cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of dustbathing in Bobwhite quail. II. Effects of early pecking experiences.

The development of dustbathing was facilitated among groups of Bobwhite chicks allowed to peck into dust as compared to chicks allowed to peck at dust or those inexperienced with dust. A 2nd study found a consistent, but nonsignificant, facilitation among chicks pecking into dust on Days 1–3 as compared to Days 4–6. In Study 3, groups of chicks pecked into dust on Days 2, 4, or 6. Dustbathing development was facilitated among chicks pecking on Day 2, and inhibited among chicks pecking on Day 4, as compared to those pecking on Day 6. The only difference, however, between each of these groups and chicks with no pecking experience in dust (Study 1) was an inhibition of dustbathing among chicks pecking on Day 4.
Science Education in Three-Part Harmony: Balancing Conceptual, Epistemic, and Social Learning Goals

Two major reform efforts in K-12 science education have taken place during the past 50 years. The first was the 1950-1970 curriculum reform efforts motivated by the launching of Sputnik and sponsored by the newly formed National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States and by the Nuffield Foundation in the United Kingdom. The signature goal for these reformed programs was to produce courses of study that would get students to "think like scientists," thus placing them in a "pipeline" for science careers (Rudolph, 2002). The second U.S. and U.K. reform effort in science education began in the 1980s and continues to this day as part of the national standards movement. Referred to as the "Science for All" movement in the United States and the "Public Understanding of Science" in the United Kingdom, here the education goal was and is to develop a scientifically literate populace that can participate in both the economic and democra tic agendas of our increasingly global market-focused science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) societies. In addition to the economic and democratic imperatives as a purpose for science education, more recent voices of science education reform (Driver, Leach, Millar, & Scott, 1996; Millar, 1996; Millar & Hunt, 2002; Osborne, Duschl, & Fairbrother, 2002) have advocated that the proper perspective for science education in schools ought to be the cultural imperative. The cultural impera tive perspective sees STEM disciplines, knowledge, and practices as woven into the very fabric of our nations and societies. What the cultural imperative provides that the democratic and economic imperatives do not is recognition of important social and epistemic dimensions that are embedded in the growth, evaluation, representation, and communication of STEM knowledge and practices. New perspectives and under standings in the learning sciences about learning and learning environments, and in science studies about knowing and inquiring, highlight the importance of science
Collective coordinates for nuclear spectral densities in energy transfer and femtosecond spectroscopy of molecular aggregates

A theory for Frenkel exciton dynamics in molecular aggregates which incorporates coupling to vibrational motions (intramolecular, intermolecular and solvent) with multiple spectral densities of arbitrary nature and interpolates between the coherent and the incoherent limits is developed. A rigorous procedure for identifying the relevant collective nuclear coordinates necessary to represent a given set of spectral densities is obtained. Additional coordinates are required as the temperature is lowered. Exciton dynamics is calculated by following the evolution of wavepackets representing the electronic density matrix in the collective coordinates phase space. The signatures of excitonic and nuclear motions in ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy are explored using a hierarchy of reduction schemes with varying numbers of collective coordinates.
Towards Optimal Firewall Rule Ordering Utilizing Directed Acyclical Graphs

Firewalls enforce a security policy by inspecting packets arriving or departing a network. This is often accom- plished by sequentially comparing the policy rules with the header of an arriving packet until the first match is found. This process becomes time consuming as policies become larger and more complex. Therefore determining the appropriate action for arriving packets must be done as quickly as possible. The process of packet header matching can be improved if more popular rules appear earlier in the policy. Unfortunately, a simple sorting algorithm is not possible since the relative order of certain rules must be maintained in order to preserve the original policy intent. Utilizing Directed Acyclical Graphs (DAGs) to represent firewall policy, this paper will introduce a novel rule sorting technique. The technique is capable of considering sub-graphs of rules (inter-related by precedence constraints) and compare the advantage of placing and merging the rules that comprise them. Experimental results using a variety of policies will show that the proposed algorithm is able to find the optimal order in 98% of the example policies, which is substantially higher than other methods. Index Terms—Security, network firewall, security policy, rule ordering Rule Ordering (HORO) algorithm is presented. The HORO algorithm takes as an input the rule list to be optimized and an optimization limit that represents an upper bound on the total weight of the selected rules in the optimization process, these are called the active rules. It sequentially selects rules based on the descending order of weights. Selected rule along with all its dependent rules are sorted and inserted in the sorted list while maintaining the integrity of the policy. In (8), Simple Rule Sorting (SRS) algorithm is introduced, which sorts independent neighboring rules based on the non-increasing probabilities. In this paper we propose a novel heuristic sorting technique for determining firewall policy rule ordering which reduces the average number of rule comparisons while maintaining the intent of the policy. A key difference between the proposed sorting technique and previous methods is the ability to sort and merge groups of interdependent rules which can occur in actual security policies. In these cases, certain rules must appear before others in order to maintain the original intent of the policy. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the HORO and SRS algorithms using randomly generated policies. The experimental results will indicate that the proposed algorithm can find the optimal rule ordering in 98% of the example cases.
Research Note---Optimal Selling in Dynamic Auctions: Adaptation Versus Commitment

