cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
156 – Richardson Extrapolation

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the yield, and application of Richardson extrapolation. It is applicable to approximation techniques for differential equations. It yields a procedure for increasing the accuracy. It is assumed that a grid with a characteristic spacing h is used to numerically approximate the solution of a differential equation. The approximation u (x;h) at the point x in the domain will satisfy u(x, h) = y(x) + Rm (x)hm + O (hm+1), where y is the true solution to the differential equation, m is the order of the method, and the other terms represent the error. In some cases, the order of the method, and hence m will be unknown. The Richardson extrapolation method may still be used, by either estimating ra numerically, or by using the Shanks transformation
Effect of Preexisting Inclusions on the Size and Morphology of Al 2 O 3 : Results from Two-Stage and Fixed Supersaturation Deoxidation

The effects of preexisting MnO·SiO2 and FeO inclusions on the size and morphology of Al2O3 were investigated. Two-stage deoxidation with Mn and Si followed by Al and single-stage Al deoxidation at [O] levels of 287 ppm [O], 612 ppm [O], and 1071 ppm [O] were performed. The results showed heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Al2O3 onto MnO-SiO2 and FeO inclusions that were present in the steel before Al deoxidation. The transformation from MnO·SiO2 to Al2O3 was slow and controlled by Al diffusion through an Al2O3 reaction product layer but that the conversion of FeO to Al2O3 was relatively fast and likely controlled by Al diffusion in liquid steel. For both deoxidation processes, clustered Al2O3 inclusions were observed. However, reactions involving preexisting FeO also produced dendrites and large spherical inclusions within the inclusion clusters. For same supersaturation level, the average size and area fraction of the spherical Al2O3 produced from reactions with FeO increased with increasing FeO content. Al2O3 inclusions formed from reactions with MnO·SiO2 inclusions had a smaller area fraction than the preexisting MnO·SiO2 inclusions.
Coda: The Mediterranean Quest(ion)

In this concluding chapter, Fogu discusses some of the principal theoretical sources for his study as part of the story he has told in his book. He argues that the rise of a specifically geophilosophical Mediterranean Thought among Italian thinkers such as philosopher Massimo Cacciari, sociologist Franco Cassano, and Neapolitan-naturalized cultural critic Iain Chambers should be seen as both the articulation of a counter-image to the mare aliorum, and the intellectual conceptualization of a purely emporion Mediterranean imaginary. In these thinkers, Fogu identifies the call and hope for an effective deterritorialization and Mediterraneanization of both Italian and European culture-identity.
The Distillation of National Crime Data into A Plan for Elderly Fraud Prevention: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of U.S. Postal Inspection Service Cases of Fraud against the Elderly

The following article represents the product of a research study funded by the United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) and conducted by researchers from the Identity Management and Informat...
Four Crises in Algorithmic Governance

One of the hallmarks of the present era is the increasing centrality, power and authority of algorithms as arbiters and facilitators of social action. These sophisticated equations and logical processes, most of them completely opaque to the casual observer, and some even beyond the understanding of their own creators and maintainers, are responsible for a broad range of tasks both online and off-line, determining the nature and source of the news articles we read, the identity and disposition of the people we date, and the value of the commodities we buy and sell. It would not be an exaggeration to say that, at the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century, nearly every vital aspect of human culture and society is to some degree reliant on algorithms, and that the algorithms, in turn, are reliant upon an ever-expanding ocean of data produced through our interactions with them and with one another by way of them. In short, our markets, our governments, and even our intimate relationships are now fundamentally shaped and circumscribed by computer code. In the present article, I discuss four specific crises engendered by the rise of algorithmic governance of copyright, and discuss not only how they challenge our approach to laws and markets, but also how they reflect back on the larger social issues related to the sudden rise in prominence and power of the algorithm writ large. These crises may be described as: (I) the quantization of culture; (II) the convergence of institutions; (III) the expansion of scale; and (IV) the destabilization of ontology.
Epitaxial lift-off CdTe/MgCdTe double heterostructures for thin-film and flexible solar cells applications

This paper reports an improved epitaxial lift-off (ELO) technology for monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructure (DH) thin films using water-soluble and nearly lattice-matched MgTe as a sacrificial layer. Employing hard-baked photoresist as the superstrates with appropriate surface tension, the lift-off thin films show smooth and flat surfaces, confirmed by atomic-force microscopy profiles. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal further enhancement of the light extraction from the ELO thin films with a coated Ag back reflective mirror. The increased PL intensity also confirms that the CdTe/MgCdTe DHs maintain high optical quality after ELO. External luminescence quantum efficiency ( η ext) is quantitatively measured and used to calculate the implied open-circuit voltage (iVOC). A 0.5-μm-thick lift-off CdTe/MgCdTe DH with a back mirror demonstrates an η ext value of 5.35% and an iVOC value of 1.152 V. The devices based on this structure are also expected to have an improved fill factor and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 24.7 mA/cm2 according to the simulation results, promising to achieve CdTe solar cells with a record power conversion efficiency.
Comparison of Resident and Faculty Screening for Social Determinants of Health in an Academic Pediatric Primary Care Practice.

BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDH) have an important role in children's health and development and should be investigated in pediatric well child care. METHODS A retrospective chart review of children aged 5-17 at well visits at an urban academic pediatric primary care practice was performed. Chi-square tests of independence and z-test for proportions were used to assess differences between residents and faculty SDH screening. Results: Faculty screened for SDH more frequently than residents (P<0.05). Residents screened less frequently for food insecurity (P<0.05) and financial insecurity (P<0.05). Financial insecurity was endorsed less frequently by resident families (P<0.05), while school absence was endorsed more frequently by resident families (P<0.05). Referrals to the clinic's community resource desk did not differ between residents and faculty. CONCLUSIONS Differences exist in screening and need between clinician groups. Despite these differences, there was no difference in community resource desk referrals.
Non-target-site resistance mechanism of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] to florpyrauxifen-benzyl

Background Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB) is an arylpicolinate herbicide (Group IV) for barnyardgrass control in rice. One susceptible (Sus) and three putative FPB-resistant (R1, R2, and R3) barnyardgrass biotypes were selected based on resistant/susceptible (R/S) ratios obtained from dose-response tests and used to investigate the potential resistance mechanisms. Results Based on visual control results, the R/S ratios of barnyardgrass biotypes R1, R2, and R3 were 60-, 33-, and 16-fold greater than the Sus standard, respectively. Sequencing results of TIR1 and AFB genes in the tested barnyardgrass revealed no difference between Sus and R barnyardgrass biotypes. Absorption of [14 C]-FPB in Sus barnyardgrass increased over time and reached 90%, which was >10 percentage points greater than that in R biotypes. The [14 C]-FPB absorption in all R barnyardgrass equilibrated after 48 h. For both Sus and R barnyardgrass, most [14 C]-FPB absorbed was present in the treated leaf (79.8-88.8%), followed by untreated aboveground (9.5-18.6%) and belowground tissues (1.3-2.2%). No differences in translocation were observed. Differences between Sus and R barnyardgrass biotypes were found for FPB metabolism. Production of the active metabolite, florpyrauxifen-acid, was greater in Sus barnyardgrass (21.5-52.1%) than in R barnyardgrass (5.5-34.9%). Conclusion In conclusion, reductions in FPB absorption and florpyrauxifen-acid production may contribute to the inability to control barnyardgrass with FPB.
Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans depends on the catalytic activity of lithium-inhibited phosphatase BPNT2 in vitro

Golgi-resident bisphosphate nucleotidase 2 (BPNT2) is a member of a family of magnesium-dependent, lithium-inhibited phosphatases that share a three-dimensional structural motif that directly coordinates metal binding to effect phosphate hydrolysis. BPNT2 catalyzes the breakdown of 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate, a by-product of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfation. KO of BPNT2 in mice leads to skeletal abnormalities because of impaired GAG sulfation, especially chondroitin-4-sulfation, which is critical for proper extracellular matrix development. Mutations in BPNT2 have also been found to underlie a chondrodysplastic disorder in humans. The precise mechanism by which the loss of BPNT2 impairs sulfation remains unclear. Here, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to test the hypothesis that the catalytic activity of BPNT2 is required for GAG sulfation in vitro. We show that a catalytic-dead Bpnt2 construct (D108A) does not rescue impairments in intracellular or secreted sulfated GAGs, including decreased chondroitin-4-sulfate, present in Bpnt2-KO MEFs. We also demonstrate that missense mutations in Bpnt2 adjacent to the catalytic site, which are known to cause chondrodysplasia in humans, recapitulate defects in overall GAG sulfation and chondroitin-4-sulfation in MEF cultures. We further show that treatment of MEFs with lithium (a common psychotropic medication) inhibits GAG sulfation and that this effect depends on the presence of BPNT2. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the catalytic activity of an enzyme potently inhibited by lithium can modulate GAG sulfation and therefore extracellular matrix composition, revealing new insights into lithium pharmacology.
Visual Basic programming with the Windows API

Visual Basic and Windows declaring the Windows API coding with API having it both ways keyboard functions input functions timer functions system information functions system control functions device context functions scaling and coordinate functions clipping and region functions GDI drawing functions atribute functions bitmap functions icon functions font functions memory and string functions rectangle functions point functions control functions information functions mouse functions cursor functions caret functions.
X-33 flight visualization

In early 1998, the NASA Space Transportation Programs Office and NASA Public Affairs jointly funded an activity under the Space Transportation Integrity Program (STIP) contract with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) to develop X-33 flight visualizations. This technical and management support effort was contracted by the X-33 Program Office of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center’s X-33 Program Office. This paper presents the technical approach and methodology used in developing pre-flight visualizations, as well as the plans and approach for real-time flight coverage visualizations of the X-33 reusable launch vehicle.
Estrogens influence the natural history of Sinclair swine cutaneous melanoma.

