cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Five-Point Indian: Caste, Masculinity, and English Language in the Paratexts of Chetan Bhagat:

This article examines the literary celebrity of Indian author Chetan Bhagat and his paratextual articulations in India’s English-language media. It seeks to deconstruct the role of these paratexts ...
Sources of Mood: Events of Affective Significance

In spite of the apparent tendency of moods to appear from “out of the blue,” they do have causes. In this chapter, I will consider the speculations that have been offered about the environmental antecedents of mood and, where it exists, the relevant evidence regarding these supposed sources of mood.
Recent Research on the “Carnegie Boat” from Dahshur, Egypt

Update on research conducted regarding the Middle Kingdom boat from Senwosret III's pyramid complex at Dahshur, Egypt, now in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
Ethical Dilemmas in Unusually Personal Research

This chapter explores ethical dilemmas faced by scholars who have unusually personal connections to their research. These dilemmas raise concerns about ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. Can a scholar have a “mission” to change people’s minds and also conduct trustworthy research in that area? What happens when a scholar with personal experience encounters data that do not match that personal experience? When and how should a researcher disclose personal motivations? What if disclosing involves emotional vulnerability, like coming out as transgender, or sharing a painful story? The chapter shows how the Part I Case Study participants navigated these challenges, and how their dissertation committees responded. Potential epistemological advantages of “insider” scholarship are also discussed. The chapter ends with a list of existential questions for readers.
Perioperative Hemostasis in Pediatric Surgery

The management of intraoperative bleeding in children is challenging and requires thoughtful diagnostics and therapy. A reliable and effective concept for bleeding therapy should be based on timely coagulation testing (e.g. ROTEM®), but this should be adapted to local conditions and resources. Ideally, an interdisciplinary operating procedure should be prepared and all pediatric anesthesiologists should be trained to use it. This procedure may include prophylactic administration of tranexamic acid for high risk procedures, provision of a cell salvage device, and a detailed bleeding history (for all patients). As there is no evidence-based data on universal coagulation therapy using transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, targeted administration of purified coagulation factors might offer a fast and safe alternative. For instance, the most common intraoperative hemostasis disorders are caused by dilutional coagulopathy, with an underlying fibrinogen and/or FXIII deficiency, both of which can be effectively treated with purified coagulation factors. More severe bleeding episodes may also affect platelet count and thrombin building capacity, whereas hyperfibrinolysis is a rare event during major pediatric surgery.
Transformation of Statistical Properties of Shallow-Water Waves

Directional shallow-water statistical properties of water waves are determined by linear transformation from their deep-water properties. Universal relationships between deep- and shallow-water joint probability distributions of wave height, wave period, and wave direction are established. The formulations are applied to the case of directional narrow-band spectra over a plane bathymetry in intermediate water depth. It is shown that the wave height statistical distributions no longer remain Rayleigh as in deep water, and the wave period distribution is no longer Gaussian but is skewed as a function of water depth. It can be concluded that when waves propagate in intermediate water depth from deeper regions to shallower, the skewness of the marginal probability contours shifts from longer waves to shorter waves.
Projectivism and the dismantling of totalities

We have seen that human awareness is partly directional and partly free. The free and separate awareness has given us the most trouble in the finite search for wholeness. To say the least, it has distracted us on the way. This free awareness is available directly to each person and indirectly to others. Some avail themselves of this power for self-exploration, self-therapy, meditation, play, to get a new focus on life, to experiment, or just to wander around. The totalist utilizes the free awareness to arrive at his preferred totality. He exploits it by relocating it from the self to some other context. Once this free awareness is made to serve a new totality, which it invests with life, it is given a more than human directionality. The totalist turns this new force to undermine the control of Self-1. The totalist would have total control of human awareness. He is indeed a claim-jumper. External totalities are not unconscious creations. They are the product of a free human awareness in alliance with the manipulations of the totalist.
Human-Centered Design of a 3D-Augmented Strategic Weather Management System: First Design Loops

Convective weather is one of the main causes of accidents in the National Airspace System according to the Federal Aviation Administration. This paper describes how the use of Human-Centered Design principles, along with Design Thinking, led to the design and development of a 3D-Augmented Strategic Weather Management System aiming to determine how strategic weather information presented both in 2D and 3D could impact pilots’ weather situation awareness and decision-making capabilities. This paper explains the five design iterations that were carried out over four years, including several knowledge elicitation, participatory design and evaluation sessions. The results are positive overall; pilots’ feedback is very rich and meaningful and will be implemented in the next prototypes. Further human-in-the-loop simulation evaluations will be conducted for consolidating usability and for evaluating pilots’ weather situation awareness and decision-making capabilities.
Predictive links among vocabulary, mathematical language, and executive functioning in preschoolers