This paper analyzes optimal selling strategies of a monopolist facing forward-looking patient unit-demand bidders in a sequential auction market. Such a seller faces a fundamental choice between two selling regimes: adaptive selling that involves learning about remaining demand from early prices, and commitment selling that forgoes such learning and makes all selling decisions in the beginning of the game. A model of the game between the seller and the bidders is proposed to characterize the optimal regime choice. The model implies that the relative profitability of the two regimes depends on the expected gains from trade: when the expected gains from trade are low, commitment dominates adaptation, and vice versa.
The Power Elite and Their Challengers: The Role of Nonprofits in American Social Conflict

Drawing on findings in the literature on power structure research, this article argues that many of the biggest and most important nonprofit organizations are central components in the ongoing conflict between the corporate community and the power elite on the one side and the liberal—labor coalition and progressive social movements on the other. The article overviews five case studies to demonstrate the role of various types of nonprofits in specific policy conflicts.
Localization of mGluR6 to dendrites of ON bipolar cells in primate retina.

We prepared antibodies selective for the C-terminus of the human mGluR6 receptor and used confocal and electron microscopy to study the patterns of immunostaining in retina of monkey, cat, and rabbit. In all three species punctate stain was restricted to the outer plexiform layer. In monkey, stain was always observed in the central element of the postsynaptic “triad” of rod and cone terminals. In monkey peripheral retina, stain was seen only in central elements, but in the fovea, stain was also observed in some dendrites contacting the base of the cone terminal. S-cone terminals, identified by staining for S opsin, showed staining of postsynaptic dendrites. These were identified as dendrites of the ON S-cone bipolar cell by immunostaining for the marker cholecystokinin precursor. The staining pattern suggests that all types of ON bipolar cells, despite their marked differences in function, express a single isoform of mGluR6. Ultrastructurally, mGluR6 was located not on the tip of the central element, near the site of vesicle release, but on its base at the mouth of the invagination, 400‐800 nm from the release site. Thus, the mGluR6 receptors of ON bipolar cells lie at about the same distance from sites of vesicle release as the iGluR receptors of OFF bipolar cells at the basal contacts. J. Comp. Neurol. 423: 402‐412, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structure and mechanism of T4 polynucleotide kinase: an RNA repair enzyme

T4 polynucleotide kinase (Pnk), in addition to being an invaluable research tool, exemplifies a family of bifunctional enzymes with 5′-kinase and 3′-phosphatase activities that play key roles in RNA and DNA repair. T4 Pnk is a homotetramer composed of a C-terminal phosphatase domain and an N-terminal kinase domain. The 2.0 Å crystal structure of the isolated kinase domain highlights a tunnel-like active site through the heart of the enzyme, with an entrance on the 5′ OH acceptor side that can accommodate a single-stranded polynucleotide. The active site is composed of essential side chains that coordinate the β phosphate of the NTP donor and the 3′ phosphate of the 5′ OH acceptor, plus a putative general acid that activates the 5′ OH. The structure rationalizes the different specificities of T4 and eukaryotic Pnk and suggests a model for the assembly of the tetramer.
A dynamic approach to phonological assessment

Dynamic and static assessments in phonological disorders provide different information about a child’s skills and development. Dynamic assessments evaluate a child’s phonological system when given support, whereas static assessments evaluate skills without support. The Scaffolding Scale of Stimulability (SSS), described in this article, is one example of a dynamic assessment used to evaluate phonological disorders. The SSS comprises a 21-point hierarchy of cues and environmental manipulations that can be used to support a child in the production of phonemes. Use of the SSS is illustrated by a case study of a 4-year-old boy with moderate phonological disorder. The SSS is compared to a static assessment, a probe of 60 single words based on the child’s error patterns. The two assessments are compared across treatment at three time intervals: prior to treatment, after 3 months of treatment, and after 6 months of treatment. Results indicated that scores on the SSS could differentiate the boy’s phoneme productions based on the amount of support needed, while phoneme scores on the probe were at 0% accuracy. As a composite score, the SSS showed a greater percentage of change earlier in treatment and across time when compared to the probe.
AAEM minimonograph #45: The early development of electromyography