Abstract Initial results (Cancer Res., 48: 1708–1711, 1988) suggest that ovariectomy alters the proliferation of congenital exophytic melanoma in Sinclair swine. In order to provide a phenotypic basis for this effect, histopathological staging of 375 exophytic melanomas from 236 intact male and female Sinclair swine was compared with 114 lesions from 51 gonadectomized (6 weeks of age) and 90 lesions from castrated swine receiving s.c. silastic implants of estradiol during the first year of life. A rapid progression from actively proliferating tumor cells (Stages I–III) to regressive lesions (Stages IV–V) was virtually complete by 16 weeks of age in intact swine of both sexes. Bilateral ovariectomy reduced (P 75% tumor cells) in swine of both sexes contained low but reproducibly measurable amounts of receptor for estrogen determined radiometrically and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that reproductive steroids influence the natural history of these heritable lesions, and that the effect may be via alteration of host immune status.
Peer Comparisons and Consumer Debt

A number of commentators have expressed concern about the high level of debt incurred by the average American. While high debt is an appropriate response to low interest rates and an expected growth in income, it has also been suggested that it reflects consumption patterns that are suboptimal.1 One possibility is that a competition for social status, via the purchase of conspicuous goods, has led to excessive consumption.2 Indeed, the purchase of many visible goods— such as cars, boats, home appliances, jewelry, and electronic equipment—appears to be motivated, at least in part, by a desire to advance in the social ranking. In this race, where one consumer’s gain is another’s loss, there can be no winners on average, and the resources deployed are thus wasted from a social perspective.3 Wasteful consumption, however, is not necessarily the same as excessive borrowing. Consumers, for instance, might be as eager to outspend their neighbors in the future as they are in the present—
Larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and its parasitoids from Alaska

The larch sawfly and four parasitoids were reared in the laboratory from cocoons collected in Alaska for two consecutive years. Emergence of adult sawflies exceeded thirty percent each year. The number of parasitoids emerging was four times greater from the 1993 collection than from the subsequent year. Twelve Tritneptis klugii (Ratzeburg) emerged from one cocoon of the 1993 collection. The emergence of Delomerista laevis (Gravehorst) from the same collection established a new host record. Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley was the most common parasitoid that emerged from cocoons collected in 1993, and the only one that emerged from cocoons collected in 1994. Key words: Rearing; sawfly; Tachinidae; Ichneumonidae; Pteromalidae
Comment on “Measuring Poverty in a Growing World (or Measuring Growth in a Poor World)” by Angus Deaton

Angus Deaton discusses the ambiguity that arises from using different definitions and data sources for individual income or consumption levels in world poverty measurement. Should one rely on the direct information on individual consumption or income provided by national representative household surveys, or should consumption and income figures be scaled up or down so that means coincide with National Accounts (NA) data? It is generally the case that consumption expenditure per capita estimated in the NA is higher than the mean expenditure per capita obtained in surveys: thus scaling up leads to lower poverty estimates than when surveys are used. It is also the case that the difference between the two estimates tends to widen over time, so that trends are not more reliable than poverty estimates at one point of time. Deaton analyzes in detail the reasons for this divergence and concludes that NA-scaled survey data are in some sense faulty, whereas a pure consistency argument pleads in favor of using surve...
CREATINE-CREATININE METABOLISM AND THE HORMONES VII. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS UPON THE BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATINE AND CREATININE IN RELATION TO WATER, SALT AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND CASTRATE RATS1

IN ONE OF OUR RECENT PUBLICATIONS upon this subject it was shown that in both rat and man injected or ingested creatine was not transformed into creatinine but caused its retention instead (I). Several recent investigations have denied any hiologic relationship between creatine and creatinine and our recent results agree with this conclusion. Furthermore, it was shown tnat creatinine, under similar experimental conditions, caused an increase in muscle creatine and stimulated enormously the excretion of both creatine and creatinine in the urine. Increases of from 5 to 2,1 gm. of creatine and of 2 to 10 gm. of creatinine were excreted in man after ingestion of only 1 gm. of creatinine by mouth. By the use of the specific creatinine enzyme of Miller and Dubos (2) it was shown that these enormous increases in the color of the Jaffe reaction with alkaline picrate were due to creatinine alone.
The Effects of Grays Harbor Estuary Sediment on the Osmoregulatory Ability of Coho Salmon Smolts, Oncorhynchus Kisutch.

