cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cotranslational disassembly increases the efficiency of expression of TMV RNA in wheat germ cell-free extracts.

Cotranslational disassembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate has recently been demonstrated (T.M.A. Wilson, Virology, in press). A similar phenomenon in wheat germ extracts is now reported. However, in contrast to the reticulocyte lysate, wheat germ cell-free extracts respond approximately three times more efficiently to pH 8 treated TMV particles than to conventional TMV RNA templates prepared by phenol extraction. Dose-response curves indicate that this behaviour is reproducible over a wide range of exogenous RNA or virus concentrations (equivalent to 6 to 400 microg/ml RNA). Enhanced synthesis of the large (126K) virus-specific polypeptide is observed in translations programmed with virus particles. These results probably reflect the protective influence of the capsid protein during protein synthesis in a cell-free extract containing ribonuclease activity. This environment may be similar to that which confronts the virus within the cells of infected host plants.
Prepubertal Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris

A child with oral pemphigus vulgaris, a serious and rare childhood disorder, is described. This patient was treated successfully with prednisone.
CLADISTIC TESTS OF ADAPTATIONAL HYPOTHESES

Abstrac-A cladistic viewpoint provides an historical definition of adaptation and an operational ecological test for evolutionary adaptations. Adaptation is apomorphic function promoted by natural selection, as compared with plesiomorphic function. Adaptation is thus a conditional, hierarchical, comparative term, like homology. Hypotheses of adaptation that do not specify levels of apomorphy are weak; they should refer to and explain the function at the level at which it is apomorphic with respect to the plesiomorphic (outgroup) condition. The adaptational hypothesis serves as a prior prediction in the comparison of the apomorphic function of the derived trait with the plesiomorphic function of the plesiomorphic trait serving as the null hypothesis. It is useful to distinguish whether hypotheses about characters identify selection as facilitating: 1) the origin of a character; 2 j its maintenance; 3) neither; or 4) both. The latter two are uniformitarian and testable in a strong sense. The former two possibilities use ancillary arguments to protect the hypothesis of the role of natural selection in one way or another, but might still be tested by the weak criterion of plausibility. Given an hypothesis of both origin and maintenance due to selection, the test of adaptation may still be thwarted because only certain kinds of cladistic structure allow feasible tests. Few of the really classic and common examples of supraspecific adaptation survive this kind of cladistic test.
Artificial boundary conditions for the numerical simulation of unsteady acoustic waves

We construct non-local artificial boundary conditions (ABCs) for the numerical simulation of genuinely time-dependent acoustic waves that propagate from a compact source in an unbounded unobstructed space. The key property used for obtaining the ABCs is the presence of lacunae, i.e., sharp aft fronts of the waves, in wave-type solutions in odd-dimension spaces. This property can be considered a manifestation of the Huygens' principle. The ABCs are obtained directly for the discrete formulation of the problem. They truncate the original unbounded domain and guarantee the complete transparency of the new outer boundary for all the outgoing waves. A central feature of the proposed ABCs is that the extent of their temporal non-locality is fixed and limited, and it does not come at the expense of simplifying the original model. It is rather a natural consequence of the existence of lacunae, which is a fundamental property of the corresponding solutions. The proposed ABCs can be built for any consistent and stable finite-difference scheme. Their accuracy can always be made as high as that of the interior approximation, and it will not deteriorate even when integrating over long time intervals. Besides, the ABCs are most flexible from the standpoint of geometry and can handle irregular boundaries on regular grids with no fitting/adaptation needed and no accuracy loss induced. Finally, they allow for a wide range of model settings. In particular, not only one can analyze the simplest advective acoustics case with the uniform background flow, but also the case when the waves' source (or scatterer) is engaged in an accelerated motion.
A novel method for characterization of peripheral nerve fiber size distributions by group delay measurements and simulated annealing optimization

The ability to determine the characteristics of peripheral nerve fiber size distributions would provide additional information to clinicians for the diagnosis of specific pathologies of the peripheral nervous system. Investigation of these conditions, using electro-diagnostic techniques, is advantageous in the sense that such techniques tend to be minimally invasive yet provide valuable diagnostic information. One of the principal electro-diagnostic tools available to the clinician is the nerve conduction velocity test. While the peripheral nerve conduction velocity test can provide useful information to the clinician regarding the viability of the nerve under study, it is a single parameter test that yields no detailed information about the characteristics of the functioning nerve fibers within the nerve trunk. In this study we present a technique based on a decomposition of the maximal compound evoked potential and subsequent determination of the group delay of the contributing nerve fibers. The fiber group delay is then utilized as an initial estimation of the nerve fiber size distribution and the concomitant temporal propagation delays of the associated single fiber evoked potentials to a reference electrode. Subsequently the estimated single fiber evoked potentials are optimized against the template maximal compound evoked potential using a simulated annealing algorithm. Simulation studies, based on deterministic single fiber action potential functions, are used to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed technique in the presence of noise associated with variations in distance between the nerve fibers and the recording electrodes between the two recording sites.
Software Evolution and the Code Fault Introduction Process

