assess trajectories of substance use from adolescence to young adulthood. Results Analyses indicated that gender, male-typicality, as well as home availability, friend social norms, and schoolmate social norms predicted initial levels of intoxication and marijuana use, with gender, friend norms, and schoolmate norms also predicting differential rates of growth over time in intoxication and marijuana use. Interaction results indicated that gender moderated male-typicality's relationship to both substance use variables, and home availability's relationship to alcohol intoxication. Conclusions These findings extend the literatures regarding interrelations among gender, gender roles, social norms, and health risk behaviors by (a) locating the genesis of those effects in adolescence, (b) identifying gender and social norms to be salient in terms of both initiation and growth of substance use over time, (c) suggesting that gender differences should be understood as moderated by other social-contextual variables, and (d) arguing that prevention efforts should address gender and gender roles more explicitly in programming.
Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion

BACKGROUND Intake of carbonated beverages has been associated with increased fracture risk in observational studies. The usual explanation given is that one or more of the beverage constituents increase urinary calcium. OBJECTIVE We assessed the short-term effects on urinary calcium excretion of carbonated beverages of various compositions. DESIGN An incomplete random block design was used to study 20-40-y-old women who customarily consumed > or =680 mL carbonated beverages daily. Four carbonated beverages were tested: 2 with caffeine and 2 without. Two contained phosphoric acid as the acidulant and 2 contained citric acid. The study included one neutral control (water) and one positive control (skim or chocolate milk). Serving size was 567 mL for the carbonated beverages and water and 340 mL for the milks. Beverages were consumed with a light breakfast after an overnight fast; no other foods were ingested until urine collection was complete. pH, titratable and total acidity, sodium, creatinine, and calcium were measured in 2-h (morning) fasting and 5-h postbeverage urine specimens. RESULTS Relative to water, urinary calcium rose significantly only with the milks and the 2 caffeine-containing beverages. The excess calciuria was approximately 0.25 mmol, about the same as previously reported for caffeine alone. Phosphoric acid without caffeine produced no excess calciuria; nor did it augment the calciuria of caffeine. CONCLUSIONS The excess calciuria associated with consumption of carbonated beverages is confined to caffeinated beverages. Acidulant type has no acute effect. Because the caffeine effect is known to be compensated for by reduced calciuria later in the day, we conclude that the net effect of carbonated beverage constituents on calcium economy is negligible. The skeletal effects of carbonated beverage consumption are likely due primarily to milk displacement.
Minimal repair and readjustment actions for production equipment maintenance

Abstract A multicomponent production equipment is analyzed that requires occasional overhauls and readjustments to cut back increasing runtime costs. In addition stochastic failures of components are reset by so—called minimal repair actions. The occurence of failures as well as the initial runtime costs form independent stochastic processes. Using renewal theoretic arguments the behaviour of the equipment is mathematically evaluated. For a generalized loss structure sufficiency criteria are derived to provide for maximum availability, minimum costs, and maximum returns (using a costs dependent policy) in the long run.
Race, space, and turnout

Abstract Urban politics in St. Louis is driven by race. For several decades the city of St. Louis has been nearly evenly divided between blacks and whites. Other ethnic minorities have accounted for 2% or less of the population over this same period. The geographic distribution of race exhibits a high level of segregation — blacks on the North side, whites on the South side, and a mixture of whites and blacks in the central corridor between north and south. These racial enclaves behave quite differently in city politics and separating them for analysis provides additional purchase on the structure of electoral mobilization. Turnout in a Democratic primary election (1989) and a non-partisan School Board election (1991) are studied here with the same precinct coverage. Demographic covariates used in the analyses are taken from the Census (1990) and several measures were constructed by allocation from block groups, to blocks, and then back to the precinct level by means of a concordance between the blocks and the precincts. Geographic tools (maps and spatial correlograms) are used throughout and extensive use is made of graphic visualization of these data. The end results show that count models utilizing a small number of Census measures as predictors defend themselves well, provided that race is controlled systematically.
6-OHDA induced effects upon the acquisition and performance of specific locomotor tasks in rats.