The use of electricity for therapeutic purposes began in the first century and became more refined as the properties of electricity became more understood. The works of Franklin, Galvani, Volta, and others contributed to this body of knowledge. Development of the string galvanometer, the advent of the vacuum tube, the introduction of concentric needle electrodes, and the development of the cathode-ray oscilloscope occurred during the first half of the 20th century. The science of electromyography and electrodiagnosis grew in its sophistication, leading to the formation of the American Association of Electromyography and Electrodiagnosis (now the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine) with James Golseth, MD, as its first president in 1953. © 1995 Francis J. Bonner Jr., MD, and Allen B. DevlescHoward, MD. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is boron nutritionally relevant

Evidence from numerous laboratories using a variety of experimental models, including humans, shows that boron is a bioactive beneficial element. Much evidence has come from studies that did not require nutritional or environmental stressors or fastidious methods in diet preparation or environmental control. The evidence includes deprivation studies showing that boron is necessary for some higher animals to complete the life cycle, and that realistic low boron intakes result in impaired bone health, brain function, and immune response. Thus, low boron intake is a relevant nutritional concern, which diets rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and pulses can prevent.
SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND PSYCHICAL RESEARCH: THE MONISTIC THOUGHT OF SIR OLIVER LODGE'

In his long and distinguished career which bridged two centuries, Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) was one of the most versatile intellectual figures in England. His discoveries in physics placed him in the first rank of British science. For his work in electricity, radio, and wave theory Lodge was awarded the Rumford and Alfred medals by the Royal Society. He also was a Romanes Lecturer at Oxford, a president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the first Principal of the University of Birmingham. Lodge's publication record is breathtaking: more than 1,200 items, including nearly forty books, over a sixty-year period. While more than half of these were purely scientific or technical, it is significant that more than 100 pieces dealt with psychical research and an additional 170 books and articles dealt with topics in philosophy and religion. More than half of Lodge's writings in this latter category appeared between 1896 and 1914.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Drug-Dependence

A randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate whether Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment for suicidal individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), would also be effective for drug-dependent women with BPD when compared with treatment-as-usual (TAU) in the community. Subjects were randomly assigned to either DBT or TAU for a year of treatment. Subjects were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 months, and at a 16-month follow-up. Subjects assigned to DBT had significantly greater reductions in drug abuse measured both by structured interviews and urinalyses throughout the treatment year and at follow-up than did subjects assigned to TAU. DBT also maintained subjects in treatment better than did TAU, and subjects assigned to DBT had significantly greater gains in global and social adjustment at follow-up than did those assigned to TAU. DBT has been shown to be more effective than treatment-as-usual in treating drug abuse in this study, providing more support for DBT as an effective treatment for severely dysfunctional BPD patients across a range of presenting problems.
Development of Caspofungin Resistance following Prolonged Therapy for Invasive Candidiasis Secondary to Candida glabrata Infection

We report a case of Candida glabrata invasive candidiasis that developed reduced susceptibility to caspofungin during prolonged therapy. Pre- and posttreatment isolates were confirmed to be isogenic, and sequencing of hot spots known to confer echinocandin resistance revealed an F659V substitution within the FKS2 region of the glucan synthase complex.
Studies of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Transmembrane Domain Interactions: The EmEx-FRET Method

The energetics of transmembrane (TM) helix dimerization in membranes and the thermodynamic principles behind receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) TM domain interactions during signal transduction can be studied using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). For instance, FRET studies have yielded the stabilities of wild-type fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) TM domains and two FGFR3 pathogenic mutants, Ala391Glu and Gly380Arg, in the native bilayer environment. To further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of deregulated FGFR3 signaling underlying different pathologies, we determined the effect of the Gly382Asp FGFR3 mutation, identified in a multiple myeloma cell line, on the energetics of FGFR3 TM domain dimerization. We measured dimerization energetics using a novel FRET acquisition and processing method, termed “emission-excitation FRET (EmEx-FRET),” which improves the precision of thermodynamic measurements of TM helix association. The EmEx-FRET method, verified here by analyzing previously published data for wild-type FGFR3 TM domain, should have broad utility in studies of protein interactions, particularly in cases when the concentrations of fluorophore-tagged molecules cannot be controlled.
Using gripper mounted infrared proximity sensors for robot feedback control