Abstract The primary aim of the current study was to identify the predictive relations of both vocabulary and mathematical language to executive functioning (EF) development using a sample of 558 preschool children (Mage = 57.75 months, SD = 3.71). Monthly family income ranged from $0 to $5539 (M = $1508.18, SD = $892.92). Among the sample, 44% of the children were African American, 32% were Caucasian, 12% were Hispanic, 11% were multiracial, and 1% were Asian. Although the primary study goal was to examine the extent to which language predicted EF development, a secondary aim was to explore whether EF also predicted vocabulary and mathematical language development. Regression analyses accounting for classroom-level variance and key covariates revealed that vocabulary was a significant predictor of EF at the end of preschool after accounting for fall EF. When mathematical language was added into the models, it was a significant predictor of EF, but vocabulary was no longer significant. Furthermore, EF predicted vocabulary and mathematical language. These findings suggest that young children’s mathematical language skills are related to the acquisition of higher levels of EF during the preschool year and that there may be bidirectional associations between EF and mathematical language in preschool. Implications for future research are discussed.
Magnet Patterned Superparamagnetic Fe3O4/Au Core–Shell Nanoplasmonic Sensing Array for Label-Free High Throughput Cytokine Immunoassay

Rapid and accurate immune monitoring plays a decisive role in effectively treating immune-related diseases especially at point-of-care, where an immediate decision on treatment is needed upon precise determination of the patient immune status. Derived from the emerging clinical demands, there is an urgent need for a cytokine immunoassay that offers unprecedented sensor performance with high sensitivity, throughput, and multiplexing capability, as well as short turnaround time at low system complexity, manufacturability, and scalability. In this paper, a label-free, high throughput cytokine immunoassay based on a magnet patterned Fe3 O4 /Au core-shell nanoparticle (FACSNP) sensing array is developed. By exploiting the unique superparamagnetic and plasmonic properties of the core-shell nanomaterials, a facile microarray patterning technique is established that allows the fabrication of a uniform, self-assembled microarray on a large surface area with remarkable tunability and scalability. The sensing performance of the FACSNP microarray is validated by real-time detection of four cytokines in complex biological samples, showing high sensitivity (≈20 pg mL-1 ), selectivity and throughput with excellent statistical accuracy. The developed immunoassay is successfully applied for rapid determination of the functional immunophenotype of leukemia tumor-associated macrophages, manifesting its potential clinical applications for real-time immune monitoring, early cancer detection, and therapeutic drug stratification toward personalized medicine.
Surgeon factors are strongly correlated with who receives a sleeve gastrectomy versus a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has replaced Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as the most common bariatric operation. While SG constitutes ∼70% of all bariatric volume, we hypothesize that the distribution of SG versus RYGB varies widely at the level of the surgeon and that surgeon rather than patient factors are the primary driver of the procedure performed. Objectives To determine the distribution of bariatric procedures performed at the surgeon level. Setting Population-level analysis using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) for New York State (2004–2014). Methods Identified surgeons performing SG and RYGB using billing codes. Logistic regression performed to determine the impact of surgeon, patient, and hospital factors on receiving a RYGB. Results Of the 142 surgeons who perform >5 bariatric operations per year, 32 (22.5%) performed a SG in ≥95% of their bariatric cases in the year 2014. In logistic regression, diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.45; P 66th percentile in the preceding year (OR 33.8; P Conclusions While the percentage of SG in this cohort closely matches the national average, there is wide variation at the surgeon level with a significant proportion predominantly performing a single procedure. Surgeon factors are more strongly correlated with procedure selection compared to patient or hospital factors.
A phonon wave packet study of thermal energy transport across functionalized hard-soft interfaces

Thermal transport across hard-soft interfaces is critical to many applications, such as polymer composites, solar thermal evaporation, and photothermal cancer therapy. In this work, we use wave packets (WP) in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the phonon energy transmission coefficients (ETCs) across different Au-self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-organic liquid interfaces. Three types of thiol SAMs with different terminal groups and chain length heterogeneities are studied, including “-CH3,” “-COOH,” and “hetero” SAMs. Two types of organic liquids, hexamine and hexane, are investigated. When the liquid changes from hexamine to hexane, the Au-CH3 SAM-liquid interfaces show similar ETCs across different phonon modes, since the interactions between nonpolar SAM and different liquids are similar, while the ETCs across the Au-CH3 SAM-liquid interfaces are much higher than those involving bare Au-liquid interfaces. Due to the -COOH functionalization, the Au-COOH SAM-hexamine interface shows the highest ETCs for all phonon modes compared to the other interfaces, which explains why its interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) is also the highest. We find that the Au-hetero-SAM-hexamine interface has higher ETCs in the longitudinal acoustic (LA) modes than the Au-CH3 SAM-hexamine interface; as a result, the ITC of the Au-hetero-SAM-hexamine interface is slightly higher. The ETCs calculated in our WP simulations can interpret the ITCs calculated from our previous MD simulations. Using the mode-resolved ETCs, the ITC contributions for each phonon mode are also calculated. We find that the LA modes play an important role in thermal transport across Au-SAM-liquid interfaces. Results from this WP study will help design interfaces with desirable thermal transport properties.Thermal transport across hard-soft interfaces is critical to many applications, such as polymer composites, solar thermal evaporation, and photothermal cancer therapy. In this work, we use wave packets (WP) in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the phonon energy transmission coefficients (ETCs) across different Au-self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-organic liquid interfaces. Three types of thiol SAMs with different terminal groups and chain length heterogeneities are studied, including “-CH3,” “-COOH,” and “hetero” SAMs. Two types of organic liquids, hexamine and hexane, are investigated. When the liquid changes from hexamine to hexane, the Au-CH3 SAM-liquid interfaces show similar ETCs across different phonon modes, since the interactions between nonpolar SAM and different liquids are similar, while the ETCs across the Au-CH3 SAM-liquid interfaces are much higher than those involving bare Au-liquid interfaces. Due to the -COOH functionalization, the Au-COOH SAM-hexamine interface shows the highest ...
Selection of the most effective pavement surfacing strategy for the Glenwood cross laminated timber parking garage