Abstract : Flow through bioassays were performed on smolting juvenile coho salmon with sediment from inner areas of Grays Harbor estuary. Previous work has shown that heavy metals have the ability to impair osmoregulatory capacity. Fish were exposed to these sediments for 9 days and then placed in seawater for 24 hours. Dredging activities occurring in the inner portion of Grays Harbor are not believed to be causing impairment of migrating smolts.
Differential effects of scopolamine on in vivo binding of dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter radioligands in rat brain

The in vivo equilibrium specific binding of d-threo-[3H]methylphenidate, a radioligand for the dopamine transporter (DAT), and +-alpha-[3H]dihydrotetrabenazine, a radioligand for the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), were examined in rat brain with and without prior administration of 5 mg/kg scopolamine. Drug-treated animals exhibited a 30% increase in d-threo-[3H]methylphenidate binding to the DAT in the striatum relative to controls. No changes in specific binding of +-alpha-[3H]dihydrotetrabenazine were observed in any brain region following scopolamine pretreatment. Cholinergic drugs thus differentially affect in vivo specific binding of DAT and VMAT2 radioligands, suggesting this should be a consideration in selection of in vivo markers for imaging studies of dopaminergic terminals in the brain of animals and humans.
Effect of forest management practices on southern forested wetland productivity.

In the interest of increasing productivity of forested wetlands for timber production and/or wildlife value, management schemes that deal mainly with water-level control have been developed. The three forest types in the southeastern U.S. most commonly affected are cypress/tupelo forests, bottomland hardwood forests, and wet pine sites (including pocosins). In forested wetlands, hydrology is the most important factor influencing productivity. In bottomland and cypress/tupelo forests, water-level control can have mixed results. Alterations in natural hydrologic patterns leading to increased flooding or drainage can cause decreased growth rates or even death of the forest. Bottomland hardwoods respond favorably in the short term to water-level management, but the long-term response is currently under study. In wet pine sites, timber volume can be increased significantly by water-level management, but the impact upon other ecological functions is less understood. It is difficult to adequately describe productivity relations in wetland forests because of the great diversity in habitat types and the lack of data on how structure and function might be affected by forestry operations. There is a definite need for more long-term, regional studies involving multidisciplinary efforts.
Sub-picosecond X-ray pulse generation schemes for the NSLS-II

Abstract Generating short X-ray pulses using a dipole magnet kicker was demonstrated at the Advanced Photon Source. A 4-ps long pulse containing about 10% of the flux from a bunch was captured in the experiment. The pulse could be even shorter for different machines. In this paper we estimate that a sub-picosecond pulse can be obtained from the proposed National Synchrotron Light Source II. A 100 fs pulse can be produced if we combine the lower momentum compaction method and the vertical kick method. Flux and pulse length are compared for different schemes.
Interactions of 1 μm latex particles with pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Abstract Fluorescently labelled latex microbeads were used to study the interaction of particles with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in a continuous flow annular reactor. Beads were readily distinguished and enumerated in both intact and disaggregated biofilm samples. The fraction of beads that attached to biofilm during a 24 h period ranged from 0.001 to 0.01 and was proportional to biofilm cell carbon and to the standard deviation of biofilm thickness. Microbeads added to biofilm of steady state thickness (30 μm) were observed to be located throughout the entire biofilm depth in 24 h. Many of the microbeads that attached to biofilm shortly after bacterial inoculation (thickness of 2 μm) remained near the substratum as cells grew past and covered them. Microbeads were observed near the biofilm-substratum interface for up to 5 days after bead addition. Beads formed aggregates on biofilms, but not in bulk water. Beads captured by biofilm remained in the reactor system longer than beads that never attached to biofilm.
Modification of the ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclear lipids

Abstract The fatty acid composition of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei was different when the tumor-bearing mice were fed diets rich in either coconut or sunflower oil. When coconut oil was fed, the monoenoic fatty acid content of many of the nuclear lipids was increased and their polyenoic fatty acid content was reduced as compared with the sunflower oil diet. By contrast, only small changes were produced in the saturated fatty acid contents of the nuclear lipids. The nuclear membrane choline phospholipid, ethanolamine phospholipid and combined serine phospholipid plus inositol phospholipid fractions exhibited statistically significant changes in fatty acid composition, but the sphingomyelins were not altered appreciably by dietary lipid modification. The fatty acid composition of the small quantity of phospholipids associated with the chromatin was much more resistant to diet-induced modification. Except for sphingomyelin, the fatty acid composition of the chromatin phospholipids was different from that of the corresponding nuclear membrane phospholipids, containing much larger amounts of fatty acids having less than 16 carbon atoms. The fatty acid compositions of the nuclear triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, which were associated almost entirely with the chromatin, were modified by the dietary lipid modifications. There were no changes in the DNA, RNA or lipid content of these nuclei. Therefore, this experimental system can be used to prepare mammalian nuclei that differ appreciably only in their fatty acyl composition.
Effect of sugar content of Poa pratensis on Helminthosporium leaf spot