In any manufacturing environment, the fault introduction rate might be considered one of the most meaningful criterion to evaluate the goodness of the development process. In many investigations, the estimates of such a rate are often oversimplified or misunderstood generating unrealistic expectations on the prediction power of regression models with a fault criterion. The computation of fault introduction rates in software development requires accurate and consistent measurement, which translates into demanding parallel efforts for the development organization. This paper presents the techniques and mechanisms that can be implemented in a software development organization to provide a consistent method of anticipating fault content and structural evolution across multiple projects over time. The initial estimates of fault introduction rates can serve as a baseline against which future projects can be compared to determine whether progress is being made in reducing the fault introduction rate, and to identify those development techniques that seem to provide the greatest reduction.
An elliptic dielectric resonator antenna designed for circular polarization with single feed

A single-fed elliptic dielectric resonator antenna is designed for circular polarization. The feed is a coaxial probe chosen with the proper parameters to achieve wideband matching and good circular polarization properties. The analysis is performed numerically using WIPL-D. The single-fed DRA achieves 3.5% circular polarization bandwidth and 14% matching bandwidth. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 454–456, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10948
Adolescent and adult low-income mothers: How do needs and resources differ?

This study examined the living situations and self-perceived needs and resources of 2,121 low-income teen and adult mothers. African American and teen mothers were more likely to coreside with grandparental figure(s) than other ethnicities and older mothers. European American mothers and adult mothers were more likely to be living with a partner. While controlling for living situation and ethnicity, teen mothers indicated greater resources than adult mothers in three of four resource areas. Mothers who coresided perceived themselves as having greater basic needs and money resources than mothers in other living situations. Teen mothers perceive their resources positively, perhaps indicating that the support they receive, regardless of their coresidence situation, may be sheltering them from realities that low-income adult mothers must face. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 1037–1052, 2007.
Conformational analysis of hemopexin by fourier‐transform infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopy

Hemopexin is a serum glyco-protein that binds heme with the highest known affinity of any characterized heme-binding protein and plays an important role in receptormediated cellular heme uptake. Complete understanding of the function of hemopexin will require the elucidation of its molecular structure. Previous analysis of the secondary structure of hemopexin by far-UV circular dichroism (CD) failed due to the unusual positive ellipticity of this protein at 233 nm. In this paper, we present an examination of the structure of hemopexin by both Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our studies show that hemopexin contains about 55% β-structure, 15% α-helix, and 20% turns. The two isolated structural domains of hemopexin each have secondary structures similar to hemopexin. Although there are significant tertiary conformational changes indicated by the CD spectra, the overall secondary structure of hemopexin is not affected by binding heme. However, moderate changes in secondary structure do occur when the heme-binding domain of hemopexin associates with heme. In spite of the exceptionally tight binding at neutral pH, heme is released from the bis-histidyl heme–hemopexin complex at pH 5.0. Under this acidic condition, hemopexin maintains the same overall secondary structure as the native protein and is able to resume the heme-binding function and the native structure of the hemeprotein (as indicated by the CD spectra) when returned to neutral pH. We propose that the state of hemopexin identified in vitro at pH 5.0 resembles that of this protein in the acidic environment of the endosomes in vivo when hemopexin releases heme during receptor-mediated endocytosis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient Searching for Motifs in DNA Sequences Using Position Weight Matrices

Searching genomic sequences for motifs representing functionally important sites is a significant and well–established subfield of bioinformatics. In that context, Position Weight Matrices are a popular way of representing variable motifs, as they have been widely used for describing the binding sites of transcriptional proteins. However, the standard implementation of PWM matching, while not inefficient on shorter sequences, is too expensive for whole–genome searches. In this paper we present an algorithm we have developed for efficient matching of PWMs in long target sequences. After the initial pre–processing of the matrix it performs in time linear to the size of the genomic segment.
Management of pleural space infections: a population-based analysis