The effect of norepinephrine (NE) depletion on acquisition and performance of locomotor tasks requiring precise paw placement was tested. Running times (RT, 25 trials/day, 4 consecutive days) of water-deprived rats trained to transverse horizontal rods in an equally spaced regular rod arrangement (REG) were obtained before and after (REG/REG) intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 3 × 25 μg free base) infusion. No significant differences from ascorbate (0.1%) vehicle controls were seen. Additional rats were tested using the same protocol except a more difficult, irregularly spaced rod arrangment (IRR) was used. These IRR/IRR rats also revealed no significant differences. However, testing on the REG task before, and the new IRR task after infusion produced impaired performance on days 3 and 4 when 6-OHDA and vehicle treated rats were compared. These REG/IRR rats also showed a significant difference in the slope of the line reflecting the decrease in RT over the 4 day post-infusion period. Since no differences in intertrial intervals or extinction behavior were seen, the effect was not attributed to differences in arousal or motivational state. This effect could not be attributed to a simple reduction in non-specific activity, since significant differences in spontaneous locomotor activity or open field behavior were not seen. Assays verified the severe reduction of cerebellar NE to 14.5% of vehicle controls, and the smaller reduction in limbic forebrain NE and dopamine (53.8% and 75.2% of controls respectively). These findings suggest that NE deafferentation of the cerebellum causes impaired acquisition of locomotor behavior rather than an impairment of post-acquisitional performance.
The mechanics and control of pitching manoeuvres in a freely flying hawkmoth (Manduca sexta)

Insects produce a variety of exquisitely controlled manoeuvres during natural flight behaviour. Here we show how hawkmoths produce and control one such manoeuvre, an avoidance response consisting of rapid pitching up, rearward flight, pitching down (often past the original pitch angle), and then pitching up slowly to equilibrium. We triggered these manoeuvres via a sudden visual stimulus in front of free-flying hawkmoths (Manduca sexta) while recording the animals' body and wing movements via high-speed stereo videography. We then recreated the wing motions in a dynamically scaled model to: (1) associate wing kinematic changes with pitch torque production and (2) extract the open-loop dynamics of an uncontrolled moth. Next, we characterized the closed-loop manoeuvring dynamics from the observed flight behaviour assuming that hawkmoths use feedback control based on translational velocity, pitch angle and angular velocity, and then compared these with the open-loop dynamics to identify the control strategy used by the moth. Our analysis revealed that hawkmoths produce active pitch torque via changes in mean wing spanwise rotation angle. Additionally, body translations produce passive translational damping and pitch torque, both of which are linearly dependent on the translational velocity. Body rotations produce similar passive forces and torques, but of substantially smaller magnitudes. Our comparison of closed-loop and open-loop dynamics showed that hawkmoths rely largely on passive damping to reduce the body translation but use feedback control based on pitch angle and angular velocity to control their orientation. The resulting feedback control system remains stable with sensory delays of more than two wingbeats.
A rapid survey method for the estimation of density and cover in desert plant communities

. The Log-series survey method allows rapid estimates of density and cover and is applicable for studies of perennial vegetation in arid environments. An optical rangefinder is used to determine boundaries of large circular plots. Numbers of individuals of each species within a plot are assessed; this information is used to assign species to logarithmic density classes equivalent to the logarithm base 2 of actual abundances. Each species is then assigned to a logarithmic canopy cover class, equivalent to the logarithmbase 2 of average cover per individual. Log total cover per species per plot is obtained by the addition of logarithmic density and cover classes. Percent cover per species is rapidly computed by taking the antilog of the difference between log total cover per species and log total plot area.
A REMS for Long-Acting Opioid Analgesics: Anticipated Impact on the Dual Public Health Issues of Non-Medical Use and Patient Pain Care