Abstract The use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) is becoming increasingly common in large scale construction projects as a sustainable alternative. This study assesses the effectiveness of several overlay surfaces which are to be installed on top of floor slabs in a proposed CLT parking garage structure. Overlay surfaces are necessary to protect the CLT from moisture and vehicle loadings within the parking garage. First, finite element modeling was performed to determine stress, strain, and deformation distributions and factors for use in the laboratory tests. Then, three overlay systems were evaluated using laboratory tests (at the stress-strain levels identified by FE modeling) where cracking resistance, interlayer bond strength and rutting (flow number) were the main parameters used to quantify the performance of each overlay strategy. One of the three overlay systems evaluated consisted of a flexible polyurethane membrane applied directly to a CLT panel. The other two overlay systems consisted of dual-layered sheet membranes applied to a CLT panel and then paved over with a modified asphalt pavement. Based on the laboratory test results, a strategy with the asphalt and sheet membrane layers on top of the CLT layer was selected to be the best option due to significant reduction in stress-strain distribution achieved when compared to the other strategies.
Cemeteries as a Template of Religion, Non-religion and Culture

This chapter interweaves the roles that religious requirements and cultural tradition have had on cemeteries in North America (Canada and the U.S.); Europe (France); South America (Peru and Bolivia) and North Africa (Morocco). In North America, several religious organizations created their own cemeteries which, together with the notion of burial in perpetuity, have resulted in a vast amount of land use devoted to the dead. In Montreal, two adjoining garden park cemeteries, Catholic and Protestant, have emphasized religious over cultural differences. In Barre, Vermont, a small town with formerly much ethnic diversity, a secular organization founded a burial ground showcasing granite art. In North America, the rapid rise of cremation as funeral practice has accelerated the decline of cemeteries, pointing to massive abandonment in the future. By contrast, in France, cemeteries are few because they have not ordinarily provided plots in perpetuity and because graveyard space is under the control of municipalities. In that laicized system, believers and non-believers are buried in the same cemetery and in proximity. In the Andes of Peru and Bolivia, though municipalities own the graveyards, religious manifestations are ubiquitous. In Morocco, the notion of burial perpetuity reflects Islamic interpretations. Larger meanings derived from these examples are: (1) religious manifestations in cemeteries everywhere indicate a range of devotion (just as in life); (2) over the past half century in North America, secularization has led to the convergence of previously divergent religious categories; (3) societal shifts in the religious commitment are not necessarily reflected in cemeteries; (4) laicism sets strict limits on cemeteries, but does not intend to prevent religious expression; and (5) burial practices can be explained by how societies separate or conjoin culture and religion.
Comparison of Long-term Survival of Patients With Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After Surgery vs Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy.

Importance Previous comparisons of surgery and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early-stage (ES) non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) did not account for the extent of regional lymph node examination (LNE) during surgery. Objective To compare long-term overall survival (OS) of patients with ES NSCLC after surgery vs SBRT when the extent of regional LNE in patients undergoing surgery is thoroughly considered. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study with survival comparisons using the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and after propensity score matching. Data from the National Cancer Database were analyzed from October 28, 2018, through April 18, 2019. Patients with ES NSCLC diagnosed between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2015, who underwent any curative-intent surgery or SBRT were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Long-term OS. Results Of 104 709 total patients, 91 330 underwent surgery (42 508 [46.5%] male; median [interquartile range] age, 68 [61-75] years) and 13 379 received SBRT (6065 [45.3%] male; median [interquartile range] age, 75 [68-81] years). Surgery, especially lobectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.50-0.56), and regional LNE, especially when more than 10 lymph nodes were examined (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.69-0.77), were associated with better long-term OS (P 15 nodes examined: HR for stage T1, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.16-2.64;P = .54; HR for stage T2-T3, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.50-1.60;P = .71). Less extensive surgery was not associated with improved OS when 0 nodes were examined in patients aged 80 years or older with stage T2 to T3 tumors (HR for lobectomy, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.65-1.25;P = .53) and in selected operable patients older than 75 years with stage T1 tumors (HR for lobectomy, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.57-2.00;P = .84). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that, overall, surgery coupled with regional LNE of appropriate extent was associated with the best long-term OS in patients with ES NSCLC.
RATES OF FALLS AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FALLS IN OLDER ADULTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: FINDINGS FROM THE PROSPECTIVE SAGE-AF STUDY