Gripper mounted infrared proximity sensors can provide essential information concerning the neighborhood of the end effector whether it be for collision avoidance, workpiece location, or workpiece recognition. These sensors, along with a hierarchical control through an intelligent sensor interface computer, could offer simple, inexpensive, and reliable sensory feedback control of a robot in 3D space. This paper explains how infrared proximity sensors, strategically mounted in the finger tips of a general purpose parallel-jaw gripper, aid in the control of a robot arm. A sensor operating system was written in assembly language for the gripper control microcomputer to provide high level communications to a host computer. The system's input/output capabilities allow handshaking and sensory control between it and the robot.
A Comparison of a Pelleted and Unpelleted All-Mash Diet for Growing Chickens

Abstract THE feeding of an all-mash diet in pelleted form is a fairly recent practice in poultry husbandry, and it is supposed to have several advantages. For example, some poultrymen have expressed the opinion that a pelleted all-mash diet is more economical to feed than an unpelleted all-mash diet because the chickens waste more of the latter in their drinking water. They believe that egg production is better and less feed is required to produce one dozen eggs when a pelleted all-mash diet is fed, but experimental data to substantiate such beliefs are meager. Because it was desirable to have definite information on those points, a series of two experiments were conducted at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The first experiment was started on November 9, 1937, and terminated at the end of 308 days; the second experiment was started on October 12, 1938, and terminated at . . .
Binding of the P2Y2 Nucleotide Receptor to Filamin A Regulates Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The functional expression of the G protein-coupled P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(2)R) has been associated with proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), two processes involved in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Activation of the P2Y(2)R causes dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which transmits biochemical signals and forces necessary for cell locomotion, suggesting that P2Y(2)Rs may be linked to the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we identified filamin A (FLNa) as a P2Y(2)R-interacting protein using a yeast 2-hybrid system screen with the C-terminal region of the P2Y(2)R as bait. The FLNa binding site in the P2Y(2)R is localized between amino acids 322 and 333. Deletion of this region led to selective loss of FLNa binding to the P2Y(2)R and abolished Tyr phosphorylation of FLNa induced by the P2Y(2)R agonist UTP. Using both time-lapse microscopy and the Transwell cell migration assay, we showed that UTP significantly increased SMC spreading on collagen I (6.8 fold; P < or = 0.01) and migration (3.6 fold; P < or = 0.01) of aortic SMCs isolated from wild-type mice, as compared with unstimulated SMCs. UTP-induced spreading and migration of aortic SMCs did not occur with cells isolated from P2Y(2)R knockout mice. Expression of the full-length P2Y(2)R in SMCs isolated from P2Y(2)R knockout mice restored both UTP-induced spreading and migration. In contrast, UTP-induced spreading and migration did not occur in SMCs isolated from P2Y(2)R knockout mice transfected with a mutant P2Y(2)R that does not bind FLNa. Furthermore, ex vivo studies showed that both ATP and UTP (10 micromol/L) promoted migration of SMCs out of aortic explants isolated from wild-type but not P2Y(2)R knockout mice. Thus, this study demonstrates that P2Y(2)R/FLNa interaction selectively regulates spreading and migration of vascular SMCs.
Multiqubit logic gates in NMR quantum computing

Much of the current understanding of logic gates for quantum computation relies on the application of one- and two-qubit gates in order to implement a universal set of logic gates, as well as other gates. Such ideas stem from the notion that the Hamiltonians available for quantum computation are one or two-body processes. However, present day NMR implementations of quantum information processing (QIP) rely on the internal Hamiltonian of a liquid state system in which there are many two-body processes that occur simultaneously. Such use of the internal Hamiltonian allows for the creation of `multiqubit' logic gates, i.e. logic gates that operate on many qubits simultaneously and are more efficient than a sequence of one- and two-qubit rotations that effect the same operation. Such larger qubit operations offer a universal set of gates (even when not all couplings within the internal Hamiltonian are readily accessible) as well as more convenient and efficient implementations of the Hadamard transform, the controlled-NOT gate, and a quantum Fourier transform that scales linearly (assuming all couplings can be turned on and off at will).
Weakness is the primary contributor to finger impairment in chronic stroke.