In September 2007, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) was expanded to comprise active postmarket risk identification for approved drugs, including monitoring of drug safety data from disparate sources and adverse event surveillance using electronic data from government and the private sector. These legislative provisions became effective in March 2008, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was charged with the legal mandate of establishing a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to address the public health issue of drug abuse and diversion for various medications to be approved, or already approved, for marketing. Conceptually, REMS can be considered a mechanism to achieve a post-marketing drug safety risk-benefit analysis. The enacting FFDCA legislation also emphasizes that the goal of a REMS is to minimize medication abuse and diversion while, at the same time, avoiding impeding patient access to medications essential to treat the health consequences of chronic diseases and conditions. The FDA’s initial effort to create a broad-based REMS program now is considering such elements as (i) covering 24 long-acting opioid analgesic products, each included in Schedule II under the Controlled Substances Act and indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain; (ii) establishing a registry for all patients using these medications; and (iii) requiring prescriber certification through the Drug Enforcement Administration’s registration process. It is anticipated that the FDA will begin implementing this REMS in December, 2009, so the program requirements will be finalized within the year. As a result, there will likely be a number of issues within the final REMS that demand further consideration. Not only must this REMS be proven to effectively control abuse and diversion, it also must be shown to avoid fostering unintended practitioner, pharmacy, and patient concerns that ultimately restrict opioid availability and hinder effective patient access to treatment.
Four freshwater mussels (Anodonta californiensis) with pedunculated adenomas arising from the foot

Abstract Of 40 freshwater mussels (Anodonta californiensis) examined, four were found to possess a total of 14 tumors, all arising from the foot. The neoplasms closely resembled the pedunculated adenomas or polyps commonly observed in the human colon.
The application of AdaBoost for distributed, scalable and on-line learning

We propose to use AdaBoost to efficiently learn classifiers over very large and possibly distributed data sets that cannot fit into main memory, as well as on-line learning where new data become available periodically. We propose two new ways to apply AdaBoost. The first allows the use of a small sample of the weighted training set to compute a weak hypothesis. The second approach involves using AdaBoost as a means to re-weight classifiers in an ensemble, and thus to reuse previously computed classifiers along with new classifier computed on a new increment of data. These two techniques of using AdaBoost provide scalable, distributed and on-line learning. We discuss these methods and their implementation in JAM, an agent-based learning system. Empirical studies on four real world and artifical data sets have shown results that are either comparable to or better than learning classifiers over the complete training set and, in some cases, are comparable to boosting on the complete data set. However, our algorithms use much smaller samples of the training set and require much less memory.
On the accuracy of noble gas recharge temperatures as a paleoclimate proxy

[1] Dissolved noble gases in groundwater are an important terrestrial temperature proxy for the last glacial maximum (LGM). Noble gas temperatures (NGT) provide a record of long-term mean water table temperature (WTT) during groundwater recharge. For NGT to accurately represent surface air temperatures (SAT), the difference between mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and WTT must be known through time. Many paleoclimate studies reference NGT without articulating the potential difference between NGT and air temperature. Recognizing the array of climatic changes that have occurred since the LGM, it is possible some of these changes have altered the relationship between WTT and MAAT in groundwater recharge zones. The coupling of WTT and MAAT was evaluated in numerical modeling experiments that examined WTT sensitivity to changes in (1) precipitation amount, (2) water table depth, and (3) air temperature. Moderate changes in precipitation amount (±20%) and water table depth (1–2 m) caused WTT-MAAT decoupling of ∼0.2°C. Varying air temperature, either MAAT or annual amplitude, changed the duration of snow cover which caused seasonal decoupling of WTT from SAT. Assuming SAT was actually 5–7°C cooler at the LGM than at present, these modeling experiments suggest that errors associated with WTT-MAAT decoupling at snow-free sites are insignificant given the precision of NGT. However, results indicate that WTT-MAAT decoupling could cause an underestimation of the actual SAT change by ∼1.4°C at sites having seasonal snow cover.
A neuronal model for syllable representation