Objective Management options for pleural space infections have changed over the last 2 decades. This study evaluated trends over time in the incidence of disease and use of different management strategies and their associated outcomes. Methods A retrospective study was performed by using a statewide administrative database of all hospitalizations for pleural space infections between 1987 and 2004. Results Four thousand four hundred twenty-four patients (age, 57.1 ± 18.6 years; 67% male; comorbidity index, 1.1 ± 1.9) were hospitalized with pleural space infections. The incidence rate increased 2.8% per year (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-3.4%; P P P P P P Conclusions The incidence of pleural space infections and the proportion of patients undergoing operative management have increased over time. Patients undergoing operations were younger and had less comorbid illness than those not undergoing operations but had a much lower risk of early death, even after adjusting for these factors.
Quantifying Curvelike Structures of Measures by Using L2 Jones Quantities

We study the curvelike structure of special measures on ℝn in a multiscale fashion. More precisely, we consider the existence and construction of a sufficiently short curve with a sufficiently large measure. Our main tool is an L2 variant of Jones' β numbers, which measure the scaled deviations of the given measure from a best approximating line at different scales and locations. The Jones function is formed by adding the squares of the L2 Jones numbers at different scales and the same location. Using a special L2 Jones function, we construct a sufficiently short curve with a sufficiently large measure. The length and measure estimates of the underlying curve are expressed in terms of the size of this Jones function. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability of Cortical Responses and the Statistics of Natural Scenes

The primary visual cortex (V1) of higher mammals contains maps of stimulus features; how these maps influence vision remains unknown. We have examined the functional significance of an asymmetry in the orientation map in cat V1, i.e., the fact that a larger area of V1 is preferentially activated by vertical and horizontal contours than by contours at oblique orientations. Despite the fact that neurons tuned to cardinal and oblique orientations have indistinguishable tuning characteristics, cardinal neurons remain more stable in their response properties after selective perturbation induced by adaptation. Similarly, human observers report different adaptation-induced changes in orientation tuning between cardinal and oblique axes. We suggest that the larger cortical area devoted to cardinal orientations imposes stability on the processing of cardinal contours during visual perception, by retaining invariant cortical responses along cardinal axes.
Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Proportions: Have We Lost the Plot?

Testing for Hardy-Weinberg proportions (HWP) is routine in almost all genetic studies of natural populations, but many researchers do not demonstrate a full understanding of the purposes of these tests or how to interpret the results. Common problems include a lack of understanding of statistical power and the difference between statistical significance and biological significance, how to interpret results of multiple tests, and how to distinguish between various factors that can cause statisti - cally significant departures. In this perspective, which focuses on analysis of genetic data for nonmodel species, I 1) review factors that can cause departures from HWP at individual loci and linkage disequilibrium (LD) at pairs of loci; 2) discuss com- monly used tests for HWP and LD, with an emphasis on multiple-testing issues; 3) show how to distinguish among possible causes of departures from HWP; and 4) outline some simple steps to follow when significant test results are found. Finally, I 5) identify some issues that merit particular attention as we move into an era in which analysis of genomics-scale datasets for nonmodel species is commonplace.
The influence of Arhgef1 on pulmonary leukocyte function

Resident leukocytes in the lungs of healthy individuals are necessary for the innate and adaptive immune response toward potentially harmful foreign antigens that are inhaled on a constant basis. Under normal circumstances, inflammatory stimuli are effectively eradicated via innate immunity with accompanying resolution of inflammation and repair of the lung tissue. Work in our lab has explored how Arhgef1, an intracellular signaling molecule expressed by hematopoietic cells, participates in immune function with an emphasis on its contribution to pulmonary immunity. This review summarizes our studies on the role of Arhgef1 in regulating pulmonary macrophage function.
Changes in Payer Mix and Physician Reimbursement After the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid Expansion

Although uncompensated care for hospital-based care has fallen dramatically since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid expansion, the changes in hospital physician reimbursement are not known. We evaluated if payer mix and physician reimbursement by encounter changed between 2013 and 2014 in an academic hospitalist practice in a Medicaid expansion state. This was a retrospective cohort study of all general medicine inpatient admissions to an academic hospitalist group in 2013 and 2014. The proportion of encounters by payer and reimbursement/inpatient encounter were compared in 2013 versus 2014. A sensitivity analysis determined the relative contribution of different factors to the change in reimbursement/encounter. Among 37 540 and 40 397 general medicine inpatient encounters in 2013 and 2014, respectively, Medicaid encounters increased (17.3% to 30.0%, P < .001), uninsured encounters decreased (18.4% to 6.3%, P < 0.001), and private payer encounters also decreased (14.1% to 13.3%, P = .001). The median reimbursement/encounter increased 4.2% from $79.98/encounter in 2013 to $83.36/encounter in 2014 (P < .001). In a sensitivity analysis, changes in length of stay, proportions in encounter type by payer, payer mix, and reimbursement for encounter type by payer accounted for -0.7%, 0.8%, 2.0%, and 2.3% of the reimbursement change, respectively. From 2013 to 2014, Medicaid encounters increased, and uninsured and private payer encounters decreased within our hospitalist practice. Reimbursement/encounter also increased, much of which could be attributed to a change in payer mix. Further analyses of physician reimbursement in Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states would further delineate reimbursement changes that are directly attributable to Medicaid expansion.
Alternative Perspectives on the Phenomena of Human Aging: Age Stratification and Age Status