Abstract The sugar content of Merion Kentucky bluegrass leaves (Poa pratensis) and the severity of symptoms caused by Helminthosporium dictyoides was varied by light, chemical treatments and grass lines. There was no consistent relationship between sugar in leaves and disease severity or incidence. The sugar content of leaves was lowest, and the disease the most severe under continuous low light intensity. The sugar content of leaves was the highest after spraying the plants with maleic hydrazide 14 days before inoculation, but the amount of disease was not significantly different from that in 2,4-D treated plants or untreated plants. The sugar content of leaves and the amount of disease in eight lines of bluegrass were different, but the correlation between the two was non-significant. Under the various light and chemical treatments, although symptom expression differed, the amount of infection was the same at 11 days after inoculation.
The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation: An alternative approach to the “rank two” solutions of Krichever and Novikov

Abstract The so-called Krichever-Novikov equation was first derived by these authors in their study of deformations of commutative rings of differential operators with rank two. We present a derivation of this equation based on explicit computations with pseudo-differential operators. We do not make any use of the beautiful algebraic geometric ideas of the original work, and our derivation is (almost completely) independent.
Selective arrangement of ubiquitinated and D1 protein-containing nucleosomes within the drosophila genome

We have a new approach, two-dimensional hybridization mapping of nucleosomes, to compare the structures of mononucleosomes from different regions of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Approximately one in two nucleosomes of the transcribed copia and heat-shock 70 (hsp 70) genes in nonshocked cultured cells contains ubiquitin-H2A (uH2A) semihistone, a covalent conjugate of histone H2A and a small protein, ubiquitin. In striking contrast, less than one in 25 nucleosomes of tandemly repeated, nontranscribed 1.688 satellite DNA contains uH2A, suggesting that most of the nucleosomal uH2A is located in transcribed genes. Approximately 25% of all nucleosomes are ubiquitinated in nonsynchronized cultured Drosophila cells. The hsp 70 genes in nonshocked cells occur in nucleosomes, are greatly enriched in uH2A and are not digested preferentially by staphylococcal nuclease. In contrast, the same genes in chromatin from heat-shocked cells are highly sensitive to staphylococcal nuclease and no longer possess nucleosomal organization recognizable with this probe. Histone ubiquitination in transcribed nucleosomes may prevent formation of higher order chromosomal structures by modifying nucleosome-nucleosome interactions. The observed loss of nucleosomal organization in very actively transcribed genes, such as the hsp 70 genes in shocked cells, may be related to the recent finding that ubiquitin conjugates are substrates for the cytoplasmic ATP-dependent proteolytic system. We have also found that 1.688 satellite mononucleotomes contain a specific approximately 50,000 dalton nonhistone protein, D1, in addition to being extremely under-ubiquitinated. D1 may be involved in formation of the highly compact structure of satellite heterochromatin.
The binding force between an edge dislocation and a fermi-dirac solute atmosphere

Abstract The interaction force between an edge dislocation and an equilibrium Fermi-Dirac solute atmosphere is studied. The analysis is valid for a singular edge dislocation in an isotropic elastic solid in which the solute atoms are modelled as misfitting spheres. We formulate and evaluate an integral which describes the total interaction force (per unit length) acting on the dislocation when it is displaced from the center of the atmosphere. We find that the maximum interaction force depends only weakly on bulk solute concentration and is essentially independent of the temperature at which the atmosphere is formed. This indicates that solute atmospheres do not “boil off” completely at high temperatures and that the maximum pinning force is not reduced by equilibrating at a high temperature, as has been often assumed. We find that the width of the atmosphere depends strongly on temperature and that this, through thermal activation, provides an explanation for the absence of pinning effects at high temperatures. The problem of computing the interaction force between a Peierls dislocation and its solute atmosphere is briefly discussed.
Subnormal Tissue 3α-Androstanediol and Androsterone in Prostatic Hyperplasia*

We investigated the role of 3α-androstanediol (3α-diol) in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the apparent equilibrium of enzymes which metabolize it in normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue of humans. We determined the endogenous concentrations of 3α-diol, androsterone, its 3α,17-keto metabolite or precursor, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), its 3-keto,17β-hydroxy product or precursor, by RIA after extraction and paper chromatography of the androgens from normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. The mean concentrations of 3α-diol and androsterone were about one-third of normal in BPH. The mean ratio of the concentration of DHT to 3α-diol was significantly higher (P < 0.005) than normal in BPH, whereas no statistical difference was observed for the mean ratio of the tissue levels of 3α-diol to androsterone in the two groups. Our data do not support the postulate that 3α-diol is causally related to the development of BPH. However, they indicate that the apparent equilibrium of th...
Origin and deformation of Holocene shoreline terraces, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming

Geodetic surveys within the Yellowstone caldera have documented active uplift that is most likely caused by magmatic processes in the upper crust. Along the northeast shore of Yellowstone Lake, maximum relative uplift rates are 10 mm/yr for the period 1923-1975. However, information on deformation prior to historic instrumental records has been lacking. In this study, closely spaced data on elevations of postglacial shoreline terraces around the north end of Yellowstone Lake reveal complex tilting. Though most Holocene deformation is probably magma related, the pattern of shoreline tilting deviates significantly from the historic pattern of roughly symmetric inflation of the caldera. Along the northeast shore, where tilt directions of historic and shoreline deformation are similar, differential uplift of a > 2500-yr-old terrace is roughly 10 m; this gives a maximum uplift rate of 4 mm/yr. These unique Holocene terraces may exist due to episodic deformation because vertical movements affecting the lake outlet directly control lake level.
Fluence Dependence of Thermoelectric Properties Induced By Ion Bombardment of Zn4Sb3 and CeFe2Co2Sb12 thin films

Thermoelectric power generation is a promising technology for increasing the efficiency of electrical and optical electrical devices. We prepared samples by Electron Beam evaporating Zn4Sb3 and CeFe2Co2Sb12 thin films on silicon dioxide (silica) substrates. The materials were co-evaporated and then were prepared for gold over-coating. Following electron deposition we performed post ion bombardment at a constant energy of 5 MeV while varying fluence from 1×1012, 1×1013, 1×1014, 1×1015 ions/cm2, respectfully. The production of nano-clusters generated from the MeV Si ions bombardment modifies the electrical and phonon interactions in the materials. Also, we will report on the fluence dependence of the figure of merit, Seebeck Coefficient, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. In addition, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to analyze the elemental composition and the thickness of the deposited material.
Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: a mortality-based case-control study.

A mortality-based case-control study of selected risk factors for childhood brain tumors was undertaken. Ohio-born children who died from brain cancer during the 1959-1978 vicennium were compared to control children (of the same age, race, and sex) by using information obtained from the subjects' birth certificates. Differences between the case and the control children with respect to paternal occupation, the focus of the study, were examined. Controlling for the potentially confounding effects of several nonoccupation-al factors, case fathers were found more likely than control fathers to have been employed (at the time of birth of their children) in agriculture, in metal-related jobs, in structural work jobs in the construction industry, and in electrical assembling, installing, and repairing occupations in the machinery industry. Although the results must be interpreted with caution, the findings lend support to the hypothesis that parental occupation is a potential risk factor for childhood brain tumors.
Dying of awareness: the theory of awareness contexts revisited

In this paper, the author employs a grounded theory approach to extend an existing theory. His starting point is the theory of awareness contexts, first formulated in 1965 by Strauss and Glaser. Using introspective ethnography, he illustrates that the way patients and relatives emotionally cope with terminal information defines the kind of awareness context. He therefore suggests that the open awareness context should be split into three different contexts. In the suspended open awareness context, the patient or kin ignores or disbelieves the message communicated by the physician. In the uncertain open awareness context, the patient or family member dismisses the bad parts of the message and hopes for the best outcome. In the active open awareness context, the patient or relative accepts the impending death and prepares for it. This revision reclaims the emotional power of terminal illness from the viewpoint of patients and relatives and adapts the theory to changed structural conditions.
Vehicular Flow Past Incidents Involving Lane Blockage on Urban Roads: A Preliminary Exploration

The effects of freeway lane reductions on roadway capacity have been discussed in the literature, but only limited attention has been given to capacity reduction on urban arterial roadways. Videotaping of incident management on arterial roadways as part of another project made available data that could be measured and converted into headways. Fifteen incidents involving crashes and disabled vehicles from which measurements were drawn are examined in this report. All events blocked one lane on a four-lane urban arterial. From the data, headways were measured and estimates of vehicle flow rates computed. Overall, an incident blocking one of two lanes on an urban roadway will reduce the idealized flow from the 1,900 vehicles per hour per lane (3,800 vehicles per hour) as suggested in the Highway Capacity Manual by more than 60 percent for crashes and more than 50 percent for disabled vehicles. Crashes resulting in personal injury had a worse-case rate of 1,230 vehicles per hour, or 32 percent of capacity. Th...
Social Influence on Perceptual Judgments and Responses

Summary Social modification of perceptual processes is assumed to have occurred when the original social influence effect transfers to a different task, with a different experimenter and in the absence of the influence agents. Such transfer was demonstrated with cross-modal-matching tasks. The subjects produced relative magnitudes in the response modality to match relative magnitude in the stimulus modality. It was the judged distances between stimuli which were influenced. The original and transfer tasks shared the same stimulus modality (heaviness of weights) but differed in the response modality (duration of a tone and visual length). The transfer across response modalities suggests that it was the judgmental process rather than the overt response habit which was modified.
Thyroid Hormone and Wound Healing

Although thyroid hormone is one of the most potent stimulators of growth and metabolic rate, the potential to use thyroid hormone to treat cutaneous pathology has never been subject to rigorous investigation. A number of investigators have demonstrated intriguing therapeutic potential for topical thyroid hormone. Topical T3 has accelerated wound healing and hair growth in rodents. Topical T4 has been used to treat xerosis in humans. It is clear that the use of thyroid hormone to treat cutaneous pathology may be of large consequence and merits further study. This is a review of the literature regarding thyroid hormone action on skin along with skin manifestations of thyroid disease. The paper is intended to provide a context for recent findings of direct thyroid hormone action on cutaneous cells in vitro and in vivo which may portend the use of thyroid hormone to promote wound healing.
Exogenous phytohormones and the induction of plant galls by insects