Abstract A speculative neuronal template, equivalent to canonical syllable forms and independent of segmental representations, is offered to help account for (1) the inviolate nature of phonotactic constraints in aphasic speech output, and (2) left hemisphere specialization for speech sound access and output. The model, which attempts to relate plausible neuronal systems to linguistic function, is based on cell assemblies that are thought to develop by way of genetic predisposition and ontogenetic language experience, into configurations that can represent canonical slot positions for the consonants and vowel comprising a syllable. The syllable is assumed to be the basic organizational rhythmic unit for serial concatenation of sublexical segments. A scheme for neurological differentiation of vowels and consonants is offered. Phonotactic constraints can become “hard-wired” to help create the automaticity underlying phonological sound organization. Testable predictions are offered to substantiate the claims of the model.
Ballistic respiratory variation as measured by the electromagnetic ballistocardiograph.

Abstract 1. 1. A short review of the variation in cardiac output with phases of the respiratory cycle is given. 2. 2. The normal respiratory variation is defined as Amplitude of Inspiratory IJ Amplitude of Expiratory IJ which is less than 2.0. An increased ratio is found in coronary artery disease, hypertension, and emphysema. 3. 3. A method of differentiating the coronary disease patient from the emphysema patient ballistocardiographically is suggested. 4. 4. When a patient presents a combination of coronary artery and other disease, his ballistocardiogram is usually of the type seen in coronary disease. 5. 5. The genesis of ballistic respiratory variations of the normal, the hypertensive, coronary disease, and emphysematous patients is discussed. 6. 6. Of the criteria examined for interpretation of the electromagnetic ballistocardiogram, a combination of the Brown grading system and respiratory ratio of 2.0 or greater served best to differentiate between normal individuals and those with cardiac or chronic pulmonary disease.
Mathematics, Power, and Language: Implications from Lived Experiences to Empower English Learners

Because the English learners’ (ELs) population is growing in the United States, teacher candidates should be provided with experiences that prepare them to effectively teach and empower linguistically/culturally diverse students. Teacher candidates should be provided with opportunities to learn skills that engage ELs in mathematics. In this article the authors present three lived experiences and analyze how these experiences disempowered/empowered ELs in mathematics classrooms. The first experience reflects a situation of a high school EL student in which she perceived a competition with her teacher. The second experience reveals the unintentional message a bilingual elementary schoolteacher communicated when teaching a mathematics lesson. The last experience portrays the implementation of a critical math/social studies day in an elementary school that was intended to provide support to all students. However, after a critical reflection on these experiences we identify our failure of empowering ELs. The a...
The Constitution, Law, and American Life: Critical Aspects of the Nineteenth Century Experience

The eight essays collected in "The Constitution, Law and American Life" explore the interrelationship between law and society in 19th-century America and encompass in their discussion some of the major historical issues of the era. Featuring contributions by leading scholars in the field, the volume reflects the freshness and diversity of contemporary legal history. In a wide-ranging essay examining the social, cultural, intellectual and moral underpinnings of 19th-century law, Michael Les Benedict recreates the world view that informed Victorian legal culture and offers a bold reinterpretation of the legal order of the period. Two essays focus on the relation between slavery and the law. Philip Shaw Paludan provides a challenge to conventional wisdom about the framers of the Constitution and their attitude toward slavery, while Paul Finkelman's treatment of the South Bend fugitive slave rescue of 1849 offers a case study of the unbearable pressures that slavery placed on the legal process. Revealing the creative uses of law by white women and African Americans, Norma Basch and Donald G. Nieman show that constitutional principles afforded both groups the means to challenge oppression. These principles, they argue, played a pivotal role in movements that had their genesis in the 19th century and have transformed American life in our own time - the women's rights movement and the black struggle for freedom. Two essays focus on the law and social deviance. David T. Courtwright examines the social and legal forces that shaped the legal response to drug addiction. John S. Hughes shows how committment law afforded ordinary families in pre-Civil War Alabama a means to cope with domestic problems, including spouse abuse, incest and alcoholism. Exploring the relation between law and urbanization, Harold L. Platt demonstrates that, contrary to received wisdom, reformers of the Gilded Age made creative use of law to cope with the problems created by runaway urban growth and economic development.
Serum-free culture of enriched mouse anterior and ventral prostatic epithelial cells in collagen gel.