This article discusses the shift by social scientists from an age status to an age stratification perspective on human aging. The history and major proponents of the age stratification model are discussed, and its widespread adoption attributed to its highlighting the variable of age and to the rise of conflict theory, bureaucracy, and the theorized diminished importance of the family. The author considers the model inaccurate because it conflates age stratification with class stratification and treats the life course as a vertical hierarchy rather than a horizontal progression. He further finds that social policies based on age stratification theory may inadequately provide for vulnerable or disadvantaged children or elderly persons and advocates that, instead of seeking standardized treatment among age groups, social policies instead promote fairness and equity.
Corrosion of metals in wood: Comparing the results of a rapid test method with long-term exposure tests across six wood treatments

This paper compares two methods of measuring the corrosion of steel and galvanized steel in wood: a long-term exposure test in solid wood and a rapid test method where fasteners are electrochemically polarized in extracts of wood treated with six different treatments. For traditional wood preservatives, the electrochemical extract method correlates with solid wood exposure which suggests that the reduction of cupric ions is the cathodic reaction in both the solid wood and the extract. For treatments without copper, the extract method predicted a higher corrosion rate than the solid wood exposure. For these treatments, the cathodic reaction appears to be the reduction of acid and dissolved oxygen. The practical implication of this work is that in some cases, the rapid test method could be used to screen new fasteners and wood preservatives. Scientifically, this work increases the understanding of the mechanism of corrosion of fasteners in treated and untreated wood.
New Ebb-Tidal Delta at an Old Inlet, Shark River Inlet, New Jersey

Abstract Shark River Inlet, located on the north New Jersey coast, is served by a federal navigation channel that has until recently required little maintenance dredging. Although possessing a small estuary, the inlet is hydraulically efficient because of the small width to depth ratio of its entrance that is stabilized by parallel jetties. After placement of approximately 4.8 million m3 of beach nourishment to the north and south of the inlet as part of an erosion-control project conducted in the late 1990s, inlet maintenance increased beyond that anticipated. Analysis of channel and nearshore surveys indicates that an ebb-tidal delta is forming where none had existed previously, attributed to the recent availability of sand from the beach nourishment and a lack of sand prior to that construction. Jetty tip shoals also encroach on the channel, dependent on season, with longshore transport directed primarily to the north during summer (the predominant direction of transport) and to the south during winter...
ATS-6 Energetic Particle Radiation Measurement at Synchronous Altitude

The Aerospace Corporation energetic electron-proton spectrometer operating on Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) detects energetic electrons in four channels between 140 keV and greater than 32 MeV, and measures energetic protons in five energy channels between 2.3 and 80 MeV and energetic alpha particles in three channels between 9.4 and 94 MeV. After more than a year of operation in orbit, the experiment continues to return excellent data on the behavior of energetic magnetospheric electrons as well as information regarding the fluxes of solar protons and alpha particles.
Ancillary Function of Housekeeping Enzymes: Fortuitous Degradation of Environmental Contaminants

Most of the environmental contamination of greatest concern around the world today involves xenobiotic materials which have only been produced or used in industrial/agricultural production over the past several decades. These include various organic chemical solvents, heavy metals, neurotoxic pesticides, halogenated aromatic compounds, explosives and carcinogenic industrial chemicals which may or may not have natural counterparts. These have been synthesized with increasing diversity and volume over the last fifty to seventy years. Although their introduction into the environment is lamentable, and the effects they can have on the environment devastating, many different types of microbial systems have already acquired the ability to chemically modify many of these compounds. The likelihood that totally new enzymes with specific detoxification activities could emerge in such a brief period of time is problematic. It is much more likely that enzymes already possessed by microbial communities, possibly used for maintenance functions, can bee recruited to address the new challenge. For example, FMN oxidoreductases may serve to reduce trinitrotoluene and a human lipid-phosphoesterase or a bacterial peptidase can degrade organophosphate pesticides. Five categories of reactions wherein housekeeping enzymes may be able to catalyze ancillary reactions involving previously unknown chemicals include 1) general oxidoreductases, 2) denitrases, 3) phosphoesterases, 4) ring cleavage enzymes and 5) metal-sequestering proteins. Once a potential metabolic route is established, directed evolution based on random mutation or substitutional recombination may serve to enhance activity if a competitive metabolic edge could result.
Involvement of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 (BMP-4) and Vgr-1 in morphogenesis and neurogenesis in the mouse

Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 (BMP-4) and Vgr-1 are members of the TGF-beta gene family most closely related to the Drosophila Decapentaplegic and Xenopus Vg-1 genes. Members of this gene family have been implicated in diverse processes during embryogenesis including epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we use in situ hybridization to localize BMP-4 and Vgr-1 transcripts during murine development. BMP-4 mRNA is found in a variety of tissues. In the 8.5 days p.c. embryo, transcripts are localized to the mesoderm posterior to the last somite. Later gestation embryos show expression in developing limbs, the embryonic heart, the facial processes and condensed mesenchymal cells associated with early whisker follicle formation. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), BMP-4 expression is restricted to the floor of the diencephalon associated with pituitary development. In contrast, Vgr-1 transcripts are found along the anteroposterior axis of the CNS, in cells immediately adjacent to the floor plate and in the roof plate extending to the forebrain. Together, the data support the hypothesis that polypeptide growth factors of the TGF-beta superfamily play key roles in the initial stages of neurogenesis and organogenesis during murine development.
Generalized isospin matrices and projection operators for the reactions NI + π → NI′ + π and NI + NI′ → π + π☆

Abstract Generalized isospin matrices are defined and their properties investigated. These matrices provide a simple treatment of pion vertices whereby the isospin variables of the other particles are treated symmetrically. A phase-consistent set of projection operators and crossing matrices is constructed for the s , t , and u channels of the reaction N I + π → N I ′ + π , where N I , N I ′ are particles of any isospin I , I ′. Applications of these results are discussed briefly.
Feminism and rethinking our models of the self

In this article I argue that Butler and Benhabib work with models of the self that should be jettisoned. Butler relies on what I call the outside-to-inside model, while Benhabib shuttles between an outside-to-inside and an inside-to-outside model. Because of the inherent limitations of these models neither can do what both authors set out to do, which is to describe the ontogeny of the self. I trace their discussions over the course of their writings and then propose that the notion of emergence that one finds in Developmental Systems Theory offers a much better starting point for account of the nature and development of the self.
Nucleotide-assisted [Fe4S4] redox state interconversions of the Azotobacter vinelandii Fe protein and their relevance to nitrogenase catalysis.

The [Fe4S4] cluster of the nitrogenase Fe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii can exist in three redox states: oxidized [Fe4S4]2+, dithionite reduced [Fe4S4]1+, and two forms of the all ferrous [Fe...
The Brasileiro and the Yankee: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Brazilian and American Managers in Brazil

With Brazil’s role as a lead nation among emerging markets, the field of cross-cultural management becomes a key contributor to the interactions between Brazilian and American business persons. This study uses a model of national cultural value differences based primarily on the findings of Hofstede, Trompenaars/Hampden-Turner, and the GLOBE project, while using numerical data from Hofstede, to provide a comparative, cross-cultural management analysis of Brazilians and Americans working together in Brazil. Combining academic theory and international business experience, this paper illustrates that through intelligent use of cross-cultural management models, these international managers can learn to work together even more effectively.
Generation Method for Emergency Decision Support Rules of Power Systems Based on Formal Plan

In order to enhance emergency response capability to deal with emergencies,power enterprises compile more perfect emergency plans. Based on the method of ontology,the emergency plans with text format are transformed to the formal language understanding by computer,and the decision references in emergency response are extracted. Moreover,the mathematical model of emergency aid decision rules is built. Based on the classic Apriori algorithm,a power emergency decision support rules generation method is proposed. Taking a power company’s emergency plan as an example,the actual effect of the generation method is analyzed,which builds the foundation for further research on dynamic generation of strategy about emergency damage restoration control and emergency resource scheduling.
Wavelets on ℤ

So far we have considered signals (vectors) of finite length, which we have extended periodically to be defined at all integers. In this chapter we deal with infinite signals, which are generally not periodic.
America’s Contribution to the Conquest of Distance

The conquest of time and space lies at the heart of the American saga. Born of a struggle by a seafaring race to conquer the high seas of the world, the Americans have encompassed distance as few others have done. They were the first to think in terms of the conquest of a continent rather than a country. Their great distances and their growing commercial ties made rapid communications indispensable. Even when their continental destiny had been fulfilled, they knew no rest until they had ventured into outer space. Their rhythm of life, moulded as it is by their attitudes to time and space, is fast and intense; so much so, that it has caused them to identify the conquest of distance with the march of human progress.
Glucose-regulated insulin expression following hepatic gene transfer