The mechanism of gall induction by insects has remained elusive. Previous studies have met with limited success in attempting to induce galls by injection or application of chemical compounds. To determine whether an exogenous source of phytohormones plays a role in gall induction, we injected cytokinin (CK), auxin (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in various concentrations, ratios, and combinations into leaf petioles of Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder (Solanaceae). We found that CK + IAA injections lead to gall-like growth in C. annuum. GA enhanced and ABA inhibited gall growth except in the presence of GA. Isopentenyl adenine (IP) was the most effective type of CK at inducing growth. Our work is consistent with the hypothesis that exogenous CK + IAA produced and supplied by insects leads to gall induction. We hypothesize that insects have obtained the capability to induce galls via acquisition of the biosynthetic pathways to produce IAA and trans-zeatin family CKs through microbial symbiosis or lateral gene transfer.
Comparison of two- and three-dimensional simulations of miscible Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with multimode initial conditions

A comparison between two- and three-dimensional large-eddy simulations of the planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with multimode initial conditions is made. The three-dimensional calculation achieves a turbulent state where an inertial range of length scales is present after the second shock wave impacts the interface. Grid independence of the mixing width up until the time of reshock is demonstrated through mesh refinement in both two and three dimensions. Quantitative measures of mixing are compared including the mixing width, mixedness, mixed mass, and spectra of velocity and density. A proposed approximate relation for the mixed mass is evaluated in one, two, and three dimensions and is proportional to the product of the mixing width and the mass fraction variance in the layer. The variance of the velocity field and the scalar mass fraction are compared in two and three dimensions and demonstrate large differences in behavior.
Online communities of practice typology revisited

This paper outlines a typology for online communities of practice. The typology is based on findings from observations of three online communities of practice, a content analysis of messages, and a review of the existing literature. The three examples of communities of practice are of electronic discussion lists that cover topics of interest to university webmasters, librarians, and educators. This work expands on a typology that consolidated prior research and focused on online communities of practice within organizational settings by extending it to be inclusive of open online communities of practice that are not constrained by any organizational context. Characterizing communities of practice in this manner enables various aspects of them to be analysed, which can illuminate ways to support the implementation of effective online communities of practice for specific purposes.
Microcrystalline/amorphous iron alloy films for corrosion-resistant coatings

Abstract Films of 304 stainless steel, some with additions of about one atomic per cent aluminum and/or silicon, were deposited by rf getter-sputtering on to aluminum, 304 stainless steel or Ebrite substrates. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the films contain two or more phases: a featureless matrix and small particles 15 – 30 nm in size. The transmission electron diffraction pattern of films with no additives consists of many lines, indexable as b.c.c. Fe18Cr8Ni. Diffraction patterns of films with additives contain fewer lines and a halo; lines have been tentatively assigned to both b.c.c. and f.c.c. Fe18Cr8Ni, a few lines remain unassigned, and the halo occurs where expected for an amorphous Fe18Cr8Ni alloy. The pitting potentials of these films, as measured with a potentiostat in near neutral 1 M NaCl aqueous solution, are markedly higher than those of bulk 304 stainless steel. Silicon is the more effective additive; no film breakdown was observed up to +1000 mV (limit of measurement), whereas bulk 304 broke down at −66 mV. Heat treatment at 450°C for one hour in vacuo lowered the pitting potential but retained improvement over bulk 304. These exploratory results indicate that microcrystalline/amorphous structures in steels based on Fe18Cr8Ni, as well as their composition, can lead to improved corrosion resistance over the usual crystalline material.
Long BCH Codes Are Bad

The BCH bound approaches zero with increasing code length for any fixed value of the ratio of minimum distance to code length. Does this happen because the codes actually deteriorate or does the bound just become loose? It is shown that the BCH bound gives the true minimum distance within a factor of two. We conclude that it is the codes, not the bound, which deteriorate with increasing code length.
Primary osteosarcoma of the heart.

An osteosarcoma of the interatrial septum is reported, and four cases of primary malignancies of the heart containing bone and cartilage are reviewed. The various theories on the histogenesis of these tumors are discussed, and the postulate that these tumors arise from fibrous tissue which has undergone metaplasia into malignant bony and cartilaginous elements is favored. This tumor had all of the microscopic criteria for an osteosarcoma and behaved in an aggressive manner, causing the rapid death of the patient.
Effect of the molecular weight and the ionic strength on the photoluminescence quenching of water-soluble conjugated polymer sodium poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethyloxy-4-butylsulfonate]

The photoluminescence (PL) quenching of sodium poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethyloxy-4-butylsulfonate)] (PTE-BS) by the cationic electron acceptor methyl viologen (MV2+) was investigated in samples with high ...
Compton scattering of photons by inner-shell electrons.