Falls in older adults with atrial fibrillation (AF) has important prognostic implications but remains poorly described in literature We analyzed data from the Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Elements in AF (SAGE-AF) study-an ongoing prospective cohort study of older adults with AF, to examine
Intrasinus bolstering of traumatic maxillary sinus fractures by using Foley catheter balloons in two foals

Objective To describe the repair of unstable facial fractures by using Foley catheter balloons as intrasinus bolsters. Study design Case report ANIMALS: Two weanling foals with unilateral fractures of the sinus and orbit secondary to kick injuries. Preoperative imaging that included positive contrast dacrocystorhinography and computed tomography confirmed severe comminution of facial fractures and nasolacrimal duct disruption in both foals. Methods Small bone fragments were surgically removed, and large fragments were retained even when denuded of periosteum. Repair procedures included nasolacrimal canaliculosinusotomy and suturing fracture fragments together with polydioxanone sutures. After fixation, the fracture fragments could be depressed into the sinus with manual pressure, so two intrasinus Foley catheters were placed to bolster the sinus wall, with the tubing exiting through a frontal sinus trephine. The skin was completely closed over the fractures. Catheters and nasolacrimal stenting were maintained in place during fracture healing. Results One foal prematurely dislodged catheters and nasolacrimal stent 11 days after fixation. The catheters and stenting were removed as planned 4 weeks after surgery in the second foal. Wound, fracture healing, and overall cosmesis was good in both foals, and epiphora resolved. Surgical site infection, sinusitis, and sequestration did not occur. Both foals became high-level performance horses with acceptable cosmetic outcome and good bilateral nasal airflow. Conclusion Foley catheter balloons supported sinus fracture repair and maintained stability of the surgical reconstruction during convalescence. Clinical significance Suture repair of comminuted sinus fractures can be supported by using Foley catheters, which are readily available.
An Engrailed1 enhancer underlies human thermoregulatory evolution

Summary Humans rely on sweating to cool off and have the highest eccrine sweat gland density among mammals. We investigated whether altered regulation of the Engrailed 1 (EN1) gene, the levels of which are critical for patterning eccrine glands during development, could underlie the evolution of this defining human trait. First, we identify five EN1 candidate enhancers (ECEs) using comparative genomics and validation of enhancer activity in mouse skin. The human ortholog of one ECE, hECE18, contains multiple derived substitutions that together dramatically increase the activity of this enhancer in keratinocytes. Targeted repression of hECE18 reduces EN1 expression in human keratinocytes, indicating hECE18 upregulates EN1 in this context. Finally, we find that hECE18 increases ectodermal En1 in a humanized knock-in mouse to increase eccrine gland number. Our study uncovers a genetic basis for the evolution of one of the most singular human adaptations and implicates the recurrent mutation of a single enhancer as a novel mechanism for evolutionary change.
Comparing Fecal, Saliva and Chicha Microbiomes Between Mothers and Children in an Indigenous Ecuadorian Cohort

Recent research has elucidated many factors which play a role in the development and composition of human microbiomes. In this study we briefly examine the microbiomes of saliva and fecal samples from 71 indigenous individuals, and chicha samples from 28 single family households in a remote community in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Fecal and saliva samples were collected at two separate time points whereas chicha samples were collected at four time points, once each day of the fermentation process. In total 324 samples were collected: 113 saliva, 108 chicha, and 103 fecal. Microbial composition and diversity were assessed using shotgun metagenome sequence data. Chicha samples were found to be nearly entirely composed of the order Lactobacillales, accounting for 90.1% of the relative abundance. Saliva samples also contained a high relative abundance of Lactobacillales (31.9%) as well as being composed of Neisseriales (12.8%), Actinomycineae (8.7%), Bacteroidales (7.0%), Clostridiales (6.8%), Micrococcineae (6.5%), and Pasteurellales (6.0%). Fecal samples were largely composed of the three orders Clostridiales (33.7%), Bacteroidales (21.9%), and Bifidobacteriales (16.5%). Comparison of α-diversity, as calculated by Shannon9s Diversity Index, in mothers and their offspring showed no significant difference between the two groups in either fecal or saliva samples. Comparison of β-diversity in fecal and saliva samples, as calculated by the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity measure, within household units and between differing households showed that members of the same household were significantly less dissimilar to each other than to members of other households in the community. Average microbiome composition for individuals within fecal and saliva samples was assessed to determine the impact of an individual9s household on the composition of their microbiome. Household was determined to have a significant impact on both fecal and oral microbiome compositions.
Functional, proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of Nrf2- and Keap1- null skeletal muscle