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), along with its long-term complications, imposes a serious impact on public health. Current therapy of IDDM consists of multiple insulin injections, insulin pump, islet or whole pancreas transplantation. However, proper glycemic control is not always achieved. All treatment options have significant limitations, which lead to an intensive search for novel treatment strategies. Gene therapy using autologous hepatocytes is believed to be an effective and safe therapeutic approach to induce insulin secretion within physiologic range in response to glucose challenge.
Phase noise in compressed RF photodiodes

Amplitude and residual phase noise measurements of RF photodiodes are examined. For 1 to 2 dB of space charge induced RF compression, RF amplitude noise is suppressed by upwards of 8 dB, while phase noise increases by upwards of 10 dB.
Broach Handle Design Changes Force Distribution in the Femur During Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Curved broach handles were developed to overcome limited surgical exposures during total hip arthroplasty. Some authors report increased intraoperative fracture rates during limited exposures. This study evaluates mechanical force ratios transmitted to the bone while broaching with curved vs straight handles. Methods An experimental model utilized a 6-axis load cell to measure force distributions produced by 4 different broach handles, each with increasing offset and curvature. Handles were separately impacted and dynamic variables assessed. Handles were then digitized using a high-resolution optical system and a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to account for trabecular bone and vary the location of mallet impact. Off-axis forces, broaching construct moments, and stress within surrounding bone were computed. Results Using the experimental model, high-offset handles lost on average 4% more hammering force to the horizontal axis. When the FEA utilized moduli of elasticity to estimate broaching through osteoporotic trabecular bone, horizontally displaced forces (toward cortical bone) were magnified from 4% to a maximum value of 52%. Both the experimental construct and FEA confirmed that larger offset handles increase moment-to-force ratios up to 163%-235%, thus rotating the proximal and distal ends of the broach toward cortical bone. Conclusion Broach handle design is an important determinant of resultant forces transmitted to the broach (and ultimately the bone) during total hip arthroplasty. Unwanted off-axis forces and enhanced rotational dynamics may play a role in intraoperative fractures during femoral canal preparation.
The Accidental Telepsychologist: Creating Opportunities in a Burgeoning Field

This chapter outlines Dr. Sara Smucker Barnwell’s experiences in the field of telehealth. The chapter opens with a typical vignette related to her current work providing training and consultation to healthcare practitioners interested in remote care. Dr. Smucker Barnwell discusses her educational background, including the impact of early research on technology and health. Delving into the intersection of technology and psychology leads her to explore the field of telehealth in a diversity of capacities: providing clinical services over a distance, researching empirical outcomes for telehealth interventions, overseeing a hospital-based telehealth program, and creating training opportunities for others interested in ethical telehealth. Dr. Smucker Barnwell’s training background included experiences in traditional academic settings, in medical settings, and in private industry. Dr. Smucker Barnwell strongly encourages anyone with an interest in telehealth to pursue a diversity of experiences in the field to promote competencies that span the gaps between disciplines and the creation of telehealth systems that work. She also advocates for the creation and dissemination of accessible, evidence-based training opportunities in telehealth. Dr. Smucker Barnwell offers examples of some of the pros (e.g., flexibility, opportunities to make an impact) and cons (e.g., managing deep skepticism about technology in healthcare) related to her experiences in telehealth. The chapter concludes with a brief review of aspects of the empirical literature.
Bronchial effects of cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Background Damage to extracardiac structures, including the esophagus and phrenic nerve, is a known complication of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) during pulmonary vein (PV) isolation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Other adjacent structures, including the pulmonary bronchi and lung parenchyma, may be affected during CBA at the PV ostia. Objective The purpose of this study was to prospectively study the bronchial effects of CBA in humans undergoing CBA for PV isolation. Methods Ten patients undergoing CBA for AF under general anesthesia were enrolled in an institutional review board–approved prospective observational study. Real-time bronchoscopy was performed during cryoablation of PVs adjacent to pulmonary bronchi to monitor for thermal injury. Patients were followed for the development of respiratory complaints postprocedure. Results In 7 of 10 patients (70%) and in 13 of 22 freezes (59%), ice formation was visualized in the left mainstem bronchus during CBA in the left upper PV. Ice formation was not seen in the right mainstem bronchus during right upper PV CBA. The average time to ice formation was 89 seconds. There was no significant difference ( P = −.45) in average minimum balloon temperature during freezes with ice formation (−48.5°C) and freezes without ice formation (−46.3°C). No patients went on to develop respiratory complications. Conclusion Unrecognized ice formation occurs frequently in the left mainstem bronchus during CBA for AF. This information helps explain the source of cough and hemoptysis in some patients who undergo CBA. The long-term consequences of this novel finding and the implications for procedural safety are unknown.
Categorification of invariants in gauge theory and symplectic geometry