We have developed an exact second-order S-matrix code for the relativistic numerical calculation of cross sections for Compton scattering of photons by bound electrons within the independent-particle approximation. We find good agreement with less exact treatments in regions where such theories are valid, recovering the impulse approximation and the soft-photon infrared divergence. We do not find agreement with an earlier calculation of Whittingham. We compare with recent scattering experiments in the regime Z\ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{i}}$)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{B}}$, where we find that the impulse approximation is not adequate.
Inhibition of Neddylation Represses Lipopolysaccharide-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Macrophage Cells

Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) are a class of ubiquitin ligases that control the proteasomal degradation of numerous target proteins, including IκB, and the activity of these CRLs are positively regulated by conjugation of a Nedd8 polypeptide onto Cullin proteins in a process called neddylation. CRL-mediated degradation of IκB, which normally interacts with and retains NF-κB in the cytoplasm, permits nuclear translocation and transactivation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Neddylation occurs through a multistep enzymatic process involving Nedd8 activating enzymes, and recent studies have shown that the pharmacological agent, MLN4924, can potently inhibit Nedd8 activating enzymes, thereby preventing neddylation of Cullin proteins and preventing the degradation of CRL target proteins. In macrophages, regulation of NF-κB signaling functions as a primary pathway by which infectious agents such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) cause the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we have analyzed the effects of MLN4924, and compared the effects of MLN4924 with a known anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone), on certain proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We also used siRNA to block neddylation to assess the role of this molecular process during LPS-induced cytokine responsiveness. Our results demonstrate that blocking neddylation, either pharmacologically or using siRNA, abrogates the increase in certain proinflammatory cytokines secreted from macrophages in response to LPS. In addition, we have shown that MLN4924 and dexamethasone inhibit LPS-induced cytokine up-regulation at the transcriptional level, albeit through different molecular mechanisms. Thus, neddylation represents a novel molecular process in macrophages that can be targeted to prevent and/or treat the LPS-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the disease processes associated with their up-regulation.
Numerical study of a magnetically insulated front-end channel for a neutrino factory

A neutrino factory, which can deliver an intense flux of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{21}$ neutrinos per year from a multi-GeV stored muon beam, is seemingly the ideal tool for studying neutrino oscillations and $CP$ violations for leptons. The front end of this facility plays a critical role in determining the number of muons that can be accepted by the downstream accelerators. Delivering peak performance requires transporting the muon beams through long sections of a beam channel containing high-gradient rf cavities and strong focusing solenoids. Here, we propose a novel scheme to improve the performance of the cavities, thereby increasing the number of muons within the acceptance of the accelerator chain. The key element of our new scheme is to apply a tangential magnetic field to the rf surfaces, thus forcing any field-emitted electrons to return to the surface before gaining enough energy to damage the cavity. We incorporate this idea into a new lattice design for a neutrino factory, and detail its performance numerically. Although our proposed front-end channel requires more rf power than conventional pillbox designs, it provides enough beam cooling and muon production to be a feasible option for a neutrino factory.
Increased Kv1 Channel Expression May Contribute to Decreased sIPSC Frequency Following Chronic Inhibition of NR2B-Containing NMDAR

Numerous studies have documented the effects of chronic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade on excitatory circuits, but the effects on inhibitory circuitry are not well studied. NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDARs play differential roles in physiological processes, but the consequences of chronic NR2A- or NR2B-containing NMDAR inhibition on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission are unknown. We investigated altered GABAergic neurotransmission in dentate granule cells and interneurons following chronic treatment with the NR2B-selective antagonist, Ro25,6981, the NR2A-prefering antagonist, NVP-AAM077, or the non-subunit-selective NMDAR antagonist, D-APV, in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Electrophysiological recordings revealed large reductions in spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency in both granule cells and interneurons following chronic Ro25,6981 treatment, which was associated with minimally altered sIPSC amplitude, miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) frequency, and mIPSC amplitude, suggesting diminished action potential-dependent GABA release. Chronic NVP-AAM077 or D-APV treatment had little effect on these measures. Reduced sIPSC frequency did not arise from downregulated GABA(A)R, altered excitatory or inhibitory drive to interneurons, altered interneuron membrane properties, increased failure rate, decreased action potential-dependent release probability, or mGluR/GABA(B) receptor modulation of GABA release. However, chronic Ro25,6981-mediated reductions in sIPSC frequency were occluded by the K+ channel blockers, dendrotoxin, margatoxin, and agitoxin, but not dendrotoxin-K or XE991. Immunohistochemistry also showed increased Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.6 in the dentate molecular layer following chronic Ro25,6981 treatment. Our findings suggest that increased Kv1 channel expression/function contributed to diminished action potential-dependent GABA release following chronic NR2B-containing NMDAR inhibition and that these Kv1 channels may be heteromeric complexes containing Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.6.