Abstract Kamper DG, Fischer HC, Cruz EG, Rymer WZ. Weakness is the primary contributor to finger impairment in chronic stroke. Objective To assess the relative contributions of several neurologic and biomechanic impairment mechanisms to overall finger and hand impairment in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants Thirty stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis. Fifteen subjects had severe hand motor impairment and 15 had moderate impairment, as measured with the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The biomechanic factors stiffness and resting flexion torque, together with the neurologic factors spasticity, strength, and coactivation, were quantified by using a custom hand manipulator, a dynamometer, and electromyographic recordings. Both passive and active rotations of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers were examined. Results Although subjects in the severely impaired group exhibited statistically greater passive stiffness and resting flexion torque than their moderately impaired counterparts ( P 2 =.40 and η 2 =.23, respectively). Conclusions Thus, deficits in hand motor control after stroke seem to derive mainly from weakness, which may be attributable to the loss of descending corticospinal pathway activation of motoneurons.
Appropriating others' words: Traces of literature and peer culture in a third-grader's writing

Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of appropriation is a potentially powerful way to conceptualize discourse development in children. Typically, studies of discourse development have emphasized structural aspects of text. However, children appropriate not only forms, but also words, themes, purposes, and styles. From a developmental point of view, the concept of appropriation raises at least three questions: What is it that children appropriate? Where do they get their material? And what do they do with that material? In an attempt to make sense of appropriation as a developmental construct, we examine one third-grader's writing: Suzanne's book, The missing piece. We find that Suzanne appropriated material from two major sources: (a) adult-authored text – Margaret Sidney's novel, Five little Peppers and how they grew – and (b) the meanings and values of a stratified local peer culture. We conclude by discussing the significance of this work for future research on children's discourse development. (Discourse development, Mikhail Bakhtin, peer culture, social context of writing, children's writing, appropriation)
Some Principles of Practical Welfare Economics

Non-profit institutions must make many kinds of decisions about allocations of resources. The theory is clear: allocate so that the marginal utility is equal in all uses. But this is more easily said than done. This paper suggests a series of heuristic steps by which real-life non-profit allocation situations can be coordinated to the marginal analysis. It discusses the assumptions that must and should be made and sets forth a conceptual framework for the analytic decisions. The process is illustrated with an example from library research---the decision about how many books should be placed into storage libraries to maximize the welfare of a university community.
The dynamics of asset lifetime under technological change

The variable lifetime of assets is analyzed in a serial replacement problem. Technological change impacts the maintenance cost and new asset cost. The optimal asset lifetime appears to be constant only when both costs decrease with the same rate. We identify cases when the technological change decreases or increases the optimal lifetime.
A study to identify predictors of achievement in an introductory computer science course

In the study reported on here, 65 prospective computer or information science majors (47 male, 18 female) worked through a tutorial on the basics of Perl. All actions were recorded and time-stamped, allowing us to investigate the relationship between six factors that we believed would predict performance in an introductory computer science (CS) course (as measured by course grade) and how much students would learn from the tutorial (as measured by gain score from pre-test to post-test). These factors are: preparation (SAT score, number of previous CS courses taken, and pre-test score), time spent on the tutorial as a whole and on individual sections, amount and type of experimentation, programming accuracy and/or proficiency, approach to materials that involve mathematical formalisms, and approach to learning highly unfamiliar material (string manipulation procedures). Gender differences with respect to these factors were also investigated.Predictors of grade and gain score included SAT score, pre-test score (negatively correlated with gain), time (negatively correlated with gain and grade), and various measures of programming accuracy and/or proficiency---for example, the total number of program runs that contained errors (negatively correlated with grade and gain). Several measures of experimentation predicted gain score. Experimentation also predicted grade, but only as applied to the least familiar tutorial material. Although experimentation was practiced throughout the tutorial by both sexes, male and female students differed with respect to the types of tutorial topics and tasks they experimented with and the degree of experimentation---for example, male students were more likely to write programs not suggested by the tutorial. These findings suggest that a tutorial such as the one used in this study could serve as an instrument to identify students who are likely to succeed (or not) in an introductory CS course, and that instructional interventions to promote achievement should encourage experimentation, reflection on the results of experiments, care and accuracy.
POPULATION CYCLES IN SMALL MAMMALS: THE α-HYPOTHESIS

population cycles is based primarily on changes in age at maturity ( a); we refer to this idea as the a-hypothesis. Here, we fully develop the a-hypothesis and present a testable, demographically based, mechanistic explanation of population cycles. The a-hypothesis identifies the demographic basis of population cycles and provides a mechanistic explanation of how changes in key demographic variables (age at maturity and juvenile survival) might cause cyclic fluctuations in abundance and biologic attributes of the cycles. The ahypothesis is supported by, and logically consistent with, empirical patterns of life history and dynamics of cyclic populations of small mammals. Future research should focus on empirically determining causes of phase-related changes in age at maturity and juvenile survival.
Development of platinum-loaded Y-type zeolite catalysts for high efficiency conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to hydrogen.