Sustained growth of mouse ventral and anterior prostatic epithelial cells embedded within collagen gel matrix was achieved in a serum-free medium composed of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium, 1∶1 (vol/vol), supplemented with bovine serum albumin fraction V, epidermal growth factor, transferrin, cholera toxin, prolactin, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, cortisol, putrescine, fibroblast growth factor, and a trace element mixture. Three-dimensional growth of prostatic epithelial cells occurred inside the collagen gel matrix. This serum-free medium allowed cell growth greater than sevenfold over 10 d in culture. Tissue recombination and cell culture techniques were integrated to demonstrate that cultured cells retained prostatic characteristics. Following 10 d of culture, epithelial colonies from mouse ventral and anterior prostatic epithelial cell cultures were isolated and combined with rat fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grown for 4 wk under the renal capsule of intact athymic male mice. These tissue recombinants showed distinctive prostatic histologic characteristic (alveoli and ducts lined with cuboidal or columnar epithelium surrounded by stroma). When histologic sections of recombinants were stained with the Hoechst 33258, epithelial cells of mouse origin were distinguishable from stromal cells of rat origin.
Theoretical models for cooperative binding—I. one-site creator of binding sites

Abstract A general mathematical model is derived for the description of positive cooperativity in ligand-macromolecular interactions resulting from the creation of new sites. The model makes no assumptions regarding the mechanism of the creation of new sites, but does assume a true ligand-induced creation of the new sites. Theoretical curves are presented for specific cases of the model showing the manifestations of the creation of new sites.
Compact modeling of flicker noise variability in small size MOSFETs

A compact model has been developed to capture the variability of flicker noise resulting from the reduction in size of state of the art MOSFETs. The underlying physics of flicker noise in small area MOSFETs has been verified by two means: Monte Carlo simulation and analytic modeling. The statistical distribution of flicker noise is reported for the first time, supported by experimental data from two sets of devices with different areas. The developed model is capable of predicting the area dependence of noise at any frequency at desired %Yield.
The insertion of carbon dioxide into actinide alkyl and hydride bonds

Abstract This contribution reports on the insertion of CO 2 into actinide methyl and hydride bonds to yield acetate and formate complexes, respectively. Thus, addition of excess CO 2 to Cp′ 2 MMe 2 (Cp′ = η 5 - C 5 Me 5 , M = Th, U) results in the formation of Cp′ 2 - M(OAc) 2 complexes in high yield. These new complexes, which could also be prepared from Cp′ 2 - MCl 2 and 2 equiv. of NaOAc, were characterized by standard techniques. On the basis of infrared data and molecular weight measurements the bis(acetate) compounds are suggested to be monomeric with two bidentate acetate ligands, thus achieving a 10-coordinate geometry about the metal ion. The addition of only 1 equiv. of CO 2 to Cp′ 2 MMe 2 yields Cp′ 2 MMe(OAc) complexes exclusively, suggesting that the formation of the bis(acetate) complexes proceeds sequentially. These complexes could also be prepared via metathesis of the corresponding Cp′ 2 MMeCl complexes with NaOAc. Although the reaction of CO 2 with [Cp′ 2 Th(μ-H)(H)] 2 produces a variety of uncharacterizable products, Cp′ 2 Th(O 2 CH)(OCH-t-Bu) was formed upon treatment of Cp′ 2 Th(H)(OCH-t-Bu) with CO 2 .