Key points Nrf2 is a master regulator of endogenous cellular defences, governing the expression of more than 200 cytoprotective proteins, including a panel of antioxidant enzymes. Nrf2 plays an important role in redox haemostasis of skeletal muscle in response to the increased generation of reactive oxygen species during contraction. Employing skeletal muscle-specific transgenic mouse models with unbiased-omic approaches, we uncovered new target proteins, downstream pathways and molecular networks of Nrf2 in skeletal muscle following Nrf2 or Keap1 deletion. Based on the findings, we proposed a two-way model to understand Nrf2 function: a tonic effect through a Keap1-independent mechanism under basal conditions and an induced effect through a Keap1-dependent mechanism in response to oxidative and other stresses. Abstract Although Nrf2 has been recognized as a master regulator of cytoprotection, its functional significance remains to be completely defined. We hypothesized that proteomic/bioinformatic analyses from Nrf2-deficient or overexpressed skeletal muscle tissues will provide a broader spectrum of Nrf2 targets and downstream pathways than are currently known. To this end, we created two transgenic mouse models; the iMS-Nrf2flox/flox and iMS-Keap1flox/flox , employing which we demonstrated that selective deletion of skeletal muscle Nrf2 or Keap1 separately impaired or improved skeletal muscle function. Mass spectrometry revealed that Nrf2-KO changed expression of 114 proteins while Keap1-KO changed expression of 117 proteins with 10 proteins in common between the groups. Gene ontology analysis suggested that Nrf2 KO-changed proteins are involved in metabolism of oxidoreduction coenzymes, purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, ATP and propanoate, which are considered as the basal function of Nrf2, while Keap1 KO-changed proteins are involved in cellular detoxification, NADP metabolism, glutathione metabolism and the electron transport chain, which belong to the induced effect of Nrf2. Canonical pathway analysis suggested that Keap1-KO activated four pathways, whereas Nrf2-KO did not. Ingenuity pathway analysis further revealed that Nrf2-KO and Keap1-KO impacted different signal proteins and functions. Finally, we validated the proteomic and bioinformatics data by analysing glutathione metabolism and mitochondrial function. In conclusion, we found that Nrf2-targeted proteins are assigned to two groups: one mediates the tonic effects evoked by a low level of Nrf2 at basal condition; the other is responsible for the inducible effects evoked by a surge of Nrf2 that is dependent on a Keap1 mechanism.
The Novel Use of an External Oblique Nerve Catheter After Open Cholecystectomy.

Open cholecystectomy is a painful procedure and requires a well-rounded multimodal approach for successful postoperative analgesia. A thoracic epidural is known to provide reliable pain relief for upper abdominal surgical procedures. However, in patients for whom an epidural is contraindicated, an alternative regional technique may be sought. This case discusses the novel use of an external oblique catheter after open cholecystectomy.
Standardized genome-wide function prediction enables comparative functional genomics: a new application area for Gene Ontologies in plants

Background: Genome-wide gene function annotations are useful for hypothesis generation and for prioritizing candidate genes responsible for phenotypes of interest. We functionally annotated the genes of 18 crop plant genomes across 14 species using the GOMAP pipeline. Results: By comparison to existing GO annotation datasets, GOMAP-generated datasets cover more genes, assign more GO terms, and produce datasets similar in quality (based on precision and recall metrics using existing gold standards as the basis for comparison). From there, we sought to determine whether the datasets could be used in tandem to carry out comparative functional genomics analyses. As a test of the idea and a proof of concept, we created parsimony and distance-based dendrograms of relatedness based on functions for all 18 genomes. These dendrograms were compared to well-established species-level phylogenies to determine whether trees derived through the analysis of gene function agree with known evolutionary histories, which they largely do. Where discrepancies were observed, we determined branch support based on jackknifing then removed individual annotation sets by genome to identify the annotation sets causing errant relationships. Conclusions: Based on the results of these analyses, it is clear that for genome assembly and annotation products of similar quality, GOMAP-derived functional annotations used together across species do retain sufficient biological signal to recover known phylogenetic relationships, indicating that comparative functional genomics across species based on GO data hold promise as a tool for generating novel hypotheses about gene function and traits.
Efficacy of buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and spirotetramat against Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 nymphal field populations in Florida