Production of hydrogen (H2) from biomass and organic wastes is considered an effective approach to mitigating the environmental problems caused by pollutant emissions from fossil fuel combustion and allaying our dependence on the limited oil reserves. However, current technological inefficiencies render such biomass utilization economically unviable. A promising alternative to realizing the goal of hydrogen from renewable sources is to convert biomass-derived carbohydrates to H2. To make the process economically attractive, catalysts with higher performance and low cost need to be developed. This research aims to develop new zeolite-based catalysts for highly efficient liquid phase conversion of carbohydrates to H2. Particulate platinum-loaded Y-type zeolite (Pt/NaY) catalysts have been synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for H2 production from methanol. The catalysts were also tested for liquid phase reforming of ethanol and glucose to hydrogen.
Utilization of Oil-palm Residue and Feature of Pulp & Paper Industry in Malaysia

The production of palm oil in Malaysia is rapidly increasing and attained to 430 million tons in 1985. Our institute are co-operating with Palm Oil Research Institute, Malaysia (PORIM) to utilize oil-palm residue, especially fronds, for the material of pulp and paper. The authers visited PORIM to conduct the research on pulping of oil-palm residue in August, 1988. This review is concerning information of pulp and paper industries in Malaysia, and of pulping method which have been obtained through our joint research for three years.
International Conflict and Perceptions of Injury: The Case of the Suez Crisis

In an investigation of the international crisis preceding the outbreak of World War I, Holsti and North found that the foreign policy decision-makers of the nations involved tended to view "themselves as the victims of injury, but regarded their political enemies as primarily the targets of friendship and agents of hostility. More significantly, in lno case did even a nation's allies share to the full degree that nation's sense of injury."2 Further, they suggest that this pattern of perception may not be unique to the 1914 crisis.
Automation in Medicine

Health institutions appear to be ripe for automation. Acquisition, storage and utilization of medical information are almost entirely manual, and the cumulative experience of medicine is disseminated largely by preceptorship. The “systems approach” should and will be adapted to medicine. Computers will not replace physicians but they will effect major improvements in patient care, education, research and institution management.
Reflection on “the difference that difference makes”

Does difference make a difference? Does identity influence political behaviors? The simple answer is yes to both questions. Tripp’s comparative analysis confirms that differences often do result in different approaches to raced-gendered responses to inequality and the quest for justice. This essay is intriguing for a number of reasons. However, I was left wondering if Tripp had flattened out differences in her attempt to make her larger point. As a result of the somewhat monolithic approach to understanding Black Diasporic political women, the overall analysis did not adequately explain how these women engage identity in strategic political decision-making. This leaves a number of questions. As I argue, integrating a relational approach into Tripp’s analysis, might afford us an enhanced approach for explaining how these diverse women engage in prefigurtive and strategic politics.
The treatment of endometriosis by inducing pseudopregnancy with ovarian hormones. A report of fifty-eight cases.

58 patients with endometriosis were treated by the induction of a state of pseudopregnancy by using constant and increasing amounts of estrogen and progestogens for 3 to 10 months. The patients were classified into 4 groups depending on the indication for instituting therapy. 7 of 10 patients treated for 3 months 8 of 10 patients treated for 4 to 6 months and 3 of 4 patients treated for 7 to 10 months showed satisfactory responses. 6 patients in this group originally came to surgery. 20 patients with symptoms of recurrent endometriosis following surgery were treated for 3 to 9 months. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18. 10 patients underwent "prophylactic" treatment following conservative surgery. The results were satisfactory in all 10 cases. 4 patients were successfully treated for extensive vaginal endometriosis for 3-6 months. Subsequent surgery was not required. Side effects of the Enovid administration included nausea breast soreness vaginal discharge and fluid retention. Some women experienced weight gain and fluid retention. The relationship of subsequent fertility to treatment cannot yet be assessed. Patients examined by endometrial biopsies or BBT graphs in this study ovulated spontaneously 6-8 weeks after cessation of therapy.
Effect of Tuberculosis Health Education in Zhejiang Province

Objective To evaluate the effect of tuberculosis health education in Zhejiang Province Methods A questionnaire survey was made among 150 administrative officials, 177 medical workers, 180 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and 60 family members of TB patients in Zhejiang Province by random sampling, and 240 examination papers were sampled randomly during the quizzes on tuberculosis control among the masses held by 22 cities/counties in this province, so as to understand the knowledge levels about TB among these five groups The relevant epidemiological data such as smear positive rate, registration rate of smear positive patients, DOTS coverage, and data about administrative measures on TB control were collected from the statistical data of different cities/counties Results The knowledge rate about TB control of the five groups of interviewees were 63 33%, 78 98%,59 33%,62 00%,and 52 25% respectively with an average of 62 39% In the project counties, the number of newly discovered smear positive patients was 2951 in 1998, 3216 in 1999,and 4381 in 2000; the completion rate of treatment was 94 88% in 1998,95 18% in 1999,and 93 95% in 2000; and the new registration rate of smear positive cases was 13 10/100 thousand in 1998, 14 30/100 thousand, and 19 5/100 thousand in 2000 The fund invested by the govenment for TB control was 1 508 million yuan in 2000, and 10 087 million yuan in 2001 Conclusion The TB control project implemented in Zhejiang Province is effective
Promise and challenges on the horizon of MET-targeted cancer therapeutics