This is a mixture of survey article and research announcement. We discuss instanton Floer homology for 3 manifolds with boundary. We also discuss a categorification of the Lagrangian Floer theory using the unobstructed immersed Lagrangian correspondence as a morphism in the category of symplectic manifolds. During the year 1998–2012, those problems have been studied emphasizing the ideas from analysis such as degeneration and adiabatic limit (instanton Floer homology) and strip shrinking (Lagrangian correspondence). Recently we found that replacing those analytic approach by a combination of cobordism type argument and homological algebra, we can resolve various difficulties in the analytic approach. It thus solves various problems and also simplify many of the proofs.
Parent training and joint engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder

Children are diagnosed at increasingly earlier ages with autism spectrum disorder, characterized by diminished levels of social orienting and engagement. Parent-mediated interventions incorporating the use of responsive parent behaviors have shown promise for use with young children with autism spectrum disorder to increase a variety of social-communication behaviors. This study examined the manner in which parents acquired and used a set of responsive parenting techniques with their young children with fidelity and investigated the associations of fidelity use of these techniques with changes in child joint engagement outcomes. Although parents began the training phase demonstrating low levels of responsive parenting behaviors, they acquired and implemented a specific set of responsive parent techniques with their children with ongoing fidelity, and the use of these techniques was collaterally associated with increased levels of joint engagement in two of the three participant children. Implications for ...
The pregnant dental patient

When dealing with a pregnant patient, the dental practitioner should keep in mind the various physiological changes that occur in the pregnant female and the potential effects on the fetus in using various types of local anesthesia. This article reviews the current considerations in the use of local anesthesia in the pregnant dental patient, and the safety of local anesthetics, their dosage, and any adverse effect on mother and fetus. It also discusses various dental procedures and the trimester during which they can be performed. Lastly, this article talks about the complications that can occur with a pregnant dental patient in the dental chair.
An arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pteris vittata L. (Pteridaceae) broadly affects terrestrial invertebrate abundance

1. The Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.; Pteridaceae) can accumulate up to 27 000 mg kg−1 dry wt. of arsenic (As) from the soil into its above-ground biomass. They may use this As to deter invertebrate threats. 2. This study explored how As concentrations [As] in the fern, and in soil associated with the fern, influenced the abundance and composition of various invertebrates. 3. Populations of P. vittata were identified in the field. Soils from the base of the fern and from 3 m away of each plant were collected and pitfall traps were installed. Soil and fern arsenic concentrations ([As]) were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and invertebrates were identified to order and classified by feeding guild. 4. Increased [As] did not affect all feeding guilds and orders equally. For example, individual herbivore abundance did not decrease as [As] increased, but predator abundance did. In many cases, the impact of soil [As] on invertebrates depended on the distance from the fern. Fern [As] also influenced components of the community, but only at 3 m away from the fern. Furthermore, the abundances of many invertebrate groups were higher beneath the fern, where [As] was higher. 5. These results suggest that hyperaccumulated As can impact the invertebrate community, but the defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation are more complex than have been previously described. The authors advocate that future studies examining the potential defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation should do so in a natural setting that incorporates this complexity and invertebrate richness.
Indirect effects of larval dispersal following mass mortality events.

Mass mortality events are characterized by rapid die-offs of many individuals within a population at a specific location. These events produce a high concentration of remains within a given locale and the frequency and magnitude of these events may be increasing (Fey et al. 2015). Mass mortality events may be caused by physical (e.g., lightning strikes, fire), chemical (e.g., pollutants, hypoxia), or biological processes (e.g., disease, phenological mismatch with food source). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effects of Palladium(II) Chlorocomplex Speciation on the Controlled Interaction with a Polyaniline Film in Acid.

In this study, we determined the Pd(II) chlorocomplex species that has the most favorable interaction with an electropolymerized and protonated polyaniline (PANI) film. This study was completed with the intent to use this species to electrochemically build atomic palladium clusters in the PANI matrix. Varying amounts of NaCl were added to a K2PdCl4/HClO4 solution to result in three species studied: PdCl2(H2O)2, PdCl3(H2O)−, and PdCl42–. UV–vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the speciation, and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammograms were used to probe the interaction between the Pd species and PANI. It was determined that PdCl3(H2O)− most effectively interacts with PANI as a result of the charge balance between the anion and the protonated nitrogen-containing groups in the polymer. It has been also found that some fraction of inserted Pd(II) cannot be reduced to Pd(0).
On Index Investing