Abstract The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetable crops in the USA, causing yield losses through transmission of plant viruses and induction of plant disorders. Irregular ripening of tomato and silvering of squash leaves are whitefly-induced plant disorders associated with B. tabaci nymphal feeding. Insecticides applied to manage B. tabaci nymphs and these plant disorders include insect growth regulators (IGRs) and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors. Eleven B. tabaci MEAM1 field populations were collected from vegetables and weeds in south Florida in 2019–2020 to assess the efficacy of nymphal insecticides using a maximum dose bioassay. A susceptible laboratory colony of B. tabaci MEAM1 and a colony of B. tabaci MED were also tested. Among the field populations, spirotetramat was the least efficient product for reducing adult emergence and pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were both highly effective. In contrast to the field populations, the lab MED colony was highly susceptible to spirotetramat while pyriproxyfen and buprofezin demonstrated low efficacy for reducing adult emergence. The results indicate that tolerance to spirotetramat may be present in field populations of B. tabaci.
Taking A Social-Relational (and Developmental) Perspective on the Roots of Gender Gaps in Political Leadership

“Women belong in all places where decisions are being made.”–Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesAs the quote from Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg notes, gir...
Energy balance of rapidly deforming foam filled cylindrical shells in a high pressure fluid environment

The pressure differential between an air-filled structure and the surrounding fluid for underwater applications can potentially lead to instabilities and collapse of the structure. When air-filled structures collapse underwater, large pressure pulses are emitted into the surrounding water, which can damage nearby living organisms and structures. The present study aims to mitigate the high-pressure spikes generated in underwater implosions. Experiments were performed underwater in a pressure vessel. Thin-walled aluminum 6061 cylindrical shells were placed in the water filled pressure vessel, and the hydrostatic pressure was increased until the tubes reached instability and subsequently collapsed. To mitigate the pressure pulses radiated into the fluid by the implosion of the tubes, closed cell polyvinyl chloride foam rods of varying densities were placed inside of the aluminum tubes and assembled concentrically. The densities of the solid foam rods were 45 and 100 kg/m3, which were selected to investigate the effect of foam density on the mitigation capabilities of the foam rods. Three-dimensional digital image correlation was coupled with high-speed photography to obtain the full-field displacements and velocities of the aluminum tubes during implosion. Moreover, the pressure fields created during the structural collapse of the tubes were recorded with tourmaline pressure transducers. The 45 kg/m3 foam reduced the peak pressure pulse generated during the implosion event by 30%, whereas the 100 kg/m3 foam rods reduced the peak pressure pulse by 50%. Furthermore, the 45 kg/m3 foam decreased the energy imparted onto the fluid by the implosion of the tubes by 16%, whereas the 100 kg/m3 foam decreased the energy imparted onto the fluid by the implosion by 43%. Full field displacement data showed that both foam densities reduced the radial velocity of the tube during implosion, as well as reducing the peak centerpoint decelerations of the tube prior to wall contact by 45% and 62% for the 45 kg/m3 and the 100 kg/m3 foam, respectively. Fully coupled fluid–structure interaction finite element models were created using the Abaqus software to obtain the structural deformation energy in the aluminum tubes after implosion, as well as the energy absorbed by the foam rods. The models were in good agreement with the experiments in terms of radial displacements during implosion, as well as the final foam rod volume.
Connections to Solids

This chapter addresses several issues related to ionic compounds. One of the issues is what “desiccants” are and why they are in packaged products. The advanced circuitry in electronic devices can malfunction in humid environments. Moisture can reroute and even short circuit electric signals, impairing the operation of electronic equipment. Manufacturers recognize that moisture can adversely affect their products and therefore, include small packets of “desiccant” to control the moisture levels during shipping and storage. A desiccant is a porous, solid, drying agent or hydrating agent that attracts moisture from the atmosphere and acts by retaining those particles of water on its surface or in the pores of the desiccant. Both synthetic materials and naturally occurring minerals function as desiccants, including dehydrated gypsum, calcinated lime, and a type of clay. Additionally, a myriad of other products benefit from the application of desiccants, including food, pharmaceuticals, shoes and other leather articles, laboratory equipments and hygroscopic chemicals, books and rare manuscripts, museum and historical artifacts, paintings and valuable art objects, films, heating aids, and stamps.
The use of aluminum nitride to improve Aluminum-26 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry measurements and production of Radioactive Ion Beams

Abstract We present results and discuss the use of aluminum nitride as a promising source material for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) science applications of 26Al isotopes. The measurement of 26Al in geological samples by AMS is typically conducted on Al2O3 targets. However, Al2O3 is not an ideal source material because it does not form a prolific beam of Al− required for measuring low-levels of 26Al. Multiple samples of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), mixed Al2O3–AlN as well as aluminum fluoride (AlF3) were tested and compared using the ion source test facility and the stable ion beam (SIB) injector platform at the 25-MV tandem electrostatic accelerator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Negative ion currents of atomic and molecular aluminum were examined for each source material. It was found that pure AlN targets produced substantially higher beam currents than the other materials and that there was some dependence on the exposure of AlN to air. The applicability of using AlN as a source material for geological samples was explored by preparing quartz samples as Al2O3 and converting them to AlN using a carbothermal reduction technique, which involved reducing the Al2O3 with graphite powder at 1600 °C within a nitrogen atmosphere. The quartz material was successfully converted to AlN. Thus far, AlN proves to be a promising source material and could lead towards increasing the sensitivity of low-level 26Al AMS measurements. The potential of using AlN as a source material for nuclear physics is also very promising by placing 26AlN directly into a source to produce more intense radioactive beams of 26Al.
Language and Material Culture