MET (MNNG HOS transforming gene) is one of the receptor tyrosine kinases whose activities are frequently altered in human cancers, and it is a promising therapeutic target. MET is normally activated by its lone ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), eliciting its diverse biological activities that are crucial for development and physiology. Alteration of the HGF-MET axis results in inappropriate activation of a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that contributes to hallmark cancer events including deregulated cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Aberrant MET activation results from autocrine or paracrine mechanisms due to overexpression of HGF and/or MET or from a ligand-independent mechanism caused by activating mutations or amplification of MET. The literature provides compelling evidence for the role of MET signaling in cancer development and progression. The finding that cancer cells often use MET activation to escape therapies targeting other pathways strengthens the argument for MET-targeted therapeutics. Diverse strategies have been explored to deactivate MET signaling, and compounds and biologics targeting the MET pathway are in clinical development. Despite promising results from various clinical trials, we are still waiting for true MET-targeted therapeutics in the clinic. This review will explore recent progress and hurdles in the pursuit of MET-targeted cancer drugs and discuss the challenges in such development.
The (anti)social network: egocentric friendship networks of incarcerated youth

ABSTRACTThe present study uses egocentric networks collected from youth (aged 14–24) incarcerated with California’s Division of Juvenile Justice to examine the composition and structure of youth’s friendship networks during periods of incarceration and to test the relationship between friendship and institutional misconduct. Tests of network homophily reveal that youth networks report more diversity across both racial/ethnic categories and gang membership than expected from non-network research about inmate organization. Regression results indicate that youth who stated they had no close friendships within the facility had a lower rate of institutional misconduct post-interview compared to those who nominated peer friendships. The current study demonstrates that incarcerated youth are capable of building close friendships and highlights the potential of these friendships to affect a youth’s level of institutional misconduct.
Capacitor-Clamped, Three-level GaN-Based DC–DC Converter With Dual Voltage Outputs for Battery Charger Applications

Gallium nitride (GaN) heterojunction field-effect transistors are an enabling technology for high-density converter design. This paper proposes a three-level dc–dc converter with dual outputs based on enhancement-mode GaN devices, intended for use as a battery charger in aircraft applications. The charger can output either 28 or 270 V, selected with a jumper, to satisfy the two most common dc bus voltage requirements in airplanes. It operates as an LLC converter in the 28 V mode and as a buck converter in the 270 V mode. In both operation modes, the devices can realize zero voltage switching (ZVS). With the chosen modulation method, the converter can realize automatic voltage balancing of the flying capacitor and the frequency doubling function to act as an interleaved converter. For the LLC mode, the resonant frequency is twice the switching frequency of primary-side switches, and for the buck mode, the frequency of the output inductor current is also twice the switching frequency. This helps to reduce the size of magnetics while maintaining a low switching loss. Also, the converter utilizes a matrix transformer, with resonant parameters designed to reduce conduction loss and avoid ZVS failure. The operating principle of the converter is analyzed and then experimentally verified on a 1.5-kW prototype with 1 MHz resonant frequency.
Food Law in the United States: Regulation of Nutrition