We empirically examine the effects of index investing using predictions derived from a Grossman-Stiglitz framework. An increase in index investing leads to lower information production as measured by Google searches, EDGAR views, and analyst reports, yet price informativeness remains unchanged. The findings are consistent with an equilibrium in which investors choose to be informed active traders whenever it is profitable. As index investing increases there are fewer informed active investors (so aggregate information production drops), but the remaining mix of informed and uninformed active investors adjusts until the returns to active investing are unchanged -- thus price informativeness is unchanged.
Lithium effects on granulopoiesis in mice following cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Recent clinical studies have suggested that administration of lithium may modify the duration of neutropenia in patients receiving chemotherapy for treatment of acute leukemia (Stein et al., 1978) and solid tumors (Stein et al., 1977; Lyman et al., 1978). Fehir and Rossof (1978) reported similar effects of lithium in dogs following administration of cyclophosphamide. The mechanisms by which lithium increases blood neutrophil concentrations are not completely understood. Neutrophilia is associated with increased marrow neutrophil production (Malloy et al., 1978; Rothstein et al., 1978), increased neutrophil progenitor cells (CFU-C) (Tisman et al., 1973; Joyce and Chervenick, 1979) and enhanced release of colony stimulating activity (CSA) (Joyce and Chervenick, 1975; Harker et al., 1977). The present studies describe changes in hematopoiesis during daily administration of lithium chloride (Li) to normal mice and report enhanced recovery of granulopoiesis following administration of cytotoxic drugs.
Regional Drug Delivery for Inoperable Pulmonary Malignancies

Unresectable primary lung cancers and inoperable pulmonary metastases contribute significantly to cancer mortality throughout the world. Isolated lung perfusion and inhalation techniques are potential strategies to enhance delivery of chemotherapeutic as well as biologic agents to the lungs while minimizing systemic toxicities. This chapter reviews current efforts pertaining to regional drug delivery for inoperable pulmonary malignancies.
ON 2D PERCOLATION CLUSTERS AND ON MULTI-PARTICLE FRACTAL AGGREGATION

Publisher Summary This chapter, through figures, shows the changing geometry of percolation clusters and backbones as the percolation transition is crossed. Each pair of images shows a 600 to 400 sample of 2D percolation on a square lattice with periodic boundary conditions. Two sites belong to the same biconnected cluster of occupied sites if there are two independent paths connecting them. Aggregation on a surface by independently diffusing particles produces shapes reminiscent of electrochemical dendritic growth in quiescent solutions. Qualitatively, at low currents and voltages, a porous grey (mossy) surface is formed, while at higher currents, dendritic growth occurs. As each ion joining the surface must cause charge to flow through the external circuit, variations in current correspond to changes in the sticking probability “s― of an atom at the surface. At large currents s ⇒ 1 while with low currents s ⇒ 0.
Two-Sided Matching for mentor-mentee allocations-Algorithms and manipulation strategies.

In scenarios where allocations are determined by participant’s preferences, Two-Sided Matching is a well-established approach with applications in College Admissions, School Choice, and Mentor-Mentee matching problems. In such a context, participants in the matching have preferences with whom they want to be matched with. This article studies two important concepts in Two-Sided Matching: multiple objectives when finding a solution, and manipulation of preferences by participants. We use real data sets from a Mentor-Mentee program for the evaluation to provide insight on realistic effects and implications of the two concepts. In the first part of the article, we consider the quality of solutions found by different algorithms using a variety of solution criteria. Most current algorithms focus on one criterion (number of participants matched), while not directly taking into account additional objectives. Hence, we evaluate different algorithms, including multi-objective heuristics, and the resulting trade-offs. The evaluation shows that existing algorithms for the considered problem sizes perform similarly well and close to the optimal solution, yet multi-objective heuristics provide the additional benefit of yielding solutions with better quality on multiple criteria. In the second part, we consider the effects of different types of preference manipulation on the participants and the overall solution. Preference manipulation is a concept that is well established in theory, yet its practical effects on the participants and the solution quality are less clear. Hence, we evaluate the effects of three manipulation strategies on the participants and the overall solution quality, and investigate if the effects depend on the used solution algorithm as well.
Recent advances in the management of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: lessons for the clinic.

Introduction: Managing fistulizing perianal disease is among the most challenging aspects of treating patients with Crohn’s disease. Perianal fistulas are indicative of poor long-term prognosis. Th...
Peer-led Group Sessions to Improve Healthful Eating and Physical Activity in a Low-income Primary Care Clinic Population

Obesity is particularly challenging to prevent or treat because it involves changing two essential health behaviors in daily life: diet and exercise. Moreover, it is difficult to counsel effectively on a patient’s diet or to promote physical activity within the context of a 20-minute well-child check when there are other urgent patient-related medical and behavioral needs. What primary care often lacks is a system both to activate patients to make healthy dietary or activity changes and to support patients when they inevitably encounter barriers, particularly low-income families that experience food …