This innovative and provocative work introduces complexity theory and its application to both the study of language and the study of material culture. The book begins with a wide-ranging theoretical background, covering the areas of dialect geography, the anthropological study of material culture, and a general introduction to the study of complex adaptive systems. Following this general introduction, the principles of complexity theory are demonstrated in data drawn from linguistics and material culture studies. Language and Material Culture further highlights the principles of complexity through a series of case studies, using data from the Linguistic Atlas, colonial American inventories and the Historic American Building Survey. LMC shows that language and material culture are intertwined as they interact within the same cultural complex system. The book is designed for students in courses that focus on language variation, American English and material culture, in addition to general courses on applications of complex systems.
When Courts Let Insane Delusions Pass the Rational Basis Test: The Newest Challenge to Florida's Exclusion of Homosexuals from Adoption

Florida was the only state to categorically exclude homosexuals from adopting children. Recently, a gay prospective father, Frank Martin Gill, successfully challenged the constitutionality of that homophobic statutory provision. The State of Florida appealed and The Third District Court of Appeal, affirming Judge Cindy S. Lederman, concluded that Florida’s statute violated Gill’s equal protection rights. See Fla. Dep’t of Children & Families v. In re Matter of Adoption of X.X.G. and N.R.G., 35 Fla. L. Weekly D2107 (Sept. 22, 2010).This article, one of the first to address this high profile decision, looks at the constitutional issue in a new way. It yokes together what might seem to be two distinct areas of the law: the doctrine of insane delusion under wills and trusts’ law and rational basis review in constitutional law. Its narrow thesis is that the statutory exclusion of homosexuals from adoption is based on an insane delusion and that any court upholding it under the rational basis test is itself insanely deluded. On a broader level, however, this article explores the damage that results when courts use the rational basis test to uphold legislation which is premised on an irrational belief that is refuted by amble evidence to the contrary.
Improved GGSCR layout for overshoot reduction

A new layout of the GGSCR ESD protection device is proposed for transient voltage overshoot reduction. The superior performance of the modified layout is verified in 65nm CMOS technology. Even with the modified layout, key layout spacings, such as the well-tap spacing and the anode to cathode spacing, affect the overshoot voltage. An n-well triggered version of the GGSCR is compared with the usual p-well triggered device and is shown to have larger overshoot. Finally, the susceptibility of the trigger GGNMOS to undergo early failure is investigated.
Geometry-driven Magnetoresistance

Magnetoresistance (MR) in materials arises from two properties of the system. One is the physical MR that is dependent on the intrinsic properties of the materials in the physical system. The second source originates in the geometric structure and distribution of the materials in the physical system. In this review, we focus on the geometric MR and show how it can be altered and dramatically enhanced in two cases. First, in metal–semiconductor hybrid (MSH) structures, the judicious distribution of metal and semiconductor leads to a dramatic increase in the MR due to the rerouting of the current passing preferentially through the metallic regions at low fields, due to their high conductivity, into the semiconductor regions in the presence of a magnetic field. This phenomenon is now known as extraordinary magnetoresistance(EMR), with observed room-temperature EMR in excess of 100% at 0.05 T and reaching values of 106% at 5 T. This property of the MSH has been shown to be scalable down to structure dimensions on the order of ∼50 nm with a measured EMR of 35% at a signal field of 0.05 T. The details of the diffusive transport mechanism leading to the enhancements in MR are presented. Second, in nanocontacts between ferromagnetic wires, the quantum point contact leads to a ballistic magnetoresistance (BMR) that is due to the development of a domain wall (DW) between the wires when they are magnetized in an antiparallel configuration. The scattering of electrons by the DW in the nanochannels between the wires changes the conductance of the channel, and BMR of ∼300–3000% and higher have been observed. Here again the geometric origin of the MR is evident. The various aspects of the nanochannel governing BMR are discussed. Both geometric enhancements show great promise for technological applications in the area of reliable nanoscale sensors for computer read heads, magnetic actuators and switches, and biological sensors. Keywords: ballistic magnetoresistance; extraordinary magnetoresistance; tunnelling magnetoresistance; geometric effects in magnetoresistance
Hydatigera taeniaeformis: strobilocerci hooks. I. Collection and preparation; elemental, amino acid, and infrared spectrophotometric analyses.