Introduction As noted in the coverage of health claims in Chapter 4, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the regulation of nutrition accelerated as the relationship between diet and health became more evident to lawmakers and government officials. One outcome of this acceleration was that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to regulate more aggressively a significant aspect of nutrition and diet – the use of dietary supplements, which began to proliferate in the 1960s. Consumers at that time and still do take dietary supplements to meet their perceived nutritional needs. These same consumers desire accurate information on the effectiveness and proper use of dietary supplements and access to the supplements of their choice. This chapter presents the unique regulatory regime under the FDA and FTC that governs dietary supplements, focusing primarily on where dietary supplements are regulated differently from conventional food. During this same period and even more so in recent years, the emergence of the rising rates of obesity and the resulting effects on the health of US consumers’ health and health care costs have prompted policymakers to consider further the connection between diet and health. A number of legal tools on a local and national level have been devised to deal with nutrition problems and in particular, the national obesity epidemic. The challenges in implementing these tools reflect the tension between personal responsibility and charges against paternalism and exemplify the complexities in adapting to the changing social conditions brought about by the modern food system. This chapter will examine two marketing regulation movements that reflect these tensions and complexities and that involve a number of legal tools: menu labeling and marketing to children. This chapter will also outline various food prohibitions and government programs designed to promote nutrition and examine the tool of litigation as used in addressing obesity. Finally, this chapter will address two case studies on the regulation of nutrition: salt and sugar. Regulation of Dietary and Nutritional Supplements [1] DSHEA: Regulatory Regime [a] Tension over Classification: Food or Drug? The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA) did not address the regulation of dietary supplements. Under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), FDA recognition was given to foods “for special dietary use” as well as the “vitamin, mineral, and other dietary properties” of those foods.
Bump in the blue axion isocurvature spectrum

Blue axion isocurvature perturbations are both theoretically well motivated and interesting from a detectability perspective. These power spectra generically have a break from the blue region to a flat region. Previous investigations of the power spectra were analytic, which left a gap in the predicted spectrum in the break region due to the nonapplicability of the used analytic techniques. We therefore compute the isocurvature spectrum numerically for an explicit supersymmetric axion model. We find a bump that enhances the isocurvature signal for this class of scenarios. A fitting function of three parameters is constructed that fits the spectrum well for the particular axion model we study. This fitting function should be useful for blue isocurvature signal hunting in data and making experimental sensitivity forecasts.
Sevoflurane Alters Spatiotemporal Functional Connectivity Motifs That Link Resting-State Networks during Wakefulness.

Background: The spatiotemporal patterns of correlated neural activity during the transition from wakefulness to general anesthesia have not been fully characterized. Correlation analysis of blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows segmentation of the brain into resting-state networks (RSNs), with functional connectivity referring to the covarying activity that suggests shared functional specialization. We quantified the persistence of these correlations following the induction of general anesthesia in healthy volunteers and assessed for a dynamic nature over time. Methods: We analyzed human fMRI data acquired at 0% and 1.2% vol sevoflurane. The covariance in the correlated activity among different brain regions was calculated over time using bounded Kalman filtering. These time series were then clustered into eight orthogonal motifs using a K-means algorithm, where the structure of correlated activity throughout the brain at any time is the weighted sum of all motifs. Results: Across time scales and under anesthesia, the reorganization of interactions between RSNs is related to the strength of dynamic connections between member pairs. The covariance of correlated activity between RSNs persists compared to that linking individual member pairs of different RSNs. Conclusions: Accounting for the spatiotemporal structure of correlated BOLD signals, anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness is mainly associated with the disruption of motifs with intermediate strength within and between members of different RSNs. In contrast, motifs with higher strength of connections, predominantly with regions-pairs from within-RSN interactions, are conserved among states of wakefulness and sevoflurane general anesthesia.
Stochastic Dynamics of Soil Liquefaction

A probabilistic analysis of sand liquefaction under random seismic loads is presented. The principal features of the methodology are: (i) considers the effects of underlying soft cohesive layers on the severity of shaking; (ii) represents the earthquake ground motions as random processes and calculates the response of the soil deposit in terms of its statistics and probabilities; (iii) uses methods for the dynamic analysis of nonlinear and hysteretic systems to calculate the stress conditions necessary to induce liquefaction; (iv) makes use of the historical data on liquefaction to define the resistance of the soil against liquefaction; and (v) computes the probability that liquefaction in the layer will spread over a specified area if liquefaction occurs anywhere in the layer.
How does pressure overload cause cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction? High-ouabain affinity cardiac Na+ pumps are crucial

Left ventricular hypertrophy is frequently observed in hypertensive patients and is believed to be due to the pressure overload and cardiomyocyte stretch. Three recent reports on mice with genetica...
Introduction to budget-impact analysis

This chapter provides an introduction to budget-impact analysis. Because of concerns about rising health-care expenditures, health-care budget holders are interested in estimates of how new health-care interventions will change expenditures or budgets for health systems. Budget-impact analyses develop estimates of these changes with the introduction of the new intervention. These estimates are based on the expected changes in resource use and cost for the mix of interventions and the condition-related outcomes in the population of interest over a given period in the future. Budget-impact analysis differs from cost-effectiveness analysis in perspective, population, interventions compared, time horizon, and outcomes. Many jurisdictions worldwide have developed guidance documents for individuals who perform such analyses and for individuals who review them. Based on these guidelines, we present an overview of the components that should be included in every budget-impact analysis.