Abstract A method is described for the collection of the rostellar hooks of Strobilocerci of Hydatigera taeniaeformis , Batsch, 1786, in sufficient quantity to allow chemical analysis. The preparative procedures do not appear to affect either the chemical or structural integrity of the hooks. Elemental and amino acid analyses of hooks resulted in values similar to those reported for keratin-like proteins from vertebrate sources and the hooks of protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus with some notable exceptions. The major differences observed were the markedly higher values for sulfur and cystine. These differences may reflect differences in the method of collection and purification of the hooks used for the two studies. The infrared spectrum of purified hooks of H. taeniaeformis Strobilocerci is similar to that of bovine hoof keratin and markedly different from that of insect chitin. The major organic component of the hooks of H. taeniaeformis strobilocerci appears to be a keratin-like protein. Preliminary data suggest that additional sulfur is present in an, as yet, undetermined form.
Applied Reverberation Modeling Workshop

Abstract : LONG TERM GOALS: Improve accuracy, fidelity, and speed of reverberation models for modeling, simulation, training and sonar system performance predictions. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to achieve more efficient transitions from the 6.1 basic research community to the applied modeling community. APPROACH: The approach is to: 1) develop enhanced understanding of 6.2/6.3 needs within the 6.1 community (emphasis on physics rather than signal processing); 2) develop long-term interactions between 6.2/6.3 and 6.1 researchers (addressing current/future Navy needs through FNC or alternate paths) and 3) identify topics that require long-term 6.1 basic research. WORK COMPLETED: The PI worked closely with Tony Eller (ASPM reverberation modeler) to identify physics upgrades that would improve speed and/or fidelity. The PI had close association with the HIFAST program, via two formal review meetings and recommendations to Mike Vaccarro (ONR program manager of HIFAST program) for reverberamation modeling improvements. The PI also interacted with the air community (Carrie Root) about specific recommendations for reverberation modeling speed and fidelity improvements. The PI provided guidance on several occasions to a software support engineer (John Pinezich, Advanced Acosutic Concepts) developing the air community simulation system, CASE. The PI also continued collaborative modeling with the two operational model leads, Tony Eller (ASPM) and Ruth Keenan (CASS).
Filament Formation in Clostridium acidiurici Under Conditions of Elevated Temperatures

Abstract Terry, David R. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), Abdul Gaffar, and Richard D. Sagers. Filament formation in Clostridium acidiurici under conditions of elevated temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 91:1625–1634. 1966.—Vegetative cells of Clostridium acidiurici, when grown at temperatures up to 42 C, are straight rods varying from 2.5 to 4 μ in length. When grown at 43 C, the cells show a definite tendency to elongate, and, when grown at 44 C, filaments are formed, often exceeding 500 μ in length. Only an occasional cross wall is apparent in the heat-induced long forms, but as the temperature is lowered they readily form cross walls and fragment into short, single cells. Chromatin material is distributed in evenly spaced clusters throughout the length of the filaments. The filaments grown at 44 C are gram-negative, whereas cells grown at 37 C are gram-positive. However, filament formation and gram-negativity apparently are not due to magnesium deficiency, since the gram-negative filaments are formed in concentrations of magnesium ranging from 10−6 to 10−2m. The rapid transition from filaments to single cells upon lowering the temperature from 44 to 37 C suggests that the temperature-related repression of the cross wall-forming system is a phenotypic response rather than the selection of specific mutants which produce the observed phenomena.
The Colon: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

The distinctive haustral contour of the large intestine is provided by three bands of longitudinal muscle—the taeniae coli. Since the taeniae are shorter than the length of the colon itself, their tethering action in relation to the circular muscle results in the characteristic haustral sacculations. The colonic haustra are thus organized into three distinct rows, each of which has characteristic anatomic relationships. 249
Fat metabolism in higher plants. XIII. Phosphatidic acid synthesis and diglyceride phosphokinase activity in mitochondria from peanut cotyledons.

A phosphatidic acid is the major lipid to become labeled when Pi32 (inorganic orthophosphate labeled with P32), under conditions of oxidative phosphorylation, or ATP32 is fed to mito-choline and phosphatidylethanolamine in the mitochondria obtained a much higher level of P32, the only cofactor required was Mg++. The stimulation of phosphatidic acid synthesis by an α,β-diglyceride provided support for the view that this synthesis is due to diglyceride phosphokinase activity in the mitochondria. Evidence is also presented that this enzyme preparation is capable of phosphorylating α-monoglycerides with the formation of monoacyl phosphatidic acids. When Pi32 was added to slices of peanut cotyledons, the phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidylethanolamine in the mitochondria obtained a much higher level of radioactivity than that observed in experiments with the isolated mitochondria.
Rural development, class structure and bureaucracy in Bangladesh

Abstract For a time in the mid-1960s, the Comilla programme in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) seemed to represent a viable answer to the quest for a rural development programme that would truly benefit small farmers. In the ensuing years, however, the programme came to be dominated by the bigger farmers, largely because of the realities of class structure at the macro- and micro-levels. But there were also bureaucratic factors involved that had an existence independent of any class context, factors which would have biased any rural development programme toward rural elites, even in the absence of a class structure at national level that favoured these elites.